cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Enhanced Forward Explicit Congestion Notification (E-FECN) scheme for datacenter Ethernet networks

Ethernet is replacing the traditional storage networking technologies like fiber channel and Infiniband in Datacenters. The key feature of these traditional technologies that make them suitable for datacenter is their low-loss low-delay operation. Consequently IEEE 802.1 standards committee is developing new specification for congestion management for Ethernet in datacenter networks. Backward congestion notification (BCN) and forward explicit congestion notification (FECN) are two initial proposals. Each of the proposals has its own advantages and disadvantages. FECN outperforms BCN in fairness and response time while BCN is able to respond to sudden increases in load in less than a round trip time. In this paper, we propose an enhanced version of FECN that takes the best of both proposals and adds BCN if there is a sudden severe congestion. It is shown that E-FECN performs better than the previous proposals.
Sequential receptor cascade for coagulation proteins on monocytes. Constitutive biosynthesis and functional prothrombinase activity of a membrane form of factor V/Va.

Abstract Cells of monocytic differentiation can promote proteolytic activation of factor X following binding to the adhesive receptor Mac-1. We now show that the product, factor Xa, binds to a second receptor on these cells in a Ca2+-dependent reaction. Functionally, this results in the capacity to convert prothrombin to thrombin. The factor Xa receptor was identified by monoclonal antibody (7G12) reactive with plasma factor V/Va, but selected for reactivity with THP-1 cells. It reacted with 71.2 +/- 10.1% of monocytes, bound 153,600 +/- 33,500 sites/THP-1 cell, blocked binding of 125I-factor Xa, inhibited formation of thrombin, and immunoprecipitated 125I-factor Xa chemically cross-linked to its receptor on THP-1 cells. Following surface iodination or intrinsic labeling of THP-1 cells, antibody 7G12 immunoprecipitated a 74-kDa molecular species, similar to plasma factor Va light chain. Thus, monocytes and monocyte-like cells synthesize and express a factor V/Va-like receptor for factor Xa and organize a functional prothrombinase complex. The simultaneous membrane coexpression of a factor X receptor (Mac-1) and a factor Xa receptor as demonstrated by two-color flow cytofluorometric analysis of monocytes or THP-1 cells is consistent with a sequential receptor cascade for coordinated molecular assembly of coagulation proteins on specialized cells.
Adapting to Climate Change Through Law that Bends Without Breaking

Climate change poses extraordinary challenges for law. The difficulties of crafting law capable of effectively controlling greenhouse gas emissions are widely recognized. Adaptation to the inevitable effects of climate change is still less widely discussed, but poses at least as great a challenge. The problem for emission reduction is to get any effective standard through the political process and maintain it over time in the face of focused political opposition. The problem for adaptation is to develop legal standards with the right balance of flexibility to evolve as conditions change and rigidity to counteract political opposition. This paper examines that challenge in the context of conservation policy, which presents it in especially sharp focus. Environmental law has traditionally relied on strong precommitment to conservation through a handful of uncompromising mandates enforceable through citizen suits. Those mandates, which are the legal equivalent of sturdy, unbending oak trees, have helped reluctant implementing agencies stand up to political pressures. But oak trees, though strong, can be toppled by the sustained high winds that will characterize the political environment for future conservation efforts. Conservation interests in a warming world will be better served by law modeled on wind-swept pines. It must conform to the harsh reality of their environment while still providing the discipline needed for society to hold to its long-term conservation goals in the face of conflict with short-term economic interests. In this paper, I suggest that such flexible but not formless mandates could come from a combination of substantive strategies including moving baselines, wildlands set-asides, and feasibility-based standards with procedural strategies designed to strengthen the implementing agencies’ backbones, including a burden of proof favoring conservation, involvement of conservation-minded decisionmakers, political independence, and outside oversight. While the task of creating law that strikes the right balance between rigidity and flexibility will not be easy, it need not be overwhelming.
Psychopharmacological treatment for military posttraumatic stress disorder: An integrative review

Purpose Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a serious mental health disorder. The current first-line psychopharmacologic treatment for PTSD is selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). Recently, the efficacy of SSRIs has been challenged in favor of propranolol use. This article reviews the origins of PTSD, its impact within the veteran population, psychopharmacological treatment of PTSD, and current literature on the use of propranolol for PTSD treatment. Data sources The search strategies used included ProQuest, Medline, CINAHL, and Psychiatry Online and were searched using the key terms: PTSD, psychopharmacological treatment, SSRIs, propranolol, military, and veterans in multiple combinations. Conclusions Studies to date indicate that (a) SSRIs are only moderately effective as a first-line treatment for PTSD and less so for military personnel, (b) propranolol has the ability to attenuate traumatic memory in primary and tertiary use, and (c) ethical and moral consideration as well as further research and testing is needed for substantiating propranolol as a first-line PTSD psychopharmacological treatment. Implications for practice Current research has shown propranolol to be an effective treatment option for PTSD.
The duration and generalization of attraction

Abstract Tested in the present study were the propositions that attraction toward others is lasting and that liked and disliked individuals serve as a basis for liking others. On the first day, subjects received interpersonal evaluations (e.g., judging the intelligence of others) which supposedly had originated with an anonymous person. Following a delay of 1 to 3 days, the attraction of some of the subjects toward the anonymous person was assessed while the attraction of other subjects toward a second anonymous person, who presumably had also evaluated the subjects, was also assessed. These latter subjects were never exposed to the alleged evaluation by the second person. Attraction toward the first person tended to endure and to generalize to the second person.
Maintenance treatment with long-acting injectable antipsychotics: comparing old with new.

