cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Introspection and Measurement of Subjective Pain Experience

A patient’s subjective experience and description of pain is based on his or her introspective state. The introspective state can be influenced by past experiences, psyche, and psychosocial dynamics. Despite certain limitations, a patient’s description and rating of pain is a valid and useful tool in the clinical setting.
Low Vision Accessibility in Structural Equation Modeling Software

The purpose of this review is to explore the low vision accessibility features of software packages commonly used for structural equation modeling (SEM). The benefits of including accessibility fea...
Social Aspects of Schizophrenia Care

Schizophrenia is never treated in a vacuum: the social aspects of care (social determinants of health) and adversity matter for realistic treatment planning. Recognizing barriers to care in the form of structural violence and advocating for improvements are an ethical professional duty. In addition, this chapter highlights the pernicious effects of stigma on patient’s outcomes which include social exclusion and loneliness.
Thermodynamics of polymers

The word polymer comes from the Greek polymeres , meaning many units. It is used to designate molecules with large molecular weights. There is no exact cutoff to determine when a large molecule is actually polymeric, but chained molecules of molecular weight greater than a few thousand are typically considered to be polymers. Scientists and engineers are concerned both with naturally occurring and with synthetic polymers. Naturally occurring polymers are important in biotechnological and biomedical fields, for example as DNA, RNA, microtubules, or actin filament, and in other fields, such as in the form of cellulosics in high-strength fibers. Synthetic polymers play important roles in advanced materials such as plastics, liquid crystals, and fiber-reinforced composites. The manufacture of these materials, as well as numerous applications, can often require that the polymer be dissolved in solvents, for example in spin-coating processes. Alternatively, material scientists often wish to combine the desirable properties of two different polymers in a plastic alloy by blending different mixtures of the two. In this chapter, we consider the phase behavior of polymer solutions and the miscibility of polymer blends. The starting point for describing these properties is the Flory–Huggins equation for the Gibbs free energy of mixing. In Section 11.1 we compare the experimental data for the solubility of various polymer–solvent mixtures with the Flory–Huggins equation of state. We see that the theory is insufficient to describe all systems. Hence, in Section 11.2 we also consider generalizations to the Flory–Huggins approach.
Engineering economy as a vibrant and relevant course in the engineering programs of today and tomorrow

Engineering economy has been studied by the majority of engineering students for many years, yet its place in engineering education is often misunderstood. Logic suggests that the engineering econo...
miR-125a-5p regulates megakaryocyte proplatelet formation via the actin-bundling protein L-plastin

There is heritability to interindividual variation in platelet count, and better understanding of the regulating genetic factors may provide insights for thrombopoiesis. MicroRNAs (miRs) regulate gene expression in health and disease, and megakaryocytes (MKs) deficient in miRs have lower platelet counts, but information about the role of miRs in normal human MK and platelet production is limited. Using genome-wide miR profiling, we observed strong correlations among human bone marrow MKs, platelets, and differentiating cord blood-derived MK cultures, and identified MK miR-125a-5p as associated with human platelet number but not leukocyte or hemoglobin levels. Overexpression and knockdown studies showed that miR-125a-5p positively regulated human MK proplatelet (PP) formation in vitro. Inhibition of miR-125a-5p in vivo lowered murine platelet counts. Analyses of MK and platelet transcriptomes identified LCP1 as a miR-125a-5p target. LCP1 encodes the actin-bundling protein, L-plastin, not previously studied in MKs. We show that miR-125a-5p directly targets and reduces expression of MK L-plastin. Overexpression and knockdown studies show that L-plastin promotes MK progenitor migration, but negatively correlates with human platelet count and inhibits MK PP formation (PPF). This work provides the first evidence for the actin-bundling protein, L-plastin, as a regulator of human MK PPF via inhibition of the late-stage MK invagination system, podosome and PPF, and PP branching. We also provide resources of primary and differentiating MK transcriptomes and miRs associated with platelet counts. miR-125a-5p and L-plastin may be relevant targets for increasing in vitro platelet manufacturing and for managing quantitative platelet disorders.
Bead-Based Multiplex Immunoassays: Procedures, Tips, and Tricks

Multiplex immunoassays enable the measurement of multiple proteins in a small volume of sample in a single well, enhancing discovery and profiling of multiple biomarkers when compared to singleplex immunoassays. In order to ensure optimal results are generated, it is important to know what critical actions and assay steps can adversely affect results. This chapter covers best practices for sample collection and storage, to important considerations during the assay run, and ways to ensure optimal data generation and efficient data analysis. When these practices are applied, the potential to generate actionable and quality results accelerates the research and discovery process.
Lysosomal Zn2+ release triggers rapid, mitochondria-mediated, non-apoptotic cell death in metastatic melanoma

