cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Associations Between Perceived Social Reactions to Trauma‐Related Experiences With PTSD and Depression Among Veterans Seeking PTSD Treatment

The Social Acknowledgment Questionnaire (SAQ; Maercker & Mueller, ) is a measure of trauma survivors' perceptions of social acknowledgment and disapproval from others, and these factors are shown to be associated with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among civilian trauma survivors. This study seeks to validate the structure of the SAQ among U.S. military veterans and test the hypothesis that family and general disapproval are associated with PTSD and depression among veterans. Participants were 198 U.S. veterans who experienced military trauma and completed an intake evaluation through a Veterans Affairs PTSD treatment program. Structural equation modeling (SEM) results supported a well-fitting 3-factor model for the SAQ that was similar to prior studies in capturing the constructs of social acknowledgment, general disapproval, and family disapproval. SEM results also showed that all 3 of the SAQ factors were associated with veterans' depression (-.31, .22, and .39, respectively), whereas only general disapproval was related to veterans' PTSD. This is the first study of which we are aware to investigate the factor structure of the SAQ in a veteran sample and to investigate the relationship between SAQ factors and trauma survivors' depression. Results build upon prior findings by showing the importance of positive and negative social reactions to veterans' traumatic experiences.
Morphology of the Preimaginal Stages of Lasioptera donacis Coutin (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), a Candidate Biocontrol Agent for Giant Arundo Cane

The larval stages of Lasioptera donacis Coutin consist of three instars which develop within the mesophyll of the leaf sheaths of Arundo donax (L.) (Poaceae). The larvae feed aggregatively on mycelia of an ambrosia fungus. The third instars are similar to other members of the genus except for a three-pronged spatula (typically two-pronged) and five lateral papillae (typically four) and with a nonbristled first instar. A related species, L. arundinis (Schiner) which breeds on fungus in Phragmites (Poaceae), also has a three-pronged spatula and five lateral papillae but has a bristled first instar. The third instar of L. donacis has a feeding and a nonfeeding prepupal stage. Papillae associated with the spatula are sensory organs, sensilla chaetica, sensilla trichodea, and sensilla ampullacea, perhaps related to extraoral digestion of the fungal mycelia. Pupation occurs in the host plant within a silken cocoon. Egression of the adult is through an escape hatch excavated by the third instar.
Interstellar Circular Polarization of Upper Scorpius Stars

Circular polarization of interstellar or perhaps circumstellar origin has been clearly established in two reddened stars in the Upper Scorpius region, o-Sco and σ-Sco A; and detected preliminarily in a third, HD 154445. In the Corning 5–60 filter band λλ 3800–4600, measured values of 104 q were: o-Sco, -(2.9 ± 0.2); σ-Sco A, -(1.7 ± 0.2); and HD 154445, +(2.8 ± 0.8). Complete wavelength dependences q(λ) for o-Sco and σ-Sco A are under study, but so far are known to have the following similarity. Each shows a broad maximum (of negative q) centered in the range λλ 3800–4300; and the values are smaller by a factor ~ 4, but still negative, in the range λλ 5000–6000. The effect here is most likely due to a twisting grain alignment along the line of sight. In that case a simple model predicts q(λ) ∝ (n′ ι – n′ r ) • (n″ ι - n″ r ) θ0 z 0 2, where n = n′+ i n″ is a formal, complex refractive index (in van de Hulst’s forward-scattering approximation), l and r referring to longitudinal and transverse grain axes, and θ 0 is the total twist angle over the interaction length z0. An alternate mechanism would be multiple scattering (at large angles, not along the line of sight) within asymmetrical, well-localized clouds around the individual stars. The similar sign and magnitudes of q for o-Sco and σ-Sco A, which are 1.5° apart in the sky, argue for the line-of-sight mechanism — for example through a large cloud in front of the entire local region. Comparative studies of many stars in Upper Scorpius will be of obvious interest.
Tattoos and Body Modification

This article examines tattooing as an ancient and contemporary form of body inscription and modification. It frames the popularity of tattooing in the Western World, in relation to other modern body modifications and within the landscape of consumer culture. Showing parallels between the motivations and meanings of contemporary tattoo practices, a historical overview of tattoos in premodern and non-Western cultures is presented. The divergent ways in which scholars have approached tattooing is examined, juxtaposing research in the behavioral sciences that links tattoos to deviant and antisocial behaviors with ethnographic and social–scientific studies that place tattoos within cultural, symbolic, esthetic, and prosocial frameworks.
The Effect of Circumstantial Rejection on Infant Behavior

□ In summary, mastery of the environment, which appears to be a source of trouble for the blind infant, can only be obtained by spontaneous exploration of the environment. The willingness to explor...
A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of adjunctive donepezil in treatment-resistant mania.

