cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Selective phonotaxis by male wood frogs ( Rana sylvatica ) to the sound of a chorus

Frogs and toads commonly form large choruses around suitable breeding habitat during the mating season. Although often regarded as a constraint on the acoustic behavior of signalers and receivers, the sounds of a chorus could also serve as an acoustic beacon that allows some frogs to locate the breeding aggregation. Attraction to chorus sounds might be particularly important for explosively breeding frogs. In these species, which often mate just one or a few days during the year, the timing and location of breeding aggregations can be unpredictable because their formation often depends on local climatic factors, such as rainfall or a change in temperature. I used laboratory playback experiments to test the hypothesis that male wood frogs (Rana sylvatica), an explosively breeding frog, exhibit positive phonotaxis toward the sound of a conspecific chorus. Males were released at the center of a rectangular arena with a speaker positioned in each corner facing toward the release point. In a single-stimulus experiment, more males approached a speaker broadcasting a conspecific chorus than the three silent speakers in the arena. In a two-stimulus experiment, more males approached a speaker broadcasting a conspecific chorus compared to the two silent speakers or a fourth speaker simultaneously broadcasting the spectrally overlapping sound of a heterospecific (R. septentrionalis) chorus. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that male wood frogs could use the sound of a chorus as a beacon to locate a short-lived breeding aggregation.
Convergence of the Motivic Adams Spectral Sequence

We prove convergence of the motivic Adams spectral sequence to completions at p and η under suitable conditions. We also discuss further conditions under which η can be removed from the statement.
Personalized Lifestyle Counseling: An Opportunity for FITs and ECs.

Lifestyle behaviors have long been recognized as major factors in the development or prevention of cardiovascular diseases [(1)][1]. Poor diet, inadequate physical activity, and smoking contribute substantially to the progression of atherosclerosis and its downstream consequences [(2)][2]. Recent
Policy Stability without Policy:The Battle over Same-Sex Partnership Recognition in Brazil

Many studies have scrutinized the efficacy of legislative vs. judicial strategies by LGBT individuals and movements as a means to bring about policy change. However, much of what we know about this topic comes from research focused solely within the context of the United States, and very little has looked at this matter within the structural frameworks we see in other countries. This paper examines what we can learn from the struggle for state recognition of same-sex partnerships (e.g. civil unions, marriage, etc.) in the case of Brazil. Interestingly, while GLT movement organizations in Brazil have mostly focused their time and resources on securing this recognition through legislative means, the most progress until now has come from individual petitions in the judiciary. This paper will attempt to explain why this is, focusing on the priority of this issue to the GLT movement organizations, the structure and powers of the executive and legislative branches of government, and the natures of the Brazilian code law legal system.
Pseudoexfoliative Fibrillopathy in the Skin of Patients by Ocular Pseudoexfoliation

In addition to its occurrence within the eye, pseudoexfoliative fibrillopathy has been reported in the conjunctiva and around a posterior ciliary artery. To determine whether it has a more diffuse extraocular distribution, we studied skin biopsy specimens ultrastructurally from one to three areas in 13 patients with classic pseudoexfoliation. A fibrillopathy closely resembling that in the eye was found in 11 of the 13 patients. Only one of the 13 control subjects, a 78-year-old man with advanced low-tension glaucoma, had a similar fibrillopathy. In the patients with pseudoexfoliation who were more than 70 years of age, the accompanying dermal elastosis made evaluation difficult, because the pseudoexfoliative nodules in the skin occur primarily along elastic fibers, and their morphologic characteristics appeared to be influenced by the elastotic process. These results suggest that pseudoexfoliation is a systemic process related closely to elastosis, and that further search for pseudoexfoliative fibers should be made in the elastic system of the deep tissues and internal organs.
Validation of Gene Expression Signatures to Identify Low-risk Clear-cell Renal Cell Carcinoma Patients at Higher Risk for Disease-related Death

Abstract Background Approximately 5–10% of patients with "low-risk" clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC), as stratified by externally validated clinicopathologic prognostic algorithms, eventually have disease relapse and die. Improving prognostic algorithms for these low-risk patients could help to provide improved individualized surveillance recommendations. Objective To identify genes that are differentially expressed in patients with low-risk ccRCC who did and did not die of their disease. Design, setting, and participants Using the Mayo Clinic Renal Registry, we identified formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded samples from patients with low-risk ccRCC, as defined by Mayo Clinic stage, size, grade, and necrosis score of 0–3. We conducted a nested case-control study between patients who did (cases) and did not (controls) have ccRCC relapse and death, using two independent sets (discovery and validation). We performed RNA sequencing of all samples in the discovery set to identify differentially expressed genes. In the independent validation set, we assessed the top 50 expressed genes using the nCounter Analysis System (NanoString Technologies, Seattle, WA, USA). Results and limitations In the discovery set of 24 cases and 24 controls, 92 genes were differentially expressed with p Conclusions RNA signatures from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded blocks can identify patients with low-risk ccRCC who die of their disease. This finding provides an opportunity to help guide improved surveillance in patients with low-risk ccRCC. Patient summary In the current study we identified RNA signatures from low-risk clear cell renal cell carcinoma patients who died from this disease. Improving prognostic algorithms for these low-risk patients could help to provide improved individualized surveillance recommendations.
Monitoring Heparin Therapy To Manage Thrombotic Disease

