cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Some fast Toeplitz least-squares algorithms

ABSTRACT We study fast preconditioned conjugate gradient (PCG) methods for solving least squares problems mm Ifb—Tx112, where T is an m x n Toeplitz matrix of rank n. Two circulant preconditioners are suggested: one, denoted by P, isbased on a block partitioning of T and the other, denoted by N, is based on the displacement representation of T'T. Each is obtained without forming T'T. We prove formally that for a wide class of of problems the PCG method with P converges in a small number of iterations independent of m and n, so that the computational cost of solving such Toeplitz least squares problems is O(m log n). Numerical experiments in using both P and N are reported, indicating similar good convergence properties for each preconditioner. 1 Introduction We consider the problem of solving least squares problems where the data matrix is Toeplitz, i.e. has constant diagonals. Toeplitz least squares problems occur in a variety of applications, especially in signal and image processing
Iejimalides A and B inhibit lysosomal vacuolar H+‐ATPase (V‐ATPase) activity and induce S‐phase arrest and apoptosis in MCF‐7 cells

Iejimalides are novel macrolides that are cytostatic or cytotoxic against a wide range of cancer cells at low nanomolar concentrations. A recent study by our laboratory characterized the expression of genes and proteins that determine the downstream effects of iejimalide B. However, little is known about the cellular target(s) of iejimalide or downstream signaling that lead to cell-cycle arrest and/or apoptosis. Iejimalides have been shown to inhibit the activity of vacuolar H+-ATPase (V-ATPase) in osteoclasts, but how this inhibition may lead to cell-cycle arrest and/or apoptosis in epithelial cells is not known. In this study, MCF-7 breast cancer cells were treated with iejimalide A or B and analyzed for changes in cell-cycle dynamics, apoptosis, lysosomal pH, cytoplasmic pH, mitochondrial membrane potential, and generation of reactive oxygen species. Both iejimalides A and B sequentially neutralize the pH of lysosomes, induce S-phase cell-cycle arrest, and trigger apoptosis in MCF-7 cells. Apoptosis occurs through a mechanism that involves oxidative stress and mitochondrial depolarization but not cytoplasmic acidification. These data confirm that iejimalides inhibit V-ATPase activity in the context of epithelial tumor cells, and that this inhibition may lead to a lysosome-initiated cell death process. J. Cell. Biochem. 109: 634–642, 2010. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Long Lead-Time Streamflow Forecasting Using Oceanic-Atmospheric Oscillation Indices

Climatic variability influences the hydrological cycle that subsequently affects the discharge in the stream. The variability in the climate can be represented by the ocean-atmospheric oscillations which provide the forecast opportunity for the streamflow. Prediction of future water availability accurately and reliably is a key step for successful water resource management in the arid regions. Four popular ocean-atmospheric indices were used in this study for annual streamflow volume prediction. They were Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO), El-Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO), Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO), and North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). Multivariate Relevance Vector Machine (MVRVM), a data driven model based on Bayesian learning approach was used as a prediction model. The model was applied to four unimpaired stream gages in Utah that spatially covers the state from north to south. Different models were developed based on the combinations of oscillation indices in the input. A total of 60 years (1950-2009) of data were used for the analysis. The model was trained on 50 years of data (1950-1999) and tested on 10 years of data (2000-2009). The best combination of oscillation indices and the lead-time were identified for each gage which was used to develop the prediction model. The predicted flow had reasonable agreement with the actual annual flow volume. The sensitivity analysis shows that the PDO and ENSO have relatively stronger effect compared to other oscillation indices in Utah. The prediction results from the MVRVM were compared with the Support Vector Machine (SVM) and the Artificial Neural Network (ANN) where MVRVM performed relatively better.
Incidence and patient characteristics associated with silent aspiration in the acute care setting

Coughing is a physiologic response to aspiration in normal healthy individuals. However, there are published records that report no cough in response to aspiration (i.e., silent aspiration) in dysphagic patients. In this retrospective study, for more than 2 years in two acute care hospitals we examined frequency of the cough response in patients identified as aspirators by using videofluoroscopy. One thousand one hundred one patients underwent videofluorographic evaluation of their swallowing during this 2-year period; 469 aspirated; 276 were silently aspirating. Two hundred twenty-four of these silent aspirators aspirated once during a swallow and 52 silently aspirated more than once during a swallow. These two groups of patients were analyzed separately. Univariate (chi-square and Fisher's exact tests) and multivariate (logistic regression) analyses were conducted to assess the relationship of silent aspiration to age, gender, medical diagnosis, timing of aspiration, and etiology of aspiration. In univariate analysis, age (p < 0.001), gender (p < 0.004), and medical diagnosis (p = 0.05) were significantly associated with silent aspiration in the group who aspirated once during a swallow. No significant associations were seen in the group of patients who aspirated more than once during a swallow.
Different effects of MgCl2 and MgSO4 on the thermostability of viruses

