cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Building a better bathtub: computing at the optical memory interface

To fully exploit the high bandwidth and inherent parallelism of optical memory systems, it is necessary to perform correspondingly parallel computations at or near the interface to the memory system. In this paper, we present a system in which a dynamically reconfigurable processor is built at the optical memory interface. Dynamically reconfigurable processors exploit parallelism at the level of individual machine instructions. They are based on the time multiplexing of gate array logic between various processor configurations, each of which is matched to a particular required computation. This paper is an analysis of the performance of an optically reconfigurable processor in comparison to conventional multiple instruction issue processors. We will show that the volume of configuration data required makes these systems difficult to build in electronic implementations but ideal for implementations with optical memory.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Effects of intraventricular injections of 6-hydroxydopamine on amine metabolites in rat brain and urine.

Abstract The effects in rats of intraventricular injections of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) on the urinary excretion 1–3 weeks later of 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenethylene glycol (MHPG), 3,4-dihydroxyphenethanol (DHPE), 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenethanol (MHPE), p -hydroxyphenylglycol (pHPG), homovanillic acid (HVA) and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) were examined. The excretion of MHPG was decreased to 63 and 71% of control on days 7 and 14, respectively, but had returned to control levels by day 23, even though the brain levels were decreased by 87%. Free and total HVA excretion was reduced on both days 7 and 23, but free and total DOPAC was reduced only on day 7. Based on these data, it can be estimated that about 39% of the free and 46% of the total HVA in urine originates in the CNS. The excretion of conjugated HVA was decreased by 70–80%, but this decrease does not support the notion that the conjugated form of HVA is derived principally from the brain and thus serves as a better marker of brain dopamine metabolism, since the level of this metabolite in the brain was not correspondingly decreased but was instead increased. Urinary DOPAC levels were generally more variable and derived to a greater extent from the periphery; therefore, DOPAC appears to be less suitable than HVA as a marker of brain dopamine. The results also indicate that as much as 35% of the urinary MHPG may originate in the CNS, although compensatory changes in catecholamine metabolism in either the brain or in the periphery may have somewhat influenced this estimate. The results also suggest that at least as much pHPG as MHPG in urine derives from the CNS. The data are consistent with the idea that the neutral dopamine metabolites largely derive from the brain, but the relatively small depletion in their brain levels produced by 6-OHDA prevented the exact proportion being determined accurately.
STUDIES ON THE OXIDATION-REDUCTION OF HEMOGLOBIN AND METHEMOGLOBIN : IV. THE INHIBITION OF "SPONTANEOUS" METHEMOGLOBIN FORMATION.

It is well known that methemoglobin is gradually formed in sterile blood or hemoglobin solutions which are stored under the usual conditions. If the hemoglobin is reduced by biological agents and stored in the absence of air, the formation of methemoglobin is inhibited, or wholly prevented. The reasons for this are discussed.
Conservation A Collaboration Between Art and Science

This article presents an overview of the major causes of the decay of artifacts and antiquities. It summarizes various interactions of the environment with different types of artworks that lead to their eventual degradation. In their effort to preserve our heritage and comprehend the causes of decay, museums and art experts are increasingly utilizing the tools of science. Scientific analytical laboratories, equipped with “state of the art” instrumentation, have already become an integral part of some famous museums. This article also describes the development of a new trend in the art of modern conservation, which emphasizes the necessity of keeping the original intention of the artist intact and preserving the integrity of the artifact.
Computer assisted promoter analysis of a human sperm specific nucleoprotein gene cluster

The promoter regions of the clustered human spermatid-specific nucleoprotein PRM1, PRM2 arid TNP2 genes were compared to define regulatory elements that may govern their expression. Sequence alignment revealed two wll conserved motifs, despite a lack of extensive homology. They are located at similar positions within the first 400 nt of their 5' UTRs. Conservation of these motifs may reflect selective evolutionary pressure to maintain their structure. This supports the view that these elements assume a central role in the coordinate regulation of this gene cluster during spermiogenesis. The distribution of binding sites of known transcription factors was also assessed within the regions flanking the 5' ends of these genes. This analysis should prove useful in directing studies that define the signals necessary for the coordinate regulation of this spermatid specific gene cluster.
Scuffing of cast iron and Al390-T6 materials used in compressor applications