The acute and long-term management of deep vein thrombosis and thromboembolism are evolving rapidly. The use of unfractionated heparin and low-molecular-weight heparin in such therapy is the focus of this article. Included are current indications, recommended laboratory monitoring approaches, and the shortcomings of basing such recommendations on studies that do not control variables that affect prolongation of the activated partial thromboplastin time. This article is the third in a four-part continuing education series on hematology. Other articles focus on the antiphospholipid syndromes, oral anticoagulants in thromboembolic disease, and thrombolytic therapy. The exam will appear in the May issue.
Zwitterion vs neutral structures of amino acids stabilized by a negatively charged site: infrared photodissociation and computations of proline-chloride anion.

Infrared photodissociation (IRPD) spectra are reported for a proline–chloride anion cluster along with its d2- and d7-isotopomers. The spectral data indicate that proline is in its neutral form as opposed to a zwitterion, and computations are in agreement in that some neutral conformers are energetically low-lying and reproduce the observed spectra. Zwitterionic conformers are predicted to be essentially as stable as the neutral ones and should be significantly populated; however, there is no evidence for these structures in the IRPD spectra. An exploration of the potential energy surface for the loss of chloride anion, the observed fragmentation channel, reveals that it is 8.4 kcal mol–1 more difficult to break apart the zwitterionic cluster ion. This is a reflection of the 15.8 kcal mol–1 estimate for the gaseous proline zwitterion–neutral energy difference. Kinetic results suggest the presence of two photolabile populations in similar amounts (i.e., 56 vs 44%). The more abundant structure is also the m...
A Method of Predicting the Energy Losses in Vaneless Diffusers of Centrifugal Compressors

The flow losses in the veneless diffusers of centrifugal compressors is investigated. It is found that the total energy loss in vaneless diffusers is a function of Bsin2 α0 when inlet flow conditions and radius ratio between inlet and outlet are given. A wall friction coefficient equation is derived and a method of predicting the total energy loss excepting mixing loss is presented. A comparison is made between results obtained from this method and experimental data generated by the author as well as data from the literature. Good agreement is obtained.Copyright © 1989 by ASME
An Arithmetic Function Arising from the φ Function

(1943). An Arithmetic Function Arising from the φ Function. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 50, No. 1, pp. 18-30.
Believer project

Understanding actions involves inferring the goal of the actor and organizing the actions into a plan structure. The BELIEVER system is a psychological theory of how human observers understand the actions of others. The present theory is concerned with single-actor action sequences and can account for goal-directed actions that may succeed or fail in accomplishing the goal, as well as actions governed by norms. Arguments are presented which show that the human process of plan recognition cannot be modeled using a generate and test paradigm. A paradigm, referred to as the hypothesize and revise paradigm, does capture important properties of human plan recognition performance. Our implementation of a plan recognition process using this paradigm is presented and discussed.
Study of Vehicle ESP Hydraulic Control Device Co-simulation

As the actuator of the vehicle ESP,the hydraulic control device is a high-speed response system.It is of great significance for ESP control effect to study of the actuator's dynamics characteristics.For research on the working of the hydraulic device and its reasonable matching with vehicle dynamics model,based on co-simulations of AMEsim and Matlab,ESP hydraulic device model is built with AMEsim and the analysis of its dynamics characteristics is done.The hydraulic device model is co-simulated with dynamics model and controller built in Matlab.The results show that ESP can control the vehicle well and the stability of the vehicle is enhanced through matching the parameters of the hydraulic device reasonably.
Compartmentalization of Incompatible Catalytic Transformations for Tandem Catalysis

In Nature, incompatible catalytic transformations are being carried out simultaneously through compartmentalization that allows for the combination of incompatible catalysts in tandem reactions. Herein, we take the compartmentalization concept to the synthetic realm and present an approach that allows two incompatible transition metal catalyzed transformations to proceed in one pot in tandem. The key is the site isolation of both catalysts through compartmentalization using a core–shell micellar support in an aqueous environment. The support is based on amphiphilic triblock copolymers of poly(2-oxazoline)s with orthogonal functional groups on the side chain that can be used to cross-link covalently the micelle and to conjugate two metal catalysts in different domains of the micelle. The micelle core and shell provide different microenvironments for the transformations: Co-catalyzed hydration of an alkyne proceeds in the hydrophobic core, while the Rh-catalyzed asymmetric transfer hydrogenation of the inte...
V. Effect of bombesin on feeding behavior peptides

