cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Celery Diseases and their Management

Celery ranks third among the worlďs salad vegetables in popularity. Grown primarily for its succulent leaf petioles, it is utilized in both fresh and processed forms. Celery seed is also popular for its tangy flavor. Celery has a relatively long production cycle, with seedlings being raised for 8–10 weeks as transplants and then for another 10–12 weeks in the field. The resultant long growing season exposes the crop to a myriad of pathogens over that time. Many are capable of inciting significant losses in both yield and quality under favorable conditions. In this chapter, the most widespread and significant diseases of celery are described, along with recommended control measures. Four important fungal diseases are discussed, including early blight, Fusarium yellows and wilt, late blight, and pink rot. Two bacterial diseases, bacterial leaf spot, and bacterial blight, are detailed, as are two viral diseases, celery mosaic virus and southern mosaic virus. Nematode pathogens discussed are divided into two major groups, root-knot nematodes and ectoparasitic nematodes, the latter including seven different types. Blackheart and cracked stem, two common physiological disorders of celery, are also described.
Cytologic diagnosis of primary serous lymphoma

Lymphomas arising primarily in serosal surfaces have recently been described. Although these "body-cavity" lymphomas usually present as an effusion, the role of cytologic diagnosis has not been fully explored. The authors present seven cases of primary serous lymphoma. All were large cell lymphomas (5 B cell types, 2 T cell types). Three distinct clinical presentations were seen. Four patients had the rapid onset of pleural effusions without an associated mass in the setting of immunodeficiency (3 with AIDS, 1 with Castleman's disease). Cytologic examination of the effusion was positive in all cases for B-cell lymphoma. All four patients died of their disease in less than 6 months. Two other patients with AIDS and T-cell lymphomas both of which were associated with a serosal mass as well as an effusion. Although cytologic examination revealed numerous atypical lymphoid cells, clonality could not be demonstrated. One patient survived for more than 1 year, the other lymphoma was an incidental finding at autopsy. Finally, one B-cell lymphoma arose in a patient with chronic pleuritis. Pleural decortication was required to identify the neoplastic cells. The authors conclude that primary serosal lymphomas have characteristic clinical presentations, and that although cytologic and flow cytometric examination of effusions is necessary for the diagnosis of immunodeficiency associated B-cell lymphomas, tissue biopsy will likely be required in patients with immunodeficiency-associated T-cell lymphomas or lymphomas associated with chronic pleuritis.
Curvature-driven adsorption of cationic nanoparticles to phase boundaries in multicomponent lipid bilayers.

Understanding the interactions between surface-functionalized gold nanoparticles (NPs) and lipid bilayers is necessary to guide the design of NPs for biomedical applications. Recent experiments found that cationic NPs adsorb more strongly to phase-separated multicomponent lipid bilayers than single-component liquid-disordered bilayers, suggesting that phase separation affects NP–bilayer interactions. In this work, we use coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations to investigate the effect of lipid phase behavior on the adsorption of small cationic NPs. We first determined the free energy change for adsorbing a NP to one-phase liquid-disordered and one-phase liquid-ordered bilayers. The simulations indicate that NP adsorption depends on a competition between favorable NP–lipid interactions and the unfavorable curvature deformation of the bilayer, resulting in stronger interactions with the liquid-disordered bilayer due to its lower bending modulus. We then measured the free energy change associated with moving a NP across the surface of a phase-separated bilayer and identified a free energy minimum at the phase boundary. The free energy minimum is attributed to the thickness gradient between the two phases that enables favorable NP–lipid interactions without necessitating large curvature deformations. The simulation results thus indicate that the intrinsic curvature present at phase boundaries drives preferential interactions with surface-adsorbed NPs, providing new insight into the forces that drive NP behavior at multicomponent, phase-separated lipid bilayers.
A Paradox Arising from the Elimination of a Paradox

We present a result of Mycielski and Sierpinski—remarkable and underappreciated in our view—showing that the natural way of eliminating the Banach–Tarski paradox by assuming all sets of reals to be...
Student-Centered Learning: Create a Significant Learning Experience by Using Flipped Classroom Approach

This lightning-talk paper aims to invoke discussions on promoting student-centered learning in IT education. We will present our pedagogical experiment using flipped classroom approach to create significant learning experiences in delivering a core IT course. The design, outcome, and student feedback will be discussed.
Economic growth, inequality, and environment nexus: using data mining techniques to unravel archetypes of development trajectories

