cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A cutset approach to survivability evaluation of large telecommunication-networks with heterogeneous link-capacities

The authors present a computer approach to compute the survivability of a telecommunication network having heterogeneous link capacities. The survivability measure has been defined as capacity related reliability (CRR). The authors provide a new technique to generate the CRR. The proposed method requires the cutset information of the network. Modified power sets (MPSs) for each cut are generated. An MPS is a subset of a cut which is able to block a transmission message of size W/sub min/ between a given source and destination node pair. From the generated MPSs the method obtains an expression for a capacity related unreliability (CRU), and CRR=1-CRU. The proposed MPS algorithm has been implemented in C on a SUN Wafer computer system. The authors utilized the MPS method to generate the CRRs for some telecommunication networks with various W/sub min/ values, and they compare the results with previous results. >
Further studies of the glandular tissue of the Sauromatum guttatum (Araceae) appendix

Electron microscopic studies showed that the trans-Golgi network (trans indicates the polarity of cisternae within the Golgi apparatus; it is opposite to the cis-face that is adjacent to the rough endoplasmic reticulum) was involved in the processing of the osmiophilic material present in the appendix of the inflorescence of Sauromatum guttatum. This material accumulated in the rough endoplasmic reticulum and in special pockets of the plasma membrane prior to heat production. Associations between the endoplasmic reticulum and trans-Golgi network were observed. The Golgi apparatus was composed of 5‐6 dictyosomes on one side and one or two somewhat detached cisternae on the other side. Various nonosmiophilic Golgi-derived vesicles were observed: small ones covered with spike-like material, large ones with a smooth surface, and irregularly shaped ones. These electron-translucent vesicles seemed to accumulate in specific localities at the plasma membrane surface in the vicinity of the osmiophilic material; they were not found when the aroma was released. During heat production, the Golgi structures shrank and the activity of the trans-Golgi network seemed to be reduced. At the same time, coated pits were seen at the plasma membrane surface. In some cells, hypertrophic Golgi apparatuses were seen with only 2‐3 dictyosomes that contained granulated material in their lumens. Finally, the osmiophilic material was also found in the plasmodesmata.
Fiscal Institutions in U.S. States

The fifty U.S. states employ a wide variety of fiscal institutions designed to constrain state tax and expenditure policy. Some, such as balanced budget requirements and supermajority rules for tax increases, have been proposed for the federal government. Others, such as budgetary line-item-veto authority have even been enacted by Congress, but have since been ruled unconstitutional at the federal level. Advocates typically point to the states as examples from which federal policy makers can learn, but to date there is very little systematic evidence on the effectiveness of these state institutions, either individually or in concert. Furthermore, what evidence exists struggles to deal with two difficult empirical problems: the endogenous nature of the fiscal institutions, and their interactions with one another. This paper describes six of the most important state-level fiscal institutions, presents existing and new evidence regarding their consequences, and discusses empirical strategies for handling their complex endogenous and interactive character.
Discretion versus policy rules in practice

This paper examines how recent econometric policy evaluation research on monetary policy rules can be applied in a practical policymaking environment. According to this research, good policy rules typically call for changes in the federal funds rate in response to changes in the price level or changes in real income. An objective of the paper is to preserve the concept of such a policy rule in a policy environment where it is practically impossible to follow mechanically any particular algebraic formula that describes the policy rule. The discussion centers around a hypothetical but representative policy rule much like that advocated in recent research. This rule closely approximates Federal Reserve policy during the past several years. Two case studies-German unification and the 1990 oil-price shock-that had a bearing on the operation of monetary policy in recent years are used to illustrate how such a policy rule might work in practice.
Loss mechanisms in IGBTs under zero voltage switching

Loss characterization of IGBTs under zero voltage switching conditions is needed to understand operating limits for soft switching converters such as the resonant DC link inverter. Several important loss mechanisms which can be identified include turn-off switching loss due to tail current 'bump', dynamic saturation and snubber dump loss during turn-on, elevated conduction loss due to imperfect conductivity modulation under di/dt conditions snubber dump at device turn-on, loss associated with energy trapped in the device package internal inductance, and losses associated with uneven current distribution within the device. These loss components are quantified, and experimental validation of total device losses is presented. >
Music-based memory enhancement in Alzheimer's Disease: Promise and limitations

