cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Determination of Elastic Moduli of Fiber-Resin Composites Using an Impulse Excitation Technique

The elastic moduli of graphite/epoxy and graphite/cyanate ester composite specimens with various laminate lay-ups was determined using an impulse excitation/acoustic resonance technique and compared to those determined using traditional strain gauge and extensometer techniques. The stiffness results were also compared to those predicted from laminate theory using uniaxial properties. The specimen stiffnesses interrogated ranged from 12 to 30 Msi. The impulse excitation technique was found to be a relatively quick and accurate method for determining elastic moduli with minimal specimen preparation and no requirement for mechanical loading frames. The results of this investigation showed good correlation between the elastic modulus determined using the impulse excitation technique, strain gauge and extensometer techniques, and modulus predicted from laminate theory. The flexural stiffness determined using the impulse excitation was in good agreement with that predicted from laminate theory. The impulse excitation/acoustic resonance interrogation technique has potential as a quality control test.
COVID-19 ECONOMICS: Competitive Survival in a Devastated Industry: Evidence from Hotels during COVID-19

The COVID-19 pandemic caused an unprecedented collapse of the U.S. economy in late March 2020. The federal government scrambled to provide emergency financial support through a variety of hastily-assembled programs, such as PPP, but relief did not always go to where it was most needed. This article shows how a business' failure risk in a pandemic depends on its native ability to adapt to changing consumer preferences in a pandemic. It demonstrates native adaptability in the context of one particularly hard-hit industry, the lodging industry, and argues that funds can be distributed more efficiently by taking native adaptability into account.
Deep-learning-based image registration and automatic segmentation of organs-at-risk in cone-beam CT scans from high-dose radiation treatment of pancreatic cancer.

PURPOSE Accurate deformable registration between computed tomography (CT) and cone-beam CT (CBCT) images of pancreatic cancer patients treated with high biologically effective radiation doses is essential to assess changes in organ-at-risk (OAR) locations and shapes and to compute delivered dose. This study describes the development and evaluation of a deep-learning (DL) registration model to predict OAR segmentations on the CBCT derived from segmentations on the planning CT. METHODS The DL model is trained with CT-CBCT image pairs of the same patient, on which OAR segmentations of the small bowel, stomach, and duodenum have been manually drawn. A transformation map is obtained, which serves to warp the CT image and segmentations. In addition to a regularity loss and an image similarity loss, an OAR segmentation similarity loss is also used during training, which penalizes the mismatch between warped CT segmentations and manually drawn CBCT segmentations. At test time, CBCT segmentations are not required as they are instead obtained from the warped CT segmentations. In an IRB-approved retrospective study, a dataset consisting of 40 patients, each with one planning CT and two CBCT scans, was used in a fivefold cross-validation to train and evaluate the model, using physician-drawn segmentations as reference. Images were preprocessed to remove gas pockets. Network performance was compared to two intensity-based deformable registration algorithms (large deformation diffeomorphic metric mapping [LDDMM] and multimodality free-form [MMFF]) as baseline. Evaluated metrics were Dice similarity coefficient (DSC), change in OAR volume within a volume of interest (enclosing the low-dose PTV plus 1 cm margin) from planning CT to CBCT, and maximum dose to 5 cm3 of the OAR [D(5cc)]. RESULTS Processing time for one CT-CBCT registration with the DL model at test time was less than 5 seconds on a GPU-based system, compared to an average of 30 minutes for LDDMM optimization. For both small bowel and stomach/duodenum, the DL model yielded larger median DSC and smaller interquartile variation than either MMFF (paired t-test P < 10-4 for both type of OARs) or LDDMM (P < 10-3 and P = 0.03 respectively). Root-mean-square deviation (RMSD) of DL-predicted change in small bowel volume relative to reference was 22% less than for MMFF (P = 0.007). RMSD of DL-predicted stomach/duodenum volume change was 28% less than for LDDMM (P = 0.0001). RMSD of DL-predicted D(5cc) in small bowel was 39% less than for MMFF (P = 0.001); in stomach/duodenum, RMSD of DL-predicted D(5cc) was 18% less than for LDDMM (P < 10-3 ). CONCLUSIONS The proposed deep network CT-to-CBCT deformable registration model shows improved segmentation accuracy compared to intensity-based algorithms and achieves an order-of-magnitude reduction in processing time.
Online Adjunct Faculty Perceptions of Professional Development to Support Personal and Professional Academic Growth During COVID-19

Objective: The purpose of this study was to understand what online adjunct faculty value as support services, specifically professional development opportunities, provided by their respective higher education institutions. Method: This qualitative narrative inquiry study centered on exploring perceptions and experiences of online adjunct faculty members from higher education institutions and their experiences and expectations of professional development (PD), prior to and during COVID-19. Results: The study resulted in the identification of possible improvements and enhancements to existing PD content that would further support faculty personal development, mental health, wellbeing, and academic growth. Conclusions: This study reminds us that there are numerous variables, including unforeseen crises such as the COVID-19 pandemic, that need to be considered when developing, implementing, and presenting PD for online adjunct faculty professional and personal growth. Because faculty want to be listened to and heard, the PD development and implementation process needs to be interactive to support online adjunct faculty, regardless of whether the university is for-profit or not-for-profit. Implication for Practice: The results based on online adjunct faculty experiences could lead to updating professional development opportunities employed in different higher education institutions to promote faculty self-actualization and ultimately, student success.
New class of planar ferroelectric Mott insulators via first principles design