Abstract Molar concentrations of MgCl2, but not of MgSO4, stabilize enteroviruses at 50°C. Of 42 enteroviruses and one rhinovirus stabilized by MgCl2, only type 1 polioviruses, echoviruses 12, 24, and 32, and the rhinovirus were stabilized by MgSO4. The addition of subprotective amounts of MgCl2 or NaCl to labile enteroviruses suspended in M MgSO4 rendered them stable at 50°C. Myxoviruses (influenza, parainfluenza, measles, rubella) and SV40 were stable in concentrated solutions of MgSO4, but not in MgCl2. Vaccinia virus, herpesvirus, Sindbis arbovirus, and vesicular stomatitis virus were not stable in MgSO4, and their inactivation was actually enhanced in the presence of MgCl2. Reovirus was activated by MgCl2, but not by MgSO4 or NaCl.
Do Supermarkets Change the Food Policy Agenda

Summary Policy makers want supermarkets to serve the interests of important groups in society, especially small farmers and the owners of traditional, small-scale food wholesale and retail facilities. But consumer issues are also important, including “internalizing” the full environmental costs of production and marketing, and helping supermarkets be part of the solution to the health problems generated by an “affluent” diet and lifestyle. This paper places the supermarket debate in the broader evolution of food policy analysis, a framework for integrating household, market, macro, and trade issues as they affect hunger and poverty. Increasingly, supermarkets provide the institutional linkages across these issues.
Author, Self, Monster: Using Foucault to Examine Functions of Creativity

The relationship of individuals to groups has been central, and problematic, to the construct of creativity since it emerged in the 19th and early 20th centuries. Psychological research has often used the idea of creativity to differentiate and/or advocate constructs of the individual as creator, but has used a sociocultural criterion— eminence—to assure validity. Researchers and creative practitioners are then caught in a contradiction in psychology’s own terms: using extrinsic outcomes at the level of culture as the starting point to conceptualize individual activities characterized by intrinsic motivation. Even research that focuses on everyday creativity often identifies creativity only through judgment of products. Sociocultural approaches go further, defining creativity as social judgment of individuals’ works. But what does the eminence of relatively few individuals indicate about social questions (changes in discourse and power relations) or about psychological questions (the people in the system)? This article explores an alternative approach, using Foucault’s analysis of the author function, technologies of self and the related technology typology (production, signs, power and self). Comparing Foucault’s analyses to the psychological discourse demonstrates advantages of integrating Foucault’s ideas into the study of creativity. Analyzing the functions of creativity, rather than its ontology or location, provides a unifying framework for the wide array of approaches psychologists have developed. Within that framework individual experiences can be examined in relation to the distorting nature of the author function, needs for production and shifts in power relations, rather than conflated with them.
Using genetic algorithms for optimal design of trusses

The paper presents a method for optimizing the design of plane and space trusses subject to a specified set of constraints. The method is based upon a search technique using genetic algorithms. Traditional structural optimization techniques consider it continuous search space, and consequently lead to unrealistic solutions because structural members are not available in continuously varying sizes. A practical method should consider only the discrete values associated with commonly available materials. On the other hand, most modern structural optimization techniques, even when they consider a discrete search space, suffer a lack of generality, and tend to be limited to a certain kind of structure. Genetic algorithms remedy these two problems since they can deal with discrete search spaces and they are general enough to be easily extended to any kind of structure without substantial modifications. Our results show the genetic algorithm can provide very good solutions, often surpassing other complex and specialized techniques. >
A method to describe the pharyngeal airway.

Objectives/Hypothesis To describe and to assess reproducibility of a method to model the lumen of the pharyngeal airway using anatomic structures. Study Design Single-center, institutional review board-approved retrospective case series. Methods Multiple structural landmarks (hard palate, palatal aponeurosis, genu, velum, and lateral wall; pharyngeal and vallecular tongue base; and epiglottis) were used as reference points to score the associated airway. These characteristics were then combined to create a luminal model of the pharyngeal airway. Retrospective assessment by two independent observers of 117 sedated endoscopies from a convenience sample (81% male, aged 51.4 years; apnea hypopnea index 38.5 events/hr) was performed. Results Scoring of individual landmarks demonstrated a good or better agreement (kappa of 0.42–0.79). Agreement on whether the airway was constricted/obstructed was very high (kappa > 0.77). Based on differences in airway measures at different levels, multiple patterns of luminal shape and narrowing were observed. The upper pharyngeal lumen was classified into different shapes based on findings at different levels of the soft palate (oblique, 52%; intermediate, 23%; vertical, 25%). Similarly, the lower pharynx was classified into three shapes based on the structure of the tongue. Conclusion Multiple pharyngeal luminal configurations describing airway phenotypes can be described using landmarks identifiable on endoscopy. Level of Evidence 4. Laryngoscope, 125:1233–1238, 2015
Fast frequency sweeps with many forcing vectors through adaptive interpolatory model order reduction

