cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Parents’ Obedience Beliefs and Autonomy Granting: The Role of Child Externalizing and Parent Anxiety

Parenting beliefs have a significant impact on the way parents interact with their children, but little is known about how children’s behaviors may relate to changes in parents’ childrearing beliefs over time, and whether changes in parents’ beliefs may mediate the relation between child behavior and changes in parenting practices. We examined whether child externalizing behaviors at first grade related to changes in mothers’ and fathers’ obedience-oriented childrearing beliefs between first and fourth grade; whether parent anxiety interacted with child behavior problems to create conditions under which parents’ beliefs were more resistant to change; and how changes in beliefs, in turn, related to changes in parents’ autonomy granting behaviors between first and fifth grade. Participants included 895 families enrolled in a rich archival dataset, the NICHD Study of Early Childcare and Youth Development. Results showed that greater child externalizing behavior at first grade related to decreases in autonomy granting behaviors among mothers and high-anxiety fathers, as well as increases in low-anxiety mothers’ traditional parenting beliefs. Mothers’ more traditional beliefs related to declines in their own autonomy granting, and fathers’ more traditional beliefs related to declines in their own and their partner’s autonomy granting. Finally, a significant indirect effect showed that for mothers low in anxiety, child externalizing behaviors related to increases in traditional parenting beliefs which, in turn, related to decreases in mothers’ autonomy granting. Findings are discussed in terms of parent gender differences and psychological flexibility.
An unusual case of eosinophilic uveitis in a cat.

An 8-year-old female spayed domestic short-haired cat was examined for recurrent unilateral anterior uveitis of 5 month's duration. No underlying cause was found on infectious disease screening. The cat also had a 4-year history of allergic or immune-mediated skin disease that was controlled with corticosteroid injections followed by long-term oral cyclosporine therapy. Medical management with frequent topical anti-inflammatory drugs (prednisolone acetate 1% suspension, diclofenac 0.1% solution) controlled the intraocular inflammation; however, the uveitis would relapse when therapy was discontinued. Eventually, secondary glaucoma developed OD and the eye was enucleated. At the time of surgery, a complete blood count showed a mild eosinophilia. Histopathology revealed a marked panuveitis characterized by an abundant accumulation of mixed inflammatory cells, with a predominantly eosinophilic infiltrate in the anterior chamber, iris, ciliary body, and choroid. No etiologic agents were found on serial sections, and there were no cellular criteria for malignancy noted. Nine months after enucleation, the chronic dermatitis appeared to be in remission despite no further medical management. This is the first known report of a primarily eosinophilic uveitis in a cat with chronic allergic skin disease and may be considered an ocular variant of feline eosinophilic granuloma complex.
Brahms's Six Songs, Op. 3

Brahms's first bouquet of songs, six settings of poems by four different poets, shows that he was already a sensitive reader of lyric poetry and a composer who could write Romantic miniatures in which the smallest details bear considerable significance. The essay describes musicopoetic elements in each of these six songs and the musical and narrative threads that weave through them.
On Casebooks and Canons or Why Bob Jones University Will Never Be Part of the Constitutional Law Canon

Here is a hard sell: making a plausible -let alone convincing-case that Bob Jones University v. United States is one of the canons of constitutional law. As a matter of constitutional doctrine, Bob Jones was never that important to begin with and now seems destined to fade into oblivion. Indeed, the Court's principal holding (that racist private schools are not entitled to federal tax breaks) was a question of statutory construction. The case's constitutional holding (that there is no religious liberty exemption for a school which prohibits interracial dating as a matter of religious conviction) occupies less than two pages in the U.S. Reports and, more important, broke no new ground in free exercise decisionmaking. And if that is not enough, the case seems irrelevant today. The Supreme Court no longer cites it and academics no longer write about it. More than anything, Bob Jones seems a story about politics, not law. By announcing, in January 1982, that racist schools were legally entitled to tax breaks, the Reagan administration spent much of the next year trying to shake the impression that it too was racist. But it could not. Its efforts to justify its interpretation of the tax code-even if legally correct-were politically unconvincing. After all, Ronald Reagan's 1980 campaign tar-
The Board's Duty to Keep Its Options Open

It is widely believed that big chapter 11 cases are now routinely done by way of a quick 363 sale, followed by a not quite as quick liquidation of the residue of the debtor, along with a distribution of the sale proceeds. Indeed, commentators widely bemoan the fact that debtors arrive in chapter 11 with no choice but to do a quick sale, because their lenders won't permit anything else. In this paper, I argue that the roots of the issue are corporate governance, and not bankruptcy. That is, if the tendency for debtors to show up in chapter 11 with no option but to engage in a quick sale process is a problem, that problem has its roots in non-bankruptcy corporate law. I then begin the process of explaining how the decision to lock a company into an all-encompassing secured loan, and thus a likely quick 363 sale, should be regulated. Namely, I argue that ultimately this is a question of state law fiduciary duties, and that the foundation for this duty already exists in the Delaware Supreme Court’s oft maligned Omnicare, Inc. v. NCS Healthcare, Inc. In short, state corporate law imposes a duty on the board to carefully consider any decision that will foreclose a future board’s choices. In times of financial distress, this duty includes an obligation to carefully consider the effects of a particular decision on future restructuring options.
Canadian Socialism and the Woman Question, 1900-1914

