cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The renaissance in basic cellular radiobiology and its significance for radiation therapy

Cellular radiobiology is undergoing a renaissance. The renaissance provides the impetus for change in the content of graduate courses in basic cellular radiobiology, and especially those designed for residents in radiation therapy. Emphasis on radiation physics should be reduced to a bare minimum; emphasis on the roles of biochemistry, chemistry, molecular biology, molecular genetics, and so forth in the cellular radiation response must be accentuated. Improvements in radiation therapy should follow a major shift in research emphasis to the identification of enzymes involved in cellular recovery. Theoretically, it is possible to change a survival curve by modulating or inhibiting the enzymatic processes involved in the amelioration of radiation damage to DNA. Split-dose recovery at the cellular level would be eliminated. Effective clinical utilization of specific enzyme inhibitors would increase the fiscal and logistic advantages of `conventional` therapy with sparsely ionizing radiations. 59 refs., 10 figs., 1 tab.
Reconsidering Refusal: Are Some Cases Refractory Even to the Best Tools?

In the article “When Parents Refuse: Resolving Entrenched Disagreements with Parents and Clinicians in Situations of Uncertainty and Complexity,” Janine Winters (2018) gets a great deal right. She ...
Thoracoscopic posterior tracheopexy for tracheomalacia: A minimally invasive technique

Abstract Background Tracheomalacia is the most common congenital abnormality of the trachea. Posterior tracheopexy to alleviate posterior intrusion contributing to dynamic tracheal collapse has been reported using thoracotomy or median sternotomy. Here we describe the minimally invasive operative technique of thoracoscopic posterior tracheopexy with bronchoscopic guidance. Operative technique After preoperative computed tomography and bronchoscopy, a right thoracoscopic approach is utilized. The esophagus is mobilized and the membranous trachea is sutured to the prevertebral fascia under direct bronchoscopic visualization. Immediate improvement in tracheal collapse is noted. No major complications are reported and length of stay is short. Aortopexy may also be required to address anterior vascular compression. Conclusion Thoracoscopic posterior tracheopexy is safe and feasible. Further studies with more patients and longer follow-up are needed to assess durability.
Syntheses of Strychnan- and Aspidospermatan-Type Alkaloids. 10. An Enantioselective Synthesis of (−)-Strychnine through the Wieland−Gumlich Aldehyde

Condensations of l-tryptophan-derived 2-[(methoxycarbonyl)methyl]-3-[2(S)-(benzyloxycarbonyl)-2-(Nb-benzylamino)ethyl]indole (6) with 4,4-dimethoxyacrolein or with 2,4-hexadienal, followed by removal of the tryptophanyl ester function, respectively gave the tetracyclic acetal (−)-methyl (2S,3aS,5R,11bR)-3-benzyl-2,3,3a,4,5,7-hexahydro-5-(dimethoxymethyl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]carbazole-6-carboxylate (10) or the tetracyclic olefin (−)-methyl (2S,3aS,5R,11bR)-3-benzyl-2,3,3a,4,5,7-hexahydro-5-(1-propenyl)-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]carbazole-6-carboxylate (14). Their respective hydrolysis or oxidation provided, enantioselectively, the tetracyclic aldehyde (−)-methyl (2S,3aS,5R,11bR)-3-benzyl-2,3,3a,4,5,7-hexahydro-5-formyl-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]carbazole-6-carboxylate (5). Its reaction with tri-n-butyl-1-(ethoxy)ethoxymethyltin and n-butyllithium, followed by oxidation of the resultant alcohol (−)-methyl (2S,3aS,5R,11bR)-3-benzyl-2,3,3a,4,5,7-hexahydro-5-(1ξ-hydroxy-2-((1-ethoxyethoxy))ethyl-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]carbazole-6-carbox...
Evaporative Film Cooling of Blunt Bodies in Hypersonic Flow and its Application to Re-entry Vehicles

Evaporative film cooling on blunt nose models has been investigated in a 12″ × 12″ hypersonic blowdown wind tunnel at Mach number 7 with stagnation temperatures up to 2500 °R. Water as coolant was supplied continuously through orifices located near the stagnation point of a hemisphere-cylinder body (3 inch diameter) and a blunt cone with 10° half angle (base diameter 5.5 inches) forming an evaporating water film covering the body. This results in nearly uniform wall temperatures about 30 °R below the local boiling temperature of the water.
Acoustic properties of early vocalizations in infants with fragile X syndrome.

Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is a neurogenetic syndrome characterized by cognitive impairments and high rates of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). FXS is often highlighted as a model for exploring pathways of symptom expression in ASD due to the high prevalence of ASD symptoms in this population and the known single-gene cause of FXS. Early vocalization features-including volubility, complexity, duration, and pitch-have shown promise in detecting ASD in idiopathic ASD populations but have yet to be extensively studied in a population with a known genetic cause for ASD such as FXS. Investigating early trajectories of these features in FXS may inform our limited knowledge of potential mechanisms that predict later social communication outcomes. The present study addresses this need by presenting preliminary findings which (a) characterize early vocalization features in FXS relative to low-risk controls (LRC) and (b) test the specificity of associations between these features and language and ASD outcomes. We coded vocalization features during a standardized child-examiner interaction for 39 nine-month-olds (22 FXS, 17 LRC) whose clinical outcomes were assessed at 24 months. Our results provide preliminary evidence that within FXS, associations between vocalization features and 24-month language outcomes may diverge from those observed in LRC, and that vocalization features may be associated with later ASD symptoms. These findings provide a starting point for more research exploring these features as potential early markers of ASD in FXS, which in turn may lead to improved early identification methods, treatment approaches, and overall well-being of individuals with ASD. Autism Res2019. © 2019 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc. LAY SUMMARY: Although vocal features of 9-month-olds with FXS did not differ from those of low-risk controls, several features were associated with later language and ASD outcomes at 24 months in FXS. These preliminary results suggest acoustic data may be related to clinical outcomes in FXS and potentially other high-risk populations. Further characterizing these associations may facilitate understanding of biological mechanisms and risk factors associated with social communication development and ASD.
Small area estimation and hotspot identification of opioid use disorder among military veterans living in the Southern United States

The purpose of this study was to estimate opioid use disorder prevalence rates at the county level among veterans in Alabama and to determine hotspots of said rates. Methods: By combining data from...
Language ability in the development of externalizing behavior problems in childhood.

Poorer language ability has been shown to predict the development of externalizing behavior problems such as aggression and conduct problems. However, the developmental process that links poorer language ability to externalizing problems is unclear. The present study examined (a) whether within-child changes in language ability predict within-child changes in externalizing problems, (b) whether social skills are a potential mechanism that explains the association between language ability and externalizing problems, and (c) whether there are sex-related differences in the association between language ability and externalizing problems. The present study examined these questions in children (N = 1,364) followed annually from 4 to 10 years of age. Language ability was assessed by a measure of receptive language (i.e., vocabulary). Externalizing problems were rated by mothers and teachers. Social skills were rated by mothers, fathers, and teachers. Findings showed that within-child changes in language ability predicted within-child changes in externalizing problems, even controlling for the family’s income-to-needs ratio. We found that social skills partially mediated the association between poorer language ability and later externalizing problems, but this was limited to a between-person effect. There was not strong evidence of sex-related differences in the association. Findings suggest that language ability may play a role in the development of externalizing problems for boys and girls, and that social skills may be a mechanism that partially explains how poorer language ability leads to the development of externalizing problems. Or, alternatively, language ability, social skills, and externalizing problems may partially share common causes. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved)
Re-Entry Trajectories and Problems of Hypersonic Flow

Publisher Summary This chapter discuss the possibility of soft landings on earth and also gives some considerations to landings on other planets. It presents a survey about the composition of the atmosphere of earth and of some of the planets, and its influence on the re-entry trajectories. The various trajectories are discussed in relation to specific vehicle types, such as capsule type nonlifting vehicles and vehicles using aerodynamic lift, with drag control and lift modulation. To be able to calculate drag, lift, control forces, and heat transfer, the hypersonic gasdynamic problems involved in the flow around typical body shapes, such as flat plates, hemispheres, and blunt cones in the continuum regime and at the borderlines of distinct slip effects are also discussed in the chapter. The chapter reviews some of the important heat transfer problems and methods of cooling which might be available for that purpose.
Identification of Catalogued and Uncatalogued Classes.

Abstract : A technique to discriminate listed objects from unlisted ones is described. It is based on the principle of minimizing the probability of error in an identification process. The devised classifier is implemented as a threshold test. The classifier was applied to an aircraft identification problem. It was shown that the error of misclassifying catalogued targets as uncatalogued and vice versa can be made very small, while keeping a high probability of correct identification when the presence of a listed object is detected. The implementation of the developed scheme was shown to be simple and efficient. (Author)
We can fix this! Donor activism for nonprofit supply generation

Nonprofit organizations play a critical role in society. To fulfill their missions, they require sufficient supply to meet demand. In addressing how nonprofits can work towards meeting the needed demand through donors, the marketing literature focuses primarily on leveraging individual differences, message characteristics, motives, or social norms to secure donor time, talent, or treasure. Other ways in which donors make impactful contributions, however, are less studied. One of these less examined cases is donor activism, a social mechanism by which donors act to increase supply for nonprofits. Through an ethnographic study of donors organizing a Guinness World Records attempt for the most living organ donors gathered together, we investigate the mechanisms underlying donor efforts to positively influence the supply of living donors. Our findings suggest that donation behaviors that increase supply may lead to varying degrees of activism. Managerial implications of these findings are presented with specific suggestions for how donors and nonprofit organizations may interact within consumer movements to support supply generation.
Abstract LB-047: CHMP5 dependency is a therapeutic vulnerability of T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia

T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) is a very aggressive hematologic malignancy that results from the transformation of immature T-cell progenitors. Aberrant cell growth and proliferation is sustained by strong oncogenic drivers, notably NOTCH1 and MYC, whose activation is present in more than half of all T-ALL cases. However, although it is known that post-translational modifications, such as ubiquitination by the E3-ligase FBXW7, regulate NOTCH1 and MYC protein stability and activity, regulatory proteins involved in their stability remain unestablished. The Charged multivesicular body protein 5 (CHMP5), an accessory protein of the ESCRT (endosomal sorting complex required for transport) pathway, has been shown to regulate the stability of client proteins in thymocytes through the recruitment of de-ubiquitinating enzymes. Here, we report that CHMP5 protein is not only highly expressed in T-ALL cells, but also promotes the stability of transactivating intracellular NOTCH1 (ICN1) and MYC. We found that depletion of CHMP5 significantly reduced the abundance of ICN1 and MYC, and the transcription of their target genes in vitro, as well as suppressed the development of T-ALL in vivo in a murine model of NOTCH1 driven T-ALL. Additionally, loss of CHMP5 restored T-ALL cell susceptibility to chemotherapeutic agents, including glucocorticoids and gamma secretase inhibitors, resistance to which contributes to disease relapse in patients. We further reveal CHMP5 as an adaptor protein required to orchestrate T-ALL client protein deubiquitination and stability. Altogether, our data suggest that CHMP5 is a non-oncogenic dependency of T-ALL and its depletion may be an effective therapeutic strategy for T-ALL. Citation Format: Katharine Umphred-Wilson, Stanley Adoro. CHMP5 dependency is a therapeutic vulnerability of T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research 2020; 2020 Apr 27-28 and Jun 22-24. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(16 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-047.
Evaluating a Maintenance-Based Treatment Approach to Preventing Lexical Dropout in Progressive Anomia.

Purpose Primary progressive aphasia (PPA) and the amnestic variant of Alzheimer's disease (AD) are neurodegenerative conditions characterized by a profound loss of functional communication abilitie...
Serum levels of the cold stress hormones FGF21 and GDF-15 after cardiac arrest in infants and children enrolled in single center therapeutic hypothermia clinical trials.

OBJECTIVE Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 (FGF21) and Growth Differentiation Factor-15 (GDF-15) are putative neuroprotective cold stress hormones (CSHs) provoked by cold exposure that may be age-dependent. We sought to characterize serum FGF21 and GDF-15 levels in pediatric cardiac arrest (CA) patients and their association with use of therapeutic hypothermia (TH). METHODS Secondary analysis of serum samples from clinical trials. We measured FGF21 and GDF-15 levels in pediatric patients post-CA and compared levels to both pediatric intensive care (PICU) and healthy controls. Post-CA, we compared normothermia (NT) vs TH (33°C for 72h) treated cohorts at <24h, 24h, 48h, 72h, and examined the change in CSHs over 72h. We also assessed association between hospital mortality and initial levels. RESULTS We assessed 144 samples from 68 patients (27 CA [14 TH, 13 NT], 9 PICU and 32 healthy controls). Median initial FGF21 levels were higher post-CA vs. healthy controls (392 vs. 40pg/mL, respectively, P<0.001). Median GDF-15 levels were higher post-CA vs. healthy controls (7,089 vs. 396pg/mL, respectively, P<0.001). In the CA group, the median change in FGF21 from PICU day 1-3 (after 72h of temperature control), was higher in TH vs. NT (231 vs. -20pg/mL, respectively, P<0.05), with no difference in GDF-15 over time. Serum GDF-15 levels were higher in CA patients that died vs. survived (19,450 vs. 5,337pg/mL, respectively, P<0.05), whereas serum FGF21 levels were not associated with mortality. CONCLUSION Serum levels of FGF21 and GDF-15 increased after pediatric CA, and FGF21 appears to be augmented by TH.
Development and utilization of a Process-oriented Information Model for sustainable manufacturing

Abstract Nowadays sustainability related decision making plays a critical role in the product design and manufacturing. However, due to the lack of a formal representation of the information regarding the manufacturing processes and sustainability, the sustainability evaluation of the manufacturing processes in the design phase is still inadequate. Thus, a new generation of Computer-Aided Design (CAD) system is needed for the product designers to carry out sustainability related decision makings. The first step toward such a goal is to develop an “information model” to capture and integrate all the relevant information. This paper proposes a Process-oriented Information Model (PIM) to integrate the relevant information regarding the sustainable manufacturing with the product design information. A three-layered framework is also proposed for the utilization of the proposed PIM in a software environment. A case study has been presented to demonstrate a preliminary software system developed based on the proposed PIM and the three-layered framework. It shows the preliminary system has the ability to assist the product designers in making their sustainability related decisions in the product design stage.
The Relationship Between Emotion Regulation, Executive Functioning, and Aggressive Behaviors