During tumor progression, lysosome function is often maladaptively upregulated to match the high energy demand required for cancer cell hyper-proliferation and invasion. Here, we report that mucolipin TRP channel 1 (TRPML1), a lysosomal Ca2+ and Zn2+ release channel that regulates multiple aspects of lysosome function, is dramatically upregulated in metastatic melanoma cells compared with normal cells. TRPML-specific synthetic agonists (ML-SAs) are sufficient to induce rapid (within hours) lysosomal Zn2+-dependent necrotic cell death in metastatic melanoma cells while completely sparing normal cells. ML-SA-caused mitochondria swelling and dysfunction lead to cellular ATP depletion. While pharmacological inhibition or genetic silencing of TRPML1 in metastatic melanoma cells prevents such cell death, overexpression of TRPML1 in normal cells confers ML-SA vulnerability. In the melanoma mouse models, ML-SAs exhibit potent in vivo efficacy of suppressing tumor progression. Hence, targeting maladaptively upregulated lysosome machinery can selectively eradicate metastatic tumor cells in vitro and in vivo.
The Relation Between Geomorphology and Soil Morphology and Genesis

Publisher Summary Geomorphology is defined in the Glossary of Geology as the systematic examination of land forms and their interpretation as records of geologic history. Practically all work dealing with the distribution of soils on the Earth's surface employs some geomorphic concepts. This chapter defines and illustrates the geomorphic criteria used in various studies and defines the terminology used. The studies presented in the chapter all show that conclusions about soil genesis based on conventional analysis and conventional consideration of present soil-forming factors usually are improved when geomorphic and stratigraphic information is added. It is a common practice to interpret a property as always indicating the same combination of factors. But in reality, a soil or other natural object can develop its features by a number of different possible routes. The contribution of geomorphology can and should be much more than a listing of the ages of surfaces and sediments because this is only the first step. If the concept that soil is the product of the interaction of the classical factors is considered, then these factors could well combine in different degrees to produce the same result on the surfaces of different ages.
Managing Public Sector Projects: A Strategic Framework for Success in an Era of Downsized Government

Preface Introduction Introducing Public Sector Project Management Public Sector Project Management - Getting Beyond the Confusion What are Public Projects? What is Public Sector Project Management? Financing Public Projects Project Versus Program and General Management Who are the Public Sector Project Managers? A Strategic Framework for Public Sector Project Management Framework Element 1: Starting with the Right Plan Framework Element 2: Selecting the Right Agents Framework Element 3: Entering into the Right Agreements Framework Element 4: Monitoring and Controlling the Project Execution Framework Element 5: Maintaining Active Involvement in the Operation and Maintenance of the Asset or Assets Created by the Project Placing the Strategic Management Framework in Context Project Planning - Part 1: Getting the Concept Right Getting it Right: The Preliminary Steps of Public Sector Project Planning Concluding the Preliminary Project Planning Phase with a Feasibility Study Project Planning - Part 2: Developing and Refining the Process The Project Accountability Structure Establishing the Right Project Internal Control Structure The GAO's Five Standards for Internal Controls Developing Clear Project Specifications Concluding the Intermediate Planning Stage Project Planning - Part 3: Finalizing the Process Developing the Project Schedule Refining Project Cost and Risk Estimates Pulling Together the Planning Steps Selecting the Best Agents - Part 1: Building the Project Team Who is on the Project Mangement Team? What are the Team Dynamics? Selecting the Best Agents - Part 2: Contractors and Consultants Procuring Contractors and Consultants Public Sector Procurement Rules Key Characteristics of a Successful Procurement System Selecting the Best Agents: Putting it all Together Enacting Advantageous Agreements The Essential Elements of Contracts Allocating Contract Risks Clear Scopes of Work Controlling Public Projects Measuring Project Progress Evaluating and Correcting Project Problems Keeping Stakeholders Informed of the Project's Progress Project Closeout and Beyond Final Steps in the Closeout Process The Project or Program Operational Stage Maintaining Public Projects over the Long Term Conclusion Appendices References
Exploiting Personal And Social Network Context For Event Annotation

This paper describes our framework to annotate events using personal and social network contexts. The problem is important as the correct context is critical to effective annotation. Social network context is useful as real-world activities of members of the social network are often correlated, within a specific context. There are two main contributions of this paper: (a) development of an event context framework and definition of quantitative measures for contextual correlations based on concept similarity (b) recommendation algorithms based on spreading activations that exploit personal context as well as social network context. We have very good experimental results. Our user study with real world personal images indicates that context (both personal and social) facilitates effective image annotation.
Refusing to Settle: A Look at the Attorney's Ethical Dilemma in Client Settlement Decisions

