cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cytotoxic chemotherapy increases sleep and sleep fragmentation in non-tumor-bearing mice

Sleep disruption ranks among the most common complaints of breast cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy. Because of the complex interactions among cancer, treatment regimens, and life-history traits, studies to establish a causal link between chemotherapy and sleep disruption are uncommon. To investigate how chemotherapy acutely influences sleep, adult female c57bl/6 mice were ovariectomized and implanted with wireless biotelemetry units. EEG/EMG biopotentials were collected over the course of 3days pre- and post-injection of 13.5mg/kg doxorubicin and 135mg/kg cyclophosphamide or the vehicle. We predicted that cyclophosphamide+doxorubicin would disrupt sleep and increase central proinflammatory cytokine expression in brain areas that govern vigilance states (i.e., hypothalamus and brainstem). The results largely support these predictions; a single chemotherapy injection increased NREM and REM sleep during subsequent active (dark) phases; this induced sleep was fragmented and of low quality. Mice displayed marked increases in low theta (5-7Hz) to high theta (7-10Hz) ratios following chemotherapy treatment, indicating elevated sleep propensity. The effect was strongest during the first dark phase following injection, but mice displayed disrupted sleep for the entire 3-day duration of post-injection sleep recording. Vigilance state timing was not influenced by treatment, suggesting that acute chemotherapy administration alters sleep homeostasis without altering sleep timing. qPCR analysis revealed that disrupted sleep was accompanied by increased IL-6 mRNA expression in the hypothalamus. Together, these data implicate neuroinflammation as a potential contributor to sleep disruption after chemotherapy.
Calculus Students' and Instructors' Conceptualizations of Slope: A Comparison across Academic Levels.

This study considers tertiary calculus students’ and instructors’ conceptualizations of slope. Qualitative techniques were employed to classify responses to 5 items using conceptualizations of slope identified across various research settings. Students’ responses suggest that they rely on procedurally based conceptualizations of slope, showing little evidence of covariational reasoning. In contrast, instructors’ responses demonstrated a multi-dimensional understanding of slope as a functional property, which applies to real-world situations and plays an integral role in the development of key calculus concepts. While relatively diverse, the instructors’ responses seldom reported determining increasing or decreasing trends of a line from its slope. This conceptualization was used frequently by students and could help them better understand how slope ties to positive and negative derivatives. The most frequently used conceptualizations for students in this study align with past research findings on the emphasis of the secondary mathematics curriculum, supporting the possibility of cultural influences (academic and geographic) on individuals’ conceptualizations of slope. Thus, this study provides valuable insight into conceptualizations of slope and provides direction for future research on slope and the broader topic of cultural influences on mathematical meaning.
The harder you look, the more you find: Catheter-associated bloodstream infection surveillance variability.

Background Catheter-related bloodstream infections are an important quality performance measure and remain a significant source of added morbidity, mortality, and medical costs. Objective Our objectives were to assess variability in catheter-associated bloodstream infections (CA-BSI) surveillance practices, management, and attitudes/beliefs in pediatric intensive care units (PICUs) and to determine whether any correlation exists between surveillance variation and CA-BSI rates. Methods We used a survey of 5 health care professions at multiple institutions. Results One hundred forty-six respondents from 5 professions in 16 PICUs completed surveys with a response rate of 40%. All 10 (100%) infection control departments reported inclusion or exclusion of central line types inconsistent with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CA-BSI definition, 5 (50%) calculated line-days inconsistently, and only 5 (50%) used a strict, written policy for classifying BSIs. Infection control departments report substantial variation in methods, timing, and resources used to screen and adjudicate BSI cases. Greater than 80% of centers report having a formal, written policy about obtaining blood cultures, although less than 80% of these address obtaining samples from patients with central venous lines, and any such policies are reportedly followed less than half of the time. Substantial variation exists in blood culturing practices, such as temperature thresholds, preemptive antipyretics, and blood sampling (volumes, number, sites, frequencies). A surveillance aggressiveness score was devised to quantify practices likely to increase identification of bloodstream infections, and there was a significant correlation between the surveillance aggressiveness score and CA-BSI rates (r = 0.60, P = .034). In assessing attitudes and beliefs, there was much greater confidence in the validity of CA-BSI as an internal/historical benchmark than as an external/peer benchmark, and the factor most commonly believed to contribute to CA-BSI occurrences was patient risk factors, not central line maintenance or insertion practices. Conclusion There is substantial variation in reported CA-BSI surveillance practices among PICUs, and more aggressive surveillance correlates to higher CA-BSI rates, which has important implications in pay-for-performance and benchmarking applications. There is a compelling opportunity to improve standardized CA-BSI surveillance to enhance the validity of this metric for interinstitutional comparisons. Health care professionals' attitudes and beliefs about CA-BSI being driven by patient risk factors would benefit from recalibration that emphasized more important drivers—such as the quality of central line insertion and maintenance.
Too Soon to Say

