cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Causes and outcomes of hospitalization in Lewy body dementia: A retrospective cohort study.

Abstract Introduction Understanding hospitalization in Lewy body dementia (LBD) is a known knowledge gap. We aimed to identify common causes, medication profiles, complications, and outcomes of hospitalization in LBD. Methods A retrospective cohort study investigated details of academic medical center hospitalizations over a two-year period for patients with LBD. Data collected included demographics, home medications, pre-hospital living status, reason for admission, admission service, inpatient medications, complications, and discharge status. Non-parametric statistics assessed associations between variables and length of stay. Odds of a change in living situation based on admission variables was calculated. Results The study included 178 hospitalizations (117 individuals). Neuropsychiatric symptoms were the most common admission reason (40%), followed by falls (24%) and infection (23%). Patients were usually admitted to medicine services; neurology or psychiatric consultations occurred less than 40% of the time. Antipsychotics were administered during 38% of hospitalizations. Use of antipsychotics other than quetiapine or clozapine was associated with longer length of stay and increased odds of discharge to a higher level of care. One-third of hospitalizations resulted in transition to a higher level of care; 15% ended in hospice care or death. Conclusion The most common reasons for hospitalization in LBD are potentially modifiable. Opportunities for improved care include increased involvement of neurological and psychiatric services, delirium prevention strategies, and reduced antipsychotic use. Clinicians should counsel patients and families that hospitalizations in LBD can be associated with end of life. Research is needed to identify strategies to prevent hospitalization and optimal standards for inpatient care. Funding Lewy body dementia research at the University of Florida is supported by the University of Florida Dorothy Mangurian Headquarters for Lewy Body Dementia and the Raymond E. Kassar Research Fund for Lewy Body Dementia.
Portfolio Spillovers and a Limit to Diversification

Securities are exposed to the return shocks of seemingly unrelated securities in common mutual fund portfolios. Shocks to firm returns mechanically affect fund returns that hold these securities, which induce investor-driven flows and rebalancing, resulting in temporary flow-induced price pressure (FIPP) on other firms in common portfolios. Instrumenting to address flow/return endogeneity, a one standard deviation increase in the FIPP corresponds to a 15-60 bps increase in daily abnormal firm returns. This pressure reverses in 5-6 days and is larger for liquid firms and for funds experiencing outflows. Failing to properly estimate this correlation implies that an investor is exposed to nonsystematic risk.
Dynamic pressure gradient modulation for comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography

Abstract We report the discovery, preliminary investigation, and demonstration of a novel form of differential flow modulation for comprehensive two-dimensional (2D) gas chromatography (GC×GC). Commercially available components are used to apply a flow of carrier gas with a suitable applied auxiliary gas pressure (Paux) to a T-junction joining the first (1D) and second (2D) dimension columns. The 1D eluate is confined at the T-junction, and introduced for 2D separation with a cyclic rhythm, dependent upon the relationship of the modulation period (PM) to the pulse width (pw), where pw is defined as the time interval when the auxiliary gas flow at the T-junction is off. We refer to this flow modulation technique as “dynamic pressure gradient modulation” (DPGM) since a pressure gradient oscillates with the PM along the 1D and 2D column ensemble providing temporary stop-flow conditions and fast 2D flow rates, resulting in 100% duty cycle and full modulation. A 90-component test mixture was used to evaluate the technique with a pw of 60 ms and a PM of 750 ms. The resulting peaks were narrow, with 2Wb ranging from about 20–180 ms. With an average 1Wb of 3 s and a 2nc of 10, a 2D peak capacity, nc,2D, for the 25 min separation was 5000. The detector response enhancement factor (DREF) is reported, defined as the peak height of the highest modulated 2D peak divided by the unmodulated 1D peak height (DREF = 2h/1h). The DREF ranged from about 7–87, depending on the 1Wb and 2Wb for a given analyte. A diesel sample was analyzed to demonstrate performance with a complex sample. Based upon the average 1Wb of 5 s and an average 2Wb of 168 ms, a nc,2D of 8640 was obtained for the 60 min diesel separation. Finally, the modulation principle was investigated as a function of PM, pw, and the volumetric flow rates, 1F and 2F. The measured 2Wb correlate well with the theoretical 2D injected width, given by 2Winj = (1F/2F) ·PM. However, the relevant 1F appears to be dictated by the 1D flow rate when no pressure is applied (during the pw interval), instead of 1F being the average flow rate on 1D (defined by the 1D dead time). The findings provide strong evidence for a differential flow modulation mechanism.
Dynamical Supersymmetries and the Positive Parity States in the Odd-Gold Isotopes

The recent suggestion1) that dynamical supersymmetries may be present in the spectra of heavy odd-mass nuclei provides an exciting new avenue for pursuing the classification of the lowenergy structure of complex nuclei; and, for the first time, offers the possibility of a concrete realization of dynamical (Bose-Fermi) supersymmetries. In the investigation discussed here, the applicability of the supersymmetric classification scheme to positive parity states in 193,195,197 Au is considered; and, some E2 transitions that are predicted to be forbidden (in terms of selection rules for the quantum numbers of the supersymmetry) are compared with experimental results.
Prevalence and context of firearms-related problems in child protective service investigations.

