cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Detecting Passive Content Leaks and Pollution in Android Applications.

In this paper, we systematically study two vulnerabilities and their presence in existing Android applications (or “apps”). These two vulnerabilities are rooted in an unprotected Android component, i.e., content provider, inside vulnerable apps. Because of the lack of necessary access control enforcement, affected apps can be exploited to either passively disclose various types of private in-app data or inadvertently manipulate certain security-sensitive in-app settings or configurations that may subsequently cause serious system-wide side effects (e.g., blocking all incoming phone calls or SMS messages). To assess the prevalence of these two vulnerabilities, we analyze 62, 519 apps collected in February 2012 from various Android markets. Our results show that among these apps, 1, 279 (2.0%) and 871 (1.4%) of them are susceptible to these two vulnerabilities, respectively. In addition, we find that 435 (0.7%) and 398 (0.6%) of them are accessible from official Google Play and some of them are extremely popular with more than 10, 000, 000 installs. The presence of a large number of vulnerable apps in popular Android markets as well as the variety of private data for leaks and manipulation reflect the severity of these two vulnerabilities. To address them, we also explore and examine possible mitigation solutions.
Biomodulation of 5-fluorouracil with antifolates

The cytotoxic activity of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) can be modulated by coadministration of antifolates or leucovorin (LV). Although a recent meta-analysis concluded that a sequential combination of methotrexate (MTX) and 5-FU was superior to 5-FU alone in terms of response rate and survival, combination MTX and 5-FU therapy has not been actively pursued by many leading cancer centers. We have subsequently investigated the combination of trimetrexate (TMTX) plus 5-FU/LV. Unlike MTX, TMTX does not compete with LV for uptake or polyglutamylation. In a phase I clinical study, combination TMTX/5-FU/LV was well tolerated and produced an overall response rate of 20% in previously treated colorectal cancer patients. In a follow-up phase II clinical study, this combination was highly active in patients with advanced colorectal cancer, demonstrating a 50% overall response rate. Currently, a phase III clinical trial is in progress comparing this regimen with combination 5-FU/LV.
B.P.D. Growth Standards in the Rhesus Monkey

Serial sonar fetal cenhalometry was performed on sixty-seven pregnant monkeys, (Macaca Mulatta) with known breeding dates. It became apparent that the biparietal diameter growth could be followed along four percentile divisions; namely, the 10th–24th, 25th–49th, 50th–74th, and 75th–90th. It is shown, that under normal conditions, fetuses initially positioned in any one of these divions will continue to grow within the confines of that same percentile range. This biological phenomenon has not been previously reported. It is important because it results in a predictable normal cranial growth rate, which leads to a more precise separation of the growth retarded fetus. It may well be that a similar growth pattern exists in the human fetus. If this extrapolation is true, the detection of intrauterine growth retardation by sonography will be markedly enhanced.
An Ever-Shifting Mosaic: Landscape Ecology Applied

Landscapes are filled with patterns. Consider figure 9.1, a satellite image of the Mississippi River as it flows along the border of Arkansas and Mississippi south of Memphis, Tennessee. Equally striking are the sinuous course of the river and the grid of farms that surround it. Landscape patterns result from processes-in this case the erosion and deposition of sediments along the river's banks and the clearing of land for agriculture along property lines determined by the Public Land Survey System. Patterns also influence processes. The array of oxbow lakes formed from the river's meanders creates a series of wetlands that guide the movement of waterfowl through the region. The checkerboard of farms isolates small pockets of woods whose microclimates are influenced by their proximity to open fields. Neither of these two dominant landscape elements can be understood without reference to the other. The farmlands along the river are subject to periodic flooding. The river, in turn, is filled with water, sediment, and nutrients that run off the fields. It can be useful to break a landscape into discrete ecosystems with clear boundaries for the purposes of analysis (see chap. 4), but landscape ecology recognizes that ecosystems are in fact open systems. What flows into an ecosystem can be as important in determining the qualities of that ecosystem as what takes place within its boundaries. No single entity can be understood without considering its relationship to what is nearby. Furthermore, the spatial pattern in which those entities are arranged is important to how a landscape works.
Not All Created Equal: Examining the Impact of Birth Order and Role Identity Among Descendant CEO Sons on Family Firm Performance

This study extends the family firm performance literature by focusing on birth order differences among descendant CEOs. Data collected from a sample of Korean family firms yield three insights. Fir...
Delivery of Patient-Reported Outcome Instruments by Automated Mobile Phone Text Messaging.

