cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hemoglobinopathies in the Neonate

Hemoglobinopathies are a heterogeneous group of inherited disorders resulting from mutations in the globin genes. Transmission is autosomal. There are 2 main types of hemoglobinopathies, one of which comprises disorders of decreased or absent production of a globin gene. These disorders are known as thalassemias. Structural abnormalities resulting from single amino acid substitutions comprise the second group of hemoglobinopathies. Although delineated by quantitative and qualitative characteristics, they are not mutually exclusive. Thalassemias can have qualitative defects, whereas other structural abnormalities may have quantitative defects. Collectively, they are one of the most common causes of nonimmune hemolytic anemias with various frequencies distributed throughout the world.
Plantar fasciitis and the windlass mechanism: a biomechanical link to clinical practice.

Objective Plantar fasciitis is a prevalent problem, with limited consensus among clinicians regarding the most effective treatment. The purpose of this literature review is to provide a systematic approach to the treatment of plantar fasciitis based on the windlass mechanism model. Data sources We searched MEDLINE, SPORT Discus, and CINAHL from 1966 to 2003 using the key words plantar fasciitis, windlass mechanism, pronation, heel pain, and heel spur. Data synthesis We offer a biomechanical application for the evaluation and treatment of plantar fasciitis based on a review of the literature for the windlass mechanism model. This model provides a means for describing plantar fasciitis conditions such that clinicians can formulate a potential causal relationship between the conditions and their treatments. Conclusions/recommendations Clinicians' understanding of the biomechanical causes of plantar fasciitis should guide the decision-making process concerning the evaluation and treatment of heel pain. Use of this approach may improve clinical outcomes because intervention does not merely treat physical symptoms but actively addresses the influences that resulted in the condition. Principles from this approach might also provide a basis for future research investigating the efficacy of plantar fascia treatment.
Frailties at the Borders: Stalled Activist Media Projects in East Africa

This article considers two activist projects involving attempts to export communication technologies. Groups of technologists based in the United States and Europe designed a radio station and an “oral wiki” for use in Tanzania and Rwanda, respectively. Both projects stalled before they could be fully implemented. But they did not languish because of user ambivalence or disregard; indeed, in both cases activists and local grassroots actors alike hailed the technologies as uniquely suited to the local conditions in which they were to be deployed. Drawing on social studies of technology, I argue that the Tanzanian radio station and Rwandan oral wiki cases illustrate that it matters where actors draw lines around where “technology” starts and ends. To distinguish between “the artifact” and “the social” is an act of boundary-drawing, with important consequences for media activism and technology transfer projects.
Algorithm to Minimize Total Spending Time on Muti-targets Combat

The Hungarian algorithm is introduced,and the problem of scheduling of a set of targets on several attackers is discussed.An algorithm to minimize the total spending time(attacking time plus waiting time)is described,in which attacking time of a job can be different on different attackers.The mathematical model of this problem is set up.The scheduling problem can be transformed to assignment problem,and the optimization solution can be obtained by Hungarian algorithm.A numerical example is given to explain the solution process.
New Techniques of Plant Mutation and Their Application to Rice Breeding

The mutagenesis mechanism and biological effects of plant mutation new technique s such as EMS (Ethyl Methane Sulfonate)-pollen mutation, injection of ion beam, pollen radiation and spacial mutation were introduced, and the application of th ese new techniques to rice breeding was reviewed in this paper.\;
Reducing IAPP Aggregation with Mitochondrial Humanin Peptides; Results from Simulations and Experiments

Unregulated growth of amyloid plaques is associated with a large number of human degenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's Disease or Type II Diabetes, where the pathological misfolding and subsequent accumulation of amyloid plaques inhibits the proper functioning of nearby cells. Simulations and experiments have revealed that amyloid aggregates are highly energy-minimized structures that are difficult to molecularly disassemble without causing further physiological duress. However, recent studies have identified a 24-amino acid mitochondrial peptide named Humanin (seq: MAPRGFSCLLLLTSEIDLPVKRRA) that provides neuroprotection to mice by reducing the formation of amyloid-beta aggregates in their brains, though the effects are thought to translate to other amyloid systems as well. Due to the intrinsically disordered nature of Humanin, experimental studies have struggled to characterize its interaction with other proteins, especially those that are also intrinsically disordered. To better understand the molecular basis for Humanin interactions with amyloid proteins, we performed a combination of replica-exchange molecular dynamics simulations and ThT fluorescence spectroscopy, where we identified the molecular interactions of Humanin and IAPP. We report a number of free-energy landscapes of hydrated IAPP and Humanin in isolation, and in the presence of one another, to better understand how Humanin and other peptide analogs can be used to inhibit amyloid aggregation in a wide variety of environments.
Rehabilitation and iatrogenic complications of critical care.

Iatrogenic disease is a significant problem in critical care units. Frequently occurring iatrogenic problems are presented. Rehabilitation issues in relation to iatrogenic problems are discussed, with implications for critical care nurses.
The influence of behavioral and pharmacological history on the reinforcing effects of cocaine in rhesus monkeys.

