cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Translational Diffusion of Fluorescent Proteins by Molecular Fourier Imaging Correlation Spectroscopy

The ability to noninvasively observe translational diffusion of proteins and protein complexes is important to many biophysical problems. We report high signal/noise (≥250) measurements of the translational diffusion in viscous solution of the fluorescent protein, DsRed. This is carried out using a new technique: molecular Fourier imaging correlation spectroscopy (M-FICS). M-FICS is an interferometric method that detects a collective Fourier component of the fluctuating density of a small population of fluorescent molecules, and provides information about the distribution of molecular diffusivities. A theoretical analysis is presented that expresses the detected signal fluctuations in terms of the relevant time-correlation functions for molecular translational diffusion. Furthermore, the role played by optical orientational degrees of freedom is established. We report Fickian self-diffusion of the DsRed tetramer at short timescales. The long-time deviation of our data from Fickian behavior is used to determine the variance of the distribution of the protein self-diffusion coefficient. We compare our results to the expected outcomes for 1), a bi-disperse distribution of protein species, and 2), dynamic disorder of the host solvent.
Ranitidine-induced acute dystonia

Acute dystonia is a dramatic form of extrapyramidal side effects of antipsychotic medications. Although extrapyramidal reactions have been noted in related drugs, there are no existing reports associated with ranitidine. This report describes a case of an acute dystonic reaction secondary to a commonly prescribed, currently approved over-the-counter drug, ranitidine.
Invasive intracerebral schwannoma mimicking meningioma in a child

An 8-year-old boy presented to the emergency department after a generalized tonic-clonic seizure that lasted for 5 min. Magnetic resonance imaging showed a 2×2 cm, intraaxial, contrast-enhanced cortical lesion in the posterior right frontal lobe. On several images the lesion appeared to be dural-based and was presumed to be a meningioma. The patient was placed on dilantin and returned 1 month later for elective surgical resection. At surgery, a rim of intact pia was identified between the dura and the tumor. Although initial frozen-section analysis was consistent with meningioma, subsequent immunohistochemical staining and review at an outside institution established the diagnosis of intracerebral schwannoma. The patient’s postoperative course was uncomplicated and he remains seizure-free with no sign of recurrence at 18 months. Intracerebral schwannomas are uncommon cortical lesions in children. Imaging characteristics alone can be misleading; neuropathological support is essential for accurate diagnosis.
The trap-orientated behaviour of tsetse flies (Glossinidae) and other Diptera

In field studies on Glossina morsitans morsitans Westw. and G. pallidipes Aust. in Zimbabwe, various traps baited with attractive odour were used to study the behaviour of flies in each of several stages of response to traps, from the stage of being several metres from the trap to the stage of being retained in a cage on the trap. The numbers of flies that were caught by electrocution, or were observed, as they moved forwards through the stages of trapping were compared with the numbers caught or observed moving in a reverse direction. A variety of stimuli and modifications were investigated for their effects on these movements, leading to provisional recommendations for improving the speed and efficiency of trapping. The most important recommendations were: the outside of trap should be white, with black near the basal entrances, the entrances should be provided with tunnels projecting into trap, and the inside of trap should be made white at base and black at top. The top of the trap should be an open-ended tube around the cone of netting that leads to the retaining cage. Data for Stomoxyinae, non-biting Muscidae and Tabanidae are also presented.
The Convolution of Generalized F Distributions

Abstract The generalized F variate is the ratio of two independent gamma variates, and its distribution includes as special cases such distributions as the inverted beta, Lomax, and Snedecor's F, Based on convolution, the distribution function of the sum of two independent generalized F variates is derived in terms of a Lauricella-Saran hyper-geometric function of three variables. The results are applied, with numerical examples given, to (a) a Bayesian analysis of the availability of a two-component series system and (b) a test of hypothesis on the multinormal mean vector whenever the covariance matrix has the intraclass correlation pattern.
The effects of nesiritide on renal function and diuretic responsiveness in acutely decompensated heart failure patients with renal dysfunction.

Abstract Background Strategies to preserve renal function and enhance diuretic responsiveness during therapy for heart failure (HF) are needed. We hypothesized that brain natriuretic peptide (nesiritide) added to standard HF therapy would preserve renal function and enhance diuretic responsiveness. Methods Patients with HF with underlying renal dysfunction who were admitted with volume overload were randomized to standard therapy with nesiritide (2 μg/kg bolus; 0.01 μg/kg/min for 48 hours) or without nesiritide. Patients requiring intravenous vasodilator or inotropic therapy for rapid symptom relief were ineligible. In all patients, diuretics were administered according to a standardized dosing algorithm. Results Patients (n = 72) had a mean creatinine level of 1.75 ± 0.59 mg/dL. Patients receiving nesiritide had a lesser increase in creatinine ( P = .048) and blood urea nitrogen ( P = .02), but a greater reduction in blood pressure ( P P = .57) but increased 3′5′ cyclic guanosine monophosphate and decreased endothelin more ( P Conclusion When used as adjuvant "renal protective" therapy in patients with HF with renal dysfunction, the recommended dose of nesiritide reduced blood pressure, did not seem to worsen renal function, and suppressed endothelin but did not enhance diuretic responsiveness or prevent activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.
Development of Rumen Function in the Dairy Calf. II. Effect of Diet upon Characteristics of the Rumen Flora and Fauna of Young Calves

