cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Crossed immunoelectrophoretic analyses of antigens from Trypanosoma lewisi and Trypanosoma musculi

Abstract Trypanosoma lewisi and Trypanosoma musculi were collected from immunosuppressed infected hosts and extracted with phosphate buffered saline. Antisera were obtained from rats repeatedly infected with T. lewisi or mice repeatedly infected with T. musculi . Cellular antigens (CAg) present in the extracts of the parasites were analyzed by microimmunodiffusion (MID), crossed immunoelectrophoresis (CIE) and tandem crossed immunoelectrophoresis (TCIE). Trypanosome extracts were absorbed with the heterologous hyperimmune antisera to examine shared and unique antigens of the parasites. Extracts of T. lewisi formed four precipitin lines when reacted with hyperimmune rat antiserum and three precipitin lines were detected by mouse anti- T. musculi serum in MID analyses. T. musculi extract formed two precipitin lines with mouse hyperimmune serum and two precipitin lines with rat anti- T. lewisi serum in the MID tests. When T. lewisi was reacted with the homologous hyperimmune rat antiserum in CIE, 14 precipitin peaks developed, while T. musculi extract formed eight peaks with homologous mouse hyperimmune serum. Seven precipitin peaks developed when T. lewisi extract was reacted with the mouse antiserum and T. musculi extract formed eight peaks during its electrophoretic migration into rat anti- T lewisi serum. TCIE clearly showed that five T. lewisi CAg could not be detected in the T. musculi extract by the rat antiserum, while mouse anti- T. musculi serum formed six precipitin peaks with the T. lewisi extract and seven peaks with the homologous extract. One of the CAg present in the T. musculi extract was not found in the T. lewisi extract. Absorptions of the extracts with heterologous antisera and subsequent CIE against the homologous antisera indicated three of the CAg of T. lewisi were not shared by T. musculi , while a single antigen of T. musculi was not detected in T. lewisi . Although concentrations of antibodies in each of the antisera and CAg in the parasite extracts were not equivalent, the data indicated that a minimum of eight CAg are shared by these rodent trypanosomes and at least three antigens appeared to be unique to T. lewisi and a single antigen to T. musculi .
Critical Surveillance Literacy

In this article, the author provides a theoretical framework for analyzing the complex and contradictory matrix of surveillance technologies being deployed in U.S. schools. Through a review of the extensive literature on surveillance, the author charts the modalities of disciplinary and sovereign power as they relate to the overall social relations of late capitalism. In conclusion, the article offers a tentative reconstructive vision for schools both inside and outside the classroom.
Individual differences in verbal conditioning, extinction, and awareness.

Summary The present study examined the relationship of three individual difference variables—need for approval, a belief in internal versus external control of reinforcement, and verbal intelligence— to acquisition, extinction, and awareness in a verbal conditioning task Based on a postexperiment interview and recognition task, subjects were grouped according to their awareness of the response-reinforcement contingencies and the degree to which they admitted influence by the experimenter Approval motivated subjects were more likely to acquire the reinforced response regardless of awareness levels than were low need for approval subjects. Subjects assessed as internal were more likely to deny influence by the experimenter and in some instances were more resistant to extinction than subjects called external Subjects higher in verbal intelligence evidenced more awareness than subjects with lower intelligence scores Results suggest that the inclusion of individual difference variable is of crucial importance to a clear understanding of the experimenter-subject interaction in the verbal conditioning situation Implications for the other dyadic interactions, particularly psychotherapy, were discussed
A direct characterization of Black's first borda count

Abstract This note shows that a characterization of Black's first Borda score can be derived directly from this score itself (which Black neglected because ‘it is clumsier and needs much more labour’) by using two characteristic functions. The note closes by obtaining Black's original characterization of his second Borda score as a corollary and giving an alternative ‘closeness to unanimity’ interpretation.
Molecular investigation of clinical Enterococcus faecium isolates highly resistant to gentamicin.

Summary Over a 10-month period, 22 beta-lactamase negative E. faecium strains resistant to ampicillin were isolated from severely compromised hospitalized patients. Most isolates were clinically significant. Twenty of these strains were also resistant to extraordinarily high levels of gentamicin, a finding described rarely in E. faecium . By whole-cell DNA restriction endonuclease digestion, the 20 strains with both ampicillin and high-level gentamicin resistance segregated into only 3 different groups, suggesting introduction of limited clones into this population of patients. Plasmid DNA profiles and plasmid DNA restriction enzyme analysis supported this grouping for 18 of these 20 strains, the two remaining isolates had slightly different profiles. Both strains lacking high-level gentamicin resistance had clearly different molecular profiles. The results of hybridization experiments strongly suggested the presence of a similar genetic determinant of high-level gentamicin resistance in E. faecalis and E. faecium . High-level gentamicin resistance in E. faecium was shown to be transferable on conjugative plasmids, so that further dissemination of this resistance trait may be anticipated. Our data indicate that the use of a nucleic acid probe is a promising diagnostic tool for screening both E. faecium and E. faecalis for high-level gentamicin resistance.
Retinal Hemorrhages in Nonaccidental Trauma: Look at Susceptibility-Weighted Imaging on Pediatric MRI