Background: Patient-reported outcome (PRO) instruments allow patients to interpret their health and are integral in evaluating orthopedic treatments and outcomes. The purpose of this study was to d...
Activation of back and lower limb muscles during squat exercises with different trunk flexion

[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to investigate the activation of back and lower limb muscles in subjects who were performing a squat exercise at different angles of trunk flexion. [Subjects and Methods] Twenty healthy subjects (age 21.1± 1.8 years, height 168.7 ± 8.2 cm, weight 66.1 ± 12.3 kg) volunteered. The activation of the erector spinae muscle, rectus femoris muscle, gluteus maximus muscle and biceps femoris muscle was observed while the subjects performed squat exercises with a trunk flexion of 0°, 15°, and 30°. [Results] The erector spinae muscle, gluteus maximus muscle, and biceps femoris muscle were activated more during the squat exercise with the trunk flexion at 30° than the exercise with the trunk flexion at 0°. The rectus femoris muscle showed a tendency to decrease as the truck flexion increased. [Conclusion] Squat exercise be executed while maintaining an erect trunk posture if one wishes to strengthen the quadriceps muscle while reducing the load on the lower back.
Abstract 192: High Fat Diet Promotes Haplotype Dependent Differential Transcriptional Regulation of the Human Angiotensinogen Gene

Angiotensinogen (AGT) is the only known precursor to angiotensin II. Systemic renin angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS) is activated in human and experimental models of obesity. RAAS activation in obesity is linked to the development of cardiovascular pathophysiologies. We have identified polymorphisms in 2.5 Kb promoter of human angiotensinogen gene (hAGT) that forms two haplotype (Hap) blocks: -6A/G (-1670A/G, -1562C/T, -1561T/C) and -217A/G (-532T/C, -793A/G, -1074T/C,& -1178G/A). Hap -6A/-217A (Hap -6A) is associated with human hypertension whereas, Hap -6G/-217G (Hap -6G) reduces cardiovascular risk. Here, we examine high fat diet-mediated allele-specific transcriptional regulation of the hAGT gene in adipose tissue, in vivo, in transgenic (TG) mice engineered with either haplotype of the hAGT gene. Twelve-week-old male TG mice with Hap –6A or –6G were fed normal diet (10% kcal as fat) and high fat diet (60% kcal as fat) for 10 weeks. Using Q - RT PCR and western blot we show increased hAGT expression in adipose tissue of the Hap -6A-TG mice after high fat diet than control diet (Hap -6A-0.68±0.04 vs. Hap -6G- 0.33±0.03 A.U., p<0.05). ChIP assay shows greater chromatin binding of GR, MR, CEBPβ and STAT3 transcriptional factors (Hap -6A- 0.80±0.04 vs. Hap -6G- 0.26±0.06 A.U., p<0.05) to the hAGT transgenes in Hap -6A TG mice after high fat diet. No significant change was observed in the endogenous mouse AGT gene. In addition, after high fat diet, change ([[Unable to Display Character: ∆]]) in inflammatory and redox markers was significantly (p<0.05) greater in TG mice with Hap I including, IL1 (4.6±0.8 vs. 2.1±0.49 fold), IL6 (4.0±0.69 vs. 2.1±0.2 fold) and NOX1 (8.3±0.4 vs. 2.5±0.6 fold). This is accompanied by reduction in levels of antioxidant defenses (SOD1: 0.97±0.0 vs. 1.4±0.1 fold; HO1: 0.77±0.1 vs. 1.3±0.2 fold) & activation of MAPK14 and ERK1/2 signaling. Taken together, our results show that SNPs in the hAGT Hap -6A favor high fat diet induced binding of transcriptional factors GR, MR, CEBP-β and STAT3 that lead to elevated expression of the hAGT in expanded mass of the adipose tissue. This also activates the RAAS with pathophysiological implications including, phosphorylation of kinases such as MAPK14 and ERK2, increase in tissue pro-inflammatory and oxidative stress molecules.
Impact of nab-paclitaxel-based second-line chemotherapy on the outcomes of pancreatic cancer.

483Background: Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a lethal malignancy with no standard second line chemotherapies. We conducted a retrospective study with the primary aim to examine the effect of second line chemotherapy with nab-paclitaxel-based regimen on the overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) of locally advanced and metastatic PDAC patients. Methods: Indiana University Simon Cancer Center (IUSCC) Cancer Registry was used to identify patients with locally advanced or metastatic PDAC between 2009 and 2015. Only patients who received second line chemotherapies were included in the study. These patients were divided in to two groups: a) nab-paclitaxel-based treatment and, b) non-nab-paclitaxel-based treatment. Demographic (age, race, gender, year of diagnosis, family history, comorbidity), clinical (histology, CA 19-9, bilirubin, tumor location, performance status, metastatic sites, chemotherapy, surgery or radiation) and outcome (OS, PFS) characteristics were obtained. OS an...
Multimodal imaging of lymph nodes and tumors using glycol-chitosan-coated gold nanoparticles (Conference Presentation)

