cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Properties of s100 protein studied by fluorescence methods

Abstract The intrinsic fluorescence of the S100 protein, due to both tyrosine and tryptophan, increases several-fold, in reversible fashion, in solutions at pH 3.0 in comparison with the neutral molecule. The study of the rotational diffusion of the photo-conjugates of l-azidonaphthalene-5-sulfonate with S100 as a function of pH, the concentration-dependence of the fluorescence polarization and the electrophoretic patterns indicate that protein unfolding without dissociation into subunits takes place in the pH region 4-3.4 and that dissociation into subunits is complete in μM solutions of the protein at pH 2.9. Anionic binding sites, probably connected with arginine residues, can be detected in acid solutions, as indicated by a 30-fold increase in fluorescence efficiency of added anilinonaphthalene sulfonate at pH 3.4, as compared to the efficiency at neutral pH. At pH 3.4 the protein can be transferred reversibly to an isobutanol or pentanol phase, not only by the addition of sodium p-toluenesulfonate, which is an effect observed for other globular proteins, but by the addition of calcium chloride or magnesium chloride as well, a specific effect probably related to the function of this protein.
Cultural countertransference as a clinical obstacle

Abstract At times, unexamined cultural countertransference may function defensively for a clinician, surfacing as a clinical problem when it interferes with the client‐clinician relationship. As a subjective phenomenon, countertransference is difficult to document, therefore requiring a qualitative approach to research. Through a study conducted by Stampley (1999), it was determined that the origins of clinicians’ reactions identified as countertransference are often rooted in the clinician's cultural biases and/or insensitivity to cultural differences. The result may be a lack of empathy with a distorted perception of the client, creating a clinical obstacle that interferes with the therapeutic relationship.
Triple-Stranded Polynucleotide Helix Containing Only Purine Bases

The structure of the complex involving one polyadenylic acid and two polyinosinic acid chains has been determined by x-ray diffraction. The three coaxial, helical chains have conformations like conventional RNA double helices despite the absence of purine-pyrimidine pairing. Formation of hypoxanthine pairs in codon-anticodon interactions therefore requires only trivial changes in the conformation of a standard nucleotide. Evolution of the contemporary genetic code involving purine-pyrimidine complementarity from a primeval code with only adenine-hypoxanthine pairing would have been possible without major discontinuities in molecular geometry.
Endocytic trafficking of glycosphingolipids in sphingolipid storage diseases

In this review, recent studies of membrane lipid transport in sphingolipid (SL) storage disease (SLSD) fibroblasts are summarized. Several fluorescent glycosphingolipid (GSL) analogues are internalized from the plasma membrane via caveolae and are subsequently transported to the Golgi complex of normal fibroblasts, while in 10 different SLSD cell types, these lipids accumulate in endosomes and lysosomes. Additional studies have shown that cholesterol homeostasis is perturbed in multiple SLSDs secondary to accumulation of endogenous SLs, and that mis-targeting of the GSLs is regulated by cellular cholesterol. Golgi targeting of GSLs internalized via caveolae is dependent on microtubules and phosphoinositide 3-kinase(s) and is inhibited by expression of dominant-negative rab7 and rab9 constructs. Overexpression of wild-type rab7 or rab9 (but not rab11) in Niemann-Pick C fibroblasts results in correction of lipid trafficking defects, including restoration of Golgi targeting of fluorescent lactosylceramide and endogenous GM1 ganglioside (monitored by the transport of fluorescent cholera toxin), and a dramatic reduction in accumulation of intracellular cholesterol. These results suggest an approach for restoring normal lipid trafficking in this, and perhaps other, SLSD cell types, and may provide a basis for future therapy of these diseases.
Are we drunk yet? Motor versus cognitive cues of subjective intoxication

BACKGROUND: Perception of alcohol intoxication presumably plays an important role in guiding behavior during a current drinking episode. Yet, there has been surprisingly little investigation of what aspects associated with intoxication are used by individuals to attribute their level of intoxication. METHODS: Building on recent laboratory-based findings, this study employed a complex field-based design to explore the relative contributions of motor performance versus cognitive performance-specifically executive control-on self-attributions of intoxication. Individuals recruited outside of bars (N = 280; mean age = 22; range: 18 to 32) completed a structured interview, self-report questionnaire, and neuropsychological testing battery, and provided a breath alcohol concentration (BrAC) sample. RESULTS: Results of a multiple linear regression analysis demonstrated that current level of subjective intoxication was associated with current alcohol-related stimulant effects, current sedative effects, and current BrAC. After controlling for the unique variance accounted for by these factors, subjective intoxication was better predicted by simple motor speed, as indexed by performance on the Finger Tapping Test, than by executive control, as indexed by performance on the Trail Making Test. CONCLUSIONS: These results-generated from data collected in a naturally occurring setting-support previous findings from a more traditional laboratory-based investigation, thus illustrating the iterative process of linking field methodology and controlled laboratory experimentation. Language: en
Meaning-Making, Adult Learning and Development: A Model with Implications for Practice.

