cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Counseling Gay Men with AIDS: Human Dimensions

As the incidence of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) becomes more widespread, individuals with AIDS will present themselves for counseling in both public and private settings, and counselors will need to become familiar with the psychological manifestations of the AIDS virus. This article provides case material that demonstrates the emotional responses of gay men to AIDS. Specifically, denial, anger, rage, guilt, and shame are discussed with an emphasis on the human dimensions of AIDS.
Foreign Direct Investment in Emerging Markets: Income, Repatriations and Financial Vulnerabilities

Based on U.S. data, the returns on foreign direct investment in emerging markets are shown to be substantially higher than would be suggested by official balance of payments statistics. This paper identifies the determinants of FDI profitability in 43 industrialized and developing countries. After financial leverage and the effect of tax minimizing income transfers are controlled for, host country risk and market openness are found to raise affiliate returns on equity and returns on sales. In the context of a number of financial crises during the 1990s, income repatriations are shown to be pro-cyclical, though the effect of host country recessions is mitigated through continued spending on fixed capital and a re-direction of affiliate sales towards export markets.
Finite-Element Analysis of Steel Bridge Distortion-Induced Fatigue

Welded plate girder bridges built before the mid-1980s are often susceptible to fatigue cracking driven by out-of-plane distortion. However, methods for prediction of secondary stresses are not specifically addressed by bridge design specifications. This paper presents a finite-element study of a two-girder bridge that developed web gap cracks at floortruss-girder connections. The modeling procedures performed in this research provide useful strategies that can be applied to determine the magnitude of distortion-induced stresses, to describe the behavior of crack development, and to assess the effectiveness of repair alternatives. The results indicate severe stress concentration at the crack initiation sites. The current repair method used at the positive moment region connections is found acceptable, but that used at the negative moment region connections is not satisfactory, and additional floortruss member removal is required. Stress ranges can be lowered below half of the constant amplitude fatigue threshold, and fatigue cracking is not expected to recur if the proposed retrofit approach is carried out.
Multiple functions of extraoral lingual behaviour in iguanian lizards: prey capture, grooming and swallowing, but not prey detection

Abstract Abstract. Lingual chemosensory sampling allows many lizards to detect and later relocate prey after failed capture attempts. Although several families in the iguanian radiation do not discriminate prey chemicals prior to attack on prey, little is known about their responses to oral contact with prey chemicals during successful or failed predation attempts. Experimental tests of responses to swabs bearing surface chemicals from prey revealed no evidence of prey chemical discrimination in two species from different iguanian families. Neither of these nor a third species exhibited strike-induced chemosensory searching in experiments that readily elicit this behaviour in many other lizard taxa. None of the three species performed searching movements after ingesting prey. The form of lingual protrusion observed differed from that used by other lizards to detect prey. Instead of being directed to environmental substrates, the tongue was used to capture prey or lick the labial scales, or was protruded in a manner suggesting postural adjustments or cleaning subsequent to swallowing. Comparison of present and previous results suggests that use of lingually mediated prey chemical discrimination prior to attack and strike-induced chemosensory searching after attack may be coupled in carnivorous lizards, both being present or both absent. Available data suggest that lingual sampling to detect prey in pre- and post-attack settings occurs in actively foraging lizards, but not in ambush foragers, and that it typically occurs in both settings in scleroglossans, but not iguanians. Although iguanians do not use the tongue to detect prey chemicals before attack, lingual prehension of prey or labial-licking may have provided the contact with chemicals on environmental substrates that led to selection for tongue-flicking to detect prey chemicals or pheromones.
Compound interest [President's Column]

The IEEE is celebrating its 125th anniversary this year. This is certainly a noteworthy event to acknowledge the history of the world's largest professional technical association. Yes, the IEEE is the world's leading professional association for the advancement of technology. It all began with the formation of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers (AIEE) in 1884. This was followed by the formation of the Institute of Radio Engineers (IRE) in 1912. In 1963, the AIEE and IRE merged to form the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers, the IEEE. Today, the organization's scope of interest has expanded into so many related fields that it is simply referred to by the letters I-E-E-E ("Eye-triple-E"). It is a global organization with almost 400,000 Members in over 160 countries. IEEE Members have access to the industry's most essential technical information, networking opportunities, career development tools, and many other exclusive benefits. And the IEEE Microwave Theory and Techniques Society (MTT-S) is proud to be part of that heritage.
The determination of cardiac output by the dilution method without arterial sampling. I. Analytical concepts.