Abstract Scuffing can lead to catastrophic failure in engineering components, but the surface mechanism that leads to scuffing is not well understood. In this experimental study, the surface and subsurface changes on gray cast iron and Al390-T6 were investigated under starved lubrication (a mixture of R410A refrigerant combined with a polyolester lubricant) and pure sliding. Controlled tribological experiments were conducted using a high-pressure tribometer to simulate the contact conditions found in typical air conditioning compressors. Tribological tests were conducted on several sets of tribo-pairs consisting of gray cast iron disks and gray cast iron pins, for periods of 25, 50, and 75% of the time-to-scuff in order to investigate the progression of surface and subsurface changes leading to scuffing. The evolution of the chemical composition in the topmost surface layer of the disks was investigated as the disk/pin tribo-pairs progressed towards scuffing. Important changes in chemical composition were observed on the disks that had scuffed. Specifically, a marked decrease in manganese compounds was measured, which indicates a significant loss of the protective coating that was applied to the disks. Vickers microhardness tests were also performed on the disks at all stages, and showed a reduction in the means of hardness measurements as the disk neared the scuffed stage, in agreement with other studies. Similar scuffing experiments were also performed with tribo-pairs of Al390-T6/52100 steel; surface and subsurface changes were also characterized using chemical analysis and cross-section scanning electron microscope (SEM). In this case, depletion of silicon, which is embedded in the aluminum matrix to increase the hardness of the alloy compounds, was observed at scuffing. This observed reduction in hardness not only agrees with the cast iron hardness study, but also was consistent with the chemical analysis of the cast iron where a chemical component associated with hardening is depleted at the instance of scuffing.
Use of structural analog in the study of potato phosphorylase

Abstract 1. 1. 5-Thio- D -glucose 1-phosphate is a poor substrate for potato phosphorylase but is a competitive inhibitor to D -glucopyranose 1-phosphate with K i of 0.75 mM compared to the K m of 5.4 mM for D -glucopyranose 1 -phosphate. The values suggest a rather strong bonding of the analog phosphate for phosphorylase. 2. 2. 5-Thio- D -glucose-phosphate is a non-competitive inhibitor for amylopectin with a K, of 1.43 mM. 3. 3. With phosphorylase, d -glucose 6-phosphate is a poor competitive inhibitor ( K i 123 mM) to D-glu-copyranose 1-phosphate and a weak non-competitive inhibitor to amylopectin ( K i 420 mM). 4. 4. 5-Thio- D -glucopyranose 6-phosphate is a competitive inhibitor to d -glucopyranose 1-phosphate ( K i , 35 mM) and is a non-competitive inhibitor to amylopectin ( K i , 37 mM). 5. 5. 5-Thio- D -glucose has a competitive inhibition effect on amylopectin with a K i of 240 mM and 100 mM at 77 mM and 153 mM concentrations respectively of analog and is a very weak non-competitive inhibitor to D -glucopyranose 1-phosphate ( K i , 950 mM).
Simple, fast, and practical non-blocking and blocking concurrent queue algorithms

Drawing ideas from previous authors, we present a new non-blocking concurrent queue algorithm and a new two-lock queue algorithm in which one enqueue and one dequeue can proceed concurrently. Both algorithms are simple, fast, and practical; we were surprised not to find them in the literature. Experiments on a 12-node SGI Challenge multiprocessor indicate that the new non-blocking queue consistently outperforms the best known alternatives; it is the clear algorithm of choice for machines that provide a universal atomic primitive (e.g., compare_and_swap or load_linked/store_conditional). The two-lock concurrent queue outperforms a single lock when several processes are competing simultaneously for access; it appears to be the algorithm of choice for busy queues on machines with non-universal atomic primitives (e.g., test_and_set). Since much of the motivation for non-blocking algorithms is rooted in their immunity to large, unpredictable delays in process execution, we report experimental results both for systems with dedicated processors and for systems with several processes multiprogrammed on each processor.
PPy:PSS as alternative to PEDOT:PSS in organic photovoltaics

Abstract Polypyrrole-polystyrene sulfonate (PPy:PSS) thin films have been electrodeposited on indium tin oxide (ITO)-coated glass slides and used as hole transport layers (HTLs) in poly(3-hexylthiophene)/phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (P3HT:PCBM)-based organic photovoltaics (OPVs). The OPVs made with PPy:PSS exhibit performance (PCE = 2.50%, JSC = 9.03 mA/cm2, VOC = 0.57 V, FF = 0.49) comparable to that obtained by using standard poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) spin-coated films (PCE = 2.62%, JSC = 9.43 mA/cm2, VOC = 0.54 V, FF = 0.52). Using XPS, it is shown that electrodeposited PPy:PSS does not etch the ITO electrode, in contrast to the known degradation effect of the PSSH acid excess present in spin-coated PEDOT:PSS. The effects of the film thickness and the rate of electropolymerization of PPy:PSS have been investigated to show that the only main adverse affect on the OPVs performance is the decreased transparency of the films at higher thicknesses. The results reported here indicate that stable electrodeposited PPy:PSS can be successfully used in place of ITO-etchant PEDOT:PSS spin-coated films in the fabrication of OPVs.
Supervisory influences on officers' perceptions of less lethal force policy: A multilevel analysis

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of sergeants’ less lethal force policy perceptions on subordinate officers’ policy perceptions. Sergeants are a critical level of supervision in police departments with respect to policy administration, particularly in regard to the use of force. Little empirical research, however, has been conducted on either officer policy perceptions or this aspect of the supervisory role. Design/methodology/approach – Surveys of 765 patrol officers and 146 patrol sergeants served as the data source. Multilevel modeling procedures were used to test for supervisory influences on officer force policy perceptions while controlling for relevant officer-level variables. Additional analyses were conducted to examine potential moderating effects for this sergeant-officer attitudinal relationship. Findings – Findings revealed that sergeant policy perceptions, views of top management, and their level of support had a significant impact on officers’ force policy percep...
Antibody Interactions with Ricinus communis Agglutinins Studied by Biolayer Interferometry

