cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evaluating performance of reconstruction algorithms for 3-D [/sup 15/O] water PET using subtraction analysis

Positron emission tomography (PET) [/sup 15/O] activation studies have benefited significantly from three-dimensional (3-D) data acquisition. However, they have been slow to take advantage of new 3-D reconstruction techniques. Compared with the widely used 3-D reprojection reconstruction (3DRP), the advantage of signal and noise for iterative algorithms has been outweighed by concern about long and complicated reconstruction procedures and inconsistent performance. Most pseudo-3-D algorithms, such as rebinning methods, aim at increasing the speed of reconstruction but lack further resolution improvement or noise control. Although many evaluations have been conducted through simulations and phantom experiments, the spatially varying nature of signal and noise and the complexity of biological effects have complicated the interpretation of real data based on simulation or phantom results. The authors have taken a different approach and used the analysis of real data directly as a measure with which to compare 3 reconstruction algorithms: 3DRP, iterative filtered backprojection with median root prior (IFBP-MRP), and Fourier rebinning followed by two-dimensional (2-D) filtered backprojection (FORE-FBP) for [/sup 15/O] PET. Two subjects, each with 32 scans acquired in four sessions during a finger opposition motor task, are analyzed using subtraction. A fixed volume-of-interest (VOI) measurement in regions related to the task demonstrates that at high resolution, IFBP-MRP has the best signal-to-noise performance followed by 3DRP and FORE-FBP; however, this advantage gradually diminishes as the resolution decreases. For a voxel measurement derived from the image of each reconstruction, all 3 algorithms are capable of detecting highly activated regions. Although there are some differences in the size, shape, and center location of the activated foci, the authors' preliminary results suggest that IFBP-MRP does offer enhanced signal with some noise control compared with 3DRP for the analysis of high-resolution images. If images are to be analyzed at an intermediate to lower resolution, FORE-FBP provides a significant reduction of reconstruction time compared with 3DRP.
Mindful Wonderment: Using Focus Groups to Frame Social Justice

In the recent past many professional schools of education in the United States have embraced social justice as central to their mission in preparing teachers, counselors, and administrators to work in preK-16 settings. This article documents our initial inquiry guided by mindful wonderment into an effort to frame social justice as a collective collaboration involving support staff, faculty, and administrators within a graduate school of education. A series of focus groups made up of members of a school of education considered the commitment to social justice not only for its preK-16 candidates but also for transforming the environment and culture within the institution.
Capillary Mats for Maintenance of Plants in the Retail Nursery

ADDITIONAL INDEX WORDS. water conservation, irrigation, container plants, economics SUMMARY. Capillary mats and overhead sprinkler irrigation were used in a simulated retail environmentto maintain annual and perennial plantsin containers for various time periods during summer and winter. Combining the results from both seasons, four species with dense canopies had larger canopy sizes when maintained on the capillary mats, three species requiring more drainage had larger canopies with overhead irrigation, and five species were unaffected by irrigation systems. Substrate electrical conductivity was higher for some species in winter for plants on capillary mats, conserving fertilizer compared with overhead irrigation. Most species tolerated either irrigation system well. Water application was 71% less in summer and 62% less in winter to maintain plants on capillary mats compared with overhead irrigation. An economic analysis compared the investment required for setup and maintenance of plants in a retail situation using hand watering, overhead sprinkler, or capillary mat irrigation. The partial budget indicates that capillary mats are a labor-saving alternative to hand watering in a retail nursery and will compensate for the higher initial investment within less than 1 year. The overhead sprinklers are the most cost-effective system of the three because of less costly initial set-up and maintenance than the capillary mats; however, they are not a true alternative to hand watering in a retail situation because they interfere with customer traffic and worker activities.
Paradox and the Consumption of Authenticity through Reality Television

We position reality television within the broader category of consumer practices of authenticity seeking in a postmodern cultural context. The study draws on relevant perspectives from consumer research, literary criticism, sociology, and anthropology to argue that viewers of reality television encounter three elements of paradox in the process of constructing authenticity. The negotiation of each paradox exceeds the process of coping with or resolving their inherent contradictions to encompass the creation of new values. We argue that consumers blend fantastic elements of programming with indexical elements connected to their lived experiences to create a form of self-referential hyperauthenticity.
Broadcast Localism and the Lessons of the Fairness Doctrine

