cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
3-Hydroxyphthaloyl β-Lactoglobulin. III. Antiviral Activity against Herpesviruses:

The spread of sexually transmitted diseases, including human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and herpesvirus infections, has continued unabated despite educational efforts spearheaded as a response to the HIV-1 epidemic. This suggests the need for prophylactic measures, including the application of topical antiviral agents. Chemical modification of bovine β-lactoglobulin (β-LG), the major protein of whey, by hydroxyphthalic anhydride (3HP) led to the generation of a potent HIV-1 inhibitor (designated 3HP-β-LG) shown to also have activity against herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 (HSV-1, HSV-2). This report provides more detailed results concerning the anti-herpesvirus activity of 3HP-β-LG, indicating that this compound: (i) inhibited infection by human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), which is known to be sexually transmitted; (ii) inactivated the infectivity of both HSV-1 and HSV-2; (iii) inhibited cell-to-cell transmission of HSV-1 and HSV-2; and (iv) bound to HSV-1, HSV-2 and HCMV virus particles and partially inhibited the binding of anti-glycoprotein E (gE) and anti-gC monoclonal antibodies to HSV-1 and HSV-2. The binding of 3HP-β-LG to the herpesviruses under study was inhibited by aggregated human IgG, suggesting that the respective viral Fc receptor is one of the target sites for 3HP-β-LG. In agreement with results on inhibition of HIV-1 infection, 3HP-β-LG appears to be the acid anhydride-modified protein of choice as an antiviral agent against herpesviruses.
Behavior of Continuous Crane Rails

Continuous crane rails with welded splices are being used in industry to improve crane performance and to reduce maintenance costs associated with splice and rail clamp details. Rail lengths exceeding 1,000 ft are not uncommon. It is shown that continuous crane rails require only lateral restraint in order to maintain rail alignment. Vertical restraint is not required because vertical buckling of continuous crane rails due to axial force in the rail is nearly impossible. Some examples are provided to illustrate the results of the analysis.
Osteon Size Effect on the Dynamic Fracture Toughness of Bone

Bone is a highly studied material due to its complex microstructure and its ability to withstand fracture. It is a strong and lightweight material that has strengthening mechanisms that would be ideal if replicated in composite materials. At quasi-static loading it has been shown to have several strengthening mechanisms. One of the main proponents against fracture in the transverse direction (perpendicular to the loading axis) is crack deflection[1]. Cortical bone, which is comprised of tube-like structures called osteons, is able to deflect a propagating crack up to 90°[4] which can reduce the driving force for crack advance up to 50% when compared to the undeflected crack[3]. It does this by rerouting the crack along the weaker cement lines that are present along the outside of osteons. It has also been shown that the size and orientation of osteons have an influence on mechanical properties[1]. Smaller osteons increase the tensile fracture toughness[2] but due to bone’s anisotropic nature, it is unclear if this relation holds true under dynamic loading. Bone loaded at strain rates greater than 1s-1 will yield different results when compared to static loading[5]. This study aims to determine which size and density of osteons will yield the greatest resistance to fracture at dynamic loading.
Increased Volatility of Barium Metal Organics by the Use of Nitrogen Lewis Bases

Substituted pd-diketonate complexes of barium have limited volatility even at reduced pressures. The addition of nitrogen Lewis bases to the CVD carrier gas allows barium pd-diketonates, even those with no reported volatility, to be transported in the vapor phase at temperatures as low as 70°C (atmospheric pressure) with no decomposition. No increase in volatility is observed, however, for barium carboxylate complexes.
Computational Optimization of a Low Reynolds Number Inflatable Airfoil

The practical application of inflatable wing sections has been demonstrated on multiple unmanned flights in recent years. Chambered inflatable airfoil designs naturally yield a surface that is inherently bumpy, as the center of each chamber expands further compared to its edges where the interior baffles connect to the surface. Based on inflatable designs used by the Big Blue project at the University of Kentucky, there have been a series of computational studies of the inflatable airfoil shapes to gauge the effects of the bumpy surface versus a smooth airfoil. However, the emphasis has been to analyze the existing airfoils that were constructed without significant analysis of how the undulating surface affected the aerodynamics. This paper attempts to look at whether an improved aerodynamic design can be achieved while maintaining the natural bumpy surface through computational simulation combined with genetic algorithms and surrogate-based modeling. This analysis has so far revealed trends and tendencies that can be applied to subsequent development of these inflatable airfoils.
Lessons Learned from the GE90 3-D Full Engine Simulations

