cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tectonics of the Himalaya and southern Tibet from two perspectives

The Himalaya and Tibet provide an unparalleled opportunity to examine the complex ways in which continents respond to collisional orogenesis. This paper is an attempt to synthesize the known geology of this orogenic system, with special attention paid to the tectonic evolution of the Himalaya and southernmost Tibet since India-Eurasia collision at ca. 50 Ma. Two alternative perspectives are developed. The first is largely historical. It includes brief (and necessarily subjective) reviews of the tectonic stratigraphy, the structural geology, and metamorphic geology of the Himalaya. The second focuses on the processes that dictate the behavior of the orogenic system today. It is argued that these processes have not changed substantially over the Miocene–Holocene interval, which suggests that the orogen has achieved a quasi–steady state. This condition implies a rough balance between plate-tectonic processes that lead to the accumulation of energy in the orogen and many other processes (e.g., erosion of the Himalayan front and the lateral flow of the middle and lower crust of Tibet) that lead to the dissipation of energy. The tectonics of the Himalaya and Tibet are thus intimately related; the Himalaya might have evolved very differently had the Tibetan Plateau never have formed.
Bifurcation for odd potential operators and an alternative topological index

Abstract : A bifurcation theorem is proved for odd potential operators. The operator equation (*) F'(U) = Lu + H(u) = lambda u is treated where lambda is a member of IR and u is a member of E, a real Hilbert space. A sharp description is given to the structure of the set of solutions of (*) near a bifurcation point as a function of lambda. A cruical role is played here by a notion of topological index alternative to other indices used in critical point theory and the properties of this index are developed in some detail.
Training and certifying gastroenterologists as physician nutrition specialists.

Because nutrition is an integral aspect of the science and practice of gastroenterology, all gastroenterology fellows should receive training in core aspects of nutrition (level I training). Some gastroenterologists also wish to train more extensively in nutrition (level 2) and become physician nutrition specialists. The Intersociety Professional Nutrition Education Consortium, composed of representatives from eight national societies with significant nutrition interests, including the American Gastroenterological Association, and three credentialing bodies, has developed a paradigm and training requirements for physician-nutrition specialists that recognizes their varied backgrounds and areas of interest. Opportunities exist for gastroenterology fellows to obtain physician nutrition specialist training within their gastroenterology fellowships and to be eligible to take the Certification Examination for Physician Nutrition Specialists offered by the new American Board of Physician Nutrition Specialists. * This article reviews the development of consensus on subspecialty training for physicians in nutrition; it also encourages directors of gastroenterology fellowships to develop training opportunities and gastroenterology fellows to consider identifying nutrition as an area of emphasis for their careers.
Physiological and behavioral effects of centrally-administered 6-hydroxydopamine in cats.

Abstract Intraventricular injections of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) into cats produced a greater reduction of brain norepinephrine than dopamine content while producing no change in brain serotonin. The effects immediately after the first injection of 6-OHDA included hypothermia, increase in respiratory rate, and in the presence of pargyline, sham rage. Following the first injection, a prolonged period of hypophagia and hypodipsia occurred. Subsequent injections produced less hypothermia and greater increases in respiratory rate. Measurement of sleep-wake ratios indicated that paradoxical sleep was initially reduced by 6-OHDA administration, but eventually recovered to occupy its normal percentage of the cycle. However, wake time was increased and slow-wave sleep time decreased. Animals treated with 6-OHDA had lower baseline heart rates and showed no evidence for acquiring a conditioned heart rate response, although heart rate response to shock was potentiated.
Perturbation analysis and constants for the red system of the cyanide radical

CN radical red system molecular constants, considering degenerate perturbation effects in shifts between electronic states
High sensitivity alpha-particle and electron spectroscopy

Abstract Thin massless sources of 238Pu and 249Cf, prepared in an electromagnetic isotope separator, have been used to determine the characteristics of newly developed passivated ion implanted silicon detectors. These detectors are found to be superior to the usual AuSi surface barrier detectors, both in resolution and peak tailing. For 238Pu α-groups we have measured a resolution (fwhm) of (9.2 ± 0.2) keV and find the tail to be 1.0 × 10−5 of the peak height. This tailing is more than an order of magnitude better than that obtained with the best surface barrier detectors. Relative intensities of 249Cf α-groups have also been measured with high precision.
The treaties of Erzurum (1823 and 1848) and the changing status of Iranians in the Ottoman Empire

(1991). The treaties of Erzurum (1823 and 1848) and the changing status of Iranians in the Ottoman Empire. Iranian Studies: Vol. 24, No. 1-4, pp. 3-15.
Baseline Risk of Major Bleeding in Non–ST-Segment–Elevation Myocardial Infarction The CRUSADE (Can Rapid risk stratification of Unstable angina patients Suppress ADverse outcomes with Early implementation of the ACC/AHA guidelines) Bleeding Score