Abstract Background Despite the significance of firearm safety, we need additional data to understand the prevalence and context surrounding firearm-related problems within the child welfare system. Objective Estimate proportion of cases reporting a firearm-related problem during case initiation and the contexts in which these problems exist. Sample and Setting 75,809 caseworker-written investigation summaries that represented all substantiated referrals of maltreatment in Michigan from 2015 to 2017. Methods We developed an expert dictionary of firearm-related terms to search investigation summaries. We retrieved summaries that contained any of the terms to confirm whether a firearm was present (construct accurate) and whether it posed a threat to the child. Finally, we coded summaries that contained firearm-related problems to identify contexts in which problems exist. Results Of the 75,809 substantiated cases, the dictionary flagged 2397 cases that used a firearm term (3.2 %), with a construct accuracy rate of 96 %. Among construct accurate cases, 79 % contained a firearm-related problem. The most common intent for a firearm-related problem was violence against a person (45 %). The co-occurrence of domestic violence and/or substance use with a firearm-related problem was high (41 % and 48 %, respectively). 49 % of summaries that contained a firearm-related problem did not provide information regarding storage. Conclusion When caseworkers document a firearm within investigative summaries, a firearm-related risk to the child likely exists. Improved documentation of firearms and storage practices among investigated families may better identify families needing firearm-related services.
Human Attention Maps for Text Classification: Do Humans and Neural Networks Focus on the Same Words?

Motivated by human attention, computational attention mechanisms have been designed to help neural networks adjust their focus on specific parts of the input data. While attention mechanisms are claimed to achieve interpretability, little is known about the actual relationships between machine and human attention. In this work, we conduct the first quantitative assessment of human versus computational attention mechanisms for the text classification task. To achieve this, we design and conduct a large-scale crowd-sourcing study to collect human attention maps that encode the parts of a text that humans focus on when conducting text classification. Based on this new resource of human attention dataset for text classification, YELP-HAT, collected on the publicly available YELP dataset, we perform a quantitative comparative analysis of machine attention maps created by deep learning models and human attention maps. Our analysis offers insights into the relationships between human versus machine attention maps along three dimensions: overlap in word selections, distribution over lexical categories, and context-dependency of sentiment polarity. Our findings open promising future research opportunities ranging from supervised attention to the design of human-centric attention-based explanations.
Queering language socialization: Fostering inclusive Muslim interpretations through talk-in-interaction

Abstract Language socialization occurs not only during childhood but also among adults in the process of self-consciously creating new communities. Examining various frames during talk at an LGBTI-majority Canadian mosque, I address queer language socialization through analysis of the mutual socialization dialectic between the formation of members and the formation of their community, one in the process of being freshly imagined. I demonstrate how not only queer but also otherwise nonconformist Muslim values and communicative practices are being socialized as part of a purposefully intersectional community. Participants transform one another's use of language as they move toward their collective goal of intersectional inclusivity of people of diverse sects, genders, sexual orientations, relationship to Islam, age, and position of religious authority.
Characterizing and Mining Traffic Patterns of IoT Devices in Edge Networks

As connected Internet-of-things (IoT) devices in smart homes, smart cities, and smart industries continue to grow in size and complexity, managing and securing them in distributed edge networks have become daunting but crucial tasks. The recent spate of cyber attacks exploiting the vulnerabilities and insufficient security management of IoT devices have highlighted the urgency and challenges for securing billions of IoT devices and applications. As a first step towards understanding and mitigating diverse security threats of IoT devices, this paper develops an IoT traffic measurement framework on programmable and intelligent edge routers to automatically collect incoming, outgoing, and internal network traffic of IoT devices in edge networks, and to build multidimensional behavioral profiles which characterize who, when, what, and why on the behavioral patterns of IoT devices based on continuously collected traffic data. To the best of our knowledge, this paper is the first effort to shed light on the IP-spatial, temporal, entropy, and cloud service patterns of IoT devices in edge networks, and to explore these multidimensional behavioral fingerprints for IoT device classification, anomaly traffic detection, and network security monitoring for vulnerable and resource-constrained IoT devices on the Internet.
Hot-spot initiated burn waves in heterogeneous-explosive detonation reaction zones: Mixed-mode reaction and the reactive-thermal wave model

