cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Circadian Systems: General Perspective

The physical environment of life is characterized by several major periodicities that derive from the motions of the earth and the moon relative to the sun. From its origin some billions of years ago, life has had to cope with pronounced daily and annual cycles of light and temperature. Tidal cycles challenged life as soon as the edge of the sea was invaded; and on land, humidity and other daily cycles were added to the older challenges of light and temperature. These physical periodicities clearly raise challenges—caricatured by the hostility of deserts by day and of high latitudes in winter—that natural selection has had to cope with; on the other hand, the unique stability of these cycles based on celestial mechanics presents a clear opportunity for selection: their predictability makes anticipatory programming a viable strategy. The result has been widespread occurrence in eukaryotic systems of innate temporal programs for metabolism and behavior that are most appropriately undertaken during a restricted fraction of the external cycle of physical change. Feeding behavior in nocturnal rodents is programmed into early hours of the night; the behavior persists at that phase—recurring at intervals close to 24 hr—in animals retained in cueless constant darkness; and mobilization of the enzymes necessary for digestion by the intestine and subsequent metabolic processing in the liver is appropriately programmed to that same (or slightly earlier) time.
Arthralgia among women taking aromatase inhibitors: is there a shared inflammatory mechanism with co-morbid fatigue and insomnia?

Arthralgia is a common toxicity among women taking aromatase inhibitors (AIs) and can lead to premature discontinuation of therapy. We evaluated the association between arthralgia, co-morbid fatigue and/or insomnia, and inflammatory biomarkers among women taking AIs. Women taking AIs for early-stage breast cancer completed a modified version of the Brief Pain Inventory, the Brief Fatigue Inventory, and the Insomnia Severity Index and provided blood samples for simultaneous assessment of 34 inflammatory biomarkers with a Luminex kit. Two-sided t tests were used to compare inflammatory biomarker concentrations for patients with or without moderate to severe arthralgia. Multivariate linear regression analyses were performed to evaluate the relationship between comorbid arthralgia, fatigue, and insomnia with identified biomarker concentrations. Among 203 participants, the severity of arthralgia, fatigue, and insomnia were significantly correlated with each other (p < 0.001 for all comparisons). After controlling for race, chemotherapy history, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug use, age, and body mass index, the coexistence of arthralgia, fatigue, and insomnia was associated with elevated C-reactive protein (CRP) (β = 93.1; 95 % confidence interval (CI): 25.1–161.1; p = 0.008), eotaxin (β = 79.9; 95 % CI: 32.5–127.2; p = 0.001), monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 (β = 151.2; 95 % CI: 32.7–269.8; p = 0.013), and vitamin D–binding protein (VDBP) (β = 19,422; 95 % CI: 5500.5–33,344; p = 0.006). Among women taking AIs, the coexistence of arthralgia, fatigue, and insomnia was associated with increased levels of inflammatory biomarkers (elevated CRP, eotaxin, MCP-1, and VDBP). These findings suggest a possible shared inflammatory mechanism underlying these common symptoms.
Are retrotransposons long-term hitchhikers?

Transposable elements represent a large fraction of the genomes of eukaryotes, and yet we know little of their origins or stability. Striking examples of cross-species transfer have been discovered among mariner elements1 (transposable elements that are widespread in insects and other animals), confirming the impression that horizontal transfers are essential to the long-term success of transposable elements. We show that R1 and R2, two distantly related non-long-terminal-repeat retrotransposons which insert at specific sites 74 base pairs apart in 28S ribosomal RNA genes2, have been maintained by vertical transmission since the origin of the phylum Arthropoda, that is, for at least 500 million years.
Meconium ileus equivalent: an adult complication of fibrocystic disease.

Summary A 20-year-old patient with fibrocystic disease died as a result of meconium ileus equivalent. An awareness of this possibility in the older age group is probably an important premise to early diagnosis and treatment of this cause of intestinal obstruction. While enzyme therapy and N-acetyl cysteine have been used successfully in patients with meconium ileus equivalent, the authors are inclined to feel that early strenuous surgical correction, followed by enzyme irrigation is a preferable procedure in the face of complete obstruction. The clinical and pathological data presented here provide additional evidence that the intestinal mucosa is affected in fibrocystic disease, and is a primary factor in the cause of meconium ileus equivalent.
Modeling Leveraged Buyout Risk in Corporate Spreads: Industry Patterns in Buyout Activity

The recent buyout wave, unprecedented in both number and value of transactions, motivates this study of the pricing of LBO risk in credit spreads. Based on empirical evidence on the effect of LBOs in debt markets, this paper proposes a learning-based model of corporate credit spreads that explicitly incorporates both default and LBO risk. We find increased industry-level clustering in buyout activity and postulate intra-industry reactions in debt markets as a driver of the evolution of LBO risk over time. In this model, investors revise their beliefs on LBO risk via a mechanism of Bayesian updating observing industry-level activity. Estimates of the time series of LBO risk and model spreads suggest the proposed mechanism is significant in explaining observed market spreads. Estimated LBO risk is also shown to explain some of the mispricing from a structural credit model. Interestingly, using this mispricing can improve prediction of LBO likelihood.
Adolescents' Transition to Self-Management of a Chronic Genetic Disorder

