cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Small molecules, big roles -- the chemical manipulation of stem cell fate and somatic cell reprogramming.

Despite the great potential of stem cells for basic research and clinical applications, obstacles - such as their scarce availability and difficulty in controlling their fate - need to be addressed to fully realize their potential. Recent achievements of cellular reprogramming have enabled the generation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) or other lineage-committed cells from more accessible and abundant somatic cell types by defined genetic factors. However, serious concerns remain about the efficiency and safety of current genetic approaches to cell reprogramming and traditional culture systems that are used for stem cell maintenance. As a complementary approach, small molecules that target specific signaling pathways, epigenetic processes and other cellular processes offer powerful tools for manipulating cell fate to a desired outcome. A growing number of small molecules have been identified to maintain the self-renewal potential of stem cells, to induce lineage differentiation and to facilitate reprogramming by increasing the efficiency of reprogramming or by replacing genetic reprogramming factors. Furthermore, mechanistic investigations of the effects of these chemicals also provide new biological insights. Here, we examine recent achievements in the maintenance of stem cells, including pluripotent and lineage-specific stem cells, and in the control of cell fate conversions, including iPSC reprogramming, conversion of primed to naive pluripotency, and transdifferentiation, with an emphasis on manipulation with small molecules.
Universal access to computing education (abstract only)

Approximately 10% of computer science and engineering majors have a disability of some kind. Students with disabilities are more likely to drop out of the major than those without disabilities. This BOF will bring together individuals who are interested in increasing the representation of students with disabilities in computing and improving their success. Participants will share strategies and promising practices to help each other do a better job of including these students in our classes and research projects. Resources, including those produced by AccessComputing (uw.edu/accesscomputing) and AccessCS10K (uw.edu/accesscomputing/accesscs10k), will be shared.
Necessary Nondomination Conditions in Set and Vector Optimization with Variable Ordering Structures

In this paper we study the concept of nondomination in problems of set and vector optimization with variable ordering structures, which reduces to Pareto efficiency when the ordering structure is constant/nonvariable. Based on advanced tools of variational analysis and generalized differentiation, we develop verifiable necessary conditions for nondominated points of sets and for nondominated solutions to vector optimization problems with general geometric constraints that are new in both finite and infinite dimensions. Many examples are provided to illustrate and highlight the major features of the obtained results.
Stability of clonally related DNA fingerprints and cell-wall peptide patterns in geographic isolates of multiresistant epidemic clones of Streptococcus pneumoniae

Abstract Objective : To determine the stability of multidrug-resistant epidemic clones of Streptococcus pneumonia . Methods : Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to amplify the penicillin-binding protein (PBP) genes 1A, 2X, and 2B, followed by fingerprinting after restriction digestion of the amplified molecules. Cell walls were isolated, digested by the autolytic amidase of pneumococcus, and the family of stem peptides was separated by high-pressure liquid chromatography. Results : Twenty-eight isolates of multidrug-resistant capsular type 6B S. pneumoniae recovered in Iceland between 1990 and 1992 and ten isolates of the multidrug-resistant capsular type 23F S. pneumoniae recovered in the United States, Portugal, Croatia, and South Korea between 1989 and 1996 were compared for restriction fragmentation length polymorphism (RFLP) of their PBP genes 1A, 2X, and 2B, using the PCR for amplification. Five isolates each of the multidrug-resistant capsular type 6B pneumococci from Iceland and the capsular type 23F isolates from Cleveland, Ohio, were also compared for their muropeptide profiles, using a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) system to separate the family of stem peptides generated by enzymatic hydrolysis. The isolates representing the two major and internationally spread epidemic clones have retained the clone-specific RFLP fingerprints of their PBP genes and also reproduced distinct cell-wall stem peptide patterns characteristic of the two pneumococcal clones. Conclusions : The data further document the considerable stability of clonal types of the multiresistant epidemic clones of S. pneumoniae over time and over a wide range of geographic isolation sites.
Psychophysical Analysis of Audiovisual Judgments of Speech Naturalness of Nonstutterers and Stutterers

The purpose of this study was to determine through psychophysical comparison of scaling data whether speech naturalness judgments of stutterers and nonstutterers from audiovisual recordings form a prothetic or a metathetic continuum. Comparison of direct magnitude estimation and equal-appearing interval scale data indicated that speech naturalness forms a metathetic continuum when observers judge audiovisual recordings, suggesting that either scaling procedure is valid for the quantification of this dimension. Ease of use, an existing body of comparative data from different clinics, and somewhat better reliability favor the interval scaling procedure.
Linear elastic and non‐linear elastoplastic plate bending analysis using a mixed Galerkin finite element technique

The mixed finite element formulation using the Galerkin method is developed for the small deflection of a plate. This equation requires only linear shape functions to give compatibility. Furthermore only two degrees of freedom per node are needed. Hence, the formulated equation has several advantages compared with other methods.
A Study of Cream Rising in Milk

