cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Navigation function-based visual servo control

In this paper, the mapping between the desired camera feature vector and the desired camera pose (i.e., the position and orientation) is investigated to develop a measurable image Jacobian-like matrix. An image-space path planner is then proposed to generate a desired image trajectory based on this measurable image Jacobian-like matrix and an image-space navigation function (NF) (i.e., a special potential field function) while satisfying rigid body constraints. An adaptive, homography-based visual servo tracking controller is then developed to navigate the position and orientation of a camera held by the end-effector of a robot manipulator to a goal position and orientation along the desired image-space trajectory while ensuring the target points remain visible (i.e., the target points avoid self-occlusion and remain in the field-of-view (FOV)) under certain technical restrictions. Due to the inherent nonlinear nature of the problem and the lack of depth information from a monocular system, a Lyapunov-based analysis is used to analyze the path planner and the adaptive controller. Simulation results are provided to illustrate the performance of the proposed approach.
Organization and Inequality in a Knowledge Economy

We present an equilibrium theory of the organization of work in an economy where knowledge is an essential input in production and agents are heterogeneous in skill. Agents organize production by matching with others in knowledge hierarchies designed to use and communicate their knowledge efficiently. Relative to autarky, organization leads to larger cross-sectional differences in knowledge and wages: low skill workers learn and earn relatively less. We show that improvements in the technology to acquire knowledge lead to opposite implications on wage inequality and organization than reductions in communication costs.
Identifying Winners and Losers in Transportation

The issues surrounding transportation equity, both external and internal to transportation, are explored. Several examples are provided of transportation improvements that impose transportation costs on more individuals than those who are benefited. Beyond counting the number of winners and losers, several quantitative measures of equity are suggested and applied to a test case: ramp meters in the Twin Cities, Minneapolis-St. Paul, in Minnesota. It is recommended that transportation benefit-cost analyses include an "equity impact statement," which would consider the distribution of opportunities to participate in decisions and the outcomes of those decisions (in terms of mobility, economic, environmental, and health effects) that different strata (spatial, temporal, modal, generational, gender, racial, cultural, and income) of the population receive. Policy makers would then have additional information on which to base decisions.
Characterization of fiber Bragg gratings using spectral interferometry based on minimum-phase functions

The focus of this paper is on interferometric systems that utilize spectral interferometry based on minimum-phase functions (MPFs) to fully characterize any fiber-Bragg-grating (FBG) spectra without exceptions. The approach presented involves sending a broadband light source (e.g., a short laser pulse) into the FBG of interest and using an optical spectrum analyzer (OSA) to record the spectrum of the interference between the reflected pulse from the grating and the time-delayed version(s) of the original short pulse. The square root of this measured spectrum, which yields the Fourier-transform (FT) magnitude of the input-pulse-sequence electric-field envelope, is then processed to uniquely recover both the phase and the amplitude of the FBG spectrum. The underlying principle for this unique recovery is that by construction, the input pulse sequence sent to the OSA is close to an MPF; thus, it is possible to recover its FT phase spectrum using only the measurement of its FT magnitude spectrum. This is an important result since, by merely measuring the FT magnitude, the entire complex spectrum of the grating can be recovered. Furthermore, this technique can conveniently be used to simultaneously characterize more than one FBG, using a single FT magnitude measurement. This technique has important advantages over existing techniques: a higher resolution and the ability to use longer duration laser pulses.
Cocycles with one exponent over partially hyperbolic systems

We consider Holder continuous linear cocycles over partially hyperbolic diffeomorphisms. For fiber bunched cocycles with one Lyapunov exponent we show continuity of measurable invariant conformal structures and sub-bundles. Further, we establish a continuous version of Zimmer’s Amenable Reduction Theorem. For cocycles over hyperbolic systems we also obtain polynomial growth estimates for the norm and the quasiconformal distortion from the periodic data.
Structural Health Monitoring Sensor Placement Optimization Under Uncertainty

This paper develops a methodology for the optimum layout design of sensor arrays of structural health monitoring systems under uncertainty. This includes finite element analysis under transient mechanical and thermal loads and incorporation of uncertainty quantification methods. The finite element model is validated with experimental data, accounting for uncertainties in experimental measurements and model predictions. The structural health monitoring sensors need to be placed optimally in order to detect with high reliability any structural damage before it turns critical. The proposed methodology achieves this objective by combining probabilistic finite element analysis, structural damage detection algorithms, and reliability-based optimization concepts.
Wave scattering by small bodies and creating materials with a desired refraction coefficient

