cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of LSD, pargyline and haloperidol on mammary tumor growth in rats.

SummaryDaily injections into rats of 2.5 mg pargyline or 2 μg LSD/100 g body weight completely inhibited growth of DMBA–in–duced mammary adenocarcinomas, whereas daily treatment with haloperidol resulted in rapid stimulation of tumor growth as evidenced by a severalfold increase in tumor size and number compared to the controls. On termination of treatment with the 3 drugs, there was a complete reversal of the tumor growth patterns observed during treatment. A rapid increase in tumor size and number occurred in the groups previously given pargyline and LSD, but a marked retardation of tumor growth was observed in the rats previously given haloperidol. These effects of pargyline, LSD and haloperidol on mammary tumor growth are believed to reflect the changes produced by these drugs on pituitary prolactin release. Pargyline and LSD decrease serum prolactin levels whereas haloperidol increases serum prolactin values. The present study provides further evidence that prolactin is essential for growth of DMBA–i...
A method for predicting cracking in waste glass canisters

Abstract The radioactive liquid-fed ceramic melter technology is being implemented in the United States and abroad for the disposal of high-level radioactive wastes by vitrification. The resulting glass is poured into metal canisters. Thermal gradients develop as the glass cools; these cause the glass to crack, thereby increasing its surface area. Because this increased area could lead to greater release rates, estimates of the amount of cracking are useful. This paper presents a correlation that predicts the amount of surface area produced by cracking to within the limits of accuracy of all available experimental data. The data, obtained from this and five additional studies, are sparse. Therefore, further data, particularly for stainless steel canisters and for canisters lined with ceramic paper, will be required to confirm the validity of this correlation over all ranges of canister type and cooling conditions of interest. In addition, preliminary results indicate that the use of a ceramic paper between the glass and the canister greatly reduces the amount of fine particles produced and also reduces the amount of surface area produced.
ACTIVATION OF THE HUMAN ANDROGEN RECEPTOR THROUGH A PROTEIN KINASE A SIGNALING PATHWAY

Aberrant activation of the androgen receptor through signaling pathways independent of androgen may be responsible for the progression of prostate tumors to the rapidly proliferating androgen-independent state. In this study, the effects of protein kinase A modulators on human androgen receptor activity were tested. Using an adenoviral DNA delivery system, we demonstrate that the androgen receptor can be activated by a protein kinase A activator, forskolin, in the absence of androgen when androgen receptor is co-transfected into monkey kidney CV1 cells or human prostate PC-3 cells with androgen-responsive reporters. Immunoblotting reveals that there is no significant change in androgen receptor protein level following forskolin treatment, suggesting that the enhanced activity is due to activation of the receptor. This activation can be blocked by a protein kinase A inhibitor peptide. Two potent anti-androgens, casodex and flutamide, can significantly reduce this activation, confirming that the ligand-independent pathway is an androgen receptor-mediated phenomenon. An intact DNA binding domain of the receptor is critical for this alternate signaling pathway since mutants with reduced DNA binding ability are inactive. The phosphorylation status of the androgen receptor or associated proteins may critically modulate receptor activity and should be considered when designing improved approaches to prostate cancer therapy.
Response to Commentators of “A Critique of Positive Responsibility”

It has been claimed that (1) computer professionals should be held responsible for an undisclosed list of “undesirable events” associated with their work and (2) most if not all computer disasters can be avoided by truly understanding responsibility. Commentators of “A Critique of Positive Responsibility in Computing” argue that this is not Donald Gotterbarn’s view (Gotterbarn, JSEE 14(2):235–239, 2008) but that a critique of the view nevertheless raises significant moral issues within computing such as the ethical goals of a computing profession, the appropriate ethical stance toward bugs, and the public good with respect to computing (Miller, JSEE 14(2):245–249, 2008). Commentators also argue that “A Critique”’s “profitable misreading” demonstrates the “moral ecology” of organizations “dedicated narrowly to financial success” and that other “moral ecologies” that are customer or quality driven can be shown to be more important or preeminent (Huff, JSEE 14(2):241–244, 2008). It is argued here that (1) the hyper-inflated reading of Gotterbarn’s and Ladd’s views on positive responsibility persists despite Gotterbarn’s explicit rejection of it, and that (2) such a reading of positive responsibility cannot be placed within a single moral ecology, nor can a single moral ecology be shown to be any more important or preeminent than others.
Evaluation and management of posterior cruciate ligament injuries.

