cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Establishing Realistic Requirements for Reliability, Maintainability, and Built-in-Test

Steps have been taken within the Naval Air Systems Command to provide a repeatable, logical approach to establising realistic requirements for reliability, maintainability, and built-in-test (BIT). This approach prevents problems on programs under development where failure to meet specified requirements in the areas of reliability, maintainability, and BIT could be attributed to establishment of arbitrary, unrealistic requirements with- little or no basis in fact. The approach taken ensures the proper relationship between the program thresholds within the Navy and the contractually specified requirements. This provides for a cost-effective and realistic method for ensuring that adequate inherent reliability, maintainability, and BIT capabilities are designed into the equipment to meet the stated operational requirements.
A statistical model for line-of-sight (LOS) factory radio channels

A statistical model, based on experimental data, is presented to characterize the multipath propagation medium in typical manufacturing environments. This model includes the statistics of multipath propagation characteristics for cases of light and heavy clutter in a factory where there is a direct path from transmitter to receiver. The dynamic behavior of the medium is described by a time-varying impulse response which includes the distribution of the parameters of the channel such as the gain, the interarrival time, and the number of paths. The peaks and the inflections of a number of experimentally measured pulse responses of channels were used to estimate the channel statistics. >
Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

Publisher Summary Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a pattern of behaviors believed to be primarily of a neurodevelopmental origin that affects approximately 3 to 5 % of the school-aged population. The concepts of time, timing, and timeliness are likely to prove increasingly crucial in deepening the understanding of ADHD. In particular, psychological time, how it is sensed, and how it is used in the cross temporal organizing of complex, goal-directed behavior and in self-regulation may come to be a critical element in models of ADHD.Research on brain function and structure is likely to further the understanding of the unique role of the prefrontal cortex and the midbrain structures with which it is closely associated in ADHD. But advances in theoretical models must also occur to better understand the nature and organization of the executive functions subserved by these brain regions and even the relationship of genetics, which builds these brain regions in embryological development, to ADHD and the deficits it produces in behavioral performance. The current body of twin studies further suggests that while such genetic influences are important, there exists a lesser but still important role for unique (nonshared) environmental influences on the differences among individuals in symptoms of ADHD and its underlying behavioral traits.
Family change and gender differences: Implications for theory and practice.

Theories of gender on which public policy and therapeutic interventions are based have not kept up with the family transition from preindustrial to modern times. The functionalist view of sex roles continues to emphasize separate spheres for women and men, a view which also has been adopted by some feminists. Yet working mothers have dual roles and suffer from overload as shown by research in a traditional society such as China and in an industrialized society such as the United States. Alpha bias, the exaggeration of gender opposition, is characteristic of psychodynamic and sex role theories. Beta bias, the denial of gender differences, is evident in systems theories. The dual roles of women and their dual socialization call for a new model of gender differences which recognizes this asymmetry in women's and men's roles and responsibilities.
P-40: Effect of CH4 Plasma Post Treatment on Carbon Nanotubes by MPECVD

We have successfully developed vertically aligned carbon nanotubes (CNTs) on Ni/Fe alloy metal substrate by Microwave Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition (MPECVD) and methane (CH4) plasma post treatment was carried out on its surface. When CH4 plasma exposure time increased, the turn-on electric field of CNTs decreased from 2.6V/μm to 1.8V/μm with a steep I-V curve. It is found that the electron emission characteristics of CNTs are strongly influenced not only by the growth condition but also by the post treatment as CH4 plasma. Furthermore, we investigate the structure of the CNTs by SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy) analysis and obtained the lifetime over 800 hours by measurement of emission current versus time.
Graphical Argument Analysis: A New Approach to Understanding Arguments, Applied to a Debate about the Window of Vulnerability

Arguments and debates about politics are activities central to a democracy. Understanding arguments according to common frames of reference is not a straightforward task but demands much critical intelligence and skill. To aid in evaluating and criticizing arguments, we present in this paper a quasi-formal analytical methodology that uses a graphical scheme synthesized from the work of Toulmin and others. Arguments are analyzed into sets of propositions structurally linked by support, attack, and “warranting” relations. This method had advantages over others, since it is well-adapted to informal reasoning and since it helps identify implicit principles of argumentation (warrants), unsupported claims, circularities in reasoning, lines of possible attack, and structural relations between sub-arguments. Anyone can use the graphical template of argument elements and relations as a guide in analyzing political (or other) arguments for a variety of critical purposes. In this paper, we apply the method to a debate about the strategic window of vulnerability, a debate chosen for its continuing political relevance and the richness of its argument structure. We present graphs and their verbal interpretations, and we hope to encourage others to use this method in their own critical research.
The need for professional guidelines in plant breeding

