cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Origin of delayed outward ionic current in charge movement traces from frog skeletal muscle.

1. Non-linear membrane ionic current was studied in highly stretched cut frog twitch fibres in a double Vaseline-gap voltage clamp chamber, with the internal solution containing 0.1 mM EGTA and the external solution containing Cl- as the major anion. After the Na+ currents was abolished by TTX in the external solution and the K+ currents were suppressed by external TEA+ and Rb+ and internal Cs+, a delayed outward ionic current with a time course similar to that of the delayed rectifier current was observed during depolarization. 2. The delayed outward ionic current was resistant to 1 mM 3,4-diaminopyridine (3,4-DAP) in the external solution and was unaltered when a fraction of the internal Cs+ was replaced by K+ or Na+, suggesting that the current was not carried by cations flowing through the delayed rectifiers. 3. The delayed outward ionic current was greatly reduced by replacing the external Cl- with CH3SO3-,SO4(2-), glutamate or gluconate, indicating strongly that the current was carried by Cl- flowing through anion channels. The current was also suppressed by 1 mM external 9-anthracenecarboxylic acid (9-ACA). 4. The delayed outward ionic current was reduced by blockers of calcium-dependent Cl- channels, such as SITS and frusemide (furosemide), in a dose- and voltage-dependent manner and by increasing intracellular [EGTA] to 20 mM, suggesting that part of the Cl- current in the muscle fibres could be calcium dependent. 5. The total Cl- current could be dissected into calcium-dependent and calcium-independent components. Each component accounted for roughly half of the total Cl- current. The maximum slope conductance of the calcium-dependent Cl- channels was 60.9 +/- 6.0 microS microF-1 (mean +/- S.E.M., n = 4).
Long-term impact of capsule endoscopy in patients referred for iron-deficiency anemia.

Background Video capsule endoscopy (VCE) is recommended as the third diagnostic test for patients with iron-deficiency anemia (IDA) after a normal upper endoscopy and colonoscopy.
At what levels of education is the teaching of thinking effective

(1993). At what levels of education is the teaching of thinking effective? Theory Into Practice: Vol. 32, Teaching for Higher Order Thinking, pp. 170-178.
High-harmonic generation: From microscopic to macroscopic world

Simulations, which combine accurate single molecule response with macroscopic propagation of harmonic field, compare very well with current experiments. This provides foundation for ultrafast imaging of chemical processes with few-cycle laser pulses.
Drosophila Schneider 2 (S2) cells: A novel tool for studying HSV-induced membrane fusion

Drosophila S2 cells and mammalian CHO-K1 cells were used to investigate the requirements for HSV-1 cell fusion. Infection assays indicated S2 cells were not permissive for HSV-1. HVEM and nectin-1 mediated cell fusion between CHO-K1 cells and S2 cells when either CHO-K1 or S2 cells were used as target cells. Interestingly, PILRα did not mediate fusion between CHO-K1 or S2 cells due to a glycosylation defect of PILRα and gB in S2 cells. Fusion activity was not detected for any receptor tested when S2 cells were used both as target cells and effector cells indicating S2 cells may lack a key cellular factor present in mammalian cells that is required for cell fusion. Thus, insect cells may provide a novel tool to study the interaction of HSV-1 glycoproteins and cellular factors required for fusion, as well as a means to identify unknown cellular factors required for HSV replication.
IQ Motif-Containing G (Iqcg) Is Required for Mouse Spermiogenesis

Spermiogenesis in mammals is the process by which the newly formed products of meiosis, haploid spermatids, undergo a dramatic morphological transformation from round cells into flagellated spermatozoa. The underlying genetic control of spermiogenesis is complicated and not well-characterized. We have used forward genetic screens in mice to illuminate the mechanisms of spermatozoon development. Here, we report that the oligoasthenoteratospermia in a male-specific infertility mutant (esgd12d) is attributable to disruption of a gene called Iqcg (IQ motif-containing G). The causality of the mutation was confirmed with a targeted null allele. Loss of Iqcg disrupts spermiogenesis such that tail formation either occurs incompletely or breaks apart from the sperm heads. Orthologs are present in diverse species as distant as hemichordates, mollusks, and green algae. Consistent with a conserved role in flagellar formation and/or function, the orthologous Chlamydomonas protein is present in that organism’s flagella. Because IQ motif-containing genes typically regulate calmodulin (CaM), which in turn can impact the actin cytoskeleton, these findings suggest a potential role for localized calcium signaling in sperm flagellum morphogenesis.
Endotracheal Tube Suctioning in the Newborn: A Review of the Literature

