cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Characteristics and Outcomes of Cocaine-Related Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhages

To date there is only one single-center study that has exclusively reported characteristics, location, and outcomes of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhages (ICH) among cocaine users. We aimed to describe the radiological location and characteristics along with clinical outcomes of spontaneous ICH in a similar population. We conducted a retrospective chart review of consecutive patients admitted to a tertiary care hospital, with a spontaneous ICH, who had a urine drug screen performed within 48 hours of admission. Exposure to cocaine was defined by a positive urine drug screen within 48 hours of hospital admission. Demographics, radiographic features of ICH, and short-term clinical outcomes of patients with a positive urine drug screen were analyzed and compared with the cocaine negative group. Among the 102 patients analyzed, 20 (19.6%) had documented exposure to cocaine. There was a predominance of males in both groups with significantly more Blacks in the cocaine positive group (). A statistically significant number of patients with cocaine use had ICH in a subcortical location () when compared to cocaine negative patients. There was no difference in GCS, ICH volume, intraventricular extension, ICU days, hospital days, hospital cost, mortality, and ICH score. ICH in cocaine use is more frequently seen in the subcortical location.
VALIDATION OF STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS MODELS AT LOS ALAMOS NATIONAL LABORATORY

This publication proposes a discussion of the general problem of validating numerical models for nonlinear, transient dynamics. The predictive quality of a numerical model is generally assessed by comparing the computed response to test data. If the correlation is not satisfactory, an inverse problem must be formulated and solved to identify the sources of discrepancy between test and analysis data. Some of the most recent work summarized in this publication has focused on developing test-analysis correlation and inverse problem solving capabilities for nonlinear vibrations. Among the difficulties encountered, we c ite the necessity to satisfy continuity of the response when several finite element optimizations are successively carried out and the need to propagate variability throughout the optimization of the model’s parameters. After a brief discussion of the formulation of inverse problems for nonlinear dynamics, the general principles which, we believe, should guide future developments of inverse problem solving are discussed. In particular, it is proposed to replace the resolution of an inverse problem with multiple forward, stochastic problems. The issue of defining an adequate metrics for test-analysis correlation is also addressed. Our approach is illustrated using data from a nonlinear vibration testbed and an impact experiment both conducted at Los Alamos National Laboratory in support of the advanced strategic computing initiative and our code validation and verification program.
The NH3 Hyperfine Intensity Anomaly in High-Mass Star-Forming Regions

Anomalous ammonia (NH3) spectra, exhibiting asymmetric hyperfine satellite intensity profiles in the () = (1, 1) inversion transition, have been observed in star-forming regions for over 35 years. We present a systematic study of this “hyperfine intensity anomaly” (HIA) toward a sample of 334 high-mass star forming regions: 310 high-mass (≳100 ) clumps and 24 infrared dark clouds. The HIA is ubiquitous in high-mass star forming regions. Although LTE excitation predicts that the intensity ratios of the outer satellites and inner satellites are exactly unity, for this sample the ensemble average ratios are 0.812 ± 0.004 and 1.125 ± 0.005, respectively. We have quantified the HIA and find no significant relationships between the HIA and temperature, line width, optical depth, and the stage of stellar evolution. The fact that HIAs are common in high-mass star-forming regions suggests that the conditions that lead to HIAs are ubiquitous in these regions. A possible link between HIAs and the predictions of the competitive accretion model of high-mass star formation is suggested; however, the expected trends of HIA strength with clump evolutionary stage, rotational temperature, and line width for evolving cores in competitive accretion models are not found. Thus, the exact gas structures that produce HIAs remain unknown. Turbulent gas structures are a possible explanation, but the details need to be explored.
The Trade-Balance Creed: Debunking the Belief that Imports and Trade Deficits Are a "Drag on Growth"

A nearly universal consensus prevails that the goal of U.S. trade policy should be to promote exports over imports, and that rising imports and trade deficits are bad for economic growth and employment.The consensus creed is based on a misunderstanding of how U.S. gross domestic product is calculated. Imports are not a "subtraction" from GDP. They are merely removed from the final calculation of GDP because they are not a part of domestic production.Contrary to the prevailing view, imports are not a "leakage" of demand abroad. In the annual U.S. balance of payments, all transactions balance. The net outflow of dollars to purchase imports over exports are offset each year by a net inflow of foreign capital to purchase U.S. assets. This capital surplus stimulates the U.S. economy while boosting our productive capacity. An examination of the past 30 years of U.S. economic performance offers no evidence that a rising level of imports or growing trade deficits have negatively affected the U.S. economy. In fact, since 1980, the U.S. economy has grown more than three times faster during periods when the trade deficit was expanding as a share of GDP compared to periods when it was contracting. Stock market appreciation, manufacturing output, and job growth were all significantly more robust during periods of expanding imports and trade deficits.The goal of U.S. trade policy should not be to promote exports at the expense of imports, but to maximize the freedom of Americans to trade goods, services, and assets in the global marketplace.
'Reverse gear' cellular movement mediated by chemokines.

