cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A new approach to rowing ergometry: establishing exercise intensity relative to maximum force output.

The present experiment evaluated a new approach to establish exercise intensity during hydraulic rowing ergometry. In contrast to the traditional approach where exercise intensity is augmented by systematically increasing workload, the new procedure increments the intensity of exercise while maintaining a constant percentage of maximum force output. Ten college females exercised on a hydraulic rower that allowed for control of rowing speed and resistance. The new method to establish work intensity was to row at a cadence of 30 c·min−1 at a force output equal to 50% of maximum rowing force at each setting determined dynamically prior to testing. Two protocols were used for the maximum tests on the hydraulic rower. Row 1 was a 17-min, six-stage, incremental continuous row test performed at increasingly difficult settings from easy (setting 1; 603 N) to difficult (setting 6; 893 N). Row 2 was identical to row 1 until 15 min when resistance was reduced to setting 2 (658 N) for “allout” effort during the last 2 min. During this time, cadence declined from 30 c·min−1 to 19.4 c·min−1 at dial setting 6 and increased to 35.4 c·min−1 at dial setting 2. Both rowing protocols were compared to maximal physiological responses during treadmill running (TM). Compared to TM, both rowing protocols elicited. significantly lower maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max;P<0.05; row 1=Δ29.0% and row 2=Δ12.9%) and maximum heart rate (HRmax;P<0.05; row 1=Δ12.9% and row 2=Δ6.7%). Maximum ventilation (VEmax) during row 1 was also lower by 30.4% than TM (P<0.05). In addition, row 1 was significantly lower (P<0.05) than row 2 forVO2max (2.23 vs 2.60 l·min−1), HRmax (165.5 vs 177.3 beats·min−1), andVEmax (62.7 vs 86.3 1·min−1). These results demonstrate thatVO2max, HRmax, andVEmax are depressed when rowing exercise is performed at a high intensity relative to maximum strength. We conclude that the new approach to establish exercise intensity relative to maximum force production is more effective for eliciting near maximum values ofVO2, HR, andVE than the conventional method that increases the workload by set increments without consideration of maximal strength.
The information‐seeking behavior of visual artists: a literature review

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the literature on the information behavior of practicing visual artists to determine if a consistent model emerges and what further research is necessary.Design/methodology/approach – Works dealing with the information needs and uses relevant to the creative activities of visual artists are discussed in the paper. These works are assessed for their contributions toward understanding of the specific information behaviors of practicing artists.Findings – The results show that a consistent model of artists' information behavior emerges. However, nearly all of the literature focuses on art students, academic art faculty, or librarians, and so any claim that practicing artists fit the model is largely unsupported by research. There have been no published studies of communities of practicing visual artists. The implications of defining artists as communities of practice are discussed.Research limitations/implications – Research is proposed that studies the infor...
One- or two-phase orthodontic treatment for Class II malocclusion does not change the occlusal outcome

Abstract Original Article King GJ, McGorray SP, Wheeler TT, Dolce C, Taylor M. Comparison of peer assessment ratings (PAR) from 1-phase and 2-phase treatment protocols for Class II malocclusions. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2003;123(5):489–96. Level of Evidence 4 Purpose To compare the outcome of 1-phase with 2-phase orthodontic treatment in Children with Class II malocclusion. Does the occlusal outcome differ if a Class II malocclusion is treated early in a 2-phase treatment approach compared with treating later in 1 phase? Source of Funding NIH/NIDCR #DE8715 Type of Study/Design Randomized controlled trial
Thermal conductivity of yttria-stabilized zirconia-hafnia solid solutions

Abstract The thermal conductivity of the yttria-stabilized zirconia–hafnia solid solution series as a function of temperature is reported. For all the compositions studied, the thermal conductivity of the fully dense materials is almost temperature independent up to 1000 °C, the limit of our measurements. A strong effect of solid solution alloying is reported with the mixed zirconia–hafnia compositions having lower thermal conductivity than either yttria-stabilized zirconia or yttria-stabilized hafnia end members of the solid solution series. The compositions with the lowest thermal conductivity are approximately equimolar zirconia–hafnia, and these have a thermal conductivity approximately 25% lower than that of the standard 8YSZ composition currently used in thermal barrier coatings. Although solid solutions generally have lower thermal conductivity at low temperatures, where the conductivity is temperature dependent, this is the first report of solid solution alloying lowering the value of the minimum thermal conductivity, the high-temperature limit of thermal conductivity. The effect is attributed to mass disorder on the cation sublattice of zirconia in which Zr4+ ions are replaced and mixed with Hf4+ ions, decreasing the phonon mean free path. This is in addition to the disorder in the anion sublattice created by the vacancies introduced by the Y3+ stabilizer.
Solubility characteristics of Micrococcus lysodeikticus membrane components in detergents and chaotropic salts analyzed by immunoelectrophoresis.