Emotion regulation deficits and executive functioning deficits have independently been shown to increase vulnerability toward engaging in aggressive behaviors. The effects of these risk factors, however, have not been evaluated in relation to one another. This study evaluated the degree to which each was associated with aggressive behaviors in a sample of 168 undergraduate students. Executive functioning (cognitive inhibition and mental flexibility) was assessed with a Stroop-like neuropsychological task. Emotion regulation and aggressive behaviors were assessed via self-report inventories. Results showed main effects for both emotion regulation and executive functioning, as well as a significant interaction, indicating that those who scored lowest in both domains reported engaging in aggressive behaviors the most frequently. When different types of aggression were examined, this interaction was only significant for acts of physical aggression, not for acts of verbal aggression. Therefore, for physical ag...
Finding endmember classes in hyperspectral imagery

Endmember finding has received considerable interest in hyperspectral imaging. In reality an endmember finding algorithm (EFA) suffers from endmember variability which causes inaccuracy, inconsistency and instability. In this case a real endmember may not exist but rather appears as its variant, referred to as virtual signature (VS). This paper presents a new approach to finding VSs by taking endmember variability into account. It first determines a required number of endmember classes by virtual dimensionality (VD), then designs an unsupervised method to find endmember classes and finally develops an iterative algorithm to find VSs. Comprehensive experiments including synthetic and real image scenes are conducted to demonstrate effectiveness of the proposed approach.
Impact of Prenatal Exposure to Humanized High Fat Diets on Murine Metabolic Phenotype

Prenatal exposures, including maternal diet, can alter risk for metabolic disease across the lifecourse. This study examines the effects of 2 prenatal high fat diets (HFDs) on mice offspring weight...
Contentious issues: How evidence refutes motivational misconceptions

Conceptualizations of motivation are easily misunderstood because many of our beliefs concerning motivation are highly personalized and frequently formed through daily experience, resulting in learned patterns of behavior. Lacking evidentiary support, individual experience may lead to false conclusions and erroneous generalizations concerning the causes of behavior and the interrelations among motivational variables. This chapter introduces some of the more contentious issues endemic to motivational science, focusing on the distinction between beliefs and knowledge. Other interpretive ambiguities are discussed with the intention of providing clarity as to what inferences can or cannot be determined through the examination of motivation evidence. The chapter concludes with an overview of two popular motivation frameworks and describes specific approaches that promote and sustain optimal motivation in the self and others.
Usability study of a vineyard teleoperated compost spreader

Teleoperation has been widely applied in modern industry because of a variety of advantages, such as providing replaceable surrogates for humans in dangerous or difficult working environments over long distances. In this paper, a usability evaluation study of a teleoperation system for a compost spreader robotic machine is presented. The machine has been designed for the application of compost in small and stepping parcels of hilly vineyards. Driving and working tasks can be controlled remotely by a portable piloting unit, reducing the risk for the operator in the event of machine overturning. Participants of the study were asked to perform a series of tasks and sub-tasks and to vocalize their thoughts while working with the machine. The tasks were designed to simulate typical user experience. Once all the tasks were accomplished each participant was asked to fill a questionnaire. The evaluation considered aspects such as learnability, ease of use, understandability, controllability, frustration, mental effort, distraction, clarity of presentation, perceived usefulness, temporal efficiency and machine aesthetic. Results show that usability evaluation helped detecting design deficiencies in the teleoperated compost spreader machine.
Evaluating a targeted social program when placement is decentralized

An assessment of the welfare gains from a targeted social program can be seriously biased unless it takes proper account of the endogeneity of program participation. Bias comes from two sources of placement endogeneity: the purposive targeting of the geographic areas to receive the program, and the targeting of individual recipients within selected areas. Decentralization of program placement decisions is common, because of the administrative cost of centralized placement decisions and the fact that local groups and governments are likely to be better informed about who most needs help. But full decentralization is uncommon; the center typically retains control of broad geographic targeting. The authors argue that partial decentralization of program placement decisions creates control and instrumental variables useful for identifying program benefits. The central allocation to a local level of government is presumably based on observable indicators. The central allocation will also influence the allocation to an individual but is unlikely to determine outcomes at the individual level conditional on individual program participation. So with suitable controls for the welfare-relevant geographic characteristics determining program placement decisions, the center's allocation across areas can be used as an instrumental variable for individual participation. The authors use Bangladesh's Food for Education program to illustrate their approach. A single post-intervention cross-sectional household survey was used to identify the impact of the program on school attendance, using geographic placement at the village level as an instrument for individual program placement. To deal with bias from the endogeneity of village selection, the authors used a detailed community survey coordinated with the household survey to control for likely sources of heterogeneity in geographic influences on school attendance, consistent with prior information on how the government targeted the program geographically. They found that the programs had significant and sizable impacts on school attendance. At mean points, the program's incentive increased attendance by 24 percent of the maximum feasible days of schooling. A regression estimator ignoring the purposive program placement was found to result in a substantial underestimation of the program's impact. Indeed, the simplest possible control group method--assuming that nonparticipants provide a valid counterfactual--performed much better than a regression method treating placement as exogenous.
Modeling the diffusion of a fluid through viscoelastic polyimides

