cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Temporal variability in sediment fluxes in the San Pedro Basin, southern California bight

A 6 month sediment trap study (January–July 1988) conducted in San Pedro Basin off southern California in which bi-weekly particulate samples were obtained, indicates that significant, high frequency temporal variability exists in the flux of particulate matter to the sea floor at this site. During this period, three intervals of high fluxes were observed for both lithogenic and biogenic sediment components, which can be correlated to local climate and oceanographic events. The highest total fluxes occurred in winter (late January—early February), with up to 70% of the flux being lithogenic. The high lithogenic flux during this time of year coincides with the time of highest rainfall, and increased run-off probably contributed to the high detrital fluxes. Resuspension and basinward advection of shelf sediments may have also contributed to the winter peak in lithogenic flux. High C/N ratios and low δ13Corg values suggest the input of continentally-derived organic carbon to San Pedro Basin during the winter flux peak. Two other periods of high flux occur during April-early May and June. The April-early May flux peak is a function of both a spring bloom in early April and the onset of upwelling in late April. Both hydrographic regimes result in high biogenic fluxes (calcium carbonate, biogenic silica and organic carbon). The June increase in flux is associated with a second phase of upwelling. The average organic carbon flux at 500 m water depth during the study period was 0.032 g C m−2 day−1, which is less than 25% of the expected new production. Utilizing the empirical relationship developed by Suess [(1980) Nature, 228, 260–263], for estimating organic carbon flux as a function of primary productivity and water depth, we predict an average organic carbon flux of 0.032 g C m−2 day−1 at our trap depth (500 m) for this region. The excellent match between observed and predicted organic carbon fluxes suggests that our sediment trap sampling provides a reliable measure of changes in overlying surface water productivity. Similarly, total sediment flux estimates are in good agreement with sea-floor sediment accumulation rates, particularly when remineralization of biogenic material is taken into account.
Clinical scoring system may improve yield of head CT of non-trauma emergency department patients.

The positive rate of head CT in non-trauma patients presenting to the emergency department (ED) is low. Currently, indications for imaging are based on the individual experience of the treating physician, which contributes to overutilization and variability in imaging utilization. The goals of this study are to ascertain the predictors of positive head CT in non-trauma patients and demonstrate feasibility of a clinical scoring algorithm to improve yield. We retrospectively reviewed 500 consecutive ED non-trauma patients evaluated with non-contrast head CT after presenting with headache, altered mentation, syncope, dizziness, or focal neurologic deficit. Medical records were assessed for clinical risk factors: focal neurologic deficit, altered mental status, nausea/vomiting, known malignancy, coagulopathy, and age. Data was analyzed using logistic regression and receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curves and three derived algorithms. Positive CTs were found in 51 of 500 patients (10.2 %). Only two clinical factors were significant: focal neurologic deficit (adjusted odds ratio (OR) 20.7; 95 % confidence interval (CI) 9.4–45.7) and age >55 (adjusted OR 3.08; CI 1.44–6.56). Area under the ROC curve for all three algorithms was 0.73–0.83. In proposed algorithm C, only patients with focal neurologic deficit (major risk factor) or ≥2 of the five minor risk factors (altered mental status, nausea/vomiting, known malignancy, coagulopathy, and age) would undergo CT imaging. This may reduce utilization by 34 % with only a small decrease in sensitivity (98 %). Our simple scoring algorithm utilizing multiple clinical risk factors could help to predict the non-trauma patients who will benefit from CT imaging, resulting in reduced radiation exposure without sacrificing sensitivity.
Near Crashes as Crash Surrogate for Naturalistic Driving Studies

Naturalistic driving is an innovative method for investigating driver behavior and traffic safety. However, as the number of crashes observed in naturalistic driving studies is typically small, crash surrogates are needed. A study evaluated the use of near crashes as a surrogate measure for assessment of the safety impact of driver behaviors and other risk factors. Two metrics, the precision and bias of risk estimation, were used to assess whether near crashes could be combined with crashes. The principles and exact conditions for improved precision and unbiased estimation were proposed and applied to data from the 100-Car Naturalistic Driving Study. The analyses indicated that a positive relationship exists between the frequencies of contributing factors for crashes and for near crashes. The study also indicated that analyses based on combined crash and near-crash data consistently underestimate the risk of contributing factors compared to use of crash data alone. At the same time, the precision of the estimation will increase. This consistent pattern allows investigators to identify true high-risk behaviors while qualitatively assessing potential bias. In summary, the study concluded that the use of near crashes as a crash surrogate provides definite benefit when naturalistic studies are not large enough to generate sufficient numbers of crashes for statistical analysis.
Comparison of pond-sedimentation data with a GIS-based USLE model of sediment yield for a small forested urban watershed

