cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sisters in the Law of Moses

In the last chapter, I highlight the role that Queen Esther had for crypto-Jewish women in the diaspora. Isabel de Carvajal and her sister Leonor de Carvajal lived in New Spain and were central figures in upholding and furthering the Jewish faith. I analyze the manuscripts from their second Inquisition trial (1595–1596) to show that crypto-Judaism is a matriarchal religion. In this chapter, we see the practical accommodations of the Esther text for real crypto-Jewish women including material practices of the body and the home.
Analysis of factors associated with electing endoscopic sinus surgery

Objective Medically refractory chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) can be managed with appropriate continued medical therapy (CMT) or surgery followed by CMT. Patients who initially elect CMT and do not experience adequate symptom resolution may "cross over" to endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS). Our objective was to identify patient covariates associated with this subset of patients who elect this change in treatment modality. Study design Retrospective analysis of a prospective, multi-center cohort of adult patients with CRS enrolled between March 2011 and June 2015 in academic, tertiary referral clinics. Methods Subjects who initially elected CMT were followed up to 18 months, provided a comprehensive medical history, and completed the 22-item SinoNasal Outcome Test (SNOT-22) at baseline and during 6-month follow-up intervals. Hazard regression modeling was used to identify covariates associated with elective change in treatment modality. Results One hundred seventy-nine subjects were followed for an average 15.1 (standard deviation ± 4.6) months. Subjects who elected ESS (55 of 179) had significantly worse average endoscopy scores and reported worse SNOT-22 sleep dysfunction scores at baseline (P ≤ 0.026). For each single increasing (worsening) point of Lund-Kennedy endoscopy score, the hazard ratio (HR) of crossover increased by ∼6%. Similarly, for every point of worsening in baseline SNOT-22 total score, the hazard of treatment crossover increased by ∼2%. After covariate adjustment, only baseline SNOT-22 sleep dysfunction scores were associated with an increased risk of treatment crossover (HR = 1.07; 95% confidence interval: 1.02-1.11; P = 0.003). Conclusion Baseline total SNOT-22 and endoscopy scores are associated with treatment crossover, but reported sleep dysfunction is the only significant independent predictor of treatment crossover. Level of evidence 2c. Laryngoscope, 128:304-310, 2018.
Frequency and Duration of Fecal Shedding of Salmonella Serovars Heidelberg and Typhimurium by Experimentally Infected Laying Hens Housed in Enriched Colony Cages at Different Stocking Densities

Eggs contaminated with Salmonella Enteritidis are leading sources of human salmonellosis, but Salmonella Heidelberg and Salmonella Typhimurium are also egg-associated pathogens. The management practices and housing facilities characterizing different systems for housing commercial egg flocks can influence Salmonella persistence and transmission. Animal welfare aspects of poultry housing have been widely debated, but their food safety ramifications are not thoroughly understood. The present study assessed the effects of two different bird stocking densities on the frequency and duration of fecal shedding of strains of Salmonella Heidelberg and Salmonella Typhimurium in groups of experimentally infected laying hens housed in colony cages enriched with perching and nesting areas. In separate trials, laying hens were distributed into two groups housed in enriched colony cages at stocking densities of 648 and 973 cm2/bird, and a third group was housed in conventional cages at 648 cm2/bird. All hens were orally inoculated with doses of 108 colony-forming units (CFU) of either Salmonella Heidelberg or Salmonella Typhimurium. At eight weekly postinoculation intervals, samples of voided feces were collected from beneath each cage and cultured to detect Salmonella. Fecal shedding of Salmonella Heidelberg continued for 8 wk in all housing groups, but Salmonella Typhimurium shedding ceased after as little as 5 wk in enriched colony cages at low stocking density. After Salmonella Heidelberg infection, the overall frequency of positive fecal cultures for all sampling dates combined was significantly (P < 0.05) greater from either conventional cages (51.0%) or enriched colony cages (46.5%) at high stocking density than from enriched colony cages at low stocking density (33.3%). No significant differences in Salmonella Typhimurium fecal isolation were identified between housing groups. These results demonstrate that stocking density can affect intestinal colonization and fecal shedding in laying hens for some (but not necessarily all) Salmonella serovars or strains.
A computational approximation to the AIXI model

Universal induction solves in principle the problem of choosing a prior to achieve optimal inductive inference. The AIXI theory, which combines control theory and universal induction, solves in principle the problem of optimal behavior of an intelligent agent. A practically most important and very challenging problem is to find a computationally efficient (if not optimal) approximation for the optimal but incomputable AIXI theory. We propose such an approximation based on a Monte Carlo algorithm that samples programs according to their algorithmic probability. The approach is specifically designed to deal with real world problems (the agent processes observed data and makes plans over range of divergent time scales) under limited computational resources.
Remote delivery of congenital cardiac magnetic resonance imaging services, a unique telemedicine model

Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMRI) is increasingly utilized in the management of patients with congenital heart disease. Unfortunately, the expertise to perform and interpret these studies is not universally available, despite an increasing population of congenital heart survivors. This retrospective analysis describes our experience providing on-site CMRI services compared with providing the same services over a geographic distance of 250 miles. There were 83 local scans with both physician and patient on-site compared with 91 scans controlled by a physician geographically remote from the patients. The patients were well-matched for age, sex, study duration, scan type, and history of prior cardiac intervention. There was no difference in use of deep sedation or diazepam for anxiolysis, or use of atropine for arrhythmia suppression. There were no patient safety issues and there was satisfaction on the part of the referring physicians who were able to obtain more timely studies, as well as the remote-scanning physicians who had a workflow comparable with the local scans, but no lost travel time. This experience suggests that remote delivery of cardiac MRI services for the congenital heart population is feasible and can be done with comparable success and safety to a traditional “local” model. We also suggest the configuration to provide such remote CMRI services with commercially available hardware and software.
Abstract P196: Sleep Apnea Symptoms Help Screen for Risk of Metabolic Syndrome in a Nationally-representative Sample

Introduction: Sleep apnea increases the risk for developing metabolic syndrome (MetS). Polysomnography remains the diagnostic gold standard, but its expense makes it inappropriate for population-wide screening for sleep apnea. We evaluated a simpler, more feasible approach, to identify which self-reported symptoms of sleep apnea best delineate risk for MetS at a population level. Methods: We reviewed available sleep symptom data from the 2007-2008 NHANES (N=4,099) cohort, which included: snoring and snorting/gasping (coded as 0, 1-2, 3-4, or 5+ nights/week), and non-restorative sleep and daytime sleepiness (coded as 0, 1, 2-4, 5-15, or 16-30 times/month). MetS was defined as ≥3 of: (1) Abdominal obesity (waist ≥102 cm men and ≥88 cm women); (2) Hypertension (HTN) (systolic ≥130 or diastolic ≥85 or HTN meds); (3) High-density lipoprotein (HDL) ( Results: Although all four variables predicted MetS in adjusted models, snoring and snorting/gasping were stronger predictors and the only significant predictors in fully-adjusted models. Frequent snoring and/or snorting/gasping was associated with a 2-3-fold risk of MetS. Among components, snoring and snorting/gasping generally predicted elevated risk. (See Table). Conclusion: In a nationally-representative sample, self-reported snoring and snorting/gasping were associated with risk of MetS and its components, even after controlling for confounding. Risk related to non-restorative sleep and daytime sleepiness did not remain after controlling for confounding.
Foreclosure and dispossession: The case for a feminist critical theory for public administration

Using Marcuse and the 2008 economic crisis as a starting point, this work proposes a feminist critical theory for public administration that could inform how public administrationists can see themselves as defenders of human values against a status quo which favors masculine and market forces. Through an exploration of Marcuse's concepts of one-dimentionality, foreclosure, masculinization, and feminist socialism, this work asserts the need for a feminist critical theory for public administration theory and praxis that responds to current social injustices and explores a more complex analysis of the subject as subjugated and dispossessed. The conclusion proposes some directions that such a theory might take in the future.
A Descriptive Longitudinal Study of Changes in Vape Shop Characteristics and Store Policies in Anticipation of the 2016 FDA Regulations of Tobacco Products, Including E-Cigarettes.

After proposing the “Deeming Rule” in 2014, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) began regulating the manufacturing, marketing, and sales of electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) products as tobacco products in 2016. The current study conducted vape shop store observations and surveyed Los Angeles–area shop employees (assessing their beliefs, awareness, and perceptions of e-cigarettes and related FDA regulations) at two time points one year apart to better understand what vape shop retailers would do given FDA’s soon-to-be-enacted Deeming Rule. The study also compared retailer beliefs/awareness/actions and store characteristics immediately after the Deeming Rule proposal versus a year after the Rule had been proposed, right before its enactment. Two data collection waves occurred before the Deeming Rule enactment, with Year 1 surveying 77 shops (2014) and Year 2 surveying 61 shops (2015–2016). Between the data collection points, 16 shops had closed. Among the shops that were open at both time points, the majority (95% in Year 1; 74% in Year 2) were aware of some FDA regulations or other policies applying to vape shops. However, overall awareness of FDA regulations and state/local policies governing e-cigarettes significantly decreased from Year 1 to Year 2. At both time points, all shops offered customers free puffs of nicotine-containing e-liquids (prohibited by the then upcoming Deeming Rule). Perceptions of e-cigarette safety also significantly decreased between the years. Exploring vape shop retailer perceptions and store policies (i.e., free puffs/samples displays, perceptions of e-cigarette safety, etc.) over time will help the FDA assess the needs of the vape shop community and develop more effective retailer education campaigns and materials targeted to increase compliance with the newly enacted regulations.
Feeding Gastrostomy Tubes