Abstract This paper is concerned with the diffusion of a fluid through viscoelastic polyimides undergoing large deformations. Using ideas from the classical theory of mixtures and a well established thermodynamic framework that uses the notion of maximization of the rate of entropy production, the constitutive relations for a mixture of a viscoelastic solid and a fluid (specifically Newtonian fluid) are derived. By prescribing forms for the specific Helmholtz potential and the rate of dissipation, the relations for the partial stress in the solid, the partial stress in the fluid and the interaction force between the solid and the fluid, are derived. Results from the developed model are shown to be in good agreement with the available experimental data for the diffusion of various solvents through polyimides. The deformation of the viscoelastic solid under simultaneous swelling and application of an external force is also studied.
Advances in algal cell biology

Kirsten Heimann and Christos Katsaros [Eds]. 2013. 222 pp. Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin. US$97.00 [hardback: ISBN 978-3-11-022960-8].Cell biology has been an important part of algal research, esp...
On representing the prognostic value of continuous gene expression biomarkers with the restricted mean survival curve

// Kevin H. Eng 1 , Emily Schiller 1 and Kayla Morrell 1 1 Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA Correspondence to: Kevin H. Eng, email: // Keywords : dichotomization, model diagnostics, prognostic marker, restricted mean survival, survival analysis Received : June 26, 2015 Accepted : September 12, 2015 Published : October 14, 2015 Abstract Motivation. Researchers developing biomarkers for cancer prognosis from quantitative gene expression data are often faced with an odd methodological discrepancy: while Cox’s proportional hazards model, the appropriate and popular technique, produces a continuous and relative risk score, it is hard to cast the estimate in clear clinical terms like median months of survival and percent of patients affected. To produce a familiar Kaplan-Meier plot, researchers commonly make the decision to dichotomize a continuous (often unimodal and symmetric) score. It is well known in the statistical literature that this procedure induces significant bias. Results. We illustrate the liabilities of common techniques for categorizing a risk score and discuss alternative approaches. We promote the use of the restricted mean survival (RMS) and the corresponding RMS curve that may be thought of as an analog to the best fit line from simple linear regression. Conclusions. Continuous biomarker workflows should be modified to include the more rigorous statistical techniques and descriptive plots described in this article. All statistics discussed can be computed via standard functions in the Survival package of the R statistical programming language. Example R language code for the RMS curve is presented in the appendix.
Splenic angioleiomyoma in an owl monkey (Aotus nancymae).

Background An adult male owl monkey (Aotus nancymae) underwent a splenectomy. When the spleen was removed, a small, nodular mass slightly bulging over the splenic surface was noted. Methods The mass was examined by light and transmission electron microscopy and by immunohistochemistry. Results On light microscopy, the mass was well-circumscribed, non-encapsulated, and composed of haphazardly arranged smooth muscle bundles admixed with numerous small capillary-like structures containing blood. Immunohistochemical (IHC) staining revealed the tumor was strongly positive for smooth muscle actin yielding vascular smooth muscle bundles, and for Factor VIII, staining endothelial cells within the smooth muscle bundles. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed a large portion of the cells to be atypical appearing smooth muscle and a few cells had structures resembling Weibel–Palade bodies indicating endothelial cells. Conclusions Based on cell morphology, by light and TEM, and IHC a final diagnosis of splenic angioleiomyoma was made. This is, to our knowledge, the first report of an angioleiomyoma in a non-human primate.
Models of Respiratory Rhythm Generation in the Pre-Bötzinger Complex. I. Bursting Pacemaker Neurons

A network of oscillatory bursting neurons with excitatory coupling is hypothesized to define the primary kernel for respiratory rhythm generation in the pre-Botzinger complex (pre-BotC) in mammals....
A Curable Arthritis: The Treatment of Chronic Hypertrophic Pulmonary Osteoarthropathy by Surgery of the Chest

A chest x-ray film should be part of the routine examination of any patient with arthritis. If chronic hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy is present, it is sometimes possible to cure it by eliminating the pulmonary disease with appropriate therapy. A summary of six such cases from the files of the Baptist Memorial Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, covering a ten-year period (1947 through 1956) is presented. Three were subsequently considered cured of their arthritis, and one was improved temporarily, but later expired due to progression of cancer. One in the group was a far-advanced case of disseminated carcinoma in whom only palliative or symptomatic therapy could be prescribed and she is considered as unimproved so far as arthritis is concerned.
Prevention of quinone-mediated DNA arylation by antioxidants.