This 2-month-old boy presented to the emergencydepartment with vomiting, lethargy, and episodes of apneaafterapparentlyfallingfromhisfather’slapwhilehisdiaperwas changed one day earlier. On examination, he waswell-nourished and inno acutedistress; hisvital signswerenormal. A hematoma was noted over the left foreheadand parietal region. A head computed tomographyrevealed a comminuted right parietal skull fracture withbilateral subdural hematomas. A brain magnetic resonanceimaging (MRI) conﬁrmed bilateral subdural hematomas(right > left) and showed additional subdural blood alongthe tentorium (Fig. 1A). On trace of diffusion and apparentdiffusion coefﬁcient maps, multiple scattered foci ofrestricted diffusion were seen at the corticomedullaryjunction within both hemispheres suggestive of diffuseaxonal injury (Fig 1B,C). Susceptibility weighted imaging(SWI) revealed multiple hypointense foci along the pe-riphery of both eye globes consistent with retinal hemor-rhages (Fig 2), which in combination with the diffusiontensor imaging ﬁndings and extra-axial hemorrhage, raised
Boundary string field theory of the DD̄ system

We develop the boundary string field theory approach to tachyon condensation on the $D\overline{D}$ system. Particular attention is paid to the gauge fields, which combine with the tachyons in a natural way. We derive the RR couplings of the system and express the result in terms of Quillen's superconnection. The result is related to an index theorem, and is thus shown to be exact.
Direct chemical bond of bioactive glass-ceramic materials to bone and muscle

The objective of this research is to achieve direct chemical bonding of structurally strong implant materials with hard and soft tissues. This objective has been achieved through the development of a series of surface-active bioglasses and bioglass-ceramics. A controlled release of Ca, P, and Na ions from the surface of the materials produces an alkaline pH and nutrient constituents at a time when the body can incorporate the ions into newly formed tissues. Optical and electron microscopy of in-vivo implants in rat femurs and muscles show the development of stable chemically bonded physiological interfaces after 6 weeks. Microstructure and crystallinity of the materials do not influence the bonding achieved. Mechanical measurements of the bond strength in bone show that the bone fractures before the interface does. In-vitro studies of protein epitaxy, hydroxyapatite crystallization, and solubility kinetics correlate with the proposed interfacial bonding theory.
Genetic diversity in Borago officinalis germplasm as revealed by seed oils and AFLP polymorphism

Ten accessions of wild Borago officinalis were collected during missions in the course of a research activity carried out on plants producing nutraceutical compounds. The aim was to identify populations that produce a higher content of γ-linolenic acid, as this compound has important therapeutic properties and has been used in medical tests to treat rheumatoid arthritis, eczema, and psoriasis with good therapeutical results. The present study reports on the characterization of both the polyunsaturated fatty acid composition and on genetic diversity estimated by means of AFLP markers in several B. officinalis accessions collected in Southern Italy and grown in isolation by means of screen houses specifically designed for each single population. Polyunsaturated fatty acid were found in different amounts in all investigated accessions. The populations were very variable at the molecular level, and the analysis of relationships based on AFLP data, showed that similarity based on Jaccard’s index ranged between 0.330 and 0.742. Our investigations allowed us to identify a population that may be considered as a good source of GLA.
Crystal Structure of the Molecular Chaperone HscA Substrate Binding Domain Complexed with the IscU Recognition Peptide ELPPVKIHC.

HscA, a specialized bacterial Hsp70-class molecular chaperone, interacts with the iron–sulfur cluster assembly protein IscU by recognizing a conserved LPPVK sequence motif. We report the crystal structure of the substrate-binding domain of HscA (SBD, residues 389–616) from Escherichia coli bound to an IscU-derived peptide, ELPPVKIHC. The crystals belong to the space group I222 and contain a single molecule in the asymmetric unit. Molecular replacement with the E. coli DnaK(SBD) model was used for phasing, and the HscA(SBD)-peptide model was refined to Rfactor=17.4% (Rfree=21.0%) at 1.95 A resolution. The overall structure of HscA(SBD) is similar to that of DnaK(SBD), although the α-helical subdomain (residues 506–613) is shifted up to 10 A relative to the β-sandwich subdomain (residues 389–498) when compared to DnaK(SBD). The ELPPVKIHC peptide is bound in an extended conformation in a hydrophobic cleft in the β-subdomain, which appears to be solvent-accessible via a narrow passageway between the α and β-subdomains. The bound peptide is positioned in the reverse orientation of that observed in the DnaK(SBD)-NRLLLTG peptide complex placing the N and C termini of the peptide on opposite sides of the HscA(SBD) relative to the DnaK(SBD) complex. Modeling of the peptide in the DnaK-like forward orientation suggests that differences in hydrogen bonding interactions in the binding cleft and electrostatic interactions involving surface residues near the cleft contribute to the observed directional preference.
Microplankton diversity indices as indicators of eutrophication in the northern adriatic sea

Phytoplankton community diversity indices are used to characterize the effects of eutrophication in the Northern Adriatic Sea. A derived Shannon diversity frequency spectrum provided a single biological quantification which allowed an interpretation of temporal and regional differences and which can also be used to evaluate future changes in species diversity. The data base comprised a 4+ year time series involving 300 taxa.
The Students' Take on the epsilon-delta Definition of a Limit

ABSTRACT This paper describes a sequence of lessons from two Calculus I classes for teaching the epsilon-delta definition of a limit. In these lessons, the author elicited students' misconceptions and perceptions of this definition through a reading/writing lesson and then used these student ideas to design a lesson aimed at addressing these misconceptions and perceptions. An evaluation of students' understandings based on these lessons is included. Implications for teaching the epsilon-delta definition are discussed throughout the paper.
Receptor-dependent compartmentalization of PPIP5K1, a kinase with a cryptic polyphosphoinositide binding domain.