Oftentimes enteral feedings need to be transitioned from the nasogastric tube or orogastric tube to a gastrostomy tube. Feeding gastrostomy tubes are most often indicated when patients have a functional swallowing problem or have a structural anomaly that prevents safe, effective swallowing, most commonly head and neck tumors or cerebral dysfunction. This form of nutrition is often most suitable for patients who are physiologically or anatomically unable to swallow safely. This chapter addresses the indications for feeding gastrostomy tubes, techniques of placement, and potential complications.
Observed Emotional Expressivity, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms, and Intimate Partner Violence Perpetration Among Community Couples

Impaired emotional processes are related to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and are implicated in intimate partner violence (IPV) perpetration. To address the interpersonal context of PTSD, emotion, and IPV, we examined interactions among one's own and one's partner's emotional expressivity and PTSD symptom severity in association with IPV perpetration. Heterosexual couples (N = 56) in which at least one partner met screening criteria for PTSD engaged in two video-recorded discussions about negative and positive aspects of their relationships. Videos were coded for observed emotional expressiveness during moments participants reported experiencing significant emotions. Actor-partner interdependence models revealed few main effects of emotional expressivity, except that women's expressivity of positive emotions was positively associated with men's IPV perpetration, r2adj = .14. Emotional expressivity played a larger role among couples managing PTSD symptoms; that is, the association between one's own PTSD symptom severity and more IPV perpetration was stronger among men who expressed more negative emotions, r2adj = .19, and women who expressed fewer negative emotions, r2adj = .21. Several partner effects suggested the importance of understanding the dyadic nature of these constructs. For example, men's PTSD symptom severity was differentially associated with each partners' IPV perpetration based on women's expressivity of positive emotion, r2adj = .22-.27. Understanding of emotional expressivity in the link between PTSD and IPV must include consideration of gender differences in how these constructs operate interpersonally. Strategies to promote moderate and safe communication of positive and negative emotions may prevent IPV escalation, particularly among couples managing PTSD symptoms.
Cerebral Fissure Patterns

Whereas the neocortex of many mammals is without fissures, the cortex of others has a species-variable number. Fissures form gradually in development and are more numerous in species with large brains. Fissures are more frequent and shallower in mammals with thinner cortex. Mechanical forces during pre- and postnatal growth cause fissure formation. The two factors that relate to the amount of neocortex hidden in fissures are the thickness of cortex and the size of the cortical surface. However, the regional specialization of the cortical sheet impacts on the placement and form of cortical fissures. According to Van Essen, the connections that form between cortical areas exert tension that influences where cortex folds or buckles. Additionally, folds are likely to occur at structurally weaker septal zones within somatosensory cortex. Thus, the positions of sulci sometime provide clues to the functional organization of cortex.
The Plight of the Ethnic Candidate: A Spatial Analysis

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses a spatial analysis of the ethnic candidate. The impact of legislative and demographic changes on black political progress can best be appreciated through an examination of the growth in the numbers of black elected officeholders. Aggregate data alone does not provide any insight into the effects of political pluralism on the American political system. Unfortunately, much of the current research on ethnic politics ceases to go beyond simple vote counting or ungeneralizable discussions about specific campaigns. Political scientists have failed to construct a paradigm from which ethnic politics can be evaluated: the political and social conditions leading to divisive elections, the logical choices of positions on issues and emphasis by candidates running in polarized multicultural areas, and the exploration of mitigating forces in the environment. The linkage between the political parties and the voters in the society is through the preference distribution. Once political actors are aware of the policy preferences of the electorate, they are able to adopt positions consistent with maximizing votes.
DD32: „Vertraue mir oder ich hau dich um!“ (Februar 2007)

Diesen Satz habe ich vor einiger Zeit gehort. Ich krauste damals die Stirn und fand die Botschaft befremdend. Neulich aber war in einem grosen Unternehmen davon die Rede, dass sich alle Mitarbeiter – verdammt noch mal – legal einwandfrei benehmen sollten, denn davon hange das Vertrauen ins Unternehmen ab. Was denken die denn alle, dachte ich, was Vertrauen ist?
Morphology of mesenchymal elements of normal artery, fatty streaks, and plaques.