Two related agglutinins are present in the seeds of Ricinus communis (castor): ricin, a dichain ribosome-inactivating protein and Ricinus communis agglutinin-1, a much less toxic tetrameric hemagglutinin. The immunochemical analysis of these agglutinins is of special interest because ricin toxicity has resulted in both accidental and intentional poisonings, while it has also provided a potential cancer chemotherapeutic in the form of an immunoconjugate. We previously characterized a panel of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) for the analysis of potential contamination with ricin in several food matrices. In this study, an optical sensing technique, biolayer interferometry (BLI), was used to study the binding of two mAbs to the agglutinins. MAbs were immobilized on sensors with amine-reactive, Fc-binding, and streptavidin-coated tips to study the interactions with the agglutinins and with ricin A- and B-chains in solution. The kinetically determined equilibrium dissociation constants generally agreed with the r...
Lithologic, structural, and geomorphic controls on ribbon forest patterns in a glaciated mountain environment

Abstract So-called “ribbon forests” have been attributed to snowdrift patterns and fire history without reference to geomorphology [Vegetatio 19 (1969) 192.]. This paper illustrates how site conditions of geomorphology and geology explain the origin of ribbon forests. In Glacier National Park, MT (USA), regional tectonic uplift associated with the Laramide Orogeny produced structural features that amplify lithologic differences. Pleistocene glaciation scoured deeply along the strike of bedding planes, highlighting this pattern and in some cases producing fine-scale parallel finger lakes between forested ribbon strips. Twelve ribbon forest sites on both sides of the Continental Divide were closely studied on stereoscopic aerial photographs, and several of these sites were examined in the field or from helicopter overflights. In all cases, geologic and geomorphic conditions explain the location and distribution of the ribbon forests. Change-detection of the distribution of trees versus nontree-covered surfaces in an area of ribbon forest on Flattop Mountain, a complex uplifted synclinal structure, was undertaken using panchromatic, low-altitude aerial photographs from 1966 to 1991. Areas changed from forest to meadow and from meadow to forest in roughly equal amounts in a generally random spatial pattern. No evidence was seen to suggest that the creation of one ribbon eventually created another downwind, as suggested by Billings. Aerial photograph interpretation, field examination and soils analyses of forest ribbons and adjacent unforested meadows clearly illustrated that trees occupy higher, parallel to subparallel, well-drained sites where the spatial pattern is in turn a distinct reflection of the spatial pattern of structure and stratigraphy. Meadows occupy topographically lower positions between ridges where erosion along bedding plane strike was concentrated. Topography sets conditions that allow tree growth in certain locations while precluding it in immediately adjacent areas. Ribbon forests there are thus a spatial manifestation of the interaction between structure, lithology, and topography.
Limitations of Gaussian assumptions for the irradiance distribution in digital imagery: nonstationary image ensemble considerations

Gaussian assumptions for the irradiance probability density in a digital image are often employed but rarely justified. We provide a mathematical justification for these assumptions and indicate the limitations of their use. Beginning with the context-dependent image ensemble considerations introduced by Hunt Cannon [IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern.SMC-6, 876 (1976)], such an ensemble is found to be accurately modeled as a Gaussian random process with nonstationary mean and nonstationary variance. An ensemble transformation is deduced and confirmed empirically that yields a Gaussian, zero-mean, unit-variance, ergodic random process. This conclusion leads to an image model that predicts that the distribution of image irradiance values after local mean removal is determined only by the distribution of local standard deviation values in the image. An analytic expression is derived for the probability density function of these irradiance values and is validated experimentally. This expression indicates that the distribution of image irradiance values after local mean removal may be assumed to be Gaussian only when the local standard deviation in an image is a nearly stationary quantity.
Cooperation of intrinsic bursting and calcium oscillations underlying activity patterns of model pre-Bötzinger complex neurons

Activity of neurons in the pre-Botzinger complex (pre-BotC) within the mammalian brainstem drives the inspiratory phase of the respiratory rhythm. Experimental results have suggested that multiple bursting mechanisms based on a calcium-activated nonspecific cationic (CAN) current, a persistent sodium (NaP) current, and calcium dynamics may be incorporated within the pre-BotC. Previous modeling works have incorporated representations of some or all of these mechanisms. In this study, we consider a single-compartment model of a pre-BotC inspiratory neuron that encompasses particular aspects of all of these features. We present a novel mathematical analysis of the interaction of the corresponding rhythmic mechanisms arising in the model, including square-wave bursting and autonomous calcium oscillations, which requires treatment of a system of differential equations incorporating three slow variables.
Effects of chlordane on ova implantation in the mouse.