Abstract Urban land covers are complex and heavily fragmented. A better understanding of how different urban land-cover types influence sediment yields is required from a land management perspective given rapid global population growth. This paper examines the effect of urban forest covers on soil erosion within a small watershed in northeastern Ohio that contains a retention pond. Sediment volumes emplaced within the pond over a 40-year period are compared against USLE-based erosion-model estimates to elucidate an erosion factor for the unknown forest cover effect. The USLE is applied for its ease of use, GIS-compatibility, and data availability. High erosion factors are resolved for the urban forest cover based on the pond's sediment record. These values comply with forest covers in other settings, but fall within the high end of the spectrum. Results provide a baseline for assessing model shortcomings and developing refined model versions that can provide urban planners with a straightforward means of erosion planning. Model calibration is possible at small watershed scales and single land-cover types. The USLE should provide land managers a quick and easy-to-use tool for evaluating erosion potential in urban settings across regional scales provided individual urban land-cover types are well-constrained.
Thiazolium-ion based organic ionic liquids (OILs).1,2 Novel OILs which promote the benzoin condensation

Abstract 4- and 5-methyl thiazole are readily alkylated with n-butyl bromide followed by anion exchange of Br− for BF4− to give mobile, room-temperature ionic liquids. These liquids, when treated with small quantities of triethylamine, serve to promote the benzoin condensation of benzaldehyde.
Transfer of germ plasm from the secondary to the primary gene pool in pennisetum

Germ plasm from the A′-genome of Pennisetum purpureum Schum. (A′A′BB) of the secondary gene pool was transferred to cultivated pearl millet (AA) [P. glaucum (L.) R. Br.] by pollinating cytoplasmicnuclear male-sterile (cms) pearl millet with fertile allohexaploid pearl millet x P. purpureum hybrids (AAA′A′BB). Certain allohexaploids used as pollinators on cms pearl millet resulted in 14-chromosome diploid pearl millet progenies. Three types of diploid pearl millet plants were produced in addition to the expected 28-chromosome AAA′B-genome plants: (1) cms plants with only the A-genome, (2) cms plants with the A- and A′-genomes, and (3) fertile plants with the A- and A′-genomes. The latter group has allowed the utilization of genes for fertility restoration, stiff stalk, maturity, height, and morphological characteristics from the A′-genome of P. purpureum in the pearl millet breeding program. Production of monoploid gametes by the allohexaploids appeared to be genetically controlled.
A Comparison of Real World and Virtual World Interior Environments

OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to investigate whether observation of virtual reality simulation (virtual world) of interior environments provides the same information about characteristics of that environment as observation of the existing (real world) interior environment. RESEARCH DESIGN The participants observed a real world test environment, a virtual simulation of the environment, and a virtual simulation with some altered components. A questionnaire was developed to compare observations. The questions consisted of comparative rating scales, closed-ended questions, open-ended questions, and a semantic differential scale. Real, virtual, and altered virtual worlds were compared for differences in visual accessibility, reach accessibility, and perception of ability to converse. ANALYSIS Wilcoxon's Signed Ranks Test and tests were used to test the hypotheses. Additionally, frequencies, percentages, and mean scores were used to analyze the data. KEY FINDINGS Comparisons among a real world environment, a virtual world environment, and an altered virtual world environment suggest that visibility of objects and obstacles, the ability to reach objects and specified points, and the ability to share or communicate with other persons within the environments are consistent among the three worlds. CONCLUSION The findings of the study suggest that a virtual simulation can be a viable method for planning, creating, and testing environments before they are constructed or for creating recognizable simulations of existing environments, furnishings, and architectural components. Virtual simulation may be used to assess planned environments and changes to existing environments.
On the mechanism of drag reduction in turbulent flow of viscoelastic liquids

On the basis of a description of the wall turbulence by means of a renewal model and by using a Maxwell model as a constitutive equation for a viscoelastic liquid, drag reduction is explained. It is shown that due to its finite propagation velocity the shear stress in an element of liquid which spends a time Δ in contact with the wall has at t=0 a jump from zero up to a finite value and after that decreases with time (for comparison one may mention that in the Newtonian case the shear stress has an infinite propogation velocity and therefore has an infinite value for t=0 and decreases monotonically with time). Consequently during the time of contact with the wall of a liquid element the shear stress is smaller in the viscoelastic than in the Newtonian case.
Effect of Thymic Extract on Blastogenic Responses of Chickens

Abstract Chickens were treated intracoelomically with extracts of chicken thymus (TE) and bursa of Fabricius (BE), the former known to be enriched with avian thymic hormone. Doses of 1.0 mg TE enhanced blastogenic responses of peripheral blood lymphocytes to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and concanavalin A for at least 3 wk after cessation of treatment. Very high doses of BE (5.0 mg) also enhanced blastogenic responses to PHA.
Evaporites as precursors of massif anorthosite

