cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Anti-GPIIIa49-66 Antibody on Megakaryocyte Differentiation.

Abstract Abstract 1434 We previously reported that patients with early-onset HIV-1 ITP develop a unique anti-platelet integrin GPIIIa antibody against the GPIIIa49-66 epitope. Anti-GPIIIa49-66 antibody-induced platelet fragmentation requires sequential activation of the platelet 12-lipoxygenase (12-LO) and NADPH oxidase to release reactive oxygen species (ROS). 12-LO is upstream of the NADPH oxidase pathway and 12(S)-HETE, the product of 12-LO, induces the same oxidative platelet fragmentation as anti-GPIIIa49-66. Since the megakaryocyte (MK) is the progenitor cells for platelets and may contain similar signal pathways, we have investigated the effect of anti-GPIIIa49-66 on MK differentiation and, in particular, the potential role of anti-GPIIIa49-66 induced ROS in this process. We first show that polyclonal anti-GPIIIa49-66 antibody isolated from HIV-1 ITP patients inhibits MK proliferation 2.5 fold in in vitro culture of mouse bone marrow Lin-/- cells driven by thrombopoietin (TPO). We also observed a 3 fold decrease in the number of MK colony-forming units in the presence of a human monoclonal anti-GPIIIa49-66 antibody we generated. However, we could not detect ROS release in DCFH-loaded MEG-01 cells treated with anti-GPIIIa49-66 antibody. In addition, 12(S)-HETE does not inhibit the in vitro differentiation of MK cell line L8057 induced by TPO. In fact, we found a dose dependent increasing of the percentage of αIIb integrin positive cells (from 17.1% to 48.7%) in in vitro culture of L8057 treated by various concentration of H2O2 (from 5 to 20μM). Thus, our data suggests that ROS is not involved in the inhibition of MK differentiation induced by anti-GPIIIa49-66, in contrast to the effect that this antibody has on mature platelets. We therefore conclude that the anti-GPIIIa49-66 antibody dysregulates ROS independent β3 integrin signaling to inhibit MK differentiation. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Dean Worcester's Fantasy Islands: Photography, Film, and the Colonial Philippines by Mark Rice (review)

Rice, Mark. Dean Worcester's Fantasy Islands: Photography, Film, and the Colonial Philippines . Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press, 2014. Review by Paul A. Rodell.
A replication of Bowman's paradox across 28 countries

Abstract This study assessed the generalizability of Bowman's paradox across 12,235 firms from 28 countries. Cross-sectional and longitudinal relationships between risk and return provided broad support for the presence of Bowman's paradox in diverse country settings (Asia, Europe, and South Africa), except India, Japan, and South Korea, where the relationship was positive. This replication confirms that Bowman's paradox generally holds across diverse institutional and cultural settings and supports prior studies on Bowman's paradox based on US samples.
Monitoring Free Mycophenolic Acid Concentration: Is There Any Clinical Advantage?

Immunosuppressant agents that require therapeutic drug monitoring are also strongly bound to serum proteins. Because only unbound (free) drugs are pharmacologically active, many investigators have explored the possibility of monitoring free immunosuppressants instead of traditionally monitored total drug concentration. Current evidence indicates that monitoring free mycophenolic acid is useful in patients with uremia or hypoalbuminemia.
Genetic Predisposition, Clinical Risk Factor Burden, and Lifetime Risk of Atrial Fibrillation

Background:The long-term probability of developing atrial fibrillation (AF) considering genetic predisposition and clinical risk factor burden is unknown. Methods:We estimated the lifetime risk of ...
Cost of Major Complications After Liver Resection in the United States: Are High-volume Centers Cost-effective?

OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to estimate the cost of major complications after liver resection and determine whether high-volume (HV) centers are cost-effective. METHODS From 2002 to 2011, 96,107 cases of liver resection performed in the United States were identified using Nationwide Inpatient Sample. Hospitals were categorized as HV (150+ cases/yr), medium-volume (51-149 cases/yr), and low-volume (LV) (1-50 cases/yr) centers. Multivariable regression analysis identified predictors of cost. Propensity score matching comparing cases with versus without complications and costs of specific complications were estimated. Cost-effectiveness of HV centers was determined by calculating the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio. RESULTS After propensity score matching, the occurrence of a major complication added $33,855 extra cost, increased mean length of stay by 8.7 [95% confidence interval (CI), 8.4-9] days and increased risk of death by 9.3% (all P < 0.001). The cost of most common complications was wound infection (3.8%, $21,995), renal failure (2.8%, $19,201), respiratory failure (2.7%, $25,169), and hemorrhage (3.3%, $9,180), whereas sepsis (0.8%, $33,009), gastrointestinal bleeding (0.5%, $32,835), fistula (0.2%, $27,079), and foreign body removal (0.1%, $29,404) were most costly, but less frequent. Compared with LV centers, liver resection at HV centers was associated with $5109 (95% CI, 4409-5809, P < 0.001) more cost per case, yet on average 0.54 years (95% CI, 0.23-0.86) longer survival for an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of $9392. CONCLUSIONS HV centers were cost-effective at performing liver resection compared with LV centers. After liver resection, complications such as surgical site infection, respiratory failure, and renal failure contributed the most to annual cost burden.
La rosa como motivo literario en Angela María Dávila Malavé y Manuel Ramos Otero

