cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Epinephrine produces a prolonged elevation in metabolic rate in humans.

BACKGROUND Epinephrine increases the metabolic rate and contributes to the hypermetabolic state in severe illness. OBJECTIVE We sought to determine the effect of prolonged elevation of epinephrine on resting energy expenditure (REE). DESIGN Thirteen healthy men were placed on a well-defined diet for 5 d. Beginning on the morning of the second diet day, the subjects were infused for 24 h with saline, then for 23 h with epinephrine (0.18 nmol x kg(-1) x min(-1)) to increase plasma epinephrine concentrations into the high physiologic range (4720 +/- 340 pmol/L). REE and the respiratory quotient (RQ) were measured by indirect calorimetry in the postabsorptive state at the same time every morning. RESULTS Infusion of epinephrine significantly increased heart rate and systolic blood pressure, but the response was transient (values after 23 h of epinephrine infusion were not significantly different from those on the day saline was infused). Infusion of epinephrine significantly increased REE by 12% and increased the RQ. These changes were apparent at the end of the 23-h infusion (REE: 97.5 +/- 2.3 kJ x kg(-1) x d(-1) with saline infusion and 108.9 +/- 2.3 kJ x kg(-1) x d(-1) with epinephrine infusion; RQ: 0.832 +/- 0.012 with saline infusion and 0.879 +/- 0.013 with epinephrine infusion). REE returned to baseline by 24 h after the epinephrine infusion ended, but the postabsorptive RQ remained modestly elevated. Infusion of epinephrine also produced a transient increase in urine flow and in urinary nitrogen excretion. This diuresis was compensated for by a drop in urine volume and nitrogen excretion after the epinephrine infusion was stopped. CONCLUSIONS Epinephrine produced a prolonged increase in REE in healthy subjects. The fuel for this increase in REE, determined by the RQ, was from increased carbohydrate oxidation, not from that of fat or protein.
Magnetotransport in Metals and Alloys

Electronic transport properties are fundamental to the classification of materials. The behaviors of the electrical resistivity ρ, the thermal conductivity κ, and the thermopower S are used to define whether a material is a metal, a semiconductor, or an insulator. Studies of how ρ, κ, and S vary with impurity content (alloying), magnetic field B, sample size, deformation, and so on, provide insight into the nature of current carriers and how they are scattered. Studies of magnetoresistance, the variation of ρ with B, can yield additional information about electronic structure, the current carriers, and their scattering. In systems involving magnetic metals, ρ(B) has technical applications to magnetic sensing and memory. The Hall effect and the thermopower S can often be used to infer the sign of the charge of the majority current carriers, and the thermal conductivity κ, while closely related to ρ, can manifest differences that contain significant information. The Hall effect in semiconductors also finds use in sensors, but in metals it is smaller and usually of more interest for the physical insight it can provide into both nonmagnetic and magnetic metals. Changes with magnetic field in the thermal conductivity and thermoelectric coefficients of metals are usually small and difficult to measure. They have provided useful information about physical phenomena such as many-body contributions to thermoelectricity and giant magnetoresistance in granular alloys and magnetic multilayers but are much less studied than the resistivity and Hall effect. Transport and magnetotransport measurements of metals and alloys are made over a wide range of temperatures extending from the lowest achievable temperature to the liquid state. This article focuses on four measured quantities in solid metals and alloys in the presence of a temporally constant and spatially uniform magnetic field B—the electrical resistance R, the Hall resistance RH, the thermal conductance K, and the thermopower S. The basic theory underlying these quantities applies also to liquid metals and alloys. The discussion begins with definitions and general information, including how to relate the measured quantities to the fundamental properties ρ, the Hall coefficient R0, κ, and S. These are followed by a brief description of the behaviors of ρ, κ, and S in zero magnetic field. Many more quantities than these four can be defined and measured, some of which have provided important information about metals. A few are briefly discussed. Keywords: electronic transport; magnetotransport; Hall resistance; transport equations; thermopower; magnetoresistance; Peltier heat
Estimation with truncated inverse binomial sampling

Consider truncated samples taken from an infinite population with a fixed uumber n of observations recorded. A randon number X of items must be sampled in order to observe after trunca-tion. adified maximun liicel.ihooa estimators of X (assumed un-'mown) and of the population parameters are develo~cd, and a computing scheme is given for the exponential distribution. On the basis of asymptotu ,operties, some estimators are singled out and compared with the usual maximum likelihood estimators.
Nonequilibrium Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Nanobubble Growth and Annihilation in Liquid Water

The objective of this article is to investigate nanosized bubble growth and annihilation processes in liquid water via nonequilibrium molecular dynamics (MD) simulation and compare the results with that obtained from the Rayleigh-Plesset equation. The TIP3P potential model is chosen to describe the structure of the water molecule. The SHAKE algorithm is used to hold two O-H bonds and H-O-H angle as rigid, and a harmonic bond style and a Charmm angle style are applied. The results show that the hydrodynamic model based on the Rayleigh-Plesset equation is not valid for predicting nanosized bubble growth and annihilation in liquid water.
The Role of Atypical Antipsychotics in the Treatment of Movement Disorders