In order to evaluate the effectiveness and selectivity of various reagents in the solubilization of bacterial membranes, membranes of Micrococcus lysodeikticus were treated with detergents and chaotropic agents. The composition of the extracts so obtained was analyzed by rocket and two-dimensional immunoelectrophoretic techniques. Recovery of succinate-, malate-, and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide- (NADH) dehydrogenases, ATPase, succinylated lipomannan and cytochromes in the extracts was measured. Treatment with a variety of non-denaturing detergents produced extracts that were generally qualitatively uniform although quantitative differences were observed. The degree of extraction of various components was correlated with the hydrophile-lipophile balance. Several chaotropic agents were also evaluated as reagents for membrane solubilization. These agents were less effective in extraction of bulk protein, but produced extracts enriched in some membrane components.
Semi-parametric Gaussian process for robot system identification

One reason why control of biomimetic robots is so difficult is the fact that we do not have sufficiently accurate mathematical models of their system dynamics. Recent nonparametric machine learning approaches to system identification have shown good promise, outperforming parameterized mathematical models when applied to complex robot system identification problems. Unfortunately, non-parametric methods perform poorly when applied to regions of the state space that are not densely covered by the training dataset. This problem becomes particularly critical as the state space grows. Parametric methods use the available data very efficiently but, on the flip side, they only provide crude approximations to the actual system dynamics. In practice the systematic deviations between the parametric mathematical model and its physical realization results in control laws that do not take advantage of the compliance and complex dynamics of the robot. Here we present an approach to robot system identification, named Semi-Parametric Gaussian Processes (SGP), that elegantly combines the advantages of parametric and non-parametric approaches. Computer simulations and a physical implementation of an underactuated robot system identification problem show very promising results. We also demonstrate the applicability of SGP to articulated tree-structured robots of arbitrary complexity. In all experiments, SGP significantly out-performed previous parametric and non-parametric approaches as well as previous methods for combining the two approaches.
Bank deregulation, credit markets, and the control of capital

A model with endogenously arising credit markets and banks is displayed. The model economy requires both types of institutions because they serve to control capital in different, yet complementary, ways. The value of credit market securities depends upon bank control of capital which markets cannot achieve. As regulations and technology change, the decision rules and contracts change, and the financial system creates new institutions, markets and assets. Since the model is at the level of underlying preferences and technology it can be used to consider the optimality of banking regulations when the underlying technology of controlling capital shifts. We show that, whatever the merits of the original arguments for bank regulation, with technological change bank regulation may become self-justifying. That is, we show that under plausible conditions the only reason bank regulation is needed is that it currently exists. Moreover, bank regulation can cause the very bank failures it purports to prevent. Bank regulators observing the world would erroneously argue for more bank regulations, including FDIC insurance, when this is, in fact, unnecessary.(This abstract was borrowed from another version of this item.)
Generation and characterization of monoclonal antibodies recognizing follicle epithelial M cells in rabbit gut-associated lymphoid tissues.

Abstract A panel of mouse B cell hybridomas producing monoclonal antibodies (mAb) directed against rabbit M cell-containing epithelia was developed. By immunohistochemistry, the mAb 5D9, 5B11, 1D9, and 4G2 were found to label approximately 50% of the follicle-associated epithelial (FAE) cell populations overlying lymphoid follicles in Peyer's patches, cecal patch, sacculus rotundus, and appendix. The cell staining was localized to FAE cell basolateral surfaces outlining the M cell pockets which enclosed clusters of mononuclear leukocytes, and extended from the crypts of Peyer's patches and sacculus rotundus, and appendiceal crevices, to the apices of domes. In contrast, the stem cell and proliferative regions facing the lamina propria were devoid of immunologically reactive sites. The mAb 5D9, 1D9, and 4G2 did not recognize antigens associated with non-FAE cells in the intestinal lymphoid tissues examined. Only the mAb 5B11 labeled apical surfaces of Peyer's patch and cecal patch non-FAE. However, this mAb did not label interdomal colonic epithelial cells in sacculus rotundus and appendix. Besides recognizing FAE cells, the mAb 4G2 recognized a cross-reactive antigen displayed by dome and lymphoid follicle lymphocytes. By flow cytometry, the mAb 5D9,5B11, and 1D9 were shown to stain from 14 to 29% of the cells in M cell-enriched populations prepared from Peyer's patches, sacculus rotundus, and appendix, whereas mAb 4G2 was found to recognize 44–54 % of the cells. Two-color flow cytometric analysis showed that the mAb stained a functionally distinct subpopulation of Peyer's patch phagocytic cells and did not recognize spleen macrophages. These findings indicate that the panel of mAb recognized novel antigens expressed by FAE cells overlying intestinal lymphoid aggregates, and that the mAb allow identification of phagocytic M cells in suspensions of FAE cells.
Transient and steady-state photoconductivity of a solid C60 film.

