cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Long Memory in Song Learning by Zebra Finches

Young songbirds use memorized tutor songs as templates to shape their own songs. This process requires control of voice by auditory feedback. We prevented zebra finches from hearing their own vocalizations by exposure to loud noise after 35 d of age, before which they had been reared with song tutors from birth. When the noise stopped at 102-200 d of age, the birds sang unstable and noisy song syllables that did not resemble the tutor syllables. The similarity to the tutor syllables steadily increased until the time of song crystallization ∼30 d later. These findings show that the memory of tutor syllables survives auditory perturbations during the period when it is normally recalled and that zebra finches can use the memory well after the normal period of song development. The temporal order of syllables resembled the tutor model only in birds released from the noise before 80 d of age but not in older birds. Thus, different schedules and processes may govern the learning of syllable phonology and syntax.
An innovative design project for teaching analog IC design

After an overview of the electronic design sequence taken by electrical engineering majors at the United States Military Academy, a design project is described that gives students design experience in analog integrated-circuit topologies without the prerequisite of a full IC layout and fabrication course. The students design and build an operational amplifier circuit that has the power to drive an 8 Omega speaker. The student must demonstrate an understanding of the material taught by designing the circuit to meet required gain, bandwidth and phase margin specifications. The project is performed in three phases. The first phase is the design phase. The student uses SPICE and hand calculations to arrive at a design that meets design specifications. The student implements the design during the second phase of the project. Parts are drawn and characterized. The circuit is built on a printed circuit board to reduce construction and troubleshooting time. During the final phase of the project, the student writes a report which describes the theory of the circuit. Hand calculations using simple methods are compared to simulation results. Measurement results are compared to both the hand calculation and simulation results. Students address any discrepancies and attribute them to modeling error, measurement error, or parametric error. >
Multiscale Computer Simulation of Failure in Aerogels

Aerogels have been of interest to the aerospace community primarily for their thermal properties, notably their low thermal conductivities. While such gels are typically fragile, recent advances in the application of conformal polymer layers to these gels has made them potentially useful as lightweight structural materials as well. We have previously performed computer simulations of aerogel thermal conductivity and tensile and compressive failure, with results that are in qualitative, and sometimes quantitative, agreement with experiment. However, recent experiments in our laboratory suggest that gels having similar densities may exhibit substantially different properties. In this work, we extend our original diffusion limited cluster aggregation (DLCA) model for gel structure to incorporate additional variation in DLCA simulation parameters, with the aim of producing DLCA clusters of similar densities that nevertheless have different fractal dimension and secondary particle coordination. We perform particle statics simulations of gel strain on these clusters, and consider the effects of differing DLCA simulation conditions, and the resultant differences in fractal dimension and coordination, on gel strain properties.
Tax evasion and heuristics: A research note

Abstract The paper examines the heuristics which taxpayers use in making tax evasion decisions. The following propositions are tested in an experiment using students. First, the taxpaper's own level of evasion will be positively related to what he perceives as the levels of evasion by others. Second, taxpayers who have been audited are more likely to assess the probability of audit as higher and therefore decrease their levels of evasion. The experimental results fail to support the first proposition but do support the second suggesting the presence of an ‘availability’ effect.
Impact of CDC STAR-100 Computer on Finite Element Systems

A study is made of the impact of the projected major hardware and software features of the CDC STAR-100 computer on the overall organization and design of components of finite element structural analysis systems. The major features considered include virtual memory and the pipeline processing or streaming capability. The effective utilization of the STAR capabilities in finite element systems requires: (1) The consistent use of modular design concepts in all phases of the finite element system; and (2) the design of the different modules and processors to exploit the STAR pipeline processing capabilities. The paper concludes with two examples showing the anticipated gain in speed over the CDC 6600 to be obtained by using the STAR streaming capability. These examples are computation of element stiffness matrices and solution of banded symetric equations. In both cases order of magnitude gain in speed may be obtained.
The Limits of Anti-­Obesity Public Health Paternalism: Another View

This Article critiques Professor David Friedman’s article, Public Health Regulation and the Limits of Paternalism, and sets forth an alternative view of the limits of anti-obesity public health paternalism. Specifically, it critiques Friedman’s classification of public health interventions based on how coercive the intervention is, and offers an alternative construct to analyze paternalistic public health interventions. The alternative approach, developed by Mark Hall, distinguishes between (1) “old” public health interventions that target specific pathogens or toxins, and (2) “new” public health interventions that target upstream behavioral risk factors and ecological factors.This Article then elaborates on the main example that Friedman uses to illustrate his claims about coercive public health paternalism, the New York City portion cap on sodas and other sugary drinks. By comparing Friedman’s approach and the alternative approach, it shows that the latter better explains the case that invalidated the sugary drink portion cap rule. Moreover, this Article challenges Friedman’s assertion that the case is a death knell for public health paternalism. Although the New York Board of Health now faces formidable challenges with respect to promulgation of new public health regulations, public health advocates in New York City can continue to advance the new public health goal of reducing obesity and diabetes in New York, by striving to foster greater political consensus regarding the legitimacy of that goal and the best means of achieving it. Beyond New York, in jurisdictions with less severe case law constraints on agency action, state and local public health agencies may have greater latitude to promulgate and enforce new public health regulations, including anti-obesity regulations.
A model of neural circuits for programmable VLSI implementation

