cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Profiling and comparison of internal electrical environments of p and n-channel SOI MOSFETs

Internal electrical environment of p-channel SOI MOSFET is simulated and compared with the properties of n-channel SOI MOSFET. Electrical characteristics are modified due to the charge redistribution resulting from the applied bias voltage. Effects of channel shrinkage, for both n- and p-channel have been documented.
PD-L1 blockade for urothelial carcinoma

In May 2017, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) granted accelerated approval to durvalumab (IMFINZI®, from AstraZeneca UK Limited) and avelumab (BAVENCIO®, EMD Serono, Inc.) for use in patie...
Surgical Demographics of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome and Cubital Tunnel Syndrome Over 5 Years at a Single Institution

Purpose Carpal tunnel and cubital tunnel syndrome are the 2 most common upper-limb compressive neuropathies. However, whether the characteristics of patient populations undergoing surgery for these conditions are similar is unclear in terms of demographics and concomitant pathologies. Our null hypothesis was that there are no identifiable differences between these patient populations. Methods A retrospective cohort study was performed by billing system query using Common Procedural Terminology (CPT) codes for all patients who underwent open carpal tunnel release (CTR) (CPT code 64721) and/or open cubital tunnel surgery (CPT code 64718) by 1 of 4 hand surgeons from August 2008 to July 2013. Application of exclusion criteria of acute trauma, revision surgery, neoplasm, age less than 18 years, and inaccurate or insufficient records resulted in identification of 1,114 patients who underwent CTR, 264 patients who underwent cubital tunnel surgery, and 76 patients who underwent both. Computerized medical records were analyzed for demographic variables, medical comorbidities, and other procedures performed under the same anesthetic. Results In the multivariable analysis, older age, female sex, higher body mass index, trigger finger, and de Quervain tenosynovitis were associated with CTR. Prior trauma to the anatomic site was more common in the cubital tunnel group. Diabetes mellitus was associated with patients who had both procedures. Conclusions The populations of patients who undergo surgery for different upper-extremity compressive neuropathies are not homogenous: CTR is associated with older age, female sex, higher body mass index, and hand tendinopathies. Cubital tunnel decompression is associated with prior trauma to the anatomic site. Diabetic patients are more likely to have both procedures. Diabetic patients undergoing either procedure should be evaluated for other peripheral nerve compression pathologies. Type of study/level of evidence Diagnostic IV.
A New Question about Color

Philosophers of art have advanced our understanding of the role of color in realistic representation in painting. This article addresses a new question about how color functions expressively in art. I sketch some ways to answer this question, using examples of paintings by Mark Rothko and light art installation works by James Turrell and Olafur Eliasson.
MINERALOGICAL TABLESby Hugo Strunz and Ernest H. Nickel. E. Schweizerbart’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, 2002, Stuttgart, Germany (9th edition). 870 p. ISBN number 3-510-65188-X. $142 (EUR 148)

At last! The long-promised and eagerly-awaited new edition of this classic work has finally appeared (the first edition was published by the senior author as Mineralogische Tabellen in 1941, with subsequent editions in 1949, with subsequent editions in 1957, with subsequent editions in 1966, with subsequent editions in 1970, with subsequent editions in 1977, with subsequent editions in 1978, and 1982). One must congratulate Hugo Strunz on the authorship of this work over some 60 years. He has been fortunate in obtaining another distinguished mineralogist, Ernest Nickel, as co-author of this, the first edition in English. This edition is a complete revision of the fifth (1970) edition, since subsequent editions were essentially reprints of that work. Compared to the fifth edition, this edition more than …
Conditional reprogramming of pediatric airway epithelial cells: a new human model to investigate early life respiratory disorders

Background Airway epithelial cells (AEC) are quite difficult to access in newborns and infants. It is critically important to develop robust life-extended models to conduct translational studies in this age group. We propose the use of a recently described cell-culture technology (conditionally reprogrammed cells - CRC) to generate continuous primary cell cultures from nasal and bronchial AEC of young children. Methods We collected nasal and/or bronchial AEC from a total of 23 subjects of different ages including newborns/infants/toddlers (0-2 years; N=9), school age children (4-11 years; N=6), and a group of adolescent/adult donors (N=8). For CRC generation, we used conditioned medium from mitotically inactivated 3T3 fibroblasts and Rho-associated kinase (ROCK) inhibitor (Y-27632). Antiviral immune responses were studied using 25 key antiviral genes and protein production of type III epithelial interferon (IFN λ1) after double stranded (ds) RNA exposure. Results CRC derived from primary AEC of neonates/infants and young children exhibited: 1) augmented proliferative capacity and life-extension, 2) preserved airway epithelial phenotype after multiple passages, 3) robust immune responses characterized by expression of innate antiviral genes and parallel nasal/bronchial production of IFN λ1 after exposure to dsRNA, and 4) induction of airway epithelial inflammatory and remodeling responses to dsRNA (e.g. CXCL8 and MMP9). Conclusion Conditional reprogramming of AEC from young children is a feasible and powerful translational approach to investigate early-life airway epithelial immune responses in humans. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Few-Shot Hash Learning for Image Retrieval

