cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Atypical hyperplasia in the era of stereotactic core needle biopsy

Background and Objectives: To characterize both atypical hyperplasia (AH) and the malignancies typically present at open surgical biopsy in women diagnosed with AH by stereotactic core needle biopsy (SCNB). Methods Patients with AH diagnosed by SCNB were advised to undergo surgical biopsy to rule out an associated malignancy. Mammography findings, pathology reports and follow-up data were analyzed. Results AH was identified by SCNB in 38 of 893 (4.3%) patients. Carcinoma was identified in 12 of 33 (36.4%) patients who went on to surgical biopsy. Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) was present in 11 of the 12 patients with malignancy. There were no characteristic mammographic findings which would identify patients with carcinoma. Conclusions When SCNB returns a diagnosis of AH there is a substantial risk of an associated malignancy in the breast. There appear to be no definitive criteria to distinguish which patients harbor a malignancy, and surgical biopsy should always serve as an adjunct diagnostic procedure. J. Surg. Oncol. 1998;67:168–173. Published 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.1
Genetic Differentiation of Tetraploid Creeping Bentgrass and Hexaploid Redtop Bentgrass Genotypes by AFLP and their Use in Turfgrass Breeding

The turf industry in the last decade has seen doubling in number of new creeping bentgrass [Agrostis stolonifera var. palustris (Huds.) Farw. and A. stolonifera var. stolonifera Huds.] cultivars, many with unknown variability and lineage. Understanding the genetic diversity of putative parental and wild stocks would be useful in plant breeding programs. Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis was conducted to investigate genetic variability among old and new cultivars of creeping bentgrasses, redtop bentgrasses (Agrostis gigantea Roth), plant introductions, and selected creeping bentgrass genotypes with resistance to gray snow mold (Typhula incarnata Lasch). Seven chosen primer combinations resulting in 355 polymorphic markers were used to differentiate the bentgrasses. Three groups were extracted by principal component analysis (PCA). With unweighted pair group method with the arithmetic mean (UPGMA) analysis, mean similarity coefficients of creeping bentgrass genotypes found in the first group was 0.78. Creeping bentgrasses in the USA were clustered as a subgroup and separated from European plant introductions, indicating that most selection and genetic exchanges in the last fifty years have evolved locally. Redtop bentgrasses were the most diverse and were found in different groups. Selected lines from northern Michigan, MI 20104, MI 20215, and MI 203164, were well differentiated from the other cultivars and would be advantageous to use as sources of disease-resistant traits and for development of populations for future gene mapping.
Explaining international fertility differences.

Why do fertility rates vary so much across countries? Why are European fertility rates so much lower than American fertility rates? To answer these questions we extend the Barro—Becker framework to incorporate the decision to accumulate human capital (which determines earnings) and health capital (which determines life span). We find that cross-country differences in productivity and taxes go a long way toward explaining the observed differences in fertility and mortality.
The African American Study of Kidney Disease: Do these results indicate that 140/90 mm Hg is good enough?

Current national guidelines recommend aggressive lowering of blood pressure ( 1 g proteinuria/d), and meta-analyses of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor clinical trials all support lower blood pressure goals in CKD patients, particularly those with proteinuria. The African American Study of Kidney Disease and Hypertension (AASK) supports lower blood pressure goals in terms of reduction of proteinuria, but demonstrates no additional benefit for clinical renal outcomes. Similarly, the second Ramipril Efficacy in Nephropathy study (REIN-2) shows that in patients with proteinuric nondiabetic renal disease who are receiving ACE inhibitors, a lower than usual blood pressure goal does not improve renal outcomes. However, there are limited clinical trial data evaluating the effects of low blood pressure on the increased cardiovascular risk seen in patients with CKD. Pending further clinical studies, current recommendations to target tight blood pressure control (< 130/80 mm Hg) in patients with CKD appear reasonable.
Experiences with a Private Enterprise Cloud: Providing Fault Tolerance and High Availability for Interactive EDA Applications

Silicon Design and Electronic Design Automation (EDA) business is highly competitive and time to market is of utmost importance in the semiconductor industry where companies put in a lot of effort to make sure that the first silicon is as healthy as possible. Hence it is imperative that the EDA compute environment provides maximum uptime to design engineers by utilizing several different High Performance Computing (HPC) technologies. In this paper we present Intel's EDA compute infrastructure, along with a detailed software and system architecture for supporting workload checkpointing, restoration and migration for specifically EDA jobs that are interactive in nature. We also describe our experiences in providing high availability for such EDA applications using existing popular HA/FT techniques. We believe that this is one of the few detailed descriptions of the EDA compute infrastructure of a large and complex semiconductor design company and that this will be useful in addressing future HPC challenges for EDA workloads as HPC technologies mature and evolve.
Inactivation of Salmonella during Drying and Storage of Carrot Slices Prepared Using Commonly Recommended Methods