Self-management of chronic illness requires acquisition of self-care skills such as seeking knowledge, adhering to recommendations, practicing healthy behaviors, and life-long self-surveillance. This article describes the core problem and psychosocial processes by which parents transfer, and children take on, the responsibility for managing a chronic genetic condition. Individuals with Marfan syndrome (MFS), their parents, and health care providers were the sources of empirical data. A sample of 108 providers, parents, and individuals with MFS were recruited through a genetics clinic and the National Marfan Foundation. The core problem of "becoming fit and fitting in" is resolved via concurrent psychosocial processes: shifting perspective, shifting orientation, shifting sphere, shifting ownership, and shifting reasoning. Transition to self-management is more than planning the transfer of services from pediatric to adult care, and involves gradual changes in knowledge, attitudes, and behavior influenced by parents, peers, and health care providers. Transition to self-management is part of an evolving model of participation in life-long surveillance.
Discrete event simulation software selection: an empirical framework

A selection process for discrete event computer simulation (DECS) software is discussed from a theoretical perspective. A survey of practitioners is conducted to examine identified components of simulation software and identify which attributes are considered to be of primary importance in the software selection process. The results of the study indicate a numberoffactors relevant to a decision on which type of software might be selected to conduct a given project. Based on data obtainedfrom practitioners, a set of recommendations that are generalizable to a variety of DECS package evaluation procedures are made by the authors.
The Development of Megaloschizonts of Leucocytozoon simondi Mathis and Leger.

SUMMARY. Susceptible ducklings were exposed to natural infection during a limited time, and infections of supposedly known duration were obtained. Slides of tissues from these ducklings were prepared by common histological techniques. Comparative materials were provided by cooperators. On the basis of study of these tissues what seems a logical description of development of megaloschizonts of Leucocytozoon simondi was formulated. The earliest stage found was the trophozoite. There is no evidence of schizogony in this form; the only internal structure is the nucleus. Prior to any schizogony there is a marked increase in the amount of chromatin in the nucleus, especially on the periphery. It is hypothesized that as the chromatin increases, buds are evaginated from the margin of what may then be called the central body and are set off to form spherical primary cytomeres. The chromatin of primary cytomeres first diffuses and then proliferates to form peripheral clusters. These clusters of chromatin separate to form secondary cytomeres which continue to multiply in the same manner. The production of cytomeres by the central body and by division of primary and secondary cytomeres eventually fills the cytoplasmic area of the megaloschizont. Apparently pressure within the schizont then shapes the course of further development. The central body ceases to function as a primordium and becomes compressed. The multiplying cytomeres become smaller and more granular in appearance, and their chromatin becomes more concentrated. Merozoite-like bodies are eventually produced. These reproduce until the central body is greatly compressed and the membrane enclosing the megaloschizont is ruptured and releases the merozoites.
Halogen photoreductive elimination from gold(III) centers.

Monomeric complexes of the type AuIII(PR3)X3 and bimetallic complexes of the type Au2I,III[μ-CH2(R2P)2]X4 and Au2III,III[μ-CH2(R2P)2]X6 (R = Ph, Cy, X = Cl−, Br−) undergo facile photoelimination of halogen. M−X bond activation and halogen elimination is achieved upon LMCT excitation of solutions of AuIII complexes in the presence of olefin chemical traps. As opposed to the typical one-electron redox transformations of LMCT photochemistry, the LMCT photochemistry of the AuIII centers allows for the unprecedented (i) two-electron photoelimination of X2 from a monomeric center and (ii) four-electron photoelimination of X2 from a bimetalllic center. The quantum yields for X2 photoproduction, in general, are between 10% and 20% for all species, showing only minimal dependence on the identity of the ligands about gold, or the nuclearity of the complex. Efficient X2 photoelimination is observed in the absence of a chemical trap, providing a rare example of authentic, trap-free halogen elimination from a transiti...
A clinical algorithm predicts hematological complications in Shwachman–Diamond syndrome?

Shwachman-Diamond syndrome (SDS) is an autosomal recessive disease caused by mutations in the SBDS gene in approximately 90% of cases. SDS is characterized by exocrine pancreatic insufficiency and bone marrow failure, which predisposes to the development of myelodysplastic syndrome and/or acute myeloid leukemia. In a new report, the French national cohort studied 102 SDS patients with a median follow-up of 11.6 years, focusing on the natural history of severe cytopenias. The authors concluded that SDS patients with a young age (<3 months) at first symptomatic presentation or cytopenia at diagnosis were at a high risk of subsequent severe hematological complications (either malignant or nonmalignant). Their findings raise the possibility that a clinical algorithm may predict the subsequent development of hematological complications in SDS.
Metabolic and Immunologic Consequences of Limited Adenosine Deaminase Expression in Mice

Adenosine deaminase (ADA; EC 3.5.4.4) deficiency in humans is an autosomal recessive genetic disorder that results in severe combined immunodeficiency disease. ADA-deficient mice generated by targeted gene disruption die perinatally, preventing postnatal analysis of ADA deficiency. We have recently rescued ADA-deficient fetuses from perinatal lethality by expression of an ADA minigene in the placentas of ADA-deficient fetuses, thus generating postnatal mice admissible to analysis of ADA deficiency. The minigene used also directed ADA expression to the forestomach postnatally, producing adult animals that lacked ADA enzymatic activity in all tissues outside the gastrointestinal tract. Mice with limited ADA expression exhibited profound disturbances in purine metabolism, including thymus-specific accumulations of deoxyadenosine and dATP, and inhibition of S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase in the thymus, spleen, and, to a lesser extent, the liver. Lymphopenia and mild immunodeficiency were associated with these tissue-specific metabolic disturbances. These mice represent the first genetic animal model for ADA deficiency and provide insight into the tissue-specific requirements of ADA.
Extracellular matrix regulates ovarian hormone-dependent proliferation of mouse mammary epithelial cells.

