cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An accurate colorimetric method for measurement of sulfaminohexose in heparins and heparan sulfates

Abstract A modification of a method for hexosamine analysis is presented which adapts it to measurement of sulfaminohexose in heparins and heparan sulfates. Unlike methods of sulfaminohexose analysis based upon coupling with indole, the absorptivity of polymeric and monomeric hexosamines is identical. N -Sulfated hexosamines are specifically deaminated in 33% acetic acid to yield free 2,5-anhydromannose residues which are then coupled to the color reagent 3-methyl-2-benzothiazolinone hydrazone hydrochloride. The sulfaminohexose content of a variety of heparins and heparan sulfates was determined with this methodology and compared with the indole-coupling method. Interferences by amino acids, proteins, and neutral sugar were evaluated in the sulfaminohexose assay and in the originally reported procedure for total hexosamine analysis.
The application of synchrotron radiation to non-invasive angiography☆

Abstract Synchrotron radiation provides a new source of X-rays highly-suited to iodine K-edge Digital Subtraction Angiography (DSA). The use of such beams provides maximum sensitivity to intra-arterial iodine and virtually eliminates image contrast due to non-vascular body structures. The intensity of the beams permits short exposure times and allows images to be recorded, in line-scan fashion, in sharp focus despite arterial motions. The sensitivity of this method offers the prospect of visualizing arteries, and in particular the coronary arteries, by peripheral venous injection. The principles of DSA have been demonstrated using phantoms and excised animal hearts, and in vivo studies in animals have begun. The instrumentation developed for this purpose and the results obtained to date are summarized.
Advanced Statistical Properties of Dispersing Billiards

A new approach to statistical properties of hyperbolic dynamical systems emerged recently; it was introduced by L.-S. Young and modified by D. Dolgopyat. It is based on coupling method borrowed from probability theory. We apply it here to one of the most physically interesting models—Sinai billiards. It allows us to derive a series of new results, as well as make significant improvements in the existing results. First we establish sharp bounds on correlations (including multiple correlations). Then we use our correlation bounds to obtain the central limit theorem (CLT), the almost sure invariance principle (ASIP), the law of iterated logarithms, and integral tests.
Development of rat liver and colon substrate cycle enzymes in offspring with and without prenatal exposure to a carcinogenic dose of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine

Abstract 1. Pregnant F-344 rats were exposed by intubation to a single dose (35 mg/kg) of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine dihydrochloride or to an acetate buffer on day 14 of gestation. 2. A detailed examination of the effects of this dose of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine on brush border enzymes in the offspring was performed. 3. Changes in the liver and colon levels of the α-glycerophosphate and malate/aspartate substrate cycle enzymes were measured during the development; at days 17 and 20 of gestation and at 2, 6, 13, 20, 27, 55, 110 days and 1 year after birth. 4. It is concluded that metabolic energy enzymes, glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase and malate dehydrogenase, are more sensitive to 1,2-dimethylhydrazine treatment than are the brush border hydrolases or NAD- and Fp-linked α-glycerophosphate dehydrogenases.
CCl4‐induced hepatic injury in mice fed a Western diet is associated with blunted healing

BACKGROUND AND AIMS Feeding a Western diet (WD) enriched in saturated fat protects against chronic alcoholic hepatitis. However, saturated fat induces lipotoxicity in cultured hepatocytes. The purpose of the present study was to elucidate the influence of WD on acute hepatic injury and healing. METHODS Male C57BL/6 mice were fed a purified control diet (CD) or WD enriched in palmitate and cholesterol. After 3 weeks, carbon tetrachloride (CCl(4)) was administered (0.1 microL/g, intraperitoneally). Hepatic inflammation and proliferation were assessed by immunostaining for neutrophils and intracellular adhesion molecule-1, and Ki67, respectively. Cytokine expression was analyzed by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Protein levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-gamma) were assessed by western blotting. RESULTS Feeding a WD resulted in markedly greater histological evidence of necrosis and enhanced alanine aminotransferase activity (188 +/- 6.2 U/L) compared to CD-fed mice (99.1 +/- 6.3 U/L) by day 2 post-CCl(4). In contrast, WD blunted leukocyte accumulation in necrotic areas and the expression of cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6) involved in tissue regeneration. Diminished repair was further indexed by lower collagen-alphaI and Ki67 expression in the mice fed a WD. Finally, feeding a WD, as well as the treatment of cultured hepatocytes with palmitic acid, upregulated the expression of PPAR-gamma, which has been previously shown to prevent hepatic repair following CCl(4) exposure. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that impaired healing in WD-fed mice blunted recovery from acute injury and underscored the complex relationship between diet and hepatic injury.
Kinematic Synthesis for Infinitesimally and Multiply Separated Positions Using Geometric Constraint Programming

