cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Rosiglitazone treatment improves insulin regulation and dyslipidemia in type 2 diabetic cynomolgus monkeys

Impairment of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-gamma), a nuclear receptor that regulates genes involved in lipid and glucose metabolism, may contribute to the onset of metabolic disorders such as diabetes and the accompanying dyslipidemia. Fat-derived tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and the acute-phase response protein, C-reactive protein (CRP), may also have a role in the development of obesity-related insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus. In this study, a group of 14 naturally occurring, insulin-requiring, type 2 diabetic cynomolgus monkeys were used to evaluate the effects of the PPAR-gamma agonist, rosiglitazone, on glycemic and lipid parameters and serum levels of TNF-alpha and CRP. The animals were randomized into 2 groups of 7. One group was treated with 0.5 mg/kg rosiglitazone orally once a day for 7 weeks. Blood was collected for evaluation at baseline, at 2 and 7 weeks during the treatment period, and at 7 and 13 weeks after treatment. Daily insulin requirements were recorded during the entire study. Results showed daily exogenous insulin requirements were significantly reduced (P <.01) in those treated with rosiglitazone, while glycemic control was maintained. Plasma triglyceride concentrations were significantly lower (P <.01) whereas plasma cholesterol levels tended to be lower and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) concentrations tended to be higher after treatment. No significant differences were noted in TNF-alpha and CRP serum levels during the treatment period. Body weights remained steady in both groups during the study. These results suggest overall improvement in insulin regulation and lipid profiles during treatment with rosiglitazone.
Effect of Chlordan Pretreatment on the Metabolism and Lethality of Cyclophosphamide

Cyclophosphamide is converted to a cytostatic agent by enzymes present in the hepatic microsomes. Prior treatment of young rats with the insecticide, chlordan, resulted in an increased cyclophosphamide toxicity. Chlordan pretreatment also increased the in vitro metabolism of cyclophosphamide and hexobarbital, increased the excretion of the alkylating metabolite of cyclophosphamide in vivo, and decreased the sleeping times of animals treated with hexobarbital in vivo. It is most probable that increased amounts of cytostatic metabolite occurred as a result of chlordan induced microsomal drug-metabolizing enzyme stimulation.
The impact of bandgap offset distribution between conduction and valence bands in Si-based graded bandgap HBT's

Abstract This work examines the impact of bandgap offset distribution between conduction and valence bands in Si-based graded bandgap HBT's using dc and ac simulation. For a fixed total bandgap offset, a conduction band pushed up by the total offset, together with a valence band pushed up by 2× the total offset gives the best ac performance, and allows the highest operational current for high frequency applications in an n–p–n HBT. A retrograded mole fraction profile, when properly optimized, can produce nearly identical ac performance for different bandgap offset distributions. These suggest that contrary to popular belief, applying careful optimization can yield excellent transistor performance for any arbitrary band alignment for both n–p–n and p–n–p graded bandgap HBT's.
Effect of Hydrothermal Synthesis Conditions on the Morphology and Negative Thermal Expansivity of Zirconium Tungstate Nanoparticles

Zirconium tungstate (ZrW2O8) is a unique ceramic material that exhibits isotropic negative thermal expansion behavior, which can be produced at relatively low temperatures using hydrothermal synthesis and subsequent heat treatment. In this work, the effect of reaction conditions on morphology and crystallite size of ZrW2O8 nanoparticles is characterized through careful selection of initial reactants, acid types and concentration, reaction time, and temperature. Three types of ZrW2O8 nanoparticles with distinct morphologies and crystallite size scales were chosen to characterize and compare thermal and physical properties. Nano-sized ZrW2O8 particles for two of the morphologies exhibit a negative coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) that is about 30% larger than the CTE of bulk ZrW2O8 in the α-phase (ca. −11.4 vs.−8.8 ppm/°C). A dependence of CTE on crystallite size and crystalline structure is demonstrated. It is also found that the morphology of the zirconium tungstate has a significant effect on the pore structure and level of hydration in the nanoparticles.
High resolution mass spectrometry in molecular studies. Part XVII. Evidence for ring contractions in molecular ions: The fragmentation of N‐acetylmorpholine

In comparing N-acetylmorpholine to closely related systems, two major differences in fragmentation are observed. M-15 and M-43 fragments, although quite common to such systems, are unusual with respect to their genesis. Formation of the M-15 fragment by loss of C-3 instead of the anticipitated loss of C-2 or C-8 is evident from shifts in the spectra of deuterated analogs. The M-43 species arises from total loss of the N-acyl substituent rather than the usual two-step loss of ketene plus a ring hydrogen. These data are presented in support of mechanistic rationale involving radical induced ring contraction to a common intermediate molecular ion. Techniques of high resolution mass spectrometry and isotope labeling have been employed to substantiate certain mechanistic details.
Place experience, gestalt, and the human–nature relationship

Abstract This paper explores some ways in which differing views about the human–nature relationship reflect and are reflected in people's experiences of the places and environments they encounter in their lives. I first describe how ideas of humans being “part of” versus “apart from” nature have appeared in discussions of environmental ethics and management, and suggest how these contrasting views might relate to people's actual experiences of the natural and human aspects of places. Using qualitative survey responses about outdoor places in the midwestern USA to illustrate ideas from phenomenological and gestalt psychology, I show how a sense of the human–nature relationship is conveyed in the gestalt qualities of places and how this may give rise to a feeling of moral responsibility toward nature. I conclude that the experience of human and natural aspects of real places points toward a dialectical view of the human–nature relationship, in which humans can be seen as simultaneously “part of” and “apart from” nature.
Troponin I elevation and cardiac events after percutaneous coronary intervention.