A new model for neural circuits is introduced which has qualitatively the same dynamic properties as gradient continuous-time feedback neural nets. This model (i) reduces the maximum number of connections to n(n+1)/2, (ii) does not suffer from the synaptic weight problem, i.e. the problem of implementing variable linear resistive elements in large scale, and (iii) is implementable via all MOS elements. Hence, it lends itself naturally to analog MOS VLSI implementation. >
The importance of location and operational fishing factors in estimating and reducing loggerhead turtle (Caretta caretta) interactions in U.S. bottom trawl gear

Abstract Mortalities due to interactions between loggerhead ( Caretta caretta ) turtles and commercial bottom trawl fisheries impede the recovery of loggerhead populations worldwide. In the U.S. Mid-Atlantic, several hundred loggerheads interact with commercial bottom trawl gear each year despite the implementation of temporal and spatial conservation measures. In this analysis a Generalized Additive Model (GAM) is developed using fisheries observer data to estimate the magnitude of loggerhead interactions and mortalities in U.S. Mid-Atlantic bottom trawl gear from 2009 to 2013. Based on the results, the potential conservation benefits of hypothetical spatial closures or turtle excluder device (TED) requirements in times and areas of high estimated interactions is then evaluated. Loggerhead interaction rates were modeled as a function of retained catch, depth, latitude, and sea surface temperature. From 2009–2013, a total of 1156 (CV = 0.13, 908–1488) loggerheads were estimated to have interacted with bottom trawl gear in the U.S. Mid-Atlantic, of which 479 resulted in mortality. The total number of estimated interactions was equivalent to 166 adults, of which 68 resulted in mortality. The trawl fishery targeting Atlantic croaker ( Micropogonias undulatus ) in the southern Mid-Atlantic had the highest turtle interactions among fisheries investigated; this may be due to larger mesh sizes in the mouth of the trawl and high headline height of the gear. The potential conservation benefit of hypothetical spatial closures or TEDs differs depending on the metric used to define “benefit”, and further depends on factors such as the spatial and temporal design of the closure, the magnitude and distribution of effort displacement, the spatial distribution of observed loggerhead life stages, and the assumed survival rate of animals passing through TEDs.
Chronological age and job satisfaction: The young blue collar worker.

This study investigated the job satisfaction level of young blue collar workers. The younger workers were found to be significantly lower in satisfaction with work itself, esteem, self-actualizatio...
Neuropathobiology of multiple sclerosis

Axonal loss contributes to the permanent neurologic disability experienced by patients who have multiple sclerosis (MS). The steady progression of permanent neurologic symptoms occurs once a threshold of axonal loss is reached and the compensatory capacity of the CNS is surpassed. Although the exact mechanisms of axonal damage are unknown, current evidence suggests axonal loss during relapsing-remitting MS is mediated by inflammation, whereas axonal loss during secondary progressive MS may be initiated by compensatory responses to chronic demyelination. To prevent and delay disability, early aggressive treatment with anti-inflammatory drugs in combination with neuroprotective therapies should be provided to patients who have MS.
Relationship between Allergy and Bruxism in Patients with Myofascial Pain-Dysfunction Syndrome

The relationship between allergy and bruxism was examined in three groups: patients with myofascial pain-dysfunction, patients with organic disorders of the temporomandibular joint, and patients without temporomandibular joint disorders.
Angular dependence of the magnetic properties of polycrystalline iron under the action of uniaxial stress

Abstract In previous work we have shown that when the magnetic field is changed under constant uniaxial stress there is a stress contribution to the anisotropy which increases or decreases the permeability depending on the sign of the stress and its direction relative to the field axis. In this paper we will give results on the effects of stress on magnetic properties and discuss how the anisotropy model can be extended when the field and stress are not coaxial. This leads to a more general model in which the permeabilities along different directions change in different ways under the action of the stress.
Detection of polyomaviral DNA sequences in normal and adenomatous human pituitary tissues using the polymerase chain reaction