In a previous study (Simmons-Stern, Budson & Ally, 2010), we found that patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) better recognized visually presented lyrics when the lyrics were also sung rather than spoken at encoding. The present study sought to further investigate the effects of music on memory in patients with AD by making the content of the song lyrics relevant for the daily life of an older adult and by examining how musical encoding alters several different aspects of episodic memory. Patients with AD and healthy older adults studied visually presented novel song lyrics related to instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) that were accompanied by either a sung or a spoken recording. Overall, participants performed better on a memory test of general lyric content for lyrics that were studied sung as compared to spoken. However, on a memory test of specific lyric content, participants performed equally well for sung and spoken lyrics. We interpret these results in terms of a dual-process model of recognition memory such that the general content questions represent a familiarity-based representation that is preferentially sensitive to enhancement via music, while the specific content questions represent a recollection-based representation unaided by musical encoding. Additionally, in a test of basic recognition memory for the audio stimuli, patients with AD demonstrated equal discrimination for sung and spoken stimuli. We propose that the perceptual distinctiveness of musical stimuli enhanced metamemorial awareness in AD patients via a non-selective distinctiveness heuristic, thereby reducing false recognition while at the same time reducing true recognition and eliminating the mnemonic benefit of music. These results are discussed in the context of potential music-based memory enhancement interventions for the care of patients with AD.
Pulsatile Secretion of Immunoreactive a-Subunit in Man*

We compared the secretion of uncombined alpha-subunit with LH secretion, as measured by RIA in six normal men, an agonadal adult man, and an adult woman with testicular ferminization. Blood samples were drawn every 10 min for 12 h to evaluate pulsatile LH and free alpha secretion. Spontaneous alpha pulses occurred every 120 +/- 60 min (mean +/- SD; range, 40-260) in eugonadal men. The mean alpha pulse amplitude was 0.49 +/- 0.11 ng/ml, representing an increase of 60 +/- 18% above the preceding nadir value. alpha pulses were generally associated with LH pulses, and the amplitudes of concordant alpha and LH pulses were highly positively correlated (r = 0.58; P less than 0.01). The absolute amplitude of concordant alpha peaks was 1.5 +/- 0.7% that of corresponding LH peaks. Additional alpha pulses were noted in each subject for which simultaneous LH fluctuations failed to meet the criteria for pulses. Studies in the agonadal man and in the patient with testicular feminization revealed that the frequency of both spontaneous alpha and LH pulses was increased to approximately twice that in normal men. Gel filtration analysis indicated that all alpha radioimmunoactivity in normal male sera coeluted with [125I]alpha. By contrast, in hypogonadal sera, only 50-60% of alpha immunoreactivity coeluted with [125I]alpha, the remaining activity appeared in the region of LH and FSH and resulted from RIA cross-reactivity. We conclude that uncombined alpha-subunit, as well as LH is normally released into the peripheral blood in discrete pulses. In the absence of exposure to androgen, the frequency of these pulses increases, presumably as a consequence of the accelerated release of LRH. However, alpha RIAs overestimate the concentration of uncombined alpha in hypogonadal sera. We propose that the coanalysis of LH and alpha secretory episodes may prove useful in resolving some of the complexities associated with gonadotropin secretory patterns.
Anxiety as a Potential Factor Affecting Maternal Attachment

Many factors may influence the initial mother infant interactions. This exploratory study investigated the impact of one factor, anxiety, on maternal attachment in 30 married primigravidas. Observations of mother-infant interactions and scores from the Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale were used. Results indicated that highly anxious mothers had low attachment scores. Mothers with high attachment scores had low anxiety ratings. In addition, affectionate behaviors were found to decrease as caretaking behaviors increased.
An Integrated Patch-Clamp Amplifier for High-Density Whole-Cell Recordings

We fabricated an integrated patch-clamp amplifier capable of recording nano-amperes of current in whole-cell patch recording. Patch-clamp amplifiers presently consist of a head-stage and a large controller box that contains many hundreds of components. Our design compresses the function of the head-stage and the controller box into one chip that can be mounted near the patch-clamp electrode and can be controlled through a high-speed serial bus paving the way for higher densities in parallel patch-clamp systems. We report on the electrical measurements from the fabricated device.
Explained variation in a model of therapeutic decision making is partitioned across patient, physician, and clinic factors

Abstract Background and Objective Data on therapeutic decision making have a multilevel structure that can include patient-, provider-, and facility-level variables. A statistical method is presented for attributing explained variation in patient care to different levels of aggregation in a multilevel model with the aim of prioritizing and targeting quality improvement interventions. Study Design and Setting The proposed method is used in an analysis of adherence to evidence-based guidelines for the care of patients at risk of osteoporosis. Explained variation from a multilevel model of appropriate care is partitioned across patient-, physician-, and clinic-level factors. Results The combination of patient, physician, and clinic factors explained 20.0% of the variation in patient care. Individual physician effects explained 14.0% of the variation in the data; however, more than half of this explained variation could have been attributed to the individual clinic effect. Patient fixed effects alone explained 13.4% of the variation in the observed clinical decisions. Conclusion The proposed approach is an intuitive and statistically valid method for attributing explained variation in a multilevel analysis of therapeutic decision making.
System design of Smart Table

The paper describes the system design of Smart Table, a table that can track and identify multiple objects simultaneously when placed on top of its surface. The table has been designed to support a smart problem-solving environment for early childhood education in a project called "Smart Kindergarten". We introduce our technology and present the incorporation of location information and identification provided by Smart Table into context-aware computing applications. In addition, the paper discusses the prototype design, localization algorithm, and the results from final implementation.
Brazing to low-temperature-fired thick films