Abstract Background Posterior cruciate ligament injuries are increasingly recognized, the result of various sports activities, and while most athletes return to sports the development degenerative joint changes is common. Objective To provide a synopsis of the current best evidence regarding the recognition and treatment of posterior cruciate ligament injuries. Design Structured narrative review. Methods Keyword search of Medline, CINAHL, and PEDro databases for studies published in English from January 1975 to July 2011. Additionally, the reference lists from articles obtained were manually searched for relevant literature. Summary The manuscript provides an overview of posterior cruciate ligament injury, discusses diagnostic methods to include radiographic examination techniques, and presents information on surgical and conservative management of PCL injuries. Conclusion Understanding the mechanism of injuries and most effective examination methods can aide in effective early recognition of PCL injuries. Appropriate management of the patient with PCL deficiency or reconstructed knee will optimize outcomes and potentially affect long term knee function.
Minority legislators and institutional influence

Abstract Although the frequency of studies on Black and Mexican-American legislators has increased, little emphasis is given to the institutional politics which impact these groups. This analysis compares the political behavior and views of Blacks, Mexican-Americans and Anglos in the environmentally stable setting of the Texas House and finds that even in a system that treats minorities fairly in terms of distributing influence positions, minority members are much more likely to favor institutional reforms. A more careful analysis of the organizational dynamics of the Texas House reveals that minorities are successful only as a result of the Speaker's desire to accomodate them and that in spite of this accommodation, minority legislators favor institutional rules that guarantee fair treatment regardless of the speaker's whims.
Acquisition of immunity to toxoplasmosis by the newborn rat.

Abstract Normal suckling rats are highly susceptible to infection with Toxoplasma gondii , which generally proves fatal in animals less than three weeks old. In contrast, sucklings born to adult rats which have acquired a chronic infection show a marked increase in survival rate after infection during this early period of life. The survival rate is still higher, approaching that seen in adult animals, in infant rats born to normal mothers but nursed by ones which have a chronic infection. Transplacental and translacteal passage of antibodies both take place; those which are obtained in the latter manner are available for a longer period, and this factor may explain their apparently greater efficacy.
Environmental Effects of Geothermal Energy Development: ABSTRACT

Most of the undesirable effects of energy usage come from the rejection of heat, waste products, and by-products during the steps of production, transportation, processing, and the conversion of chemical energy to thermal energy. Where geothermal energy can be substituted for coal, oil, or nuclear fuels, it will result in a net reduction of such adverse environmental impacts. Geothermal developments appear to have a major impact when a field such as The Geysers or Wairakei is compared to an electric-power-production facility such as a fossil-fuel or nuclear-power plant. Industrialization, the drilling of wells and the building of pipelines and power plants, constitutes the main impact from geothermal developments. All other impact factors-noise from drilling, possible flashing of steam in separators, release of noncondensable gases, and disposal of spent fluids-can be handled by present technology with minimal investment. Many years of experience at the Larderello field in Italy show that geothermal developments can be compatible with other land uses, as farms, orchards, and vineyards cover much of the productive field with only minimal conflict between th two operations. To give a true picture of the environmental costs from any power source, all steps from the mine to the final product must be added together. The geothermal-steam cycle has fewer steps, fewer energy inputs, and fewer hidden subsidies than any of the coal, oil, or nuclear processes. This simplicity of the geothermal-steam cycle lowers the net-environmental costs and enhances reliability. Because the geothermal-power cycle is self contained, it needs no outside support to maintain the production of electricity; there are no railroads or mines or complex processing facilities to be put out of service by a strike or natural catastrophe or by political decision in a foreign land. End_of_Article - Last_Page 1432------------
A common intermediate language and its use in partitioning concurrent declarative programs

The plethora of concurrent declarative language families, each with subtly different semantics, makes the design and implementation of static analyses for these languages a demanding task. However, many of the languages share underlying structure, and if this structure can be exploited, static analysis techniques can be shared across language families. These techniques can thus provide a common kernel for the implementation of quality compilers for this entire language class.
The Black Presence at the World's Parliament of Religions, 1893

Countering traditional views of the World's Parliament of Religions as primarily an event of religious pluralism, this paper examines how the African Methodist Episcopal Church transformed the Parliament into a world court of opinion regarding racial equality. Using Higginbotham's idea of the Black church as a ‘discursive, critical arena’, I show how Black religionists constructed a rhetoric of equality, challenging the themes of unity that pervaded the Parliament. I argue that in locating their challenge at the world's fair, a major event of cultural self-examination, Blacks acted out some of the most original purposes of a church, working with symbols to generate reform.
Somatotopic organization in rat striatum: evidence for a combinational map.

2-Deoxy-D-[14C]glucose autoradiography was used in awake rats to map neural activity in the sensorimotor sector of striatum. Stimulation of hindlimb, trunk, or forelimb activated primary sensory cortex in a localized columnar pattern, indicating activation of somatosensory receptors and a discrete cortical functional unit. In sensorimotor striatum, an image analysis detection technique revealed regions of maximal activity, or features, that formed a patchy pattern of activation reminiscent of the known anatomic patterns of cortico-striate terminals. Ipsilateral as well as contralateral activation was observed. The activated areas revealed a body map in striatum that was organized in a manner consistent with cortical topography (dorsoventrally: hindlimb, trunk, forelimb) at most anteroposterior levels, similar to that found in other species. However, at other levels, a different organization (e.g., trunk, hindlimb, forelimb) was observed. Furthermore, the arrangements of body region and side were also unique at different anteroposterior levels. Thus, functional activity showed multiple, different juxtapositions of body elements--i.e., a combinational map. The data suggest that striatum may provide an anatomic substrate for different combinations of inputs necessary to select and integrate movement.
Transition metal ion substitution in titanosilicate ETS-10 for enhanced UV light photodegradation of methylene blue