Prevention of relapse is a major challenge in the treatment of schizophrenia. The re-emergence of psychosis, characterized by delusions, hallucinations, and disorganization, can be dangerous, disruptive, and costly for patients and their families. The risk of relapse is increased by factors commonly encountered in this group of patients, such as poor adherence, substance use, and social stress. High rates of nonadherence with antipsychotics, estimated at 40%, reflect an unfavorable balance between adverse effects and perceived benefit. Cognitive deficits, combined with poor social supports and homelessness, also can complicate adherence with daily dosing of oral medication. Long-acting injectable formulations of antipsychotics, which maintain therapeutic blood levels during the 2- to 4-week interval between injections, were developed to counter the problem of nonadherence; studies conducted in the 1980s of longacting injectable preparations of fluphenazine, a firstgeneration antipsychotic, generally found a reduction in relapse rates. 1
A Service-Learning Collaboration: A Graduate Gerontology Program and a Foster Grandparent Program

ABSTRACT Historically, American institutions of higher learning have embraced community service as a necessary component of students' learning experiences. Recent initiatives through the Corporation for National and Community Service emphasize the idea that civic responsibility is an important element of an adequate education at all levels of learning. In this article we discuss the feasibility of integrating a graduate gerontology program and a Foster Grandparent Program. The integration is designed in such a way that, beyond sustaining the Foster Grandparent Program and introducing students to practical field experiences, greater community needs can be met. Ideally, positive outcomes will be achieved through such a collaborative effort, and will affect change at the individual, community, policy, and social structural levels.
Rapid determination of areas of Gaussian curves and diffusion coefficients.

Abstract A new and quick method for calculating the area under a Gaussian curve from its height and width (HW) has been developed and tested for its accuracy in area and diffusion coefficient determinations. This method has been used to determine whether the peaks from diffusion experiments, which theoretically should be Gaussian actually are Gaussian; the experiments were carried out in ultracentrifuges using schlieren optics. This analysis shows that the schlieren peaks deviate slightly (as much as 4%), in a reproducible manner, from Gaussian curves. The overall average deviation curve for these data provides an empirical estimate of the factor needed to correct a given width measurement, at a certain fractional height, to its Gaussian curve value. We used this height-width-corrected method to determine the areas of peaks in 49 different photographs of schlieren peaks from seven diffusion experiments. In comparison with actual measured areas, the areas calculated with the HW method had a probable error of only 0.7%, a standard deviation of only 0.9%, and a maximum deviation of only 2.3%. The corresponding values for diffusion coefficients were also very accurate. Because of the ease and accuracy of the HW method, it is expected that it will supplant the popular, but tedious, method of numerical integration to determine areas under Gaussian peaks from synthetic boundary experiments and sedimentation velocity experiments. This will allow rapid and accurate determination of diffusion coefficients, relative concentrations, and initial concentrations. Furthermore, in principle, this new method can be applied to any type of experiment involving a Gaussian peak whose broadening is diffusion controlled.
Autoradiographic localization of hormone-concentrating cells in the brain of the female rhesus monkey.

With autoradiographic procedures, cells which bind 3H-estradiol were found in preoptic, hypothalamic and limbic structures in the brains of ovariectomized, adult female rhesus monkeys. Estrogen-binding cells were seen in the medial preoptic area, medial anterior hypothalamus, ventromedial nucleus, and especially heavy labelling was seen throughout the extent of the arcuate (infundibular) nucleus of the hypothalamus. In limbic structures, cells in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and in the medial nucleus of the amygdala were well labelled. Systematic charting also revealed smaller numbers of estrogen-concentrating cells in other specific hypothalamic and limbic locations. In the anterior pituitary, significant numbers of basophils and acidophils were found to bind estrogen. Pars intermedia and the posterior lobe were virtually unlabelled. In the uterus, heavily labelled cells were seen in the endometrial stroma and in the myometrium. These autoradiographic findings agree with results of parallel biochemical experiments. In monkeys injected with 3H-corticosterone, the most extensive high-intensity binding found with autoradiography was in the hippocampus. Both pyramidal neurons and dentate gyrus granule cells were labelled. Biochemical experiments, also, showed highest cell nuclear accumulation of corticosterone in the hippocampus. Findings with estradiol in the rhesus monkey extend to primates conclusions based on autoradiographic experiments with steroid sex hormones in a wide variety of vertebrates, including fish, amphibians, birds, and various mammalian species (Morrell et al., '75a). All of these vertebrate forms have sex hormone-concentrating neurons, which are found in specific preoptic, hypothalamic and limbic structures. In the species studied, such hormone-concentrating neurons appear to be involved in the hormonal control of behavioral and pituitary function.
Bulk synthesis of silicon nanowires using a low-temperature vapor–liquid–solid method