Background Serum troponins are sensitive markers of myonecrosis and ischemia and are now widely used in clinical practice. Although percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI)-related creatine kinase-myocardial band isoenzyme (CK-MB) elevation has been associated with future cardiac events, the significance of troponin elevation in this setting is unknown. We sought to determine whether serum troponin I (Tn-I) elevation after PCI is associated with future cardiac events. Methods and Results Consecutive patients undergoing elective PCI underwent systematic postprocedure measurement of Tn-I and CK-MB levels. Serum levels were correlated with demographic, angiographic, and procedural characteristics and the development of major adverse cardiac events (MACE; defined as death, MI, or need for PCI or coronary bypass graft surgery) at 30 days, 6 months, and 1 year. In 286 consecutive procedures, postintervention myonecrosis-specific Tn-I was elevated in 13.6% of patients, and CK-MB was elevated in 12.9% of patients. Multivariable predictors of Tn-I elevation were procedural side branch occlusion and thrombus formation. Peak Tn-I and CK-MB values were well correlated (r = 0.81, P < .0001). Three-fold elevation of Tn-I after successful PCI was independently predictive of MACE (P = .01). Conclusions Tn-I elevation after elective PCI is relatively common and is associated with procedural complications such as incidental side branch occlusion and thrombus formation. In addition, this study demonstrates that a 3-fold elevation of Tn-I after successful elective PCI is predictive of future cardiac events, especially the need for early repeat revascularization. (Am Heart J 2003;145:522-8.)
Toward Mach 2: The Douglas D-558 Program

This monograph contains the edited transcript of a symposium marking the 50th anniversary of this aircraft's first flight in 1948. A sister aircraft to the more well-known rocket-powered X-1, the jet-powered D-558 gave NACA researchers many useful insights about the transonic speed range. Several of the original aircraft pilots present accounts of their involvement in the program. Appendices include design specifications for the Douglas D-558-1 and -2 as well as declassified documentation and memoranda (1949-1957) regarding the progress of the program.
Water film fauna of microbiotic crusts of a warm desert

Twenty-eight microbiotic crusts containing cyanobacteria, lichens and bryophytes, collected from desert soils of the Grand Canyon in northern Arizona, between Lees Ferry and Whitmore Wash in May 2000, were examined for water film fauna. Fifty-one species of ciliates, 28 of amoebae, 17 of testacea, four metazoan taxa, and a number of flagellate morphotypes were found. In the non-flagellated protozoan groups, r-selected bactivores, responding rapidly to wetting, quickly exploiting resources, and possessing efficient encysting abilities, predominated. The few nematodes were principally stylet-bearing tylenchids, feeding on fungal hyphae and moss rhizoids.
Conjugated linoleic acid.

The term conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) describes a group of conjugated, octadecadieonic acid isomers of linoleic acid.[1][1] The two isomers with known biological activity are cis -9, trans -11 linoleic acid and trans -10, cis -12 linoleic acid. Dietary sources of CLA are animal products, such as
Is the Extent of Blood-Brain-Barrier Breach Predictive of Intracortical Electrode Performance?

The feasibility of intracortical electrode based long-term recordings has been demonstrated. However, long-term stable recordings remain unpredictable and elusive. Several factors including electrode impedance, astroglial scar, and chronic inflammation have been proposed as potential determinants of electrode failure. In an extensive study comparing intracortical electrode shape, size and implantation condition, we have identified that the single most important predictor of electrode performance is the extent of blood-brain-barrier breach around electrodes. using a combination of non-invasive imaging of the blood-brain-barrier using fluorescence microtomography (FMT), immunohistochemistry and cytokine analysis, we correlate electrode performance to the inflammatory tissue reaction and the underlying molecular mechanisms that ultimately result in neuronal apoptosis and recording failure. We suggest that establishing a molecular link between electrode parameters quantitatively via blood-brain-barrier imaging and cytokine analysis, along with the ultimate functional performance of electrodes enables us to not only predict electrode performance but also design strategies to improve performance.View Large Image | View Hi-Res Image | Download PowerPoint Slide
Assessing City Responses to Federal Subventions

This paper reports on a series of case studies in which the consequences are examined of the major buildup in federal grants to urban areas over the 1970s in eleven major US cities. Conventional economic models of the impact of this buildup are argued to rely overmuch on assumptions about the manner in which local officials perceive and structure choices, neglecting important program features and ignoring variations across place and time in the structure of utility functions and in the types of behavior seen as likely to achieve a desired outcome. The case studies suggest that local uses of federal funds are structured by the uncertainty in both level and form of grant receipts and by a propensity for risk-aversion behavior on the part of local general-purpose officials.
Information for healthcare providers on general features of IGIV with emphasis on differences between commercially available products

