cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Differential Regulation of Salmonella typhimurium Type III Secreted Proteins by Pathogenicity Island 1 (SPI-1)-Encoded Transcriptional Activators InvF and HilA

Salmonella enterica encodes a type III protein secretion system within a pathogenicity island (SPI-1) that is located at centisome 63 of its chromosome. This system is required for the ability of these bacteria to stimulate cellular responses that are essential for their pathogenicity. Expression of components and substrates of this system is subject to complex regulatory mechanisms. These mechanisms involve the function of HilA and InvF, two transcriptional regulatory proteins encoded within SPI-1. In this study, we examined the functional relationship between these two regulatory proteins. We found that strains carrying loss-of-function mutations in either hilA or invF differ in their ability to stimulate cellular responses. An S. typhimurium hilA mutant strain retained considerable signaling capacity that resulted in significant levels of internalization into host cells. In contrast, introduction of a nonpolar loss-of-function mutation in invF rendered S. typhimurium significantly impaired in its ability to enter host cells. Consistent with these different phenotypes, we found that HilA and InvF control the expression of different genes. HilA regulates the expression of components of the type III secretion machinery, whereas InvF controls the expression of type III secreted proteins encoded outside of SPI-1. We also found that the expression of secreted proteins encoded within SPI-1 are under the control of both HilA and InvF. Our results therefore indicate that InvF and HilA differentially control the expression of components and substrates of the invasion-associated type III secretion system.
An open-label trial of abatacept (CTLA4-IG) in non-severe relapsing granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener's)

Objectives To determine the safety and efficacy of abatacept in non-severe relapsing granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener9s)(GPA). Methods An open-label trial of intravenous abatacept was conducted in 20 patients with non-severe relapsing GPA. Prednisone up to 30 mg daily was permitted within the first 2 months, and patients on methotrexate, azathioprine, or mycophenolate mofetil continued these agents. Patients remained on study until common closing or early termination. Results Of the 20 patients, 18 (90%) had disease improvement, 16 (80%) achieved remission (BVAS/WG=0) at a median of 1.9 months, and 14 (70%) reached common closing. Six patients (30%) met criteria for early termination due to increased disease activity; 3 of 6 achieved remission and relapsed at a median of 8.6 months. The median duration of remission before common closing was 14.4 months, with the median duration of time on study for all patients being 12.3 months (range 2–35 months). Eleven of the 15 (73%) patients on prednisone reached 0 mg. Nine severe adverse events occurred in 7 patients, including 7 infections that were successfully treated. Conclusions In this study of patients with non-severe relapsing GPA, abatacept was well tolerated and was associated with a high frequency of disease remission and prednisone discontinuation.
Diuraphis noxia Reproduction and Development With a Comparison of Intrinsic Rates of Increase to Other Important Small Grain Aphids: A Meta-Analysis

The Russian wheat aphid, Diuraphis noxia (Kurdjumov), is a significant pest of small grains in the United States and worldwide. There is an increasing need for quality population dynamic models to aid in development of integrated pest management strategies. Unfortunately, there exists high variability in published data regarding basic life history traits that frequently direct model parameterization. Metadata were analyzed to develop relationships between temperature and reproductive and developmental traits of D. noxia. Specifically, functions were developed between temperature and the following traits: lifespan, fecundity, fecundity rate, pre-nymphipositional period, reproductive period, and intrinsic rate of increase. Lower and upper temperature reproductive thresholds were calculated as 0.6 and 36.9 degrees C, respectively. The lower temperature developmental threshold was calculated as -0.69 degrees C. Modeled longevity reached its maximum at approximately 80 d. Meta-analysis indicates maximum fecundity at approximately 18.5 degrees C, with a maximum fecundity rate of approximately 2.1 nymphs per day over the nymphipositional period. The calculated maximum total fecundity was approximately 55 nymphs per female. The maximum reproductive period was calculated to be 29.9 d. Compared with other aphid species, as temperature increased, the intrinsic rate of increase of D. noxia increased more slowly relative to Schizaphis graminum (Rondani) and Rhopalosiphum padi L., but at a similar rate to Sitobian avenae (F.).
Comparative Surface Adsorption Behavior of High- and Low-Density Lipoproteins as Analyzed by FT-IR/ATR Spectroscopy

The adsorption behavior of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) onto a zinc selenide crystal surface and cholesterol-modified ZnSe crystal surface has been studied in terms of adsorption kinetics and isotherms with the use of the FT-IR/ATR technique. Adsorption kinetic plots indicated that the adsorption equilibrium of HDL and LDL is reached at 30-40 min, which is similar to the case for other proteins. From the adsorption isotherms of HDL and LDL, transitions from monolayer adsorption to multilayer adsorption were observed at around 10-5 M for both lipoproteins. We also observed that the binding of HDL and LDL to a cholesterol-modified ZnSe surface is less than that to an unmodified ZnSe surface. For example, monolayer adsorption density of HDL on the ZnSe surface was 0.23 pmoles/cm2, whereas it was 0.13 pmoles/cm2 on the cholesterol-modified ZnSe surface.
Cellular and humoral sensitivity to gluten fractions in patients with treated nontropical sprue.