Summary Twenty-four male calves were placed, at an average age of 3.5 days, on diets representing liberal and limited milk-feeding programs. The calves on limited milk were further divided into those receiving aureomycin in the concentrate mix and those not receiving it. In addition, a group of calves received only milk for 8 of the 12 wk. of the experiment. Rumen samples were taken weekly and analyzed for color, odor, consistency, total bacteria, aerobic bacteria, morphologically characteristic organisms, protozoa, the levels of niacin, biotin, and riboflavin, cellulose digestion, and the amounts of the lower fatty acids (C 2 –C 4 ). For calves fed solid feeds, the general pattern of rumen function development seemed to be a sharp fall in the aerobic bacteria within the first 3 wk., an increase in the total numbers of bacteria, and the establishment of protozoa. The rumen acids were at adult levels by 6 wk. of age; whereas, the protozoal and bacterial numbers approached this point a little later. The establishment of adult-type organisms and cellulose digestion were slowest to develop and were hindered by aureomycin and liberal milk feeding. Biotin, niacin, and riboflavin levels increased up to 7 wk. of age, with an indication of synthesis early in life.
Two-step processes in tritium decay

Two step amplitudes in which the Coulomb interaction of the ejected ..beta.. electron excites the bound atomic electron into s and p states are calculated. Probabilities for excited states of the residual helium ion are changed by less than 0.24% from the sudden approximation.
Some representations of exceptional Lie algebras

In this note, we give the dimensions of some irreducible representations of exceptional Lie algebras and algebraic groups. Similar results appear in [1] for classical groups and algebras of rank at most 4. These results were produced by computer programs developed in connection with [3], where the main result required information beyond the tables in [1]. In view of the utility of the tables in [1], it seemed worthwhile to provide tables for groups of higher rank. Although our methods are similar to those of [l], they incorporate a reduction process which permits us to push the techniques a bit further.
The epidemiology of human listeriosis

Listeriosis is a serious invasive disease that primarily afflicts pregnant women, neonates and immunocompromised adults. The causative organism, Listeria monocytogenes, is primarily transmitted to humans through contaminated foods. Outbreaks of listeriosis have been reported in North America, Europe and Japan. Soft cheeses made from raw milk and ready-to-eat meats are high risk foods for susceptible individuals. Efforts by food processors and food regulatory agencies to aggressively control L. monocytogenes in the high risk foods have resulted in significant decreases in the incidence of sporadic listeriosis.
Manufacturing outsourcing, onshoring, and global equilibrium

Abstract Manufacturing is now a national strategy for many countries to combat slow economic growth, and positively viewed with the current trend of onshoring foreign manufacturing operations. We develop a cross-country regression model that predicts manufacturing employment as a function of population growth, foreign direct investment, and purchasing power parity. Results through the year 2100 suggest that manufacturing is trending toward a global equilibrium with higher levels of manufacturing outputs but much lower levels of manufacturing employment. The reason is that countries tend to evolve from having little manufacturing to commodity manufacturing at large scale and low wages. As infrastructure and human capital develop, there is the tendency to pursue advanced manufacturing in support of higher valued goods. The manufacture of commodity products is then outsourced to those countries with lower costs justified by their less-developed infrastructure and human capital, and so the virtuous cycle continues. While this model suggests that current efforts in revitalization of domestic manufacturing would lead to an increase in wealth in the United States, the bad news is that these gains are unlikely to be sustainable in the long term. However, the good news is that manufacturing acts as a rising tide that raises all nations and our global quality of life.
Tables for the computation of the tidal accelerations of the Sun and Moon

Tables are provided for facilitating the computation of the tidal acceleration of the Sun and Moon at a point on the surface of a rigid Earth. Without interpolation, the tables provide an accuracy of one microgal in the resultant computation. Higher accuracy is readily obtained by interpolation.
The WFSF and I

Abstract This essay gives an account of my voyage through space and time with the World Futures Studies Federation, and other futures groups, from 1966 to August 1993, although I remain a member of and active in the WFSF. The essay is written mainly from memory with only occasional reference to notes and records and so it may be wrong in some details. My journey was not made alone, but in the company of a very great many people not only in Hawaii but also very literally all over the world. I have not been able to mention everyone one. But my journey continues to this very moment.
Extended organ culture of tumor cell lines with chick embryonic tissues