Treatment of mammals with halogenated hydrocarbon insecticides has been reported to increase levels of microsomal enzymes that hydroxylate androgens, estrogens and progestational steroids (Conney et al. 1967); Welch et al. 1971). The ability of these pesticides to enhance the hepatic metabolism of steroids is reflected in altered physiological activity of hormonal steroids. Treatment of immature male rats with chlordane augmented testosterone metabolism and lessened the growth promoting effect of exogenous testosterone and testosterone propionate (Levin et al. 1969). The anesthetic action of large doses of progesterone is inhibited in rats pretreated with DDT, chlordane and phenobarbital (Conney et al. 1966). When female rats are pretreated with chlordane for several days, whole body concentration of injected radioactively labeled estrone is decreased. Furthermore, the reduced amount of tritiated estrone found in the uterus is correlated with a marked inhibition of the uterotropic response to the exogenous estrogen (Welch et al. 1971). In consideration of the influence that chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides may exert on reproductive physiology, the present investigation was undertaken to examine the effects of chlordane on ova implantation in the mouse.
Teaching Confidence Intervals Using Simulation

Summary Confidence intervals are difficult to teach, in part because most students appear to believe they understand how to interpret them intuitively. They rarely do. To help them abandon their misconception and achieve understanding, we have developed a simulation tool that encourages experimentation with multiple confidence intervals derived from the same population.
2D quantum gravity, topological field theory and the multicritical matrix models

Abstract We discuss the theory of 2D quantum gravity coupled to a c = −2 conformal field theory. We show that this theory has an interpretation as a topological field theory. The correlation functions of this theory are identical to those of the K = 1 multicritical matrix model, which is believed to be the discrete analogue of this continuum theory. We show that by perturbing the topological field theory, one can also recover the higher multicritical points, corresponding to the K > 1 matrix models. Finally, we introduce the N = 1 supersymmetric analogue of this topological field theory, 2D quantum supergravity coupled to a c = 1 superconformal field theory. The multicritical behaviour of this model will be discussed in a separate publication.
The effects of pre-annealing in either H2 or He on the formation of Fe nanoparticles for growing spin-capable carbon nanotube forests

Abstract Pre-annealing in either H 2 or He is shown to have a significant impact on the formation of either Fe nanoparticles or Fe contiguous films. This suggests various ways to form suitable-sized nanoparticles for the growth of well-aligned, spin-capable MWCNT forests. The reduction of the native iron oxide in as-deposited Fe films suppresses the formation of contiguous films, helping to form nanoparticles. In contrast, contiguous films are formed when the native iron oxide is crystallized into hematite, α-Fe 2 O 3 , by annealing the Fe film in He gas. The reduction of hematite in H 2 gas breaks up the contiguous films into nanoparticles. This break-up of Fe contiguous films into nanoparticles is suppressed by other effects such as Ostwald ripening processes at the forest growth temperature of 780 °C. Understanding the catalyst dynamics for forming either Fe nanoparticles or contiguous films provides ways to control the MWCNT alignment.
Understanding the social determinants of lawn landscapes: A fine-resolution spatial statistical analysis in suburban Boston, Massachusetts, USA

Abstract This study examines the influence of social processes on the spatial distribution of residential lawns, one of the most prominent anthropogenic environmental challenges in US urban/suburban areas today. Specifically, we examine how three theoretically informed social drivers of urban vegetation patterns—population density, social stratification, and lifestyle behavior—explain two measures of residential lawns at the US Census block group (CBG) scale in suburban Boston, MA, USA. Using fine-spatial resolution (0.5 m) remotely sensed data, we map land cover from which we generate two lawn measures: (1) “percent lawn cover,” which is the overall percentage of land in a CBG containing lawn, and (2) “percent lawn realized stewardship,” which is the percentage of non-developed land in a CBG containing lawn. We use spatial regression to find that population density and lifestyle behavior, proxied by percentage of single-family detached homes, average household size, and percentage of protected land in the CBG—are the key social processes driving the spatial distribution of both lawn measures in our study area. Results also show that spatial regression provides theoretical insight into additional, unspecified processes influencing the spatial distribution of lawns, net of the effects of the independent variables. These findings contribute to the existing understanding of the social processes influencing the residential lawn landscape, and are therefore useful for scientists, decision-makers, and stakeholders who are interested in moderating the potential social and ecological impacts of this landscape.
Direct fluorometric scanning of thin-layer chromatograms and its application to air pollution studies

Fluorometric scanning of thin-layer chromatograms was investigated. The method worked well for many compounds in nanogram to microgram amounts. By the described scanning technique, fluorescent compounds were quickly characterized by the presence of a scan band obtained with the appropriate excitation and emission wavelengths at the RF value of the compound. Further evidence was obtained from the emission and excitation spectra at the scanning wavelengths. With these techniques and fluorescence quenching, selectivity of the fluorometric method was improved considerably. With the scan method, estimation techniques were found to be feasible. The methods were shown to be of value in air pollution analysis.
DNA Repair, DNA Replication, and UV Mutagenesis

