cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Correspondences between the Classical Electrostatic Thomson Problem and Atomic Electronic Structure

Abstract Correspondences between the Thomson problem and atomic electron shell-filling patterns are observed as systematic non-uniformities in the distribution of potential energy necessary to change configurations of N ≤ 100 electrons into discrete geometries of neighboring N − 1 systems. These non-uniformities yield electron energy pairs, intra-subshell pattern similarities with empirical ionization energy, and a salient pattern that coincides with size-normalized empirical ionization energies. Spatial symmetry limitations on discrete charges constrained to a spherical volume are conjectured as underlying physical mechanisms responsible for shell-filling patterns in atomic electronic structure and the Periodic Law.
Construct validation of the Hand Test Withdrawal score on institutionalized older adults.

The Hand Test Withdrawal score was correlated with an independent criterion measure of general intactness, the Mental Status Questionnaire, for a sample of 57 "normal," institutionalized, elderly (M age = 77.26 yr.) to establish the construct validity of the Withdrawal score for older adults. A Pearson r of .43 (p < .001) was obtained, suggesting that the Withdrawal score is a valid measure of mental status or general intactness for institutionalized older adults.
Deformation modelling of aluminum during repeated stress relaxation runs

A state variable model is capable of representing stress relaxation runs even in case of mainly elastic and anelastic loading. Apparent kink in log sigma versus log epsilon representation of stress relaxation event, after mainly elastic and anelastic loading, is due to change of the deformation mode from mainly anelastic to mainly plastic. The crossing of stress relaxation curves after an initial plastic loading and subsequent elastic and anelastic reloadings in commercially pure aluminum at room temperature, was explained in terms of thermally induced effects, the presence of which was experimentally confirmed.
Supporting top-K keyword search in XML databases

Keyword search is considered to be an effective information discovery method for both structured and semi-structured data. In XML keyword search, query semantics is based on the concept of Lowest Common Ancestor (LCA). However, naive LCA-based semantics leads to exponential computation and result size. In the literature, LCA-based semantic variants (e.g., ELCA and SLCA) were proposed, which define a subset of all the LCAs as the results. While most existing work focuses on algorithmic efficiency, top-K processing for XML keyword search is an important issue that has received very little attention. Existing algorithms focusing on efficiency are designed to optimize the semantic pruning and are incapable of supporting top-K processing. On the other hand, straightforward applications of top-K techniques from other areas (e.g., relational databases) generate LCAs that may not be the results and unnecessarily expand efforts in the semantic pruning. In this paper, we propose a series of join-based algorithms that combine the semantic pruning and the top-K processing to support top-K keyword search in XML databases. The algorithms essentially reduce the keyword query evaluation to relational joins, and incorporate the idea of the top-K join from relational databases. Extensive experimental evaluations show the performance advantages of our algorithms.
Struggling to Promote Deeply Rooted Change: The "Filtering Effect" of Teachers' Beliefs on Understanding Transformational Views of Teaching Science

Current literature reports that the reorganization of schools through national ef- forts is not closely paralleled to subsequent local classroom changes. The focus of this study concerns teachers' beliefs and their interpretations of a 2-week summer institute intended to change their treatment of scientific knowledge and assessment strategies at the classroom level. Furthermore, this study suggests that major contextual barriers to change should be identified and support should be provided to help teachers interpret and rethink their practice in venues beyond institutes. Despite collaborative efforts, participants were found to maintain their entry level fundamental beliefs about the nature of scientific content knowledge, teach- ing, and assessment practices. Reaching beyond past research on reform and reports of change in teachers, this study attempts to explicate the struggle of making lasting and deeply rooted change in teacher beliefs that results in the transformation of traditional science teaching. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Sci Ed 81:137 - 159, 1997.
ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROME IN FAMILIES

In the first family, a child developed weight loss and diarrhea shortly after birth. At 5 months of age the child was hospitalized because of fever. A lung biopsy done because of a persistent pulmonary infiltrate revealed P. carinii; C. neoformans was isolated from the tissue. Immunogiobulins were elevated but mitogen stimulation studies and the numbers of B and T cells were normal. Disseminated CMV disease and T cell depletion were seen at autopsy. Thirty months later the patient's father, after 3 months of weight loss, developed C. neoformans meningitis. Immunologic studies were consistent with AIDS. The mother and a second child born one year after the first are both normal. In the second family, a child developed a fatal pneumonia over a 2 week period. Immunologic studies were not obtained and an autopsy was not done. A second child born 1 year later developed weight loss and oral candidiasis at 5 months of age. At 7 months of age this child was admitted because of persistent candidiasis and diarrhea. Immunologic studies revealed a reversed T4/TB ratio, increased immunoglobulins, decreased natural killer activity, and normal mitogen stimulation studies. K. avium was isolated from a lung biopsy, findings at autopsy were consistent with AIDS. One month after the child was hospitalized, his father was noted to be losing weight; immunologic studies were consistent with AIDS but no opportunistic infection has been documented. In these 2 families, infants developed AIDS or presumed AIDS well in advance of their effected fathers. Just as AIDS in parents is a risk factor for the development of AIDS in their unborn children. AIDS in infants identifies parents at high risk as well. Both situations should be used to identify individuals who may benefit from interventional strategies to prevent the progression of AIDS.
Cardiovascular phase relationships to the cortical event-related potential of schizophrenic, depressed, and normal subjects

