cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Rapid induction of the major embryonic alpha-tubulin mRNA, T alpha 1, during nerve regeneration in adult rats

The mRNAs for 2 isotypes of alpha-tubulin, termed T alpha 1 and T26, are differentially regulated in the developing rat nervous system. T alpha 1 alpha-tubulin mRNA is expressed at high levels when neurons extend processes whereas T26 mRNA is expressed constitutively (Miller et al., 1987b). We have examined the expression of these 2 alpha-tubulin mRNAs in regenerating facial and sciatic motor neurons of the rat using Northern blot and in situ hybridization analyses. T alpha 1 alpha-tubulin mRNA is rapidly induced in axotomized motor neurons of the facial nerve: increased levels of mRNA are detectable 4 hr after a lesion is made 1.5 cm distal to the neuronal cell bodies. T alpha 1 mRNA levels are highest from 3-7 d postcrush and decline slowly to control levels following functional reinnervation of facial muscles. In contrast, T26 mRNA levels remain constant throughout the regeneration process. Total alpha-tubulin mRNA levels do not change until 1 d postaxotomy; otherwise the changes in expression are similar to T alpha 1 mRNA, although the relative increase is not as great. Enhanced T alpha 1 alpha-tubulin mRNA expression also occurs in motor neurons of crushed or tied sciatic nerve. Ligature or crush of the sciatic nerve leads to approximately the same peak in the expression of T alpha 1 mRNA at 7-15 d postaxotomy. Following the facial nerve transection, under conditions in which reinnervation is prevented, T alpha 1 alpha-tubulin mRNA levels remain elevated significantly longer than when the nerve is crushed. Taken together, the data indicate that T alpha 1 alpha-tubulin mRNA is rapidly induced following neuronal axotomy, remains elevated during the period of axonal regrowth, and is subsequently down-regulated at the approximate time of target contact. These results are reminiscent of changes in T alpha 1 mRNA that occur during neuronal development. This growth-associated pattern of T alpha 1 gene expression can be modified by inhibiting appropriate regeneration of the damaged nerve.
Polynomial growth solutions of uniformly elliptic operators of non-divergence form

We give an explicit description of polynomial growth solutions to a uniformly elliptic operator of non-divergence form with periodic coefficients on the Euclidean spaces. We also show that the solutions are of one-to-one correspondence to harmonic polynomials if the coefficients of the operator are continuous. ?0. INTRODUCTION In this article, we will study polynomial growth solutions to a uniformly elliptic operator of non-divergence form defined on RWn. In terms of rectangular coordinates {xI.) . ) xn} of R let 82 (0.1) L = aii (x) ax () be second order differential operator. We assume that it is symmetric and uniformly elliptic with the coefficients satisfying (0.2) aij (x) = aji (x) and
S-Distance in Trees

For a connected graph G, a subset S of V(G) and vertices u, v of G, the S-distance ds(u,v) from u to v is the length of a shortest u — v walk in G that contains every vertex of S. The S-eccentricity es(v) of a vertex v is the maximum S-distance from v to each vertex of G and the S-diameter diamsG is the maximum S-eccentricity among the vertices of G. For a tree T, a formula is given for ds(u,v) and for S ≠ ϕ, it is shown that diamsT is even. Finally, the complexity of finding ds(u,v) is discussed.
Spinal cord tumors in children.

The case histories of 30 children (15 years of age and under) with spinal cord tumors have been analyzed. There was no significant age or sex distribution. A third of the tumors were intramedullary and a half were extradural. The lesions were largely in the thoracic cord. Symptoms averaged 1½ years in duration prior to diagnosis, with shorter histories for malignant extradural tumors. The principal symptoms were abnormality of gait and pain. The principal signs were leg weakness, reflex changes and sensory deficits. The most important diagnostic aids were plain roentgenograms, lumbar puncture and myelography. Twenty-seven of the thirty tumors were confirmed at laminectomy. X-ray therapy was given to 20 patients. Fifty per cent of the patients have done well. Prognosis is poor in those with neuroblastoma or sarcoma and in those developing intracranial extension. To avoid delay in the management of children with seemingly bizarre neurologic and other symptoms and signs, an awareness of the possible presence of a spinal cord tumor is essential. Once this is accomplished, further tests should make it possible to achieve early diagnosis and therapy.
Center-vortex baryonic area law

Author(s): Cornwall, J M | Abstract: We correct an unfortunate error in an earlier work of the author, and show that in the center-vortex picture of QCD [gauge group SU(3)] the asymptotic quenched baryonic area law is the so-called Y law, described by a minimal area with three surfaces spanning the three quark world lines and meeting at a central Steiner line joining the two common meeting points of the world lines. (The earlier claim was that this area law was a so-called Delta law, involving three extremal areas spanning the three pairs of quark world lines.) By asymptotic we mean the Y law holds at asymptotically large quark separations from each other; at separations of the order of the gauge-theory scale length, there may be Delta-like contributions. We give a preliminary discussion of the extension of these results to SU(N),Ng3. These results are based on the (correct) baryonic Stokes' theorem given in the earlier work claiming a Delta law. The Y-form area law for SU(3) is in agreement with the most recent lattice calculations.
A COLORIMETRIC METHOD FOR DETERMINATION OF SERUM CHLORIDE.