Background. Tumor viruses are known to have a role in the pathogenesis of many types of benign and malignant human tumors. The possible roles of these viruses in the development of human pituitary tumors have not been investigated. Methods. The polymerase chain reaction was used to screen human pituitary tumors for human papillomaviral (HPV) and Polyomaviral DNA sequences. Sets of consensus primers, which are capable of amplifying HPV Types 16, 18, and 33 and polyomavirus BK, JC, and SV40, were used in these experiments. Results. Amplification products were not detected using HPV consensus primers in 30 tumors. Twenty-six of 30 tumors demonstrated an amplification product with polyomaviral primers that hybridized to SV40 and BK internal probes and was confirmed to be SV40 in one tumor by direct sequencing. Ten normal postmortem pituitary samples then were examined similarly with Polyomaviral consensus primers; 8 of 10 normal samples demonstrated a similar amplification product that also hybridized with SV40 and BK internal probes by Southern blotting. Polyomaviral DNA sequences in normal and tumor samples were not present at levels detectable by genomic Southern blotting. Expressed viral protein (large T antigen) was not demonstrated in positive samples by Western blot analysis. Conclusions. These findings, that polyomaviral DNA sequences are detectable at low levels in certain normal tissues, are in agreement with those of other groups and, to the authors' knowledge, serve as the first report of polyomaviral latency in human pituitary tissue. A role for polyomaviruses in pituitary tumorigenesis could not be established in this analysis. Cancer 1995; 76:490–6.
Determination of simvastatin-derived HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors in biomatrices using an automated enzyme inhibition assay with radioactivity detection.

Abstract A robust, automated enzyme inhibition assay method was developed and validated for the determination of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitory activities in plasma and urine samples following simvastatin (SV) administration. The assay was performed on Tecan Genesis 150 and 200 systems equipped with 8-probe and 96-well plates. Plasma samples containing HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors were treated with acetonitrile for protein precipitation before being incubated with HMG-CoA reductase, [ 14 C]-HMG-CoA, and NADPH for a fixed length of time at a fixed temperature. The product, [ 14 C]-mevalonic acid, was lactonized and separated from excess substrate via a small ion exchange resin column, and radioactivity was counted on a scintillation counter. HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors were measured before and after base hydrolysis. The two values obtained for each sample are referred to as ‘active’ and ‘total’ HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor concentrations. Simvastatin acid (SVA), the β-hydroxy acid of SV, was used as a standard to generate a calibration curve of HMG-CoA reductase activity versus SVA concentration (ng/ml). Three calibration ranges, 0.4–20, 2–50, and 5–100 ng/ml, in human and animal plasma and urine were validated. The assay precision was less than 8.5% CV in plasma and less than 10.4% in urine. The assay accuracy was 93.6–103.0 and 98.1–103.9% for the 0.4–20 and 2–50 ng/ml calibration ranges, respectively, in human plasma, and was 97.3–105.1, 94.4–105.2, and 90.2–95.7% for calibration range 5–100 ng/ml in rat plasma, dog plasma and human urine, respectively.
Use of aerosol microphysical measurements to model IR backscatter in support of GLOBE

Data on the concentration and composition of free tropospheric aerosol over the Pacific Ocean, collected during the GAMETAG program in 1977-1978 (Davis, 1980 and Patterson et al., 1980) are used to model values of aerosol optical extinction coefficients (sigma) at two wavelengths (0.55 and 1 micron) and values of volume backscatter coefficients (beta) at four wavelengths (1 micron, 9.11 microns, 9.25 microns, and 10.6 microns) and to investigate the relationship between these parameters. The mass concentrations inferred from the GAMETAG measurements with optical particle spectrometers agreed with the results of simultaneous chemical measurements. The study of the relationships among the optical parameters indicates that visible and near-visible values of beta and sigma may be useful in predicting 9.11- and 10.6-micron backscatter.
ESR studies of ion-molecule reactions of ether, thioether, and olefin radical cations in the CF2ClCFCl2 matrix

Abstract Several ion-molecule reactions of radical cations with their corresponding neutral molecules have been studied by ESR spectroscopy. These reactions were observed at low temperatures (80–130 K) in a mobile halocarbon matrix following the radiolytic generation of the radical cations from dilute solutions of the parent compound at 77 K. Ether and thioether radical cations react to produce neutral carbon-centered radicals with high regiospecificity, only the oxetan-2-yl radical being detected in the oxetane (trimethylene oxide) system, while the THF-2-yl species is produced in greater abundance than the THF-3-yl species from tetrahydrofuran (THF). The mechanism of these reactions is discussed in terms of either proton transfer from the radical cation or hydrogen atom transfer from the neutral molecule. For dimethyl sulfide, the dimer radical cation is observed prior to the formation of the •CH2SMe radical. Similarly, the tetramethylethylene radical cation first forms the dimer radical cation which then undergoes a unimolecular reaction to give the 1,1,2-trimethylallyl radical. This is demonstrated by the fact that these two consecutive reactions can be observed separately rather than simultaneously by carefully controlled annealing, the dimer radical cation of tetramethylethylene being formed in high yield from the monomer cation before decomposing to the 1,1,2-trimethylallyl radical.
Perception and Evaluation: Aristotle on the Moral Imagination