Where the meaning of life can be found, and how people make meaning in their lives are age‐old questions pursued by philosophers, clergy, psychologists and educators. More recently, there has been a focus on the role of meaning‐making in learning and development in adulthood. Several writers have proposed that meaning‐making is what adult learning is all about, and a few have explicitly linked meaning‐making activity to development. First reviewed in this article are some of the basic understandings of meaning‐making advanced by classical and contemporary writers. Next, models of cognitive and ego development that directly link with meaning‐making are examined. Finally, a model of the relationship of meaning‐making to learning and development is presented and implications drawn for applying the model to adult education practice.
A study of aluminum-water reactions by laser heating

Abstract An investigation has been carried out of reactions between water and small aluminum particles that were heated by a focused ruby laser beam. This rapid heating simulated rapid contacting with water of heated, dispersed aluminum which is of significance in hypothetical excursions of nuclear reactors. Complete reaction was not found at 0.03 atm water pressure, but was observed at 1 and 10 atm water pressure when a critical laser output energy was reached. It is believed that particle ignition and complete reaction can occur only when the energy imput is sufficient for the particle temperature to reach the melting point of Al2O3. Above this temperature reaction is controlled by the rate of diffusion of water through a hydrogen film surrounding the particle. In contrast to the 1 and 10 atm cases, the boiling point of aluminum at a pressure of 0.03 atm is lower than the melting point of the oxide; hence oxide melting and particle ignition do not occur. Diffusion and heat transfer calculations were carried out and found to support this mechanism.
High-temperature battery-free wireless microwave acoustic resonator sensor system

A novel and simple frequency-domain wireless interrogation method for surface acoustic wave (SAW) resonator sensors operating up to 850°C is presented. The method is based on directly measuring the scattering parameter S11 with a frequency-swept interrogating signal and extracting the group delay. Multiple resonators can be simultaneously addressed by frequency multiplexing the resonator responses. A new high-temperature SAW resonator capable of operating up to 1000°C has been used as a temperature sensor. The design uses the newly developed high-temperature Pt/Rh/ZrO2 thin-film electrodes and open-circuit gratings on langasite (LGS, La3Ga5SiO14). Reported is the first successful operation of a wireless SAW resonator at temperatures up to 850°C. The SAW resonator was exposed multiple times to 850°C, providing consistent performance.
SU‐E‐J‐38: Tracking Changes in Head‐and‐Neck Rotation and Flexion Using Megavoltage Cone‐Beam CT and Deformable Image Registration

Purpose: Megavoltage cone‐beam CT (MVCBCT) images used for patient positioning can also detect complex changes in neck flexion and head rotation. Deformable image registration (DIR) algorithms could automate detection of positional variability and facilitate adaptive therapy strategies. This study investigates the ability of DIR to track changes in neck flexion, jaw position, and head tilt in MVCBCT images of head‐and‐neck radiotherapy patients.Methods: Landmark points at the base of skull, along the cervical vertebral column and on the mandible were identified and annotated on planning kVCT and MVCBCT images of patients. Baseline MVCBCT images were first fused to the kVCT via rigid registration, and distances between corresponding landmark points were computed. The same MVCBCT images were then fused via DIR, and the vector displacement between landmark points and deformed points was calculated. The change in the distance using DIR versus rigid registration was used to quantify how well the deformation algorithm tracked the shift of landmark positions. The same tests were also performed by registering and deforming the baseline MVCBCT to another MVCBCT taken at a different time. Results: Data for 11 reference points and images from five patients were analyzed. Changes in landmark distance of greater than 1 mm were considered. Deforming the MVCBCT to the kVCT, one patient showed an average decrease in landmark distance of 3 mm after DIR. However, the landmark distance increased by an average of 2 mm for another patient. When deforming the baseline MVCBCT to another MVCBCT, all five patients showed an improvement in landmark matching. The average decrease in landmark distance varied from 0.4 mm to 3.4 mm Conclusions: Deforming MVCBCT to kVCT images of the head‐and‐neck region did not consistently improve landmark matching. However, DIR consistently improved landmark matching when applied to two MVCBCT images acquired at different times.
Cloning and expression of three zebrafish roundabout homologs suggest roles in axon guidance and cell migration

We report the cloning and expression patterns of three novel zebrafish Roundabout homologs. The Roundabout (robo) gene encodes a transmembrane receptor that is essential for axon guidance in Drosophila and Robo family members have been implicated in cell migration. Analysis of extracellular domains and conserved cytoplasmic motifs shows that zebrafish Robo1 and Robo2 are orthologs of mammalian Robo1 and Robo2, respectively, while zebrafish Robo3 is likely to be an ortholog of mouse Rig-1. The three zebrafish robos are expressed in distinct but overlapping patterns during embryogenesis. They are highly expressed in the developing nervous system, including the olfactory system, visual system, hindbrain, cranial ganglia, spinal cord, and posterior lateral line primordium. They are also expressed in several nonneuronal tissues, including somites and fin buds. The timing and patterns of expression suggest roles for zebrafish robos in axon guidance and cell migration. Wiley-Liss, Inc. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Flexure mount for a MEMS deformable mirror for the Gemini Planet Imager

