cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A test method for evaluating the thermal environment of underground coal mine refuge alternatives

Abstract Since 2009, the Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) has required mines to install refuge alternatives (RAs) in underground coal mines. One of the biggest concerns with occupied RAs is the possible severity of the resulting thermal environment. In 30 CFR 7.504, the maximum allowable apparent temperature (AT) for an occupied RA is specified as 35 °C (95 °F). Manufacturers must conduct heat/humidity tests to demonstrate that their RAs meet the 35 °C (95 °F) AT limit. For these tests, heat input devices are used to input the metabolic heat of actual miners. A wide variety of test methods, sensors, and heat input devices could be used when conducting such tests. Since 2012, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has conducted over thirty 96-hour heat/humidity tests on four different RAs. This paper discusses the test equipment and procedures used during these investigations. This information is useful for RA manufacturers conducting RA heat/humidity tests, for other researchers investigating RA heat/humidity buildup, and for those who need to assess the thermal environment of any confined space where people may be trapped or are seeking refuge.
The Genome of the Group B Coxsackieviruses

The six serotypes of the coxsackievirus B group (CVB1–6) and the 23 serotypes of the coxsackievirus A group (CVA1–23) represent a large proportion of the recognized enteroviruses. Recent interest in the molecular biology of the CVB group reflects the growing realization that the CVBs probably are involved in important human diseases such as myocarditis1 and have been implicated as putative causative agents in a variety of other diseases, such as diabetes mellitus,2,3 birth defects of the heart,4 and hydroencephalopathy.5 This chapter presents aspects of the CVB genome and the relationship of this genome to other, well-characterized enteroviral and picornaviral genomes. This discussion bases its remarks on the genomes of CVB1, CVB3, and CVB4 as the best-characterized CVB genomes to date. For general information on the organization and molecular biology of the picornaviral and enteroviral genomes, the reader is directed to several recent reviews.6–8
Reply to Wood and Lee, "Precedence for the Role of Indole with Pathogens".

We start by being thankful for the opportunity to respond to the letter by Wood and Lee (1) and clarify several points. We strive to cite the most pertinent literature, although one also has to deal with space constraints. Hence, in several instances, reviews were cited instead of primary literature (e.g., we cited the work of Stevens and Frankel [2] instead of the whole primary literature characterizing EHEC’s type 3 secretion system [T3SS] and attaching and effacing [AE] lesion formation). We also report in our paper (3) that indole was first recognized as a signal by Wang et al. (4), not by Lee at al. (5, 6) as stated by Drs. Wood and Lee in their letter. We also note that we cited the report of Bansal et al. (7) with regard to indole’s role in signaling to mammalian cells and fortifying barrier function. Drs. Wood and Lee wrote, > “With regard to the mechanism reported by Kumar and Sperandio for sensing indole through the histidine kinase sensor CpxA of EHEC (3), it is important to note that this was discovered 14 years earlier for E. coli by Hirakawa et al. (8). These researchers found that indole sensing in commensal E. coli requires the BaeSR and CpxAR two-component systems. Unfortunately, this contribution was not cited by Kumar and Sperandio (3) [our reference numbers].” In their paper, Hirakawa et al. (8) state, > “… on the other hand, the induction of acrD and mdtA was mediated by BaeSR and CpxAR, two component systems. Interestingly, CpxAR system-mediated induction required intrinsic baeSR genes, whereas BaeSR mediated induction was observed in the cpxAR gene deletion mutant.” In their paper, Hirakawa et …
Pentadic Cartography: Mapping Postpartum Psychosis Narratives.

Writing online narratives of postpartum psychosis allows both self-analysis and catharsis and can also be viewed as a type of sociopolitical expression. Eight narratives posted on the Action on Pos...
Comparison of the Hatch of Newly Laid Lycorma delicatula (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae) Eggs From the United States After Exposure to Different Temperatures and Durations of Low Temperature

Comparisons were made of the effects of temperature and duration of low temperature on hatch of newly laid egg masses of the invasive spotted lanternfly, Lycorma delicatula (White). Egg masses were collected in mid-October 2019 and estimated to be less than 14 d old. There was a significant positive nonlinear relationship between temperature and developmental rate (1/d) for eggs held at constant temperatures. The lower threshold for egg development was estimated as 7.39°C. Eggs held at constant 10, 15, and 20°C were estimated to require 635, 715, and 849 DD7.39, respectively, to develop. Egg hatch was variable, egg hatch rates were highest (58.4%) when held at a constant 15°C, though high rates (52.7%) were also obtained when eggs were held for 84 d at 10°C, then moved to 25°C. Almost all eggs enter diapause since very few eggs were able hatch when moved to 25°C after 7 d of chill at either 5 or 10°C. Chilling at 5 or 10°C increased percentage egg hatch as the duration in chill increased up to ~100 d and eggs held at 10°C were able to complete some or all the post-diapause development before being moved to 25°C. All egg masses were held at constant 16:8 (L:D) photoperiod and 65%RH. Our data suggest that temperature is the driving factor for diapause termination in spotted lanternfly, but other abiotic factors should be investigated. These identified developmental temperature threshold and degree day requirements for egg hatch will improve predictive distribution and phenological models.
Álvarez Terán, R., Clavo Sebastián, M.J., Fernández Guerrero, O. y Goicoechea Gaona, M.A. (2018). Maternidad lesbiana. Del deseo a la realidad

