cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
EarBit: Using Wearable Sensors to Detect Eating Episodes in Unconstrained Environments

Chronic and widespread diseases such as obesity, diabetes, and hypercholesterolemia require patients to monitor their food intake, and food journaling is currently the most common method for doing so. However, food journaling is subject to self-bias and recall errors, and is poorly adhered to by patients. In this paper, we propose an alternative by introducing EarBit, a wearable system that detects eating moments. We evaluate the performance of inertial, optical, and acoustic sensing modalities and focus on inertial sensing, by virtue of its recognition and usability performance. Using data collected in a simulated home setting with minimum restrictions on participants’ behavior, we build our models and evaluate them with an unconstrained outside-the-lab study. For both studies, we obtained video footage as ground truth for participants activities. Using leave-one-user-out validation, EarBit recognized all the eating episodes in the semi-controlled lab study, and achieved an accuracy of 90.1% and an F1-score of 90.9% in detecting chewing instances. In the unconstrained, outside-the-lab evaluation, EarBit obtained an accuracy of 93% and an F1-score of 80.1% in detecting chewing instances. It also accurately recognized all but one recorded eating episodes. These episodes ranged from a 2 minute snack to a 30 minute meal.
J. Viner's Erroneous Understanding of the Theory of Moral Sentiments and Its Relation to the Wealth of Nations

Viner’s understanding of Smith’s The Theory of Moral Sentiments is very poor. He overlooked the close connections that existed between The Theory of Moral Sentiments and The Wealth of Nations in his 1927 article on Smith in the Journal of Political Economy. The reason why Viner committed these errors is a common one in the economics profession. Viner attempted to combine Bentham’s version of utilitarianism with Smith’s version of virtue ethics. They simply do not mix. The error is similar to that which occurred at the very beginning of the formation of microeconomic theory, where Smith’s theory of competitive markets, which was based on the prudent and wise behavior of trying to maximize profits, was combined with Bentham’s Theory of Maximizing Utility, a concept which Smith totally and completely rejected out of hand because it ignored the “other interests” in Smith’s “Truck ,Barter and Exchange”. Viner’s article, unfortunately, is considered a classic in the economics profession. His errors about Smith have been passed down and absorbed by most, if not all, economists who write on Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations, and The Theory of Moral Sentiments. The one clear exception that I am familiar with is Gavin Kennedy.
High Expectations: Standards and Guidelines for Immunization Delivery:

CreditThis lesson if good for 0.2 CE units, with a passing grade of 70%.ObjectivesAfter completing this continuing education article, the pharmacist will be able to:1. Name sources of professional ...
On the measurement of conspiracy beliefs

Are so-called “birthers” best thought of as true conspiracy theorists, or are they merely partisans expressing a sharp dislike of Barack Obama? Recent work on conspiracy beliefs finds that “birthers” are the product of partisan and ideological motivated reasoning. In this manuscript, we explore how the measurement strategies we employ on public opinion surveys may influence the substantive conclusions we draw about conspiratorial beliefs, rumors, and misinformation. We find that partisan stimuli influence reported beliefs in several different conspiracy theories, and, subsequently, the relationships between individual stated beliefs in those conspiracy theories. The implications of these findings are discussed.
Facing Academic Dismissal: An Adaptive Organizational Approach Preparing All Students for Success

ABSTRACTDespite efforts to improve college student success, such as through first-year initiatives, significant numbers of students at two- and four-year institutions still do not persist past the first year to graduation. The challenges only increase for community colleges serving diverse populations such as first generation, low income, and immigrant students. Particularly under-addressed are the large numbers of students on probation and on academic dismissal. Therefore, some institutions have begun considering institutional behaviors that can best stimulate conditions under which all students can succeed, particularly those returning from academic dismissal. Employing an adaptive organizational perspective and a case study design, this study explores the creation and implementation of an innovative student success intervention—Academic Dismissal Course (AD)—that provides comprehensive support through a course for students returning from academic dismissal at a community college. Findings from this...
e-Business process interleaving: Managerial and technological implications*

The emergence of Internet as the hub of e-business has made business process integration another important frontier of information management and technology. As a result, the management of inter-organizational business processes is now a major concern of corporate managers. We envision that the new and complex ways of interactions among business partners in a supply web will need to be managed effectively as the next generation of the Internet makes cross company workflow a reality. Consequently, business managers are confronted with new issues and new decisions in the strategic and operational aspects of process integration. To facilitate the understanding of these issues, we introduce a new paradigm of business computing referred to as E-business Process Interleaving, which emphasizes the complex and dynamic integration of e-business processes across company boundaries. In this paper, we outline various impacts of this new phenomenon on information management and technology and investigate the enabling technologies of e-business process interleaving. We believe that our work can help the development of the next generation of corporate information infrastructure that enables greater degree of e-business process integration.
Long-Term Dynamics of a Wood Thrush Population Breeding in a Forest Fragment

