cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Time multiplexed color image processing based on a CNN with cell-state outputs

A practical system approach for time-multiplexing cellular neural network (CNN) implementations suitable for processing large and complex images using small CNN arrays is presented. For real size applications, due to hardware limitations, it is impossible to have a one-on-one mapping between the CNN hardware cells and all the pixels in the image involved. This paper presents a practical solution by processing the input image, block by block, with the number of pixels in a block being the same as the number of CNN cells in the array. Furthermore, unlike other implementations in which the output is observed at the hard-limiting block, the very large scale integrated (VLSI) architecture hereby described monitors the outputs from the state node. While previous implementations are mostly suitable for black and white applications because of the thresholded outputs, our approach is especially suitable for applications in color (gray) image processing due to the analog nature of the state node. Experimental complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) chip results in good agreement with theoretical results are presented.
Differential Interleukin-8 and Nitric Oxide Production in Epithelial Cells Induced by Mucosally Invasive and Noninvasive Trypanosoma cruzi Trypomastigotes

Trypanosoma cruzi metacyclic trypomastigotes (MT), but not blood form trypomastigotes (BFT), are highly mucosally infective. We investigated the abilities of MT and BFT to induce inflammation and/or intracellular killing activity within mucosal epithelia. BFT, but not MT, induced marked increases in interleukin-8, GRO-alpha, MCP-1, and nitric oxide production in HeLa and AGS cells, despite similar infectivities. MT may avoid induction of inflammation as an important biological mechanism facilitating mucosal invasion.
DESIGN AND SYNTHESIS OF HETEROCYCLIC CARBOXAMIDES AS NATURAL NUCLEIC ACID BASE MIMICS

Abstract A series of heterocyclic carboxamides have been designed as mimics for the natural nucleic acid bases. The nucleosides 1-(2′-deoxy-β-d-ribofuranosyl)imidazole-4-carboxamide (1), 1-(2′ -deoxy-β-d-ribofuranosyl)pyrazole-3-carboxamide (2), and 1-(2′ -deoxy-β-d-ribofuranosyl)pyrrole-3-carboxamide (3) were synthesized and their structures confirmed by spectroscopic and analytical means. This paper is dedicated to Dr. Yoshihisa Mizuno.
Formation of charged clusters during electrospray ionization of organic solute species

Electrospray dispersion of solutions into a bath gas can produce solute ions with many charges per molecule. In contrast to such multiple charging, it can also result in ‘fractional charging’ by which cluster ions are formed with more than one solute molecule per charge. Examples of such fractional charging or clustering are presented and discussed. In the case of arginine solutions, which are reported in some detail, ion masses corresponding to clusters containing as many as 24 solute molecules and up to four charges were identified. The number and size of these cluster ions increased markedly with increase in the initial solute concentration. When co-solutes consisting of acids, salts or bases were present, at up to millimolar concentrations in the initial solution, clustering was often strongly suppressed, especially by strong acids and their salts. This clustering phenomenon not only provides insight into the chemistry of solute precipitation in solution, but also offers a means of producing new kinds of clusters for experimental studies.
EVOLVING CLIQUES: THE EARLY DEVELOPMENT OF WHITE HOUSE NETWORK SUBGROUPS

Network analytic techniques are used to examine the early development of interconnected subgroups (or cliques) within the advisory networks of Presidents Richard Nixon and Jimmy Carter. Analysis of subgroups is important because such groups tend to be comprised of individuals who exert a tremendous influence over the policy process by controlling the information flow, shaping alternatives, and suggesting solutions to the president. Examining the effects of institutional and personalistic influences on emerging clique patterns, this study finds that both presidential management style and institutional constraints affect the number, size, strength, and membership of subgroups. Moreover, this structural analysis suggests that some of the problems experienced by these presidents can be traced to the types of groups formed at the outset of their administrations.
Propenyl ethers. I. The synthesis of propenyl ether monomers

A variety of mono-, di-, and multifunctional propenyl ethers were readily prepared in high yields by the condensation of alcohols with allyl halides followed by the base or transition metal-catalyzed rearrangement of the corresponding allyl ethers. Their straightforward synthesis and high reactivity in cationic UV curing make these monomers highly attractive for a variety of applications. The successful photopolymerization of these monomers has required the synthesis of specially tailored onium salt photoinitiators. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Intestinal transit of solid and liquid components of a meal in health

