cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Do your students a favor, teach your faculty how to teach

The Department of Systems Engineering at the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York hosts majors in Systems Engineering, Engineering Management, Operations Research and Information Systems Engineering. The faculty is composed primarily of active duty army officers with Master's Degrees and Ph.D.s who conduct both teaching and research for three years and are then transferred back to a standard Army assignment. This paper explores methods that are used in the department to teach these new faculty members how to teach during the summer prior to their first fall classes. The paper covers the reception and integration of new faculty members into an academic department, the conduct of a summer teaching workshop, and follow-up feedback for these instructors throughout the first year of teaching. The paper provides practical guidelines for implementing such a program in any engineering department to improve both faculty teaching performance and ultimately student learning.
Crystallization of titanium ingots in the course of electron-beam melting

Using mathematical models of the heat transfer processes in the course of ingot formation by electron-beam remelting, we determined the temperature conditions and the corresponding technological parameters under which a homogeneous structure without coarse columnar crystallites is reached in ingots of round and rectangular cross sections. A technology and equipment were developed for the production of large-scale ingots of titanium alloys up to 1200 mm in diameter and 4.5 m in length directly from uncrushed cakes of spongy titanium. The quality of ingots of both commercially pure and alloyed titanium meets the requirements of the ASTM B348-00 standard.
Children of same-sex parents: in and out of the closet

An estimated 14 million children are parented by gay or lesbian couples. Research indicates that children of same-sex parents are as well adjusted as their peers of opposite-sex parents. However, previous research has yet to examine how these youth negotiate their own process of coming out about their families to others. We sought to identify the patterns, issues and themes that recur in the coming out process of these youth. Recommendations for school personnel are described.
Faith Community Nursing: Supporting Mental Health during Life Transitions

The Faith Community Nurse can be an important agent in supporting the mental health of individuals during important life transitions by providing social support, spiritual care, referral services, and health education. Faith communities often include individuals of many generations; the young and old, newly married and recently widowed, new parents, and families whose young adults have recently left home. Nurses who provide care in these settings will likely have unique and frequent opportunities to provide mental health services and referrals to individuals experiencing transitions related to crisis, hospitalization, death, and other important life changes. Faith Community Nurses are at the frontline, aiding faith communities in supporting holistic health of the mind, body, and spirit.
Explosives Detection — The Case for Magnetic Resonance

Distinctive properties of the hydrogen transient magnetic resonance (HTNMR) response from explosives provide a basis for rapid, selective and sensitive detection of these materials concealed in parcels, letters and airline baggage. Most common high energy and commercial nitrogenous explosives as well as many which do not contain nitrogen, are detectable. Full scale inspection systems based on this technology have demonstrated performance comparable to the best reported for any other method.
Ketogenic Diet as Preferred Treatment of FIRES

Investigators from the University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL, and University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, report 2 children who presented with FIRES and prolonged AED-resistant status epilepticus.
Operations Research Contributions to Evaluation of R&D Projects

Over the past forty years, the field of Operations Research has applied the “scientific method” towards the solution of practical problems faced by modem organizations. Operations Research has developed techniques for analyzing and prescribing actions in a wide array of problems areas. The core of these techniques include a series of model which focus on resource allocation, scheduling and selection decisions. Many of these models have been applied to the management of R & D projects.
Anxiety and directed attention in women awaiting breast cancer surgery.

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES To investigate the relationship between anxiety and directed attention (the ability to focus and concentrate) in women awaiting breast cancer surgery and the potential influence of age and extent of anticipated surgery (breast conservation versus mastectomy) on attentional functioning and anxiety. DESIGN Descriptive, cross-sectional. SAMPLE AND SETTING Convenience sample of 45 women newly diagnosed with localized breast cancer at a Midwestern university medical center. METHODS Subjects were assessed approximately 11 days before surgery using objective measures of attention: Digit Span, the Symbol Digit Modalities Test, the Necker Cube Pattern Control Test, the Attentional Function Index (a subjective measure of effectiveness of attentional functioning), and the Tension-Anxiety subscale of the Profile of Mood States. MAIN RESEARCH VARIABLES Capacity to direct attention, perceived attentional functioning, anxiety level, age, and extent of anticipated breast surgery. FINDINGS Level of anxiety was related inversely (r = -0.63, p or = 55 years) showed overall significantly lowered (p < 0.001) performance on the attentional measures than younger women. CONCLUSIONS Preoperative anxiety is a clinically significant issue in women newly diagnosed with breast cancer regardless of age and extent of anticipated surgery. Higher anxiety requires use of attentional resources and initially may act to reduce perceptions of effectiveness in attentional functioning. Older women who have high anxiety combined with both subjective and objective decline in attentional functioning may be at particularly high risk for attentional fatigue. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE Women newly diagnosed with breast cancer may experience not only increased anxiety and associated perceptions of decreased attentional functioning but also a subsequent depletion of attentional reserves as a result of the onset of attentional fatigue. Nurses can assess anxiety in women during the preoperative period and assist them in coping with the psychological and cognitive demands associated with this highly stressful period.
Instructional Simulation Integrates Research, Education, and Practice