A key step in staging cancer is the diagnosis of metastasis that spreads through lymphatic system. For this reason, researchers develop various methods of sentinel lymph node mapping that often use a radioactive tracer. This study introduces a safe, cost-effective, high-resolution, high-sensitivity, and real-time method of visualizing the sentinel lymph node: ultrasound-guided photoacoustic (US/PA) imaging augmented by a contrast agent. In this work, we use clearable gold nanoparticles covered by a biocompatible polymer (glycol chitosan) to enhance cellular uptake by macrophages abundant in lymph nodes. We incubate macrophages with glycol-chitosan-coated gold nanoparticles (0.05 mg Au/ml), and then fix them with paraformaldehyde solution for an analysis of in vitro dark-field microscopy and cell phantom. The analysis shows enhanced cellular uptake of nanoparticles by macrophages and strong photoacoustic signal from labeled cells in tissue-mimicking cell phantoms consisting gelatin solution (6 %) with silica gel (25 μm, 0.3%) and fixed macrophages. The in-vivo US/PA imaging of cervical lymph nodes in healthy mice (nu/nu, female, 5 weeks) indicates a strong photoacoustic signal from a lymph node 10 minutes post-injection (2.5 mg Au/ml, 80 μl). The signal intensity and the nanoparticle-labeled volume of tissue within the lymph node continues to increase until 4 h post-injection. Histological analysis further confirms the accumulation of gold nanoparticles within the lymph nodes. This work suggests the feasibility of molecular/cellular US/PA imaging with biocompatible gold nanoparticles as a photoacoustic contrast agent in the diagnosis of lymph-node-related diseases.
shiftIO: Reconfigurable Tactile Elements for Dynamic Affordances and Mobile Interaction

Currently, virtual (i.e. touchscreen) controls are dynamic, but lack the advantageous tactile feedback of physical controls. Similarly, devices may also have dedicated physical controls, but they lack the flexibility to adapt for different contexts and applications. On mobile and wearable devices in particular, space constraints further limit our input and output capabilities. We propose utilizing reconfigurable tactile elements around the edge of a mobile device to enable dynamic physical controls and feedback. These tactile elements can be used for physical touch input and output, and can reposition according to the application both around the edge of and hidden within the device. We present shiftIO, two implementations of such a system which actuate physical controls around the edge of a mobile device using magnetic locomotion. One version utilizes PCB-manufactured electromagnetic coils, and the other uses switchable permanent magnets. We perform a technical evaluation of these prototypes and compare their advantages in various applications. Finally, we demonstrate several mobile applications which leverage shiftIO to create novel mobile interactions.
Row cover management of field-grown Cercis canadensis and Lagerstroemia (indica X fauriei) 'Muskogee'

Abstract Field-grown Cercis canadensis and Lagerstroemia (indica x fauriei) ‘Muskogee’ with or without trickle irrigation and three row cover management systems, including a summer leguminous cover crop, pine bark mulch or bare cultivation, were evaluated. Cercis plants grown with lespedeza clover as a row cover had less plant growth than those bare cultivated or mulched with pine bark, even with supplemental irrigation. Mulched plots exhibited higher stomatal conductance rates attributable to high canopy temperatures. Lagerstroemia plants with no cover grew as well as those with a cover of mulch or clover, when sufficient water was available from either rainfall or irrigation. Clover interplantings decreased the height and number of branches in Lagerstroemia without supplemental irrigation, but did not affect the water relations significantly.
Development and standardization of SCAN-C Test for Auditory Processing Disorders in Children.

This paper reports on the development and standardization of SCAN-C : Test for Auditory Processing Disorders in Children-Revised. The revisions include new test instructions that have been reworded to make them easier for young children, aural stimuli presented on a compact disc, a revision of the Competing Words subtest, and the addition of a Competing Sentences subtest. Normative data on the new test were obtained on 650 children age 5 years, 0 months, to 11 years, 11 months . Analysis of new standardization data revealed systematic improvement in performance with increasing age. A new method of calculating the composite standard score gives equal weighting to each subtest of SCAN-C . Subtest test-retest reliability was substantially improved over the original SCAN, with SCAN-C correlations ranging from .65 to .82 for 5 to 7 year olds. Concurrent validity tests found that SCAN-C test results can be viewed with the same confidence as SCAN .
Reducing Playback Rate of Audiovisual Speech Leads to a Surprising Decrease in the McGurk Effect

We report the unexpected finding that slowing video playback decreases perception of the McGurk effect. This reduction is counter-intuitive because the illusion depends on visual speech influencing the perception of auditory speech, and slowing speech should increase the amount of visual information available to observers. We recorded perceptual data from 110 subjects viewing audiovisual syllables (either McGurk or congruent control stimuli) played back at one of three rates: the rate used by the talker during recording (the natural rate), a slow rate (50% of natural), or a fast rate (200% of natural). We replicated previous studies showing dramatic variability in McGurk susceptibility at the natural rate, ranging from 0–100% across subjects and from 26–76% across the eight McGurk stimuli tested. Relative to the natural rate, slowed playback reduced the frequency of McGurk responses by 11% (79% of subjects showed a reduction) and reduced congruent accuracy by 3% (25% of subjects showed a reduction). Fast playback rate had little effect on McGurk responses or congruent accuracy. To determine whether our results are consistent with Bayesian integration, we constructed a Bayes-optimal model that incorporated two assumptions: individuals combine auditory and visual information according to their reliability, and changing playback rate affects sensory reliability. The model reproduced both our findings of large individual differences and the playback rate effect. This work illustrates that surprises remain in the McGurk effect and that Bayesian integration provides a useful framework for understanding audiovisual speech perception.
Incidence and Etiology of Presumed Fourth Cranial Nerve Palsy: A Population-based Study.

