cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Efficiency of Energy Utilization by Young Cattle Ingesting Diets of Hay, Silage, and Hay Supplemented with Lactic Acid,

Summary The purposes of this study were to determine whether the energetic efficiency of the dry matter of silage is different from that of hay harvested at the same time from the same source of forage, and whether the relative concentrations of the fatty acids in ruminal ingesta are associated with the utilization of energy. To pursue these objectives, the energy losses by growing cattle ingesting the following diets at the same level of dry matter per unit of metabolic size, were partitioned: (a) hay, (b) silage, and (c) hay supplemented by intraruminal infusions of lactic acid. These studies revealed no difference among treatments in the size of the energy loss in feces (i.e., there was no difference in the digestibility of energy), urine, or in methane as estimated from digestible carbohydrates. However, the mean outputs of metabolic heat estimated from oxygen consumption and urinary nitrogen excretion were 110.3, 93.5, and 93.4 kcal per 24 hr per kilogram of metabolic-body weight of steers ingesting hay, silage, and hay supplemented with lactic acid, respectively. As a consequence, the following percentages of the metabolizable energy were retained by the steers ingesting the three diets: hay, 18.0; silage, 33.4; and hay supplemented with lactic acid, 28.9. Although these differences were not mathematically significant, in only one instance was the retention of energy even slightly higher for the hay diet than it was for the two other diets. The molar proportions of the following fatty acids as percentages of the total acids in the rumen ingesta of animals fed hay, silage, and hay supplemented with lactic acid, respectively, were: acetic acid, 69.5, 58.3, and 57.4; propionic acid, 18.5, 20.7, and 28.7; butyric acid, 9.8, 15.4, and 11.0; and higher acids, 2.2, 5.6, and 2.8. Thus, the diet of hay alone was associated with a higher proportion of acetic acid and lower concentrations of propionic and butyric acids in ruminal ingesta than were the diets of silage or of hay supplemented with lactic acid. These observations indicate that the energetic efficiency of body gain in young cattle ingesting forage diets is favored by diets resulting in a high proportion of propionic and butyric acids relative to acetic acid in the rumen.
An Inverse Algorithm to Estimate Spatially Varying Thermal Contact Resistance

Characterization of the thermal contact resistance is important in modeling of multi-component thermal systems which feature mechanically mated surfaces. Thermal resistance is phenomenologically quite complex and depends on many parameters including surface characteristics of the interfacial region and contact pressure. In general, the contact resistance varies as a function of pressure and is non-uniform along the interface. An inverse problem is formulated to estimate the variation of the contact resistance. A two-dimensional model is considered where the contact resistance is sought along the contact line at the interface between two regions. Temperature measured at discrete locations using embedded sensors placed in proximity to the interface provides the additional information required to solve the inverse problem. Given current estimates of the contact resistance as a function of position along the interface, a forward problem is solved, and a quadratic objective function is formulated to evaluate the difference between predicted temperatures at the sensors and those measured. A genetic algorithm is used to minimize the objective function and obtain the best estimate of the contact resistance. A boundary element method is used to solve the forward temperature field problem. Numerical simulations are carried out to demonstrate the approach. Random noise is used to simulate the effect of input uncertainties in measured temperatures at the sensors.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Philanthropy as Strategy: When Corporate Charity “Begins at Home”

Scholars and practitioners alike indicate a movement in corporate philanthropy toward “strategic” giving, for example, giving that improves the firm's strategic position (ultimately the “bottom line”) while it benefits the recipient of the philanthropic act. Although the existence of this trend is widely accepted, it is represented in the literature most often by anecdotal evidence. This article presents the findings of a survey of corporate giving managers of U.S. firms that have had an established giving program of at least 5 years, with annual giving totaling at least $200,000 each year. The data show that corporate giving managers believe their firms are becoming increasingly strategic in their philanthropic activities. The findings also indicate that institutional-, firm-, and individual-level influences combine to precipitate strategic philanthropy. These findings lend support to the belief that the nature of corporate philanthropy is evolving to fit a more competitive marketplace.
DYNAMIC MODEL FOR GRANULAR ASSEMBLY

In this paper, we investigate in detail the complex dynamics and flow patterns of granular materials based on two simple yet quite realistic models: the diffusing void model and the nonlinear dynamic model. We first show how the diffusing void model describes some of the unusual and unique features of granular flows in a confined geometry such as the deformation of the free surface, the formation of dead zones, the flow around obstacles, the shock front with its companion void regions, and the front profile of the propagating density waves. We then provide theoretical framework for the diffusing void model by deriving it from the continuity equation and the microscopic force balance equation. This approach shows how the nonlinear term arises naturally, leading to the nonlinear dynamic equation, whose numerical solutions do exhibit the features shown by the diffusing void model and the experiment. When nonlocal interaction between grains is taken into account, the mass term appears in the dynamic equation in the thermodynamic limit, leading to exponential decay of the granular pile. This might account fot the different behaviors for large and small granular piles. We also present exact results of the stress distribution of a hexagonally packed granular pile in two dimensions and show that the load acting on each grain at the bottom layer is identical. We also present the results of molecular dynamics simulations which show that the speed of the outgoing grains in a hopper is independent of the depth. We then outline a few outstanding problems that are technologically important, yet can be handled by the models proposed and developed in this paper.
Multirate, multiresolution, recursive Kalman filter