The inositol pyrophosphates are multifunctional signalling molecules. One of the families of enzymes that synthesize the inositol pyrophosphates are the Vip1/PPIP5Ks (PP-InsP 5 kinases). The kinase domains in Vip1/PPIP5Ks have been mapped to their N-terminus. Each of these proteins also possess a phosphatase-like domain of unknown significance. In the present study, we show that this phosphatase-like domain is not catalytically active. Instead, by using SPR (surface plasmon resonance) to study protein binding to immobilized lipid vesicles, we show that this domain is specialized for binding PtdIns(3,4,5)P 3 (PPIP5K1 K d =96 nM; PPIP5K2 K d =705 nM). Both PtdIns(3,4)P 2 and PtdIns(4,5)P 2 are significantly weaker ligands, and no significant binding of PtdIns(3,5)P 2 was detected. We confirm the functional importance of this domain in inositol lipid binding by site-directed mutagenesis. We present evidence that the PtdIns(3,4,5)P 3 -binding domain is an unusual hybrid, in which a partial PH (pleckstrin homology) consensus sequence is spliced into the phosphatase-like domain. Agonist-dependent activation of the PtdIns 3-kinase pathway in NIH 3T3 cells drives translocation of PPIP5K1 from the cytosol to the plasma membrane. We have therefore demonstrated receptor-regulated compartmentalization of inositol pyrophosphate synthesis in mammalian cells.
Ceftazidime and ciprofloxacin as empiric therapy in febrile neutropenic patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation

This pilot study was done to assess the efficacy and toxicity of intravenous ceftazidime and ciprofloxacin in patients developing febrile neutropenia while undergoing high-dose myeloablative therapy and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). All patients undergoing high-dose chemoradiotherapy and HSCT for leukemias, lymphomas, multiple myeloma, and solid tumors received open-label ceftazidime 2 g intravenously every 8 hours and ciprofloxacin 400 mg intravenously every 12 hours if they developed fever while they were neutropenic. Success with or without modification of this regimen was defined as survival through the neutropenic period; failure was defined as death secondary to infection. Among 45 patients treated with this regimen, the success rate was 98%. Sixty-two percent (28 of 45) of the patients achieved defervescence within 48 to 72 hours and remained afebrile without regimen modification. In 16 patients (36%) the regimen was modified because of persistent fever. The combination of ceftazidime and ciprofloxacin as initial empiric antibacterial therapy in febrile neutropenic patients undergoing myeloablative therapy and HSCT appears to be highly effective and is associated with minimal toxicity.
Effects of Aminooxyacetic Acid on Cochlear Potentials and the Preyer Reflex

AMINOOXYACETIC acid (AOAA) protects against convulsions induced by chemical agents1–3, electroshock1 and sound4. This activity has been associated with a substantial increase in brain γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) through an inhibition of GABA aminotransferase2.
A behavioral alternative to an ecological approach to understanding the development of knowing in infancy: A commentary

Abstract The concept of affordance is proposed by Goldfield to account for “knowing” in infancy as an ecologically more valid approach than Piaget's notion of representation. While the use of affordances is regarded as an improvement over the concept of representation an argument is put forth that a more parsimonious and scientifically useful approach to the development of knowing in infancy is to be found in a behavioral analysis of a learned association of stimulus cues with behavior patterns.
Effects of dichloroacetate and naloxone on hemodynamic performance and substrate use following endotoxin administration

Abstract We compared the effects of the opiate antagonist, naloxone, and a stimulator of pyruvate dehydrogenase, sodium dichloroacetate, on the hemodynamic performance and substrate use in a model of sustained low-flow state following endotoxin administration in dogs. We administered Escherichia coli 055:B5 endotoxin to 16 female mongrel dogs to induce a sustained drop in cardiac index. At 90 minutes following administration of endotoxin, we injected naloxone 2 mg/kg as a bolus followed by 2 mg/kg/hr infusion in six animals (naloxone group), and dichloroacetate 300 mg/kg/hr in five animals (dichloroacetate group). Five animals received endotoxin but neither naloxone nor dichloroacetate and served as the control group. No differences were observed in cardiac index, mean blood pressure, or oxygen consumption between the naloxone-treated animals and the control animals. Pyruvate concentrations in the serum were significantly higher in naloxone-treated animals than in controls. In contrast, dichloroacetate-treated animals had higher cardiac indices, higher oxygen consumption, lower systemic vascular resistance, and much lower pyruvate and lactate concentrations. We conclude that naloxone does not improve hemodynamic performance or substrate use when given 90 minutes after endotoxin exposure. Dichloroacetate, however, appears beneficial in the treatment of the hemodynamic and metabolic derangements of established endotoxin shock.
Field‐ion microscopy of liquid‐metal gallium