Geometric Constraint Programming (GCP) is an approach to synthesizing planar mechanisms in the sketching mode of commercial parametric computer-aided design software by imposing geometric constraints using the software’s existing graphical user interface. GCP complements the accuracy of analytical methods with the intuition developed from graphical methods. Its applicability to motion generation, function generation, and path generation for finitely separated positions has been previously reported. This paper demonstrates how GCP can be applied to kinematic synthesis for motion generation involving infinitesimally and multiply separated positions. For these cases, the graphically imposed geometric constraints alone will in general not provide a solution, so the designer must parametrically relate dimensions of entities within the graphical construction to achieve designs that automatically update when a defining parameter is altered. For three infinitesimally separated positions, the designer constructs an acceleration polygon to locate the inflection circle defined by the desired motion state. With the inflection circle in place, the designer can rapidly explore the design space using the graphical second Bobillier construction. For multiply separated position problems in which only two infinitesimally separated positions are considered, the designer constrains the instant center of the mechanism to be in the desired location. Example four-bar linkages are designed using these techniques with three infinitesimally separated positions and two different combinations of four multiply separated positions.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
The infrared spectrum of propane

Abstract The infrared spectra of C3H8, C3D8, (CH3)2CD2, (CD3)2CH3 and C2H5CD3 have been obtained over the spectral region from about 10000 cm−1, to 250 cm−1, using both prism and grating spectrometers. From these data it was possible to assign 109 fundamentals of the 115 infrared active transitions in these five molecules, and to estimate the frequencies for four other fundamental transitions by use of the Teller—Redlich Product Rule. In addition, the frequencies for eight of the twenty inactive fundamentals were estimated by analysis of the observed, and assigned, combination and overtone bands.
The Brigance K&1 Screen: Factor Composition with a Head Start Sample

This study examined the factorial structure of the Brigance K&1 screen with a sample of 383 Head Start children from a Midwestern community. Maximum likelihood estimation via LISREL 8 was used to conduct confirmatory factor analyses using the covariance matrix of age-based linear standard scores on each of the 12 Brigance sub-tests. The factors reported in the Brigance technical report, which serves as the model on which Brigance domain scores are obtained, did not fit the independent set of data. Rather, a competing three-factor model, based on 7 of the 12 Brigance subtests, measuring Rote Knowledge (Factor 1), Visual-Spatial Skills (Factor 2), and Comprehension (Factor 3), showed excellent fit to the data. Concurrent validity evidence indicated low to moderate associations when each factor was correlated with the cognitive processing subtests of the K-ABC. The predictive validity of the factors was investigated using teacher ratings, performance on standardized achievement tests, and special education p...
Enhancement of naloxone penetration through human skin in vitro using fatty acids, fatty alcohols, surfactants, sulfoxides and amides

Abstract Human skin permeation of naloxone was examined in vitro using various vehicles and penetration enhancers. To screen various chemicals as penetration enhancers propylene glycol containing 10% adjuvant was used. Fatty acids and fatty alcohols were very effective promoters of naloxone flux. In both the acid and alcohol series, maximum flux was with C 12 adjuvants, and for C 18 acids and alcohols unsaturated adjuvants were more effective than saturated ones. Other effective skin penetration enhancers included some non-ionic and cationic surfactants, decylmethylsulfoxide, Azone, and N-alkylpyrrolidones. Lauric acid and lauryl alcohol in isopropanol, polyethylene glycol 400, and mineral oil vehicles were not as effective in promoting naloxone skin penetration as when dissolved in propylene glycol. Sodium lauryl sulfate in propylene glycol slightly increased flux, but a much greater effect was observed using a mineral oil vehicle. Concentration/enhancement profiles were determined for lauric acid and lauryl alcohol. Skin penetration enhancing effects are, to some extent, specific and dependent on the drug, vehicle, enhancer concentration and probably other factors. Possible mechanisms of altering skin permeability are discussed.
Possible Water Vapor Condensation in Rocket Exhaust Plumes

In an attempt to explain the observed radiance in the exhaust plume of an Apollo engine, the possibilities of any condensation by homogeneous nucleation under the conditions in the plume flowfield are examined. It was found that only H2O could condense, the other species present in the exhaust, H2, remained unsaturated. Under the assumption of steady-state homogeneous nucleation, the accumulation of condensate as a function of the streamline coordinate has been computed from the Oswatitsch integral with empirical information gathered in previous experiments. Condensation is thus estimated to occur at about 45 m downstream of the nozzle exit. However, it has been found that the steady-state nucleation assumption may not be valid here, and the previous estimate may be too optimistic. Condensation under nonsteady homogeneous nucleation conditions would result in delayed condensation onset or none at all. A potentially useful alternative way of estimating condensation in plumes is outlined. Finally, keeping in mind that condensation may be induced by binary or heterogeneous nucleation, both of which favor earlier condensation onset, we conclude that condensation is not impossible in this exhaust plume.
Ritualized Play Using Role Play to Teach Pastoral Care and Counseling

The author's experience of reflection-on-action and reflection-in-action in clinical supervision for counseling provides the basis for an analogous experience in the classroom that promotes the teaching of the practice of general pastoral care. A classroom ritual of role play within a specific process for reflection provides the basis for integrating theory and practice.
The correlation between multidomain enzymes and multiple activation mechanisms— The case of phospholipase Cβ and its membrane interactions