Instructional simulation is widely used in clinical education. Examples include the use of inanimate models meant to imitate humans, standardized patients who are actors portraying patients with certain conditions, and role-play where learners experience the disease through props and circumstances. These modalities are briefly described, and then case examples are provided of simulation curricula in use that integrate research findings and clinical practice expertise to guide development and implementation steps. The cases illustrate how formative and summative feedback from two legs of the “three-legged stool” can be potent integrating forces in development of simulation curricula. In these examples, the educational outputs benefit from purposeful inclusion of research and practice inputs. Costs are outlined for instructor and learner time commitments, space considerations, and expendables. The authors’ data and experience suggest that instructional simulation that is supported by a solid scientific base...
Structure–property relationships of copper modified mesoporous TiO2 materials on alkyne homocoupling reactions

Abstract Three different modification (doping, solvent free, and impregnation) methods were used to obtain a series of mesoporous Cu–TiO 2 materials with various copper loading amounts (0–15 mol%). The influence of the modification procedure on the physico-chemical properties was characterized by PXRD, N 2 sorption, SEM, EDX elemental mapping, and XPS techniques. The presence of copper species has been detected either in the TiO 2 lattice as Cu + (via doping methods) or on the surface of TiO 2 as CuO species (via solvent free and impregnation methods). With the modification of Cu, the surface area of mesoporous Cu–TiO 2 materials can be increased up to 128 m 2 /g. The catalytic activities of Cu–TiO 2 materials were investigated using the alkyne–alkyne homocoupling reaction with air as the sole oxidant under mild reaction conditions without any additives. The doped Cu–TiO 2 materials show the highest catalytic activity (1,4-diphenyl-1,3-butadiyne yields > 99%). The different catalytic mechanisms, active sites, and structure–property relationships of all the catalysts are discussed. Definitive features affecting the catalytic performance of the obtained Cu–TiO 2 materials are the loading amounts and the states of Cu, surface area, and pore size distributions. Reusability tests were conducted on the collected sample without washing, and 74% yield was achieved even after three cycles.
Ultrasound-Guided Pulse Lavage for Heterotopic Ossification After Prior Hip Arthroscopy: A Case Report.

Femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) is an increasingly recognized form of hip pathology in young patients with hip pain1,2. FAI is most commonly caused by abnormal developmental morphology of the proximal aspect of the femur or the acetabulum. There are numerous other etiologies that produce abnormal contact between the femur and the acetabulum. These include prior femoral neck fracture, prior acetabular or femoral osteotomy, acetabular retroversion, and a slipped capital femoral epiphysis3. Ganz et al. provided three classifications of FAI: cam, pincer, or mixed type4. Cam impingement is characterized by a prominence of the femoral neck that impinges onto the acetabulum, resulting in damage to the labrum. The pincer type is characterized by acetabular overcoverage as the mechanism of impingement on a normal femoral head or neck. The mixed type includes aspects of both. All three types follow a common pathway of abnormal morphology, leading to abnormal contact and, as a result, labrum and cartilage damage. Hip arthroscopy has become a widely used tool to treat FAI5-7. An arthroscopic procedure is a minimally invasive way to treat the causative pathology in cam and pincer-type impingement; it also treats the symptomatic lesion, including labral tears and cartilage damage. Despite its clinical advantages compared with open treatment, hip arthroscopy is associated with complications, including traction nerve injury, extra-abdominal fluid extravasation, osteonecrosis, infection, femoral neck fracture, hip instability, and heterotopic ossification (HO)2,5,6,8-10. Incidence of HO has been reported to range from less than 1% to 6.3% in several series2,5,6,8-10. Strategies for limiting HO have included postoperative nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) or …
Subjective Reactions to a Colorized Movie vs its Original Black/White Version

Sum7na7y.-The use of technology to color classic black and white movies has been controversial. Prior research has suggested that coloring adds to subjects' evaluation of a television episode. The present study examined whecher college subjects (26 men, GO women) evaluated a colorized movie differently from its original black and white version. As no differences were found, it was concluded that colorization may add to a marginally good performance, but its effect on outstanding movies and performances is minimal.
Locally chosen grad-div stabilization parameters for finite element discretizations of incompressible flow problems

Grad-div stabilization has recently been found to be an important tool for finite element method simulations of incompressible flow problems, acting to improve mass conservation in solutions and reducing the effect of the pressure error on the velocity error. Typically, the associated stabilization parameter is chosen globally, but herein we consider local choices. We show that, both for an analytic test problem and for lift and drag calculations of flow around a cylinder, local choices of the grad-div stabilization parameter can provide more accurate solutions.
Torrenticole insects of the Himalaya I: Two New Species of Ephemerida

Two new species of Ephemerida, viz., Baetis longistylis and B. lahaulensis are described from torrential streams of N. W. Himalaya. The type specimens are retained in the School of Entomology, Agra.
Plasma Insulin, Glucagon, and Gut Glucagon-like Immunoreactivity during Experimentally Induced Hyperammonemia in Rats

