cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Oxytocin promotes convergence in personality between members of a monogamous pair

Abstract Social context is critical in shaping behavioral responses to stimuli and can alter an individual’s behavioral type, which would otherwise be fixed in social isolation. For monogamous biparental vertebrates, social context is critical as interactions are frequent and consistent, involving high interindividual dependence and cooperation that can lead to large fitness impacts. We demonstrate that in the strictly monogamous and highly territorial California mouse, individuals alter approach response to an aggressive conspecific playback stimulus, barks, to become more similar to their partner during early bonding prior to pup birth; an effect distinct from assortative mating. Additionally, sustained vocalizations, an affiliative ultrasonic vocalization when used between members of a pair, are associated with increased behavioral convergence following pair formation suggesting a vocal communication role in emergent pair behavior. We identified the neuropeptide oxytocin as sufficient to promote behavioral convergence in paired individuals who differed in their initial behavioral type, as characterized by approach behavior. Social context, specifically pair-bonding, appears vital for behavioral responses to aggressive signals. While non-bonded animals maintained stable responses, pair-bonding led to a pair emergent property, a convergence in behavioral responses. This convergence can be driven by oxytocin, revealing a significant expansion in oxytocin’s effects on behavioral coordination.
Pulmonary administration of a CSF-1R inhibitor alters the balance of tumor-associated macrophages and supports first-line chemotherapy in a lung cancer model.

Abstract Lung cancers remain the leading cause of cancer-related death in both men and women. Infiltrating immune cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME) play a critical role in the formation, progression, and the response of solid tumors to therapy, including in lung cancers. Clinical studies have established that tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) and their phenotypical composition are critical immune infiltrates in the lung TME, with the abundance of the M2-like phenotype negatively correlating with patient survival. Colony-Stimulating Factor 1 (CSF-1) receptor (CSF-1R) is a type III protein tyrosine kinase receptor that plays an important role in the recruitment and differentiation of monocytes into tumor-promoting M2-like TAMs and their survival. In this work we evaluated the therapeutic potential of PLX 3397 (PLX), a small molecule CSF-1R inhibitor (CSF-1Ri), upon local lung administration in an immune-competent mouse model of lung cancer. The efficacy of local lung delivered PLX as single therapy was investigated first. As assessed by immunofluorescence of sections of lung tumor nodules, a statistically significant reduction in M2-like TAMs and an increase in M1-like TAMs was observed, thus leading to a shift in the (M1/M2) balance. Those changes in abundance of immune infiltrates correlated with a significant decrease in tumor burden when compared to control. When combined with systemically administered cisplatin (CIS) PLX treatment provided further benefits, leading to a significant decrease in tumor burden when compared to either PLX or CIS treatments alone, as measured by bioluminescence intensity (BLI) in vivo (thoracic area) and ex vivo (lung tissue). This combination therapy led to the most pronounced increase in M1/M2 ratio, followed by a significant decrease in M2-like TAMs with the CIS therapy. This work is clinically relevant as it demonstrates the potential of local lung administration of PLX to support standard of care chemotherapy for lung cancer management. This is important as the pulmonary route of administration is a plausible strategy for reducing the total dose of CSF-1Ris as the tissue of interest (lungs) can be locally targeted. Because the major off-target effect of CSF-1Ris is liver toxicity, reducing systemic concentration will support translation of those therapies, especially in combination with standard of care chemotherapy that has significant off-target toxicity and patient attrition itself. This work is scientifically relevant as we demonstrate for the first time that local administration of a CSF-1Ri to the lungs leads to a shift in the balance of TAMs in the TME of a model of lung tumor, adding to the sparse literature of CSF-1Ris related to lung cancers.
Attack Resilience of Cache Replacement Policies

Caches are pervasively used in computer networks to speed up access by reusing previous communications, where various replacement policies are used to manage the cached contents. The replacement policy of a cache plays a key role in its performance, and is thus extensively engineered to achieve a high hit ratio in benign environments. However, some studies showed that a policy with a higher hit ratio in benign environments may be more vulnerable to denial of service (DoS) attacks that intentionally send requests for unpopular contents. To understand the cache performance under such attacks, we analyze a suite of representative replacement policies under the framework of TTL approximation in how well they preserve the hit ratios for legitimate users, while incorporating the delay for the cache to obtain a missing content. We further develop a scheme to adapt the cache replacement policy based on the perceived level of attack. Our analysis and validation on real traces show that although no single policy is resilient to all the attack strategies, suitably adapting the replacement policy can notably improve the attack resilience of the cache.
Indigenous Peoples, tuberculosis research and changing ideas about race in the 1930s.

