cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Shape and Temperature Dependence of Hot Carrier Relaxation Dynamics in Spherical and Elongated CdSe Quantum Dots

Time-domain nonadiabatic ab initio simulations are performed to study the phonon-assisted hot electron relaxation dynamics in a CdSe spherical quantum dot (QD) and an elongated quantum dot (EQD) with the same diameter. The band gap is smaller, and the electron and hole states are denser in the EQD than in the QD. Also, the band gap shows a stronger negative temperature dependence in the EQD than in the QD. Higher frequency phonons are excited and scattered with electrons at higher temperatures for both QD and EQD. The electron–phonon coupling is generally stronger in the EQD than in the QD. The hot electron decay rates calculated from nonadiabatic molecular dynamics show a weaker temperature dependence than the T–1 trend in both QD and EQD, which is attributed to the thermal expansion effect. Furthermore, the relaxation of hot electrons proceeds faster and shows stronger temperature dependence in the EQD than in the QD. Our work demonstrates that the shape of quantum dots has a strong impact on the electr...
Osteoblastic Cells and the Hematopoietic Microenvironment: The Notch ligand Jagged1 Is Increased in Osteoblastic Stromal Cells by Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)Treatment.

Abstract In the bone marrow, osteoblastic cells have recently been shown to be an important component of the hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) niche. We demonstrated that activation of the PTH Receptor (PTHR1) in osteoblastic cells results in expansion of HSC in vitro and in vivo. In addition, PTH treatment of mice undergoing myeloablative bone marrow transplantation using limiting numbers of donor cells dramatically improved their survival. Activation of the Notch signaling pathway was necessary to mediate the PTH-induced expansion of HSC (Calvi L.M., Adams G.B. et al., Nature 425, 841–846). This pathway, through cell-cell interactions plays a fundamental role in HSC self-renewal. Since normal primary murine stromal cells treated with PTH (1–34) had improved ability to support HSC, we analyzed the expression of the Notch ligand Jagged1 in these cells. Stromal cell Jagged1 has been shown to promote HSC self-renewal. Realtime PCR analysis of total RNA from primary stromal cells showed no changes in Jagged1 message in PTH compared to vehicle-treated cells. To assess whether this was due to rare and heterogeneous expression of Jagged1 in the stromal cell population, we performed immunocytochemical analysis of primary murine stromal cells treated with PTH(1–34). A small subpopulation of PTH-treated primary murine cells had a dramatic increase of Jagged 1 protein, while this subpopulation was not identified in vehicle-treated stromal cells. Since the PTHR1 is expressed in stromal osteoblastic cells, rat osteosarcoma UMR106 cells were chosen in order to study PTH-dependent Jagged1 expression in osteoblastic cells. A 10 fold time and dose-dependent increase in Jagged1 expression was measured by realtime PCR in RNA from UMR106 cells treated with PTH compared with vehicle. Western blot analysis using two distinct anti-Jagged1 antibodies confirmed the PTH-dependent increase in Jagged1 protein in UMR106 cells. In osteoblasts, PTH(1–34) is known to activate both the adenylate cyclase (AC) and the protein kinase C (PKC) signaling cascades downstream of the PTH1R. We independently determined the effect of activating either pathway on Jagged1. Forskolin, an AC activator, dramatically increased Jagged1 expression in a time and dose dependent fashion. Jagged1 protein was also increased by Forskolin. In contrast, Jagged1 protein levels were not increased by treatment with TPA, a PKC activator. In summary, osteoblastic cell treatment with PTH increases expression of the Notch ligand Jagged1 through activation of the AC signaling pathway downstream of the PTH1R. UMR106 provide a useful model to study the molecular mechanisms underlying osteoblastic PTH-dependent increases in Jagged1 levels, which are likely to play an important role in the PTH-induced enhanced osteoblastic support of HSC. Further definition of this pathway is likely to provide targets for pharmacologic manipulation of the HSC microenvironment.
A simplified method of tumor imaging using 18F-FMAU with PET

513 Objectives: The kinetic measurements of [18F] FMAU (1-(2’-deoxy-2’-fluoro-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl) thymine) PET were studied to determine the most appropriate and simplest approaches to image acquisition and analysis. The rapid uptake and clearance of FMAU indicate that shortened imaging times and kinetic analysis may be suitable. Methods: Ten patients with brain (n= 4) or prostate tumors (n= 6) were imaged after injection of [18F]FMAU (mean 350 MBq) before therapy. Sixty minute dynamic images were obtained followed by whole body images. Regions of interest were placed on the three adjacent planes with the most visually active area of the tumor and isocontours used to delineate the edges. Mean Standard Uptake Values (SUVmean) and maximum SUV (SUVmax) were determined as the average over the 3 planes from the 5 to 11, 50 to 60, and 30 to 60 min images. For the kinetics analyses, blood activity was measured in 18 samples over 60 min by HPLC to determine tracer metabolism. Tumor retention was calculated as tumor uptake area under the curve (AUC)/ blood FMAU activity AUC. Tissue kinetics of FMAU were measured using a three compartment model. Results: SUVmean 30 to 60 min correlated with the measurements obtained from 5 to 11 and 50 to 60 min (r2=0.91, p Conclusions: Measurement of compartmental K can be replaced by tissue retention measurement in FMAU imaging. Measuring the whole blood activity in the first 11 min is sufficient to calculate the tissue kinetics in FMAU PET imaging. Five blood samples taken in the first 10 min are sufficient for tumor tissue kinetics measurements. The SUVmean and the SUVmax in 11 minute images correlated well with images obtained at 50 to 60 minutes, since the clearance of FMAU is so rapid. The quality of the images and tissue kinetics in 11 minutes of imaging makes it a simple imaging option. Research Support (if any): DOD W81XWH-04-1-0140, NIH CA39566, NCI CA22453
Open undersea cable systems for cloud scale operation