Abstract High performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) analysis showed that the prototype antioxidant ascorbate (vitamin C) inhibits the DNA adducts induced by synthetic estrogen diethylstilbestrol (DES) and the antiestrogen metabolite 4-hydroxytamoxifen (4-OHTam). Treatment of salmon testes DNA with 4-OHTam quinone or 4-OHTam in the presence of horseradish peroxidase and hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) generated the same DNA adduct profile. Vitamin C and N-acetylcysteine (NAC) inhibited the formation of 4-OHTam-dG adducts in a dose-dependent manner. To determine whether the same antioxidants also protect cellular DNA, HL-60 cells were used as cell culture model. Cells treated with 10 μM 4-OHTam in the presence of 1 μM H 2 O 2 for 24 h gave 4-OHTam-dG adducts ∼4 × 10 −7 , n = 3. Treatment of the cells with 100 μM 4-OHTam, without H 2 O 2 , produced the same level of adducts. Supplementation of the incubation media with vitamin C (2.5 mM) or NAC (5 mM) inhibited the formation of DNA adducts. Thus, antioxidants may protect susceptible cells from genotoxicity associated with 4-OHTam activation.
Probing the motion of cold atoms by Faraday spectroscopy

We have implemented a continuous measurement of the mean magnetic moment of an ensemble of atoms trapped in a far-off-resonance optical lattice, by detecting the Faraday rotation of one of the lattice beams after it has passed through the atom cloud. In a first demonstration experiment we have observed Larmor precession with high signal-to-noise ratio, and compared the performance of the measurement with a simple theory. Faraday spectroscopy offers an ideal method to monitor the atomic dynamics and will be applied to the study of quantum chaos in magneto-optical lattices. In principle the measurement sensitivity can be increased to the point where quantum backaction becomes significant, thereby opening the door to studies of quantum feedback, spin squeezing and the role played by quantum measurement in quantum/classical correspondence.
Effects of tunicamycin on NGF binding and neurite outgrowth in PC12 cells.

The effects of inhibition of glycosylation on nerve growth factor (NGF) binding and neurite outgrowth response of PC12 cells have been examined. Exposure to tunicamycin (1–10 μg/ml) for 24–36 hr eliminates the rapidly dissociating component of NGF binding and decreases the decreases the proportion of PC12 cells capable of elaborating neurits in a dose-dependent manner. These decreased cellular responses are probably due to an underglycosylation of the NGF receptor, since the effects of tunicamycin are correlated with a decrease in 3H-fucose incorporation rather than a general decline in cellular metabolism as measured by viability and protein syntheses. These results suggest that carbohydrate side chains are important for the function and/or orientation of the NGF receptor in PC12 cells and that the rapidly dissociating component of NGF binding may be associated with a minimum concentration of functional receptors per cell required for the full biologic response.
Effect of hydration on the mechanical properties of epoxy impregnated concrete

Abstract Following various hydration times (1 to 28 days) concrete was impregnated with an epoxy resin system. For a given impregnation condition (vacuum, pressure and time), it was found that higher polymer loadings were achieved in specimens having shorter hydration times. Compressive modulus and compressive strength values for impregnated specimens were higher than their corresponding control values. Compressive modulus values appear to be a function of hydration time (up to 14 days) for impregnated specimens, but the modulus of 1 day impregnated specimens is considerably higher than that of all the controls (1 to 28 day). Compressive strength values appear to be primarily a function of volume loading, and 1 day impregnated specimens displayed compressive strength values of greater than 10, 000 psi.
Provocative angiography for obscure gastrointestinal bleeding

Abstract Patients who present for angiography in 2003 present a challenge not experienced by angiographers 4 decades ago. Patients who have gone through the battery of sophisticated radiologic, scintigraphic, and endoscopic examinations available today and remain without a known source of gastrointestinal hemorrhage rely on the angiographer to critically evaluate the mesenteric vasculature for abnormalities. If the diagnostic angiography shows no vascular abnormality, the angiographer has several pharmocologic agents that can be used to provoke hemorrhage to assist in detecting the source. If the bleeding site is seen, the angiographer may then use embolic agents to occlude the vessel or provide visual cues for assisting the surgeon in resection of the appropriate segment of bowel.
Diffusion and nuclear magnetic relaxation of H 2 in rare-gas liquids

Pulsed NMR has been used to study ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ as a dilute impurity in the rare-gas liquids neon, argon, and krypton. ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ diffusion was measured and is compared to the somewhat smaller self-diffusion of the hosts. The temperature dependences of the impurity and host diffusions are the same (and nearly Arrhenius) in the cold liquids. At temperatures approaching the critical temperature, the impurity diffusion is a more rapidly increasing function of temperature than is the host diffusion. The ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ impurity diffusion is compared with predictions of molecular dynamics. Proton relaxation times ${T}_{1}$ and ${T}_{2}$ also were measured and are compared with proton relaxation measurements in gaseous dilute ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$-rare-gas mixtures, and in dilute ortho-${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$-para-${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ fluid mixtures. The relaxation results are compared with some predictions of the theory of Bloom and Oppenheim.
In the Postwar Scenario: Keeping the transatlantic alliance whole and Vital

(2003). In the Postwar Scenario: Keeping the transatlantic alliance whole and Vital. The International Spectator: Vol. 38, No. 2, pp. 3-10.
Superconducting tunneling on NbN thin films