Abstract Peripherally-administered bombesin and gastrinreleasing peptide produce potent, dose-related, and specific reductions of food intake at test meals in rats. Similar effects on meal size are observed after intraperitoneal injections in mice and after intravenous infusions in baboons and humans. The mechanism for this effect is unknown, but the action of bombesin is not blocked by complete subdiaphragmatic vagotomy, by a variety of peripheral endocrine and neural ablations, or by lesions of the area postrema or hypothalamus. Hypothalamic injections of bombesin produce small but specific reductions of food intake; the relationship of this central effect to the peripheral effect of the peptide is unknown. Bombesin and bombesin-like peptides may play roles in the regulation of meal size.
Autoimmune phenomena in alcoholic cirrhosis

Serum immunoglobulins usually are increased impressively in alcoholic cirrhosis, particularly IgA and IgM. The basis for these changes has not been clarified. Previous studies with sera of cirrhotic subjects failed to show autoantibody reactions found in other hepatocellular diseases. Two autoantibody reactions were demonstrated by immunofluorescent techniques, using IgG, IgM, and IgA of cirrhotic sera. Purification was achieved by starch block electrophoresis, gel filtration on Sephadex G-200, chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex, and affinity chromatography on columns of Sepharose 4B, in that sequence. IgM appeared as a nonspecific antinuclear antibody. IgA bound to alcoholic hyaline (Mallory bodies). IgG failed to stain any of the examined tissues. It may be the blocking agent which prevents the above-mentioned autoimmune phenomena in whole serum.
SU-G-IeP4-08: Initial Investigations of Up-Converting Nanoparticles (UCNP) for 3D Tissue Imaging in Optical-ECT

Purpose: Near-IR absorptive up-converting nanoparticles (UCNPs) is a novel contrast for optical-ECT that allows auto-fluorescence-free 3D imaging of labeled cells in a matrix of large (∼1cm3) unsectioned normal tissue. This has the potential to image small metastases or dormant cells that is difficult with down-converting fluorescing dyes due to auto-fluorescence. The feasibility of imaging UCNP in agarose phantoms and a mouse lung is demonstrated, aided by a 3D-printed optical-ECT stage designed to excite UCNP in a mouse lung. Methods: The UCNP, NaYF4:Yb/Er (20/2%), studied in this work up-converts 980nm light to visible light peaking sharply at ∼540nm. To characterize the UCNP emission as a function of UCNP concentration, cylindrical 2.5%wt agarose phantoms infused with UCNP at concentrations of 25µg/mL and 50µg/mL were exposed to 1.5W 980nm laser coupled to an optical fiber. The fiber was held stably at 1cm above the stage via a custom 3D-printed stage. An optically cleared lung harvested from a BALBc mice was then injected with 100µL of 1mg/mL UCNP solution ex vivo. Tomographic imaging of the UCNP emission in lung was performed. Results: The laser beam tract is visualized within the agarose phantom. A line profile of UCNP emission at 25µg/mL versus 50µg/mL shows that increasing the UCNP concentration increases emission count. UCNPs injected into a cleared mouse lung disperse throughout the respiratory tract, allowing for visualization and 3D reconstruction. Excitation before and after UCNP injection shows the tissue exhibits no auto-fluorescence at 980nm, allowing clear view of the UCNP without any obscuring features such as conventional down-converting fluorescent tags. Conclusion: We confirm that up-conversion in tissue circumvents completely tissue auto-fluorescence, which allowed background-free 3D reconstruction of the UCNP distribution. We also confirm that raising the UCNP concentration increases emission and that UCNPs are retained in agarose samples during the optical clearing process.
In Situ Synthesis of 3Y-TZP/MgAl 2 O 4 Nanoparticle Composite Through Co-precipitation

3 Mole pct yttria-stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystal (3Y-TZP) and spinel (MgAl2O4) nanocomposite was synthesized by co-precipitation—calcination method. The powders were made to a composition of 70 vol pct 3Y-TZP and 30 vol pct MgAl2O4. The composite made of 70 pct 3Y-TZP and 30 pct MgAl2O4 is well known for its superplastic ability at high temperatures. Reverse drop method was utilized to precipitate metal ions simultaneously, resulting in a homogenous composition on a molecular scale and crystalline after calcination at 1273 K (1000 °C) for 2 hours. The characterization results showed that the powders were phase pure tetragonal zirconia and spinel, fairly not forming a ternary complex between Spinel and 3Y-TZP. From the TEM and DLS analyses, the average particle size was determined to be about 50 to 100 nm with some level of agglomeration. Raman peaks E g (156 cm−1), E g (274 cm−1), B 1g (332 cm−1), E g (474 cm−1), A 1g (605 cm−1), and B 1g (653 cm−1), due to the tetragonal phase of 3Y-TZP and E g (487 cm−1) due to cubic phase of MgAl2O4, are observed in the sample. HRTEM results show interplanar spacing of (311) of the spinel and (101) of the yttria-stabilized zirconia, which indicates the high-level homogeneity in the nanoparticle composite powders.
Tamper-resistant autonomous agents-based mobile-cloud computing