Summary It was shown that in the creaming of milk the greater portion of the fat rises during the first hour. A slow, gradual rise of residual fat continues indefinitely. There is some indication in the data that during the creaming process the fat content of the skimmilk at one level may be slightly less than the fat content of the skimmilk at a lower level. Indications were obtained that such differences may occur at several points in a skimmilk column suggesting a wave-like progression of the fat. This suggestion should be further verified before it is accepted as a definite conclusion. There appears to be no difference in the manner in which the cream layer forms on raw milk as compared with pasteurized milk.
Graeco-Roman Religion in the Roman Empire: Old Assumptions and New Approaches

This article surveys recent trends in research on Graeco-Roman religion, focusing on the first and second centuries CE. In the first half, I assess current views on what I call the old ‘master narrative’ of Graeco-Roman religious history in this period, that is, the assumption that the decline of traditional Graeco-Roman religion left a void filled on the one hand by the purely political phenomenon of imperial cult and on the other by mystery/oriental religions, which met the emotional needs of the populace. In the second half I discuss two areas of interest that have come to the fore in the wake of the old master narrative’s collapse: an approach to interpreting traditional Graeco-Roman religion that some scholars have termed the ‘polis-religion model’, and a focus on religious life in the provinces of the Roman empire. As an appendix I include a brief survey of available scholarly resources in this field.
Multisensory Representation of Frequency across Audition and Touch: High Density Electrical Mapping Reveals Early Sensory-Perceptual Coupling

The frequency of environmental vibrations is sampled by two of the major sensory systems, audition and touch, notwithstanding that these signals are transduced through very different physical media and entirely separate sensory epithelia. Psychophysical studies have shown that manipulating frequency in audition or touch can have a significant cross-sensory impact on perceived frequency in the other sensory system, pointing to intimate links between these senses during computation of frequency. In this regard, the frequency of a vibratory event can be thought of as a multisensory perceptual construct. In turn, electrophysiological studies point to temporally early multisensory interactions that occur in hierarchically early sensory regions where convergent inputs from the auditory and somatosensory systems are to be found. A key question pertains to the level of processing at which the multisensory integration of featural information, such as frequency, occurs. Do the sensory systems calculate frequency independently before this information is combined, or is this feature calculated in an integrated fashion during preattentive sensory processing? The well characterized mismatch negativity, an electrophysiological response that indexes preattentive detection of a change within the context of a regular pattern of stimulation, served as our dependent measure. High-density electrophysiological recordings were made in humans while they were presented with separate blocks of somatosensory, auditory, and audio-somatosensory "standards" and "deviants," where the deviant differed in frequency. Multisensory effects were identified beginning at ∼200 ms, with the multisensory mismatch negativity (MMN) significantly different from the sum of the unisensory MMNs. This provides compelling evidence for preattentive coupling between the somatosensory and auditory channels in the cortical representation of frequency.
Microfluidic multi-analyte gradient generator.

A microfluidic device was developed to produce temporal concentration gradients of multiple analytes. Four on-chip pumps delivered pulses of three analytes and buffer to a 14-cm channel where the pulses were mixed to homogeneity. The final concentration of each analyte was dependent on the temporal density of the pulses from each pump. The concentration of each analyte was varied by changing the number of pump cycles from each reservoir while maintaining the total number of pump cycles per unit time to ensure a constant total flow rate in the device. To gauge the independent nature of each pump, sinusoidal waves of fluorescein concentration were produced from each pump with independent frequencies and amplitudes. The resulting fluorescence intensity was compared with a theoretical summation of the waves and the experimental data matched the theoretical waves within 1%, indicating that the pumps were operating independently and outputting the correct frequency and amplitude. The device was used to demonstrate the role of adenosine triphosphate-sensitive K+ channels in glucose-stimulated increases in intracellular [Ca2+] in islets of Langerhans. Perfusion of single islets of Langerhans with combinations of glucose, diazoxide, and K+ resulted in intracellular Ca2+ patterns similar to what has been observed using conventional perfusion devices. The system will be useful in other studies with islets of Langerhans, as well as other assays that require the modulation of multiple analytes in time.
The odor of taste solutions

Abstract Animals run in taste discrimination or preference studies commonly have an intact olfactory sense. It is shown here that rats can smell chloride salts at concentrations near the taste threshold. From this, it seems advisable that animals used in taste experiments be deprived of the olfactory sense.
Exploring conceptual understanding and personal epistemologies through metaphor

While epistemologies have long been of interest in other fields, they have only recently begun to receive attention within engineering education. In particular, engineers' personal epistemologies (PEs) are a significant but understudied facet of engineering and engineering education. PEs are individuals' beliefs and attitudes that consciously and subconsciously affect the ways they think about knowledge, learning, and the validity and justification of arguments. PEs encompass various dimensions of knowledge: where it comes from, how it is created, how it is organized, how universal it is, etc. Likewise, despite their significant role in structuring thought and action, metaphors have received scant attention within engineering education. The work that does explore metaphors in engineering education focuses on issues of underrepresentation. Metaphors are not mere linguistic devices, but rather play central roles in cognition and categorical perception. Therefore, this paper draws on epistemological and metaphorical work from other fields in order to analyze the metaphors employed by engineering students in discussions of their personal epistemologies.
TVA's materials management system (MAMS) project