Silicon nanowires will find applications in nanoscale electronics and optoelectronics both as active and passive components. Here, we demonstrate a low-temperature vapor–liquid–solid synthesis method that uses liquid-metal solvents with low solubility for silicon and other elemental semiconductor materials. This method eliminates the usual requirement of quantum-sized droplets in order to obtain quantum-scale one-dimensional structures. Specifically, we synthesized silicon nanowires with uniform diameters distributed around 6 nm using gallium as the molten solvent, at temperatures less than 400 °C in hydrogen plasma. The potential exists for bulk synthesis of silicon nanowires at temperatures significantly lower than 400 °C. Gallium forms a eutectic with silicon near room temperature and offers a wide temperature range for bulk synthesis of nanowires. These properties are important for creating monodispersed one-dimensional structures capable of yielding sharp hetero- or homointerfaces.
Stable carbon and nitrogen isotope enrichment in primate tissues

Isotopic studies of wild primates have used a wide range of tissues to infer diet and model the foraging ecologies of extinct species. The use of mismatched tissues for such comparisons can be problematic because differences in amino acid compositions can lead to small isotopic differences between tissues. Additionally, physiological and dietary differences among primate species could lead to variable offsets between apatite carbonate and collagen. To improve our understanding of the isotopic chemistry of primates, we explored the apparent enrichment (e*) between bone collagen and muscle, collagen and fur or hair keratin, muscle and keratin, and collagen and bone carbonate across the primate order. We found that the mean e* values of proteinaceous tissues were small (≤1‰), and uncorrelated with body size or phylogenetic relatedness. Additionally, e* values did not vary by habitat, sex, age, or manner of death. The mean e* value between bone carbonate and collagen (5.6 ± 1.2‰) was consistent with values reported for omnivorous mammals consuming monoisotopic diets. These primate-specific apparent enrichment values will be a valuable tool for cross-species comparisons. Additionally, they will facilitate dietary comparisons between living and fossil primates.
Fat-free mass is maintained in women following a moderate diet and exercise program.

Weight-loss programs usually result in fat-free mass (FFM) loss along with body-fat (BF) loss. This study examined which combination of diet + exercise would maintain FFM. Forty-four overweight, inactive women completed 20 wk of a randomized intervention: control (C, N = 6), diet only (D, N = 10), diet + cycling (DC, N = 8), diet + resistance training (DR, N = 11), or diet + resistance training + cycling (DRC, N = 9) group. FFM and %BF were determined from hydrostatic weighting. Exercise sessions were attended 3 d.wk-1, with a mean duration of 30 min per session. Caloric intake was reduced 628 kcal.d-1 (+/- 59). Chi squares and ANOVA showed no baseline differences between groups for socioeconomic status, age, body composition, aerobic capacity, or strength. One-way ANOVA of change with Student-Newman Keul multiple range post-hoc tests (P < 0.05) were used to analyze pre to post differences for %BF, body mass (BM), FFM, VO2max, and strength. D, DC, DR, and DRC lost significant BM (-3.7 to -5.4 kg) in comparison with C (+ 1.5 kg). All groups maintained FFM but only DRC significantly lowered %BF (-4.7%) in comparison with C. DRC and DC significantly increased VO2max. Strength 1RM (triceps extension, arm curl, leg extension, chest press) increased significantly for both DR and DRC. Results suggest that moderate levels of caloric restriction, aerobic cycle exercise, and/or resistance training are equally effective in maintaining FFM while encouraging body mass loss.
The Death Effector Domains (DEDs) of the Molluscum Contagiosum Virus MC159 v-FLIP Protein Are Not Functionally Interchangeable with Each Other or with the DEDs of Caspase-8

The molluscum contagiosum virus (MCV) MC159 protein contains two death effector domains (DEDs) that bind to the DEDs of caspase-8 and FADD and inhibit apoptosis. We constructed MC159 truncation mutants and found that the amino-terminal region before the first DED and nearly all the carboxyl terminus after the second DED were dispensable for the antiapoptotic activity of MC159. We also engineered tandem repeats of two identical MC159 DEDs, MC159 DEDs in the reverse orientation, and MC159-caspase-8 chimeras in which a DED of MC159 was replaced with the corresponding DED of caspase-8. Each of these constructs bound to caspase-8, but was unable to bind to FADD or block apoptosis. In addition, we constructed mutants containing only a single DED of MC159. These mutants bound to both FADD and caspase-8, but could not block apoptosis or the formation of death effector filaments. Thus, the DEDs of MC159 are not functionally interchangeable with each other or with those of caspase-8.
The American Communist Party in Its Heyday: A Case of Premature Eurocommunism?

