cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Parallel and distributed application of an urban-to-regional multiscale model

Abstract Air quality models have become basic scientific tools used in formulating policy decisions involving tremendous capital resources. The air quality of one region is affected by the emissions and transport of pollutants from the surrounding regions. This necessitates the use of regional scale models which cover large areas on the order of 10 6 km 2 , and are computationally intensive. The next generation air quality models will include more complex chemistry and aerosol physics, and will employ sub-grid scales to treat atmospheric turbulence and other processes. These advancements in the models will significantly increase their computational demands. One way to maintain a reasonable turnaround time will be to use massively parallel computational architectures. An important issue in the parallel applications to these models is the portability of the model across various architectures. The urban and regional multiscale (URM) model has been parallelized and applied to various computational environments. Significant decreases in elapsed computational time are observed when the model is applied to a cluster of workstations. Portability issues of the application are analyzed with regard to architecture-independent code, good performance on different architectures, and a uniform run-time environment.
Current transport, gate dielectrics and band gap engineering in graphene devices

In this work, we studied current transport in mono-, bi-and tri-layer graphene. We find that both the temperature and carrier density dependencies in monolayer and bi-/tri-layers are diametrically opposite. These difference can be understood by the different density-of-states and the additional screening of the electrical field of the substrate surface polar phonons in bi-layer/tri-layer graphenes. We also find that silicon nitride can provide uniform coverage of graphene in field-effect transistors while preserving the channel mobility. Using this insulator, we studied field-induced band-gap or band-overlap in graphene with various numbers of layers.
The presidency of Franklin Delano Roosevelt

Elected in hard times and serving throughout a catastrophic global war, Franklin Delano Roosevelt confronted crises of epic proportions during his record 12-year tenure. This volume provides an account of his much-debated presidency, describing the successes and failures of his landmark administration and offering a new perspective on the New Deal. George McJimsey's study portrays Roosevelt as a pluralist leader whose various New Deal programmes empowered the American people to combat America's Great Depression at the grass roots. During the Depression, Roosevelt hoped to create a "co-operative commonwealth" that would create a strong America at home, as later during World War II he sought to create an international order based on Allied co-operation and American leadership. McJimsey pays particular attention to the political environment in which Roosevelt's presidency functioned and how it both created opportunities and limited his choices. Roosevelt, he shows, was often unable to avoid pluralism's pitfalls as he found he had to work through corrupt city bosses, patronage-hungry congressmen and profit-driven businessmen. As the author observes, he was repeatedly forced to manoeuvre and manipulate to hold the reins of power. A separate chapter on Eleanor Roosevelt describes her emergence as a public figure and her advocacy of social causes, exploring how she acted on issues that her husband hesitated to address. In addition, the book analyzes important policy issues involving and affecting women and Native Americans, and sheds light on the policy changes of 1935 and 1937, the roles of FDR's close associates, and the ultimate impact of his actions on democracy.
Sharps Injuries and Reporting Practices of U.S. Dermatologists

Background Sharps injuries pose considerable risk to physicians. We examined prevalence and rates of reporting of sharps injuries of dermatologists and dermatology trainees, focusing on motivations for and barriers to reporting. We identified types of procedures carrying highest risk. Objective To characterize the factors influencing sharps injuries and reporting practices. Methods and Materials Current dermatology residents, fellows, and practicing dermatologists were surveyed using an anonymous electronic survey regarding needlestick injuries. Results Of 336 dermatologist respondents (26.5% response rate [336/1,268]), 286 (85.1%) reported having had a sharps injury; 116 (40.6%) had occurred within the past year. Sixty-eight injuries occurred during surgery (58.6%), and 106 were perceived to be self-inflicted (91.4%). Physicians most likely to report recent sharps injuries were trainees (26/41, 63.4%), dermatologic surgeons (24/64, 37.5%), and medical dermatologists (3/11, 27.3%). One hundred eighty-three (64%) respondents reported having ever had a sharps injury that went unreported. Dermatologists at academic institutions were more likely to report injuries than those in solo (odds ratio [OR] = 2.97, P = .23) or group (OR=2.29, P < .001) practice. Conclusions Sharps injuries are common among dermatologists. Underreporting is common and places providers and patients at risk of blood-borne illnesses.
Sunspots and the physics of magnetic flux tubes. I - The general nature of the sunspot. II - Aerodynamic drag

Analysis of the dynamical stability of a large flux tube suggests that the field of a sunspot must divide into many separate tubes within the first 1000 km below the surface. Buoyancy of the Wilson depression at the visible surface and probably also a downdraft beneath the sunspot hold the separate tubes in a loose cluster. Convective generation of Alfven waves, which are emitted preferentially downward, cools the tubes. Aerodynamic drag on a slender flux tube stretched vertically across a convective cell is also studied. Since the drag is approximately proportional to the local kinetic energy density, the density stratification weights the drag in favor of the upper layers. Horizontal motions concentrated in the bottom of the convective cell may reverse this density effect. A downdraft of about two km/sec through the flux tubes beneath the sunspot is hypothesized.
Are you looking at me?: perception of robot attention is mediated by gaze type and group size