Phospholipase Cβ2 (PLCβ2) is a large, multidomain enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of the signaling lipid phosphoinositol 4,5 bisphosphate (PIP2) to promote mitogenic and proliferative changes in the cell. PLCβ2 is activated by Gα and Gβγ subunits of heterotrimeric G proteins, as well as small G proteins and specific peptides. Activation depends on the nature of the membrane surface. Recent crystal structures suggest one model of activation involving the movement of a small autoinhibitory loop upon membrane binding of the enzyme. Additionally, solution studies indicate multiple levels of activation that involve changes in the membrane orientation as well as interdomain movement. Here, we review the wealth of biochemical studies of PLCβ2-G protein activation and propose a comprehensive model that accounts for both the crystallographic and solution results.
Molecular phylogenetic relationships of neotropical salamanders of the genus Pseudoeurycea.

Pseudoeurycea, with 34 described species, is one of the most diversified groups of neotropical salamanders. I generated a phylogenetic hypothesis of relationships for Pseudoeurycea and related taxa, based on DNA sequences of 16S, Cyt b, and ND4 mitochondrial genes. The analyses include 27 species of Pseudoeurycea and samples from the monotypic Lineatriton, Ixalotriton, and Parvimolge. All phylogenetic analyses resulted in a paraphyletic Pseudoeurycea. Ixalotriton and Pseudoeurycea parva always form a monophyletic group. P. parva is transferred to Ixalotriton based on morphological and molecular grounds. The phylogenetic position of the newly defined Ixalotriton clade is uncertain since it is part of an unresolved basal polytomy. Parvimolge is closely related to Pseudoeurycea, and it is also part of the basal polytomy. Lineatriton, a highly specialized taxon, is deeply nested within Pseudoeurycea. In order to provide a taxonomic arrangement consistent with the monophyly of the different units that reflects both evolutionary history and morphological specialization, Pseudoeurycea should be split into several taxonomic units.
The Modern University and its Discontents: The Fate of Newman's Legacies in Britain and America

1. The idea of the idea of a university and its antithesis 2. 'Consult the Genius of the Place' 3. 'The first undergraduates, recognizable as such' 4. Failure 5. Historical and comparative remarks on the 'federal principle' in higher education Interlude: General introduction to chapters six and seven 6. Supply and demand in the writing of university history since about 1790: 1. 'The awkward interval' 7. Supply and demand in the writing of university history since about 1790: 2. The market and the University of London 8. Alternatives: 1. The importance of being unattached 9. Alternatives: 2. Born to have no rest Index.
Environmental controls on blowing dust direction at lubbock, Texas, U.S.A.

Blowing dust is a common phenomenon at Lubbock, Texas, on the Southern High Plains. The directional variability of blowing dust estimated with the ‘sand rose’ technique, using wind speed and direction data, suggest that dust transport occurs from all directions. An empirical method of determining directional variability using meteorological data on visibility reductions due to blowing dust, however, indicates that most dust comes from the west and south-west. In addition to wind speed and direction, other environmental factors must be considered in explaining the spatial pattern of dust transport. Soil erodibility is variable in the region, with the most extensive area of highly erodible soils to the west and south-west of Lubbock. Rangeland dominates land use to the east, while agriculture is extensive to the north, west and south. Local farming techniques leave bare soil during the winter and spring, when most airborne dust is produced and also when strong winds are common from the west and south-west. Soil moisture is lowest to the southwest of Lubbock, which leads to a decrease in soil structure and an increase in the potential for wind erosion in that direction. Relative humidities affect threshold wind speeds and are lowest during March and April, when winds are common from the west and south-west. The spatial and seasonal variability and interactions between many factors, both natural and human-controlled, must therefore considered in explaining the directional variability of aeolian sediment transport at Lubbock.
Modulation of CD4 cell cytokine production by colon cancer-associated mucin.

Mucins have been implicated in tumor-associated immunosuppression. The possibility that colon cancer mucin (CCM) may modulate T-helper 1 (TH1) activity was evaluated by investigating its effect on the production of interleukin-2 (IL-2) by CD4+ cells, a process that requires antigen-specific and costimulatory signals. Methods: CCM was purified from human colorectal cancer cells by gel-exclusion fast-pressure liquid chromatography. Cytokine production of purified CD4+ cells was evaluated at the protein and gene level in the presence of a phorbol ester or an anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody (mAb) plus mAb against the CD28 costimulatory receptor to mimic two-signal activation. Results: Soluble CCM, which contains mucins MUC2 as well as MUC1, inhibited IL-2 mRNA expression and secretion of CD4+ stimulated with a phorbol ester or an anti-CD3 mAb plus anti-CD28 mAb. Pretreatment of CD4+ cells with anti-CD28 mAb abrogated the suppressive effects of CCM on IL-2 production, and flow cytometry showed decreased binding of anti-CD28 mAb to its receptor in the presence of mucin. In addition, Ca2+ mobilization after T cell receptor cross-linking with anti-CD3 mAb was maintained in the presence of CCM. Although interferon γ production was also diminished, CCM did not induce a general inhibition of cytokine production, nor did it decrease cell viability. Macrophage inflammatory protein 1α production was up-regulated; the production of IL-10 and transforming growth factor β was unchanged. Conclusions: The results indicate that CCM can alter TH1 activity and suggest that the modulation of costimulatory interactions is involved. They provide another mechanism of immunosuppression mediated by these highly expressed tumor products.
Presence of soil-dwelling clostridia in commercial powdered infant formulas.