Background— Treatments for non–ST-segment–elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) reduce ischemic events but increase bleeding. Baseline prediction of bleeding risk can complement ischemic risk pr...
On the Mathematical Modeling of Polymerization Reactors

Abstract As commercially produced polymers become more of a commodity product, rather than a specialty product, there is a growing need for a more detailed understanding of the phenomena taking place in the polymer reactor. One quantitative form of this process understanding is the mathematical model, which can represent the detailed behavior of a polymer reactor. The mathematical model is an invaluable tool for developing the optimal design and optimal control system for these reactors.
New symmetric plane partition identities from invariant theory work of De Concini and Procesi

Nine (= 2 x 2 x 2 + 1) product identities for certain one-variable generating functions of certain families of plane partitions are presented in a unified fashion. The first two of these identities are originally due to MacMahon, Bender, Knuth, Gordon and Andrews and concern symmetric plane partitions. All nine identities are derived from tableaux descriptions of weights of especially nice representations of Lie groups, eight of them for the ‘right end node’ representations of S O ˜ ( 2 n + 1 ) and Sp(2n). The two newest identities come from a tableaux description which originally arose in work of De Concini and Procesi on classical invariant theory. All of the identities are of the most interest when viewed, in the context of plane partitions with symmetries contained in three-dimensional boxes.
Minimizing the cost of the education of Helicobacter Pylori

Infection of the stomach with the gram-negative spiral shaped organism Helicobacter Pylori (HP) is probably the most common infectious disease in the world. The vast majority of people with HP infections are asymptomatic but conversely, the micro-organism is present in 80|[ndash]|90% of duodenal ulcer patients. 70|[ndash]|90% of gastric ulcer patients and accounts for most cases of gastritis and for all those with the rare gastric malignancy, the maltoma. There is also an association between HP infection and gastric cancer.
Should you pay off your mortgage or invest

Abstract The mortgage payoff dilemma affects many retirees that have enough financial assets to pay off their mortgage. I find that, on average, retirees with less than $300,000 in non-housing financial wealth are better off keeping the mortgage and investing.
Optical constants of liquid methane in the infrared

The near-normal incidence spectral reflectance R(ν) of liquid methane at 98 K has been measured in the infrared in the spectral range 6700–350 cm−1. The resulting values of R(ν) have been subjected to Kramers-Kronig phase-shift analysis to provide values of the real n(ν) and imaginary k(ν) parts of the complex index of refraction N(ν) = n(ν) + ik(ν) in the range 4000–400 cm−1. The results of the present study are presented in graphical form and in tabular form over this range. The strengths S = ∫k(ν) dν of the absorption bands are compared with the corresponding bands in gaseous methane. Techniques for using the present results to obtain approximate values of the corresponding optical constants of solid methane are discussed.
Examination of the aspirin acetylation site of human serum albumin by 13C NMR spectroscopy

Human serum albumin has been specifically acetylated using aspirin in which the methyl carbon of the acetyl group was enriched to 90% ^(13)C. A single resonance at 23.13 ppm downfield from tetramethylsilane was observed in ^(13)C differences spectra obtained at both 25.2 and 45.3 MHz. Chemical shift studies of several model compounds suggest that this is the resonance position to be expected for an acetamide group exposed to solvent. The line width observed for the enriched methyl resonance is consistent with free rotation of the methyl group.
A theory of integrated gastrointestinal motor activity based on the chain oscillator model.

The present simple one-dimensional differential equation model of the excitable properties of smooth muscle cells (functional units) offers a qualitative simulation of stomach and small bowel, and perhaps the colon as well. In particular, it permits the conclusion that intrinsic properties of the smooth muscle cells, as manifested by connected functional units, constitute a sufficiently flexible and organized system to exhibit much of the basic behavior of stomach, small bowel and colon. In most circumstances, this chain oscillator model differs conceptually from other proposed explanations of gut behavior. It is the only model consistent with certain observed properties. Hopefully, it can be extended to a more complete system model in the future.
Prediction of Nonradical Au(0)-Containing Precursors in Nanoparticle Growth Processes

This density functional theory (DFT) investigation examines the formation of nonradical Au(0) species from the reduction of Au(I) species. The Au(I) complexes of interest are AuCl2–, AuBr2–, AuI2–, AuClPH3, and AuCl(H)SCH3(−), which are precursors for gold nanoparticle and cluster formation. Reaction of two of the Au(I) species with a hydride results in ejection of two of the ligands and formation of Au2 with two ligands still attached. AuX2– (where X = Cl, Br, or I) reactions eject two halides and form Au2X22–. AuClL(−) (where L = PH3, HSCH3, or SCH3–) reactions can eject either chloride, HCl, PH3, HSCH3, or SCH3– and form Au(0)L2q– or Au(0)ClLq– (q = 0, 1, 2). The Au2Cl22– complex can further react with AuCl2–, which forms Au3Cl32– and a chloride anion. The new Au3Cl32– species can then react with AuCl2– or Au2Cl22– or with another Au3Cl32–. Larger clusters can be formed from these precursors. In this work, reactions in both methanol and benzene solvents are considered as models for one-phase and two-ph...
Congenital Hydrocephalus: Treatment in utero