Abstract Objective Intravenous immunoglobulin (IGIV) has provided an essential replacement therapy for primary and secondary immunodeficiencies patients and prophylaxis of infectious diseases in them. It is also used in several autoimmune and chronic inflammatory disorders. An overview of IGIV with information on several commercially available IGIV products is discussed. Data Sources Medline databases and literature provided by the manufacturer for each product presented in the manuscript. Study Selection From the vast body of information on IGIV, only those studies were selected that were pertinent to general features of IGIV (as presented below) or information provided by the manufacturer that facilitated comparing one product to the other. Data Extraction Data was extracted on production, and purification procedures, removal of infectious agents, physical and biochemical properties and issues of safety. Data was extracted only for products available in the US. Data Synthesis IGIV is prepared using pooled plasma. The purification of IGIV is a complex and multi-step process. There is a reciprocal relationship between the purity of IgG in the product and the recovery rate from the total plasma. It is quite possible that some of the biological mediators of the inflammatory and immune systems may be present in trace amounts. Screening and removal of blood borne pathogens is necessary and there are several different techniques available. The specifics of the administration are often variable and no consistent pattern or protocol has been used. When limited dosages are required IGIV may be administered subcutaneously. The side effects associated with IGIV are usually mild and self-limiting. Conclusion There are differences in products produced by different manufacturers. The current data does not provide sufficient detail or information to be able to make specific recommendations for the use of a given commercial preparation in a specific disease state. The use of IGIV is associated with certain common and uncommon side effects. The identification of risk factors that might predispose a patient to developing them have been studied and reported. In choosing a IGIV preparation the user may avoid features that may predispose to certain side effects. Equally important is monitoring of patients during and after the IGIV therapy.
Control of radiological hazards in the UCLA phi factory

Abstract Calculations of the shielding and radioactive inventory produced in a compact, high luminosity phi factory show that such a facility presents a sufficiently low hazard to be consistent with location in a densely populated campus environment.
An empirical test of five versions of the two-factor theory of job satisfaction

Abstract Predictions from five versions of the two-factor theory of job satisfaction identified by King (1970) were tested using correlational data for a sample of female office workers. No support was found for any of the versions of the theory. Two effects reported previously by Hulin and Waters (in press), intrinsic variables are generally more potent than extrinsic variables and overall satisfaction is more predictable than overall dissatisfaction, seemed to account for the data more sufficiently.
Effect of the Introduction of the Mississippi Silverside (Menidia audens) on the Growth of Black Crappie (Pomoxis nigromaculatus) and White Crappie (P. annularis) in Clear Lake, California

Abstract The growth of black crappie (Pomoxis nigromaculatus) and of white crappie (P. annularis) before a new forage fish, the Mississippi silverside (Menidia audens), became established in Clear Lake, California, was compared to their growth after the silverside had become established. Following the establishment of the silverside, growth rates of both species were slower than the presilverside growth rates for the first two years of life, and were apparently faster beyond year II. No correlation was found between changes in climatological conditions and crappie growth patterns. The overall impact of the silverside on the crappie fishery in Clear Lake may be negative if increased juvenile mortality rates result from the smaller sizes observed at the younger age classes.
Bootstrapping Numeral Meanings and the Origin of Exactness.

How do children learn the meanings of number words like one, two, and three? Whereas many words that children learn in early acquisition denote individual things and their properties (e.g., cats, c...
Sound on Sound Situating Interaction in Sonic Object Settings

Sociologists have yet to theorize interactions with sonic materiality. In this article I introduce an analytical concept for the observation of interactions with sound. Sound has material effects in all situations. But the audibility of sonic objects is a relation of situated actors to material arrangements. Sonic object settings are dynamic material arrangements in which sonic qualities emerge for interpretation. The concept synthesizes research on sonic materiality, audibility, and interaction. After outlining the concept, I present an empirical illustration from an audio firm’s RD results indicate how settings both enable and constrain the interpretation of sound.
A novel technique for double sideband suppressed carrier modulation of optical fields

We present a simple and efficient technique to produce double sideband suppressed carrier (DSBSC) modulation for coherent analog optical communications. When operating a Mach-Zehnder electro-optic modulator at the appropriate bias point the carrier exits one of the output ports while the information carrying sidebands exit the other output port. The absence of a strong carrier component in the DSBSC output allows the use of an optical amplifier immediately following the modulator where the light signals are still relatively strong hence preserving the high S/N. In our experiments using heterodyne detection at 1319 nm, we show a -28-dB carrier suppression using a commercial M-Z modulator. >
Solvophobic Interactions and Micelle Formation in Structure Forming Nonaqueous Solvents