We report the experimental results of the subnanosecond time-resolved transient photoconductivity (PC) of solid ${\mathrm{C}}_{60}$ film at various photon energies, and the spectral response of the steady-state PC in the energy range between 1.5 and 4.5 eV. The initial fast transient PC response decays exponentially in the subnanosecond time regime, followed by a weak slower component. Decay time at \ensuremath{\Elzxh}\ensuremath{\omega}=2.0 eV is longer than that at \ensuremath{\Elzxh}\ensuremath{\omega}=2.6 and 2.9 eV. At \ensuremath{\Elzxh}\ensuremath{\omega}=2.0 eV, transient PC peak shows a superlinear intensity dependence, suggesting carrier generation via exciton-exciton collision ionization, consistent with the recent results of fast photoinduced absorption. However, the linear intensity dependence of the transient PC at \ensuremath{\Elzxh}\ensuremath{\omega}=2.6 and 2.9 eV and a sharp increase of the transient and steady-state PC response at \ensuremath{\Elzxh}\ensuremath{\omega}\ensuremath{\approxeq}2.3 eV indicate direct photogeneration of free electrons and holes at \ensuremath{\Elzxh}\ensuremath{\omega}g2.3 eV.
characterizing fish community diversity across virginia landscapes: prerequisite for conservation

The number of community types occurring within landscapes is an important, but often unprotected, component of biological diversity. Generally applicable protocols for characterizing community diversity need to be developed to facilitate conservation. We used several multivariate techniques to analyze geographic variation in the composition of fish communities in Virginia streams. We examined relationships between community com- position and six landscape variables: drainage basin, physiography, stream order, elevation, channel slope, and map coordinates. We compared patterns at two scales (statewide and subdrainage-specific) to assess sensitivity of community classification to spatial scale. We also compared patterns based on characterizing communities by species composition vs. ecological composition. All landscape variables explained significant proportions of the variance in community composition. Statewide, they explained 32% of the variance in species composition and 48% of the variance in ecological composition. Typical commu- nities in each drainage or physiography were statistically distinctive. Communities in dif- ferent combinations of drainage, physiography, and stream size were even more distinctive, but composition was strongly spatially autocorrelated. Ecological similarity and species similarity of community pairs were strongly related, but replacement by ecologically similar species was common among drainage-physiography combinations. Landscape variables explained significant proportions of variance in community composition within selected subdrainages, but proportions were less than at the statewide scale, and the explanatory power of individual variables varied considerably among subdrainages. Community vari- ation within subdrainages appeared to be much more closely related to environmental variation than to replacement among ecologically similar species. Our results suggest that taxonomic and ecological characterizations of community com- position are complementary; both are useful in a conservation context. Landscape features such as drainage, physiography, and water body size generally may provide a basis for assessing aquatic community diversity, especially in regions where the biota is poorly known. Systematic conservation of community types would be a major advance relative to most current conservation programs, which typically focus narrowly on populations of imperiled species. More effective conservation of aquatic biodiversity will require new approaches that recognize the value of both species and assemblages, and that emphasize protection of key landscape-scale processes.
RNA granules: post-transcriptional and epigenetic modulators of gene expression

The composition of cytoplasmic messenger ribonucleoproteins (mRNPs) is determined by their nuclear and cytoplasmic histories and reflects past functions and future fates. The protein components of selected mRNP complexes promote their assembly into microscopically visible cytoplasmic RNA granules, including stress granules, processing bodies and germ cell (or polar) granules. We propose that RNA granules can be both a cause and a consequence of altered mRNA translation, decay or editing. In this capacity, RNA granules serve as key modulators of post-transcriptional and epigenetic gene expression.
Meeting people where they are

Human-centered design research methods serve two vital purposes in the world of design. The first is educational. At the graduate level, methods and techniques for engaging the world as it is are fundamental to good design pedagogy. The notion of the designer as a Great Man (or Woman) still haunts the ethos of design, even though we have largely passed into an era of collaboration -- primarily because of the increasingly transdisciplinary nature of design work. A degree of humility and a great deal of curiosity are required of today's new designers. Who are these people for and with whom we design? The computer game industry provides an interesting example of how designing for oneself may reach a certain audience, but will be thwarted in its ability to move beyond its own narcissistic gaze until some Other audience -- along with designers willing and able to understand it -- comes into view. Students who comprehend the diversity of human qualities and situated contexts that their work may engage emerge from the educational process with the informed intuition of a good designer and with the means to inquire of the world as they move through their careers. For the working designer, human-centered design research is the principal means of educating oneself about the people for whom one designs and the situated contexts in which one's work will be encountered.
Critical period for androgenic regulation of soma size of sexually dimorphic motoneurons in rat lumbar spinal cord

In the rat spinal nucleus of the bulbocavernosus (SNB), androgens are known to act during early critical periods to regulate the number and size of motoneurons that innervate perineal muscles, and to produce sex differences in these attributes. The present study determined the end of the critical period for androgenic regulation of SNB soma size in female rats. Intact female rats received injections of testosterone propionate or oil during 1 of 4 postnatal periods, and were compared to control males and females. In adulthood, all rats were gonadectomized, treated with androgen and then sacrificed. The somatic areas of SNB motoneurons were measured. The results suggest that the soma size is increased by androgen treatment only if it is given before about day 12 after birth.
Measurement of number density of lead and thallium see-through hollow cathode discharges with a high resolution Fabry–Pérot spectrometer and by conventional atomic absorption