Small deformable mirrors (DMs) produced using microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) techniques have been used in thermally stable, bench-top laboratory environments. With advances in MEMS DM technology, a variety of field applications are becoming more common, such as the Gemini Planet Imager’s (GPI) adaptive optics system. Instruments at the Gemini Observatory operate in conditions where fluctuating ambient temperature, varying gravity orientations and humidity and dust can have a significant effect on DM performance. As such, it is crucial that the mechanical design of the MEMS DM mount be tailored to the environment. GPI’s approach has been to mount a 4096 actuator MEMS DM, developed by Boston Micromachines Corporation, using high performance optical mounting techniques rather than a typical laboratory set-up. Flexures are incorporated into the DM mount to reduce deformations on the optical surface due to thermal fluctuations. These flexures have also been sized to maintain alignment under varying gravity vector orientations. This paper is a follow-up to a previous paper which presented the preliminary design. The completed design of the opto-mechanical mounting scheme is discussed and results from finite element analysis are presented, including predicting the stability of the mirror surface in varying gravity vectors and thermal conditions.
Monitoring of protein conformation by high-performance size-exclusion liquid chromatography and scanning diode array second-derivative UV absorption spectroscopy

Genetic methods now allow the rapid production of mutant proteins for structure-function analysis. To properly interpret any change in biologic activity resulting from modification in primary sequence, it is essential to monitor conformational changes resulting from mutations. Several methods allow low-resolution protein conformational analysis. One method, second-derivative UV absorption spectroscopy, is particularly useful for proteins containing tyrosine and/or tryptophan residues. Using high-performance size-exclusion liquid chromatography and scanning diode array detection we have demonstrated that it is possible to monitor the degree of aggregation as well as conformational perturbation for a series of interleukin-2 structural mutants. Furthermore, the combination of high-performance liquid chromatography and second-derivative UV absorption spectroscopy avoids a potential artifactual contribution in non-chromatographic analysis due to protein aggregation.
Feasibility Test of Multifrequency Radiometric Data Assimilation to Estimate Snow Water Equivalent

Abstract A season-long, point-scale radiometric data assimilation experiment is performed in order to test the feasibility of snow water equivalent (SWE) estimation. Synthetic passive microwave observations at Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I) and Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer-Earth Observing System (AMSR-E) frequencies and synthetic broadband albedo observations are assimilated simultaneously in order to update snowpack states in a land surface model using the ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF). The effects of vegetation and atmosphere are included in the radiative transfer model (RTM). The land surface model (LSM) was given biased precipitation to represent typical errors introduced in modeling, yet was still able to recover the true value of SWE with a seasonally integrated rmse of only 2.95 cm, despite a snow depth of around 3 m and the presence of liquid water in the snowpack. This ensemble approach is ideal for investigating the complex theoretical relationships between the snowpack proper...
Editorial Statement: Behavioral Economics

The Behavioral Economics Department seeks to publish original research broadly related to behavioral economics. We welcome laboratory experiments, field studies, and empirical and theoretical papers. The goal of this department is to promote research on incentives and behavior in domains such as markets, groups, and individual decision making. In the cross-disciplinary tradition of Management Science, we encourage research that draws ideas from multiple disciplines including economics, psychology, sociology, and statistics to provide novel insights on behavioral economics. In all cases, manuscripts should provide high-quality original approaches to behavioral economics, should be motivated such that the importance of the results is clear to nonspecialists, and should have important managerial implications for business and public policy.
The switching behavior of charts with variable sampling intervals

In a variable sampling interval control scheme the time interval between successive samples is allowed to vary depending on what is being observed from the data. It has been the practice to compare the average time to signal and the average run length of variable sampling interval schemes and the corresponding control procedures with fixed sampling intervals. Thus far design tables for control charts with variable sampling intervals have not considered the effect of the design parameters on the switching behavior of such control procedures. Frequent switches between the different sampling intervals can be a complicating factor in the application of control charts with variable sampling intervals. The problem of switches is addressed in this article and improved switching rules are presented and evaluated for Shewhart control procedures. Expressions for the average number of switches and the average time to signal are obtained. The proposed runs rules considerably reduce the average number of switches betw...
The challenges, advantages and future of phenome-wide association studies.