ABSTRACT: This study evaluated the influence of drying treatments and aerobic storage (25°C, 30 d) on inactivation of a five-strain mixture of Salmonella (7.8 log colony-forming units [CFU]/g) on carrot slices. Treatments included (1) control, (2) steam blanching (88°C, 3 min), (3) water blanching (88°C, 3 min), (4) immersion in 3.23% NaCl (25 ± 3°C, 5 min), and (5) oven heating (80°C, 15 min) after drying. Treatments were selected from recommendations made by Cooperative Extension Services for ability to maintain characteristics of dried vegetables and possible antimicrobial effects. Carrot slices were inoculated with the Salmonella mixture, left for 15 min to allow for attachment, then treated (steam blanched, water blanched, or 3.23% NaCl immersion) and dehydrated (60°C, 6 h), or left untreated, dehydrated (60°C, 6 h), and heated (80°C, 15 min). Samples were analyzed by spread-plating on tryptic soy agar with 0.1% pyruvate (TSAP) and xylose lysine deoxycholate (XLD) agar for bacterial enumeration. Initial populations (6.96 to 7.18 log CFU/g) were reduced by 3.2 to 3.3 log CFU/g immediately after steam or water blanching, and by 0.6 log CFU/g following immersion in 3.23% NaCl. After 6 h dehydration, reductions were 1.3 to 2.0 (control), 4.0 to 4.7 (steam blanched), 3.5 to 4.3 (water blanched), and 1.9 to 2.6 (3.23% NaCl) log CFU/g. Reductions on samples heated after drying were 1.7 to 2.4 log CFU/g. All samples had populations >1.7 log CFU/g after 6 h drying and 30 d storage at 25°C and, therefore, may pose a food safety risk. Modified treatments are needed to further enhance inactivation of Salmonella on dehydrated carrots.
From Monomers to π-Stacks. A Comprehensive Study of the Structure and Properties of Monomeric, π-Dimerized, and π-Stacked Forms of the Cation Radical of 3‘,4‘-Dibutyl-2,5‘‘-diphenyl-2,2‘:5‘,2‘‘-terthiophene

3‘,4‘-Dibutyl-5,5‘‘-diphenyl-2,2‘:5‘,2‘‘-terthiophene (Bu2Ph2Tth) can be readily converted to the stable cation radical [Bu2Ph2Tth]+. The hexafluorophosphate salts of the cation radical ([Bu2Ph2Tth]PF6) are synthesized in millimolar quantities by either chemical or constant current electrochemical oxidation; the latter method gave X-ray quality single crystals. X-ray powder diffraction studies indicate the materials from both syntheses have the same structure. The crystal structure of [Bu2Ph2Tth]PF6 was determined and is temperature dependent. At 293 K, [Bu2Ph2Tth]PF6 crystallizes in the C2/c space group while at 106 K it belongs to the P21/n space group and exhibits a superlattice structure where the c axis is approximately double that at 293 K. Both structures consist of columnar “slipped π-stacks” of [Bu2Ph2Tth]+ cations and channels of PF6- anions. At 293 K, the cations stack with a regular interplanar contact distance of 3.47 A; at 106 K, the contact distances alternate regularly such that each catio...
Inhibition of polyamine biosynthesis by α-difluoromethyl ornithine potentiates the cytotoxic effects of arabinosyl cytosine in HeLa cells

Abstract The object of this study was to examine the effect of inhibition of polyamine biosynthesis on the cell cycle traverse of HeLa cells using α-difluoromethyl ornithine (DFMO), a catalytic irreversible inhibitor of ornithine decarboxylase. The results of this study indicate that DFMO inhibits HeLa cell growth by causing a decrease in the intracellular levels of putrescine and spermidine without any significant effect on concentration of spermine. The inhibition is readily reversible by exogenous supply of putrescine to the medium. The DFMO treatment also results in an accumulation of cells in S phase. Further, the use of an S phase-specific drug like Ara-C following DFMO treatment results in a synergistic killing of the tumor cells as revealed by the inhibition of cell growth. These observations suggest that exploitation of regulation of the cell cycle by the depletion of polyamines with the use of inhibitors like DFMO might help in designing better therapeutic regimes in combination with other cytotoxic drugs.
An approach to integrating ICTD projects into an undergraduate curriculum

Applying information and communication technologies to development (ICTD) is emerging as an interesting and motivating research area in computer science and engineering. It spans application areas from healthcare to transportation, and requires the use of computing skills from networking to user interface design. Addressing problems of developing regions and under-served communities lets students explore a different part of the ICT design space, leading to new implementation and research questions. ICTD is also an area that has the potential to excite students about the CSE field more generally, with its emphasis on enabling social benefits with technology, and is rich in possibilities for interesting student projects. In this paper we report on two offerings of a course at the University of Washington that introduce students to the field by way of 1) reading papers from literature in the area to gain exposure to this very different design mindset and 2) doing practical projects that engage students in engineering problems under unique design constraints. Our hope is that CSE educators may find our experiences useful in identifying an approach to integrating the field of ICTD into their curricula.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES ON THE ETIOLOGY OF TYPHUS FEVER : II. SURVIVAL OF THE VIRUS IN AEROBIC AND ANAEROBIC CULTURE MEDIA.