The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that, under physiologic conditions, the human small bowel discriminates between the solid and aqueous components of chyme, that is, that in a fashion analogous to the stomach, the intestine would allow the liquid fraction to progress at a faster rate than solid particles. To evaluate this hypothesis, we took advantage of a gamma-emitting solid marker, 131I-fiber, previously developed in our laboratory, that is recognized by the stomach as a solid and that is emptied at a slower rate than liquid markers. Thus, 131I-fiber enters the intestine during feeding at a slower rate than a liquid marker, being eventually excreted in the feces physically and chemically unchanged. We also developed a mathematical method to calculate the intestinal transit spectrum based on scintigraphic data obtained from 6 healthy individuals who ingested 131I-fiber and technetium 99m (99mTc)-diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA)-water with a meal. The results disprove the hypothesis by showing that whereas 131I-fiber, as expected, leaves the stomach at a much slower rate than 99mTc-DTPA-water, both markers progress along the small bowel separately but at similar speeds. Our method for measuring intestinal transit provides a more comprehensive quantification of chyme transit in the human small bowel than earlier methods and should prove a useful technique for further noninvasive studies of transit after feeding.
Cardiac Myxoma: Histochemical and Ultrastructural Localization of Glycosaminoglycans and Proteoglycans

A recurrent cardiac myxoma is examined histochemically at the ultrastructural level. By routine electron microscopy the stellate "myxoma" cell exhibits features suggestive of a secretory function in synthesis of its myxoid stroma. Spicer 's high iron diamine (HID), which stains specifically for sulfated glycoconjugates, is utilized for intracellular localization of glycosaminoglycans. HID-positive reactive sites are localized within the Golgi-derived vacuoles and secretory granules of the myxoma cells. No staining is obtained with other cytoplasmic organelles except rare secondary lysosomes. Although colloidal iron is less specific, both intracellular and extracellular positive reactive sites are observed. With ruthenium red staining the proteoglycans in the extracellular stroma can be visualized as numerous positively stained, polygonal 250-500 A matrix granules with faint filamentous projections. Positive intracellular ruthenium red-stained granules are also observed within the Golgi-derived vacuoles. The alcianophilia of the myxoid stroma with Alcian blue is almost completely abolished by prior treatment with bovine testicular hyaluronidase but is unaffected by leech hyaluronidase, indicating chondroitin sulfates A and/or C, not hyaluronic acid, as the major biochemical constituents of the stroma and the observed extracellular matrix granules. The above findings provide cytochemical evidence of intracellular synthesis of sulfated glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycans of the myxoma cell and its active participation in production of its stroma.
A network status predictor to support dynamic scheduling in network-based computing systems

The management of networks has often been ignored in network-based computing systems due to the difficulty of estimating application programs' network latency and bandwidth requirements, and the difficulty of predicting the system network load. To help address this deficiency and thereby support dynamic network resource scheduling, we propose the network status predictor (NSP). This tool is a general and extensible network load monitor that introduces lower and upper latency prediction bounds. We evaluate its ability to dynamically predict TCP/IP end-to-end latency, with varying network loads using a cluster of SGI multiprocessors interconnected with a fibre channel network. Our results show that a combination of numerical predictors can be dynamically selected based on the network's recent state to produce better predictions than when using a single predictor alone.
The Work Addiction Risk Test: development of a tentative measure of workaholism.

The development and analyses of the psychometric characteristics of a tentative self-report measure of work addiction are reported. A total of 363 college students completed a battery of tests including the Work Addiction Risk Test. Internal consistency of the scores was .88. Also, these scores were compared with those on the Type A Self-rating Scale and the Jenkins Activity Survey, which give self-reports of Type A behavior and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. That scores on the work addiction risk test were reliable and showed concurrent validity supported psychometric utility for research and clinical practice.
Pharmacological Studies of Novel Marine Metabolites

Fundamental to the complex process associated with drug discovery is the establishment of a carefully defined collaborative relationship between academic bioorganic chemists and cellular or molecular pharmacologists. We mention this as a new emerging direction in research that should be particularly emphasized in an academic setting. The collaborative goal of the academic chemists and pharmacologists should be to contribute in some specific way to the advancement of each other’s science. Educational goals are not served well through routine programs for isolating and screening natural products. Screening programs of this kind are well developed in U.S. and foreign drug companies. In fact, new molecular receptor assays that allow a wide variety and large number of screens to be executed rapidly are becoming available. Academic pharmacologists have the responsibility to develop knowledge fundamental to advancing biomedical science by using bioactive substances as probes to better understand normal and pathological biological processes, to define in rigorous fashion the properties of these probes, and to determine their biochemical limitations and how they can be used properly and safely.
Using information technology to reduce pediatric medication errors

• Objective: To describe efforts in medication error prevention and reduction at an academic children’s medical center. • Methods: The general process used involved (1) identifying “broken” medication processes using “tribal knowledge” and formal data collection, (2) designing solutions using developers with multiple domain (clinical and programming) expertise, (3) implementing integrated applications using a existing local area network and limited-scale, Web-based information technology solutions, and (4) evaluating the results using defined measures and user surveys. • Results: Error rates were reduced. Contributory factors included user satisfaction secondary to reduced workload and the perception of a safer work product. • Conclusion: Information technology can reduce errors by streamlining repetitive processes and simplifying complex ones.
A Model for Racial Contact in Schools

