cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Petrologic properties of the upper 670 km of the earth's mantle; geophysical implications

Abstract The relative distribution of Fe2+ and Mg2+ between mantle minerals is calculated for various mantle thermal models and is used to estimate compressional and shear velocity and density profiles to depths of 670 km using ultrasonic, equation of state, and thermodynamic data for olivines, pyroxenes, garnets, and spinels. Except for uncertainties, arising from the lack of a quantitative description of the low-velocity zone, and inadequate elasticity data for Ca-bearing minerals, especially the clinopyroxenes, the calculated seismic profiles for pyrolite and lherzolite upper mantles are virtually identical. Varying the total iron content ratio, Fet = Fe/(Fe + Mg) from 0.1 to 0.2, brackets the seismic observation Important constraints to the composition and thermal profile of the mantle underlying continental regions are obtainable by fitting theoretical models to the detailed Vp-profile of Helmberger and Wiggins. This profile, although possibly inaccurate in the vicinity of the low-velocity zone, is well determined below 350 km. Values of Fet = 0.15 − 0.5 with a pyroxene-garnet (pyrope-almandine, majorite, solid-solution) content of 25 ± 10% and a relatively cool geotherm (1630–1650°C, 570–670 km) are implied from the position of the α (olivine) to α + β to β (modified spinel) transition, at a depth centered at ∼420 km, the position of the β to β + γ to γ (spinel) transition, centered at ∼500 km as well as the absolute value of the P-wave velocity. Because of the low resolution of the VS- and ρ-profiles, presently offered by seismic techniques, the concomitant VS- and ρ-profiles are useful as predictive, rather than comparitive, tools. If, as has been suggested by Anderson and co-workers, substantial enrichment of iron occurs with increasing depth in the mantle, this study demonstrates that for at least the continental regions, such an increase, if it occurs, would take place at, or below the 670-km discontinuity in the mantle. Distribution coefficients, based on thermochemical data, predict that within the upper 100 km of the mantle, successively greater relative iron contents will be present in the order: orthopyroxene, clinopyroxene, olivine, and garnet. The distribution of Fe2+ between orthopyroxene and the coexisting mantle phases is calculated (using the Mossbauer data of Virgo and Hafner for the M1, M2 intersite energy in the formulation of Grover and Orville). The relative enrichment of iron in orthopyroxene (relative to clinopyroxene) in the upper 100 km decreases rapidly with depth. Below 100 km, orthopyroxene composition becomes insensitive to the assumed intersite energy. In the upper 100 km Fe2+ is markedly concentrated in the garnet phase. For a total mantle value of Fet of 0.15 the garnet will have a composition corresponding to Fe/(Fe + Mg) = 0.30. At a depth of about 100–150 km the Fe2+ content of the garnet decreases and approaches that of the bulk mantle. Below this depth range, the relative content of iron in the garnet again increases.
Developing the next generation of researchers in emerging fields: case study of a multisite postdoctoral research training program.

The aging of the U.S. population has been described as an approaching “demographic tsunami” that will challenge the capacity of an underdeveloped geriatric mental health service delivery system (1, 2). Despite a growing evidence-base of effective treatments for geriatric mental disorders (3–7), older adults have inadequate access to needed services (8–12) and are more likely to receive low-quality care (10–15), leading to excess morbidity, disability, and institutionalization (11–18). Older adults with mental disorders, including psychiatric illness and cognitive-impairment disorders, are associated with the highest per-person expenditures among the high-cost “dually eligible” Medicare and Medicaid beneficiaries (19). A major impediment to addressing these challenges is a lack of geriatric mental health services researchers with the necessary skills to bridge the gap between findings from research and “real-world” service delivery (20, 21). Further complicating this challenge, no single research setting has the sufficient depth or breadth of expertise to provide training that effectively spans the large array of skill-sets that comprise this developing field. In response to the need to develop the field, we created a multisite, interdisciplinary research training program, linking leading geriatric mental health research institutions with web-based technology to provide a comprehensive program with diverse expertise and mentoring capacity. Distinct characteristics of the program include 1) a multisite, coordinated postdoctoral training program; 2) cross-site mentoring and training in relevant research methods and career-development strategies; 3) a core biweekly seminar of ongoing research; 4) cross-site peer review of manuscripts and grant proposals; and 5) site-specific seminars and degree programs.
Management of an Anterior Mediastinal Pheochromocytoma Causing Tracheomalacia

Thoracic paragangliomas are rare tumors that arise from extra-adrenal chromaffin cells and have the capacity to secrete catecholamines. Surgical excision is the optimal treatment of these tumors as they are resistant to chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Although these tumors are most commonly found in the abdomen, 10% of paraganagliomas are located in the thorax, usually in the posterior mediastinum. Occasionally these tumors present in the anterior mediastinum, which can pose a significant surgical challenge due to the proximity of the great vessels and airway. In this report we describe the treatment of an anterior mediastinal pheochromocytoma that presented with tracheal obstruction and required pulmonary artery reconstruction and airway stenting.
Reanalysis of microgravity heat capacity measurements near the SF6 liquid-gas critical point

