cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Maternal Mortality from Obstructed Labor: A MANDATE Analysis of the Ability of Technology to Save Lives in Sub-Saharan Africa.

Objective The aim of the study is to evaluate clinical interventions to significantly reduce maternal mortality from prolonged labor, obstructed labor, and prolonged obstructed labor (PL/OL/POL) in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Methods A mathematical model—Maternal and Neonatal Directed Assessment of Technology (“MANDATE”)—was created for SSA with estimated prevalence for PL/OL/POL and case fatality rates from hemorrhage, infection, and uterine rupture. Based on a literature review and expert opinion, the model was populated with estimated likelihoods of the current healthcare system ability to diagnose, transfer, and treat women with these conditions. Impact on maternal mortality of improved diagnosis, transfer, and delivery to relieve PL/OL/POL was assessed. Results Without current technologies, the model estimated 8,464 maternal deaths annually in SSA from these conditions. Imputing current diagnosis, transfer, and treatment of PL/OL/POL, an estimated 7,033 maternal deaths occur annually from these complications. With improved PL/OL/POL diagnosis and improved transfer, 1,700 and 740 lives could be saved, respectively. Improved diagnosis, transfer, and treatment for PL/OL/POL reduce the mortality rate to 864 maternal deaths annually, saving 6,169 lives. If improved transfusion and antibiotic use were added, only 507 women per year would die from PL/OL/POL in SSA. Conclusion In SSA, increasing diagnostics, transfer to higher care, and operative delivery could substantially reduce maternal mortality from PL/OL/POL. Synopsis A computerized model of obstructed labor in SSA was created to explore the interventions necessary to reduce maternal mortality from this condition.
Cardiac echinococcosis with fatal intracerebral embolism in a seven year old child

Hydatid disease caused by the tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus is an unusual disease in childhood and most commonly affects the liver and lungs. Cysts may remain asymptomatic for a number of years and presenting symptoms and signs, such as abdominal discomfort, jaundice and biliary colic, are related to the mechanical effects of growth and compression of adjacent parenchyma and ducts. Fatal outcomes are unusual. The following case, however, demonstrates a unique occurrence of sudden collapse with death due to cerebral infarction from embolised hydatid cyst fragments. Case report: A previously well 7 y.o. boy presented with sudden loss of consciousness and fitting 15 minutes after a fall in the school ground. His only relevant past history was that he lived on a farm in a mixed sheep and wheat growing area. On hospital admission he was unconscious, fitting, with marked opisthotonus and bilateral papilledema without localising neurological signs. Further deterioration was followed by brain death 16 hours after collapse. At autopsy the brain was markedly oedematous with herniation. A ruptured hydatid cyst was found in the left ventricle of the heart with embolised fragments of laminated hydatid cyst wall found in both middle cerebral arteries associated with early ischaemic changes in both cerebral hemispheres. A second hydatid cyst, which showed the characteristic external laminated cuticule, internal germinative membrane and hydatid "sand" was present within the liver. Death was attributed to acute cerebral infarction due to bilateral middle cerebral artery hydatid embolism from a ruptured hydatid cyst of the left ventricle. This case is reported to 1) demonstrate the clinicopathological features of disseminated echinococcosis, and 2) draw attention to the possibility of sudden embolic death in childhood due to previously undiagnosed hydatid disease.
Preterm birth and cerebellar neuropathology

Improved survival rates in premature infants and more sensitive neuroimaging techniques have expanded the scope of recognized neurodevelopmental disabilities in this vulnerable population and have implicated a role for cerebellar pathology in their origin. Although supratentorial pathologies are well studied, cerebellar pathology has been under-recognized in premature infants. The purpose of this review is to provide a concise description of established acquired cerebellar pathologies in premature infants including cerebellar atrophy/hypoplasia, hemorrhage, and infarction. The cerebellum develops over an extended period during which time cerebellar injury tends to occur with the potential to derail the cerebellum from its expected growth trajectory and perturb the establishment of cerebellar neural circuitry. The occurrence of cerebellar injury in this vulnerable period may have life-long implications that extend beyond the immediate damage sustained by the cerebellum, all of which needs to be considered as we research the causes and effects of neurodevelopmental disabilities in these patients.
Investigation on Knowledge of Food Poisoning Prevention and Health Behavior among Native Population in Weizhou Town of Wenchuan County