Abstract Maintaining the patency of the endotracheal tube (ETT) is crucial to effective ventilation and oxygenation of the patient receiving assisted ventilation. Performed frequently in the NICU, ETT suctioning has not received extensive study in this population. However, the deleterious effects of this procedure in the newborn are well documented. Methods to reduce these effects include suctioning only as needed instead of using a routine schedule, shallow (or measured) suctioning to avoid trauma to the carina, and closed systems for suctioning in which ventilator pressure is mostly maintained throughout the procedure. Overall, there is limited scientific evidence to guide practice related to ETT suctioning in the newborn, and unit protocols and clinician practices vary. This article will review the current literature regarding ETT suctioning in the newborn and summarize recommendations for best practice.
Summary of Sinc numerical methods

Sinc approximation methods excel for problems whose solutions may have singularities, or infinite domains, or boundary layers. This article summarizes results obtained to date, on Sinc numerical methods of computation. Sinc methods provide procedures for function approximation over bounded or unbounded regions, encompassing interpolation, approximation of derivatives, approximate definite and indefinite integration, solving initial value ordinary differential equation problems, approximation and inversion of Fourier and Laplace transforms, approximation of Hilbert transforms, and approximation of indefinite convolutions, the approximate solution of partial differential equations, and the approximate solution of integral equations, methods for constructing conformal maps, and methods for analytic continuation. Indeed, Sinc are ubiquitous for approximating every operation of calculus.
SC-19METABOLIC ALTERATIONS IN EARLY GLIOMAGENESIS

Gliomas are primary brain tumors with an incidence of over 20,000 new cases in the US annually, a poor prognosis and limited therapeutic options. Despite chemoradiotherapy and surgery, low-grade gliomas (LGGs) transform into high-grade gliomas, leading to neurological deterioration and death. Mutations in genes encoding Isocitrate Dehydrogenase (IDH) isoforms are found in up to 80% of LGGs. Among the three IDH genes, R132H-IDH1 represents the most prevalent mutation in LGGs. The mutation is a gain-of-function change at the catalytic site. Although IDH1 normally functions to convert isocitrate to α-ketoglutarate, the mutation leads to the production of the (R)-2-hydroxyglutarate (2HG) oncometabolite, causing characteristic DNA and histone methylation changes that are thought to contribute to tumorigenesis. To test the hypothesis that mutant IDH1 is a driver of gliomagenesis, we propose a novel approach in which we use human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) to model the tumorigenesis process: we inducibly overexpress the R132H-IDH1 protein in human neural stem cells, neuroblasts, oligodendrocyte progenitors and astrocytes that are derived from hESCs. Using lentiviral constructs and BAC-engineered hESC lines, this approach allows us to investigate the effects of 2HG on differentiation, self-renewal and transformative potential systematically along the human neuroglial axis both in vitro and in vivo. Using hESCs to understand IDH1-mediated oncogenesis is a novel strategy based on modeling a single oncogenic change in a human genetic background, potentially overcoming limitations found in current mouse models and further shedding light on early human gliomagenesis.
The number of components in profile analysis tasks

The central issue of this paper is how detection of a change in spectral shape depends on the number of components m that define the spectrum. First, a channel theory is reviewed and the predictions relating the detectability of such a change as a function of the number of components are derived. Second, the existing literature is reviewed. Most of it concerns the detection of an increment in a single tone of an m‐component, equal‐amplitude complex. The data are close (±2 dB) to the predictions of the theory, which suggests that there is a relatively small change in threshold as the number of components increases. The consistency of the data is also discussed and hypotheses for discrepancies are presented. Finally, the results of an experiment measuring the detectability of a special spectral shape change is explored. In this case, all the changes are equal in size but some are opposite in sign, so that the summed change is zero. The results using this ‘‘balanced’’ spectral change are also consistent with the predictions of the theory and show that for this special kind of spectral change thresholds improve by nearly 7 dB as m increases from 4 to 24 components.
Frequently Asked Questions From ILL Practitioners

This article compiles frequently asked questions raised by the interlibrary loan (ILL)/documentary delivery staff, and supplies the suggestions offered by the ILL practitioners.
Interactive proof checking

Knowledge of logical inference rules allows a specialized proof editor to provide a user with feedback about errors in a proof under development. Providing such feedback involves checking a collection of constraints on the strings of the proof language. Because attribute grammars allow such constraints to be expressed in a modular, declarative fashion, they are a suitable underlying formalism for a proof-checking editor. This paper discusses how an attribute grammar can be used in an editor for partial-correctness program proofs in Hoare-style logic, where verification conditions are proved using the sequent calculus.
Clients' Expectations on Audit Judgments: A Note

Audited financial statements can be viewed as the product of negotiations between a company's management and its auditor. Relative power of these two parties is a major factor that determines the outcome of the negotiation. This study examines the impact of auditor tenure, importance of a client to an audit partner, nonaudit purchases, and prior audit firm experience of client personnel on client perceptions about their ability to persuade the auditor in the context of an accounting disagreement. We obtained responses to a survey from 124 CPAs in industry who are employed as CEOs, CFOs, controllers, or treasurers. Our results indicate that respondents from companies with short auditor tenures were somewhat more likely to indicate that they could persuade the auditor to accept their (client's) position in case of a disagreement. This finding is consistent with the argument that auditors are susceptible to influence in the early years as they are still in the process of recouping start‐up costs, but is not ...
A low-power, low-noise CMOS amplifier for neural recording applications

