cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A STRAIN-GRADIENT MODEL OF CLEAVAGE FRACTURE IN PLASTICALLY DEFORMING MATERIALS

The current analysis presents a model for cleavage fracture in the presence of dislocation plasticity. We build on a framework developed in an earlier paper (Lipkin et al., Acta mater. 44, 1287 (1996)), wherein an elastic core is embedded about the crack tip in a plastically deforming medium. This model provides a mechanism by which cleavage-type crack growth could proceed concomitantly with significant plastic dissipation. The present model is amended to account for the large strain gradients in the immediate vicinity of the crack tip. Such gradients are thought to lead to extensive local hardening. A simple, continuum-based model is used to identify a characteristic length scale ahead of the crack tip, within which the material cannot plastically deform subject to the crack-tip stress field. An expression is derived for the crack-tip shielding afforded by the plasticity prior to initiation of fracture. The strong dependence of toughness on.the ideal work of fracture indicates a possible mechanism for such varied phenomena as segregation-induced embrittlement, ductile-to-brittle transition, stress corrosion cracking and constrained fracture in metal--ceramic composites. Copyright © 1996 Acta Metallurgica Inc.
Entrapment in giant polymersomes of an inorganic oscillatory chemical reaction and resulting chemo-mechanical coupling

We present a methodology to entrap and run the Belousov–Zhabotinsky (BZ) reaction inside a polymer vesicle. We report on experiments with polymer vesicles where we observed (1) vesicle membrane deformations, (2) oscillations and (3) pulsating (expansion/contraction) episodes. The above provide us with evidence for chemo-mechanical coupling between these polymersomes and their contents.
Cast modification for immediate complete dentures: Traditional and contemporary considerations with an introduction of spatial modeling

Cast modification for immediate complete denture applications has been based largely upon the recom- mendations of a few authors. While helpful, these recommendations are primarily subjective. This article re- views 2 long-standing methods for cast modification and, subsequently, introduces the concept of spatial modeling. Spatial modeling involves the application of anatomic norms to gain an improved understanding of oral tissues and their dimensional relationships. A cast modification process based upon spatial modeling is described. The foregoing cast modi- fication methods are then compared. Indications and contraindications for the respective techniques are present- ed. Despite significant improvements
Workshop Mini-Labs: A Hands-On Substitute for Lectures

This interactive hands-on workshop demonstrates the use of 50-minute mini-labs to replace lectures in courses where such substitutions are appropriate. To illustrate the approach, mini-labs for a mechanical measurements course are used, but the purpose of the workshop is to give participants an experience they can adapt to courses in their own disciplines. Workshop attendees perform all activities required of students. They learn the operating principles of a specific measurement device via a pre-lab exercise and connect the device using information provided by the manufacturer, modeling the situation encountered by every experimentalist on first taking an instrument out of its box. Attendees are provided with student handouts for the pre-labs and mini-labs. At the end of the workshop, participants should be able to list the goals, advantages, and disadvantages of replacing lectures with mini-labs and be able to apply the mini-lab concept to one of their own courses by selecting a particular lecture to be replaced and developing the appropriate mini-lab lesson plan.
Toxic Emotions at Work: How Compassionate Managers Handle Pain and Conflict

The article reviews the book “Toxic Emotions at Work: How Compassionate Managers Handle Pain and Conflict,” by Peter J. Frost.
Calcium regulation of growth and differentiation of normal human keratinocytes : modulation of differentiation competence by stages of growth and extracellular calcium

In this study we examined the different aspects of the pathway leading to the differentiation of keratinocytes as a function of time in culture and calcium concentration of the culture medium. Human neonatal foreskin keratinocytes were grown in a serum-free, defined medium containing 0.07, 1.2, or 2.4 mM calcium and assayed for the rate of growth and protein synthesis, involucrin content, transglutaminase activity, and cornified envelope formation at preconfluent, confluent, and postconfluent stages of growth. We observed that keratinocytes grown to postconfluence in all calcium concentrations showed an increased protein/DNA ratio and an increased rate of membrane-associated protein synthesis. Extracellular calcium concentrations did not have a clear influence on these parameters. However, preconfluent and confluent keratinocytes grown in 0.07 mM calcium showed markedly retarded differentiation at all steps, i.e., involucrin synthesis, transglutaminase activity, and cornified envelope formation. Within 1 week after achieving confluence, these keratinocytes began synthesizing involucrin and transglutaminase and developed the ability to form cornified envelopes. Cells grown in 1.2 and 2.4 mM calcium synthesized involucrin and transglutaminase prior to confluence and were fully competent to form cornified envelopes by confluence. Thus external calcium-regulated keratinocyte differentiation is not an all or none phenomenon, but rather it is the rate at which keratinocytes differentiate that is controlled by calcium. We conclude that either or both higher extracellular calcium concentration and the achievement of cell–;cell contacts lead to a coordinate increase of at least two precursors–;involucrin content and transglutaminase activity–;required for cornified envelope formation. We speculate that a critical level of cytosolic calcium, achieved by increased extracellular calcium or by achievement of Intercellular communication established by cell–cell contact, may trigger mechanisms required for initiation of keratinocyte differentiation.
Nuclear Factor Kappa B and Matrix Metalloproteinase Induced Receptor Cleavage in the Spontaneously Hypertensive Rat