The earlier microgravity heat capacity measurements in SF6 by Haupt and Straub have been reanalyzed in this study. A simple power law as well as the minimal-subtraction renormalization (MSR) scheme were used to fit the measurements. In this paper the unexpected result that the SF6 heat capacity measurements appear to be within the asymptotic critical region all the way out to a reduced temperature |t| ≃ 10−2 is presented. This conclusion is in contradiction with the smaller asymptotic region |t| < 1.6× 10−4 found in the original investigation. These heat capacity measurements were found to be inconsistent with renormalization group predictions using SF6 compressibility measurements.
Soil Physical Properties in Relation to Plant Community Patterns in the Shadscale Zone of Northwestern Utah

Physical properties of soils associated with monospecific communities of Eurotia lanata and Atriplex confertifolia were studied to determine their possible influence on the vegetation pattern. Complete homogeneity of all properties examined indicated a lack of genetic soil variability as a cause of community differentiation.
Chromatography of enteroviral ribonucleic acids on hydromagnesite

Abstract Preparations containing infective RNA, obtained by treatment of tissue culture-grown stocks of three types of enteroviruses with phenol, were chromatographed on columns of hydromagnesite using pH 8 phosphate buffer as eluent. The concentration of phosphate in the buffer was initially low and subsequently was gradually increased. Each infective RNA adsorbed to the column and then eluted when the concentration of phosphate reached about 0.11 M. As determined spectrophotometrically, most of the RNA eluted while the concentration of phosphate was still at its initial low value (0.04 M) and a small RNA peak was found at 0.07 M phosphate; but the infective RNA at 0.11 M phosphate was not detected spectrophotometrically. For each virus, infective RNA and intact virus were mixed together and chromatographed. The infective RNA again eluted as a peak at 0.11 M phosphate; most of the intact virus, however, eluted at 0.04 M phosphate.
A guaranteed stable order reduction algorithm for packaging and interconnect simulation

A state-space algorithm for model-order reduction based on the balancing of a system realization is presented, with the important characteristic that the reduced order model is guaranteed to be stable. Results are presented demonstrating that the balanced-realization approach generates accurate, stable models, whereas the Pade method is unstable. >
Evaluation of six sampling methods for recovery of bacteria from beef carcass surfaces.

W.J. DORSA, C.N. CUTTER AND G.R. SIRAGUSA. 1996. Six bacterial sampling methods that might be used for rapid sampling of beef carcasses were evaluated in two separate studies. In Study 1, bacterial recovery from uninoculated beef rounds was 2.6, 2.3, 2.1 and 1.3 log10 cfu cm-2, respectively for excision (EX), and swabbing with cheesecloth (CC), sponge (SP) and cotton-tipped wooden swabs (CS). For Study 2, beef tissue was inoculated with bovine faeces at different levels and the mean recovery was 3.7, 3.0, 3.1 and 3.1 log10 cfu cm-2, respectively for EX, and swabbing with SP, griddle screen (GS) and 3M mesh (M). For both studies EX was determined to be the most consistently effective method while the initial study determined swabbing with CS was the least effective of the methods used. In both studies the most abrasive materials approached the effectiveness of EX even at low inoculation levels. As the inoculation levels increased, the additional effect of abrasiveness was lessened. When the carcasses were contaminated with bovine faeces, the bacterial populations that were rapidly recoverable from beef tissue using SP, GS or M were not significantly lower than those recovered using EX. Consequently SP, GS or M are an adequate method of beef carcass sampling for rapid, in-plant process monitoring to detect faecal contamination.
DNA Barcoding of Parasitic Nematodes: Is it Kosher?

Abstract: Nematode parasites were encountered in kosher-certified fish meat and roe, and the question was raised as to whether or not these food products were kosher as concerns food preparation standards—a matter that pertains to the identity and, by extension, the life cycle of the parasites. To ascertain the identities of parasitic nematodes, given the distorted or damaged nature of the specimens, molecular techniques were applied in the form of DNA barcoding. To our knowledge, this is the first application of this technique to an obviously cultural concern as opposed to one of health or economic significance. Results, based both on cytochrome c oxidase subunits I and II, suggested that the parasite species found in the fish products are anisakine species that do not inhabit the intestinal lumen of the fish hosts examined. Thus, there was no evidence of failure to adhere to food preparation practices consistent with the proscriptions of Orthodox Judaism. Notwithstanding the success of DNA barcoding in ...
Virtual muscle: a computational approach to understanding the effects of muscle properties on motor control.