There is a need among scientists and clinicians for low-noise, low-power biosignal amplifiers capable of amplifying signals in the mHz to kHz range while rejecting large dc offsets generated at the electrode-tissue interface. The advent of fully-implantable multielectrode arrays has created the need for fully-integrated micropower amplifiers. We designed and tested a novel bioamplifier that uses a MOS-bipolar pseudo-resistor to amplify signals down to the mHz range while rejecting large dc offsets. We derive the theoretical noise-power tradeoff limit - the noise efficiency factor - for this amplifier and demonstrate that our VLSI implementation approaches that limit. The resulting amplifier, built in a standard 1.5/spl mu/m CMOS process, passes signals from 0.1mHz to 7.2kHz with an input-referred noise of 2.2/spl mu/Vrms and a power dissipation of 80/spl mu/W while consuming 0.16mm/sup 2/ of chip area.
Leadership Orientation as a Moderator of the Relationship between Job Performance and Job Satisfaction of Mexican Managers

A survey of 82 Mexican managers in nine Mexican organizations was conducted. Managers completed measures of leadership style (LPC) and reported job satisfaction on the Job Description Index. Managerial performance on the individual and group level was rated by each manager's supervisor. Consistent with predictions based on the contingency model of leadership, task-motivated leaders evidenced much stronger relationships between job performance and job satisfaction than did relationship-motivated leaders.
Non-interfering GVT computation via asynchronous global reductions

GVT computation has been a significant problem in Time Warp implementations since it affects the completion time of the simulation. We present a new method for computing GVT using inexpensive hardware designed to support synchronization in parallel computations. The main contribution of this paper is this new GVT algorithm. Unlike previous methods, the computation of GVT using our method does not interfere with the simulation. For the LP's, the cost of obtaining GVT is reduced to insignificance. Preliminary studies indicate that our method provides very accurate GVT.
Use of lung imaging studies as outcome measures for development of new therapies in cystic fibrosis

Most cystic fibrosis (CF) drug development has been based upon functional outcomes (e.g., FEV1) rather than structural changes. This functional approach has the limitation of being insensitive of early changes in lung disease. Computer tomography (CT) scanning affords the opportunity to establish a new paradigm to stage the illness (and target populations) based upon morphology. Using this concept, treatment regimens would be tested to prevent progression, reverse early changes, or stabilize established structural damage. In this setting, imaging biomarkers could play a key role. This article reviews the potential uses of CT scanning in the different phases of drug development (phase 1 to 4 studies). In early-phase studies (i.e., human pharmacology and therapeutic exploratory trials), CT could be used to provide preliminary data on mechanisms of action and efficacy. For large phase 3, therapeutic, confirmatory trials, CT scans are less likely to be the primary endpoint, but may play a supportive role in c...
Terrain mapping for outdoor robots: robust perception for walking in the grass

The perception system for the Ambler, an autonomous legged mobile robot that operates in rugged environments, is described. Its performance during a 500-m autonomous outdoor walking experiment is analyzed. The perception system aggressively verifies sensor data and uses feedback from terrain contact to increase accuracy. Characteristics of a robust perception system, are identified, and the authors' experiences in studying outdoor perception are summarized. >
Game theory as a means of modeling system of systems viability and feasibility

In the design of traditional systems, the estimation of the initial economic viability and technical feasibility of a concept were the primary outputs of preconceptual and conceptual design. With a shift towards the system of systems, the estimation of economic viability and technical feasibility of the proposed system of systems becomes more complicated since each stake holder's perspective must be considered. These varying perspectives create a situation where the technical feasibility of one entity may be dependent on the economic viability of another entity. However, each of the entities is managed and operated independently and will make decisions in its own best interest. This paper offers a game theoretic approach to understanding the added complications of a system of systems. A notional example of game theory applied a simplified smart power grid provides an example of both implementation and use of the game theoretic approach.12
Apparent molar volumes and heat capacities of aqueous lithium chloride, rubidium chloride, and cesium chloride at temperatures from (278.15 to 393.15) K at the pressure 0.35 MPa

Abstract Apparent molar volumes Vφ and apparent molar heat capacities Cp,φ were determined for aqueous solutions of lithium chloride, rubidium chloride, and cesium chloride at molalities m=(0.02 to 1.0) mol · kg−1, and at the pressure p=0.35 MPa. Density measurements obtained with a vibrating-tube densimeter at temperatures T=(278.15 to 368.15) K were used to calculate Vφ values, and heat capacity measurements obtained with a twin fixed-cell, differential-output, power-compensation, temperature-scanning calorimeter at temperatures T=(278.15 to 393.15) K were used to calculate Cp,φ values. Our results were fitted to functions of m and T.
A Frequency Agile Implementation for IEEE 802.22 Using Software Defined Radio Platform

