cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Impact of Neurological and Medical Disorders

Circadian rhythm sleep disorders are commonly observed in many neurological conditions. Sleep-related problems such as insomnia, excessive daytime sleepiness, and fragmented sleep are commonly found in diseases and conditions such as Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, cerebral palsy, and migraine headaches. Lesions to the suprachiasmatic nucleus and other the areas involving sleep–wake regulation are suggested culprits for the sleep disturbances found in clinical populations.
Overview of Intelligent Systems

Several intelligent computing technologies are becoming useful as alternate approaches to conventional techniques or as components of integrated systems. This chapter presents the fundamentals of individual intelligent technologies that will be important for understanding their integration.
Strategies and Tactics for Marketing New-to-the-World Products

It is a proverb of the Internet Age that “information wants to be free.” The near-universal realization that the Internet is important for marketing — and the difficulty of devising schemes for using the Internet as a direct sales and collection tool — underscore the fact that companies must decide more carefully than ever before what it is they are selling and what they are willing to give away. Internet advertising is not delivered to couch potatoes between sitcom segments. It is sought out by potential customers who are interacting with the medium. Internet advertisers therefore must give away a lot — just to keep the interest of prospects.
INCORPORATING CIVIL DEFENSE SHELTER SPACE IN NEW UNDERGROUND CONSTRUCTION

ABSTRACT At the present time, the population of the U.S. is approximately ten times more vulnerable to nuclear weapons than the Soviet population. This vulnerability can be reduced rapidly by urban evacuation in a crisis. However, the need to keep the essential economy running in a crisis, as well as coping with attacks on short warning, makes the construction of shelter space where people live very desirable. This can be done most economically by slightly modifying underground construction intended for peacetime use. The designer must consider all elements of the emergency environment when designing the space. Provisions must be made for emergency egress, light and ventilation (without electric power), blast closures, water, sanitation, and food. The option of upgrading the space in a crisis should be considered. An example is given. Improvement of the survival capability of the West should reduce the temptation for a confrontation, and with it the risk of a consequent miscalculation leading to catastrophe.
Abemaciclib: The Newest CDK4/6 Inhibitor for the Treatment of Breast Cancer.

Objective: To review the pharmacology, efficacy, and safety of the cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitor, abemaciclib, in the treatment of advanced or metastatic breast cancer (MBC). Data Sources...
Integrative Analysis of Epigenomics Data

Abstract State-of-the-art next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies enable efficient generation of high-throughput “omics” data. Integration of multiple omics data may yield unprecedented comprehensive knowledge about molecular mechanisms of diseases. However, integrative analysis of these genome-wide molecular profiles is very challenging due to the high dimensionality nature of the data and the complexity of the biological systems. In this chapter, we provide an overview of methods for joint analysis of multi “omics” including epigenomics data, and how these methods can be applied to further advance our understanding of chromosomal architecture that is affecting regulation of genes in diseases.
Understanding Adoption of Internet Technologies Among SMEs

The Internet has been viewed as a powerful tool enabling small firms to "level the playing field" when competing with larger firms. Yet, the benefits of e-business are accruing to larger, rather than smaller, firms. While numerous studies have been conducted in other countries to examine the use of the Internet by small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), similar studies focused on U.S. small firms have not yet emerged. Using the Commission of the European Communities' stringent definition of SMEs, this paper identifies significantly different patterns in e-business usage among 395 micro, small, and medium-sized firms. While using the Internet to find information and to enhance the company/image brand is important for all firms, the smallest of firms attach greater importance to using the Internet for research purposes and lesser for communication reasons (i.e., e-mail). This pattern is reversed for larger (i.e., small and medium sized) firms.
Early diagenetic sequestration of microbial mat lipid biomarkers through covalent binding into insoluble macromolecular organic matter (IMOM) as revealed by sequential chemolysis and catalytic hydropyrolysis

Abstract Analyses of lipids in modern microbial mat ecosystems provide valuable insights into the taxonomic affinities of the dominant biological producers and consumers as well as carbon flow within the mat community. Such microbial mat biomarker assemblages also provide a window into the ancient biomarker record, facilitating paleobiological and paleoenvironmental reconstructions of analogous ecosystems on early Earth. Our focus was to investigate the covalent binding of lipid biomarkers into insoluble macromolecular organic matter (IMOM) during diagenesis in the well-studied hypersaline microbial mat ecosystems and underlying sediments at Guerrero Negro, Baja California Sur, Mexico. Following exhaustive solvent extraction, three different chemical degradation reagents of varying reactivity (acid methanolysis, trichloroacetic acid extraction, and periodate oxidation) were applied to two shallow sedimentary layers prior to fragmentation of the recalcitrant insoluble residues using catalytic hydropyrolysis (HyPy). The hydrocarbons released by HyPy included a complex variety of linear, branched and polycyclic alkane structures, including hopanes, methylhopanes and steranes. Our findings indicate that a significant fraction of the bound biomarker pool was strongly linked by covalent binding through functional groups into IMOM but that a portion of this bound pool was not recoverable by chemolysis treatment. These results provide new insights about the mode and timing of chemical binding of steroids and hopanoids, and their early diagenetic transformation products, into IMOM. The formation of sedimentary IMOM from the earliest stages of organic matter diagenesis, commencing on a timescale of only years, aids the long-term preservation of biomarker lipids in the geological record.
Modeling and Predicting Developmental Trajectories of Neuropsychiatric Dimensions Associated With Copy Number Variations