This paper describes a computational approach to modeling the complex mechanical properties of muscles and tendons under physiological conditions of recruitment and kinematics. It is embodied as a software package for use with Matlab and Simulink that allows the creation of realistic musculotendon elements for use in motor control simulations. The software employs graphic user interfaces (GUI) and dynamic data exchange (DDE) to facilitate building custom muscle model blocks and linking them to kinetic analyses of complete musculoskeletal systems. It is scalable in complexity and accuracy. The model is based on recently published data on muscle and tendon properties measured in feline slow- and fast-twitch muscle, and incorporates a novel approach to simulating recruitment and frequency modulation of different fiber-types in mixed muscles. This software is distributed freely over the Internet at http://ami.usc.edu/mddf/virtualmuscle.
Condensation-Induced Surface Boiling of Alcohol Fuel Droplets in Combustion Chambers

F OR ordinary hydrocarbon liquid fuels, droplet energy-balance considerations have previously been used to clearly delineate combustion-chamber conditions under which injected fuel droplets will be driven to either a stable (wet-bulb) temperature less than both its boiling point and its thermodynamic critical temperature or to a transcritical statewith vanishing latent heat (see, for example, Rosner andChang [1]).When one is far from criticality, the notion of a stable wet-bulb droplet temperature that is systematically less than the prevailing fuel boiling point is based on the physical notion of evaporative cooling [2,3]. Although energy is indeed necessary to evaporate the fuel component for combustion, when the fuel is (or contains) an alcohol [as in the case of ethanol (C2H5OH, hereafter abbreviated as EtOH) used for the historic German V-2 liquidpropellant rocket motor], it can also condense/absorb its own combustion product: H2O. In the course of our recent theoretical studies of the performance of idealized high-pressure spray combustors (see, for example, Rosner et al. [4] and Rosner and Arias-Zugasti [5]), we have encountered combinations of fuel composition and chamber conditions in which the heat of H2O condensation is actually capable of driving injected droplets to their prevailing bubble points. Indeed, when condensation heating contributes to the droplet energy balance along with Fourier heat diffusion, the following quantitative algebraic condition plays the role of a singular locus: Twb Tbp. Here, Twb (a function of droplet composition and chamber conditions) is the droplet temperature at which the net rate of droplet heating vanishes in the prevailing environment, and Tbp (a function of droplet composition and chamber pressure) is the prevailing thermodynamic bubble point of the multicomponent liquid-fuel feed at pressure p. This condition is shown here to delineate the boundary between two interesting domains of possible operation: one in which small injected droplets will tend to be driven to a stable temperature below the prevailing bubble point (during which diffusion-controlled evaporation can proceed in nearly quasi-steady fashion [1,4]) or one in which small droplets are driven to an unstable state of surface boiling beyond which the normal laws of nearly isobaric diffusion-controlled vaporization no longer apply. It is perhaps not fortuitous that the V-2 rocket and some of its higher-performance derivatives (e.g., the Russian RD-101) [6], operated rather close to, but apparently not on, this singular locus (see Sec. IV and Fig. 1). Although the simplified predictive methods outlined/illustrated subsequently are tailored to the comparatively well-studied binary EtOH=H2O system, we believe that this condensation-induced boiling (CIB) condition is an important and rather general one and that the possibility of such situations should be anticipated early in the design stage for any spray combustor.
Redistributive taxation as social insurance

Abstract The modern literature on nonlinear optimal taxation treats differences in income as being due to unobserved differences in ability. A striking result of this assumption is that high income agents should face a zero marginal tax rate. In this paper I assume that differences in observed income are due to exogenous differences in luck. Hence the optimal redistributive tax involves trading off the benefits due to ‘social insurance’ with the costs due to reduced incentives. I derive the optimal forms for linear and nonlinear taxes, and compute some algebraic and numeric examples. Typically high income individuals will face quite high marginal tax rates.
Functional neuroanatomy of heading perception in humans

As we move through the environment, the pattern of visual motion on the retina provides rich information about our passage through the scene. There is an abundant physiological and psychophysical evidence that this information, termed “optic flow” (Gibson, 1950), is an essential component of navigation in the three-dimensional space, since it is critical for encoding self-motion, for the perception of object movement and for controlling posture and locomotion. Psychophysical experiments have demonstrated that human observers can recover with high accuracy the direction of heading from optic flow patterns, even in the absence of actual self-motion (Warren, 1998, 1999). Electrophysiological studies on the ‘motion system’ in the dorsal extrastriate cortex in monkeys have identified cortical areas that might provide the neural substrate for the analysis of optic flow patterns and for the direction of self-motion (heading). In particular, the dorsal medial division of the macaque middle superior temporal area (dMST) has been proposed to be specialized for the analysis of complex optic flow information (Albright, 1993; Albright & Stoner, 1995; Andersen, 1997; Andersen et al., 2000; Wurtz & Duffy, 1992) and recent studies (Britten & Van Wezel, 1998, 2002) have shown that neurons in this area are also involved in recovering self-motion direction from optic flow cues.
Relationship between vascular reactivity and lipids in Mexican-Americans with type 2 diabetes treated with pioglitazone.