Cardiovascular phase, especially diastole, influences attention and the event-related potential (ERP) of the right hemisphere of the brain. Depression and schizophrenia are characterized by attentional deficits, unique lateralization of brain function, and deviant phase relationships of biological oscillators. In the present study, the ERP was recorded during stimulation triggered by diastole and systole in control (n = 16), depressed (n = 16), and schizophrenic (n = 9) subjects. Fifty tones were presented and subjects were instructed to count them silently. Previous findings were supported of delayed latencies and increased amplitude in depressed patients and decreased amplitudes and delayed latencies in schizophrenics. An exaggerated effect of diastole on the ERP in the right hemisphere was observed in depressed patients, however, no cardiovascular effect on the ERP was apparent in schizophrenic patients. Results suggested that heart/brain networks are tightly coupled in normal controls, perhaps "overdriven" in depressed patients, and uncoupled in schizophrenics.
Analysis of a Variable SIW Resonator Enabled by Dielectric Material Perturbations and Applications

This paper details the analysis of a variable substrate integrated waveguide resonator enabled by dielectric material perturbations. A circuit model and closed-form expressions are developed. Fluidic dispersions composed of low dielectric oil and high dielectric particles are utilized in a prototype resonator to provide proof-of-concept demonstrations for three applications, which are: 1) a tunable resonator; 2) a material measurement device; and 3) a fluid sensor. Theoretical values for the dielectric constant and loss tangent of the fluidic dispersion show a possible tuning range of ~ 20% across X-band. However, measurements show the materials composing the fluidic dispersion have more losses than expected and hinder performance for practical filtering applications (Q drops to 10 s). It is noted that utilizing better materials for the fluidic dispersions will greatly increase the performance as a tunable resonator. In the next application, the measurements on the prototype resonator and parametric studies from simulation are used to estimate new properties for the fluidic dispersions constituents. The final application utilizes the prototype as a fluidic sensor for measuring the volume fraction of a particulate in a fluid medium.
Oxygen depletion of bismuth molybdates

Pure ..cap alpha..-phase bismuth molybdate (Bi/sub 2/Mo/sub 3/O/sub 12/), which is known to be weakly active for selective oxidation, and pure ..gamma..-phase bismuth molybdate (Bi/sub 2/MoO/sub 6/), which has good activity, were subjected to oxidation-reduction cycles with known amounts of hydrogen and oxygen, at 300/sup 0/-570/sup 0/C and with evacuation steps between treatments. The volume of oxygen consumed during reoxidation was equal to half the hydrogen consumed during the reduction on the ..cap alpha..-phase, which indicated that no hydrogen was retained during reduction. For the ..gamma..-phase, the oxygen consumption was greater than half of the hydrogen consumption and it increased with extent of reduction. The excess oxygen was apparently consumed by filling anion vacancies formed during outgassing subsequent to the reduction step. ESR spectroscopy and temperature-programed oxidation-reduction indicated that lattice oxide ions which bridge between bismuth and molybdenum layers of the koechlinite structure become more labile when the catalyst is in a partially reduced state, and that this effect is greater in the ..gamma..- than the ..cap alpha..-phase. Table and 15 references.
Topographic Response of Nearshore Currents to Wind: An Empirical Model

Abstract Observations of winds and currents along the northshore of Lake Ontario are analyzed to evaluate effects of topographic wave propagation on wind-driven currents. Lagged cross-correlations and spectral transfer functions between winds and currents are found to be consistent with the mechanism of resonant topographic-wave response in the presence of bottom friction. Transfer function models in the time domain are shown to explain 70 to 80 percent of the variance of observed currants.
Multiple-center-of-projection images

In image-based rendering, images acquired from a scene are used to represent the scene itself. A number of reference images are required to fully represent even the simplest scene. This leads to a number of problems during image acquisition and subsequent reconstruction. We present the multiple-center-of-projection image, a single image acquired from multiple locations, which solves many of the problems of working with multiple range images. This work develops and discusses multiple-center-ofprojection images, and explains their advantages over conventional range images for image-based rendering. The contributions include greater flexibility during image acquisition and improved image reconstruction due to greater connectivity information. We discuss the acquisition and rendering of multiple-center-of-projection datasets, and the associated sampling issues. We also discuss the unique epipolar and correspondence properties of this class of image. CR Categories: I.3.3 [Computer Graphics]: Picture/Image Generation – Digitizing and scanning, Viewing algorithms; I.3.7 [Computer Graphics]: Three-Dimensional Graphics and Realism; I.4.10 [Image Processing]: Scene Analysis
Female sexual abuse survivors as patients: avoiding retraumatization