HYDROPHOBIC interactions are important in maintaining the conformations of proteins and various macromolecules. The free energies of these interactions are entropic in origin, for the enthalpy changes are actually unfavourable at low temperatures (ΔH>0). It is generally believed that around the nonpolar parts of the solutes in contact with water there is an increased ordering1–3 of the water molecules as a result of hydrogen bonding, and that on the formation of the hydrophobic bond this order is diminished so that there is a positive entropy change. We have recently shown4 that there are solvophobic interactions in ethylene glycol, a polar nonaqueous solvent, chiefly on the grounds of the formation of micelles by several cationic detergents and the limited solubility of hydrocarbons in this solvent.
FAILURE TO ACHIEVE CASTRATE LEVELS OF TESTOSTERONE DURING LUTEINIZING HORMONE RELEASING HORMONE AGONIST THERAPY: THE CASE FOR MONITORING SERUM TESTOSTERONE AND A TREATMENT DECISION ALGORITHM

Purpose: We report the failure to achieve a castrate level of testosterone associated with 3-month depot luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LH-RH) agonist therapy, which to our knowledge is a previously unrecognized outcome.Materials and Methods: We prospectively enrolled in our study 38 men with prostate cancer on 3-month depot LH-RH agonist therapy. We monitored total serum testosterone and prostate specific antigen every 28 days beginning 90 days after the last depot LH-RH agonist injection. Data were analyzed with castrate testosterone defined as less than 50 and 20 ng./dl. or less.Results: Using the 50 and 20 ng./dl. definitions of castrate testosterone 2 (5%) and 5 (13%) of the 38 men, respectively, failed to achieve castrate testosterone. A patient with a nadir testosterone of 70 ng./dl. subsequently underwent orchiectomy and testosterone decreased to 10 ng./dl. thereafter.Conclusions: A small but potentially important subgroup of men on depot LH-RH agonist therapy fail to achieve a castrate le...
5-Aza-2'-deoxycytidine-induced cytotoxicity and limb reduction defects in the mouse.

Background 5-Aza-2′-deoxycytidine (dAZA), causes hindlimb phocomelia in CD-1 mice. Studies in our laboratory have examined the hypothesis that compound- induced changes in gene expression may uniquely affect hindlimb pattern formation. The present study tests the hypothesis that dAZA causes limb dysplasia by inducing cytotoxicity among rapidly proliferating cells in the limb bud mesenchyme. Methods Pregnant CD-1 mice were given a teratogenic dose of dAZA (i.p.) at different times on GD 10 and fetuses evaluated for skeletal development in both sets of limbs by standard methods. Using general histology and BrdU immunohistochemistry, limb mesenchymal cell death and cell proliferation were then assessed in embryos at various times post dosing, shortly after initial limb bud outgrowth. The effect of dAZA on early limb chondrogenesis was also studied using Northern analysis of scleraxis and Alcian blue staining of whole mount limb buds. Results Compound related hindlimb defects were not restricted to a specific set of skeletal elements but consisted of a range of temporally related limb anomalies. Modest defects of the radius were observed as well. These results are consistent with a general insult to the limb mesenchyme. Mesenchymal cell death and reduced cell proliferation were also observed in both sets of limbs. The timing and location of these effects indicate a role for cytotoxicity in the etiology of dAZA induced limb defects. These effects also agree with the greater teratogenicity of dAZA in the hindlimb because they were more pronounced in that limb. The expression of scleraxis, a marker of early chondrogenesis, was reduced 12 hr after dAZA exposure, a time coincident with maximal cell death, as was the subsequent emergence of Alcian blue stained long bone anlagen. Conclusions These findings support the hypothesis that cytotoxic changes in the limb bud mesenchyme during early limb outgrowth can induce the proximal limb truncations characteristic of phocomelia after dAZA administration. Teratology 65:180–190, 2002. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Advancing the human right to housing in post-Katrina New Orleans: discursive opportunity structures in housing and community development

In post-Katrina New Orleans, housing and community development (HCD) advocates clashed over the future of public housing. This case study examines the evolution of and limits to a human right to housing frame introduced by one non-governmental organization (NGO). Ferree's concept of the discursive opportunity structure and Bourdieu's social field ground this NGO's failure to advance aradical economic human rights frame, given its choice of a political inside strategy that opened up for HCD NGOs after Hurricane Katrina. Strategic andideological differences within the field limited the efficacy of this rights-based frame, which was seen as politically radical and risky compared with more resonant frames for seeking affordable housing resources and development opportunities. These divides flowed from the position of the movement-born HCD field within a neoliberal political economy, especially its current institutionalization in the finance and real estate sector, and its dependence on the state for funding a...
Argon ion and dye laser induced MgO B1Σ+-X1Σ+ and B1Σ+-A1Π photoluminescence spectra: Analysis of a3Πi ∼ X1Σ+ perturbations☆