There is evidence that evaporites were present in premetamorphic rocks associated with massif-type anorthosite. In the Grenville Series, which contains the Adirondack anorthosite massifs, anhydrite and halite are preserved in marble. Evaporites and their enclosing shales represent concentrations of Na, Ca, Al, and Si- the elements essential to formation of anorthosite. Permissive evidence for derivation of anorthosite from evaporite sequences includes the high oxidation state of some massif anorthosite, consistent with derivation from oxidized metasedimentary rock; widespread occurrence of scapolite in anorthosite and other Grenville rocks; Sr-isotope data, which yield 87 Sr/86 Sr ratios that correspond to the values for Precambrian sea water; and O-isotope data, which yield metasedimentary 18O/16O ratios for the Adirondack anorthosites. A chemical model is proposed whereby fluids generated by dissolution of evaporite under high-grade metamorphism react with pelitic rock. The initial high ratios of aNa+/aH+ and aCa2+/aH+ maintain the plagioclase stability field. As the fluid migrates and reacts, the Na and Ca concentrations are diminished, and the release of H+ to the fluid is buffered by sulfate and/or carbonate, but the concentration of K+ increases. When the ratio of aK+/aH+ is sufficiently high, both plagioclase and K-feldspar are stable, and gradations of anorthosite into syenite, quartz syenite, or charnockite are produced. The fluid may have a composition intermediate between a supercritical aqueous solution and silicate magma and may evolve toward a low-melting composition in the quartz-plagioclase-orthoclase system. Anatexis could account for potassic dikes that sometimes cut anorthosite borders. Textural features of massif anorthosite, the replacement origin of anorthosite at the borders of some massifs, widespread reports of metasomatism in Grenville rocks, and well-documented reports of other metasomatic anorthosites support the model. Massif anorthosites are restricted to an age range of 1.0 to 1.7 b.y. because (1) sea water was not sufficiently saline to produce evaporites during earlier Earth history and (2) Paleozoic and younger shelf-type evaporites are not yet metamorphosed, but remain on the stable cratons.
Optimal storage of books by size: An operations research approach

This paper considers the optimal storage of books by size in libraries. A network model is developed to determine the optimum number of shelf heights to use which will minimize the shelving cost for a given collection of books. The model is analyzed and solved by a well known operations research technique of finding the shortest path in a directed network. Results of an experimental study to apply this model to a sample collection of books from the Purdue University Library are discussed.
Growth and yield characteristics of Lesquerella fendleri as a function of plant density

Abstract There is little information available regarding the response of Lesquerella fendleri to planting density. The effects of plant density on growth, yield, and yield components of L. fendleri were studied in central Arizona at plant populations of 250 000, 500 000, 750 000, 1 000 000, and un-thinned controls of 1 658 000 plants/ha in 1992–1993 and 1 500 000 plants/ha in 1993–1994. In the 1992–1993 tests, increasing density resulted in a significant decrease in plant width and number of branches, while causing an increase in taproot length in populations up to 750 000 plants/ha. There were no effects on seed size; however, density significantly reduced the number of seeds/silique for the 750 000 and 1 658 000 plants/ha treatments. Seed yield/plant and harvest index/plant were significantly reduced with increasing density, but yield/ha increased with density up to 1 000 000 plants/ha. At 1 658 000 plants/ha, shattering was excessive and resulted in loss of seeds. The greatest seed yields/ha were obtained at 750 000 plants/ha and 1 000 000 plants/ha densities. The oil content did not vary significantly from 500 000 to 1 658 000 plants/ha, but treatments in this range produced seeds with significantly higher oil content than the 250 000 plants/ha treatment. Differences in oil yield/ha reflected differences in seed yield/ha. The 1993–1994 harvest did not show significant differences for seed and oil yields among density treatments. Higher temperatures in 1993–1994 were believed to increase the oil content and seed yield in the higher plant densities. Plant densities of 750 000 and 1 000 000 plants/ha are recommended for lesquerella growing areas comparable to central Arizona. At these densities, maximum seed yields should be obtained even with annual temperature fluctuations. Also, maximum plant heights were obtained at these densities, minimizing seed loses during combine harvest.
Cognitive Influences on Perceptual Processing.

These experiments investigate the influence of frequency of occurrence of a visual stimulus (stimulus probability) on encoding processes, in an attempt to discover what sorts of mechanisms allow cognitive processes to modify perceptual processes. Experiments 1 and 2 show that frequently occurring visual letters do not facilitate encoding of visually similar letters. This implies that stimulus probability does not directly affect the feature detectors used in encoding the letters. Four more experiments provide evidence that stimulus probability has its effect on the availability of an abstract code that is generated by the encoding process from the visual input. Results from the experiments with letter stimuli could be interpreted using a model similar to the logogen model of Morton. Experiments with nonsense forms suggest that subjects use abstract codes in dealing with the forms only when the stimuli are constructed from a set of orthogonal features. A secondary finding was that visual quality has an effect that extends past the feature analysis stage and into a stage in which the visual input activities an abstract code. This result calls into question the common practice of interpreting the interaction of a factor with visual quality as evidence that the factor affects visual feature analysis.
Bacterial Endophthalmitis Following Cutting of Sutures After Cataract Surgery

