cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Prevention of UV irradiation induced suppression of monocyte functions by retinoids and carotenoids in vitro.

— The effects of stimulation of human peripheral blood monocytes in vitro with retinoids and carotenoids, and subsequent exposure to ultraviolet light of the B wavelength were measured. The compounds were applied to the monocytes in culture for 24 h, and the washed cells were then exposed to UVB light up to 220 J/m2. The compounds tested protected the monocyte from UVB induced damage to phagocytic activity. This protection may be due to the antioxidant or UVB energy-quenching properties of these compounds. Monocyte cytotoxicity against a melanoma cell line was stimulated by exposure to the retinoids or carotenoids, but a protective effect in vitro against UVB damage was not seen for this cell function.
Effect of Formulation and Process Variables on Bioequivalency of Nitrofurantoin I: Preliminary Studies

Fifty-two combinations of nitrofurantoin were developed to assess the effect of dosage form type, particle size, diluent, and process on in vitro availability. With the official procedure and conditions, dissolution rates fell in a 66-fold range. Statistical analysis of the dissolution rates indicated no significant differences as a result of particle size, processing method, or compression force. The diluent choice and dosage form type significantly influenced the dissolution rate. Based on in vitro screening, six formulations presenting a broad range of dissolution rates were selected for further study relating to human bioavailability and bioequivalence.
Nonlinear Terahertz Wave Photonics in Laser-Induced Air Plasma

We report the generation, manipulation, amplification and detection of THz waves in laser induced air plasma. Four-wave mixing is the main mechanism of THz wave photonics in plasma.
Surface structure of cadmium selenide nanocrystallites

Extended x-ray-absorption fine structure ~EXAFS!, Fourier-transform infrared absorption ~FTIR!, and elemental analysis were used on a variety of CdSe nanocrystallites ~NC’s ! to study surface structure. All CdSe NC’s were grown by standard inverse micelle techniques. Two sets of NC’s samples were made. One set was made so that only the size of the NC’s was varied, while the surface treatment was kept the same. The other set was made so that only the surface treatment was varied, while the size distribution was kept the same. For the EXAFS experiments, reference compounds similar in structure were measured. FTIR found surface Cd atoms to be passivated by pyridines and water groups. Fourier-filtered first-shell Cd EXAFS also supports the existence of water groups attached to the surface Cd atoms. The lack of any SeO and Si(CH3) 3 in the FTIR signal indicates that most surface Se atoms have unterminated bonds. Fourier-filtered first-shell Se EXAFS spectra indicate that Se has only Cd as its first-nearest neighbor, and that the coordination number is reduced from the bulk value, suggesting surface Se atoms are unpassivated. Our data support the existence of surface Se lone-pair orbitals that can trap an optically excited hole. @S0163-1829~97!00908-9# Nanocrystallites ~NC’s ! represent a domain of condensed matter that is not well understood. The evolution of physical
“No More” leads to “Want More,” but “No Less” leads to “Want Less”: Consumers' counterfactual thinking when faced with quantity restriction discounts

The current research examines the impact of point-of-purchase (POP) discounts on consumers' counterfactual thinking (CFT). Study 1 reveals that consumers tend to engage in upward CFT (what might have been better) rather than downward CFT (what might have been worse) in response to POP discounts. Study 2 shows that upward CFT depends on how the discount information is framed. A discount with a lower-quantity restriction (e.g., “X % off if you buy at least Y items”) leads consumers to counterfactually wish to buy more, but a discount with an upper-quantity restriction (“X % off – limit Y items per customer”) leads consumers to wish to buy less. Study participants in both conditions report they would buy the same POP-suggested amount, but for completely opposite reasons. In Study 3, this convergence effect in purchase quantity disappears when the maximum and minimum restrictions are lifted, suggesting that quantity restrictions in POP discounts guide quantity decisions. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Psychologist treatment recommendations for Internet-based therapeutic interventions

A mailed survey was used to evaluate psychologists' endorsements of four Internet-based treatment modalities (e-mail, individual chat, group chat, and video conferencing) as either adjunctive or alternative forms of treatment. Participants were 138 psychologists recruited from a state psychological organization's membership directory. Participants provided endorsements for each Internet-based intervention based on a hypothetical case in which past treatment history was manipulated in a randomized design. Overall, psychologists provided low levels of endorsement of Internet-based services; however, significantly higher levels of endorsement were found for a case vignette that lacked any mention of past treatment history as compared to an otherwise identical case that mentioned previous treatment for major depression. Additionally, participants provided higher endorsements for e-mail applications than other modalities and cognitive-behaviorally-oriented practitioners more strongly endorsed the use of Internet-based interventions than psychoanalytically-oriented practitioners.
Disposition of drugs in cystic fibrosis. V. In vivo CYP2C9 activity as probed by (S)‐warfarin is not enhanced in cystic fibrosis