[Objective]To understand the knowledge of food poisoning prevention among doctors and villagers in Weizhou Town of Wenchuan County,to investigate health awareness and behavior of villagers,so as to provide the basis for develping countermeasures of food poisoning after May 12 Wenchuan Earthquake.[Methods]Different questionnaire survey was conducted on doctors and villagers in Weizhou country respectively.[Results]Among the doctors,the total correct rate of understanding about the knowledge of food poisoning prevention was 35.7%.The correct rate about most of questions was less 50%.Among the villagers,the total correct rate of understanding about the knowledge of food poisoning prevention was less than 80%,53.0% knew hands washing before meals and after using the bathroom,44.7% regularly drank unboiled water,49.2% did not eat possible deterioration of food caused by improper storage,89% cut raw and cooked foods without strictly separation.[Conclusion]The results indicated that the prevalence status of food poisoning prevention in Weizhou town is not well.The training effect of food poisoning prevention is not satisfactory.The villagers are lack of the knowledge of food poisoning prevention.Therefor it is necessary to strengthen the knowledge training of food poisoning prevention among medical staff of urban and rural grass-roots.The targetted publicity should be enchanced among local residents in details as well as risk awareness.And it is very urgent to strengthen adequate behavior intervention.
A Big Data Approach to Assessing the Impact of Social Norms Reporting One’s Exercise to a Social Media Audience

Assessing the impact of an individual’s social network on an individual is difficult without administering a large number of surveys. Online social networks with built-in data collection circumvent this problem. The data collected by an exercise-focused social media website and mobile app allowed the estimation of the effect of both the behavior of the social network and the size of that network on the behavior of individual service users (31,200 users reporting 67,699 exercise events with a potential range of 87 weeks). The results are consistent with the theory of normative social behavior in that the amount of exercise reported by the user’s social network as well as the size of the user’s on-site social network affected the user’s exercise behavior over time.
Georges Bizet: Carmen : Carmen on film

It is difficult to overestimate the impact of Carmen on popular culture. The pseudo-Spanish costumes typical of Carmen productions regularly influence fashion design. Several contestants in the ice-skating competitions of the 1988 Olympics presented routines based on Carmen , and this inspired a full-length television production in 1990 called Carmen on Ice , featuring three Olympic champions in the leading roles. Cartoon versions of the opera indicate that Carmen is a standard touchstone of general culture, even for children. In an episode of The Simpsons , the family goes to the opera, where – what else? – Carmen is playing. Bart and Homer join in singing the contrafactum lyrics to the “Toreador Song” that must be nearly as old as the original: “Toreador / Don't spit on the floor / Use the cuspidor / That's what it's for.” But the principal site of Carmen's entry into popular culture is film. Films of Carmen began to appear in 1910, with versions produced by both Pathe and Edison. In 1915 Cecil B. De Mille released a Carmen starring the opera-singer Geraldine Ferrar, a casting decision that enhanced the film with Ferrar's prestige alone, since the film was silent; and Fox responded with a version starring Theda Bara, the quintessential “vamp.” Some of the more illustrious Carmen movies that followed include ones featuring Charlie Chaplin and Pola Negri (Lubitsch's Gypsy Blood ) and Dolores del Rio ( The Loves of Carmen ).
Optimal Biomarker-Guided Design for Targeted Therapy with Imperfectly Measured Biomarkers

Targeted therapy revolutionizes the way physicians treat cancer and other diseases, enabling them to adaptively select individualized treatment according to the patient’s biomarker profile. The implementation of targeted therapy requires that the biomarkers are accurately measured, which may not always be feasible in practice. In this article, we propose two optimal biomarker-guided trial designs in which the biomarkers are subject to measurement errors. The first design focuses on a patient’s individual benefit and minimizes the treatment assignment error so that each patient has the highest probability of being assigned to the treatment that matches his/her true biomarker status. The second design focuses on the group benefit, which maximizes the overall response rate for all the patients enrolled in the trial. We develop a likelihood ratio test to evaluate the subgroup treatment effects at the end of the trial. Simulation studies show that the proposed optimal designs achieve our design goal and obtain desirable operating characteristics.
The cultivation of opinions. How did the press cover the last 16 years of experience with GMOs in Canada

AbstractThe media debate on agricultural biotechnology (ag-biotech) in Canada engages active supporters and opponents. At the same time, Canadian citizens are found to be polarized with regard to Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs). Studies suggest that this is partly a result of the biased coverage of the media. I used two widely read national newspapers and examined their stories on GMOs from the years 2000 to 2015. First, I examined whether the stories were biased in evaluations towards GMOs and I then looked at the dynamics of this bias. My results suggest that the press coverage on GMOs in Canada is not biased since representatives from both sides of the debate were found in the press. However, one might see this as an “artificial balance” because the representatives themselves were found to express opinions that could be characterized as biased. I conclude that the press exposure can have a cultivation effect, letting the public reflect what they find in press instead of the real world, and leadin...
Picturing the past: The Berlin Wall at 25:

Although the mass media is an important tool that audiences rely on to learn about the past, the relationship among journalism, history, and memory is still underdeveloped; visual collective memory...
Assessing diabetes-relevant data provided by undergraduate and crowdsourced web-based survey participants for honesty and accuracy