The objective of this paper is to review briefly normal arterial structure and the cells found in the various types of human atherosclerotic lesions, and to contrast the cellular reaction of human lesions with that in certain experimental models. There is a striking similarity between the mesenchymal cell reaction in human lesions and that in the experimental models, indicating that the models are valid for studying certain aspects of the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Our studies support the conclusion of many other investigators (Altschul, 1950; Bjorkerud, 1969; Hassler, 1970; Jores, 1924; Lee et al., 1970; McMillan and Stary, 1968; Poole et al., 1971) that the source of the mesenchymal or smooth muscle cells in the intima is medial cells that have proliferated and migrated into the intima.
Heuristic Search Programs

When a certain problem cannot be solved directly, it is often possible to write a program to search for a solution. If the number of possibilities to be searched in order to find a solution is sufficiently small, the problem is trivial since the program can consider all possibilities. For an intellectually difficult problem, the number of possibilities to be searched is so large (sometimes infinite) that for all practical purposes there is no exhaustive procedure. For example, in most kinds of theorem-proving including predicate calculus, the number of possibilities to be searched is potentially infinite. In order to guarantee a perfect first move in checkers, the program would have to search through about 1040 possible games. In chess the number is about 10120.Even tremendous improvements in hardware would hardly dent tasks requiring the search of so many possibilities. It is much better to consider alternative ways of defining the search and modifying the search, that is, to consider heuristic search techniques. In general, a heuristic is a rule of thumb, strategy, method or trick used to improve the efficiency of a system which tries to discover the solutions of complex problems. Some heuristics are specific, that is, limited to one problem-solving domain, such as proving theorems in geometry. Other heuristics are general, that is, applicable to several domains. For example, the heuristic of “working backwards” is useful in many theorem-proving and problem-solving domains.
Abstract 706: In vivo tumor-associated mutation screen identifies PI3K activation as a mechanism of resistance to PD-1 blockade

Known genomic correlates of response to immunotherapy do not perfectly predict clinical outcome, supporting the existence of unknown mechanisms of resistance to tumor immunity. We hypothesize that somatic, cancer-associated mutations account for heterogeneity in spontaneous response to tumors and response to immunotherapy. We have undertaken a systematic in vivo screen to identify mechanisms of resistance to tumor immunity in order to define a comprehensive set of therapeutic targets and provide biomarkers of sensitivity to immunotherapy. Mouse tumor cell lines (MC38 colon carcinoma or B16 melanoma) were engineered to express a library of barcoded open reading frames (ORFs) mutagenized to encode known cancer-associated somatic mutations. Tumor-bearing animals were treated with anti-PD-1. A mutation in Phospho-Inositol 3 Kinase (PI3K), PIK3CA c.3140A>G, increased in representation in anti-PD-1 treated tumors but not in immunodeficient animals, suggesting that activity of the mutant allele conferred selective growth advantage in the setting of tumor immunity. This mutation encodes a constitutively active mutant catalytic domain, PIK3CA H1047R. MC38 tumors homogeneously expressing H1047R and implanted into wild-type mice failed to respond to anti-PD-1 therapy, while tumors expressing a control gene regressed. Pharmacologic PI3K inhibition resensitized tumors to treatment with anti-PD-1. PD-1-treated PIK3CA H1047R tumors had fewer infiltrating CD8+ T cells as measured by immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry. Single-cell RNA-seq of tumor-infiltrating immune cells revealed a population of myeloid cells expressing known immune inhibitory proteins that differentially enriched in PIK3CA H1047R-expressing tumors. Our data suggest that PI3K has, in addition to its well-described oncogenic role, a role in tumor immune evasion mediated by establishment of an inhibitory myeloid microenvironment. As such, activating mutations in PI3K may be useful as a biomarker of poor response to immunotherapy, and these studies provide a rationale for therapeutic combination trials of PI3K inhibition with checkpoint blockade and other myeloid-targeting immunotherapies. Citation Format: Natalie B. Collins, Brian C. Miller, Kevin Bi, Rose Al Abosy, Kathleen Yates, Yashaswi Shrestha, John Doench, Jesse Boehm, W Nicholas Haining. In vivo tumor-associated mutation screen identifies PI3K activation as a mechanism of resistance to PD-1 blockade [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 706.
CD4CD8 Double Positive T cell responses during Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in cynomolgus macaques

Background Tuberculosis (TB) kills millions of people every year. CD4 and CD8 T cells are critical in the immune response against TB. T cells expressing both CD4 and CD8 (CD4CD8 T cells) are functionally active and have not been examined in the context of TB. Methods We examine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and bronchoalveolar lavage cells (BAL) and lung granulomas from 28 cynomolgus macaques during Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection. Results CD4CD8 T cells increase in frequency during early Mtb infection in PBMC and BAL from pre-infection. Peripheral, airway, and lung granuloma CD4CD8 T cells have distinct patterns and greater cytokine production than CD4 or CD8 T cells. Conclusion Our data suggest that CD4CD8 T cells transient the blood and airways early during infection to reach the granulomas where they are involved directly in the host response to Mtb.
Controlled two-step formation of faceted perovskite rare-earth scandate nanoparticles

A general approach to the formation of well-faceted nanoparticles is discussed and successfully applied to the production of several rare-earth scandates. Two steps were used, with higher temperatures first to nucleate the perovskite phase, followed by lower temperatures to smooth the particle surfaces. Exploiting these two different regimes led to smaller nanoparticles with more faceting. This general approach may be tailored to other material systems as a step towards producing shape-controlled nanoparticles for a desired application.
Sociodemographic and clinical correlates of human papillomavirus vaccine attitudes and receipt among Wisconsin adolescents.