A true open cable system is designed specifically to operate in a disaggregated, vendor agnostic manner. We outline Microsoft's approach to open cable systems and discuss the technical challenges.
Commentary on the Papers by Klein and Talmy

Leonard Talmy’s paper, presented as a study of “the semantics of grammar,” concerns itself with discovering and analyzing those categories and devices found in the grammatical skeletons of the sentences in a language which are dedicated to the conceptualization and formulation of spatial information. Wolfgang Klein’s study, by contrast, is principally a report on a continuing research program designed to discover empirically the ways in which both lexical and grammatical material can be used in communication involving the description of “spatial worlds,” and how speakers present and “linearize” information about paths in such “worlds.”
An efficient embedded multi-ported memory architecture for next-generation FPGAs

In recent years, there has been a dramatic increase in utilization of FPGAs to enhance the speed-performance of many real-time compute and data intensive applications on embedded platforms. FPGA-based designs leverage parallelism in computations to achieve high speed-performance. Parallel computations require multi-ported memories to provide any number of ports for simultaneous multiple read/write (R/W) operations. Although several multi-ported memories are proposed in the literature, these designs become complex due to the extra logic and routing used for techniques/architectures to provide an arbitrary number of R/W ports. In this research work, we introduce a novel and efficient multi-ported memory architecture utilizing simple dual-port BRAMs, to provide an arbitrary number of R/W ports. Apart from the BRAMs, our proposed multi-ported memory design only consists of the Decision Making Modules and a counter, thus simplifying the design process. The R/W operations within our architecture are also straightforward. Experiments are performed to evaluate the feasibility and efficiency of our multi-ported memory architecture. We also evaluate our architecture with the most recently proposed multi-ported memory designs, implemented using LVT and XOR techniques, from the existing literature. FPGA manufacturers could employ our multi-ported memory architecture to accelerate real-time compute/data intensive applications with their next-generation FPGAs. Due to lower design complexity compared to the existing designs, our simplified memory architecture would enable seamless integration to the existing FPGA-based CAD tools with minimal design cost.
Short selling around the expiration of IPO share lockups

Abstract We are the first to examine daily short selling activity around the expiration of IPO share lockups. We find that short selling increases before the lockup expiration date and declines afterward, and the level of short selling is higher in stocks of venture capital (VC)- and private equity (PE)-backed IPOs than other IPOs. Unlike VC-backed IPO stocks, PE-backed IPO stocks do not experience a negative return or a trading volume jump on the lockup expiration date. PE investors do not reduce percentage ownership in the IPO firm as much as VC investors do after lockup expirations. Short selling in PE- and VC-backed IPO stocks prior to the lockup expiration date can predict PE and VC ownership reduction but not the stock returns after the lockup expires. In contrast, short selling in stocks of the IPO firms without a PE or VC investor can predict stock returns after the lockup expires.
Automation of Cloud Node Installation for Testing and Scalable Provisioning

Motivated by the lack of automated provisioning and testing tools for physical systems in modern cloud infrastructures, we developed a toolset to automate the installation of a commercial platform virtualization software: the IBM PowerVM NovaLink software. This toolset automates numerous manual installation steps and post-installation tests. The toolset uses Python programs to prepare the target system and to generate installation-configuration files through interaction with a web-interface of the POWER firmware. Expect scripts are used to drive the rest of the installation via interactions through a remote text console. With different scenarios of applying this automation toolset, we demonstrate its use in driving regression testing for the development of the NovaLink installer in a DevOps environment. Furthermore, we discuss its use in provisioning a large number of IBM POWER systems to be ready for cloud management software.
The hidden value of paper records

We are wandering on foot in the forests of Glacier Bay, Alaska, in a steady rain, searching for a tree that is visible in a decades-old photograph. The willows form a green wall as we push through, soaking wet despite our full rubber raingear. We are attempting to rediscover the exact location of
Discourse as a lens for reframing consideration of learning progressions

Learning progressions -- descriptions of increasingly sophisticated ways of thinking about a topic - have generated much interest in the science education community, as a means of bridging the chasm between cognitive science research and methods for supporting and assessing student learning. In order to fulfill this promise, learning progressions must be developed and refined based upon a rigorous process that explores the match between the learning progression and available evidence of student learning and is complicated by the nature of students' thinking. This paper explores the implications of reframing consideration of learning progressions using Gee's notion of discourse. This reframing is posited as a means of making sense of students' use and interpretation of words that have both everyday and scientific meanings and their apparent inconsistency in responding to assessment items. Data collected about students' understandings relative to two learning progressions is used to explore this approach.
The utility of a normal tear osmolarity test in patients presenting with dry eye disease like symptoms: A prospective analysis.

