cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Overweight and Depressive Symptoms among African-American Women☆

Abstract Background. In a national survey, a correlation between overweight and depression was explained by dieting and poor health. This study examines overweight and depressive symptoms among urban African-American women, taking into account demographic factors, health status and practices, and psychosocial constructs. Methods. Respondents are 429 participants in a pilot for a culturally tailored intervention promoting healthful eating and exercising. Anthropomorphic and self-administered questionnaire data were collected at a community health club site. Results. Controlling for demographic factors, overweight is associated with symptoms of depression, a relationship that is partially explained by health status, but not by dietary restraint. Using multiple regression, poor health status, alcohol intake, hostility, and low levels of ethnic identity (connectedness with the African-American community) are independent predictors of depressed mood. In this study, dietary restraint reflects healthful eating and is inversely related to depression. The overweight/depression association is stronger among women with high levels of education and high levels of ethnic identity (statistical interactions). Conclusion. Poor health likely contributes over time to both overweight and depressed mood. Ethnic identity enhancement strategies should be studied for their effectiveness in strengthening identity and for their potential in attracting individuals especially likely to benefit from lifestyle change programs.
A design technique for determining actuator gains in spacecraft vibration control

A design procedure is described which determines the gains of a diagonal damping matrix to control the vibrations of a flexible structure with application to orbiting spacecraft. The procedure is based on minimizing the energy dissipated by control actuators using nonlinear mathematical programming. Each damping gain is assumed to be an active viscous damper and the design process is formulated so that the force or torque output of the actuator does not exceed a specified value. The response of the structure at some specified time after the termination of the disturbance is constrained to be less than some prescribed value based upon spacecraft mission performance requirements. A grillage example is used to demonstrate the design process for determining gains for two representative cases. Resulting designs are verified by a finite element analysis of the structure augmented by the control actuators.
Physiological Regulation of Maternal Behavior in Heifers: Roles of Genital Stimulation, Intracerebral Oxytocin Release, and Ovarian Steroids

We tested the hypotheses that 1) epidural anesthesia at parturition would block both peripheral and central release of oxytocin and eliminate the development of maternal behavior in primiparous heifers and 2) estradiol priming, genital stimulation, and appropriate neonatal stimuli would induce maternal behavior in nulliparous heifers. In experiment 1, primiparous crossbred heifers (n 5 13) with cannulas in the third cerebroventricle (IIIV) were assigned randomly to receive epidural treatments of saline (SAL; n 5 6) or lidocaine HCl (EPI; n 5 7) at the onset of labor induced between Days 270 and 280 of gestation. Epidural anesthesia blocked (P , 0.001) both central and peripheral release of oxytocin and markedly reduced (P , 0.05) or eliminated licking behaviors during a 3-h period following parturition as compared with SAL. Following approximately 1 wk of controlled daily suckling, during which calves were permitted access only to the inguinal region of their dams (three times daily for 10 min each time), a second maternal behavior test was performed. Although licking behavior remained markedly reduced (P , 0.001) in the EPI compared with the SAL groups, all heifers accepted their calf at the udder. In experiments 2‐4, neither estradiol priming in ovariectomized heifers nor estradiol plus progesterone in intact heifers resulted in an induction of maternal behaviors following genital stimulation and presentation of a neonate wetted with amniotic fluid. Pelvic sensory deficits apparently block oxytocin release and disturb both shortlatency and long-term maternal behaviors but do not result ultimately in rejection of the calf. Combinations of hormonal, sensory, olfactory, and visual cues observed previously to induce maternal behavior in nulliparous ewes do not appear adequate for induction of maternal behavior in nulliparous heifers. central nervous system, oxytocin, posterior pituitary, reproductive behavior
Motor nerve endings in extraocular muscles.

In rat extraocular muscles, “en plaque” motor endings with subsynaptic folds were mainly localized at the terminal innervation band, and were present singly in muscle fibers having “Fidrillenstrucktur” and diameters of 18 to 30 μ. The “en grappe” motor endings without subsynaptic folds were found in the proximal and distal thirds of four rectus and two oblique muscles, and 10 to 16 endings were present in muscle fibers having “Felderstruktur” and diameters of 6 to 13 μ. The mean diameter of “en plaque” endings was 31.5 μ in the levator palpebrae and 32.1 μ in the rectus superior, which is larger compared with 27.1 μ in the tibialis anterior. The mean diameter of “en grappe” endings of the superior rectus muscle was 10.0 μ. The mean diameter of muscle fibers was 18.2 μ in the levator palpebrae, 18.5 μ in the superior rectus, and 33.1 μ in the tibialis anterior.
Utilization of Urea and Growth of Heifer Calves with Corn Molasses or Cane Molasses as the Only Readily Available Carbohydrate in the Ration