An organ culture method has been developed in which human tumor cells and chick embryonic tissues are cocultured on agar platforms surrounded by replaceable liquid medium. This simple system permits such cultures to remain viable for up to 60 d; the extended culture period allows the tumor cells to invade, organize, and differentiate and to form microscopic tumors in embryonic tissues similar to tumors formed by the tumor cells in vivo in nude mice. These microtumors can also be examined for tumor-associated antigen expression by conventional immunoperoxidase techniques.
Looking Deeper: Angle-Resolved Photoemission with Soft and Hard X-rays

Traditional angle-resolved photoemission (ARPES) with excitation in the ca. 20 to 150 eV range has clearly evolved to be the technique of choice for studying the electronic structure of surfaces and complex new strongly correlated and magnetic materials. However, it is clear that ARPES with excitation only up to 150 eV or so remains a very surface-sensitive probe, thus necessitating careful in-situ sample treatment, cleaving, or even synthesis to avoid the measurement of surface-associated artifacts. A key measure of this surface sensitivity is the electron inelastic mean free path (IMFP orΛe), which measures the mean depth of electron emission without inelastic scattering, and both experimental [1, 2] and theoretical [3] IMFP studies showing that the only reliable way to increase bulk or buried layer/interface sensitivity for all material types is to go to higher photon energies in the soft X-ray (ca. 0.5–2 keV) or hard X-ray (ca. 2–10 keV) regime.
Characterization of the megakaryocyte demarcation membrane system and its role in thrombopoiesis

To produce blood platelets, megakaryocytes elaborate proplatelets, accompanied by expansion of membrane surface area and dramatic cytoskeletal rearrangements. The invaginated demarcation membrane system (DMS), a hallmark of mature cells, has been proposed as the source of proplatelet membranes. By direct visualization of labeled DMS, we demonstrate that this is indeed the case. Late in megakaryocyte ontogeny, the DMS gets loaded with PI-4,5-P2, a phospholipid that is confined to plasma membranes in other cells. Appearance of PI-4,5-P2 in the DMS occurs in proximity to PI-5-P-4-kinase α (PIP4Kα), and short hairpin (sh) RNA-mediated loss of PIP4Kα impairs both DMS development and expansion of megakaryocyte size. Thus, PI-4,5-P2 is a marker and possibly essential component of internal membranes. PI-4,5-P2 is known to promote actin polymerization by activating Rho-like GTPases and Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WASp) family proteins. Indeed, PI-4,5-P2 in the megakaryocyte DMS associates with filamentous actin. Expression of a dominant-negative N-WASp fragment or pharmacologic inhibition of actin polymerization causes similar arrests in proplatelet formation, acting at a step beyond expansion of the DMS and cell mass. These observations collectively suggest a signaling pathway wherein PI-4,5-P2 might facilitate DMS development and local assembly of actin fibers in preparation for platelet biogenesis.
Scaling in Late Stage Spinodal Decomposition with Quenched Disorder

We study the late stages of spinodal decomposition in a Ginzburg-Landau mean field model with quenched disorder. Random spatial dependence in the coupling constants is introduced to model the quenched disorder. The effect of the disorder on the scaling of the structure factor and on the domain growth is investigated in both the zero temperature limit and at finite temperature. In particular, we find that at zero temperature the domain size R(t) scales with the amplitude A of the quenched disorder as R(t)=${\mathit{A}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\beta}}}$f(t/${\mathit{A}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{\gamma}}$) with \ensuremath{\beta}\ensuremath{\simeq}1.0 and \ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{\simeq}3.0 in two dimensions. We show that \ensuremath{\beta}/\ensuremath{\gamma}=\ensuremath{\alpha}, where \ensuremath{\alpha} is the Lifshitz-Slyosov exponent. At finite temperatue, this simple scaling is not observed and we suggest that the scaling also depends on temperature and A. Comparisons of the scaled structure factors for all values of A at both zero and finite temperature indicate only one universality class for domain growth. We discuss these results in the context of Monte Carlo and cell dynamical models for phase separation in systems with quenched disorder and propose that in a Monte Carlo simulation the concentration of impurities c is related to A by A\ensuremath{\sim}${\mathit{c}}^{1/\mathit{d}}$.
Ultrafast relaxation of highly photoexcited electrons in AlN

Mohamed A. OsmanSchool of Electrical Engineering and Computer ScienceWashington State University; Pullman, Wa 99164-2752ABSTRACTThe ultrafast relaxation of photoexcited electrons in AlN has been investigated using ensemble Monte Carloapproach. The electrons are excited using infra-red laser pulses with energies ranging from 800 mev to 1000 meVabove the conduction band edge at different excitation levels. The energy relaxation, valley population, the build-upand decay of the hot phonon distributions are examined. The strong polar optical phonon scattering rates coupledwith the short lifetimes of A(LO) leads to quick decay of the hot phonon distributions. Additionally, the rapid elec-tron-electron scattering leads to fast thermalization of the carrier distributions.Keywords: intervalley scattering, hot phonons, Monte Carlo simulation, transport.1. INTRODUCTIONThe large energy gap of AlN and GaN make them very attractive for development of device technology that is suit-able for short wavelength optical communications, high temperature, and high power electronics. The large thermalconductivity of AlN (300 W/mK) coupled with its wide band gap (6.2eV) makes it an excellent candidate for hightemperature radiation hard and high power microwave electronics. Furthermore, surface acoustic wave sensors andfilters have been developed using AlN because of its the large piezoelectric constant. However, the optimization ofthe performance of these devices requires better understanding of the phonon dynamics, the transport properties ofelectrons, and their interaction with phonons under nonequilibrium conditions. Recently, several groups have investi-gated transport parameters in AlN and GaN such as transient and hot electron transport
A supplier allocation model considering delivery failure, maintenance and supplier cycle costs