An atypical antipsychotic drug is loosely defined by its ability to produce an antipsychotic effect without inducing extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS). To date, 4 atypical antipsychotics have been released in the US: clozapine, quetiapine, olanzapine and risperidone, which are listed in decreasing order of ‘atypicality’ based on clinical and preclinical studies. While we await the outcome of trials with quetiapine on parkinsonian patients (considered the most stringent test of the atypicality of a drug), clozapine remains the prototypic atypical antipsychotic drug. Disappointing reports of risperidone-induced parkinsonism raise questions about the atypical nature of this drug. Olanzapine appears to be intermediate between risperidone and clozapine in inducing EPS.
Use of freshwater plants for phytotoxicity testing: a review.

Abstract Phytotoxicity data for aquatic plants have served a relatively minor role in regulatory decisions concerning the environmental hazard of most potential contaminants. A variety of phytotoxicity tests have been conducted with freshwater green algae, duckweed, blue-green algae, diatoms and rooted macrophytes (whole plants and seeds). Several test methods have been standardized for microalgae which are used primarily with chemicals, effluents, contaminated sediment elutriates and hazardous waste leachates. Current scientific understanding concerning the phytotoxic effects of these contaminants is based mostly on results for a few green algae. The greatest limitation of these results is their uncertain environmental relevance due to the large interspecific variation in response of standard algal test species and the unrealistic experimental test conditions. Results of the few field validation toxicity tests conducted to resolve this uncertainty have been chemical-specific and unpredictable. Aquatic vascular plants have been used less frequently than algae as test species. Duckweeds have been used more often than rooted submersed species but the uncertain nature of their sensitivities relative to animal and other plant species has limited their use. Regulatory interest in wetland protection, contaminated sediment evaluations and sediment quality criteria development will result in increased use of whole rooted plants and their seeds as test species. Overall, regardless of the test species, if phytotoxicity data are to be more available and effective in the hazard assessment process, additional information concerning species sensitivity, and environmental relevance of the results will be needed.
Calibration scheme for LINC transmitter

A simple calibration scheme for correction of the path imbalance in a LINC transmitter is presented. By properly exchanging two LINC vector components and controlling a downconversion loop. The gain and phase imbalance are characterised by the baseband DSP/SCS. The error effects of the imbalance are compensated by introducing a pre-distortion term. Simulation results demonstrate that this scheme is sufficient to suppress the out-of-band spectrum for wireless communications.
Equine herpesvirus-induced alterations in nuclear RNA and DNA polymerase activities.

Abstract Hamster hepatic cells infected in vivo with equine herpesvirus, type 1, were used for the preparation of isolated nuclei, which were assayed for RNA and DNA polymerases. An endogenous RNA polymerase II activity (sensitive to α-amanitin) was inhibited early and progressively during infection. The radiolabeled RNA products, synthesized in vitro were characterized by analytical centrifugation in sucrose-formamide gradients and by hybridization analysis. The bulk of the RNA synthesized by uninfected and 9-hr-postinfection (p.i.) nuclei sedimented at 10–18 S and 10–14 S, respectively. Purified RNA from uninfected nuclei hybridized exclusively to hamster DNA, whereas RNA from infected nuclei hybridized predominantly to viral DNA (12% of the input radioactivity measured as counts per minutes) and to a lesser degree to hamster DNA (1% of the input counts). Endogenous DNA polymerase activity, assayed in the presence of 150 mM K2SO4, was completely inhibited in uninfected nuclei; however, an induced DNA polymerase, active under the same conditions, was detected as early as 2 hours p.i. Overall, a 35-fold increase in activity of the “high salt DNA polymerase” was noted between 2 and 9 hr p.i. Radiolabeled DNA synthesized in vitro by 9-hr-p.i. nuclei was purified, treated with a single-strand-specific endonuclease, and separated by isopycnic CsCl centrifugation. Two species with densities equivalent to viral (1.716 g/cm3) and host cell (1.702 g/cm3) DNA, respectively, were resolved. Hybridization analysis demonstrated that purified DNA, synthesized in vitro by 9-hr-p.i. nuclei, was complementary to viral DNA (38% of the input counts).
Physical characterization of 0.5 μm cut-off sintered stainless steel membranes