ABsmAcT.-The dynamics of a population of Wood Thrushes (Hylocichla mustelina) in a Delaware woodlot from 1974 through 1990 did not meet all predictions of the forest-fragmentation hypothesis, which posits that declining abundance of Neotropical, migratory, forest songbirds results from poor reproduction in, and immigration to, forest fragments. Abundance declined at an average rate of 4% per year over the period 1978 through 1987, equalling the national decline found by the Breeding Bird Survey for those years, but recovered by 1990 to pre-decline levels. Abundance of previous residents followed a similar pattern, the only population component to do so. Abundance of new immigrants and of returning, locally produced young was generally stable. Throughout the study, reproductive rates were high enough to maintain the population at the return rates observed early and late in the study. However, a sustained episode of reduced production per female and of an increased percentage of adults failing to produce any young generally coincided with the decline in abundance. When the failure rate later dropped, return rate and abundance subsequently increased. We conclude that a period of elevated, predation-caused failure prompted greater emigration by an ever-younger, less-site-faithful population. High emigration coupled with stable immigration, stable recruitment of local young, and even normal mortality of residents would yield a declining population. A regional predation episode could cause a broader decline in abundance through several mechanisms that could reduce the number of available immigrants. Received 25 March 1991, accepted 9 November 1992.
DNA, RNA und der Fluss der genetischen Information

Bei DNA und RNA handelt es sich um lange lineare Polymere – Nucleinsauren –, die Information in einer Form enthalten, die von einer Generation zur nachsten weitergegeben werden kann. Diese Makromolekule bestehen aus einer Abfolge von miteinander verknupften Nucleotiden, die ihrerseits jeweils aus einer Base, einem Zucker und einer Phosphatgruppe aufgebaut sind. Die uber Phosphate miteinander verknupften Zucker bilden das Ruckgrat des Molekuls, das eine strukturgebende Funktion besitzt, wahrend die Sequenz der Basen entlang einer Nucleinsaurekette genetische Information tragt. Das DNA-Molekul hat die Form einer Doppelhelix, also einer helikalen Struktur aus zwei komplementaren Nucleinsaurestrangen. Jeder Strang fungiert bei der DNA-Replikation fur den anderen als Matrize. Die Gene aller Zellen und auch vieler Viren bestehen aus DNA.
Vibrational Circular Dichroism Characterization Of Alanine-Rich Peptides

Understanding of the protein folding process has become a major focus of current biophysical research. One of the most important motifs for protein folds is the α-helix which can be difficult to model due to its relative instability in aqueous solution. Studies on oligopeptides of specific length and composition are very useful for defining the energetics and mechanisms of helix formation in water. A subfield of folding studies has developed following the demonstration by Baldwin and coworkers [1] that a class of Ala rich peptides are highly helical in water at low temperatures provided they have some interspersed Lys resides to maintain solubility.
Measurement of muon energy in π+ → μ+ + νμ decay upper limit for the muon neutrino mass

Abstract We have measured the energy of the muon in the decay π + → μ + + ν μ using a Ge(Li) detector. From the result. E μ = 4.1207 ± 0.0036. We deduce an upper limit of 1.15 MeV for the mass of the muon neutrino with a 90% confidence level.
Clinical Assessment of Medical, Neurological, and Psychiatric Conditions Associated with Fatigue

This chapter will primarily discuss the role of sleepiness in the clinical assessment of medical, neurological, and psychiatric conditions but will also address physical and mental fatigue that may occur concurrently with, or may be independent of, sleepiness.
Satisfaction With Work-Family Balance Mediates the Relationship Between Workplace Social Support and Depression Among Hospice Nurses.

Purpose The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between social support (from personal and workplace sources) and psychological distress (depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms), as well as to examine the mediating role of satisfaction with work-family balance among hospice nurses. Design and method A cross-sectional study design was utilized with a sample of 90 hospice nurses from the southern United States. Participants completed online surveys, including (a) the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS-21), (b) loosely adapted items from the Affectivity, Burnout, and Absenteeism Scales, and (c) Satisfaction with Work-Family Balance Scale. Findings Workplace social support, not personal social support, was associated with lower psychological distress, and satisfaction with work-family balance mediated the relationship between workplace social support and depression symptoms, a component of psychological distress. Conclusions Hospice nurses' social support in the workplace and their satisfaction with the balance between their work and family lives play a role in supporting their mental health. Clinical relevance Hospice nurses may benefit from programs fostering the creation of workplace-based interpersonal relationships.
Fire Smoke Transport and Opacity Reduced-Order Model (Fire-STORM): A New Computer Model for High-Rise Fire Smoke Simulations

