cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of regulatory T cells on peripheral blood mononuclear cell responses to live Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in cows with Johne’s disease. (VET2P.1035)

Johne’s disease (paratuberculosis) is a chronic wasting disease of wild and domestic ruminants caused by infection with Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP). Previously, we proposed that the chronic nature of Johne’s disease may result in development of a regulatory T cell (Treg) population in the host. These cells function to shift the immune balance away from a pro-inflammatory Th1 response to an unproductive Th2 response. Due to the inherently low abundance of Tregs in the periphery and the relatively low proportion of Tregs reactive toward any one particular infectious agent, we have developed an in vitro method to stimulate expansion of MAP-reactive Treg populations from CD4+CD25+ peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Enriched Tregs may subsequently be used in Treg-mediated suppression assays. A simplified version of this procedure is also used to determine differences in naive T cell responses to MAP antigen stimulation, including induction of FoxP3 expression. Following PBMC stimulation with live MAP bacteria and with MAP-reactive Tregs, real-time PCR is used to analyze expression of Th1, Th2, and Treg transcription factors as well as pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines including. Results are compared between cattle that are test-negative and test-positive for Johne’s disease, with results from test-positive cattle further subdivided between animals exhibiting symptoms of clinical vs subclinical disease.
Resolution of the slow earthquake/high apparent stress paradox for oceanic transform fault earthquakes

[1] Oceanic transform fault earthquakes exhibit some interesting and apparently contradictory properties. A number of earthquakes on oceanic transforms have been identified as slow on the basis of their weak seismic radiation at high frequencies. On the other hand, transform fault events as a population have been found to have high apparent stress, indicating strong high-frequency radiation since the seismic energy is concentrated at and above the corner frequency. In an attempt to reconcile these observations, we analyze seventy 5.8 ≤ Mw ≤ 8.3, strike-slip earthquakes from around the world. Four of these earthquakes have both exceptionally low apparent stress and large centroid time shifts for their seismic moment. All four of them are located on oceanic transform faults. If we include these events in the population, we find that continental and oceanic strike-slip earthquakes are not significantly different in their mean apparent stress but that there is greater variation for oceanic events. We also find that in contrast to the low correlation between centroid time shift and apparent stress for continental earthquakes, the oceanic ridge transform earthquakes have a high correlation between these two parameters. We also observe cases of both ordinary and slow earthquakes on adjacent sections of the same transform. These characteristics suggest significant differences in the faulting process between oceanic transforms and continental faults.
DRIFTS studies of carbon monoxide coverage on highly dispersed bimetallic Pt-Cu and Pt-Au catalysts

Abstract Silica supported platinum-gold and platinum-copper catalysts prepared from organometallic cluster precursors were characterized with diffuse reflectance Fourier-transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS) of adsorbed CO. Because of the effects that dipole coupling of adsorbed carbon monoxide molecules can have on the infrared spectrum, coverage studies were employed to evaluate the interactions between CO and the catalyst surfaces. DRIFTS spectra of the catalysts prepared from bimetallic molecular cluster precursors showed significantly lower CO stretching frequencies relative to a traditionally prepared platinum catalyst. The lowering of the CO stretching frequency may be the result of the formation of unique alloys and particle morphologies. In the case of the catalyst prepared from the platinum-copper cluster, two peaks were identified in the PtCO stretching region, one of which is postulated to be a bridging or semi-bridging mode between Pt and Cu. Infrared spectroscopy results are also discussed in relation to kinetic data from the n-hexane conversion reaction. Differences in catalyst activities and selectivities are concluded to be primarily due to geometric (i.e. structural or morphological) effects.
The Imagery of Dedication in Robert Lowell's ‘For the Union Dead’

Paul Kavanagh's recent article on Robert Lowell's ‘For the Union Dead’ clearly shows the relevance of Colonel Shaw's sacrifice to the poem and usefully emphasizes its Civil War associations. What is perhaps less clear in his investigation is Lowell's debt to the present, and the extent to which that debt ultimately defines the direction of the poem. Early in his study, for example, Kavanagh remarks ‘Two major symbols stand together over the abyss of the underground garage, the Statehouse and a bas-relief of Colonel Shaw’: it may be added that the two structures are physically present on Beacon Hill above Boston Common where the garage was built, and, although contrary to the implication in the poem they were not propped up because of the excavation, they do face each other across Beacon Street in dramatic – or ironic – contrast. Yet there are many such contrasts in the poem, expressed or implied. From the ‘Sahara of snow’ and the boarded windows of the second line, to the ‘savage servility’ of the next to last, the whole city seems locked in an aura of unresolved opposites and stifling contradictions. Chief among these is the opposition between Colonel Shaw and the narrator, neither of whom emerges as either heroic or objectively ‘right’.
Integrated array of 2-μm antimonide-based single-photon counting devices

