cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bulk Topological Invariants in Noninteracting Point Group Symmetric Insulators

We survey various quantized bulk physical observables in two- and three-dimensional topological band insulators invariant under translational symmetry and crystallographic point group symmetries (PGS). In two-dimensional insulators, we show that (i) the Chern number of a ${C}_{n}$-invariant insulator can be determined, up to a multiple of $n$, by evaluating the eigenvalues of symmetry operators at high-symmetry points in the Brillouin zone; (ii) the Chern number of a ${C}_{n}$-invariant insulator is also determined, up to a multiple of $n$, by the ${C}_{n}$ eigenvalue of the Slater determinant of a noninteracting many-body system; and (iii) the Chern number vanishes in insulators with dihedral point groups ${D}_{n}$, and the quantized electric polarization is a topological invariant for these insulators. In three-dimensional insulators, we show that (i) only insulators with point groups ${C}_{n}$, ${C}_{nh}$, and ${S}_{n}$ PGS can have nonzero 3D quantum Hall coefficient and (ii) only insulators with improper rotation symmetries can have quantized magnetoelectric polarization ${P}_{3}$ in the term ${P}_{3}\mathbf{E}\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}\mathbf{B}$, the axion term in the electrodynamics of the insulator (medium).
INFLUENCE OF HYPERTHYROIDISM ON VITAMIN C CONTENT OF VARIOUS ENDOCRINES AND TISSUES1

DURING the past two and a half years this laboratory has been engaged in investigations on oxidation reduction efficiency in avitaminoses which included studies on the ascorbic acid2 concentration in blood, tissues, and endocrine glands. Although it is generally recognised that the rat synthesizes vitamin C, we are finding considerable reduction of this vitamin in certain tissues in vitamin A and B1 deficiencies (I), thus establishing a vitamin interrelationship. In continuing our hyperthyroid studies, it occurred to us that toxic doses of thyroxine may so damage certain tissues or endocrines as to produce a marked reduction in the vitamin C content. This was found to be true in the case of the kidney, liver, heart, adrenals, and thymus and to a lesser extent and less regularly in the thyroids and pituitary, when all the work completed is taken into consideration.
Blast Limits for Transmission Structures. II: Structural Response and Blast Limit Development

To ensure power transmission safety, loss of structural integrity of critical transmission facilities due to extreme events, such as strong ground motions induced by blasting, should be avoided. This research intends to establish a vibration safety limit for electric power transmission poles close to blasting events through actual field monitoring and finite-element (FE) simulation of transmission structure dynamic behaviors. In this paper, structural responses of transmission poles during monitored blasting are used to illustrate the methodology for safety limit establishment. The blast response spectra generated based on peak particle velocities were used as a basis for spectrum analysis performed using validated FE models to obtain the structural displacements, reactions, and stress states. The actual recorded ground vibrations as well as modified acceleration time histories were used as input excitations during transient dynamic analysis. A quantitative blast limit was established by comparing structural responses with corresponding design requirements.
Incidence of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage among Hispanics and non-Hispanic whites in New Mexico

Objective: To compare the incidence of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) among Hispanics and non-Hispanic whites living in Bernalillo County, NM. Background: There are differences in cerebrovascular disease incidence between racial and ethnic groups. Knowing these differences is likely to optimize stroke prevention and evaluation. Methods: Medical records review of all possible cases of ICH occurring between January 1, 1993 and December 31, 1993 among residents of Bernalillo County, NM, in all local hospitals. Hospital records were identified by ICD-9-CM codes. Also, State Medical Examiner records review for additional ICH cases occurring during the same time interval. The 1990 U.S. census provided the population base. Results: There were 47 spontaneous ICHs among 267,965 non-Hispanic whites and 39 spontaneous ICHs among 178,310 Hispanics. Incidence of ICH rises exponentially with age in both groups. The age- and sex-adjusted total annual incidence of ICH per 100,000 people is 16.6 among non-Hispanic whites and 34.9 among Hispanics (relative risk for Hispanics 2.10, 95% confidence interval 1.35 to 3.26, p = 0.001). The age-adjusted incidence rates among men and women are not significantly different in either ethnic group. Conclusion: The incidence of spontaneous ICH among Hispanic residents of Bernalillo County, NM, is approximately twice that among non-Hispanic whites. The reasons for this difference require further investigation. NEUROLOGY 1996;47: 405-408
Impact of file arrivals and departures on buffer sizing in core routers