Context: Vascular dysfunction and insulin resistance precede atherosclerosis in type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Better knowledge of the interaction between these is of considerable clinical interest. Objective: The objective of this study was to examine the association between inflammation, glucose, and lipid metabolism and vascular dysfunction. Design and Setting: We conducted a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial of pioglitazone vs. placebo and other therapies aimed at equal glycemic control for 24 wk at an academic tertiary referral clinic. Patients and Interventions: Mexican-American subjects with T2DM and no complications were randomly assigned to pioglitazone 45 mg daily (PIO, n = 16) or placebo (CON, n = 15) and matched for age, gender, body mass index, diabetes duration, and glycemic control. All subjects completed the study. Main Outcome Measure: We looked for improved vascular reactivity independent of glycemic control but closely related to plasma adiponectin, lipids, and insulin sensitivity. Re...
Signalamplifizierung über allosterische Katalyse

In diesem Kurzaufsatz fassen wir eine Reihe neuerer Studien uber Bio- und Chemosensoren im Rahmen einer einzigen Signalubertragungsstrategie zusammen: der Signalamplifizierung uber allosterische Katalyse (SAAC). Die SAAC-Strategie imitiert biologische Signaltransduktionsprozesse, bei denen die molekulare Erkennung zwischen einem externen Signal und einem Proteinrezeptor allosterisch in eine katalytisch verstarkte chemische Information (normalerweise sekundare Botenstoffe) umgewandelt wird. Dazu werden modifizierte allosterische Enzyme, Ribozyme oder regulierbare organische Katalysatoren eingesetzt. Die wesentlichen Faktoren, die zu hoher Empfindlichkeit und Spezifitat in den SAAC-Strategien fuhren, werden analysiert. Diese fruhen Studien eroffnen einen neuen Zugang zu Nachweisverfahren, in denen molekulare Erkennung und Katalyse miteinander gekoppelt werden konnen.
Employment Instability and Earnings of Mexican-Origin Men:

This study examines the effect of employment instability on annual eamings of Mexican-origin men. Data are taken from the 1987 Current Population Survey annual demographic file. The author exploits...
Sexual aggression in the great apes.

Species-typical frequencies of copulation during the menstrual cycle differ among common chimpanzee, orang-utan, and gorilla, but all three species exhibit a midcycle enhancement associated with estrus. Thus, in the natural habitat, chimpanzees mate for 10-14 days, orang-utans for 5-6 days, and gorillas for 2-3 days. In traditional laboratory pair-tests, however, conducted in a single cage with both animals freely accessible to each other, all three species of great apes copulate more frequently than the species-typical pattern. In all three species, moreover, the increased copulation appears to result from increased male sexual initiative (aggression), male dominance over females, and the inability of the female to avoid or escape from the male within the limited spatial conditions of the free-access test. This interpretation is supported by studies using restricted-access tests in which females control sexual access. These data suggest that male sexual aggression in our closest biological affiliates commonly occurs when females are rendered vulnerable to the male by the absence of the normal social constraints and spatial prerogatives typical of the natural habitat. The possible implications of this interpretation for a biological perspective on human sexual aggression are considered. Language: en
Evidence of Multimeric Forms of HSP70 with Phosphorylation on Serine and Tyrosine Residues - Implications for Roles of HSP70 in Detection of GI Cancers

Background: Heat-shock protein70 (HSP70) are intracellular protein chaperones, with emerging evidence of their association with various diseases. We have previously reported significantly elevated plasma-HSP70 (pHSP70) in pancreatic cancer. Current methods of pHSP70 isolation are ELISA-based which lack specificity due to cross-reactivity by similarities in the amino-acid sequence in regions of the protein backbone resulting in overestimated HSP70 value. Materials and Methods: This study was undertaken to develop a methodology to capture all isoforms of pHSP70, while further defining their tyrosine and serine phosphorylation status. Results: The methodology included gel electrophoresis on centrifuged supernatant obtained from plasma incubated with HSP70 antibody-coupled beads. After blocking non-specific binding sites, blots were immunostained with monoclonal-antibody specific for human-HSP70, phosphoserine and phosphotyrosine. Conclusions: Our novel immunocapture approach has distinct advantages over the commercially available methods of pHSP70 quantification by allowing isolation of molecular aggregates of HSP70 with additional ability to precisely distinguish phosphorylation state of HSP70 molecules at serine and tyrosine residues.
In vivo footprinting of the human alpha-globin locus upstream regulatory element by guanine and adenine ligation-mediated polymerase chain reaction