The rise of the mobile-cloud computing paradigm has enabled mobile devices with limited processing power and battery life to achieve complex tasks in real-time. While mobile-cloud computing is promising to overcome limitations of mobile devices for real-time computing needs, the reliance of existing models on strong assumptions such as the availability of a full clone of the application code and non-standard system environments in the cloud makes it harder to manage the performance of mobile-cloud computing based applications. Furthermore, offloading mobile computation to the cloud entails security risks associated with sending data and code to an untrusted platform and perfect security is hard to achieve due to the extra computational overhead introduced by complex mechanisms. In this paper, we present a dynamic computation-offloading model for mobile-cloud computing, based on autonomous agent-based application partitions. We propose a dynamic tamper-resistance approach for managing the security of offloaded computation, by augmenting agents with self-protection capability using a low-overhead introspection and integrity-preserving communication mechanism. Experiments with a real-world mobile application demonstrates the effectiveness of the approach for high-performance, tamper-resistant mobile-cloud computing.
Parallel Composition of Scheduling Solvers

Recent work in model combinators, as well as projects like G12 and SIMPL, achieved significant progress in automating the generation of complex and hybrid solvers from high-level model specifications. This paper extends model combinators into the scheduling domain. This is of particular interest as, today, both Constraint Programming (CP) and Mixed-Integer Programming (MIP) perform well on scheduling problems providing different capabilities and trade-offs. The ability to construct hybrid scheduling solvers to leverage the strengths of both technologies as well as multiple problem encodings through high-level model combinators provides new opportunities. Complex parallel hybrids can be synthesized with minimal effort on the part of the user and provide substantial performance benefits over standalone solvers.
Discipleship in Hindu-Christian Comparative Theology

Comparative theology involves systematic dialogue with another religion aimed at deepening and expanding one’s own tradition. The process of interreligious learning may take various forms which I h...
Bilateral Vocal Cord Paralysis with Unilateral Insular Stroke

Vocal cords receive nerve supply from recurrent laryngeal nerve which is a branch of the vagus nerve. Cerebral motor cortex projects corticobulbar tracts to the motor nucleus (nucleus ambiguous) of the Vagus found in medulla. Vagus nerve leaves the skull through jugular foramen and travels through the carotid sheath. The left vagus gives rise to left recurrent laryngeal nerve at the aortic arch, whereas the right vagus gives rise to right recurrent laryngeal nerve at the subclavian artery. Any disruption of this pathway by any entity will cause unilateral vocal cord paralysis. Strokes that affect the motor cortex do not cause unilateral vocal cord paralysis since vagus nerve nucleus receives corticobulbar tract from both sides of the brain. We present an unusual case of bilateral vocal cord paralysis caused by unilateral right insular stroke which is not related to this pathway. Key words: Vocal cord paralysis, Acute Stroke, Vagus nerve.
Therapeutic Angiogenesis in Arterial Limb Ischaemia by Autologous Bone Marrow Transplantation.

Background: therapeutic angiogenesis has recently been developed as a new method of treatment for several ischaemic diseases; both experimentally and clinically there is preliminary data suggesting that implantation of bone marrow-mononuclear cells into ischaemic limbs increases collateral vessels formation. Aims: to evaluate viability of the therapeutic angiogenesis using hematopoyetic bone marrow progenitors mobilized by G-CSF (granulocyte colony stimulating factor) and saffety of the procedure. Methods: 28 patients developing critical arterial limb ischaemia (candidates to amputation) were included in this study (International Working Party). 15 men and 13 women. Median age 65 years old (58 – 74). Mobilized by filgrastim (Neupogen ®) 5 μg/kg weight daily (5 days). Bone marrow harvest at 5th day. Local anaesthesia was employed in all the patients. Unmanipulated cells were injected in the affected limb in 2 ml aliquots into the gastrocnemius muscle. All the patients received injections unless in one limb. 1 patient received treatment in both. Each patient were evaluated regularly for rest pain, amount of required analgesia, healing of the ulcers, peack walking time, Doppler and angiographic findings. The mean number of injected mononuclear cells was 1,5 ×109/kg. All the patients received low molecular weight heparin (nadroparin, Fraxiparine ®) 3800 – 5600 IU anti-Xa subcutaneously, aspirin 81 mg and pentoxifiline 400 mg daily, as medical treatment after the procedure for at least 60 to 90 days. A control population of 27 vascular patients affected by critical arterial limb isquemia was considered. They don’t received angiogenic treatment, only the same medical antithrombotic schedule described. Results: there were no secondary effects for the mobilization or injection of cells in the 28 treated patients. There were no dead patients secondary to the procedure. Moreover, in 22 patients with a median follow up of 18 months, 20 patients showed an improvement of all parameters, mainly pain at rest, peack walking time and skin trophic lesions. One patient suffered amputation of the affected extremity because obstruction of an old by-pass (3,6%). On the control population, amputation of the affected extremity was necessary in 25 of the 27 patients evaluated with medical treatment only (90,7%). The statistical differences between the two groups were highly significant in favor of the angiogenic group. They were evaluated by the chi square test and log rank test (p Conclusions: our preliminary data suggest that autologous bone marrow transplantation can be performed safely and appears to be a benefical therapy for selected patients with severe peripheral arterial disease. (drnovoa51@yahoo.es or drnovoa@netgate.com.uy).
A Non-Invasive Approach for Realizing Resilience in MPI