Summary 1.Further studies on urea utilization in a rumen fistula heifer are reported. 2.With timothy hay as the sole ingredient of the basal ration utilization of urea was low. Corn molasses provided a suitable substrate for the development of an active flora, and urea was fairly well utilized. The protein of the rumen contents (dry basis) rose from a basal level of 7.7 per cent to 9.28 per cent. 3.With timothy hay, starch, corn molasses and urea as the ration the protein level in the rumen contents rose from 7.7 per cent to 10.9 per cent. Apparently somewhat better utilization of urea was made on a starch-containing ration than on one containing mainly a more soluble sugar. 4.In growth experiments with young heifer calves a ration made of timothy hay, cane molasses and urea fortified with common salt, bone meal, and vitamin A gave a subnormal rate of growth (0.6 to 0.8 pound daily). 5.When this ration was supplemented with 0.3 pound of crude casein daily normal growth was attained. Substitution of an equal weight of corn starch for the casein likewise resulted in normal growth. 6.For maximum growth of calves a ration made of a roughage, molasses and urea must be supplemented with some additional source of a more insoluble but fermentable carbohydrate or insoluble protein which can be drawn from the cereal grains or concentrates, such as the oil meals. In our limited experience this supplemental material need not be more than 3−5 per cent of the total ration.
Label-free electronic detection of target cells

In this manuscript we describe an electronic label-free method for detection of target cells, which has potential applications ranging from pathogen detection for food safety all the way to detection of circulating tumor cells for cancer diagnosis. The nanoelectronic platform consists of a stack of electrodes separated by a 30nm thick insulating layer. Cells binding to the tip of the sensor result in a decrease in the impedance at the sensing tip due to an increase in the fringing capacitance between the electrodes. As a proof of concept we demonstrate the ability to detect Saccharomyces Cerevisae cells with high specificity using a sensor functionalized with Concanavalin A. Ultimately we envision using this sensor in conjunction with a technology for pre-concentration of target cells to develop a fully integrated micro total analysis system.
Physicochemical Characterization and In Vitro Hemolysis Evaluation of Silver Nanoparticles

Silver nanomaterials are increasingly being used as antimicrobial agents in medical devices. This study assessed the in vitro hemolytic potential of unbound silver particles in human blood to determine which physical and chemical particle properties contribute to mechanisms of red blood cell (RBC) damage. Four silver particle powders (two nano-sized and two micron-sized) were dispersed in water and characterized using transmission electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, and zeta potential measurement. Particle size and agglomeration were dependent on the suspension media. Under similar conditions to the hemolysis assay, with the particles added to phosphate buffered saline (PBS) and plasma, the size of the nanoparticles increased compared with particles suspended in water alone due to interaction with chloride ions and plasma proteins. To determine hemolysis response, aqueous particle suspensions were mixed with heparinized human blood diluted in PBS for 3.5 h at 37°C. Both nanoparticle preparations were significantly more hemolytic than micron-sized particles at equivalent mass concentrations > 220 μg/ml and at estimated surface area concentrations > 10 cm(2)/ml. The presence or absence of surface citrate on nanoparticles showed no significant difference in hemolysis. However, the aqueous nanoparticle preparations released significantly more silver ions than micron-sized particles, which correlated with increased hemolysis. Although significant size changes occurred to the silver particles due to interaction with media components, the higher level of in vitro hemolysis observed with nanoparticles compared with micron-sized particles may be related to their greater surface area, increased silver ion release, and direct interaction with RBCs.
An isoform of retinoid-related orphan receptor β directs differentiation of retinal amacrine and horizontal interneurons

Amacrine interneurons act as integrators of visual information in the retina; however the developmental mechanisms that determine this cell fate remain unclear. Liu et al. find that amacrine differentiation in the retina is driven by the transcription factor RORβ1.
Autonomous geometric precision error estimation in low-level computer vision tasks

Errors in map-making tasks using computer vision are sparse. We demonstrate this by considering the construction of digital elevation models that employ stereo matching algorithms to triangulate real-world points. This sparsity, coupled with a geometric theory of errors recently developed by the authors, allows for autonomous agents to calculate their own precision independently of ground truth. We connect these developments with recent advances in the mathematics of sparse signal reconstruction or compressed sensing. The theory presented here extends the autonomy of 3-D model reconstructions discovered in the 1990s to their errors.
The cause of the Late Cenozoic Northern Hemisphere glaciations: a climate change enigma

The ultimate cause of the onset of glaciations remains elusive, but in the case of northem hemisphere glaciation it is probable that several factors acted in combination. General global cooling resulted from reduction of atmospheric C02 by weathering of silicate rocks exposed by erosion of late Cenozoic uplifts. Uplifts in south Asia, southwestern North America and Scandinavia occurred at distances appropriate for the generation of quasi-permanent Rossby waves in the atmosphere. The resulting winds, given suitable moisture sources, were favourable for causing large-scale precipitation at mid-latitudes on the northern continents. Moisture sources were provided by the closure of the Central American isthmus. Gulf Stream flow increased, carrying warm subtropical waters to high latitudes. The Denmark Strait deepened permitting greater outflow of deep water from the Norwegian-Greenland Sea. The relative importance of each of these factors should be investigated by additional atmospheric and ocean climate model sensitivity studies.
GROWTH AND FINAL HEIGHT (Ht) AFTER TREATMENT (Rx) FOR HODGKIN'S DISEASE (HD)

