cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Me first: Neural representations of fairness during three-party interactions

Abstract One hallmark of human morality is a deep sense of fairness. People are motivated by both self-interest and a concern for the welfare of others. However, it remains unclear whether these motivations rely on similar neural computations, and the extent to which such computations influence social decision-making when self-fairness and other-fairness motivations compete. In this study, two groups of participants engaged in the role of responder in a three-party Ultimatum Game while being scanned with functional MRI (N = 32) or while undergoing high-density electroencephalography (N = 40). In both studies, participants accepted more OtherFair offers when they themselves received fair offers. Though SelfFairness was reliably decoded from scalp voltages by 170 ms, and from hemodynamic responses in right insula and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, there was no overlap between neural representations of fairness for self and for other. Distinct neural computations and mechanisms seem to be involved when making decisions about fairness in three-party contexts, which are anchored in an egocentric, self-serving bias.
Empirical investigation into the applicability of surrogacy for juvenile salmonids (Oncorrhynchus spp.) exposed to hydropower induced rapid decompression

Abstract Surrogacy, whereby the response of a representative species subjected to a stressor is applied to one or more species, is commonly used without validation in conservation research and applications. The objective of this study was to empirically evaluate the appropriateness of using morphologically and phylogenetically similar species as surrogates for laboratory experiments that develop dose–response relationships for rapid decompression. In this study, juvenile kokanee, rainbow trout, and Chinook salmon were evaluated for injuries after exposure to rapid decompression that simulated pressure time-histories that are representative of hydropower turbine passage. Dose-response relationships, which modeled probability of mortal injury as a function of rapid decompression, were constructed for each species and compared to determine if differences existed between species across the range of rapid decompression. The surrogacy potential of these three species was also evaluated by incorporating the dose–response curves into the Biological Performance Assessment (BioPA) tool to predict the probability of adverse passage as a function of mortal injury and LRP exposure probabilities during three common operation scenarios of a computational fluid dynamics modeled Kaplan turbine (lower 1% generation limit, peak generation, and upper 1% generation limit). Although dose–response curves differed among species, the differences occurred at more extreme decompression values which had a low probability of occurring under the three Kaplan turbine operation scenarios tested using the BioPA tool. Therefore, the three species had similar BioPA scores for adverse passage probabilities, indicating they could act as surrogates for one another under certain (i.e., low LRP) passage conditions.
MILLIMETER IMAGING OF THE β PICTORIS DEBRIS DISK: EVIDENCE FOR A PLANETESIMAL BELT

We present observations at 1.3 mm wavelength of the {beta} Pictoris debris disk with beam size 4.''3 x 2.''6 (83 x 50 AU) from the Submillimeter Array. The emission shows two peaks separated by {approx}7'' along the disk plane, which we interpret as a highly inclined dust ring or belt. A simple model constrains the belt center to 94 {+-} 8 AU, close to the prominent break in slope of the optical scattered light. We identify this region as the location of the main reservoir of dust-producing planetesimals in the disk.
Preliminary photographs and improved positives: discovering the New York Public Library’s Arctic Exploration album

In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, original photographs were sent to publishers so that they could be reproduced in print. The photographs often needed to be reworked with overpainting and masking, and such modifications were especially necessary for low-contrast photographs to be reproduced as a letterpress halftone. As altered objects, many of these marked-up photographs were simply discarded after use. An album at The New York Public Library, however, contains 157 such photographs, all relating to the Jackson–Harmsworth expedition to Franz Josef Land, from 1894 to 1897. Received as gifts from publishers, the photographs are heavily retouched with overpainting and masking, as well as drawn and collaged elements. The intense level of overpainting on many of the photographs, but not on others, raised questions about their production and alteration. Jackson’s accounts attested to his practice of developing and printing photographs on site, testing different materials and techniques—including platino-bromide and silver-gelatin papers—to overcome the harsh environmental conditions. In this context, sixteen photographs from the album were analyzed through a combination of non-invasive and micro-invasive techniques, including X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy, fiber optics reflectance spectroscopy (FORS), Raman and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopies, and scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDS). This analytical campaign aimed to evaluate the possible residual presence of silver halides in any of the preliminary and improved photographs. The detection of these compounds would be one of several factors supporting a hypothesis that some of the photographs in the album were indeed printed on site, in the Arctic, and, as a result, may have been impacted by the extreme environment. Additional goals of the study included the evaluation of the extent of retouching, providing a full characterization of the pigments and dyes used in overpainted prints, and comparing the results with contemporaneous photographic publications that indicate which coloring materials were available at the time. Further analyses shed light on the organic components present in the binders and photographic emulsions. This research has increased our knowledge of photographic processes undertaken in a hostile environment such as the Arctic, and shed light on the technical aspects of photographically illustrating books during the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
HIV and Hepatitis C Virus Screening in the Emergency Department and Linkage to Care During COVID-19: Challenges and Solutions.