Implementation of sustainable development goals (SDGs) requires evidence-based analyses of the interactions between the different goals to design coherent policies. In this paper, we focus on the interactions between economic growth (SDG 8), reduced inequalities (SDG 10), and climate action (SDG 13). Some previous studies have found an inverted U-shaped relationship between income per capita and inequality, and a similar relationship between income per capita and environmental degradation. Despite their weak theoretical and empirical bases, these hypothesized relationships have gained popularity and are assumed to be universally true. Given differences in underlying contextual conditions across countries, the assumption of universal applicability of these curves for policy prescriptions can be potentially misleading. Advances in data analytics offer novel ways to probe deeper into these complex interactions. Using data from 70 countries, representing 72% of the world population and 89% of the global gross domestic product (GDP), we apply a nonparametric classification tree technique to identify clusters of countries that share similar development pathways in the pre-recession (1980–2008) and post-recession (2009–2014) period. The main outcome of interest is the change in per capita CO2 emissions (post-recession). We examine how it varies with trajectories of GDP growth, GDP growth variability, Gini index, carbon intensity, and CO2 emissions (pre-recession). Our study identifies twelve country clusters with three categories of emission trajectories: decreasing (four clusters), stabilizing (three clusters), and increasing (five clusters). Through the application of data mining tools, the study helps unravel the complexity of factors underlying development pathways and contributes toward informed policy decisions.
E(B – V), N(H I), and N(H2)

We consider the structure of the N(H I)-E(B – V) relationship when H I is measured in the 21 cm radio line and E(B – V) is defined by far-IR dust-derived measures. We derive reddening-dependent corrections to N(H I) based on interferometric absorption measurements over the past 30 yr that follow a single power-law relationship E(B – V)1.074 at 0.02 E(B – V) 3 mag. Corrections to 21 cm line-derived H I column densities are too small to have had any effect on the ratio N(H I)/E(B – V) = 8.3 × 1021 cm–2 mag–1 we derived at 0.015 E(B – V) 0.075 mag and |b| ≥ 20°; they are also too small to explain the break in the slope of the N(H I)-E(B – V) relation at E(B – V) 0.1 mag that we demonstrated around the Galaxy at |b|≥20°. The latter must therefore be attributed to the onset of H2 formation and we show that models of H2 formation in a low-density diffuse molecular gas can readily explain the inflected N (H I) – E(B – V) relationship. Below |b| = 20° N(H I)/E(B – V) measured at 0.015 E(B – V) 0.075 mag increases steadily down to |b| = 8° where sightlines with small E(B – V) no longer occur. By contrast, the ratio N(H I)/E(B – V) measured over all E(B – V) declines to N(H I)/E(B – V) = 5-6 × 1021 cm–2 mag–1 at |b| 30°, perhaps providing an explanation of the difference between our results and the gas/reddening ratios measured previously using stellar spectra.
Galapagos tortoises: Protagonists in the spectacle of life on Earth

Abstract The tortoises of Galapagos are vestiges of a once impressive, widely distributed lineage of land tortoises that declined during the period when humans expanded across the planet. Galapagos tortoises are remarkable for many reasons. They include the greatest number of surviving giant tortoises anywhere, with diverse morphological forms. These tortoises, ensconced in their island refuges, have persisted through global tortoise catastrophe, although 3 of the 15 putative species are now extinct, and surviving species are under varying levels of threat. Tortoises have played diverse ecological roles in various ecosystems around the world, often acting as ecological engineers, Through long-term, ongoing conservation efforts several populations of Galapagos tortoise species are beginning to recuperate, and many are expected to recover to the point of population self-sufficiency. Some tortoise populations may return to being the dominant herbivore within their native range.
Chromatin Network Retards Droplet Coalescence

Nuclear bodies are membraneless condensates that may form via liquid-liquid phase separation. The viscoelastic chromatin network could impact their stability and may hold the key for understanding experimental observations that defy predictions of classical theories. However, quantitative studies on the role of the chromatin network in phase separation have remained challenging. Using a diploid human genome model parameterized with chromosome conformation capture (Hi-C) data, we studied the thermodynamics and kinetics of droplet formation inside the nucleus. Dynamical simulations predicted the formation of multiple droplets for protein particles that experience specific interactions with nucleolus-associated domains (NADs). Coarsening dynamics, surface tension, and coalescence kinetics of the simulated droplets are all in quantitative agreements with experimental measurements for nucleoli. Free energy calculations further supported that a two-droplet state, which is often observed for nucleoli seen in somatic cells, is metastable and separated from the single-droplet state with an entropic barrier. Our study suggests that protein-chromatin interactions facilitate the nucleation of droplets, but hinders their coarsening due to the correlated motion between droplets and the chromatin network: as droplets coalesce, the chromatin network becomes increasingly constrained. Therefore, protein-chromatin interactions arrest phase separation in multi-droplet states and may drive the variation of nuclear body numbers across cell types.
Assessment of vaccine efficacy in early-weaned beef calves challenged with bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV)

Early weaning of beef calves is a management strategy that beef cattle producers can implement to reduce their forage needs and maintain the cow herd during severe drought. To ensure the economic success of early weaning, adequate vaccination protocols must be implemented. Vaccination of young calves against BVDV is a key management strategy to prevent economic losses associated with disease caused by BVDV in beef herds. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of different BVDV vaccines for protecting calves against virulent BVDV challenge 45 days after vaccination, and the effect of BVDV vaccination on weight gain of early-weaned beef calves that become acutely infected with BVDV.
A Taxonomy of Sounds in Virtual Reality