The First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution recognizes a laissez-faire policy toward speech and the press. The Framers of the Bill of Rights worried that the self-interest of politicians fostered suppression of speech. In contrast, some constitutional theorists have argued that the Constitution empowers, rather than restricts, the federal government to manage speech in order to attain the values implicit in the First Amendment.The government managed broadcast speech for some time, in part through the Fairness Doctrine, which was said to promote balanced public debate and "an uninhibited marketplace of ideas." The history of the Fairness Doctrine confirms the validity of the concerns of the Framers of the First Amendment, because federal officials and their agents used and sought to use the Fairness Doctrine to silence critics of three presidencies. Broadcasters adapted to the Fairness Doctrine by avoiding controversial speech, thereby chilling public debate on vital matters.The Federal Communications Commission is proposing to manage broadcast speech by imposing localism requirements, including content requirements and advisory boards to oversee managing stations. This proposal limits the editorial independence of license holders to serve the public interest. The history of the Fairness Doctrine suggests that federal officials who make and enforce such policies are more concerned with limiting political debate than they are with advancing local concerns or the public interest. Like the Fairness Doctrine, the FCC's localism initiative poses the risk of restricting speech. Our unhappy experience with the Fairness Doctrine suggests that imposing localism mandates on broadcasters is unlikely to serve the public interest in constitutional propriety and uninhibited political debate.
Drinking and problem drinking in early adulthood and middle age. An exploratory 20-year follow-up study.

The quantity and frequency of drinking and problem drinking were reassessed in a panel study after a 20-year interval. Signs of future problem drinking were identified.
Unconventional Catalytic Properties of Conventional Enzymes: Applications in Organic Chemistry

The major objective of this paper is to stress that enzymes, in addition to their “normal” reactions (reflected in their names), often can catalyze other, sometimes quite different processes. The latter, although unimportant for the enzyme-producing organism, can be very valuable for biotechnological applications. The examples of “unnatural” catalytic activities of common enzymes that are considered, taken from the author’s recent studies, include: (i) reduction of aromatic compounds catalyzed by glucose oxidase; (ii) prochiral and enantiomeric stereospecificity of galactose oxidase in the oxidation of non-sugar, three-carbon alcohols; (iii) selective hydroxylation of aromatic compounds catalyzed by peroxidase; (iv) geometrically and positionally specific oxidation of aromatic aldehydes catalyzed by xanthine oxidase.
Philosophy—what is to be done?

Philosophical thinking, in the historically original sense, is simply the human mind in operation, unaided by anything supernatural and unfettered by any human authority or any procedure for reaching some pre-given end. This means that “philosophy” originally included far more than it does now, including all the natural sciences, as well as rational reflection on society, history, and art. What this means for us now is that philosophy must be an essentially outward-facing discipline, open to others. Most importantly, it needs now to be open to the sciences, to practical social reflection, and to its own history. But what philosophy brings to all its reflections is above all a spirit of critical reflection, respect for evidence and argument, and a ruthless honesty that demands of people that they form their beliefs and views of life according to the best reasons and information they have, rather than forming their views according to their wishes or prejudices, or letting them be dictated by authorities or social traditions. In this sense, we are living in an unphilosophical, or even anti-philosophical, age, but this makes it all the more important for philosophy to continue to do its work.
Observations on the release of histaminase after 48/80 and polymyxin B in sensitized and unsensitized rats.

SummaryNeither sensitized nor unsensitized rats consistently released significant amounts of histaminase into the bloodstream after intravenous administration of 48/80 or polymyxin B. Only 30% of unsensitized rats given 48/80 or polymyxin B by the intraperitoneal route showed release into the blood of histamine-destroying activity, and this in small amount. It is concluded that either (1) the intraperitoneal route allows a higher concentration of drug to reach the gut and hence release histaminase or (2) 48/80 and polymyxin B do not consistently release histaminase, in contrast to the effect of anaphylactic shock in rats.
Laser Treatment of Twin-to-Twin Transfusion Syndrome.

Laser ablation of all placental vascular anastomoses is the optimal treatment for twin-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS). This requires proper endoscopic identification of the anastomoses and proper photocoagulation. However, two important controversies have recently become apparent: (1) a gap between concept and performance and (2) a question as to whether all the anastomoses can indeed be identified endoscopically and, therefore, whether blind lasering of healthy placental tissue between anastomoses (Solomon technique) is justified. The purpose of this article is to address the potential source of the gap between concept and performance by analyzing the fundamental steps needed to successfully accomplish the surgery and to discuss the resulting competency benchmarks reported with the different surgical techniques.
Reimbursing Wisely? CMS’s Trial of Medicare Part B Drug Payment Reform

The Medicare Part B Drug Payment Model aims to nudge physicians to choose lower-cost alternatives to Part B drugs when reasonable ones exist. But ultimately, controlling Medicare spending will require addressing the underlying problem of sky-high drug prices.
Bifurcation and pull-in voltages of primary resonance of electrostatically actuated SWCNT cantilevers to include van der Waals effect