Congenital hydrocephalus occurs in about 1 in every 1,000 live births. Is is rarely lethal but frequently severely handicapping. It can be diagnosed by ultrasound as early as 20 weeks of gestation. When not accompanied by other serious malformations, it may be amenable to treatment in utero. Experimental treatment by shunting the lateral ventricle to the amnion has been shown to control ventricular enlargement during fetal life. The mental development of treated babies has, however, been disappointing. At this time no in utero treatment of fetal hydrocephalus is being done.
Dynamic optimization of a solar thermal energy storage system over a 24 hour period using weather forecasts

A solar thermal power plant is used as a case study for dynamic heat integration with thermal energy storage. Findings show that thermal energy storage gives the system the ability to make the power dispatchable. Additionally, by solving a 24-hour dynamic optimization problem where the plant temperatures and power output are variable allows the system to capture and harvest a higher percentage of solar energy, with the most benefit occurring on mostly cloudy days. The solar energy captured increases 64% from 4.75 MWh to 7.80 MWh using this scheme. Hybrid plant operation and the ability to bypass the storage tanks further improve the system performance.
The stellar mass spectrum of the open cluster NGC 3293

We have obtained and analyzed UBVRICCD frames of the young, 4–10 Myr, open cluster NGC 3293 and the surrounding field in order to study its stellar content and determine the cluster’s IMF. We found significantly fewer lower mass stars, M≤2.5M⊙, than expected. This is particularly so if a single age for the cluster of 4.6 Myr is adopted as derived from fitting evolutionary models to the upper main sequence. Some intermediate-mass stars near the main sequence in the HR diagram imply an age for the cluster of about 10 Myr. When compared with the Scalo (The stellar initial mass function. ASP conference series, vol. 24, p. 201, 1998) IMF scaled to the cluster IMF in the intermediate mass range, 2.5≤M/M⊙≤8.0 where there is good agreement, the high mass stars have a distinctly flatter IMF, indicating an over abundance of these stars, and there is a sharp turnover in the distribution at lower masses. The radial density distribution of cluster stars in the massive and intermediate mass regimes indicate that these stars are more concentrated to the cluster core whereas the lower-mass stars show little concentration. We suggest that this is evidence supporting the formation of massive stars through accretion and/or coagulation processes in denser cluster cores at the expense of the lower mass proto-stars.
On a Family of Cubature Formulae

Here, 2n + 1 is the degree of precision of the cubature formula, that is, the truncation error indicated by O(h + ) in (2) is zero when F is a polynomial in X and Y with a joint degree smaller than or at most equal to 2/i + l. The N* points Ph at which the function values are sampled, will be called sample points. All cubature formulae considered in the following make full use of the symmetry, which indicates that the functions F(±X, ±Y), F(±Y, ±X) all have the same mean M(F). This symmetry requires that the complete set of sample points can be obtained from the subset in, say, the closed upper half of the fourth quadrant by reflexion in X = O, Y •O, and X = ±Y. The points of this subset will be called the basic points, and the number of basic points will be denoted by N. A basic point together with the points obtained from it by the reflexions mentioned above will be said to form a set of associated points. The considered symmetry further requires that the function values at a set of associated points appear with the same coefficient a; in the cubature formula (2). A square mesh with sides parallel to the boundaries of the domain of integration in (1) provides one way of choosing sample points that is frequently used in the literature. Here, we consider the diagonal square mesh
Sibling relationships and social-emotional adjustment in different family contexts.

The aims of this study were to examine family type (nonstep, stepfather, stepmother, and single mother) and sibling type (full- and half-siblings) differences in sibling relationship quality (positivity and negativity), and to investigate links between sibling relationship quality and child externalizing and internalizing problems. The sample included 192 families with a 5-year-old target child and an older sibling. In addition, 80 of these families included a third older child. Mothers and the older siblings (8 years and older) completed questionnaires and interviews regarding conflict and support in their sibling relationships, and parents and teachers reported on each child's social-emotional adjustment. Sibling negativity (conflict, aggression) was highest in single-mother families and full-siblings were more negative than half- and stepsiblings. There was some evidence that sibling antagonism was associated with more child behavioral and emotional problems, but these effects were moderated by family type.
Time boundedness of the energy for the charge transfer model

The energy behavior of the time-dependent Schrodinger equation $$i\frac{\partial }{{\partial t}}\psi = \frac{{ - 1}}{{2m}}\Delta \psi + \sum\limits_{j = 1}^N {V_j } (x - y_j (t))\psi $$ is discussed, where they j (t) are trajectories of classical scattering. In particular, we prove that the energy cannot become arbitrarily large ast→∞.
Sugar and amino acid transport in fish intestine