The full engine simulation of the GE90 Turbofan used the Average Passage Code for turbomachinery and the National Combustor Code for the combustor. It utilized the largest parallel machine available to NASA at the time. Since that time, there have been many advances in computer hardware and parallel solvers. There have also been other approaches developed for component coupling. This paper discusses the milestones that were achieved, the benefits of full engine analysis for code development and design, and what still needs to be done in the future.
Enteric nervous system neuropathy: repair and restoration.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW Disordered neurobiology of the enteric nervous system (ENS) underlies a broad assortment of idiopathic, acquired, and congenital pathophysiologies up and down the digestive tract. Progress in two major areas of regenerative medicine related to enteric neuropathy is summarized: new insight into how everyday damage to the ENS might be corrected by indwelling stem cells and prospects for patient-specific replacement of damaged or diseased intestine with one reproduced from pluripotent stem cells derived from embryos or reprogrammed adult cells. RECENT FINDINGS Germinal centers with undifferentiated stem cells are in position outside ENS ganglia. Messages, which might be released after damage to the ENS or when neurons are lost, direct migration of stem cells into ENS ganglia where they differentiate into one or the other of the specialized classes of interneurons or motor neurons and become 'wired' into the synaptic circuits as neuronal replacements. Action of serotonin and the 5-hydroxytryptamine (HT)4 receptor subtype is a message that initiates the neuronal replacement and circuit restoration process. A reasonable facsimile of a functional intestine can be derived from pluripotent stem cells. SUMMARY Emerging knowledge of cell and molecular biology of indwelling stem cells in the gut and strategies for application of pluripotential stem cells in patient-specific organ transplantation reflect an emergent revolution in understanding and treating disordered gut function when the underlying cause is ENS neuropathy.
The Effect of Lewis Base Chemisorption on the Luminscence of Porous Silicon

We report here studies on the effects of Lewis base addition on the observed luminescence of porous silicon generated non-anodically from a stain etch of p-type wafers and whose surface morphology has been characterized by atomic force microscopy (AFM). Addition of dilute heptane solutions of alkyl amines such as n-butyl amine (C4H7NH2) results in dramatic quenching of the steady-state photoluminescence (PL) near 625 nm. The observed fractional changes in integrated PL intensity as a function of amine concentration have been fit to a simple equilibrium model demonstrating Langmuir-type behavior from which adduct formation constants have been calculated. These steady-state PL measurements are complemented by Fourier Transform Infrared (FT IR) spectroscopic measurements monitoring the effect of amine adsorption on the silicon hydride stretching modes [ν(Si-Hx)] near 2100 cm−1. Based on these results, a physical model for the amine interactions with the porous silicon surface is presented.
Correlation Study Between the Concentrations of High Density Lipoprotein Sub-fractions and Coronary Artery Disease

Objective: To explore the relationship between different concentrations of high density lipoprotein(HDL) sub-fractions and the coronary artery disease(CAD) with its severity. Methods: Our study included 2 groups, CAD group, n=90 consecutive patients with coronary angiography(CAG) confirmed diagnosis, and Control group, n=40 volunteers with normal CAG findings. The HDL sub-fraction was quantified by Lipoprint System and the correlation between HDL sub-fraction and CAD with its severity was studied. Results: Compared with Control group, CAD group had decreased concentrations of HDL-C, large and intermediate HDL-C sub-fractions, P0.001, while the concentrations of small HDL-C were similar between 2 groups, P0.05. CAD group showed lower percentage of large HDL sub-fraction and higher percentage of intermediate and small HDL sub-fractions, P0.001. Multivariate logistic regression analysis presented that age(OR=1.104, 95%CI: 1.042-1.71, P=0.001) and BMI(OR=1.228, 95%CI: 1.003-1.504, P=0.046) were the independent predictors for CAD, while large HDL-C sub-fraction was negatively related to CAD(OR=0.91, 95%CI: 0.836-0.991, P=0.030). Single factor analysis variance indicated that compared with single diseased coronary branch, the patients with double diseased coronary branch had lower concentration of large HDL sub-fraction, and higher percentage of small HDL sub-fraction, P0.05. Conclusion: Decreased large HDL sub-fraction is obviously related to CAD occurrence, and such reduction with increased percentage of small HDL sub-fraction is associated with CAD severity.
Ureteral Structure and Ultrastructure. Part V. The Dysplastic Ureter

Abstract The ureters in neonates and infants can be anatomically and functionally so severely compromised to warrant the term “dysplasia”. The clinicopathologic criteria for this diagnosis are: 1) a variable degree of dilatation on the excretory urogram and/or cystogram, 2) poor or absent ureteral motility as observed on cine-fluoroscopy or at operation, 3) poor muscularization and decreased muscle/connective tissue ratio under light microscopy and 4) small and deformed muscle cells with nexuses that are markedly decreased or absent and intracellular organelles that are poorly defined under electron microscopy. Excessive collagen and ground substance are present throughout the ureter. Although these qualitative and quantitative structural abnormalities are non-specific and can occur as a result of prenatal obstruction and postnatal infection, their severity in early postnatal life and their frequent association with dysplastic kidneys suggest congenital dysplasia as their etiology.
Nonadherence to Medications for Chronic Conditions and Nonadherence to Adjuvant Hormonal Therapy in Women With Breast Cancer.