In this work the voltage response of primary resonance of electrostatically actuated single wall carbon nano tubes (SWCNT) cantilevers over a parallel ground plate is investigated. Three forces act on the SWCNT cantilever, namely electrostatic, van der Waals and damping. While the damping is linear, the electrostatic and van der Waals forces are nonlinear. Moreover, the electrostatic force is also parametric since it is given by AC voltage. Under these forces the dynamics of the SWCNT is nonlinear parametric. The van der Waals force is significant for values less than 50 nm of the gap between the SWCNT and the ground substrate. Reduced order model method (ROM) is used to investigate the system under soft excitation and weak nonlinearities. The voltage-amplitude response and influences of parameters are reported for primary resonance (AC near half natural frequency).
Determination of Reserpine in Commercial Tablets by Liquid Chromatography with Fluorescence Detection

A procedure is presented for the determination of reserpine in commercial tablets by liquid chromatography (LC). The sample is extracted with methanol if only reserpine is present. If the sample contains other ingredients, CHCI3 is used for extraction from aqueous suspension; the CHCI3 is subsequently completely evaporated in the presence of methanol. For LC, a normal phase column, methanol as the eluting solvent, and a fluorometric detector are used. A recovery study indicated that no measurable degradation of reserpine occurs during evaporation of the CHCI3 extract. Several commercial tablets containing reserpine alone or in combination with other ingredients were analyzed by the proposed method, and the results were compared with those obtained by the current official USP methods for reserpine.
Atheism and Morality, Guilt and Shame: Why the Moral Complacency of the New Atheism is a Mistake

When it comes to morality, the New Atheists appear to think that their rejection of religion, except for the removal of fundamentalist distortions, changes nothing. We think that this is because they have not thought things through. Atheism might not be a threat to shame morality, but it is certainly a threat to guilt morality. Given that there are reasons to doubt the viability today of shame morality, we face a far greater problem if atheism triumphs than the New Atheists admit.
Algodones Dunes characterization in support of model parametrization for sensor harmonization(Conference Presentation)

Many inter-consistency efforts force empirical agreement between satellite and airborne sensors viewing a source nearly coincident in time and geometry that ensures consistency between sensors rather than relying on a physical understanding of the source. Several research groups organized a campaign at Algodones Dunes in March 2015 in an effort to measure and characterize parameters that can be used for a source model that will enable this physical understanding. This work will provide an overview of the parameters retrieved from airborne and ground-based measurements made during the campaign. Examples of model-based predictions of at-sensor radiance will be shown for Landsat and MODIS. This approach will provide insight into uncertainties of sensor inter-consistency studies and allow for documented SI-traceability and associate error budget. The Algodones model and subsequent test site models can be used for the assessing inter-calibration accuracies of the upcoming Climate Absolute Reflectance and Refractivity Observatory (CLARREO) Pathfinder mission.
AnRAD: A Neuromorphic Anomaly Detection Framework for Massive Concurrent Data Streams

The evolution of high performance computing technologies has enabled the large-scale implementation of neuromorphic models and pushed the research in computational intelligence into a new era. Among the machine learning applications, unsupervised detection of anomalous streams is especially challenging due to the requirements of detection accuracy and real-time performance. Designing a computing framework that harnesses the growing computing power of the multicore systems while maintaining high sensitivity and specificity to the anomalies is an urgent research topic. In this paper, we propose anomaly recognition and detection (AnRAD), a bioinspired detection framework that performs probabilistic inferences. We analyze the feature dependency and develop a self-structuring method that learns an efficient confabulation network using unlabeled data. This network is capable of fast incremental learning, which continuously refines the knowledge base using streaming data. Compared with several existing anomaly detection approaches, our method provides competitive detection quality. Furthermore, we exploit the massive parallel structure of the AnRAD framework. Our implementations of the detection algorithm on the graphic processing unit and the Xeon Phi coprocessor both obtain substantial speedups over the sequential implementation on general-purpose microprocessor. The framework provides real-time service to concurrent data streams within diversified knowledge contexts, and can be applied to large problems with multiple local patterns. Experimental results demonstrate high computing performance and memory efficiency. For vehicle behavior detection, the framework is able to monitor up to 16000 vehicles (data streams) and their interactions in real time with a single commodity coprocessor, and uses less than 0.2 ms for one testing subject. Finally, the detection network is ported to our spiking neural network simulator to show the potential of adapting to the emerging neuromorphic architectures.
C/D-box snoRNAs form methylating and non-methylating ribonucleoprotein complexes: Old dogs show new tricks

