cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Isolated attosecond pulses from ionization gating of high-harmonic emission

Combining results from several techniques of attosecond spectroscopy, we show that ionization gating of high-harmonic emission on the leading edge of the driving pulse produces isolated attosecond pulses with a contrast ratio (the energy in the main pulse normalized to the energy in adjacent satellite pulses) c ¼ 3:3 � 0:2. Half-cycle cutoff analysis confirms that harmonic generation proceeds in the ionizationgated regime. The attosecond pulse contrast is measured using the technique of carrier–envelope phase (CEP)-scanning, recently developed by our group, in which photoelectrons generated from Ne atoms by the harmonic pulse are streaked as a function of CEP. Streaking of photoelectrons as a function of attosecond time delay also confirms the isolated nature of the harmonic pulse, which is measured to have a duration of 430 � 15 as, limited by the bandwidth of the reflective X-ray optics employed. The combined measurements imply that the experimental advantages of the ionization gating technique—tunable X-ray emission, relaxed sensitivity to the CEP and scalability to longer driver pulses—are also conferred on isolated attosecond pulse production. Published by Elsevier B.V.
Tenure Constraints and Carbon Forestry in Africa

Our analysis shows that landowners with customary tenure in Africa can be efficient providers of carbon forestry if tree planting helps secure their permanent claims to the land. If the farmer's tree planting can reduce the threat of eviction, the amount of land allocated to carbon forestry may be greater or lesser than under private ownership, but it is always more than if tenure security is completely absent. Our results support the view that carbon forestry schemes should accommodate traditional African customary tenure systems, and if designed successfully, can both promote carbon forestry and benefit the poor.
Evolving concepts in autologous blood procurement and transfusion: Case reports of perisurgical anemia complicated by myocardial infarction

p reoperative autologous blood donation (PABD) has been accepted as a standard procedure in the care of patients scheduled for radical prostatectomyJ '2 However, this practice is no longer cost-effective, 2 largely because of the substantially improved safety of the national blood supply) Recently, decision analysis has also raised the issue of the safety of PABD, particularly in patients undergoing cardiac surgeryJ In addition to the controversy regarding autologous blood procurement , 5'6 questions regarding the "transfusion trigger" appropriate for the retransfusion of autologous blood remain unanswered. 7 The low rates of surgical morbidity and mortality in patients undergoing radical pros ta tec tomy s'9 (an elective procedure not yet proved to prolong survival in patients with prostatic carcinoma ~°) mandate that blood conservation and blood transfusion practices be coordinated to minimize risk related to perisurgical anemia. The following case reports, in patients undergoing radical suprapubic pros ta tec tomy during a 2-year period, illustrate this issue.
Editorial Board Response

Thanks to Dr van Hedel for bringing this recently completed study and its findings to the attention of the Physical Therapy readership. Van Hedel highlights the importance of a recently completed multisite randomized clinical trial (RCT) in acute spinal cord injury (SCI).1,2 The study compared 2 approaches to walking rehabilitation for individuals acutely status post incomplete spinal cord injury (iSCI). Regardless of the approach used, the outcome measures from both groups were much better than historically reported.1 Specifically, a high percentage of the participants, classified with American Spinal Injury Association Impairment Scale (ASIA) C impairment, regained “independent walking ability” and attained walking speeds of ∼1.0 m/s and nearing normal values. The trial was conducted in response to a National Institutes of Health request for applications (RFA) to initiate a clinical efficacy trial of body-weight–supported ambulation training following incomplete spinal cord injury (RFA HD-98-005, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development).3 Several questions can be raised from a clinician's viewpoint when considering translating this knowledge to practice, including: Who was in the study? What were the interventions? What was the delivery intensity? When after injury was the intervention delivered, and for how long (duration)? In other words, what decisions do we make as clinicians from the outcome of this trial, and what questions does it generate as a scientist? This response serves as a follow-up to the dialogue begun by van Hedel and offers only an introduction to a dialogue that certainly deserves a more in-depth analysis. The recent RCT in SCI2 studied people within 8 weeks of traumatic SCI and admitted for rehabilitation at 6 partnering clinical sites: Magee Rehabilitation Hospital (Philadelphia, Pa), Shepherd Center (Atlanta, Ga), Ohio State University (Columbus, Ohio), Rancho Los Amigos Rehabilitation Hospital (Los Angeles, Calif), McGill University/ Institut …
Facilitating Vocabulary Acquisition of Children With Cochlear Implants Using Electronic Storybooks

The present intervention study explored the word learning of 18 children with cochlear implants in response to E-book instruction. Capitalizing on the multimedia options available in electronic storybooks, the intervention incorporated videos and definitions to provide a vocabulary intervention that includes evidence-based teaching strategies. The extent of the children's word learning was assessed using three assessment tasks: receptive pointing, expressively labeling, and word defining. Children demonstrated greater immediate expressive labeling gains and definition generation gains for words taught in the treatment condition compared to those in the comparison condition. In addition, the children's performance on delayed posttest vocabulary assessments indicated better retention across the expressive vocabulary task for words taught within the treatment condition as compared to the comparison condition. Findings suggest that children with cochlear implants with functional speech perception can benefit from an oral-only multimedia-enhanced intensive vocabulary instruction.
Amenity and Severance