This paper reports the design and implementation of a frequency agile software defined radio platform that is capable of performing a multi-resolution spectrum sensing. A fast spectrum sensing mechanism is implemented based on energy detection and a fine spectrum sensing mechanism is implemented based on feature detection. The platform is capable of switching to different communication channels in a spectrum range of 200-900 MHz which is compatible with IEEE 802.22 air interface. Different design considerations on the software defined radio platform are discussed. This study shows the feasibility of using software defined radio platforms as well as high level system design development tools to implement frequency agile cognitive radios.
Stability of β-plane Kolmogorov flow

Abstract We show that the geophysical β-effect strongly affects the linear stability of a sinusoidal Kolmogorov flow. If α denotes the angle between the flow direction and the planetary vorticity gradient then the critical Reynolds’ number, Rc(α,β), is zero for β≠0, provided that sin 2α≠0 . In particular, the small β limit is discontinuous: lim β→0 R c (α,β)=0 , rather than the classical value R c (α,0)= 2 . Moreover, though the Kolmogorov flow is non-zonal, the most unstable modes are large-scale quasizonal flows. These results are obtained using asymptotic analysis and confirmed by numerical solution. The simulations show the saturating effects of nonlinearities.
Grid computing and web services: a natural partnership

rid computing has emerged as an important new field, distinguished from conventional distributed computing by its focus on large-scale resource sharing, innovative applications, and, in some cases, high-performance orientation. Grid technologies support flexible, secure, coordinated resource sharing among dynamic collections of individuals, institutions, and resources. While these technologies are seeing widespread use in domains as diverse as distributed data analysis, group collaboration, and science portals, we may reasonably ask how these technologies relate to the commodity “Web Services” that underlie many contemporary industrial developments. In this talk, I elucidate these relationships and propose specific steps that can be taken to enhance the functionality and flexibility of Web Services by integrating Grid concepts and technologies. G
Network discovery via constrained tensor analysis of fMRI data

We pose the problem of network discovery which involves simplifying spatio-temporal data into cohesive regions (nodes) and relationships between those regions (edges). Such problems naturally exist in fMRI scans of human subjects. These scans consist of activations of thousands of voxels over time with the aim to simplify them into the underlying cognitive network being used. We propose supervised and semi-supervised variations of this problem and postulate a constrained tensor decomposition formulation and a corresponding alternating least squares solver that is easy to implement. We show this formulation works well in controlled experiments where supervision is incomplete, superfluous and noisy and is able to recover the underlying ground truth network. We then show that for real fMRI data our approach can reproduce well known results in neurology regarding the default mode network in resting-state healthy and Alzheimer affected individuals. Finally, we show that the reconstruction error of the decomposition provides a useful measure of the network strength and is useful at predicting key cognitive scores both by itself and with clinical information.
Infidelity and Kin Selection: Does Cheating Seem as Bad when it's “All in the Family”?:

The current study explored people's perceptions of how they would feel if their partners cheated on them by having sex with their relatives, such as if a man's wife had sex with his brother. Kin selection theory suggests that in such situations, victims of infidelity might feel slightly better if their partners had sex with biological relatives (compared to sex with nonrelatives) because some of the victims' genes could still get passed on through their relatives. In two experiments, participants reported how they would feel in various scenarios involving their partners having sex with participants' relatives and nonrelatives. As expected, participants generally reported being very disapproving of a partner's hypothetical infidelity with both their relatives and nonrelatives. However, contrary to predictions generated by kin selection theory, participants tended to report that they would feel worse if their partners had sex with their relatives. We propose several explanations for the current findings and discuss their implications for kin selection theory.
Massively Parallel Sequencing Approaches for Characterization of Structural Variation

The emergence of next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies offers an incredible opportunity to comprehensively study DNA sequence variation in human genomes. Commercially available platforms from Roche (454), Illumina (Genome Analyzer and Hiseq 2000), and Applied Biosystems (SOLiD) have the capability to completely sequence individual genomes to high levels of coverage. NGS data is particularly advantageous for the study of structural variation (SV) because it offers the sensitivity to detect variants of various sizes and types, as well as the precision to characterize their breakpoints at base pair resolution. In this chapter, we present methods and software algorithms that have been developed to detect SVs and copy number changes using massively parallel sequencing data. We describe visualization and de novo assembly strategies for characterizing SV breakpoints and removing false positives.
The QM/MM Molecular Dynamics and Free Energy Simulations of the Acylation Reaction Catalyzed by the Serine-Carboxyl Peptidase Kumamolisin-As†