The recent global pandemic of coronavirus disease-19, also known as COVID-19, has posed significant challenges to Emergency Department (ED) HIV and HCV screening programs as well as linkage to care efforts in those identified with HIV or HCV infections. The goal of this educational report was to describe challenges in the face of the COVID-19 pandemic and solutions, focusing on our HIV and HCV opt-out universal ED screening program at the University of California San Diego (UCSD) Medical Center, San Diego, CA, USA. Our automated, routine HIV and HCV ED screening program continued high-level screening during the peak of the COVID-19 pandemic, although absolute numbers were reduced by about one-third, in line with a reduced ED census. Although linkage to care procedures continued during the pandemic, COVID-19 played a significant role in slowing the process, particularly in relinkage of known HIV-positive patients and in linkage of HCV-positive patients. Further efforts are needed to improve linkage to care processes in the era of COVID-19, especially as cases are rising in the United States.
Examining the robustness of the relationship between metacognitive efficiency and metacognitive bias.

Abstract We recently found a positive relationship between estimates of metacognitive efficiency and metacognitive bias. However, this relationship was only examined on a within-subject level and required binarizing the confidence scale, a technique that introduces methodological difficulties. Here we examined the robustness of the positive relationship between estimates of metacognitive efficiency and metacognitive bias by conducting two different types of analyses. First, we developed a new within-subject analysis technique where the original n-point confidence scale is transformed into two different (n-1)-point scales in a way that mimics a naturalistic change in confidence. Second, we examined the across-subject correlation between metacognitive efficiency and metacognitive bias. Importantly, for both types of analyses, we not only established the direction of the effect but also computed effect sizes. We applied both techniques to the data from three tasks from the Confidence Database (N > 400 in each). We found that both approaches revealed a small to medium positive relationship between metacognitive efficiency and metacognitive bias. These results demonstrate that the positive relationship between metacognitive efficiency and metacognitive bias is robust across several analysis techniques and datasets, and have important implications for future research.
Decentralized subcontractor scheduling with divisible jobs

Subcontracting allows manufacturer agents to reduce completion times of their jobs and thus obtain savings. This paper addresses the coordination of decentralized scheduling systems with a single subcontractor and several agents having divisible jobs. Assuming complete information, we design parametric pricing schemes that strongly coordinate this decentralized system, i.e., the agents' choices of subcontracting intervals always result in efficient schedules. The subcontractor's revenue under the pricing schemes depends on a single parameter which can be chosen to make the revenue as close to the total savings as required. Also, we give a lower bound on the subcontractor's revenue for any coordinating pricing scheme. Allowing private information about processing times, we prove that the pivotal mechanism is coordinating, i.e., agents are better off by reporting their true processing times, and by participating in the subcontracting. We show that the subcontractor's maximum revenue with any coordinating mechanism under private information equals the lower bound of that with coordinating pricing schemes under complete information. Finally, we address the asymmetric case where agents obtain savings at different rates per unit reduction in completion times. We show that coordinating pricing schemes do not always exist in this case.
Dupes and Losers in Mail Fraud

Are practical jokes punishable under the federal mail fraud statute? Imagine that person A invites person B to a surprise party for their mutual friend C. A mails B an invitation, and B drives his automobile to the location specified in the invitation. But the joke is on Bthere is no party, and B loses the value of the fuel spent driving his automobile to the location of the fictitious party. Most of us would think this joke is not terribly funny and perhaps a bit cruel, but no one would think it should be punished with five years in federal prison.1 Yet the joke seems to satisfy all the elements of federal mail fraud. There was a scheme to deceive, financial loss caused by the deceit, and use of the mails in furtherance of the scheme.
Community Structure of Diatoms Epiphytic on Pneumatophores of the Black Mangrove, Avicennia germinans, in a Louisiana Salt Marsh

The taxonomy, diversity, and similarity of diatom assemblages epiphytic on pneumatophores of black mangrove, Avicennia germinans (L.) L., in southeastern Louisiana were investigated. A total of 109 taxa representing 27 genera were identified in samples from five sites. The most abundant taxa were Nitzschia brittonii Hagelstein, Nitz. frustulum (Kutz.) Grun., Navicula diserta Hust., Denticula subtilis Grun., and Amphora tenuissima Hust. Comparisons with previous studies indicate that the diatom flora epiphytic on A. germinans in this study is much more characteristic of temperate salt marshes than of subtropical mangrove communities.
On Zero Forcing Number of Permutation Graphs

Zero forcing number, Z(G), of a graph G is the minimum cardinality of a set S of black vertices (whereas vertices in \(V(G)\!\setminus\!S\) are colored white) such that V(G) is turned black after finitely many applications of “the color-change rule”: a white vertex is converted black if it is the only white neighbor of a black vertex. Zero forcing number was introduced and used to bound the minimum rank of graphs by the “AIM Minimum Rank – Special Graphs Work Group”. Let G 1 and G 2 be disjoint copies of a graph G and let σ: V(G 1) → V(G 2) be a permutation. Then a permutation graph G σ = (V, E) has the vertex set V = V(G 1) ∪ V(G 2) and the edge set E = E(G 1) ∪ E(G 2) ∪ {uv |v = σ(u)}. It is readily seen that 1 + δ(G) ≤ Z(G σ ) ≤ n, if G is a graph of order n ≥ 2; here δ(G) is the minimum degree of G. We give examples showing that |Z(G) − Z(G σ )| can be arbitrarily large. Further, we characterize permutation graphs G σ satisfying Z(G σ ) = n for a graph G that is a nearly complete graph, a complete k-partite graph, a cycle, and a path, respectively, on n vertices.
Hospice Admission Practices: Where Does Hospice Fit in the Continuum of Care?

