cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Uncertainty in dual permeability model parameters for structured soils

[1] Successful application of dual permeability models (DPM) to predict contaminant transport is contingent upon measured or inversely estimated soil hydraulic and solute transport parameters. The difficulty in unique identification of parameters for the additional macropore- and matrix-macropore interface regions, and knowledge about requisite experimental data for DPM has not been resolved to date. Therefore, this study quantifies uncertainty in dual permeability model parameters of experimental soil columns with different macropore distributions (single macropore, and low- and high-density multiple macropores). Uncertainty evaluation is conducted using adaptive Markov chain Monte Carlo (AMCMC) and conventional Metropolis-Hastings (MH) algorithms while assuming 10 out of 17 parameters to be uncertain or random. Results indicate that AMCMC resolves parameter correlations and exhibits fast convergence for all DPM parameters while MH displays large posterior correlations for various parameters. This study demonstrates that the choice of parameter sampling algorithms is paramount in obtaining unique DPM parameters when information on covariance structure is lacking, or else additional information on parameter correlations must be supplied to resolve the problem of equifinality of DPM parameters. This study also highlights the placement and significance of matrix-macropore interface in flow experiments of soil columns with different macropore densities. Histograms for certain soil hydraulic parameters display tri-modal characteristics implying that macropores are drained first followed by the interface region and then by pores of the matrix domain in drainage experiments. Results indicate that hydraulic properties and behavior of the matrix-macropore interface is not only a function of saturated hydraulic conductivity of the macroporematrix interface (Ksa) and macropore tortuosity (lf) but also of other parameters of the matrix and macropore domains.
On theCp toCv conversion of solid linear macromolecules II

A modification is proposed for the Nernst-Lindemann equation that is used to convert calculated heat capacities at constant pressure (C p ) to heat capacities at constant volume (C v ) for solid, linear macromolecules. the constant A0 per mole of repeating unit in this equation is derived by taking into account the variable number of vibrators excited at different temperatures. With the new equation it is possible to calculateC p for solid polymers over a wider temperature range. The constant is calculated for solid polymers from experimental thermal expansivity, isothermal compressibility and heat capacity data obtained from the literature. An average value of (3.9±2.4)×10−3(K mol)/J was obtained for A0 (new) from data on 22 solid polymers. This average value may be used as a universal constant in case no experimental data on compressibility and expansivity are available for computation ofA 0. The remaining variation of A0 (new) with temperature is discussed and example calculations are shown for polyethylene. Effects of premelting and possibly large-amplitude motion are discovered for polyethylene in the temperature range 290 to 410 K.
Metabolomic analysis of cerebrospinal fluid indicates iron deficiency compromises cerebral energy metabolism in the infant monkey.

Iron deficiency anemia affects many pregnant women and young infants worldwide. The health impact is significant, given iron’s known role in many body functions, including oxidative and lipid metabolism, protein synthesis and brain neurochemistry. The following research determined if 1H NMR spectroscopy-based metabolomic analysis of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) could detect the adverse influence of early life iron deficiency on the central nervous system. Using a controlled dietary model in 43 infant primates, distinct differences were found in spectra acquired at 600 MHz from the CSF of anemic monkeys. Three metabolite ratios, citrate/pyruvate, citrate/lactate and pyruvate/glutamine ratios, differed significantly in the iron deficient infant and then normalized following the consumption of dietary iron and improvement of clinical indices of anemia in the heme compartment. This distinctive metabolomic profile associated with anemia in the young infant indicates that CSF can be employed to track the neurological effects of iron deficiency and benefits of iron supplementation.
Immobilisierte Biomaterialien — Techniken und Anwendungen

Die Immobilisierung von Enzymen, Cofaktoren und ganzen Zellen bietet die Moglichkeit, die Aktivitat von Biomaterialien okonomisch zu nutzen. Zur Immobilisierung haben sich Adsorption und kovalente Bindung an hochmolekulare Trager sowie Einschlus in Polymere und Mikroverkapselung bewahrt. Will man Systeme mit immobilisierten Biomaterialien entwickeln, mus man sowohl biochemische und kinetische als auch apparative Aspekte berucksichtigen. Beispiele fur grostechnische Anwendungen sind die Gewinnung von Fructose-reichem Sirup aus Starke und die Herstellung von L-Aminosauren durch selektive Hydrolyse von N-Acyl-DL-aminosauren.
First Measurements of Time-Dependent Nucleation as a Function of Composition in Na2O.2CaO.3SiO2 Glasses

The first measurements in any system of the composition dependence of the time-dependent nucleation rate are presented Nucleation rates of the stoichiometric crystalline phase, Na2O.2CaO.3SiO2, from quenched glasses made with different SiO2 concentrations were determined as a function of temperature and glass composition. A strong compositional dependence of the nucleation rates and a weak dependence for the induction times are observed. Using measured values of the liquidus temperatures and growth velocities as a function of glass composition, these data are shown to be consistent with predictions from the classical theory of nucleation, assuming a composition-dependent interfacial energy.
Pennsylvanian and Permian Stratigraphy of Northern New Mexico: ABSTRACT

