cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Berkshire Beyond Buffett: The Enduring Value of Values (Chapter 8)

Berkshire Hathaway, the $300 billion conglomerate that Warren Buffett built, is among the world’s largest and most famous corporations. Yet, for all its power and celebrity, few people understand Berkshire, and many assume it cannot survive without Buffett. This book proves them wrong. In a comprehensive portrait of the corporate culture that unites Berkshire’s subsidiaries, Lawrence Cunningham unearths the traits that assure the conglomerate’s perpetual prosperity. Riveting stories of each subsidiary’s origins, triumphs, and journey to Berkshire reveal how managers generate economic value from intangibles like thrift, integrity, entrepreneurship, autonomy, and a sense of permanence. In chapter 8, excerpted here, Cunningham discusses the value of autonomy in a business organization, highlighting Berkshire’s Pampered Chef subsidiary and noting the model and some of its limits at its Scott Fetzer subsidiary. The chapter portrays Berkshire’s embrace of autonomy as reflecting a trust-based model of corporate governance, in contrast to the prevailing control-oriented model. It dramatizes with a close look at the case of David Sokol, a top Berkshire executive widely seen as Buffett’s heir apparent, until his purchase of the stock of a potential Berkshire takeover target caused a rare scandal at the conglomerate.
Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) for communication and control: a mini-review.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses various brain–computer interfaces (BCIs) used for communication and control. BCIs currently under development determine the user's intent from a variety of different electrophysiological signals. These signals fall into two classes. The first class consists of field potentials in the frequency domain, such as mu or beta rhythm activity from sensorimotor cortex or the time domain, such as P300 evoked potentials recorded from the scalp (on the scale of centimeters); from the cortical surface on the scale of millimeters; or from within the cortex on the scale of tens of microns. The second class consists of neuronal action potentials recorded by microelectrodes within the cortex. BCI systems acquire these signals, digitize them, and analyze them to obtain specific signal features, such as the amplitude of particular rhythms or particular evoked potential components, or the firing rates of individual cortical neurons. These features are then translated in real-time into commands that operate a computer display or other device. Till now, four types of BCIs have been demonstrated in humans, which include slow cortical potentials (SCP), sensorimotor rhythms, P300 evoked potential, and cortical neuronal BCI.
The puerperal cervix, injuries and healing. A colposcopic study.

Abstract In 100 consecutive women who had had normal vaginal deliveries the cervix was studied immediately post partum with a colposcope. Forty of the women returned for similar study 6 weeks post partum. Some type of trauma (lacerations, erosion, or bruising) occurred in 71 per cent of the patients, 97 per cent of primiparas and 58 per cent of multiparas. The anterior lip was injured significantly more frequently than the posterior lip. Age, race, parity, length of first and second stages of labor, type of delivery, type of anesthesia, and weight of the infant of these patients were evaluated in relation to the trauma. The only significant relation to trauma was parity. The first vaginal delivery caused more trauma (p > 0.01) than other deliveries. Of the “nontraumatic” colposcopic findings, ectopy was more common following the first delivery and in women 20 years old or younger. Transformation zones and mosaics were more common in those women who had borne more than one child and were older than 20. During the 6 week postpartum period, new areas of transformation zone and mosaic appeared and none disappeared. The observations from this study and others in the literature are discussed with regard to the possible relationship of delivery trauma and postpartum healing with cervical neoplasia.
Evidence from anisotropic penetration depth for a three-dimensional nodal superconducting gap in single-crystalline Ba ( Fe 1 − x Ni x ) 2 As 2

The London penetration depth, $\ensuremath{\lambda}$, is directly related to the density, ${n}_{s}$, of the Cooper pairs $({\ensuremath{\lambda}}^{2}\ensuremath{\propto}1/{n}_{s})$ and its variation with temperature provides valuable insight into the pairing mechanism. Here we study the evolution with doping of the temperature dependence of the in-plane $({\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{ab})$ and out-of-plane $({\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{c})$ penetration depths in single crystals of electron-doped $\text{Ba}{({\text{Fe}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\text{Ni}}_{x})}_{2}{\text{As}}_{2}$. As is the case for other pnictides, $\ensuremath{\lambda}(T)\ensuremath{\sim}{T}^{n}$ over the whole doping range and this behavior extends down to at least $T={T}_{c}/100$, setting a very small upper limit on the gap minimum. Furthermore, in the overdoped regime: (1) the exponent $n$ becomes substantially smaller than 2, which is incompatible with the models that explain power-law behavior to be due to scattering; (2) the exponent $n$ becomes anisotropic, with ${\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{c}(T)$ showing a clear $T$-linear behavior over a large temperature interval. These findings suggest that in the overdoped regime the superconducting gap in iron-based pnictide superconductors develops nodal structure, which unlike in the cuprates, cannot be understood within a two-dimensional picture.
Excitation functions of the 20Ne+20Ne system.