Despite broad agreement about the ‘work in progress’ status of plant breeding, there is confusion about how to best enhance the quality and productivity of crops. Genetically modified varieties have triggered discomfort across the globe, raising the question of the extent to which the integrity of a plant should be compromised for the sake of agriculture. Attempts to formulate a response to issues relating to the public perception of genetically modified plants initiated a broader discussion about various basic concepts in the application of plant genetics.
Glacial rumblings from Jakobshavn ice stream, Greenland

The steep increase in Greenland's glacial earthquake activity detected by the Global Seismographic Network since the late 1990s suggests that a close inspection of these events might provide clues to the nature and origin of such seismic activity. Here we discuss the detection of large, unexpected seismic events of extraordinarily long duration (10-40 min) occurring about once every 2 days, and localized in the ice stream that feeds the Earth's fastest-moving glacier (Jakobshavn Isbrae) from the east. These 'glacial rumblings' represent an ice-mass wasting process that is greater and more frequent than glacial earthquakes have suggested. Probably triggered by calving, the rumblings are all very similar regardless of duration, and all end with a sharp, earthquake-like event in which the largest seismic amplitude is in the rumbling and that might signal the collapse of large ice masses upstream. By calculating the total amount of seismic energy released as rumblings, we estimate that the maximum seasonal amount of ice moved seismogenically down the ice stream is up to 12 km 3 , or ~30% of the average annual iceberg discharge in Jakobshavn.
Evidence of a two-stage reaction mechanism in sputter deposited Nb/Al multilayer thin-films studied by in situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction

Abstract We present new evidence for a two-stage reaction mechanism in Nb/Al multilayer thin-films. This mechanism is similar to the sequence that has been proposed to describe the process of phase formation in several thin-film aluminide and silicide systems. The data on the formation of NbAl3 from Nb/Al multilayer thin-films are obtained through in situ X-ray diffraction (XRD) experiments using high-intensity synchrotron radiation. This method permitted the direct detection and observation of the small volume of the product phase present at the onset of the reaction. The results are consistent with previous differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and microstructural evidence provided by cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy (XTEM).
Polarization-independent tunable optical filters based on liquid crystal polarization gratings

We introduce and demonstrate a novel tunable optical filter that is insensitive to input polarization. While the most obvious application of this novel filter is in compact spectroscopy, all technologies that are dependent on tunable passband filters can benefit from it. Analogous to Lyot and Solc filters, this filter is constructed of multiple liquid crystal polarization gratings (LCPGs) of different thicknesses. LCPGs are switchable, anisotropic, thin diffraction gratings which exhibit unique properties including diffraction at visible and infrared wavelengths that can be coupled between only the zero- and first-orders, with nearly 100% and 0% experimentally verified efficiencies. Most relevant to the filter concept introduced in this work, the transmittance of the LCPG zeroth order is independent of the incident polarization. When combined with an elemental spatial filter, polarization-independent bandpass tuning can be achieved with minimum loss. The unique filter design enables a high peak transmittance (~90%) that is difficult in competing polarizer-based technologies. In this work we derive the core principles of the tunable filter, present preliminary experimental data, and discuss the capabilities of the filter in terms of finesse, 3dB bandwidth (full-width at half-maximum), and free-spectral-range. We will also evaluate the most likely practical limitations imposed by material properties and fabrication.
Relaxing the optimality conditions of box QP

We present semidefinite relaxations of nonconvex, box-constrained quadratic programming, which incorporate the first- and second-order necessary optimality conditions, and establish theoretical relationships between the new relaxations and a basic semidefinite relaxation due to Shor. We compare these relaxations in the context of branch-and-bound to determine a global optimal solution, where it is shown empirically that the new relaxations are significantly stronger than Shor's. An effective branching strategy is also developed.
A Native American-Based Cultural Model of Substance Dependency and Recovery

The purpose of this study was to identify cultural themes associated with alcohol and drug dependency that may reflect fundamental traditional Native American beliefs and values. Qualitative interviews were conducted with 58 clients at three residential treatment facilities in Phoenix, Arizona. Discourse-based content analysis of the interview data reveals several highly shared conceptions regarding significant life event situations surrounding alcohol and drug dependency from the perspective of these Native American respondents. A folk-theoretic, cultural model of the development and successful recovery from substance dependency emerges from an interpretive analysis of the most salient themes evident in these interview data.
Dual aperture-coupled microstrip antenna for dual or circular polarisation

A new method for radiating dual or circular polarisation with a printed circuit antenna element is described. A square microstrip patch on one substrate is coupled to a pair of microstriplines on another substrate via two orthogonal, rectangular apertures in a common ground plane. Quadrature excitation of the system results in circularly polarised radiation.
Partial Migration Across Populations of White Perch ( Morone americana ): A Flexible Life History Strategy in a Variable Estuarine Environment