Abstract Heterogeneous detonation reaction spreads from sufficiently supercritical hot spots as burn waves, the growth and coalescence of which controls the bulk reaction rate. The statistical hot spot model formally homogenizes these effects, giving a rate term that depends on the number density of supercritical hot spots, η, and the burn wave speed, V. In order to completely specify statistical-hot-spot-based reaction rate laws for use in reactive flow models, one must obtain realistic expressions for η and V. The focus of this paper is upon the burn-wave structure and its speed, V. Specifically, a physically-based, temperature-dependent reactive-thermal wave prescription is developed which, when suitably nondimensionalized, depends on a single parameter, α. Numerical simulations show that α characterizes the reaction morphology. Specifically, α controls important elements of the degree-of-heterogeneity in mixed-mode reaction—transitional behavior that may lie anywhere between homogeneous and heterogeneous limiting cases. The model also yields an analytic, physical-properties-based formula for V. This expression enables the development of a new class of Arrhenius-based, formally-homogenized, mixed-mode-reaction-aware reaction rate law.
Meniscus repairs in the adolescent population—safe and reliable outcomes: a systematic review

The purpose of this study was to determine the outcomes of meniscus repair in the adolescent population, including: (1) failure and reoperation rates, (2) clinical and functional results, and (3) activity-related outcomes including return to sport. Two authors independently searched MEDLINE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials & Cochrane Library, and CINHAL databases for literature related to meniscus repair in an adolescent population according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. No meta-analysis was performed in this qualitative systematic review. Thirteen studies, including no Level I, one Level II, one Level III, and eleven Level IV studies yielded 466 patients with 503 meniscus repairs. All defined meniscal re-tear as a primary endpoint, with a reported failure rate ranging from 0 to 42% at a follow-up ranging from 22 to 211 months. There were a total of 93 failed repairs. IKDC scores were reported in four studies with a mean improvement ranging from 24 to 42 (P < 0.001). Mean post-operative Lysholm scores were reported in seven studies, ranging from 85 to 96. Additionally, four of those studies provided mean pre-operative Lysholm scores, ranging from 56 to 79, with statistically significant mean score improvements ranging from 17 to 31. Mean post-operative Tegner Activity scores were reported in nine studies, with mean values ranging from 6.2 to 8. This systematic review demonstrates that both subjective and clinical outcomes, including failure rate, Lysholm, IKDC, and Tegner activity scale scores, are good to excellent following meniscal repair in the adolescent population. Further investigations should aim to isolate tear type, location, surgical technique, concomitant procedures, and rehabilitation protocols to overall rate of failure and clinical and functional outcomes. IV.
Introduction to the Bioarchaeology of Urbanization

Over half of people today live in cities, and urban populations will increase in the future. It is thus crucial to understand the consequences that urbanization has for human populations. Urbanization has long been a focus of bioarchaeological research, but what is missing from the literature is an exploration of the geographic and temporal range of human biological, demographic, and sociocultural responses to this major shift in settlement pattern. Studies of contemporary urbanization have found both positive and negative outcomes, which likely have parallels in past human societies. Bioarchaeological studies have similarly yielded varying results, and the impacts of urbanization in the past were surely shaped by local ecological and sociocultural conditions. In this Introduction to the volume, we explore some of the consequences of urban living, how those contrast with rural settings, and provide examples of previous bioarchaeological scholarship on the topic, highlighting the need for further examination of urbanization in the past. To explore the variability in human responses to urbanization, this volume includes studies from a wide range of geographic locations and temporal periods. These studies enable cross-cultural and temporal comparisons and a more holistic understanding of the impact of urbanization.
Using Narratives to Correct Forecasting Errors in Pediatric Tracheostomy Decision Making

PurposeParents who face goals-of-care tracheostomy decisions may lack an understanding of challenges affecting their child’s and family’s long-term quality of life (QOL) to accurately forecast poss...
ReachFlow: An Online Safety Assurance Framework for Waypoint-Following of Self-driving Cars

Learning-enabled components have been widely deployed in autonomous systems. However, due to the weak interpretability and the prohibitively high complexity of large-scale machine learning models such as neural networks, reliability has been a crucial concern for safety-critical autonomous systems. This work proposes an online monitor called Reach-Flow for fault prevention of waypoint-following tasks for self-driving cars. It mainly consists of two components: (a) an online verification tool which conservatively checks the safety of the system behavior in the near future, and (b) a fallback controller which steers the system back to a desired state when the system is potentially unsafe. We implement ReachFlow in a self-driving racing car governed by a reinforcement learning-based controller. We demonstrate the effectiveness by rigorously verifying a safe waypoint-following control and providing a fallback control for an unsafe situation in which a large deviation from the planned path is predicted.
Change in Ideational Constellations and Information-Processing Style

Step 10: Information. Describe outcome in terms of altered premises and modifications in characteristic coping and defensive styles. Describe the status of core constellations of conflicting ideas and feelings. Relate these modifications to changes in style of experiencing the world and communicating with others. When indicated, relate this to shift in the historical moment, cultural attitudes, and social values.
Impact of NAFTA on the Preference for Meat Consumption in USA: An Inverse Demand System Approach

This study examines the impacts of NAFTA on meat demand and develops an inverse demand system model for meat to analyze price and scale flexibility. The inverse demand system model for meat products suggests that, in average, NAFTA had negative impact on the preference for beef consumption. The availability of low quality beef and the concern over infectious disease through the imported beef might be the reasons for this decline on the preference for beef consumption. Results show that all meats are substitutes to each other and proportionate increase in all meats reduce the price for meats. Keywords: Inverse demand system model; NAFTA; Price and Scale Flexibility JEL Classification: Q11; Q17; D12; F13
The Zimmermann Telegram: Intelligence, Diplomacy, and America's Entry into World War I, by Thomas Boghardt