Animal models of drug self-administration have been shown to be valid predictors of human drug abuse (Griffiths et al. 1980; Johanson 1978; Johanson and Schuster 1981; Spealman and Goldberg 1978; Woolverton and Nader 1990). In drug self-administration studies, if responding leading to the presentation of the drug occurs at higher rates than vehicle-maintained responding, then the drug is said to function as a positive reinforcer and have abuse liability. The focus of the research described in this chapter will be to examine the interactions of several environmental and pharmacological variables with the reinforcing effects of cocaine in rhesus monkeys, with emphasis on the long-term effects of these experimental histories. One of the goals of this chapter will be to address technical or methodological issues regarding animal models of drug selfadministration. To this end, published data as well as preliminary data will be presented. Although the scientific community urges the presentation of group data, most animal experiments in behavioral pharmacology are conducted on an individual-subject basis. Consequently, to highlight further the methodological issues regarding the influence of environmental and pharmacological variables in modifying cocaine self-administration, most of the data presented will be individual-subject data, rather than group data.
Behaviorally Induced Insufficient Sleep Syndrome and Insomnia: Prevalence and Relationship to Depression in College Students

Background: College students are at increased risk for general sleep issues as well as specific disorders, including Behaviorally Induced Insufficient Sleep Syndrome (BISS) and insomnia. These disorders can have deleterious daytime consequences, which can be compounded by exacerbating depression. The present study aims to establish college prevalence of BISS/insomnia, to characterize sleep characteristics in this sample, and to compare depression across BISS/insomnia. Methods: Data from a college risk behaviors and health study (n=989) was used. Insomnia and BISS were defined as mutually exclusive disorders, using ICD-10/DSM-5 criteria, and Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index items. Results: Overall, the results of this study characterize sleep in college students as commonly insufficient, with moderate sleep quality, normal sleep latency, and high levels of daytime sleepiness. A majority (~68%) of students were categorized as normal sleepers, followed by insomnia (~22%), and BISS (~10%). Insomnia was associated with the most depression, followed by BISS, and normal sleep, after controlling for gender and ethnicity. BISS and insomnia predicted depressive symptoms over and above potent risk and demographic factors, including ethnicity, gender, binge drinking, anxiety, and interpersonal trauma exposure. Conclusion: These findings reinforce the importance of incorporating sleep screening into depression treatment (and vice-versa) in college students. Future research can extend the present study’s findings by utilizing a longitudinal design, including additional measures, and evaluating screening/clinical interventions for this population.
Life Expectancy Gain Due to Employment Status Depends on Race, Gender, Education, and Their Intersections.

Despite the well-established health effects of socioeconomic status (SES), SES resources such as employment may differently influence health outcomes across sub-populations. This study used a national sample of US adults to test if the effect of baseline employment (in 1986) on all-cause mortality over a 25-year period depends on race, gender, education level, and their intersections. Data came from the Americans’ Changing Lives (ACL) study, which followed 2025 Whites and 1156 Blacks for 25 years from 1986 to 2011. The focal predictor of interest was baseline employment (1986), operationalized as a dichotomous variable. The main outcome of interest was time to all-cause mortality from 1986 to 2011. Covariates included baseline age, health behaviors (smoking, drinking, and exercise), physical health (obesity, chronic disease, function, and self-rated health), and mental health (depressive symptoms). A series of Cox proportional hazard models were used to test the association between employment and mortality risk in the pooled sample and based on race, gender, education, and their intersections. Baseline employment in 1986 was associated with a lower risk of mortality over a 25-year period, net of covariates. In the pooled sample, baseline employment interacted with race (HR = .69, 95% CI = .49–.96), gender (HR = .73, 95% CI = .53–1.01), and education (HR = .64, 95% CI = .46–.88) on mortality, suggesting diminished protective effects for Blacks, women, and individuals with lower education, compared to Whites, men, and those with higher education. In stratified models, the association was significant for Whites (HR = .71, 95%CI = .59–.90), men (HR = .60, 95%CI = .43–.83), and individuals with high education (HR = .66, 95%CI = .50–.86) but not for Blacks (HR = .77, 95%CI = .56–1.01), women (HR = .88, 95%CI = .69–1.12), and those with low education (HR = .92, 95%CI = .67–1.26). The largest effects of employment on life expectancy were seen for highly educated men (HR = .50, 95%CI = .32–.78), White men (HR = .55, 95%CI = .38–.79), and highly educated Whites (HR = .63, 95%CI = .46–.84). The effects were non-significant for Black men (HR = 1.10, 95%CI = .68–1.78), Whites with low education (HR = 1.01, 95%CI = .67–1.51), and women with low education (HR = 1.06, 95%CI = .71–1.57). In the USA, the health gain associated with employment is conditional on one’s race, gender, and education level, along with their intersections. Blacks, women, and individuals with lower education gain less from employment than do Whites, men, and highly educated people. More research is needed to understand how the intersections of race, gender, and education alter health gains associated with socioeconomic resources.
Oncogenes in Thyroid Cancer

