cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Feasibility of Modified Remotely Monitored In-Home Gaming Technology for Improving Hand Function in Adolescents With Cerebral Palsy

The convergence of game technology, the Internet, and rehabilitation science forms the second-generation virtual rehabilitation framework. This paper presents the first pilot study designed to look at the feasibility of at-home use of gaming technology adapted to address hand impairments in adolescents with hemiplegia due to perinatal stroke or intraventricular hemorrhage. Three participants trained at home for approximately 30 min/day, several days a week, for six to ten months. During therapy, they wore a fifths dimension technologies ultra sensing glove and played custom-developed Java 3D games on a modified PlayStation 3. The games were designed to accommodate the participants' limited range of motion, and to improve finger range and speed of motion. Trials took place in Indiana, while monitoFring/data storage took place at Rutgers Tele-Rehabilitation Institute (New Jersey). Significant improvements in finger range of motion (as measured by the sensing glove) were associated with self- and family-reported improvements in activities of daily living. In online subjective evaluations, participants indicated that they liked the system ease of use, clarity of instructions, and appropriate length of exercising. Other telerehabilitation studies are compared to this study and its technology challenges. Directions for future research are included.
Dietary correlates of fat intake

Dietary fat intake has been associated with the development of chronic diseases, including heart disease and cancer, in human populations; however, associations demonstrated between disease and fat intake may be confounded by related dietary factors. Therefore, description of the correlates of fat intake in free-living adults may help identify important confounders independent of disease status. In a population of 863 women and 538 men between the ages of 50 and 85 randomly selected from two counties in western New York, we found that most nutrients were correlated with grams of total fat intake including protein, carbohydrates, cholesterol, dietary fiber, retinol, iron, and calcium. Carbohydrates and dietary fiber were not related to the concentration of fat in the diet (% of energy from fat). Alcohol intake was negatively associated with fat concentration for men but not for women. Particularly important for the study of cancers, the antioxidants carotene and ascorbic acid were negatively associated with fat concentration in the diet.
Spontaneous premature rupture of the fetal membranes: A review of 363 cases

Summary 1. In this study 363 pregnancies with spontaneous premature rupture of the fetal membranes are presented. 2. No etiological factor was found. 3. Factors affecting survival of the pregnancy were gestational age, intrauterine infection, fetal weight, and fetal presentation. 4. Infections were present in 11.8 per cent.
Analysis of Microarray Data for Gene Selection

Microarray technology has a wide range of applications including identification of genes that change their expression in cells due to disease or treatment. Statistical methods for the selection of differentially expressed genes in two experimental conditions is addressed. The significant flexibility of Johnson system of distributions is very useful in characterizing the complicated data sets like microarray data. We propose a method to identify differentially expressed genes, where we consider a common distribution for the summary measure of equally expressed genes. To estimate this common distribution, the Johnson system of distribution is used. We did a comparison study with some of the other popular methods.
Degree-of-Freedom-Based Instantaneous Energetic Cost of Robotic Biped Gait With Benchmarking Implications

Instantaneous robotic gait energetics is evaluated at each joint actuator, and is characterized relative to those of humans. A degree-of-freedom (DOF)-based instrumentation system is designed for instantaneous evaluation of electrical energy expenditure (EE) rates at each DC servomotor, and implemented into a DARwIn-OP biped robot. The robot’s EE rates for the entire lower body are in agreement with its periodic gait cycle, and their trends between gait phases are similar to those of humans. The robot’s cost of transport (COT) as a function of normalized speed is also in agreement with the human COT with respect to its convexity. The contrasting distributions of EE throughout the robot and human DOFs and the robotic COT curve’s considerably large magnitudes and small speed ranges illustrate the energetic consequences of stable but inefficient static walking in the robot versus the more efficient dynamic walking of humans. These characteristics enable the identification of the DOFs and gait phases associated with the inefficiency in the robotic gait, and reflect the differences in the system parameters and gait strategies in terms of the efficiency and stability. The proposed instrumentation system provides a quantitative benchmarking approach.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Dynamically induced locking and unlocking transitions in driven layered systems with quenched disorder

Using numerical simulations, we examine a simple model of two or more coupled one-dimensional channels of driven particles with repulsive interactions in the presence of quenched disorder. We find that this model exhibits a remarkably rich variety of dynamical behavior as a function of the strength of the quenched disorder, coupling between channels, and external drive. For weaker disorder, the channels depin in a single step. For two channels we find dynamically induced decoupling transitions that result in coexisting pinned and moving phases as well as moving decoupled phases where particles in both channels move at different average velocities and slide past one another. Decoupling can also be induced by changing the relative strength of the disorder in neighboring channels. At higher drives, we observe a dynamical recoupling or locking transition into a state with no relative motion between the channels.This recoupling produces unusual velocity-force signatures, including negative differential conductivity. The depinning threshold shows distinct changes near the decoupling and coupling transitions and exhibits a peak effect phenomenon of the type that has been associated with transitions from elastic to plastic flow in other systems. We map several dynamic phase diagrams showing the coupling-decoupling transitions and the regions in which hysteresis occurs. We also examine the coexistence regime for channels with unequal amounts of quenched disorder. For multiple channels, multiple coupling and decoupling transitions can occur; however, many of the general features found for the two channel system are still present. Our results should be relevant to depinning in layered geometries in systems such as vortices in layered or nanostructured superconductors and Wigner or colloidal particles confined in nano-channels; they are also relevant to the general understating of plastic flow.
Scaphytopius nitridus: Parasitization by Tomasvaryella appendipes