A differentially pumped windowless {sup 20}Ne gas target and a {sup 20}Ne beam produced with the ATLAS accelerator at Argonne National Laboratory were used to measure angle-averaged excitation functions for binary decay of {sup 20}Ne+{sup 20}Ne into low-lying states of {sup 20}Ne+{sup 20}Ne and {sup 24}Mg+{sup 16}O, in the region of excitation energy in {sup 40}Ca from 51.4 to 58.2 MeV ({sup 20}Ne beam energies from 61.8 to 75.4 MeV). The {sup 20}Ne+{sup 20}Ne mass partition displays little correlated structure and there exists no evidence of intermediate width resonances in these channels with branching ratios comparable to those seen in the {sup 24}Mg+{sup 24}Mg system. Angular distributions for the elastic channel are consistent with those obtained using optical-model calculations. The exictation functions for the low-lying channels in {sup 24}Mg+{sup 16}O do contain some structures, with widths varying from 400 to 800 keV in the c.m. system.
Permutation Tests for Classification: Towards Statistical Significance in Image-Based Studies

Estimating statistical significance of detected differences between two groups of medical scans is a challenging problem due to the high dimensionality of the data and the relatively small number of training examples. In this paper, we demonstrate a non-parametric technique for estimation of statistical significance in the context of discriminative analysis (i.e., training a classifier function to label new examples into one of two groups). Our approach adopts permutation tests, first developed in classical statistics for hypothesis testing, to estimate how likely we are to obtain the observed classification performance, as measured by testing on a hold-out set or cross-validation, by chance. We demonstrate the method on examples of both structural and functional neuroimaging studies.
Methods for Evaluating Camera Tubes

Publisher Summary This chapter presents the methods for the evaluation and specification of the performance of camera tubes. The examination of current procedures reveals serious problems related to the accuracy of measuring output video-signal and noise, as well as those imposed by intermediate optics for measuring input photon flux from signal and noise sources. The output signal voltage is measured between the average voltage fluctuations of the video base line and the average voltage fluctuations at the top of the pulse. The noise voltage is measured without an input signal from the camera tube. The device used for measuring peak-to-peak signal is a box-car integrator. It is comparable to a lock-in amplifier, but operates in the time domain, rather than the frequency domain. The signal portion of the video output that is synchronized with the sampling strobe corresponds to a rotating shaft in the above analogy, while the bearing chatter would be an analogous example of noise. It is found that as the signal appears in the same position each time it will appear as a constant level on which are superimposed the fluctuations caused by noise. The digital system for detailed evaluation of camera tubes is also elaborated in the chapter.
Interfacial improvements in biocomposites based on poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) and poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) bioplastics reinforced and grafted with α-cellulose fibers

In this study, α-cellulose fibers reinforced green biocomposites based on polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) and the copolymer poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) were prepared and characterized. The α-cellulose fibers were isolated from at-risk intermountain lodgepole pine wood by successive removal of extractives, lignin and hemicellulose. Grafting of PHB or PHBV onto cellulose was conducted using reactive extrusion with dicumyl peroxide free radical initiation at high temperature. It is postulated that the grafted copolymers at the interfaces of cellulose and the polymer matrix performed as an interfacial coupling agent. Grafting tended to interact with both the hydrophilic fibers and the hydrophobic PHB or PHBV matrix. The biocomposites were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) and indicated good interfacial bonding and compatibility between the two phases. The mechanical properties of the biocomposites were improved by grafting due to improved stress transfer between the two interphases of the fiber/polymer matrix as compared to the blend control composite. The crystallinity of PHB, PHBV and cellulose in the biocomposite were reduced as determined by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analyses. This in situ reactive extrusion process offers an effective approach to improve the properties of biocomposite materials from sustainable resources.
Evaluating energy flows through jellyfish and gulf menhaden (Brevoortia patronus) and the effects of fishing on the northern Gulf of Mexico ecosystem

Kelly L. Robinson1‡*, James J. Ruzicka2, Frank J. Hernandez3, WilliamM. Graham1, Mary Beth Decker4, Richard D. Brodeur5, and Malinda Sutor6 Department of Marine Science, The University of Southern Mississippi, 1020 Balch Blvd, Stennis Space Center, MS, USA Cooperative Institute for Marine Resources Studies, Oregon State University, 2030 SE Marine Science Drive, Hatfield Marine Science Center, Newport, OR, USA Department of Coastal Sciences, The University of Southern Mississippi, Ocean Springs, MS, USA Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, 165 Prospect St., New Haven, CT, USA NOAA Northwest Fisheries Science Center, 2030 SE Marine Science Drive, Hatfield Marine Science Center, Newport, OR, USA Department of Oceanography and Coastal Sciences, Louisiana State University, 2179 Energy, Coast, and Environment Bldg., Baton Rouge, LA, USA *Corresponding author: tel: +01 541 867 0100; fax: +01 514 867 0138; e-mail: kelly.robinson@oregonstate.edu Present address: Hatfield Marine Science Center, Oregon State University, 2030 SE Marine Science Drive, Hatfield Marine Science Center, Newport, OR, USA.
Twenty‐year follow‐up of newborn screening for patients with muscular dystrophy