In this paper the author’s invited plenary talk at the 7-th PACOM (Pan African Congress of Mathematicians), is presented. Asymptotic solution to many-body wave scattering problem is given in the case of many small scatterers. The small scatterers can be particles whose physical properties are described by the boundary impedances, or they can be small inhomogeneities, whose physical properties are described by their refraction coefficients. Equations for the effective field in the limiting medium are derived. The limit is considered as the size a of the particles or inhomogeneities tends to zero while their number M(a) tends to infinity. These results are applied to the problem of creating materials with a desired refraction coefficient. For example, the refraction coefficient may have wave-focusing property, or it may have negative refraction, i.e., the group velocity may be directed opposite to the phase velocity. This paper is a review of the author’s results presented in MR2442305 (2009g:78016), MR2354140 (2008g:82123), MR2317263 (2008a:35040), MR2362884 (2008j:78010), and contains new results.
If I Look at the Mass I Will Never Act: Psychic Numbing and Genocide

Most people are caring and will exert great effort to rescue individual victims whose needy plight comes to their attention. These same good people, however, often become numbly indifferent to the plight of individuals who are “one of many” in a much greater problem. Why does this occur? The answer to this question will help us answer a related question that is the topic of this paper: Why, over the past century, have good people repeatedly ignored mass murder and genocide? Every episode of mass murder is unique and raises unique obstacles to intervention. But the repetitiveness of such atrocities, ignored by powerful people and nations, and by the general public, calls for explanations that may reflect some fundamental deficiency in our humanity — a deficiency that, once identified, might possibly be overcome. One fundamental mechanism that may play a role in many, if not all, episodes of mass-murder neglect involves the capacity to experience affect, the positive and negative feelings that combine with reasoned analysis to guide our judgments, decisions, and actions. I shall draw from psychological research to show how the statistics of mass murder or genocide, no matter how large the numbers, fail to convey the true meaning of such atrocities. The reported numbers of deaths represent dry statistics, “human beings with the tears dried off,” that fail to spark emotion or feeling and thus fail to motivate action. Recognizing that we cannot rely only upon our moral feelings to motivate proper action against genocide, we must look to moral argument and international law. The 1948 Genocide Convention was supposed to meet this need, but it has not been effective. It is time to examine this failure in light of the psychological deficiencies described here and design legal and institutional mechanisms that will enforce proper response to genocide and other forms of mass murder.
Heaviness in toral rotations

We investigate the dimension of the set of points H(A, α) in the d-torus which have the property that their orbit under rotation by some α hits a fixed closed target A more often than expected for all finite initial portions of time. An upper bound for the lower Minkowski dimension of this set is found in terms of the upper Minkowski dimension of ∂A: $$\underline {\dim } _M (H(A,\alpha )) \leqslant \frac{{d + \overline {\dim } _M \partial {\rm A}}} {2},$$ which may be improved under certain Diophantine conditions on µ(A). In particular, in the event that µ(A) ∈ ℚ we have $$\underline {\dim } _M (H(A,\alpha )) \leqslant \overline {\dim } _M \partial {\rm A}.$$ The proof extends to translations in compact abelian groups more generally than just the torus, most notably the p-adic integers.
Environmental benefits on a life cycle basis of using bagasse-derived ethanol as a gasoline oxygenate in India

Abstract Bagasse is the fibrous residue generated during sugar production and can be a desirable feedstock for fuel ethanol production. Excess bagasse left after satisfying the mills’ energy requirements can be used in a bioconvesion process to make ethanol. A life cycle assessment (LCA) was conducted to quantify the environmental benefits of diverting excess bagasse to ethanol production as opposed to disposing it through the current practice of open-field burning. The LCA results demonstrated lower net values for the ethanol scenario for the following: carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons (except methane), SO x , NO x , particulates, carbon dioxide, methane, and fossil energy consumption. Reduced carbon dioxide and methane emissions for the ethanol scenario also lower its greenhouse potential. Additional drivers are the lower values observed for the following impact assessment categories for the ethanol scenario: depletion of natural resources, air acidification potential, eutrophication potential, human toxicity potential, and air odor potential. Specifically, deployment of the bioethanol option, due to its significantly lower greenhouse potential, can be facilitated via the Clean Development Mechanism, as specified under the Kyoto Protocol.
When Good Brands Do Bad

This article reports results from a longitudinal field experiment examining the evolution of consumer-brand relationships. Development patterns differed, whereby relationships with sincere brands deepened over time in line with friendship templates, and relationships with exciting brands evinced a trajectory characteristic of short-lived flings. These patterns held only when the relationship proceeded without a transgression. Relationships with sincere brands suffered in the wake of transgressions, whereas relationships with exciting brands surprisingly showed signs of reinvigoration after such transgressions. Inferences concerning the brand’s partner quality mediated the results. Findings suggest a dynamic construal of brand personality, greater attention to interrupt events, and consideration of the relationship contracts formed at the hands of different brands.
PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT: PAST RESEARCH, PRESENT FINDINGS, AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS

The literature on product development continues to grow. This research is varied and vibrant, yet large and fragmented. In this article we first organize the burgeoning product-development literature into three streams of research: product development as rational plan, communication web, and disciplined problem solving. Second, we synthesize research findings into a model of factors affecting the success of product development. This model highlights the distinction between process performance and product effectiveness and the importance of agents, including team members, project leaders, senior management, customers, and suppliers, whose behavior affects these outcomes. Third, we indicate potential paths for future research based on the concepts and links that are missing or not well defined in the model.
Nickel on lead, magnetically dead or alive?