Traditionally, it had been assumed that the efficiency requirements of TCP dictate that the buffer size at the router must be of the order of the bandwidth-delay (C × RTT) product. Recently, this assumption was questioned in a number of papers, and the rule was shown to be conservative for certain traffic models. In particular, by appealing to statistical multiplexing, it was shown that on a router with N long-lived connections, buffers of size O([(C × RTT)/(√N)]) or even O(1) are sufficient. In this paper, we reexamine the buffer-size requirements of core routers when flows arrive and depart. Our conclusion is as follows: If the core-to-access-speed ratio is large, then O(1) buffers are sufficient at the core routers; otherwise, larger buffer sizes do improve the flow-level performance of the users. From a modeling point of view, our analysis offers two new insights. First, it may not be appropriate to derive buffer-sizing rules by studying a network with a fixed number of users. In fact, depending upon the core-to-access-speed ratio, the buffer size itself may affect the number of flows in the system, so these two parameters (buffer size and number of flows in the system) should not be treated as independent quantities. Second, in the regime where the core-to-access-speed ratio is large, we note that the O(1) buffer sizes are sufficient for good performance and that no loss of utilization results, as previously believed.
Monthly tidal temperatures 20–120 km from TIMED/SABER

[1] The SABER instrument on the TIMED satellite provides unprecedented geographical coverage for the determination and study of atmospheric tides. However, the slow local time precession rate of TIMED can cause longer-term temperature variations to alias into the tidal signals. A new method of analyzing satellite data for tides has been developed to circumvent this difficulty, but at the expense of temporal resolution of the tidal fields, i.e., 120-day mean tidal structures are obtained. In this work, we apply this method to SABER temperature data to derive a series of 120-day mean tidal structures, extending between 20 and 120 km altitude, 50°S–50°N latitude, and centered on each month from September 2003 to September 2004. In addition to the migrating (Sun-synchronous) diurnal and semidiurnal tides, a number of nonmigrating tides are revealed in the SABER measurements. Some of these waves are thought to originate via nonlinear coupling between the migrating tides and the stationary planetary wave with zonal wave number s = 1. Other nonmigrating tidal components appear to be forced by latent heating due to deep tropical convection. Of the latter, the eastward propagating diurnal tide with s = 3 is dominant and is as large as the migrating diurnal tide during some months. Of particular interest is the wave-4 structure with respect to longitude that characterizes both the diurnal and semidiurnal total tidal fields. This feature is a result of the predominant wave-4 topography/land-sea longitude dependence at the surface, which is reflected in the diurnal and semidiurnal components of the latent heating rates due to deep tropical convection. The ability of the global-scale wave model (GSWM) to approximate the observed tidal fields, including the wave-4 total tidal structures, is also assessed.
Do Radiation-Associated Soft Tissue Sarcomas Have the Same Prognosis As Sporadic Soft Tissue Sarcomas?

PURPOSE To determine the prognostic significance of histologic type in radiation-associated soft tissue sarcomas (RASs) and determine whether RASs are associated with an inferior prognosis compared with sporadic soft tissue sarcomas (STSs). PATIENTS AND METHODS One hundred thirty primary RASs were identified from 7,649 STS patients from 1982 to 2007. Multivariate analysis of clinicopathologic factors for disease-specific survival (DSS) was performed for RASs, and a multivariate analysis of radiation exposure was also performed for RASs and sporadic sarcomas. A matched-cohort analysis was performed for radiation-associated and sporadic malignant fibrous histiocytoma (MFH). Results Most RASs were high grade (83%), deep (87%), and truncal (61.5%). The median interval between radiation therapy and RAS development was 10 years (range, 1.3 to 74 years), which varied significantly by histologic type (P = .003). The 5-year DSS was 58%, and independent predictors were size > 5 cm, margin positivity, and histologic type. Multivariate analysis of histologic types of primary, high-grade radiation-associated and sporadic STSs showed that RAS was associated with a worse DSS (hazard ratio, 1.7; range, 1.1 to 2.4; P = .007). For pleomorphic MFH-the most common RAS type-the 5-year DSS was 44% versus 66% in a matched cohort of sporadic MFH patients (P = .07). DSS was significantly worse in primary RAS malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNSTs) compared with unmatched sporadic MPNSTs (P = .001). CONCLUSION Histologic type, margin status, and tumor size are the most important independent predictors of DSS in patients with RASs. DSS in patients with primary RAS is significantly worse compared with sporadic STS independent of sarcoma histologic type.
Differential Longevity in Mouse Stocks Selected for Early Life Growth Trajectory

Small body size is associated with superior longevity in several intraspecies comparisons, including dogs bred for specific forms of work, mice and rats fed diets low in calories, rats fed diets low in methionine, and mutant mice whose levels of growth hormone and thyroid hormone are atypically low. To further investigate the interactions among body size, genetic endowment, and longevity, we measured the life span of female mice selectively bred from Institute for Cancer Research stock for differences in rate of body weight gain. These mice were selected for differential rates of growth either early (0‐10 days) or later (26‐56 days) in the first 2 months of life. The data show a good correlation between the average weight of the stock and its mean longevity, with low body size associated, as predicted, with longer life span. Weight at 3, 6, and 12 months, and weight at peak body weight, are all significant predictors of longevity (among stocks) in univariate regressions; weight at 6 months has the strongest association in stepwise multiple regression. There is no significant correlation between the life span for the stock and the proportion of deaths attributable to neoplasia in this group of mice. The data provide support for the hypothesis that genetic factors that influence early life growth trajectories can have a strong influence on life span. These size-selected mice provide useful tools for analysis of the genetic factors that influence life history parameters, including maturation and aging rates.
The Value of Animal Behavior in Evaluations of Restoration Success