The primary objective of this chapter, as well as others in the volume, is to examine the literature on school desegregation with a view to providing theoretical insights, guidelines, and frameworks that will improve the quality of research in this area. Presumably, our most important objective is not only to improve research quality, but to make a series of recommendations that will be useful to school administrators and teachers regarding the quality and quantity of interracial and interethnic interaction patterns, as well as ways in which the learning environment for all students may also be improved. Yet, scholars who have examined the literature have concluded, rather pessimistically, that in general research findings are inconclusive and that, where empirical relationships have been found, they are both very weak in magnitude and also difficult to “add up” because of their complexity and seeming inconsistency.1
EXPERIMENTALLY DETERMINED, TWO LOCUS FITNESSES OF DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER MALES

A pilot demonstration of experimental fitness estimation utilizing pedigree data from D. melanogaster was described. Fitnesses were obtained for the male segregants of the two "complex loci," spineless–spineless aristapedia and radius incompletus–inturned. A good fit between selection model and data was obtained, perhaps because the experimental design largely eliminated concerns of frequency or density-dependent selection and assortative mating. The selection model assumed that net fitness was divided into two components: an "early" component operative from conception to the time of observation in the generation interval, and a late component operative from the time of observation to the time of gamete pool formation. These fitness components were roughly descriptive of the physiological components viability and reproductive ability. No simple systematic relationship between the fitness of two-locus genotypes and the marginal one-locus fitness emerged. These conclusions were based on relatively precise (by current standards) fitness estimates. It was argued that pedigree data is highly desirable for fitness estimation.
Autonomous Research Vessels for Adaptive Upper-Ocean Process Studies

Abstract : We seek to obtain a more complete and fundamental understanding of the hierarchy of processes that transfer energy and momentum from large scales (bot atmosphere and ocean) to the microscale, which help set the vertical structure and horizontal variability of upper ocean heat content and salinity variability. A primary focus is to measure the interplay between these finescale dynamics and turbulence, which ultimately drives the irreversible heat/freshwater transports. The turbulent cascade impacts the acoustic, optical, and biogeochemical properties of the water column, and feeds back to alter the larger scale circulation. We emphasize observations, innovative sensor / instrumentation development and integration, and process-oriented internal wave and turbulence modeling for interpretation.
Low-Energy Process γ+p-->K + +Σ 0

The reaction $\ensuremath{\gamma}+p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\Sigma}}^{\ensuremath{\circ}}+{K}^{+}$ is discussed using the model developed in a previous paper. For odd-$K\ensuremath{\Sigma}$ parity the differential cross section can be accounted for by the one-nucleon pole term and the $K$ and ${K}^{*}$ exchange terms. With this model it is very difficult to fit the data for even-$K\ensuremath{\Sigma}$ parity. The coupling constant found for odd-$K\ensuremath{\Sigma}$ parity is $\frac{{{g}_{\ensuremath{\Sigma}\mathrm{NK}}}^{2}}{4\ensuremath{\pi}}\ensuremath{\approx}4.5$, very close to the value $\frac{{{g}_{\ensuremath{\Lambda}\mathrm{NK}}}^{2}}{4\ensuremath{\pi}}\ensuremath{\approx}4.0$ found in the previous paper.
Variability in Capsaicin-stimulated Calcitonin Gene-related Peptide Release from Human Dental Pulp

Abstract Introduction The unique innervation and anatomic features of dental pulp contribute to the remarkable finding that any physical stimulation of pulpal tissue is painful. Furthermore, when pathological processes such as caries affect teeth and produce inflammation of the pulp, the pain experienced can be quite intense and debilitating. To better understand these underlying neurobiological mechanisms and identify novel analgesic targets for pulpally derived pain, we have developed a powerful ex vivo model using human tooth slices. Methods Noncarious, freshly extracted teeth were collected and sectioned longitudinally into 1-mm-thick slices containing both dental pulp and the surrounding mineralized tissues. Tooth slices from 36 patients were exposed to 60 μmol/L capsaicin to stimulate the release of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) from nerve terminals in the pulp. Patient factors were analyzed for their effects on capsaicin-stimulated CGRP release using a mixed model analysis of variance. Results Approximately one third of the variability observed in capsaicin-evoked CGRP release was attributable to differences between individuals. In terms of individual factors, there was no effect of anesthesia type, sex, or age on capsaicin-stimulated CGRP release. Using a within-subject study design, a significant effect of capsaicin on CGRP release was observed. Conclusions Capsaicin-stimulated CGRP release from dental pulp is highly variable between individuals. A within-subject study design improves the variability and maximizes the potential of this powerful translational model to test the efficacy of novel pharmacotherapeutic agents on human peripheral nociceptors.
Internal Anal Sphincter and Late Clinical Outcome in Patients with High Type Anorectal Malformation