Abstract An approach to the decomposition of a signal into orthogonal components at different resolution levels is presented in this paper. It is shown that a signal generated by the standard state-space stochastic model can be decomposed into innovations at the different sampling frequencies associated to different levels of resolution. The main result is that these innovations are all uncorrelated with each other. A multiresolution multirate (MRMR) Kalman filter is then introduced which allows multiple MRMR observations to be combined in an optimal fashion.
Does carcinogenic potency correlate with mutagenic potency in the Ames assay

Bruce Ames and Kim Hooper reply to a recent criticism of their inquiry into the relation between mutagenic potency in the Ames test and carcinogenic potency.
Radiative transfer in arbitrarily-shaped axisymmetric enclosures with anisotropic scattering media

Abstract Two numerical models for solving thermal radiative transport in irregularly-shaped axisymmetric bodies containing a homogeneous, anisotropically scattering medium are presented. The N -bounce method approximates total exchange factors by summing direct and user-designated higher order terms representative of multiple reflections/scattering. The source function approach is an intensity-based method relating the source function (gas leaving intensity) to the surface leaving intensity. Both methods are based on the Discrete Exchange Factor method, where exchange factors between arbitrarily-oriented differential surface and/or volume elements are calculated in a straightforward approach. The present methods are capable of addressing blockage effects produced by inner and/or outer blocking bodies. The results obtained via the current methods are found to be in good agreement with the existing solutions to several axisymmetric benchmark problems. The solutions to several two-dimensional axisymmetric problems are presented.
PHOSPHATE UPTAKE BY THE OCEANIC DINOFLAGELLATE PYROCYSTIS NOCTILUCA1

Phosphate uptake by P-replete and P-depleted Pyrocystis noctiluca (Murray) Schutt grown at different ambient N:P ratios was multiphasic between 0.1 and 100 μM PO43-. Within each of the kinetic phases, the saturated uptake rate (Vmax), but not the half saturation constant (Km) was affected by the cellular-P status and light. Uptake rates in the dark were ca. 50% of that in the light and respiratory activity accounted for the observed basal uptake. The combination of multiphasic uptake, and the uncoupling of short term transient uptake from growth resulting in maximum specific uptake rates of 50 h−1 may help explain the abundance of P. noctiluca in oligotrophic regions.
Positive contrast with alternating repetition time SSFP (PARTS): a fast imaging technique for SPIO-labeled cells.

There has been recent interest in positive-contrast MRI methods for noninvasive tracking of cells labeled with superparamagnetic iron-oxide (SPIO) nanoparticles. Low-tip-angle balanced steady-state free precession (bSSFP) sequences have been used for fast, high-resolution, and flow-insensitive positive-contrast imaging; however, the contrast can be compromised by the limited suppression of the on-resonant and fat signals. In this work, a new technique that produces positive contrast with alternating repetition time SSFP (PARTS) is proposed to achieve robust background suppression for a broad range of tissue parameters. In vitro and in vivo experiments demonstrate the reliability of the generated positive contrast. The results indicate that PARTS can enhance the suppression level by up to 18 dB compared with conventional bSSFP.
The novel open-framework uranium silicates Na2(UO2)(Si4O10)·2.1H2O (USH-1) and RbNa(UO2)(Si2O6)·H2O (USH-3)

The new open-framework uranium silicates Na2(UO2)(Si4O10)·2.1H2O (USH-1) and RbNa(UO2)(Si2O6)·H2O (USH-3) have been synthesized by hydrothermal reactions at 230 °C. USH-1 has a framework structure formed from silicate single layers cross-linked by interlayer UO6 tetragonal bipyramids. The silicate layers consist of interconnected tetrahedral 4-rings and 8-ring voids. The 8-ring voids are lined up to form 1-dimensional channel systems in the framework. In contrast to the silicate layers of USH-1, individual 4-rings of silicate tetrahedra are found in USH-3 which are cross-linked by UO6 tetragonal bipyramids to form an open framework.
On-Farm Experiments with Sorghum to Assess the Acceptability of New Varieties and Herbicide Treatments

On-farm experiments were used for assessing the processing and food value of four promising sorghum cultivars and the willingness of farmers to pay for the herbicide 2,4-D for controlling the parasitic weed Striga hermonlhica in coarse grains. The active participation of farmers in these experiments was useful in determining the conditions under which the improved sorghum cultivars and the herbicide would be most likely to he adopted by smallholder farmers in southern Mali.
Old and New Methods for Lost-Sales Inventory Systems

We consider the notoriously difficult discrete-time inventory model with stochastic demands, a constant lead time, and lost sales. We show that the effective state space is a relatively manageable compact set. Then, we test various plausible heuristics. We find that several perform reasonably well, although none is perfect. However, the standard base-stock policy (a direct analogue of the optimal policy for a backlog system) performs badly. We also show that the optimal cost is increasing in the lead time.
Nutrient inputs to the coastal ocean from submarine groundwater discharge in a groundwater-dominated system: Relation to land use (Kona coast, Hawaii, U.S.A.)