Before the 1930s, many medical personnel, administrators and others in colonial settler societies considered race the deciding factor in who did and did not get tuberculosis (TB). Racial thinking came in 2 varieties. Both were rooted in white supremacy and in the belief that white bodies and
The Effects of Wall Temperature on Flame Structure During Flame Quenching

Abstract : The effect of wall temperature on single surface flame quenching and flame structure of an atmospheric premixed methane-air flame was studied. The luminous region of a laminar flame was located at an angle of 45 degrees to a temperature-controlled surface. C2 laser-induced fluorescence was used as an indicator of flame position while Raman spectroscopy was used to determine gas temperature profiles near the surface. These measurements were conducted for wall positions (vertical distance from the surface) ranging from 50 micrometer to 1.0 mm and wall temperatures ranging from 150 deg C to 600 deg C.
Advanced code generation for high performance Fortran

For data-parallel languages such as High Performance Fortran to achieve wide acceptance, parallelizing compilers must be able to provide consistently high performance for a broads pectrum of scientific applications. Although compilation of regular data-parallel applications for message-passing systems have been widely studied, current state-of-the-art compilers implement only a small number of key optimizations, and the implementations generally focus on optimizing programs using a "case-based" approach. For these reasons, current compilers are unable to provide consistently high levels of performance. In this paper, we describe techniques developed in the Rice dHPF compiler to address key code generation challenges that arise in achieving high performance for regular applications on message-passing systems. We focus on techniques requiredto implement advanced optimizations and to achieve consistently high performance with existing optimizations. Many of the core communication analysis andco de generation algorithms in dHPF are expressed in terms of abstract equations manipulating integer sets. This approach enables general andy et simple implementations of sophisticated optimizations, making it more practical to include a comprehensive set of optimizations in data-parallel compilers. It also enables the compiler to support much more aggressive computation partitioning algorithms than in previous compilers. We therefore believe this approach can provide higher and more consistent levels of performance than are available today.
Identification of RNase-resistant RNAs in Saccharomyces cerevisiae extracts: Separation from chromosomal DNA by selective precipitation.

High-quality chromosomal DNA is a requirement for many biochemical and molecular biological techniques. To isolate cellular DNA, standard protocols typically lyse cells and separate nucleic acids from other biological molecules using a combination of chemical and physical methods. After a standard chemical-based protocol to isolate chromosomal DNA from Saccharomyces cerevisiae and then treatment with RNase A to degrade RNA, two RNase-resistant bands persisted when analyzed using gel electrophoresis. Interestingly, such resistant bands did not appear in preparations of Escherichia coli bacterial DNA after RNase treatment. Several enzymatic, chemical, and physical methods were employed in an effort to remove the resistant RNAs, including use of multiple RNases and alcohol precipitation, base hydrolysis, and chromatographic methods. These experiments resulted in the development of a new method for isolation of S. cerevisiae chromosomal DNA. This method utilizes selective precipitation of DNA in the presence of a potassium acetate/isopropanol mixture and produces high yields of chromosomal DNA without detectable contaminating RNAs.
Live upgrading thousands of servers from an ancient Red Hat distribution to 10 year newer Debian based one

Google maintains many servers and employs a file level sync method with applications running in a different partition than the base Linux distribution that boots the machine and interacts with hardware. This experience report first gives insights on how the distribution is setup, and then tackles the problem of doing a difficult upgrade from a Red Hat 7.1 image snapshot with layers of patches to a Debian Testing based distribution built from source. We will look at how this can actually be achieved as a live upgrade and without ending up with a long "flag day" where many machines are running totally different distributions, which would have made testing and debugging of applications disastrous during a long switchover period. Like a coworker of mine put it, "It was basically akin to upgrading Red Hat 7.1 to Fedora Core 16, a totally unsupported and guaranteed to break upgrade, but also switching from rpm to dpkg in the process, and on live machines." The end of the paper summarizes how we designed our packaging system for the new distribution, as well as how we build each new full distribution image from scratch in a few minutes.
An automated assay for adenylate cyclase using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography

An automated high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the assay of 3',5'-cyclic AMP was developed using octylsilica. Total analysis time was 10.1 min, with cAMP eluting at 3 min. As little as 10 pmol of cyclic AMP could be detected by absorption at 260 nm. Peak height and area were linearly related to cyclic AMP concentration over at least two orders of magnitude. The analytical procedure gave good results in the assay of crude microsomal preparations of adenylate cyclase from both bovine brain and sea urchin eggs. The method was used to demonstrate that sea urchin adenylate cyclase is a Ca2+-activated enzyme.
Reduced numbers and intense anti-ubiquitin immunostaining of bovine motor neurons affected with spinal muscular atrophy

Abstract Motor neurons in the spinal cord affected with bovine spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) were investigated immunohistochemically using antibodies against bovine ubiquitin. Anti-ubiquitin immunostained many chromatolytic and swollen degenerating motor neurons in the ventral horn of the SMA-affected spinal cord. The most severely swollen cells showed a lightly-stained center and a strongly-stained periphery after immunostaining. However there were many dark, shrunken neurons in a more advanced stage that showed a completely negative reaction when immunostained. Motor neuron counts differed significantly between SMA-affected and normal animals at the lumbar intumescence and at the fourth lumbar neuromere, but not at the brachial intumescence or the second cervical level.
Prolonged tissue PO2 reduction after contraction in spinotrapezius muscle of spontaneously hypertensive rats.