Current approaches to hash based semantic image retrieval assume a set of pre-defined categories and rely on supervised learning from a large number of annotated samples. The need for labeled samples limits their applicability in scenarios in which a user provides at query time a small set of training images defining a customized novel category. This paper addresses the problem of few-shot hash learning, in the spirit of one-shot learning in image recognition and classification and early work on locality sensitive hashing. More precisely, our approach is based on the insight that universal hash functions can be learned off-line from unlabeled data because of the information implicit in the density structure of a discriminative feature space. We can then select a task-specific combination of hash codes for a novel category from a few labeled samples. The resulting unsupervised generic hashing (UGH) significantly outperforms current supervised and unsupervised hashing approaches on image retrieval tasks with small training samples.
Sleep Duration and Waist Circumference in Adults: A Meta-Analysis.

BACKGROUND Previous research has demonstrated a relation between insufficient sleep and overall obesity. Waist circumference (WC), a measure of central adiposity, has been demonstrated to improve prediction of health risk. However, recent research on the relation of insufficient sleep duration to WC in adults has yielded inconsistent findings. OBJECTIVES To assess the magnitude and the consistency of the relation of insufficient sleep and WC. METHODS A systematic search of Internet and research databases using Google Scholar, Medline, PubMed, and PsycINFO through July 2013 was conducted. All articles in English with adult human subjects that included measurements of WC and sleep duration were reviewed. A random effects meta-analysis and regression analyses were performed. Heterogeneity and publication bias were checked. Results are expressed as Pearson correlations (r; 95% confidence interval). RESULTS Of 1,376 articles, 30 met inclusion criteria and 21 studies (22 samples for a total of 56,259 participants) provided sufficient data for meta-analysis. Results showed a significant negative relation between sleep duration and WC (r = -0.10, P < 0.0001) with significant heterogeneity related to sleep comparison method. Potential moderators of the relation between sleep duration and WC were not significant. Funnel plots showed no indication of publication bias. In addition, a fail-safe N calculation indicated that 418 studies with null effects would be necessary to bring the overall mean effect size to a trivial value of r = -0.005. CONCLUSIONS Internationally, cross-sectional studies demonstrate a significant negative relation between sleep duration and waist circumference, indicating shorter sleep durations covary with central adiposity. Future research should include prospective studies.
Mechanism by Which Glucose Stimulates the Passive Absorption of Small Solutes by the Human Jejunum In Vivo

Abstract Background/Aims: Active absorption of glucose stimulates passive absorption of small solutes. Part of this effect may be caused by glucose-induced water absorption. Increased water absorption can enhance passive solute absorption by solvent drag and by passive diffusion if the luminal solute concentration increases as water is removed from the lumen. The purpose of this research was to quantitate the contribution of these two forces when glucose enhances the absorption of l-xylose. Methods: The effect of solvent drag on l-xylose absorption was determined by measuring the effect of water absorption stimulated by hypotonicity on l-xylose absorption when the l-xylose concentration was constant. The effect of diffusion on l-xylose absorption was determined by measuring the effect of l-xylose concentration on l-xylose absorption when water absorption was nil. Results: Glucose increased l-xylose absorption by 1.8 mmol·h −1 ·30 cm −1 (from 1.4 to 3.2 mmol·h −1 ·30 cm −1 ). The increase attributable to solvent drag was 1.03 mmol·h −1 ·30 cm −1 ; the increase attributable to passive diffusion was 0.75 mmol·h −1 ·30 cm −1 . Conclusions: When glucose stimulates the passive absorption of l-xylose, 57% of the increase can be attributed to solvent drag and 42% to passive diffusion. Because the combined effect of these two forces can account for 99% of the observed effect, virtually all of the glucose effect on l-xylose absorption can be explained by glucose-induced water absorption.
Clinical community health: revisiting "the community as patient".

Introduction: A little over fifty years ago, Edward McGavran, Dean of the University of North Carolina School of Public Health, articulated the concept of treating the community as if it were a patient. Although McGavran was addressing public health practitioners, the concept has applicability in academic medicine and reflects contemporary thought in patient care, research, and education. The goals of this paper are (1) to present a framework through which clinicians can conceptualize the community as an appropriate level of intervention to improve health, to conduct research and to educate students, and (2) to illustrate the framework by presenting information on how programs at Morehouse School of Medicine have used it to organize community-focused initiatives. The concept may be called Clinical Community Health . Clinical Community Health and Its Applications at Morehouse School of Medicine: Health problems of communities are more readily understood by clinicians when analyzed in the same way that clinicians analyze the health problems of individual patients: by gathering subjective and objective data, formulating an assessment that is expressed as a problem list, and developing a plan ("SOAP"). The plan is created in consultation with the community, much as a modern physician engages in shared decision making with a patient rather than issuing "doctor's orders." Similarly, community-based participatory research creates a relationship between the researcher and the community that parallels the relationship between the researcher and the individual research participant in traditional clinical research. When viewed through this lens, the education of students in the community resembles the education of students in the hospital or clinic - both are a type of service-learning. Hence, the community work of faculty is best evaluated and rewarded in a fashion that parallels evaluation of faculty work in the clinic or hospital. This paper reports on our experiences at Morehouse School of Medicine (MSM), a historically black institution in the United States whose mission focuses on primary care and the health of the underserved. We report on our efforts to apply the model in service, research, and education. Conclusion: Viewing the community as a patient provides a useful conceptual framework for primary care physicians and other clinicians, since it allows them to recognize that it is not necessary to learn a different conceptual framework to diagnose and treat the community; rather, one can think of the community as a patient and apply a similar approach to that used in the care of individuals.
Minimal Cogenerators Over Osofsky and Camillo Rings

