cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hydrogen peroxide causes significant mitochondrial DNA damage in human RPE cells.

Retinal pigment epithelial cell dysfunction mediated by reactive oxygen intermediates has been suggested as a possible cause of age-related macular degeneration. To test the hypothesis that retinal pigment cells are susceptible to genetic damage mediated by reactive oxygen intermediates, retinal pigment epithelial cells were treated with 50 micrometers-200 micrometers of hydrogen peroxide in vitro. Damage to mitochondrial DNA and three nuclear loci were assessed using quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Hydrogen peroxide treatment of retinal pigment epithelial cells resulted in significantly increased mitochondrial DNA damage. Significant mitochondrial DNA damage occurred rapidly and was not completely repaired within 3 hr post-treatment. By contrast, no DNA damage was observed in three different nuclear loci (beta-globin gene cluster, hprt, and beta- polymerase genes). Hydrogen peroxide treatment of retinal pigment epithelial cells also resulted in decreased mitochondrial redox function compared to controls, consistent with increased mitochondrial DNA damage. Consequently, retinal pigment epithelial cell mitochondrial DNA appears susceptible to hydrogen peroxide mediated damage in vitro, and thus, may serve as a catalyst in the initial events leading to retinal pigment epithelial cell dysfunction in vivo.
Haze Generation Model and Prevention Techniques for Sulfate Free Cleaned Mask

Although sulfate free cleaning has reduced number of residual ions on mask surface drastically, the lifetime of photomask has improved marginally. New haze generation mechanism in sulfate free cleaning has been studied and evaluated based on surface properties of photomask thin film materials. It was found that haze generation is co-related with substrate surface properties as well as ionic re-combination under ArF illumination. Based on the haze generation study, the surface modification treatment has been studied and investigated in the view of surface energy. The surface modification treatment increases storage lifetime as well as cumulative haze threshold energy in wafer shops.
A support structure for a compliant deformable mirror

The Navy's ground-based optical interferometer requires 10 discrete reflections for each of its six stations that transport stellar radiation into a six-way beam combiner where the modulated beams are overlapped in a collinear fashion and fringes obtained for analysis. Wavefront aberrations, introduced at each reflection from non-perfect mirrors, reduce the quality of fringe contrast and adversely affect the final science results. In practice, mirror fabrication and mounting methods generate small surface irregularities that produce aberrations in the reflected wavefront beam. Under multiple reflection scenarios, these errors do not necessarily cancel one another, and can increase the resultant wavefront distortion. In a previous paper, we showed a single-force actuator acting on the back surface of an 8-inch diameter Zerodur® mirror will achieve a canceling deformation in the reflective surface that substantially reduces the combined wavefront aberrations resulting from a 7-reflection beam. Our finite element model demonstrated that the peak-to-valley difference can be reduced from 210 nm to 55 nm. In this paper, we extend our previous work to include a support structure to contain the deforming mirror and analyze its interaction and effect on the corrected wavefront. Our design used the mechanical advantage gained from a tuned flexure plate with a simple motorized screw actuator applied to the back mirror surface to achieve an 87:1 deflection ratio on the front mirror surface. A practical design is proposed, the support structure and mirror analyzed using the finite element method, and the results presented and discussed.
Acid-base balance and blood gases in prognosis and therapy of congenital diaphragmatic hernia☆

Abstract The acid-base balance and gas-exchange mechanisms and their correlation with the pathologic findings in the lungs of children with diaphragmatic hernia determines prognostic and therapeutic criteria. The existence of a severe respiratory acidosis that does not improve after positive-pressure mechanical ventilation and the existence of a high degree of arteriovenous shunting are bad prognostic signs. The initial laboratory data and their modification after intensive mechanical ventilation are useful in establishing prognosis and in guiding therapy.
Technical Note---Aggregating Individual Purchases to the Household Level

Household level panel data are the input for many types of marketing studies. An interesting, but until now unaddressed, question is what is the effect of aggregating individual members' purchases to the household level. Under “standard” assumptions the answer is unambiguous: the household brand switching pattern looks more zero order than the typical individual family member's behavior. When the standard assumptions are relaxed the overall spirit of the results do not change. These conclusions give comfort to those who use brand switching data to partition product categories. Those looking for variety-seeking behavior from household data are given some cause for concern---as well as reasons for reinterpreting previous studies.
Methods of Detection of Bandlimited Signals on UHF MILSATCOM Downlinks

Providing satellite terminals with an indication of whether or not traffic is present on the downlink of an ultra high frequency (UHF) military satellite communications (MILSATCOM) channel requires consideration not needed for terrestrial radio systems. The UHF satellite transponder contains a bandpass filter and a hard-limiting amplifier that results in a constant downlink power level regardless of the uplink signal level. Therefore, it's not possible to rely on a simple metric such as the receive signal strength (RSS) to tell whether or not traffic is present on the channel. Additionally, symbol rate, timing and frequency characteristic metrics may fail to detect signals of unknown modulation or bandwidth. This paper will explore three different carrier detection schemes useful for collision avoidance on a UHF MILSATCOM channel. These methods are directly applicable to a satellite communication system where transmission is uncoordinated and multiple modulation types may be present (for example, MIL-STD-188-181C single-access mode). The modulation agnostic characteristic of these methods also lends them to applications to other fields such as cognitive radio.
Effects of CaNa2EDTA on lead and trace metal metabolism in bone organ culture.