Objective Because Clostridium botulinum was isolated from powdered infant formula (PIF) fed to an infant in the United Kingdom who subsequently developed infant botulism and from unopened PIF from the same manufacturer, we tested PIF manufactured in the United States for the presence of clostridial spores. Study design Thirty PIF ingested by 19 California infants with botulism within 4 weeks of onset of illness (48% of all patients fed PIF during study) in 2006-2007 were cultured anaerobically to isolate clostridia. All isolated clostridia were identified to the species level and enumerated with standard microbiologic and molecular methods. Results Five of 30 (17%) PIF samples ingested by patients contained clostridial spores. Spores were also found in 7 of 9 (78%) market-purchased PIF samples. Clostridium sporogenes was isolated most frequently, followed by Clostridium butyricum and at least 10 other soil-dwelling clostridial species. No neurotoxigenic clostridia were isolated. The most probable number of clostridial spores in PIF ranged between 1.1 to >23 per 100 g. Conclusions With the notable exception of production of botulinum neurotoxin, C sporogenes is physiologically comparable with proteolytic strains of C botulinum, and both share the same natural reservoir (soils and dust worldwide). The isolation of C sporogenes and potentially pathogenic clostridia from U.S.-manufactured PIF suggests that neurotoxigenic clostridial spores have the potential to be present in these products.
Behavior of Listeria monocytogenes in Refrigerated and Frozen Ground Beef and in Sausage and Broth With and Without Additives

Abstract Strains V7 and Scott A of Listeria monocytogenes were inoculated into raw ground beef which was then stored at 4°C and -18°C. Fresh sausage and tryptose broth, both with and without additives, also were inoculated with L. monocytogenes and held at 4°C. Populations of L. monocytogenes in ground beef held at 4°C remained essentially constant during 6 d of storage. When ground beef was held at -18°C, populations of L. monocytogenes remained essentially unchanged during the first 4 weeks and then decreased by 2 to 3 orders of magnitude during the last 3 weeks of storage. Addition of 0.26% potassium sorbate either alone or together with 78 ppm sodium nitrate caused an initial minimal reduction in the population of L. monocytogenes in sausage or tryptose broth. Sodium nitrate at 156 mg/kg alone or at 78 mg/kg together with 156 mg/kg sodium nitrate had little or no effect on populations of L. monocytogenes in sausage or broth.
Weight-related teasing, emotional eating, and weight control behaviors in Hispanic and African American girls

Abstract Purpose To assess the association among parent and peer weight-related teasing, emotional eating, and weight control behaviors in minority girls. Methods 141 Hispanic and African American preadolescent girls (mean age = 11.1 years, SD = 1.5 years) participated. Most of the participants were of Hispanic origin, had a bicultural orientation, and were obese. Participants completed surveys assessing weight-related teasing, emotional eating, weight control behaviors, demographic, and acculturation characteristics. Body weight and height were also assessed. Hierarchical regression analyses were run to determine the associations among study variables. Results Fifty-nine percent of participants reported being weight-related teased by peers and 42% participants reported weight-related teasing by parents. Weight-related teasing by parent was associated with emotional eating and binge eating, whereas peer weight-related teasing was only associated with emotional eating. Conclusions Findings demonstrated the differential association of weight-related teasing from peers and parents to emotional and binge eating in minority girls.
A POPULATION GENETIC THEORY OF CANALIZATION.