This paper deals with the Pennsylvanian and Permian rocks exposed in the northern half of New Mexico. The Pennsylvanian consists of marine arkoses, shales, and limestones with interbedded continental clastics, including some coal. The Permian consists mainly of redbeds, arkoses, evaporites, and thick, light-colored, cross-bedded sandstones with local marine clastics and limestones in the lower part. A profound unconformity separates these rocks from the underlying granites and metamorphics of supposed pre-Cambrian age. Lithologic variations reflect the pre-Pennsylvanian physiography and the changing distribution of land and sea during the periods of deposition. All of the main units, except a basal limestone, contain fossil plants, fusulinids, and metazoans that provide e idence for detailed correlations. The earliest sedimentary formation in the areas of outcrop is a local massive limestone whose age is uncertain because it is barren of fossils excepting very rare, small crinoid columnals. It seems to be nearly conformable with the early Pennsylvanian rocks and is tentatively included as a formation with them, though it may be Mississippian or even earlier in age. Above this are rocks of Morrow, Des Moines, and upper Pennsylvanian age, though a complete succession is not present everywhere. The Morrow and lower Des Moines rocks commonly consist mainly of clastics and include some coal. The remainder of the Des Moines is dominantly calcareous and contains many horizons of Wedekindellina and Fusulina. The upper Pennsylvanian is represented by both marine a d continental rocks and locally contains abundant Triticites. The Wolfcamp equivalent is composed of marine and continental rocks, the latter continuing upward into possible Leonard equivalents. Above these are light-colored, tangentially cross-bedded sandstones, thin limestones, and evaporate-bearing redbeds of possible Leonard and Whitehorse age. Upper Triassic sandstones commonly overlie the last named. Work in eastern Arizona has indicated a need for revision of the Arizona-New Mexico Permian correlations. The top of the Permian in the Colorado Plateau, the Kaibab limestone, is apparently the equivalent of the San Andres formation. Careful tracing eastward from the DeChelly upward indicates a continuation of the DeChelly sandstone or an upper tongue of the Coconino sandstone into the Glorieta sandstone and the Yeso formation of New Mexico. The Abo sandstone of some parts of New Mexico may be correlated with the lower Coconino as well as with the Hermit shale and Supai formation. End_of_Article - Last_Page 910------------
Effect of Long-Term Storage on Cell Wall Neutral Sugars and Galacturonic Acid of Two Sweetpotato Cultivars

Jewel and Beauregard sweetpotatoes were sampled at harvest and after 49, 119, and 217 days of storage. At each sampling date for each cultivar, the concentrations of galacturonic acid (GA), galacturonic methyl esters, and cell wall neutral sugars were determined for both water-soluble and water-insoluble cell wall substances. For both cultivars, the GA content of water-soluble materials increased during storage, but the GA content of water-insoluble substances decreased, reflecting decreases in pectin size. The percent methyl ester content did not change for either cultivar. Cell wall neutral sugar concentrations declined in the order glucose ≫ galactose > xylose > rhamnose > mannose > arabinose > fucose. Changes in cell wall neutral sugars were minimal and were not observed in both cultivars. For both cultivars, the few cell wall sugar changes that occurred over time were best fit to a quadratic model. Thus, the only observed change in cell wall components that is known to affect firmness was the decreas...
Theoretical analysis of charge transfer loss arising from interface states in charge coupled devices

Abstract For frequencies below 1–10 MHz, interface states typically dominate the transfer loss of surface-channel CCDs. A closed-form general expression is developed for the steady-state occupancy of interface states beneath an individual electrode at any point in time in an arbitrary string of n bits which is transferred through a 2-phase CCD periodically. This expression is then simplified to describe the transfer loss during a transfer between two electrodes for a ONE separated periodically by some number of ZEROs, and for a ONE following a string of FAT ZEROs. It is shown that measurements of these two particular losses should provide information about the capture cross-section as well as the density of the interface states. The influence of the energy dependence of the capture cross-section and density of the states on the transfer loss is also presented for a case representative of silicon.
Analytical models of the transition layer in HEMTs on silicon substrate for device simulation

One way to increase the breakdown voltage in heterojunction field-effect-transistors (HFETs) on silicon substrate is to introduce a transition (buffer) layer made of a sandwich of thin AlN/AlGaN layers between the silicon substrate and the GaN well. The effect of this transition layer is to average out and, in this way, to reduce the local mechanical stress that appears between the silicon substrate and the GaN layer because of the different lattice constants of the two layers. In this article we present an analytical model for the simulation of the transition layer in AlN/AlGaN transistors. The model is based on writing explicitly the interface conditions at each boundary and solving the resulting system of equations analytically. The final equation is written in the form of a standard mixed-type boundary condition that can be relatively easy implemented in device simulators.
Rare mutations in renal sodium and potassium transporter genes exhibit impaired transport function.

