cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of vasopressin and cAMP on single amiloride-blockable Na channels

To determine the mechanism by which vasopressin increases sodium transport in sodium-transporting, tight epithelia, we examined single amiloride-blockable Na channels in membrane patches from cultured distal nephron cells (A6) either before or after treatment with arginine vasopressin. Pretreatment of cells with vasopressin (40 mU/ml) for 40-50 min increases NPo (N, the number of Na channels; Po, the open probability of an individual Na channel). The increase in NPo is due to an increase in the number of conductive Na channels with little or no change in the open probability of individual Na channels. Pretreatment of cells for 1 h with 1 mM N6,2'-O-dibutyryladenosine 3', 5'-cyclic monophosphate (DBcAMP) also increased NPo. The increase in NPo caused by DBcAMP pretreatment is also due to the increase in the number of conductive Na channels with no change in the open probability of individual Na channels. Cells pretreated with cholera toxin (CTX; 250 ng/ml) for 4 h appeared similar to cells that had been treated with vasopressin or DBcAMP; that is, the number of Na channels per patch increased with little or no effect on the open probability of individual Na channels. For patches from many untreated cells, when the frequency of occurrence is plotted against the number of channels in an individual patch, the histogram consists of a single peak with a number of channels per patch of 2.0 +/- 1.5 (+/- SD, 126 patches). After pretreatment of cells with vasopressin, DBcAMP, or CTX, the same histogram contains two peaks after vasopressin of 1.8 +/- 1.2 and 9.2 +/- 1.5 (+/- SD, 38 and 53 patches, respectively). These observations suggest that pretreatment of cells with vasopressin, DBcAMP, or CTX may act by promoting insertion of clusters of new sodium channels.
The Bonneville Shoreline: Reconsidering Gilbert's Interpretation

Abstract G.K. Gilbert thought that the Bonneville shoreline marked the highest elevation Lake Bonneville reached, limited by the elevation of the overflow point on the basin divide, and that the lake did not spill across the divide for a prolonged period prior to the Bonneville flood. Many researchers who have followed Gilbert have stated that the lake overflowed for a prolonged period (hundreds of years, or longer) after reaching its highest elevation and prior to the Bonneville flood, but observations of the shoreline geomorphology at a number of localities in the basin support Gilbert's interpretation. In some places the Bonneville shoreline appears to consist of a broad erosional platform, and this appearance may have led to the interpretation that the lake overflowed for a prolonged period prior to the flood. However, the geomorphic features that appear to be erosional platforms, are instead depositional platforms that consist of sediment deposited offshore beneath steep erosional cliffs cut in bedrock or in pre-Bonneville surficial deposits. Depositional platforms were deposited at higher and higher elevations as Lake Bonneville transgressed, and the waves gradually cut higher and deeper into the rocks and deposits that formed the pre-Bonneville piedmont landscape. The Bonneville flood occurred as soon as the transgressing lake reached the low point on the alluvial-fan dam just north of Red Rock Pass, Idaho. Because field observations do not support the view that the lake overflowed at the Bonneville shoreline for a prolonged period prior to the Bonneville flood, and those observations do support Gilbert's original hypothesis, a return to Gilbert's interpretation of lake history at the Bonneville shoreline is appropriate.
Tutorial proposal efficient solving of optimization problems using advanced boolean satisfiability and Integer Linear Programming techniques

Recent years have seen a tremendous growth in the number of research and development groups at universities, research labs, and companies that have started using Boolean Satisfiability (SAT) algorithms for solving different decision and optimization problems in Computer Science and Engineering. This has lead to the development of highly-efficient SAT solvers that have been successfully applied to solve a wide-range of problems in Electronic Design Automation (EDA), Artificial Intelligence (AI), Networking, Fault Tolerance, Security, and Scheduling. Examples of such problems include automatic test pattern generation for stuck-at faults (ATPG), formal verification of hardware and software, circuit delay computation, FPGA routing, power leakage minimization, power estimation, circuit placement, graph coloring, wireless communications, wavelength assignment, university classroom scheduling, and failure diagnosis in wireless sensor networks. SAT solvers have recently been extended to handle Pseudo-Boolean (PB) constraints which are linear inequalities with integer coefficients. This feature allowed SAT solvers to handle optimization problems, as opposed to only decision problems, and to be applied to a variety of new applications. Recent work has also showed that free open source SAT-based PB solvers can compete with the best generic Integer Linear Programming (ILP) commercial solvers such as CPLEX. This tutorial is aimed at introducing the latest advances in S AT technology. Specifically, we describe the simple new input format of SAT solvers and the common SAT algorithms used to solve decision/optimization problems. In addition, we highlight the use of SAT algorithms in solving a variety of EDA decision and optimization problems and compare its performance to generic ILP solvers. This should guide researchers in solving their existing optimization problems using the new SAT technology. Finally, we provide a prospective on future work on SAT.
Expanding the primary care patient-centered medical home through new roles for registered nurses