Canalization is the suppression of phenotypic variation. Depending on the causes of phenotypic variation, one speaks either of genetic or environmental canalization. Genetic canalization describes insensitivity of a character to mutations, and the insensitivity to environmental factors is called environmental canalization. Genetic canalization is of interest because it influences the availability of heritable phenotypic variation to natural selection, and is thus potentially important in determining the pattern of phenotypic evolution. In this paper a number of population genetic models are considered of a quantitative character under stabilizing selection. The main purpose of this study is to define the population genetic conditions and constraints for the evolution of canalization. Environmental canalization is modeled as genotype specific environmental variance. It is shown that stabilizing selection favors genes that decrease environmental variance of quantitative characters. However, the theoretical limit of zero environmental variance has never been observed. Of the many ways to explain this fact, two are addressed by our model. It is shown that a "canalization limit" is reached if canalizing effects of mutations are correlated with direct effects on the same character. This canalization limit is predicted to be independent of the strength of stabilizing selection, which is inconsistent with recent experimental data (Sterns et al. 1995). The second model assumes that the canalizing genes have deleterious pleiotropic effects. If these deleterious effects are of the same magnitude as all the other mutations affecting fitness very strong stabilizing selection is required to allow the evolution of environmental canalization. Genetic canalization is modeled as an influence on the average effect of mutations at a locus of other genes. It is found that the selection for genetic canalization critically depends on the amount of genetic variation present in the population. The more genetic variation, the stronger the selection for canalizing effects. All factors that increase genetic variation favor the evolution of genetic canalization (large population size, high mutation rate, large number of genes). If genetic variation is maintained by mutation-selection balance, strong stabilizing selection can inhibit the evolution of genetic canalization. Strong stabilizing selection eliminates genetic variation to a level where selection for canalization does not work anymore. It is predicted that the most important characters (in terms of fitness) are not necessarily the most canalized ones, if they are under very strong stabilizing selection (k > 0.2Ve ). The rate of decrease of mutational variance Vm is found to be less than 10% of the initial Vm . From this result it is concluded that characters with typical mutational variances of about 10-3 Ve are in a metastable state where further evolution of genetic canalization is too slow to be of importance at a microevolutionary time scale. The implications for the explanation of macroevolutionary patterns are discussed.
Real-time model-based vision for industrial domains

This paper describes a model based vision system that has been developed which is able to perform model based reasoning at real-time (or near real-time) rates and for which both the hardware and prototyping costs are low. The basic approach taken is to extract a set of useful features from observed models using a library of feature primitive operators. Scale and orientation invariant combinations of these features are used as indices into a hardware lookup table to establish initial correspondence between similar combinations that will be encountered when examining unknown objects. When performing initial recognition of an unknown object, evidence for an object in a particular spatial pose is accumulated, giving rise to an initial set of hypotheses. The strongest hypotheses are then refined by iteratively hypothesizing new (previously uninstantiated) model/object feature matches and computing a confidence measure associated with the current instantiation set. If confidence increases the newly hypothesized instantiation is retained, otherwise it is discarded.
Light induced fading in the OSL response of Al2O3:C

Abstract We are reporting the results of an investigation designed to determine the magnitude of the light induced fading associated with the OSL response of Al 2 O 3 :C. Unlike previous studies where bare, radiation sensitive OSL elements were exposed directly to light, most of the experiments described here were conducted using sealed commercially available OSL dosimeters. During light exposure the OSL sensitive elements were kept inside a standard commercially available plastic badge. A commercial OSL system was used for these experiments in an attempt to simulate typical field use conditions. Both light induced signal and light induced fading were considered, however no measurable light induced signal could be identified. Light induced fading effects, however, were significant, up to 55% loss of OSL signal following daylight exposure of 45 days. The possibility that dose information may be easily erased, intentionally or accidentally, could impose significant restrictions on the ability of the US Navy to defend, if needed, the reported personnel dose levels.
Segmented mirror figure control for a space-based far-IR astronomical telescope

For segmented large mirrors to be used effectively for astronomy they must be actively aligned and controlled to extreme levels of precision. We consider the figure control problem for a spaceborne far-IR telescope, the Precision Segmented Reflector Project Focus Moderate Mission Telescope. We propose a two-stage approach. A figure initialization controller is used to achieve initial phasing and alignment of the telescope using an imaging science detector. A figure maintenance controller keeps the telescope aligned during normal operation using a laser metrology optical truss sensor system. We show that performance of any figure control system is subject to limits on the controllability of the wavefront. Maintenance controllers are additionally limited by considerations of the observability of the wavefront from the maintenance sensors. We show preliminary results for the figure initialization controller. We present a 'Wavefront Compensation' method for figure maintenance control that minimizes wavefront errors due to misalignment errors.
Describing the structure of a macro molecular complex as a random Signal in noise and a maximum likelihood reconstruction

Instances of biological macromolecular complexes that have identical chemical constituents may not have the same geometry due to, for example, flexibility. Cryo electron microscopy provides one noisy projection image of each of many instances of a complex where the projection directions for the different instances are random. The noise is sufficient severe (SNR ≪ 1) that the projection direction for a particular image cannot be easily estimated from the individual image. The goal is to determine the 3-D geometry of the complex (the 3-D distribution of electron scattering intensity) which requires fusing information from these many images of many complexes. In order to describe the geometric heterogeneity of the complexes, the complex is described as a weighted sum of basis functions where the weights are random. In order to get tractable algorithms, the weights are modeled as Gaussian random variables with unknown statistics and the noise is modeled as additive Gaussian random variables with unknown covariance. The statistics of the weights and the statistics of the noise are jointly estimated by maximum likelihood by a generalized expectation maximization algorithm. The method has been developed to the point where it appears to be able to solve problems of interest to the structural biology community.
Supporting electronic ink databases