We evaluated growth in 49 children (34 males) diagnosed with HD at mean age of 8.4 yrs (2.4-11.8 yrs). Pts were treated with: radiation (RT) only, 13 pts; chemotherapy (CT) only, 8 pts; combination CT + RT, 29 pts. CT consisted of Cyclophosphamide, Adriamycin, Vincristine, Procarbazine and Prednisone. Mean RT dose was 30 Cy (0.2-51). Six of 41 irradiated pts received total lymphoid irradiation (TLI), 2l mantle, and 14 only involved field. Ht was obtained at diagnosis, at end of Rx (0.5 yr for RT only, 1-1.5 yrs for CT±RT), 1, 2, 3 yrs post-Rx, and at attainment of final ht. The mean change (A) in ht z-score for CT, CT+RT, and RT are, respectively: −0.45, −0.36, 0.06 at end of Rx; −0.60, −0.46, 0.06 1 yr post-Rx; −0.37, −0.44, −0.05 2 yr post-Rx; −0.29, −0.38, 0.01 3 yr post-Rx; 0.15 (2 Pts), −0.79 (16 Pts), −0.68 (6 Pts) final ht (fig). Ht decreased significantly at end of Rx for CT (p=0.008) and CT+RT (p=0.0002) but not for RT alone (p=0.26). There was a trend for continued reduction in ht z-score between end of Rx and final ht for RT and CT+RT. Change in ht z-score did not correlate with age at diagnosis, sex, or stage of disease. We conclude that children Rx'ed for HD with CT+RT experience a modest but significant loss in ht z-score, that appears to be permanent in those Rx'ed with CT+RT.
The Financing and Provisioning of Education and Health Services in Developing Countries: Review Article.

Abstract Because government expenditures are coming under increased pressure to provide efficient, cost-effective outcomes, the market is increasingly being seen as the mechanism which can most efficiently allocate goods and services, even in the realm of public goods, such as education and health services. This paper examines five of the most salient aspects of education and health care: (1) cost recovery, (2) public versus private alternatives, (3) spreading the burden, (4) improving efficiency, and (5) fiscal reforms. These factors form the conceptual framework within which the privatization of education and health care in developing countries is examined. After analyzing the experience of several countries, the recurring conclusion is that a marriage of market- and public-based initiatives provides the most effective allocations of education and health care services.
Marginal Adaptation and Color Stability of Four Provisional Materials

Purpose: A number of provisional restorative materials exist on the market. This study tested marginal fit and color stability of three provisional restorative materials and a control. Materials and Methods: Two auto-cure materials, Protemp Garant and Integrity, and one dual-cure material, Luxatemp Solar, were tested against SNAP, a polyethyl methacrylate control. A maxillary right central incisor ivorine tooth was prepared for a full coverage all-ceramic crown, with a 1.5-mm chamfer margin. Four points were engraved at a point 1 mm below the facial, lingual, mesial, and distal margins, and replicas (n = 40) were produced by the manufacturer. Provisional crowns (n = 10 × 4) were fabricated on the individual replicas using a polyethylene coping template. The crowns were trimmed under magnification using an acrylic bur. The distance from the crown margins to a point tangent to the engraved markings was measured under 10× magnification and recorded. For color stability, 10-mm diameter × 2-mm thick discs (n = 10 × 4) were fabricated and immersed cyclically in tea for 1 week in a Tucillo/Nielson apparatus. Color measurements were recorded for each specimen at baseline and after staining. ΔE values were calculated to determine the extent of the color change. Results: The means of the four marginal discrepancy measurements for each specimen were analyzed using a 1-way ANOVA and Tukey post-hoc comparison. Luxatemp Solar had statistically significant marginal discrepancy (319 μm, p < 0.05) when compared to the other provisional materials. A significant color change (ΔE = 4.33, p < 0.05) was found for Protemp Garant. Conclusion: The dual-cure temporary material (Luxatemp Solar) exhibited significantly more discrepancy at the margin than the auto-cure bis-acryl materials or acrylic control. Protemp Garant exhibited a clinically noticeable change in shade after 1 week in staining solution, whereas the other materials did not exhibit a clinically noticeable change. Clinical Implications: Provisional crowns fabricated from SNAP, Protemp Garant, and Integrity exhibited similarly low marginal discrepancy. SNAP, Luxatemp Solar, and Integrity did not demonstrate a clinically detectable change in shade after 1 week in a staining solution.
Fathers, Mothers, and Family Structure: Family Trajectories, Parent Gender, and Adolescent Schooling

Previous research has neither fully examined family structure across the life course nor considered increasing variation in family types. Using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (N = 11,318), I examine the influence of longitudinal measures across childhood of family structure duration and the number and timing of parent transitions (entrances and exits) on indicators of grade point average (GPA), college expectations, and suspension or expulsion in adolescence. I also examine whether parent gender moderates these effects. Results show that mother transitions during early childhood affect all outcomes, whereas time in mother-absent families influences GPA and school discipline. I find evidence for parent gender differences in transition effects; mother transitions, especially early ones, have more severe consequences than father transitions.
Near-Lifetime Exposure of the Rat to a Simulated Urban Profile of Nitrogen Dioxide: Pulmonary Function Evaluation