Bacterial endophthalmitis developed in four patients after cataract surgery sutures were cut. Wound dehiscence was present in three cases, but in one the wound remained intact. Vitreous cultures identified Streptococcus viridans in two cases and Staphylococcus aureus and St. epidermidis in one case each. Antibiotic therapy was administered by intraocular, periocular, topical and systemic routes and three patients underwent vitrectomy. Visual function recovered to 20/50 in two cases and to 20/100 in a third. Retinal detachment in the fourth case resulted in loss of all visual function.
Atmospheric neutrinos: Muon and electron neutrinos problem

This talk discusses the low ratio of muons to electrons in neutrino interactions detected in large underground detectors. This ratio, lower by 4σ from the theoretical predictions, has led to interpretations in terms of important phyisical processes such as neutrino oscillations. The emphasis of the talk is on the experimental and theoretical advances during the last two years since the TAUP'93 workshop and on their interpretation in terms of the physical process that causes the abnormal result.
Eero Saarinen, Eduardo Catalano and the Influence of Matthew Nowicki: A Challenge to Form and Function

Matthew Nowicki befriended Eero Saarinen at the Cranbrook Academy and was succeeded as Chair of the School of Design at North Carolina College of Design by Eduardo Catalano. Nowicki’s influence is evident in subsequent work of these two architects. Themes of function, structure and humanism resonated differently in each. All three of these interconnected individuals were engaged in the same intellectual milieu, each manifesting his own architecture in a unique yet contextual way. Taken as a whole, their endeavors stand as evidence of the shifting understanding of what modern architecture was about.
Suppression of cortical epileptiform activity by generalized and localized ECoG desynchronization.

Abstract The effects of high frequency electrical stimulation of both diffusely projecting brain regions and regions of more restricted projection were studied on penicillin-induced cortical epileptiform focal activity in the cat. Results obtained were contingent on the level of focal activity present at the time of stimulation. Very active foci (spike rates above 0.5/sec) were uniformly driven by stimulation of all structures under study. Foci exhibiting weak to moderate levels of activity were, on the other hand, inhibited both during and following stimulation. Episodes of spike suppression induced through stimulation of diffusely projecting structures were typically followed by an intensified “rebound” of interictal activity. Episodes of suppression induced through stimulation of regions of limited projection were not followed by such rebounds, an effect most dramatically apparent with caudate stimulation and motor cortex foci. Results are discussed in terms of the interaction between naturally occurring brain rhythms in sleep and arousal with the epileptic process.
Incorporating physical activity into the schools using a 3-tiered approach.

BACKGROUND Public health models have been used to address a number of school-based concerns, notably in the identification and treatment of students at-risk for academic or behavioral deficits. Significant benefits are associated with this model as, compared to a traditional approach, the focus is shifted from remediation to prevention, and from student pathology to student strengths. METHODS Although this model has been applied to multiple populations and used across a variety of settings, it has yet to be conceptualized as a framework for the integration of school-based physical activity (PA). RESULTS This article first reviews the public health service delivery model as well as the benefits of PA on children’s physical health, mental health, and cognitive outcomes. Second, suggestions for incorporating PA into the schools using a 3-tiered system and as barriers to success are discussed. CONCLUSION School-based PA is a promising tool—and yet an overlooked and undervalued intervention—for a number of concerns applicable to children’s academic achievement and overall mental health.
Transverse twins in magnesia partially stabilized zirconia (Mg-PSZ)