SummaryFed and fasted rats injected with urease showed a dramatic and sustained elevation in plasma ammonia concentrations. Plasma glucose concentrations were also elevated following urease treatment in both fed and fasted rats. The increase in plasma ammonia following urease treatment was accompanied by a significant increase in the average plasma insulin concentrations in both groups. There was no consistent effect of ammonia intoxication on plasma glucagon or gut glucagon-like immunoreactivity.
Study on the Relationship Between Viral lnfection and Renal lmpairment in Neonates

Objective:To explore the influence of cytomegalovirus(CMV),herpes simplex virus(HSV) and coxsackie virus(COXV) infection on neonatal renal impairment. Methods: 76 cases with viral infection were in group A and 20 cases without viral infection were in control group(group B).The C 3,NAG and α2 macroglobulin( α2-M)in urine, urinalysis, blood urea nitrogen(BUN)and creatinine(CR) were tested in each neonate. Results: The urine NAG in group A was significantly higher than that in group B(P0.01) and the NAG was positively correlated with the number of blood gene copy(P0.01). In group A, the number of blood gene copy and NAG was significantly higher in 19 cases with positive urine FQ-CMV-DNA than those with negative FQ-CMV-DNA (P0.01). There was no significant difference in α2-M,urinalysis,BUN and CR between the two groups(P0.05). Conclusion: Renal impairment in neonetes may be associated with viral infection.
Filters, Prisms, Gratings, and Lenses

The optical system of any instrumentation utilizing radiant energy for analytical purposes includes some device to isolate the spectral region desired together with other optical devices to direct and focus the radiant energy. Spectral isolation is achieved by using a filter, a prism, or a grating, depending on the degree of wavelength resolution required. The collection and focusing of the light from the source are usually accomplished by using lenses and/or mirrors. Since careful control of the light path is needed to achieve maximum efficiency, an optical bench frequently is used to mount the parts of the optical system.
Multitasking with molecular dynamics Typhoon: quantifying nucleic acids and autoradiographs

With increased sensitivity and specificity, fluorescent assays are rapidly becoming the method of choice for nucleic acid quantification. The utility of the Typhoon scanner has now been extended to accurately measure low levels of DNA and RNA (5 ng ml−1) with PicoGreen and RiboGreen dyes. In addition, with a few simple modifications, autoradiographic film images can be scanned and quantified with the Typhoon series of scanners.
The effect of added dietary soybean oil on vitamin E status of the horse.

Fourteen 2-yr-old Quarter Horses and Quarter Horse x Thoroughbreds were randomly assigned to either a control (CTRL) diet or a diet supplemented with 6.4% soybean oil (SBO). The amounts of both diets that were fed met current NRC nutrient requirements and were isoenergetic with similar nutrient:energy ratios. Venous blood samples (20 mL) were taken at d 0, 30, 60, and 90 of the experiment and analyzed for serum alpha-tocopherol, serum cholesterol, and serum triglyceride. The sum of serum cholesterol and serum triglyceride values was used as an estimate of serum total lipid. The ratio of serum alpha-tocopherol:serum total lipid was used as a measure of vitamin E status of horses. The SBO group had higher serum cholesterol concentrations (P < .001) at 30, 60, and 90 d. Serum triglyceride was not affected by diet. Serum total lipids tended to be greater (P < .06) for the SBO group. Serum alpha-tocopherol was greater (P < .001) at 90 d in the SBO group. There was a significant correlation (P < .001, r = .62) between serum total lipids and serum alpha-tocopherol concentrations in the SBO group. This correlation was not significant (P < .07, r = .35) in the CTRL group. The ratio of serum alpha-tocopherol:serum total lipid was not affected by diet. The results of this experiment suggest that vitamin E status in non-exercising, 2-yr-old horses fed currently recommended levels of vitamin E was not affected by the addition of 6.4% SBO to the diet.
Towards high-bandwidth capacitive imaging

This paper presents an initial step toward high-bandwidth electroquasistatic (EQS) imaging. This system uses a capacitively-coupled electrode array excited at high frequencies in order to distinguish various features such as a dielectric layer or a variable air gap. Further, this system can potentially image depth information and dielectric composition by using multi-wavelength electrode arrays. This paper presents high-speed drive electronics and corresponding driven electrode arrays. The sensor signal is measured with a commercial impedance analyzer.
Effect Of Water Content On The Corrosion Behavior Of Carbon Steel In Supercritical Co2 Phase With Impurities

