cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
1H and 13C NMR study of 2‐aminothiazole urinary tract carcinogens

Using 1H and 13C NMR, 13C-labelled modifications of 2-amino-4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)thiazole (ANFT) and its N-formyl analogue N-[4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-2-thiazolyl]formamide (FANFT), as well as the 5-(S)-substituted glutathione and N-acetylcysteine conjugates of prostaglandin H synthase-catalyzed peroxidative metabolism of ANFT were studied. 1H and 13C NMR chemical shifts, heteronuclear coupling constants, spin–lattice relaxation times (T1) and nuclear Overhauser enhancements (NOE) were obtained. Three-bond coupling constants of the 13C-labelled nucleus with the C-5 protons of ANFT and FANFT were in close agreement but were absent in the conjugates owing to the 5-substitution. Two-bond coupling of the 13C-labelled nucleus was observed with the amide proton of FANFT, but not with ANFT because of rapid exchange of the amine protons. Values of T1 were smaller in the conjugates than in FANFT or ANFT owing to their larger molecular weights. 1H spectra and NOEs provide further support for the prevalence of the 2-aminothiazole tautomer over the 2-iminothiazoline tautomer. Evidence is presented for a proton transfer of the C-5 proton of ANFT, which proceeds over a time of the order of weeks in dimethyl sulphoxide and is autocatalytic. FANFT showed a different proton-transfer reaction involving the amide proton, which occurs on a time scale of the order of days in dimethyl sulphoxide. The FANFT molecule revealed no evidence for transfer of its C-5 proton, in contradistinction to ANFT. From a calculation of the percentage of the 13C relaxation due to the dipole–dipole mechanism, it can be concluded that for this class of sp2-hybridized carbon (the C-2 position of the 2-aminothiazole system) a considerable portion of the relaxation is due to mechanisms other than dipolar.
Growth in vitro of Parvatrema timondavidi Bartoli 1963 (Trematoda: Gymnophallidae) from the metacercarial stage to egg production.

Metacercariae of Parvatrema timondavidi were successfully cultivated in vitro to adults which produced eggs capable of embryonation and miracidial formation. The worms were grown in NCTC 109 supplemented with 20% inactivated bovine or chicken serum with a gas phase of 8% CO 2 in air at 37 or 41°C. The use of the roller tube technique produced considerable promotion of growth in the worms. Heat inactivated bovine serum had a more salutary effect than unheated serum.
Embryonic Mouse Peripheral Blood Colony-forming Units

HAEMOPOIETIC stem cells, characterized by their ability to differentiate and reproduce themselves, are believed to be precursors of all differentiated blood cells in the organism. During embryogenesis, they are presumably present in the yolk sac, liver, spleen and marrow—the successive sites of erythropoiesis. The stem cells may be derived from a common source or they may arise independently in each site during development. If they are not indigenous to the erythropoietic organ they may be either transported from one site to another through the peripheral blood1 or incorporated into the developing organ in tissues shared by the previous erythroid site2,3.
Efficient Algorithms for Similarity Search

The problem of our interest takes as input a database of m sequences from an alphabet Σ and an integer k. The goal is to report all the pairs of sequences that have a matching subsequence of length at least k. We employ two algorithms to solve this problem. The first algorithm is based on sorting and the second is based on generalized suffix trees. We provide experimental data comparing the performances of these algorithms. The generalized suffix tree based algorithm performs better than the sorting based algorithm.
An annular dual-membrane continuous cation exchanger packed with ion exchange resin

Abstract Design, construction details and performance characteristics are described for an annular perfluorosulfonate (Nafion) dual tubular membrane assembly where inside of the inner membrane tube and outside of the outer membrane tube are packed with ion exchange resin beads. During operation, the solution to be ion exchanged flows in the annular space between the two membrane tubes and a regenerant solution flows countercurrent to the principal flow, through the inner tube and outside the outer tube. With a principal channel hold up volume of ∼ 125 μl and capability of operation at head pressures up to 200 psi, the device can continuously exchange 200-250 μeq of Na + per minute for H + . While this particular device was intended for use as a “suppressor” in anion chromatography, the design concept should be of utility in other membrane-based operations.
Integration site preferences of endogenous retroviruses.

Retroviruses have the ability to integrate into the genome of their host, in many cases with little apparent sequence or site specificity. However, relatively few studies have addressed more general features of chromosomal integration. In this study we directly visualized the chromosomal organization of three representative endogenous retroviruses by in situ hybridization. Because there are 50–1000 copies of each of these retroviruses in the genome, it was possible to evaluate repeated integration events. Each retroviral sequence exhibited a unique and markedly different integration pattern. In order to characterize more precisely the chromosomal domains targeted by each retrovirus, later replicating domains were differentially labeled. Additionally, prototypic SINES and LINES (short and long interspersed reiterated sequences), which are inhomogeneously distributed on chromosome arms, were simultaneously detected. Retroviral copies of ≥2 kb were found (i) exclusively in a discrete set of later replicating domains, most of which have the staining characteristics of constitutive heterochromatin, (ii) widely represented in disparate types of chromosome domains, or (iii) almost completely condined to CpG Alu-rich regions that are known to be early replicating. Retroviral elements in Alu-rich domains would be expected to be actively transcribed in all cells. Surprisingly, hybridization to blots of brain RNA showed an ∼25 fold lower level of transcripts from these Alu associated elements than from retroviral sequences restricted to later replicating, heterochromatic domains. Retroviral insertions may subvert more typical transcriptional characteristics of a domain. The present results indicate that there are highly specific integration patterns for each endogenous retrovirus that do not readily relate to their sequence or particle classification. Each host genome may utilize these elements for contrary, and possibly beneficial functions.
Spatial noise of high-resolution liquid-crystal displays for medical imaging: quantitative analysis, estimation, and compensation