The direct sum C of the injective hulls E(V i ) of the set {V i } i ∈ I of non-isomorphic simple right R-modules is a minimal right co-generator for R. While the injective hull E(C) is the unique (up to isomorphism) minimal injective right cogenerator, Osofsky [0] showed C is not necessarily unique even for commutative R, but that it is when R is either right Noetherian, semilocal, or C is quasiinjective. In this paper, we call a ring R a right Osofsky ring when C is the unique minimal right cogenerator, and show that rings studied by Camillo [Cl] with the property that Hom R (E(V i ), E(V j )) = 0 for i ≠ j, are right Osofsky. We call these right Camillo rings, and show that commutative SISI rings of Vamos [V], and locally perfect commutative rings, in fact, any 0-dimensional ring, among others, are Camillo, hence Osofsky rings.
Insights into the Immune Responses to Microsporidia

Microsporidiosis is a common infection of invertebrates and vertebrates, and has recently been recognized as an emerging and opportunistic infection in humans. Microsporidia infections in immune-competent mammals are often chronic and asymptomatic so that the host survives yet the parasite persists. Immune-deficient hosts such as AIDS patients or athymic and SCID mice infected with microsporidia, however, develop lethal disease. Hyperimmune responses leading to immune complex formation can develop into renal disease in carnivores infected with microsporidia. Well-regulated immune responses, therefore, are of key importance for preventing disease associated with microsporidiosis. Although humoral immune responses typically are generated against microsporidia in otherwise healthy mammalian hosts, cell-mediated immune responses are required for preventing morbidity and mortality in microsporidia-infected hosts. The purpose of this review is to relate what is currently known about the protective mammalian immune responses to microsporidia.
Sepsis Induced by Cecal Ligation and Puncture

Despite advances in intensive care unit interventions, including the use of specific antibiotics and anti-inflammation treatment, sepsis with concomitant multiple organ failure is the most common cause of death in many acute care units. In order to understand the mechanisms of clinical sepsis and develop effective therapeutic modalities, there is a need to use effective experimental models that faithfully replicate what occurs in patients with sepsis. Several models are commonly used to study sepsis, including intravenous endotoxin challenge, injection of live organisms into the peritoneal cavity, establishing abscesses in the extremities, and the induction of experimental polymicrobial peritonitis via cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). Here, we describe the surgical procedure of CLP in mice, which has been demonstrated to closely replicate the nature and course of clinical sepsis in human subjects.
Confirmatory factor analysis and measurement invariance of the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q) in a non-clinical sample of non-Hispanic White and Hispanic women.

Abstract Objective Body dissatisfaction and eating disorder rates have increased in racial and ethnic minority groups, yet the validity of various commonly-used eating disorder instruments has not been established in these populations. One way to establish validity is to test for measurement invariance; namely, that the same constructs are being measured across groups. This study tested the measurement invariance of the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q) across non-Hispanic White and Hispanic women. Method Female undergraduates (n = 561) were recruited from a southwestern U.S. university. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and measurement invariance of the EDE-Q were tested in non-Hispanic White and Hispanic samples. Results CFA analyses revealed that the original four-factor structure did not fit the data in either group. Only a modified 7-item, three-factor structure of the EDE-Q provided an acceptable fit in both non-Hispanic White and Hispanic women. Thus, this modified EDE-Q factor structure was used to test the equivalence of the measure between groups. Results found that the factor structure was similar across groups, but the factor loadings and intercepts differed across non-Hispanic White and Hispanic women. Discussion A modified 7-item, three-factor structure of the EDE-Q provided an acceptable fit of the data, which is supported by previous research. However, the lack of measurement invariance suggests that researchers should be cautious when using this modified EDE-Q to make explicit comparisons between non-Hispanic White and Hispanic women. Future research should further examine the psychometric properties of the EDE-Q in ethnically diverse groups, specifically the role of dietary restraint among Hispanic women.
Development and Applications of Bioluminescent and Chemiluminescent Reporters and Biosensors