Virtual reality (VR) leverages human sight, hearing and touch senses to convey virtual experiences. For d/Deaf and hard of hearing (DHH) people, information conveyed through sound may not be accessible. To help with future design of accessible VR sound representations for DHH users, this paper contributes a consistent language and structure for representing sounds in VR. Using two studies, we report on the design and evaluation of a novel taxonomy for VR sounds. Study 1 included interviews with 10 VR sound designers to develop our taxonomy along two dimensions: sound source and intent. To evaluate this taxonomy, we conducted another study (Study 2) where eight HCI researchers used our taxonomy to document sounds in 33 VR apps. We found that our taxonomy was able to successfully categorize nearly all sounds (265/267) in these apps. We also uncovered additional insights for designing accessible visual and haptic-based sound substitutes for DHH users.
Multipurpose Prevention Technologies: Oral, Parenteral, and Vaginal Dosage Forms for Prevention of HIV/STIs and Unplanned Pregnancy.

There is a high global prevalence of HIV, sexually transmitted infections (STIs), and unplanned pregnancies. Current preventative daily oral dosing regimens can be ineffective due to low patient adherence. Sustained release delivery systems in conjunction with multipurpose prevention technologies (MPTs) can reduce high rates of HIV/STIs and unplanned pregnancies in an all-in-one efficacious, acceptable, and easily accessible technology to allow for prolonged release of antivirals and contraceptives. The concept and development of MPTs have greatly progressed over the past decade and demonstrate efficacious technologies that are user-accepted with potentially high adherence. This review gives a comprehensive overview of the latest oral, parenteral, and vaginally delivered MPTs in development as well as drug delivery formulations with the potential to advance as an MPT, and implementation studies regarding MPT user acceptability and adherence. Furthermore, there is a focus on MPT intravaginal rings emphasizing injection molding and hot-melt extrusion manufacturing limitations and emerging fabrication advancements. Lastly, formulation development considerations and limitations are discussed, such as nonhormonal contraceptive considerations, challenges with achieving a stable coformulation of multiple drugs, achieving sustained and controlled drug release, limiting drug–drug interactions, and advancing past preclinical development stages. Despite the challenges in the MPT landscape, these technologies demonstrate the potential to bridge gaps in preventative sexual and reproductive health care.
The associations between orthostatic blood pressure changes and extracellular volume in hemodialysis patients

Introduction Extracellular volume (ECV) predicts mortality in hemodialysis patients, but it is difficult to assess clinically. Peridialytic blood pressure (BP) measurements can help ECV assessment. Orthostatic BP is routinely measured clinically, but its association with ECV is unknown. Methods In a cohort of hypertensive hemodialysis patients, we measured posthemodialysis ECV/weight with bioimpedance spectroscopy and analyzed its association with post-HD orthostatic BP measurements obtained during routine care. Using linear and logistic regression, the primary outcomes were orthostatic BP change and orthostatic hypotension (OH) defined by systolic BP decrease of at least 20 mmHg or diastolic decrease of at least 10 mmHg. Model 1 controlled for sex, age, and diabetes. Model 2 additionally controlled for ultrafiltration rate and antihypertensive medications. We conducted sensitivity analysis using OH definition of systolic BP decrease of at least 30 mmHg. Findings Among 57 participants, mean orthostatic systolic BP change was -7.30 (20) mmHg and mean ECV/weight was 0.24 (0.04) L/kg. Post-HD ECV/weight was not associated with orthostatic systolic BP change (β = 8.2, p = 0.6). There were 16 participants with and 41 participants without OH. The ECV/weight did not differ between these groups (0.22 [0.04] vs. 0.24 [0.05] L/Kg, p = 0.09) and did not predict OH in logistic regression (OR 11, 4.04; 95% CI 0.2-671, 0.03-0.530 in the two models.) In a sensitivity analysis, ECV/weight was lower in the OH group (0.22 [0.03] vs. 0.25 [0.04] L/kg, p = 0.005), but this was accompanied by differences in sex and diabetes. Using logistic regression, there was no independent association between ECV/weight with OH. Discussion Orthostatic systolic BP change after HD completion is not a reliable indicator of posthemodialysis ECV. When considering other factors associated with orthostatic BP, ECV/weight is not independently associated with OH. Although transient postdialytic differences in intravascular volume may be associated with OH, posthemodialysis OH does not necessarily indicate ECV depletion.
Building an Impersonation Attack and Defense Testbed for Vehicle To Vehicle Systems

Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) communication takes place among a wide range of wireless nodes such as cars, trucks, buses, motorcycles. However, V2V systems are vulnerable to Global Positioning Systems (GPS) spoofing attacks, where a malicious vehicle may spoof a victim vehicle's GPS coordinates to impersonate it. Thus, the malicious vehicle can act as a traffic injector imperiling traffic safety. In this work, we use simulation software as a platform to develop a practical testbed to execute an impersonation attack along with an in-vehicle defense technique.
Strategic Planning for Starting or Expanding a Home Hemodialysis Program.