THIS PAPER EXAMINES WOMEN in the Canadian socialist movement to illuminate their role within the institutional life of the movement and to analyze the ideological dimensions of the "woman question" before 1914. Socialist adherence to the primacy of woman's role in the home and to the family wage ideal, as well as their ambivalence toward working women, and an undeveloped vision of woman's role under socialism — all served to reinforce a secondary role for women in socialist organizations. Suspicion of bourgeois women's organizations and of autonomous women's groups generally, hampered socialist women from assuming leadership roles with some notable exceptions. While socialist analysis pointed to the exploitation of women as both workers and wives and mothers, women's issues and organizations remained peripheral and subordinale to the main task of overthrowing capitalism. L'ARTICLE PORTE SUR LES FEMMES dans le mouvement socialiste canadien; il vise a analyser leur role a l'interieur du mouvement et a etudier la dimension ideologique des questions feminines avant 1914. L'adhesion des socialistes a l'idee que le role de la femme se situe d'abord a la maison et a l'ideal du salaire familial, aussi bien que leur ambivalence a l'egard du travail des femmes et le peu d'interet porte au role de la femme dans la societe socialiste — tous ces elements renforcent le role secondaire des femmes dans les organisations socialistes. Leur mefiance envers les associations de femmes bourgeoises et les groupes autonomes de femmes empeche generalement les femmes socialistes, a peu d'exceptions pres, d'assumer un role de leadership. Quoique les travaux des socialistes mettent en relief l'exploitation des femmes comme travailleuses, epouses et meres, les questions feminines restent marginales et subordonnees a l'objectif principal, soit le renversement du capitalisme.
Congenital absence of the right pulmonary artery. Report of a case in a five month old infant, with suggestive evidence of unilateral pulmonary hypertension.

Abstract The clinical history and anatomic findings in a case of isolated congenital absence of the right pulmonary artery are described and the literature reviewed. Medial hypertrophy and narrowing of the lumen of small arteries only in the lung supplied by the pulmonary artery, together with hypertrophy of the right ventricle, are interpreted as evidence of unilateral pulmonary hypertension. It is suggested that hypertension in the left lung may be the result of vasoconstriction in response to increased blood flow.
Surface-emitting spin-polarized In0.4Ga0.6As/GaAs quantum-dot light-emitting diode

We report the properties of a spin-polarized In0.4Ga0.6As/GaAs quantum-dot surface-light-emitting diode with a Ga0.974Mn0.026As spin injector layer. Spin-polarized holes from this ferromagnetic layer recombine with electrons in the quantum dots to produce circularly polarized light output. The peak optical polarization efficiency at 5.1 K is 18% and the spin injection efficiency is estimated to be ∼36%. The temperature dependence of spin injection is almost identical to the temperature dependence of magnetization in the (Ga, Mn)As layer.
Multilevel Modeling: Current and Future Applications in Personality Research

Traditional statistical analyses can be compromised when data are collected from groups or multiple observations are collected from individuals. We present an introduction to multilevel models designed to address dependency in data. We review current use of multilevel modeling in 3 personality journals showing use concentrated in the 2 areas of experience sampling and longitudinal growth. Using an empirical example, we illustrate specification and interpretation of the results of series of models as predictor variables are introduced at Levels 1 and 2. Attention is given to possible trends and cycles in longitudinal data and to different forms of centering. We consider issues that may arise in estimation, model comparison, model evaluation, and data evaluation (outliers), highlighting similarities to and differences from standard regression approaches. Finally, we consider newer developments, including 3-level models, cross-classified models, nonstandard (limited) dependent variables, multilevel structural equation modeling, and nonlinear growth. Multilevel approaches both address traditional problems of dependency in data and provide personality researchers with the opportunity to ask new questions of their data.
Séries de données sur les pensions et la santé: collecte de données et partage pour l'élaboration des politiques

Resume De plus en plus de pays elaborent des politiques de pension et de sante ou reforment celles-ci pour repondre au vieillissement de la population et augmenter le bien-etre de leurs citoyens. Il etait normal que l'adoption de politiques differentes selon les pays debouchât sur diverses experiences. D'ou une occasion inhabituelle d'examiner les effets de politiques variees sur la sante et la retraite, sur le comportement individuel et familial, et sur le bien-etre. Saisir une telle occasion exige que des efforts concertes soient deployes dans la collecte des donnees. Un nombre croissant de pays ont accepte de fournir des donnees en harmonie avec l'etude sur la sante et la retraite aux Etats-Unis (Health and Retirement Study) (HRS). Le present article engage une discussion sur ces series de donnees, et notamment sur leurs parametres cles concernant la situation de la pension et de la sante, les plans de recherches, les echantillons et les taux de reponse. Il traite aussi des possibilites que ces donnees offrent pour les etudes transnationales et de leur interet pour l'evaluation et l'elaboration des politiques.
Parents' dental anxiety and oral health literacy: effects on parents' and children's oral health-related experiences