Importance While adjuvant hormonal therapy (HT) reduces mortality for women with nonmetastatic breast cancer, nonadherence to HT is common. Objective We investigated the association between patterns of prior nonadherence to medications for chronic conditions with HT nonadherence. Design, Setting, and Participants For this retrospective cohort study, the MarketScan database was scanned for women 18 years and older who had been diagnosed with nonmetastatic breast cancer between January 1, 2010, and December 31, 2012, and who filled 2 or more prescriptions for tamoxifen and/or an aromatase inhibitor. Main Exposures and Outcomes Nonadherence to medications for 6 chronic conditions (hypertension, hyperlipidemia, gastroesophageal reflux disease, thyroid disease, diabetes, osteoporosis) in the 12 months before diagnosis was defined as a medication possession ratio (MPR) less than 80%. Nonadherence to HT was defined as an MPR less than 80% between the first and last prescription for HT up to 2 years. Analysis Multivariable logistic regression was used to determine the association between prior medication nonadherence and HT nonadherence. Results Of 21 255 women treated with adjuvant HT, 3314 (15.6%) were nonadherent, and age ( Conclusions and Relevance We found that nonadherence to medications for chronic conditions prior to HT was associated with greater nonadherence to oral HT in patients with breast cancer. Medication nonadherence history may play an important role in determining patients at risk for nonadherence to a subsequent medication for a different illness, such as HT, and a potential target for future interventions.
Trypsin activation of atrial muscarinic K+ channels

The atrial muscarinic K+ channel normally is opened by the activated G protein, Gk. Based on the assumption that an inactivating particle keeps the channel closed, several protein-modifying agents including trypsin, papain, glyoxal, and phenylglycoxal that remove Na+-channel inactivation were tested. K+ channels were studied in inside-out excised membrane patches from primary cultures of neonatal rat atrial myocytes. Of the agents tested, only trypsin activated muscarinic K+ channels, and it did so irreversibly. Trypsin was effective in the absence of muscarinic agonist or intracellular Mg2+ and guanosine 59-triphosphate. Heat-denatured trypsin was ineffective, and trypsin inhibitor blocked the effect. Because trypsin is known to inactivate G proteins, the effect was probably on the K+ channel or a structure closely associated with it. Trypsin activation produced single-channel currents in which inward rectification, single-channel conductance, mean open time, and burst duration were indistinguishable from muscarinic activation. Trypsin cleaves proteins at lysine or arginine residues, and the arginine-specific reagents, glyoxal and phenylgloxal, did not activate K+ channels. We conclude that trypsin disrupts an inhibitory gating mechanism that normally holds the channel closed in the absence of activated Gk. The inhibitory gate is physically distinct from the gate that mediates bursting and must contain at least one trypsin cleavage point located at a lysine residue accessible from the cytoplasmic surface of the cell membrane.
Murine monoclonal antibody development

1. They are extremely pure immunological reagents that can be produced by immunization with a heterogenous antigenic preparation; 2. They are homogenous with respect to affinity and specificity; 3. The specificity of the antibody is directed to a single epitope; 4. The desired MAb can be selected for activity, affinity, and subclass by applying appropriate screening methods; and 5. Virtually unlimited quantities of MAb can be produced.
Diseases of the Heart

Because of the limited value of throacic radiography in the adult horse with cardiac disease, ultrasound is the method of choice to document chamber enlargement, pericardial effusion, valvular abnormalities, and decreased contractility of the myocardium. The apparent changes in the flow characteristics and suspicion of abnormality in the right heart of racehorses need further investigation to fully document the etiopathogenesis of spontaneous contrast.
Enhancing the Ability of Pervious Concrete to Remove Heavy Metals from Stormwater

AbstractCatastrophic release of heavy metals from the King River mine in Colorado and the Minas Gerais dam in Brazil have brought to the forefront the importance of contaminant stabilization and re...
Biomarkers for Checkpoint Inhibition.

The identification of predictive biomarkers for the benefit of cancer immunotherapy is the holy grail of the burgeoning immunotherapy field. Recent work has shown that there are a core of concepts ...
Association of methadone dose with substance use and treatment retention in pregnant and postpartum women with opioid use disorder.

Abstract Background In non-pregnant individuals being treated for opioid use disorder (OUD) with methadone, doses ≥60mg per day are associated with improved treatment retention and decreased illicit opioid use. Although methadone remains the first line treatment for OUD in pregnant women, there are no studies replicating this finding in pregnancy. Methods We conducted a retrospective cohort study of 189 pregnant women treated with methadone for OUD from 2006 to 2013. Chart data collected included demographics, pregnancy dates, methadone doses, and urine drug screen (UDS) results. Results Treatment retention at delivery was significantly higher for subjects taking ≥60mg of methadone (90.1% v. 74.1% p Conclusions In this cohort, women taking ≥60mg of methadone during pregnancy were more likely to remain in treatment and to provide urine samples negative for illicit drugs. Multivariate modeling suggested a dose dependent response across the entire dose range, rather than a threshold effect at 60mg.
Effects of oral versus transdermal menopausal hormone treatments on self-reported sleep domains and their association with vasomotor symptoms in recently menopausal women enrolled in the Kronos Early Estrogen Prevention Study (KEEPS).