Purpose To determine the incidence of isolated, presumed fourth nerve palsy in a defined population, and to report the frequency of each cause. Design Retrospective, population-based case series. Methods A population-based database was used to identify all cases of isolated fourth nerve palsy in Olmsted County, Minnesota, USA diagnosed over a 15-year period (January 1, 1978 to December 31, 1992). The most likely etiology was determined by review of the entire medical record by 2 ophthalmologists. A priori definitions were applied for assigning cause. The incidence of fourth nerve palsy and the frequency of each etiology were calculated. Decade of life at presentation was recorded. Results Seventy-three patients (74 episodes, 70 [95%] unilateral) were identified. Mean age at presentation was 41.8 (range 3.3–81.6) years. The age- and sex-adjusted annual incidence rate was 5.73 per 100 000 per year (95% confidence interval [CI] 4.31–7.14). The most common etiology was presumed congenital (49%), followed by hypertension (18%) and trauma (18%). One patient (1%) had fourth nerve palsy owing to a known intracranial neoplasm. For 3 patients (4%) the cause of fourth nerve palsy was undetermined. The most common decade of presentation overall was the fourth decade, including for presumed congenital cases. Conclusions In this population-based study, the majority of isolated fourth nerve palsies were presumed congenital, even though they presented throughout adulthood. Other etiologies such as hypertension and trauma were less frequent, and in no case was an isolated fourth nerve palsy the presenting sign of an intracranial tumor.
Experimental Mechanics for Multifunctional Composites and Next Generation UAVs

Low-cost unmanned aircraft that use affordable manufacturing and have limited service life can enable mission concepts in which there is a higher tolerance for aircraft loss, or attrition. Because of their higher risk tolerance, these low-cost attritable aircraft could also integrate emerging technology which may have previously been considered too risky for integration into expensive and long life aircraft. Light-weight multifunctional structural composites have the potential to integrate additional functions and enable mission agility without significantly adding weight or reducing payload capacity. However, design and development of these material systems are often difficult because of the traditional “building block” development approach used for traditional composites, the large option space available for structural and functional properties, and the potential complexity of the multiscale and multiphysics coupling. To realize integrated functionality, new multi-scales and multi-physical experimental mechanical characterization techniques should be merged with maturing integrated materials models. We discuss this need using examples of a reconfigurable liquid metal Structurally Embedded Vascular Antenna (SEVA), a plasmonic nanoparticle based method for measuring internal temperature gradients, and embedded micro-cantilever carbon-nanotube based sensors. The latter of these is also used to discuss the potential to accelerate development of multifunctional structural concepts by provide air flow measurement and structural feedback during testing of complex structures. This could, in turn, eliminate some testing of intermediate elements in the slow and expensive traditional “building block” approach.
Insights into future therapeutics for atopic dermatitis.

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Atopic Dermatitis (AD) is a common chronic inflammatory skin disorder with a constellation of symptoms. Currently, there are numerous therapies in various phases of drug development that target the pathogenesis of AD.Areas covered: Our paper aims to examine small molecule therapies and other novel agents registered for clinical trial in the phase II and mainly phase III stages of development. A literature search using PubMed as well as Clinicaltrials.gov was conducted. Clinical trial evidence of these novel agents was compiled and assessed. Both topical and oral novel therapies with diverse range of mechanistic action are currently being studied, with varying success. These include phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitors, boron molecules, Janus kinase inhibitors, cannabinoid receptors agonists, kappa-opioid receptor agonists. A variety of compounds with yet undisclosed or unknown mechanisms of action are also being studied.Expert opinion: Further research through extensive clinical trials wil...
Expression, Purification and Characterization of a GII.4 Norovirus Protease from Minerva Virus.

BACKGROUND Noroviruses are the leading cause of acute gastroenteritis worldwide. Norovirus proteases, which are responsible for cleavage of the viral polyprotein, have become an attractive drug target to treat norovirus infections. Genogroup II (GII) noroviruses are responsible for a majority of outbreaks; however, limited data exists regarding GII norovirus proteases. METHODS We report here successful expression, purification, characterization, and inhibition of the Minerva virus protease (MVpro), a genogroup II genotype 4 (GII.4) norovirus protease. We observed MVpro as both a monomer and dimer in solution through sizeexclusion chromatography. In addition, MVpro cleaves the synthetic substrate mimicking the MVpro NS2/NS3 cleavage site more efficiently than other norovirus proteases such as the Norwalk virus protease (GI.1) and the MD145 protease (GII.4). RESULTS AND CONCLUSION Compound A, a potent inhibitor of MVpro, is a good starting point for the design of inhibitors to target GII.4 noroviruses. Furthermore, the results presented here will allow for future characterization of MVpro inhibitors as they are synthesized.
Prolongations in Semidynamical Systems

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the prolongations in semidynamical systems. Semidynamical systems (sds) are continuous flows defined for all future time. Natural examples of sds are furnished by functional differential equations for which existence and uniqueness conditions hold. Though a substantial part of the theory of dynamical systems ( ds ) extends to sds , many new and interesting notions, for example, a start point and a singular point, arise in sds. Prolongations in ds have been studied and are useful in stability problems. However, prolongations, when defined as in ds, lose some of their basic properties. The chapter presents another system of prolongations, reviews which of the lost properties are restored, and also presents some results on prolongations and their limit sets. The definitions of D ( x ), J ( x ) being the same as in dynamical systems, the observation that sds are continuous maps defined for all nonnegative t tempts, it is believed that their properties in dynamical systems also hold in sds .
Measuring Both Glucose Uptake and Myosin Heavy Chain Isoform Expression in Single Rat Skeletal Muscle Fibers