At the time of conception, the human organism is a single cell zygote. During the course of development into an adult, this cell expands into a complex mass of approximately 100 trillion cells, with an enormous variety of shapes, sizes, and functions. Normal tissue growth and development require prolific cell division, exquisitely regulated cell differentiation, and appropriately timed cell death or apoptosis. Neoplastic transformation of tissue generally occurs when abnormal regulatory mechanisms promote excessive cell division, impaired cell differentiation, and/or failure of apoptosis. In most tumor types, this aberrant control originates at the genetic level.
Necroptosis activation in Alzheimer's disease

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by severe neuronal loss; however, the mechanisms by which neurons die remain elusive. Necroptosis, a programmed form of necrosis, is executed by the mixed lineage kinase domain-like (MLKL) protein, which is triggered by receptor-interactive protein kinases (RIPK) 1 and 3. We found that necroptosis was activated in postmortem human AD brains, positively correlated with Braak stage, and inversely correlated with brain weight and cognitive scores. In addition, we found that the set of genes regulated by RIPK1 overlapped significantly with multiple independent AD transcriptomic signatures, indicating that RIPK1 activity could explain a substantial portion of transcriptomic changes in AD. Furthermore, we observed that lowering necroptosis activation reduced cell loss in a mouse model of AD. We anticipate that our findings will spur a new area of research in the AD field focused on developing new therapeutic strategies aimed at blocking its activation.
Neutrino Oscillation Measurements Computed in Quantum Field Theory

Abstract We perform such a calculation in quantum field theory, where we include simultaneously the source, detector, and neutrino fields in the Hamiltonian. Within the appropriate limits associated with current neutrino oscillation experiments, we recover the standard oscillation formula. On the other hand, we find that the dominant contributions to the amplitude are associated with different neutrino mass eigenstates being emitted at different times, such that they arrive at the detector at the same time. This is contrary to the neutrino wave packet picture, where they are emitted simultaneously and separate as they travel to the detector. This has direct consequences regarding the mechanisms that lead to a damping of neutrino oscillations for very long baselines. Our analysis also provides a pedagogical example of a measurement process in quantum mechanics.
Origin of Rodents

Osborn (1902) viewed the origin of rodents from the primitive Paleocene insectivore family the Mixodectidae for which he proposed the term Proglires. Mixodectids have since been shown to be most closely related to other insectivores (notably the leptictids and tupaiids) and have nothing to do with rodents (Szalay, 1969, pp. 237–239). Other early workers suggested the Meso-zoic and early Tertiary Multituberculata as the ancestors of rodents, noting the enlarged lower incisor and diastema in many families of this Mesozoic and early Tertiary group (Forsyth Major, 1983; Hinton, 1926; Friant, 1932). The multituberculates are, however, specially derived prototherians and cannot be ancestral to any eutherian group. The condition of the incisor and diastema in the multituberculates is only convergent with that of rodents.
The effect of a gearshift interlock on seat belt use by drivers who do not always use a belt and its acceptance among those who do.

Abstract Introduction Seat belts reduce the risk of fatal injury in a crash, yet in 2015, nearly 10,000 people killed in passenger vehicles were unrestrained. Enhanced seat belt reminders increase belt use, but a gearshift interlock that prevents the vehicle from being placed into gear unless the seat belt is used may prove more effective. Method Thirty-two people with a recent seat belt citation and who admitted to not always using a seat belt as a driver were recruited as part-time belt users and asked to evaluate two new vehicles. Sixteen drove two vehicles with an enhanced reminder for one week each, and 16 drove a vehicle with an enhanced reminder for one week and a vehicle with a gearshift interlock the following week. Sixteen full-time belt users who reported always using a seat belt drove a vehicle with a gearshift interlock for one week to evaluate acceptance. Results Relative to the enhanced reminder, the gearshift interlock significantly increased the likelihood that a part-time belt user used a belt during travel time in a trip by 21%, and increased the rate of belt use by 16%; this effect approached significance. Although every full-time belt user experienced the gearshift interlock, their acceptance of the technology reported in a post-study survey was fairly positive and not significantly different from part-time belt users. Six part-time belt users circumvented the gearshift interlock by sitting on a seat belt, waiting for the system to deactivate, or unbuckling during travel. Conclusion The gearshift interlock increased the likelihood that part-time belt users buckled up and the rate of belt use during travel relative to the enhanced reminder but could be more effective if it prevented circumvention. Practical applications An estimated 718–942 lives could be saved annually if the belt use of unbuckled drivers and front passengers increased 16–21%.
Studies on the Action of Hydrazine, Hydroxylamine, and Other Amines in the Carbamyl Phosphate Synthetase Reaction