The bulk photovoltaic effect requires a low electronic band gap (i.e., $\ensuremath{\approx}1$--2 eV) and large electronic polarization, which is not common in known materials. Here we use first-principles calculations to design layered double perovskite oxides ${\mathrm{AA}}^{\ensuremath{'}}{\mathrm{BB}}^{\ensuremath{'}}{\mathrm{O}}_{6}$ which achieve the aforementioned properties in the context of Mott insulators. In our design rules, the gap is dictated by B/${\mathrm{B}}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ electronegativity difference in a Mott state, while the polarization is obtained via nominal ${d}_{0}$ filling on the B-site, A-type cations bearing lone-pair electrons, and $\mathrm{A}\ensuremath{\ne}{\mathrm{A}}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ size mismatch. Successful execution is demonstrated in ${\mathrm{BaBiCuVO}}_{6}, {\mathrm{BaBiNiVO}}_{6}, {\mathrm{BaLaCuVO}}_{6}$, and ${\mathrm{PbLaCuVO}}_{6}$.
Activation of ceramide-metabolizing pathway in mitochondria from diabetic heart (758.3)

Mitochondrial dysfunction is an important contributor to the development of cardiac dysfunction in diabetic cardiomyopathy. Sphingolipids are key mediators of cell-stress responses and effectors of...
Na/Ca Exchange and the Sarcolemmal Ca-Pump

The two known mechanisms responsible for extrusion of Ca from cardiac myocytes are the sarcolemmal Ca-ATPase pump and Na/Ca exchange. A plasma membrane Ca-pump was first reported in erythrocytes (Schatzmann, 1966), but is ubiquitous (Schatzmann, 1982, 1989; Carafoli & Stauffer, 1993; Guerini et al., 1998). The red cell plasma membrane Ca-pump has been most extensively characterized and appears closely related to that in other tissues. Two key features of the Ca-pump are its stimulation by Ca-calmodulin and by PKA-dependent phosphorylation. The plasma membrane Ca-pump is a P-type ATPase (like the Na/K-ATPase, H/K- ATPase and the SR Ca-ATPase). That is, it transfers the energy of ATP to a high energy phosphorylated intermediate (aspartyl residue), energy which is then used in the ion transport step (e.g. Figs 44 & 83). The purified protein (138 kDa) is no more similar to the SR Ca-pump protein than it is to the Na/K-ATPase or H/K-ATPase (Niggli et al., 1981a; Verma et al., 1988). The plasma membrane Ca-ATPase was first cloned by Shull & Greeb (1988) and there are four human isogenes (PMCA1–4) and also numerous splice variants (Carafoli, 1994). A central stretch of ~80 kDa is all that is required for Ca transport (James et al., 1988). The overall structure is similar to the related, and better characterized SR/ER Ca-ATPase (SERCA; see Chapter 7, Fig 81–82). There are probably 10 transmembrane domains (TM1–10) which make up e;~20% of the protein, while the cytosolic domains make up ~80%. The data are much more compelling for the SR Ca-ATPase, but TM4, 5 and 6 may be involved in Ca translocation. The TM2–3 loop is analogous to the hinge domain of SERCA which is thought to couple ATP hydrolysis to Ca transport. The even larger TM4–5 loop contains the site which binds ATP (and fluorescein isothiocyanate or FITC) and also the aspartate which is phosphorylated at the active site of the enzyme. A third important cytosolic domain is the carboxy terminal tail where a 30 amino acid stretch contains the regulatory calmodulin binding domain and also has regulatory sites which are phosphorylated by PKA and PKC (James et al., 1988, 1989; Wang et al., 1991). This carboxy terminal is thought to interact with the other 2 cytosolic domains in an autoinhibitory manner, such that Ca-calmodulin binding and phosphorylation relieve this inhibition (Carafoli, 1994). One Ca ion seems to be transported per ATP hydrolyzed (Rega & Garrahan, 1986) and Ca extrusion by this pump appears coupled to proton influx (1Ca:1H, Kuwayama, 1988). The turnover rate of plasma membrane Ca-pumps may approach ~20/sec with Km(Ca) ~I μM (Schatzmann, 1989).
EV charging algorithm implementation with user price preference

In this paper, we propose and implement a smart Electric Vehicle (EV) charging algorithm to control the EV charging infrastructures according to users' price preferences. Charging boxes, equipped with bi-directional communication devices and smart meters, can be remotely monitored by the proposed charging algorithm applied to EV control center and mobile app. On the server side, ARIMA model is utilized to fit historical charging load data and perform day-ahead prediction. A pricing strategy with energy bidding policy is proposed and implemented to generate a charging price list to be broadcasted to EV users through mobile app. On the user side, EV drivers can submit their price preferences and daily travel schedules to negotiate with Control Center to consume the expected energy and minimize charging cost simultaneously. The proposed algorithm is tested and validated through the experimental implementations in UCLA parking lots.
Chapter 9 Is there hope for multi-site complexation (MUSIC) modeling?