1. 1. Morphological properties of fish intestines vary with diet. Carnivores have short guts with highly elaborate mucosal folding in the upper intestines; herbivores have long guts which appear structurally uniform from stomach to rectum. 2. 2. Brush border membranes of many fish intestines display at least two transport processes for each organic solute, one an Na+-dependent, saturable carrier mechanism, and the other a non-saturable influx pathway which may be simple diffusion. 3. 3. Intestinal epithelial cells from freshwater fish can accumulate nutrients to concentrations in excess of those in the gut lumen; those of marine fish can not. 4. 4. Net transepithelial nutrient transport in upper intestine is greater in freshwater fish than in marine forms as a result of considerable solute backflux from epithelium to lumen in the latter. 5. 5. In many fish the lower intestine displays a significant net transmural flux of nutrients that may contribute to total organic solute absorption. 6. 6. Intestines of freshwater fish have a serosa positive (relative to mucosa) electrical potential difference; marine fish display a negative serosa. 7. 7. Addition of organic solutes to intestines of freshwater fish hyperpolarizes the electrically positive serosa; in marine forms a depolarization of the serosa negative potential occurs. In both cases this appears due to increased net transmural sodium transport coupled to net nutrient flow.
The geometry of separation boundaries: I. Basic theory and numerical support

Separation has always been an important task in the chemical industry. Even with the recent shift in emphasis and efforts to unify the physical and biological sciences, separation will remain an important workhorse in production and product/process design. The theory of simple distillation and residue curve maps has a long history—roughly 100 years—and has made a significant impact in the way many new separation processes are synthesized and designed. The key synthesis/design concept in this approach centers on understanding the ways in which constant boiling mixtures (or azeotropes) define separation boundaries. It is now well established that these azeotropes (or eutectics in melt or fractional crystallization and other solid–liquid separations) often define curved separation boundaries that place limitations on the degree of separation that can be achieved. Despite this, there remains no clear and exact understanding of separation boundaries and no straightforward way of accurately computing them in practice. A geometric methodology is presented that shows that exact separation boundaries can be defined through the use of differential geometry and dynamical systems theory and formulated as a constrained global optimization problem. Our novel approach is based on the observation that, for ternary homogeneous liquids, separation boundaries correspond to local maxima in the line integral within a given separation region. In addition, it is shown that these local maxima in the line integral correspond to one-sided cusps and that global optimization is absolutely necessary, given that several local maxima can exist within any separation region. Several numerical examples are presented that show that the proposed geometric approach can accurately find separation boundaries for homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures. Finally, it is shown that our new methodology is very general and readily extends to mixtures with four or more components, reactive separations, nonequilibrium models, and other processes such as crystallization and vapor degreasing. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 52: 582–594, 2006
Narrative knowers, expository knowledge

Occasional dissent notwithstanding, “expository” prose—usually conceived as depersonalized and decontextualized—continues to be the main focus of most writing instruction at the secondary and college levels. This article critically examines the opposition of objectified exposition and personal narrative posited by rhetorical tradition and maintained by most composition texts and syllabi today. The liveliness of recent cross-disciplinary discussions regarding the narrative as a uniquely rich mode of thought and discourse contrasts rather sharply with the negative and often impoverished assumptions about storied prose held by most composition theorists and teachers. Unsupported by empirical evidence, such assumptions reflect a cultural bias that prefers abstractions to stories and fails to grasp their dynamic interplay. Where writing instruction is concerned, narrative and exposition are best perceived as poles of a dialectic, with personal experience informing one's interest in abstract knowledge beyond th...
Unique Meteorological Data During Hurricane Ike's Passage Over Houston

Hurricane Ike passed over the Houston, Tex., metropolitan area during the early morning of 13 September 2008. Although Ike had been rated only a category 2 on the Saffir-Simpson scale at landfall near Galveston, Tex., the storm's widespread damage to urban trees, many lacking proper trimming, knocked out the area's power distribution system; for some customers, power was only restored a month later. The hurricane's path after landfall (Figure 1a) went north through Galveston Bay and Baytown. The city of Houston–with its economically important ship channel–experienced the less severe western eye wall, the tight circulation with maximum wind speeds around the hurricane's center. The eye's passage was recorded between 3:00 and 4:30 A.M. Central Standard Time (CST; Figures 1a and 1c). It had maintained its unusually large diameter of 35–40 kilometers in its first hours after landfall.
An 8-year review of barium studies in the diagnosis of gastroparesis.