Abstract The emergence of the pen as the main interface device for personal digital assistants and pen-computers has made handwritten text, and more generally ink , a first-class object. As for any other type of data, the need of retrieval is a prevailing one. Retrieval of handwritten text is more difficult than that of conventional data since it is necessary to identify a handwritten word given slightly different variations in its shape. The current way of addressing this is by using handwriting recognition, which is prone to errors and limits the expressiveness of ink. Alternatively, one can retrieve from the database handwritten words that are similar to a query handwritten word using techniques borrowed from pattern and speech recognition. In this paper, an indexing technique based on Hidden Markov Models is proposed. Its implementation and its performance is reported in this paper.
Epidermal and Hepatocyte Growth Factors, but Not Keratinocyte Growth Factor, Modulate Protein Kinase Cα Translocation to the Plasma Membrane through 15(S)-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic Acid Synthesis

Activation of protein kinase C (PKC) involves its recruitment to the membrane, where it interacts with its activator(s). We expressed PKCalpha fused to green fluorescent protein and examined its real time translocation to the plasma membrane in living human corneal epithelial cells. Upon 10 min of stimulation with epidermal and hepatocyte growth factors (EGF and HGF), PKCalpha translocated to the plasma membrane. Keratinocyte growth factor did not stimulate PKCalpha translocation up to 1 h after stimulation. Pretreatment with the 15-lipoxygenase metabolite, 15(S)-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (15(S)-HETE), followed by EGF or HGF, produced faster translocation of PKCalpha detectable at 2 min. However, the same concentration of 15(S)-HETE alone did not stimulate translocation. 15(S)-Hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acid and 5(S)-HETE did not affect growth factor-induced translocation of PKCalpha. PD153035, a specific inhibitor of tyrosine kinase activity of the EGF receptor, completely blocked PKCalpha translocation induced by EGF. PD98059, a specific MEK inhibitor, significantly inhibited EGF- and HGF-mediated PKCalpha translocation, which was reversed by addition of 15(S)-HETE. Phosphorylation of ERK1/2 by EGF was followed by phosphorylation of cytosolic phospholipase A(2) (cPLA(2)), and blocking ERK1/2 inhibited cPLA(2) activation. Immunofluorescence demonstrated translocation of p-cPLA(2) to plasma and nuclear membranes as early as 2 min. This may further increase arachidonic acid release from membrane phospholipid pools and increase the intracellular pool of HETEs. In fact, in cells prelabeled with [(3)H]arachidonic acid, EGF stimulated synthesis of 15(S)-HETE in the cytosolic fraction. 15(S)-HETE also reversed the effect of LOX inhibitor on EGF-mediated cell proliferation. Our results indicate that 15(S)-HETE is an intracellular second messenger that facilitates translocation of PKCalpha to the membrane and elucidate a mechanism that plays a regulatory role in cell proliferation crucial to corneal wound healing.
Metastable structures of solid hydrogen.

The J=0\ensuremath{\rightarrow}2 Raman signal from solid J=0 ${\mathrm{D}}_{2}$ or ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ reveals the hcp structure when deposited at a rate 0.1\ensuremath{\le}R(\ensuremath{\mu}m/min)\ensuremath{\le}40 onto ${\mathrm{MgF}}_{2}$ at ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{d}}$/${\mathit{T}}_{\mathrm{tp}}$\ensuremath{\gtrsim}0.3, a mixture of hcp and fcc crystals at 0.2${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{d}}$/${\mathit{T}}_{\mathrm{tp}}$0.3 and possibly a randomly stacked close-packed structure at ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{d}}$/${\mathit{T}}_{\mathrm{tp}}$0.2, where ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathrm{tp}}$ is the triple point temperature. Non-hcp crystals transform to hcp continuously and irreversibly with increasing T. Finally, the crystal size decreases with decreasing ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{d}}$ and increasing R, from \ensuremath{\sim}1 mm at ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{d}}$\ensuremath{\sim}0.8${\mathit{T}}_{\mathrm{tp}}$ and R\ensuremath{\sim}2 \ensuremath{\mu}m/min to \ensuremath{\sim}1 \ensuremath{\mu}m at 0.25 ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathrm{tp}}$ and R\ensuremath{\sim}40 \ensuremath{\mu}m/min. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
Radiation therapy before cystectomy in the management of patients with bladder cancer

During the preceding two decades, 309 patients with bladder cancer were treated by irradiation before cystectomy at the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center. A radical tumour dose averaging 6000 cGy (rad) in six weeks was given to 104 patients who underwent radical cystectomy ± one year later for persistent or recurrent cancer. Pre-operative pelvic irradiation was planned in 205 patients who received either 4000 cGy in four weeks (119) or 2000 cGy in one week (86) and underwent radical cystectomy after ± six weeks and two days, respectively. The determinate five-year survival rates (41–43%) were similar with the three irradiation regimes; mortality under five years was mainly due to cancer recurrence locally and/or distally. Incidence of recurrence with radiation-induced stage reduction (21%) was lower, especially within the pelvis, than with no stage reduction (51%). Treatment results with planned pre-operative irradiation, especially in high stage tumours, were more favourable with the shorter 2000 cGy regimen of high fractional doses than with the conventionally fractionated 4000 cGy regimen.
ATLAS muon drift tube production in Seattle