To investigate the potential for up to a near-lifetime exposure to high-ambient levels of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) to induce functional lung damage, groups of rats were exposed to air or a simulated urban profile of NO2 (0.5 ppm background, 1.5 ppm peak) for 1, 3, 13, 52, or 78 weeks. The dynamic, static, and diffusional characteristics of the lung were evaluated postexposure in anesthetized rats. Furthermore, for the 13-, 52-, and 78-week groups, additional animals were tested after a 6-, 26-, or 17-week period in filtered air, respectively. No significant NO2 differences between exposed and control animals were found for the nitrogen washout, compliance, lung volume, or diffusion capacity of carbon monoxide measurements. At 78 weeks, however, a reduction in delta FEF25%, an estimate of convexity in the later portion of the forced expiratory flow volume curve, was observed. Breathing patterns and mechanisms were also assessed postexposure in a parallel group of similarly exposed unanesthetized rats. These rats were examined during a filtered air, 4 and 8% carbon dioxide (CO2) challenge. In the unanesthetized rat, frequency of breathing was significantly decreased and tidal volume, expiratory resistance, and inspiratory and expiratory times tended to increase. For several of these variables, the largest response also occurred at 78 weeks and seemed to be exacerbated by CO2 challenge.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Interfacially engineered liquid-phase-sintered Cu–In composite solders for thermal interface material applications

Cu particle-containing In-matrix composites for thermal interface material (TIM) applications were prepared via liquid phase sintering, following chemical modification of the Cu–In interfaces. The optimized composite TIM possessed 1.5 times the thermal conductivity, and twice the yield strength, of pure In. Joints of the composite TIM between pairs of cylindrical Cu rods were used to measure shear behavior and thermal resistance as functions of three parameters: (i) joint thickness, (ii) thermal excursion history, and (iii) type of interfacial layers between Cu and In. The composite joints showed good shear compliance, with a shear yield strength of 2.7 MPa, as well as substantially lower joint thermal resistance (0.021 cm2 K W−1) than pure In joints, which are commercially used in high-end TIM applications. The thermal resistance of the joints was found to be a sensitive function of the interfacial contact resistance between the Cu particles and In within the TIM, as well as between the TIM and the Cu substrates. The TIM–substrate interfaces, in particular, play an increasingly important role as the joint becomes thinner, limiting the joint thermal resistance. To reduce the interfacial contact resistance, a diffusion barrier of 1–2-nm-thick Al2O3 was applied by atomic layer deposition on both the Cu particles and the Cu substrates, followed by a 20-nm-thick Au layer, which served as a wetting enhancer. The engineered interfaces also improved the stability of the composite TIM joints under aging conditions.
“Garden variety” 10Be in soils on hill slopes

Abstract In this paper we show how “garden variety” cosmogenic 10 Be can be used to determine the actual form of bedrock-to-soil conversion rates on a hill slope. We apply the method to two hill slopes in California and show that measured 10 Be concentration profiles are consistent with bedrock-to-soil conversion rates that decrease steadily down slope, from a maximum at the ridge crest to zero at the slope base. This result is independent of both the maximum bedrock-to-soil conversion rate on the hill slope and the 10 Be delivery rate, if both are constant with time.
Effects of ethanol on cAMP production in murine embryonic palate mesenchymal cells.

Abstract Ethanol affected the ability of murine embryonic palate mesenchymal (MEPM) cells to produce cAMP in response to hormone treatment. Acute exposure to ethanol resulted in an increase in hormone-stimulated cAMP levels, while chronic ethanol treatment led to decreased sensitivity to hormone. Forskolin-stimulated cAMP levels were decreased by both acute and chronic ethanol treatment, while the cells' response to cholera toxin was unchanged by ethanol treatment. The lack of sensitivity of the cholera toxin response to ethanol suggests that, in contrast to what has been observed in other systems, ethanol does not affect the production or activity of Gαs in MEPM cells. These results suggest a possible explanation for the molecular basis for the craniofacial abnormalities observed in the fetal alcohol syndrome.
Cellular electrophysiologic characteristics of chronically infarcted myocardium in dogs susceptible to sustained ventricular tachyarrhythmias