Sufficient drying (water removal) of carbon dioxide (CO2) in transport pipelines is required to prevent breaking-out of free water and consequent excessive corrosion rates. The drying requirement for CO2 pipelines, used for enhanced oil recovery (EOR) in the United States, is a maximum of 650 ppm (mole) of water. However, there is a possibility of increased corrosion rates in supercritical CO2 phase with water vapor (below its solubility level) in the presence of oxygen (O2) and sulfur dioxide (SO2). Thus, the objective of the present study is to evaluate the corrosion properties of carbon steel in supercritical CO2/O2/SO2 mixtures with different amounts of water (under-saturated) related to the transmission of CO2 to sequestration sites. The corrosion property of carbon steel was evaluated by using an autoclave operating at different pressures (maximum 2000 psi), temperatures (maximum 50C), and concentrations of O2 and SO2 impurities as well as water content. The corrosion rate of samples was determined by weight loss measurements. The surface morphology and the composition of the corrosion product layers were analyzed using surface analytical techniques (scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD)).
Low-Coherence and Tomographic Techniques

Digital holography using low-coherence light source has distinct imaging characteristics and applications. A number of special techniques have been developed to take advantage of such distinct characteristics of interference by low-coherence light. Topographic and tomographic imaging follow naturally from the well-established and still evolving field of low-coherence interferometry. A very significant contribution by digital holography is the possibility of holographic recording of white light or fluorescence. Although some of the principles have been known in conventional holography, recording of extended objects under white light illumination suffers from precipitous degradation of interference contrast due to noninterfering background. DH-related techniques, such as phase shifting, allow efficient removal of the background. Some of these may develop into powerful and practical new imaging technologies.
Nanotechnology Innovations for Low-Temperature Fuel Cells for Micro Autonomous Systems

The requirement for longer and uninterrupted operation by micro autonomous systems calls for alternatives to the incumbent battery technology. The proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) presents a comparative advantage over battery technology due to their higher energy density and ability to operate continuously without the need for recharging. The cost of expensive catalyst materials utilized by the PEMFCs has so far impeded this technology. The dramatic success of the electronics industry in making cheaper and more efficient products has created new pathways for PEMFC advancement. This chapter discusses the integration of nano/microfabrication practices and techniques to fuel cell systems design. A new technique with the ability to produce high-aspect ratio features of sub-micrometer critical dimension and larger by leveraging the tools of electron beam lithography and advanced dry etching from the established techniques of nano/microtechnology is also discussed. This capability opens the possibility of creating a variety of novel architectures for fuel cells and other electrochemical devices (including sensors, electrolyzers, and electrochemical reactors, among others) and the promise of cost reduction through the model of microelectronics technology that leverages integration of components, rapid batch processing, automation, and economies of scale.
3CD Cleavage of the Poliovirus P1 Precursor: A Model for Complex Proteinase/Substrate Interactions

Eukaryotic viruses have evolved numerous strategies of replication that allow the propagation of their nucleic acid genomes in a potentially hostile host environment. Such strategies often include the limitation of genomic RNA or DNA sequences to only those essential, the production of multiple gene products from a single viral mRNA species, the use of host-cellular replication and translation machinery, and the selective inhibition of host-cell gene expression. Storage of viral genetic information in the form of ribonucleic acid is an additional replication strategy employed by a subgroup of eukaryotic viruses (RNA viruses). Most RNA viruses (excluding orthomyxoviruses and retroviruses) have eliminated the need for a nuclear phase in their viral life cycles, thus facilitating viral gene expression. An instructive example of a well-studied RNA virus which incorporates all of the above mentioned strategies to orchestrate a productive and efficient replication cycle is poliovirus, a member of the family Picornaviridae. Poliovirus is a small, positive-sense RNA virus that encodes at least 14 distinct viral gene products within a monocistronic genome of 7.5 kb (Rueckert, 1985; Lawson and Semler, 1990). This is achieved by translation of the viral mRNA into a single polyprotein that is subsequently cleaved into mature structural and nonstructural viral proteins by viral proteinases 2A and 3C. Proteinase 2A specifically recognizes a tyrosine-glycine (Y-G) amino acid pair and completes the initial cleavage on the polyprotein at the P1/P2 junction (Toyoda et al., 1986). The remainder of the important cleavages within the poliovirus P2 and P3 regions of the polyprotein is mediated by proteinase 3C, which exclusively recognizes glutamine-glycine (Q-G) amino acid pairs (Semler et al., 1981; Emini et al., 1982; Hanecak et al., 1982; Larsen et al., 1982). Cleavage of the P1 precursor requires polymerase sequences (3D) as well as 3C sequences in the form of proteinase 3CD (Jore et al. 1988; Ypma-Wong et al., 1988a). The poliovirus genomic RNA is also characterized by a large untranslated region (∼740 nt) located at the 5′ end (5′ UTR). The 5′ UTR facilitates the translation of viral mRNA by host-cell translation machinery via a novel cap-independent mechanism of translation initiation (Pelletier et al., 1988; Trono et al., 1988). The use of a cap-independent translation initiation mechanism allows for the selective inhibition of host-cell cap-dependent translation of eukaryotic mRNAs, an event mediated by proteinase 2A (Etchison et al., 1982; Sun and Baltimore, 1989).
Pharmacological Applications of fMRI

Over the last few years, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has developed rapidly into a powerful means of investigating both the pharmacological effects of drugs on neuronal activity and, with the ability to make real-time measurements of specific behaviors and physiological processes, the correlation of those neuronal changes with changes in behavior and various markers of the internal milieu. This prospect of combining powerful, noninvasive brain imaging with careful behavioral, cognitive, and physiological monitoring holds tremendous opportunity for advancing not only our understanding of fundamental brain mechanisms, but also clinical applications such as diagnostic procedures, medications development, treatment matching, and outcomes prediction.
Post-operative radiation effects on lymphopenia, neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio, and clinical outcomes in palatine tonsil cancers.