Abstract Partial isomorphous substitution of transition metal (M = V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co) ions in the titanosilicate ETS-10 framework (ETMS-10 with M/Ti ≈ 0.06 mol mol−1) was carried out in efforts to enhance the photocatalytic activity of ETS-10 in the degradation of methylene blue (MB) under UV light (280–400 nm) irradiation. XRD, UV–vis, and EDX analyses suggested substitution of V4+/V5+, Cr3+, Mn2+, and Fe3+ for octahedral Ti4+, and Co2+ for tetrahedral Si4+ in the ETS-10 framework. All ETMS-10 samples showed lower bandgap energies (Eg = 3.79–3.90 eV) than unmodified ETS-10 (Eg = 3.96 eV), and exhibited absorption features in the visible light region. These samples showed higher photocatalytic activities in photodegradation of MB (pseudo-first-order reaction rate constants, k = 0.016–0.055 min−1) than unmodified ETS-10 (k = 0.008 min−1), and the activities decreased in the order: ETCoS-10 > ETCrS-10 ≈ ETFeS-10 > ETMnS-10 ≈ ETVS-10 > unmodified ETS-10. This was hypothesized to be due in part to the lower bandgap energies of ETMS-10 samples compared to that of unmodified ETS-10, as well as the introduction of midgap states with transition metal ions replacing Ti4+, and different d electron configurations of transition metal ions substituted in the ETS-10 framework.
Nonidentity of sulfhydryl oxidase and γ-glutamyltransferase in bovine milk

Abstract Sulfhydryl oxidase (glutathione-oxidizing activity) is closely associated with γ-glutamyltransferase (γ-glutamyl transpeptidase) in skim milk membranes. Similar close association of the two enzymatic activities in kidney membranes has led to the recent proposal that glutathione-oxidizing activity can be attributed to the action of γ-glutamyltransferase, itself, in generating cysteinylglycine which, in turn, catalyzes sulfhydryl group oxidation ( O. W. Griffith and S. S. Tate, 1980, J. Biol. Chem. 255 , 5011–5014 ). However, a previously published procedure for the isolation of highly purified sulfhydryl oxidase from skim milk membranes ( V. G. Janolino and H. E. Swaisgood, 1975, J. Biol. Chem. 250 , 2532–2538 ) leads to the effective separation of the two activities. Quantitative chromatographic analyses of GSH, GSSG, and Glu levels revealed that the highly purified sulfhydryl oxidase preparation catalyzes the direct oxidation of GSH to GSSG without detectable cleavage of the γ-glutamyl peptide bond. These results were confirmed by monitoring the time course of substrate disappearance and product formation using high-performance liquid chromatography. Conversely, a supernatant fraction enriched in γ-glutamyltransferase activity displayed no sulfhydryl group-oxidizing activity. 6-Diazo-5-oxo- l -norleucine selectively inhibited the transferase in crude preparations containing both sulfhydryl oxidase and γ-glutamyltransferase. It is concluded that sulfhydryl oxidase and γ-glutamyltransferase activities are distinct and separable.
A Review of Sputter Negative Ion Sources

A brief account of cesium sputter ion sources is presented with particular emphasis being placed on sources that use a cesium beam as the sputter agent. Some thoughts are also presented on the mechanism whereby negative ions are formed by the sputtering of low work function surfaces. The possibility of increasing negative ion yields still further by the deposition of additional neutral cesium or some other alkali metal is discussed.
What does faculty really want from information technology

It is always a good idea to keep in touch with the needs of our faculty, but it is also very expensive and time consuming to conduct a survey. Recently, I went searching to see what recent faculty surveys have been conducted at other universities. Evaluating the results from several faculty surveys with IT questions from 1998 to 2000, I found many common needs expressed. Supporting data will be the links to the web sites I used to gather the information. These include, in most cases, the type of questions asked as well as the summary data common among many of the surveys.The major topics addressed will be:Where is the faculty now on the learning curve of information technology (IT) applications? (What are they really using?)What do they see as the highest priorities for IT to address?What are the biggest barriers for them to overcome in order to effectively use IT?What is their preferred learning method?.
Isolation of an auxotrophic cell line of soybean (Glycine max) which requires asparagine or glutamine for growth.

A suspension culture of haploid soybean cells was treated with ultra-violet light. From the mutagenized culture an auxotrophic cell line was isolated which grows on 1-B5 media supplemented with asparagine or glutamine. In the absence of these additives the cells cease to grow and die. Asparagine is unable to serve as a sole source of nitrogen, i.e., cannot substitute for nitrate and ammonia.
Physician Management of Pacemaker and Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator Advisories