This chapter presents a discussion on multi-site complexation (MUSIC) modeling. The main difficulties with equilibrium modeling of solid-mineral interfaces have always been heterogeneity of surface sites and interfacial charging. Conventional surface complexation models (SCMs) provide corrections to apparent surface equilibrium constants, based on simple electrostatic models of the interface, but treat site types, site densities, and intrinsic surface equilibrium constants as adjustable parameters. This chapter discusses the current MUSIC model as a good attempt for bringing needed reform to the world of SCMs. It is also discussed that it is premature to dismiss all valence-based methods for p K a prediction, although they may not be suited to address certain problems on their own. There may yet be hope for the prospect of easy-to-implement SCMs, including some level of molecular-scale insight. In MUSIC, the basic idea for p K a prediction is to create an empirical correlation to predict the acidity of (hydr)oxy-acid solution monomers that is transferable to functional groups on oxide surfaces. To make this work, the following three main issues must be addressed: (1) electrostatic and intrinsic dissociation energy, (2) bond valence and intrinsic acidity, and (3) solvation. The chapter also analyzes whether the MUSIC method—(1) correctly partitions long-range electrostatic and intrinsic portions of the reaction energy, (2) correctly handles the effect of bond valence on intrinsic reaction energy, and (3) correctly describes the influence of solvation. It is possible to create a simple valence-based model of acidity that avoids many (but not all) of the problems inherent in the MUSIC formulation.
Transferring and teaching budgeting

Purpose – The purpose of this article is to provide tips on managing successful transition of financial control through thoughtful teaching about existing practices. Budgetary transfer during times of transition can be a particularly stressful experience for both seasoned and emerging library leaders. Design/methodology/approach – Explaining the concept of institutional memory, and providing insight on how personality affects fiscal discernment, this article draws on experiences of the author and the literature to provide timely insight on the practicality of successful financial control transfer. Findings – Personalities matter in the grooming and selection of good financial stewards. Ignoring personality in favor of an abilities-only approach to budgetary management can result in surprisingly negative results. Screening for both ability and attitude results in a winning combination toward transitional success. Originality/value – Accounting and financial skill are the default concern of many budget mana...
Magnetic resonance neurography of peripheral nerve lesions in the lower extremity

OBJECTIVE : We describe the clinical application and utility of high-resolution magnetic resonance neurography (MRN) techniques to image the normal fascicular structure of peripheral nerves and its distortion by mass lesions or trauma in the lower extremity. METHODS : MRN images were obtained using a standard 1.5 Tesla magnet and custom built phased-array coils. Patients were imaged using T1-weighted spin echo without and with gadolinium, T2-weighted fast spin echo with fat suppression, and short tau inversion recovery fast spin-echo pulse sequences. Nine patients were studied, four with peripheral nerve tumors (three neurofibromas and one schwannoma), two with intraneural cysts, and three with traumatic peripheral nerve lesions. Six patients with peripheral nerve mass lesions underwent surgery, thereby allowing MRN images to be correlated with intraoperative and pathological findings. RESULTS : Preoperative MRN accurately imaged the normal fascicular anatomy of peripheral nerves and precisely depicted its relation to tumor and cystic lesions. Increased signal on T2-weighted fast spin-echo and short tau inversion recovery fast spin-echo pulse sequences was seen in the peripheral nerve fascicles of patients with clinical and electrodiagnostic evidence of nerve injury. CONCLUSION : MRN proved useful in the preoperative evaluation and planning of surgery in patients with peripheral nerve lesions.
Ramsey Sentences and the Meaning of Quantifiers

In his famous paper “Theories” Frank Ramsey (1931, pp. 212–236; 1978, ch. 4) introduced a technique of examining a scientific theory by means of certain propositions, dubbed later “Ramsey Sentences.” They are the results of what is often called Ramsey elimination. This prima facie elimination is often presented as a method of dispensing with theoretical concepts in scientific theorizing. The idea is this: Assume that we are given a finitely axiomatized scientific theory $$T\left[ {{O_1},{O_2}...{H_1},{H_2}} \right]$$ (1) where O1, O2, .. are the primitive observation terms (individual constants, predicate constants, function constants, etc.) of (1) and H1, H2, ... its primitive theoretical terms. For simplicity, it will be assumed that (1) is a first-order theory. Since it is finitely axiomatizable, we may think of it as having the form of a single complex proposition, i.e. the conjunction of all the axioms. What can then be done is to generalize existentially with respect to (1). The result is a sentence of the form $$\left( {\exists {X_1}} \right)\left( {\exists {X_2}} \right)...T\left[ {{O_1},{O_2},...,{X_1},{X_2}} \right]$$ (2) In (2), the theoretical terms H1, H2, ... do not occur any longer. They have been replaced by the variables X1, X2, ... bound to initial existential quantifiers. In this sense at least, Ramsey sentences do effect on elimination. Unlike (1), (2) is not a first-order sentence but a second-order one.
Characterization of axonally transported glycoproteins in regenerating garfish olfactory nerve.