A 32x32 Sb-based Geiger-mode (GM) avalanche photodiode array, operating at 2 μm with three-dimensional imaging capability, is presented. The array is interfaced with a ROIC (readout integrated circuit) in which each pixel can detect a photon and record the arrival time. The hybridized unit for the 1000-element focal plane array, when operated at 77K with 1 V overbias range, shows an average dark count rate of 1.5 kHz. Three-dimensional range images of objects were acquired.
Effectiveness of UV−C Equipped Vacuum at Reducing Culturable Surface-Bound Microorganisms on Carpets

Carpets are both sinks and sources for exposure to chemicals, allergens, and microbes and consequently influence health, including asthma, allergies, and infectious diseases. Asthmatics, children, and the immune-compromised are particularly vulnerable to health risks resulting from exposure to carpet contaminants. To address this risk, a commercial upright vacuum cleaner with an ultraviolet germicidal lamp (λ=253.7 nm, UVC) has been developed for residential and commercial uses. However, its effectiveness in reducing microbial load on real-world carpets has not been previously demonstrated. Accordingly, the purpose of the current study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a UVC-equipped vacuum in reducing the carpet surface-bound microbial load. This was accomplished by comparing the carpet microbial surface load from pre- to post-treatment of 9 ft(2) in-use carpet sections under three treatment scenarios: 1) UVC alone (UV), 2) the beater-bar plus vacuum (BB+Vac), or 3) a combination of all three (COMB). Each treatment was two minutes in duration. Microbial surface loads were measured by pressing contact plates containing Sabourauds Dextrose agar onto the carpet surface. In-use carpets from three locations were tested in place. The treatment effect was evaluated at two levels. First, we considered the mean reduction in CFU from pre- to post-treatment for each 9 ft(2) carpet grid (n = 4 for each treatment). The second level considered each 1 ft(2) section using a paired analysis (n = 40 to 49 for each treatment). A total of 125 pre/post-sample pairs were collected across the three treatments. Results showed that all three treatments were associated with a reduction in carpet microbial load (p < 0.0001). The COMB yielded the largest reduction of 13 CFU/plate (87% reduction) and was approximately the sum of the individual effects of either UVC (6.6 CFU/plate, 60% reduction, p = 0.009) or BB+Vac (7.3 CFU/plate, 78% reduction, p < 0.0001). We therefore conclude that a UVC-equipped vacuum approximately doubles the unit's effectiveness in reducing surface-bound microbial load, thereby holding promise as a means for decreasing indoor infectious disease risk.
Impact of junction temperature on microelectronic device reliability and considerations for space applications

The space community and other high reliability users of microelectronic devices have been derating junction temperature and other critical stress parameters for decades to improve device reliability and extend operating life. Semiconductor technology scaling and process improvements, however, compel us to reassess common failure mechanisms and established derating guidelines to provide affirmation that common derating factors remain adequate for current technologies used in high reliability space applications. It is incumbent upon the user to develop an understanding of advanced technology failure mechanisms through modeling, accelerated testing, and failure analysis prior to product insertion in critical applications. This paper provides a summary of an industry survey on junction temperature derating from key microelectronics suppliers, and offers recommendations to users for temperature derating for reliable operation over time. Background information on established derating factors, and recommendations for safe operating junction temperatures for newer technologies are also presented.
Inflation, taxation, and long-run growth

Abstract This paper investigates the relationship between inflation and growth in an endogenous growth framework. Two models that illustrate different channels through which inflation affects growth are presented. They emphasize the effect of inflation on the rate of investment and on the productivity of investment, respectively. Then, inflation is considered to be part of a public finance problem, where high rates of inflation are the result of inefficiencies in the tax system. The negative relationship between inflation and growth is assessed empirically for a group of twelve Latin American countries for the period 1950–1985.
Study of 1 MA wire array Z pinches using x-ray radiography and UV laser diagnostics

X-ray laser-based imaging backlighting was developed at the 1-MA Zebra generator at UNR. Al and Ti star and cylindrical wire arrays were studied using backlighting at the wavelength of 6.65 A and UV laser diagnostics at 266 nm. X-ray imaging allows for the viewing of the dense core of plasma column during the ablation stages with a resolution of 20 um. X-ray backlighting was provided by hitting a Si target with the 50 TW Leopard laser, which provides the advantage of flexible timing during the ablation and implosion stages.
Sustainability ‘wars’ in a New England town

Abstract A research project into large group decision-making in a New England Town Meeting surprised us with the degree to which sustainability came to be the axis around which political debate revolved. We identified two very different yet overlapping conceptions of sustainability: one emphasized fiscal responsibility; the other asserted the merits of environmental stewardship. Each of the two conceptions had proponents, with strong views about what constituted good versus bad governing practices, each with a strong sense of what was good for the town. In this paper, we sort out those meanings. We seek to understand and expose the contours of sustainability, how the discourses around sustainability enter political processes, and to shed light on ongoing debates about the form of governance best suited for a democratically inclined New England town. Methods involved both quantitative and qualitative approaches, including data collection and analysis activities that comprised four levels: (1) participant observation of the Town Meeting; (2) quantitative analysis of voting behaviors; (3) interviews with 30 of the 240 members of the Town Meeting; and (4) thematic analysis, codebook development, and coding. Finally, in the spirit of contributing to the making of a future possible world, the authors ponder the courses forward for democratic processes and the future of a town caught in a ‘pitched battle’ over the terms and stakes of sustainability.
Mother-infant reengagement following the still-face: The role of maternal emotional availability an infant affect regulation☆