(1) Rupert Read charges that Rawls culpably overlooks the politicized Euthyphro: Do we accept our political perspective because it is right or is it right because we accept it? (2) This charge brings up the question of the deficiency dilemma: Do others disagree with us because of our failures or theirs? – where the two dilemmas appear to be independent of each other and lead to the questions of the logic of deficiency, moral epistemic deficiency, epistemic peers, and the hardness of philosophy. (3) In reply, on an expanded principle of charity Rawls does not overlook the Euthyphro but rather offers ground-breaking solutions to it, (4) that nonetheless trip on the independent bootstrap (5) – as also do Dreben and Nussbaum. (6) Furthermore, Rawls's ‘burdens of judgment’ seek to bypass the necessity of moral epistemic deficiency and (7) suggest a wider framework for understanding disagreement that sees disagreement as arising from inquiry being in development, unpredictable and uncertain. (8) This wider framework entails that disagreement does not mean moral epistemic deficiency and (9) that our responses to the Euthyphro are ‘too soon to say’.
Loss of seasonal variability in a lake resulting from copper sulfate algaecide treatment

Abstract Vertical profiles of selected biogeochemical parameters were measured temporally in two lakes to help understand the influence of the additions of CuSO4 to control algal growth. Our working hypothesis is that the temporal variability of biogeochemical parameters in the treated lake will be less than in the untreated one. The study lakes are in the southern portion of the Lower Peninsula of Michigan. Hawk Island, a groundwater fed lake, was treated with periodic additions of CuSO4. It has a large lake to watershed area ratio and its land-use is characterized by a public park that has a combination of woods and grassland with fertilizer additions. Muskrat Lake has a smaller lake to watershed ratio, is a flow-through lake, and in a dominantly agricultural landscape. Temporal measurements include total dissolved copper, pH, temperature, conductivity, dissolved oxygen, turbidity, chlorophyll a, dissolved organic carbon, percent aromaticity, total dissolved nitrogen and total dissolved phosphorous. A novel aspect of the data is a set of samples taken just after a major rain event. The results show that lakes have some similarities (e.g., same pH’s and temperatures and are well mixed). However, there are differences in some biogeochemical (e.g., DO) and physical (e.g., turbidity) parameters that can be observed as a function of sampling time and response to the rain events. Physical and biogeochemical parameters have less seasonal variability in Hawk Island Lake than in Muskrat Island Lake. The impact of the rain event (i.e., biogeochemical change and recovery) was different for each lake which is attributed in part to the influence of the CuSO4 addition as well as to the difference in the lake hydrology. These results support the working hypothesis by showing that addition of the algaecide CuSO4 changes the biogeochemical structure of a lake, and that with the loss of algae, seasonal variations in biogeochemical parameters are reduced. While CuSO4 additions may be perceived as beneficial in reducing or eliminating algal blooms, it may come at a cost to other lake processes. The consequences of this dampening are currently not well understood.
hRev7, putative subunit of hPolζ, plays a critical role in survival, induction of mutations, and progression through S-phase, of UV(254 nm)-irradiated human fibroblasts

Translesion synthesis (TLS) refers to mechanisms by which specialized DNA polymerases incorporate nucleotides opposite fork-blocking lesions and extend replication until standard replicative polymerases take over. The first eukaryotic TLS polymerase discovered, S. cerevisiae Polzeta, consists of catalytic subunit Rev3 and non-catalytic subunit Rev7. Human homologs of these two proteins have been identified. Studies by Lawrence, Maher, and colleagues comparing UV((254nm))-irradiated human fibroblast cell strains expressing high levels of hRev3 antisense to their normal parental strains demonstrated that there was no difference in cell survival, but that the frequency of UV-induced mutations in the derivative strains was 10-fold lower than that of the parental strains, indicating that hRev3 plays a critical role in such mutagenesis. To examine the role of hRev7 in TLS, we generated human fibroblasts expressing hRev7 siRNA, identified two derivative cell strains with significantly reduced levels of hRev7, and compared them to their parental strain and a vector control for cell survival, induction of mutations, and ability to traverse the cell cycle following exposure to UV radiation. Cells with reduced hRev7 were approximately 2-times more sensitive to UV-induced cytotoxicity than the controls, indicating that unlike hRev3, hRev7 plays a protective role for cells exposed to UV radiation. When these cell strains were assayed for the frequency of mutations induced by UV in their HPRT gene, cell stains with reduced hRev7 were 5-times less sensitive to UV-induced mutagenesis than control strains. In addition, when these four strains were synchronized at the G1/S border, released from the block, UV-irradiated, and allowed to traverse the cell cycle, the rate of progression through S-phase of the cell strains with reduced hRev7 was significantly slower than that of the control strains. These data strongly support the hypothesis that hRev7 is required for TLS past UV-photoproducts, and together with hRev3, comprise hPolzeta.
Formation of persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous in ephrin-A5-/- mice.