The purpose of this study is to investigate the age -related improvement of defecation function in high type anorectal malformation in relation to the assessment of the internal anal sphincter. The function of defecation was studied every 5 years up to 15 years postoperatively according to the Japanese scoring system in our hospital in 50 patients operated for high type (recto-urethral fistula) imperforate anus with posterior sagital anorectoplasty (PSARP) procedure in 25 patients, and 25patients with endorectal pull-through (ERPT). The internal anal sphincter was assessed by anorectal manometry and histology, and the results were analyzed with the clinical outcomes. The defecation scores of the PSARP cases exceeded those of ERPT cases at all age groups, the averaged total score were 7.0 in the PSARP cases vs. 4.6 for ERPT cases at 5 years old, 7.5 vs. 5.2 at 10 years old, and 8.0 vs. 6.7 at 15 years old. The anorectal reflex was seen in 17 of 25 (68%) PSARP cases examined, whereas seen in 5 (20%) of ERPT cases examined. Histologically, the well-developed and thickened internal circular muscle at the rectal end was found only in 40% of the cases, whereas discontinuation and hypoplasty of the muscle were seen in most of the cases examined. The present results indicate that the internal sphincter muscle at the rectal end may be histologically maldeveloped in high type anorectal malformations; however, they can potentially develop after transplanted and contribute to the improvement of passive continence in the late post-operative period.
Treatment Given Near the End of Life in Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer

Chemotherapy treatment options are limited for patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). The purpose of this study is to report treatment use and adverse effects (AEs) within the last three months of life in patients with CRPC. Of the 88 patients identified, 32% received treatment within 3 months of death, and documented AEs occurred in 25% of patients. Of those, neutropenia (18.3%), nausea/vomiting (18.3%), and febrile neutropenia (13.6%) were the most frequent. Results of this study show high treatment utility towards the end-of-life in patients with CRPC, with one fourth of patients experiencing AEs. Attention to health-related quality of life becomes increasingly important as new treatments appear to have small impact on survival, and AEs of those treatments may significantly impact patient quality of life.
Abstract 1889: Curcumin potentiates the cancer-preventive actions of selenium by inactivating selenoprotein thioredoxin reductase in prostate cancer cells

Our previous studies have shown that the cancer-preventive actions of selenium may be negated by an over-expression of selenoprotein thioredoxin reductase (TR). This reductase reverses selenocompound-induced sulfhydryl redox inactivation of protein kinase C (PKC), a step which is intimately involved in the cancer-preventive actions of selenium. Consistent with this observation, the TR-specific inhibitor auranofin increases the sensitivity of prostate cancer cells to methylseleninic acid (MSA). This is particularly significant for advanced prostate cancer cells which require higher concentrations of MSA than early stage cancer cells. Selenium prevents cancer in some cases but fails to do so in others. Selenium9s failure in this respect may be due to the development of TR-mediated resistance to its chemopreventive actions. Therefore, there is a potential role for agents that inhibit TR and thereby sensitize cancer cells to selenium. Several studies have shown that cancer prevention by a single agent may be less effective than multiple agents administered simultaneously. Here we report that curcumin, another cancer -preventive agent, at 5 to 10 μM concentrations potentiates the action of MSA in inhibiting growth and inducing apoptosis of both androgen-dependent LNCaP cells and androgen-independent DU145 cells. Nearly 2- to 4-fold lower concentrations of MSA were needed for 50% inhibition of cell growth in the presence of curcumin than in its absence. Under these conditions, curcumin inactivated TR in these cell types. There was also a concomitant increase in MSA-induced sulfhydryl oxidative inactivation of PKC. Furthermore, we found a correlation between curcumin-induced inactivation of TR and curcumin-induced potentiation of MSA-associated growth inhibition and apoptosis. These results suggest TR may be a molecular target for cancer prevention. While auranofin, the prototypical TR inhibitor, is toxic, curcumin appears to be a safe alternative. Our results provide a mechanistic rationale to the combination of selenium and curcumin for cancer prevention. Just as resistance develops to cancer chemotherapy, cancer prevention may also be counteracted by resistance mechanisms. Similarly, a combination of agents may prevent the development of resistance in cancer prevention just as it does in chemotherapy. Instead of the random mixing of agents in an empiric manner, a mechanistically informed choice of agents as has been proposed here is a more rational approach to identify effective combination of agents for cancer prevention. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1889.
Longitudinal development of manual motor ability in autism spectrum disorder from childhood to mid-adulthood relates to adaptive daily living skills.