This study was designed to determine how physicians manage pacemaker (PM) and implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) recalls and safety alerts (collectively "advisories") and to determine which factors influence physicians' clinical decisions. Although PM and ICD advisories affected over 500,000 patients in the past decade, physician clinical management of advisory devices has not been well studied. Advisories continue to occur frequently and are increasing in number and rate. Five-hundred physician members of the North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology (NASPE) were randomly surveyed by mail and were asked to make clinical recommendations regarding the management of various PM and ICD advisory scenarios. One hundred sixty-two physicians (32%) responded to the survey (cardiac electrophysiologist 69%, general cardiologist 22%, surgeon 6%, and other 3%). There was consensus among physicians regarding the management of some PM and ICD advisories but not others. Factors associated with a higher likelihood of physician recommendation for prophylactic advisory device replacement include: ICD implanted for secondary prevention (vs primary prevention, P < 0.001), pacemaker dependence (P < 0.001), prior appropriate ICD therapy (P < 0.001), higher likelihood of device malfunction (P < 0.001), and physician in practice <10 years (P = 0.02). The number of devices implanted or followed per year and physician specialty had no impact on advisory device management. Physician consensus exists regarding the management of some PM and ICD advisories and can be used to guide clinical practice. Substantial differences of opinion, however, are present regarding the management of many other advisories. Evidence based guidelines incorporating the indication for device implantation and the likelihood of device malfunction would greatly facilitate clinical management of PM and ICD advisory devices.
C-V measurements of single vertical nanowire capacitors

The density of interface states, D it , is important for the device performance in view of the fact that it limits the inverse subthreshold slope in both, MOSFETs and TFETs [1]. This poses particular challenges for nanowire (NW) devices, because the measured D it is expected to increase due to the extensive processing and the various crystallographic orientations of the surface, which differ from the ideal (100) orientation. For a detailed investigation of the D it of NWs it is best to analyze single NW MOS capacitors. However, the capacitance of a single NW MOS capacitor lies in the fF regime which is very challenging to measure. To date, very few capacitance measurements on single NWs have been reported, e.g., on lateral devices based on InAs [2], Ge [3], and Si [4]. D it analysis of NWs has been demonstrated, however, based on capacitance measurements only of large arrays of InAs NWs [5]. In the present work, we report on the capacitance measurement and D it analysis of vertical silicon MOS capacitors based on single NWs.
Neurons in cat lateral geniculate nucleus that concentrate exogenous [3H]‐γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA)

About one-quarter of the neurons in the A-laminae of the cat lateral geniculate selectively accumulate exogenous [3H]-gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), its analog, [3H]-2,4-diaminobutyric acid (DABA), and the GABA agonist, [3H] muscimol. These neurons are small (12-18 micrometers diameter) and lack a laminar body, which suggests that they correspond to the class III cell identified in Golgi material. GABA and DABA are also accumulated by F-terminals which are post-synaptic to retinal terminals and presynaptic to relay cell dendrites. It is suggested that GABA may be the transmitter for these small neurons which appear to mediate by means of local circuits a feed-forward inhibition onto the relay cells.
Human renal UOK130 tumor cells : A drug resistant cell line with highly selective over-expression of glutathione S-transferase-π isozyme

Drug resistance remains one of the primary causes of suboptimal outcomes in cancer chemotherapy. This study reports the development of a drug resistant cell line with over-expression of glutathione S-transferase (GST). The resistant tumor cell model was established by continuous exposure of UOK130, a human renal tumor cell line, to escalating concentrations of cisplatin. By immunoblotting the cisplatin-resistant cells (UOK(CR)) were found to express an elevated level of GST-pi isozyme. Neither alpha nor mu isozyme was detected by the corresponding polyclonal antibodies. A significant increase in cellular glutathione (GSH) was also observed in UOK(CR) cells comparative to the parental cells. In addition, the continuous exposure to cisplatin resulted in decreased cell susceptibility not only to cisplatin (resistant factor: 5.7) but also to melphalan (resistant factor: 2.9) and chlorambucil (resistant factor: 2.3). A transgenic cell line was developed by transfecting of UOK130 cells with GST-pi cDNA. The transfection of the GST-pi virus into UOK130 cell apparently increased its intracellular GST-pi activity. The resistance of the transfectants to cisplatin was consistently increased, compared with that of mock transfectants. A haloenol lactone (HEL) derivative known as a selective inhibitor of GST-pi was applied to evaluate the suitableness of the cell model for GST-pi-mediated drug resistance studies. The inhibitor was found to potentiate the cytoxicity of cisplatin to both UOK130 and UOK(CR) cell lines and to reverse their resistance to cisplatin. In conclusion, we developed a multiple drug resistant tumor cell line with selective over-expression of GST-pi. The cell model provides a unique tool for mechanistic studies of drug resistance mediated by over-expression of GST-pi.
District of Columbia: A Bicentennial History

An interpretive history of the territory which has served as the seat of the Federal government since 1790.
Midgut volvulus as a complication of intestinal malrotation in adults

Seven adults with midgut volvulus as a complication of malrotation are presented. All patients were men with an average age of 33 years. Four presented with long histories of intermittent abdominal pain. In three patients, the twisted, corkscrew appearance of the barium column in the duodenum and proximal jejunum in an upper gastrointestinal series made the diagnosis. In the remaining patient, small-bowel follow-through performed three years before surgery showed intestinal malrotation. Three patients presented with the acute onset of severe abdominal pain. Plain films showed small-bowel obstruction and pneumatosis intestinalis in two patients and only nearly complete small-bowel obstruction in the third. Barium studies were not done in this group because of the need to proceed to exploratory laparotomy and the risk of perforation. In one patient, abdominal angiography suggested the diagnosis by showing abnormal courses of the mesenteric vessels to the volvulized segment of small bowel. All three of these patients showed ischemic segments of bowel at laparotomy.
In Vivo Airway Surface Liquid Cl− Analysis with Solid-State Electrodes