Abstract This study investigated how the early mother-infant relationship supports an infant's ability to regulate emotion following the disruption of normal interaction. The responses of 29 4-month-old infants and their economically disadvantaged, predominantly minority mothers were examined during the “still-face” paradigm. Mothers were asked to play with their infants for 5 min, maintain a still, affectless expression for 2 min, and resume play for 3 min. Specifically, the relation between dyadic emotional availability in play and the infant's behavior in the period following the still-face, when mothers reengaged with their infants, was explored. Dyadic interaction during play was coded with a scale measuring maternal sensitivity, intrusiveness, and hostility, as well as child responsiveness. The infant's affect and gaze were coded in real time across all three episodes. A new, global coding scheme, which incorporated aspects of reunion behavior codes from Ainsworth's Strange Situation paradigm, was used to measure infant behavior in the reengagement period. The major finding was that at age 4 months, infants of mothers who were more sensitive in play reengaged following the still-face using a more well-regulated, interpresonally oriented style, whereas infants of mothers who were less sensitive exhibited high amounts of avoidant and/or resistant behaviors in reengagement. In addition, exploratory longitudinal data revealed some predictive validity of the 4-month reengagement codes to 12-month Ainsworth attachment scales.
Lipolysis and Proteolysis of Modified and Producer Milks Used for Calibration of Mid-Infrared Milk Analyzers

Abstract Our objective was to determine if lipolysis or proteolysis of calibration sets during shelf life influenced the mid-infrared (MIR) readings or calibration slopes and intercepts. The lipolytic and proteolytic deterioration was measured for 3 modified milk and 3 producer milk calibration sets during storage at 4°C. Modified and producer milk sets were used separately to calibrate an optical filter and virtual filter MIR analyzer. The uncorrected readings and slopes and intercepts of the calibration linear regressions for fat B, fat A, protein, and lactose were determined over 28 d for modified milks and 15 d for producer milks. It was expected that increases in free fatty acid content and decreases in the casein as a percentage of true protein of the calibration milks would have an effect on the MIR uncorrected readings, calibration slopes and intercepts, and MIR predicted readings. However, the influence of lipolysis and proteolysis on uncorrected readings was either not significant, or significant but very small. Likewise, the amount of variation accounted for by day of storage at 4°C of a calibration set on the calibration slopes and intercepts was also very small. Most of the variation in uncorrected readings and calibration slopes and intercepts were due to differences between the optical filter and virtual filter analyzers and differences between the pasteurized modified milk and raw producer milk calibration sets, not due to lipolysis or proteolysis. The combined impact of lipolysis and proteolysis on MIR predicted values was
Three dimensional magnetic fields in extra high speed modified Lundell alternators computed by a combined vector-scalar magnetic potential finite element method

A three-dimensional (3-D) finite-element (FE) approach was developed and implemented for computation of global magnetic fields in a 14.3 kVA modified Lundell alternator. The essence of the method is the combined use of magnetic vector and scalar potential formulations in 3-D FEs. This approach makes it practical, using state-of-the-art supercomputer resources, to globally analyze magnetic fields and operating performances of rotating machines which have 3-D magnetic flux patterns. The 3-D FE computed fields and machine inductances as well as various machine performance simulations of the 14.3-kVA machine are presented. >
Flow-structural interaction inside a solid rocket motor during ignition transient

In this article, a numerical procedure for the analysis of the flow-structural interaction inside a solid rocket motor (SRM) is developed from existing codes. This computer code simultaneously models the developing flowfield and the associated propellant grain deformation during the ignition transient period of SRM operation. It was created by coupling together an ignition-transient flow code, which provides a detailed picture of the time-dependent flowfield and flame spreading inside the motor, with a set of structural influence coefficients, which enable us to calculate the grain deformation that results from a given surface pressure distribution. Also included in the numerical package is a grid-generation code, which generates a grid mesh for the internal-flow passages, based on the deformed shape of the propellant grain. This grid mesh then is used in the ignition transient flow code. As these three component calculations march forward in time, they interact continuously; in this way the flowfield and grain shape are updated continuously. The computer analysis was validated by and used to study the static test failure of the Titan solid rocket motor upgrade (SRMU) that occurred on April 1, 1991 at Edwards Air Force Base. It has since been used to predict the stability of other motors.
A UV-visible-NIR fluorescence lifetime imaging microscope for laser-based biological sensing with picosecond resolution