Recent developments in Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) technology suggest that they will replace the Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) as the most common softcopy display in the medical arena. But LCDs are far from ideal for medical imaging. One of the problems they possess is spatial noise. This paper presents some work we have conducted recently on spatial noise of high resolution LCDs. The purpose of this work is to explore the properties of spatial noise and the method to reduce them. A high quality CCD camera is used for physical evaluation. Spatial noise properties are analyzed and estimated from the camera images via signal modeling and processing. Noise compensation algorithm based on error diffusion is developed to process images before they are displayed. Some initial results shown in this paper suggest that LCD spatial noise can be eliminated via appropriate processing.
Action of Gravity on Basipetal Transport of Auxin

Gravity effect on basipetal transport of auxin studied by growing plants both erect and on horizontal clinostats
Behavior of iron in (Mg,Fe)SiO3 post‐perovskite assemblages at Mbar pressures

The electronic environment of the iron sites in post-perovskite (PPv) structured (^(57)Fe,Mg)SiO_3 has been measured in-situ at 1.12 and 1.19 Mbar at room temperature using ^(57)Fe synchrotron Mossbauer spectroscopy. Evaluation of the time spectra reveals two distinct iron sites, which are well distinguished by their hyperfine fields. The dominant site is consistent with an Fe^(3+)-like site in a high spin state. The second site is characterized by a small negative isomer shift with respect to α-iron and no quadrupole splitting, consistent with a metallic iron phase. Combined with SEM/EDS analyses of the quenched assemblage, our results are consistent with the presence of a metallic iron phase co-existing with a ferric-rich PPv. Such a reaction pathway may aid in our understanding of the chemical evolution of Earth's core-mantle-boundary region.
Children's “naive psychology”: The use of behavioral and situational information for the prediction of behavior

Abstract Two studies are reported that concern children's use of situational and behavioral information to predict the behavior of other persons. It was hypothesized that younger subjects would give more weight to the former and older subjects, more weight to the latter type of information. In Experiment 1, subjects were presented with vignettes relevant to assessing actors' athletic abilities and personality traits (generosity/stinginess) as well as information about related situations. Subjects then made predictions for actors' future behavior in the latter situations. Predictions made by older subjects (8–9 years old) were consistent with the previous behavioral information presented, whereas this was true to a lesser degree for predictions made by younger subjects (5–6 years old). In Experiment 2, 5- to 6-year-olds again made behavioral predictions, with the information supplied by the vignettes being either visually salient or not. The results replicated the findings of Experiment 1 and partially supported the idea that young children's tendency not to relate past to future behavior may best be characterized as a production deficiency. However, they also suggest that although young children may indeed show a tendency to see behavior as under external control, they do not automatically accord information about the situation special status when making social judgments. In addition, it seems that conflicting results in the literature may result from the sensitivity to contextual factors of younger children's predictions.
A randomized trial of visual attention of preterm infants fed docosahexaenoic acid until two months

This was a randomized, double-blind trial to determine if a nutrient-enriched (preterm) formula supplemented with 0.2% docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3) from a low eicosapentaenoic acid (0.06%) source of marine oil would enhance visual novelty preference and attention of preterm infants. Both the standard and experimental formulas contained 3% of total fatty acids as linolenic acid (18:3n-3) and were fed from approximately three days of age to two months past term. After two months, both diet groups were fed a commercially-available term formula with linolenic acid as the only source of n-3 fatty acid. At 12 mo visual recognition memory (novelty preference) and visual attention (number and duration of discrete looks) were determined with the Fagan Test of Infant Intelligence. The DHA-supplemented group compared with the control group had more and shorter duration looks in comparisons of familiar and novel stimuli, confirming earlier evidence that DHA can increase information processing speed of preterm infants who otherwise are receiving good intakes of linolenic acid. Because supplementation was stopped at two months and the effects seen at 12 mon, this study demonstrates for the first time that a relatively short period of DHA supplementation can produce significant effects on later visual attention.
Hypoxia upregulates the synthesis of tgf-β1 by human dermal fibroblasts