Studies in HRI have shown that people follow and understand robot gaze. However, only a few studies to date have examined the time-course of a meaningful robot gaze, and none have directly investigated what type of gaze is best for eliciting the perception of attention. This paper investigates two types of gaze behaviors---short, frequent glances and long, less frequent stares---to find which behavior is better at conveying a robot's visual attention. We describe the development of a programmable research platform from MyKeepon toys, and the use of these programmable robots to examine the effects of gaze type and group size on the perception of attention. In our experiment, participants viewed a group of MyKeepon robots executing random motions, occasionally fixating on various points in the room or directly on the participant. We varied type of gaze fixations within participants and group size between participants. Results show that people are more accurate at recognizing shorter, more frequent fixations than longer, less frequent ones, and that their performance improves as group size decreases. From these results, we conclude that multiple short gazes are preferable for indicating attention over one long gaze, and that the visual search for robot attention is susceptible to group size effects.
Standoff acoustic-to-seismic landmine detection

This paper addresses a potential method to advance acoustic landmine detection by increasing operator and equipment standoff range from the minefield and developing a lightweight system that is potentially more practical than many currently researched systems. In this study, a parametric array acoustic source is evaluated to understand its potential for landmine detection. The array can transmit audible signals over 100 meters in air and has a weight of just four pounds. A proof-of-concept system was built at M.I.T. Lincoln Laboratory that uses a commercial parametric source to insonify the ground and excite buried mines. A commercial laser vibrometer was then used to measure the displacement velocity at the ground surface on and off the mine. This system has been demonstrated at an outdoor landmine facility and has measured signatures from buried anti-personnel mines. The overall concept shows promise; however, the parametric source used in this preliminary test was developed for home entertainment and will require substantial modification to be practical for landmine detection.
Fathers, sons, and the state: discipline and punishment in a Wolof hinterland.

This essay builds on fieldwork in rural Senegal to examine three cases in which elder household heads called on gendarmes to physically discipline rebellious youths. These cases, which revolved around harsh acts of corporal punishment, invite inquiry into common assumptions about African families and states. The first assumption is the common dichotomy drawn between African youths, portrayed as modern and menacing, and African elders, portrayed as “traditional” and hence benign. The second assumption is the dichotomy drawn between the African family, conceived as solidary and nurturing, and the African state, conceived as alien and predatory. In examining these cases of discipline and punishment, this essay reveals the ever-shifting power relations that link Wolof household heads, dependent junior males, and state agents, and simultaneously introduces new questions about the morality of farmer–state relations and generational conflict. My analysis reveals the spatial geography of Senegal's youth crisis, which takes different forms in rural and urban locales. The anxiety of rural patriarchs is fed by a fear-mongering media obsessed with youthful anarchy in the cities, and a long-standing political rhetoric about the threat of rural out-migration. Elder men in the countryside, who experience diminishing household authority under neoliberalism, make proactive efforts to keep the urban youth crisis at bay. They seek to augment their domestic power by reestablishing links with a state that has long bolstered patriarchy but whose power is currently in decline. By lending patriarchs their coercive force, gendarmes attempt to accomplish through private, indirect means, what the postcolonial state is unable to do: maintain social order by reining in disruptive youths. The harsh disciplinary measures that gendarmes employ are not alien to Wolof culture, but integral to Wolof conceptions of child rearing.
Comparison of the mutagenic properties of 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2′-deoxyadenosine and 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2′-deoxyguanosine DNA lesions in mammalian cells

The comparative mutagenicity of 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyadenosine (8-oxodA) and 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodG) was explored using simian kidney (COS-7) cells. Oligodeoxynucleotides ?5'-TCCTCCT- G(1)X(2)CCTCTC or 5'-TCCTCCTX(1)G(2)CCTCTC (X = dA, dG, 8-oxodA or 8-oxodG) containing 8-oxodA or 8-oxodG positioned within codon 60 or 61 of the non-coding strand of human c-Ha-ras1 gene were inserted into a single-stranded phagemid shuttle vector. The vector was replicated in COS-7 cells and the progeny plasmids were used to transform Escherichia coli DH10B. The transformants were analyzed by oligodeoxynucleotide hybridization and DNA sequence analysis to establish the mutation frequency and specificity. When 8-oxodA was positioned at X(1), targeted A(oxo)-->C transversions were detected; the mutation frequency was 1.2%. When 8-oxodA was positioned at X(2), one targeted mutant among 416 colonies screened (an A(oxo)-->G transition) was detected. Thus, the mutation frequency and spectrum of 8-oxodA depend on the sequence context of the lesion. The mutation frequency of 8-oxodG at X(1) and X(2) was 5.2 and 6.8%, respectively. G(oxo)-->T transversions dominated the spectrum, accompanied by small numbers of G(oxo)-->A transitions and G(oxo)-->C transversions. We conclude that 8-oxodA has mutagenic potential in mammalian cells, generating A-->C transversions. However, when tested under similar conditions, the mutation frequency of 8-oxodA is at least four times lower than that of 8-oxodG.
Intrinsic Myocyte Dysfunction and Tyrosine Kinase Pathway Activation Underlie the Impaired Wall Thickening of Adjacent Regions During Postinfarct Left Ventricular Remodeling