AbstractObjective:This study determined whether two different formulations of hormone therapy (HT): oral conjugated equine estrogens (o-CEE; 0.45 mg/d, n = 209), transdermal 17β-estradiol (t-E2; 50 μg/d, n = 201) plus cyclic progesterone (Prometrium, 200 mg) or placebo (PBO, n = 243) affected sleep
Abstract 18118: High Intensity Interval Training Improves Diastolic Dysfunction in Patients with Heart Failure and Preserved Ejection Fraction

Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFPEF) is characterized by left ventricular diastolic dysfunction (LVDD) and is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the elderly. Long-term mo...
Dacia Maraini’s La lunga vita di Marianna Ucrìa: Towards a New Theory of Female Fetishism and Restoring Marianna’s Voice

AbstractThis article examines the insights into Dacia Maraini’s La lunga vita di Marianna Ucria (1990) that may be gained through consideration of the nexus between the psychoanalytic fetish and th...
A study of the organizational dynamics of software teams

Large-scale software is developed by teams of engineers that work together. The teams' compositions change all the time, with engineers continuously leaving and joining. Learning about these organizational dynamics is vital to understanding how engineers acquire technical skills and business relationships throughout their career. In addition, since employee turnover can be costly to team morale and productivity, it is important for management to learn how to proactively guide the process. In this paper, we report on a study of a professional software development organization in which engineers switch teams frequently. We learned what causes engineers to consider leaving their teams, why they leave, how they learn about new teams, and how they decide which team to join. We also quantify the perceived costs and benefits of recent moves made by the engineers. In addition to reporting the answers to our research questions, we interpret our results to offer recommendations to engineers and their managers on how to ensure that both make better, happier team moves.
How does inflammation contribute to pulmonary hypertension

Blocking inflammation could be a curative approach in pulmonary vascular diseases http://ow.ly/dW5M30hB6aj
Epigenetic Therapies in Neurological Diseases

The potential to reverse epigenetic abnormalities makes them suitable targets for therapeutic intervention. In addition to directly targeting an epigenetic defect, therapeutic strategies can also be used to indirectly ameliorate disease pathophysiology by modifying the broader epigenome. Towards these goals, a host of epigenetic modifiers, such as DNA methylation and histone deacetylation inhibitors, have been developed and tested in human clinical trials. Several of these compounds have been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for clinical use. In addition to treating peripheral disorders, there is a growing appreciation of the potential for epigenetic therapies to treat central nervous system disorders, including neurological and psychiatric disorders. In this chapter, we will review the current understanding of epigenetic disorders in the central nervous system and the progress and challenges in developing therapies for these disorders.
Nestin in immature embryonic neurons affects axon growth cone morphology and Semaphorin3a sensitivity

Correct wiring in the neocortex requires that responses to an individual guidance cue vary among neurons in the same location, and within the same neuron over time. Nestin is an atypical intermediate filament expressed strongly in neural progenitors and is thus used widely as a progenitor marker. Here we show a subpopulation of embryonic cortical neurons that transiently express nestin in their axons. Nestin expression is thus not restricted to neural progenitors, but persists for 2-3 d at lower levels in newborn neurons. We found that nestin-expressing neurons have smaller growth cones, suggesting that nestin affects cytoskeletal dynamics. Nestin, unlike other intermediate filament subtypes, regulates cdk5 kinase by binding the cdk5 activator p35. Cdk5 activity is induced by the repulsive guidance cue Semaphorin3a (Sema3a), leading to axonal growth cone collapse in vitro. Therefore, we tested whether nestin-expressing neurons showed altered responses to Sema3a. We find that nestin-expressing newborn neurons are more sensitive to Sema3a in a roscovitine-sensitive manner, whereas nestin knockdown results in lowered sensitivity to Sema3a. We propose that nestin functions in immature neurons to modulate cdk5 downstream of the Sema3a response. Thus, the transient expression of nestin could allow temporal and/or spatial modulation of a neuron's response to Sema3a, particularly during early axon guidance.
Chapter 32 Perspectives on PPP and long-run real exchange rates

Publisher Summary This chapter presents an overview of the long-run determinants of purchasing power parity (PPP). It reviews the huge time series literature testing simple PPP. This area has proven fruitful ground for applying modern methods for dealing with nonstationary and near-nonstationary time series. The chapter traces out the evolution of the literature from naive static tests of PPP to modern unit-root approaches for testing whether real exchange rates are stationary and to cointegration techniques—the most recent phase of PPP testing. The research on more disaggregated price data is discussed in the chapter, including a nearly two-hundred year data set on commodity prices in England and France during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Aside from providing an extremely long data set, this historical data offers some perspective on the behavior of cross-country relative prices in more modern times. The chapter looks at some possible medium- and long-run determinants of the real exchange rate, particularly the supply-side determinants emphasized in the popular Balassa–Samuelson model. It also considers some evidence that positive demand shocks, such as unexpected increases in government spending, lead to medium-run appreciations of the real exchange rate.
Some Emerging Hypotheses on the Economic Opportunities and Challenges of the Post-Pandemic World