Enhanced metabolism of theophylline in subjects with cystic fibrosis suggests that the activity of certain cytochrome P450 isoforms is affected in subjects with this genetic disease. To determine whether this effect on the P450 enzymes is selective, the in vivo activity of the cytochrome P450 isoform CYP2C9 was determined in adult subjects with cystic fibrosis (n= 6) and in control subjects (n= 8). Subjects were administered (S)-warfarin as a single intravenous bolus dose (0.375 mg/kg), and urine and plasma samples were collected for 96 hours. Plasma (S)-warfarin concentrations were determined by HPLC; urinary concentrations of (S)-warfarin and its metabolites were determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The total plasma clearance of (S)-warfarin (subjects with cystic fibrosis, 3.6 ± 0.48 ml/hr/kg; control subjects, 3.82 ± 0.73 ml/hr/kg), elimination half-life (subjects with cystic fibrosis, 29.5 ± 4.2 hours; control subjects, 25.9 ± 5.4 hours); and steady-state volume of distribution (subjects with cystic fibrosis, 153 ± 18 ml/kg; control subjects, 138 ± 22 ml/kg) were similar in the two groups (p> 0.05). The metabolic clearance of (S)-warfarin to its major metabolites mediated by CYP2C9, 6-hydroxywarfarin and 7-hydroxywarfarin, was not significantly (p> 0.05) different between the two groups (6-hydroxywarfarin: subjects with cystic fibrosis, 0.33 ±0.1 ml/hr/kg; control subjects, 0.41 ± 0.1 ml/hr/kg; 7-hydroxywarfarin: subjects with cystic fibrosis, 1.34 ± 0.49 ml/hr/kg; control subjects, 1.8 ± 0.45 ml/hr/kg). On the basis of these data, we conclude that the in vivo cytochrome P450 activity is selectively affected in persons with cystic fibrosis. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (1993) 54, 323–328; doi:10.1038/clpt.1993.154
Investigation of viruses in Diporeia spp. from the Laurentian Great Lakes and Owasco Lake as potential stressors of declining populations

Abstract The benthic amphipod Diporeia is an ecologically and biogeochemically important constituent of deep freshwater lakes in North America. The proliferation of dreissenid mussels in the mid-1990s coincided with a sharp decrease in Diporeia populations in several Laurentian Great Lakes; however the ultimate cause and mechanisms of their decline are still unknown. Here we examined the composition of DNA viruses associated with Diporeia collected from populations of Lake Michigan that had declined and stable populations in Lake Superior and Owasco Lake (Finger Lake in central New York State). Viral metagenomic libraries from Owasco Lake and Lake Superior were comprised primarily of bacteriophages, which may infect bacteria within the amphipod microbiome. In contrast, the metagenomic library from Lake Michigan contained well-represented ssDNA circular viral genomes. The prevalence and viral load of one putative Type V ssDNA circular virus (LM29173) that recruited almost 30% of total viral sequence reads in the Lake Michigan library was analyzed by quantitative PCR. The prevalence of LM29173 was over two orders of magnitude greater in Lake Michigan compared to the other two lakes. Although further research is necessary to establish the pathology and epidemiological extent of viral- Diporeia interactions, our data suggest that viruses may be numerically significant constituents of the Diporeia microbiome, and if pathogenic some of these viruses may be a stressor of Great Lakes Diporeia populations. Our data further indicate that special attention should be given to the circovirus that was prevalent in the declining Michigan population but uncommon in the other two lakes.
Accelerative exchange diffusion kinetics of glucose between blood and brain and its relation to transport during anoxia.

Abstract An earlier study showed that unidirectional glucose transport from blood to brain decreases during perfusion with anoxic blood (Betz, A.L., Gilboe, D.D. and Drewes, L.R. (1974) Brain Res. 67, 307–316). Brain glucose levels also decrease during anoxia. Therefore, the present study was designed to investigate whether the decreased transport might be the result of decreased accelerative exchange diffusion when brain glucose levels are low. The rate of unidirectional transport into brain (v) of d -[6-3H]glucose was studied in 22 isolated, perfused dog brains by means of an indicator dilution technique using 22Na as the intravascular reference. The kinetics of transport were determined over a range of blood glucose concentrations (S1) at each of live different brain glucose levels (S2). The existence of accelerative exchange diffusion for glucose was indicated by a decrease in the intercept (increase of apparent V) of a double reciprocal plot ( 1 v versus 1 S 1 ) as S2 increased. This phenomenon is consistent with a model for facilitated diffusion in which the mobility of the loaded carrier is greater than that of the unloaded carrier. Although the data predict a decrease in glucose transport during anoxia, the predicted decrease (5%) is less than the observed decrease (35%). It is concluded that the simple mobile-carrier model for facilitated diffusion cannot, by itself, describe all properties of blood-brain glucose transport.
On the cauchy problem for harmonic maps defined on two-dimensional Minkowski space

Let R1+1 be two-dimensional Minkowski space and M a complete Riemannian manifold of dimension n. It is proved that the solution of the Cauchy problem for the harmonic map ϕ : R1+1 M exists globally. As an application to physics we conclude that the field function in a two-dimensional chiral field theory is regular for all time, if it is regular initially.
Changes in spleen cellularity and erythrocyte accumulation following Rauscher virus infection in the mouse.