Abstract We have experimentally demonstrated that the electronic ground state of MgO is X 1 Σ + . The lowest energy excited state was shown to be a 3 Π i , for which the following constants were determined (1σ uncertainty in parentheses): T e 2623 (7) cm −1 ω e 648 (5) ω e x e 3.9 (9) B e 0.5022 (13) α e 0.0042 (8) (Pekeris' relation) A −64 (1) The a 3 Π i state was observed and characterized from its perturbations of the X 1 Σ + ( v X > 2) levels. These perturbations were detected in the photoluminescence from the B 1 Σ + state induced by the 476.5-, 496.5-, and 514.5-nm lines of an argon ion laser. The three laser lines were shown to coincide with a total of eight strong and assignable molecular lines belonging to the B 1 Σ + - X 1 Σ + system of the three isotopic species 24 Mg 16 O, 25 Mg 16 O, and 26 Mg 16 O. The 496.5-nm line excited the less abundant 26 Mg 16 O species almost exclusively. Rotationally resolved photoluminescence from eight B 1 Σ + ( v B , J B ) levels was observed into vibronic levels X 1 Σ + ( v X = 0–7) and A 1 Π ( v A = 0–8). X 1 Σ + ∼ a 3 Π i perturbations appeared as level shifts often accompanied by extra transitions into levels of dominants a 3 Π i character; a total of 20 extra lines were assigned. A 1 Π ∼ X 1 Σ + perturbations were also observed, and six extra lines were assigned. Measurement of the relative intensities of B 1 Σ + - A 1 Π and B 1 Σ + - X 1 Σ + photoluminescence originating simultaneously from a single ( v B , J B ) level permitted determination of the transition moment ratio T e 2623 (7) cm −1 ω e 648 (5) ω e X e 3.9 (9) β e 0.5022 (13) α e 0.0042 (8) (Pekeris' relation) A −64 (1) The electronically excited A 1 Π state was present in our Mg + N 2 O flame in sufficient concentration to record the MgO B 1 Σ + ← A 1 Π excitation spectrum using a cw Rhodamine 6G dye laser. This observation raises the possibility of direct population monitoring of other electronically excited species in flames.
Adaptive significance of antipredator behaviour in artiodactyls

Abstract We used comparative data to test functional hypotheses for 17 antipredator behaviour patterns in artiodactyls. We examined the literature for hypotheses about auditory and visual signals, defensive behaviour and group-related antipredator behaviour in this taxon and derived a series of predictions for each hypothesis. Next, we documented occurrences of these behaviour patterns and morphological, ecological and behavioural variables for 200 species and coded them in binary format. We then pitted presence of an antipredator behaviour against presence of an independent variable for cervids, bovids and all artiodactyls together using nonparametric tests. Finally, we reanalysed the data using Maddison's (1990, Evolution , 44 , 539–557) concentrated-changes tests and a consensus molecular and taxonomic phylogeny. We found evidence that snorting is both a warning signal to conspecifics and a pursuit-deterrent signal, lack of evidence that whistling alerts conspecifics and indications that foot stamping is a visual signal to warn group members. Evidence suggested that tail flagging was a signal to both conspecifics and predators, that bounding, leaping and stotting were used both as a signal and to clear obstacles and that prancing functioned similarly to foot stamping. Analyses of tail flicking, zigzagging and tacking were equivocal. We confirmed that inspection occurs in large groups, freezing enhances crypticity, and species seeking refuge in cliffs tend to be small. Entering water and attacks on predators had few correlates. Finally, group living, a putative antipredator adaptation, was associated with large body size and species living in open habitats, confirming Jarman's (1974, Behaviour , 48 , 215–267) classic hypothesis. Bunching and group attack apparently deter predators. Despite limitations, comparative and systematic analyses can bolster adaptive hypotheses and raise new functional explanations for antipredator behaviour patterns in general.
Cosmic Fluctuations and Dark Matter from Scalar Field Oscillations

Scale-invariant fluctuations and cold dark matter could originate from two different modes of a single scalar field, fluctuations from massless Goldstone oscillations and matter from massive Higgs modes. Matching the fluctuations and dark matter density observed requires a heavy scale ($\phi_0\approx 10^{16}$GeV) for the potential minimum and an extremely small self coupling ($\lambda\approx 10^{-83}$). Mode coupling causes the dark matter to form in lumps with nonnegligible velocities, leading to early collapse of dense dark matter ``miniclusters'' and halos on the scale of compact dwarf galaxies.
Ocular decompression retinopathy: A review

Ocular decompression retinopathy (ODR) presents as retinal hemorrhages following acute lowering of the intraocular pressure (IOP). We review 32 articles published from 1992 to 2011 and address the pathogenesis, clinical features, management, and outcomes of ODR. ODR is defined as a multifocal hemorrhagic retinopathy that results from acute lowering of IOP and is not explained by another process. Hemorrhages occur in all retinal layers, and most patients are asymptomatic. The mean drop in IOP in ODR is 33.2 ± 15.8 mm Hg (range, 4-57 mm Hg). Eighty-two percent are diagnosed by the first postoperative day, all within 2 weeks. ODR resolved in a mean of 13 ± 12.4 weeks (range, 2-72 weeks). Vitrectomy was required for vitreous and subhyaloid hemorrhage in 14% of cases. Visual outcomes are generally good, with 85% of eyes returning to baseline vision. Although ODR infrequently results in significant ocular morbidity, gradual reduction in IOP might prevent this complication.
The Age Thickening of Sweetened Condensed Milk III. Effect of Reaction and Changes in the Electrical Conductivity during Manufacture and Aging