A major regulatory element required for expression of the human alpha-globin genes is located 40 kb upstream of the embryonic zeta-globin gene. To understand how this and other locus control region (LCR) elements contribute to high-level expression in erythroid cells, we have performed high-resolution, in vivo dimethyl sulfate footprinting. In addition, we have modified the dimethyl sulfate-based ligation-mediated polymerase chain reaction in vivo footprinting procedure to permit the assessment of interactions at guanine and adenine residues, rather than guanines alone. In vivo footprinting of the human alpha-LCR element carried on chromosome 16 in a mouse erythroleukemia cell environment revealed protein occupancy at GATA-1, AP-1/NF-E2, and CACC/GGTGG motifs, specific differences compared with in vitro protein binding, and distinct changes in one region upon dimethyl sulfoxide-induced cellular maturation. No protein contacts were detected in nonexpressing hepatoma cells. In addition, we have demonstrated that two AP-1 motifs in the alpha-LCR element which are occupied in vivo bind purified mouse NF-E2 protein in vitro. Our data suggest that three proteins, GATA-1, NF-E2, and unknown CACC/GGTGG factors, are minimally required as DNA-binding proteins for the function of LCR-like elements. The juxtaposition and interaction of these factors with each other, and with accessory proteins not directly in contact with DNA, are likely to account for the relative position independence of the upstream globin regulatory elements.
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) as a potential mechanism of the effects of acute exercise on cognitive performance

The literature shows that improvements in cognitive performance may be observed following anacute bout of exercise. However, evidence in support of the biological mechanisms of this effectis still limited. Findings from both rodent and human studies suggest brain-derived neurotrophicfactor (BDNF) as a potential mechanism of the effect of acute exercise on memory. Themolecular properties of BDNF allow this protein to be assessed in the periphery (pBDNF) (i.e.,blood serum, blood plasma), making measurements of acute exercise-induced changes in BDNFconcentration relatively accessible. Studies exploring the acute exercise–pBDNF–cognitiveperformance relationship have had mixed findings, but this may be more reflective ofmethodological differences between studies than it is a statement about the role of BDNF. Forexample, significant associations have been observed between acute exercise-induced changes inpBDNF concentration and cognitive performance in studies assessing memory, and nonsignificantassociations have been found in studies assessing non-memory cognitive domains.Three suggestions are made for future research aimed at understanding the role of BDNF as abiological mechanism of this relationship: 1) Assessments of cognitive performance may benefitfrom a focus on various types of memory (e.g., relational, spatial, long-term); 2) More finegrainedmeasurements of pBDNF will allow for the assessment of concentrations of specificisoforms of the BDNF protein (i.e., immature, mature); 3) Statistical techniques designed to testthe mediating role of pBDNF in the acute exercise-cognitive performance relationship should beutilized in order to make causal inferences.
2.5-km Low-Temperature Multiple-Reflection Cell

A low-temperature multiple-pass White cell is described which can be operated at any temperature between 120 K and room temperature. The path length can be varied from 60 m up to 2540 m in 80-m steps. The four-row multiple reflection system, a modified White arrangement, is enclosed in an aluminum dewar and can be focused externally while cold. An approximate expression for the astigmatic image distortion in a cell of the described type is derived.
Clinical Observation on Creatine Phosphate Sodium in Treatment of Children's Myocardial Damage

Objective:To observe the clinical effect of creatine phosphate sodium in treatment of children's myocardial damage.Methods:Seventy-six children with myocardial damage were randomly divided into treatment group and control group.Two groups received comprehensive therapy in accordance with different causes of disease,moreover,the treatment group was treated with creatine phosphate sodium and control group with 1,6-fructose biphosphate(FDP).Results:Comparison with before treatment,AST,CK-MB,LDH-1 and HBDB dropped obviously in two groups after treatment(P 0.01),but they were more significant in treatment group than control group(P 0.05).The improving rate and the total effectiveness rate of treatment group was significantly higher than those of control group(52.6% vs 26.3%,94.7% vs 76.3%,both P 0.05).Conclusions:Creatine phosphate sodium is effective in treatment of children's myocardial damage and better than FDP.
Relationship Between Physical and Psychological Status of Cancer Patients and Caregivers

The purpose of this study was to describe the relationship between patient physical and emotional status and caregiver mood state for patients with advanced cancer. Data were collected from 299 cancer patients and their caregivers from a cancer center. We used a longitudinal design and collected data through interviews. The relationships between patient and caregiver emotional states over time were moderate and statistically significant at all three points in time (p values = .012-.0001). Patient physical and emotional status predicted caregiver mood state at all points in time (βs = -.22 to -.25) and caregiver mood state at baseline predicted patient emotional status at 3 months (β = -.16, p = .013). Relationships between patient emotional status and caregiver mood state were moderately strong. Addressing the emotional needs of both patients and caregivers has the potential to yield improved emotional outcomes for both over time.
Temperature History of the Earth

Carl Sagan has some arguments about the temperature of the early earth, rising out of considerations of the energy put out by the sun. This perhaps relates to conditions Ray Siever was outlining, and so, perhaps, before discussing further Ray Siever’s material we should hear from Carl Sagan. Afterwards Ray can bring our minds back to his discussion of the phosphates.
Accuracy and precision of the CellForm-Human * automated sperm morphometry instrument † ‡