The next few years can be described as a Valley of Death (both literally in terms of human lives lost, but also metaphorically for the number of organizations that will disappear). Policymakers and private sector leaders (e.g., executives, venture capitalists (VCs), Angel Investors, etc.) must navigate this Valley of Death, even while preparing for the New Normal. Economically strong institutions will become stronger (at least relative to their peers); the weak will be taken over or go bankrupt. So, what will the world look like on the other side of the Valley of Death Recession, when the pandemic has passed? Expect increased industry concentration, with fewer competitors in various markets. Several existing trends (e.g., e-commerce, automation, Telehealth, Work from Home (WfH) arrangements and technology, etc.) are already experiencing accelerated adoption rates. Even after the pandemic passes, we won’t see a return to old consumption patterns in many of these areas. For startups, this will be the worst of times (e.g., getting a team together in a recession and pandemic), and potentially the best of times (e.g., disruption on this scale equals opportunity). This isn’t just a story of accelerating existing trends – also expect some discontinuities (for example, in globalization and air travel). Globalization will slow, and potentially even reverse. Airlines and long-distance travel could take quite a long time to return to 2019 levels. Leisure and Hospitality will be very sluggish across the Valley of Death, but will rebound quickly when the pandemic passes. The ‘decline and/or death of cities’ arguments are overstated and often ignore facts, academic research and common sense, but urban real estate markets will change. Inequality (both racial and socio-economic) will increase, and in the short run, this will be difficult to mitigate. The Valley of Death Recession has dramatically lowered our carbon footprint – hopefully, we’ll retain some of these gains. The role of government in our lives (by the end of this pandemic) will be much larger, and it’s unlikely to shrink quickly to pre-pandemic size. Inflation will remain under control; actually, deflation in some sectors might be the challenge. Finally, keep in mind, this essay isn’t intended to be exhaustive, but I hope to stimulate a serious conversation about what the New Normal will look like.
Exploring the impact of the framing of a laboratory experiment on the nature of student argumentation

Research on student argumentation in chemistry laboratories has mainly focused on evaluating the quality of students’ arguments and analyzing the structure of such arguments (i.e. claims, evidence, and rationale). Despite advances in these areas, little is known about the impact of activity framing on the nature of student argumentation in laboratory settings. In this research study, we analyzed the arguments generated by college organic chemistry students working on a substitution reaction experiment that was framed in two distinct ways: predict-verify and observe-infer. The arguments constructed by students in their post-laboratory reports under each laboratory frame were characterized by paying attention to both domain-specific and domain-general features. Our analysis revealed significant differences in the chemical concepts and ideas that students under the two conditions invoked, as well as in the level of integration, specificity, alignment, and type of reasoning observed within and across different argument components. Our findings highlight the importance of paying attention to how experiments are framed in terms of the goals, procedures, information, and tools available to students as these decisions can have a major impact on the nature of the claims students make, their use of evidence, and the approach to reasoning that they follow.
Revascularization of intermittent claudicants leads to more chronic limb-threatening ischemia and higher amputation rates.

Abstract Background There is an increasing incidence of peripheral arterial disease (PAD). The most common symptomatic presentation of PAD is intermittent claudication (IC), reproducible leg pain with ambulation. The progression of symptoms beyond IC is rare, and a nonprocedural approach of smoking cessation, supervised exercise therapy, and best medical therapy can mitigate progression of IC. Despite the lack of limb- or life-threatening sequelae of IC, invasive treatment strategies of IC have experienced rapid growth. Within our health care system, PAD is treated by multiple disciplines with varying practice patterns, providing an opportunity to investigate the progression of IC based on treatment strategy. This study aims to compare PAD progression and amputation in patients with IC with and without revascularization. Methods This institutional review board-approved, single institute retrospective study reviewed all patients with an initial diagnosis of IC between June 11, 2003, and April 24, 2019. Revascularization was defined as endovascular or open. Time to chronic limb-threatening ischemia (CLTI) diagnosis and amputation were stratified by revascularization status using the Kaplan-Meier method. The association between revascularization status and each of CLTI progression and amputation using multivariable Cox regression, adjusting for demographic and clinical potential confounding variables was assessed. Results We identified 1051 patients who met the inclusion criteria. Of these patients, 328 had at least one revascularization procedure and 723 did not. The revascularized group was younger than the nonrevascularized group (60.3 years vs 62.1 years; P = .013). There was no significant difference in sex or comorbidities in the two groups other than a higher rate of diabetes mellitus type 2 (32.3% vs 16.3%; P Conclusions Revascularization of patients with IC is associated with an increased rate of progression to CLTI and increased amputation rates. Given these findings, further studies are required to identify which, if any, patients with IC benefit from revascularization procedures.
Neonatal Pancreatic β-Cell Hyperplasia: Report of a Case With Failure of Diazoxide and Benefit of Early Subtotal Pancreatectomy