The attempt by German Foreign Minister Arthur Zimmermann to secure a military alliance with Mexico against the United States in February 1917 after Imperial Germany's resumption of unrestricted sub...
Magnetohydrodynamic modeling of three Van Allen Probes storms in 2012 and 2013

Abstract. Coronal mass ejection (CME)-shock compression of the dayside magnetopause has been observed to cause both prompt enhancement of radiation belt electron flux due to inward radial transport of electrons conserving their first adiabatic invariant and prompt losses which at times entirely eliminate the outer zone. Recent numerical studies suggest that enhanced ultra-low frequency (ULF) wave activity is necessary to explain electron losses deeper inside the magnetosphere than magnetopause incursion following CME-shock arrival. A combination of radial transport and magnetopause shadowing can account for losses observed at radial distances into L = 4.5, well within the computed magnetopause location. We compare ULF wave power from the Electric Field and Waves (EFW) electric field instrument on the Van Allen Probes for the 8 October 2013 storm with ULF wave power simulated using the Lyon–Fedder–Mobarry (LFM) global magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) magnetospheric simulation code coupled to the Rice Convection Model (RCM). Two other storms with strong magnetopause compression, 8–9 October 2012 and 17–18 March 2013, are also examined. We show that the global MHD model captures the azimuthal magnetosonic impulse propagation speed and amplitude observed by the Van Allen Probes which is responsible for prompt acceleration at MeV energies reported for the 8 October 2013 storm. The simulation also captures the ULF wave power in the azimuthal component of the electric field, responsible for acceleration and radial transport of electrons, at frequencies comparable to the electron drift period. This electric field impulse has been shown to explain observations in related studies (Foster et al., 2015) of electron acceleration and drift phase bunching by the Energetic Particle, Composition, and Thermal Plasma Suite (ECT) instrument on the Van Allen Probes.
Schizosaccharomyces pombe Retrotransposon Tf2 Mobilizes Primarily through Homologous cDNA Recombination

The Tf2 retrotransposon, found in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe, is nearly identical to its sister element, Tf1, in its reverse transcriptase-RNase H and integrase domains but is very divergent in the gag domain, the protease, the 5′ untranslated region, and the U3 domain of the long terminal repeats. It has now been demonstrated that a neo-marked copy of Tf2 overexpressed from a heterologous promoter can mobilize into the S. pombe genome and produce true transposition events. However, the Tf2-neo mobilization frequency is 10- to 20-fold lower than that of Tf1-neo, and 70% of the Tf2-neo events are homologous recombination events generated independently of a functional Tf2 integrase. Thus, the Tf2 element is primarily dependent on homologous recombination with preexisting copies of Tf2 for its propagation. Finally, production of Tf2-neo proteins and cDNA was also analyzed; surprisingly, Tf2 was found to produce its reverse transcriptase as a single species in which it is fused to protease, unlike all other retroviruses and retrotransposons.
The surgical indication in eclampsia

Abstract 1. 1. Eclampsia is an acute toxemia of pregnancy, characterized biochemically chiefly by an acidosis and “a relative hypoglycemia.” 2. 2. Preeclampsia is eclampsia minus convulsions. 3. 3. There is a definite surgical indication in preeclampsia. 4. 4. Cesarean section, abdominal or vaginal, done under spinal or local anesthesia is a rational method of terminating the preeclamptic state. 5. 5. Eclampsia should be considered a nonsurgical condition. 6. 6. The therapeutic effort in eclampsia should be directed toward controlling the toxemia. 7. 7. The toxemia of eclampsia may be controlled by the following means: (a) The liberal use of morphine. (b) Intravenous dextrose in sufficient amount. (c) Avoidance of active surgical procedures. (d) Early delivery without traumatism and the use of measures which decrease the acidosis.
Identification of a high-molecular-weight (> 400 000) protein in hyaline cartilage

Abstract A high-molecular-weight (> 400 000) non-collagenous protein has been identified in normal articular cartilage from several mammalian species and in bovine tracheal cartilage. This protein is reduced by 2-mercaptoethanol to subunits with a molecular weight of 116 000, which appear to constitute approx. 2–4% of the total protein detectable by the Lowry assay in 4 M guanidinium chloride extracts of normal bovine and canine articular cartilage. Antiserum to the 116 kDa subunit protein from bovine articular cartilage cross-reacts with the intact and subunit proteins from bovine trachea and from normal canine, porcine and human articular cartilage. This protein is not found in non-cartilagenous tissues, suggesting that it is a cartilage-specific protein. We conclude that the > 400 kDa protein and its subunit are ubiquitous and quantitatively significant proteins in hyaline cartilage.
Destabilizing effects of a successful stabilization: a forward-looking explanation of the second Hungarian hyperinflation