In this report, we have investigated the secretion and synthesis of transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-beta 1) by human dermal fibroblast cultures in response to hypoxia (2% oxygen), and have compared it to standard oxygen culture conditions (15% oxygen at the cell surface). Sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (SELISA) showed a selective and progressive increase in secretion of the TGF-beta 1 isoform in response to hypoxia, up to ninefold after cultures were exposed to low oxygen for 72 h; TGF-beta 2 peptide levels were not increased. We then investigated the transcriptional regulation of the TGF-beta 1 gene in response to low and standard oxygen tensions. In the first 24-48 h, TGF-beta 1 mRNA levels decreased steadily in both oxygen environments. This mRNA decline continued for up to 72 h in standard oxygen but not in cultures exposed to low oxygen tension. At 72 h, steady-state TGF-beta 1 mRNA levels were 8 times greater in low compared to standard oxygen, and this increase was reversible upon re-exposure of fibroblast cultures to standard oxygen tension for 24 h. Elevated TGF-beta 1 m-RNA levels in both low and standard oxygen declined steadily and with the same half-life after the addition of actinomycin D, suggesting that hypoxia increased TGF-beta 1 transcription rather than mRNA stability. We conclude that low oxygen tension upregulates the synthesis of TGF-beta 1 by human dermal fibroblasts, and leads to increased secretion of this peptide.
Spectrally Driven Classification of High Spatial Resolution, Hyperspectral Imagery: A Tool for Mapping In-Stream Habitat

Streams represent an essential component of functional ecosystems and serve as sensitive indicators of disturbance. Accurate mapping and monitoring of these features is therefore critical, and this study explored the potential to characterize aquatic habitat with remotely sensed data. High spatial resolution, hyperspectral imagery of the Lamar River, Wyoming, USA, was used to examine the relationship between spectrally defined classes and field-mapped habitats. Advantages of this approach included enhanced depiction of fine-scale heterogeneity and improved portrayal of gradational zones between adjacent features. Certain habitat types delineated in the field were strongly associated with specific image classes, but most included areas of diverse spectral character; spatially buffering the field map polygons strengthened this association. Canonical discriminant analysis (CDA) indicated that the ratio of the variability among groups to that within a group was an order of magnitude greater for spectrally defined image classes (20.84) than for field-mapped habitat types (1.82), suggesting that unsupervised image classification might more effectively categorize the fluvial environment. CDA results also suggested that shortwave-infrared wavelengths were valuable for distinguishing various in-stream habitats. Although hyperspectral stream classification seemed capable of identifying more features than previously recognized, the technique also suggested that the intrinsic complexity of the Lamar River would preclude its subdivision into a discrete number of classes. Establishing physically based linkages between observed spectral patterns and ecologically relevant channel characteristics will require additional research, but hyperspectral stream classification could provide novel insight into fluvial systems while emerging as a potentially powerful tool for resource management.
Metal nanocrystal superlattice nucleation and growth.

Thin films of dodecanethiol-passivated Au and Ag nanocrystals drop cast from different solvents were examined by high-resolution scanning electron microscopy (HRSEM). C12-coated Au and Ag nanocrystals, 5−7 nm in diameter, form face-centered cubic (fcc) superlattices oriented with the (111)s planes (subscript s denoting superlattice) parallel to the substrate when deposited from good solvents, such as hexane, chloroform, and toluene. The gross morphology of the films depended on the solvent: hexane produced rough superlattice films whereas chloroform deposited smooth films. The difference in interparticle attraction, which is approximately 20% higher in hexane, appears to give rise to the difference in film morphology. Addition of a poor solvent to the dispersion prior to drop casting led to superlattices with decreased order. Although the superlattices always orient with (111)s as the basal plane on the substrate, superlattices deposited from chloroform grow preferentially in the [110]s direction, wherea...
Cloning of the exonuclease III gene of Escherichia coli

Overproducers of exonuclease III (exo III) were found within a colony bank containing ColE1-Escherichia coli hybrid plasmids. Through the enzymatic ligation of restriction enzyme fragments, the exo III gene, xth, was transferred to a thermoinducible, integration-proficient lambda phage and to a chimeric ColE1-lambda plasmid that was thermoinducible for lambda-directed DNA replication. Transfer of the xth gene was facilitated by a technique involving prior selection for Tn5 insertions into plasmid, thereby linking the gene to additional restriction sites and to a selectable (drug resistance) marker. After heat induction, cells bearing the thermoinducible ColE1-lambda-xth plasmid produced 120-fold more exo III than did plasmid-free cells. Enzyme production was not further enhanced by any of the following chromosomal mutations: dnaA, recBC, tob, or nusA snu. Several observations suggested that enzyme over-synthesis was the result primarily of lambda-detected replication rather than lambda-directed transcription.
Intraoperative neurophysiologic monitoring during spinal osteotomies

Abstract The Smith-Petersen osteotomy/Ponte osteotomy, pedicle subtraction osteotomy, cervical extension osteotomy, and vertebral column resection procedures have a high risk of neurologic complications because of blood loss, high correction forces, and numerous opportunities for direct spinal cord injury. Intraoperative neurophysiologic monitoring with a combination of motor evoked potentials, somatosensory evoked potentials, and electromyography permits real-time analysis of possible nerve irritation/damage. Management, including stabilizing mean arterial pressure, decreasing or reversing the corrected kyphotic deformity, and ordering a Stagnara wake-up test to confirm the neurologic status can provide the immediate response necessary to minimize neurologic complications.
A new method to detect gamma ray extensive air showers which directly measures angles and identifies muons