We sought to model the mechanism by which leucocytes may be actively repulsed by a beta-chemokine signal. This model is used to interpret an apparent paradox in chemokine biology, whereby high levels of a T-cell chemoattractant, stromal cell derived factor-1 (SDF-1), are present in bone marrow and thymic tissues despite a paucity of mature T lymphocytes in these areas. We postulate the differential involvement in cell migration of the two binding sites on SDF-1 for its sole receptor, CXCR4, depending on whether high or low concentrations of SDF-1 are encountered by the cell. Site choice would be mediated by divergent affinities of the two binding interactions. We also propose differential signalling following SDF-1/CXCR4 interactions on the plasma membrane versus ligand/receptor complexes in endocytic vesicles. Preliminary data showing divergent susceptibility to kinase inhibitors depending on whether a cell is attracted to or repulsed by SDF-1, are consistent with this model. In terms of physical movement toward or away from a chemokine gradient, we compare the cycling of surface receptors during migration to the caterpillar drive of a tractor, which can change direction simply by altering the direction of rotation of its threads. Finally, the potential clinical implications of concentration-dependent, chemokine-based cell attraction and repulsion are discussed.
A Case Report of Gonoarthritis Associated with HTLV-I

A 78-year-old man complaining of the left knee pain was admitted to our hospital in January 1989. The patient experienced knee pain, swelling and local heat. Physical examination revealed tenderness, swelling local heat, bollotment, and varus deformity in the knee joint. Radiographs demonstrated joint narrowing, spurring formation, and sclerotic changes of subchondral bone in the knee joint. Antibody to human T cell leukemia virus, measured by indirect immunofluorescence, was positive in the serum (1: 4096), in the synovial fluid (1: 2048), and in the spinal fluid (1: 32). The atypical lymphocytes compatible with ATL-like cell were observed in synovial fluid. The surgical treatment was managed with synovectomy and unicompartmental prosthetic total knee replacement. The synovial proliferation was observed. The histology of synovium by hematoxyrin and eosin staining demonstrated villous proliferation, no lining cells, and no lymphoid cell infiltration.
STRUCTURAL, ELECTRONIC, AND MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF SURFACES, INTERFACES, AND SUPERLATTICES.

Advances in all-electron local density functional theory approaches to complex materials structure and properties made possible by the implementation of new computational/theoretical algorithms on supercomputers are exemplified in our full potential linearized augmented plane wave (FLAPW) method. In this total energy self-consistent approach, high numerical stability and precision (to 10 in the total energy) have been demonstrated in a study of the relaxation and reconstruction of transition metal surfaces. Here we demonstrate the predictive power of this method for describing the structural, magnetic and electronic properties of several systems (surfaces, overlayers, sandwiches, and superlattices).
TH-EF-207A-02: Imaging Pancreatic Î2-Cell Function with 51/52Mn-PET

Purpose: To image β-cells noninvasively using radio-manganese PET and to develop efficient small cyclotron production of 51Mn (t1/2=46m, β+=97%) and 52Mn (t1/2=5.6d, β+=29%). Methods: 51Mn and 52Mn were produced by 16 MeV proton irradiation (GE PETtrace) of electrodeposited 54Fe on silver and Cr metal pressed into a silver disc, respectively. 51Mn was radiochemically isolated from target material by anion exchange chromatography and 52Mn was isolated by ethanolic anion exchange trap-and-release. A final injectable product of 51Mn2+ or 52Mn2+ was obtained in 0.01M pH 6.0 NaOAc. To assess pancreatic uptake, fasted ICR mice were administered and intravenous bolus or infusion of 52Mn2+. Additionally, to demonstrate the correlation between β-cell function and 52Mn2+ pancreatic uptake, prior to tracer administration groups of ICR mice were administered glibenclamide (5mg/kg) and diazoxide (20 mg/kg) as an insulin release stimulator and blocker, respectively. To validate PET ROI quantification, ex vivo biodistribtution studies were conducted on each subject after the final imaging time-point. Results: Dynamic PET data using a left atrium ROI revealed that 52Mn2+ cleared from the blood with a 10 second half-life. Significant uptake was seen in the pancreas (approximately 20% ID/g, SUVmean= 5.5), liver, kidneys, intestine, heart, and thyroid. Pancreatic uptake was found to be highly sensitive to volatile anesthesia administration (p=0.0002), insulin release stimulation by glibenclamide (p=0.017), and by insulin release inhibition by diazoxide (p=0.046). Excellent agreement was found between in vivo PET ROI quantification and ex vivo biodistribution measurements. Conclusion: This work demonstrates the feasibility of using radiomanganese-PET for measuring functional β-cell mass in vivo. The decay characteristics and dosimetric properties of 51Mn are well suited for clinical PET, which will allow for rapid translation and application.
Visual Behavior Differences in Drivers Across the Lifespan: A Digital Billboard Simulator Study.

