cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Modeling Parametric Processes in Few-Mode Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers

Few-mode semiconductor optical amplifiers (FM SOAs) allow more than one transverse modes to propagate inside of the waveguide region. They are useful in optical signal processing of distinct spatial mode signals when applied to spatial division multiplexing in an optical fiber communication. A model for FM SOAs including carrier rate and coupled-mode equations, which govern linear and nonlinear effects, is derived for the first time. The model reveals two distinctions of parametric process in FM SOAs through carrier gratings. First, the carrier gratings with transverse variation patterns provide unique mode selectivity, which only allows efficient interaction between certain modes. This mode selectivity is summarized as a parallelogram rule, a simple method to find the interacting modes and categorize them. Second, degenerate four wave mixing (FWM) via static carrier grating diffraction distinguishes itself from other types of FWMs for the highest wave interaction efficiency. Theoretical analysis and numerical simulation show that optical signal processing based on the degenerate FWM features high power efficiency, broadband operation, phase sensitivity, and mode selectivity. The processing can be done either in the spatial mode domain or in the frequency domain, or by combing them together. These features bestowed by the introduction of spatial degree of freedom, make FM SOAs promising in optical signal processing.
Buildings and s-Transitive Graphs

A graph is s-transitive if its automorphism group acts transitively on the set of paths of length s. This is a notion due to William Tutte who showed in 1947 that a finite trivalent graph can never be 6-transitive. We examine connections between the theory of s-transitive graphs and the classification of Moufang polygons, a class of graphs exhibiting “local” s-transitivity for large values of s. Moufang polygons are examples of buildings. Both of these notions were introduced by Jacques Tits in the study of algebraic groups. We give an overview of Tits’ classification results in the theory of spherical buildings (which include the classification of Moufang polygons as a special case) and describe, in particular, the classification of finite buildings.
New Ordovician marine macroalgae from North America, with observations on Buthograptus, Callithamnopsis, and Chaetocladus

Ordovician material from the Platteville Formation (Sandbian) of southern Wisconsin and Big Hill Formation (Katian) of northern Michigan is described that provides novel information about the phylogenetic affinity, taxonomic diversity, and stratigraphic range of the nonbiomineralized taxa Buthograptus, Callithamnopsis, and Chaetocladus. Two new species of Buthograptus, a previously monotypic genus, are erected on the basis of the Platteville Formation material, Buthograptus gundersoni n. sp. and B. meyeri n. sp., and new occurrences of B. laxus are recorded from several localities and two distinct stratigraphic levels within this unit. On the basis of scanning electron microscopic investigation of the material and the fact that each of the three Buthograptus species has a close counterpart in the frond morphology of an extant species of Caulerpa, Buthograptus is interpreted as a member of the green algal order Bryopsidales. New specimens from the Platteville Formation assigned to Callithamnopsis reveal new morphological details for the type species, C. fruticosa (Hall, 1865), aspects of which indicate that the genus belongs to the family Triploporellaceae rather than Seletonellaceae within the green algal order Dasycladales, and Chaetocladus material from the Big Hill Formation includes specimens that are formally assigned to Chaetocladus dubius (Spencer, 1884), a species of dasycladalean alga known previously only from the mid-Silurian of Ontario.
Robert E. Dugan and Peter Hernon. Financial Management in Academic Libraries: Data-Driven Planning and Budgeting . Chicago: American Library Association for the Association of College and Research Libraries, 2018. 200p. Paper, $56.00 (ISBN: 978-0-8389-8943-2).

Many areas of academic libraries receive a lot of attention. Technology in its many forms is a big one as well as library instruction. There is much interest around changing cataloging and metadata standards and their impact on discovery. Whole conferences are dedicated to assessment and collection development. We read about newly renovated library spaces and new mergers between vendors and publishers. Within each of these and many other issues, there is frequently a section, paragraph, or maybe just a sentence that speaks to the financial aspect. These financial aspects shift and change from institution to institution, from library to library. Every academic library wrestles with its financial picture as it tries to serve its institution in a panoply of ways. To aid in this struggle, Robert Dugan and Peter Hernon have put together the text Financial Management in Academic Libraries: Data-Driven Planning and Budgeting .
Abstract P013: Serum Uric Acid is Not Associated With Incident Dementia in the ARIC-NCS Cohort

Background: Recent studies have investigated the involvement of serum uric acid (SUA) in the progression of cognitive decline and dementia with conflicting results. SUA is known to be associated wi...
Nutrient release from the sediments of the Great Bay Estuary, N.H. USA