Objectives: To evaluate selected hospice admission practices that could represent barriers to hospice use and the association between these admission practices and organizational characteristics. Design: From December 1999 to March 2000, hospices were surveyed about selected admission practices, and their responses were linked to the 1999 California Office of Statewide Health Planning and Development's Home and Hospice Care Survey that describes organizational characteristics of California hospices. Setting: California statewide. Participants: One hundred of 149 (67%) operational licensed hospices. Measurements: Whether hospices admit patients who lack a caregiver; would not forgo hospital admissions; or are receiving total parenteral nutrition (TPN), tube feedings, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, or transfusions. Results: Sixty-three percent of hospices restricted admission on at least one criterion. A significant minority of hospices would not admit patients lacking a caregiver (26%). Patients unwilling to forgo hospitalization could not be admitted to 29% of hospices. Receipt of complex medical care, including TPN (38%), tube feedings (3%), transfusions (25%), radiotherapy (36%), and chemotherapy (48%), precluded admission. Larger program size was significantly associated with a lower likelihood of all admission practices except restricting the admission of patients receiving TPN or tube feedings. Hospice programs that were part of a hospice chain were less likely to restrict the admission of patients using TPN, radiotherapy, or chemotherapy than were freestanding programs. Conclusion: Patients who are receiving complex palliative treatments could face barriers to hospice enrollment. Policy makers should consider the clinical capacity of hospice providers in efforts to improve access to palliative care and more closely incorporate palliation with other healthcare services.
Excitatory Actions of Endogenously Released GABA Contribute to Initiation of Ictal Epileptiform Activity in the Developing Hippocampus

In the developing rat hippocampus, ictal epileptiform activity can be elicited easily in vitro during the first three postnatal weeks. Changes in neuronal ion transport during this time cause the effects of GABA(A) receptor (GABA(A)-R) activation to shift gradually from strongly depolarizing to hyperpolarizing. It is not known whether the depolarizing effects of GABA and the propensity for ictal activity are causally linked. A key question is whether the GABA-mediated depolarization is excitatory, which we defined operationally as being sufficient to trigger action potentials. We assessed the effect of endogenous GABA on ictal activity and neuronal firing rate in hippocampal slices from postnatal day 1 (P1) to P30. In extracellular recordings, there was a strong correlation between the postnatal age at which GABA(A)-R antagonists decreased action potential frequency (P23) and the age at which ictal activity could be induced by elevated potassium (P23). In addition, there was a strong correlation between the fraction of slices in which ictal activity was induced by elevated potassium concentrations and the fractional decrease in action potential firing when GABA(A)-Rs were blocked in the presence of ionotropic glutamate receptor antagonists. Finally, ictal activity induced by elevated potassium was blocked by the GABA(A)-R antagonists bicuculline and SR-95531 (gabazine) and increased in frequency and duration by GABA(A)-R agonists isoguvacine and muscimol. Thus, the propensity of the developing hippocampus for ictal activity is highly correlated with the effect of GABA on action potential probability and reversed by GABA(A) antagonists, indicating that GABA-mediated excitation is causally linked to ictal activity in this developmental window.
Implementation and validation of DQ current control of a bidirectional SiC single-phase AC-DC converter

Electric vehicles (EV) have the potential to revolutionize the transportation sector in the next decade. Electrical energy stored in the EV remains unusable while parked. This electrical energy collectively can be utilized as an ancillary service to the grid during peak demand. This necessitates the EV battery charger to be bi-directional, capable of sinking or sourcing real and reactive power. A modulation strategy for DQ (direct-quadrature axis) current control of a bi-directional dual active bridge (DAB) based AC-DC converter is analyzed. Simulation results are presented with sinking or sourcing real and reactive power into the AC grid. Hardware and firmware implementation of a single stage, bi-directional AC-DC converter for a single phase 3-wire system (240 V, 6.6 kW) operating at 100 kHz switching frequency utilizing Silicon Carbide (SiC) MOSFET is discussed. Experimental results are shown with input current free of harmonic distortion.
Reconstructing Archeological Vessels by Fusing Surface Markings and Border Anchor Points on Fragments