The extreme severity of the second Hungarian hyperinflation is argued to be related to the unusual way in which the inflation was eventually stabilized. The historical features of this episode are represented in a general equilibrium model, which incorporates a transition from one monetary regime to another. During the inflation the government finances a fixed deficit with seigniorage revenue. After the stabilization the government budget is balanced and the central bank engages in a program of subsidized lending to the private sector. Stabilization is achieved by targeting a low inflation rate path through adjustments in the quantity of central bank lending. I show that under this stabilization policy (1) the dynamic equilibrium path of the economy is indeterminate and (2) arbitrarily high pre-stabilization inflation rates are possible.
Reproducibility of toxicity across mode of toxic action in the Tetrahymena population growth impairment assay.

Toxicity data collected in a laboratory setting are the primary source of potency information used for regulatory, modeling, or risk assessment purposes. However, the relative reproducibility of such toxicity data is rarely discussed. This study investigated the reproducibility of growth impairment data for the freshwater ciliate Tetrahymena pyriformis exposed to a structurally diverse group of chemicals of varying hydrophobicity within different modes of toxic action, either non-covalent narcosis or covalent electro(nucleo)philicity. The proportions of chemicals representing each mode of toxic action, or mechanism of action within each mode, were not chosen to emulate the occurrence of manufactured chemicals or chemicals within the TETRATOX database. Chemicals for which prior toxicity data existed were re-tested and reproducibility was evaluated. The toxic potency values of the selected chemicals were largely reproducible after re-testing of the toxic potency, as 98% of the chemicals had re-test toxicity values within one log unit of the original potency value. To further scrutinize the reproducibility of toxicity values, differences between values were investigated by mode of toxic action. A stringent criterion for reproducibility was enforced, which dictated that the re-tested toxicity value must be encompassed by the fiducial interval (FI) of the original toxicity value and vice versa for the chemical to be considered reproducible. Toxicity values of 28 of the 50 re-tested chemicals conformed to the criterion set for reproducible values. Of the nonreproducible chemicals, seven were narcotics: four nonpolar or neutral narcotics and three other narcotics (e.g. polar narcotics). However, four of these seven narcotics did have toxicity values encompassed by one FI, but not the other FI. The remaining chemicals that did not have reproducible potency measurements were electro(nucleo)philic in nature. Certain toxicophores were highly represented among these chemicals. These included quinone derivatives, electron releasing amino and hydroxyl moieties, and electron withdrawing nitro substituents, often in tandem with strong leaving groups (i.e. halogens), and unsaturated alcohols. Lack of reproducibility was common among the chemicals that elicited toxicity after either abiotic or biotic transformation. There was no clear trend between hydrophobicity and lack of reproducibility. While data are limited, these results suggest that toxic potency values of chemicals acting via the electro(nucleo)philic mode of toxic action could be more susceptible to non-reproducibility. Ramifications of such lack of reproducibility could manifest in predictive toxicology models and their use in regulatory and risk assessment endeavors.
Syntactic approach to the segmentation and classification of morphological features of galaxies

Most of the information related to the morphology of galaxies relies on the presence, shape and texture of patterns such as bars, rings, and spiral arms. Automatic classification of astronomical images requires therefore that objects represented in the image are indexed by the recognition of such morphological structures. We describe a methodology to segment well- known images of galaxies in their morphological features in an automated fashion. The detection, description and classification of these features is achieved through the use of attributed rewriting systems that allow the identification of structures according to rules formalizing the interpretation strategy followed by astronomers in the visual classification of galaxies. A priori knowledge about the physical characteristics of the objects in the image, as well as the image acquisition process controls the interpretation activity of the automated system allowing the design of flexible algorithms that can be tailored to a wide range of images differing in resolution, noise characteristics, and object orientation. Some results obtained applying the system to CCD images of spiral galaxies are presented.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Simulations of Phospholipids Using a Coarse Grain Model

A computationally efficient coarse grain model designed to closely mimic specific phospholipids is used to study a number of phospholipid systems to demonstrate its strengths and weaknesses. A study of a membrane containing an anesthetic, halothane, illustrates the shortcomings of this model in treating systems without extensive parametrization. In contrast, the power of the model is demonstrated by its ability to successfully simulate the self-assembly of two phospholipid phases from random initial configurations: a lamellar phase and a reverse hexagonal phase in a ternary system containing water, a hydrocarbon, and a phospholipid. The aqueous columns in the reverse hexagonal phase tend to adopt polygonal cross sections and the local structure of phospholipids is still bilayer-like. Molecular dynamics was found to be much more efficient at simulating self-assembly in the current systems than Monte Carlo.
Long-term follow-up of a pilot project on smoking prevention with adolescents.