Abstract Estuarine primary productivity and water quality are directly impacted by the processes that release nutrients from sediments. In this study, the release of nutrients by diffusion and sediment resuspension was investigated in the Great Bay, a temperate estuary on the northeast coast of the United States. Three sites were sampled in summer using porewater profiles and erosion chamber experiments. Porewater profiles showed a diffusive flux of ammonium and dissolved silicon (with average fluxes of 1.4 and 0.4 mmol m −2 day −1 respectively), while phosphate was not consistently released. Erosion chamber results showed that resuspension released ammonium and dissolved silicon in concentrations that increased with shear stress. The observed concentrations were greater than expected from the erosion of porewaters. This non-conservative release is consistent with desorption from resuspended particles and can be described by a linear relationship between the surface porewater concentration, amount of eroded sediment, and the non-dimensional adsorption coefficient K . For a moderate intensity resuspension event (0.22 Nm −2 ) the ammonium release is small relative to the daily diffusive release (erosion/diffusion = 0.6). By contrast, resuspension is important for dissolved silicon (erosion/diffusion = 8) and should be considered in estuarine silicon budgets. Scaling up the ammonium results indicates that the daily diffusive input is comparable to the daily summer riverine load of dissolved inorganic nitrogen. Benthic processes were found to return significant quantities of ammonium and dissolved silicon back into the waters of the Great Bay and likely contribute to the symptoms of eutrophication.
Psychological, physiological, and phenomenological effects of colored light

This research explores colored light from historical, scientific, and technological vantage points. Effects of colored light on the human condition are examined on multiple levels, comparing theories in physiological, psychological, and phenomenological areas of study, addressed across a broad scope of literature. The focus of this research is to gain an understanding of the effects of colored light on the human condition, and how designing with it can provide an engaging phenomenological experience which marries centuries’ old design techniques with modern technological innovations. The stages of research include a literature review, followed by a series of creative explorations with light, texture and form through small-scale models. Data gathered is then analyzed, categorized, and used to create a taxonomy for designing with colored light. Research is then explored on a larger scale through a pilot study conducted in a 5’ x 9’ room designed to create an experience of being bathed in colored light with user-controlled variability. Each research method may then be used to inform the design of interior environments, affecting the participant’s physiological, psychological, and phenomenological experiences.
Cellular co-infection increases the speed and efficiency of influenza A virus production and shapes the interferon response to infection

ABSTRACT During viral infection, the numbers of virions infecting individual cells can vary significantly over time and space. The functional consequences of this variation in cellular multiplicity of infection (MOI) remain poorly understood. Here, we rigorously quantify the phenotypic consequences of cellular MOI during influenza A virus (IAV) infection over a single round of replication in terms of cell death rates, viral output kinetics, interferon production, and superinfection potential. By statistically fitting mathematical models to our data, we precisely define the specific functional forms that govern the modulation of these phenotypes by MOI at the single cell level. We find that cellular co-infection increases the rate and efficiency of virus production, suggesting a potential role for co-infection in influencing viral fitness. We also find that infected cell death rates and type I interferon expression are independent of viral input while type III interferon induction is highly dependent on cellular MOI, identifying a role for cellular co-infection in shaping the host immune response to IAV infection. Finally, we show that increasing viral input is associated with more potent superinfection exclusion, thus limiting the total number of virions capable of infecting a cell. Overall, this study suggests that the extent of cellular co-infection by influenza viruses may be a critical determinant of both viral fitness and infection outcome. AUTHOR SUMMARY During influenza A virus (IAV) infection the number of virions to enter individual cells can be highly variable. Cellular co-infection appears to be common and plays an essential role in facilitating reassortment for IAV, yet little is known about how cellular co-infection influences infection outcomes at the cellular level. Here, we combine quantitative in vitro infection experiments with statistical model fitting to precisely define the phenotypic consequences of cellular co-infection. We reveal that cellular co-infection both accelerates and increases the efficiency of IAV production, identifying it as a potential determinant of viral fitness. We also show that induction of type III, but not type I, interferon is highly dependent upon the number of virions that infect a given cell, implicating cellular co-infection as an unappreciated determinant of the host innate immune response to infection. Altogether, our findings show that cellular co-infection plays a crucial role in determining infection outcome. The integration of experimental and statistical modeling approaches detailed here represents a significant advance in the quantitative study of influenza virus infection and should aid ongoing efforts focused on the construction of mathematical models of IAV infection.
Use of Fish Oil Intravenous Lipid Emulsions as Monotherapy in the Pediatric Intestinal Failure Patient: Beyond the Package Insert.

In July 2018, an intravenous lipid emulsion (ILE) composed of 100% fish oil (Omegaven, Fresenius Kabi, Bad Homburg, Germany) received Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval as a source of fatty acids and calories for infants and children with parenteral nutrition-associated cholestasis. This soy-free fat source is rich in ω-3 fatty acids and α-tocopherol and contains few phytosterols. In comparison to conventional soybean oil ILE, this emulsion appears to be less hepatotoxic. The purpose of this paper is to guide the practitioner on the use of this alternative fat source in clinical practice and augment the material contained in the current package insert. This paper addresses various topics including the identification of which patients would benefit from fish oil ILE, dosing, administration, monitoring, potential adverse effects, and management strategies for fish oil ILE.
Attacking Asset Protection LLCs