Although fluorescent reporters and biosensors have become indispensable tools in biological and biomedical fields, fluorescence measurements require external excitation light, thereby limiting their use in thick tissues and live animals. Bioluminescent reporters and biosensors may potentially overcome this hurdle because they use enzyme-catalyzed exothermic biochemical reactions to generate excited-state emitters. This review first introduces the development of bioluminescent reporters, and next, their applications in sensing biological changes in vitro and in vivo as biosensors. Lastly, we discuss chemiluminescent sensors that produce photons in the absence of luciferases. This review aims to explore fundamentals and experimental insights and to emphasize the yet-to-be-reached potential of next-generation luminescent reporters and biosensors.
Characterizing Interactive Communications in Computer-Supported Collaborative Problem-Solving Tasks: A Conditional Transition Profile Approach

Communication in a collaborative problem-solving activity plays a pivotal role in the success of the collaboration in both academia and the workplace. Computer-supported collaboration makes it possible to collect large-scale communication data to investigate the process at a finer granularity. In this paper, we introduce a conditional transition profile (CTP) to characterize aspects of each team member's communication. Based on the data from a large-scale empirical study, we found that participants in the same team tend to show similar CTP compared to participants from different teams. We also found that team members who showed more "negotiation" after the partner "shared" information tended to show more improvement after the collaboration while those who continued sharing ideas while their partners were negotiating tended to improve less.
Generalization of machine learning assisted segmentation of scanning electron microscopy images of organic-rich shales

Abstract Image segmentation is a prerequisite for image analysis. In this chapter, machine learning (ML) assisted segmentation workflow is implemented for the identification of four distinct solid components present in organic-rich shale samples, namely, pore/crack, organic/kerogen, matrix, and pyrite. SEM maps of shale samples from two different formations, namely, Wolfcamp Shale and Barnett Shale, have been used to study the generalization capability of the proposed segmentation workflow by training the ML models on pixels of SEM map from one formation and then testing the ML model performance on pixels of SEM map from a different formation. The two formations differ in topology and distribution of the four components; in addition the SEM maps vary in their pixel intensity because they were captured at different times using slightly different settings for the SEM acquisition. The sample from Wolfcamp is characterized by the presence of inorganic pores mostly in the form of cracks, while that from the Barnett is dominated by an organic pore system. Therefore when the model is trained on one map and tested on the other, the major difference in the segmentation result is evident for the pore/crack and organic/kerogen component types, particularly in the boundary regions. We implement three approaches for training the machine learning-assisted segmentation on the two maps. Each segmentation approach (model) is trained on very limited number of pixels but is capable of segmenting images from separate formations with more than 85% accuracy for both inner and outer-region pixels. Best performing segmentation approach is the one where training pixels are taken from both the maps resulting in an average F1 scores of 0.99 and 0.91 on the inner-region and outer-region pixels.
Operational Impacts of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic and Early Recovery Trends: University of Washington Anatomic Pathology Experience.

CONTEXT: The novel coronavirus virus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV2) causing the coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has resulted in worldwide disruption to the delivery of patient care. The Seattle Washington metropolitan area was one of the first in the United States affected by the pandemic. As a result, the anatomic pathology services at the University of Washington experienced significant changes in operational volumes early in the pandemic. OBJECTIVE: To assess the impact of COVID-19 and both state and institutional policies implemented to mitigate viral transmission (including institutional policies on non-urgent procedures) on anatomic pathology volumes. DESIGN: Accessioned specimens from January 2020 to June 2020 was evaluated as COVID-19 and institutional policies changed. The data were considered in these contexts: subspecialty, billable CPT codes, and intraoperative consultation. Comparable data were retrieved from 2019 as a historical control. RESULTS: There was a significant reduction in overall accessioned volume (up to 79%) from pre-pandemic levels, during bans on non-urgent procedures when compared to 2020 pre- COVID-19 volumes and historical controls. The gastrointestinal and dermatopathology services were most impacted, while breast and combined head&neck/pulmonary services were least impacted. CPT code 88305, for smaller/biopsy specimens, had a 63% reduction during non-urgent procedure bans. After all bans on procedures were lifted, the overall volume plateaued at 89% of pre-pandemic levels. CONCLUSIONS: A significant decrease in specimen volume was most strongly associated with bans on non-urgent procedures. While all departmental areas had a decrease in volume, the extent of change varied across subspecialty and specimen types. Even with removing all bans, service volume did not reach pre-pandemic levels.
Coronavirus through delaware’s computational microscope

The Perilla/Hadden-Perilla research team at the University of Delaware presents an overview of computational structural biology, their efforts to model the SARS-CoV-2 viral particle, and their perspective on how their work and training endeavors can contribute to public health.
Relational Perception and ‘the feel’ for Tools in the Wooden Boat Workshop

This paper presents insights into the lived experience of maritime carpentry practices, based on six months of sensory-ethnographic fieldwork as a wooden boat builder’s apprentice. In particular, the author explores the widely-reported experience of tools ‘withdrawing’ from consciousness as craftspeople master their use. Without contradicting these interpretations – many of which are constructed by way of reference to ideas from Merleau-Ponty – the author suggests further theoretical resources to examine the perceptual experience of work after tools cease to be the main focus of the craftsperson’s attention. Heidegger’s idea of ‘circumspection’ is presented as a way to illuminate the relational nature of the subsequent mode of perception, in which the work as a whole fills the consciousness, rather than the individual instruments through which the work is achieved.
Do gender differences lead to unequal access to climate adaptation strategies in an agrarian context? Perceptions from coastal Bangladesh

While people around the world are increasingly facing various climate-related stresses, women with limited resources in low income developing societies are often at a greater risk largely because o...
Characterizing gaze and postural stability deficits in people with multiple sclerosis.