This article explores how these two Puerto Rican poets appropriate the famous trope of the rose in their respective poems “?Sera la rosa?" and “La rosa”. A comparative analysis reveals the literariness of the rose as an enclosed space containing a polarity of forces that conjugate in life and death, though both poets treat this space differently. In “?Sera la rosa?” the rhetorical interrogation becomes an inquiry about the most important floral symbol of the Western world as a possible locus of a certain order capable of imposing itself over the chaos of existence. In "La rosa” we are in front of a rose-sore that reveals an aestheticization of the suffering of the lyrical subject who's dying as a result of AIDS related complications. Both poems show a possible conceptual debt with Sor Juana's sonnet “A una rosa".
Detection of RIPK1 in the FADD-Containing Death Inducing Signaling Complex (DISC) During Necroptosis

FAS-associated protein with death domain (FADD) is a signaling molecule required by members of the TNF receptor superfamily (TNFRSF) such as FAS and TNFR1 to induce apoptosis. FADD is a small adapter molecule that functions as a scaffold to recruit procaspase-8 and other regulators. The FADD-containing signaling complex that initiates the apoptotic cascade has been termed the death inducing signaling complex (DISC). In the absence of FADD, death receptors cannot induce apoptosis and in appropriate cell types, these death receptors then induce necroptosis. Necroptosis can also be induced by death receptors in FADD-sufficient cells when caspase-8 is inhibited, usually accomplished by the addition of caspase inhibitors. Under such necroptotic conditions, the immunoprecipitation of FADD to isolate the DISC can be utilized to examine components of this complex. Here, we describe the immunoprecipitation of FADD and subsequent western-blotting to identify RIPK1 in this complex during necroptosis.
Sputter-Coated Metal Screening for Small Molecule Analysis and High-Spatial Resolution Imaging in Laser Desorption Ionization Mass Spectrometry

Nanoparticles are efficient matrices in laser desorption/ionization (LDI) mass spectrometry (MS), especially for the profiling or imaging of small molecules. Recently, solvent-free physical vapor desorption (PVD), or sputter coating, was adopted as a homogenous method to rapidly apply metal nanoparticles (NPs) in situ to samples prior to LDI MS or MS imaging analysis. However, there has been no systematic study comparing different metal targets for the analysis of a variety of small molecule metabolites. Here, we present a screening and optimization of various sputter-coated metals, including Ag, Au, Cu, Pt, Ni, and Ti, for LDI analysis of small molecules in both positive and negative ion modes. Optimized sputter coating is then applied to high-spatial resolution LDI mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) of maize root and seed cross-sections. Noble metals, Ag, Au, and Pt, are found to be much more efficient than transition metals and organic matrices for most small metabolites. Sputter-coated metals are efficient for neutral lipids, such as triacylglycerols and diacylglycerols, but are very inefficient for most phospholipids.
Mouse Necl-3 promoter methylation in TRAMP cells

1592 Necl-3 is a member of the Nectin-like (Necls) molecule family which belongs to the larger immunoglobulin superfamily. Mouse Nectin-like 3 (mNecl-3) was cloned by RT-PCR based on the human sequence. The homology of mNecl-3 mRNA with hNecl-3 is about 89.8%, with an amino acid homology of 97.5%. This indicates that Necl-3 is highly conserved between mice and humans. Domain analysis demonstrated a predicted extracellular domain (EC) containing one Ig-like V -type domain, two Ig-like C2-type domains, a single hydrophobic trans-membrane domain, and a short intracellular domain (IC) containing two putative signaling motifs - protein 4.1 and PDZ-binding domains. One alternative splicing variant of mNecl-3 was also cloned and characterized. This variant of mNecl-3b lacked exon-9 encoding a proximal O-glycosylation site. The mNecl-3 gene is located in Contig CAAA01039711.1 including chromosome 16C1.3 locus, the syntenic region of human chromosome 3p12.1 which is among the most frequently lost in many types of cancer. Cell aggregation assays demonstrated mNecl-3 overexpression increased through homophilic interactions in a Ca2+/Mg2+-independent manner. Western analysis of a variety of mouse tissues indicated good specificity of rabbit polyclonal peptide antibodies in mice and that mNecl-3 was expressed in multiple normal tissues tested, especially brain, liver, kidney, lung, and prostate. The protein size of 60kD was similar to that in human prostate and suggestive of probable dimerization. However, mRNA and protein expression in some TRAMP cell lines was reduced when compared with expression in normal prostate epithelial tissue. To determine the mechanism of down-regulation of mNecl-3 in mouse prostate cancer, methylation of the mNecl-3 promoters was investigated. Promoter sequence analysis identified one large CpG island in the promoter region of mNecl-3. Bisulfite genomic sequencing analysis revealed distinct methylation patterns. The promoter was unmethylated in normal prostate epithelial tissue, but extensively methylated in TRAMP C2 sublines such as TRAMP-C2H and C2N (78.8% and 67.7% respectively) both of which are metastatic and partially methylated in TRAMP-C2D and C2G (29.8% and 13.8% respectively). A significant correlation between promoter hypermethylation and loss of mNecl-3 mRNA expression in TRAMP cell lines was demonstrated. Therefore we propose to assess the status of TRAMP tissues in different stages of PIN, cancer, and metastasis to elucidate the relationship of methylation and pathological status.
The Effect of Incoming Boundary Layer Characteristics on the Performance of a Distributed Propulsion System