: This study examined changes in composition and concanavalin A (Con A) binding of axonally transported glycoproteins and their pronase-generated glycopeptides in regenerating garfish olfactory nerve. A previous study had demonstrated a regeneration-related increase in the proportion of [3H]glucosamine label in lower-molecular-weight Con A-binding glycopeptides derived from transported glycoproteins. Further analysis of carbohydrate composition shows that these molecules resemble mannose-rich oligosaccharides in composition and are increased in absolute amount in regenerating nerve. Subcellular analysis shows that the Con A-binding glycopeptides are enriched in membrane subfractions, particularly in a high-density fraction that morphologically resembles isolated cell surface coat. Regeneration-related changes in intact axonally transported glycoproteins were also detected. Sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis of transport-labeled glycoproteins disclosed growth-correlated increases in radioactivity associated with 180–200K, 105–115K, and 80–90K components, while a 150–160K molecular weight class of glycoproteins was diminished in relative labeling. Intact glycoproteins displaying an affinity for Con A were also augmented in regenerating nerve, the increases occurring primarily in molecules in the 50–140K range.
Type of Menstrual Discomfort and Psychological Masculinity in College Women

71 college women completed Chesney and Tasto's (1975) Menstrual Symptom Questionnaire, the Bern Sex-role Inventory, the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale, and a revised Attitudes Towards Rom...
A new metriorhynchoid (Crocodylomorpha, Thalattosuchia) from the Middle Jurassic of Oregon and the evolutionary timing of marine adaptations in thalattosuchian crocodylomorphs

ABSTRACTMetriorhynchid thalattosuchians represent the most extreme archosaurian adaptation to the marine realm. Metriorhynchids possess aquatic adaptations throughout the skeleton. These adaptations were so extensive that some have suggested that they lost the ability to move on land, yet their evolutionary timing remains unresolved. The closest relatives of the metriorhynchoids, the teleosauroids, lack these aquatic adaptations, and the earliest metriorhynchoids are known exclusively from cranial material. Here I describe a partial skull with associated forelimb elements of a new marine crocodylomorph, Zoneait nargorum, gen. et sp. nov., of Aalenian–Bajocian age from the Snowshoe Formation of east-central Oregon. Phylogenetic analysis identifies Zoneait as the sister taxon to Metriorhynchidae. It possesses a derived skull with orbits that are more laterally directed and prefrontals that are more expanded than in other basal metriorhynchoids. The preserved forelimb elements are less derived. The humerus i...
Optimal design of a class of controllers and data-dropout compensators for LTI plants controlled over erasure channels

We consider the control of linear time-invariant (LTI) systems over erasure channels. We propose a class of controllers where, besides memoryless dependency on the plant to controller channel state, all processing is affine (and possibly time-varying). For such controller class, we show that optimal designs separate into an estimation problem and a linear quadratic regulator problem. The structure of the optimal controller is such that its affine part converges, as the horizon length tends to infinity, to an LTI filter under the same conditions which guarantee mean-square stability in the now well-known LQG control problem over erasure channels. Our infinite horizon proposal is computationally inexpensive and its steady-state behavior is easily characterized.
Thermodynamics of solid solution formation in NiOMgO and NiOZnO

Abstract High-temperature calorimetric measurements of the enthalpies of solution in molten 2PbO · B 2 O 3 of (Ni x Mg 1− x )O and (Ni x Zn 1− x )O permit the calculation of the enthalpy of the zincite to rocksalt transformation in ZnO, and the enthalpies of mixing, relative to rocksalt standard states, in the two solid solution series. The enthalpy of the zincite to rocksalt transformation is 24,488 ± 3,592 J mole −1 with a corresponding positive entropy change of 0.48 ± 3.3 J K −1 mole −1 . The small positive entropy change for the transformation necessitates a very flat and perhaps negative dP dT slope for the phase boundary. Both solid solutions, when referred to rocksalt standard states, show negative enthalpies of mixing. For (Ni x Mg 1− x )O the negative enthalpies of mixing are fitted by a subregular model, where ΔH mix = X A X B ( BX A + AX B ), with A = −21,971 ± 4,953 J mole −1 and B = −5103 ± 1151 J mole −1 . The associated negative excess entropies of mixing, calculated from the heats of mixing and previously measured activity-composition relations, are similarly modeled with A = −10.7 J K −1 mole −1 and B = + 1.1 J K −1 mole −1 . Negative enthalpies of mixing in (Ni x Zn 1− x )O conform to a regular solution model with W = −13520 ± 5581 J mole −1 . The negative enthalpies of mixing are interpreted in terms of a tendency toward ordering in the solid solutions, the proposed ordering scheme finding support in spectroscopic, structural, and magnetic data. These tendencies toward order are used to explain observed phase relations and thermodynamic properties in some other systems containing a transition metal cation and another ion of similar size, namely carbonates, hydrated sulfates and the systems CuO M O ( M = Mg, Co, Ni).
Calculation of aircraft collision probabilities