We tested the hypothesis that a deficit in oxygen extraction or an increase in oxygen demand after skeletal muscle contraction leads to delayed recovery of tissue oxygen tension (Po2) in the skelet...
The Content of Educational Psychology: an Analysis of Top Ranked Journals from 2003 Through 2007

Educational psychology as a field of study has encountered a lack of distinction by overlapping with other fields of study or disciplines. Consequently, educational psychology continues to have difficulty claiming jurisdiction over bodies of research knowledge and has been encroached upon by other more crystallized disciplines. The purpose of this study is to examine the research literature published across top-ranked educational psychology journals to identify the common ground and current trends in research content and to identify those areas that can be reclaimed by the discipline as its own. Overall, 758 articles published in six journals from January 2003 through December 2007 were included in this study. A combination of statistics-based and linguistics-based methods were used to determine how frequently terms occur in the data and establishing a semantic network which created a probabilistic analysis of the co-occurrence of terms resulting in a constellation of terms showing the relationship and relative importance of the categories of terms. The results showed a consistency of research categories suggesting that in spite of reports to the contrary, there is a collective agreement among educational psychologists demonstrated by the empirical research in the field.
Evidence-Based Practice for Youth in Supervised Out-of-Home Care: A Framework for Development, Definition, and Evaluation

Adolescents comprise a substantial portion of the children in child welfare supervised out-of-home care. This article considers the evidence base for an array of services to adolescents in out-of-home care and evaluates the existing research base for each program. This review advances a framework for considering the critical need to develop, define, and evaluate the essential elements of out-of-home care services for older foster youth. Policy, program, and evaluation recommendations are forwarded.
Catecholamine-induced alterations in glucose homeostasis in baboons, dogs, rabbits, and rats: Comparative effects of somatostatin

Abstract A considerable amount of species variation exists in the relative hyperglycemic activities of catecholamines. For example, epinephrine (EPI) is a potent hyperglycemic agent in all mammalian species, whereas isoproterenol (ISO) has strong hyperglycemic activity in dogs, moderate activity in baboons, weak activity in rabbits, and relative inactivity in normal fed rats.1.2 Moreover, in rabbits there are differences between the in vitro glucose mobilizing activities of catecholamines as compared to in vivo effects.3 This suggests that there may be important indirect determinants of hyperglycemic activity that account for the species variation in the relative hyperglycemic activities of catecholamines. Previous work from our laboratory has shown that the hyperglycemic effect of ISO in rats is limited by its stimulating effect on insulin release.4 On the basis of indirect evidence, Sokal and Sarcione5 suggested that the hyperglycemia produced by EPI is mediated through increased glucagon release. Since catecholamines have been shown to release the potent glycogenolytic and gluconeogenic hormone, glucagon,6 it seems appropriate to examine the involvement of glucagon as well as insulin in the production of hyperglycemia by catecholamines in a variety of laboratory animals. We have hypothesized that pancreatic hormone release is an important determinant of catecholamine-induced hyperglycemia, and different patterns of pancreatic hormone release may explain, in part, the differences in the relative hyperglycemic activities of catecholamines that occur within and between species.
Flight and wind tunnel investigation of the effects of Reynolds number on installed boattail drag at subsonic speeds

A flight and wind tunnel investigation was conducted to determine the effects of Reynolds number on the installed boattail drag of an underwing nacelle. Tests were run on a modified F-106B aircraft and 0.05 and 0.22 scale wind tunnel models. Tests were conducted at Mach numbers of 0.6 and 0.9 and over a 16 to 1 range of Reynolds numbers. Highest drag was obtained at intermediate Reynolds numbers corresponding to about the lowest flight values and that of the 0.22 scale model. Significantly lower drag was obtained at both higher and lower Reynolds numbers.
Viscoelastic Properties of Xanthan Gels Interacting with Cations

Viscoelastic properties of gels were greatly affected by xanthan gum concentration and types of cations. The storage moduli (G'), measured at 1.0 Hz, were 8.3, 10, and 2700 Pa for xanthan gels at 0.5% polymer concentration and 37, 42, and 13000 Pa for xanthan gels at 1.0% polymer concentration in the presence of Na + , Ca 2+ , or Fe 3+ , respectively. The elastic recovery was 27.9, 61.6, and 66.3% for 0.5% xanthan gels, and 38.5, 22.5, and 69.1% for 1.0% xanthan gels, In the presence of Na + , Ca 2+ , or Fe 3+ , respectively. The generalized Kelvin model simulated creep compliance and ferric ion was an excellent crosslinker for a rigid, firm gel.
MALDI TOF MS profiling of bacteria at the strain level: A review