In the over-aged condition, tetragonal (t) precipitates in magnesia partially stabilized zirconia (Mg-PSZ) transform martensitically to the equilibrium monoclinic (m) phase on cooling to room temperature [1]. The m precipitates are invariably twinned (Fig. I), either longitudinally along (001)m or transversely along (1 00)m [1] tO relieve the stresses generated during the transformation. The tensile stresses generated by the martensitic transformation in transversely twinned precipitates are large enough to generate microcracks along the interface between the cubic (c) matrix and the m precipitate (Fig. 2), and this has been analysed theoretically by Fu et al. [2]. In regions directly adjacent to a microcrack, the c matrix-m precipitate interface is in a state of compression. In these regions the twinning process is causing the precipitate planes to push into the matrix; this is shown schematically in Fig. 3a. It is this state of compression that is responsible for the appearance of the triangular-shaped closure domains shown in Fig. 2 and schematically in Fig. 3b. It was the object of this study to determine the nature of these closure domains. A number of different alloys were used in this study; these concluded a 9mol % Mg-PSZ as well as two other alloys based on this composition but containing either TiO 2 or YOL5 at the 2mol % level. The additions of TiO2 or YOL5 affected the precipitate coarsening rate but the precipitate morphology and distribution remained essentially unchanged between the different alloys. All the features observed were common to the different alloys, and different compositions were used simply because suitable regions existed on a number of different pre-existing foils. All samples were sintered at 1800°C and aged at 1420°C for 4 to 5h to produce a dispersion of m precipitates in a c matrix at room temperature (Fig. 1). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) samples were ground to a thickness of approximately 75/~m, dimpled, ion-beam thinned to perforation and then carbon-coated to prevent charging under the electron beam. Suitable thin regions were tilted to a [100]c orientation for observation. All high-resolution microscopy was carried out in a Philips EM 430T operated at 250 kV. R/ihle et al. [3] have observed triangular domains in m zirconia at the ends of (00 1)m twins. However, in their case they showed that the (1 00)m planes were simply "flattened out" in the region of the twinneduntwinned interface. For that situation the tensile stresses were not large enough to cause microcracking and consequently the compressive stresses would also have been lower than in the present case. Both tensile and compressive stresses would have been smaller
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is defined by fat deposition in the liver in the absence of secondary causes for steatosis. The disease spectrum of NAFLD varies from simple steatosis, through steatosis with inflammation with or without hepatocyte injury, to cirrhosis at the other end of the spectrum [1]. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a part of NAFLD spectrum and is characterized by the presence of hepatic fat deposition, inflammation, and most importantly hepatocyte damage in the form of characteristic ballooning injury. Current AASLD consensus guidelines require the presence of liver injury in the form of ballooning to distinguish NASH from other disorders of the NAFLD disease spectrum. On the other hand, the term nonalcoholic fatty liver (NAFL) is classically used to describe steatosis in the absence of ballooning [2–4]. The histological criterion for diagnosing NAFLD is fat infiltration in more than 5 % of the hepatocytes. The accumulation of fat usually starts in zone 3 that is the peri-sinusoidal region. Although hepatic steatosis or inflammation in itself does not define NASH, both have been associated with liver-related mortality. Steatosis has been linked to increased cardiovascular mortality [4]. Some studies have determined that inflammation that extends beyond the portal tracks has been correlated with advanced fibrosis, while others have not found this relation. Similarly, evidence suggests that pan-acinar steatosis is predictive of fibrosis [5, 6]. Age and degree of inflammation on biopsy performed at diagnosis have been correlated to progression of fibrosis in a systematic review of several clinical trials. Of the several histological systems proposed for NAFLD diagnosis, those incorporating fibrosis are predictive of long-term mortality. Fibrosis is the only histological feature that is individually related to prognosis [5–8]. On the other hand, clinical presence of obesity and type 2 diabetes has been associated with disease progression [1, 9]. Outcomes of advanced NAFLD (Child-Pugh B and C) have prognosis comparable to those with similar stage of hepatitis C-related liver disease [10, 11].
A forced-air column for sex separation of adult house flies.

An enclosed forced air system was used sucessfully to separate the sexes of adult Musca domestica L. The effectivenessof the machine is dependent upon the female: male ratio of both weight and volume which increases steadily as the flies age. No appreciable difference was observed in the longevity of flies sexed with the machine or by hand.
The role of histopathologic examination of intracranial blood clots removed for hemorrhage of unknown etiology: A clinical pathologic analysis of 31 cases

Intracranial hemorrhage is a well recognized cause of morbidity and mortality. Often, the etiology of the hemorrhage is known before surgical intervention, ie, evacuation of the hematoma. In a subset of patients, however, no known cause for the hemorrhage has been found in either history (eg, trauma) or radiographic findings (eg, tumor) before surgery. We retrospectively reviewed 54 blood clot evacuation specimens received in the surgical pathology department over a 16-year period (1983-1999). Cases were excluded in which the hemorrhage was attributed to or associated with prior trauma or for which there was a prior known cause of the hemorrhage. Thirty-one cases fulfilled the study requirements and comprised the study group. Thirty-one patients (aged 7 to 79 years; mean 54 years), including 16 females and 15 males, formed the study group. In 14 cases (45%), only blood clot was identified in the tissues examined. Of the remaining 17 cases, specific pathologic diagnoses were made in nine instances including cerebral amyloid angiopathy in three cases, arteriovenous malformations in three cases, and tumors in three cases. Tumor types included metastatic non-small cell carcinoma in two cases and low-grade astrocytoma in one case. Examination of blood clot evacuation specimens can lead to a discovery of the etiology of the hemorrhage in a subset of cases, particularly if neural tissue is part of the specimen. The quantity of neural tissue submitted for histologic evaluation seems to correlate with a higher likelihood of making a diagnosis. The routine use of Congo red stain in all adult cases in which brain tissue is present proved to be of diagnostic utility in screening for amyloidosis.
The 1-alkoxy-4-nitro-1,2,3-benzotriazole system

The 1-alkoxy-4-nitro-1,2,3-benzotriazole system was prepared using a phase transfer catalysis procedure. The physical and spectral properties of the system are reported. Molecular orbital calculations on the 1-methoxy derivative are used to explain the spectroscopic and electronic properties of the system.
Management of the difficult airway in the pediatric patient