We evaluated the magnitude and composition (in terms of salinity, 223Ra and 224Ra activity, and nutrient concentrations) of submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) fluxes at 11 sites on the Kona coast of Hawaii. Discharging groundwater was typically brackish to saline and had high Ra activity relative to ocean water and fresher, inland groundwater. Brackish SGD fluxes, estimated using a mass-balance approach based on excess coastal ocean 224Ra activity, ranged from 3 to 1300 L m21 of coastline min21. Fluxes of the freshwater component of SGD, calculated based on salinity, ranged from 2 to 310 L m21 min21. Nutrient fluxes into coastal waters from SGD varied by up to three orders of magnitude among sites. Nitrate + nitrite (N + N), phosphate, and silica concentrations showed strong, inverse linear correlations with salinity in coastal seawater and groundwater. These correlations were consistent with previous work that documented conservative mixing between fresh, highnutrient groundwater and saline, low-nutrient seawater at a few coastal ocean sites. We extend this conservative relationship to more coastal ocean sites and to groundwater in the coastal aquifer. N + N concentrations in the fresh component of discharging groundwater were higher at sites near golf courses and those with a greater percentage of bare land within a 5-km radius, and silica concentrations in the fresh component of discharging groundwater were higher at sites with more bare land and lower population densities. However, neither urbanization nor agriculture was significantly correlated with groundwater nutrient concentrations on this relatively undeveloped coast.
Effects of Ratio Strategies Intervention on Knowledge of Ratio Equivalence for Students With Learning Disability

Students with mathematics learning disabilities have a weak understanding of mathematical concepts that underlie success in Algebra I, such as ratios and proportional reasoning. In this study, researchers used a multiple baseline across participants design to evaluate the effects of a intervention based on a instructional trajectory of how students come to understand ratios through build-up, emergent unit, and unit strategies on performance on a test of ratio equivalence. Student performance during intervention indicated a functional relationship between the instruction and higher scores on a curriculum-based measure across three students. Student use of increasingly sophisticated strategies over the course of the intervention also increased. Results as well as possible implications and future research are discussed.
Postpartum spontaneous dissection of the first obtuse marginal branch of the left circumflex coronary artery causing acute coronary syndrome: a case report and literature review

Introduction: Spontaneous coronary artery dissection is a rare but important cause of acute coronary syndrome. It can cause unstable angina, acute myocardial infarction, and sudden death. The condition commonly affects young females with about one-third of the cases occurring during pregnancy and the peripartum period. The diagnosis may occasionally be overlooked as the patients are often young and have no risk factors for coronary artery disease. Case presentation: Here we report the case of a 29-year-old African American woman who presented with acute coronary syndrome due to spontaneous dissection of the first obtuse marginal branch of the left circumflex coronary artery at three weeks post-partum and recovered requiring only medical management, possibly by longitudinal distribution of the intramural hematoma leading to good distal flow. Conclusions: Spontaneous coronary artery dissection should be suspected in all young multiparous females presenting with chest pain in the peripartum period even in the absence of risk factors. Urgent diagnosis by angiography is required. It is recommended that treatment should be tailored to meet individual circumstances. Patients who present with single-vessel disease and hemodynamic stability, and who receive medical treatment with anticoagulation, nitrates and a beta-blocker, should experience good results.
A chromatographic study of the anthraquinone derivatives of curacao Moe

Existing chromatographic methods have been successfully adapted to the isolation and the purification of the anthraquinone derivatives of Curacao aloe. Two trihydroxy-methylanthraquinones, aloe-emodin and iso-emodin, have been separated from extracts of Curacao aloe. The use of chromatography as a quantitative method for the anthraquinone drugs has been verified and a quantitation of the total anthraquinone content of Curacao aloe is proposed.
VOID FRACTION PROFILES IN PLANE-POISEUILLE FLOW OF VISCOELASTIC FOAMS

Abstract This investigation focuses on slow, isothermal, two-phase flow of gas bubble suspensions in Separan solutions, prepared with the help of a sodium borohydride blowing agent at room temperature. The total residence time in these experiments is much smaller than characteristic times for growth or rise of bubbles. The variation of bubble volume fraction across a narrow gap between two planes, is recorded at two locations along the flow direction. This is done with a Cesium gamma-radiation source focused on a region of area.012 cm2 in the flow plane, and a Sodium iodide detector across the channel yielding a resolution of.01 over the range of void fractions investigated from.02 to.08. This measurement allows us to identify conditions under which the two-phase flow may be described by a two fluid model with a uniform bubbly core and a bubble free wall layer. With this two phase flow structure, a relative viscosity equation for the suspension is used to compute an apparent viscosity. Such calculations i...
Duration of kilning treatment on α-amylase, β-amylase and endo-(1,3)(1,4)-β-d-glucanase activity of malted sorghum (Sorghum bicolor)