Animals are key members of ecosystems, contributing to processes like pollination, seed dispersal, and herbivory. Incorporating measures of animal behavior into evaluations of restoration success will provide critical information that is not available from animal species composition and richness estimates derived from the documentation of species presence and absence. Behavioral studies will (1) allow comparisons of the habitat quality of target and reference sites based on behaviors that have fitness consequences for organisms; (2) provide valuable information about reasons for differences in habitat quality; (3) identify critical resources that make a site suitable or not for particular species; and/or (4) provide information on the mechanisms through which species contribute to ecosystem functions. When resources for the evaluation of restoration success are available, practitioners should carefully consider the costs and benefits of the different variables they could quantify. In some cases, it may be more important to compare the behavior of one or a few critical animal species that contribute to ecosystem function rather than try to document the presence or absence of all species.
The Impact of Internal Control Quality on Audit Delay in the Sox Era

This study analyzes the impact of internal control quality on audit delay following the implementation of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (2002) (SOX). Unlike prior studies of audit delay that obtain information about internal control strength via surveys, or use fairly crude proxies for internal control quality, our study employs external auditor assessments of internal control over financial reporting (ICOFR) that are publicly disclosed in SEC 10-K filings under SOX Section 404. Thus, the empirical evidence provided in this study is both timely and reliable (i.e. not subject to small sample bias or weak proxies). Consistent with our expectation, we find that the presence of material weakness in ICOFR is associated with longer delays. The types of material weakness also matter. Compared to specific material weakness, general material weakness is associated with longer delays. Additional analyses indicate that companies with control problems in personnel, process and procedure, segregation of duties, and closing process experience longer delays. After controlling for other impact factors, this study also documents a significant increase in audit delay associated with the fulfillment of the SOX Section 404 ICOFR assessment requirement. This suggests that Section 404 assessments have made it more difficult for firms to comply with the SEC's desire to shorten 10-K filing deadlines. Our finding thus supports and helps explain the SEC's decisions in 2004 and 2005 to defer scheduled reductions in 10-K filing deadlines (from 75 days to 60 days) for large, accelerated filers.
Light-Scattering Characteristics of Biological Particles

Measurements have been obtained of the light-scattering characteristics of 0.5 μ diameter polystyrene spheres, red blood cells, and hemoglobin free red cell “ghosts.” The information obtained consists of measurements of the magnitude of laser radiation scattered by dilute aqueous suspensions of the above particles as a function of the particle concentration and the angle of observation, measured from the direction of the incident beam. In addition, the results for the spheres are compared to analytical predictions calculated from the Mie theory.The light source employed is a 75 mW He Ne laser operating continuously at 632.8 nm. The laser beam is spatially filtered and focused (large F no.) at the center of a 1.6 cm i.d. cylindrical glass scattering cell. Scattered intensity measurements are obtained with an S-20 multiplier phototube, mounted on a beam which rotates about the scattering cell as an axis.The data for the polystyrene spheres are quite strongly forward directed with a relative minimum at about...
Transcriptome-scale RNase-footprinting of RNA-protein complexes

Ribosome profiling is widely used to study translation in vivo, but not all sequence reads correspond to ribosome-protected RNA. Here we describe Rfoot, a computational pipeline that analyzes ribosomal profiling data and identifies native, nonribosomal RNA-protein complexes. We use Rfoot to precisely map RNase-protected regions within small nucleolar RNAs, spliceosomal RNAs, microRNAs, tRNAs, long noncoding (lnc)RNAs and 3' untranslated regions of mRNAs in human cells. We show that RNAs of the same class can show differential complex association. Although only a subset of lncRNAs show RNase footprints, many of these have multiple footprints, and the protected regions are evolutionarily conserved, suggestive of biological functions.
Preface to Developments in the ABLA

This work is a preface to a symposium issue regarding current developments in the Business Law discipline. A description of the Business Law curriculum and its relevance to business education is provided. The author mentions academic research in this field and reaffirms the position of the Journal of Legal Studies Education as the preeminent publisher of innovative research and models for teaching Business Law and Legal Studies.
Losing reduces maximum bite performance in house cricket contests