Purpose of review—Recent efforts to explore the genetic underpinnings of hypertension revealed rare mutations in kidney salt transport genes contribute to blood pressure variation and hypertension susceptibility in the general population. The current review focuses on these latest findings, highlighting a discussion about the rare mutations and how they affect transport function. Recent findings—Rare mutations that confer a low blood pressure trait and resistance to hypertension have recently been extensively studied. Physiological and biochemical analyses of the effected renal salt transport molecules (NKCC2 (SLC12A1), ROMK (KCNJ1), and NCC (SLC12A3)) revealed that most of the mutations do, in fact, cause a loss of transport function. The mutations disrupt transport by many different mechanisms, including altering biosynthetic processing, trafficking, ion transport, and regulation. Summary—New insights into the genetic basis of hypertension have recently emerged, supporting a major role of rare, rather than common, gene variants. Many different rare mutations have been found to affect the functions of different salt transporter genes by different mechanisms, yet all confer the same blood pressure phenotype. These studies reinforce the critical roles of the kidney, and renal salt transport in blood pressure regulation and hypertension.
Administration of inhalation anesthetics to small animals: Some problems and solutions

Some problems inherent in administering inhalation anesthetics to small laboratory animals in studies of memory consolidation are discussed. A simple and inexpensive apparatus which has been designed to eliminate some of these problems is described.
The voters' paradox, spin, and the Borda count

Abstract Electrical engineers employ some methods of linear algebra, derived from Homology Theory, to decompose the flow of current in a complex circuit into two components. The same decomposition can be applied to a ‘circuit’ containing nodes representing the candidates in a multicandidate election, connected by ‘wires’ carrying flows of net voter preference. In this case, the cyclic component measures the tendency towards a voters' paradox, while the cocyclic component measures the spreads in the Borda counts. When the cocyclic component is stronger, it masks the cycles in the cyclic component, and a voters' paradox is avoided; we call this ‘Borda Dominance’. Methods based on this decomposition provide a host of necessary and sufficient conditions for various degrees of transitivity of majority preference. Sen's well-known sufficiency theorem, together with some stronger theorems, are shown to depend upon a strong ‘double’ form of the masking phenomenon. This mathematically natural generalization of Sen's key hypothesis is revealed to be equivalent to a new, quantitative form of transitivity. Because the approach provides fresh insight into the underlying source of the voters' paradox, it appears to represent a promising new tool in social choice theory, with applications beyond those in the current paper.
Development of an exact dynamic stiffness matrix for free vibration analysis of a twisted Timoshenko beam

Abstract An exact dynamic stiffness matrix for a twisted Timoshenko beam is developed in this paper in order to investigate its free vibration characteristics. First the governing differential equations of motion and the associated natural boundary conditions of a twisted Timoshenko beam undergoing free natural vibration are derived using Hamilton's principle. The inclusion of a given pretwist together with the effects of shear deformation and rotatory inertia, gives rise in free vibration to four coupled second order partial differential equations of motion involving bending displacements and bending rotations in two planes. For harmonic oscillation these four partial differential equations are combined into an eighth order ordinary differential equation, which is identically satisfied by all components of bending displacements and bending rotations. This difficult task has become possible only with the help of symbolic computation. Next the exact solution of the differential equation is obtained in completely general form in terms of eight arbitrary constants. This is followed by application of boundary conditions for displacements and forces. The procedure leads to the formation of the dynamics stiffness matrix of the twisted Timoshenko beam relating harmonically varying forces with harmonically varying displacements at its ends. The resulting dynamic stiffness matrix is used with particular reference to the Wittrick–Williams algorithm to compute the natural frequencies and mode shapes of a twisted Timoshenko beam with cantilever end condition. The exact results from the present theory are compared with numerically simulated results using simpler theories, and some conclusions are drawn.
The Application of High Energy X Rays and Electron Beams in Radiotherapy

It has been more than 25 years since very high energy x rays generated by a betatron were first used in the treatment of cancer. The development of these machines along with linear accelerators quickly led to the use of high energy electrons as an additional modality in cancer management. In the intervening years, the physical and biological aspects of very high energy photon and electron beam therapy have been widely discussed in the literature,-but documentation on the clinical efficacy of such modalities has been largely anecodotal. Thus the necessity for such costly equipment remains somewhat controversial. Radiotherapists are by no means in agreement as to what is the optimum energy for accelerator use in radiation therapy. This overview will review the physical characteristics of high energy x-ray beams and the factors effecting the dose distribution emphasizing both the advantages and the limitations-of such beams. Specific examples of dose distributions appropriate for a given tumor distribution using both low energy x-ray beams (4 MV), high energy x-ray beams (25 MV), and x-ray beams in combination with electron beams of various energies will be presented.
Statistical Use of Argonaute Expression and RISC Assembly in microRNA Target Identification