An experimental study is conducted in an effort to advance the understanding of flow physics associated with a boundary layer ingesting, distributed propulsion system. The influence of incoming boundary layer thickness and flow distortions are studied on the flow downstream and the overall performance of the system. The propulsion model, fabricated using additive manufacturing and integrated with electrical fans, is mounted on a flat plate and tested at subsonic speeds. Detailed characterization of the incoming boundary layer and subsequent assessment of the downstream flow field is performed using hotwire anemometry. Modification of the incoming boundary layer is achieved by placing tripping devices, such as rods and vortex generating ramps, near the leading edge of the flat plate. The overall performance of the system for different incoming flow conditions is analyzed by comparing magnitudes of exhaust velocities as well as estimated propulsive power to the corresponding baseline values. For a constant input power to the fans, smaller upstream flow distortions and moderately thickened boundary layers result in marginal changes in the flow field downstream. On the other hand, notable reductions in downstream flow velocities and propulsive power are observed in the case of a significantly thicker and/or distorted incoming boundary layer. It is hoped that this study will serve as a database for this technologically relevant flow field that has not been explored adequately before.
THE INFLUENCE OF JOB EMBEDDEDNEES ON TURNOVER INTENTIONS AMONG ADVERTISING MANAGERS

In recent years, job embeddedness has been the focus of extensive research because of its relationship to employees’ turnover behavior. This research developed and tested a model, with a sample of advertising managers, examining the role of perceived supervisor support (PSS) as a mediator between organizational justice and job embeddedness. Distributive justice, interactional justice, and procedural justice were predictors of PSS. The relationship between organizational justice and job embeddedness was indirect through PSS. The results have important implications for controlling turnover.
Hypertonic Saline is Superior to Mannitol for the Combined Effect on Intracranial Pressure and Cerebral Perfusion Pressure Burdens in Patients With Severe Traumatic Brain Injury.

BACKGROUND Hypertonic saline (HTS) and mannitol are effective in reducing intracranial pressure (ICP) after severe traumatic brain injury (TBI). However, their simultaneous effect on the cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) and ICP has not been studied rigorously. OBJECTIVE To determine the difference in effects of HTS and mannitol on the combined burden of high ICP and low CPP in patients with severe TBI. METHODS We performed a case-control study using prospectively collected data from the New York State TBI-trac® database (Brain Trauma Foundation, New York, New York). Patients who received only 1 hyperosmotic agent, either mannitol or HTS for raised ICP, were included. Patients in the 2 groups were matched (1:1 and 1:2) for factors associated with 2-wk mortality: age, Glasgow Coma Scale score, pupillary reactivity, hypotension, abnormal computed tomography scans, and craniotomy. Primary endpoint was the combined burden of ICPhigh (> 25 mm Hg) and CPPlow (< 60 mm Hg). RESULTS There were 25 matched pairs for 1:1 comparison and 24 HTS patients matched to 48 mannitol patients in 1:2 comparisons. Cumulative median osmolar doses in the 2 groups were similar. In patients treated with HTS compared to mannitol, total number of days (0.6 ± 0.8 vs 2.4 ± 2.3 d, P < .01), percentage of days with (8.8 ± 10.6 vs 28.1 ± 26.9%, P < .01), and the total duration of ICPhigh + CPPlow (11.12 ± 14.11 vs 30.56 ± 31.89 h, P = .01) were significantly lower. These results were replicated in the 1:2 match comparisons. CONCLUSION HTS bolus therapy appears to be superior to mannitol in reduction of the combined burden of intracranial hypertension and associated hypoperfusion in severe TBI patients.
Preeclampsia Induced Liver Dysfunction Complicated by Disseminated Intravascular Coagulopathy and Placental Abruption: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

A 33-year-old primigravida at 32-week gestation was admitted to labor and delivery complaining of severe right upper quadrant pain and worsening coagulopathy. We report the anesthetic and obstetrical management of a complex case of a parturient with a mixed picture of hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes and low platelets who was delivered under general anesthesia further complicated by Disseminated Intravascular Coagulopathy (DIC) and placental abruption.
Perioperative chemotherapy for resectable colorectal hepatic metastases—what does the EORTC 40983 trial update mean?