Copy number variants, such as duplications and hemizygous deletions at chromosomal loci of up to a few million base pairs, are highly associated with psychiatric disorders. Hemizygous deletions at human chromosome 22q11.2 were found to be associated with elevated instances of schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorder in 1992 and 2002, respectively. Following these discoveries, many mouse models have been developed and tested to analyze the effects of gene dose alterations in small chromosomal segments and single genes of 22q11.2. Despite several limitations to modeling mental illness in mice, mouse models have identified several genes on 22q11.2-Tbx1, Dgcr8, Comt, Sept5, and Prodh-that contribute to dimensions of autism spectrum disorder and schizophrenia, including working memory, social communication and interaction, and sensorimotor gating. Mouse studies have identified that heterozygous deletion of Tbx1 results in defective social communication during the neonatal period and social interaction deficits during adolescence/adulthood. Overexpression of Tbx1 or Comt in adult neural progenitor cells in the hippocampus delays the developmental maturation of working memory capacity. Collectively, mouse models of variants of these 4 genes have revealed several potential neuronal mechanisms underlying various aspects of psychiatric disorders, including adult neurogenesis, microRNA processing, catecholamine metabolism, and synaptic transmission. The validity of the mouse data would be ultimately tested when therapies or drugs based on such potential mechanisms are applied to humans.
Are Statutes Constraining Gubernatorial Power to Make Temporary Appointments to the Senate Constitutional under the Seventeenth Amendment

Last summer, when Republican U.S. Senator Craig Thomas died, a Wyoming statute obligated the state Governor, a Democrat, to pick a replacement (to serve until an election was held) from among three names submitted by state Republican party leadership. At least two other states have statutes that similarly obligate governors to temporarily fill Senate vacancies using short lists compiled by state party officials. This Article argues, based on the text, structure and history of the Seventeenth Amendment and related provisions and concerns, that such statutes violate the Constitution.
Substrate processing by the Cdc48 ATPase complex is initiated by ubiquitin unfolding

The Cdc48 ATPase (p97 or VCP in mammals) and its cofactor Ufd1/Npl4 extract poly-ubiquitinated proteins from membranes or macromolecular complexes for subsequent degradation by the proteasome. How Cdc48 processes its diverse and often well-folded substrates is unclear. Here, we report cryo-EM structures of the Cdc48 ATPase in complex with Ufd1/Npl4 and poly-ubiquitinated substrate. The structures show that the Cdc48 complex initiates substrate processing by unfolding a ubiquitin molecule. The unfolded ubiquitin molecule binds to Npl4 and projects its N-terminal segment through both hexameric ATPase rings. Pore loops of the second ring form a staircase that acts as a conveyer belt to move the polypeptide through the central pore. Inducing the unfolding of ubiquitin allows the Cdc48 ATPase complex to process a broad range of substrates.
Economic Decision-Making in Private Corporations Versus Public Sector: How to Compare Both Sectors

This research takes a comparative analysis approach to study the process of economic decision-making within the private sector and the public sector. There are four main research objectives that guided this article. First, it aims to identify the different kinds of decision-making methods. Second, this article analyzes the economic decision-making processes that stakeholders have to make in public and private firms. Third, this r seeks to illustrate that establish effective decision-making and financial performance relate. Lastly, the article will offer effective economic decision-making procedures in private and public organizations, so as to make recommendations and to guide these businesses. To do so, there is a literature review in this research to find the best economic decision-making processes. Data collection tools were created in reference to the literature review that directed the structuring of the variables, and the study based the quantitative analysis on the adopted descriptive methodology. The sample was comprised of 100 respondents from China, and since 95% responded, that was a total of 95 responses. Based on the formulated study hypothesis and the research objectives, the collected data was examined for descriptive and inferential statistical analysis. In general, the findings showed that cost-benefit analysis was the favored economic evaluation method, and the respondents specified that they their internal and external economic decisions directly influence the company's operations. When focusing on how organizational performance is affected by effective economic decisions, the findings established that there was a key component for a better economic analysis outcome in the public and private firms: accounting information. Additionally, evaluating the number of processes in public and private firms led to findings that revealed the following: every decision in the public sector requires many approvals. These approvals greatly hinder economic decisions and decision-making. Social, cultural, and environmental aspects influence the decision process significantly, so they must be addressed immediately.
Human-Social Robot Interactions: From a Communication and Media Studies Perspective