Este articulo resena: Alvarez Teran, R., Clavo Sebastian, M.J., Fernandez Guerrero, O. y Goicoechea Gaona, M.A. (2018). Maternidad lesbiana. Del deseo a la realidad. Barcelona: Editorial Egales.
A Gated Recurrent Deep Model for Supraventricular Premature Beat Detection in Electrocardiography Signal

Heart diseases are mainly diagnosed by the electrocardiogram (ECG) or (EKG), which a mechanism of recording the electrical signals of the heart. Correct detection of ECG signals behavior helps in diagnosing heart diseases and assists the cardiologists in determining the correct treatment for the patient. In this paper, we proposed a novel Deep Gated Recurrent (DGRU) based model for heart supraventricular premature beat detection in a multivariate ECG signal. The proposed model achieved a high detection accuracy using a small implementation budget. Furthermore, it could be easily implemented on portable hardware devices.
Plant derived tissue and soil nutrient concentration for plantations of four conifer species growing under different site and vegetation management conditions

Abstract This study investigates the long-term effects of vegetation management on nutrient concentration of various tissues and ecosystem components of 16 to 18 year-old Douglas-fir (DF), western hemlock (WH), western redcedar (WRC), and grand fir (GF) stands growing in Oregon’s central Coast Range (CR) and DF and WRC growing in Oregon’s Cascade mountain foothills (CF) under two contrasting vegetation management (VM) treatments. The treatments consist of: Control, which received no herbicide application post planting, and VM, which received five years of spring release herbicide application. Both treatments include a fall site preparation herbicide application. The ecosystem was broken down into crop trees (separated into foliage, live branches, bark, and stemwood), midstory species (separated into foliage and stem), understory, forest floor, fine roots, and mineral soil (with depth increments 0.0–0.2 m, 0.2–0.4 m, 0.4–0.6 m, and 0.6–1.0 m). All samples were analyzed for concentration of total carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, sulfur, boron, copper, iron, manganese, sodium, and zinc. This study design resulted in 1,740 unique nutrient concentration results being reported. The effect of VM (treatment) on tissue concentration varied by nutrient, overstory crop species (species), ecosystem component, and site. Forest floor and crop tree bark, followed by fine roots, were the ecosystem component nutrient concentrations that showed the greatest number of treatment effects across all species. Soil concentrations showed large variation across sites but were generally unaffected by treatment and species. At the CR site, magnesium and calcium soil concentrations were higher in VM plots across species, while zinc concentrations were lower. There were no other effects of treatment on soil nutrient concentrations, but there were some significant treatment × crop species interactions. Most notably, at the CF site, the concentration of C and N were higher in VM plots than control plots of DF, while the opposite was true for WRC. While total soil concentrations were generally unaffected by treatment and are unlikely to be adversely affected in the long term, it is possible that VM can reduce soil nitrogen for slow growing species like WRC.
Delineation of insula dynorphin and kappa opioid receptor circuit elements in alcohol consumption

Alcohol use disorder is complex and multi-faceted, involving the coordination of multiple signaling systems across numerous brain region. Previous work has indicated that both the insular cortex and dynorphin (DYN)/Kappa opioid receptor (KOR) systems contribute to excessive alcohol use. More recently, we identified a microcircuit in the medial aspect of the insular cortex that signals through DYN/KOR. Here, we explored the role of insula DYN/KOR circuit elements on alcohol intake in a long-term intermittent access (IA) procedure. Using a combination of conditional knockout strategies and site-directed pharmacology, we discovered distinct and sex-specific roles for insula DYN and KOR systems in alcohol drinking and related behavior. Our findings show that insula DYN deletion blocked escalated consumption and decreased overall intake of and preference for alcohol in male and female mice. This effect was selective for alcohol in male mice, as DYN deletion did not impact their sucrose intake. In male mice, insula KOR antagonism reduced alcohol intake and preference during the early phase of IA only. Alcohol consumption as not affected by insula KOR knockout. In addition, we found that long-term IA decreased the intrinsic excitability of DYN and deep layer pyramidal neurons (DLPN) in the insula of male mice. Excitatory synaptic transmission was also impacted by IA, as it drove an increase in excitatory synaptic drive in both DYN neurons and DLPN. Combined, our findings suggest that there is a dynamic interplay between excessive alcohol consumption and insula DYN/KOR circuit elements.
Flight Data Driven System Identification Using Neural Networks for Landing Safety Assessment