Standard microelectrode techniques were used to record transmembrane potentials and determine conduction characteristics in regions of mottled infarcts of canine epicardium, 3 to 5 days or 8 to 15 days after left anterior descending coronary artery occlusion and reperfusion. At 3 to 5 days, resting potential, action potential amplitude, maximal rate of depolarization and action potential duration at 30% repolarization were significantly reduced in the infarcted region. Cells on the epicardial surface showed improvement in resting potential, action potential amplitude and rate of depolarization between 3 to 5 days and 8 to 15 days after infarction. In normal noninfarcted tissues, conduction velocity parallel to fiber orientation was 0.54 ± 0.06 m/s (mean ± standard deviation). Slow conduction in infarcted regions ranged from 0.015 to 0.2 m/s. Action potentials recorded from slowly conducting regions tended to include cells with more depressed amplitude and rate of depolarization than other cells in infarcted regions; they also had inappropriately depressed overshoot relative to their resting potential. Action potentials in slowly conducting areas where local conduction block occurred were associated with prepotentials and notches on their depolarization and repolarization phases. The prepotentials and notches appeared to be caused by electrotonic interactions resulting from microcircuitous conduction around or across inexcitable areas. These findings demonstrate that areas of slow conduction are heterogenously distributed in the mottled infarct and suggest that disruptions in cell to cell electrical continuity and decreased excitability may contribute to this slow conduction.
Sol-Gel Derived NiFe2O4 Modified with ZrO2 for Hydrogen Generation from Solar Thermochemical Water-Splitting Reaction

This investigation reports the synthesis of Ni-ferrite and ZrO2 added Ni-ferrite powdered materials for H2 generation from thermochemical water-splitting reaction. NiFe2O4 was synthesized using sol-gel technique in which salts of Ni and Fe were sonicated in ethanol until a visually clear solution was obtained. To this solution, propylene oxide was added to achieve the gel formation. As-prepared gel was dried at 100oC for 1 h and calcined upto 600oC at a ramp rate of 40oC/min. The calcined sample from the furnace was removed at 600oC and cooled down at room temperature in air. To synthesize NiFe2O4/ZrO2 powdered mixture, ZrO2 nanoparticles were mixed with the calcined ferrite powder using vortex mixer. These powdered materials were analyzed using powder x-ray diffractometer (XRD), BET surface area analyzer and scanning (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). As-prepared NiFe2O4 and ZrO2 added NiFe2O4 powdered materials were loaded in an Inconel tubular reactor to investigate H2 generation from four consecutive thermochemical cycles where water-splitting and regeneration was performed at 900o and 1100oC, respectively.
The biological consequences of feeding polyunsaturated fatty acids to antioxidant-deficient animals

The addition of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) to diets deficient in vitamin E and other effective antioxidants results in a variety of symptoms in animals. For example, the feeding of such diets to rats results in muscular dystrophy, testis degeneration, dental depigmentation, brown discoloration of the fat and and uterus and creatinuria Similar diets fed to rabbits and ruminants results in muscular dystrophy. In chickens the symptoms observed are encephalomalacia, lowered egg production, and poor hatchability. The addition of PUFA to diets is known to result in the destruction of vitamin E in the diet or in the tissues of animals as a result of free radicals produced during the autooxidation of the PUFA. However, in several studies, this possible explanation for the development of vitamin E deficiency symptoms has been made untenable. In such studies the more likely explanation for development of symptoms is thein vivo peroxidation of PUFA in the tissues of animals following incorporation of large amounts of PUFA in lipid structures and depletion from the tissues of vitamin E and other biologically effective antioxidants.
Shadow House: Interpretations of Northwest Coast Art.

Shadow House: Interpretations of Northwest Coast Art. Jonathan Meuli. Amsterdam: Harwood Academic Publishers,2001. vii. 394 pp., figures, photographs, appendixes, bibliography, index.
Controlling Risk in Capital Budgeting: A Practical Use of Utility Theory for Measurement and Control of Petroleum Exploration Risk

(1979). Controlling Risk in Capital Budgeting: A Practical Use of Utility Theory for Measurement and Control of Petroleum Exploration Risk. The Engineering Economist: Vol. 25, No. 3, pp. 161-186.
Defending Conventions as Functionally A Priori Knowledge

Recent defenses of a priori knowledge can be applied to the idea of conventions in science in order to indicate one important sense in which conventionalism is correct—some elements of physical theory have a unique epistemological status as a functionally a priori part of our physical theory. I will argue that the former a priori should be treated as empirical in a very abstract sense, but still conventional. Though actually coming closer to the Quinean position than recent defenses of a priori knowledge, the picture of science developed here is very different from that developed in Quinean holism in that categories of knowledge can be differentiated.
Water and Solute Balance in the Transition to Land

Terrestrial crabs are physiologically rather similar to their aquatic relatives, despite their markedly different access to water and ions. They have high evaporation rates and void vital salts in isosmotic urine. Some of them manage to have fairly miserly water and ion budgets, but others succeed despite profligacy. There is no single solution to the challenges of terrestrial life; each pairing of animal and environment must be seen as a system in which a unique suite of behaviors compensates for limited physiological prowess. By exploiting temporal and spatial variability of available microhabitats, each species assembles a “composite habitat” in which it can balance the “debit” sides of its water and ion budgets with the requisite “credits.”
CASSINI UVIS STELLAR OCCULTATION OBSERVATIONS OF SATURN's RINGS

The Cassini spacecraft's Ultraviolet Imaging Spectrograph (UVIS) includes a high-speed photometer (HSP) that has observed more than 100 stellar occultations by Saturn's rings. Here, we document a standardized technique applied to the UVIS-HSP ring occultation datasets delivered to the Planetary Data System as higher level data products. These observations provide measurements of ring structure that approaches the scale of the largest common ring particles (~5 m). The combination of multiple occultations at different viewing geometries enables reconstruction of the three-dimensional structure of the rings. This inversion of the occultation data depends on accurate calibration of the data so that occultations of different stars taken at different times and under different viewing conditions can be combined to retrieve ring structure. We provide examples of the structure of the rings as seen from several occultations at different incidence angles to the rings, illustrating changes in the apparent structure with viewing geometry.
Ocular perfusion and age-related macular degeneration.