Objective To explore a) the relationship between parents'/guardians' dental anxiety and oral health literacy and b) those between these variables and background and oral health-related characteristics. Methods Survey data were collected from 187 parents/guardians (81% female; average age 37 years). Dental anxiety was measured with the Dental Anxiety Scale – Revised (DAS-R) and oral health literacy with the Rapid Estimate of Adult Literacy in Dentistry (REALD-30). Children's dental charts were reviewed to collect information about their dental treatment. Results DAS-R and REALD-30 scores were correlated (r = −0.22; P = 0.003). A multivariate regression model with DAS-R score as the dependent variable showed that the DAS-R score has a significant multivariate association with REALD-30, oral health, income, and presence of fillings. Conclusions Dental anxiety and oral health literacy are related. However, DAS score has a significant multivariate association with the four variables REALD-30 score, oral health, income, and presence of fillings. These findings show that among socioeconomically disadvantaged patients, the contributors to poor oral health are interrelated and multidetermined and include poor oral health literacy and dental anxiety. The public health message is that in order to improve the overall oral health of socioeconomically disadvantaged patients, public health stakeholders need to consider how to communicate with these patients effectively and how to reduce dental anxiety. Gaining a better understanding of how to communicate with parents a) at an appropriate literacy level and b) in a way that it reduces dental anxiety is therefore crucial.
Avascular Necrosis of the Shoulder

Avascular necrosis of the humeral head is a condition of compromised blood supply leading to bone death, which can cause severe pain and functional impairment of the shoulder. Many causes have been associated with this disease, most notably corticosteroid use. When non-operative treatment has failed, core decompression, resurfacing arthroplasty and arthroplasty have shown favorable clinical outcomes.
Fluxes of particulate matter on the slope of the southern Middle Atlantic Bight: SEEP-II

An array of 17 sediment traps was moored in two cross-isobath transects during the SEEP-II experiment, one north of the Washington Canyon, and the other south of the Norfolk Canyon off the Delmarva Peninsula in the southern Middle Atlantic Bight. The overall duration of the experiment was 15 months, during which the moorings were deployed three times, and the traps collected the vertical flux of particles during a total of 30 sampling intervals of average duration 12.8 days. The 483 particulate samples successfully recovered were each analyzed for total mass flux and the abundance of major biogenic phases (organic carbon, nitrogen, calcium carbonate and opal) and for 210Pb. A smaller number were also analyzed for 234Th. The distribution of fluxes in space requires transport of particles both downslope from the shelf-slope break and out into the water column, and alongslope transport. The region of maximum in particulate-matter flux to the slope, the depocenter, is from 400 to 1000 m, and the position of this maximum coincides with the maximum in alongslope current activity as expressed by the average total kinetic energy density. The total mass flux and the flux of all components to the slope depocenter increases between the northern Middle Atlantic Bight region, studied during the SEEP-I experiment, and SEEP-II sites in the southern Middle Atlantic Bight by about a factor of three to four. The temporal variability of the fluxes measured is dominated by storm-driven resuspension events on the shelf and shelf-slope break, but this extreme, short-term variability is not seen in the depocenter traps, the fluxes to which are very constant in magnitude and in composition. Canyons are suggested to serve both as conduits for transport of sediment from the shelf to the slope, and as a reservoir that feeds shelf-derived particles to the slope depocenter on a regular basis, even when sediment resuspension on the shelf is subdued or absent.
Longitudinal study of infant sleep: results of 14 subjects studied at monthly intervals.

The sleep of 14 normal infants was studied every month throughout the first year. A computer program incorporated an analysis of multiple variables from polygraphic data as recommended by a recently standardized new born scoring manual. Under our recording conditions, quiet sleep increased during the first 3 months but indeterminate sleep did not decline over the year as expected. This finding is incompatible with the notion that indeterminate sleep reflects immaturity or “undifferentiation” in sleep organization.
An Innovative Spin Precessor for Intermediate Energy Protons

A spin precessor has been designed to provide arbitrary orientation of the polarization in the external proton beam at LAMPF. The device utilizes two superconducting solenoids, three conventional dipoles, and conversion of polarized H- to H+ to provide an achromatic, undeflected beam with tunable spin orientation over a range of energies from 400 MeV to 800 MeV. A portion of this device is being installed to provide compatibility between two facilities which simultaneously use two branches of the external proton beam at LAMPF.
Crashworthiness design of multi-corner thin-walled columns

Abstract This paper presents a crashworthiness design of regular multi-corner thin-walled columns with different types of cross-sections and different profiles, including straight octagonal columns and curved hexagonal columns. In this paper, the straight octagonal section columns are first optimized, which mainly take axial crash loads during crashes. Next, the curved hexagonal section columns are optimized following the same approach, which are subject to bending moment when impact occurs. During the design optimizations, specific energy absorption (SEA) is set as the design objective, side length of the cross-sections and wall thickness are selected as design variables, and maximum crushing force (Pm) is set as the design constraint. Both the objective and constraint are formulated using the response surface method (RSM) based on sets of finite element (FE) results obtained from FE analyses (FEA). After obtaining the optimal designs, parametric studies are performed to investigate the influences of the design variables on the crash performance of such multi-corner thin-walled columns.
Chain Galaxies in the Tadpole ACS Field