Superconducting tunnel junctions were fabricated on reactively sputtered NbN thin films. The NbN films were homogeneous and of single cubic phase; their transition temperatures were relatively high (14.0–17.3 K). Native oxide barriers and gold counter electrodes completed the junctions. Results ofdV/dI versusV measurements located the maximum energy gap near 3.30 meV, yielding a strong coupling parameter of above 4.5. Acoustic phonons were clearly observed ind 2 I/dV 2 versusV measurements at around 22.5 and 27.5 meV.
Sounds of Silence: Investigating Institutional Knowledge of the Use and Users of Online Music Collections

In light of the growing number of digital sheet music collections available online, how are institutions charting the concomitant evolution of use and users of these collections? How are they learning about changes in their constituency and their constituency's interaction, and what are they doing with that information? Is this knowledge changing anything about these digital collections themselves, and if so, what? This article discusses the content and results of a survey conducted in 2009 that posed these questions and others to the members of the Music Library Association and the Society of American Archivists' electronic mailing lists. Survey participants, who remained anonymous, were asked to describe the information-seeking practices of their institutions regarding use and users of their online sheet music collections and to explain how that knowledge was shaping those collections. Through quantitative analysis of the survey results, I identify specific trends in that institutional knowledge seeking...
Influence of the doping conditions on the surface energies of conducting polymers

Abstract The surface energies and polarities of the conducting polymers, polyaniline, polypyrrole and poly(3-hexylthiophene), dedoped and doped, were investigated by the harmonic-mean equation based on contact angle measurements. The values of the surface energies and polarities of dedoped conducting polymers are similar to those of conventional polymers. However, the surface energies of the doped conducting polymers vary greatly depending on the choice of the dopants and doping level. The results reveal that the change in surface energy of conducting polymers may result from the contribution of the polar components, depending on the types and concentration of the dopants, since the dispersion components of the measured surface energies of the examined conducting polymers do not change significantly from doping to dedoping.
Structural proteins of the neonatal and adult lamina cribrosa.

• Optic nerve heads from three premature infants and six adults were studied immunohistochemically to compare the extracellular proteins in the lamina cribrosa of young and old human eyes. In both age groups, antibodies to the basement membrane components laminin and collagen type IV were associated with blood vessels and laminar beam margins. In the adult eyes, interstitial collagen types I and III were heavily distributed within the laminar beams. Antibodies to fibrillin, the microfibrillar portion of elastin, labeled discrete, heavy bands oriented longitudinally within these beams. The beams of the neonatal lamina cribrosa contained much less interstitial collagen, with a predominance of collagen type III. Neonatal elastic tissue bands were less numerous and distinct within the laminar beams. These biochemical differences between the young and old lamina cribrosa may, in part, explain different clinical behaviors of the optic nerve head in congenital and adult glaucoma.
Intranasal delivery to the central nervous system: Mechanisms and experimental considerations

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) limits the distribution of systemically administered therapeutics to the central nervous system (CNS), posing a significant challenge to drug development efforts to treat neurological and psychiatric diseases and disorders. Intranasal delivery is a noninvasive and convenient method that rapidly targets therapeutics to the CNS, bypassing the BBB and minimizing systemic exposure. This review focuses on the current understanding of the mechanisms underlying intranasal delivery to the CNS, with a discussion of pathways from the nasal cavity to the CNS involving the olfactory and trigeminal nerves, the vasculature, the cere- brospinal fluid, and the lymphatic system. In addition to the properties of the thera- peutic, deposition of the drug formulation within the nasal passages and composition of the formulation can influence the pathway a therapeutic follows into the CNS after intranasal administration. Experimental factors, such as head position, volume, and method of administration, and formulation parameters, such as pH, osmolarity, or inclusion of permeation enhancers or mucoadhesives, can influence formula- tion deposition within the nasal passages and pathways followed into the CNS. Sig- nificant research will be required to develop and improve current intranasal treatments and careful consideration should be given to the factors discussed in this review. 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. and the American Pharmacists Association J Pharm Sci 99:1654-1673, 2010
An Accurate Parameterization of the Radiative Properties of Water Clouds Suitable for Use in Climate Models

Abstract A new parameterization of the radiative properties of water clouds is presented. Cloud optical properties for both solar and terrestrial spectra and for cloud equivalent radii in the range 2.5–60 µm are calculated from Mie theory. It is found that cloud optical properties depend mainly on equivalent radius throughout the solar and terrestrial spectrum and are insensitive to the details of the droplet size distribution, such as shape, skewness, width, and modality (single or bimodal). This suggests that in cloud models, aimed at predicting the evolution of cloud microphysics with climate change, it is sufficient to determine the third and the second moments of the size distribution (the ratio of which determines the equivalent radius). It also implies that measurements of the cloud liquid water content and the extinction coefficient are sufficient to determine cloud optical properties experimentally (i.e., measuring the complete droplet size distribution is not required). Based on the detailed cal...
Serum B2-microglobulin determinations in patients bearing soft tissue sarcomas