Intubation of the pediatric patient must take into account the differences between the normal adult and pediatric airway. Craniofacial anomalies such as micronathia, macroglossia, and cervical disease must be anticipated before the case. Management of the difficult airway includes familiarization with multiple techniques and devices such as the laryngeal mask airway, bronchoscope, light wand, and Eschmann stylet. Although great advances have been made in nonsurgical airway management, the practitioner must always be prepared to secure a surgical airway.
Effect of Chlorpheniramine on Airway Physiology and Symptoms during Natural Pollen Exposure

Previous studies have documented the changes in airway physiology which accompany natural pollen exposure. This study was designed to determine the effect of chlorpheniramine (8 mg b.i.d.) on seaso...
A discrete characterization of Slutsky symmetry

A smooth demand function is generated by utility maximization if and only if its Slutsky matrix is symmetric and negative semidefinite. Slutsky symmetry is equivalent to absence of smooth revealed preference cycles, cf. Hurwicz and Richter (Econometrica 1979). To observe such a cycle would require a continuum of data. We characterize Slutsky symmetry by means of discrete “antisymmetric” revealed preference cycles consisting of either three or four observations.
An inequality between two speed averages

This paper describes a method to relate two vehicle speed averages by invoking Schwartz's inequality. In theory, the average speed of a vehicle travelling around a circular track will be more if measured by a device installed on the track than if the speed was measured by a transmitter situated within the vehicle itself. This article demonstrates that the inequality between these two speed averages is a consequence of Schwartz's inequality from calculus. A similar inequality occurs when the average speed with respect to time of a single vehicle moving at a varying speed is compared with its average time with respect to distance. The assumption that the first average is smaller is shown to be correct by applying the continuous version of Schwartz's inequality. Other instances where Schwartz's inequality shows up in traffic theory are also discussed. A particular instance being the difference between the average time interval between buses, as viewed by the dispatcher, and that experienced by persons arriving at random at a bus stop. (TRRL)
A Superior Kirchhoff Method for Aeroacoustic Noise Prediction: The Ffowcs Williams-Hawkings Equation

The Lighthill acoustic analogy, as embodied in the Ffowcs Williams-Hawkings (FW-H) equation, is compared with the Kirchhoff formulation for moving surfaces. A comparison of the two governing equations reveals that the main Kirchhoff advantage (namely nonlinear flow effects are included in the surface integration) is also available to the FW-H method if the integration surface used in the FW-H equation is not assumed impenetrable. The FW-H equation is analytically superior for aeroacoustics because it is based upon the conservation laws of fluid mechanics rather than the wave equation. Hence the FW-H equation is valid even if the integration surface is in the nonlinear region. This is demonstrated numerically for helicopter rotor applications in the paper. The Kirchhoff approach can lead to substantial errors if the integration surface is not positioned in the linear region (i.e., if the input data is not a solution to the wave equation). These errors may be hard to identify in some cases.
Welcome Letter from Dr. Chikindas.

Dear Colleagues, It is with great pleasure that I introduce you to our new journal, Probiotics and Antimicrobial Proteins. The overall trend of the last few decades is obvious: there are fewer and fewer novel antibiotics being launched, and the resistance of human pathogens to commercially available drugs is on the rise. This remains a serious issue, with many cases of multiple drug resistance reported for Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Enterococcus spp., Salmonella, Escherichia coli, Campylobacter, etc.—not to mention several articles reporting on the ease of raising resistance to the drugs of choice in Bacillus anthracis. All of these factors have forced the international scientific community to search for new, effective antimicrobials. An increased understanding and acknowledgment of the role of healthy human probiota has placed the focus not on broad-spectrum antimicrobials with minimal side effects on the eukaryotic host but on antimicrobials that are specifically targeted against nondesired microorganisms that leave both healthy bacteria and the host alive and unharmed. These substances are ideally biodegradable, preferably nonimmunogenic, and available through cost-effective manufacturing processes. Many of the aforementioned features can be used to describe antimicrobial proteins which are produced by virtually all living creatures: histatins that are present in human saliva, defensins found in blood, plant defensins, cecropins from the Cecropia moth, magainins that were discovered in an African frog’s skin, and, of course, bacteriocins that are produced by microorganisms. These substances of a proteinaceous nature are ribosomally synthesized and serve as the first line of the host’s defense against intrusion into either its body or its ecological environment. This group of antimicrobials can be synergistically ‘‘joined’’ with secondary metabolites of a proteinaceous nature, such as e-poly-L-lysine that is produced by Streptomyces albulus, substances of a ‘‘mixed nature’’, such as lipopeptides. Common features among all of these molecules are that they are all naturally produced, and they all have protein (peptides) in the core of their structures. Most importantly, while their antimicrobial mechanisms of action are different from commercially available antibiotics, many of these proteins are also active against antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Taking into consideration all of the above, it is clear why there is a constant increase in papers published on antimicrobial proteins, and why the interest of the scientific community in these kinds of molecules is progressively growing.
Adding minority status to a source of conflict: an examination of influence processes and product quality in dyads

