cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Brief Report: Theatre as Therapy for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder

The pilot investigation evaluated a theatrical intervention program, Social Emotional NeuroScience Endocrinology (SENSE) Theatre, designed to improve socioemotional functioning and reduce stress in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Eight children with ASD were paired with typically developing peers that served as expert models. Neuropsychological, biological (cortisol and oxytocin), and behavioral measures were assessed in a pretest–posttest design. The intervention was embedded in a full musical theatrical production. Participants showed some improvement in face identification and theory of mind skills. The intervention shows potential promise in improving the socioemotional functioning in children with ASD through the utilization of peers, video and behavioral modeling, and a community-based theatrical setting.
Electrical Method of determining the Sex of Sea Urchins

The sex of sea urchins cannot, with very few exceptions, be ascertained by any external morphological character. A very simple method of distinguishing male and female is to pass an alternating electric current of 10 volts through the animal, and it will at once shed its sperm or eggs. Ordinary 60-cycle alternating current can be used, with the 110-voltage reduced to 10 volts by a household bell transformer or a ‘Variac’. Lead electrodes have been found best as they are non-toxic and are easily made from lead tubing (3 mm. bore) sealed over copper wire, or from heavy lead wire. The electrodes are placed at any two points on the shell of the animal which lies, aboral side up, covered with sea water. Almost immediately after the current is passed, the eggs or sperm will exude from each of the five gonopores, the sperm in a thin white thread, and the eggs in a thicker red (in Arbacia) thread, later tending to clump. When the current is stopped, the shedding ceases; but it begins again when the current is allowed to pass. In this way, the sex of the animal can be quickly determined, and a few eggs or a little sperm obtained without harming the animal; and the same animal can be used repeatedly. The eggs, if removed at once, fertilize perfectly and develop normally. The method is of great value in places where sea urchins have become scarce.
Analgesia following sulfapyridine administration in morphine-pretreated mice: a morphine "reservoir"?

SummarySulfapyridine potentiates the analgesic effect of morphine. It also produces analgesia when administered to morphinepretreated mice long after the analgesic effect of morphine has worn off. Morphine possibly binds to blood and/or tissue components, most likely in the brain, forming pharmacologically inactive complexes, and sulfapyridine prevents and/or reverses the binding, thus freeing active morphine.
Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca in the dog

Dry eye or keratoconjunctivitis sicca is a reduction in the aqueous component of the pre-ocular tear film causing inflammation of the ocular surface. It is an important condition in dogs and diagnosis with a Schirmer Tear Test at an early stage can aid in successful treatment.
Recent developments in polymer waveguide technology and applications for data link and optical interconnect systems

Low-cost robust optical interconnections interfacing solid state components, functional optical circuitry and optical fibers are increasingly needed to facilitate deployment of high capacity optical communication systems. Polymeric waveguide based optical circuits are being increasingly considered for these interconnect applications. Many applications are in development or early commercial stages. Some of these are highlighted in the presentation to provide a review of promising polymer based applications and technologies. In particular, PolyguideTM polymeric integrated optic waveguide technology, currently being applied in the ARPA funded POLO and POINT programs is covered in more detail. These programs are focused on high speed optical data links and optical circuit board technology respectively.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Analysis of three-phase transformer no-load characteristics

The traditional laboratory experiment on three-phase transformer connections consists of a qualitative observation of current and phase voltage waveforms by means of an oscilloscope, with emphasis placed on the dominant third harmonic component. Some recorded waveshapes, however, cannot be explained in simple terms without considering other harmonic components and the quality of power supply. This paper outlines an improved lecture/experiment that quantitatively analyzes the waveforms of various transformer connections under steady-state no-load conditions while taking into account the nonideal voltage supply. The experimental data obtained with the aid of a harmonic analyzer are then compared to the qualitative predictions and the discrepancies are discussed. >
Eastern Colorado Oil and Gas Prospects: ABSTRACT

Prospective regions of eastern Colorado are divided naturally into two main classes: the basins which have in the past, because of depths, been thought of as limited to Cretaceous possibilities; and those areas in which the Paleozoic formations present the principal, or only, chances of production. With the advent of deeper drilling techniques the phantom barrier to prospects below the Cretaceous in the basin areas tends to disappear. This barrier is also modified by the fact that excessive drilling depths, formerly predicated for the deeper parts of the basins, can be scaled down in line with sections measured along the Rocky Mountain front, and from a few scattered well logs in the east. The areas of Cretaceous prospects are the three basins in the western part of the region. Oil and gas have long been produced from all three of these basins and the recent discovery in southwestern Nebraska has centered much attention on that and other parts of the Denver basin. Additional prospects exist within the Cretaceous, and beneath the Cretaceous, especially in large parts of the Denver basin. The areas which have heretofore been considered the particular loci of Paleozoic prospects are the Sierra Grande uplift and the so-called Las Animas arch, plus the territory north and northeast toward the northeast corner of the state. The Apishapa uplift, connecting the Sierra Grande uplift with the Wet Mountains, and separating the Denver and Raton basins, has been included in this area of Paleozoic prospects. Parts of these areas still hold excellent prospects, especially on the flanks of the uplifts, and in areas east and north. In the literature Sierra Grande uplift and Las Animas arch have been used as synonymous terms. The Sierra Grande uplift is a very old feature in New Mexico and southern Colorado, and the so-called Las Animas arch is a much younger feature due mainly to the subsidence of the Denver basin contemporaneous with Cretaceous sedimentation, and probably modified by later Laramide orogeny. The northwestward continuation of the Anadarko basin, in the older rocks, may be traced directly across the present surface expression of the Las Animas arch. The geologic history and paleogeography are briefly traced to show what the writer believes to be excellent prospects in the Paleozoic formations in the deeper parts of the basins, especially the Denver basin, at what are not drillable depths. End_of_Article - Last_Page 623------------
Extinction during memory reconsolidation blocks recovery of fear in adolescents