A see-through hollow cathode lamp, or galvatron, is investigated. A novel method is presented for the measurement of an atomic absorption profile using a quasi-continuum source created by the combination of two line sources and a high-resolution Fabry–Perot interferometer coupled to a spectrometer. Number densities are calculated from the resulting absorption profiles by the peak absorption coefficient relationship and compare well with results obtained from high-resolution emission measurements. Number densities are also determined for the lead 3P1 metastable state and thallium 2P1/2o ground state by conventional atomic absorption. A hollow cathode lamp is used as an emission source and is set at a relatively low current to approximate as a line source relative to the galvatron. Due to the relative line widths of the source and absorber, only the lead metastable state results compare to results obtained by saturated fluorescence.
Teaching Java with Graphics in CS1

This paper discusses an approach to teaching basic object-oriented concepts in CS1 using Java graphics. Students first use a simplified turtle graphics API to explore introductory programming issues. Later, they see a real-world example of how inheritance can be used to add functionality to the standard Java Abstracting Windowing Toolkit, to facilitate the construction of sophisticated graphics applications.
Aqueous high‐temperature chemistry of organophosphorus compounds

Tripropyl phosphate, triethyl phosphonoacetate, triphenyl phosphate, diethyl 2‐methylbenzyl‐phosphonate, diethyl 1‐naphthylmethylphosphonate and diethyl (4‐biphenylmethyl)phosphonate were chosen as analogs of military nerve gases. The six organophosphorus compounds were treated in neutral superheated water at sub‐ and supercritical temperature. The products of hydrolysis were identified and the potential application of aquathermolysis for the detoxification of potent military warfare agents is outlined.
Recent advances in insulin treatment of children

Since the findings of the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial became public in 1993, intensive insulin therapy has been recommended for all children. However, successful implementation remains a challenge because of developmental, physiological and cultural, as well as practical issues specific to the pediatric population. This article reviews the different insulin regimens that are currently available, from the short- and intermediate-acting insulins to the newer insulin analogs, focusing on insulin therapies that attempt to provide a more physiologic basal-bolus approach to treatment. More and more children are on multiple daily injection regimens or using continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion to achieve better metabolic control. The achievement of optimal glycemic control in children is complicated by their variability in eating habits and activity levels and perhaps more importantly by the risk of hypoglycemia. The hope is that new technologies including continuous subcutaneous glucose monitoring and perhaps a closed-loop system in the near future will help us achieve more optimal glycemic targets in children without increased side effects. In addition, continuous glucose monitoring may teach us better ways to use insulin in children who do not have the technology available to them.
Frozen beef contamination after exposure to low levels of ammonia gas.

ABSTRACT: Regulations and publications about food contaminated during ammonia refrigerant leaks provide limited information and recommendations, which means that contaminated products are often held for an indeterminate period or condemned. Moreover, the scientific literature offers little guidance on disposing of products exposed to low levels of ammonia refrigerant gas. We evaluated meat contaminated with low levels of ammonia under frozen storage conditions. Fresh beef semitendinosus muscles were trimmed of external fat; fabricated into 10 × 5 × 2.3 cm (height × width × depth) steaks; and exposed to 50, 100, 250, and 500 ppm ammonia gas (85 mL/min) in a plexiglass enclosure contained in a freezer for 6, 12, 24, and 48 h at −17 ± 3 °C. Ammonia content in meat was analyzed by the indophenol method, and pH was measured according to AOAC official method 981.12. Ammonia levels and pH values increased significantly (P < 0.05) in the exposed meat with increasing exposure times and ammonia concentrations. Ammonia levels were 34.2, 51.5, 81.1, and 116 ppm, and pH values ranged from 5.56 to 5.75 (control range 5.31 to 5.43) when the meat was exposed to 50, 100, 250, 500 ppm for 48 h. Our results showed that meat ammonia content was low even with ammonia exposures as high as 500 ppm at freezing temperatures.
The Black Mountain asperity: Seismic hazard of the southern San Francisco Peninsula, California

A slip deficit region running 75 km from Black Mountain south of Palo Alto to San Juan Battista is studied to assess earthquake hazard. If this region were ruptured in its entirety, the event would produce a M-sub-s = 6.9 earthquake. The conditional probability of this rupturing in the near future is the highest of any section of the San Andreas fault except Parkfield. This earthquake would rupture 30 km farther northwest and be about 3 times larger than that previously proposed by others (Lindh, 1983, and Sykes and Nishenko, 1984). This constitutes a greater risk to the southern San Francisco Peninsula than previously expected.
Development of a Honeynet Laboratory: a Case Study

Honeynets, which are designed to be digital decoys, have proven to be valuable research and teaching tool in the area of computer security and information assurance. In this paper, we discuss the development and implementation of a honeynet laboratory at Towson University. We present some background information, detail the development and implementation of the laboratory and share our challenges, experiences and learning.
Median lobe prostatic enlargement and urinary symptoms after robot-assisted radical prostatectomy