Seventh graders (N=355)in one junior high school received an experimental smoking prevention program aimed at teaching students to resist the social pressures to smoke cigarettes. Seventh graders (N=217)in another school served as controls. Teams of high-school students trained in basic behavior change skills led seven classroom sessions of instruction in counter-arguing during the school year. Significant differences were found between groups in reported smoking at a 9-month posttest. Results were maintained at 21- and 33-month follow-ups.
Duodenal ulcerogens cysteamine and propionitrile decrease duodenal neutralization of acid in the rat

Neutralization of acid was evaluated in rat proximal duodenal segments isolated from biliary and pancreatic secretions. Duodenal ulcerogenic doses of cysteamine produced a significant decrease in acid disposal 0.5–2 hr after treatment. Oral or subcutaneous administration of the duodenal ulcerogen was effective. The potent ulcerogen cysteamine produced a more pronounced decrease than propionitrile (a weak duodenal ulcerogen). The failure of ethanolamine, a nonulcerogenic structural analog of cysteamine to significantly alter acid disposal suggests that the effect is not due to the toxic properties of the duodenal ulcerogen. The results reinforce the concept that the duodenum is able to dispose of significant quantities of acid. The decrease in acid-handling may contribute to duodenal susceptibility to acid after treatment with ulcerogens and possibly reflects pathophysiologic changes early in duodenal ulceration.
Distribution Primary Feeder I2R Losses

This paper presents an analysis of I2R losses on idealized primary distribution system feeders. It is an extension of the work done by Mr. F. C. Van Wormer in 1954.1 Comparisons are made of relative I2R losses in voltage-drop limited and thermally-limited primary feeders operating at different voltage levels. Illustrative numerical examples also are presented.
Orientational and thickness dependence of interfacial magnetocrystalline anisotropy in Co/Cu superlattices

Abstract The interface magnetocrystalline anisotropy (MCA) of (0 0 1), (1 1 0) and (1 1 1) oriented Co/Cu n superlattices ( n ⩽5) was investigated by means of the full potential linearized augmented-plane-wave (FLAPW) method. The results show a marked dependence of the interface MCA on both the orientation and the thickness of the Cu layer. For (0 0 1) oriented superlattices, the small value of the interface MCA with one Cu layer increases significantly as more Cu layers are added. In contrast, the interface MCA of (1 1 0) and (1 1 1) oriented superlattices are not sensitive to the number of Cu layers. The interface MCA is large and positive in the (0 0 1) orientation for n =3 and 5 and slightly positive in the (1 1 1) orientation for n =2 and 5, corresponding to a perpendicular easy axis while the (1 1 0) oriented superlattices show in-plane easy axis.
A Simple Model for Strontium Breakthrough on Zeolite Columns

Abstract The Process Waste Treatment Plant (PWTP) at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory is designed to remove radioactive contaminants, principally 90Sr, from process wastewater. Planned upgrades to the PWTP will use chabazite zeolite columns. Pilot-scale studies have shown that mass transfer zone lengths increase from 10 to about 30 cm as the superficial velocity increases from 5.5 to 22 cm/min. Calculations with a multicomponent equilibrium model showed that the distribution coefficient for strontium remains essentially constant over the process conditions, suggesting that a simple kinetic model (the Rosen long-bed solution) should adequately represent breakthrough behavior. Using a distribution coefficient of 4.87 L/g predicted by the equilibrium model, good agreement was found between experimental breakthrough curves and those calculated with the Rosen solution. This model allows prediction of bed depths and cycle times necessary to achieve the required decontamination factor at high zeolite utilizatio...
International Migration, Population Age Structure and Economic Growth in Asia

From receiving countries' point of view, immigration may be an attractive policy option because it may attenuate the pace of aging in countries further along in their demographic transitions. Immig...
Broad-band gain in optically pumped S 2

The B^{3} \Sigma-_{u} \rightarrow X^{3}\Sigma-_{g} system of S 2 has many of the characteristics required of a tunable laser: a broad fluorescence spectrum and a Franck-Condon shift between the B and X states. In this paper, the \upsilon' = 4 level of the B^{3} \Sigma-_{u} \rightarrow X^{3}\Sigma-_{g} system of S 2 is pumped by the absorption of the 308 nm XeCl excimer radiation. Rare gas-S 2 collisions redistribute the population among the \upsilon' levels, and the subsequent emission contains intense bands throughout much of the neat UV and visible region of the spectrum. Broad-band gain is reported on two blue-green bands (2,17) and (3,18) populated by rare gas relaxation. Absorption is reported on the near UV bands \upsilon' = 0 \rightarrow \upsilon" \rightarrow 6,7,8 where the lower levels are filled by the transient population cascading down the X state manifold. A fluorescence study is presented which examines the potential advantages and limitations of this system.
Derived sperm morphology in the interstitial sea cucumber Rhabdomolgus ruber, with observations on oogenesis and spawning behavior