Driver distraction is implicated in a significant portion of motor vehicle collisions; evidence has suggested that billboards can contribute to such distraction, but many knowledge gaps remain. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of various types of billboards (static, 250-foot digital transition, 500-foot digital transition, and a control [no billboard] condition) and age group (teen, middle, and older) on visual behavior through the use of a driving simulator. To address gaps in the existing literature, the effects of age group and billboard type on the following visual attention variables were considered: percent of time participants looked at billboards, average glance length, number of glances, and glance pattern activity. Significant main effects of age group were found, suggesting that teen drivers exhibited significantly different visual behavior as compared to drivers in the other age groups. An Age Group × Billboard Type interaction for one outcome provided some evidence that percent of time spent looking at billboards significantly increased as billboard transition time increased for drivers, except for older adults, who spent more time looking at static billboards. This study helps lay the groundwork for future studies that may consider how young drivers’ differential scanning patterns impact driving safety.
Regional Challenges for Resources and Religion

Punctuated by burning Korans, tortured prisoners and drones, the War in Afghanistan, retaliation for the horrible events of September 11, 2001, began in October of 2001 and continued for over a decade of bloody conflict with unintended consequences for the world, for Asia and for China. The dawn of the twenty-first century, with its wars and religious revivalism, came as a sharp contrast to the seemingly more positive era of the relative peace and prosperity of the final decade of the twentieth century. Clearly, the horrible events of September 11, 2001 and the thousands of horrific deaths that were watched live on television were not on the same scale as the two cataclysmic World Wars that revolutionized the world system in their wake. However, it did bring religious revivalism to the forefront, both as an ingredient in nationalism as well as an element in some global violence, and the War in Afghanistan to China’s border. The question is: Did September 11, 2001 and the dawn of the twenty-first century change the way the Chinese perceive the international system and its neighborhood, especially in terms of ethnic minorities, religion and resources?1
Arg333 and Arg334 in the C-Terminus of the Human Platelet P2Y1 Receptor Are Crucial for Gq Coupling.

ADP-induced platelet aggregation plays an important role in hemostasis and thrombosis. Human platelets express two ADP receptors: the P2Y 1 and P2Y 12 receptors. The Gq-activating P2Y 1 receptor plays an important role in ADP-induced platelet shape change, aggregation, and thromboxane A2 generation. In this study, we investigated the role of the carboxyl terminus of the human P2Y 1 receptor in Gq activation. Human P2Y 1 receptors, either wild type (P2Y 1 -WT) or a mutant in which the C-terminus was truncated (P2Y 1 -ΔT330-L373), were stably expressed with an HA-tag at the N-terminus in CHO-K1 cells. Stimulation of P2Y 1 -WT cells with 2-MeSADP caused inositol phosphate production and mobilization of calcium from intracellular stores. In contrast, P2Y 1 -ΔT330-L373 completely lost its response to 2-MeSADP, indicating that the C-terminus of the human P2Y 1 receptor is essential for the activation of Gq. CHO-K1 cells expressing a chimeric P2Y 12 receptor with the P2Y 1 carboxyl terminus failed to elicit Gq functional responses, indicating that the P2Y 1 carboxyl terminus is essential but not sufficient for Gq activation. Radioligand binding demonstrated that both the P2Y 1 -WT- and P2Y 1 -ΔT330-L373- expressing cells have almost equal binding of [3H]MRS2279, a P2Y 1 receptor antagonist, indicating that C-terminus truncation did not drastically affect the conformation of the receptor. Two additional truncation mutants in the C-terminus, P2Y 1 -ΔR340-L373 and P2Y 1 -ΔD356-L373, were expressed in CHO-K1 cells, and responded to 2-MeSADP with functional responses. These results indicate that the 10 amino acids (330TFRRRLSRAT339) in the C-terminus of the human P2Y 1 receptor are essential for Gq coupling. Finally, the cells expressing a double mutant P2Y 1 receptor (R333A and R334A), in the conserved BBXXB region in the C-terminus of the Gq-activating P2Y receptors, completely lost its functional ability to activate Gq. We conclude that the two Arg residues (R333R334) in the C-terminus of the human platelet P2Y 1 receptor are essential for Gq coupling and subsequent platelet activation.
Model-based component framework for developing domain applications

Model-Driven Engineering and Component-Based Software Engineering are two major software engineering technologies used to develop complex software applications and systems. They raise the level of design abstraction, enable the construction of software systems from large software building blocks, and hold considerable promise of large-scale reuse. This paper describes a design framework that aims to further improve software design automation and validation by seamlessly integrating domain-specific modeling and software components. Pilots of this framework with service providers in the domain of mobile services showed substantial improvement in software development productivity.
Reversal of Fortune