Abstract We describe an extensive air shower array (GRAND™) ∗∗ which is currently under construction. It is dedicated to recording ultrahigh energy (UHE) gamma rays from stellar point sources by measuring the angle of charged secondaries with proportional wire chamber tracking detectors. This new method is designed to give 0.25° angular resolution for the primary gamma direction with 100 detected secondary electrons. These same tracking detectors make possible a new, inexpensive detector for muons thereby enabling the rejection of muon-rich hadronic shower background.
Bronchoscopy and Bone Marrow Examinations: An Efficient Strategy to Establish the Diagnosis of Small Cell Carcinoma of the Lung

The utility of various diagnostic procedures, including fiberoptic bronchoscopy and bone marrow aspirate/biopsy for small cell carcinoma, was examined in 150 patients. From a chart review of the first 100 patients, 55 required an invasive procedure such as mediastinoscopy or thoracotomy to establish the tissue diagnosis. In 50 consecutive prospective patients, only four required an invasive procedure for tissue confirmation. Eighteen of the 50 prospective patients had positive iliac crest bone marrow aspirates or biopsies diagnostic for small cell carcinoma. Fiberoptic bronchoscopy was nondiagnostic in 15 prospective patients, but the bone marrow examination was diagnostic in 12 of this subgroup. The combination of fiberoptic bronchoscopy and bone marrow examination in patients with centrally located small cell carcinoma greatly reduced the need for more expensive and invasive diagnostic procedures.
Thermally Stimulated Current Studies of X-Ray Induced Photocarriers in Poly(Ethylene Terephthalate) Dielectrics

A thermally stimulated current technique is used to depopulate shallow electronic charge carrier traps in poly(ethylene terephthalate) films. In undoped films, a broad energy distribution of traps are populated following irradiation. By introducing a chemical dopant that acts as a deep photocarrier trap, the shallow trap population and subsequent transport of photocarriers is radically reduced. Based on results for films containing known dopant concentrations, the authors estimate the density and trapping parameters of the intrinsic trap states.
Molecular genetic studies of complex phenotypes.

The approach to molecular genetic studies of complex phenotypes evolved considerably during the recent years. The candidate gene approach, which is restricted to an analysis of a few single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in a modest number of cases and controls, has been supplanted by the unbiased approach of genome-wide association studies (GWAS), wherein a large number of tagger SNPs are typed in many individuals. GWAS, which are designed on the common disease-common variant hypothesis (CD-CV), identified several SNPs and loci for complex phenotypes. However, the alleles identified through GWAS are typically not causative but rather in linkage disequilibrium (LD) with the true causal variants. The common alleles, which may not capture the uncommon and rare variants, account only for a fraction of heritability of the complex traits. Hence, the focus is being shifted to rare variants–common disease (RV-CD) hypothesis, surmising that rare variants exert large effect sizes on the phenotype. In conjunctional with this conceptual shift, technologic advances in DNA sequencing techniques have dramatically enhanced whole genome or whole exome sequencing capacity. The sequencing approach affords identification of not only the rare but also the common variants. The approach—whether used in complementation with GWAS or as a stand-alone approach—could define the genetic architecture of the complex phenotypes. Robust phenotyping and large-scale sequencing studies are essential to extract the information content of the vast number of DNA sequence variants (DSVs) in the genome. To garner meaningful clinical information and link the genotype to a phenotype, the identification and characterization of a large number of causal fields beyond the information content of DNA sequence variants would be necessary. This review provides an update on the current progress and limitations in identifying DSVs that are associated with phenotypic effects.
Attachment of the anthramycin acrylamide side chain by the palladium catalyzed coupling reaction of a vinyl triflate

Abstract Conversion of the 2-keto group in the pyrrolo ring of pyrrolo(1,4)benzodiazepines to the vinyl triflate takes place regiospecifically to yield the enamine. The triflate undergoes palladium catalyzed coupling reactions to attach the acrylamide side chain.
Muscarinic pharmacology of the inhibition of adenylate cyclase in N18TG2 neuroblastoma cells.