Many individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) exhibit motor difficulties, but it is unknown whether manual motor skills improve, plateau, or decline in ASD in the transition from childhood into adulthood. Atypical development of manual motor skills could impact the ability to learn and perform daily activities across the life span. This study examined longitudinal grip strength and finger tapping development in individuals with ASD (n = 90) compared to individuals with typical development (n = 56), ages 5 to 40 years old. We further examined manual motor performance as a possible correlate of current and future daily living skills. The group with ASD demonstrated atypical motor development, characterized by similar performance during childhood but increasingly poorer performance from adolescence into adulthood. Grip strength was correlated with current adaptive daily living skills, and Time 1 grip strength predicted daily living skills eight years into the future. These results suggest that individuals with ASD may experience increasingly more pronounced motor difficulties from adolescence into adulthood and that manual motor performance in ASD is related to adaptive daily living skills.
Influence of correction of ocular magnification on spectral-domain OCT retinal nerve fiber layer measurement variability and performance.

PURPOSE To analyze the influence of ocular magnification on the peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness measurement and its performance as acquired with spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). METHODS Spectral domain OCT measurements from 108 normal eyes (59 subjects) and 72 glaucoma eyes (58 patients) were exported and custom software was used to correct RNFL measurements for ocular magnification. Retinal nerve fiber layer prediction limits in normal subjects, structure-function relationships, and RNFL performance for detection of glaucoma were compared before and after correction for ocular magnification (Bennett's formula). Association of disc area with cross-sectional RNFL area was explored. RESULTS The median (interquartile range, [IQR]) visual field mean deviation and scaling factor were 0 (-0.85 to 0.73) dB and 0.96 (0.93-1.00) in normal eyes and -4.0 (-6.0 to -2.2) dB and 0.99 (0.95-1.03) in the glaucoma group (P 0.05). The cross-sectional RNFL area was not correlated with optic disc area (P = 0.325). CONCLUSIONS Correction of RNFL measurements for ocular magnification did not improve prediction limits in normal subjects or enhance the performance of SD-OCT in this group of eyes in which the axial length did not deviate significantly from average values. The cross-sectional area of the RNFL was not related to the optic disc area.
Electro-Magnetic Transient Simulator and its Application in HVDC Simulation

Electro-Magnetic Transient Simulator (EMTS), which is independently developed by China Electric Power Research Institute (CEPRI), is a computer cluster based fully digital simulation system for power grid. It is an advanced, open and expendable system with high calculation speed and friendly man-machine interface. During the same simulation, EMTS can be integrated with electromechanical transient program to conduct hybrid simulation of large-scale power grid. In this paper, at first the authors present the design thinking, architecture, hardware configuration and software constitution of EMTS; then its application in the simulation of HVDC transmission project from Three Gorges Hydropower Station to South China Power Grid is described in detail. Simulation results are similar to the characteristics from theoretical analysis and practical engineering, so it is proved that EMTS can meet the requirement of the research on HVDC.
Perceived victimization as the mechanism underlying the relationship between work stressors and counterproductive work behaviors

ABSTRACTEmployees who report workplace stressors are more likely to engage in counterproductive work behavior (CWB). However, the specific mechanisms that underlie these relationships are not well understood. This study utilizes a moderated-mediation model to examine perceived victimization as the mediator between work stressors and CWB. This model is investigated using data from 207 matched subordinate–supervisor pairs via a multiphasic data collection, with results revealing that work stressors (workload, organizational constraints, and interpersonal conflict) are related to CWB and that these relationships are mediated by perceived victimization by workplace aggression for people with more hostile attributional styles. The implications are that varying reasons for engaging in CWB may exist, based on the employee’s interpretation of events.
Identification and characterization of a unique subpopulation (CALLA/CD10/negative) of human neutrophils manifesting a heightened chemotactic response to activated complement.

We have previously demonstrated that human neutrophils synthesize the common acute lymphoblastic leukemia antigen (CALLA/CD10). To determine whether CALLA/CD10-positive and -negative neutrophils have similar or distinct functional attributes, we sorted normal peripheral blood neutrophils for CALLA/CD10 expression and compared their chemotactic ability. Surprisingly, the low-frequency (approximately 5%), CALLA/CD10- negative neutrophils displayed a dramatically heightened chemotactic response to activated complement (C') that was (a) specific for C', (b) not observed with other minor subpopulations of neutrophils, (c) not due to previous activation in vivo or in vitro, and (d) apparently not due to an increase in C5a receptors. These results underscore the concept of neutrophil heterogeneity and prompt the hypothesis that CALLA/CD10-negative neutrophils may participate in an inflammatory response to trauma involving complement activation.
Determing minimum population size for recovery of the black-footed ferret

A minimum viable population (MVP) size is estimated for the critically endangered black-footed ferret by examining five basic methods: experiments, biogeographic patterns, theoretical models, simulation models, and genetic considerations. Each method is evaluated for its applicability to the feret and endangered species in general with two criteria in mind: (1) potential research impacts to target species and (2) the value of scientific accuracy and precision in relation to short-term conservation needs. For the black-footed ferret, the genetic method proved to be the most useful, resulting in an MVP estimate of about 200 ferrets for maintenance of short-term fitness. For most endangered species, a combination of the simulation and genetic methods will probably yield the best estimate of MVP size. MVP estimates have direct implications for future research, management, and recovery efforts of endangered species.
The Business of Boycotting: Having Your Chicken and Eating It Too