Background: To eliminate health disparities, research will depend on our ability to reach select groups of people (eg, samples of a particular racial or ethnic group with a particular disease); unfortunately, researchers often experience difficulty obtaining high-quality data from samples of sufficient size. Objective: Past studies utilizing MTurk applaud its diversity, so our initial objective was to capitalize on MTurk’s diversity to investigate psychosocial factors related to diabetes self-care. Methods: In Study 1, a “Health Survey” was posted on MTurk to examine diabetes-relevant psychosocial factors. The survey was restricted to individuals who were 18 years of age or older with diabetes. Detection of irregularities in the data, however, prompted an evaluation of the quality of MTurk health-relevant data. This ultimately led to Study 2, which utilized an alert statement to improve conscientious behavior, or the likelihood that participants would be thorough and diligent in their responses. Trap questions were also embedded to assess conscientious behavior. Results: In Study 1, of 4165 responses, 1246 were generated from 533 unique IP addresses completing the survey multiple times within close temporal proximity. Ultimately, only 252 responses were found to be acceptable. Further analyses indicated additional quality concerns with this subsample. In Study 2, as compared with the MTurk sample (N=316), the undergraduate sample (N=300) included more females, and fewer individuals who were married. The samples did not differ with respect to race. Although the presence of an alert resulted in fewer trap failures (mean=0.07) than when no alert was present (mean=0.11), this difference failed to reach significance: F1,604=2.5, P=.11, ƞ²=.004, power=.35. The modal trap failure response was zero, while the mean was 0.092 (SD=0.32). There were a total of 60 trap failures in a context where the potential could have exceeded 16,000. Conclusions: Published studies that utilize MTurk participants are rapidly appearing in the health domain. While MTurk may have the potential to be more diverse than an undergraduate sample, our efforts did not meet the criteria for what would constitute a diverse sample in and of itself. Because some researchers have experienced successful data collection on MTurk, while others report disastrous results, Kees et al recently identified that one essential area of research is of the types and magnitude of cheating behavior occurring on Web-based platforms. The present studies can contribute to this dialogue, and alternately provide evidence of disaster and success. Moving forward, it is recommended that researchers employ best practices in survey design and deliberately embed trap questions to assess participant behavior. We would strongly suggest that standards be in place for publishing the results of Web-based surveys—standards that protect against publication unless there are suitable quality assurance tests built into the survey design, distribution, and analysis.
Science Signaling Podcast for 25 July 2017: Natriuretic peptide signaling in metabolism

Abstract This Podcast features a conversation with Shelia Collins, senior author of a Research Article that appears in the 25 July 2017 issue of Science Signaling , about how cardiac natriuretic peptides (NPs) exert their beneficial effects on whole-body metabolism. NPs control blood pressure by acting on the kidneys, but they also affect metabolism by stimulating adipose tissue and skeletal muscle to become more metabolically active. Obese individuals have less of these peptides circulating in their blood, suggesting a connection between NP signaling and obesity. NPs stimulate intracellular signaling by binding to and activating the receptors NPRA and NPRB. A third receptor, the NP clearance receptor (NPRC), antagonizes signaling through NPRA and NPRB by binding to and stimulating the internalization and degradation of NPs. To determine whether the beneficial metabolic effects of NPs were due to the action of these peptides in adipose tissue or in skeletal muscle, Wu et al . knocked out NPRC specifically in these tissues in mice. Although mice lacking NPRC in skeletal muscle responded similarly to a high-fat diet as wild-type mice, mice lacking NPRC in adipose tissue were resistant to many of the detrimental metabolic effects of a high-fat diet. These findings suggest that stimulating NP signaling or inhibiting NPRC in adipose tissue may be a potential strategy for treating metabolic disease. Listen to Podcast
BILE ACIDS AND BRAIN

Some forty-five years ago Weil noted that taurocholic acid caused marked demyelination in vitro (1) and proposed that this or some related compound might act as a natural demyelinating agent by entering the brain from the blood stream. The idea that bile acids of some type might be formed biosynthetically within the brain was developed some time later (2) and is the basis for this chapter. There is now considerable evidence that this can occur. This idea in no way displaces evidence that the primary cause of some of the demyelinating diseases may be a virus infection, under genetic control, or due to other causes.
The temporal order of retrospective burglary and robbery criminal investigations: An exploratory ‘black box’ analysis:

In the absence of empirical knowledge, public expectations of criminal investigations have been largely informed by fictional and/or dramatised depictions of detective work. To address this issue, incident report data from 243 retrospective burglary and robbery cases were paired with self-report surveys from 40 detectives who indicated the activities and the date they performed them for each of the cases they were assigned. The results suggest that the temporal order of retrospective burglary and robbery criminal investigations is more nuanced than previously acknowledged. Policy implications and areas of future research are discussed from these findings.
The Incidence of Neuropathy in the Seniors (>=65 Year old) with and without Diabetes, a Population Study (P01.124)