Abstract This study characterizes the muscarinic cholinergic receptors associated with the inhibition of adenylate cyclase on N18TG2 neuroblastoma cell membranes. Agonists could be divided into two classes: oxotremorine, acetylcholine, carbachol and arecoline exerted the most efficacious and potent inhibition, while McN-A343, bethanechol and AHR-602 were partial agonists. Both quinuclidinyl benzilate and atropine maximally antagonized the inhibitory effect of McN-A343, carbachol and oxotremorine. Pirenzepine was almost as potent as atropine in reversing the inhibitory effect of McN-A343, but was 300 times less potent than atropine or quinuclidinyl benzilate in antagonizing the effects of either carbachol or oxotremorine. Gallamine was ineffective as an antagonist at concentrations up to 1 mM. These results suggest that the receptors that modulate this inhibition are of the M 2 type, since they were activated by carbachol, acetylcholine and oxotremorine, but much less by McN-A343 and AHR-602 (both M 1 selective agonists). The full agonists were blocked by atropine and quinuclidinyl benzilate but not by low concentrations of pirenzepine (M 1 selective antagonist).
The mechanisms of some electron-transfer reactions in solution

Abstract Some recent studies of inner-sphere and outer-sphere electron-transfer reactions in solution are described. Various indirect criteria for determining the mechanisms of electron-transfer reactions and the question of ligand bridging at electrodes are discussed.
Monaural localization: An analysis of practice effects

Four listeners (experimental group) received one trial a session for 60 sessions on a monaural localization task in which six loudspeakers, positioned 15 deg apart, were placed on the side of the functioning ear. Four additional listeners (control group) received 60 massed trials first and then one trial a session for 60 sessions. The stimulus consisted of a single train of five high-frequency pulses. An ANOVA conducted on the 60 trials distributed over sessions showed that the experimental group’s performance was significantly inferior to that of the control group. Members of the former continued to displace sounds toward the open ear throughout the entire test. Those of the control group exhibited this tendency, but to a much lesser extent. The experience of locating 60 massed trials clearly had a robust effect on subsequent performance. We contend that, by virtue of presenting only one trial a session, the magnitude of the massed-trial effect was little attenuated by our tests to measure it. We interpret our substantive finding to mean that during the 60 massed trials, the control group formed a perceptual representation of the auditory space which served it well when placed on the one-trial-a-session regimen. Those in the experimental group were unable to develop an adequate representation of the auditory space, presumably because their monaural localization experience was restricted to only one trial a session.
A clonal analysis of anthocyanin accumulation by cell cultures of wild carrot.

The accumulation of anthocyanin by clones and subclones from a cell suspension culture of wild carrot (Daucus carota L.) has been measured under standard conditions. Clones which accumulate low amounts of anthocyanin were shown, by recloning after maintenance by serial passage, to have become heterogenous and to contain cells with increased accumulation of anthocyanin. There appears to be a maximum amount of anthocyanin that clones can accumulate. Clones which accumulate the maximum amount of anthocyanin were shown by recloning after maintenance by serial passaging, to have become heterogenous and to contain many cells which accumulate less than the maximum possible amount of anthocyanin. When clones which accumulate the maximum amount of anthocyanin are maintained by serial passage, the decline in anthocyanin accumulation is different in different media. The results indicate that the changes in the ability of cells to accumulate anthocyanin involve no qualitative change in the genetic information of the cells, i.e., the changes are not the consequence of mutations.
Hydrodynamic Design Considerations for Hydroacoustic Facilities: Part II—Pump Design Factors

The St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory has been involved in the hydrodynamic design of large cavitation facilities, which require a high performance axial flow pump that is cavitation free to meet stringent design conditions. As cavitation has been shown to be the largest noise source in an otherwise well designed facility, it must be eliminated for the design range of flow conditions. To reduce the possibility of blade cavitation it is desirable to have a near uniform, or at least, a near symmetrical approach velocity distribution at the pump inlet. The design of flow facilities to achieve such an inflow was the subject of extensive investigations
Side chain pendant non‐linear optically active polymers synthesised by grafting reactions on maleic anhydride copolymers

The synthesis of well defined, high molecular weight polymers for non-linear optical (NLO) applications has been carried out in an effort to improve the film properties of waveguides fabricated from these materials, Free radical methods of polymerisation result in molecular weight limitations due to the chain transfer nature of the NLO active chromophores, and therefore, in order to prepare a high molecular weight polymer, a post polymerisation grafting method was chosen to incorporate side chain pendant chromophores onto a preformed polymer. Alcoholysis of anhydride copolymers resulted in chromophore incorporation levels of up to 90% of available reactive sites. Additional branching of the linear anhydride prepolymers was also carried out using polytetrahydrofuran but this was not shown to improve the mechanical properties of the fabricated films. Since the anhydride opens to an ester and an acid, in order to reduce the ionic content of the final polymer, further reaction of the generated carboxylic acid group was attempted, resulting in partial diester formation, and an improvement in film quality. Electrical field poling at temperatures close to the glass transition was only successful at low electrical field strengths, allowing electrooptic coefficients of values of up to 2.4 pm/V at a poling field of 80 V/μm to be obtained.
Analysis of cleavage fracture behavior in HT-9 with a statistical model

Abstract Establishing a fundamental understanding of the mechanisms of cleavage fracture is an essential step in developing ferritic/martensitic steels for fusion reactor structural applications. We have investigated the applicability of a statistical model for cleavage fracture to data obtained on a set of HT-9 specimens heat-treated to 25 different conditions, for which prior austenite grain size, lath packet size and carbide size and density varied systematically. The statistical model predictions were in good agreement with observed trends. The results suggest that cleavage in these steels may be dictated by microcrack nucleation and propagation from large boundary carbides. The implications of this to alloy development are discussed.
Micromethod for quantitation of adenosine deaminase activity in cells from human peripheral blood.