Scaphytopius nitridus (DeLong) is a leafhopper that is common in southern California citrus during June, September, and October, though it may be found at other times. I have observed it feeding on the midrib veins of citrus leaves and on the tender stem tissue. However, any feeding or mechanical injury is not apparent. When the insect was collected from citrus in 1970 and 1971 for use in vector tests of stubborn disease (Kaloostian and Pierce 1972), the specimens showed a high degree of parasitization by a pipunculid. Therefore, the adults and puparia were recovered from cottonorgandy sleeve and acrylic leaf cages and sent for identification to D. Elmo Hardy, University of Hawaii. He identified the species as Tomasvaryella appendipes (Cresson) and noted (personal communication) that T. appendipes had not previously been recorded from S. nitridus . However, the species does attack several other Cicadellidae and is widely distributed in the southeastern, south-central, and southwestern United States (Hardy 1943).
The role of the laboratory in treatment of the poisoned patient: clinical perspective.

From the laboratory point of view, clinical toxicology has been defined as "the measurement of drugs in human biological fluids for purposes of patient care" (l). From the clinical point of view, clinical toxicology is the study of poisons and the treatment of poisonings due to a variety of chemicals, including household and industrial products, plants, poisonous and venomous animals, environmental toxins, pharmaceutical products and street drugs. The distinction in definitions is an important one, since it points out the fact that availability of needed toxicological analyses is still very limited and laboratory identification of poisons is usually concentrated on a small number of drugs. Many hospital laboratories provide no toxicological services at all, and laboratories that provide drug analyses seldom offer many tests for non-drug poisons. A significant laboratory effort is involved in providing toxicological information, especially on a 24-hour basis. From the laboratory standpoint, the value of this work as applied to the care of patients often seems highly questionable. The purpose of this paper is to show how emergency drug analyses are used when the need is great and the laboratory provides rapid, reliable service.
Responding to Homicide An Exploration of the Ways in Which Family Members React to and Cope With the Death of a Loved One

After a homicide, family members of the victim must cope with their loss and find ways to continue on with their lives. Research suggests that as “secondary victims,” this group may experience grie...
Can Social Protection Weaken Clientelism? Considering Conditional Cash Transfers as Political Reform in the Philippines

Since poverty is often believed to be a root cause of clientelism, government policies to reduce poverty should also help to reduce clientelism. However, scholars studying clientelism are more likely to view social policy as a potential resource for clientelist politicians. This article examines this paradox in the Philippine context by offering a general framework to identify when social welfare policies are likely to reduce clientelism, and by applying this framework to the Philippines, focusing on the Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino conditional cash transfer programme, or Pantawid. I argue that the policies that are most likely to undercut clientelism are universal social protection policies that provide poor families with security, although these are the least acceptable to middle-class taxpayers. This is exemplified by the Philippines, which has tended to introduce social policies that increase the scope for clientelism by making discretionary allocation more likely, rather than policies that offer income security to the poor. The Pantawid programme attempts to overcome these problems by introducing a centralised targeting mechanism to identify beneficiaries and by guaranteeing the benefit to all eligible families, but like all conditional cash transfer programs falls short of guaranteed and universal social protection.
Observation on the immune efficiency after vaccination with new pentavalent whole cell vaccine for leptospirosis in Fujian province

The immune efficiency after vaccination with new pentavalent whole cell vaccine for leptospirosis was observed after basic immunization and enhanced immunization one year later,in which the reactions after injections of vaccine were observed and recorded,and the blood samples of students receiving vaccination were collected before and 20,90,180,and 360 days after vaccination in case of basic immunization and 20 days after the enhanced immunization in order to determine the antibody production after immunization.The antibody titers in the blood samples were assayed by microscopic agglutination test(MAT), and the positive seroconversion rates and the geometric mean titer(GMT) were then calculated.It was found that no general reaction was observed in all the individuals immunized with this vaccine,and the local reactions were commonly observed in the re-inoculated subjects,ore heavier in females than in males.After immunization,the positive seroconversion rates and GMT showed significant increases,in which the former reached its highest value 3 months after immunization up to 95% and maintained up to 50% for one year,while the latter was 1:60 at 20 days after immunization and dropped to 1:20 half year later.However,after enhanced immunization,the positive seroconversion rates and GMT elevated very rapidly,they were 100% and 1:100 respectively.It is evident that the safety and the protective level of this vaccine are quite definite.
Application of real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR assay in rapid detecting swine-origin influenza A (H1N1) virus