The selection of an external site for a radioisotope determination of cardiac output is discussed with respect to satisfying the analytical conditions of the Stewart-Hamilton dilution equation. Examples of both single-chamber and multichamber recording are illustrated, along with a discussion of the difficulties of curve calibration and extrapolation from multiple sites. The development of a method independent of critical placement or patient variability is described.
A dislocation-attraction model for the first stage of tempering

Abstract A dislocation-attraction model governing the flow of carbon atoms is proposed to account for the kinetics of the first stage of tempering in steel. It is predicted that the time exponent of the isothermal reaction should be 1 3 , and the activation energy for the reaction should equal that for diffusion of carbon in martensite. On the basis of previous kinetic data, a good check of the theoretical time exponent is obtained; however, it appears that the activation energy for diffusion of carbon is about 50% higher in martensite than in α-ferrite. The slower rate of carbon diffusion in martensite is explained by the availability of paths of lower barrier energy in the b.c.c. ferrite than in the b.c.t. martensite.
Evidence for Tibetan plateau uplift before 14 Myr ago from a new minimum age for east–west extension

IMPORTANT changes in South Asian climate occurred in the Late Miocene epoch (~8 Myr ago)1,2, and these have been attributed by some researchers to uplift of the Tibetan plateau at about the same time3–5. Unfortunately, this link has been difficult to test because the timing of plateau uplift remains poorly constrained by independent evidence. One way to determine the minimum age of uplift is to establish the initiation age of the north-striking normal fault systems in southern Tibet that are widely regarded6–10 as being related to gravitational collapse of the Tibetan plateau. Here we report an40Ar/39Ar age of ~14 Myr for hydrothermal mica from an extensional fracture belonging to such a fault system in north-central Nepal. This age implies that east–west extension began before ~ 14 Myr ago in at least some parts of the Tibetan plateau, suggesting that the plateau attained its high mean elevation well before Late Miocene time.
Biodegradation of benzene and a BTX mixture using immobilized activated Sludge

Abstract Aerobic biodegradation was studied using activated sludge immobiized in calcium alginate gel. Hydrogen peroxide provided the dissolved oxygen source in a recirculation reactor that was operated batchwise and continuously. Responses to changes in benzene concentrations, flow rates, and biomass loadings were measured. Sixty percent of the benzene was biologically degraded in batch tests after 24 h using an initial concentration of 100 mg/L. A residence time of 17.14 h was required to biologically reduce benzene concentrations from 600 ppm to below the detection limit (1 ppm) during continuous operation. The system was modeled using Monod kinetics for substrate utilization. The apparent km values changed with biomass loadings, but were independent of the initial benzene concentrations. The aromatic species in BTX mixtures (i.e., benzene, toluene and o‐, m‐ and p‐xylene) can all be degraded at the same time.
Further considerations of fixation disparity and the binocular fusional processes.

The fusion compulsive reflex through par­ ticular synergies to the extraocular muscles strives to direct the pointing of the eyes so that like images fall as near as possible on corresponding retinal points. Recently it has been emphasized that this pointing may not be exact if heterophorias* are present, but that, in spite of this inexact­ ness, there is fusion because the images will still fall within Panum's areas of fusion. The deviation between the images is desig­ nated a "fixation disparity." It occurs be­ cause the eyes are actually overconverged or underconverged by a small amount from the object of fixation, owing to the compulsion of an active heterophoria. Though fusion is maintained the images of the fixation point actually fall on disparate retinal points. The magnitude of this disparity, the angu­ lar error in the convergence of the eyes, is necessarily small, being limited by the size of Panum's areas, and accordingly is measured in minutes of arc. Its magnitude depends on many factors, but remains relatively con­ stant for the same individual when measured under similar test conditions. The accumulation of many more data on this phenomenon since the preliminary pub­ lication permits us to interpret the results somewhat more broadly and to revise several of the earlier points of view.
Paramagnetic Meissner effect in a niobium disk

Abstract The diamagnetic shielding and flux expulsion in a Nb disk have been studied as a function of temperature and magnetic field. Both the zero-field-cooled (ZFCM) and the field-cooled (FCM) magnetizations show diamagnetic responses for fields parallel to the surface of the disk and indicate two different transition temperatures, 9.26 K and 9.06 K. Whereas for fields perpendicular to the surface, the ZFCM shows an additional diamagnetic transition at 9.17 K which is strongly field dependent while the FCM shows a positive magnetization for temperatures below 9.17 K. These features are qualitatively similar to the so-called paramagnetic Meissner effect observed in granular high-T c superconductors.
Electrical and microstructural characterisation of an ultrathin silicon interlayer used in a silicon dioxide/germanium-based MIS structure

Ultrathin (1.0 nm) Si layers have been deposited on Ge(100) surfaces using remote plasma-enhanced chemical vapour deposition (RPECVD) at 350°C followed by in situ RPECVD deposition of an SiO2 insulating layer. Microstructural data from transmission electron microscopy along with elemental analysis from X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and ion scattering spectroscopy indicate that the Si layer is present and may be pseudomorphic in nature. The formation of a Si/Ge heterojunction prior to oxide deposition minimises the formation of Ge oxides and thus controls the chemical nature of the Ge surface. Indeed, dramatic improvements in the electrical interfacial characteristics were observed in the SiO2/Si/Ge over the SiO2/Ge MIS structure.
Circular dichroism and photocycle kinetics of partially detergent solubilized and partially retinal regenerated bacteriorhodopsin