Purpose Primary vitreous regression is a critical event in mammalian eye development required for proper ocular maturity and unhindered vision. Failure of this event results in the eye disease persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous (PHPV), also identified as persistent fetal vasculature (PFV), a condition characterized by the presence of a fibrovascular mass adjacent to the lens and retina, and associated with visual disability and blindness. Here, we identify ephrin-A5 to be a critical regulator for primary vitreous regression. Methods Wild-type and ephrin-A5(-/-) eyes were examined at various developmental stages to determine the progression of PHPV. Eye tissue was sectioned and examined by H&E staining. Protein expression and localization was determined through immunohistochemistry. Relative levels of Eph receptors were determined by RT-PCR. Results Ephrin-A5(-/-) animals develop ocular phenotypes representative of PHPV, most notably the presence of a large hyperplastic mass posterior to the lens that remains throughout the lifetime of the animal. The aberrant tissue in these mutant mice consists of residual hyaloid vessels surrounded by pigmented cells of neural crest origin. Labeling with bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) and detection of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) expression shows that the mass in ephrin-A5(-/-) animals is mitotically active in embryonic and postnatal stages. Conclusions Ephrin-A5 is a critical factor that regulates primary vitreous regression.
Large-Scale Dynamics of Active Regions and Small Photospheric Magnetic Features

This paper presents an analysis of the dynamics of magnetic features within and outside active regions using full-disk magnetograms obtained by the MDI (Michelson Doppler Imager) instrument on the SOHO spacecraft. The absence of distortion and the short time interval (96 minutes) between images allow us to calculate high-quality cross-correlations between regions on each magnetogram. Therefore, each cross-correlation can be studied individually, which provides information with resolution in longitude as well as good temporal resolution. Rotation rates and meridional motions are simultaneously derived from an analysis of the cross-correlation functions. This analysis shows that the meridional motions are very different during the quiet period and the active period. In the former case, a poleward meridional circulation is observed, which increases with latitude. In the latter case, the meridional motions of magnetic features in active regions are smaller by a factor of 2 than those exhibited by small magnetic structures outside active regions. The rotation rate seems slightly larger in active regions, while the rotation rate decreases as the activity level rises. Some differences in the meridional circulation of different polarities are found.
Physical and genetic interactions link hox function with diverse transcription factors and cell signaling proteins.

Positional information provided by Hox homeotic transcription factors is integrated with other transcription factors and cell signaling cascades in specific combinations to dictate context- and gene-specific Hox activity. Protein-protein interactions between these groups have long been hypothesized to modulate Hox functions, yielding a context-specific function. However, difficulties in applying interaction screens to potent transcription factors have limited partner identification. A yeast two-hybrid screen using transcription activation-deficient mutants of the Drosophila melanogaster Hox protein Ultrabithorax IB identified an array of interacting proteins, consisting primarily of transcription factors and components of cell signaling pathways. Interactions were confirmed with wild-type Ultrabithorax (UBX) in phage display experiments and by immunoprecipitation for a subset of partners. In vivo assays demonstrated that two Ultrabithorax IB partners, Armadillo, regulated by Wingless/WNT signaling, and the homeodomain protein Aristaless, inhibit UBX-dependent haltere development from the default wing development pathway. Therefore, transcription factors and cell signaling proteins that subdivide Hox-specified tissues can both alter Hox function in vivo and interact with the corresponding Hox protein in vitro. UBX may also modulate partner function: the pupal death phenotype induced by ectopic expression of the UBX partner Hairy required the presence of UBX. Thus, Hox·transcription factor complexes may integrate a variety of positional cues, generating the specificity and versatility required for context-dependent Hox function.
Can computed tomography substitute for second-look operation in ovarian carcinoma?

Abstract The increasing use of computerized tomography as a noninvasive means of evaluating pelvic and abdominal malignancy was investigated as an adjunct to a second-look operation in patients with ovarian carcinoma. In order to fully evaluate the abdominal and pelvic contents enhanced CT examinations were done in 18 patients. There were 3 "true positives" and 12 "true negatives." The 3 "false negative" CT scans demonstrated multiple small implants at operation. It appears that the use of the CT scan in evaluating ovarian carincoma is restricted because of the diffuse nature and small implants associated with ovarian cancer. The absence of disease by CT scan evaluation was not an adequate reason to defer the second-look operation.
Prion Proteins and Mechanisms of Interaction with Model Membranes

Prions are infectious agents responsible for transmissible spongiform encephalopathies, a fatal neurodegenerative disease in mammals, including humans. Prions propagate biological information by conversion of the nonpathological version of the prion protein, PrPc, to the infectious conformation, PrPSc. To shed light on the biogenesis of PrPSc on the cell surface, we will report on multiscale molecular modeling studies of enthalpy-driven binding modes of PrPc to model membranes and the conformational response of PrPc to such binding events. Our preliminary results suggest the existence of preferential binding spots on the PrPc surface driven by favorable protein-membrane electrostatics interactions. Upon binding, the conformational space of PrPc is reduced.
The structural analysis of acetonitrile-cis-dicarbonyl(η5-cyclopentadienyl)(triphe-nylphosphine)molybdenum(II) tetrafluoroborate, cis-[(η5-C5H5)Mo(CO)2(PPh3)(NCCH3)]+[BF4]−