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) posttranscriptionally regulate targeted messenger RNAs (mRNAs) by inducing cleavage or otherwise repressing their translation. We address the problem of detecting m/miRNA targeting relationships in homo sapiens from microarray data by developing statistical models that are motivated by the biological mechanisms used by miRNAs. The focus of our modeling is the construction, activity, and mediation of RNA-induced silencing complexes (RISCs) competent for targeted mRNA cleavage. We demonstrate that regression models accommodating RISC abundance and controlling for other mediating factors fit the expression profiles of known target pairs substantially better than models based on m/miRNA expressions alone, and lead to verifications of computational target pair predictions that are more sensitive than those based on marginal expression levels. Because our models are fully independent of exogenous results from sequence-based computational methods, they are appropriate for use as either a primary or secondary source of information regarding m/miRNA target pair relationships, especially in conjunction with high-throughput expression studies.
Velopharyngeal function in nonsyndromic cleft palate: relevance of surgical technique, age at repair, and cleft type.

Abstract Objective: The goal of this study was to determine the relative importance of surgical technique, age at repair, and cleft type for velopharyngeal function. Design: This was a retrospective study of patients operated on by two surgeons using different techniques (von Langenbeck and Veau-Wardill-Kilner [VY]) at Children's Hospital, Boston, MA. Patients: we included 228 patients who were at least 4 years of age at the time of review. Patients with identifiable syndromes, nonsyndromic Robin sequence, central nervous system disorders, communicatively significant hearing loss, and inadequate speech data were excluded. Main Outcome Measure: Need for a pharyngeal flap was the measure of outcome. Results: Pharyngeal flap was necessary in 14% of von Langenbeck and 15% of VY repaired patients. There was a significant linear association (p = .025) between age at repair and velopharyngeal insufficiency (VPI). Patients with an attached vomer, soft cleft palate (SCP), and unilateral cleft lip/palate (UCLP) had...
Effects of crank length and seat position on arm cranked ergometry performance

A preliminary series of tests has been conducted to study the influence of shoulder-to-crank-center distance and crank length on maximum power output of healthy adults. It was clear from the trials that the arm trajectories of the subjects changed substantially for different ergometer configurations, although detailed position and orientation information was not gathered. Biomechanically, the shoulder/arm/crank system is underconstrained, i.e. the elbow is free to take on a wide range of positions relative to the shoulder and wrist and still complete the cranking task. Three-dimensional plots of maximum power vs. crank length and horizontal position for each subject showed a bimodal peak, which was still pronounced when all trials for all subjects were combined and averaged. >
Sentinel lymph node mapping as a side-effect of colonoscopic tattooing

Background Correct tumor localization is crucial for proper surgical therapy in colorectal cancer. Intraoperative visualization of the lesion is facilitated by preoperative colonoscopic tattooing, regardless of whether an open or laparoscopic approach is employed.
Economic Well-Being Of Elderly Families And Individuals: An Alternative Measure

Resource distribution and adequacy, of elderly individuals and families, was measured by determining an annual dollar value of money and nonmoney eco nomic resources. The data was collected by interviewing 75 residents, 70 years or older, in Bernalillo County (Albuquerque), New Mexico, during 1980. The Gini Coefficient changed from .344 (money income only) to .186 with both money and nonmoney incomes. When household production and community-provided goods and services were omitted, due to the method of valuation (based on prior research), the Gini Coefficient was .616, indicating greater inequality. The Cochran Q test was used to determine whether there were changes in the number of families below poverty as nonmoney economic resources were in cluded. Based on money income, 15 families were defined as being in poverty. No family was defined in poverty with all nonmoney resources in the measure; the change was significant (p < 0.05). However, removing household production and community-provided goods and services, nine families remained in poverty.
Role of TGF-β in vascular development and vascular reactivity

Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is the prototypic member of a large family of structurally related proteins. Three vertebrate TGF-β isoforms have been identified and termed TGF-β1, TGF-β2, and TG
Logic-based representation and reasoning about knowledge of constrained resources

It appears that classical logic is not suitable for the representation and reasoning about knowledge of disposable resources. The major difference between reasoning about disposable resources and classical logic is that once a disposable resource is used to produce something, it is not available any more; but a formula of classical logic can be repeatedly used in deduction. Inspired by linear logic, or logic of resources, we propose a language for knowledge-based systems of resources, which can process state space models of systems represented by Petri nets or their subclasses such as marked graphs and state machines. It can serve as a modeling tool for various engineering and social science problems of resource allocations.
Updating Relationships Between Communication Traits and Communication Competence