Abstract Background People with Multiple Sclerosis (PwMS) experience a wide range of symptoms that can alter function and limit activity and community participation. Symptoms including sensory changes, weakness, fatigue and others have been well documented. However, symptoms related to changes in vestibular related function, including gaze and postural stability have not been fully explored. While some recent studies have begun to provide insight into these deficits in PwMS and have explored the use of rehabilitation paradigms for their management, much remains unknown about the full extent of these deficits. Therefore, this study aimed to characterize the presence of gaze and postural stability deficits in measures across the World Health Organization International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (WHO ICF) and to examine how deficits in domains of body structure and function and activity contribute to participation level limitations. Methods Baseline data from 41 PwMS (mean(SD) age = 53.9(11.2), 78% female) enrolled as part of a randomized clinical trial were used in this analysis. Measures of gaze and postural stability from the ICF domains of body structure and function (Vestibular ocular reflex [VOR] gain and postural sway area), activity (computerized dynamic visual acuity [cDVA] and MiniBEST test), and participation (Dizziness handicap inventory [DHI] and Activities Balance Confidence [ABC] scale) along with demographic data were used to characterize the sample. To explore relationships between ICF domains for gaze and postural stability, univariate correlations were performed between measures from each domain using Pearson's correlations. Separate multivariate regression models examined how measures from the body structure and function and activity domains contributed to the variance in the participation level outcomes. Variance explained by the models was quantified using R-squared statistic and contribution of the independent variables were quantified using the beta coefficient (p Results Correlation analysis demonstrated significant relationships in the postural stability measures across domains. Specifically, between postural sway area on a firm surface and MiniBEST test score (r = -.48;p Conclusions PwMS in this sample demonstrated deficits in gaze and postural stability across the domains of the WHO ICF compared to past samples of PwMS and healthy cohorts. Correlation between measures in the different domains were present, but no strong relationship between measures of body structure and function, activity and participation level outcomes were observed. This lack of relationship across the domains is likely contributed to the relatively small sample size, the high level of variability observed in the outcomes, and the diverse presentation often seen in PwMS.
Tropical Deforestation and the Fallacies of Agricultural Hope

Much is being written these days about deforestation and the extermination of biological diversity all over the globe, and, related to these, the genetic erosion of agricultural germ plasm. These alarming problems affect everyone, and should be of immediate concern at all levels.
Brain aromatic aminotransferase: I. Purification and some properties of pig brain L-phenylalanine-2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase

Abstract 1. 1. Pig brain l -phenylalanine-2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase was purified approximately 900-fold. The purification procedure included preparation of cell-free extract by sonication, (NH4)2SO4 fractionation, and adsorption on and elution from calcium phosphate gel chromatography. 2. 2. The assay used throughout the experiments described consisted of two procedures devised in this laboratory. One of these, a spectrophotometric assay employs a borate-arsenate enolizing mixture; the other, a radiometric procedure, makes use of ion-exchange paper and permits a direct determination of the percent of substrate converted to product. 3. 3. On polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, the enzyme appears to be made up of one slow-moving component. Maximal activity was observed in the pH range 8.0–9.0 in both phosphate and arsenate buffer. The apparent Michaelis constants for l -phenylalanine and 2-oxoglutarate are 5·10−2 M and 7.4·10−4 M, respectively. 4. 4. Various studies concerning substrate, apoenzyme and coenzyme specificities, the effects of pyridoxal phosphate analogues, sulfhydryl reagents and metal ion chelators were carried out.
Immunological Relationships Among Lactic Dehydrogenases in the Genera Lactobacillus and Leuconostoc