This chapter in a forthcoming book (to be published by Edward Elgar) addresses LLCs set up to protect property personally used by the LLC's owner from seizure by the owner's creditors (asset protection LLCs). The normal remedy available to creditors of owners of an LLC is a charging order commanding the company to pay to the creditor, instead of the debtor, the debtor’s share of any distributions the company makes. This does not work when the LLC is set up to hold assets personally used by a solitary owner rather than to operate a business. The chapter examines the creditor’s remedies based upon creative use of charging orders, bankruptcy law, fraudulent transfer statutes and reverse piercing. The chapter argues, contrary to existing scholarship in the area, that properly understood and aggressively applied, these remedies are sufficient to prevent abuse.
Free Space Optical Link Utilizing a Modulated Retro-Reflector Intended for Planetary Duplex Communication Links Between an Orbiter and Surface Unit

Presented are simulation and experimental results that provide duplex optical-free space communication links with minimal power and pointing requirements by using a modulated retro-reflector (MRR) for planetary communications. The design is the MRR resides on the surface of a planet or moon, where energy is scarce, while the source of the communication laser resides on an orbiter to achieve satellite-to-ground communications. Also, a simulated scenario using the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) is provided for real world potential results. The information sent through this communication path can range from raw scientific data to multimedia files such as videos and pictures. Bidirectional communications is established with the MRR by using a nested pulse position modulation (PPM) structure. This modulation scheme is then evaluated for its validity in a proof-of-concept experiment. Initial results indicate a promising return-link performance of at least 300 kbps in the nested arrangement.
On the Intersection of Big Data and Privacy

A struggle has emerged in relation to the sacredness of one's private information and the importance of moving forward in a digital world of social media, smart devices, and Big Data -- an era known as the Age of Context. The purpose of this paper is to make a clear case for concern regarding the seriousness of keeping data private while facilitating efforts to encourage and support emerging technologies. This investigative process included the pursuit of relevant articles and published works that provided a clear and relevant picture of the current state of affairs concerning Big Data and privacy. After a review of the literature, an analysis of data collection methods, a discovery of Big Data processes and purposes, and the identification of risks pertaining to the individual, the military, and the country, it was determined that significant concerns do exist pertaining to data collection, Big Data, and privacy. These concerns not only pertain to the individual, but with military effectiveness and national security.
The applications of video-electroencephalogram in the pediatric intensive care unit and the neonatal intensive care unit

Cerebral injury is a common disease in the pediatric intensine care unit(PICU) and the neonatal intensive care unit(NICU). Video-electroencephalogram examination can help for the etidogical diagnosis, illness monitoring and prognosis assessment.The article is a review about the applications of video-electroencephalogram in common diseases in NICU and PICU. Key words: Video-electroencephalogram; Intensive care unit; Neonates; Children ,
Severity of Cytokine Release Syndrome and Its Association with Infections after T Cell-Replete Haploidentical Related Donor Transplantation.

ABSTRACT An increased risk of infections has been described after T cell-replete haploidentical cell transplantation (haploHCT). Cytokine release syndrome (CRS) after haploHCT is a known phenomenon, but the impact of CRS severity on the risk of infections remains unexplored. We retrospectively evaluated 78 consecutive adult haploHCT recipients from 2012 to 2018 for the development of CRS (graded based on the criteria of Lee et al) and examined the incidence and mortality due to infections in correlation with CRS severity. In our study cohort, which was stratified into 3 groups by severity of CRS, 80% of the patients developed infections within 180 days of HCT. Significantly higher proportions of patients with CRS grade 2 (89%) and grade ≥3 (90%) than patients with CRS grade 0-1 (68%) had at least 1 infection in the first 100 days (P = .04). Bloodstream infections (BSIs) were seen more frequently in patients with CRS grade 2 and grade ≥3 in the first 6 months. Multivariable analysis for time to infection showed that CRS grade ≥3 was independently associated with an elevated risk of any infection compared with CRS grade 0-1 (hazard ratio [HR], 3.05; P = .007). CRS grade ≥3 was also associated with a higher hazard of viral (HR, 3.42; P = .04) and bacterial infections (HR, 2.83; P = .03) compared with CRS grade 0-1. After adjusting for time to neutrophil engraftment as a time-dependent covariate, CRS grade ≥3 still had a significant effect on viral infections (HR, 2.49; P = .03), but not on bacterial infections (HR, 1.32; P = .57). CRS grade was also a significant predictor for infection density (overall, bacterial, and viral). The incidence of infection-related mortality by day +100 was higher in patients with severe CRS. Severe CRS developing after post-transplantation cyclophosphamide-based haploHCT is independently associated with viral infections and an increased risk of bacterial infections, likely through delayed neutrophil engraftment.
Dose effects of a DNA vaccine encoding immobilization antigen on immune response of channel catfish against Ichthyophthirius multifiliis