The presence of circulating antibodies and lymphocyte response to gliadin and fraction III were measured in three groups of 12 patients each. Group I consisted of patients with nontropical sprue maintained on a gluten-free diet; Group II contained patients with other gastrointestinal diseases manifesting malabsorption and Group III was composed of normal controls. Rabbits immunized to both antigens provided positive controls for each method of antibody determination. Results agree with those previously reported in that negligible antibody titers were present to either antigen in normals, patients with other forms of malabsorption or patients with nontropical sprue maintained, for some time, on a gluten-free diet. Lymphocyte stimulation failed to occur with either gluten fraction although the hyporesponsiveness to phytohemagglutinin, previously reported by others, was not observed. Further studies are needed in patients with nontropical sprue following controlled antigenic challenge. Antibody levels in jejunal fluid should also be studied. Until such studies are carried out, evaluation of immunologic factors in the pathogenesis of nontropical sprue will be incomplete.
Great Analysis, But Problematic Assumptions: A Critique of Janus and Meehl (1997)

Janus and Meehl (Psychology, Public Policy, and Law (1997), 3(1), 33–64) employed a sophisticated analysis to discover what is the actual standard that judges use in determining which sex offenders meet criteria for a civil commitment within the purviews of “sexual predator” laws. Their analysis relied on various assumptions, most of which were specified and explicated by the authors. They concluded that the judiciary does not even approach meeting the standards that it sets for itself when it comes to adjudicating the threshold for these types of commitments. Two of the fundamental underlying assumptions within their analysis may be seriously flawed, however. Using current information related to either of these assumptions, without changing any other aspect of the analysis, the ultimate finding concerning the judiciary standard would actually be reversed from what Janus and Meehl concluded.
Determination of Transport Properties in Chromium Disilicide Nanowires via Combined Thermoelectric and Structural Characterizations

The Seebeck coefficient, electrical conductivity, and thermal conductivity of individual chromium disilicide nanowires were characterized using a suspended microdevice and correlated with the crystal structure and growth direction obtained by transmission electron microscopy on the same nanowires. The obtained thermoelectric figure of merit of the nanowires was comparable to the bulk values. We show that combined Seebeck coefficient and electrical conductivity measurements provide an effective approach to probing the Fermi Level, carrier concentration and mobility in nanowires.
A process evaluation of the National Cancer Institute's Data-based Intervention Research program: a study of organizational capacity building

This paper reports on a qualitative process evaluation of the Data-based Intervention Research (DBIR) program, that was funded by the National Cancer Institute (NCI) and operated in 21 states and the District of Columbia. The goal of DBIR was to build a foundation within state health agencies to ensure the translation of cancer control science into practice. NCI's objective reflected the readiness of cancer control research for public health application, the paucity of cancer control activity within public health settings and the recognition that state health agencies could play a critical role in the effective transfer of research results into public health practice. The qualitative process evaluation reported in this paper is based on one case study of four DBIR programs. The present study indicates that the four state health agencies executed the DBIR program with fidelity. Also, the four states offered a balanced assessment of NCI's role in enabling the state agency operation of DBIR, providing numerous citations illustrating how NCI successfully facilitated organizational capacity as compared to fewer mentions of ways NCI was less than successful. Thus, in funding the DBIR model, NCI was successful in raising state health agency capacity to implement cancer prevention and control programming. Implications for capacity building in state health departments are discussed.
Entropy Changes Accompanying the Stretching of Cellulose Fibers in Water

Thermodynamic equations for elasticity are used to relate the force-temperature behavior of cellulosic fibers in water to the entropy of stretching. Water-fiber inter actions may have an appreciable influence on the observed behavior, but this cannot be decided without further experimental data on the swelling and sorption behavior of cellulose in water. A transition in the elasticity of textile viscose rayon occurs in water at about 45°C, with a negative entropy of stretching (rubberlike elasticity) being found above the transition temperature. Alkali swelling of viscose rayon causes an increase in rubberlike elasticity and a lowering of the transition temperature. The elasticity of cotton is primarily due to energy forces, and no marked change after mer cerization is found over the temperature range from 5° to 80°C. Comparison of highly oriented cellulose acetate experimental samples before and after saponification shows that the acetate side groups cause a lower temperature of transition to rubberlike ...
Outcomes of Clostridium difficile infection in recipients of solid abdominal organ transplants

Knowledge of outcomes of Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) in solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients is limited. To evaluate this population, we undertook a retrospective cohort study of all recipients of kidney and liver transplants diagnosed with CDI at a single center over 14 yr. Data pertaining to all episodes of CDI were collected. Multivariate analysis using logistic regression was performed to determine independent predictors of clinical cure. Overall, 170 patients developed 215 episodes of CDI. Among these patients, 162 episodes (75%) were cured, and in 103 episodes (48%), patients were cured within 14 d. In a multivariate analysis, lack of clinical cure at 14 d was predicted by recurrent episode (0.21, 95% CI 0.06-0.72, p = 0.0128), treatment with vancomycin (OR 0.27, 95% CI 0.1-0.74, p = 0.011), vasopressor support (OR 0.23, 95% CI 0.07-0.76, p = 0.0161), and CDI before the year 2004 (OR 0.44, 95% CI 0.2-0.98, p = 0.0446). The latter three factors are likely markers for severity of illness. In this cohort, 13 patients (8%) died during hospitalization, and 49 patients (29%) died within one yr. No deaths were attributed to CDI. Recurrent episode was a major predictor of treatment failure, suggesting that research into development of therapeutic options for recurrent disease is needed.
Estrogen-induced proliferation of urothelial cells is modulated by nerve growth factor.