Abstract An investigation was conducted to determine the basic physical characteristics of stainless steel membrane material considered for an aqueous waste separation process and concurrently to develop a procedure for future use in characterizing membrane material. The initial choice of sintered 316L stainless steel material was the result of the need for a robust and acid resistant membrane having the potential for aqueous separations capabilities. The membrane material tested had a nominal filtration rating (particle cut-off) of 0.5 μm and a thickness of approximately 0.123 cm. Characterization tests conducted were used to determine the pore size distribution, mean pore diameter, porosity, and tortuosity of the stainless steel membrane material. Results indicated that the average pore diameter was approximately 2.2 μm and the average of the porosity was determined to be 24.9%. The diffusion tortuosity, determined from the measurement of 14 C -labeled sucrose diffusion through the stainless steel membrane, was estimated to be approximately 1.3.
“They cannot seem to get past the gender issue”: Experiences of young female athletic trainers in NCAA Division I intercollegiate athletics

Within Division I intercollegiate athletics, women hold 46.4% of graduate assistant and 47% of assistant athletic trainer positions, yet hold only 18.8% of head athletic trainer positions. The purpose of this study was to explore whether issues of power and gender stereotyping contribute to the lack of women in head athletic training positions in intercollegiate athletics. Data were gathered from 14 female athletic trainers at Division I universities through semi-structured interviews and follow-up questions based on those interviews and were analyzed using post-structural feminism as the theoretical framework. The findings revealed that male coaches used gender stereotypes to challenge the professional competence of our participants along with formal and informal work practices to reinforce power over the professional lives of our participants.
Shell model calculations of two to four identical-“particle” systems near 208Pb

Abstract The structure of the nuclei 204–206Pb, 210–212Pb, 210Po, 211At, and 212Rn is studied in terms of conventional nuclear shell models. An inert 208Pb core is assumed, and active particles (holes) are distuibuted in the low-lying single-particle (hole) orbits. Experimental single-particle energies are used for the one-body part of the effective residual interaction. Realistic interaction matrix elements developed for this mass region by Kuo and Herling are used for the matrix elements of the two-body part of the residual interactions. As much as possible, other effective one-body operators for electromagnetic observables are derived from experimental data on the single-particle (hole) nuclei 207Pb, 209Pb, and 209Bi. Observables treated are ground state binding energies, excitation energies, strengths for one- and two-particle transfers, and E2 and M1 observables. Generally, excellent agreement is found. The configuration mixing calculations do not remove anomalies in the magnetic moments of excited states in 206Pb and 212Rn. Many states in these nuclei are predicted by the models which have not been observed as yet. It is found that a truncation scheme for doubly even nuclei treated here in which only seniority-0 and seniority-2 states are allowed is potentially very useful.
Modeling agricultural potential in Chaco Canyon during the Bonito phase: a predictive geospatial approach

Abstract This study presents a geospatial analysis of surficial hydrology and geomorphology and their relationship to potential agricultural productivity in order to better understand the economic role of water in Chaco Canyon during the Bonito Phase (ca. AD 850–1150). Defined as the Natural Agricultural Suitability Analysis, the foundation of this study is a hierarchical geospatial analysis that integrates six key natural factors: slope, soil texture, soil depth, non-catastrophic overbank flooding potential, drainage flow length, and drainage proximity and flow potential. These factors are combined through a raster weighted overlay function to generate composite suitability map that offers a testable proxy for variability in relative agricultural potential during the Bonito Phase at Chaco. The rationale for including this set of natural factors is based largely on ethnographic and modern agricultural studies, but the predictive model differs from previous studies of agricultural potential in that it is independent of the specific archaeological distribution of evidence of agriculture in the study area. The results of this analysis suggest that previous models of Chacoan agricultural productivity have underestimated local production capacity. Previous studies have focused solely on floodplain contexts, whereas this study points to a more comprehensive and geographically distributed use of the landscape.
The impact of spectrometer efficiency on the trace-element sensitivity of time-of-flight medium energy backscattering

Abstract The intrinsic efficiency of a time-of-flight spectrometer which derives timing information from the passage of an ion through a carbon foil is governed primarily by secondary electron emission and multiple scattering in the foil and by the intrinsic responses of the detectors which generate the time markers. For all ions except hydrogen, the efficiency is a monotonically increasing function of energy in the range up to a few hundred keV used for medium energy backscattering. Combining expressions for spectrometer efficiency and trace element sensitivity obtained previously, we show that for a given ion the product of scattering cross section and spectrometer efficiency determines an optimum energy for trace element analysis by backscattering. The optimum choice of ion is a function of the mass of the trace element under investigation. If the limit of sensitivity is determined by sputtering, then light elements such as He appear to be unconditionally superior to heavy projectiles such as C or N. However, the numerical value of the limiting sensitivity for a given trace element is strongly influenced by the details of the sputtering and the degree of beam induced mixing at the surface. For elements in the region of Fe to Cu reasonable assumptions about sputtering lead to the conclusion that sensitivities of about 3 × 10 10 cm −2 are achievable using 100 keV He + projectiles and a spectrometer which subtends a solid angle of 1 msr.
The phenotypic profile of dermatomyositis and lupus erythematosus: a comparative analysis