We assume that there are certain causes that are morally wrong, worth speaking out against, and working to overcome, e.g., opposition to same sex marriage. This seems to suggest that we should also be boycotting certain businesses; particularly those whose owners advocate such views. Ideally, for the boycotter, this will end up silencing certain views (political or otherwise), but this seems to cause two basic problems. First, it appears initially to be coercive, because it threatens the existence of the business. Second, it runs counter to the intuition that we should not force unpopular opinions out of the marketplace of ideas. Boycotting is by its very nature a coercive act, and thus we have to carefully consider what types of actions may warrant this type of coercive action. In this paper, we will argue that an organized boycott is justified if and only if the actions taken by the company have negative consequences that outweigh the negative outcome of the boycott.
Impact of the New American Heart Association/American Stroke Association Definition of Stroke on the Results of the Stenting and Aggressive Medical Management for Preventing Recurrent Stroke in Intracranial Stenosis Trial

Background An American Heart Association/American Stroke Association (AHA/ASA) writing committee has recently recommended that tissue evidence of cerebral infarction associated with temporary symptoms (CITS) lasting Methods We compared outcomes in the medical (n = 227) and stenting (n = 224) groups in SAMMPRIS using the following primary end point (new components in bold): any stroke, CITS, or death within 30 days after enrollment or within 30 days after a revascularization procedure for the qualifying lesion during follow-up; or ischemic stroke or CITS in the territory of the qualifying artery beyond 30 days. We also compared the use of brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) after transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) in both treatment groups. Results By considering CITS as equivalent to stroke, the number of primary end points increased from 34 to 43 in the medical group and from 52 to 66 in the stenting group of SAMMPRIS. The Kaplan–Meier curves for the primary end points in the 2 groups were significantly different ( P = .009). The percentage of patients with reported TIAs who underwent brain MRI was 69% in the medical group and 61% in the stenting group ( P = .40). Conclusion Using the AHA/ASA definition of stroke resulted in a substantially higher primary end point rate in both treatment groups and an even higher benefit from medical therapy over stenting than originally shown in SAMMPRIS. The higher rate of CITS in the stenting group was not due to ascertainment bias.
Fifteen Years of Experience in Treating 2177 Episodes of Foot and Leg Lesions with the Circulator Boot Results of Treatments with the Circulator Boot

Objective. To determine the clinical effectiveness of the end-diastolic pneumatic compres sion boot and of local antibiotics in treating limb lesions associated with diabetes and peripheral arteria...
The Slow Professor: Challenging the Culture of Speed in the Academy By Maggie Berg and Barbara K. Seeber

Review of The Slow Professor: Challenging the Culture of Speed in the Academy by Maggie Berg and Barbara K. Seeber
Fisheries, food, and health in the USA: the importance of aligning fisheries and health policies

Food availability, access, and utilization are the three pillars of food security and need to be aligned in order to support a healthy population. United States (US) fisheries policy plays an important role in seafood availability. US health policy impacts access and utilization of seafood in various ways; however, health policies are often disconnected from fisheries policy. Aligning fisheries and health policies is imperative to improve food security. We address two questions with our work: (1) how would US federal fisheries policy be different if our fisheries were managed with beneficial health outcomes for Americans as clear objectives; and (2) how would US health policy be different if one of its goals was to support sustainable domestic fisheries and aquaculture? We report how fisheries policies and health policies are additive, synergistic, or antagonistic with regard to seafood, and provide illustrative examples of collaboration between health and fisheries communities at different levels of the food system (federal and state policies, corporate partnerships, and civil society). We also develop a list of topics for future research, and opportunities to align and integrate fisheries and health policies. Managing fisheries to promote optimal nutrition and efficient food production likely requires a different approach to fisheries management—new outcomes will need to be monitored, new approaches found, and fisheries, aquaculture, and health policies better integrated. Health policies rarely consider the source of fish, their connections with US fisheries systems, and global distribution of seafood. Change can begin where the most promising opportunities exist, such as institutional food procurement, Farm to School programs, social marketing campaigns, and private sector start-ups. Continued development in fisheries and health policies, however, will need to occur at multiple levels of federal policy, and across the different domains and dimensions of the food system (e.g., social, political, biophysical, economic).
Investigation of the effects of load parasitic inductance on SiC MOSFETs switching performance