Mammary stromal cells can modulate steroid hormone responsiveness both in vivo and in vitro. One of the mechanisms by which stromal cells can influence epithelial cell behavior is by modifying the composition of the extracellular matrix (ECM). In this report, we have investigated the effects of five ECM molecules on control of epithelial cell proliferation by estrogen (E2) and progestin (R5020) under serum-free culture conditions. To assess the contribution of mammary gland differentiation in determining epithelial cell interactions with ECM, the behavior of mammary epithelial cells derived from nulliparous and pregnant mice was compared. We report the novel finding that the proliferative responses of mammary epithelial cells to progestin is influenced by specific ECM molecules. However, the primary determinant of hormonal responsiveness is the developmental state of the gland from which the epithelial cells were derived. Nulliparous-derived epithelial cells, proliferated in response to R5020 only on fibr...
Increasing Student Participation in Large Introductory Statistics Classes

Abstract Traditionally, a large class in elementary statistics is taught by having the instructor lecture for the class period with little interaction from the students. This article considers an approach for teaching a large elementary statistics class that encourages student involvement. Comments and evaluations from the students who took a class using this approach are examined.
SOME EFFECTS OF MATERNAL HYPEROXIA AND HYPOXIA ON THE BLOOD GAS TENSIONS AND VASCULAR PRESSURES IN THE FOETAL SHEEP

Blood gas tensions, pH and intravascular pressures have been measured at various sites in 22 foetal sheep of gestational age 110–147 days. Umbilical venous oxygen tension did not change significantly with age. The mean pulmonary artery pressure always exceeded that in the aorta and this pressure gradient did not change with age. By contrast the umbilical arterio-venous pressure gradient increased with age. When the ewe breathed room air, the oxygen difference between uterine artery and umbilical vein was 43–62 mm. Hg. When the ewe breathed 100 per cent 02 umbilical venous P02 rose by 4–15 mm. Hg and umbilical venous pH fell by 0·04–0·07 pH units. There were no consistent changes in foetal heart rate or blood pressures. When the ewe breathed 10 per cent O2 in N2, umbilical venous P02. fell by 7–14 mm. Hg, mean pressures in pulmonary artery and aorta and the pulmonary artery/aortic pressure gradient increased as did the size of the right to left shunt across the ductus arteriosus. Heart rate invariably increased. The oxygen saturation difference between ascending and descending aorta was maintained or increased. These results suggest (1) that factors other than a diffusion barrier to oxygen are responsible for the maternal/foetal oxygen gradient and (2) that, with maternal hypoxia, there is a redistribution of blood flow in the foetus so that as high a tissue P02 as possible is maintained in coronary and cerebral circulations.
Binding of momoclonal antibody A2B5 to gangliosides

Monoclonal antibody A2B5 (Eisenbarth et al, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. (1979, 76:4913-4917), which reacts with neurons, thymic epithelium and peptide-hormone secreting cells of several species, was reported to react specifically with brain tetrasialogangliosides. We have found that A2B5 binds to gangliosides GQ1b, GD3, GD2, disialolactoneotetraosylceramide, and probably to GT1a, when assayed by an immunostaining procedure that detects binding of antibody to gangliosides on a thin-layer plate. Additional data obtained by complement fixation revealed that this antibody reacted most strongly with ganglioside GQ1b almost as well with disialogangliosides GD3, GD2 and disialolactoneotetraosylceramide, weakly with GD1b and GT1b, and very weakly with GM3 and GD1a. These data indicate that A2B5 cannot be regarded as a specific reagent for the recognition of tetrasialogangliosides.
Numerical and experimental study of wave propagation in metals

Center for Holographic Studies and Laser TechnologyDepartment of Mechanical EngineeringWorcester Polytechnic InstituteWorcester, MA 01609ABSTRACTThe velocities at which elastic vibrational waves propagate in an aluminum cantilever beam are studiedanalytically, numerically, and experimentally. In order to predict these propagation velocities, both beam theoryand modal analysis have been employed. Experimental results are compared with theoretical results in order todetermine the degree of correlation. This comparison shows that the holographically observed velocities concurwith the analytically determined velocities. Problems with the particular numerical approach employed in thiswork are presented and discussed.
First Report of Xanthomonas axonopodis Infecting Agapanthus in Florida.