In recent years, Aristotle's treatment of the imagination has become the subject of renewed interest. A pioneering paper by Malcolm Schofield argued that, far from being the rag-bag of widely separate and more or less unrelated concerns that it had previously been generally taken to be, phantasia was, for Aristotle, a ‘loose-knit family concept’ covering all aspects of what Schofield labelled ‘non-paradigmatic sensory experience’. With that conclusion I am more or less in agreement, although only on the condition that ‘sensory’ be given a suitably broad interpretation. My purpose in this paper is to tease out, in a necessarily limited and circumscribed manner, the implications of a proper understanding of Aristotle's developed concept of deliberative imagination, phantasia bouleutike, for his moral theory and his account of rational action, and to indicate ways in which this is related to his accounts of mental imaging in the rest of the Parva Naturalia.
The Use of Whole-cell DNA Probes for the Identification of Bacteroides intermedius Isolates in a Dot Blot Assay

Bacteroides intermedius includes two distinct groups of organisms that are phenotypically indistinguishable by conventional methods. These two groups are represented by the type strain of the species ATCC 25611T (B. intermedius type I) and by ATCC 33563 (B. intermedius type II). Members of each group can be distinguished from each other by analysis of the cellular protein composition by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and by DNA-DNA homology studies, because they share less than 40% homology. The purpose of this study was to prepare specific DNA probes for the two groups of Bacteroides intermedius and to test them against field isolates. Whole-cell DNA probes were prepared from B. intermedius types I and II and tested against 253 field strains of Bacteroides which had been identified by conventional phenotypic tests as B. intermedius. Of these, 170 (67%) hybridized with the B. intermedius type I DNA probe, 28 (11%) with the type II, and 23 (9%) failed to react with the B. intermedius pro...
Dante and the Form of the Land

Abstract At Verona in 1320 Dante Alighieri delivered an address, later published as “A Question of the Water and of the Land,'’which dealt with the position and origins of the continental land mass and its mountains. In this cogently argued discourse the ideas expressed in Aristotle's Meteorologica and De caelo are blended with Dante's own cosmography and cosmogeny, as expressed in his Divine Comedy. There is, however, a shift in emphasis from the poetical-theological explanations of the Inferno to an approach based on assumed physical principles. In essence, the land mass and its mountains were uplifted by the stars of Dante's eighth heaven, which attracted them by diffusing an “elevating virtue'’(akin to magnetism) and by causing vapors to rise within the land, thus swelling it. In this paper Dante's ideas on the origin and form of the land are presented and analyzed. I relate Dante's ideas to the theories of other natural philosophers of the Middle Ages, including Avicenna, Jean Buridan, and Ristoro d'...
Reaction of iron(III) with tiron in the presence of ferrozine, and determination of tiron

Abstract Tiron is oxidized by iron(III) in the presence of Ferrozine with an apparent four-electron transfer and aromatic ring opening. The apparent molar absorptivity referred to the Tiron in the reaction corresponds to approximately 1.12 × 105 l.mole−1.cm−1.
A Numerical Study of Transport in a Thermal Interface Material Enhanced With Carbon Nanotubes

Power dissipation in electronic devices is projected to increase over the next 10 years to the range of 150-250 W per chip for high performance applications. One of the primary obstacles to the thermal management of devices operating at such high powers is the thermal resistance between the device and the heat spreader or heat sink that it is attached to. Typically the in situ thermal conductivity of interface materials is in the range of 1-4 W/mK, even though the bulk thermal conductivity of the material may be significantly higher. In an attempt to improve the effective in situ thermal conductivity of interface materials nanoparticles and nanotubes are being considered as a possible addition to such interfaces. This paper presents the results of a numerical study of transport in a thermal interface material that is enhanced with carbon nanotubes. The results from the numerical solution are in excellent agreement with an analytical model (Desai, A., Geer, J., and Sammakia, B., "Models of Steady Heat Conduction in Multiple Cylindrical Domains," J. Electron. Packaging (to be published)) of the same geometry. Wide ranges of parametric studies were conducted to examine the effects of the thermal conductivity of the different materials, the geometry, and the size of the nanotubes. An estimate of the effective thermal conductivity of the carbon nanotubes was used, obtained from a molecular dynamics analysis (Mahajan, S., Subbarayan, G., Sammakia, B. G., and Jones, W., 2003, Proceedings of the 2003 ASME International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition, Washington, D.C., Nov. 15-21). The numerical analysis was used to estimate the impact of imperfections in the nanotubes upon the overall system performance. Overall the nanotubes are found to significantly improve the thermal performance of the thermal interface material. The results show that varying the diameter of the nanotube and the percentage of area occupied by the nanotubes does not have any significant effect on the total temperature drop.
Chemical reduction and spectrophotometric determination of silver, copper and nickel

Abstract Silver(I), copper(II) and nickel(II) can be reduced to the metallic state by formaldehyde at pH 11, chromium(II) in 2.5 M sulphuric acid, and borohydride at pH 5.5–6.0, respectively. Reoxidation of these metals with iron(III) in the presence of Ferrozine enables their determination at concentration below 1 μg/ml by measurement of the absorbance of the iron(II)—Ferrozine complex at 562 nm, with a precision better than 3%. The apparent molar absorptivities for silver, copper and nickel are 2.78 × 10 4 , 5.56 × 10 4 and 5.58 × 10 4 l.mole −1 .cm −1 , respectively. The average thickness of silver films on glass surfaces can be determined in the way.
Gain-clamped S-band discrete Raman amplifier