We evaluated the prevalence of partial migration, coexisting resident and migratory life history types, within six white perch (Morone americana) populations in sub-estuaries (Upper Bay, and Potomac, Choptank, Nanticoke, James, and York Rivers) of the Chesapeake Bay. Otolith stable isotope (δ18O) values were used to resolve fish habitat use along an estuarine salinity gradient and define resident or migratory behavior. The majority of adults within Upper Bay and Potomac River populations were resident, whereas individuals from the Choptank, Nanticoke, James, and York Rivers were predominantly migratory. Beyond population differences, large interannual variability in life history types was observed, likely due to differences in estuarine conditions that influence growth rate of individuals (e.g., temperature, zooplankton density). Because we observed partial migration in all study populations, we suggest that this trait is characteristic of this species, permitting plastic responses to variation in the estuarine environment.
NIR Spectroscopy Applications in the Development of a Compacted Multiparticulate System for Modified Release

The purpose of this study was to utilize near-infrared spectroscopy and chemical imaging to characterize extrusion-spheronized drug beads, lipid-based placebo beads, and modified release tablets prepared from blends of these beads. The tablet drug load (10.5–19.5 mg) of theophylline (2.25 mg increments) and cimetidine (3 mg increments) could easily be differentiated using univariate analyses. To evaluate other tablet attributes (i.e., compression force, crushing force, content uniformity), multivariate analyses were used. Partial least squares (PLS) models were used for prediction and principal component analysis (PCA) was used for classification. The PLS prediction models (R 2 > 0.98) for content uniformity of uncoated compacted theophylline and cimetidine beads produced the most robust models. Content uniformity data for tablets with drug content ranging between 10.5 and 19.5 mg showed standard error of calibration (SEC), standard error of cross-validation, and standard error of prediction (SEP) values as 0.31, 0.43, and 0.37 mg, and 0.47, 0.59, and 0.49 mg, for theophylline and cimetidine, respectively, with SEP/SEC ratios less than 1.3. PCA could detect blend segregation during tableting for preparations using different ratios of uncoated cimetidine beads to placebo beads (20:80, 50:50, and 80:20). Using NIR chemical imaging, the 80:20 formulations showed the most pronounced blend segregation during the tableting process. Furthermore, imaging was capable of quantitating the cimetidine bead content among the different blend ratios. Segregation testing (ASTM D6940-04 method) indicated that blends of coated cimetidine beads and placebo beads (50:50 ratio) also tended to segregate.
Reduction in peroxidase in Cucumis, Brassica and other seedlings cultured in saline waters

Abstract Among 11 Brassica and 10 Cucumis cultivars and one each of Carica papaya and Zea mays grown in various dilutions of seawater, there is no consistency of change in peroxidase activity when assayed on a fr. wt basis. In contrast, on a total protein basis, peroxidase activity was reduced by 50% or more in 17 of the 23 cultivars and by 18% or more in 21. The magnitude of peroxidase response is not related to the degree of fr. wt inhibition in saline media.
The CorA Mg2+ Transporter Does Not Transport Fe2+

corA encodes the constitutively expressed primary Mg2+ uptake system of most eubacteria and many archaea. Recently, a mutation in corA was reported to make Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium markedly resistant to Fe2+-mediated toxicity. Mechanistically, this was hypothesized to be from an ability of CorA to mediate the influx of Fe2+. Consequently, we directly examined Fe2+ transport and toxicity in wild-type versus corA cells. As determined by direct transport assay, CorA cannot transport Fe2+ and Fe2+ does not potently inhibit CorA transport of 63Ni2+. Mg2+ can, relatively weakly, inhibit Fe2+ uptake, but inhibition is not dependent on the presence of a functional corA allele. Although excess Fe2+ was slightly toxic to S. enterica serovar Typhimurium, we were unable to elicit a significant differential sensitivity in a wild-type versus a corA strain. We conclude that CorA does not transport Fe2+ and that the relationship, if any, between iron toxicity and corA is indirect.
Low-grade astrocytomas may arise from different astrocyte lineages.

Abstract The management of low-grade astrocytomas remains a challenge. Although the majority of these tumors have common histological features, they may have very different clinical manifestations and rates of proliferation. Because low-grade astrocytomas are composed of relatively well-differentiated neoplastic cells that closely resemble the astrocytic phenotype, it is possible that some of these lesions express antigens that characterize astrocyte lineages. The authors performed an immunohistochemical analysis of 20 low-grade astrocytomas with A2B5, a monoclonal antibody to a ganglioside found in early postnatal Type 2 (fibrillary) astrocytes, but absent in Type 1 (protoplasmic) astrocytes, and anti-glial fibrillary acidic protein to determine whether the expression of these antigens could be used to determine the histogenesis of these tumors. These findings were compared with the clinical and imaging features of these tumors. The percentages of cells positive for A2B5 and glial fibrillary acidic protein was strongly correlated with the location of the tumor within the cortex or white matter and with the length of preoperative symptoms. Tumors based in the cortex contained significantly fewer A2B5-positive and glial fibrillary acidic protein-positive cells than white matter tumors. In addition, lesions that caused a relatively short period of preoperative symptoms (< 1 year) had significantly more A2B5-positive and glial fibrillary acidic protein-positive cells than lesions responsible for a long preoperative history (mean, 12.9 years). These findings suggest that slow-growing, cortically based low-grade astrocytomas have a phenotype consistent with the Type 1 (protoplasmic) astrocyte lineage, while white matter low-grade astrocytomas express antigens consistent with the Type 2 (fibrillary) astrocyte lineage.
A 4-Year-Old Girl with Manifestations of Multiple Chemical Sensitivities