Abstract Few studies have assessed adolescent human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine attitudes and whether they are associated with vaccination uptake. This study characterized HPV vaccine attitudes among male and female adolescents, identified factors associated with attitude changes, and examined associations between attitudes and vaccination receipt. Surveys were administered to adolescents aged 15–16 years who had not completed the HPV vaccine series. A modified version of the Carolina HPV Immunization Attitudes and Beliefs Scale (CHIAS) was employed to assess barriers, harms, ineffectiveness, and uncertainties scores. Surveys were available from 108 participants; 63% were male and 33% had initiated the HPV vaccine series at baseline. CHIAS scores significantly decreased (i.e., became more favorable) between baseline and follow-up for barriers (p = 0.01) and uncertainties (p
Button battery versus stacked coin ingestion: A conundrum for radiographic diagnosis

Abstract Objectives Given the potential for devastating complications associated with esophageal impaction of a button battery, there is a need to distinguish between a button battery and look-alike stacked coins at the time of presentation. Given there have been no studies analyzing differences in radiographic density between these two entities, the study objective was to determine if a difference exists between esophageal coin and button battery radiographic density on plain radiograph and to describe the operative and treatment course following these two distinct entities of ingestion. Methods Retrospective case series following button battery or stacked coin ingestion in a tertiary care pediatric hospital from 2003 to present. Radiographic density of each button battery and stacked coin was calculated by dividing the foreign body radiographic density by the mean density of two background radiographic sections. Radiographic density of coins versus batteries was compared using t-tests. Results There were 22 patients identified with button battery ingestion and 47 with stacked coins. Median (range) radiographic density of button batteries on anteroposterior view was 1.16 (0.37–2.19) x background compared to 1.13 (0.09–2.65) x background of stacked coins, p = 0.198. There was similarly no statistically significant difference in lateral views, p = 0.622. Conclusion Our study suggests that radiographic density measured on diagnostic x-ray does not prove a reliable adjunctive measure to distinguish an innocuous stacked coin ingestion from the far more ominous button battery and highlights the need for prompt operative evaluation for any suspected button battery ingestion.
Indicators to Guide and Monitor Climate Change Adaptation in the US Pacific Northwest

Objectives. To develop a set of indicators to guide and monitor climate change adaptation in US state and local health departments.Methods. We performed a narrative review of literature on indicators of climate change adaptation and public health service capacity, mapped the findings onto activities grouped by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Ten Essential Services, and drafted potential indicators to discuss with practitioners. We then refined the indicators after key informant interviews with 17 health department officials in the US Pacific Northwest in fall 2018.Results. Informants identified a need for clarity regarding state and local public health's role in climate change adaptation, integration of adaptation into existing programs, and strengthening of communication, partnerships, and response capacity to increase resilience. We propose a set of climate change indicators applicable for state and local health departments.Conclusions. With additional context-specific refinement, the proposed indicators can aid agencies in tracking adaptation efforts. The generalizability, robustness, and relevance of the proposed indicators should be explored in other settings with a broader set of stakeholders.
Simulations for Developing a Flag-Based Active Neutron Interrogation Method for Explosives Detection in Sea-Land Cargo Containers

Fast neutron interrogation for explosives detection has shown potential for the screening of sea-land cargo containers. Simulations were completed investigating the neutron scatter behavior of 14.1...
Interview 7 Mario L. Small

Sociologist is someone who from very many perspectives tries to understand some aspects of the social world and the structure of social relations, that can be the nature of decision-making in social world, that can be the stratification of society as a whole, that can be the change in society over time, all aspects of change, all aspects of society falling into what sociologists would be interested in studying.
A Tribute to Rosalie: An Introduction.

As we started to think about a Special Issue of the Journal of Gerontological Social Work honoring Rosalie Kane, we turned to the Spring 2012 Issue of Generations entitled, “30 Years of HCBS: Movin...
Ultrasound Technique for Common Head and Neck Blocks

Head and neck blocks are clinically important procedures that regional anesthesiologists and pain physicians should be comfortable performing. The advent of ultrasound has optimized these blocks by providing the users with the ability to identify structures and anatomic relationships that are not apparent with landmark and stimulator-based block techniques. Ultrasound also provides the added benefit of fine needle adjustments that cannot be seen with fluoroscopic guidance. We describe the relevant anatomy, sonographic findings, and procedural techniques for some common head and neck blocks.
The JHU/APL AI technology roadmap: research and exploratory development on the path to intelligent systems for every mission