The liver is the most common site of colorectal cancer metastasis. Although successful resection leads to durable overall survival (OS), local and distant recurrence is common. As a result, multidisciplinary strategies have been developed to decrease recurrence rates as well as increase the number of candidates for resection. A recent update to the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) Intergroup trial 40983 has been published comparing perioperative chemotherapy to surgery alone. This randomized trial initially demonstrated a benefit in progression free survival (PFS) with the administration of perioperative FOLFOX chemotherapy, albeit with an increased rate of complications. Although this led many investigators and clinicians to adopt the perioperative approach, the recent update failed to report any advantage in OS and therefore results in further controversy as to the role of perioperative systemic chemotherapy in the treatment of resectable colorectal hepatic metastases.
A Grey Box Software Framework for Sustainability Assessment of Composed Manufacturing Processes: A Hybrid Manufacturing Case

Abstract A lack of consistent data, reliable analysis techniques, and user-friendly tools is inhibiting decision makers’ abilities to assess and evaluate the sustainability performance of manufacturing processes and systems. Recent integration of information technology with advanced manufacturing technologies has led to a new paradigm, termed smart manufacturing or Industry 4.0. To leverage this paradigm shift for the advancement of sustainable manufacturing, efforts have been made to characterize unit manufacturing processes (UMPs) for sustainability assessment and to develop frameworks, methodologies, and standards utilizing information modeling approaches. This paper proposes a grey box object-oriented software framework for sustainability assessment of complex manufacturing systems, utilizing the multiple inheritance principle for composition of UMP models. Information modeling guidelines based on the framework are provided for UMP model developers and UMP performance analysts to construct and analyze system models. To demonstrate the usefulness of the framework and guidelines, a prototype information model is developed for a hybrid manufacturing system composed of fused deposition modeling (an additive process) and CNC milling (a subtractive process).
Secessionism and Terrorism: Bombs, Blood, and Independence in Europe and Eurasia

This edited volume is an interesting and highly readable collection of case studies of secessionist terrorist movements across Europe and Eurasia. The cases discussed in the volume include the Iris...
A New Competency-Based Instrument to Assess Resident Knowledge and Self-Efficacy in Primary Palliative Care.

Context:There is a need to improve both primary palliative care (PPC) education and its assessment in graduate medical education (GME). We developed an instrument based on published palliative care...
COVID‐19 and Global Governance

Abstract The COVID-19 epidemic has sent economic and social shockwaves reverberating across the globe, and has shaken governance institutions at every level and across a range of issues, from trade to health and climate change An important question is whether COVID will accelerate, slow, or perhaps reverse some key trends in global governance Most prominently, the global and multilateral governance regimes that developed post-World War II were already weakening and fragmenting before COVID (Acharya, 2016) In a closely related phenomenon, cosmopolitan liberalism, as a set of institutions and ideologies committed to a democratic open society, human rights, and multiculturalism, has also retreated in the face of rising populism and authoritarianism in recent years (Norris and Inglehart, 2019) COVID could also affect a third important trend, the decline of state regulation and the rise of private, voluntary, and disclosure-based governance (Levy, Brown, and de Jong, 2010) The impact of COVID on these trends suggests some fruitful new directions for scholars of global governance and organizations
Outcomes associated with the use of medications for opioid use disorder during pregnancy.

AIM To test the effect of the duration of medication for opioid use disorder (MOUD) use during pregnancy on maternal, perinatal and neonatal outcomes. DESIGN Retrospective cohort analysis of claims, encounter and pharmacy data. SETTING Pennsylvania, USA. PARTICIPANTS We analyzed 13 320 pregnancies among 10 741 women with opioid use disorder aged 15-44 years enrolled in Pennsylvania Medicaid between 2009 and 2017. MEASUREMENTS We examined five outcomes during pregnancy and for 12 weeks postpartum: (1) overdose, (2) postpartum MOUD continuation, (3) preterm birth (< 37 weeks gestation), (4) term low birth weight (< 2500 g at ≥ 37 weeks) and (5) neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS). Our primary exposure was the duration (count of weeks) of any MOUD use, including methadone or buprenorphine, during pregnancy. FINDINGS Among 13 320 pregnancies, 306 (2.3%) were complicated by an overdose, 1753 (13.2%) resulted in a preterm birth and 6787 (50.9%) continued MOUD postpartum. Among infants, 874 (7.6%) were low birth weight at term and 7706 (57.9%) were diagnosed with NAS. As the duration of MOUD use increased, we found a statistically significant decrease in the rate of overdose and preterm birth, a statistically significant increase in the rate of postpartum MOUD continuation and NAS and a decline in term low birth weight. Specifically, for each additional week of MOUD, the adjusted odds of overdose decreased by 2% [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 0.98; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.97, 0.99], preterm birth decreased by 1% (aOR = 0.99; 95% CI = 0.99, 1.00), postpartum MOUD continuation increased by 95% (aOR = 1.95; 95% CI = 1.87, 2.04) and NAS increased by 41% (aOR = 1.41; 95% CI = 1.35, 1.47). The odds of term low birth weight did not change (aOR = 1.00; 95% CI = 0.99, 1.00), although the rate declined with a longer duration of MOUD use during pregnancy. CONCLUSIONS Longer duration of medication for opioid use disorder use during pregnancy appears to be associated with improved maternal and perinatal outcomes.
A Review of Spatial Network Insights and Methods in the Context of Planning: Applications, Challenges, and Opportunities