Summary Whole-organism performance capacities influence male combat outcomes in many animal species. However, several species also exhibit winner and loser effects, and current theory predicts that losers are more likely to lose again due to a decrease in aggression following defeat, not because of any change in underlying maximum performance capacity. To test the effect of fight experience on performance, we measured the maximum bite force of male Acheta domesticus crickets that were pitted against size-matched opponents in staged fights. Winners then fought a second contest against other winners while losers fought other losers, after which we measured the change in bite force in all contest crickets and in a control group that did not take part in any contests. Bite force predicted fight outcomes in the first round, and losing the first fight had a significant effect on bite force, leading to a 20% decrease in relative bite force compared to crickets that won both rounds. However, winning did not increase performance as there was no difference between those that won the first round and those that never experienced a loss, nor did winning a second bout alleviate the negative effects on realized bite performance of losing an initial bout. Past defeats can therefore alter the realized short-term maximal performance of traits that contribute to contest outcomes independent of maximum performance limits set by morphology.
Just a Friendly Reminder…Improving Visitor Hand Hygiene Practice with a Simple Verbal Cue

Proper hand hygiene (HH) plays an important role in preventing the spread of infections, yet, the prompting, monitoring, and sustainment of good HH practices for hospital visitors remains challenging. Visitors enter the hospital from multiple points of entry, may not think about HH, and/or do not think it is their responsibility to participate, all of which may contribute to lack of proper HH. The aim of our project was to measure if a simple verbal cue to visitors at the time of entry to the hospital would …
Why Do Vascular Surgeons Get Sued? Analysis of Claims and Outcomes in Malpractice Litigation

Background The objective of the study was to analyze causes and outcomes of malpractice claims against vascular surgeons in the United States. Methods Cases entered into the Westlaw database from January 1, 1999 to December 31, 2014 were reviewed. Search terms “vascular” and “surgeon” were used. Data were compiled on the allegation, subject matter, and outcome of each case. Additional data including demographics of the defendant were obtained from the U.S. News Health reports on practicing physicians. Results Of a total of 785 cases identified from the Westlaw database using the search terms “vascular” and “surgeon”, 485 (61.8%) were identified where a vascular surgeon was the defendant or expert witness. Of these, 135 (27.8%) had a vascular surgeon identified as a defendant. Among these 135 cases, 88 (65.2%) were found for the defendant with 31 (23%) and 15 (11.1%) being found for the plaintiff or settled, respectively. Of the 31 cases found for the plaintiff, the median award was $750,000 and mean award was $1,830,000. Mean time from incident to verdict was 4.8 years. The most common procedures which led to litigation were open or endovascular peripheral revascularization (PR) (14.8%), carotid interventions (CIs) (11.85%), aortic interventions (AI) (11.1%), vascular trauma (9.63%), dialysis access (8.15%), and venous surgery (5.93%). The most common allegation was “failure to diagnose and treat” (48.9%), followed by complication of open surgery (31.85%) and negligent procedure (25.19%). The most common injuries reported were death (31.85%), major amputation (23.7%), neurovascular injury (14.8%), and bleeding (5.9%). Conclusions Analysis of vascular surgery malpractice litigation in the Westlaw database revealed details regarding the subject matter and outcomes of these cases. Through this closed claims analysis, the most common procedures leading to litigation were found to be PR, CI, and AI and not thoracic outlet syndrome procedures as commonly believed. Furthermore, the most common allegations were a “failure to diagnose and treat” and “open surgical complication”. Analysis of the salient features and outcomes in these cases can provide a framework for heightened awareness of issues which lead to malpractice claims and can ultimately improve patient care and safety.
Inhibition of estrogen-induced elevation of cyclic 3',5'-adenosine monophosphate in rat uterus. I. By beta-adrenergic receptor-blocking drugs.

The elevation of cyclic 39,59-AMP which occurs in the uterus of the ovariectomized rat within 30 sec following intravenous administration of estradiol-17β is subject to blockade by immediately prior injection by vein of the beta-adrenergic antagonists propranolol and, to a lesser extent, dichloroisoproterenol. Propranolol exhibited a slight agonistic effect, not hitherto recognized by other criteria; dichloroisoproterenol possessed this capacity to a striking degree, as had been anticipated. Bilateral adrenalectomy virtually abolished the inhibitory effect of dichloroisoproterenol on the response to estradiol-17β while interfering only slightly with that due to propranolol. The alpha-adrenergic blocking agents phentolamine and dibenzyline appeared inert by these criteria. These data constitute the first observations correlating the effects of systemically administered adrenergic blocking agents with the cyclic 39,59-AMP response to estrogen in time intact uterus, and appear to support the suggestion that "beta-receptor" function may be closely associated with time the adenyl cyclase system.
A New Look at Two Old Topics

#### The study In a rigorous retrospective analysis of 2090 patients admitted with acute osteomyelitis to 36 children’s hospitals from 2009 to 2012, treatment failure and adverse outcomes were compared between those receiving postdischarge peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC) versus oral antibiotic therapy. The authors used propensity scores and complex modeling to control for severity, organism, infection location, child age, and hospital, along with statistical techniques (stratified and marginal modeling) to approximate a randomized controlled trial. Cases culled from the Pediatric Health Information System database were validated with individual chart review and data enhanced. #### The key findings Treatment failure rates both across and within hospitals were similar for children with acute osteomyelitis discharged on PICC and oral antibiotics, irrespective of child age or organism. Odds of adverse outcomes, including drug reactions, emergency department visits, and complications, were significantly …
Tool choice in innovation diffusion