Recent evidence suggests that inflammation in the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) is associated with an uncontrolled matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity. We hypothesize that the transcription factor nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB) is overexpressed in the SHR, enhancing its MMP activity and enzymatic cleavage of the β2 adrenergic receptor (β 2 AR), thereby diminishing catecholamine-mediated arteriolar vasodilation. NFκB expression level and translocation were compared between Wistar Kyoto rat and SHR kidney, heart, and brain. The animals were treated with NFκB inhibitor, pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate, for 10 weeks and correlations between NFκB and MMP activity were determined. Immunohistochemistry showed that NFκB expression is increased in untreated SHR kidney (≈14%) and brain hypothalamus (≈22%) compared to that in Wistar Kyoto rats ( P P 2 AR extracellular, but not intracellular, domain density was found to be reduced in kidney, showing a receptor cleavage process that can be blocked by pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate treatment. These results suggest NFκB is an important transcription factor in the SHR and may be involved in the enhanced MMP activity and, consequently, receptor cleavage.
Learning techniques to train neural networks as a state selector for inverter-fed induction machines using direct torque control

Neural networks are receiving attention as controllers for many industrial applications. Although these networks eliminate the need for mathematical models, they require a lot of training to understand the model of a plant or a process. Issues such as learning speed, stability, and weight convergence remain as areas of research and comparison of many training algorithms. This paper discusses the application of neural networks to control induction machines using direct torque control (DTC). A neural network is used to emulate the state selector of the DTC. The training algorithms used in this paper are the backpropagation, adaptive neuron model, extended Kalman filter, and the parallel recursive prediction error. Computer simulations of the motor and neural-network system using the four approaches are presented and compared. Discussions about the parallel recursive prediction error and the extended Kalman filter algorithms as the most promising training techniques is presented, giving their advantages and disadvantages.
Can Learning Constituency Opinion Affect How Legislators Vote? Results from a Field Experiment ∗

Can Learning Constituency Opinion Affect How Legislators Vote? Results from a Field Experiment
ANALYSIS AND CONTROL OF BIFURCATION PHENOMENA IN AIRCRAFT FLIGHT

This paper addresses a theoretical framework for a unified methodology which allows analysis of nonlinear stability and efficient control of high-dimensio nal nonlinear plants modeling aircraft flight. It is shown that analysis of nonlinear transition phenomena (bifurcations) is central to revealing the limitation of robust control (i.e., an accurate estimate of the basin of stability). Omitting transition behavior causes over control and provides a very local stabilization. Analysis and control of bifurcations of aircraft flight are given in the spirit of the generalized normal forms method, which provides one with the nonreducible system that preserves stability characteristics of the initial plant. Stabilization of a plant's bifurcations is then given in terms of the resonance control methodology. Efficiency of the developed methodology is demonstrated by analyzing and controlling an unstable nonlinear plant relevant to the lateral dynamics of an aircraft. Whereas the initial plant is governed by a number of coupled nonlinear equations, the reduced system (the resonance normal form) turns out to be much easier to analyze and even integrable in many cases. Analysis of bifurcations of the resonance normal forms may shape efficient control actions which a pilot may undertake to ensure stability of an aircraft in a prescribed neighborhood of a trim condition and also can furnish a design of a flight's automatic control.
In-situ ion beam measurements of deuterium loading in thin foil electrochemical cells

A key element of recent assertions of cold fusion'' has been the claim that electrochemical loading of deuterium into Pd electrodes can produce D:Pd levels exceeding 1:1. Using external beam nuclear reaction analysis of Pd foil electrodes in operating electrochemical cells, we have directly monitored deuterium content in-situ. No conditions were found which resulted in loadings higher than {approximately}0.9. 15 refs., 5 figs.
Boy-talk around texts: Considering how a third grade boy transforms the shape of literacy in book talk discussionsI

Compelling aspects I have noticed throughout my teaching life are the multitude of understandings boys have concerning themselves as readers. In this inquiry, as part of a larger year-long ethnogra...
A new code-timing estimation algorithm for DS-CDMA

A DS-CDMA receiver requires accurate timing information to synchronize the receiver PN code correlator with the received signal. When utilized for position location applications, the DS-CDMA receiver must further provide accurate timing information to the location algorithm. Typically, DS-CDMA timing estimation algorithms require the transmission of a training sequence to establish timing lock. In addition, the carrier frequency drift encountered in many wireless communication applications adversely effects the performance of these algorithms. This paper introduces a new DS-CDMA code-timing estimation algorithm that operates without a training sequence and provides robustness to carrier frequency drift.
Compiler construction with a dash of concurrency and an embedded twist

We describe the renovation of our compilers curriculum to meld together an established object-oriented textbook compiler with an inexpensive embedded target platform. The result is a modern compiler implementation course with aspects of concurrency and embedded systems, and a palpable increase in student enthusiasm. We discuss the trade-offs in retargeting our compiler, gauge the difficulty of supporting thread-level concurrency in our target language, and outline the resulting structure of the course and integration with the rest of our computer science curriculum.
Comparison of midazolam and diazepam for conscious sedation in the emergency department.