Abstract New models of health care delivery such as the patient-centered medical home have emerged to address the Triple Aim of improving the health and the care of patients with the benefit of reducing the cost of quality primary care. The Donabedian approach of addressing structure and process to produce quality outcomes is used to introduce an innovative model of the patient-centered medical home that includes nurses as part of the interdisciplinary team of care providers. New nursing roles and processes are described that optimally utilize electronic health record technology to improve care coordination and care delivery. Economic outcomes have been realized in the form of incentives to a primary care practice and reimbursement for quality, cost-effective care. Recognition of outstanding quality care in this new model demonstrates how an effective care system is evolving to meet the changing health care needs of the population.
Review of I. Glenn Cohen and Holly Fernandez Lynch, eds., Human Subjects Research Regulation: Perspectives on the Future1 1. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 2014, 373 pp., $35.00 Paperback

In 2011 the Department of Health and Human Services and the Office of Science and Technology Policy issued an Advanced Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (ANPRM) titled “Human Subjects Research Protecti...
Resilient Stabilization of Switched Linear Control Systems Against Adversarial Switching

This paper studies the problem of stabilizing discrete-time switched linear control systems (SLCSs) using continuous input by a user against adversarial switching by an adversary. It is assumed that at each time the adversary knows the user's decision on the continuous input but not vice versa. A quantitative metric of stabilizability is proposed. Systems at the margin of stabilizability are further classified and studied via the notions of defectiveness and reducibility. Analytical bounds on the stabilizability metric are derived using (semi)norms, with tight bounds provided by extremal norms. Numerical algorithms are also developed for computing this metric. An application example in networked control systems is presented.
Unsupervised 3-D Feature Learning for Mild Traumatic Brain Injury

We present an unsupervised three-dimensional feature clustering algorithm to gather the mTOP2016 challenge data into 3 groups. We use the brain MR-T1, diffusion tensor fractional anisotropy, and diffusion tensor mean diffusivity images provided by the mTOP2016 competition. A distance-based size constraint method for data clustering is used. The proposed approach achieves 0.267 adjusted rand index and 0.3556 homogeneity score within the 15 labeled subjects, corresponding to 10 correctly classified data items. Based on visual exploration of the data, we believe that a localized analysis of the lesion regions, using the computed tractography data, is a promising direction to pursue.
The Use of a Large Animal Model and Robotic Technology to Validate New Biotherapies for ACL Healing

The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is the most frequently injured ligament of the knee. Its surgical management has been using a soft tissue graft as a replacement. The results of ACL reconstruction have been successful for many patients as it can restore joint stability and relieve pain. However, longer term follow up studies have shown unsatisfactory outcomes with as many as 25% of patients having complications that include prevalence of osteoarthritis. With the advances in tissue engineering and regeneration, there is a renewed interest in healing an injured ACL in order to preserve its complex anatomy and proprioceptive responses of the native ACL. Biotherapies including microfracture have been used clinically for healing of an injured ACL. In animal studies, the use of hyaluronic acid, mesenchymal stem cells, platelet-rich plasma, and extracellular matrix bioscaffolds have also resulted in neo-tissue formation to a varying degree. In general, the ACL heal rate is slow and the lack of loading to the healing ACL has deleterious effects on its attachments to bone. Thus, in our research center, mechanical augmentation that could maintain joint stability while simultaneously loading the healing ACL has been used in combination with biological augmentation to incite more robust tissue healing. Using a goat model, the ACL was found to be well healed at 12 weeks. Robotic measurements revealed good stifle joint stability while the tensile strength of the healing ACL was 3 times greater than suture repair and 1.8 times greater than ACL reconstruction. For the future, novel biotherapies, together with precision medicine that is “big data” based, in combination with mechanical augmentation will be explored for human application. In the end, surgeons will be able to tailor biotherapies to heal the ACL on selected patients for more positive outcomes in the long term.
Transcriptome Analysis of Mycobacteria-Specific CD4+ T Cells Identified by Activation-Induced Expression of CD154

Analysis of Ag-specific CD4+ T cells in mycobacterial infections at the transcriptome level is informative but technically challenging. Although several methods exist for identifying Ag-specific T cells, including intracellular cytokine staining, cell surface cytokine-capture assays, and staining with peptide:MHC class II multimers, all of these have significant technical constraints that limit their usefulness. Measurement of activation-induced expression of CD154 has been reported to detect live Ag-specific CD4+ T cells, but this approach remains underexplored and, to our knowledge, has not previously been applied in mycobacteria-infected animals. In this article, we show that CD154 expression identifies adoptively transferred or endogenous Ag-specific CD4+ T cells induced by Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guerin vaccination. We confirmed that Ag-specific cytokine production was positively correlated with CD154 expression by CD4+ T cells from bacillus Calmette-Guerin-vaccinated mice and show that high-quality microarrays can be performed from RNA isolated from CD154+ cells purified by cell sorting. Analysis of microarray data demonstrated that the transcriptome of CD4+ CD154+ cells was distinct from that of CD154- cells and showed major enrichment of transcripts encoding multiple cytokines and pathways of cellular activation. One notable finding was the identification of a previously unrecognized subset of mycobacteria-specific CD4+ T cells that is characterized by the production of IL-3. Our results support the use of CD154 expression as a practical and reliable method to isolate live Ag-specific CD4+ T cells for transcriptomic analysis and potentially for a range of other studies in infected or previously immunized hosts.
Comparison Technique for Highly Dependent Stationary Gaussian Processes