Imagine you are a solo practitioner and have taken on a new personal injury case. Your client, the plaintiff, is adamant about going to trial. You initially think she has a good chance at a hefty award, but as the case progresses you realize her potential recovery is much lower than expected. You strongly recommend settlement as her best possible option to obtain some meaningful payment, but she persistently refuses to settle. What do you do? Your options are either to withdraw from the case or to continue with representation, despite your disagreement with the client. In some instances, however, the court will take away your option to withdraw and mandate your continuing representation. Both avenues can potentially create serious ethical questions. The American Bar Association (ABA) and state model ethics rules provide that it is the client who ultimately decides whether or not to settle. 1 Why, then, are attorneys allowed to withdraw in some cases because their client refuses to settle? What effect does withdrawal J.D., Washington University School of Law; B.A., University of California, Berkeley. I am grateful to my family and friends for their love and guidance. I am especially thankful to Guyve Shalileh for his stubborn encouragement and always-helpful advice. Thank you to Washington University Journal of Law & Policy for giving me the opportunity and support to publish this Note. Finally, this Note is dedicated to my mother, the best person I know, and to my father, who is with me every day of my life. 1. MODEL RULES OF PROF‘L CONDUCT R. 1.2(a) (2010), available at http://www. americanbar.org/groups/professional_responsibility/publications/model_rules_of_professional_ conduct/rule_1_2_scope_of_representation_allocation_of_authority_between_client_lawyer.ht ml; see, e.g., ILL. RULES OF PROF‘L CONDUCT, R. 1.2, narrative comment 1.2:320, available at http://www.law.cornell .edu/ethics/il/narr/IL_NARR_1_02.HTM#1.2:300 (2011). Washington University Open Scholarship 384 Journal of Law & Policy [Vol. 38:383 have on a client‟s unfettered right to determine the objectives of the representation? 2 On the other hand, continuing representation raises legitimate concerns of whether the attorney can effectively represent a client with whom he or she has a fundamental disagreement. What can the attorney do in this case? What should the attorney do?
Evaluation of End-to-End QoS Mechanisms in IP Networks

The primary challenges in the deployment of Voice over Internet Protocol technology include Quality of Service (QoS) guarantees in the form of stringent bounds on end-to-end delay, jitter and loss, as well as rigorous validation of subjective and objective end-to-end quality. The performance of subjective tests to indirectly optimize transported voice quality requires test administrators to modify and compare the effect of network configurations for a large population of users. The impasse between control of network configuration and control of effective test design has prompted us to approach this joint optimization problem from the perspective of a programmable network testbed. The Video and Voice over IP Environment for Research (VVIPER) has been designed for this purpose. This paper describes design and implementation of this testbed, and presents samples of the performance results gathered for various popular IP-based QoS technologies.
The experimental production of toxemia of pregnancy

Abstract The present experiments represent an attempt to demonstrate under conditions of laboratory control, the production in rabbits of the anatomic lesions which characterize uteroplacental apoplexy in women. Uteroplacental apoplexy, in the words of Couvelaire (1911) who named it, is characterized by “a colossal infiltration of blood in the uterine wall, occurring in the region of attachment, cleaving the muscle bundles and dissociating certain bundles fiber from fiber. The ovaries are riddled with points of hemorrhagic effusion. The broad ligaments are infiltrated with blood. It amounts indeed to a veritable ‘apoplexie utero-placentaire.’” The present experiments therefore involve the production of hemorrhage into the wall of the uterus and placenta which results frequently in premature separation of the placenta. Since injury of this type occurs in women under conditions of obscure etiology, the present problem is: first, to determine whether or not identical anatomic lesions occur in a laboratory animal, and second, to evaluate the various factors introduced under controlled experimental conditions which cause normal pregnancy to terminate in uteroplacental apoplexy.
A Review of “At the Edge of the Precipice: Henry Clay and the Compromise that Saved the Union”

When the United States won the Mexican War, the country became embroiled in a profound argument over whether the vast expanse acquired from Mexico would allow slavery or remain free. The debate ove...
New industry standard FinFET compact model for future technology nodes

A new production ready compact model for future FinFETs is presented. This single unified model can model FinFETs with realistic fin shapes including rectangle, triangle, circle and any shape in between. New mobility models support Ge p-FinFETs and InGaAs n-FinFETs. A new quantum effects model enables accurate modeling of III–V FinFETs. Special attention is paid to shape agnostic short-channel effect model for aggressive Lg scaling and body bias model for FinFETs on bulk substrates. With its accuracy verified with experimental data and TCAD, this computationally efficient model is an ideal turn-key solution for simulation and design of future heterogeneous circuits.
Review of James Tabery, Beyond Versus: The Struggle to Understand the Interaction of Nature and Nurture1

By now it is a truism that the traits that most interest us about ourselves are due to a combination of genetic and environmental causes. Based on its title alone, readers of James Tabery's Beyond ...
Design guidance in the power dimension

This work proposes an approach for high level design guidance for low power using properties of given algorithms and architectures. Several relevant properties (operation count, the ratio of critical path to available time, spatial locality, and regularity) are identified and discussed, with quantitative measures being proposed for the latter two. Significant emphasis is placed on exploiting the regularity and spatial locality algorithm properties for the optimization of interconnect power. Examples illustrate the large savings that can be attained through property-based guidance of algorithm selection and architecture composition. Though demonstrated for ASIC designs, this approach is extensible to different hardware platforms and performance metrics (e.g. speed, area).
Direct Matrix Solution of Linear Complexity for Surface Integral-Equation-Based Impedance Extraction of Complicated 3-D Structures