As the computational capabilities of a supercomputer transition from petaflops to exaflops, more compute processes work concurrently to accomplish tasks, requiring more communication. This results in using an increasing number of software and hardware components, which in turn, increases the probability of abnormal events and failures. We present a solution that improves resilience against transient events in network communication. We observe that the coupling of the session and transport semantics in implementations inhibits recovery from transient failures. Our proposal, a session-layer intermediary (SLIM), serves as a shim layer on top of the interconnect's interface and enables separation of session and transport semantics. We use Open MPI as a case study where SLIM exposes an interface to the Byte Transfer Layer framework. This approach manages transient faults with the underlying transport, by trapping and resolving them and thus not allowing them to cascade into failed MPI primitives. Preliminary results show that the introduction of SLIM delivers resilience and does so without incurring any performance impact, either in latency or throughput. In future, we plan to include other interconnects, such as OpenIB, and enable tolerance for transient network failures.
A novel antithrombin domain dictates the journey's end of a proteinase

Antithrombin (AT) is an anticoagulant serpin that irreversibly inactivates the clotting proteinases factor Xa and thrombin by forming covalent complexes with them. Mutations in its critical domains, such as those that impair the conformational rearrangement required for proteinase inactivation, increase the risk of venous thrombosis. Aguila et al. characterize for the first time the destabilizing effects of mutations in the region of AT that makes contact with the proteinase in the final acyl-enzyme complex. Their work adds new insight into the unique structural intricacies of the inhibitory mechanism.
The Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission

This chapter describes the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM). The TRMM main instruments, i.e. the Precipitation Radar (PR) and the TRMM microwave Imager (TMI), as well as the algorithms used to derive precipitation estimates from their observations are described. The challenges in deriving precipitation from TRMM observations and the strategies to overcome them are also discussed. A section of the chapter is devoted to the TRMM Multisatellite Precipitation Analysis (TMPA) precipitation product, developed within the project in an effort to mitigate temporal sampling errors in the precipitation estimates. The chapter also includes a succinct presentation of directions and examples of usage of TRMM observations and products in scientific and societal applications.
Remixing Selfies: Arts-based Explorations of Funds of Knowledge, Meaning-Making, and Intercultural Learning in Literacy

This article describes an arts-based writing project, the Cultural Selfie, used in a pre-service teacher education classroom to explore the concept of funds of knowledge and to develop intercultural awareness. The Cultural Selfie as a visual interpretation provided a space for pre-service teachers to reflect critically on their everyday cultural and literacy practices and their teacher Self. In doing so, they used literacy as a form of meaning-making to examine concepts such as privilege, cultural bias, and discomfort, as well as strength and weakness in relating to different cultures.
Avian trichomonosis mortality events in band-tailed pigeons ( Patagioenas fasciata) in California during winter 2014-2015

Avian trichomonosis is an upper digestive tract disease of birds typically caused by the protozoan parasite Trichomonas gallinae. In California (U.S.A), trichomonosis is known to cause periodic epidemics in the Pacific Coast band-tailed pigeon (Patagioenas fasciata monolis), a migratory upland game bird. We summarize the mortality events that occurred during winter 2014-2015 including the duration, estimated mortality, pathology, and genetic identity of infecting parasites. Increased mortality was reported from locations in 25 counties between November 2014 and June 2015. Based on reports, carcasses received, wildlife rehabilitation center admissions, site visits, and regular monitoring by local personnel, total mortality was estimated at 18,440. At necropsy, birds had multiple coalescing lesions in the oral cavity involving the upper palate and/or around the tongue and glottis, esophagus, crop, and/or proventriculus. Birds collected from Contra Costa (63.9%; 30/47); Marin (75.0%; 6/8), San Mateo (46.7%; 14/30), and Santa Clara (35.0%; 37/106) counties were more likely to have lesions extending into their head involving muscle, sinuses, ear canals, eye sockets, and bone (χ2 = 62.9; df = 11; P < 0.001). Histopathologic findings included pharyngitis, esophagitis, myositis, and air sacculitis of the pneumatic bone of the skull. Mixed bacterial colonies were found multifocally at the fronts of the necrosis in six of the eleven birds examined histologically. Infecting trichomonads included T. gallinae subtype A2 (n = 5), un-typed T. gallinae (n = 4), mixed infection with T. gallinae subtype A2 and T. stableri (n = 1), and mixed infection with un-typed T. gallinae and T. stableri (n = 1). The winter 2014-2015 epidemic was the largest on record in terms of duration, locations, and birds affected. Infection dynamics may have been exacerbated by the drought in California. Increased monitoring of band-tailed pigeons is needed to understand the long-term impacts of large-scale mortality events on their population.
Photomotile Responses in Flagellates

The photomovement of flagellates provides us with excellent model systems for investigating sensory-transduction pathways. The responses to light are rapid and dramatic, and they show a fascinating degree of diversity. (See recent reviews by Forward, Hand, Feinleib, Lenci and Colombetti, Hader, Nultsch and Hader, Diehn; 1-7). After summarizing some general features of flagellate photo- responses, this chapter will examine the behavior of three flagellates that show diverse photomovement “strategies”: Euglena, Volvox and Chalmydomonas.
Memory-efficient inference in relational domains