Abstract The present study was undertaken to characterize more clearly the effects of CaNa 2 EDTA on lead and essential trace element metabolism within the strictly defined chemical conditions of bone organ culture. Significant decreases in bone explant content of Pb, Zn, Cr, Mn, and Fe were found in a dose-related manner as increasing concentrations of CaNa 2 EDTA (0.001 to 0.05 m m ) were added to the culture medium. These results suggest that significant depletion of essential metals from bone stores is likely to occur during chelation treatment for lead intoxication in vivo . Depletion of these metals may modify bone cell metabolism and may produce biological effects at distant organ and enzyme systems.
The role of subcellular localization in assessing the cytotoxicity of iodine-125 labeled iododeoxyuridine, iodotamoxifen, and iodoantipyrine

There is abundant evidence that Auger effects from125I are singularly damaging if localized within DNA as the thymidine analogue125I-iododeoxyuridine (125IUdR). Recent work with125I-labeled intercalating agents and steroid sex hormones extends these observations by showing cytotoxicity with125I in sites other than the DNA backbone. We have compared the cytotoxicity of125IUdR,125I-iodotamoxifen, a non-steroidal antiestrogen that is translocated from the cytoplasm to the nucleus of receptor containing cells, and125I-iodoantipyrine, a biological indicator of the body water space, in human breast cancer cells (MCF-7) and report that cytotoxicity is critically dependent upon subcellular localization. When clonogenic survival of MCF-7 cells is expressed as a function of the concentration of125IUdR,125ITAM and125IAP in the culture media, the D37 values are 8·10−4, 2.3 and 68 μCi/ml, respectively. However, when survival is expressed as a function of the nucleic acid and protein subcellular fraction,125ITAM is just about as toxic as125IUdR localized within the DNA backbone.
A Triage Theory of Grading: The Good, the Bad, and the Middling

This essay presents and defends a triage theory of grading: Any item to be graded should get full credit if it is clearly or substantially correct, minimal credit if it is clearly or substantially incorrect, and partial credit if and only if it is neither of the above; no other (intermediate) grades should be given. Other issues discussed include grading on a curve, the subjectivity of grading, and reasons for and against grading.
PROLONGED HYPOGLYCEMIA IN INFANTS OF PRE-DIABETIC MOTHERS TREATED WITH THIAZIDE DIURETICS

Three infants (A,B, and C) developed unusually severe neonatal hypoglycemia within 24 hours of birth. Plasma insulin levels ranged between 25 and 45 uU/ml when blood glucose was below 20 mg%. In contrast to the brief period of hypoglycemia characteristic of infants of diabetic mothers, hypoglycemia in these neonates persisted for at least ten days despite provision of more than 40 Gm of glucose/kg/day. All three mothers had received thiazides during the last trimester. Because thiazides are known to inhibit insulin secretion an evaluation of drug influence on the maternal post-partum glucose tolerance was undertaken with the following results: Unmodified glucose tolerance tests indicated chemical diabetes in mothers A and B; mother C was normal. Tolerance was further reduced by cortisone priming, or thiazide treatment in mothers A and B. Combined therapy rendered mothers A and C frankly diabetic. We conclude thiazide treatment was responsible for aggravating pre-diabetes in the mothers of infants A, B, and C. Maternal hyperglycemia predisposed to adaptive hyperinsulinism in the fetuses and thus contributed to their severe, prolonged hypoglycemia after birth. We suggest more cautious use of thiazides in pregnancy until further investigations have proven their use safe.
The metabolic syndrome and schizophrenia

The metabolic syndrome concept has existed since1988 in various forms (Table 1), and embodies theidea that insulin resistance is associated withphysiological abnormalities that increase the riskfor type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) (1, 2) andcardiovascular (CV) disease (3). CV deaths are asigniﬁcant cause of mortality among patients withschizophrenia (4, 5), so clinicians have becomeincreasingly attuned to sources of CV risk in thispatient population. Driven in part by concern overthe metabolic burden of newer antipsychotic med-ications, there has been an exponential increase inthe schizophrenia literature discussing the highprevalence of type 2 DM (6) and prediabetic statessuch as the metabolic syndrome (7). Direct mea-surement of insulin sensitivity requires sophisti-Meyer JM, Stahl SM. The metabolic syndrome and schizophrenia.Objective: To summarize the accumulated data on metabolicsyndrome prevalence in patients with schizophrenia, examine evidencefor a biological contribution of the mental illness to metabolic risk andreview novel options available for management of prediabetic states.Method: A Medline search usingmetabolic syndrome, insulin resistanceand insulin sensitivity cross-referenced with schizophrenia wasperformed on articles published between 1990 and May 2008.Results: Recent evidence indicates that schizophrenia increasespredisposition towards metabolic dysfunction independent ofenvironmental exposure. Both fasting and non-fasting triglycerideshave emerged as important indicators of cardiometabolic risk, whilemetformin, thiazolidinediones and GLP-1 modulators may provepromising tools for managing insulin resistance.Conclusion: Because of lifestyle, disease and medication eﬀects,schizophrenia patients have signiﬁcant risk for cardiometabolicdisease. Routine monitoring, preferential use of metabolically neutralantipsychotics and lifestyle education are critical to minimizing risk,with a possible role for antidiabetic medications for management ofinsulin resistant states that do not respond to other treatmentstrategies.
Progress with a gas-accepting ion source for Accelerator Mass Spectrometry