The results of the foregoing experiments show that the typhus virus, found in the blood of guinea pigs during the height of typical experimental typhus fever, does not survive at 37 degrees C. in anaerobic media for as long a period as in the same media under aerobic conditions. In media from which oxygen is excluded, the viability period is 24 to 48 hours; in the same media having no barrier to atmospheric oxygen, the period is usually 5 days, in one instance, 3 days. The dead virus fails to induce not only the typical experimental disease but also an immunity to further injections of typhus virus. That the death of the virus is due to exclusion of oxygen from the medium, rather than to a change in the hydrogen ion concentration therein is inferred from the fact that media with varying hydrogen ion concentrations, such as broth (pH 7.4), horse serum (pH 7.8), and human ascitic fluid (pH 8.0) have the same comparative effect on the virus, when under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. That is, in all, the anaerobic state causes a shortening of the viability period of the typhus virus. In the Smith-Noguchi tissue, ascitic fluid, sealed medium in which bacteria resembling Plotz' bacilli grow luxuriantly and remain viable for several weeks, the typhus virus does not increase in virulence, and even dies after 24 hours. This evidence supports the conclusion previously presented that the Bacillus typhi exanthematici of Plotz is not identical with the active agent of typhus virus.
Bentham's Equality-Sensitive Utilitarianism

Rosen argues that Bentham's utilitarian doctrine was sensitive to distributive concerns and would not countenance sacrifice of fundamental individual interests for aggregate gains in happiness in society. This essay seeks to extend and deepen Rosen's argument. It is argued that Bentham's equality-sensitive principle of utility is an expression of an individualist conception of human happiness which contrasts sharply with the orthodox utilitarian abstract conception. Evidence for this interpretation of the basic motivation of Bentham's doctrine is drawn from his view of the relationship between happiness and expectations, from various expressions of his ‘each to count for one’ formula, and from his reformulations of the principle of utility itself late in his career.
Habitual Physical Activity and Plasma Metabolomic Patterns Distinguish Individuals with Low vs. High Weight Loss during Controlled Energy Restriction

Background: Total weight loss induced by energy restriction is highly variable even under tightly controlled conditions. Identifying weight-loss discriminants would provide a valuable weight management tool and insights into body weight regulation. Objective: This study characterized responsiveness to energy restriction in adults from variables including the plasma metabolome, endocrine and inflammatory markers, clinical indices, body composition, diet, and physical activity. Methods: Data were derived from a controlled feeding trial investigating the effect of 3–4 dairy product servings in an energy-restricted diet (2092 kJ/d reduction) over 12 wk. Partial least squares regression was used to identify weight-loss discriminants in 67 overweight and obese adults. Linear mixed models were developed to identify discriminant variable differences in high- vs. low-weight–loss responders. Results: Both pre- and postintervention variables (n = 127) were identified as weight-loss discriminants (root mean squared error of prediction = 1.85 kg; Q2 = 0.43). Compared with low-responders (LR), high-responders (HR) had greater decreases in body weight (LR: 2.7 ± 1.6 kg; HR: 9.4 ± 1.8 kg, P < 0.01), BMI (in kg/m2; LR: 1.0 ± 0.6; HR: 3.3 ± 0.5, P < 0.01), and total fat (LR: 2.2 ± 1.1 kg; HR: 8.0 ± 2.1 kg, P < 0.01). Significant group effects unaffected by the intervention were determined for the respiratory exchange ratio (LR: 0.86 ± 0.05; HR: 0.82 ± 0.03, P < 0.01), moderate physical activity (LR: 127 ± 52 min; HR: 167 ± 68 min, P = 0.02), sedentary activity (LR: 1090 ± 99 min; HR: 1017 ± 110 min, P = 0.02), and plasma stearate [LR: 102,000 ± 21,000 quantifier ion peak height (QIPH); HR: 116,000 ± 24,000 QIPH, P = 0.01]. Conclusions: Overweight and obese individuals highly responsive to energy restriction had accelerated reductions in adiposity, likely supported in part by higher lipid mobilization and combustion. A novel observation was that person-to-person differences in habitual physical activity and magnitude of weight loss were accompanied by unique blood metabolite signatures. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as {"type":"clinical-trial","attrs":{"text":"NCT00858312","term_id":"NCT00858312"}}NCT00858312.
Merging multiple stacks MRI into a single data volume

Image-guided neurosurgery depends on both high image contrast and resolution. With pre-operative images, surgeons can precisely navigate using specialized instruments to in-vivo targets of interest such as the globus pallidus or subthalamic regions. Current MR imaging techniques, however, do not offer the full resolution and contrast-to-noise requirements needed by these surgical methods. This paper examines a technique based on projections onto convex sets (POCS) and relies on superresolution restoration that reaches high contrast and resolution for deep brain stimulator implantation surgery. An inversion process is introduced for combining multiple scans at different orientations with downsampled measurements producing a single data volume of high resolution and contrast.
Essays on English Law and the American Experience

The roots of American jurisprudence in English common law are generally recognized. This provocative volume examines how English legal forms and principles have been transformed and shaped by a people who cherished the Anglo-American legal connection but were determined to alter the law to suit particular political, social, and economic circumstances. The authors, writing from a variety of perspectives, explore the nexus between social forces and the nexus between social forces and the relatively autonomous legal system. They describe how the details of society and social organization (such as collective values, political culture, and ideology) interact with the ideas and structures of law to shape legal forms, habits, practices, and outcomes. Through their studies of the notion of sanctuary, the development of fencing law on the Great Plains, the shaping of the American law of treason, the British origins of the Texas workers' compensation system, the Americanization of Blackstone, and the meaning of common law in the United States, these scholars not only show the ongoing historical influence of English law and legal history after the American Revolution but also demonstrate the current vitality of comparative legal history as a discipline.
On the mode of action of ethacrynic acid, using the barnacle muscle fiber as a model.