As information and communication technologies (ICTs) become smarter and smarter, communication and media scholars started to examine the boundaries between humans and machines, reflecting upon a wide range of focuses such as anthropomorphized machines, humanness and emotions, and attitudes toward robots among others.
Understanding the effect of light and temperature on the optical properties and stability of mixed-ion halide perovskites

The stability of organic–inorganic halide perovskite films plays an important role for their successful incorporation as absorber materials in solar cells under realistic operation conditions. While light-induced effects have been observed and traced to phase segregation, the impact of different stressors simultaneously is mostly unexplored. In this work, we investigate the combined influence of light and elevated temperature on the performance of mixed-cation mixed-halide perovskites. In particular, we compare the effect of different A-site cations on the photoluminescence (PL) properties and film stability when both stressors are used simultaneously. We find two pathways underlying the PL peak reduction and PL shift in the optical properties. For perovskite films composed of formamidinium and methylammonium as A-site cations, we can correlate the decrease in film performance to the formation of Pb(I,Br)2 and an increase in electron–phonon interactions. Similarly, Rb doping in the perovskite film exhibits comparable results. Contrary, using Cs as an additional A-site cation greatly enhances the overall performance and results in more stable film structures which indicates that Cs is effective in stiffening the perovskite lattice, which can be attributed to a better size match for the Pb(I,Br)3 sublattice as predicted by the Goldschmidt tolerance factor. These findings suggest that it is of importance to carefully select stressors when assessing performance related parameters of perovskite solar cells.
Time-Driven Activity-Based Costing Analysis of Telemedicine Services in Radiation Oncology.

Purpose Health systems have increased telemedicine use during the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak to limit in-person contact. We used time-driven activity-based costing to evaluate the change in resource use associated with transitioning to telemedicine in a radiation oncology department. Methods and Materials Using a patient undergoing 28-fraction treatment as an example, process maps for traditional in-person and telemedicine-based workflows consisting of discrete steps were created. Physicians/physicists/dosimetrists and nurses were assumed to work remotely 3 days and 1 day per week, respectively. Mapping was informed by interviews and surveys of personnel, with cost estimates obtained from the department’s financial officer. Results Transitioning to telemedicine reduced provider costs by $586 compared with traditional workflow: $47 at consultation, $280 during treatment planning, $237 during on-treatment visits, and $22 during the follow-up visit. Overall, cost savings were $347 for space/equipment and $239 for personnel. From an employee perspective, the total amount saved each year by not commuting was $36,718 for physicians (7243 minutes), $19,380 for physicists (7243 minutes), $17,286 for dosimetrists (7210 minutes), and $5599 for nurses (2249 minutes). Patients saved $170 per treatment course. Conclusions A modified workflow incorporating telemedicine visits and work-from-home capability conferred savings to a department as well as significant time and costs to health care workers and patients alike.
Notions of Spiritual Capital - A Matter of Extinction for Social Education?

This paper describes the results of a study that examined students’ conceptions of the term “Spiritual Capital.” Participants ( N = 56) included students in the Colleges of Business and Education at a public Midwestern university. Results showed that almost half of the participants considered spiritual capital to represent a concept related to spirituality. Participants also mentioned values, religion, economics, or broader society in their definitions though other participants acknowledged their uncertainty regarding the term. Results of Chi-Square tests and Fisher’s exact test indicated no significant relationship between participants’ major and any of the coding categories used.
Emerging Biomedical Applications Based on the Response of Magnetic Nanoparticles to Time-Varying Magnetic Fields

Magnetic nanoparticles are of interest for biomedical applications because of their biocompatibility, tunable surface chemistry, and actuation using applied magnetic fields. Magnetic nanoparticles ...
Locked (Down) and Loaded (Language): Effect of Policy and Speech on COVID-19 Outcomes

Just over one year after COVID-19 reached the United States, the number of confirmed cases exceeds 26 million. The Centers for Disease Control has consistently recommended frequent handwashing, avo...
Subsymmetries

This paper concerns the cognitive simplicity of 35 black and white patterns. The patterns are rank-ordered according to four experimental measures of simplicity. The correlation between these different rank orders is high, and it is therefore possible to construct a single “simplicity” order for the patterns. It is then shown that the simplicity of different patterns is almost perfectly accounted for by the relative numbers of subsymmetries in the different patterns.
Do sex offenders minimize psychiatric symptoms