The proper targeting and fusion of transport vesicles with the correct membrane is a critical event in the determination of the identity of different compartments within the cell. Work over the last decade has made tremendous progress toward determining a general mechanism by which this occurs. The
What Counts as Trafficking for Sexual Exploitation? How Legal Methods Can Improve Empirical Research

ABSTRACTThis article, a contribution to a special issue of the Journal of Human Trafficking examining “data wars” amongst empirical researchers who purport to study the prevalence of human trafficking, explores how closer attention to legal methods may improve the validity and reliability of research regarding the prevalence of trafficking for the purpose of sexual exploitation. The author hopes to illuminate and motivate two conclusions. First, some researchers have failed to accurately analyze the legal definitions of trafficking for the purpose of sexual exploitation and instead have used inaccurately narrow definitions in their research. By so doing, they have undercounted the prevalence of trafficking and have produced scholarship that is of limited relevance to legal and policy debates regarding the regulation of prostitution. Second, some researchers have provided inadequate application of the facts in particular cases to the legal definitions of trafficking for sexual exploitation. As a result, th...
Who Defects? Unpacking a Defection Cascade from Russia's Dominant Party 2008–12

Under what conditions do individuals withdraw support from dominant parties in nondemocratic regimes? Employing an original panel survey, we measure the same individuals’ support for Russia's dominant party first at the peak of its dominance in 2008 and again shortly after it suffered a cascading defection of regime supporters in 2011–12. This allows us uniquely to explore the microfoundations of theories of regime defection cascades, generally supporting the argument that they involve complex “informational” as well as “reputational” processes. Accordingly, we find that early and eager movers in such a cascade tend to come from less socially vulnerable segments of the population, to have greater need to rely on other people for interpreting events, to believe the regime has lower levels of popular support, and to come from more heterogeneous communities. We find little role for mass media (including social media) or democratizing zeal in driving Russia's regime defection cascade.
Abstract IA07: Addiction of prostate cancer to androgen receptor

Recurrence with lethal castration-resistant prostate cancer after endocrine therapy remains the major challenge in treatment of advanced prostate cancer. Significant advances in our understanding of continued androgen receptor signaling in castration-resistant prostate cancer have led to the development and FDA approval of two next-generation endocrine therapy drugs, the androgen biosynthesis inhibitor abiraterone and the potent androgen receptor antagonist enzalutamide. These drugs heralded a new era of prostate cancer therapy. However, some patients present with therapy-resistant disease, and most initial responders develop acquired resistance within months of therapy initiation. Recent studies indicate that these resistant tumors commonly remain androgen receptor driven. This presentation will describe how the androgen receptor signal pathway evades endocrine therapies and how our understanding of endocrine treatment resistance is providing insights into novel therapeutic strategies for improving outcome from this disease. Citation Format: Yan Dong. Addiction of prostate cancer to androgen receptor. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Precision Medicine Series: Targeting the Vulnerabilities of Cancer; May 16-19, 2016; Miami, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Clin Cancer Res 2017;23(1_Suppl):Abstract nr IA07.
Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus: General Features

Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV), of the family Arenaviridae, is an etiological agent for human acute aseptic meningitis and grippe-like infections and is maintained in nature by lifelong persistent infections of mice (Mus musculus). It is an enveloped virus containing two ambisense genomic RNAs (L and S) and host ribosomes that give the virus its characteristic ‘arena’ morphology. LCMV is a relatively noncytopathic virus that uses the alpha-dystroglycan receptor to infect a wide variety of cell types. It is an Old World arenavirus related to Lassa fever virus, but is seldom fatal in humans, except to fetuses and the immune suppressed. Mice infected congenitally develop a persistent infection and an antibody-mediated immune complex disease, whereas mice infected as adults mount a strong T-cell response that can either clear the virus or cause pronounced immunopathology, depending on the inoculation route. The lethal immunopathology often presents as a lymphocytic choriomeningitis – hence the name. Very high doses of virus can overwhelm the immune system, causing T-cell clonal exhaustion and viral persistence. This LCMV infection of the mouse has been an important model for establishing seminal concepts of viral immunology and viral immunopathology, including theories on immunological tolerance, T-cell recognition, NK cell activation, viral persistence, immune complex disease, and development and maintenance of immunological memory.
Extension of the Hugoniot and analytical release model of α-quartz to 0.2–3 TPa

In recent years, α-quartz has been used prolifically as an impedance matching standard in shock wave experiments in the multi-Mbar regime (1 Mbar = 100 GPa = 0.1 TPa). This is due to the fact that above ∼90–100 GPa along the principal Hugoniot α-quartz becomes reflective, and thus, shock velocities can be measured to high precision using velocity interferometry. The Hugoniot and release of α-quartz have been studied extensively, enabling the development of an analytical release model for use in impedance matching. However, this analytical release model has only been validated over a range of 300–1200 GPa (0.3–1.2 TPa). Here, we extend this analytical model to 200–3000 GPa (0.2–3 TPa) through additional α-quartz Hugoniot and release measurements, as well as first-principles molecular dynamics calculations.
Human Satellite Cell Isolation and Xenotransplantation