The American Advancing Kidney Health Initiative has renewed interest in home hemodialysis (HHD). Many perceived barriers exist for adoption of HHD despite well-reported clinical benefits. A well-designed program ensures patient success further engaging more patients. The initial planning regarding the surrounding patient population, stakeholders, economics, and physical location is essential. The services offered including modality education and different kinds of HHD modalities depend on local expertise and economics. The program should fulfill conditions for coverage requirements for personnel, physical infrastructure, and quality metrics to begin operations. The patient recruitment is facilitated by a patient-centric modality education program developed by the multidisciplinary team. If the patient is interested, a training schedule should be discussed with the patient and caregiver. A system to ensure remote patient monitoring, respite care, and 24 hours on-call availability should be established. These practical considerations ensure initial success and future growth of the program.
Autophagocytosis: Origin of membrane and hydrolytic enzymes

The mechanisms of cellular autophagy were studied in the liver following stimulation with glucagonin vivo orin vitro. The studies indicate a primary role for the endoplasmic reticulum in the formation of autolysosomes. The membranes of the autophagic vacuoles appear to originate by transformation of pre-existing endoplasmic cisternae and to acquire acid hydrolase activities by fusion with pre-existing primary or secondary lysosomes.
The Impacts of Congestion on Roadway Traffic Productivity

Road productivity can be defined as the throughput traffic volume of a roadway at a given point (vehicles or persons per hour), or as the person-miles or vehicle-miles per hour that can be moved on a roadway segment, or on an area-wide road network.
Evidence-Based Practice in Social Work: A Contemporary Perspective

This paper aims to provide a contemporary overview of evidence-based practice (EBP) in social work. As EBP is frequently misunderstood, we will define what EBP is as well as what it is not. In addition, we discuss some of the current challenges that social workers and the profession continue to face in integrating EBP into professional practice. Specifically, we identify concerns that practitioners have raised and include challenges related to social work education and agency concerns. We will conclude the paper with recommendations on how social workers can integrate EBP across practice settings within the profession, as well as recommendations for social work education and research.
Glutamate and its receptors in the pathophysiology of brain and spinal cord injuries.

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews the contribution of the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate to central nervous system (CNS) damage following traumatic brain injury (TBI) and spinal cord injuries (SCI), and in particular the evidence for glutamate-induced neuronal damage in head-injured patients. Studies have focused on the prevention of secondary damage and the regeneration of damaged neuronal tissue TBI or SCI injury. Targets for the prevention of secondary damage are glutamatergic, cholinergic, and catecholaminergic neurotransmission systems; free radical production; lipid peroxidation; calcium channels; growth factors; inflammation processes; endogenous opioid receptors; enzymes; apoptotic cell death; repair mechanisms; and others. Traumatic brain or spinal cord injury results in neurological dysfunction and death, through both direct and indirect mechanisms. Glutamate seems to have a more important role in the pathogenesis of non-hemorrhagic/hemorrhagic focal contusions. Cerebral contusions are focal injuries, which result when localized mechanical forces damage blood vessels, neurons, neurophils, and astrocytes. The wide spectrum of beneficial effects shown by various pharmacological antagonists to glutamate, and its co-agonists in numerous TBI-relevant animal models, has been a powerful impetus to the pharmaceutical industry to evaluate glutamate antagonists in TBI clinical trials.
A Structural Result of Irreducible Inclusions of Type III Lambda Factors, Lambda Is an Element of (0,1)

Given an irreducible inclusion of factors with finite index N C M, where M is of type III,X1/, N of type III,1/nX 0 < A < 1, and m,n are relatively prime positive integers, we will prove that if N C M satisfies a commuting square condition, then its structure can be characterized by using fixed point algebras and crossed products of automorphisms acting on the middle inclusion of factors associated with N C M. Relations between N C M and a certain G-kernel on subfactors are also discussed.
Adaptive Filtering of Newswire Stories using Two-Level Clustering

Adaptive filtering of news is an area of information retrieval gaining substantial interest as services become more available on the Internet. This paper reports on a number of experiments involving a two-level clustering approach using a variety of techniques including threshold adaptation, topic vocabulary adaptation and both noun phrase and named entity adaptation. Our goal in this exploratory research is to empirically compare alternative configurations of our filtering approach that will allow us to better understand the relative value of the component subsystems.
Utilizing Renderer Efficiencies in an Object-Oriented Graphics System

During the past several years it has become obvious that object-oriented programming techniques provide significant benefits to a wide range of applications. Computer graphics fits this paradigm well, since entities in a computer graphics system are naturally thought of as “objects”. However, the object-oriented paradigm imposes restrictions on systems that often lead to efficiency degradation. This paper presents the mechanism employed by the GRAMS object-oriented graphics system for improving efficiency in the rendering phase of the system. This is done by establishing a communication interface between the main system and both the modelling and rendering subsystems. While this approach breaks the strict object-oriented paradigm, substantial efficiency gains are realized and desired object-oriented characteristics, such as system extensibility and object integrity, are maintained.
Cancer therapy with genetically-modified T cells for the treatment of melanoma