Abstract Supplier decision-making is a critical component of supply chain management given the recent increased reliance of many organizations on their suppliers. This paper presents a decision model that optimizes the allocation of demand across a set of suppliers by considering the expected losses due to supplier failure to deliver, the purchasing costs, and the cost of maintaining a set of suppliers. In the case of multiple sourcing, the model takes into consideration the ability of suppliers to increase their output when one or more suppliers fail to deliver. A sensitivity analysis is performed to illustrate the model's behavior with regards to parameters such as the probability of supplier failure, the cost of supplier failure, and the output flexibility of the suppliers. Finally, we present an application case where the model's potential to analyze the supplier demand allocation decision is demonstrated.
Nonocclusive Common Carotid Artery Thrombosis in the Rat Results in Reversible Sensorimotor and Cognitive Behavioral Deficits

Background and Purpose Microemboli released during transient ischemic attack, stroke, and cardiac surgery are thought to cause a variety of functional deficits in humans. The purpose of this study was to characterize the type and extent of neurobehavioral deficits present after photochemically induced common carotid artery thrombosis (CCAT), a thromboembolic model of stroke in the rat that results in a platelet emboli shower. Methods Thirty-two male Wistar rats were assigned to four groups. Groups 1 (n=8) and 3 (n=8) were long-term (6-week survival) and short-term (2-week survival) experimental groups subjected to right CCAT with the use of the photochemical technique. Groups 2 (n=8) and 4 (n=8) served as sham-operated controls for each experimental group. A battery of behavioral tests was applied daily beginning 24 hours after thrombosis; this consisted of elicited forelimb placing, postural reflex, beam balance, beam walking, and open field activity. Cognitive testing with a water maze task was performe...
Demonstration of beam steering via dipole-coupled plasmonic spiral antenna

Optical antennas have been utilized to tailor the emission properties of nanoscale emitters in terms of the intensity, directivity and polarization. In this letter, we further explore the capability of beam steering via the use a spiral plasmonic structure as a transmitting antenna. According to both numerical simulation and experimental observations, the beaming direction can be steered through introducing a displacement of the feeding point to the spiral antenna from the geometrical center. For a 3-turn Archimedes' spiral antenna, experimental results show that steering angles of 3° and 7° are obtainable when the excitation location is transversally shifted from the center by a displacement of 200 nm and 500 nm, respectively. Furthermore, the emitted photons carry spin angular momentum determined by the chirality of the spiral optical antenna. A steerable nanoscale spin photon source may find important applications in single molecule sensing, quantum optical information processing and integrated photonic circuits.
Static and Dynamic Stability of Elastomeric Bearings for Seismic Protection of Structures

AbstractBearings used in the seismic isolation of buildings can be subjected to large horizontal deformations combined with high axial loads from overturning forces during strong shaking. Elastomeric bearing design requires an evaluation of the critical load capacity under this combined loading to ensure stability. To better understand and estimate the capacity of elastomeric bearings, a comprehensive experimental program was carried out to examine bearing stability using two quasi-static and one dynamic loading procedures. The first method to evaluate the bearing critical load follows previous experimental research, where a single elastomeric bearing is held at prespecified horizontal displacements while increasing the axial load until the critical load is achieved. In a second method implemented here, a similar setup is used to apply a constant axial load followed by increased horizontal displacement until the stability limit is observed. This second method is shown to be an accurate and more direct app...
Treatment of severe male-factor infertility with high concentrations of motile sperm by microinsemination in embryo cryopreservation straws.