Abstract Objective To explore the diagnostic utility of normal tear osmolarity in patients with symptoms suggestive of dry eye disease (DED). Methods Prospective observational cohort study of 100 patients that underwent tear osmolarity testing (TearLab™) if they endorsed one or more symptoms of potential DED. Patients were included for the study if they had a normal tear osmolarity test (value Results Mean tear osmolarity was 293.40 mOsms/L (±6.82), with a mean absolute difference of 2.85 mOsms/L (±1.98) between the eyes. A possible alternate diagnosis was established in 89% of patients with normal tear osmolarity testing. The most frequent diagnoses included anterior blepharitis (26%) and allergic conjunctivitis (21%). Conclusions Common symptoms of DED overlap significantly with a wide variety of other ocular surface diseases, and a normal tear osmolarity test should increase clinical suspicion for alternate causes of those symptoms. Anterior blepharitis and allergic conjunctivitis were the most common diagnoses made in symptomatic patients with normal tear osmolarity who may have otherwise been misdiagnosed and treated for DED.
Carriage of the Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxin Gene by Contemporary Community-Associated Staphylococcus aureus Isolates

We report here the prevalence of the tst-1 gene among 252 methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) isolates and 458 methicillin-resistant S aureus (MRSA) isolates collected from 531 subjects between 2008 and 2017, one of which was recovered from a child with MRSA toxic shock syndrome. tst-1 was encoded by 43 (6%) S aureus isolates overall: 42 (16.7%) MSSA isolates and 1 (0.2%) MRSA isolate (P < .001).
How user perceptions of SAP ERP system change with system experience

This study examines how user perceptions of SAP ERP system change as they gain more experience with the system. The study focuses on two perceptual factors: system playfulness as a positive factor and system anxiety as a negative factor. The study uses data from a survey of college students who took a course on business process integration with ERP system where students used SAP ERP system to complete course works on business processes. The results show that system experience is not significantly related to system playfulness, while system experience is significantly related to system anxiety. These results suggest that users become less anxious of the system as they gain more experience with the system.
Revalidation of the Hypoglycemia Risk Stratification Tool Using ICD-10 Codes

We previously developed and validated a hypoglycemia risk stratification tool (1) and made available the computer source code for implementation (online-only supplemental eTable 2 [1]). This tool classifies 12-month risk of hypoglycemia-related utilization (HRU) of emergency department (ED) or in-patient services among type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients as high (>5%), intermediate (1–5%), or low (<1%). Since its publication, health care delivery systems in the U.S. (including Kaiser Permanente and Mayo Clinic) have adopted this tool to identify higher-risk patients for targeted population management interventions designed to reduce hypoglycemia risk. Among the six inputs required to calculate HRU risk (prior HRU, insulin use, sulfonylurea use, any ED visits, chronic kidney disease stage, and age), only prior HRU relied on diagnostic coding and was based on an algorithm (2) comprising International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM) codes. Since 1 October 2015, the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services has required use of the 10th revision (ICD-10-CM), necessitating an updated HRU case identification algorithm that includes ICD-10-CM codes for hypoglycemia. We identified ICD-10-CM codes for hypoglycemia to complement the existing ICD-9-CM–based algorithm (any of the following: 251.0, 251.1, 251.2, 962.3, or 250.8, without concurrent 259.8, 272.7, 681.XX, 682.XX, 686.9X, 707.1–707.9, 709.3, 730.0–730.2, or 731.8). The ICD-10-CM codes for hypoglycemia (any of the …
MRI and glymphatic system

Glymphatic system is newly discovered pseudolymphatic system in brain and it plays an important role in the removal of interstitial metabolic waste products. We discuss and review the role of glymphatic system in neurological diseases, especially focus on the potential of MRI modelling and its associated challenges to obtain useful new information related to understand the glymphatic system dynamics, pathways, and provide quantitative maps for diagnosis, monitoring and prognosis of the disease. The non-invasive nature of MRI might more readily help with translation of glymphatic measurements from the laboratory to the clinic.
Paddle Ball Dynamics during Conversion of a Rh–Methyl Hydride Complex to a Rh–Methane σ-Complex through Reductive Coupling

We used quasiclassical direct dynamics simulations to examine reaction pathways for protonation-induced reductive coupling of a pincer (PONOP)Rh–methyl hydride complex. These dynamics simulations revealed that the majority of trajectories (>90%) emerging from a vibrationally averaged velocity distribution of the Rh–methyl hydride reductive coupling transition state led to the Rh–methane σ-complex. Only a few trajectories (<10%) dynamically deviated and did not sample this σ-complex structure and resulted in direct methane reductive elimination/dissociation. This indicates that the Rh–methane σ-complex is directly dynamically connected to the Rh–methyl hydride reductive coupling transition state and is not the result of methane rebound due to a solvent cage. Unexpectedly, trajectories that resulted in a Rh–methane σ-complex occurred with paddle ball motion where methane began to leave the Rh coordination sphere but then returned to the σ-complex, and so the distinction between reductive coupling and elimin...
16 – PROBLEMS, GOALS, AND TRADEOFFS