Recent breakthroughs and rapid progress in AI will impact, if not transform, every mission. JHU/APL developed an AI Technology Roadmap to guide the Laboratory’s contributions to the critical challenges the nation will face developing and implementing intelligent systems for these missions over the coming decades. We began this exercise by describing a series of envisioned futures for intelligent systems across sea, land, air, space and information, and examined them to identify the common AI technology vectors needed to achieve each vision: (1) Autonomous Perception, describing the path to intelligent systems that perceive in the context of the extreme uncertainty and complexity of the real world; (2) Superhuman Decision-Making and Autonomous Action, to realize the potential for intelligent systems to reason over more information than any team of analysts or operators and act in ways systems under manned control cannot; (3) Human-Machine Teaming at the Speed of Thought, to ensure humans can stay involved at speed and scale; and of particular importance for national security applications, (4) Safe and Assured Operation, so these systems can be trusted to stay true to commander’s intent, in adversarial and sensitive contexts. Each technology vector is aligned with a targeted goal, and with each goal we provide a roadmap in the form of near-, mid-, and long-term AI advances critical to reaching the goal. This paper describes the JHU/APL AI Technology Roadmap and presents key examples of recent progress and forward-looking research and exploratory development along each vector.
Odlaw: A Tool for Retroactive GDPR Compliance

In this demo, we present ODLAW, a new tool for retroactive compliance with privacy laws like the European Union’s General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). The GDPR enumerates the explicit rights of individuals regarding the use of their personal data, and regulators can impose strict penalties for organizations that fail to comply. While others have advocated for a completely new class of systems to address these regulations, ODLAW takes a different approach by achieving GDPR compliance while allowing an organization to keep its existing data management infrastructure intact. Using a variety of realistic datasets, the demo will show the specific ways that ODLAW can help with GDPR compliance, as well as highlight some of the key challenges that arise in real-world settings.
Endovascular Re-routing the Errant Aortic Endoprosthesis.

Abstract The anatomic complexity of aortic dissection remains a challenge in endovascular treatment. The dissection flap may contain defects allowing accidental guidewire passage from one lumen into the other, and inadvertent device placement into the false lumen can occur. The description of this complication and its bail-out maneuvers are sparse in the literature. Herein, we describe seven patients with errant endoprosthesis re-routed with minimally invasive intervention into the true lumen.
Association of Intrinsic Motivating Factors and Joy in Practice: A National Physician Survey.

Objectives In response to the need to identify positive measures that more accurately describe physician wellness, this study seeks to assess the validity of a novel joy in practice measure using validated physician well-being measures and test its association with certain intrinsic and extrinsic motivators. Methods Secondary data analysis using a nationally representative dataset of 2000 US physicians, fielded October-December 2011. Multivariable logistic models with survey design provided nationally representative individual-level estimates. Primary outcome variables included joy in practice (enthusiasm, fulfillment, and clinical stamina in an after-hours setting). Secondary outcomes were validated measures of physician well-being such as job and life satisfaction and life meaning. Primary explanatory variables were sense of calling, number of personally rewarding hours per day, long-term relationships with patients, and burnout. Results The survey response rate was 64.5% (1289/2000). Physicians who demonstrated joy in practice were most likely to report high life satisfaction (odds ratio [OR] 2.75, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.52-4.98) and high life meaning (OR 2.62, 95% CI 1.41-4.85). Joy in practice was strongly associated with having a sense of calling (OR 10.8, 95% CI 2.21-52.8) and ≥ 7.5 personally rewarding hours per day (OR 3.75, 95% CI 1.51-9.36); meanwhile, it was negatively associated with burnout (OR 0.26, 95% CI 0.14-0.51). Extrinsic factors such as specialty, practice setting, and annual income were not significantly associated with joy in practice in most regressions. Conclusions The joy in practice measure shows preliminary promise as a positive marker of well-being, highlighting the need for future interventions that support physicians' intrinsic motivators and foster joy in one's practice.
Origin of the Right Coronary Artery from the Opposite Sinus of Valsalva in Adults: Characterization by Intravascular Ultrasonography at Baseline and After Stent Angioplasty

Objectives We attempted to characterize the anatomy, function, clinical consequences, and treatment of right-sided anomalous coronary artery origin from the opposite side (R-ACAOS). Background Anomalous aortic origin of a coronary artery is a source of great uncertainty in cardiology. A recent study by our group found that ACAOS had a high prevalence (0.48%) in a general population of adolescents. Methods Sixty-seven consecutive patients were diagnosed with R-ACAOS according to a new definition: ectopic right coronary artery (RCA) with an intramural proximal course. We used intravascular ultrasonograms of the RCA to quantify congenital stenosis (in patients with potentially serious clinical presentations), and we correlated these measurements with clinical manifestations. Results All patients had some proximal intramural stenosis (mean 50%, range 16–83% of the cross-sectional area). Forty-two patients (62%) underwent stent-percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) of R-ACAOS because of significant symptoms, positive stress tests, and/or significant stenosis. Stent-PCI was successful in all cases and correlated with improved symptoms at >1-year follow-up in 30 patients (71%) who were available for clinical follow-up. No ACAOS-related deaths occurred. The instent restenosis rate was 4/30 (13%) at a mean follow-up time of 5.0 years. Conclusions This preliminary, but large and unprecedented observational study shows that cases angiographically identified as R-ACAOS universally feature an intramural aortic course but only occasionally severe stenosis on resting IVUS imaging. Our data suggest that stent-PCI with IVUS monitoring ameliorates patients’ presenting symptoms. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Dynamic Output Feedback Control of Minimum-phase Nonlinear Systems