Objective To evaluate the accuracy and precision of the CellForm-Human (CFH) automated sperm morphometry instrument (Motion Analysis Corp., Santa Rosa, CA). Setting Clinical and research andrology and in vitro fertilization laboratories. Patients Individuals undergoing semen evaluation and infertility work-up. Results Coefficients of variation for repeated measures of the same sperm were 1%. Coefficients of variation of normal sperm measurements were 7.4% to 12.8%, depending on the measure. Of the objects recognized as sperm by the instrument, 6.8% were debris; hence, the sperm recognition algorithms need improvement. Mean values for all CFH measures of normal sperm from specimens clinically classified as having predominantly normal, tapered, or amorphous sperm were not different; hence, the morphometry of normal sperm from normal specimens was similar to normal sperm from specimens with two different abnormalities. The instrument classified sperm as abnormal if their length or width fell outside a critical range of values recommended by the World Health Organization. Using this method, manual and CFH classification agreed unambiguously 60% of the time. When disagreement occurred, length or width marginally exceeded the range by no more than 0.1 μ m. In these cases, the technician classified sperm as normal 25% of the time and classified them as abnormal 6% of the time. Because this disagreement between methods is well below the resolution of manual methods, the overall accuracy of CFH was 91% for cell type classification. Conclusion At its present stage of development, the CFH instrument exceeds the accuracy and precision of most manual approaches. With improvements in sperm recognition and type classification algorithms, it could significantly improve the reliability of morphology assays in clinical and research laboratories.
Reaching Higher: The Power of Expectations in Schooling

* Introduction * I. Reframing the Debate: What Children Can Become *1. Colliding Expectations of Family and School *2. Turning Points in Research on Expectations: Toward an Ecological Paradigm *3. Revisiting Educational Self-Fulfilling Prophecies * II. Expectations in Classrooms: Through the Eyes of Students *4. Children Talk about Expectations for Achievement *5. Differences among Classroom Achievement Cultures *6. Children's Lives in Contrasting Classrooms *7. Achievement Histories of Vulnerability and Resilience * III. Expectations in Systems: Through the Eyes of Educators *8. Changing a Stratified School Culture *9. A School Culture for the Fullest Development *10. Achievement Cultures for University Faculty * Conclusion * References * Acknowledgments * Index
The solid-state lighting revolution

For THE last 125 years we have been able to shine light whenever and wherever we need it by simply flipping a switch. This revolution started when Thomas Edison developed the first commercial electric light bulb in 1879, and very little has changed since. The reason for this is partly because new technologies have all followed the same old paradigm: fragile, gas-filled glass envelopes with metal end-caps that produce an orb of steady, white light. However, this may soon change with the dawn of the second lighting revolution: solid-state lighting.
Learning the state of the world: object-based world modeling for mobile manipulation robots

Mobile-manipulation robots performing service tasks in human-centric indoor environments have long been a dream for developers of autonomous agents. Tasks such as cooking and cleaning involve interaction with the environment, hence robots need to know about their spatial surroundings. However, service robots operate in environments that are relatively unstructured and dynamic. Mobile-manipulation robots therefore need to continuously perform state estimation, using perceptual information to maintain a representation of the state, and its uncertainty, of the world.
Force and Contention in Contemporary China: Memory and Resistance in the Long Shadow of the Catastrophic Past

Why is contemporary China such a politically contentious place? Relying on the memories of the survivors of the worst catastrophe of Maoist rule and documenting the rise of resistance and protest at the grassroots level, this book explains how the terror, hunger, and loss of the socialist past influences the way in which people in the deep countryside see and resist state power in the reform era up to the present-day repression of the People's Republic of China central government. Ralph A. Thaxton, Jr provides us with a worm's-eye view of an 'unknown China' - a China that cannot easily or fully be understood through made-in-the-academy theories and frameworks of why and how rural people have engaged in contentious politics. This book is a truly unique and disturbing look at how rural people relate to an authoritarian political system in a country that aspires to become a stable world power.
Attitudes of Business Leaders Toward Colleges of Business

The increase in demand for business administration courses has had quite an impact upon colleges and universities throughout the nation. As the demand for business administration courses has skyrocketed during the past 20 years, the increase in resources available to business college administrators has generally not kept pace with the ever-increasing number of students. Terminal degree granting institutions are graduating only about 760 new business doctorate holders a year, down 250 from 1975. The result has often been larger classes and less opportunity for students to receive individual attention from their professors. Parallel to the development of this problem has been the considerable change taking place within the business disciplines themselves. Disciplines such as management, marketing, finance, economics, and accounting have made major advancements over the past 20 years, and these changes have created additional problems for college of business administrators. Administrators have been forced to keep a watchful eye on business curricula to keep them current. Courses that were appropriate 10 years ago may no longer be in the 1980’s. As these trends merge in the 1980’s, business college administrators need guidance from leaders to evaluate the effectiveness of current programs and to plan for programs to meet the future needs of the business community.
Team Vicious: Four Sections and a Coda, or #BlackLivesMatter

Issues of race, dance, and the performativity of fashion intersect in Rick Owens’s Spring/Summer 2014 ready-to-wear fashion runway presentation “Vicious,” a collaboration with choreographer LeeAnet Noble and 40 American step dancers. Asking how this event intervenes in the racial and body politics of the fashion industry interrogates how black lives are allowed to matter, in fashion and in performance scholarship.
Identification of Groups in Online Environments: The Twist and Turns of Grouping Groups