Abstract The crystal structure of the title compound has been determined by means of single crystal X-ray diffraction techniques. The subject compound crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/c (No. 14, C2h5. The lattice constants are a=12.997(3), b=11.729(3), c=17.681(4) A and β=100.73(2)°. Anisotropic refinement based on 3655 unique reflections using a full-matrix least-squares program has yielded R=0.046 and Rw=0.051. There are four molecules per unit cell, Dm=1.52(3) and Dx=1.52 Mg m−3. The tetrafluoroborate anion displayed a great deal of disorder. Utilizing cone angle calculations, a ‘ligand profile’ describes the steric bulk of the triphenylphosphine functional group. The resulting maximum cone angle, θ, for the triphenylphosphine group is 120°. Important metrical details are: MP=2.5356(8); MN=2.156(3); MoC=1.978(4) and 1.950(4); CN=1.120(4); and CO=1.156(5) and 1.147(4) A.
The archaeology of southern Madagascar

Pastoralists, warriors and colonists: the archaeology of southern Madagascar, by Mike Parker Pearson, Karen Godden, Ramilisonina, Retsihasetse, Jean-Luc Schwenninger, George Huertebize, Chantal Rad...
Addressing the Paucity of Psychological Scholarship Conducted With Iranian Populations: A Preliminary Review of Iranian Mental Health Research in the United States

Iranians are one of the least studied immigrant groups in the United States, despite possessing significant amounts of psychological distress. This article provides an overview of 46 studies pertaining to the mental health of Iranians, both in Iran and abroad (including in the United States), to elucidate areas that need further exploration. To the best of the author's knowledge, this is the first article to integrate Iranian mental health literature on a global scale. Merging international findings will enable researchers and clinicians to better address the needs of Iranians in the community and clinic. Issues for consideration in future research include recruitment and retention, dissemination of findings, and the selection and translation of measures. Clinical implications are also discussed throughout the article.
A generalized deadlock predicate

Abstract Satisfiability of the deadlock predicate constructed by the semaphore invariant method is a necessary condition for total deadlock in PV programs. Clarke (1980) has developed a technique, based on a view of resource invariants as fixed points of a functional, for constructing a deadlock predicate such that satisfiability is a necessary and sufficient condition for total deadlock. We describe a technique for synthesizing a generalized deadlock predicate such that satisfiability is a necessary and sufficient condition for both total and partial deadlock. Our method constructs a strongest resource invariant using Clarke's fixed point functional. We then use this strongest resource invariant and a predicate transformer to construct a generalized deadlock predicate.
The incidence and relevance of prostate cancer in radical cystoprostatectomy specimens.

Purpose To review the incidence, histopathological features and clinical outcomes of patients with incidental prostate cancer (CaP) found in cystoprostatectomy specimens (CP) excised for bladder cancer and to determine whether these prostate cancers could affect the follow-up strategy.
Rob Kling remembered: The early beginnings of social analysis of computing in the URBIS project

Rob joined the Department of Information and Computer Science at the University of California, Irvine (UCI), in 1973. He was at UCI for 23 years of his life, until he left for Indiana University in...
New Chemical Method for the Determination of Water in Butter

Abstract Water in butter is rapidly and accurately measured by a titrimetric procedure requiring common laboratory equipment and inexpensive chemicals. The method employs an auto-dehydrating reagent composed of methanolic sodium methoxide, ethyl acetate and phenolphthalein. In the presence of added water hydrolysis of the methoxide results in the formation of hydroxide which is then formation of hydroxide which is then consumed by saponification of the ethyl acetate at moderate temperatures. The decrease in base, as determined by titration with standard ethanolic-HCl, is equivalent to the water present.
Scalable video transmission: packet loss induced distortion modeling and estimation

To provide enhanced multimedia services for heterogeneous networks and terminal devices, Scalable Video Coding (SVC) has been developed to embed different quality of video in a single bitstream. Similar to classical compressed video transmission, different packets of a video bitstream have different impacts on received video quality. Therefore, distortion modeling and estimation are necessary in designing a robust video transmission strategy under various network conditions. In the paper, we present the first scheme of packet loss induced distortion modeling and estimation in SVC transmission. The proposed scheme is applicable to numerous video communication and networking scenarios in which accurate distortion information can be utilized to enhance the performance of video transmission. One major challenge in scalable video distortion estimation is due to the adoption of more complicated prediction structure in SVC, which makes the tracking of error propagation much more difficult than the non-scalable encoded video. In this research, we tackle such challenge by systematically tracking the propagation of errors under various prediction trajectories. Supplemental information about the compressed video is embedded into data packets to substantially simplify the modeling and estimation. Moreover, with supplemental data of inter prediction information, distortion estimation can be processed without parsing video bitstream which results in much lower computation and memory cost. With negligible effects on the data size, experimental results show that the proposed scheme is able to track and estimate the distortion with very high accuracy. This first ever scalable video transmission distortion modeling and estimation scheme can be deployed at either gateways or receivers because of its low computation and memory cost.
The Multifaceted Influence of the Mucosal Microflora on Mucosal Dendritic Cell Responses