The development of materials and processes for brazing leads, pins, and heat sinks to alumina ceramic substrates is presented. The substrates are metallized using either copper-, silver-, or gold-based thick-film pastes that are fired in the 850-950 degrees C temperature range. The metal ceramic joint strengths obtained are comparable to those achieved using high-temperature fired tungsten- or molybdenum-based metallizations. >
Stereotactic radiosurgery for patients with recurrent intracranial ependymomas

The objective of the study is to define the tumor control rate and complications associated with stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) for patients with recurrent intracranial ependymoma. Retrospective review of 26 patients (49 tumors) having SRS between 1990 and 2008. Twenty-five patients (96 %) had undergone one or more craniotomies; one patient underwent SRS for a metastatic tumor after resection of a spinal ependymoma. Nineteen patients (73 %) had received cranial external beam radiotherapy (median dose, 54 Gy). Eight patients (31 %) were less than 18 years old. The median target volume was 2.2 cm(3) (range, 0.3-66.6); the median tumor margin dose was 18 Gy (range, 12-24). The median follow-up after SRS was 3.1 years (range, 3 months-13.1 years). The median overall survival after SRS was 5.5 years. The 1-year and 3-year survival rates were 96 and 69 %, respectively. Local tumor control (LC) was achieved in 33 of 49 lesions (67 %) with a median time to progression of 14.7 months (range, 2.9 months-11.2 years). The 1-year and 3-year progression-free survival rates were 80 and 66 %, respectively. The 1-year and 3-year LC rate was 85 and 72 %, respectively. On univariate analysis, higher tumor grade was associated with worse OS (grade 3-4, 27 % vs grade 2, 82 %, p = 0.04). Seven patients (27 %) had distant tumor progression and two patients (8 %) had symptomatic radiation necrosis after SRS. SRS for recurrent intracranial ependymoma provided good LC and may improve survival for patients with limited recurrent disease after prior treatment.
Coronary Artery Spasm as a Cause of Angina

Coronary vasoconstriction has moved in and out of fashion for more than a century. The initial descriptions of angina considered vasomotor instability as a key mechanism,1 but pathologic studies2 and the invention of coronary angiography in the middle of the last century focused attention on structural stenoses and occlusions attributed to atheromatous plaques. When Prinzmetal et al3 described a variant form of angina, which was later confirmed as a coronary spasm,4 vasomotor instability returned to the limelight. Variant angina is characterized by symptoms at rest (not exertion) with ST elevation on ECG (not depression). It usually occurs in the early hours of the morning during depressed vagal tone and is associated with occlusion or near occlusion (>90% stenosis) of a focal proximal coronary segment on angiography.
Authors’ response: Long-term lung function in postinfectious bronchiolitis obliterans

Dear editors We thank Drs Rosewich, Eckrich and Zielen for their interest and comments1 on our recent Thorax publication.2 We entirely agree that lung growth is clearly related to somatic growth. The main focus of the paper was based on the data obtained from 200 spirometries and not in lung volumes because they were not available in all patients. …
Optimal Search-Based Gene Subset Selection for Gene Array Cancer Classification

High dimensionality has been a major problem for gene array-based cancer classification. It is critical to identify marker genes for cancer diagnoses. We developed a framework of gene selection methods based on previous studies. This paper focuses on optimal search-based subset selection methods because they evaluate the group performance of genes and help to pinpoint global optimal set of marker genes. Notably, this paper is the first to introduce tabu search (TS) to gene selection from high-dimensional gene array data. Our comparative study of gene selection methods demonstrated the effectiveness of optimal search-based gene subset selection to identify cancer marker genes. TS was shown to be a promising tool for gene subset selection.
WESTWARD EXPANSION OF THE EASTERN FOX SQUIRREL (SCIURUS NIGER) IN NORTHEASTERN NEW MEXICO AND SOUTHEASTERN COLORADO

Abstract The eastern fox squirrel (Sciurus niger) has continued to move westward along riparian corridors in the southwestern United States. This species is now established along the Arkansas River and its major tributaries in southeastern Colorado. In addition, a population of S. niger exists in northern New Mexico, and this population might be the result of natural expansion from populations along the Purgatoire River in southeastern Colorado.
Brief Report: Daughters and Mothers: Age Differences in Relationship Descriptions and Communicative Desires

Women, ages 16–78 (N = 183), described (a) their relationships with their mothers; and (b) the one thing they would most like to say to their mothers. Items were categorized as positive or negative and messages as angry (negative), loving (positive), and sharing (positive). It was hypothesized that adolescents and midlife daughters would have more negative dyadic relationship descriptions and wish to express more anger than would young adults or elders. Investigation of incongruence according to age in relationship descriptions and desired messages were coded. Results supported incongruences for adolescents but not midlife daughters. Overall dyadic descriptions and desired messages were more positive than negative; adolescent and midlife daughters were most angry. Significant findings are reported on motherhood, divorce, widowhood, and single status.
Abstract 11532: Bleeding Likelihood of Apixaban in Primary VTE Prophylaxis: A Meta-Analysis