The literature on adult female psychiatric patients who are survivors of childhood sexual abuse is reviewed. This literature shows both high rates of such abuse and a characteristic pattern of symptoms that distinguishes these survivors from other patients. A theoretical framework is discussed which explains how psychiatric symptoms may develop after childhood sexual abuse and how diagnosis and treatment may serve to maintain or intensify such symptoms. Viewing patients from a posttraumatic treatment perspective is advocated as a strategy for nursing to effectively help these patients with the healing process.
Immunoglobulins Against Tyrosine-Nitrated Epitopes in Coronary Artery Disease

Background—Several lines of evidence support a pathophysiological role of immunity in atherosclerosis. Tyrosine-nitrated proteins, a footprint of oxygen- and nitrogen-derived oxidants generated by cells of the immune system, are enriched in atheromatous lesions and in circulation of patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). However, the consequences of possible immune reactions triggered by the presence of nitrated proteins in subjects with clinically documented atherosclerosis have not been explored. Methods and Results—Specific immunoglobulins that recognize 3-nitrotyrosine epitopes were identified in human lesions, as well as in circulation of patients with CAD. The levels of circulating immunoglobulins against 3-nitrotyrosine epitopes were quantified in patients with CAD (n=374) and subjects without CAD (non-CAD controls, n=313). A 10-fold increase in the mean level of circulating immunoglobulins against protein-bound 3-nitrotyrosine was documented in patients with CAD (3.75±1.8 μg antibody Eq/mL p...
Improved method for making nondenaturing composite gradient gels for the electrophoretic separation of lipoproteins

Nondenaturing gradient gel electrophoresis continues to be used widely for resolution and characterization of lipoprotein subclasses. Methods for making such gels in the laboratory have been published, but occasionally samples do not display uniform mobilities for all lanes in a laboratory-made gel. To help overcome this limitation, we recommend a modification
Charge transport of camphor sulfonic acid-doped polyaniline and poly(o-toluidine) fibers: role of processing

Abstract We report the results of transport studies (temperature-dependent d.c. conductivity, thermopower, microwave frequency conductivity and dielectric constant for camphor sulfonic acid-doped polyaniline (PAN-CSA) and its methyl ring-substituted derivative, poly( o -toluidine) (POT-CSA) fibers prepared in solutions of m -cresol. The results for the PAN-CSA fiber are very similar to those for PAN-CSA film with the presence of some poorer conducting linkages. The POT-CSA fiber shows significantly higher conductivity with much weaker temperature dependence than the earlier studied hydrochloric acid-doped poly( o -toluidine) (POT-HCl) fiber and powder, indicating that it is much closer to the localization-delocalization boundary.
Problem-based learning in photonics technology education

Problem-based learning (PBL) is an instructional approach in which students learn by actively and collaboratively solving authentic problems encountered in real-world situations. Research demonstrates that PBL improves students' learning and retention, motivation, critical thinking and problem-solving skills, and their ability to skillfully apply knowledge in new and novel situations - skills deemed critical for lifelong learning. In this paper, we present the Photon PBL project, a three-year National Science Foundation Advanced Technological Education (NSF-ATE) project aimed at developing, in partnership with photonics industry and university partners, a comprehensive series of multimedia PBL instructional materials and training for photonics technology educators from across the US and abroad. Results from first-year pilot testing of multimedia PBL instructional materials, problem development and implementation strategies are detailed.
An Analysis of High Temperature Metal Creep—Part II: A Constitutive Formulation and Verification

A phenomenological development of a constitutive equation is presented for the high temperature viscoplastic flow of a metal. The development rests on a viscoelasticity foundation but incorporates several features of a classical metals theory. The one dimension representation is developed using the creep response, strain rate response, and stress rate response of wrought Udimet 700 at 926.7°C (1700°F). The strain response to several cyclic stress histories is successfully predicted using the model. A three dimensional theory is proposed.
Aortic Dissection Presenting as Acute Subtotal Left Main Coronary Artery Occlusion: A Case Approach and Review of the Literature

Aortic dissection is the most common fatal condition of the aorta, yet it is often missed on initial clinical presentation. Aortic dissection associated with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is relatively rare, but if it occurs, it can be diagnostically challenging, and the condition can be fatal. Here we describe a case of aortic dissection presenting as ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) managed via the transradial approach. We describe the current literature on the subject.
Building blocks for a decision-based integrated product development and system realization process

A key requirement, in a distributed product development environment at General Motors, was to provide a series of quantitative and qualitative mechanisms for integrating competing information from distributed agents. Such mechanisms must also account for provisions for combining different opinions, for resolving conflicts, and for finding a feasible or optimal solution at the end. We, at Electronic Data Systems (EDS), General Motors Account, developed a Decision-based Integrated Product Development (DIPD) methodology to capture a system-level optimization formulation as part of a product design, development and delivery (PD3) process. The paper describes this methodology in the context of system-level optimization. DIPD employs the inputs, requirement, constraints, and output conventions to formulate the product realization problem in a distributed manner. The purpose of this DIPD methodology is to improve the performance characteristics of the product, process, and organization (PPO) relative to automobile consumer needs and expectations. DIPD builds the theory through a systematic revision and extension of the paradigms introduced earlier by optimization experts and practitioners including this author [Prasad, 1996]. The eight parts of this DIPD methodology, called building blocks, are discussed at length in this paper. The first four blocks, 1–4, provide a conceptual framework for understanding the challenges and opportunities in DIPD. The last four parts, 5–8, of this methodology provide the building blocks for an analytical and conceptual framework for decision-making, PPO improvements, and a large-scale system optimization. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Eng 5: 123–144, 2002
Optical glasses for high-peak-power laser applications