A procedure is outlined for the determination of body fluid chloride levels from as little as 0.2-ml. of fluid. The results are highly reproducible and compare very favorably with the widely used method of Schales and Schales. The color produced is quite stable, and the interference of extraneous compounds has been found to have no effect on the accuracy of the method.
The acute myocardial infarction.

In 1987, 1.5 million people sustained a myocardial infarction; roughly one third of those died. Cardiovascular death is the number one cause of death in the United States, with an age-adjusted death rate that is more than double that for cancer. Over half of those cardiovascular deaths are due to acute myocardial infarction. 18 Clearly there is a large burden of suffering from acute myocardial infarction, therefore, it remains an important primary care topic. This article discusses management of the patient with acute myocardial infarction during and after hospitalization. A team approach, patient autonomy, and decision making are emphasized. The article concludes with a brief statement about future directions in the treatment of acute myocardial infarction.
The treatment of malignant endobronchial obstruction with laser ablation.

Abstract Background: We compared a new endoscopic treatment for malignant endobronchial obstruction known as photodynamic therapy (PDT) with the more established therapy of neodymium: yttrium-aluminum garnet laser (Nd:YAG) therapy. Methods: A retrospective review was conducted of the medical records at our institution from 1988 to 1999 of patients treated for bronchial obstruction by thermal laser vaporization (Nd:YAG) or by PDT using the tunable dye laser in combination with a light-sensitive dye (PDT). The Nd:YAG procedure vaporized the obstructing neoplasm, whereas the PDT procedure photoablated the obstruction. Thirty-day mortality and morbidity rates were analyzed for both treatment groups using chi-square analysis. Results: Of the 102 patients who were suitable for review, 83 received treatment with the Nd:YAG laser and 19 patients received treatment with PDT. Morbidity rates were comparable in both groups (22% for Nd:YAG vs 31% for PDT; P > .05). Equally common complications in both groups were respiratory failure and hypoxemia. Five Nd:YAG patients (6%) died within 30 days after treatment (3 of respiratory failure, 2 of massive hemoptysis), whereas 2 patients (10%) in the PDT group (1 of massive hemoptysis, 1 of acute myocardial infarction) died ( P > .05). Conclusions: PDT and Nd:YAG have similar mortality and morbidity rates. In our experience, PDT is a better choice for the treatment of malignant bronchial obstruction because it is technically easier, potentially safer, and does not require general anesthesia. (Surgery 1999;126:730-5.)
Compressibility and entropy of cold fermions in one-dimensional optical lattices

We calculate several thermodynamic quantities for repulsively interacting one-dimensional fermions. We solve the Hubbard model at both zero and finite temperatures using the Bethe-ansatz method. For arbitrary values of the chemical potential, we calculate the particle number density, the double occupancy, various compressibilities, and the entropy as a function of temperature and interaction. We find that these thermodynamic quantities show a characteristic behavior so that measurements of these quantities can be used as a detection of temperature, the metal-insulator transition, and metallic and insulating phases in the trap environment. Further, we discuss an experimental scheme to extract these thermodynamic quantities from the column density profiles. The entropy and the compressibility of the entire trapped atomic cloud also reveal characteristic features indicating whether insulating and/or metallic phases coexist in the trap.
Tennessee lightning investigation continues

Test results indicate that only one conductor of a line is involved in any one direct stroke; often is one adjacent to approaching storm.
Surface Plasmon-Mediated energy transfer in heterogap Au-Ag nanowires

We report the observation of energy transfer from a gold (Au) nanodisk pair to a silver (Ag) nanowire across a 120 nm gap via surface plasmon resonance (SPR) excitation. The enhanced electromagnetic (EM) fields generated by Au SPR excitation induce oscillation of the conduction electrons in the Ag segment, transferring energy to it even though the Ag segment has only weak resonant interactions with the incident EM radiation. The induced Ag SPR produces strong EM fields at the position of the Ag segment, leading to a Raman signal approximately 15 times greater than when the Ag segment is alone (not adjacent to the Au nanodisk pair). The Raman intensity is found to depend nonlinearly on the incident laser intensity for laser power densities of 10 kW/cm(2), which is consistent with the results of EM theory calculations which are not able to account for the factor of 15 enhancement based on a linear mechanism. This suggests that energy transfer from the Au disk pair to the Ag segment involves an enhanced nonlinear polarization mechanism such as can be produced by the electronic Kerr effect or stimulated Raman scattering.
Proposed reformulation of recently reported “tetrahedral molybdenum(ii)” complexes:: Trimethylphosphine complexes of zinc chloride

Abstract The reaction of zinc chloride with trimethylphosphine (PMe3) has been shown to afford at least two products, depending on the reaction conditions and procedures. These are ZnCl2(PMe3)2 (1) and Zn2Cl4(PMe3)3 (2), and both have been structurally characterized by X-ray crystallography. The structure of 1 is effectively identical to the structure of “MoCl2(PMe3)2” recently reported (K. Fromm, M. Plaikner and E. Hey-Hawkins, Z. Naturforsch 1995, 50b, 894), which strongly suggests that this, and very likely the other tetrahedral MoII compound reported there are actually zinc compounds. Copyright © 1996 Elsevier Science Ltd
Impact of orographically induced gravity-wave drag in the GLA GCM

