cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
YbtA, an AraC‐type regulator of the Yersinia pestis pesticin/yersiniabactin receptor

The pesticin receptor (Psn) of Yersinia pestis confers sensitivity to the bacteriocin, pesticin, and is an integral component of an inorganic-iron-transport system that functions at 37 degrees C. Synthesis of Psn is under the control of its own promoter and is regulated by iron and probably by the presence of its cognate siderophore. We have used a psn promoter fusion with lacZ to identify cis- and trans-acting factors which affect transcription of the psn gene. As expected, expression of lacZ from this construct was iron regulated and repressed by Fur. Mutations within a putative siderophore biosynthetic gene (irp2) also decreased expression. A set of repeats adjacent to the -35 region of the psn promoter was required for maximum expression of the psn::lacZ gene. Sequence analysis of the region upstream of irp2 revealed the presence of a gene (ybtA) with homology to the AraC family of transcriptional regulators. Insertional inactivation of ybtA resulted in decreased synthesis of Psn and proteins encoded by the irp2 operon as well as decreased expression from the psn::lacZ promoter fusion, indicating that YbtA is a transcriptional activator for psn and the putative siderophore biosynthetic genes. YbtA also represses its own transcription.
Using language-retrieved pictures to support intercultural group brainstorming

Group brainstorming is a commonly practiced technique to enhance creative outcomes. A close observation of group brainstorming suggests that ensuring the abundance and diversity of stimuli available in brainstorming sessions is critical. Cultural differences in knowledge and perspectives are valuable sources for diversity, while cultural discrepancy in communication styles and language may impede knowledge sharing. My dissertation research aims to reconcile the tension between the benefits and obstacles of intercultural brainstorming with pictures that are triggered by verbal ideas. Pictures provide extra stimulation without explicitly interrupting normal communication. Pictures may also mediate concepts in a language-independent manner, which may complement the still imperfect machine translation and make cross-lingual brainstorming feasible.
Multipartition generalizations of the Schwinger variational principle

Abstract Generalizations of the Schwinger variational principle are proposed which include rearrangement scattering. Functionals are given for the transition amplitude. The requirement that a functional be stationary with respect to variation of the scattering wave function leads to a set of simultaneous equations for the scattering wave function rather than a single equation. This is consistent with recent formalisms for many-body scattering.
The binding of penicillin in relation to its cytotoxic action. I. Correlation between the penicillin sensitivity and combining activity of intact bacteria and cell-free extracts.

1. Bacteria exposed to C14- or S35-labelled penicillin bound and concentrated the antibiotic. The amount bound from low concentrations (0.001 to 0.01 µg. per ml.) was related to the penicillin sensitivity of the strain; and highly sensitive organisms such as Streptococcus pyogenes concentrated the antibiotic as much as 200-fold. The material bound by highly sensitive strains from these low concentrations of penicillin was removed to only a minor extent by washing. Penicillin inactivated with penicillinase, by hot H2SO4 or by cold HCl was not similarly concentrated. 2. Despite wide differences in their sensitivity to penicillin, at equieffective (LD99.9) levels, four of the five strains here studied had bound comparable amounts of antibiotic. That lethal intracellular concentration averaged 1.7 to 4 µg. per gm., and 1600 to 3300 molecules per cell. 3. Bacteria in the logarithmic phase of growth, "resting" organisms, and cell-free sonic extracts, had roughly the same reactivity with penicillin. The differences in the amount of penicillin bound by bacteria of varying sensitivity therefore do not rest on differences in the permeability of the cell. 4. Escherichia coli (K12)-inactivated penicillin within the cell; and that inactivation adequately explains its low binding affinity, and its relative resistance. The other species here studied inactivated the diffusible cellular penicillin to only a minor degree, and not enough to explain the differences in their penicillin-sensitivity. The working hypothesis is suggested that their varying sensitivity is instead determined by differences in the reactivity of vital cell components with the antibiotic. 5. At high concentrations of antibiotic (1 to 1000 µg. per ml.), there was non-specific binding by all the cell strains and cell extracts here studied, unrelated to their sensitivity, and masking the specific differences in reactivity noted at low concentrations. At these high levels, penicilloic acid was bound to the same degree as the active antibiotic.
The reconstitution of the mitochondrial energy-linked transhydrogenase.

Abstract Complex I (NADH-ubiquinone reductase) catalyzes pyridine nucleotide transhydrogenase at rates several fold higher than those found in submitochondrial particles from bovine heart. An ATP-dependent reduction of NADP + by NADH was demonstrated after combination of Complex I with phospholipids, hydrophobic proteins derived from bovine heart mitochondria, and mitochondrial ATPase (F 1 ) 1 . The reaction was inhibited by oligomycin, uncoupling agents and low concentrations of Triton X-100.
Nonlinear force control of dielectric electroactive polymer actuators

Electroactive Polymers (EAPs) have a great potential to provide smart solutions to engineering problems in fields such as robotics, medical devices, power generation, actuators and sensors. This is because they yield some important characteristics that are advantageous over conventional types of actuators, like: lower weight, faster response, higher power density and quieter operation. Controlling the amount of force exerted during an interaction between an actuator and an object is crucial for certain applications, such as those involving a human and an actuator. To date there is little research into the force control of EAPs or their possible applications that utilize force control. This paper presents a realtime nonlinear force controller for a Rolled type Dielectric Electroactive Polymer Actuator (DEA). To increase the response of the actuator, a control algorithm and an inverse model were derived using the actuator's nonlinear behavior. The force controller presented can enhance the safety and performance of this unique family of actuators, allowing for more advanced and efficient applications.
Heat increments of steam-volatile fatty acids infused separately and in a mixture into fasting cows.