Introduction An opt-out newborn screening (NBS) program for Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) and Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD) was implemented at 2 hospitals in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, between 1987 and 1995. Methods For patients and their parents in families who received a diagnosis of DMD or BMD, either by NBS or by traditional diagnostics after symptom onset, attitudes toward NBS for DMD and BMD were assessed. Results All patients and most parents supported NBS for DMD and BMD. In contrast to the NBS parent cohort, the non-NBS cohort felt that diagnosis by NBS would cause anxiety. Conclusions There was strong support of NBS for DMD and BMD in both patients and their parents in families who received a diagnosis through NBS or through traditional diagnostics. No negative psychosocial impacts of NBS were identified among those families who received a diagnosis through NBS. Muscle Nerve 53: 570–578, 2016
Partial confluence and closed subsets of a graph

Abstract If f is a map from a continuum X onto a continuum Y , then a subcontinuum K of Y is a w f -set if there is a subcontinuum K′ of X such that f ( K ′) = K . If K is a closed subset of a continuum Y , P ( K ) is the smallest cardinal such that for each map f of a continuum onto Y , K is the union of P(K) or fewer w f -sets. If G is a graph and K is a closed subset of G with dense interior, then P ( K ) = 2( β ( G ) − β ( cl ( G \ K ))) + c ( cl ( G \ K )) + t ( k ) −1, where β ( G ) is the first Betti number of G , c (cl( G \ K )) is the number of components of cl( G \ K ), and t(K) is the number of terminal points of G in K .
Brachial Plexus-Associated Neuropathy After High-Dose Radiation Therapy for Head-and-Neck Cancer

Purpose To identify clinical and treatment-related predictors of brachial plexus–associated neuropathies after radiation therapy for head-and-neck cancer. Methods and Materials Three hundred thirty patients who had previously completed radiation therapy for head-and-neck cancer were prospectively screened using a standardized instrument for symptoms of neuropathy thought to be related to brachial plexus injury. All patients were disease-free at the time of screening. The median time from completion of radiation therapy was 56 months (range, 6–135 months). One-hundred fifty-five patients (47%) were treated by definitive radiation therapy, and 175 (53%) were treated postoperatively. Radiation doses ranged from 50 to 74 Gy (median, 66 Gy). Intensity-modulated radiation therapy was used in 62% of cases, and 133 patients (40%) received concurrent chemotherapy. Results Forty patients (12%) reported neuropathic symptoms, with the most common being ipsilateral pain (50%), numbness/tingling (40%), motor weakness, and/or muscle atrophy (25%). When patients with p = 0.01), concurrent chemotherapy ( p = 0.01), and radiation maximum dose ( p p p Conclusion The incidence of brachial plexus–associated neuropathies after radiation therapy for head-and-neck cancer may be underreported. In view of the dose–response relationship identified, limiting radiation dose to the brachial plexus should be considered when possible.
Breit equation analysis of recoil corrections to muonic atom energy levels

Abstract Recoil corrections to the binding energy of μ - 208 Pb are calculated using the Breit equation with the Breit interaction for a finite nuclear charge distribution. The results disagree with some previous calculations, although they agree with the results of Breit and Brown in the point charge limit.
The effects of a teaching-modeling intervention on early mother-infant reciprocity

Abstract This study investigated the effects of a teaching and modeling intervention on the development of early reciprocity and maternal self-confidence between black low-income primiparous mothers and their newborn infants. The sample included 20 mothers who had an uneventful pregnancy, labor, delivery, and postpartum course. Infants were healthy, full-term, singleton, and bottle-fed. Mothers in the experimental group received a teaching session in which the investigator discussed and modeled caregiver behaviors which elicit interactive behaviors and skills of the infant. State control, response to stress, motoric processes, and interaction processes were discussed. On pretest, no significant differences were found between the control and experimental groups on any variable. At posttest, statistically significant differences were found between the two groups on assessment of the mother-infant sensitivity scale. No significant differences were found between the treatment and the control groups on the Mother's Assessment of the Behavior of her Infant (MABI) or the Self-Confidence scores.
INHIBITION OF URIDINE RIBONUCLEOTIDE SYNTHESIS BY 5-HALOGENATED-2'-DEOXYURIDINE ANALOGUES.