Background Left ventricular remodeling after infarction is accompanied by dysfunction of regions adjacent to the infarct. We hypothesized that myocyte contractile abnormalities and elongation greater than in remote regions underlie adjacent-region dysfunction in the remodeled ventricle. The activation of the tyrosine kinase pathway, which mediates in vitro hypertrophy by stretch and/or angiotensin, was also assessed in myocytes separately isolated from adjacent and remote regions. Methods and Results ECG-gated magnetic resonance imaging short-axis images were acquired 2 weeks after coronary ligation in rats. After the rats were killed, myocytes were isolated from animals with large (n=7) and small (n=7) infarcts and from 4 sham-operated controls. Regional wall thickening was correlated with local myocyte function and morphology. Cytochemistry for tyrosine-phosphorylated proteins was performed in myocytes from the same regions. Remodeled ventricles were dilated relative to controls by 93.7%, and wall thick...
Effective Use of Low-Dose Computed Tomography Lung Cancer Screening

Lung cancer screening programs for high-risk populations using low-dose computed tomography (LDCT) have been shown by a class I clinical trial to reduce lung cancer mortality by 20%. We present an overview of randomized and nonrandomized lung cancer screening trials and review some of the arguments advocating for or against the widespread implementation of such a screening program. Concerns regarding the use of LDCT screening for lung cancer include increased risk from radiation exposure, overdiagnosis of indolent tumors, and high numbers of false-positive results, which may increase patient anxiety and result in unnecessary procedures with potential complications. Current recommendations regarding diagnostic criteria and workup of positive screens as well as the risks and benefits of using LDCT for lung cancer screening are provided.
Fit-to-Flow (F2F) interconnects: Universal reversible adhesive-free microfluidic adaptors for lab-on-a-chip systems

World-to-chip (macro-to-micro) interface continues to be one of the most complicated, ineffective, and unreliable components in the development of emerging lab-on-a-chip systems involving integrated microfluidic operations. A number of irreversible (e.g., adhesive gluing) and reversible techniques (e.g., press fitting) have attempted to provide dedicated fluidic passage from standard tubing to miniature on-chip devices, none of which completely addresses the above concerns. In this paper, we present standardized adhesive-free microfluidic adaptors, referred to as Fit-to-Flow (F2F) Interconnects, to achieve reliable hermetic seal, high-density tube packing, self-aligned plug-in, reworkable connectivity, straightforward scalability and expandability, and applicability to broad lab-on-a-chip platforms; analogous to the modular plug-and-play USB architecture employed in modern electronics. Specifically, two distinct physical packaging mechanisms are applied, with one utilizing induced tensile stress in elastomeric socket to establish reversible seal and the other using negative pressure to provide on demand vacuum shield, both of which can be adapted to a variety of experimental configurations. The non-leaking performance (up to 336 kPa) along with high tube-packing density (of 1 tube/mm(2)) and accurate self-guided alignment (of 10 μm) have been characterized. In addition, a 3D microfluidic mixer and a 6-level chemical gradient generator paired with the corresponding F2F Interconnects have been devised to illustrate the applicability of the universal fluidic connections to classic lab-on-a-chip operations.
Simple radioassay for uridine phosphorylase and 5′-nucleotidase

Abstract A simple micromethod was developed for the accurate measurement of the activity of uridine phosphorylase in the direction of both ribosylation and phosphorolysis. The technique was applicable also to the measurement of cytoplasmic 5′-nucleotidase. In this micromethod the radioactive products were separated from the substrates by electrophoresis on cellulose acetate membrane in 0.1 m borate buffer, pH 9.0, at 150 V for 40 min. These micromethods are highly sensitive and capable of utilizing small samples (4–30 μg protein); they are valid in crude tissue extracts of rat liver and hepatoma.
Observational studies of planetary waves in PMCs and mesospheric temperature measured by SNOE and SABER

[1] A combination of satellite observations is used to study the global variation of polar mesospheric cloud (PMC) brightness and to determine its correlation with transient mesospheric dynamics. The observations include the PMC database from the Student Nitric Oxide Explorer (SNOE) satellite and measurements of atmospheric temperature made by the Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry (SABER) instrument onboard the Thermosphere-Ionosphere-Mesosphere-Energetics and Dynamics (TIMED) spacecraft. The analysis is unique in that we have contemporaneous measurements of PMCs by SNOE and atmospheric temperature by SABER for three summer mesosphere seasons (two northern, in 2002 and 2003; one southern, 2002–2003). The results show the presence of planetary wave activity in both PMCs and mesospheric temperature that are strongly coherent with each other. The dominant waves present in the polar summer mesosphere are the 5-day wave number 1 and the 2-day wave number 2 Rossby normal modes. The maximum amplitude of the temperature perturbations is small (2.0–3.5 K) but has a significant effect on the PMC brightness. The SABER temperature amplitude in the southern season is slightly larger than the northern seasons for both planetary waves with a corresponding increase in PMC planetary wave activity. The phase relationship between temperature and PMCs indicates that they are very close to 180° out of phase (cold temperatures coincide with bright PMC). This analysis establishes the importance of temperature as a forcing mechanism for planetary-scale variability in PMCs.
Hepatitis A Virus Transmission by Blood Products in the United States