Colors and magnitudes were determined for 69 chain galaxies, 58 other linear structures, 32 normal edge-on galaxies, and all of their large star formation clumps in the HST ACS field of the Tadpole galaxy. Redshifts of 0.5 to 2 are inferred from comparisons with published color-evolution models. The linear galaxies have no red nuclear bulges like the normal disk galaxies in our field, but the star formation clumps in each have about the same colors and magnitudes. Light profiles along the linear galaxies tend to be flat, unlike the exponential profiles of normal galaxies. Although the most extreme of the linear objects look like beaded filaments, they are all probably edge-on disks that will evolve to late Hubble type galaxies. The lack of an exponential profile is either the result of a dust scale height that is comparable to the stellar scale height, or an intrinsically irregular structure. Examples of galaxies that could be face-on versions of linear galaxies are shown. They have an irregular clumpy structure with no central bulge and with clump colors and magnitudes that are comparable to those in the linears. Radiative transfer solutions to the magnitudes and surface brightnesses of inclined dusty galaxies suggest that edge-on disks should become more prominent near the detection limit for surface brightness. The surface brightness distribution of the edge-on galaxies in this field confirm this selection effect. The star formation regions are much more massive than in modern galaxies, averaging up to 10^9 Msun for kpc scales.
The effect of calcium segregation on grain growth in nanocrystalline TiO2

Abstract Differential scanning calorimetry and transmission electron microscopy are used to monitor grain growth in nanocrystalline TiO 2 doped with Sn and Ca. TiO 2 powder is prepared by a solution chemical method, and consolidated samples have an initial mean grain size of 30–50 nm, with a density greater than 95% of theoretical. Calcium is an effective grain growth inhibitor; the present samples show more resistance to grain growth than other nanocrystalline TiO 2 reported to date. A Kissinger analysis of grain growth exotherms indicates an effective activation energy of 1.3–1.5 eV, and calcium additions do not have a large effect on this value. These observations are discussed in light of the size dependent segregation behavior that has been observed in these samples using STEM microanalysis (1).
Temperature changes in the rat produced by altering the sodium-calcium ratio in the cerebral ventricles.

Abstract The effects on body temperature of varying the ionic milieu of the ventricular system of the anesthetized and unanesthetized rat were examined. When artificial cerebrospinal fluid was perfused from the lateral ventricle to cisterna magna, the ratio of 2 cations, calcium: sodium, was found to be essential for the stability of the animal's temperature. An alteration of this ratio in favor of sodium evoked hyperthermia, whereas a change in the concentration of calcium evoked hypothermia. The perfusion of excess potassium or magnesium failed to elicit a change in the colonic temperature of the rat. Hypertonic sucrose or a modified cerebrospinal fluid solution in which the normal ratio of sodium : calcium was maintained were also without effect. The hypothesis of an ionic basis for the maintenance of the “set-point” for body temperature is supported and extended to include the rodent species.
Global franchising: current status and future challenges

About a decade ago positive predictions were made regarding the international growth of franchising. This study was undertaken to examine the actual growth and development of franchising globally during the 1990s. Using survey and archival data findings regarding the state of franchising in 40 countries are presented. Franchising has met or exceeded the growth expectations, generating an average of $3.7 billion in annual sales in the nations investigated. However, considerable regional differences in franchising activities do exist. The business sectors experiencing the most franchising growth are retail and restaurants. Franchising firms tend to export their business formats to neighboring countries or to countries with similar cultural characteristics. Operational concerns regarding legal and social issues across borders are also examined. Implications for practice and research are discussed.
Effect of altered fatty acid composition on soybean oil stability

During the last 15 years, hybridization and induced mutation breeding of soybeans have been successful in producing an altered fatty acid composition in the extracted oil. The objective of those investigations was to produce a low-linolenic acid soybena oil. Crude oils extracted from the seeds of three such genotypes were processed in laboratory simulations of commercial procedures to finished deodorized oils. Analysis of the fatty acid composition of the three oils showed the linolenic acid content to be 3.3%, 4.2% and 4.8%. The stability of these finished oils was compared to that of oil from a soybean variety having a linolenic acid content of 7.7% and of a commercial hydrogenated-winterized soybean oil (3.0% linolenic acid). Test and control oils were evaluated by a trained sensory panel initially, after accelerated storage at 60 C and during use at 190 C in room tests. Peroxide values were determined at the time of sensory evaluation. Results indicated there was no significant difference in flavor stability during storage between test and control oils. There was no significant difference, between the oils, in peroxide development during accelerated storage. Compared to control oils, the test oils had improved overall room odor intensity scores and lacked the fishy odors of non-hydrogenated soybean oil and the hydrogenated odors of commercial cooking oil.
Viscoelastic properties of syntactic foam reinforced with short sisal fibers