Techniques for assessing the impacts of transportation projects on amenity and severance in a community are neither well developed nor widely used. Interest in developing such techniques first emerged in the 1960s and 1970s in the wake of concerns over the impacts of freeway building on existing communities, but the challenge of defining these concepts, let alone measuring them, contributed to a lack of progress. In the absence of standardized techniques, amenity and severance are often ignored or at least underplayed in environmental impact assessments and transportation planning processes. As an appreciation of the , importance of these concepts grows, however, the tools available for measuring and evaluating them have improved and examples of efforts to enhance amenity and reduce severance have proliferated. Although more basic research on the concepts of amenity and severance is needed, planners can find effective ways to address these concerns. This chapter defines amenity and severance, reviews the tools available to planners for assessing these characteristics, and presents examples of policies and projects designed to enhance amenity and reduce severance.
Strict Liability and 3D-Printed Medical Devices

Despite the strong promise that 3D printing holds for the future healthcare, there are critical concerns, and deep unknowns regarding the framework for potential tort liability. And while there has been only a single product liability lawsuit involving a 3D-printed product to date, there are tremendous concerns that 3D printing will present significant safety concerns for the first wave of consumers. While an application of traditional product liability principles may seem to be straightforward, those familiar with the framework realize that an application of those principles to 3D printing is complicated and unique. The question then exists – who is the manufacturer of a product created by a 3D printer as contemplated by the Restatement? Could a hospital be considered a manufacturer of a defective 3D-printed product or as “engaging in the business” of selling the product? 3D printing, in effect, will serve as one of the first technological advances to disrupt the product liability regime first envisioned, and eventually instituted by Justice Traynor. To avoid such an undesirable result, it is imperative that courts make a concerted effort to redefine the boundaries of product liability law to account for new technologies and to make room for liability to those supply chains which do not engage in traditional manufacturing. More specifically, the most realistic approach to the problem would be for courts to uniformly hold software designers responsible for the defects in 3D-printed products. Hospitals, or 3D printing manufacturers, should not be held strictly liable for any defect in the medical product.
The local structure of skutterudites: A view from inside the unit cell

The skutterudites form a large class of compounds with many unusual properties, attributed in part to the novel crystal structure. The unit cell is cubic and is composed of eight sub-cubes formed by transition metal atoms. Six of the sub-cubes contain rings of atoms; the other two sub-cubes can be empty but are usually filled with rare earth or alkali earth atoms. These “filler” atoms can vibrate at low energies and hence are called “rattler” atoms. Here, the dynamics of various atom pairs are reviewed with a focus on the rattler atoms. Most of the work is based on extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) studies but results obtained using other techniques, such as inelastic scattering experiments or atomic displacement parameters in diffraction, are also included. Although the main framework of the unit cell is often considered quite stiff, the stiffest springs in the system are only factors of 3–5 larger than the springs connecting the rattler to its neighbors. In addition, the environment about the atoms in the ring structures (e.g. Sb4 in CeFe4Sb12) has a low symmetry and our recent EXAFS experiments suggest that the rings can be considered to be quasi-rigid units, and treated as a large atom. The restoring forces on the rings are asymmetric, with large forces perpendicular to the ring and weak forces in the direction toward a rattler. This suggests that some low energy modes that have been observed in these systems may be a correlated motion of the rattler atoms and the rings. In addition, the unusual result that the second neighbor effective spring constants are stiffer than the nearest neighbor bonds has been observed for several oxy-skutterudites. A simple one-dimensional (1D) model, of a chain of rattlers and rings, weakly coupled to the rest of the lattice has been developed which can explain these unusual results. These calculations also indicate that the thermal conductivity might be further suppressed using a composite formed of several types of nanoparticles rather than just multiple filling on the rattler sites.
Parenting the Self with Self-Applied Touch: A Dance/Movement Therapy Approach to Self-Regulation

Interaction with the self as propelled by a need for regulation of arousal, or self-regulation, can be considered maladaptive if it causes secondary dysregulation. Adaptive self-regulation thus entails interaction with the self that results in individuals stabilizing within an optimal state of arousal in which they are capable of integration on emotional, physical, and cognitive levels. As dance/movement therapy primarily uses movement for promoting integration, this article proposes a movement-based approach to self-regulation that borrows regulatory movement of a caretaker’s attuned touch. Attuned touch is observed in parenting that fosters secure attachment and is one of the most influential regulatory movements on a child’s capacity for integration. The proposed intervention involves phases that include assessment, mindful containment, self-as-other attunement, and integration. As clients move through the phases of self-applied touch, they are adding to their repertoire of healthy self-regulating strategies by “parenting” themselves, promoting earned secure attachment and integration of experience.
Conservation Practices in Western Oregon Perennial Grass Seed Systems:I. Impacts of Direct Seeding and Maximal Residue Management on Production