SUMMARY The goal of this work is to examine the efficacy of interpolatory model order reduction on frequency sweep problems with many forcing vectors. The adaptive method proposed relies on the implicit interpolatory properties of subspace projection with basis vectors spanning the forced response of the system and its derivatives. The algorithm is similar to a recently proposed adaptive scheme in that it determines both interpolation location and order within the frequency domain of interest. The bounds of efficiency of the approach as the number of forcing vectors grows are explored through the use of rough floating operation counts. This, in turn, guides choices made in the adaptive algorithm, including a new technique that prevents excessive subspace growth by capitalizing on subspace direction coupling. In order to demonstrate the algorithm's utility, a series of frequency sweep problems drawn from the field of structural acoustics is analyzed. It is demonstrated that increased order of interpolation can actually degrade the efficiency of the algorithm as the number of forcing vectors grows but that this can be limited by the subspace size throttling procedure developed here. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Base Politics: Democratic Change and the U.S. Military Overseas . By Alexander Cooley. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2008. 321p. $29.95.

On September 5, 1995, three United States military personnel abducted and raped a 12-year-old schoolgirl on Okinawa, an island in the Pacific that houses roughly 75% of the U.S. military facilities in Japan. After a month and a half of smaller rallies, more than 85,000 demonstrators gathered in late October that year to protest not only the crime itself but also the presence of the U.S. bases on this string of islands that sit a thousand miles south of mainland Japan. Despite the enormous tragedy of this incident, the widespread international attention it received, and the Okinawan governor's refusal afterwards to renew land to the bases, more than 48,000 U.S. military personnel, their dependents, and civilians remain today on the island, which is roughly the size of Los Angeles. Tragedies at other U.S. bases overseas have similarly not altered the bilateral contracts with the host nation. In 1998, for example, a marine airplane accidentally severed a ski-lift cable for a gondola in Cavalese, Italy, killing all 20 passengers aboard, but this incident did not negatively impact the presence of the U.S. military in that nation.
Multiple melting in annealed poly(butlene terephthalate)

Etude d'echantillons de PBT recuits a temperatures variables par DSC avec des vitesses de balayage differentes. Etude par SALS de la #des films avant recuit. Comportement de fusion analogue a celui du PET recuit. Proposition de mecanisme similaire quoique plus complexe pour expliquer les fusions multiples. Discussion du role possible de 2 structures spherolitiques differentes
Active Traffic Management Signs and Drivers’ Speed Selection in a Driving Simulator:

Active traffic management (ATM) incorporates a collection of strategies allowing the dynamic management of recurrent and non-recurrent congestion, based on prevailing traffic conditions. These strategies help to increase peak capacity, smooth traffic flows, and increase safety on busy, major highways. Studies were conducted in a driving simulator to examine driver behavior in response to a variety of scenarios using ATM signs. The present research focuses on the use of variable speed limit (VSL) signs that are shown over each lane on a highway. The studies showed compliance with the VSL signs. Issues with respect to sign design, operational implementation, and driver speed selection, are discussed. Language: en
The design of a robotic predator: The SlugBot

Two key aspects of most living organisms is their ability to detect and exploit natural sources of energy within their environment. We are currently developing a robotic system that will attempt to sustain itself by hunting and catching slugs on agricultural land. A microbial fuel cell will be used to convert the slug bio-mass to electricity thus providing the robot's energy supply. This paper outlines the requirements for such a predator and describes the entire robot. Data is also presented from trials of the robot hunting and catching slugs in a situation similar to that found in agricultural fields.
Skewing: an efficient alternative to lookahead for decision tree induction

This paper presents a novel, promising approach that allows greedy decision tree induction algorithms to handle problematic functions such as parity functions. Lookahead is the standard approach to addressing difficult functions for greedy decision tree learners. Nevertheless, this approach is limited to very small problematic functions or subfunctions (2 or 3 variables), because the time complexity grows more than exponentially with the depth of lookahead. In contrast, the approach presented in this paper carries only a constant run-time penalty. Experiments indicate that the approach is effective with only modest amounts of data for problematic functions or subfunctions of up to six or seven variables, where the examples themselves may contain numerous other (irrelevant) variables as well.
Effects of Branched-Chain Amino Acids and Sodium Caseinate on Milk Protein Concentration and Yield from Dairy Cows