The carbamyl phosphate synthetase of frog liver particles catalyzes the synthesis of 1 mole of carbamyl phosphate, 1 mole of orthophosphate, and 2 moles of adenosine diphosphate from ammonia, bicarbonate, and 2 moles of ATP. It can produce orthophosphate from ATP if ammonia is replaced by either hydroxylamine or hydrazine. Both hydroxylamine and hydrazine are competitive inhibitors of carbamyl phosphate synthesis and, therefore, presumably replace ammonia or decompose the activated carbonate which is a precursor of carbamyl phosphate. Hydrazine replaces ammonia because it is incorporated into a labile phosphate which appears to be N-aminocarbamyl phosphate. It can be shown that the new derivative contains hydrazine, 14C from 14C-bicarbonate, and phosphate, the latter two in equal amounts. N-Aminocarbamyl phosphate migrates more slowly toward the anode at pH 6 in an electrical field than carbamyl phosphate. It is a markedly more acid-labile and base-stable phosphate than carbamyl phosphate. N-Aminocarbamyl phosphate cannot serve as a substrate for ornithine transcarbamylase. Hydroxylamine, however, does not appear to yield a carbamyl phosphate or hydroxylamine phosphate. It can be shown that hydroxylamine can act catalytically, and it is therefore suggested that it decomposes the activated carbonate which is the product of the first mole of ATP utilized by the enzyme. If 1 or 2 of the hydrogen atoms of hydrazine or hydroxylamine are replaced with methyl groups, the derivatives are not substrates. Glutamine will not serve as a substrate.
Ultrasonic Study of Quasi-Isotropic Composites

Advanced composites used for aerospace applications usually have multilayered structure with differently oriented plies. Most ultrasonic inspections of such composites are performed using normally incident ultrasonic waves. The use of oblique incident waves is complicated by strong ply scattering and difficulties in wave propagation analysis. In this paper we investigate both theoretically and experimentally ultrasonic wave propagation in multi-ply composites depending on ply orientation and angle of incidence. We compare computational efficiency and rederive algorithms for transfer and global matrix methods. Many authors have considered transfer matrix algorithm for isotropic and anisotropic cases [1–8]; however, the computational instability of the transfer matrix method when the layer thickness is comparable to and greater than the wavelength makes it impractical. Dunkin [9] and Levesque & Piche [10] have developed a stable transfer matrix method for the isotropic case. A stable method for the anisotropic case has been developed by Hosten and Castaings [11][12]. In contrast to the transfer matrix approach, the global matrix method assembles solutions for all layers in a single matrix which is large; however the method is computationally stable.
High-yield scalable graphene nanosheet production from compressed graphite using electrochemical exfoliation

Electrochemical exfoliation is a promising bulk method for producing graphene from graphite; in this method, an applied voltage drives ionic species to intercalate into graphite where they form gaseous species that expand and exfoliate individual graphene sheets. However, a number of obstacles have prevented this approach from becoming a feasible production route; the disintegration of the graphite electrode as the method progresses is the chief difficulty. Here we show that if graphite powders are contained and compressed within a permeable and expandable containment system, the graphite powders can be continuously intercalated, expanded, and exfoliated to produce graphene. Our data indicate both high yield (65%) and extraordinarily large lateral size (>30 μm) in the as-produced graphene. We also show that this process is scalable and that graphene yield efficiency depends solely on reactor geometry, graphite compression, and electrolyte transport.
Examining the feasibility of using open data to benchmark building energy usage in cities: A data science and policy perspective

Abstract Buildings are by far the largest source of urban energy consumption. In an effort to reduce energy use, cities are mandating that buildings undergo energy benchmarking—the process of measuring building energy performance in order to identify buildings that are inefficient. In this paper, we examine the feasibility of using city-specific, public open data sources in two benchmarking models and compare the results to the same models when using the Commercial Building Energy Consumption Survey (CBECS) dataset, the basis for Energy Star. The two benchmarking models use datasets containing building characteristics and annual energy use from ten major cities. To examine the difference in performance between linear and non-linear models, we use random forest and lasso regression. Results demonstrate that benchmarking models using open data outperform models based solely on the CBECS dataset. Additionally, our results indicate that building area, property type, conditioned area, and water usage are the most important variables for cities to collect. Having demonstrated the benefits of using open data, we recommend two changes to current benchmarking practices: (1) new guidelines that support a data-driven benchmarking framework relying on open data and a transparent modeling process and (2) supporting policies that publicize benchmarking results and incentivize energy savings.
The curious case of bunnies: interpretation of the lagomorph index from Homol’ovi I, Room 733