The Problem of evaluating the relative effectiveness of various air traffic control systems can be formulated as that of comparing their levels of safety at any fixed capacity. In the research presented here, a new mathematical model of this problem is developed in which aircraft collision probabilities are related to the control concept through certain parameters that statistically describe the uncontrolled (or nominal) traffic pattern and the performance of the selected control system. The performance parameters considered describe the abilities of the system to monitor the airspace, predict conflicts, generate commands, and execute avoidance maneuvers; and can be used to model many control structures, both ground-based and airborne. The analysis performed is thus an extension and synthesis of previous work in which the important characteristics of each control function are identified and related to the probability of collision. The use of the proposed model is illustrated by applying it to a parametric evaluation of several different control concepts of current interest. Specifically, and for a traffic pattern in which all aircraft are nominally flying with constant velocities and in which avoidance maneuvers are limited to straight, steady climbs or dives, collision probabilities are calculated and compared for: blind flying (no control), the see and be seen concept, PPI's and ground controllers, airborne pilot warning indicators, and collision detection and avoidance systems based on the TAU criterion. Methods for extending these results to curvilinear flight paths with lateral avoidance maneuvers and more general control concepts are briefly discussed.
Radiochemical automation achieved through a modified autosampling device

The escalation in application of cyclotron produced radionuclides particularly directed toward positron emission tomography has placed increased demands upon cyclotron facilities to provide a variety of radiopharmaceutical agents in a timely manner with efficient utilization of space and human resources. A unique approach to this challenge has been developed which adapts currently available chemical equipment and “in-house” software packages. The central component of our synthetic unit is a commercially available autosampling injection device that has been modified to allow a combination of chemical manipulations to be performed. The compact unit efficiently utilized restricted “hot cell” space and is readily serviced. The system is currently in operation for the radiopharmaceutical preparation of “no carrier added” 18F labeled 2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose. A detailed description of the radiochemical unit and its capabilities will be presented.
Identification of non‐covalent structure in apocytochrome c by hydrogen exchange and mass spectrometry

Apocytochrome c, the in vivo precursor to active cytochrome c, was analyzed by amide hydrogen exchange and mass spectrometry to search for fixed, non-covalent structure. The protein was incubated in H(2)O at pH 3.3 or 6.7 for various times, then exposed to D(2)O to initiate isotope labeling of unfolded regions. Following acid quenching of hydrogen exchange, the labeled apocytochrome c was digested with pepsin into fragments that were analyzed by directly coupled high-performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. The intermolecular distribution of deuterium and the deuterium levels in structurally distinctive populations were determined from the mass spectra of the peptic fragments. Spectra of peptic fragments derived from apocytochrome c incubated at pH 3.3 had single envelopes of isotope peaks with masses indicating that all of the amide hydrogens had been replaced with deuterium. These results showed that apocytochrome c at pH 3.3 offered little resistance to hydrogen exchange, indicating that it was unfolded with little fixed structure. However, mass spectra of peptic fragments including residues 81-94 of apocytochrome c incubated at pH 6.7 had two envelopes of isotope peaks, indicating that one population was unfolded and the other population was highly structured in this region. Mass spectra of peptic fragments including residues N-terminal to residue 81 indicated that this region of the protein remained unfolded with little fixed structure at pH 6.7.
The migration, growth and development of Cyclocoelum oculeum (Kossack, 1911) (Trematoda: Cyclocoelidae) in Fulica americana (Gm.)

The migration, growth and development of Cyclocoelum oculeum Kossack, 1911 was studied in orally and parenterally exposed coots, Fulica americana (Gm.). Young flukes injected into the body cavity migrate to the sinuses from the body cavity via the air sacs and air passages. Young flukes were first found in the trachea on day 18 post-infection and in the sinuses on day 21. Migration was not synchronous and some flukes were found in the air sacs and trachea of parenterally exposed coots up to 45 days post-infection. Exponential growth and organogenesis began between days 9 and 12. Flukes in the sinuses were consistently larger than flukes of the same age in either the air sacs or trachea. Growth and organogenesis proceeded in the latter flukes but at a slower rate than those in the sinuses.
The complex Frobenius Theorem and uniqueness of solutions to the tangential Cauchy-Riemann equations

Abstract Suppose M is a C ∞ real k -dimensional CR-submanifold of C n , n > 1, and suppose that ∂ t6 M is the tangential Cauchy-Riemann operator on M . Let S be a C 1 real ( k − 1)-dimensional submanifold of M which is noncharacteristic for ∂t6 M at p ϵ S . Conditions are found so that a C ∞ solution f of ∂ t6 M f = 0 which vanishes on one side of S in M must vanish in a neighborhood of p in M . If M is a real hypersurface, it is known that such unique continuation always exists. If the codimension of M in C n is greater than 1, and if the excess dimension of the Levi algebra on M is constant, then it is proved that CR-functions on M which vanish on one side of S must vanish in a full neighborhood of p . The assumption on the dimension of the Levi algebra allows us to use the Complex Frobenius Theorem. Other methods to prove such unique continuation results are also developed.
Issues and Techniques for Counseling Long-Term, Later-Life Couples:

This article explores important dimensions for family therapists to consider when counseling couples in long-term, later-life marriages. It also describes a variety of interventions that have been used to facilitate changes in the marital relationships of such couples. Clinical vignettes demonstrating the application of related techniques, along with methods of dealing with resistance, consideration of including or excluding offspring, and counterindications are described.
Free radical spin trap α-phenyl-N-tert-butyl-nitron inhibits caspase-3 activation and reduces brain damage following a severe forebrain ischemic injury

Abstract It has been documented that α-phenyl-N- tert -butyl-nitron (PBN) possesses a potent neuroprotective effect when administered after transient focal cerebral ischemia. However, contradicting results were reported regarding its effect in transient global ischemia. To further elucidate the mechanism of PBN action, we have studied the effect of PBN on animal survival, histopathological outcome, and activation of caspase-3 following 30 min of global ischemia in vehicle- and PBN-treated rats. The results showed that 30 min of global ischemia was such a severe insult that no animal could survive beyond 2 d of reperfusion. Histopathological evaluation showed severe tissue edema and microinfarct foci in the neocortex and thalamus. Close to 100% damage was observed in the stratum and hippocampal CA1, CA3, and dentate gyrus subregions. Postischemic PBN treatment significantly enhanced animal survival and reduced damage in the neocortex, thalamus, and hippocampus. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated that caspase-3 was activated following ischemia in the striatum and the neocortex. PBN suppressed the activation of caspase-3 in both structures. It is concluded that PBN is a potent neuroprotectant against both focal and global ischemia; besides its function as a free radical scavenger, PBN may reduce ischemic brain damage by blocking cell death pathways that involve caspase-3 activation.
Net Financial Transfers in the European Union: Who Gets What and Why?

Why do the wealthier European Union (EU) member states agree to make financial transfers to poorer members states? The traditional claim is that these transfers are a function of economic need (e g., regional poverty or weak agricultural sectors). Here I argue that they are actually a device to smooth the market integration process. That is, the more prointegrationist governments provide transfers as a side-payment in exchange for agreement to deeper levels of integration from the less integrationist governments To test this claim, I generate three propositions that relate the level of transfers to measures of how a chosen level of integration will affect a government's chances of reelection These propositions are tested empirically, controlling for the economic need argument The statistical results strongly support the claim that domestic political conditions influence transfer levels Thus, this result implies that the transfers do serve as side-payments to further the integration process
Microbial growth efficiencies across a soil moisture gradient assessed using 13C-acetic acid vapor and 15N-ammonia gas

Abstract One integrative measurement of microbial activity in soils is the efficiency by which microbes convert assimilated carbon (C) into biomass C. This efficiency, called the microbial growth efficiency ( Y ), is a key physiological characteristic that regulates soil carbon sequestration, nutrient immobilization, and greenhouse gas emissions. Changes in rainfall patterns and soil water content as the result of global climate change have the potential to influence microbial activity and lead to changes in Y and thus, nutrient cycling at the ecosystem level. Unfortunately, little information is available on how environmental variables such as soil moisture influence Y . We have developed a new method for injecting 13 C-labeled carbon as acetic acid vapor into soil that will allow measurement of microbial growth efficiency (as Y C ) without increasing soil moisture content. We compare Y determined with this new approach with an alternate method where injected 15 N-labeled ammonia gas is used to quantify microbial N immobilization, and microbial growth efficiency is calculated based on microbial C:N and respiration rate (as Y N ). We also include injections of a solution containing labeled ammonium and acetate in our experiment to compare the results of our vapor methods with more commonly employed liquid-based methods. The 13 C-acetic acid vapor, which was supplied to soils with soil moisture content ranging from 0.05 to 0.21 g H 2 O g −1 soil, was readily assimilated and respired by microbes. Between 0.10 and 0.21 g H 2 O g −1 soil (−0.60 to −0.04 MPa), values of Y C averaged 0.46, and were significantly lower than values of Y N , with average values of 0.58. Over this range, soil moisture content had no significant effect on either Y C or Y N . However, at the lowest soil moisture content (0.05 g H 2 O g −1 soil; Y C and Y N diverged substantially, suggesting that in very dry soils, constraints on microbial growth cause differential uptake of C and N resources.
Locations of Carbohydrate Sites on Alphavirus Glycoproteins Show that E1 Forms an Icosahedral Scaffold

There are 80 spikes on the surface of Sindbis virus arranged as an icosahedral surface lattice. Each spike consists of three copies of each of the glycoproteins E1 and E2. There are two glycosylation sites on E1 and two on E2. These four sites have been located by removal of the glycosylation recognition motifs using site-specific mutagenesis, followed by cryoelectron microscopy. The positions of these sites have demonstrated that E2 forms the protruding spikes and that E1 must be long and narrow, lying flat on the viral surface, forming an icosahedral scaffold analogous to the arrangement of the E glycoprotein in flaviviruses. This arrangement of E1 leads to both dimeric and trimeric intermolecular contacts, consistent with the observed structural changes that occur on fusion with host cell membranes, suggesting a similar fusion mechanism for alpha- and flaviviruses.
Effect of Carrier Gas on the Surface Morphology and Mosaic Dispersion for GaN Films by Low-Pressure MOCVD