Propositionalization of a first-order theory followed by satisfiability testing has proved to be a remarkably efficient approach to inference in relational domains such as planning (Kautz & Selman 1996) and verification (Jackson 2000). More recently, weighted satisfiability solvers have been used successfully for MPE inference in statistical relational learners (Singla & Domingos 2005). However, fully instantiating a finite first-order theory requires memory on the order of the number of constants raised to the arity of the clauses, which significantly limits the size of domains it can be applied to. In this paper we propose LazySAT, a variation of the Walk-SAT solver that avoids this blowup by taking advantage of the extreme sparseness that is typical of relational domains (i.e., only a small fraction of ground atoms are true, and most clauses are trivially satisfied). Experiments on entity resolution and planning problems show that LazySAT reduces memory usage by orders of magnitude compared to Walk-SAT, while taking comparable time to run and producing the same solutions.
The Use of Vedolizumab in Patients with Concomitant Cirrhosis and Crohn's Disease.

Vedolizumab is a humanized monoclonal α4β7 integrin antibody used in patients with Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). Limited data are available on the use of vedolizumab in patients with concurrent cirrhosis and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Patients with cirrhosis are unique, as they have a predilection for developing opportunistic infections and malignancies. Additionally, it is not known if vedolizumab alters the natural course of cirrhosis. We report our experience in three patients with concomitant CD and cirrhosis, who were treated with vedolizumab. In our limited cohort, all the three patients tolerated vedolizumab well. None of them experienced significant infectious complications, nor did any have decompensated cirrhosis. Our limited series suggest that vedolizumab is well tolerated in patients with compensated cirrhosis.
Trends in same-admission cholecystectomy and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography for acute gallstone pancreatitis: A nationwide analysis across a decade

Abstract Background/objectives Gallstones are the leading cause of acute pancreatitis in developed countries. National and international guidelines recommend that a cholecystectomy should be performed during the index hospitalization for acute gallstone pancreatitis. We aimed to delineate the national trends for same-admission cholecystectomy and ERCP for acute gallstone pancreatitis over the last ten years. Methods We used the 2004, 2009 and 2014 National Inpatient Sample database including patients with a principal diagnosis of acute pancreatitis and a secondary diagnosis of choledocholithiasis or cholelithiasis. Exclusion criteria were age Results The proportion of admissions during which a same-admission cholecystectomy was performed decreased from 48.7% in 2004 to 46.9% in 2009 to 45% in 2014 (trend p Conclusions Adherence to the guidelines for same-admission cholecystectomy for patients admitted with acute gallstone pancreatitis have been declining over the past decade. On the other hand, decline in rate of ERCP in patients with acute gallstone pancreatitis and no signs of cholangitis demonstrates adherence to guidelines in this regard.
Evaluation of transdermal permeation and plasma protein binding of CZ48, lactone-stabilized camptothecin-C20-propionate, in vitro using microdialysis technique

1403 Objective. The lactone moiety of camptothecin (CPT) is unstable in vivo, but essential for anti-tumor efficacy. CZ48, CPT-C20-propionate, was synthesized to improve the lactone stability, and exerts anti-neoplastic activity after its hydrolysis to CPT. This study was to implement the technique of microdialysis to monitor the trasdermal permeation flux of CZ48 (and CPT if possible) and evaluate its plasma protein binding in Sprague-Dawley rats, in vitro, as a pre-requesite for further in vivo investigation. A microemulsion formulation of CZ48 that has already demonstrated promising in vitro permeation profiles was applied as the source of CZ48. Methods. Surgically excised full-thickness rat skin barrier was mounted onto Franz diffusion cells. Microdialysis probe (Bioanalytical Systems Inc.) was implanted intra-dermally with the aid of 27.5 gauge needle. Temperature was maintained at 32 °C. 200 μl of Microemulsion formulation containing CZ48 (0.21 mg/ml) was applied to the donor compartment and covered with paraffin film. Perfusate solution was composed of 20%w/v Hydroxypropyl β cyclodextrin, at a flow rate of 3.0 μl/min. Samples were collected at pre-determined time points up to 72 hr. For the protein binding experiment, microdialysis probe was perfused through well-stirred CZ48 solution (1.0 μg/ml) in either PBS or rat plasma. Samples from both experiments were analyzed by HPLC for CZ48 concentration with reversed phase C8 column and fluorescent detection. The assay was validated with 1.98 and 2.62% within-day (n=3) and between-day (n=6) variability for CZ48, respectively. Results. Relative in vitro recovery of CZ48 was significantly improved over PBS with the addition of 20%w/v hydroxypropyl β cyclodextrin, 1.5 to 3.4%. Microdialysis technique was able to quantify CZ48 concentrations intra-dermally at levels as low as 2 ng/ml. The rat plasma protein binding of CZ48 was found to be 62%, a value which was very consistent with that obtained from the conventional method of dialysis bag, 59%. Conclusions. Microdilysis technique can be employed to detect CZ48 concentrations after topical drug administration in vitro. Microdialysis is a successful tool for quantifying CZ48 plasma protein binding in rat. Evaluation of relative in vivo recovery is required to proceed with further in vivo work.
Stocks and flows of copper in the U.S.: Analysis of circularity 1970–2015 and potential for increased recovery