The problem of smoke spread through elevator shafts in high rise buildings is analyzed theoretically and numerically in this paper. While experiments and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models have been used for such exercises, there is a need for fast reduced-order models for such scenarios. Towards this goal, a transient network model called High-rise fire smoke transport and opacity reduced-order model (Fire-STORM) was developed to investigate heat and mass transfer through the elevator shaft during fires. The model numerically solves the coupled set of differential equations of the fire floor in conjunction with the steady state conservation equations of the elevator shaft. The model is validated in two stages. First, the stack effect in a non-fire scenario is analyzed. Pressure differences through exterior doors and elevator doors are compared with experimental data available in the literature and results of a computational fluid dynamics tool. Then, a first-floor fire scenario is considered for the same high-rise building in four different cases which are combinations of different building tightness and ambient temperatures. The results are compared with CFD simulations. For the four different building envelope and ambient thermal conditions, the soot mass fractions and optical visibilities were calculated and compared to CFD predictions. Overall, Fire-STORM is a simple and fast tool to model the evolution of heat and mass transfer in a high-rise building affected by fire. While Fire-STORM is excellent in predicting transient smoke transport for buildings with loose envelopes, it should be used with caution for buildings with tight envelopes since the errors for these cases are relatively high. Despite this, the relative computational speed difference between Fire-STORM and the CFD model highlights the utility of a reduced-order model for firefighter decision making and building control system design.
Astrobiology on Titan: Geophysics to Organic Chemistry

Titan, the largest satellite of Saturn, is the only moon with a substantial atmosphere in our solar system. The Cassini-Huygens mission by NASA/ESA (2004–2017) returned a wealth of information about Titan’s atmosphere and surface environments. Titan exhibits remarkable similarities with Earth. Active organic chemistry in the atmosphere, a dynamic methane hydrological cycle, and the internal global water ocean are all unique features of astrobiological interest. The exploration of Titan’s organic environment provides us with a unique opportunity to understand abiotic, possibly prebiotic, chemistry on a planetary scale.
Combined Probabilistic Shaping and Nyquist Pulse Shaping for PAM8 Signal Transmission in WDM Systems

We use the LDPC-coded probabilistically shaped PAM8 signaling combined with Nyquist pulse shaping to improve the transmission performance in a WDM system. We find that the combination of these shaping schemes offers great performance improvement. © 2019 The Author(s)
‘Desperately afraid of losing white parents’: charter schools and segregation

The tendency of charter schools to increase school segregation has been well established, but less is known about what school administrators perceive as the mechanisms causing segregation among cha...
The miR-216a-Dot1l Regulatory Axis Is Necessary and Sufficient for Müller Glia Reprogramming during Retina Regeneration.

Unlike the adult mammalian retina, Muller glia (MG) in the adult zebrafish retina are able to dedifferentiate into a "stem cell"-like state and give rise to multipotent progenitor cells upon retinal damage. We show that miR-216a is downregulated in MG after constant intense light lesioning and that miR-216a suppression is necessary and sufficient for MG dedifferentiation and proliferation during retina regeneration. miR-216a targets the H3K79 methyltransferase Dot1l, which is upregulated in proliferating MG after retinal damage. Loss-of-function experiments show that Dot1l is necessary for MG reprogramming and mediates MG proliferation downstream of miR-216a. We further demonstrate that miR-216a and Dot1l regulate MG-mediated retina regeneration through canonical Wnt signaling. This article reports a regulatory mechanism upstream of Wnt signaling during retina regeneration and provides potential targets for enhancing regeneration in the adult mammalian retina.
Study of entrainment of Li2O in product from direct electrolytic reduction of UO2 in molten LiCl–Li2O. Part 1: Post-processing and analysis techniques

Abstract This paper describes experimental and characterization methods for gram-scale uranium oxide electrolytic reduction tests in molten LiCl–Li2O. Post-test analysis of the cathodically reduced UO2 involves acid-base titration and thermogravimetric analysis under flowing air. The titration was used to measure Li2O entrained inside reduced UO2 particles. Centrifugal salt removal was demonstrated to eliminate Li2O from the basket, but the Li2O entrained in the reduced uranium particles remained and was reacted over a period of several days in an autotitrator. Measuring the mass increase by thermogravimetry while heating to 800 °C and flowing air was found to be an effective way to measure the reduction extent, which was verified with pure U metal. The error of this measurement was estimated to be 1.65%. In addition, a LECO oxygen compositional analyzer was used to independently verify the oxygen content in the product from the thermogravimetric analysis.
Anaerobiosis: A Surfactant Helps Bacteria Breathe a Sigh of Relief.