Applications of lagomorph indices to faunal assemblages in the American Southwest have produced a complex series of hypotheses and explanations for the changing ratio between Sylvilagus (cottontail rabbits) and Lepus (jackrabbits) in the archaeological record. Archaeologists attribute shifts in the lagomorph index (LI) to variation in the natural environment, modification of the landscape by Native Americans, changes in human hunting behaviors, and depression of Lepus populations through differential hunting. Couched within the logic of human behavioral ecology (HBE), LI attempts to connect species representation to environmental change and human decision-making. The varied ecosystems, cultures, and environments of the American Southwest complicate this connection and make some interpretations better suited to different subregions. In this paper, we report results from the analysis of faunal remains from Room 733 at Homol’ovi I, an ancestral Hopi site near Winslow, Arizona. Room 733 dates to the Late Homol’ovi Phase (LHP) 1385–1400 but also includes dates from the Early Homol’ovi Phase (EHP) 1330–1365. We calculate the LI for both phases to evaluate different explanations for shifts in the LI relative to regional moisture patterns. We find that while most explanations for changing LI are interconnected, changing environmental moisture, human hunting behaviors, and depression of Lepus populations do not fully explain the shifting LI. We suggest that human niche construction provides the most satisfactory explanation for changing lagomorph representation in the assemblage from Homol’ovi Room 733.
Impact of affordable care act on the treatment and outcomes for stage-IV colorectal cancer.

Abstract Background Patients with advanced cancers are among the most vulnerable group of patients. We sought to analyze the impact of Affordable Care Act (ACA) on the interaction of socioeconomic factors with treatment and survival in patients with metastatic colorectal cancers. Methods National Cancer Database (NCDB) was queried for patients with Stage-IV colon(C Ca) and rectal cancers(R-Ca) diagnosed 2004–2015 and excluded those who did not receive any therapies within 6 months of diagnosis. Enrollment-rates were calculated as receipt of primary therapy as the incident-event (numerator) over time-to-initiation of therapy (denominator) and used to calculate incident-rate ratios that was analyzed using Poisson regression analysis- reported as enrollment-rate ratios (ER, Results For C Ca, enrollment to primary therapies was significantly associated (p-value Ca) and for high-income vs. low-income group-0.90(0.87–0.94),p-value Ca. Conclusion The ACA appears to have had a positive impact overall but further research and ongoing interventions are warranted to mitigate disparities in this population.
Creation and annihilation of non-volatile fixed magnetic skyrmions using voltage control of magnetic anisotropy

Magnetic skyrmions are topological spin textures that could be used to create magnetic memory and logic devices. Such devices typically rely on current-controlled motion of skyrmions, but using skyrmions that are fixed in space could lead to more compact and energy-efficient devices. Here we report the manipulation of fixed magnetic skyrmions using voltage-controlled magnetic anisotropy. We show that skyrmions can be stabilized in antiferromagnet/ferromagnet/oxide heterostructure films without any external magnetic field due to an exchange bias field. The isolated skyrmions are annihilated or formed by applying voltage pulses that increase or decrease the perpendicular magnetic anisotropy, respectively. We also show that skyrmions can be created from chiral domains by increasing the perpendicular magnetic anisotropy of the system. Our experimental findings are corroborated using micromagnetic simulations. Fixed magnetic skyrmions that are stabilized without any external magnetic field can be manipulated using an electric field, providing an approach that could be used to create compact and energy-efficient devices
Narratives’ Impacts on Attitudes:Do Signaling of Persuasive Intent and Fictionality Matter?

Reduced counterarguing – the generation of questions and arguments in response to a message – has been proposed to be a mechanism of persuasion in a variety of contexts, yet many questions remain u...
Bioequivalence of intramuscular and subcutaneous peginterferon beta-1a: results of a phase I, open-label crossover study in healthy volunteers.

Background Peginterferon beta-1a administered every 2 weeks via subcutaneous (SC) injection is approved to treat adult patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) and relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis (RMS). However, associated injection site reactions (ISRs) can lead to treatment discontinuation. Prior studies with interferon beta-1a reported a lower frequency of ISRs with intramuscular (IM) administration than with SC administration. IM administration of peginterferon beta-1a may therefore represent a useful alternative treatment option. Methods A phase I, open-label, two-period crossover study randomized healthy volunteers to receive a single dose of peginterferon beta-1a 125 mcg administered IM followed by a single 125 mcg dose administered SC after a 28-day washout or vice versa. Blood samples were collected up to 504 h post dose to determine pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) profiles. The primary endpoint was assessment of bioequivalence based on maximum serum concentration (Cmax) and area under the curve from time zero extrapolated to infinity (AUCinf). Other PK parameters, as well as PD (serum neopterin) and safety profiles, were also evaluated. Results The study enrolled 136 participants. Bioequivalence of IM and SC peginterferon beta-1a was established for both Cmax ([least squares (LS)] mean IM/SC ratio: 1.083 [90% confidence interval (CI), 0.975-1.203]) and AUCinf (LS mean IM/SC ratio: 1.089 [90% CI, 1.020-1.162]). Other PK and PD parameters were similar between administration routes, although moderate to high inter-subject variability was observed for IM and SC. Safety profiles were generally balanced between IM and SC administration. ISRs occurred at a lower frequency with IM [14.4% (95% CI, 8.89-21.56%)] than with SC [32.1% (95% CI, 24.29-40.70%)] administration (p = 0.0005). Conclusions These results demonstrate bioequivalence between peginterferon beta-1a IM and SC and support the consideration of IM injection of peginterferon beta-1a as a viable treatment option in patients with RRMS and RMS.
The role of design in circular economy solutions for critical materials