Malt prepared from sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) that was germinated at 25oC for 0, 1, 2 or 3 days and dried at 60oC for either 2.5, 5, 7.5 and 10 h, was evaluated for α-amylase, β-amylase and endo-(1,3)(1,4)-β-d-glucanase activity. Germination had a highly significant effect on enzyme activity (P<0.01). However, β-amylase was not detected in any of the samples in this experiment. Further analysis using Duncan’s Multiple Range Test indicated that there was no significant difference in α-amylase activity in samples dried between 5 and h. The activity of endo-(1,3)(1,4)-β-d-glucanase was low compared with α-amylase activity.
Sexual borderlands: Lesbian and gay migration, human rights, and the metropolitan community church

This article considers several questions surrounding sexual migration, binational same-sex couples, legal precedent, and the role of religious communities in lesbian and gay migration to the United States. With theoretical aspects of human rights serving as a starting point, the article then moves to a consideration of the legal dynamics of migration, the history of U.S. (im)migration law in relation to lesbian and gay asylum claims, and the Uniting American Families Act (2005). Drawing from the concept of sexual migration, the article proposes that religious or spiritual communities may provide important networks and ideological resources for lesbian and gay migrants who subscribe to religious values, particularly in a context of politically incendiary claims surrounding homosexuality and immigration. The analysis centers on the Metropolitan Community Church (MCC), suggesting that with its socially legitimatized status, MCC may provide philosophical foundations necessary for effectively addressing human rights for lesbian and gay migrants.
Rapid change in shallow water fish species composition in an historically stable Antarctic environment

McMurdo Sound, Antarctica, is home to a unique marine biota with an ecology that has evolved in this frigid environment over millions of years. The region is one of the least disturbed, and possibly the last pristine, marine ecosystem on Earth. Here, the results of three seasons of fishing in the shallow nearshore waters of McMurdo Sound are reported. A shift in the composition of small fish species at one site, Inaccessible Island, has been observed in just five years. The shift in shallow water species composition occurred during a period that followed the maturation of a commercial fishery for the Antarctic toothfish, Dissostichus mawsoni Norman, a predator of smaller fish, and the presence of a large iceberg, termed B-15, at the mouth of McMurdo Sound during the early 2000s that trapped the annual sea ice in the area leading to the unusual accrual of multi-year sea ice. The data presented here provide a current record of species composition and physiological condition of small, shallow water fishes at three sites in McMurdo Sound, providing a current baseline for the assessment of future changes wrought by environmental changes and unprecedented fishery pressures in the Ross Sea.
Coreceptor Switch in R5-Tropic Simian/Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Macaques

The basis for the switch from CCR5 to CXCR4 coreceptor usage seen in ∼50% of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) subtype B-infected individuals as disease advances is not well understood. Among the reasons proposed are target cell limitation and better immune recognition of the CXCR4 (X4)-tropic compared to the CCR5 (R5)-tropic virus. We document here X4 virus emergence in a rhesus macaque (RM) infected with R5-tropic simian/human immunodeficiency virus, demonstrating that coreceptor switch can happen in a nonhuman primate model of HIV/AIDS. The switch to CXCR4 usage in RM requires envelope sequence changes in the V3 loop that are similar to those found in humans, suggesting that the R5-to-X4 evolution pathways in the two hosts overlap. Interestingly, compared to the inoculating R5 virus, the emerging CXCR4-using virus is highly neutralization sensitive. This finding, coupled with the observation of X4 evolution and appearance in an animal with undetectable circulating virus-specific antibody and low cellular immune responses, lends further support to an inhibitory role of antiviral immunity in HIV-1 coreceptor switch.
It takes two to tango to the melanosome

The role of clathrin adaptor proteins in sorting cargo in the biosynthetic and recycling routes is an area of intense research. In this issue, Delevoye et al. (2009. J. Cell Biol. doi:10.1083/jcb.200907122) show that a close interaction between the clathrin adaptor AP-1 and a kinesin motor KIF13A is essential for delivering melanogenic enzymes from recycling endosomes to nascent melanosomes and for organelle biogenesis.
A new method for reflex threshold estimation in spastic muscles

Many clinical measures of spasticity, such as Ashworth tests and tendon tap responses, are linked to stretch reflex thresholds but these methods are relatively imprecise and unreliable. To address this deficit, we examined the utility of a system that relies on a small position controlled actuator to better estimate this threshold. We compared the reflex threshold estimates in the passive spastic and contralateral elbow flexor muscles of 4 hemiparetic spastic stroke survivors. We propose that the use of controlled indentation of the tendon may be a practical and accurate method of estimating stretch reflex threshold as well as passive muscle properties.
Does Governance Have a Role in Pricing? Cross-Country Evidence from Bitcoin Markets