Study objective: To compare the efficacy of diazepam and midazolam when used for conscious sedation in emergency department patients. Design: Prospective, randomized, double-blind, multicenter trial. Setting: Three university EDs. Type of participants: Patients requiring one of the following procedures: abscess drainage, joint reduction, extensive suturing, chest tube insertion, or lumbar puncture. Interventions: Diazepam (2.5 mg/mL) or midazolam (1 mg/mL) was administered until the desired level of sedation was achieved to a maximum of 5 mL. Fentanyl citrate was administered if needed for pain. Measurements and main results: Thirty-three patients received diazepam and 36 received midazolam. Patients receiving midazolam had a greater degree of early sedation ( P P P = .05), significantly less recall for the procedure ( P P Conclusions: Diazepam and midazolam are both effective for conscious sedation in ED patients. Midazolam causes less pain on injection, a significantly greater degree of early sedation, and a more rapid return to baseline function.
Soil Microbial Responses to Elevated CO2 and O3 in a Nitrogen-Aggrading Agroecosystem

Climate change factors such as elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) and ozone (O3) can exert significant impacts on soil microbes and the ecosystem level processes they mediate. However, the underlying mechanisms by which soil microbes respond to these environmental changes remain poorly understood. The prevailing hypothesis, which states that CO2- or O3-induced changes in carbon (C) availability dominate microbial responses, is primarily based on results from nitrogen (N)-limiting forests and grasslands. It remains largely unexplored how soil microbes respond to elevated CO2 and O3 in N-rich or N-aggrading systems, which severely hinders our ability to predict the long-term soil C dynamics in agroecosystems. Using a long-term field study conducted in a no-till wheat-soybean rotation system with open-top chambers, we showed that elevated CO2 but not O3 had a potent influence on soil microbes. Elevated CO2 (1.5×ambient) significantly increased, while O3 (1.4×ambient) reduced, aboveground (and presumably belowground) plant residue C and N inputs to soil. However, only elevated CO2 significantly affected soil microbial biomass, activities (namely heterotrophic respiration) and community composition. The enhancement of microbial biomass and activities by elevated CO2 largely occurred in the third and fourth years of the experiment and coincided with increased soil N availability, likely due to CO2-stimulation of symbiotic N2 fixation in soybean. Fungal biomass and the fungi∶bacteria ratio decreased under both ambient and elevated CO2 by the third year and also coincided with increased soil N availability; but they were significantly higher under elevated than ambient CO2. These results suggest that more attention should be directed towards assessing the impact of N availability on microbial activities and decomposition in projections of soil organic C balance in N-rich systems under future CO2 scenarios.
Mechanisms of orthostatic intolerance during heat stress

Heat stress profoundly and unanimously reduces orthostatic tolerance. This review aims to provide an overview of the numerous and multifactorial mechanisms by which this occurs in humans. Potential causal factors include changes in arterial and venous vascular resistance and blood distribution, and the modulation of cardiac output, all of which contribute to the inability to maintain cerebral perfusion during heat and orthostatic stress. A number of countermeasures have been established to improve orthostatic tolerance during heat stress, which alleviate heat stress induced central hypovolemia (e.g., volume expansion) and/or increase peripheral vascular resistance (e.g., skin cooling). Unfortunately, these countermeasures can often be cumbersome to use with populations prone to syncopal episodes. Identifying the mechanisms of inter-individual differences in orthostatic intolerance during heat stress has proven elusive, but could provide greater insights into the development of novel and personalized countermeasures for maintaining or improving orthostatic tolerance during heat stress. This development will be especially impactful in occuational settings and clinical situations that present with orthostatic intolerance and/or central hypovolemia. Such investigations should be considered of vital importance given the impending increased incidence of heat events, and associated cardiovascular challenges that are predicted to occur with the ensuing changes in climate.
Sieving of electrolytes at capillary wall of cat skeletal muscle by osmotic water flow.

To test the hypothesis that a significant proportion of transcapillary water flow occurs through solute-restricting channels, we investigated the effects of transcapillary water movement on plasma electrolytes in isolated perfused cat skeletal muscle. The lower hindlimbs of anesthetized cats were perfused with a plasma-albumin solution and were weighed to determine transcapillary water movement. Osmolality was increased 60-70 mosmol/kgH2O with sucrose, creating water fluxes of 8-10 ml.min-1.100 g-1, and the changes in the venous concentrations of sodium, potassium, and chloride were determined. The ion concentrations were all reduced by 6-7% with no significant difference between them. The amount of reduction was quantitatively explained by the flow of ion-free water from the interstitial space into plasma and the diffusion of electrolyte in the same direction. These findings support the hypothesis that important water-only transcapillary channels exist in mammalian skeletal muscle. The observations may also explain some of the electrolyte changes seen in intense exercise.
Systematic Review of Key Leader Practices Found to Influence Student Achievement: A Unified Framework