Summary Oxygen is essential for many organisms who have therefore evolved mechanisms to enable survival during hypoxia. A new study describes how a well-known bacterial surfactant, called surfactin, facilitates bacterial viability when oxygen becomes limiting by reducing oxygen consumption.
Mercury distributions in sediments of an estuary subject to anthropogenic hydrodynamic alterations (Patos Estuary, Southern Brazil)

The city of Rio Grande, located on the right bank of the Patos Estuary, has been severely contaminated by mercury (Hg) due to anthropogenic activities that chiefly began in the eighteenth century. To investigate the natural mercury distribution along the salinity gradient in the estuary, three sediment cores were collected from a region of the estuary that has experienced less anthropogenic impacts, namely its left bank. Our study demonstrates that accumulation of Hg and formation of metal sulfide minerals take place in fine grain sediment horizons within the sampled sediment cores. Mercury immobilization in these sediments occurs via binding to organic matter coatings on fine grain sediment particles, as well as by incorporation into and/or co-precipitation with iron sulfide minerals. The grain size controls over Hg accumulation and sulfide mineral formation were statistically demonstrated using principal component analysis. Different fine particulate sediment deposition patterns occurred at each sampling location, which is attributed to the consequence of hydrological changes in the estuary resulting from navigation infrastructure reforms performed over the past 200 years in the local port (e.g., dredging) and its surroundings. We suggest that the port building and maintenance activities have influenced Hg distributions in the estuarine sediments.
A 65-Year-Old Man with Chronic Neck Pain (Cervical Facet Disease)

Cervical facet disease (aka cervical facet syndrome) is often one of exclusion. This disease implies axial pain from involvement of the posterior spinal column elements. Degenerative changes have been well documented in the literature. The facet joint is a structure which resists compression at higher loads, anterior shear, extension, lateral bending, and torsion (Sial et al., Waldman pain management, 2011). The structure and function of the spine give the trunk of the body stability and mobility, both of which are mediated largely by the zygapophysial joints (facets). The cervical spine is the most mobile of the spinal regions because of its articular shapes and orientations, and laxity of its joint capsules. Active movements of the cervical spine have been measured as up to 70 degrees each of extension and flexion with radiographic study, about 45 degrees of side bending and up to 40 degrees of rotation in either direction (Johnson et al., J Bone Joint Surg Am 59A:332–339, 1977; Alund and Larsson, Spine 15:87–91, 1990). Stability is provided in the cervical spine by the shape of the vertebral processes: the uncinate processes prevent lateral translation and limit side bending; spinous processes limit extension. Further stability is provided by spinal ligaments, the anterior longitudinal ligament, and the posterior longitudinal ligament, ligament flavum, and ligament nuchae (King and Borowczyk, Pain procedures in clinical practice, 2011). Facet joint pain results in referral patterns to the head, shoulders, and upper extremities. Both the synovium and capsule of each facet are richly supplied with nociceptor terminals. Medial branches innervate these facet joints sending afferent pain signals by way of A, D, and C fibers to higher cortical regions.
Graph-Based Second-Order Cone Programming Model for Resilient Feeder Routing Using GIS Data

One important task in power distribution system expansion planning is feeder routing (FR), which is to determine the optimal route from a medium voltage substation to load points and the optimal size of the conductors to be installed. This paper proposes a novel graph-based model for the resilient feeder routing problem using geographical information system (GIS). We show that incorporating GIS data enhances the FR solution optimality. Moreover, by introducing a representing graph, radiality of the planned network is guaranteed. A second-order cone programming (SOCP) model is used to model power flows through feeders. Since the representing graph ensures radiality, the SOCP model is exact. The uncertainty of rooftop solar generations and demand forecasting errors are taken into account, and a stochastic programming-based solution algorithm is developed. The proposed model represents practical aspects such as economic objectives (installation cost, power losses, resiliency), technical constraints (voltage limits, radiality constraint, reliability), and geographical constraints. The efficiency of the algorithm is demonstrated using three case studies: a small test system, a realistic one, and a synthetic large test system.
Clinician Versus Nomogram Predicted Estimates of Kidney Stone Recurrence Risk.

Purpose: Kidney stone recurrence rates vary between patients. A patient's risk informs the frequency and intensity of preventative interventions. Clinicians routinely use clinical experience to est...
A Representation Scheme for Managing Complex Professional Knowledge

A representation scheme called CKR-1 is introduced to deal with the challenges of representing complex knowledge. Complex knowledge is defined as deep knowledge concerning a complex object, event, situation or process. The nature of complex knowledge is identified from samples of professional knowledge drawn from the insurance industry. These examples highlight efficacy of the scheme as well as its limitations. CKR-1 is a type of semantic network that supports simple and abstract concepts, events, activities and situations. It also supports several types of relationships including business, logical, causal, process etc. It derives its expressivity from ability to support abstractions, elaborations, assertions and alternative points of view. Usability was tested with a randomized selection of fifty knowledge items from a book for insurance professionals. The scheme handled 39 of these well. Despite this, the scheme suffers from limitations stemming from the inherent difficulty in expressing concepts involving several other vaguely defined abstract concepts.
Role of localized elevated pore pressures and strain localization mechanisms in slope stability problems