Agapanthus praecox subsp. orientalis, commonly called African lily or lily-of-the-Nile, bears large, round, blue or white flowers above attractive dark green foliage. Because of these horticultural features, this member of the family Liliaceae, has become a popular perennial bedding plant. For the past 2 years during warm wet periods, symptoms of chlorotic, water-soaked, leaf-streaks have been observed on agapanthus production in Florida. Round butyrus, bright yellow colonies were consistently isolated on nutrient agar. Bacteria were characterized as gram negative, catalase positive, motile, strictly aerobic, and not hydrolytic on starch. Using fatty acid analysis (FAME) and the MIDI Microbial Identification System with software version TSBA 3.90 (Microbial ID, Inc., Newark DE), three strains were further characterized and identified as Xanthomonas axonopodis with similarity coefficients to X. axonopodis pv. dieffenbachiae (0.907, 0.915, and 0.944) and to X. axonopodis pv. poinsetticola (0.912, 0.922, and 0.916). The three isolates were each inoculated on three plants each of agapanthus cv. Blue African lily, Dieffenbachiae maculata cv. Camille, and poinsettia, Euphorbia pulcherrima cv. PeterStar Red. Plants were sprayed with a suspension of each isolate at 1 × 108 CFU/ml, bagged for 24 h to raise humidity, and placed in a glasshouse for symptom development. Strains of X. axonopodis pv. poinsetticola (NZTCC 5779) and X. axonopodis pv. dieffenbachiae (X1718) were used as positive controls. Within 3 weeks, isolates from agapanthus produced leaf streaks on agapanthus plants, small, scattered, water-soaked lesions on dieffenbachia leaves, and no symptoms on poinsettia. No symptoms developed on the agapanthus plants when inoculated with either control strain. Both control strains formed lesions on leaves of their original host species. Xanthomonas was reisolated from treatments with symptomatic leaves. Plant inoculations were repeated with similar results. Although the agapanthus isolates were highly similar in FAME profiles to X. axonopodis pv. dieffenbachiae, symptoms produced on dieffenbachia were mild as compared with those produced by the dieffenbachia isolate. Therefore, these isolates may represent a distinct pathovar.
Yield Aware Equipment Preventive Maintenance (PM) Optimization

Typically equipment PM optimization and strategy is determined using a mix of various sources and inline inspection. In this work, the need for a more yield aware optimization strategy is recognized and recommendations made to implement this.
Skyrmion spin distribution and states of orbital and spin symmetry in the ν = 1 quantum Hall effect

The Skyrmion excitations at filling factor $\ensuremath{\nu}=1$ in the absence of Zeeman energy are studied in the spherical geometry. The microscopic wave functions for the (reversed spins) quasihole and quasiparticle excitations with a definite azimuthal spin $({\ensuremath{\Sigma}}_{z})$ and orbital ${(L}_{z})$ quantum numbers are derived from the Skyrmion. To within finite-size effects and for any finite number of reversed spins, these states are shown to correspond to the sequence of quasiparticle states with $L=\ensuremath{\Sigma}$ seen in the numerical studies for the pure \ensuremath{\delta}-function potential. The distribution of reversed spins for the infinite Skyrmion is obtained and is shown to become infinitely narrow in the thermodynamic limit. It is also shown numerically that in this limit the Skyrmion becomes an exact eigenstate of a whole class of electron-electron interactions including the Coulomb potential.
The role of imagery in recognition memory for sentences

Abstract The effects of sentence imageability were examined in a test of continuous recognition memory following meaningful orienting tasks which emphasized verbal or imagery encoding. The results showed that distractors changed in syntactic form were more accurately identified for abstract than for concrete sentences, while memory for meaning was equally accurate for both sentence types. The orienting task manipulation did not affect this pattern of results. These data extend previous reports (Begg and Paivio 1969) by demonstrating qualitative differences in memory for concrete and abstract sentences when full comprehension of the stimulus material is required. The results are consistent with the dual coding hypothesis (Paivio 1971) but not with propositional models of memory (Anderson and Bower 1973).
Lowest breathing mode of bosonic helium clusters

We analyze various microscopic calculations of vibrational frequencies for 4HeN clusters, N = 3-728. The lowest breathing frequency with total angular momentum J = 0 varies smoothly as a function of N, with a maximum around N = 50-120.
Vacancy Cluster: Helium Synergy in Void Nucleation

Vacancy clusters produced in displacement cascades may capture helium to give void nucleation. Rate equations are derived for such nucleation. Most of the helium is captured and sequestered early on in most irradiations by a low number density of small voids. This capture may terminate void nucleation early in irradiation, in agreement with many experimental studies.
Total synthesis and evaluation of a key series of C5-substituted vinblastine derivatives.

A remarkably concise seven- to eight-step total synthesis of a systematic series of key vinblastine derivatives is detailed and used to characterize the importance and probe the role of the C5 ethyl substituent (R = H, Me, Pr, CH═CH2, C≡CH, CH2OH, and CHO vs Et). The analogues, which bear deep-seated structural changes accessible only by total synthesis, were prepared using a powerful intramolecular [4 + 2]/[3 + 2] cycloaddition cascade of 1,3,4-oxadiazoles ideally suited for use in the assemblage of the vindoline-derived lower subunit followed by their incorporation into the vinblastine analogues through the use of a single-step biomimetic coupling with catharanthine. The evaluation of the series revealed that the tubulin binding site surrounding this C5 substituent is exquisitely sensitive to the presence (Et > H, 10-fold), size (Me ≤ Et > Pr, 10-fold), shape (Et > CH═CH2 and C≡CH, >4-fold), and polarity (Et > CHO > CH2OH, >10−20-fold) of this substituent and that on selected occasions only a C5 methyl ...
Hyperthermic effect of prostacyclin injected into the third cerebral ventricle of the cat.