The influence of gravity-wave drag (GWD) parametrization has been investigated in the Goddard Laboratory for Atmospheres general-circulation model with the resolution of 4° latitude × 5° longitude in the horizontal and 17 sigma layers in the vertical. The simulations showed several overall beneficial effects in the extended-range forecast as well as the seasonal simulation for both winter and summer conditions. The key results include the following: (1)The mid-latitude westerlies, which were shifted poleward (equatorward) in northern (southern) winter, have been corrected. Consequently, the systematic bias of low (high) sea level pressure over the north (south) polar region has been largely eliminated. (2)There is a significant improvement in the simulation of the winter hemisphere stationary waves; this can be attributed to the GWD induced Rossby-wave propagation. Over the northern Pacific region, as the storm track is simulated better, precipitation distribution improves remarkably. (3)In cooperation with the improved regional zonal-mean flow, an adjustment of the mean meridional circulation is found over the Asian summer-monsoon region, leading to an improvement in the precipitation distribution. (4)Spurious absorption of gravity waves at the model top (10 mb) has been removed by applying an open upper-boundary condition. The vertical propagation of the tropospherical gravity wave into the upper stratosphere and mesosphere over mid-latitudes of the northern hemisphere in winter is consistent with observational studies as well as the middle-atmospheric dynamics.
Purification and buoyant density of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus.

SummaryA purification scheme for infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus utilizing rate-zonal centrifugation in a 10-40% potassium tartrate gradient was described. The density of IBRV in the potassium tartrate gradient was found to be 1.22 g/cm3. Electron microscopic examination of purified virus preparations revealed homogeneous populations of enveloped virions with minute projections on the envelope surface.
Why and How to Advance Technical Copywriting

Promotional writing for industrial and high-tech products, or technical copywriting, is gaining more and more attention in the profession of technical communication. In contrast, higher education has largely neglected to prepare students for this major form of written communication. One reason for this neglect may be that some academics do not well understand the role and importance of technical copywriting. Another reason may be the stigma of unethical writing associated with copywriting for consumer products. This article testifies to the significance of technical copywriting and suggests that dialogical audience analysis and an emphasis on the rational appeal will contribute to ethical writing performance. Also, resources are cited of common interest to instructors, beginning practitioners, and researchers. Last, these groups receive recommendations appropriate for their individual activities.
Systematics of carbon- and oxygen-induced fusion on nuclei with 12 ≤ A ≤ 19

Measurements of the total fusion cross sections for $^{12}\mathrm{C}$ + $^{12}\mathrm{C}$, $^{13}\mathrm{C}$, $^{14}\mathrm{N}$, $^{15}\mathrm{N}$, $^{16}\mathrm{O}$, $^{18}\mathrm{O}$, and $^{19}\mathrm{F}$ and $^{16}\mathrm{O}$ + $^{16}\mathrm{O}$ have been performed over the energy range from 1.5 to 3 times the Coulomb barrier energy. Fusion barrier parameters were extracted for each system. Three systems, $^{12}\mathrm{C}$ + $^{12}\mathrm{C}$, $^{12}\mathrm{C}$ + $^{16}\mathrm{O}$, and $^{16}\mathrm{O}$ + $^{16}\mathrm{O}$, show rather pronounced oscillatory structure in the energy dependence of the fusion cross sections. The maximum fusion cross sections for the systems studied vary by as much as 10-20%, depending on the particular entrance channel. The specific structure of the interacting nuclei clearly does have an effect; the fusion process is not entirely dominated by the macroscopic features of the ion-ion interaction.NUCLEAR REACTIONS, fusion, measured ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\mathrm{fusion}}(E)$; $^{12}\mathrm{C}$ + $^{12}\mathrm{C}$, $7.4l~{E}_{\mathrm{c}.\mathrm{m}.}l~31.2$ MeV; $^{12}\mathrm{C}$ + $^{13}\mathrm{C}$, $7.6l~{E}_{\mathrm{c}.\mathrm{m}.}l~24.9$ MeV; $^{12}\mathrm{C}$ + $^{14}\mathrm{N}$, $15.1l~{E}_{\mathrm{c}.\mathrm{m}.}l~24.0$ MeV; $^{12}\mathrm{C}$ + $^{15}\mathrm{N}$, $8.9l~{E}_{\mathrm{c}.\mathrm{m}.}l~26.7$ MeV; $^{12}\mathrm{C}$ + $^{16}\mathrm{O}$, $12.9l~{E}_{\mathrm{c}.\mathrm{m}.}l~27.0$ MeV; $^{12}\mathrm{C}$ + $^{18}\mathrm{O}$, $11.9l~{E}_{\mathrm{c}.\mathrm{m}.}l~28.0$ MeV; $^{12}\mathrm{C}$ + $^{19}\mathrm{F}$, $11.6l~{E}_{\mathrm{c}.\mathrm{m}.}l~27.1$ MeV; $^{16}\mathrm{O}$ + $^{16}\mathrm{O}$, $14.9l~{E}_{\mathrm{c}.\mathrm{m}.}l~36.0$ MeV; deduced fusion barrier parameters.
Requirement for BMP and FGF signaling during cardiogenic induction in non‐precardiac mesoderm is specific, transient, and cooperative