Extreme value theory for stationary Gaussian processes crucially depends on comparison techniques. Slepian’s inequality and Berman’s Lemma are two well known comparison techniques that have been used in the independent and midly dependent Gaussian processes. These techniques need extensions to deal with strongly dependent cases. A method (called third comparison technique (TCT) here) was introduced by Mittal and Ylvisaker in 1975. It is explained and illustrated here with examples of various results in the literature dealing with strongly dependent stationary Gaussian processes.
Raising Keynes: A General Theory for the 21st century

Abstract Keynes’s General Theory argues there is no self-regulating mechanism that guarantees full employment. Keynes’s vision has been distorted by mainstream Keynesians to mean that it is the warts on the body of capitalism, not capitalism itself, that are the problem: frictions and imperfections and rigidities may interfere with the mechanism for self-regulation that inheres in the perfectly competitive model. This distortion has two supposed corollaries, first, that the more the economy resembles the textbook model of perfect competition, the less likely are lapses from full employment; second, that since imperfections are limited to the short run, so are lapses from full employment. Keynes was unable to convince the economics profession that the problem is capitalism; that the warts, real though they are, obscure a more fundamental problem. The reason is that Keynes lacked the mathematical tools to substantiate his vision. This paper deploys tools that were unavailable to Keynes, in order to lay the foundations of a Keynesian macroeconomics for the 21st century.
A single β1,3-glucanase secreted by the maize pathogen Cochliobolus carbonum acts by an exolytic mechanism

Culture filtrates of the maize pathogen Cochliobolus carbonum contained an enzymatic activity capable of degrading the β1,3-linked glucan, laminarin. Of several culture media tried, a minimal salts medium containing yeast extract and 1% oat bran cereal gave the highest yield of total β1,3-glucanase activity. Production of the enzyme activity was suppressed by addition of 2% sucrose to the medium. The β1,3-glucanase was purified 69 fold to homogeneity with a 32% yield by HPLC anion exchange and HPLC hydrophobic interaction chromatography. The enzyme had a pI of 6·3, an Mr by gradient SDS-PAGE of 63000, and degraded laminarin in an exo-acting manner. It degraded callose, the β1,3-glucan found in higher plants in phloem sieve plates, pollen tubes and papillae at sites of attempted fungal invasion. The enzyme had no activity against CM-cellulose, xylan, oat mixed-linked (β1,3–β1,4) glucan, or lichenan. Sequencing of the amino terminus established that a single gene product was responsible for all of the β1,3-glucanase activity secreted by C. carbonum under the growth conditions employed.
Differential Equations with Discontinuities

This chapter discusses differential equations with discontinuities. These are equations that contain discontinuous functions. Equations can be solved locally and then patched together at the points of discontinuity. When the discontinuities involve the dependent variable, then the problem is generally a free boundary problem. If the discontinuity appearing in a linear differential equation is a single delta function, which appears as a forcing function, then the solution will be a Green's function. If the discontinuities include generalized functions (such as a delta function) then the solution may only exist in the weak sense. There exist computer programs for numerically approximating differential equations with discontinuities.
Enhanced activity for electrochemical hydrogenation and hydrogenolysis of furfural to biofuel using electrodeposited Cu catalysts

Abstract Furfural (FF) is a biomass-derived oxygenate and a platform chemical that can produce a biofuel candidate, 2-methyl furan (MF), and valuable chemicals by hydrogenation and hydrogenolysis. Electrochemical hydrogenation and hydrogenolysis (ECH) is a promising method for upgrading of FF to produce MF and valuable chemicals such as furfuryl alcohol (FA). The production rate, selectivity and faradaic efficiency (FE) of products on microcrystalline and nanocrystalline Cu electrodes were compared with a bare Cu electrode at different potentials. At near onset potentials of ECH of FF, the production rate of FA + MF on nanocrystalline Cu was 2.4 times that of bare Cu, with a negligible amount of side product, hydrogen gas. As the magnitude of applied potential increased to much beyond the onset potential, the production rate for FA + MF more than doubled on the nanocrystalline Cu catalyst compared to bare Cu, when a significant quantity of FF was present. The nanocrystalline Cu catalyst also maintained stable and repeatable FE and production rate for desired products during repeated cycles of ECH of FF.
A Practical Electrophilic Nitrogen Source for the Synthesis of Chiral Primary Amines by Copper-Catalyzed Hydroamination