This work concerns the synthesis of dynamic output feedback controllers for minimum-phase nonlinear systems. The problem is addressed first for open-loop stable and then for general nonlinear systems, leading to dynamic one- and two-degree-of-freedom controllers, respectively. The derivation of the controllers is based on state-space considerations, essentially involving combination of state feedback and state observers. An input/output interpretation of the control structures illustrates the importance of alternative state-space realizations of the inverse system for the controller implementation. Finally, the issue of closed-loop stability is discussed and precise internal stability conditions are derived.
A Milestone in Time Keeping

Researchers have made atomic clocks so precise that effects of general relativity are on the verge of complicating the concept of keeping time.
Parametric Analysis of Advanced Technology Applied to a Single Engine Trainer

The potential of applying advanced technology to a single engine trainer configuration is investigated. The analysis is performed in a parametric manner to evaluate the individual and combined effects of various aerodynamic and propulsion technology considerations. The analysis is accomplished using a computerized aircraft synthesis model that simulates the aircraft design and mission. The resulting performance characteristics are compared with a current trainer design to identify the performance improvements or penalties.
Purification and characterization of human mitochondrial transcription factor 1

We purified to near homogeneity a transcription factor from human KB cell mitochondria. This factor, designated mitochondrial transcription factor 1 (mtTF1), is required for the in vitro recognition of both major promoters of human mitochondrial DNA by the homologous mitochondrial RNA polymerase. Furthermore, it has been shown to bind upstream regulatory elements of the two major promoters. After separation from RNA polymerase by phosphocellulose chromatography, mtTF1 was chromatographed on a MonoQ anion-exchange fast-performance liquid chromatography column. Analysis of mtTF1-containing fractions by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed a single major polypeptide with an Mr of approximately 25,000. Centrifugation in analytical glycerol gradients indicated a sedimentation coefficient of approximately 2.5 S, consistent with a monomeric 25-kilodalton protein. Finally, when the 25-kilodalton polypeptide was excised from a stained sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel and allowed to renature, it regained DNA-binding and transcriptional stimulatory activities at both promoters. Although mtTF1 is the only mitochondrial DNA-binding transcription factor to be purified and characterized, its properties, such as a high affinity for random DNA and a weak specificity for one of its target sequences, may typify this class of regulatory proteins.
Nationalize the Clearinghouses

Given the vital place of clearinghouses in Dodd-Frank, it is perhaps surprising that Dodd-Frank makes no provision for the failure of a clearinghouse. Indeed, it is arguable that the United States is not in compliance with its commitment to the G-20 on this point.Clearinghouses are presently excluded from the new Orderly Liquidation Authority under title II, title II and titles VII and VIII do not work well together in any event, and the notion that a derivatives clearinghouse might file a regular bankruptcy petition is farcical, given that Congress previously decided to exclude derivatives, and most securities trades, from the most important parts of the Bankruptcy Code. A clearinghouse might file, but there would be little point.And because clearinghouses are oddly defined as "commodities brokers" under the Bankruptcy Code, they are only permitted to file a chapter 7 liquidation cases. In this paper I suggest two likely outcomes upon the onset of clearinghouse financial distress. First, Congress will be tempted to adopt an ad hoc statutory solution. The fate of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, the two mortgage companies who were placed in a conservatorship in September 2008, shortly after Congress had created that possibility under the Housing and Economic Recovery Act of 2008, looms large here. But ad hoc solutions simply exacerbate uncertainty in times of financial distress, and are subject to litigation risk too. And the sudden creation of a specialized resolution process is really not anything more than a bailout, since any solution will require massive capital injections to save the clearinghouses. Again consider the mortgage companies, and the U.S. Treasury’s large preferred share holdings therein.So there will be a temptation to engage in direct bailout, despite Dodd-Frank’s claim to have ended bailouts. Bailouts of individual financial institutions may end, but bailouts of clearinghouses might become more common in a post-Dodd-Frank world. Given that most clearinghouses are themselves publicly traded companies, with strong connections to all the major banks, there are good reasons to wonder if we will not simply be bailing out a new type of financial institution in the future.What to do? I suggest that the government should nationalize the clearinghouses upon failure, and the intention to exercise this option should be made clear ex ante. That is, the government should expressly state that clearinghouses designated under title VIII of Dodd-Frank that ultimately fail will be nationalized, with specific consequences to investors, and an expectation of member participation in the recapitalization of the clearinghouse, once that becomes systemically viable. This should provide stakeholders in the clearinghouses with strong incentives to oversee the clearinghouse’s management, and avoid such a fate.
Is postnatal depression a risk factor for sudden infant death