A newborn infant with pancreatic beta-cell hyperplasia had persistent hypoglycemia due to hyperinsulinism. After medical management, including the use of diazoxide and constant glucose infusions had proved ineffective, a subtotal pancreatectomy was curative. Cumulative experience seems to indicate that there should be little delay in performing a subtotal pancreatectomy when aggressive medical management cannot maintain normoglycemia in a neonate.
A Mixed-Integer Programming Analysis of the Structure of a Florida-Based Cattle Feeding Industry

Florida is typical of many southeastern states in that it exports feeder cattle and imports carcass and boxed beef. The objective of this paper is to estimate the cost of retaining feeder cattle in Florida, feeding these cattle to slaughter weights, slaughtering them, and distributing the meat to retail outlets. A mixed integer programming model is developed. The optimal number and location of feedlots and slaughter plants are determined. The results indicate that at production levels exceeding 600,000 head, the cost of producing carcass beef in the State is comparable to the average for the United States.
Kmart and ESL Investments (B): The Sears Merger

A major bankrupt retailer is poised to emerge from Chapter 11. Two activist hedge funds ("vulture investors") will own over 50% of reorganized Kmart's common stock, based on prior investments in Kmart's debt claims, and an infusion of new equity financing. The chapter 11 process has generated both costs and benefits for the company. Its future profitability, and the value of the reorganized business, are both highly uncertain.
Impact of Temporal Resolution of Flow-Duration Curve on Sediment Load Estimation1

Chen, Li, Rina Schumer, Anna Knust, and William Forsee, 2011. Impact of Temporal Resolution of Flow-Duration Curve on Sediment Load Estimation. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 48(1): 145-155. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2011.00602.x Abstract: Estimates of a channel’s annual sediment transport capacity typically incorporate annualized flow-duration curves. Average daily flow data, commonly used to develop flow-duration curves, may not adequately describe sediment-transporting flows in arid and semiarid ephemeral streams. In this study, we examined impacts of varied temporal resolution flow data on annual sediment load estimation. We derived flow-duration curves for eight sites in the Southwestern United States based on both 15-min and daily-averaged flow data. We then estimated sediment loads for both flow-duration curves using the Sediment Impact Analysis Method, implemented in HEC-RAS. When average daily flow is used to generate flow-duration curves, sediment load estimation is lower by up to an order of magnitude. This trend is generally unaffected by uncertainty associated with sediment particle size or hydraulic roughness. The ratio of sediment loads estimated by 15-min versus daily-averaged flow-duration curves is strongly correlated with channel slope, being greater on steep-slope channels. Sediment loads estimated by the two types of flow-duration curves are closely correlated, suggesting possible relationships for improving predictions when high-temporal resolution data are unavailable. Results also suggest that the largest flow contributes significantly to total sediment load, and thus will greatly impact ephemeral stream geomorphology in arid and semiarid regions.
Fermentation of Ornithine by Clostridium sticklandii

Resting cells of Clostridium sticklandii fermented l-ornithine as a single substrate by a coupled oxidation-reduction with proline as the electron acceptor. The products of the fermentation of ornithine alone were ammonia, alanine, acetate, and δ-aminovalerate, in order of concentration. Traces of CO2, butyrate, and proline were also found. When an equimolar amount of proline was added along with ornithine, very little δ-aminovalerate was produced from the ornithine, but essentially all of the proline was reduced to this compound. The ratios of the other primary products were changed by the addition of proline. The primary products from ornithine fermented in the presence of proline were acetate, ammonia, alanine, and CO2, in order of concentration. Studies with dl-ornithine-1-14C, dl-ornithine-2-14C, and dl-ornithine-5-14C demonstrated that the primary cleavage of this amino acid occurred between carbons 3 and 4. A high percentage of the isotope from carbons 1 and 2 was found in alanine, and most of that from carbon 5 was found in volatile acid. The CO2 formed was derived from the carboxyl carbon. All of the radioactivity from the fermentation of dl-alanine-1-14C was found in 14CO2. The alanine from ornithine was oxidized by d-amino acid oxidase to the same extent as dl-alanine, indicating that it was dl-α-alanine. Preliminary experiments with cell extracts indicated proline is an intermediate in the reduction of ornithine to δ-aminovaleric acid.
Evolution of the Concept of the Elementary Charge

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the evolution of the concept of the elementary charge. An attempt is made to retrace the development of the concept of the elementary charge of electricity and to compare the characteristics of different discoveries. As a consequence of such comparisons, one may gain a better perspective to view the discovery of the electron. The electric matter consists of particles extremely subtle, since it can permeate common matter, even the densest with such freedom and ease as not to receive any appreciable resistance. Electrical matter differs from common matter in this that the parts of the latter mutually attract, those of the former mutually repel each other.
Laser micromachining with ultrafast pulses