A mild and practical method for the catalytic installation of the amino group across alkenes and alkynes has long been recognized as a significant challenge in synthetic chemistry. As the direct hydroamination of olefins using ammonia requires harsh conditions, the development of suitable electrophilic aminating reagents for formal hydroamination methods is of importance. Herein, we describe the use of 1,2-benzisoxazole as a practical electrophilic primary amine source. Using this heterocycle as a new amino group delivery agent, a mild and general protocol for the copper-hydride-catalyzed hydroamination of alkenes and alkynes to form primary amines was developed. This method provides access to a broad range of chiral α-branched primary amines and linear primary amines, as demonstrated by the efficient synthesis of the antiretroviral drug maraviroc and the formal synthesis of several other pharmaceutical agents.
Development and validation of hair specimen collection methods among extremely short-length Afro-textured hair

OBJECTIVES Cortisol, a biomarker of stress, is slowly deposited into the growing hair strands on the head. Meyer, Novak, Hamel, and Rosenberg (2014) established a method for hair cortisol extraction and analysis, and showed that hair cortisol can serve as an integrated measure of psychophysiological stress activity during the period of hormone incorporation into the hair. The hair sample collection methods offered, however, (ie, cutting as close to the scalp as possible with scissors) is inefficient when collecting samples among participants with Afro-textured and extremely short-length hair types. In this article, we propose an alternative method for collecting hair among this group. METHODS Our proposed alternative method involves sampling hair from all sections of the scalp, rather than the posterior-vertex position alone. This provides more volume of hair making it feasible to extract and analyze cortisol in extremely short-length Afro-textured hair types. To validate this method, we compared a homogeneous specimen of hair cortisol sampled from all regions to that from the posterior-vertex region of the scalp, a region most commonly sampled. RESULTS There was no statistical difference between the homogeneous mixture and the posterior-vertex region of the scalp. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that our proposed method may serve as a feasible alternative to the currently prevailing standard collection methodology, and underscores the importance of diversifying hair cortisol research beyond the limitations of developing collection methodologies only suited for straighter-textured hair types.
A long-term precision agriculture system sustains grain profitability

After two decades of availability of grain yield-mapping technology, long-term trends in field-scale profitability for precision agriculture (PA) systems and conservation practices can now be assessed. Field-scale profitability of a conventional or ‘business-as-usual’ system with an annual corn (Zea mays L.)-soybean (Glycine max [L.]) rotation and annual tillage was assessed for 11 years on a 36 ha field in central Missouri during 1993 to 2003. Following this, a ‘precision agriculture system’ (PAS) with conservation practices was implemented for the next 11 years to address production, profit and environmental concerns. The PAS was multifaceted and temporally dynamic. It included no-till, cover crops, crop rotation changes, site-specific N and variable-rate or zonal P, K and lime. Following a recent evaluation of differences in yield and yield variability, this research compared profitability of the two systems. Results indicated that PAS sustained profits in the majority (97%) of the field without subsidies for cover crops or payments for enhanced environmental protection. Profit was only lower with PAS in a drainage channel where no-till sometimes hindered soybean stands and wet soils caused wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) disease. Although profit gains were not realized after 11 years of PA and conservation practices, this system sustained profits. These results should help growers gain confidence that PA and conservation practices will be successful.
Seeing possibilities for action: Orienting and exploratory behaviors in VR

Abstract This study aims to apply the concept of affordances (J. Gibson, 1979) to the context of immersive virtual reality (VR). As a first step, this study investigates users' visual orienting and exploratory behaviors while they navigate a virtual house indexed by their gaze on virtual objects, viewing time, and time spent in different rooms in the environment. A content analysis of participants' (N = 22) video recordings of VR exploration was conducted based on second-by-second time frame. Results indicate that participants tend to orient to the virtual objects when they display novel or unusual information. Also, users’ exploratory behaviors were focused on the virtual objects that are related to available actions of the given virtual environment.
Abstract 3037: Stromal cell activation of MAPK signaling pathways mediates resistance to MERTK inhibition in acute myeloid leukemia

MERTK is a TAM family (TYRO-3, AXL, MERTK) receptor tyrosine kinase that is aberrantly expressed in >80% of primary acute myeloid leukemia (AML) samples. MERTK inhibition mediated by the small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI), MRX-2843, induced apoptosis in leukemia cell cultures and prolonged survival in mouse xenograft models of AML, but was not curative. In these models, treatment efficiently reduced peripheral disease burden but was less effective in the bone marrow, suggesting a role for the bone marrow microenvironment in therapeutic resistance. To evaluate the role of the bone marrow stromal niche in resistance to MERTK inhibition by MRX-2843, Kasumi-1 and OCI-AML5 AML cell lines were cultured with the fibroblast-like Hs27 cell line and induction of apoptosis and cell death was measured by flow cytometry after treatment with MRX-2843 or vehicle. Co-culture with Hs27 cells significantly reduced AML cell death in response to MRX-2843 compared to leukemia cells alone (e.g. Kasumi-1 31.9% vs 61.2%, p 1.5-fold in the presence or absence of stromal cells, including numerous MAPK pathway components - p38α, ERK1/2, EGFR, TOR, and HSP27. Changes in ERK1/2 phosphorylation (pERK) were confirmed by immunoblot in Kasumi-1 and OCI-AML5 cell cultures. In the absence of co-culture MRX-2843 potently inhibited pERK at doses as low as 100nM, while in co-culture even a 3-fold higher dose did not fully inhibit pERK, consistent with a potential role in resistance. To determine whether the observed upregulation and persistent activation of ERK1/2 has functional significance, Kasumi-1 cells were treated with MRX-2843 and the MEK1/2 TKI pimasertib in the presence or absence of stromal co-culture. Treatment with MRX-2843 or pimasertib alone did not significantly affect survival of AML cells in co-culture (31.3% MRX-2843, 28.1% pimasertib vs 22.7% vehicle, p=ns), but treatment with a combination of MRX-2843 and pimasertib resulted in significant induction of apoptosis compared to vehicle or single TKIs (56.7%, p Citation Format: Katherine A. Minson, Eleana Vasileiadi, Madeline G. Huey, Xiadong Wang, Stephen V. Frye, H. Shelton Earp, Deborah DeRyckere, Douglas K. Graham. Stromal cell activation of MAPK signaling pathways mediates resistance to MERTK inhibition in acute myeloid leukemia [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 3037.
Atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome in a patient with protein-losing enteropathy:

Atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS) is an ultra-rare disease induced by many triggers, all of which produce a common end phenotype of microangiopathic hemolysis and thrombotic microangiopathy...
Introduction: Starting from Scratch

This chapter begins by acknowledging the voice of the researcher. It discusses her background, training, and education, as well as her work experience leading up to the time of the research. It reveals her reasons for engaging in the study of dance in historically black colleges and universities (HBCUs), following her acceptance of a contract to create a new dance concentration, with the intention of continuing to develop a dance major. More than this, the directive to create dance programs within an HBCU required the author to research her school’s mission and vision, as well as the history of HBCUs in general. This book reflects that search for information.
What happens to global health research: analysis of the full‐length publication rates of research abstracts presented at two major global health conferences

Background Global health research has been expanding rapidly. The Consortium of Universities for Global Health (CUGH) and Global Health and Innovation Conference (GHIC) are the two major conferences for global health research. It is unclear how much of the presented research goes on to full-length publication. Objectives This study sought to determine publication rates and journals of CUGH and GHIC research. Methods A total of 1449 abstracts from CUGH and GHIC from 2014 to 2015 were searched by title, author and keywords using Google Scholar and PubMed. Publications were categorised according to WHO Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) categories. Results Research was published in 293 journals at a rate of 34.0%, within an average of 15.1 months. The 15 MEDLINE indexed global health journals accounted for just 5.5% of publications. Discussion Despite growth in global health research, publication rates from the two major conferences are low. The majority of publications in journals are not MEDLINE indexed global health journals. Improved publication and consolidation of global health research is critical. Conclusion Global health conference publication rates are low. Effective dissemination is critical as the field grows. This may require increased publishing support, improved indexing and consolidation of global health research.
Calibration of hyperelastic constitutive models: the role of boundary conditions, search algorithms, and experimental variability

The calibration of hyperelastic constitutive models of soft tissue and tissue surrogates is often treated as an exercise in curve-fitting to the average experimental response, and many of the complicating factors such as experimental boundary conditions and data variability are ignored. In this work, we focus on three questions that arise in this area: the ramifications of ignoring the experimental boundary conditions, the use of local optimizers, and the role of data variability. Using data from a uniaxial extension experiment on a tissue surrogate, we study how these three factors affect the calibration of isotropic hyperelastic constitutive models. Our results show that even with the simplest of constitutive models, it is necessary to look beyond a "good fit" to the average.
VP1 genetic analysis concerning coxsackievirus A6 associated with hand, foot and mouth disease in Anyang city from 2011 to 2015

Objective To study the VP1 gene of coxsackievirus A6 (CVA6) and to reveal the molecular epidemiologic characteristics of CVA6 related to hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) in Anyang city from 2011 to 2015. Methods Serotypes of human enterovirus (HEV) were detected with the real-time RT-PCR from the clinical specimens. Primers were designed and used to amply and sequence the VP1 region of CVA6. Phylogenetic tree was constructed and phylogenetic analysis was performed. Selection pressures of the VP1 gene were evaluated for different subgenotypes of CVA6 circulating in China in recent years. Results A total of 365 specimens with CVA6 positivity were identified in Anyang city during 2011—2015. CVA6 specimens accounted for 19.59% of all HEV-positive specimens. Phylogenetic analysis showed that all CVA6 strains were divided into four genotypes and the genotype D was further divided into two subgenotypes. Among the twenty-two Anyang sequences involved in the phylogeny of CVA6, five sequences belonged to subgenotype D1 and the other seventeen sequences belonged to subgenotype D2. The values of selection pressure of the Chinese CVA6 strains within subgenotype D1 and subgenotype D2 were 0.031 and 0.075, respectively. Only one positively selected site was detected in the VP1 gene of subgenotype D1, meanwhile four were detected in the VP1 gene of subgenotype D2. Conclusions Subgenotype D1 and its successor, subgenotype D2, circulated in Anyang city during 2011—2015. The subgenotype replacement from CVA6 subgenotype D1 to CVA6 subgenotype D2 and the continuous transmission of CVA6 subgenotype D2 were the two major causes of HFMD epidemic related to CVA6 in Anyang city during 2013—2015. Key words: Hand, foot and mouth disease; Enterovirus; Coxsackievirus; Genotype
Analysis of payments to GI physicians in the United States: Open payments data study.