Introduction: The American College of Physician recommends pharmacologic prophylaxis with heparin or a related drug for venous thromboembolism (VTE) in hospitalized patients unless the assessed risk for bleeding outweighs benefits. Apixaban is an orally active, selective, and direct inhibitor of factor Xa, approved for VTE prevention outside United States. The purpose of this meta-analysis was to compare the efficacy and safety of apixaban versus enoxaparin. Hypothesis: The rate of bleeding events in patients receiving apixaban is lower than those receiving LMWH for VTE prophylaxis. Methods: We performed a comprehensive search in PubMed, Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, EMBASE, and abstracts presented at national meetings. Two reviewers abstracted all the information and a tie breaker resolved discrepancies. We used R (R Meta package v 0.8-2) for analysis. The odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated using random effect model by DerSimonian and Liard. Results: We reviewed a total of 406 abstracts of which 148 studies were selected for full review. We abstracted for analysis 5 studies involving 12,867 patients (apixaban, n=6,448; LMWH, n=6,419). VTE prophylaxis was given after total knee replacement in 3 studies, total hip replacement in 1 study, and to acutely ill medical patients in 1 study. Heterogeneity among the studies precluded a pooled analysis of bleeding likelihood; however, apixaban was associated with lower bleeding events than LMWH when used after total knee replacement (OR=0.55, 95% CI 0.31-0.95;I2=0; p=0.58). Based on pooled estimate across the studies, apixaban was not better than LMWH in preventing pulmonary embolism (OR=1.19, 95% CI 0.51-2.76; I2=38.8%; p=0.16). Conclusion: In the setting of total knee replacement, apixaban is associated with a lower incidence of bleeding. The superiority of apixaban in primary prevention of PE is not yet proven.
Status, Chronology, and Ecology of Nesting Storm Petrels in Northwestern California

and nesting islands, little basic biological information is available. Osborne and Reynolds (1971) surveyed nesting populations of sea birds along the California coast and Osborne (1972) intensively studied nesting rocks from the Oregon border to Cape Mendocino, Humboldt County, California. The present study was conducted to document the status, chronology, and ecology of nesting storm petrels in northern California.
Ambulatory Assessment New Adventures in Characterizing Dynamic Processes

In recent years, significant technological advances have changed our understanding of dynamic processes in clinical psychology. A particularly important agent of change has been ambulatory assessment (AA). AA is the assessment of individuals in their daily lives, combining the twin benefits of increased ecological validity and minimized retrospective biases. These benefits make AA particularly well-suited to the assessment of dynamic processes, and recent advancements in technology are providing exciting new opportunities to understand these processes in new ways. In the current article, we briefly detail the capabilities currently offered by smartphones and mobile physiological devices, as well as some of the practical and ethical challenges of incorporating these new technologies into AA research. We then provide several examples of recent innovative applications of AA methodology in clinical research, assessment, and intervention and provide a case example of AA data generated from a study utilizing mu...
Cellular bridges: Routes for intercellular communication and cell migration

Cell-to-cell communication is the basis of all biology in multicellular organisms, allowing evolution of complex forms and viability in dynamic environments. Though biochemical interactions occur over distances, physical continuity remains the most direct means of cellular interactions. Cellular bridging through thin cytoplasmic channels-plasmodesmata in plants and tunneling nanotubes in animals-creates direct routes for transfer of signals and components, even pathogens, between cells. Recently, two new cellular connections, designated epithelial (EP) bridges, were discovered and found to be structurally distinct from other cellular channels. The first EP bridge type facilitates material transport between cells similar to plasmodesmata and tunneling nanotubes, the second EP bridge type mediates migration of cells between EP cell masses representing a novel form of cell migration. Here, we compare the structures and functions of EP bridges with other cellular channels and discuss biochemical and cellular interactions involved in EP bridge formation. Potential roles for EP bridges in health and disease are also presented.
Comparison of dietary self-reports with energy expenditure measured using a whole-room indirect calorimeter.