Both nerve growth factor (NGF) and estrogen have been shown to stimulate proliferation of various cell types. Human urothelial cells (HUC) express the α- and β-subtypes of the estrogen receptor (ER...
Genetic analysis workshop III: Sib pair analyses to determine linkage groups and to order loci

The methods proposed by Haseman and Elston [1972] were used to estimate the proportion of genes identical by descent shared by each sib pair at each locus. These estimates were then used as a basis for obtaining all possible locus-locus correlations. The 12 significant correlations (P < .01) and their rank order indicated the correct linkage groups and the order of the loci.
Transcription factors Sp1 and Sp4 regulate TRPV1 gene expression in rat sensory neurons

Background The capsaicin receptor, transient receptor potential vanilloid type -1 (TRPV1) directs complex roles in signal transduction including the detection of noxious stimuli arising from cellular injury and inflammation. Under pathophysiologic conditions, TRPV1 mRNA and receptor protein expression are elevated in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons for weeks to months and is associated with hyperalgesia. Building on our previous isolation of a promoter system for the rat TRPV1 gene, we investigated the proximal TRPV1 P2-promoter by first identifying candidate Sp1-like transcription factors bound in vivo to the P2-promoter using chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay. We then performed deletion analysis of GC-box binding sites, and quantified promoter activity under conditions of Sp1 / Sp4 over-expression versus inhibition/knockdown. mRNA encoding Sp1, Sp4 and TRPV1 were quantified by qRT-PCR under conditions of Sp1/Sp4 over-expression or siRNA mediated knockdown in cultured DRG neurons.
The Role of Locus of Control in Daily Life

Conceived of as a stable trait, locus of control has been linked with psychological and physical health outcomes. We investigated whether locus of control operates as a state variable, whether variation in daily locus of control is associated with anxiety and stressful events, and whether it predicts daily health behaviors and symptoms. Using a daily diary study of pregnant couples, we found daily variation in locus of control was predicted by daily hassles and anxiety such that high same-day and previous-day anxiety and hassles were associated with reports of lower levels of control. Furthermore, daily locus of control was positively associated with positive health behaviors and predicted negative health symptoms. These results provide evidence for a social learning perspective on the development and maintenance of individuals' sense of control and suggest that locus of control should be considered both a state- and trait-level construct in future research.
38 The sysytematics of ochromonas (chrysophyceae)

Ochromonas sensu lato is the largest genus in the Chrysophyceae, containing over 100 names. Ochromonas species are biflagellate, naked, plastid-bearing single cells, distinguished from loricate, scaled, colonial and colorless genera. Most, if not all, species of Ochromonas are mixotrophic, i.e., they photosynthesize but they also engulf bacteria and other small prey. Preliminary evidence from SSU rRNA sequences show that Ochromonas is a polyphyletic genus. Ochromonas tuberculata is the most distinct from all other Ochromonas species. The other Ochromonas species (examined thus far) are scattered in three clades. For example, O. danica and O. sphaerocystis are sister to Poterioochromonas stipitata and P. malhamensis. Four additional species (identified by light microscopy as O. elegans Doflein, O. globosa Skuja, O. ovalis Dolfein, O. sociabilis Pringheim) have SSU rRNA sequences identical to P. malhamensis. Of these, only O. sociabilis has been transferred to Poterioochromonas. Thus, at least some species may be synonymous with others. Two clades of marine species are also known, one containing coastal species and the other containing open ocean species. A number of genera (some also polyphyletic) are interspersed amongst the Ochromonas species (e.g., Chrysolepidomonas, Chrysonephele, Chrysoxys, Cyclonexis, Dinobryon, Epipyxis, Uroglena, Uroglenopsis). The goal of this research (just beginning) is to establish a monophyletic Ochromonas, probably by assigning some species to other genera (existing or new). One major problem is that the type species, O. triangulata Vysotskii, hasn't been observed in over 100 years, and it is unclear which of several clades of Ochromonas contains the type. Results will be discussed.
Pollen-Mediated Gene Flow in California Cotton Depends on Pollinator Activity