Abstract Heat increments for equicaloric amounts of acetic, propionic, and butyric acids and a 52A:31P:17B molar mixture of acids were determined in mature, fasted dairy cows. Acids were infused continuously into the rumen at 32kcal per kilogram body wt .75 daily. A number of rumen fluid and blood traits were measured daily during each of 10 experiments. No acidosis was indicated by the CO 2 -combining capacity of whole venous blood. Mean heat increments were acetic acid, 40; propionic acid, 18: butyric acid, 18; and acid mixture, 32kcal per 100kcal metabolizable energy.
Method for extending the dynamic range of CCD instruments

Charge coupled devices (CCDs) are the detector of choice for instruments that detect low levels of light for wavelengths 300 nm <EQ (lambda) <EQ 1100 nm. Contemporary devices have read noise level equivalents of a few electrons, and the ability to store over 100,000 electrons per pixel. In order to take full advantage of these characteristics, while ensuring that digital quantization noise will not dominate over readout noise, the dynamic range of the readout system must exceed 18 bits. We present a simple scheme that exploits the fact that Poisson noise dominates the error budget in most contemporary CCD systems in order to achieve an effective dynamic range of over 20 bits by suing dual 16 bit A/D converters of different sensitivity.
Problems and Pitfalls in Acetaldehyde Determinations

The determination of acetaldehyde in biologic samples is complicated by a variety of formation and disappearance reactions occurring in the present methods of acetaldehyde analyses. The acetaldehyde formation (ethanol oxidation) in deproteinized supernatant of tissue preparations is prevented by the use of thiourea. During deproteinization, however, it is not inhibited by thiourea, and this remains the main problem in blood acetaldehyde determinations. To circumvent this problem, the use of a correction curve is proposed which is generated by adding control blood samples to the deproteinizing agent such that the blood dilution, temperature, and the ethanol concentrations (the main factors affecting the artifactual acetaldehyde formation) in the controls are identical to those of the samples. Disappearance reactions mainly include loss of acetaldehyde due to binding and/or metabolism. The problem seems to be pronounced with human blood samples, and it is recommended that they be rapidly ( less than 5 sec) deproteinized.
Mechanical function and Biophysical Properties of the REJ region of Polycystin-1

Mutations of Polycystin-1 (PC1) account for 85% Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD), which is the most common life-threatening inherited disease worldwide. PC1 has been implicated to be involved in renal tubule and kidney morphogenesis as a mechanosensor and transduce the signals into cellular response. Most domains of the long PC1's ectodomain of are mechanical stable Ig-like motifs and may function as effective force transmitters to regulate the multi-function properties of PC1. The REJ region is a major component of PC1s ectodomain (30% or ∼1000 aa); however its structure and function remains unknown. Here we used protein engineering in combination with single-molecule AFM and circular dichroism (CD) techniques to elucidate the structure and mechanical properties of this region. Our studies indicates that the REJ region has complex mechanical properties. Stretching a protein construct which includes four PKD Ig-like domains and the complete REJ region, resulted in saw-tooth patterns with 3-10 force peaks with a wide range of unfolding forces of 50-250 pN, suggesting that the extra force peaks must originate from the REJ region. We also made several REJ constructs (I27)3-REJ FN4-(I27)2 and (I27)3-REJ FN3,4-(I27)2 and expressed them in bacteria and insect cells. Stretching these constructs generated peaks characteristic of the unfolding of titin I27 as well as other more complex unfolding events which we attribute to the unfolding of REJ domains. The complexity of the REJ domain unfolding force patterns suggests that these domains may have unfolding intermediates. These results support the hypothesis that PC1 is a mechano-transducer with a novel molecular architecture and elastic properties well-suited for sensing and transmitting distinct mechanical signals with a wide range of strengths.This work is funded by the NIH (R01DK073394) and by the Polycystic Kidney Foundation (grant 116a2r).
Microscopic skin lesions in cattle with foot-and-mouth disease.