Some life history features of the interstitial sea cucumber Rhabdomolgus ruber are described from intertidal specimens collected from the northern coast of Maine. Histological studies suggest that the population consists of hermaphrodites with gametogenesis being initiated in April and reproduction beginning in May and continuing through the summer months. Sexually mature adults possess a single, blind-ended gonadal tubule that functions as an ovotestis by producing both eggs and sperm. The ovotestis wall consists of an outer peritoneum composed of flagellated epithelial cells and muscles; an inner germinal epithelium of germ and somatic cells; and a middle connective tissue (hemal) compartment bounded by the basal laminas of the peritoneum and germinal epithelium. During the reproductive season, the gonadal tubule contains all stages of oocyte development. Vitellogenesis appears to involve the biosynthetic activities of the Golgi complex and rough endoplasmic reticulum. A few specimens had transitional ovotestes with mature sperm in the gonad lumen and asynchronously developing oocytes and a small number of spermatocytes within the germinal epithelium. The mature spermatozoon is an ent-aquasperm with ultrastructural features significantly different from those described from other echinoderm classes including a highly elongated acrosome, a large periacrosomal region between the acrosome and nucleus, numerous unfused mitochondria in the midpiece, and a cytoplasmic sleeve or collar extending posteriorly along the proximal portion of the flagellum. The sperm head reaches 11.5 μm in length (combined midpiece, nucleus, periacrosomal region, acrosome), making it the longest yet reported from the Holothuroidea and among the longest in the Echinodermata. Some elements of this derived morphology could be attributed to fertilization biology, but others may have phylogenetic significance. Spawning behavior was observed in which two individuals appeared to pseudocopulate by intertwining their oral tentacles for several minutes before one of them abruptly secreted an egg mass containing three eggs.
Update in gastroenterology

Among the most important topics attracting researchers' attention in 1998 were gastroesophageal reflux disease, the diagnosis and treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection, and the best management...
X-ray crystallography of chemical compounds.

Abstract Aims Accurate knowledge of molecular structure is a prerequisite for rational drug design. This review examines the role of X-ray crystallography in providing the required structural information and advances in the field of X-ray crystallography that enhance or expand its role. Main methods X-ray crystallography of new drugs candidates and intermediates can provide valuable information of new syntheses and parameters for quantitative structure activity relationships (QSAR). Key findings Crystallographic studies play a vital role in many disciplines including materials science, chemistry, pharmacology, and molecular biology. X-ray crystallography is the most comprehensive technique available to determine molecular structure. A requirement for the high accuracy of crystallographic structures is that a ‘good crystal’ must be found, and this is often the rate-limiting step. In the past three decades developments in detectors, increases in computer power, and powerful graphics capabilities have contributed to a dramatic increase in the number of materials characterized by X-ray crystallography. More recently the advent of high-throughput crystallization techniques has enhanced our ability to produce that one good crystal required for crystallographic analysis. Significance Continuing advances in all phases of a crystallographic study have expanded the ranges of samples which can be analyzes by X-ray crystallography to include larger molecules, smaller or weakly diffracting crystals, and twinned crystals.
Immunocytochemistry of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone in brains of bullfrogs (Rana catesbeiana) during spontaneous metamorphosis

The distribution of immunoreactive luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (ir-LH-RH) in brains of bullfrogs (Rana catesbeiana) during spontaneous metamorphosis has been studied by combination of an unlabeled antibody enzyme immunocytochemical technique and an adjacent serial section approach. In prometamorphic tadpoles, immunocytochemical staining for ir-LH-RH was absent from the brain, including a structurally simple median eminence (ME) and perikarya in the anterior preoptic area (aPOA). In metamorphic tadpoles, speckled patches of immunostaining occurred over the outer layer of a modestly developed ME; coincident faint staining of a small number of medial, unpaired cell bodies was localized in the aPOA. In newly metamorphosed juvenile frogs, more diffuse and intense staining of the outer layer of the ME accompanied increased morphological differentiation of this neurohemal area; immunoreactive perikarya again were found in the aPOA, but an increased number of neurons exhibited comparatively greater (moderate) immunostaining. Changes in the quality of immunostaining and in the numbers of cells stained, therefore, were coincident with metamorphic development. Concomitant alterations of ir-LH-RH immunostaining and progressive structural development of the ME suggest a coordinated differentiation of brain neuroendocrine systems during metamorphosis of the bullfrog tadpole.
Spoonerisms of children.

Abstract The study compared Spoonerisms (phoneme reversals) in the natural speech of children (age 3–6) and adults (over age 22). All of the factors studied influenced the Spoonerisms of adults and children in the same way, relative to chance expectation. However, some factors played a bigger role in child than adult Spoonerisms and the reverse was true for other factors. Thus the differences between children and adults were quantitative rather than qualitative. Moreover these quantitative differences appeared to reflect the child's lack of skill in integrating successive acts in the speech sequence.
Identification of functional glucocorticoid response elements in the mouse FoxO1 promoter