on the location, the time period, and how measurements are taken. In the 1950s comprehensive studies using visMany cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) pollination studies have ual phenotypic traits reported 10% outcrossing in Texas been performed in the southern USA, but no data exist for California. In this study, we measured pollen-mediated gene flow (PGF) in four to47%inTennessee(Simpson,1954;SimpsonandDundirections over 2 yr from herbicide-resistant source plots in upland can, 1956). These studies reported 28% outcrossing in cotton in the California cotton growing region and in a region with Mississippi, but a mean of 2% outcrossing was reported high pollinator activity. In addition, samples were taken from fields in similar locations in Mississippi 20 yr later (Meredith of conventional varieties at varying distances from fields planted with and Bridge, 1973). The authors suggested the differherbicide-resistant varieties to assess PGF under commercial produc- ences were due to a reduction in wooded areas and the tion conditions. A seedling herbicide bioassay confirmed by DNA tests heavy use of pesticides resulting in a decrease in bee was used to measure PGF. PGF was independent of direction from pollinators. Also in Mississippi, Umbeck et al. (1991) the source plot and declined exponentially with increasing distance measured pollen transfer to non-transgenic rows of cotfrom 7.65% at 0.3 m to less than 1% beyond 9 m when there was high ton planted up to 25 m from a 4 ha field of cotton carpollinator activity. In the absence of high pollinator (honeybee, Apis mellifera L.) populations, PGF was less than 1% beyond 1 m. Pollen rying the nptII gene. PGF dropped below 1% at disflow in commercial fields was consistent with the experimental plot tances beyond 7 m, but continued to be detectable at a data, with only 0.04% PGF detected at 1625 m (1 mile). This study distance of 25 m in solid-seeded cotton. Studies sumconfirms that PGF decreases exponentially with distance in cotton marizing data (15 000 samples) in Arizona, Arkansas, grown under California conditions and is low in the absence of polli- Mississippi, and North Carolina showed that PGF denators, although sporadic occurrence of PGF can be detected up to creased exponentially with increasing distance from the 1625 m. pollen source and was below 1% beyond 10 m at all locations, although PGF was detected at 20 m (Kareiva et al., 1994). The same authors observed similar trends
Negative feedback potency of estradiol is increased in orchidectomized sheep during chronic nutrient restriction.

The effect of nutrient restriction on serum concentrations of the gonadotropins, on the pattern of LH secretion, and on sensitivity to estradiol (E 2) was assessed in orchidectomized sheep (wethers). Thirty-six wethers (initial weight = 42.3 0.6 kg) were fed to gain, maintain, or lose body weight (feeding groups G, M, and L, respectively; n = 12 wethers/group). After 7 wk of controlled feeding, G, M, and L wethers weighed 57.0 ± 1.7, 42.5 + 0.6, and 36.6 0.8 kg, respectively. At the end of controlled feeding, serum concentrations of LH and FSH in M and L wethers were significantly higher than levels in G wethers. During Days 51-54 of controlled feeding, six animals from each feeding group received E 2 or vehicle as a continuous infusion. The pattern of LH secretion was assessed 48 h after initiation of infusion. Although E 2 infusion did not affect (p > 0.05) LH pulse frequency in G and M wethers, pulse frequency was reduced (p < 0.05) in L wethers receiving E 2. These data indicate that serum concentrations of gonadotropins are increased in wethers fed to maintain or lose body weight. In addition, the negative feedback potency of E 2 is enhanced during prolonged weight loss.
Tree Regeneration Response to the Group Selection Method in Southern Indiana

Tree regeneration response following the use of the group selection method was studied within 36 group openings on the NavalSurface Warfare Center, Crane Division in south centrallndiana. Two different aspects and three time periods since cutting were examined. The objectives were to determine whether aspect, age, species group, location within the opening, or their interactions had any influence on the number of stems or average height of the tree regeneration. Among openings up to 20 yr since cutting, yellow-poplar and dogwood were most abundant for stems greater than 2.5 cm diameter at breast height (dbh), and dogwood and cherry-ash-walnut were most abundantfor stems less than 2.5 cm dbh. The location xspecies group interaction also influenced the number of stems greater than 2.5 cm dbh. Stems less than 2.5 cm dbh were influenced by the age x species group and aspect x species group interactions. The north aspect and the oldest openings contained the most stemsper hectare less than 2.5 cm dbh. The interaction of age and species group influenced average height for stems greater than or equal to 2.5 cm dbh. Average height increased with age for stems greater than or equal to 2.5 cm dbh. North. J. Appl. For. 14(2):90-94.
Therapeutic Strategies that Overcome Resistance to Nucleoside Analogues: Dysregulating Checkpoint Response and Survival Pathways by UCN-01

The mechanisms of resistance to nucleoside analogues establisheda in preclinical models are rarely found in primary tumors resistant to therapy with these agents. We tested the hypothesis that cells sense sublethal incorporation of analogues into DNA during replication and react by arresting DNA synthesis and cell cycle progression in response to ara- C, gemcitabine or fludarabine. Following removal of nucleoside analogue, cells may be able to repair damaged DNA and continue proliferation, thus escaping nucleoside analogue toxicity. As a corollary, we evaluated whether dysregulation of this mechanism causes cell death. Using S-phase-specific nucleoside analogues in human acute myelogenous leukemia ML-1 cells, we found that DNA synthesis decreased, cells arrested in S- phase transit, and 60–70% of the population accumulated in S-phase in response to cytostatic conditions. Proliferation continued upon washing cells into fresh medium. S- phase arrest was accompanied by increased phosphorylation of Cdk2 on tyrosine 15 as well as increased association of the Cdk inhibitor p21, and decreased activity of this S- phase kinase. S-phase-arrested cells were then treated with otherwise nontoxic concentrations of the kinase inhibitor, UCN-O1, which caused a rapid onset of apoptosis with- out cell cycle progression specifically in cells with an S-phase DNA content. This was associated with the dephosphorylation of Cdk2 on tyrosine 15 and an increase of its kinase activity. The survival pathways comprising PI3-kinase/Akt-PKB/Bad and NF-кB appeared to be inactivated after addition of UCN-01 to S-phase- arrested cells, although neither the nucleoside analogues nor UCN-01 had an effect. Thus, S-phase arrest by nucleoside analogues sensitizes cells to UCN-01, which appears to inhibit survival pathways. The response of cells to potentially lethal damage from nucleoside analogues by activation of an S-phase checkpoint may constitute a defense against therapeutic strategies that target DNA replication. Dysregulation of this checkpoint response and inhibition of the survival pathways with UCN-01 may circumvent such resistance mechanisms.
Free and open-source control software for 3-D motion and processing