Each generation rewrites the history of its era as a guide to a remolded future. In no field has this been more self-consciously the case than in that worked over by historians of the American left. Little more than a decade ago, for example, young scholars found the Industrial Workers of the World nearly irresistible. Perhaps there was something about Wobbly spontaneity and social iconoclasm, their very political marginality, that distantly mirrored the passions and hopes generated in the 1960s. In these days of industrial decline and conservative drift, the romantic Wob blies are not much in vogue. The possibilities open to the left seem more prosaic: halt the decline of the unions, temper the arms race, begin a reconstruction of the old liberal-labor alliance. Utopian and revolutionary visions, whether of 1917, 1932 or 1968 now seem anachronistic, even embarrassing, while foreign models of social ist reconstruction hold little interest. Neither Moscow nor Havana brings much inspiration, and only the long neglected social democratic movements of Western Europe ? whether in their Eurosocialist or Eurocommunist forms ? attract much excitement. It is out of this decade's rather sober political landscape that a remarkably positive r??valuation of the Communist experience in American life has emerged. For here was a movement which at its height in the 1930s and 1940s enrolled upwards of 80,000 to 100,000 members, won the respect of a wide strata of liberals and progressives, and perhaps most importantly made its weight felt in the new industrial unions and on the broad terrain of national politics. Two new books by Harvey Levenstein and Maurice Isserman are particularly symptomatic of this retro spectively appreciative 1980s mood. Making use of extensive archival resources, including the heretofore unopened Earl Browder papers, both volumes are scho larly but not detached, and each uses the Communist past to search for answers to contemporary dilemmas. Isserman r??valu?tes the Party's experience during World
Kinetics and Thermodynamics of Protein Adsorption: A Generalized Molecular Theoretical Approach

The thermodynamics and kinetics of protein adsorption are studied using a molecular theoretical approach. The cases studied include competitive adsorption from mixtures and the effect of conformational changes upon adsorption. The kinetic theory is based on a generalized diffusion equation in which the driving force for motion is the gradient of chemical potentials of the proteins. The time-dependent chemical potentials, as well as the equilibrium behavior of the system, are obtained using a molecular mean-field theory. The theory provides, within the same theoretical formulation, the diffusion and the kinetic (activated) controlled regimes. By separation of ideal and nonideal contributions to the chemical potential, the equation of motion shows a purely diffusive part and the motion of the particles in the potential of mean force resulting from the intermolecular interactions. The theory enables the calculation of the time-dependent surface coverage of proteins, the dynamic surface tension, and the structure of the adsorbed layer in contact with the approaching proteins. For the case of competitive adsorption from a solution containing a mixture of large and small proteins, a variety of different adsorption patterns are observed depending upon the bulk composition, the strength of the interaction between the particles, and the surface and size of the proteins. It is found that the experimentally observed Vroman sequence is predicted in the case that the bulk solution is at a composition with an excess of the small protein, and that the interaction between the large protein and the surface is much larger than that of the smaller protein. The effect of surface conformational changes of the adsorbed proteins in the time-dependent adsorption is studied in detail. The theory predicts regimes of constant density and dynamic surface tension that are long lived but are only intermediates before the final approach to equilibrium. The implications of the findings to the interpretation of experimental observations is discussed.
Liver biopsy, viral kinetics, and the impact of viremia on severity of hepatitis C virus recurrence

1. Nearly all recipients who are chronically infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV) at the time of liver transplantation will have HCV RNA detectable postoperatively. 2. HCV replication can begin as early as the first postoperative week. 3. HCV levels fall significantly during the anhepatic phase of liver transplantation and continue to fall during the first 12-24 hours posttransplantation. 4. Serum HCV RNA levels typically increase rapidly from the second week posttransplantation and peak by the fourth postoperative month. HCV RNA levels at one year posttransplantation are 10-20 fold greater than pretransplant levels. 5. Corticosteroid treatment for acute cellular rejection is associated with large increases in HCV RNA levels. 6. HCV RNA levels do not appear to vary with choice of calcineurin inhibitor. 7. Early HCV RNA levels are predictive of subsequent histological severity of recurrence. 8. A correlation between early levels of viremia and subsequent allograft injury suggests that initiation of antiviral therapy early in the posttransplant course might be desirable.
Reducing the number of antenatal care visits in low-risk pregnancies increases perinatal mortality in low- and middle-income countries; women in all settings prefer the standard visit schedule

Commentary on: T Dowswell, G Carroli, L Duley, et al.. Alternative versus standard packages of antenatal care for low-risk pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev2010;10:CD000934.
High-performance liquid chromatography of nitroaromatic compounds on an N-propylaniline bonded stationary phase