Aim To determine the utility of barium studies for diagnosing gastroparesis in patients with nausea, vomiting, or other related symptoms. Materials and methods Radiology files revealed gastroparesis without gastric outlet obstruction on upper gastrointestinal tract barium studies in 50 patients with nausea, vomiting, and other related symptoms. Original reports and images were reviewed to determine whether gastric peristalsis was decreased/absent and to investigate gastric dilatation, fluid or debris, and delayed emptying of barium. Twenty patients (40%) had nuclear gastric emptying studies. Medical records were reviewed to determine the presentation, treatment, and course. The diagnosis of gastroparesis was considered accurate if patients with gastroparesis on barium studies responded to treatment. Results Forty-six patients (92%) had predisposing factors for gastroparesis, including narcotics and diabetes. Forty-five patients (90%) presented with nausea or vomiting, and 40 patients (80%) had one or more other symptoms, including bloating, early satiety, postprandial fullness, and abdominal pain. Barium studies revealed decreased gastric peristalsis in 46 (92%) of the 50 patients and absent peristalsis in four (8%); 46 patients (92%) had additional findings, including gastric dilatation in 30 (60%), delayed emptying of barium in 27 (54%), debris in 28 (56%; bezoars in three), and retained fluid in 13 (26%). Thirteen (65%) of 20 patients with nuclear gastric emptying studies had delayed emptying of solids and seven (35%) had normal emptying. Thirty-five (83%) of 42 patients treated for gastroparesis had symptomatic improvement versus two (25%) of eight patients not treated. Conclusion Patients with nausea, vomiting, or other related symptoms who have gastroparesis without gastric outlet obstruction on barium studies can be treated for this condition on the basis of the clinical and radiographic findings.
Characterization of Glutamine Synthetase Transcript, Protein, and Enzyme Activity in the Human Placenta

Abstract This study characterizes the molecular mechanisms necessary for glutamine synthesis in the human placenta. RNA hybridization and protein immunoblotting were used to verify the presence of glutamine synthetase (GS) transcripts and protein, respectively. Additionally, the presence of GS was determined by immunohistochemistry. RNA hybridization demonstrated the presence of 1.8- and 2.8413 transcripts and protein immununoblotting yielded a single 49-kDa band, characteristic of GS transcripts and protein, respectively. The mean (± s.d.) specific activity of placental GS, expressed as μmol gamma-glutamyl hydroxamic acid/mg protein/h was 1.80 ± 0.59, which is comparable to other organs which are net glutamine producers. Immunohistochemical analysis indicated the presence of GS within the cytotrophoblast and mesenchyme layers of placental villi, but not in the syncytiotrophoblast. Although these results suggest that the human placenta is capable of synthesizing glutamine, the fate of glutamine produced by this organ remains speculative.
Extrarenal primitive malignant tumor with rhabdoid features: Fine-needle aspiration cytology, lmmunocytochemistry, and electron microscopy of a case

We describe a malignant pelvic tumor with rhabdoid-like features that arose in the sacroiliac region of a 15-year-old girl. Fine-needle aspiration (FNA) cytology showed large cells with glassy cytoplasm, globular hyaline cytoplasmic inclusions, and prominent nucleoli. Immunocytochemical methods applied to FNA material revealed immunoreactivity for cytokeratin, epithelial membrane antigen, and vimentin; the cells failed to react with antibodies to desmin. This distinct appearance and phenotype was most consistent with a diagnosis of extrarenal malignant rhabdoid tumor. Electron microscopy confirmed this interpretation, showing whorled filamentous aggregates in the cytoplasm of the tumor cells.
A Contemporary Analysis of Fournier Gangrene Using the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program

Objective To determine a nationwide contemporary description of surgical Fournier gangrene (FG) and necrotizing fasciitis of the genitalia (NFG) outcomes because historically reported mortality rates for FG and NFG are based on small single-institution studies from the 1980s and the 1990s. Methods The National Surgical Quality Improvement Program is a risk-adjusted surgical database used by nearly 400 hospitals nationwide, which tracks preoperative, intraoperative, and 30-day postoperative clinical variables. Data are extracted from patient charts by an independent surgical clinical reviewer at each hospital. Using the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program data from 2005 to 2009, we calculated 30-day mortality rates and identified preoperative factors associated with increased mortality. Results A total of 650 patients were identified with surgery for FG or NFG. Fourteen patients with do not resuscitate orders placed preoperatively were excluded from analyses. For the remaining 636 patients, the overall 30-day mortality was 10.1% (64 of 636). Fifty-seven percent of patients (360 of 636) were men, 70% (446 of 636) were white, and 13% (81 of 636) were African American. Multivariate logistic regression indicated that increased age (odds ratio [OR], 1.041; P = .004), body mass index (OR, 1.045; P Conclusion We determined a surgical mortality rate for FG-NFG of 10.1%. This rate is about half of historically published estimates and similar to recent studies. The lower rate may indicate improvements in therapy. Increased age, body mass index, and white blood cell count, and decreased platelet count were all associated with an increased risk of 30-day mortality.
Surface plasmons at the interface between right-handed and left-handed 2D metamaterials

In this paper, we demonstrate a new phenomenon at the interface RH/LH the emergence of surface plasmons at the frequency where the two media have the same electromagnetic density (i.e. refractive indexes of same magnitude, but opposite signs). Conventional surface plasmons occur at the interface between two dielectric media coated by a thin layer of metal; they couple to the evanescent wave due to total internal reflection at the specific incidence angle corresponding to the plasmon resonance. The plasmons described here are very different because they appear in two media of same density and do not require a metal collector, using the plasmonic nature of the LH structure instead of that of metal.
Model-based fault diagnosis for a vehicle chassis system