RepRap 3-D printers and their derivatives using conventional firmware are limited by: 1) requiring technical knowledge, 2) poor resilience with unreliable hardware, and 3) poor integration in complicated systems. In this paper, a new control system called Franklin, for CNC machines in general and 3-D printers specifically, is presented that enables web-based three dimensional control of additive, subtractive and analytical tools from any Internet connected device. Franklin can be set up and controlled entirely from a web interface; it uses a custom protocol which allows it to continue printing when the connection is temporarily lost, and allows communication with scripts.
Effects of a Three-Tiered Intervention Model on Physical Activity and Fitness Levels of Elementary School Children

Response to intervention (RtI) models are frequently used in schools to tailor academic instruction to the needs of students. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of using RtI to promote physical activity (PA) and fitness in one urban elementary school. Ninety-nine students in grades 2-5 participated in up to three tiers of intervention throughout the course of one school year. Tier one included 150 min/week of physical education (increased from 90 min/week the previous year) and coordinated efforts to improve school health. Tier two consisted of 30 min/week of small group instruction based on goal setting and social support. Tier three included an after-school program for parents and children focused on healthy living. PA, cardiovascular fitness, and body composition were assessed before and after the interventions using pedometers, a 20-m shuttle run, and height/weight measurements. From pre- to post-testing, PA remained relatively stable in tier one and increased by 2349 steps/day in tier two. Cardiovascular fitness increased in tiers one and two by 1.17 and 1.35 ml/kg/min, respectively. Although body mass index did not change, 17 of the 99 students improved their weight status over the course of the school year, resulting in an overall decline in the prevalence of overweight/obesity from 59.6 to 53.5 %. Preliminary results suggest that the RtI model can be an effective way to structure PA/health interventions in an elementary school setting.
Systematic review of mobile health behavioural interventions to improve uptake of HIV testing for vulnerable and key populations

Introduction This systematic narrative review examined the empirical evidence on the effectiveness of mobile health (mHealth) behavioural interventions designed to increase the uptake of HIV testing among vulnerable and key populations. Methods MEDLINE/PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Global Health electronic databases were searched. Studies were eligible for inclusion if they were published between 2005 and 2015, evaluated an mHealth intervention, and reported an outcome relating to HIV testing. We also reviewed the bibliographies of retrieved studies for other relevant citations. The methodological rigor of selected articles was assessed, and narrative analyses were used to synthesize findings from mixed methodologies. Results A total of seven articles met the inclusion criteria. Most mHealth interventions employed a text-messaging feature and were conducted in middle- and high-income countries. The methodological rigor was moderate among studies. The current literature suggests that mHealth interventions can have significant positive effects on HIV testing initiation among vulnerable and key populations, as well as the general public. In some cases, null results were observed. Qualitative themes relating to the use of mobile technologies to increase HIV testing included the benefits of having low-cost, confidential, and motivational communication. Reported barriers included cellular network restrictions, poor linkages with physical testing services, and limited knowledge of appropriate text-messaging dose. Discussion MHealth interventions may prove beneficial in reducing the proportion of undiagnosed persons living with HIV, particularly among vulnerable and key populations. However, more rigorous and tailored interventions are needed to assess the effectiveness of widespread use.
Sucrose Accumulation and Key Enzyme Activities in Different Parts of Seed in Vegetable Soybean

Three vegetable soybean varieties(lines)with different soluble sugar contents were grown in field condition.Sucrose contents and four critical enzymes activities in different parts of seed were analyzed at R5.5,R6,R6.2,R6.5,and R7 stages,respectively.Sucrose contents of different seed parts increased at early seed filling stage and then decreased at late stage with the peak value at R6.2 stage.Sucrose content in hypocotyl was 57.6%,53.6%,44.2% greater than that of cotyledon,and 71.6%,75.3%,73.6% greater than that of seed coat at R6.2 stage for the three varieties(lines),respectively.The cotyledon contributed90% dry weight to the total seed dry weight,and thus the sucrose content of the whole seed was primarily determined by sucrose content in cotyledon.Cotyledon had the highest activity of sucrose phosphate synthase(SPS).The cotyledon SPS activity of cv.121 was much higher than those of the other two varieties(lines).The sucrose synthase(SS)activity of different seed parts was higher in early seed filling stage than in late filling stage.The highest value of SS activity was observed in hypocotyl at R5.5 stage.Greater differences were found between acid invertase(AI)and neutral invertase(NI)activities.NI activity was higher in early seed filling stage and then decreased till R7 stage.Significant differences were observed for AI activities among three seed parts at the same seed filling stage but there were no differences for NI activities.AI activity in seed coat was much higher than those in hypocotyl and cotyledon.Negative relationship was found between AI activity and sucrose content in seed coat(r = –0.59**).The correlation analysis between sucrose accumulation and four critical enzymes activities showed that seed sucrose content was not controlled dominantly by one enzyme.The difference between sucrose synthesis enzyme activity(SPS)and sucrose decomposition enzyme activity(SS+AI+NI)was positively correlated with seed sucrose accumulation(r=0.53**).
Preparation of Graphite Bi-intercalation Compounds.