Background: The mechanisms which regulate cutaneous inflammation in the setting of collagen vascular disease have been a topic of recent interest; emphasis has been placed on type I interferon-associated recruitment of CXCR3+ lymphocytes in dermatomyositis (DM). Methods: On a total of 42 biopsies from patients with DM, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), discoid lupus erythematosus (DLE) and subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus (SCLE) comprehensive phenotypic studies were performed to explore the practical value of phenotypic analysis in the subclassification of lesions of collagen vascular disease. Results: The infiltrate in DM was of mild intensity compared to lupus erythematosus (LE). The dominant mononuclear cell in DM exhibited a CD4/CXCR3-positive phenotype while biopsies of SLE typically showed a dearth of CXCR3-positive cells. CD8 and CD20 lymphocytes were greatest in SLE and DLE, respectively. CD123 plasmacytoid dendritic cells, seen in most cases, were most frequent in cases of SCLE; CD83 expression was minimal. Endothelial MXA expression was a characteristic feature of DM. CD123 and MXA expression within inflammatory cells and keratinocytes was most conspicuous in areas of interface injury. Cutaneous lymphocyte antigen (CLA) expression was diminished in the dermal infiltrate in most cases of DM and LE. T regulatory cells never exceeded 15% of the infiltrate and were the least in the setting of DM and LE. Conclusions: An interferon-α-inducible cytokine milieu is common in SLE, DLE, SCLE and DM. In addition, there are phenotypic differences as alluded to above that may be of some practical value in separating these distinctive subsets. Features not previously emphasized such as MXA endothelial cell staining in DM and the lack of staining for CD83 and CLA in lesions of collagen vascular disease may be of diagnostic value. Magro CM, Segal JP, Crowson AN, Chadwick P. The phenotypic profile of dermatomyositis and lupus erythematosus: a comparative analysis.
Polymer-mode-coupling theory of finite-size-fluctuation effects in entangled solutions, melts, and gels. 2. Comparison with experiment

The predictions of polymer mode coupling theory for the finite size corrections to the transport coefficients of entangled polymeric systems are tested in comparison with various experimental data. It is found that quantitative descriptions of the viscosities, , dielectric relaxation time, U, and diffusion coefficients, D, of polymer melts can be achieved with two microscopic structural fit parameters whose values are in the range expected from independent theoretical or experimental information. An explanation for the (apparent) power law behaviors of , U, and D in (chemically distinct) melts for intermediate molecular weights as arising from finite size corrections, mainly the self-consistent constraint release mechanism, is given. The variation of tracer dielectric relaxation times from Rouse to reptation- like behavior upon changes of the matrix molecular weight is analyzed. Self-diffusion and tracer diffusion constants of entangled polymer solutions can be explained as well, if one further parameter of the theory is adjusted. The anomalous scaling of the tracer diffusion coefficients in semidilute and concentrated polystyrene solutions, D N -2.5 , is predicted to arise due to the spatial correlations of the entanglement constraints, termed "constraint porosity". Extensions of the theory to polymer tracer diffusion through poly(vinyl methyl ether) and polyacrylamide gels provide an explanation of the observation of anomalously high molecular weight scaling exponents in a range where the size of the tracer, Rg, already considerably exceeds the gel pore size, Œg.
Enhancement of turbulence in a stratified fluid by the presence of a shear field

Time-dependent solutions are obtained for turbulent flow in a stratified fluid in the presence of a shear field. Within the stated closure assumptions, it is shown that for certain shear fields that the turbulent intensity is enhanced.
THE MYTH AND THE MAGIC FOR MANAGERS

Abstract Laboratory information management systems (LIMS) promised to improve the management of samples and testing in analytical laboratories. Certainly, the expectations for such systems included the availability of management tools for the laboratory managers themselves. Such tools should enable accurate estimates of workloads for both employees and instruments; patterns of testing; customer records; and data sort/summary capabilities. Our experiences in quality assurance laboratories of a chemical processing plant have been mixed with successes and shortcomings appearing in areas not always envisioned. After a brief introduction to the laboratory, its mission and organization, the advantages and disadvantages of our LIMS will be presented.
An Assessment of Survival Rates and Within-patient Clustering of Failures for Endosseous Oral Implants

This study examined endosseous cylinder implant survival, defined as the unqualified presence of the implant in the mouth at the end of the observation period, in 598 consecutive VA patients, with a total of 2098 implants. Data were taken from the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) Dental Implant Registry, which has maintained longitudinal data on the survival of individual dental implants in VA patients since 1987. The maximum time of observation in any one patient was 2040 days (5.6 yr). Survival analysis by use of life-table methods was carried out on both an implant- and a patient-specific basis. Implant cases were accrued randomly, and therefore a random censoring model was used. A correlated binomial model was used for assessment of the degree of within-patient clustering of implant removals. Results showed that the implant-specific survival rate during the longest time interval (5.6 yr) was 89.9%; the patient-specific implant survival rate during the same time was 78.2%. Among implants which were removed, the mean time to removal was 292 days. The hazard function, which describes the probability of implant loss as a function of time, decreased steadily throughout the observation period. The correlated binomial model suggested a clustering of removals within patients with multiple implants (rho = 0.11, p = 0.0001). The odds of having a second implant removed were 1.3 times greater if the patient had already had one implant removed. This study suggests that when implants fail, they do so soon after placement, and the likelihood of failure decreases steadily from implantation through the first five years post-surgery.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Dependence of t.e.o. efficiency on NL product