The facility that we developed for producing precision drift tubes of the ATLAS forward muon system is described in this paper. We have completed the production of approximately 30 000 drift tubes in Seattle. The results of quality assurance for these tubes are presented. The drift tube assembly and quality assurance are two separation operations that proceed in parallel. The quality of the drift tube that we produced meets the very stringent requirements of the ATLAS experiment. The typical average production rate is 2 to 3 min per tube and the rejection rate is less than 1.5%.
“To stage me to their eyes”: Visual imagery in the BBC production of measure for measure

(1982). “To stage me to their eyes”: Visual imagery in the BBC production of measure for measure. Literature in Performance: Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 12-22.
Soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibition, epoxygenated fatty acids and nociception

The soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) enzyme regulates the levels of endogenous epoxygenated fatty acid (EFA) lipid metabolites by rapidly degrading these molecules. The EFAs have pleiotropic biological activities including the modulation of nociceptive signaling. Recent findings indicate that the EFAs, in particular the arachidonic acid (AA) derived epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs), the docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) derived epoxydocosapentaenoic acids (EpDPEs) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) derived epoxyeicosatetraenoic acids (EpETEs) are natural signaling molecules. The tight regulation of these metabolites speaks to their importance in regulating biological functions. In the past several years work on EFAs in regard to their activities in the nervous system evolved to demonstrate that these molecules are anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive. Here we focus on the recent advances in understanding the effects of sEH inhibition and increased EFAs on the nociceptive system and their ability to reduce pain. Evidence of their role in modulating pain signaling is given by their direct application and by inhibiting their degradation in various models of pain. Moreover, there is mounting evidence of EFAs role in the crosstalk between major nociceptive and anti-nociceptive systems which is reviewed herein. Overall the fundamental knowledge generated within the past decade indicates that orally bioavailable small molecule inhibitors of sEH may find a place in the treatment of a number of diverse painful conditions including inflammatory and neuropathic pain.
On the Complexity of “Ideas in America”: Origins and Achievements of the Classical Age of Pragmatism

Few historians would disagree with the claim that the events surrounding the Civil War marked a decisive break in American national development, and few would deny that a major component of that break was the elaboration and spread of new ideas and attitudes about matters of the most fundamental importance: law, nature, science, religion, politics, psychology, philosophy, and social organization itself. In The Metaphysical Club: A Story of Ideas in America, Louis Menand reexamines the roots of those intellectual changes, their evolution through the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, and their long-term significance in American life and thought. "The Civil War swept away the slave civilization of the South, but it swept away almost the whole intellectual culture of the North along with it," he writes. "It took nearly half a century for the United States to develop a culture to replace it, to find a set of ideas, and a way of thinking that would help people cope with the conditions of modem life." Among its effects, that new culture and new way of thinking profoundly reshaped American views of law and the legal system. That long and complex "struggle" to find
Open source versus commercial firewalls: functional comparison

This paper compares firewall alternatives with virtual private network support appropriate for corporate applications. Two specific firewall solutions are compared highlighting corresponding security risks: (1) a firewall constructed using only open source software available for the Linux operating system and (2) a commercial firewall solution from Cisco using the Cisco IOS firewall feature set.
Effects of voltage-gated calcium channel subunit genes on calcium influx in cultured C. elegans mechanosensory neurons.

Voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCCs) serve as a critical link between electrical signaling and diverse cellular processes in neurons. We have exploited recent advances in genetically encoded calcium sensors and in culture techniques to investigate how the VGCC a1 subunit EGL-19 and a2/d subunit UNC-36 affect the functional properties of C. elegans mechanosensory neu- rons. Using the protein-based optical indicator camel- eon, we recorded calcium transients from cultured mechanosensory neurons in response to transient depo- larization. We observed that in these cultured cells, cal- cium transients induced by extracellular potassium were significantly reduced by a reduction-of-function muta- tion in egl-19 and significantly reduced by L-type cal- cium channel inhibitors; thus, a main source of touch neuron calcium transients appeared to be influx of
“No Vacation for Mother”: Traditional Gender Roles in Outdoor Travel Literature, 1940–1965

In the 1961 Ladies Home Journal article “Can Parents and Children Share Vacation Fun?,” renowned pediatrician and parenting expert Benjamin Spock commented, “in the planning of vacations, the child...
WAVE BREAKING AND RIP CURRENT CIRCULATION

This paper examines the effect of current-induced breaking on the modeling of wave breaking dissipation near rip currents. Simulations using a set of existing wave transformation models are compared to existing laboratory measurements made on a bar/channel topography in the presence of both strong and weak rip currents. The model/data comparisons demonstrate that existing models can effectively simulate the wave breaking near rips, but only by making large adjustments in the model coefficients used in the wave dissipation parameterizations. Since wave breaking formulations are typically calibrated without regard to the cross-shore currents, these results suggest that most model predictions will suffer large errors near rip currents. Furthermore, any errors in the modeled wave breaking dissipation will affect model predictions of the wave setup/setdown and, therefore, the wave driven circulation. A simple model exercise shows that predictions of the longshore pressure gradient, which is a driving force for the rip circulation cells, can be sensitive to the accurate simulation of wave breaking near rip currents.
Persistence of Cytogenetic Abnormalities at Complete Remission After Induction in Patients With Acute Myeloid Leukemia: Prognostic Significance and the Potential Role of Allogeneic Stem-Cell Transplantation