The preparation of graphite bi-intercalation compounds (GBCs) from stage-n GIC (n=2-4) is reviewed on the basis of experimental results. Twelve groups of GBCs were obtained by electrochemical, vapour phase and liquid phase methods. The c axis repeat distance Ic of the GBCs was very close to the sum of the interplanar distances of the two intercalates, measured in binary compounds. The bi-intercalation process is in competition with several kinds of other reactions such as displacement of intercalate.
Case 1: raccoon eyes in an 8-month-old infant. Case 2: jaundice in a teenage girl. Case 3: extreme muscle weakness in a 10-year-old boy.

The reader is encouraged to write possible diagnoses for each case before turning to the discussion. We invite readers to contribute case presentations and discussions. Please inquire first by contacting Dr Deepak Kamat at DKamat@med.wayne.edu. An 8-month-old boy presents to the emergency department with a right-sided facial droop for 1 day and blackish bruising around both his eyes resembling raccoon eyes for a week. His mother reports that the child had fallen from a couch 2 weeks earlier. The child has also been fussy, with decreased feeding for 3 days. He has no history of fever, and findings from a review of his systems are otherwise unremarkable. Medical history, family history, and social history are also unremarkable. On examination, the child is fussy but alert. Vital signs are normal: temperature, 98.7°F (37.0°C); heart rate, 108 beats per minute; respiratory rate, 32 breaths per minute; and blood pressure, 98/60 mm Hg. Anterior fontanelle is soft and flat. There is right-sided ptosis and drooping of the right side of the mouth, especially apparent when the child cries. There are no other focal deficits, and the rest of the neurologic examination findings are normal. Ecchymoses are seen extending, approximately a centimeter, circumferentially around both eyes. The liver is firm and palpable 3 cm below the right costal margin. The rest of the physical examination findings are normal. Initial laboratory evaluation reveals the following: hemoglobin, 7.7 g/dL (77 g/L); mean corpuscular volume, 80.7 fL; white blood cell count, 12,390/μL (12.39 × 109/L); and platelet count, 298 × 103/μL (298 × 109/L). Computed tomography (CT) of the head without contrast reveals no evidence of intracranial bleeding. Further investigations reveal an explanation for the child’s constellation of symptoms and anemia. A 13-year-old girl presents to the emergency department with a …
Louis Sokoloff (1921-2015).

This is an obituary to Louis Sokoloff (1921–2015), an outstanding neurochemist and neuroscientist, whose groundbreaking work on the use of [14C]deoxyglucose in brain imaging was a milestone among many achievements throughout his career. Picture taken by the author, June 1974, Ann Arbor.
Baseline survey of malaria elimination in Shaanxi Province

Objective To evaluate the status of malaria prevalence and control capability of Malaria Elimination Actionat initial stage in Shaanxi Province,and to provide baseline data for Malaria Elimination. Methods The data of malaria casereport and disposal,pathogen detection,health education,control work and capabilities were collected by the retrospective andfield survey. Results Totally 239 cases were reported in Shaanxi proportion January 2005 to June 2010 with the incidenceof 0.11/100 000. These cases were distributed throughout 30 counties,the proption of cases with plasmodium falciparummalaria,plasmodium vivax malaria and unknown type accounted for 38.91%,9.21% and 51.88%,respectively. 59.83% ofthem were imported cases. The rates of laborartory detection,confirmed diagnosis and standard treatment were 62.76%,48.12%and 80.75%,respectively; the reporting rate within 24 hour,the rate of epidemiological case studies and the rate of treatment ofthe focus of infection were 85.77%,75.31% and 36.82%,respectively; The serum antibody positive rates of local residents andstudents were 0.13% and 0.20%. 100.00% of county- level CDC and medical institutions possessed the ability tomicroscopically detect plasmodium,but that of township hospitals was 45.74%. The rate of traning of malaria control workersand prevention was 40.00% in county-level CDC,21.59% in county-level general hospitals,and 10.07% in township hospitals.The rates of the awareness of malaria diagnosis and treatment among the clinicians in county-level medical institutions were10.64% and 11.86% in township hospitals. The rate of training microscopists in county general hospitals were 11.31% and intownship hospitals was 5.46%. Conclusion Malaria prevalence had been at a relatively low level in Shaanxi Province,butthe ability of malaria prevention and control of the grassroots in diagnosis,health education,malaria prevention capacity-building be further improved.
Design of On-line Monitoring Instrument for Intelligent Micro Meteorological Station in Transmission Line