Satellite cells are mononucleated cells of the skeletal muscle lineage that exist beneath the basal lamina juxtaposed to the sarcolemma of skeletal muscle fibers. It is widely accepted that satellite cells mediate skeletal muscle regeneration. Within the satellite cell pool of adult muscle are skeletal muscle stem cells (MuSCs), also called satellite stem cells, which fulfill criteria of tissue stem cells: They proliferate and their progeny either occupies the adult MuSC niche during self-renewal or differentiates to regenerate mature muscle fibers. Here, we describe robust methods for the isolation of enriched populations of human satellite cells containing MuSCs from fresh human muscle, utilizing mechanical and enzymatic dissociation and purification by fluorescence-activated cell sorting. We also describe a process for xenotransplantation of human satellite cells into mouse muscle by injection into irradiated, immunodeficient, mouse leg muscle with concurrent notexin or bupivacaine muscle injury to increase engraftment efficiency. The engraftment of human MuSCs and the formation of human muscle can then be analyzed by histological and immunofluorescence staining, or subjected to in vivo experimentation.
Analysis and construction of a bipedal walking robot

The objective of this project was to geometrically model and create a miniature robot that can walk on two feet and to test the feasibility of using the 11 Holy Numbers in future bipedal robots. The purpose was to imitate human motion and to take advantage of the benefits of bipedalism, such as flexibility in terms of accessible terrain, the ability to add on arm-like limbs and prosthetics to neuromuscularly tmpaired humans. The structure of the small-scale bipedal robot was based off Theo Jansen's "11 Holy Numbers", a set of ratios between the lengths of parts and connectors used in creating an artificial leg that could replicate the movement of a human teg [1]. Though they are named the “11 Holy Numbers,” there are actually 13 relevant numbers. The two "extra" numbers deal with the central axis and offset axis that make up the crankshaft, not the actual teg. The 11 Holy Numbers were modified to fit the design of a teg found in a bipedal toy created by Gakken Otonano Kagaku Mook [2]. Since bipedal robots cannot rely on the multi-legged nature of the Strandbeests to ensure balance, the 11 Holy Numbers ratio must be modified to produce the optimal footpath for a bipedal robot. The 11 Holy Numbers have never been applied to bipedal robots, and by doing this, construction of bipedal robots can be made cheaper and more efficient while still being able to harness the existing benefits of bipedalism as stated above. Ultimately, the mechanics of Jansen's Strandbeest can be adapted to utilize the benefits of bipedalism to be applied to foture bipedal robots.
Five Popular Study Strategies: Their Pitfalls and Optimal Implementations:

Researchers’ and educators’ enthusiasm in applying cognitive principles to enhance educational practices has become more evident. Several published reviews have suggested that some potent strategie...
Trade Dependence and Fertility in Hispanic America, 1950–1990

This paper explores Hout's (1980) conceptual model of the development–fertility relationship under trade dependency of Hispanic America, 1950–1990. The results of this study are that the effects of development and dependency on fertility are consistent with Hout's (1980) theory and his findings and that his positive development × dependency interaction term is not replicated. Thus, the well-known long-term negative effect of development might have been misspecified in Hout's model. In contrast to Hout's findings, our results based on all models support that as dependency increased, the long-term negative effect of development on fertility increased in magnitude for Hispanic America. Hence, the findings of this study suggest that the fertility transition for Hispanic America can occur based on an explanation that is alternative to what world system theorists' have so far offered.
Analysis of Transfer Lines

Transfer lines are common in industries such as food, automotive, electronics, and pharmaceutical, among many others. A transfer line is a synchronous production line consisting of several work stations in series integrated into one system by a common transfer mechanism and a control system. Each station is a stopping point at which operations (machining, inspection, etc.) are performed on the work pieces. The main feature of transfer lines is that the machines are connected through conveyors and the units on the entire conveyor system move one slot at a time synchronously. The transfer points in time are determined by the maximum of the unit processing times at all the stations, which is referred to as the cycle time. Typical examples of these systems are filling and packaging lines in the pharmaceutical and food industries, and the assembly lines in various other industries. Transfer lines operate like a single machine when all the machines are up and producing one unit per cycle. However, they experience failures like any other production line. Different manufacturing practices may necessitate different line designs. Also, the procedures as to what to do when a failure occurs may vary from one manufacturing environment to another. For instance, the entire system may stop, or parts of the system may remain unaffected by a failure and may continue to operate utilizing the conveyor segments and the buffer storages. The units on failed machines may be discarded, reworked, or processed further for the remaining unfinished work after the repair is completed. In food and pharmaceutical manufacturing facilities, depending on the cost and the perishability concerns, the unit on a failed machine may be removed and discarded.
Immune Correlates of Herpes Zoster in People Living with HIV on Effective Antiretroviral Therapy.