C/D box snoRNAs (SNORDs) are an abundantly expressed class of short, non-coding RNAs that have been long known to perform 2′-O-methylation of rRNAs. However, approximately half of human SNORDs have no predictable rRNA targets, and numerous SNORDs have been associated with diseases that show no defects in rRNAs, among them Prader-Willi syndrome, Duplication 15q syndrome and cancer. This apparent discrepancy has been addressed by recent studies showing that SNORDs can act to regulate pre-mRNA alternative splicing, mRNA abundance, activate enzymes, and be processed into shorter ncRNAs resembling miRNAs and piRNAs. Furthermore, recent biochemical studies have shown that a given SNORD can form both methylating and non-methylating ribonucleoprotein complexes, providing an indication of the likely physical basis for such diverse new functions. Thus, SNORDs are more structurally and functionally diverse than previously thought, and their role in gene expression is under-appreciated. The action of SNORDs in non-methylating complexes can be substituted with oligonucleotides, allowing devising therapies for diseases like Prader-Willi syndrome.
Discount Stores, Discount(ed) Community? Parent and Family Engagement, Community Outreach, and an Urban Turnaround School.

What roles do parent and family engagement and community outreach play in educator efforts to improve low-performing urban schools? To address this question, we considered findings from our 3-year ...
Axillary Lymph Node Inclusions

Lymph node inclusions can occur in axillary lymph nodes, where they can mimic metastatic breast carcinoma. This article provides an overview of epithelial and nonepithelial lymph node inclusions, including mammary-type glandular inclusions, Mullerian-type glandular inclusions, squamous inclusions, mixed glandular-squamous inclusions, and nodal nevi. The discussion emphasizes the histologic and immunophenotypic features and differential diagnoses of each entity.
AHNS Series: Do you know your guidelines? Principles of treatment for locally advanced or unresectable head and neck squamous cell carcinoma

This article is a continuation of the "Do You Know Your Guidelines" series, initiated by the Education committee of the American Head and Neck Society. Treatment guidelines for advanced head and neck squamous cell carcinoma are reviewed here, including the critical roles of radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and the recent application of immunotherapy agents. We will be limiting this discussion to include cancers of the oral cavity, oropharynx, hypopharynx, and larynx. It should be noted that much of the article pertains to human papillomavirus (HPV)-negative oropharyngeal cancer where applicable, as HPV-positive oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma carries a different natural history, different prognosis, and now different staging criteria. Additionally, the article will not include information on nasopharyngeal or sinus cancers, as these latter topics are covered in separate "Do you know your guidelines?" installments and these diagnoses carry somewhat different approaches to diagnosis and management that diverge from the focus of this article.
Designing for Democratization: Introducing Novices to Artificial Intelligence Via Maker Kits.

Existing research highlight the myriad of benefits realized when technology is sufficiently democratized and made accessible to non-technical or novice users. However, democratizing complex technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI) remains hard. In this work, we draw on theoretical underpinnings from the democratization of innovation, in exploring the design of maker kits that help introduce novice users to complex technologies. We report on our work designing TJBot: an open source cardboard robot that can be programmed using pre-built AI services. We highlight principles we adopted in this process (approachable design, simplicity, extensibility and accessibility), insights we learned from showing the kit at workshops (66 participants) and how users interacted with the project on GitHub over a 12-month period (Nov 2016 - Nov 2017). We find that the project succeeds in attracting novice users (40% of users who forked the project are new to GitHub) and a variety of demographics are interested in prototyping use cases such as home automation, task delegation, teaching and learning.
Albert Camus: Death At The Meridian

“The great question as to a poet or novelist is,” Henry James once said, “How does he feel about life ? What, in the last analysis, is his philosophy? When vigorous writers have reached maturity, we are at liberty to gather from their works some expression of a total view of the world they have been so actively observing. This is the most interesting thing their works offer us. Details are interesting in proportion as they contribute to make it clear.”1 In the case of philosophical writers, of poets and novelists whose work is centrally directed toward metaphysical questions, the relevance of James’ remark is intensified in several ways, and also rendered strikingly complex. The philosophical novelist is not only concerned with issues generated out of the essential terms of our existence, he is self-consciously committed to creating a work of art whose very character expresses the urgency of his quest. A philosophical novel, let us say, is about itself; it is a meta-literary performance which reveals the triple bond that compels author, characters, and reader to come to terms with themselves and each other. That bond is an existential commitment to self-justification, to engaging impossible questions and to the despair of an enterprise that is destined to perpetual renewal. Philosophy becomes the conscience of art.
Sensitivity of subjective questionnaires to cognitive loading while driving with navigation aids: a pilot study.