I investigate the effects of social technologies related to governance on cross-country differences in Bitcoin prices. Investors pay a persistent premium over global prices in countries with less economic freedom, particularly when there exist foreign exchange and capital controls limiting investment freedom. Using the Heritage Foundation’s Economic Freedom Index and associated macroeconomic time-series, I find that a 10 point increase in the index leads to a 7.5 percent decrease in premium. Of the component indices, Financial Freedom has the largest marginal effect in that a 10 point improvement in its value decreases prices by 5.3 percent. From this perspective, Bitcoin can be seen as a disaster asset offering a new channel to evade domestic jurisdiction repression, a process resembling imperfect markets for catastrophe insurance inducing unexpectedly high premiums. Finally, a natural question arises as to whether this finding can be extended to other assets, in other words, whether endogenous social technologies effect systemic risk and manifest in the pricing kernel.
Instruction Fusion for Multiscalar and Many-Core Processors

The utilization wall, caused by the breakdown of threshold voltage scaling, hinders performance gains for new generation microprocessors. We propose an instruction fusion technique for multiscalar and many-core processors to alleviate its impact. With instruction fusion, similar copies of an instruction to be run on multiple pipelines or cores are merged into a single copy for simultaneous execution. Instruction fusion applied to vector code enables the processor to idle early pipeline stages and instruction caches at various times during program implementation with minimum performance degradation, while reducing program size and the required instruction memory bandwidth. Instruction fusion is applied here to a MIPS-based dual-core that resembles an ideal multiscalar of degree two. Benchmarking using an FPGA prototype shows a 6---11 % reduction in the dynamic power dissipation for the targeted applications as well as a 17---45 % decrease in code size with frequent performance improvements due to higher instruction cache hit rates.
Revolutionizing Financial Engineering Education: Simulation-Based Strategies for Learning

On May 6, 2010, world financial markets experienced The Flash Crash, which affected trillions of dollars of securities in just mere minutes. Consensus of what caused this dramatic change in the market evaluation of thousands of assets is still not fully understood. To tackle problems like these, financial engineering students need a comprehensive understanding of complex market microsystems. These students must have a multidisciplinary skillset that incorporates an ever- widening array of disciplines to address markets that have grown increasingly tangled. Fundamental understanding of today’s financial markets requires students take courses in statistics, mathematics, computer programing, finance, and economics; however, due to the limited material that a single course can cover, traditional coursework cannot effectively teach the multidisciplinary competencies that are necessary.In order to reduce the course load yet still learn fundamental financial engineering principles, we suggest taking a constructivist approach using market simulations as teaching tools. Simulations allow financial engineering students to learn the complex nature of markets more comprehensively and effectively by allowing them real-world experience in controlled, guided environments. Research supports their use and has shown simulations engage students and give them real-time knowledge of cause and effect in a complex marketplace. Moreover, they go beyond simply providing factual knowledge to offering students experience operating in the microstructure of markets. This environment also forces students to encounter unanticipated situations that traditional education methods do not allow.In that spirit, this paper will present the use of simulations in a simulation-based lesson that will teach students how to devise and implement their own trading strategies, as well as give them invaluable experience in integrating the basics of statistics, programing, and design. This paper adds to the body of research that illustrates simulations have the ability to get students emotionally invested in learning and thereby more receptive to the minutia of financial markets and trading techniques. Simulation-based education can augment traditional education methods by providing a learning environment that promotes more skills and techniques to foster better fundamental knowledge.
Structural Integrity Issues in the Electricity Generating Industry

In this chapter, a general methodology for assessing structural integrity of components in the electricity generating industry is presented with a focus on components that are operated at high temperatures during service. The integrity issues for these components are the most challenging. It is shown by examples how these analyses can be used to assess integrity of new components, or the remaining life of existing components. One of the most important applications of these methods is in predicting the realistic inspection intervals and inspection criteria to get additional assurance against catastrophic failures. The examples used were those of predicting the remaining life and inspection intervals and criteria for reheat steam pipes and for steam turbine casings. An example was also shown on how these modern methods can be used to explain failure in a high pressure/IP steam turbine rotor.
(U-Th)/He geochronology and chemical compositions of diagenetic cement, concretions, and fracture-filling oxide minerals in Mesozoic sandstones of the Colorado Plateau