Summary The accelerating pace of resource consumption threatens long-term availability of critical materials: those resources that play an essential role in modern society but are vulnerable to supply chain disruptions. Established resource management strategies have struggled to reduce the risks of metal criticality, and the demand for these materials continues to grow. Circular economy offers a new paradigm for addressing metal criticality through solutions that enable material and product reuse, remanufacturing, and recycling. However, products containing critical materials are rarely designed to be upgraded, reused, or disassembled at end of life to access the valuable materials contained within. Here, we explore the potential for design interventions across the technology life cycle that can enable circular economy solutions and minimize risks of material criticality.
New Names for Two Microleptodontium (Streptotrichaceae) and Trichostomopsis (Pottiaceae) Species

Two new combinations are presented to correct published names in the Pottiaceae and the related family Streptotrichaceae.
Dynamic Analysis for the Global Performance of An SPM-Feeder-Cage System Under Waves and Currents

In the present study, the dynamic response of a coupled SPM-feeder-cage system under irregular waves and shear currents is analyzed. A numerical model is developed by using the commercial software OrcaFlex. Hydrodynamics coefficients of the vessel are calculated by using a 3D diffraction/radiation panel program. First- and second-order wave forces are included in the calculations. Morison equation is used to compute the drag force on line elements representing the net. Drag coefficients are determined at every time step in the simulation considering the relative normal velocity between the structural elements and the fluid flow. The dynamic response of the coupled system is analyzed for various environments and net materials. The results of the study show the effects of solidity ratio of the net and vertical positions of the cage on the overall dynamic response of the system, confirming the viability of this type of configuration for future development of offshore aquaculture in deep waters.
An industry-centered capstone experience for aeronautical management technology students at Arizona State University East

The Department of Aeronautical Management Technology (AMT) at Arizona State University (ASU) East has implemented a capstone course requirement for both the Airway Science Management and Flight Management Degree programs. These two courses are designed to enhance the student's academic experience and to better prepare the student for a highly competitive, global work environment. Both courses, Aviation Management Capstone (AMT 491) and Airline Aircraft Systems (AMT 496), are offered during the Spring semester each year and are designed to be completed during the final year of a student's program of study. This paper focuses on the design, organization and implementation of AMT 491 only, since AMT 496 is being offered for the first time in the Spring 1998 semester. A detailed discussion is provided, describing the background, educational philosophy and implementation of AMT 491 as an integral component of the overall redesign of the Aeronautical Management Technology degree program. Specific elements to be covered include the design and organization of the Aviation Management Capstone course, essential industry partnerships/sponsorships for student teams during the semester and an overview of student tasks and responsibilities throughout the course.
Modeling the Correlation Function in the Crude-Oil Futures Market

Numerous participants in the energy industry require the computation of coefficients of correlation in a large-industry portfolio. Addressing the specifics of the crude-oil futures contracts, this paper proposes and implements a simple intuitive procedure that reduces the cross-maturity correlations in crude-oil futures to the estimation of two parameters. We argue this procedure is more intuitive than the traditional statistical solution of principal-components analysis.
Dynamic Element Analysis

A new formulation for dynamic analysis of the response of vibro-acoustic systems is developed. The method is based on a discrete element formulation similar in geometry to a finite element model. However, the Dynamic Element Analysis uses transcendental functions for the response interpolation functions. The phase of the functions converges at high frequencies to the Statistical Phase. At low frequencies the interpolation functions converge to the polynomials used in finite elements. Thus, the Dynamic Element Analysis covers a wide frequency range without requiring a refinement of the mesh, and it provides a deterministic response in the mid-frequency range before converging to a statistically correct response at high frequencies. Examples are shown of the response of structures and acoustic radiation.
Automatic segmentation of white matter lesions in T1-weighted brain MR images

White matter lesions are common brain abnormalities. In this paper, an automatic method for segmentation of white matter lesions in T1-weighted brain magnetic resonance (MR) images is presented. A subject's T1-weighted MR image is first segmented into the three major tissue types, white matter (WM), gray matter (GM) and cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) solely based on each voxel's intensity. Since WM lesions are typically classified as GM based on their intensity characteristics, the GM class is then separated into normal GM and WM lesions. This is accomplished using a statistical model of tissue distribution of healthy brains in a stereotaxic space. The proposed method is tested on 10 MR images with WM lesions and the results of the method are visually compared with WM lesions manually labeled by an experienced radiologist.
New project for a burns unit.

Summary The layout of a burns unit is proposed in which there is a quarantine area and separate buildings for clean and infected cases with a view to limiting infection and cross infection.
Effectiveness of multidisciplinary rehabilitation services in postacute care: state-of-the-science. A review.