Ionization of liquid gallium coated on a tungsten field‐ion tip was investigated using a magnetic‐sector atom probe. For the first time, both the energy distribution of ionized Ga and its critical energy deficit with respect to a tip potential were measured as a function of field and tip temperature. Without heating the gallium, a stable Ga+ ion current of up to 10 μA was obtained from a small surface area of a tip with an energy distribution of less than 12 eV FWHM.
Individual histone messenger RNAs: Identification by template activity

Abstract Newly synthesized polysomal messenger RNAs from cleavage stage embryos of the sea urchin Arbacia punctulata and Lytechinus pictus that contain putative histone mRNAs have been fractionated on 6% polyacrylamide slab gels. At least 8 RNA species with unique electrophoretic mobilities have been recognized. The complex of RNAs has been eluted from the gels in three groups, A, B, and C, in increasing order of mobility. The template activity of the three fractions and the unfractionated starting material was examined in the mouse Krebs II ascites tumor cell-free protein synthesizing system. The unfractionated messenger complex programs the synthesis of proteins that coelectrophorese exclusively with sea urchin histones in both sodium dodecyl sulfate and acid urea gel systems. The products of in vitro protein synthesis stimulated by the individual polyacrylamide gel RNA fractions were similarly examined. Each stimulated protein synthesis and was enriched for specific histone templates. We conclude that RNA fraction A is template for histone f1, C is template for histone f2a1, and B serves as template for f2b, f2a2, and f3 histones. A minor degree of contamination of the A and B RNA fractions was obvious from the production of other histones by each template. The co-electrophoresis of specific template activity with specific radiolabeled RNAs supports the concept that most or all of the labeled RNAs are indeed themselves the histone mRNAs.
Health-related quality of life and survival in liver transplant candidates†

Health-related quality of life (HRQOL) is an important measure of the effects of chronic liver disease in affected patients that helps guide interventions to improve well-being. However, the relationship between HRQOL and survival in liver transplant candidates remains unclear. We examined whether the Physical Component Summary (PCS) and Mental Component Summary (MCS) scores from the Short Form 36 (SF-36) Health Survey were associated with survival in liver transplant candidates. We administered the SF-36 questionnaire (version 2.0) to patients in the Pulmonary Vascular Complications of Liver Disease study, a multicenter prospective cohort of patients evaluated for liver transplantation in 7 academic centers in the United States between 2003 and 2006. Cox proportional hazards models were used with death as the primary outcome and adjustment for liver transplantation as a time-varying covariate. The mean age of the 252 participants was 54 ± 10 years, 64% were male, and 94% were white. During the 422 person years of follow-up, 147 patients (58%) were listed, 75 patients (30%) underwent transplantation, 49 patients (19%) died, and 3 patients were lost to follow-up. Lower baseline PCS scores were associated with an increased mortality rate despite adjustments for age, gender, Model for End-Stage Liver Disease score, and liver transplantation (P for the trend = 0.0001). The MCS score was not associated with mortality (P for the trend = 0.53). In conclusion, PCS significantly predicts survival in liver transplant candidates, and interventions directed toward improving the physical status may be helpful in improving outcomes in liver transplant candidates.
Multistep organic synthesis using flow chemistry

The technology enabling synthetic chemistry within flow systems has been advanced through remarkable synthetic designs using multistep sequences to conduct synthetic schemes leading to products of high complexity. Continuous flow reactors provide a synthetic platform for the combination of several chemical transformations as a single process. This synthetic strategy enables the chemist to organize multiple flow reactors in sequence where the reaction intermediates are not isolated but passed onto the next reactor component of the sequence. Each stream requires flow rate optimization to sustain required residence times and temperature effects for each reactor. Single reactors can be optimized for the reaction conditions conducted within the reactor but the situation becomes more complex when one reactor precedes another in sequence. Conditions are required to support each synthetic stage and a single reactor cannot be optimized by itself. The fine balance of conditions can lead to success or failure of such a flow system. By-products can be removed in-line through the use of phase-bound scavenging reagents. These small flow reactors have been shown to enable the use of unstable intermediates such as acyl azides formed as part of the Curtius rearrangement. The simplicity of the reactor sequence permits consideration of splitting synthetic sequences to permit the desired reaction control. An example of multistep synthesis is shown for the neolignin natural product grossamide. A system of three independent pumps delivering reactants through a series of valves using in-line monitoring and feedback control was operated under computer control.
Combined Optical and Electrical Modeling of Plasmon-Enhanced Organic Photovoltaic Devices

We report combined optical and electrical modeling of plasmon-enhanced organic photovoltaic devices. Various nanostructures including simple grating and MIM grating were investigated. Nonlinearity in carrier recombination could limit enhancement in photocurrent at high light levels.
Droughts and Persistent Wet Spells over the United States and Mexico

Abstract Droughts and persistent wet spells over the United States and northwest Mexico have preferred regions of occurrence and persistence. Wet or dry conditions that persist more than 1 yr tend to occur over the interior United States west of 90°–95°W and northwest Mexico. In contrast, events over the eastern United States are less likely to occur and often last less than 6 months. The long persistent drought and wet spells are often modulated by low-frequency sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTAs). The persistent dry or wet conditions over northwest Mexico and the Southwest are associated with decadal variability of SSTAs over the North Pacific. Persistent events over the northwestern mountains are associated with two decadal SSTA modes. One mode has loadings over three southern oceans and another one is an El Nino–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) like decadal mode. Wet and dry conditions over the Pacific Northwest and the Great Plains are often associated with ENSO. The seasonal cycle of precipitation ...
Models of phonology in the education of speech-language pathologists.