ABSTRACT. Purpose: To review the role of ocular perfusion in the pathophysiology of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), the leading cause of irreversible blindness in the industrialized world. Methods: Medline search of the literature published in English or with English abstracts from 1966 to 2000 was performed using various combinations of relevant key words. Results: Vascular defects have been identified in both nonexudative and exudative AMD patients using fluorescein angiographic methods, laser Doppler flowmetry, indocyanine green angiography, and color Doppler imaging. Conclusion: Although these studies lend some support to the vascular pathogenesis of AMD, it is not possible to determine if the choroidal perfusion abnormalities play a causative role in nonexudative AMD, if they are simply an association with another primary alteration, such as a primary RPE defect or a genetic defect at the photoreceptor level, or if they are more strongly associated with one particular form of this heterogeneous disease. Further study is warranted.
A transmural approach for endocardial ventricular pacing.

Abstract The 2 standard approaches to placement of cardiac pacemaker leads are epicardial leads applied at thoracotomy and endocardial leads placed transvenously. At times, the usual transvenous approaches are not feasible, such as in superior vena cava obstruction or impaired access to the right ventricle because of tricuspid stenosis or a mechanical prosthetic valve. Usually, such situations necessitate epicardial pacing, which sometimes is unsatisfactory because of poor thresholds or inadequate sensing with epicardial leads. We present a case in which a new method for endocardial ventricular lead placement was used when both standard endocardial pacing and epicardial pacing were unsatisfactory.
A long-wavelength target station for the spallation neutron source

Abstract The Spallation Neutron Source (SNS), a major new user facility for studies of the structure and dynamics of materials, funded by the US Department of Energy (DOE), is under construction at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL). Details about the project are available in a recent paper and on the SNS Web site [MRS Bull. 28 (12) (2003) 923]. A Long-Wavelength Target Station (LWTS) [Technical Concepts for a Long-Wavelength Target Station for the Spallation Neutron Source, Argonne National Laboratory Report ANL-02/16, Oak Ridge National Laboratory Report ORNL/SNS-TM-2001/163, November 2002. See also www.pns.anl.gov/related/ ] will complement the High-Power Target Station (HPTS) facility of the SNS and will build upon the significant investment in the remainder of the installation by providing important new scientific opportunities. For areas of science using the optimized long-wavelength beam lines, the LWTS will at least double the overall scientific capability of the SNS and provide for up to an order of magnitude performance gain over the initial HPTS. The fully equipped SNS has the prospect to offer capabilities for neutron-scattering studies of the structure and dynamics of materials with sensitivity, resolution, dynamic range, and speed that are unparalleled in the world. Preliminary assessments of the performance of the several instruments treated in detail in the body of the paper bear out this expectation. The LWTS concept has been developed in close consultation with the scientific community through a series of workshops and conferences jointly sponsored by DOE's Office of Basic Energy Science and the National Science Foundation. We describe the principal features of the LWTS concept, and provide a preliminary summary of some neutron scattering instruments suited to exploit the unique features of the LWTS. It remains to develop concepts and designs for a full suite of instruments that exploit the capabilities of LWTS, a process that has begun in collaboration with the scientific community.
High-performance transparent flexible inorganic-organic hybrid thin-film transistors fabricated at room temperature using n-type In2O3 semiconducting films

High-performance inorganic-organic hybrid thin-film transistors (TFTs) are fabricated using semiconducting In 2 O 3 thin-film deposited at room-temperature by ion-assisted deposition and thin organic dielectrics grown at near-room temperature. These hybrid TFTs combine the advantages of a high-mobility inorganic semiconductor with high-capacitance organic gate dielectrics. In 2 O 3 thin-films exhibit high optical transparency in the visible region, a wide band gap, and smooth morphologies. Furthermore, the present In 2 O 3 films are compatible with both inorganic dielectrics and nanoscopic high-capacitance/low-leakage organic dielectrics. The resulting transparent flexible TFTs exhibit near-1.0V operating characteristics with a very large field-effect mobility of > 100 cm 2 /V•s, and a near-zero threshold voltage. The high performance exhibits a significant improvement over previous organic and metal-oxide-based TFTs, and even rivals that of poly-Si TFTs. In addition, these TFTs exhibit great light- and air-stability when exposed to ambient.
Analysis of Nonadditive Multiway Classifications

Abstract This article considers the problems of testing additivity and estimating σ2 in unreplicated multiway classifications. To model nonadditivity and jointly estimate σ2, the interaction parameter space must be restricted; otherwise the model is saturated. The parameterization we use is a multiway extension of the two-way multiplicative interaction model of Mandel (1971) and Johnson and Graybill (1972a). For example, in a three-way classification, we model interaction as θijk = λδ 1i δ2j δ3k . This structure is a special case of the k-mode principal components model, which has received considerable attention in the psychometric literature (Kapteyn, Neudecker, and Wansbeek 1986). We construct an exact test of λ = 0 and propose an estimator of σ2 that can be used when interaction has been detected. Our test is an approximation to the likelihood ratio test (LRT) of Ho : λ = 0. The proposed test has essentially the same power as the LRT but is easier to compute, and the exact null distribution of the test...
Idiopathic gastric perforation in an asplenic infant.