Adolescence is a time of intensified emotional experiences, during which anxiety and stress-related disorders peak. The most effective behavioral therapies for treating these disorders share exposure-based techniques as a core component. Exposure-based therapies build on the principles of fear extinction learning and involve desensitizing the individual to cues that trigger anxiety. Yet, recent evidence shows an adolescent-specific diminished capacity to extinguish fear responses, suggesting that adolescents may respond less well to exposure-based therapies than other age groups. Here we demonstrate an alternative method for blocking the recall of fear memories in adolescents, building on principles of memory reconsolidation in adults. During memory reconsolidation, a memory that is recalled becomes labile during which time it can be updated. Prior research has shown that extinction training during memory reconsolidation attenuates the recovery of fear memory in human adults and in rodents. Using this method, we show attenuation of fear memory in adolescent humans. These findings have significant implications for treating one of the most vulnerable populations to anxiety and stress related disorders - adolescents - by optimizing exposure therapy based on principles of memory reconsolidation.
Environmental management as a third-world problem

Of the three major sources of environmental deterioration — CFCs, carbon dioxide, and deforestation and land degradation — only the first two can be eased by industrial policies alone. The second and third also require changes in mass behavior, especially in pre-industrial countries. In order to encourage action on the part of their governments, international agencies have supported the preparation of more than fifty country environmental profiles. The next steps will require a careful analysis of current direct and indirect policies influencing human behavior toward the environment. This article describes the ‘policy environment of environmental policies’ in third-world countries and suggests a strategy for creating a coherent body of incentives to motivate environment-supporting public behavior.
The electronic excited states of the H-bonded complex of the phenol cation and water

Abstract Complete active space multireference first-order configuration interaction (FOCI) calculations are used to determine the excitation energies of organic radicals. Application is made to the analysis of the effect of H-bonded interactions on the spectra of the phenoxyl radical and the phenol cation. Although earlier tests have been successful, the FOCI excitation energies of the benzyl radical, which is isoelectronic with phenoxyl, is compared to both experiment and earlier multiconfiguration self-consistent field (MCSCF) values providing additional corroboration of the accuracy of FOCI methods. The well-known 398 nm transition in the pheoxyl radical is represented well by the FOCI calculation. Two additional lower energy transitions are also predicted. The transition at 461 nm in vacuo is assigned to a broad experimental fluorescence band observed in the 425 nm region. No spectrum of the phenol cation has been reported. A broad transition around 373 nm has been attributed to the phenol cation complex with a single water molecule. Shifts in. the spectra of the phenol cation and phenoxyl complexes relevant to the analysis of this transition are calculated to be of the order of 500cm −1 . This result supports the spectral assignment to the phenol cation complex and the conclusion that proton transfer does not occur in the ground state of this complex.
Vitamin D and Diabetes

On the basis of evidence from animal and human studies, vitamin D has emerged as a potential risk modifier for type 1 and type 2 diabetes (type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes). Vitamin D is thought to have both direct (through activation of the vitamin D receptor) and indirect (via regulation of calcium homeostasis) effects on various mechanisms related to the pathophysiology of both types of diabetes, including pancreatic beta-cell dysfunction, impaired insulin action and systemic inflammation. Observational case-control studies have shown that vitamin D supplementation in pregnancy or early childhood is associated with reduced risk of incident type 1 diabetes. There are no trials on the effect of vitamin D (ergocalciferol or cholecalciferol) on type 1 diabetes. An association between vitamin D insufficiency and incident type 2 diabetes has been reported in longitudinal observational studies, but the association is not consistent. Results from small underpowered trials and post-hoc analyses of data from larger trials designed for bone-specific outcomes show no effect of vitamin D supplementation on glycemia in healthy adults but vitamin D may retard the progression to diabetes in adults with glucose intolerance. Because vitamin D is an excellent marker of general health status, the positive results reported in some observational studies might reflect unmeasured and unaccounted confounding. Therefore, the hypothesis that vitamin D may modify diabetes risk needs to be confirmed in trials specifically designed for that purpose.
Interferon effect on glycosaminoglycans in mouse glioma in vitro.