RESULTS: 77 RRC and165 ORC patients were analyzed. The two groups had similar pre-operative characteristics including age, BMI, Charlson-Romano scores, prior abdominal surgery and/or pelvic radiation, renal function, presence of hydronephrosis, and ASA score. Significantly more patients undergoing ORC had a continent urinary diversion 38 vs 7. Overall, 47 (61%) RRC patients and 134 (81%) ORC patients had complications (p 0.0013). 75% of ORC group experienced< grade 2 complications. There were significantly more grade 1 complications in the RRC patients, 14 (29.7%) vs. 14 (10.4%), p 0.003. Three patients died from each group. The RRC group had less blood loss (median 200 mL vs. 800 mL, p 0.0001); leading to less transfusions (n 25 (15.5%) vs. 65 (39.3%), p 0.0001). Most common complications were bleeding (n 125, 28.6%), gastrointestinal (n 92, 21.1%), and cardiac complications (n 46, 10.5%).
A combined Reed-Solomon encoder and syndrome generator with small hardware complexity

In most applications of a Reed-Solomon codec (coder/decoder) data are either being transmitted or being received where either the encoder or the decoder is active, while the other is idle. The idea presented is to show how the encoder can be transformed such that its implementation can make use of existing decoder circuitry, requiring only little additional hardware dedicated to the encoder. In CMOS design examples which were studied the encoder hardware savings amounted to more than 90%. The architecture can easily be programmed for different error correction powers. >
SLC positron source pulsed flux concentrator

SLC (SLAC Linear Collider) positron beams produced by a very high energy electron beam, impinging on a high Z target, have initially small transverse size but large divergence, a situation ill matched to the following S-band accelerator. The flux concentrator is an adiabatic matching device placed between the target and this accelerator, which trades divergence for size. It produces a magnetic field which rises sharply over less than 5 mm to its peak value, and then falls off adiabatically over 10 cm. It is a 12-turn, 10-cm-long copper coil with a cylindrical outside radius of 4 cm and a conical inside radius growing from 3.5 mm to 2.6 cm. The 0.2-mm gaps between the individual windings were manufactured by electric discharge machining out of one copper block. Excitation current and water cooling are provided by a hollow rectangular conductor brazed to the outside of the coil (also 12 turns). >
Brain reading using full brain support vector machines for object recognition: There is no “face” identification area

Over the past decade, object recognition work has confounded voxel response detection with potential voxel class identification. Consequently, the claim that there are areas of the brain that are necessary and sufficient for object identification cannot be resolved with existing associative methods (e.g., the general linear model) that are dominant in brain imaging methods. In order to explore this controversy we trained full brain (40,000 voxels) single TR (repetition time) classifiers on data from 10 subjects in two different recognition tasks on the most controversial classes of stimuli (house and face) and show 97.4% median out-of-sample (unseen TRs) generalization. This performance allowed us to reliably and uniquely assay the classifier's voxel diagnosticity in all individual subjects' brains. In this two-class case, there may be specific areas diagnostic for house stimuli (e.g., LO) or for face stimuli (e.g., STS); however, in contrast to the detection results common in this literature, neither the fusiform face area nor parahippocampal place area is shown to be uniquely diagnostic for faces or places, respectively.
Effects of dopamine antagonists on the timing of two intervals.

Rats were trained on a two-interval (12 and 36 s) temporal production task (the peak procedure). Test sessions were conducted in which either the D1 antagonist SCH-23390 (SCH; 0.02, 0.04, 0.06 mg/kg) or the D2 antagonist haloperidol (HAL; 0.05, 0.1, 0.2 mg/kg) were injected prior to testing. Both drugs affected the amount of responding, but only HAL affected timing. Under HAL, both intervals were overestimated, consistent with a HAL-induced decrease in clock speed. Drug-induced decreases in response output were more profound for the long interval than the short. In addition, there was evidence of HAL- and SCH-induced delays in response initiation that were more severe for the long interval, perhaps owing to its status as a weaker conditioned stimulus. D 2003 Published by Elsevier Science Inc.
Modeling of Tungsten Dust Transport in ITER with Multi-Physics Code DUSTT/UEDGE

Self-consistent modeling of dust particle kinetics and multi-fluid multi-species transport of boundary plasmas in ITER is performed with the multi-physics code DUSTT/UEDGE. Results are presented for the sensitivity of the pedestal and divertor plasmas to the injection rate, size, and source location of the dust particles. The cases of low-z and high-z dust material injection are compared. The impact of dust ablation on impurity inventory, distribution of ions over ionization states, and electron plasma power losses is studied. (© 2014 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
NIH ImageJ and Slice-O-Matic computed tomography imaging software to quantify soft tissue.