INTRODUCTION: Developers of future forces are implementing automated aiding for driving tasks. In designing such systems, the effect of cognitive task interference on driving performance is important. The crew of such vehicles may have to occasionally perform communication and planning tasks while driving. Subjective questionnaires may aid researchers to parse out the sources of task interference in crew station designs. METHOD: In this preliminary study, sixteen participants drove a vehicle simulator with automated road-turn cues (i.e., visual, audio, combined, or neither) along a course marked on a map display while replying to spoken test questions (i.e., repeating sentences, math and logical puzzles, route planning, or none) and reporting other vehicles in the scenario. Following each trial, a battery of subjective questionnaires was administered to determine the perceived effects of the loading on their cognitive functionality. RESULTS: Considering the performance, the participants drove significantly faster with the road-turn cues than with just the map. They recalled fewer vehicle sightings with the cognitive tests than without them. Questionnaire results showed that their reasoning was more straightforward, the quantity of information for understanding higher, and the trust greater with the combined cues than the map-only. They reported higher perceived workload with the cognitive tests. The capacity for maintaining situational awareness was reduced with the cognitive tests because of the increased division of attention and the increase in the instability, variability, and complexity of the demands. The association and intuitiveness of cognitive processing were lowest and the subjective stress highest for the route planning test. Finally, the confusability in reasoning was greater for the auditory cue with the route planning than the auditory cue without the cognitive tests. CONCLUSION: The subjective questionnaires are sensitive to the effects of the cognitive loading and, therefore, may be useful for guiding the development of automated aid designs. Language: en
Large Deviations: An Introduction

The theory of large deviations characterizes probabilities and moments of certain sequences that are associated with “rare” events. In a typical application, consider the sum of N independent and identically distributed random variables. The deviations from the mean of the sum by a given bound become “rarer” as N becomes larger. Large deviations principles give asymptotically accurate probabilistic descriptions of such rare events as a function of N. Large deviations theory has been applied in diversified areas in probability theory, statistics, operations research, communication networks, information theory, statistical physics, financial mathematics, and queuing systems, among others.
Community-Building Principles: Implications for Professional Development.

This article reviews a Think Tank meeting among child welfare practitioners at the 2003 Building Communities for 21st-Century Child Welfare Symposium. The Child Welfare League of America's focus on community building is recognition of the vital importance of promoting and fostering collaboration with community members to enhance the well-being of children, families, and communities. The Think Tank participants responded to four questions concerning the knowledge, policies, and strategies that are needed for the development of strategies for community building and child welfare. This article highlights several of the findings of the preconference, which addressed the challenges and opportunities inherent in community-building practices and discusses the key principles that emerged from the Think Tank. The article emphasizes implications for professional education and cites selected examples of innovative community-building initiatives with families.
Runtime and Memory Evaluation of Data Race Detection Tools

An analysis tool’s usefulness depends on whether its runtime and memory consumption remain within reasonable bounds for a given program. In this paper we present an evaluation of the memory consumption and runtime of four data race detection tools: Archer, ThreadSanitizer, Helgrind, and Intel Inspector, using DataRaceBench version 1.1.1 using 79 microbenchmarks. Our evaluation consists of four different analyses: (1) runtime and memory consumption of the four data race detection tools using all DataRaceBench microbenchmarks, (2) comparison of the analysis techniques implemented in the evaluated tools, (3) for selected benchmarks an in-depth analysis of runtime behavior with CPU profiler and the identified differences, (4) data analysis to investigate correlations within collected data. We also show the effectiveness of the tools using three quantitative metrics: precision, recall, and accuracy.
Bacterial Infections of the Skin and Skin Structures

Skin and skin structure infections caused by bacteria involve the skin layers and underlying connective tissue. Cellulitis and abscess are two of the most common manifestations of these types of infections. Streptococcus pyogenes (group A streptococcus) is the predominant cause of cellulitis, but Staphylococcus aureus should also be considered. S. aureus remains the most common cause of skin abscesses, and over the past few decades, methicillin-resistant S. aureus has become a leading pathogen. Less commonly, gram-negative bacteria and strict anaerobic bacteria are involved, becoming important pathogens to consider in settings of bite wounds, aquatic injuries and exposures, surgical wounds, and traumatic injuries. Infections caused by Pasteurella multocida are commonly associated with dog and cat bite wound infections, and Eikenella corrodens is a hallmark pathogen involved in human bite wound infections. Vibrio species and Aeromonas species are aquatic pathogens that cause severe necrotizing skin and soft tissue infections in patients with underlying risk factors such as chronic illness and immunodeficiency. Mycobacterium marinum, another aquatic pathogen, typically causes indolent, chronic granulomatous skin infections. Strict anaerobic bacteria and other gram-negative pathogens such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa are important causes of skin and skin structure infections in patients with underlying immunosuppression and comorbid conditions. Recurrent skin and soft tissue infections often prompt further evaluation for underlying immunodeficiency.
Cyberpunk's Other Hackers: The Girls Who Were Plugged In