Multiple chemical sensitivities (MCS) syndrome, also known as idiopathic environmental intolerance, is a controversial diagnosis that encompasses a wide range of waxing and waning, subjective symptoms referable to more than one body system and provoked by exposure to low levels of chemicals, foods, or other agents in the environment. Although MCS has been studied extensively, a unifying mechanism explaining the illness remains obscure, and clinicians are divided as to whether such a medical entity exists separately from psychosomatic syndromes. MCS is an adult diagnosis; there is little reference to pediatric cases in the scientific literature. In this case from the Pediatric Environmental Health Subspecialty Unit at Boston's Children's Hospital, I present the case of a preschool child who had suffered from milk allergy and poor weight gain as an infant, and then later developed asthma, allergic symptoms, sinusitis, headaches, fatigue, and rashes precipitated by an expanding variety of chemicals, foods, and allergens. I review definitions, mechanisms, diagnostic strategies, and management, and discuss some uniquely pediatric features of MCS as illustrated by this case.
Seamless Transition in the Twenty-First Century: Partnering to Survive and Thrive.

This chapter describes development and implementation of a strategic partnership between a community college and a premier engineering university to improve students' transition from the two-year to the four-year institution.
Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia: Clonal origin in a committed B-lymphocyte progenitor.

The glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G.-6-P.D.) types of isolated blood-cell populations and normal skin were determined in two patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (C.L.L.) who were heterozygous at the G.-6-P.D. locus. Normal tissues from each patient manifested both A and B G.-6-P.D. types, but the C.L.L. B-lymphocyte preparation from one patient showed only a single enzyme type, and from the other patient it showed 95% activity of one G.-6-P.D. type. These observations confirm the supposition based on immunoglobulin-marker data that at the time of study C.L.L. has a clonal origin. In contrast to the B lymphocytes, granulocytes, erythrocytes, platelets, and T lymphocytes displayed both enzyme types in proportions similar to those found in skin. These findings indicate that C.L.L. involves committed B-lymphocyte progenitors. Thus, the disease stands in contrast to chronic myelocytic leukaemia and other myeloproliferative syndromes, all of which involve multipotent haemopoietic stem cells.
In-situ sampling and separation of RNA from individual mammalian cells.

In this investigation RNA was directly sampled and separated at the single-cell level (without extraction) by capillary electrophoresis (CE). Laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) was employed to detect ethidium bromide-labeled RNA molecules under native conditions. Hydroxypropylmethylcellulose was used as a matrix for molecular sieving. Additives to the polymer solution included poly(vinylpyrrolidone) to eliminate the electroosmotic flow and mannitol to enhance the separation. Peak identities were confirmed as RNA by enzymatic treatment with RNase I. The individual Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO-K1) cells were injected into a capillary and the cells were lysed on-line with sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) solutions before running electrophoresis. Low molecular mass (LMM) RNAs as well as larger fragments (tentatively identified as 18S and 28S ribosomal RNA by comparison with the literature) were detected with this system, which corresponds to a detected amount of ≈10−20 pg of RNA/cell. A Proteinase K study showed that...
The segmental excretory glands of Artemia salina linn., var. principalis simon. (the brine shrimp)

Artemia salina, a very widely distributed species in North America, Europe and Asia, breeds freely and rapidly under laboratory conditions, living in all salinities from fresh water to almost saturated brine. Its soft exoskeleton permits of easy sectioning. The morphology and embryology of the segmentally arranged excretory glands—the antennal, mandibular and maxillary glands, are described. The antennal gland, consisting of extracellular end sac and intracellular excretory duct, is located in the second antenna and opens to the exterior on the lateroposterior face of the protopodite. It attains its maximum development by the sixth instar, degenerating by the tenth. The vestigial mandibular gland consists only of an end sac surrounding a schizocoele, and a rudimentary duct. The large maxillary gland in the adult consists of an end sac, an excretory duct of three circular coils, and a terminal duct opening to the exterior. The maxillary gland develops from a mass of mesenchyme cells in the maxillary segment of the nauplius, becoming fully differentiated by the sixth instar. The vestigial second maxilla has two bristles. It serves only as a terminus for the maxillary gland. A pair of small ganglia are accepted as internal evidence for the presence of a maxillular segment. The presence of three pair of schizocoeles in three consecutive segments is interpreted as evidence of homology with the Annelid coelome, with the possibility of further homologizing the excretory ducts with the segmental nephridia.
Glutaredoxin homolog encoded by vaccinia virus is a virion-associated enzyme with thioltransferase and dehydroascorbate reductase activities.