The aim of this review is to acquaint the reader with the concept of T cell receptor (TCR) gene therapy for metastatic melanoma. We first review antigen choice, followed by gene delivery technology and, finally, we discuss selected clinical applications. To be successful, TCR gene therapy must combine multiple elements and research disciplines. First, there is a need for an understanding of tumor immunology because this is essential in proper antigen choice. Second, gene therapy is a technology-driven field and cutting edge knowledge of protein engineering and gene delivery methods are indispensable. Finally, a dedicated team of physician/scientists and healthcare providers is fundamental to clinical success. TCR gene therapy is now a realistic treatment option for metastatic melanoma. Both tumor regression and on-target/off-tumor toxicities have been observed, which emphasizes the experimental nature of this approach. As with any new medical procedure, future large-scale randomized trials will be necessary to validate this approach, and these are within reason in the next few years. This article is a US Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Liver support systems: the low clearance of model hepatic excretory anions by charcoal hemoperfusion.

Abstract The removal of cholephilic anions (unconjugated bilirubin, bromosulfophthalein, and indocyanine green) by characoal hemoperfusion was assessed in normal dogs. None of these model excretory compounds was effectively removed by the charcoal columns. In vitro studies suggested that poor removal of the anions was related to albumin binding in that, when the anions were in molecular solution, their extraction by the charcoal column was high; however, when albumin was added, their extraction was negligible. Therefore, if the removal from plasma of strongly bound toxins is important in the treatment of acute hepatitic failure, additional support devices may have to be encompassed into the ultimately successful hepatic support system.
A Novel Dominant Transformer Allele of the Sex-Determining Gene her-1 of Caenorhabditis elegans

We have characterized a novel dominant allele of the sex-determining gene her-1 of Caenorhabditis elegans. This allele, called n695, results in the incomplete transformation of XX animals into phenotypic males. Previously characterized recessive her-1 alleles transform XO animals into phenotypic hermaphrodites. We have identified five new recessive her-1 mutations as intragenic suppressors of n695. Three of these suppressors are weak, temperature-sensitive alleles. We show that the recessive her-1 mutations are loss-of-function alleles, and that the her-1(n695) mutation results in a gain-of-function at the her-1 locus. The existence of dominant and recessive alleles that cause opposite phenotypic transformations demonstrates that the her-1 gene acts to control sexual identity in C. elegans.
Expenditure incidence and economy-wide incidence studies

This chapter presents a discussion on expenditure incidence and economy-wide incidence studies. Taxes are most often raised to finance government expenditure programs. Government inputs and outputs enter into the market clearance and government budget equations, thereby influencing the price responses to any change in tax rates. Also, the distributional consequences of expenditure programs are likely to be as important as the distributional consequences of the tax revenues raised to finance them. Thus, to the extent incidence analysis is an aid to governmental distributional policies, considering the incidence of an entire tax-and-expenditure package appears to be the most useful strategy. The chapter highlights some of the problems involved with introducing specific expenditure programs into an analysis of incidence. The chapter also discusses the incidence of government transfer payments. Transfer payments, or subsidies, are analytically equivalent to negative taxes. Consequently, the theory of tax incidence is fully applicable to government transfer payments with the single exception that all signs are reversed.
The electronic application of materials from the B-N-C-Si compositional tetrahedron

The B-N-C-Si system compiles crystalline and disordered phases which combine exceptional electronic band structures, hardness and other mechanical properties and some kind of chemical inertness. Electronic application of materials from B-C-N-Si compositional tetrahedron are successful in many respects but also poses many problems and obstacles in the development of practical devices. These problems are related in part to the growth processes and growth defccts because of difficulty of matching the requirements for the electronic devices with the real materials. This review follows a sequence from the quatemary B-C-N-Si phases to diamond. There is a renewed interest in the synthesis of Si-N-C ceramic bodies using polysilazancs as precursors.
Gender Differences in Identity and Acculturation Patterns and L2 Accent Attainment.

Addressing the influence of sociocultural theory, current views of second language acquisition situate language learning in a much broader context than the isolated box of the classroom. There is need to consider second language (L2) acquisition practices more broadly. This study addresses differences between girls and boys of Kurdish ethnic background as they acquired Turkish, the language of the dominant society. Data were collected from 56 girls and 65 boys at middle and high schools with variables including identification with the first and second language communities, acculturation and integration patterns via an investigation of social networks, and the attainment of a native-like Turkish accent. Quantitative analyses were conducted using multiple chi-square statistics, ANOVA, and MANOVA. Findings suggest that girls obtain much higher accent ratings than boys and that girls and boys are significantly different regarding their identification with the L2 community and their family and nonfamily accult...
Understanding the Formation of Etching Patterns Using a Refined Monte Carlo Simulation Model