This article locates an alternate paradigm of hacking in feminist cyberfiction, notably, James Tiptree, Jr.’s proto-cyberpunk novella, “The Girl Who Was Plugged In” (1973). I argue this story critically reorients our understanding of how information technologies and their material artifacts construct and reinforce norms of able-bodiedness and ability. Drawing on archival materials from Bell System, early information theory, and crip theory, my reading reveals that Tiptree’s portrayal of disability is tied to a cybernetic conception of error and noise. These frictions between users and their machine interfaces materialize unexamined performances of critical labor and noncompliance that I link to the emerging field of crip technoscience. Tracking these disruptions in cybernetic feedback across “The Girl Who Was Plugged In” and in historical accounts of the telephone switchboard operator, I show that error and noise underpin an early example of a feminist hacking ethos, and also crip accounts of electronic disembodiment often imputed to information society and cyberpunk fiction.
Affiliation bias in the online market for rental accommodation

We find evidence of taste‐based discrimination against rival affiliations in the online market for rental accommodation. Airbnb hosts in college towns increase their listing prices more than hotels on home football games against rival teams. By setting listing prices too high as a result of their affiliation bias against rival fans, hosts experience a 30% reduction in rental income. The overestimation of demand, the cost (inconvenience) of temporary relocation, and the likelihood of incurring damage cannot explain the inverse relation between listing price increases, and rental incomes that is limited to games against rival teams. Instead, greater financial constraints are associated with smaller listing price increases, and higher rental incomes on rival games, suggesting that taste‐based discrimination is a luxury.
The indirect effect from childhood maltreatment to PTSD symptoms via thought suppression and cognitive reappraisal

Abstract Background Emotion regulation strategies may help explain the risk of experiencing posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms among adults with a history of child maltreatment. However, no study to date has examined the roles of both thought suppression and cognitive reappraisal in the association between childhood maltreatment and PTSD symptoms. Objective The current study sought to understand the associations between childhood maltreatment, thought suppression, cognitive reappraisal, and PTSD symptoms while controlling for negative affect and gender. Participants and setting Data were collected on 660 university students (71 % female) ages 18–25 between 2013 and 2014. Participants completed self-report measures of childhood maltreatment, PTSD symptoms, and emotion regulation strategies. Method A structural equation model was tested to examine the direct and indirect effects from childhood maltreatment to PTSD symptoms via thought suppression and cognitive reappraisal, over and above gender and negative affect. Results Childhood maltreatment was directly associated with PTSD symptoms (β = 0.28, SE = 0.04, p Conclusion The present study sheds light on the effect of childhood maltreatment and two commonly used emotion regulation strategies on PTSD symptoms.
A surrogate measure for patient reported symptom remission in administrative data

In real-world pragmatic administrative databases, patient reported remission is often missing. We evaluate if, in administrative data, five features of antidepressant use patterns can replace patient-reported symptom remission. We re-examined data from Sequence Treatment Alternatives to Relieve Depression (STAR*D) study. Remission was measured using 50% reduction in Hamilton index. Pattern of antidepressant use was examined through five variables: (a) number of prior ineffective antidepressants, (b) duration of taking current antidepressant, (c) receiving therapeutic dose of the medication, and (d) switching to another medication, or (e) augmenting with another antidepressant. The likelihood ratio (LR) associated with each of these predictors was assessed in 90% of data (3329 cases) and evaluated in 10% of data (350 cases) set-aside for evaluation. The accuracy of predictions was calculated using Area under the Receiver Operating Curve (AROC). Patients who took antidepressants for 14 weeks (LR = 2.007) were more likely to have symptom remission. Prior use of 3 antidepressants reduced the odds of remission (LR = 0.771). Patients who received antidepressants below therapeutic dose were 5 times less likely to experience remission (LR = 0.204). Antidepressant that were augment or switched, almost never led to remission (LR = 0.008, LR = 0.002 respectively). Patterns of antidepressant use accurately (AROC = 0.93) predicted symptom remission. Within the first 100 days, antidepressants use patterns could serve as a surrogate measure for patient-reported remission of symptoms.
The Importance of Information Technology and Surveillance to Prevent the Spread of Candida Auris