This paper presents a method to assist in the tedious process of reconstructing ceramic vessels from excavated fragments. The method exploits vessel surface marking information (models) supplied by the archaeologists along with anchor points on the fragment borders for reconstruction. Marking models are based on expert historical knowledge of the period, provenance of the artifact, and site location. The models need not to be identical to the original vessel, but must be within a geometric transformation of it in most of its parts. Marking matching is based on discrete weighted moments. We use anchor points on the fragment borders for the fragments with no markings. Corresponding anchors on different fragments are identified using absolute invariants, from which a rigid transformation is computed allowing the fragments to be virtually mended. For axially symmetric objects, a global constraint induced by the surface of revolution is applied to guarantee global mending consistency.
Long-distance long-term depression

Long-lasting changes in the strength of synapses in the brain underlie many forms of learning and memory. Depending on the pattern of activation, synapses can show either long-term potentiation (LTP) or long-term depression (LTD). A provocative study now shows that a form of LTD may spread over considerable distances, and that this spread may even involve signals that travel backwards.
Virtual prototype for an explosives detection system

The key physical processes of a resonance-absorption-based explosive detection system (EDS) were individually computed modeled so that subsystem and total system performance could be simulated (i.e., a virtual prototype). Processes that were modeled included the radiofrequency quadrupole proton beam, resonant-energy gamma ray production by the reaction 13C(p,(gamma) )14N), gamma ray transport through inspected objects, individual detector response, output of a tomographic detector array, and tomographic image reconstruction. The simulations were used in designing individual subsystems of a laboratory EDS and in assessing their effect on overall system performance. The models were benchmarked to the actual performance of the prototype in developing performance requirements for an airport EDS. The several computer codes used in the simulation are described and the effectiveness of the overall simulation effort is discussed.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Ring structures and the discrete Fourier transform

Since the pioneering work of J. W. Cooley and J. W. Tukey Math. Comp.19 1965 297-301, a great deal of effort has been devoted to developing efficient algorithms for computing finite Fourier transform. Among the new methods suggested over the past several years, methods depending on ring-theoretic structures have received special attention. This approach, originally suggested by C. Rader (Proc. IEEE5, 6 1968, 1107-1108), was really developed by S. Winograd (''Arithmetic Complexity of Computations,'' CBMS-NSF Regional Conference Series in Applied Mathematics 1980 into a powerful new algorithm. Winograd's real contribution was to realize that there are efficient algorithms to evaluate cyclic convolution. The purpose of this article is twofold: first, to make more explicit the interplay between ring-theoretic structures and the algorithms for the finite Fourier transform; second, to use this new insight to construct new algorithms for evaluating the finite Fourier transform on the groups Z(p^sZ) @? Z(p^sZ) @? ... @? Z(p^sZ).
Reproductive biology of wahoo, Acanthocybium solandri, from the Atlantic coast of Florida and the Bahamas

Despite its economic importance to many coastal nations, assessments of wahoo, Acanthocybium solandri, are hampered by a lack of basic life history information. In this study, wahoo were collected from Florida’s Atlantic coast and the northern Bahamas during 1997–2006 to examine reproductive seasonality, maturation, spawning frequency and fecundity. These samples demonstrated only a single, summer-spawning season, which did not support earlier postulations of spring spawning by wahoo near the Bahamas. The size and age at 50% female maturity were 925 mm fork length and 0.64 years, respectively. Spawning frequency was, on average, every 5 days during June–August, but 13% of mature females were inactive during this period. Batch fecundity was positively correlated with fish size, and varied between 0.44 and 1.67 million eggs. Parasites, previously unreported to occur in wahoo gonads and identified only as philometrid nematodes, were evident in 11% of these females. Most parasitised fish had vitellogenic oocytes, several even with oocytes with migrating nuclei or post-ovulatory follicles, so these parasitised fish were capable of spawning. Although wahoo have been noted to have relatively small gonads, and parasites are often found in female gonads, annual fecundity estimates are of the order of 10–100 million eggs. The significant contribution of older, larger females to egg production should be considered in managing this fishery.
Exercise improves gait, reaction time and postural stability in older adults with type 2 diabetes and neuropathy.

Abstract Aims For older adults with type 2 diabetes (T2DM), declines in balance and walking ability are risk factors for falls, and peripheral neuropathy magnifies this risk. Exercise training may improve balance, gait and reduce the risk of falling. This study investigated the effects of 12 weeks of aerobic exercise training on walking, balance, reaction time and falls risk metrics in older T2DM individuals with/without peripheral neuropathy. Methods Adults with T2DM, 21 without (DM; age 58.7 ± 1.7 years) and 16 with neuropathy (DM-PN; age 58.9 ± 1.9 years), engaged in either moderate or intense supervised exercise training thrice-weekly for 12 weeks. Pre/post-training assessments included falls risk (using the physiological profile assessment), standing balance, walking ability and hand/foot simple reaction time. Results Pre-training, the DM-PN group had higher falls risk, slower (hand) reaction times (232 vs. 219 ms), walked at a slower speed (108 vs. 113 cm/s) with shorter strides compared to the DM group. Following training, improvements in hand/foot reaction times and faster walking speed were seen for both groups. Conclusions While falls risk was not significantly reduced, the observed changes in gait, reaction time and balance metrics suggest that aerobic exercise of varying intensities is beneficial for improving dynamic postural control in older T2DM adults with/without neuropathy.
Proteolytic Clostridium botulinum growth at 12–48°C simulating the cooling of cooked meat: development of a predictive model