Cells that have been irradiated with ultraviolet light (UV) suffer damage to their DNA, primarily in the form of covalent linkage between adjacent pyrimidines. Such photoproducts represent blocks to RNA and DNA polymerases and are potentially mutagenic. Blockage of RNA polymerase II by a photoproduct in the transcribed strand of an active gene leads to induction of the p53 protein, which induces pleiotropic responses that may include apoptotic cell death. If a cell survives, the blocked polymerase targets the nucleotide excision repair machinery to the site of the lesion, which is repaired in an error-free manner. Repair coupled to transcription in this manner strongly influences the mutation spectrum induced by UV, reducing the proportion of base substitutions that arise from photoproducts on the transcribed strand. If the damage persists when the DNA is replicated in S-phase, either because the cell is unable to repair the damage or because there is insufficient time between the induction of damage and the onset of S-phase. To do so, the replicative DNA polymerase complex may be blocked. In this situation, lesion bypass can be accomplished using an error-free mechanism, or using an error-prone mechanism that involves the newly described, nonprocessive DNA polymerase ζ encoded by the human homolog of the yeast REV3 gene.
Psychosocial Factors in Differential Social Mobility

(1962). Psychosocial Factors in Differential Social Mobility. The Journal of Social Psychology: Vol. 58, No. 1, pp. 183-200.
Repeated intravascular ultrasound imaging in cardiac transplant recipients does not accelerate transplant coronary artery disease

OBJECTIVES This study was designed to examine the impact of repeated intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) examinations on transplant coronary artery disease (CAD). BACKGROUND Serial IVUS is the most accurate method for early detection and surveillance of transplant CAD. However, the long-term safety of serial IVUS exams is not well described. Accordingly, we examined the impact of repeated IVUS examinations on transplant CAD. METHODS We examined 226 transplant recipients who underwent one or more IVUS examinations and coronary angiography at least one year after the last IVUS exam. The coronary angiograms were analyzed using quantitative coronary angiography. Vessel diameters, frequency, and severity of stenoses in IVUS-imaged and nonimaged coronary arteries were compared. In a subgroup analysis of 31 patients, angiographic lumen diameters were measured at baseline (within eight weeks of transplantation) and during follow-up (after two, three, or four IVUS studies). RESULTS In the 226 patients, 548 coronary arteries were previously imaged by IVUS and 130 arteries were not imaged by IVUS. On subsequent angiograms, stenoses were observed in 16.2% (21/130) of nonimaged arteries and 19.5% (107/548) of imaged arteries (p = 0.38). The arterial diameters of nonimaged and imaged arteries were not significantly different (p = 0.07), regardless of the number of IVUS exams and duration of follow-up. Subgroup analysis revealed a significant decrease in vessel lumen diameter over time in nonimaged as well as imaged arteries. The magnitude of the diameter decrease was not significantly different between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS Repeated IVUS examinations following heart transplantation do not result in angiographically evident acceleration of transplant CAD. Therefore, serial IVUS imaging is a safe method for the detection and surveillance of transplant CAD.
Social Support During Labor and Duration of Labor: A Community‐Based Study

The effect of a birth companion on duration of labor was examined in a sample of 66 nulliparous women in Michigan. Two-thirds of the sample were single, 66% received Medicaid, and 88% were white. Using simple linear regression, support during labor explained a significant amount of variance in duration of labor. Duration of labor for 8 unsupported mothers was significantly longer (965 +/- 206 min) than that for 58 supported mothers. Using hierarchic regression and including maternal education, marital status, race, amniotomy, and labor induction in the model before support, support during labor continued to explain a significant amount of variance in duration of labor. These findings are similar to those reported from earlier randomized trials of social support during labor. Evidence continues to accumulate that confirms the proposition that labor duration is affected by environmental as well as biologic factors.
Case-based reasoning for AIDS initial assessment

Case-based reasoning solves a problem by retrieving from its case memory a solution which has solved a similar problem in the past, and then adapting the solution to the problem. Recent work in knowledge-based systems in AIDS initial assessment (AIA) reflects a growing interest in the case-based paradigm. The reason is that AIA experts rely heavily on memory of previous cases when assessing AIDS-risky behaviors. The paper describes a case-based system that uses experience in the form of previous cases to assess AIDS-risky behaviors. An important feature of the system is that fuzzy mathematical algorithms are used to retrieve previous cases and determine the best matching case. The paper concludes with a discussion of future research.
Long wave infrared cavity-enhanced sensors using quantum cascade lasers