The short product life cycle of information and communication technology (ICT) applications makes it critical for developers to expedite the diffusion process by reducing user resistance. At the individual level, the adoption of an ICT application largely depends on how a person is ready to use the computerized tool in place of the corresponding traditional method for a certain purpose. To find out how to facilitate the transition, this study investigates the human choice behavior involved in technology adoption with the Activity Theory that allows for the inclusion of different tools in one unit of analysis. The understanding of user situated experiences from the activity perspective leads to hypothesized relationships between user-, tool- and task-related factors and the dependent variable in terms of tool readiness. The empirical results support that tool experiences have stronger effects on specific tool readiness at the within-subject level, user characteristics have weaker effects on general tool readiness at the between-subject level, and task situations influence both levels of tool readiness. The findings provide insights on how to facilitate innovation diffusion for different tools, tasks and users. Short product life cycle requires the reduction of user resistance to innovations.Innovation adoption relies on readiness to switch from traditional to computerized tools.Activity Theory allows for the inclusion of different tools in one unit of analysis.Multilevel relationships between user-, tool- and task-related factors and tool readiness.Tool experiences, task situations and user characteristics exhibit strong to weak effects.
Failure of chronic exposure to nonthermal FM radio waves to mutate Drosophila

A stock of Drosophila sc VI - YS/y ac oc ptg - YL/y ac oc ptg - YL/y sc S1 B In49 ct ns v sc8 that accumulated the recessive lethals on the X chromosome was exposed to a frequency of 98.5 MHz (wave length 3.35 m) and a field strength of 0.3 V/m. The flies were kept near the base of the 300-ft antenna of a 50,000 watt transmitter for 32 weeks. There was no significant difference in the percentage of lethals between the stock exposed to 4,020 hours of nonthermal FM radio waves and the controls.
Liberals, the Irish Famine and the role of the state

The Irish mythology of the Great Famine of the 1840s explained the failure of the British government to prevent the deaths of some one million people in terms of a Whig government and ruling elite driven by a commitment to laissez-faire ideology which left them indifferent to the loss of Irish lives. At its most extreme, this mythology attributed a wilful genocide to the English. The term myth as used here does not necessarily imply that the account is untrue. Rather, the myth comprises a combination of fact, fiction and the unknowable in a narrative of such power that, for the people who accept it, the myth provides a guide to future understanding and action. In this respect, Irish mythology about the English and the Famine is rooted in facts: the resistance of the Whig government to any interference with the market; the staunch commitment to ideology of central figures in the making of famine policy such as Charles Trevelyan (assistant secretary to the treasury) and Sir Charles Wood (chancellor of the exchequer) and shapers of liberal opinion such as the political economists Nassau Senior and James Wilson (editor of The Economist); and the indifference to Irish suffering, and indeed the hostility to the Irish, as demonstrated in the language of the radical M.P.J.A. Roebuck.
Toxoplasma gondii Chemical Biology

Abstract 21 High throughput technologies have revolutionized science and created new disciplines including chemical biology, which exploits chemical structure information to modify protein function and induce cellular phenotypes that illuminate biological mechanisms. In chemical biology, small organic molecules are used as tools in high throughput pharmacological experiments that complement classical forward and reverse genetics approaches. This chapter reviews the principles of chemical biology and illustrates how this approach has been successfully used to identify proteins important for parasite invasion and to identify small molecule inhibitors of parasite proteases and kinases.
Quantitative effects of Prandtl number and viscosity-temperature index on the compressible laminar boundary layer with pressure gradient

The transformed, non-dimensional boundary layer equations defining the velocity and enthalpy are solved by a series method. Numerical solutions for three types of main stream flow (accelerated, uniform, and retarded) are given for Prandtl number, σ, of 1.0 and 0.725 and viscosity-temperature index, ω, of 1.0 and 0.76. The solutions allow estimates of the effects of σ and ω to be made. They also form standards for testing approximate solutions.
Freedom's Law: The Moral Reading of the American Constitution.Ronald Dworkin