Multiple studies and reports have identified threshold exceedance precursors that significantly contribute to flight accidents. Reducing the occurrence of these precursors may potentially improve flight safety. This may be achieved by increasing pilots exposure to them. This in turn can be realized by training pilots with flights that have multiple accident precursors. To that end, this work focuses on the development of simulated flights that could eventually be integrated within a simulation environment to help increase pilots’ awareness about the precursors that lead to runway excursion events. Simulating flights with precursors require aircraft dynamic behavior to accurately model real world flying conditions. This requires model inputs to be mapped to the states based on real flight data. Real world flying conditions are represented by the flight operational quality assurance (FOQA) data. For this study, FOQA data is used to train long short term neural network model (LSTM) to simulate the aircraft behavior in final approach. Final approach is select as the flight phase of interest based on its significance to most frequent flight accidents such as runway excursion. A neural network model is used to simulate the final approach by sequentially predicting future aircraft states based on current aircraft states and full control trajectories. The accuracy of the aircraft model is evaluated based on the accuracy of predicted and actual state trajectories. Then the aircraft model is used to compare number of precursors triggered by simulated and actual flights. This comparison is used to evaluate the potential for simulated flights to be used for identifying accident precursors and increasing awareness to the precursors.
Reformulation-Convexification Technique for Quadratic Programs and Some Convex Envelope Characterizations

In the previous chapter, we have presented general concepts and theory for using RLT to solve polynomial problems. In the present chapter, we discuss certain specialized RLT results and implementation strategies, focusing on the global optimization of nonconvex quadratic programming problems.
Breath and Air Analysis: Applications in Resource-Poor Settings

Abstract Recent research developments have led to the emergence of various portable and affordable gaseous-compound detecting devices. These non-invasive technologies detect volatile organic compounds in human breath or air, providing important information about us and our environment. While many of these technologies have been seamlessly integrated into Western countries, they have yet to be leveraged in developing nations. These devices can be used to easily and affordably screen patients for diabetes, monitor air quality of cities, and facilitate agricultural intensification. This article describes five scenarios where breath and air analysis technologies can address problems faced by populations in resource-poor settings.
Teachers Evaluate Supervisory Behavior in the Individual Conference.

(1976). Teachers Evaluate Supervisory Behavior in the Individual Conference. The Clearing House: A Journal of Educational Strategies, Issues and Ideas: Vol. 49, No. 5, pp. 231-233.
CLaaS: Cybersecurity Lab as a Service -- Design, Analysis, and Evaluation

The explosive growth of IT infrastructures, cloud systems, and Internet of Things (IoT) have resulted in complex systems that are extremely difficult to secure and protect against cyberattacks that are growing exponentially in the complexity and also in the number. Overcoming the cybersecurity challenges require cybersecurity environments supporting the development of innovative cybersecurity algorithms and evaluation of the experiments. In this paper, we present the design, analysis, and evaluation of the Cybersecurity Lab as a Service (CLaaS) which offers virtual cybersecurity experiments as a cloud service that can be accessed from anywhere and from any device (desktop, laptop, tablet, smart mobile device, etc.) with Internet connectivity. We exploit cloud computing systems and virtualization technologies to provide isolated and virtual cybersecurity experiments for vulnerability exploitation, launching cyberattacks, how cyber resources and services can be hardened, etc. We also present our performance evaluation and effectiveness of CLaaS experiments used by students.
The role of character in public moral argument: Henry ward Beecher and the Brooklyn scandal

The narrative perspective assumes that people may argue using premises based upon stories and dramas that have correspondence to their life experience. A central element of these stories is the characterization of their protagonists. This paper explores the importance of character by analyzing how it was utilized by the principals in the adultery trials of Henry Ward Beecher. It reveals how characterizations that were created in the literary realm were transferred to the arguments centering around the ministerial role as represented by Beecher. The successful transfer completely altered the audience's interpretations of the events in question.
A Patch Antenna Array on a Multi-Layered Ceramic Substrate for 60GHz Applications

In this paper we present a planar antenna structure on a ceramic substrate with intention to integrate with millimeter-wave packages or multi-chip modules. The substrate has two dielectric layers and feed lines between them. We examine the relationship between the antenna performance and the thickness or material of the substrate. In case that the substrate consists of two 150?m-thick glass ceramic, an antenna gain is more than 20dBi and the bandwidth is about 4GHz for a 64-element antenna. This antenna structure is advantageous because it can be easily integrated with millimeter-wave packages at low cost.
A Temperature Controlling (Omnithermic) Disposable Bubble Oxygenator for Total Body Perfusion

A disposable blood oxygenator with built-in temperature controlling element is described. It is made with a semirigid housing of a clear polycarbonate plastic (Lexan). Within the housing is a bubble oxygenating system incorporating within its reservoir a canister providing 270 square inches of temperature exchanging surface.
Vibrational relaxation in SnCl4

Abstract The vibrational relaxation in liquid SnCl 4 was determined as a function of temperature. Comparison of theory and experiment leads to the conclusion of a simultaneous relaxation of three internal modes.
Massage Therapy in the Management of Fibromyalgia: A Pilot Study