Introduction: Because there is a high rate of partial response to standard thymoleptic medication, novel augmentation strategies for treatment-resistant bipolar disorder are needed. In an open trial, donepezil augmentation was associated with improvement in manic symptoms in 9 of 11 subjects. Method: We conducted a 6-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of donepezil for treatment-resistant bipolar mania. Eligible subjects had a Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS) score of at least 15 despite two or more weeks of proven therapeutic levels of lithium or valproate. Subjects who completed the trial were eligible for an 8-week open trial of donepezil. Subjects were started on donepezil 5 mg/day and were eligible for dose increase to 10 mg/day after 4 weeks. Results: Twelve subjects were enrolled. Eleven subjects received at least 1 week of study medication and were included in the analysis. No subjects in the donepezil group (0/6) and 60% (3/5) in the placebo group met response criteria of >30% reduction in YMRS score (Fisher's Exact p = 0.061). YMRS scores were higher at trial endpoint in the donepezil group 20.17 (3.66) compared with the placebo group [11.20 (4.60), Z = −2.476, p = 0.01]. There were no differences at trial endpoint in Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAM-D) or Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) scores in either the intent-to-treat or the completer analyses. Conclusions: Donepezil does not appear to be an effective adjunctive treatment for refractory manic symptoms. The strength of the conclusion of this trial is limited by the possibility of a false-negative result due to the small sample.
The effects of verbal reinforcement on children's performance as a function of type of task ☆

Abstract Ninety kindergarten and 90 fifth-grade boys participated in 1 of 3 tasks, Sorting, Drawing, or Puzzle, and in 1 of 3 reinforcement conditions, approval, criticism or silence. The tasks differed in level of difficulty or interest. Younger boys remained longer in all of the tasks when they were approved by an adult than when they were criticized or E was silent. Older boys remained longer in the Sorting and Drawing Tasks when E was supportive or remained silent. As the tasks became more difficult, there was a consistent decrease in the effectiveness of reinforcement for all S s. With older S s, it appears that when an adult's comments differ from S 's evaluation of his performance, S attempts to reduce the conflict by remaining longer in the task in an effort to determine what type of response will yield satisfactory evaluation. Younger S s, however, appear to rely more strongly on adult evaluation as estimates of their performance. Support thus tends to reinforce the response of remaining in the task while criticism punishes that response. Correlations between rate of response measures in the Sorting and Drawing Tasks and the time measures indicated that the two measures are comparable.
1193 CHOLESTEROL EXCRETION STUDIES IN FAMILIAL HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIC CHILDREN

Normal (N) and familial hypercholesterolemic (FHC) siblings' excretion of fecal neutral sterols (FNS) and fecal bile acids (FBA) were compared as a possible mechanism to explain the hypercholesterolemia of FHC. Fifteen children, 5 N and 10 FHC, age 7-16, were studied on two diets. Diet A contained 188 mg cholesterol per day and Diet B contained 30 mg cholesterol per day. Children were admitted for 14 days. Three pooled stool samples, three days each, were collected with two markers and analyzed for FNS and FBA by TLC and GLC techniques. In Diet A there was no difference in FBA or FNS between N and FHC siblings. In the low cholesterol diet (Diet B), there was a significant increase in FBA and FNS excretion in FHC, but not in normals. The feedback mechanism for cholesterol production was intact in FHC children. Decreased FBA or FNS excretion does not explain the hypercholesterolemia in FHC children.
In situ high-energy X-ray diffraction to study overcharge abuse of 18650-size lithium-ion battery

Abstract Overcharge is an aggressive abuse condition that can lead to thermal runaway of a lithium-ion cell. Understanding the failure mechanism due to overcharge is critical for designing safer lithium-ion chemistries. With the help of in situ high-energy X-ray diffraction (XRD), we are able to detect the temperature difference between the cathode and the anode during the overcharge abuse of 18650 cells. In this paper, the lattice constants of electrode current collectors (Al for the cathode and Cu for the anode) are calculated by fitting the XRD patterns, and the temperature variations of the cathode and anode are quantified by the thermal expansion of the Al and Cu foils. Based on these results, we report that during the overcharge abuse of an 18650-size cell, using graphite as the anode and LiNi 0.8 Co 0.15 Al 0.05 O 2 as the cathode, the temperature of cathode increases as the voltage reaches 4.16 V, corresponding to the occurrence of the H2-to-H3 phase transition in the cathode material.
Magnitude of the nonlinear-optical coefficients of KTiOPO(4).

The magnitude of the nonlinear-optical coefficients of KTiOPO4 are measured relative to those of quartz at 0.88 μm. When we use for quartz d11 = 0.308 pm/V at 0.88 μm (which corresponds to 0.30 pm/V at 1.06 μm), the following results (in pm/V) are obtained for KTiOPO4 (at 0.88 μm): d15 = 2.04, d24 = 3.92, d31 = 2.76, d32 = 4.74, and d33 = 18.5. The accuracy of the measurements is estimated to be ±10%. These results, if corrected for dispersion, predict an effective d coefficient for type II phase matching at 1.064 μm of 3.35 pm/V.
A School-Level Analysis of Adolescent Extracurricular Activity, Delinquency, and Depression: The Importance of Situational Context