With the rise of geospatial big data, new narratives of cities based on spatial networks and flows have replaced the traditional focus on locations. While plenty of research that have empirically analyzed network structures, there lacks a state-of-the-art synthesis of applicable insights and methods of spatial networks in the planning context. In this chapter, we reviewed the theories, concepts, methods, and applications of spatial network analysis in cities and their insights for planners from four areas of concerns: spatial structures, urban infrastructure optimizations, indications of economic wealth, social capital, and residential mobility, and public health control (especially COVID-19). We also outlined four challenges that planners face when taking the planning knowledge from spatial networks to actions: data openness and privacy, linkage to direct policy implications, lack of civic engagement, and the difficulty to visualize and integrate with GIS. Finally, we envisioned how spatial networks can be integrated into a collaborative planning framework.
Auto-annotating sleep stages based on polysomnographic data

Summary Sleep disorders affect the quality of life, and the clinical diagnosis of sleep disorders is a time-consuming and tedious process requiring recording and annotating polysomnographic records. In this work, we developed an auto-annotation algorithm based on polysomnographic records and a deep learning architecture that predicts sleep stages at the millisecond level. The model improves the efficiency of the polysomnographic record annotation process by automatically annotating each record within 3.8 s of computation time and with high accuracy. Disease-related sleep stages, such as arousal and apnea, can also be identified by this model, which further expands the physiological insights that the model can potentially provide. Finally, we explored the applicability of the model to data collected from a different modality to demonstrate the robustness of the model.
Phase Separation in Porous Media

The equilibrium behavior of homogeneous solids and fluids near the critical point is a subject that is quite well in hand, but the dynamics of phase separation is a subject still alive with complexity and interest. Here we discuss an embellishment of the above two problems that has caught the interest of the phase transition community in recent years, namely phase transitions in the presence of externally imposed random fields1. In a magnetic system, this field is indeed an externally imposed magnetic field, its direction varying randomly from spin site. In binary mixtures, with which we are concerned here, the “field” is actually a chemical potential difference µ(r) that plays the role of the field. Instead of favoring one spin direction over another, it favors, at the point r, the presence of a molecule of species A, say, over that of B in an A-B mixture. In the present instance, the source of this random chemical potential µ(r) is porous glass or a gel, saturated with the liquid mixture. If the glass were, say, in the form of a flat sheet or a test tube instead of a porous block, its preference for one of the two components would be described by the theory of wetting2. One might reasonably expect that such systems should be described by random field theory, rather than wetting theory, when the correlation length ξ of the mixture is large compared to the pore size; in this case the attractive force for one of the components over the other is random on all relevant spatial scales. The experiments to be described do not fully bear out this expectation, in that some of the effects seen in large pore-systems also seem to fit well into the random field picture.
Synthesis of Substituted Tetrahydrofurans

This chapter outlines the advances that have been made in the synthesis of substituted tetrahydrofurans over the period of time from 2005 to 2012. Included are nucleophilic substitutions, [3+2]-cycloadditions, oxidative cyclizations, and the ring opening of bicyclic oxanorbornenes as well as the application of these methods to the generation of tetrahydrofuran-containing natural products.
A comparison of volumetric and dynamic CO2 storage resource and efficiency in deep saline formations

Abstract A reliable carbon dioxide (CO2) storage resource estimation method is crucial if carbon capture and storage in deep saline formations (DSFs) is to gain widespread deployment for reducing anthropogenic CO2 emissions to the atmosphere. Most of the published methodologies are based on a volumetric calculation and do not consider the effect of site-specific dynamic factors (e.g., injection rate, pressure interference). Several studies suggest these dynamic components may play the dominant role in storing CO2 in DSFs. In this study, CO2 storage resource estimates and efficiencies for two deep saline systems were calculated using volumetric and dynamic methodologies. Comparison of the results indicates that dynamic CO2 storage efficiency is time-dependent. For short injection lengths (∼50 years), an open system has an efficiency similar to a closed system, and volumetric storage resource estimates are too high. For long injection time frames (∼2000 years), the dynamic storage resource of open systems approaches the volumetric potential. These results suggest that volumetric assessments are reliable provided it is understood that it may take hundreds of wells and/or injection for hundreds of years to reach a formation's effective CO2 storage resource potential. Additionally, operational factors such as water extraction can increase CO2 storage resource and efficiency.
Tube Domains and the L1 (Even Lp) HCS Spaces

The HCS space of Chapter X corresponds exactly to the classical Schwartz space on iav under the spherical transform. When one restricts the spherical transform to various spaces intermediate to C c ∞ (K\G/K) and UCS(K\G/K) but ≠ nCS(K\G/K), then their spherical transforms extend beyond the imaginary axis iav of a C v , and the faster the functions on G decay, the larger is the domain of analytic continuation. The intermediate spaces can be defined by a very broad range of conditions, depending on applications. In this chapter we treat the L p -Schwartz spaces (0 < p < 2) originally considered by TrombiVaradarajan [TrV 71], whose treatment is essentially reproduced in [GaV 88], Chapter 7. Special cases in rank 1 had occurred before, e.g. in Trombi’s thesis (1970) and others, cf. the references given in [Ank 91]. Here we again follow Anker’s very simple and direct proofs by continuity from his version of the Paley-Wiener case [Ank 91]. Except for one item about tube domains, the proofs are the same as in Chapter X. The L1 case is especially important for the usual reasons that one needs L1 analysis, and also for our purposes in particular to deal with the heat kernel as in Chapter X, §7. Indeed, the conditions DIR 2 and DIR 3 are L1 conditions defining Dirac families.
Enhanced Warfighters: Risk, Ethics, and Policy