Only a limited number of optical glasses are commercially available that can be used in high-fluence laser applications between 0.35 and 1.05 micrometers . These include, primarily, certain phosphate glasses and fused silica. Phosphate glasses can now be made free of Pt-inclusions; the technology leading to this improvement is briefly discussed. In addition, inclusion-free fused silica can be made by a high temperature, chemical-vapor-deposition (CVD) process. Measured damage thresholds over a range of wavelengths and pulse lengths are reported for these materials. In addition, the use of doped layers of plasma CVD fused silica as a means of making high-damage-threshold rugate filters is presented. The impact of a high nonlinear refractive index (n2) on the spatial profile of the laser beam is discussed. Dramatic improvements in laser performance are possible if an inclusion-free, low-n2 glass (such as fluorophosphate) could be made. Multiphoton absorption and solarization of fused silica at 351 nm are also reviewed; fused silica continues to be the preferred material for high fluence applications at this wavelength.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Ethylene Glycol, Methanol and Isopropyl Alcohol Intoxication

In clinical practice, poisoning with ethylene glycol, methanol, and isopropyl alcohol is common. These alcohol-related intoxications can present with high anion gap metabolic acidosis and increased osmolality. Toxicity and clinical symptoms are due to the accumulation of their metabolites, causing increased anion gap, rather than the parent compounds that are associated with an increase of serum osmolality. Clinical manifestations result from abnormalities of neurologic, cardiopulmonary, and renal function. Laboratory abnormalities when present are helpful for diagnosis but may be absent depending on the time of ingestion and time of presentation. Fomepizole and ethanol are potent inhibitors of alcohol dehydrogenase and reduce generation of toxic metabolites. Hemodialysis is an effective way of detoxification because it can remove unmetabolized alcohol in addition to the organic anions. High index of suspicion and early diagnosis can prevent the significant morbidity and mortality associated with these intoxications.
Temperature dependence of the luminescent photoelastic coating technique

This paper presents the optical strain response results of a luminescent photoelastic coating (LPC) at elevated temperatures up to 100 °C. The LPC technique is used to acquire full-field stress and strain measurements on structural components. Differing from traditional reflective photoelastic coatings, an LPC uses a luminescent dye that partially retains the induced polarization changes in the illumination field through the coating and provides a relatively high signal response at oblique incidence angles. These characteristics enable the LPC technique to measure the full-field separated principal strains and their directions using oblique excitation. The strain-dependent response of the coating is affected by several parameters such as the luminescent polarization efficiency, optical sensitivity, coating absorptivity, and effective excitation or emission wavelength. The effect of temperature elevation on these parameters is important to characterize if the technique is extended to high-temperature or cy...
The Effects of Various Ions on the Infra-Red Absorption of Water

The effects of various non-hydrolyzing salts on the infra-red spectrum of water have been studied in the region between 1\ensuremath{\mu} and 7\ensuremath{\mu}. Variations in the positions of the absorption maxima at 1.46\ensuremath{\mu}, 1.79\ensuremath{\mu}, 1.96\ensuremath{\mu}, 3.0\ensuremath{\mu}, 4.7\ensuremath{\mu}, and 6.1\ensuremath{\mu} have been observed. The changes produced by the solutes have been compared with existing data on the effects of temperature variation on the absorption of water. The results indicate that, in general, large ions produce changes similar to the changes produced by increasing the temperature of the pure solvent, whereas small ions produce the reverse effect. These results are in agreement with data on the other physical properties of water and aqueous solutions.
Modeling the cutting edge geometry of scalpel blades

Scalpel blades are commonly used in surgery to perform invasive medical procedures, yet there has been limited research on the geometry that makes up these cutting instruments. The goal of this art...
Content-based crowd retrieval on the real-time web

In this paper, we propose and evaluate a novel content-driven crowd discovery algorithm that can efficiently identify newly-formed communities of users from the real-time web. Short-lived crowds reflect the real-time interests of their constituents and provide a foundation for user-focused web monitoring. Three of the salient features of the algorithm are its: (i) prefix-tree based locality-sensitive hashing approach for discovering crowds from high-volume rapidly-evolving social media; (ii) efficient user profile updating for incorporating new user activities and fading older ones; and (iii) key dimension identification, so that crowd detection can be focused on the most active portions of the real-time web. Through extensive experimental study, we find significantly more efficient crowd discovery as compared to both a k-means clustering-based approach and a MapReduce-based implementation, while maintaining high-quality crowds as compared to an offline approach. Additionally, we find that expert crowds tend to be "stickier" and last longer in comparison to crowds of typical users.
RACB: Resource Aware Cache Bypass on GPUs