Background and Aim The purpose of this study was to review and analyze the nature of industry payments to gastroenterology and hepatology (GI) physicians. Methods We conducted a retrospective study of open payments (OP) data for the year 2017. Payments to individual physicians were aggregated using a unique physician profile identification number. General payments to Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services regions were also analyzed. The nature of financial transactions in general payments was reported overall and per physician payment. Research, ownership, and general payments were aggregated and analyzed by drug/device companies. Results During the study period, more GI physicians received contributions in the form of general payments compared to ownership or research payments. A small percentage of physicians received contributions greater than $100 000. The most frequent contributions were for food and beverages. Only 10 manufacturers made about 71% ($43 271 938) of general payments. Conclusions We found that only a small number of GI physicians received a significant portion of industry payments. A large portion of those payments came from drug or device companies. The impact of these payments on gastroenterologists needs to be examined further.
Space Spies in the Open: Military Space Stations and Heroic Cosmonauts in the Post-Apollo Period, 1971–77

During the 1970s the Soviet Union launched a series of military space stations camouflaged in a civilian program. These stations represented an effort to re-establish the Soviet Union as a spacefaring nation in the aftermath of having lost the race to the moon, and as a solution to the Defense Ministry’s desire to recharge their challenge to the Americans in space. Initiated with the confidence that managing both civilian and military human spaceflight programs was a possibility, Soviet planners doubled down on this commitment by operating four human spaceflight programs at once, two secret and two relatively open. Separating the layers of the military component of the program from the others is a delicate procedure that reveals a space program that responded to multiple and often contradictory demands.
Regulation of Glucocorticoid Receptor Protein and Gene Expression by Glucocorticoids

Glucocorticoids, members of the highly conserved steroid hormone family in evolution, exert numerous physiological effects on the developmental and adaptational processes of eukaryotic organisms. In general, free circulating glucocorticoids released from the adrenal cortex in response to adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) from the pituitary enter target cells by a passive diffusion process conferred by the high lipid solubility common to all steroids. Although there have been some reports on membrane effects of steroid hormones, actions of steroid hormones appear to be largely mediated by their intracellular receptors. These receptors act much like ligand-dependent transcription factors that regulate gene expression. The magnitude of steroid hormone responses, therefore, is determined not only by the hormone concentration but also by cellular levels of functional receptor proteins. Proposed models for the structure of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) have the common feature that the receptor exists as an oligomeric protein complex that consists of one or more subunits complexed with non-steroid-binding proteins such as the heat shock protein 90 (hsp90). Dissociation of the oligomeric complex takes place following binding of the hormone and permits translocation of the steroid-receptor complex into the nucleus where it associates with enhancer-like glucocorticoid response elements (GREs) in the genome. This could either induce the expression of normally silent genes or change the transcription of constitutively expressed housekeeping genes (such as the GR gene itself) by up- or down-regulation. Thus to fully understand the mechanism underlying glucocorticoid action, the study of GR autoregulation becomes an imperative issue.
Effect of Medical Therapy in Allergic Rhinitis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

BackgroundIntranasal corticosteroids (INCS), oral antihistamines (POAH), and allergen-specific immunotherapy (ASIT) are widely used in the treatment of allergic rhinitis (AR); however, appraisal of...
Day-of-the-Week Trading Patterns of Individual and Institutional Investors

This study examines the day-of-the-week trading patterns of individual and institutional investors. Consistent with previous evidence, we find an increase in the proportion of trading volume accounted for by individual investors on Monday. However, we document that this increase in the fraction of trading by individual investors on Monday is a result of a reduction in trading by institutional investors, and not because of an increase in trading by individual investors. In fact, the trading by individual investors is significantly lower on Monday than on any other weekday. We also document that the degree of day-of-the-week variation in trading volume by individual and institutional investors is positively associated with the quality and dissemination of public information proxied by the market capitalization of each company.
Unbundling the degree effect in a job training program for disadvantaged youths

Government-sponsored education and training programs have the goal to enhance participants' skills so as to become more employable, productive and dependable citizens and thus alleviate poverty and decrease public dependence. While most of the literature evaluating training programs concentrates on estimating their total average treatment effect, these programs offer a variety of services to participants. Estimating the effect of these components is of importance for the design and the evaluation of labor market programs. In this paper, we employ a recent nonparametric approach to estimate bounds on the "mechanism average treatment effect" to evaluate the causal effect of attaining a high school diploma, General Education Development or vocational certificate within a training program for disadvantaged youth 16-24 (Job Corps) relative to other services pffered, on two labor outcomes: employment probability and weekly earnings. We provide these estimates for different demographic groups by race, ethnicity, gender, and two age-risk groups (youth and young adults). Our analysis depicts a positive impact of a degree attainment within the training program on employment probability and weekly earnings for the majority of its participants which in general accounts for 55 - 63 percent of the effect of the program. The heterogeneity of the key demographic subgroups is documented in the relative importance of a degree attainment and of the other services provided in Job Corps.
Pena y protección: delincuencia juvenil y minoridad legal en Lima virreinal, siglo XVIII