Abstract our study investigated the separate and combined effects of branched-chain amino acids (AA) and sodium caseinate on milk protein concentration and yield. Four Holstein cows (112 d in milk) were abomasally infused with water, branched-chain AA (150 g/d), sodium caseinate (600 g/d), or branched-chain AA plus sodium caseinate (44 and 600 g/d, respectively) according to a 4 x 4 Latin square design with 8-d treatment periods. Cows were fed a dry diet based on alfalfa hay and concentrates for ad libitum intake. The ration was formulated to exceed requirements for metabolizable energy and protein using the Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System. Neither daily dry matter intake (24.2 ± 0.4 kg/d; X ± SEM) nor milk yield (32.9 ± 0.4 kg/d) was affected by any of the infusion treatments. Infusion of branched-chain AA had no effect on any milk production parameters, despite a 50% increase in their concentrations. Modest increases in milk protein concentration (0.1%) and milk protein yield (62 g/d) resulted from the infusion of sodium caseinate or branched-chain AA plus sodium caseinate. True protein and whey protein concentrations in milk were also marginally increased by infusion of sodium caseinate and branched-chain AA plus sodium caseinate, and infusion of branched-chain AA, sodium caseinate, or both elevated milk nonprotein N content. Plasma urea N concentrations were elevated by the sodium caseinate and branched-chain AA plus sodium caseinate treatments. No treatment effects on other plasma metabolites or hormones were observed. Our results show no benefit of supplementation with branched-chain AA and only modest effects of sodium caseinate on milk protein concentration and yield in well-fed cows.
Maternal and postweaning diet interaction alters hypothalamic gene expression and modulates response to a high-fat diet in male offspring

Epidemiological data and results from animal studies indicate that imbalances in maternal nutrition impact the expression of metabolic disorders in the offspring. We tested the hypothesis that cons...
Diabetes causes the accelerated loss of cartilage during fracture repair which is reversed by insulin treatment

Fracture healing in diabetic individuals and in animal models of diabetes is impaired. To investigate mechanisms by which diabetes may affect fracture healing we focused on the transition from cartilage to bone, a midpoint in the fracture healing process. Femoral fractures were induced in mice rendered diabetic by multiple low dose streptozotocin treatment and compared to matching normoglycemic mice. One group of diabetic animals was treated with slow release insulin to maintain normal serum glucose levels. The results indicate that there was relatively little difference in the initial formation of the fracture callus on day 10. However, on day 16 the diabetic group had significantly smaller callus, greater loss of cartilage and enhanced osteoclastogenesis that was normalized by treatment with insulin when assessed by histomorphometric analysis. Chondrocyte apoptosis was significantly higher in diabetic mice and this increase was blocked by insulin. These changes were accompanied by diabetes-increased mRNA levels of RANKL, TNF-α, and ADAMTS-4 and -5 measured by real-time PCR, which was reversed by insulin treatment. On days 16 and 22 bone formation within the callus of diabetic mice was significantly less than the normoglycemic and brought to normal levels by insulin treatment. These results suggest that a significant effect of diabetes on fracture healing is increased chondrocyte apoptosis and osteoclastogenesis that accelerates the loss of cartilage and reduces the anlage for endochondral bone formation during fracture repair. That insulin reverses these effects demonstrates that they are directly related to the diabetic condition.
Deep-Sea Octopus (Graneledone boreopacifica) Conducts the Longest-Known Egg-Brooding Period of Any Animal

Octopuses typically have a single reproductive period and then they die (semelparity). Once a clutch of fertilized eggs has been produced, the female protects and tends them until they hatch. In most shallow-water species this period of parental care can last from 1 to 3 months, but very little is known about the brooding of deep-living species. In the cold, dark waters of the deep ocean, metabolic processes are often slower than their counterparts at shallower depths. Extrapolations from data on shallow-water octopus species suggest that lower temperatures would prolong embryonic development periods. Likewise, laboratory studies have linked lower temperatures to longer brooding periods in cephalopods, but direct evidence has not been available. We found an opportunity to directly measure the brooding period of the deep-sea octopus Graneledone boreopacifica, in its natural habitat. At 53 months, it is by far the longest egg-brooding period ever reported for any animal species. These surprising results emphasize the selective value of prolonged embryonic development in order to produce competitive hatchlings. They also extend the known boundaries of physiological adaptations for life in the deep sea.
Soil and Litter Community: Social Arthropods

Various forms of social existence occur in certain groups of arthropods inhabiting all but the most austere and unproductive landscapes. Numerous categories of sociality in these animals have been erected, ranging from simple forms of cooperation in subsocial embiopterans, cockroaches, beetles, and hymenopterans, to the highly evolved interactions of eusocial insects. The latter use division of labor, complex intracolony communication, and the direct reproductive effort of relatively few individuals. Termites of both sexes and colonies of mostly female ants, bees, and wasps fit this description and are among the most numerous of all animal groups.
Noncoherent approach to through-the-wall radar localization

A noncoherent through-the-wall radar system approach, based on stepped-frequency signal synthesis and trilateration technique, is presented. This approach involves multiple independent monostatic radar units and as such, provides flexibility in positioning the units with various standoff distances and inter-element spacing. The performance of the proposed noncoherent localization system was demonstrated using simulated and real data. The results show that the radar is able to detect and locate multiple targets behind walls
Effects of the adrenal steroidogenesis inhibitor trilostane on serum cortisol concentrations and growth in pigs

There is evidence that the growth of female rats and sheep may be constrained by physiological concentrations of glucocorticoid hormones. This study was designed to examine the effects of trilostane, an inhibitor of adrenal steroidogenesis, on serum cortisol concentrations and growth in pigs. First, trilostane was tested at three doses (250 mg, 500 mg and 1000 mg per pig) to examine its effect on serum cortisol concentrations. A reduction in serum cortisol concentration was observed 2 to 4 h after oral administration of trilostane ( P P P These results show that trilostane is effective at lowering serum cortisol concentrations acutely, but suggest that physiological concentrations of glucocorticoid hormones may not retard growth rate in barrows.
Inactivation of HIV-1 in breast milk by treatment with the alkyl sulfate microbicide sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS).