A microinsemination technique was evaluated for treating our program's most severe cases of male-factor infertility. Oocytes were inseminated with high concentrations of motile sperm (1 to 9×106/ml) in 10 to 150 μl within embryo cryopreservation straws. Fertilization was obtained in 20 of 29 (69%) couples treated by this technique. In the 15 patients in which only embryos generated from the straw technique were transferred, 7 clinical pregnancies resulted (46.7% per transfer). The implantation rate for couples receiving embryos from the straw technique only (12/58; 20.7%) compared favorably to that observed for other cases treated during this same time period with regular insemination techniques (111/766; 14.5%). Clinical pregnancy rates per transfer for IVF-ET, TET, and PROST were 33.0% (1/3), 0% (0/2), and 60.0% (6/10), respectively. The percentage of polyploidic embryos was significantly lower (P<0.0001) for male-factor patients treated by the straw technique with high sperm concentrations that for non-male-factor patients treated during this same time period with standard sperm concentrations. Normal births have resulted from straw inseminations with 3.4×106 and ongoing pregnancies with 5.0×106 motile sperm/ml. The results of this study suggest that some cases of male-factor infertility can be successfully treated by insemination with high concentrations of motile sperm in embryo cryopreservation straws. A technique of centrifuging sperm in straws was also developed to concentrate the entire fraction of washed sperm into 10 μl. Further development of this technique may allow treatment of more severe cases of oligo/asthenospermia by microinsemination with high concentrations of motile sperm than is presently possible with standard washing techniques.
Substrate specificity of the herpes simplex virus type 2 UL13 protein kinase

Abstract The UL13 protein kinase is conserved among many herpesviruses but HSV-2 UL13 specificity is not known. Here, we found that HSV-2 UL13 is a phosphoprotein that autophosphorylates, and that serines within ERK and Cdc2 motifs were important for autophosphorylation but not for UL13 phosphorylation of exogenous substrates. HSV-2 UL13 phosphorylated a peptide also recognized by ERK and Cdc2. However, mutation of substrate residues critical for Cdc2 or Erk phosphorylation did not alter HSV-2 UL13 phosphorylation of the peptide, and HSV-2 UL13 did not phosphorylate standard Cdc2 or Erk peptide substrates. Mutation of prolines surrounding the peptide phosphoacceptor site reduced phosphorylation by HSV-2 UL13, and a peptide containing serine–proline amid alanines and glycines was phosphorylated. Thus, HSV-2 UL13 does not mimic ERK or Cdc2 substrate recognition and its minimal recognition motif can be serine–proline. This motif's simplicity indicates that distal sequence or protein structure contributes to HSV-2 UL13 substrate specificity.
Antiferromagnetic structure of EuTe

Abstract EuTe has been shown by neutron diffraction to undergo at 7.8°K a transition to anti-ferromagnetism. The antiferromagnetic ordering is of the second kind with the spins lying within the (111) planes. The temperature dependence of the magnetic scattering was analyzed by adding a biquadratic exchange interaction to the usual bilinear term.
Plant Growth Regulatory Effects of Chicken Litter Extract

ABSTRACT Chicken litter is often used in organic farming as a source of plant food, and to improve soil organic matter and microbial populations. Both positive and negative effects of such an amendment have been reported. Because of the complex interactions involving soil, plant, and microbial populations in the most common test systems, it is difficult to attribute the observed plant responses to any one component of the test system affected by chicken litter. We have therefore conducted studies on the chicken litter extracts in a soil-less system to ascertain whether chicken litter affects plants simply by providing plant nutrients or if it also affects plants through plant growth regulatory substances. Since chicken litter is generally rich in available ammonium nitrogen, we studied the effects of chicken litter extract on ammonium induced rise in putrescine levels in oat leaves. Our results showed increases in putrescine levels in oat leaves floating on ammonium sulfate solution (0.033%) but not in le...
RPSF: A Routing Protocol with Selective Forwarding for Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks

Many existing reactive routing algorithms for mobile ad-hoc networks use a simple broadcasting mechanism for route discovery which can lead to a high redundancy of route-request messages, contention, and collision. Position-based routing algorithms address this problem but require every node to know the position and velocity of every other node at some point in time so that route requests can be propagated towards the destination without flooding the entire network. In a general ad-hoc network, each node maintaining the position information of every other node is expensive or impossible. In this paper, we propose a routing algorithm that addresses these drawbacks. Our algorithm, based on one-hop neighborhood information, allows each node to select a subset of its neighbors to forward route requests. This algorithm greatly reduces the number of route-request packets transmitted in the route-discovery process. We compare the performance of our algorithm with the well known Ad-hoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing algorithm. On average, our algorithm needs less than 12.6% of the routing-control packets needed by AODV. Simulation results also show that our algorithm has a higher packet-delivery ratio and lower average end-to-end delay than AODV.
Changes in Respirations Produced by Surgical Operations

ConclusionsThese observations provide additional evidence that there is a post-operative embarrassment of respiration following abdominal operations and that it is the diaphragmatic component that is primarily affected.Inasmuch as post-operative pulmonary complicatioils usually occur in the lower lobes and most commonly follow operations on the abdomen, it is probably more than a coincidence that abdominal operations result in decreased diaphragmatic excursions with the bitendant diminution of ventilation of the lower lobes of the lungs.
Establishment and characterization of immortalized clonal cell lines from fetal rat mesencephalic tissue