Abstract Herpes zoster (HZ) has high morbidity in people living with HIV (PLHIV). We investigated immunological factors that correlated with the development of HZ in PLHIV with controlled HIV repli...
Semi-Supervised EEG Signals Classification System for Epileptic Seizure Detection

In the past few decades, measuring and recording the brain electrical activities using Electroencephalogram (EEG) has become a standout amongst the tools utilized for neurological disorders’ diagnosis, especially seizure detection. In this letter, a novel epileptic seizure detection system based on classifying raw EEG signals’ recordings, eliminating the overhead of engineered feature extraction, is proposed. The system employs a mixing of unsupervised and supervised deep learning utilizing a one-dimensional convolutional variational autoencoder. To ascertain the robustness of the system against classifying unseen data, the evaluation of the proposed system is done using k-fold cross-validation. The classification results between normal and ictal cases have achieved a 100% accuracy while the classification results between the normal, inter-ictal and ictal cases accomplished a 99% overall accuracy which makes our system one of the most efficient among other state-of-the-art systems.
Memristive Behavior Enabled by Amorphous–Crystalline 2D Oxide Heterostructure

The emergence of memristive behavior in amorphous-crystalline 2D oxide heterostructures, which are synthesized by atomic layer deposition (ALD) of a few-nanometer amorphous Al2 O3 layers onto atomically thin single-crystalline ZnO nanosheets, is demonstrated. The conduction mechanism is identified based on classic oxygen vacancy conductive channels. ZnO nanosheets provide a 2D host for oxygen vacancies, while the amorphous Al2 O3 facilitates the generation and stabilization of the oxygen vacancies. The conduction mechanism in the high-resistance state follows Poole-Frenkel emission, and in the the low-resistance state is fitted by the Mott-Gurney law. From the slope of the fitting curve, the mobility in the low-resistance state is estimated to be ≈2400 cm2 V-1 s-1 , which is the highest value reported in semiconductor oxides. When annealed at high temperature to eliminate oxygen vacancies, Al is doped into the ZnO nanosheet, and the memristive behavior disappears, further confirming the oxygen vacancies as being responsible for the memristive behavior. The 2D heterointerface offers opportunities for new design of high-performance memristor devices.
Incremental validity of placekeeping as a predictor of multitasking

Multitasking is ubiquitous in everyday life, which means there is value in developing measures that predict successful multitasking performance. In a large sample (N = 404 contributing data), we examined the predictive and incremental validity of placekeeping, which is the ability to perform a sequence of operations in a certain order without omissions or repetitions. In the context of multitasking, placekeeping should play a role in the performance of procedural subtasks and the interleaving of subtasks that interrupt each other. Regression analyses revealed that placekeeping ability accounted for 11% of the variance in multitasking performance, and had incremental validity relative to each of a diverse set of cognitive abilities (working memory capacity, fluid intelligence, perceptual speed, and crystallized intelligence). The predictive validity of placekeeping for multitasking was stable across samples of performance and robust to placekeeping practice. Broader measures of performance on our placekeeping task accounted for 21% of the variance in multitasking performance and had incremental validity relative to an estimate of psychometric g. The results provide evidence that placekeeping is a distinct cognitive ability with its own specific role to play in multitasking, and raise the possibility that measures of placekeeping ability could have utility in selecting personnel for occupations that require certain kinds of multitasking, such as interleaving of procedures.
Global Amphibian Declines, Disease, and the Ongoing Battle between Batrachochytrium Fungi and the Immune System

In the approximately 30 years since the recognition of the crisis of global amphibian declines, much has been learned about the likely causes. Among the leading causes are several amphibian diseases including the disease termed chytridiomycosis caused by the chytrid fungi Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) and Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans (Bsal). Here, I briefly review the fundamentals of amphibian immunity, amphibian immune defenses against the chytrid fungi, and the host–pathogen interactions that often favor the pathogen to the detriment of the host. Because amphibians are ectotherms, climate and temperature have a major impact on the amphibian immunity. Thus, I discuss current information about the role that temperature and unpredictable weather events may play in disease and immune responses to the chytrids. Because much research on amphibian declines is directed toward finding management solutions to protect threatened amphibians, I conclude by drawing attention to some of the most promising and novel mitigation strategies that are being proposed.
Interaction of high-intensity focused ultrasound with polymers at the atomistic scale.