We demonstrate the advantages of an optically gain-clamped S-band discrete Raman amplifier: low gain variation over a large input dynamic range, effective suppression of Raman transients, and amplifier instability in the strong-pump-weak-signal configuration. We further investigate experimentally the operating conditions necessary for effective gain clamping and demonstrate gain flattening over 30 nm of bandwidth. Thus a gain-clamped discrete Raman amplifier shows promise for practical deployment.
Reflections on the history of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy

The history of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is briefly reviewed, starting with the foundations laid by Heaviside in the late 19th century in the form of Linear Systems Theory (LST). Warburg apparently was the first to extend the concept of impedance to electrochemical systems at the turn of the 19th century, when he derived the impedance function for a diffusional process that still bears his name. Impedance spectroscopy was next employed extensively using reactive bridges to measure the capacitance of ideally polarizable electrodes (mostly mercury), leading to the development of models for the electrified interface. However, it was the invention of the potentiostat in the 1940s and the development of frequency response analyzers in the 1970s that led to the use of EIS in exploring electrochemical and corrosion mechanisms, primarily because of their ability to probe electrochemical systems at very low frequencies. These inventions have led to an explosion in the use of EIS for exploring a wide range of systems and processes, ranging from conduction in the solid and liquid states, ionic and electronic conduction in polymers, heterogeneous reaction mechanisms, and the important phenomenon of passivity. It is evident that the use of EIS in identifying reaction mechanisms makes use of pattern recognition, currently through inspection. It is argued that, in the future development of EIS, reaction mechanism analysis (RMA) would be most efficiently done by using artificial neural networks operating in the pattern recognition mode. This strategy would require the creation of libraries of reaction mechanisms for which the theoretical impedance functions are known.
Complications associated with internal fixation of high-energy bicondylar tibial plateau fractures utilizing a two-incision technique.

Objectives Single incision open reduction and double plate fixation of complex tibial plateau fractures has been associated with high wound complication rates. Minimally invasive methods have been recommended to decrease the wound complication rates as compared with open techniques. Additionally, laterally applied fixed-angle devices appear to minimize late varus deformity without the need for additional medial stabilization. Accurate reduction of comminuted lateral and/or medial articular surfaces, however, often requires visualization through an open reduction. This study reports the complications, infection rate, and radiographic assessment of reduction associated with double plating complex AO/OTA 41-C3 tibial plateau fractures utilizing 2 incisions. Design Retrospective clinical review. Setting Urban level 1 university trauma center. Patients Over a 77-month period, 83 patients were treated for a complex bicondylar tibial plateau fracture at our institution utilizing a 2-incision technique. Intervention Dual plating using anterolateral and posteromedial incisions. Main outcome measure Type and incidence of septic and non-septic complications and radiographic assessment of articular reduction and axial alignment. Results Eleven fractures were open (13.3%) and classified according to Gustilo as type II (1 patient), type III-A (7 patients), type III-B (2 patients), and type III-C (1 patient). Compartment syndrome was diagnosed and treated with fasciotomies in 12 patients (14.5%). The average time interval from injury to definitive surgical treatment was 9 days. Seven patients developed deep wound infections (8.4%). Three of these had an associated septic arthritis (3.6%). Clinical resolution of infection occurred after an average of 3.3 additional procedures. The presence of a dysvascular limb requiring vascular reconstruction was statistically associated with a deep wound infection (P = 0.006). Secondary procedures for complications included 13 patients who required removal of implants secondary to local discomfort, 5 patients who required a knee manipulation, 2 patients that were managed with excision of heterotopic ossification to improve knee motion, 1 patient that required an equinus contracture release, and 1 patient treated for a metadiaphyseal nonunion. Sixteen patients (19.3%) incurred deep venous thromboses. No patient was diagnosed with pulmonary embolism. Sixty-two percent of patients demonstrated satisfactory articular reductions, 91% demonstrated satisfactory coronal alignment, 72% demonstrated satisfactory sagittal alignment, and 98% demonstrated satisfactory condylar width. Conclusions Comminuted bicondylar tibial plateau fractures can be successfully treated with open reduction and medial and lateral plate fixation using 2 incisions. Dysvascular limbs requiring vascular repair are at increased risk for deep sepsis. The use of 2 incisions, temporary spanning external fixation, and proper soft-tissue handling may contribute to a lower wound complication rate than previously reported.
Hemodynamic effects of primary closure of omphalocele/gastroschisis in human newborns.