Abstract Adenosine deaminase (ADA) converts adenosine to inosine. The enzyme can be assayed simply and conveniently by utilizing [ 14 C]adenosine as substrate and separating the [ 14 C]inosine from the reaction mixture by chromatography on short strips of DE-81 paper. The method is particularly useful in assay and characterization of ADA in small numbers of cells. Lymphocytes, granulocytes, and erythrocytes were isolated from 10 ml samples of human peripheral blood, and ADA activity was measured in each cell type. Extracts of erythrocytes typically contain specific activities of ADA ranging from 1.5 to 2.7 nmoles [ 14 C]inosine produced/10 8 cells/min, while lymphocyte and granulocyte extracts contain 50 to 100 times as much ADA activity. The radiometric assay can be used to obtain quantitative information about the behavior of ADA during velocity sedimentation and acrylamide gel electrophoresis. Lymphocytes have both a low and high molecular weight species of ADA. Granulocyte and erythrocyte extracts have a single low molecular weight species. Isoelectric focusing of extracts from the three cell types reveals one major enzyme activity peak with a pI of about 5. These methods should prove useful in studies of the association of quantitative and qualitative variation in ADA activity with human immunodeficiency diseases.
Adaptive nature of glycogen synthetase activity in rat adipose tissue. Requirement for insulin and energy.

SummaryTotal glycogen synthetase activity in adipose tissue from fasted meal-fed or nibbling rats increased in activity when the tissue was incubated for 2.5 hr in a buffer containing 5 mM glucose and insulin. Inclusion of puromycin in the incubation medium at a concentration which depressed lysine-U-14C incorporation into protein by more than 90%, depressed the increase in glycogen synthetase activity by less than 25%. These data indicate that protein synthesis was responsible for no more than a small part of the overall increase in enzyme activity. Glycogen synthetase activity also increased when adipose tissue was incubated with glucose, fructose, or pyruvate without insulin, but the increase was less than when insulin was included in the incubation medium. The greatest increase in enzyme activity occurred in tissue incubated in the presence of both glucose and insulin. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that the increase in glycogen synthetase activity results from the conversion of a form...
N2O vibration-rotation parameters derived from measurements in the 900-1090- and 1580-2380/cm regions

Fourier-transform spectrometric measurements of the N2O IR spectrum in the 900-1090 and 1580-2380/cm regions were obtained at a 0.005/cm resolution, and line frequencies of eight species for several ground state bands and hot bands are analyzed to obtain values of band centers and upper-state effective rotational constants. Several bands are reported for the first time. Least-squares fits for the 0400-0000, 0420(e)-0000, and 0510-0110 bands of the (N-14)2O-16 species suggest perturbation of the high-J levels of the upper states. Resonance interactions were noted in transitions including the 1001-1000 bands of (N-14)2O-16 and N-15N-14O-16.
Winds of Neptune - Voyager observations of cloud motions

Results are presented on measurements of cloud motions in the atmosphere of Neptune, using high temporal and spatial resolution images acquired from Voyager cameras. The results obtained on cloud motions reveal a wide range of atmospheric periods between 12 and 21 hours, consistent with previous observations. The new results expand the latitudinal coverage, improve the determination of streak motions (especially near 30 deg N), and add statistical weight to altitudes already covered by previous measurements.
A rule of seven in Watson-Crick base-pairing of mismatched sequences

Sequence recognition through base-pairing is essential for DNA repair and gene regulation, but the basic rules governing this process remain elusive. In particular, the kinetics of annealing between two imperfectly matched strands is not well characterized, despite its potential importance in nucleic acid-based biotechnologies and gene silencing. Here we use single-molecule fluorescence to visualize the multiple annealing and melting reactions of two untethered strands inside a porous vesicle, allowing us to precisely quantify the annealing and melting rates. The data as a function of mismatch position suggest that seven contiguous base pairs are needed for rapid annealing of DNA and RNA. This phenomenological rule of seven may underlie the requirement for seven nucleotides of complementarity to seed gene silencing by small noncoding RNA and may help guide performance improvement in DNA- and RNA-based bio- and nanotechnologies, in which off-target effects can be detrimental.
Abortion: What kind of moral issue?