The circular dichroism (CD) spectra and the kinetics of the M412 formation have been determined and compared for bacteriorhodopsin (bR) partially delipidated by the addition of Triton X-100 and partially reconstituted by the addition of retinal to apoprotein at pH 6.8 and 22°C. As the degree of delipidation increases or the fraction of reconstitution decreases, the following observations are made: (a) the shape of the visible CD band changes from biphasic, as found in bR, to a single monomer type band; (b) the CD spectra and the deprotonation rate constants change in a similar way; (c) the relative amplitudes of the components of the deprotonation kinetics do not change upon reconstitution, but change greatly upon delipidation. These results lead to the conclusion that the CD band shape as well as the deprotonation rate constants are sensitive to one type of perturbation, which is linked to the retinal structure within the protein environment, whereas the relative amplitudes of the components of the deprotonation kinetics are sensitive to another type, which may be linked to acid-base equilibria of the amino acid side groups within the active site.
A simple and deterministic competitive algorithm for online facility location

This paper presents a deterministic and efficient algorithm for online facility location. The algorithm is based on a simple hierarchical partitioning and is extremely simple to implement. It also applies to a variety of models, i.e., models where the facilities can be placed anywhere in the region, or only at customer sites, or only at fixed locations. The paper shows that the algorithm is O(log n)-competitive under these various models, where n is the total number of customers. It also shows that the algorithm is O(1)-competitive with high probability and for any arrival order when customers are uniformly distributed or when they follow a distribution satisfying a smoothness property. Experimental results for a variety of scenarios indicate that the algorithm behaves extremely well in practice.
Public Attitude Toward Science and Science Education

Public support for and interest in various fields, issues, organizations, and situations change. Public support for and interest in science and science education have been studied over a thirty-year period. Yankelovich's work related to science was enlarged to include science education. The public was very supportive of science and science education following the 1957 lauching of the Soviet Sputnik This high level of support is observed again in 1985, presumably because of the relationship of science and technology to economic security. Public support for science and science education was at a low point for the 30 year period in 1975.
Viral Capsid Is a Pathogen-Associated Molecular Pattern in Adenovirus Keratitis

Human adenovirus (HAdV) infection of the human eye, in particular serotypes 8, 19 and 37, induces the formation of corneal subepithelial leukocytic infiltrates. Using a unique mouse model of adenovirus keratitis, we studied the role of various virus-associated molecular patterns in subsequent innate immune responses of resident corneal cells to HAdV-37 infection. We found that neither viral DNA, viral gene expression, or viral replication was necessary for the development of keratitis. In contrast, empty viral capsid induced keratitis and a chemokine profile similar to intact virus. Transfected viral DNA did not induce leukocyte infiltration despite CCL2 expression similar to levels in virus infected corneas. Mice without toll-like receptor 9 (Tlr9) signaling developed clinical keratitis upon HAdV-37 infection similar to wild type mice, although the absolute numbers of activated monocytes in the cornea were less in Tlr9−/− mice. Virus induced leukocytic infiltrates and chemokine expression in mouse cornea could be blocked by treatment with a peptide containing arginine glycine aspartic acid (RGD). These results demonstrate that adenovirus infection of the cornea induces chemokine expression and subsequent infiltration by leukocytes principally through RGD contact between viral capsid and the host cell, possibly through direct interaction between the viral capsid penton base and host cell integrins.
Automatic planning of fine motions: Correctness and completeness

In this paper we explore a method for automatic planning of robot fine-motion programs, first described in [Lozano-Perez, Mason, and Taylor 1983]. The primary result is a variation that is shown to be "bounded-complete"-the method obtains a solution whenever a solution consisting of a bounded number of motions exists.
Practice evaluation as a collaborative process: A client's and a clinician's perceptions of helpful and unhelpful moments in a clinical interview

Abstract This article describes an example of collaborative practice evaluation. A client and a clinician work together to overcome an impasse in the treatment process by evaluating the clinician's interventions in a session. The evaluation involves clinician and client sharing their perceptions and experiences of the helpfulness or unhelpfulness of the therapist's responses orally and in writing. One example of helpful and one of unhelpful intervention are discussed. The evaluation reveals new insights and helps move the treatment process forward. The effects of the collaborative process on the client, the clinician, and the treatment process are discussed. The value of collaborating with clients when evaluating clinical practice is examined.
Oscillations in the spectrum of nonlinear Thomson-backscattered radiation

When an electron beam collides with a high-intensity laser beam, the spectrum of the nonlinear Thomson scattering in the backward direction shows strong oscillations like those in the spectrum of an optical klystron. Laser gain on the backward Thomson scattering is estimated using the Madey theorem, and the results suggest that Thomson-backscatter free-electron lasers are possible at wavelengths extending to the far uv using a terawatt laser beam from a chirped-pulse amplifier and a high-brightness electron beam from a needle cathode.
Thermodynamic and radiative structure of stratocumulus-topped boundary layers*