Background : The importance of Information Technology (IT) and the collaboration with Infection Prevention (IP) is crucial to prevent the spread of emerging infections. Candida auris (C. auris) is a novel multidrug resistant species known to persist on surfaces and can lead to outbreaks at healthcare facilities. Most recently, in June 2020, C. auris outbreaks have occurred throughout skilled nursing facilities in Southern California. As an emerging infection, the novelty of in-house PCR for C. auris was essential to implement IT and IP approaches for early detection. This abstract describes the protocol our facility implemented to address this emerging infection through proactive surveillance and interfacility communication. Methods : Each admission included a C. auris risk assessment. For positive screenings, IT developed a nurse guided protocol to place C. auris surveillance and isolation orders. For patients with a history of C. auris, IP was automatically paged. IP placed the C. auris status in the patient chart triggering an automatic hold. The IT implemented automatic hold stopped the After Visit Summary from being printed until IP was notified, therefore preventing discharge of the patient until the Department of Public Health (DPH) was notified. Upon patient expiration, IP received an automatic page to notify DPH. Results : Since July 2020, 52 patients were tested for C. auris with 11 resulting positive. Due to early identification of high-risk factors for C. auris, the patients were placed in isolation to prevent possible transmission. Screening and isolation prevented hospital acquired C. auris infections at the facility. The forced hold prompted notification to DPH to prevent community transmission. Conclusions : The collaboration amongst IP and IT, with active surveillance ordering and holds on the chart, prevented an outbreak at this facility. The implications of this is a multi-level notification system to monitor C. auris within the healthcare facility to prevent unknown transmission and potential outbreaks.
Avanços científicos em psiquiatria

Recent scienti fi c advances in psychiatry have generated bett er outcomes in public health parameters. Translati onal approaches from bench to bedside have improved our knowledge of biomarkers and facilitated the identi fi cati on of new, improved therapies for mental disorders. Several techniques, including genomics and all the new ‘-omic’ generati on of study parameters have helped us understand the neurobiological bases of mental disorders. The inclusion of dimensional and biological variables to standard diagnosis with the advent of the 5th editi on of the Diagnosti c and Stati sti cal Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) and the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) may help provide customized treatments, associated with bett er course and prognosis.
Automatic Quasi-Clique Merger Algorithm - a Hierarchical Clustering Based on Subgraph-Density.

Abstract The Automatic Quasi-clique Merger algorithm is a new algorithm adapted from early work published under the name QCM “introduced by Ou and Zhang (JIMO 2007)”. The AQCM algorithm performs hierarchical clustering in any data set for which there is an associated similarity measure quantifying the similarity of any data i and data j. Importantly, the method exhibits two valuable performance properties: (1) the ability to automatically return either a larger or smaller number of clusters depending on the inherent properties of the data rather than on a parameter. (2) the ability to return a very large number of relatively small clusters automatically when such clusters are reasonably well defined in a data set. In this work we present the general idea of a quasi-clique agglomerative approach, provide the full details of the mathematical steps of the AQCM algorithm, and explain some of the motivation behind the new methodology. The main achievement of the new methodology is that the agglomerative process now unfolds adaptively according to the inherent structure unique to a given data set, and this happens without the time-costly parameter adjustment that drove the previous QCM algorithm. For this reason we call the new algorithm automatic. We provide a demonstration of the algorithm’s performance at the task of community detection in a social media network of 22,900 nodes.
The 2000 American Presidential Election

Abstract The 2000 Presidential election was one of the longest, most expensive and closest in American history. It was the Presidential election that exposed the flaws (or genius) of the electoral college system, demonstrated the imperfections of media dependency on exit polls and quick election calling, and showed how a third party candidate with just two percent of the popular vote could make the difference in the crucial state of Florida. Democrats lost states they should have won; Republicans lost every big city and most of their suburbs; and the Florida election came down to a five-to-four muddled decision by the Supreme Court. Americans collectively learned a great civics lesson: that even in a bitter, controversial contest, our candidates accept defeat graciously; the simple act of voting is not so simple; and that for all its shortcomings, the electoral college did work.
Point Defects and Diffusion Mechanisms in Crystalline Semiconductors

Although point defects are involved in the diffusion processes applied in the fabrication of semiconductor devices, the knowledge on the nature of these point defects as well as on the detailed atomistic diffusion mechanisms is rather limited for most semiconductors. After describing basic concepts of point defects and diffusion mechanisms this article mainly deals with silicon, because considerable progress has been made in understanding point defects and diffusion mechanisms in this material. Experimental results on oxidation-influenced diffusion and the diffusion of gold in silicon are described, which have led to the conclusion that both self-interstitials and vacancies contribute to self-diffusion and most impurity diffusion processes in silicon. As an example of diffusion in III–V compounds the diffusion of Zn in GaAs is discussed in terms of gallium interstitials.
The (D)evolution of the Prostitute in Russian Beauty

The article explores the post-modernist representation of the prostitute to look at the ways in which the familiar tropes associated with the character are challenged and retooled. The article offers an in-depth critique of Victor Erofeev's novel Russian Beauty. Erofeev is one of the most vocal advocates for innovations in Russia's literary style. Through a close examination of his text, the article concludes that despite the challenges to the standard language and tropes associated with the prostitute character, she ultimately retains her potent symbolic power, used in “new” literature in much the same was she was used in “old.”
The inference of causality between smoking and low birth weight : Good science or good politics?