Objective: To study the clinical effectiveness of Swedish massage in fibromyalgia syndrome [FMS].Methods: Swedish massage [SM] was compared with standard physician care [SC] without or with interim follow-up telephone calls [SCPC] in 37 subjects.Results: Baseline Arthritis Impact Measurement Scales [AIMS] of physical activity, depression, anxiety, and pain for all patients indicated poor status. Baseline Quality of Well Being [QWB] scores showed impaired quality of life; the Rheumatology Attitudes Index [RAI] scores indicated helplessness. All but five subjects had a Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression score above 15. At four weeks [7-SM/8-SC/9-SCPC], the SM group improved in RAI [P = 0.06] and AIMS mobility [P = 0.05]. At 28 weeks [4-SM/6-SC/6-SCPC], there were no significant intergroup differences. The 16 study completers had significantly lower baseline QWB scores [P = 0.025] than dropouts.Conclusions: Although our study showed some effect of SM in FMS at four weeks, benefits were modest and no...
Glucodynamics and Pharmacokinetics of 70/30 vs. 50/50 NPH/Regular Insulin Mixtures After Subcutaneous Injection

Optimal insulin therapy for many patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes requires the use of combinations of short- and intermediate-acting insulin preparations. A significant number of patients experience difficulties with mixing intermediate- and short-acting insulin preparations because of an inability to mix insulin preparations in correct ratios (1,2) or confusion between the different types of insulins (3,4,5). The fixed ratio of 70% NPH to 30% regular (70/30) insulin preparation does not fulfill the needs of many of these patients because of significant postprandial blood glucose excursions. A premix insulin preparation, such as 50% NPH to 50% regular (50/50) insulin, could benefit those individuals with postprandial hyperglycemia. To investigate differences in pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties between 50/50 and 70/30 premix insulins, we performed a randomized single-dose two-period crossover study using a 12-h euglycemic clamp technique (7) in healthy subjects after double-blinded subcutaneous injections of each insulin preparation. The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the University of Pittsburgh. Written informed consent was obtained before initiation of screening procedures. All subjects had a fasting blood glucose ≤108 mg/dl at screening, did not ingest alcohol or caffeine-containing beverages for 48 h before receiving study medication, and refrained from exercise for 24 h before the study. In a double-blind crossover study, single subcutaneous doses (0.2 units/kg) of 50/50 or …
Quasirandom Number Generators for Parallel Monte Carlo Algorithms

A method for generating sequences of quasirandom numbers allows conventional serial Monte Carlo algorithms to be parallelized using a leapfrog scheme. Specifically, a Sobol' sequence can be broken up into interleaved subsets; with each processing node calculating a unique subset of the full sequence, all of the computational advantages of quasirandom Monte Carlo methods over pseudorandom algorithms or grid-based techniques are retained. Tests with several parallel supercomputers demonstrate that as many as 106integration points (up to 6 dimensions) can be generated per second per node in the optimal case where the number of nodes is a power of 2. The speed of communication-free parallel Sobol' sequence generators and the rapid convergence properties of quasirandom Monte Carlo schemes indicate that the method described here may be gainfully applied to a wide range of problems.
Re-Examination of the Relationship between Locus of Control and Field Independence/Dependence.

Sumwry.-A total of 187 American and 90 Filipino college students were given Levenson's locus of control scales and the Thurstone's Goctschaldt hidden figures test. Consistent with past studies, no linear relationship berween locus of control and field-independence was found. Results point fairly consistently to the existence of a curvilinear relationship instead. Those who were high in field-independence and high in field-dependence were more external than the individuals in the middle of the field-independence/dependence dimension. A similar curvilinear relationship was observed with the Filipino and the American subjects. From a theoretical and empirical perspective, locus of control and fieldindependence should be related. In a way, both constructs describe individuals on the basis of whether they will rely on their own internally or externally derived frame of reference to guide their behaviors (Witkin & Berry, 1975, p. 9; Lefcourt, 1972, p. 11). The two constructs are also concurrently related to a similar array of behaviors and criteria (McIntire & Dreyer, 1973; Lefcourt, 1972). For example, it has been found that individuals' tendency to conform, creativity, and achievement behavior are related to their locus of control belief (Phares, 1976) and their level of field-independence (Witkin & Goodenough, 1977). Also, the familial and social antecedents of the two coostructs are remarkably similar (Phares, 1976; Witkin, Dyk, Faterson, Goodenough, & Karp, 1962). In essence, internality should be associated with field-independence and externality with field-dependence. Despite the theoretical soundness of these hypotheses, no successful attempt has yet been made to give empirical support to the predicted relationship. A number of studies (Rotter, 1966; Feather, 1967; Chance & Goldstein, 1971; Lefcourt & Telegdi, 1971; McIntire & Dreyer, 1973; Gorman & Wessman, 1974) have indicated no relationship between Rotter's ( 1966) locus of control scale and various measures of field-independence with very little explanation. An oversimplified measure of locus of control might have been one of the factors responsible for past failure in finding a positive relationship between the two constructs. Rotter's scale has repeatedly been found to be multidimensional (Mirels, 1970; Collins, 1974). In the present study Levenson's (1973) three-dimensional scales (the Internal, Chance, Powerful Others Scales) were
A re-examination of the effects of frontal lesions on object alternation