Stratocumulus-topped boundary layers (STBLs) observed in three different regions are described in the context of their thermodynamic and radiative properties. The primary dataset consists of 131 soundings from thesoutheastern Pacific(SEP),90soundingsfromtheislandofGraciosa(GRW)intheNorthAtlantic,and83 soundings from the U.S. Southern Great Plains (SGP). A new technique that makes an attempt to preserve the depths of the sublayers within an STBL is proposed for averaging the profiles of thermodynamic and radiative variables. A one-dimensional radiative transfer model known as the Rapid Radiative Transfer Model was used to compute the radiative fluxes within the STBL. The SEP STBLs were characterized by a stronger and deeper inversion, together with thicker clouds, lower free-tropospheric moisture, and higher radiative flux divergence across the cloud layer, as compared to the GRW STBLs. Compared to the STBLs overthe marine locations, the STBLs overSGP hadhigher windshear and a negligible(20.41gkg 21 ) jump in mixing ratio across the inversion. Despite the differences in many of the STBL thermodynamic parameters, the differences in liquid water path at the three locations were statistically insignificant. The soundings were further classified as well mixed or decoupled based on the difference between the surface and cloud-base virtual potential temperature. The decoupled STBLs were deeper than the well-mixed STBLs at all three locations. Statistically insignificant differences in surface latent heat flux (LHF) between well-mixed and decoupled STBLs suggest that parameters other than LHF are responsible for producing decoupling.
Temporal changes of neocortical high-frequency oscillations in epilepsy

High-frequency (100–500 Hz) oscillations (HFOs) recorded from intracranial electrodes are a potential biomarker for epileptogenic brain. HFOs are commonly categorized as ripples (100–250 Hz) or fast ripples (250–500 Hz), and a third class of mixed frequency events has also been identified. We hypothesize that temporal changes in HFOs may identify periods of increased the likelihood of seizure onset. HFOs (86,151) from five patients with neocortical epilepsy implanted with hybrid (micro + macro) intracranial electrodes were detected using a previously validated automated algorithm run over all channels of each patient's entire recording. HFOs were characterized by extracting quantitative morphologic features and divided into four time epochs (interictal, preictal, ictal, and postictal) and three HFO clusters (ripples, fast ripples, and mixed events). We used supervised classification and nonparametric statistical tests to explore quantitative changes in HFO features before, during, and after seizures. We also analyzed temporal changes in the rates and proportions of events from each HFO cluster during these periods. We observed patient-specific changes in HFO morphology linked to fluctuation in the relative rates of ripples, fast ripples, and mixed frequency events. These changes in relative rate occurred in pre- and postictal periods up to thirty min before and after seizures. We also found evidence that the distribution of HFOs during these different time periods varied greatly between individual patients. These results suggest that temporal analysis of HFO features has potential for designing custom seizure prediction algorithms and for exploring the relationship between HFOs and seizure generation.
Optimizing Transportation Problems with Multiple Objectives

Abstract Virtually all models developed for transportation problems have focused upon the optimization of a single objective criterion, namely the minimization of total transportation costs. They have generally neglected or often ignored the multiple conflicting objectives involved in the problem, the priority structure of these objectives, various environmental constraints, unique organizational values of the firm, and bureaucratic decision structures. However, in reality these are important factors which greatly influence the decision process of transportation problems. In this study the goal programming approach is utilized in order to allow for the optimization of multiple conflicting goals while permitting an explicit consideration of the existing decision environment.
Net ecosystem CO2 exchange in Mojave Desert shrublands during the eighth year of exposure to elevated CO2

Arid ecosystems, which occupy about 35% of the Earth’s terrestrial surface area, are believed to be among the most responsive to elevated [CO2]. Net ecosystem CO2 exchange (NEE) was measured in the eighth year of CO2 enrichment at the Nevada Desert Free-Air CO2 Enrichment (FACE) Facility between the months of December 2003– December 2004. On most dates mean daily NEE (24 h) (lmol CO2 m � 2 s � 1 ) of ecosystems exposed to elevated atmospheric CO2 were similar to those maintained at current ambient CO2 levels. However, on sampling dates following rains, mean daily NEEs of ecosystems exposed to elevated [CO2] averaged 23 to 56% lower than mean daily NEEs of ecosystems maintained at ambient [CO2]. Mean daily NEE varied seasonally across both CO2 treatments, increasing from about 0.1lmol CO2 m � 2 s � 1 in December to a maximum of 0.5–0.6lmol CO2 m � 2 s � 1 in early spring. Maximum NEE in ecosystems exposed to elevated CO2 occurred 1 month earlier than it did in ecosystems exposed to ambient CO2, with declines in both treatments to lowest seasonal levels by early October (0.09 � 0.03lmol CO2 m � 2 s � 1 ), but then increasing to near peak levels in late October (0.36 � 0.08lmol CO2 m � 2 s � 1 ), November (0.28 � 0.03lmol CO2 m � 2 s � 1 ), and December (0.54 � 0.06lmol CO2 m � 2 s � 1 ). Seasonal patterns of mean daily NEE primarily resulted from larger seasonal fluctuations in rates of daytime net ecosystem CO2 uptake which were closely tied to plant community phenology and precipitation. Photosynthesis in the autotrophic crust community (lichens, mosses, and free-living cyanobacteria) following rains were probably responsible for the high NEEs observed in January, February, and late October 2004 when vascular plant photosynthesis was low. Both CO2 treatments were net CO2 sinks in 2004, but exposure to elevated CO2 reduced CO2 sink strength by 30% (positive net ecosystem productivity 5 127 � 17 g C m � 2 yr � 1 ambient CO2 and 90 � 11 g C m � 2 yr � 1 elevated CO2, P 5 0.011). This level of net C uptake rivals or exceeds levels observed in some forested and grassland ecosystems. Thus, the decrease in C sequestration seen in our study under elevated CO2 – along with the extensive coverage of arid and semi-arid ecosystems globally – points to a significant drop in global C sequestration potential in the next several decades because of responses of heretofore overlooked dryland ecosystems.
The Harris–Edmondson dispute: identifying the strawmen