Abstract N-Propylanilinetrimethoxysilane was reacted with 10 μm silica and the resulting bonded stationary phase was assessed for the liquid chromatographic separation of nitro and polynitroaromatic solutes, comparisons being made with octadecylsilyl- (ODS), phenyl- and arylether-bonded phases. The elution order was non-nitro, mono-, di- and trinitroaromatics in both reversed- and normal-phase modes. Enthalpies of transfer from the mobile to the stationary phase were determined for selected solutes, the values being more negative than for the aryl ether and ODS phases. The column was used for the analysis of munition standards and compositions.
Sustainable mobility: A vision of our transport future

Lawrence D. Burns explains how networks of driverless, shared cars will revolutionize motoring.
Toxicity of Pyrolysis Gases From Thermal Insulation Materials

Toxicity test data obtained at the University of San Francis co on the pyrolysis gases from various thermal insulation materials are presented.
Generalized parton distributions and transversity in nucleons and nuclei

We present an exploratory study using generalized parton distributions of several observables related to transverse degrees of freedom in hadronic structure -- the nucleon transverse momentum, the transverse radius, or impact parameter, and the momentum transfer, $t$, dependence of the longitudinal variable $x$ -- in both nucleons and nuclei.
The species of Geissorhiza (Iridaceae) of Thunberg's herbarium (Uppsala, Sweden)

The complex typification and nomenclature of the eight species of Geissorhiza based on Thunberg's Cape collections, is reviewed critically in preparation for a complete revision of the genus. These species, initially assigned to Ixia, were described by Thunberg and von Linne fil., founded on collections of twelve different species. Some well known species require changes to their nomenclature; G. rochensis sensu Ker becomes G. radians (Thunb.) Goldbl.; while Ixia scillaris Thunb. nom. illeg., based on three different species is lectotypified and shown to be G. scillaris Spreng., a species quite distinct from G. juncea, with which it has often been confused. Arguments for considering the name G. secunda illegitimate are reviewed. The species long known by this epithet must be called G. aspera Goldbl. Lectotypes have been designated for G. monanthos, G. radians, G. scillaris and G. setacea, none of which have been satisfactorily typified before.
The logic of organization

This article presents a review of the book “The Logic of Organization,” by Alfred Kuhn and Robert D. Beam.
Concluding remarks: Summary of some of our recent studies in the field of conjugating plasmonic gold nanoparticles to single cancer cells and their molecular and cellular dynamics

This Faraday meeting was indeed very educational and important. We should all thank the organizing committee, and especially our Chair, Professor Nguyen TK Thanh, for a job well done. The Faraday Discussion format is certainly very creative and effective. Getting each presenter of one of the excellent posters to summarize the topic of their poster in five minutes was very important in encouraging the delegates to spend their time in the poster sessions with the speakers working on research that overlapped with his or her own.
Sex Hormone-Related and Growth Hormone-Related Alopecias

Canine endocrine dermatoses are characterized by bilateral symmetrical alopecia. Although growth hormone-related and sex hormone-related dermatoses are less common than hypothyroidism and hyperadrenocorticism, they are important causes of hormonal skin disease. Several new syndromes associated with growth and sex hormones recently have been described.
Hepatic growth hormone signaling in the late gestation fetal rat.

The role of GH in the developing fetus is poorly understood. Several studies have demonstrated a limited role for GH in late fetal life. In fact, few data are available regarding GH signal transduction in the late gestation fetus. We therefore focused on a comparison of hepatic GH signaling in near-term fetal rats [embryonic day 19 (E19)] and adult rats using a combination of in vitro studies employing hepatocytes in primary culture and in vivo studies. We found that GH receptor (GHr) binding was comparable in fetal liver and adult liver. The long isoform of the GHr underwent tyrosine phosphorylation in response to GH stimulation of E19 fetal hepatocytes in a manner similar to that seen in cultured adult hepatocytes. Furthermore, downstream signaling via the Janus kinase-2 tyrosine kinase, STAT1 (signal transducer and activator of transcription), and STAT5 was also intact in both, as demonstrated by the tyrosine phosphorylation of these signaling proteins. To confirm the relevance of these findings to the...
Trypan blue: effect on retinal pigment epithelial and neurosensory retinal cells.

PURPOSE. To evaluate the toxicity of trypan blue on retinal cells in vitro. METHODS. Human retinal pigment epithelial cells (ARPE-19) and rat neurosensory retinal cells (R28) were grown in tissue culture and treated with four different concentrations of trypan blue (0.1%, 0.05%, 0.025%, and 0.0125%), in combination with surgical light exposure (0, 5, or 10 minutes). Cell viability, mitochondrial function, and DNA synthesis were measured by trypan blue dye-exclusion assay, mitochondrial dehydrogenase assay, and tritiated [ 3 H] thymidine incorporation, respectively. RESULTS. ARPE-19 and R28 cells exposed to trypan blue with or without illumination did not show any significant decrease, either in cell viability by the dye-exclusion assay or in [ 3 H] thymidine incorporation. R28 cells exposed to 0.1% trypan blue with and without light showed a significant reduction of mitochondrial dehydrogenase activity (P < 0.05). ARPE-19 cells exposed to trypan blue, with or without light, did not show any significant decrease in mitochondrial dehydrogenase activity. CONCLUSIONS. This study suggests that rat neurosensory retina (R28) cells are more sensitive than human RPE (ARPE-19) cells to trypan blue. ARPE-19 cells showed no evidence of toxicity with any of the three assays, but R28 cells showed evidence of toxicity with the mitochondrial dehydrogenase assay at the higher doses and light-exposure times studied. Clinical studies must be conducted to determine the safety and efficacy of staining of the inner limiting membrane with trypan blue.
The Mental Functioning Axis of the Psychodynamic Diagnostic Manual: An Adolescent Case Study