In this article we investigate the extent to which the relationship between extracurricular activities and youth development depends on situational contexts. Using a national sample including 13,466 youths in grades 7-12 across 120 schools, we conduct school-level analyses of the association between extracurricular activities, delinquency, and depression. Three main findings are reported. First, we observe near-normal distributions across schools in the proportions of delinquent or depressed youths involved in extracurricular activities, illustrating that extracurricular activities can be positive, neutral, or negative settings for youth development. Second, within individual schools we fail to uncover consistent associations in the propensity of delinquent or depressed youth to be involved with different types of extracurricular activities. Third, standard macro-level context variables do not explain the observed variations within or between schools. The results suggest that the relationships between extracurricular activities, delinquent conduct and depressive symptoms among youth ultimately depend more upon micro-level contextual factors than the type or content of the activities themselves.
Nonlinear kinematic hardening rule parameters— direct determination from completely reversed proportional cycling

A methodology for the determination of parameters for superposed, uncoupled, A-F type nonlinear kinematic hardening rules is presented for reversed cyclic plasticity or viscoplasticity. The important aspects of the procedure are presented for general reversed proportional cycling and then special cases of axial-torsional and uniaxial loadings are considered along with several experimental examples. The approach yields a quantitative estimate of the saturation state of stress for these types of models, directly from experimental responses to reversed proportional cycling. Iterations are not required to obtain parameter estimates, except for the numerical solution to a set of nonlinear algebraic equations when more than two A-F type rules are superposed to model backstress evolution.
Review of Excess Sludge Disintegration Research

The resources of excess sludge exist in zoogloea and bacteria cells.Excess sludge disintegration technique enables the full release of the organic matter in sludge, so that nutrients, energy and other resources in sludge can be fully recycled, meanwhile, the reduction of sludge solids matter can be achieved.Excess sludge disintegration is necessary preprocessing to achieve the harmlessness, reduction and recycle goal of sludge disposal. This article describes the physical, mechanical, chemical, biological, and the combined sludge disintegration method, as well as the principle, characteristics, research progress, and the main research results of various sludge disintegration method.
Modulation of α5 subunit-containing GABAA receptors alters alcohol drinking by rhesus monkeys

Background Alcohol's ability to potentiate the activity of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) at GABAA receptors has been implicated as a key mechanism underlying the behavioral effects of alcohol. The complex molecular biology of these receptors raises the possibility that particular receptor subtypes may play unique roles in alcohol's abuse-related effects and that subtype-selective ligands with therapeutic specificity against alcohol might be developed. This study evaluated the capacity of α5GABAA receptor ligands to alter selectively the reinforcing effects of alcohol. Methods Two groups of rhesus monkeys were trained to orally self-administer alcohol or sucrose under fixed-ratio schedules and limited daily access conditions. In addition, following daily self-administration sessions, the behavior of each monkey was scored for both species-typical and drug-induced behaviors. Results Concentrations of 1 to 6% alcohol maintained self-administration above water levels, engendered pharmacologically relevant blood alcohol levels ranging from 90 to 160 mg/dl, and produced changes in behavior typical of alcohol intoxication. Concentrations of 0.3 to 3% sucrose also reliably maintained self-administration. The α5GABAA receptor agonist QH-ii-066 enhanced and the α5GABAA receptor inverse agonist L-655,708 inhibited alcohol, but not sucrose drinking. The changes in alcohol drinking could be reversed with the α5GABAA receptor antagonist XLi-093. However, L-655,708 increased yawning in both alcohol and sucrose drinkers, possibly indicative of an anxiogenic effect. Conclusions These findings suggest a prominent and specific role for α5GABAA receptor mechanisms in the reinforcing effects of alcohol. Moreover, these results suggest that α5GABAA receptors may represent a novel pharmacological target for the development of medications to reduce drinking. Of ligands modulating this receptor, α5GABAA receptor inverse agonists may hold the most promise as alcohol pharmacotherapies.
Photoluminescence characterization on UHV/CVD grown multi-quantum well structures

Ultra-high vacuum chemical vapor deposition is particularly suitable for growth of band gap engineered GexSi1−x structures, since abrupt epilayers with a very high degree of uniformity can be obtained. We have grown multi-quantum well structures over a range of well widths and have characterized them by photoluminescence spectroscopy. We have observed prominent quantum well-related features that shift to higher energy in samples with narrower well widths. Spectra taken from various points on a 75 mm wafer show a maximum variation of ±3 meV in position of the no phonon peak in the 35A well multi-quantum well sample.
All users of information retrieval systems are not created equal: an exploration into individual differences

Abstract User performance on information retrieval (IR) systems, as on other computer-based tasks, is highly variable. After briefly reviewing the characteristics on which IR performance varies, we report on a specific study that sought to identify both technical aptitudes and personality characteristics that were related to academic orientation variables previously found to predict IR performance. We found that academic orientation was related to technical aptitudes as measured by standardized achievement tests and coursework; and that academic orientation was related to some personality characteristics, as measured by standardized tests. The relationships were stronger when only subjects who had remained in one discipline were considered. We also found that these technical aptitudes and personality characteristics are largely independent. Since individual differences in information retrieval are assumed not to be random, we argue that individual characteristics should be described so they can be accommodated through design and training.
The Effective W±, Z0 Approximation for High Energy Collisions