We develop a linear-complexity direct matrix solution for the surface integral equation (IE)-based impedance extraction of arbitrarily shaped 3-D nonideal conductors embedded in a dielectric material. A direct inverse of a highly irregular system matrix composed of both dense and sparse matrix blocks is obtained in O(N) complexity with N being the matrix size. It outperforms state-of-the-art impedance solvers, be they direct solvers or iterative solvers, with fast central processing unit (CPU) time, modest memory consumption, and without sacrificing accuracy, for both small and large number of unknowns. The inverse of a 2.68-million-unknown matrix arising from the extraction of a large-scale 3-D interconnect having 128 buses, which is a matrix solution for 2.68 million right-hand sides, was obtained in less than 1.5 GB memory and 1.3 h on a single CPU running at 3 GHz.
Identifying "Comparable" Institutions.

To be most useful in the resource acquisition and resource allocation processes, cost studies require the collection of detailed information from “comparable” institutions. This investigation reports the rationale, procedures, and outcomes of an attempt to identify institutions that were comparable to specific universities operating under the Kansas Board of Regents. The three-phase study involved (1) selecting states that were similar to Kansas on several key variables, (2) using information about breadth of academic programs and locale to identify public universities in those states that resembled a given Kansas institution on these features, and (3) using detailed information about enrollment, expenditure pattern, and academic emphases to measure the similarity of universities in each pool to a given Regents university. The system produced results that proved to be credible by three different tests and responded effectively to some issues involving the Kansas formula funding process. It is sufficiently flexible that it could be adapted to other states or universities whose rationale or assumptions differed from those employed in Kansas.
Andersen and the market for lemons in audit reports

Previous accounting ethics research berates auditors for ethical lapses that contribute to the failure of Andersen (e.g., Duska, R.: 2005, Journal of Business Ethics57, 17–29; Staubus, G.: 2005, Journal of Business Ethics57, 5–15; however, some of the blame must also fall on regulatory and professional bodies that exist to mitigate auditors’ ethical lapses. In this paper, we consider the ethical and economic context that existed and facilitated Andersen’s failure. Our analysis is grounded in Akerlof’s (1970, Quarterly Journal of EconomicsAugust, 488–500) Theory of the Market for Lemons and we characterize the market for audit reports as a market for lemons. Consistent with Akerlof’s model, we consider the appropriateness of the countervailing mechanisms that existed at the time of Andersen’s demise that appeared to have effectively failed in counteracting Andersen’s ethical shortcomings. Finally, we assess the appropriateness of the remedies proposed by the Sarbanes–Oxley Act of 2002 (SOA) to ensure that similar ethical lapses will not occur in the future. Our analysis indicates that the SOA regulatory reforms should counteract some of the necessary conditions of the Lemons Model, and thereby mitigate the likelihood of audit failures. However, we contend that the effectiveness of the SOA critically depends upon the focus and attention of the␣Public Companies Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB) towards assessing the ethical climates of public accounting firms. Assessments by the PCAOB of public accounting firm’s ethical climate are needed to sufficiently ensure that public accounting firms effectively promote and maintain audit quality in situations where unconscious bias or economic incentives may erode the public accounting firm’s independence.
Effect of the dodecyl sulfate counter ion on selectivity and resolution in micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography: SDS vs. Mg(DS)2

In micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography (MECC) the most widely used surfactant for the pseudostationary phase is sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), although other types of surfactants have been investigated. We have synthesized the magnesium salt of dodecyl sulfate (Mg(DS)2) in order to investigate how changes in the counter ion identity affect resolution via changes in selectivity (α) and retention. Buffer solutions containing Mg(DS)2 exhibited operating currents and electroosmotic velocities one third to one half that of a comparable SDS buffer solution, and significantly larger methylene and functional group selectivities for the compounds studied. In addition, capacity factors, K', for netral solutes were between 1.5 and 2.5 times larger for the Mg(DS)2. The elution range, tmc/to, for the Mg(DS)2 was independent of the percentage of organic modifier in the buffer solution while the elution range for SDS increased as the percentage of organic modifier increased. Improvements in α and increased retention resulted in increased Rs for neutral solutes in Mg(DS)2. The relatively constant elution range for Mg(DS)2 also aided in the retention-mediated optimization of Rs and Rs per unit time.
Inhibition of the indophenol reaction in the spectrophotometric determination of ammonia.

Abstract The development of the indophenol colour formed by ammonia, phenol and hypochlorite was inhibited by Tris, glutamine and phosphate. These compounds did not alter the indophenol colour after its development.
Geoarchaeology and prehistory of the Kipsing and Tol river watersheds in the Mukogodo Hills region of Central Kenya

An archaeological survey and geomorphological investigation were conducted over a period of three years in the Tol and Kipsing River valleys, both located in the Mukogodo Hills-Upper Ewaso Ng'iro Plains region of Central Kenya. Eleven alluvial-stratigraphic sections were studied, and five late-Quaternary alluvial stratigraphic units were identified on the basis of lithology, chronology, and soil stratigraphy. The locations of 63 archaeological sites recorded during the reconnaissance were compared with the distribution of the alluvial units. These data were used to predict where sites of different cultural periods are most likely to be found and to determine the relationship between site location and alluvial deposition. Since natural processes of deposition and erosion do not fully account for the distribution of Middle and Later Stone Age sites in the study area, the hypothesis that these differences reflect human choices, not the operation of natural processes, cannot be rejected. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Adolescent motherhood and developmental outcomes of children in early Head Start: The influence of maternal parenting behaviors, well-being, and risk factors within the family setting.