Abstract External application of 10−4 M ethacrynic acid at pH 7.8 is usually without effect on the Na efflux into a 10 mM HCO3− solution. At an external pH of 6.8, however, 10−3 M ethacrynic acid causes a gradual rise in the loss of Na into a solution the initial HCO3- concentration of which is 5 mM. Lowering the external pH of this solution to 5.8 results in a reversal of the slow rise in Na loss. External application of 10−5 M ethacrynic at pH 6.9 and pH 6.3 is unaccompanied by a rise in the Na efflux into a Ca2+-free solution the initial HCO3− concentration of which is 5 mM. External application of 10−3 M ethacrynic acid following stimulation of the Na efflux into a Ca2+-free solution by reducing the external pH from 7.8 to 6.3 results in a large fall in the rate of loss of Na. These results indicate that the CO2-sensitive Na efflux is the principal site at which ethacrynic acid acts.
Is There a Role for Sonde Enteroscopy in Patients with Obscure Gastrointestinal Bleeding? A Comparison with Capsule Endoscopy.

Background: In the 1980’s and 1990’s combined Push and Sonde Enteroscopy was the primary endoscopic tool used to evaluate the small intestine in patients with obscure gastrointestinal bleeding (OGIB). It was available in only a few centers due to the technical difficulties associated with its use. The introduction of wireless capsule endoscopy in 2001 revolutionalized small bowel endoscopic imaging making Sonde enteroscopy a rarely used procedure despite the lack of studies comparing the efficacy of the two modalities. The aim of this study was to restrospectively compare the findings of Sonde enteroscopy with capsule endoscopy in patients with OGIB. Methods: Design: One hundred patients who underwent Sonde enteroscopy and 101 patients who underwent capsule endoscopy were retrospectively studied. Setting: All patients had their procedures completed by physicians within the same gastroenterology practice. Patients: All patients who underwent either Sonde enteroscopy or capsule endoscopy were enrolled. Interventions: None. Main outcome measurements: Outcome was defined as the number of patients in which a distinct bleeding site could be identified. Results: A total of 100 patients underwent Push and Sonde enteroscopy and a potential bleeding site was identified in 55 (55%) patients. A total of 101 patients underwent capsule endoscopy and a potential bleeding site was identified in 60 (59%) patients. A onetailed P value showed no statistically significant difference in the diagnostic yield between the procedures. Conclusions: A total of 100 patients underwent Push and Sonde enteroscopy and a potential bleeding site was identified in 55 (55%) patients. A total of 101 patients underwent capsule endoscopy and a potential bleeding site was identified in 60 (59%) patients. A onetailed P value showed no statistically significant difference in the diagnostic yield between the procedures.
STRUCTURAL STATE OF K-FELDSPAR IN THE FELSIC VOLCANIC ROCKS AND RING PLUTON GRANITES OF THE BUTLER HILL CALDERA, ST. FRANCOIS MOUNTAINS, SOUTHEASTERN MISSOURI

The K-feldspar in all major rock units exposed in the Middle Proterozoic Butler Hill Caldera, St. Francois Mountains, southeastern Missouri, shows a high, but not maximum, degree of structural order. The structural state parameter Z for phenocryst material from the felsic volcanic rock units averages 0.89, with a standard deviation of 0.06 ( Z would be 1 in fully ordered microcline). K-feldspar extracted from the matrix of these same samples yields an average Z value of 0.86, with a standard deviation of 0.07. The Z parameter for the K-feldspar in the ring pluton granites averages 0.87, with a standard deviation of 0.06. The structural state of the K-feldspar in these ring pluton granites is virtually identical to that reported by our group for the Butler Hill – Breadtray Granite, the subvolcanic granite massif exposed in the center of the Butler Hill Caldera. There is no statistically significant variation of K-feldspar structural state with inferred structural elevation, present topographic elevation, or proximity to the Simms Mountain Fault. We interpret the homogeneity of the K-feldspar structural state throughout the Butler Hill Caldera complex, and especially the unexpectedly high degree of structural order in the volcanic K-feldspar, as evidence for a pervasive alteration event, which re-ordered the K-feldspar throughout the entire volcanic–plutonic complex. The most likely cause of the homogenization of the K-feldspar structural state is the late-stage alkaline magmatism inferred to have occurred throughout the St. Francois Mountains at approximately 1.36 Ga.
Ventricular arrhythmia is predicted by sum absolute QRST integralbut not by QRS width