Abstract The National Ocean Sciences AMS (NOSAMS) facility at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution has developed a novel, gas-accepting microwave-plasma ion-source. The source is a key component of a compact Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS) system built for the analysis of 14 C in a continuously flowing gas stream. The gas source produces carbon currents from a stream of CO 2 with currents typical of a traditional graphite source. Details of the gas source, including ion current achieved, optimal flow rate, efficiency, and memory are presented. Additionally, data obtained from coupling a gas chromatograph to the source shown. Details about ion optics are presented separately [1] .
Effectiveness of altered incentives in a food safety inspection program.

Abstract Background. The Los Angeles County Department of Health Services revamped its retail food establishment inspection program in 1998 to include, among other novel provisions, the prominent posting of grades. The purpose of the present study is to examine results from the second year of the revamped program to determine the longer-term impact of the program. Methods. An analysis of program results for Year 1 led to several program refinements: stratification of risk categories, certification of food handlers, and an external fraud hotline. Outcome measures used included routine inspection scores; closure rates; scores from owner-initiated inspections and departmentally initiated inspections; inspection frequencies; compliance with food handler certification requirements; and frequency of use of the external fraud hotline. Results. Inspection scores continued to increase in 1999, while the rate of closures decreased. The owner-initiated inspections also resulted in improved scores, generally maintained on subsequent inspections. Higher risk establishments were inspected more frequently than were lower risk establishments. Over 30,000 food handlers were certified. The external fraud hotline received 16 fraud complaints. Conclusions. Results indicate that retail food establishments are taking stronger action to assure compliance with food safety practices.
Diffusion and activity of NiO in CaO-Mg0-Al203-Si02 melts considering effects of αo2− and γNi2+

Variations in activity coefficients for oxides in silicate melts are complex functions of silicate melt composition. For example, the activity coefficient (y) for NiO shows a minimum when plotted against a parameter reflecting the degree of polymerization (or basicity or fraction of bridging oxygens) (e.g., Pretorius and Muan, 1992). In this paper, we propose that this complexity occurs in part because NiO is not an actual species in silicate melts. Variations in y can be better understood and predicted if the activity of NiO is treated as the product of activities of Ni2+ and 02− ions. Using voltammetric methods, we have measured independent activity coefficients for Ni2+ and O- for compositions between diopsidic and anorthitic melt and have found that variations in these values are more easily understood in terms of the melt composition and structure and permit qualitative variations in γNiOo (activity coefficient of NiO relative to the free energy of formation reported in Robie and Waldbaum, 1968) to be predicted in compositions other than those studied. We suggest that a similar consideration of ionic behavior might improve our understanding of activity coefficients for other oxides in silicate melts as well. In addition, we report diffusion rates for Ni and free energies for the reaction Ni2+ + 02- ⇌ Ni0 + 1202, for melt compositions along the compositional joins CaMgSi206-CaAl2Si208 and CaMgSi206-MgAl2Si 2O8.
Estradiol and tamoxifen stimulation of lapine articular chondrocyte prostaglandin synthesis

Abstract The effect of estradiol and tamoxifen on prostaglandin (PG) synthesis by rabbit articular chondrocytes in secondary monolayer cultures was investigated. Radioimmunoassay for PGE2, PGF2α, 6-oxo-PGF1α and thromboxane B2 was performed on media from cultures containing estradiol and tamoxifen (10−12M-10−7-M). Radiometric thin-layer chromatography was also carried out. The time course of estradiol/tamoxifen effect on chondrocyte PG synthesis was evaluated and its relationship to cell density in culture examined. Estradiol stimulated the synthesis of PGs by chondrocytes. Stimulation was noted at picomolar concentrations of estradiol without further stimulation at markedly higher concentrations. In time studies, after a lag, the effect of estradiol was present fully by 5 hrs, remained steady for 24 hrs and then declined by 48 hrs. Estradiol stimulation of PG synthesis was dependent upon chondrocyte culture plating density. Tamoxifen stimulated chondrocyte PG synthesis to relatively lower levels than estradiol. The characteristics of estradiol/tamoxifen stimulation of chondrocyte PG synthesis suggest a mechanism involving estradiol cytoplasmic receptors.
Gene Transfer to Hematopoietic Cells