Tailor-made additives of acetaminophen were shown to be very effective in changing the etching patterns on the cleaved surface of the single crystal (i.e., the (010) face in an aqueous environment). The shape of the etch pits was “mutated” from a parallelogram to a square shape when the concentration of additives was increased. Monte Carlo simulation was carried out to study the formation mechanism of the square-shaped etch pit. When the intermolecular interactions between acetaminophen on the surface were treated the same as in the bulk, including the adsorption of additive molecules alone failed to align the additive-terminated kink sites perpendicular to the c axis. Therefore, it has been hypothesized that an additive molecule can stabilize a “relaxed” state of molecules on the surface of the crystal that may form stronger interactions with its neighboring molecules along the [102] axis. Such a relaxed state is possible only if the two neighboring sites along the [102] direction are unoccupied by host ...
Structural and catalytic characterization of a thermally stable and acid-stable variant of human carbonic anhydrase II containing an engineered disulfide bond.

The carbonic anhydrases (CAs) are a family of mostly zinc metalloenzymes that catalyze the reversible hydration of CO2 to bicarbonate and a proton. Recently, there has been industrial interest in utilizing CAs as biocatalysts for carbon sequestration and biofuel production. The conditions used in these processes, however, result in high temperatures and acidic pH. This unfavorable environment results in rapid destabilization and loss of catalytic activity in CAs, ultimately resulting in cost-inefficient high-maintenance operation of the system. In order to negate these detrimental industrial conditions, cysteines at residues 23 (Ala23Cys) and 203 (Leu203Cys) were engineered into a wild-type variant of human CA II (HCAII) containing the mutation Cys206Ser. The X-ray crystallographic structure of the disulfide-containing HCAII (dsHCAII) was solved to 1.77 A resolution and revealed that successful oxidation of the cysteine bond was achieved while also retaining desirable active-site geometry. Kinetic studies utilizing the measurement of 18O-labeled CO2 by mass spectrometry revealed that dsHCAII retained high catalytic efficiency, and differential scanning calorimetry showed acid stability and thermal stability that was enhanced by up to 14 K compared with native HCAII. Together, these studies have shown that dsHCAII has properties that could be used in an industrial setting to help to lower costs and improve the overall reaction efficiency.
A P(VDF-TrFE)-based integrated ultrasonic transducer

Abstract A thin film of a copolymer of vinylidene fluoride and trifluoroethylene, P(VDF-TrFE) has been deposited on top of the extended gate of an MOS transistor to make an integrated ultrasonic transducer. After spin deposition from solution onto a processed silicon wafer, the 2.5 μm thick copolymer film was locally corona-polarized to make it piezo- and pyroelectrically active. The piezoelectric and pyroelectric properties of the film have been evaluated over a frequency range of 3 Hz to 1 MHz. The response was found to be comparable with those of casted copolymer films.The ultrasonic response of the film backed by the transistor was verified in water at 10 MHz. An optimization scheme for the copolymer thin film and its interfacing transistor is presented.
Prevalence of migraine among Mexican Americans in San Diego, California: survey 1.

Objective.—To determine the population-based prevalence of migraine in a cross-sectional random sample of Mexican Americans aged at least 45 years in San Diego County, California. Background.—The prevalence of migraine has been assessed in various populations in the United States and Mexico, but no study of migraine prevalence in Mexican Americans has been reported in the literature to date. Design/Methods.—Using an epidemiological cross-sectional research design, the population-based prevalence and associated descriptive epidemiology of self-reported migraine was estimated in Mexican Americans aged at least 45 years in San Diego County, California from a random sample of size 657. Results.—The lifetime migraine prevalence was 9.2% (95% confidence interval, 6.8 to 11.6) and current prevalence was 7.4% (95% confidence interval, 5.3 to 9.5). The prevalence of migraine was higher in women than in men, higher in low income groups than in high income groups, and decreased with increasing age. Prevalence among Mexican Americans born in Mexico was twice that of American-born Mexican Americans. Conclusions.—These population-based data on migraine prevalence in Mexican Americans aged 45 and over contribute substantially to the understanding of this disease. A second study addressing migraine prevalence in Mexican Americans younger than 45 years in San Diego County will be reported.
A simplified radioimmunoassay for plasma aldosterone employing an antibody of unique specificity.