The nature of the relationship of the spleen enlargement effected by Rauscher virus infection of SJL/J mice has been investigated with reference to cell proliferation in the spleen and to splenic red blood cell pooling and anaemia. The gross splenic nucleated cell content was found to increase linearly with spleen weight. The ratio of total spleen cells to nucleated spleen cells was identical at a value of 1.75 to 1 for both normal and virus-infected mice even though in the latter some spleen sizes were as high as 30 times normal. On a per milligram basis, the average splenic accumulation of 59Fe-labelled normal red blood cells by normal mice was approximately twice as great as by 18-day leukaemic mice, even though the leukaemic spleens contained a greater fraction of the injected label. Anaemia was seen to develop shortly after injection of the virus, reducing the haematocrit to values of less than 40 by two weeks. Compensatory increase in reticulocyte number did not occur until after the major fall in venous haematocrit had already been achieved. Peripheral white blood cell counts increased with time after virus injection and these correlated positively with spleen size, the relation being logarithmic.
Civic Engagement, Interpersonal Trust, and Television Use: An Individual-Level Assessment of Social Capital

The mechanisms underlying the formation and sustenance of social capital on the individual level were explored with a structural model composed of the endogenous variables of civic engagement and interpersonal trust. Using the 1995 DDB Needham life style study, analysis of the model permitted an examination of the strength and direction of the causal relationships driving the “virtuous circle” of participation and trust; the demographic, situational/contextual, orientational, and attitudinal factors that are exogenous to these latent variables; and the linkage between these components of social capital and viewing preferences for specific television genres. The results indicate that (1) the direction of the linkage between civic engagement and interpersonal trust is mainly from participating to trusting; and (2) television viewing plays a conditional role in the production of social capital that is dependent on the use of particular genres.
Respiratory epithelial adenomatoid hamartomas.

Objectives/Hypothesis: The aim of this study was to understand the definition of respiratory epithelial adenomatoid hamartoma (REAH) and the association between REAH and chronic sinusitis and nasal polyposis, and to describe the histology and management of REAH. Study Design: Retrospective review. Methods: This retrospective review in a tertiary academic medical center studied patients with findings of REAH after endoscopic sinus surgery over a 10-year period. Age, sex, location, associated findings, radiographic features, and recurrences were reviewed. Results: There were 54 patients with REAH identified who underwent endoscopic sinus surgery between January 2000 and May 2011. The ratio of disease between males and females was equal, and the average age at diagnosis was 52 years. Although the majority of cases had findings of REAH within the sinuses, eight (15%) were present as isolated masses within the nasal cavity. Available preoperative computed tomography scans were reviewed (n = 35), revealing no distinguishing features confirming REAH. Twenty-four cases (44%) were associated with an allergic type of chronic sinusitis and nine (17%) were associated with nasal polyposis. There were two (3.7%) recurrences, with no recurrences following repeat surgery. The average follow-up was 3.8 years. Conclusions: REAH is a benign entity characterized by abnormal glandular proliferation of the surface ciliated respiratory epithelium, admixed with goblet cells with no atypia or metaplastic change, rimmed by a thick basement membrane. It can present as an isolated mass within the nasal cavity or as an incidental finding in patients with chronic sinusitis. Nasal polyposis and allergic sinusitis can also be associated with REAH. Recurrences are rare with complete excision being essentially curative.
Increase in the haemolytic complement activity of dogs affected with cyclic haematopoiesis

Cyclic haematopoiesis (CH) is an inherited disorder which occurs in both humans and Grey Collie dogs. The disease is characterized by fluctuations in the numbers of peripheral blood leucocytes, reticulocytes and platelets at regular intervals and is associated with a variety of clinical signs. The most prominent cycle observed is that of neutrophils. The 12-day neutropenic cycle includes a period of relatively normal neutrophil counts, a period of neutropenia and generally a period in which neutrophil counts greatly exceed the normal range. In this study the daily serum haemolytic complement activity (classical pathway CH50) of CH and normal Collie dogs was assayed. The serum CH50 of normal Collie dogs was relatively stable throughout the test period. In contrast, the serum CH50 of CH dogs fluctuated extensively and the mean serum CH50 of CH dogs during the neutropenic cycle greatly exceeded that of normal Collie dogs over the same test period. A close temporal relationship between the stage of the CH neutropenic cycle and the serum CH50 was observed. The mean serum CH50 during neutropenia was not significantly different from that observed when neutrophil counts were within normal range, both values being significantly higher than that of normal dogs. However, the mean serum CH50 during the period of neutrophil rebound was significantly (P<0.01) higher than that during the period of neutropenia or normal neutrophil counts. These data suggest that alterations in the production of complement components or regulatory proteins occur at regular intervals in CH dogs.
Structural panel industry evolution: Implications for innovation and new product development