Abstract This chapter discusses the major mechanisms for strain localization in geomaterials (i.e. soil and rock) and their possible implications for slope instability. In certain geological environments and slopes subjected to external forces, soil or rock does not completely fail, but deformation zones are created due to intense strain localization, resulting in morphological and geotechnical changes. Strain localization is a feature of elastoplastic materials where shear bands are formed as a result of inhomogeneous material deformation leading to permanent expressions of intense strain zones. Strain localization can be considered an instability in material constitutive behavior. Localized elevated pore pressures can drive the growth of a slip-failure surface in a manner similar to that observed during earthquake nucleation. The material within a deformation band is thought to strain harden as a result of the deforming mechanism. In porous geomaterials such as sandstone, deformation bands are the most common strain localization feature. The localized strain bands can occur in a shear or compaction form. Particle grains within deformation bands tend to be smaller, more compact, possess stronger preferred orientations, and have more elongate shapes than particles outside the band. To illustrate, the Oso Landslide that struck Snohomish County, Washington on Saturday, March 22, 2014, resulting in 43 fatalities, several injuries, and significant destruction of property is discussed. Observed sand boils and other signs of confined elevated water pressure reaching or exceeding total overburden pressure point to liquefaction at depth in Zones E and F during the Oso landslide. Strain localization likely occurred during Stage 2 of the failure, triggering the 300 m length shearing of the failure surface.
Treatment of Hyperlipidemia and Insulin Resistance with Diet

Hyperlipidemia and insulin resistance have been found with increasing frequency in persons with HIV. These may occur independently or together and may or may not be accompanied by disturbances in body shape (fat).
Exploiting Semantics for Big Data Integration

There is a great deal of interest in big data, focusing mostly on dataset size. An equally important dimension of big data is variety, where the focus is to process highly heterogeneous datasets. We describe how we use semantics to address the problem of big data variety. We also describe Karma, a system that implements our approach and show how Karma can be applied to integrate data in the cultural heritage domain. In this use case, Karma integrates data across many museums even though the datasets from different museums are highly heterogeneous.
Transcribing as Research: “Manual” Transcription and Conversation Analysis

Moore (2015/this issue) discusses possibilities afforded by state-of-the-art automated transcription technologies for conversation analytic (CA) research. Since these technologies may become attractive to conversation analysts, their impact should be carefully considered. In this commentary, I offer some words of caution about adopting automated transcription techniques. Three issues are raised: first, the role of transcribing in research and training; second, potential influences of automated transcription on research agendas; and, third, some analytic problems involved in relying on a large bank of transcribed yet unfamiliar data. Data are in American English.
MAD and MIR

The first part of this chapter discusses multiwavelength anomalous diffraction (MAD). In the second part of the chapter, the Solve software is described. Solve is designed to automate the solution of macromolecular X-ray structures in straightforward cases. The overall approach is to link together, in a seamless procedure, all the analysis steps that a crystallographer would normally carry out. In the process, the software converts each decision-making step into an optimization problem. A key element of the procedure is the scoring and ranking of possible solutions. For MAD data, a second key element is the conversion of MAD data to pseudo-SIRAS data, allowing for much faster structure solution. The automated procedure has been used to determine structures with as many as 56 selenium atoms in the asymmetric unit. Keywords: Solve; anomalous-scatterer labels for MAD; anomalous scattering; anomalous scattering factors; automated structure solution for MAD and MIR; MAD; MIR; multiple isomorphous replacement; multiwavelength anomalous diffraction; phasing; scattering factors; structure solution
Targeted Deletion of a Cyclic Nucleotide-Gated Channel Subunit (OCNC1): Biochemical and Morphological Consequences in Adult Mice

The olfactory cyclic nucleotide-gated channel subunit 1 (OCNC1) is required for signal transduction in olfactory receptor cells. To further investigate the role of this channel in the olfactory system, the biochemical and morphological consequences of targeted disruption of OCNC1 were investigated in adult mice. Null as compared to wild-type mice had smaller olfactory bulbs, suggesting compromised development of the central target of the receptor cells. Ectopic olfactory marker protein (OMP)-stained fibers localized to the external plexiform layer reflected the relative immaturity of the olfactory bulb in the null mice. The olfactory epithelium of the knock-out mouse was thinner and showed lower expression of olfactory marker protein and growth-associated protein 43, indicating decreases in both generation and maturation of receptor cells. Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) expression in the olfactory bulb, examined as a reflection of afferent activity, was reduced in the majority of periglomerular neurons but retained in atypical or “necklace” glomeruli localized to posterior aspects of the olfactory bulb. Double label studies demonstrated that the remaining TH-immunostained neurons received their innervation from a subset of receptor cells previously shown to express a phosphodiesterase that differs from that found in most receptor cells. These data indicate that expression of OCNC1 is required for normal development of the olfactory epithelium and olfactory bulb. The robust expression of TH in some periglomerular cells in the OCNC1-null mice suggests that receptor cells innervating these glomeruli may use an alternate signal transduction pathway.
The Role of Death in Life: Existential Aspects of Human Motivation