Abstract Antisera were prepared against pure nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-dependent d-lactic dehydrogenases of Lactobacillus leichmannii, L. jensenii, and L. fermenti. When tested against these three antisera, crude extracts of almost all species of Lactobacillus containing a d-lactic dehydrogenase give cross-reactions. Extensive pairwise comparisons between cross-reacting crude extracts by double diffusion experiments permit the recognition of groups of identical antigenic specificity among the lactic dehydrogenases of the various nomenspecies of Lactobacillus. The same groups are revealed by each of the three antisera. By analyses of spur formation, the groups of identical antigenic specificity can be arranged in order of decreasing similarity to the homologous d-lactic dehydrogenase used as the reference point. From the combined results obtained with the three antisera, a map of the antigenic relationships among the d-lactic dehydrogenases of lactobacilli can be constructed. Microcomplement fixation experiments with two of the three anti-d-lactic dehydrogenases antisera support the conclusions drawn from double diffusion experiments and provide a quantitative estimation of the antigenic relationships among the various d-lactic dehydrogenases. An antiserum was also prepared against the pure l-lactic dehydrogenase of L. acidophilus group III. It cross-reacts with extracts of almost all lactobacilli containing an l-lactic dehydrogenase. With respect to species that contain both d- and l-lactic dehydrogenases, this antiserum reveals the same groups of identical antigenic specificity as do the antisera directed against d-lactic dehydrogenases. Other than the genus Lactobacillus, only extracts of Leuconostoc cross-react with anti-d-lactic dehydrogenase. No extrageneric cross-reactions were obtained with the anti-l-lactic dehydrogenase.
Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. A V2 vasopressin receptor unable to stimulate adenylyl cyclase.

Abstract The coding region of the human vasopressin type 2 receptor gene bears mutations in the individuals affected with congenital nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, a disease characterized by the inability of the kidney to concentrate urine in response to vasopressin. Although it is assumed that the mutations result in loss of receptor function, proof of this hypothesis is lacking. We introduced one of these naturally occurring point mutations leading to a single amino acid change (Arg137-->His) into wild type cDNA. The mutant protein was expressed, and the functional properties of the receptor were examined. The mutant receptor exhibited an unaltered binding affinity for vasopressin compared to the wild type but failed to stimulate the Gs/adenylyl cyclase system. These data provide biochemical proof that the mutant receptor is the cause of the disease.
Interactive regulation of Azorhizobium nifA transcription via overlapping promoters.

The Azorhizobium nifA promoter (PnifA) is positively regulated by two physiological signal transduction pathways, NtrBC, which signals anabolic N status, and FixLJK, which signals prevailing O2 status. Yet, PnifA response (gene product per unit time) to these two activating signals together is more than twice that of the summed, individual signals. In the absence of NIFA, a negative PnifA autoregulator, the fully induced PnifA response is more than 10-fold greater than that of summed, individual signals. Given this synergism, these two signal transduction pathways must interactively regulate PnifA activity. PnifA carries three cis-acting elements, an anaerobox, which presumably binds FIXK, a NIFAbox, which presumably binds NIFA itself, and a sigma 54 box, which presumably binds sigma 54 initiator, a subunit of RNA polymerase. For combinatorial analysis, single, double, and triple promoter mutations were constructed in these cis-acting elements, and PnifA activities were measured in six different trans-acting background, i.e., fixK, fixJ, nifA, ntrC, rpoF, and wild type. Under all physiological conditions studied, high-level PnifA activity required both FIXK in trans and the anaerobox element in cis. Surprisingly, because PnifA was hyperactive with a mutated sigma 54box, this cis-acting element mediates both negative and positive control. Because PnifA hyperactivity also required a wild-type upstream NIFAbox element, even in the absence of NIFA, a second upstream nifA transcription start superimposed on the NIFAbox element was hypothesized. When nifA mRNA 5' start points were mapped by primer extension, both a minor upstream transcript(s) starting 45 bp distal to the anaerobox and a major downstream transcript starting 10 bp distal to the sigma 54 box were observed. In Azorhizobium, RNA polymerase sigma 54 initiator subunits are encoded by a multigene family, which includes rpoF and rpoN genes. Because rpoF mutants show an Ntr+ phenotype, whereas rpoN mutants are Ntr-, multiple sigma 54 initiators are functionally distinct. Two independent rpoF mutants both show a tight Nif- phenotype. Moreover, rpoF product sigma 54F is absolutely required for high-level PnifA activity. In summary, the Azorhizobium nifA gene carries overlapping housekeeping-type and sigma 54-type promoters which interactively respond to different signals. Effectively, the upstream, housekeeping-type promoter responds to FIXK and positively regulates the downstream, sigma 54-type promoter. The downstream, sigma 54-type promoter responds to NTRC and negatively regulates the upstream, housekeeping-type promoter. In terms of transcript yield, the upstream, housekeeping-type promoter is therefore weak, and the downstream, sigma 54-type promoter is strong.
Corporate entrepreneurship:: antidote or oxymoron?