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the problems, goals and trade-offs of economic policies. National goals include full employment, stable prices, and economic growth. Noneconomic goals like national defense, justice, and foreign policy influence economic choices too. Trade-offs among goals is often necessary. International goals add to policy problems. A strong dollar, an improved international-trade position, and a solution to the balance-of-payments problem are goals too. The chapter explores several policies to reduce inflation, lower unemployment rates, and reduce balance-of-payments deficits. These policies include classical medicine, exchange intervention, monetary policy, trade barriers, wage and price controls, and supply-side tax cuts. Four more problems plague policy: (1) lags in economic policies, (2) measurement error and uncertainty, internal economic disagreement, and policy conflicts among nations.
Online Thermal Effect Modeling and Prediction of Implantable Devices

The overheating caused by the operation of implantable device can cause damage to the surrounding tissue. In applications like neural prosthesis, 1 °C of temperature increase could lead to irreversible damage to the subject. Predicting the overheating effect is therefore critical to maintain safe operation. This work proposes a Bayesian recursive multi-step prediction method for implantable device to predict the overheating effect. The method proposed in this article achieves accurate prediction within a horizon with low complexity by model updating that iteratively minimizes a function of the ${j}$ -step-ahead prediction error. At each time instant, the new available input output data are stored in a First In First Out (FIFO) queue of fixed length, and the model parameters are updated by iteratively minimizing the ${j}$ -step-ahead prediction error of the new data. Moreover, the regularization methods are introduced to improve the prediction performance by taking the Bayesian interpretation of the parameters into consideration. Monte Carlo simulation studies indicate that the developed method is able to estimate the fundamental dynamics of the system when the prediction model is underparametered, and is robust to measurement noise. For time varying systems, the developed method can capture the system dynamics during the system variation. The proposed method is demonstrated via an in-vitro test vehicle, which shows that the temperature increase can be predicted with high accuracy and low complexity.
Persuasion Invasion: Reducing Bias with Value-Adaptive Instruction

As civil discourse in America is becoming less substantive and respectful (Doherty, 2019), some educators have turned to educational games as a potential solution. However, providing effective instruction on key civic skills (e.g., perspective taking) requires a level of individualization that is unscalable in traditional classroom environments. Here we present Persuasion Invasion, an educational game that uses Value-Adaptive Instruction to help students learn to engage in productive civil discourse (i.e., discourse that fosters democratic goals (Papacharissi, 2004)). Throughout the game, players learn about the values that underpin our beliefs and barriers to productive discourse (e.g., tribalism and bias). We tested a scalable, value-adaptive intervention, and found that we were able to estimate and, in some cases, reduce the impact of bias when reasoning about political arguments.
Irradiation stability and thermomechanical properties of 3D-printed SiC

Abstract Neutron irradiation tests were carried out on 3D-printed SiC derived from binderjet additive manufacturing and chemical vapor infiltration. Irradiation was carried to 2.3 dpa over a temperature range of 400–850 °C. Anisotropy that had been observed in the thermal conductivity of 3D-printed SiC prior to irradiation vanished after irradiation as the irradiation defect thermal resistivity accumulated in the material. No degradation in strength was observed in the material before or after irradiation, at various temperatures, or in different orientations. Electron microscopy of the microstructure after neutron irradiation showed distinct defect morphologies in the heterogenous material, but no evidence for irradiation-induced cracking or degradation in the microstructure was observed.
Dendritic spine remodeling and aging

Abstract Dendritic spines are a primary site for age-related changes in neuronal circuitry. The structural plasticity of spines underlies learning and memory and is intimately tied with the ability to transmit biochemical or electrical signals. In humans and other mammals, unimpaired aging involves spine loss in numerous brain regions, though each may exhibit vulnerability in spine subpopulations. In executive control regions, highly plastic thin spines are most vulnerable and exhibit dramatic declines. In the hippocampus, larger, more stable spines experience the greatest losses. In either case, the presence of more extreme spine phenotypes correlates strongly with greater age-related memory loss (ARML). Loss of spine numbers or their structural plasticity is also a common feature of early neurodegenerative conditions such as Alzheimer disease. Altogether, spine-minded therapeutics may offer a common front against brain aging, ARML, and early AD. Inspiration for such approaches may come from spine phenotypes of “resilient” individuals who maintain cognitive function despite advanced age (i.e., centenarians) or neuropathologic burden. Identifying and harnessing neurobiological substrates of resilience appear promising for therapeutic development. Nevertheless, new emerging interventions must remain mindful of region-specific synaptic remodeling.
Perception-Based Temporal Logic Planning in Uncertain Semantic Maps