PREVIOUS in vitro research1 with the halogenated analogues of orotic acid demonstrated the following basic experimental facts: First, to inhibit the conversion of orotic acid to the uridine nucleotides it was necessary for a drug to be a 5-substituted analogue of orotic acid. For example, it was found that 5-fluoro-orotic acid would inhibit orotic acid conversion, but that 5-fluoro uracil would not. Second, the order of activity of the 5 halogenated orotic acid analogues was fluorine > chlorine > bromine, and the 5-iodo compounds showed little or no activity.
Gračanica and the cult of the Saintly Prince Lazar

The article explores a virtually unknown episode in the history of Gracanica Monastery, a late nineteenth-century restoration of the monastery church. The results of this undertaking were still visible during the conservation of the church conducted in the 1960s and early 1970s. At that time the nineteenth-century interventions were only partially recorded before some of them were removed and permanently lost. The nineteenth- century refurbishing of the frescoes in the main dome was signed by one Mihail Iourokosk Debrel and is dated 1898. More significant, now lost and hitherto unpublished, was the refurbishing probably by the same Mihail, of an arcosolium in the south wall of the church. This arcosolium, whose original function is unknown, was painted and inscribed with a lengthy inscription indicating that the remains of Prince Lazar (who died in the Battle of Kosovo, on June 15, 1389) was temporarily deposited in this tomb before being moved to the monastery of Vrdnik - Ravanica on Fruska Gora. While the content of the inscription is a total fabrication, its implications are nonetheless interesting in several ways. The mastermind behind the project was probably the Metropolitan of Ra{ka - Prizren, Dionisije, who died on Dec. 5, 1900. In accordance with his own wishes, he was buried in the very arcosolium identified as the ‘temporary burial place’ of Prince Lazar. The rising importance of the cult of the Saintly Prince Lazar around 1900 provides the background for this historical fabrication whose construction was actually made up of several disparate elements, each marked by a degree of historical accuracy in its own right thus collectively contributing to its general relevance.
New macrolide, lincosaminide and streptogramin B antibiotics.

Importance of the field: New antibiotics are needed to overcome microbial resistance and to improve on the therapeutic index and clinical effectiveness of existing agents.Area covered in this review: This review covers the journal and patent literature published from about the mid-2000s to 2010 to provide an overview of the large diversity of new chemical entities in the macrolide, lincosaminide and streptogramin B (MLSB) class.What the reader will gain: The review identifies areas of the greatest effort and recent results in pursuing structure–activity relationships among MLSB antibiotics and highlights preclinical and clinical candidates that have arisen from these diverse discovery programs.Take home message: Research on the MLSB class appears promising for the eventual registration and commercialization of several new antibiotics that improve the clinical effectiveness of existing agents and combat antibiotic-resistant pathogens.
Fundamental matrix and two-point boundary-value problems

Theoretically, the solution of all linear ordinary differential equation problems, whether initial-value or two-point boundary-value problems, can be expressed in terms of the fundamental matrix. The examination of well-known two-point boundary-value methods discloses, however, the absence of the fundamental matrix in the development of the techniques and in their applications. This paper reveals that the fundamental matrix is indeed present in these techniques, although its presence is latent and appears in various guises.
A microcomputer-based package for determination of regional and global cardiac function and coronary hemodynamics

Abstract A multichannel data acquisition package for reduction of systemic and coronary hemodynamic data that utilizes a personal microcomputer is described. The system provides a printout of heart rate, maximal rate of left ventricular pressure development (+ dP/dt), maximal rate of ventricular relaxation (−dP/dt), absolute and normalized myocardial segment lengths, the degree of shortening of the segment over the cardiac cycle, systolic, diastolic, and mean coronary blood flow velocities, left ventricular systolic and end diastolic pressures, and systolic, diastolic, and mean aortic blood pressure from six channels of input data. Obtained values are precisely linked to the cardiac cycle. To illustrate the output of this system, data obtained by reading strip-chart records are compared to microcomputer-derived values in conscious, instrumented dogs.
Analysis of the Unsteady Flow in an Aspirated Counter-Rotating Compressor Using the Nonlinear Harmonic Method

A multistage frequency domain (Nonlinear Harmonic) Navier-Stokes unsteady flow solver has been used to analyze the flow field in the MIT (rotor/rotor) aspirated counter-rotating compressor. The numerical accuracy and computational efficiency of the Nonlinear Harmonic method implemented in Numeca’s Fine/Turbo CFD code has been demonstrated by comparing predictions with experimental data and nonlinear time-accurate solutions for the test case. The comparison is good, especially considering the big savings in time with respect to a time accurate simulation. An imposed inlet boundary condition takes into account the flow change due to the IGV (not simulated in the computational model). Details of the flow field are presented and physical explanations are provided. Also, suggestions and recommendations on the use of the Nonlinear Harmonic method are provided. From this work it can be concluded that the development of efficient frequency domain approaches enables routine unsteady flow predictions to be used in the design of modern turbomachinery.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Stochastically minimizing the makespan in flow shops

In this article, we are concerned with scheduling stochastic jobs in a flowshop with m machines and zero intermediate storage. We assume that there are n - 2 identically distributed and 2 fast stochastic jobs. Roughly, the main result states that the makespan is stochastically minimized by placing one of the fast jobs first and the other last.
Psychiatric presentations of medical illness

Geriatric patients are subject to mental disorders that are due to the physiologic effects of medical illness or are substance induced. Elders are at increased risk for such syndromes because of the higher rates of physical illnesses and resultant polypharmacy as well as aging-related susceptibility to disruption of brain functioning. This article reviews psychiatric syndromes that are due to general medical conditions or are substance induced, focusing on the more common, acute conditions of delirium and psychotic, mood, and anxiety disorders that are due to general medical conditions. The ultimate goal of patient care must be accurate diagnosis with resultant optimal, appropriate treatment and improvement in functioning leading to the better well-being of the elderly patient.
Treating psychological problems in medical settings: primary care as the de facto mental health system and the role of hypnosis.