Abstract Many large companies are seeking ways of reinventing or revitalizing their entrepreneurial roots. These companies often long for some of the spark, innovation, speed and risk taking that they once had, but which have slowly eroded under the weight of size, bureaucracy, complex processes and hierarchy.Corporate entrepreneurship encompasses a set of activities, attitudes, and actions that are believed to help large companies regain some of this lost magic. Although much has been written about corporate entrepreneurship over the last ten years, very little is understood regarding its implementation within large company settings. First, the concept is little understood beyond the halls of academia, and there are very few guidelines regarding successful implementation. This article discusses what corporate entrepreneurship is, and highlights a number of field examples where it has been implemented. The article then examines lessons learned from these field experiments, and provides the reader with suggestions and cautions on how to infuse more entrepreneurial spirit into their own organizations.
Molecular characterization of the promoter of osmY, an rpoS-dependent gene

The osmY gene, which encodes a periplasmic protein with an apparent M(r) of 22,000, is induced by both osmotic and growth phase signals. We demonstrate here that osmY expression is regulated at the level of transcription and that transcription initiates 242 nucleotides upstream of the osmY open reading frame. Relative to the transcriptional start site, 5' deletions up to -36 did not inhibit osmY expression. 3' deletions that extended into the untranslated leader region affected the overall level of osmY::lacZ expression but did not affect inducibility. 5' and 3' deletions that extended past the transcriptional start region essentially abolished osmY expression, suggesting that there is a single promoter region. A putative promoter was identified, and its -10 region, TATATT, closely resembles the sigma 70 consensus -10 sequence, TATAAT. However, we show that osmY is not absolutely dependent on a functional sigma 70 for its expression. Since osmY expression does require rpoS (R. Hengge-Aronis, R. Lange, N. Henneberg, and D. Fischer, J. Bacteriol. 175:259-265, 1993), which encodes a stationary-phase sigma factor, sigma S (K. Tanaka, Y. Takayanagi, N. Fujita, A. Ishihama, and H. Takahashi, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:3511-3515, 1993), E sigma S may be the form of RNA polymerase responsible for transcription of osmY.
Climatic Effects of Cirrus Clouds

Publisher Summary This chapter reports the investigations of the radiative balance of the Earth-atmosphere systems, its sensitivity to cloud and aerosol scattering, and the impact, which an increase in cirrus cloudiness might have upon that balance. It also provides a method for considering both scattering and absorption properties of clouds and aerosols, and demonstrates the effects that these factors may have on the radiation budget. The radiation budgets of the northern and southern hemispheres are investigated simultaneously, utilizing an accurate radiative transfer technique. The changes in heating and cooling rates, zonally averaged albedo, atmospheric absorption, emission and transmission of the radiation, and the radiative budgets for the top, bottom, and within the atmosphere are then calculated and analyzed. The chapter also presents a critical analysis of previous atmospheric radiation and heat budget studies. A discussion of the radiative and pertinent physical properties of the global atmosphere and the solution of the radiative transfer equation employed in this work is also presented. The chapter then discusses and analyzes the global heat and radiation budgets..
Nonlinear Wave Dynamics of Origami-Based Mechanical Metamaterials

We examine the potential use of origami structures, especially the Tachi-Miura Polyhedron (TMP) which is an origami bellows structure, as mechanical metamaterials. Focusing on the kinematics of its folding, we show that the TMP has unique characteristics, e.g., The Poisson's ratios change from positive to negative depending upon the crease pattern. In addition, we introduce a torsion spring to model the crease line of the TMP in order to study nonlinear wave dynamics. We derive analytical expression of the crease line's motions, where the folding behavior of the crease line provides nonlinear force-displacement responses both in compression and tension. These unusual characteristics lead to potential applications in impact absorption or energy transportation.
Cardiac disease in pregnancy; a study of the patients with heart disease at the Philadelphia Lying-in Division of the Pennsylvania Hospital from 1937 to 1947, inclusive.

Abstract 1. 1. A total of 26,628 pregnant women were delivered at the Pennsylvania Hospital from 1937 to 1947, inclusive. Of this total, 409 patients were found to have heart disease. 2. 2. Of the 409 patients with heart disease, 31.3 per cent received digitalis therapy at various periods before, during, and after pregnancy. 3. 3. There were fourteen maternal deaths, with a mortality rate of 3.4 per cent among the 409 pregnant patients with heart disease. (a) Heart failure was directly or indirectly responsible for ten of fourteen deaths. Failure occurred in seven patients between the seventh and eighth months of pregnancy and in three patients in the first forty-eight hours of the puerperium. (b) Fatal acute infections were present in seven of the fourteen patients. 4. 4. There were fifty-four fetal deaths in this series, making a mortality rate of 13.2 per cent. Prematurity was the most common cause of fetal death. 5. 5. Approximately 50 per cent of the patients were delivered by the use of low forceps during the second stage of labor. Abdominal delivery was used rarely for patients with rheumatic heart disease, except in the event of gynecological indications. 6. 6. Approximately 80 per cent of the 409 patients studied were found to have rheumatic heart disease. Of these, eleven died. 7. 7. Hypertensive cardiovascular disease was the diagnosis for fifty-one patients. These patients comprised an older average age group than the rheumatic heart disease patients. Abdominal delivery was well tolerated by this group. 8. 8. Congenital heart disease was the diagnosis for eighteen patients. With one exception, a case of coarctation of the aorta, these patients did well. 9. 9. Two instances of fatal acute bacterial endocarditis complicating pregnancy and delivery are reported. 10. 10. The problem of diagnosis and management of patients with heart disease during pregnancy includes: (a) the interpretation of heart murmurs in pregnancy; (b) the prenatal care of the patient; (c) the management of acute pulmonary edema complicating pregnancy; and (d) an evaluation of the choice of anesthetic and type of delivery. 11. 11. Careful prenatal observation, with the prevention and early control of acute respiratory infections, offers most in reducing the incidence of heart failure and the maternal mortality of this important group of patients.
Computational geometry and visualization: problems at the interface

In this paper we survey certain geometric problems that arise in volume visualization and discuss how techniques from computational geometry can be applied to them. Such problems include depth-sorting of polyhedral complexes, point-location, ray shooting and tracing, and others. We give a few worked-out illustrative examples, as well as references to the extant literature.
Serotype diversity and antigen variation among invasive isolates of Ureaplasma urealyticum from neonates.