Abstract Glutaredoxins (GRXs), also known as thioltransferases, use glutathione as a cofactor for reduction of disulfides in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. We demonstrate that the vaccinia virus O2L open reading frame encodes a functional GRX, as predicted by Johnson et al. [Johnson, G. P., Goebel, S. J., Perkus, M. E., Davis, S. W., Winslow, J. P. & Paoletti, E. (1991) Virology 181, 378-381] from sequence homology. The 12-kDa protein product of the O2L open reading frame was synthesized after viral DNA replication, coincident with a major increase in cytoplasmic glutathione-dependent thioltransferase activity. The protein was associated with purified vaccinia virions and was not released by treatment with a nonionic detergent unless dithiothreitol was added. The virion-derived protein, as well as a recombinant form expressed in Escherichia coli, exhibited thioltransferase and dehydroascorbate reductase activities indicative of a functional GRX. The postreplicative synthesis of vaccinia virus GRX and its association with virions suggest that the enzyme may have novel roles in the virus growth cycle.
Surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy as a versatile in situ probe of chemisorption in catalytic electrochemical and gaseous environments

Some recent applications of surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) to the characterization of adsorbates at metal surfaces in electrochemical and ambient gaseous systems taken from studies in our laboratory are described with the objective of illustrating the virtues of SERS for examining catalytically relevant interfaces. Emphasis is placed on studies on Pt-group metal surfaces, prepared by ultrathin film deposition on to SERS-active gold substrates, reflecting their unique catalytic significance. The surface oxidation of Pt-group metals in gaseous oxygen and aqueous electrochemical environments is compared, as exemplified for rhodium. The occurrence of a more facile oxidation pathway with gaseous O2 in the presence of water at near-ambient temperatures is demonstrated, and shown to involve a catalytic electrochemical mechanism, as distinct from the thermal oxidation route in dry O2 which requires elevated temperatures. The central role of the surface potential in such oxidation pathways in both gaseous and conventional electrochemical systems is pointed out. The catalytic activity of such oxidized Pt-group surfaces in gaseous and electrochemical systems towards the oxidation of methanol and other small organic molecules is outlined on the basis of related SERS data. The application of time-dependent SERS as a means of diagnosing the presence of adsorbed reaction intermediates is exemplified for the case of carbon monoxide formed during formic acid electrooxidation on rhodium. The formation of reactive π-bound ethylene, and also non-reactive ethylidyne, on Pt-group electrodes upon ethylene chemisorption is also briefly described. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Functional correlates of increasing gestural articulatory fluency using a miniature second-language approach.

Objectives: Gesture-based second languages have become an important tool in the rehabilitation of language-impaired subpopulations. Acquiring the ability to use m
Biochemical and Statistical Network Models for Systems Biology

The normal and abnormal behavior of a living cell is governed by complex networks of interacting biomolecules. Models of these networks allow us to make predictions about cellular behavior under a variety of environmental cues. In this review, we focus on two broad classes of such models: biochemical network models and statistical inference models. In particular, we discuss a number of modeling approaches in the context of the assumptions that they entail, the types of data required for their inference, and the range of their applicability.
Effect of low oxygen tensions on the uptake of water by dehydrated females of the spiny rat-mite Echinolaelaps echidninus☆

Abstract A study has been made of the effect of oxygen tensions on the uptake of water by starved and predesiccated females of Echinolaelaps echidninus. Gas mixtures of nitrogen and oxygen containing O, 2.5, 5, and 10% oxygen were used. Mites in an oxygen-deficient (pure nitrogen) atmosphere lost weight though the relative humidity of the surrounding atmosphere was over 90% while the control group in a hydrating atmosphere gained weight. The changes in weight reflect movement of water to and from the mite. It is therefore concluded that the process of water uptake in these mites is an active physiological one and requires oxygen for its proper functioning. Mites could withstand concentration of nitrogen up to 97.5% but were killed by an atmosphere of pure nitrogen.
War and Television

This work studies television reporting of the US at war since World War II, including detailed coverage of television's role in the Gulf. Cumings offers insights into the everyday operations of the media and assesses the possibilities of mobilizing them for political purposes. At the centre of this volume is the tale of Cumings' own experience as expert consultant to a Thames Television production - "Korea: The Unknown War". The book also features film reviews, anecdotes and several invectives against an array of media executives, retired soldiers and bureaucrats.
Electrochromism at Niobium Pentoxide Electrodes in Aqueous and Acetonitrile Solutions

ted with colorat ion of the f i lm. The electrode surface was bleached during passage of the anodic current which appeared fol lowing potential scan reversal. Upon stepping the electrode potential between -0.8 V and +1.5 V in these solut ions, the electrode could be colored and bleached revers ib ly with a response time of 1 to 2 sec. Continuous coloring and bleaching (I sec steps) was carried out three days with no apparent changes in behavior. The Nb205 appeared to be stable in the
The permanent income hypothesis under permanent-transitory confusion