We derive the structure functions for massive transverse and longitudinal gauge bosons. The results are checked against perturbation theory for some simple examples. Using these structure functions, it is simple to calculate cross sections for producing heavy quarks or leptons, Higgs bosons, new gauge bosons, or any particles carrying SU(2) quantum numbers, and to estimate the collider predictions of any new model of WW scattering.
The validation of analytic hierarchy process (AHP) scoring model

Credit scoring model is a key element of the automated loan approval system. The developed model is required to be validated under the internal rating-based approach of the BASEL framework. There are several techniques available for validating statistical models. These include KS statistics, C statistics, and HL statistics. When the bank cannot build a statistical model either because it does not have high quality data or it decides to rely on the experts’ judgement for certain types of loans, the validation of their credit rating system can be problematic. This paper proposes the use of AHP technique to develop credit scoring model based on experts’ judgement. Since the consistency ratio or the geometric consistency index under AHP technique can test only the expert’s consistency in their priority settings at the time the model is built, this paper proposes the actual decision validation of the AHP based on the concept of KS statistics. The lower and cut-off scores can then be computed using the bank’s acceptable inconsistency rate.
Fatty acid synthetase assay employing bicyclic diones as substrates.

A rapid and convenient spectrophotometric assay for fatty acid synthetase is presented. It is based on the NADPH-dependent reduction of compounds such as cis-decalin-1,4-dione by the β-ketoacyl-ACP reductase component of the fatty acid synthetase complex. The assay has applications where rapid, semiquantitative data are desired.
Factor Structure of the Spanish Version of the Ways of Coping Questionnaire

Francisco Peninsula, respectively. The factor structure of the WOCX was assessed with both explor- atory and confirmatory factor analyses. The factor structure that emerged was found to have important siniilaritics and differences compared to that previously reported for mem- bers of the predominant United States culture. Across the sampled Latino groups, the WOC-S exhibited evidence of both strong and strict factorial invariance (Meredith,
Determination of 14C in activated metal waste

Abstract The inherent radioactivity and potential toxicity of nuclear waste provide challenges to persons responsible for its characterization. Specifically, this paper describes the development of an analytical method quantitatively to measure 14 C in radioactive waste. A separation from other beta-emitting radionuclides is first required before the weak beta radiation of 14 C can be counted using liquid scintillation. Hence, this paper discusses the development of a modified, remote carbon analyzer which has provided a means to perform this separation. This modified technique is much easier than the difficult and time consuming techniques traditionally used for determining 14 C concentrations. The carbon analyzer (LECO® HF-400/IR-412 carbon analyzer) that was modified for remote operation in the Argonne National Laboratory — West (ANL-W) Analytical Laboratory Hot Cells (ALHC) has been used to separate and isolate 14 C from other beta-emitting radionuclides in samples of different matrices. These include irradiated beryllium from the Advanced Test Reactor (ATR) located on the Idaho National Environmental and Engineering Laboratory (INEEL) and samples of stainless steel that were irradiated in the Experimental Breeder Reactor II.
The virtual instrument paradigm: An alternative approach to interactive computer music

Abstract Research in Interactive Computer Music (ICM) is based upon the paradigm that the electronic medium serves as an accompaniment to the human performer. In this paper, we present a software package that reacts on an event-by-event basis rather than a temporal basis. We discuss this software in the context of the Virtual Instrument Paradigm.
UTILIZATION OF ELECTRICAL STIMULATION TO IMPROVE MEAT QUALITY: A REVIEW

The use of electrical stimulation became a very active area of research in the mid 1970's because of its ability to tenderize meat and increase quality-indicating characteristics of the carcass. Various mechanisms have been investigated as to how electrical stimulation tenderizes meat and changes some of its properties, primarily color. This paper reviews the proposed mechanisms of tenderization and variables associated with its application.
Concentration of biologically active polyamines in meat and liver of sheep and lambs after slaughter and their changes in mutton during storage and cooking

Putrescine (PUT), spermidine (SPD) and spermine (SPM) concentrations using a UPLC method, in chilled mutton, lamb and livers 24 h after slaughter were determined. PUT concentrations were quantifiable only in some samples. Mean SPD concentrations were 4-6, 13.5 and 16.8 mg kg-1 in the meats, sheep and lamb livers, respectively. The respective SPM concentrations were 17-25, 128 and 79 mg kg-1. SPD and SPM losses of about one fifth and half of the initial level, respectively, were apparent in mutton loins stored at -18°C for 6 months. Significant losses of SPD and SPM were found in mutton loins stored aerobically, vacuum-packaged or in a modified atmosphere at +2°C. Boiling and stewing of mutton legs caused SPD and SPM losses of about 40% and roasting of about 60% of the initial content.
Chromosomes and causation of human cancer and leukemia. L. Cytogenetics of leukemias complicating other diseases