Since the advent of the use of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOF MS) as a tool for microbial characterization, efforts to increase the taxonomic resolution of the approach have been made. The rapidity and efficacy of the approach have suggested applications in counter-bioterrorism, prevention of food contamination, and monitoring the spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Strain-level resolution has been reported with diverse bacteria, using library-based and bioinformatics-enabled approaches. Three types of characterization at the strain level have been reported: strain categorization, strain differentiation, and strain identification. Efforts to enhance the library-based approach have involved sample pre-treatment and data reduction strategies. Bioinformatics approaches have leveraged the ever-increasing amount of publicly available genomic and proteomic data to attain strain-level characterization. Bioinformatics-enabled strategies have facilitated strain characterization via intact biomarker identification, bottom-up, and top-down approaches. Rigorous quantitative and advanced statistical analyses have fostered success at the strain level with both approaches. Library-based approaches can be limited by effects of sample preparation and culture conditions on reproducibility, whereas bioinformatics-enabled approaches are typically limited to bacteria, for which genetic and/or proteomic data are available. Biological molecules other than proteins produced in strain-specific manners, including lipids and lipopeptides, might represent other avenues by which strain-level resolution might be attained. Immunological and lectin-based chemistries have shown promise to enhance sensitivity and specificity. Whereas the limits of the taxonomic resolution of MALDI TOF MS profiling of bacteria appears bacterium-specific, recent data suggest that these limits might not yet have been reached. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc., Mass Spec Rev 32:188–217, 2013
Speech and language in progressive nonfluent aphasia compared with early Alzheimer's disease.

Background: Progressive nonfluent aphasia (PA) is a slow deterioration of language that remains relatively isolated from other cognitive or behavioral deficits for at least 2 years. The differentiation of PA from early Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is important, given the presence of early language changes in AD. Methods: A language assessment was administered to 15 patients who met established criteria for PA, 15 patients with clinically probable AD and mild dementia, and 15 normal control subjects. The language battery included verbal fluency, the Boston Naming Test with cuing and recognition, and an aphasia test battery with a motor speech exam. Results: Pronounced literal paraphasic errors distinguished the PA patients from the AD patients. The PA group had anomia, decreased letter fluency, neologisms, difficulty on phrase repetition, decreased phrase length, and a decreased rate of verbal output. Interference from paraphasic anomia accounted for much of their decreased fluency. Conclusion: Many patients with PA have a primary defect in accessing sound-based representation of speech (phonemes), similar to conduction aphasia, possibly as a consequence of disturbed white matter tracts in the left superior temporal region.
The deep end of the metabolite pool: influences on epigenetic regulatory mechanisms in cancer.

Background Epigenetic control of gene expression is mediated by cytosine methylation/demethylation and histone modifications including methylation, acetylation and glycosylation. The epigenetic programme is corrupted in cancer cells to maintain a pattern of gene expression that leads to their de-differentiated, rapidly proliferating phenotype. Enzymes responsible for modifying histones and cytosine are sensitive to the cellular metabolite pool and can be activated by an increase in their substrates or inhibited by an increase in their products or competitors for substrate binding. Methods This review is based on publications identified on PubMed using a literature search of cytosine methylation, histone methylation, acetylation and glycosylation. Results In cancer, changes in glycolytic enzymes lead to increased production of serine, increasing the pool of S-adenosylmethionine (the major methyl donor for methylation reactions) and UDP-N-acetylglucosamine (a substrate for O-linked glycosylation of histones and cytosine methyltransferases). Mutations in tricarboxylic acid cycle enzymes lead to accumulation of fumarate, succinate and hydroxyglutarate, all of which inhibit demethylation of cytosine and histones. In contrast, proline catabolism produces α-ketoglutarate and reactive oxygen, both of which promote the activity of enzymes that remove methyl groups from cytosine and histones, and the key enzyme in proline catabolism acts as a tumour suppressor. Conclusions Our emerging understanding of how the epigenetic profiles are metabolically reprogrammed in cancer cells will lead to novel diagnostic and therapeutic targets for treatment of patients.
Development of mechanical heart devices.

Background A succinct, historical review of developments in mechanical devices to assist the failing heart is provided. Methods A number of methods of mechanical devices to assist the failing heart are briefly assessed. Personal experimental and clinical studies of devices developed over several decades are presented. Results Findings and data of devices used in assisting the failing heart, including those developed by the author, are analyzed. Conclusions On the basis of this review, the left ventricular assist device is believed to be the most effective. There is also reason to believe that the axial flow system has considerable advantages. This form of therapy has potentially great value for permanent use in some patients with intractable heart failure.
Head‐body thermal control, thermal preferenda, and voluntary maxima in the taipan, Oxyuranus scutellatus (Serpentes: Elapidae)

Head-body temperature differences of up to 5.7° and 6.1° C were observed during solar and radiant heating, respectively. Head temperature was more precisely regulated than body temperature and within preferred limits head temperature was significantly lower than body temperature. Higher temperatures were tolerated by the body than the head. Preferred temperatures for both the head and body are higher in the taipan than in other ophidians which have been reported upon, and approximate those temperatures reported for the voluntary maxima in other snakes.
Chemical regulation of growth and forage quality of cool-season grasses with the imazethapyr