We discuss developments in theoretical phonology and, in particular, at the divide between theories aiming to be adequate accounts of the data, as opposed to those claiming psycholinguistic validity. It would seem that the latter might have greater utility for thye speech‐language pathologist. However, we need to know the dominant models of clinical phonology, in both clinical education and practise, before we can promote other theoretical approaches. This article describes preliminary results from a questionnaire designed to discover what models of phonology are taught in institutions training speech‐language pathologists in the United States. Results support anecdotal evidence that only a limited number of approaches (phonemic, distinctive features, and processes) are taught in many instances. They also demonstrate that some correspondents were unable to distinguish aspects of theoretical phonology from similar sounding (but radically different) models of intervention. This ties in with the results show...
The chemical regulation of polyisoprenoid synthesis in Parthenium argentatum with 2-(3,4-dichlorophenoxy)-triethylamine

Applications of 2-(3,4-dichlorophenoxy)-triethylamine (DCPTA) to guayule plants (Parthenium argentatum) increase the enzymatic polymerization of isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP) to polyisoprene. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of DCPTA in increasing polyisoprenoid rubber synthesis at the end of the winter period of rubber synthesis in plants expressing a high level of polymerization activity. Guayule seedlings were transplanted to desert field plots in May, 1987 and treated with DCPTA. The polymerization activity in the stems was monitored throughout the year and the rubber content of the stems was determined in April, 1988. Treatment of plants with DCPTA increased the enzymatic polymerization activity in stem homogenates. The polymerization activity in control plants increased from 4 nmol h−1 g fresh wt.−1 in July to 183 nmol h−1 g fresh wt.−1 in January and the activity in plants with 1000 ppm DCPTA increased from 7 nmol h−1 g fresh wt−1 in July to 340 nmol h−1 g fresh wt.−1 in January. The high mol.wt. rubber polymer in the stems was determined by solvent extraction and 13C-NMR spectroscopy. Applications of different concentrations of DCPTA to guayule plants resulted in a statistically significant increase of 7–33% of the rubber content of the stems. The application of DCPTA to guayule seedlings stimulates the synthetic pathway for the production of secondary products in mature plants.
Larval competition and brood sex ratios in the gregarious parasitoid Pachysomoides stupidus

The haplodiploid genetics of the Hymenoptera, by which males and females develop from unfertilised and fertilised eggs, respectively, give rise to certain asymmetrical coefficients of relatedness among family members1–3. These asymmetries, and predictions concerning the sex ratio that are based on them2,4,5, make the Hymenoptera ideal for the study of social behaviour. Work has focused on the more highly social groups of ants, bees and wasps6–10. Although there has been considerable work on the parasitoid Hymenoptera with respect to sex ratio theory11–15, no study has examined the social interactions of gregarious parasitoids in the light of inclusive fitness theory1. I discuss here conflict among family members of a parasitoid wasp over the allocation of host resources, and argue that males are the more altruistic/less selfish sex. This provides a further explanation for hymenopteran males being generally smaller than females and for investment ratios being biased towards females4,16. Conflict is predicted between mothers and their daughters over the allocation of resources to the sexes. The observed brood sex ratios are interpreted as a means by which egg-layers equalise investment in the sexes17.
Methods for measuring soil velocities caused by a sweep

Abstract A field experiment was conducted to measure surface soil velocity and to determine the relation between soil aggregate velocities at the tool surface and at the soil surface. A technique incorporating use of both a video camcorder and wood blocks was developed to measure surface soil velocity. Soil velocity direction at the tool surface was measured from scratch marks on the tool. Velocity measurements were made for three sweeps with different rake angles operated at three speeds and two depths. Surface soil moved in either of two modes: V-flow (upward and laterally in the shape of one leg of the letter V) or snowplow (initially moving upward and subsequently being buried in a wave of soil). Surface soil velocities were uncorrelated with velocities on the tool surface, indicating that soil flow paths over the sweep were not parallel. The ratio of vertical to lateral soil flow at the tool surface increased with larger rake angle and was greater than the ratio at the soil surface. At the soil surface, vertical velocity was greater near the nose than near the wing tip and velocity parallel to the travel direction increased with increased speed and rake angle.
Evaluation of a Catenary PBPK Model for Predicting the In Vivo Disposition of mAbs Engineered for High-Affinity Binding to FcRn