Based on a linearized 3-DOF bicycle model, this paper compares two different fault detection and isolation (FDI) methods for the FDI of a command input fault and an output sensor fault within a vehicle chassis system. The first FDI approach uses parity equations to decouple the two types of faults, while at the same time, minimizes the influence of the disturbance on the residuals. The second FDI method uses sliding mode observer design, and by monitoring the equivalent control of the observers, in which the fault information is contained, achieves the detection and isolation of the faults. Lane change maneuvers are simulated, and the results showed that, under the given simulation condition, both diagnostic approaches can successfully detect and isolate the two types of faults despite the existence of a lateral wind gust disturbance.
FUNDAMENTAL STUDY OF CLAY: II, MECHANISM OF DEFLOCCULATION IN THE CLAY‐WATER SYSTEM*

The effect of bases, basic salts, neutral salts, acid salts, and acids on the viscosity of clay slips cleaned as described in Part I of this study is shown. From these data, a fundamental theory of deflocculation is built up, based on the fact that deflocculation requires the presence of OH anions and monovalent cations. The influence on the viscosity of small traces of soluble salts or adsorbed ions, which are present in commercial clays, is discussed. It is also shown why sodium silicate or carbonate works more satisfactorily than sodium hydroxide in the deflocculation of commercial casting slips.
Windows NT Clustering Service

The Windows NT Clustering Service supports high-availability file servers, databases, and generic applications and services. A cluster is a collection of computer nodes-independent, self-contained computer systems-that work together to provide a more reliable and powerful system than a single node. In general, the goal of a cluster is to distribute a computing load over several systems, without users or system administrators being aware of the independent systems running the services. The Windows NT Clustering Service detects and restarts failed hardware or software components or migrates the failed component's functionality to another node if local restart is not possible. It also offers a much simpler user and programming interface. Microsoft Cluster Service for Windows NT has been shipping for about a year on Windows NT version 4.0. The upcoming Windows NT 5.0 release of Windows NT Clustering Service will improve ease of use through a wizard that guides the user through the creation of cluster resources.
A Prototype Curriculum For The Study Of Software Management

The discipline of Software Management, which is a new and potentially meaningful direction for information technology (IT) education, is presented for the first time in this article. Software Management is a curriculum model, which specifically addresses the productivity and quality issues that have arisen in IT. It is distinguished from the traditional disciplines of Computer Science, Software Engineering and Information Science by its body of knowledge, which focuses explicitly on building strategic governance infrastructures rather than technical artifacts. This article presents curricular recommendations for each traditional discipline and uses these to illustrate Software Management’s unique role and value. It also presents a conceptual framework and justification, which will assist educators in curriculum development and design issues.
The Potential for DHA to Mitigate Mild Traumatic Brain Injury

ABSTRACT Scientific knowledge of omega-3 fatty acids (FAs) has grown in the last decade to a greater understanding of their mechanisms of action and their potential therapeutic effects. Omega-3 FAs have shown therapeutic potential with respect to hyperlipidemia, depression, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, and mild cognitive impairment. Laboratory evidence and clinical interest have grown such that omega-3 FAs have now assumed a role in concussion management. This has coincided with recent research that has also helped to increase the scientific understanding of cerebral concussion; although concussion or mild traumatic brain injury was assumed to be a malfunctioning brain without anatomical damage, we now know that there is the potential for damage and dysfunction at the cellular and microstructural levels. Specifically, with concussion abnormal metabolism of glucose may occur and intracellular mitochondrial dysfunction can persist for several days. In this article, we discuss the role of omega-...
Comprehensive review of estimating system-reliability confidence-limits from component-test data

A common problem of practical importance in reliability analysis is the determination of the reliability of a complex system where the only data available are reliability estimate of testing data on various components or subsystems that make up the system. In the literature, there have been many papers that have dealt with this problem. This paper, based on an extensive review of literature, summarizes and compares methods and models on system reliability confidence limits estimation. The advantages, disadvantages, limitations and application issues of these methods are analyzed and compared. It is shown that analytical methods are good for some specific application cases and Monte Carlo methods are the most powerful technique for very complex systems with different kinds of failure data. The results of this paper can be used as a guideline in choosing an appropriate method.
Crowding-induced organization of cytoskeletal elements: II. Dissolution of spontaneously formed filament bundles by capping proteins

Through calculations of molecular packing constraints in crowded solutions, we have previously shown that dispersions of filament forming proteins and soluble proteins can be unstable at physiological concentrations, such that tight bundles of filaments are formed spontaneously, in the absence of any accessory binding proteins. Here we consider the modulation of this phenomenon by capping proteins. The theory predicts that, by shortening the average filament length, capping alleviates the packing problem. As a result, the dispersed isotropic solution is stable over an expanded range of compositions.
Coupled transverse vibration modeling of drillstrings subjected to torque and spatially varying axial load