Abstract Psychological comorbidity with medical illness is associated with poor health status, complicated medical management, and increased utilization and greater costs of medical services. Hypnosis practitioners in specialty psychological or psychiatric treatment settings infrequently treat such patients, since there is a greater likelihood of patients’ psychological problems being treated solely in primary medical care. Referring patients from primary care to the mental health system will most likely not result in patients initiating psychological or hypnotic treatment. At the same time, integrated provision of medical and psychological treatment in the medical office has demonstrated much higher rates of initiation of treatment and improved medical outcomes. Although hypnosis has been found to be an empirically effective treatment for many medical problems, when hypnosis practitioners do not practice in these medical sites then patients do not have access to effective hypnotic interventions for cotre...
Progressive pulmonary tuberculosis is not due to increasing numbers of viable bacilli in rabbits, mice and guinea pigs, but is due to a continuous host response to mycobacterial products

Tuberculosis (TB) kills more people in the world today than any other infectious disease. A better vaccine to prevent clinical tuberculosis is greatly needed. Candidate vaccines are often evaluated by infecting rabbits, mice and guinea pigs by an aerosol of virulent tubercle bacilli and culturing their lungs for viable bacilli at various times thereafter. In all three species, however, the number of viable bacilli usually does not continuously increase until the host succumbs. The number of viable bacilli increases logarithmically for only about 3 weeks. Then, the host develops delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) and cell-mediated immunity (CMI), which keep the number of viable bacilli rather constant during the subsequent weeks. In the immunized host, DTH and CMI stop the logarithmic increase sooner than in the unimmunized controls, so that the stationary bacillary levels that follow are lower. This review analyzes host-parasite interactions in the lungs of rabbits, mice and guinea pigs. All three species cannot prevent inhaled fully virulent tubercle bacilli from establishing an infection, but they differ markedly in the type of the disease produced once it is established.
Electromagnetic Radiation in Accelerated Systems

A generally covariant set of electromagnetic field equations and associated constitutive relations is developed to deal with electromagnetic radiation in arbitrarily moving media. The equations are sufficiently general to include dispersive as well as nonisotropic media. Several special cases are investigated to illustrate the method and to demonstrate the consistency of the formulation.
The Raman spectra of the deuterated formamides

Abstract The Raman spectra, including depolarizations, of HCONH 2 , HCOND 2 , DCONH 2 , and DCOND 2 have been determined in the liquid state at room temperature. Using isotopic exchange mixtures, most of the bands in the Raman and infrared spectra of liquid HCONHD and DCONHD have been deduced. Chiev vibrational modes are proposed for the observed bands in all of the compounds. Based upon Raman intensities, the 1393 cm −1 band of HCONH 2 is assigned chiefly to ν s (OCN) rather than δ-(CH). Evidence is presented to support the existence of cis and trans forms of HCONHD and DCONHD. It is proposed that the cis and trans deuterium atoms in HCOND 2 and DCOND 2 (but not the cis and trans hydrogen atoms in HCONH 2 and DCONH 2 ) vibrate independently of each other in their bending modes but not in their stretching modes.
Direct mechanical ventricular assistance during ventricular fibrillation

A technique of direct mechanical ventricular assistance (DMVA) has been available since 1966. Ventricular assistance is provided by a glass cup lined with a Silastic diaphragm. It is held on the cardiac ventricles by suction. Alternating positive and negative pressure in the space between the cup and the diaphragm provides a pumping mechanism for blood flow. DMVA was compared to closed chest massage (CCM) and open chest massage (OCM) during ventricular fibrillation in six dogs. Each technique was applied for 10 minutes. Three dogs had CCM followed by OCM and then DMVA. Three dogs had only OCM and DMVA. Blood pressure and cardiac output were measured. All variables were calculated as a percentage of pre-ventricular-fibrillation values. Mean blood pressure was 19.7% with CCM, 39.8% with OCM, and 55.1% with DMVA. Systolic blood pressure was 25.8% with CCM, 51.9% with OCM, and 64.0% with DMVA. Diastolic blood pressure was 17.3% with CCM, 37.3% with OCM, and 48.9% with DMVA. Cardiac output was 13.8% with CCM, 37.1% with OCM, and 58.0% with DMVA. For each variable, OCM produced statistically higher values than did CCM. DMVA produced statistically higher values than did OCM for all variables. These preliminary results suggest that DMVA may be superior to currently available methods of cardiac massage during ventricular fibrillation.
Programming Objects to Think with: Logo and the Teaching and Learning of Problem Solving:

The Logo computer programming language has been described as an environment in which children will develop problem-solving skills. Unfortunately, much of the research concerned with Logo and problem solving has not found such connection, but a careful reading of that literature suggests that explicit problem-solving instruction and mediated Logo programming practice can result in the development and transfer of certain problem-solving abilities. The research reported in this article was designed to test such hypothesis. In particular, it differentiates between interventions combining explicit instruction with medicated practice and discovery learning approaches, and assesses the importance of Logo programming within the former. Results reveal that texplicit instruction with Logo programming practice supported the development and transfer of four problem-solving strategies, subgoals formation, forward chaining, systematic trial and error, and analogy; whereas neither discovery learning in a Logo environmen...
Specializations in “Jobs in Geography”: 1990–1992∗

One way to probe into the direction in which American academic geography is heading is to look at the actual demand for specializations and teaching duties as expressed by the recent jobs offered by colleges and universities. The results of this inquiry for the 1990–1992 period indicate that the most frequently requested courses were GIS, regional geography, and environmental geography. The greatest number of positions were advertised as general physical geographer or human geographer and were in departments without graduate programs. The findings suggest that preparations for the profession of “geography professor” should include the ability both to conduct focused research and to teach a diverse set of courses.
Patterns of Cave Biodiversity and Endemism in the Appalachians and Interior Plateau of Tennessee, USA

Using species distribution data, we developed a georeferenced database of troglobionts (cave-obligate species) in Tennessee to examine spatial patterns of species richness and endemism, including >2000 records for 200 described species. Forty aquatic troglobionts (stygobionts) and 160 terrestrial troglobionts are known from caves in Tennessee, the latter having the greatest diversity of any state in the United States. Endemism was high, with 25% of terrestrial troglobionts (40 species) and 20% of stygobionts (eight species) known from just a single cave and nearly two-thirds of all troglobionts (130 species) known from five or fewer caves. Species richness and endemism were greatest in the Interior Plateau (IP) and Southwestern Appalachians (SWA) ecoregions, which were twice as diverse as the Ridge and Valley (RV). Troglobiont species assemblages were most similar between the IP and SWA, which shared 59 species, whereas the RV cave fauna was largely distinct. We identified a hotspot of cave biodiversity with a center along the escarpment of the Cumberland Plateau in south-central Tennessee defined by both species richness and endemism that is contiguous with a previously defined hotspot in northeastern Alabama. Nearly half (91 species) of Tennessee’s troglobiont diversity occurs in this region where several cave systems contain ten or more troglobionts, including one with 23 species. In addition, we identified distinct troglobiont communities across the state. These communities corresponded to hydrological boundaries and likely reflect past or current connectivity between subterranean habitats within and barriers between hydrological basins. Although diverse, Tennessee’s subterranean fauna remains poorly studied and many additional species await discovery and description. We identified several undersampled regions and outlined conservation and management priorities to improve our knowledge and aid in protection of the subterranean biodiversity in Tennessee.
Calibration of Proportional Hazards and Accelerated Failure Time Models

Given a prognostic model based on one population, one may ask: Can this model be used to accurately predict disease in a different population? When the underlying rate of disease differs in the new population, the model must be calibrated. van Houwelingen (2000) considered this calibration problem focusing on proportional hazards models. We extend the validation by calibration to the log-logistic accelerated failure time model. We use calibration of proportional hazards models and log-logistic accelerated failure time models to examine whether a survival model based on the Framingham Heart Study can be applied to diverse studies around the world.
The value of life: Real risks and safety-related productivity in the Himalaya

Abstract This paper estimates the value of a statistical life from commercial Himalayan expeditions. Because deaths occur with a fair amount of regularity, fatality rates are calculated for each mountain trail and are, hence, disaggregated measures of risk. Also, since the marginal product of labor in the industry is (in part) the marginal product of safety, our revenue measures may account for unobserved safety-related productivity of guides. Guide safety is explicitly observed by market participants, and is reflected in higher wages for safer guides. Our VSL estimates are about $5 M.
Limiting recertification in highly configurable systems: analyzing interactions and isolation among configuration options

In highly configurable systems the configuration space is too big for (re-)certifying every configuration in isolation. In this project, we combine software analysis with network analysis to detect which configuration options interact and which have local effects. Instead of analyzing a system as Linux and SELinux for every combination of configuration settings one by one (>102000 even considering compile-time configurations only), we analyze the effect of each configuration option once for the entire configuration space. The analysis will guide us to designs separating interacting configuration options in a core system and isolating orthogonal and less trusted configuration options from this core.
Online Implementation of the Delta Design Game for Analyzing Collaborative Team Practices