The claim made by Harris (1978) that the descriptivist position in respect of performatives is self-defeating has engendered some spirited controversy through the years since then (see Edmondson 1979, 1983, Wachtel, 1980; Spielmann, 1980; Taylor & Wolf, 1981). Let me declare right at the outset that I am with the non-descriptivists. Nevertheless, in what follows, I wish to show (a) that no brusque argument of the sort originally advanced by Harris or subsequently marshalled by the others can help settle the dispute either way, and (b) that the controversy so far has been riddled with a good deal of futile cross-talk which has blinded the participants in the intellectual free-for-all to some of the real issues at hand.
Spatial heterogeneity of aggregate stability and soil carbon in semi-arid rangeland.

To measure and manage for C sequestration in heterogeneous rangeland systems, we need to more fully understand spatial patterns of soil resources. Spatial distributions of aggregate stability and soil carbon were investigated in a semiarid rangeland in New Mexico, USA. Soil was analyzed from plant interspaces, black grama (Bouteloua eriopoda (Torr.) Torr.), and mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa Torr.) in a landscape-replicated study. Aggregate stability at the 250 μm scale, carbonate C, organic C and N, C:N ratio, and glomalin, were all highest under mesquite. Soil C:N ratio was the best predictor of aggregate stability. Estimates of metric tons of C per hectare in the top 10 cm were highly variable at patch and landscape scales, varying from 4.2 to 10.5 under mesquite and from 3.0 to 7.0 in interspaces. High variability of aggregate stability and soil C has important implications for C sequestration. We argue that this multi-scale soil heterogeneity must be considered when measuring and managing for C sequestration.
Comparison of Conventional and Delayed Secondary Enrichment for Isolation of Salmonella Spp. from Swine Samples

source of human infection. 3 Recent United States Department of Agriculture surveys to determine the incidence of Salmonella organisms on US pig farms isolated Salmonella spp. from at least one fecal sample and one feed ingredient from 38.2% and 46.7% of the operations sampled. 1,5 Reduction of on-farm Salmonella infection is important in order to decrease contamination of pork, the risk of salmonellosis for consumers, and losses from clinical disease. Methodology to improve the recovery of Salmonella spp. from pigs and their environments is needed to identify infected herds and to evaluate the effectiveness of Salmonella control programs. Delayed secondary enrichment is a procedure that has been shown to increase isolation of Salmonella spp. from bobwhite quail, chickens, chicken environments, and cattle feces.
Strong resonance effect in a lossy medium-based optical cavity for angle robust spectrum filters

Spectrum filters with a wide viewing angle exploiting strong resonance effects in lossy media are demonstrated. The designed filters show significantly improved color purity and the angle-robust characteristic can be preserved up to ±65° due to an interesting phase-cancellation effect. This strategy could provide new routes for numerous applications, such as image sensors and displays.
Arrays in FIDIL

The FIDIL language introduces the map type, an extension of the traditional array type, to simplify the programming of numerical methods for partial differential equations. This paper describes some of the obstacles to an efficient implementation of maps, and proposes techniques to circumvent them.
Training analysis of adaptive interference suppression for direct-sequence code-division multiple-access systems