Abstract Channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) vaccinated with pcDNA3.1-IAg52b plasmid DNA vaccine encoding immobilization antigen genes of Ichthyophthirius multifiliis (Ich) produced anti-Ich antibodies and were partially protected (20% survival) in a previous study. Here we evaluated whether a higher dose or two doses of pcDNA3.1-IAg52b vaccine could provide better protection for catfish against Ich. Fish were distributed into 6 groups and vaccinated using following schemes: 1.10 μg pcDNA3.1-IAg52b fish−1, 2.20 μg pcDNA3.1-IAg52b fish−1, 3. two doses of 10 μg pcDNA3.1-IAg52b fish−1 with 7 days between doses, 4.20 μg pcDNA3.1 fish−1 (mock-vaccinated control), 5.15,000 live theronts fish−1 (positive control), and 6. non-vaccinated and non-challenge control. Parasite infection levels, serum anti-Ich antibody levels, fish mortality and immune-related gene expression were determined during the trial. Fish vaccinated with a single dose of 20 μg pcDNA3.1-IAg52b fish−1 or two doses of 10 μg fish−1 had higher anti-Ich antibody levels than fish receiving a single dose of 10 μg fish−1. Survival was significantly higher in fish receiving 20 μg vaccine fish−1 (35.6%) or 2 doses of 10 μg fish−1 (48.9%) than fish injected with a single dose of 10 μg fish−1 (15.6%) or mock-vaccinated control (0%). Fish vaccinated at the dose 20 μg fish−1 had higher expression of vaccine DNA in muscle than fish vaccinated with 10 μg fish−1. Fish vaccinated with the DNA vaccine showed higher up-regulation than mock-vaccinated control in the expression of IgM, CD4, MHC I and TcR-α genes during most of time points after vaccination. Further studies are needed to improve efficacy of DNA vaccines by using multiple antigens in the DNA vaccines.
Mechanics of moving defects in growing sheets: 3-d, small deformation theory

Growth and other dynamical processes in soft materials can create novel types of mesoscopic defects including discontinuities for the second and higher derivatives of the deformation, and terminating defects for these discontinuities. These higher-order defects move “easily", and can thus confer a great degree of flexibility to the material. We develop a general continuum mechanical framework from which we can derive the dynamics of higher order defects in a thermodynamically consistent manner. We illustrate our framework by obtaining the explicit dynamical equations for the next higher order defects in an elastic body beyond dislocations, phase boundaries, and disclinations, namely, surfaces of inflection and branch lines.
Recent Trends in Admission Diagnosis and Related Mortality in the Medically Critically Ill

Purpose:With decades of declining ICU mortality, we hypothesized that the outcomes and distribution of diseases cared for in the ICU have changed and we aimed to further characterize them.Study Des...
Tissue-Specific Proteomics Analysis of Anti-COVID-19 Nucleoside and Nucleotide Prodrug-Activating Enzymes Provides Insights into the Optimization of Prodrug Design and Pharmacotherapy Strategy

Nucleoside and nucleotide analogs are an essential class of antivirals for COVID-19 treatment. Several nucleoside/nucleotide analogs have shown promising effects against SARS-CoV-2 in vitro; however, their in vivo efficacy is limited. Nucleoside/nucleotide analogs are often formed as ester prodrugs to improve pharmacokinetics (PK) performance. After entering cells, the prodrugs undergo several enzymatic metabolism steps to form the active metabolite triphosphate nucleoside (TP-Nuc); prodrug activation is therefore associated with the abundance and catalytic activity of the corresponding activating enzymes. Having the activation of nucleoside/nucleotide prodrugs occur at the target site of action, such as the lung, is critical for anti-SARS-CoV-2 efficacy. Herein, we conducted an absolute quantitative proteomics study to determine the expression of relevant activating enzymes in human organs related to the PK and antiviral efficacy of nucleoside/nucleotide prodrugs, including the lung, liver, intestine, and kidney. The protein levels of prodrug-activating enzymes differed significantly among the tissues. Using catalytic activity values reported previously for individual enzymes, we calculated prodrug activation profiles in these tissues. The prodrugs evaluated in this study include nine McGuigan phosphoramidate prodrugs, two cyclic monophosphate prodrugs, two l-valyl ester prodrugs, and one octanoate prodrug. Our analysis showed that most orally administered nucleoside/nucleotide prodrugs were primarily activated in the liver, suggesting that parenteral delivery routes such as inhalation and intravenous infusion could be better options when these antiviral prodrugs are used to treat COVID-19. The results also indicated that the l-valyl ester prodrug design can plausibly improve drug bioavailability and enhance effects against SARS-CoV-2 intestinal infections. This study further revealed that an octanoate prodrug could provide a long-acting antiviral effect targeting SARS-CoV-2 infections in the lung. Finally, our molecular docking analysis suggested several prodrug forms of favipiravir and GS-441524 that are likely to exhibit favorable PK features over existing prodrug forms. In sum, this study revealed the activation mechanisms of various nucleoside/nucleotide prodrugs relevant to COVID-19 treatment in different organs and shed light on the development of more effective anti-COVID-19 prodrugs.
The Specific Factors Model for Trade and Migration