Abstract This paper empirically examines the Permanent Income Hypothesis, relaxing the typical assumption that households immediately determine the duration of any income shock. Instead, permanent-transitory confusion is imposed, and a multi-state Kalman filter is used to estimate the permanent and transitory components of income shocks. It is shown that tests of the PIH are sensitive to assumptions made concerning households information and that, in general, imposing permanent-transitory confusion results in a superior specification.
Mobiles, Molecules and the Coalescence of Processes

The author provides an account of his development and experiences as both a visual (mobile) artist and a chemist. He describes the surprising similarities between the planning of the construction of a mobile and the execution of retrosynthetic analysis used to chemically create a particular molecule. The fusion of these two independently initiated mental processes into a common creative act can be referred to as a coalescence of processes. The present article discusses the consequences of this merging for both artistic and scientific practices, as well as its relevance to the artscience concept of idea translation.
Cell surface display of synthetic phytochelatins using ice nucleation protein for enhanced heavy metal bioaccumulation.

Abstract Synthetic phytochelatins (ECs) composed of (Glu–Cys) n Gly are protein analogs of phytochelatin that exhibit improved metal-binding capacity over metallothioneins (MTs). Expression of EC20 on the surface of E. coli using the Lpp-OmpA anchor resulted in improved bioaccumulation of cadmium and mercury, providing a new method for treating heavy metal contamination. To further improve the whole-cell accumulation of heavy metals, EC20 was expressed on the surface of Moraxella sp., a bacterium known to survive in contaminated environments, using the truncated ice nucleation protein (INPNC) anchor. Production of EC20 was approximately three-fold higher in Moraxella sp. than E. coli . As a consequence, the mercury-binding capacity of the recombinant Moraxella sp. was increased by more than 10-fold. Owing to the very high level of surface expression, the use of Moraxella sp. and INPNC anchor may prove to be useful for the remediation of other environmental contaminants.
High-Sensitivity Bandpass RF Modulator In LiNbO 3

High-sensitivity lumped-element bandpass modulators in lithium niobate have been designed and evaluated. We discuss what ultimately limits the modulator response, then describe a passive resonant drive circuit, and give some experimental results from modulators using it. This circuit improves the response over that of a baseband device, but does so at the expense of reducing the bandwidth. Finally, we give experimental results from an optical link that uses this modulator. The high modulator response (equivalent to Vπ = 250 mV at 50 0) gives the link an input sensitivity only 16 dB above thermal noise while preserving a large dynamic range.
A Genetic Interpretation of the Variation in Inbreeding Depression

Inbreeding depression is expected to play an important but complicated role in evolution. If we are to understand the evolution of inbreeding depression (i.e., purging), we need quantitative genetic interpretations of its variation. We introduce an experimental design in which sires are mated to multiple dams, some of which are unrelated to the sire but others are genetically related owing to an arbitrary number of prior generations of selfing or sib-mating. In this way we introduce the concept of “inbreeding depression effect variance,” a parameter more relevant to selection and the purging of inbreeding depression than previous measures. We develop an approach for interpreting the genetic basis of the variation in inbreeding depression by: (1) predicting the variation in inbreeding depression given arbitrary initial genetic variance and (2) estimating genetic variance components given half-sib covariances estimated by our experimental design. As quantitative predictions of selection depend upon understanding genetic variation, our approach reveals the important difference between how inbreeding depression is measured experimentally and how it is viewed by selection.
Quantum Dot Nanotoxicity Assessment Using the Zebrafish Embryo

Quantum dots (QDs) hold promise for several biomedical, life sciences, and photovoltaic applications. Substantial production volumes and environmental release are anticipated. QD toxicity may be intrinsic to their physicochemical properties, or result from the release of toxic components during breakdown. We hypothesized that developing zebrafish could be used to identify and distinguish these different types of toxicity. Embryos were exposed to aqueous suspensions of CdSe(core)/ZnS(shell) QDs functionalized with either poly-L-lysine or poly(ethylene glycol) terminated with methoxy, carboxylate, or amine groups. Toxicity was influenced by the QD coating, which also contributed to the QD suspension stability. At sublethal concentrations, many QD preparations produced characteristic signs of Cd toxicity that weakly correlated with metallothionein expression, indicating that QDs are only slightly degraded in vivo. QDs also produced distinctly different toxicity that could not be explained by Cd release. Using the zebrafish model, we were able to distinguish toxicity intrinsic to QDs from that caused by released metal ions. We conclude that developing zebrafish provide a rapid, low-cost approach for assessing structure-toxicity relationships of nanoparticles.
Elevator shaft pressurization for smoke control in tall buildings: The Seattle approach