The United States military is making substantial investments to develop technologies that would enhance the ability of warfighters to complete their missions safely and effectively. Driven by neuroscience, biotechnology, nanotechnology, robotics, and other emerging technologies, this research includes combating sleep deprivation, improving cognitive performance, increasing strength, reducing muscle fatigue, and other enhancements to the human body and mind. As with other emerging military technologies, such as robotics and cyber-capabilities, human enhancement technologies challenge existing laws and policy, as well as underlying ethical values. But while the implications of human enhancement generally have been widely discussed, little analysis currently exists for the military context — specifically operational, ethical, and legal implications of enhancing warfighters, such as: How safe should these human enhancements and new medical treatments be prior to their deployment (considering recent controversies such as mandatory anthrax vaccinations)? Must enhancements be reversible or temporary (considering that most warfighters will return to society as civilians)? Could enhancements count as “biological weapons” under the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention (considering that the term is not clearly defined)? This report begins an investigation into these and other issues in order to identify problems that policymakers and society may need to confront. We start with an analysis of international and domestic law, military policy, bioethics, and risk assessments. Then we offer a new framework for evaluating human enhancement technologies in a military context. As an initial model, we also discuss further considerations — related to character and honor, as well as broader social impacts — that can be integrated later into this evaluative framework.
The impacts of comparative anatomy of electric rays (Batoidea: Torpediniformes) on their systematic hypotheses.

The Comparative anatomy of the 11 recognized genera within Torpediniformes is described, systematically categorized, and illustrated in a comprehensive photo-atlas. Data are compiled into a character matrix and cladistically analyzed using parsimony to test hypotheses about the previously recognized subfamilies, while reconstructing the possible evolutionary history of Torpediniformes. Results are consistent with the previous rank-based classifications, regardless of the parsimony criteria used to generate the phylogenetic hypothesis, with one notable exception: a monophyletic Narcininae was never recovered. Torpedinoidea (=Hypnos + Torpedo) is supported by the presence of long, slender, flexible jaw cartilages, absence of a large rostral fontanelle, presence of suprascapular antimeres that are each shorter than the scapular process of the scapulocoracoid, antorbital cartilages that articulate on the anterior aspect of the nasal capsules and absence of a frontoparietal fontanelle. Subfamilial names Hypninae and Torpedininae are redundant with the genus names Hypnos and Torpedo and are not adopted here. Narcinoidea (=nontorpedinoid torpediniforms) is supported by unambiguous character transformations to the presence of a divided lower lip, labial cartilages, laterolingually compressed palatoquadrates, bifurcated antorbital cartilages, a rostral fontanelle, ventrally projecting nasal capsules, a dorsal rim of the synarcual mouth posterior to occipital condyle, posteriorly positioned lateral stays, and obtuse anterior margins of lateral stays. Narkidae is supported by unambiguous character transformations to the presence of an uncovered eye that protrudes above dorsal surface, a shared rim between the spiracle and the eye, an anterior nasal turret that projects ventrally, a nasal curtain that covers the upper lip and dentition when the mouth is closed, tab-like prepelvic processes, a mesopterygium that is shorter than propterygium but longer than metapterygium, a slender median rostral cartilage, and a basibranchial cartilage with an anterior margin that is depressed medially and a posterior margin that tapers. J. Morphol. 275:597–612, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
What Explains Openness to Intercountry Adoption

Objective This study systematically investigates the factors that determine sending country openness or restrictiveness regarding intercountry adoption. It hypothesizes that larger orphan populations, greater global interconnectedness, and accession to the Hague Convention are associated with greater openness, whereas the political empowerment of women and larger Islamic populations are expected to be associated with greater restrictiveness. Methods The study employs an original, global data set to empirically test the significance of the hypothesized factors in explaining a country's openness to intercountry adoption. Results The study finds that burgeoning orphan populations are associated with greater openness to intercountry adoption and women's presence in political decision making is associated with greater restrictiveness. Conclusion The findings call into question the effectiveness of the current intercountry adoption regime.
Characterization of specific HHV-6 and cell cycle genes implicated in virus-mediated G1/S cell-cycle arrest of glial precursors