We describe the assessment of a troubled adolescent boy to demonstrate the use of the Shedler-Westen Assessment Profile for Adolescents (Westen, Dutra, & Shedler, 2005) and the Social Cognition and Object Relations Scale-Global (Westen, 1995) to formulate the Mental Functioning for Children and Adolescents Axis (MCA) of the Psychodynamic Diagnostic Manual (PDM Task Force, 2006). The assessment made possible a meaningful psychodynamic therapy.
When Prophecy Pales: The Fate of Dissonance Theory:

This paper explored common objections to cognitive dissonance theory, propositions within the theory that have been neglected by critics, and issues within social psychology that have been sharpene...
Anisotropic atomic structure of TbFe and TbCo amorphous alloys

Abstract The uniaxial anisotropy of Tb19Co81 and Tb19Fe81 amorphous alloy films was investigated by using X-ray diffraction analysis and measuring the magnetic anisotropy constants, Ku, on annealing at 200°C. It was revealed that, in the TbFe film investigated, the anisotropic structure was more extensively relaxed at an early stage of annealing than in the TbCo film. During this relaxation process, near-neighboor correlations changed mainly around TbTb pairs in the TbFe film, whereas they changed mainly around CoCo pairs in the TbCo film. The magnetic anisotropy decreased more rapidly in the TbFe film than in the TbCo film, reflecting this difference in the structural relaxation process.
Review of Recent Clinical Trials of Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia and Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia: A Perspective from Academia

Clinical trials evaluating antimicrobial therapy for nosocomial pneumonia face many hurdles in terms of producing data that are widely applicable, supportive of safe medical practices, and able to demonstrate distinct advantages of one form of therapy over the other. Adherence to strict performance measures in conducting such trials should improve their overall quality. Such measures include enrollment of clearly defined patient populations who have a high likelihood of nosocomial pneumonia, use of diagnostic measures to confirm the presence of lower respiratory tract infection, and inclusion of broad-based pathogen distributions to ensure that the trial is applicable to the majority of patients developing nosocomial pneumonia.
AtTZF gene family localizes to cytoplasmic foci.

In eukaryotes, mRNA turnover and translational repression represent important regulatory steps in gene expression. Curiously, when under cellular stresses, factors involved in these processes aggregate into cytoplasmic foci known as Processing bodies (P-bodies) and Stress Granules (SGs). In animals, CCCH Tandem Zinc Finger (TZF) proteins play important roles in mRNA decay within P-bodies. TTP, a P-body localized mammalian TZF, can bind to the 3'UTRs of mRNAs containing AU-rich elements (AREs) and recruit and activate RNA decay machineries. In plants, the function of CCCH TZF proteins is still unclear. We previously showed that AtTZF1, a member of the Arabidopsis CCCH TZF protein family, could bind both RNA and DNA in vitro, traffic between the nucleus and cytoplasmic foci, and co-localize with P-body markers AGO1, DCP2 and XRN4. In this report, we show that the other 10 members of the AtTZF gene family can similarly localize in cytoplasmic foci. Together these 11 genes, though similar in TZF sequence and sub-cellular localization, appear to be differentially expressed in response to developmental and environmental cues. We propose that AtTZF1 and its gene family members may each play distinct roles at different developmental stages and environmental conditions.
Saving, investment, fiscal deficits, and the external indebtedness of developing countries

Abstract This paper investigates selected aspects of the external indebtedness of the developing countries. It examines both the theoretical and empirical sides of the debt servicing capacity issue, focussing on the role of domestic savings and investment as well as the budget deficits of the public sector in the recent widening of their current account deficits. The results of the study do not support the proposition that increases in external indebtedness among developing countries reflect overconsumption. Capital inflows did not partly or wholly displace domestic saving for the sample of countries examined; rather, the increase in external deficits can in most cases be accounted for by expansion in investment (relative to total output). However, the author qualifies his basically optimistic conclusions in pointing out that countries' ability to repay debt depends not only on whether initial borrowing sustained consumption or investment. but also, if the latter, on the quality of the investment spending.
Replication of DNA in mammalian chromosomes. II. Kinetics of 3H-thymidine incorporation and the isolation and partial characterization of labeled subunits at the growing point.