This paper studies the transient behavior of an adaptive near-far resistant receiver for direct-sequence (DS) code-division multiple-access (CDMA) known as the minimum mean-squared error (MMSE) receiver. This receiver structure is known to be near-far resistant and yet does not require the large amounts of side information that are typically required for other near-far resistant receivers. In fact, this receiver only requires code timing on the one desired signal. The MMSE receiver uses an adaptive filter which is operated in a manner similar to adaptive equalizers. Initially there is a training period where the filter locks onto the signal that is sending a known training sequence. After training, the system can then switch to a decision-directed mode and send actual data. This work examines the length of the training period needed as a function of the number of interfering users and the severity of the near-far problem. A standard least mean-square (LMS) algorithm is used to adapt the filter and so the trade-off between convergence and excess mean-squared error is studied. It is found that in almost all cases a step size near 1.0/(total input power) gives the best speed of convergence with a reasonable excess mean-squared error. Also, it is shown that the MMSE receiver can tolerate a 30-40 dB near-far problem without excessively long convergence time.
Evaluation of Sugar-Acid-Sweetness Relationships in Orange Juice by a Response Surface Approach

SUMMARY The effects of added sugar and acid on the sweetness of orange juice were evaluated by the response surfaces estimated from a central composite, second-order design in incomplete blocks. First-order polynomials were sufficient to describe intensity responses, but a second-order polynomial was needed to describe acceptability.
Diffusion in polymer—solvent systems. I. Reexamination of the free-volume theory

The free-volume theory describing diffusion in polymer–solvent systems is reexamined. Calculation of the specific free volume for such systems is discussed, and equations are presented for the determination of the self-diffusion coefficients of the polymer and the solvent. Conditions under which the mutual diffusion coefficient can be deduced solely from free-volume considerations are clarified, and a more general version of the free-volume diffusion theory proposed by Fujita is presented. The further restrictions needed for the theory of Fujita are discussed, and it is concluded that these additional restrictions are responsible for failures of the Fujita theory.
Geographic aspects of poverty and health in Tanzania: does living in a poor area matter?

Previous studies have consistently found that that there is an inverse relationship between household level poverty and health status, and that poor people tend to live in poor communities. However, what is not well understood is whether and how the average economic status at the community level plays a role in the household poverty–health relationship. This study investigates the concentration of poverty at the community level in Tanzania and its association with the availability and quality of primary health care services, the utilization of primary health care services, and health outcomes among both poor and nonpoor households. The analysis uses an innovative approach of linking household-level data from 1996 Tanzania Demographic and Health Survey with facility information from the 1996 Tanzania Service Availability Survey. A principle component method is used to rank households separately by urban/rural status according to the reported levels of assets ownership and living conditions, and then classifies communities into three socioeconomic groups based on the proportion of households belonging the poorest wealth tercile. On average, both poor and non-poor households living in low poverty concentration areas were found to have better health outcomes and service utilization rates than their counterparts living in high poverty concentration clusters. Consistent with the finding is that high poverty concentration areas were farther way from facilities offering primary health care than were low poverty concentration areas. Moreover, the facilities closest to the high poverty concentration areas had fewer doctors, medical equipment, and drugs. Among poor communities in rural areas, the ten communities with the best women’s body mass index (BMI) measures were found to have access to facilities with a greater availability of equipment and drugs than the ten communities with the worst BMI measures. Although this study does not directly measure quality, the characteristics that differentiate high poverty concentration clusters from low poverty concentration clusters point to quality as more important than physical access among the study population.
Epithelioid hemangioendothelioma: Cytomorphology and histological features of a case

A case of epithelioid hemangioendothelioma involving the left lung, the 10th thoracic vertebra, and paravertebral soft tissues is presented. Preoperative sputum cytology was thought to show adenocarcinoma. Histologic examination demonstrated an intravascular bronchioloalveolar tumor; immunohistochemical staining for factor VIII-related antigen revealed strongly positive tumor cells. The cytomorphology of this rare neoplasm is discussed.
Ventilation efficiencies of desk-mounted task/ambient conditioning systems

In laboratory experiments, we investigated two task/ambient conditioning systems with air supplied from desk-mounted air outlets to efficiently ventilate the breathing zone of heated manikins seated at desks. In most experiments, the task conditioning systems provided outside air while a conventional ventilation system provided additional space cooling but no outside air. Air change effectiveness (i.e., exhaust air age divided by age of air at the manikin's face) was measured with a tracer gas step-up procedure. Other tracer gases simulated the release of pollutants from nearby occupants and from the floor covering, and the associated pollutant removal efficiencies (i.e., exhaust air concentrations divided by concentrations at manikin's face) were calculated. High values of air change effectiveness (approximately 1.3 to 1.9) and high values of pollutant removal efficiency (approximately 1.2 to 1.6) were measured when these task conditioning systems supplied 100% outdoor air at a flow rate of 7 to 9 L s-1 per occupant. Air change effectiveness was reasonably well correlated with the pollutant removal efficiency. Overall, the experimental data suggest that these task/ambient conditioning systems can be used to improve ventilation and air quality or to save energy while maintaining a typical level of IAQ at the breathing zone.
Neuromuscular Transmission in a Sea Anemone