Purpose To determine the prognostic impact of persistent cytogenetic abnormalities at complete remission (CR) on relapse-free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS) in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and to examine the potential role of allogeneic stem-cell transplantation (SCT) in this setting. Patients and Methods Data from 254 adult patients with AML (excluding acute promyelocytic leukemia) who achieved CR after induction chemotherapy on various first-line protocols were examined. Results Median follow-up for surviving patients was 43 months. Patients with cytogenetic abnormalities at CR (n = 71) had significantly shorter RFS (P = .001) and OS (P < .001) compared with patients with normal cytogenetics at CR (n = 183); 3-year RFS was 15% and 45%, and 3-year OS was 15% and 56%, respectively. Among the patients with persistent cytogenetic abnormalities at CR, those who underwent SCT in first CR (CR1; n = 15) had better RFS and OS compared to those without SCT (n = 56; P = .04 and .06, respect...
Development and Experimental Validation of an Underwater Manipulator Hydrodynamic Model

Hydrodynamic forces can be large, and hence have a significant effect on the dynamic performance of underwater manipulation sys tems. This paper investigates these forces for a cylindrical single- link arm undergoing motions that are characteristic of a robotic manipulator. Based on flow visualization, theoretical analysis, and experimental measurements, a new model is developed that describes these forces. This model differs from previous models in that the drag and added mass coefficients are state-dependentfunctions that depend on the distance traveled by the arm. A factor of four improve ment in accuracy is demonstrated over standard constant-coefficient models.
Issues and Strategies Involved in Helping Homeless Parents of Young Children Strengthen Their Self-Esteem

Homeless parents of young children face many stressors that erode their self-esteem. This article articulates these stressors and how they negatively impact homeless parents and their children. Strategies for helping parents empower themselves and their children are explained.
The Liouville Equation and Its Potential Usefulness for the Prediction of Forecast Skill. Part I: Theory

Abstract The Liouville equation provides the framework for the consistent and comprehensive treatment of the uncertainty inherent in meteorological forecasts. This equation expresses the conservation of the phase-space integral of the number density of realizations of a dynamical system originating at the same time instant from different initial conditions, in a way completely analogous to the continuity equation for mass in fluid mechanics. Its solution describes the temporal development of the probability density function of the state vector of a given dynamical model. Consideration of the Liouville equation ostensibly avoids in a natural way the problems inherent to more standard methodology for predicting forecast skill, such as the need for higher-moment closure within stochastic-dynamic prediction, or the need to generate a large number of realizations within ensemble forecasting. These benefits, however, are obtained only at the expense of considering high-dimensional problems. The purpose of this ...
Derivation and evaluation of a risk-scoring tool to predict participant attrition in a lifestyle intervention project

Participant attrition in clinical trials and community-based interventions is a serious, common, and costly problem. In order to develop a simple predictive scoring system that can quantify the risk of participant attrition in a lifestyle intervention project, we analyzed data from the Special Diabetes Program for Indians Diabetes Prevention Program (SDPI-DP), an evidence-based lifestyle intervention to prevent diabetes in 36 American Indian and Alaska Native communities. SDPI-DP participants were randomly divided into a derivation cohort (n = 1600) and a validation cohort (n = 801). Logistic regressions were used to develop a scoring system from the derivation cohort. The discriminatory power and calibration properties of the system were assessed using the validation cohort. Seven independent factors predicted program attrition: gender, age, household income, comorbidity, chronic pain, site's user population size, and average age of site staff. Six factors predicted long-term attrition: gender, age, marital status, chronic pain, site's user population size, and average age of site staff. Each model exhibited moderate to fair discriminatory power (C statistic in the validation set: 0.70 for program attrition, and 0.66 for long-term attrition) and excellent calibration. The resulting scoring system offers a low-technology approach to identify participants at elevated risk for attrition in future similar behavioral modification intervention projects, which may inform appropriate allocation of retention resources. This approach also serves as a model for other efforts to prevent participant attrition.
The cost of eliminating pseudorabies from swine herds in Iowa

Abstract The costs of eradicating pseudorabies virus (PRV) from 23 swine herds participating in the Iowa Pseudorabies Eradication Pilot Project are reported. Three feeder pig finisher herds had PRV eliminated, using depopulation-repopulation, at a total clean-up cost of $0.39 per hog marketed over the course of the clean-up period. Clean-up costs for the single farrow-to-finish producer using depopulation-repopulation were $203.66 per sow; the largest expense to the producer being $106.60 lost per sow in inventory during downtime. In five herds using test and removal, the total cost was $7.78 per sow and 14 producers using offspring segregation eliminated PRV at a total cost of $40.87 per sow in inventory. This analysis excludes 17 infected herds for which complete data were not available during the study period.