With increasing frequency, forensic psychiatrists are called upon to evaluate sex offenders for the courts and criminal justice system. While many clinicians have observed that denial of paraphilia is common in sex offenders, few studies have examined whether this population has severe psychopathology other than paraphilia. Similarly, little is known about whether sex offenders minimize or deny symptoms of psychopathology when undergoing psychiatric evaluations. To study these questions, the authors administered the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) to 36 sex offenders, comparing the degree to which they minimized or denied psychopathology, dividing subjects along 2 dimensions: (a) whether they admitted to, or denied, paraphilia, and (b) whether or not they faced legal charges for sex offense. Results indicated that, first, patients who denied paraphilia were significantly more likely to minimize psychopathology than were those who admitted to paraphilia (P
Impact of micropulsed ultrasound power settings on the efficiency and chatter associated with lens-fragment removal

Purpose To determine the optimum power settings in micropulsed ultrasound (US). Setting John A. Moran Eye Center Laboratories, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA. Design Experimental study. Methods Pig lenses hardened to be comparable to dense human cataracts were cut into 2.0 mm cubes and removed using micropulsed longitudinal US with previously optimized settings (6 milliseconds on and 6 milliseconds off and using a 0.9 mm 30-degree beveled bent phaco tip). The aspiration was set at 40 mL/min and the vacuum level at 550 mm Hg. Twenty lens cubes were tested with the power set from 10% to 100% in increments of 10%. Primary outcome measures were efficiency time (time to lens removal) and chatter (number of times the lens fragment visibly bounced off the tip). Results Efficiency time decreased with increasing power. There was a correlation between power and efficiency time ( R 2 = 0.41, P = .046), which was more substantial between 30% and 100% power ( R 2 = 0.71, P = .004). The mean number of chatter events did not differ significantly between power settings ( R 2 = 0.012, P = .1195). Conclusions There was a 5-fold increase in efficiency between 10% power and 20% power, which likely indicates that there is a minimum power threshold for efficient breakup of the lens. Between 20% and 100% power, there was a linear, strong, and statistically significant improvement in efficiency in these lens fragments. In addition, with micropulsed US there was little chatter or microchatter throughout the power range. Financial Disclosure No author has a financial or proprietary interest in any material or method mentioned.
A Band-to-Band Tunneling Effect in the Trench Transistor Cell

A 4Megabit DRAM has been fabricated using a novel. 9 μm2, I-transistor cell where both the pass transistor and the storage capacitor are incorporated in a trench T. This paper will discuss a hand-to-hand tunneling mechanism in the Trench Transistor Cell (TTC). This effect should be operative in a class of trench cells where 1 he charge is stored inside the trench and (he substrate forms a capacitor plate.
Comparison Of Image-Converter Tubes For Ultrahigh-Speed Streak Cameras

AbstractWe have compared the operating characteristics of five types of image- converter tubes usedin picosecond -resolution streak cameras. Operational characteristics of the RCA * *C73435tube, used successfully in the Lawrence Livermore Laboratory (LLL)- designed streak cameraand by others, are reviewed, and new dynamic range data are presented. A version of theInstrument Technology, Ltd, (ITL), standard STM100 tube, reduced in size to fit the LLLcamera configuration, was operated in our camera and its characteristics were studied. A developmental, magnetically -focused tube, designed in collaboration with InternationalTelephone and Telegraph Corp. (ITT), has also been operated in our streak camera and thesedata are included. Measurements are included on the Hamamatsu N895X operated in a cameramade by the tube manufacturer. Finally, an English Electric Valve, P855, was tested asmounted in a commercial streak camera. Deflection factors, dynamic range, operating voltagerequirements and other technical operation characteristics are compared.IntroductionRecent advances in development and avail-ability of image- converter tubes suitable foruse with ultra -fast streak cameras haveprompted an investigation into their applica-tion to our camera design. For a descriptionof our camera, shown in Fig. 1, readers aredirected to Refs. 1 -3. For the tubes to beuseful in our camera system, we consider thefollowing characteristics to be among thoserequired. A dynamic range of two decadespermits adequate latitude in bracketing thepulse amplitude to be measured. That is,even with some amplitude jitter from pulse topulse, a reasonable amplitude measurementresolution may be maintained. To be operatedby the existing standard avalanche transistorsweep circuit, used successfully by us foryears, a deflection voltage of 2 kV or lessfor full -scale deflection is required.Operating voltages should ideally be lessthan 18 kV to be compatible with existinghigh -voltage design practices used in our
Models of Solar Eruptions: Recent Advances from Theory and Simulations