To address the question of HAV prevalence and seroconversion in relation to clotting factor concentrates, we assayed an early serum for 339 hemophiliacs followed every 6 months by the Transfusion Safety Study in the period from mid-1985 until mid-1992. We found 58.4% positive around entry, with an age-specific prevalence that did not vary with age. In comparison to rates for anti-HIV-negative blood donors, they were significantly higher. Based on testing of subsequent sera, 11 hemophiliacs (7.8% of 141 susceptibles) changed their anti-HAV status from negative to positive. In 9 instances, positivity immediately followed the first dose of intravenous immune globulin. A possible seroconversion followed treatment with blood components, and a possible seroconversion followed intermediate-purity, solvent/detergent(SD)-treated factor VIII concentrate. Neither of these 2 patients was anti-HAV IgM positive, so that passively transferred antibody is possible. The high prevalence among hemophiliacs at entry must be further investigated by determining the expected background rate in a US population similar to the hemophilia patients, and by comparing anti-HAV prevalence associated with SD-treated and heat-inactivated concentrates.
Regional Council Program Priorities for the 1990s: Two Emerging Program Clusters, Leading to a Policy Question About Human Services

This research demonstrates that regional councils across the nation are developing a clearer program focus for the 1990s. Two clusters of program priorities are emerging for the future: (1) a transportation planning and environmental preservation cluster and (2) an economic and human resources development cluster. Regional growth is useful as a predictor of the future priorities council executive directors expect to place on these clusters. It is positively associated with future priorities for transportation planning and environmental preservation programs, and negatively associated with future priorities for economic and human resources development programs. However, human services programs do not fall in either program cluster. They receive the lowest future priorities of any major subgroup of programs, leading to a policy question about the role of regional councils in human services delivery in the 1990s and beyond.
Monte Carlo studies of the critical free energies for the three-dimensional Ising model with surfaces, edges, and corners.

We present an extensive Monte Carlo study of the three-dimensional Ising model with free surfaces, edges, and corners at bulk criticality. Finite-size scaling properties of the excess free energies of free surfaces, edges, and corners are estimated by use of the recently proposed applications of the parametric integration method. The corner excess free energies are obtained for the first time and are consistent with the logarithmic finite-size scaling predictions. Results of the simplecubic and body-centered-cubic lattices provide support for the proposed universality of the finite-size scaling amplitudes for the excess free energies of free surfaces, edges, and corners.
Single molecule fluorescence study of DNA helicase activity

Summary form only given. DNA helicases are essential enzymes that unwind double stranded (ds) DNA to generate the single stranded (ss) DNA intermediates needed for DNA replication, repair and recombination. Helicases consume fuel molecules such as ATP to move along DNA and unwind it processively; hence they are considered "motor proteins." We are investigating the molecular mechanism of helicases at the single molecule level using fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) between two dyes, donor and acceptor, specifically attached to opposite strands of a dsDNA. FRET efficiency thus measured is an indicator of the distance between two dyes, revealing the extent and the time-course of unwinding.
Mesospheric planetary wave effects on global PMC variability inferred from AIM-CIPS and TIMED-SABER for the northern summer 2007 PMC season

Abstract Polar Mesospheric Cloud (PMC) observations from the Cloud Imaging and Particle Size (CIPS) instrument on the Aeronomy of Ice in the Mesosphere (AIM) spacecraft are used to investigate the role of planetary wave activity on global PMC variability in the summer polar mesosphere during the 2007 Northern hemisphere season. This is coupled with an analysis of contemporaneous measurements of atmospheric temperature by the Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry (SABER) instrument onboard the Thermosphere–Ionosphere–Mesosphere–Energetics and Dynamics (TIMED) spacecraft to characterize the importance of temperature as a dominant forcing mechanism of the dynamical state of the summer polar mesosphere. The study confirms results from a recent study using PMC data from the Student Nitric Oxide Explorer (SNOE) and temperature data from SABER, such that planetary wave activity is present in both PMCs and mesospheric temperature and that are strongly coherent and anti-correlated. The dominant wave present in the polar summer mesosphere in both PMCs and temperature is the 5-day wavenumber 1 Rossby normal mode. The maximum amplitude of the variation of the 5-day wave in temperature is small at 3 K but has a significant effect on PMC albedo. The phase relationship between PMC and temperature is variable between 150° and 180° out of phase, with PMC albedo reaching a maximum ∼10 h before the minimum in temperature. We have identified two additional waves, the westward propagating 2-day wavenumber 2 (2DW2) and the eastward propagating 2-day wavenumber 1 (2DE1) are both present in PMC and temperature variability in the 2007 NH season. The 2DW2 wave is consistent with a Rossby normal mode excited by the instability in the zonal mean zonal wind. However, the source of the 2DE1 wave could be a nonlinear interaction of the 2DW2 with the migrating diurnal tide. This is the first time these two wave features have been detected in coincident PMC and temperature measurements. Analysis of the zonal variation of PMC occurrence and temperature shows they are also anti-correlated and supporting the conclusion that temperature is an important forcing mechanism in zonal variability.
Simultaneous hydrodesulfurization, hydrodeoxygenation, and hydrogenation with molybdenum carbide