Two atomic layers of Ni condensed onto Pb films behave, according to anomalous Hall effect measurements, as magnetic dead layers. However, it has been observed that sub-monolayers of Ni lower the superconducting transition temperature of the Pb film. This has lead to the conclusion that the Ni atoms are still very weakly magnetic and that their magnetic scattering causes the reduction of the transition temperature. In the present paper the electron dephasing due to the Ni has been measured by weak localization. The dephasing is smaller by a factor 100 than the Tc-reduction would suggest. This proves that the Tc-reduction in the PbNi films is not due magnetic Ni moments.
Intent-Driven Insider Threat Detection in Intelligence Analyses

When decisions need to be made in government, the intelligence community (IC) is tasked with analyzing the situation. This analysis is based on a huge amount of information and usually under severe time constraints. As such, it is particularly vulnerable to attacks from insiders with malicious intent. A malicious insider may alter, fabricate, or hide critical information in their analytical products, such as reports, in order to interfere with the decision making process. In this paper, we focus on detecting such malicious insiders. Malicious actions such as disinformation tend to be very subtle and thus difficult to detect. Therefore, we employ a user modeling technique to model an insider based on logged information and documents accessed while accomplishing an intelligence analysis task. We create a computational model for each insider and apply several detection metrics to analyze this model as it changes over time. If any deviation of behavior is detected, alerts can be issued. A pilot test revealed that the computed deviations had a high correlation with insiderspsila cognitive styles. Based on this finding, we designed a framework that minimized the impact of differences in cognitive styles. In our evaluation, we used data collected from intelligence analysts, and simulated malicious insiders based on this data. A high percentage of the simulated malicious insiders were successfully detected.
Rural/Urban Residence Location Choice

Rural economic development programs often rely on the assumption that "people follow jobs." But different strategies are appropriate for different regions, depending on the characteristics of the desired population and the characteristics of the region. This paper reports how rural versus urban residential locations are chosen according to personal and local characteristics.
The Los Alamos Trapped Ion Quantum Computer Experiment

The development and theory of an experiment to investigate quantum computation with trapped calcium ions is described. The ion trap, laser and ion requirements are determined, and the parameters required for quantum logic operations as well as simple quantum factoring are described.
Enhanced Densification by Seeding of Sol‐Gel‐Derived Aluminum Titanate

Aluminum titanate was prepared by two different methods. A monophasic gel was obtained by cohydrolysis and polycondensation reactions of chelated aluminum sec-butoxide and titanium isopropoxide. A diphasic gel was obtained from boehmite and anatase. Effects of homogeneous dispersion of magnesium oxide and iron oxide incorporated as alkoxides in the monophasic gel and also the effects of isostructural seed on the crystallization and densification of aluminum titanate obtained from monophasic and diphasic gels were investigated. Seed particles of MgTi2O5 facilitated lowering of crystallization temperature and enhanced densification of aluminum titanate. Microstructure studies indicated that almost-microcrack-free sintered bodies with smaller grains were formed from the seeded monophasic and diphasic gels.
Aerosol Synthesis of Aluminum Nitride Powder Using Metalorganic Reactants

We describe a new laboratory-scale aerosol process for making submicrometer AIN powder by reaction of gas phase Al(C2H5)3 and NH3. The process can produce spherical, near-stoichiometric AIN powder with mean particle diameter ranging from 0.07 to 0.20 μm and polydispersity index between 0.2 and 0.5. The inlet TEA concentration is found to have the greatest effect on particle size, with the furnace temperature and carrier gas flow rate having lesser influence. Our results appear to favor a LaMer-type mechanism (particle nucleation, followed by condensation growth) over fusion-coalescence to explain particle growth.
N-Heterocyclic Carbenes as Versatile Nucleophilic Catalysts for Transesterification/Acylation Reactions

Imidazol-2-ylidenes, a family of N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHC), are efficient catalysts in the transesterification between esters and alcohols. Low catalyst loadings of aryl- or alkyl-substituted NHC catalysts mediate the acylation of alcohols with vinyl acetate in convenient reaction times at room temperature. Commercially available and more difficult to cleave methyl esters react with numerous alcohols in the presence of alkyl-substituted NHC to form efficiently the corresponding esters in very short reaction times.
Evaluation of Jamaican Knowledge of Diabetes and Health Beliefs