The system provides support for the typical activities in the materials cycle: identifying materials needed for construction and maintenance projects, procurement and receipt of those materials, management of inventories at storerooms and plant sites, and materials-related accounting functions. It also provides for uniform numbering of TVA materials, and for the collection, computer storage, and use of consistent descriptive and technical information about those materials. The functions of the system depend heavily on daily computer processing and on on-line access to computer files. Several of the computer-stored files are used by multiple subsystems and by multiple TVA organizations. Sharing the data in this way was a major objective of the design and is one of the strengths of the system.
Fine-particle magnets

The unusual properties of fine-particle magnetic materials offer challenging opportunities for research aimed at the development of powerful new permanent magnets. In this article, the permanent-magnet properties of fine particles are summarized and compared with those predicted on a theoretical basis.
The influence of stochastic shocks, the macro-economy and policy on the agricultural system

Abstract The food and agricultural system is often affected by external events beyond control. These include: (1) stochastic shocks, such as weather extremes or transportation system disruptions; (2) fluctuations in the state of the macro-economy, such as changes in income growth and inflation rates and (3) variations in government policy, such as the creation or dissolution of grain reserve programmes. This paper systematically analyses the effects of these influences using a multivariate dynamic, reduced-form transfer function model of the food and agricultural system. Simulation results show that stochastic shocks and changes in macro-economic variables have a substantial impact on food prices and consumption, farm prices and production, as well as on net farm income. In addition, government programmes are shown to have realised their design goals of enhancing net farm income and supporting agricultural commodity prices.
Byron in Ravenna: Laureate of Reform

When Lord Byron settled in Ravenna in 1820 he found a city that for him had strong associations with the poets Virgil, Dante and John Dryden. Inspired by these laureates, Byron's writings from that era, most notably his poem “The Vision of Judgment,” articulate a vision of the laureate as a champion of both political and poetic reform. Acting as “laureate-in-exile,” Byron attacks the sitting English Poet Laureate, Robert Southey, for his political and poetical apostasy.
Angiogenic markers in pregnancies conceived through in vitro fertilization

Objective Pregnancies that have been conceived through in vitro fertilization (IVF) have been associated with higher rates of preeclampsia and other complications that are associated with placental dysfunction. We evaluated whether IVF pregnancies, when compared with those conceived spontaneously, would be associated with alterations in serum angiogenic markers. Study Design This was a retrospective cohort study from 3 US academic institutions (2006-2008). Women with singleton pregnancies who conceived via IVF or spontaneously were included. Placental growth factor (PlGF) and soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 (sFlt-1) were measured at 4 time points throughout gestation. Pregnancy outcomes that included diagnosis of preeclampsia or other obstetric complications were ascertained from the medical record. The relationship among IVF status, PlGF, and sFlt-1 were modeled over gestation and stratified by clinical pregnancy outcome. Results Of the included 2392 singleton pregnancies, 4.5% (108 pregnancies) were conceived though IVF. IVF pregnancies were significantly more likely to be complicated by preeclampsia (15.7% vs 7.7%). IVF pregnancies had significantly higher levels of sFlt-1 at 18, 26, and 35 weeks of gestation ( P = .04, P = .004, P P = .007 and .0006, respectively). These differences persisted even after being controlled for maternal comorbidities or obstetric outcomes such as preeclampsia. Conclusion Pregnancies conceived via IVF were found to have an increased antiangiogenic profile (elevated sFlt-1 and decreased PlGF) at multiple time points throughout gestation when compared with spontaneously conceived pregnancies. Alterations in the angiogenic profile persisted even after we controlled for maternal comorbidities of clinically evident disorders of abnormal placentation such as preeclampsia. The increased antiangiogenic profile suggests fundamentally aberrant placentation related to in vitro fertilization, which may warrant closer fetal surveillance in these pregnancies.
A multiaction synapse evoking both EPSPs and enhancement of endogenous bursting.

Abstract Selective stimulation of two identified input neurons called the ‘IV neurons’ has a dual influence on the endogenous bursting activity of certain ‘PD’ motorneurons in the stomatogastric ganglion of the spiny lobster. The effects include: (i) large, conventional and apparently monosynaptic EPSPs; and (ii) enhancement of the endogenous bursting of the pyloric dilator (PD) cells, seen as an increased implitude of PD oscillations and a higher spiking rate during burst. The burst enhancement decayed relatively slowly after stimulation ceased, over seconds or tens-of-seconds, depending on stimulus parameters. Modification of the voltage-dependent membrane properties of the PD cells appeared to underlie this effect. The dual-action nature of the IV-to-PD connection was confirmed by selectively blocking the brief EPSP component with 5 × 10−4 M curare, uncer which conditions the burst enhancement still persisted. Data from low-Ca2+ experiments were consistent with a conventional mode of synaptic transmitter release underlying the burst enhancement. Enhancement was found to differ significantly from actions of injected current. The IV inputs appear to act on at least two types of synaptic receptors on PD neurons: a curare-sensitive receptor for the brief conventional EPSP, and a curare-resistant receptor for burst enchancement. Analogies may be drawn to the nicotinic and muscarinic cholinergic receptors of vertebrates. These findings may be considered within the contexts of multiaction synapses, modification of cellular properties, and mechanisms for the CNS activation of motor pattern generators.
Angular Anisotropies in the Photoemission from Polycrystalline Gold