This investigation reports for the first time the establishment of immortalized clones of dopamine-producing nerve cells in culture. Freshly prepared single-cell suspensions from fetal (12-day-old) rat mesencephalic tissue were transfected with plasmid vectors, pSV3neo and pSV5neo, using an electroporation technique. Cells were plated in tissue culture dishes which were precoated with a special substrate and contained modified MCDB-153 growth medium with 10% heat inactivated fetal bovine serum. The immortalized cells were selected by placing the transfected cells in a selection medium (modified MCDB-153 containing 400µg/ml geneticin). The survivors showed the presence of T-antigens and were non-tumorigenic. Two cell lines, 1RB3 derived from cells transfected with pSV3neo, and 2RB5 derived from cells transfected with pSV3neo, revealed only 1 to 2% tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-positive cells. Repeated single-cell cloning of these cell lines by a standard technique failed to increase the number of TH-positive cells in any clones. Using three cycles of growth, alternating between hormone-supplemented, serum-free medium and serum-containing medium produced a cell line (1RB3A) that was very rich in TH-positive cells. The recloning of 1RB3A yielded clones some of which contained over 95% TH-positive cells. These cells produced homovanillic acid, a metabolite of dopamine, and may be useful not only for neural transplant but also for basic neurobiological studies.
Putting Nonmetals into Fullerenes

Three methods are described for putting atoms and small molecules inside fullerenes: heating the fullerene under high pressures of the gas, shooting in a beam of ions or fast atoms, or by generating the atom at high kinetic energy in a nuclear reaction. Several applications are described. NMR spectroscopy of 3He inside is a general and useful probe for studying fullerene chemistry.
Intermode energy transfer in vibrationally excited O3

The laser-excited fluorescence method has been employed to determine the rate constants for vibrational relaxation of the O3 (010), O3 (100) and O3 (001) levels at 298 K. The fluorescence observations from the O3 (010) level provide direct measurements of the rate for intermode vibrational energy transfer from the coupled nu sub 1 and nu sub 3 modes to the nu sub 2 mode. The slowness of this process indicates the likelihood that the nu sub 1 and/or nu sub 3 modes (rather than the nu sub 2 mode) play a predominant role in the laser-enhanced reaction between vibrationally excited O3 and NO at 298 K.
The treatment of sexual problems in marital and family therapy

With the proliferation of new research data and clinical practice techniques for dealing with sexual dysfunction, many family and marital therapists whose patients express sexual complaints experience the need to integrate this knowledge into their practice. For many couples and therapists, the rapid treatment approaches to sexual difficulties are inappropriate or ineffectual, yet the current literature addresses itself to either sex therapyper se or marital therapy and rarely deals with an integration of the two. This paper presents guidelines for assessing the sexual difficulties in the context of the relationship and outlines techniques for addressing the sexual difficulties directly while maintaining a more traditional marital therapy approach.
Patient risk factors for medical injury: a case–control study

Objective To determine risk factors of medical injury, defined as untoward injury from diagnostic or therapeutic healthcare interventions. Identifying risk factors for medical injuries could inform the development of preventive interventions. Methods A hospital-based case–control study. Cases and controls were selected among patients discharged from a large Midwestern teaching hospital between 1 January 2003 and 31 December 2004. Cases (n=268) were selected in a three-step process. First, medical injuries in the discharge database were identified using the Wisconsin Medical Injury Prevention Programme Surveillance Criteria. Second, provisional cases were randomly chosen from patients flagged with a medical injury. Provisional controls were randomly selected from patients not flagged with a medical injury, matching for Diagnosis Related Group of the provisional cases. Third, a chart review determined ultimate case–control status. Severity of illness and risk of mortality were calculated using the All Patients Refined–Diagnosis Related Groups system. Zahn's comorbidity score was calculated. Conditional logistic regressions were run with injury status as the dependent variable. Results Among the 268 cases, 47.8% were procedure-related injuries and 44.8% were medication-related injuries. Conditional logistic regressions found higher severity of illness and higher risks of mortality were related to risk of medical injury (OR 3.29 (95% CI 1.05 to 10.31) and OR 5.16 (95% CI 1.42 to 18.79), respectively). Additional regressions showed the Zahn comorbidity score related to the risk of medical injury (OR 1.63, 95% CI 1.31 to 2.02). Conclusions Patients with higher severity of illness, higher risk of inpatient mortality and multiple comorbidities are at increased risk for a medical injury.
Pair Momentum and Centrality Dependences of 3-D Hbt Radii of Charged Pions Measured by Rhic-Phenix

We report recent HBT measurements of charged pions in Au+Au and Cu+Cu collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}} = 62.4\, {\rm GeV}$ by PHENIX at RHIC. The 3-D correlation functions are measured for several centrality and pair momentum regions and 3-D HBT radii are obtained by a traditional Gaussian fit function. By comparing the pion 3-D HBT radii with those measured in Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}} = 200\, {\rm GeV}$, we investigate systematic differences in the 3-D HBT radii as functions of centrality and pair momentum for different collision species and energies.
Optimization of a Stochastically Simulated Gene Network Model via Simulated Annealing