Viral type microvesicles and microscopic foci of epithelial necrosis were found in 10 different areas of grossly normal-appearing hairy skin of 17 steers experimentally inoculated with foot-and-mouth disease virus and necropsied 2 to 5 days after inoculation. Large quantities of virus were isolated from the epidermis of the respective body areas, and the microscopic skin lesions had most of the essential morphologic features of gross lesions caused by foot-and-mouth disease virus, at the usual sites of predilection in cattle. No comparable microscopic skin lesions were found in the uninoculated controls nor in several other inoculated steers necropsied at an early stage of infection. It was concluded that microscopic skin lesions may be a consistent pathologic alteration associated with foot-and-mouth disease virus infection.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HAEMOGLOBIN AND SERUM TESTOSTERONE IN NORMAL CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS AND IN BOYS WITH DELAYED PUBERTY

The concentrations of haemoglobin and of serum testosterone were measured in 215 normal children and adolescents aged 7--20 years, and in 8 boys with constitutional delayed puberty. From the age of 14 years onward haemoglobin and testosterone rose in normal boys and differed significantly from the stable levels observed in prepubertal children and pubertal girls. In the entire series of normal boys (n = 118, age 7--20 years) concentrations of haemoglobin and testosterone were found to be closely correlated (r = 0.73, p less than 0.001). These results provide further evidence for a major role of testosterone in the control of erythropoiesis. Therefore, this correlation suggests the use of serum testosterone determination for the proper selection of haemoglobin reference ranges in boys. The respective reference ranges of haemoglobin corresponding to testosterone levels at 0 and 30 nmol/l were 120.5--148.5 and 143.5--171.5 g/l (95% confidence limits). Boys with delayed puberty were found to have significantly reduced median values of haemoglobin and testosterone for their chronological age, and 6 of the 8 boys investigated were truly anaemic on this background. Nevertheless, their haemoglobin concentration did appear appropriate as judged from their testosterone levels. This observation supports the idea that the selection of the relevant reference range for haemoglobin in boys should depend on the state of physical development as expressed by serum testosterone.
Inhibition of phosphorylation of troponin I in rat heart by adenosine and 5'-chloro-5'-deoxyadenosine.

Abstract We have investigated the effects of adenosine on protein phosphorylation in extracts of rat heart. Incubation of a myofibrillar fraction with [γ- 32 P]ATP resulted in the phosphorylation of several proteins by endogenous protein kinases. The adenosine analog 5'-chloro-5'-deoxyadenosine inhibited the phosphorylation of a 29 kD protein in this preparation. The protein was idenitified as cardiac troponin I (cTnI) by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, using purified cTnI as standard. Addition of the catalytic subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase to the myofibrillar fraction increased phosphorylation of cTnI; this increase was inhibited by 5'-chloro-5'-deoxyadenosine and adenosine. Phosphorylation of purified cTnI by the catalytic subunit was also inhibited by 5'-chloro-5'-deoxy-adenosine. Under the conditions used, 50% inhibition of phosphorylation by either endogenous or exogenous kinase was observed at approximately 50 μm 5'-chloro-5'-deoxyadenosine or adenosine. The inhibition described here occurred independently of catecholamines. The effects of ADP, AMP, and adenine on cTnI phosphorylation are also described.
Intermittent nicotine exposure upregulates nAChRs in VTA dopamine neurons and sensitises locomotor responding to the drug

Dopaminergic projections from the ventral tegmental area (VTA) to the nucleus accumbens (NAcc) mediate the behavioral and motivational effects of many drugs of abuse, including nicotine. Repeated intermittent administration of these drugs, a pattern often associated with initial drug exposure, sensitises the reactivity of dopamine (DA) neurons in this pathway, enhances the locomotor behaviors the drugs emit, and promotes their pursuit and self-administration. Here we show that activation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) in the VTA, but not the NAcc, is essential for the induction of locomotor sensitisation by nicotine. Repeated intermittent nicotine exposure (4 × 0.4 mg/kg, base, i.p., administered over 7 days), a regimen leading to long-lasting locomotor sensitisation, also produced upregulation of nAChRs in the VTA, but not the NAcc, in the hours following the last exposure injection. Functional nAChR upregulation was observed selectively in DA but not GABA neurons in the VTA. These effects were followed by long-term potentiation of excitatory inputs to these cells and increased nicotine-evoked DA overflow in the NAcc. Withdrawal symptoms were not observed following this exposure regimen. Thus, intermittent activation and upregulation by nicotine of nAChRs in DA neurons in the VTA may contribute to the development of behavioral sensitisation and increased liability for nicotine addiction.
Anhydrous tetranuclear, dinuclear, and dimeric lanthanide complexes bearing tetradentate Schiff bases

Abstract This contribution describes the synthesis and complete characterization of dinuclear (Ln 2 (SB) 3 ) and rigorously dimeric ([(SB)Ln(N(TMS) 2 )] 2 ) lanthanide complexes bearing “saturated” tetradentate Schiff bases (SB). The molecular connectivities, nuclearity, and metal ion coordination geometries in these compounds are governed by the interplay of Schiff-base steric requirements, metal ion radius, and reaction conditions (i.e., solvent choice, concentration, and temperature); the impact of these factors will be discussed and emphasized in the context of structural similarities and notable intramolecular interactions within these related compounds. Also presented is a tetranuclear Nd 3+ complex exhibiting a ladder arrangement of metal ions and μ-oxo bridges; its formation occurs by the destruction of THF at elevated temperatures. All the compounds presented can be reproducibly synthesized in high yields and analytical purity.
Relationship of seed source and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi inoculum type to growth and colonization of big bluestem (Andropogon gerardii)