Quantum mechanical/molecular mechanical molecular dynamics and free energy simulations are performed to study the acylation reaction catalyzed by kumamolisin-As, a serine-carboxyl peptidase, and to elucidate the catalytic mechanism and the origin of substrate specificity. It is demonstrated that the nucleophilic attack by the serine residue on the substrate may not be the rate-limiting step for the acylation of the GPH*FF substrate. The present study also confirms the earlier suggestions that Asp164 acts as a general acid during the catalysis and that the electrostatic oxyanion hole interactions may not be sufficient to lead a stable tetrahedral intermediate along the reaction pathway. Moreover, Asp164 is found to act as a general base during the formation of the acyl-enzyme from the tetrahedral intermediate. The role of dynamic substrate assisted catalysis (DSAC) involving His at the P1 site of the substrate is examined for the acylation reaction. It is demonstrated that the bond-breaking and -making events at each stage of the reaction trigger a change of the position for the His side chain and lead to the formation of the alternative hydrogen bonds. The back and forth movements of the His side chain between the CdO group of Pro at P2 and O‰2 of Asp164 in a ping-pong-like mechanism and the formation of the alternative hydrogen bonds effectively lower the free energy barriers for both the nucleophilic attack and the acyl-enzyme formation and may therefore contribute to the relatively high activity of kumamolisin-As toward the substrates with His at the P1 site.
Intracellular Complexes of Viral Spike and Cellular Receptor Accumulate during Cytopathic Murine Coronavirus Infections

Murine hepatitis virus (MHV) infections exhibit remarkable variability in cytopathology, ranging from acutely cytolytic to essentially asymptomatic levels. In this report, we assess the role of the MHV receptor (MHVR) in controlling this variable virus-induced cytopathology. We developed human (HeLa) cell lines in which the MHVR was produced in a regulated fashion by placing MHVR cDNA under the control of an inducible promoter. Depending on the extent of induction, MHVR levels ranged from less than approximately 1,500 molecules per cell (designated R(lo)) to approximately 300,000 molecules per cell (designated R(hi)). Throughout this range, the otherwise MHV-resistant HeLa cells were rendered susceptible to infection. However, infection in the R(lo) cells occurred without any overt evidence of cytopathology, while the corresponding R(hi) cells died within 14 h after infection. When the HeLa-MHVR cells were infected with vaccinia virus recombinants encoding MHV spike (S) proteins, the R(hi) cells succumbed within 12 h postinfection; R(lo) cells infected in parallel were intact, as judged by trypan blue exclusion. This acute cytopathology was not due solely to syncytium formation between the cells producing S and MHVR, because fusion-blocking antiviral antibodies did not prevent it. These findings raised the possibility of an intracellular interaction between S and MHVR in the acute cell death. Indeed, we identified intracellular complexes of S and MHVR via coimmunoprecipitation of endoglycosidase H-sensitive forms of the two proteins. We suggest that MHV infections can become acutely cytopathic once these intracellular complexes rise above a critical threshold level.
Array analysis using high efficiency mm-wave antenna for gigabit plus throughput wireless communication

In the past few decades, advances in wireless technologies have increased the requirement for high data throughput. Newer demand for high quality visual graphic and multimedia contents such as high definition video and high throughput wireless data transfer requires wireless communication to support Gigabit plus data rates. The world wide license-free 5–7GHz spectral band in 60GHz provides great potentials to enable multi-Gigabit data transfer and has been drawing strong commercial interests [1–3]. High gain adaptive beam steering phased array antenna is a key component of a low cost mm-wave CMOS RFIC solution for commercial adaptation. In this paper, a high efficient mm-wave microstrip antenna design with various antenna array architectures is presented. Simulations indicated that a peak gain of 9.1dBi and 12% bandwidth can be achieved with a single mm-wave microstrip patch antenna. Various antenna array architectures are designed and studied to quantify the impact of the antenna array architecture and performance on the mm-wave network performance.
Mothers' speech to children and syntactic development: some simple relationships.

This study investigated the relationships between children's linguistic environments and their language acquisition. Speech samples taken from seven firstborn children and their mothers when the children were 1; 6 and 2; 3 were analysed within a number of semantic and syntactic categories to determine correlations between mothers' speech and subsequent language development. Several characteristics of mothers' speech (e.g. utterance length, use of pronouns) significantly predicted later child speech. The significant correlations suggested that mothers' choice of simple constructions facilitated language growth. Further, they showed that the motherese code differed from adult-adult speech in ways which aided language development. Differences between our study and previous investigations of environmental effects on language development probably resulted from the failure of earlier investigations to take into account children's level of language competence at the time when environmental effects were assessed.
Positioning cell wall synthetic complexes by the bacterial morphogenetic proteins MreB and MreD