As the NL product is increased, an increase in efficiency of t.e.o. devices is observed. This effect is theoretically explained in terms of the induced current caused by the moving space charge in the active layer. A limit on current peak/valley ratio for various NL product devices is presented.
Chemical mediator of insulin action stimulates lipid synthesis and down regulates the insulin receptors in primary cultures of rat hepatocytes

Incubation of rat liver particulate fraction with insulin causes the release of a substance that stimulates lipid synthesis and down regulates the insulin receptor in primary cultures of isolated rat hepatocytes. This substance may be similar to putative mediator(s) of insulin action which has been shown to modulate the activity of key enzymes of lipid and carbohydrate metabolism in various cell free systems. Our data demonstrate that the mediator of insulin is also biologically active in an intact cell system. Down regulation of the insulin receptor by the mediator supports the concept that this phenomenon is a post binding event of insulin action.
Surface Oxide evolution on Al-Si bond wires for high-power RF applications

Contact is often made to bond pads of semiconductor chips using bond wires made of materials such as Al-Si. During device operation, such bond-wires can reach relatively high temperatures. Air exposure at such temperatures can cause oxidation of the wires. Increased wire-resistance can result. The oxidation behavior of bond-wires is therefore of interest. In the present study, Al-Si wires were annealed at technologically relevant temperatures, 240 and 300°C. Wires with and without such annealing were characterized using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning Auger microscopy (SAM). Surface oxide was found, initially as a single layer. Upon annealing, the chemical nature of the oxide changed, leading ultimately to a dual-layer oxide. Thicknesses of the oxide layers, however, were three to four orders of magnitude smaller than the wire radius even after extended annealing up to 3000 h.
Empirical results of a software engineering curriculum incorporating formal methods

A three year study of integrating formal methods into the undergraduate software engineering curriculum of the Systems Analysis Department of Miami University was recently completed (NSF Educational Innovation Program CDA-9522257). Formal analysis skills were added to the curriculum to address the concern that the discipline of software engineering education lacks sufficient emphasis on mathematics and engineering science. A presentation of the six courses chosen for integration of formal analysis is given. The empirical data which directly compares the problem solving skills of the formal methods and control student groups shows that the formal methods students possess an increased level of complex problem solving skills as well as a greater ability to perform problem abstraction.
Spectroscopic survey telescope project

We describe the concept, basic design and capability of an eight meter class telescope currently being constructed by a international consortium of universities led by The Pennsylvania State University and The University of Texas at Austin. This unique telescope concept represents a deliberate trade between the science mission and technical cost drives. The basic science driver for the Spectroscopic Survey Telescope has traditionally been the need to obtain a large number of spectroscopic exposures in a short time. An efficient design that meets this need is a tilted Arecibo type telescope with a large segmented primary mirror. The SST has a number of other unique features that allow it to meet its science mission with unusual cost effectiveness.
Characteristics of head impacts sustained by youth ice hockey players

This study aimed to measure the magnitude of head impacts sustained by 14 male, youth (13 years old) ice hockey players wearing instrumented helmets, and to compare impacts across event type (practice, game), player position, and location. Head impact magnitudes were captured during 58 games and 51 practices. Mixed linear models were utilized to analyze differences by event type, player position, and location of impact. Game impact magnitudes were significantly greater than practice impacts. Impacts sustained by forwards were similar in magnitude to those sustained by defensemen. Significant differences between head impact locations across all player positions were observed. Impacts to the top of the head were significantly greater than impacts to the back, front, left, and right sides. Youth ice hockey players sustain helmet impacts nearing 20 g on average, similar to measured values in collegiate American football players, and of potential concern because this sample involves younger athletes. Future bi...
The Theory of Business Cycles

Introduction, 25. — I. Criticisms of Schumpeter's theory, 26. — II. Synthesis with Hicks's theory: Juglar cycles, 32. — III. Synthesis with Hicks's theory: Kondratieff and Kitchin cycles, 38. — IV. Summary, 40.
Status of study of the frequency and magnitude of floods by the Mississippi Valley Committee of the Public Works Administration in collaboration with the United States Geological Survey