BACKGROUND: In New Zealand, an association has been shown between postnatal depression and sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). AIM: To replicate the New Zealand study. DESIGN OF STUDY: Case-control study. SETTING: The city of Sheffield, UK. METHOD: The database of the Sheffield Child Development Study was used Demographic and obstetric data were collected and at one month postpartum the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) was administered. Detailed information on the cause of all infant deaths was available. RESULTS: There were 32,984 live births during the study period (from the year 1988 to 1993) and 42 babies died with the cause registered as SIDS. Multivariate analysis showed that smoking was the most important risk factorfor SIDS (odds ratio [OR] = 7.24, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] = 2.76 to 19.01), followed by a high EPDS (OR = 3.20, 95% CI = 1.46 to 6.99) and residence in an area of poverty (OR = 2.33, 95% CI = 1.06 to 5.11). CONCLUSIONS: The Sheffield data confirm the New Zealand findings. A high EPDS score and, by implication, postnatal depression, may be risk factors for SIDS, however, there are many possible explanations for the association.
The effect of targets in defilade on the search task

Perception experiments were conducted at Night Vision and Electronic Sensors Directorate (NVESD) to investigate the effect of targets in defilade on the search task. Vehicles were placed in a simulated terrain and were either fully exposed, partially exposed, or placed in hull defilade. These images, along with a number of no-target images, were presented in a time-limited search perception experiment using military observers. The results were analyzed and compared with ACQUIRE predictions to determine if there are factors, other than size, affecting the search task when targets are in defilade.
Adjuvant chemotherapy improves survival after liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy on the recurrence rate and survival of patients after orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Historically, liver transplantation for HCC has yielded poor long-term survival. Multimodality therapy has been initiated in an effort to improve survival statistics. METHODS: Twenty-five patients were placed on 6 months of intravenous fluorouracil, doxorubicin, and cisplatin after OLT. Risk factors, recurrence rates, and survival rates were analyzed and compared with historic controls. RESULTS: Overall long-term survival in the protocol patients was 46% at 3 years, improved over our historic controls of 5.8% at 3 years (p = 0.0001). Overall recurrence rate was 20% (n = 4). Possible risk factors, such as tumor size, vascular invasion, multifocality, capsular invasion, and tumor differentiation, were not found to be significantly predictive of survival. Three patients with long-term, disease-free survival had tumors > 5 cm. Side effects from chemotherapy were common, but rarely severe. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that adjuvant chemotherapy after transplantation for HCC can provide long-term cure and may improve survival, even in patients with stage III and IV disease.
Comparison of computational effectiveness of the finite element formulations in free vibration analyses

Abstract This paper presents a performance comparison of the frequency dependent mixed finite element formulation with the h -and p -formulations of the conventional finite element method for free vibration analysis. Performance is evaluated through a detailed study of accuracy and computational efficiency in obtaining the natural frequencies and modes of skeletal systems. Additional studies compare the computational effectiveness of the mixed finite element formulation with the dynamic element method which involves use of a quadratic eigenvalue problem. Results show that for lower accuracy requirements, the h -formulation is more efficient than the p -formulation due to the increased bandwidth associated with the internal nodes of the p -formulation. This trend is reversed for higher accuracy requirements. When very high accuracy is needed, especially for higher-order modes, the mixed formulation is more computationally efficient than both the h - and p -formulations.
Autogenous Iliac Crest Bone Graft: Complications and Functional Assessment

Functional outcomes and complications experienced by adult patients who underwent iliac crest bone grafting were evaluated to assess the effect of bone grafts on patient function. In addition to retrospective chart reviews, patients completed the Sickness Impact Profile and a detailed questionnaire on pain. One hundred ninety-two patients met study inclusion criteria. Major complications were recorded in four (2.4%) patients in whom infections developed requiring readmission. Thirty-seven (21.8%) patients had minor complications. One hundred nineteen of 170 patients were available for followup; of these 119 patients, 87 (73.1%) returned completed questionnaires. Thirty-three of 87 (37.9%) patients reported pain 6 months postoperatively. The incidence of pain decreased with time, with 16 of 87 (18.7%) patients continuing to report pain more than 2 years postoperatively. Proportionately more spine patients reported pain at all time points. The mean Sickness Impact Profile score for patients completing questionnaires was nine, suggesting most patients were functioning well 2 years postoperatively. The morbidity of iliac crest grafting remains substantial. Pain symptoms in this study sample seemed to last longer in more patients than earlier series have indicated. Minimizing muscle dissection around donor sites and the advent of bone graft substitutes may help alleviate these problems.