Background & Aims: The International Diabetes Federation (IDF) estimated that over 382 million people worldwide were affected by diabetes in 2013. The Caribbean region consistently is above the global average in regards to diabetes prevalence. Specifically in Jamaica, researchers have found that the management of diabetes is not consistent with international guidelines, and in Caribbean culture there are additional health beliefs that are different than typical US-based diabetes management practices and may need to be addressed. The purpose of this study is to (1) evaluate rural Jamaican patients’ diabetes-related knowledge and health beliefs, (2) determine the association between diabetes-related knowledge and health beliefs, and (3) identify diabetes-related educational needs in rural Jamaica. Methods: Rural Jamaican patients with diabetes (N=48, mean age = 55.16±15.08) were asked to complete questionnaires for cross-sectional examination of knowledge and health beliefs during a medical mission trip to the St. Elizabeth parish of Jamaica. Participants were asked to verbally complete the Spoken Knowledge in Low Literacy in Diabetes Scale (SKILLD, 10 items) and Health Belief Model-11 (HBM-11, 11 items), as well as a demographic instrument. Analyses were performed in SPSS v. 19.0. Frequencies were utilized for categorical variables, means for continuous variables, and medians for individual HBM items. Spearman or Pearson correlations, as appropriate, were utilized to assess associations.Results: Participants had poor knowledge of diabetes, particularly regarding signs and symptoms of hyper/hypoglycemia, importance of foot and eye exams, fasting blood glucose levels, and long-term complications of diabetes. Knowledge deficits were associated with educational attainment, as many participants had only completed primary school. Most participants indicated they were ready to take action regarding their health.Conclusions: Among this population of rural Jamaican patients, general knowledge regarding diabetes remains low but patients want to take action regarding their diabetes. These results indicate a continued need to develop programs to provide diabetes-related education to patients living in rural Jamaica, as patients are ready to improve their management of diabetes.
SEPARATION OF HUMAN LEUKOCYTE INTERFERON COMPONENTS BY CONCANAVALIN A‐AGAROSE AFFINITY CHROMATOGRAPHY AND THEIR CHARACTERIZATION

Human leukocyte interferon (HL-IF), produced by mixed leukocytes infected with Newcastle disease virus, was resolved into three distinct fractions when chromatographed on concanavalin A-agarose. The major portion (70--75%) of interferon appeared in the breakthrough (BT fraction). The bound interferon (25--30%) was displaced from the column as two peaks: the first was eluted with 0.01 M methyl alpha-D-mannoside, yielding 15-20% of the interferon activity (alpha-MM fraction), and the second by including ethylene glycol (70%) in the eluant, yielding the remaining 5--15% of the interferon (EG fraction). No interferon was retained when HL-IF produced in the presence of glycosylation inhibitors (tunicamycin or 2-deoxy-D-glucose) was chromatographed on concanavalin A-agarose, suggesting that the fraction of interferon retained by this lectin is glycosylated. The three fractions of interferon (BT, alpha-MM, and EG) were characterized by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, cross-species antiviral activity, and neutralization by specific antisera. The BT fraction contains exclusively the 16 000 molecular weight component of human leukocyte interferon. The majority of the alpha-MM fraction (90%) is the 21 000 molecular weight component. However, the EG fraction contains the 16 000 and 21 000--23 000 molecular weight components in essentially equal proportions. On the basis of cross-species antiviral activity and neutralization by specific antisera, the BT and alpha-MM fractions are leukocyte-type interferon and the EG fraction seems to be primarily of fibroblast type.
Aiming Perfectly in the Dark-Blind Interference Alignment Through Staggered Antenna Switching

We propose a blind interference alignment scheme for the vector broadcast channel where the transmitter is equipped with M antennas and there are K receivers, each equipped with a reconfigurable antenna capable of switching among M preset modes. Without any knowledge of the channel coefficient values at the transmitters and with only mild assumptions on the channel coherence structure we show that MK/M+K-1 degrees of freedom are achievable. The key to the blind interference alignment scheme is the ability of the receivers to switch between reconfigurable antenna modes to create short term channel fluctuation patterns that are exploited by the transmitter. The achievable scheme does not require cooperation between transmit antennas and is therefore applicable to the M × K X network as well. Only finite symbol extensions are used, and no channel knowledge at the receivers is required to null the interference.
On-line software checkout facility for special purpose computers