Recent legislative actions addressing concerns about water and air quality have placed restrictions on open field burning and other grass seed production practices. Because of natural resource quality concerns and economic pressures, there is a need to identify production systems that protect natural resources while still providing economic returns to grass seed farmers. A 10-yr field study was conducted at three locations in western Oregon. We compared the effects of direct seeding (DS) with conventional tillage (CT) establishment, combined with maximal (HR) and minimal (LR) residue management, on seed yield, straw phytomass yield, partial budget costs, and estimated soil erosion from perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.), and creeping red fescue (F. rubra L.). Perennial ryegrass (PRG) and tall fescue (TF) seed yields were greater using DS, whereas creeping red fescue (CRF) yields were unaffected. Seed yield from all three crops was unaffected by residue management amount. Both DS and HR reduced soil erosion and cost less to implement than CT and LR by straw baling and removal. Compared with the industry standard practice of LR management plus CT establishment, use of HR combined with DS reduced soil erosion 76.9, 70.2, and 40.0% for PRG, TF, and CRF, respectively. The cost savings using the DS-HR conservation system compared with the CT-LR farm standard were 60, 76, and 84%, respectively. It was also observed that nonmarket opportunities have resulted from implementation of the alternative conservation practices. These research findings document the suitability of DS used in combination with HR in maritime Pacific Northwest region perennial grass seed production systems without needing postharvest straw removal.
Paleobotanical and environmental implications of a buried forest bed in northern Lower Michigan, USA

Sediments and stratigraphy at the Tower Buried Forest site provide a glimpse into the immediate post-glacial environment of northern Lower Michigan, USA. At this site, sandy glacial outwash is overlain by (1) ≈37 cm of peat associated with a wetland, above which are (2) flat-lying spruce and larch logs and branches that date between ≈10 910 and 10 340 cal years BP. Above the woody materials are ≈55–75 cm of sand, interbedded with organic muck laminae, which we interpret as local alluvium. This stratigraphic sequence is overlain by muck soil materials associated with the modern wetland. Pollen and plant macrofossil analysis of the lower peat indicate that a tundra–boreal parkland had been established here, shortly after final deglaciation. Later, Picea glauca (white spruce) , Picea mariana (black spruce), Larix laricina (larch), and Abies balsamea (balsam fir) became abundant in an open boreal forest – Spaghnum peatland. Subsequent increases in Pinus (pine) and Typha (cattail) indicate drying and possibly warming conditions. At ca. 10 340 cal years BP (or a few centuries prior), nearly two millennia after final deglaciation, water flowed across the site, possibly knocking over the trees.. Interbedded sand and muck deposits above the flat-lying logs are interpreted as alluvial deposits from this event, after which the wetland became quiescent again.
Paraoxonase 2 Serves a Proapopotic Function in Mouse and Human Cells in Response to the Pseudomonas aeruginosa Quorum-sensing Molecule N-(3-Oxododecanoyl)-homoserine Lactone

Pseudomonas aeruginosa use quorum-sensing molecules, including N-(3-oxododecanoyl)-homoserine lactone (C12), for intercellular communication. C12 activated apoptosis in mouse embryo fibroblasts (MEF) from both wild type (WT) and Bax/Bak double knock-out mice (WT MEF and DKO MEF that were responsive to C12, DKOR MEF): nuclei fragmented; mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψmito) depolarized; Ca2+ was released from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), increasing cytosolic [Ca2+] (Cacyto); and caspase 3/7 was activated. DKOR MEF had been isolated from a nonclonal pool of DKO MEF that were non-responsive to C12 (DKONR MEF). RNAseq analysis, quantitative PCR, and Western blots showed that WT and DKOR MEF both expressed genes associated with cancer, including paraoxonase 2 (PON2), whereas DKONR MEF expressed little PON2. Adenovirus-mediated expression of human PON2 in DKONR MEF rendered them responsive to C12: Δψmito depolarized, Cacyto increased, and caspase 3/7 activated. Human embryonic kidney 293T (HEK293T) cells expressed low levels of endogenous PON2, and these cells were also less responsive to C12. Overexpression of PON2, but not PON2-H114Q (no lactonase activity) in HEK293T cells caused them to become sensitive to C12. Because [C12] may reach high levels in biofilms in lungs of cystic fibrosis (CF) patients, PON2 lactonase activity may control Δψmito, Ca2+ release from the ER, and apoptosis in CF airway epithelia. Coupled with previous data, these results also indicate that PON2 uses its lactonase activity to prevent Bax- and Bak-dependent apoptosis in response to common proapoptotic drugs like doxorubicin and staurosporine, but activates Bax- and Bak-independent apoptosis in response to C12.
Log-Likelihood Method of Reducing Noise in CRISM Along-Track Oversampled Hyperspectral Images

CRISM hyperspectral measurements are modeled accounting for spatial and spectral pointspread functions. Surface hyperspectral image recovery is ill-posed. Penalized maximum likelihood estimates yield reduced noise in each spectrum estimate, allowing identification of subtle spectral absorptions.
A contribution to the systematics of Xylopia (Annonaceae) in Southeast Asia