Minority influence and conflict exposure were studied in an additive fashion within discussion dyads to clarify the role each plays in divergent thinking. Dyad types (determined by each member's preference for a political candidate) included: No conflict (both members preferred the same candidate, conflict only (each member preferred a different candidate), and minority status plus conflict (same as conflict only with one candidate labeled the minority candidate). Dyads chose a candidate, brainstormed to solve a problem, chose one solution and developed a proposal, and evaluated their interaction. The results showed that minority dyads' discussions of the political candidates were robust and resulted in direct minority influence. Additionally, brainstorming and proposal quality were positively affected by the minority source of influence. It appears that the status of the source of conflict plays a critical role in divergent thinking. Additionally, group products appear to be affected by individual divergent thinking. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Use of Satellite Data to Quantify Thermal Effluent Impacts

Abstract Thermal effluent from a large coal-fired electric generating facility located on Mt. Hope Bay in the Narragansett Bay (Rhode Island, U.S.A.) has been implicated in a large decline in fish populations in this region. Detailed information on the spatial and temporal properties of this thermal input (approximately 5 million m 3 day −1 of thermal effluent 7 °C above ambient) is, however, lacking. In this paper it is shown that the spatial extent and magnitude of the thermal impacts can be quantitatively determined by exploiting the strengths of remotely sensed data. Seasonal trends of surface temperature in the Narragansett Bay estuary were derived from a composite of 14 thermal infrared satellite images (Landsat TM Band 6) with a spatial resolution of 120 m. The derived temperatures were validated against independent measures of surface temperature for a number of sites within the bay, and it was shown that the satellite measures were within 1 °C of the in situ temperatures. Relationships among thermal properties and physical characteristics were identified through a comparison of the seasonal temperature patterns of 12 regions within the bay. As expected, depth was the primary factor in determining the magnitude of seasonal temperature variation in the estuary, while advective exchange with the coast ocean was the second most important factor. Although the behaviour of Mount Hope Bay was significantly correlated with the other upper estuarine regions, the bay did not experience autumn cooling, which is characteristic of upper estuarine waters. From late summer through to autumn, the average temperature difference between Mount Hope Bay and Upper Narragansett Bay was 0·8 °C, which can be attributed to warming from the thermal effluent of the Brayton Point Power Station in Mount Hope Bay. An unsupervised (statistical) classification of temperature as a function of season revealed the natural boundaries between areas with different seasonal temperature signals, and statistically identified Mount Hope Bay as a unique area in the upper estuary which had anomalously high temperatures throughout the year. Among the scenes included in the unsupervised analysis, Mount Hope Bay was on average 0·8 °C warmer than the rest of the upper estuary, and the total area affected is 36 km 2 .
Immunology of Epstein—Barr Virus

The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) was initially detected by electron microscopy in a small percentage of cells cultured from Burkitt lymphomas (BL), the most frequent malignancy of African Children (M.A. Epstein et al., 1964). This tumor had become a special target for virologists because epidemiological observations made in endemic regions pointed to participation of an infectious agent either directly or as a cofactor in its development (cf. Burkitt and Wright, 1970). Despite this background, the virus found in the tumor cells was considered by most virologists to be a harmless passenger because it belonged morphologically to the herpes group of viruses and none of its members had as yet been shown to be potentially oncogenic. The fact that it could not be transmitted to any routine cell cultures, chick embryos, or experimental animals suggested that it was not one of the then known three human herpesviruses (herpes simplex, Cytomegalovirus, and varicella virus) and thus provided the first clue that it was a previously unknown agent (M.A. Epstein et al., 1965).
Translating scientific opportunity into public health impact: a strategic plan for research on mental illness.

Context Research has transformed many areas of medicine, with profound effects on morbidity and mortality. Exciting advances in neuroscience and genomics have transformed research but have not yet been translated to public health impact in psychiatry. Current treatments are necessary but not sufficient for most patients. Objectives To improve outcomes we will need to (1) identify the neural circuitry of mental disorders, (2) detect the earliest manifestations of risk or illness even before cognition or behavior appear abnormal, (3) personalize care based on individual responses, and (4) implement broader use of effective psychosocial interventions. Results To address these objectives, NIMH, working with its many stakeholders, developed a strategic plan for research. The plan calls for research that will (1) define the pathophysiology of disorders from genes to behavior, (2) map the trajectory of illness to determine when, where, and how to intervene to preempt disability, (3) develop new interventions based on a personalized approach to the diverse needs and circumstances of people with mental illnesses, and (4) strengthen the public health impact of NIMH-supported research by focusing on dissemination science and disparities in care. Conclusions The NIMH is shifting its funding priorities to close the gap between basic biological knowledge and effective mental health care, paving the way for prevention, recovery, and cure.
Pelvic inflammatory disease in the postmenopausal woman.