To determine whether serum beta 2-microglobulin values could be useful as a tumor marker in patients with soft tissue sarcomas, 31 preoperative sera stored in our serum bank were assayed by radioimmunoassay for beta 2-microglobulin levels. Sera were selected from patients known to have large bulky tumors, but no evidence of other major systemic disorders. Thirty-one sera of sex and age matched controls were assayed for comparison. The laboratory range for normal serum beta 2-microglobulin values was 1.1-2.4 mg/l. Our control patients had values ranging from 0.7-1.7 mg/l. Values in tumor patients ranged from 0.7-2.5 mg/l. No markedly elevated values were observed in any single patient. Four age groups, 20-29, 30-39, 40-49, and 50-59 years, revealed no significant differences. This observation differs from previously reported data. Serum beta 2-microglobulin appears to have no value as a tumor marker in patients with soft tissue sarcomas. We were unable to substantiate findings by others that there is a significant increase in values of normal subjects corresponding to advancing age.
Contributions of Low-Lying Excited States to Optical Nonlinearities in Squaraines

We measured the third-harmonic spectrum for a series of both centrosymmetric and non-centrosymmetric squaraine dyes in chloroform. By fitting the experimental dispersion of the third order susceptibility, γ, to a four-level sum-over-states model, we determined the strength and location of the lowest lying two-photon-like transition. In each case, we find that the lowest two-photon-like state appears just above the dominant linear absorption peak in energy and that the transition moment to that state makes a significant contribution to the nonlinearity, as do transition moments to one or more higher-lying two-photon-like states in the ultraviolet. The spectra of one centrosymmetric dye contains an additional feature evidencing a nonzero dipole moment difference between the ground and first excited state dipole moments (Δμ) that we attribute to a conformational asymmetry. A noncentrosym-metric squaraine dye shows a similar feature, which, as expected, arises from its Δμ. Effects of symmetry breaking are described.
Flaking and extrusion as mechanical treatments for enzyme-assisted aqueous extraction of oil from soybeans

Flaking and extruding dehulled soybeans were evaluated as a means of enhancing oil extraction efficiency during enzyme-assisted aqueous processing of soybeans. Cellulase, protease, and their combination were evaluated for effectiveness in achieving high oil extraction recovery from extruded flakes. Aqueous extraction of extruded full-fat soy flakes gave 68% recovery of the total available oil without using enzymes. A 0.5% wt/wt protease treatment after flaking and extruding dehulled soybeans increased oil extraction recovery to 88% of the total available oil. Flaking and extruding enhanced protease hydrolysis of proteins freeing more oil. Treating extruded flakes with cellulase, however, did not enhance oil extraction either alone or in combination with protease. Discrepancies in oil extraction recoveries were encountered when merely considering crude free fat because some oil became bound to denatured protein during extrusion and/or sample drying. Bound fat was unavailable for determination by using the hexane extraction method, but was accounted for by using the acid hydrolysis method for total oil determination. Oil extraction recovery from extruded soybean flakes was affected by oil determination methods, which was not the case for unextruded full-fat soy flour.
The effect of redundant patterns on retardate discrimination learning

Eight retarded children ran in a two-choice simultaneous visual discrimination task under four stimulus conditions. Condition 1 used two common objects as stimuli, Condition 2 used two pictures of common objects as stimuli, Condition 3 used two stimulus cards each containing two different pictures and Condition 4 used two stimulus cards each containing two identical pictures. Condition 4 was easiest and Condition 3 hardest for the Ss. Conditions 1 and 2 were intermediate and approximately equal in difficulty.
Purification of phosphinothricin acetyltransferase using Reactive brown 10 affinity in a single chromatography step.

Abstract The expression of phosphinothricin N -acetyltransferase (PAT) protein in transgenic plants confers tolerance to the herbicide glufosinate. To enable the characterization of PAT protein expressed in plants, it is necessary to obtain high purity PAT protein from the transgenic grain. Because transgenically expressed proteins are typical present at very low levels (i.e. 0.1–50 μg protein/g grain), a highly specific and efficient purification protocol is required to purify them. Based on the physicochemical properties of PAT, we developed a novel purification method that is simple, time-saving, inexpensive and reproducible. The novel method employs a single chromatography step using a reactive dye resin, Reactive brown 10-agarose. Reactive brown 10 preferentially binds the PAT protein, which can then be specifically released by one of its substrates, acetyl-CoA. Using Reactive brown 10-agarose, PAT protein was purified to homogeneity from cottonseed with high recovery efficiency. As expected, the Reactive brown 10-produced PAT was enzymatically active. Other applications of the method on protein expression and purification, and development of PAT enzymatic inhibitors were also discussed.
A Topological Account of the Space Occupied by Physical Objects

A partir des concepts fondamentaux de la topologie, l'A. decrit sa propre theorie de l'espace occupe, fondee sur la distinction entre volumes ouverts et volumes fermes. Associee a une ontologie des objets physiques, cette representation permet de definir les espaces occupes par exclusion des espaces non-occupables