Over the last decade, significant technological breakthroughs have revolutionized human genomic research in the form of genome-wide association studies (GWASs). GWASs have identified thousands of statistically significant genetic variants associated with hundreds of human conditions including many with immunological aetiologies (e.g. multiple sclerosis, ankylosing spondylitis and rheumatoid arthritis). Unfortunately, most GWASs fail to identify clinically significant associations. Identifying biologically significant variants by GWAS also presents a challenge. The GWAS is a phenotype-to-genotype approach. As a complementary/alternative approach to the GWAS, investigators have begun to exploit extensive electronic medical record systems to conduct a genotype-to-phenotype approach when studying human disease – specifically, the phenome-wide association study (PheWAS). Although the PheWAS approach is in its infancy, this method has already demonstrated its capacity to rediscover important genetic associations related to immunological diseases/conditions. Furthermore, PheWAS has the advantage of identifying genetic variants with pleiotropic properties. This is particularly relevant for HLA variants. For example, PheWAS results have demonstrated that the HLA-DRB1 variant associated with multiple sclerosis may also be associated with erythematous conditions including rosacea. Likewise, PheWAS has demonstrated that the HLA-B genotype is not only associated with spondylopathies, uveitis, and variability in platelet count, but may also play an important role in other conditions, such as mastoiditis. This review will discuss and compare general PheWAS methodologies, describe both the challenges and advantages of the PheWAS, and provide insight into the potential directions in which PheWAS may lead.
Origins of the protein synthesis cycle

Largely derived from experiments in molecular evolution, a theory of protein synthesis cycles has been constructed. The sequence begins with ordered thermal proteins resulting from the self-sequencing of mixed amino acids. Ordered thermal proteins then aggregate to cell-like structures. When they contained proteinoids sufficiently rich in lysine, the structures were able to synthesize offspring peptides. Since lysine-rich proteinoid (LRP) also catalyzes the polymerization of nucleoside triphosphate to polynucleotides, the same microspheres containing LRP could have synthesized both original cellular proteins and cellular nucleic acids. The LRP within protocells would have provided proximity advantageous for the origin and evolution of the genetic code.
Rad23 and Rpn10: perennial wallflowers join the mêlée

Substrate ubiquitination is highly regulated; by contrast, substrate targeting to the proteasome has been considered a stochastic process that is mediated primarily by high-affinity interaction with multi-ubiquitin chains. However, recent findings have shown that substrate recognition by the proteasome is also regulated, and requires Rad23, Dsk2 and Rpn10. These studies suggest that the engagement of protein ubiquitination and translocation with degradation by the proteasome is coordinated by a series of regulated events.
Isolation and partial characterization of a Clostridium species transforming para-hydroxybenzoate and 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate and producing phenols as the final transformation products.

Organisms present in methanogenic freshwater lake sediments from the vicinity of Athens, Georgia, were adapted to mineralize 2,4-dichlorophenol. Repeated addition of 0.5 to 2.7 mmol/liter of phenol, and later of 0.5–6.2 mmol/liter p-hydroxybenzoate (p-OHB), to such enrichments led to the conversion of p-OHB to phenol at a rate of up to 100 mmol p-OHB per liter per day. Subsequently, a spore-forming, obligately anaerobic bacterium, strain JW/Z-1, was isolated which transformed p-OHB to phenol and 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate (3,4-OHB) to catechol (1,2-dihydroxybenzene) stoichiometrically without further metabolism of the phenols. The strain did not transform benzoate, 4-chlorophenol, 2,4-dichlorophenol, 4-chlorobenzoate, o- and m-hydroxybenzoate, 2,4- and 3,5-dihydroxybenzoate, 2,3,4- and 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate, or 4-aminobenzoate. Yeast extract was required for growth of strain JW/Z-1 and only high concentrations of casein hydrolysate or tryptone could substitute it, to some extent. Except for sodium acetate, and some amino acids together with a 20-fold increased concentration of vitamins, no single carbohydrate or defined organic compound has been found to support growth of this strain in the presence (or in the absence) of 0.2 to 0.5% (w/v) yeast extract. The fermentation products during growth on yeast extract indicated that the metabolism of amino acid degradation was the major source for growth. The decarboxylating activity was inducible by p-OHB for the decarboxylation of p-OHB, and at a lower rate for 3,4-OHB, and by 3,4-OHB only for 3,4-OHB, suggesting that two different enzyme systems exist. The addition of the aromatic amino acids phenol or benzoate did not induce the decarboxylation activity in cultures growing with yeast extract. Growth was observed at temperatures ranging from 12–41°C (Topt, 33–34°C) and at pH-values ranging from 6.0–10.0 (pHopt, 7.2–8.2). The shortest doubling time observed for strain JW/Z-1 was 3.2 hours.
Teaching Word Analysis with Math and Engineering Terms

L'analyse de mots par des etudiants en science permet d'accroitre leur efficacite a utiliser les mots. L'analyse se concentre sur trois points: l'etymologie, la possibilite de trier les elements de mots pour former des mots deja connus, la prise de conscience du processus d'assimilation
Thallium in gold-silver-bearing quartz veins and associated volcanic rocks from the Como mining district, Vevada, U.S.A.