Abstract Prvu Bettger JA, Stineman MG. Effectiveness of multidisciplinary rehabilitation services in postacute care: state-of-the-science. A review. Objectives To summarize the efficacy of postacute rehabilitation and to outline future research strategies for increasing knowledge of its effectiveness. Data Sources English-language systematic reviews that examined multidisciplinary therapy-based rehabilitation services for adults, published in the last 25 years and available through Cochrane, Medline, or CINAHL databases. We excluded multidisciplinary biopsychosocial rehabilitation programs and mental health services. Study Selection Using the search term rehabilitation , 167 records were identified in the Cochrane database, 1163 meta-analyses and reviews were identified in Medline, and 226 in CINAHL. The Medline and CINAHL search was further refined with 3 additional search terms: therapy , multidisciplinary , and interdisciplinary . In summary, we used 12 reviews to summarize the efficacy of multidisciplinary, therapy-based postacute rehabilitation; the 12 covered only 5 populations. Data Extraction Two reviewers extracted information about study populations, sample sizes, study designs, the settings and timing of rehabilitation, interventions, and findings. Data Synthesis Based on systematic reviews, the evidence for efficacy of postacute rehabilitation services across the continuum was strongest for stroke. There was also strong evidence supporting multidisciplinary inpatient rehabilitation for patients with rheumatoid arthritis, moderate to severe acquired brain injury, including traumatic etiologies, and for older adults. Heterogeneity limited our ability to conclude a benefit or a lack of a benefit for rehabilitation in other postacute settings for the other conditions in which systematic reviews had been completed. The efficacy of multidisciplinary rehabilitation services has not been systematically reviewed for many of the diagnostic conditions treated in rehabilitation. We did not complete a summary of findings from individual studies. Conclusions Given the limitations and paucity of systematic reviews, information from carefully designed nonrandomized studies could be used to complement randomized controlled trials in the study of the effectiveness of postacute rehabilitation. Consequently, a stronger evidence base would become available with which to inform policy decisions, guide the use of services, and improve patient access and outcomes.
Speech Recognition Technology for Disabilities Education

Speech recognition is an alternative to traditional methods of interacting with a computer, such as textual input through a keyboard. An effective system can replace or reduce the reliability on st...
Vortex simulation of forced/unforced mixing layers

Two-dimensional, spatially growing, turbulent mixing layers are simulated numerically by a vortex method and the results are compared with those determined experimentally. The effects of artificial forcing on flow development are also studied. Many of the flow features which have been observed experimentally are reproduced, and good quantitative agreements between experiments and computations are obtained.
Psychological approaches for enhancing coping among cancer patients: A review

Abstract This paper reviews the research on psychosocial intervention with cancer patients. Studies from three major intervention perspectives (i.e., support group therapy, medical education, and coping skills training) are presented and critically examined. Conceptual and methodological problems limit the interpretability of the few controlled investigations. These are discussed in the context of (a) measurement issues, (b) subject selection, and (c) treatment-related issues. Bandura's self-efficacy theory is presented as a potentially useful framework for guiding psychosocial interventions with cancer patients. A recently completed study at Stanford is described to illustrate the application of self-efficacy theory for developing more effective psychological treatment strategies.
Oral Health of Patients with Cystic Fibrosis and Their Siblings

Caries prevalence, oral hygiene index, submandibular gland hypertrophy, occlusion, dental hypoplasia, and staining of permanent teeth were evaluated in 63 patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) who were maintained on a regimen of broad-spectrum antibiotics and oral pancreatin, and the findings were compared with those of their near-aged siblings. Gland hypertrophy and dental staining were increased in patients with CF whereas caries was significantly decreased. No other significant differences were found.
Equilibrium shoreline response of a high wave energy beach

[1] Four years of beach elevation surveys at Ocean Beach, San Francisco, California, are used to extend an existing equilibrium shoreline change model, previously calibrated with fine sand and moderate energy waves, to medium sand and higher-energy waves. The shoreline, characterized as the cross-shore location of the mean high water contour, varied seasonally by between 30 and 60 m, depending on the alongshore location. The equilibrium shoreline change model relates the rate of horizontal shoreline displacement to the hourly wave energy E and the wave energy disequilibrium, the difference between E and the equilibrium wave energy that would cause no change in the present shoreline location. Values for the model shoreline response coefficients are tuned to fit the observations in 500 m alongshore segments and averaged over segments where the model has good skill and the estimated effects of neglected alongshore sediment transport are relatively small. Using these representative response coefficients for 0.3 mm sand from Ocean Beach and driving the model with much lower-energy winter waves observed at San Onofre Beach (also 0.3 mm sand) in southern California, qualitatively reproduces the small seasonal shoreline fluctuations at San Onofre. This consistency suggests that the shoreline model response coefficients depend on grain size and may be constant, and thus transportable, between sites with similar grain size and different wave climates. The calibrated model response coefficients predict that for equal fluctuations in wave energy, changes in shoreline location on a medium-grained (0.3 mm) beach are much smaller than on a previously studied fine-grained (0.2 mm) beach.
Role of Serine/Threonine Phosphatase (SP-STP) in Streptococcus pyogenes Physiology and Virulence