Complicating (secondary) leukemias in 20 patients, 18 of whom had various forms of neoplasia treated with chemotherapy and/or radiation, have been examined in regard to the karyotypic findings present in the leukemic cells of the marrow. In addition, the published cases of complicating leukemia have been tabulated. Based on the results of the present study and those in the literature it appears that chromosomes #3 and #17 should be stressed as being nonrandomly involved in complicating leukemia in addition to the previously stressed chromosomes #5 and #7. The results of the present study are discussed in relation to those reported in the literature, and stress put on the significance of cytogenetic changes in relation to possible causative factors of the complicating leukemia. The hypothesis is advanced that these nonrandom chromosome changes may reflect causative specificity of the complicating leukemia and that a concerted effort must be made to obtain more cogent information on the role of noxious agents in the causation of complicating leukemia.
Stability issues in high performance superconducting magnets

Abstract Applying the understanding gained through recent work in cryotribology (low temperature friction and wear) the author discusses stability issues for high performance magnets. As an illustrated example, the design basis for the dry-wound, adiabatic magnet of the 35 T Hybrid III at the Francis Bitter National Magnet Laboratory is examined.
The PutA protein of Salmonella typhimurium catalyzes the two steps of proline degradation via a leaky channel

Proline utilization in Salmonella typhimurium requires two proteins encoded by the put operon: PutP, the major proline permease, and PutA. PutA is a multifunctional, peripheral membrane protein which acts both as a transcriptional repressor for the put operon and enzyme catalyzing the two-step conversion of proline to glutamate. In the first enzymatic reaction catalyzed by PutA, proline oxidation to pyrroline-5-carboxylate (P5C) is coupled with the reduction of a tightly associated FAD. In the second reaction, P5C oxidation to glutamate is coupled with reduction of soluble NAD. Although PutA can use exogenous P5C, the concentration of exogenous P5C required for the P5C dehydrogenase reaction is much greater than the steady-state P5C concentration accumulated during proline degradation. Furthermore, exogenous P5C does not efficiently compete against endogenous P5C for the production of glutamate, and the endogenous P5C produced directly from proline is preferentially used by PutA for the production of glutamate. Kinetic assays indicate that in the presence of NAD the two enzymatic reactions of PutA function synchronously to increase the overall reaction rate over that of the two independent reactions, and the second reaction proceeds in the absence of a lag phase. These results indicate that PutA directly transfers the intermediate P5C between the two enzymatic functions via a "leaky channel" mechanism. Because both the reduction of FAD and the intermediate P5C stimulate membrane association of PutA, channeling of P5C may also contribute to the regulation of proline utilization.
In Situ Analysis of 8-Oxo-7,8-dihydro-2′-deoxyguanosine Oxidation Reveals Sequence- and Agent-Specific Damage Spectra

Guanine is a major target for oxidation in DNA, with 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodG) as a major product. 8-oxodG is itself significantly more susceptible to oxidation than guanine, wi...
Cytochrome P450 family 4 in a cockroach: molecular cloning and regulation by regulation by hypertrehalosemic hormone.

Abstract Hypertrehalosemic hormone (a carbohydrate-mobilizing neuroendocrine decapeptide) and starvation markedly increased levels of a cockroach (Blaberus discoidalis) fat body cytochrome P450 message. The gene represented by the cloned P450 cDNA has been named CYP4C1 (cytochrome P450 family 4, subfamily C, gene 1), a newly identified member of the ubiquitous cytochrome P450 monooxygenase gene superfamily. Blaberus CYP4C1 (511 amino acids, Mr = 58,485) has a hydrophobic NH2 terminus and a sequence near the COOH terminus that is homologous to the cysteine-containing heme-binding region definitive of cytochromes P450. The cockroach sequence is 32-36% identical to mammalian family 4A and 4B enzymes. It contains a 13-residue sequence characteristic of family 4 but not other P450s. This study suggests that CYP4C1 is hormonally regulated in association with energy substrate mobilization and supports the idea that family 4 is an old and widespread gene family.
On the Precision of a Euclidean Structure.

This paper is concerned with the development of a measure of the precision of a multidimensional euclidean structure. The measure is a precision index for each point in the structure, assuming that all the other points are precisely located. The measure is defined and two numerical methods are presented for its calculation. A small Monte Carlo study of the measure's behavior is performed and findings discussed.
On‐line studies of structure development during melt spinning of poly(butylene terephthalate)