IRVING, BRIAN A., JUDY Y. WELTMAN, DAVID W. BROCK, CHRISTOPHER K. DAVIS, GLENN A. GAESSER, AND ARTHUR WELTMAN. NIH ImageJ and Slice-O-Matic computed tomography imaging software to quantify soft tissue. Obesity. 2007;15:370–376. Objective: To compare reliability and limits of agreement of soft tissue cross-sectional areas obtained using Slice-OMatic and NIH ImageJ medical imaging software packages. Research Methods and Procedures: Abdominal and midthigh images were obtained using single-slice computed tomography. Two trained investigators analyzed each computed tomography image in duplicate. Adipose tissue and skeletal muscle cross-sectional areas (centimeters squared) were calculated using standard Hounsfield unit ranges (adipose tissue: 190 to 30 and skeletal muscle: 29 to 150). Regions of interest included abdominal total area, total fat area, subcutaneous fat area, visceral fat area (AVF), and right and left thigh total area, fat area, and skeletal muscle area. Results: For all images, intra-investigator coefficients of variation ranged from 0.2% to 3.4% and from 0.4% to 5.6% and inter-investigator coefficients of variation ranged from 0.9% to 4.8% and 0.2% to 2.6% for Slice-O-Matic and NIH ImageJ, respectively, with intra- and inter-investigator coefficients of reliability of R 2 0.99. Mean AVF values for investigators A and B ranged from 168 to 170 cm 2 using Slice-O-Matic and NIH ImageJ. Bland-Altman analyses revealed that Slice-O-Matic and NIH ImageJ results were comparable. The mean differences (95% confidence intervals) between the AVF cross-sectional areas obtained using the Slice-O-Matic and NIH ImageJ medical imaging software were 2.5 cm 2 (5.7, 10.8 cm 2 )o r1.4% (3.4%, 6.4%). Discussion: These findings show that both the Slice-OMatic and NIH ImageJ medical imaging software systems provide reliable measurements of adipose tissue and skeletal muscle cross-sectional areas.
Queering Constructs: Proposing a Dynamic Gender and Sexuality Model

AbstractHigher education educators commonly understand social identities, including gender, to be fluid and dynamic. Lev's (2004) model of four components of sexual identity is commonly used to demonstrate the fluidity of sex, gender, and sexuality for individuals, but it does little to address the fixedness of those constructs. Through a multipronged intersectional framework and by centering trans* -students, this article proposes a more dynamic model for gender and sexuality.
A method for projecting integral measured quantities

Recognizing that differential quantities are sometimes not of practical interest, a simple method for projecting integral quantities is presented. The technique uses only the measured moments of the differential quantity to predict other moments and does not require an explicit a priori knowledge of the differential spectrum. The particular application discussed involves prediction of integral quantities from multiple-foil neutron activations, including integral fast fluxes and activities. In energy regions with good response function coverage, the technique is shown to yield reasonable accurate predictions of the integral fluxes (with {approximately} 15%) and other activities (within {approximately} 30%) using a limited set of measured activities. The methods presented for predicting errors, however, were not as effective in providing reliable quantitative error estimates in all cases.
An ependymal cell culture system for the study of spinal cord regeneration

Successful regeneration of lesioned adult spinal cord in urodele (caudate) amphibians requires the action of injury-responsive ependymal cells (ependymoglia). The epithelial-to-mesenchymal transformation of ependymal cells following transection of the salamander spinal cord and the subsequent reformation of an epithelial tube have been described previously. A complete tissue culture model system has now been devised to study mesenchymal ependymal cells, epithelial ependymal cells, and ependymal/neuronal interactions in vitro. Here, we review critical aspects of substrate and growth factor environments required to produce mesenchymal ependymal cells in culture and present the first culture system for epithelial salamander ependymal cells and central nervous system neurons suitable for cell-cell interaction studies. Critical to ependymal epithelialization in culture is the removal of epidermal growth factor and addition of thrombin. Epithelialization occurs on tissue culture plastic as well as on permeable culture substrates. This culture system can now be used to determine the initial trigger for the ependymal response. A preliminary examination of ependymal/neuronal interactions shows that coculture of mesenchymal ependymal cells and central nervous system neurons prolongs survival of the neurons.
3D Modeling for Wet-Compression in a Single Stage Compressor Including Liquid Particle Erosion Analysis

Gas turbine inlet fog / overspray cooling is considered as a simple and effective method to increase power output. To help understand the water mist transport in the compressor flow passage, this study conducts a 3-D computational simulation of wet compression in a single rotor-stator compressor stage using the commercial code, Fluent. A sliding mesh scheme is used to simulate the stator-rotor interaction in a rotating frame. Eulerian-Lagrangian method is used to calculate the continuous phase and track the discrete (droplet) phase respectively. Models to simulate droplet breakup and coalescence are incorporated to take into consideration the effect of local acceleration and deceleration on water droplet dynamics. Analysis on droplet history (trajectory and size) with stochastic tracking is employed to interpret the mechanism of droplet dynamics under the influence of local turbulence, acceleration, diffusion, and body forces. An liquid-droplet erosion model is included. The sensitivity of turbulence models on the results is conducted by employing 6 different turbulence models and 4 different time constants. The result shows that the local thermal equilibrium is not always achieved due to short residence time and high value of latent heat of water. Local pressure gradients in both the rotor and stator flow passages drive up the droplet slip velocity during compression. The erosion model predicts that the most eroded area occurs in leading edge and one spot of trailing edge of the rotor suction side. NOMENCLATURE C Concentration (kg/m 3
From Dessalines to Duvalier: Race, Colour and National Independence in Haiti