Abstract An analysis of the copper life cycle in the U.S. was performed to investigate the circularity of copper from 1970 to 2015. A stocks and flows model for copper was developed for the major life cycle phases by collecting extensive primary data from government and private sector sources, via available data and surveys and interviews with individuals within companies, government, and other organizations. The data were integrated into a stocks and flows model. Collection and inclusion of primary end-of-life data into the model represents a contribution of the material flow analysis presented and provides insight into specific limitations and opportunities for improving the circularity of copper. The analysis incorporates 45 years of data, providing historical context and insight into changing trends. A number of key findings emerged from of the stocks and flows analysis. First, end-of-life collection is a complicated ecosystem. The largest stock accumulation of copper is in the use phase — on the order of 72 million tons since 1970. Over half of this is in buildings and construction, an order of magnitude more than the total accumulation in any other part of the copper life cycle. The analysis also revealed that while there are losses of copper via process losses, degradation, and tailings generation, exports (much of which are unaccounted for as embedded flows) and hibernating stock are much more significant losses from the U.S. circular economy. Finally, building and construction and electric/electronic products are the two use phases where improved collection and recycling would yield the most impact to improving circularity of copper since they together comprise more than 80% of total accumulation.
Resistance to MET/VEGFR2 Inhibition by Cabozantinib Is Mediated by YAP/TBX5-Dependent Induction of FGFR1 in Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer.

The overall goal of this study was to elucidate the role of FGFR1 induction in acquired resistance to MET and VEGFR2 inhibition by cabozantinib in prostate cancer (PCa) and leverage this understanding to improve therapy outcomes. The response to cabozantinib was examined in mice bearing patient-derived xenografts in which FGFR1 was overexpressed. Using a variety of cell models that reflect different PCa disease states, the mechanism underpinning FGFR1 signaling activation by cabozantinib was investigated. We performed parallel investigations in specimens from cabozantinib-treated patients to confirm our in vitro and in vivo data. FGFR1 overexpression was sufficient to confer resistance to cabozantinib. Our results demonstrate transcriptional activation of FGF/FGFR1 expression in cabozantinib-resistant models. Further analysis of molecular pathways identified a YAP/TBX5-driven mechanism of FGFR1 and FGF overexpression induced by MET inhibition. Importantly, knockdown of YAP and TBX5 led to decreased FGFR1 protein expression and decreased mRNA levels of FGFR1, FGF1, and FGF2. This association was confirmed in a cohort of hormone-naive patients with PCa receiving androgen deprivation therapy and cabozantinib, further validating our findings. These findings reveal that the molecular basis of resistance to MET inhibition in PCa is FGFR1 activation through a YAP/TBX5-dependent mechanism. YAP and its downstream target TBX5 represent a crucial mediator in acquired resistance to MET inhibitors. Thus, our studies provide insight into the mechanism of acquired resistance and will guide future development of clinical trials with MET inhibitors.
The Traumatized Leg

Lower extremity trauma may result from motor vehicle collisions, falls, or accidents, and it often presents with multiple system involvement. Care begins with the initial trauma evaluation and stabilization. Multidisciplinary care is essential and typically involves trauma/critical care, plastic surgery, orthopedic surgery, and vascular surgery for the goal of limb salvage and prevention of complications.
Outcomes of the U.S. Program in Biology of the International Indian Ocean Expedition

Abstract The International Indian Ocean Expedition (IIOE) of 1960-1965 brought together scientists of all the major oceanographic nations of the time, as well as nations from the Indian Ocean region. The Indian Ocean basin and its processes were largely unknown at the time although it was known to feature unusual dynamics resulting from seasonally reversing monsoon winds that significantly affected the productivity of the basin. The Special Committee on Oceanic Research (SCOR, later the Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research), identified the Indian Ocean as a prime location for its first international expedition. The United States made a major investment in the IIOE, across all areas of ocean science. This article will document the legacy of the U.S. Program in Biology that was part of the IIOE.
Predicting High-Risk Patients and High-Risk Outcomes in Heart Failure.

