cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tissue repair in the embryonic rat spinal cord following exposure to N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea

Abstract The cytotoxic effects of N -ethyl- N -nitrosourea (ENU) and the potential for recovery from this damage in the developing rat spinal cord was investigated. Emphasis was placed on determining the severity and location of initial cell necrosis and the subsequent reorganizational changes in the damaged tissues. Pregnant rats were injected i.v. with a single dose of ENU (60 mg/kg) on one of days 12–16 of gestation. At 6, 12, 24 and 48 h post-injection one pregnant rat from each gestational stage was anesthetized, the embryos were removed, fixed and processed for embedding in paraplast or epon-araldite. Transverse sections from embryos killed at 6 h revealed extensive necrosis throughout the neuroepithelium in accordance with the temporal-spatial patterns of neurogenesis. At this dose level the post-mitotic neuroblasts appeared unaffected. Regeneration of the damaged neural tissue as defined by the restoration of the neuroepithelial cell layer and removal of necrotic debris proceeded quickly, and within 48 h a near-normal cytoarchitecture was observed. The embryonic age at time of ENU injection had no apparent influence on the actual sequence of tissue repair in the spinal cords although the events were slightly delayed within embryos exposed to ENU on days 12 or 13 of gestation.
Memory for brief visual displays of symbols

Abstract The hypothesis that report of tachistoscopic displays of symbols (letters or digits) depends upon implicitly naming the symbols was evaluated by measuring tachistoscopic report performance with and without simultaneous retention of other auditorily presented symbols. When a report cue indicated either the auditory or the visual presentation for report immediately after a brief (0.25 sec) display, there was no interaction between the two input modalities; report of either the auditory or the visual input was about as accurate as report of either input when presented alone. When the report cue was presented 2 sec after the visual display offset, report of the auditory symbols was still unaffected although report of the visual display dropped by 20%. That about four visual-display symbols could be reported after a 2 sec delay without affecting auditory report suggests that visual symbolic information can be retained without recoding the visual-display symbols into implicit speech. A model is proposed for the role of implicit speech in tachistoscopic report experiments.
Lo Cotidiano: The Effectiveness of Critical Task-Based Instruction in Teaching the Culture of Everyday Life

Teaching cultural competency in the language classroom can be a challenge. This study explores the effectiveness of task-based instruction (Lee, 2000) on the learning of culture by students in college-level Spanish language courses. Students were required to record oral presentations, write essays, and make comparisons between the culture and language they studied with their own. A critical pedagogy framework (Leonardo, 2004) was used to analyze the content of student reflections. The analysis indicated that task-based learning in language studies is beneficial in helping students achieve linguistic and cultural learning objectives. Advanced students outperformed elementary students in most task categories. Using electronic portfolios, elementary students reflected more on the limitations of their language skills while advanced students demonstrated a higher level of critical thinking skills in grasping fundamental connections between language and culture learning, suggesting that students progressed thro...
Degradation of four phenylurea herbicides by mixed populations of microorganisms from two soil types

Abstract The metabolism of four substituted urea herbicides by microbial populations from two soils was investigated. The herbicides were two dimethylurea herbicides (fluometuron and chloroxuron) and two methoxymethylphenylurea herbicides (metobromuron and chlorbromuron), and the two soils used were Louisiana Commerce Loam and Indiana Silt Loam. The dimethyl compounds were successively N-demethylated by microorganisms from both soils. N-demethylation of the methoxymethyl herbicides, however, was significant only in the Louisiana soil, while N-demethoxylation was found in only trace amounts in all the cultures. Metabolism of these herbicides apparently was predominantly via direct hydrolysis to the aniline, which in turn underwent further transformations.
Chemistry of α-(benzotriazol-l-yl)alkylpyridines. Unusual nucleophilic attack at c-3a of the benzotriazolyl ring

Lithiation of 2-, 3- and 4-[α-(benzotriazol-l-yl)methyl]pyridines with butyllithium followed by reactions with electrophiles (alkyl halides, aldehydes, ethyl benzoate and diphenyl disulfide) gave the corresponding α-sub-stituted derivatives in good yields. Repetition of the reaction sequence allowed substitution of the second α-proton by an electrophile. 2-[α-(Benzotriazol-l-yl)-α-(phenylthio)pentyl]pyridine thus obtained gave an unusual attack of the Grignard reagents at C-3a of the benzotriazole system on treatment with arylmagnesium bromides.
Rationalization of electric pulp-testing methods

Abstract A pilot study indicates that a new electric pulp-testing system is easy to use and gives highly accurate data readings.
Modelling mass transfer in multicomponent distillation