In Caulobacter crescentus, intact cables of the actin homologue, MreB, are required for the proper spatial positioning of MurG which catalyses the final step in peptidoglycan precursor synthesis. Similarly, in the periplasm, MreC controls the spatial orientation of the penicillin binding proteins and a lytic transglycosylase. We have now found that MreB cables are required for the organization of several other cytosolic murein biosynthetic enzymes such as MraY, MurB, MurC, MurE and MurF. We also show these proteins adopt a subcellular pattern of localization comparable to MurG, suggesting the existence of cytoskeletal-dependent interactions. Through extensive two-hybrid analyses, we have now generated a comprehensive interaction map of components of the bacterial morphogenetic complex. In the cytosol, this complex contains both murein biosynthetic enzymes and morphogenetic proteins, including RodA, RodZ and MreD. We show that the integral membrane protein, MreD, is essential for lateral peptidoglycan synthesis, interacts with the precursor synthesizing enzymes MurG and MraY, and additionally, determines MreB localization. Our results suggest that the interdependent localization of MreB and MreD functions to spatially organize a complex of peptidoglycan precursor synthesis proteins, which is required for propagation of a uniform cell shape and catalytically efficient peptidoglycan synthesis.
Altered phosphate metabolism in myocardial infarction: P-31 MR spectroscopy

The high-energy myocardial phosphate metabolism of four patients with acute anterior myocardial infarction after coronary angioplasty and drug therapy was evaluated with cardiac-gated phosphorus magnetic resonance (MR) depth-resolved surface coil spectroscopy (DRESS) 5-9 days after the onset of symptoms. Significant reductions (about threefold) in the phosphocreatine (PCr) to inorganic phosphate (Pi) ratio and elevations in the Pi to adenosine triphosphate (ATP) ratio were observed in endocardially or transmurally derived MR spectra when compared with values from epicardially displaced spectra and values from seven healthy volunteers (P less than .05). High-energy phosphate metabolites and Pi ratios did not vary significantly during the cardiac cycle in healthy volunteers. However, contamination of Pi resonances by phosphomonoester components, including blood 2,3-diphosphoglycerate, precluded accurate spectral quantification of Pi and pH. The results indicate that localized P-31 MR spectroscopy may be used to directly assess cellular energy reserve in clinical myocardial infarction and to evaluate metabolic response to interventions.
Address of the President: Presented At The Annual Banquet, June 9, 1951, Eleventh Annual Meeting, American Diabetes Association, Atlantic City, New Jersey

It is the privilege as well as the duty of the President, at the termination of his year in office, to present an accounting of the current state of the Association. At the same time he is given an opportunity to reflect upon the past and to appraise future hopesand plans. This Association represented, in its beginnings more than ten years ago, the fulfillment of a dream of a small group of men who realized that diabetes was becoming an ever more urgent national health problem. By the end of its first decade, the Association9s usefulness has become obvious to all. Everywhere one finds a growing awareness of the increasing number of known diabetics in our population and of the fact that there are still other hundreds of thousand of unknown diabetics awaiting diagnosis. This makes our Association a constantly more essential part of the nation9s drive for good health and against disease.
Synthesis of the AChE inhibitor [phenyl-7-3H] (−)-phenserine tartrate at high specific activity

The AChE inhibitor (−)-phenserine tartrate is a promising candidate as a treatment for Alzheimer’s disease and tritium labeling of it was required for biological testing. This was accomplished by a halogenation, catalytic tritium dehalogenation strategy resulting in a highly efficient incorporation of tritium. The position of tritium labeling was elucidated by a consideration of both proton and tritium NMR spectra.
Emerging drugs for major depressive disorder.

Introduction: Major depressive disorder (MDD) remains a major public health concern, and one that continues to suffer an incompletely-met need for effective and acceptable treatments. The development of antidepressants, to date, has focused primarily on increasing monoamine neurotransmission with increasing efficacy while minimizing adverse effects. Medications currently recommended as ‘first-line’ are far more tolerable than the older medications they replaced, but as many as 70% of patients continue to suffer significant depressive symptoms after treatment with one of these agents, and as many as 50% will discontinue a trial due to issues with acceptability. This review will summarize antidepressants that have recently entered the market as well as those still in development to help characterize the current state of antidepressant development. Areas covered: Currently available first-line antidepressants are reviewed with respect to efficacy and tolerability, and their weaknesses are discussed as target...
Self-Disclosure and Interpersonal Trust: An Exploratory Study.