The effect of mouse interferon α/β (MuIFN α/β) on the production of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) by mouse glioma G-26in vitro was evaluated. Two GAG species secreted extracellularly by the mouse glioma G-26 were isolated using cellulose acetate electrophoresis. They were identified as hyaluronic acid (HA) and chondroitin sulfate (CS) following enzymatic digestion with enzymes: hyaluronidase and chondroitinase ABC. Further characterization of CS by enzymatic digestion with specific chondroitinases for chondroitin 4-sulfate (CSA) and chondroitin 6-sulfate (CSC), revealed that the isolated CS was neither CSA nor CSC. Therefore, it may be either chondroitin sulfate B (CSB) (dermatan sulfate) or one of the ‘chontroitin sulfate isomers’ (D-H).
Thermoreversible Micelle Formation Using a Three-Armed Star Elastin-like Polypeptide

We have designed, synthesized, and purified a novel three-armed star polymer consisting of an elastin-like polypeptide (ELP) followed by a negatively charged trimer-forming oligomerization domain at the C-terminus. In low salt conditions, the water-soluble trimers assemble into micellar particles as small as 25 nm in diameter when heated to temperatures above their transition temperature. The size of these micelles can be controlled by adjusting salt and cosurfactant concentrations. They are stable at elevated temperatures but will dissociate into the individual trimers when the temperature is again decreased below the transition temperature. Their behavior at high temperatures is quite different than typical ELP constructs, which initially form large aggregates followed by phase separation into a coacervate and soluble fraction. The polypeptide consists of 40 pentapeptide repeats of glycine−valine−glycine−valine−proline (GVGVP) followed by the 27 amino acid foldon domain. It is expressed in E. coli and p...
Childhood antecedents of avoidant personality disorder: a retrospective study.

Objective To explore potential risk factors and early manifestations of avoidant personality disorder (AVPD) by examining retrospective reports of social functioning and adverse childhood experiences.
Dentifrices, mouthwashes, and remineralization/caries arrestment strategies

While our knowledge of the dental caries process and its prevention has greatly advanced over the past fifty years, it is fair to state that the management of this disease at the level of the individual patient remains largely empirical. Recommendations for fluoride use by patients at different levels of caries risk are mainly based on the adage that more is better. There is a general understanding that the fluoride compound, concentration, frequency of use, duration of exposure, and method of delivery can influence fluoride efficacy. Two important factors are (1) the initial interaction of relatively high concentrations of fluoride with the tooth surface and plaque during application and (2) the retention of fluoride in oral fluids after application. Fluoride dentifrices remain the most widely used method of delivering topical fluoride. The efficacy of this approach in preventing dental caries is beyond dispute. However, the vast majority of currently marketed dentifrice products have not been clinically tested and have met only the minimal requirements of the FDA monograph using mainly laboratory testing and animal caries testing. Daily use of fluoride dental rinses as an adjunct to fluoride dentifrice has been shown to be clinically effective as has biweekly use of higher concentration fluoride rinses. The use of remineralizing agents (other than fluoride), directed at reversing or arresting non-cavitated lesions, remains a promising yet largely unproven strategy. High fluoride concentration compounds, e.g., AgF, Ag(NH3)2F, to arrest more advanced carious lesions with and without prior removal of carious tissue are being used in several countries as part of the Atraumatic Restorative Treatment (ART) approach. Most of the recent innovations in oral care products have been directed toward making cosmetic marketing claims. There continues to be a need for innovation and collaboration with other scientific disciplines to fully understand and prevent dental caries.
Alcohol use and workplace aggression: an examination of perpetration and victimization.

Purpose: The purpose of the present investigation was to examine the relationship between victimization from and perpetration of workplace aggression between coworkers and frequency of alcohol use during the last year. Methods: Civilian employees (N=300) selected from the US population were interviewed over the telephone with psychometrically sound measures of workplace aggression and alcohol use frequency during the last year. Hierarchical regression analyses were used to examine the relationship between alcohol use and workplace aggression, after controlling for sociodemographic variables. Results: Both percentage of days of any drinking and percentage of days of heavy drinking during the last year were positively related to (a) victimization from verbal and physical aggression at work and (b) perpetration of verbal and physical aggression at work. Implications: Consistent with research studies spanning the sociobehavioral literature, the present investigation found alcohol use was associated with perpetration of and victimization from verbal and physical workplace aggression. Although the study established an association exists between alcohol use and workplace aggression, future investigations should attempt to understand employee alcohol use in the context of a multifaceted model that includes other likely factors that contribute to the incidence of aggressive behavior on the job.
Relationship of PCU to MRTD

Post correction uniformity (PCU) schemes are employed in some existing imaging systems to correct spatial nonuniformities. The focal plane arrays in the imaging system may either be a scanning or a staring focal plane array. PCU specifications may be included as part of the full FPA specification. Current PCU specs typically designate a level of fixed pattern noise relative to temporal noise at various selected background temperatures. The selected temperatures are within the expected range of target temperatures to be seen. An issue seems to be the difficulty of keeping the post correction fixed pattern noise levels within specified levels at all specified background temperatures. This paper examines the effectiveness of the tow point linear gain-offset correction method for systems with nearly linear response, and relates post correction uniformity to MRTD performance through the 3D noise model. Such a relationship is expected to facilitate FPA developers in specifying FPA PCU requirements, tracking and identifying sources of MRTD failures in FPAs, and quantifying the benefits of this particular PCU scheme.
Comparison of tilmicosin and cephapirin as therapeutics for Staphylococcus aureus mastitis at dry-off.