Abstract Background There is a controversy regarding the association between QRS width and ventricular arrhythmias (VAs). We hypothesized that predictive value of the QRS width could be improved if QRS width were considered in the context of the sum magnitude of the absolute QRST integral in 3 orthogonal leads sum absolute QRST integral (SAI QRST). We explored correlations between QRS width, SAI QRST, and VA in primary prevention implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) patients with structural heart disease. Methods Baseline orthogonal electrocardiograms were recorded at rest in 355 patients with implanted primary prevention ICDs (mean age, 59.5 ± 12.4 years; 279 male [79%]). Patients were observed prospectively at least 6 months; appropriate ICD therapies because of sustained VA served as end points. The sum magnitude of the absolute QRST integral in 3 orthogonal leads (SAI QRST) was calculated. Results During a mean follow-up of 18 months, 48 patients had sustained VA and received appropriate ICD therapies. There was no difference in baseline QRS width between patients with and those without arrhythmia (114.9 ± 32.8 vs 108.9 ± 24.7 milliseconds; P = .230). SAI QRST was significantly lower in patients with VA at follow-up than in patients without VA (102.6 ± 27.6 vs 112.0 ± 31.9 mV·ms; P = 0.034). Patients with SAI QRST (≤145 mV·ms) had a 3-fold higher risk of ventricular tachycardia (VT)/ventricular fibrillation (VF) (hazard ratio [HR], 3.25; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.59-6.75; P = .001). In the univariate analysis, QRS width did not predict VT/VF. In the bivariate Cox regression model, every 1 millisecond of incremental QRS widening with a simultaneous 1 mV·ms SAI QRST decrease raised the risk of VT/VF by 2% (HR, 1.02; 95% CI, 1.01-1.03; P = .005). Conclusion QRS widening is associated with ventricular tachyarrhythmia only if accompanied by low SAI QRST.
Stimulatory (H1) and inhibitory (H2) histamine receptors in gallbladder muscle.

The nature of histamine receptors in gallbladder muscle and examined using specific histamine-receptor agonists and antagonists. The H2-receptor antagonist, metiamide, augmented the contractile response to histamine indicating that gallbladder muscle possessed stimulatory H1 receptors and inhibitory H2 receptors. The independent inhibitory character of H2 receptors was confirmed by (1) induction of relaxation with histamine after H1-receptor blockade and the suppression of this relaxation with metiamide, and (2) induction of relaxation with a specific H2-receptor agonist, 4-methyl histamine, and the suppression of this relaxation with metiamide. Further, blockade of H2 but not of H1 receptors augmented the response to the octapeptide of cholecystokinin. The nature of this effect was such that the apparent affinity of the octapeptide for its own receptor was increased. The finding raised the possibility that in their native unoccupied state, H2 receptors may modify the response to hormonal agents.
Sexual minority stress and changes in relationship quality in same-sex couples:

Same-sex romantic partners face the challenge of developing a positive relationship while managing stressors associated with being members of a stigmatized minority group. This study examined links between two potential sources of minority stress (internalized homonegativity and sexual orientation self-concealment) and change in predictors of relationship commitment (constraints, attractions, and satisfaction) in lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) individuals. Fifty-one LGB college students who were in a same-sex dating relationship with the same person throughout the study completed surveys at two time points six weeks apart. Initial levels of internalized homonegativity were associated with decreases in relationship attractions and satisfaction but not constraints. Initial self-concealment levels, however, were unrelated to changes in any of the relationship variables.
Impacts of Air–Sea Coupling on the Simulation of Mean Asian Summer Monsoon in the ECHAM4 Model*

Atmosphere‐ocean coupling was found to play a critical role in simulating the mean Asian summer monsoon and its climatological intraseasonal oscillation (CISO) in comparisons of the results from a stand-alone ECHAM4 atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM) and a coupled ECHAM4‐ocean [Wang‐Li‐Fu (WLF)] model. The stand-alone simulation considerably overestimates the equatorial Indian Ocean rainfall and underestimates monsoon rainfall near 158N, particularly over the eastern Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal. Upon coupling with an ocean model, the simulated monsoon rainfall becomes more realistic with the rainbelt near 158N (near the equator) intensified (reduced). These two rainbelts are connected by the northward-propagating CISOs that are significantly enhanced by the air‐sea interactions. Both local and remote air‐sea interactions in the tropical Indian and Pacific Oceans contribute to better simulation of the Asian summer monsoon. The local impact is primarily due to negative feedback between SST and convection. The excessive rainfall near the equatorial Indian Ocean reduces (increases) the downward solar radiation (upward latent heat flux). These changes of surface heat fluxes cool the sea surface upon coupling, thus reducing local rainfall. The cooling of the equatorial Indian Ocean drives an anticyclonic Rossby wave response and enhances the meridional land‐sea thermal contrast. Both strengthen the westerly monsoon flow and monsoon rainfall around 158N. The local negative feedback also diminishes the excessive CISO variability in the equatorial Indian Ocean that appeared in the stand-alone atmospheric run. The remote impact stems from the reduced rainfall in the western Pacific Ocean. The overestimated rainfall (easterly wind) in the western North (equatorial) Pacific cools the sea surface upon coupling, thus reducing rainfall in the tropical western Pacific. This reduced rainfall further enhances the Indian monsoon rainfall by strengthening the Indian‐Pacific Walker circulation. These results suggest that coupling an atmospheric model with an ocean model can better simulate Asian summer monsoon climatology.
First pregnancies after preconception diagnosis of translocations of maternal origin.