Summary form only given. As has been shown, the precision, with which the threshold of laser-induced breakdown (LIB) can be determined, increases dramatically as the pulse width of the laser decreases to picosecond and sub-picosecond regime. Also for ultrashort pulses the energy fluence needed to initiate breakdown is much less then the nanosecond pulse regime. In addition, picosecond and femtosecond laser pulses can deliver extremely localized heat to the target because the thermal diffusion from the focal region, which caused the surrounding area to heat up, is negligible within the pulse duration. This has opened doors to ultrafast laser applications in micromachining.
Multi-scale edge detection with Gaussian filters

The article gives a possible solution to an open problem of how to effectively combine the different scales of analysis at the early visual information processing level.
Principal component analysis of polar cap convection

[1] We apply a statistical technique called Principal Component Analysis (PCA) for examining underlying patterns of polar cap convection and illustrate potential applications of the PCA-based dimension reduction. Two principal components are identified: the first mode (PC1) is related to “uniform variation” of the flow speed at all MLTs, and is primarily governed by IMF Bz. The second mode (PC2) is related to “dawn-dusk asymmetry”, and is predominantly driven by IMF By. PCA gives the relative variance contribution of the two modes: PC1 giving ∼42% of the total variance and PC2 ∼17% of the total variance, which is about 40% of that from PC1. Due to the orthogonality of the principal components, the degree of dawn-dusk asymmetry can be represented byP2, where P2 is a component value when the observed data are projected along PC2. We identified P2 as proportional to IMF By, which leads to stronger dawn flows for By > 0 and stronger dusk flows for By < 0. The same primary modes are found regardless of the IMF orientation, implying that they are intrinsic properties of the average polar cap convection.
A Note on Intelligence Assessment Within Studies of Specific Language Impairment

The purpose of this paper is to review the procedures, reported in three journals, that researchers have adopted to evaluate the intelligence of children with specific language impairment. The results indicated that researchers used one of the following procedures: no mention of intelligence, statements of negative history for mental retardation (without further documentation), reporting cut-off scores on one or more standardized assessment instruments, reporting means on one or more standardized assessment instruments, or reporting individual test scores from such instruments. A majority of researchers adopted the procedures in the first three categories. Implications of such reporting procedures are discussed.
Treating high-risk hypertensive patients.

Successful treatment of hypertension entails not only normalizing high blood pressure, but also addressing the associated risk factors that increase the likelihood of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Hypertension often occurs in a setting of insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia, dyslipidemia, and a prothrombotic state. A number of epidemiologic studies have shown that the clustering of these abnormalities is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Therefore, it is rational to direct therapy at moderating these risk factors as well as at lowering blood pressure in hypertensive patients. This is particularly important in patients with comorbidities such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease, or renal insufficiency. Many physicians prescribe only diuretics and β-blockers, agents that have demonstrated efficacy in long-term randomized controlled trials. However, this approach does not consider the potential benefits of newer agents for which long-term outcome data are not yet available. The ongoing Valsartan Antihypertensive Long-term Use Evaluation (VALUE) trial, in which the angiotensin II subtype 1 receptor blocker valsartan is compared with the third-generation calcium channel blocker amlodipine, should provide important evidence on the long-term efficacy of these newer agents. A unique feature of VALUE is that it is specifically enrolling into the only current trial, now under way, hypertensive men and women at a relatively high risk for a cardiovascular event to determine the benefits of complete blockade of angiotensin II beyond those of the control of blood pressure.
Structure Dependence in the Solvolysis Kinetics of Amino Acid Esters

Abstract To better understand acyl transfer reactions of oligopeptides, seventeen N -acyl amino acid esters were solvolyzed in mildly basic methanol- d 4 . All show pseudo-first-order kinetics by 1 H NMR. The rate constant varies up to 400-fold with the identity of the amino acid and up to 6200-fold with the identity of the N -acyl group. The impact of the N -acyl group on the rate constant is discussed in terms of crowding, amide conformation, and amide C O bond character.
Frequency-domain and time-domain finite-element solution of Maxwell's equations using spectral Lanczos decomposition method

An efficient solver is described for the solution of the electromagnetic fields in both time and frequency domains. The proposed method employs the node-based and the edge-based finite-element method (FEM) to discretize Maxwell's equations. The resultant matrix equation is solved by the spectral Lanczos decomposition method (SLDM), which is based on the Krylov subspace (Lanczos) approximation of the solution. First, a new explicit axisymmetric solver for the diffusion of electromagnetic fields in an inhomogeneous medium is introduced. The procedure is then extended to treat the three-dimensional problems in the low frequency regime. Finally, Maxwell's equations, in their general form, are solved in frequency and time domains. Depending on the application, our method requires the implementation of the Lanczos process only at the largest or smallest time or frequency of interest. Consequently, a multiple time and frequency domain analysis of the electromagnetic fields is achieved in a negligible amount of extra computing time. The efficiency and effectiveness of this new technique are illustrated by using various practical numerical examples.
Economies of scale in schooling