Glucocorticoids stimulate muscle atrophy through a cascade of signals that includes activation of FoxO transcription factors which then upregulate multiple genes to promote degradation of myofibrillar and other muscle proteins and inhibit protein synthesis. Our previous finding that glucocorticoids upregulate mRNA levels for FoxO1 in skeletal muscle led us to hypothesize that the FoxO1 gene contains one or more glucocorticoid response elements (GREs). Here we show that upregulation of FoxO1 expression by glucocorticoids requires the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and binding of hormones to it. In cultured C2C12 myoblasts dexamethasone did not alter FoxO1 mRNA stability. Computational analysis predicted that the proximal promoter of the FoxO1 gene contained a cluster of eight GRE half sites and one highly conserved near-consensus SRE; the cluster is found between -800 and -2000bp upstream of the first codon of the FoxO1 gene. A reporter gene constructed using the first 2kb of the FoxO1 promoter was stimulated by dexamethasone. Removal of a 5' domain containing half of the GREs reduced reporter gene activity and removal of all GREs in this region ablated activation by dexamethasone. Restriction fragments of the cluster of 8 upstream GREs bound recombinant GR in gel shift assays. Collectively, the data demonstrate that the proximal promoter of the FoxO1 gene contains multiple functional GREs, indicating that upregulation of FoxO1 expression by glucocorticoids through GREs represents an additional mechanism by which the GR drives glucocorticoid-mediated muscle atrophy. These findings are also relevant to other physiological roles of FoxO1 such as regulation of hepatic metabolism.
Scalable computing for the transient elasto-plastic impact analysis of composite armor using the homogenization method

This paper describes impact analyses of armor composites using concurrent coupling of scales through asymptotic expansion homogenization (AEH) in elasto-plastic and transient settings. The AEH method is applied with an explicit time integration algorithm for the transients and an updated Lagrangian scheme for the large displacements. The primary aim of this paper is to present numerical validations against the experiments of S. Zhuang, G. Ravichandran and D.E. Grady [An experimental investigation of shock wave propagation in periodically layered composites. J Mech Phys Solids 2003;51:245-65] and S. Zhang [Shock wave propagation in periodically layered composites, PhD thesis, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 2002] to demonstrate the validity of the computational method for layered armor composites. A parallel computer program was developed to handle the parallel computations across multiple scales and then integrated with a widely available explicit dynamics finite element program. A brief scalability study demonstrates the computational viability of the method.
Strawman reference model for Object Query Languages

Abstract We begin by presenting a descriptive reference model that identifies the important features that need to exist in object query languages. This reference model can be used as a basis for comparing these languages and helps provide a foundation for future standardization efforts in this area. We then describe the main features of an object query language that is based on the type system of C ++, which we refer to as OQL[C ++]. A query module based on OQL[C ++] is being developed as part of the Zeitgeist OODB project at Texas Instruments. OQL[C ++] extends the C ++ programming language by providing support for managing and associatively querying sets of objects in a C ++ program. OQL[C ++] queries are orthogonal to persistence in the sense that they can be issued against persistent as well as transient sets of objects. The proposed OQL[C ++], provides an evolutionary path from the industry's standard query language SQL to an object query language. Using ideas similar to those presented in this paper, one can propose OQL[X] where X is either an object data model, or the type system of an object-oriented programming language such as CLOS or Object Pascal.
Solving the oil independence problem: Is it possible?

As currently discussed in political circles, oil independence is unattainable—lacking coherent meaning and wedding policymakers to the notion that they can never accomplish it. Contrary to this thinking, more than a dozen different sets of technologies and practices could increase domestic supply and reduce demand for oil to the point of making the US functionally independent from oil price shocks. However, achieving this goal demands concerted action to expand and diversify conventional domestic oil supplies, reduce overall demand in the transportation and buildings sector, and continue to develop alternative fuels. If policymakers undertook such actions today, the US could become oil independent by 2030.
Relict Lyellicerid Fauna of Texas and Northern Mexico: ABSTRACT

Lower Cenomanian ammonites have been described from the Pawpaw Formation, the Main Street Limestone, the Grayson Formation, the Del Rio Claystone, the upper part of the Georgetown Limestone, and the Buda Limestone of Texas and northern Mexico. The fauna of the Buda Limestone, in particular, is dominated by a distinctive group of lyellicerid ammonites of the genera Faraudiella and Budaiceras. The greatest number of lyellicerids in Texas consists of 13 species from the Buda Limestone (zone of Budaiceras hyatti). These species occur with Mantelliceras sp. cfr. batheri Spath, M. sp. cfr. hyatti Spath, and M. cantianum Spath (=M. budaense Adkins), all of which have been collected from the Buda Limestone. They represent the cantianum zone and probably the upper part of the martimpreyi zone of western Europe. In Europe lyellicerids (Stoliczkaia) do not range above the martimpreyi zone, and Faraudiella is said not to range higher than the Albian. There are mantellicerid species common to Texas and Europe, but there are no Cenomanian lyellicerid species common to Texas and Europe. If the Mantelliceras species are used for correlation, the Budaiceras fauna of Texas and northern Mexico would seem to represent a relict lyellicerid group that lived in the restricted environment of that area after lyellicerids had disappeared from the rest of the world. End_of_Article - Last_Page 641------------