Glucose uptake by skeletal muscle is important for metabolic health. Because skeletal muscle is composed of multiple fiber types that have differing metabolic and contractile properties, studying glucose uptake in whole muscle tissue does not elucidate differences at the cellular level. Here, we describe a procedure that enables the measurement of both glucose uptake and fiber type (by myosin heavy chain isoform expression) in individual rat epitrochlearis muscle fibers.
The occupational socialization of two experienced and expert adventure educators

Previous research of why inexperienced adventure educators’ (AEs) think and teach as they do had provided findings that suggested how AE instructor education (AEIE) might be improved. The purpose of this study was to build on this work and determine how occupational socialization shaped the perspectives and practices of two experienced and expert AEs. Six qualitative techniques were used to collect data. Analysis involved using analytic induction and constant comparison to categorize these data. Categories were then collapsed into meaningful themes. Results revealed how the AEs’ acculturation, professional socialization, and organizational socialization led them to possess sophisticated and advanced but slightly differing perspectives on adventure education, pedagogies for teaching adventure education, and AEIE. Key factors in the development of these perspectives and practices were the AEs’ early and positive experiences of adventure and the outdoors and their master’s degree programs.
Abstract P305: Alternative Ankle Brachial Index Calculation and CVD Events and Mortality: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA)

Introduction: The ankle brachial index (ABI) is independently associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD) events and mortality. The recommended ABI calculation for the ankle pressure involves taki...
Peripheral PD-1 + T Cells Co-expressing Inhibitory Receptors Predict SVR With Ultra Short Duration DAA Therapy in HCV Infection.

Direct acting antiviral (DAA) regimens of 12 weeks result in HCV clearance in vast majority of patients across genotypes. We previously demonstrated an ultra-short regimen of 4 weeks DAA cleared HCV in a subset of patients. Here, we hypothesized that individual level of antiviral immunity differentially influenced viral clearance and investigated biomarkers of a successful response. Cohorts of HCV patients treated for 4 weeks with DAA therapy who either achieved sustained virologic response (SVR) or relapsed were compared at baseline and at end of therapy (EOT) for immune cell phenotypes and HCV specific immunity. Higher levels of PD-1+ CD8+ and CD4+ T lymphocytes co-expressing inhibitory receptors (IR) were present at baseline and at EOT in HCV patients who eventually achieved SVR compared with those who relpased. HCV specific CD8+ T cells were predominantly contained within these IR expressing PD-1+ subsets. Patients in the SVR group had significantly higher CD8+ T cell degranulation in response to HCV peptides at baseline and higher levels of cytokine producing T cells at EOT time-point, relative to those who relapsed. In ex vivo cultures, PD-1+CD160+ CD8+ T cells had higher HCV specific degranulation and PD-1+2B4+ CD8+ T cells had higher cytokine expression (IFNγ+TNFα+ or IFNγ+CD107a+) compared with single or no IR expressing subsets, indicating higher virus specific functional capacity of these subsets. Receiver operating characteristics curve (ROC) for baseline circulating frequencies of PD-1+CD160+, PD-1+Tim-3+ CD8+ T cells and PD-1+CD160+, PD-1+Blimp-1+, PD-1-CTLA4+ CD4+ T cells respectively, had associated C-statistics of 0.8214 and 0.9451 for discriminatin of patients who successfully cleared HCV with 4 weeks treatment. Thus, PD-1+ virus-specific CD8+ T cell subsets with cytotoxic capacity are present in a subset of chronic HCV infected individuals that associate with ability to achieve SVR, indicating role of immunity in DAA mediated viral clearance with short duration therapy.
Influence of ash-soot interactions on the reactivity of soot from a gasoline direct injection engine

Gasoline particulate filters (GPF) are being utilized in certain markets on gasoline direct injection (GDI) vehicles to reduce tailpipe particulate emissions as required by particle number regulations. GPF filtration efficiency is dependent on soot build-up within the filter. Since soot oxidizes within the GPF during normal vehicle operation, an understanding of soot reactivity is important for optimizing aftertreatment architecture and engine calibration. Past work has indicated that gasoline soot reactivity may depend on levels of metallic ash species. In this work, carbonaceous particulate matter from a GDI engine are evaluated from engine operation at a consistent speed and load but with different levels of fuel injection pressures and timings to vary the relative ash to soot ratio. Soot reactivity is found to vary significantly with the ratio of ash to soot present. Interestingly, the more reactive soots possess a unique oxidation profile by which a conventional Arrhenius type expression cannot be used to quantify reactivity. To understand the mechanisms driving such distinct oxidation differences, soot samples are analyzed after being partially oxidized. Particulate characteristics are evaluated by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Raman spectroscopy, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM), and scanning transmission electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy (STEM + EDS). A mechanism is proposed that may explain further why ash affects gasoline soot reactivity to the extent seen in this and other work.
Deep brain stimulation surgery in Parkinson's disease