1. Brief electrical potentials can be recorded from a suction electrode over the marginal sphincter or over a tentacle of the anemone Calliactis polypus following appropriate stimulation of the anemone. These potentials are thought to be muscle action potentials because they precede contraction by about 12 msec. (29-31° C.) and their size is smoothly graded with the size of the contraction. 2. The tentacles and sphincter are activated by a through-conducting system in the oral disk and column. As with other anemones studied, two stimuli are required to evoke sphincter contraction. The maximum interval between an effective pair of stimuli is about 600 msec, and the sphincter potential and contraction increase with decreasing intervals to a minimum interval (as short as 15 msec.) below which there is no response to the second shock. Tentacles behave similarly except that they often produce small potentials and sometimes tiny contractions to single stimuli. 3. During repetitive stimulation the muscle potentials facilitate and the individual contractions both facilitate and sum. The tentacle musculature becomes maximally active earlier in a stimulus burst than does the sphincter.
Stages in Transition Les Ballets Africains and Independence, 1959 to 1960

Les Ballets Africains, the first globally touring African performance company, debuted in the United States as a private Paris-based troupe in 1959 and toured again in 1960 as National Ballet of the newly independent Republic of Guinea. Although rarely considered in scholarship, Les Ballets Africains’ history during these years—encompassing the company’s first U.S. appearances and reflecting the influence of its founder, Fodeba Keita—are significant in relation to 20th-century trajectories of staged African dance, convergences between African and American performing arts practices and liberation struggles, and cultural transformations in Guinea under president Sekou Toure.
Distribution of stable free radicals among amino acids of isolated soy proteins.

: Application of deuterium sulfide to powdered isolated soy proteins (ISP) was used to quench stable free radicals and produce a single deuterium label on amino acids where free radicals reside. The deuterium labels rendered increases of isotope ratio for the specific ions of radical-bearing amino acids. Isotope ratio measurements were achieved by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analyses after the amino acids were released by acidic hydrolysis and converted to volatile derivatives with propyl chloroformate. The isotope enrichment data showed the stable free radicals were located on Ala, Gly, Leu, Ile, Asx (Asp+Asn), Glx (Glu+Gln), and Trp but not on Val, Pro, Met, Phe, Lys, and His. Due to the low abundance of Ser, Thr, and Cys derivatives and the impossibility to accurately measure their isotope ratios, the radical bearing status for these amino acids remained undetermined even though their derivatives were positively identified from ISP hydrolysates. The relative isotope enrichment for radical-bearing amino acids Ala, Gly, Leu, Ile, Asx (Asp+Asn), Glx (Glu+Gln), and Trp were 8.67%, 2.96%, 2.90%, 3.94%, 6.03%, 3.91%, and 21.48%, respectively. Isotope ratio increase for Tyr was also observed but further investigation revealed such increase was mainly from nonspecific deuterium–hydrogen exchange not free radical quenching. The results obtained from the present study provide important information for a better understanding of the mechanisms of free radical formation and stabilization in “dry” ISP.
Twenty-five years of JEAB: A survey of selected demographic characteristics related to publication trends.

Some demographic characteristics related to authorship of research reports in the Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior (JEAB) were analyzed as to affiliation and location (U.S. or foreign) of authors. In addition, the incidence of publications by the members of the editorial board was tallied. The number of different affiliations of JEAB authors has decreased steadily over the past several years with substantially fewer papers deriving from independent laboratories and medical schools. While the number of papers by foreign authors has generally increased over the years there is a recent reduction in their number. These data paint a mixed picture of the “health” status of the experimental analysis of behavior as reflected in its major publication outlet.
A tale of two corpora of French dislocations

AbstractA comparison of dislocated subject noun phrases in two corpora of French, one Standard Metropolitan French and one Quebecois French, reveal some interesting differences and similarities. Speakers of both varieties double subject NPs with the pronoun ca much more often than with il or elle. However, speakers of Metropolitan French double subject NPs far more frequently than do the Quebecois. It is argued that this difference is due to register: the Quebecois corpus is more formal than is the French corpus. The data given here supports Sankoff's observation that the frequency of subject-doubling declines in formal situations.
Abstract W MP41: Co-prevalence of Intracranial and Aortic Aneurysms: A Retrospective Study

Introduction: Intracranial aneurysm (IA), abdominal aortic aneurysms, thoracic aortic aneurysms and dissection share genetic and environmental risks. In a retrospective clinical record review, we characterized a population presenting with aortic aneurysm (AA) and subsequently had intracranial vascular imaging (magnetic resonance (MRA), computerized tomography (CTA), or digital subtraction (DSA) angiography). Method: Using the University of Virginia Clinical Data Repository, we searched for patients with a diagnosis of any AA by ICD-9 codes for 2004-2014. We used 3 search strategies to identify individuals with intracranial vascular imaging: 1) CPT codes for MRA, CTA or DSA, 2) their billing codes, and 3) presence of vascular anatomic terms in radiology reports. We then undertook a chart review to confirm intracranial imaging and identify those with a IA. We readjudicated 10% of cases. Results: We identified 5500 cases of AA and 550 cases with evidence of potential intracranial vascular imaging. We report data on 338 of these 550 cases. The available demographic data of the 5500 AA cases and the subset reported were similar (Table). Of the 338 potential cases reviewed, 163 did not actually have intracranial imaging and we could not verify a diagnosis of in 56 case. A total of 212 remain to be reviewed. Of the 119 cases with a CTA, MRA or DSA performed, 23/119 (19.3%) had an IA identified. The descriptive statistics of the demographics and co-morbidities are presented in the table. Conclusion: We found a co-prevalence of 19.3% for IA in a clinical population presenting with AA and undergoing intracranial vascular imaging. These data, though limited, support a potential shared risk for aneurismal disease in the aorta and the brain and warrant further investigation with prospective screening and investigation of the mechanisms of shared risk. ![][1] [1]: /embed/graphic-1.gif
Altering Bubble Dynamics via In Situ Vapor Extraction