Oxide minerals in diagenetic cements, concretions, and fracture fill reflect episodes of ancient groundwater flow that have the potential to record tectonic, geomorphic, and climatic changes through time. To better understand the ages, conditions of formation, and potential geologic significance of these diagenetic materials, we have measured (U-Th)/He ages and element concentrations in hematite, goethite, and Mn-oxide in Mesozoic sandstones from several locations in the Colorado Plateau. Most (U-Th)/He ages are Pliocene–Pleistocene, but some samples are as old as 25 Ma, the age of previously determined 40 Ar/ 39 Ar ages on Mn-oxide cement. In one region, texturally diverse Mn- and Fe-oxides yield relatively reproducible ages of ca. 2–3 Ma, and in another region, vitreous Fe-oxide fracture coatings yield ages of ca. 300 ka. Elsewhere, most cements and concretions show a wide range of ages among aliquots taken over millimeter length scales. Hematite-dominated samples show a broad positive correlation between age and U-Th concentrations, whereas most goethite-dominated samples show a negative correlation. Exterior portions of spherical goethite concretion rinds have higher U-Th concentrations and younger (U-Th)/He ages than interior portions. Taken together, the age-composition relationships of these samples suggest that wide ranges of ages in some samples largely reflect relatively recent (Pliocene–Pleistocene) U-Th addition, recrystallization, or later oxide growth that affected precursor cements that may have been oxides or other minerals. In some cases, these precursors may have formed as early as 25 Ma. In at least two areas, the (U-Th)/He dates (or in cases where samples show a wide range in ages, the minimum dates) are associated with major climate or local incision rate changes. We speculate that diagenetic oxides, and possibly other types of fine-grained secondary oxide minerals, remain open to U-Th uptake, recrystallization, or continued growth through contact with groundwater long after initial formation. This may provide opportunities to understand groundwater compositions and flow regimes as samples are exhumed through the shallow crust, or as surface conditions change through time in diagenetic systems in the critical zone of Earth’s crust and on Mars.
Engineered Coiled-Coil Protein Microfibers

The fabrication of de novo proteins able to self-assemble on the nano- to meso-length scales is critical in the development of protein-based biomaterials in nanotechnology and medicine. Here we report the design and characterization of a protein engineered coiled-coil that not only assembles into microfibers, but also can bind hydrophobic small molecules. Under ambient conditions, the protein forms fibers with nanoscale structure possessing large aspect ratios formed by bundles of α-helical homopentameric assemblies, which further assemble into mesoscale fibers in the presence of curcumin through aggregation. Surprisingly, these biosynthesized fibers are able to form in conditions of remarkably low concentrations. Unlike previously designed coiled-coil fibers, these engineered protein microfibers can bind the small molecule curcumin throughout the assembly, serving as a depot for encapsulation and delivery of other chemical agents within protein-based 3D microenvironments.
Dynamics and Control Study of a Titan Aerobot from a System Design Perspective

*† ‡ § , # ** †† Robotic lighter-than-air vehicles, or aerobots, provide a strategic platform for the exploration of planets and moons with an atmosphere, such as Venus, Mars, Titan and the gas giants. Aerobots have modest power requirements, extended mission durations, and long traverse capabilities. They can execute regional surveys, transport and deploy scientific instruments and in-situ laboratory facilities over vast distances, and also provide wide-area surface sampling. With the arrival of the Huygens probe at Saturn’s moon Titan in January 2005, there is considerable interest in a follow-on mission that would use a substantially autonomous aerobot to explore Titan's surface. In this paper, we discuss results to date of a dynamics and control study for a Titan aerobot. A new nonlinear robotic airship (aerobot) model is used to evaluate system design and control interactions. Presently, the airship model has been configured as a Titan aerobot to investigate the effects of mass placement and sudden net-buoyancy changes on the aerobot's behavior and controllability in a Titan atmosphere. Our initial results highlight that payload placements determine critical moment arms, that in turn dictate demands on actuators during typical maneuvers. Ultimately, this relation limits the size of disturbance a closed-loop control system can accommodate. However, our results indicate that designers have a wide range of acceptable choices for payload placement. In addition, the airship is generally robust to net-buoyancy disturbances in the Titan atmosphere in both open and closed loop. a v = Acceleration of the airship w.r.t. inertial frame [m/s 2 ] z
Biological Effects of Developing Sorghum Panicles in a Meridic Diet on Fall Armyworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Development

Fresh panicle spikelets of developing sorghum, Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench, were mixed into a standard meridic diet and fed to neonate larvae of fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith). Differences between weights of FAW larvae fed ‘NK Savanna 5’ (resistant) and ‘Funk H-5245’ (susceptible) were found at the preflowering, flowering, milk, and hard-dough stages of development. Addition of 40 or 80 g of fresh immature kernels per 300 ml of diet resulted in significant differences in weights of FAW larvae fed the two sorghum hybrids. No significant relationship was found between tannin concentration of various stages of kernel development and weights of FAW larvae. In addition, no significant relationship was found between tannin concentration and weights of FAW larvae reared on diets containing milk-stage panicles of 12 sorghum genotypes. Chemical(s) within the glumes of the sorghum panicle probably confers resistance.
Oral mesna: a review.