"Rich in subject matter and eminently readable, this book is also a fine work of scholarship. The more than 1,200 footnotes are models of clarity and relevance; the bibliography and index seem scrupulously accurate...While each generation must rewrite its own history, as Nicholls remarks, no book on Haiti for a long time to come will properly be able to ignore the analysis he here provides." --Ethnic and Racial Studies "Step by step, [Nicholls] guides us through the various historical time periods of Haitian political and national development, illuminating each one of them by a cogent and learned discussion of the main ideas and ideologies that accompanied them." --The Political Quarterly "Probably the best book written about Haitian history after its independence ...a thorough, thoughtful, extremely well-researched work." --Handbook of Latin American Studies In this lively, provocative, and well-documented history, David Nicholls discusses the impact of "color" on political and social alliances during almost two hundred years of Haitian history. While consciousness of racial identity has been a powerful factor which, from the earliest days, has united Haitians in a determination to preserve their national independence, color has been a divisive factor, leading to the erosion of the stability of that independence. Nicholls grounds this sophisticated analysis in great historical detail and engaging, witty prose. Students and general readers alike will gain much from this insightful and informative history of Haiti. A new preface to this edition covers the last ten years in Haitiain history. David Nicholls is a major authority on Haiti, and was in the country as a newspaper correspondent during the 1987 election disaster. His other books include Haiti in the Caribbean Context: Ethnicity; The Pluralist State: and Deity and Domination.
Cyclic pursuit with vision-assisted estimation

This paper presents vision-assisted cyclic pursuit for nonholonomic vehicles without direct communication among the agents. The requirement on communication among agents is relaxed by vision-assisted estimation via a local onboard camera for each agent. A fast estimator is utilized for estimation of the other agent's unknown time-varying velocity. The effectiveness of the proposed technique is demonstrated by numerical simulation examples.
Duality in homotopy theory

Certain results ([7], [8], [10], [11]) suggest that there should be some principle of duality in homotopy theory. Among other things one is led to expect that cohomotopy groups will appear as dual to homotopy groups. But the fact that a cohomotopy group πn(X), unlike πn(X), is only defined if dim X ≤ 2n—2 is a serious obstacle to the formulation of such a principle. However, the set of S-maps (i.e.S-homotopy classes [11]) X → Y is a group for every pair of spaces X, Y. Therefore, this difficulty does not appear in S-theory [11].
Blood storage XXV: Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) and dihydroxyacetone (DHA) maintenance of 2,3-DPG for six weeks in CPD-adenine.

In experiments in which ascorbate was included in CPD-adenine preservatives, 2,3-DPG levels were maintained above normal for 28 days with an ascorbate concentration of 10 mM or higher and concentrations of 20 to 80 had no greater effect on 2,3-DPG maintenance. Less ascorbate (5 mM) provided better 2,3-DPG maintenance than was obtained with no ascorbate throughout six weeks of storage but was not as good as the higher concentrations after the third week. ATP concentrations were adversely affected by the presence of ascorbate. The highest ATP concentrations were without ascorbate, next highest with 5 mM, and the worst ATP was with 80 mM. The pH values did not differ from one preservative to another.
Novel Dendritic Kinesin Sorting Identified by Different Process Targeting of Two Related Kinesins: KIF21A and KIF21B

Neurons use kinesin and dynein microtubule-dependent motor proteins to transport essential cellular components along axonal and dendritic microtubules. In a search for new kinesin-like proteins, we identified two neuronally enriched mouse kinesins that provide insight into a unique intracellular kinesin targeting mechanism in neurons. KIF21A and KIF21B share colinear amino acid similarity to each other, but not to any previously identified kinesins outside of the motor domain. Each protein also contains a domain of seven WD-40 repeats, which may be involved in binding to cargoes. Despite the amino acid sequence similarity between KIF21A and KIF21B, these proteins localize differently to dendrites and axons. KIF21A protein is localized throughout neurons, while KIF21B protein is highly enriched in dendrites. The plus end-directed motor activity of KIF21B and its enrichment in dendrites indicate that models suggesting that minus end-directed motor activity is sufficient for dendrite specific motor localization are inadequate. We suggest that a novel kinesin sorting mechanism is used by neurons to localize KIF21B protein to dendrites since its mRNA is restricted to the cell body.
Energy Harvesting From Hydraulic Pressure Fluctuations