Active work under the recently authorized project relating to floods and their frequencies began in March, and such progress as may be reported at this time is largely that of organization and preliminary planning. One of the outstanding and impressive features of the organization is the provision for cooperative effort, whereby the mature judgment and possibly diverse viewpoints of various committees and consultants may be utilized to the fullest advantage. This arrangement should provide the necessary safeguard against adoption of immature individual views or favorite methods of analysis, to the exclusion of others of equal or greater merit. On the other hand, it is conceivable that too much of the limited time might be consumed in preliminary discussions of basic principles, methods of analysis, and formulas dealing with either magnitude or frequency of floods, if unanimity of opinion among several professional groups must precede the main work under the project authorized. In effect, such a procedure would require a practical and workable solution before the basic data had become available. To avoid such delays, a definite line of procedure has beer, proposed for consideration.
Update and Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Different Thiols and Micellar Media in Roth's Fluorimetric Method for the Determination of Primary Amino Compounds☆

Abstract The reaction time profiles, stabilities, and relative fluorescence responses of isoindoles formed from reaction of 12 different primary amino compounds with Roth's reagent, i.e.,o-phthalaldehyde (OPA) in conjunction with a thiol such as 2-mercaptoethanol (2-ME), 3-mercaptopropionic acid (3-MPA),N-acetyl- l -cysteine (NAC), and 1-thio- d -glucose (TGTA), were determined and discussed in the context of available literature. The effects of surfactant micelles in the derivatization solution were also ascertained. Results indicate that the substitution of either NAC or 3-MPA for 2-ME in the OPA reagent formulation leads to superior performance in terms of the isoindole stability and fluorescence response. The addition of surfactant micelles resulted in much greater stability and enhanced fluorescence response for isoindoles formed from reaction of OPA and 2-ME with such primary amines as methylamine, tyramine, aminomethylphosphonic acid, and γ-aminobutyric acid as well as diamino analytes such as putrescine, spermine, ornithine, and lysine. With 3-MPA or NAC as the thiol in Roth's reagent, the addition of surfactant micelles improved isoindole stability and fluorescence response only for diamino-containing analytes. It is important to realize that the surfactant purity and final surfactant micelle concentration govern the extent by which any micelle system will enhance the isoindole stability and fluorescence response in Roth's method. For derivatizations conducted with TGTA as the thiol, the addition of micelles is not recommended as the resulting isoindole fluorescence response is diminished. It is thought that the favorable micellar effects upon isoindole stability and fluorescence response arises as a consequence of isoindole binding to the micellar aggregate where the molecule experiences a less polar microenvironment (which leads to enhanced fluorescence) and is compartmentalized and isolated within a micelle such that there is a low probability that the same micelle would contain any excess OPA reagent molecules (which leads to improved stability). A brief degradation study revealed that the presence of Brij-35 micellar media enhanced the stability of the isoindole and diminished the rate of its postulated autoxidation degradation reaction.
An Instrumented Vehicle for Highway Man-Machine-Environment System Evaluation

A unique tool for driver, vehicle, and roadway evaluation studies is described. Integration of a vehicle lateral position tracking device with sophisticated instrumentation which measures driving behavior in the vehicle provides information relative to the dynamic interaction of vehicle and changing roadway. Lightness of weight, relatively low cost, portability, high sampling speed, and high resolution were design objectives met in system development. Computer software permits display of tranducer outputs over time on a graphics terminal, provides hard copy plots as well, and generates data for statistical comparisons and analysis.
Initial metabolism of dimethenamid in safened and unsafened wheat shoots

The metabolic fate of the chloroacetamide herbicide dimethenamid was examined in excised shoots of unsafened and safened wheat seedlings. Compared to unsafened controls, fluxofenim treatment increased the rate of metabolism of dimethenamid to water-soluble compounds. Thin layer chromatography revealed that similar dimethenamid metabolites were present in extracts from both safened and unsafened wheat shoots. However, three metabolites were more abundant in extracts from fluxofenim-treated wheat relative to unsafened wheat. Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry were used to isolate and confirm the identity of dimethenamid metabolites extracted from safened wheat shoots 1 h after treatment with dimethenamid. In addition to the presence of the glutathione conjugate of dimethenamid, gamma-glutamylcysteine and cysteinylglycine dipeptide conjugates, as well as a cysteine conjugate and an oxygenated glutathione conjugate of dimethenamid, were detected. On the basis of time course analysis of dimethenamid metabolites by thin layer chromatography and structural identification by mass spectrometry, it appears that from 5 to 100 min after treatment with dimethenamid metabolism occurs exclusively via the glutathione conjugation pathway in wheat. Thus, the protection conferred to wheat by fluxofenim treatment is most likely due to increased glutathione-mediated detoxification of dimethenamid.
Spermatozoa and spermatogenesis in Genostoma kozloffi (Plathelminthes, Rhabdocoela)