Abstract The objective of this study was to develop a model to predict the germination, outgrowth and lag (GOL), and exponential growth rates of Clostridium botulinum from spores at temperatures (12–48°C) applicable to the cooling of cooked meat products. The growth medium, Reinforced Clostridial medium (RCM) supplemented with oxyrase enzyme to create suitable anaerobic conditions, was inoculated with approximately 4 log 10 spores ml −1 . Clostridium botulinum populations were determined at appropriate intervals by plating onto RCM. Clostridium botulinum growth from spores was not observed at temperatures 48°C for up to 3 weeks. Growth curves were determined by fitting Gompertz functions to the data. From the parameters of the Gompertz function the growth characteristics, GOL times and exponential growth rates were calculated. These growth characteristics were subsequently described by Ratkowsky functions using temperature as the independent variable. Closed form equations were developed that allow for predicting relative growth for a general cooling scenario. By applying multivariate statistical procedures, the standard errors and confidence intervals were computed on the predictions of the amount of relative growth for a cooling scenario. The predictive model is capable of predicting spore outgrowth and multiplication for general cooling scenarios, for suitable but un-verified mathematical assumptions, and should aid in evaluating the safety of cooked products after cooling.
The influence of elevated CO2 and temperature on seed germination and emergence from soil

Abstract Seed of six crop species, alfalfa, Medicago sativa L. cv. ‘Arc’, soybean, Glycine max L. (Merrill) cv. ‘Williams’, maize, Zea mays L. cv. SS 885, pea, Pisum sativum L. cv. ‘Maestro’, sunflower, Helianthus annuus L. cv. ‘Mammoth’, and pumpkin Cucurbita pepo L. cv. ‘Big Max’ and four weedy species, Amaranthus hypochodriacus L., Amaranthus hybridus L., Chenopodium album L. and Abutilon theophrasti , were grown at two different CO 2 concentrations of 350 μl l −1 (ambient) and 700 μl l −1 (elevated) in controlled-environment chambers to determined the effect of elevated CO 2 on germination and emergence. Doubling the CO 2 concentration resulted in an increase in the rate and final percentage of germination, for M. sativa, A. hybridus and C. album . In a separate field experiment (silt-loam soil), elevated CO 2 resulted in a significant increase in the total number of weed seedlings present 3 weeks after tilling. In a second set of experiments using controlled-environment chambers, the interaction between increased temperature and CO 2 was examined in seven of the species used previously. No significant interaction was observed between CO 2 and temperature on the germination response. Overall, this investigation suggests that as CO 2 increases, differential changes in germination and/or emergence between crops and weeds could occur.
Expression of pemphigus vulgaris antigen in cultured human keratinocytes: effect of inhibitors, tunicamycin, and lectins.

Abstract We have investigated expression of pemphigus vulgaris antigen(s) in cultured human keratinocytes induced by the addition of extracellular calcium. Cycloheximide (10 −4 M) inhibited pemphigus antigen expression and stratification but actinomycin D (2μg/ml) had no effect. Tunicamycin, which inhibits dolichol pyrophosphate-mediated glycosylation of asparaginyl residues specifically, was used to study the role of glycosylation. When calcium switching was carried out in the presence of tunicamycin, human keratinocytes did not stratify, and the expression of pemphigus antigen was partially inhibited and limited to cell-cell contact areas. Analysis of biosynthetically labeled proteins showed that the synthesis of high-molecular-weight proteins was markedly reduced in the tunicamycin-treated cells. A reciprocal blocking test demonstrated that concanavalin A and wheat germ agglutinin receptor share an epitope with pemphigus vulgaris antigen(s). These results suggest that Ca ++ , newly synthesized protein, and N-asparaginyl glycosylation are required for normal pemphigus antigen expression and epidermal stratification in vitro. Pemphigus vulgaris antigen may have a highly glycosylated, high-molecular-weight protein chain with carbohydrates playing an important role in epidermal cell morphology, adhesion, and stability of cell surface antigens.
Optimal Water Quality Management Strategies for Urban Watersheds Using Macrolevel Simulation and Optimization Models

This paper describes the development of an optimal water quality tool for managing wet weather discharges that uses a macrolevel simulation model (i.e., the Streeter-Phelps equation) linked with a highly efficient optimization algorithm (i.e., a modified version of the Box complex method). The proposed approach can be applied to an urban watershed impaired by multiple sources of wet weather discharges. As an application, the proposed approach is used to develop optimal water quality management strategies for the Beargrass Creek watershed in Louisville, Ky.
Children's developing understanding of the motivational role of affect: An attributional analysis