Abstract Industrial organization theory suggests that innovativeness differs across the industry life cycle. Product innovation is high at the beginning of an industry life cycle and diminishes over time. Process innovation is initially low, peaks later in the life cycle and eventually tails off to a level similar to product innovation. However, when a competing product is introduced, companies producing a late life-cycle product tend to increase their product innovation as a response to the competitive threat. This study tests this theory in the context of the North American structural panel industry by comparing plywood, a product in the decline stage of the product life cycle, to oriented strandboard (OSB), a product in the growth stage of the product life cycle. The two industry sectors are compared based on their product innovativeness, structure of new product development (NPD) processes, and product specialization. According to theory, plywood mills should be stronger in each of these areas resulting from response to the competitive threat from OSB. Although these constructs are useful in differentiating between plywood and OSB producers, findings are inconsistent with theory. Oriented strandboard mills were found to be more product-innovative and to use a more structured NPD process than plywood mills. On the other hand, consistent with theory, plywood mills were found to have a more specialized product line. Implications for industry and suggestions for future research are provided.
The effects of glycerol on cerebral ultrastructure following experimentally induced cerebral ischemia.

Abstract Ultrastructural changes in cerebral tissue subjected to temporary occlusion on the right middle cerebral artery for intervals of 30 min, 1, 2, 3, and 4 hr were studied after daily injections of 10% glycerol in saline. These changes were compared with previously reported data from untreated animals. The extent of tissue involvement was appreciably less in the glycerol-treated group as evidenced by the reduction of intracellular edema and fewer changes in the membranes of ultrastructural elements (mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, and plasmalemma) known to be essential for cellular metabolism and function in the central nervous system.
Cross-linking of DNA-binding Proteins to DNA with Psoralen and Psoralen Furan-side Monoadducts COMPARISON OF ACTION SPECTRA WITH DNA-DNA CROSS-LINKING

We have developed a novel photocross-linking technique using free 8-methoxypsoralen and DNA furan-side monoadducts plus long wave ultraviolet light (UVA). Both sequence-specific (Max) and nonspecific (RecA and T7 RNA polymerase) DNA-binding proteins were cross-linked. The macroscopic equilibrium binding constant ( approximately 10(9) M-1) and DNase I footprinting indicated that binding of Max to its cognate sequence (E-box) was unimpaired by 8-methoxypsoralen and that cross-linking occurred in normal complexes. RecA protein and T7 RNA polymerase were cross-linked to a 12-mer DNA furan-side monoadduct with UVA. Cross-link yields were directly proportional to the UVA dose. Cross-links were stable to 8 M urea, 1-10% SDS, commonly used alcohols, and mild acids (5% trichloroacetic acid). The DNA in cross-links was reversed with 254 nm UV (photoreversal) or with hot base (base-catalyzed reversal), consistent with (2 + 2) cycloaddition via the 4',5'-furan of the psoralen. Comparative action spectra for DNA-DNA cross-linking and DNA-protein cross-linking revealed that the latter occurred maximally at 300 nm, while the former occurred maximally at 320 nm. This 20-nm blue shift suggested a higher potential energy surface for an excited psoralen participating in protein-DNA cross-linking as compared with DNA-DNA cross-linking. As with DNA-DNA cross-linking, DNA-protein cross-linking is a two-photon process. Absorption of the first photon formed a 4',5'-adduct with DNA, which then absorbed a second photon, leading to cross-linking to protein. Based on the action spectra and the known excited states of psoralen, it is suggested that the triplet n,pi* transition localized in the C-2=O of psoralen may be involved in protein-psoralen photoreactions.
Construction and Characterization of a Versatile Broad Host Range DNA Cloning System for Gram–Negative Bacteria

A set of broad host range cloning vectors has been constructed from the IncW plasmid pSa. These vectors have been constructed from the transfer defective deletion derivative pSa151, which encodes resistance to kanamycin and spectinomycin–streptomycin. Two of the vectors also contain the chloramphenicol resistance gene of Tn9, and a third contains the chloramphenicol resistance gene of pSa. One of the vectors contains the cos sequence of bacteriophage λ and can be used with in vitro packaging systems in the construction of large recombinant plasmids. Two of these vectors can be mobilized and transferred in the presence of a pBR322 derivative containing the transfer genes of pSa. Together these vectors contain cloning sites for SstII, HindIII, EcoRI, KpnI, PvuII, BamHI, SmaI, and Bg1II, and recombinants at certain of these sites can be detected by insertional inactivation of a drug resistance phenotype. The broad host range properties of the origin of replication of pSa allow the use of these vectors in a variety of gram–negative bacteria.
Radical formation and fracture of highly drawn crystalline polymers

Abstract In tensile strength experiments of highly drawn crystalline polymers by using electron spin resonance the appearance of radicals is observed all over the strained sample long before its fracture. It is generally considered that the radical formation is the consequence of rupture of the most strained tie molecules. The maximum number of radicals at sample failure is much larger than twice the number of ruptured tie molecules in the fracture plane and much smaller than the total number of tie molecules in the sample. In order to explain this situation, one has to take into account the defect distribution of the microfibrillar superlattice of the fiber structure. The highest strain and stress concentration in such a lattice occurs at the point vacancies or point dislocations at the ends of microfibrils where the material connection by tie molecules with the rest of the sample is interrupted so that nearly the whole load has to be borne by adjacent microfibrils. About 1015 such defects exists per cub...
Inequality and Its Discontents