Coronal mass ejections and solar flares are the most stunning manifestations of solar activity. They. are of great scientific and practical interest because solar eruptions and related energetic particle events endanger human life in outer space and pose major hazards for spacecraft in the inner solar system. Coronal mass ejections and flares are presently recognized as two different consequences of a single physical process, which involve a catastrophic loss of mechanical equilibrium of coronal magnetic fields. The actual trigger mechanisms for solar eruptions are, however, not established yet. These mechanisms are the subject of active research and debate by both solar theorists and computational modelers. To improve present knowledge on solar eruptions, any related physical model has to account for two basic properties of the eruption process. These are the fundamental cause of the eruption itself and the nature of morphological features associated with it. This paper summarizes the current understanding of the origin and dynamics of coronal mass ejections through theory and modeling. A strong emphasis is put on the research studies being conducted at the Center for Space Environment Modeling at the University of Michigan. The future prospects for realistic, data-driven modeling of solar eruptions and related solar energetic particle events are also discussed. Once perfected, the models should lead to significant improvements in our ability to forecast those violent solar disturbances that have great impact on the near-Earth environment.
Changes in functional connectivity related to direct training and generalization effects of a word finding treatment in chronic aphasia

The neural mechanisms that underlie generalization of treatment-induced improvements in word finding in persons with aphasia (PWA) are currently poorly understood. This study aimed to shed light on changes in functional network connectivity underlying generalization in aphasia. To this end, we used fMRI and graph theoretic analyses to examine changes in functional connectivity after a theoretically-based word-finding treatment in which abstract words were used as training items with the goal of promoting generalization to concrete words. Ten right-handed native English-speaking PWA (7 male, 3 female) ranging in age from 47 to 75 (mean=59) participated in this study. Direct training effects coincided with increased functional connectivity for regions involved in abstract word processing. Generalization effects coincided with increased functional connectivity for regions involved in concrete word processing. Importantly, similarities between training and generalization effects were noted as were differences between participants who generalized and those who did not.
Re-imagining the Possible: New Hermeneutical Approaches to State Socialist Cinema/Cinema, State Socialism and Society in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, 1917–1989: Re-visions, edited by Sanja Bahun and John Haynes

The most recent title in the Routledge Series on Russian and Eastern European Studies, edited by Sanja Bahun and John Haynes, gives the impression that it wants to bite off more than it can chew. C...
La escritura desde un mundo oculto: espiritualidad y anonimidad en el convento de San Juan de la Penitencia

Women’s spirituality in New Spain needs broader and better exploration. The writings of nuns, which have remained largely ignored and unpublished, should serve as a privileged medium for such purpose. In this work are introduced and analyzed some elements of such writing, using the monthly installments of a nun of San Juan de la Penitencia convent to her confessor (1758). This article surveys the landscape of the soul; the relation of the nun, as a writer, with her confessor; and the visions that enabled her to speak with her own voice as the recipient of God’s message.
Vehicle Navigation and Information Systems

The sections in this article are 1 Subsystem Technologies 2 System Technologies 3 Conclusion Keywords: location tracking; electronics in navigation; positioning; digital map database; map matching; route planning; route guidance; human-machine interface; wireless communications; autonomous navigation; centralized navigation; automatic vehicle location; fleet management; mayday systems; dynamic route guidance; telematics
Generation and characterization of nucleic acid aptamers targeting the capsid P domain of a human norovirus GII.4 strain.

Human noroviruses (NoV) are the leading cause of acute viral gastroenteritis worldwide. Significant antigenic diversity of NoV strains has limited the availability of broadly reactive ligands for design of detection assays. The purpose of this work was to produce and characterize single stranded (ss)DNA aptamers with binding specificity to human NoV using an easily produced NoV target—the P domain protein. Aptamer selection was done using SELEX (Systematic Evolution of Ligands by EXponential enrichment) directed against an Escherichia coli-expressed and purified epidemic NoV GII.4 strain P domain. Two of six unique aptamers (designated M1 and M6-2) were chosen for characterization. Inclusivity testing using an enzyme-linked aptamer sorbent assay (ELASA) against a panel of 14 virus-like particles (VLPs) showed these aptamers had broad reactivity and exhibited strong binding to GI.7, GII.2, two GII.4 strains, and GII.7 VLPs. Aptamer M6-2 exhibited at least low to moderate binding to all VLPs tested. Aptamers significantly (p < 0.05) bound virus in partially purified GII.4 New Orleans outbreak stool specimens as demonstrated by ELASA and aptamer magnetic capture (AMC) followed by RT-qPCR. This is the first demonstration of human NoV P domain protein as a functional target for the selection of nucleic acid aptamers that specifically bind and broadly recognize diverse human NoV strains.
A Case Study in Underachievement: The International Courts and Genocide in Bosnia-Herzegovina

Two international courts—the UN's International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) and the International Court of Justice (ICJ)—have established that genocide occurred in Srebrenica in Bosnia in 1995. Germany's courts have concluded that genocide occurred in both Northern and Eastern Bosnia in 1992, and an appeal against a conviction for genocide on this basis was dismissed by a third international court—the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR). Yet, there has been minimal international punishment of genocide in Bosnia. Serbia was convicted by the ICJ only of a failure to prevent and punish genocide. Only one middle-ranking individual has been definitely convicted of a genocide-related charge by the ICTY; three others of similar or lower rank have been convicted but are appealing the convictions. Only six individuals from Serbia or Montenegro were ever indicted by the ICTY for war crimes in Bosnia and no one has yet been convicted. Of the two most notorious Bosnian Serb genocide suspects—...
Scientific Communication and Metaphors: An Analysis of Einstein's 1905 Special Relativity Paper.