This longitudinal study examined the influence of parenting behaviors, well-being, and risk factors of low-income adolescent mothers on the cognitive and language abilities of children from infancy to age 3. Participants consisted of 1,240 mother-child dyads enrolled in the Early Head Start Research and Evaluation Project. Data were collected using structured interviews with the mothers and from videotaped mother-child interactions during play activities when children were approximately 14 months old and again at 36 months of age. Positive parenting behaviors exhibited toward the 14-month-old children predicted gains in both cognitive and language abilities more so than did maternal well-being, risk factors within the family setting, and demographic risk factors. Gains in cognitive abilities from infancy to age 3 were predicted by supportive parenting, higher family resources, and lower family conflict when children were infants. Gains in language abilities were predicted by supportive parenting, support for language and learning in the home environment, and higher family resources when children were infants. Finally, path analyses showed that maternal age had an indirect effect on child cognitive and language abilities at age 3 through effects on parenting behaviors. Older mothers were more likely to be supportive during play at age 14 months, which in turn promoted enhanced developmental outcomes at age 3. Implications for intervention and future research are discussed.
Chemistry and bonding changes associated with the segregation of Bi to grain boundaries in Cu

Grain-boundary embrittlement, caused by the segregation of impurity and alloying elements, occurs in many systems and has been the focus of a large amount of research owing to its technological importance. However, the exact mechanism by which the segregating elements cause embrittlement remains unclear. In this paper the localized changes in the electronic structure in the classical embrittling system of Bi in Cu have been studied. Experimental results were obtained by examining the fine structure in the electron energy loss spectrum which was then compared to calculations using the layer Korringa-Kohn-Rostoker (LKKR) method. A change in the d density of states has been observed for the Cu atoms at the grain boundary, associated with Bi, and an electronic model to explain embrittlement is described.
Dynamical scenario for nonextensive statistical mechanics

Abstract Statistical mechanics can only be ultimately justified in terms of microscopic dynamics (classical, quantum, relativistic, or any other). It is known that Boltzmann–Gibbs statistics is based on the hypothesis of exponential sensitivity to the initial conditions, mixing and ergodicity in Gibbs Γ -space. What are the corresponding hypothesis for nonextensive statistical mechanics? A scenario for answering such question is advanced, which naturally includes the a priori determination of the entropic index q , as well as its cause and manifestations, for say many-body Hamiltonian systems, in (i) sensitivity to the initial conditions in Gibbs Γ -space, (ii) relaxation of macroscopic quantities towards their values in anomalous stationary states that differ from the usual thermal equilibrium (e.g., in some classes of metastable or quasi-stationary states), and (iii) energy distribution in the Γ -space for the same anomalous stationary states.
Equilibrium distributions for deleterious genes in large stationary populations.

Abstract In a large population of constant size, there is a unique equilibrium distribution for every deleterious autosomal dominant or deleterious X-linked gene. The purpose of this paper is to determine the mean vector and covariance matrix for such an equilibrium distribution. The theory of branching processes with immigration provides the framework for our investigation. Autosomal dominants can be treated using single-type branching processes; X-linked genes, using two-type branching processes. Application is made to Huntington's chorea and Becker's muscular dystrophy.
Graph mining for discovering infrastructure patterns in configuration management databases

A configuration management database (CMDB) can be considered to be a large graph representing the IT infrastructure entities and their interrelationships. Mining such graphs is challenging because they are large, complex, and multi-attributed and have many repeated labels. These characteristics pose challenges for graph mining algorithms, due to the increased cost of subgraph isomorphism (for support counting) and graph isomorphism (for eliminating duplicate patterns). The notion of pattern frequency or support is also more challenging in a single graph, since it has to be defined in terms of the number of its (potentially, exponentially many) embeddings. We present CMDB-Miner, a novel two-step method for mining infrastructure patterns from CMDB graphs. It first samples the set of maximal frequent patterns and then clusters them to extract the representative infrastructure patterns. We demonstrate the effectiveness of CMDB-Miner on real-world CMDB graphs, as well as synthetic graphs.
Lysine 624 of the Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP) Is a Critical Determinant of Amyloid β Peptide Length SUPPORT FOR A SEQUENTIAL MODEL OF γ-SECRETASE INTRAMEMBRANE PROTEOLYSIS AND REGULATION BY THE AMYLOID β PRECURSOR PROTEIN (APP) JUXTAMEMBRANE REGION