Abstract Deep brain stimulation has become the standard therapeutic option for patients with advanced Parkinson's disease. It involves implantation of a stimulation electrode in the deep structures of the brain, often the subthalamic nucleus or the globus pallidus interna. The stimulation electrode provides continuous electrical stimulation that ameliorates the symptoms of Parkinson's disease, especially tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia, and most importantly, motor fluctuations. Axial and nonmotor symptoms tend to be resistant to this technique when applied to classical targets, but new targets are being explored to overcome these shortcomings. Proper case selection is imperative for favorable outcome after surgery. In this chapter we will discuss the most important aspects of deep brain stimulation surgery, perioperative management, and long-term outcomes.
Preclinical development of plant-based oral immune modulatory therapy for haemophilia B.

Anti-drug antibody (ADA) formation is a major complication in treatment of the X-linked bleeding disorder haemophilia B (deficiency in coagulation factor IX, FIX). Current clinical immune tolerance protocols are often not effective due to complications such as anaphylactic reactions against FIX. Plant-based oral tolerance induction may address this problem, as illustrated by the recent first regulatory approval of orally delivered plant cells to treat peanut allergy. Our previous studies showed that oral delivery of plant cells expressing FIX fused to the transmucosal carrier CTB (cholera toxin subunit B) in chloroplasts suppressed ADA in animals with haemophilia B. We report here creation of the first lettuce transplastomic lines expressing a coagulation factor, in the absence of antibiotic resistance gene. Stable integration of the CTB-FIX gene and homoplasmy (transformation of ~10 000 copies in each cell) were maintained in both T1 and T2 generation marker-free plants. CTB-FIX expression in lyophilized leaves of T1 and T2 marker-free plants was 1.0-1.5 mg/g dry weight, confirming that the marker excision did not affect antigen levels. Oral administration of CTB-FIX to Sprague Dawley rats at 0.25, 1 or 2.5 mg/kg did not produce overt adverse effects or toxicity. The no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) is at least 2.5 mg/kg for a single oral administration in rats. Oral administration of CTB-FIX at 0.3 or 1.47 mg/kg either mixed in food or as an oral suspension to Beagle dogs did not produce any observable toxicity. These toxicology studies should facilitate filing of regulatory approval documents and evaluation in haemophilia B patients.
Molecular Level Characterization of Circulating Aquaporin-4 Antibodies in Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder

Objective To determine whether distinct aquaporin-4 (AQP4)-IgG lineages play a role in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) pathogenesis, we profiled the AQP4-IgG polyclonal serum repertoire and identified, quantified, and functionally characterized distinct AQP4-IgG lineages circulating in 2 patients with NMOSD. Methods We combined high-throughput sequencing and quantitative immunoproteomics to simultaneously determine the constituents of both the B-cell receptor (BCR) and the serologic (IgG) anti-AQP4 antibody repertoires in the peripheral blood of patients with NMOSD. The monoclonal antibodies identified by this platform were recombinantly expressed and functionally characterized in vitro. Results Multiple antibody lineages comprise serum AQP4-IgG repertoires. Their distribution, however, can be strikingly different in polarization (polyclonal vs pauciclonal). Among the 4 serum AQP4-IgG monoclonal antibodies we identified in 2 patients, 3 induced complement-dependent cytotoxicity in a model mammalian cell line (p Conclusions The composition and polarization of AQP4-IgG antibody repertoires may play an important role in NMOSD pathogenesis and clinical presentation. Here, we present a means of coupling both cellular (BCR) and serologic (IgG) antibody repertoire analysis, which has not previously been performed in NMOSD. Our analysis could be applied in the future to clinical management of patients with NMOSD to monitor disease activity over time as well as applied to other autoimmune diseases to facilitate a deeper understanding of disease pathogenesis relative to autoantibody clones.
Abstract SY22-02: Personalized cancer vaccines: Antigen selection and translation into the clinic

Personalized cancer vaccination targets specific cancer mutations of the individual patient9s tumor, also referred to as neoantigens. Such “bespoke” vaccines are now being tested in multiple cancers and in combination with checkpoint inhibitors. This session will discuss our computational methods for antigenic epitope prediction, antigen selection (personalized and shared neoantigens derived from frame-shift mutations), validation in vitro and in vivo and future directions for the field. Citation Format: Nina Bhardwaj. Personalized cancer vaccines: Antigen selection and translation into the clinic [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2021; 2021 Apr 10-15 and May 17-21. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2021;81(13_Suppl):Abstract nr SY22-02.
An Appropriate Use of Accelerated Approval - Aducanumab for Alzheimer's Disease.