The capacity for self-reflection, which plays an important role in human self-regulation, also leads people to become aware of the limitations of their existence. Awareness of the conflict between one’s desires (e.g., to live) and the limitations of existence (e.g., the inevitability of death) creates the potential for existential anxiety. In this chapter, we review how this anxiety affects human motivation and behavior in a variety of life domains. Terror management theory and research suggests that transcending death and protecting oneself against existential anxiety are potent needs. This protection is provided by an anxiety buffering system, which imbues people with a sense of meaning and value that function to shield them against these concerns. We review evidence of how the buffering system protects against existential anxiety in four dimensions of existence - the physical, personal, social, and spiritual domains. Because self-awareness is a prerequisite for existential anxiety, escaping self-awareness can also be an effective a way to obviate the problem of existence. After elaborating on how existential anxiety can motivate escape from self-awareness, we conclude the chapter with a discussion of remaining issues and directions for future research and theory development.
Genetic differentiation of island populations: geographical barrier or a host switch?

••, ••, ••, ••, •• ••, •• In the Sonoran desert, there exists a diverse community of cactophilic drosophilids that exploit toxic, rotting cactus tissue as a food resource. The chemistry of the necrotic cactus tissue varies among species, and several drosphilid species have evolved specialized detoxification mechanisms and a preference for certain cactus types. In the present study, we compared the genetic structure of two columnar cactus species,Drosophila mettleriandDrosophila mojavensis, and two prickly pear species,Drosophila mainlandiandDrosophila hamatofila, which have all recently colonized Catalina Island off the coast of southern California. Because there are no columnar cactus species on Catalina Island, the two columnar specialists underwent a host switch to prickly pear cactus, the only cactus present on the island. Previous genetic studies ofD. mettleriandD. mojavensisshowed significant genetic differentiation between mainland and island populations, which could result from restricted gene flow as a result of the San Pedro Channel, or because of a host switch to prickly pear. To distinguish between these possibilities, we analyzed the genetic structure of the prickly pear species aiming to isolate the effects of geography versus host switching. The results obtained show little to no genetic differentiation for the prickly pear species, supporting the hypothesis that the genetic differentiation of the two columnar species is a result of a host switch from columnar cacti to prickly pear. © 2012 The Linnean Society of London,Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2012,••,
La importancia de los grabados en la cultura neogranadina

En la introduccion de este trabajo, realizado unicamente sobre modelos de pinturas, quiero advertir que no ha sido mi proposito, al intentar esta investigacion, poner en evidencia la falta de originalidad, aun de los pintores mas talentudos, al tratar de la invencion de la composicion. Realizar este trabajo con el fin exclusivo de desacreditar la capacidad creadora de estos 0 aquellos artistas no serviria para otra cosa sino para desautorizar al historiador 0 al critico de arte.
EFFECT OF CALORIC RESTRICTION AND DIETARY COMPOSITION ON SERUM T3 AND REVERSE T3 IN MAN

To evaluate the effect of caloric restriction and dietary composition on circulating T3 and rT3 obese subjects were studied after 7-18 days of total fasting and while on randomized hypocaloric diets (800 kcal) in which carbohydrate content was varied to provide from 0 to 100% calories. As anticipated, total fasting resulted in a 53% reduction in serum T3 in association with reciprocal 58% increase in rT3. Subjects receiving the no-carbohydrate hypocaloric diets for two weeks demonstrated a similar 47% decline in serum T3 but there was no significant change in rT3 with time. In contrast, the same subjects receiving isocaloric diets containing at least 50 g of carbohydrate showed no significant changes in either T3 or rT3 concentration. The decline in serum T3 during the no-carbohydrate diet correlated significantly with blood glucose and ketones but there was no correlation with insulin or glucagon. We conclude that dietary carbohydrate is an important regulatory factor in T3 production in man. In contrast, rT3 concentration is not significantly affected by changes in dietary carbohydrate. Our data suggest that the rise in serum rT3 during starvation may be related to more severe caloric restriction than that caused by the 800 kcal diet.
Syndecan-1 regulates cell migration and fibronectin fibril assembly

Corneal scarring is a major cause of blindness worldwide and can result from the deposition of abnormal amounts of collagen fibers lacking the correct size and spacing required to produce a clear cornea. Collagen fiber formation requires a preformed fibronectin (FN) matrix. We demonstrate that the loss of syndecan1 (sdc1) in corneal stromal cells (CSC) impacts cell migration rates, the sizes and composition of focal and fibrillar adhesions, the activation of integrins, and the assembly of fibronectin into fibrils. Integrin and fibronectin expression are not altered on sdc1-null CSCs. Cell adhesion, spreading, and migration studies using low compared to high concentrations of FN and collagen I (CNI) or vitronectin (VN) with and without activation of integrins by manganese chloride show that the impact of sdc1 depletion on integrin activation varies depending on the integrin-mediated activity evaluated. Differences in FN fibrillogenesis and migration in sdc1-null CSCs are reversed by addition of manganese chloride but cell spreading differences remain. To determine if our findings on sdc1 were specific to the cornea, we compared the phenotypes of sdc1-null dermal fibroblasts with those of CSCs. We found that without sdc1, both cell types migrate faster; however, cell-type-specific differences in FN expression and its assembly into fibrils exist between these two cell types. Together, our data demonstrate that sdc1 functions to regulate integrin activity in multiple cell types. Loss of sdc1-mediated integrin function results in cell-type specific differences in matrix assembly. A better understanding of how different cell types regulate FN fibril formation via syndecans and integrins will lead to better treatments for scarring and fibrosis.
The whys and wherefores of Native American bilingual education