Measurements of the photoelectron energy distributions from gold indicate angular anisotropies of the emission even for evaporated films. In particular, relative intensities and positions of the $d$-band emission peaks depend on the electron emission angle. We also observe the dependence of the energy distribution on the incidence angle and polarization of the photons.
Research and development of RF and antennas at ITRI

This article describes RF and antenna research undertaken by the Information and Communications research Laboratories of the Industrial Technology Research Institute (Hsinchu, Taiwan). This research focuses mainly on developing antennas, RF front end technology, and RF transceivers for use in fourth generation wireless (IMT-A) systems. Moreover, RF technologies in combination with continuous advances in emerging wireless technologies can significantly contribute to green and vital-sign sensing innovations.
Using Radar-Measured Radial Vertical Velocities to Distinguish Precipitation Scattering from Clear-Air Scattering

Abstract Thresholds separating regimes for which Rayleigh scattering from precipitation is likely to dominate over Bragg scattering from clear air are established for several common radar wind profiler frequencies. The thresholds are first determined for radar reflectivity factor Z based on observed values of the structure parameter Cn2 in the troposphere. These thresholds for Z are then transformed to thresholds for modal terminal velocities V* of rain and snow for exponential particle size distributions. Measurements at 915,404, and 50 MHz in stratiform rain help substantiate the applicability of the calculated thresholds, even though fall velocities, rather than V*, are measured. Because the V* thresholds for rain at wind profiler frequencies (i.e., >2.5–5.6 m s−1 at 404 MHz) are substantially greater than typical vertical air motions outside convective cells, profiler-observed radial vertical velocities are a robust indicator of the presence of rain in profiler data. Although snow can also often be id...
Effects of solar wind variations on the midlatitude ionosphere

[1] It is known that the solar wind has significant effect on the magnetospheric convection and that magnetospheric electric fields can penetrate into the midlatitude and low-latitude ionosphere. In this paper, we present observations of midlatitude ionospheric plasma perturbations during two events. In one event, the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) oscillated between southward and northward with a period of ∼2 hours, while the solar wind pressure was relatively stable. In the other event the solar wind dynamic pressure oscillated with a period of ∼1 hour, while the IMF remained strongly northward and stable. In both events the Millstone Hill incoherent scatter radar detected quasiperiodic perturbations in all F region plasma parameters (electron density, ion velocity, electron temperature, and ion temperature) in the midlatitude dayside ionosphere. The midlatitude ionospheric perturbations were well correlated with the IMF or solar wind pressure variations. Near the F peak altitude the electron density could be increased or decreased by ∼30% within 30–70 min. We suggest that the midlatitude ionospheric electron density perturbations were caused by the penetration of magnetospheric electric fields which were controlled or modulated by the oscillations in the IMF or solar wind pressure.
Medical Care of the Terminally Ill is More Than Symptom Management

PURPOSE: To provide clinicians with a concise review of the literature applicable to clinical management of the dying patient. BACKGROUND: Various clinical trials,1 epidemiologic studies, and personal accounts have documented that a large part of the suffering of the terminally ill is preventable and ameliorable. Broadcast media2 and creative artists3 have also highlighted the fact that physicians are poorly prepared to recognize and address symptom management at the end of life.
Effects of Using Advanced Cooling Systems on the Overall Power Consumption of Processors

The increase in power dissipation of high-performance computing systems has driven the need for advance cooling systems. Recently, localized spot cooling using embedded thermoelectric coolers (eTECs) and chip-level cooling using miniature-scale refrigeration system have been demonstrated for mitigating thermal and power problems in high-performance computing systems. Operating integrated circuit at a lower temperature can result in reduced electronic power, improved reliability, and potentially improved speed. However, total power dissipation must include both the electronic power and the cooling power to quantify overall system performance. This paper explores the amount of total power reduction using two different types of cooling system for electronic cooling, by using a model that incorporates both a real-world microprocessor and cooling systems. The analysis indicates that an optimal operating point depends on the parameters of electronics and cooling systems. Our results show that cooling the right element (the cache) using eTEC gives a modest 3% improvement but provides the benefit of full integration. On the other hand, chip-level cooling using our refrigeration system results in a total power savings of 25% over the nonrefrigerated design.
Effect of Shearing on the Crystallization Behavior of Poly (Butylene Terephthalate) and PBT Nanocomposites