Herbarium and field study of Xylopia L. (Annonaceae) for the Flora of Peninsular Malaysia and the Flora of Thailand projects has clarified regional diversity patterns within this ecologically significant lowland rainforest genus. Two species groups represented within Southeast Asian floras are delineated, one centred on Xylopia ferruginea (Hook.f. & Thomson) Baill. and the other on Xylopia malayana Hook.f. & Thomson. In the Xylopia ferruginea group, a new species, Xylopia erythrodactyla D.M.Johnson & N.A.Murray, is distinguished from X. ferruginea, and a new combination, Xylopia sumatrana (Miq.) D.M.Johnson & N.A.Murray, is proposed, based on an earlier name for the species currently known as Xylopia stenopetala Oliv. In the Xylopia malayana group, review of the species Xylopia elliptica Maingay ex Hook.f. & Thomson resulted in the recognition of three additional species: Xylopia platycarpa D.M.Johnson & N.A.Murray, from southern Thailand and northwestern Peninsular Malaysia, Xylopia ngii D.M.Johnson & N.A.Murray, from Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra and Borneo, and Xylopia heterotricha D.M.Johnson & N.A.Murray, from Sumatra and Borneo. The taxon Xylopia malayana Hook.f. & Thomson var. obscura Kochummen is placed in synonymy under Xylopia elliptica sensu stricto. Xylopia fusca Maingay ex Hook.f. & Thomson var. sessiliflora Kochummen & Whitmore is distinguished from Xylopia fusca, and raised to species status as Xylopia sessiliflora (Kochummen & Whitmore) D.M.Johnson & N.A.Murray. We recognise 23 Xylopia species in the Sundaic region of Southeast Asia, and provide evidence that additional collecting and taxonomic analysis in the region is needed.
Effect of a Single Dose of 3,3′-Methylenebis (4-Hydroxycoumarin) upon Blood Coagulation in Humans.∗†

SummaryA prolongation in the coagulation time and a lowering of the prothrombin index of the blood for approximately 6 days beginning between 24 and 72 hours after the drug has been ingested will usually be produced by oral administration of a single dose of 400 mg of 3,3′-methylenebis (4-hydroxycoumarin) to a patient weighing 130 lb or less, or 600 mg to a patient weighing over 160 lb.
Analysis of epidemiological situation of measles in Zhengyang county in 2007

To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of measles in Zhengyang county,Henan in 2007,so as to provide methods to eliminate measles.Descriptive epidemiology method was used to analyze the data of measles in Zhengyang county in 2007.There were 385 measles cases from January to June in Zhengyang county in 2007,and the cases were 51(13.25%),302(78.44%),20(5.19%),1(0.26%),7(1.82%),3(0.78%) respectively.There were 52 children under 7 months(13.51%) in all cases.There were 59 cases in all people over 20 years old,in which 30 cases were male,29 cases were female.It is our main assignment to expand the measles immunization coverage and increase the immunity,especially the women of child-bearing age,by which the probability of infecting measles and the incidence in children under 7 months could be reduced.
Efficient Structured Language Modeling for Speech Recognition.

The structured language model (SLM) of [1] was one of the first to successfully integrate syntactic structure into language models. We extend the SLM framework in two new directions. First, we propose a new syntactic hierarchical interpolation that improves over previous approaches. Second, we develop a general information-theoretic algorithm for pruning the underlying Jelinek-Mercer interpolated LM used in [1], which substantially reduces the size of the LM, enabling us to train on large data. When combined with hill-climbing [2] the SLM is an accurate model, space-efficient and fast for rescoring large speech lattices. Experimental results on broadcast news demonstrate that the SLM outperforms a large 4-gram LM.
An Mcm10 Mutant Defective in ssDNA Binding Shows Defects in DNA Replication Initiation.

Abstract Mcm10 is an essential protein that functions to initiate DNA replication after the formation of the replication fork helicase. In this manuscript, we identified a budding yeast Mcm10 mutant (Mcm10-m2,3,4) that is defective in DNA binding in vitro. Moreover, this Mcm10-m2,3,4 mutant does not stimulate the phosphorylation of Mcm2 by Dbf4-dependent kinase (DDK) in vitro. When we expressed wild-type levels of mcm10-m2,3,4 in budding yeast cells, we observed a severe growth defect and a substantially decreased DNA replication. We also observed a substantially reduced replication protein A- chromatin immunoprecipitation signal at origins of replication, reduced levels of DDK-phosphorylated Mcm2, and diminished Go, Ichi, Ni, and San (GINS) association with Mcm2–7 in vivo. mcm5-bob1 bypasses the growth defect conferred by DDK-phosphodead Mcm2 in budding yeast. However, the growth defect observed by expressing mcm10-m2,3,4 is not bypassed by the mcm5-bob1 mutation. Furthermore, origin melting and GINS association with Mcm2–7 are substantially decreased for cells expressing mcm10-m2,3,4 in the mcm5-bob1 background. Thus, the origin melting and GINS–Mcm2–7 interaction defects we observed for mcm10-m2,3,4 are not explained by decreased Mcm2 phosphorylation by DDK, since the defects persist in an mcm5-bob1 background. These data suggest that DNA binding by Mcm10 is essential for the initiation of DNA replication.
Notes from EdCom

(1989). Notes from EdCom. Journal of Museum Education: Vol. 14, The Family Museum Experience, pp. 20-21.
Intravenous Immunoglobulin Manufactured Using a Novel Caprylate and Chromatography-Based Method (IGIV-C, Gamunex®) Was Safe and Well Tolerated When Administered at an Increased Maximum Rate in Patients with Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (ITP).