Objective:To apply a method of real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR for detecting sample from patients with fever and to examine its utility for rapid detection of swine-origin influenza A(H1N1) virus.Methods:A total of 436 oral swab samples from suspected influenza outbreak patients in xiaoshan during the months of June to December in 2009 were detected by real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR method of WHO standards.The samples were subjected to screen in population of influenza virus with influenza A1,A3 and B viruses.Results:Total of 436 oral swab samples,144(33.03%) were positive for swine-origin influenza A(H1N1) virus when tested by real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR,and 15 were positive for influenza A1 virus,30 were potisive for influenza A3 virus,and influenza B virus was not detected.Conclusion:Real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR is an ideal method for detecting of Swine-origin influenza A(H1N1) virus with convenience,good specificity and high sensitivity.
Determination of Cyclamate in Food by Large caliber Weak Polarity Capillary Chromatography

[Objective]To establish a rapid and accurate method for determining cyclamate in food.[Methods] Samples were handled by Carrez reagents and ultrasonic extraction.The GC system consisted of SPB-5(30 m×0.53 mm×1.0 mFILM);carrier gas(30 ml/min),tail-blowing(20 ml/min);injector temperature 140 ℃,column temperature 80 ℃,FID detector temperature 160 ℃,injection with splitless.[Results] The linear ranges was 0.01～5.0 mg/kg(r=0.9990).The detection limit of the method was 1.2 mg/kg,and the limit of quantification was 8.0 mg/kg.The recovery was over 96.4%,and the relative standard derivations were lower than 4.4%.[Conclusion]The method of determination of cyclamate in foods adopts Carrez reagents and ultrasonic extraction to eliminate the effect of protein and so on,use ultrasonic extraction and large caliber capillary.It is simple,rapid,with high precision and accuracy of the merits.
The effect of heat treatment routes on the retained austenite and Tribomechanical properties of carburized AISI 8620 steel

Abstract The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of heat treatment routes involving carburizing and quenching technique on the tribological behavior of carburized AISI 8620 steel. This particular material is commonly used in drivetrain components and undergoes sliding or rolling under high contact pressure conditions. Different levels of retained austenite (RA), hardness and residual stress were achieved by varying carbon potential (0.45% to 1.05%) during carburizing as well as by employing different end-quenching routes (from air-cooled to deep freezing). Wear tests were carried out using a ball on flat reciprocating micro-tribometer between a diamond probe and the samples under dry sliding conditions. Samples were subsequently analyzed using non-contact profilometry and field emission scanning electron microscopy to observe wear behavior and elucidate mechanisms. Hardness and RA had comparatively significant effect on wear resistance as compared to residual stress. It was observed that beyond a certain limiting Hertzian contact pressure level, higher carbon potential carburized sample resulted in increased abrasive wear resistance. This increased wear resistance is attributed to the higher hardness and conditions conducive to transformation of RA into martensite via ploughing-induced work-hardening. The findings indicate that surface treatments resulting in a combination of high hardness and moderately high RA levels result in enhanced abrasive wear resistance for AISI 8620 steel.
Stopping Time in Book XXIV of Homer's ILIAD

Just before the climactic encounter between Achilles and Hector in book XXII of the Iliad, the god Apollo taunts Achilles after he has fooled the Achaean warrior into fruitlessly chasing him around...
An ounce of prevention: opportunity structures for white-collar crime in environmental markets

Markets, in which participants are given a right to pollute that can be bought and sold, are an increasingly popular form of environmental regulation. The bulk of research in this area focuses on market implementation, efficiency, and effectiveness, but merely notes the need for strong government oversight. Despite large-scale instances of fraud in several markets, detailed understanding of what monitoring and enforcement mechanisms will effectively protect market participants is lacking. Research on criminal opportunities is primarily limited to a few studies of the European carbon market. In the following paper, we begin to fill this gap in the literature. We draw upon Benson and colleagues’ extensions of routine activities and situational crime prevention theories to examine how business systems, processes, and networks increase or reduce opportunities for white-collar crime. Specifically, we assess whether these reconceptualized opportunity theories explain the differing levels of known white-collar crime in two domestic markets: the United States Acid Rain Program and the U.S. Renewable Fuel Standard Program. Implications for theory and practice will be discussed.
Characterizing the error in the estimated age-depth relationship

It is common practice to estimate the age of undated material extracted from a sediment core from radiocarbon or other radiometric dates of samples taken above and below the extracted material. This paper presents a simple expression for the variance of this estimated age. This variance accounts for both (super 14) C dating error and error due to bioturbation.
Violating Work-Family Boundaries