In this study we used a whole-room indirect calorimeter to evaluate the accuracy of self-reported food intake. Daily measured energy expenditure was compared with 2 weeks of self-reported food intake. Additionally, oxidation of each macronutrient was compared with its self-$$$reported intake to assess the accuracy of self-reported dietary composition. Participants (23 through 60 years old) were eight dietitians, eight subjects who were trained in keeping dietary records, and eight subjects who were not trained. Physical activity in the calorimeter was matched to usual daily physical activity. Overall, measured energy expenditure was approximately 200 kcal/day higher than reported metabolizable energy intake. However, this was the result primarily of a few subjects whose self-reported food intake was considerably below measured energy expenditure Subjects who were trained in record keeping did not differ from untrained subjects. Dietitians had the lowest difference between intake and expenditure; none of them had the large discrepancies between intake and expenditure seen in the other groups. In all groups, there was a much greater discrepancy between self-reported intake and oxidation of each macronutrient than between self-reported total energy intake and expenditure.
A Structure of Student Expectations from Business Administration Classes

Research on the expectations that students have when enrolling in Business Administration classes reveals a structure of five factors that express a desire for a) instrumental outcomes b) external validation c) creative enhancement d) class satisfaction and e) team enhancement. Further analysis explores the relationship of these factors across several demographic predictors. These findings are important in improving a student-consumer orientation within the marketing and business administration classroom.
LEADER, FOLLOWER, TEAM PLAYER, THIEF: AN EXPLORATION OF MANAGERS' PERFORMER CATEGORIES

This study examined propositions relevant to the quantity, development, and content of managers' cognitive categories for their subordinates, which are thought to be an important source of performance judgments and other managerial decisions. Interviews with a sample of bank managers revealed their categories for tellers, which appeared to be based on such attributes as performance level, behaviors, demographics descriptors, and situational factors. Results showed that the categories identified by experienced bank managers were significantly more numerous and more enriched than those identified by inexperienced managers. Some of the categories appeared to be shared across managers while other categories appeared to be idiosyncratic.
Pituitary adenylate-cyclase activating polypeptide regulates hunger- and palatability-induced binge eating

While pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) signaling in the hypothalamic ventromedial nuclei (VMN) has been shown to regulate feeding, a challenge in unmasking a role for this peptide in obesity is that excess feeding can involve numerous mechanisms including homeostatic (hunger) and hedonic-related (palatability) drives. In these studies, we first isolated distinct feeding drives by developing a novel model of binge behavior in which homeostatic-driven feeding was temporally separated from feeding driven by food palatability. We found that stimulation of the VMN, achieved by local microinjections of AMPA, decreased standard chow consumption in food-restricted rats (e.g., homeostatic feeding); surprisingly, this manipulation failed to alter palatable food consumption in satiated rats (e.g., hedonic feeding). In contrast, inhibition of the nucleus accumbens (NAc), through local microinjections of GABA receptor agonists baclofen and muscimol, decreased hedonic feeding without altering homeostatic feeding. PACAP microinjections produced the site-specific changes in synaptic transmission needed to decrease feeding via VMN or NAc circuitry. PACAP into the NAc mimicked the actions of GABA agonists by reducing hedonic feeding without altering homeostatic feeding. In contrast, PACAP into the VMN mimicked the actions of AMPA by decreasing homeostatic feeding without affecting hedonic feeding. Slice electrophysiology recordings verified PACAP excitation of VMN neurons and inhibition of NAc neurons. These data suggest that the VMN and NAc regulate distinct circuits giving rise to unique feeding drives, but that both can be regulated by the neuropeptide PACAP to potentially curb excessive eating stemming from either drive.
Service as a Strategy: A Review of Singapore Airlines

Market attainment and maintaining the competitive edge is the continuous objective at the forefront of many organizations seeking sustainability within the global business environment. Strategy, innovation, and change have been considered catalysts to achieving this position. However, the emergence of new and untouched markets driven by diverse consumer demand and preferences have required organizations to foster change as a practice of survival. The following paper will provide an assessment of different aspects of Singapore Airlines (SIA) to identify potential challenges that could hinder performance and competiveness. The following paper provides an assessment of service operations of the successful historical case of Singapore Airline. The findings can provide a guideline to strengthen organizational service strategies.
Package cracking in plastic surface mount components as a function of package moisture content and geometry

In this work, a critical moisture level of 0.11% by weight is identified for which plastic surface-mount components may be exposed to the stresses of SMT solder reflow without cracking jeopardy. An 'algorithm' for determining crack susceptibility as a function of package/die geometry is presented. Package absorption characteristics were measured, and exposure times for various factory floor environments were calculated. A desiccant pack and shipping procedure is described which maintains the components in a benign environment for the duration of a 12-month shelf-life. This desiccant pack process has been confirmed to be effective in preventing moisture absorption above the safe allowable moisture content level. >
Regional Longitudinal Deformation Improves Prediction of Ventricular Tachyarrhythmias in Patients with Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction: A MADIT-CRT Substudy (Multicenter Automatic Defibrillator Implantation Trial-Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy)

Background—Left ventricular dysfunction is a known predictor of ventricular arrhythmias. We hypothesized that measures of regional longitudinal deformation by speckle-tracking echocardiography pred...
Axillary Ultrasound Fine Needle Aspiration Biopsy: Is There a Role in the Post Z-0011 Era?