This study examined the degree to which six self-perceived communication traits are related to self-perceived communication competence (SPCC), both individually and collectively. The results indicate communication apprehension and shyness were strongly and inversely related to SPCC, whereas willingness to communicate was strongly and positively associated with SPCC. When examined collectively, several communication traits were found to predict SPCC.
Nonoperative removal of an intracardiac foreign body in a child : case report

The authors report a case of a nine-year-old girl whose fractured Hickman catheter embolized to the heart. Because the proximal end of the catheter fragment resided underneath the papillary muscles of the tricuspid valve, biopsy forceps were used to maneuver the fragment from the right ventricle into the inferior vena cava. This fragment was then retrieved with a basket snare without complication.
The problem of reasoning by analogy

This article is the twenty-seventh of a series of articles discussing various open research problems in automated reasoning. The problem proposed for research asks one to find criteria that an automated reasoning program can apply to determine whether to attack a given question with reasoning by analogy. The imprecise term ‘reasoning by analogy’ refers to a type of reasoning in which the type of proof being sought is sharply influenced by the style of proof that was successfully used to prove related theorems.
Three-dimensional fluid flow calculations using a flux-spline method

This paper reports the application of a flux-spline method to three-dimensi onal fluid flow problems. The performance of the method is compared to that of a first-order differencing scheme. The numerical results are compared with a reference solution available in the literature. The flux-spline scheme is shown to be significantly more accurate than the first-order schemes. For a prescribed accuracy, the flux-spline scheme requires a much smaller number of grid points.
Subsidence over producing oil and gas fields, and gas leakage to the surface

Abstract Subsidence over producing oil and gas fields, caused by a reduction of formation fluid pressure and consequent compaction of reservoir rocks, enhances existing fractures and creates new ones. A theoretical prediction of the whole set of associated deformation can not be completely reliable because of physical obscurity and incompleteness of the effective-stress theory and associated models and their inadequacy to describe the three-dimensional processes in a geological environment. Empirically, incompleteness of the overburden weight transmission to the compacting reservoir is obvious from the existence of vertical tensile strain and elongation of formation overlying the reservoir. All this emphasizes the importance of empirical approach. The authors reviewed field observations of subsidence deformations made by many authors.
A fast compact algorithm for cubic spline smoothing

An efficient algorithm is presented for computing discrete or continuous cubic smoothing splines with uniformly spaced and uniformly weighted measurements. The algorithm computes both the spline values and the generalized cross-validation score. Execution time and memory use are reduced by carefully exploiting the problem's rich structure. The frequency domain properties of the steady-state cubic spline smoother are also examined.
Crop rotation effects on populations of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and Rhizobium meliloti.

Abstract Population sizes of Bradyrhizobium japonicum and Rhizobium meliloti were determined in two long-term crop rotation studies made in Wisconsin. The B. japonicum study was on a long-term rotation of soybean and corn. The R. meliloti study involved an ongoing 22 yr study of a corn-soybean-oats-alfalfa rotation. In both experiments, we examined the population sizes of root nodule bacteria once in October 1989. Populations of B. japonicum did not differ significantly unless the field had been planted continuously to corn. There was no significant difference in the population size of B. japonicum for those plots which had not been planted to soybean for up to 4 yr. In contrast, population sizes of R. meliloti were signficantly influenced by the number of years since alfalfa was present in the plot. Various soil characteristics such as organic matter, pH, nitrate, phosphorous and potassium were not affected by crop rotation. These soil characteristics did not influence the R. meliloti populations. In summary, populations of B. japonicum are far more persistent during crop rotation than are R. meliloti under the conditions of these experiments.
Surface segregation of oxygen in NbO and Ta alloys

Abstract Large amounts of oxygen segregate to surfaces of niobium and tantalum even though the bulk oxygen concentrations are extremely small. Studies made on alloys containing 0.1 atom percent and higher bulk oxygen indicates that the segregation is localized to the 5–15rA region near the surface. Oxygen redistributes back and forth between bulk and surface reversibly as a function of temperature and equilibrium is established almost instantaneously above about 825°C. Desorption of oxygen, probably in the form of oxides (1, 2, 7), became appreciable beyond 1200°C. In the intermediate temperature range the surface reached a steady equilibrium state, from which the distribution coefficient could be obtained. In this temperature range, ΔH for oxygen segregation varied from 17 to 11 kcal/g·atom in niobium and 19 to 6.6 kcal/g·atom in tantalum as the bulk oxygen varied from 0.1 to 2 atom percent.
Documenting Complex Surface Temperature Patterns from Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) Imagery of Saginaw Bay, Lake Huron