When proposing new or modified economic policies, it is important to understand the distributional implications of such policies. Do they potentially affect everyone in the same way? Or can we expect different impacts for different segments of the population? The specific factors model is a canonical model that is very well suited to address distributional questions related to a range of economic policies, as it distinguishes multiple sectors in the economy that each employ a different mix of production factors (such as labor and capital). This technical note focuses on applications of the specific factors model to international trade policies; toward the end it also explores how the model might be useful in other settings. At Darden, this note is used in the second-year International Trade elective; a variant of the same model is taught in the Global Economics of Water elective. It would also be suitable in courses covering short-, medium-, and long-run analyses of economic policy. Excerpt UVA-GEM-0157 Mar. 23, 2018 The Specific Factors Model for Trade and Migration In recent years, income inequality—and its rise in many countries—has increasingly taken central stage in public debates. When proposing new or modified economic policies, such as liberalizing trade or establishing more or less restrictive immigration rules, it is important to understand the distributional implications of such policies. Do they potentially affect everyone in the same way? Or can we expect different impacts for different segments of the population? It is clear that it is of primary importance to grasp differential impacts, should they exist, in order to anticipate and manage the political economy of policy reforms. At least from an economist's point of view, it is not unreasonable to expect support from those who stand to benefit, as well as opposition from those whose well-being may be adversely affected. In this context, economic models can be useful. The specific factors model is a canonical model that is very well suited to address distributional questions. Moreover, it is very flexible, in that it lends itself to analyses not just of trade policy, but also of immigration reform and other topics such as water markets. This note focuses on international trade–related applications for a small open economy; toward the end it also explores how the model might be useful in other settings. . . .
Metabolic activity of bone marrow in the lower extremities: Age effect

1617 Objectives: FDG uptake in the red bone marrow can be well seen in the axial, long and flat bone on a PEF image, especially after chemotherapy. FDG in the bone marrow as a marker of the active metabolism reflects hematopoietic activity. This study was undertaken to assess possible relationship between age of the patients and the metabolic activity of bone marrow in the lower extremities. Methods: A retrospective study includes 49 lower extremities of 35 subjects (20 males and 15 females, age range: 13-90 year) who has no history of radiation therapy, treatment of bone marrow suppressant and stimulant, and free of chemotherapy. The images of the lower extremities were acquired at approximate 60 minutes after administration of FDG intravenously. The maximal standard uptake values (SUVmax) of FDG was examined on each lower extremity, including the central regions of the proximal, middle, and distal femur, as well as proximal tibia on a axial view, sagittal and coronal views. Results: The SUVmax in the central area of proximal femur was 1.2±0.3 which was the highest uptake and significantly different (p Conclusions: Our findings suggest that in the lower extremities, metabolism of bone marrow decreases with aging in the proximal femur while the metabolism of bone marrow in other regions of bones had no significant change. Understanding the pattern of metabolic changes of bone marrow during aging might be useful when FDG PET is utilized to evaluate possible bone marrow abnormalities.
A New Family of Algebraically Defined Graphs With Small Automorphism Group

Let $p$ be an odd prime, $q=p^e$, $e\ge 1$, and $\mathbb{F} = \mathbb{F_q}$ denote the finite field of $q$ elements. Let $f: \mathbb{F}^2\to \mathbb{F}$ and $g: \mathbb{F}^3\to \mathbb{F}$ be functions, and let $P$ and $L$ be two copies of the 3-dimensional vector space $\mathbb{F}^3$. Consider a bipartite graph $\Gamma _\mathbb{F} (f, g)$ with vertex partitions $P$ and $L$ and with edges defined as follows: for every $(p)=(p_1,p_2,p_3)\in P$ and every $[l]= [l_1,l_2,l_3]\in L$, $\{(p), [l]\} = (p)[l]$ is an edge in $\Gamma _\mathbb{F} (f, g)$ if $$p_2+l_2 =f(p_1,l_1) \;\;\;\text{and}\;\;\; p_3 + l_3 = g(p_1,p_2,l_1).$$ Given $\Gamma _\mathbb{F} (f, g)$, is it always possible to find a function $h:\mathbb{F}^2\to \mathbb{F}$ such that the graph $\Gamma _\mathbb{F} (f, h)$ with the same vertex set as $\Gamma _\mathbb{F} (f, g)$ and with edges $(p)[l]$ defined in a similar way by the system $$p_2+l_2 =f(p_1,l_1) \;\;\;\text{and}\;\;\; p_3 + l_3 = h(p_1,l_1),$$ is isomorphic to $\Gamma _\mathbb{F} (f, g)$ for infinitely many $q$? In this paper we show that the answer to the question is negative and the graphs $\Gamma_{\mathbb{F}_p}(p_1\ell_1, p_1\ell_1p_2(p_1 + p_2 + p_1p_2))$ provide such an example for $p \equiv 1 \pmod{3}$. Our argument is based on proving that the automorphism group of these graphs has order $p$, which is the smallest possible order of the automorphism group of graphs of the form $\Gamma_{\mathbb{F}}(f, g)$.
Process and design analysis for ultra fine-pitched wiresweep elimination in advanced copper heat spreader BGA