This article describes the design and characterization of a wide-field, time-domain fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) system developed for picosecond time-resolved biological imaging. The system consists of a nitrogen-pumped dye laser for UV–visible–NIR excitation (337.1–960 nm), an epi-illuminated microscope with UV compatible optics, and a time-gated intensified CCD camera with an adjustable gate width (200 ps-10-3 s) for temporally resolved, single-photon detection of fluorescence decays with 9.6-bit intensity resolution and 1.4-μm spatial resolution. Intensity measurements used for fluorescence decay calculations are reproducible to within 2%, achieved by synchronizing the ICCD gate delay to the excitation laser pulse via a constant fraction optical discriminator and picosecond delay card. A self-consistent FLIM system response model is presented, allowing for fluorescence lifetimes (0.6 ns) significantly smaller than the FLIM system response (1.14 ns) to be determined to 3% of independently determined values. The FLIM system was able to discriminate fluorescence lifetime differences of at least 50 ps. The spectral tunability and large temporal dynamic range of the system are demonstrated by imaging in living human cells: UV-excited endogenous fluorescence from metabolic cofactors (lifetime ∼1.4 ns); and 460-nm excited fluorescence from an exogenous oxygen-quenched ruthenium dye (lifetime ∼400 ns).
How parents introduce new words to young children: The influence of development and developmental disorders.

This study documents how parents weave new words into on-going interactions with children who are just beginning to speak. Dyads with typically developing toddlers and with young children with autism spectrum disorder and Down syndrome (n = 56, 23, and 29) were observed using a Communication Play Protocol during which parents could use novel words to refer to novel objects. Parents readily introduced both labels and sound words even when their child did not respond expressively or produce the words. Results highlight both how parents act in ways that may facilitate their child's appreciation of the relation between a new word and its referent and how they subtly adjust their actions to suit their child's level of word learning and specific learning challenges.
Sources of variability in ambient air toxics monitoring data

Abstract Under the Clean Air Act Amendments, the United States Environmental Protection Agency is required to regulate emissions of 188 hazardous air pollutants. The EPA, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards is currently conducting a National-scale Air Toxics Assessment with a goal to identify air toxics which are of greatest concern, in terms of contribution to population inhalation risk. The results will be used to set priorities for the collection of additional air toxics emissions and monitoring data. Expanded ambient air toxics monitoring will take the form of a national air toxics monitoring network. With all monitoring data, however, comes uncertainty in the form of environmental variability (spatial and temporal) and monitoring error (sample collection and laboratory analysis). With this in mind, existing data from the Urban Air Toxics Monitoring Program (UATMP) were analyzed to obtain a general understanding of these sources of variability and then provide recommendations for managing the data uncertainties of a national network. The results indicate that environmental variability, in particular temporal, comprises most of the overall variability observed in the UATMP data. However, at lower ambient levels (on the order of 0.1–0.5 ppbv or lower) environmental variability tends to dissipate and monitoring error takes over, most notably analytical error. Overall, the results suggest that common techniques in ambient air toxics monitoring for carbonyls and volatile organic compounds may satisfy many of the primary objectives of a national air toxics monitoring network.
Studies on high carbon number geoporphyrins by tandem mass spectrometry

Abstract High carbon number geoporphyrins (>C 33 ) aetio and DPEP porphyrins were isolated from Boscan oil (Cretaceous, W. Venezuela) and analysed by tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). The results provide the first structural information on individual high carbon number porphyrins which were not generated from chlorobium chlorophylls. These porphyrins are present in high abundance, ca 25% of the total geoporphyrin content. There are a number of isomers of both aetio and DPEP porphyrins present, but there is a marked difference between the isomeric composition of the two classes. In addition to the true DPEP components, other geoporphyrins which bear an isocyclic ring may also be abundant. There are at least two sites on the chlorophyll a macrocycle which can be converted to extended (>C 2 ) alkyl substituents assuming that it is the precursor of the geoporphyrins.
Factors associated with home versus institutional death among cancer patients in Connecticut.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the relationships between home death and a set of demographic, disease-related, and health-resource factors among individuals who died of cancer. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. SETTING: All adult deaths from cancer in Connecticut during 1994. PARTICIPANTS: Six thousand eight hundred and thirteen individuals who met all of the following criteria: died of a cancer-related cause in 1994, had previously been diagnosed with cancer in Connecticut, and were age 18 and older at the time of death. MEASUREMENT: Site of death. RESULTS: Twenty-nine percent of the study sample died at home, 42% died in a hospital, 17% died in a nursing home, and 11% died in an inpatient hospice facility. Multivariate analysis indicated that demographic characteristics (being married, female, white, and residing in a higher income area), disease-related factors (type of cancer, longer survival postdiagnosis), and health-resource factors (greater availability of hospice providers, less availability of hospital beds) were associated with dying at home rather than in a hospital or inpatient hospice. CONCLUSIONS: The implications of this study for clinical practice and health planning are considerable. The findings identify groups (men, unmarried individuals, and those living in lower income areas) at higher risk for institutionalized death—groups that may be targeted for possible interventions to promote home death when home death is preferred by patients and their families. Further, the findings suggest that site of death is influenced by available health-system resources. Thus, if home death is to be supported, the relative availability of hospital beds and hospice providers may be an effective policy tool for promoting home death. J Am Geriatr Soc 49:771–777, 2001.
Calcium channels regulate myocardial compaction