The Rotter Interpersonal Trust Scale and a Self-disclosure Questionnaire developed by the junior author were administered to two samples of college students. In the first sample (N = 54) self-discl...
Comments on “The Principal Axes Decomposition of Spatial Stiffness Matrices”

A significant amount of research has been directed toward developing a more intuitive appreciation of spatial elastic behavior. Results of these analyses have been described in terms of behavior decompositions and in terms of behavior centers . In a recent paper entitled “The Principal Axes Decomposition of Spatial Stiffness Matrices” by Chen et al. ( IEEE Trans. Robot. , vol. 31, no. 1, pp. 191–207), a decomposition of spatial stiffness was presented, and centers of stiffness and compliance were identified. The results presented in the paper have substantial overlap with previously published results and redefine previously used terms. The objective of this communication is to clarify the contributions of prior work and to standardize the terminology used in describing spatial elastic behavior.
Generalized Extreme Value models for count data: Application to worker telecommuting frequency choices

Count models are used for analyzing outcomes that can only take non-negative integer values with or without any pre-specified large upper limit. However, count models are typically considered to be different from random utility models such as the multinomial logit (MNL) model. In this paper, Generalized Extreme Value (GEV) models that are consistent with the Random Utility Maximization (RUM) framework and that subsume standard count models including Poisson, Geometric, Negative Binomial, Binomial, and Logarithmic models as special cases were developed. The ability of the Maximum Likelihood (ML) inference approach to retrieve the parameters of the resulting GEV count models was examined using synthetic data. The simulation results indicate that the ML estimation technique performs quite well in terms of recovering the true parameters of the proposed GEV count models. Also, the models developed were used to analyze the monthly telecommuting frequency decisions of workers. Overall, the empirical results demonstrate superior data fit and better predictive performance of the GEV models compared to standard count models.
The Genomic Basis of Postponed Senescence in Drosophila melanogaster

Natural populations harbor considerable genetic variation for lifespan. While evolutionary theory provides general explanations for the existence of this variation, our knowledge of the genes harboring naturally occurring polymorphisms affecting lifespan is limited. Here, we assessed the genetic divergence between five Drosophila melanogaster lines selected for postponed senescence for over 170 generations (O lines) and five lines from the same base population maintained at a two week generation interval for over 850 generations (B lines). On average, O lines live 70% longer than B lines, are more productive at all ages, and have delayed senescence for other traits than reproduction. We performed population sequencing of pools of individuals from all B and O lines and identified 6,394 genetically divergent variants in or near 1,928 genes at a false discovery rate of 0.068. A 2.6 Mb region at the tip of the X chromosome contained many variants fixed for alternative alleles in the two populations, suggestive of a hard selective sweep. We also assessed genome wide gene expression of O and B lines at one and five weeks of age using RNA sequencing and identified genes with significant (false discovery rate < 0.05) effects on gene expression with age, population and the age by population interaction, separately for each sex. We identified transcripts that exhibited the transcriptional signature of postponed senescence and integrated the gene expression and genetic divergence data to identify 98 (175) top candidate genes in females (males) affecting postponed senescence and increased lifespan. While several of these genes have been previously associated with Drosophila lifespan, most are novel and constitute a rich resource for future functional validation.
Norm-preserving constraint in the Fisher–Rao registration and its application in signal estimation

Registration of temporal observations is a fundamental problem in functional data analysis. Various frameworks have been developed over the past two decades where registrations are conducted based on optimal time warping between functions. Comparison of functions solely based on time warping, however, may have limited application, in particular when certain constraints are desired in the registration. In this paper, we study registration with norm-preserving constraint. A closely related problem is on signal estimation, where the goal is to estimate the ground-truth template given random observations with both compositional and additive noises. We propose to adopt the Fisher–Rao framework to compute the underlying template, and mathematically prove that such framework leads to a consistent estimator. We then illustrate the constrained Fisher–Rao registration using simulations as well as two real data sets. It is found that the constrained method is robust with respect to additive noise and has superior al...
Biorefinery Supply Chain Network Design under Competitive Feedstock Markets: An Agent-Based Simulation and Optimization Approach

We address the problem of biorefinery supply chain network design under competitive corn markets. Unlike existing methods, the purchase prices of corn are considered to vary not only across time but also across competing biorefineries in a given region for all time periods in the design horizon. As the feedstock cost for purchasing corn is the largest cost component for producing ethanol, it is critical to consider the formation of corn prices in real-world markets involving competition and interactions among biorefineries, among farmers, and between biorefineries and the food market. However, these competitive markets are difficult to formulate in a mathematical program. To simulate the corn markets, an agent-based model is developed. In each market, the dynamic corn prices are determined by a double-auction process participated in by biorefinery agents, farmer agents, and a food market agent. The determined corn prices are then returned to the supply chain design problem, which is a mixed-integer nonlin...
Characterization of procoagulant extracellular vesicles and platelet membrane disintegration in DMSO-cryopreserved platelets