In the last two decades, the income and security of the individual middle class worker has declined, and the gap between the rich and the poor has widened. In contrast to the last twenty years and the “gilded age” that preceded it, from the time of the first New Deal through the 1970s, the middle class prospered. Wealth and income were more equitably shared in America. This article examines policies that strengthened the middle class during the New Deal, during World War II, and after World War II. These policies strengthened the bargaining power of labor. This article offers suggestions for reviving the middle class now with particular focus on empowering labor.
Atom Optics Realization of the Quantum δ -Kicked Rotor

We report the first direct experimental realization of the quantum $\ensuremath{\delta}$-kicked rotor. Our system consists of a dilute sample of ultracold sodium atoms in a periodic standing wave of near-resonant light that is pulsed on periodically in time to approximate a series of delta functions. Momentum spread of the atoms increases diffusively with every pulse until the "quantum break time" after which exponentially localized distributions are observed. Quantum resonances are found for specific values of the pulse period.
Exploring changes in rainfall intensity and seasonal variability in the Southeastern U.S.: Stakeholder engagement, observations, and adaptation

Abstract The distribution of rainfall has major impacts in agriculture, affecting the soil, hydrology, and plant health in agricultural systems. The goal of this study was to test for recent changes in rainfall intensity and seasonal rainfall variability in the Southeastern U.S. by exploring the data collaboratively with agricultural stakeholders. Daily rainfall records from the Global Historical Climatology Network were used to analyze changes in rain intensity and seasonal rainfall variability. During the last 30 years (1985–2014), there has been a significant change (53% increase) in the number of extreme rainfall days (>152.4 mm/day) and there have been significant decreases in the number of moderate intensity (12.7–25.4 mm/day) and heavy (25.4–76.2 mm/day) rainfall days in the Southeastern U.S., when compared to the previous 30-year period (1955–1984). There have also been significant decreases in the return period of months in which greater than half of the monthly total rain occurred in a single day; this is an original, stakeholder-developed rainfall intensity metric. The variability in spring and summer rainfall increased during the last 30 years, but winter and fall showed less variability in seasonal totals in the last 30 years. In agricultural systems, rainfall is one of the leading factors affecting yield variability; so it can be expected that more variable rainfall and more intense rain events could bring new challenges to agricultural production. However, these changes can also present opportunities for producers who are taking measures to adjust management strategies to make their systems more resilient to increased rain intensity and variability.
Reduction of Postoperative Scar Formation With Silicone Sheeting: 2 Case Studies

Elective surgeries account for millions of acquired scars annually. Many of these scars can be problematic, being aesthetically unpleasant and causing discomfort. Silicone gel sheeting has been shown to be efficacious for the prevention and treatment of problematic scars. By wound hydration, along with other factors, silicone dressings are thought to decrease scarring. However, we found the usual treatment was commonly started after epithelialization of the incision site. The current standard of care in wound healing is to promote a moist wound environment to ensure quick epithelialization and decrease excessive scar formation. With that standard in mind, after foot surgery was performed on 2 patients, silicone sheeting was applied immediately in order to compare its effects with those of standard moist wound healing (XEROFORM Petrolatum Gauze).
Genetic variation in the homosporous fern Pellaea andromedifolia

Genetic variability was examined in nine sexual and three apogamous natural populations ofthe homosporous fern Pellaea andromedifolia by electrophoretic analysis of enzymes specified by eight loci. Genetic interpretations of heterozygous banding patterns were determined by segregational analysis of gametophytes. High levels of segregating heterozygosity characterized the sexually reproducing populations, and genotype frequencies at the five polymorphic loci were consistent with those expected under conditions of random intergametophytic mating. Multiple-banded patterns in the apogamously reproducing populations resembled those of heterozygous sexual individuals, but did not segregate. The results suggest that genetic variation in sexual homosporous vascular plants is produced by cross fertilization of genetically different gametes and may not result from pairing between homoeologous chromosomes carrying duplicated loci as previously thought. MOST EXPERIMENTAL DATA on the genetic struc
CLONABILITY AND GENE DISTRIBUTION ON HUMAN CHROMOSOME 21 : REFLECTIONS OF JUNK DNA CONTENT?

Abstract Data from transcriptional mapping of human chromosome 21 have been compiled from a number of sources. Regardless of the gene identification technique used, a consistent picture has developed: the centromere proximal half of 21q, which contains 50% of the DNA (20 Mb), harbors only 10% of the expressed sequences. Because of the variety of gene isolation techniques used, this result is unlikely to arise simply from methodological artefacts, biases in clonability or tissue specificity of expression. This region is known to be AT-rich and to contain APP, the largest gene (spanning 300 kb) currently analyzed on 21q. Interesting preliminary data from analysis of the Fugu rubripes homolog of APP has shown an unusually high, 50-fold, compaction of intron size, raising the intriguing possibility that > 90% of the DNA in the human gene may be functionless. Thus, data from a variety of approaches suggest that a large part of 21q very likely has neither coding capacity nor associated regulatory function. By these criteria, it is a good candidate for a repository of junk DNA.
Feasibility of Adapting Multisystemic Therapy to Improve Illness Management Behaviors and Reduce Asthma Morbidity in High Risk African American Youth: A Case Series