Efforts have been made to extend the biological half-life of monoclonal antibody drugs (mAbs) by increasing the affinity of mAb–neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) binding; however, mixed results have been reported. One possible reason for a poor correlation between the equilibrium affinity of mAb–FcRn binding and mAb systemic pharmacokinetics is that the timecourse of endosomal transit is too brief to allow binding to reach equilibrium. In the present work, a new physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model has been developed to approximate the pH and time-dependent endosomal trafficking of immunoglobulin G (IgG). In this model, a catenary sub-model was utilized to describe the endosomal transit of IgG and the time dependencies in IgG–FcRn association and dissociation. The model performs as well as a previously published PBPK model, with assumed equilibrium kinetics of mAb–FcRn binding, in capturing the disposition profile of murine mAb from wild-type and FcRn knockout mice (catenary vs. equilibrium model: r 2, 0.971 vs. 0.978; median prediction error, 3.38% vs. 3.79%). Compared to the PBPK model with equilibrium binding, the present catenary PBPK model predicts much more moderate changes in half-life with altered FcRn binding. For example, for a 10-fold increase in binding affinity, the catenary model predicts 70-fold increase as predicted by the equilibrium model. Predictions of the new catenary PBPK model are more consistent with experimental results in the published literature.
Effect of Li Promoter on titania-supported Rh catalyst for ethanol formation from CO hydrogenation

Abstract The addition of 0.10 wt% Li to Rh/TiO2 more than doubled the CO conversion for CO hydrogenation while increasing ethanol selectivity. The addition of Li also increases formation of C2 oxygenates at the expense of C1 species, methanol and methane. This is attributed to enhanced dispersion of Rh by Li that appears to reduce dissociation of CO, which previous studies have shown requires large ensembles of Rh atoms on the surface. Li promotion appears to increase the associatively adsorbed CO, allowing for increased H2 chemisorption on the surface compared to the dissociative adsorption of the same number of CO atoms. This increases selectivity to ethanol compared to the unpromoted catalysts. CO-TPD shows more reactive adsorbed CO species on the Li-promoted catalyst. FTIR results suggest that Li promotion alters CO bonding at bridged or interfacial sites and its effect is more structural than electronic.
Collective rotations of nuclei

Abstract An analysis is made of descriptions of collective motions of nuclei which involve the application of projection operators to a localized nuclear wave function ψ. This procedure leads to an incorrect description of centre of mass motion. The proposed remedy is to consider functions of the form ψ e iS h , and to vary the functional form of the velocity potential S, subject to the constraint that the expectation value of the constant of motion has a given value for the state of collective motion. For translational motion this localized function already leads to the correct effective mass. The subsequent application of a projection operator mainly improves the zero momentum wave function. For rotational motion the velocity potential is expressed in terms of the excited states of a potential defined by ψ. The resulting moment of inertia is that of Inglis. The knowledge of the correct velocity potential for a given ψ suggests approximate trial functions S which express the moments of inertia solely in terms of properties of the ground state ψ.
Design of an Overconstrained and Dextrous Spherical Wrist

A new dextrous spherical wrist is presented here. The wrist is based upon a kinematically overconstrained and singularity-free pointing system. The pointing system and wrist are less mechanically complicated and have simpler kinematics than previously proposed systems. The mechanical simplification has enabled construction of a prototype, shown in photographs.
Synchronization of three homodromy coupled exciters in a non-resonant vibrating system of plane motion

In this paper, the synchronization problem of three homodromy coupled exciters in a non-resonant vibrating system of plane motion is studied. By introducing the average method of modified small parameters, we deduced dimensionless coupling equation of three exciters, which converted the problem of synchronization into that of the existence and stability of zero solutions for the average differential equations of the small parameters. Based on the dimensionless coupling torques and characteristics of the corresponding limited functions, the synchronization criterion for three exciters was derived as the absolute value of dimensionless residual torque difference between arbitrary two motors being less than the maximum of their dimensionless coupling torques. The stability criterion of its synchronous state lies in the double-condition that the inertia coupling matrix is positive definite and all its elements are positive as well. The synchronization determinants are the coefficients of synchronization ability, also called as the general dynamical symmetry coefficients. The double-equilibrium state of the vibrating system is manifested by numeric method, and the numeric and simulation results derived thereof indicate the indispensable and crucial role the structural parameters of the vibrating system play in the stability criterion of synchronous operation. Besides, by adjusting its structural parameters, the elliptical motion of the vibrating system successfully met the requirements in engineering applications.
The Variation of Estimated Impacts from Five Regional Input-Output Models

Since construction of a regional input-output model for impact analysis is very time-consuming, a market for ready-made regionally customized model systems has developed. This article compares five such systems. It is based on a survey of five modelers who estimated impacts of seven hypothetical regional development scenarios. The article presents the estimates generated; then compares them, focusing on the degree of variation among the estimates and also comparing them to a survey model's results. Although estimated impacts were relatively similar for regionwide output and income impacts, there was great dissimilarity among employment impact estimates.
Effect of orientation on crystallographic cracking in notched nickel-base superalloy single crystal subjected to far-field cyclic compression

The effects of crystallographic orientation on the fatigue crack initiation and growth under far-field cyclic compression are discussed in single crystals of nickel-base superalloy MAR-M200. Results indicate that cracking occurs primarily due to planar slip on the {111}-type planes. Crystallographic cracking can occur on two or more slip planes simultaneously, but through-thickness cracks are not observed. In addition, it has been shown that the threshold stress intensity for crack initiation shows a strong dependence on orientation. The threshold stress intensity for crack growth in cyclic compression is 5 to 10 times the threshold for crack growth in cyclic tension.
Attention Governs Action in the Primate Frontal Eye Field