The pathogenesis of cystic fibrosis (CF) airways disease remains controversial. Hypotheses that link mutations in CFTR and defects in ion transport to CF lung disease predict that alterations in airway surface liquid (ASL) isotonic volume, or ion composition, are critically important. ASL [Cl-] is pivotal in discriminating between these hypotheses, but there is no consensus on this value given the difficulty in measuring [Cl-] in the "thin" ASL (approximately 30 microm) in vivo. Consequently, a miniaturized solid-state electrode with a shallow depth of immersion was constructed to measure ASL [Cl-] in vivo. In initial experiments, the electrode measured [Cl-] in physiologic salt solutions, small volume (7.6 microl) test solutions, and in in vitro cell culture models, with > or =93% accuracy. Based on discrepancies in reported values and/or absence of data, ASL Cl- measurements were made in the following airway regions and species. First, ASL [Cl-] was measured in normal human nasal cavity and averaged 117.3 +/- 11.2 mM (n = 6). Second, ASL [Cl-] measured in large airway (tracheobronchial) regions were as follows: rabbit trachea and bronchus = 114.3 +/- 1.8 mM; (n = 6) and 126.9 +/- 1.7 mM; (n = 3), respectively; mouse trachea = 112.8 +/- 4.2 mM (n = 13); and monkey bronchus = 112.3 +/- 10.9 mM (n = 3). Third, Cl- measurements were made in small (1-2 mm) diameter airways of the rabbit (108.3 +/- 7.1 mM, n = 5) and monkey (128.5 +/- 6.8 mM, n = 3). The measured [Cl-], in excess of 100 mM throughout all airway regions tested in multiple species, is consistent with the isotonic volume hypothesis to describe ASL physiology.
Long-term follow-up of valvotomy before 1968 for congenital aortic stenosis

Abstract The clinical course of 59 patients who underwent valvotomy for aortic stenosis before 1968 was reviewed. All were older than 1 year at the time of operation. Mean follow-up period was 17.7 years. Forty-six patients are alive; 26 (57%) are 30 to 40 years and 6 (13%) are older. Actuarial analysis indicated that the probability of survival was 94% at 5 years and 77% at 22 years. Thirteen patients died, 7 suddenly. Among the latter, significant obstruction or regurgitation was present in the 4 who underwent catheterization 0.9 to 7.2 years before death, 2 of whom were symptomatic and 2 with progression of a strain pattern on electrocardiogram. Surgery was recommended but declined by the latter 2 patients. Reoperation was carried out in 21 patients (36%), 3 (12%) of whom died. Actuarial analysis revealed the probability of reoperation to increase from 2% at 5 years to 44% at 22 years. Bacterial endocarditis occurred on 4 occasions in 3 patients, 1 of whom died suddenly during treatment. The incidence of endocarditis was 3.8 episodes/ 1,000 patient-years. Actuarial analysis of serious events, defined as death, reoperation and endocarditis, with the most serious of these and each patient being represented only once, indicated the probability of being free of such an episode to be 92% at 5 years, decreasing to 39% at 22 years. These data emphasize the palliative nature of valvotomy and the meticulous follow-up so necessary in these patients.
White‐collar reactions to job insecurity and the role of the psychological contract: Implications for human resource management

Are insecure employees actually less loyal to their companies, more concerned about their careers, and less willing to go the extra mile at work? Do employees who view job insecurity as a violation of their psychological contract have more severe reactions to being insecure? This article empirically examines these and other commonly held beliefs about the consequences of job insecurity among white-collar employees. The critical role human resource professionals play in helping organizations to understand the consequences of actions that create job insecurity (i.e., restructuring) and finding ways to minimize negative outcomes is highlighted. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
A Framework for Teacher Reflectivity

and training (Notice 196). Cape Town, South Africa: Department of Education. Phillipson, R. (1992). Linguistic imperialism. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Samoff, J. (1997). Frameworks! South African education and training policy documents: 1994-1996. Paper prepared for the Macro Education Policy Unit of the University of Durban-Westville, South Africa. The South African qualifications authority act (Act No. 58). (1995, October 4). Government Gazette.
Multicultural Literature and Young Adolescents: A Kaleidoscope of Opportunity.