Introduction: The cause of idiopathic gastric perforations in neonates remains unknown. Perforations of the abdominal oesophagus, stomach and duodenum in infants and children are the rarest type of intestinal perforations. There are 21 reported cases of an idiopathic gastric rupture in non-neonates. Case Report: A 6-week-old boy presented with nausea, vomiting and decreased oral intake. Physical examination revealed a firm, distended abdomen tender. Abdominal lateral decubitus radiograph revealed massive free air. Patient was found to have an idiopathic gastric perforation of the greater curvature with incidental findings of asplenia. Conclusion: Paediatric abdominal foregut perforations have diverse aetiologies. The foregut is the least likely portion of the gastrointestinal tract to perforate in children. The aetiology is unknown but there are many postulated theories. We present a case of an idiopathic gastric rupture involving the greater curvature of 6-week-old boy with incidental findings of being asplenic.
Duration Dependence Testing for Speculative Bubbles

Prior research has employed a number of methods to test for speculative bubbles in asset prices, including a method based on the concept of duration dependence. This study explores whether duration dependence tests for speculative bubbles are sensitive to specification decisions. Our results question the efficacy of using measures of duration dependence to test for speculative bubbles. In particular, we find that evidence of duration dependence is sensitive to the method of correcting for discrete observation of continuous duration, the use of value-weighted versus equally weighted portfolios, and the use of monthly versus weekly runs of abnormal returns. (JEL C41, G12)
Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Containing the bar Gene Is Compositionally Equivalent to the Nontransgenic Counterpart

This publication presents an approach to assessing compositional equivalence between grain derived from glufosinate-tolerant rice grain, genetic event LLRICE62, and its nontransgenic counterpart. Rice was grown in the same manner as is common for commercial production, using either conventional weed control practices or glufosinate-ammonium herbicide. A two-season multisite trial design provided a robust data set to evaluate environmental effects between the sites. Statistical comparisons to test for equivalence were made between glufosinate-tolerant rice and a conventional counterpart variety. The key nutrients, carbohydrates, protein, iron, calcium, thiamin, riboflavin, and niacin, for which rice can be the principal dietary source, were investigated. The data demonstrate that rice containing the genetic locus LLRICE62 has the same nutritional value as its nontransgenic counterpart, and most results for nutritional components fall within the range of values reported for rice commodities in commerce.
Neuromuscular organization of the pectoralis (pars thoracicus) of the pigeon (Columba livia): implications for motor control.

The pectoralis (pars thoracicus) of the domestic pigeon (Columba livia) is divisible into two anatomical parts, the pars sternobrachialis (SB) and the pars thoracobrachialis (TB). Innervation to this complex is from rostral and caudal branches of the brachial ventral cord. In four anesthetized pigeons, the distribution of muscle units associated with each nerve branch was mapped after prolonged stimulation of each nerve and subsequent analysis for muscle fiber glycogen. An additional three animals were used to analyze the morphology, distribution, and histochemical profiles of the muscle fibers in the SB and TB subregions. Fibers were characterized on the basis of their reactions for myofibrillar adenosine triphosphates (alkaline and acid preincubation) and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide diaphorase (NADH-D). The SB is primarily innervated by the rostral nerve branch and the TB by the caudal nerve branch. For two-thirds of the muscle's length, the SB is separated from the TB by an aponeurosis, the membrana intermuscularis (MI). SB and TB fibers located posteroventral to the caudal margin of the MI are innervated variously by both nerves. Two populations of fibers were recognized, distinguishable primarily by (1) fiber diameter and (2) density of the NADH-D reaction product. Compared to the TB, the SB possesses a higher average percentage of large fibers. Within the SB but not the TB the percentage of large fibers increases from deep to superficial. These data support our previous findings that the pars thoracicus of the pigeon is partitioned into at least two functional subunits, each with a potential for independent action on the wing during flight.
New constraint on spectral reflectance and its application in illuminant detection

For a long time, the constraints on surface spectral reflectances are the range of 0 to 1, smooth and low frequency. Those constraints are tested to be too loose in practical use, typically for illuminant estimation with spectral recovery. The proposal of linear model and PCA decomposition made it possible to effectively reconstruct spectral reflectances with small numbers of parameters. Based on that, a new constraint on surface spectral reflectance is proposed to have better limitation and description of their characteristics. It is defined as a two-dimensional histogram of the coefficients for the spectral reflectances in the real world. The variables in the two dimensions are the ratios of the parameters from PCA, which describe the “saturation” property of reflectances. There are differences between the application of gamut and histogram in illuminant estimation. Histogram is preferred to gamut when the color space is composed of relative values. Based on that, the original color by correlation method is modified to have better performance especially on real images. The proposed constraint is applied to illuminant detection with spectral recovery. In the method, the recovered surface reflectances are examined by the constraint, and the scene illuminant is detected through possibility comparison. The proposed method is tested to have good efficiency compared with others, both on synthetic and real images.
Transformation of rodent cells by RFV, the human papovavirus with dual genome