Human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6), a common resident virus of the human central nervous system (CNS), has been implicated in both acute and chronic inflammatory-demyelinating diseases. HHV-6 persists within the human CNS and has been described to infect mature oligodendrocytes and astrocytes. We recently demonstrated that HHV-6 infects human glial precursor cells, the ancestors of myelin producing oligodendrocytes, in vitro. Productive infection was demonstrated by both electron microscopy and expression of viral gene transcripts and proteins. Infection led to impairment of cell replication but not increased cell death. Infected cells showed decreased proliferation as measured by BrdU uptake and demonstrated strong G1/S-phase inhibition by FACS. We now present evidence detailing both specific viral and cell cycle genes inducing cellular G1/S cell cycle arrest. In parallel with human cells, the well characterized rodent oligodendroglial progenitor cell (OPC) system was used. Restricted infection of the murine cells was demonstrated by quantitative PCR, EM, and RT-PCR, and IFA for viral late proteins but, intriguingly, reproduced the G1/S arrest seen after productive virus infection of human progenitors. Restricted infection of murine OPCs was also found to be sufficient to induce the activation of DNA damage pathways previously reported by our group in human glial progenitors (ISNV 2004) and after productive infection in human lymphocytes (Oster et al. 2005). IFA and immunoblot again demonstrated expression of phospho-ATM, CHK-2, and p53 in infected murine precursors and two viral IE proteins were sufficient to induce G1/S arrest. Virus-induced cell-cycle arrest was accompanied by GalC+ differentiation with corresponding loss of the OPC pool as had been previously seen in the human precursors. Enhanced GFP-expressing murine OPCs have been created that can be readily infected with ALEXA-632-labeled HHV-6, allowing both sorting for infected cells and their identification in evaluating repair in demyelinated mice. In light of recent observations that repair of CNS remyelination is dependent on the generation of mature oligodendrocytes from the glial precursor cell pool, these findings may have broad implications for both the ineffective repair seen in human demyelinating diseases and the disruption of normal glial differentiation.
Changes in practice patterns affecting in-hospital and post-discharge survival among ACS patients

Adherence to clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of specific illnesses may result in unexpected outcomes, given that multiple therapies must often be given to patients with diverse medical conditions. Yet, few studies have presented empirical evidence that quality improvement (QI) programs both change practice by improving adherence to guidelines and improve patient outcomes under the conditions of actual practice. Thus, we focus on patient survival, following hospitalization for acute coronary syndrome in three successive patient cohorts from the same community hospitals, with a quality improvement intervention occurring between cohorts two and three. This study is a comparison of three historical cohorts of Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) patients in the same five community hospitals in 1994–5, 1997, 2002–3. A quality improvement project, the Guidelines Applied to Practice (GAP), was implemented in these hospitals in 2001. Study participants were recruited from community hospitals located in two Michigan communities during three separate time periods. The cohorts comprise (1) patients enrolled between December 1993 and April 1995 (N = 814), (2) patients enrolled between February 1997 and September 1997 (N = 452), and (3) patients enrolled between January 14, 2002 and April 13, 2003 (N = 710). Mortality data were obtained from Michigan's Bureau of Vital Statistics for all three patient cohorts. Predictor variables, obtained from medical record reviews, included demographic information, indicators of disease severity (ejection fraction), co-morbid conditions, hospital treatment information concerning most invasive procedures and the use of ace-inhibitors, beta-blockers and aspirin in the hospital and as discharge recommendations. Adjusted in-hospital mortality showed a marked improvement with a HR = 0.16 (p < 0.001) comparing 2003 patients in the same hospitals to those 10 years earlier. Large gains in the in-hospital mortality were maintained based on 1-year mortality rates after hospital discharge. Changes in practice patterns that follow recommended guidelines can significantly improve care for ACS patients. In-hospital mortality gains were maintained in the year following discharge.
Narrowly Tailored Actuarial Models for Affirmative Action in Higher Education

Previous research discusses the superiority of actuarial models over clinical models in a number of areas related to accuracy and consistency in decision making. The current project sought to develop an actuarial candidate selection model for affirmative action in higher education that would achieve the goal of diversity by assigning points for a number of diversity-related characteristics in addition to standard academic admission criteria. Two experiments showed that participants who used actuarial models selected applicants with more markers of academic success and greater diversity using factors favored by recent U.S. Supreme Court cases. The second experiment showed that an unweighted actuarial model also helped decision makers select more minority student candidates and that it produced higher ratings of procedural fairness. The article discusses how an actuarial model might pass Constitutional muster in light of recent Supreme Court cases.
Cytogenetic analysis of pseudolinkage of ldh Loci in the teleost genus salvelinus.

Cytological and genetic analyses provide evidence that spontaneous centric fusion and fission can account for curious patterns of pseudolinkage of two LDH loci in males of brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) and in the F1, F2 and backcross generations of lake trout (S. namaycush) x brook trout hybrids. Intraindividual polymorphisms for acrocentric and metacentric chromosomes in somatic and gonadal tissue of these fish have been related to the proposed polyploid evolution in Salmonidae.
Postnatal glucocorticosteroid therapy for treatment and prevention of neonatal chronic lung disease.