According to the defects of mechanical micro meteorological collection system in transmission line,micro meteorological online monitoring system with low power consumption controller at its core is developed. The online monitoring by AVR processor uses ultrasonic wave to realize collection of wind direction and wind speed and temperature compensation geomagnetic angle correction technology can accurate to monitor wind effect for transmission line. GPS location techn6 ology make the test results more accurate. The on-line monitoring has high accuracy and easy installation without complex maintenance. It can be widely used in the on-line monitoring of all kinds of transmission lines.
Decoding Instruction Based on Word Structure and Origin

The negative consequences of failing to acquire competent decoding skills are substantial; inefficient decoding skill leads to inefficient reading. Children who cannot decode individual words within text are unlikely to comprehend what they read. Indeed, Perfetti (1984) claims that “only a reader with skilled decoding processes can be expected to have skilled comprehension processes” (p.43). If readers are unable to access words important to the gist of a story or to the meaning of text, understanding will suffer.
Die Bedeutung kognitiver Beeinträchtigungen bei depressiven Patienten

Zusammenfassung. Beeintrachtigungen der Exekutivfunktionen, der Aufmerksamkeit und des Gedachtnisses sind einige der haufigsten und hartnackigsten Symptome depressiver Storungen. Bisher konnte allerdings kein eindeutiges Profil dieser Defizite identifiziert werden, wahrscheinlich auch deshalb, weil die Defizite von verschiedenen klinischen und demografischen Faktoren, wie dem Depressionssubtypus, Grubeln, Komorbiditaten und Alter beeinflusst werden. Die kognitiven Beeintrachtigungen verbessern sich mit der Remission der Storung, haufig findet jedoch keine vollstandige Ruckbildung statt. Sie sind klinisch sehr relevant und gehen einher mit Suizidalitat, reduzierten Therapieeffekten und negativen Auswirkungen auf Alltagsaktivitaten. Aus diesen Grunden ergibt sich fur betroffene Patienten die Notwendigkeit einer neuropsychologischen Behandlung. Erste Ergebnisse lassen hoffen, dass die kognitiven Beeintrachtigungen mithilfe neuropsychologischer Therapie, Achtsamkeitstraining, psychopharmakologischer Therapie ...
Epilogue: Pluralist Internationalism

In Chapter 4 we encountered pluralist internationalism as a view about how justice applies at the global level. Pluralist internationalism acknowledges the normative peculiarity of the state, but also recognizes several other grounds of justice, some relational and others not. Respectively different principles are associated with these different grounds, all of which are binding, say, for states and international organizations. In the course of this book we have not systematically pursued pluralist internationalism. However, a plausible way of developing this view is to think of the following as different grounds of justice: common humanity, shared membership in a state, collective ownership of the earth, membership in the global order and subjection to the trading system. We would thereby recognize individuals as human beings, members of states, co-owners of the earth, as subject to the global order, and as subject to a global trading system. Much more needs to be said to complete pluralist internationalism as a theory of global justice (see Risse 2012). What I would like to do here, however, by way of concluding, is to indicate how domestic principles of justice must be expanded to cover concerns of global reach.
Catalytic domains of matrix metalloproteinases : A molecular biology approach to drug discovery

Molecular biology has provided a range of tools for drug research. The work in the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) catalytic domain aera demonstrated one of the molecular biology approaches to drug discovery. Matrix metalloproteinases are a family of zinc containing proteinases involved in connective tissue remodeling and implicated in diseases such as arthritis, cancer metastasis, and periodontal diseases. Several catalytic domains of human MMPs have been expressed in E.coli and used for random inhibitor screening, protein/inhibitor complex structural determinations, and protein structure-function studies, promising a new generation of MMP inhibitors with high affinity, high selectivity, and high bioavailability as therapeutical agents
Molecular Phylogeny, Revised Higher Classification, and Implications for Conservation of Endangered Hawaiian Leaf-Mining Moths (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae: Philodoria)

Abstract: The leaf-mining moth genus Philodoria Walsingham (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) is composed of 30 described species, all of which are endemic to the Hawaiian Islands. Philodoria is known to feed on 10 families of endemic Hawaiian host plants, with several species recorded only from threatened or endangered hosts. Beyond their dependence on these plants, little is known of their evolutionary history and conservation status. We constructed a molecular phylogeny of Philodoria to assess validity of its current subgeneric classification and to help guide future work on this threatened Hawaiian lineage. Mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences from three genes (CO1, CAD, EF-1α) combining for a total of 2,041 base pairs, were collected from 11 Philodoria species, incorporating taxa from both currently recognized subgenera. These data were analyzed using both parsimony and model-based phylogenetic approaches. Contrary to the most recent systematic treatment of Philodoria, our results indicate strongly tha...
Do Fluctuations Determine the Ion Mobility in He II near Tλ