In a sensitive colloidal system such as milk small changes in the .various ionic concentrations are likely to exert a great influence on the stability of the system. Since the electrical conductivity of milk depends upon the various ions present and the hindering effect of the non-electrolytes, it is reasonable to expect that any changes occurring in the ionic equilibrium and the concentration of the non-electrolytes during the manufacture and aging of sweetened condensed milk would be reflected in a change in the electrical conductivity. I t is a matter of common experience that an increase in .acidity almost invariably decreases the heat stability of milk. With these facts in mind, electrical condaetivity and hydrogen-ion concentration measurements were made during the preparation and aging of several batches of sweetened condensed milk. The different batches varied in their stability toward age thickening.
Effects of the Valence of Sulfur on Passivation of Alloys 600, 690, and 800 at 25°C and 95°C

Abstract Effects of the valence of sulfur, as sulfur oxyanions and sulfide (S2− or HS−), on passivation of alloys 600, 690, and 800 (UNS N06600, N06690, and N08800) in various heat treatments were ...
The effects of anxiety and frustration on muscular tension related to the temporomandibular joint syndrome

Abstract The reactions of TMJ and control subjects to anxiety and frustration were evaluated. The results indicate that the TMJ group showed significantly greater tensional reactions than the control group under both anxiety and frustration conditions. The reactions of the TMJ group, however, were significantly greater under conditions of frustration than under anxiety. The therapeutic implications of these findings are discussed.
Large Scale Chemical Cross-linking Mass Spectrometry Perspectives.

The spectacular heterogeneity of a complex protein mixture from biological samples becomes even more difficult to tackle when one’s attention is shifted towards different protein complex topologies, transient interactions, or localization of PPIs. Meticulous protein-by-protein affinity pull-downs and yeast-two-hybrid screens are the two approaches currently used to decipher proteome-wide interaction networks. Another method is to employ chemical cross-linking, which gives not only identities of interactors, but could also provide information on the sites of interactions and interaction interfaces. Despite significant advances in mass spectrometry instrumentation over the last decade, mapping Protein-Protein Interactions (PPIs) using chemical cross-linking remains time consuming and requires substantial expertise, even in the simplest of systems. While robust methodologies and software exist for the analysis of binary PPIs and also for the single protein structure refinement using cross-linking-derived constraints, undertaking a proteome-wide cross-linking study is highly complex. Difficulties include i) identifying cross-linkers of the right length and selectivity that could capture interactions of interest; ii) enrichment of the cross-linked species; iii) identification and validation of the cross-linked peptides and cross-linked sites. In this review we examine existing literature aimed at the large-scale protein cross-linking and discuss possible paths for improvement. We also discuss short-length cross-linkers of broad specificity such as formaldehyde and diazirine-based photo-cross-linkers. These cross-linkers could potentially capture many types of interactions, without strict requirement for a particular amino-acid to be present at a given protein-protein interface. How these shortlength, broad specificity cross-linkers be applied to proteome-wide studies? We will suggest specific advances in methodology, instrumentation and software that are needed to make such a leap.
The effect of ambient oxygen concentration on filtering and respiration rates of Daphnia galeata mendotae and Daphnia magna1

The filtering and respiration rates of Daphnia magna and Duphnia galeata mendotae were measured in oxygen concentrations ranging from air saturation to near zero, using animals that had lived in air-saturated conditions so that facultative hemoglobin synthesis was not initiated. Daphnia magna’s filtering and respiration rates are independent of oxygen concentrations above 3.0 mg liter-l; below this, rates decline rapidly. Daplznia galeata menclotaa’s filtering and respiration rates exhibit’ a linear dependence on oxygen conccntrations. It is suggested that D. magna’s relatively greater tokrance of low oxygen concentrations is due largely to its higher basal levels of hemoglobin. Daphnia may often be oxygen limited in nature.
Ramped-Amplitude Cross Polarization in Magic-Angle-Spinning NMR

The Hartmann-Hahn matching profile in CP-MAS NMR shows a strong mismatch dependence if the MAS frequency is on the order of the dipolar couplings in the sample. Under these conditions, the profile breaks down into a series of narrow matching bands separated by the spinning speed, and it becomes difficult to establish and maintain an efficient matching condition. Variable-amplitude CP (VACP), as introduced previously (Peersen et al., J. Magn. Reson. A104, 334, 1993), has been proven to be effective for restoring flat profiles at high spinning speeds. Here, a refined implementation of VACP using a ramped-amplitude cross-polarization sequence (RAMP-CP) is described. The order of the amplitude modulation is shown to be of importance for the cross-polarization process. The new pulse sequence with a linear amplitude ramp is not only easier to set up but also improves the performance of the variable-amplitude experiment in that it produces flat profiles over a wider range of matching conditions even with short total contact times. An increase in signal intensity is obtained compared to both con ventional CP and the originally proposed VACP sequence.
Initial evidence of a triboluminescent wavelength shift for ZnS:Mn caused by ballistic impacts