Abstract CONTAM simulations of both commercial and residential tall building models are conducted in order to study recently adopted Seattle code requirements for elevator shaft pressurization systems. In contrast to the International Building Code (IBC) requirements, the Seattle approach specifies across elevator door pressure minimums and maximums on only four “fire floors” (including one above, and two below, the fire floor). This is accomplished using a minimal pressurization of the entire elevator shaft in conjunction with venting of the four fire floors. The present study adresses the feasibility of calibrating such a system to meet the design objectives in tall buildings (system performance during an actual fire event is not considered). The two building models correspond to 37 story buildings with dual elevator and dual stairwell shafts extending the entire height of the building. Each model is calibrated to experimental data. Simulations are conducted for a variety of ambient temperatures and exterior building door positions. Coupled pressurization of the stairwells is also considered. The system requirements are found to be achievable for both elevator only and coupled elevator and stairwell pressurization systems. However, the observed pressure differences do change with changes in the ambient temperature as well as changes in the ground floor exterior door position. It is therefore recommended that such systems should be calibrated for pressure differences intermediate to the prescribed minimum and maximum values to compensate for changes to the system performance. Providing a relief vent to ambient on any recall floor may also be advisable.
Ant Interactions with Soil Organisms and Associated Semiochemicals

This review focuses on the semiochemical interactions between ants and their soil environment. Ants occupy virtually every ecological niche and have evolved mechanisms to not just cope with, but also manipulate soil organisms. The metapleural gland, specific to ants was thought to be the major source of semiochemical antimicrobial compounds targeting general or specific deleterious microbes. The extremely diverse variety of semiochemicals and their sources with antimicrobial activity or potential activity is highlighted. The leaf-cutting ants and fire ant provide the most researched species, in part because they cause significant economic damage. The leaf-cutting ant is particularly interesting because researchers have uncovered unexpected interactions between leaf-cutting ant fungal farm, parasitic fungi, bacteria, yeasts, and ant defensive semiochemicals. These complex relationships highlight the multidimensional aspects of ants and the soil environment in which they live.
Tools to aid in discovering parallelism and localizing arithmetic in Fortran programs

We describe a collection of software tools that analyse and transform Fortran programs. The analysis tools detect parallelism in blocks of code and are primarily intended to aid in adapting existing programs to execute on multiprocessors. The transformation tools are aimed at eliminating data dependencies, thereby introducing parallelism, and at localizing arithmetic in registers, of primary interest in adapting programs to execute on machines that can be memory bound (common for machines with vector architecture). The tools are unified conceptually by their use of a set of conditions for data independence; these conditions have been implemented so as to combine tool analysis with user/tool interaction. We include timing results from applying the tools to programs intended for execution on two machines with different architectures — a Sequent Balance and a CRAY-2. The tools are written in Fortran in the tool-writing environment provided by Toolpack and are easily incorporated into a Toolpack installation.
utility of ultrasound in the diagnosis of wandering abdominal viscera

Rate mobile chez une femme de 35 ans. Rein mobile avec un long pedicule chez une femme de 40 ans traitee par nephropexie
Liquid systems for rubber products including tyres

Certain urethane systems have been found to be suitable for application in products usually made of black reinforced rubber with cord reinforcement. The products referred to are generally designed to operate under conditions which include dynamic load. Therefore, they must be able to sustain repeated flexing over a range of temperatures without growth or permanent deformation. Specific urethane systems suitable for such applications are found to be urea-urethanes, having a minimum of biuret structure. Surprisingly, these urea-urethanes are largely devoid of covalent crosslinks, and depend largely on hard segment or domain reinforcement for their unusual properties.
SOLID-PHASE SYNTHESIS : INTRAMOLECULAR AZOMETHINE YLIDE CYCLOADDITION (PROLINE) AND CARBANILIDE CYCLIZATION (HYDANTOIN) REACTIONS

An efficient, diastereoselective route to 2,5,6,7-tetrasubstituted-1H-pyrrolo[1,2-c]imidazoles has been developed using solid-phase intramolecular azomethine ylide cycloaddition and carbanilide cyclization chemistries. To successfully execute this eight-step protocol in the solid phase, it was necessary to insert a spacer moiety between the resin and glycinate functional group. Experiments addressing the stereoselectivity of the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition step as well as the cyclative release step are also presented.
Workforce Training and Education Gaps in Gerontology and Geriatrics: What We Found in New York State