Forty-four cows (26 Jerseys and 18 Holsteins) that had at least 1 mammary quarter that was naturally (n = 12) or experimentally (n = 84) infected with Staphylococcus aureus were allotted to three treatment groups of approximately equal number at the end of lactation. Cows were dried off by abrupt cessation of milking, and dry cow therapy was administered as an intramammary infusion of cephapirin benzathine at 10 ml per quarter, an intramammary infusion of tilmicosin (solution containing 300 mg/ml) at 5 ml per quarter, or a subcutaneous injection of tilmicosin at 5 mg/kg of body weight on the day of drying off and another injection 4 d later. Mammary secretions were monitored during the dry period and postpartum for antimicrobial residues, intramammary infection (IMI) status, and somatic cell counts. Results demonstrated the following percentage cures for IMI caused by Staph. aureus at 28 d postcalving based on individual mammary quarters: cephapirin benzathine, 78.1%; tilmicosin infused, 74.2%; and tilmicosin injected, 9.1%. During the first 4 wk after drying off, the mean concentration of tilmicosin in mammary secretions from cows infused with the antibiotic remained approximately 10-fold higher than that in secretions from cows injected with the antibiotic (3.43 vs. 0.32 ppm), and, by the time of calving, concentrations for cows treated with both methods were below the dilution limit of the assay (<0.1 ppm). Results demonstrated that intramammary infusion of tilmicosin was equally as effective as cephapirin benzathine in curing IMI caused by Staph. aureus at drying off; however, the subcutaneous injection of tilmicosin at the dose used was not effective as a dry cow therapeutic against Staph. aureus.
Importance of thymus-derived lymphocytes in cell-mediated immunity to infection.

Abstract Mice made T cell deficient by thymectomy and irradiation, and protected with bone marrow cells (THXB mice) have a greatly reduced capacity to develop antituberculous immunity. In contrast, their capacity to develop anti- Listeria immunity is not impaired. Infection-induced lymphoid cell proliferation in the spleen is greatly reduced in THXB mice infected with either organism. The reduced capacity of THXB mice to develop antituberculous immunity and to show increased lymphoid cell proliferation in response to a tuberculous infection can be restored by an intraperitoneal injection of normal syngeneic thymocytes. In contrast, reduced lymphoid cell proliferation in THXB mice infected with Listeria cannot be restored with thymocytes. Nevertheless, the spleen cells from Listeria -infected donors with the capacity to transfer anti- Listeria immunity to normal recipients are destroyed in vitro by anti-θ serum and complement, thus showing they are T cells. The apparent contradiction is explained in terms of a residual T cell population in THXB mice which is large enough to generate anti- Listeria , but not antituberculous immunity.
An Information-Maximizing Interactive Procedure for Scenario Probability Elicitation

Various approaches have been proposed for determining scenario probabilities to facilitate long-range planning and decision making. These include microlevel approaches based on the analysis of relevant underlying events and their interrelations and direct macrolevel examination of the scenarios. The determination of a unique solution demands excessive consistency and time requirements on the part of the expert and often is not guaranteed by these procedures. We propose an interactive information maximizing scenario probability query procedure (IMQP) that exploits the desirable features of existing methods while circumventing their drawbacks. The approach requires elicitation of cardinal probability assessments and bounds for only marginal and first-order conditional events, as well as ordinal probability comparisons (probability orderings or rankings) of carefully selected scenario subsets determined using concepts of information theory. Guidelines for implementation based on simulation results are also developed. A goal program for handling inconsistent ordinal probability responses is also integrated into the procedure. The results of behavioral experimentation (which compared our approach to Expert Choice and showed that the IMQP was viable) compared favorably in terms of ease of use and time requirements, and works best for problems with a large number of scenarios. Design modifications to IMQP learned from the experiments, such as incorporating interactive graphics, are also in progress.
The antioxygenic action of phosphoric acid in association with tocopherols and hydroquinones