OBJECTIVE: To study the incidence of neuropathy in the seniors with and without diabetes. BACKGROUND: Neuropathy is a debilitating and common disorder. By far, the most common cause of neuropathy is diabetes. The most common presentation of diabetic neuropathy is distal symmetrical polyneuropathy with symptoms of hyposthesia, paresthesia and dysesthesia. It is also believed that nerve damage with neuropathy contribute to refractory diabetic ulcers and wounds. The prevalence of neuropathy in diabetes patients is about 30% and up to 50% of diabetic patients will eventually develop neuropathy. However, the incidence of diabetic neuropathy is unclear, especially in the seniors. DESIGN/METHODS: This study is two-year longitudinal cohort study. Data is from the Medicare health outcomes survey 2008-2010 Cohort 11. A total 223,871 beneficiaries completed baseline survey. Two-year late, 133,706 of 223,871 remained eligible at the time of follow-up. Of 133,706, 39,271 seniors completed survey on their own, and did not have any signs of neuropathy at the baseline to all four neuropathy (defined by any of hyposthesia, paresthesia, dysesthesia and refractory sores or wounds) related questions Q16a-16d . Their answers to the same questions 2 year later were analyzed. RESULTS: Of 39,271 seniors, 5875 (15%) reported diabetes, and 33342 (85%) no diabetes. After 2 years, compared to the seniors without diabetes, the seniors with diabetes had more chance to develop hyposthesia (Q16a: 15.7% vs. 10.7%), paresthesia (Q16b: 17.7% vs. 11.7%), dysesthesia (Q16c: 6% vs. 3.7%) and refractory sores or wounds (Q16d: 2.6% vs. 1.4%). The incidence of neuropathy at two-year period with and without diabetes is 26.6% and 18.1%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of neuropathy is significant higher in the seniors with diabetes. This may further implicate the importance of aggressive diabetes control to prevent this debilitating condition in the senior population. Disclosure: Dr. Li has nothing to disclose. Dr. Shi has nothing to disclose.
Wide band channel characterization for low altitude unmanned aerial system communication using software defined radios

In the near future, there will be a need for accommodating large populations of fast moving Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) operating in uncontrolled, very low level (VLL) (below 500 ft.) airspace. As is well-known, real-time knowledge of the wireless propagation channel is essential for the effective design and optimization of wireless communication systems. In this paper, we propose a software defined radio (SDR) based channel sounder employing a wideband linear frequency modulated continuous wave (FMCW) or chirp waveform technique for low altitude air-to-air (AA) links. This paper discusses both matched filter and heterodyne detector implementations in the receiver, and investigates advantages and disadvantages of both architectures for an SDR implementation in an AA scenario. We also discuss proper windowing techniques in the transmitter to improve sounding resolution. Some proof of concept measurement results using SDRs are presented for a simulated UAS scenario.
Machining behavior of additively manufactured and cast-wrought nickel-based superalloy (IN 625)

Abstract Additively manufactured (AM) and cast-wrought (CW) nickel-based superalloy (IN 625) with known processing history and quasi-static properties have been investigated for their relative machinability, in terms of tool temperature and wear, as well as machining force and chip morphology. Transparent cutting tools were used to cut tubular specimens of both materials. Visible and near infrared radiation emitted by the chip-tool interface was measured through the transparent tool using an image intensified CCD camera. A calibration procedure was used to convert this into apparent blackbody temperature from which the true temperature was inferred using literature values of emissivity of polished IN 625. Machining forces along the cutting and thrust force directions were measured using a dynamometer. Tool wear and chip morphology were characterized by measurement of tool volume loss and by scanning the chip upper side, using a 3D profilometer. It was found that during machining, AM IN 625 behaves differently from CW IN 625 of similar chemical composition. Significant differences in tool temperature, tool wear, and chip formation mechanisms were observed.
Chebyshev Approximation and the Global Geometry of Model Predictions

Complex nonlinear models are typically ill conditioned or sloppy; their predictions are significantly affected by only a small subset of parameter combinations, and parameters are difficult to reconstruct from model behavior. Despite forming an important universality class and arising frequently in practice when performing a nonlinear fit to data, formal and systematic explanations of sloppiness are lacking. By unifying geometric interpretations of sloppiness with Chebyshev approximation theory, we rigorously explain sloppiness as a consequence of model smoothness. Our approach results in universal bounds on model predictions for classes of smooth models, capturing global geometric features that are intrinsic to their model manifolds, and characterizing a universality class of models. We illustrate this universality using three models from disparate fields (physics, chemistry, biology): exponential curves, reaction rates from an enzyme-catalyzed chemical reaction, and an epidemiology model of an infected population.
Window to the Fluorescence: The White Eye-Color Gene of Western Corn Rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera

ABSTRACT Eye-color mutations have proven useful in multiple insect species to help facilitate the development and use of transgenic tools for functional genomics. While there is species-specific variation in the pigments used to color insect eyes, every species studied thus far requires an ortholog of the ABC transporter gene white for proper pigmentation of the eyes. Previously, we generated transgenic western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera, and found that their wild-type eye color obscured our ability to visualize a fluorescent marker driven by the widely used 3xP3 eye-specific promoter. Therefore, we sought to identify the D. v. virgifera ortholog of white (Dvvw). Here we report the discovery, cloning, and analysis of Dvvw cDNA and promoter. We also utilize RNA interference to knock down Dvvw mRNA in a transgenic strain, thereby demonstrating the utility of eye-color mutations when developing transgenic technologies.
IHI ID 11 Interprofessional team huddle to optimize care delivery to pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) families with complex psychosocial stressors

Background Families with children admitted to the PICU experience complex emotional, psychological and financial stressors. Even thorough interprofessional teams can miss need identification or have duplicative efforts, compromising family-centered, high-quality care. In 2016, the interprofessional care team formally reviewed psychosocial stressors in 19% of PICU patients. Objectives To increase PICU patients formally reviewed for psychosocial stressors by 30% over 12 months. Methods The interprofessional team met to identify barriers to psychosocial care. Interventions included a time-limited, thrice-weekly interprofessional huddle guided by a checklist. Process measures included frequency of huddles and member participation. Balance measures monitored time spent waiting for huddle. Performance over time was tracked with statistical process control (SPC) methodology. New interventions were introduced through PDSA cycles based on drivers of special cause variation. Results PICU patients formally discussed by the interprofessional team increased from 19% to 90%. Huddle frequency increased from 18% to 89%. Delayed start time averaged 6 min. Huddle broke down when the social worker was absent. Education beyond the primary team and a system to identify a back-up team leader were developed. Conclusions With sustained focus on outcome of all patients having psychosocial needs addressed, there was significant and sustained change. Use of SPC informed subsequent PDSA cycles. When huddle convened there was sufficient time to discuss the entire census. Addition of the question, Would you be surprised if this patient were to die in the next 6 months? appears to be a powerful trigger for early palliative care consultation. Further data collection will determine if change is sustainable.
Common Institutional Ownership and Product Market Threats

Overlapping institutional ownership in the same industry can have anti-competitive effects but can also elevate product market competition by promoting knowledge spillovers. Using a text-based product market threat variable, we find that, on average, firms with higher common ownership face greater competitive threats. This result, however, critically depends on industry characteristics such as the level of concentration, technology similarity, entry costs, and consumer switching costs. Evidence from firms’ new product development and investments further corroborates these findings. Our results suggest that implementing additional regulatory requirements on common ownership can potentially be welfare-destroying in industries with strong spillover opportunities.
Split cord malformations.

Previous classifications of split cord malformations (SCMr’s), including such terms as diastematomyelia and diplomyelia, have done little to foster a true understanding of these disorders. The authors instead propose a unifying classification in which all SCMr’s share a common embryogenesis. SCMr’s are divided into two types, based upon the composition of the dural coverings and intervening mesenchymal tissue. Type I malformations are composed of two dural sacs and a bony or fibrocartilaginous spur; Type II malformations are composed of a single dural sac and intradural fibrous bands. In either case, the intervening mesenchymal elements contribute to progressive neurologic, urologic, and orthopedic deterioration from spinal cord tethering. The natural history of these lesions supports an early and aggressive operative approach to untether the spinal cord before clinical deterioration begins.
Rethinking Scientific Habitus: Toward a Theory of Embodiment, Institutions, and Stratification of Science

Pierre Bourdieu’s concept of habitus has been largely absent in Science and Technology Studies (STS) despite its potential usefulness. In this essay, I develop the concept of scientific habitus as a useful way to think about scientific practices. I argue that scientific habitus may offer three contributions that illuminate scientists’ own micro-practices in relation to meso- and macro-level dynamics in the scientific field. First, the concept enables us to think of scientists’ worldviews and bodily techniques as objects of STS analysis. While the majority of STS scholars have focused on the construction of knowledge, scientific habitus allows us to study the construction of the scientists’ body and mind. Secondly, scientific habitus links individual practices with institutional contexts; it highlights how the micro-practices of individuals in scientific laboratories reflect and reproduce macro-social structural power dynamics. Third, scientific habitus reveals mechanisms of stratification within the scientific field. It helps unpack scientists’ practical decisions surrounding research topics, ideas, and data. It also helps explain why and how certain scientific projects are preferred and others left undone. Scientific habitus, therefore, has the potential to contribute to a more encompassing explanation of the relationship between societal structures and the internal logic of the scientific field.
Using Machine Learning to Classify Bioactivity for 3486 Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) from the OECD List.