Objectives:Axillary ultrasound with fine needle aspiration (AXUSFNA) in early-stage breast cancer has required reappraisal. ACOSOG Z-0011 and after mapping of the axilla: radiotherapy or surgery have shown that women with limited nodal disease at sentinel lymph node biopsy got no survival advantage
Black and White Biracial Marriage in the United States

This article looks at marital quality in Black and White biracial marriage in the United States. It gives an overview of some of the statistics of Black and White biracial marriage. The current article also highlights variables associated with marital quality in Black and White biracial marriage such as racial differences, probability for divorce, racial identity, age, socioeconomic status, and number of children. Several practical suggestions for helping this population are pulled together at the end of the article.
In-person and online social participation and emotional health in individuals with multiple sclerosis

Purpose Individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS) sometimes have barriers to social participation. The advent of the internet has created online support systems for social participation such as websites for individuals with MS. However, minimal research has been conducted about determinants of individuals’ in-person and online social participation or how types of social participation contribute to emotional well-being. The present study aims are: (1) to assess the role of access to resources and other determinants as enabling in-person and online social participation, and (2) to analyze the association between social participation and emotional health of individuals with MS.
Functions of tissue-resident eosinophils

Eosinophils are a prominent cell type in particular host responses such as the response to helminth infection and allergic disease. Their effector functions have been attributed to their capacity to release cationic proteins stored in cytoplasmic granules by degranulation. However, eosinophils are now being recognized for more varied functions in previously underappreciated diverse tissue sites, based on the ability of eosinophils to release cytokines (often preformed) that mediate a broad range of activities into the local environment. In this Review, we consider evolving insights into the tissue distribution of eosinophils and their functional immunobiology, which enable eosinophils to secrete in a selective manner cytokines and other mediators that have diverse, 'non-effector' functions in health and disease.
Pregnant Dads: The Crimes and Other Misconduct of Expectant Fathers

Toward the end of the last millennium, there was a surge in state action seeking to protect potential human life. This activity chiefly occurred in two fields. One was quite fertile, the other barren. A third field still awaits significant discovery. The Article first focuses on the two fields tilled, which involve the acts of strangers and the acts of pregnant women. It then suggests the need for the exploration of a third field, the acts of expectant fathers. To certain unborn, pregnant dads should owe special duties above those imposed on strangers. Moreover, unlike expectant mothers, expectant fathers can be more easily assigned special duties because there are fewer constitutional limits, and because public policy, reason, and common sense, present fewer obstacles. In conclusion, the Article proposes legal reforms involving expectant fathers based upon the recent legal developments involving strangers and expectant mothers.
Stochastic Linear-Quadratic Control with State Dependent Fractional Brownian Noise and Stochastic Coefficients

Abstract Stochastic linear-quadratic control problems for bilinear equations with some stochastic coefficients and driven by fractional Brownian motions with the Hurst parameters H ϵ (½,1) are formulated and solved. The family of admissible controls is the collection of linear feedback controls. An optimal control in this family is not optimal in the admissible family of all adapted controls. However an optimal linear feedback control obtained in this paper can be relatively easily implemented whereas an optimal control in the family of adapted controls has a term that predicts the future noise so it is more difficult to implement. An optimal control is determined from the solution of a Riccati equation which differs from the Riccati equation for the linear-quadratic control problem with a Brownian motion replacing the noise term. Since the Riccati equation has some stochastic coefficients it is solved as a backward stochastic differential equation. Given the solution of the stochastic Riccati equation, a direct method is used to determine the optimal linear feedback control.
On the Performance of IDMA-Based Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access Schemes

Non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) is an important part of the emerging fifth generation (5G) of mobile communications systems. NOMA schemes based on a long spreading mechanism, such as interleave division multiple access (IDMA), are among the main candidates for potential use in 5G. Interleave-based NOMA methods can provide a robust performance in highly interfered environments. In this paper, we present our performance evaluation results for IDMA and its simplified variants, namely, resource spreading multiple access (RSMA) and RSMA with interference cancellation (RSMA-SIC). In our evaluation, various interference scenarios, fading conditions and channel estimation errors are considered. Our results indicate that while IDMA offers the best performance, RSMA and RSMA-SIC may also maintain a respectable level of performance with a lower complexity.
Perceived Subfecundity and Contraceptive Use Among Young Adult U.S. Women.

CONTEXT Women who view themselves as having difficulty becoming pregnant (i.e., being subfecund) may feel that they do not need to use contraceptives to prevent unintended pregnancy. However, subfecundity perceptions are not always medically accurate and may therefore confer a false sense of protection. The extent to which perceived fecundity is related to contraceptive use is not well understood. METHODS Multinomial logistic regression was used to investigate the relationship between perceived fecundity at age 25-30 and contraceptive use among 2,091 women from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 cohort. RESULTS Compared with women who considered themselves very likely to become pregnant, those who thought that they were only somewhat likely and those who viewed themselves as not very likely to do so had significantly higher risks of not using contraceptives within the next year (risk ratios, 1.9 and 2.4, respectively). Results were similar in analyses controlling for either a medical diagnosis of infertility, a history of multiple miscarriages or stillbirths, or absence of pregnancy following at least six months of unprotected sex, suggesting that perceived subfecundity operates independently of experienced subfecundity. CONCLUSION Because few studies have investigated fecundity perceptions in their own right, more research is needed to understand how women evaluate their fecundity and to integrate these perceptions into broader frameworks describing women's perception of pregnancy risk. Such work may help identify potential levers to improve contraceptive use.
Acute hemodynamic effects of pacing in patients with Fontan physiology: a prospective study.