Ureaplasma urealyticum has previously been isolated from the cultured cerebrospinal fluid of 13 of 418 newborn infants; additional bloodstream isolates were obtained from the same population. Ten of the 13 cerebrospinal fluid and 3 bloodstream isolates were available for serotyping in the present study. By the use of serotype-specific reagents, including monoclonal antibodies, 70% of the cerebrospinal fluid isolates were identifiable as serotype 1, 3, 6, 8, or 10; i.e., they represented 5 of the 14 established serotypes or both presently defined genomic clusters. One of the bloodstream isolates was identified as serotype 3. Our data support the hypothesis that the property of invasiveness for unreaplasmas is likely not limited to one or a few particular serotypes among the 14 established serovars. Additionally, our study has shown that even in isolates of the same serotype, there can be size variation in the antigens expressed. Therefore, it would appear that many serotypes are invasive and that perhaps antigen variability and host factors may be more important determinants for ureaplasma infections than different serotypes per se.
Comparative analysis of the post-lumpectomy target volume versus the use of pre-lumpectomy tumor volume for early-stage breast cancer: implications for the future.

Purpose: Three-dimensional conformal accelerated partial breast irradiation (APBI-3D-CRT) is commonly associated with the treatment of large amounts of normal breast tissue. We hypothesized that a planning tumor volume (PTV) generation based on an expansion of the pre-lumpectomy (pre-LPC) intact tumor volume would result in smaller volumes of irradiated normal breast tissue compared with using a PTV based on the post-lumpectomy cavity (post-LPC). Use of PTVs based on the pre-LPC might also result in greater patient eligibility for APBI-3D-CRT. Methods and Materials: Forty-one early-stage breast cancers were analyzed. Preoperative imaging was used to determine a pre-LPC tumor volume. PTVs were developed in the pre- and post-LPC settings as per National Surgical Breast and Bowel Project (NSABP)-B39 guidelines. The pre- and post-LPC PTV volumes were compared and eligibility for APBI-3D-CRT determined using NSABP-B39 criteria. Results: The post-LPC PTV exceeded the pre-LPC PTV in all cases. The median volume for the pre- and post-LPC PTVs were 93 cm{sup 3} (range, 24-570 cm{sup 3}) and 250 cm{sup 3} (range, 45-879 cm{sup 3}), respectively, p <0.001. The difference between pre- and post-LPC PTVs represented a median of 165 cc (range, 21-482 cc) or 16% (range, 3%-42%) of the whole breast volume. Three of 41 vs.more » 13 of 41 cases were ineligible for APBI-3D-CRT when using the pre- and post-LPC PTVs, respectively. Conclusion: PTVs based on pre-LPC tumor expansion are likely associated with reduced amounts of irradiated normal breast tissue compared with post-LPC PTVs, possibly leading to greater patient eligibility for APBI-3D-CRT. These findings support future investigation as to the feasibility of neoadjuvant APBI-3D-CRT.« less
Structural and stratigraphic evolution of extensional oceanic arcs

basin, in contrast, is a fault-bounded or hybrid basin (fault-bounded basin hereafter), which was downthrown into deep water relative to the stratovolcano along a fault zone. This fault zone may have controlled the siting of the stratovolcano, and the boundary of an 8-km-wide caldera that formed at its summit (Fig. 2A). Two distinct evolutionary phases of the Alisitos arc terrane are recognized (Figs. 1 and 2). We predict that these phases will be recognized in most modern and ancient oceanic arc terranes. Phase I is characterized by intermediate to silicic explosive and effusive volcanism, culminating in caldera-forming silicic ignimbrite eruptions (Fig. 2A). Phase II is characterized by mafic effusive and hydroclastic volcanism and injection of dike swarms. We interpret phase I to represent an extensional island arc; the onset of arc rifting being recorded in the climactic calderaforming eruption. Phase II records rifting of the arc. The phase I‐phase II cycle reflects the 10‐15 m.y. episodicity of rifting in arc-backarc systems resulting from progressive migration of the back-arc spreading center away from the trench (Taylor and Karner, 1983). The purpose of this paper is to define a model for extensional (phase I) and rift (phase II) phases in the structural and stratigraphic evolution of extensional oceanic arcs (Fig. 2). This model combines our field data with recently