Background : Freezing is promising for extended platelet (PLT) storage for transfusion. 6% DMSO cryopreserved PLTs (CPPs) are currently in clinical development. CPPs contain significant amount of platelet membrane vesicles (PMVs). PLT-membrane changes and PMV release in CPP are poorly understood, and haemostatic effects of CPP PMVs are not fully elucidated. This study aims to investigate PLT-membrane alterations in CPPs and provide comprehensive characterization of CPP PMVs, and their contribution to procoagulant activity (PCA) of CPPs. Methods : CPPs and corresponding liquid-stored PLTs (LSPs) were characterized by flow cytometry (FC), fluorescence polarization (FP), nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA), electron microscopy (SEM, TEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and thrombin-generation (TG) test. Results : SEM and TEM revealed disintegration and vesiculation of the PLT-plasma membrane and loss of intracellular organization in 60% PLTs in CPPs. FP demonstrated that 6% DMSO alone and with freezing–thawing caused marked increase in PLT-membrane fluidity. The FC counts of annexin V-binding PMVs and CD41a + PMVs were 68- and 56-folds higher, respectively, in CPPs than in LSPs. The AFM and NTA size distribution of PMVs in CPPs indicated a peak diameter of 100 nm, corresponding to exosome-size vesicles. TG-based PCA of CPPs was 2- and 9-folds higher per PLT and per volume, respectively, compared to LSPs. Differential centrifugation showed that CPP supernatant contributed 26% to CPP TG-PCA, mostly by the exosome-size PMVs and their TG-PCA was phosphatidylserine dependent. Conclusions : Major portion of CPPs does not show activation phenotype but exhibits grape-like membrane disintegration with significant increase of membrane fluidity induced by 6% DMSO alone and further aggravated by freezing–thawing process. DMSO cryopreservation of PLTs is associated with the release of PMVs and marked increase of TG-PCA, as compared to LSPs. Exosome-size PMVs have significant contribution to PCA of CPPs. Keywords: extracellular vesicles; microparticles; platelet physiology; blood products; thrombin; transfusion medicine; nanoparticle tracking analysis; flow cytometry; atomic force microscopy; electron microscopy (Published: 4 May 2016) Citation: Journal of Extracellular Vesicles 2016, 5: 30422 - http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/jev.v5.30422
The differential impact of social norms cues on charitable contributions

Abstract Using a field experiment, we test the channel by which normative cues affect the decision process to donate to a public library. Our treatments consist of a reciprocity cue or an eyespots cue that is placed on the solicitation materials mailed out to potential donors during a public library fundraising drive. The data are consistent with a two stage decision process by which individuals first decide whether to make a donation and then decide how much to donate. We show that both cues significantly affect donation behavior by enhancing the intensity of the behavior while only one cue enhances the likelihood of engaging in the behavior. These results imply that what might look like a subtle or even fickle effect of normative cues on behavior is an economically sizable effect when we take into account what aspect of the decision process is affected by the cue.
Liouville Theory on Horizons: Towards a Quantum Theory of Black Holes

We show that any nonextremal black hole can be described by a Liouville theory that lives on its very near horizon region. In classical Liouville theory, the black hole corresponds to a field configuration that reproduces the Rindler metric. In quantum Liouville theory, the black hole state in the CFT is created by the puncture operator that gives rise to a conical singularity with a deficit angle of $2 \pi$. This state is "heavy" with a nonnormalizable wave function in the minisuperspace approximation. Black hole entropy counts the number of ways the "heavy" black hole state can be obtained by acting with a product of "light, quantum" operators in the CFT. Black hole hair is described by the "background charge" in the CFT but its physical nature is unclear.
Single-molecule detection of a guanine(C8) - thymine(N3) cross-link using ion channel recording.

The capability to identify and sequence DNA damage within the context of the genome is an important goal for medical diagnostics. However, currently available methods are not suitable for this purpose. Ion channel nanopore analysis shows promise as a potential single-molecule method to sequence genomic DNA in such a way that also allows detection of base or backbone modifications. Recent studies in human cell lines demonstrated the occurrence of a new DNA cross-link between guanine(C8) and thymine(N3) (5′-G*CT*-3′). The current work presents immobilization and translocation studies of the 5′-G*CT*-3′ cross-link in a single-stranded oligodeoxynucleotide using the α-hemolysin (α-HL) ion channel. A 3′-biotinylated DNA strand containing the 5′-G*CT*-3′ cross-link was incubated with streptavidin that allowed immobilization of the DNA in the β-barrel of α-HL. In this experiment, the 5′-G*CT*-3′ cross-link was placed near the sensitive constriction zone of α-HL, yielding a 2.5% deeper blockage to the ion current level when compared to the unmodified strand. Next, free translocation of a cross-link-containing strand was studied, and an inverse relationship of the time constant with respect to an increase in the applied voltage was found, indicating that the cross-link can easily fit into the β-barrel and traverse through the ion channel. However, a modulation in the ion current level was not observed. These studies suggest that higher resolution ion channels or mechanisms to slow the translocation process, or both, might ultimately provide a mechanism for single-molecule sequencing for G-T cross-links.