An on-line study of structure development during poly(butylene terephthalate) melt spinning was carried out. Two polymers with different molecular weights (intrinsic viscosities of 0.75 and 1.0 dL/g) were used. The range of take-up velocities studied was 1500 to 4500 m/min. On-line measurements included diameter, temperature, birefringence, and tension. The phenomenon of diameter thinning (necking) was observed for both polymers at take-up velocities of 3500 and 4500 m/min with a mass throughput of 4 g/min. At a constant mass throughput, the distance from the spinneret at which the necking occurred varied with take-up velocity and molecular weight of the polymer. Increasing the take-up velocity at constant mass throughput caused an increase in cooling rate and a slight increase in the rate at which the temperature decreased with distance from teh spinneret. A small but detectable change in the rate of temperature decrease was observed at a position near or just beyond the formation of the neck. It is suggested that this effect is due to the increased heat transfer caused by the rapid increase in filament velocity and increased surface to volume ration in the neck. Increased take-up velocity also caused necking to occur at higher temperature, as did an increase of polymer molecular weight. Birefringence increased with distance from the spinneret and indicated substantial molecular orientation was developed in the filament prior to the necking zone. A sharp increase of birefringence in the necking zone was observed for take-up velocities of 3500 and 4500 m/min. A discussion of the mechanism of neck formation is presented, and it was concluded that necking is intimately associated with stress-induced crystallization in PBT. An increase of spinline stress resulting from either an increase of take-up velocity or an increase of molecular weight can cause stress-induced crystallization and, hence, necking to occur nearer the spinneret and at higher temperature. For a given polymer this leads to filaments with higher levels of crystallinity, crystalline orientation, and crystalline perfection (greater crystal size). These changes in morphology result in changes in the filament mechanical properties. The effect of molecular weight change on the structure and properties is complicated by the fact that the development of crystallinity seems to be affected by the molecular weight independent of the spinline stress.
Pascal's wager revisited

Pascal's wager attempts to provide a prudential reason in support of the rationality of believing that God exists. The wager employs the idea that the utility of theistic belief, if true, is infinite, and in this way, the expected utility of theism swamps that of any of its rivals.Not surprisingly the wager generates more than a good share of philosophical criticism. In this essay I examine two recent objections levelled against the wager and I argue that each fails. Following this, I argue that a transfinite version of the wager – one using the idea of an infinite utility – is incompatible with standard axiomatic constructions of decision-theory and, as a consequence, the Pascalian would be well-advised to give up the idea of an infinite utility and employ only a finite version of the wager. The consequences of limiting the wager to finite utilities are also explored.
Charge collection microscopy of annealing induced electrically active defects in Si 1-x Ge x /Si strained layer epitaxy

Images of electrically active defects in Si1−xGex strained epilayers onn-type Si(100) have been obtained using charge collection microscopy (CCM) in a scanning electron microscope. Electrically active defects were generated in the defect-free as-grown material by rapid thermal annealing treatments (3 min) over a temperature range of 550 to 850° C. Point-like contrast, attributed to threading dislocations, as well as an additional line contrast due to the formation of an interface misfit dislocation network, were observed as the metastable strained Si1−xGrx layers relaxed upon annealing. Cross-sectional and plan-view transmission electron microscopy were used to examine the Si1−xGex epilayers in finer detail. Double crystal x-ray diffraction and Raman scattering spectra were also obtained and the annealing induced peak shifts investigated.
Organization of the zona incerta in the macaque: an electron microscopic study.

Background The zona incerta (ZI) receives projections from many telencephalic and brainstem structures. On the basis of its connectivity and physiology, this nucleus has been implicated in the control of saccadic eye movements. Because of the complexity of its afferent signals and its simple efferent signal, there must be much local interaction within the ZI to integrate these various afferents. The purpose of this study was to investigate, at the ultrastructural level, whether the ZI contains the anatomical substrata which could subserve the control of eye movements. Methods Blocks of tissue from the ZI of macaque monkeys were prepared for electron microscopy using standard techniques. Some of these animals were taken specifically for electron microscopy. Others had received injections of tracer substances and were prepared for electron microscopy subsequent to tracer visualization. Results Cell bodies of medium-large neurons were found in our preparations. They have large nucleoli and relatively small volumes of karyoplasm. Cell bodies and dendrites of all sizes have many synaptic contacts. Three types of synaptic profiles were found, designated Types 1, 2, and 3. Type 1 profiles are symmetrical and contact cell bodies and small dendrites. Type 2 profiles are thought to be presynaptic dendrites and may have symmetrical or asymmetrical contacts. Type 3 profiles are asymmetrical and primarily contact small dendrites. Many synapses contacted vesicle-containing profiles. In some cases, it was clear that these profiles participated in serial synapses on presumptive presynaptic dendrites. Other profiles appeared to be axoaxonic contacts. Conclusions Afferent and efferent signals are likely to be modulated extensively within the ZI. Therefore, there needs to be complex interactions between neuronal elements of the ZI and its afferents. This study demonstrates that this nucleus possesses the structural substrata to subserve diverse roles, such as the gating of saccadic eye movements.
The restless brain.

Abstract The pressing need to better understand human brain organization is appreciated by all who have labored to explain the uniqueness of human behavior in health and disease. Early work on the cytoarchitectonics of the human brain by Brodmann and others accompanied by several centuries of lesion behavior work, although valuable, has left us far short of what we need. Fortunately, modern brain imaging techniques have, over the past 40 years, substantially changed the situation by permitting the safe appraisal of both anatomical and functional relationships within the living human brain. An unexpected feature of this work is the critical importance of ongoing, intrinsic activity, which accounts for the majority of brain's energy consumption and exhibits a surprising level of organization that emerges with dimensions of both space and time. In this essay, some of the unique features of intrinsic activity are reviewed, as it relates to our understanding of brain organization.
Evaluation of Soil Moisture Effects on the Generation and Modification of Mesoscale Circulations