We previously reported that combined treatment with bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) and fibroblast growth factor-4 (FGF-4) induces cardiogenic events culminating in full cardiac differentiation of non-precardiac mesoderm explanted from stage 6 avian embryos (Lough et al. [1996] Dev. Biol. 178:198-202.). To elucidate the respective functions of BMP and FGF in initiating and maintaining the cardiogenic process, we have used these ectopic cells as a cardiac specification model to ascertain requirements for growth factor specificity and extent of application, as well as induction of cardiac transcription factors. The inability of some BMP isoforms to replace the inductive activity of BMPs-2/4 indicated a specific requirement for this signaling pathway; moreover, neither activin-A nor insulin, which support terminal differentiation of precardiac mesoderm, nor leukocyte inhibitory factor (LIF), which promotes hypertrophy in cardiac myocytes, could replace BMP's cardiogenic activity. A similarly specific requirement for FGF-2/4 signaling was revealed since neither FGF-7, activin-A nor insulin could replace this activity. The effect of both factors was concentration-dependent; maximal incidence of explant differentiation for each occurred at 50 ng/ml. Surprisingly, the majority of explants treated with high BMP levels (250 ng/ml) exhibited a non-cardiac phenotype that was characterized by intense expression of alkaline phosphatase, suggesting differentiation toward an alternative mesodermal phenotype. Experiments to assess the duration of exposure to each factor that was required revealed that while exposure to BMP and FGF during only the initial 30 min of a 48-hr culture period was sufficient to induce cardiogenesis in a significant percentage of explants, 100% incidence of explant differentiation was obtained only when FGF treatment was restricted to the first 30 min and BMP was continuously present during the 48-hr culture period. Treatment with both growth factors was required to induce the cardiac transcription factors cNkx-2.5 and SRF; neither mRNA was induced by BMP or FGF alone. These findings indicate that: (1) specific members of the BMP and FGF families are required to induce cardiogenesis in non-precardiac mesoderm; (2) BMPs-2/4 may function as a morphogen; (3) brief application of both factors can induce cardiogenesis in a modest number of explants whereas (4) 100% incidence of explant differentiation can only be attained by brief FGF treatment combined with continuous BMP treatment and (5) both factors are necessary to induce downstream cardiac transcription factors. These findings are interpreted in terms of these factors' possible roles during cardiac specification and differentiation.
Joint functions and grips of the Australopithecus afarensis hand, with special reference to the region of the capitate

Functional analyses of the carpometacarpal joints of digits II–V in primate hands are reported which aid in the analysis of joint complexes recovered from hands of Australopithecus afarensis. Preliminary findings indicate that the joints involving the second metacarpal of A. afarensis apparently permitted pronation of the metacarpal as they do in modern humans, although some details of structure are different in the two species. This joint complex in A. afarensis, and a thumb which was longer in proportion to the fingers than in pongids, are incorporated into a hand which has a number of pongid specializations for strong flexion. The lack of a saddle joint between the hamate and fifth metacarpal and of a styloid process on the third metacarpal of A. afarensis probably precluded effective use of a squeeze or spherical power grip of large spherical and cylindrical objects. However, the more modern hominid features which were present in this Australopithecine are those which allow a strong grip between the thumb and side of the middle and distal phalanges of the second finger. This grip could have been exploited in the manipulation of small stone flakes and wood probes, and in the controlled manipulation of stone missiles.
Dynamics of flexible multibody space cranes using recursive projection methods

Abstract In this paper the computer implementation of the recursive projection methods in flexible multibody dynamics is described. The organization of the computer program which is used to automatically construct and numerically solve the system of loosely coupled dynamic equations expressed in terms of the absolute and joint coordinates is discussed. The main processor computer program consists of three main modules: constraint module, mass module and force module . The constraint module is used for the numerical evaluation of the relationship between the absolute and joint accelerations. The mass module is used for the numerical evaluation of the system inertia matrix as well as the nonlinear Coriolis and centrifugal forces associated with the absolute and elastic coordinates. The force module is used to evaluate the generalized external and elastic forces associated with the absolute, joint and elastic coordinates. Computational efficiency is achieved by taking advantage of the structure of the resulting system of loosely coupled equations. Elimination of the elastic coordinates and projection of the inertia of the child (leaf) bodies into the space of coordinates of the parent (root) bodies lead to small number of equations which can be solved for the joint accelerations. The joint and elastic accelerations are integrated forward in time using direct numerical integration methods. The absolute coordinates and velocities can then be determined using the kinematic relationships. The multibody space crane is used as an example to demonstrate the use of the computational procedure discussed in this paper.
Evaluation of a Reservoir Device for Metered-Dose Bronchodilator Delivery to Intubated Adults: An in Vitro Study