Although many would agree in theory with the notion of bilingual education for Native American pupils, one must look deeper at this complex issue before a commitment is made to such a program. Bilingual programs in reservation schools and off-reservation serving a dominant Indian population make good sense and will continue to provide an important service. Not only do such programs make the transition to school easier for young Native American pupils, but also they provide an important cultural link to the child's heritage and promote positive concepts of self and build prideful identity. In urban areas, however, where approximately half of the Indian population of this country resides, it is difficult to defend bilingual programs because of the many problems involved in implementing such programs successfully. It is probable that these programs will continue to be found mainly in early childhood day care settings.
Comparative hormonal profile of two newly developed obese congenic rat strains.

Abstract 1. 1. The effect of feeding diets containing either 54% sucrose or cooked com starch for 12 weeks on levels of fasting plasma insulin, corticosterone, growth hormone and glucagon were compared in two newly developed genetically obese rat strains—the normoglycemic LA/N-cp and the diabetic SHR/N-cp. 2. 2. In corpulent rats of either strain, levels of plasma insulin and corticosterone were greater when compared to the lean littermates. Corpulent LA/N-cp rats had lower levels of plasma glucagon and higher levels of plasma growth hormone than did lean LA/N-cp rats. 3. 3. SHR/N-cp rats fed sucrose had greater levels of corticosterone and glucagon than did SHR/N-cp rats fed starch.
Comparative Analysis of Different Data Center Airflow Management Configurations

Increase in computing power resulting from high performance microprocessors, packages, and modules and the deployment of high heat load computer rack units in high density configurations, has escalated the thermal challenges in today’s data center systems. One of the key issues is the location of hot recirculation regions in the room and the mixing of hot rack exhaust air with the cold supply air. Along with many factors such as the rack heat load and the cooling capacity of the supply air, the data center thermal management architecture plays an important role in determining the reliability of the electronic equipment and the general thermal performance of the data center. There are several candidate configurations available for the air ducting designs for data centers. The overall energy efficiency of the system is highly dependant upon the selection of the specific configuration. This paper will summarize the results of a broad numerical study carried out to assess the effectiveness of different data center configurations. The numerical modeling is performed using a commercial computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code based on finite volume approach. The configurations studied include different combinations of raised floor and ceiling supply and return vent location subject to specific constraints. The performance of the data center has been characterized on the basis of average and maximum mean region rack inlet air temperature. Among the seven different configurations compared, the raised floor/ceiling return type configuration is found to be the most effective configuration for the given set of constraints and assumptions.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Haplotype block: a new type of forensic DNA markers

Forensic DNA analysis is currently performed using highly discriminating short tandem repeat (STR) markers. SNPs are being investigated as adjunct tools for human identity testing because of their abundance in the human genome, utility for genotyping degraded DNA samples, and amenability to automation. While SNPs can provide an alternative approach, on a per locus basis they have a lower power of discrimination (PD) than STRs. With the discovery of block structures in the human genome, a novel set of SNP markers are available for further exploration of forensic utility. Several neighboring, tightly linked SNPs are inherited together and form a haplotype block, which as a haploblock has a higher discrimination power than the individual SNPs within the block. Candidate haplotype blocks were selected from three major populations (Caucasian, East Asian, and African) using the following parameters: maximum match probability reduction = 0.85, linkage disequilibrium (LD) r2 ≥ 0.7, maximum Fst = 0.06, minimum number of SNPs = 3, minimum heterozygosity = 0.2, and minimum number of haplotypes = 3. From the HapMap Phase II data, 253 haploblocks were identified on the 22 autosomal chromosomes. After removing haploblocks deviating from the Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) or in LD with other haploblocks, 24 haploblocks remained as candidates for forensic consideration. The cumulative PD of these blocks can reach 10−12 in the populations studied. The data support within and between haplotype independence even when they are syntenic. We propose guidelines for evidence interpretation that address the application of haplotype blocks for transfer evidence, mixture, and kinship analyses.
Development of soy-based UV-curable acrylate oligomers and study of their film properties