Although diseases of blood cells constitute a relatively small proportion of clinical disorders, many valuable studies of gene transfer have relied on hematopoietic stem cells or their progeny. Wha...
Infants' Memory Processing of a Serial List: List Length Effects

Six-month-olds, trained with a three-mobile serial list, exhibit a primacy effect 24 h later. In three experiments, we demonstrated that increasing list length impairs their memory for serial order. In all experiments, 6-month-olds were trained with a five-mobile list. In Experiment 1, infants failed to exhibit a primacy effect on a 24-h delayed recognition test, recognizing mobiles from all serial positions. In Experiment 2, infants did exhibit a primacy effect on a reactivation (priming) test, suggesting that they may originally have encoded serial-order information. Experiment 3 confirmed that serial-order information was represented in infants' training memory. After the reactivation treatment, infants were precued with one list member and tested for recognition of another. When precues specified valid order information, infants recognized test mobiles from the later serial positions. The memory dissociation for serial order on delayed recognition and reactivation tests adds to the growing evidence that young infants possess two functionally distinct memory systems.
Medium-energy ion scattering studies of the structure of some reconstructed metal surfaces

Abstract It is well known that the (110) surfaces of Au, Pt and Ir undergo a (1 × 2) missing row reconstruction. Theoretical calculations not only show that the (1 × 1) phase is unstable to reconstruction, but also that the various higher-order structures have energies that are very similar to the (1 × 2). By adsorbing very small amounts of alkali atoms on Au(110) we have been able to induce two such phases with (1 × 3) and (1 × 5) superstructures. We have used medium-energy ion scattering with channeling and blocking to determine the structure of these systems. We find that our data for the (1 × 3) surface can be understood in terms of “generalized missing row structures” with large (111) facets. At higher alkali coverages, a c(2 × 2) structure is observed, which we have found to correspond to a mixed overlayer with half a monolayer of gold atoms and half a monolayer of alkali atoms in the top layer.
On the formulation of probabilistic visco-elastic models for the long-term deformation of reactor fuel elements

Abstract This paper examines the use of visco-elastic models in conjunction with random loading as a possible method for determining qualitative features of the long-term, non-swelling, strain response of fuel pins. Since little previous literature exists in this general area, emphasis is placed on the assumptions necessary to produce such models, their formulation, the analytical problems resulting from the assumed form of the stress process, and the sensitivity of certain results to details of the assumed visco-elastic models. For example, an examination is made of the expectation value of the difference between the predicted strain using the total history and that obtained using only the recent past. Thus, given a bound on how accurately one wishes to measure final strain, there exists a bound on how far back in time it is necessary to consider the load history.
Hemolymph juvenile hormone binding proteins of lepidopterous larvae: Enantiomeric selectivity and photoaffinity labeling

Abstract Juvenile hormone binding proteins (JHBP) from the hemolymph of late instar larvae of Heliothis virescens (Noctuidae), Lymantria dispar (Lymantriidae), Manduca sexta (Sphingidae), and Trichoplusia ni (Noctuidae) were purified by gel filtration by monitoring [ 3 H ](10R,11S) JH I binding using a charcoal assay. Relative binding affinities of the four partially purified JHBPs for JH homologs and analogs were determined in competition experiments using unlabeled (10R,11S) JH I, (10S,11R) JH I, (10R,11S) JH II and (10S,11R) JH II, (±)JH III and (±)epoxyfarnesyl diazoacetate (EFDA) against the natural 3H-labeled JH I enantiomer. The gel-filtered proteins were photoaffinity labeled by irradiation at 254 nm in the presence of [3H]EFDA with and without protection by JH I. JH-specific binding proteins were located by fluorescence autoradiography. The versatility of [3H]EFDA as a photolabeling agent for insect JHBP is emphasized by its selective photoattachment to proteins of different JH homolog selectivity. This is the first report of enantiomeric selectivity for these proteins in which both the radioinert and radiolabeled hormones are optically active.
The processing of drug arrestees: Questioning the assumption of an ambivalent reaction

Abstract In mirroring society's uneasiness about punishing certain types of drug use, both the academic and popular literature presuppose that the United States criminal justice system processes drug law violators with more ambivalence than it processes other types of offenders. This assumption has provided and still provides support for a more intolerant handling of drug offenders. Through the use of Offender- Based Transaction Statistics, this study examined the validity of this belief in ambivalence by comparing event-history processing data on felony-level drug, property, and violent arrestees. The findings raise questions about the assumption of ambivalence, and they point to the necessity of maintaining in thought and action the distinction between “noncomplaint” and “complaint-generating” offenses.
Uncertainty evaluation in the analysis of biological samples by sector field inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Part B: measurements of As, Co, Cr, Mn, Mo, Ni, Sn and V in human serum

This protocol was developed to estimate the uncertainty of measurements in the sector field inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry analysis of As, Co, Cr, Mn, Mo, Ni, Sn and V in human serum by utilizing in-house validation data. The approach is outlined in the Eurachem/Citac Guide and other relevant publications. The results generated were the followings: (i) coefficients of regression >0.9995 over two orders of magnitude of metal concentration; (ii) method quantification limits between 0.05 µg/L (Cr, Mn) and 0.49 µg/L (As); (iii) mean trueness checked against a certified reference material between 95.4% (As) and 107.7% (Ni); (iv) repeatability better than 10.2% over the range 0.1–2.0 µg/L; (v) reproducibility better than 12.0% over the range 0.1–2.0 µg/L; and (vi) expanded uncertainty budget comprised between 14.7% (Mn) and 27.9% (Cr) over the range 0.1–2.0 µg/L. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Carrier mediated glucose transport in capillaries isolated from rat brain.