Experiments show that high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) is a promising stimulus with multiple superior and unique capabilities to induce localized heating and achieve temporal and spatial thermal effects in the polymers, noninvasively. When polymers are subjected to HIFU, they heat up differently compared to the case they are subjected to heat sources directly; however, the origins of this difference are still entirely unknown. We hypothesize that the difference in the macroscale response of polymers subjected to HIFU strongly depends on the polymer chains, composition, and structure, i.e., being crystalline or amorphous. In this work, this hypothesis is investigated by molecular dynamics studies at the atomistic level and verified by experiments at the macroscopic scale. The results show that the viscoelasticity, measured by stress-strain phase lag, the reputative motion of the chains, and the vibration-induced local mobility, quantified by the root mean square fluctuation (RMSF) contribute to the observed difference in the HIFU-induced thermal effects. This unravels the unknown mechanisms behind stimulating the polymers by HIFU, and paves the way in front of using this method in future applications.
Theory of Charged Gels: Swelling, Elasticity, and Dynamics

The fundamental attributes of charged hydrogels containing predominantly water and controllable amounts of low molar mass electrolytes are of tremendous significance in biological context and applications in healthcare. However, a rigorous theoretical formulation of gel behavior continues to be a challenge due to the presence of multiple length and time scales in the system which operate simultaneously. Furthermore, chain connectivity, the electrostatic interaction, and the hydrodynamic interaction all lead to long-range interactions. In spite of these complications, considerable progress has been achieved over the past several decades in generating theories of variable complexity. The present review presents an analytically tractable theory by accounting for correlations emerging from topological, electrostatic, and hydrodynamic interactions. Closed-form formulas are derived for charged hydrogels to describe their swelling equilibrium, elastic moduli, and the relationship between microscopic properties such as gel diffusion and macroscopic properties such as elasticity. In addition, electrostatic coupling between charged moieties and their ion clouds, which significantly modifies the elastic diffusion coefficient of gels, and various scaling laws are presented. The theoretical formulas summarized here are useful to adequately capture the essentials of the physics of charged gels and to design new hydrogels with specified elastic and dynamical properties.
Synthesis of Nanoparticles via Solvothermal and Hydrothermal Methods

This chapter summarizes the synthesis of various types of nanoparticles as well as surface modifications of nanomaterials using hydrothermal and solvothermal methods. First, the definition, history, instrumentation, and mechanism of hydrothermal and solvothermal methods as well as the important parameters af-fecting the nucleation and crystal growth of nanomaterials are briefly introduced. Then the specific hydrothermal and solvothermal methods used to grow oxides, Group II-VI, III-V, IV, transitional metals, and metal-organic framework nanoparticles are summarized. Finally, the hydrothermal and solvothermal strategies used for the surface modification of nanomaterials are discussed.
The Effect of Univalent Cation Salts on the Stability and on Certain Physical Properties of Pyruvate Kinase

Abstract The effects of a series of univalent cation salts on certain properties of pyruvate kinase, including sedimentation behavior, perturbation of tryptophan residues, and stability of the enzyme, have been investigated. Ultraviolet difference spectra of pyruvate kinase in 0.1 m solutions of activator univalent cation chlorides (K+, NH4+, or Na+) in comparison with enzyme in 0.1 m nonactivator univalent cation chlorides (Li+, or trimethylammonium ion, or tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane cation) were determined. Tryptophanyl difference spectra with absorbance peaks at 286 mµ and 295 mµ were obtained under these conditions only when the nonactivator cation Tris+ was included in the experiment. Difference spectra of pyruvate kinase in 0.1 m KCl versus enzyme in 0.1 m LiCl with or without various substrates and Mg++ in the reaction showed no absorbance differences characteristic of the perturbation of tryptophan residues. In contrast, different comparisons of univalent cation chlorides at concentrations of 0.5 to 0.86 m showed capacities to perturb tryptophan residues of pyruvate kinase that were inversely correlated with the known capacities of univalent cations to activate the enzyme. A study of the stability of pyruvate kinase in a series of univalent cation salt solutions showed a positive correlation between the capacities of cations to protect against inactivation and known capacities to activate. In addition to the effect of univalent cations, different anion species influenced the extent of perturbation of tryptophan residues and the stability of the enzyme. The perturbation of the tryptophan residues in the presence of Tris+ (cation) was inhibited by the addition of multivalent anions, phosphate, arsenate, and sulfate. Also, the enzyme consistently showed greater stability in buffer solutions containing the multivalent anions phosphate, arsenate, or sulfate than in buffer solutions in which the predominant anions were acetate, chloride, or nitrate. The sedimentation behavior of pyruvate kinase in the ultracentrifuge was not greatly affected by type of univalent cation salt in the environment, with the exception that the s020,w value was lower in a solution of Tris-Cl than in other salts.
Human, rat, and mouse metabolism of resveratrol.