This paper addresses a multi-robot planning problem in partially unknown semantic environments. The environment is assumed to have known geometric structure (e.g., walls) and to be occupied by static labeled landmarks with uncertain positions and classes. This modeling approach gives rise to an uncertain semantic map generated by semantic SLAM algorithms. Our goal is to design control policies for robots equipped with noisy perception systems so that they can accomplish collaborative tasks captured by global temporal logic specifications. To account for environmental and perceptual uncertainty, we extend a fragment of Linear Temporal Logic (LTL), called co-safe LTL, by including perception-based atomic predicates allowing us to incorporate uncertainty-wise and probabilistic satisfaction requirements directly into the task specification. The perception-based LTL planning problem gives rise to an optimal control problem, solved by a novel sampling-based algorithm, that generates open-loop control policies that are updated online to adapt to a continuously learned semantic map. We provide extensive experiments to demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed planning architecture.
Lower Bounds for Maximally Recoverable Tensor Code and Higher Order MDS Codes.

An $(m,n,a,b)$-tensor code consists of $m\times n$ matrices whose columns satisfy `$a$' parity checks and rows satisfy `$b$' parity checks (i.e., a tensor code is the tensor product of a column code and row code). Tensor codes are useful in distributed storage because a single erasure can be corrected quickly either by reading its row or column. Maximally Recoverable (MR) Tensor Codes, introduced by Gopalan et al., are tensor codes which can correct every erasure pattern that is information theoretically possible to correct. The main questions about MR Tensor Codes are characterizing which erasure patterns are correctable and obtaining explicit constructions over small fields. In this paper, we study the important special case when $a=1$, i.e., the columns satisfy a single parity check equation. We introduce the notion of higher order MDS codes (MDS$(\ell)$ codes) which is an interesting generalization of the well-known MDS codes, where $\ell$ captures the order of genericity of points in a low-dimensional space. We then prove that a tensor code with $a=1$ is MR iff the row code is an MDS$(m)$ code. We then show that MDS$(m)$ codes satisfy some weak duality. Using this characterization and duality, we prove that $(m,n,a=1,b)$-MR tensor codes require fields of size $q=\Omega_{m,b}(n^{\min\{b,m\}-1})$. Our lower bound also extends to the setting of $a>1$. We also give a deterministic polynomial time algorithm to check if a given erasure pattern is correctable by the MR tensor code (when $a=1$).
Large Language Models Can Be Strong Differentially Private Learners

Differentially Private (DP) learning has seen limited success for building large deep learning models of text, and attempts at straightforwardly applying Differentially Private Stochastic Gradient Descent (DP-SGD) to NLP tasks have resulted in large performance drops and high computational overhead. We show that this performance drop can be mitigated with (1) the use of large pretrained models; (2) hyperparameters that suit DP optimization; and (3) fine-tuning objectives aligned with the pretraining procedure. With these factors set right, we obtain private NLP models that outperform state-of-the-art private training approaches and strong non-private baselines -- by directly fine-tuning pretrained models with DP optimization on moderately-sized corpora. To address the computational challenge of running DP-SGD with large Transformers, we propose a memory saving technique that allows clipping in DP-SGD to run without instantiating per-example gradients for any layer in the model. The technique enables privately training Transformers with almost the same memory cost as non-private training at a modest run-time overhead. Contrary to conventional wisdom that DP optimization fails at learning high-dimensional models (due to noise that scales with dimension) empirical results reveal that private learning with pretrained models tends to not suffer from dimension-dependent performance degradation.
Nonlinear optics of spatiotemporal orbital angular momentum of light

We experimentally uncovered the conservation of spatiotemporal orbital angular momentum (ST-OAM) of light in a second-harmonic generation process for the first time. We demonstrate that the space-time topological charge of the fundamental ST-OAM field is doubled along with the optical frequency.
“I Will Fight You Like I’m Straight”: Gay Gang- and Crime-Involved Men’s Participation in Violence

Despite extensive criminological literature on violence and victimization, the portrait of gay men’s involvement is unclear. Literature exists on gay men as victims of intimate partner violence and anti-gay bias crimes, but there is very little on gay perpetrators of violence. In this chapter, I seek to critically interrogate existing assumptions and address this lack of coverage. I utilize in-depth, semistructured interviews with 53 gay gang- and crime-involved men to discuss their participation in violence under a variety of contexts to provide a descriptive picture of their varied uses of violence. Although their uses of violence are largely consistent with the extant literature, their experiences as gay men are often central to their justifications for violence. I also explore the links between violent victimization and violence perpetration. My data suggest that negative experiences such as neighborhood violence, homophobic bullying in schools, and anti-gay harassment all play roles in respondents’ decisions to utilize violence; however, this violence did not always serve to prevent their future victimization.
When "Comprehensive" Prescriptive Easements Overlap Adverse Possession: Shifting Theories of "Use" and "Possession"