BACKGROUND: Calcium regulation is important for cardiac myocyte function and cardiac development. For example, calcium channel blockade and deletion of calcium-regulatory proteins leads to abnormal cardiac morphogenesis. We have previously demonstrated that deletion of the major calcium channel isoform (CaV1.2) from the developing heart leads to grossly normal cardiac structure, but late embryonic demise.OBJECTIVE: Determine the effects of calcium channel deletion on cardiac development.METHODS: Global deletion of the major cardiac LTCC isoform, CaV1.2, was obtained using floxed-CaV1.2 mice (Dr. Franz Hofmann) mated to beta-actin-Cre mice. Conditional deletion of CaV1.2 in the AHF was obtained using Mef2c-AHF-Cre mice (Dr. Brian Black). Specimens at various stages of gestation were examined by embryonic echocardiography and cardiac heart rates and left and right ventricular shortening fractions were quantified. Embryos were harvested and examined for changes in gross morphology and cardiac morphology by visual observation and histological methods. Compaction of the ventricular myocardium was quantified on histologic sections.RESULTS: Embryos containing global or conditional deletions of CaV1.2 die at E14 and E15, respectively. Approximately 1 day prior death, null embryos had abnormal cardiac function with depressed shortening fraction and abnormal heart rates. Over the next day, cardiac failure became apparent, with evidence of pericardial effusions and body wall edema. Approximately 2 days prior to death, the ventricular myocardium appeared to lack compaction of the trabeculae into the compact layer of the myocardium. Prior to this, the embryonic hearts appeared normal.CONCLUSIONS: The presence of normal calcium channels is important for late maturation of the embryonic ventricular myocardium. Deletion of CaV1.2 caused ventricular non-compaction followed by depressed cardiac function, heart failure, and late embryonic demise.
Using Internet technologies to improve and simplify counseling about menopause: The WISDOM website

Although much attention has been given to measuring the risks associated with menopausal hormone therapy (HT), decisions about HT should be guided largely by individual patient preferences and values. Because the magnitude of the risks associated with HT for healthy 50-year-old women are exceedingly small (typically <1 in 1000) and its impact on survival are negligible, patient preferences and values become the most critical considerations. To make a rational and informed decision about HT, a woman needs to weigh any short-term gains in quality of life from HT against its longer term risks. To do this, clinicians need to gauge the patient's risks for the conditions affected by HT, the effects of HT on these risks, understand the woman's menopausal symptoms and identify the best treatment. This can be time consuming and challenging for clinicians to perform, and appears to be rarely done in clinical practice. Decision support tools can more rationally use available resources by shifting responsibilities away from those least able to perform them towards those most appropriate to perform them. The Internet presents new opportunities for delivering and disseminating individualized decision support tools that can help with menopausal counseling. A web-based decision support tool, Women's Interactive System about Decision On Menopause (WISDOM), was designed to improve the quality of treatment decisions around menopause and HT by providing individualized information about the impact of menopausal treatments on symptoms and risks. Preliminary trial results suggest a positive impact on clinicians and patients. The unique challenges and opportunities in developing and testing web-based decision support tools are discussed.
DISTRIBUTION OF 5,5-DIMETHYL-2,4-OXAZOLIDINEDIONE (DMO) BETWEEN PLASMA AND ERYTHROCYTES.

SummaryIn vitro experiments on rat blood to which DMO was added indicated that the DMO-becomes distributed between the plasma and the erythrocytes in a manner similar to a Donnan distribution. It was concluded that DMO cannot serve as a test substance for determination of the erythrocyte pH employing the principle proposed by Waddell and Butler.
The effect of phase instability of stainless steel on the cladding deformation profiles of LMFBR fuel elements

Abstract Enhanced deformation rates in LMFBR fuel element cladding are shown to be consistent with the occurrence of carbide precipitates. Swelling and creep equations, when modified to include the effects of carbide precipitation, account for such phenomena as the second diameter peak and certain large heat-to-heat variations observed in the cladding of irradiated elements.
Far infrared laser magnetic resonance spectrum of CH