An Appropriate Use of Accelerated Approval The FDA decision to grant accelerated approval to aducanumab for Alzheimer’s disease fits squarely in the accelerated approval pathway, which was created ...
Naming Jerusalem: Poetry and the Identity of the Personified City in Lamentations 1-2

The order, frequency and variety of names given the personified city in Lamentations 1-2 enhances a sense of readerly empathy that the personification of the city imbues. In the first stanza of Lam...
Fully epitaxial ferroelectric ScGaN grown on GaN by molecular beam epitaxy

We report on the ferroelectric properties of single-phase wurtzite ScGaN grown on GaN by plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy. Distinct ferroelectric switching behavior was confirmed by detailed electrical characterization. Coercive fields in the range of 2.0–3.0 MV/cm and large, retainable remnant polarization in the range of 60–120 μC/cm2 are unambiguously demonstrated for ScGaN epilayers with Sc contents of 0.31–0.41. Taking advantage of the widely tunable energy bandgap of III-nitride semiconductors, the demonstration of ferroelectricity in ScGaN, together with the recently reported ferroelectric ScAlN, will enable a broad range of emerging applications with combined functionality in ferroelectric, electronic, optoelectronic, photovoltaic, and/or photonic devices and systems.
History and Perception of the Language Used in the Safety Domain

There are several key words used throughout various industries when relating information important to safety. Modern safety practitioners may be unaware of the meaning these words have and the perception of them in the general public. The Engineering Council has suggested that public perception eventually results in regulation, in media treatment and in government decisions affecting industry. So it is vitally important that the engineering profession understands the impact it can have by using words such as risk, danger, safety, probability and chance. This paper presents the findings of public perception research into the meanings of these words and traces their actual historical meanings.
A comparison of hydrogen vehicle storage options using the EPA urban driving schedule

The three standard options for the storage of hydrogen fuel on passenger vehicles are compressed gas, metal hydride and cryogenic liquid storage. The weight of the hydrogen storage system affects the performance of the vehicle. We examine vehicle performance as a function of hydrogen storage system type and capacity. The impact of storage system volume on vehicle performance is not addressed in this paper. Three vehicles are modeled, a metro commuter, a mid size sedan and a full size van. All vehicles are powered by a fuel cell and an electric drive train. The impact of auxiliary power requirements for air conditioning is also examined. In making these comparisons it is necessary to assume a driving cycle. We use the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) urban dynamometer driving schedule in all simulations to represent typical urban driving conditions.
Studying and Teaching 'Law as Rhetoric': Between Reason and Power

This article proposes that law students may find a better fit within the legal culture of argument if they are introduced to rhetorical alternatives to counter narrowly formalist and realist perspectives on how the law works and how judges decide cases. To support this proposal, the article describes and evaluates an upper-level elective course in Law & Rhetoric, which I have offered at two law schools since 2003.The article makes a two-part argument: first, introducing law students to rhetorical alternatives allows them to envision their role as lawyers as constructive, effective, and imaginative while grounded in law, language, and reason. Second, offering rhetorical alternatives allows law professors to enrich their own study and teaching and to develop a more nuanced understanding of the law school classroom as a rhetorical community. Set next to popular depictions of formalism and realism (which live on, despite much criticism), rhetorical alternatives would look at how the law works by exploring the meaning-making process through which the law is constituted as human beings located within particular historical and cultural communities write, read, argue about, and decide legal issues.Most students recognize the practical benefits of the course in Law & Rhetoric; they conclude that the course helps them become better rhetoricians because they are more aware and adept legal readers and writers, and they believe that better rhetoricians become better lawyers. I think this recognition that better rhetoricians become better lawyers carries with it something more profound: rhetorical alternatives recognize students’ power and ability to affect outcomes in their rhetorical communities, both now, while they are law students, and later, when they are practicing lawyers. From the rhetorical point of view, law students, law teachers, and lawyers are human actors whose work makes a difference because they are the readers, writers, and members of interpretive and compositional communities who constitute the law.
Audit Quality and Accrual Reliability: Evidence from the Pre- and Post-Sarbanes-Oxley Periods

This study examines three research questions. First, did accrual reliability improve in the post-SOX period? Second, do companies receiving higher-quality audits report accruals that are more reliable? Third, did the degree of SOX-related improvement in accrual reliability vary across companies with disparate audit quality? We first demonstrate that accrual reliability increased significantly in the post-SOX period. We next define three metrics for audit quality: audit firm industry specialization, audit-firm independence, and client-specific audit-firm litigation/reputation risk. We find evidence that accrual reliability is positively associated with each of our audit quality metrics. Finally, we find evidence that in the post-SOX period, subsamples of companies experienced more improvement in accrual reliability than others. Specifically, companies audited by non-specialist auditors, those audited by lower-independence auditors, and those that represent higher litigation/reputation risk to their auditor experienced the greatest improvement in accrual reliability in the post-SOX period.
Life History, Functional Anatomy, Feeding and Mating Behavior

This chapter covers three diverse topics: whitefly anatomy, feeding behavior, and courtship and mating. In previous volumes of the Bemisia series (Gerling 1990; Gerling and Mayer 1996), Gill (1990) reviewed whitefly anatomy from a systematics/taxonomic perspective and Harris et al. (1996a) covered the internal anatomy of whiteflies, specifically the alimentary canal, salivary glands, and ovaries. We avoid overlap with these earlier reviews by covering whitefly anatomy from a structure-function perspective and discussing internal anatomy only briefly, although the alimentary canal required more detail to correct a previous misinterpretation and incorporate new information from more recent studies. Feeding and courtship behavior are reviewed here for the first time.
The radio frequency university curriculum management process from a carrier service provider's perspective