The field of educational leadership has accrued a body of research that explains how leaders influence student achievement through the enactment of various practices. Yet, differences exist in the substance of the frameworks that assert the areas to which leaders should attend. The specific purposes of this article are to identify and synthesize the empirical research on how leadership influences student achievement and to provide evidence on how school leaders should direct their efforts. During the literature review, we consulted experts for recommendations and searched peer-reviewed journals from 2000 to 2014. The literature review yielded 56 empirical research studies of relevance to the topic and 3 frameworks consisting of clustered practices. We then grouped the 28 practices according to systematic criteria and found 5 overarching domains. In doing so, this study unifies existing frameworks through developing a cohesive set of practices to inform the work of researchers and practitioners.
Justice is the goal: divestment as climate change resistance

This article takes a sympathetic look at the university fossil fuel divestment movement. The push for divestment is changing the conversation about what “sustainability” means for college campuses. It is also generating a new, more critical and politically engaged cadre of climate activists. We use a shared auto-ethnographic approach from student activists’ and professors’ perspectives to analyze the campus divestment movement based on the experience of American University’s Fossil Free AU campaign. We argue that this issue is one where sustainability politics are re-politicized as they challenge traditional power relations and conceptualizations of what environmentalism entails. The case study explores how a climate justice framework, radical perspectives, and inside/outsider strategies were used within the campaign. We argue that the campus fossil fuel divestment movement holds potential to change the university’s expressed values from complicity with fossil fuel economies toward an emergent paradigm of climate justice, stemming predominantly from student activism. The work presents new vantage points for understanding the relationship of personal experience, local campaigns of ecological resistance, and sustainability politics more broadly.
Evidence for high stress in quartz from the impact site of Vredefort, South Africa

A microstructural investigation of stishovite-bearing quartzite from the Vredefort meteorite impact site in South Africa reveals features that are attributed to shock deformation. These include abundant mechanically induced Dauphine twinning, rhombohedral deformation lamellae and associated residual stresses. Mechanical twins were identified with SEM-EBSD. Residual stresses are derived from equivalent strains that are observed on Laue diffraction images measured with microfocused synchrotron X-rays. Average lattice strains of 1400 microstrains in Vredefort quartz are much higher compared to values (500) found in quartz from granite samples subject to only regional metamorphism. While the granitic quartz shows mainly normal compressive and tensile residual stresses, in Vredefort quartz, shear stresses associated with lamellar boundaries dominate.
Computers and Productivity: A Human Factors Viewpoint

The use of computers as a productivity improvement tool for “knowledgeworkers” is examined. Limitations of the human factors engineering analysis of work station design for the knowledgeworker are developed. Suggestions for future research directions are made.
Influence of Motor and Sensory Sets on Reaction Latency and Speed of Discrete Movements

Abstract College men and women were tested as to reaction time and speed of an arm movement using both motor-oriented and stimulus-oriented set. The results confirmed a hypothesis based on neuromotor coordination theory that predicted slower movement and greater reaction latency when the motor set was used. However, the 20 percent of subjects who had a natural motor set tendency moved faster with an enforced motor set than with an enforced sensory set. The conditions of enforced set caused a moderate positive correlation between reaction and movement times. Women subjects reacted and moved slower than men, but were similarly influenced by the two enforced set conditions. Their natural set tendency was definitely stimulus-oriented, while men tended to have a neutral orientation.
FORMATION OF THE NOVEL SIX-COORDINATE ATRANE CATION IN FMESN(HMENCH2CH2)2N(CH2CH2NME)BF4

The reaction of the azastannatranes RSn(NMeCH2CH2)(3)N 1 (R = Me), 2 (R = n-Bu), and 3 (R = Ph) with BF3 . Et2O in THF gave the novel six-coordinate tin compounds 4-6, respectively, in which BF3 adds across one of the three covalent Sn-N bonds to give a F-Sn<--NMe(BF2) linkage. The tricyclic atrane framework retained in the reaction with BF3 . Et2O is preserved under hydrolysis conditions with substoichiometric amounts of water. A hydrolysis product of 4 is the new fluorotin salt [FMeSn(HMeNCH2CH2)(2)N(CH2CH2NMe)]BF4 [7(BF4)] whose structure, determined by X-ray analysis, also features a six-coordinate tin atom. The TR and NMR spectra of 4-6 confirm their six-coordinate nature. The H-1 and C-13 NMR spectra are assigned using COSY, NOESY, and selectively proton decoupled C-13 NMR spectral techniques. Crystallographic parameters for 7(BF4) are as follows: triclinic space group , a = 8.295(2) Angstrom, b = 8.924(2) Angstrom, c = 13.639(2) Angstrom, alpha = 88.59(2)degrees, beta = 74.83(2)degrees, gamma = 79.99(2)degrees, and Z = 2.
Combining Ability in a Diallel Cross of Three Lines of Coturnix Coturnix Japonica