— Uptake of 2-deoxy-d-glucose (2-DG) was investigated in capillaries isolated from rat brain. A high affinity, carrier-mediated transport system was defined with an apparent Km for 2-DG of 93 μM. Uptake was temperature-dependent and markedly inhibited by phloretin and selected hexose isomers. The apparent Ki for d-glucose inhibition of 2-DG uptake was 98 μM. Essentially all of the 2-DG retained by the capillary preparation could be released by sonication and 95% was recovered as free unphosphorylated 2-DG. Uptake was not sodium-dependent and not altered by insulin. These results suggest that movement of glucose across the blood-brain barrier through endothelial cells probably is not rate-limiting unless blood glucose levels are extremely low.
Transnational spectres and regional spectators: Flexible citizenship in new Chinese horror cinema

ABSTRACTChinese horror's participation in the turn-of-the-millennium Asian horror boom has been largely pan-Asian. This article focuses on one such endeavour, Kelvin Tong's The Maid (2005), a MediaCorp Raintree co-production from Singapore, Hong Kong and the Philippines that has been billed Singapore's first home-grown international horror film. I argue that The Maid uses the horror genre to construct a cultural Chineseness based on a flattening of Confucian, Taoist and Buddhist aesthetics. Placing The Maid in the context of recent Asian horror films, this article investigates the various processes involved in the production, distribution and consumption of new Chinese horror, particularly how it functions as a regional genre that contests the notion of national cinema and problematizes the Sinophone. I contend that it is through the erasure of Singapore's non-Chinese cultural elements that the film aligns itself with regional Chinese horror and the international phenomenon of new Asian horror.
SYMPTOMS AND CYTOLOGY OF LIVING CELLS INFECTED WITH DEFECTIVE MUTANTS OF TOBACCO MOSAIC VIRUS.

Abstract Turkish tobacco cells infected with two defective mutants, PM1 and PM2, of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) were examined cytologically. Parallel observations were made on symptoms, variability, and infectivity of invaded tissues. Symptoms observed were much like those originally described, but symptom variants were readily obtained by transfers from single lesions. There was occasional evidence of erratic systemic translocation of virus. Concentration of virus was high in infected tissues before symptoms appeared, low in the senescent chlorotic tissues of old lesions, but higher at their edges. No infectivity was found in necrotic tissues. Cells long infected with PM1 contained a network of gelled (virus) material consisting mainly of a component staining like virus protein. Dyes that gave selective staining of RNA showed that RNA was also present in the gel. It was removable by ribonuclease without apparent diminution of the background material. Protein material of PM2 was aggregated in longitudinally striate needles and loops. The RNA was largely excluded from these aggregates, and appeared in the cytoplasm as “X-body material” like that in cells infected with the parent strain, TMV-U1. In the early stages of infection RNA appeared to originate in the nucleolus and pass through the nucleus to the cytoplasm, as in the parent strain, TMV-U1. In living cells under phase optics this process was associated with emission of optically clear material from the nucleolus. Evidence was seen of another form of emission from the nucleolus. Material optically more dense than the nucleoplasm seemed to be given off from a nucleolar projection in repeating cycles of less than 5 minutes. In stained preparations of what may have been the same sequence, no RNA staining of the material given off was obtained. It is suggested that this may represent a stage in the production of virus protein.
Relationship between morphology and glass transition temperature in solvent-crystallized poly(aryl ether ketones)

The relationship between semicrystalline morphology and glass transition temperature has been investigated for solvent-crystallized poly(ether ether ketone) (PEEK) and poly(ether ketone ketone) (PEKK). Solvent-crystallized specimens of both PEEK and PEKK displayed a sizeable positive offset in Tg compared to quenched amorphous specimens as well as thermally crystallized specimens of comparable bulk crystallinity; the offset in Tg for the crystallized samples reflected the degree of constraint imposed on the amorphous segments by the crystallites. Small-angle X-ray scattering studies revealed markedly smaller crystal long periods (d) for the solvent-crystallized specimens compared to samples prepared by direct cold crystallization. The strong inverse correlation observed between Tg and interlamellar amorphous thickness (lA) based on a simple two-phase model was in excellent agreement with data reported previously for PEEK, and indicated the existence of a unique relationship between glass transition temperature and morphology in these poly(aryl ether ketones) over a wider range of sample preparation history and lamellar structure than was previously reported. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 36: 65–73, 1998
Nanoarchitectonics for Heterogeneous Integrated Nanosystems