Este articulo analiza las interacciones entre el Estado colonial y los jovenes en el siglo XVIII a traves de un estudio de mas de trescientas causas criminales del cabildo, y de los discursos intelectuales sobre la juventud y el crimen urbano. La juventud era codificada legalmente como una etapa de la vida en la cual los individuos merecian la proteccion especial por parte de las cortes. A la vez, el Estado era responsable del castigo de los criminales juveniles. Cuando sus actividades los llevaban a enfrentar la corte, a menudo recibian penas benignas. Sin embargo, el grado de proteccion que el Estado ofrecia a los infractores menores variaria segun su casta, clase social y genero
Purification and Characterization of Phenylalanine Hydroxylase-stimulating Protein from Rat Liver

Abstract Phenylalanine hydroxylase-stimulating protein markedly stimulates phenylalanine hydroxylase activity under various conditions and thus may serve a critical function in phenylalanine metabolism. At pH values above neutrality, or in the presence of phospholipids such as lysolecithin, when the naturally occurring cofactor, tetrahydrobiopterin, is used, the specific activity of phenylalanine hydroxylase decreases with increasing enzyme concentration. The stimulating effect of phenylalanine hydroxylase-stimulating protein is due to the relief of this decrease in specific activity. The stimulating protein has now been purified from rat liver more than 1000-fold over the crude extract. Electrophoresis of the stimulating protein on polyacrylamide gel reveals two main bands, both of which are active as stimulator and are identical in molecular weight. The molecular weight of this protein has been determined by light scattering, sedimentation-diffusion, and electrophoresis on different percentage acrylamide gels to be 51,500 ± 1,200. The 51,500 molecular weight form consists of four subunits of molecular weight 12,500 ± 400 as determined by gel electrophoresis in 0.1% sodium dodecyl sulfate or in 8 m urea. The extinction coefficient at 280 nm and the amino acid composition of the stimulating protein have also been determined. On storage, higher aggregates of the stimulating protein are formed, which appear to be due to the formation of intermolecular disulfide linkages. Assays of crude extracts from normal and phenylketonuric human livers show that the stimulating protein is present at comparable levels in both livers. There is no species specificity with respect to the stimulation of phenylalanine hydroxylase activity by the stimulating protein; the rat liver hydroxylase can be stimulated by human liver stimulating protein, and the human liver hydroxylase by rat liver stimulating protein. Evidence presented in a subsequent report (Huang, C. Y., and Kaufman, S. (1973) J. Biol. Chem. 248, 4242) indicates that the stimulating protein is an enzyme which catalyzes the conversion of an intermediate to product (or products) in the hydroxylation reaction.
Metáfora, literalidad, transgresión: amor-muerte en la celestina y en la égloga II de Garcilaso

De las tres eglogas de Garcilaso, la Egloga segunda es la unica que presenta una historia de amor cuyo origen, conflicto, peripecia y posibles desenlaces forman parte de la trama del poema1, La norma general en la bucolica de tradicion clasica es la reduccion de lo circunstancial y anecdotico. No se trata de que los pastores carezcan por completo de historia: muchos, en efecto, la tienen. Pero esa historia no constituye nunca la base . estructural de una eglogao Al contrario, aparece solo como elemento discontinuo y de segund,o orden, subordinado a la situacion "presente" del pastor, sobre la cual se construye el poema. El desarrollo de una estructura de intriga no es, sin embargo, caracteristica excepcional de la Egloga segunda. En el momento en que Garcilaso escribe sus obras, el "genero" pastoral multiplica sus formas y extiende sus fronteras en direcciones a veces insospechadas, si se tiene en cuenta el modelo bucoiico originario (Idilios de Teocrito, Eglogas de Virgilio). Entre las muchas modificaciones que la actividad poetica renacentista intro· dujo en el modelo tradicional se encuentran dos que merecen especial atencion. En primer lugar, la situacion aislada adquiere desarrollo "historico", se transforma en fabula extensa. Las consecuencias de este proceso de "fabulizacion" son previsibles. Una situacion, tomada en si miama, sin explicacion causal ni desarrollo historico, asegura la brevedad imprescindible en una obra lirica. Una fabula extensa invita, en cambio, al tratamiento dramatico o narrativo. La Egloga II de Garcilaso presenta una tension no resuelta entre ambas formas de tratamiento; la novela y el drama pastoral de los siglos XVI y XVII representa el estadio final de este proceso de "fabulizacion" de la situacion past'crnat originaria. La segunda modificacion importante introducida en el modelo bucolico clasico es la adopcion de la lengua poetica de tradicion trovadoresca como forma de. expresion. del amor pastoral. Hablo intencionalmente de "lengua poetica", porque el asi llamado "amor cortes" no es una estructura ideologica separable de
A note on “resource flexibility with responsive pricing”