Abstract CLARK, W. G. AND. J. M. LIPTON. Hyperthermic effect of prostacyclin injected into the third cerebral ventricle of the cat . BRAIN RES. BULL. 4 (1) 15–16, 1979.—Prostaglandin E 2 may not be solely responsible for hyperthermia produced by central administration of sodium arachidonate. To determine its effect, if any, on body temperature prostacyclin sodium salt, another product of prostaglandin endoperoxides, was injected into the third cerebral ventricle of unrestrained, unanesthetized cats while deep body temperature was recorded automatically. Doses of 2–25 μg, in a volume of 0.05 ml saline solution, did not appreciably alter body temperature. A 100 μg dose produced hyperthermia in five of six animals. Administration of 1 mg prostacyclin caused prolonged hyperthermic responses in four cats with a maximum increase in temperature of at least 2.1°C. Prostaglandin E, (1 μg) produced hyperthermic responses which were intermediate between responses to 100 and 1000 μg prostacyclin. Indomethacin (2 mg/kg), given IV to two cats during recovery from prostacyclin-induced hyperthermia, did not hasten the rate of recovery. These results indicate that, if a sufficient concentration of prostacyclin is achieved at a central site of action after injection of arachidonate or during pathologic processes which release arachidonic acid, prostacyclin could contribute to the development of hyperthermia.
General introduction to microstructural evolution under cascade damage conditions

Abstract A short overview of the processes that affect the evolution of the microstructure during irradiation is given. The processes include defect production with an emphasis on the effects of the dynamic cascade events, defect clustering, irradiation-enhanced diffusion, radiation-induced segregation, phase decompositions and phase transformations. A simple model for the description of the development of the defect microstructure in a pure metal during cascade producing irradiation is also outlined which can provide, in principle, defect fluxes required for the description of other microstructural processes such as phase decomposition and irradiation-induced precipitation.
Algorithmic mapping of neural network models onto parallel SIMD machines

Implementations of neural networks on programmable massively parallel computers are addressed. The methods are based on a graph theoretic approach and are applicable to a large class of networks in which the computations can be described by means of matrix and vector operations. A detailed characterization of the target machine is provided. Two mappings are presented. The first is designed for a processor array consisting of a very large number of small processing units. The neurons and the nonzero synaptic weights are assigned to the processors in a predetermined order, one per processor. The data transfers between processors containing neurons and weights are implemented using a novel routing algorithm. The second mapping is designed for the data array of size N*N and a smaller processor array of size P*P, P >
Potential for mixed mating in the protandrous perennial Saponaria officinalis (Caryophyllaceae)

The prevalence of mixed mating among plant species is intriguing from an evolutionary perspective because most theoretical models predict that plant species should evolve towards either complete selfing or complete outcrossing. Several ecological factors, such as pollinator variability, have been invoked to explain this discrepancy. However, empirical data detailing the mechanisms of selfing and the impact of selfing on progeny fitness are rare. One trait that might allow a high degree of variability in outcrossing rates is dichogamy, the temporal separation of male and female functions within perfect flowers. The present study examines the potential for mixed mating by using floral manipulations in five populations of Saponaria officinalis, a protandrous perennial herb. Bagged flowers produced fewer seeds than control flowers and open-pollinated emasculated flowers, and the emasculated flowers were not significantly different from the controls. Controlled pollinations indicated that there were no differences between seed production in geitonogomous, outcrossed or control groups. There were some differences in seed weight between the pollination treatments, but there was no effect of pollen source on germination date or seedling weight. These results suggest that insect visitation provides an important contribution to seed set, even though self-pollination is capable of producing viable seeds.
PROTEASES AND DEGRADATION OF EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX IN NEURODEGENERATION

Abstract Neurodegenerative diseases cause considerable morbidity and mortality throughout the world. Using an excitotoxin-induced model for neurodegeneration, the extracellular serine proteases tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) and plasmin(ogen) have recently been implicated in neuronal death in the mouse hippocampus. The search for plasmin substrates in the brain has revealed that the extracellular matrix (ECM) is an important factor influencing neuronal viability. The study of neuronal ECM proteins and the extracellular proteases that act upon them could have important therapeutic implications for the use of thrombolytics in stroke, and for the development of new treatments for neurodegenerative disease. This review summarizes recent research efforts that characterize the extracellular proteases and ECM proteins involved in neuronal death, and relates the potential clinical significance.
Crystal data behind efficient cesium recognition: triphenylcyanoborates of potassium, rubidium, and cesium

Crystal structures of potassium, rubidium, and cesium triphenylcyanoborates were investigated in order to explain high selectivity of triphenylcyanoborate ion (“caesignost”) as an agent for cesium precipitation. Alkali metal ions have substantially different coordination modes with triphenylcyanoborate ion coordinated to the cyano group in the end-on or side-on motif and to the phenyl group in the π–M+ motif.
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF GASTRIC ANTIBODIES