(...) In 1986 and 1987 field plots of «Pennlate» orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.), «Bison» ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.×L. multiflorum Lam.), «Palaton» reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea L.), «Saratoga» smooth bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss), and «Toro» timothy (Phleum pratense L.) were treated with imazethapyr, at rates of 0, 25, 50, and 100 g a.i. ha −1 .(...)
A Wide-Range Oscillator in the Range from 8,000 to 15,000 MC

A retarding field oscillator which tunes over the range from 8,000 to 15,000 mc is described. Energy is taken from the tube by allowing the repeller, which is part of the resonant circuit, to radiate into a waveguide. Results for both inductive and capacitive tuning are discussed. With capacitive tuning, the efficiency of the oscillator is between 2 and 4 per cent over the entire range, with maximum efficiency occurring near the highest frequency.
A Scale to Measure Attitudes Toward Working.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to develop a scale that could measure attitude toward work and be used to determine the relation between length of unemployment time and work attitudes. Standardization of the Employment Readiness Scale was completed through its administration to three independent groups (N = 430): (1) employed workers: employees who worked in unskilled, semiskilled, and occasionally skilled job classifications; (2) unemployed individuals who were actively looking for regular employment at the Tennessee State Employment Service; and (3) the chronically unemployed: individuals, who, for the most part, were not looking for regular employment and who were seeking night lodging and meals at the Salvation Army or the Knoxville Union Rescue Mission. Through item analysis, it was determined that 43 of the 45-scale items were significant at or beyond the .01 level. It was further established that a relationship existed between work attitudes and length of unemployment. The longer an individual was unemployed, the less positive was his attitude toward work.
Magnet safety and stability related coolant states: critical fluid dynamics at peak flux

Abstract The stability of superconducting magnets is endangered under certain distinct conditions of the fluid serving as magnet coolant. A severe compromising of safety takes place at the peak heat flux of nucleate boiling. Progress in analysing first order phase transitions for cryoliquids and room temperature liquids, in the presence of heat flow, has led to better understanding of the parameters related to vapour bubble phenomena. The present work addresses the consequences arising from bubble frequency results, including model calculations for the effective masses of the saturated fluids involved in the two-phase transport at the peak flux.
Ontogeny of GABAB receptor subunit expression and function in the rat spinal cord

Abstract Little is known about the chronology of expression, cellular localization and function of GABAB subunits in the developing rat spinal cord. In the present study, in situ hybridization, immunohistochemistry and quantitative RT-PCR analysis were used to examine this issue. At embryonic day 18, in situ hybridization reveals that all three transcripts, GABAB(1a), GABAB(1b), and GABAB(2), are present throughout the gray matter. At postnatal day (PN) 2, while overall expression appears to decrease, it becomes more highly concentrated in motoneurons of the ventral horn. By PN 7, distinct subpopulations of cells expressing the transcripts become heavily expressed in motoneurons. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that, unlike mRNA, GABAB(1) protein is more highly concentrated in the dorsal horn as compared to the motoneurons. Analysis using RT-PCR demonstrates that in spinal cord GABAB(1a) mRNA expression remains constant throughout development, GABAB(1b) increases from PN 2 to adult, and GABAB(2) decreases from PN 2 to adult. The distribution of functional GABAB receptors, as measured by baclofen-stimulated [35S]GTPγS binding, in the spinal cord during development generally follows the distribution of subunit expression, being widely distributed throughout the gray matter in embryonic spinal cord slices and becoming more concentrated in the dorsal horn during postnatal development, similar to the distribution of subunit proteins as measured by immunohistochemistry. These findings suggest that spinal cord GABAB(1a), GABAB(1b), and GABAB(2) transcripts are differentially regulated during development with the chronology of this expression suggesting that GABAB receptor subunits, in addition to forming functional GABAB receptors, may have a trophic function or participate in synaptogenesis.
The Civic Engagement of Young Immigrants: Why Does It Matter?

This special issue is devoted to the civic engagement of young immigrants in the United States. In this commentary, I ask why civic engagement is important, why we should especially be concerned ab...
On the complexity of proving functions

Let f be a recursive function. We shall be interested in the following question: given x and y, how difficult is it to decide whether f(x) = y or f(x) ≠ y? Since the problem of deciding f(x) = y or f(x) ≠ y is the same problem as that of computing the characteristic function Cf of the graph of f, we can study the above question by looking into the complexity of computing Cf.
Recognizing a Something When Your Library Sees It

Advances are needed in random-display technologies to more tightly link drug actions and functions to the genes that control physiological processes. The reports discussed here explore two sides of these issues-generating new library formats and identifying the targets of drug ligands.
Electron tunneling microscopy: a direct probe of metal substitution in BiSrCaCuO superconductors

Abstract Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) exploits the extreme distance sensitivity of electron tunneling to achieve atomic resolution imaging of surfaces. The ability of STM to probe directly materials on the atomic scale has been exploited to elucidate the structural effects of metal substitution in the copper oxide superconductor Bi 2 Sr 2 CuO 6 . A series of Bi 2 Sr 2 CuO 6 single crystals containing lead substituted in the bismuth-oxide layer have been prepared, and the structures of these materials have been characterized by STM. The measurements show that lead-substitution induces complex changes in the structural order of the parent compound. Comparisons of these data with electron diffraction measurements highlight the importance of local crystallography, which STM provides, in studying the chemistry of inorganic materials.
Choosing the Right Software

A microcomputer's worth as a teaching aid depends on the teacher's ability to evaluate and select appropriate software. Here is a framework for software evaluation.
Parenting Style and Black Adolescents' Academic Achievement.