Over the last decade, it has become apparent that the complex interactions between components of the mucosal microflora and the mucosal immune system can involve either direct contact with dendritic cells in the lamina propria or, alternatively, contact with epithelial cells lining the mucosa that then influence the function of dendritic cells. Although in some cases these interactions involve signaling specific to particular organisms and in others, to classes of organisms, a common theme is that signaling is invariably channeled through receptors that address many organisms or all organisms such as the pattern-recognition receptors TLR and NLR. Here, I review this information with the intention of identifying how the mucosal microflora influences specific functions of the mucosal immune system such the production of particular cytokines as well as broader functions such as the maintenance of mucosal immune homeostasis and host defense.
Excessive Reassurance Seeking: Delineating a Risk Factor Involved in the Development of Depressive Symptoms

Six studies investigated (a) the construct validity of reassurance seeking and (b) reassurance seeking as a specific vulnerability factor for depressive symptoms. Studies 1 and 2 demonstrated that reassurance seeking is a reasonably cohesive, replicable, and valid construct, discernible from related interpersonal variables. Study 3 demonstrated that reassurance seeking displayed diagnostic specificity to depression, whereas other interpersonal variables did not, in a sample of clinically diagnosed participants. Study 4 prospectively assessed a group of initially symptom-free participants, and showed that those who developed future depressive symptoms (as compared with those who remained symptom-free) obtained elevated reassurance-seeking scores at baseline, when all participants were symptom-free, but did not obtain elevated scores on other interpersonal variables. Studies 5 and 6 indicate that reassurance seeking predicts future depressive reactions to stress. Taken together, the six studies support the ...
Emissivity correction for interpreting thermal radiation from a terrestrial surface

A general method of accounting for emissivity in making temperature determinations of graybody surfaces from radiometric data is presented. The method differs from previous treatments in that a simple blackbody calibration and graphical approach is used rather than numerical integrations which require detailed knowledge of an instrument's spectral characteristics. Also, errors caused by approximating instrumental response with the Stephan-Boltzman law rather than with an appropriately weighted Planck integral are examined. In the 8-14 micron wavelength interval, it is shown that errors are at most on the order of 3 C for the extremes of the earth's temperature and emissivity. For more practical limits, however, errors are less than 0.5 C.
A comparison of drug treatment versus electrical stimulation for suppressing seizure activity.

Currently, the management of seizure activity by using pharmacological approaches is in many cases successful. However, it is also known that some patients (up to 30%) do not respond to conventional treatment and are considered drug resistant. For this group other approaches are sometimes attempted, such as surgical resection (not reviewed here) or use of the ketogenic diet (also not reviewed here). More recently, though, procedures that utilize chronic electrical stimulation as a means for suppressing seizure events are being tried. Experiments based on electrical stimulation are being conducted in both animal models and in some limited human trials, but so far it has not been determined if chronic electrical stimulation is more or less effective than conventional drug therapy. This article reviews basic mechanisms of seizure activity, standard antiepileptic drugs (AEDs), and compares conventional AEDs to alternative approaches such as vagal nerve and deep brain stimulation.
Absolute gas pressure measurement and regulation near one torr

Abstract Herein describes a composite mechanical system of absolute pressure measurement and density regulation of a flowing gas target used in high precision nuclear scattering experiments. Absolute pressures of one torr are read accurately to 10 −3 torr. The sensitivity could readily be extended to 10 −5 torr. The regulator controls the exit rate of the gas in such a way that the gas density in the scattering chamber is maintained constant inspite of variations in temperature.
What kind of data do we expect in single-molecule imaging experiments and how do we process it?

The proposed experiments to image single molecules with X-ray free-electron lasers present an unprecedented challenge in data processing. We describe for non-experts the computational tasks and some recent progress in solving them.
Novel In situ Probe for Monitoring Polymer Curing

A novel probe design for in situ fiber-optic Raman spectroscopy has been tested and employed for real-time monitoring of an epoxy curing. The epoxy system consists of diglycidylether of bisphenol-A and polyoxypropylenetriamine. The probe consists of a single fiber optic and a small section of Teflon® tubing. The tube acts as a waveguide and sample holder. Raman signal enhancements of 15 × were observed with the employment of the tube compared to those of spectra acquired with the single fiber alone. This analysis studied the C-H stretching region of the epoxide, where previously studies have centered around the fingerprint region. The small volume of the probe and large surface area allow it to be used effectively as a method of polymer thin-film measurement. It is also effective in bulk polymer measurements because of a negligible amount of heat trapped in the sample during curing. This gives the probe a temperature and reaction rate characteristic of the polymer surrounding it. Multivariate analysis was employed to interpret and analyze the numerous spectra taken during analyses. Multivariate techniques show that both curing and sample internal temperature information can be derived from the Raman spectra.
Posttraumatic Stress Among Women With Breast Cancer and Their Daughters: Relationship With Daughters' Breast Cancer Screening