γ-Secretase is a multiprotein intramembrane cleaving aspartyl protease (I-CLiP) that catalyzes the final cleavage of the amyloid β precursor protein (APP) to release the amyloid β peptide (Aβ). Aβ is the primary component of senile plaques in Alzheimer's disease (AD), and its mechanism of production has been studied intensely. γ-Secretase executes multiple cleavages within the transmembrane domain of APP, with cleavages producing Aβ and the APP intracellular domain (AICD), referred to as γ and ϵ, respectively. The heterogeneous nature of the γ cleavage that produces various Aβ peptides is highly relevant to AD, as increased production of Aβ 1–42 is genetically and biochemically linked to the development of AD. We have identified an amino acid in the juxtamembrane region of APP, lysine 624, on the basis of APP695 numbering (position 28 relative to Aβ) that plays a critical role in determining the final length of Aβ peptides released by γ-secretase. Mutation of this lysine to alanine (K28A) shifts the primary site of γ-secretase cleavage from 1–40 to 1–33 without significant changes to ϵ cleavage. These results further support a model where ϵ cleavage occurs first, followed by sequential proteolysis of the remaining transmembrane fragment, but extend these observations by demonstrating that charged residues at the luminal boundary of the APP transmembrane domain limit processivity of γ-secretase.
Derivation of the Navier-Stokes equation

The proposed approach to the derivation of the Navier-Stokes equation is thought to be more plausible and easier to understand than other derivations that can be found in works on fluid mechanics. The tensor character of the stress is central to the derivation. In particular, a linear relation between stress and strain rate is assumed only for the shear, rather than for the full stress tensor as is done in most other derivations. An assumption for the shear is naturally simpler and easier to verify experimentally. The use of tensor analysis is shown to greatly simplify the derivation.
Advanced lithographic methods for contact patterning on severe topography

High packing density integrated circuits such as 4 MB DRAM require many interconnect layers. The resulting topography can be very challenging at each layer, particularly for patterning contacts. This paper provides practical techniques for imaging submicron contact holes on topographical substrates. Patterning is done using a 0.48 NA i-line stepper, and methods for achieving 0.5 micrometers contact holes and other features on topographical substrates are described. Results for process latitudes, depth of focus, and feature size dependencies are reported.
A Signaling Network Reciprocally Regulates Genes Associated with Acute Infection and Chronic Persistence in Pseudomonas aeruginosa

The opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa causes a variety of acute and chronic infections. We identified a gene whose inactivation results in attenuation of virulence due to premature activation of genes involved in biofilm formation and coordinate repression of genes required for initial colonization. This gene, retS, encodes a hybrid sensor kinase/response regulator with an unconventional arrangement of functional domains. Genome-wide transcriptional profiling indicates that the retS gene is required for expression of the Type III secretion system and other virulence factors and for repression of genes responsible for exopolysaccharide components of the P. aeruginosa biofilm matrix. These disparate phenotypes are suppressed by transposon insertions in genes encoding the GacS/GacA/rsmZ signal transduction pathway, a highly conserved system involved in the control of diverse adaptive functions. This study defines RetS as a pleiotropic regulator of multiple virulence phenotypes that orchestrates genes required for acute infection and genes associated with chronic persistence.
Regeneration of limbs in adult Hymenochirus boettgeri.

ALTHOUGH many vertebrates have retained to a considerable degree the ability to regenerate organs, adult anurans are generally believed to have lost the power to replace limbs or digits. Isolated cases of regeneration in anurans have been observed, but were considered simply as anomalous occurrences1–3. In 1932, Rostand4 reported that adults of the African ‘clawed toad’, Xenopus laevis, regularly formed heteromorphic regenerates of amputated digits. This has been confirmed for limbs as well as digits by Gallien and Beetschen5, Beetschen6, Gitlin7, and Skowron and Komala8. As part of an extensive analysis of regeneration in the anurans, the present communication reports the normal occurrence of regeneration in another African frog.
Highly conjugated, substituted polyacetylenes via the ring-opening metathesis polymerization of substituted cyclooctatetraenes†