Quantum cascade lasers (QCLs) are becoming well known as convenient and stable semiconductor laser sources operating in the mid- to long-wave infrared, and are able to be fabricated to operate virtually anywhere in the 3.5 to 25 micron region. This makes them an ideal choice for infrared chemical sensing, a topic of great interest at present, spanning at least three critical areas: national security, environmental monitoring and protection, and the early diagnosis of disease through breath analysis. There are many different laser-based spectroscopic chemical sensor architectures in use today, from simple direct detection through to more complex and highly sensitive systems. Many current sensor needs can be met by combining QCLs and appropriate sensor architectures, those needs ranging from UAV-mounted surveillance systems, through to larger ultra-sensitive systems for airport security. In this paper we provide an overview of various laser-based spectroscopic sensing techniques, pointing out advantages and disadvantages of each. As part of this process, we include our own results and observations for techniques under development at PNNL. We also present the latest performance of our ultra-quiet QCL control electronics now being commercialized, and explore how using optimized supporting electronics enables increased sensor performance and decreased sensor footprint for given applications.
Measuring media oriented terrorism

Although long established, media oriented terrorist events have not been conceptualized or measured in a coherent manner. To forward the empirical study of media oriented terrorism, a measure that can be applied to terrorist events or to terrorist groups was developed and employed to compare terrorist activity for twenty terrorist groups and two hundred terrorist events. The media orientation measure taps into five factors of media orientation and successfully differentiates high from low media orientated events and active and inactive media oriented terrorist groups. The single most important factor regarding any group's individual media orientation level was their base of operation. Terrorist groups that were engaged in regional struggles were found to be less media oriented. Despite the news value of death and injury, the terrorist group with the highest fatality and injury averages ranked ninth in its media orientation score indicating that death and injury was not a necessary indicator of media orientation. Scores further suggest that media savvy well-known terrorist groups did not pursue media oriented activity as a constant strategy.
Synthesis of the Small Subunit of Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate Carboxylase by Soluble Fraction Polyribosomes of Pea Leaves

The products of amino acid incorporation by pea ( Pisum sativum L. ) leaf soluble fraction polyribosomes in the wheat germ system were examined by two-dimensional electrophoresis and fluorography. There are two isoelectric variants of the small subunit of ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase in this organism, and the more alkaline of these is consistently labeled in the cell-free protein-synthesizing system. The more acid variant is also labeled, but often less extensively. A minority of leaf polyribosomes are recovered from low speed sedimentable fractions. While these appear also to synthesize the small subunits, the patterns of labeling do not indicate a preferential synthesis of these polypeptides by the sedimentable fraction polyribosomes. In the same experiments, labeling of the large subunit spots was sharply below background; these results confirm a cytoplasmic site of synthesis for small subunits of ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase.
Regional blood-brain lactate influx.

Abstract Regional blood-to-brain lactate transport was studied in chloral hydrate anesthetized rats using the single pass, dual-label, indicator fractionation, right atrial injection method. Lactate influx was resolved into two components, a saturable, stereospecific (to the l -enantiomer) component and a non-saturable, non-stereospecific diffusional component. The saturable component was found to have a low efficiency and moderate capacity with transport affinity coefficients between 6 and 14 mM and transport maxima of 23–40 μmol/100 g/min in the various brain regions. Lactate transport was not inhibited by probenecid. The diffusional component was determined from d -lactate influx measurements and the regional linear diffusion coefficients ranged from 0.020 to 0.036 ml/g/min. At the usual levels of plasma lactate (1–1.5 mM) these two influx components were about equal. The relative contribution of the non-stereospecific diffusional component was increased at higher plasma lactate concentrations. Lactate clearance, estimated by the total apparent permeability × surface area products was between 6 and 8 ml/100 g/min.
Investigation of noncovalent interactions in deprotonated peptides: structural and energetic competition between aggregation and hydration.

Noncovalent peptide−peptide and peptide−water interactions in small model systems were examined using an electrospray mass spectrometer equipped with a high-pressure drift cell. The results of these aggregation and hydration experiments were interpreted with the aid of molecular mechanics (MM) and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The systems investigated include bare deprotonated monomers and dimers [P1,2−H]- and hydrated deprotonated monomers and dimers [P1,2−H]-·(H2O)n for the peptides dialanine (P = AA) and diglycine (P = GG). Mass spectra indicated that both peptides AA and GG form exclusively dimer ions in the electrospray process. Monomeric ions were generated by high-energy injection of the dimers into the drift cell. Temperature-dependent hydration equilibrium experiments carried out in the drift cell yielded water binding energies ranging from 11.7 (first water molecule) to 7.1 kcal/mol (fourth water) for [AA−H]- and 11.0 to 7.4 kcal/mol for [GG−H]-. The first water molecule adding t...
Case-fatality rates by body part affected and trends in hospitalized burns in Maryland, 1981-90