Background: Reducing transmission of HIV-1 through breast milk is needed to help decrease the burden of pediatric HIV/AIDS in society. We have previously reported that alkyl sulfates (i.e., sodium dodecyl sulfate, SDS) are microbicidal against HIV-1 at low concentrations, are biodegradable, have little/no toxicity and are inexpensive. Therefore, they may be used for treatment of HIV-1 infected breast milk. In this report, human milk was artificially infected by adding to it HIV-1 (cell-free or cell-associated) and treated with ≤1% SDS (≤10 mg/ml). Microbicidal treatment was at 37°C or room temperature for 10 min. SDS removal was performed with a commercially available resin. Infectivity of HIV-1 and HIV-1 load in breast milk were determined after treatment. Results: SDS (≥0.1%) was virucidal against cell-free and cell-associated HIV-1 in breast milk. SDS could be substantially removed from breast milk, without recovery of viral infectivity. Viral load in artificially infected milk was reduced to undetectable levels after treatment with 0.1% SDS. SDS was virucidal against HIV-1 in human milk and could be removed from breast milk if necessary. Milk was not infectious after SDS removal. Conclusion: The proposed treatment concentrations are within reported safe limits for ingestion of SDS by children of 1 g/kg/day. Therefore, use of alkyl sulfate microbicides, such as SDS, to treat HIV1-infected breast milk may be a novel alternative to help prevent/reduce transmission of HIV1 through breastfeeding.
Accelerating electrostatic surface potential calculation with multi-scale approximation on graphics processing units.

Abstract Tools that compute and visualize biomolecular electrostatic surface potential have been used extensively for studying biomolecular function. However, determining the surface potential for large biomolecules on a typical desktop computer can take days or longer using currently available tools and methods. Two commonly used techniques to speed-up these types of electrostatic computations are approximations based on multi-scale coarse-graining and parallelization across multiple processors. This paper demonstrates that for the computation of electrostatic surface potential, these two techniques can be combined to deliver significantly greater speed-up than either one separately, something that is in general not always possible. Specifically, the electrostatic potential computation, using an analytical linearized Poisson–Boltzmann (ALPB) method, is approximated using the hierarchical charge partitioning (HCP) multi-scale method, and parallelized on an ATI Radeon 4870 graphical processing unit (GPU). The implementation delivers a combined 934-fold speed-up for a 476,040 atom viral capsid, compared to an equivalent non-parallel implementation on an Intel E6550 CPU without the approximation. This speed-up is significantly greater than the 42-fold speed-up for the HCP approximation alone or the 182-fold speed-up for the GPU alone.
Application of Biophysics in Formulation, Process, and Product Characterization: Selected Case Studies

Biophysical techniques are essential tools in the development and characterization of biotherapeutics. The information gleaned from these techniques about the (higher-order) structure of the molecule provides insight into its behavior as process and formulation conditions are changed, thus helping to identify the optimum conditions for the molecule. Apart from their direct utilization in structural analysis, these techniques are can also be utilized in novel ways to assess comparability and troubleshooting product or process impact (e.g., elucidate aggregation mechanism, or assess aggregation propensity). Combinations of the methods are often required to answer any given question due to the complementary information the methods provide. Case studies involving the use of circular dichroism, differential scanning calorimetry, dynamic light scattering, analytical ultracentrifugation (sedimentation velocity and gravity sweep), isothermal titration calorimetry, intrinsic fluorescence, and extrinsic (steady-state, thermal-scanning, and stopped-flow) fluorescence have been provided.
Do ethical firms create value

Purpose – This study aims to examine the value relevance of ethics information. Design/methodology/approach – This study adopts event study methodology to test the market’s reaction around the announcements of World’s Most Ethical Companies (WME), a ranking based on firms’ overall corporate social responsibility performance. The authors calculate the abnormal returns of firms on the WME lists to investigate how stockholders respond to the disclosure of ethical information. Findings – The authors find significant and positive abnormal returns around the announcements of the lists of ethical firms. Specifically, positive market reaction on the first day after the WME announcement (Day 1) is observed. Originality/value – This study contributes to the existing literature of the relationship between business ethics and firm value. The authors provide evidence that ethics can be aligned with firms’ financial goals. Further, this study is the first to use the WME announcement as a proxy for ethical firms.
T2 (teaching & thinking)-in-action skills of highly rated medical teachers: How do we help faculty attain that expertise?