Adolescents seek to understand who they are and where they belong in the world. Quality young adult literature can familiarize them with a broader view of the world, open doors in their minds, and reveal similarities and differences among a multitude of others who have struggled with similar issues. Literature that provides a range of perspectives can broaden young adolescents' vision of self and the world, providing an avenue for reflection and a means for personal development. Quality multicultural literature can also help to interrupt prejudice and misunderstanding by exposing unacknowledged bias and intolerance. Availability of quality young adult literature written by people with a range of perspectives provides all students with affirming images of self and culture. When selecting multicultural literature, accuracy and authenticity about the cultures portrayed are crucial. Identifying appropriate multicultural literature can be problematic for teachers whose days are already encumbered with multiple tasks. To assist in the process, a guide for evaluating multicultural literature is provided, along with suggestions for substantiating an author's credentials for writing about a specific culture. Examples of quality multicultural literature appropriate for middle-level students are also included.
Titin elasticity and mechanism of passive force development in rat cardiac myocytes probed by thin-filament extraction

Titin (also known as connectin) is a giant filamentous protein whose elastic properties greatly contribute to the passive force in muscle. In the sarcomere, the elastic I-band segment of titin may interact with the thin filaments, possibly affecting the molecule's elastic behavior. Indeed, several studies have indicated that interactions between titin and actin occur in vitro and may occur in the sarcomere as well. To explore the properties of titin alone, one must first eliminate the modulating effect of the thin filaments by selectively removing them. In the present work, thin filaments were selectively removed from the cardiac myocyte by using a gelsolin fragment. Partial extraction left behind approximately 100-nm-long thin filaments protruding from the Z-line, whereas the rest of the I-band became devoid of thin filaments, exposing titin. By applying a much more extensive gelsolin treatment, we also removed the remaining short thin filaments near the Z-line. After extraction, the extensibility of titin was studied by using immunoelectron microscopy, and the passive force-sarcomere length relation was determined by using mechanical techniques. Titin's regional extensibility was not detectably affected by partial thin-filament extraction. Passive force, on the other hand, was reduced at sarcomere lengths longer than approximately 2.1 microm, with a 33 +/- 9% reduction at 2.6 microm. After a complete extraction, the slack sarcomere length was reduced to approximately 1.7 microm. The segment of titin near the Z-line, which is otherwise inextensible, collapsed toward the Z-line in sarcomeres shorter than approximately 2.0 microm, but it was extended in sarcomeres longer than approximately 2.3 microm. Passive force became elevated at sarcomere lengths between approximately 1.7 and approximately 2.1 microm, but was reduced at sarcomere lengths of >2.3 microm. These changes can be accounted for by modeling titin as two wormlike chains in series, one of which increases its contour length by recruitment of the titin segment near the Z-line into the elastic pool.
Additive neural networks and periodic patterns

Abstract In this contribution we discuss weight selection which allows additive neural networks to represent certain periodic patterns. Given a periodic set of vectors V l whose components are v i l =±1 we measure correlation between i- th and j -th components of V l in time l . We show that in the additive neural net with weights chosen based on this correlation, almost all trajectories converge to a periodic orbit, which consecutively visit orthants, determined by the vectors V l . We also construct two weights selection processes, one discrete in time and one continuous in time, which construct the desired weights dynamically.
Reversible Inhibition of PSD-95 mRNA Translation by miR-125a, FMRP Phosphorylation, and mGluR Signaling

The molecular mechanism for how RISC and microRNAs selectively and reversibly regulate mRNA translation in response to receptor signaling is unknown but could provide a means for temporal and spatial control of translation. Here we show that miR-125a targeting PSD-95 mRNA allows reversible inhibition of translation and regulation by gp1 mGluR signaling. Inhibition of miR-125a increased PSD-95 levels in dendrites and altered dendritic spine morphology. Bidirectional control of PSD-95 expression depends on miR-125a and FMRP phosphorylation status. miR-125a levels at synapses and its association with AGO2 are reduced in Fmr1 KO. FMRP phosphorylation promotes the formation of an AGO2-miR-125a inhibitory complex on PSD-95 mRNA, whereas mGluR signaling of translation requires FMRP dephosphorylation and release of AGO2 from the mRNA. These findings reveal a mechanism whereby FMRP phosphorylation provides a reversible switch for AGO2 and microRNA to selectively regulate mRNA translation at synapses in response to receptor activation.
Human leukocyte antigen in primary biliary cirrhosis: an old story now reviving.

Primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) is an autoimmune biliary disease characterized by injury of small and medium size bile ducts, eventually leading to liver cirrhosis and death. Although the causes remain enigmatic, recent evidence has strengthened the importance of genetic factors in determining the susceptibility to the disease. Besides the strong heritability suggested by familial occurrence and monozygotic twins concordance, for decades there has not been a clear association with specific genes, with the only exception of a low risk conferred by a class II human leukocyte antigen (HLA) variant, the DRB1*08 allele, at least in some populations. The picture has become more complete when strong protective associations between PBC and the HLA DRB1*11 and DRB1*13 alleles were found in Italian and UK series. However, HLA genes have begun again to attract interest thanks to recent genome-wide association studies (GWAS), which clearly demonstrated that the major components of the genetic architecture of PBC are within the HLA region. As expected in a genetically complex disease, GWAS also identified several novel non-HLA variants, but it is worth noting that all of them are in immuno-related genes. In this review, the paradigmatic tale of what, and how, we learned about HLA genes in PBC will be retraced with particular focus on how GWAS are enabling a rewriting the story of PBC pathogenesis. These recent discoveries will not only drive functional studies but will also hold the promise of developing novel disease-specific treatments. (HEPATOLOGY 2011;)
Emerging Treatment Options for Advanced-Stage Mycosis Fungoides