Chronic inflammatory disease of the acid-secretory gastric mucosa in man may be associated with the development of circulating antibodies directed against two distinct antigenic components of the gastric parietal cell. The first can be shown by immunofluorescent techniques to be present in the cytoplasm of this cell (Taylor et al, 1962). Immunoabsorption studies suggest that it is present in the microsomal fraction of gastric mucosal extracts and that it may be a lipoprotein (Baur et al, 1965). Immunolocalization using the electron microscope has recently suggested that it may be a component of the micro-villi of the canalicular system of the parietal cell (Hoedemaeker & Ito, 1970). The other antigen is Castle's intrinsic factor (IF), a protein of mol. wt 55 000, which is produced by the parietal cell in man and some other mammals (Hoedemaeker et al, 1964; Fisher & Taylor, 1969) and which mediates the absorption of vitamin B12 in the distal small intestine.
Transesophageal Echo-Doppler Echocardiographic Assessment of Pulmonary Venous Flow Patterns

Fifty-eight of 61 consecutive patients undergoing transesophageal echo-Doppler echocardiography provided excellent signals to permit assessment of pulmonary venous blood flow patterns. Normal antegrade pulmonary venous flow during ventricular systole was biphasic and was characterized by a short, low velocity (28 ± 17 cm/sec), early systolic jet (P1), and longer, higher velocity (41 ± 23 cm/sec), late systolic jet (P2). Antegrade pulmonary venous flow during ventricular diastole (P3) was of moderate velocity (34 ± 17 cm/sec) and was monophasic; during atrial contraction there was transient, low velocity (−17 ± 11 cm/sec) and reversal of flow (P4). The early systolic antegrade venous flow (P1) was absent or reversed in rhythm disorders, which interrupted normal synchronized atrioventricular activation. These rhythm disorders also were associated with diminished peak flow velocities during late systole (P2). Abnormalities in systolic left ventricular function and mitral regurgitation also had this effect. Diastolic flow velocities (P3) remained constant, except in patients with mitral regurgitation. In these patients diastolic peak flows were significantly increased above normal. In cases of atrial fibrillation or ventricular pacing the late diastolic reversal of flow resulting from atrial contraction (P4) Was absent. Conclusions: Transesophageal echo-Doppler echocardiography gives high quality signals of pulmonary venous inflow to help assess function of the left ventricle and left atrium. Multiple factors affect the patterns. This study suggests caution in the interpretation of abnormal patterns, particularly of reduced systolic pulmonary vein flow in the presence of left ventricular dysfunction, atrial fibrillation, ventricular pacing, and mitral regurgitation.
TUNNELING INTO SUPERCONDUCTORS AT TEMPERATURES BELOW 1 K

The density of states in Pb, Sn, In, and Al, was studied using the turneling technique. Results agree with the Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer theory; two exceptions were found. The energy gap is not as sharp in the experiment as in the theory, but this may merely be due to imperfect samples. The density of states in Pb has definite but small divergences from the theory. (auth)
Parton equilibration in relativistic heavy ion collisions

We investigate the processes leading to phase-space equilibration of parton distributions in nuclear interactions at collider energies. We derive a set of rate equations describing the chemical equilibration of gluons and quarks including medium effects on the relevant QCD transport coefficients, and discuss their consequences for parton equilibration in heavy ion collisions.
Reflections of the JTE Research Editor (1984-1989) Changes in Teacher Education: Needed Leadership and New Networks

Howey served as research editor for the JTE from 1984-1989. In this article he reflects on many of the ideas and perspectives that surfaced in research manuscripts and concept pieces published in the JTE during that time. Howey focuses attention on two circumstances: the increasing preoccupa tion with a knowledge base for teacher preparation and the effects of a major consortium concerned with teacher preparation, the Holmes Group.
Assessment of collecting tubule hydrogen ion secretion in acute respiratory alkalosis using the urinary pCO2.

The use of the urine-blood (U-B) pCO2 difference as a marker of collecting tubule H+ secretion (CTH+S) faces serious interpretative pitfalls when applied to animals with respiratory acidosis. The present study was aimed to examine the use of this parameter in rats with acute respiratory alkalosis. During infusion of sodium bicarbonate, the U-B pCO2 was only slightly lower in hypocapnic than in eucapnic rats (30±2.2 and 39±3.3 mmHg,p<0.05) and this difference was no longer significant when this parameter was examined as a function of urine bicarbonate concentration. In contrast, the increment in urine pCO2 elicited by bicarbonate loading (i.e. the Δ pCO2) was markedly reduced in hypocapnic as compared to eucapnic rats (22±3.0 and 38±4.5 mmHg, respectively, p<0.01). The infusion of carbonic anhydrase while the urine was highly alkaline and the blood pCO2 kept constant resulted in a decrement in eurine pCO2 which was less in hypocapnic than in eucapnic rats (−23.9±1.9 vs −33±2.8 mmHg, p<0.02). These findings indicate that pCO2 generation from CTH+S and titration of bicarbonate is reduced in hypocapnic rats. The data are in accord with our proposal that the Δ pCO2 is a better index of CTH+S than the U-B pCO2 in the assessment of respiratory acid-base disorders.
Differential cytoskeletal association of ErbB1 and ErbB2 during keratinocyte differentiation.