Acute Hemodynamic Effects of Pacing in Patients With Fontan Physiology: A Prospective StudyBrent J. Barber, Anjan S. Batra, Grant H. Burch, Irving Shen, Ross M. Ungerleider, John W. Brown, Mark W. ...
CELLULAR MECHANISMS OF LONG-TERM POSTTETANIC POTENTIATION IN THE HIPPOCAMPUS

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the cellular mechanisms of long-term post-tetanic potentiation in the hippocampus. Long-term potentiation (LTP) was originally revealed in fascia dentata (FD) and then in other hippocampal fields including CA3. LTP helps to study the mechanisms of plasticity, focusing on the characteristic properties of LTP. Some of these properties are analogous to those of memory and conditioning. The chapter discusses a study in which two approaches were used to resolve the problem of pre- versus postsynaptic location of LTP mechanisms. The first approach was based on the evaluation of changes in transmitter sensitivity. This approach made use of (1) identification of acetylcholine (ACh) as a transmitter in the septo-hippocampal pathway; (2) demonstration of LTP in this pathway; and (3) pronounced PS increase during ACh iontophoresis. The second approach was based on quantal hypothesis and previous demonstrations of statistical fluctuations of minimal hippocampal excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs), which allow the use of modified methods of quantal analysis.
Solid-Liquid-Gas Systems

In this chapter, the liquid-gas, two-phase flow, and heat transfer—including the evaporation/condensation phase change—around solid surfaces are considered. Temperature and velocity nonuniformities are allowed in the liquid and gas phases, and all three phases are in thermal nonequilibrium. The heat flows across the phase interfaces, and mass transfer (evaporation/condensation) occurs across the liquid-gas interface. The liquid and the gas can be multicomponent mixtures. Chart 8.1 lists the various fluid, solid surface, and flow variables affecting the evaporation and condensation rate and the solid surface temperature, in heat transfer across a solid surface with liquid/vapor phase change. Throughout this chapter these variables will be discussed. We begin with a more general classification. Chart 8.2 gives a classification of the nonisothermal liquid-gas two-phase flow and heat transfer (including phase change) around solid surfaces. In some applications only one fluid phase is in contact with the solid and the liquid-gas interface is continuous, as in the vapor or liquid films. In others, both liquid and gas are in contact with the surface, as in surface bubble and droplet nucleation and in droplet impingement on heated surfaces. The solid-liquid-gas contact line is also called the common line or interline, as discussed in Section 1.4.4(C). In the following the flow and heat transfer in the vapor and liquid films covering solid surfaces are considered first.
Childhood and Youth

The genealogy of the Werner family can be traced back as far as the sixteenth century. The family coat of arms (Familienwappen) (See cover) bears the date 1595. The oldest progenitor known with certainty is Hans Werner dit Botz, apastor at Eschbach/Baden, Germany, who died in Mulhouse (Haut-Rhin) in the province of Alsace in 1612. During succeeding years, members of the family resided in various places, but they never strayed far from the fertile and picturesque plain of the Rhine, which forms a natural boundary between France and Germany.
Overview of the Role of teacher Beliefs in Science Education

The monumental shift in cognitive science from a behaviorist theory of learning to a constructivist theory of learning, taking place from the late 1960s through the late 1980s, had a profound impact on scholars’ understanding of teaching and teacher thinking. The literature on teaching throughout the 1980s increasingly referred to teachers as creative and intelligent professionals who make decisions based on their own knowledge, beliefs and experiences (Richardson, 1996). Scholarly literature from the 1980s onward established the construct of teacher beliefs as a form of cognition that greatly influences what happens in classrooms.
Sexual Selection: Is Anything Left?