Abstract Objective To evaluate radiation-induced lymphopenia associated with unilateral vs. bilateral neck radiation and to test post-treatment neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) as a prognostic clinical biomarker. Methods This was a single academic center retrospective review of palatine tonsil squamous cell cancer patients treated with post-operative intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) from 1997 to 2013. Absolute lymphocyte count (ALC) and NLR were evaluated during and after radiation for up to a year. Correlations of lab values with loco-regional control (LRC), freedom from distant metastases (FFDM), and overall survival (OS) were assessed. Results Ninety-nine patients with median follow up 5.8 years had ALC recorded at least at baseline and within one year of starting RT. Acute grade 3–4 lymphopenia ( 11.875 correlated with worse OS (HR = 4.4, 95% CI 1.2–16). Late NLR > 6.875 independently correlated with significantly worse FFDM (HR = 16, 95% CI 1.9–137) and OS (HR = 12, 95% CI 3.0–48). Conclusions Unilateral neck radiation may prevent acute iatrogenic immunosuppression. In exploratory analyses, elevated post-treatment NLR was associated with risk for distant metastases and death.
Using disability adjusted life years to value the treatment of thirty chronic conditions in the U.S. from 1987 to 2010: a proof of concept

Health care spending in the U.S. grew two trillion dollars from 1987 to 2010, a 400% increase, but our understanding of the value of that increase is limited. In this paper we estimate the net value of spending for thirty chronic diseases between 1987 and 2010 by assigning a monetary value to changes in health outcomes and relating it to the costs of treating each disease. Changes in health outcomes are measured using a newly-available time series of disability adjusted life years (DALYs) data from the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. Spending on treatments are determined using health care expenditure data from nationally representative surveys. We find the net value of treatment has grown substantially for several diseases. Overall, 20 of the 30 chronic conditions studied experienced an increase in health outcomes over the period, with 8 of those 20 showing a decrease in per-patient spending. Our estimates of net value of health spending using DALYs data are simple to apply and results are generally consistent with previous estimates which usually involve onerous data collection methods to study a single disease. The DALYs data have potential to be a useful, low-cost way to measure changes in health outcomes. However, challenges remain in using DALYs data to accurately measure the changing value of health care spending on the treatment of disease.
Risk factors associated with prolonged neonatal intensive care unit stay after threatened late preterm birth.

Objective: To identify risk factors associated with neonatal intermediate or intensive care unit (NICU) stay ≥3 days among women with threatened late preterm birth (PTB).Study design: Secondary ana...
COMPARISON OF THE ENO AND COMPACT SCHEMES FOR DNS/LES OF TURBULENCE

The comparative ability of ENO and compact schemes to correctly calculate homogeneous compressible turbulence is investigated in this work. Also included in the analysis are the weighted essentially nonoscillatory (WENO) scheme and a third-order, upwind-biased scheme. The ability of the various schemes to represent certain single-point statistics and the spectra energy distribution is compared. The compact scheme requires filters for numerical stability. The effects of an adjustable parameter in the filter formulation on the computed results are discussed, as are the roles of filters in the ability of the ENO code to dissipate turbulence energy. The effect of grid refinement on the relative spectra energy dissipation by ENO and compact schemes are presented.
The nuclear option

Noted space visionary Arthur C. Clarke succeeds, in the short quote above, in succintly summarising the quandary of those who seek to apply nuclear-fission technology to space travel. Even though their hearts may be pure and their goals justified, the simple fact that their methods were used first to kill hundreds of thousands of humans at Hiroshima and Nagasaki and later to fuel the long mock peace of the Cold War, insures a vast reservoir of public distrust directed towards the nuclear scientists.
Updated WHO nomenclature of head and neck lesions and associated imaging findings

This article reviews the imaging features of head and neck lesions with updated 2017 World Health Organization (WHO) nomenclature. The major WHO changes include refined terminology of existing entities, descriptions of new tumor types, elimination of defunct categories, and updated biological characterization of various tumor types. In particular, the updates pertaining to the following conditions will be reviewed: tumors of the oral cavity and oropharynx, including HPV-positive or HPV-negative squamous cell carcinoma, small cell carcinoma; tumors of the hypopharynx, larynx, trachea, and parapharyngeal space, including nomenclature revisions for laryngeal neuroendocrine tumors; tumors of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses including newly added entities such as NUT carcinoma and biphenotypic sinonasal sarcoma; odontogenic and maxillofacial bone tumors, including the reversal of terminology for certain cystic lesions; tumors of the salivary glands, including updated terminology related to high-grade transformation and polymorphous adenocarcinomas tumors; temporal bone lesions including modifications of the nomenclature and classification criteria; tumor-like lesions of the neck and lymph nodes, with a discussion encompassing developmental cysts, metastases of unknown primary, and heterotopia-associated neoplasia; and mucosal melanoma. Familiarity with the proper WHO terminology for conditions that might be mentioned in differential diagnoses and a general understanding of the behavior of head and neck lesions can help optimize imaging assessment and reporting.
BRCA1 regulation of p53 stability and target selectivity