DNA replication has been studied in cells (CHO) synchronized by mitotic selection from roller cultures. A study of the incorporation of 3H supplied as uridine indicates that cells cannot be blocked precisely at the beginning of the S phase, but DNA synthesis can be stopped in early S by treating with F-dU in G1. After blockage potential initiation sites continue to increase at a linear rate for atleast 13 hours after division. Incorporation of 3H-thymidine begins at most of these sites within seconds after thymidine is supplied in the medium and incorporation continues at a linear rate for 20–24 minutes. There appears to be a pause after this interval before synthesis is resumed at about two times the initial rate. 3H-bromodeoxyuridine can be substituted for thymidine without affecting the kinetic pattern over a similar period. The increased rate is probably an increase in sites of chain growth rather than a change in rate of chain growth. A study of the labeled DNA segments by band sedimentation in a preformed NaClO4 isokinetic gradient shows that two distinctly different sized segments can be released from the chromosomes by lysis at submelting conditions. One is the previously reported single chain segments averaging about one-half micron in length, but the other is a much larger segment (26S) which is native DNA with perhaps small regions of single chains presumably at the ends. Primarily single chain DNA is released after 1–2 minute pulse labeling, but after 2 minutes the larger segments (26S) contain most of the newly formed DNA except that attached to the chains of the major part of the template DNA which exhibits a discontinuous distribution, sedimenting far faster than either newly replicated segment. A consideration of the kinetics of formation of the 26S component indicates that is may contain the replicating fork. If this proves to be the correct interpretation the template chains would both have non-adjacent nicks preceeding the fork and also in a post-fork site at a mean distance of about 2 microns in both directions. The isolation of the growing points of DNA replication in chromosomes is now possible and the study of properties of the newly replicated regions should be greatly facilitated.
Chemical exchange during hydrothermal alteration of basalt by seawater—I. Experimental results for major and minor components of seawater

Abstract Fresh mid-ocean ridge basalt of varying crystallinity has been powdered and reacted with seawater and an artificial Na-K-Ca-Cl solution at 200–500°C and 500–1000 bar in sealed gold capsules. Water/rock mass ratios of 1–3 were used and durations ranged from 2 to 20 months. These time periods were sufficient for most elements to approach a steady-state concentration in solution which was determined by equilibrium with alteration minerals (Mg, SiO2, SO4), by rate of formation of these minerals (Na, Ca), or by depletion from the rock (K, B, Ba). The resulting solutions closely resemble the brines from the basalt-seawater geothermal system at Reykjanes, Iceland. Mg was almost completely removed from seawater into the alteration products smectite, tremolite-actinolite, or talc. Sulfate also was removed to low concentrations, both by precipitation of anyhydrite and by reduction to sulfide. Net transfer of Na from seawater into solids occurred in most experiments by formation of sodic feldspar and possibly analcime. Sr was removed from seawater in some experiments but showed no change or a small gain in others. SiO2, Ca, K, Ba, B and CO2 were leached from basalt and enriched in solution. SiO2 concentrations were controlled by saturation with quartz at 300°C and above. The principal Ca-bearing phases which formed were anhydrite, the hydrated Ca-silicate truscottite, tremolite-actinolite, and possibly wairakite. No K-rich phases formed. For some minerals the crystallinity of the starting basalt affected the amount which formed. Removal of Mg from seawater into solid alteration products occurred rapidly and was balanced largely by leaching of Ca from basalt. Net transfer of Na from seawater into solids occurred more slowly and was balanced mainly by leaching of additional Ca from basalt. Thus, reaction between seawater and basalt at low water/rock ratios can be considered to consist of two exchanges: Mg for Ca, and Na for Ca.
Hurricane Katrina Victimization as a State Crime of Omission

Several popular narratives assign responsibility to a host of political officials on the local, state, and federal levels for the excess human suffering stemming from Hurricane Katrina. The three main goals of this article are to (1) summarize these claims and situate them within the burgeoning literature on state crime in criminology, (2) discern what victims of the hurricane subjectively identify as the source(s) of their victimization, and (3) compare the latter and the former in order to demonstrate the appropriateness of conceptualizing the excess suffering of Hurricane Katrina victims as a state crime of omission. We explore these three subjects through documentary analysis and interviews with thirteen victims of Hurricane Katrina. Major findings are that all of the interviewees express profound dissatisfaction with various state actions and inactions before, during, and after Katrina in ways consistent with the documentary and polling data. This constellation of similar claims and evidence along with the obvious social injury caused by multiple state failures provide the basis for conceptualizing governmental negligence in the context of Katrina as a state crime of omission.
Frequency Dependence of the Paramagnetic Relaxation in a Copper Tutton Salt

Measurements have been made of the paramagnetic relaxation rate of the copper ions in zinc-diluted crystals of copper ammonium sulfate at 1.3\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K by a pulsed-microwave technique at frequencies between 9.0 and 11.8 GHz, in order to look for the ${\ensuremath{\nu}}^{4}$ dependence to be expected if the orbit-lattice mechanism and direct process dominate. In the crystals examined, at the highest copper concentration, the rate decreased with increasing frequency. At the lowest concentration, a dependence was obtained which could be fitted with a fourth power, but this behavior was not independent of crystal orientation. A linear temperature dependence of the rate was obtained below 2.1\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K.
Maternal Immunization and the Immune Response of Neonates to Pneumococcal Polysaccharides