A recent OECD report estimated that more than 4000 per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFASs) have been produced and used in a broad range of industrial and consumer applications. However, l...
In AF, DOACs were linked to lower risk for clinical fracture at 17 months compared with warfarin.

Source Citation Lutsey PL, Norby FL, Ensrud KE, et al. Association of anticoagulant therapy with risk of fracture among patients with atrial fibrillation. JAMA Intern Med. 2020;180:245-53. 31764956
Traumatic epidural hematomas in the pediatric population: clinical characteristics and diagnostic pitfalls.

Abstract Background/Purpose The purpose of this study was to review the initial clinical presentation of EDH, identify potential clinical markers and highlight diagnostic pitfalls. Methods Retrospective review of all pediatric patients admitted to a Level I Trauma Center diagnosed with blunt traumatic EDH from 2008 to 2018. Results A total of 699 pediatric patients were identified with blunt traumatic brain injury (TBI); 106 with EDH made up the study population. A skull fracture was present in 84%. Overall, the most common clinical finding was a scalp hematoma (86%), followed by loss of consciousness (66%), emesis (34%), headache (27%), amnesia (18%), and seizures (12%). Importantly, 40% of patients with EDH presented with GCS 15. Four children (4%) had GCS 15 and were completely asymptomatic on admission. In three children (3%) the only symptom was a scalp hematoma. 50% of all EDH required craniotomy, and this was not significantly different if GCS was 15 on presentation (45%, p = 0.192). Mortality was 2%. Fourteen patients (13%) were discharged with cognitive/motor deficits. Conclusions Pediatric EDH frequently present with subtle clinical signs, including a normal GCS half the time. Irrespective of asymptomatic presentation, threshold for CT scan or an observation period should be low after head injuries in children. Type of study Prognosis study. Level of Evidence Level II/III.
Topical Vancomycin Powder Decreases the Proportion of Staphylococcus aureus Found in Culture of Surgical Site Infections in Operatively Treated Fractures.

Objectives To determine whether patients with operatively treated fractures and surgical site infection after use of topical vancomycin powder have a lower proportion of Staphylococcus aureus infections than patients who did not receive topical vancomycin powder. Design Retrospective cohort study. Setting Level I trauma center. Patients Treatment group: 10 of 133 patients (145 fractures) with surgical site infections who received intrawound vancomycin powder at the time of wound closure for fracture fixation. Control group: 175 patients who sustained deep surgical site infections during the same period but did not receive vancomycin powder. Intervention Vancomycin powder or no vancomycin powder. Main outcome measurement Proportion of patients' cultures positive for S. aureus. Results The proportion of cultures positive for S. aureus was significantly lower in patients with surgical site infection who received vancomycin powder than in those who did not receive vancomycin powder (10% [1 of 10 patients in the treatment group] vs. 50% [87 of 175 patients in the control group]; P = 0.02). A trend was observed for a lower proportion of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (0% vs. 23%; P = 0.12). Conclusions Vancomycin powder might alter the bacteriology of surgical site infections and decrease the proportion in culture of the most common organism typically present after fracture surgery infection. These findings suggest that the application of vancomycin powder might change the bacteriology of surgical site infections when they occur, regardless of the effect on overall infection rates. Although our bacteriology results are clinically and statistically significant, these findings must be confirmed in larger randomized controlled trials. Level of evidence Therapeutic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
The Structure of a Free Speech Right

What do you have by virtue of being the holder of a free speech right? This chapter in the forthcoming Oxford Handbook on Freedom of Speech provides an overview of the underlying structure of free speech as a legal right by analyzing and illustrating its component parts. It shows that the answer to this question can vary considerably depending on how these parts are addressed and combined. The six components, or structural elements, of a free speech right are: (1) its legal force or status (2) who are the subjects or rights-holders; (3) the scope of the right; (4) whether it includes not only negative prohibitions but also positive obligations to protect against third-party threats; (5) the object of the right, or who is bound by it; and (6) permissible limits on the right. The chapter gives examples of significant variation in the approach to these elements among legal systems around the world and demonstrates how, by collectively constituting the general structure of the right to free speech, they define the nature and contours of any particular right in a given system.
Dietary patterns of phyllostomid bats in interior Atlantic Forest of eastern Paraguay

We examined patterns of dietary overlap of phyllostomid bats in interior Atlantic Forest of Paraguay. In addition, we examined microgeographic, seasonal, and species-specific, differences in dietary patterns. We obtained 4,519 dietary records for bats from two sites in eastern Paraguay representing 26 different kinds of resources. The three most abundant resources made up 85% of all dietary records. No significant difference in diets of phyllostomid bats existed between sites. Overlap was high and significantly greater than random. Overlap at both sites was higher in winter than in summer. Consumption of dietary items was different between seasons and reflected changes in consumption primarily of the three most consumed items. Resource breadth was narrower in winter than summer. Sites, season, and species together accounted for 71% of the variation in dietary items. Unique effects, after controlling for variation shared with other factors, of species and season were significant, whereas that of site was not. While much dietary variation in interior Atlantic Forest falls along phylogenetic lines, such patterns are weak and resource utilization appears to be substantively influenced by generalist ecology of bats and seasonal nature of the environment in this system.
A 9700-hour durability test of a five centimeter diameter ion thruster