Caches are universally used in computing systems to hide long off-chip memory access latencies. Unlike CPUs, massive threads running simultaneously on GPUs bring a tremendous pressure on memory hierarchy. As a result, the limitation of cache resources becomes a bottleneck for a GPU to exploit thread-level parallelism (TLP) and memory-level parallelism (MLP) and achieve high performance. In this paper, we propose a mechanism to bypass L1D and L2 cache based on the availability of cache resources. Our proposed mechanism is based on the observation that a huge number of stalls coming from limited cache resources prohibit GPUs from providing a higher throughput. So we propose Resource Aware Cache Bypass (RACB) with minor hardware changes to eliminate such stalls to improve performance. We examine the effectiveness of this approach when applied to L1D and L2 cache separately as well as together. Evaluation results with NVIDIA Computing SDK show that RACB generally improves performance the most when applied to both L1D and L2 cache, which is up to 88.05% and on an average of 16.73%, additionally, energy is saved up to 22.35% and on an average of 5.88% with minor hardware overheads.
Facilitating the Transition from Graphical to Algebraic Models: A Teaching Challenge for Intermediate Microeconomics

A three-lecture introduction to intermediate microeconomic theory emphasizes graphical models as a means to visualize algebraic models.
Skin-colored papules around the eyes

Departments of Pediatrics and Dermatology, The ity of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio. urces: None. f interest: None declared. ence to: John Browning, MD, The University of Texas cience Center at San Antonio Pediatrics/Dermatology, oyd Curl Dr, MSC 7808, San Antonio, TX 78229. E-mail: wningMD@yahoo.com. Dermatol 2011;65:e33. /$36.00 the American Academy of Dermatology, Inc. /j.jaad.2010.08.016
Fungal Endophytes of Aquatic Macrophytes: Diverse Host-Generalists Characterized by Tissue Preferences and Geographic Structure

Most studies of endophytic symbionts have focused on terrestrial plants, neglecting the ecologically and economically important plants present in aquatic ecosystems. We evaluated the diversity, composition, host and tissue affiliations, and geographic structure of fungal endophytes associated with common aquatic plants in lentic waters in northern Arizona, USA. Endophytes were isolated in culture from roots and photosynthetic tissues during two growing seasons. A total of 226 isolates representing 60 putative species was recovered from 9,600 plant tissue segments. Although isolation frequency was low, endophytes were phylogenetically diverse and species-rich. Comparisons among the most thoroughly sampled species and reservoirs revealed that isolation frequency and diversity did not differ significantly between collection periods, among species, among reservoirs, or as a function of depth. However, community structure differed significantly among reservoirs and tissue types. Phylogenetic analyses of a focal genus (Penicillium) corroborated estimates of species boundaries and informed community analyses, highlighting clade- and genotype-level affiliations of aquatic endophytes with both sediment- and waterborne fungi, and endophytes of proximate terrestrial plants. Together these analyses provide a first quantitative examination of endophytic associations in roots and foliage of aquatic plants and can be used to optimize survey strategies for efficiently capturing fungal biodiversity at local and regional scales.
An Assessment and Explanation of Environmental Inequity in Baltimore

In Baltimore, census tracts made up of White, working-class people are more likely to contain a Toxics Release Inventory (TRI) facility than primarily Black census tracts. Differences in race characteristics decrease with larger units of analysis and with the use of half-mile buffers around TRI sites. At the census-tract level, race is the most significant population characteristic, followed by income and education. A long history of residential and occupational segregation may explain the proximity of toxic-release sites to working-class White neighborhoods.
Estimation of 24-Hour Energy Expenditure from Shorter Measurement Periods in Premature Infants

Estimation of 24-Hour Energy Expenditure from Shorter Measurement Periods in Premature Infants
A review of the different techniques for solid surface acid-base characterization.

Abstract In this work, various techniques for solid surface acid-base (AB) characterization are reviewed. Different techniques employ different scales to rank acid–base properties. Based on the results from literature and the authors’ own investigations for mineral oxides, these scales are compared. The comparison shows that Isoelectric Point (IEP), the most commonly used AB scale, is not a description of the absolute basicity or acidity of a surface, but a description of their relative strength. That is, a high IEP surface shows more basic functionality comparing with its acidic functionality, whereas a low IEP surface shows less basic functionality comparing with its acidic functionality. The choice of technique and scale for AB characterization depends on the specific application. For the cases in which the overall AB property is of interest, IEP (by electrokinetic titration) and H 0,max (by indicator dye adsorption) are appropriate. For the cases in which the absolute AB property is of interest such as in the study of adhesion, it is more pertinent to use chemical shift (by XPS) and the heat of adsorption of probe gases (by calorimetry or IGC).
Functional Implications of Intrinsic Helicities within Basic Regions of bZIP Transcription Factors