Genostoma kozloffi Hyra, 1993, is a symbiotic plathelminth living beneath the carapace of Nebalia pugettensis (Clark, 1932) (Leptostraca Crustacea). Because of similarities in the structure of its epidermis with that of the major group of parasitic flatworms, the Neodermata, and because of similarity in body form to a member of the Revertospermata, which includes the Neodermata and taxa that may be the sister group to the Neodermata, Genostoma was recently classified in the Revertospermata. By electron microscopy we found, however, that spermiogenesis in G. kozloffi does not occur in the manner characteristic of the Revertospermata. Instead, positioning of the axoneme and nucleus takes place as in free-living turbellarians in which the axoneme is fully incorporated, that is, in a distal-proximal fashion. Mature spermatozoa of G. kozloffi are filiform, possess an elongate rod-like nucleus, and one short single, fully incorporated axoneme. A rod of multiple, fused mitochondria accompanies the nucleus and axoneme, and an array of cortical microtubules with thickened walls runs the length of the sperm. Neither dense bodies nor acrosomal vesicles could be found. These features of its spermatozoa as well as the presence of a tunica surrounding its testes are reminiscent of the free-living group Kalyptorhynchia, specifically the Schizorhynchia. It is unlike the Kalyptorhynchia in other respects, however, and its systematic position remains uncertain, albeit removed from the Revertospermata.
Crystal growth and annealing study of fragile, non-bulk superconductivity in YFe2Ge2

We investigated the occurrence and nature of superconductivity in single crystals of grown out of Sn flux by employing X-ray diffraction, electrical resistivity and specific heat measurements. We found that the residual resistivity ratio (RRR) of single crystals can be greatly improved, reaching as high as , by decanting the crystals from the molten Sn at and/or by annealing at temperatures between 550 and . We found that the samples with RRR 34 showed resistive signatures of superconductivity with the onset of the superconducting transition . RRR values vary between 35 and 65 with, on average, no systematic change in value, indicating that the systematic changes in RRR do not lead to comparable changes in . Specific heat measurements on samples that showed the clear resistive signatures of a superconducting transition did not show any signature of a superconducting phase transition, which suggests that the superconductivity observed in this compound is either some sort of filamentary, strain-stabilized s...
Thrombosis of a fusiform intracranial aneurysm induced by overlapping neuroform stents: case report.

Objective To present a case of a true fusiform basilar artery aneurysm that underwent spontaneous thrombosis after placement of two overlapping Neuroform stents (Boston Scientific/Target, Fremont, CA). Clinical presentation A 45-year-old woman with transient syncopal episodes experienced a fall and presented to the emergency room. Incidentally, a non-contrast head computed tomographic scan and digital subtraction angiography demonstrated an unruptured, fusiform mid-basilar artery aneurysm. Intervention Endovascular treatment was initiated by using a stent-assisted coil embolization technique with placement of a self-expanding, dedicated intracranial, Neuroform stent in the basilar artery across the aneurysm's fusiform neck. Attempts to access the aneurysm for coil embolization resulted in transient migration of the stent into the aneurysm sac. A second Neuroform stent was advanced in telescoping fashion for salvage and stable coverage across the entire aneurysm; therefore, coil embolization was deferred to allow stent endothelialization. After 6 weeks on dual antiplatelet therapy, the patient presented with transient ischemic symptoms suggesting top of the basilar artery syndrome. Subsequent magnetic resonance imaging scans and angiography indicated circumferential thrombus formation in the aneurysm sac but patent flow in the basilar artery. A computed tomographic scan at 6 months and digital subtraction angiography at 12 months confirmed complete thrombosis of the fusiform mid-basilar artery aneurysm with basilar artery reconstruction. Conclusion Overlapping Neuroform stents may induce spontaneous thrombosis of intracranial aneurysms and facilitate parent artery reconstruction through flow remodeling and stent endothelialization. Double stent placement may be a viable option in dissecting or fusiform intracranial aneurysms that are not amenable to open surgical treatment or endovascular coil embolization.
A Review on Oil and Gas Pipeline Safety

The safety of oil and gas pipelines has increasingly considered day by day to their vulnerability. Pipelines play a very critical role in the transportation of oil and natural-gas. As they have become the veins of oil industries, the productive design and analysis became more important. This made them more vulnerable to terrorist attacks. Although it is impossible to design pipelines to withstand any conceivable damage due to external (terrorist attacks, seismic effects) and internal effects (design and manufacturing defects), it is possible to improve the performance of pipelines. By understanding the design criteria, it saves lots of money and more over human lives and also protects the product in pipelines, which cannot be recovered and which is more and more scares day by day. This research aims: 1) to understand the different types of pipeline damages, reasons for their occurrence and their effects on the pipelines, such as mechanical damages, material defects, cracks, manufacturing defects, 2) to understand the explosions in pipelines, internal or external explosions and seismic distress, 3) to do research and literature review in analytical and numerical methods which allow researching the influence of shock waves (explosions, seismic), 4) to develop description of experimental research of pipelines subjected to shock waves (explosions, seismic), 5) to establish an effective methodology (develop mathematical model) to study the risk management in pipeline exploitation which can be subjected to such conditions like shock waves (caused by explosions, seismic, as well as mining activities) on pipeline systems (buried, on surface, or underwater), and 6) to establish criteria for risk management. This paper includes a review of the related literature covering the first two goals.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
A note on a paper of Atkinson concerning the asymptotics of an eigenvalue problem with interior singularity