Poly (butylene terephthalate) (PBT) is an engineering thermoplastic polyester with excellent mechanical properties and a fast crystallization rate widely processed via extrusion and injection molding. Such processes require very complex deformation histories, which can influence the ultimate properties of the processed material and parts. For such systems, flow-induced structural changes in the material as a function of processing are of increasing interest in the field of polymer processing. Linear viscoelastic material functions, including the storage and loss moduli and magnitude of complex viscosity, are very sensitive to the structural changes occurring in the polymer melt. This initial study focuses on the shear-induced crystallization of PBT and PBT nanocomposites with multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs). (Shear-induced crystallization is a subset of the more general flow-induced crystallization behavior which is the long-term goal of this research.) The effects of shear history on the isothermal crystallization behavior of these materials were investigated. Time sweep experiments at constant frequency, temperature and strain amplitude were carried out employing small-amplitude oscillatory shear within a parallel-plate geometry. Samples obtained upon quiescent crystallization suggested that the rate of crystallization and crystallization temperatures were modestly affected by the presence and concentration of the nanotubes, consistent with the findings of the earlier reports. However, the characterized shear-induced crystallization behavior of the nanocomposites presented here indicate more significant changes in the crystallization temperature and the rate of crystallization occur as a result of the incorporation of the carbon nanotubes. The shear-induced crystallization behavior was affected by the deformation rate, temperature, and the concentration of the carbon nanotubes. These findings indicate that shear-induced crystallization of polymer nanocomposites (and in general flowinduced crystallization effects due to arbitrary flow fields in the melt state during processing) should be an integral part of attempts to generate a comprehensive understanding of the development of the microstructural distributions and the coupled ultimate properties of polymer nanocomposites.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Metro Marxism, or old and young Marx in the city

(2001). Metro Marxism, or old and young Marx in the city. Socialism and Democracy: Vol. 15, No. 2, pp. 63-84.
Limitations of HPLC for the detection of β-exotoxin in culture filtrates of Bacillus thuringiensis

High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to detect and quantify β-exotoxin, a phosphorylated adenine nucleotide derivative produced as an excreted metabolite by several strains of Bacillus thuringiensis. The assay was rapid and quantitative for purified β-exotoxin standards. However, peak height failed to correlate β-exotoxin concentration in crude culture filtrates with biological activity toward house fly larvae. Unrelated compounds (from non-β-exotoxin producers) co-eluted with β-exotoxin, thereby making the technique an unreliable method for toxin detection and quantification.
Enzymatic Reduction of Arsenic Compounds in Mammalian Systems: The Rate-Limiting Enzyme of Rabbit Liver Arsenic Biotransformation Is MMAV Reductase

A unique enzyme, MMAV reductase, has been partially purified from rabbit liver by using DEAE-cellulose, carboxymethylcellulose, and red dye ligand chromatography. The enzyme is unique since it is the rate-limiting enzyme in the biotransformation of inorganic arsenite in rabbit liver. The Km and Vmax values were 2.16 × 10-3 M and 10.3 μmol h-1 (mg of protein)-1. When DMAV or arsenate was tested as a substrate, the Km was 20.9 × 10-3 or 109 × 10-3 M, respectively. The enzyme has an absolute requirement for GSH. Other thiols such as DTT or l-cysteine were inactive alone. At a pH below the physiological pH, GSH carried out this reduction, but this GSH reduction in the absence of the enzyme had little if any value at pH 7.4. When the Km values of rabbit liver arsenite methyltransferase (5.5 × 10-6 M) and MMAIII methyltransferase (9.2 × 10-6) were compared to that of MMAV reductase (2.16 × 10-3 M), it can be concluded that MMAV reductase was the rate-limiting enzyme of inorganic arsenite biotransformation. MMAV...
Nanostructuring of Cu-TiB2 induced by ion irradiation

Abstract The evolution of Cu–TiB 2 alloys during irradiation with 1.8 MeV Kr ions was investigated. Room temperature irradiation led to the precipitation of ≈4 nm cubic-phase TiB precipitates, while irradiation at 650 °C led to the precipitation of ≈5 nm hexagonal-phase TiB 2 precipitates. Precipitates were identified in irradiated thin films by electron microscopy, using diffraction patterns, chemical analysis, and high-angle annular dark field imaging. For elevated irradiation temperature, the size of these precipitates and their number density, ≈2–3 × 10 23 m −3 , remained unchanged on increasing the dose from 1 × 10 16 ions/cm 2 to 3 × 10 16 ions/cm 2 , indicating that the irradiation had led to the formation of a stable nanostructure. No extended defects such as dislocation loops were detected even at the highest dose, equivalent to 75 displacements per atom, suggesting that this type of nanostructuring can impart high radiation resistance.
The effect of divertor magnetic balance on H-mode performance in DIII-D