Big bluestem (Andropogon gerardii) is a key grass of tallgrass prairies and is commonly included in restoration projects. In many cases, it has been found to benefit significantly from arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, however results have varied under non-sterile soil conditions. This study investigated the effects of two types of AM fungi inoculum (commercial and prairie) on growth and root colonization of big bluestem from five different seed sources grown in non-sterile soils. Seed sources were collected from five remnant prairies in the Tallgrass Prairie Peninsula located in the Midwestern United States. Growth of big bluestem and root length colonized by AM fungi was highly variable among seed source treatments. Overall, percentage of root length colonized by AM fungi was positively correlated with the total dry weight of plants, and plants that received inoculum generally grew better than those that did not receive inoculum. Inoculum treatment affected both big bluestem growth and percentage root length colonized and there was an interaction between seed source and inoculum treatment relative to colonization. Root colonization responses were not significantly different between the prairie and commercial inoculum types, although there was a significant response between plants that received additional inoculum as opposed to no additional inoculum. Seed sources from Ohio and Illinois had the highest biomasses and greatest percentage of root length colonized while plants from Wisconsin and Missouri grew poorly and had low root colonization. These results demonstrate the importance of considering both seed source and inoculum type before the incorporation of AM inoculum to prairie restoration projects.
Development and uncertainty quantification of hurricane surge response functions for hazard assessment in coastal bays

Reliable and robust methods of extreme value-based hurricane surge prediction, such as the joint probability method (JPM), are critical in the coastal engineering profession. The JPM has become the preferred surge hazard assessment method in the USA; however, it has a high computational cost: One location can require hundreds of simulated storms and more than ten thousand computational hours to complete. Optimal sampling methods that use physics-based surge response functions (SRFs) can reduce the required number of simulations. This study extends the development of SRFs to bay interior locations at Panama City, Florida. Mean SRF root-mean-square errors for open coast and bay interior locations were 0.34 and 0.37 m, respectively, comparable with ADCIRC errors. Average uncertainty increases from open coast, and bay SRFs were 10 and 12 %, respectively. Long-term climate trends, such as rising sea levels, introduce nonstationarity into the simulated and historical surge datasets. A common approach to estimating total flood elevations is to take the sum of projected sea-level rise (SLR) and present day surge (static approach); however, this does not account for dynamic SLR effects on surge generation. This study demonstrates that SLR has a significant dynamic effect on surge in the Panama City area, and that total flood elevations, with respect to changes in SLR, are poorly characterized as static increases. A simple adjustment relating total flood elevation to present day conditions is proposed. Uncertainty contributions from these SLR adjustments are shown to be reasonable for surge hazard assessments.
Sequence of Events in the Early Phase of the Solar System

Also it should be made clear in the beginning that I do not intend to include all theories in this short review. For the latter purpose several excellent articles are now available, such as in the book edited by Jastrow and Cameron.1 Here I merely put together some recent theories to bear out my own point of view. We first point out the coherent nature of the several current theories in different fields of learning as well as some calculations that have yet to be performed in order to make these different theories quantitatively self -consistent. Then by bringing these theories together we construct a sequence of events in the early phase of the solar system.
Southern San Andreas-San Jacinto fault system slip rates estimated from earthquake cycle models constrained by GPS and interferometric synthetic aperture radar observations

We use ground geodetic and interferometric synthetic aperture radar satellite observations across the southern San Andreas (SAF)-San Jacinto (SJF) fault systems to constrain their slip rates and the viscosity structure of the lower crust and upper mantle on the basis of periodic earthquake cycle, Maxwell viscoelastic, finite element models. Key questions for this system are the SAF and SJF slip rates, the slip partitioning between the two main branches of the SJF, and the dip of the SAF. The best-fitting models generally have a high-viscosity lower crust (η = 10^(21) Pa s) overlying a lower-viscosity upper mantle (η = 10^(19) Pa s). We find considerable trade-offs between the relative time into the current earthquake cycle of the San Jacinto fault and the upper mantle viscosity. With reasonable assumptions for the relative time in the earthquake cycle, the partition of slip is fairly robust at around 24–26 mm/a for the San Jacinto fault system and 16–18 mm/a for the San Andreas fault. Models for two subprofiles across the SAF-SJF systems suggest that slip may transfer from the western (Coyote Creek) branch to the eastern (Clark-Superstition hills) branch of the SJF from NW to SE. Across the entire system our best-fitting model gives slip rates of 2 ± 3, 12 ± 9, 12 ± 9, and 17 ± 3 mm/a for the Elsinore, Coyote Creek, Clark, and San Andreas faults, respectively, where the large uncertainties in the slip rates for the SJF branches reflect the large uncertainty in the slip rate partitioning within the SJF system.
CURRICULAR CHALLENGES FOR THE TWENTY‐FIRST CENTURY

The papers in this collection address a set of important issues facing our discipline. These issues cross national boundaries, and indeed are important far beyond the sociological sphere. My brief comments here will use these papers as a springboard for noting several important curricular challenges and trends for sociology, in particular, and academia, more generally, as we enter the next century.
Microvascular responses in the skeletal muscle of the diabetic rat