Objective: Review available literature on pelvic inflammatory disease in postmenopausal women. Design: MEDLINE literature review from 1966 to 1999. Results: Pelvic inflammatory disease is uncommon in postmenopausal women. It is polymicrobial, often is concurrent with tuboovarian abscess formation, and is often associated with other diagnoses. Conclusion: Postmenopausal women with pelvic inflammatory disease are best treated with inpatient parenteral antimicrobials and appropriate imaging studies. Failure to respond to antibiotics should yield a low threshold for surgery, and consideration of alternative diagnoses should be entertained. Infect. Dis. Obstet. Gynecol. 7:248-252, 1999. (C) 1999Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A New Outer Bound for the Secrecy Capacity Region of the Gaussian Two-Way Wiretap Channel

We investigate the fundamental communication limits when messages are sent via a Gaussian two-way channel, which must at the same time be kept secret from an external eavesdropper. In this two-way wiretap channel that models two legitimate transceivers and an eavesdropping receiver, there are two techniques to provide confidentiality for the messages: one entails the legitimate nodes to jam the eavesdropper, i.e., cooperative jamming, while the other entails generating keys from the feedback signals received by the two legitimate nodes and using them to encrypt the messages. Previous work has shown that both methods can be used concurrently to improve the secrecy rates of a channel with a degradedness condition. In this work, we consider the general case, and derive a new outer bound for the secrecy capacity region of this channel. A case is identified where the loss in secrecy rate, due to ignoring the backward (feedback) link at each legitimate transmitter from the other, is bounded by a constant which only depends on the channel gains. This is the case when the power of the two legitimate nodes increases proportionally. In all other cases, we show that ignoring feedback signals causes unbounded loss in the secrecy rate. The loss is measured as the gap between the achievable rate when the feedback signals are taken into account, and the upper bound when the feedback is not used, and hence is not affected by the choice of the achievable scheme. This result therefore establishes that, for the Gaussian two-way channel with an external eavesdropper, the encoders need to be designed with memory. This is in contrast to the result for this channel in the absence of an eavesdropper.
40 Years of “Human Engineering the Keyboard”

“Human engineering the keyboard” was the topic of my 1970 technical report (AMRL-TR-69-141), re-printed 1972 in Human Factors 14(1), 51–63. Now, 40 years later, it is of some interest to revisit that topic.
Identification of multiple RNA features that influence CCR4 deadenylation activity

The CCR4 family proteins are 3′–5′-deadenylases that function in the first step of the degradation of poly(A) mRNA. Here we report the purification to homogeneity of the yeast CCR4 protein and the analysis of its substrate specificities. CCR4 deadenylated a 7N+23A substrate (seven nucleotides followed by 23 A residues) in a distributive manner. Only small differences in CCR4 activity for different A length substrates were observed until only 1 A residue remained. Correspondingly, the Km for a 25N+2A substrate was found to be at least 20-fold lower than that for a 26N+1A substrate, although their Vmax values differed by only 2-fold. In addition, the total length of the RNA was found to contribute to CCR4 activity: up to 17 nucleotides (not necessarily poly(A)) could be recognized by CCR4. Poly(U), poly(C), and poly(G) were also found to be 12–30-fold better inhibitors of CCR4 compared with poly(A), supporting the observation that CCR4 contains a non-poly(A)-specific binding site. Surprisingly, even longer substrates (≥45 nucleotides) stimulated CCR4 to become a processive enzyme, suggesting that CCR4 undergoes an additional transition in the presence of such substrates. CCR4 also displayed no difference in its activity with capped or uncapped RNA substrates. These results indicate that CCR4 recognition of its RNA substrates involves several features of the RNA that could be sites in vivo for controlling the rate of specific mRNA deadenylation.
Lateral hypothalamic kindling induces manic-like behavior in rats: a novel animal model

The lateral hypothalamus integrates critical physiological functions such as the sleep-wake cycle, energy expenditure, and sexual behaviors. These functions are severely dysregulated during mania. In this study, we successfully induced manic-like behavioral phenotypes in adult, male Wistar rats through bilateral lateral hypothalamic area kindling (LHK). To test the validity of the model, we studied the effect of standard antimanic medications lithium (47.5 mg/kg) or valproic acid (200 mg/kg) twice/day for 15 days in attenuating manic-like behaviors in the LHK rat. Compared with pre-kindling behaviors, LHK rats displayed significantly increased sexual self-stimulation (P = 0.034), excessive rearing (P = 0.0005), feeding (P = 0.013), and grooming (P = 0.007) during the kindling interval. LHK rats also drank more alcohol during the mania-induction days compared with baseline ethanol consumption levels (P = 0.01). Moreover, LHK rat exhibited increased total locomotor activity (P = 0.02) with reduced rest interval (P < 0.001) during the mania induction and post-mania days compared with baseline activity levels and rest intervals. Chronic administration of lithium or valproic acid significantly attenuated manic-like behaviors in the LHK rat model. Given the behavioral phenotype and the response to standard antimanic medications, the LHK rats may provide a model for studying manic psychopathology in humans.