This study describes an approach to track groups over time as they participate in larger networks of groups. Groups were tracked in a Massive Multi-Player Online Role Playing Game (MMORPG), a context typical of many online venues and similar to some situations in the real world. Based on social scientific theories the study identified possible avenues to detect groups, explored game logs to identify relevant variables for group detection, and developed an algorithm to detect groups from individual level data. This study demonstrates that it is possible to identify groups in MMORPG environments using available individual level data. The study has also captured some group dynamics that corresponds to existing real world examples, including changes in groups over time and development of larger groups through unification of smaller groups.
Urban Middle School Students' Stereotypes at the Intersection of Sexual Orientation, Ethnicity, and Gender.

Heterosexual urban middle school students’ (N = 1,757) stereotypes about gender typicality, intelligence, and aggression were assessed. Students (Mage = 12.36 years) rated Facebook-like profiles of peers who varied by gender, ethnicity, and sexual orientation. Several hypotheses about how the gender, ethnicity, and sexual orientation of target peers intersect to shape stereotypes were tested. As predicted, a peer's sexual orientation determined stereotypes of gender typicality, with gay and lesbian students viewed as most atypical. As expected, ethnicity shaped stereotypes of intelligence, with Asian American students seen as most intelligent. Gender, ethnicity, and sexual orientation independently and jointly affected stereotypes of aggression. These results demonstrate the value of an intersectional approach to the study of stereotypes. Implications for future research and practice are offered.
Accumulating Evidence of the Impact of Voter ID Laws: Student Engagement in the Political Process

Recently, voter ID laws have been instituted, modified, or overturned in many states in the U.S. As these laws change, it is important to have accurate measures of their impact. We present the data...
Recent Advances in Cryogenics

I would like to thank the organizers of this Symposium for the opportunity to play at being “King for the Day” — to have my wish to bring together old friends, colleagues and co-workers for this Symposium. On this occasion I thought it would be appropriate to talk about Cryogenics, which has been my other life for the past 15 years — a mini-career in industry in our small company, MMR Technologies, Inc. in parallel with my University career. It is appropriate because when I came to Stanford in 1958 my charter was to set up the infrastructure for cryogenics on campus and to provide liquid helium for all users. Felix Bloch and George Pake had obtained funding from the Office of Naval Research for the acquisition of a Collins helium liquifier and I was to set it up and have it run. This I did for the next 15 years until I was able to pass the responsibility on to others. At first I was the only user, but in time others emerged in chemistry, material science, high energy physics, and when Bill Fairbank arrived on campus he became a major user. I have thus returned to my roots.
The influence of mental health on Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) and traditional outcome instruments in patients with symptomatic glenohumeral arthritis

Background The Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) assessment includes computerized adaptive tests (CATs) that assess function, pain, depression, and anxiety. The influence of mental health on patients' self-reported pain and function has not been explored using PROMIS in patients with symptomatic glenohumeral osteoarthritis. Methods This cross-sectional study included 284 shoulders in 276 patients presenting with isolated glenohumeral osteoarthritis. All patients completed the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) score, Simple Shoulder Test (SST), Visual Analog Pain Scale (VAS), and PROMIS CATs at the time of presentation. PROMIS anxiety and depression scores were converted into Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 and Patient Health Questionnaire-9 scores, respectively, using the PROsetta Stone “crosswalk” tool. Mean pain and functional scores were compared between patients with and without PROMIS-converted scores corresponding to a diagnosis of anxiety or depression, as well as between scores corresponding to varying degrees of anxiety or depression. Results Patients with scores corresponding to a diagnosis of anxiety or depression reported lower functional and higher pain scores compared to those with scores in the normal range (P Discussion In patients with glenohumeral osteoarthritis, PROMIS-reported anxiety and depression scores, particularly in those with moderate-to-severe scores, correlate with lower functional and higher pain scores. Further investigation is necessary to examine the influence that mental health has on outcomes after operative intervention in this population.
Women and the PKK: Ideology, Gender, and Terrorism:

Women have had a long and varied participation in terrorist groups. This project explores the role of gender in one of the most prominent armed organizations in the Middle East, the Kurdistan Worke...
Activities of the Gulf Coast Research Laboratory During Fiscal Year 1976-77: A Summary Report

Brooks, Daniel R. 1976. Evolutionary history of some plagiorchioid trematodes of anurans. The Journal of Parasitology (Supplement) 62:29. Brooks, Daniel R. 1977. Evolutionary history of the cestode order Proteocephalidea. Journal of the Mississippi Academy of Sciences 22(Supplement): 106. Cook, D. W. and T. E. Snazelle. 1977. The effect of inorganic metal ions on pigment formation by an asporogenous mutant of Bacillus cereus. Journal o f the Mississippi Academy of Sciences 22(Supplement):83.
Headache Caused by Sinus Disease