A familiar criticism of America’s legal culture is that judges, especially Justices of the US Supreme Court, presume to rule as philosopher kings. Ronald Dworkin was perhaps the country’s most unabashed intellectual advocate of the idea that this is just what judges ought to do. “Freedom’s Law: The Moral Reading of the American Constitution” is a collection, published in 1996, of essays by Dworkin, most of them devoted to Dworkin’s herculean ideal for the role of judges and for constitutional adjudication. This article is a review of “Freedom’s Law”, published in “Ethics” the International Journal of Social, Political, and Legal Philosophy. Dworkin attributed a high level of abstraction to such provisions of the Constitution as “equal protection” and “due process”. These phrases lay down general principle, said Dworkin, and judges ought to give them the best interpretation that moral thought can muster. Dworkin gave short shrift to the possibility that valid moral reasoning might lead to legal or political conclusions different to his own. If the Constitution really means “justice”, and the role of the courts is to tell the country what justice requires, it obviously means less scope for the people and their representatives to decide things for themselves. One good reason for interpreting the Constitution as laying down more modest and specific legal norms is therefore the idea of self-government. Otherwise, under Dworkin’s vision, the people are debarred from voting about almost anything important. But there is another good reason for more judicial modesty, and that is value pluralism. If freedom, equality, and other goals often conflict, then public policy inevitably requires rough compromises: and making compromises is the stuff of democratic politics, not of moral theory.
Requests for cesarean deliveries: The politics of labor pain and pain relief in Shanghai, China

Cesarean section rates have risen dramatically in China within the past 25 years, particularly driven by non-medical factors and maternal requests. One major reason women request cesareans is the fear of labor pain, in a country where a minority of women are given any form of pain relief during labor. Drawing upon ethnographic fieldwork and in-depth interviews with 26 postpartum women and 8 providers at a Shanghai district hospital in June and July of 2015, this article elucidates how perceptions of labor pain and the environment of pain relief constructs the cesarean on maternal request. In particular, many women feared labor pain and, in a context without effective pharmacological pain relief or social support during labor, they came to view cesarean sections as a way to negotiate their labor pain. In some cases, women would request cesarean sections during labor as an expression of their pain and a call for a response to their suffering. However, physicians, under recent state policy, deny such requests, particularly as they do not view pain as a reasonable indication for a cesarean birth. This disconnect leads to a mismatch in goals for the experience of birth. To reduce unnecessary C-sections, policy makers should instead address the lack of pain relief during childbirth and develop other means of improving the childbirth experience that may relieve maternal anxiety, such as allowing family members to support the laboring woman and integrating a midwifery model for low-risk births within China's maternal-services system.
Teacher Perceptions Impeding Child Behavior Assessment in an Early Childhood Setting.

ABSTRACTResearchers acknowledge the utility of external consultants in helping teachers address problem behavior. To build teachers’ capacity, the author explored emerging roadblocks during a consultation process. This investigation involved consultation and training on multitiered positive behavior supports for early childhood co-teaching dyads who selected children with year-long problem behavior. Sessions were informed by teacher–child observations and teachers’ data collection. Triangulated content analysis with peer debriefing and member checking suggested specific areas to address before participants could objectively engage in the assessment process. These obstacles included: difficulty defining concerns, focusing on variables outside their control (i.e., behavior's etiology, the role of parental caregivers), and establishing nonrevisited, early assumptions. This study provides a rare glimpse into roadblocks to behavior assessment in an early childhood setting. Implications are discussed, including...
Heparin versus bivalirudin for non-primary percutaneous coronary intervention: A post-Hoc analysis of the CPORT-E trial.

OBJECTIVES To compare bivalirudin to heparin during non-primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). BACKGROUND The optimal anticoagulant to support PCI remains uncertain. METHODS We performed a propensity score-based analysis comparing clinical outcomes of patients receiving heparin to those receiving bivalirudin during non-primary PCI. RESULTS Of 18,867 patients in the Cardiovascular Patient Outcomes Research Team Non-Primary PCI (CPORT-E) trial, we selected 7,913 patients undergoing non-staged PCI of whom 57.3% received heparin and 42.7% received bivalirudin. In-hospital myocardial infarction occurred in 4.4% of patients receiving bivalirudin and 3.0% of patients receiving heparin (relative risk [RR] 1.5, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.1-2.1, P = 0.022); this difference persisted at 6 weeks (5.0% vs. 3.6%, RR 1.4, 95% CI 1.0-1.8, P = 0.041). There was no difference in all-cause mortality either in-hospital (0.2% vs. 0.1% for heparin vs. bivalirudin, P = 0.887) or at 6 weeks (0.5% vs. 0.7%, P = 0.567). In-hospital bleeding requiring transfusion occurred in 0.9% of patients receiving bivalirudin and 1.9% of patients receiving heparin (RR 0.4, 95% CI 0.3-0.7, P <0.001), but there was no difference at 6 weeks (2.7% for heparin vs. 1.9% for bivalirudin, RR 0.7, 95% CI 0.5-1.0, P = 0.062). CONCLUSIONS In patients undergoing non-primary PCI at hospitals without on-site cardiac surgery, bivalirudin was associated with a decreased risk of in-hospital bleeding requiring transfusion and an increased risk of in-hospital MI compared to heparin. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
An Algorithmic Approach to Triaging Facial Trauma on the Sidelines