AbstractPrior to developing faculty development programmes to improve reflection-in-action abilities while teaching, we sought to elaborate how T2 (teaching & thinking)-in-action is perceived by teachers using the theoretical framework of metacognition. We interviewed seven highly rated clinical teachers. Qualitative analysis techniques were used to code the transcripts and develop themes. The themes related to T2-in-action included: (1) T2-in-action preparation; (2) self-awareness; (3) flow; (4) observing; (5) T2-in-action modifiers; and (6) interactive guidance. The importance of these actions is discussed in relation to research on metacognition and teacher cognitions and actions. These highly rated teachers came to be prepared for T2-in-action by multiple methods, monitored their teaching with specific skills, and adapted their teaching based on situational awareness and evaluation. These metacognitive components provide a set of cognitive skills, which could be incorporated into faculty development a...
Creation of Staebler-Wronski Defects at Low Temperatures

We extended the kinetics study of light-induced creation of metastable defects in undoped a-Si:H down to T = 4.2K. Using band gap light with photocarrier generation rate G0 = 3.8×l021cm−3s−1 we find that the change in metastable defect concentration ΔND depends on exposure time te as % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+- % feaagKart1ev2aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn % hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngB % PrgifHhDYfgasaacH8srps0lbbf9q8WrFfeuY-Hhbbf9v8qqaqFr0x % c9pk0xbba9q8WqFfea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8fr % Fve9Fve9Ff0dmeaabaqaciGacaGaaeqabaWaaeaaeaaakeaacaWG0b % Waa0baaSqaaiaadwgaaeaacaWGTbaaaaaa!3AAD! $$t_e^m$$ with m = 0.35 ±0.02 at 4.2K, 80K and 300K. The dependence of ΔND on generation rate is G0.44 at 4.2K. The relation between ND and photoconductivity at 300K is nonlinear and not single-valued.This work was supported by NSF DMR 9108109 and by the University of Chicago Materials Research Laboratory supported by NSF, and by an IREX Fellowship.
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF TURBULENT BOUNDARY LAYER RELAMINARIZATION WITH APPLICATION TO HIGH-LIFT SYSTEMS: PRELIMANARY RESULTS

An experimental investigation of turbulent boundary layer relaminarization is underway at the Hessert Center for Aerospace Research at the University of Notre Dame. A turbulent boundary layer was exposed to a large favorable pressure gradient for several values of Launder's relaminarization parameter. It was observed that many of the turbulent boundary layer parameters behaved as if the boundary layer relaminarized, despite values of the relaminarization parameter below which relaminarization would be expected. Preliminary results lead one to question the validity of the relaminarization parameter as the proper criterion for the onset of relaminarization. Further, evidence suggests the turbulent burst-sweep event may be a direct indicator of relaminarization and preliminary experimental data supports this claim.
Germicidal Efficiency of Synthetic Phenolic Compounds Tested by the Improved Tissue Culture Method

In the preceding paper of this series1 an improved method was proposed for testing and rating germicides. The compounds which were rated by the method included: iodine, Hexylresorcinol, Metaphen, p...
Abstract 1397: The effects of mevalonate pathway inhibitors on the motility and invasion of aggressive breast cancers

Proceedings: AACR 102nd Annual Meeting 2011‐‐ Apr 2‐6, 2011; Orlando, FL The mevalonate pathway is a metabolic pathway responsible for synthesizing prenyl (both farnesyl and geranylgeranyl) groups and activating small GTPase proteins through transfer of these groups by covalent modification. These GTPase proteins include RhoA, RhoC, Rac and Cdc42, which regulate the actin cytoskeleton during cellular migration and are over-expressed in many cancers. This project explores the effects of three mevalonate pathway inhibitors–zoledronic acid, atorvastatin and geranylgeranyl transferase inhibitor (GGTI)–on the single-cell motility, collective cell migration and invasion of an aggressive breast cancer line (MDA-MB-231) and an inflammatory breast cancer derived (IBC) line (SUM149). We are using MCF10A immortalized breast cells as our “normal-like” control. We hypothesize that these cancers rely on this pathway for cellular motility, invasion and the structure of the actin cytoskeleton more than normal epithelial cells. We observed significant decreases in total quantities of Rac, RhoC and Cdc42 and a striking increase in RhoA upon treatment with each separate inhibitor, observed by western blot. The effect is much more potent with atorvastatin and GGTI, resulting in an almost complete loss of lamellipodia and filopodia. We assayed for invasion through 3D culture transwell chambers, individual cell motility using a bead motility assay and live-cell imaging, and collective cell migration using a wound healing assay. In general, all three drugs were highly effective at inhibiting both types of cell migration and invasion in MDA-MB-231 cells. While all drugs inhibited the collective cell migration of SUM149 cells, only GGTI additionally inhibited invasion and single cell migration. This result suggests that an approach targeting geranylgeranylation may be more effective for inhibition of IBC cells. Typically IBC tumors use collective cell migration mechanisms to metastasize, whereas MDA-MB-231 tumors metastasize through single-cell migration. Our results show that aggressive breast cancers heavily rely on the mevalonate pathway for cellular motility in comparison to normal epithelial cells, and that inhibitors of this pathway have significant potential to inhibit the metastatic properties of these two tumor types, given their mechanism of tissue invasion. We are continuing to study collective cell movement by assaying for cell-cell adhesion molecules upon treatment with our three inhibitors. In addition, we are studying the effects of these inhibitors on metastasis in vivo using xenograft mouse models and Her2Neu transgenic mouse models. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1397. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-1397
Non-Deterministic Thermo-Fluid Analysis of a Compressor Rotor-Stator Cavity