A 72-year-old man with a 3-year history of hypersensitivity skin reaction managed with topical steroids and ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation develops skin tumors chiefly involving his face. After a diagnosis of stage IIB mycosis fungoides (MF), he begins oral low-dose weekly methotrexate with partial response lasting 5 months. Subsequently, he receives six cycles of weekly gemcitabine and achieves a partial response with resolution of skin tumors but persistence of scattered patches and plaques (Fig 1). He begins daily bexarotene and interferon alfa (IFN-α) three times per week while continuing topical steroids. When scattered patches and plaques progress 7 months later, UVB radiation is added to his regimen. His disease remains well controlled until 17 months later, when he develops pneumonia complicated by pericarditis, requiring discontinuation of IFN-α. Over the next year, he continues bexarotene maintenance therapy and topical steroids but requires localized radiation therapy to isolated patch and tumor...
Popularization and Geography: An Inseparable Relationship

Geography in America is inseparably entwined with popularization: historically from its inception, structurally in its composition, and functionally in its mission. Despite its centrality to geography, the role of popularization remains largely ignored and therefore is poorly understood. To put popularization into a conceptual and historical context, I explore two public debates about popularization: one structural, involving the rationale for the separation of the National Geographic Society and the Association of American Geographers, and the other functional, involving conflicts between the popular intellectual and academic geographic reviewers of a popular text, Van Loon's Geography. Using analytical frameworks taken from the history and sociology of science and communication studies, I show how issues of demarcation, authority, and authenticity have, through debates about popularization, shaped the history and current structure of the geographic enterprise.
A Closer Comparison of Early and Late-Winter Atmospheric Trends in the Northern Hemisphere

Abstract Decadal trends are compared in various fields between Northern Hemisphere early winter, November–December (ND), and late-winter, February–March (FM), months using reanalysis data. It is found that in the extratropics and polar region the decadal trends display nearly opposite tendencies between ND and FM during the period from 1979 to 2003. Dynamical trends in late winter (FM) reveal that the polar vortex has become stronger and much colder and wave fluxes from the troposphere to the stratosphere are weaker, consistent with the positive trend of the Arctic Oscillation (AO) as found in earlier studies, while trends in ND appear to resemble a trend toward the low-index polarity of the AO. In the Tropics, the Hadley circulation shows significant intensification in both ND and FM, with stronger intensification in FM. Unlike the Hadley cell, the Ferrel cell shows opposite trends between ND and FM, with weakening in ND and strengthening in FM. Comparison of the observational results with general circul...
The effect of plasticizer on the piezoelectric properties of unoriented polyvinylidene fluoride films

Abstract The effects of the addition of small amounts (up to 3% by weight) of a low molecular weight plasticizer—tricresyl phosphate—on the piezoelectric, dielectric and dynamic mechanical response of initially unoriented poly(vinylidene fluoride) films was determined. For one set of films, the plasticizer was added after poling. Another set of films was plasticized before poling. As expected, the dynamic mechanical modulus of the films decreased while the dielectric constant of the films increased with increasing plasticizer content. The piezoelectric strain coefficient, d 31, increased for both sets of films, while the piezoelectric stress coefficient, e 31, decreased for the poled then plasticized films and increased for the plasticized then poled films.
Fibrinogen-fibrin related antigen pattern in human blood. Incomplete lysis of whole blood clots by Urokinase

Abstract The immunochemical pattern of Urokinase-induced lysis of whole blood clots (intrinsic lysis) in normals and patients have been studied. Despite 24 hours incubation at 37.5°C following clot lysis, further proteolysis seems to be markedly inhibited and degradation ends with one main precipitin line (probably representing a mixture of different fragments) and an additional anodic component, the latter sharing common antigen(s) with the other one. This electrophoretic pattern was qualitatively very similar in the majority of normals and in patients with acquired hemostatic disturbancies.
Uniform-Diameter Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Catalytically Grown in Cobalt-Incorporated MCM-41

Single-walled carbon nanotubes of uniform diameter were grown in cobalt-substituted MCM-41 molecular sieves templated with C12 and C16 alkyl chains to result in pore diameters of 2.6 and 3.3 nm, respectively. The narrow diameter distribution of the tubes grown was probed by Raman, UV−visible, and NIR spectroscopy, as well as by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. Tube diameters have been observed to vary with the size of the Co clusters formed during carbon deposition, as measured by extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS). It is proposed that the diameter of the carbon nanotubes grown in MCM-41 catalysts is controlled by the size of the metallic clusters formed in the template. Because MCM-41 catalysts of different pore diameter form Co clusters of different sizes, this mechanism can be exploited to grow carbon nanotubes of uniform, preselected diameters.
Systematic Design of Current Control System for Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors

This paper presents a systematic system design procedure of the current control system for permanent magnet synchronous machines (PMSM). Through the linear quadratic optimization design for the first order plus time delay plant controlled by a PI controller, a set of empirical formulas are found for the controller gains and the resulting closed-loop system characteristics. A systematic design procedure for the PMSM current control system is developed based on these empirical formulas, which results in a system design optimized for the chosen optimization criterion and yet with low hardware requirements including a low digital sampling rate and a low PWM update frequency.
The alkenone temperature signal in western North Atlantic surface waters