The objective of this study was to determine the safety and tolerability of a novel intravenous immunoglobulin preparation (IGIV-C; Gamunex®, 10%) when infused at two different infusion rates. The standard maximum licensed rate (0.08 mL/kg/min) for IGIV-C was compared with a maximum rate almost twice as high (0.14 mL/kg/min). Eight patients with a confirmed diagnosis of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) were enrolled and randomized in this single center, open label, cross-over study. IGIV-C (dose 1.0 g/kg) was given on two occasions as a single daily infusion (for platelet counts
No-Analogue Future: Challenges for the Laws of Nature in a World Without Precedent

Humanity is nearing a point of no return. Due to our profound altering of atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases, nitrogen and phosphate flows, and the composition of the biosphere, we now risk pushing our physical environment into a catastrophic state. The extent of human influence has become so profound that some scientists believe we have entered a new geological epoch, one they call the Anthropocene, which literally means the “Age of Man.” Contrasted against the Holocene, a time of relatively stable climates, this new era will likely be one dominated by drastic changes without precedent in human history. In addition to the practical challenges the Anthropocene presents, it has also fully exposed contradictions at the heart of the modern conservation movement of the last century. These contradictions are embedded in laws regarding the preservation of wilderness and the protection of biodiversity and, more recently, in policy debates over the proper responses to our changing climate. Specifically, it challenges the notion of “Man” having separated itself from “Nature,” a notion according to which Man is fated to act as either Nature’s caretaker or its opposition — its doctor or its disease — often at the same time. This article presents a critique of our current laws, policies, and discourses as they relate to Nature, while also suggesting a way to move forward. In particular, it shows that rather than attempting to manage parcels of land or populations of wildlife based on some idyllic pristine past, we must recognize that fundamental changes are occurring everywhere, and they will continue to take place for the foreseeable future. More generally, rather than lamenting the “end of nature” or attempting to save the Earth from changes based on their supposed “unnaturalness,” we must recognize that we are part of an intricately complex and dynamic web of living organisms, relationships, and processes. This will not solve Man’s troubles as we venture into an uncertain future, but it is a start.
Paid Sick Leave and Risks of All-Cause and Cause-Specific Mortality among Adult Workers in the USA.

Background: The USA is one of only a few advanced economies globally that does not guarantee its workers paid sick leave. While there are plausible reasons why paid sick leave may be linked to mortality, little is known empirically about this association. Methods: In a pooled USA nationally-representative longitudinal sample of 57,323 working adults aged 18–85 years from the National Health Interview Surveys 2000–2002, paid sick leave was examined as a predictor of all-cause and cause-specific mortality. Multivariate Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate the impact of paid sick leave on mortality. Results: Having paid sick leave through one’s job was associated with 10% (hazards ratio, HR = 0.90; 95% CI = 0.81–0.996; p = 0.04), 14% (HR = 0.86; 95% CI = 0.74–0.99; p = 0.04), and 22% (HR = 0.78; 95% CI = 0.65–0.94; p = 0.01) significantly lower hazards of all-cause mortality after mean follow-up times of 11.1, 6.5, and 4.5 years, respectively. This study further identified associations of paid sick leave with 24% (HR = 0.76; 95% CI = 0.59–0.98; p = 0.03), and 35% (HR = 0.65; 95% CI = 0.44–0.95; p = 0.03) lower hazards of dying from heart diseases and unintentional injuries, respectively. Conclusions: To the author’s knowledge, this study provides the first empirical evidence on the linkages between paid sick leave and mortality and supports protective effects, particularly against heart diseases and unintentional injuries. The most salient association corresponded to a lag period of just less than five years. Social policies that mandate paid sick leave may help to reduce health inequities and alleviate the population burden of mortality among working adults in the USA.
Transgender Man Being Evaluated for a Kidney Transplant

A 33-year-old female-to-male transgender individual (height, 5′1″; weight, 135 lb) presented to emergency care with acute otitis media and hypertension (170/110). Currently prescribed medications include daily atorvastatin and intramuscular testosterone cypionate injections (100 mg/week). The patient refused admission because of discrimination concerns as a transgender man, but presented to his primary care physician the following morning. Laboratory results revealed a urine total protein concentration of 199.5 mg/dL (random collection, 0.0–10.0 mg/dL) and an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR)3 of 31 mL/min/1.73m2 if assessed using the male equation or 23 mL/min/1.73m2 if assessed using the female equation. On the basis of male categorization, the patient was diagnosed with stage 3 chronic kidney disease (CKD3), prescribed carvedilol, and strongly encouraged to discontinue testosterone, to which he agreed. The patient transferred to an alternate institution; here testosterone administration was restarted, lisinopril was prescribed, and reduction in protein and sodium intake was encouraged. Incidentally, the patient had maintained a vegan diet for >10 years. Renal transplant evaluation was initiated several months later. Corresponding male eGFR was 24 mL/min/1.73m2, but the corresponding female eGFR was 18 mL/min/1.73m2. Urine protein excretion was 3 g/day. Because transplant candidates require a GFR <20 mL/min/1.73m2 (1) and because the patient's male-calculated eGFR was above the cutoff, he was not listed. An evaluation 4 months later documented an eGFR of 21 and 15 mL/min/1.73m2 for corresponding male and female levels, respectively. In the patient's medical chart, only the corresponding male eGFR was documented, and the medical care team did not consider that the sex-based equations will lead to a different interpretation. All eGFR values were calculated using the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease study equation. ### QUESTIONS TO CONSIDER 1. What genetic, biological, and environmental factors can influence creatinine concentration and lead to subsequent uncertainty …
Double-Nanodomain Coupling of Calcium Channels, Ryanodine Receptors, and BK Channels Controls the Generation of Burst Firing