A number of monosubstituted cyclooctatetraenes were polymerized via ring-opening metathesis polymerization, producing derivatives of polyacetylene that were highly conjugated. Most of these polymers were soluble in the nascent, high-cis form, and some remained soluble upon isomerization to the trans form. The polymers had a high molecular weight (as determined by gel permeation chromatography) and were composed of polyacetylene backbones (as determined by Raman spectroscopy). Not all of the polymers were completely soluble after isomerization to the trans form. Observations relating the steric bulk of the side group with solubility behavior indicate a tradeoff between solubility and conjugation. Structural variation permitted the synthesis of very highly conjugated, yet soluble polyacetylenes. For example, trans-poly-s-butyICOT, had a low-energy optical absorption (560 nm in tetrahydrofuran, 586 nm in CS_2) corresponding to extended conjugation. The polymer was formed as an amorphous film, yet it had a conductivity after iodine doping of 0.03 S/cm. THG measurements at 1064 nm gave I χ (3) I = 2 ± 1 x 10^(-11) esu for polytrimethylsilylCOT. Activation parameters for cis/trans isomerization of trans-poly-s-butyICOT in solution were obtained. NMR spectroscopy revealed that two isomers exist in the so-called "trans" form, suggesting the existence of cis/trans and trans/trans diads in the polymer. The trisubstituted olefin at which the side-group is attached can isomerize between the cis and the trans forms with a very low barrier (ΔG‡ =18.9± 0.4 kcal/mol was measured at 50°C by magnetization transfer in benzene). Both semi-empirical (AM1) and empirical (MM2) calculations on model compounds were used to provide a model relating side group sterics with twisting in the polymer main chain. Molecular dynamics was used to probe the magnitude of motion in the polymer main chain. AMI heat-of-formation calculations were used to explore the cis/trans preference of a trisubstituted double bond in a polyene chain. Polyacetylenes bearing chiral side groups were synthesized and explored. Strong Cotton effects were observed for the backbone π → π* transition. The data suggest that the side group geometrically perturbs the main chain, possibly twisting it in predominantly one screw sense.
Correlation between twinkling artifact and color Doppler carrier frequency: preliminary observations in renal calculi.

Abstract Color Doppler twinkling is a well-defined but not well-understood phenomenon that may assist in the detection of renal calculi. However, the relationship between the appearance of color Doppler twinkling and color Doppler carrier frequency has not been described systematically. To evaluate this relationship, a retrospective review was performed on 20 cases of renal calculi detected by twinkling on renal color Doppler sonography and confirmed with unenhanced computed tomography. The variable strength of twinkling at and behind renal calculi was observed with color Doppler carrier frequencies ranging from 1.75–4.0 MHz. All 20 calculi (100%) demonstrated twinkling when a low color Doppler carrier frequency, 1.75 or 2 MHz, was applied, whereas 12 of 20 cases (60%) were absent of twinkling when the highest carrier frequencies tested—3.5 or 4 MHz—were used. Quantitatively, there was a significant correlation between the amount of twinkling and carrier frequency (p = 0.002102). Hence, we conclude that the strength of the twinkling is color Doppler carrier frequency–dependent. The strength of the twinkling significantly increased when the color carrier frequency used for imaging decreased. Therefore, to improve renal calculi detection by enhancing the strength of the twinkling, the use of a lower color Doppler carrier frequency is recommended.
RADIATION DAMAGE AND ASSOCIATED PHASE CHANGE EFFECT ON PHOTODESORPTION RATES FROM ICES—LYα STUDIES OF THE SURFACE BEHAVIOR OF CO2(ICE)

Photodesorption from a crystalline film of CO{sub 2}(ice) at 75 K has been studied using Lyα (10.2 eV) radiation. We combine quantitative mass spectrometric studies of gases evolved and transmission IR studies of species trapped in the ice. Direct CO desorption is observed from the primary CO{sub 2} photodissociation process, which occurs promptly for CO{sub 2} molecules located on the outermost surface of the ice (Process I). As the fluence of Lyα radiation increases to ∼5.5 × 10{sup 17} photons cm{sup –2}, extensive damage to the crystalline ice occurs and photo-produced CO molecules from deeper regions (Process II) are found to desorb at a rapidly increasing rate, which becomes two orders of magnitude greater than Process I. It is postulated that deep radiation damage to produce an extensive amorphous phase of CO{sub 2} occurs in the 50 nm ice film and that CO (and CO{sub 2}) diffusive transport is strongly enhanced in the amorphous phase. Photodesorption in Process II is a combination of electronic and thermally activated processes. Radiation damage in crystalline CO{sub 2} ice has been monitored by its effects on the vibrational line shapes of CO{sub 2}(ice). Here the crystalline-to-amorphous phase transition has been correlated with the occurrencemore » of efficient molecular transport over long distances through the amorphous phase of CO{sub 2}(ice). Future studies of the composition of the interstellar region, generated by photodesorption from ice layers on grains, will have to consider the significant effects of radiation damage on photodesorption rates.« less
Neutron-Deuteron Elastic Scattering Above the Breakup Threshold

Amplitudes for elastic $s$-wave neutron-deuteron scattering above the breakup threshold are calculated by the method of complex coordinates. The nucleon-nucleon interaction is represented by a local spin-and parity-dependent central Yukawa potential, with parameters chosen to fit low-energy two-nucleon data. Results for inelastic parameters indicate possible errors in a previous phase-shift analysis. Results for the quartet phase shift and quartet and doublet inelastic parameters are consistent with separable potential calculations, but the doublet phase shifts from the two models differ significantly.
The phase diagram of the infinite-N Gross-Neveu model at finite temperature and chemical potential

The phase diagram of the Gross-Neveu model as a function of renormalized temperature and chemical potential is worked out quantitatively. A line of transitions is found, that starts at the known second-order chiral symmetry restoration transition at finite temperature and vanishing chemical potential. It changes its character to first order in the interior of the diagram and continues to the chemical potential axis.
Comparison of three spectral methods for the Benjamin-Ono equation: Fourier pseudospectral, rational Christov functions and Gaussian radial basis functions