Abstract Objective: To develop an approach to preimplantation diagnosis of translocations that would not require the use of specific DNA probes for each translocation type. Design: Retrospective analysis. Setting: Clinic. Patient(s): Two patients with 45XX,der(13;14)(q10;q10) karyotypes and one patient with a 46XX,t(4;14)(p15;q24) karyotype. Intervention(s): Based on the observation that first polar body chromosomes remain at the metaphase stage for a few hours after oocyte retrieval, fluorescence in situ hybridization with chromosome-painting probes was used to perform preconception genetic diagnosis of translocation of maternal origin. Main Outcome Measure(s): Oocyte FISH analysis. Result(s): A total of 31 mature oocytes were produced, and results were obtained in 23 first polar bodies. After IVF-ET, all three patients became pregnant, preconception diagnoses being confirmed by prenatal diagnosis or birth. Conclusion(s): Preconception diagnosis of translocations may reduce significantly the risk of chromosomally unbalanced offspring and pregnancy loss. This method is simpler than previous approaches because the need to develop specific DNA probes for each translocation type is avoided.
Search for evidence of three viral agents in radicular (periapical) cysts with immunohistochemistry

Sections from 20 paraffin-embedded radicular cysts and positive-control subjects were subjected to immunostaining procedures after treatment of the sections with polyclonal antibodies was performed to search for evidence of human papilloma virus and herpes viruses 1 and 2 in the lining epithelium. All 20 specimens examined were negative for the presence of all three viruses.
Functional and Genomic Analyses Reveal an Essential Coordination between the Unfolded Protein Response and ER-Associated Degradation

The unfolded protein response (UPR) regulates gene expression in response to stress in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). We determined the transcriptional scope of the UPR using DNA microarrays. Rather than regulating only ER-resident chaperones and phospholipid biosynthesis, as anticipated from earlier work, the UPR affects multiple ER and secretory pathway functions. Studies of UPR targets engaged in ER-associated protein degradation (ERAD) reveal an intimate coordination between these responses: efficient ERAD requires an intact UPR, and UPR induction increases ERAD capacity. Conversely, loss of ERAD leads to constitutive UPR induction. Finally, simultaneous loss of ERAD and the UPR greatly decreases cell viability. Thus, the UPR and ERAD are dynamic responses required for the coordinated disposal of misfolded proteins even in the absence of acute stress.
The Diversity-Multiplexing Tradeoff for the Multiaccess Relay Channel

This paper studies the diversity-multiplexing trade-off for the multiaccess relay channel (MARC) with static, flat fading. It develops two simple strategies, namely multiaccess amplify-and-forward (MAF) and multiaccess decode-and-forward (MDF), that help the users gain the benefit of cooperative diversity without changes in their devices. Results suggest that in the regime of light system loads, both strategies offer improved performance to each user as if no other users interfere or contend for the relay. However, they are inferior to the optimal dynamic decode forward (DDF) protocol in this regime. In the regime of heavy loads, the MARC with MAF offers better performance, and MARC with MDF degenerates into the multiaccess channel (MAC) without a relay. Moreover, the MAF protocol is optimal in the regime of high multiplexing.
DETECTION OF THE VIRUS OF POLIOMYELITIS IN THE NOSE AND THROAT AND GASTRO-INTESTINAL TRACT OF HUMAN BEINGS AND MONKEYS

Five strains of virus were recovered from nasal washings and feces. Four strains were of human origin, the fifth strain came from a monkey sacrificed at the height of the disease. Of the four human strains the first was isolated from the feces of a 14 year old child 7 days after the onset of illness. The second strain was from the nasal washings of a 6(1/2) year old child, 5 days after the onset of illness. The third and fourth strains were recovered from the same patient, a 2(1/2) year old child, 9 days after the onset of illness. One of these strains was obtained from nasopharyngeal washings and the other from the feces. The single monkey strain was isolated from the upper intestinal segment and appears to be the only instance of its isolation from this source in the literature. We believe that the detection of the virus in the nasal washings of two additional patients during convalescence lends further support to the belief that the virus of poliomyelitis is spread by human contact. Furthermore, the recovery of the virus from the gastro-intestinal tract with as great or greater frequency as from the upper respiratory tract, need not, it appears to us, alter our concept of the mode of entrance of the virus into the body, namely, by way of the upper respiratory tract. If the presence of the virus is conceded, then a consideration of the physiologic passage of nasal and oral secretions into the gastro-intestinal tract by reflex swallowing would serve to explain adequately the presence of the virus in those organs. It might even be further predicated that since the gastro-intestinal tract functions as a temporary reservoir for secretions from the upper respiratory tract, the gut should, after a time, contain the virus in higher concentration than any single sample of secretion obtained from the upper respiratory tract by nasal washing. It appears to us that failures to detect the virus in the gastro-intestinal tract are perhaps more indicative of inadequate procedures for its detection than of its absence. The recovery of the virus from the feces 7 and 9 days after the onset of illness takes on added significance. It indicates first, that the virus withstands the gastric acidity which under normal physiological conditions tends to keep gastric contents relatively free of bacteria. It further suggests that improper disposal of feces from patients with poliomyelitis may have serious public health consequences, particularly in smaller communities where inadequate sewage disposal may result in contamination of surrounding beaches or even local water systems.
Generating Political Priority for Maternal Mortality Reduction in 5 Developing Countries