Action potentials clustered into high-frequency bursts play distinct roles in neural computations. However, little is known about ionic currents that control the duration and probability of these bursts. We found that, in cartwheel inhibitory interneurons of the dorsal cochlear nucleus, the likelihood of bursts and the interval between their spikelets were controlled by Ca2+ acting across two nanodomains, one between plasma membrane P/Q Ca2+ channels and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) ryanodine receptors and another between ryanodine receptors and large-conductance, voltage- and Ca2+-activated K+ (BK) channels. Each spike triggered Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release (CICR) from the ER immediately beneath somatic, but not axonal or dendritic, plasma membrane. Moreover, immunolabeling demonstrated close apposition of ryanodine receptors and BK channels. Double-nanodomain coupling between somatic plasma membrane and hypolemmal ER cisterns provides a unique mechanism for rapid control of action potentials on the millisecond timescale.
Meta-Analyses of the Reliabilities of Measures of Forgiveness and Humility

Meta-analyses of 264 studies using one of nine measures of forgiveness and 85 studies using one of four measures of humility are reported. Measures of forgiveness have very good internal consistenc...
Chapter Twenty-Two – Separations: Introduction to Chromatography

Publisher Summary This chapter explains the concept of separation and the specific technique of chromatography. It focuses on the underlying principles and concepts. The goal in separations, as applied to chemical systems, is to part or divide a heterogeneous or homogeneous mixture or mass into its individual units, components, or even into elements. There are many different methods and techniques for performing separations that are based on sound fundamental chemical and physical principles. Some of the separation procedures are very complex, while others are relatively simple and require little expenditure in money, attention, and effort. Separation is considered to be a form of sample pretreatment where those components of the sample, which interfere in the determination, are removed. A method of analysis is based on the amount of the component present rather than on the kind of interferences present. The result is that the separation method provides additional selectivity for the ordinary instrumental and chemical methods.
That's Not Something We Have to Discuss: Interrupting Silences about Multiracial Students in Teacher Work.

The author asserts that the field of teacher education must begin a critical conversation to better prepare and support teachers in attending to the complexities of racialized identities, experiences, and perspectives of multiracial students in K12 schools. The author offers a review of literature relevant to multiracial students, and draws from the emerging theoretical framework of Multicrit (Harris in Int J Qual Stud Educ 29(6):795–813, 2016) to present monoracism, ahistoricism, colorism and intersectionality to analyze excerpts from three respective research studies. Each excerpt demonstrates an imperative to build a critical understanding of multiracial students within teacher work. The author concludes with implications for future research and practice.
The Molecular Convergence of Birdsong and Speech

Songbird vocal learning depends on the anterior forebrain pathway, the organization of which reflects a conserved vertebrate cortico-basal ganglia-thalamocortical loop architecture. We review the involvement of FoxP2 in this circuit, as well as FoxP1 and Cntnap2, both posited to participate alongside FoxP2. In the avian striatum, FoxP2 expression is regulated by singing, highlighting the possibility that developmental verbal dyspraxia arising from human FOXP2 mutation might primarily reflect a deficit in ongoing neural signaling, rather than developmental miswiring. We explore genes co-regulated with FoxP2 during singing and propose that Wnt trafficking and p63 signaling pathways may be crucial to speech and language.
Diseases Versus Healths: Some Legacies in the Philosophies of Modern Medical Science

Through centuries of Western civilization, medical and non-medical savants have asked numerous questions about the nature of health and disease in human beings.
Effects of hydration and mineralization on the deformation mechanisms of collagen fibrils in bone at the nanoscale

Bone is a biomaterial with a structural load-bearing function. Investigating the biomechanics of bone at the nanoscale is important in application to tissue engineering, the development of bioinspired materials, and for characterizing factors such as age, trauma, or disease. At the nanoscale, bone is composed of fibrils that are primarily a composite of collagen, apatite crystals (mineral), and water. Though several studies have been done characterizing the mechanics of fibrils, the effects of variation and distribution of water and mineral content in fibril gap and overlap regions are unexplored. We investigate how the deformation mechanisms of collagen fibrils change as a function of mineral and water content. We use molecular dynamics to study the mechanics of collagen fibrils of 0 wt%, 20 wt%, and 40 wt% mineralization and 0 wt%, 2 wt%, and 4 wt% hydration under applied tensile stresses. We observe that the stress–strain behavior becomes more nonlinear with an increase in hydration, and an increase in mineral content for hydrated fibrils under tensile stress reduces the nonlinear stress versus strain behavior caused by hydration. The Young’s modulus of both non-mineralized and mineralized fibrils decreases as the water content increases. As the water content increases, the gap/overlap ratio increases by approximately 40% for the non-mineralized cases and 16% for the highly mineralized cases. Our results indicate that variations in mineral and water content change the distribution of water in collagen fibrils and that the water distribution changes the deformation of gap and overlap regions under tensile loading.
Behavioral Inhibition in Rodents: A Model to Study Causes and Health Consequences of Temperament