Low-pressure metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) has been used to deposit unnucleated and self-nucleated GaN thin films on (00.1) sapphire substrates. For the self-nucleated films, initial layers were grown at 540{degrees}C using trimethylgallium and ammonia as elemental sources and either nitrogen or hydrogen as the carrier gas. Using these same gas phase conditions, overlayers on native (00.1) sapphire substrates or the GaN-nucleated (00.1) sapphire substrates were deposited at 1025{degrees}C. The surface morphology and mosaic dispersion of these unnucleated and self-nucleated GaN thin films have been surveyed by a combination of real space images from atomic force microscopy and reciprocal space intensity data from X-ray scattering measurements. As expected, the unnucleated GaN films show a large-grained hexagonal relief, typical of three-dimensional island growth. However, the self-nucleated films are shown to be dense mosaics of highly oriented islands, emblematic of a more two-dimensional growth.
Retinal nerve fiber layer thickness map and blood flow pulsation measured with SDOCT

Spectral-Domain Optical Coherence Tomography (SDOCT) allows for in-vivo video-rate investigation of biomedical tissue depth structure intended for non-invasive optical diagnostics. It has been suggested that OCT can be used for di-agnosis of glaucoma by measuring the thickness of the Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer (RNLF). We present an automated method for determining the RNFL thickness from a 3-D dataset based on edge detection using a deformable spline algo-rithm. The RNFL thickness map is combined with an integrated reflectance map and retinal cross-sectional images to provide the ophthalmologist with a familiar image for interpreting the OCT data. The video-rate capabilities of our SDOCT system allow for mapping the true retinal topography since motion artifacts are significantly reduced as com-pared to slower time-domain systems. Combined with Doppler Velocimetry, SDOCT also provides information on retinal blood flow dynamics. We analyzed the pulsatile nature of the bidirectional flow dynamics in an artery-vein pair for a healthy volunteer at different locations and for different blood vessel diameters. The Doppler phase shift is determined as the phase difference at the same point of adjacent depth profiles, and is integrated over the area delimited by two circles corresponding to the blood vessels location. Its temporal evolution clearly shows the blood flow pulsatile nature, the cardiac cycle, in both artery and vein. The artery is identified as having a stronger variation of the integrated phase shift. We observe that artery pulsation is always easily detectable, while vein pulsation seems to depend on the veins diameter.
Single-Molecule Fluorescence Quantification with a Photobleached Internal Standard

In cellular and molecular biology, fluorophores are employed to aid in tracking and quantifying molecules involved in cellular function. We previously developed a sensitive single-molecule quantification technique to count the number of proteins and the variation of the protein number over the population of individual subcellular organelles. However, environmental effects on the fluorescent intensity of fluorophores can make it difficult to accurately quantify proteins using these sensitive techniques. In this letter, we demonstrate the use of photobleaching to extract an accurate single-molecule calibration intensity distribution from the sample directly to avoid any differences in environment that may alter the count. Using this technique, we were able to show that goat antimouse IgG antibody labeled with Alexa Fluor 488, an environmentally insensitive fluorophore, exhibited an average fluorescence equivalent to 4.6 single fluorophores. SynaptopHluorin vesicles, which contain the environmentally sensitive green fluorescent protein, exhibited an average of 4.4 single green fluorescent proteins per vesicle.
Source effects on surface wave group travel times and group velocity maps

Abstract In most seismic surface wave studies observed group travel times are interpreted as time delays due entirely to the wave propagation along the wave path, and source effects are considered as negligibly small. This is in contrast with observed phase times where correction for the source phase is generally acknowledged to be mandatory. An important, yet unanswered, question is how neglecting source group time (SGT) in broadband surface wave studies will affect the accuracy of the measured group velocity curves and the tomographic maps constructed from these measurements. We consider here the effect of SGT on group velocity measurements for fundamental Rayleigh waves and report on its dependence on period (10–200 s), source mechanism, and source depth. Varying these parameters strongly affects the magnitude and azimuthal pattern of SGT shifts and we present statistics of certain salient functionals that characterize this dependence. SGT is negligible for periods less than about 75 s and for earthquake shallower than about 25 km. At longer periods and for deeper events, average SGT corrections are greater than 10 s in magnitude, which for continental scale studies translates into group velocity perturbations of 1–2%. We estimate the bias caused by uncorrected SGT in inversions for Rayleigh wave group velocity maps across the Eurasian continent. The largest perturbations to these maps (up to 1–2% for the 50-s period and up to 5% for the 100-s period) are found near the periphery of the continent where ray coverage is poor. From these results, some statistical estimates for adjacent wave paths (clusters), and the fact that SGT corrections display considerable sensitivities to earthquake depths, we conclude that the effects of SGT on group velocity tomographic images may safely be ignored at periods less than about 75 s and for shallow sources. Although such corrections are appreciable at longer periods for events deeper than about 25 km and should in principle be applied, the inherent inaccuracy of present day CMT solutions and group velocity measurements make these corrections practically non-essential for current group velocity tomographic studies.
Effect of antihistaminic drugs on hypoxic pulmonary hypertension.