Abstract The current study provides an evaluation of thermally induced circulation over flat terrain due to nonuniform horizontal distribution of soil moisture availability. Additionally, the effect of soil moisture availability on the thermally induced upslope flow during the daylight hours is examined. The results indicate that in flat terrain, which has a nonhomogeneous moisture availability, the intensity of thermal circulations approaches that of sea-breeze circulations for the case of large contrasts. Even small amounts of water in thesoil, adjacent to dry areas, can still result in a significant mesoscale flow. The upslope flow has been indicated to be perturbed significantly when the moisture availability ii~creases or when the horizontal contrast of soil moisture availability becomes large.
A System for Genome-Wide Histone Variant Dynamics In ES Cells Reveals Dynamic MacroH2A2 Replacement at Promoters

Dynamic exchange of a subset of nucleosomes in vivo plays important roles in epigenetic inheritance of chromatin states, chromatin insulator function, chromosome folding, and the maintenance of the pluripotent state of embryonic stem cells. Here, we extend a pulse-chase strategy for carrying out genome-wide measurements of histone dynamics to several histone variants in murine embryonic stem cells and somatic tissues, recapitulating expected characteristics of the well characterized H3.3 histone variant. We extended this system to the less-studied MacroH2A2 variant, commonly described as a "repressive" histone variant whose accumulation in chromatin is thought to fix the epigenetic state of differentiated cells. Unexpectedly, we found that while large intergenic blocks of MacroH2A2 were stably associated with the genome, promoter-associated peaks of MacroH2A2 exhibited relatively rapid exchange dynamics in ES cells, particularly at highly-transcribed genes. Upon differentiation to embryonic fibroblasts, MacroH2A2 was gained primarily in additional long, stably associated blocks across gene-poor regions, while overall turnover at promoters was greatly dampened. Our results reveal unanticipated dynamic behavior of the MacroH2A2 variant in pluripotent cells, and provide a resource for future studies of tissue-specific histone dynamics in vivo.
Theory of a Single-Mode Gas Laser

A gas laser oscillating steadily in a single mode is described theoretically using the "generalized Bloch equations" as the point of departure. The nonlinear susceptibility is calculated without utilizing perturbation techniques, so that the theory retains validity for laser fields of arbitrary intensity. Expressions are presented for (1) the "gain profile" which exhibits the phenomenon of dual "hole burning," (2) the powertuning characteristics, including the conditions for the appearance of the central tuning dip, and (3) the frequency of oscillation, in which are displayed the effects of mode pulling and pushing. Emphasis is on a strongly inhomogeneous line and a high-$Q$ cavity, although some more general results are included as well. For excitations only slightly above threshold, a comparison is made with the Lamb single-mode theory, and in all cases agreement is found.
Prolapsed double-canted bipolar left ventricular lead for pacing the left atrium via the coronary sinus: experience in 11 patients.

Aims High thresholds and frequent lead dislodgement limit pacing the left atrium (LA) from the mid to distal coronary sinus (CS). The aim of this report is to describe a method for and the results of prolapsing a double-canted bipolar lead into the mid-to-distal CS to eliminate lead dislodgement and improve pacing thresholds. Methods and results After CS access the 9 Fr. anatomic sheath is withdrawn to the right atrium (RA) over an extra support wire. A double-canted bipolar lead is advanced into the RA until the proximal bend is outside the tip of the sheath. With the stylet withdrawn to the proximal bend, the sheath and lead are advanced over the wire back into the CS. The lead distal to the proximal bend is prolapsed beside the sheath as the tip of the sheath enters the CS. The lead was successfully prolapsed in 11 consecutive patients. In one patient, capture was >5 V in all locations. Of the 10 successful implants, the acute thresholds were: mean 1.53 V, median 1.35 V, range 0.4–4.0 V. Chronic thresholds were: mean 2 V, median 2 V range 0.4–4.0 V. There were no displaced leads or lead fractures through 6–10 months of follow-up. Conclusions Prolapse of a commercially available double-canted bipolar passive fixation lead eliminates lead dislodgment and improves thresholds providing a means for permanent pacing of the LA from the mid to distal CS and provides the design principles for a dedicated lead.
Pleural fluid cytology of Hodgkin's disease: Cytomorphologic features and the value of immunohistochemical studies

Two cases in which Hodgkin's disease (HD) was cytologically diagnosed in pleural effusions are presented. The presence of Reed-Sternberg (R-S) cells was confirmed by positive staining for both CD15 and CD30, and negative staining for leukocyte common antigen. In addition, the differential diagnosis of HD in effusion cytology is presented, including look-alikes of R-S cells that can potentially lead to an incorrect diagnosis. To the best of our knowledge, we believe this is only the second cytologic report of HD diagnosed in a pleural effusion using immunohistochemistry to confirm the diagnosis.
Factors Influencing Nitrogen Speciation in Coastal Rainwater