A modified Hughes SIT-5 thrustor has been life-tested at the Lewis Research Center. The final 2700 hours of the test are described with a charted history of thrustor operating parameters and off-normal events. Performance and operating characteristics were nearly constant throughout the test except for neutralizer heater power requirements and accelerator drain current. A post-shutdown inspection revealed sputter erosion of ion chamber components and component flaking of sputtered metal. Several flakes caused beamlet divergence and anomalous grid erosion, causing the test to be terminated. All sputter erosion sources have been identified and promising sputter resistant components are currently being evaluated.
Facilitators and Barriers to Critical Service-Learning Goals in a Community-Academic Relationship.

Background Educational exposure to authentic relationships where power is distributed is needed to prepare nursing students as social justice and patient-centered care practitioners and advocates. Purpose The purpose of this study was to identify, describe, and understand facilitators and barriers to critical service-learning (SL) goals in an existing community-academic SL relationship. Methods Community partners were surveyed. Findings were compared with known factors in the literature that can facilitate or inhibit a relationship's success. Results Identification and description of SL relationship facilitators and barriers included partner-reported benefits from involvement in SL and limited satisfaction with their role in designing SL curriculum. Conclusions Recommendations, such as increasing opportunities for partner involvement, provide insight into how to work toward critical SL goals in existing relationships. The equitable involvement of partners in nursing education processes has benefits for both students and community organizations.
Education and Accreditation in Forensic Science

Forensic science seducation programs have expanded very rapidly over the past 25 years. Much of this growth can be traced to the explosive increase in public awareness of science and forensic science owing to media events such as the CSI television shows. More and more students now want to get into forensic science as a career and are seeking out education programs to train them. This has resulted in very uneven quality among forensic science education programs. Some colleges slap together a program just to attract students and really don't educate them properly. In response to this wave of more than 140 forensic science programs, the American Academy of Forensic Sciences and the National Institute of Justice teamed up to develop consensus standards for undergraduate and graduate education programs (TWGED) and then developed an accreditation process for measuring forensic science education programs against these standards by creating a Forensic Science Education Program Accreditation Commission (FEPAC). Keywords: forensic science education; accreditation; FEPAC; TWGED
Algorithmic Media Need Democratic Methods: Why Publics Matter

Algorithms increasingly control the backbone of media and information systems. This control occurs deep within opaque technical systems far from the political attention capable of addressing its influence. It also challenges conventional public theory, because the technical operation of algorithms does not prompt the reflection and awareness necessary for forming publics. Informed public deliberation about algorithmic media requires new methods, or mediators, that translate their operations into something publicly tangible. Combining an examination of theoretical work from Science and Technology Studies (STS) with Communication Studies–grounded research into Internet traffic management practices, this article posits that mediating the issues raised by algorithmic media requires that we embrace democratic methods of Internet measurement. De plus en plus, les algorithmes gouvernent la base des medias et des systemes d’information. Ce controle s’exerce au plus profond de systemes techniques obscurs, loin de l’attention du monde politique et de responsables aptes a encadrer une telle influence. En outre, il remet en question la theorie classique du public. En effet, l’exploitation technique des algorithmes ne suscite pas la reflexion et la sensibilisation propres a eduquer le public. Ainsi, pour qu’ait lieu un debat eclaire, ouvert a tous, sur les medias algorithmiques, il faut privilegier de nouvelles methodes, ou mediateurs, qui permettront de transposer les activites de ces medias en notions publiquement tangibles. La demarche proposee dans cet article associe l’etude de la communication, etayee par la recherche sur les pratiques de gestion du trafic Internet, a une analyse des travaux theoriques emanant de l’etude des sciences et des technologies. On y pose en principe que la resolution des questions soulevees par les medias algorithmiques passe par l’adoption de methodes de mesure Internet democratiques.
Parathyroid Hormone and Calcitonin

In the course of reading and thinking a great deal about parathyroid hormone (PTH)—its purpose, its evolution, the effects of its excess and its deficiency—we have been led into speculation about the role of calcium in cellular economy. Increasingly we appreciate calcium’s critical role as a regulator in all kinds of cells and in organisms of all levels of complexity. Even the simplest organisms appear to employ calcium; it regulates chemotactic behavior1 and sporulation2 in bacteria; and it has been adapted to more and more uses in multicellular organisms. Cell aggregation, cell-cell communication, membrane integrity and permeability, microtubular assembly, cell division and growth, blood coagulation, hormone-response coupling, and electrical stimulus-response coupling, including muscle contraction and neurotransmitter release, all require calcium and are to some degree regulated by it.3
The effects of a filmstrip/tape program on teachers’ attitudes toward behaviorally stated objectives