On considere la forme asymptotique des valeurs propres de l'equation differentielle lineaire −y''+qy=λy, −∞<a<x<b<∞ ou a<0<b et y satisfait des conditions appropriees en a et b. On etend les resultats d'Atkinson a q plus singulier ou q(x)=x −K et ou 1≤K<3/2
Side chains in transmembrane helices are shorter at helix‐helix interfaces

Transmembrane helices from crystallographically determined structures were analyzed to determine the distribution of side chains inside and outside helix-helix interfaces. Two structural characteristics were explored: (1) the number of atoms outside the interfaces that belong to the side chains with the Cα atoms inside the interfaces, as well as the opposite, inside/outside number (conformation-dependent values) and (2) the side-chain length (depends only on the residue type and does not depend on the side-chain conformation). The results showed that the interface side chains tend to be bent away from the interacting helix. The most important finding, however, is that the side chains in the interface areas, on average, are shorter than in the noninterface areas. Proteins 2000;40:429–435. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The emotion commotion

The computer-human interaction (CHI) community's interest in emotions is heating up. Beyond usability, professionals are taking part in provocative discussions of appeal, desire, pleasure, even frustration---and, no doubt, pain. Before we get carried away, let's review the territory.
Cross-regulation of β-catenin–LEF/TCF and retinoid signaling pathways

Vitamin A derivatives (retinoids) are potent regulators of embryogenesis, cell proliferation, epithelial cell differentiation and carcinogenesis [1]. In breast cancer cells, the effects of retinoids are associated with changes in the cadherin-beta-catenin adhesion and signaling system [2] [3]. beta-catenin is a component of the Wnt signaling pathway, which regulates several developmental pathways [4]. Increases in cytoplasmic beta-catenin and beta-catenin signaling are also associated with numerous cancers, and are particularly important in colon cancer [5]. The oncogenic and developmental effects of beta-catenin are mediated by its interaction with and activation of members of the LEF/TCF family of transcription factors [6] [7] [8]. Here, we shown that retinoic acid (RA) decreases the activity of the beta-catenin-LEF/TCF signaling pathway. This activity of RA was independent of the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) tumor suppressor and ubiquitination-dependent degradation of cytoplasmic beta-catenin. Consistent with this finding, beta-catenin interacted directly with the RA receptor (RAR) in a retinoid-dependent manner, but not with the retinoid X receptor (RXR), and RAR competed with TCF for beta-catenin binding. The activity of RA on RAR-responsive promoters was also potentiated by beta-catenin. The data suggest that direct regulation of beta-catenin-LEF/TCF signaling is one mechanism whereby RA influences development, cell differentiation and cancer.
Automorphosms of infinite dimensional souare-free algebras

Recently, the authors characterized all finite-dimensional square-free algebras A over a field K, and gave a detailed description of their automorphism groups. Using the notion of rings with local units we now extend the definition of square-freealgebras to possibly infinite dimensional ones and observe that the earlier characterization carries over to the infinite dimensional case. Then relying on an appropriate version of the recent notion of inner automorphism introduced by Beattie and del Rio, we extend the description of the automorphism groups to the enlarged class of square-free algebras.
A critical look at the source characteristics used for time varying fringe interferometry

Interference fringes are registered by detectors. All detectors absorb energy from a single or multiple superposed fields through the process of "square modulus" of the sum of the complex amplitudes. The detected energy becomes proportional to the total relative phase difference for all the superposed fields. The process creates ambiguity in discerning the effects due to frequency and phase modulations. We underscore that fringe detection being a physical interaction process between superposed fields and detecting molecules (including beam splitter boundary), the dipolar properties of atoms and molecules should be used to help us discern the effects due to frequency and phase modulations. We traditionally accept that orthogonally polarized light beams do not "interfere". Or, light beams of different frequencies are "incoherent" to each other; but we have highly developed heterodyne interferometry for which the wave fronts of the superposed beams must be matched. Yet, we do not explicitly recognize the roles of the molecules of detectors and beam splitters that really carry out the real functions. Besides, understanding the various processes behind their dipolar response can help us innovate more precision interferometric techniques. As for examples: (i) How precisely the polarization should be parallel to produce perfect visibility fringes? (ii) How precisely equal the optical frequencies of superposed beams should be to create perfectly steady-state energy redirection by a beam splitter in an interferometer with collimated and collinear beams. (iii) How small the wave front mis-match can be tolerated to produce perfect heterodyne fringes while superposing beams of different frequencies?