By rearranging naturally occurring genetic components, gene networks can be created that display novel functions. When designing these networks, the kinetic parameters describing DNA/protein binding are of great importance, as these parameters strongly influence the behavior of the resulting gene network. This article presents an optimization method based on simulated annealing to locate combinations of kinetic parameters that produce a desired behavior in a genetic network. Since gene expression is an inherently stochastic process, the simulation component of simulated annealing optimization is conducted using an accurate multiscale simulation algorithm to calculate an ensemble of network trajectories at each iteration of the simulated annealing algorithm. Using the three-gene repressilator of Elowitz and Leibler as an example, we show that gene network optimizations can be conducted using a mechanistically realistic model integrated stochastically. The repressilator is optimized to give oscillations of an arbitrary specified period. These optimized designs may then provide a starting-point for the selection of genetic components needed to realize an in vivo system.
Multiple comparisons in model i one-way anova with unequal variances

A fixed effects one-way layout model of analysis of variance is considered where the variances are taken to be possibly unequal. Conservative single-stage procedures based on Banerjee’s method for the solution of the Behrens-Fisher problem are proposed for the following multiple comparisons problems: 1) all pairwise comparisons with a control population mean, and 2) all pairwise comparisons and all linear contrasts among the means. Since these procedures are likely to be very conservative in practice, approximate procedures based on Welch’s method for the solution of the Behrens-Fisher problem are suggested as alternatives. Monte Carlo studies indicate that the latter are much less conservative and hence may be better in practice. Both these sets of procedures need only the tables of the Student’s t-distribution for their application and are very simple to use. Exact two-stage procedures are proposed for the following multiple comparisons problems: 1) all pairwise comparisons and all linear contrasts amon...
Pattern generation, topology, and non-holonomic systems

Abstract We consider the problem of achieving a desired steady-state effect through periodic behavior for a class of control systems with and without drift. The problem of using periodic behavior to achieve set-point regulation for the control systems with drift is directly related to that of achieving unbounded effect for the corresponding driftless control systems. We prove that in both cases, the ability to use periodic behavior, and more generally, bounded behavior, to achieve the desired goal implies, under a certain topological condition, the non-holonomicity of the control systems. We also prove that under a regularity condition, the resulting system trajectories must be area-generating in a precise sense.
Magnetostatic backward volume wave-base-guided-wave magnetooptic Bragg cells and application to wide-band light beam scanning

The realization of high-performance magnetostatic backward volume wave (MSBVW)-based magnetooptic (MO) Bragg cells in pure and bismuth-doped yttrium iron garnet-gadolinium gallium garnet (YIG-GGG) waveguides is discussed, and the demonstration of wide-angle light beam scattering using such MO Bragg cells is reported. The MSBVW-based MO Bragg cells have been shown to possess the following advantages over the magnetostatic forward volume wave (MSFVW)-based counterparts: (1) the center frequency of the former is higher by some 4.9 GHz at the same DC magnetic field; (2) the first passband in which the MO Bragg cells commonly operate is located at the high-frequency end for the former, but at the low-frequency end for the latter; and (3) the Bragg diffraction or mode-conversion efficiency of the MSBVW-based MO Bragg cells can be significantly higher than that of the MSFVW-based counterparts. >
Toward a Web-based flight dispatcher training tool on icing

The icing branch at NASA Glenn Research Center has funded an exploratory effort to identify requirements for a flight dispatcher-centered Web-based icing training program. Our capstone team has followed an instructional systems design approach, focusing on the analysis stage. We gathered information from several sources, including the federal aviation regulations and aviation personnel at a major and a regional airline to complete this analysis. Our approach included identifying the stakeholder constraints, investigating icing-related weather sources, and developing a scenario framework for training. To aid our analysis process, we developed a low fidelity prototype. These steps led to the identification of recommendations for the development of a Web-based icing training system for flight dispatchers.
Health Promotion in Pediatric Primary Care: Importance of Health Literacy and Communication Practices

Health literacy has been shown to predict health behaviors and outcomes above the effects of education or socioeconomic status. Much remains unknown about the health literacy of parents and the role it plays in children's health outcomes or in health disparities. The current study explored the health communication needs and health literacy indicators in a diverse sample of parents (n = 75) to identify potential areas for future interventions. The sample consisted of parents of children 18 to 36 months old who were visiting 3 different pediatric medical offices, 2 of which served low-income families and 1 located in an affluent suburb. When comparisons were made between 2 educational attainment groups, there were variations in indicators of health literacy and health communication needs. These data can be used to guide the development of interventions by primary care providers to improve parent education.
Synthesis, characterization, topographical modification, and surface properties of copoly(imide siloxane)s