INTRODUCTION One purpose of decision-oriented educational research should be to help develop guidelines for efforts to change teachers' attitudes and performance. This study examined some relationships that might contribute to the development of such guidelines for teacher training programs. Specifically, the study examined the following questions: 1) are teacher attitudes toward behaviorally stated objectives related to teacher personality types and/or to subject matter taught? 2) will a filmstrip/tape program change teacher attitudes and if so, will the change be related to personality types and/or subject matter taught? The literature indicates a recent trend toward the development and application of various self-instruction strategies to help teach important concepts to both preservice and inservice teachers. There is considerable evidence that these self-
Dietary vitamin D3 restriction exacerbates disease pathophysiology in the spinal cord of the G93A mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)

Background: Dietary vitamin D3 (D3) restriction reduces paw grip endurance and motor performance in G93A mice, and increases inflammation and apoptosis in the quadriceps of females. ALS, a neuromus...
The Rhetorical Turn to Otherness: Otherwise than Humanism

While offering a public welcome of communicative participation, a communicative dark side of the moderate Enlightenment project emerged. Moderate Enlightenmentrsquo;s corollary companion to wresting power from a limited few is the staggering sense of confidence in the universal ground of assurance that is ldquo;bad faithrdquo; mdash;we fib to ourselves that we can stand above history and affect the future. Absolute conviction of universal access to truth propels through methodological confidence, undergirding the era of ldquo;the rationalrdquo; pursuit of truth, transporting the individual into an ethereal delusionmdash;that one can stand above the historical moment of engagement and cast judgment. This essay calls into question the common assumption that communication begins with the individual. We offer a critique of this assumption in accordance with radical enlightenment scholarship, calling forth a return to Otherness that renders the construct of individual secondary to that which is met.br /
Etiology of pre-eclampsia-eclampsia

Abstract In the normal pregnant patient when compared with the nonpregnant, the following significant changes are noted: Muscle: The water content is unchanged. Sodium is increased. Potassium remains unchanged. The Na:K ratio is increased. The nitrogen content is unchanged. Skin: Sodium and water are increased. Potassium is unchanged. The Na:K ratio is unchanged. Nitrogen is slightly lower in wet tissue. In the patient with pre-eclampsia or hypertensive disease when compared with normal pregnancy the following significant changes are noted: Muscle: Water is unchanged. Sodium is decreased in pre-eclampsia and hypertensive disease (similar to nonpregnancy values). Potassium is unchanged. The Na:K ratio is less in pre-eclampsia than in hypertensive disease. Nitrogen content is unchanged. Skin: Water is unchanged. Sodium is decreased in pre-eclampsia and hypertensive disease (similar to nonpregnancy values). Potassium is unchanged. The Na:K ratio is unchanged. Nitrogen in wet tissue is higher from the hypertensive patient than from the normal pregnant or pre-eclamptic patient. These results on the sodium content of rectus muscle in pre-eclampsia-eclampsia and hypertensive disease were at variance with published reports and were surprising to us since a hypernatremic muscle offered more opportunity for theorizing. Three separate groups of analysis confirmed this finding. The explanation awaits further studies. The clinical application was illustrated by three eclamptic patients, each of whom was made markedly worse by the wrong solution and the injudicious administration of excessive fluids. Our studies indicate that in pre-eclampsia and hypertensive disease there is a significant decrease in the sodium ion concentration of voluntary muscle with a resultant alteration in the sodium-potassium ratio when compared with those of tissues obtained from normal pregnant patients. The fact that the values are essentially those of the nonpregnant woman does not detract from their abnormality.
Effect of Calcium and Physical State of Neutral Membranes on Phosphatidylserine Requirement for Opiate Binding

A study was undertaken to investigate the nature of the inhibitory action of phospholipase A2 (PL-A) on stereospecific opiate binding to rat brain membrane preparations in relation to the hypothesis that phosphatidylserine (PS) is required for binding. Although the presence of albumin will prevent the inhibitory effect of PL-A, the protective action of the protein is substantially less at higher enzyme concentrations, which result in over 10% reduction of the endogenous PS. PS is able to restore opiate binding after exposure to lower, but not higher, concentrations of the enzyme. In the presence of albumin, the enhancement effect of PS is not demonstrable, presumably because the albumin conjugates the lipid. The presence of Ca or other multivalent cations is not required for the enhancement effect of PS, as evidenced by the fact that the repeated washing of the membranes by EGTA or EDTA does not alter the extent of enhancement. Opiate binding was greatly reduced by physical disruption of membranes by either freeze-thawing or sonication, while in each case the addition of PS restored binding to the control level.