The semiconductor device trend for increasing functionalities and performances yet with smaller overall feature sizes presents escalating obstacles to the decreasing form factor along with demanding thermal carrying capability required at the package level. To confront this compounding issue, ultra fine pitch wirebond interconnect coupled with thermally enhanced copper heat spreader attached to the package are introduced. But the additional copper heat spreader thickness introduced within the package challenges the design of the package's wire, its loop height, and the molding process control to prevent wire sweeping occurrences. This study investigates the impact of different ultra fine pitched wire types, wire loop designs, copper heat spreader structures, and mold material types on eliminating device short from occurring due to the wire sweeping phenomena. A designed experiment is performed using an active silicon device packaged in a thermally enhanced BGA test vehicle. In addition, test characterization is carried out using fine-focused X-ray and multi-insertions hot/cold continuity tests. Then, a detailed failure analysis is performed by package decapsulation to confirm the experimental findings. In conclusion, the study finds that for an ultra fine pitched thermally enhanced BGA package, wire type is insignificant to reduce wire shorting occurrences. However, mold material and copper heat spreader structure using an optimized wire loop design are significant factors in eliminating wiresweep shorting phenomena. This study concludes with a wirebond interconnect and heat slug design recommended along with an improved process parameters and assembly material sets found from the experiment.
Id2a is required for hepatic outgrowth during liver development in zebrafish

During development, inhibitor of DNA binding (Id) proteins, a subclass of the helix-loop-helix family of proteins, regulate cellular proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis in various organs. However, a functional role of Id2a in liver development has not yet been reported. Here, using zebrafish as a model organism, we provide in vivo evidence that Id2a regulates hepatoblast proliferation and cell death during liver development. Initially, in the liver, id2a is expressed in hepatoblasts and after their differentiation, id2a expression is restricted to biliary epithelial cells. id2a knockdown in zebrafish embryos had no effect on hepatoblast specification or hepatocyte differentiation. However, liver size was greatly reduced in id2a morpholino-injected embryos, indicative of a hepatic outgrowth defect attributable to the significant decrease in proliferating hepatoblasts concomitant with the significant increase in hepatoblast cell death. Altogether, these data support the role of Id2a as an important regulator of hepatic outgrowth via modulation of hepatoblast proliferation and survival during liver development in zebrafish.
4 Transforming Growth Factor-β and Its Actions on Cellular Growth and Differentiation

Publisher Summary Transforming growth factor- β (TGF- β ) stimulates the anchorage-dependent proliferation of some cells and inhibits the proliferation of others. Although the ability of TGF- β to affect different cell types in opposite ways is puzzling, it may not reflect fundamental differences in the initial cellular responses to TGF- β . Instead, the different types of cellular responses may be because TGF- β initiates a number of changes in all responsive cells, some of which may lead to proliferation and others, to proliferative arrest. Depending on the individual responses of specific cell types and on the environment of the cells, the balance of the effects of these changes could lead to cellular proliferation or inhibition of proliferation. This hypothesis is discussed in the chapter with specific reference to the effects of TGF- β on the expression of genes encoding proteases, protease inhibitors, extracellular matrix (ECM) components, and growth and differentiation factors.
A NEW COMPONENT TEST METHODOLOGY CONCEPT FOR SIDE IMPACT SIMULATION

A new component test methodology concept for simulating National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) side impact is described in this paper. The methodology would be used to evaluate the performance of door sub-systems, trim panels and possible safety countermeasures (foam padding, side airbags, etc.). MADYMO software was used to develop the concept and the model was validated with a DOT-SID dummy. The method can also be used for simulating the European procedure, with some modifications. The method uses a combination of HYGE and VIA decelerator to achieve the desired door velocity profile from onset of crash event until door-dummy separation, and also takes into account the various other factors such as the door/B pillar-dummy contact velocity, door compliance, shape of intruding side structure, seat-to-door interaction and initial door-dummy distance.
Local-area internetworks: measurements and analysis

Abstract : The effectiveness of a local-area internetwork is evident in its end-to-end performance and reliability. The dominant factors limiting end-to-end performance are router delay and the "fit" of traffic patterns to the topology. Internetwork reliability may be enhanced by conservative topological design, even in the face of unreliable network or router technology. These issues are crucial to network design. This dissertation describes the results of studying the Stanford University Network, a large internetwork consisting of interconnected, local-area networks. To prove this thesis, I made measurements of router delay, local traffic characteristics, network topology, and traffic patterns in the Stanford internet. This report reproduces a dissertation submitted to the Department of Electrical Engineering and the Committee on Graduate Studies of Stanford University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy.
Cruelty and Silence: War, Tyranny, Uprising, and the Arab World

In 1991, Kanan Makiya, author of the bestselling Republic of Fear, returned to Iraq to investigate allegations of mass murder. The results show that at least 100,000 noncombatant Kurds were killed in 1988 in an operation code-named Al-Anfal. This book is not a historical inquiry into why that happened; it is a passionate plea that the cruelty not be ignored and repeated.
The Academic Writing of Community College Remedial Students: Text and Learner Variables.