Abstract Three random-bred lines of Japanese quail were crossed in a 3 × 3 diallel to estimate their combining ability for hatchability, growth rate, and age at 25, 50, 75 and 100% lay. The experiment was conducted as a randomized complete block design with a 3 × 3 × 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments (3 lines of sire × 3 lines of dam × 2 ambient-temperature stresses × 2 sexes). Approximately 1200 eggs in three hatches were set; 496 progeny measured for five week body weight; and 212 hens observed for age at maturity. General combining ability effects were highly significant for percent hatchability. Specific combining ability was not important for hatchability in the three lines tested. Data on body weight revealed highly significant effects due to general combining ability, specific combining ability, sire × sex interaction, hatch, ambient-temperature stress and sex. Data for age at 25, 50, 75 and 100% lay indicated that general and specific combining abilities as well as maternal effects were all highly significant.
Reaction of polyoma and influenza viruses with receptors of erythrocytes and host-cells.

SummaryEvidence is presented for the existence of 2 types of erythrocyte receptors for the PR-8 strain of influenza virus; one of these is available also to polyoma virus. Modifications of the quality of the hemagglutination reaction, resulting from treatment of either virus or red cell, are described. While a similarity in the receptors for influenza virus on the host-cell and the erythrocyte can be demonstrated, these were found to be distinct in the case of polyoma virus.
Using Flexible Data-Driven Frameworks to Enhance School Psychology Training and Practice.

While a great number of scientific advances have been made in school psychology, the research to practice gap continues to exist, which has significant implications for training future school psychologists. Training in flexible, data-driven models may help school psychology trainees develop important competencies that will benefit them throughout their career. These models additionally consider important implementation variables and can be used across a range of school psychology roles and functions. This paper discusses the use of best practice process models in school psychology training as a potential means for enhancing competencies in data-driven practice and improving student outcomes. The authors present methods to incorporate best practice process into consultation models and systems change efforts to illustrate the multiple lenses through which this process can be helpful in training future school psychologists.
Evaluation of the Correlation Between MRI and E-cadherin Catenin Complex in Invasive Pituitary Adenomas

Objective To study the correlation between MRI and E cadherin catenin complex in pituitary adenomas in evaluating invasion of adenomas.Materials and Methods 31 pituitary adenomas proved by the pathologic examination were measured on MR images, a staging system of tumor invasion was designed. A cumulative invasion score was calculated for each tumor. The results were compared with the data of expression level of E-cadherin catenin complex which were detected by immunohistochemical studies.Results There were markedly negative log linear correlation between β-catenin expression and the cumulative staging score of 19 pituitary adenomas (r=-0.477, P=0.039). There were no log linear correlation between E-cadherin or α catenin expression and the cumulative staging score for each tumor (r1=-0.018, P=0.930; r2=0.032, P=0.870).Conclusion There is positive correlation between the reduction of β-catenin expression and invasion features on images of invasive pituitary adenomas. With β-catenin expression, MRI can be used to evaluate invasive pituitary adenomas more accurately.
Monitoring results and analysis of the quality of secondary water supply in Yinchuan city during 2007-2009

OBJECTIVE:Understanding the quality of secondary water supply for the development of targeted scientific basis in Yinchuan city.METHODS:The secondary water supply test data,analysis and evaluation were collected from 2007 to 2009.And using site visit and questioning,the secondary water supply unit sanitation and its management were also investigated.RESULTS:The quality of the 3 years' secondary water supply had an overall pass rate of only 43.1%,mainly due to turbidity,iron,free residual chlorine and other projects exceeded.CONCLUSION: The unqualified terminal water supply,unreasonably designed secondary supply facilities,poor oversight and management were the main reasons for the unhealthy water quality of secondary water supply.
Polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies in renal transplant: an update

Purpose of review There are several monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies used in renal transplantation today, this article will discuss several agents, their updates and newer agents. Recent findings Antithymocyte globulin and interleukin-2 (IL-2) receptor blocker continue to be used as induction agents. The risk of acute rejection was higher in IL-2 receptor blockers mainly in the first year, but graft survivals were similar in both groups long term. Belatacept is the only approved intravenous maintenance immunosuppressive therapy which provides the benefit of glomerular filtration rate preservation, but it was associated with a higher risk of acute rejection and post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder. Bortezomib may help decrease donor-specific antibody levels, but there are limited data to support its use for desensitization or rejection. Eculizumab may help in antibody-mediated rejection in some cases but has not shown promising long-term effects in high-risk individuals. Newer agents have been continuously tested for improved efficacy and safety. Summary Transplantation is the standard of care for end-stage renal disease patients, but we still have a long way to go, as we need to improve long-term outcomes. The manipulation of the immune system is a delicate undertaking, with risks of adverse events; therefore, risk versus benefit needs to be carefully evaluated and treatment needs to be individualized.
Effects on short-term hyperprolactinemia on the endocrine reproductive system in male rabbits