Aero engines are subjected to a number of competing requirements. Small variations in geometry or operating conditions can deteriorate blade tip clearance which directly influence engine performance, eciency and life. Significant eort has been invested in modelling the propagation of input uncertainties in CFD simulations using stochastic methods. In this paper we focus on uncertainty propagation in gas turbine cavity using a NonIntrusive Polynomial Chaos method. This is an inexpensive method based on the spectral representation of the uncertainty parameters. The polynomial coecients are evaluated using Probabilistic Collocation method providing an exponential convergence for arbitrary probability distributions. This method has been applied to a rotor-stator cavity at the front of an IP compressor for a large bypass turbofan aero engine. The application is presented for a number of operating parameters as the uncertainty sources and tested for two dierent input probability distributions. The calculations are carried through from the CFD to the thermo-mechanical modelling to obtain non-deterministic component temperatures and blade tip clearances.
Endogone Incrassata: A Zygosporic Species with Hollow Sporocarps

We found that sporocarps in the type collection of Endogone incrassata have an enclosed cavity. An additional collection of E. incrassata made by Thaxter and a more recent one from Alaska also contain specimens with hollow sporocarps. This character is somewhat variable, since the smaller sporocarps in the Alaskan collection are solid. Spores in the type collection are mature, and the attachments have disappeared; consequently, Thaxter was unable to determine whether they were zygospores or chlamydospores. We found that Thaxter's additional collection of E. incrassata contained immature spores with clearly discernible gametangia. The gametangia are parallel and equal or subequal in size. The tip of one gametangium bends slightly and fuses with the other at or slightly below its tip. The zygospore forms either from the tip of the fertilized gametangium or over the point of union.
Abstract 3847: Metastasizing host stromal cells potentiate colonization of metastatic tumors

Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC Metastatic cancer cells only grow in the secondary sites with a permissive microenvironment. Here, we show that the metastatic cells can also carry their own “soil”, including activated fibroblasts from the primary site. Moreover, we found that these non-malignant carryover host-derived cells can potentiate metastatic cell colonization in the lungs and increase cancer's metastatic efficiency. Materials and Methods: Using the isolated renal perfusion model we were able to collect fragments shed by the primary tumor and assess their viability. Next, we adjusted the parabiosis model to transplant a 2 cm Actb-GFP+ skin graft onto a wild type mouse. Tumors were allowed to grow in the graft and metastasize to the lung. GFP+ cells carried over by the tumor to the lung in the lung were characterized using immunohistochemistry. In a spontaneous metastases model we used two lung tumor cell lines (LLC1 and LA-P0297) in combination with human carcinoma associated fibroblasts to study the modulation of the metastatic efficiency by stromal cells. Results: We show here that, in addition to single cells (81%), tumors shed fragments consisting of both tumor and host stromal cells. These heterogeneous fragments are more viable in the circulation compared to tumor cells alone (p < 0.05) and their stromal component proliferates in the metastic site for up to seven days. Next, we assessed the nature of these host stromal cells using immunohistochemistry and indentified 80% of them being of fibroblast origin. When we selectively depleted the host stromal cells in the tumor microenvironment the spontaneous formation of metastases was significantly reduced three weeks after the primary tumor resection as compared to control mice (p < 0.05). Also, in mice with metastases, survival was significantly decreased after co-implantation of CAFs with LLC1 compared to mice implanted with cancer cells alone. This effect could be reversed by selective depletion of the “circulating” CAFs after primary tumor removal (p < 0.01). Discussion: We found that tumor-associated stromal cells can escape primary tumors along with cancer cells, survive in blood circulation and in metastatic nodules. Pre-existence of a tissue-like structure in the form of heterotypic cell fragments may increase the viability of cancer cells in blood circulation and promote metastasis efficiency at the secondary site. How this mechanism contributes to the organo-tropism of certain metastatic tumors is not known. But demonstration of the involvement of some of the same tumor “soil” in both local and distant tumor invasion has important conceptual and clinical implications for colonization during metastasis progression. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3847.
Comparison of the effect of nucleotides on phosphate transport in renal brush border membrane vesicles and intact proximal tubules.