State-of-the-art hydraulic hose and piping systems employ integral sensor nodes for structural health monitoring in order to avoid catastrophic failures. These systems lend themselves to energy harvesting for powering sensor nodes. The foremost reason is that the power intensity of hydraulic systems is orders of magnitude higher than typical energy harvesting sources considered to date, such as wind turbulence, water flow, or vibrations of civil structures. Hydraulic systems inherently have a high energy intensity associated with the mean pressure and flow. Accompanying the mean pressure is what is termed dynamic pressure ripple caused by the action of pumps and actuators. Pressure ripple is conducive to energy harvesting as it is a deterministic source with an almost periodic time domain behavior. Pressure ripple generally increases in magnitude with the mean pressure of the system, which in turn increases the power that can be harvested. The harvested energy in hydraulic systems could enable self-powered wireless sensor nodes for applications such as energy-autonomous structural health monitoring and prognosis. An energy harvester prototype was designed for generating low-power electricity from dynamic pressure ripples. The prototype employed an axially-poled off-the-shelf piezoelectric stack. A housing isolated the stack from the hydraulic fluid while maintaining mechanical coupling to the system to allow for dynamic pressure induced deflection of the stack. The system exhibits an attractive off-resonance energy harvesting problem since the fundamental resonance of the piezoelectric stack is much higher than the frequency content of ripple. Although the energy harvester is not excited at resonance, the high energy intensity of the ripple results in significant electrical power output. The prototype provided a maximum output of 1.2 mW at 120Ω. With these results, it is clear that the energy harvester provides non-negligible power output suitable for powering sensors and other low power components. This work also presents electromechanical model simulations for predicting the piezoelectric power output in terms of the force transmitted from the pressure ripple as well as experimental characterization of the power output as a function of the force from the ripple.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Utilizing homogenous FRET to extend molecular photonic wires beyond 30 nm (Presentation Recording)

Molecular photonic wires (MPWs) present interesting applications in energy harvesting, artificial photosynthesis, and nano-circuitry. MPWs allow the directed movement of energy at the nanoscopic level. Extending the length of the energy transfer with a minimal loss in efficiency would overcome an important hurdle in allowing MPWs to reach their potential. We investigated Homogenous Forster Resonance Energy Transfer (HomoFRET) as a means to achieve this goal. We designed a simple, self-assembled DNA nanostructure with specifically placed dyes (Alexa488-Cy3-Cy3.5-Alexa647-Cy5.5) at a distance of 3.4 nm, a separation at which energy transfer should theoretically be very high. The input of the wire was at 466 nm with an output up to 697 nm. Different structures were studied where the Cy3.5 section of the MPW was extended from one to six repeats. We found that though the efficiency cost is not null, HomoFRET can be extended up to six repeat dyes with only a 22% efficiency loss when compared to a single step system. The advantage is that these six repeats created a MPW which was 17 nm longer, almost 2.5 times the initial length. To confirm the existence of HomoFRET between the Cy3.5 repeats fluorescence lifetime and fluorescence lifetime anisotropy was measured. Under these conditions we are able to demonstrate the energy transfer over a distance of 30.4 nm, with an end-to-end efficiency of 2.0%, by utilizing a system with only five unique dyes.
Intracellular trafficking of MAN1, an integral protein of the nuclear envelope inner membrane

MAN1 is an integral protein of the inner nuclear membrane that shares the LEM domain, a conserved globular domain of approximately 40 amino acids, with lamina-associated polypeptide (LAP) 2 and emerin. Confocal immuofluorescence microscopy studies of the intracellular targeting of truncated forms of MAN1 showed that the nucleoplasmic, N-terminal domain is necessary for inner nuclear membrane retention. A protein containing the N-terminal domain with the first transmembrane segment of MAN1 is retained in the inner nuclear membrane, whereas the transmembrane segments with the C-terminal domain of MAN1 is not targeted to the inner nuclear membrane. The N-terminal domain of MAN1 is also sufficient for inner nuclear membrane targeting as it can target a chimeric type II integral protein to this subcellular location. Deletion mutants of the N-terminal of MAN1 are not efficiently retained in the inner nuclear membrane. When the N-terminal domain of MAN1 is increased in size from∼ 50 kDa to ∼100 kDa, the protein cannot reach the inner nuclear membrane. Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching experiments of MAN1 fused to green fluorescent protein show that the fusion protein is relatively immobile in the nuclear envelope compared with the endoplasmic reticulum of interphase cells, suggesting binding to a nuclear component. These results are in agreement with the `diffusion-retention9 model for targeting integral proteins to the inner nuclear membrane.
Design in nature, thermodynamics, and the constructal law. Comment on “Life, hierarchy, and the thermodynamic machinery of planet Earth” by A. Kleidon

Kleidon’s erudite article [1] arrives in the ﬁeld of design in nature. The interest in this ﬁeld is broad and fueled bytwo trends:(a) A growing body of knowledge shows that “design” (conﬁgurations, rhythms, scaling rules) is present in all ﬂowsystems in nature.(b) Design phenomena are not covered by the old laws of physics.The empirical (a) has far outpaced the theoretical (b). From the clash between (a) and (b) results the better scienceof design in nature. Earlier attempts to address (b) consisted of
Treatment of acute coronary syndrome: Part 1: Non-ST-segment acute coronary syndrome.

Objective:Acute coronary syndrome is a common cause of morbidity and mortality, both in the United States and worldwide. The goal of this review is to familiarize clinicians with recent information regarding the diagnosis and treatment of acute coronary syndrome.Data Sources:PubMed search and review