Eukaryotic transcription factors (TFs) including basic leucine zippers (bZIPs) are enriched in disorder promoting residues. In contrast to the presumption that monomeric unbound bZIP basic regions (bRs) are uniformly disordered, recent studies have shown that unbound monomeric bRs have quantifiable -helicity. The 8-residue segments, directly N-terminal to DNA-binding motifs are primary modulators of intrinsic helicities. It is conceivable that observed intrinsic helicities and their variation with bR sequences are inconsequential given that sequences of disordered regions change rapidly. Our sequence analysis of bZIPs, however, demonstrates that bRs show a high degree of conservation across orthologs and considerable variation among paralogs. Based on this, we predict that bRs from similar sequence families and different organisms are likely to have equivalent intrinsic helicities and propose that this reflects a mechanistic conservation across orthologs with implications for search process for cognate DNA half sites. To test our predictions we have performed lattice-based kinetic Monte Carlo simulations to quantify the impact of variations in intrinsic helicities on the process of DNA binding. DNA is modeled as a wormlike chain and a randomly chosen site is designated as the cognate site. We model the interplay of three-dimensional diffusion of free TF molecules in solution, binding and unbinding of TF to the non-cognate sites, and one-dimensional sliding along the DNA. The effects of intrinsic helicity on these processes are investigated through systematic titrations in a multidimensional parameter space and quantifying their effects on the first passage time distribution for TF to find its cognate site. The search time has a non-monotonic dependence on bR helicity such that the search process is optimized within a limited regime of bR helicity. We also quantify effects of bZIP dimerization as a secondary modulator of TF-DNA interactions.
Analog assessment of frustration tolerance: Association with self-reported child abuse risk and physiological reactivity

Although frustration has long been implicated in promoting aggression, the potential for poor frustration tolerance to function as a risk factor for physical child abuse risk has received minimal attention. Instead, much of the extant literature has examined the role of anger in physical abuse risk, relying on self-reports of the experience or expression of anger, despite the fact that this methodology is often acknowledged as vulnerable to bias. Therefore, the present investigation examined whether a more implicit, analog assessment of frustration tolerance specifically relevant to parenting would reveal an association with various markers of elevated physical child abuse risk in a series of samples that varied with regard to age, parenting status, and abuse risk. An analog task was designed to evoke parenting-relevant frustration: the task involved completing an unsolvable task while listening to a crying baby or a toddler's temper tantrum; time scores were generated to gauge participants' persistence in the task when encountering such frustration. Across these studies, low frustration tolerance was associated with increased physical child abuse potential, greater use of parent-child aggression in discipline encounters, dysfunctional disciplinary style, support for physical discipline use and physical discipline escalation, and increased heart rate. Future research directions that could better inform intervention and prevention programs are discussed, including working to clarify the processes underlying frustration intolerance and potential interactive influences that may exacerbate physical child abuse.
Radio Direction Finding at 1.67-Meter Wavelengths

Different antenna systems such as the Adcock, V-type, double-V-type, parabolic, and the H-type were tested for measuring both the vertical and the azimuthal angles of an incident wave at the wavelength of 1.67 meters. A null method using the Adcock antenna for defining the azimuthal angle and the H antenna for determining the vertical angle was found to be most satisfactory for high angles of incidence. As the frequency used is too high for sky-reflected waves, erroneous directions attributed to the effect of sky waves at longer wavelengths are eliminated. With the antenna system one and one-half wavelengths above ground and with the ground surface dry and homogeneous and no reflecting objects in the immediate vicinity, the direction of the incident wave thus determined agrees within ½ degree with the optical direction in the azimuthal angle and within ±½ degree in the vertical angle. But when the ground is wet, the error in the vertical angle may reach as high as 3¾ degrees. A mathematical analysis of the reception by these two types of antenna systems, taking into consideration the ground-reflected waves, is given. The theoretical response agrees well with the experimental one.
Estimation of beat-to-beat stroke volume from the pulmonary arterial pressure contour in man

A pressure-contour method for determining the stroke volume (s.v.) from the pulmonaryartery (p.a.) pressure was employed to continuously monitor the cardiovascular status of patients. six patients with ‘normal’ p.a. pressures and three severe pulmonary hypertensives were evaluated during isoproterenol and amyl-nitrite administration, Valsalva manoeuvres and arrhythmias to vary circulatory conditions. The total range of s.v. was 5–157 ml, of heart rate 56–130 beats/min and of mean pulmonary-arterial pressure 6–44 mm Hg. Pressure-contour estimations of s.v. were compared with those simultaneously obtained from the same beat with a catheter-tip electromagnetic velocity transducer. Comparison of the two methods for determining s.v. yielded correlation coefficients ranging from 0·84 to 0·95 and standard errors of the estimate from 4·2 to 10·3 ml for each of two formulas used. Correlation between the true and computed s.v. was better during interventions which only modified cardiac output than during administration of drugs that act on vascular smooth muscle. Results obtained in patients with severe pulmonary hypertension did not differ greatly from those with ‘normal’ pulmonary-artery pressures. Despite relatively high standard errors of the estimate with some interventions the ease, rapidity and simplicity of this method have distinct advantages over standard noncontinuous methods.
Public sector corruption and major earthquakes: A potentially deadly interaction