Human nature dictates that private ownership of land creates conoict among neighbors. In the realm of adverse possession and prescriptive easements, the law intervenes to settle these disputes. Adverse possession quiets conoict by providing the ripened possessor with title in fee simple absolute. In contrast, a prescriptive easement provides the holder with only a right of use. However, there are occasions when a prescriptive easement establishes a right of use so broad and encompassing that it amounts to a grant of de facto possession. Thus, such a “comprehensive prescriptive easement” enables the court to award the equivalent of possession while only requiring proof of mere prescriptive use. This Note examines the problems of comprehensive prescriptive easements, and explores possible solutions where rights of use are the equivalent of possession.
Further evidence for Sraffa's interpretation of Ricardo

Samuel Hollander (1973, 1975, 1979) has attracted much attention by disputing Piero Sraffa's famous 'corn model' interpretation of Ricardo's 1815 Essay on Profits. John Eatwell (1975) and, more recently, Pierangelo Garegnani (1982), in this journal, have come to Sraffa's defence. At issue is Sraffa's suggestion, contained in the introduction to the first volume of his edition of Ricardo's works, that the 'rational foundation' of Ricardo's dictum that 'the profits of the farmer ... regulate the profits of all other trades' is the assumption that the inputs and outputs of agricultural production are roughly homogenous and that the rate of profit in agriculture may therefore be conceived as a ratio of physical quantities, independent of valuation (Sraffa, 1951, p. xxxi). Eatwell and Garegnani base their defences of this proposition upon exegeses of the relevant text and correspondence. In this short paper I will show that further evidence in support of Sraffa's view may be found in a now little known article written by Robert Torrens which appeared in The Edinburgh Review of October 1819.1 That article, which was ostensibly a review of four pamphlets of Robert Owen, and which bore the running title, 'Mr. Owen's Plans for Relieving the National Distress', details a 'corn model' theory of profits in much more explicit terms than does Ricardo's Essay on Profits. Ricardo, moreover, was not only familiar with the article but wrote approvingly of it in several letters. To J. R. McCulloch, on 28 February 1820, he wrote,
The Use of Control Charts in Healthcare

Statistical process control (SPC) charts are increasingly being used in healthcare to aid in process understanding, assess process stability, and identify changes that indicate either improvement or deterioration in quality. They are used in hospital process improvement projects, by accrediting bodies and governmental agencies, and for public health surveillance. We provide an overview of common uses of SPC in healthcare and some guidance on the choice of appropriate charts for various applications. Implementation issues and more advanced SPC and related methods also are discussed.
The prediction of trapping probabilities for ethane by molecular dynamics simulations: scaling from Pt(111) to Pd(111)

Abstract The dynamics of ethane trapping on Pd(1 1 1) were investigated by supersonic molecular beam techniques and three-dimensional stochastic trajectory simulations. The initial trapping probability was measured over the range of incident energy, E T , from 10 to 34 kJ/mol and incident angles, θ , from 0° to 45° at a surface temperature of 95 K. The trapping probability scales with E T cos 0.9 θ , indicating a corrugated gas–surface potential. Stochastic trajectory simulations utilizing a Morse potential whose parameters were obtained experimentally from ethane trapping on Pt(1 1 1) [J. Chem. Phys. 104 (1996) 3134] predict the corresponding experimental values of the initial trapping probability of ethane trapping on Pd(1 1 1) to within 30%. Calculations of energy transfer for ethane after the first bounce on Pd(1 1 1) clearly indicate that vibrational excitation of the lattice phonons account primarily for the increase in trapping probabilities of ethane on Pd(1 1 1) compared with Pt(1 1 1). The enhancement in phonon excitation results from increasing the mass ratio of ethane to the metal atoms.
New Energy Source Controlled by Gravity Alone

I present a theoretical and numerical (Monte Carlo) N-particle analysis of Penrose scattering processes in the ergosphere of a supermassive Kerr black hole. These GR model calculations reveal that the observed high energies and luminosities of quasars and other active galactic nuclei, the collimated jets about the polar axis, and the asymmetrical jets (which can be enhanced by relativistic Doppler beaming effects) all are inherent properties of rotating black holes. The Penrose scattered escaping relativistic particles exhibit tightly wound coil-like cone distributions (highly collimated vortical jet distributions) about the polar axis, with helical polar angles of escape varying from 0.5-30 deg for the highest energy particles. The gravitomagnetic field exerts a force acting on the momentum vectors of the incident and scattered particles, causing asymmetrical particle jet emission above and below the equatorial plane. When the accretion disk is assumed to be an ADAF, energies as high as 54 GeV can be attained by these Penrose processes alone; and when relativistic beaming is included, energies in the TeV range can be achieved, agreeing with observations of some BL Lac objects. This energy-momentum extraction model can be applied to any size black hole. When this model is applied specifically to quasars 3C 279, 3C 273, Seyfert 1 galaxy MCG--60-30-15, and galactic black hole source Cygnus X-1, their observed high energy luminosity spectra in general can be explained. The consistency of these Penrose model calculations with observations suggests that the external magnetic field of the accretion disk plays a negligible role in the extraction of energy-momentum from a rotating black hole, close to the event horizon, where gravitational forces appear to be dominant.
Influence of aqueous 1-methylcyclopropene concentration, immersion duration, and solution longevity on the postharvest ripening of breaker-turning tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) fruit