Purpose. Resveratrol, a phenolic phytoalexin occurring in grapes, wine, peanuts, and cranberries, has been reported to have anticarcinogenic, antioxidative, phytoestrogenic, and cardioprotective activities. Because little is known about the metabolism of this potentially important compound, the in vitro and in vivo metabolism of trans-resveratrol were investigated.
The effect of n-butanol on Triton X-114 phase partitioning

n-Butanol interferes with the fractionation of amphiphilic and hydrophilic molecules during the Triton X-114 phase separation procedure. The indicators oil red (hydrophobic) and p-nitrophenol (hydrophilic) were useful for predicting the effectiveness of the Triton X-114 partition method. For n-butanol extracts containing oil red, 5′-nucleotidase, or alkaline phosphatase, the hydrophobic molecules and Triton X-114 were retained in the aqueous phase during incubations at 30°C. The n-butanol interference was concentration-dependent and was reduced by lowering the final n-butanol concentration of the sample to 1.5% (v/v) or less. The results demonstrate how buffer-diluted n-butanol extracts of 5′-nucleotidase and alkaline phosphatase can be successfully employed for subsequent Triton X-114 fractionation of the enzymes.
Twin-screw extrusion of 'Pesta'-encapsulated biocontrol agents.

'Pesta' granules in which fungal propagules are encapsulated in a wheat gluten matrix were prepared in multi-pound quantities by twin-screw extrusion and fluid bed drying. Dough formulations for extrusion contained wheat flour and kaolin, or wheat flour, kaolin and rice flour, plus water and fungal inoculum. Conidial inoculum of Colletotrichum truncatum, a pathogen of the weed hemp sesbania (Sesbania exaltata), survived laboratory scale dough preparation [100% retention of colony-forming units (c.f.u.)] better than dough preparation for twin-screw extrusion (8-10% c.f.u. retention). The loss in viability was linked to the lower water content of dough used in the twin-screw extruder. Fluid bed drying reduced viability further to 1%. Retention of viability after twin-screw extrusion and fluid bed drying at 35-50 °C was 35% with Alternaria conjuncta/infectoria, a pathogen of swamp dodder (Cuscuta gronovii). Retention was 86-100% with atoxigenic strains of Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus used as biocompetitors to reduce aflatoxin levels in peanuts. In the greenhouse, twin-screw-extruded granules containing C. truncatum (at about 5 x 10 4 c.f.u. g -1 ) caused high levels of infection and mortality in hemp sesbania seedlings.
Lectures on a Mathematical Theory of Computation

These notes were originally written for lectures on the semantics of programming languages delivered at Oxford during Michaelmas Term 1980. The purpose of the course was to provide the foundations needed for the method of denotational semantics; in particular I wanted to make the connections with recursive function theory more definite and to show how to obtain explicit, effectively given solutions to domain equations. Roughly, these chapters cover the first half of the book by Stoy, and he was able to continue the lectures the next term discussing semantical concepts following his text.
The Structure of Categories and the Consequences for Metaphor

In what form is information organized and stored in the mind? This is the question of conceptual structure. It is a key question for the subdiscipline of cognitive psychology besides being of interest to workers in many other areas. In the last thirty years a great effort has been mounted toward answering this question. Today several models which purport to approximate the cognitive structure of concepts are being refined and are competing for acceptance. Perhaps the most popular approach is from the information processing viewpoint, founded upon the suggestion that the computer models human cognitive functioning in many basic respects. Within the information processing school are several models including some based on schema theory. Schematic models of conceptual structure rely heavily on the proper arrangement of a concept’s structures in networks such that the relationships between attributes can account for what we know about the concept and about cognitive functioning. Schematic models have been applied to many cognitive processes including linguistic ones. One such application, by Andrew Ortony (1979), has resulted in a descriptive model of metaphoric language. Ortony states that the structures and processes underlying metaphoric language are the same as those underlying literal language. If this is true, then a good way to test a model of the conceptual foundations of language is to try it out on metaphoric language, since a sound model must be able to account for both literal and nonliteral language. Ortony has provided some evidence that his model meets this criterion.
The Potential of Group Support Systems (Gss) to Enhance Systems Analysis and Design Processes and Outcomes

This paper focuses on how Group Support System (GSS) can be combined to effectively improve the Systems Analysis and Design (SA&D) process. The objective is to demonstrate the potential benefits of using GSS with SA&D, especially when used with JAD, CASE, data modeling, process modeling, and BPR. Bringing off the benefits of GSS used with SA&D, several limitations and issues are also explored. Finally, future research areas of using GSS with SA&D are explored in relation to culture, distributed work teams, and artificial intelligence.
Summary of Elements of Power Systems at Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University

Summary form only given. Elements of Power Systems is a senior level course in the electrical engineering program at Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University (ERAU). The subject matter of the course is an introduction to the subject of power electronics. The purpose of ERAU is to prepare students to support the needs of the aviation and aerospace industries. The vast majority of students are hired by government administrations and private sector companies that are involved in aviation, aerospace, national defense, and related areas. The introductory power course Elements of Power Systems was designed to support the mission of the university. Thus, the course presents to the student the type of power systems used on aircraft and spacecraft. The course has an accompanying laboratory. The main elements of the course are outlined.
Computers in the Biomedical Laboratory

This article reviews the history of biomedical laboratory research and discusses the role of computers in the biomedical lab. Keywords: architecture; data; computers; systems; artificial intelligence