Abstract A highly selective antibody for aldosterone, produced as indicated in the companion paper, was utilized as the basis for a radioimmunoassay for aldosterone in plasma which did not require fractionation of this compound from other steroids. No appreciable crossreactivity was found with any steroid tested except 18-hydroxy-11 deoxycorticosterone and 18-OH-corticosterone, but the affinity for these compounds was four orders of magnitude lower than for aldosterone. Specificity was further documented by demonstrating undetectable aldosterone levels in adrenalectomized dogs and supression of measured aldosterone levels to 0 in a dog subjected to Na loading and a course of deoxycorticosterone. Immunologic identity of standards and plasma aldosterone was demonstrated by showing that dilutions of a human plasma containing a high concentration of aldosterone paralleled a standard curve. Sensitivity, recovery, and accuracy of the method were tested and found satisfactory. Good correlation of results with a method employing chromatographic isolation of aldosterone was demonstrated. Aldosterone plasma values in normal human subjects in response to changes in posture and Na intake, as measured by this method, correlated in the expected fashion with changes in renin activity but did not correlate with plasma cortisol, which followed the anticipated diurnal cycle.
High-Strength Zirconium Diboride-Based Ceramics

Zirconium diboride (ZrB 2 ) and ZrB 2 ceramics containing 10, 20, and 30 vol% SiC particulates were prepared from commercially available powders by hot pressing. Four-point bend strength, fracture toughness, elastic modulus, and hardness were measured. Modulus and hardness did not vary significantly with SiC content. In contrast, strength and toughness increased as SiC content increased. Strength increased from 565 MPa for ZrB 2 to >1000 MPa for samples containing 20 or 30 vol% SiC. The increase in strength was attributed to a decrease in grain size and the presence of WC.
Extraction, purification, and estimation of ATP from leaves, floral buds, and immature fruits of cotton

Abstract Several procedures for extracting ATP from cotton leaves, floral buds (squares), and immature fruits (bolls) were compared. Highest indicated yields of ATP were obtained by extraction with boiling 95% ethanol followed by water or dilute EDTA at 25°C. A potent inhibitor of luciferase luminescence was extracted from carpel walls of bolls and, to a lesser extent, from squares and leaves. Inhibition was partially overcome by adding bovine albumin and soluble polyvinylpyrrolidone to the crude enzyme preparation prior to assay. Much of the inhibitory material, presumably phenolic, could be removed by sorption onto a short column of Polyclar AT, an insoluble polyvinylpyrrolidone. ATP was not sorbed and readily passed through the column. None of the extraction methods tested gave 100% recovery. Addition of a known amount of ATP to one set of duplicate samples before extraction permits correction for losses during extraction and for partial quenching of luminescence.
Single-molecule imaging in solution with total internal reflection excitation

Summary form only given.The detection of individual single-chromophore molecules in aqueous solution, first demonstrated with picoliter-sized sample volumes, and soon after with femtoliter-sized volumes, has become routinely achievable. More recently, the imaging of individual single-chromophore molecules in very thin layers of aqueous solution, using epifluorescence and total internal reflection (TIR) microscopies has been reported.
Zines in libraries: how, what and why?

Purpose – This paper sets out to discuss the importance of collecting alternative press materials, particularly zines, in libraries and presents case studies of zine collections; Barnard College Library and the New York Public Library.Design/methodology/approach – This paper builds on work presented by the authors and others at the 12th National ACRL conference in Minneapolis, where zine collections in different types of academic and research libraries were discussed.Findings – Zines document contemporary culture in the same way newspapers, magazines, TV, radio and movies as, but from a much different point‐of‐view. It is important for libraries to collect zines, and all alternative press materials, to ensure balanced and diverse collections, as well as securing primary source material for scholars today and in the future.Originality/value – This paper provides concrete examples of how two libraries are handling collections of zines.
Proof-of-concept framework to separate recombination processes in thin silicon wafers using transient free-carrier absorption spectroscopy

We present a proof-of-concept framework to independently determine the bulk Shockley-Read-Hall (SRH) lifetime and surface recombination velocity in silicon wafers self-consistently. We measure the transient decay of free-carrier absorption (FCA) using two different excitation wavelengths (1050 and 750 nm) for p-type crystalline Si (c-Si) wafers over a wide injection range and fit the FCA transients for the two excitation wavelengths in a coupled manner. In this way, we can estimate the surface recombination lifetime accurately. However, we find that the capability to uniquely measure extrinsic bulk-SRH recombination is challenging in the presence of other recombination processes and can be broadly categorized into five different regimes depending on the relative strengths of each recombination pathway.
Lactation Records of Jersey Cattle in Pennsylvania: Season of Calving, Phenotypic Trend, Heritability, and Genetic Trend

Abstract Lactation records of Jersey cows calving from August, 1961, to November, 1969, in Pennsylvania Dairy Herd Improvement Associations were standardized to 305-day, mature equivalent. Lactation yield increased for cows that calved in late fall and winter compared to those that calved during summer. Cows in first lactation differed little from all cows in month of calving with respect to (1) high frequency of calving (August to November) and (2) high lactation yield (November through March). The phenotypic increase in milk yield for both first-lactation cows and all cows was 36 kg per year, an annual increase of .9% of the mature equivalent mean milk yield. Only one-half was genetic, suggesting improvement in management and nutrition. The phenotypic trend for fat yield was 1 kg per year with no genetic change. Percentage of fat declined .02% per year. Heritabilities by intraclass correlations among paternal half-sisters from 7,667 first, 6,258 second, and 4,799 third lactations were .40, .27, and .23 for deviation of milk from herdmates; .31, .19, and .17 for deviation of fat from herdmates; and .67, .65, and .67 for percentage of fat. The decline of heritabilities of yield traits may be from selection (culling) after first lactation.
T-suppressor cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Phenotypic characterization by monoclonal antibodies