Abstract This paper highlights inconsistencies in the modelling of mass transfer in multicomponent distillation columns. Models of flow and mass transfer are developed that seek to avoid these inconsistencies based on the usual assumptions of plug flow of vapor and of plug flow or axial dispersion of the liquid. These models are used together with a nonequilibrium model of trayed distillation columns. It is shown that the revised models are capable of sensible predictions of column performance. Methods of evaluating binary (Maxwell—Stefan) mass transfer coefficients are evaluated and it is found that mass transfer on sieve trays is best modelled with the Chan and Fair correlation. Mass transfer is multicomponent distillation should be modelled using the Maxwell-Stefan equations; simpler approaches may be significantly less demanding of computer time but columns designs based on such methods can be very different from those obtained using the more rigorous approach.
A C. elegans Myc-like network cooperates with semaphorin and Wnt signaling pathways to control cell migration

Myc and Mondo proteins are key regulators of cell growth, proliferation, and energy metabolism, yet often overlooked is their vital role in cell migration. Complex networks of protein–protein and protein–DNA interactions control the transcriptional activity of Myc and MondoA confounding their functional analysis in higher eukaryotes. Here we report the identification of the transcriptional activation arm of a simplified Myc-like network in Caenorhabditis elegans. This network comprises an Mlx ortholog, named MXL-2 for Max-like 2, and a protein that has sequence features of both Myc and Mondo proteins, named MML-1 for Myc and Mondo-like 1. MML-1/MXL-2 complexes have a primary function in regulating migration of the ray 1 precursor cells in the male tail. MML-1/MXL-2 complexes control expression of ECM components in the non-migratory epidermis, which we propose contributes to the substratum required for migration of the neighboring ray 1 precursor cells. Furthermore, we show that pro-migratory Wnt/β-catenin and semaphorin signaling pathways interact genetically with MML-1/MXL-2 to determine ray 1 position. This first functional analysis of the Myc superfamily in C. elegans suggests that MondoA and Myc may have more predominant roles in cell migration than previously appreciated, and their cooperation with other pro-migratory pathways provides a more integrated view of their role in cell migration.
Physical Properties of Mixed Dairy Food Proteins

Foods may contain more than one type of protein, and food formulators sometimes combine different proteins for desired synergistic textural benefits. Egg albumin, fish protein isolate, or soy protein isolate were blended with calcium caseinate or whey protein isolate and mixed in water adjusted to pH 2.5, 6.8, and 9.0 at 25 or 60°C. The effect of pH and temperature on solubility, viscosity, and the structure of the resulting gels were determined. The viscosity at the most soluble concentration at 25°C were: egg albumin (175.2 mPa.s/35 wt%), fish protein isolate (2207.4 mPa.s/30 wt%), soy protein isolate (2531.5 mPa.s/10 wt%), calcium caseinate (1115.8 mPa.s/15 wt%), and whey protein isolate (161.2 mPa.s/35%). In mixed protein systems viscosity values were reduced. The values for calcium caseinate or whey protein isolate with egg albumin, at the protein level of 15 g/100 g were: calcium caseinate/egg albumin (10:5 wt%) 535.1 mPa.s and whey protein isolate/egg albumin (10:5 wt%) 8.7 mPa.s. Microscopy imagin...
Induction motors with unbalanced rotor connections

THE USEFULNESS of the method of symmetrical components in analyzing the case of an induction motor operating with an unbalanced rotor circuit has been limited by a lack of conclusive evidence as to what assumptions can be made in applying this method. The nature of assumptions useful to this analysis has been established through comparison of numerous experimental and calculated speed-torque curves. An accounting for the variation of both rotor and stator winding resistances with frequency has been found necessary for accurate prediction of these characteristics. It has been found that a linear approximation of the resistance-frequency variation in these windings is sufficiently accurate for calculations on small wound-rotor induction motors. Blocked rotor tests over a range of frequencies have shown the resistance-frequency variation to be essentially linear for this type of motor. It is to be expected that certain cases involving a configuration of conductors in the motor windings such as deep bars or untransposed parallel windings may involve a departure from the linear resistance-frequency variation. In these cases either tests or design calculations can be used to establish a more suitable approximation.
General Area or Approximate Location?: How People Understand Location Permissions

More than half of American adults use smartphones and about two thirds of them use location-based services. On Android smartphones, these location-based services are implemented by apps. Android phones provide two location-related permissions: "precise" location and "approximate" location. In this paper, we present an online survey of 106 Android users to investigate how people understand location descriptions related to their apps. Our results suggest that most participants considered the "precise" location to mean their exact location and the "approximate" location as a general area. This mental model of the "approximate" location seems to allay people's privacy concerns related to their apps. However, after participants were shown the ground truth of how accurate "approximate" location actually is, twice as many participants no longer thought "approximate" location offered enough protection, compared to before showing the ground truth. Our results indicate that the location permissions might mislead smartphone users about the privacy protections the apps are providing.
Relationship between maternal aggression and maternal care in the rat