The effect of maternal immunization on the immune response of neonates to pneumococcal polysaccharides and the characterization of IgG receptor molecules have been reviewed and studied. Maternal immunization with pneumococcal 19F polysaccharide during gestation and/or lactation induces a significantly stronger response in offspring. When young mice born to pregnant mice immunized with a polysaccharide-protein conjugate (e.g., 19F polysaccharide-human IgG) are given an additional dose of polysaccharide-protein conjugate immunogen, they develop an antibody response stronger than that of young mice not receiving additional immunogen. Injection of female mice (before their mating) with type 19F or type 3 polysaccharide may also induce a stronger antibody response in offspring. Combined passive immunization with immunoglobulin and active immunization do not cause suppression or observable harmful immunologic effects; rather, such immunization may elicit sufficient 19F antibody formation for protection against infection during early life. IgG receptor molecules have been isolated from rabbit yolk-sac membranes, and their physicochemical properties have been characterized.
Natural Radioactivity of Rhenium

An attempt to confirm the reported $K$ capture activity of ${\mathrm{Os}}^{187}$, using Os${\mathrm{O}}_{4}$ mixed with argon as the counter gas, failed to reveal any activity corresponding to a half-life of less than ${5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}10}^{11}$ years. This method assumed that any $K$ capture in Os would be followed by the emission of Auger electrons which would be recorded. The sensitivity of the system to soft Auger electrons was demonstrated by using 34.0-day ${\mathrm{A}}^{37}$ which decays by $K$ capture. Rhenium then was examined for beta-activity, ${\mathrm{Re}}^{187}$ being isobaric with ${\mathrm{Os}}^{187}$. An activity was found in two samples of different origin which resisted chemical purifications, including distillation of the perrhenic acid from concentrated sulfuric acid solution. The half-life appears to be ${4\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}10}^{12}$ years calculated for ${\mathrm{Re}}^{187}$ isotope, and the range is 3.5 mg of ${\mathrm{A}\mathrm{l}/\mathrm{c}\mathrm{m}}^{2}$ corresponding to an upper energy limit of about 43 kev.
VLSI Technology Development Priorities : Computer Sysvems Builder's Perspective

The continued scaling-down of MOS transistors dramatically increases the capabilities of single-chip integrated circuits. However, to meet the needs of the VLSI computers to be developed in the next ten years, other features of the evolving VLSI technology must be given increased attention. This paper discussed several technological characteristics and functional capabilities that are particularly useful for the construction of computer systems and which are currently lacking or inadequately developed.
A New Turbidometric Assay for Quantifying the Complement-Mediated Bactericidal Activity of Serum

Abstract This paper describes a new turbidometric assay for quantifying antibody-independent serum killing via the classical complement pathway. The assay was developed to assess the effect of ascorbate nutriture on complement-mediated host defense in humans. It gives results comparable to those obtained by the conventional colony counting method, but it is simpler, faster and gives better precision. The assay uses Salmonella minnesota R 595, a bacterium known to be particularly sensitive to the antibody-independent bactericidal activity of serum. At the serum concentrations used in this assay (less than 1.0%), the method is specific for classical pathway activity. The entire assay, including the final quantification of turbidity, is carried out in a single disposable tube. Although the inoculum requires overnight growth, the assay itself can be completed in a single working day. The assay requires less than 100 μL sterile serum. When data are plotted logarithmically, bacterial survival after exposure to ...
Photostabilization and photodegradation in organic coatings containing a hindered amine light stabilizer. Part VII. HALS effectiveness in acrylic melamine coatings having different free radical formation rates

Abstract The ability of hindered amine light stabilizer (HALS) bis-(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidinyl) sebacate to reduce the photooxidation rate in two different acrylic melamine polymer coatings has been studied using both infrared and electron spin resonance spectroscopies. These coatings differ primarily in the rate at which free radicals are formed during photolysis. Under controlled photolysis conditions similar to sunlight (near-ambient), the photoinitiation rate (PIR) of free radicals in one coating is some five times higher than that of the other coating, resulting in a photooxidation rate that is some 2·5 times greater than that for the coating with the lower PIR value. When harsh, short wavelength ultraviolet light is used, the PIR values and photooxidation rates of both coatings are higher. The addition of hindered amine (2% by weight) to the coating with the higher PIR value reduces its photooxidation rate by roughly a factor of 2·6 for both exposures. The addition of the hindered amine to the coating with the lower PIR value reduces its photooxidation rate by a factor of 1·9 for the harsh exposure, but does not reduce its photooxidation rate under near-ambient exposure conditions. These results point out the risk of using harsh, accelerated tests to evaluate stabilizer performance and also suggest that there is a limit to HALS inhibition in acrylic melamine coatings.