Abstract Ninety-two samples of AuAg-bearing quartz veins and associated volcanic rocks from the Como mining district, Nevada, have been analyzed for Au, Ag, Tl, Rb, K, Ba and Sr, and data on K/Tl, K/Rb, Ba/Tl, Tl/Sr and Rb/Sr ratios are presented. The Au and Ag concentrations along with the Tl/Sr and Rb/Sr ratios increase in order from unaltered andesite to altered andesite and AuAg-bearing quartz veins while the K/Tl, K/Rb and Ba/Tl ratios decrease. The relationship between Tl, Rb and K indicates that Tl in the mineralized rocks is more enriched than Rb which, in turn, is more enriched than K. The data obtained in this study suggest that the content of Tl and the Ba/Tl and K/Tl ratios are useful exploration tools in delineating precious metal vein deposits, which are associated with volcanic rocks and which show a wide variation in concentrations of Au and Ag due to their natural inhomogeneous distribution.
Changes in plasma corticosteroids during smoltification of coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch

Abstract Plasma corticosteroid concentrations were determined by competitive protein binding assay in coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch , during smoltification. Between January and April plasma corticosteroid levels decreased from 8.6 to 3.5 ng/ml, but increased to 24.0 ng/ml by the end of May in smolts retained in fresh water. This nearly eightfold increase in corticosteroids occurred as plasma thyroxin levels declined. Thus plasma corticosteroids appear to be increasing during the period when coho salmon normally migrate to sea.
Computed tomographic scan findings in closed head trauma

Abstract One hundred fifty closed head trauma patients are analyzed in relationship to clinical findings. Little additional data was supplied in patients with milder clinical presentations in more severe trauma, good correlation was generally obtained and computed tomographc (CT) scan eas extremely useful, ususlly eliminating the need for additional studies in the acutely traumatizes patient.
Instrumentation for the CCAT Telescope

We present a first cut instrument design package for the proposed 25 meter Cornell-Caltech Atacama Telescope (CCAT). The primary science for CCAT can be achieved through wide field photometric imaging in the short submillimeter through millimeter (200 μm to 2 mm) telluric windows. We present strawman designs for two cameras: a 32,000 pixel short submillimeter (200 to 650 μm) camera using transition edge sensed bare bolometer arrays that Nyquist samples (@ 350 μm) a 5'×5' field of view (FoV), and a 45,000 pixel long wavelength camera (850 μm to 2 mm) that uses slot dipole antennae coupled bolometer arrays with wavelength dependent sampling that covers up to a 20' square FoV. These are our first light instruments. We also anticipate "borrowed" instruments such as direct detection and heterodyne detection spectrometers will be available at, or nearly at first light.
Fixation of microvasculature for electron microscopy

Abstract Small blood vessels in mammals can be fixed chemically for electron microscopy either by topical application of the fixative or by intra-arterial perfusion. These two methods of chemical fixation are described in detail. Advantages and disadvantages are discussed.
Theory of high-frequency linear response of isotropic type-II superconductors in the mixed state.

A self-consistent approach to vortex dynamics, including the effects of nonlocal vortex interaction, pinning, and creep, is further clarified and unified by its restatement in terms of an initial-boundary value problem. We derive and solve a single vector partial differential equation describing the linear response of a type-II superconductor in the mixed state at frequencies well below the gap frequency. The solution of this equation, presented here for several sample geometries, provides the phenomenological superconductor dispersion relation, accompanying complex penetration depths, and complex response functions. The theory is expected to have applicability to a wide range of experiments involving vortex dynamics.
Researching American Indian Revitalization Movements

American Indian revitalization movements evolved during the 18th and 19th centuries in North America in response to European cultures overwhelming and clashing with native lifestyles and cultures. Revitalization movements emerged due to many factors: the devastating effects of diseases brought in by the Europeans, the displacement of Indians from their traditional lands, warfare between Indians and Whites, the introduction of powerful new and damaging technologies, and the overall upheaval and disintegration of traditional Indian societies and cultures. These revitalization movements were religious in nature, offering hope for relief from the new oppressions. Three of the most well-known revitalization movements are the Ghost Dance, the Sun Dance, and peyotism and the Native American Church. In this essay, librarians, and other researchers are provided guidance in finding books, articles, and other materials on these topics.
Demand side management trends in the power grid

The roadmap of the Smart Grid project includes exploiting the intrinsic elasticity of electricity demand in the future, to make it responsive to the near term cost of supplying generation. This would curb costly peaks of demand and allow for a greater penetration of renewable energy sources. The mechanisms serving this purpose are referred to as Demand Side Management (DSM) and Demand-Response (DR) programs. While it is clear that DSM and DR will be indispensable to loosen the control over the generation and decrease the reserve requirements, there is much debate on what is the right architecture for DSM and DR programs. In this paper we discuss current trends that are being considered as candidates for DSM and DR and critically compare them, outlining research directions that should be pursued in the future to overcome this dilemma.
Collaboration of Nonprofit Organizations with Local Government for Immigrant Language Acquisition

This article maintains that local government and nonprofit organizations are key collaborative agents in the delivery of language access services in the City of Philadelphia. Based on research conducted from February 2009 through September 2010, this article utilizes personal interviews, document analyses, and other data to situate the shared responsibility forged between the public and nonprofit sectors in the realm of language access. Local government relies on a range of nonprofit networks for both public support and community outreach in immigrant neighborhoods. Nonprofits, on the other hand, rely on the welcoming political climate that protocols and municipal directives provide for immigrants at the local level. As Philadelphia touts itself as a reemerging destination for immigrants, this article highlights the prominent role that nonprofit organizations play in the work of immigrant accompaniment by ensuring equal access to city services, regardless of linguistic ability.
Transcription stimulates recombination I. Specialized transduction of Escherichia coli by λtrp phages