Recent studies have identified various negative effects of public sector corruption. We add to these by considering the association between corruption and deaths due to major earthquakes. After developing a brief theoretical model of the relation between these two variables we test the proposition by analyzing 344 quakes occurring between 1975 and 2003. The empirical model takes into account the endogeneity of corruption and controls for factors, such as earthquake frequency, magnitude, distance from population centers, and a country’s level of development which influence quake destructiveness. The results indicate that public sector corruption is positively related to earthquake deaths.
Implications of Teachers' Recollections of Topics Selected by Boys and Girls for Science Fair Projects

Science fair choices of 2149 male and female students were analyzed for diversity of topics and scientific merit. Students’ actual choices were then matched with teachers’ recollections of topics thought most likely to be chosen. Topics were ranked in order of preference and rankings of students and teachers compared using the Spearman rank-order correlation (rs). Teachers recollections of topics chosen by students seldom matched students’ choices. Teachers assumed more gender-based diversity in students’ choice of topics than actually occurred. Their recollections also reflected more gender stereotyped views of science, and greater diversity between male and female students.
The effect of weathering regime on uranium decay series and osmium in two soil profiles

Two soil profiles from the United States with radically different emplacement and climatic histories were analyzed for U, Th and members of the 238U decay series (234U, 230Th, 226Ra, 210Pb), 137Cs and osmium isotopes. The arid New Mexico profile is developed on an approximately 250, 000 years old colluvium while the temperate New Hampshire profile is formed on till after the last glaciation at about 10, 000 years ago. Both the profiles show significant 234U/238U 230Th/234U and 226Ra/230Th disequilibria, however, in the New Hampshire profile, the disequilibria are far more pronounced in mid-depths (20–50 cm). High Os concentration with highly radiogenic 187Os/188Os is another characteristic of the mid-depths of the New Hampshire profile. This layer, particularly at about 30–40 cm depth has the characteristics of a soil developed on black shale, as evidenced from both the high U and Os concentrations and the large excess of 230Th over 238U. This profile clearly shows that the regolith on which the contemporary soil is developing was not homogeneous. The presence of measurable excess 226Ra activity over 230Th activity in both profiles suggests the need for a source of 226Ra external to the regolith in both cases. Atmospheric deposition of 226Ra is a possible source for this 226Ra excess and brings to light the important role of atmospheric deposition of nuclides and their transport in the soil profile in pedogenic processes. It also shows that regolith developed by glacial processes need not be homogeneous, thereby confounding the understanding of vertically modified soil profiles.
Effects of above-ground herbivory on soil microbial biomass in conventional and no-tillage agroecosystems

Abstract The effects of above-ground herbivory on soil microbial biomass associated with maize ( Zea mays ) roots were measured in field experiments. Different grazing intensities were established by placing grasshoppers (0, 5, 10 and 20) in cages around individual maize plants, and allowing them to graze for 5 days. Soil samples were taken 12 days later at a depth of between 8s and12 cm. Soil microbial biomass was measured using the chloroform fumigation direct extraction method. Results indicated that intermediate levels of herbivory increased soil microbial biomass in the no-tillage system. However, in a conventional tillage system no significant differences were found among the grazing treatments. It is hypothesized that increases in soil microbial biomass in the no-tillage system were attributable to increases in root exudates resulting from above-ground herbivory.
Applications of Commutative Algebra and Algebraic Geometry to the Study of Exterior Differential Systems

A linear Pfaffian differential system on a manifold M is given by sub-bundles $$I \subset J \subset T*(M)$$ such that $$dI \subset \{ J\} $$ where {J} ⊂ Ω*(M) is the algebraic ideal generated by the sections of J. Setting $$L = J/I$$ it follows that the exterior derivative induces a bundle mapping (cf. Sec­tion 5 of Chapter IV) $$ \bar{\delta }:I \to (T*(M)/J) \otimes L.$$ (1) Dualizing and using \((T*(M)/J)* \cong {J^{ \bot }}\), this is equivalent to a bundle mapping $$\pi :{J^{ \bot }} \subset W* \otimes V.$$ (1) Locally, this mapping is given by the tableau matrix 7r as discussed in Chapter IV. Much of the discussion in the preceeding chapters has cen­tered around fibrewise constructions, such as the symbol and characteristic variety, associated to the mapping (1). In this chapter we will isolate and considerably extend these discussions.
Glutamine Is Essential for Nitric Oxide Synthesis by Murine Macrophages