We have systematically studied the effects of short-term hyperprolactinemia on reproductive function in male rabbits. Purified ovine prolactin (PRL) was administered intravenously, as bolus injections or by constant infusion, to unanesthetized animals bearing two chronically implanted Silastic catheters; blood samples were obtained via the second catheter. Short-term hyperprolactinemia did not modify serum luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) concentrations in either castrated or intact rabbits. However, in spite of no changes in LH and FSH, short-term PRL administration lowered the serum testosterone (T) in intact animals. Furthermore, while PRL had no effect on the LH and FSH response to gonadotropin-releasing hormone, it did inhibit the testicular secretion of T in response to the increased endogenous LH. PRL also inhibited human chorionic gonadotropin-stimulated T secretion by the testes. All of these studies indicate that PRL interferes with the testicular response to LH. The fact that LH and FSH did not rise in response to the lowered T in intact animals suggested that PRL also altered the steroid feedback control of LH and FSH secretion. To assess this, PRL or saline was repeatedly injected after castration. PRL prevented the postcastration rise in LH and FSH. These studies indicate that PRL acts at at least two sites in the reproductive system in rabbits: (1) directly at a gonadal level by interfering with gonadotropin action and (2) at a hypothalamic-pituitary central level by preventing the expected rise in gonadotropins in response to low gonadal steroids.
Nonlinear photothermal spectroscopy with multiple bifurcations

A new regime of photothermal spectroscopy for unique sample characterization is presented. Photothermal studies of a liquid crystal sample show nonlinear signal enhancement, multiple bifurcations and spectral peak narrowing.
Police Interrogation, False Confessions, and Alleged Child Abuse Cases

In this lecture, Professor Richard Leo discusses false confession cases, exploring the phenomenon of false confessions, the impact of confession evidence, and the causes of false confession. In the beginning of his presentation, Professor Leo highlights some typical characteristics of false confession cases by discussing the false confessions of Adrian Thomas and Nga Truong, both wrongly accused of killing their children. In both cases, law enforcement officers ignored substantial medical evidence that the children died from other causes and assumed from the start that Thomas and Truong were guilty of homicide. Professor Leo explores laboratory and field studies on the impact of confession evidence, which demonstrate that confessions are highly prejudicial. He also outlines the social psychology of police interrogation, noting that contemporary American interrogation methods are designed to persuade suspects that their situation is hopeless and that confession is in their self-interest. Next, Professor Leo details the risk factors for interrogation-induced false confessions, including officers’ presumption of guilt, lengthy interrogation and sleep deprivation, false evidence ploys, minimization and maximization, and explicit promises and threats. In conclusion, he argues that the United States needs to enact front-end reforms, such as electronic recording of interrogations and improved training for law enforcement personnel, that would help to minimize false confessions.
Understanding Breast Cancer Survivors’ Beliefs and Concerns About Adjuvant Hormonal Therapy: Promoting Adherence

Adjuvant hormonal therapy is recommended for women with hormone receptor (HR)-positive breast cancer. Though critical, many patients are non-adherent to this therapy. Few scales have been developed to specifically address beliefs about adjuvant hormonal therapy. This study explores the clarity and relevance of the Beliefs about Medicine Questionnaire (BMQ) in the context of adherence behaviors to hormonal therapy in Black and White breast cancer survivors. We recruited women diagnosed with HR-positive cancer from the Washington, DC, area. An interviewer administered a standardized survey and conducted a cognitive interview. Participants rated the BMQ across three areas: relevance, difficulty, and clarity. We coded whether the comments identified item level issues: limited applicability, unclear reference, unclear perspective, or wording or tone. In-depth interviews were conducted with women who prematurely discontinued hormone therapy. The sample (n = 30) was equally split between Black and White survivors. On average, women were 57.9 years old (SD = 9.0). Overall 77% rated scale as relevant. Cognitive interviews revealed areas of perceived limited acceptability such as the notion of becoming too dependent or the notion of becoming worse if not taking the medication. Women who discontinued hormonal therapy (n = 2) felt ambivalent towards hormonal therapy as they reported having both positive and negative beliefs about the medication. Our study findings suggest new areas for further research and instrument development to accurately measure self-reported beliefs about hormonal therapy by HR-positive breast cancer survivors.
Glycolipids and glycopeptides: Minimally competent Lewis acid catalysis produces surfactants for use ex vivo and in vivo