Our study builds on recent trends to understand the work-family interface through daily experiences of boundary management. In particular, we investigated boundary violations, or events in which family life breaches the boundary of work and vice versa. Our purpose was to enlighten the process between violations and relevant outcomes, building on the foundations of affective events theory and boundary theory. Specifically, we aim to (1) tease apart boundary violations at work and at home from the established construct of work-family conflict, (2) explore the affective events theory process through which cognitive and affective reactions to boundary violation events contribute to work-family conflict and satisfaction, and (3) examine positive and negative reactions to boundary violations. Findings from a 2-week daily diary study of 121 employed participants partially supported our predictions. Boundary violations contributed to general perceptions of work-family conflict both directly and indirectly through...
Determination of Cannabinoid Vapor Pressures to Aid in Vapor Phase Detection of Intoxication

Abstract The quest for a reliable means to detect cannabis intoxication with a breathalyzer is ongoing. To design such a device, it is important to understand the fundamental thermodynamics of the compounds of interest. The vapor pressures of two important cannabinoids, cannabidiol (CBD) and Δ 9 -tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ 9 -THC), are presented, as well as the predicted normal boiling temperature (NBT) and the predicted critical constants (these predictions are dependent on the vapor pressure data). The critical constants are typically necessary to develop an equation of state (EOS). EOS-based models can provide estimations of thermophysical properties for compounds to aid in designing processes and devices. An ultra-sensitive, quantitative, trace dynamic headspace analysis sampling called porous layered open tubular-cryoadsorption (PLOT-cryo) was used to measure vapor pressures of these compounds. PLOT-cryo affords short experiment durations compared to more traditional techniques for vapor pressure determination (minutes versus days). Additionally, PLOT-cryo has the inherent ability to stabilize labile solutes because collection is done at reduced temperature. The measured vapor pressures are approximately 2 orders of magnitude lower than those measured for n -eicosane, which has a similar molecular mass. Thus, the difference in polarity of these molecules must be impacting the vapor pressure dramatically. The vapor pressure measurements are presented in the form of Clausius-Clapeyron (or van’t Hoff) equation plots. The predicted vapor pressures that would be expected at near ambient conditions (25 °C) are also presented.
Socializing girls whose bodies may not align with contemporary ideals of thinness: An interpretive study of US mothers’ accounts

We sought to understand how mothers of young adolescent girls who are perceived as overweight or at risk for becoming so and whose body mass indices are at the 70th percentile or higher socialize their daughters about body, weight, eating, and health. In-depth interviews were conducted with 13 US mothers, and data were analyzed using constant comparison processes. Findings revealed that mothers adopted a variety of strategies - including teaching, modeling, managing, avoiding, and comforting - to achieve varied socialization goals for their daughters. Specifically, mothers sought to help their daughters to accept the self, reject the hegemonic ideal, maintain "healthful" eating, avoid overeating/monitor the self for over-eating, engage in regular physical activity, and/or navigate stigmatizing social situations. Mothers' sometimes experienced ambivalence or uncertainty as they socialized their daughters about the body, suggesting that they may benefit from professional counseling designed to resolve this tension/hesitancy.
Reduction of CO2 Mediated or Catalyzed by Pincer Complexes

Abstract Reduction of CO2 to CO, formic acid or its salts, methanol, methane, or carboxylic acids is of high importance to carbon management, energy storage, and sustainable synthesis. The evolution of the chemistry of pincer compounds has provided organometallic chemists with powerful tools to develop efficient catalysts for transforming CO2 to value-added products. This chapter focuses specifically on the utilization of various pincer complexes as catalysts for the hydrogenation, hydrosilylation, hydroboration, alkylation, allylation, or electrochemical reduction of CO2. Because of the uniqueness of pincer ligands, many of these complexes have catalytic performance superior to the nonpincer systems. Also described here are examples of stoichiometric reduction of CO2 by pincer complexes, especially for those metal systems that catalytic processes have yet to be established.
Diabetes Educators’ Insights Regarding Connecting Mobile Phone– and Wearable Tracker–Collected Self-Monitoring Information to a Nationally-Used Electronic Health Record System for Diabetes Education: Descriptive Qualitative Study