While the motor and attentional roles of the frontal eye field (FEF) are well documented, the relationship between them is unknown. We exploited the known influence of visual motion on the apparent positions of targets, and measured how this illusion affects saccadic eye movements during FEF microstimulation. Without microstimulation, saccades to a moving grating are biased in the direction of motion, consistent with the apparent position illusion. Here we show that microstimulation of spatially aligned FEF representations increases the influence of this illusion on saccades. Rather than simply impose a fixed-vector signal, subthreshold stimulation directed saccades away from the FEF movement field, and instead more strongly in the direction of visual motion. These results demonstrate that the attentional effects of FEF stimulation govern visually guided saccades, and suggest that the two roles of the FEF work together to select both the features of a target and the appropriate movement to foveate it.
Application of fractal geometry to the analysis of ventricular premature contractions.

Fractals are a group of irregularly irregular geometric objects, first described by Mandelbrot.ln2 We have previously suggested that a patient’s distribution of ventricular premature contractions (VPCs) over time can be represented by a particular kind of fractal-the fractal dust.3 This makes it possible to measure dimension (D), a number that quantifies the uniformity or nonuniformity of that patient’s ventricular ectopy. When applied to a group of patients with severe congestive heart failure, dimension was found to have prognostic significance: Patients with nonuniform (clustered) ectopy had a higher risk of early death than those with more uniform distributions. We now present some technical comments on the use of this technique. Fructuls are defined as objects whose HausdorffBesicovitch dimension exceeds their topologic dimension. In general they are complicated in appearance and irregular at any scale of measurement. 1*2,5 Many natural shapes have this property, among them coastlines, clouds, and the branching of Purkinje fibers in the heart or capillaries in the lung. A fractul dust is an object composed of topologically unconnected points. Any such object has a topologic dimension of zero. Hence, any dust with a fractal dimension greater than zero is, by definition, a fractal dust. A set of events occurring over time can be thought of as a shape in which each event marks a point along a time axis. In this manner a set of ventricular premature contractions recorded during a defined period of ambulatory electrocardiography can be transformed into a “VPC-shape.” Because any two VPCs
Maternal Low Protein or High Salt Diet in The Perinatal Period Suppresses Newborn Intrarenal Renin-Angiotensin System (RAS) and Programs for Hypertension in Adult Offspring • 1814

Maternal Low Protein or High Salt Diet in The Perinatal Period Suppresses Newborn Intrarenal Renin-Angiotensin System (RAS) and Programs for Hypertension in Adult Offspring • 1814
Protonation of Rhenium Alkyne Complexes Produces η3-Allyl Rhenium Complexes via Observable 1-Metallacyclopropene Intermediates

Protonation of the rhenium η2-alkyne complex C5Me5(CO)2Re(η2-MeC⋮CMe) (4) with HBF4 at room temperature produced the η3-allyl complex C5Me5(CO)2Re(η3-exo,anti-MeHC−CH−CH2)+BF4- (5). The protonation of 4 at −78 °C occurred at rhenium to give the rhenium alkyne hydride complex C5Me5(CO)2ReH(η2-MeC⋮CMe)+BF4- (6). At −16 °C, net proton migration from rhenium to the alkyne ligand of 6 occurred to produce the 1-metallacyclopropene complex C5Me5(CO)2Re(η2-CMeCHMe)+BF4- (7), which then rearranged to form the η3-allyl complex 5. The degenerate rearrangement of 7 by hydride migration between the two metallacyclopropene carbons was demonstrated by deuterium labeling. Protonation of the rhenium η2-alkyne complex C5Me5(CO)2Re(η2-PhC⋮CPh) (10) with HBF4 at −78 °C initially produced the rhenium alkyne hydride complex C5Me5(CO)2ReH(η2-PhC⋮CPh)+BF4- (11), which was observed spectroscopically. Upon warming to room temperature, 11 was converted to the stable 1-metallacyclopropene complex C5Me5(CO)2Re(η2-CPhCHPh)+BF4- (12), ...
Boundary effects on image reconstruction in photoacoustic tomography

Exact photoacoustic tomography requires scanning over a 4p solid angle in 3D. The ultrasound detection window, however, is often limited, which makes a full scan impossible. For example, when a boundary lies closely to an object, the scanning region can cover only less than 4p in 3D. Because of incomplete information, the resolution, SNR, and fidelity of the resulting image deteriorate. Boundaries, however, can be used to our advantage; we proposed post-processing algorithms in image reconstruction to make partially scanned data complete. Here, we show the efficacy of the post-processing algorithms with both numerical and experimental results. Indeed, the algorithms can improve the resolution, SNR, and fidelity.
Inhibition of E. coli adenylate cyclase activity by inorganic orthophosphate is dependent on IIIglc of the phosphoenolpyruvate: Glycose phosphotransferase system