The biological definition of what counts as sexual selection has gradually changed since Darwin introduced the concept. This paper reviews a sequence of definitions that reflect increasing knowledge of the diverse ways animals participate in reproductive social behavior. Later definitions accommodate more data than Darwin’s primary formulation. The latest approach, suggested in a catalyst meeting held at the National Evolution Synthesis Center in July 2013, distinguishes fertility selection as a density-dependent process from sexual-selection as a frequency-dependent process. The former consists of reproductive social behavior focussed on increasing the size of the reproductive pie, the later on securing a larger share of a given reproductive pie. The approach of social selection advocated here focusses on how to increase the size of the pie rather than on how to monopolize a larger share of a fixed pie. Social selection reverses the logic of sexual selection by starting with offspring production and working back to mating, and by starting with behavioral dynamics and working up to gene pool dynamics. In social selection courtship can potentially be deduced as a negotiation leading to an optimal allocation of tasks during offspring rearing. Mating pairs may form “teams” based on the reciprocal sharing of pleasure. The parent-offspring relation can be managed by the parent considered as the owner of a “family firm” whose product is offspring. The cooperation in reproductive social behavior may often evolve as a mutual direct benefit through individual selection rather than as some form of altruism requiring kin or multi-level selection.
Primary sarcomas of the pancreas: A review of 253 patients from the National Cancer Data Base.

Abstract Introduction Primary sarcomas of the pancreas are rare, and the limited data regarding their presentation, oncologic profile, and survival have been derived from small case series. Methods The National Cancer Data Base (1998–2012) was queried for patients with primary sarcomas of the pancreas. Demographic and clinical features at the time of diagnosis were evaluated for all patients. Subjects who underwent surgical resection were identified, and logistic regression was used to identify variables associated with resection. A Cox proportional hazards model was developed to identify factors associated with survival. Results In total, 253 patients were identified. The mean age at diagnosis was 63 years, with tumors occurring more frequently in women (57.3%) and those of white race (79.8%). Tumors in the head of the pancreas were most common (63.3%). The mean size was 7.5 cm. Only 100 patients (39.5%) underwent resection, with younger age (OR = 0.763, p = 0.04) and smaller tumor size (OR = 0.978, p Conclusions Primary pancreatic sarcomas are rare and the majority of patients do not undergo resection; thus, little is known about their oncologic profile or outcomes following pancreatectomy. Patients who undergo resection have markedly improved survival; older age and higher tumor grade are associated with decreased survival.
Comparison of PC and iPad administrations of the Cogstate Brief Battery in the Mayo Clinic Study of Aging: Assessing cross-modality equivalence of computerized neuropsychological tests.

Objective: Computerized neuropsychological assessments are increasingly used in clinical practice, population studies of cognitive aging and clinical trial enrichment. Subtle, but significant, perf...
Identification of antigen-specific, lung resident memory B cells after influenza infection

B cells display phenotypic and functional heterogeneity in multiple anatomical locations following vaccination or infection. Influenza-specific memory B cells (Flu+B MEM cells) are found in both lymphoid tissues and lung. It is unclear whether these cells represent circulating or resident memory B cell (BRM) populations. We hypothesized that a portion of the Flu+B MEM cell population in the lung would be non-circulating, BRMs. To determine whether Flu+B MEM cells in the lung are circulating or resident, we parabiotically joined previously-infected, congenically-mismatched mice for 2 weeks and marked those cells currently in circulation by infusing anti-B220 and identified those that have trafficked between the partners by their expression of the CD45 congenic marker. The lungs of these mice had large populations of hemagglutinin and nucleoprotein -specific B MEM cells that did not attain equilibrium within 2 weeks of parabiosis, suggesting that they are non-circulating. The Flu+ BRMs in the lungs consisted of 56% IgM+ and 43.9% isotype-switched BRMs. They were established as early as 15 days after infection and maintained for at least 60 days. The formation of Flu+ BRMs required the germinal center (GC), as blocking CD40L with MR1 antibody, during the primary infection abrogated BRM. However, MR1-treatment of mice with established BRM did not affect BRMs in the lung, even though Flu+ GC B cells could be detected in the LN for up to 90 days. These data suggest that GC-dependent lung-BRMs are established early after infection and maintained independently of GCs. These findings are important in the development of vaccines that elicit BRMs and they will provide mechanistic information into the function of Ag+B MEM cells residing in the mucosa.
The Production, Marketing, and Consumption of Sexually Explicit Material: Alternative Philosophies:

Gould does a commendable job of presenting the issues surrounding the production, marketing, and distribution of sexually explicit material from the liberal or libertarian perspective. Though widely held (particularly among academicians), that perspective is not necessarily compatible with other widely held views. The author discusses alternative perspectives for addressing this sensitive public policy issue.
DOS Attack Mitigation Strategies on SDN Controller

Software-Defined Networking (SDN) introduces centralized control logic, and separates the data plane from the control plane. Hence, SDN makes it easier for network engineers to monitor traffic, diagnose threats, and insert or change security policies. However, it also creates security challenges that did not exist before, such as controller security. In this paper, we analyze the effect of DOS attacks on the SDN controller and propose two approaches, FlowSec and Blackbox, to mitigate DOS attacks. FlowSec is a strategy to mitigate an attack on the controller bandwidth by setting a limit on the number of packets that can be sent to the controller per second. Blackbox defines and keeps track of threat levels, detects, and responds to different aggressive attacks in real-time basis. The experiments show that both approaches work well on preventing DOS attacks.