We investigated the use of a reservoir device for delivery of a MDI bronchodilator aerosol using a lung model of an intubated, mechanically ventilated adult. Methods Albuterol (Proventil) was delivered with a MDI using three methods. In method 1, the MDI was attached directly onto the ETT using a commercially available actuator/adapter. In method 2, the Monaghan AeroVent reservoir was placed on the inspiratory limb of the ventilator circuit just before the patient Y connector. In method 3, the AeroVent was placed between the patient Y connector and the ETT. Standardized ventilator settings with a Servo 900C were used for all three methods ( V ˙ o 2 = 9.6 L; respiratory rate=12 breaths per minute; T 1 = 20 percent or 1 s). Aerosol drug delivery was measured at the distal tip of the ETT using a spectrophotometric technique. Percentage of amount delivered was calculated from measured delivery of the MDI. Remits The MDI directly on the ETT delivered 7.3 percent of the total dose to the end of the ETT. The AeroVent on the inspiratory limb increased this to 32.1 percent and the AeroVent between the Y connector and the ETT delivered 29 percent. Both reservoir delivery methods delivered significantly more drug than direct placement of the MDI on the ETT (p 0.05). Conclusion Use of the AeroVent reservoir chamber significantly increased bronchodilator delivery by aerosol with an MDI in an adult lung model of an intubated patient on ventilatory support.
Do smokers know what we're talking about? The construct validity of nicotine dependence questionnaire measures.

Few studies have examined whether nicotine dependence self-report questionnaires can predict specific behaviors and symptoms at specific points in time. The present study used data from a randomized clinical trial (N = 608; M. E. Piper et al., 2007) to assess the construct validity of scales and items from 3 nicotine dependence measures: the Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence (T. F. Heatherton, L. T. Kozlowski, R. C. Frecker & K.-O. Fagerstrom, 1991), the Nicotine Dependence Syndrome Scale (S. Shiffman, A. J. Waters, & M. Hickcox, 2004), and the Wisconsin Inventory of Smoking Dependence Motives (M. E. Piper et al., 2004). Scales from these measures were used to predict participants' reports on real-time measures of withdrawal symptoms and smoking behavior and retrospective self-report questionnaires to assess convergent and discriminative validity. The nicotine dependence measures' scales and items generally predicted the real-time measures of similar constructs, but the percent of variance accounted for was low. The nicotine dependence measures did, however, show evidence of discriminative validity. Thus, this study provides modest support for the construct validity of these nicotine dependence scales.
A cobalt-coated needle-type microelectrode array sensor for in situ monitoring of phosphate

In this paper, a new cobalt-coated needle-type microelectrode array sensor for in situ measurements of phosphate has successfully been designed, fabricated and characterized. MEMS technologies were used to fabricate microelectrode arrays with a small tip size. An HF-based etching technique was used to taper and sharpen three-dimensional glass probes. A cobalt thin film was electroplated on a gold conductive layer using a cobalt sulfate electrolyte and then was oxidized to form CoO on the surface. The microelectrode array (MEA) was packaged on a designed printed circuit board (PCB) for electrical connections. The MEA sensors were fully characterized with potassium sulfate solution in the concentration range of 1 × 10−5.1−1 × 10−3 M at pH 7.5. The repeatable phosphate-selective potentials with a sensitivity of ~96 mV per decade were exhibited with less than 30 s response times and good signal stability. This sensitivity is the highest value among the reported cobalt-based phosphate sensors to date. Ultimately, in the long term, we envision extension of this MEA sensor to include additional sensors for multi-analyte, rapid, accurate and reliable in situ sensing in biological applications.
Effectiveness of crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED) in reducing robberies

Abstract Objective: The objective of this study was to determine the effectiveness of the Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) approach in reducing robberies. Methods: CPTED evaluations were obtained through a comprehensive search mechanism. Two sets of inclusion criteria were used: 16 primary studies evaluated a CPTED program with a comparison period; 12 secondary studies presented some evidence of CPTED effects but were not required to have the same level of scientific rigor. The percentage change in pre- and post-intervention events was the outcome examined. Studies were stratified by programs implementing multiple components, a single component, and through ordinances. Main Results: All primary multiple-component CPTED programs experienced a percentage change in robberies ranging from −84% to −30%. Single-component program effects ranged from −83% to +91%, and ordinances ranged from −65% to +130%. Secondary studies reported robbery changes ranging between −92% and +7.6%. Robbery reductions were larger for interventions comprising basic store design, cash control, and training components compared to those including equipment systems. No associations were found between robbery decreases and either the follow-up period or the number of program components. Studies examining nonfatal injuries found a median pre-post change of −61%; those examining homicides found changes ranging from 0% to +11%. Conclusions: The broad nature of the CPTED approach allows its adaptation to any setting, and results indicate that it is an effective approach to reducing robbery. However, most interventions were not evaluated independently of other factors contributing to robbery risk. More research is needed on individual components and effects in various business settings.
Next-generation antibody discovery platforms

Antibody discovery platforms have emerged in recent years as an important source of both therapeutic molecules and research reagents. In PNAS, Larman et al. (1) provide the foundation for the next generation of antibody production using a rationally designed, fully defined scFv library and analysis pipeline, which is optimized for analysis with short-read deep-sequencing technologies. DNA sequencing has played a pivotal role in our understanding of antibody structure function and diversification by the immune system (2). It was instrumental in the identification of antibody variable and hypervariable regions and to our understanding of the manner in which the Ig repertoire is generated (3). Remarkably, although massively parallel sequencing instrumentation was not even commercially available a few years ago, we have seen a rapid transition in high-throughput sequencing (HTS) reflecting a dynamic technology transition in this field (4). This instrumentation has been transformative for genomic research and has major consequences for the future development of antibody platforms, as evidenced by its recent application by Larman et al. (1). Integrating HTS with protein or peptide display technologies allows many of the arduous and lengthy upfront screening procedures to be by-passed or complemented. The sequence information provides valuable insights into the selection process and thereby has the potential to greatly improve library design and quality of antibody repertoires (5).
Carbonized food plants of Pompeii, Herculaneum, and the villa at Torre Annunziata.