The relationships between maternal beliefs in control and responsiveness and adolescent academic achievement were examined by interviewing 59 Black mothers and female guardians of adolescents, ages 11 to 19, living in a northeastern small city or adjacent suburb and correlating their answers to year-end report cards of their adolescents. Demographic variables such as maternal education level and adolescent sex were also examined to determine whether they helped explain variation in adolescent grade point averages. The analyses revealed that higher maternal beliefs in control were significantly associated with lower grade point averages. No other statistically significant relationship was found in this sample between the other parenting and demographic variables and adolescent academic achievement. The results of this study are discussed in terms of factors that may mediate the relationship found.
Does parentification place Mexican-heritage youth at risk for substance use? Identifying the intervening nature of parent-child communication about alcohol.

Past research on parentification suggests that adopting adult responsibilities to the point at which the child plays a parental role places children at risk for poor mental and behavioral health outcomes. Since family relations are particularly important in Mexican culture, two hypotheses were posed to examine the indirect effects of parentification on Mexican-heritage youths' substance use via parent-child communication about alcohol, while examining the moderating effects of parent-child closeness. Mexican-heritage youth (N = 697) from 23 public middle schools in Phoenix, AZ completed surveys at three waves. Structural equation modeling results provided partial support for the hypotheses. Mexican-heritage youth experiencing problem-solving parentification were more likely to talk with a parent about alcohol and, in turn, less likely to use substances. This mediation effect, however, was not found with respect to adult parentification, and parent-child closeness was not a significant moderator. Implications for the beneficial effects of problem-solving parentification are discussed. Language: en
Monitoring advanced oxidation of Suwannee River fulvic acid

Environmental context.Potentially toxic disinfection by-products form when water containing humic and fulvic acids is chlorinated to destroy pathogenic microorganisms. A pulsed electrical discharge was examined for its ability to destroy an aquatic fulvic acid by oxidation. Spectroscopically, changes in the organic structures were observed, but carbon content and disinfection by-products were not reduced. Abstract.A pilot-scale pulsed electrical discharge (PED) system was used to treat Suwannee River fulvic acid (SRFA) as a representative precursor material for the formation of disinfection by-products (DBPs), specifically trihalomethane compounds. Ultraviolet-visible and fluorescence spectroscopy, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and the trihalomethane formation potential (THMFP) were used as analytical parameters to monitor the effects of treatment on the substrate. The potential for SRFA degradation (5 mg L–1 DOC) was examined over 60 min at each of four operational configurations, varying pulse energy and frequency (0.15 J and 60 Hz, 0.15 J and 120 Hz, 0.4 J and 60 Hz, and 0.4 J and 120 Hz) in a factorial design. Statistically significant changes occurred for UV254, EX254EM460, and EX328EM460 under selected conditions; however, concomitant changes in DOC and THMFP were not observed. The composition of SRFA changed, but organic carbon was not mineralised to carbon dioxide. In addition to showing degradation by PED, the significance of the preliminary findings of this research was to demonstrate that spectroscopic monitoring of precursor degradation alone can be misleading, and that whereas ultraviolet-visible and fluorescence spectroscopy indicated degradation of precursor compounds, DOC and THMFP measurements were unchanged and did not support the occurrence of mineralisation in this system.
Cyclic voltammetric study of the catalytic behavior of nickel(I) salen electrogenerated at a glassy carbon electrode in an ionic liquid (1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate, BMIM+BF4−)

Abstract Cyclic voltammetry has been employed to examine the electrochemistry of nickel(II) salen at a glassy carbon electrode in an ionic liquid (1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate, BMIM+BF4−). Residual water in the ionic liquid can be eliminated by introduction of activated molecular sieves into the electrochemical cell. Nickel(II) salen exhibits a one-electron, quasi-reversible reduction to nickel(I) salen, and the latter species serves as a catalyst for the cleavage of carbon–halogen bonds in iodoethane and 1,1,2-trichlorotrifluoroethane (Freon® 113). In BMIM+BF4− the diffusion coefficient for nickel(II) salen at room temperature has been determined to be 1.8×10 −8 cm 2 s −1 , which is more than 500 times smaller than that (1.0×10 −5 cm 2 s −1 ) in a typical organic solvent–electrolyte system such as dimethylformamide (DMF) containing 0.10 M tetramethylammonium tetrafluoroborate.
Radioactive labeling of a natural assemblage of marine sedimentary bacteria and microalgae for trophic studies: An autoradiographic study