Aggression among female rats is almost entirely confined to the period of late pregnancy and lactation. Behaviorally it is similar to the aggression of males including piloerection and lateral attacks, but it differs in its function. Unlike male aggression which serves to establish a social hierarchy and a territory, i. e., is competitive, maternal aggression is protective, i. e., it serves to prevent predation of the mother's offspring. In this respect it is closely related temporally and causally to maternal care; if the offspring are removed maternal aggression wanes almost immediately–its function no longer exists! Studies on aggression by mothers, among rats, from the author's laboratory are reviewed and comparisons made with maternal care. As noted, maternal aggression and maternal care are closely related during the cycle of maternal behavior and they share a similar hormonal basis and possibly the effect of uterine stimulation, but maternal care requires prolactin and the decline of progesterone while maternal aggression appears independent of pituitary hormones and does not require a decline in progesterone. Maternal aggression like maternal care appears to be organized into a hormonal phase, during pregnancy, parturition, and for about a week postpartum and a nonhormonal phase thereafter. Bilateral radiofrequency lesions of the lateral midbrain peripeduncular nucleus (PPN) produce deficits in maternal aggression if made on lactation day 7 (L7), but not earlier, without producing significant deficits in maternal behavior. Experiments showed that the PPN does not mediate hormonally stimulated maternal aggression; it appears to mediate only nonhormonally stimulated maternal aggression. Studies on the role of pregnancy hormones on long-term retention of maternal aggression and the role of olfaction in maternal aggression are also reviewed. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Cutaneous vascular responses of dehydrated men following ingestion of saline or water.

SummaryIn 3 dehydrated male subjects, ingestion of water and saline were equally effective at triggering immediate increases in sweating. Sustained increases in cutaneous volume opacity pulse amplitudes were observed only after water ingestion. Since both saline and water ingestion induced increased sweating while cutaneous vasodilatation only occurred after water intake, support was indicated for the concept that dilatation of the cutaneous vascular bed is independent of the activity of eccrine sweat glands.
Understanding abusive child labor practices in the shadow of the Arab spring

Purpose – The Syrian civil war that forced hundreds of thousands of Syrian women and children into Jordan as refugees dramatically increased the number of child labourers in that country. The current investigation aims to establish a body of knowledge on the issues surrounding child labour in Jordan by providing an exploratory diagnosis of the phenomenon. The purpose of this paper is to explore verbal and physical abusive practices towards working children and investigate whether there are differences between the treatment of domestic and Syrian refugee child labourers. Design/methodology/approach – The research design is quantitative; however, we use a qualitative technique to support and expand the research findings. Data were collected from 124 Jordanian and Syrian working children over a seven-month period in 2013. Findings – The results reveal that it is poverty that forces Jordanian children into work while Syrian children are driven by the need for asylum. Of the abusive practices directed towards ...
Lipoprotein particles in the jejunal mucosa of fetal rats

Abstract The jejunal mucosa of fetal rats contains particles of the same size, electron density and distribution as particles identified by others in adult jejunum as very low density lipoprotein particles. These particles are first seen in 19-day fetuses at which time the jejunal mucosa is still relatively undifferentiated and formation of villi is just beginning. They become progressively more abundant during the last 3 days of gestation as differentiation proceeds and are seen in virtually all absorptive cells in the apical third of jejunal villi of fetuses at term.
Flipping the classroom (abstract only)

In a flipped classroom, students watch or listen to the lecture at home and do homework in the classroom. The classroom becomes much more interactive and the educator has ample opportunity to provide individualized guidance when it's most needed. The watch-at-home content can include recorded lectures, demonstration videos, adaptive quizzes, or anything in between. Come share your experiences developing "flip" material, learn from others what's involved, and find out whether it's working to improve success and retention.
Nonconvex prior image constrained compressed sensing (NCPICCS): Theory and simulations on perfusion CT

Purpose: To present and evaluate a new image reconstruction method for dynamic CT based on a nonconvex prior image constrained compressed sensing (NCPICCS) algorithm. The authors systematically compared the undersampling potential, functional information recovery, and solution convergence speed of four compressed sensing (CS) based image reconstruction methods using perfusion CT data: Standard l 1 -based CS, nonconvex CS (NCCS), and l 1 -based and nonconvex CS, including an additional constraint based on a prior image (PICCS and NCPICCS, respectively). Methods: The Shepp–Logan phantom was modified such that its uppermost ellipses changed attenuation through time, simulating both an arterial input function (AIF) and a homogeneous tissue perfusion region. Data were simulated with and without Poissonnoise added to the projection data and subsequently reconstructed with all four CS-based methods at four levels of undersampling: 20, 12, 6, and 4 projections. Root mean squared (RMS) error of reconstructed images and recovered time attenuation curves (TACs) were assessed as well as convergence speed. The performance of both PICCS and NCPICCS methods were also evaluated using a kidney perfusion animal experiment data set. Results: All four CS-based methods were able to reconstruct the phantoms with 20 projections, with similar results on the RMS error of the recovered TACs. NCCS allowed accurate reconstructions with as few as 12 projections, PICCS with as few as six projections, and NCPICCS with as few as four projections. These results were consistent for noise-free and noisy data. NCPICCS required the fewest iterations to converge across all simulation conditions, followed by PICCS, NCCS, and then CS. On animal data, at the lowest level of undersampling tested (16 projections), the image quality of NCPICCS was better than PICCS with fewer streaking artifacts, while the TAC accuracy on the selected region of interest was comparable. Conclusions: The authors have presented a novel method for image reconstruction using highly undersampled dynamic CT data. The NCPICCS method takes advantage of the information provided by a prior image, as in PICCS, but employs a more general nonconvex sparsity measure [such as the l p -norm ( 0 p ≤ 1 ) ] rather than the conventional convex l 1 -norm. Despite the lack of guarantees of a globally optimal solution, the proposed nonconvex extension of PICCS consistently allowed for image reconstruction from fewer samples than the analogous l 1 -based PICCS method. Both nonconvex sparsity measures as well as prior image information (when available) significantly reduced the number of iterations required for convergence, potentially providing computational advantages for practical implementation of CS-based image reconstruction techniques.
Transforming Music Teaching via Technology: The Role of Professional Development:

The purpose of this study was to determine if 1-week technology workshops can be an effective means for the professional development of music teachers in using technology for instruction. The results indicate that three indicators of effectiveness—teacher knowledge, teacher comfort, and frequency of teacher use—can he significantly improved in these settings. Participants (N = 63) were music teachers enrolled in summer music technology workshops. At the beginning of the workshops, participants completed a questionnaire designed to provide demographic information and assess their knowledge of music technology, degree of comfort with music technology, and the frequency with which they used music technology in their teaching. Following an intensive weeklong workshop dealing with strategies for teaching music to K—12 students using music technology, participants completed a second questionnaire that was parallel to the first. Participants completed another similar questionnaire 9 to 10 months after the worksh...
The Center for Computational Biology

This talk will describe the research of our new Center for Computational Biology (CCB). Our goals are to apply computational and mathematical approaches to the study of genes, cells, systems and whole brain. The major objectives of the CCB are to develop, implement and test computational biology strategies that are applicable across spatial scales and biological systems. This will help elucidate characteristics and relationships that would otherwise be impossible to detect and measure. Interactions fostered by this multidisciplinary program will result in novel strategies to fundamental problems that can be applied to genetics, biochemistry, molecular biology and brain mapping.
Structural basis for isoform-selective inhibition in nitric oxide synthase.

Nitric oxide synthase (NOS) converts l-arginine into l-citrulline and releases the important signaling molecule nitric oxide (NO). In the cardiovascular system, NO produced by endothelial NOS (eNOS...
Fibronectin protects prostate cancer cells from tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced apoptosis via the AKT/survivin pathway

Integrins are cell surface heterodimeric transmembrane receptors that, in addition to mediating cell adhesion to extracellular matrix proteins modulate cell survival. This mechanism may be exploited in cancer where evasion from apoptosis invariably contributes to cellular transformation. The molecular mechanisms responsible for matrix-induced survival signals begin to be elucidated. Here we report that the inhibitor of apoptosis survivin is expressed in vitro in human prostate cell lines with the highest levels present in aggressive prostate cancer cells such as PC3 and LNCaP-LN3 as well as in vivo in prostatic adenocarcinoma. We also show that interference with survivin in PC3 prostate cancer cells using a Cys84→ Ala dominant negative mutant or survivin antisense cDNA causes nuclear fragmentation, hypodiploidy, cleavage of a 32-kDa proform caspase-3 to active caspase-3, and proteolysis of the caspase substrate poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase. We demonstrate that in the aggressive PC3 cell line, adhesion to fibronectin via β1 integrins results in up-regulation of survivin and protection from apoptosis induced by tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). In contrast, survivin is not up-regulated by cell adhesion in the non-tumorigenic LNCaP cell line. Dominant negative survivin counteracts the ability of fibronectin to protect cells from undergoing apoptosis, whereas wild-type survivin protects non-adherent cells from TNF-α-induced apoptosis. Evidence is provided that expression of β1A integrin is necessary to protect non-adherent cells transduced with survivin from TNF-α-induced apoptosis. In contrast, the β1C integrin, which contains a variant cytoplasmic domain, is not able to prevent apoptosis induced by TNF-α in non-adherent cells transduced with survivin. Finally, we show that regulation of survivin levels by integrins are mediated by protein kinase B/AKT. These findings indicate that survivin is required to maintain a critical anti-apoptotic threshold in prostate cancer cells and identify integrin signaling as a crucial survival pathway against death receptor-mediated apoptosis.
EXAFS/XANES studies of plutonium-loaded sodalite/glass waste forms

A sodalite/glass ceramic waste form is being developed to immobilize highly radioactive nuclear wastes in chloride form, as part of an electrochemical cleanup process. Two types of simulated waste forms were studied: where the plutonium was alone in an LiCl/KCl matrix and where simulated fission-product elements were added representative of the electrometallurgical treatment process used to recover uranium from spent nuclear fuel also containing plutonium and a variety of fission products. Extended X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy (EXAFS) and X-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy (XANES) studies were performed to determine the location, oxidation state, and particle size of the plutonium within these waste form samples. Plutonium was found to segregate as plutonium(IV) oxide with a crystallite size of at least 4.8 nm in the non-fission-element case and 1.3 nm with fission elements present. No plutonium was observed within the sodalite in the waste form made from the plutonium-loaded LiCl/KCl eutectic salt. Up to 35% of the plutonium in the waste form made from the plutonium-loaded simulated fission-product salt may be segregated with a heavy-element nearest neighbor other than plutonium or occluded internally within the sodalite lattice.
On the dynamics of a string generator: Effect of delay in nonlinear feedback