It has been proposed that nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) may be an important regulator of sodium-dependent phosphate (P) transport across the proximal tubular brush border membrane (BBM). NAD appears to cause inhibition of P uptake by BBM vesicles in vitro, and the in vivo administration of nicotinamide leads to phosphaturia1. The NAD effect on P-transport has been linked to ADP-ribosylation of the BBM2.
End of Life Communication

End-of-life communication focuses on verbal and nonverbal communication that occurs between individuals following the diagnosis of a terminal illness until the point of death. It is the context of an impending death that shapes the communication for the participants. The communication encompasses personal conversations with family and friends through final conversations, clinical-task focused conversations with palliative healthcare professionals, as well as interactions with caregivers and Hospice volunteers. Keywords: affectionate communication; caregiver communication; doctor–patient communication; end of life; family communication; health communication; identity management; interpersonal communication; qualitative methods; relational communication
Rapid organic matter sulfurization in sinking particles from the Cariaco Basin water column

Organic matter (OM) burial in marine sediments is a potentially important control on global climate and the long-term redox state of the earth’s surface. Still, we have only a limited understanding of the processes that stabilize OM and facilitate its preservation in the geologic record. Abiotic reactions with (poly)sulfides can enhance the preservation potential of OM, but for this process to be significant it needs to compete with OM remineralization, the majority of which occurs before sinking particles reach the sea floor. Here we investigate whether OM sulfurization occurs within sinking particles in the Cariaco Basin, a modern sulfidic marine environment with high rates of OM burial. Proto-kerogen in sinking particles is frequently more sulfur-rich and ^(34)S-depleted than expectations for biomass, with a composition that is difficult to explain by mixing with resuspended or terrigenous material. Instead, it appears that sulfur is being incorporated into OM on a timescale of days in sinking particles. The flux of this abiogenic organic S from particles is equivalent to approximately two-thirds of the total amount of proto-kerogen S at 10 cm depth in underlying sediments (ODP Core 1002B); after 6000 years of more gradual sulfurization reactions, potential water column sources are still equivalent to nearly half of the total proto-kerogen S in Cariaco sediments. Water column sulfurization is most extensive during periods of upwelling and high primary productivity and appears to involve elemental S, possibly via polysulfides. This process has the potential to deliver large amounts of OM to the sediments by making it less available for remineralization, generating OM-rich deposits. It represents a potentially dynamic sink in the global carbon cycle that can respond to changes in environmental conditions, including the size and intensity of O_2-depleted environments. Water column OM sulfurization could also have played a more significant role in the carbon cycle during ocean anoxic events, for example during the Cretaceous.
Developing solar: PV solar system markets in Africa

Abstract Governments, NGO's and UN organisations are increasingly convinced that renewable energies not only help to solve energy problems in Africa but are indispensable in alleviating regional disparities, social problems and bridging the digital gap. Still, many years after introducing high efficiency solar PV systems the necessary breakthrough of implementing them on a mass scale is still not a reality. Karim Asali, Kyocera Fineceramics GmbH, provides perspectives on developing solar PV in Africa.
Investigating the influences of person centredness and source qualifications on patient-provider communication through EMR systems

Since 2009, patients have had increasing opportunities to use online media for communicating with their physicians. The primary purpose of this study was to investigate the influences of two factors - person centredness and healthcare provider qualifications - on outcomes related to patient-provider communication through EMR systems. We designed a 3 × 2 factorial study to examine the effects of person centredness and source qualifications (MD, PA) on patient satisfaction and adherence intentions, as well as perceived healthcare provider credibility, assertiveness, and responsiveness. Participants (n = 148) completed an online questionnaire after reading a hypothetical email conversation with a healthcare provider. Results revealed main effects of person centredness on satisfaction, adherence intentions, perceived assertiveness, and perceived responsiveness, as well as significant main effects of source qualifications on source credibility and perceived assertiveness. Results also revealed significant interaction effects between person centredness and source qualifications on all outcomes but perceived assertiveness. Practical implications are discussed.
Challenges in Data Mining on Medical Databases

Modern electronic health records are designed to capture and render vast quantities of clinical data during the health care process. Technological advancements in the form of computer-based patient records software and personal computer hardware are making the collection of and access to health care data more manageable. However, few tools exist to evaluate and analyze this clinical data after it has been captured and stored. Evaluation of stored clinical data may lead to discovery of trends and patterns hidden within the data that could significantly enhance our understanding of disease progression and management. A common goal of the medical data mining is the detection of some kind of correlation, for example, between genetic features and phenotypes or between medical treatment and reaction of patients (Abidi & Goh, 1998; Li et al., 2005). The characteristics of clinical data, including issues of data availability and complex representation models, can make data mining applications challenging.