Predicting and mitigating unwanted vibration of drillstrings is an important subject for oil drilling companies. Uncontrolled vibrations cause premature failure of the drillstring and associated components. The drillstring is a long slender structure that vibrates in three primary coupled modes: torsional, axial and transverse. Among these coupled modes, the transverse mode is the major cause of drillstring failures and wellbore washout. Modal analysis of drillstrings reveals critical frequen- cies and helps drillers to avoid running the bit near critical modes. In this article, the coupled orthogonal modes of transverse vibration of a drillstring in the presence of torque and spatially varying axial force (due to mud hydrostatic effect, self-weight and hook load) are derived and the mode shapes and natural frequencies are determined through the expanded Galerkin method. The results are verified by the nonlinear finite element method. Modal mass participation factor, which represents how strongly a specific mode contributes to the motion in a certain direction, is used to determine the appropriate number of modes to retain so that computational efficiency can be maximized.
Representations of Religious Words: Insights for Religious Priming Research

Researchers often expose participants to a series of words (e.g., religion, God, faith) to activate religious concepts and observe their subsequent effects on people's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. This research has revealed many important effects of experimentally manipulated religious cognition in domains ranging from prosocial behavior to prejudice. However, it is not exactly clear what constitutes a “religious cognition,” and no research has yet investigated conceptual distinctions between different kinds of religious prime words. In the present research we used a card-sorting task to examine laypeople's subjective understanding of religious prime words, and the central categories or dimensions of these religious concepts. Using multidimensional scaling, property fitting, and cluster analysis methods to analyze the proximities among the words, we find evidence for the mental representation of three relatively distinct kinds of religious concepts: agents (e.g., God, angel), spiritual/abstract (e.g., faith, belief), and institutional/concrete (e.g., shrine, scripture). Theoretical and methodological impli-cations for religious priming research are discussed.
Functions of the common ingroup identity model and acculturation strategies in intercultural communication: American host nationals’ communication with Chinese international students ☆

Abstract This experimental study examined American host nationals’ ( N = 284) perceptions of Chinese international students’ cultural adaptation strategies and the effects of the strategies on the participants’ willingness to communicate with the Chinese students. Results generally revealed that the American participants judged the assimilated and integrated Chinese students equally more positively (i.e., more socially attractive and less communication anxiety) and were thus more willing to communicate with them than the separated and marginalized students. Findings are discussed in light of the common ingroup identity model (Gaertner et al., 1994), anxiety/uncertainty management theory (Gudykunst, 1988), and the acculturation framework ( Berry, 1980 ).
Management of Urological Problems During Pregnancy: A Rationale and Strategy

This chapter reviews the physiological changes that occur during pregnancy and their impact on the urinary tract. Specific issues that are addressed include hydronephrosis and renal rupture during pregnancy, renal calculi, urologic cancers, urinary incontinence, and antibiotic use during pregnancy.
Conversational speech transcription using context-dependent deep neural networks

Context-Dependent Deep-Neural-Network HMMs, or CD-DNN-HMMs, combine the classic artificial-neural-network HMMs with traditional context-dependent acoustic modeling and deep-belief-network pre-training. CD-DNN-HMMs greatly outperform conventional CD-GMM (Gaussian mixture model) HMMs: The word error rate is reduced by up to one third on the difficult benchmarking task of speaker-independent single-pass transcription of telephone conversations.
A phase I trial of arsenic trioxide chemoradiotherapy for infiltrating astrocytomas of childhood

Background Arsenic trioxide (ATO) has demonstrated preclinical evidence of activity in the treatment of infiltrating astrocytomas. Methods We conducted a phase I trial of ATO given concomitantly with radiation therapy in children with newly diagnosed anaplastic astrocytoma, glioblastoma, or diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma. Eligible patients received a fixed daily dose of 0.15 mg/kg of ATO once a week, with each subsequent cohort of patients receiving an additional dose per week up to a planned frequency of ATO administration 5 days per week as tolerated. Twenty-four children were enrolled and 21 children were evaluable. Results ATO was well tolerated throughout the entire dose escalation, resulting in confirmation of safety when administered 5 days per week during irradiation. Conclusions The recommended dose of ATO during conventional irradiation is 0.15 mg/kg given on a daily basis with each fraction of radiation therapy administered.
Low Cloud Type over the Ocean from Surface Observations. Part I: Relationship to Surface Meteorology and the Vertical Distribution of Temperature and Moisture