Abstract The triboluminescent properties of zinc sulfide doped with manganese (ZnS:Mn) were studied using ballistic impacts of specially prepared rounds manufactured in two different calibers. The triboluminescent emission spectrum was then rerecorded as the rounds impacted the target. Results show a ~ 1 nm shift in the emission spectrum with increased impact energy.
Toward a Resource-Based Theory of Business Exchange Relationships: The Role of Relational Asset Value

ABSTRACT There is a need for new theoretical perspectives in business-to-business marketing to provide insights that can help firms manage their business exchange relationships in ways that maximize shareholder value. The authors argue that resource theory, a prominent theory of competition, effectively meets that need. They extend the theory by conceptualizing business relationships as a risky asset of the firm. In addition, they introduce a new construct, relational asset value, which is operationalized as a probability distribution of potential relationship outcomes. The authors discuss how the construct informs our current understanding of business relationships and discuss directions for additional research using a resource-based approach.
Vehicle effects on percutaneous absorption: in vivo and in vitro comparisons with human skin

The percutaneous absorption of benzoic acid, caffeine and testosterone through human skin was measured by using in vivo and in vitro techniques. The compounds were applied to the skin in solution in three vehicles: petrolatum, ethylene glycol gel and water gel. Because benzoic acid was ionized at the neutral pH of the gels, these data were difficult to interpret and are not reported. The stratum corneum/vehicle partition coefficients (Km) and percent saturation of the vehicles with substrate were determined to aid in the interpretation of the absorption results. In the in vitro studies, the permeability constants determined for the compounds in each vehicle correlated with either the Km value or the percent saturation of the vehicle. Caffeine penetrated most readily from a petrolatum vehicle, and the greatest testosterone absorption was from a water gel. Permeation was also expressed in terms of the percentage of the applied dose absorbed. Reasonable agreement was obtained between the in vivo and in vitro values. Although no significant differences occurred between most values compared, there was a trend toward lower penetration in the in vitro system.
Multiphase geometric couplings for the segmentation of neural processes

The ability to constrain the geometry of deformable models for image segmentation can be useful when information about the expected shape or positioning of the objects in a scene is known a priori. An example of this occurs when segmenting neural cross sections in electron microscopy. Such images often contain multiple nested boundaries separating regions of homogeneous intensities. For these applications, multiphase level sets provide a partitioning framework that allows for the segmentation of multiple deformable objects by combining several level set functions. Although there has been much effort in the study of statistical shape priors that can be used to constrain the geometry of each partition, none of these methods allow for the direct modeling of geometric arrangements of partitions. In this paper, we show how to define elastic couplings between multiple level set functions to model ribbon-like partitions. We build such couplings using dynamic force fields that can depend on the image content and relative location and shape of the level set functions. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work that shows a direct way of geometrically constraining multiphase level sets for image segmentation. We demonstrate the robustness of our method by comparing it with previous level set segmentation methods.
Effect of Natuphos phytase supplementation to feed on performance and ileal digestibility of protein and amino acids of broilers

Nutrient equivalency of Natuphos Phytase for minerals, amino acids, and energy has been estimated elsewhere for broiler chickens. The current study was to evaluate equivalent values of 600 FTU/kg Natuphos Phytase for amino acids and energy in 3,150 broiler chicks from hatch to 7 wk of age. Treatments consisted of a 3 x 3 factorial arrangement of three levels of dietary amino acids (AA; 100, 92.5, and 85% of Illinois Ideal Protein for Broiler Chickens) and three phytase inclusion approaches (positive control: 0 FTU/kg with no reduction of Lys, TSAA, and ME; negative control: 0 FTU/kg with reduction of 2% Lys, 1% TSAA, and 0.5% ME; and reformulation with phytase: 600 FTU/kg with reduction of 2% Lys, 1% TSAA, and 0.5% ME). The effect of AA was linear on BW gain and feed conversion (FC); a greater AA level improved performance. No interaction of AA and phytase inclusion approach was significant in terms of BW gain, feed intake (FI), and FC of growing and finishing broilers. Birds fed the positive control diet had greater BW gain than those fed the negative control diet. Body weight gain of birds fed the diet reformulated with phytase did not differ from those of birds fed the positive control. Feed conversion was not affected by phytase inclusion approaches. Effects of phytase supplement on apparent ileal digestibilities (AID) of CP and AA were not significant. Restoring BW gain lost in the negative control by reformulated feed with 600 FTU/kg phytase indicates that equivalent values estimated elsewhere might be adequate.
PP-Index: Using Permutation Prefixes for Efficient and Scalable Approximate Similarity Search

We present the Permutation Prex Index (PP-Index), an index data structure that allows to perform ecient approximate similarity search. The PP-Index belongs to the family of the permutationbased indexes, which are based on representing any indexed object with \its view of the surrounding world", i.e., a list of the elements of a set of reference objects sorted by their distance order with respect to the indexed object. In its basic formulation, the PP-Index is strongly biased toward eciency, treating eectiveness as a secondary aspect. We show how the eectiveness can easily reach optimal levels just by adopting two \boosting" strategies: multiple index search and multiple query search. Such strategies have nice parallelization properties that allow to distribute the search process in order to keep high eciency levels. We study both the eciency and the eectiveness properties of the PP-Index. We report experiments on collections of sizes up to one hundred million images, represented in a very high-dimensional similarity space based on the combination of ve MPEG-7 visual descriptors.
Short Sale Constraints and Dispersion of Opinion: Evidence from the Indian Equity Market