Parasitic inductances are responsible for oscillations and overshoots in the switching waveforms of SiC MOSFETs under high-frequency operations. In addition to the parasitic inductance of PCB board, bus-bar, device packaging, and drive circuit, the load inductance used for energy storage represents another source of parasitic inductance in SiC MOSFETs converters. Therefore, it is necessary to study the effect of the parasitic inductance contributed by inductive loads. This paper studies the effects of the load parasitic inductance on the switching performance of a SiC MOSFET-based switching power pole (SPP) or what traditionally defined as a half-bridge. The goal is to identify the influence of the load parasitic inductance on the overshoot and ringing in the waveforms of the device drain-to-source voltage and drain current. Using a simple procedure based on experimental measurements of the device drain-to-source voltage and drain current along with the mathematical formula of the inductance, the value of the parasitic inductance of the load inductor was evaluated.
Resection or transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma: is the decision clear for patients beyond Milan criteria?

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the second leading cause of cancer related mortality worldwide, and in western countries, its incidence is on the rise (1,2).
Base free oxidation of 1,6-hexanediol to adipic acid over supported noble metal mono- and bimetallic catalysts

Abstract 1,6-Hexanediol is an emerging building-block chemical, which may be derived from biomass and can produce adipic acid for the synthesis of polymers. A series of supported Pt, Bi-Pt, Au, Pd, Au-Pd, and Au-Pt catalysts were prepared and evaluated in the aerobic oxidation of 1,6-hexanediol to adipic acid in aqueous solution without the addition of a base or an acid. The influences of various molar ratios of the metals in the bimetallic systems and the support (C, ZrO2) were studied. Under the conditions used, bismuth did not promote the catalytic performance of Pt catalysts. On the other hand, formation of an alloy of Au-Pd or Au-Pt made the catalysts very effective. A yield of adipic acid of ca. 96% was achieved at 70 °C under 40 bar of air over the Au-Pt catalyst supported on zirconia with a Au/Pt molar ratio of about 1. Recycling tests revealed the possibility to use the catalyst up to 6 times without significant changes in its catalytic performance.
Some remarks on "Is there a fundamental difference between a liquid and a gas?"

The van der Waals equation is used to study the properties of a liquid-gas system in the region just above the critical point. The $P\text{\ensuremath{-}}T$ curve of maximum isothermal compressibility, which persists to 1.068 times the critical temperature, is found to be a natural extension of the liquid-vapor equilibrium curve. Since the van der Waals equation is analytic, the present results do not support the view, recently advanced by Douglass, that there might be a fundamental difference between a liquid and a gas.
The role of mesoscale convective systems in the diurnal cycle of rainfall and its seasonality over sub-Saharan Northern Africa

This study evaluates the role of MCSs in the total rainfall distribution as a function of season from a climatological perspective (1998–2014) over sub-Saharan northern Africa and examines how the diurnal cycle of rainfall changes with season. Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) 3B42V7 rainfall estimates and European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts ERA-Interim reanalysis are used to evaluate the climatology. The percentages of the full TRMM precipitation delivered by MCSs have meridional structures in spring, fall and winter, ranging from 0 to 80% across sub-Saharan northern Africa, while the percentages are homogenous in summer (> 80%). The diurnal cycles of MCS-associated precipitation coincide with the full TRMM rainfall. Attributes of MCSs, including size, count, and intensity, vary synchronously with the diurnal cycle of rainfall. The diurnal peaks are classified into three categories: single afternoon peak, continuous afternoon peak, and nocturnal peak. Single afternoon peaks dominate in spring and fall while continuous afternoon and nocturnal peaks are more common in summer, indicating the seasonality of the diurnal cycle. The continuous afternoon peak combines rainfall from two system types—one locally-generated and one propagating. The seasonality of the diurnal cycle is related to the seasonality of MCS lifetimes, and propagation speeds and directions. The moisture component of the MSE profile contributes to the instability most in summer when convection is more frequent. Low-level temperature, which is related to surface warming and sensible heat fluxes, influences the instability more during winter and spring.
Asthma management in New York City schools: A physical education teacher perspective.

Objective: Physical education (PE) teachers may be the first to assist students with asthma attacks during PE class. This study explores the PE teachers' perspectives on in-school asthma management...
Measuring Team Performance in Health Care Settings

With the restructuring of the health care system and increased emphasis on performance improvement, health care teams are experiencing new demands as expectations for them change and evolve. Managers in health care organizations expect teams to utilize new technologies to communicate and document their activities (i.e., to be accountable for their levels of productivity and their outcomes). At the same time, they look to clinical teams to manage a greater number of patients with more diverse needs and increasingly complex health problems, and they expect members of natural work groups to collaborate more and depend less on outside supervision. Additionally, teams need to employ systems thinking and link their activities with other teams, units, and programs within the health care organization if the organization is to achieve its goals. Quality interactions across teams, as well as within teams, have become essential.
Two Views of Simulation