What the abortion issue illustrates is a phenomenon present in many moral discussions: what is problematic is not deducing a conclusion from accepted premises, but in deciding what are to count as the relevant premises. In other words, what proponents and opponents of abortion have occasionally recognized is that establishing the framework of the argument is half the battle in having one's conclusion accepted. The purpose of this paper is to challenge a particular framework employed by the Catholic Church, many philosophers, and others in discussing the issue of abortion: the framework that makes the conclusion dependent upon the personhood or humanity 1 of the fetus. While those who employ this framework represent both sides on the issue, opponents of abortion tend to favor it over other kinds of arguments. While this might give us grounds for suspecting its impartiality as a means of deciding the case, it is not a reason for rejecting it. What is a reason, which will be the argument of this paper, is that this framework obscures the process by which we do and must deliberate on this issue. The first point I wish to make in support of this argument is that the question of whether or not the fetus is a person is on its own indeterminable in that one cannot answer this question by more closely examining the concept of "pe r sonhood" . To attempt so would be analogous to trying to answer the question of whether that which in all other respects looks like a raven but is white is a raven, by more closely examining the concept of " r avenhood . " Fetuses, like white ravens, exhibit properties which necessitate decision-making over how "personhood" or " r avenhood" is to be defined. In the case of the white raven such a decision would have to be based on other beliefs we hold, such as concerning the importance of color in differentiating bird species. Likewise in the case of the fetus, the decision is equally dependent on other beliefs held, or how other concepts are defined. There are important differences between fetuses and white ravens. For one, the raven example makes sense only on the assumption that until a
THE SEARCH FOR NEW ISOTOPES AT BROOKHAVEN

A review of experiments leading to the discovery of the isotopes /sup 33/Si, /sup 35/P, /sup 25/Ne, /sup 31/Al, /sup 29/Mg, and /sup 23/F at the Brookhaven Tandem Van de Graaff accelerator is presented. Experimental techniques are described in some detail. The relationships of experimentally measured quantities to shell model predictions are discussed.
A mathematical model of cinematic box-office dynamics with geographic effects

A new deterministic mathematical model for North American box-office film grosses is presented. The model may be simplified to a set of non-linear ordinary differential equations describing the evolution over time of the film’s gross and exhibited sites. The novel feature of this work is the inclusion of geography-based effects to model moviegoer and exhibitor behaviour. Several key regimes are identified, depending on the popularity of the film, as well as how the screens are divided among geographical regions. Analytical results are presented for several relevant cases. Numerical simulations demonstrate close agreement between the model’s predictions and actual box-office data.
Does atmospheric turbulence have an outer scale

Abstract Every problem involving atmospheric turbulence and diffusion requires, for its solution, some estimate of an outer time or space scale of the flow, and this need is more keenly felt the larger the physical scale of the problem involved. Meteorologists have argued since Richardson's studies that the outer scale of atmospheric turbulence is effectively infinite and it can therefore be chosen for experimental convenience or to match a numerical grid. Experimental evidence bearing on this problem is reviewed, including historical and recent diffusion experiments, the spreading of large clouds of various kinds in the troposphere and recent aircraft measurements of power spectra. It is concluded that the outer scale of tropospheric turbulence is finite, but very large, on the order of the time scale of the planetary rotation.
Multinuclear nuclear magnetic resonance relaxation investigations of poly(propylene oxide) complexed with sodium trifluoromethanesulphonate

Abstract Low molecular weight poly(propylene oxide), PPO, was complexed with varying amounts of sodium trifluoromethanesulphonate, NaCF 3 SO 3 . Bulk PPO and the PPO-NaCF 3 SO 3 complexes were investigated using 13 C, 19 F and 23 Na nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Spin-lattice relaxation time, T 1 , measurements were made as a function of temperature. The T 1 minima are observed for the different nuclei at different temperatures and concentrations of complexed salt. The 13 C T 1 data are interpreted in terms of a Cole-Cole distribution of correlation times. Polymer motion is discussed in the context of the nuclei probed.
Analysis of Off-Track Slider Vibrations in a Laptop Hard Disk Drive

Over the past decade there has been a significant increase the demand of hard disk drives (HDD) for the mobile platforms. In such applications, a mobile HDD is often subjected to harsh working environment. For example, components like DVD drive and built-in speakers present in a laptop can excite its HDD and hence can degrade its read/write (R/W) performance. In this study, we develope a complete model for a mobile HDD to analyze and characterize its vibration performance due to external disturbances. The current model includes a spinning disk, a fluid dynamic bearing (FDB) based spindle motor, a base plate, an actuator assembly (E-block and suspension) and a detailed model for the air bearing slider. Prediction of slider dynamics during an excitation essentially requires the solution of coupled fluid-structure problem in which head gimbal assembly (HGA) is coupled with the disk-support system through the air bearing. Off-track displacement of the slider is used to quantify the vibration performance of the HDD for excitation of different frequencies and orientations. It is observed that during an excitation, the sway modes of the actuator assembly provide the most significant contribution to the off-track vibration. This knowledge about the vibration characteristics of mobile drive can be used to design better a vibration isolation system for mounting a HDD in a laptop.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Enzymatic characterization of the major phospholipase A2 component of sea anemone (Aiptasia pallida) nematocyst venom.