The remains of carbonized plants recovered from sites destroyed by Mount Vesuvius in A.D. 79 furnish valuable historical evidence on many staple food plants used by the ancient Campanians of the 1st century A.D. Carbonized seeds,grains, nuts, and fruits of 24 species identified from documented materials at Pompeii, Herculaneum, and the Roman villa at Torre Annunziata include: filbert, Corylus avellana;broadbean, Vicia fabavar. minor;bittervetch. Vicia ervilia;chickpea, Cicer arietinum;carob, Ceratonia siliqua;lentil, Lens culinaris;European chestnut, Castanea sativa;English or Persian walnut, Juglans regia;common onion, Allium cepa;garlic, Allium sativum;fig, Ficus carica;olive, Olea europaea;date, Phoenix dactylifera;stone pine, Pinus pinea;six-rowed barley, Hordeum vulgare;emmer wheat, Triticum dicoccon;common millet, Panicum miliaceum;Italian millet, Setaria italica;oat, Avena sativa;almond, Prunus dulcis;sour cherry, Prunus cerasus;pear, Pyrus communis;crabapple, Malussp.;and grape, Vitis vinifera.
Genome-wide sequencing and an open reading frame analysis of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) susceptible (91-C) and resistant (91-R) Drosophila melanogaster laboratory populations

The Drosophila melanogaster 91-R and 91-C strains are of common origin, however, 91-R has been intensely selected for dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) resistance over six decades while 91-C has been maintained as the non-selected control strain. These fly strains represent a unique genetic resource to understand the accumulation and fixation of mutations under laboratory conditions over decades of pesticide selection. Considerable research has been done to investigate the differential expression of genes associated with the highly DDT resistant strain 91-R, however, with the advent of whole genome sequencing we can now begin to develop an in depth understanding of the genomic changes associated with this intense decades-long xenobiotic selection pressure. Here we present the first whole genome sequencing analysis of the 91-R and 91-C fly strains to identify genome-wide structural changes within the open reading frames. Between-strain changes in allele frequencies revealed a higher percent of new alleles going to fixation for the 91-R strain, as compared to 91-C (P<0.0001). These results suggest that resistance to DDT in the 91-R laboratory strain could potentially be due primarily to new mutations, as well as being polygenic rather than the result of a few major mutations, two hypotheses that remain to be tested.
A Trigeminoreticular Pathway: Implications in Pain

Neurons in the caudalmost ventrolateral medulla (cmVLM) respond to noxious stimulation. We previously have shown most efferent projections from this locus project to areas implicated either in the processing or modulation of pain. Here we show the cmVLM of the rat receives projections from superficial laminae of the medullary dorsal horn (MDH) and has neurons activated with capsaicin injections into the temporalis muscle. Injections of either biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) into the MDH or fluorogold (FG)/fluorescent microbeads into the cmVLM showed projections from lamina I and II of the MDH to the cmVLM. Morphometric analysis showed the retrogradely-labeled neurons were small (area 88.7 µm(2)±3.4) and mostly fusiform in shape. Injections (20-50 µl) of 0.5% capsaicin into the temporalis muscle and subsequent immunohistochemistry for c-Fos showed nuclei labeled in the dorsomedial trigeminocervical complex (TCC), the cmVLM, the lateral medulla, and the internal lateral subnucleus of the parabrachial complex (PBil). Additional labeling with c-Fos was seen in the subnucleus interpolaris of the spinal trigeminal nucleus, the rostral ventrolateral medulla, the superior salivatory nucleus, the rostral ventromedial medulla, and the A1, A5, A7 and subcoeruleus catecholamine areas. Injections of FG into the PBil produced robust label in the lateral medulla and cmVLM while injections of BDA into the lateral medulla showed projections to the PBil. Immunohistochemical experiments to antibodies against substance P, the substance P receptor (NK1), calcitonin gene regulating peptide, leucine enkephalin, VRL1 (TPRV2) receptors and neuropeptide Y showed that these peptides/receptors densely stained the cmVLM. We suggest the MDH- cmVLM projection is important for pain from head and neck areas. We offer a potential new pathway for regulating deep pain via the neurons of the TCC, the cmVLM, the lateral medulla, and the PBil and propose these areas compose a trigeminoreticular pathway, possibly the trigeminal homologue of the spinoreticulothalamic pathway.
Output-only modal identification with limited sensors using sparse component analysis