Community college remedial reading studentscomposed an informational report from sources,a task commonly assigned in higher educationthat integrally combines reading and writingprocesses. Productivity, use of source text,reproductions, accuracy, and inclusion of keyideas were analyzed as a function of twoexogenous variables, text density (high, low)and domain (health, business), and twoendogenous variables, prior knowledge andgeneral literacy skill. Text densityinteracted with literacy skill forproductivity, and with prior knowledge foraccuracy. Individuals with lower literacy orprior knowledge scores were at a disadvantagewith high but not low density source text. Domain affected productivity, use of source,and inclusion of key ideas: health text wasassociated with superior performance. Domaineffects may be explained by metacognitive ormotivational variables, or differences in thereadability of the source texts. The resultshave implications for instruction aimed atimproving community college students'preparedness for the academic demands of highereducation.
Abstract MP12: Electronic Health Record-Based Assessment of Cardiovascular Health

INTRODUCTION: An electronic health record (EHR)-based visualization tool was developed to facilitate patient-provider communication around the American Heart Association’s (AHA) Life’s Simple 7™ for cardiovascular health (CVH). The tool automatically populates with patient data from the EHR and utilizes a stoplight color scheme to indicate “ideal” (green), “intermediate” (yellow), and “poor” (red) CVH. METHODS: CVH was defined for smoking, body mass index, blood pressure, and cholesterol according to AHA criteria. For this analysis, diabetes was characterized as either yellow (treated) or green (untreated), as most patients were missing fasting glucose values. An overall CVH score was calculated and ranged from 0 (worst) to 10 (best) by summing across behaviors and factors as follows: poor, 0; intermediate, 1; and ideal, 2. The CVH tool first launched within the EHR of our outpatient intervention clinic in October 2013. The change in CVH of female patients ages 65 and older seen in the clinic during the p...
Bullet-time in Simulation City: revisiting Baudrillard and The matrix by way of the "real 1999"

The writers and directors of The Matrix famously claimed Jean Baudrillard as a source of inspiration for their movie, going as far as to feature a copy of Baudrillard’s signature book, Simulacra and Simulation, as a prominent prop in one of the movie’s first scenes. Baudrillard, however, explicitly disowned The Matrix as a representation of his worldview. When we follow the story of The Matrix from the perspective of the protagonist Neo, as the story compels us to do, we encounter a dualistic, Platonic division between reality and illusion which, as Baudrillard rightly observes, annuls the implosive dynamic that is the heart of the hyperreal condition. On the other hand, when we consider The Matrix from the perspective of its audience, the citizens of the “real 1999” (as opposed to the simulacral 1999 generated by the Matrix), we find late-century American culture refracted back to us as the kind of world that lends itself to “neural-interactive simulation.” By performing a reading of The Matrix that emphasizes its reference to its contemporary historical moment, we can identify a sense in which the film authentically captures a Baudrillardian variety of space-time. In one of the most interesting conversations to open up between philosophy and pop culture in recent decades, the Wachowski brothers, writers and directors of the popular sciencefiction film The Matrix (1999), identified French cultural theorist Jean Baudrillard as a primary source of inspiration for their story, even going so far as to feature a copy of Baudrillard’s most famous book, Simulacra and Simulation (1994), as a prominent prop in one of the film’s first scenes and quoting the now-famous expression “the desert of the real” from the first page of that publication. Baudrillard, however, explicitly disowned the film as a representation of his thinking, going so far as to indicate that The Matrix is the kind of film the evil Matrix programme would make about the Matrix. The basic disjuncture between the narrative of The Matrix and Baudrillard’s philosophy in his seminal texts of the 1980s and 1990s concerns the manner in which reality is structured. The clear philosophical debt in the Wachowski brothers’ film is to Plato and the condition he describes in the Allegory of the Cave, in which prisoners of a false reality are freed to discover that there is a true reality the existence of which they had not suspected. The foundational insight of Baudrillard’s theory in Simulacra and Simulations, however, is that the Platonic duality between reality and representation has imploded in the modern world, resulting in a hyperreal condition to which criteria of truth or falsity no longer apply. As Baudrillard himself explains in an interview, “the real nuisance in this movie is that the brand-new problem of the simulation is mistaken with the very classic problem of the illusion, already mentioned by Plato. Here lies the mistake” (Lancelin).
NEONATAL DEATH FROM CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE ASSOCIATED WITH LARGE CUTANEOUS CAVERNOUS HEMANGIOMA.