Abstract Monkeys with lateral prefrontal lesions which spared the ventrolateral cortex relearned object alternation to a level of 80 per cent correct, although others with the same lesion failed to relearn spatial alternation. Neither form of alternation was relearned by monkeys with orbital removals that included the ventrolateral cortex. The results suggest that the classical delayed alternation deficit produced by an extensive prefrontal removal is compounded of two separate defects: one attributable to dorsolateral damage, and related to the spatial factor in the test; the other due to ventral damage and related to the reversal factor.
Absence of Taste-Bud Papillae in Familial Dysautonomia

No fungiform papillae could be found on the tongues of 30 patients with familial dysautonomia. In ten of these patients a search for vallate papillae was made, but none were found. Inspection of the tongue may thus be useful for diagnosing this rare disease, even in infants. Absence of these sensory receptors suggests that the multiple sensory deficits found in persons with familial dysautonomia may be related to defects in the peripheral receptors.
Vying for Hearts and Minds: Emotional Labour as Management Control

Research on the labour process under capitalism has generated many insights about managerial control strategies. Even though these studies have matured, shifting from a focus on managerial imperati...
Relationship of vaginal pH and Papanicolaou smear results to vaginal flora and pregnancy outcome.

Abstract Prematurity is a major cause of perinatal morbidity. Studies have implicated components of the vaginal flora in the etiology of some cases of preterm birth. Current scoring systems do not include factors which directly reflect the vaginal flora. Since Papanicolaou smears and the vaginal pH may be affected by the vaginal flora and are easy tests to perform, we studied their relationship to vaginal flora and pregnancy outcome. Among 231 patients, those with a vaginal pH ⩾ 4.4 were significantly more likely to carry Trichomonas vaginalis (P
1963–1988: Twenty-five years of international symposia on advances in chromatography☆

Abstract After outlining the origins of the International Symposia on Advances in Chromatography the past 25 Symposia are discussed briefly, and some highlights, interesting events and participants are pointed out. Finally the lessons of past events are stressed.
Coherent, phase modulated fiberoptic link

This presentation concerns high performance phase modulated fiber-optic links for radar and communications applications. This new generation of fiberoptic links provide for a dynamic range in excess of -149 dB Hz2/3 with an instantaneous bandwith of 1GHz or more. Employing quadratic phase modulators we perform efficient optical domain up and down-conversion of the microwave signals. Integrated optic implementation of the link provides for small size and low cost.
Single Arm Interferometer System for Reflective Micro-device Phase Measurement

A Pohl fringe-producing system is used to measure phase for reflective electro-optical micro-devices at visible wavelengths. Relative phase versus voltage is extracted for devices utilizing polymer dispersed liquid crystal materials as the active layer.
Near infrared spectroscopy: Principles and application to noninvasive assessment of tissue oxygenation

DEQUATE OXYGENATION of tissues of patients in the intensive care unit (ICU) is a fundamental requirement, yet there is no way to monitor intracellular oxygenation in intact tissues. At present, systemic measurements of oxygen (0,) delivery and uptake are used to draw inferences about the availability of 0, for intracellular processes. These systemic parameters can be helpful when the total supply of O2 for the body becomes limited; however, they are unsuitable when various tissues respond and adapt differently to changes in regional oxygenation and metabolism. Such regional considerations highlight the need to develop monitoring technologies capable of assessing intracellular oxygenation directly.’ Over the past few years, the potential to evaluate regional oxygenation in clinical practice has been improved by several emerging technologies. Among these technologies, some of which are listed in Table 1, are optical methods that have been confined previously to the research laboratory. One method, continuous near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), has shown promise as an investigational tool to assess regional oxidative metabolism noninvasively. This review will indicate why direct NIR monitoring could become an important tool for detecting regional tissue hypoxia. I will also review the principles and use of NIR technology and, finally, will indicate how NIRS might be applied to some of our current questions about tissue oxygenation in critically ill patients.
Practical and bias-free LWR measurement by CDSEM

The importance of LWR/LER has been wildly treated as an important process parameter to obtain good device performance especially entering 45nm era. The accurate estimation of the metrics is even more important as semiconductor fabrication keeps downsizing. In regular LWR/LER measurement by CDSEM, measurement noise is inevitable and causes bias from true roughness. One early bias-reduction roughness measurement method is by J. Villarrubia and B. Bunday [Proc. SPIE 5752, 480 (2005)] in which multiple images with different frame number are collected and averaged to reduce the noise level after edge position aligned (that is only possible in low noise level). Another proposal by A. Yamaguchi, etc. [Proc. SPIE 6152, 61522D (2006)] is curve fitting with a fixed semi-experimental formula to a measurement curve as a function of the number of scan line of summing. Both methods require complicated image/data collection and calculation method to obtain true roughness. We propose a practical and bias-free roughness measurement method here that is improved version of the two methods, and evaluate noise with multiple measurements at the same line which has adequate scan line summing number so that line edge alignment is doable no matter the noise level. We have verified that the noise is close to Gaussian distribution and the true roughness is estimable for different scan line summing number. The obtained true roughness is also verified by TEM picture. The advantage of this method is practical to commercial CDSEM application in combine with simple offline calculation.
Wordcraft: Playing with Sentence Structure