This study was undertaken (i) to determine in-hospital case-fatality rates (CFRs) by severity using body part(s) affected as a proxy, and (ii) to examine the trends in hospitalized burns regarding CFRs. The study used the Health Service Cost Review Commission non-confidential Maryland hospital discharge data for the years 1981-90. CFRs were computed as percentages of hospitalized burns that died. Chi-square tests were used to assess homogeneity for categorical variables and to examine linear trends. The CFR for hospitalized burns was 2.9 per cent. CFR was highest among the elderly (13.1 per cent) and for burns affecting multiple specified sites (7.4 per cent), and lowest among children (1.1 per cent) and for upper limb burns (0.22 per cent). Burn CFR increased overall by 59 per cent for 1981-90, with a decreasing rate only in children. However, after controlling for age and degree of burn no significant change in trend in CFRs over the 10-year period was evident. The findings demonstrate that while child burn fatality seems to have declined, the elderly continue to have high CFR for burns regardless of the body part affected, and that the CFRs for hospitalized burns remained constant between 1981 and 1990 in Maryland despite considerable advances in treatment.
Cognitive Load Theory and Nursing Simulation: An Integrative Review

Abstract The use of simulation in nursing education has grown because of the need for dynamic, flexible, critically thinking nurses and the difficulty in securing clinical placements. As simulation has become part of nursing curricula, questions concerning instructional design have grown as well. Cognitive load theory (CLT) has been used by researchers to conceptualize instructional design for complex learning situations such as simulation. The purpose of this integrative review was to examine CLT in relation to simulation design and implementation. A theoretical overview is provided with specific applications that add to nursing simulation design and future research as well as implementations related to CLT.
2.0–2.1 eV Ga x In 1−x P solar cells grown on relaxed GaAsP step grades

A high quality solar cell with a bandgap in the range of 2.0–2.1 eV may enable the development of four- and five-junction solar cells for terrestrial and space applications. In this paper we describe a set of 2.0–2.1 eV n+/p solar cells fabricated from Ga x In 1−x P and grown on compositional step-grades of GaAs 1−y P y , on GaAs substrates. Cells were grown by atmospheric pressure organometallic vapor phase epitaxy. The tensile grades were designed to achieve nearly complete relaxation of the active layers, and the in-situ stress as monitored during growth showed a residual tensile stress of <10 MPa in the best samples. We have fabricated 1.98 eV cells with 1-sun and 70-sun efficiencies of 14.4% and 15.9%, respectively, under the direct spectrum, and 2.07 eV cells with 1-sun efficiencies of 10.7%. Improvements in the grade design that reduce the threading dislocation density below 106 cm−2 are expected to lead to efficiency increases. Matching the lattice constants of the confinement and contact layers to the junction layers is critical to achieving low interface recombination velocities, and can be a challenge in lattice-mismatched structures if the graded layers are not sufficiently relaxed.
APPLYING ANTHROPOLOGICAL PRACTICE THROUGH GLOBAL ENGAGEMENT IN THE UNIVERSITY OF KENTUCKY APPALACHIAN CENTER

You want what? Help locating the last authentic hillbillies for your reality TV show? Here's a book we recommend: Back Talk from Appalachia: Confronting Stereotypes, by Billings, Norman, and Ledford [2000]-a phone response my coworker Shane and I have given repeatedly.
Cardiac mitochondrial calcium content during fatal doxorubicin toxicity

The purpose of this study was to determine whether abnormalities of mitochondrial divalent cation metabolism are early, causative events in doxorubicin (DXR, Adriamycin) cardiotoxicity. We used electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) to examine the calcium (Ca) and magensium (Mg) content of in situ mitochondria in cryosections of rat hearts, rapidly frozen at 6 hr and 1, 3, and 5 days after a single iv injection of 20 mg/kg DXR. This dose produced 100% mortality in 7 days, with a mean survival of 5.8 days. Mean control mitochondrial Ca and Mg was 0.7 and 28 mmol/kg dry wt, respectively (+/- SEM), and did not change in the DXR-injected animals, even in severely symptomatic rats 5 days after DXR. This suggests that an alteration in mitochondrial divalent cation metabolism is unlikely to be a primary event in the pathogenesis of DXR-induced cardiotoxicity, and that the mitochondrial Ca accumulation demonstrated in previous studies represents a secondary event in cells damaged by another mechanism.
Women's Work and Women's Education The Case of Home Economics, 1870-1920

The most common explanation of educational change hinges on a "technical-function" theory. Technical-functionalists explain educational expansion primarily in terms of preparation for jobs newly created by technological innovation and economic transformations. This case study raises questions about that simple and direct interpretation of the relationship between educational and occupational change. The shifting occupational patterns of women, changing immigration patterns, and increasing emigration from farms to cities affected the midwest, northeast, south, and west differently. Although women's education, which was synonymous with home economics education, arose at different times and took different forms in each of these regions, in all of them it was a formula to preserve a passing order and control change. Home economics education was to divert women from employment outside the home by upgrading the status of housework, thus, placing the home at a competitive advantage with the alternative employmen...
The Use of a Ring Array as a Skip Range Antenna