Abstract We report on recent experiments for which the magnetic balance of highly triangular ( δ ≈0.8), unpumped H-mode plasmas was varied. Changes in divertor heat loading and particle flux were observed when the magnetic configuration was varied from a balanced double-null (DN) divertor to a slightly unbalanced DN divertor. For attached plasmas, the variation in heat flux sharing between divertors is very sensitive near balanced DN. This sensitivity can be shown to be consistent with the measured scrape-off width of the parallel divertor heat flux density, λ q ∥ . At magnetic balance we find that the peak heat flux density at the divertor in the ∇ B ion drift direction is twice that of the other divertor. Most of the heat flux go to the outboard divertor targets in a balanced double-null, where the peak heat flux density at the outer divertor targets may exceed that of the inner divertor targets by tenfold. However, the variation of the peak particle flux density between divertors is less sensitive to changes in magnetic balance. These particle and heat flux `asymmetries' in DN plasmas are consistent with the presence of E × B poloidal particle drifts in the scrape-off layer and private flux region [1] . Regardless of how the divertors were magnetically balanced, D 2 gas puffing always reduced energy confinement to the range τ E / τ E 89 P ≈1.3–1.6. When this energy confinement range was reached, τ E / τ E 89 P remained nearly constant up to near the H-mode density limit.
Investigation of the cylinder separated shear-layer physics by large-eddy simulation

Abstract The transition process to turbulence occurring within the separated shear layers of a circular cylinder is investigated by the large-eddy simulation methodology. The Reynolds number ( Re =8000) is sub-critical, meaning that upstream separation is laminar. In this study, we desire to improve our understanding of the shear-layer properties as well as assess the capability of the solution methodology to accurately resolve the fundamental characteristics. In the computation, the dynamic eddy-viscosity model is implemented to handle the turbulent scales cut off by the grid-filter. However, the grid-scale level within the shear layer resolves the majority of turbulent scales of interest. The governing equations are re-cast into a curvilinear coordinate framework to accommodate a non-orthogonal grid comprised of line clustering near the cylinder periphery and within the shear-layer region. Two fundamental frequencies persist throughout the entire transition process; one identifying von Karman shedding and the other denoting the Bloor “transition wave”. Only two other mixed modes are clearly discernible. Transition begins approximately 1/4 diameters from separation and concludes about one diameter further downstream. All the characteristic trends of the shear layer, in terms of their growth rate and dependence on Re , that were established by M.F. Unal, D. Rockwell [J. Fluid Mech. 190 (1988) 491] have been verified by the present simulation to the higher Re .
Construction and Characterization of a Beet Stem Based Biosensor for Oxalate

Abstract This report describes the construction and characterization of an oxalate-sensing electrode. The electrode is based on the incorporation of ground beet stem into the graphite paste of a graphite paste electrode. The hydrogen peroxide generated by enzymatic degradation of oxalate is monitored at a working voltage of 0.900 V vs SCE. All measurements were conducted in a succinic acid/EDTA buffer at pH 4.00. Under these conditions, the electrodes exhibit reproducible responses to oxalate. The lower limit of oxalate detection was less than 1.03 × 10−4 M. The time to achieve a steady state response after exposure to a step change in oxalate concentration in solution is less than one minute. The magnitude of response to oxalate over the oxalate concentrations studied varies among several electrode tested as does the degree of linearity of response. An electrode studied still exhibited analytically useful responses to oxalate on the 15th day of its use. The beet stem-based electrodes display little respo...
Improving Well-Being in Caregivers of Terminally Ill Patients. Making the Case for Patient Suffering as a Focus for Intervention Research

Abstract Family caregivers are integral to the care of patients with physical or mental impairments. Unfortunately, providing this care is often detrimental to the caregivers' health. As a result, in the last decade, there has been a proliferation of interventions designed to improve caregivers' well-being. Interventions for caregivers of persons at end of life, however, are relatively few in number and are often underdeveloped. They also are typically designed to help reduce the work of caregiving or to help caregivers cope with the physical and emotional demands of providing care. Although useful, these interventions generally ignore a primary stressor for family caregivers—a loved one's suffering. Patient suffering, whether physical, psychosocial, or spiritual, has a major impact on family caregivers. However, interventions that focus on the relief of patient suffering as a way to improve caregiver well-being have rarely been tested. It is our view that more research in this area could lead to new and more effective interventions for family caregivers of seriously or terminally ill patients. In support of our view, we will define suffering and review the relationships between patient suffering and caregiver well-being. We will then discuss a conceptual framework for intervention design. Finally, we conclude with a discussion of implications and future directions for intervention research.
Cytoplasmic Domains of the Human Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-stimulating Factor (GM-CSF) Receptor β Chain (hβc) Responsible for Human GM-CSF-induced Myeloid Cell Differentiation

Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) regulates differentiation, survival, and proliferation of myeloid progenitor cells. The biologic actions of GM-CSF are mediated by its binding to the alpha and beta subunits of the GM-CSF receptor (GM-CSFRalpha and betac, respectively). To determine whether identical regions of the betac protein mediate both cell growth and differentiation, we expressed cDNA constructs encoding the human wild-type (897 amino acids) and truncated betac (hbetac) subunits along with the wild-type human GM-CSFRalpha subunit in the murine WT19 cell line, an FDC-P1-derived cell line that differentiates toward the monocytic lineage in response to murine GM-CSF. Whereas the WT19 cell line carrying the C-terminal deleted hbetac subunit of 627 amino acids was still able to grow in human GM-CSF (hGM-CSF), 681 amino acids of the hbetac were necessary for cell differentiation. The addition of hGM-CSF to WT19 cell lines containing the hbetac627 subunit stimulated the phosphorylation of ERK (extracellular signal-regulated kinase) and induced the tyrosine-phosphorylation of SHP-2 and STAT5, suggesting that the activation of these molecules is insufficient to mediate the induction of differentiation. A point mutation of tyrosine 628 to phenylalanine (Y628F) within hbetac681 abolished the ability of hGM-CSF to induce differentiation. Our results indicate that the signals required for hGM-CSF-induced differentiation and cell growth are mediated by different regions of the hbetac subunit.
Monoclonal antibody (B27M2) subdividing HLA-B27

Abstract Because HLA-B27 shows strong association with ankylosing spondylitis, it was of interest to produce murine monoclonal antibodies to study this antigen in detail. The first such anti-B27 antibody, anti-B27M1, reacted with 100% of B27 + cells and cross-reacted with homozygous B7 cells. In the present report a second monoclonal antibody, anti-B27M2, is described which subdivides HLA-B27 into two variants. Among healthy B27 + individuals, 87% were B27M1 + and B27M2 + , and 13% were B27M1 + but B27M2 + by standard lymphocytotoxicity assays. The specificity of B27M2 antibody for the HLA-B27 molecule was confirmed with blocking studies using F(ab′) 2 fragments of HLA alloantibodies. Both the B27M2 + and B27M2 variants of HLA-B27 bred true in family studies. Unlike B27M1, B27M2 antibody did not react with B7 but did react with the rare Bw47 allele. For antibody binding studies Epstein-Barr virus-transformed B lymphoblastoid cell lines were derived from normal donors KCA (by lymphocytotoxicity shown to be B27 + , B27M2 + . VC (B27 + , B27M1 + , B27M2 − ), and WH (B27 − , B27M1 − , B27M2 − ). Each cell line bound equivalent amounts of W6/32 (monoclonal anti-HLA-ABC): KCA and VC bound similar amounts of anti-B27M1, but only KCA bound substantial anti-B27M2 antibody. These data are consistent with a model in which all B27 antigens possess a B27M1 epitope: whereas most, but not all, possess an additional and distinct epitope, B27M2. Although the relation of these genetic variants to disease susceptibility remains to be determined, the availability of epitope-specific monoclonal antibodies should help to refine our understanding of the structure and function of HLA molecules.
Disaggregation of daily rainfall

Abstract A parameter-efficient model for disaggregating daily rainfall into individual storms is presented. This model allows simulation of the number of rainfall events (storms) in a day, and the amount, duration, and starting time of each event, given only the total rainfall on that day and on the preceding and following days. Twenty-three years of data for July and August, from a gage on the Walnut Gulch Experimental Watershed, were used to find the appropriate model structure and to estimate parameters. Statistical tests indicate that simulated sequences of storms compare favorably with observed sequences, and that the disaggregation model structure and parameters identified for one gage provide a satisfactory fit for three stations within a 121 km radius where elevation differs by as much as 244 m, and mean annual rainfall differs by up to 76 mm.
In vitro mitogenesis of peripheral blood lymphocytes from rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri).

1. 1. In vitro mitogenesis of rainbow trout peripheral blood lymphocytes (RBT PBL) was investigated to assess the applicability of this procedure in assessment of fish health. The assay variables of media, mitogen type and concentration, serum supplementation, lymphocyte isolation procedure, and duration of incubation were assessed. 2. 2. Concanavalin A (Con A) stimulated greater proliferation of RBT PBL than did lipopolysaccharide (LPS), phytohemagglutinin (PHA), or pokeweed mitogen (PWM). 3. 3. RBT PBL, cultured with 10μg Con A/ml and incubated for four or five days, exhibited greater proliferation than with other treatment combinations. 4. 4. The degree of Con A-induced PBL proliferation varied significantly (P < 0.05) among fish. The mean was positively correlated with the relative standard deviation and thus exhibited significant heteroscedasticity. 5. 5. Human serum, as an alternative to FBS supplementation of the culture medium, did not enhance RBT PBL proliferation or reduce variation in mean proliferation. 6. 6. Power analysis with variance estimates from this study reveal that sample size requirements of further studies under the given conditions could severely limit the applicability of this procedure for RBT health assessment. Further work in this area should center around standardization of culture conditions pertaining to the source of protein supplementation.
Editors' Introduction On Brainwashing: Mind Control, Media, and Warfare