Based on projections of the International Roadmap for Semiconductors (ITRS), the continued scaling of complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) devices will face severe technical challenges. Among the most critical are power dissipation and device-level variabilities that will make circuit design very difficult. Potential device-level solutions that take advantage of new functional materials, self-assembly processes, low dissipation nanoscale devices, and architectures that aim in sustaining Moore's law beyond the ITRS are discussed in this paper. Two potential paths forward are clear at this point. One path is to continue increasing chip-scale functional throughput by looking at new functional materials at atomic and molecular levels for assembly into new low-power devices with different logic state variables that can better tolerate variabilities. Another distinct approach is to increase chip-scale functionality by exploiting the heterogeneous integration of materials, such as compound semiconductors on silicon as enabled by the unique features in nanoscale epitaxy and self-assembly on a common substrate. This paper will discuss some possible methods forward in maintaining scaled CMOS and going beyond the roadmap.
An Exercise to Critically Examine Information on the World Wide Web

To increase psychology students' understanding of and commitment to critically evaluating information found on the World Wide Web (WWW), students were asked to complete an online tutorial. The tutorial was designed to provide information about how to critically examine web-based material. It also included several active-learning activities which required students to apply the evaluation criteria to sites on the WWW. Students in two different psychology courses reported significantly more perceived confidence, skill and knowledge about critically evaluating web-based information after completing the tutorial, attesting to the effectiveness of the exercise.
Transport phenomena in the rarefied gas transition regime

Abstract For rarefied gases the collision frequency of the Krook kinetic equation is expressed as the sum of wall and gas collision frequencies. Effective transport coefficients arise from the Chapman—Enskog theory, and are similar to those proposed by other methods. The transport of either energy, momentum, or mass is analysed for several geometries. Profiles of temperature, velocity, and concentration, which involve jump and slip at the wall, are derived, and accommodation effects are included. The expressions have the proper limits for the continuum and free-molecule regimes, and compare well with other theories and experimental data for transition regime. Heat conduction formulas apply to polyatomic gases. Plane, concentric cylinder, and spherical geometries are considered.
Wind-activated thoracic interneurons of the cockroach: I. Responses to controlled wind stimulation.

The cockroach escape response begins with a turn away from a wind puff such as that generated by an approaching predator. The presence and direction of that wind is detected by hairs on the animal's cerci, and this information is conducted to the thoracic ganglia via two populations of giant interneurons. In the thoracic ganglia, the giant interneurons excite a number of interneurons, at least some of which in turn excite motor neurons that control leg movement. In this paper we examine response properties of various thoracic neurons to wind stimuli originating from different directions. Three sets of thoracic neurons were distinguished on the basis of latency. Type A interneurons had short latencies to wind stimuli (1.3–2.25 ms). Type B interneurons had longer latencies (4–6 ms), and motor neurons had the longest latencies (5.6–17.0 ms). Individual type A interneurons either responded equally to wind from all directions or were biased in their response. Directionality was related to the presence of ventral branches near one or both sides of the midline of the ganglion. Cells with ventral median (VM) branches on either side tended to be omnidirectional or front-rear biased, whereas cells with VM branches on only one side were biased to that side. Although several type B interneurons had strong wind responses and were directionally sensitive, they did not have VM branches. We hypothesize that the presence of VM branches in type A interneurons permits connection with ventral giant interneurons, and this connection accounts for their short latency and directional properties. This hypothesis will be tested in the companion paper.
Divalent cations and restoration of electron transport activity in fatty acid-treated choloroplasts

Abstract Inhibition of both photosystem II electron transport activity (observed at a fatty acid/chlorophyll ratio of 2 to 4) and photosystem I electron transport activity (observed at a fatty acid/chlorophyll ratio of 10) in linolenic acid-treated chloroplasts can be almost totally reversed if divalent cations, e.g. Mn2+, Ca2+, Co2+ are added to reaction mixtures prior to the addition of chloroplasts. Addition of divalent cations after chloroplasts and fatty acids are mixed is less effective in reversing the inhibition. The ability of added divalent cations to restore photosystem II electron transport in linolenic acid-treated chloroplasts appears to reflect either direct interaction of the cation with the fatty acid or with fatty acid binding sites on the thylakoid membrane.
Two-dimensional synthetic aperture imaging in the optical domain

In scan-mode synthetic aperture imaging radar, spatial resolution in a range is given by a frequency-swept waveform, whereas resolution in the orthogonal direction is derived from the record of phase as the beam footprint executes linear motion over the object. We demonstrate here what is to our knowledge the first two-dimensional imaging that uses exactly this process in the optical domain for a 1 cm x 1 cm object with 90 mumx170 mum resolution.
Acetone-ether extracted antigens for complement-fixation with certain neurotropic viruses.