Phosphoric acid greatly augments the antioxygenic activity of hydroquinones and tocopherols and their corresponding quinones in autoxidizing fats. In such media,p-quinones are partly reduced to hydroquinones. Phosphoric acid promotes this reaction and thus enhances, in a synergistic manner, the antioxygenic activity of both quinones and hydroquinones. With tocoquinones, cyclization as well as reduction occurs, and tocopherol is thereby regenerated. The results suggest that a hydroquinone ⇄ quinone system is set up upon the addition of either the oxidant or the reductant to an autoxidizing fat, and that the resulting equilibrium is shifted in favor of the reductant by phosphoric acid.
Trial‐by‐exhaustion: The 1967 abortion debate in the house of commons

(1969). Trial‐by‐exhaustion: The 1967 abortion debate in the house of commons. Today's Speech: Vol. 17, No. 4, pp. 16-24.
Role of the Predator Hemerobius pacificus in a Non-Insecticide Treated Artichoke Field

Hemerobius pacificus oviposition closely followed the population densities of Myzus persicae which peaked in late fall and declined to zero in spring in an untreated artichoke field. A second peak of oviposition by the predator followed the increasing populations of the artichoke plume moth (=APM), Platyptilia carduidactyla in spring. Where Hemerobius eggs were released, the aphid populations were reduced consistently, while the APM damage was reduced only at larval infestation levels of APM above 10%. Oviposition by wild Hemerobius was lower in plots where aphids had been reduced by released predators. APM infestations were estimated to be lowered by 30% by wild Hemerobius populations, while hymenopterous parasites accounted for 14% of the larval mortality of APM. Protein + sugar food sprays applied 5 times during the year slightly increased Hemerobius oviposition which in turn led to lower aphid populations and slightly reduced APM infestations. Hemerobius , the only common active predator in artichokes during winter, is considered an important control agent of aphids under cool conditions, and is a mortality factor of APM larvae. Hemerobius should be preserved in integrated control programs.
Teaching about terrorism: Notes on methods and materials

Abstract That terrorism presents scholars and policymakers alike with new challenges is well documented. But the fact that transnational terrorism and societal responses to it have also placed new demands on those who teach international affairs in the undergraduate classroom is less widely discussed. This article identifies a basic set of educational objectives for teaching about terrorism as well as materials and methods for achieving those objectives with a reasonable degree of success. Through a discussion of the uses of library research exercises, films, role playing and simulation, and values clarification approaches, the article provides a scheme for educating a nucleus of future citizens who will better understand the policy and value choices confronting them in a world beset by terrorism.
Understanding the Local Public Health Workforce: Labels Versus Substance

Background The workforce is a key component of the nation's public health (PH) infrastructure, but little is known about the skills of local health department (LHD) workers to guide policy and planning. Purpose To profile a sample of LHD workers using classification schemes for PH work (the substance of what is done) and PH job titles (the labeling of what is done) to determine if work content is consistent with job classifications. Methods A secondary analysis was conducted on data collected from 2,734 employees from 19 LHDs using a taxonomy of 151 essential tasks performed, knowledge possessed, and resources available. Each employee was classified by job title using a schema developed by PH experts. The inter-rater agreement was calculated within job classes and congruence on tasks, knowledge, and resources for five exemplar classes was examined. Results The average response rate was 89%. Overall, workers exhibited moderate agreement on tasks and poor agreement on knowledge and resources. Job classes with higher agreement included agency directors and community workers; those with lower agreement were mid-level managers such as program directors. Conclusions Findings suggest that local PH workers within a job class perform similar tasks but vary in training and access to resources. Job classes that are specific and focused have higher agreement whereas job classes that perform in many roles show less agreement. The PH worker classification may not match employees' skill sets or how LHDs allocate resources, which may be a contributor to unexplained fluctuation in public health system performance.
On the solution of steady unconfined seepage towards semi‐infinite slopes

Analytical solutions for the two-dimensional problem of unconfined seepage towards semi-infinite slopes are described. The analysis employs complex variable techniques. Conformal mappings have been used to reduce the problem to solving an ordinary differential equation. The resulting integrals are presented in terms of special functions. The solutions for the location of the phreatic surface and the exit point have been obtained in parametric form. Some additional results and asymptotic expansions of the solutions are also presented. The numerical results have been calculated and plotted for different values of the slope angle in dimensionless co- ordinate space. (A)
Oral immunization of humans with dehydrated liposomes containing Streptococcus mutans glucosyltransferase induces salivary immunoglobulin A2 antibody responses

Seven healthy adult volunteers each ingested an enteric-coated capsule containing 500 micrograms of Streptococcus mutans glucosyltransferase (GTF) in dehydrated liposomes for 3 consecutive days. The immunization regimen was repeated 28 days later. Parotid saliva and plasma were collected prior to and at a weekly interval for 8 weeks following the first immunization for analysis of anti-GTF activity by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The levels of immunoglobulin A1 (IgA1) and IgA2 anti-GTF activities increased in the parotid saliva from 5 of 7 individuals after immunization. Increases in the mean level of IgA1 and IgA2 anti-GTF responses peaked on day 35 (77% and 175% increase over baseline, respectively), although variation was noted in the kinetics and subclass of responses between individuals. No salivary IgG or IgM responses were observed. Low plasma IgM, IgG and IgA anti-GTF responses were seen in immunized subjects. Oral immunization with a dehydrated liposome-protein vaccine was effective in inducing a secretory IgA antibody response, which was primarily of the IgA2 subclass. These results provide the first evidence for the use an oral dehydrated liposome-protein vaccine in humans.
Incidence and duration of unemployment spells: Implications for the male-female wage differentials