Reversible phosphorylation is the key mechanism regulating several cellular events in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. In prokaryotes, signal transduction is perceived to occur primarily via the two-component signaling system involving histidine kinases and cognate response regulators. Although an alternative regulatory pathway controlled by the eukaryote-type serine/threonine kinase (Streptococcus pyogenes serine/threonine kinase; SP-STK) has been shown to modulate bacterial growth, division, adherence, invasion, and virulence in group A Streptococcus (GAS; S. pyogenes), the precise role of the co-transcribing serine/threonine phosphatase (SP-STP) has remained enigmatic. In this context, this is the first report describing the construction and characterization of non-polar SP-STP mutants in two different strains of Type M1 GAS. The STP knock-out mutants displayed increased bacterial chain lengths in conjunction with thickened cell walls, significantly reduced capsule and hemolysin production, and restoration of the phenotypes postcomplementation. The present study also reveals important contribution of cognately regulated-reversible phosphorylation by SP-STK/SP-STP on two major response regulators of two-component systems, WalRK and CovRS. We also demonstrate a distinct role of SP-STP in terms of expression of surface proteins and SpeB in a strain-specific manner. Further, the attenuation of virulence in the absence of STP and its restoration only in the complemented strains that were generated by the use of a low copy plasmid and not by a high copy one emphasize not only the essential role of STP in virulence but also highlight the tightly regulated SP-STP/SP-STK-mediated cognate functions. SP-STP thus is an important regulator of GAS virulence and plays a critical role in GAS pathogenesis.
The social scientific interpretation of game theory

Though formally part of mathematics, game theory from its inception was developed with an eye on the social sciences. It was conceived as a deductive theory that would predict social outcomes by explicitly in? corporating psychological assumptions about individual decision making. While the novelty of game theory lies in its formal recognition that decision makers take into account the existence of other decision makers, its broader philosophical importance is that it opens the pos? sibility of reconciling the demands of rigorous science and the special psychological features of human social life. The compatibility of traditional psychological conceptions and ex tensional logic, the canonical idiom of science and mathematics (Quine, 1960), has long been subject to question. Game theory's at? tempted reconciliation of the two is thus of some theoretical impor? tance: if successful, game theory represents not merely an argument but a demonstration that the formal techniques of mathematics can ground the study of the psychology of social behavior. In this paper, I suggest that typical social scientific interpretations of game theory are incompatible with the formal foundation of game theory as it is usually characterized. I therefore propose a modification of the formal apparatus. This small price is exacted to accommodate social science. Of equal importance, I propose a radical revision of the interpretations themselves. Specifically, I propose that game theory, in the social sciences, be understood to model directly the structure of so? cial institutions rather than the decision making problems of individuals or groups of individuals. This means a departure from methodological individualism and more significantly an expansion of social theory's on? tology to include not only behaving individuals but institutions that structure their behavior. It means excluding mentalistic conceptions of choice and information.
The role of intercrystalline links in the environmental stress cracking of high density polyethylene

Results of dynamic mechanical spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, and tensile stress-strain data show that the non-ionic surfactant Igepal CO-630, often used as a stress cracking agent, and water are absorbed by high density polyethylene to cause an internal stress relaxation of the intercrystalline tie molecules. The resulting molecular rearrangements produce changes in both the crystalline and amorphous regions. Thus, a molecular mechanism is proposed for the long-term aging process based on the results of accelerated aging in the presence of an environmental stress cracking agent.
Thickness of the Liquid-Vapor Wetting Layer

In certain binary solutions the lower of the two liquid phases forms a layer which intrudes between the upper liquid phase and the vapor. The intruding layer's thickness (measured by ellipsometry) was between 70 and 400 \AA{}. It varied approximately as ${L}^{\ensuremath{-}\frac{1}{3}}$ where $L$ is the height spanned by the upper liquid phase. This behavior was predicted by de Gennes using the idea that the long-ranged part of the intermolecular potential governs the layer's thickness. Deviations from ${L}^{\ensuremath{-}\frac{1}{3}}$ behavior occur near consolute points.
The complex attribution process of CSR motives

Abstract This study examines how consumers reconcile two possibly contradictory motives (public-serving and firm-serving) to the corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiatives of companies in socially stigmatized industries. Our results indicate that consumers are willing to accept and give reputational credit for firm-serving motives behind the companies’ CSR initiatives, as long as they also perceive that the companies are sincere in serving public interests (i.e., high public-serving motives). Consumers highly engaged in social causes are also willing to accept firm-serving motives when they also perceive sincere public-serving motives behind the companies’ CSR activities.