Over the past four years the authors have developed an online version of the Delta Design game, a board game which was developed by Bucciarelli (1) to teach students design collaboration skills. In the online version, players move tiles on a shared virtual board and communicate only through text chat. In addition, the objective functions are computed automatically each time a tile is moved, so the focus of the game changes from rapid number-crunching to negotiation. Since every state of the board, along with micro-level team performance and chat data, are captured, the resulting corpus from 38 four-player team games provides a rich resource to explore different aspects of collaborative team practices.This paper gives an overview of the online implementation of Delta Design and discusses the findings from user studies including several undergraduate capstone design classes. Observations of the board-moving tactics show that teams planning a strategy before starting the game or players sharing details about their role’s constraints with other team members do not have much effect on the game’s outcome. Finally, this paper demonstrates that the complex rules of the Delta Design game make it a suitable candidate for analyzing collaboration strategies in team-based design projects.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Engagement, Peer Production, and the Learning Healthcare System

Physicians deliver about half of indicated care, and patients do about half of what it takes to stay healthy, despite the best intentions and tireless efforts of both physicians and patients. The learning healthcare system (LHS) has been proposed as a solution. As envisioned by the Institute of Medicine, an LHS would “generate and apply the best evidence for the collaborative health-care choices of each patient and provider, drive the process of discovery as a natural outgrowth of patient care, and ensure innovation, quality, safety, and value in healthcare.”1(p354) But this model begs the question: Who is learning? And how? Traditional models suppose that highly trained experts—expert clinicians and expert researchers—are best suited for producing information, knowledge, and know-how. This reliance, however, on a small group of experts to improve health care and health outcomes has yielded the current system performance and impedes immediate, continuous, and trans-formative improvement. A new model of production is necessary.
Malignant lymphomas following allogenic disease: transition from an immunological to a neoplastic disorder.

The graft versus host reaction which occurs in F 1 hybrid mice injected with parental spleen cells was used to examine several immunological theories of neoplasia. Long-term survivors of this reaction developed lymphoid neoplasms which resembled Hodgkin9s disease and lymphosarcoma. Mice with these tumors were chimeras, but the parental cells present within their spleens had specific immunological tolerance toward host antigens. This, together with the finding that the tumors were transplantable only to isogenic recipients, indicates that the tumors were of host rather than donor origin.
Class, Commerce, and the State: Economic Discourse and Lockean Liberalism in the Seventeenth Century

The Country gentleman who is most concerned with the right ordering of trade, both in duty and in interest, is of all others the most remote from any true notions of it, or sense of his stake in it. It is high time somebody should awaken and inform him that he may in his place look a little after it. Locke to John Cary, 2 May 1696
The cerebral metabolic consequences of nitric oxide synthase deficiency: glucose utilization in endothelial and neuronal nitric oxide synthase null mice.

Nitric oxide has multiple physiologic roles in the CNS. Inhibiting nitric oxide synthesis might therefore alter functional activity within the brain. We used [14C]-2-deoxyglucose in vivo autoradiography to measure local CMRglc in “knockout” mice lacking the genes for either the endothelial (eNOS) or neuronal (nNOS) isoforms of nitric oxide synthase, and in the progenitor strains (SV129, CS7B1/6). Glucose utilization levels did not significantly differ between nNOS and eNOS knockout mice and C57B1/6 mice in any of the 48 brain regions examined, but were relatively lower in some subcortical regions in SV129 mice.
Splitting the superstring vacuum degeneracy

Abstract A general method is presented for calculating the energy splitting of gaugefield vacua to the one-loop level on compact, multiply-connected manifolds. Two explicit examples are given in which non-zero gauge vacua have the lowest energy, and the gauge group is spontaneously broken.
Design of Horizontal Mechanical Presses for Deep Drawing and Ironing Process

This paper addresses the kinematics design and analysis of a special class of mechanical presses used for deep drawing and ironing process. The key design objectives are to obtain a longer stroke and a quicker punch return. From the kinematics equations, it is shown that the horizontal quick return mechanism exhibits the preferred characteristics. The behavior of the press is studied based on the placement of the links. The kinematics constraints are observed and the placement of press components to achieve better performance is summarized.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Internalism about a person's good: don't believe it

Internalism about a person’s good is roughly the view that in order for something to intrinsically enhance a person’s well-being, that person must be capable of caring about that thing. I argue in this paper that internalism about a person’s good should not be believed. Though many philosophers accept the view, Connie Rosati provides the most comprehensive case in favor of it. Her defense of the view consists mainly in offering five independent arguments to think that at least some form of internalism about one’s good is true. But I argue that, on closer inspection, not one of these arguments succeeds. The problems don’t end there, however. While Rosati offers good reasons to think that what she calls ‘two-tier internalism’ would be the best way to formulate the intuition behind internalism about one’s good, I argue that two-tier internalism is actually false. In particular, the problem is that no substantive theory of well-being is consistent with two-tier internalism. Accordingly, there is reason to think that even the best version of internalism about one’s good is in fact false. Thus, I conclude, the prospects for internalism about a person’s good do not look promising.
Effects of Morphine and Halothane Anesthesia on Coronary Blood Flow