Autoradiography was used to examine critical questions for trophic studies concerning the uptake of radioactive tracers by a natural assemblage of sedimentary microorganisms. Labeled organic substrates ([3H]-acetate and [3H]-thymidine) were taken up only by heterotrophic bacteria, and [14C]-bicarbonate was taken up only by microalgae. Only approximately 2% of the bacterial assemblage took up detectable quantities of either [3H]-acetate or [3H]-thymidine, regardless of whether labeled substrates were delivered to sediments via slurries or by injection with a microliter syringe. Significantly more diatoms were labeled when [14C]-bicarbonate was delivered to sediments by the injection method (75%) as compared to the slurry method (50%). These results indicate that radio-active tracers can be used in natural sediments to selectively label potential microbial food of invertebrate grazers. Only a small proportion of bacteria, however, may actually use a labeled substrate, which introduces a large uncertainty into the conversion of radioactivity in grazers to the number of bacteria consumed. Finally, the use of disruptive methods (e.g., slurries) to deliver labels to sediments does not increase the proportion of microorganisms that become labeled. Thus, given the variety of artifacts that may be associated with the use of sediment slurries, it is probably advisable to use nondisruptive methods to deliver substrates to sediments.
Algorithms for parsing search queries in systems with inverted file organization

In an inverted file system a query is in the form of a Boolean expression of index terms. In response to a query the system accesses the inverted lists corresponding to the index terms, merges them, and selects from the merged list those records that satisfy the search logic. Considered in this paper is the problem of determining a Boolean expression which leads to the minimum total merge time among all Boolean expressions that are equivalent to the expression given in the query. This problem is the same as finding an optimal merge tree among all trees that realize the truth function determined by the Boolean expression in the query. Several algorithms are described which generate optimal merge trees when the sizes of overlaps between different lists are small compared with the length of the lists.
Haloaldehyde Polymers. XIV. Endgroups in Polychloral

Abstract Chloral polymers prepared by anionic polymerization have alkoxide endgroups as terminal ends at the end of this polymerization. The initiating anion has, as expected, no influence on the type of terminal group formed. Polychloral with terminal alkoxide ends degrades easily thermally to monomeric chloral. Alkoxide endgroups in polychloral do not readily react with alkylating or acylating agents, although partial stabilization has been observed when alkoxide-terminated polymers were allowed to stand for periods of time; the endgroups seem to react either with impurities or with excess chloral in side reactions. With protic acids, alkoxide-terminated polychloral is transformed into hydroxyl-terminated polymer of higher thermal stability. Studies of the initiation step of the chloral polymerization revealed that above the ceiling temperature of polymerization, strong nucleophiles, such as soluble tertiary butoxide, initiate quantitatively, but polymerization does not proceed until the mixture is cool...
Adsorption of Bovine Serum Albumin and lysozyme on siliceous MCM-41

The adsorption of Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) and lysozyme on MCM-41 was studied. In particular, characteristics important to the use of this adsorbent as a chromatographic support for protein separations have been examined. These include the effects of external surface area, solution conditions (pH), and rate of adsorption. Comparative studies were performed on MCM-41 of three pore sizes (24.8 A, 36 A, 53.5 A). It has been shown that differences in external surface area can strongly influence the adsorption capacity. This implies that adsorption on the external surface can be misinterpreted as adsorption in the pores of MCM-41. Thus, high adsorption capacities may not necessarily mean high molecular-sieving capacities. This paper also reports a dependence of protein uptake rates on solution conditions. Calorimetry suggests that under certain solution conditions the adsorption of BSA is a combination of two sequential energetic events. These are postulated to be BSA adsorption followed by reorientation/reconformation of the adsorbed protein on the surface. The slow second step affects the attainment of equilibrium.
The Effects of Partner and Relationship Characteristics On Alliance Outcomes

Theories of alliance behavior and outcomes have tended to emphasize either partner or relationship characteristics. This study integrates the two perspectives and examines their separate and combin...
More on the Lost Cousin of the Fundamental Theorem of Algebra

g(x) = a0x0 + a1x1 + · · · + an xn , where α0 < α1 < · · · < αn are arbitrary real numbers and an = 0, has no more than n roots. Proof. We proceed by induction on n, noting that for n = 1 the statement is obvious. Assume that for some n the claim is true, but for n + 1, it is not. Hence, for some real numbers α0 < α1 < · · · < αn < αn+1 and an+1 = 0, there is a function g(x) = a0x0 + a1x1 + · · · + an xn + an+1xn+1 , whose number of positive roots is larger than n + 1. These roots are identical with the roots of the new function
A Probabilistic Model for Prediction of Cleavage Fracture in the Ductile-To-Brittle Transition Region and the Effect of Temperature on Model Parameters