Surface cloud observations and coincident surface meteorological observations and soundings from five ocean weather stations are used to establish representative relationships between low cloud type and marine boundary layer (MBL) properties for the subtropics and midlatitudes by compositing soundings and meteorological observations for which the same low cloud type was observed. Physically consistent relationships are found to exist between low cloud type, MBL structure, and surface meteorology at substantially different geographical locations and seasons. Relative MBL height and inferred decoupling between subcloud and cloud layers are increasingly greater for stratocumulus, cumulus-under-stratocumulus, and cumulus, respectively, at midlatitude locations as well as the eastern subtropical location during both summer and winter. At the midlatitude locations examined, cloudiness identified as fair-weather stratus often occurs in a deep, stratified cloud layer with little or no capping inversion. This strongly contrasts with cloudiness identified as stratocumulus, which typically occurs in a relatively well-mixed MBL under a strong capping inversion at both midlatitude and eastern subtropical locations. At the transition between subtropics and midlatitudes in the western North Pacific, cloudiness identified as fair-weather stratus occurs in a very shallow layer near the surface. Above this layer the associated profile of temperature and moisture is similar to that for cumulus at the same location, and neither of these cloud types is associated with a discernible MBL. Sky-obscuring fog and observations of no low cloudiness typically occur with surface-based inversions. These observed relationships can be used in future studies of cloudiness and cloudiness variability to infer processes and MBL structure where above-surface observations are lacking.
Fully automated synthesis module for [C-11] palmitic acid

2082 Objectives 1-[C-11] Palmitic acid (C-11 PA) PET images provides important information relating to fatty acid metabolism in the heart, liver, and other non-easily accessible tissues in humans. C-11 PA cannot be synthesized on any commercially available synthesis module. We developed a new fully automated synthesis module for the radiosynthesis of C-11 PA and formulation in human serum albumin (HSA) for human studies. Methods C-11 PA was synthesized by the reaction of C-11 carbon dioxide with a Grignard reagent n-pentadecyl magnesium bromide in an extrelut-packed glass column. The reaction was quenched with HCl. C-11 PA was formed and purified by solid phase extraction. Organic solvent in the product was removed under vacuum by rotary evaporation. The product was formulated in 3% HSA. Results 256-517mCi of C-11 PA was obtained in 11 runs, with more than 99% radiochemical purity. 31-63% of C-11 PA was formulated in 3% HSA; 37-69% of activity resided on the evaporation glassware. 100-250 mCi of C-11 PA-HSA was obtained. C-11 PA-HSA met all of the required quality assurance test criteria. The synthesis time including formulation was less than 20 minutes from end of bombardment. Conclusions C-11 PA may be synthesized by an automated module which assures accuracy, reproducibility and safety. The module can be easily dedicated for routine preparation of C-11 PA or any radiolabeled compound requiring a similar chemical strategy
Geographic survey of fungal endophyte community composition in leaves of coastal redwood.

This geographic survey of the leaf fungal endophytes in Sequoia sempervirens (coastal redwood) is the initial stage in a larger study to explore their symbiotic relationships. Leaves from six sites...
Force and Torque on an Optical Wing

The shape of an optical wing affects the strength and stability of optical lift, providing opportunities for application-based control. Arrayed micro-wings may achieve a larger force than a same-mass single wing.
A Constraint-Based Approach to Wine Tourism Market Segmentation:

This study investigated wine tourism constraints from a market segmentation perspective to understand the potential importance they may have on preference and behavioral intentions to visit wine regions. Using constraints scales customized to the wine tourism context, a factor-cluster segmentation approach generated five homogenous subgroups: Highly Constrained, Cost & Time Conscious, Family Togetherness, Unmotivated, and Minimally Constrained. Analysis of variance tests indicated that preference and intentions to visit wine regions were significantly different among the five clusters. In particular, two cluster groups representing Minimally Constrained and Family Togetherness were found to offer the most utility for further wine tourism market segmentation research. Implications for all cluster groups regarding unique sociodemographic characteristics and behavioral intentions were discussed. This study provides future academic research opportunities pertaining to the application of wine tourism constrain...
Investigation on sanitary condition of rural drinking water in Luohe City in 2011

[Objective]To understand the sanitary condition of rural drinking water in Luohe City,provide scientific basis for water supply improvement in rural area.[Methods]According to the Monitoring Project for Sanitary Condition of Drinking Water in Rural Area of Henan Province in 2011,the basic condition of rural drinking water in rural area of Luohe City were investigated,which included type of water source,basic information of centralized water supply,situation of monitoring points for centralized water supply and reports of water quality.The water samples collected from 100 monitoring points of centralized water supply were detected,and the results were analyzed statistically.[Results]The capacity of most water supply projects in Luohe City was less than 500 tons,and the water-supplied population was less than 5000.The qualified rate of water quality in dry season and rainy season was 85.5% and 72.5% respectively.The qualified rate of finished water and tap water in dry season was respectively 86.0% and 85.0%,while that in rainy season was respectively 70.0% and 74.0%,the difference in qualified rate of finished water between dry season and rainy season was significant(P0.05),and the difference in qualified rate of tap water was not significant(P0.05).The unqualified indexes mainly included total bacterial count,total coliform group,thermotolerant coliform bacteria,manganese,chlorides,total hardness and fluorides.[Conclusion]The coverage rate of centralized water supply is low in rural area of Luohe City.It is urgent to construct centralized water supply projects in rural area,and strengthen disinfection and supervisory monitoring of drinking water.