African-American adolescents have the highest rates of asthma morbidity and mortality, yet there are few successful behavioral interventions to improve illness management for this group. Mental health providers have an opportunity to expand their services and impact by targeting adolescents with poor asthma management. We describe the adaptation of Multisystemic Therapy (MST), an intensive, home and community-based treatment originally used with antisocial youth, for improving asthma management. We present a case study to illustrate the treatment model. Feasibility was demonstrated with eight African American adolescents with chronic, persistent asthma, suggesting that further evaluation of MST for youth with asthma and poor illness management is warranted.
Noradrenergic modulation of cat area 17 neuronal responses to moving visual stimuli

Orientation and velocity tuning curves were obtained from neurons in cat primary visual cortex before, during and after the iontophoretic application of norepinephrine (NE). While no consistent effects on orientation tuning were observed, the most consistently observed effect of NE on velocity tuning was enhancement of the selectivity for stimulus speed and direction. This was evidenced by a narrowing of velocity tuning curves in 16/28 of the neurons we encountered as well as by an increase in the measured direction index for 13/28 cells. In contrast to NE, acetylcholine and gamma-amino-n-butyric acid (GABA) simply increased and decreased, respectively, the visually-evoked discharges, and in no case altered the shape of the velocity tuning curve. These data suggest that the spatiotemporal tuning of visual cortical neurons may be dependent not only on local interactions between visual afferents and target neurons, but in addition, depend on the activation state of the noradrenergic coeruleo-cortical projection system.
A new scalable solution to optimal PMU placement under a long-run data availability criterion

This paper presents a method for optimal placement of additional phase measurement units (PMUs) into a power system. The objective is to meet a specified data availability requirement at all buses with a minimum number of additional sensors. Data availability is important in high reporting rate applications, such as wide area monitoring and control for blackout mitigation. The long-run data availabilities are solved from a controlled Markov chain where binary variables indicating placement decisions are embedded as stationary control variables. The new development in this paper is on the reformulation of the optimal placement problem to significantly reduce the computational burden encountered previously in the availability-based sensor placement. This is accomplished by exploiting the structure of the underlying power system so that the new equivalent placement formulation results in a complexity that grows linearly with the number of buses in the system, rather than exponentially without reformulation. The new problem formulation is applied to the IEEE 14-bus and 118-bus test systems, and the placement results are presented.
Perceptions of the Family Environment and Youth Behaviors: Alcohol-Abusing Runaway Adolescents and Their Primary Caretakers

Research suggests family disturbance is highly correlated to adolescents running away from home. However, given methodological challenges, few studies assess parent report of the family situation and instead, rely primarily on adolescent self-report. This article reports the findings of parents' and runaway adolescents' reports on several behavioral dimensions. Substance-using runaway adolescents completed measures about their family environment and adolescent problem behaviors. Of 119 adolescents, 49 of their parents also completed measures at intake. Adolescents perceived a more negative family environment than did their parents, and parents rated their youth as having more externalizing problems than did the youth themselves. Findings are consonant with prior research showing a relationship between parental distress and child problems. Contrary to prior findings, this sample of parents did not report significant alcohol use, and there was no relationship between their use and their child's use. Implications for future research and family therapy are discussed.
Comparison of Four Different Two-Equation Models of Turbulence in Predicting Film Cooling Performance

The capabilities of four two-equation turbulence models in predicting film cooling effectiveness were investigated and their limitations as well as relative performance are presented. The four turbulence models are the standard, RNG, and realizable k-e models as well as the standard k-ω model all found in the FLUENT CFD code. In all four models, the enhanced wall treatment has been used to resolve the flow near solid boundaries. A systematic approach has been followed in the computational setup to insure grid-independence and accurate solution that reflects the true capabilities of the turbulence models. Exact geometrical and flow-field replicas of an experimental study on discrete-jet film cooling were generated and used in FLUENT. A pitch-to-diameter ratio of 3.04, injection length-to-diameter ratio of 4.6 and density ratios of 0.92 and 0.97 were some of the parameters used in the film cooling analysis. Furthermore, the study covered two levels of blowing ratio (M = 0.5 and 1.5) at an environment of low free-stream turbulence intensity (Tu = 0.1%). The standard k-e model had the most consistent performance among all considered turbulence models and the best centerline film cooling effectiveness predictions with the results deviating from experimental data by only ±10% and about 20–60% for the low (M = 0.5) and high (M = 1.5) blowing ratio cases, respectively. However, centerline side-view and surface top-view contours of non-dimensional temperature for the standard k-e cases revealed that the good results for film cooling effectiveness η compared to the experimental data were due to a combination of an over-prediction of jet penetration in the normal direction with an under-prediction of jet spread in the lateral direction. The standard k-ω model completely failed to produce any results that were meaningful with under-predictions of η that ranged between 80 and 85% for the low blowing ratio case and over-predictions of about 200% for the high blowing ratio case. Even though the RNG and realizable models showed to have better predicted the jet spread in the lateral direction compared to the standard k-e model, there were some aspects of the flow, such as levels of turbulence generated by cross-flow and jet interaction, that were not realistic resulting in errors in the η prediction that ranged from −10% to +80% for the M = 0.5 case and from −80% to +70% for the M = 1.5 case. As a result of this study at this point it was concluded that the standard k-e model have the most promising potential among the two-equation models considered. It was chosen as the best candidate for further improvement for the simulation of film cooling flows.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
From Ethiopia to Harlem: Anti-Fascist Spectacles across the Atlantic