Headaches and sinus disease are common reasons to seek medical care, with marked worldwide prevalence and large socioeconomic burdens. Headaches caused by sinus diseases are rare; many "rhinogenic headaches" are actually migraines. The similar symptoms may result from autonomic dysfunction and trigeminovascular pathways. Using the mnemonic ACHE, this article presents key Anatomy, Clinical cases, How to image, Essential clinical and radiographic features that help the radiologist, otolaryngologist, and neurologist evaluate sinus disease and headaches.
Will and artifice: the impact of voluntarist theology on early-modern science

This article is in part an intervention in the ongoing debate inaugurated by Peter Harrison in 2002 when he called into question the validity of what had come by then to be called ‘the voluntarism ...
A Compact Circuit Model for Si-Ge Avalanche Photodiodes over a Wide Range of Gain

A Si-Ge avalanche photodiode circuit model is demonstrated, which includes carrier transit time, avalanche buildup time, and electrical parasitics. Electrical and optical dynamics are accurately captured over a wide range of gain. Excellent matching between simulated and measured 50 Gb/s PAM4 eye diagrams is achieved.
Risk factors for infections and secondary malignancies in patients with a myeloproliferative neoplasm treated with ruxolitinib: a dual-center, propensity score-matched analysis

Ruxolitinib is a JAK1/2 inhibitor approved for the treatment of myelofibrosis (MF) and polycythemia vera (PV). Recent data have suggested the possibility of increased infectious and secondary malig...
Simplifying contraception requirements for iPLEDGE: A decision analysis.

Background For persons of childbearing potential prescribed isotretinoin, the iPLEDGE program requires use of 2 simultaneous methods of contraception or commitment to abstinence. Objective To model the relative effectiveness of a variety of contraception strategies for patients taking isotretinoin, including those that are acceptable according to iPLEDGE. Methods We performed a decision analysis modeling the estimated rate of pregnancy with various contraception strategies during a typical 6-month course of isotretinoin. Results Tier 1 contraception options (eg, subdermal hormonal implant, intrauterine devices) each had effectiveness of >99.5% alone. When combined with a secondary form of contraception, tier 2 contraception options (eg, depot medroxyprogesterone injections, combined oral contraceptives) each had effectiveness >99%. Limitations Sensitivity analyses were conducted to evaluate the impact of uncertain parameters on the results. Conclusion There may be opportunities to simplify iPLEDGE by recognizing the high effectiveness of tier 1 contraception options and increasing use of secondary forms of contraception among those using tier 2 contraception options as their primary form of contraception. Future studies are needed to understand the most effective strategies in clinical practice to prevent unintended pregnancy for patients taking isotretinoin to improve outcomes and provide patient-centered care.
Self-Efficacy in Researching and Obtaining Medical Cannabis by Patients With Chronic Conditions:

Background. Due to the increasing availability of medical-grade cannabis for treatment of chronic conditions, we examined how prospective users navigate the process of researching, procuring, and using cannabis. Given the barriers prospective users experience, self-efficacy may be a factor for those who incorporate cannabis into treatment. Aims. The purpose of this study was to identify behaviors associated with self-efficacy in the context of researching, procuring, and using cannabis. We analyzed narratives of patients who obtained legal medical cannabis in the currently complex medical, legal, and social landscape. Method. Data were collected through 30 telephone interviews utilizing a semistructured interview protocol, which were analyzed using inductive coding. The protocol emphasized four topics: (a) symptom management/pain reduction, (b) provider communication about chronic conditions/cannabis, (c) perspectives on medicinal cannabis and stigma, and (d) views on recreational cannabis. Results. Participants demonstrated self-efficacy in three contexts: (a) self-directed experimentation with cannabis strains, dosages, and administration methods; (b) managing care by selecting and educating their providers; and (c) information-seeking and research behaviors. Discussion. High self-efficacy may be an important factor in navigating the medical cannabis process. Results suggest that providers who are not prepared to partner with patients as they seek information about medical cannabis may be replaced by dispensaries and websites with expertise in cannabis but without understanding of patients' medical conditions and individual needs. Conclusion. Patients with higher self-efficacy may engage in various activities to investigate, procure, experiment with, and incorporate medical cannabis into their condition management outside the purview of their providers.
5 – Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). It is a disorder of unknown etiology with defining characteristics of inattention, overactivity, and impulsivity. ADHD is chronic and persists over the life span. It frequently co-occurs with additional emotional, behavioral, and learning problems. Disruptive behavior disorders such as oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder are the most common, and are more frequently correlated with the hyperactive/impulsive type of ADHD. Internalizing disorders, such as depression, anxiety, and learning disabilities, are more frequently associated with the inattentive type of ADHD. The primary goal of a functional analytic model of ADHD is to understand the environmental conditions that may maintain or exacerbate specific problem behaviors associated with ADHD in order to develop effective, individually tailored interventions. The first step of a functional analysis of ADHD is to identify the specific context in which the problem behavior or behaviors occur. This is of particular importance, as assessment should occur either directly in that context or under conditions as representative of that context as possible.