Abstract This study was undertaken to determine the relative effects of morphine and halothane anesthesia on coronary blood flow. Right heart bypass was instituted in 20 dogs by draining the vena cava blood into a cardiotomy reservoir and returning it to the main pulmonary artery. Coronary sinus drainage was measured by a right ventricular cannula. Group I (10 dogs) was sequentially given 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2.0, and 2.5% halothane. Group II (10 dogs) was given 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 mg per kilogram of morphine intravenously. Arterial pressure, coronary sinus blood flow, cardiac output, arterial pH, Pco 2 , and Po 2 were determined and repeated at each dose level of anesthesia and compared to the control values. Morphine significantly increased coronary flow at 3, 4, and 5 mg/kg without pressure adjustment and at 2 mg/kg after pressure adjustment. Coronary flow with halothane was unchanged from control values except for a decrease at 2.5%. Coronary flow was significantly greater with 3, 4, and 5 mg/kg of morphine than with 1.0 and 1.5% halothane.
Modeling of Thermally Induced Stresses in Three-Dimensional Bonded Integrated Circuit Wafers

A finite-element model has been developed to investigate the potential reliability issues of thermally induced stresses in interwafer Cu via structures in three-dimensional (3D) integrated circuit (IC) wafers. The model is first partially validated by comparing computed results against experimental data on via test structures from planar ICs. Computed von Mises stresses show that the predicted failure agrees with the results of thermal cycle experiments. The model is then employed to study thermal stresses in interwafer Cu vias in 3D bonded IC structures. The results illustrate that there is a concern regarding the stability of interwafer Cu vias. Simulations show that the von Mises stresses in interwafer Cu vias decrease with decreasing pitch length at constant via size, increase with decreasing via size at constant pitch, and decrease with decreasing bonding thickness.
Functional Analysis of Conserved Cysteines in Heparan SulfateN-Deacetylase-N-sulfotransferases

N-Deacetylase-N-sulfotransferases (NDANST) catalyze the two initial modifications of the polysaccharide precursor in the biosynthesis of heparin and heparan sulfate. These modifications are the gating steps in establishing growth factor protein-binding domains of these glycosaminoglycans. We have undertaken a structure-activity analysis of the 841-amino acid Golgi-luminal portion of the rat liver NDANST to localize the two enzymatic functions. Each activity can be assayed in vitroindependently of the other when provided with the appropriate substrate, and N-ethylmaleimide treatment selectively inactivates the deacetylase activity. In this study, dithiothreitol treatment of the rat liver NDANST was shown to inactivate the sulfotransferase function, while stimulating deacetylase activity 2–3-fold over the native protein. Site-directed mutagenesis of the eight cysteine (Cys) residues in the rat liver NDANST that are conserved in the mouse mastocytoma protein produced three important findings regarding the localization of each enzymatic function: 1) derivatization of Cys486 with N-ethylmaleimide resulted in total inactivation of the deacetylase activity based on steric hindrance of the active site (this residue was shown not to be involved in enzymatic catalysis), 2) substitution of either Cys159 or Cys486 with alanine resulted in enhanced activity of the deacetylase to the level obtained by dithiothreitol treatment, and 3) alanine substitution of Cys818 or Cys828 completely inactivated the sulfotransferase activity, while substitution of Cys586 or Cys601 resulted in a 90% loss in activity. These findings suggest that the two enzymatic domains within the NDANST localize to different portions of the protein, with two disulfide pairs toward the COOH-terminal half of the protein necessary for the sulfotransferase activity, and Cys residues within the NH2-terminal half influencing or located near the active site of the deacetylase functionality.
Molecular dynamics study of influence of vacancy types defects on thermal conductivity of β-SiC

Abstract A molecular dynamics technique has been used to study the impact of single vacancies and small vacancy clusters/microvoids on thermal conductivity of Si and β-SiC. It is found that single vacancies reduce thermal conductivity more significantly than do microvoids with the same total number of vacancies in the crystal. The vacancy concentration dependence of the relative change of thermal resistivity of both Si and SiC changes from linear at low concentrations to square-root at higher values. In contrast, the dependence on the volume fraction of microvoids switches from square-root at small swelling values to nearly linear dependence at higher swelling. In the case of SiC the results obtained for vacancies and microvoids agree reasonably well with experimental values. The computational results are compared with the commonly used Debye–Callaway model.
Occupational psychophysics to establish vision requirements.

ABSTRACTPurpose.To develop and implement a comprehensive procedure for determining vision requirements for different vocational and occupational tasks.Methods.Evaluations performed for more than 10 state agencies and businesses were conducted over a period of approximately 9 years. The procedure inc
The effect of aging on trace element content of various rat tissues: I. Early stages of aging

The total protein and trace element content in various tissues from 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, and 128 day-old rats were determined. Protein content in heart, skin and hair continued to increase as a function of age whereas liver, kidney and lung protein content showed no change after the weaning period. The protein content in all tissues tested decreased sharply to minimum values at 2 to 4 days of age before increasing to constant levels.