Abstract Hamster, rat, and guinea pig cells were transformed by a variant of BK virus, RFV, whose genome consists of two complementary defective molecules, one, R1, with a deletion corresponding to 20–30% of the coding region for capsid proteins VP2 and VP3 and the other, R2, with a deletion corresponding approximately to 50% of the coding region for large T-antigen of BKV. Blot-hybridization of cellular DNA reveals that all three transformed cell types contain viral DNA integrated into high-molecular-weight DNA. Moreover, all the cell lines contain the viral DNA species which has the intact early region. None of the cell lines contains both DNA species. We examined the genome organization of the virus used in these transformation experiments to confirm our previous observations (Pater et al., J. Virol. 36 , 480–487, 1980a) on the dual genome state of RFV. We found a very similar but not identical map for the plaque-purified RFV DNA used in this study when compared to that for plaque-purified RFV DNA examined previously.
Teaching single-incision laparoscopic appendectomy in pediatric patients.

INTRODUCTION Laparoscopic appendectomy is accepted as the gold standard technique for the treatment of acute appendicitis. Recently single-incision laparoscopic surgery (SILS) was tried in the pediatric population and was shown to be both feasible and safe. We describe our early experience in teaching the SILS procedure for appendicitis in a large community hospital center surgical residency program. METHODS SILS appendectomy was performed in 40 consecutive patients with acute appendicitis who were admitted by a single surgeon from May 2011 to August 2011. All patients over the age of 4 y presenting with noncomplicated and complicated appendicitis (perforated) were offered SILS appendectomy. Execution of the technical aspects of 20 SILS operations done by 3 PGY III residents was evaluated. RESULTS The average age of the patient was 11.1 y (range, 7 to 15). SILS was performed successfully in 19 out of 20 patients. Nineteen patients underwent emergent or urgent appendectomy, while 1 patient underwent an interval procedure. Nine patients were found to have perforated appendicitis, while the other 11 had noncomplicated acute appendicitis. One patient was converted to conventional 3-port laparoscopy due to difficulties during the procedure. The mean operative time was 73 min (range, 47 to 112). A significant learning curve to successfully execute the critical steps of the SILS procedure was noted in all residents evaluated. CONCLUSION SILS technology appears promising for the treatment of acute appendicitis. However, its successful incorporation into surgical training programs will depend on the development of innovative simulation strategies.
Derivatization and purification of bisecting tyrosinamide-oligosaccharides from ovotransferrin.

Abstract The major N-linked oligosaccharides from ovotransferrin were purified on a large scale. The oligosaccharides were released from 5 g of the glycoprotein using N-glycosidase F and isolated from a mixed bed ion exchange column. Reducing-oligosaccharides were reacted with ammonium bicarbonate to form a reducing-end glycosylamine which coupled with the N-hydroxysuccinimidyl ester of Boc-tyrosine, resulting in tyrosinamide-oligosaccharides. Resolution of tyrosinamide-oligosaccharides on reverse-phase (RP)-HPLC necessitated the removal of Boc by treatment with trifluoroacetic acid. Two major tyrosinamide-oligosaccharides were isolated from preparative RP-HPLC and were characterized by 500 MHz proton NMR and FAB-MS. These were a biantennary and triantennary oligosaccharide, each possessing a bisecting GlcNAc residue extending from the central core Man residue. Thus, ovotransferrin represents an abundant glycoprotein source from which to prepare multi-micromole quantities of bisecting complex oligosaccharides which may find utility in exploring the ligand specificity of mammalian lectins or may be used as synthons to prepare novel glycoconjugates.
Image formation in capillary arrays: the Kumakhov lens

Abstract The successful ray-tracing simulation of the Kumakhov lens has been demonstrated. The is-sues of the transmission coefficient and the output intensity uniformity of Kumakhov lens areaddressed. Various factors such as source distance, tube shape, thickness , and diameter whichaffect the output performance of this new optics are also discussed. 1 Introduction Recently, the use of hollow capillaries as optical components has seen a renewed interest[1]. A re-evaluationof the capillary system has focused on capitalizing on shallow grazing-angle reflections to propagate and actually redirect the incident x-rays as they strike the inner surface of glass capillary tubes. These capillaries have been proposed as optical components for many applications which would include focusingand coffimating elements, light-pipes and even exotic devices such as image inverters[2, 3, 4]. In practice,the losses incurred by each reflection make many of these applications impractical for x-rays. Nonetheless,for certain applications the capillary systems show interesting potential.One of these applications is the coffimator proposed for use in x-ray proximity lithography. In such