Adopting a transnational approach to localized historical events and cultural productions, this essay explores the impact of the Italo-Ethiopian war in New York City, on Italian and African communities in particular, through the study of the connection of two plays by the Federal Theatre Project — the censored “living newspaper” Ethiopia (1936) and Orson Wells' “voodoo” Macbeth (1936) adapted for the Negro Unit of the FTP in Harlem — and the militant histrionic work of the Italian immigrant radical press in the same period, especially Carlo Tresca's Il martello This analysis posits a diasporic cultural terrain in which performance on and off stage played a central role in registering and mediating this most pressing issue of the day, including cross-racial affiliations and antagonisms on both sides of the Atlantic and in capturing the relevance of diasporas in national formations. In their experimentation with new media and technology and new ways of expressions, these cultural productions also shed new l...
Morphological and agronomic description of selectedCuphea germplasm

Forty Cupheaspecies, recently collected in mid- and southern Mexico, are described in terms of their main morphological and agronomic characteristics. In some species, dormancy, slow germination, sticky hairs, and perennial character, as well as poor flowering and low seed yield limit their agronomic potential. However, some species of the section Heterodon show good crop potential. Among these, C. wrightii, C. glossostoma,and C. laminuligeraseem to be the best lauric acid-synthesizing species. Of the capric acid species, C. paucipetala, C. lanceolata,and C. procumbenshave the best growing potential in humid climates, whereas C. leptopodaand C. inflataare well adapted to arid growing conditions. All Cupheaspecies show seed shattering caused by flower zygomorphy. This zygomorphy not only causes different petal shape and a bilateral symmetry of the calyx tube, but also dispersal of the seeds. It represents the main taxonomic trait for characterizing the genus. Flowering and seed setting continue over a period of several weeks due to indeterminate growth. Multiple harvests with vacuum picking systems that do not damage the plants maximize recovered yields.
A reconsideration of enforcement leverage when penalties are restricted

Abstract Harrington's (1988) model of state-dependent enforcement of pollution standards indicates the potential for significant reductions in monitoring cost. However, this approach results in firms with identical pollution cost functions polluting at different levels and thereby failing to minimize control cost for a given total pollution reduction. Derivations indicate that a state- independent approach with a modified standard will often yield a lower sum of pollution control and monitoring cost for a given level of pollution control.
Clustering techniques: The user's dilemma

Abstract Numerous papers on clustering techniques and their applications in engineering, medical, and biological areas have appeared in pattern recognition literature during the past decade. This paper attempts to set some guidelines for a potential user of a clustering technique. We examine eight clustering programs which are representative of the various available techniques and compare their performances from several points of view. A formal comparative analysis is also performed with a portion of Munson's handprinted character data set. We believe that an understanding of the intrinsic characteristics of a clustering technique is essential to the intelligent application of the technique. Further, the output of a clustering program, along with whatever information a user may have about the data set, should be used together to form hypotheses about the structure of the data set.
Amplitudes of Magnetomotive Force Harmonics for Fractional Slot Windings-I

Fractional slot windings have certain well-known attributes which cause them to be quite generally used in synchronous-machine design. However, it is recognized that occasionally a winding will be produced which will develop harmonics in the air gap magnetomotive force that will lead to excessive losses, vibration, and noise. The published methods for computing the amplitudes of these harmonics are laborious to use and make a special case of every winding. It is the purpose of this paper to develop general formulas for computing the distribution factor and pitch factor of any magnetomotive force harmonic set-up by three-phase fractional slot windings of normal design. It is believed that these should permit in many cases a choice of winding arrangement such as either to eliminate or at least to minimize any undesirable harmonic so that its ill effects would be negligible. It is believed that the formulas are sufficiently simple to permit a complete tabulation of distribution and pitch factors over the normal range of slots per phase per pole now used in fractional slot windings.
Maximizing performance and the prevention of injuries in competitive athletes

Training athletes to achieve their personal best is an arduous task. The art of coaching athletes toward world-class performances is a blend of science and psychologic motivation. Competitive athletes train 20 to 40 hours per week and push the physiologic limits of the human body. In the past, applying training loads was a best-guess estimate made by the coach and/or athlete. Every athlete is different, and his or her day-to-day exercise and nonexercise stressors vary greatly. Psychophysiologic disturbances precipitated by overtraining can lead to exponential changes in an athlete’s ability to tolerate training loads. Musculoskeletal injuries, neuroendocrine irregularities, immune system suppression, and psychologic problems plague athletes and coaches as they attempt to set world records. This paper provides a framework for physicians, athletes, and coaches to better understand the complexities of training, with hopes of preventing overuse problems.
Aroma-Active Compounds in Kimchi during Fermentation