Laser magnetic resonance spectra between 0 and 17 kG have been recorded and analyzed for (1'- J") - (j - 4). (f - i), and (f - f) transitions in the CH mokcule, using the optically pumped far infrared hen: 118.8 wn (CHIOH), 180.7 pm (CDIOH), 554.4 rm (CH2CFt), 561.3 pm (DCOOD), and 567.9 pm (CHICHCI). Other transitions in CH were detected with the "CHIOH laser at 115.8, 149.3, and 203.6 gm. The CH radical was generated in a low-pressure methane and atomic fluorine &me within the laser cavity. Analysis of the M'J c W'J structure yields wavenumben for the rotational transitions mentioned above of M.3494, 55y97, ad 11.8376 respectively. Combining results from the MJ aralysh with the J - 4 Adoubling interd derived from radioastronomy measurements yieldr Adoubling values for the J 4, 4, and 4 srates of 0.0237, 0.1620, and 0.3759 cm'', respectively. Both the rotational intervals and the Adoublings are in good agreement with earlier less -peck opticll rcurlts. Analysis of thc byperbe struct~~~e yidds values far thc Frowh md Foley hypcr6ne parameters of u = f52, b = -74, c +52, and d = +43.6 MHz, in good rgrcuneat with recent d initio estimates and radiostronomy mcasuements.
Nontuberculous mycobacteria in children with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

Among 139 children with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome at Children's Hospital of New Jersey, 20 had positive cultures for non-tuberculous mycobacteria. Eighty-five percent had Mycobacterium avium complex isolated and 70% had definite evidence of disseminated disease. Ninety-three percent had CD4 lymphocyte counts less than 100 cells/mm3 and 95% had met acquired immunodeficiency syndrome criteria before the time of first positive culture. Clinical findings included failure to gain weight, anorexia, fever, abdominal pain/tenderness and anemia. The median age at onset of symptoms was 46 months and the median time between onset of symptoms and positive culture was 9 months. Outcome for patients with positive cultures for nontuberculous mycobacteria was poor, with 75% of the children surviving for less than or equal to 10 months. Nontuberculous mycobacteria are increasingly important causes of morbidity and indirect mortality in human immunodeficiency-infected children. Children with severe immunodeficiency are at particular risk. In addition to M. avium complex, other species of nontuberculous mycobacteria may be involved.
GAPS between MFT supervision assumptions and common practice: suggested best practices.

This article summarizes gaps between assumptions that appear in the literature, research, and accepted standards for marital and family therapy (MFT) supervision, and the common practice of supervisors. Issues that stem from these gaps are highlighted and recommendations are made for closing them. In an effort to refine the standard of practice for MFT supervision, best practice recommendations are offered for MFT supervision. Supervisors whom we have trained over the years have complained that there is a gap between their experiences and the supervision literature. Thus, they ask themselves: "Am I a dinosaur, out of date in the way I practice supervision? Or am I part of the silent majority of supervisors doing my job based on commonly accepted practices that are not explicitly discussed in the field?" At first we were surprised by this gap because the literature seemed to capture our experiences well. However supervisors-in-training, especially those in a myriad of agencies and institutions outside of educational settings, kept challenging us to take their feedback seriously. Consequently, we decided to look further into this issue by reviewing the supervision literature, the accepted standards, and what appeared to us to be common practice. As we identified the overarching assumptions that appear in the literature and in the accepted standards in the field for marriage and family therapy (MFT) supervision, we became increasingly aware that many of them were not reflected in the common practices of the majority of supervisors. There are probably numerous reasons for the discrepancy. Some of the assumptions in the literature are highly idealistic, failing to fit the "real world" of many supervisors' practices. Some assumptions may not be evident in practice because innovations reflected in the literature are out of step with common practice. In addition, the authors of published supervision works tend to be academicians rather than supervisors practicing in other settings (Sprenkle & Bailey, 1997). Finally, some assumptions are highly specific to a particular group of supervisors who share a particular point of view about supervision. There is also a surprising lack of research support, either quantitative or qualitative, for many of the basic assumptions that underlie the supervisory enterprise. Indeed, it would not be overstating the case to assert that the field's belief in the importance of supervision rests mostly on faith. (After reviewing the individual psychotherapy supervision literature, Holloway and Neufeldt [ 1995] reached similar conclusions, so this rather startling conclusion is not unique to MFT.) However, given the rational and intuitive appeal of our assumptions, this faith is not blind. We began to ask ourselves: What is the current standard of practice for supervision? After much reflection and a review of the literature, the research findings, and the common practices of supervisors, we propose "best practice recommendations" for supervision as an initial partial
Area postrema lesions elevate NPY levels and decrease anxiety-related behavior in rats

Intracerebroventricular administration of neuropeptide Y (NPY) has been shown to reduce anxiety-like effects in rodents and also profoundly alter feeding. The area postrema-lesioned (APX) rat model of food motivated behavior overconsumes palatable foods and expresses significantly higher levels of NPY in the hypothalamus than sham-lesioned control rats. For this reason, we examined APX rats in the open field test, which is a standard measure of anxiety- or fear-related behavior and also investigated NPY mRNA levels in the hippocampus, amygdala and hypothalamus. We found that APX rats display reduced anxiety-like behavior in the open field test as indicated by spending increased time in the center of the field as opposed to the perimeter of the field. NPY mRNA levels were also found to be significantly elevated in the amygdala, hippocampus and arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus of APX rats when compared to sham-lesioned rats. These results support the action of limbic NPY to reduce anxiety-like behavior in a rodent model that appears to express higher than normal NPY levels.
Evaluative expectations and the gender schema: Is failed inconsistency better?