Application of natural fibers has attracted a great deal of attention among the composite research community in the past couple of decades. In this study, sisal fiber was utilized in fabrication of...
Summing up on the Australian Case for Protection

In 1929 a quasi-official report by several eminent Australian economists-The Australian Tariff; An Economic Inquiry, by J. B. Brigden, D. P. Copland, E. C. Dyason, L. F. Giblin, and C. H. Wickens-set off analytical controversy that has helped shape the discovery of what has come to be known as modern international trade theory. I had thought that this whole topic was satisfactorily understood by informed scholars and could be honorably deposited on the shelf of closed history. G. J. Manger [1976] has, however, uncovered some interesting puzzles. Since Marion Crawford Samuelson, who played a key role forty years ago in the theoretical developments, is not here to consult on doubtful matters of memory, I recently spent an afternoon in the Harvard College libraries reviewing the principal scholarly contributions. Quite aside from Manger's interesting issues, the exercise was a rewarding one. For here is a drama that involved many of the great names of our subject: Ricardo [1815-1823] and Malthus [1815], Torrens [1815] and Stuart Mill [1848]; Sidgwick [1883], Edgeworth [1897], and Bastable [1897] (and, I seem to recall Nicholson and Carver); Simon Patten [1890] and Taussig; Marshall [1879] and Pigou [1906] as well as Allyn Young [1913], Knight [1924] and Robertson [1924]; Brigden [1925, 1927a, 1927b], Benham [1926, 1927, 1935], Copland [1931], and Frank Graham [1923]; Heckscher [1919] and Ohlin [1933], Stolper and Paul Samuelson [1941], Samuelson [1938, 1939], as well as Lerner [1952] and Metzler [1949a, 1949b]; Karl Anderson [1938, 1939] and Marion Crawford Samuelson [1939]; Corden [1957], Reitsma [1958, 1960], Bhagwati and Johnson [1961], Vanek, Kemp and Ronald Jones [1962]; and many others. The story is worth telling, both in its received and revised versions.
Effect of Protein Disruption by Denaturation and Hydrolysis on Egg Yolk Lipid Oxidation

Egg yolk (20%, w/w) was added to 1,3, and 6M guanidinium chloride (Gnd C1) solutions and agitated at 23°C. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) were measured over a 2 week period. Increasing concentrations of Gnd C1 resulted in more rapid development of TBARS. Disodium ethylenediamine tetraacetate (EDTA; 2.0%) inhibited the formation of TBARS in 6M Gnd CI treated yolk, indicating a metal catalyzed reaction. Protein hydrolysis using 1% papain in the presence of added iron (FeC13) produced a significant increase (P<0.01) in conjugated dienes (233 nm) and trienes (270 nm). Increased lipid oxidation upon denaturation or hydrolysis of the protein moiety suggests that the ordered structure of lipid in the form of lipoprotein may partially account for the inherent oxidative stability of native yolk.
Fatal Respiratory Disease Due to Corynebacterium diphtheriae: Case Report and Review of Guidelines for Management, Investigation, and Control

Dramatic reductions in the incidence of diphtheria and high levels of childhood vaccination in recent decades have led the United States to establish the goal of diphtheria elimination among persons < or = 25 years of age by the year 2000. In 1990, an unimmunized 25-month-old child died of respiratory diphtheria in Dade County, Florida, before treatment with diphtheria antitoxin could be instituted. Twenty-three asymptomatic household contacts and other close contacts of the child were identified, cultured for Corynebacterium diphtheriae, given antimicrobial prophylaxis, and vaccinated with diphtheria toxoid when indicated. Three contacts (13%) had pharyngeal cultures positive for toxigenic C. diphtheriae of the same type as that causing infection in the deceased child, but no additional cases developed. Although the source of infection was not determined, three other close contacts had recently been to Haiti, where diphtheria is endemic. A serological survey of 396 children < 5 years of age who received care at a medical center in Dade County revealed that 22% lacked protective immunity to diphtheria. Attainment of the goal of diphtheria elimination among persons < or = 25 years of age--and ultimately among all persons--will depend on the maintenance of a high level of clinical awareness of the disease, the prompt institution of preventive measures among close contacts of patients with sporadic cases, and improved vaccination levels among infants, children, and adults.
Self-Oriented Regular Arrays of Carbon Nanotubes and Their Field Emission Properties

The synthesis of massive arrays of monodispersed carbon nanotubes that are self-oriented on patterned porous silicon and plain silicon substrates is reported. The approach involves chemical vapor deposition, catalytic particle size control by substrate design, nanotube positioning by patterning, and nanotube self-assembly for orientation. The mechanisms of nanotube growth and self-orientation are elucidated. The well-ordered nanotubes can be used as electron field emission arrays. Scaling up of the synthesis process should be entirely compatible with the existing semiconductor processes, and should allow the development of nanotube devices integrated into silicon technology.
Acute interactive effects of MK-801 and morphine on cortical EEG and EEG power spectra in rats