The epipodophyllotoxin derivatives teniposide and etoposide have been under clinical investigation for over 15 years. Although etoposide has been established as one of the most active compounds in the treatment of small cell lung cancer (SCLC), teniposide has received little attention. The results of seven phase II studies evaluating response rate and duration of response to teniposide in 10 previously treated and 102 untreated patients showed response rates of 21% and 58%, respectively. The most frequently used dosage schedule was 60 mg/m2 intravenously daily for 5 days every 3 weeks. The following are factors influencing the response rate and duration of response to teniposide: performance status; prior weight loss; prior chemotherapy exposure, including prior treatment with etoposide; stage; and effectiveness of prior chemotherapy, including time from last administration. Preliminary analyses from a study comparing the efficacy of teniposide with that of etoposide suggest that teniposide may be more effective in previously untreated patients with SCLC who are 70 years of age or older. The preliminary data, however, indicate that equivalent doses of teniposide cause more cases of leukopenia than etoposide. Before a final conclusion can be drawn, the results from an ongoing study using teniposide and etoposide at equitoxic doses must be evaluated.
Do scholars follow Betteridge's Law? The use of questions in journal article titles

In journalistic publication, Betteridge's Law of Headlines stipulates that "Any headline that ends in a question mark can be answered by the word no." When applied to the titles of academic publication, the assertion is referred to as Hinchcliffe's Rule and denigrates the use of the question mark in titles as a "click-bait" marketing strategy. We examine the titles of all published articles in the year 2014 from five top-ranked and five mid-range journals in each of six academic fields (n = 7845). We describe the form of questions when they occur, and where a title poses a question that can be answered with a "yes" or "no" we note the article's substantive answer. We do not find support for the criticism lodged by Betteridge's Law and Hinchcliffe's Rule. Although patterns vary by discipline, titles with questions are posed infrequently overall. Further, most titles with questions do not pose yes/no questions. Finally, the few questions that are posed in yes/no terms are actually more often answered with a "yes" than with a "no." Concerns regarding click-bait questions in academic publications may, therefore, be unwarranted.
From simulation to monitoring: Evaluating the potential of mixed-mode ventilation (MMV) systems for integrating natural ventilation in office buildings through a comprehensive literature review

Abstract The energy required to maintain comfortable indoor environmental conditions is a significant percentage (35%) of the overall energy consumption in office buildings. In the modern-day realization of climate change and global warming potential, the reduction of energy consumption in office buildings (particularly energy consumed using cooling and mechanical ventilation systems) and maintaining indoor environmental conditions, is an essential design requirement particularly for buildings located in hot, arid climates. The mixed-mode ventilation (MMV) strategies have been effectively used in the past for saving energy as well as maintaining indoor air quality for the occupants by sustaining adequate indoor environmental conditions. It has been found that mixed-mode buildings have the potential to save 40% HVAC energy by optimizing window operation schedules, and up to 75% by alternating natural and mechanical ventilation. However, to successfully optimize these strategies, it is imperative to understand what factors affect the performance of mixed-mode buildings in terms of energy savings and comfort of the occupants. A comprehensive literature review was conducted covering the past two decades (1996–2016) to analyze the use of MMV systems in office buildings. The study provides the reader with an impression of which practical objectives have been pursued, what progress has been made in the past two decades, and what the future challenges are for using MMV systems in office buildings.
BIOSYNTHESIS OF LYSOSOMAL ENZYMES IN DIPLOID HUMAN FIBROBLASTS

Publisher Summary This chapter presents the biosynthesis of lysosomal enzymes in diploid human fibroblasts. Cultured fibroblasts were labeled with 3H-leucine or 33Pi. Extracts from labeled cells and concentrates of medium were subjected to immunoprecipitation with goat antisera raised against human placental β-N-acetylhexosaminidase. The immunoprecipitates were solubilized in SDS and dithiothreitol, and the radioactive components detected by fluorography after Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. After prolonged periods (>24 hours), the 3H-labeled material precipitated from cells showed the same polypeptide pattern as a mixture of purified hexosaminidase A and B isozymes (54,000, 29,000, as well as some minor bands). However, in a 3 hour pulse, the label was found predominantly in two bands of higher molecular weight (67,000 and 63,000), which were identified as precursors of α and β subunits, respectively, by means of a second immunoprecipitation. The primary immunoprecipitates were solubilized, diluted and reprecipitated with antisera prepared against denatured α and β subunits of hexosaminidase. In the media, the label was found only in the precursor polypeptides even after a 3-day chase. The secretion of precursors was greatly enhanced by the presence of ammonia or chloroquine, which also inhibited the intracellular processing of the precursors.
Leadership Best Practices and Employee Performance: A Phenomenological Telecommunications Industry Study