Abstract Blind source separation (BSS) based methods have been shown to be efficient and powerful to perform output-only modal identification. Existing BSS modal identification methods, however, require the number of sensors at least equal to that of sources (active modes). This paper proposes a new modal identification algorithm based on a novel BSS technique termed sparse component analysis (SCA) to handle even the underdetermined problem where sensors may be highly limited compared to the number of active modes. The developed SCA method reveals the essence of modal expansion that the monotone modal responses with disjoint sparsest representations in frequency domain naturally cluster in the directions of the mode matrix's columns (modeshapes), which are readily extracted from the measured system responses using a simple clustering algorithm. Then, in determined case where sensor number equals that of modes, the estimated square mode matrix directly decouples the system responses to obtain the modal responses, whereby computing their frequencies and damping ratios; whereas with limited sensors, the modal responses are efficiently recovered via the l 1 -minimization sparse recovery technique from the incomplete knowledge of the partial mode matrix and the system responses of inadequate sensors. Numerical simulations and experimental example show that whether in determined or underdetermined situations, the SCA method performs accurate and robust identification of a wide range of structures including those with closely-spaced and highly-damped modes. The SCA method is simple and efficient to conduct reliable output-only modal identification even with limited sensors.
Photoreactive 111In-cyclodextrin inclusion complex: a new heterobifunctional reagent for antibody labeling.

The compound of interest, N-5-azido-2-nitrobenzoylaminomethyl-111In-acetylacetone-α-cyclodextrin (CD) (V) was synthesized by the selective tosylation of α-CD to form 6-tosyl-6-deoxy-CD, which was then reacted with NaN3 to form 6-azido-6-deoxy-CD (II). This was followed by catalytic hydrogenation to yield III. Compound III and 111In-acetylacetone were mixed to form an inclusion complex, which was then reacted with N-5-azido-2-nitrobenzoyloxysuccinimide to yield compound V. Anti-melanoma MAbTP41.2 was added to compound V, followed by immediate photoreactivation labeling by u.v. light at 320 nm. The final product VI was purified from a Sephadex G-50 column. 111In-DTPA-MAbTP41.2 was also prepared as a control. Immunoreactivity via the cell-binding assay of VI was 87%, compared with 57% by the BADTPA method. Biodistribution in non-tumor rats yielded a liver concentration in %ID/g of 3.5, 1.7 and 1.0 for compound VI, compared to the 5.5, 5.2 and 3.1 for the BADTPA compound, at 4, 24 and 48 h post-injection, respectively.
Ultrastructure of cortical synapses after failure of presynaptic activity in ischemia.

The fine structure of cerebral cortical synapses was investigated during failure of synaptic transmission produced by ischemia. Presynaptic and postsynaptic potentials evoked in the anterior sigmoid gyrus of the cat by stimulation of the nucleus ventralis lateralis and the DC potential between cortical layer IV and the white matter were recorded with micropipettes during cerebral ischemia produced by arterial hemorrhage in paralyzed, artificially ventilated animals. After failure of the spontaneous electrocorticogram and postsynaptic responses, the presynaptic volley failed with development of depolarization of intracortical fiber terminals and loss of axon terminal excitability. The gyrus was then biopsied and fixed in collidine-buffered OsO4. An altered pattern of distribution of synaptic vesicles was observed after presynaptic afferent fiber terminal activity was abolished by 3.5 to 4.0 minutes of cerebral ischemia. Clumping of vesicles in a region away from the cynaptic cleft was seen in about 10% of synaptic endings, and there was more than a two-fold increase in the number of presynaptic profiles devoid of vesicles in ischemic cortex.
Chemisorption of gases on a promoted iron catalyst: I. Hydrogen, nitrogen, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide

Abstract Chemisorption of H 2 , N 2 CO and CO 2 on a promoted iron catalyst has been studied with the aid of temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) technique. TPD of hydrogen showed results similar to those obtained by Emmett and coworkers from isobars (Types A and B), but it gave a finer structure of chemisorbed hydrogen. At least four different types of chemisorption were observed as the different peaks of TPD ranging from −100 to 500 °C. Nitrogen gave only one peak at a high temperature, and carbon monoxide gave two groups of peaks: one at low temperatures between −50 and 180 °C and the other at about 650 °C. Carbon dioxide also gave two groups of peaks but the high-temperature peak was found to result from the decomposition of CO 2 . The effect of preadsorbed gas on the chemisorption of others was also studied. It was thus found that preadsorbed nitrogen showed a selectivity for blocking hydrogen while preadsorbed carbon monoxide did not have selectivity but blocked all types of chemisorbed hydrogen uniformly. It was also found that preadsorbed nitrogen reduced the strong chemisorption of CO but rather enhanced the weaker chemisorption. Amounts of H 2 , CO, and N 2 chemisorbed were measured either by TPD or other methods. These are discussed in relation with the results obtained as above.
Vibrational frequencies and structural determination of tellurophene

Abstract The normal mode frequencies and corresponding vibrational assignments of tellurophene are examined theoretically using the gaussian 98 set of quantum chemistry codes. All normal modes were successfully assigned to one of eight types of motion (C–H stretch, C C stretch, C–C stretch, Te–C stretch, in-plane C–H bend, out-of-plane C–H bend, C C–C bend, and ring torsion) utilizing the C2v symmetry of the molecule. Calculations were performed at the Hartree–Fock, DFT (B3LYP), and MP2 levels of theory using the standard SDD core potential and basis set. Theoretical results were successfully compared against available experimental data. Molecular orbitals and bonding were examined.
Intravenous delivery of liposome-mediated nonviral DNA is less toxic than intraperitoneal delivery in mice.