Behavioral inhibition (BI), a trait related to fearful temperament and withdrawal/avoidance of novelty, is an important predictor of adult health trajectories. However, specific mechanisms underlying this temperament-health relation are poorly understood. In order to model underlying physiological and developmental processes associated with behavioral inhibition to identify causal mechanisms for specific health trajectories, we developed a rodent model of early emerging behavioral inhibition. This behavioral trait of low exploration has been documented in many species and represents a relatively basic behavioral phenotype, which supports the goal of developing a non-human animal model. In this chapter, I review the behavioral and physiological characteristics of the rodent behavioral inhibition model, with an eye toward identifying biological mechanisms that may bias behaviorally inhibited individuals toward certain health trajectories. In addition, I review information on developmental correlates and influences on behavioral inhibition, with an eye toward identifying and testing interesting social and environmental interventions that could minimize health biases. I complete the chapter with a discussion of areas of future research with a rodent behavioral inhibition model.
The importance of shallow areas as nursery grounds for the recruitment of blue crab (Callinectes sapidus) juveniles in subtropical estuaries of Southern Brazil

Abstract Estuaries are extremely rich areas that act as nurseries for many species of fishes and crustaceans. This study is the first to address the juvenile distribution of ecologically significant size classes of blue crabs in estuaries from their southern region of distribution. We investigated the spatial and temporal distribution of the populations of juvenile blue crabs in Tramandai-Armazem estuary (TAE) and Patos Lagoon estuary (PLE), southern Brazil, to determine possible areas of protection. The hypothesis that physical factors can direct the distribution of crabs was tested through correlations of the abundance of different size classes with some environmental parameters, in order to determine the concentration areas of blue crab juveniles. Four sites in each estuary were sampled with a bottom trawl for 18 months. Temporal patterns were more evident than spatial ones in the distribution of blue crabs. There were two recruitment peaks: one during the warmer months of spring and summer and another during the winter. Increased rainfall apparently delayed the first recruitment peak during summer–autumn of the second sampled year. The timing of winter recruitment may be associated with a reproductive cycle delay evidencing the existence of a delicate year-by-year balance in the recruitment. The spatial distribution of the blue crab was discrete in PLE, whereas it was more homogeneous in TAE. Salinity played an important role in the distribution of blue crabs in PLE, where recruits preferred the upper estuary embayments that offered shelter in spite of the lowest salinities. A clear salinity gradient is absent in TAE and was not correlated with the spatial distribution of blue crabs. The upper shallow areas of PLE are critical for the recruitment of the blue crabs, and therefore efforts should be made to preserve this nursery area.
Elucidation of the gefitinib (‘Iressa’, ZD1839)-resistant mechanisms in acquired gefitinib-resistant human non-small-cell lung cancer cell lines

1221 The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is highly expressed in a range of tumor types, and has been implicated in several aspects of tumor survival and growth, such as cell proliferation, apoptosis, angiogenesis, and metastasis. Gefitinib (‘Iressa’, ZD1839), an orally active EGFR-TKI (EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor), is clinically used in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Gefitinib is administered using a once-daily dosing regimen; however, clinical resistance may develop following long-term exposure. Some cases have already been reported, with lost sensitivity to gefitinib occurring after several months or years of administration. To elucidate a mechanism of resistance to gefitinib, we established gefitinib-resistant PC-9 NSCLC cell lines (PC-9/ZD2001, PC-9/ZD5001, and PC-9/ZD1K1) by stepwise dose escalation of gefitinib, which could survive under concentrations of 200, 500, and 1000 nM gefitinib, respectively. After more than 6 months under culture in gefitinib-free conditions, the sensitivity of PC-9/ZD2001 cells to gefitinib was restored, and subsequently established as a revertant cell line, PC-9/ZD2001R. The IC40 value (determined by MTT assay) of gefitinib in PC-9 cells was approximately 52.7 nM. The gefitinib-resistant cell lines showed a 4 to 27-fold higher resistance to gefitinib (IC40 =211, 841, 1400 nM) than PC-9 cells. The sensitivity to gefitinib was completely restored in PC-9/ZD2001R cells. Interestingly, the gefitinib-resistant cell lines were about 3-fold more sensitive than PC-9 cells to the cytotoxic effects of paclitaxel, vincristine, and vinorelbine. These collateral sensitivities were diminished in PC-9/ZD2001R cells. In all of the resistant cell lines, expression levels of EGFR and mRNA decreased to 10-30 % of that in parental cells. There were no differences in EGFR DNA-sequences or autophosphorylation levels of specific phospho-tyrosine sites (tyr845, tyr992, tyr1045, tyr1068), between PC-9 and the resistant cell lines. EGFR signaling was dissociated downstream; the inhibitory effect of gefitinib on mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and Akt pathways were significantly decreased in resistant cells. Similar dissociation was obtained in PC-14, an intrinsic gefitinib-resistant NSCLC cell line. In PC-9/ZD2001R cells, the decrease in EGFR and mRNA expression was almost the same as in the PC-9/ZD2001 cells, however, the association between EGFR and MAPK signaling was completely reconstituted. These results suggest that a decrease in EGFR expression and dissociation of EGFR from the MAPK signaling pathway should contribute to acquired gefitinib-resistance. The dissociation mechanisms, which include expression levels of EGFR/MAPK related molecules in gefitinib-resistant cells, should be further investigated. ‘Iressa’ is a trademark of the AstraZeneca group of companies
The Length Versus Diameter Relationship and Radial Force Properties of the Amplatzer™ Vascular Plug Type IV: Observations for Oversizing