Abstract This research examined children's developing understanding of relations between attributions, affects, and intended social behavior. Three scenarios involving exam success, making a baseball team, and a bicycle collision were constructed to elicit, respectively, either pride, gratitude, or guilt in a target child. In Experiment 1, two story conditions varied the locus (internal or external) of the cause of the outcome in the pride scenario and the controllability of the cause in the gratitude and guilt scenarios. For each condition, children aged 5 to 11 made judgments about the locus or controllability of the cause; they indicated how proud, grateful, or guilty the target child would feel; and they made inferences about an intended action (self-reward, reciprocation, or reparation) that might follow the outcome. In Experiment 2, the causal information and affective information were manipulated in a factorial design, and children made judgments about the intended action. There were age-related increases in the linkages between attributions and affects and between affects and intended behavior. This was particularly true in the case of guilt. These findings were interpreted as evidence for the growing influence of affect as a mediator between causal thought and action.
Prognostic signs for the pastoral counselor from the life of Christ

In this paper I have suggested examples of character traits in persons Jesus tells us about, or whom he dealt with, which can serve as suggestive material in determining the prognosis of persons either in or contemplating pastoral counseling. Among these I have given: first, the ability of a person to reach out, still trying to become life-related or to maintain the relations which he has already established; second, the capacity of the person for relationship, his being able to have feeling, interest, or concern for others, or reality beyond himself; and, third, I have indicated the idea of a person's being able to look at himself in an objective sense, not merely needing to live a defensive life, guardedly protecting his ego as though it could not tolerate any kind of a critical approach. In these concepts of self I believe we have the basic questions regarding the person's success or failure in the process of pastoral counseling.
k-convexn-person games and their cores

For any natural numbersk andn, the subclass ofk-convexn-person games is introduced. In casek=n, the subclass consists of the convexn-person games. Ak-convexn-person game is characterized in several ways in terms of the core and certain marginal worth vectors. The marginal worth vectors of a game are described in terms of an upper bound for the core and the corresponding gap function.
Oxidative stress‐triggered unfolded protein response is upstream of intrinsic cell death evoked by parkinsonian mimetics

Oxidative stress is a key player in a variety of neurodegenerative disorders including Parkinson's disease. Widely used as a parkinsonian mimetic, 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) as well as coordinated changes in gene transcription associated with the unfolded protein response (UPR) and apoptosis. Whether 6-OHDA-induced UPR activation is dependent on ROS has not yet been determined. The present study used molecular indicators of oxidative stress to place 6-OHDA-generated ROS upstream of the appearance of UPR markers such as activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3) and phosphorylated stress-activated protein kinase (SAPK/JNK) signaling molecules. Antioxidants completely blocked 6-OHDA-mediated UPR activation and rescued cells from toxicity. Moreover, cytochrome c release from mitochondria was observed after the appearance of early UPR markers, suggesting that cellular stress pathways are responsible for its release. Mechanistically, the 6-OHDA-induced UPR was independent of intracellular calcium changes. Rather, evidence of protein oxidation was observed before the expression of UPR markers, suggesting that the rapid accumulation of damaged proteins triggered cell stress/UPR. Taken together, 6-OHDA-mediated cell death in dopaminergic cells proceeds via ROS-dependent UPR up-regulation which leads to an interaction with the intrinsic mitochondrial pathway and downstream caspase activation.
Countercurrent Extraction. Mass Transfer Kinetics and Time-Dependent Behavior

Abstract The time-dependent behavior of countercurrent extraction columns is modeled mathematically. The effects of aqueous and organic phase flow rates, number of theoretical plates, mass transfer kinetics, and pulse influent concentration overloads are determined. Use of an asymmetrical upwind algorithm to model advection allows substantial reductions in the computer time required. The effluent organic phase approaches its steady-state concentration much more rapidly than does the effluent aqueous phase.
Diaphragmatic rupture presenting forty years after injury.

A previously healthy 59-year-old man was brought to the hospital by ambulance because of a l-day history of severe shortness of breath and abdominal pain, which had progressed until he could no longer lie recumbent or speak. At the age of 18 (1955) he had sustained severe chest trauma in a motorcycle accident after which he had convalesced at home (he refused hospitalization at that time). His pulse was 124/min, blood pressure 90/50, temperature 38”C, respirations 48/min (laboured) and 0, saturation (FiO, = 0.45) was 70%. The abdomen was distended, rigid and silent. The patient was urgently intubated because of respiratory failure and systemic acidosis. Chest radiograph demonstrated the bowel occupying the left hemithorax (Figure 1). An emergency laparotomy was perform&d. The left hemi-diaphragm was found to be ruptured, with multiple adhesions to ribs and spleen. A long loop of strangulated transverse colon was removed from the thorax and resected. The diaphragm was surgically repaired. The patient made a full recovery and remains symptom free 1 year later.
Compound poisson processes, as modified by Ornstein-Uhlenbeck processes, Part II

Abstract Part I of this paper considered a collective risk model {R(t), 0≤t<∞} formed by a linear combination of four stochastic processes. The first process was a compound Poisson one which portrayed the claims. The other three processes were Ornstein-Uhlenbeck processes which served as models for deviations in assumptions about investment performance, operating expenses, and lapse expenses. We now remove the restriction that the claims process be a compound Poisson one. Furthermore, more general and meaningful values for the parameters in the Ornstein-Uhlenbeck processes are allowed. Basic properties of the R(t) process are presented. Probabilities of extreme deviations for the R(t) process are discussed, with several detailed examples.
Progestin regulation of progesterone biosynthetic enzymes in cultured rat granulosa cells