Prior to this chapter, the focus of the book has been on building—literally writing computer code for—simulation models. This chapter sets up the remainder of the book which addresses issues related to experiment design and analysis. To do so, we present two different, but complementary ways of viewing computer simulation. Section 5.1 makes clear the roles of real systems, simulated systems, and the conceptual systems that the analyst wants to design. This framework highlights sources of error in a simulation study; it is abstract, but not mathematically formal. Section 5.2 views simulation output as a stochastic process to provide a framework for designing simulation experiments and analyzing the results; it is a mathematical treatment that provides the foundation for statistical analysis. Both of these perspectives are necessary to have a deep understanding of stochastic simulation.
Aspergillus Species and Zygomycetes

Aspergillus infection of the gastrointestinal tract occurs almost exclusively in immunocompromised patients, particularly those with prolonged neutropenia, and thus bone marrow transplant recipients are at particular risk for invasive aspergillosis. The majority of patients with aspergillosis also have coexistent lung lesions.Aspergillus species have replaced Candida species as the most common fungal pathogen at some institutions.
Process Capability Indices

The capability indices Cp, CPU, CPL, k and Cpk are presented and related to process parameters. These indices are shown to form a complementary system of measures of process performance, and can be used with bilateral and unilateral tolerances, with or ..
Molecular Genetics of Plasma Lipid Transfer Proteins

The plasma lipoproteins are continuously modified during their metabolism in plasma, as result of the action of lipid modifying enzymes (lipases and lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase, LCAT) and lipid transfer processes. Whereas the transfer of cholesterol between lipoproteins or between lipoproteins and cells is governed by simple diffusion, the transfer of phospholipids and neutral lipids (cholesteryl esters and triglycerides) between lipoproteins is mediated by plasma lipid transfer activities1. In plasma the cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP, also known as lipid transfer protein-1, LTP-1) mediates the transfer of cholesteryl esters and triglycerides between lipoproteins; the CETP can also facilitate phospholipid transfer. In addition, a separate protein or proteins without neutral lipid transfer activity, can also mediate phospholipid transfer between lipqproteins. Although not well characterized, these protein(s) are called the phospholipid transfer protein (PTP) or lipid transfer protein-2 (LTP-2). The CETP plays a particularly important role in the metabolism of HDL lipids2. In humans the HDL lipids turn over much more rapidly than the structural proteins of HDL, reflecting the continuous remodeling of HDL by lipases, LCAT and lipid transfer processes2.
Herbal Medicine for Stroke

Abstract Ischemic stroke is a major cause of mortality and disability around the world. Currently, there is very little that can be done to treat a stroke other than using recombinant tissue-plasmi...
The Memoirs of Sherlock Holmes (1894)

Crowe provides an analysis centered on the idea of a Gestalt shift of the twelve Holmes stories anthologized in Memoirs. Included are some of the very best Holmes stories such as “The Adventure of Silver Blaze,” “The Adventure of the Musgrave Ritual,” “The Adventure of the Naval Treaty,” and “The Final Problem.”
General Synthesis Principles for Ruddlesden–Popper Hybrid Perovskite Halides from a Dynamic Equilibrium

Two-dimensional (2D) Ruddlesden–Popper hybrid perovskites are a homologous series of compounds with the formula A′2An–1BnX3n+1 (A′ = bulky organic cation; A = small organic cation; B = Pb2+ or Sn2+, X = Cl–, Br–, I–; n is an integer) composed of inorganic octahedral layers separated by organic spacer cations. The octahedral layer thickness is modified by the stoichiometry of the A-site cation, but limited methods exist for controlled and discriminating synthesis for all compositions. We report a general synthesis method and its principles that yield phase-pure 2D hybrid perovskites; the chemistry operates within a dynamic equilibrium established by the molar solubility of the compounds within the homologous series. A solvent–antisolvent (HI–acetic acid) pair and the common-ion effect provide selective control over the molar solubility to precipitate phase-pure compounds, as is supported by simple and predictive calculations. Here, this approach is demonstrated in detail with A′ = n-butylammonium, A = meth...
Event risk covenants, design parameters and agency issues: a comparative study of high yield versus investment grade bonds

We analyse security design parameters of 1,115 high yield (HY) and investment grade (IG) event risk covenants (ERC) protected issues between 1986 and 2012 from the agency conflict perspective. We find positive and significant stock price reaction to the issuance of HY but not the IG issues. Although, majority of these issues carry a call provision, we find significant design differences in the call provision between HY and IG issues. We find that HY issues provide strong call protection to mitigate the risk of a call due to ratings upgrade, compromising firm’s financial flexibility; resulting financial distress is mitigated by the ERC. IG issues provide weak call protection to fully exploit growth options however, role of ERC is not apparent. We also find evidence of increase in managerial entrenchment due to the presence of ERC in HY firms however, reduction in agency cost of debt supersedes cost of managerial entrenchment.