Are evaluative assessments a part of the information that constitutes the gender stereotype? Two studies tested this question by presenting participants (50 female and 43 male college students, for whom English was their native language) with information that manipulated both the knowledge of gender roles and the evaluative assessments of performance in those roles. Participants tried to learn statements like “Jane is a good nurse” or “John is a bad nurse.” Memory for these relationships was then tested. Results indicated that when the person's name and the role were consistent with the gender stereotype, a positive evaluative connection made the statement easier to recall than a negative evaluative connection. However, an inconsistent name—role pairing was easier to recall when the evaluative connection was negative rather than positive. The results are interpreted as support for an evaluative bias that is part of the knowledge associated with gender differences.
The Ultrastructural Localization of Polyphenol Oxidase in Chloroplasts of Brassica napus cv. Zephyr

The ultrastructural localization of polyphenol oxidase in leaf tissue chloroplasts and developing plastids of Brassica napus cv. Zephyr , has been investigated. Incubation of leaf tissue in 3.4 dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) results in increased electron dense staining of the thylakoids of both young and mature chloroplasts. Tissue incubated in DOPA medium containing diethyl-dithiocarbamate (DDC), a specific inhibitor of polyphenol oxidase activity, shows an absence of positive staining for polyphenol oxidase in the thylakoids of both young and mature chloroplasts. Leaf tissue boiled for 10 min. at 100 °C, prior to incubation in DOPA medium, results in an absence of positive polyphenol oxidase staining in young and mature chloroplast thylakoids. It is suggested that polyphenol oxidase may be involved with quinone oxidation-reduction during electron transport.
A power-efficiency trade-off in resource use alters epidemiological relationships.

Trade-offs play pivotal roles in the ecology and evolution of natural populations. However, trade-offs are probably not static, invariant relationships. Instead, ecological factors can shift, alter, or reverse the relationships underlying trade-offs and create critical genotype × environment (G × E) interactions. But which ecological factors alter trade-offs or create G × E interactions, and why (mechanistically) do they do this? We tackle these questions using resource quality as the central ecological factor and a case study of disease in the plankton. We show that clonal genotypes of a zooplankton host (Daphnia dentifera) exhibit a “power–efficiency” trade-off in resource use, where powerful (fast-feeding) host clones perform well on richer algal resources, but more efficient (slow-feeding) clones perform relatively well on poorer resources. This resource-based trade-off then influences epidemiological relationships due to fundamental connections between resources and fecundity, transmission rate (an index of resistance), and replication of a virulent fungal parasite (Metschnikowia bicuspidata) within hosts. For instance, using experiments and dynamic energy budget models, we show that the power–efficiency trade-off overturned a previously detected trade-off between fecundity and transmission risk of hosts to this parasite. When poorer resources were eaten, transmission risk and fecundity were negatively, not positively, correlated. Additionally, poor resource quality changed positive relationships between yield of infectious stages (spores) and host fecundity: those fecundity–spore relationships with poor food became negative or nonsignificant. Finally, the power–efficiency trade-off set up an interaction between host clone and resource quality for yield of fungal spores: powerful clones yielded relatively more spores on the better resource, while efficient clones yielded relatively more on the poorer resource. Thus, the physiological ecology of resource use can offer potent, mechanistic insight linking environmental factors to epidemiological relationships.
Fractionation of selenium and detection of selenomethionine in a soil extract

Abstract A procedure is described to fractionate, identify and quantify organic selenium compounds at μg/kg levels in soil extracts. The fractionation is based first on the different solubility of humates and fulvates at low pH, followed by adsorption chromatography with XAD‐8 resin. The latter uses a pH gradient to elute the acidic and basic hydrophobic fulvates as well as hydrophilic fulvates. The neutral hydrophobic fulvates were retained on the column and determined by difference from the total extractable selenium. A 0.1MNaOH/0.1 M Na4P2O7solution extracted 33% of the total soil selenium. In the soil studied, organic selenium was 20% of total extractable selenium. One of the hydrophilic fulvates has been identified as selenomethionine by gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry. The quantity of organic selenium and the presence of selenomethionine suggests that organoselenium compounds could be an important source of plant available selenium
In situ fluorescence cell mass measurements of Saccharomyces cerevisiae using cellular tryptophan

This work describes a new spectroscopic optical fiber/rod technique for in situ real time measurement of cell mass and product concentrations in bioreactors using intrinsic fluorescence. The variable excitation/emission wavelength capability of this sensor allows for species-selective measurement during fermentations. Cell mass (tryptophan) and product concentrations (pyridoxine) have been measured during fermentations of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The effects of varying substrate concentration and oxygen concentration on the observed cell mass signals are eliminated by direct measurement of cell mass, as opposed to indirect measurement schemes such as those using NADH fluorescence. The sensor is robust and able to undergo many cycles of in situ steam sterilization without degradation, and its fluorescence signal is linear with concentration for all species studied in this work. Tryptophan fluorescence from yeast is shown to be a better measure of cell mass than NADH fluorescence.
Bronchial Washings in the Diagnosis of Lung Cancer