Background: Diabetes educators are integral to a clinical team in providing diabetes self-management education and support; however, current mobile and Web-based self-management tools are not integrated into clinical diabetes care to support diabetes educators’ education efforts. Objective: The objective of our study was to seek diabetes educators’ insights regarding the development of an interface within the Chronicle Diabetes system, a nationally used electronic health record (EHR) system for diabetes education documentation with behavioral goal-setting functions, to transfer mobile phone- and wearable tracker-collected self-monitoring information from patients to diabetes educators to facilitate behavioral goal monitoring. Methods: A descriptive qualitative study was conducted to seek educators’ perspectives on usability and interface development preferences in developing a connected system. Educators can use the Chronicle Diabetes system to set behavioral goals with their patients. Individual and group interviews were used to seek educators’ preferences for viewing mobile phone- and wearable tracker-collected information on diet, physical activity, and sleep in the Chronicle Diabetes system using open-ended questions. Interview data were transcribed verbatim and analyzed for common themes. Results: Five common themes emerged from the discussion. First, educators expressed enthusiasm for and concerns about viewing diet and physical activity data in Chronicle Diabetes system. Second, educators valued viewing detailed dietary macronutrients and activity data; however, they preferred different kinds of details depending on patients’ needs, conditions, and behavioral goals and educators’ training background. Third, all educators liked the integration of mobile phone-collected data into Chronicle Diabetes system and preferably with current EHR systems. Fourth, a need for a health care team and a central EHR system to be formed was realized for educators to share summaries of self-monitoring data with other providers. Fifth, educators desired advanced features for the mobile app and the connected interface that can show self-monitoring data. Conclusions: Flexibility is needed for educators to track the details of mobile phone- and wearable tracker-collected diet and activity information, and the integration of such data into Chronicle Diabetes and EHR systems is valuable for educators to track patients’ behavioral goals, provide diabetes self-management education and support, and share data with other health care team members to faciliate team-based care in clinical practice.
Chapter 17 Contingent Valuation

Abstract Value estimates for environmental goods can be obtained by either estimating preference parameters as “revealed” through behavior related to some aspect of the amenity or using “stated” information concerning preferences for the good. In the environmental economics literature the stated preference approach has come to be known as “contingent valuation” as the “valuation” estimated obtained from preference information given the respondent is said to be “contingent” on the details of the “constructed market” for the environmental good put forth in the survey. Work on contingent valuation now typically comprises the largest single group of papers at major environmental economics conferences and in several of the leading journals in the field. As such, it is impossible to “review” the literature per se or even cover all of the major papers in the area in some detail. Instead, in this chapter we seek to provide a coherent overview of the main issues and how they fit together. The organization of the chapter is as follows. First, we provide an overview of the history of contingent valuation starting with its antecedents and foundational papers and then trace its subsequent development using several broad themes. Second, we put forth the theoretical foundations of contingent valuation with particular emphasis on ties to standard measures of economic welfare. Third, we look at the issue of existence/passive use considerations. Fourth, we consider the relationship of contingent valuation to information on preferences that can be obtained by observing revealed behavior and how the two sources of information might be combined. Fifth, we look at different ways in which preference information can be elicited in a CV survey, paying particular attention to the incentive structure posed by different elicitation formats. Sixth, we turn to econometric issues associated with these different elicitation formats. Seventh, we briefly consider survey design issues. Eighth, we look at issues related to survey administration and extrapolating the results obtained to the population of interest. Ninth, we describe the major controversies related to the use of contingent valuation and summarize the evidence. Finally, we provide some thoughts on where we think contingent valuation is headed in the future.
PRESYNAPTIC AMINERGIC RECEPTORS MODULATE A RATE OF CHANGE OF TRANSMITTER RELEASE

ABSTRACT Repetitive stimulation of a cholinergic synapse in the abdominal ganglion of Aplysia produces post-tetanic potentiation (PTP). Perfusion with “physiological” doses of serotonin or dopamine (10−7M and 5 × 10−7M respectively) speeds the rate of decay of PTP without any change in PTP amplitude or in the size of a non-potentiated EPSP. Evidence is presented that two parallel presynaptic receptor systems selectively regulate the duration of PTP and that cyclic AMP may mediate the effect. This system provides a model for heterosynaptic modulation of a rate of change in a stimulus-evoked synaptic plasticity.
A Distributed CRC Early Termination Scheme for High Throughput QC-LDPC Codes

In order to avoid unnecessary computation and increase system throughput, various early termination schemes are adopted in quasi-cyclic low-density parity-check (QC-LDPC) decoders. Cyclic redundancy check (CRC) based early termination scheme can be used when the information bits are concatenated with the CRC. The CRC is usually checked at the end of an iteration to verify the integrity of information bits. The latency of the CRC calculation results in an unnecessary decoding process. In this paper, we propose a distributed CRC early termination scheme for high throughput QC-LDPC codes. The proposed scheme distributes the CRC calculation in each layer of the iteration to minimize unnecessary computation and increase system throughput.
Posterior Malleolus Fracture Displacement is Associated with Rotational Ankle Fracture Stability in Patients without Medial Malleolar Fractures

BackgroundThe optimal method for the determination of ankle stability remains controversial in rotational ankle fractures without medial bony injury.Questions/PurposesThe purposes of this study wer...
Effects of hotel website photographs and length of textual descriptions on viewers’ emotions and behavioral intentions

Abstract Reviewing multiple hotel websites reveals no consistency in the amount of information they provide. This study investigates the effects of the number of website photographs and length of photograph descriptions on hotel customers’ emotions (enjoyment and stress) and behavioral intentions, as well as the moderating effects of visual and textual information processing styles. Analyzing the responses of 572 persons, using structured equation modeling, the number of pictures increases enjoyment, especially with short descriptions, and long textual information causes stress. Enjoyment significantly increases booking intentions, but stress has no significant influence. Visual processors’ enjoyment significantly increases with the number of pictures, while their stress increases with lengthy descriptions. The findings offer important theoretical and practical implications by highlighting the influence of website photos, their descriptions, and information processing styles on hotel customers’ emotions and behaviors. Hotel practitioners should consider the study findings to better design their websites to improve booking intentions.
Line intensities of CO2 in the 2.7 micron region