To determine whether they could establish reliable, objective criteria that would predict safe, primary closure of abdominal wall defects (omphalocele/gastroschisis) in newborn infants, the authors measured intraoperative changes in intra-gastric pressure (IGP), central venous pressure (CVP), cardiac index (CI), systolic arterial blood pressure (BP), and heart rate (HR). Eleven neonates, who averaged 2.7 kg (range 1.5-4.1 kg) and 36 weeks gestation (range 30-41 weeks) were anesthetized with fentanyl (7.5-12.5 micrograms/kg), metocurine (0.3 mg/kg), and oxygen. Three infants had defects that were too large to close primarily. Of the eight infants who underwent primary closure, four required re-operation within 24 h because of oliguria or poor peripheral perfusion. Infants who required re-operation had intra-gastric pressures of 20 mmHg or more, a decrease in CI of 0.78 1.min.m2 or more, and an increase in CVP of 4 mmHg or more. Heart rate, BP, and systemic vascular resistance did not differ in infants requiring and not requiring re-operation. The authors conclude that intraoperative measurement of changes in IGP, CVP, and/or CI can reliably predict success or failure of primary operative repair of abdominal wall defects in human neonates.
Section 504 and school psychology

Court cases, Office of Civil Rights enforcement activities, and Department of Education policy statements have signaled new interpretations of Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973. A summary of those portions of Section 504 most pertinent to school psychological practice is provided. Special attention is given to the similarities and differences between 504 and the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act regarding school responsibilities to students with special needs. Implications of 504 for school psychological practice are discussed.
Influence of Substrate Orientation on the Growth of HgCdTe by Molecular Beam Epitaxy

An empirical study is reported, wherein HgCdTe was deposited simultaneously on multiple CdZnTe substrates of different orientations by molecular beam epitaxy. These orientations included the following vicinal surfaces: (115)B, (113)B, (112)B, and (552)B. Additionally, growth on (111)B was explored. Growth conditions found to be nearly optimalfor the standard (112)B orientation were selected. Through a series of growth runs, substrate temperature was varied, and the physical properties of the resulting HgCdTe epilayers were measured. These measurements included Nomarski microscopy, infrared transmission, x-ray diffraction, and defect decoration etching. The properties of HgCdTe epilayers as a function of temperature were roughly similar for all vicinal surfaces. Namely, as the temperature increased, the dislocation density decreased. At some critical temperature, the density of void defects increased dramatically. This critical temperature varied with orientation, the (115)B exhibiting the lowest critical temperature and the (112)B and (552)B exhibiting the highest. The (115)B, (113)B, and (112)B orientations exhibited “needlelike” defects on the as-grown HgCdTe surface. The density of these defects decreased with increasing temperature. The (552)B surface exhibited no such defects and growth behavior nearly identical to the (112)B growthsurface.
Chapter 9 The rock coast of the USA

Abstract The coastline of the USA is vast and comprises a variety of landform types including barrier islands, mainland beaches, soft bluffed coastlines and hard rocky coasts. The majority of the bluffed and rocky coasts are found in the northeastern part of the country (New England) and along the Pacific coast. Rocky and bluffed landform types are commonly interspersed along the coastline and occur as a result of relative lowering of sea level from tectonic or isostatic forcing, which can occur on timescales ranging from instantaneous to millenia. Recent research on sea cliffs in the contiguous USA has focused on a broad range of topics from documenting erosion rates to identifying processes and controls on morphology to prediction modelling. This chapter provides a detailed synthesis of recent and seminal research on rocky coast geomorphology along open-ocean coasts of the continental United States (USA).
Neonatal lethality and lymphopenia in mice with a homozygous disruption of the c-abl proto-oncogene

The c-abl proto-oncogene, which encodes a cytoplasmic protein-tyrosine kinase, is expressed throughout murine gestation and ubiquitously in adult mouse tissues. However, its levels are highest in thymus, spleen, and testes. To examine the in vivo role of c-abl, the gene was disrupted in embryonic stem cells, and the resulting genetically modified cells were used to establish a mouse strain carrying the mutation. Most mice homozygous for the c-abl mutation became runted and died 1 to 2 weeks after birth. In addition, many showed thymic and splenic atrophy and a T and B cell lymphopenia.
Radiofrequency Ablation and Laser Ablation in the Treatment of Varicose Veins

Chronic venous insufficiency is a major medical disease in the United States. With a total population of 300 million, it is estimated that 25 million persons in this country alone have symptoms of this disease (1 in 12). Great saphenous vein reflux is the most common form of venous insufficiency in symptomatic patients and is most frequently responsible for varicose veins of the lower extremity. Therefore, therapy directed toward correcting superficial venous pathology is beneficial to many patients.
Weighted polynomials, radial basis functions and potentials on locally compact spaces

We discuss the classical notions of capacity, transfinite diameter, Chebyshev constant and equilibrium distributions in the context of locally compact spaces. We also demonstrate how the analogues of certain theorems in classical potential theory can be extended to this framework and applied to various problems in approximation theory. In particular, we explore the similarities between the theory of weighted polynomials and the theory of radial basis functions from a potential theoretic perspective.
Improving digestion efficiency under H/D exchange conditions with activated pepsinogen coupled columns