We investigate the effect of delay in feedback on the oscillation characteristics (amplitude and frequency) of a string generator, which, as is well known, works in a self-induced oscillation mode and is a part of a string accelerometer (a device for measuring the acceleration of ballistic missiles, launch vehicles, and other moving objects). A mathematical model of the dynamics of a string generator is taken in the form of a quasilinear second-order hyperbolic equation with constant delay with respect to one of independent variables (time). For the analysis of the mathematical model, we use the one-frequency asymptotic Krylov-Bogolyubov-Mitropol'skii method (its first and second approximations) of nonlinear mechanics. We show that an increase in the delay in the nonlinear feedback amplifier results in a decrease in the frequency of self-induced oscillations, which transforms the string generator into a low-frequency device.
Induction of sustained patency after clot-selective coronary thrombolysis with Hybrid-B, a genetically engineered plasminogen activator with a prolonged biological half-life.

BACKGROUNDDespite the utility of tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) in eliciting coronary thrombolysis clinically, early reocclusion remains a problem, occurring despite anticoagulation in 5-30% of patients with initially successful recanalization. This study evaluated the utility of Hybrid-B, a molecular variant of t-PA with a prolonged half-life in the circulation, in eliciting coronary thrombolysis and maintaining patency in the presence of a continuing thrombogenic stimulus.METHODS AND RESULTSIn intact, anesthetized dogs, either 18 mg Hybrid-B over 30 minutes (n = 15) or 50 mg t-PA (Activase) over 60 minutes (n = 8) was administered starting 60 minutes after left anterior descending coronary artery occlusion was induced with a thrombogenic copper coil. Time to lysis averaged 54 +/- 26 (means +/- SD) minutes and 64 +/- 34 minutes with Hybrid-B and t-PA, respectively (p = NS). When Hybrid-B was administered as a bolus (20 mg over 1 minute) to induce a high initial concentration in blood, time to l...
LARGE-SCALE, PREPARATIVE PAPER CHROMATOGRAPHY

SIMPLIFIED TECHNIQUES ARE DESCRIBED FOR THE USE OF HEAVY PAPERS IN LARGE-SCALE, PREPARATIVE CHROMATOGRAPHY. A NEW TECHNIQUE IS ILLUSTRATED FOR NONDESTRUCTIVELY LOCATING BANDS OF COMPOUNDS ON WET CHROMATOGRAMS. CAPACITIES AND BEHAVIOR CHARACTERISTICS OF WHATMAN SEED-TEST PAPER AND WHATMAN NO. 17 PAPER ARE ILLUSTRATED. /AUTHOR/
Screen Printing of Multilayered Hybrid Printed Circuit Boards on Different Substrates

This paper reports on the successful fabrication of a multilayered hybrid printed circuit board (PCB) for applications in the consumer electronics products, medical technologies, and military equipment. The PCB was fabricated by screen-printing silver (Ag) flake ink, as metallization layer, and UV acrylic-based ink, as dielectric layer, on different substrates such as paper, polyethylene terephthalate, and glass. Traditional electronic components were attached onto the printed pads to create the multilayered hybrid PCB. The feasibility of the hybrid PCB was demonstrated by integrating an embedded microcontroller to drive an liquid-crystal display ( $160\times 100$ pixels). In addition, the amount of the ink spreading after printing, the effect of bending on the printed lines, and the effect of the roughness of the substrates on the resistance of the printed lines was investigated. It was observed that the resistance of the lines increased by $\approx 1.8$ %, after 10 000 cycles of bending, and the lowest resistance of 1.06 $\Omega $ was measured for the 600 $\mu $ m printed lines on paper, which had a roughness of 0.175 $\mu $ m. The advantage of fabricating PCBs on flexible substrates is the ability to fold and place the boards on nearly any platform or to conform to any irregular surface, whereas the additive properties of printing processes allow for a faster fabrication process, while simultaneously producing less material waste in comparison with the traditional subtractive processes. The results obtained show the promising potential of employing screen printing process for the fabrication of flexible and light-weight hybrid PCBs.
A design process model for computer integrated structural engineering : design phases and tasks

Computer integrated design systems will require an improved understanding of the engineering design process, including formalized notions of (1) the structure of the process, (2) the design tasks that need to be performed, and (3) the information required to carry out these tasks. An organizational model for the structural engineering design process, termed themultilevel selection-development (MSD) model, has been outlined in a recent paper. The current paper continues development of the MSD model by providing more detailed descriptions of the specific design tasks that must be carried out. The MSD model is briefly reviewed, and a simple example is presented. The design tasks are then classified and described.
William Penn, Model of Protestant Liberalism