Abstract During exposure to 8 percent oxygen inhalation, 18 dogs experienced an average increase of 5.4 mm Hg in mean pulmonary arterial pressure. The administration of promethazine and chlorpheniramine during an initial exposure to hypoxia significantly decreased the pulmonary hypoxic pressor response; the administration of diphenhydramine did not. However, these 3 antihistaminic agents prevented the development of pulmonary hypertension during a second exposure to hypoxia ( P = 0.3 × 10 −6 ). Five dogs received progressive doses of chlorpheniramine, thus showing that the effectiveness of this drug can be demonstrated at a dose of less than 0.3 mg/kg body weight. The amounts of diphenhydramine and promethazine needed to achieve effectiveness equivalent to that of chlorpheniramine are sufficiently great as to restrict their applicability to man in acceptable doses. This study lends further support to the hypothesis that histamine mediates hypoxic pulmonary hypertension.
Energy Metabolism During Diapause in Culex pipiens Mosquitoes

Diapause in overwintering adult female Culex pipiens mosquitoes plays an important role in the transmission of West Nile and other encephalitis-inducing flaviviruses. To investigate the dynamic metabolic processes that control Cx. pipiens diapause, we used radioactive tracer techniques with [14C]-glucose to investigate the metabolic fate and flux of glucose in adult mosquitoes reared under diapause (18 °C, short day) and non-diapause (27 °C, long day) conditions. We found that by 72 h post-14C-labeling of 1-day-old mosquitoes, the diapause-destined mosquitoes had converted 46% more 14C-labled glucose into 14C-labled lipid than mosquitoes reared under non-diapausing conditions. When 5-day-old mosquitoes were fed [14C]-glucose, and then switched to water only, the non-diapausing mosquitoes oxidized nearly three times more 14C-labled glycogen and lipid by day 7 than diapausing-mosquitoes. This increased energy expenditure in non-diapausing mosquitoes is most likely due to temperature- and light-dependent increases in the basal metabolic rate. Amongst the diapausing-mosquitoes we analyzed over a subsequent 7-week period, we found that the amount of 14C-labeled glycogen decreased steadily for the first month of diapause, whereas, 14C-labeled-lipid levels were not significantly decreased until after day 35 of diapause, indicating that flux through glycogenolysis is higher than lipolysis during the first month of diapause. Lastly, our analysis revealed that 38% of the initial 14C-labled lipid that was synthesized during the adult pre-diapause phase was still present following the first gonotrophic cycle. About 33% of this remaining 14C-labeled lipid was localized to the newly developed eggs, suggesting that lipid sparing processes during a minimal 7-week long diapause may enhance egg production.
Antisense oligodeoxynucleotides to the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator inhibit cAMP-activated but not calcium-activated chloride currents.

Abstract Phosphorylation of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) by cAMP-dependent protein kinase leads to chloride flux in epithelial cells. Is CFTR also required for the calcium-dependent activation of chloride channels? We used antisense oligodeoxynucleotides to CFTR to reduce the expression of CFTR in colonic and tracheal epithelial cells. The antisense oligomers were a pair of adjacent 18-mers complementary to nucleotides 1-18 and 19-36 of CFTR mRNA. Sense and misantisense oligomers served as controls. A 48-h antisense treatment reduced the expression of CFTR protein as assayed by immunoprecipitation and autoradiography to 26% of the level in sense-treated T84 cells. Whole-cell patch clamp revealed that a 48-h antisense treatment of T84 and 56FHTE-8o- fetal tracheal epithelial cells reduced the cAMP-activated chloride current to approximately 10% of that in sense-treated cells. The half-life of functional CFTR is less than 24 h in these cells. In contrast, the calcium-activated chloride current was not affected by antisense treatment. Hence, the cAMP and calcium pathways are separate. CFTR is required for the cAMP pathway but not for the calcium pathway.
A comprehensive model and method for model parameterization for predicting pattern collapse behavior in photoresist nanostructures

Pattern collapse has become an issue of increasing importance in semiconductor lithography as the size of critical features continues to shrink. Although models have been proposed to explain the observed pattern collapse behavior, the ability of such models to quantitatively predict the collapse behavior has been limited without significant model fitting to experimental pattern collapse behavior. Such a need to collect extensive collapse data before these models can provide any predictive capability limits their use and in general does not provide further insight into the underlying root causes of the observed behavior in many cases. This is particularly true at small feature sizes for resist lines smaller than approximately 70 nm in width. In this work, a comprehensive pattern collapse model that accounts for both adhesion based pattern failure and elastoplastic deformation-based failure is used. Furthermore, the required model parameters are extracted from basic experiments on the resist materials and substrates themselves without the need for actual patterning experiments. For example, the resist mechanical modulus behavior is determined from simple thin film buckling experiments. The results of these simple tests are quantitatively predictive pattern collapse models for a particular resist-substrate combination that capture complex effects such as the dependence of the collapse behavior on resist film thickness and feature size due to feature size dependent polymer modulus behavior. Application of these models and experimental methods to an experimental resist and comparisons of the model predictions versus actual experimental pattern collapse data are shown and discussed to validate the methodology.
Banach spaces with trivial isometries

Each separable Banach space has an equivalent norm whose only isometries are ± identity. An equivalent norm on a non-separable Hilbert space is constructed so that its only isometries are ± identity.