In palliated single ventricle patients aortopulmonary collateralization is a cause for significant loss of cardiovascular efficiency. In larger vessels, device occlusion becomes an alternative to embolization with multiple coils. The physical characteristics of the Amplatzer ™ Vascular Plug Type IV (AVPIV) are potentially conducive to oversizing the device allowing coverage of a longer portion of vessel. Despite the widespread use of the AVPIV, little published data exists describing the behavior of the device as it is constrained in different vessel sizes. 4–8 mm AVPIV devices were measured in glass tubing in diameters ranging from 1 to 8 mm internal diameter. Radial force was measured by constraining the devices to the desire diameters from 1 to 7 mm and measuring the force the device exerted to one of the constraining walls. This force vs. diameter relationship was evaluated for each device and compared across different devices. The devices range in length from 12.36 to 31.24 mm. The 4 mm device lengthened 3.44 mm from unconstrained to 1 mm diameter (12.36 to 15.80 mm), while the 8 mm AVP IV lengthened 14.74 mm from unconstrained to 1 mm diameter constraint (16.50–31.24 mm, 89% lengthening). The highest overall radial force (1.38 N), radial force at 50% compression (1.25 N), and average stiffness (0.95 N/mm) was found in the 5 mm diameter device. The AVP IV device has a reliable length for diameter relationship. A counterintuitive property of the AVP IV with regards to radial force for device size was found. The 5 mm AVPIV was found to exert the highest radial force and stiffness compared to the other devices. The 7 and 8 mm AVPIV devices were consistently found to exert less radial force. This property suggests that oversizing an AVP IV could be safe and effective, potentially decreasing total devices used, cost, and overall procedure time.
The Dormant Commerce Clause: The Origin Story and the "Considerable Uncertainties" -- 1824 to 1945

The doctrine that Congress’ commerce power all by itself limits the state power to regulate interstate commerce is called the Dormant Commerce Clause, or sometimes the Negative Commerce Clause, because any limits are not specifically stated but rather are implicit from the grant of power to Congress. Marshall gave the Dormant Commerce Clause doctrine its name in Black-Bird Creek, his most famous case other than Gibbons to raise the dormant clause issue, but again he did not see the issue as controlling. And thus the Dormant Commerce Clause was born. As the Wayfair Court summarized the dormant commerce clause test, the modern version of the dormant commerce clause has evolved into two major components: First, state and local laws that discriminate against interstate commerce are virtually per se invalid. Second, a balancing test is used to determine if evenhanded laws impose an unreasonable burden. One of the most interesting aspects of Wayfair’s summary of the Dormant Commerce Clause test is that it leaves out any mention of the direct/indirect portion of the test. Marshall’s rational for the Dormant Commerce was modified, if not rejected, by Cooley v. Board of Wardens. Cooley emphasized that some subjects needed uniformity while other subjects needing diversity. This was called the Subject Test or the Doctrine of Selective Exclusivity. Gibbons, Black Bird Creek, and Cooley all mulled about for over a hundred years before the Court in 1945 in Southern Pacific v. Arizona, citing both Black Bird Creek and Cooley, summarized what it viewed as the then current state of the dormant commerce clause, “Although the commerce clause conferred on the national government power to regulate commerce, its possession of the power does not exclude all state power of regulation.” The Court continued, “Ever since Willson v. Black-Bird Creek Marsh Co., and Cooley v. Board of Wardens, it has been recognized that, in the absence of conflicting legislation by Congress, there is a residuum of power in the state to make laws governing matters of local concern which nevertheless in some measure affect interstate commerce or even, to some extent, regulate it.” Southern Pacific undertook a straightforward balancing of competing interest between the harm to interstate commerce and the importance of the state interest. Southern Pacific largely replaced Cooley’s subject test for more sophisticated balancing of competing interest approach. As the Court put it in Wayfair, “Though considerable uncertainties were yet to be overcome, these precedents [Gibbons, Black Bird Creek, and Cooley] still laid the groundwork for the analytical framework that now prevails for Commerce Clause cases.” This article will try to provide some light to those over 100 years of “considerable uncertainties” between Cooley and Southern Pacific, a period of time when the Court among other developments tried to reconcile the Gibbons’ exclusivity and Cooley’s selective exclusivity views of the Dormant Commerce Clause. The modern application of Dormant Commerce Clause test will be saved for another time.