The interaction between MK-801 and morphine-induced effects on cortical electroencephalography (EEG) was investigated. Rats were administered one of five MK-801 doses (IP) prior to morphine (IV). MK-801 dose-dependently increased morphine-induced global spectral power, duration of morphine-induced EEG bursts and latency to sleep onset, and decreased morphine-induced mean frequency, mobility, complexity, and edge frequency. MK-801 pretreatment shifted the relative distribution of total power to the left. Significant interaction effects were found for all spectral parameters except peak frequency. A second group of rats was administered MK-801 prior to an increasing cumulative morphine dose. MK-801 increased maximal morphine effects on all spectral parameters except peak frequency. The results are in agreement with those of recent analgesia and in vitro studies in spinal neurons, and support observations of a synergistic interaction between effects of NMDA antagonism and morphine. These data further suggest that the component of cortical EEG that is produced by mu-opioid- and NMDA-receptor interactive effects may be dominated by an inhibitory effect of morphine on NMDA receptor activity.
Explanation-Based Object Recognition

Many of today's visual scene and object categorization systems learn to classify using a statistical profile over a large number of small-scale local features sampled from the image. While some application systems have been constructed, this technology has enjoyed far more success in the research setting. The approach is best suited to tasks where within-class variability is small compared to between-class variability. This condition holds for large diverse artificial collections such as CalTech 101 where most categories have little to do with each other, but it often does not hold among naturalistic application-driven categories. Here, category distinctions are more likely to be conceptual or functional, and within-class differences can rival or exceed between- class differences. In this paper, we show how the local feature approach can be extended using explanation-based learning (EBL). The EBL approach makes use of readily available prior domain knowledge assembled into plausible explanations for why a training example's observable features might merit its assigned training label. Explanations expose additional semantic features and suggest how those hidden features may be estimated from observable features. We exhibit our approach on two CalTech 101 dataset tasks that we argue are emblematic of applied domains: Ketch vs. Schooner and Airplane vs. Background. In both cases classification accuracy is significantly improved.
Direct chromatographic resolution and isolation of the four stereoisomers of meta-hydroxyphenylpropanolamine.

Methods for the direct chiral chromatographic separation of the four stereoisomers of meta-hydroxyphenylpropanolamine (MHPA) on an analytical and pre- parative scale are described. Separations were carried out on a Crownpak CR (+) chiral column with 113 mM aqueous perchloric acid as the mobile phase. Baseline resolution of the more retained (+)-stereoisomers (1S configuration) and partial resolution of the less retained (˛)-stereoisomers (1R configuration) were obtained under these chromato- graphic conditions. Removal of the bulk of the (1R,2S)-stereoisomer (metaraminol) from the initial crude mixture by fractional crystallization as the (+)-bitartarate salt substan- tially improved the peak resolution factors (Rs) of the remaining three stereoisomers. Semipreparative chromatographic resolution of the latter isomeric mixture provided milligram quantities of each stereoisomer in >97% enantiomeric excess. Subsequent recrystallization of their bitartarate or fumarate salts gave enantiomeric purities >99%. Chirality 11:684-688, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Pre-harvest chemical applications for control of tuber infection byAlternaria solani

Pre-harvest chemical applications significantly reduced populations of viableAlternaria solani spores on the soil surface in the laboratory and field and the infection of potato tubers in the field. Only formaldehyde consistently reduced spore germination and tuber infection in the laboratory and the field but Difolatan 4F, Difolatan 4F + DMSO (dimethyl-sulfoxide), Manzate D, Manzate D + DMSO and sodium hypochlorite often reduced fungus populations significantly. More work is necessary before pre-harvest chemical applications can be recommended for control of early blight tuber decay due to the variable performance of many chemicals and the relatively high cost and corrosiveness of formaldehyde, the most effective chemical in the study.
Inhibition of Secondary Caries Lesion Progression Using Fluoride Varnish

The purpose of this study was to determine the efficacy of fluoride varnish (FV) in inhibiting progression of secondary caries (SC). In a first experiment, human teeth, restored either with amalgam or resin composite, were exposed for 4 days to a microbial caries model. Half of each specimen was then painted with an acid-resistant nail varnish to maintain the baseline SC lesion. Specimens were then either treated with a FV (removed after 24 h) or not treated (control groups) prior to being exposed for 4 more days to the caries model. A second experiment was conducted to compare the effect that the varnish (with and without fluoride) had on SC development around amalgam. Confocal laser scanning microscopy data from these experiments suggested that the application of a FV to early, active SC lesions significantly slowed down their progression. Furthermore, the application of a placebo varnish showed a trend towards slowing down lesion progression, suggesting that the effect of FV on SC is not only due to its fluoride release.
From AR to c-Met: Androgen deprivation leads to a signaling pathway switch in prostate cancer cells

Elucidating the role of androgen deprivation in the transition from androgen-dependence to independence may enable the development of more specific therapeutic strategies against prostate cancer. Our previous in vitro model was employed to further assess the effects of continuous androgen-deprivation on prostate cancer cells (LNCaP) with respect to both androgen receptor (AR) and c-Met expression. The results indicated that long-term androgen deprivation resulted in a signaling pathway switch from AR to c-Met in androgen-sensitive cells, which was confirmed by immunofluorescence imaging and western blot analysis. This signaling pathway switch may be predictive of a more aggressive disease state following androgen deprivation therapy.
Cel Resist Processing For Submicron CMOS And Bipolar Circuits