Neonatal chronic lung disease (CLD) is a persistent complication, primarily of premature infants. Postnatal glucocorticoid therapy is widely used in the treatment and prevention of CLD. Most studies reveal acute improvement in the pulmonary status of infants treated with postnatal glucocorticoid therapy. Recent studies of ‘earlier’ intervention (<< 14 days of age) demonstrated a reduction in mortality and in the occurrence of CLD between 28 days of age and 36 weeks postmenstrual age. Great concern remains, however, regarding the potential adverse outcomes, including growth inhibition, infection, catastrophic GI complications and CNS injury. Therefore, the use of postnatal glucocorticoid therapy remains controversial with respect to the clinical indications for initiating therapy, the dose, duration, onset and route of administration, as well as potential benefits and risks. Inhaled glucocorticoid therapy is increasingly used to treat and prevent CLD in order to avoid adverse effects of high dose systemic ...
The Motivation and Persuasion Process (MAP): Proposing a Practice Model for Community Intervention

This article proposes a new model of community intervention called the Motivation and Persuasion Process (MAP), a community intervention model to equip community members with specific skills on how to engage in productive community advocacy. This article describes the principles behind the MAP, its objectives, and its application. Implications for community practice, policy advocacy, and research are addressed.
Disciplinary constraints on the advancement of knowledge: the case of organizational incentive systems

This paper argues that research progress in accounting has been significantly hindered by the fact that most researchers focus their theories and perspectives on a single research discipline. The point is illustrated by discussing research in the area of organizational incentive systems. The relevant base disciplines in this area are economics and several behavioral sciences (primarily psychology and sociology). The paper uses a citation and content analysis to show that the economics- and behavioral-based empirical papers published in accounting journals differ significantly and that there is little cross-fertilization between them. It then discusses the reasons contributing to the single discipline foci and describes how research would be improved if the disciplinary parochialism were reduced.
Size and quality dispersion of a single preparation of colloidal magnetic particles

Abstract Using a variety of techniques (including electron microscopy, neutron and X-ray scattering and magnetization measurements) we have characterized fractions of a single preparation of water-based magnetic colloid. The fractions, produced by column chromatography, not only vary in size, as expected, but also in quality as indicated by a reduced saturation moment density and increased polycrystallinity in the larger particles. This result emphasizes the necessity of careful characterization of such samples and suggests an alternate explanation of the magnetic ‘dead layer’ or dual regions reported in some earlier papers.
Integrin-mediated activation of latent transforming growth factor β

Members of the integrin family recognize a variety of spatially-restricted extracellular ligands. Classically, ligation of integrins activates cytoplasmic signals in the integrin-expressing cell and contributes to cell adhesion, migration, proliferation and survival. At least two members of this family, αvβ6 and αvβ8 perform an additional function, activation of latent complexes of transforming growth factor β. In effect, this process allows integrins on one cell to activate signals on adjacent (in the case of αvβ6) or nearby cells (in the case of αvβ8). Integrin-mediated TGFβ activation has been shown to play important roles in modulating tissue fibrosis, acute lung injury and pulmonary emphysema. Given the important roles that TGFβ plays in modulating epithelial cell growth, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transformation and tumor invasion and metastasis, integrin-mediated TGFβ activation is likely to play important roles in tumor growth ad metastasis.
Two recent editions of Aquitanian polyphony

After listening to reports from two observers sent to Vietnam, Kennedy responded with a question. ‘Did you two both go to the same country?’ The reader may ask the same of the two editions to be reviewed here. Each consists of two volumes, all of the same trim size and thickness; but one set is red, the other blue, and the differences go on from there. It is necessary to reassure the reader that both concern the same four documents said to contain ‘Aquitanian polyphony’, and in addition one document known as the ‘Codex Calixtinus’ – more precisely the Liber Sancti Iacobi (of Compostela). The contents include a determinate number of musical compositions, in an indeterminate number of variant versions, all dated to the twelfth century, in France.
Wireless communication technology as applied to head mounted display for a tactical fighter pilot

The use of Helmet-Mounted Display/Tracker (HMD/Ts) is becoming widespread for air-to-air, within visual range target acquisition for a tactical fighter pilot. HMD/Ts provide the aircrew with a significant amount of information on the helmet, which reduces the burden of the aircrew from having to continually look down in the cockpit to receive information. HMD/Ts allow the aircrew to receive flight and targeting information regardless of line-of-sight, which should increase the aircrew's situation awareness and mission effectiveness. Current technology requires that a pilot wearing a Helmet Mounted Display/Tracker be connected to the aircraft with a cable. The design of this cable is complex, costly, and its use can decrease system reliability. Most of the problems associated with the use of cable can be alleviated by using wireless transmission for all signals. This will significantly reduce or eliminate the requirements of the interconnect cable/connector reducing system complexity, and cost, and enhancing system safety. A number of wireless communication technologies have been discussed in this paper and the rationale for selecting one particular technology for this application has been shown. The problems with this implementation and the direction of the future effort are outlined.
Reducing Anxiety Through a Structured Writing Intervention: A Single-System Evaluation

A growing body of empirical research indicates that structured writing interventions produce substantial immediate and long-term benefits, including improvements in cognitive, emotional, behavioral, and physiological functioning. To date, many of these studies have used non-clinical college student populations. In contrast, the present study involves a woman suffering anxiety symptoms resulting from domestic violence, and adopts the structured writing intervention as a self-administered adjunct to her clinical treatment. It uses a single-system design with multiple measures to track progress in reducing these symptoms.