Examining the history of science from the perspective of metaphor suggests that there are few differences between the literal and the metaphorical in scientific discourse. The central role of metap...
Development of a hydrogel-based reactive matrix for removal of chloracetanilide herbicides from contaminated water

Biodegradable, high-affinity hydrogel-based beads may prove useful in the decontamination of waters containing pesticide residue. Ethanethiol-cellulose beads, with a thiol content of up to 160 μmol -SH mL -1 bead, were synthesized by a novel method using 1,1'-carbonyldiimidazole followed by reaction with aminoethanethiol. The use of thiol-derivatized beads to remove metolachlor from aqueous solutions, via a nucleophilic substitution reaction involving the α-carbon of the chloroacetamido group of metolachlor and the thiol group of the bead (i.e., covalent bond formation), was investigated using batch reaction conditions and fixed-bed column techniques. In batch reaction studies, ethanethiol-cellulose beads (160 μmol -SH mL -1 bead) exhibited binding capacities of up to 180 μmol metolachlor mL-' bead (or about 1300 μmol g -1 ) depending on the solution pH and temperature. When the ethanethiol-cellulose beads were suspended in an aqueous solution at pH 9 and incubated at 40 °C, their binding capacity for metolachlor was about equal to that of activated carbon on a per gram adsorbent basis. Though the fixed-bed column studies revealed that the derivatized beads (131 μmol -SH mL -1 bead) possessed a large capacity for metolachlor, high effluent quality could not be maintained over extended column operation under the conditions employed. Metolachlor was not removed from solution under batch reaction conditions or in the fixed-bed columns when unmodified cellulose beads replaced thiol-derivatized beads. The results of our investigation demonstrate that ethanethiol-cellulose beads can be used to decontaminate water containing metolachlor and possibly other pesticides with reactive electrophilic centers.
Detecting trends in tropical rainfall characteristics, 1979–2003

From analyses of blended space-based and ground-based global rainfall data, we found increasing trends in the occurrence of extreme heavy and light rain events, coupled to a decreasing trend in moderate rain events in the tropics during 1979-2003. The trends are consistent with a shift in the large-scale circulation associated with a) a relatively uniform increase in warm rain over the tropical oceans, b) enhanced ice-phase rain over the near-equatorial oceans, and c) reduced mixed-phase rain over the tropical ocean and land regions. Due to the large compensation among different rain categories, the total tropical rainfall trend remained undetectable.
Capuchin monkeys, Cebus apella, show no evidence for inequity aversion in a costly choice task

Human adults and children respond negatively to inequity, even sacrificing personal gain to avoid both disadvantageous (more for you, less for me) and advantageous (more for me, less for you) resource allocations. Recent work has argued that some nonhuman animals share this response, but findings for inequity aversion outside of humans are controversial. Unfortunately, animals' negative responses to inequity are difficult to interpret because animal inequity aversion tasks differ in critical ways from the tasks used to test human inequity aversion. Here we present evidence from a novel task testing disadvantageous and advantageous inequity aversion in capuchin monkeys, Cebus apella. Our task was designed to closely mirror inequity aversion studies of human adults and children. We found no evidence for either disadvantageous or advantageous inequity aversion. Instead, capuchins' decisions were guided solely by the food resource that they were offered. Moreover, subjects' decisions and reaction times did not vary across social and nonsocial conditions. Our findings suggest that capuchin monkeys do not exhibit a human-like response to inequity on tasks in which even young children are known to demonstrate inequity aversion. We discuss these results in the context of existing theories for the evolution of fairness.
NSF and NASA budgets increased

Research budgets of several of the federal government agencies were increased significantly over the Reagan administration's requests in the House of Representative's appropriations bill H.R. 4034. These budgets had been removed from the Reagan administration's omnibus reconciliation bill, and thus there were worries expressed that certain research funding could be in jeopardy. The rationale was that because the requests were voted on individually on the floor of the House, many sections of the budgets would be subjected to extra scrutiny, which would lead to more cuts. The National Science Foundation (NSF) budget request had been cut and reordered by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) by making sharp reductions in programs of the social sciences and in programs of science and engineering education. There were fears that these programs would be reinstated to the original request level, at the expense of the budgets of other research activities. These fears materialized, but only momentarily. Efforts to cut the research activities by the House Appropriations Committee were soundly defeated. The budget was supported, with additional increases to provide for the education programs, by a high margin, which included most Republican and Democratic members of the House of Representatives. The overall NSF budget, as passed, has a total appropriation of $1103.5 million, compared with the Administration's request of $1033.5 million (the Fiscal Year 1981 appropriation for the NSF was $1022.4 million). The House approved budget included increases of $44.9 million in research and $25.1 million in science and engineering education. Included in the research budget increase were recommendations by the House Appropriations Committee for support of the social sciences and for the international affairs programs. Also included in the recommendations was support of interdisciplinary research programs that cut across the directorates of the NSF.
Dual-Cure Thermoset Amide- and Acrylate-Functionalized Latexes