A contrast enhancement layer (CEL) process was developed with a commercially available contrast enhancement material on top of a novalac-based resist for use on a 5X i-line stepper. This process extends the resolution capabilities to the 0.5μm range while maintaining vertical resist profiles at all measured dimensions up to 2μm. In comparison to an image reversal process capable of achieving submicron resolution, the CEL process technique has increased resolution, improved control of linewidth bias and exposure latitude, and has an exposure time of one half that of the image reversal process, increasing the throughput in the exposure tool. The CEL process was developed for both submicron CMOS and bipolar circuits. It was used at the emitter level of the bipolar process to pattern emitters of varying sizes down to 0.6μm by 4μm with the required vertical resist profile. The poly level of the submicron CMOS work was patterned using the CEL process with poly gates as small as 0.5μm. It has also been used at the contact hole level of the CMOS work, replacing a two layer resist system. An analysis of optical linewidth measurements from both the CMOS and bipolar circuits will be given.
The effect of normal and schizophrenic serum on the catecholamine levels in rabbit hypothalamus

Abstract Davidova, Minsker and Orlovskaya (4) reported that the injection of serum from schizophrenic patients produced an increase of the norepinephrine level in rabbit hypothalamus while an increase of the epinephrine level was produced by the injection of both normal and schizophrenic serum. Neither of these claims could be confirmed. The injection of normal as well as of schizophrenic serum was found to produce a decrease of the norepinephrine level in rabbit hypothalamus after 3 hours.
Scaling behavior in the current-voltage characteristic of one- and two-dimensional arrays of small metallic islands

We have measured the current-voltage ( $I$- $V$) characteristics of one- and two-dimensional arrays of normal metal islands linked by small tunnel junctions. The tunneling resistance is large compared to the resistance quantum, and a ground plane reduces the screening length to much less than the interisland spacing. At temperatures well below the island charging energy, we find a threshold voltage ${V}_{T}$ below which little current flows. For $Vg{V}_{T}$, $I$ scales as $({V/V}_{T}\ensuremath{-}1{)}^{\ensuremath{\zeta}}$ where $\ensuremath{\zeta}\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}1.36\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.1$ (1D) and $1.80\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.16$ (2D). We interpret this behavior as a dynamic critical phenomenon.
DNA vaccination with cytokine fusion constructs biases the immune response to ovalbumin

DNA vaccination may work through direct transfection of antigen presenting cells (APC), or by secretion of the encoded protein by muscle or skin cells for uptake by APC. If cytokines are attached to the antigen, they may influence APC or responding T cells to drive the response toward a Th1 or Th2 direction, and/or potentiate it in an antigen-specific manner. To test this concept, expression vectors were constructed containing the ovalbumin (OVA) gene either alone, or linked to cytokine genes including GM-CSF, IFN-gamma, IL-2, IL-4, IL-12, or a sequence encoding nine amino acids of IL-1 beta. These constructs expressed OVA-cytokine fusion proteins in vitro which retained cytokine bioactivity. C57BL/6 mice were injected intramuscularly with the DNA constructs. Little if any OVA-specific antibody was produced in response to any of the DNA constructs, except for OVA-IL-4. However, lymphocytes from BALB/c mice vaccinated with OVA-IL-12 and OVA-IL-1 beta constructs produced more IFN-gamma and less IL-4 during in vitro restimulation assays than did other groups. All constructs elicited OVA-specific cytotoxic responses which were maintained or even increased over 16 weeks. The OVA-IL-12 and OVA-IL-1 beta peptide constructs elicited the strongest cytotoxic responses at 2 weeks postinjection. Cytotoxic responses were seen in all animals, even those lacking OVA-specific Ab, and were not related to Ab level. These studies indicate that the humoral, cytokine, and cytotoxic responses to DNA vaccination can be effectively altered by certain cytokine fusion constructs.
Reflections of a Lake

I. Long before these children, with their contorted bodies and disordered brains, came to my tall-wooded shores, I lay here amidst the mountains. I cannot say that I waited for their arrival. Neither that first summer three decades ago, nor each subsequent summer. Rather, after the uplift of metamorphic sediment from ancient seas, after eruptions of magma and showers of ash and flows of mud, after the grinding of glaciers in advance and retreat — after all this, each year I watched the wildflower fire of lupine and avalanche lilies, the distant migration of birds and the mating of mammals, . . .
Bereavement, depression, and immune function