On-the-field evaluation of facial trauma requires a focused initial assessment of the patient's airway and breathing with a knowledge of the critical associated injuries. The initial triage in facial trauma involves assessing and protecting the athlete's airway, breathing, and cervical spine. The algorithm then requires a repeat evaluation for subtle causes of airway obstruction and aspiration risks. Final steps include control of hemorrhage, recognition of neurologic and ophthalmologic disability, and complete exposure of the athlete to examine for other associated injury. The ABC repeat ABCDE mnemonic allows providers to avoid missing critical injuries that require immediate intervention.
A retrospective analysis of integrative medicine consultations at a major cancer center: Reasons for consultation, symptom burden, quality of life, and satisfaction.

e17630 Background: Many cancer patients use complementary and alternative medicine, but limited data exists regarding the reasons for an integrative medicine consultation and the patient’s symptom ...
The Storey of college health hygiene. Thomas A. Storey, MD (1875-1943) and the promotion of hygiene.

Abstract The word hygiene originally defined a comprehensive plan for preserving individual and community health in all its dimensions. In the latter half of the 19th century, Dr Edward Hitchcock Jr established a system of hygiene at Amherst College that became the model for campus hygiene programs. Dr Thomas A. Storey of Stanford University, an advocate of teaching hygiene to college students, wrote articles and textbooks and was active on national committees that promoted college hygiene programs. Storey was one of the founders of the American Student Health Association, later renamed the American College Health Association, which in its early years chose promotion of hygiene as a major objective. As the 20th century progressed, the profession of health education emerged. With its emergence came the realization that health education, once viewed as primarily a matter of delivering health information to students, required an appreciation of human behavior as well. By 1950, the word hygiene had given way ...
The Widening Black-White Wage Gap among Women

Abstract. We utilize over 30 years of the Current Population Survey to examine labor force participation and wage patterns among five cohorts of white and black women. By estimating wages using four selection correction techniques in determining the wage gap for women who are not in the labor force, we provide evidence of the changing role of selection among women over time. We find an increasing observed wage gap between white and black women for younger cohorts; however, the decline in selection for both black and white women does not explain the rising wage gap.
The Role of Extent of Resection in IDH1 Wild-Type or Mutant Low-Grade Gliomas.

BACKGROUND Maximizing extent of resection (EOR) improves outcomes in adults with World Health Organization (WHO) grade II low-grade gliomas (LGG). However, recent studies demonstrate that LGGs bearing a mutation in the isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) gene are a distinct molecular and clinical entity. It remains unclear whether maximizing EOR confers an equivalent clinical benefit in IDH mutated (mtIDH) and IDH wild-type (wtIDH) LGGs. OBJECTIVE To assess the impact of EOR on malignant progression-free survival (MPFS) and overall survival (OS) in mtIDH and wtIDH LGGs. METHODS We performed a retrospective review of 74 patients with WHO grade II gliomas and known IDH mutational status undergoing resection at a single institution. EOR was assessed with quantitative 3-dimensional volumetric analysis. The effect of predictor variables on MPFS and OS was analyzed with Cox regression models and the Kaplan-Meier method. RESULTS Fifty-two (70%) mtIDH patients and 22 (30%) wtIDH patients were included. Median preoperative tumor volume was 37.4 cm3; median EOR of 57.6% was achieved. Univariate Cox regression analysis confirmed EOR as a prognostic factor for the entire cohort. However, stratifying by IDH status demonstrates that greater EOR independently prolonged MPFS and OS for wtIDH patients (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.002 [95% confidence interval {CI} 0.000-0.074] and HR = 0.001 [95% CI 0.00-0.108], respectively), but not for mtIDH patients (HR = 0.84 [95% CI 0.17-4.13] and HR = 2.99 [95% CI 0.15-61.66], respectively). CONCLUSION Increasing EOR confers oncologic and survival benefits in IDH1 wtLGGs, but the impact on IDH1 mtLGGs requires further study.
Microbial Photoelectrosynthesis for Self-Sustaining Hydrogen Generation.

Current artificial photosynthesis (APS) systems are promising for the storage of solar energy via transportable and storable fuels, but the anodic half-reaction of water oxidation is an energy intensive process which in many cases poorly couples with the cathodic half-reaction. Here we demonstrate a self-sustaining microbial photoelectrosynthesis (MPES) system that pairs microbial electrochemical oxidation with photoelectrochemical water reduction for energy efficient H2 generation. MPES reduces the overall energy requirements thereby greatly expanding the range of semiconductors that can be utilized in APS. Due to the recovery of chemical energy from waste organics by the mild microbial process and utilization of cost-effective and stable catalyst/electrode materials, our MPES system produced a stable current of 0.4 mA/cm2 for 24 h without any external bias and ∼10 mA/cm2 with a modest bias under one sun illumination. This system also showed other merits, such as creating benefits of wastewater treatment...
Environment between System and Nature: Alan Sonfist and the Art of the Cybernetic Environment