Suicide gene therapy has been shown to be an effective means of destroying pancreatic cancer cells. Liposomes have been described as having better efficacy in gene delivery, and an advantage of using liposomes as gene carriers is that they can be used repeatedly in vivo. The objective of this study is to compare the effect of gene delivery routes and to determine whether systemic delivery of the rat insulin promoter (RIP)-directed suicide gene construct would permit cell-specific gene delivery in vivo. Severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice were injected with liposome-RIP-TK (thymidine kinase) complex by either the intraperitoneal or the intravenous route. Twenty-four hours post gene delivery, mice received ganciclovir (GCV) treatment twice daily for 14 days. Mice were sacrificed at various time points. Complete necropsy and serum chemistry analysis were performed. Islet morphology was determined using hematoxylin and eosin (HE suggesting that possible liver damage had occurred with the intraperitoneal gene delivery of liposome-pRIP-TK. Intravenous liposome-mediated gene delivery had no effect on liver enzyme levels. Liposome-mediated gene delivery via intravenous injection was less toxic than intraperitoneal delivery. This gene-delivery route requires fewer liposome-DNA complexes and maintains normal liver function. Thus, intravenous delivery of gene therapy would be superior to intraperitoneal administration of gene therapy in mice.
Indirect speech acts: characterizing multiple forms

1. A characterization of the forms that may be used to convey particular speech acts.2. A description of mechanism(s) to relate surface forms to underlying speech acts.3. An account of the conversational implications of choosing a particular surface form.For a theory to adequately deal with indirect speech acts, it must contain at least the following components:
Desensitization and enhancement of neurotensin/neuromedin N mRNA responses in subsets of rat caudate-putamen neurons following multiple administrations of haloperidol.

Striatal neurons that respond to blockade of dopamine receptors with altered expression of neurotensin/neuromedin N mRNA were examined. Injections of haloperidol were given to rats at four or 24 h and both four and 24 h prior to sacrifice. Pair-matched controls were injected with equivalent volumes of vehicle at either 4 or 24 h prior to sacrifice. Sections of striatum were processed non-isotopically with a cRNA neurotensin/neuromedin N probe. Massive numbers of neurons exhibited hybridization in the lateral and dorsolateral caudate-putamen at 4 h. At 24 h, hybridized neurons were few in lateral and dorsolateral parts of the caudate-putamen, but more numerous in the dorsomedial and ventrolateral caudate-putamen than in controls. A second injection of haloperidol 4 h prior to sacrifice enhanced the dorsomedial/ventrolateral response, but failed to elicit substantial numbers of lateral and dorsolateral hybrids, as were observed at 4 h after one injection. Resistance of neurotensin expression to a second injection of haloperidol was selective for the lateral and dorsolateral parts of the caudate-putamen and may reflect residual blockade by haloperidol or altered DA receptors or second messengers. Sections subjected to immunohistochemical processing for neurotensin peptide and in situ hybridization with the neurotensin/neuromedin N mRNA probe exhibited numerous neurons in the dorsomedial and ventrolateral quadrants of the caudate-putamen that were double-labeled with immunoperoxidase and hybridization signals. This suggests that peptide synthesis, as opposed to decreased release of peptide, has a role in the accumulation of neurotensin immunoreactivity by dorsomedial and ventrolateral striatal neurons.
City At The Point: Essays on the Social History of Pittsburgh

An overview of scholarly research, both published and previously unpublished, on the history of a city that has often served as a case study for measuring social change. It synthesizes the literature and assesses how that knowledge relates to our broader understanding of the processes of urbanization and urbanism.This book is especially useful for undergraduate and graduate courses on environmental politics and policy making, or as a supplement for courses on public policy making generally.
Ovarian stimulation and embryo banking for fertility preservation in a woman with severe mixed connective tissue disease: Is it safe?

Objective To report the first case of using assisted reproductive technologies (ART) for fertility preservation in a patient with mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD), secondary pulmonary hypertension (PH) and antiphospholipid syndrome (APS).
Ideology and the Clamshell Identity: Organizational Dilemmas in the Anti-Nuclear Power Movement

This ethnographic study examines the role of ideology in the development of organizational dilemmas in the Clamshell Alliance, an anti-nuclear protest group active in New England during the late 1970s. In 1977, the Alliance received national recognition for its use of consensus decision making and nonviolent civil disobedience during a highly publicized two-week incarceration following an attempted occupation of the Seabrook nuclear plant. But over the next few years, sharp internal disagreements developed over the use of these strategies, leading ultimately to a factional split. I extend theory from symbolic anthropology to integrate the analysis of ideology into the study of resource mobilization without sacrificing the latter's emphasis on rational calculation. My analysis shows that the Alliance's anti-nuclear ideology established an egalitarian identity for the group which structured both the initial selection of strategies and later efforts to modify them.
The prediction of ground level electric field strength outside an HVDC converter station

Abstract A method is presented for calculating the ground level electric field strength produced by HVDC converter station switchyard bus currents. The currents are derived from a computer model of the station. Contributions from the several bus sections are summed to determine the total field. The ground level field calculations were based upon the ‘quasi-static’ approximation and phase retardation was neglected. Field measurements were made at two points outside the converter station. A comparison between measured and calculated values showed good agreement in the 50–500 kHz interval.