Abstract ErbB1 and ErbB2 display differential subcellular localization in human skin and cultured keratinocytes. To determine whether ErbB1 and ErbB2 also differ in cytoskeletal binding properties, normal human keratinocytes grown under conditions favoring a basal or differentiated phenotype were repeatedly extracted in a non-ionic detergent buffer. In basaloid keratinocytes, cytoskeletal association of ErbB1 and ErbB2 was limited. ErbB1 (≈5%) was tightly associated with the cytoskeleton, compared to
Approaching Death by Writing: Montaigne's Essays and the Literature of Consolation

Heitsch examines the ways in which Montaigne's essays challenged and altered the conventions of the literature of consolation as he wrote to heal the loss of his best friend, Etienne de La Boetie. Heitsch finds in Montaigne's work not only a system of consolation for others, but also a movement toward consolation and peace for the writer himself, as well as a complex and dangerous challenging of social, religious, and political orthodoxies.
Abstract 4523: Chaetoglobosin K, a dual Akt and JNK inhibitor, modulates Akt phosphorylation in an mTORC2 independent manner

Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2014; April 5-9, 2014; San Diego, CA Chaetoglobosin K (ChK) is a natural indolylcytochalasin that has been reported to inhibit the proliferation of human lung and ovarian carcinoma cells in vitro. We have previously shown that ChK concomitantly down-regulates Akt and JNK activation, and have recently determined that the inhibition of Akt by ChK is not via direct inhibition of the upstream enzyme PI3 kinase. The reduction in Akt activation after ChK treatment is also not related to changes in phosphorylation of the upstream modulators PDK1 or PTEN. The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a kinase that regulates cell growth and protein synthesis and can be both upstream (mTORC2) and downstream (mTORC1) of Akt. The purpose of this study was to determine whether ChK: 1) decreases the activation of upstream mTORC2, as this may lead to a decrease in Akt phosphorylation; 2) alters the phosphorylation of downstream mTORC1 mediators 4E-BP1 and p70 S6 kinase. In these studies, ras-transformed rat liver epithelial cells were treated with either a non-cytotoxic dose of ChK or vehicle. Western blot analysis was performed using phosphorylation site-specific antibodies to monitor changes in 4E-BP1, p70 S6 kinase, and mTOR protein activation levels. The results of this study indicate that ChK treatment did not decrease mTORC2 activation levels and suggest that ChK decreases Akt phosphorylation through an alternate mechanism. ChK treatment decreased the phosphorylation of 4E-BP1 and p70 S6 kinase, confirming that ChK modulates downstream Akt/mTOR pathway effectors. Further investigations are warranted to determine the exact mechanism by which ChK down-regulates Akt, as well as JNK, activation in tumorigenic cells. This project was funded by NIH grant 1R15CA135415 Citation Format: Amna Ali, Diane F. Matesic. Chaetoglobosin K, a dual Akt and JNK inhibitor, modulates Akt phosphorylation in an mTORC2 independent manner. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 4523. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-4523
Mast cells: multitalented facilitators of protection against bacterial pathogens

Mast cells are crucial effector cells evoking immune responses against bacterial pathogens. The positioning of mast cells at the host–environment interface, and the multitude of pathogen-recognition receptors and preformed mediator granules make these cells potentially the earliest to respond to an invading pathogen. In this review, the authors summarize the receptors used by mast cells to recognize invading bacteria and discuss the function of immune mediators released by mast cells in control of bacterial infection. The interaction of mast cells with other immune cells, including macrophages, dendritic cells and T cells, to induce protective immunity is highlighted. The authors also discuss mast cell-based vaccine strategies and the potential application in control of bacterial disease.
Emergency physicians' ratings of alcoholism treaters.

Abstract The purpose of this study is to identify treaters whom emergency physicians perceive to offer effective treatment of alcoholism. A random sample of 2,500 emergency physicians received a questionnaire comparing attitudes toward Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) and professional alcoholism treaters. Physician agreement on the efficacy of alcoholism treaters was greatest for AA (87%), moderate for mental health professionals (including psychiatrists and psychologists, 55%) and least for physicians and surgeons (excluding psychiatrists, 23%; chi - square = 1,024, p = .000000005, df = 2). Physician education about other alcoholism treaters may vbe necessary if all types of treatment are to be considered for the emergency room patient.
Reorganizing The Financial Flows In American Health Care

Prologue: When American health policymakers discuss health care reform, what they really are discussing is reform of the financing and delivery of health care, not of the care itself. Most of health care financing deals with the flow of funds from U.S. households into health insurance funds (both governmental and private), whose responsibility it is to disburse those funds to various providers. As Uwe Reinhardt describes the process, American employers enter the picture as “pumping stations” for this flow of funds. “Whatever contribution private employers may have made to American health care is tempered by the deception, inadvertent or not, that probably has served to indoctrinate millions of American workers with a firm belief in the free lunch,” Reinhardt writes in this essay. The myth of the free lunch—that is, that employers are paying for the health care of their employees—has been the basis for “an unseemly pas de deux among employers and employees that may well have been one of the major cost driv...
Learning area network: information dissemination and online discussion in an education environment: the Capabil‐IT‐y project