Rainwater was collected from 129 rain events between February 2002 and August 2003 and analyzed for ammonium (NH4+), nitrate (NO3−), organic nitrogen (ON) and free amino acids (AA). Inorganic nitrogen (NO3− + NH4+) was the dominant form of N representing 85% of total nitrogen based on volume-weighted averages. The remainder of the N occurred as organic nitrogen species of which free amino acids contribute approximately 17%. A significant, and in some cases the majority (> 75%), of the remaining ON could be accounted for by macromolecular uncharacterized humic like substances. This has important ramifications with respect to the long range transport of atmospheric ON because humic materials are recalcitrant and therefore may travel long distances from their source. There was a distinct seasonality to the N speciation data with maximum concentrations of NH4+, ON and AA occurring in the spring. Air-mass back trajectory analysis indicates there is a strong anthropogenic component to the NO3−, NH4+ and AA signal but not ON. There was a strong positive correlation between amino acid concentrations and ammonium which suggests they have similar sources and sinks in rainwater. Finally, large episodic additions of NH4+ and AA during tropical events could significantly impact short term bioavailable N budgets in estuaries impacted by these storms. Approximately three times as much NH4+ and AA were deposited during Hurricane Isabel (317 μ moles ⋅ m−2 and 84 μ moles ⋅ m−2 respectively) compared to the mean impact of average summertime rain events at this location.
BID-ASK SPREAD COMPONENTS AROUND ANTICIPATED ANNOUNCEMENTS

In this paper I re-examine spreads around dividend and earnings announcements and provide new evidence on patterns by examining the components of the bid-ask spread. Transaction data are examined through a recently developed spread decomposition model that decomposes the bid-ask spread into a fixed (execution) component and an adverse selection component. In addition, this model does not rely on a constant spread as previous spread decomposition models require. The results show that around earnings announcements, the bid-ask spreads and spread components have significant changes indicating that the anticipated announcement is informative. However, the actual public announcement of a dividend does not alter the bid-ask spread and spread components of actively traded securities.
Quasipolynomial size proofs of the propositional pigeonhole principle

Cook and Reckhow proved in 1979 that the propositional pigeonhole principle has polynomial size extended Frege proofs. Buss proved in 1987 that it also has polynomial size Frege proofs; these Frege proofs used a completely different proof method based on counting. This paper shows that the original Cook and Reckhow extended Frege proofs can be formulated as quasipolynomial size Frege proofs. The key point is that st-connectivity can be used to define the Cook-Reckhow construction.
Variant Association Tools for Quality Control and Analysis of Large-Scale Sequence and Genotyping Array Data

Currently there is great interest in detecting associations between complex traits and rare variants. In this report, we describe Variant Association Tools (VAT) and the VAT pipeline, which implements best practices for rare-variant association studies. Highlights of VAT include variant-site and call-level quality control (QC), summary statistics, phenotype- and genotype-based sample selection, variant annotation, selection of variants for association analysis, and a collection of rare-variant association methods for analyzing qualitative and quantitative traits. The association testing framework for VAT is regression based, which readily allows for flexible construction of association models with multiple covariates and weighting themes based on allele frequencies or predicted functionality. Additionally, pathway analyses, conditional analyses, and analyses of gene-gene and gene-environment interactions can be performed. VAT is capable of rapidly scanning through data by using multi-process computation, adaptive permutation, and simultaneously conducting association analysis via multiple methods. Results are available in text or graphic file formats and additionally can be output to relational databases for further annotation and filtering. An interface to R language also facilitates user implementation of novel association methods. The VAT's data QC and association-analysis pipeline can be applied to sequence, imputed, and genotyping array, e.g., "exome chip," data, providing a reliable and reproducible computational environment in which to analyze small- to large-scale studies with data from the latest genotyping and sequencing technologies. Application of the VAT pipeline is demonstrated through analysis of data from the 1000 Genomes project.
Selection and characterization of a variant of murine l5178y lymphoma resistant to local anesthetics.

A variant of murine L5178Y lymphoma resistant to procaine hydrochloride (PH) was selected by exposing the cells to gradual increments of PH in the growth medium until the cell grew exponentially in the presence of 1.5 mM PH. Using cinephotomicrography, it was observed that the majority of cells that initially succumbed to PH failed to undergo successful mitosis. With respect to chromosomal, cell size distribution and flow microfluorometric analyses, the PH-resistant cells are very similar to a spontaneous tetraploid cell line (R1T) previously cloned. The isolated cells, designated R1/P, were also found to be cross-resistant to analogues of PH, namely, lidocaine, tetracaine and dibucaine. The naturally-occurring tetraploid cell line (R1T) was also found to be more resistant to local anesthetics, although not to the same extent as R1/P cells. Since the enzyme that hydrolyzes procaine appears to be absent in all these lymphoid cell lines, the difference in resistance does not appear to depend on differences in the ability of these cells to remove the agent. It is suggested that an alteration in the structure and/or function of the plasma membrane in R1/P cells have rendered them either less sensitive to the membrane-perturbing effects of the local anesthetics or less permeable to local anesthetics molecules. The ability of local anesthetics to affect membranes and cytoskeleton structures may play a role in the genesis and/or selection of these cell variants.