Interannual differences in nutrient concentrations, phytoplankton densities, and the dispersal of zooplankton and fish life history stages (e.g., planktonic larvae, resting eggs) in embayments often are contingent upon bay and coastal water exchange and movements. However, predicting water mass exchange is difficult in that many factors influence the circulation of waters within bays. The central theme of this contribution is that circulation phenomena derived from simple models can be identified and classified using satellite-obtained lake surface temperature maps, and the incidence of events related to gross temperature regime (season) and winds (shorter-term perturbations). To illustrate this potential, the high sampling frequency of AVHRR imagery was used to examine seasonal surface temperature patterns between Saginaw Bay and Lake Huron over a 3-year period. Linear regressions of CoastWatch IMGMAP and OCNMAP daytime sea surface temperature (SST) algorithms against shipboard bulk temperatures were highly significant, with r2 values of 0.98 and 0.94. Synoptic reconnaissance of lake surface temperatures from AVHRR verified many previously known general seasonal events, yet provided much better spatial coverage. The thermal bar persisted in the bay for approximately 6 weeks from late April until mid-June. The combination of shallow depths and impounded river discharges caused inner bay waters to warm more rapidly than outer bay and open lake waters. A thermal gradient of 6 to 10°C persisted between the inner bay and Lake Huron waters throughout the summer. The persistence of major spatial thermal gradients restricted mixing of inner bay waters with the outer bay and open lake, whereas inner and outer bay temperatures converged during fall months, increasing the likelihood of mixing. However, frequent wind-induced effects can cause circulation reversals and move surface waters in quite complex patterns across the bay. AVHRR image classification confirms the sensitivity of inner bay waters to wind stress-related circulation, aiding interpretations of historical data sets.
Origin and Development of Surveyor Deep-Sea Channel

Surveyor Deep-Sea Channel extends for approximately 700 km across the northern Alaskan Abyssal Plain. It originates near the base of the continental slope opposite Dry Bay and Alsek Strath, Alaska, and terminates in the Aleutian Trench south of Kodiak Island. East of Giacomini Seamount, the axial gradient of the channel is about 1.0 m per km, and its morphology is in agreement with that predicted by assuming a depositional equilibrium with channelized turbidity currents. West of Giacomini Seamount, the axial gradient increases to values as high as 7.5 m per km as the channel course turns toward the northwest and plunges into the trench. Over this part of its length, the measured relief and sectional area of the channel increase and are no longer in depositional equilibrium. The lower channel is found to be erosional in nature, this effect being a response to the downwarping of the northern rim of the Pacific plate into the Aleutian Trench, causing a steepening of the channel axial gradient with a corresponding increase in the velocity of turbidity current flows. Piston cores recovered from areas near the channel typically consist of a sequence of fine sand and pelitic intervals. Cores obtained at greater distances from the channel consist of lower laminated silt units, again capped by pelitic intervals. There is a tendency for the coarse-grained units to thin and become less frequent with distance from the channel, while the pelitic units appear generally to thicken. The channel originated in early to middle Pliocene time coeval with the initiation of pronounced tectonism and intense glaciation in southeastern Alaska. At this time, the channel was located as much as 200 km south of its present position with respect to the North American plate and may have been linked with one of the fossil sea channels on the eastern Aleutian Abyssal Plain. The channel is not contiguous with a submarine canyon and throughout its history has not been linked with any consistent river-drainage system-its sediment source instead being the large system of piedmont glaciers in southeastern Alaska.
Evidence for a conformational change with potential of adsorbed anti-IgG alkaline phosphatase conjugate at the silver electrode interface using SERS

Abstract The SERS spectrum of anti-human immunoglobulin G alkaline phosphatase conjugate (anti-IgG) adsorbed on a silver electrode was observed as a function of potential and buffer ionic strength. SERS was capable of characterizing molecular rearrangements at the electrode surface due to the electrochemical reduction of the disulfide bonds in cystine amino acid groups. Electrode coverage of the anti-IgG decreased as the ionic strength was raised, coinciding with apparent denaturation of the protein. Compared with earlier electrochemical and quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) studies, which also detected interfacial changes with reduction [E.S. Grabbe, R.P. Buck and O.R. Melroy, J. Electroanal. Chem., 223 (1987) 67], the SERS data were superior for describing differences in coverage and surface restructuring that were previously observed.
Natural and Experimental Microstructures in Deformed Micaceous Sandstones

Microscopic features associated with cleavage in micaceous sandstone, siltstone, and silly slate include mica films, mica beards, homogeneous distribution of oriented mica, and equant or inequant quartz. These features occur in rocks in a wide variety of combinations. In experiments, somewhat similar microstructures are obtained by slow folding of wet, salt-mica specimens. Points of resemblance between the artificial cleavage and natural examples are the presence of mica films, the axial-plane orientation of the cleavage, convergent and divergent cleavage fans, refraction of cleavage across lithological boundaries, evidence of possible solution effects, and total strains that are broadly similar in magnitude and orientation to strains estimated in rocks with slaty cleavage.
VFRs as a Segment of the Sport Event Tourist Market