Abstract The purified β phospholipase A2 (PLA2; EC 3.1.1.4) (PLA2) from sea anemone (Aiptasia pallida) nematocysts is larger and more labile than other known venom PLA2s. In common with all other known venoms and most secretory PLA2s, the β PLA2 requires mM Ca2+ for optimal activity and is surface-activated by aggregated lipids such as mixed micelles of detergent and phospholipid. The β PLA2 exhibits an unusually steep and narrow pH optimum of activity at pH 7.7. The effects of changes in pH on the activity of the enzyme suggest that the active site contains functional groups having a pKs of about 7.0 and 8.0. The effects of temperature on β PLA2 activity show a marked decrease in the energy of activation above the pre-transition temperature, suggesting that the enzyme “melts” both fatty chains in order for catalysis to occur.
Imprint cytopathology of core needle biopsies: a “first responder” role for cytotechnologists

Introduction Imprint cytopathology (IC) of image-guided core needle biopsies (CNBs) is used to ensure adequate sampling. In our institution, cytotechnologists (CyTs) are the "first responders" for on-site adequacy assessment (OSAA) of image-guided CNBs. We report our experience with this expanded and relatively unexplored role for CyT. Materials and methods We reviewed all image-guided CNBs performed over a 12-month period that required OSAA. OSAA was provided primarily by CyT. Interpretation between all IC specimens and tissue diagnoses (concordance) and between adequate IC specimens and tissue diagnoses (accuracy) were analyzed. Performance was compared using the Fisher exact test. We retrospectively reviewed discrepant cases to deduce the reasons for discordance. Results We evaluated 255 CNBs: 179 computed tomography-guided, 74 ultrasonography-guided, 2 endoscopy-guided. Lung (39%) followed by liver (16%) and lymph node (11%) were the most frequent sites of OSAA IC. Overall adequacy and accuracy rates were 80.8% and 87.9%, respectively, with a concordance rate of 81.2%. The performance for CyT alone, CyT/cytopathology fellow, and CyT/cytopathologist were comparable ( P > 0.05). Review of discordant cases showed agreement with 91% of OSAA IC cases originally interpreted as inadequate, but with only 19% interpreted as adequate. Conclusions OSAA IC of CNBs expands the CyT's role in an effort to ensure adequate sampling. CyT performance was high in recognition of adequate versus inadequate IC slides when compared with the tissue. Reasons for discrepancy included sampling error and overinterpretation of atypia as being sufficient evidence of adequacy. Organ-specific cytologic criteria to assess adequacy are required to reduce interpretation error.
A volcanologist's review of atmospheric hazards of volcanic activity: Fuego and Mount St. Helens

Abstract The large amount of scientific data collected on the Mount St. Helens eruption has resulted in significant changes in thinking about the atmospheric hazards caused by explosive volcanic activity. The hazard posed by fine silicate ash with long residence time in the atmosphere is probably much less serious than previously thought. The Mount St. Helens eruption released much fine ash in the upper atmosphere. These silicates were removed very rapidly due to a process of particle aggregation (Sorem, 1982; Carey and Sigurdsson, 1982; Rose and Hoffman, 1982). There is some evidence to suggest that particle aggregation is particularly successful in removing glass shards with high surface areas/mass ratios. The primary atmospheric hazard of explosive eruptions is volcanic sulfur, which is converted to sulfuric acid and sulfate crystals. Although the Mount St. Helens dacite magma had a very low sulfur content before eruption, the eruptions did make a significant contribution to the stratospheric sulfate layer (Newell, 1982). Evidence based on measurements of S and Cl in erupted rocks, glass inclusions, gas samples, and atmospheric samples collected for both Mount St. Helens and Fuego volcanoes, suggests that both volcanoes released substantial contributions of S from intrusive (non-eruptive) magma. The amount of sulfur contributed to the atmosphere by an explosive eruption thus depends not only on the volume of magma erupted and its sulfur content, but also on the degree of near-surface non-eruptive magma. The data collected to assess atmospheric hazard and to evaluate the processes and mechanisms of explosive volcanic eruptions have helped illuminate our understanding of: (1) the dispersion and atmospheric fractionation of volcanic ash and (2) the determination of the size and degassing energetics of shallow magma bodies beneath volcanoes.
Microfabricated Optically-Pumped Magnetometers

Optical magnetometers (OPMs), implemented by optical interrogation of alkali-atoms contained in a vapor cell, are among the most sensitive detectors for magnetic fields. Due to the fact that weak magnetic fields are ubiquitous in our world, high-sensitive magnetometers are demanded in a wide range of scientific and practical applications. Here we review some of the highly miniaturized OPMs recently developed using silicon microfabrication techniques. This approach opens a number of attractive advantages, besides further miniaturization, such as integration of different sensing technologies within the same silicon platform and cost-efficient manufacturing of a large number of sensors with tight tolerances at potentially low cost.
Origin of Ice Ages: Pollen Evidence from Arctic Alaska

Pollen analysis of radiocarbon-dated samples from the arctic coastal plain of Alaska shows that vegetation of 14,000 years ago reflected a climate colder than the present, and that there has been a progressive warming, culminating in the present cold arctic climate. The record indicates that the Arctic Ocean has been covered with ice since the time of the Wisconsin glacial maximum, suggesting that the essential condition of the Ewing and Donn hypothesis for the origin of ice ages, that the Arctic Ocean be ice-free up to 11,000 years ago, cannot be met.