Specialized transduction of Trp+ by lambda trp phages, whose trp genes were totally under the control of the PL promoter of lambda, was studied. In all cases the efficiency of transduction (EOT) was significantly reduced in homoimmune recipients. In Su- recipients the EOT by phages whose trp gene expression was N-dependent was reduced 2- to 3-fold by the lambda mutant Pam but 30- to 100-fold by an Nam mutant. With phages whose trp gene expression was N-independent, either Pam or Nam caused 2- to 3-fold reduction in the EOT. It was concluded that transcription of the trp genes of the specialized transducing phages had a direct, stimulatory effect on their recombination leading to transduction.
Methods of Digital Video Microscopy for Colloidal Studies

We describe a set of image processing algorithms for extracting quantitative data from digitized video microscope images of colloidal suspensions. In a typical application, these direct imaging techniques can locate submicrometer spheres to within 10 nm in the focal plane and 150 nm in depth. Combining information from a sequence of video images into single-particle trajectories makes possible measurements of quantities of fundamental and practical interest such as diffusion coefficients and pair-wise interaction potentials. The measurements we describe in detail combine the outstanding resolution of digital imaging with video-synchronized optical trapping to obtain highly accurate and reproducible results very rapidly.
Screening in a cell-based assay for inhibitors of microglial nitric oxide production reveals calmodulin-regulated protein kinases as potential drug discovery targets.

A high-throughput screening (HTS) assay for inhibitors of nitric oxide (NO) production by activated microglia was developed and used to compare the relative activities of various anti-inflammatory compounds and cell-permeable protein kinase inhibitors. BV-2 cells, an immortalized line that retains phenotypic features of microglia and produces NO in response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS), were used in the activation paradigm for the HTS assay. A characteristic feature of the compounds that were the most potent dose-dependent inhibitors of NO production is their ability to modulate serine/threonine protein kinases. The anti-inflammatory compound K252a, an inhibitor of calmodulin (CaM)-regulated protein kinases, had one of the highest potencies in the assay. Other classes of kinase inhibitors, including the protein kinase A inhibitor H-89, the mitogen activated protein kinase inhibitors PD98059 and SB203580, and the tyrosine kinase inhibitor genistein, were less potent and efficacious than K252a or the general serine/threonine/tyrosine kinase inhibitor staurosporine. K252a suppresses production of the inducible nitric-oxide synthase (iNOS). The inhibitory effect of K252a is not due to cell toxicity and does not correlate with inhibition of NFκB nuclear translocation. The mechanism of action appears to involve inhibition of phosphorylation of the transcription factor CREB, a protein whose activity is modulated by phosphorylation by CaM-dependent protein kinases. These data suggest that signal transduction pathways mediated by CaM-dependent protein kinases warrant future study as potential drug discovery targets.
Calorimetric sensing system for real-time urea and creatinine measurements

A high-sensitivity, calorimetric, point-of-care device for automated bedside urine testing based on a micromachined thermal sensor is presented. Immobilized urease and creatinine iminohydrolase enzymes on thin (25 μm) Kapton® films are used to measure the catalytic calorimetric output as a function of concentration. The sensor design locates the active Kapton® film in close proximity to the quartz temperature sensor thereby providing an efficient heat coupling between the two. Measurements of urea concentration at room temperature using the continuous flow set-up and creatinine in open chamber setup at 37 °C are presented. Concentrations of 50 mM for urea and 100 μM for creatinine have been measured. The paper presents the first non-contact, continuous flow thermal sensing measurements. The unique sensor design allows for enzyme immobilized Kapton® film as an easy to swap disposable cartridge and represents a significant advancement for clinical diagnostic application.
Molecular modeling studies of the complex between cyclophilin and cyclosporin A

The structure of the complex between cyclophilin and cyclosporin A is predicted by combining X-ray crystallographic and NMR spectroscopic data using molecular modeling. The drug was placed at the receptor site using a directed docking procedure in which an impulse is imparted to a pre-oriented ligand along an established path. Both ligand and receptor atoms are flexible during the procedure. Two conformers of the MeBMT side chain are shown to result in similar ligand-receptor interaction energies. The models for the drug-receptor complex appear consistent with known experimental data and provide a significant opportunity for the design of compounds with enhanced therapeutic value.
Adaptive-rate nonbinary LDPC coding for frequency-hop communications

We evaluate the performance of irregular low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes in slow frequency-hop spread-spectrum systems with nonbinary orthogonal modulation. We also evaluate the performance of two adaptive coding protocols for the LDPC codes. The protocols use information derived by the iterative decoder during the decoding of each packet to select the code rate for the next packet. Performance results are presented for static partial-band noise channels and for partial-band noise channels with time-varying interference bandwidth or power. The adaptive coding protocol is shown to have good performance, even on channels that cause some of the individual codes to exhibit nonmonotonic throughput.
Visual and profilometric wear measurements.