Individual line intensities have been measured at 0·025 cm−1 resolution and low pressures for the two strong Σ-Σ bands of C12O216 near 2.7 microns, as well as for their associated Π-Π hot-bands. Values of the rotationless dipole-moment matrix elements and vibration-rotation interaction coefficients are reported along with total band intensities. Results for the latter in cm−2 atm−1 at 296°K are: 25·7, 1·96, 39·3 and 3·23 for the 0201-0000, 0311-0110, 1001-0000, and 1111-0110 bands, respectively.
Postoperative Infections in Dermatologic Surgery: The Role of Wound Cultures.

BACKGROUND Dermatologic surgery is associated with low postoperative infection rates, averaging from approximately 1% to 4.25%. Often, postoperative infections are treated empirically based on clinical diagnosis of infection, given it can take 48 to 72 hours for a wound culture to identify a pathogen. OBJECTIVE We aimed to evaluate the efficacy of empiric antibiotics in dermatologic surgery postoperative infections and if wound cultures change postoperative antibiotic therapy. METHODS A 7-center, retrospective analysis of postoperative infections, with culture data, in dermatologic surgery patients was performed. RESULTS Of 91 cases of clinically diagnosed postoperative infection, 82.4% (n = 75) were successfully treated with empiric oral antibiotics (95% confidence interval [0.73-0.89], p < .0001). In 16 (17.6%) cases, initial empiric antibiotics were unsuccessful, and wound culture results altered antibiotic therapy in 9 cases (9.9%) with 6 (6.6%) of these cases requiring additional coverage for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). CONCLUSION Empiric antibiotic treatment is usually appropriate for patients with postoperative surgical-site infections with wound cultures altering antibiotic management in a minority of cases. When empiric antibiotics fail, lack of MRSA coverage is usually the cause; therefore, providers should be aware of local MRSA prevalence and susceptibilities.
Comparative effectiveness and safety of apixaban versus warfarin in patients with venous thromboembolism.

Purpose Compared with conventional therapy (enoxaparin followed by warfarin), the direct-acting oral anticoagulant apixaban is thought to offer similar protection against recurrent venous thromboembolism (VTE) with lower bleeding risk. However, evidence regarding the heterogeneity of treatment effect from real-world data is lacking. The study described here aimed to compare the effectiveness and safety of use of apixaban versus warfarin in patients with VTE. Methods We conducted a retrospective cohort analysis of commercial and Medicare supplemental databases (data coverage period, 2014-2017) among patients with a diagnosis of VTE who were new users of apixaban or warfarin. We controlled for confounding using propensity score [PS] 1:4 matching. Cox proportional hazard models were used to obtain hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Heterogeneity of treatment effect was assessed among patients with provoked VTE versus unprovoked VTE. Results After PS matching, a total of 36,907 patients were included in the cohort (n = 8,094 apixaban users and n = 28,813 warfarin users). In Cox regression models, the use of apixaban versus warfarin was associated with lower risks of recurrent VTE (HR, 0.54; 95% CI, 0.45-0.65) and major bleeding events (HR, 0.67; 95% CI, 0.54-0.84); these results remained consistent in patients with provoked VTE and those with unprovoked VTE. Conclusion This population-based analysis of patients with VTE extends results of randomized clinical trials indicating lower risks of development of recurrent VTE and major bleeding events with use of apixaban versus warfarin in real-world settings. The observed benefits of apixaban extended to selected subgroups of the VTE population, including patients with provoked VTE.
Drug Shortages: The View Across an Ocean.

Drug shortages represent a symptom of our inherently damaged health care system. This article focuses on vincristine, briefly describing how the recent shortage occurred and provides suggestions for how to move forward.
Sedentary time and peripheral artery disease: The Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos.

Background Experimental evidence suggests that sedentary time (ST) may contribute to cardiovascular disease by eliciting detrimental hemodynamic changes in the lower limbs. However, little is known about objectively measured ST and lower extremity peripheral artery disease (PAD). Methods We included 7,609 Hispanic/Latinos (ages 45-74) from the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos. PAD was measured using the ankle brachial index (≤0.9). ST was measured using accelerometry. We used multivariable logistic regression to assess associations of quartiles of ST and PAD, and then used the same logistic models with restricted cubic splines to investigate continuous nonlinear associations of ST and PAD. Models were sequentially adjusted for traditional PAD risk factors, leg pain, and moderate- to vigorous-intensity physical activity (MVPA). Results Median ST was 12.2 h/d, and 5.4% of individuals had PAD. In fully adjusted restricted cubic splines models accounting for traditional PAD risk factors, leg pain, and MVPA, ST had a significant overall (P = .048) and nonlinear (P = .024) association with PAD. A threshold effect was seen such that time spent above median ST was associated with higher odds of PAD. That is, compared to median ST, 1, 2, and 3 hours above median ST were associated with a PAD odds ratio of 1.16 (95% CI = 1.02-1.31), 1.44 (1.06-1.94), and 1.80 (1.11-2.90), respectively. Conclusions Among Hispanic/Latino adults, ST was associated with higher odds of PAD, independent of leg pain, MVPA, and traditional PAD risk factors. Notably, we observed a threshold effect such that these associations were only observed at the highest levels of ST.
Complexity control by gradient descent in deep networks