William Penn intended no new synthesis of thought. His practical social reforms, combining the Quakers' radical hope for the total transforming of men, ethics and society by God's Spirit with a humanist's trust in reason and conscience already at work in all men universally, were a new stance for Quakers. But Friends noted mainly his exuberance and pragmatism and his uncritical openness about ideas. In Europe and America as a whole, he was best known in his own time for his practical career: he was the man of peace with the Indians, the founder of Pennsylvania, the champion of toleration. For these he was later celebrated in the paintings of “the Peaceable Kingdom” and the writings of Voltaire.
Catadioptric projection lens for 1.3 NA scanner

In the history of DUV (Deep Ultra Violet) microlithographic lens design, three kinds of leaps have occurred to maintain the progress of technology in the semiconductor industry. The first step is the application of aspherical elements. This allowed us to increase NA up to around 0.9. The second innovation is water immersion. Thanks to the 1.44 refractive index of water, and because the numerical aperture (NA) is defined as the product of the sine of the maximum ray angle on the image plane and the refractive index in the image space, even with a lower maximum ray angle on the imaging plane than dry with a lens, we can achieve NA of 1.07. The latest technological jump is the development of catadioptric lens systems, which are roughly defined as the combined usage of refractive element(s) and reflective element(s). The catadioptric system allows us to achieve a full field 1.3NA projection lens that is used in our scanner NSR-S610C. In this paper we discuss optical design concepts and some challenges for catadioptric lenses. In addition, current lens performance including wavefront, lens flare, and image vibration are shown.
Treatment of Mycoplasma Pneumonia: A Systematic Review

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Children with community-acquired lower respiratory tract infection (CA-LRTI) commonly receive antibiotics for Mycoplasma pneumoniae . The objective was to evaluate the effect of treating M. pneumoniae in children with CA-LRTI. METHODS: PubMed, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and bibliography review. A search was conducted by using Medical Subject Headings terms related to CA-LRTI and M. pneumoniae and was not restricted by language. Eligible studies included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and observational studies of children ≤17 years old with confirmed M. pneumoniae and a diagnosis of CA-LRTI; each must have also compared treatment regimens with and without spectrum of activity against M. pneumoniae. Data extraction and quality assessment were completed independently by multiple reviewers before arriving at a consensus. Data were pooled using a random effects model. RESULTS: Sixteen articles detailing 17 studies were included. The most commonly selected primary outcome was symptomatic improvement. Nine studies examined M. pneumoniae treatment in CA-LRTI secondary to M. pneumoniae, and 5 RCTs met criteria for meta-analysis. The suggested pooled risk difference of 0.12 (95% confidence interval, −0.04 to 0.20) favoring treatment was not significantly different and demonstrated significant heterogeneity. Limitations included substantial bias and subjective outcomes within the individual studies, difficulty interpreting testing modalities, and the inability to correct for mixed infections or timing of intervention. CONCLUSIONS: We identified insufficient evidence to support or refute treatment of M. pneumoniae in CA-LRTI. These data highlight the need for well-designed, prospective RCTs assessing the effect of treating M. pneumoniae in CA-LRTI.
AC vs. DC distribution: A loss comparison

Environmentally friendly technologies such as photovoltaics and fuel cells are DC sources. In the current power infrastructure, this necessitates converting the power supplied by these devices into AC for transmission and distribution which adds losses and complexity. The amount of DC loads in our buildings is ever-increasing with computers, monitors, and other electronics entering our workplaces and homes. This forces another conversion of the AC power to DC, adding further losses and complexity. This paper proposes the use of a DC distribution system. In this study, an equivalent AC and DC distribution system are compared in terms of efficiency.
Revisiting the hippocampal-amygdala pathway in primates: association with immature-appearing neurons.

Abstract Elucidation of the ‘fear circuit’ has opened exciting avenues for understanding and treating human anxiety disorders. However, the translation of rodent to human studies, and vice versa, depends on understanding the homology in relevant circuits across species. Although abundant evidence indicates that the hippocampal–amygdala circuit mediates contextual fear learning, previous studies indicate that this pathway is more restricted in primates than in rodents. Moreover, cellular components of the amygdala differ across species. The paralaminar nucleus (PL) of the amygdala, a structure that is closely associated with the basal nucleus, is one example, having no clear homologue in rodents. In both human and nonhuman primates, the PL contains a subpopulation of immature-appearing neurons, which merge into the corticoamygdaloid transition area (CTA). To understand whether immature-appearing neurons are positioned to participate in fear circuitry, we first mapped the hippocampal–amygdala projection in the monkey. We then determined whether immature-appearing neurons were targets of this path. Retrograde results show that the hippocampal inputs to the amygdala originate in uncal region (CA1′) and the rostral prosubiculum, consistent with earlier studies. The amygdalohippocampal area, ventral basal nucleus, the medial paralaminar nucleus, and its confluence with the CTA are the main targets of this projection. Immature neurons are prominent in the PL and CTA, and are overlapped by anterogradely labeled fibers from CA1′, particularly in the medial PL and CTA. Hippocampal inputs to the amygdala are more focused in higher primates compared to rodents, supporting previous anatomic studies and recent data from human functional imaging studies of contextual fear. At the cellular level, a hippocampal interaction with immature neurons in the amygdala suggests a novel substrate for cellular plasticity, with implications for mechanisms underlying contextual learning and emotional memory processes.
Understanding the causes of performance variability in HPC workloads