The problem involved here is the development of a shore antenna for shore-to-ship communications at distances from 40 to 500 miles. The difficulty at these distances is due to interference between ground-wave and sky-wave modes of propagation. The propagation factors involved are considered and it is shown that (1) A frequency less than 3.3 mc should be used, (2) The ground wave should be used during the day and (3), The sky wave should be used at night. An azimuthally omnidirectional antenna is described which consists of vertical monopoles equally spaced around the circumference of a circle. The antenna can be excited in either of two ways, one of which concentrates the radiated energy along the ground for use with the ground wave, and the other of which gives maximum radiation at a polar angle of 30 degrees and a null in the ground plane for use with the skywave. The results of model tests at 30 mc and at 1,200 mc are given. Results of calculations showing the expected coverage for noon and midnight are included.
Assumed strain stabilization of the eight node hexahedral element

An accurate and robust stabilization based on the assumed strain method and an operator orthogonal to constant strain fields is presented for an eight-node hexahedral element with uniform reduced integration. The stabilization forces depend only on the element geometry and material properties. User specified parameters are not needed, yet the assumed strain stabilization is nearly as fast as perturbation type hourglass control in an explicit code. It has excellent coarse mesh accuracy for linear elastic bending, and is easily incorporated into a nonlinear program. The assumed strain field is also used with four-point integration which does not require stabilization. In addition, two forms of the B-matrix are studied and it is shown that the mean form is more efficient since it passes the patch test in a simplified form.
A Long-Term Comparison of Carbon Sequestration Rates in Impounded and Naturally Tidal Freshwater Marshes Along the Lower Waccamaw River, South Carolina

Carbon storage was compared between impounded and naturally tidal freshwater marshes along the Lower Waccamaw River in South Carolina, USA. Soil cores were collected in (1) naturally tidal, (2) moist soil (impounded, seasonally drained since ~1970), and (3) deeply flooded “treatments” (impounded, flooded to ~90 cm since ~2002). Cores were analyzed for % organic carbon, % total carbon, bulk density, and 210Pb and 137Cs for dating purposes. Carbon sequestration rates ranged from 25 to 200 g C m−2 yr−1 (moist soil), 80–435 g C m−2 yr−1 (naturally tidal), and 100–250 g C m−2 yr−1 (deeply flooded). The moist soil and naturally tidal treatments were compared over a period of 40 years. The naturally tidal treatment had significantly higher carbon storage (mean = 219 g C m−2 yr−1 vs. mean = 91 g C m−2 yr−1) and four times the vertical accretion rate (mean = 0.84 cm yr−1 vs. mean = 0.21 cm yr−1) of the moist soil treatment. The results strongly suggest that the long drainage period in moist soil management limits carbon storage over time. Managers across the National Wildlife Refuge system have an opportunity to increase carbon storage by minimizing drainage in impoundments as much as practicable.
Hematology and Inflammatory Signaling of Intracerebral Hemorrhage

Although the dawn of targeted treatments for primary intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) seems in sight, many biological questions remain, which will drive the next clinical trial and animal model steps. The objective of this review is to describe the role of inflammatory signaling molecules and the clot lysis cascade, and the role of edema as a surrogate marker for inflammation. The primary injury of hematoma formation and its expansion within brain parenchyma is mechanical damage to brain tissue causing disruption of white matter tracts and, at the most severe, resulting in herniation. The tissue at the epicenter of the clot is not likely to be salvaged because of dissection of blood, causing direct and rapid tissue destruction.1 The size of the epicenter remains unknown, some evidence suggests it is small when compared with ischemic stroke,2 thus secondary mechanisms of injury may be disproportionally important in ICH. The secondary injury of ICH can be considered as emanating from a time-dependent progression of 3 intertwined degenerative cascades in the regions both adjacent to the hematoma: inflammation, red cell lysis, and thrombin production (coagulation cascade; Figure). All 3 lead to disruption of the blood–brain barrier, resulting in cerebral edema directly or indirectly, and death of brain parenchymal cells. Figure. Mechanisms underlying brain edema and neuronal injury after intracerebral hemorrhage and potential therapeutic targets. H-O indicates heme-oxygenase; MAPKs, mitogen-activated protein kinases; PARs, protease-activated receptors; and PPARγ agonist, peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor γ agonist. These pathways are all feasible therapeutic targets as injury occurs over hours to weeks. Thus, perihematomal tissue is potentially salvageable by countering degenerative events at the appropriate time interval. Apoptosis and neuronal necrosis are common end points of the degenerative pathways, but without good clinical surrogates. Cerebral edema, on the contrary, may be a reasonable target. ### Inflammation ICH brings the immediate infiltration of …
AN ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL EVALUATION OF ALTERNATIVE LAND DEVELOPMENT AROUND LAKES

: The objective of the study was to evaluate alternative land developments around New Hampshire lakes. Alternative development patterns, evaluated by their impacts on the lake area environment and area economy, included residential patterns, commercial patterns, and combinations of these two types. Phosphorus loading of the lake water was used as a proxy variable for changes in the lake water quality. Commercial developments yielded the highest revenues to the town and the local area. It also attracted the most lake users to the area as well as contributing the largest phosphorus loading in the lake waters. Residential developments, although contributing high revenues to the businessmen in the area, yielded less net income to the town. Phosphorus loading levels from residential developments were much lower than lake phosphorus loading by commercial developments.