Abstract Simultaneous hydrodesulfurization (HDS), hydrodeoxygenation (HDO), and hydrogenation (HYD) of model compounds were studied under high pressure conditions with a β-Mo2C catalyst. The β-Mo2C (hexagonal close packed) was synthesized by the temperature programmed reaction and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), CO chemisorption, and BET surface area measurements. Simultaneous HDS, HDO, and HYD were observed with minimal deactivation of Mo2C for up to 30 ppm of sulfur, 2000 ppm of oxygen, and 5 wt % cumene for more than 80 h. A noble metal catalyst (Pt/γ-Al2O3) deactivated immediately upon addition of sulfur. The reactivity results on β-Mo2C indicate there are two types of sites on the surface when simultaneous HDS, HYD and HDO are occurring. The first type of site is a molybdenum carbide site which is active for HYD and HDO. The second site is a molybdenum carbosulfide site which is active for HYD, HDS, and HDO. The results of this study may be applied not only to the refining of petroleum feedstocks, but also to the upgrading of synthetic fuels such as coal-derived liquids.
Hemodynamic and ventilatory effects associated with increasing inverse inspiratory-expiratory ventilation.

Background: Increasing the percentage of inspiratory time during mechanical ventilation (i.e., inverse inspiratory-expiratory (I:E) ventilation) is frequently used to improve oxygenation in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome; however, an optimal I:E ratio is unknown. Methods: To assess for an optimal I:E ratio, hemodynamic, ventilatory, and oxygenation parameters were determined in eight adult trauma patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome supported with pressure-control ventilation. An indwelling pulmonary artery catheter facilitated the extensive measurements as I:E ratios were randomly changed between 1:1 and 3:1. Measurements were determined 30 minutes after each change in the I:E ratio. Results: Increasing the percentage of inspiratory time resulted in a progressive increase in arterial oxygenation (p < 0.05) in conjunction with elevations in mean airway pressure (p < 0.05) and a decrease in alveolar-arterial oxygen difference (p < 0.05). Furthermore, progressive reversal of the I:E ratio significantly diminished alveolar ventilation (p < 0.01), with worsening dynamic compliance (p < 0.01). There were no demonstrable changes in hemodynamics. Conclusion: These findings demonstrate the effectiveness of increasing inspiratory time to improve oxygenation, yet to the detriment of ventilation. This suggests that within the parameter confines of this study, the preferential I:E ratio is a balance between oxygen demands and ventilatory requirements.
Document scanner mechanism

A document scanner mechanism, developed for use in a conventional copier having mirrors which scan a document and reflect the image onto a rotating photoconductor drum, is described in this paper. The engineering design and operation of the mechanism are presented, and the development of an analytical model for simulating its operational characteristics is described, together with the results and conclusions of the simulation. A novel means of generating the scan motion and the important design considerations leading to the development of the scanner mechanism are also presented.
Evaluating Listening Theory: Development and Illustration of Five Criteria

Scholars have lamented the lack of focus on theory-driven listening research for several decades. Unfortunately, these discussions have made little headway toward making listening research more grounded in theory. This article argues that one reason for the lack of focus on developing and testing listening theory is that listening researchers may not fully understand the nature and necessity of theory. Thus, a working definition for theory is proposed and a set of criteria that can be used to evaluate social scientific theories of listening is deduced. These criteria are then used to evaluate two listening theories. The article concludes by illustrating how these criteria can be used to inform the development of new listening theory.
Nest defense by deceit in the fathead minnow, Pimephales promelas

Individual male fathead minnows spawn and guard eggs for a period of several weeks during a much longer total breeding season. Solitary males remain pale and lose both wet weight and dry weight throughout the nesting period, whereas competitive males, who defend nests adjacent to territorial rivals, turn dark and do not lose wet weight despite losing dry weight. A solitary male must contend only with territorial encroachment by females (potential mates and egg predators), but a competitive male must defend the nest against both males and females. A competitive male always attacks female intruders, whereas he initially displays to intruding males. Territorial rivals, though not egg predators, may try to usurp his nest. Successful competitive nest holders may appear more robust than their true condition and thereby prevent eviction by newly reproductive male intruders. Such newcomers preferentially attack residents in relatively poor condition and pale coloration.
Kuznietsov trace formula and weighted distribution of Hecke eigenvalues