A dual-cure latex is prepared by mixing an amide-functionalized latex with a latex that has both acetoacetoxy and unsaturated acrylic functionalities. The amide-functionalized latex provides a thermal cure with the acetoacetoxy groups of the other latex via Michael addition. The partially polymerized triacrylates in the acrylate-functionalized latex provide active sites for photocuring. Thermoset latex films are prepared by blending amide- and acrylate-functionalized latexes in varying amounts. The effect of the photosensitizer (camphorquinone) concentration on thermal and mechanical properties is studied. The highest tensile modulus and elongation is observed in a 50:50 wt% amide/acrylate-functionalized latex blend.
EUS guided fine needle aspiration cytology of pancreatic cystic and mass lesions: a new technique increases diagnostic yield

Purpose: EUS guided fine needle aspiration cytology accuracy may be compromised by confounding variables such as scant tissue acquisition and contamination from the gastrointestinal wall. We evaluated a new technique for FNA of pancreatic mass and cystic lesions prospectively in a series of 20 patients for diagnostic yield and complications.
Controlling Molecular Orientation in Solid Films via Self-Organization in the Liquid-Crystalline Phase

We report the control of molecular orientation in solid films through self-organization and induced-orientation processes. We synthesized water-soluble cationic 3,4,9,10-perylene diimide (1) and studied its self-organization in aqueous solution. By UV−vis spectroscopy, H-aggregates of 1 were observed forming in solutions with concentrations as low as 10-7 M. At concentrations above approximately 0.1 M (7% w/w), these solutions were observed with polarized microscopy to form a chromonic N phase (a nematic lyotropic liquid crystalline phase) at room temperature. Upon induced alignment (by shearing) of the chromonic N phase on a glass substrate and removal of solvent, anisotropic solid films of the dichroic dye were produced. These films have dichroic ratio values that routinely exceed 25 and in some cases 30, making them excellent polarizers over the blue and green region. By use of a combination of polarized UV−vis and FT-IR spectroscopies, the orientation of the average molecular plane in these films was ...
Composition, pre-eruptive zonation, and geochronologic significance of the ∼450ka Diamante Tuff, Andean Cordillera (34°S), Argentina

Abstract Vertical geochemical sampling through the Diamante Tuff establishes patterns of zonation in the pre-eruption magma. Volcanic glass demonstrates a roofward increase in Fe and Cl, and a roofward decrease in Ca. Trace elements have no measurable zonation. Welded volcanic glass shows post-eruption loss of Fe, Mg and Cl as well as K gain. Our reported glass chemistry provides robust criteria for correlation to other localities. The Diamante Tuff is an important stratigraphic marker and recognition of this unit provides age control on Quaternary deposits, allowing determination of process rates and elucidating timing of tectonic and geomorphic activity.
Devolution in the Woods: Community Forestry as Hybrid Neoliberalism

This paper explores the remarkable congruence between the proliferation of community forestry initiatives in North America in recent years and the ascendance of particular forms of neoliberalism. In it I argue that, in the United States in particular, such initiatives are best understood as hybrids between ‘rollout’ neoliberalism and contemporaneous trends in the management of protected areas and state-owned forests. This interpretation contributes to recent arguments that the environment has been understudied as an arena through which neoliberalism has been actively constituted, rather than simply a passive recipient of ‘impacts’. Moreover, surprisingly little academic work has explored the imbrications of specific changes in environmental governance and evolving neoliberalism in the latter's ‘First World’ geographic hearths, such as the USA and the United Kingdom. In this paper I undertake such an investigation with respect to community forestry in the United States. The paper traces the major anteceden...
The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy depth profiling and tribological characterization of ion- plated gold on various metals

For the case of ion-plated gold, the graded interface between gold and a nickel substrate and a nickel substrate, such tribological properties as friction and microhardness are examined by means of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis and depth profiling. Sliding was conducted against SiC pins in both the adhesive process, where friction arises from adhesion between sliding surfaces, and abrasion, in which friction is due to pin indentation and groove-plowing. Both types of friction are influenced by coating depth, but with opposite trends: the graded interface exhibited the highest adhesion, but the lowest abrasion. The coefficient of friction due to abrasion is inversely related to hardness. Graded interface microhardness values are found to be the highest, due to an alloying effect. There is almost no interface gradation between the vapor-deposited gold film and the substrate.
Formulation variables affecting drug release from xanthan gum matrices at laboratory scale and pilot scale.