While most workload characterization focuses on application and architecture performance, the variability in performance also has wide ranging impacts on the users and managers of large scale computing resources. Performance variability, though secondary to absolute performance itself can significantly detract from both the overall performance realized by parallel workloads and the suitability of a given architecture for a workload. In making choices about how to best match an HPC workload to an HPC architecture most examinations focus primarily on application performance, often in terms nominal or optimal performance. A practical concern which brackets the degree to which one can expect to see this performance in a multi-user production computing environment is the degree to which performance varies. Without an understanding of the performance variability exhibited by a computer for a given workload, in a practical sense, the effective performance that can be realized is still undetermined. In this work we examine both architectural and application causes of variability, quantify their impacts, and demonstrate performance gains realized by reducing variability.
The molecular theory of polyelectrolyte solutions with applications to the electrostatic properties of polynucleotides.

Although the importance of the polyelectrolyte character of DNA has been recognized for some time (Felsenfeld & Miles 1967), few of the implications have been explored, primarily because of a lag in translating the breakthroughs in polyelectrolyte theory of the last decade into a form that is well adapted to the analysis of the specialized problems of biophysical chemistry. Perhaps an analogous situation existed in the field of protein chemistry during the period after the formulation and confirmation of the Debye—Huckel theory of ionic solutions but before Scatchard's incorporation of the theory into his analysis of the binding properties of proteins. An achievement for polynucleotide solutions parallel to Scatchard's was recently presented by Record, Lohman, & de Haseth (1976) and further developed and reviewed by Record, Anderson & Lohman (1978).
Prevention of Experimentally Induced Enteric Colibacillosis in Newborn Calves

Severe enteric colibacillosis, characterized by profuse watery diarrhea, dehydration, apathy, hypothermia, and inability to stand, was produced in seven of eight newborn, colostrum-fed calves from nonvaccinated dams after oral challenge of calves with 1011 viable cells of Escherichia coli strain B44. Twenty-nine of 32 calves from dams vaccinated with various preparations of E. coli strain B44 were protected against severe enteric colibacillosis after oral challenge. Calves were protected if the dams received two subcutaneous vaccinations prior to calving. Calves also were protected if the dams were given a homologous vaccine of live or killed whole cells or a broth culture supernatant vaccine via the subcutaneous and intramammary routes 1 year earlier. Nineteen of the 29 protected calves had a transient diarrhea.
ON THE CAUSE OF THE HEART BEAT

Vol. II, page 391. The last word of the first paragraph should be "wall," instead of "septum."
Bit-interleaved turbo-coded noncoherent orthogonal modulation with iterative demodulation and decoding: capacity limits and convergence analysis

This paper studies bit interleaved coded modulation (BICM) using noncoherent orthogonal modulation (e.g. NFSK). To improve performance, information is fed from the decoder back to the demodulator, using the recently proposed strategy known as BICM with iterative demodulation (BICM-ID). The capacity of noncoherent orthogonal modulation under BICM constraints is compared against that with joint demodulation and decoding (which BICM-ID approximates). Also, the convergence behavior of iterative demodulation with turbo decoding is investigated by using density evolution.
Electron Mobility In N-Type Epitaxial ZnSe

An analysis of the temperature dependent mobility in lightly doped ZnSe epitaxial layers grown on a semi-insulating GaAs substrate by Molecular Beam Epitaxy is reported. Our results indicate that the temperature dependence of the mobility is in poor agreement with calculated values based on typical phonon and ionized impurity scattering mechanisms. Good agreement between theory and experimental data call be obtained by including a scattering term associated with the space-charge region surrounding defects.
Malignant neoplastic disease of the parotid lymph nodes

Objectives: To review the management and outcome of patients with malignant neoplastic disease of the parotid lymph nodes excluding those with primary salivary gland tumors. Study Design: Retrospective review of 14 patients who had malignant parotid lymph nodes from metastatic cutaneous malignancies, direct extension from primary cutaneous malignancies, or lymphoproliferative disorders. Methods: Charts were reviewed from three institutions and tabulated for age, gender, histopathology, treatment, and outcome. Results: Fourteen patients met the criteria for study. Ten patients had neoplastic nodes from cutaneous malignancies. Seven involved squamous cell carcinoma, two were metastatic from melanoma, and one was metastatic from basal cell carcinoma. Four patients had involvement from lymphoproliferative disorders. Conclusions: Metastatic disease to the parotid nodes or direct extension to nodes from primary cutaneous malignancy demonstrates a poor prognosis in this series. Prognosis of lymphoproliferative disorder is more favorable.
Asymmetric Localization of a Mammalian Numb Homolog during Mouse Cortical Neurogenesis