Abstract Let (X,μ) be a measurable topological space. Let S1,S2,… be a family of finite subsets of X. Suppose each x∈Si has a weight wix∈R+ assigned to it. We say {Si} is {wi}-distributed with respect to the measure μ if for any continuous function f on X, we have lim i→∞ ∑ x∈S i w ix f(x) ∑ x∈S i w ix = ∫ X f(x) dμ(x) . Let S(N,k) be the space of modular cusp forms over Γ0(N) of weight k and let E (N,k)⊂S(N,k) be a basis which consists of Hecke eigenforms. Let ar(h) be the rth Fourier coefficient of h. Let xph be the eigenvalue of h relative to the normalized Hecke operator T′p. Let ||·|| be the Petersson norm on S(N,k). In this paper we will show that for any even integer k⩾3, {x p h : h∈ E (N,k)},p∤N is { |a r (h)| 2 e −4πr ||h|| 2 } -distributed with respect to a polynomial times the Sato–Tate measure when N→∞.
Fitting of the Derivative Voigt ESR Line under Conditions of Modulation Broadening

Abstract An analysis is made of the effect of the magnetic-field-modulation amplitude on the Voigt lineshape in electron spin resonance spectroscopy. The problem is solved numerically using the Fourier expansion method. Only the coefficient of the first harmonic in the Fourier expansion, corresponding to the output of the phase-sensitive detector, is analyzed. The modulation-broadened first-derivative Voigt ESR line, here after referred to as the derivative Voigt, is fitted with the sum of a first-derivative Gaussian function and a first-derivative Lorentzian function of equal linewidths to extract the Lorentzian contribution of the line. Fitting to the sum is applicable as long as the amplitude of modulation is less than the true peak-to-peak linewidth of ESR line. Modulation broadening substantially contributes only to the derivative Gaussian component of the derivative Voigt line. The same effect is observed for the modulation-broadened derivative Lorentzian lineshape, which also can be fitted to the sum function. The linewidth of the Lorentzian component of the modulation-broadened derivative Lorentzian is constant if the modulation amplitude is less than the peak-to-peak linewidth. For the modulation-broadened derivative Voigt line, the goodness of the fit depends on the ratio of the Gaussian component to the Lorentzian component of the derivative Voigt line. When the Lorentzian component of the derivative Voigt is dominant, the linewidth of the Lorentzian component can be extracted for a broader range of the modulation amplitudes than when the Gaussian component is dominant.
Building a World View: A Course in Environmental Literacy for Undergraduates

This paper presents a description and discussion of a course developed and implemented with an explicit objective of fostering technical literacy, on the subject of the environment, in non-engineering students. The course, entitled “Energy, Environment and Ecology”, was an introductory-level course designed for a diverse audience of non-engineers. The course provides an exploration and investigation of some of the fundamental ways in which our sources of energy, our environment and ecological systems are related and interrelated. On a broader scale, we believe that this course presents one example of the ways in which engineering colleges and their faculty can help to raise the technical literacy of all students and contribute to the centrality and quality of the universities of which they are a part.
Hydrodynamics and selectivity of antipolarization dialysis

Abstract This paper represents a numerical investigation of the hydrodynamics and mass transfer operative in antipolarization dialysis (“APD”), a novel concept for fractionation in which adjacent countercurrent flow streams are (i) separated by a longitudinal solute-selective membrane, and (ii) pass through upstream and downstream “barrier” membranes that reject all solutes. Selectivity of the process—embodied in the sensitivity of steady-state concentration profiles to Peclet number and membrane transport resistance—has previously been analyzed (Nitsche, L. C., 1994, Quart. Appl. Math. , LII , 83–102) using the simplifying idealization of plug flow. Practical considerations of construction require the barrier membranes to be positioned longitudinally instead of transversely, so that the corresponding ultrafiltration flows occur perpendicular to the fully developed, parabolic velocity profiles in the channels. These hydrodynamic end effects are modeled numerically using a least-squares boundary singularity method that explicitly incorporates the analytical structure of discontinuities in the flow field arising at the junctions between porous and impermeable boundaries. Subsequently, the impact of flow nonidealities upon the transport of solute is addressed by applying finite differences to the relevant elliptic convection-diffusion equation for the concentration field. Calculations at large values of the aspect ratio take advantage of the singular asymptotic structure of the problem, whereby only the “inner” behavior at the ends of the flow channel is treated with a fine mesh in the longitudinal coordinate; a smoothly expanded mesh is sufficient for resolving the “outer” behavior in between. The grid is also selectively refined near the singularities in the convective coefficients. At unit Peclet number (based upon width of the flow channels) the resulting selectivity curves are found to be in remarkably close quantitative agreement with those for plug flow, despite major differences in the inner solute concentration profiles—a feature that does not persist at significantly higher Peclet numbers. Drawing an analogy with sedimentation-diffusion processes in rotating cylinders, the underlying mechanism of antipolarization is interpreted in terms of a circulation-flux parameter. In this way we illuminate the apparent robustness of the fractionation scheme with respect to details of the convective field.
The adeno-associated virus major regulatory protein Rep78-c-Jun-DNA motif complex modulates AP-1 activity