Abstract The ability to analyze localized amide hydrogen/deuterium (H/D) exchange kinetics of a protein is highly dependent on the digestion efficiency of the enzyme being used to generate a collection of labeled peptides. Pepsin is one of the most commonly used acid proteases in amide H/D exchange experiments due to its broad specificity and robustness at “slow exchange” conditions of low temperature and pH. The chemistry used to immobilize pepsin to POROS AL-20 beads is optimal under neutral pH conditions but acid proteases such as pepsin are irreversibly denatured above pH 5 so coupling must be performed under suboptimal conditions. Thus, in the current study we report a technique to improve the digestion efficiency for amide H/D exchange by immobilizing pepsinogen to POROS AL-20 support under optimal coupling conditions of pH 6.7 where pepsinogen is stable and subsequently converting the coupled pepsinogen into active pepsin. This activated pepsinogen column demonstrated a higher specific activity at both 25 °C and 0 °C than an identically coupled pepsin column and gave better peptide coverage for cytochrome C and manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) improving our amide H/D exchange data for these proteins. These results were reproducible for three independently coupled and activated pepsinogen columns. Protein assays demonstrated that more enzyme was bound to the POROS AL-20 resin coupled with pepsinogen at pH 6.7 than pepsin at pH 5.
Heterochromatin: silence is golden.

Epigenetically heritable heterochromatin domains control a variety of chromosomal functions. In addition to stable repression of large pericentric and telomeric domains, heterochromatin plays an essential role in the maintenance of genomic integrity through its role in sister chromatin cohesion and chromosome segregation. Moreover, heterochromatic structure is known to prohibit deleterious recombination between repeated DNA sequences. Finally, the discovery of RNAi being required for targeted heterochromatin assembly has had a significant impact on our current thinking about the mechanisms of higher-order chromatin assembly and genome regulation. Future investigations of RNAi-based chromatin remodeling should lead to an increased understanding of how cells modify their epigenetic landscape in response to distinct developmental signals and under diverse environmental conditions.
Need for and actual use of mental health service by adolescents in the child welfare system

Abstract Although foster youth are at increased risk of mental illness, little is known about need for and actual use of mental health services by adolescents in the child welfare system. Analyzing a random sample of 113 foster youth in a large Midwest state, the author found that foster youth experienced severe mental health problems such as depression, anxiety and loss of behavioral/emotional control. In this study, need for services, as measured by the presence of a mental health problem, was only partially related to mental health services received. Logistic regression analyses indicated that four factors including anxiety, child abuse history, poor psychological well-being, and time in care were significantly related to mental health service use.
Efficiency of poly-generating high temperature fuel cells

Abstract High temperature fuel cells can be designed and operated to poly-generate electricity, heat, and useful chemicals (e.g., hydrogen) in a variety of configurations. The highly integrated and synergistic nature of poly-generating high temperature fuel cells, however, precludes a simple definition of efficiency for analysis and comparison of performance to traditional methods. There is a need to develop and define a methodology to calculate each of the co-product efficiencies that is useful for comparative analyses. Methodologies for calculating poly-generation efficiencies are defined and discussed. The methodologies are applied to analysis of a Hydrogen Energy Station (H2ES) showing that high conversion efficiency can be achieved for poly-generation of electricity and hydrogen.
Power of one: nurses and tobacco control.

Objectives: To review major events in cigarette marketing and smoking practices, and to examine courses of action that can be taken by nurses to impact public health and safety. Data sources: Journal articles and news reports relating to the tobacco industry and tobacco regulations. Conclusion: Every segment of society suffers economic and health consequences of tobacco use, yet the tobacco industry continues to successfully market and promote the use of tobacco. Successful approaches to control tobacco use can be initiated at the federal, state, or local level. Implications for nursing practice: Any nurse can take positive action toward tobacco control in numerous ways: by increasing awareness of the need for tobacco control; initiating personal action such as education and contacting legislators; and supporting public action through joining groups or coalitions whose efforts are directed at tobacco control.
Efficient Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Replication Requires Cellular ATR Pathway Proteins

Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) is a double-stranded DNA virus that replicates in the nucleus of the host cell and is known to interact with several components of the cellular DNA-damage-signaling machinery. We have previously reported that the DNA damage response kinase, ATR, is specifically inactivated in HSV-1-infected cells. On the other hand, we have also shown that ATR and its scaffolding protein, ATRIP, are recruited to viral replication compartments, where they play beneficial roles during HSV-1 replication. In order to better understand this apparent discrepancy, we tested the hypothesis that some of the components of the ATR pathway may exert an antiviral effect on infection. In fact, we learned that all 10 of the canonical ATR pathway proteins are stable in HSV-infected cells and are recruited to viral replication compartments; furthermore, short hairpin RNA (shRNA) knockdown shows that several, including ATRIP, RPA70, TopBP1, Claspin, and CINP, are required for efficient HSV-1 replication. We also determined that activation of the ATR kinase prior to infection did not affect virus yield but did result in reduced levels of recombination between coinfecting viruses. Together, these data suggest that ATR pathway proteins are not antiviral per se but that activation of ATR signaling may have negative consequences during viral replication, such as inhibiting recombination.
A response to criticisms of organizational socialization research: In support of contemporary conceptualizations of organizational assimilation