1. Ninety-seven cases of proved bronchogenic carcinoma were bronchoscoped in a one-year period. Saline bronchial washings were obtained in all cases. [SEE TABLE 2 IN SOURCE PDF]. 2. Positive sputum for tumor cells was less frequent when the lesion was not bronchoscopically visible indicating the need for more extensive sputum studies in these cases. 3. Where the neoplastic lesion was not visible bronchoscopically, the yield of positive cytological findings in the saline washings was less than ten per cent. 4. Bronchoscopy, merely for the purpose of obtaining bronchial washings, does not appear to be justifiable.
A Burn Progressive Care Unit: Customized Care from Admission Through Discharge

Four East is a 24-bed burn progressive care unit (BPCU) located in the burn center of the Institute of Surgical Research, San Antonio Military Medical Center, Fort Sam Houston, Texas. Patients in the BPCU are transferred from the burn ICU (intensive care unit, BICU), admitted through the emergency department or the burn clinic, or are readmissions for surgical scar revisions. BPCU patients may arrive accompanied by the burn center’s dedicated burn flight team, or SMART team (special medical augmentation response team), or with civilian personnel as transfers from other area hospitals. Criteria for direct admission to the BPCU are total body surface area (TBSA) burn of less than 20% with stable vital signs and lab values and minimal oxygen requirements.
Nuclear spin-lattice relaxation rate in electron-doped Pr0.91LaCe0.09CuO4 − y: Constraint on the gap symmetry

Abstract We present numerical calculations of the nuclear spin-lattice relaxation ( R s ) rate in the superconducting state of pure indium and slightly underdoped n-type cuprate Pr 0.91 LaCe 0.09 CuO 4 − y . By properly taking into account electron–phonon coupling, our calculated R s for the conventional s -wave superconductor, indium, is in quantitative agreement the experimental data with a clear Hebel–Slichter peak. In contrast, the absence of the Hebel–Slichter peak in the R s data of Pr 0.91 LaCe 0.09 CuO 4 − y can be explained by either d -wave or highly anisotropic s -wave gap symmetry. Thus, the absence of the Hebel–Slichter peak does not necessarily argue against an s -wave gap symmetry in this electron-doped cuprate.
Achieving and Maintaining Cardiovascular Health Across the Lifespan

The American Heart Association introduced the concept of cardiovascular health (CVH) in its 2020 Strategic lmpact Goals. Defined by the presence of four health behaviors (smoking, weight, diet, and physical activity) and three health factors (glucose, blood pressure, and cholesterol), CVH reflects an expansion of preventive efforts to the entire population and a reframing of disease prevention to health promotion. Recent evidence has confirmed the relevance of the seven CVH metrics in cardiovascular outcomes, highlighting the critical role of a healthy lifestyle in achieving and maintaining CVH through the lifespan. Primordial prevention efforts geared towards health promotion and healthy behaviors, sustained over the life course, and fostered by public health and health policy will be the key to achieving and maintaining CVH and improving the cardiovascular health of the nation.
MRI for Patients with Cardiac Implantable Electrical Devices

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has become an invaluable tool in the evaluation of both soft tissue and bony abnormalities, with an increasing number of studies ordered per year. The presence of a cardiac implantable electrical device (CIED) may complicate matters, however, as these devices are currently considered a relative contraindication to MRI scanning. When performed in patients with a CIED, risks of MRI include reed switch activation in older devices, lead heating, system malfunction, and significant radiofrequency noise resulting in inappropriate inhibition of demand pacing, tachycardia therapies, or programming changes. This report reviews the common indications and risk-benefit evaluation of MRI in patients with CIED, and provides a clinical algorithm which has been successfully implemented at our institution for performing MRI in patients with implanted devices.
Gadd45a and Gadd45b protect hematopoietic cells from UV-induced apoptosis via distinct signaling pathways, including p38 activation and JNK inhibition.

Gadd45a, Gadd45b, and Gadd45g (Gadd45/MyD118/CR6) are genes that are rapidly induced by genotoxic stress and have been implicated in genotoxic stress-induced responses, notably in apoptosis. Recently, using myeloid-enriched bone marrow (BM) cells obtained from wild-type (WT), Gadd45a-deficient, and Gadd45b-deficient mice, we have shown that in hematopoietic cells Gadd45a and Gadd45b play a survival function to protect hematopoietic cells from DNA-damaging agents, including ultra violet (UV)-induced apoptosis. The present study was undertaken to decipher the molecular paths that mediate the survival functions of Gadd45a and Gadd45b against genotoxic stress induced by UV radiation. It is shown that in hematopoietic cells exposed to UV radiation Gaddd45a and Gadd45b cooperate to promote cell survival via two distinct signaling pathways involving activation of the GADD45a-p38-NF-κB-mediated survival pathway and GADD45b-mediated inhibition of the stress response MKK4-JNK pathway.