Abstract In excess of one billion dollars in damages has been claimed by litigants against the tobacco industry alleging that smoking by pregnant women causes low birth weight. The issue of smoking by pregnant women as a causal agent in clinically significant low weight births is examined with a sample of over 3,000,000 live births. In contrast to claims asserted by various litigants and an array of experts, smoking is found to have a complex, disordinal relationship to birth outcomes. The issue of inferring causality from purely correlational and related epidemiological data is confronted and cautions for the neuro-psychological expert noted.
A comparison of pitch extraction methodologies for dolphin vocalization

When collecting and analyzing marine mammal vocalizations one of the most important goals is to automatically extract the pitch/fundamental frequency of the collected calls. In dolphins we can assume that there are two main pitched sounds: whistles, which can be described as tonal AM-FM signals, and bursts, which can be described as highly harmonic signals. There are three main difficulties with pitch extraction on dolphin vocalizations that arise from the nature of the data. First, most underwater recordings are restricted to a low signal-to-noise ratio due to reflections, hardware noise and other interferences. This constitutes a big challenge for most existing pitch trackers. Second, one has to take into account the significant differences in the frequency range of bottlenose dolphin vocalizations compared to humans. Finally, dolphin whistles and bursts generally are emitted in two distinct frequency ranges, which result in different modes in the analysis data. In this work we compare our novel pitch extraction approach with two widely popular algorithms. Our approach uses hierarchy-based hidden Markov models (HMM) with cepstral coefficients as features. We quantitatively compare the performance of our algorithm with Yin, which is based on a modified autocorrelation method and get_f0, a popular off-the-shelf pitch tracker that utilizes linear predictive coefficients (LPC) and dynamic programming. Our approach outperforms the comparative methods by at least a factor of 10%.
Principles of Gas–Solid Flows: Basic Heat and Mass Transfer

Introduction Gas–solid flows involving heat and mass transfer are common in many engineering operations including petroleum refining, nuclear reactor cooling, solid fuel combustion, rocket nozzle jetting, drying, and bulk material handling and transport. In the chemical process industries, reactors for polymerization and hydrogenation commonly require cooling or heating to maintain desired reaction temperatures. In nuclear reactor cooling or solar energy transportation, graphite suspension flows are used in the heat exchanger. Graphite suspension coolants can have high heat transfer coefficients in addition to other noted properties such as high thermal capacity, good temperature stability, and low pressurization characteristics [Boothroyd, 1971]. Combustion of pulverized coal, gas adsorption on a catalyst, and synthesis of chemicals are among many examples of mass transfer in gas–solid flows. There are three basic modes of heat transfer, namely, thermal diffusion (heat conduction), convection, and radiation. All three modes may occur simultaneously, or one of them may dominate under certain conditions. The first two modes are analogous to their counterparts in momentum transfer in a fluid. Thermal radiation, a form of energy transfer through electromagnetic waves, is governed by rather different laws and can occur even through a perfect vacuum. It is also noted that an analogy can exist between mass transfer and heat transfer (excluding radiation) because of the similarity of their governing equations. This chapter describes the fundamental principles of heat and mass transfer in gas–solid flows. For most gas–solid flow situations, the temperature inside the solid particle can be approximated to be uniform.
n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Reduce Neonatal Hypoxic/Ischemic Brain Injury by Promoting Phosphatidylserine Formation and Akt Signaling

Background and Purpose—Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) attenuate neonatal hypoxic/ischemic (H/I) brain damage, but the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. This study tested the hypothesis that n-3 PUFAs enhance Akt-dependent prosurvival signaling by promoting the biosynthesis of phosphatidylserine in neuronal cell membranes. Methods—Dietary n-3 PUFA supplementation was initiated on the second day of pregnancy in dams. H/I was induced in 7-day-old rat pups by ipsilateral common carotid artery occlusion followed by hypoxia (8% oxygen for 2.5 hours). Neurological outcomes, brain tissue loss, cell death, and the activation of signaling events were assessed after H/I. The effects of n-3 PUFAs (docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid) on oxygen-glucose deprivation–induced cell death and the underlying mechanism of protection were also examined in primary cortical neuron cultures. Results—n-3 PUFAs reduced brain tissue loss at 7 days after H/I and improved neurological outcomes...
Corrigendum: The Price Effects of a Large Merger of Manufacturers: A Case Study of Maytag Whirlpool

In equations (1), (2), and (3) of our paper, we state that we simultaneously control for time effects, age effects, and product fixed effects. Because there is an exact linear relationship between age, time, and time at birth (a time-invariant product characteristic that will be absorbed by the product fixed effects), it is not possible to separately identify time effects, age effects, and product fixed effects (see Deaton 1997 for a discussion). As a result, the age-coefficients we plotted in Figures 1 and 2 can only be identified by an arbitrary normalization.