Abstract During Drosophila neurogenesis, differential segregation of Numb is necessary for daughter cells of asymmetric divisions to adopt distinct fates, at least partly by biasing the Notch -mediated cell–cell interaction. We have isolated a highly conserved mammalian homolog of Drosophila numb m-numb . During mouse cortical neurogenesis, m-Numb is asymmetrically localized to the apical membrane of dividing ventricular neural progenitors. Depending upon the orientation of the cleavage plane, m-Numb may be distributed into one or both of the daughter cells. When expressed in Drosophila embryos, m-Numb is localized asymmetrically in dividing neural precursors and rescues the numb mutant phenotype. Futhermore, m-Numb can physically interact with mouse Notch1. We propose that some shared molecular mechanisms, both cell-intrinsic and cell-extrinsic, generate asymmetric cell divisions during neurogenesis of vertebrates and invertebrates.
A Plethora of Plasmonics from the Laboratory for Nanophotonics at Rice University

The study of the surface plasmons of noble metals has emerged as one of the most rapidly growing and dynamic topics in nanoscience. Key advances in the synthesis of noble metal nanoparticles and nanostructures have resulted in a broad variety of structures whose geometries can be controlled systematically at the nanoscale. Arising from these efforts is a new level of insight and understanding regarding the fundamental properties of localized plasmons supported by these structures, and, in particular, the properties of interacting plasmon systems. This additional insight has led to the design of plasmonic systems that support coherent phenomena, such as Fano resonances. A broad range of applications are emerging for these structures: single- nanoparticle and nanogap chemical sensors, low-loss plasmon waveguides, and active plasmonic devices and detectors. Applications in biomedicine that exploit the strong photothermal response of nanoparticle plasmons have developed and advanced into clinical trials. The Laboratory for Nanophotonics at Rice has been home to many of these advances. Here, we showcase a variety of functional plasmonic materials and nanodevices emerging from our individual and collaborative efforts.
Trifluoronitrosomethane/tetrafluoroethylene copolymer: Degradation by heat and by radiation

Thermal degradation of trifluoronitrosomethane/tetrafluoroethylene copolymer yields COF2 and CF3NCF2 as gaseous decomposition products. The copolymer weight loss appears first order in copolymer. The activation energy is 58 kcal./mole, and the first-order rate constant is approximately k1 (min.−1) = 3.1 ′ 1021 exp {-29,047/T} determined in the 250–265°C. range. A rather large weight fraction of low molecular weight species exists in some nonfractionated copolymer samples leading to rapid initial weight losses upon heating. Thermogravimetric and differential thermal analyses were used to observe a thermal runaway decomposition at temperatures above 270°C. Gamma radiations from spent atomic fuel elements produce random scissions in the copolymer chains followed by COF2 and CF3NCF2 evolution. At 23°C. the total energy absorption per primary chain scission is Ed = 44 e.v./scission. For each chain scission an average of approximately 5.3CF2N(CF3)OCF2 units decompose to COF2 and CF3NCF2. In systems containing these product gases at appreciable pressure an adduct, (CF3)2NCOF, is produced. Ultraviolet light of 2537 A. wavelength photolyzes the copolymer producing random chain scissions and the gases COF2 and CF3NCF2. The quantum yield for primary random chain scission at 23°C. is ϕd = 0.91 × 10−3 scissions/absorbed photon; the equivalent total energy absorption per event is Ed = 5400 e.v./scission. An average of approximately 3.6 CF2N(CF3)OCF2 units decompose to COF2 and CF3NCF2 for each chain scission.
Least-material optimization of vertical pin-fin, plate-fin, and triangular-fin heat sinks in natural convective heat transfer

A least-material optimization of pin-fin, plate-fin, and triangular-fin array geometries is performed, by extending the use of least-material single fin analysis to multiple fin arrays. The heat dissipation from vertical fin arrays in natural convection is calculated using the Nusselt number correlation by Aihara et al. (Int. J. Heat and Mass Transfer vol. 33, no. 6, pp. 1223-32, 1990) for pin-fins, by Bar-Cohen and Rohsenow (Trans IEEE CHMT vol. 6, pp. 154-8, 1983) for rectangular plate fins, and by Karagiozis et al (Air, vol. 116, pp. 105-11, 1994) for triangular plate fins. Comparisons of the thermal capability of the three different array geometries are carried out on the basis of total heat dissipation and material-specific volumetric heat dissipation. Manufacturability constraints of these heat sinks, and their effects on the final design, are briefly discussed.
Comparison of photoresist shelf life in PGMEA and CA solvent systems

Use of safer photoresist solvents such as propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate (PGMEA, PMA) has been steadily increasing as a positive photoresist casting solvent. This work compares the aging characteristics and shelf life of photoresist prepared with PGMEA versus cellosolve acetate (CA, 2-ethoxyethyl acetate). By comparing samples stored at elevated temperatures with those at room temperature, aging rates are evaluated on photosensitivity, contrast, thickness and absorbance. Using first order reaction kinetic assumptions, these aging rates are compared to product specification limits to estimate shelf life.