Short sale constraints can inflate market prices, as bearish investors cannot act on their market views. The paper uses data from the Indian equity market to test whether opinion dispersion leads to higher overpricing when short sales are prohibited. The Indian equity market provides a natural testing environment, as short sales were banned between 2001 and 2008. The empirical results offer supportive evidence of the relation between opinion dispersion and overpricing in a market with short sale constraints.
Energetic determinants of abundance in winter landbird communities

There is increasing evidence that individual energetics constrain macroecological patterns. Here we model total abundance within winter landbird communities as a function of (1) energy supply, as measured by ecosystem net primary productivity, and (2) energy use of individuals, as influenced by body mass and ambient temperature. Using data from the North American Christmas Bird Count, we find that total abundance increases with productivity to the 0.61 power, and decreases with body mass and environmental temperature as predicted by metabolic theory when individuals are below their thermoneutral zone. We note a negative relationship between ambient temperature and average body mass, and suggest that this community-level pattern, reminiscent of Bergmann’s Rule, is related to a tendency for small species to be lessabundant or absent from cold locations. Results from this study emphasize the importance of individual-level metabolism for understanding large-scale ecological patterns.
Activation of conventional kinesin motors in clusters by Shaw voltage-gated K+ channels.

The conventional kinesin motor transports many different cargos to specific locations in neurons. How cargos regulate motor function remains unclear. Here we focus on KIF5, the heavy chain of conventional kinesin, and report that the Kv3 (Shaw) voltage-gated K+ channel, the only known tetrameric KIF5-binding protein, clusters and activates KIF5 motors during axonal transport. Endogenous KIF5 often forms clusters along axons, suggesting a potential role of KIF5-binding proteins. Our biochemical assays reveal that the high-affinity multimeric binding between the Kv3.1 T1 domain and KIF5B requires three basic residues in the KIF5B tail. Kv3.1 T1 competes with the motor domain and microtubules, but not with kinesin light chain 1 (KLC1), for binding to the KIF5B tail. Live-cell imaging assays show that four KIF5-binding proteins, Kv3.1, KLC1 and two synaptic proteins SNAP25 and VAMP2, differ in how they regulate KIF5B distribution. Only Kv3.1 markedly increases the frequency and number of KIF5B-YFP anterograde puncta. Deletion of Kv3.1 channels reduces KIF5 clusters in mouse cerebellar neurons. Therefore, clustering and activation of KIF5 motors by Kv3 regulate the motor number in carrier vesicles containing the channel proteins, contributing not only to the specificity of Kv3 channel transport, but also to the cargo-mediated regulation of motor function.
REFINEMENT OF THE STRUCTURE OF BANDYLITE

The structure of bandylite, Cu 2[B(OH)4]2Cl2, Z = 1, tetragonal, a 6.171(2), c 5.587(3) A, V 212.7 A 3 , space group P4/n, has been refined by full-matrix least-squares techniques on the basis of F 2 using 263 unique reflections collected with Mo Ka X-radiation and a CCD (charge-coupled device) area detector. The final agreement factor ( R1) was 3.7% and the goodness-of-fit (S) was 0.90 for the 144 unique observed reflections (|F o| > 4sF). The structure consists of mixed-ligand Jahn‐Teller-distorted Cu(OH)4Cl2 octahedra and B(OH)4 tetrahedra that are linked by vertex sharing.
Homoaromaticity of decamethyl[5]pericyclyne

It is shown that a theoretical computation of the Dewar resonance energy of decamethyl [5] pericyclyne should give in the same value for the homoaromaticity of this compound as that calculated earlier from heat of hydrogenation measurements. Both methods show this quantity to be small, but the accuracy of the methods appears insufficient for more exact agreement
Asymmetric autocorrelation function to resolve directional ambiguity in PIV images

Autocorrelation of a double-exposed image, unlike cross-correlation between two images, produces a correlation function that is symmetric about the origin. Thus, while it is possible to calculate the speed and direction of tracer particles in a particle image velocimetry (PIV) image using autocorrelation, it is impossible to tell whether the velocity is in the positive or negative direction. This ambiguity can be resolved by spatially shifting one exposure relative to the next or labeling exposures with color or polarization, but the complexity and limitations of these methods can be prohibitive. It is, however, possible to resolve the sign of the velocity from a triple-exposed image using unequal time intervals between exposures. Triple-exposed images, like double-exposed images, correlate symmetrically about zero. The directional ambiguity, however, can be resolved by calculating the probability that the three exposures occur in a specific temporal order; that is, by assuming that the correlation has a specific sign and testing to see if the assumption is correct. Traditional spectral and statistical correlation techniques are unable to accomplish this. Presented herein is a computationally efficient asymmetric correlation function that is able to differentiate the temporal order of triple exposed images. Included is a discussion of the limitations of this function and of difficulties in experimental implementation.