We revisit the capacity investment decision problem studied in the article “Resource Flexibility with Responsive Pricing” by Chod and Rudi [Operations Research 53, (2005) 532–548]. A monopolist firm producing two dependent (substitutable or complementary) products needs to determine the capacity of one flexible resource under demand risk so as to maximize its expected profit. Product demands are linear functions of the prices of both products, and the market potentials are random and correlated. We perform a comparative statics analysis on how demand variability and correlation impact the optimal capacity and the resulting expected profit. In particular, CR (ii) demand uncertainty is of an additive form; (iii) and under approximate expressions for the optimal capacity and optimal expected profit. We revisit Propositions 2, 3, 4, 5, and 10 of C&R without these assumptions and approximations, and show that these results continue to hold (i) for the exact expressions for the optimal expected profit and optimal capacity, and (ii) under any arbitrary continuous distribution of demand intercepts. However, we also show that the additive demand uncertainty is a critical assumption for the C&R results to hold. In particular, we provide a case of multiplicative uncertainty under which the C&R results (Propositions 2 and 3) fail. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics 2010
WATER MANAGEMENT AND CONFLICTS IN OKLAHOMA: REGULATING AND COMPETING FOR LIMITED COMMON POOL RESOURCES

Relying on the theoretical frameworks of the tragedy of the commons and the tragedy of the anti-commons, we argue: 1) the water management approach pursued by Oklahoma’s government is likely to contribute to the tragic overuse of groundwater resources and 2) the involvement of large and opposing groups that operate within an environment of competing access rights undermine the emergence of an efficient water management regime for Sardis Lake.
Work in progress - using emerging technologies to assess student software development projects

To improve student engagement, Radford University's (RU) Department of Information Technology has established an award competition for the best student project team from among our software engineering and information systems senior capstone courses. This research focuses on the use of emerging technologies for assessing projects from different courses with multiple sections and different professors. We have access to a range of new technologies to support this effort, including a campus-wide wireless network and wireless Tablet PCs with useful software. Our report describes a preliminary methodology for conducting the assessment. Besides discovering some impact of competition on student learning, we expect our results will be useful to the academic community-at-large, providing examples of the effective use of new technologies for project-based course assessment
Gas-liquid chromatographic quantitation of urinary estrogens in nonpregnant women, postmenopausal women, and men.

Abstract A gas-liquid chromatographic (GLC) method for determination of estrone, estradiol-17β, and estriol in urine is presented, with the use of conjugate extraction, enzymatic hydrolysis, phenolic extraction, thin-layer chromatography, and ion-exchange chromatography. Heptafluorobutyric anhydride derivatives of the estrogens are used for final GLC. Precision and accuracy of the method is good. Sensitivity is sufficient for urines from all men, nonpregnant women, and most postmenopausal women.
Ordinal notions of submodularity

We consider several ordinal formulations of submodularity, defined for arbitrary binary relations on lattices. Two of these formulations are essentially due to Kreps [Kreps, D.M., 1979. A representation theorem for “Preference for Flexibility”. Econometrica 47 (3), 565–578] and one is a weakening of a notion due to Milgrom and Shannon [Milgrom, P., Shannon, C., 1994. Monotone comparative statics. Econometrica 62 (1), 157–180]. We show that any reflexive binary relation satisfying either of Kreps’s definitions also satisfies Milgrom and Shannon’s definition, and that any transitive and monotonic binary relation satisfying the Milgrom and Shannon’s condition satisfies both of Kreps’s conditions.
Age, Growth, Relative Abundance, and Scuba Capture of a New or Recovering Spawning Population of Lake Sturgeon in the Lower Niagara River, New York

Abstract The objective of our study was to collect age, growth, and catch-per-unit-effort information from a new or recovering population of lake sturgeon Acipenser fulvescens in the lower Niagara River, New York. From July 1998 through August 2000, we captured 67 lake sturgeon by use of gill nets, baited setlines, and scuba diving. Active capture by scuba divers (1.50 fish/ h) was much more effective than passive capture with gill nets (0.07 fish/h) and setlines (0.06 fish/h). Eggs of Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha were more effective as setline bait than were alewives Alosa pseudoharengus, but neither bait differed in effectiveness from rainbow smelt Osmerus mordax. Ages of captured lake sturgeon ranged from 1 to 23 years; 47 of the 61 aged fish were younger than age 10. Strong relationships were found between weight, W, and length, L (W = 0.0000005 · L 3.5564; R 2 = 0.977) and between L and age (L = 394.05 · loge(age) + 248.77; R 2 = 0.878). The lake sturgeon population in the lower Niagara Ri...
Pain management in the multiply operated temporomandibular joint patient.

The International Association for the Study of Pain defines pain as “an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage or described in terms of such damage.”1 One of the most difficult challenges facing oral and maxillofacial surgeons in evaluating multiply operated patients, aside from considering reconstructive options, is ascertaining appropriate pain management for these patients.