We examined microvascular responses to acetylcholine (ACh), adenosine (ADO), nitroprusside (SNP), bradykinin (BK), histamine (HIS), and serotonin (5-HT) in control and diabetic rats. Agonists were applied topically to neurovascularly intact and environmentally controlled cremaster muscles of diabetic or control rats 3 weeks after streptozotocin or vehicle injection. Precapillary arteriolar diameters and leakage of fluorescein isothiocyanate conjugated to bovine serum albumin (FITC-BSA) in postcapillary venules were measured by using intravital microscopy techniques. All agents dilated the arterioles, and BK, HIS, and 5-HT caused concentration-dependent leakage of FITC-BSA. Of the vasodilators tested, only ACh-induced dilation was attenuated in diabetic animals. BK and HIS caused a concentration-dependent leakage of FITC-BSA that was similar in diabetic and control groups, but FITC-BSA leakage to 5-HT was significantly attenuated in diabetic animals. To determine whether the attenuated responses were attributable to an alteration of nitric oxide, the same dilational and leakage-promoting agents were tested in normoglycemic animals in the presence of N′-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase. Only ACh-induced dilation in control animals was attenuated in the presence of L-NAME; all other responses were normal. Thus, although the attenuated ACh-induced arteriolar dilation in striated muscle of diabetic rats may be linked to an impairment of nitric oxide function or release, the reduced leakage to serotonin is not linked to nitric oxide. The impaired leakage response to 5-HT is specific for that agonist and is not an indication of a generalized decrease in vascular permeability in these diabetic animals.
Parallel boxing in B-spline intersection

A modified formulation of oriented boxing called oriented slab boxing is presented. It almost doubles the speed of the oriented boxing component in B-spline intersection. The method used to accelerate B-spline intersection includes algorithmic improvements and parallelization of the algorithm at different levels of granularity to find an optimum solution on a network of parallel processors. The software testbed is linked to a B-spline-based library, which is a prototype of what may be used in an actual engineering design environment. A parallel implementation of the algorithm on a network of three processors achieves an additional twofold improvement in speed. >
Richard on truth and commitment

The twentieth century has left us with abundant tools for theorizing about the meanings of sentences that can be used to represent states of affairs—sentences that are ‘‘truth apt.’’ But what do we do, Mark Richard wonders, when ‘‘truth gives out’’? How should we think about the aspects of our thought, talk and reasoning that are not straightforwardly representational: pejoratives, for example, or taste-related evaluatives like ‘‘cool’’? In When Truth Gives Out, Richard develops two theoretical tools for dealing with such discourse. One is a form of expressivism, which I’ll call ‘‘commitment semantics.’’ The other is a form of truth relativism. In what follows, I’ll discuss both of these tools, and the uneasy relation between them.
Particle physics confronts the solar neutrino problem

This review has four parts. In Part I, we describe the reactions that produce neutrinos in the sun and the expected flux of those neutrinos on the earth. We then discuss the detection of these neutrinos, and how the results obtained differ from the theoretical expectations, leading to what is known as the solar neutrino problem. In Part II, we show how neutrino oscillations can provide a solution to the solar neutrino problem. This includes vacuum oscillations, as well as matter enhanced oscillations. In Part III, we discuss the possibility of time variation of the neutrino flux and how a magnetic moment of the neutrino can explain the phenomenon. We also discuss particle physics models which can give rise to the required values of magnetic moments. In Part IV, we present some concluding remarks and outlook for the near future.
Trading Effort for Money Consumers’ Cocreation Motivation and the Pricing of Service Options

Services involve cocreation, such that businesses often treat consumers as partial employees to help boost productivity. However, not all consumers are intrinsically motivated to engage in the effort required to produce a service. Hence, service providers offer monetary incentives to compensate consumers for their effort by using cocreation options where consumers can either spend their own effort in exchange for extra savings or have service providers perform such options and incur additional cost. Consumers are likely to evaluate such options by determining the price that they would be willing to pay and the amount that they expect to save if they were to perform such options. In eight studies, this research shows that consumers seek more compensation for their effort than the amount that they are willing to pay a service provider. However, characteristics of the service option (expected vs. not expected), the service provider (fit with effort), the service itself (cost of labor), and consumers (budget ...
Shell Model and the Levels of Zr 91

A shell-model interpretation of low-lying positive-parity states of ${\mathrm{Zr}}^{91}$ has been attempted by taking into account the residual interactions between the two protons in the $2{p}_{\frac{1}{2}}$ and $1{g}_{\frac{9}{2}}$ configurations coupled to a neutron in the $2{d}_{\frac{5}{2}}$, $3{s}_{\frac{1}{2}}$, $1{g}_{\frac{7}{2}}$, and $2{d}_{\frac{3}{2}}$ single-particle states. A finite-range, central two-body force with a Gaussian radial dependence was assumed. Data on other nuclei in this mass region have been analyzed to provide a set of model parameters. Qualitative agreement has been obtained with the experimental data on ${\mathrm{Zr}}^{91}$.
ORAL PENICILLIN WITH BASIC ALUMINUM AMINOACETATE