Participatory sport tourists play a dual role in the tourism industry; they place demands on tourism destination suppliers for lodging, meals, transportation, etc, while simultaneously serving as the focal attraction or entertainment supplier for sport spectators, of whom visiting friends and relatives (VFRs) are a segment. One of the understudied reasons for travel is to witness the sport event participation of a friend or relative or Watching Friends and Relatives (WFR). The purpose of this study was to determine whether visitors with friends and/or relatives participating in an international sport event exhibit consumer behaviors distinct from other visitors. The event under study was the Little League World Series in Williamsport, Pennsylvania held 19–28 August 2005. An on-site visitor survey was conducted during each of the eight days on which games were played during (n = 341). Analysis of data reveals that spectators associated with sport participants stayed longer in the host community and spent n...
The third dimension of ELISPOTs: Quantifying antibody secretion from individual plasma cells

The enzyme-linked immunospot assay (ELISPOT) is a technique widely used to enumerate the number of immune cells secreting a specific protein, such as antibodies or cytokines. A limitation with the ELISPOT assay is that it can only be used to detect a single protein of interest. Recently, the ELISPOT technique has been modified to use fluorophores allowing multiple secreted proteins to be detected simultaneously. This technique has greatly enhanced the ability to identify cells secreting multiple proteins, but has not been used to its fullest potential. We wished to accurately quantify the expression of antigen-specific antibody from a single plasma cell and to determine whether plasma cells recovered from different locations had different secretion rates. To achieve this we analyzed fluorospot images quantitatively using Mira MX 7 UL Astronomy software, and coupled this data with a quantitative ELISA to determine secretion rates from individual cells. Using this technique we were able to determine that plasma cells recovered from the peripheral blood secreted the most antibody (1.667 ng/cell/12 h) while splenic antibody secreting cells the least (0.399 ng/cell/12 h). We were able to quantify a 150 fold difference in antibody secretion between cells, with most plasma cells divided into two groups, low secretors ( 2 ng/cell). We believe this technique will be particularly useful for examining the secretion ratio of two proteins secreted from an individual cell, allowing us to determine if secretion is fixed or variable.
IL-10: An “Immunologic Scalpel” for Atherosclerosis?

Mononuclear leukocyte–mediated inflammation is a central feature of atherosclerosis. Using measures that diminish lesion monocyte recruitment and macrophage-mediated inflammation, investigators have shown these specific events to be essential to the development and progression of atherosclerotic lesions. Lesion T lymphocytes have an activated phenotype and colocalize with lesion macrophages, particularly in early disease. However, the role of lesion T lymphocytes in atherogenesis is not as well understood as the role of macrophages. A variety of inflammatory mediators, including cytokines, growth factors, and proinflammatory lipids, are present in atherosclerotic lesions. However, even in the complex milieu of a chronic inflammatory locus, a limited number of cytokines can become dominant. This concept has most recently been illustrated by the dramatic success of inhibitors of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Thus, certain inhibitors of cytokines, or anti-inflammatory cytokines, have been proposed as potential “immunologic scalpels” to diminish the activity of several chronic mononuclear leukocyte–mediated inflammatory diseases. Interleukin (IL)-10, a prototypical anti-inflammatory cytokine, is under investigation (and in a few cases at the stage of clinical trials) for therapy of a variety of chronic diseases. These include rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, psoriasis, multiple sclerosis, allergic eosinophilic inflammation, Wegener’s granulomatosis, and cardiac allograft rejection. In this issue of Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology ,1 Pinderski Oslund et al present a novel chapter in an evolving story on the potential modulatory role of IL-10 in atherosclerosis. A cross-regulatory role in atherosclerosis of the activated monocyte-macrophage (and Th2 immune response) product IL-10 with the Th1 response–promoting cytokine IL-12 was first proposed by Uyemura and colleagues.2 IL-10 downregulates IL-12 production and inhibits Th1 immune responses, which would normally be associated with IL-2 and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) expression and with T-cell and macrophage activation. IL-12 was generally expressed in atherosclerotic plaques, and highly …
Access to Legal Services: Organizing Better Self-help Systems

The need for free, objective consumer information has increased since 2003. Legal services, such as the Illinois Technology for the law and the public interest, address this need through online self-help services where users can access personalized legal aid. Usability is an important factor for such self-help Websites where users may have limited computer experience. This paper examines the usability of the national public automated documents Website for seniors, novice computer users, and legal advocates. We briefly review current design for statewide Websites and then apply usability metrics to tasks of the information search and retrieval process. We report on users' interaction with features of the system related to navigation, process flow, user expectations, and the successful retrieval of legal documents during a session. The particular strength of the insights provided by this explorative usability test and talk aloud protocols is that they refer to both informational sites that users primarily browse and a process-dependent information retrieval system. From these preliminary insights, designers can produce sites that take into account user mental models that impact their overall satisfaction.
Transforming and Sustaining the Care Environment