During fermentation, volatile flavor compounds in Kimchi prepared with (FS) and without (C) fish sauce were analyzed by vacuum simultaneous steam distillation−solvent extraction/gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (V-SDE/GC/MS) and GC/olfactometry. On the basis of their high odor intensities (OI ≥ 3), eight sulfur-containing compounds having garlic-, garlic salt-, onion-, green onion-, and cooked cabbage-like odors and six unknowns with garlic-, onion-, and green onion-like odors were predominant in both FS and C during fermentation. The most intense odorants (OI ≥ 4.0) in Kimchi included dimethyl trisulfide, diallyl disulfide isomers, diallyl trisulfide, methylallyl disulfide, and an unknown (garlic salt- and/or mustard-like). In addition to these, other odorants (OI ≥ 3.5) such as 3-(methylthio)propanal (baked/boiled potato-like), (E,Z)-2,6-nonadienal (cucumber-like), phenylacetaldehyde (honeysuckle-like), linalool (floral- and/or flower-like), (E,E)-2,4-decadienal (fatty and/or sweet), 2,3-butanedione...
The Fracture Tip and Critical Stress Intensity Factor of a Hydraulically Induced Fracture

By modeling the rock as an elastoplastic solid obeying the Drucker-Prager failure criterion, the authors have demonstrated that, if the dilatation produced in the plastic zone in front of the fracture tip is inhibited by its surrounding elastic material, the critical stress intensity factor, K[sub Ic], of the material can be higher than those obtained from standard laboratory tests. Using Geertsma's fracture model and including the dry zone in analysis, they also have demonstrated that, unless the fracture is very large, the fracture opening width is affected by the K[sub Ic] of the material.
IMPuLSE: integrated monitoring and profiling for large-scale environments

A lack of efficient system software is an increasing impediment to deploying large-scale parallel and distributed systems. Systemically addressing operating system-induced performance anomalies requires accurate, low-overhead, whole-system monitoring, something that is currently unavailable in large tightly-coupled systems. In this paper, we present the design of IMPuLSE---Integrated Monitoring and Profiling for Large-Scale Environments---a system we are developing to meet this need. IMPuLSE's innovative message-centric profiling approach trades off of centralized global knowledge for low overhead, while retaining relatively fine-grained information about important cross-host performance interactions. The goal of this approach is to enable both large-scale system software adaptation and continuous system performance auditing.
Quantifying Changes in the High-Frequency Dynamics of Mixtures by Dielectric Spectroscopy †

Additives to polymeric materials can lead to appreciable changes in the rates of relaxation and reaction in these mixtures that can profoundly alter material properties and function. We develop a g...
Comparison of statistical performance of univariate and bivariate mixed models for Affymetrix® probe level data

Half of the probes on Affymetrix® microarrays contain a single base mismatch (MM) of a known perfect match (PM) target sequence. While putatively designed to detect nonspecific binding, the MM data can also contain true signals and because of this, debates persist concerning how to best combine PM and MM data for statistical modeling purposes. Most current approaches involve either subtracting some function of MM from PM or ignoring MM altogether. Here, we describe a bivariate model that includes both PM and MM based on the mixed linear modelling framework. It directly models the correlation between PM and MM and thereby increases the power of significant gene detection. In this paper, we show that the bivariate mixed model offers moderate gains in power over a comparable univariate model that ignores the MM data. The gains are more prominent when the number of replicates and the array-to-array variability is small. We apply the models to a small experiment on yeast and use the data as a basis for a Monte...
SUN‐SYMBOLS OF THE TOMB‐SCULPTURES AT LOUGHCREW, IRELAND,1 ILLUSTRATED BY SIMILAR FIGURES IN SCANDINAVIAN ROCK‐TRACINGS

THE figures that appear incised on stones in ancient Irish cairns seem to be regarded by archaeologists at present as mainly or wholly ornamental in purpose. Of those at Sliabhna-Calliaghe, Loughcrew, near Oldcastle, County Meath, William Frazer says in the introduction to his account of them: "It appears to me useless to attempt any satisfactory explanation of these hidden meanings, if such there be, in the present state of our knowledge, and it is preferable to regard them as decorative or ornamental tracings."2 A similar view was expressed for those at New Grange and Dowth, near Drogheda, County Meath, by George Coffey in the publication of his investigation of these in 1890.3 Referring to a suggestion by W. Wilde that they may be "ideographical or hierographic, in the strict sense of the word, that is sacred carvings," and quoting words from Sir R. C. Hoar on their similarity to the ornaments on ancient British urns of the tumuli of Wiltshire, Coffey says: "I have held the opinion for some time that the conditions of the scribings at New Grange are fully satisfied by those of ornament. That in fact these markings simply represent the style of decoration of the Deriod and