Core Radio Frequency (RF) Engineering is a department within Sprint: a national telecommunications corporation that is responsible for the design, planning and network operation for sustained coverage, capacity and optimization. It coordinates efforts with the regional field engineering departments for meeting those objectives. Core RF Engineering was tasked to develop an RF University Curriculum Management Process (RU-CMP) for Sprint's network engineering services organization that would enhance the knowledge and skill level of RF engineers to do their job in a more effective manner. A steering committee of 20 members from various management and engineering ranks, represented equally by Core RF, the West, the Central, the South and North Eastern regions was founded. The Chair of the steering committee leads the management of the process, works with the University of Excellence (UoE) to develop and integrate requested courses and organizes the biweekly meetings for the continuous improvement of the process.
Chronic medication use and inflammatory skin diseases: the power and limitations of the case-control study.

The potential of newly introduced medications to cause acute inflammatory skin diseases has long been recognized. Less well accepted and not often systematically studied is the role of long-term drug use in inflammatory skin diseases such as eczema. Hypothesis-driven case–control studies provide what is probably the most efficient but far from easy method to evaluate and quantify observations from case reports and case series that suggest a drug etiology for chronic skin diseases.
Mathematical ideas in social structural analysis

Social structural analysis is an approach to studying social structure that emphasizes the relatedness of units or actors, and gives well‐defined meaning to structural concepts through the methods and techniques of social network analysis. Three broad strategies for representation of social structures have been developed: topo‐logical, graph‐theoretic, and spatial models. Each of these makes use of mathematical ideas to give explicit meaning to sociological ones. These strategies are briefly reviewed here; we then turn to a discussion of accomplishments of structural analysis to date, consideration of theoretical, data/empirical, and institutional impediments to sustained progress, and assessment of prospects.
Prediction of stable processes: Spectral and moving average representations

For stable processes which are Fourier transforms of processes with independent increments, we obtain a Wold decomposition, we characterize their regularity and singularity, and, in the discrete-parameter case, we derive their linear predictors. In sharp contrast with the Gaussian case, regular stable processes which are Fourier transforms of processes with independent increments are not moving averages of stable motion.
Pitcher's elbow in adolescents

Intraarticular and periarticular changes of the elbow secondary to the throwing motion have been documented in pitchers of all ages, Although others have focused attention on children, this study evaluates a group of 73 older pitchers (average age 17 years). Forty-two (58%) players reported pain while throwing at the time of evaluation (before interscholastic play) or developed pain during the season. However, only four (5%) missed one or more pitching rotations. No significant relationships were found between occurrence of symptoms and number of seasons played, individual pitching traits, asymmetry on physical examination, or asymmetry on radiographic evaluation of the elbow. In the symptomatic group there tended to be a slightly greater number of seasons' experience (average 7.8 seasons vs. 6.0 seasons) and more players with asymmetry upon physical examination. We believe this study supports the concept that increasing age and exposure, along with other factors as yet unquantitated, may determine the occurrence of symptoms in pitchers.
Effect of internally deposited radioisotopes upon blood vessels of cortical bones.

It has been observed that after an extensive latent period following acquistion of plutonium, radiothorium, and radium in cortical bone, plugging of the haversian canals occurs which in turn results in bone necrosis. Investigation of this phenonmenon with a vascular injection technique and a bone- seeking alpha emitter (plutonium) which deposits on surfaces of haversian canals and allows the remainder of the osteones and adjacent interstitial lamellae to be free of activity, show that death of osteocytes is principally the result of disrupted blood supply rather than direct alpha-ray killing. With radiothorium, concentration of alpha particles avout haversian canals was sufficient to result in total plugging of the vascular tree within the haversian canals resulting in complete bone necrosis and inhibition of internal reconstruction of cortical bone. With radium and plutonium only about half of the canals are plugged, which allows internal reconstruction to proceed; however, the nature of the remodeling in this environment is abnormal (formation of large cavities and abnormal osteones). It is also suggested that both deviation of bone and occurrence of large cavities weaken the bone which in turn results in spontaneous fracturing of long bones. (auth)
Tracheobronchial disruption following low-energy trauma

A case is reported of a patient who sustained a tracheobronchial tear as a result of an assault rather than the typical crushing trauma associated with such an injury. A review of tracheobronchial injuries is presented.
The putative anti-addictive drug ibogaine is a competitive inhibitor of [3H]MK-801 binding to the NMDA receptor complex

Ibogaine is a putative anti-addictive drug with potential efficacy for the treatment of opiate, stimulant, and alcohol abuse. We now report ibogaine is a competitive inhibitor (Ki, 1.01±0.1 µM) of [3H]MK-801 binding toN-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor coupled cation channels. Since MK-801 can attenuate the development of tolerance to morphine and alcohol as well as sensitization to stimulants in preclinical studies, the reported ability of ibogaine to modify drug-seeking behavior in man may be attributable to a blockade of NMDA receptor coupled cation channels.