An on-line software checkout facility for special purpose computers (referred to as the Flight Software Development Laboratory) has been created to aid programmer/engineers in the development of programs that will operate in a spaceborne computer aboard the Apollo/Saturn IB and V Launch Vehicles. The Flight Computer operates as an integral part of various vehicle subsystems in the Instrument Unit (IU). The subsystems provide onboard navigation, guidance, control, sequencing, data compression, and ground communications. These functions are illustrated in Figure 1. Continued emphasis is placed on error-free flight software, since it is an essential element in overall vehicle performance. No opportunity exists to test or exercise the flight program in its actual flight environment prior to a mission. Therefore, to ensure the integrity of the flight program, simulators are used to accomplish flight testing. The purpose of this paper is to present the organization of one such simulator that has been created for the sole purpose of the development and checkout of Saturn flight software. The emphasis throughout the design and implementation of the Laboratory has been that it must be user-oriented for program checkout. Before the existence of the Laboratory, available facilities for checking out flight programs were oriented to hardware checkout. Although such facilities can be, and have been, rigged for program checkout, they have not provided the type of assistance required to produce the quality of software demanded by spaceborne computers. The Laboratory is believed to be unique in the capabilities it provides to the programmer/engineer in controlling and affecting the operation of the Flight Computer in a real-time environment.
Time to Eat: Household Production under Increasing Income Inequality

Eating requires the raw food materials that make up meals and also the time devoted to buying food, preparing meals and eating them, and cleaning up afterwards. Using time-diary and expenditure data for the U.S. for 1985 and 2003, I examine how income and time prices affect time and goods inputs into this household-produced commodity. Focusing on these two years, between which income and earnings inequality increased, allows examining how household production is affected by changing economic opportunities. The results demonstrate that both inputs into eating increase with income, and that higher time prices at a given level of income reduce time inputs. Over this period the relative goods intensity of producing this commodity increased, especially at the lower part of the income distribution, and the average time input dropped substantially. The results are consistent with goods-time substitution being relatively difficult for eating and with substitution being more difficult as production expands.
Distributed multi-agent optimization with state-dependent communication

We study distributed algorithms for solving global optimization problems in which the objective function is the sum of local objective functions of agents and the constraint set is given by the intersection of local constraint sets of agents. We assume that each agent knows only his own local objective function and constraint set, and exchanges information with the other agents over a randomly varying network topology to update his information state. We assume a state-dependent communication model over this topology: communication is Markovian with respect to the states of the agents and the probability with which the links are available depends on the states of the agents. We study a projected multi-agent subgradient algorithm under state-dependent communication. The state-dependence of the communication introduces significant challenges and couples the study of information exchange with the analysis of subgradient steps and projection errors. We first show that the multi-agent subgradient algorithm when used with a constant stepsize may result in the agent estimates to diverge with probability one. Under some assumptions on the stepsize sequence, we provide convergence rate bounds on a “disagreement metric” between the agent estimates. Our bounds are time-nonhomogeneous in the sense that they depend on the initial starting time. Despite this, we show that agent estimates reach an almost sure consensus and converge to the same optimal solution of the global optimization problem with probability one under different assumptions on the local constraint sets and the stepsize sequence.
IMPS: an interactive mathematical proof system

IMPS is an interactive mathematical proof system intended as a general-purpose tool for formulating and applying mathematics in a familiar fashion. The logic of IMPS is based on a version of simple type theory with partial functions and subtypes. Mathematical specification and inference are performed relative to axiomatic theories, which can be related to one another via inclusion and theory interpretation. IMPS provides relatively large primitive inference steps to facilitate human control of the deductive process and human comprehension of the resulting proofs. An initial theory library containing over a thousand repeatable proofs covers significant portions of logic, algebra, and analysis and provides some support for modeling applications in computer science.
Modulator-based, high bandwidth optical links for HEP experiments

As a concern with the reliability, bandwidth and mass of future optical links in LHC experiments, we are investigating CW lasers and light modulators as an alternative to VCSELs. These links will be particularly useful if they utilize light modulators which are very small, low power, high bandwidth, and are very radiation hard. We have constructed a test system with 3 such links, each operating at 10 Gb/s. We present the quality of these links (jitter, rise and fall time, BER) and eye mask margins (10GbE) for 3 different types of modulators: LiNbO3-based, InP-based, and Si-based. We present the results of radiation hardness measurements with up to ∼1012 protons/cm2 and ∼65 krad total ionizing dose (TID), confirming no single event effects (SEE) at 10 Gb/s with either of the 3 types of modulators. These optical links will be an integral part of intelligent tracking systems at various scales from coupled sensors through intra-module and off detector communication. We have used a Si-based photonic transceiver to build a complete 40 Gb/s bi-directional link (10 Gb/s in each of four fibers) for a 100m run and have characterized it to compare with standard VCSEL-based optical links. Some future developments of optical modulator-based high bandwidth optical readout systems, and applications based on both fiber and free space data links, such as local triggering and data readout and trigger-clock distribution, are also discussed.
The dimensions of the policy debate over transportation energy: The case of hydrogen in the United States