Abstract Haptophyte algae-derived long-chain C 37 -C 39 alkenones and alkyl alkenoates were analyzed in euphotic zone particulate matter collected over a 7 yr period at the Oceanic Flux Program/Bermuda Atlantic Time Series (OFP/BATS) site in the western Sargasso Sea. Surface water temperatures at the site range annually from 19 to 29°C. Alkenone concentrations ranged from −1 in summer to > 100 ng L −1 following the passage of storms. Highest seasonal concentrations occurred during the late winter and spring. Under stratified conditions, alkenone concentrations in the surface mixed layer (0–20 m) were generally 2 to 4 times higher than in the deep fluorescent maximum (75–110 m), consistent with Emiliania huxleyi concentration profiles (Haidar and Thierstein, 2001) and indicated that alkenone production primarily occurs within the upper euphotic zone in this region. Alkenone compound distributions and the temperature calibrations of C 37 and C 38 methyl and ethyl alkenone unsaturation (U 37 K′ , U 38Me K , and U 38Et K , respectively) were remarkably similar to that observed in an E. huxleyi strain previously isolated from the same area (Conte et al., 1998) , providing strong evidence that E. huxleyi is the predominant alkenone synthesizer and that characteristics exhibited by randomly isolated clones in culture are, in many cases, consistent with those of populations in the region of origin. The Bermuda calibration of U 37 K′ vs. water temperature (U 37 K′ = −1.9835 + 0.2004T − 0.0034T 2 , r 2 = 0.95, n = 91) is nonlinear and falls along the same trendline as euphotic zone particulates from warm (> 15°C) waters of the eastern North Atlantic (Conte and Eglinton, 1993) and Mediterranean (Ternois et al., 1997) . The combined North Atlantic temperature calibration (U 37 K′ = − 1.1365 + 0.1257T − 0.0018T 2 , r 2 = 0.963, n = 134) differs significantly from published coretop sediment calibrations (Rosell-Mele et al., 1995; Muller et al., 1998) based on sea surface temperature maps (Levitus and Boyer, 1994) , having a steeper slope at temperatures 24°C. The reasons are not clearly apparent and manifest a need for detailed studies linking production patterns in surface waters with the signal arriving at the seafloor to fully understand the generation of the sedimentary signal.
Regulation of Colostrum Formation in Beef and Dairy Cows

Fifteen beef cows and 13 dairy cows were used to investigate the physiological basis of breed differences in IgG1 concentration in colostrum. Concentrations of progesterone and alpha-LA in sera and IgG1 in sera and secretion were quantified in samples collected prepartum. Serum progesterone concentration decreased significantly between 30 and 10 d prepartum, but breeds did not differ. Serum alpha-LA concentration was initially low but increased to 150 ng/ml in beef cows and 720 ng/ml in dairy cows at parturition. Serum IgG1 concentrations averaged 8.4 in beef cows and 5.7 mg/ml in dairy cows between 28 d and 24 d prepartum and subsequently declined to 6.7 in beef and 1.4 mg/ml in dairy cows between 4 d prepartum and calving. Overall, IgG1 concentration was greater in secretion from beef cows (113.4 mg/ml) than from dairy cows (42.7 mg/ml). The greater disappearance of IgG1 from serum suggested that more IgG1 was transferred into secretion of dairy cows, but concentration in secretion was lower. The reduced IgG1 concentration in secretion was associated with greater lactogenic activity in dairy cows, evidenced by fivefold higher alpha-LA concentration in sera. Dilution of IgG1 in secretion may be responsible for breed differences in colostral IgG1 concentration.
The influence of bond chemistry on immobilized enzyme systems for ex vivo use.

The ideal derivatized support for the clinical use of an immobilized enzyme system should irreversibly bind active enzyme. We have investigated the behavior of heparinase and bilirubin oxidase immobilized via cyanogen bromide, tresyl chloride, epoxide, or carbodiimidazole activated natural and synthetic matrices. The protein bound to each activated support was 90% for cyanogen bromide (CNBr) activated agarose, 50–80% for tresyl chloride activated agarose, and 50% for oxirane activated acrylic (Eupergit C). The activity retention of immobilized heparinase was greatest (50%) with CNBr activated agarose while for the immobilization of bilirubin oxidase, the activity retention was greatest (25–30%) with tresyl chloride activated agarose and oxirane activated acrylic. The stability of the different covalent bonds was studied in vitro with radioiodinated enzymes. The leaching profiles showed the same trends for each support and chemistry. A plateau in portein leaching was reached after a few hours of incubatttion and the transient leaching period was well represented byu a logarithimic function of time. The amount of enzyme released from the least stable support (CNBr activated agarose) in 24 h was injected intravenously in New Zealand white rabbits. Using an indirect enzyme-linked immunnosorbant assay (ELISA), no immune responce was detected. The transient leaching profile was shortenend by washingthe enzyme-support conjugate with 1M hydroxylamine, pH8.5 intermolecular cross-linking with glutaraldehyde also improves the enzyme-support stability. Tresyl chloride and oxirane activated supports produce bonds with improved stability without adversely affecting enzymatic activity.