We introduce Wordcraft, a new interactive tablet application that allows children to explore sentence structures and their meanings. Wordcraft uses a constructionist design: children manipulate word cards to build sentences, which come to life in a storybook-like animated world to illustrate meaning. Such visual feedback helps children play with parts of speech and understand how they fit together to form sentences. Preliminary studies suggest that children are able to observe and discuss how different sentence constructs result in different meanings.
Imidodiphosphate and Pyrophosphate: Possible Biological Significance of Similar Structures

The structure of sodium imidodiphosphate has been determined by single crystal x-ray diffraction. The P-N-P bond angle (127.2 degrees) and P-N bond distance (1.68 angstroms) are remarkably similar to newly refined values for the P-O-P bond angle (128.6 degrees) and the bridging P-O bond distance (1.63 angstroms) of sodium pyrophosphate. This close similarity may explain why P-N-P linkages in algal "polyphosphates" escaped detection until recently and why adenosine triphosphate analogs with this linkage mimic adenosine triphosphate so closely.
Older Age Predicts Short-Term, Serious Events After Syncope

OBJECTIVES: To assess the relationship between age and 14-day serious events after an emergency department (ED) visit for syncope. DESIGN: One-year prospective cohort study. SETTING: Single academic ED. PARTICIPANTS: Adult patients with an ED complaint of syncope or near-syncope. MEASUREMENTS: Treating physicians prospectively recorded the presence or absence of potential risk factors for serious clinical events. Patients were contacted by telephone at 14 days for a structured interview. A three-physician panel reviewed ED charts, hospital records, and telephone interview forms to identify predefined events. The primary outcome included any 14-day predefined event. A secondary outcome included any 14-day predefined event that was first diagnosed after the initial ED visit. Age was analyzed in 20-year intervals. Multivariate logistic regression controlled for baseline demographic, comorbidity, and electrocardiogram data. RESULTS: Of 592 eligible patients, 477 (81%) provided informed consent. Follow-up was successfully obtained for 463 (97%) patients. The age range was 18 to 96, and 47% of patients were aged 60 and older. There were 80 (17%) patients who had a 14-day event, including 18 (4%) with a delayed diagnosis. Compared with patients aged 18 to 39, the adjusted odds ratio (OR) of a serious outcome was 2.7 (95% confidence interval (CI)=0.9–8.4) for patient aged 40 to 59, 3.8 (95% CI=1.3–12) for patients aged 60 to 79, and 3.8 (95% CI=1.2–12) for patients aged 80 and older. CONCLUSION: Age of 60 and older is strongly associated with short-term serious events after an ED visit for syncope.
The activity of adenosyl-D-methionine and adenosyl-2-methylmethionine in transmethylations.

Abstract The d -methionine- and 2-methyl- dl -methionine analogs of the enzymatic methyl donor, (−) S -adenosyl- l -methionine, were synthesized by methylation of S -adenosyl- d -homocysteine and S -adenosyl-2-methyl- dl -homocysteine with methyl iodide. By chromatographic purification, S -adenosyl- d -methionine and S -adenosyl-2-methyl- dl -methionine were obtained. The structure of the latter was ascertained by hydrolysis to 2-methylmethionine in strong acid, and to 5′-methylthioadenosine and 2-methylhomoserine at pH 4. Reference material of the latter compound was obtained by alkaline hydrolysis of 2-methylmethionine methylsulfonium iodide. The sulfonium compounds were tested as methyl donors with N -acetylserotonin O -methyltransferase, l -homocysteine S -methyltransferase, histamine N -methyltransferase, and guanidinoacetate N -methyltransferase. In most instances, methyl donor activity was observed.
An Unusual Case of Ophthalmoplegic Migraine

A 33-year-old man complaining of headache and diplopia lasting one hour or less and occurring weekly was found to have ophthalmoplegic migraine. He was treated unsuccessfully with propranolol HCl, ergotamine tartrate, and methysergide maleate.
Commentary from E. Scott Geller on "Complexity and safety" by Rosa Antonia Carrillo.

Are the Emperor's Clothes Really New? A Behavioral Scientist's View of Complexity Theory While reading a pre-publication draft of the article “Complexity and Safety” (doi: 10.1016/j.jsr.2011.06.003), I immediately reflected upon a Hans Christian Anderson fable my mother read to me more than 60 years ago, entitled “The Emperor's New Clothes.” In this short story, an Emperor concerned with looking good in public hires two tailors who promise him the finest suit of clothes from a special unique fabric invisible to those unintelligent, incompetent, or unfit for their position. The tailors do not produce a new garment but mime dressing The Emperor, and then The Emperor marches in procession before his followers who play along with the pretense. No one in the crowd admits s/he is not smart enough to see The Emperor's new clothes. Suddenly a child, too young to understand the reasoning behind the crowd's selective perception, blurts out, “But he isn't wearing anything at all!” The Emperor cringes, suspecting the assertion is true, but he holds himself up proudly and continues the procession. My mother used this story to teach me the value of both humility and courage. Recognize the need for continuous learning, and do your homework before claiming your idea is unique. And, if your learning can enlighten or benefit others, have the courage to speak up. Article Outline 1. What a Behavioral Scientist Sees 1.1. The Inclusion Vision is Not New 1.2. Some Clothes Do Not Fit 1.3. In Conclusion Language: en
Reinnervation of the transplanted human heart as evidenced from heart rate variability studies