This study evaluates whether recently widowed women who fulfill criteria for a depressive syndrome differ in their immune responses from widows who do not. Twenty-one middle-aged widows who had lost their spouses 2 months before the initial evaluation and 21 demographically matched married women were evaluated at approximately 6-month intervals for 13 months. Evaluations consisted of diagnostic interviews using the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia, Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression, and Beck Depression Inventory. Immune function was measured by total lymphocyte counts, natural killer (NK) cell activity, mitogen responsiveness to concanavalin A, and T-cell subsets. There were no statistically significant differences on any of the immune measures between the entire cohort of widows and control subjects. However, the subset of widows who met DSM-III-R criteria for major depressive syndromes demonstrated impaired immune function (lower NK cell activity and lower mitogen stimulation) compared with those who did not meet criteria for major depression. This study suggests a relationship between impaired immune function and depression in women experiencing the stress of bereavement.
Disarmament, Deterrence, and Denial

U.S. strategic policy contains a range of initiatives that address fundamentally different sources of conflict, impeding efforts to formulate a coherent national response to the proliferation of ch...
Fucolipid metabolism as a function of cell population density in normal and murine sarcoma virus-transformed rat cells.

The incorporation of isotopically labeled fucose into the lipids of normal and murine sarcoma virus-transformed rat cells as a function of cell population density was examined. When normal cells were seeded at low cell density, the levels of the major fucolipids, i.e., fucolipids III and IV, were substantially reduced, but then they increased as the cells approached confluency. This variation in synthesis of fucolipids III and IV appeared to be primarily related to cell density and not to cell growth. Chase experiments revealed that the reduced level of fucolipids III and IV in sparse normal cells is due to decreased synthesis rather than to increased catabolism. In contrast to the observations with normal rat cells, the high level of fucolipid III and the low level of fucolipid IV in murine sarcoma virus-transformed rat cells was shown to be independent of cell population density.
Marriage and the construction of reality revisited: An educational exercise in rewriting social theory to include women's experience.

(1987). Marriage and the construction of reality revisited: An educational exercise in rewriting social theory to include women's experience. Educational Philosophy and Theory: Vol. 19, No. 1, pp. 20-28.
Effect of Skeletal Muscle Native Tropomyosin on the Interaction of Amoeba Actin with Heavy Meromyosin

ACTIN and myosin, recently identified in protozoa and myxomycetes, are presumably responsible for the motility of these organisms1–5. Control of this motility is, however, not at all understood. In skeletal muscle, contraction is partly under the control of the protein complex, native tropomyosin which is believed to bind to the actin filaments6,7. In the presence of Ca2+, native tropomyosin allows the interaction of actin and myosin filaments to occur wiiereas in the absence of Ca2+ native tropomyosin inhibits this interaction6, probably by inhibiting the binding of actin to myosin8. No protein like native tropomyosin has yet been identified in a primitive contractile system, but we know that Acanthamoeba actin activates the ATPase of skeletal muscle heavy meromyosin (HMM) and we have used this fact to investigate the effect of skeletal muscle native tropomyosin on the interaction of Acanthamoeba actin with HMM. We have found that native tropomyosin in the presence of Ca2+ increases the activation of HMM ATPase by Acanthamoeba actin, while in the absence of Ca2+ the native tropomyosin inhibits this activation.
Comparison of adult and egg sampling for predicting subsequent populations of western and northern corn rootworms (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae).

The utility of six adult- and three egg-sampling techniques for predicting the subsequent season’s larval western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte, and northern corn rootworm, Diabrotica bathetic (Smith and Lawrence), damage was tested in seven study sites over a 2-yr period in northeastern Iowa. Egg-density estimates produced when employing the sampling techniques as proposed in the literature did not account for a significant amount of variability in subsequent root damage. Four of the adult-sampling techniques accounted for a relatively small but significant amount of variability in root damage. The techniques, ranked on the basis of the amount of variation for which they accounted, were lO-plant count, sticky ear of corn, 100 min collection, and 100 ear-tip collection. The stepwise regression technique for model building was used to determine the form that root damage prediction equations should take and when adult population estimates should be obtained to be used for predicting root damage. It was decided that the equation should be a second-degree quadratic. The chronological week of the year during which beetle densities should be sampled was influenced by the maturity of the crop if the sampling technique emphasized the flowers or fruiting bodies of the host plant.
Early Life History Stages of Gulf Sturgeon in the Suwannee River, Florida

Abstract Egg sampling confirmed that Suwannee River Gulf sturgeon Acipenser oxyrinchus desotoi, a subspecies of Atlantic sturgeon A. o. oxyrinchus use the same spawning site at river kilometer (rkm) 215 from the mouth of the river each year. Forty-nine eggs were recorded in 1995, and 368 were recorded in 1996. Spawning began 4–7 d after the March new moon in both years and lasted 10–11 d; in 1996, a second 10-d spawning round began on the April new moon. Developmental synchrony among eggs recovered suggested several discrete spawning events in both years. Total eggs deposited for three 1996 sampling days was estimated as 405,600–711,000/d, approximating the fecundity range of a large female Gulf sturgeon. Eggs were found only in the southern half of the river, an area with surface currents of 0.5–1.5 m/s and numerous eddies producing reverse bottom currents of 0.1–0.5 m/s. Egg substrate consisted of bedrock limestone thinly overlain by fine sand and densely distributed elliptical gravel 2–10 cm in diamete...