2537 BRCA1, the first gene identified as a breast cancer susceptibility gene, remains enigmatic more than 10 years after its discovery. Functions ascribed to the 1863 amino acid protein include cell cycle regulation, DNA repair, transcriptional regulation, chromatin remodeling and ubiquitylation. Ectopic overexpression of BRCA1 in several tumor cell lines induces the stabilization of the tumor suppressor protein, p53. Numerous post-translational modifications regulate p53 stabilization and activation. We have begun to address whether BRCA1 alters the post-translational modifications of p53. Both adriamycin and exogenous BRCA1 appear to have the same ability to induce phosphorylation and acetylation of p53. Despite the similarities in the post-translational modifications we have looked at, previous work from our lab has demonstrated that the ectopic expression of BRCA1 induces a cell cycle arrest whereas adriamycin induces apoptosis (1, 2). Given the importance of p53-mediated apoptosis in tumor suppression, it is important to understand how BRCA1 is able to preferentially induce expression of cell cycle and DNA damage response genes and not expression of pro-apoptotic genes. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation assays, we show that p53 is present at the p21 promoter (a cell cycle arrest gene) as well as at the DR5 promoter (a pro-apoptotic gene). We are currently exploring the hypothesis that BRCA1 exerts a repressive function at the apoptotic promoters either directly or indirectly. 1. MacLachlan, T. K., Somasundaram, K., Sgagias, M., Shifman, Y., Muschel, R. J., Cowan, K. H., and El-Deiry, W. S. BRCA1 effects on the cell cycle and the DNA damage response are linked to altered gene expression. J Biol Chem, 275: 2777-2785, 2000. 2. MacLachlan, T. K., Takimoto, R., and El-Deiry, W. S. BRCA1 directs a selective p53-dependent transcriptional response towards growth arrest and DNA repair targets. Mol Cell Biol, 22: 4280-4292, 2002.
Unsupervised Similarity-based Sensor Selection for Time Series Data

With the evolution of sensor-empowered systems in fields ranging from smart cities (e.g., green energy) and industry (e.g., machines condition monitoring) to personal and social health and wellness (e.g., wearable devices and electroencephalography, EEG), it is vital to consider constraints related to these sensors, including power consumption and noise. Consequently, empowering intelligence (e.g. prediction of states or outcomes) in such systems becomes of high importance in order to better deal with such constraints and to reduce the effects of dimensionality and volume of sensed data. Here, we propose a sensor selection algorithm that minimizes the sensor space relying on the similarities in how sensors sense a given environment. This algorithm resulted in a significant reduction in the sensor space without notable loss of accuracy when compared against the complete set of the sensing space. We applied the proposed algorithm to two sensor-based time-series datasets of different fields of application.
PacketScope: Monitoring the Packet Lifecycle Inside a Switch

As modern switches become increasingly more powerful, flexible, and programmable, network operators have an ever greater need to monitor their behavior. Many existing systems provide the ability to observe and analyze traffic that arrives at switches, but do not provide visibility into the experience of packets within the switch. To fill this gap, we present PacketScope, a network telemetry system that lets us peek inside network switches to ask a suite of useful queries about how switches modify, drop, delay, and forward packets. PacketScope gives network operators an intuitive and powerful Spark-like dataflow language to express these queries. To minimize the overhead of PacketScope on switch metadata, our compiler uses a "tag little, compute early" strategy that tags packets with metadata as they move through the switch pipeline, and computes query results as early as possible to free up pipeline resources for later processing. PacketScope also combines information from the ingress and egress pipelines to answer aggregate queries about packets dropped due to a full queue.
Influence of dietary sugars on blood pressure regulation: historical, epidemiological, laboratory, and clinical considerations

Abstract • Modestly elevated blood pressure (BP) readings, even in the so-called normal range, provide serious cardiovascular complications throughout the world. • Among dietary constituents, just excess intake of table salt (NaCl) for the most part and to a lesser extent lack of sufficient dietary potassium are consistently linked to BP elevations. • Nevertheless, studies assessing cardiac dynamics among various populations suggest a significant role for other dietary factors in increasing BP. • At present, avoiding consumption of rapidly absorbed sugars, particularly sucrose, high fructose corn syrup, and fructose, is being recognized as possible means to prevent/treat/ameliorate elevated BP and avoid associated cardiovascular perturbations. • The deleterious effects emanating from dietary sugars appear to depend largely upon development of insulin resistance (IR)—an inadequate response to circulating insulin by muscles, fat, and liver. • In support, significant positive correlations between fasting blood glucose values and circulating insulin levels that are reasonable estimates of IR with BP have been consistently found in clinical evaluations. • An amplified interaction between common table salt and dietary sugars to raise BP has been reported and should be prudently considered when planning the most advantageous prevention and treatment regimens to ameliorate the global crisis arising from damaging pressure levels.
Low cost thermal transient anemometer for challenging gas flow rate measurements