Use of minimally competent main group Lewis acids such as InBr3 and Bi (OSO2CF3)3 permit the formation of glycosides in high yield and purity from simple sugar per-acetates at room temperature or above with remarkable α/β-selectivity. Classical reactions rely on very reactive glycosyl donors in conjunction with metal promoters (Hg++, Ag+ etc). Newer methods have used trichloroacetimidates and strong Bronsted or Lewis acids or thioglycosides in conjunction with oxidative or thiophilic activators. Use of the more stable glycosyl per acetates in conjunction with stoichiometric amounts of strong Lewis acids (BF3.Et2O, FeBr3 etc) has been explored with limited success. The use of “minimally competent” Lewis acids has allowed us to perform glycosidation reactions with catalytic amounts of InBr3 or Bi (OTfl)3 well above room temperature and without significant decomposition of the glycoside products. We will discuss the exploitation of these methods to produce glycolipid surfactants from renewable resources as well as glycopeptide drugs that penetrate the blood-brain barrier (BBB). These “biousian glycopeptides” are not subject to “Lipinski’s rules” that would otherwise eliminate them as CNS drug candidates. Glycosylated amphipathic helices or “address segments” have been used to target G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) in the brain after intravenous administration. The addition of glycosides to endogenous peptide neurotransmitters and peptide hormones imparts favorable pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics (PK/PD) properties and enables penetration of the BBB which is not constrained by molecular weight.
DD65: Das Schweigen ist Schrei! (Mai 2008)

„Cum tacent clamant.“ Ubersetzt: Ihr Schweigen ist wie Schreien, wie eine Anklage. Dieser beruhmte Satz ist von Cicero. Es gibt heute eine Menge Schweigen. Das ist mehr wie Verzweiflung, aus Angst nicht anders als schweigen zu konnen. Oder das, wovon die Rede ist, liegt so fern, dass nur noch geschwiegen werden kann. Die aber reden, wissen das lieber nicht.
Toward Finitist Proof Theory

A little more than three quarters of a century ago, in the Spring of 1921, Hilbert gave the first presentation of his new investigations concerning the foundations of arithmetic in Copenhagen and some months later in Hamburg. Hilbert’s 1922 paper Neubegrundung der Mathematik is based on these talks.2 The paper is important for a variety of systematic reasons, but also for its opening combative remarks against Weyl and Brouwer. It is remarkable, how little is known about the intellectual development that led to the logical work presented there; it is similarly remarkable, how little is known about the intellectual climate that provoked Hilbert’s remarks. There is a personal edge to these remarks; after all, they are in part directed to Weyl who had been Hilbert’s own student and who had joined the “revolutionary” movement of Brouwer’s intuitionism in 1920. Weyl had also published in 1921 the unabashedly “propagandistic” paper Ober die neue Grundlagenkrise der Mathematik; note that “revolutionary” and “propagandistic” are Weyl’s characterizations, not mine This was the unfortunate beginning of the unfortunate “Grundlagenstreit” in the twenties that, even more unfortunately, still colors our views on issues in the foundations of mathematics. Here is a rich mine for fascinating historical, logico-mathematical, and philosophical investigations that can make substantive contributions to the contemporary discussion in the philosophy of mathematics. In my remarks I am going to focus on the intellectual developments within the Hilbert School.3
Liraglutide Treatment Reduces Endothelial Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Insulin Resistance in Patients With Diabetes Mellitus

Background Prior studies have shown that nutrient excess induces endoplasmic reticulum ( ER ) stress in nonvascular tissues from patients with diabetes mellitus ( DM ). ER stress and the subsequent unfolded protein response may be protective, but sustained activation may drive vascular injury. Whether ER stress contributes to endothelial dysfunction in patients with DM remains unknown. Methods and Results To characterize vascular ER stress, we isolated endothelial cells from 42 patients with DM and 37 subjects without DM. Endothelial cells from patients with DM displayed higher levels of ER stress markers compared with controls without DM. Both the early adaptive response, evidenced by higher phosphorylated protein kinase-like ER eukaryotic initiation factor-2a kinase and inositol-requiring ER-to-nucleus signaling protein 1 ( P=0.02, P=0.007, respectively), and the chronic ER stress response evidenced by higher C/ EBP α-homologous protein ( P=0.02), were activated in patients with DM . Higher inositol-requiring ER-to-nucleus signaling protein 1 activation was associated with lower flow-mediated dilation, consistent with endothelial dysfunction ( r=0.53, P=0.02). Acute treatment with liraglutide, a glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonist, reduced p-inositol-requiring ER-to-nucleus signaling protein 1 ( P=0.01), and the activation of its downstream target c-jun N-terminal kinase ( P=0.025) in endothelial cells from patients with DM . Furthermore, liraglutide restored insulin-stimulated endothelial nitric oxide synthase activation in patients with DM ( P=0.019). Conclusions In summary, our data suggest that ER stress contributes to vascular insulin resistance and endothelial dysfunction in patients with DM . Further, we have demonstrated that liraglutide ameliorates ER stress, decreases c-jun N-terminal kinase activation and restores insulin-mediated endothelial nitric oxide synthase activation in endothelial cells from patients with DM .
Effects of Anisotropy and Disorder on Crystal-Melt Tensions in Polyolefins

Interfacial tensions between a polymer crystal and its melt play a central role in nucleation theory. While the tension on the end face (lamellar surface) can be obtained from melting-point suppression, tensions on the sides of a crystal nucleus have not been measured. We use our recently developed “plunger” simulation method to obtain melt–crystal interfacial tensions for polyethylene (PE) and isotactic polypropylene (iPP) ordered phases against their melts. We find PE orthorhombic crystals have strong anisotropy in their side-face interfacial tensions, which leads to a rather oblong crystal cross section under the Wulff construction, far from an idealized hexagonal or cylindrical crystal nucleus. We also investigate rotationally disordered “rotator” or “condis” phases in PE and iPP, which have smaller side-face tensions than their crystalline counterparts. This finding is consistent with Strobl’s hypothesis that rotator phases have lower nucleation barriers and nucleate first in many common polymers inc...
Pravastatin for Primary Prevention in Older Adults: Restricted Mean Survival Time Analysis.