Over 6.5 million Americans are living with heart failure (HF) today and the prevalence continues to increase.1 Despite substantial advances in medical therapy, many patients progress to end-stage disease with a 5-year absolute mortality rate of approximately 50%.2 Moreover, HF is a significant burden on the United States health care system, accounting for ~800,000 hospitalizations in 2016 and projected to cost $69.7 billion annually by the year 2030.1,3 Identifying high risk HF patients is therefore an important, yet challenging pursuit for clinicians and health care systems alike. Prognosis of individual patients with HF is highly variable in contemporary cohorts, and the risk of serious clinical outcomes such as mortality and hospitalization for HF can differ more than 20-fold.4,5 Predicting adverse outcomes in patients with HF could theoretically help direct resources to patients at the highest levels of risk who might benefit the most from earlier and more intensive monitoring and treatment (e.g. targeted medications, cardiac devices, home monitoring systems, and social services), while avoiding unnecessary interventions and costs for patients at low risk.6–9 Ideally, this would translate into improved outcomes and cost-efficiency in providing care for patients with HF. Given the importance of risk prediction for process improvement in HF, we aim to review the available evidence on prognostic variables and the current state of risk prediction for patients with HF. Additionally, we will discuss limitations of traditional risk modeling and provide a glimpse into the future of risk prediction in HF.
Adversarial indoor signal detection

We consider the problem of accurately detecting signals from contraband WiFi devices. Source locations may be selected in a worst-case fashion from within an indoor structure, such as a correctional facility. The structure layout is known, but inaccessible prior to deployment, and only a small number of detectors are available for sensing these signals. Our approach treats this setting as a covering problem, where the aim is to achieve a high probability of detection at each of the grid points of the terrain. Unlike prior approaches, we employ (1) a variant of the maximum coverage problem, which allows us to account for aggregate coverage by several detectors, and (2) a state-of-the-art commercial wireless simulator to provide SINR measurements that inform our problem instances. This approach is formulated as a mathematical program to which additional constraints are added to limit the number of detectors. Solving the program produces a placement of detectors whose performance is then evaluated for classifier accuracy. We present preliminary results, combining both simulation data and real-world data to evaluate the performance our approach against two competitors inspired by the literature.
Retentive Forces of Removable Partial Denture Clasp Assemblies Made From Polyaryletherketone and Cobalt-Chromium: A Comparative Study.

PURPOSE: To compare retentive forces of removable partial denture clasps traditionally fabricated with cobalt-chromium (CoCr) material and two computer-aided design and computer-aided manufactured (CAD/CAM) thermoplastic polymers. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 48 clasp assemblies (16 CoCr, 16 polyetheretherketone (PEEK) and 16 polyetherketoneketone (PEKK) thermoplastic polymer) were fabricated for 48 mandibular tooth analogs. Individual clasps were inserted and removed on the tooth analogs utilizing a chewing simulator for 15000 cycles to simulate 10 years of use. Retentive forces were measured utilizing a mechanical load tester at baseline and intervals of 1500 cycles. Data were analyzed with one-way Analysis of Variance, Tukey post-hoc, and paired T tests. RESULTS: Mean retentive forces between all groups were significantly different (P <0.001). Retentive forces of CoCr clasps were significantly higher than both polymers (P <0.001). The mean retentive forces for PEEK were not significantly different from PEKK (P = 0.23). A significant increase in retentive forces was observed for all three clasps after the first period of cycling, followed by continual decrease for the remaining cycles. At the endpoint of 15000 cycles, no clasp assemblies showed lower retentive forces than at initial baseline. CONCLUSION: Thermoplastic polymer clasps demonstrated lower retentive forces compared to CoCr clasps. All three groups displayed a similar pattern of initial increase, followed by a gradual decrease, of retentive force. Despite this observation, the clasps maintained similar or higher retentive forces than measured at baseline. This resistance to fatigue and ability to fabricate with CAD/CAM technologies provides support for clinical use of these high performance polymer (HPP) materials. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Spatial Organization of Chromatin: Emergence of Chromatin Structure During Development.

Nuclei are central hubs for information processing in eukaryotic cells. The need to fit large genomes into small nuclei imposes severe restrictions on genome organization and the mechanisms that drive genome-wide regulatory processes. How a disordered polymer such as chromatin, which has vast heterogeneity in its DNA and histone modification profiles, folds into discernibly consistent patterns is a fundamental question in biology. Outstanding questions include how genomes are spatially and temporally organized to regulate cellular processes with high precision and whether genome organization is causally linked to transcription regulation. The advent of next-generation sequencing, super-resolution imaging, multiplexed fluorescent in situ hybridization, and single-molecule imaging in individual living cells has caused a resurgence in efforts to understand the spatiotemporal organization of the genome. In this review, we discuss structural and mechanistic properties of genome organization at different length scales and examine changes in higher-order chromatin organization during important developmental transitions. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology, Volume 37 is October 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
Topological superconductivity in planar Josephson junctions and dc-SQUIDs

We theoretically investigate the emergence of topological superconductivity in dc-SQUIDs in the presence of Rashba spin-orbit coupling and an in-plane magnetic field. The transmission of the individual planar Josephson junctions (JJs) can be controlled by top gates, switching from a single JJ to a dc-SQUID behavior. The transition to the topological phase in the single JJ configuration is sensible to the direction of the in-plane magnetic field and we show that it is accompanied by minima in the critical current, serving as experimental signatures to identify the phase transition. Furthermore, the topological phase transitions in each of the JJs can be individually tuned by top gates. We show that there are distinctive signatures in the critical current and phase shift of the dc-SQUID for cases when none, either or both junctions are in the topological regime. We also investigate the effects of electrostatic disorder on the topological superconducting state of single JJs.