Environmental and politico-strategic concerns have driven the increase in policy activity related to energy that the United States witnessed in the last few years. The nature of the issues at stake and the level of stakeholder involvement result in a highly complex policy debate. The broad concern of this paper is the study of this energy-policy process and the identification of the main policy issues. Specifically, multivariate analysis is applied to data on a wide variety of stakeholders’ policy beliefs and policy preferences to identify the policy dimensions that characterize the debate over energy policy in the United States. The focus is on the policy debate over hydrogen as a transportation fuel, although many results are applicable to the debate over transportation energy at large. The analysis uses a dataset of 502 individuals from 323 different stakeholder organizations obtained via a web-based survey specifically designed for this study.
On non-supersymmetric CFT in four dimensions

Abstract We show that the N =0 theories on the self-dual D3-branes of Type 0 string theory are in the class of the previously considered tadpole-free orbifolds of N =4 theory (although they have SO(6) global symmetry) and hence have vanishing beta function in the planar limit to all orders in 't Hooft coupling. Also, all planar amplitudes in this theory are equal to those of N =4 theory, up to a rescaling of the coupling.
Cosmic-ray physics with IceCube

Abstract IceCube as a three-dimensional air-shower array covers an energy range of the cosmic-ray spectrum from below 1 PeV to approximately 1 EeV. This talk is a brief review of the function and goals of IceTop, the surface component of the IceCube neutrino telescope. An overview of different and complementary ways that IceCube is sensitive to the primary cosmic-ray composition up to the EeV range is presented. Plans to obtain composition information in the threshold region of the detector in order to overlap with direct measurements of the primary composition in the 100–300 TeV range are also described.
Racial segregation and the black–white test score gap

Abstract Racial segregation is often blamed for some of the achievement gap between blacks and whites. We study the effects of school and neighborhood segregation on the relative SAT scores of black students across different metropolitan areas, using large microdata samples for the 1998–2001 test cohorts. Our models include detailed controls for the family background of individual test-takers, school-level controls for selective participation in the test, and city-level controls for racial composition, income, and region. We find robust evidence that the black–white test score gap is higher in more segregated cities. Holding constant family background and other factors, a shift from a highly segregated city to a nearly integrated city closes about one-quarter of the raw black–white gap in SAT scores. Specifications that distinguish between school and neighborhood segregation suggest that neighborhood segregation has a consistently negative impact while school segregation has no independent effect, though we cannot reject equality of the two effects. Additional tests indicate that much of the effect of neighborhood segregation operates through neighbors' incomes, not through race per se . Data on enrollment in honors courses suggest that within-school segregation increases when schools are more highly integrated, potentially offsetting the benefits of school desegregation and accounting for our findings.
Intellectual Property Rights and the Doha Round

Over the preceding half century, ideas and knowledge have become a progressively important part of world trade. A creative mind is a scarce commodity, to be found only infrequently. Inventions, innovations, high-technology products and processes, and medicines have an intellectual origin and high commercial value, as do works of literature and arts. Their inventors and creators deserve to be compensated for the creative value inherent in these products, processes and creations. They are the intellectual property or assets of the inventors and creators. Logically, ethically and morally they deserve to have a right to negotiate the commercial value of their intellectual assets. International law does not allow unauthorized use of intellectual assets that have significant commercial value.
Convection in Small Basins

Abstract Convection in the world's oceans often occurs in small, semienclosed basins where bottom slopes and nearby continental shelf breaks are commonplace. The evolution of convectively generated heat anomalies in such settings is studied using quasigeostrophic finite-difference and point vortex models. The displayed behaviors divide essentially into two categories: whole fluid column convection, in which bottom-slope effects are felt immediately, and partial fluid column convection, in which the topographic effects can be delayed. In both cases, topography significantly modifies the evolution of convective patches from that occurring over flat bottoms. Vertical walls induce strong self-propagation mechanisms that accelerate alongslope heat transport, while the continental shelf slope is repulsive and rejects lower-layer anticyclones. These anomalies are then “stranded,” being too far offshore to interact with the shelf break and having lost their heton partner in the interaction. Weaker deep ocean topo...
Global solutions for the gravity water waves system in 2d

We consider the gravity water waves system in the case of a one dimensional interface, for sufficiently smooth and localized initial data, and prove global existence of small solutions. This improves the almost global existence result of Wu (Invent Math 177(1):45–135, 2009). We also prove that the asymptotic behavior of solutions as time goes to infinity is different from linear, unlike the three dimensional case (Germain et al., Ann Math 175(2):691–754, 2012; Wu, Invent Math 184(1):125–220, 2011). In particular, we identify a suitable nonlinear logarithmic correction and show modified scattering. The solutions we construct in this paper appear to be the first global smooth nontrivial solutions of the gravity water waves system in 2D.
Toward a minimum change model for recent plate motions: calibrating seafloor spreading rates for outward displacement