Abstract We demonstrate in this paper that the incidence of unemployment and duration of unemployment spells affect the male–female gender wage differential. The results indicate that after controlling for sample selectivity bias in the wage equation, the incidence of unemployment and duration of unemployment spells account for about 14.2% and 39.6%, respectively, of the wage differential that exists between males and females. We observed that while the duration of unemployment accounts for a substantial portion of the wage differential in both the service (48.8%) and the manufacturing (17.0%) sectors, the impacts of the incidence of unemployment and duration of unemployment spells variables on the wage differential are rather small in the service (0.07%) and the manufacturing (1.6%) sectors. Also, high incidence of unemployments is associated with low wages for males and females in all samples. In contrast, longer durations of unemployment spells tend to increase males’ wages and decrease females’ wages in the full and service sector samples. At the macro level, the results seem to suggest that promotion of gender wage equality should be associated with policies that will minimize the female's incidence of unemployment and duration of unemployment spells.
Experimental Errors Associated with the Estimation of Thermal Diffusivity from Thermal Process Data

An increase in the accuracy and precision of thermal diffusivity (α) was observed when estimated from thermal process data using the analytical heat conduction equation as compared to using the process fh value. Differences in α for the two methods ranged from 2.4 to 3.5%. Correcting for the presence of the thermocouple probe became more important with smaller can sizes. The analytical solution to the heat conduction equation proved to be a very sensitive model with regard to prolonged retort come-up time and heat conduction along the thermocouple probe.
Contribution of low-frequency harmonics to Mandarin Chinese tone identification in quiet and six-talker babble background

The goal of this study was to investigate Mandarin Chinese tone identification in quiet and multi-talker babble conditions for normal-hearing listeners. Tone identification was measured with speech stimuli and stimuli with low and/or high harmonics that were embedded in three Mandarin vowels with two fundamental frequencies. There were six types of stimuli: all harmonics (All), low harmonics (Low), high harmonics (High), and the first (H1), second (H2), and third (H3) harmonic. Results showed that, for quiet conditions, individual harmonics carried frequency contour information well enough for tone identification with high accuracy; however, in noisy conditions, tone identification with individual low harmonics (e.g., H1, H2, and H3) was significantly lower than that with the Low, High, and All harmonics. Moreover, tone identification with individual harmonics in noise was lower for a low F0 than for a high F0, and was also dependent on vowel category. Tone identification with individual low-frequency harmonics was accounted for by local signal-to-noise ratios, indicating that audibility of harmonics in noise may play a primary role in tone identification.
Hapten-Specific Tolerance Promoted by Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide

Calcitonin gene-related peptide has been shown to modulate inflammatory and immune responses in various systems. Recent studies in our laboratory and colleagues have shown that intracutaneously injected calcitonin gene-related peptide impairs the induction of contact hypersensitivity in mice, and participates in the pathogenesis of failed contact hypersensitivity induction after acute, low-dose ultraviolet B radiation. In this study we investigated the ability of calcitonin gene-related peptide to induce tolerance in normal and mast cell deficient mice and we examined the extent to which calcitonin gene-related peptide contributes to the tolerance induced by acute, low-dose ultraviolet B radiation. Calcitonin gene-related peptide was injected intradermally followed by application of 2,4-dinitro-1-fluorobenzene to the injected skin surface. Tolerance was assessed by re-exposing the mice 2 wk later to a second, sensitizing dose of 2,4-dinitro-1-fluorobenzene on uninjected skin. We found that calcitonin gene-related peptide induced tolerance to 2,4-dinitro-1-fluorobenzene in both normal and mast cell deficient mice. Calcitonin gene-related peptide-induced tolerance was blocked by intradermal injection of a calcitonin gene-related peptide antagonist [CGRP-(8-37)] that selectively blocks the calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor. Tolerance was also abolished by intraperitoneally injected anti-interleukin-10, but not anti-tumor necrosis factor α, antibodies. When 2,4-dinitro-1-fluorobenzene was painted on skin into which splenic dendritic cells pretreated with calcitonin gene-related peptide had been injected, tolerance was observed. Calcitonin gene-related peptide- treated dendritic cells mixed with anti-interleukin-10 antibody prior to intradermal injection failed to promote tolerance. Finally, injection of CGRP-(8-37) into skin that was subsequently exposed to acute, low-dose ultraviolet B radiation partially prevented tolerance induced by local application of 2,4-dinitro-1-fluorobenzene. These results indicate that calcitonin gene-related peptide has the capacity to promote cutaneous tolerance through an interleukin-10-dependent mechanism. This mechanism, which does not require the participation of mast cells, contributes to the tolerance promoted by acute, low-dose ultraviolet B radiation. Thus, calcitonin gene-related peptide from cutaneous nerve endings plays a key role in the local immune aberrations caused by ultraviolet B radiation.
Glutathione S-transferase genotypes in systemic sclerosis and their association with clinical manifestations in early disease.