This phenomenological study explored leadership best practices among senior managers at a major telecommunications organization in to determine the perceived effects that such routines had on actual employee performance. The study took place in State of Georgia in the United States from January 16 to February 18, 2014 and involved ten selected managers who held the role of customer service manager for a minimum of 2 years and were identified as a top performer based on the ranking and rating reports from the organization’s data. The major themes that emerged centered around four major areas: (1) employee-oriented perspective of best leadership practices, (2) performance perspective of best leadership practices, (3) process perspective of best leadership practices, (4) learning and growth perspective of best leadership practices. It was determined that leaders should create a working environment where there is increased employee engagement and participation; communicate goals, gain employee understanding, and apply communication styles that fit the need of each employee at all levels; identify and plan opportunities of growth for employees through training and development; recognize the importance of personally engaging with their employees; and, understand the importance of having regular meetings to update employees about new products and services.
Across imperial boundaries: Black social networks across the Iberian South Atlantic, 1760–1810

ABSTRACTRethinking the African Diaspora in the Americas urges scholars to look beyond where Africans came from and where they first disembarked in order to integrate the transimperial dimension. Social networks connecting black communities throughout the Americas constituted an additional feature of the black experience that shaped the political, social, economic, and cultural features of African diasporic communities and the larger societies in which these groups found themselves. Evidence regarding the slaves and freedmen that traveled across the Portuguese and Spanish colonies in South America best illustrates the significance of transimperial networks for local black communities. This article reveals that these transimperial social ties proved essential for black communities in Buenos Aires and Montevideo. This contributes to discussions of “entangled empires” by showing how free and enslaved Africans and their descendants were immersed in transimperial social networks, which to a certain extent they ...
Diaphragm-Regulated Growth of Nanosheet Arrays of α-Phase Ni–Co Layered Double Hydroxides on Arbitrary Substrates for Wettability Control and Rechargeable Alkaline Batteries

Room-temperature synthesis of α-phase bimetallic nickel–cobalt layered double hydroxides (Ni–Co LDHs) nanosheets in the forms of arrays grown on arbitrary substrates is still a challenging task. We demonstrate a facile diaphragm-assisted approach to grow α-phase Ni–Co LDHs nanosheet arrays on various substrates at room temperature. The as-synthesized nanosheet arrays can induce high surface roughness at the microscale, achieving both superoleophobicity underwater and superhydrophobicity in air, with contact angles measured for oil at 160° and for water at 154°, respectively. The nanosheet arrays of Ni–Co LDHs formed directly on 3D nickel foam substrates can be used as binder-free electrodes for rechargeable batteries, achieving a specific capacity of 177 mA h g−1 when tested at 2000 mA g−1. In contrast to literature reports, in which LDHs are often considered for pseudocapacitors, we suggest our electrodes are good for rechargeable alkaline secondary batteries or as battery electrodes in hybrid supercapacitors, based on battery behavior observed in our electrochemical tests. Other substrates, including titanium wires and carbon fiber papers, can be used as substrates. The as-prepared α-phase Ni–Co LDHs nanosheet arrays coated substrates and their derivatives (e.g., oxides, sulfides) can find many potential applications, including wastewater treatment, separation, electrochromic devices, catalysis and electrocatalysis, as well as energy storage.
Examining the Enrollment Growth: Non-CS Majors in CS1 Courses

As enrollments in computer science (CS) undergraduate programs are booming, CS departments are struggling to accommodate more students while also seeking to bring more women and underrepresented minority (URM) students into the field. A particular burden has been placed on introductory CS (i.e., CS1) courses to navigate these important, but sometimes competing, realities. As CS departments employ strategies to manage growing enrollments and recruit more diverse students into their CS1 courses, administrators and faculty will benefit from knowing more about the students who take these courses and how they may differ based on their major (CS majors and non-majors), gender, and race/ethnicity. This paper presents findings from a national study of CS1 courses and discusses key differences in introductory course students' demographic and background characteristics and pre-course experiences across these groups.
Developing Digital Scholarship: Emerging Practices in Academic Libraries

This is an important and timely book because it offers librarians a practical guide to meet the challenges of the new digital scholarly environment. Written in four parts, the book contains 10 chap...
Spatial patterns of international migrant resident settlement and incorporation in Winnipeg Manitoba

Comparing the settlement patterns of two cohorts of international movers (2001–2006 and 2010–2011) in Winnipeg, Manitoba, highlights the relationships between the settlement choices and actions of immigrant residents, and the economic, social, and built environmental conditions in place. Data from the Canadian census are analyzed through a spatial lag negative binomial regression model with results interpreted through a relational incorporation framework. Findings raise doubts about the connection between spatial concentration and social isolation, and complicate the idea of migrant resident housing trajectories as progressive and linear. In addition to the influence of formal state and nongovernmental supports, the interactions between the formal and informal also play an important role in settlement patterns in Winnipeg. Concentrated settlement is found to be persistent for both cohorts, alongside a persistent positive relationship between percent visible minority resident and settlement. The spatial patterns in the case suggest that settling near co-ethnic and co-national residents could be an important informal strategy to reduce the costs of migration and settlement. Additionally, the results suggest that multifamily households are an informal strategy to address failures in the more formalized employment and housing markets. The continued importance of multifamily households for the earlier 2001–2006 cohort additionally suggests the need to pay attention to the possibility of a type of second settlement that begins after initial formal housing supports expire.