This study evaluated heart rate variability (HRV) after cardiac transplantation in humans in an attempt to test the hypothesis that cardiac reinnervation occurs in the post-transplant period. HRV was measured using 24-hour Holter recordings performed on 37 ambulant patients 1 to 122 months after cardiac transplantation. All patients were free of histologic rejection and were taking no medication likely to influence HRV. Time and frequency domain were analyzed and circadian rhythm of hourly average heart rate was calculated. HRV increased with time after the transplant. Compared with patients in the early post-transplant period, patients > 36 months after transplant had lower 24-hour heart rates (86 vs 93 beats/min), an increased average of all 5-minute SDs of NN intervals (17.6 vs 11.3), and higher low-and high-frequency power. Ten of the 27 patients > 3 years after transplantation had evidence of functional cardiac reinnervation. Compared with patients who had no reinnervation, these patients had increased circadian variability with lower nocturnal heart rates (76 vs 91 beats/min) and greater sympathetic activity during daytime (natural logarithm sympathetic power -0.36 vs -1.45) and nighttime (natural logarithm sympathetic power -0.43 vs -1.98). Despite lower nocturnal heart rates, there was no HRV evidence for an increase in parasympathetic activity. Thus, patients late after cardiac transplantation have HRV evidence for an increase in sympathetic control of the heart.
Cognitively driven brain machine control using neural signals in the parietal reach region

This study demonstrates that the spiking and local field potential (LFP) activity in the parietal reach region (PRR) of the macaque monkey can be jointly used to control the location of the computer cursor when the correct target location must be inferred symbolically, e.g., leftward arrow for the leftward target, etc. The average correct target acquisition rate during this brain machine control task without actual movements was 86% for the six discrete target locations when using spikes and LFPs from 16 electrodes. This performance was significantly better than using spikes or LFPs alone. These results, together with our previous findings, suggest that a single decoder based on both spikes and LFPs in PRR can robustly provide the subjects' motor intent under varying contexts for neural prosthetic applications.
Design of a polynomially inhomogeneous bar with a tip mass for specified mode shape and natural frequency

Abstract In this study the closed form solution is obtained, apparently for the first time, for the free vibration inhomogeneous bar with a tip mass. It is remarkable that while a vibrations study the homogeneous bar with free tip leads to transcendental equation, here, in the case of the inhomogeneous bar, a closed form polynomial solution is obtained. If the mass ratio between the bar's mass and the concentrated mass is specified, numerical evaluation is needed for the axial rigidity coefficients’ ratio; on the other hand, for specified mass ratios closed form solution is reported.
Geochemical Investigation of the Combined Effect of Injecting Low Salinity Water and Carbon Dioxide on Carbonate Reservoirs

Abstract This paper uses geochemical modeling to investigate the combined effect of low salinity water injection (LSWI) and CO 2 on carbonate oil reservoirs. The geochemical modeling of recently published corefloods was performed using the PHREEQC simulator. Geochemical analysis show that the change in surface charge of carbonates by varying pH is more pronounced using LSWI only than is the combined effect of LSWI and CO 2 injection. The combined effect of LSWI and CO 2 is most prominent on carbonates with high dolomite composition, whereas carbonates with high anhydrite composition are most affected by LSWI only.
5-hydroxydopamine-labeled dopaminergic axns: Three-dimensional reconstructions of axons, synapses and postsynaptic targets in rat neostriatum

Abstract Previous studies employing 5-hydroxydopamine to identify nigrostriatal dopaminergic axons and their synapses found that labeled axons made few synapses or that asymmetric contacts predominated. In contrast, recent studies using tyrosine hydroxylase or dopamine antibody techniques indicate that presumed dopaminergic axons form small symmetric contacts. We re-examined 5-hydroxydopamine-la beled material from the rat neostriatum using serial three-dimensional reconstruction techniques to characterize the morphology of labeled axons, synapses and postsynaptic targets. This ultrastructural analysis revealed a class of heavily labeled axons that are small (0.06–1.5 μm in diameter) and lack large varicosities. These axons form small (0.011–0.09 μm 2 ), en passant , symmetric synapses, mainly onto dendritic spines and spiny dendritic shafts and, in some cases, onto aspiny dendritic segments near branch points. The sites of these synapses along the axon appeared unrelated to the locations of axonal enlargements, suggesting that counting varicosities may not be an accurate indication of the extent of dopaminergic innervation in the neostriatum. The characteristics of these 5-hydroxydopamine-labeled elements correspond in all respects to axons and synapses identified as dopaminergic by immunohisto chemistry in previous studies. In tissue in which all labeled and unlabeled synapses were classified, approximately 9% of all synapses were identified as dopaminergic by this type of label. Three-dimensional reconstructions provided additional insight concerning the interaction of dopamin ergic afferents with postsynaptic striatal targets and their relation to other afferents to these neurons. They reveal that a short, unbranched dopaminergic axonal segment can make multiple synapses onto dendritic spines, shafts and branch points of one or more dendrites. In addition, one dendrite can receive contacts from several labeled axons. Dopamine synapses onto spines are always associated with unlabeled, asymmetric synapses onto the same spine. Synapses of various morphologies with a distinctly different, lighter form of labeling were much rarer, and may represent other aminergic afferents to the neostriatum. The presence of this second form of label in earlier 5-hydroxydopamine studies may have contributed to the long-standing controversy over the appearance of dopaminergic synapses examined by different techniques. Our results help to resolve this controversy and confirm that the nigrostriatal projection makes small symmetric synapses with a variety of striatal targets.
The portrait of the procrastinator: Risk factors and results of an indecisive personality