Abstract Bio-based coating materials have emerged as an environmentally friendly alternative to petrochemical based ones due to their sustainability, lower carbon footprint and often lower cost. Acrylated vegetable oils and their derivatives are increasingly preferred for advanced photo-curable “green” coatings due to a number of technical and commercial benefits. We report a novel family of acrylate-functional monomers/oligomers derived from epoxidized soybean oil (ESO) and epoxidized soy-methyl ester (EME), using 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate (HEA) as an acrylating agent. Using super-acid catalyzed etherification, acrylated soy-monomers and oligomers with lower viscosity and high acrylate content have been synthesized. Soy-acrylate products are characterized for their chemical structures and functionality using chemical, physical and spectroscopic methods. In order to investigate their suitability and usefulness, UV-cure coatings have been studied using soy-acrylates as primary components. Compositions containing blend of soy-acrylates and conventional polyester acrylates have also been studied. The results of the study show that these new families of acrylated soy-oligomers are promising candidates for environmentally friendly and sustainable UV-cure coatings for diverse end-use applications.
Restorative considerations with vital tooth bleaching

This paper explores the implications of bleaching procedures on restorative dentistry. The effects of tooth whitening systems on the bond strength, marginal integrity, color and other properties of restorative materials are reviewed. Also, clinical considerations in combining bleaching and aesthetic restorative techniques are discussed.
ULTRASTRUCTURAL ASPECTS OF CYTOMEGALOVIRUS-INFECTED FIBROBLASTIC STROMAL CELLS OF HUMAN BONE MARROW

Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) and bone marrow interactions are important in the pathogenesis of HCMV infections. Human bone marrow fibroblastic stromal cells (HBFM-sc) were infected by Towne strain of cytomegalovirus (CMV) in cell culture. Several cytostructural features of control bone marrow stromal cells are described and compared with those of CMV-infected cells. Under these experimental conditions, HBFM-sc are cell types that can be successfully infected by CMV in vitro. The CMV-infected cells displayed typical features characteristic of DNA virus infections, such as cellular swelling, intranuclear inclusions, nucleolar condensation and disappearance (at the end stage), nuclear envelope proliferation as redundant folds. Other characteristics of CVM-infected cells include mitochondrial enlargement and vacuolization, cytoplasmic dense bodies associated or not with viral particles, accumulation and extrusion of viral particles and dense bodies. These preliminary observations shed some light on human bone-marrow stromal-cell morphology and function, one of the latter being that of a potentially harmful reservoir for CMV virus.
The synthesis of phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylserine containing acetylenic or cyclopropane fatty acids and the activity of these phosphatides in blood coagulation

Six different phosphatides were made by combination of phosphorus oxychloride and eithert-butyloxycarbonylaminoethanol or the phthalimidomethyl ester of anisyloxycarbonyl-L-serine with three different diglycerides. The diglycerides wererac-1,2-distearoloylglycerol,rac-1-stearoloyl-2-stearoylglycerol, andrac-1,2-di(9,10-methyleneoctadecanoyl) glycerol. The phosphatides were freed of protective groups by methods that did not cause rupture of the cyclopropane rings. The resulting phosphatides were purified by chromatography and evaluated for their effects on blood coagulation in vitro after solubilization with sodium desoxycholate. The phosphatidyl(distearoloyl)serine and the phosphatidyl di(9,10-methyleneoctadecanoyl) serine were as active as beef brain phosphatidylserine in the antithromboplastin test and the Hicks-Pitney test. The phosphatidyl(stearoloyl, stearoyl)serine was slightly less active in the Hicks-Pitney test. The phosphatidylethanolamines accelerated coagulation in the Hicks-Pitney test. The cyclopropane phosphatidylethanolamine was also tested in a test of prothrombin conversion using all purified components and was found to be active. The high activity of the cyclopropane phosphatidylserine is specially important because of its resistance to autoxidation.
Forced-flow interchannel mixing model for fuel rod assemblies utilizing a helical wire-wrap spacer system☆

Abstract A forced-flow interchannel mixing model is presented which is applicable to LMFBR fuel assemblies containing helical-wire spacer systems. The model accounts for the directional nature of the interchannel mixing mechanism, and can be incorporated into the COBRA-II and COBRA-III B lumped-parameter computer codes. Predictions based on this model are compared with available experimental data, and with results computed using turbulent mixing models. Recommendations are made for designing future mixing experiments in rod-bundles containing helical-wire spacer systems.
Evaluating visual query methods for articulated motion video search

Abstract We develop and evaluate three interfaces for video search of articulated objects, specifically humans performing common actions. The three interfaces, (1) a freehand interface with motion cues (e.g., arrows), (2) an articulated human stick figure with motion cues, and (3) a keyframe interface, were designed to allow users to quickly generate motion-based queries. We performed both quantitative and qualitative analyses of the interfaces through a formal user study by measuring accuracy and speed of user input and asking the users to complete a free-response questionnaire. Our results indicate that the constrained interfaces outperform the freehand sketch-based interface, in terms of both search accuracy and query completion time. Additionally, the users described strong preferences for the search interfaces containing pre-defined models, and the generated queries were rated higher, in terms of semantic matches to the query concept.