Abstract Progestins have recently been shown to augment gonadotropin-stimulatedprogesterone and 20α-hydroxypregn-4-en-3-one (20α-OH-P) biosynthesis in cultured rat granulosa cells. The mechanism by which progestins autoregulate ovarian progestin biosynthesis was investigated by studying the modulation of pregnenolone biosynthesis as well as the activities of the enzymes 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3β-HSD) and 20α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (20α-HSD). Granulosa cells obtained from immature hypophysectomized, estrogen-treated rats were cultured with FSH and/or progestins. Pregnenolone production was measured in the presence of cyanoketone (10 −6 M) to inhibit 3β-HSD activity. Enzymatic activities of 3β-HSD and 20α-HSD were determined in cell homogenates by direct enzyme assays. FSH stimulated pregnenolone production, while treatment with progesterone or R5020 alone was ineffective. Concomitant treatment with the progestins further enhanced FSH-stimulated pregnenolone production in a dose-dependent manner with minimal effective doses of 10 −8 and 10 −7 M for R5020 and progesterone, respectively. In FSH-primed cells, LH increased pregnenolone accumulation, and concomitant treatment with R5020 also enhanced the LH action. Furthermore, the gonadotropins stimulated the activity of 3β-HSD, and this effect was further enhanced by concomitant treatment with either R5020 or progesterone in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, the 20α-HSD activities were enhanced by progestins in cells treated with FSH but not with LH. Thus, both natural and synthetic progestins stimulate the gonadotropin-induced progesterone production in cultured granulosa cells via enhancing the 3β-HSD enzyme as well as pregnenolone biosynthesis.
Culture Change and Veterinary Medicine

A recent article by Thurmond and Brown called for “a major cultural shift” in veterinary education.1 Such a proposed shift would more effectively prepare veterinary graduates to assume roles in emerging fields related to animal health, such as food safety, biotechnology, public health, environmental health, and others. In such fields, veterinarians must be prepared to work across sometimes deep cultural, as well as economic and disciplinary, boundaries.2 Some of those boundaries have been built by veterinarians themselves. The purpose of this commentary is to discuss some of the ways in which the profession can identify and move beyond its own cultural borders.
Surface of Cytochrome c: Infrared Spectroscopy of Carboxyl Groups†

The carboxylate groups of organic acids give strong absorption in the infrared between ∼1550 and 1650 cm-1. For acetate and chloroacetate derivatives, the infrared (IR) frequency of the carboxylate antisymmetric stretching mode ( ) is related to the square root of the pK of the acid, with a shift of ∼20 cm-1 to higher frequency for a pK drop in the range 5−3. It follows that may respond to conditions on the protein surface. In this paper, the IR amide I‘ and carboxylate absorptions of cytochrome c from horse, yeast, and tuna are compared with model compounds such as Val-Glu and microperoxidase-11, the 11 amino acid fragment of horse cytochrome c containing the covalently bound heme. For microperoxidase-11, the contribution from all four carboxylates can be accounted for and the 1567 cm-1 absorption is assigned to the heme propionates. For the proteins, the carboxylate absorption band is inhomogeneous, i.e., there is a distribution of frequencies. Both the amide I‘ and carboxylate bands are sensitive to pr...
Binding kinetics of Clostridium difficile toxins A and B to intestinal brush border membranes from infant and adult hamsters.

This study was undertaken to determine if the relative resistance of neonates and infants to Clostridium difficile-associated intestinal disease can be related to age-dependent differences in intestinal receptors for C. difficile toxins A and B. Brush border membranes (BBMs) from the small intestines of adult and infant hamsters were examined for their ability to bind radiolabeled toxins A and B. [125I]toxin A bound to both infant and adult hamster BBMs at physiological temperature, whereas [125I]toxin B did not bind to the BBMs under any of the conditions examined. The number of [125I]toxin A molecules bound at saturation was approximately 4 x 10(10) per micrograms of membrane protein for adult BBMs and 1 x 10(11) per micrograms of membrane protein for infant BBMs. Scatchard plot analysis suggested the presence of a single class of toxin A binding sites on both infant and adult hamster BBMs. Maximal binding capacity and Kd values were 0.63 pmol/mg of protein and 66.7 nM, respectively, for the infant BBMs, and 0.24 pmol/mg of protein and 27 nM, respectively, for the adult BBMs. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic analyses of extracted BBM proteins revealed differences in the proteins of infant and adult BBMs. However, there were not any detectable differences in the protein bands which bound [125I]toxin A between infant and adult hamsters. The results from these investigations indicate that differences in the binding kinetics of toxins A and/or B to infant and adult hamster BBMs do not account for the observed differences in their susceptibility to C. difficile-associated intestinal disease. Images
Chimeric AT1/AT2 receptors reveal functional similarities despite key amino acid dissimilarities in the domains mediating agonist-dependent activation.