This paper examines the role of systems thinking in environmental(ist) art and activism through a close reading and contextualization of Army Ants: Patterns and Structures (1972), an installation by Alan Sonfist, one of the leading figures in U.S. land art and environmental art of the 1960s and 1970s. It challenges a commonly held retrospective understanding of "environmental art" as being inherently about bringing nature into art (or into the gallery) by showing how important systems thinking, which blurred the natural-cultural divide, was to Sonfist and other artists of the time. It suggests that these two understandings of the environment -one focused on nature, the other on systems -were both allied and in tension, and that the unexpected technical problems faced by Army Ants can be attributed at least in part to a failure to acknowledge those tensions. Similarly, the paper suggests, the legacy of glossing over these different understandings of the environment has been at the root of broader conceptual problems with environmental art and activism.
Wandering and Ecological Ethos in 'A hora e vez de Augusto Matraga'

Joao Guimaraes Rosa locates nearly all his fiction in the Brazilian sertao, the vast, semi-arid backlands of Brazil's interior, yet surprisingly few studies exist regarding Guimaraes Rosa’s environmental attitudes or the ecological ethos present in his work. Pressing environmental concerns in Brazil have nevertheless inspired new readings of Guimaraes Rosa's work that consider the ecological consciousness latent in his fiction. Guimaraes Rosa's well-known novella, "A hora e vez de Augusto Matraga," reveals a powerful ecological ethos by modeling the concept of wandering—a way of relating to nature and to others. The story demonstrates that acquiring aesthetic sensitivity and developing ecological understanding occur simultaneously, and they work together to establish social and communal harmony.
Condition Monitoring and Operational Decision-Making in Modern Semiconductor Manufacturing Systems

Modern semiconductor manufacturing tools are often complex systems of numerous interacting subsystems that operate in multiple physical domains and often follow highly nonlinear distributed dynamics. In such systems, traditional condition monitoring methods, which rely on a direct link between sensor readings and the underlying condition of the system, cannot be used. Rather, one must acknowledge that the available sensor readings are only stochastically related to the condition of the monitored system, which therefore must be probabilistically inferred from the sensors. This manuscript describes a recently proposed condition monitoring method, based on characterizing the degradation process via a mixture of operation-specific hidden Markov models (HMMs), with hidden states representing the unobservable degradation states of the monitored system, while its observable variables represent the available sensor readings. The new monitoring paradigm was applied to monitoring of several tools operating in major semiconductor fabs over many months, with orders of magnitude better performance than traditional, purely signature-based approaches. The remainder of the paper focuses on describing how Markovian models of degradation of flexible manufacturing equipment, such as those utilized in modern semiconductor manufacturing, can be employed to concurrently optimize the sequence of production operations and schedule preventive maintenance for that machine. It will be shown that integrated decision-making in terms of product sequencing and maintenance operations carries significant potential benefits compared to the more traditional, fragmented decision-making. The manuscript ends with a brief summary of possible future research directions in process monitoring and maintenance decision-making in semiconductor manufacturing.
Disturbance, Mechanisms of

Disturbances in ecological systems promote characteristic patterns of environmental heterogeneity and regulate ecosystem processes, population dynamics, species interactions, and species diversity. Ecological disturbances are created by mechanical forces, extreme physico–chemical conditions, and biological consumers and pathogens. Each of these three classes of mechanisms has somewhat distinctive characteristics in the way it operates, the kinds of organisms affected, and the biological and physical legacies that remain. This article reviews general principles of disturbance ecology and describes and illustrates different disturbance mechanisms and their interactions, concluding with a brief discussion of the role of humans in altering disturbance regimes.
"Trivializing'' generalizations of some Izergin-Korepin-type determinants

We generalize (and hence trivialize and routinize) numerous explicit evaluations of determinants and pfaffians due to Kuperberg, as well as a determinant of Tsuchiya. The level of generality of our statements render their proofs easy and routine, by using Dodgson Condensation and/or Krattenthaler's factor exhaustion method.
Multidimensional spectrum estimation for nonstationary processes

A spectrum estimation method for multidimensional nonstationary processes has been developed. The estimation method has been applied to a nonstationary two-dimensional random field. The numerical findings show that the results of the estimations are about what can be expected from a multidimensional estimation for a nonstationary process.
Mapping Out a Strategy: Curriculum Mapping Applied to Outreach and Instruction Programs

Academic libraries use two common methods to reach first-year students: outreach activities and library instruction. The purpose of this study was to discover if curriculum mapping techniques commonly used in library instruction could be applied to outreach to explore the synergies and differences between programs. The project demonstrated that mapping was an effective tool for gaining insight into interrelated outcomes, resource allocation, consistency of library messaging, and students reached by each program. Curriculum mapping proved a useful method for creating strategic and intentional instruction and outreach programs that complement rather than compete with each other.
We, bully: on politicizing compulsory bullying

There was a school boy whose name I forget. His mannerisms were flamboyant and unruly. I was better equipped to downplay my own queerness; he was less privileged. In an attempt to push queerness as...