The influence of aqueous 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) concentration, immersion duration, and solution longevity on the ripening of early ripening-stage tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) has been investigated. Tomato fruit at the breaker-turning stage were fully immersed in aqueous 1-MCP at 50, 200, 400 and 600 μg L−1 for 1 min, quickly dried, and then stored at 20 °C. Ethylene production, respiration, surface color development, and rate of accumulation of lycopene and polygalacturonase (PG) activity were suppressed and/or delayed in fruit exposed to aqueous 1-MCP. Suppression of ripening was concentration dependent, with maximum inhibition in response to 1 min immersion occurring at concentrations of 400 and 600 μg L−1. Climacteric ethylene peaks were delayed approximately 6, 7, and 9 d and respiration was strongly suppressed in fruit treated with aqueous 1-MCP at 200, 400, and 600 μg L−1, respectively, compared with control fruit. Fruit firmness, lycopene content, PG activity, and surface hue of fruit treated at the three higher levels remained strongly suppressed compared with control. Skin hue values and pericarp lycopene content in response to treatment at the subthreshold 50 μg L−1 provided evidence for differential ripening suppression in external versus internal tissues. Maximum delay of softening and surface color development in response to 50 μg L−1 aqueous 1-MCP occurred following immersion periods of between 6 and 12 min. Factors affecting fruit penetration by aqueous 1-MCP and mechanisms contributing to recovery from 1-MCP-induced ripening inhibition are discussed.
Effect of ultraviolet light on RNA and protein synthesis in differentiated epidermal cells.

STUDIES of the effects of microbeam ultraviolet light on growing tissue culture cells have shown that nucleolar RNA synthesis decreases rapidly but protein synthesis is either not affected1 or is decreased as a result of inhibition of nuclear RNA synthesis2. The influence of ultraviolet light energy on formation of macromolecules in more differentiated cells, however, has not been adequately studied. In the present study we examined the effects of heterochromatic ultraviolet light on RNA and protein synthesis in granular cells of human epidermis in vivo. These cells are differentiated epidermal cells which do not replicate, but do actively synthesize RNA and protein.
Elastic modulus of prepared canine jejunum, a new vascular graft material.

The submucosal connective tissue of the jejunum has been shown to be suitable for use as a vascular graft in preliminary dog studies. To partially characterize the mechanical properties of this new graft material, longitudinal stress (σ)-strain (e)-data were obtained on 13 specimens of canine jejunum, stripped of its mucosal and external smooth-muscle layers. The ratio of stress to strain is the modulus of elasticity (E). It was found that the stress σ-strain e-data fitted the expressionγ=K∈α very well. For a typical specimenγ=2.69×106∈2.33. The modulus of elasticity (E=γ1-1/αK1/α) was found to increase with increasing stress, ranging from about 2,000 to 9,000 mmHg. For the average specimenE=573γ0.57, where σ is in mmHg, (1 mmHg=133.3 Pascals).
Cognitive and Contextual Variation in Hot‐Cold Classification

found that agreement in a food item's "general" classification was high if there was no ambiguity in the valence of an item across the specific contexts of food preparation, sexuality, and health, but low when items were variously classified in different specific contexts. Here, we compare Tlaxcalans and Pennsylvanians on judgments of the hot-cold valences of food in both general and specific contexts. We find that the Pennsylvanians agree as much on the valences of foods as the Tlax-
Morphological characterization of β-VLDL and acetylated-LDL binding and internalization by cultured pigeon monocytes

Abstract The ultrastructure of binding, internalization, and translocation of β-migrating very low density lipoprotein (β-VLDL) and acetylated low density lipoprotein (Ac-LDL) by cultured pigeon monocytes was examined using lipoprotein-gold conjugates. Through morphometry, differences in the binding and uptake of β-VLDL-gold and Ac-LDL-gold were documented. Cells exposed to either β-VLDL-gold or Ac-LDL-gold for 2 hr at 4°C had the label over noncoated regions of the plasma membrane. Upon warming the cells to 37°C for 2 min, 35% of the surface-bound β-VLDL-gold was within coated pits on the cell surface. Although coated pits occupied less than 2% of the surface, binding of β-VLDL-gold was 53 times more concentrated in coated pits as compared to noncoated membrane regions. In contrast, Ac-LDL-gold neither bound to coated pits nor relocated into coated regions of the membrane upon warming to 37°C. Both the β-VLDL-gold and the Ac-LDL-gold were internalized when the cells were rewarmed at 37°C. Most of the internalized gold particles for both lipoproteins were located in electron-lucent vesicles; however, 9% of the intracellular β-VLDL-gold was observed within coated vesicles at early times. Upon prolonged rewarming (30–90 min), both lipoprotein-gold conjugates were within acid phosphatase-positive lysosomes. Ultimately 83% of the Ac-LDL-gold and 90% of the β-VLDL-gold were within electron-dense and electron-lucent lysosomes. These results suggested that the receptor-mediated binding and internalization of β-VLDL and Ac-LDL by pigeon monocyte macrophages proceeded by separate, distinct routes: β-VLDL by both coated and noncoated pathways while Ac-LDL was internalized exclusively by noncoated mechanisms. Regardless of these internalization differences, both lipoproteins were delivered to lysosomes for degradation.
Pluri-canonical divisors on Kähler manifolds