Novel copoly(imide siloxane)s were synthesized from commercially available aminopropyl terminated siloxane oligomers, aromatic dianhydrides, and diamines. This synthetic approach produced copolymers with well-defined siloxane blocks linked with imide units in a random fashion. The copoly(amide acid)s were characterized by solution viscosity and subsequently used to cast thin films followed by thermal imidization in an inert atmosphere. Thin films were characterized using contact angle goniometry, attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, confocal and optical microscopy, and tensile testing. Adhesion of micronsized particles was determined quantitatively using a sonication device. The polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) moieties lowered the copolymer surface energy due to migration of siloxane moieties to the film s surface, resulting in a notable reduction in particle adhesion. A further reduction in particle adhesion was achieved by introducing topographical features on a scale of several to tens of microns by a laser ablation technique.
Spatial Interpolation Methods for Nonstationary Plume Data

Plume interpolation consists of estimating contaminant concentrations at unsampled locations using the available contaminant data surrounding those locations. The goal of ground water plume interpolation is to maximize the accuracy in estimating the spatial distribution of the contaminant plume given the data limitations associated with sparse monitoring networks with irregular geometries. Beyond data limitations, contaminant plume interpolation is a difficult task because contaminant concentration fields are highly heterogeneous, anisotropic, and nonstationary phenomena. This study provides a comprehensive performance analysis of six interpolation methods for scatter-point concentration data, ranging in complexity from intrinsic kriging based on intrinsic random function theory to a traditional implementation of inverse-distance weighting. High resolution simulation data of perchloroethylene (PCE) contamination in a highly heterogeneous alluvial aquifer were used to generate three test cases, which vary in the size and complexity of their contaminant plumes as well as the number of data available to support interpolation. Overall, the variability of PCE samples and preferential sampling controlled how well each of the interpolation schemes performed. Quantile kriging was the most robust of the interpolation methods, showing the least bias from both of these factors. This study provides guidance to practitioners balancing opposing theoretical perspectives, ease-of-implementation, and effectiveness when choosing a plume interpolation method.
The Role of Independent Invention in U.S. Technological Development, 1880–1930

Why did independent inventors account for over half of U.S. patents by 1930 and more than three times the number granted to R&D firms? Using new data on patents and historical patent citations, I show that independents supplied high-quality innovations to a geographically broad market for ideas. Those close to large urban centers developed some of the most significant technological advances. Demand for independent inventions remained high during the growth of the corporate economy as firms continued to acquire external innovations that complemented formal R&D. Despite their relative decline, independents remained central to the process of technological development. “The statement sometimes is made that ‘the day of the genius in the garret is done.’ Nothing could be further from the truth.” William A. Kinnan, First Assistant Patent Commissioner, New York Times, December 18th, 1927
Aldose Reductase Inhibitors and Nanodelivery of Diabetic Therapeutics

Nanotechnology is a rapidly emerging drug-delivery system that makes possible the controlled release of small molecules, and nanodelivery of therapeutic molecules using nanoparticles or nanogels represents a major improvement for more focused delivery of such therapeutic molecules. The delivery of insulin for the control of diabetes mellitus (DM) and aldose reductase inhibitor (ARI) for diabetic complications may provide better treatment of diabetes. A structural overview of aldose reductase including computational docking experiments with HAR-1, various ARIs, aldose-keto reductase, and nanodelivery of insulin, ARI's, and drug molecules are described.
Performance evaluation of intersection warning system using a vehicle traffic and wireless simulator

This paper presents a three-level intersection warning system (IWS) with a distance-based warning message generator. The performance of the IWS was studied with an integrated vehicle traffic simulator (VTS) and a real-time wireless simulator (WS) for an urban intersection environment. The IWS performance was evaluated from both the system point of view and driver's point of view. The simulation results show that the IWS can significantly reduce both the collision percentage and collision speed. It has been observed that smaller warning message generation intervals can more effectively avoid collisions and lower the collision speed.
Looking at the Components of Treatment for Depression

This commentary reviews the Jacobson et al. (1996) article that is often cited as the basis for the current interest in behavioral activation (BA). It is argued that the results do not necessarily support the conclusion that BA is the essential component of cognitive therapy. Second, the commentary discusses the potential value of isolating components of complex treatment packages for depression and evaluating them for their match to the lives of individual depressed persons.
In situ AFM and XPS Investigation of U6+ Reduction by Fe2+ on Hematite and Pyrite

Uranyl adsorption/reduction by Fe2+ on hematite and pyrite has been studied at neutral pH under anoxic and CO2-free conditions. XPS results confirm that more U3O8 precipitates on hematite than on pyrite reacted for 24 h in 160 μM uranyl nitrate and 160 μM Fe2+ solution at initial pH 7.3. These results are explained in terms of co-adsorption energy and U atom Mulliken charge transfer by quantum mechanical calculations. Moreover, in situ fluid tapping-mode AFM experiments on hematite indicate a deceleration of the U reduction rate within 24 h due to the passivation of the surface caused by the formation of orthorhombic U3O8 crystals. In addition, crystals observed using AFM show morphologies of orthorhombic schoepite appearing on hematite after 5 h.