Measurements of the zero-field ionic mobility µ in the roton region and near T λ of superfluid helium have been obtained from the characteristics of space-chargelimited discharges. The results for negative ions were obtained from the dc current I = CµV 2 of a planar diode using an 8-Ci tritium ion source. The source was plated on a 1-in.-diameter by 0.005-in.-thick OFHC copper disk which faced a collector at a distance of 0.5 cm. The source was maintained at a fixed voltage, V = − 8.00 V, which ensured space charge limitation for all currents measured, a condition which we checked at various temperatures by observing that I ∝ V 2. The geometric constant C was determined by matching the data to a known value of µ at a single temperature. The results for positive ions were obtained from tungsten field emission points and have been reported previously.1 These data have been compared to the recent data of Schwarz2 and Ahlers and Gamota.3 Over the range from 1.4°K to T λ tabular comparison with Schwarz’s data shows a point-by-point variation of no more than ± 1%.
Estimates for Jacobians

In this chapter, we first present some integral inequalities related to a strictly increasing convex function on [0, ∞) and then improve the Holder inequality with L p (log L) α (Ω)-norms to the case 0 < p, q < ∞. Next, we prove L p (log L) α (Ω)-integrability of Jacobians. We also show that the integrability exponents described in Theorem 8.2.7 are the best possible.
Ophthalmological Investigations in Toxicity Studies

Abstract Because of the high similarity of the morphology of the eye in humans and nonhuman primates (NHPs), the NHP is a very good model to assess the toxicity of drugs to the eye. As a standard for all good laboratory practice (GLP) toxicity studies, the posterior part of the eye (retina, optic nerve, macula, and vessels) is examined by direct and/or indirect ophthalmoscopy, and the anterior and medium part of the eye is examined using a slit lamp. More specific investigations are necessary to provide more detailed information about the potential influence of the compounds to the eye. If the eye is identified as the target organ, additional investigations need to be performed. Fundus photographs can be taken to document fundus findings and the progression of these changes. Fluorescence angiography demonstrates vascular flow and abnormalities of the vascular trees within the fundus. Electroretinography is used to detect functional defects of the photoreceptors, neuronal cells, and glia cells. Intraocular pressure (IOP) measurements can be used to monitor drug-induced IOP changes. Corneal thickness is mainly determined in studies with local administration to the cornea. In addition, specular microscopy is able to evaluate the cornea endothelium. Scheimpflug photography is a technique to further evaluate the lens. Optical coherence tomography is an imaging technique demonstrating the tissue microstructure with resolution approaching that of light microscopy. This technique and laser scanning ophthalmoscope are used to investigate the structure of the posterior part of the eye.
Fuzzy logic adjustment for power sharing in wind and PV-based isolated microgrid

Power flow control is one of the major issues in parallel connected inverters of an isolated microgrid. Droop control is considered to be the well-known method for managing power flows between micro-grid converters in decentralized manner. In this work, the fuzzy logic based improved droop control technique is developed to control the power flow between voltage source inverters connected in wind and solar photovoltaic (PV) based isolated low voltage AC microgrid. A proportional resonant (PR) voltage and current controllers are designed to control the current and voltage output of the voltage source inverter (VSI) connected with the dc battery. In the proposed micro-grid model, one battery is associated with wind turbine generator (WTG) system and another battery with PV system. The fuzzy logic controller (FLC) adjusts the droop coefficient values of the VSI connected with each DC battery according to its state of charge (SOC) and the power difference between total load and renewable generation. This technique demonstrates the robustness of the control system even in sudden load change condition and improves the system frequency response in wind and PV based isolated microgrid.
Aristotle's Many Multitudes And Their Powers

Politics 3.11 appears to show Aristotle at his most democratic, for in this chapter he defends the right of ordinary people to participate in government and he might even make a multitude of ordinary people authoritative in the polis. Contrary to the dominant interpretation, I argue, however, that this chapter concerns different multitudes at different points and that the first multitude forms a polity and the second is used as a moderating force and (by discussing in detail the historical regimes mentioned by Aristotle in Politics and by drawing on our knowledge of classical polises) does not necessarily form a democracy — Aristotle's focus here is not on typology but on the argument that power should be shared and not held exclusively by any one group. The article is, in effect, an extended discussion of what Aristotle means, in terms of governance shared by the multitude, by "authoritative".
Central safety factor control in DIII-D using neutral beam injection and electron cyclotron launchers in zero input-torque scenarios

The tokamak is a Torus-shaped machine whose final purpose is generating energy from nuclear fusion reactions. In order to achieve this goal, a reactant plasma is confined inside the tokamak by means of magnetic fields. For a tokamak to be commercially competitive, operation for long periods of time at high-performance operating points will be needed. Those high-performance scenarios are characterized by a steady-state, stable plasma operation in which the safety factor, a property of the plasma that measures the pitch of the magnetic field lines, plays a decisive role. In particular, control of the central safety factor, which is the value of the safety factor at the tokamak magnetic axis, is one of the crucial aspects to the success of tokamak devices due to its close relationship to magneto-hydrodynamic stability. Therefore, control algorithms for the central safety factor in tokamaks will be required. In the present work, a linear controller is proposed for the regulation of the central safety factor using neutral beam injection and electron cyclotron launchers. This controller is designed to guarantee a zero input torque delivered by the neutral beam injection system. The controller performance is tested via a simulation study in a DIII-D scenario.