SUMMARY We use seafloor spreading distances derived from reconstructions of more than 7000 crossings of young magnetic anomalies along seven plate boundaries to study outward displacement, a source of systematic bias in estimates of seafloor spreading rates, which is caused by a combination of processes that shift magnetic polarity transition zones away from their idealized locations. Linear regressions of 81 independent sequences of seafloor opening distances as a function of their magnetic reversal ages for anomalies younger than C3n.1 (4.19 Ma) yield 75 positively valued intercepts for zero seafloor age, confirming the ubiquitous outward shift of magnetic reversals reported by previous authors. Grouping these data into 29 locally consistent clusters yields better constrained zero-age intercepts that are uniformly positive and average 2.2 ± 0.3 km globally. These values, which are 1–3 km at most locations and are significantly larger (3–5 km) along the well-surveyed Reykjanes and Carlsberg ridges, agree well with published magnetic polarity zone transition widths, which are estimated directly from nearbottom seafloor magnetic measurements. Significant variations in outward displacement along the Southeast Indian Ridge are strongly correlated with changes in axial morphology and axial depth; however, a similar correlation is not observed along other ridges. Forward magnetic anomaly modelling suggests that variations in outward displacement can be explained by differences in the magnetic source layers that are assumed to characterize different spreading centres. If not corrected for outward displacement, the implied systematic upward biases in seafloor spreading rates, which are averaged over the width of Anomaly 1—the youngest reversal that is used for plate reconstructions—range from 6 mm yr −1 along the Reykjanes Ridge, where outward displacement is 4–5 km, to 3 mm yr −1 along ridges where outward displacement approximates the global average of 2 km.
Advanced Unstructured Grid Generation for Complex Aerodynamic Applications

A new approach for distribution of grid points on the surface and in the volume has been developed. In addition to the point and line sources of prior work, the new approach utilizes surface and volume sources for automatic curvature-based grid sizing and convenient point distribution in the volume. A new exponential growth function produces smoother and more efficient grids and provides superior control over distribution of grid points in the field. All types of sources support anisotropic grid stretching which not only improves the grid economy but also provides more accurate solutions for certain aerodynamic applications. The new approach does not require a three-dimensional background grid as in the previous methods. Instead, it makes use of an efficient bounding-box auxiliary medium for storing grid parameters defined by surface sources. The new approach is less memory-intensive and more efficient computationally. The grids generated with the new method either eliminate the need for adaptive grid refinement for certain class of problems or provide high quality initial grids that would enhance the performance of many adaptation methods.
A bootstrap test for equality of variances

We introduce a bootstrap procedure to test the hypothesis H o that K + 1 variances are homogeneous. The procedure uses a variance-based statistic, and is derived from a normal-theory test for equality of variances. The test equivalently expressed the hypothesis as H o : ? = ( ? 1 , ? , ? K + 1 ) T = 0 , where ? i 's are log contrasts of the population variances. A box-type acceptance region is constructed to test the hypothesis H o . Simulation results indicated that our method is generally superior to the Shoemaker and Levene tests, and the bootstrapped version of the Levene test in controlling the Type I and Type II errors.
Automated assistants to aid humans in understanding team behaviors

Multi-agent teamwork is critical in a large number of agent applications, including training, education, virtual enterprises and collective robotics. Tools that can help humans analyze, evaluate, and understand team behaviors are becoming increasingly important as well. We have taken a step towards building such a tool by creating an automated analyst agent called ISAAC for post-hoc, off-line agent-team analysis. ISAAC’s novelty stems from a key design constraint that arises in team analysis: multiple types of models of team behavior are necessary to analyze different granularities of team events, including agent actions, interactions, and global performance. These heterogeneous team models are automatically acquired via machine learning over teams’ external behavior traces, where the specific learning techniques are tailored to the particular model learned. Additionally, ISAAC employs multiple presentation techniques that can aid human understanding of the analyses. This paper presents ISAAC’s general conceptual framework, motivating its design, as well as its concrete application in the domain of RoboCup soccer. In the RoboCup domain, ISAAC was used prior to and during the RoboCup’99 tournament, and was awarded the RoboCup scientific challenge award.
Covariant magnetoionic theory – II. Radiative transfer

Accretion on to compact objects plays a central role in high-energy astrophysics. In these environments, both general relativistic and plasma effects may have significant impacts upon the spectral and polarimetric properties of the accretion flow. In Paper I we presented a fully general relativistic magnetoionic theory, capable of tracing rays in the geometric optics approximation through a magnetized plasma in the vicinity of a compact object. In this paper we discuss how to perform polarized radiative transfer along these rays. In addition we apply the formalism to a barotropic thick-disc model, appropriate for low-luminosity active galactic nuclei. We find that, when the observation frequency is near the plasma and cyclotron frequencies in the innermost portions of the accretion flow, it is possible to generate large fractional polarizations, even when the emission mechanism is unpolarized. This has implications for accreting systems ranging from pulsars and X-ray binaries to active galactic nuclei.
Inference Based on Alternative Bootstrapping Methods in Spatial Models with an Application to County Income Growth in the United States