Glutathione S-transferase genotypes in systemic sclerosis and their association with clinical manifestations in early disease
Comparing physical activity measures in a diverse group of midlife and older adults.

Purpose: To compare self-report and objective measures of moderate- and vigorous-intensity physical activity (MVPA min·d-1) in midlife and older adults. Methods: Seventy-one participants (69% female, 74.6% Caucasian, 25.4% African American) completed the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System physical activity (PA) questions, the Aerobic Center Longitudinal Study PA short survey (PASS), and the Aerobic Center Longitudinal Study PA long survey (PALS) and wore an accelerometer for seven consecutive days. Accelerometer MVPA minutes per day were determined using 1- and 10-min MVPA bout methods. Results: Participants were older (mean ± SD; age = 57.4 ± 9.9 yr) and overweight (body mass index = 27.9 ± 4.9 kg·m-2) but otherwise healthy. Median (interquartile range) MVPA minutes per day were 42.9 (51.4) from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System PA questions, 51.4 (68.6) from the PASS, 25.7 (48.6) from the PALS, 32.4 (33.5) from the 1-min MVPA bout accelerometer data, and 4.6 (16.8) from the 10-min MVPA bout accelerometer data. Pearson correlations adjusted for participant demographics revealed low to moderate correlations between self-report and 1-min MVPA bout accelerometer-determined MVPA minutes per day (r = 0.11-0.31), with the PASS (P < 0.05) and PALS (P < 0.01) having significant correlations with accelerometry. Cohen ? coefficients showed poor agreement between all three questionnaires and 1-min MVPA bout accelerometry for having =150 MVPA min·wk-1 (? = 0.26-0.38, all P < 0.05). Conclusions: Our results indicate that there was poor agreement between self-report and accelerometer-based assessments of PA in midlife and older adults.
A new approach to business processes

This paper presents a methodology for analyzing and designing the processes that an enterprise uses to conduct its business. The methodology builds upon traditional approaches to business process definition by adding the dimension of people's accountabilities: their roles, relationships, and agreements. The approach presented allows for unique insights into customer satisfaction, employee empowerment, and quality. It also provides a basis for spanning the concerns of both business people and information technologists responsible for providing business process automation.
Five Principles for Workable Client-Based Projects: Lessons from the Trenches:

Despite the wide-ranging benefits of using client-based projects (CBPs) in the classroom, such projects can be overwhelming for instructors, and many shy away from the considerable workload and tim...
Na+ channel changes in the growth cone and developing nerve terminal

Abstract Previous saxitoxin binding studies indicated two forms of the sodium channel in the fetal rat brain; a low-affinity precursor located in an internal membrane compartment, present exclusively in growth cones and a high-affinity mature form present in the plasmalemma of growth cones and characteristic of synapses. This raises the questions (1) of the presence or absence of the β2 subunit in these channel forms and (2) of the developmental regulation of the β2 subunit. Antibodies against the α and β2 channel subunits were used to probe Western blots of subcellular fractions from rat brains at embryonic day 18 (E18), pups at postnatal (P) days 7–25, and adults, as well as purified sodium channels from adult brain. In both synaptosomes and the purified sodium channel the β2 antibody recognized the expected band at 38 kDa under reducing conditions. However, in contrast to the α subunit, this band was absent at E18 and became apparent only from P7 onwards. At the earlier time intervals a very prominent immunoreactive band of unknown identity was evident at 260–300 kDa, which declined in intensity concomitant with the appearance of the 38 kDa β2 band. These data indicate that β2 subunits are regulated independently from α subunits, are absent in differentiating neurons, and hence are not necessary for insertion of the sodium channel into the plasmalemma, at least during early development of the neuron.
A Simplified Purification and Some Properties of Ribulose 1,5-Diphosphate Carboxylase from Barley

A rapid procedure was developed for purifying ribulose 1,5-diphosphate carboxylase from barley leaves. After (NH(4))(2)SO(4) fractionation, the unique sedimentation properties of the enzyme were exploited to effect a single step purification to 90% homogeneity. High speed centrifugation pelleted the enzyme with complete recovery of activity. Residual impurities were then removed by diethylaminoethyl cellulose chromatography and density gradient centrifugation. The purified protein exhibited size heterogeneity due to polymerization. The polymerization products were enzymatically active aggregates of ribulose 1,5-diphosphate carboxylase and were precipitated by an antibody specific for the enzyme.
Correlation of gas-turbine-combustor efficiency

A new model is proposed to correlate combustion efficiency from gas turbine combustors, including fuel type and atomization effects. The model includes two zones in which evaporation, mixing, and kinetic processes occur. Time scales are defined to model these processes, and an expression is written for combustion inefficiency in terms of these scales. Data for four combustors, and for fuels in the range from JP-4 to DF-2, are correlated. The model reproduces the primary empirical observations, and represents a significant extension of previously proposed correlations.
Magnitude of Reward and Differential Stimulus Consequences

Large reinforcement trials were regularly alternated with small reinforcement trials in the straight alley. In the later stages of training, the 15 rats ran relatively rapidly on the large reinforcement trials, relatively slowly on the small reinforcement trials.
Ultrahigh performance supercritical fluid chromatography of lipophilic compounds with application to synthetic and commercial biodiesel.