Cancer-related posttraumatic stress (PTS) in women with breast cancer, perceived risk of cancer in these women's daughters, and daughters' PTS related to their mothers' breast cancer were tested for relationships to daughters' breast self-examination (BSE) and mammography activity. Daughters' mammography frequency was related to her own PTS, but not to her perceived risk or her mothers' PTS. In contrast, daughters who overperformed BSE had mothers reporting significantly greater PTS than those performing BSE at recommended rates or underperforming BSE. Daughters' BSE and mammography frequency were not correlated. Differing demands related to BSE and mammography, and their relationship to different distress variables are discussed.
Comment on Adra's Review

identification with the film's subjects. Instead the reviewer criticizes the accuracy of the script and the scholarship of one of the world's renowned experts on Yemenite Jewry, with nearly 40 years of ongoing research among them. In doing so, however, the reviewer herself betrays a lack of sensitivity to the main thrust of the movie and a lack of familiarity with the history and culture ofYemenite Jews. "The object of this film is salvage ethnography.. ." begins the review-and then this perspective is swiftly forgotten. Salvage ethnography depends heavily on the perceived history and memories of the group in question. Thus, in the folklore of Yemenite Jews, Dhu Nuwas was a culture hero, no matter what historically controversial activity he was involved in. (Incidentally, the script does not in any way implicate Islam in the fall of Dhu Nuwas, as was alleged by the reviewer.) The subordination ofJews in Yemen is blamed on "fanatically religious tribes," claims the reviewer. Not so! The script merely indicates that outside explorers were discouraged from visiting Yemen by them (cf. Rathjens, Niebuhr, Brauer). The reviewer says that "the fortunes of the Jews in Yemen have risen and fallen with political circumstances" (p. 492). This is true, but the "rise" rarely exceeded mere tolerance. Furthermore, the Jews' official status of dhimmi, "protected minority," was generally respected far more by Shafi'i Muslim populations beyond the reach of the Zaydi Imam. YemeniteJewish history is replete with maltreatment at the hands of the Imam-the most
Human herpesvirus 6 is present in lesions of Langerhans cell histiocytosis.

Abstract Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is a disease characterized by Langerhans cell infiltration of skin and bone, with its most severe form manifested by multifocal infiltration of many organs. The etiology is unknown, although viral infection has been proposed as a potential pathogenic factor. Human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6), a recently described member of the human herpesvirus family, has been associated with atypical or malignant lymphocytic processes, and immune disorders. Based on these observations, we suspected that HHV-6 may play a role in the pathogenesis of LCH. Lesional tissue of 30 patients with LCH was retrospectively examined for the presence of HHV-6 by using the polymerase chain reaction. Tissue specimens from 63 patients with other benign and malignant histiocytic and lymphocytic diseases served as controls. In addition, all specimens were examined with control primers specific for herpes simplex virus (HSV). HHV-6 DNA was detected in lesions of 14 of 30 patients with LCH (47%). On clinical subgroup analysis, HHV-6 DNA was found in 10 of 16 patients with extraosseous disease (63%) and in four of 14 patients with disease limited to bone (29%). In each case, the prevalence of HHV-6 in LCH lesions was statistically significant, when compared to the control population. HSV DNA was not found in any of the LCH or control specimens. Although the presence of a virus alone does not establish a causal role in the disease, it supports the possibility of an etiologic relationship. From this study, we emphasize the need for further investigation of the potential HHV-6-mediated pathogenesis of LCH.
Determination of alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes.

Abstract A method for the quantitative determination of alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes on cellusose acetate has been developed. Electrophoresis is performed utilizing barbital buffer and the substrate, 2-hydroxy-3-amido-N-(2', 4'-dimethylphenyl) -naphthalene phosphate is converted to a highly fluorescent product which is measured with a fluorometer. Subsequent staining of the same cellulose acetate strips for protein permits the precise localization of the isoenzyme forms. The results obtained show good reproducibility and the simplicity of the procedure permits screening of large numbers of specimens.
Color vision following intense green light exposure: Data and a model