Abstract Few commercially available gas flow rate measurement devices can be employed in applications with strict pressure drop allowances, high working pressures, or corrosive working fluids. Additionally, most measurement approaches (e.g., turbine, rotameter, thermal dispersion) have limited turn-down ratios, generally less than 50. Here, a new economical and mechanically simple thermal transient anemometer design is proposed and evaluated for internal gas volumetric flow measurement. The flow meter operates through cyclical electrical heating and convective cooling of a thermocouple probe. Flow rates are correlated with average cooling-period temperatures. Heating and cooling profiles are dynamically adjusted during operation, permitting relatively good accuracy and a large turn-down ratio (450). The objective of this investigation is to model, design, and demonstrate the operation of the anemometer using air as working fluid. The anemometer has a measurement range of 0.5–226.5 l min−1 with free stream temperatures varying between 22–26°C. A segmented numerical model, which includes the varying heating loads and velocity profiles in the working fluid, is developed and validated.
Simultaneous Evalulation of Contrast Pulse Sequences for Super-Resolution Ultrasound Imaging – Preliminary In Vitro and In Vivo Results

Super-resolution ultrasound imaging (SR-US) has enabled a tenfold improvement in resolution of the microvasculature with clinical application in many disease processes such as cancer, diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Plane wave ultrasound (US) platforms in turn are capable of the very high frame rates needed to track microbubble (MB) contrast agents used in SR-US. Both B-mode US imaging and contrast enhanced US imaging (CEUS) have been effectively used in SR-US, with B-mode US having higher signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and CEUS providing higher contrast-to-tissue ratio (CTR). Lengthy imaging time needed for SR-US to allow perfusion and MB detection is an impediment to clinical adoption. Both SNR and CTR improvements can enhance SR-US imaging by enhancing the detection of MBs thus reducing imaging time. This study simultaneously evaluated nonlinear contrast pulse sequences (CPS) employing different amplitude modulation (AM) and pulse inversion (PI) nonlinear CEUS imaging techniques as well as combinations of the two, (AMPI) with B-mode US imaging. The objective was to improve the detection rate of MB during SR-US. Imaging was performed in vitro and in vivo in the rat hind limb using a Vantage 256 research scanner (Verasonics Inc.). Comparisons of four CPS compositions with B-mode US imaging was made based on the number of MB detected and localized in SR-US images. The use of a PI nonlinear CEUS imaging strategy improved SR-US imaging by increasing the number of MB detected in a sequence of frames by an average of 28.3% and up to 52.6% over a B-mode US imaging strategy, which would decrease imaging time accordingly.
First Report of Grapevine Rupestris Vein Feathering Virus in Grapevines from Washington State

Since the first report of grapevine rupestris vein feathering virus (GRVFV; genus Marafivirus, family Tymoviridae) in a Greek grapevine causing chlorotic discoloration of leaf veins (El Beaino et al., 2001), GRVFV was reported in some European countries, and in Australia, China, Korea, New Zealand, Uruguay, and Canada (Blouin et al., 2017; Cho et al., 2018; Reynard et al., 2017). In the USA, the virus was reported only from California in vines showing Syrah decline symptoms (Al Rwahnih et al., 2009). During virus surveys conducted between 2015 and 2019, 424 samples (petioles from individual or composite of five vines, with 4 petioles/vine) with and without discernible symptoms were collected randomly from 39 Vitis vinifera cultivars in vineyards and nurseries in eastern Washington State. Total RNA was isolated from these samples separately using SpectrumTM Plant Total RNA Kit (Sigma-Aldrich) and subjected individually to Illumina RNAseq (Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, UT). An average of ~28 million 120-base pair (bp) paired-end reads using HiSeq2500 platform and an average of ~18 million 145-bp paired-end reads using Novaseq 6000 platform were obtained per sample. The contigs from de novo assembly of quality-filtered reads from each sample (CLC Genomics workbench 12) were subjected to BLASTn analysis against the virus database from GenBank. In addition to grapevine viruses and viroids previously reported in Washington State, GRVFV-specific sequences were obtained in samples from 11 of the 39 cultivars; namely, Muscat Ottonel, Pinot gris and Sangiovese from vineyards and Aglianico, Bonarda, Cabernet Sauvignon, Chardonnay, Garnacha Tinta, Riesling, Tempranillo and Valdiguie from nurseries. BLASTn analysis of the 73 GRVFV-specific contigs, ranging in size between 500 nt and 6474 nt, showed sequence identity between 79.4% and 95.5% with GRVFV sequences deposited in GenBank. The data also revealed that GRVFV was always present as coinfection with one or more viruses and viroids (grapevine leafroll-associated virus 3, grapevine red blotch virus, grapevine virus A and B, grapevine rupestris stem pitting-associated virus, hop stunt viroid and grapevine yellow speckle viroid 1) making it difficult to correlate presence of the virus with specific symptoms. To confirm the presence of GRVFV, samples from cvs. Sangiovese (n = 45) and Pinot gris (n = 1) were tested by RT-PCR using custom designed primers SaF-215 (5'- TACAAGGTGAATTGCTCCACAC -3') and SaR-1027 (5'-TCATTGGCGATGCGTTCG-3') to amplify the 813 bp sequence covering partial replicase associated polyprotein region of the virus genome. Sanger sfour amplicons (MT782067-MT782070) showed identities from 86% (700 bp out of 813 bp) with an Australian isolate (MT084811.1) to 90.9% (738 bp out of 813 bp) with an isolate from New Zealand (MF000326.1). Additional studies are in progress to examine the etiology, genetic diversity and impact of GRVFV in Washington vineyards.
Combined geometric-radiometric and neural network approach to shallow bathymetric mapping with UAS imagery