Overparametrized deep networks predict well, despite the lack of an explicit complexity control during training, such as an explicit regularization term. For exponential-type loss functions, we solve this puzzle by showing an effective regularization effect of gradient descent in terms of the normalized weights that are relevant for classification. Understanding the underlying mechanisms behind the successes of deep networks remains a challenge. Here, the author demonstrates an implicit regularization in training deep networks, showing that the control of complexity in the training is hidden within the optimization technique of gradient descent.
An All-Digital, $V_{\mathrm{MAX}}$ -Compliant, Stable, and Scalable Distributed Charge Injection Scheme in 10-nm CMOS for Fast and Local Mitigation of Voltage Droop

Distributed charge injection (CI) scheme featuring distributed $V_{\mathrm {MAX}}$ -complaint CI clamps, distributed digital droop detectors (DDDs), and distributed droop controllers for fast mitigation of voltage droop is fabricated in a 10-nm CMOS test chip. A local DDD detects nearby voltage droop and quickly triggers associated CI clamps to inject charge from an additional high-voltage rail (e.g., 1.8 V) to $V_{\mathrm {CC}}$ for immediate voltage droop mitigation. Distributed droop controllers collectively guarantee stable operation after CI is triggered by gradually allowing the voltage regulator to take over after the droop subsides. Detailed simulations supported by a theoretical analysis give the necessary conditions for stable distributed CI operation. At 0.8 V/1.4 GHz (1.0 V/2.0 GHz), the measured data from a 10-nm test chip show droop reduction by up to 74% (45%) for a uniform transition and by 56% (38%) for a hot-spot transition. The droop reduction is translated to power savings of ~11% over a guard-banded baseline.
The immune-enhancing potential of peptide fractions from fermented Spirulina platensis by mixed probiotics.

Mixed fermentation with different microorganisms can facilitate fermentation metabolism and increase the low molecular metabolites accumulation, thereby enhancing the bioactive activity. In this study, we evaluated the immune-stimulating activities of Spirulina platensis and different extracts from fermented S. platensis (FS) by mixed probiotics in vitro, by measuring the proliferation and Th1/Th2 immunomodulatory potential on murine primary splenic lymphocytes. The results showed that mixed fermentation enhanced the immunomodulatory activity of S. platensis with higher lymphocyte proliferation compared with non-fermented S. platensis (NFS). Notably, the low molecular weight (<3 kDa) peptide fraction from fermented S. platensis (L-PFS), especially at 40 μg/ml, presented the strongest activity in promoting lymphocytes proliferation and modulating cytokines (IL-2 and IL-10) secretion. Meanwhile, L-PFS enhanced the relative mRNA expression of Th1 cytokine (IFN-γ) and Th2 cytokine (IL-4), along with inhibiting the relative mRNA expression of Th1 cytokines (IL-2 and TNF-α) and Th2 cytokine (IL-10) compared with Concanavalin A-treated lymphocytes. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Fermentation with mixed probiotics could effectively improve the bioactive activity of S. platensis. In particular, L-PFS screened from the FS could significantly contribute to the immune-enhancing activity of lymphocytes, promote the Th1/Th2 balance, and provide insights for the investigation of FS as the potential immunomodulatory food products.
Formation of secondary mineral coatings and the persistence of reduced metal-bearing phases in soils developing on historic coal mine spoil