Hue discrimination, spectral sensitivity, and mathematical models of both are presented for a rhesus monkey which was exposed to intense green light. One of the monkey's eyes was blue-blinded in a previous experimental procedure and the other was color normal. The results of green light exposure showed a loss of sensitivity on both measures, with greater loss in the blue-blinded eye. Although there was considerable loss of hue-discrimination in the blue-green spectral regions, hue-discrimination at the point of best discrimination, 590 nm, remained unaffected. This pattern of results poses difficulties for models of hue discrimination, and has resulted in the proposed model employing three opponent color channels. The number of free-parameters are minimized and the integration between spectral sensitivity and hue discrimination enhanced by deriving parameters used in modeling hue discrimination from spectral sensitivity or vice versa.
Electrochemistry of soybean: effects of uncouplers, pollutants, and pesticides

Abstract Action potentials in higher plants are the information carriers in intercellular and intracellular communication in the presence of environment changes. Action potentials take an active part in the expedient character of response reactions of plants as a response to external effects. Action potentials in soybean ( Glycine max (L) Merrill) can be as fast as the action potentials in axons of nervous cells. In the present work we show that protonophores FCCP, pentachlorophenol and 2,4-dinitrophenol induce fast action potentials and decrease the variation potential to zero in a soybean. The speed of the propagation of action potentials in a soybean induced by uncouplers is up to 40 m s −1 .
Solid state structural studies of saccharin salts with some heterocyclic bases

Five saccharin salts with heterocyclic bases 1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)ethane, 1; trans-1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)ethylene, 2; piperazine, 3; 1,4-dimethylpiperazine, 4 and 2,2′-dipyridylamine, 5 have been synthesized and characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction. The crystal structures reveal that in all the salts, the hydrogen atom has been transferred from saccharin nitrogen to the base nitrogen and sustained through charge-assisted hydrogen bonds. In salts 1–3, N+–H donor forms N+–H⋯O hydrogen bonds with the carbonyl oxygen of saccharinate, whereas it forms N+–H⋯N− in 4 and intramolecular N+–H⋯N in 5. Salts 2 and 3 also form weak N+–H⋯N−hydrogen bonds. Only in salt3, the SO2 moiety is involved in conventional hydrogen bonding.
Homogenization in supercritical carbon dioxide enhances the diffusion of vitamin E in ultrahigh-molecular-weight polyethylene

Vitamin E stabilization of radiation-crosslinked ultrahigh-molecular-weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) joint implants was successfully introduced to improve long-term oxidation resistance. Current clinically available vitamin E stabilized UHMWPE implants were prepared by the postirradiation diffusion of vitamin E into 100-kGy-irradiated UHMWPE by a two-step process, which included doping in pure vitamin E at an elevated temperature below the melting point followed by an annealing step at an elevated temperature in inert gas to homogenize the antioxidant throughout components of desired thickness. We hypothesized that the diffusion of vitamin E could be enhanced with supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) during homogenization without an increase in the surface vitamin E concentration, which would thus result in faster homogenization. Our hypothesis tested positive; crosslinked UHMWPE doped with vitamin E at 120°C and homogenized in SC-CO2 at 10–12 MPa had a greater penetration of vitamin E than those homogenized in inert gas. We attributed the faster diffusion of vitamin E in irradiated UHMWPE in SC-CO2 to the dissolution of vitamin E in the supercritical fluid and a rate of diffusion that was closer to that of the supercritical fluid in the polymer. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
THE CONSUMPTION OF FLAVORED MILK AMONG A CHILDREN POPULATION. THE INFLUENCE OF BELIEFS AND THE ASSOCIATION OF BRANDS WITH EMOTIONS

Although milk and dairy products are seen as an important part of a child's diet, their consumption is declining. The aim of this study is to investigate the consumption of milk and flavored milk among a sample of 513 Belgian children aged between 8 and 13 years. In addition, the association between flavored milk brands and emotions is examined. Children prefer and consume more flavored than plain milk. They indicate that consumption is a self-made choice and that parents mainly ensure the availability of these products. Children prefer flavored milk to plain milk, although it is perceived to be less healthy. No correlation could be found between brand awareness and the consumption of flavored milk. Brands of flavored milk evoke divergent emotions and can be classified into different groups based upon their association with a type of emotion (i.e. positive/negative). This study demonstrates that taste is an important factor in flavored milk consumption by children and shows a strong relationship between brands and emotions. Consequently, the taste needs to be appealing for children, but it is equally important that children associate the brand with positive emotions, as this will lead to a higher preference. Milk producers who target children can use the insights gained from this study in the development of new products.
Atomic four-wave mixing: fermions versus bosons.