The purpose of this research was to study processing variables at the laboratory and pilot scales that can affect hydration rates of xanthan gum matrices containing diclofenac sodium and the rate of drug release. Tablets from the laboratory scale and pilot scale proceedings were made by wet granulation. Swelling indices of xanthan gum formulations prepared with different amounts of water were measured in water under a magnifying lens. Granules were thermally treated in an oven at 60°C, 70°C, and 80°C to studythe effects of elevated temperatures on drug release from xanthan gum matrices. Granules from the pilot scale formulations were bulkier compared to their laboratory scale counterparts, resulting in more porous, softer tablets. Drug release was linear from xanthan gum matrices prepared at the laboratory scale and pilot scales, however, release was faster from the pilot scales. Thermal treatment of the granules did not affect the swelling index and rate of drug release from tablets in both the pilot and laboratory scale proceedings. On the other hand, the release from both proceedings was affected by the amount of water used for granulation and the speed of the impeller during granulation. The data suggest that processing variables that affect the degree of wetness during granulation, such as increase in impeller speed and increase in amount of water used for granulation, also may affect the swelling index of xanthan gum matrices and therefore the rate of drug release.
An enhanced V-BLAST with non-stationary interference avoidance capability

Reliable communication under interferences is desired by both military and commercial parties. This paper proposes a vertical-Bell Laboratories Layered Space-Time (V-BLAST) architecture with non-stationary interference avoidance capability. A transform domain processing (TDP) and minimum mean square error (MMSE) detector are combined with the V-BLAST to enhance performance in a narrow band interference (NBI) environment. A key idea of TDP is to generate an adaptive modulated information-bearing signal avoiding spectrally crowded regions in the transform domain at both transmitters and receivers of the V-BLAST system. The adaptive interference-free signal is synthesized by a non-parametric spectral estimator, called Caponpsilas method (CM). The proposed V-BLAST system also incorporates the MMSE detector. These approaches offer better bit error performance than other interference mitigation methodologies that process signals at the receiver only, and better than other similar systems that use a parametric spectral estimator with zero-forcing detector. Our simulation results indicate that the proposed system mitigates not only stationary interferences but also non-stationary interferences. Therefore, the proposed system is a viable option for the highly reliable multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) system.
Optimization of human immunodeficiency virus treatment during incarceration: viral suppression at the prison gate.

Importance Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) management in correctional settings is logistically feasible, but HIV-related outcomes before release have not been recently systematically examined. Objective To evaluate HIV treatment outcomes throughout incarceration, including jail and prison. Design, Setting, and Participants Retrospective cohort study of longitudinally linked demographic, pharmacy, and laboratory data on 882 prisoners within the Connecticut Department of Correction (2005-2012) with confirmed HIV infection, who were continually incarcerated 90 days or more, had at least 2 HIV-1 RNA and CD4 lymphocyte measurements, and were prescribed antiretroviral therapy. Main Outcomes and Measures Three electronic databases (correctional, laboratory, and pharmacy) were integrated to assess HIV viral suppression (HIV-1 RNA levels, Results Among 882 HIV-infected prisoners with 1185 incarceration periods, mean HIV-1 RNA level decreased by 1.1 log 10 and CD4 lymphocyte count increased by 98 cells/µL over time, with a higher proportion achieving viral suppression by release compared with entry (70.0% vs 29.8%; P Conclusions and Relevance Though just one-third of HIV-infected prisoners receiving ART entered correctional facilities with viral suppression, HIV treatment was optimized during incarceration, resulting in the majority achieving viral suppression by release. Treatment for HIV within prison is facilitated by a highly structured environment and, when combined with simple well-tolerated ART regimens, can result in viral suppression during incarceration. In the absence of important and effective community-based resources, incarceration can be an opportunity of last resort to initiate continuous ART for individual health and, following the “treatment as prevention” paradigm, potentially reduce the likelihood of HIV transmission to others after release if continuity of HIV care is sustained.
Cost analysis of a disease management programme for adult Medicaid clients with schizophrenia

SummaryThis investigation assessed changes in direct medical costs, from the perspective of a public payer, associated with a comprehensive, field-based disease management programme for adult Medicaid clients with schizophrenia in the US State of Colorado.A propensity score-matching algorithm was employed in this retrospective analysis owing to the inherent non-randomisation of enrollees. Of the 126 clients initially enrolled, 73 (58%) remained within the programme continuously for 6–12 months.These participants were associated with 30% lower overall per member per month medical costs (p<0.001), although no differences were noted for overall pharmacy costs. Provision of the disease management programme was through an external vendor and cost $31,250 per month regardless of the number enrolled.Future research should seek to assess long-term clinical, humanistic and economic outcomes in this population and to develop methods that increase programme participation.