Abstract Ultrahigh performance supercritical fluid chromatography (UHPSFC) in combination with sub-2 μm particles and either diode array ultraviolet (UV), evaporative light scattering, (ELSD), or mass spectrometric (MS) detection has been shown to be a valuable technique for the determination of acylglycerols in soybean, corn, sesame, and tobacco seed oils. Excellent resolution on an un-endcapped single C18 column (3.0 mm × 150 mm) with a mobile phase gradient of acetonitrile and carbon dioxide in as little as 10 min served greatly as an improvement on first generation packed column SFC instrumentation. Unlike high resolution gas chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography with mass spectrometric detection, UHPSFC/MS was determined to be a superior analytical tool for both separation and detection of mono-, di-, and tri-acylglycerols as well as free glycerol itself in biodiesel without derivatization. Baseline separation of residual tri-, di-, and mono-acylglycerols alongside glycerol at 0.05% (w/w) was easily obtained employing packed column SFC. The new analytical methodology was applied to both commercial B100 biodiesel (i.e. fatty acid methyl esters) derived from vegetable oil and to an “in-house” synthetic biodiesel (i.e. fatty acid ethyl esters) derived from tobacco seed oil and ethanol both before and after purification via column chromatography on bare silica.
Sales promotion: The long and the short of it

This article presents a framework for organizing and discussing how sales promotion affects sales and how to use this framework to delineate major generalizations and to identify issues in need of resolution. This framework consists of data used to measure the sales impact of promotions and the time frame of that impact.
A note on exploiting the Hamiltonian cycle problem substructure of the Asymmetric Traveling Salesman Problem

The assignment problem is a well-known relaxation of the Asymmetric Traveling Salesman Problem (ATSP). Associated with every optimal dual solution to the assignment problem is a directed admissible graph. An ATSP solution is found if the admissible graph is Hamiltonian, otherwise the assignment problem bound may be strengthened. The exploitation of this result requires an exact algorithm for the directed Hamiltonian cycle problem. Computational results are presented for up to 3000 cities to show that determining the Hamiltonicity of admissible graphs improves the performance of an exact ATSP algorithm.
Interactions of solid ceramic breeding materials with structural alloys

Abstract The reactivity of solid L1 2 O, LiA10 2 , and Li 2 SiO 3w breeding materials with several commercial alloys has been investigated at 873 and 973 K. The results show that Li 2 O is the most reactive and LiA10 2 is the least reactive of the three breeding materials. The alloy specimens in contact with LiA10 2 show a weak interaction and the reaction scales essentially consist of chromium and/or iron oxide. The surface scales on Type 316 stainless steel and HT-9 alloy exposed with Li 2 O ceramic contain Li 5 FeO 4 and LiCrO 2 compounds, whereas Li 2 Ni 8 O 10 and LiCrO 2 are observed on Inconel 625 specimens. The formation of Li 5 FeO 4 compound may explain the greater interaction between the specimens and Li 2 O material.
Theory of phonon dispersion relations in semiconductor superlattices

In this paper we study the phonon dispersion in superlattices consisting of alternating layers of semiconductors. First the parameters in the adiabatic bond-charge model are obtained. Then it is shown that an excellent approximation to the dispersion curves of the bulk semiconductors can be obtained first by a zeroth-order calculation which includes only short-range forces and Coulomb interactions between ions and bond charges in the same and neighboring layers, then by a first-order perturbation to include the effect of the remaining forces. Thus it is possible to obtain the complex phonon dispersion relations via the eigenvalue method in the zeroth-order calculation. The eigenmode displacements of the superlattice are obtained by matching the eigenvectors associated with complex phonon branches at the interfaces, and the superlattice phonon dispersion curves including the effect of interlayer Coulomb interactions are calculated in the first-order approximation. The results for the superlattice phonon frequencies compare very favorably with the existing experimental data.
Development of an Advance Warning Indicator of External Debt Servicing Vulnerability

The main objective of this paper is to develop a leading indicator of external debt servicing vulnerability that would serve as an advance signal of payments interruption. The traditional and widely used ratios of debt servicing capacity, such as the ratio of the balance on current account of debt service payment, and the ratio of external debt to exports among others, primarily measure a country’s current capacity to handle its international obligations. However, they fail to test the vulnerability to debtor countries to oncoming debt servicing problems, or to signal in advance an imminent situation of payments interruption.