Abstract There is a pressing need for shallow bathymetry in regions around the world, including in fragile marine ecosystems, such as coral reefs. Unfortunately, mapping these shallow-water areas using in situ or boat-based methods is expensive, time consuming, and potentially dangerous, due to the need to put personnel and/or boats in high-energy nearshore areas, which may contain rocks, reefs, and other submerged hazards. For this reason, passive remote sensing methods of shallow bathymetric mapping have been rapidly growing in interest and usage. Two general categories of approaches using passive imaging can be distinguished as: (1) those based on geometry (stereo-photogrammetry); (2) those based on radiometry (attenuation of light in the water column). These two broad categories of approaches have been tested on imagery collected using aircraft and satellites in numerous previous studies. Recent work within the geometric category includes processing unmanned aircraft system (UAS) imagery using Structure from Motion and Multi-View Stereo (SfM-MVS) photogrammetry, while radiometric methods encompass the broad range of spectral bathymetry retrieval algorithms. Each broad approach category has advantages and disadvantages. Fortunately, the geometric and radiometric approaches are highly complementary. The geometric approaches tend to work best in areas of high bottom texture, which facilitates feature matching in the SfM-MVS software. Meanwhile, the radiometric approaches work best in relatively homogeneous bottom types. To leverage the strengths of each type of approach and overcome their respective weaknesses, this work develops and tests a combined geometric-radiometric bathymetric mapping approach designed for shallow-water mapping from UAS imagery. Four radiometric models of varying complexity are tested, ranging from a color-based lookup table approach to neural networks. Two UAS flights on Buck Island, off St Croix in the U.S. Virgin Islands (USVI), are used to assess the accuracy of the methodology when compared to aerial bathymetric lidar data. The results show that the combined geometric-radiometric approach provides an increase in spatial coverage of up to 61% and improvement (i.e. decrease) in 95th percentile error of up to 49% when compared to traditional refraction-corrected SfM-MVS bathymetry.
Obesity Shapes Metabolism in the Tumor Microenvironment to Suppress Anti-Tumor Immunity

Summary Obesity is a major cancer risk factor, but how differences in systemic metabolism change the tumor microenvironment (TME) and impact anti-tumor immunity is not understood. Here, we demonstrate that high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity impairs CD8+ T cell function in the murine TME, accelerating tumor growth. We generate a single-cell resolution atlas of cellular metabolism in the TME, detailing how it changes with diet-induced obesity. We find that tumor and CD8+ T cells display distinct metabolic adaptations to obesity. Tumor cells increase fat uptake with HFD, whereas tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T cells do not. These differential adaptations lead to altered fatty acid partitioning in HFD tumors, impairing CD8+ T cell infiltration and function. Blocking metabolic reprogramming by tumor cells in obese mice improves anti-tumor immunity. Analysis of human cancers reveals similar transcriptional changes in CD8+ T cell markers, suggesting interventions that exploit metabolism to improve cancer immunotherapy.
Educational needs and challenges in axial spondyloarthritis.

Purpose of review Axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA) affects 0.5-1% of the population in many regions of the world. This review summarizes the challenges in medical education around axSpA with attention to evidence around delayed diagnosis, clinician familiarity with typical axSpA features, such as inflammatory back pain and adherence to accepted management principles. Recent findings Clinicians who commonly manage patients with chronic back pain or other typical axSpA features are not consistently aware of the concept of inflammatory back pain and common extra-spinal manifestations. Further, clinicians may not be familiar with the nonradiographic spectrum of axSpA. Management of patients with possible axSpA does not consistently follow principles that would establish an axSpA diagnosis, and diagnosis of axSpA remains delayed by 6-7 years on average, with evidence suggesting management disparities on the basis of sex and race in some cases. Referral recommendations have increased the probability of axSpA diagnosis up to about 40% and, may complement educational efforts in axSpA. Summary Educational efforts in axSpA should focus on providing front-line clinicians with a better understanding of inflammatory back pain, the nonradiographic form of axSpA, and accepted principles in axSpA management.