Spatiotemporal cooling of electronics using latent energy might be achieved by closely spaced, rapid departure of small bubbles. One means to achieve small diameters during boiling is to provide an additional upward force during bubble formation, such as that from vapor extraction. Experiments were conducted of bubble extraction using constant flow rates of both air and vapor that ranged from 30 to 90 mm3/s. Extraction was achieved with a hydrophobic porous membrane sealed to a tube in which a vacuum was drawn. The gap between the extraction and supply surface was varied from 0.5 to 3.25 mm. Only individual bubbles that ruptured at the top surface while still attached to the supply surface were considered. Bubble departure diameters are approximately 80% of the gap height. As with unconfined bubbles in pool boiling, the bubble frequency varies inversely with departure diameter. Correlations for bubble rupture, bubble departure, and bubble frequency are presented as a function of gap height. Using the thre...
A Theoretical Foundation for Technical Analysis

Using a dynamical microeconomic model which generalizes the classical theory of adjustment to include finite asset base and trend-based investment preference, we develop a foundation for the technical analyis (or charting) of securities. The mathematically complete system of (deterministic) ordinary differential equations that has provided a quantitative explanation of the laboratory bubbles experiments generates a broad spectrum of patterns that are used by practitioners of technical analysis. The origins of many of these patterns are classified as (i) those that can be generated by the activities of a single group, and (ii) those that can be generated by the presence of two or more groups with asymmetric information. Examples of (i) include the head and shoulders, double tops, rising wedge while (ii) includes pennants and symmetric triangles. The system of differential equations is easily generalized to stochastic ODE'S. Application is also made to Japanese candlestick analysis.
On Theoretical Broadband Shock-Associated Noise Near-Field Cross-Spectra

The cross-spectral acoustic analogy is used to predict auto-spectra and cross-spectra of broadband shock-associated noise in the near-field and far-field from a range of heated and unheated supersonic off-design jets. A single equivalent source model is proposed for the near-field, mid-field, and far-field terms, that contains flow-field statistics of the shock wave shear layer interactions. Flow-field statistics are modeled based upon experimental observation and computational fluid dynamics solutions. An axisymmetric assumption is used to reduce the model to a closed-form equation involving a double summation over the equivalent source at each shock wave shear layer interaction. Predictions are compared with a wide variety of measurements at numerous jet Mach numbers and temperature ratios from multiple facilities. Auto-spectral predictions of broadband shock-associated noise in the near-field and far-field capture trends observed in measurement and other prediction theories. Predictions of spatial coherence of broadband shock-associated noise accurately capture the peak coherent intensity, frequency, and spectral width.
Dynamic Biomechanical Model for Lifting Activities — A Microcomputer Program

A computer program for a two-dimensional (2-D) dynamic biomechanical model was developed to analyze a lifting/lowering activity kinematically and kinetically. The input and output variables are des...
Reconstructing Environmentalism: Complex Movements, Diverse Roots

There was a great deal of anticipation in the conference room at the Washington Court Hotel on Capitol Hill when Dana Alston began her address before the first National People of Color Environmental Leadership Summit in October 1991. Conference delegates included grassroots environmental activists from across the country: AfricanAmericans from the petrochemical industry corridor in Louisiana; Latinos from urban and rural areas of the Southwest; Native American activists like the Western Shoshone protesting underground nuclear testing on their lands; organizers of multi-racial coalitions in places like Albany, New York and San Francisco. The purpose of the Summit was to begin to define a new environmental politics capable of placing
Research and Application of Secure Data Exchange Platform Based on XML Message

How to exchange data between business systems is a key problem which has to be solved in the implementation of enterprise informationalization.In order to solve the problem of "information island",and break down information barriers between business systems,and strengthen the potential of exploring data application,and improve the efficiency and level of information sharing,a secure data exchange platform is designed based on XML message.The platform uses XML messages for a medium of data exchange,and uses Web Service for communication mean,and uses digital envelope for encryption and decryption,which ensures the message exchanging between systems quickly,safely and reliably.The research has definite theoretic and practical value in the field of data exchange of information system.The platform has been used in China Southern Power Grid,and achieved good result.