A newborn infant with a large cutaneous cavernous hemangioma who died from congestive heart failure in the first day of life has been described. A plea is made for careful observation of the hemodynamic status of newborn infants with similar lesions.
Development of an ocean surface wave climatology in support of continental shelf projects

This paper describes the development of an ocean surface wave climatology to support a typical continental shelf project such as the operations of an ROV, a mooring, or the erection of an offshore platform. The example used is designed for water depths from 33 to 610 meters, (100 to 2000 feet). The wave data development is described first. Second, a brief overview of the hydrodynamic modeling of the surface ship motions and the submerged ROV system based on the wave data. Lastly, a brief discussion of predicting the fatigue life of system components is also based on the wave climate data. Rather than base the scastate probability of occurrence on a published spread, such as Hogben and Lumb, (Lewis, 1990), which covers entire oceans, a new data set was developed for the project range of water depths. Long time series data was extracted from twenty eight NOAA/NDBC weather buoys that were located in the right water depths in the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. The summation includes 2.9 million hourly seastate readings spread over 326 data years. While the seastate percent occurrence numbers are not hugely different from typical ocean basin scale results, this method allowed the seas and swells to be resolved with surprising results. The data shows very significant differences from the most probable modal periods published for fully developed seas. The vast sample size insures that the environment is well represented. The fact that it is real world data, and not based on some mathematical abstraction such as "Fully Developed Seas", insures that the actual at sea conditions are modeled with reasonable accuracy. This technique is easily scalable to other projects and other use scenarios.
Efficient olefin diboration by a base-free platinum catalyst

Pt(NBE)3 and Pt(COD)2 (NBE = norbornene, COD = 1,5−cyclooctadiene) catalyze the addition of 2,2‘-bis(1,3,2-benzodioxaborole) (CatB−BCat) to α-olefins. The reactions proceed smoothly under ambient conditions to give 1,2-diborylalkanes in high yield, and the catalyst is compatible with common functional groups.
Adherent spleen cell production of E series prostaglandins in rats bearing variants of the R3327 Dunning prostatic adenocarcinoma: effect of cyclophosphamide.

AbstractProstaglandins of the E series (PGE) have been implicated in many facets of immunoregulation, as well as having a possible role in metastatic dissemination. Variant sublines of the Dunning R3327 rat prostatic adenocarcinoma, differing in growth rate, hormonal responsiveness and in propensity for metastasis, were carried in Fisher × Copenhagen F1 animals. Adherent spleen cells were assayed in vitro for their ability to convert arachidonic acid to prostaglandins of the E series. These glass adherent cells presumably include the monocytic and T cell populations which have been implicated as being immunoregulatory. The results indicated that those spleen cells obtained from animals carrying the metastatic R3327-MAT-LyLu subline tumor converted more arachidonic acid to PGE's than cells derived from animals bearing non-metastatic sublines. Cyclophosphamide therapy did not alter such conversion. Multiple regulatory mechanisms for prostaglandin metabolism are suggested.
P03-163 - The influence of health beliefs and social stigma on choice of internet support groups over formal mental health services

Introduction The relationship between health beliefs regarding formal mental health services, practical variables (time, affordability, transportation), stigma, and use of internet support groups in lieu of formal treatment has received little empirical attention. Objectives The study examines the relationship between health beliefs, practical variables, stigma, and engagement in internet support groups among adults. Aims The study addresses whether beliefs regarding formal mental health services, having the time, finances, and transportation to use them, and the social consequences of being identified as having a mental health problem influence the use of internet support groups. Methods Data were analyzed from 2,532 respondents who endorsed perceiving the need for but not receiving formal mental health treatment in the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (2008). Binary logistic regression was used to examine the relationships between health beliefs, practical variables, stigma, and the use of internet support groups. Results The strongest positive predictors of internet support group use were fear of being hospitalized/taking medications (AOR = 8.252, CI = 8.170–8.334), lack of transportation (AOR = 2.313, CI = 2.271–2.357), and insufficient insurance coverage (AOR = 2.640, CI = 2.610–2.670). The strongest negative predictors of internet support group use were lack of belief in the efficacy of formal treatment (AOR = .629, CI = .618–.641), fearing that others would find out (AOR = .660, CI = .645–.675), and not thinking formal treatment was needed at the time (AOR = .681, CI = .665–.696). Conclusions Using the internet for relief from mental health symptoms has proliferated, yet has received little empirical attention. Research is needed to examine the implications of using internet technology rather than formal mental health treatment.
The pulmonary and systemic circulatory response to dopamine infusion.

Abstract 1. The pulmonary and systemic circulatory responses to dopamine infused at 8, 15, 25 and 30 μg/kg per min were studied in eight mongrel dogs. 2. Mean pulmonary artery pressure, mean left atrial pressure, mean aortic pressure, mean aortic flow and the electrocardiogram were monitored in openchest preparations. Pulmonary vascular resistance, systemic vascular resistance and stroke volume were calculated. 3. Significant increases in mean pulmonary and aortic pressures were noted at dopamine infusions of 25 and 30 μg/kg per min. The left atrial pressure fell significantly at 15 μg/kg per min and rose significantly at 30 μg/kg per min. Mean aortic flow increased at all four doses, while heart rate showed no change. Pulmonary vascular resistance did not change significantly at any dose level, but systemic vascular resistance fell slightly at 8 and 15 μg/kg per min and rose significantly at 30 μg/kg per min. Stroke volume was significantly elevated at infusions of 25 and 30 μg/kg per min. 4. The systemic circulatory response to dopamine is similar to that described by previous investigators. 5. The increased pulmonary pressures without change in resistance suggest a dopamine-induced increase in smooth muscle tension in the pulmonary vasculature.