This article summarizes data from the 2008 Symposium Charting the Future for New York State Workforce Training and Education in Aging: The Stakeholder Perspective and the 2009 report Workforce Training and Education: The Challenge for Academic Institutions. This research is the outcome of a collaborative State Society on Aging of New York and New York State Office for the Aging study on New York State's workforce training and education needs. Eight Listening Sessions were held across New York State to obtain input on topics including training, gerontology education, and credentialing and certification. Individual sessions highlighted the needs of urban, rural, and suburban communities. Key themes identified through content analysis included the need for education about aging in agencies serving older adults, education on human development, positive aspects of aging, disabilities, developmental disabilities, and greater opportunities for training and education for service providers. Lack of incentives was identified as a barrier to credentialing or certification. Education about growing older beginning in grade school was recommended. Lack of funding was identified as a barrier that limited support for employee education/training. Disconnects were identified between employers and academic institutions and state government and providers regarding gerontology/geriatric training and education. Consideration to how these themes may be addressed by the Association of Gerontology in Higher Education is offered.
The Lung in Sepsis: Fueling the Fire

Advances in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the pathophysiology of sepsis have generated considerable efforts in manipulating the host response during this frequently lethal condition. While existing trials of immune modulation have been largely unsuccessful, an appreciation for the roles of individual organ systems in sepsis is important to enable clinicians to discern how each functions as both a target for injury and a contributor to the derangement in homeostasis seen in sepsis. Such awareness will encourage treatment decisions aimed at optimizing conventional therapy while minimizing the adverse effects of supportive care, and it may also guide the incorporation of newer immunomodulatory therapeutics into our existing modalities. This article discusses the lung's response to sepsis, from the standpoint of organ dysfunction related to sepsis as well as its participation in the generation and maintenance of the systemic inflammatory state.
Effects of municipal piers on the growth of juvenile fishes in the Hudson River estuary: a study across a pier edge

The growth rates of two fish species, the winter flounder Pseudopleuronectes americanus (Walbaum) (19.3 to 42.6 mm total length, TL) and the tautog Tautogaonitis (Linnaeus) (23.9 to 55.9 mm TL), were used to evaluate habitat quality under and around municipal piers in the Hudson River estuary, USA. Growth rates were measured in a series of 10 d field caging-experiments conducted at two large piers in the summers of 1996 and 1997. Cages (0.64 m2) were deployed along␣transects that stretched from underneath the piers to beyond them, encompassing the pier edge (the transitional zone between the pier interior and the outside). Growth in weight (G w ) was determined at five locations along the transect, 40 m beneath the pier, 20 m beneath the pier, at the pier edge, 20 m beyond the pier edge, and 40 m beyond. Under piers, mean growth rates of winter flounder and tautogs were negative (x¯G W = −0.02 d−1), and rates were comparable to laboratory-starved control fishes (x¯G W = −0.02 d−1). In contrast, mean growth rates at pier edges and in open waters beyond piers were generally positive (x¯G W ranged from −0.001 to +0.05 d−1), with growth at pier edges often being more variable and less rapid than at open-water sites. Analyses of stomach contents upon retrieval of caged fishes revealed that dry weights of food were generally higher among fishes caged at open-water stations (x¯ range = 0.02 to 0.72 mg dry wt) than at pier-edge (x¯ range = 0.01 to 0.54 mg) or under-pier (x¯ range = 0.03 to 0.11 mg) stations, although it was apparent that benthic prey were available at all stations on the transect. Our results indicate poor feeding conditions among fishes caged under piers, and suboptimal foraging among fishes caged at pier edges. Inadequate growth rates can lead to higher rates of mortality, and, based on these and other earlier experiments, we conclude that under-pier environments are poor-quality habitats for some species of juvenile fishes.
On decentralized stochastic control

It is very tempting for systems engineers to search for a theory of optimal control for decentralized stochastic problems. However the attempts in this direction clearly indicate the complexity of the task. I will describe some of my often frustrating experiences in this field and comment briefly on the considerations they inspired.
Climate Change and Agriculture in Developing Countries

Most analysts agree that the poorest countries` agricultures are likely to be the most vulnerable to-and least capable of adapting to-climate change or other environmental disruptions. Research has only recently begun to assess what the likely impacts of climate change on developing countries` agricultures may be, how these agricultures might adapt to climate change, and how policies might be designed to facilitate adaptation. This paper begins with a discussion of what researchers currently believe the impacts of climate change could be on developing country agriculture, principally tropical agriculture. Climate changes are expected to occur from thirty to more than one hundred years in the future. These time horizons mean that predictions of the key factors determining impacts and adaptation-population, income, institutions, and technology-are probably as uncertain as predictions of climate change itself. Rates of productivity growth and technological adaptation will be critical to future food supplies, with or without climate change. Continuation of the trend of the past forty years could make so abundant that climate change effects would be inconsequential, but lower rates of growth could result in population growth outstripping food supplies. The second section of this paper addresses the critical issue of predicting the long-term trend inmore » productivity by building on the substantial knowledge we have about the economic factors determining agricultural innovation and adaptation. Considering the time horizons and uncertainties involved in climate change, the wise policy strategy is to pursue investments that are economically justified, whether or not climate change occurs. A better understanding of managed ecosystems would improve our understanding of agricultural sustainability as well as climate change impacts and adaptation. The third section of this paper outlines an economic approach to modeling managed ecosystems. 21 refs.« less