Abstract The Benjamin–Ono equation is especially challenging for numerical methods because (i) it contains the Hilbert transform, a nonlocal integral operator, and (ii) its solitary waves decay only as O(1/|x|2). We compare three different spectral methods for solving this one-space-dimensional equation. The Fourier pseudospectral method is very fast through use of the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT), but requires domain truncation: replacement of the infinite interval by a large but finite domain. Such truncation is unnecessary for a rational basis, but it is simple to evaluate the Hilbert Transform only when the usual rational Chebyshev functions TBn(x) are replaced by their cousins, the Christov functions; the FFT still applies. Radial basis functions (RBFs) are slow for a given number of grid points N because of the absence of a summation algorithm as fast as the FFT; because RBFs are meshless, however, very flexible grid adaptation is possible.
A model for allocating CDC’s HIV prevention resources in the United States

The Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention (DHAP) at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has an annual budget of approximately $325 million for funding HIV prevention programs in the U.S. The purpose of this paper is to thoroughly describe the methods used to develop a national HIV resource allocation model intended to inform DHAP on allocation strategies that might improve the overall effectiveness of HIV prevention efforts. The HIV prevention resource allocation problem consists of choosing how to apportion prevention resources among interventions and populations so that HIV incidence is minimized, given a budget constraint. We developed an epidemic model that projects HIV infections over time given a specific allocation scenario. The epidemic model is then embedded in a nonlinear mathematical optimization program to determine the allocation scenario that minimizes HIV incidence over a 5-year horizon. In our model, we consider the general U.S. population and specific at-risk populations. The at-risk populations include 15 subgroups structured by gender, race/ethnicity and HIV transmission risk group. HIV transmission risk groups include high-risk heterosexuals, men who have sex with men and injection drug users. We consider HIV screening interventions and interventions to reduce HIV-related risk behaviors. The output of the model is the optimal funding scenario indicating the amounts to be allocated to all combinations of populations and interventions. For illustrative purposes only, we provide a sample application of the model. In this example, the optimal allocation scenario is compared to the current baseline funding scenario to highlight how the current allocation of funds could be improved. In the baseline allocation, 29% of the annual budget is aimed at the general population, while the model recommends targeting 100% of the budget to the at-risk populations with no allocation targeted to the general population. Within the allocation to behavioral interventions the model recommends an increase in targeting diagnosed positives. Also, the model allocation suggests a greater focus on MSM and IDUs with a 72% of the annual budget allocated to them, while the baseline allocation for MSM and IDUs totals 37%. Incorporating future epidemic trends in the decision-making process informs the selection of populations and interventions that should be targeted. Improving the use of funds by targeting the interventions and population subgroups at greatest risk may lead to improved HIV outcomes. These models can also direct research by pointing to areas where the development of cost-effective interventions can have the most impact on the epidemic.
Higher-order abstract syntax

We describe motivation, design, use, and implementation of higher-order abstract syntax as a central representation for programs, formulas, rules, and other syntactic objects in program manipulation and other formal systems where matching and substitution or unification are central operations. Higher-order abstract syntax incorporates name binding information in a uniform and language generic way. Thus it acts as a powerful link integrating diverse tools in such formal environments. We have implemented higher-order abstract syntax, a supporting matching and unification algorithm, and some clients in Common Lisp in the framework of the Ergo project at Carnegie Mellon University.
Activation of promutagenic chemicals by Streptomyces griseus containing cytochrome P-450soy.

Abstract Streptomyces griseus cells containing cytochrome P-450soy oxidize a diverse array of xenobiotic compounds. This metabolic capability was exploited for activation of promutagenic chemicals such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, aromatic amines and small aliphatics in a modified Salmonellal Ames plate incorporation assay using tester strains TA98 and TA1538. In this assay promutagens such as 3,3′-dimethyl-benzidine, 3,3′-dimethoxybenzidine, benzidine, 2-acetylaminofluorene, 2-aminoanthracene, 2,4-diaminotoluene, 4-aminobiphenyl, benzo(a)pyrene, chloropicrin and N-nitrosodimethylamine were oxidized to mutagenic metabolites by S. griseus intact cells which mutated Salmonella tester strains (TA98 and TA1538). S. griseus failed to activate 7,12-dimethylbenzanthracene and 4-chloro-2-nitroaniline. In parallel tests performed with rat liver homogenate (S9), N-nitrosodimethylamine was not activated.
Intrathoracic Splenosis*: Superiority of Technetium Tc 99m Heat-Damaged RBC Imaging

Intrathoracic splenosis is a rare diagnosis that is usually made following an invasive procedure. Although radiographic and CT findings are nonspecific, these findings combined with a history of splenic injury should suggest the possibility of thisdiagnosis. We present a patient with intrathoracic splenosis diagnosed on the basis of a technetium Tc 99m heat-damaged RBC scan following false-negative technetium Tc 99m sulfur colloid scan results.