Background:Caring Science Theory and Practices have been part of the Kaiser Permanente's Strategic Priority for Kaiser Permanente Northern Region since 2010. Their goal is to ensure the continued spread across the medical center of practices guided by the Caring Sciences framework that fosters caring-healing environments and that reinforce helping-trusting relationships between caregivers and between caregivers and patients.Methods:Gaining senior-level leader sponsorship is an essential element to integrate and sustain a program in our culture and obtain successful outcomes. The senior level leader sponsorship for HeartMath consists of Chris Boyd, senior vice-president/area manager; Sue G. Murphy, chief operating officer; Anne M. Goldfisher, chief nursing officer; and Barbara Hounslow, care experience leader. Effectively selecting the HeartMath Trainers was essential in helping ensure that the program outcomes were obtained. The four key elements determined in the trainer selection process were (1) trainers selected in contextual alignment with our strategic goals; (2) leveraged key leader/RN staff relationships in trainer selection; (3) trainers committed to advance culture of Caring Science with HeartMath; the chief nursing officer becoming a trainer, emphasizing consistent leadership support.In planning and implementing the training program, an infrastructure was set up to focus on specific units and service lines. This included developing a “pull” message addressing the aspects of staffing realities and the training process. As lessons were learned, adjustments were made in process to suit the culture. A plan was constructed to support the staff on the units to sustain their practice after the training.Outcomes:During a 12-month period, more than 400 nurses, leaders, and other support staff trained. The response was overwhelmingly positive. The participant perceptions at program completion are described in the Results section. Other benefits included improved relationships between nursing staff and leaders. The trainers reported being deeply impacted on both professional and personal levels.Results:Of the 400 participants trained from June 2011 to June 2012, 263 completed both the pre and post surveys. Eight of the 14 metrics showed statistically significant changes. They were work attitude, goal clarity, communication effectiveness, time pressure, intention to quit, strategic understanding, and productivity. Improvements were also noted in well-being, quality of life, impacts on patient satisfaction, safety, and reduction of absenteeism.
Guide to the Photographic Collections of the Smithsonian Institution

Guide to the Photographic Collections at the Smithsonian Institution, Diane Vogt O'Connor. Volume I: National Museum of American History. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1989.351 pp., 100 b/w illustrations. $35.00 (cloth). Volume II: National Museum of Natural History, National Zoological Park, Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1991, 245 pp., 64 b/w illustrations. $45.00 (cloth). Volume III: Cooper- Hewitt Museum, Freer Gallery of Art, Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, National Museum of African Art, National Museum of American Art, National Portrait Gallery, Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, Office of Horticulture. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1992.342 pp., 96 b/w illustrations. $49.95 (cloth).
Addressing Health Disparities of Lesbian and Bisexual Women: A Grounded Theory Study

Abstract Background Lesbian and bisexual (LB) women encounter numerous barriers to equitable health care services, such as lack of quality care and discriminatory health care settings. These barriers affect the well-being of LB women, presumably leading to disparities in health and health care. Despite these disparities, few published research studies explore health services of LB women. This qualitative, grounded theory study addressed that gap. Methods Purposive sampling was used to recruit 18- to 24-year-old women who identified as LB and who reported using health services as an adult. Participants (n = 9) were recruited from lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender student groups at universities in the Southwestern United States, and in-depth audio recorded interviews were performed. The nine participants represent 29 unique health care experiences. The transcriptions were uploaded into NVivo, and the constant comparison method was used to analyze the data. Findings Six themes were identified, including seeking health care, expectations, disclosure of sexual orientation, moment of truth (provider attributes), proximal outcomes, and health outcomes. These themes were sorted into an explanatory conceptual framework that represents three distinct phases of the health care experience: Pre-interaction, health care interaction, and outcomes. Conclusions The women in this study identified disclosure of sexual orientation and provider attributes as major points in the health care experience. Creating health care environments that facilitate disclosure of sexual orientation and educating providers about LB-appropriate care are strategies that may impact health and health care disparities of LB women.
Variability of the altitude of the Martian sheath

Received 31 March 2005; revised 18 August 2005; accepted 25 August 2005; published 24 September 2005. [1] Using electron energy spectra, we identify time periods when the Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) spacecraft is in or above the Martian magnetic pileup boundary (MPB). We use more than five years of data to develop a statistical picture of the location of the MPB relative to the MGS mapping altitude near 400 km. We show for the first time that the MPB location is sensitive to interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) orientation and to Martian season, and confirm a dependence upon solar wind pressure. We confirm that crustal magnetic sources raise the altitude of the MPB, and demonstrate that sheath electrons populate magnetic cusp regions in the southern hemisphere. During southern summer strong crustal fields near the subsolar point raise the altitude of the MPB over the entire dayside, implying that Martian crustal fields modify the solar wind interaction globally. Citation: Brain, D. A., J. S. Halekas, R. Lillis, D. L. Mitchell, R. P. Lin, and D. H. Crider (2005), Variability of the altitude of the Martian sheath, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L18203,