We compare four-wave mixing in quantum degenerate gases of bosonic and fermionic atoms. We find that matter-wave gratings formed from either bosonic or fermionic atoms can in principle exhibit nearly identical Bragg scattering and four-wave mixing properties. This implies that effects such as coherent matter-wave amplification and superradiance can occur in degenerate Fermi gases. This effect is due to constructive many-particle quantum interferences, which in the boson case are interpreted as ``Bose enhancement.''
Simulation of mechanical properties of oriented glassy polystyrene

Abstract Mechanical properties of processed polymers depend sensitively on their microstructure. In order to understand how different processing conditions affect the mechanical properties of polymers, one needs a means to describe the process-induced microstructure. Because the characteristic relaxation times of processed polymer chains often span several orders of magnitude, it is commonly the case that partial relaxation of the chains is frozen into the final product. We report results of molecular simulations by the Semi-Grand Canonical Monte Carlo (SGMC) method to study the orientation-dependent elasticity of glassy polystyrene as a function of both the system-average degree of orientation and the degree of relaxation of chain ends at a constant average orientation, in accord with the tube model of Doi and Edwards. Our simulations reproduce quantitatively the experimentally observed trends in the tensile modulus E 11 as a function both of the system-average orientation and of the inhomogeneity of the orientation along the chain due to rapid relaxation of chain ends. The results show that the partial relaxation of the polymer chains is sufficient to explain the observed variation of mechanical properties for samples that differ in processing history, yet have the same observed birefringence.
Two-Photon Fluorescent Imaging of Myelination in the Spinal Cord

Myelination is a fundamental biological process in the vertebrate nervous system. Damage to or malformation of myelin can lead to various neurological diseases; for example, demyelination in the spinal cord is a major cause of paralysis of patients suffering from multiple sclerosis and related diseases. The ability to directly track myelin levels in the spinal cord is needed in order to assess the efficacy of therapeutics in promoting myelin repair. To address this unmet need, 4-((E)-4-((E)-4-aminostyryl)-2,5-dimethoxystyryl)-N-methylaniline, known as Case Imaging Compound (CIC), has been developed as a myelin-targeted fluorescent imaging agent that selectively binds to myelin. CIC was synthesized via an improved route and evaluated as a fluorescent probe for two-photon fluorescent imaging of myelin in the spinal cord in both demyelinated and dysmyelinated models. In vitro and ex vivo tissue staining both suggest that CIC selectively binds to in animal models. Further evaluation in animal models indicated that CIC is sensitive to differences in myelin content in healthy versus pathological myelin. CIC could potentially be useful in the development and evaluation of novel therapies for multiple sclerosis and other demyelinating diseases.
Foot morphology and evolution in early Eocene Cantius

More than one hundred undescribed foot elements of Cantius and other closely related notharctine adapids (7 species in all) from throughout the early Eocene (Wasatchian) Willwood Formation of the Bighorn Basin, Wyoming, have been analyzed. For four species (Cantius ralstoni, “Copelemur” feretutus, Cantius frugivorus, and? Pelycodus jarrovii) these represent the first described postcranial material. The clade of Cantius and allied genera in the Bighorn Basin includes several speciation events and both increases and decreases in body size. The largest species represented by tarsal remains (? Pelycodus jarrovii) is several times larger than the smallest, Cantius ralstoni. However, despite the number of species, temporal duration, and range of body size represented, there are no obvious changes in foot morphology as measured by various indices or by observation of qualitative features. This contrasts with the more obvious changes in dental features (e.g., development of hypocone and mesostyle) in the same group of species described by earlier authors. The fossil record of Cantius thus illustrates different kinds of evolutionary change in the dentition and tarsus. The dentition changes in both size and shape while the tarsus changes only in size. We describe significant differences in foot anatomy which distinguish notharctines from extant strepsirhines, including the nature of the articulations between the navicular and cuboid and the distal tarsus with the metatarsus. These features indicate that the fossil taxa are not particularly closely allied phylogenetically to either extant strepsirhines in general or lemurids in particular.
On the derivation algebras of Lie module triple systems

We continue here work on the classification of Lie module triple systems over an algebraically closed field k of characteristic zero begun in [4], where we indicated how to decompose a Lie module triple system under certain restrictions into constituents from two relatively simple subclasses. We study these two subclasses in the present paper. Recall [S] that a Lie module triple system (abbreviated LMTS) is formed from a finite dimensional Lie algebra 27 having a nondegenerate symmetric associative (invariant) bilinear form b and a finite dimensional faithful Y-module M having a nondegenerate Y-invariant bilinear form cp, that is,
Fast light using multiple cascaded quantum-well semiconductor optical amplifiers

We demonstrate variable fast light at room temperature using multiple cascaded quantum-well semiconductor optical amplifiers. Controllable delay is achieved both electrically and optically, or by varying the number of amplifiers or amplifier-to-amplifier attenuation.
On the Question of 'Standard' Versus 'Dialect:' Implications for Teaching Hispanic College Students

This paper is concerned with the theoretical and pedagogical issues emanating from the practice of teaching Spanish to Hispanic bilingual college students. First, it addresses the distinction between standard and dialect and the educational implications of this dichotomy. Second, it addresses the major structural dissimilarities between standard Spanish and the two most important varieties of U.S. Spanish (i.e., Chicano and Puerto Rican). Finally, using current sociolinguistic theory, it makes suggestions to teach the standard language to speakers of Chicano and Puerto Rican Spanish. It presents examples of dialect drawn from students enrolled in Spanish for Native Speakers courses.