Wear of composites can be estimated by the degree of marginal discrepancy between the prepared cavity wall and the occlusal margins of composites. Such evaluations are done on casts by comparing and rating the marginal discrepancy with those on standard casts. We analyzed the reliability of this technique on metal and stone specimens. These specimens contained grooves of different width and depth. For the visual comparison we used stone casts of machined standards of known groove depth. We measured the depths of the metal specimens with a profilometer and made stone casts of these original specimens. Using the stone casts of the standards, five dentists estimated the unknown groove depths on the remaining stone casts. These estimates were done under standardized conditions and repeated by each dentist on five different occasions. The results showed that visual depth evaluations of die stone specimens underestimated the depths when compared with the values measured with a profilometer on the original metal...
Separation of CO2 from CH4 using mixed-ligand metal-organic frameworks.

The adsorption of CO2 and CH4 in a mixed-ligand metal−organic framework (MOF) Zn2(NDC)2(DPNI) [NDC = 2,6-naphthalenedicarboxylate, DPNI = N,N′-di-(4-pyridyl)-1,4,5,8-naphthalene tetracarboxydiimide] was investigated using volumetric adsorption measurements and grand canonical Monte Carlo (GCMC) simulations. The MOF was synthesized by two routes: first at 80 °C for two days with conventional heating, and second at 120 °C for 1 h using microwave heating. The two as-synthesized samples exhibit very similar powder X-ray diffraction patterns, but the evacuated samples show differences in nitrogen uptake. From the single-component CO2 and CH4 isotherms, mixture adsorption was predicted using the ideal adsorbed solution theory (IAST). The microwave sample shows a selectivity of ∼30 for CO2 over CH4, which is among the highest selectivities reported for this separation. The applicability of IAST to this system was demonstrated by performing GCMC simulations for both single-component and mixture adsorption.
Thoughts on reviewing

The July 2007 issue of CCR elicited review process horror stories. I expect that everyone has their own vast collection. I certainly do. However, I found that picking my favorite story to be like choosing my favorite offspring. Therefore, rather than focusing on a single tale of woe I have tried to extrapolate some key points from across the suboptimal reviewing I have observed. I write this essay from the perspective of an author who has years of accepts and rejects. However, this note is also greatly informed by my refereeing activities over the years (on PCs, reviewing for journals, editorial boards, etc.). My intent is to make general observations in the hopes of contributing to a conversation that improves our overall review processes and ultimately helps us establish a stronger set of community values with regards to what we expect and appreciate in papers. While I strive for generality I do not claim the observations are unbiased or that I have closed all my open wounds in this area. Before going any further it is important that I note several things:
Imaging of concrete structures

Abstract Demand for the development of non-destructive testing (NDT) techniques for concrete structures has increased with the growing concern about the deteriorating condition of the World's infrastructure. Efficient and accurate imaging techniques are needed for a reliable evaluation of safety and serviceability of concrete structures. Although, presently, imaging is routinely used in various fields, implementation of these technologies in NDT of civil engineering systems, especially of concrete structures, offers many challenges and requires additional development due to the composite nature of the concrete material and the complexities of reinforced or prestressed concrete systems. This paper presents the basic principles of various imaging techniques associated with several NDT methods applicable to concrete structures. The techniques considered are radiography, radioactive computerized tomography, infrared thermography, radar imaging and acoustic imaging. Special considerations regarding the applicability and accuracy of these techniques for the condition assessment of concrete structures are discussed, and examples of imaging applications are given.
Oral amyloidosis: Two unusual case presentations☆

Two cases of oral amyloidosis are reported. In each case there were unusual oral manifestations. In the first case the patient's only complaints were of recurrent swelling of the submandibular glands and xerostomia. The diagnosis of amyloidosis was determined from a labial salivary gland biopsy. In the second case an enlarged tongue had produced displacement of the teeth, causing malocclusion. The resulting difficulty in chewing stimulated the patient to seek advice. In each case the diagnosis was confirmed by electron microscopy, Congo red staining, and serum and urine electrophoresis.
Parathyroid Hormone Regulation of Type II Sodium-Phosphate Cotransporters Is Dependent on an A Kinase Anchoring Protein *

Parathyroid hormone inhibits sodium-phosphate cotransport in proximal renal tubule cells through activation of several kinases. We tested the hypothesis that the activity of these kinases was coordinated by an A kinase anchoring protein (AKAP) by demonstrating that the type II sodium-phosphate cotransporter (NaPi-4) physically associated with an AKAP and that this association was necessary for regulation of phosphate transport by parathyroid hormone. Immunoprecipitation with anti-NaPi-4 antiserum and glutathione S-transferase pull-down with GST-NaPi-4 showed that NaPi-4 associated with AKAP79, protein kinase A catalytic and regulatory subunits, and the parathyroid hormone receptor in opossum kidney cells. When the regulatory subunit of protein kinase A was uncoupled from the AKAP by a competing peptide, parathyroid hormone lost the ability to inhibit phosphate transport. This result was confirmed by co-transfecting HEK293 cells with the sodium-phosphate cotransporter and wild type AKAP, a mutant AKAP79, or the empty vector. 8-Bromo-cAMP was able to inhibit phosphate transport in cells expressing the wild type AKAP79 but not empty vector or mutant AKAP79. We conclude that parathyroid hormone inhibits proximal renal tubule sodium-phosphate cotransport through a signaling complex dependent upon an AKAP.
Toll-like receptor 2 modulates the expression of T cell transcription factors following alcohol and burn injury