Abstract Procrastinators purposefully delay the start or completion of tasks for their own irrational reasons and experience anxiety over the delay. However, imagining a typical ‘procrastinator’ evokes several conflicting images with differing experiences and personality correlates. One reason for this muddled picture may be conflated constructs. We posit that decisional procrastination (indecision) may be a related but distinct construct to more generalized procrastination, being highly correlated but with divergent predictors. In two studies, we examine competing hypotheses regarding the affective experiences (happiest moments; Study 1) and risk factors (personality correlates; Study 2) for both indecision and general procrastination using structural equation modeling (SEM). Results found indecision uniquely predicted fewer happy memories across a lifetime and less detail of those memories, controlling for initial affect. Furthermore, different magnitudes of predictive patterns emerged for indecision (strong neuroticism, moderate introversion) and generalized procrastination (strong unconscientiousness and weakly associated with neuroticism). In both studies, general procrastination led to indecision but models with the opposite effect were much weaker, suggesting procrastinating behavior predicts being indecisive but not vice versa. Results suggest differential experiences of indecisive individuals and more generalized procrastinators. Both procrastination traits appear related but distinct, explaining why ‘typical’ procrastinators can look so different psychologically.
The Changing Boundaries of the American Hospital

The American hospital faces two different possible futures. In one, the hospital continues to expand into outpatient, home health, and long-term-care services and remains the center of the changing health care system. In the other, competition in each of these domains from independent health plans, which do not have to contend with the high wages, technological imperatives, and bureaucratic inertia of large hospital organizations, pushes the hospital to a peripheral role as provider of ever-diminishing acute inpatient services. The choice between these two futures will be made based on the efficiencies of vertical integration relative to market contracting. Transactions cost economics is used to analyze the changing boundaries of the hospital organization, particularly with respect to outpatient diagnostic and surgical clinics, home health agencies, and long-term-care facilities.
Intelligent Autocueing Of Tactical Targets

In this paper we present a set of algorithms used to automatically detect, segment and classify tactical targets in FLIR (Forward Looking InfraRed) images. These algorithms are implemented in an Intelligent Automatic Target Cueing (IATC) system. Target localization and segmentation is carried out using an intelligent preprocessing step followed by relaxation or a modified double gate filter followed by difference operators. The techniques make use of range, intensity and edge density information. A set of robust features of the segmented targets is computed. These features are normalized and decorrelated. Feature selection is done using the Bhattacharrya measure. Classification techniques include a set of linear, quadratic classifiers, clustering algorithms, and an efficient K-nearest neighbor algorithm. Facilities exist to use structural information, to use feedback to obtain more refined boundaries of the targets and to adapt the cuer to the required mission. The IATC incorporating the above algorithms runs in an automatic mode. The results are shown on a FLIR data base consisting of 480, 512x512, 8 bit air-to-ground images.© (1984) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Evidence-based principles of bladder cancer and diet.

Bladder cancer presents a substantial challenge to public health. Dietary factors influence the risk of bladder cancer incidence and recurrence and may offer innovative therapies for prevention. Agents associated with decreased risk of bladder cancer include carrots, selenium, cruciferous vegetables, and fruits. Dietary components associated with increased bladder cancer risk include pork, barbecued meats, fat, soy, and excessive coffee consumption. Although definitive clinical trials have yet to be performed, promotion of healthy lifestyle interventions based on dietary factors—increased vegetable and fruit intakes, decreased meat and fat intakes—should be considered in the care of patients with bladder cancer.
Tunable Conformality of Polymer Coatings on High Aspect Ratio Features

In this work we demonstrate that the concentration of vinyl bonds present in monomers adsorbed onto the surface determines the degree of conformality achieved by polymeric films grown over substrate topology by initiated (i)CVD. For microtrenches of varying aspect ratio, a ballistic model correlates the observed step coverage to a range of sticking coefficients of the initiating radicals, γ, between 0.01 and 0.05. Increasing the surface concentration of the monomer results in higher values of γ. In the deposition regime studied, γ is independent of the concentration of radical initiators. Furthermore, γ is insensitive to substrate temperature if the surface concentration of monomer is fixed. Using this knowledge, conformal coverage on microtrenches is demonstrated from both ethylene glycol diacrylate (EGDA) and neopentyl methacrylate (npMA). Additionally, the conformality permits templating of nanotubes of the mechanically robust and solvent-resistant iCVD-produced p(EGDA) crosslinked polymer.