Objectives To use restricted mean survival time, which summarizes treatment effects in terms of event‐free time over a fixed time period, to evaluate the benefit of pravastatin therapy for primary prevention of cardiovascular disease in older adults. Design Secondary analysis of the Antihypertensive and Lipid‐Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial‐Lipid‐Lowering Trial (ALLHAT‐LLT). Setting Ambulatory setting. Participants Individuals aged 65 and older (mean aged 71, 49% female) free of cardiovascular disease (N=2,867). Intervention Pravastatin 40 mg/d (n=1,467) versus usual care (n=1,400). Measurements We estimated the difference in RMST for total and coronary heart disease (CHD)‐free survival between the pravastatin and usual care groups over the 6‐year trial period and used parametric survival models to estimate RMST differences projected over 10 years. Results Over 6 years, individuals treated with pravastatin lived (RMST 2,008.1 days), on average, 33.7 fewer days than those receiving usual care (RMST 2,041.8 days) (difference –33.7 days, 95% confidence interval (CI)=–67.0 to –0.5 days, p=.047). Pravastatin‐treated individuals lived RMST 2,088.1 days), on average, 18.7 more days free of CHD over 6 years than those receiving usual care (RMST 2,069.4 days), but this difference was not statistically significant (difference 18.7 days, 95% CI=–10.4–47.8 days, p=.21). The 10‐year projection showed that pravastatin‐treated individuals would live 108.1 fewer days (95% CI=–204.5 to –14.1, p=.03) than those receiving usual care, although treated individuals would gain 77.9 days (95% CI=3.8–159.6, p=.046) of CHD‐free survival. Conclusion RMST provides an intuitive and explicit way to express the effect of pravastatin therapy on CHD‐free and overall survival in older adults free of cardiovascular disease. This measure allows a more personalized interpretation than hazard ratios of the benefits and risks of a medical intervention for decision‐making.
Barriers of Automated BIM Use: Examining Factors of Project Delivery

The use of Building Information Models (BIM) for design and construction processes are growing as a whole, especially in terms of mobility platforms that help with managing the construction process. One area, however, that is lagging in the use of BIM for automated or semi-automated processes such as estimating. Literature has explored some reasons for this lack of adoption of BIM for estimating as issues with the user trusting the model’s accuracy when that model is created by someone else when using a federated model approach. In order to enhance user confidence of BIM results with automated processes two areas were examined: (1) the use of historic data to create a reliability model based on risk and financial impact of systems and (2) examining factors of project delivery that influence the use of BIM. This paper discusses a two part survey that examined the project delivery system and various other factors as to how they relate to the user’s confidence in the accuracy of a model. Results indicate that personal relationships are more influential than contractual obligations. Finally, findings of the survey that identify common trends of respondents in terms of setting up a project delivery to maximize the utilization of BIM are included.
A Solid Polymer Electrolyte from Cross-Linked Polytetrahydrofuran for Calcium Ion Conduction

Solid networks are produced from polytetrahydrofuran (PTHF) and 3,4-epoxycyclohexylmethyl-3′,4′-epoxycyclohexane carboxylate through visible-light-initiated photo-cross-linking. The networks were l...
Deterministic Entanglement of Two Neutral Atoms Using Rydberg Blockade

We demonstrate a neutral atom CNOT gate using Rydberg state mediated interactions. The gate is used to deterministically create entangled Bell states with a fidelity of F=0.71, without correcting for loss of atoms.
Differential Effects of Temperature and Salinity on Growth and Mortality of Oysters (Crassostrea virginica) in Barataria Bay and Breton Sound, Louisiana

Temperature and salinity and their interaction exert a major control on the life cycle of the eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica), affecting reproduction, development, growth, and mortality. Quantifying specific temperature and salinity relationships on oyster growth and mortality has, however, proven difficult, with data suggesting potentially region-specific responses. Legacy and recent data from field tray studies from public oyster grounds in Barataria Bay (BA) and Breton Sound (BS) were used to estimate growth and mortality rates as a function of temperature and salinity. Previous studies conducted in BA and BS reported differences in growth and mortality between the basins. In the present study, environmental conditions were synchronized to compare growth and mortality between basins at similar combinations of temperature and salinity. Results indicate that when temperature and salinity are the same (synchronized), seasonal oyster growth and mortality rates still differ between BA and BS. Given the same salinity and temperature conditions, differences in growth and mortality rates between estuaries may persist because of differences in other environmental conditions (i.e., food quality and composition, hydrology, site history, and salinity variation) or localized genetic adaptations to environmental conditions.