Background. Recent studies suggest an interaction between l-arginine (Arg) and l-glutamine (Gln) in the control of nitric oxide (NO) synthesis. Endotoxemia enhances Gln demand and NO production. This study was initiated to investigate the effects of altered Gln availability on the capacity of macrophages to produce NO and the interaction of Gln with l-citrulline (Cit) and Arg in the regulation of endotoxin-stimulated NO synthesis. Methods. Cultures of RAW 264.7 macrophages in MEM containing Gln (0 to 100 mM) or Arg (0 or 0.6 mM) and supplemented or not with Cit (0.31 to 10 mM) were exposed to Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) at 0.001 and 1 μg/ml. After 24-h incubation, supernatants were evaluated for nitrite concentrations by Greiss reaction as a measure of NO synthesis. Results. LPS stimulated nitrite synthesis in a dose-dependent fashion. Macrophages cultured in Gln-free medium containing Arg (0.6 mM) did not produce NO when stimulated with LPS. In contrast, in the presence of Arg and 0.001 μg/ml LPS, adding as little as 0.31 mM Gln resulted in a 23-fold increase in NO production (from 0.13 ± 0.02 to 2.92 ± 0.06 nmol/ml) (P < 0.0001). Furthermore, a dose-dependent increase in LPS-stimulated nitrite release was observed with increasing amounts of Gln to as much as 1 mM. LPS-stimulated macrophages cultured in Arg-free medium containing Gln (0.31–10 mM) did not produce significant amounts of nitrite. However, in the absence of Arg, increasing extracellular Gln levels to 100 mM in the culture medium resulted in nitrite synthesis (2.39 ± 0.11 nmol/ml). Detectable levels of nitrite (2.84 ± 0.21 nmol/ml) were also documented when stimulated macrophages were incubated in culture medium lacking Arg but containing Cit (0.31 mM) and Gln (2 mM). Increasing Cit levels (0.63 to 10 mM) significantly augmented nitrite release (P < 0.05). Once again, no detectable levels of nitrite were observed when macrophages were cultured in Gln-free medium, even when Arg and Cit were present. Conclusion. These results suggest that Gln is an essential amino acid for NO synthesis by macrophages and raise the strong possibility that Gln acts with nitric oxide synthase to catalyze the conversion of Arg to NO. The consumption of Gln during sepsis may represent NO production.
The B Cell–Stimulatory Cytokines BLyS and APRIL Are Elevated in Human Periodontitis and Are Required for B Cell–Dependent Bone Loss in Experimental Murine Periodontitis

B-lineage cells (B lymphocytes and plasma cells) predominate in the inflammatory infiltrate of human chronic periodontitis. However, their role in disease pathogenesis and the factors responsible for their persistence in chronic lesions are poorly understood. In this regard, two cytokines of the TNF ligand superfamily, a proliferation-inducing ligand (APRIL) and B-lymphocyte stimulator (BLyS), are important for the survival, proliferation, and maturation of B cells. Thus, we hypothesized that APRIL and/or BLyS are upregulated in periodontitis and contribute to induction of periodontal bone loss. This hypothesis was addressed in both human and mouse experimental systems. We show that, relative to healthy controls, the expression of APRIL and BLyS mRNA and protein was upregulated in natural and experimental periodontitis in humans and mice, respectively. The elevated expression of these cytokines correlated with increased numbers of B cells/plasma cells in both species. Moreover, APRIL and BLyS partially colocalized with κ L chain-expressing B-lineage cells at the epithelial–connective tissue interface. Ligature-induced periodontitis resulted in significantly less bone loss in B cell–deficient mice compared with wild-type controls. Ab-mediated neutralization of APRIL or BLyS diminished the number of B cells in the gingival tissue and inhibited bone loss in wild-type, but not in B cell-deficient, mice. In conclusion, B cells and specific cytokines involved in their growth and differentiation contribute to periodontal bone loss. Moreover, APRIL and BLyS have been identified as potential therapeutic targets in periodontitis.
Transfer for Primary Angioplasty The Importance of Time

Primary angioplasty offers benefits as compared with fibrinolysis for many patients with acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI).1 This superiority of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in trials has led to the investigation of transfer strategies that would make PCI more widely available. Such a strategy would regionalize care and divert patients with STEMI to centers with PCI capability. The clinical cost of such a strategy in terms of time requires investigation. See p 761 Time to reperfusion after fibrinolysis is a critical determinant of outcome.2–4 In some reports of primary angioplasty, the time to reperfusion has had little effect on mortality.5 In most other studies, however, a longer door-to-balloon time worsened outcome as assessed by myocardial infarct size as well as mortality.6–9 In one recent analysis of 1791 patients with STEMI treated by primary angioplasty, each 30-minute delay in reperfusion was associated with a relative risk for 1-year mortality of 1.075.10 In a retrospective analysis of randomized trials that compared fibrinolysis to primary angioplasty, the mortality benefit associated with PCI was lost when the door-to-balloon time was delayed by >1 hour as compared with the door-to-needle time.11 Some of the difference in the comparison of fibrinolysis and primary angioplasty may reflect a relative decrease in the efficacy of fibrinolysis with time after symptom onset12,13 or the relatively good outcome that occurs in the lowest-risk STEMI patients.14 On the basis of the benefit associated with primary angioplasty over fibrinolysis in randomized trials, new trials were designed and carried out that involved transferring patients from hospitals without cardiac catheterization capability to PCI centers. The proper interpretation of the results of these trials requires a careful analysis of the importance of time. Five randomized trials compare fibrinolysis with transfer to another hospital for primary angioplasty.13,15–18 …