I conducted case studies on the level of political priority given to maternal mortality reduction in 5 countries: Guatemala, Honduras, India, Indonesia, and Nigeria. Among the factors that shaped political priority were international agency efforts to establish a global norm about the unacceptability of maternal death; those agencies' provision of financial and technical resources; the degree of cohesion among national safe motherhood policy communities; the presence of national political champions to promote the cause; the deployment of credible evidence to show policymakers a problem existed; the generation of clear policy alternatives to demonstrate the problem was surmountable; and the organization of attention-generating events to create national visibility for the issue. The experiences of these 5 countries offer guidance on how political priority can be generated for other health causes in developing countries.
Cognitive Activity and Risk of Alzheimer's Disease:

Recent research suggests that frequent participation in cognitively stimulating activities may reduce risk of Alzheimer's disease in old age. We review epidemiological evidence of such an association. We then consider whether cognitive activity can account for the association between higher educational and occupational attainment and reduced risk of Alzheimer's disease. Finally, we discuss the behavioral and neurobiological mechanisms that may underlie the association between cognitive activity and risk of Alzheimer's disease.
Seismic source parameters from the Guerrero subduction zone

Abstract A method to systematically determine seismic moment and corner frequency from shear-wave spectra has been applied to strong-motion data recorded in Guerrero, Mexico. The method determines a model spectrum that minimizes the misfit from the observed spectrum, after a correction for frequency-dependent site response has been applied. The calculated moments for larger events in Guerrero are consistent with moments determined from teleseismic body waves adjusted for differences in focal depth and consequent assumed differences in the velocity and density structure in the source region. The average stress drop for the 82 earthquakes with magnitudes from 3 to 7 is 150 bars. The spatial distribution of the stress drops shows a distinctive pattern. At the northwest end of the Guerrero gap, adjacent to the aftershock zones of large earthquakes in 1979 and 1985, there is a mix of low- and high-stress-drop events. At the southeast end of the Guerrero gap, where the most recent large earthquake occurred in 1957, there are predominantly high-stress-drop events. This pattern might be caused by the different relative positions of these two active regions in the earthquake cycle, although several other explanations cannot be ruled out.
Marijuana Smoking—Possible Cause of Head and Neck Carcinoma in Young Patients

Six cases of advanced head and neck cancer in young patients, who were regular marijuana users, are presented. Numerous carcinogens, as well as respiratory irritants, are found in marijuana smoke. The active euphoria-producing agent, Δ-9 tetrahydrocanabinol, has been implicated in altered DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis and consequent chromosomal aberrations.
Modeling Fidelity for Oxygen Nonequilibrium Thermochemistry in Reflected Shock Tube Flows

The results for a set of vibrational nonequilibrium models with a range of delity are compared to experimental data for several post-normal shock test cases. The present work focuses solely on oxygen ows with an emphasis on the modeling of O 2-O. The twotemperature (2T) model is the widely used approach for hypersonic analysis and is presented as the computationally ecient, lower delity modeling approach in this work. In contrast, the full state-to-state (STS), master equation approach is presented as the higher delity modeling approach. Both approaches have several available methods for obtaining rate data that are investigated. Specically, the 2T model is driven by the rates from Millikan-White (MW) as well as recently available rates that are derived from a detailed quasi-classical trajectory (QCT) analysis for the O2-O system. The STS model uses transition rates from the forced harmonic oscillator (FHO) model and dissociation rates from previous work for O2-O system. The O2-O system uses recently available QCT results for STS transitions and dissociation. The test case results show that capturing non-Boltzmann behavior in the vibrational population distribution is critical to accurate nonequilbirium modeling of hypersonic ows containing oxygen.
Association of birth outcome with subsequent fertility

The association between birth outcome and subsequent fertility was analyzed by using linked Norwegian birth certificates. All births of order 1, 2, and 3 which occurred during 1967 through 1974 were considered index births; there were approximately 207,000 index births of order 1, 165,000 of order 2, and 87,000 of order 3. The mothers' fertility after these index births was summarized with a life-table technique. Fertility was most pronounced if there were no survivors of an index birth, intermediate if there was one survivor, and lowest if both members of a set of twins survived. Advanced maternal age was associated with markedly reduced fertility. The sex of a surviving singleton had little effect on a mother's subsequent fertility. However, there was a sex-related difference if index twins survived; fertility was lower after the birth of unlike-sex twins and higher after the birth of like-sex twins. This probably reflects reproductive limitation rather than a differential fecundity for mothers of dizygotic and monozygotic twins. A comparison of fertility after births of like-sex and unlike-sex twins with one survivor may indicate that mothers of dizygotic twins were more fertile, but the number available for study was small. Reproduction among women who had two index births during 1967 through 1974 was examined separately. Fertility was most marked if neither of the first two infants survived and lowest where three survived (i.e., where one of the index births involved twins). If there were two survivors, the sex composition of the pair influenced fertility; fertility was greater if the two survivors were of the same sex and lower if they were of unlike sex. Since a woman who has an unfavorable outcome in one pregnancy will be at a higher risk of having an unfavorable outcome in a subsequent pregnancy, the higher fertility of such women will, to some degree, inflate the frequency of unfavorable outcomes in a population of births.
Matrix Isolation Study of the Thermal and Photochemical Reaction of OVCl3 with NH3: Spectroscopic and Theoretical Characterization of Cl2V(O)NH2