A patient with long standing seropositive rheumatoid arthritis developed lymphocytosis which phenotypically involved the cytotoxic/suppressor T-lymphocyte population. There are 10 reported instances of this new disease entity described as "chronic T-cell lymphocytosis with neutropenia" or "chronic suppressor T-cell lymphocytic leukemia." The disease is characterized by hepatosplenomegaly, neutropenia, and the frequent presence of rheumatoid factor without clinical evidence of rheumatoid arthritis. Splenectomy in our patient, as well as in other instances where undertaken, has been ineffective in alleviating the neutropenia. The peripheral blood lymphocytes in our patient were OKT-3+, OKT-5+, OKT-8+, OKT-11+, cALL-, OKT-6-, TdT-. They possessed ADCC but no NK activity and did not suppress PWM-induced B-cell differentiation in spite of the presence of Fc receptor for IgG. Since the lymphocytosis of OKT-8+ cells appears to be clonal, it is suggested that the disease be designated chronic suppressor T-cell lymphocytic leukemia.
Species differences in brain gene expression profiles associated with adult behavioral maturation in honey bees

Honey bees are known for several striking social behaviors, including a complex pattern of behavioral maturation that gives rise to an age-related colony division of labor and a symbolic dance language, by which successful foragers communicate the location of attractive food sources to their nestmates. Our understanding of honey bees is mostly based on studies of the Western honey bee, Apis mellifera, even though there are 9–10 other members of genus Apis, showing interesting variations in social behavior relative to A. mellifera. To facilitate future in-depth genomic and molecular level comparisons of behavior across the genus, we performed a microarray analysis of brain gene expression for A. mellifera and three key species found in Asia, A. cerana, A. florea and A. dorsata. For each species we compared brain gene expression patterns between foragers and adult one-day-old bees on an A. mellifera cDNA microarray and calculated within-species gene expression ratios to facilitate cross-species analysis. The number of cDNA spots showing hybridization fluorescence intensities above the experimental threshold was reduced by an average of 16% in the Asian species compared to A. mellifera, but an average of 71% of genes on the microarray were available for analysis. Brain gene expression profiles between foragers and one-day-olds showed differences that are consistent with a previous study on A. mellifera and were comparable across species. Although 1772 genes showed significant differences in expression between foragers and one-day-olds, only 218 genes showed differences in forager/one-day-old expression between species (p < 0.001). Principal Components Analysis revealed dominant patterns of expression that clearly distinguished between the four species but did not reflect known differences in behavior and ecology. There were species differences in brain expression profiles for functionally related groups of genes. We conclude that the A. mellifera cDNA microarray can be used effectively for cross-species comparisons within the genus. Our results indicate that there is a widespread conservation of the molecular processes in the honey bee brain underlying behavioral maturation. Species differences in brain expression profiles for functionally related groups of genes provide possible clues to the basis of behavioral variation in the genus.
Cellular expression of MAP 2 kinase in rat brain.

The cellular localization of microtubule-associated protein (MAP) 2 kinase mRNA in rat brain was examined by in situ hybridization histochemistry using a synthetic oligonucleotide probe. MAP 2 kinase was expressed in both neuronal and non-neuronal cells. ‘Areas of high density of mRNA label by the MAP 2 kinase probe appeared to be associated with high cellular packing density. Thus, MAP 2 kinase expression was particularly high in regions such as the locus coeruleus, the piriform cortex, the dentate gyrus granule cell layer, pyramidal cells of the hippocampus, the mitral cells of the olfactory bulb, and the large motor neurons of the V and VII nerves. This apparent ubiquitous distribution suggests an important role of MAP 2 kinase in the cellular functions in most cells of the adult brain.
Ab initio investigations of the phase stability in tantalum carbides

Abstract Using a variable-composition ab initio evolutionary algorithm, the stability of various tantalum carbide compounds at ambient pressure and at 0 K was investigated. The results revealed that TaC, Ta 6 C 5 and Ta 2 C are the lowest energy configurations, with Ta 4 C 3 and Ta 3 C 2 having slightly higher energies. The vacancy ordered Ta 6 C 5 phase had three energetically degenerate structures. A competition between the vacancy ordered and stacking fault variation of the phases was seen, with the latter becoming more favorable with lower carbon content. The close formation enthalpy of each stable and metastable phase appears to “frustrate” the carbide in the co-precipitation of multiple phases for substoichiometric compositions. Density functional theory calculations also provided the elastic constants for each of the stable and metastable phases. As the carbon content increased, the elastic constant values increased. This was associated with the change in metallic to more covalent bonding of the carbide from the density of states. The collective results of this computational work provide insight into why specific tantalum carbide phases form and the consequences they have on microstructure and properties.