This study examines aggregate county income growth across the 48 contiguous states from 1990 to 2005. To control for endogeneity, we estimate a two-stage spatial error model and implement a number of spatial bootstrap routines to infer parameter significance. Among the results, we find that outdoor recreation and natural amenities favor positive growth in rural counties and property taxes correlate negatively with rural growth. Comparing bootstrap inference with other models, including the recent General Moment heteroskedastic-robust spatial error estimator, we find similar conclusions suggesting bootstrapping can be effective in spatial models where asymptotic results are not well established.
"Decisions from experience" = sampling error + prospect theory: Reconsidering Hertwig, Barron, Weber & Erev (2004).

According to prospect theory, people overweight low probability events and underweight high probability events. Several recent papers (notably, Hertwig, Barron, Weber & Erev, 2004) have argued that although this pattern holds for “description-based” decisions, in which people are explicitly provided with probability distributions over potential outcomes, it is actually reversed in “experience-based” decisions, in which people must learn these distributions through sampling. We reanalyze the data of Hertwig et al. (2004) and present a replication to determine the extent to which their phenomenon can be attributed to sampling error (a statistical rather than psychological phenomenon) versus underestimation of rare events (i.e., judgmental bias) versus actual underweighting of judged probabilities. We find that the apparent reversal of prospect theory in decisions from experience can be attributed almost entirely to sampling error, and are consistent with prospect theory and the two-stage model of decision under uncertainty (Fox & Tversky, 1998).
Ovarian carcinoma in California: the California Tumor Registry data.

Appropriate data from the California and Alameda County Tumor Registries were analyzed with specific reference to ovarian cancer (I.C.D. No. 175). The median age for ovarian cancer cases (1942–1969) was 56.7 years. There was a direct association of the age-adjusted death rate and average annual incidence rate of ovarian cancer patients and the presence of a high socioeconomic ranking (r = + 0.37) (p < 0.05). There was a positive association of ovarian cancer incidence with the census tract index of crowding per household. An excess of ovarian cancer deaths was noted in the Spanish surname population (p < 0.05). Further follow-up studies are suggested for this disease which has a five-year relative survival rate for all stages in California of 33%.
Finite cyclic group actions with the tracial Rokhlin property

We give examples of actions of Z/2Z on AF algebras and AT algebras which demonstrate the differences between the (strict) Rokhlin property and the tracial Rokhlin property, and between (strict) approximate representability and tracial approximate representability. Specific results include the following. We determine exactly when a product type action of Z/2Z on a UHF algebra has the tracial Rokhlin property; in particular, unlike for the strict Rokhlin property, every UHF algebra admits such an action. We prove that Blackadar's action of Z/2Z on the 2^{\infty} UHF algebra, whose crossed product is not AF because it has nontrivial K_1-group, has the tracial Rokhlin property, and we give an example of an action of Z/2Z on a simple unital AF algebra which has the tracial Rokhlin property and such that the K_0-group of the crossed product has torsion. In particular, the crossed product of a simple unital AF algebra by an action of Z/2Z with the tracial Rokhlin property need not be AF. We give examples of a tracially approximately representable action of Z/2Z on a simple unital AF algebra which is nontrivial on K_0, and of a tracially approximately representable action of Z/2Z on a simple unital AT algebra with real rank zero which is nontrivial on K_1.
Employment and Unemployment in the 1930s

The Great Depression is to economics what the Big Bang is to physics. As an event, the Depression is largely synonymous with the birth of modern macroeconomics, and it continues to haunt successive generations of economists. With respect to labor and labor markets, these facts evidently include wage rigidity, persistently high unemployment rates, and long-term joblessness. Traditionally, aggregate time series have provided the econometric grist for distinguishing explanations of the Great Depression. Recent research on labor markets in the 1930s, however, has shifted attention from aggregate to disaggregate time series and towards microeconomic evidence. This shift in focus is motivated by two factors. First, disaggregated data provide many more degrees of freedom than the decade or so of annual observations associated with the depression, and thus may prove helpful in distinguishin g macroeconomic explanations. Second, disaggregation has revealed aspects of economic behavior hidden in the time series that may be essential to their proper interpretation and, in any case, are worthy of study in their own right. Although the substantive findings of recent research are too new to judge their permanent significance, I believe that the shift towards disaggregated analysis is an important contribution. The paper begins by reviewing the conventional statistics of the United States labor market during the Great Depression and the paradigms to explain them. It then turns to recent studies of employment and unemployment using disaggregated data of various types. The paper concludes with discussions of