This method appears to be suitable for the oral administration of penicillin. Basic aluminum aminoacetate seems admirably suited for this purpose. It is neutral and buffers gastric acidity to pH 4 to 4.5. While this work was in progress McDermott et al.6 successfully employed magnesium trisilicate in this manner. Clinical work is now in progress using the combination in infections known to be susceptible to parenteral penicillin therapy.
A kindred with a non-WASP-associated Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome variant characterized by mental impairment and dominant inheritance

Abstract Rationale Classic Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome (WAS) is an X-linked disorder characterized by a triad of thrombocytopenia with small platelets, eczema and recurrent infections. We report a family with dominant inheritance of a WAS variant. Methods We studied a three generation kindred in which four individuals have features of WAS. We evaluated quantitative immunoglobulins, peripheral blood lymphocyte subpopulations by flow cytometry, response to polysaccharide antigens, gene analysis and psychological testing. Results In this family, four of nine individuals available for study displayed the classic WAS triad of thrombocytopenia, eczema and frequent infections with varying expressivity. They had decreased IgM levels, low T and B lymphocyte subpopulations and decreased antibody responses to polysaccharide antigens. Anti-platelet antibodies were not observed. However, in contrast to typical WAS, these individuals displayed a wide spectrum of platelet size including megakaryocytosis. The male proband is 30 years old and doing well. Interestingly, the kindred displayed a Mendelian dominant pattern of transmission, and three of the four affected individuals were female. Gene analysis did not reveal a mutation in the gene that encodes the protein WASP (Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome Protein). All four individuals exhibit similar morphological features including a piquant face with a small pursed mouth. All four subjects also have a history of mental impairment ranging from moderate retardation to behavioral disturbances. Conclusions This is the second report of a WAS variant kindred with probable autosomal dominant transmission. This kindred differs from the previous family in that evidence of neurologic dysfunction is associated with the trait.
Boron-loaded plastic scintillator with neutron-γ pulse shape discrimination capability

Abstract Development of the plastic scintillator with neutron sensitivity from thermal to multi-MeV and pulse shape discrimination (PSD) has been demonstrated. Incorporation of 10B-containing compounds into the plastic scintillator with PSD capability leads to detector improvement in regard to neutron detection efficiency while preserving the discrimination between neutrons and γ-rays. Effects of boron loading on scintillation and pulse shape discrimination properties are discussed. A PSD figure-of-merit value of 1.4±0.03 has been achieved for events in a thermal neutron energy domain, 50–100 keVee, for PSD plastic loaded with 5 wt.% of m-carborane.
Does Combination Treatment With Ibuprofen and Acetaminophen Improve Fever Control

Combination treatment with ibuprofen and acetaminophen is beneficial over either agent alone for sustained fever reduction in children older than 6 months.
Supersymmetric confining model of the weak interactions

We present a supersymmetric, confining model of the weak interactions based on the gauge group SU (M)/sub S//sub C/ x SU(2)/sub L/ x SU(3)/sub C/ x U(1) (SC denotes supercolor). Supersymmetry protects chiral symmetries from spontaneous breakdown and allows a solution to the strong CP problem. There are interesting consequences for supersymmetry and R-invariance breaking. The maximum number of lepton and quark families in supersymmetric confining models is shown to be N/sub F/ = 3.
Use of Weibull Statistics to Correlate MOR, Ball‐on‐Ring, and Rotational Fast Fracture Tests

Fast fracture strength data on slip-cast reaction-bonded Si3N4 determined by uniaxial MOR, biaxial ball-on-ring tests, and speed of rotational failure measurements were correlated using Weibull statistics and finite-element techniques. The agreement between predicted and observed values demonstrated the applicability of the Weibull equation.
NEW EFFECTS IN FERROMAGNETIC NANOSTRUCTURES

Abstract We report studies of the magnetoresistance of very narrow Ni wires at low temperatures. Our measurements reveal an unanticipated longitudinal magnetoresistance, which is a function of the width of the wire. This magnetoresistance is also a function of M · H , and can thus be used to discern the behavior of M , and the associated motion of domain walls. Studies of this motion are described which show, not surprisingly, that the walls can be pinned at sites which we believe include structural ‘defects’ such as width fluctuations. It appears that at high temperatures the walls escape from these pinning sites by thermal activation over the associated potential barrier, while at low temperatures they escape by tunneling through the barrier.
Chronic stability and selectivity of four-contact spiral nerve-cuff electrodes in stimulating the human femoral nerve

This study describes the stability and selectivity of four-contact spiral nerve-cuff electrodes implanted bilaterally on distal branches of the femoral nerves of a human volunteer with spinal cord injury as part of a neuroprosthesis for standing and transfers. Stimulation charge threshold, the minimum charge required to elicit a visible muscle contraction, was consistent and low (mean threshold charge at 63 weeks post-implantation: 23.3 ± 8.5 nC) for all nerve-cuff electrode contacts over 63 weeks after implantation, indicating a stable interface with the peripheral nervous system. The ability of individual nerve-cuff electrode contacts to selectively stimulate separate components of the femoral nerve to activate individual heads of the quadriceps was assessed with fine-wire intramuscular electromyography while measuring isometric twitch knee extension moment. Six of eight electrode contacts could selectively activate one head of the quadriceps while selectively excluding others to produce maximum twitch responses of between 3.8 and 8.1 N m. The relationship between isometric twitch and tetanic knee extension moment was quantified, and selective twitch muscle responses scaled to between 15 and 35 N m in tetanic response to pulse trains with similar stimulation parameters. These results suggest that this nerve-cuff electrode can be an effective and chronically stable tool for selectively stimulating distal nerve branches in the lower extremities for neuroprosthetic applications.
Kinematically mediated effects of sport shoe design: a review