Multiple epidemiologic studies show that adeno-associated virus (AAV) is negatively associated with cervical cancer (CX CA), a cancer which is positively associated with human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. Mechanisms for this correlation may be by Rep78's (AAV's major regulatory protein) ability to bind the HPV-16 p97 promoter DNA and inhibit transcription, to bind and interfere with the functions of the E7 oncoprotein of HPV-16, and to bind a variety of HPV-important cellular transcription factors such as Sp1 and TBP. c-Jun is another important cellular factor intimately linked to the HPV life cycle, as well as keratinocyte differentiation and skin development. Skin is the natural host tissue for both HPV and AAV. In this article it is demonstrated that Rep78 directly interacts with c-Jun, both in vitro and in vivo, as analyzed by Western blot, yeast two-hybrid cDNA, and electrophoretic mobility shift-supershift assay (EMSA supershift). Addition of anti-Rep78 antibodies inhibited the EMSA supershift. Investigating the biological implications of this interaction, Rep78 inhibited the c-Jun-dependent c-jun promoter in transient and stable chloramphenicol acetyl-transferase (CAT) assays. Rep78 also inhibited c-Jun-augmented c-jun promoter as well as the HPV-16 p97 promoter activity (also c-Jun regulated) in in vitro transcription assays in T47D nuclear extracts. Finally, the Rep78-c-Jun interaction mapped to the amino-half of Rep78. The ability of Rep78 to interact with c-Jun and down-regulate AP-1-dependent transcription suggests one more mechanism by which AAV may modulate the HPV life cycle and the carcinogenesis process.
Effective Liveness Verification Using a Transformation-Based Framework

Liveness properties such as "will every request eventually get a grant?" are crucial to the verification of a variety of design types. Liveness properties may only be falsified by infinite-length counterexamples, represented using lasso-shaped traces with a prefix (e.g., showing a particular request) followed by a repeating suffix loop (e.g., showing no grant). A variety of techniques have been developed to solve liveness properties, including BDD-based model checkers, various bounded liveness checking methods, and liveness-to-safety conversion. Nonetheless, the verification of such properties is computationally very challenging, no single algorithm works best, and many industrialsized liveness problems remain practically unsolvable. In this paper, we detail three approaches to solve liveness properties in our verification toolset SixthSense. The first is in the context of dynamic verification, enhancing a simulation engine to support native liveness checking. The second approach is formal, using abstraction-guided liveness-to-safety conversion for greater scalability. The third approach leverages complementary transformation algorithms to enhance the scalability of liveness checking algorithms. We additionally address automated verification of liveness properties on designs with memories, which has not received significant prior research. Experiments are provided to confirm the effectiveness of our techniques.
Accumulation of Regulatory T Cells in Local Draining Lymph Nodes of the Lung Correlates with Spontaneous Resolution of Chronic Asthma in a Murine Model

Background: Mice sensitized to ovalbumin develop allergic airway disease (AAD) with short-term aerosol challenge; however, airway inflammation resolves with long-term aerosol challe
Textpresso Site-Specific Recombinases: a text-mining server for the recombinase literature including Cre mice and conditional alleles

Textpresso Site Specific Recombinases (http://ssrc.genetics.uga.edu/) is a text-mining web server for searching a database of over 9000 full-text publications. The papers and abstracts in this database represent a wide range of topics related to site-specific recombinase (SSR) research tools. Included in the database are most of the papers that report the characterization or use of mouse strains that express Cre recombinase as well as papers that describe or analyze mouse lines that carry conditional (floxed) alleles or SSR-activated transgenes/knockins. The database also includes reports describing SSR-based cloning methods such as the Gateway or the Creator systems, papers reporting the development or use of SSR-based tools in systems such as Drosophila, bacteria, parasites, stem cells, yeast, plants, zebrafish and Xenopus as well as publications that describe the biochemistry, genetics or molecular structure of the SSRs themselves. Textpresso Site Specific Recombinases is the only comprehensive text-mining resource available for the literature describing the biology and technical applications of site-specific recombinases.
Somatosensory fovea in the star-nosed mole: Behavioral use of the star in relation to innervation patterns and cortical representation