As the film The Manchurian Candidate (1962) nears its conclusion, army intelligence officer Bennett Marco tries to free Raymond Shaw, a decorated Korean War hero, from the hidden compulsions implanted in him by Communist brainwashers. Marco first elicits from Shaw the story of how he was programmed, then tells him that he is “tearing out the wires . . . all the beautifully conditioned links.” Shortly thereafter, Marco returns to the headquarters of his operation. The camera shows, in a medium shot, a dingy set of offices strangely festooned with wires and cables that crisscross the ceiling and dangle down nearly into the center of the camera frame. In the background a TV set transmits a live broadcast of the excited crowd gathered at the Republican National Convention, where the assassination Shaw has been programmed to commit will occur. The dangling wires seem both to material ize the circuitry in Shaw’s brain and to allude to the wider conditioning of audi ences and publics that is one of the film’s themes. They provide visual confirmation of the way this film continually blurs the boundaries between external and internal threat, juxtaposing Chinese techniques of mind control with American advertising and television. How exactly are we to account for the sense of threat associated with brainwashing? From the beginning this was an unstable construct. In 1975, brainwashing specialist Louis Jolyon West, expert witness at the trial of Patricia Hearst, heard his own words (originally written in 1963) quoted back to him: “Perhaps the most insidious threat posed by ‘brainwashing’ is the tendency of Americans to believe in its power.” 1 This scene of reversal can serve as an initial point of departure for an inquiry into the his tory of this construct in political and cultural discourse from the Cold War to the present. Accordingly, one of the questions posed in this special issue is, Why and how did Americans come to believe in the power of brainwashing? How can we explain the surprising longevity of this notion, which persisted long after the imme
Relation of Colour Change to Moulting in Prawns

STUDIES of crustacean hormones have heretofore been concentrated either on chromatophorotropic actions, or upon effects on moulting and related metabolic phenomena. We have now obtained evidence that, in Leander serratus (Pennant), the chromatophorotropic hormones are also concerned in the intermoult cycle. Numerous previous studies have shown that eyestalk removal accelerates moulting in many species of crustaceans, including L. serratus 1. We found that, in a series of 114 eyestalkless animals, only two moulted, while of 146 normal animals kept under identical conditions, twelve moulted. This difference is statistically significant at the 5 per cent level of probability. We are unable to account for the difference from Drach's results1; but Carlisle (personal communication) has suggested that there are important racial differences between prawns of the same species at Naples, Roscoff and Plymouth. Analysis of the effect of removal of eyestalk showed that it could be attributed to an increase in length of stage D 2 of the intermoult cycle2, during which the old integument is undergoing resorption, and the new integument is being formed, and to an increased mortality immediately preceding the moult in eyestalkless specimens.
Adsorption/Desorption Characteristics and Separation of Anthocyanins from Muscadine (Vitis rotundifolia) Juice Pomace by Use of Macroporous Adsorbent Resins

In this study, the adsorption/desorption characteristics of anthocyanins on five Amberlite resins (FPX-66, XAD-7HP, XAD-16N, XAD-1180, and XAD-761) were evaluated. FPX-66 and XAD-16N showed the highest adsorption and desorption capacities and ratios for anthocyanins from muscadine pomace extract, while XAD-7HP had the lowest adsorption and desorption capacities and ratios. On the basis of static adsorption and desorption tests, three resins (FPX-66, XAD-16N, and XAD-1180) were selected for adsorption kinetics and isotherms. The adsorption mechanism was better explained by the pseudo-first-order kinetics for FPX-66 and XAD-16N; however, for XAD-1180, pseudo-second-order kinetics was the most suitable model. The experimental data fitted best to Langmuir isotherm model for all three resins. Dynamic testing was done on a column packed with FPX-66 resin and breakthrough volume was reached at 17 bed volumes of muscadine pomace water extract during adsorption. Three bed volumes of aqueous ethanol (70%) resulted ...
EUVL alternating phase shift mask

Extreme ultra-violet Lithography (EUVL) alternating phase shift mask (APSM) or other optical enhancement techniques are likely needed for 16nm (half pitch) technology generation and beyond. One possible option is the combination of EUVL and APSM. The fabrication of EUVL APSM is more difficult than either the fabrication of an EUVL binary mask or a conventional optical APSM mask. In the case of EUVL APSM, the phase difference in the two regions (0 and 180-degree phase regions) is created by a phase step in the substrate prior to the multilayer (ML) coating. The step height that induces 180-degree phase mismatch in the ML is determined by [λ/(4cosθ)](2m+1), where m are integers (0, 1, 2,...). In this experiment, we targeted for a step height with m=1. The same mask design also contains the standard binary structures so that the comparison between the EUVL APSM and the EUVL binary mask can be performed under the same illumination and wafer process conditions. The EUVL APSM mask was exposed using Nikon's EUV1 scanner in Kumagaya Japan. The wafer level results showed higher dense line resolution for EUVL APSM as compared to that of EUVL binary mask. APSM also showed improved line width roughness (LWR) and depth of focus (DoF) as compared to the best EUVL binary results obtained with C-dipole off-axis illumination (OAI). The wafer CD resolution improvement obtained by APSM in this experiment is partially limited by the resist resolution and the mask phase edge spread during ML deposition. We believe that wafer CD resolution and can further be improved with imaging imbalance compensation mask design and improvements in resist resolution and the phase generation portion of the mask fabrication process. In this paper, we will discuss in detail the mask fabrication process, wafer level data analysis, and our understanding of EUVL APSM related issues.