Abstract One prominent pattern emerging from a review of the literature on sport shoes and biomechanics is the observation that many effects are the indirect result of shoe‐induced adjustments in movement, i.e. a particular shoe characteristic elicits a kinematic adaptation which in turn has secondary consequences on kinetics and on injury and performance. For example, in addition to its variable effects on peak forces, cushioning system design has been shown to alter electromyographic patterns and to affect knee flexion during foot strike and affect indirectly the economy of running. Mediolateral stability as measured by rearfoot kinematics is strongly influenced by shoe design features such as heel lift, and sole hardness and geometry. The frictional properties of the shoe and surface interface have also been shown to affect kinematics in a way that in turn affects the recorded frictional forces themselves. Such kinematically mediated responses are the most provocative result of studies of the biomechan...
Aliphatic C−H to C−C Conversion: Synthesis of (−)-Cameroonan-7α-ol

In the course of a synthesis of the tricyclic sesquiterpene (-)-cameroonan-7α-ol from the acyclic (+)-citronellal, seven aliphatic C-H bonds were converted to C-C bonds, and three rings and four new stereogenic centers were established.
Thermal stability of landau slabs with constant and unequal boundary temperatures

Abstract Landau's thermal stability problem for a plane slab is resolved. Following three different paths of solution three critical solutions emerge; only one of the three agrees with Landau's 1959 finding. The present study with unequal boundary temperatures is cast along the proven path of analysis, yielding a fourth degree critical equation. Guided by Landau's finding, one of the critical roots is recognized as the right one to yield the right stability parameter for the slab.
Diffusion-perfusion MR evaluation of perihematomal injury in hyperacute intracerebral hemorrhage.

Background: It has been suggested that a zone of perihematomal ischemia analogous to an ischemic penumbra exists in patients with primary intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Diffusion-perfusion MRI provides a novel means of assessing injury in perihematomal regions in patients with ICH. Objective: To characterize diffusion-perfusion MRI changes in the perihematomal region in patients with hyperacute intracerebral hemorrhage. Method: Twelve patients presenting with hyperacute, primary ICH undergoing CT scanning and diffusion-perfusion MRI within 6 hours of symptom onset were reviewed. An automated thresholding technique was used to identify decreased apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values in the perihematomal regions. Perfusion maps were examined for regions of relative hypo- or hyperperfusion. Results: Median baseline NIH Stroke Scale score was 17 (range, 6 to 28). Median hematoma volume was 13.3 mL (range, 3.0 to 74.8 mL). MRI detected the hematoma in all patients on echo-planar susceptibility-weighted imaging and in all seven patients imaged with gradient echo sequences. In six patients who underwent perfusion imaging, no focal defects were visualized on perfusion maps in tissues adjacent to the hematoma; however, five of six patients demonstrated diffuse ipsilateral hemispheric hypoperfusion. On diffusion imaging, perihematomal regions of decreased ADC values were identified in three of 12 patients. All three subsequently showed clinical and radiologic deterioration. Conclusions: A rim of perihematomal decreased ADC values was visualized in the hyperacute period in a subset of patients with ICH. The presence of a rim of decreased ADC outside the hematoma correlated with poor clinical outcome. Although perfusion maps did not demonstrate a focal zone of perihematomal decreased blood flow in any patient, most patients had ipsilateral hemispheric hypoperfusion.
Iterative Hard Thresholding for Keyword Extraction from Large Text Corpora

To better understand and analyze text corpora, such as the news, it is often useful to extract keywords that are meaningfully associated with a given topic. A corpus of documents labeled by their topic can be used to approach this as a learning problem. We consider this problem through the lens of statistical text analysis, using bag-of-words frequencies as features for a sparse linear model. We demonstrate, through numerical experiments, that iterative hard thresholding (IHT) is a practical and effective algorithm for keyword-extraction from large text corpora. In fact, our implementation of IHT can quickly analyze more than 800,000 documents, returning keywords comparable to algorithms solving a Lasso problem-formulation, with significantly less computation time. Further, we generalize the analysis of the IHT algorithm to show that it is stable for rank deficient matrices, as those arising from our bag-of-words model often are.
Plastic collapse of lattice structures under a general stress state

We present a numerical minimization procedure to determine the macroscopic ‘plastic collapse strength’ of a tessellated cellular structure under a general stress state. The method is illustrated with sample cellular structures of regular and hierarchical honeycombs. Based on the deformation modes found by minimization of plastic dissipation, closed-form expressions for strength are derived. The current work generalizes previous studies on plastic collapse analysis of lattice structures, which are limited to very simple loading conditions.
Proteomic identification of processes and pathways characteristic of osmoregulatory tissues in spiny dogfish shark (Squalus acanthias)