Abstract A model of optimal school size is developed which predicts that schools will minimize total costs by operating in a region of increasing returns to school inputs. Two sources of estimates of the economies of scale coefficient emerge from the optimal school size model, and two rich data sets are used to generate estimates of this coefficient. These estimates support the model and are shown to imply sizeable differences in the cost of schooling between urban and rural areas.
Motivation and cognition: Control deprivation and the nature of subsequent information processing☆

Abstract This research was designed to investigate the cognitive processes underlying the finding that subjects appear to make more use of available information in forming attributions following a control-deprivation experience. We propose that control deprivation has this effect because it leads subjects to engage in careful and accurate processing of new material so that new situations will be rendered amenable to prediction and control. Experiment 1 demonstrated that control-deprived subjects were better able to recognize and identify the implications of previously presented sentence pairs. In Experiments 2 and 3, control-deprived subjects showed better recognition of both facts and inferences in a text-processing task. The pattern of results in these two studies clearly suggested that these effects were produced at the time of encoding rather than during retrieval. Experiment 3 also showed that this improved initial processing by control-deprived subjects could be reversed by raising self-esteem concerns that in turn led to self-protective effort withdrawal and poorer recognition performance. The implications of these findings for the proposed theoretical explanation, and the possibility that this theoretical view can organize and explain other research on when attributions will be made, are discussed.
How much time do surgical residents need to learn operative surgery

Abstract Background We calculated the time a resident spent to acquire the average operative experience before mandated duty hours, to generate a standard for curriculum redesign. Methods By using data from 2002 to 2003 furnished by the Residency Review Committee for Surgery, and the operation times of attending surgeons in a hospital consortium, the time devoted to operative surgery over 5 years of training were calculated. Results An average of 2753 hours or 14.3% of 19,200 hours (5 years of 80-hour work weeks) were spent as a chief surgeon, 272 hours as an assistant, and another 938 hours for immediate preoperative and postoperative attendance. The average total time for operative training was 3963 hours or 20.6% of 5 years of 80-hour weeks (16.5 h/wk). Conclusions The database is useful for redesigning the surgical curriculum for the mandated duty hours. It also may be used to determine rapidly if a program currently is providing sufficient time for operative surgery.
An Assessment of Theoretical Methods for Nonbonded Interactions: Comparison to Complete Basis Set Limit Coupled-Cluster Potential Energy Curves for the Benzene Dimer, the Methane Dimer, Benzene−Methane, and Benzene−H2S†

Large, correlation-consistent basis sets have been used to very closely approximate the coupled-cluster singles, doubles, and perturbative triples [CCSD(T)] complete basis set potential energy curves of several prototype nonbonded complexes, the sandwich, T-shaped, and parallel-displaced benzene dimers, the methane−benzene complex, the H2S−benzene complex, and the methane dimer. These benchmark potential energy curves are used to assess the performance of several methods for nonbonded interactions, including various spin-component-scaled second-order perturbation theory (SCS-MP2) methods, the spin-componet-scaled coupled-cluster singles and doubles method (SCS-CCSD), density functional theory empirically corrected for dispersion (DFT-D), and the meta-generalized-gradient approximation functionals M05-2X and M06-2X. These approaches generally provide good results for the test set, with the SCS methods being somewhat more robust. M05-2X underbinds for the test cases considered, while the performances of DFT...
DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS AND HYPERGLYCEMIC HYPEROSMOLAR NONKETOTIC SYNDROME

Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) and hyperglycemic hyperosmolar nonketotic syndrome (HHNS) are life-threatening acute metabolic complications of diabetes mellitus. Although there are some important differences, the pathophysiology, the presenting clinical challenge, and the treatment of these metabolic derangements are similar. Each of these complications can be seen in type 1 or type 2 diabetes, although DKA is usually seen in patients with type 1 diabetes and HHNS in patients with type 2 disease. The clinical management of these syndromes involves careful evaluation and correction of the metabolic and volume status of the patient, identification and treatment of precipitating and comorbid conditions, a smooth transition to a long-term treatment regimen, and a plan to prevent recurrence.
Effects of disruptive surgeon behavior in the operating room

Abstract Background Surgeons are the physician group most commonly identified as “disruptive physicians.” The aim of this study was to develop a conceptual model of the results of disruptive surgeon behavior and to identify the coping strategies used by perioperative staff. Methods Perspectives of 19 individuals of diverse occupations in the perioperative setting were drawn together using a grounded theory methodology. Results Effects of disruptive behavior described by participants included shift in attention from the patient to the surgeon, increased mistakes during procedures, deterrence from careers in surgery, and diminished respect for surgeons. Individual coping strategies employed in the face of intimidation include talking to colleagues, externalizing the behavior, avoidance of perpetrators, and warning others. Conclusions Using grounded theory analysis, we were able to elucidate the impact of disruptive surgeon behavior in the perioperative environment. This conceptual model may be used to understand and counter the negative effects of manipulation and intimidation of hospital staff and trainees and to build on current programmatic strengths to improve surgical environments and training.