Abstract Acid mine drainage (AMD) from historic and abandoned coal mine spoil represents a potential long-term source of contaminants to surface and groundwater. Determining the risk associated within AMD generation and metal(loid) transport from coal mine spoil is complicated by the heterogeneous natural of spoil heaps and mineralogical and hydro(bio)geochemical factors that may limit or promote metal(loid) transport. The current work aims to determine if primary, reduced phases such as pyrite continue to persist in abandoned and historic coal mine spoil. This objective was accomplished through characterization soils undergoing active weathering while developing on coal mine spoil in Appalachian Ohio to determine the factors that might limit oxidative dissolution. Soils in the Huff Run Watershed (Ohio, USA) were sampled at 0–10 cm, 30–40 cm, 70–80 cm, and 110–120 cm depth. X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), and synchrotron-based X-ray Microprobe (XMP) analyses were used to determine the speciation and distribution of metal(loid)s and the minerals they are associated with. The XMP analyses included micro-focused XRD (μ-XRD), X-ray Fluorescence (μ-XRF) element and redox state mapping, and X-ray absorption Near Edge Structure (μ-XANES) Spectroscopy. Soil mineralogy was dominated by quartz, muscovite, kaolinite, and feldspar, with minor amounts of chlorite and other phases including pyrite, arsenopyrite, realgar, orpiment, hematite, and goethite. Soils from all depths contained metal(loid)-sulfide particles with secondary mineral surface coatings, often in physically complex and heterogeneous aggregates that were composed of clay minerals and secondary Fe(III)-(oxy)hydroxides. These assemblages were typically 10–20 μm in diameter, with an individual pyrite particle core grain size ranging from 0.5 to 10 μm, and secondary mineral surface coatings ranging in thickness from undetectable to 1 μm. Within these aggregates, S and As were present as: (1) small (
The Price of Pre-adolescent Abuse: Effects of Sexual Abuse on Perinatal Depression and Anxiety

Childhood abuse is a major public health concern and a risk factor for subsequent poor maternal mental health. This study of 176 racially diverse women explored the associations between the histories of childhood sexual abuse and depression and anxiety during pregnancy, at six weeks postpartum, and 12 weeks postpartum. Data on depressive and anxiety symptoms were gathered during pregnancy, at six weeks postpartum, and 12 weeks postpartum. Sociodemographic data were collected during pregnancy, while data on childhood sexual abuse were gathered during the 12-week postpartum period. Bivariate analyses and repeated mixed-effects linear regression with bootstrapping were used to assess the association between childhood sexual abuse and perinatal depressive and anxiety symptoms. Childhood sexual abuse was significantly associated with depressive symptoms (β = 2.52, 95% CI 1.72, 3.32, p < .001) and anxiety symptoms (β = 4.44, 95% CI 3.70, 5.81, p < .001) over time, while controlling for demographic characteristics and lifetime major depression and anxiety. Depressive and anxiety symptoms decreased over the perinatal period and were highest during pregnancy. Black women were more likely to report higher depressive symptoms (β = 1.35, 95% CI 0.51, 2.19, p = .002) and anxiety symptoms (β = 3.29 95% CI 1.72, 4.87, p < .001) over time compared to White women. The results highlight the importance of assessing the long-term effects of childhood sexual abuse on perinatal depressive and anxiety symptoms to help inform the development of interventions for women, particularly Black women.
Formation of Ag(Ga, In)Se 2 During Selenization of Ag-Ga/In Precursor

The substitution of Ag for Cu in Cu(Ga, In)Se 2 has been shown to optimize the bandgap of the chalcopyrite while decreasing defect density and formation temperature. The synthesis of chalcopyrite via selenization of metal precursor films with a complete substitution of Ag for Cu was studied both in-situ during selenization using high temperature x-ray diffraction and ex-situ using electron microcopy. AgInSe 2 formation at low temperatures was limited by the availability of Ag in the liquid phase resulting in the formation of Ag-deficient Ag-In-Se phases. Ga alloying into AgInSe 2 at high temperature was limited by the stability of (Ga, In) 2 Se 3 .
Financial impact of electric scooters: a review of injuries over 27 months at an urban level 1 trauma center (cost of e-scooter injuries at an urban level 1 trauma center).

Background Electric scooters (e-scooters) have become a widespread method of transportation due to convenience and affordability. However, the financial impact of medical care for sustained injuries is currently unknown. The purpose of this study is to characterize total billing charges associated with medical care of e-scooter injuries. Methods A retrospective review of patients with e-scooter injuries presenting to the trauma bay, emergency department or outpatient clinics at an urban level 1 trauma center was conducted from November 2017 to March 2020. Demographic and clinical data were collected. Primary outcomes of interest were total billing charges and billing to insurance (hospital and professional). Multivariable models were used to identify preventable risk factors associated with higher total billing charges. Results A total of 63 patients were identified consisting of 42 (66.7%) males, average age 40.19 (SD 13.29) years and 3.2% rate of helmet use. Patients sustained orthopedic (29%, n=18), facial (48%, n=30) and cranial (23%, n=15) injuries. The average total billing charges for e-scooter clinical encounters was $95 710 (SD $138 215). Average billing to insurance was $86 376 (SD $125 438) for hospital charges and $9 334 (SD $14 711) for professional charges. There were no significant differences in charges between injury categories. On multivariable regression, modifiable risk factors independently associated with higher total billing charges included any intoxication prior to injury ($231 377 increase, p=0.02), intracranial bleeds ($75 528, p=0.04) and TBI ($360 898, p=0.006). Discussion Many patients sustain high-energy injuries during e-scooter accidents with significant medical and financial consequences. Further studies may continue expanding the financial impact of e-scooter injuries on both patients and the healthcare system. Level of evidence III