Abstract This paper presents a modified Weibull stress model which accounts for the effects of plastic strain and stress triaxiality at the crack tip region. The proposed model is applied to predict cleavage fracture in a modified A508 pressure vessel steel. It is demonstrated that the Weibull modulus (m) remains a constant in the temperature range considered. The threshold value for the Weibull stress model, σ w − min , decreases with temperature due to decrease of the yield stress with temperature. The Weibull stress scale parameter, σu, increases with temperature reflecting the combined effects of temperature on material flow properties and toughness. The proposed Weibull stress model accurately predicts the scatter of the measured fracture toughness data and the strong effects of constraint and temperature on cleavage fracture toughness.
Prospective and retrospective memory processes in pigeons' performance on a successive delayed matching-to-sample task

Abstract The coding process used by pigeons on a successive delayed conditional discrimination (DCD) was assessed by manipulating the number of sample stimuli (2 or 4), the number of test stimuli (2 or 4), and the interstimulus interval during acquisition (0 or 0.5 s). The stimuli were vertical versus horizontal lines and circle versus triangle shapes. Upon attainment of criterion performance, birds were transferred to interstimulus delays that were 0, 1, 2, and 4 s longer than the training delay. Although there was no effect of number of sample or test stimuli on rate of acquisition, during delay testing, performance was better for groups that had two test stimuli than for those with four test stimuli, regardless of the number of sample stimuli or the training delay. The delay data suggest that the pigeons prospectively coded the test stimulus to which responding was to be reinforced rather than retrospectively coding the sample stimulus.
Nonuniformities in GaN/AlN quantum wells

Composition sensitive annular dark field imaging and electron energy-loss spectroscopy were used to determine long-range uniformities of GaN quantum wells and the sharpness of their interfaces grown in AlN matrix by molecular beam epitaxy. Low magnification annular dark field images reveal waviness along the growth plane with a period of ∼50 nm and a height ∼20 nm in one sample and significant changes of the long-range uniformity in the other. Measurements of the changes in energy-loss spectra of the Al L2,3, Ga L2,3, and N K edge across quantum well indicate that the interfaces between the quantum wells and the barriers are in most cases almost atomically sharp.
SU‐GG‐I‐57: Dose and Image Quality Evaluation for Partial and Full‐Angle Kilovoltage Cone‐Beam CT Protocols

Purpose: To assess imaging dose of partial and full‐angle CBCT scan protocols, and to evaluate their image quality. Method and Materials: The CTDI of the six new CBCT protocols for Varian OBI were obtained by ion chamber (IC) measurements and Monte Carlo(MC) simulations: standard‐dose‐head, low‐dose‐head, high‐quality‐head, pelvis, pelvis‐spotlight, and low‐dose‐thorax. Various CTDI values were calculated by (1) the conventional weighted CTDI(CTDIw) calculation and (2) Bakalyar's method (CTDIwb). The MC simulations were performed to obtain the CTDIw and CTDIwb, as well as from (3) central slice averaging (CTDI2D) and (4) volume averaging (CTDI3D) techniques. Image quality of the new protocols was evaluated testing HU verification/uniformity, spatial linearity/resolution, and contrast resolution. Results: The CTDIw were found as 6.0, 3.2, 29.0, 25.4, 23.8, and 7.7 mGy for the new protocols respectively. The CTDIw and CTDIwb differed within +3% between IC and MC. Method (2) results were within ±12% of Method (1). In MC simulations, the CTDIw and CTDIwb were comparable to the CTDI2D and CTDI3D with the differences ranging from ‐4.3% to 20.6%. CTDIw of the new protocols were lower (1.8∼14 times) than the old protocols respectively. In the image quality analyses, all the protocols except low dose head and low dose thorax protocols were within the tolerance in the HU verification test. All the protocols passed the spatial linearity/resolution and HU uniformity tests. Only high quality head and pelvis scan protocols passed the contrast resolution test. Conclusion:CTDIw of the new CBCT protocols has been significantly reduced compared to the old protocols. The new scan protocols resulted in lower radiation dose with acceptable image quality. HU inaccuracy in CBCTimages from low‐dose‐head and low‐dose‐thorax protocols can render incorrect dose results. When a high soft‐tissue contrast data is desired, high quality head or pelvis scan protocol is recommended.
30-dB data rate improvement for interplanetary laser communication

Research toward returning high-rate data from deep-space using laser communications has been ongoing for nearly thirty years. Recently the Mars Laser Communication Demonstration (MLCD) Project completed the preliminary design of a system that would have allowed communicating at 1-Mb/s from Mars farthest range and at 30-Mb/s from the closest Mars range. In this paper we propose link improvements based on increased efficiencies and low-risk design modifications that will allow realizing a 30-dB improvement in return data rates from the farthest Mars range by the 2020 time frame.
On true and false disciples in Matthew 8.18-22

Suite a deux contributions sur Matthieu 8,18-22 de J. Kiilunen et de J.D. Kingsbury, l'A. vise a eclaircir la question des vrais et faux disciples. Trois appendices sur les aspects grammaticaux et terminologiques du passage se trouvent en fin d'article