Soit p:X→M une application reguliere propre de varietes complexes a fibres connexes de dimension k, O est un point de M. On suppose que p −1 (0)=X 0 est dans la classe #7B-C. Soit m un entier positif et on suppose le diviseur d'une section non nulle dans H 0 (X 0 , (Ω Xd 0 k ) ⊗m ) est lisse. Alors il y a un voisinage analytique U de O dans M tel que P l (p −1 (Z))=P l (X 0 ) pour l=1,…,m, et pour tout Z dans U
Optical Imaging of Objects in Turbid Media using Principal Component Analysis and Time Reversal Matrix Methods

Principal component analysis and time reversal matrix methods were used to develop approaches for imaging of targets in turbid media. The efficacy is demonstrated by imaging two targets embedded in intralipid-10% suspension in water.
Non-State Actor Influence in the Negotiations of the Convention to Combat Desertification

This article explores the role of expertise in decision-making by studying the influence of non-state actors in the negotiations of the Convention to Combat Desertification. Actors possessing issue-relevant knowledge and the skill and judgment in how to use this knowledge – often referred to as experts – are consulted on specific issues and may exert influence over the result of negotiating processes. Conventional wisdom suggests that since they are requested to provide advice, scientific advisers are likely to wield high levels of influence at certain moments in environmental negotiations. There is also a growing literature that suggests that NGOs have increasing influence in such negotiations. This article examines both these propositions and finds that, in the case of the desertification negotiations, the formally appointed scientific advisory body – the International Panel of Experts on Desertification (IPED) – had insignificant influence on the process and outcome of the negotiations. This was due to IPED's perception of its own role, a preemption of IPED's functions, and the mandate and design of IPED. NGOs, however, exerted a high degree of influence because of the participatory approach promoted in the Convention, the composition of the attending NGOs, and the supporting environment in the negotiations. The article concludes by suggesting some implications of these findings for international environmental negotiations.
Dialogues with children about their families.

Developmentally sensitive child dialogues reveal that children's own self-appraisals are linked to their perceptions of their parents' strengths and weaknesses and to the support they report receiving from significant others in their lives.
Monogamy and polygyny in Southeast Arnhem land: Male coercion and female choice

Abstract We discuss the female choice and male coercion models of polygyny in light of women's reproductive histories from an Australian Aboriginal community in Southeast Arnhem Land. We reject the female choice model not only because these women seem to have had little choice in their marriages, but also because lifetime reproductive success for women in polygynous marriages was significantly lower than for those in monogamous marriages. Although our data are consistent with the male coercion model, we assert that this model is incomplete because it makes no predictions about the alternative strategies available to women who find themselves unable to maximize numerical measures of reproductive success, nor does it accommodate our finding that in many respects sororal and nonsororal polygyny are as different from each other as they are from monogamy. We discuss the differences among the three marriage types and suggest that: (a) sororally polygynous women may be better able to maximize measures of offspring reproductive value than nonsororally polygynous women and (b) at least in this Aboriginal community, sororal polygyny may have been the optimal compromise between male and female reproductive interests.
Accessing the Common Core Standards for Students with Learning Disabilities: Strategies for Writing Standards-Based IEP Goals.

Since the reauthorization of the Individuals With Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) in 2004, standards-based individualized education plans (IEPs) have been an expectation for serving students with disabilities in the K–12 public school setting. Nearly a decade after the mandates calling for standards-based IEPs, special educators still struggle with how to develop standards-based IEPs and provide the required access to the general curriculum for their students. In 1997, the Elementary and Secondary Education Act requirement under IDEA called for the development of standards-based IEP goals. More than a decade later, only 37 states show evidence of implementing standards-based IEPs. Special educators need assistance to develop competence in the area of writing standards-based IEP goals according to the Common Core State Standards. The process outlined in this article offers educators and IEP teams strategies to build competence in this area.
Investigation of Lipid Distribution by Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Scattering

The chemical identity of individual lipids in cellular systems is believed to modulate the function of organelles and macro molecular assemblies. It has been shown that lipid composition can alter the rate of membrane protein conformational changes. In particular, variations in saturated and unsaturated lipids are believed to modulate the mechanical properties of the bilayer matrix supporting membrane proteins. Thus far, it has been challenging to identify the specific lipids that interact to modulate intact membranes. To study these phenomena, we have developed a multiplex coherent anti-Stokes microscope to spectroscopically distinguish the chemical composition of lipids in model and cellular systems. CARS imaging is a valuable tool for studying lipids in biological systems. We seek to gain spectroscopic information to discern biochemical gradients and interactions. The microscope utilizes a super continuum stokes beam and a spectrally narrow picosecond probe to measure a selection of vibrational modes simultaneously providing a chemical fingerprint for each pixel. Using this microscope we have detected vibrational bands that can be attributed to specific lipid components, such as the choline head group and are exploring its use in intact cellular systems.