Eleven fleshy appendages, or rays, surround each of the nostrils of the star-nosed mole. Each ray is covered with tactile sensory organs, and each ray is represented in the cortex by a stripe of tissue visible in brain sections processed for cytochrome oxidase. Here we report that the 11th, ventral ray is the behavioral focus of the nose. This ray is preferentially used to explore prey items by touch, in a behavior pattern similar to the use of a fovea in the visual system. After prey is first contacted with any nasal ray, subsequent touches are centered on the 11th ray. Although the 11th ray is small and has relatively few sensory organs on its surface, it has the largest cortical representation, greatest area of cortex per sensory organ, and the highest innervation density per sensory organ. In addition, the average area of cortex per primary afferent is highest for this ray. We refer to the differential magnification of first-order afferents in the cortical representation as “afferent magnification.” The patterns of both cortical magnification (cortical area per sensory organ) and afferent magnification (cortical area per afferent) of the rays correlated highly with the distribution of touches across the nose scored from videotaped behavior. A simple model of star-nosed mole behavior predicts the distribution of touches across the rays and also correlates highly with both the actual pattern of behavior and the patterns of cortical magnification observed. J. Comp. Neurol. 387:215–233, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Keeping clinicians in clinical research: the Clinical Research/Reproductive Scientist Training Program

In recent years the need for translational and clinical research has increased, whereas the number of physicians involved in clinical research has diminished. There is clearly a need for formalized academic training in the quantitative and methodologic principles of clinical research in reproductive medicine. The Clinical Research/Reproductive Scientist Training Program (CREST), a program supported by the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), the Clinical Research Training Program (CRTP) at Duke University, and the American Society for Reproductive Medicine (ASRM), meets this existing need. In addition, this program is specifically designed for physicians in private or academic clinical practice in reproductive medicine. Innovative programs such as CREST encourage the practicing physician to engage in clinical research while maintaining an active role in clinical practice. Participants in the program receive didactic on-line training from the CRTP and attend intensive weekend seminars at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) as well as CREST seminars at the annual meeting of the ASRM. Successful participants in the program receive a Certificate in Clinical Research from the CRTP. The program's goal is to provide practicing physicians with the tools and research credentials that will facilitate collaborations with investigators involved in large clinical trials.
Volatility in the Foreign Currency Futures Market

We examine the volatility implications of around-the-clock foreign exchange trading with transaction data on futures contracts from the Chicago Mercantile Exchange and the London International Financial Futures Exchange. We find higher U.S.-European and U.S.-Japanese exchange-rate volatilities during U.S. trading hours and higher European cross-rate volatilities during European trading hours. While the diclosure of private information through trading may partly explain these volatility patterns, we conclude that the increased volatility is more likely driven by macroeconomic news announcements. An analysis of inter- and intraday data also reveals that volatility increases at times that coincide with the release of U.S. macroeconomic news. Article published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Financial Studies in its journal, The Review of Financial Studies.
Minocycline in Experimental Ocular Toxoplasmosis in the Rabbit

We studied the effects of minocycline, a semisynthetic tetracycline, on experimentally induced toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis in the rabbit. In two experiments we found that this drug effectively ameliorated the clinical disease and sterilized the ocular tissues from Toxoplasma organisms. Minocycline prevented death from toxoplasmic encephalitis in 75% of the animals, whereas all the control animals died of toxoplasmic encephalitis. Minocycline appears to be a promising agent for ocular toxoplasmosis.
Storm Warning: Managing knowledge in turbulent times

The upcoming retirement of the baby boomers poses a threat for companies: critical organizational information may be lost, setting off a destructive dynamic. What is needed is effective knowledge management. It is imperative that leaders educate themselves to promote and implement efforts to manage knowledge well by creating a holistic approach to sharing, capturing, storing, and reusing knowledge.
Update on cannulation techniques

There are two methods of fistula cannulation for hemodialysis. The first, different site or rope-ladder cannulation method, established by originators of the arteriovenous fistula as a blood access for hemodialysis in 1966, relies on changing the puncture sites for each dialysis. The second, constant site or buttonhole method, developed several years later, recommends using the same puncture sites for consecutive dialyses. The first method is prevailing at present, but the second method is becoming more and more popular. The major advantage of this buttonhole method is lower cannulation pain, fewer fistula complications, with the exception of fistula infection, which is more common in some studies. This method is more difficult and requires experienced single cannulator to establish good puncture sites. Home hemodialysis patients using single cannulator, the patient or helper, have better results with this method. Busy dialysis centers with high rotation of cannulators do not have as good results and prefer the rope-ladder method.
A method to position replacement dies accurately on a fixed partial denture master working cast

Impressions are often remade because of insufficient detail in one of many preparations. These impressions may be salvaged with a replacement die procedure. Some transfer or replacement die procedures fail to position the dies accurately; other procedures involve many steps in the fabrication of copings. This article describes a method that quickly and accurately positions a replacement die in a fixed partial denture master working cast.
The biology and control of surface overhealing.

Lesions of “surface overhealing” include keloid, hypertrophic scar, and burn scar. All are characterized by overabundant collagen deposition. The biology of these lesions is reviewed, suggesting that abnormal collagen metabolism results from alterations in the inflammatory/immune response. Practical and theoretical treatment plans are outlined based on methods that alter collagen metabolism, the inflammatory/immune system or rely on physical alterations (surgery, pressure).