The relationship of adenylate cyclase, inorganic orthophosphate and the proteins of the phosphoenolpyruvate:glycose phosphotransferase system (PTS) was studied. A strain deleted for the genes for Enzyme I and IIIglc of the PTS was transformed with plasmids expressing either Enzyme I and HPr, IIIglc or all three proteins. The fully reconstituted strain showed a Pi-dependent stimulation of adenylate cyclase activity; in contrast, the strain expressing only IIIglc showed a Pi-dependent inhibition of adenylate cyclase activity.
Hydroboration. 94. Rates of Hydroboration of 2-Organylapopinenes with 9-Borabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane, Providing B-(2-Organylapoisopinocampheyl)-9-borabicyclo[3.3.1]nonanes, Potentially Valuable for the Asymmetric Reduction of Prochiral Ketones

Five representative enantiomerically pure, hindered terpenes, derived from α-pinene, namely 2-organylapopinenes (2-R-apopinenes, R = Et, Pr, i-Bu, Ph, and i-Pr) have been treated with 9-borabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane (9-BBN) in a 1:1 molar ratio in THF at 24 °C and the rate of hydroboration followed. Increasing the bulk of the 2-R group from the 2-methyl of α-pinene (Ipc, 2-methylapopinene) to 2-ethyl- (Eap), to 2-propyl- (Prap), to 2-isobutyl- (i-Bap), to 2-phenyl- (Pap), and to 2-isopropyl- (i-Prap) significantly lowers the rate of hydroboration with 9-BBN. Thus, the rate of hydroboration of α-pinene with 9-BBN is faster than the rates for the 2-R-apopinenes studied. The sterically bulkier 2-isobutyl-, 2-phenyl-, and 2-isopropylapopinenes reveal a significantly slower rate of hydroboration with 9-BBN. At an elevated temperature, 65 °C, the reaction of 9-BBN (1.0 equiv) with a slight excess of optically pure 2-isobutyl- and 2-phenylapopinenes (1.10−1.20 equiv), under neat conditions, is facilitated to provide ...
Mild folate deficiency induces genetic and epigenetic instability and phenotype changes in prostate cancer cells

Folate (vitamin B9) is essential for cellular proliferation as it is involved in the biosynthesis of deoxythymidine monophosphate (dTMP) and s-adenosylmethionine (AdoMet). The link between folate depletion and the genesis and progression of cancers of epithelial origin is of high clinical relevance, but still unclear. We recently demonstrated that sensitivity to low folate availability is affected by the rate of polyamine biosynthesis, which is prominent in prostate cells. We, therefore, hypothesized that prostate cells might be highly susceptible to genetic, epigenetic and phenotypic changes consequent to folate restriction. We studied the consequences of long-term, mild folate depletion in a model comprised of three syngenic cell lines derived from the transgenic adenoma of the mouse prostate (TRAMP) model, recapitulating different stages of prostate cancer; benign, transformed and metastatic. High-performance liquid chromatography analysis demonstrated that mild folate depletion (100 nM) sufficed to induce imbalance in both the nucleotide and AdoMet pools in all prostate cell lines. Random oligonucleotide-primed synthesis (ROPS) revealed a significant increase in uracil misincorporation and DNA single strand breaks, while spectral karyotype analysis (SKY) identified five novel chromosomal rearrangements in cells grown with mild folate depletion. Using global approaches, we identified an increase in CpG island and histone methylation upon folate depletion despite unchanged levels of total 5-methylcytosine, indicating a broad effect of folate depletion on epigenetic regulation. These genomic changes coincided with phenotype changes in the prostate cells including increased anchorage-independent growth and reduced sensitivity to folate depletion. This study demonstrates that prostate cells are highly susceptible to genetic and epigenetic changes consequent to mild folate depletion as compared to cells grown with supraphysiological amounts of folate (2 μM) routinely used in tissue culture. In addition, we elucidate for the first time the contribution of these aspects to consequent phenotype changes in epithelial cells. These results provide a strong rationale for studying the effects of folate manipulation on the prostate in vivo, where cells might be more sensitive to changes in folate status resulting from folate supplementation or antifolate therapeutic approaches.
High-field electron transport in GaInP

Abstract We report on the high-field electron transport properties in a GaInP. In contrast to the results on a GaAs, the drift velocity does not saturate and no negative differential resistance (NDR) is observed up to 5 kV/cm; the velocity is about 1×107 cm/s at an electric field of around 15 kV/cm. The energy difference between Γ- and L-valley is estimated to be 300 meV with the temperature dependence of the peak velocity.
Calculation of elastic constants of TCNQ crystals using atom-atom potentials

Abstract Harmonic lattice dynamics is used to calculate the sound velocities in crystalline 7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane at T = 0 K and zero pressure. The intermolecular potential energy is defined by the exp-6-1 atom-atom summation method. This potential reproduces the observed crystal structure satisfactorily. The elastic constants are obtained by fitting to the sound velocities using an iterative optimization technique which is suggested to be preferable to traditional derivations.
Bulk A15, high TC Nb3Si synthesized by shock compression☆

Abstract A shock wave compression technique has been used to convert bulk quantities of Nb3Si into the A15 phase. The recovered material has a lattice parameter of 5.091 ± 0.006 A. It also has an inductive TC of 18.6 K and shows a large specific heat transition at 18.0 K.