The development of undergraduate key skills programmes has been a major concern for some years now, recently given added impetus by the Dearing report. This paper discusses the development, implementation and evaluation of web based key skills materials at the University of North London. Take up of these was positively correlated with academic success, although misuse of online discussion fora was evident. Lecturers and students differed markedly in their perception and evaluation of the system. Many of the advantages trumpeted by academics were dismissed by students, who felt that material posted online gave them extera work; represented an abrogation of lecturers’ teaching duties and shifted printing costs from the institution to the student. Network and other access problems caused further disenchantment. The paper concludes that moree attention needs to be paid both to user needs and attitudes, and to the resource implications of running such a system.
Non-FOOSH Scaphoid Fractures in Young Athletes: A Case Series and Short Clinical Review

Context:The scaphoid is the most commonly fractured bone in the wrist and can often be difficult to treat and manage, making healing of this fracture problematic.Evidence Acquisition:A search of the entire PubMed (MEDLINE) database using the terms scaphoid fracture management and scaphoid fracture evaluation returned several relevant anatomic and imaging references.Results:Wrist fractures most commonly occur in the scaphoid, which is implicated approximately 60% of the time. The most common mechanism of injury leading to a scaphoid fracture is a fall on an outstretched hand (FOOSH), causing a hyperextension force on the wrist. The following 2 cases, which occurred within 3 months of each other, highlight the difficulty of managing patients with possible scaphoid fractures. Neither patient had a typical FOOSH-related mechanism of injury, and neither was initially tender over the scaphoid.Conclusion:Differential diagnoses should include a scaphoid fracture with any hyperextension traumatic injury (FOOSH or ...
A Numerical Simulation Study of the Effects of Anvil Shading on Quasi-Linear Convective Systems

AbstractNumerical simulations are used to investigate how the attenuation of solar radiation by the intervening cumulonimbus cloud, particularly its large anvil, affects the structure, intensity, and evolution of quasi-linear convective systems and the sensitivity of the effects of this “anvil shading” to the ambient wind profile. Shading of the pre-gust-front inflow environment (as opposed to shading of the cold pool) has the most important impact on the convective systems. The magnitude of the low-level cooling, associated baroclinicity, and stabilization of the pre-gust-front environment due to anvil shading generally increases as the duration of the shading increases. Thus, for a given leading anvil length, a slow-moving convective system tends to be affected more by anvil shading than does a fast-moving convective system. Differences in the forward speeds of the convective systems simulated in this study are largely attributable to differences in the mean environmental wind speed over the depth of th...
Effect of methylmalonate on ketone body metabolism in developing rat brain

Abstract The oxidation of 3-hydroxy[3-14C]butyrate to CO2 and its incorporation into cerebral lipids by cortex slices from one-week old rats were markedly inhibited by methylmalonate. However, methylmalonate had no effect on the metabolism of labelled aceto- acetate, glucose and acetate by brain slices. Addition of propionate in the incubation medium reduced cerebral lipogenesis from labelled 3-hydroxybutyrate and acetate. Acute methylmalonic acidemia induced in one-week old pups by injecting 3% methylmalonate solution caused a reduction in the incorporation of labelled 3-hydroxybutyrate into cerebral lipids. However, acute methylmalonic acidemia had no effect on cerebral lipogensis in vivo from labelled acetate. These findings show (i) the conversion of 3-hydroxybutyrate to acetoacetate by 3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase in the brain is inhibited by methylmalonate, and (ii) an inhibition of cerebral lipid synthesis by propionate, which also accumulates in patients with methylmalonic aciduria.
Botryosphaeriaceae and Diaporthaceae associated with panicle and shoot blight of pistachio in California, USA

Botryosphaeria panicle and shoot blight was considered as one of the single greatest threats to the California pistachio industry in the last two decades. A large number of fungi with typical morphological characteristics of Botryosphaeriaceae and Diaporthe were collected from pistachios in 18 counties in California and deposited in our culture collection. The aims of this study were to identify these isolates, recognize the distribution of these fungal species and test their pathogenicity to pistachio cultivars. A total of 304 California isolates were identified based on comparisons of DNA sequence data of the ITS, TEF-1α and β-tubulin gene regions, and combined with the morphological features of the cultures and conidia. Research results showed that California isolates represent eight species of Botryosphaeriaceae and one species of Diaporthe. These species include Botryosphaeria dothidea, Diplodia seriata, Dothiorella iberica, Dot. sarmentorum, Lasiodiplodia citricola, L. gilanensis, Neofusicoccum mediterraneum, Neof. vitifusiforme and Diaporthe chamaeropis. Of the Botryosphaeriaceae, 86 % of the isolates were identified as Neof. mediterraneum, which distributed in all the sampled counties. On pistachio trees, in addition to isolates from California, Neof. mediterraneum from Arizona, Neof. australe from Australia, B. dothidea, Neof. parvum and Dia. viticola from Greece were also identified. Pathogenicity of the California fungi on pistachio cultivars, Kerman (female) and Peters (male), using a mycelium plug and conidial suspension inoculation methods showed that all these species are pathogenic to the two tested pistachio cultivars, with L. citricola, L. gilanensis being the most pathogenic species, followed by Neof. mediterraneum. This study represents the first comprehensive work on the species identification, distribution and pathogenicity of Botryosphaeriaceae and Diaporthe on pistachio in California.