A method is described for the preparation of antigens for complement-fixation tests with certain neurotropic viruses. This antigen has been found to be practical, nonanticomplementary, specific and reliable. It is furthermore, easily prepared with ordinary laboratory equipment and can be made available, if necessary, within 6 hours from the time when the tissue is harvested, thus being useful for field work.
Comparison of retention behavior of oligolysine and oligoarginine in ion-pairing chromatography using heptafluorobutyric acid

This paper describes the retention behavior of oligolysine and oligoarginine peptides of different lengths as a function of heptafluorobutyric acid (HFBA) concentration in ion-pairing reversed-phase chromatography in isocratic elution. A mixture of oligolysine and a mixture of oligoarginine with number of amino acid residues (dp) from two to eight were conveniently prepared by one-pot protease-catalyzed synthesis. Analysis of the logarithm of the retention factor k as a function of [HFBA] for each oligopeptide component, using a closed pairing model, provided values for (1) number (n) of paired HFBA anions per peptide molecule, (2) equilibrium constant (Kip,m) for ion pairing between oligopeptides and HFBA anions, and (3) product of the phase ratio and the distribution constant of the paired oligopeptide between the mobile and stationary phases (βKd,ip). We found that βKd,ip of oligoarginine is larger compared with oligolysine having the same dp. A linear relationship was obtained for ln βKd,ip as a function of n + g · dp. By optimizing constant g separately for oligolysine and oligoarginine, we determined that g is larger for oligoarginine, in agreement with the higher hydrophobicity of arginine residues. Plotting the fraction of paired oligoarginine and oligolysine as a function of [HFBA] shows that the cooperative effect in forming ion pairs is greater for oligoarginine than oligolysine.
Isolation and Characterization of Three Membrane-Bound Chlorophyll-Protein Complexes from Four Dinoflagellate Species

Employing discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation of n-dodecyl $\beta$ -d-maltoside-solubilized thylakoid membranes, three chlorophyll (Chl)-protein complexes containing Chl a, Chl c $\_2$ and peridinin in different proportions, were isolated from the dinoflagellates Symbiodinium microadriaticum, S. kawagutii, S. pilosum and Heterocapsa pygmaea. In S. microadriaticum, the first complex, containing 13% of the total cellular Chl a, and minor quantities of Chl c $\_2$ and peridinin, is associated with polypeptides with apparent molecular mass (M $\_r$ ) of 8-9 kDa, and demonstrated inefficient energy transfer from the accessory pigments to Chl a. The second complex contains Chl a, Chl c $\_2$ and peridinin in a molar ratio of 1:1:2, associated with two apoproteins of M $\_r$ 19-20 kDa, and comprises 45%, 75% and 70%, respectively, of the cellular Chl a, Chl c $\_2$ and peridinin. The efficient energy transfer from Chl c $\_2$ and peridinin to Chl a in this complex is supportive of a light-harvesting function. This Chl a-c $\_2$ -peridinin-protein complex represents the major light-harvesting complex in dinoflagellates. The third complex obtained contains 12% of the cellular Chl a, and appears to be the core of photosystem I, associated with a light-harvesting complex. This complex is spectroscopically similar to analogous preparations from different taxonomic groups, but demonstrates a unique apoprotein composition. Antibodies against the water-soluble peridinin-Chl a-protein (sPCP) light-harvesting complexes failed to cross-react with any of the thylakoid-associated complexes, as did antibodies against Chl a-c-fucoxanthin apoprotein (from diatoms). Antibodies against the P $_{700}$ apoprotein of plants did not cross-react with the photosystem I complex. Similar results were observed in the other dinoflagellates.
Laser capture microdissection and analysis of amplified antisense RNA from distinct cell populations of the young and aged rat brain: effect of traumatic brain injury on hippocampal gene expression

To explore the molecular mechanisms underlying the increased vulnerability of the aged brain to traumatic brain injury (TBI), we compared the expression of several age-related genes in the CA1, CA3 and dentate gyrus subfields of the young and aged rat hippocampus before and after lateral fluid percussion TBI. Using laser capture microdissection (LCM), we obtained hippocampal neurons and glia from the neuropil adjacent to the pyramidal and granule cell layers. Subsequently, we linearly amplified and analyzed the antisense mRNA using Northern blot and ribonuclease protection assays (RPA). Our procedures, which have not been previously applied to quantitative analysis of LCM mRNA from neural tissue, included a modified reverse transcription step to enhance full-length cDNA synthesis, thus enhancing the yield of larger components of in vitro-transcribed mRNA for downstream analysis. Northern analysis showed greater expression of two aging-associated genes, p21 and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the aged hippocampus. The age-related differences in p21 and BDNF expression were particularly prominent after TBI. By quantitative RPA analysis, we found that the expression of p21, known to be induced in senescent cells, was significantly greater in the CA3 region of aged rats, an area that is selectively vulnerable to TBI. However, expression of genes associated with regenerative and repair functions was significantly decreased in aged hippocampus. Our RPA results indicate that substantial age-dependent differences in the transcriptional profile of distinct regions of the hippocampal formation may account, in part, for their differential susceptibility to brain injury.
Combined design of recurve actuators and drive electronics for maximum energy efficiency