Chimeric AT1/AT2 angiotensin II (AngII) receptors in which the sixth and/or seventh transmembrane-spanning domains of the AT2 receptor were substituted into the AT1 receptor were used to investigat...
A Systems Perspective on World-Systems Theory

Abstract This article presents a conceptual framework that embeds ideas from world-systems theory within the larger systemic context known as the theory of dissipative structures. This article creates a theoretical perspective on global capitalism, both geographic and historical, that offers a sufficiently general and flexible model for this particular complex system in human geography. The goal is to provide a perspective that reflects the interconnectedness of individual and separate places into a larger global system that is a single functioning spatial entity. In this view, the modern world-system becomes a culmination of its past and a prologue to its future.
Muscle lineage cytoplasm can change the developmental expression in epidermal lineage cells of ascidian embryos.

Cytoplasm from muscle lineage blastomeres of an ascidian embryo can cause cells of a nonmuscle lineage to produce larval tail muscle acetylcholinesterase. Muscle cytoplasm was partitioned microsurgically into epidermal lineage blastomeres at the eight-cell stage. Posterior half-embryos (the two B3 cells) of Ascidia nigra were obtained first by separating the anterior and posterior blastomere pairs at the four-cell stage. At third cleavage, the two B3 cells divide into an ectodermal cell pair that gives rise solely to epidermal tissues, and a mesodermal-endodermal blastomere pair from which the tail muscle cells are derived. When the ectodermal and mesendodermal blastomere pairs were isolated from one another by microsurgery and reared as partial embryos, only cells originating from the mesendodermal blastomeres produced a histochemical acetylcholinesterase reaction. Immediately after cleavage of the isolated B3 cells into ectodermal and mesendodermal cell pairs, the cleavage furrows could be made to disappear by pressing firmly on the mesendodermal cells with a microneedle. Repeated up and down pressure with the microneedle at a new position across the mesendodermal cells caused furrows to reestablish in the new position, thereby incorporating mesodermal cytoplasm and increasing the size of the ectodermal cells. The cytoplasmically altered ectodermal blastomere pairs, which became detached from the mesendodermal cells by this microsurgical procedure, continued to divide and were reared to “larval” stages. One-third of these epidermal partial larvae produced patches of cells containing acetylcholinesterase. These results lend further support to the theory that choice of particular differentiation pathways (embryonic determination) in ascidian embryos is mediated by segregation of specific egg cytoplasmic determinants.
Exploiting locality for scalable information retrieval in peer-to-peer networks

An important problem in unstructured peer-to-peer (P2P) networks is the efficient content-based retrieval of documents shared by other peers. However, existing searching mechanisms are not scaling well because they are either based on the idea of flooding the network with queries or because they require some form of global knowledge.We propose the Intelligent Search Mechanism (ISM) which is an efficient, scalable yet simple mechanism for improving the information retrieval problem in P2P systems. Our mechanism is efficient since it is bounded by the number of neighbors and scalable because no global knowledge is required to be maintained.ISM consists of four components: A Profiling Structure which logs queryhit messages coming from neighbors, a Query Similarity function which calculates the similarity queries to a new query, RelevanceRank which is an online neighbor ranking function and a Search Mechanism which forwards queries to selected neighbors.We deploy and compare ISM with a number of other distributed search techniques over static and dynamic environments. Our experiments are performed with real data over Peerware, our middleware simulation infrastructure which is deployed on 75 workstations. Our results indicate that ISM outperforms its competitors and that in some cases it manages to achieve 100% recall rate while using only half of the network resources required by its competitors. Further, its performance is also superior with respect to the total query response time and our algorithm exhibits a learning behavior as nodes acquire more knowledge. Finally ISM works well in dynamic network topologies and in environments with replicated data sources.
The Hidden Role of Fraternal Organizations in the Education of Black Adults: Prince Hall Freemasonry as a Case Study.

Among middle class blacks, people whose aspirations for suc cess and status have been strong but whose economic and occu pational base for achievement has been weak, the desire for edu cation, broadly conceived, including manners and social graces, intellectual and practical business skills, citizenship training, and moral instruction has been overpowering. One of the places they have received the education they have desired has been from a multi-faceted institution not normally associated with learning; one that performs educational tasks outside a formal institutional framework: Prince Hall Freemasonry, the black branch of the international Freemasonic Order. The fraternity's continuous role as "educator" for the last 200 years is discussed.
Concordance of Handedness Between Teacher and Student Facilitates Learning Manual Skills

Eighty-six left- and right-handed male and female adults received demonstrations of the manual actions involved in tying three different knots from either left- or right-handed female instructors. Learning was greatly facilitated by concordance of handedness between teacher and student, Sex of subject had no effect, nor were any interaction effects significant. Therefore, it is conceivable that observation learning of manual skill, which accompanied the hominid evolution of tool-use and tool-making skills, could have provided selective pressure for concordance (the right-bias) in human handedness.