This essay is a response to a growing body of literature that is critical of tradition conceptualizations of organizational socialization (Bullis, 1993; Clair, 1996; Smith & Turner, 1995). First, it examines how these critics have failed to adequately appreciate conceptual distinctions made by contemporary socialization and assimilation researchers. While recognizing that these scholars have made contributions, it then points to problems in their critiques. Finally, we argue that the study of organizational assimilation would be enhanced by the use of multiple research perspectives rather than by evaluating one perspective as more appropriate than another.
Checkpoint repair for out-of-order execution machines

Out-of-order execution and branch prediction are two mechanisms that can be used profitably in the design of Supercomputers to increase performance. Unfortunately this means there must be some kind of repair mechanism, since situations do occur that require the computing engine to repair to a known previous state. One way to handle this is by checkpoint repair. In this paper we derive several properties of checkpoint repair mechanisms. In addition, we provide algorithms for performing checkpoint repair that incur very little overhead in time and modest cost in hardware. We also note that our algorithms require no additional complexity or time for use with write back cache memory systems than they do with write through cache memory systems, contrary to statements made by previous researchers.
Genetic complementation reveals a novel regulatory role for 3′ untranslated regions in growth and differentiation

Abstract Differentiated skeletal muscle cells cease dividing and sustain expression of a battery of tissue-specific genes. To identify regulators of growth and differentiation, we used a genetic complementation approach. Following introduction of a cDNA expression library into a differentiation-defective myoblast mutant (NMU2), cDNAs were isolated that activated muscle-specific promoters. The complementing cDNAs were identified as muscle structural genes, troponin I, tropomyosin, and α-cardiac actin, and their activity was mapped to the 3′ untranslated region (3′UTR). The 3′UTRs augmented the differentiation of wild-type muscle cells. Upon expression in 10T12 fibroblasts, proliferation was suppressed, indicating that the effects of the 3′UTRs are not limited to myogenic cells. These data suggest that 3′UTRs of certain differentiation-specific RNAs are trans-acting regulators in a feedback loop that inhibits cell division and promotes differentiation.
BioProject and BioSample databases at NCBI: facilitating capture and organization of metadata

As the volume and complexity of data sets archived at NCBI grow rapidly, so does the need to gather and organize the associated metadata. Although metadata has been collected for some archival databases, previously, there was no centralized approach at NCBI for collecting this information and using it across databases. The BioProject database was recently established to facilitate organization and classification of project data submitted to NCBI, EBI and DDBJ databases. It captures descriptive information about research projects that result in high volume submissions to archival databases, ties together related data across multiple archives and serves as a central portal by which to inform users of data availability. Concomitantly, the BioSample database is being developed to capture descriptive information about the biological samples investigated in projects. BioProject and BioSample records link to corresponding data stored in archival repositories. Submissions are supported by a web-based Submission Portal that guides users through a series of forms for input of rich metadata describing their projects and samples. Together, these databases offer improved ways for users to query, locate, integrate and interpret the masses of data held in NCBI's archival repositories. The BioProject and BioSample databases are available at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bioproject and http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/biosample, respectively.
A Slow Leak Synthetic Route to Organically Templated Gallium Sulfates

Single crystals of the first four organically templated gallium sulfates were prepared under mild hydrothermal conditions: [C 2 H 10 N 2 ][H 3 O][Ga(SO 4 ) 3 ], [C 2 H 10 N 2 ][Ga(OH)(SO 4 ) 2 ]·H 2 O, [C 6 H 18 N 2 ][Ga(H 2 O) 2 (SO 4 ) 2 , and [C 4 H 14 N 2 ]-[Ga(H 2O ) 2 (SO 4 ) 2 ] 2 . These compounds contain either [Ga(SO 4 ) 3 ] n 3n- , [Ga(OH)(SO 4 )] n 2n- , or [Ga(H 2 O) 2 (SO 4 ) 2 ] n n- chains or [Ga(H 2 O) 2 (SO 4 ) 2 ] n n- layers, respectively, and protonated organic amine dications. Reactions were conducted in 15 mL polypropylene bottles at 100 °C. A slow leak solvent evaporation technique allowed for the use of sparingly soluble oxide starting materials, gently increased reactant concentrations, and facilitated the growth of high quality single crystals over 1.5 differences in composition and structure between [C 2 H 10 N 2 ][H 3 O][Ga(SO 4 ) 3 ], [C 2 H 10 N 2 ][Ga(OH)(SO 4 ) 2 ]·H 2 O, [C 4 H 14 N 2 ][Ga(H 2 O),-(SO 4 ) 2 ] 2 . and [C 6 H 18 N 2 ][Ga(H 2 O) 2 (SO 4 ) 2 ] 2 reflect the initial reagent concentrations and amine structures.