Smart structures typically consist of many interacting components, which result in a closed loop formed by an actuator, structure, sensors, controller, and drive circuit components. Despite the recognition of component interactions, much of the traditional design approach for such systems is highly compartmentalized and sequential. The primary objective of the present work is to develop a basic understanding of the energy flow and dynamic interaction between the electrical and mechanical subsystems of smart actuators. When operating from portable power sources, a crucial factor in determining the performance of such a smart system is the battery capacity required for the actuator to operate through a given time span along with its life time. The real and reactive power in such a system will determine the battery life and size separately. While the real power is dissipated only in the drive circuit, the reactive power of the circuit and the actuator cannot be calculated individually, where the interaction arises. Multi-objective function optimization problem, which combines the real and reactive power by different weights, will result in a better balanced solution than optimizing either one of them separately. Genetic algorithm is applied for discrete component selection to generate more realistic designs. The optimization result is illustrated in the paper, as well as their relationship with multi-objective functions.
Icy Galilean Satellites: Modeling Radar Reflectivities as a Coherent Backscatter Effect

Abstract The icy moons of Jupiter, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto, are efficient backscatterers of centimeter-wavelength radiation. At 3.5-cm and 13-cm wavelengths their specific radar cross sections can exceed unity (Campbell et al. 1978, Icarus 34 , 254–267, Ostro et al. 1992, J. Geophys. Res. 97 , 18227–18244), while by 70-cm wavelength their cross sections have dropped considerably (Black et al. 2001) though are still high compared to terrestrial planets and the Moon. Their polarization ratios are also high, indicating effects other than single scattering from the vacuum–surface interface. We model the unusual radar properties of these objects as a coherent backscatter effect which could result from scatterers embedded in the weakly absorbing water ice surfaces of these moons. A vector model of the coherent backscatter effect (Peters 1992, Phys. Rev. B 46 , 801–812) has been extended to provide absolute cross sections and, hence, the volume density of scatterers and is applied to the observed wavelength variations of the radar properties to derive generalized properties of the scattering layer. This model can reproduce the data with scatterers following fairly steep power-law size distributions with exponents of −3.5 to −4.0 and maximum sizes of 0.5−1.0 m. The model suggests that on Ganymede and Callisto the scatterers occupy only several percent of the volume, whereas the volume density of scatterers on Europa must be much higher. Efficient scatterers are required, and partially absorbing scatterers such as silicates cannot reproduce the high cross sections observed. The model is less sensitive to absorption in the medium containing the scatterers or to its thickness, but the fits suggest that the radar wave need penetrate only to a depth of several meters for this mechanism to produce the observed scattering properties.
Reduced susceptibility to stress whitening during tensile deformation of calcium carbonate-reinforced high density polyethylene composites

Abstract The micromechanism of plastic deformation and susceptibility to stress whitening during tensile straining of 20% calcium carbonate-reinforced polyethylene micrometric composites is investigated and compared with the un-reinforced polyethylene under identical conditions of processing. The adoption of calcium carbonate in polyethylene has two mutually opposite effects: the reinforcement and the nucleating effect. The reinforcement effect increases the bulk crystallinity and modulus, while the nucleating effect decreases the spherulite size and has a negative influence on yield stress, neutralizing the positive influence of increase in percentage crystallinity. The effective reinforcement of polyethylene by calcium carbonate reduces the susceptibility to stress whitening, and is characterized by lower change in gray level in the plastically deformed stress whitened zone in comparison to neat polyethylene. Also, the reinforcement of polyethylene alters the primary micromechanism of plastic deformation and stress whitening from predominantly crazing–tearing in neat polyethylene to wedge/ridge tearing and fibrillation in calcium carbonate-reinforced polyethylene composites. This is related to the cumulative contribution of small spherulite size and the amorphous nature of the interface.
Vitamin D and Cardiometabolic Disease: From Observation to Intervention

Vitamin D deficiency has become a major public health problem worldwide due to its increasing prevalence and potential health risks. There is growing evidence from experimental studies to suggest that vitamin D may influence risk of cardiometabolic disease through multiple pathways, including inhibition of the release of proinflammatory cytokines; regulation of the renin-angiotensin system; and favorable effects on lipids, blood pressure, insulin secretion and action, and thrombosis. Human observational data, primarily from cross-sectional studies, have shown that low dietary vitamin D intake or vitamin D levels are inversely related to various cardiometabolic risk factors. Prospective studies have suggested the relationship between low 25(OH)D and increased risk of cardiometabolic disease, including hypertension, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. Evidence from small randomized trials and post-hoc analyses of large clinical trials for the effect of vitamin D supplements on cardiometabolic risk factors, however, remains inconsistent. This article aims to summarize epidemiologic data on the relationship between vitamin D and major cardiometabolic disease and highlight the challenges in translating observational evidence to future intervention studies.
Increase in surface area due to atomic scale roughness

Abstract A simple calculation indicates that the surface area of a macromolecule can be expected to be larger than that for a smooth object by a factor of 1 + ( 2 3 )π or 1.9 , because of the atomic scale roughness of the surface.