s / Alcohol 47 (2013) 567–576 572 17. Toll-like receptor 2 modulates the expression of T cell transcription factors following alcohol and burn injury X. Li, J.L. Rendon, M.A. Choudhry, Alcohol Research Program, Burn & Shock Trauma Research Institute, Department of Surgery, Loyola University Chicago Health Sciences Division, Maywood, IL 60153, USA Previous studies from our laboratory have shown that acute alcohol (ethanol) intoxication combined with burn injury suppresses T cell proliferation, IL-2 and IFN-g production. We further found that T cell stimulation with Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) agonist (HKLM) prevents the decrease in T cell IFN-g release following ethanol and burn injury. This study examined the effect of ethanol and burn injury on T cell transcription factors (e.g., NFAT, Tbx21, Jun and Fos) and determined whether TLR2 agonist modulates the expression of these factors following ethanol and burn injury. To test this, male C57/BL6 mice (w25 g) were gavaged with ethanol (w2.9 mg/kg) to achieve a blood ethanol level of w100 mg/dl prior to receiving w12.5% total body surface area sham or burn injury. One day after injury, mice were sacrificed and splenic T cells were isolated. T cells were cultured with platebound anti-CD3 antibody in the presence or absence of TLR2 agonist (HKLM 108 cells/ml) for 48 h. Supernatants were collected for the measurement of IFN-g by ELISA and cells were lysed. The cells lysates were analyzed for NFAT, Tbx21, Jun and Fos mRNA expression by RT-PCR. As reported earlier, there was a significant decrease in IFN-g release following ethanol and burn injury compared to shams. T cells stimulated with anti-CD3 combined with TLR2 agonist did not show a decrease in IFN-g release following ethanol and burn injury. This was accompanied with a significant decrease in NFAT, Tbx21, Jun and Fos expression in T cells stimulated with anti-CD3 following ethanol and burn injury. However T cells stimulated with anti-CD3 combined with TLR2 agonist did not exhibit a decrease in expression of these transcription factors. Together, these findings suggest that TLR2 stimulation of T cells normalizes IFN-g by modulating NFAT, Tbx21, Jun and Fos expression following ethanol intoxication combined with burn injury (Supported by NIH R01 AA015731 [MAC], F30 AA020167 [JR] and the Dr. Ralph and Marian C. Falk Medical
Abdominal obesity and carotid artery wall thickness. The Los Angeles Atherosclerosis Study

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether or not abdominal obesity is associated with the intima-media thickness (IMT) of the carotid artery wall independently of total body obesity and major risk factors for atherosclerosis. DESIGN: Longitudinal epidemiological study. SUBJECTS: A total of 573 middle-aged employees of a utility company. MEASUREMENTS: Sagittal and transverse abdominal diameters, their ratio and difference were used as measures of abdominal obesity. RESULTS: Abdominal diameters and body mass index (BMI) were significantly associated with blood pressure, serum lipoproteins and fasting insulin. In cross-sectional multiple regression models, the sagittal/transverse ratio and BMI were significantly associated with IMT in the presence of atherosclerosis risk, but the sagittal diameter was not. In longitudinal models, baseline BMI was an independent predictor of IMT progression but the sagittal and transverse diameters were not. CONCLUSION: These findings do not support the hypothesis that abdominal obesity is an independent predictor of carotid artery IMT. The consistent pattern of association of measures of general obesity with carotid artery IMT emphasizes the continuing need for prevention and control of this important risk factor.
Innovations in the Development and Application of Edible Coatings for Fresh and Minimally Processed Fruits and Vegetables

ABSTRACT: One of the major growth segments in the food retail industry is fresh and minimally processed fruits and vegetables. This new market trend has thus increased the demands to the food industry for seeking new strategies to increase storability and shelf life and to enhance microbial safety of fresh produce. The technology of edible coatings has been considered as one of the potential approaches for meeting this demand. Edible coatings from renewable sources, including lipids, polysaccharides, and proteins, can function as barriers to water vapor, gases, and other solutes and also as carriers of many functional ingredients, such as antimicrobial and antioxidant agents, thus enhancing quality and extending shelf life of fresh and minimally processed fruits and vegetables. This review discusses the rationale of using edible coatings on fresh and minimally processed produce, the challenges in developing effective coatings that meet the specific criteria of fruits and vegetables, the recent advances in the development of coating technology, the analytical techniques for measuring some important coating functionalities, and future research needs for supporting a broad range of commercial applications.