We used dogfish shark (Squalus acanthias) as a model for proteome analysis of six different tissues to evaluate tissue-specific protein expression on a global scale and to deduce specific functions and the relatedness of multiple tissues from their proteomes. Proteomes of heart, brain, kidney, intestine, gill, and rectal gland were separated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2DGE), gel images were matched using Delta 2D software and then evaluated for tissue-specific proteins. Sixty-one proteins (4%) were found to be in only a single type of tissue and 535 proteins (36%) were equally abundant in all six tissues. Relatedness between tissues was assessed based on tissue-specific expression patterns of all 1465 consistently resolved protein spots. This analysis revealed that tissues with osmoregulatory function (kidney, intestine, gill, rectal gland) were more similar in their overall proteomes than non-osmoregulatory tissues (heart, brain). Sixty-one proteins were identified by MALDI-TOF/TOF mass spectrometry and biological functions characteristic of osmoregulatory tissues were derived from gene ontology and molecular pathway analysis. Our data demonstrate that the molecular machinery for energy and urea metabolism and the Rho-GTPase/cytoskeleton pathway are enriched in osmoregulatory tissues of sharks. Our work provides a strong rationale for further study of the contribution of these mechanisms to the osmoregulation of marine sharks.
Parametric generation of 48 GHz phonons in Gd films

Abstract Phonon frequency doubling in gadolinium films has been observed and is understood by considering parametric excitation of the normal mode states by a r.f. magnetic field. As a result, dynamic processes involving higher order magnetoelastic terms must be considered.
Black Aesthetics and Panther Rhetoric: A Critical Decoding of Black Masculinity in The Black Panther, 1967—80:

This article provides a critical decoding of black masculine representations in the Black Panther Party newspaper — The Black Panther. Through a random sample of 100 issues inclusive of 1316 articles from 1967 to 1980, the analysis focuses on both the aesthetic and rhetorical devices that construct black masculinity. These depictions do not turn on agendas to install `positive' images in order to contest `negative' ones, but are concerned with a recuperation of power and self-determinism to reframe the terms of debate over those representations. Findings challenge earlier assumptions that black nationalist (and specifically Black Panther) conceptions of black masculinity were predicated solely on essentialized, fixed, and patriarchal identities, and posit that these representations yielded a fluid and socially constructed notion of a black self founded upon a resistive politic.
The use of myeloma cells to study immunoregulatory mechanisms.

A number of recent observations have established that murine myeloma cells are capable of responding to the same kinds of immunoregulatioy signals that so precisely govern the expansion and differentiation of non-neoplastic B-cell clones. However, myeloma cells have the distinct advantage of being a monoclonal and homogeneous source of target cells with which to investigate the cellular and molecular details of B-cell immunoregulation. In this review Richard Lynch and Gary Milburn summarize their results using the murine myeloma MOPC-315 to study immunoregulation.
Depth profile of53Mn in the lunar surface

Measurements of cosmic-ray produced Mn-53 are reported for a series of lunar surface samples down to a depth of 416 g/sq cm. These results clearly illustrate the decrease in activity with depth as the incident galactic cosmic rays are absorbed. Below 60 g/sq cm the production rate decreases exponentially with a mean length of about 220 g/sq cm. These results indicate that, at the Apollo 15 site, the lunar regolith has been unmixed, on a meter scale, for the last 5 m.y. The neutron activation technique for Mn-53, which allowed samples smaller than 200 mg to be used for these measurements, is described.
Risk assessment for optimal freshwater inflow in response to sustainability indicators in semi-arid coastal bay

Coastal zones are the primary interface for the exchange of natural and man-made materials between terrestrial and coastal ecosystems. While continuous industrial development and population growth in the coastal region promote unprecedented economic prosperity, water resource management in bay and estuary areas turns out to be a crucial challenge. Therefore, local, state, and federal water planning groups are attempting to manage the supply of freshwater inflow based on sustainability goals, especially for semi-arid coastal regions like South Texas. Surface and ground water management practices in this semi-arid coastal region are implemented to ensure an ever-lasting water supply on one hand and to maintain ecosystem integrity in the bay and estuary system on the other hand. The aim of this study is to apply a stochastic compromise programming model to identify a compromise solution under uncertainty in terms of two competing objectives: minimizing freshwater release from a coastal reservoir and maximizing fishery harvest in its associated bay—Corpus Christi Bay, South Texas. The global criterion method used in the solution procedure seeks to select a compromise solution that possesses the shortest distance from a positive ideal solution (PIS) and the farthest distance from a negative ideal solution (NIS). Solutions were found using three distance-based functions in conjunction with stochastic constraints reflecting the risk levels involved in decision-making. Results indicate that current flows in the mouth of the Nueces River are not sufficient to maintain the salinity level and to satisfy harvest requirements in the Corpus Christi Bay if water supply goal in the city has higher priority. Therefore, a sustainable management plan of exploring the structure of demand and supply is highly desirable in this fast growing urban region.