Initial and secondary intermediates in the reaction of OVCl3 with NH3 have been characterized by matrix isolation infrared spectroscopy and density functional calculations. Twin jet co-deposition of these two reagents led to a series of infrared absorptions that are assigned to the 1:1 molecular complex between these two species. Irradiation of these matrices with light of λ > 300 nm led to complete destruction of the complex, and the growth of a number of new bands. These are assigned to the Cl2V(O)NH2 species, as well as to HCl arising from destruction of the complex. Identification of these species was supported by extensive isotopic labeling (15N and 2H), as well as by B3LYP/6-311G+(2d,3p) density functional calculations. Good agreement was observed between the experimental and the computed frequencies. Similar experiments with (CH3)3N led, at best, to a very small degree of complex formation.
Some applications of holographic interferometry

Holographic interferometry, a new technique for measuring small displacements, is discussed. Application is made to the measure of surface displacements of strained bodies in two specific examples. The curvature of one face of a statically bent bar was examined in detail and compared with the three-dimensional elastic solution. In the second example, the radial-displacement field was measured in the area of the leading edge of a longitudinal compressional stress wave propagating through a bar.
Emerging Role of Olanzapine for Prevention and Treatment of Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting

The prevention and treatment of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) continues to pose a challenge for clinicians. The development of 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) antagonists and neurokinin-1 receptor antagonists (NK1 -RAs) have demonstrated significant improvements in acute and delayed CINV for highly and moderately emetogenic chemotherapy. Delayed and breakthrough CINV, however, continue to be difficult to manage despite available treatment agents. Randomized clinical trial data suggest that olanzapine, a second-generation thienobenzodiazepine, traditionally used in the treatment of manifestations of psychotic disorders, is an effective agent in these clinical settings. The short-term use of olanzapine has a favorable adverse event profile and was not associated with grade 3 or 4 toxicity in a phase III study. Olanzapine is recommended as an option within first-line prophylaxis for CINV in the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) guidelines and is an option for treatment of refractory CINV in the Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer/European Society for Medical Oncology and NCCN guidelines.
Stage II Testicular Seminoma: Patterns of Care and Survival by Treatment Strategy.

Abstract Aims Stage II testicular seminoma is highly curable with radiotherapy or multi-agent chemotherapy (MACT). These modalities have not been compared in a randomised manner. Materials and methods Using the US National Cancer Data Base, we identified 2437 stage II seminoma patients (IIA = 960, IIB = 812, IIC = 665) treated with orchiectomy and either radiotherapy or MACT from 1998 to 2012. Factors affecting treatment modality (radiotherapy versus MACT) were studied using multivariable logistic regression. Propensity scores for treatment selection were incorporated into multivariable Cox regression analyses of overall survival. Results The median follow-up was 65 months (interquartile range 34–106). Rates of radiotherapy utilisation were: IIA = 78.1%, IIB = 54.4%, IIC = 4.2%. Rates of MACT utilisation were: IIA = 21.9%, IIB = 45.6%, IIC = 95.8%. For both IIA and IIB patients, later year of diagnosis, academic treatment facility and pathological confirmation of lymph node positivity were associated with increased utilisation of MACT. Also predictive for preferential utilisation of MACT were comorbidity score ≥ 1 and non-private insurance for IIA patients and T stage ≥ 2 for IIB patients. For IIA patients, survival was improved with radiotherapy compared with MACT with a 5 year survival of 99.0% (95% confidence interval 98.2–99.8) versus 93.0% (95% confidence interval 89.0–97.0). This advantage persisted on propensity-adjusted multivariate analysis (hazard ratio 0.28; 95% confidence interval 0.09–0.86; P = 0.027). For IIB patients, 5 year survival was 95.2% (95% confidence interval 92.8–97.6) for radiotherapy and 92.4% (95% confidence interval 89.2–95.6) for MACT (Log-rank P = 0.041), with no significant difference on multivariable analysis. Conclusions Radiotherapy is associated with improved survival over MACT for IIA patients, with no significant survival difference for IIB patients.
Chronic ethanol exposure closes the door to vitamin C in pancreatic acinar cells. Focus on "Uptake of ascorbic acid by pancreatic acinar cells is negatively impacted by chronic alcohol exposure"

pancreatitis is an inflammatory disease that causes significant health care burden worldwide. Treatment of pancreatitis is severely limited by a lack of understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the pathophysiology ([2][1]). Recent evidence has implicated oxidative stress within