cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An experimental study of heat transfer in a vertical annulus with a rotating inner cylinder

Abstract The results of an experimental study of the convective flows engendered within the annular gap between concentric vertical cylinders are presented. The inner cylinder is rotating and heated, while the outer cylinder is stationary and cooled. Stationary horizontal endplates are used to seal the annulus, forming an enclosure. The working fluid is air. Of particular interest is the accurate prediction of the heat transfer rates, which are intimately linked to the structure of the flow field. In rotating systems, the existence of hydrodynamic instabilities may lead to a variety of secondary flows as the parameters describing the system are varied. Along with each transition in a flow, the transport mechanisms are altered, and usually result in markedly changed rates of heat and momentum transport. Experiments are conducted to determine the interdependence between the heat transfer mechanism and the structure of the secondary flows. Specifically, a parametric study of the mean heat transfer rate across the annular gap is performed, as well as a qualitative study (using smoke visualization techniques) of the secondary flow characteristics of the rotating system. The results provide a qualitative description of the transition from a buoyancy-dominated flow regime to one dominated by rotation. A correlation for the heat transfer rate as a function of the rotational Reynolds number and radius ratio is obtained in the forced convection limit.
“Coming of Age in Methodology”: Two Collaborative Inquiries With Shinnecock and Maya Peoples

In this article the authors tell the story of their separate but related journeys toward “coming of age in methodology,” journeys that brought them, as non-indigenous women, into relationships with indigenous peoples, who challenged them to unlearn their taken-for-granted notions about research. The first study highlights the pervasive silencing of indigenous perspectives within K-12 schools and teacher preparation programs on Long Island, New York. The second study focuses on the mentoring model in two Maya artists’ studios as a dialogic process that is guided by Maya artists, and which fosters discoveries that help to transform art education curricula. Through rich conversations leading to alliances with the indigenous peoples they have met in these studies, the authors hope to examine their own biases and create avenues for indigenous perspectives to inform and transform educational and research practices.
MERCURY CONTENT OF SOME FOODS

The Hg concentration in land produced foods nonsuspected of exposure to man-induced contamination is generally low, in the range from less than 0.01 ppm to 0.03 ppm. The fish samples contained larger quantities of Hg but still lower than the FDA safety guideline concentration (0.5 ppm). This is not surprising in view of the fact that aquatic food chains may lead to high levels of mercury in certain types of fish. These results are also in general agreement with a British survey and the findings of Tanner et al. In addition to the relative safety assurance that these data may yield, some indication is also provided regarding the background mercury levels in our food supply. 17 references, 4 tables.
AIDS, Perspective by incongruity, and gay identity in Larry Kramer's “1,112 and counting”

AIDS activist Larry Kramer's 1983 essay, “1,112 and Counting,” was a key rhetorical event in the development of AIDS activism by gays. This analysis relies on perspective by incongruity to explain Kramer's attempts to stimulate AIDS activism by altering gays’ perceptions of the disease and its implications for their lives and identities. The author argues that the power of perspective by incongruity in this case is linked to its facilitation of genuine argument, a personalized form of persuasion that forces both arguer and audience to confront an argument's implications for their own identities and behavior as moral human beings. The conclusion suggests that “1,112 and Counting” functions as a variant of constitutive rhetoric that de‐constructs and re‐constructs audience identity.
The role of out-of-plane deformations in subpicosecond internal conversion of photoexcited purine bases: Absence of the ultrafast decay channel in propanodeoxyguanosine

Abstract It is shown that photoexcited propanodeoxyguanosine (PdG), in which out-of-plane deformation of the six-membered ring of the guanine moiety is hindered, does not exhibit the subpicosecond internal conversion characteristic of the naturally occurring purine bases. The result supports the theoretical conclusion that the ultrafast internal conversion occurs via the conical intersection of the electronic ground state with the biradical state, which either evolves from ππ ∗ state for large out-of-plane deformation or crosses the ππ ∗ state at higher energy.
Saccharomyces cerevisiae Replication Protein A Binds to Single-Stranded DNA in Multiple Salt-Dependent Modes†

We have examined the single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) binding properties of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae replication protein A (scRPA) using fluorescence titrations, isothermal titration calorimetry, and sedimentation equilibrium to determine whether scRPA can bind to ssDNA in multiple binding modes. We measured the occluded site size for scRPA binding poly(dT), as well as the stoichiometry, equilibrium binding constants, and binding enthalpy of scRPA-(dT)L complexes as a function of the oligodeoxynucleotide length, L. Sedimentation equilibrium studies show that scRPA is a stable heterotrimer over the range of [NaCl] examined (0.02-1.5 M). However, the occluded site size, n, undergoes a salt-dependent transition between values of n = 18-20 nucleotides at low [NaCl] and values of n = 26-28 nucleotides at high [NaCl], with a transition midpoint near 0.36 M NaCl (25.0 degrees C, pH 8.1). Measurements of the stoichiometry of scRPA-(dT)L complexes also show a [NaCl]-dependent change in stoichiometry consistent with the observed change in the occluded site size. Measurements of the deltaH(obsd) for scRPA binding to (dT)L at 1.5 M NaCl yield a contact site size of 28 nucleotides, similar to the occluded site size determined at this [NaCl]. Altogether, these data support a model in which scRPA can bind to ssDNA in at least two binding modes, a low site size mode (n = 18 +/- 1 nucleotides), stabilized at low [NaCl], in which only three of its oligonucleotide/oligosaccharide binding folds (OB-folds) are used, and a higher site size mode (n = 27 +/- 1 nucleotides), stabilized at higher [NaCl], which uses four of its OB-folds. No evidence for highly cooperative binding of scRPA to ssDNA was found under any conditions examined. Thus, scRPA shows some behavior similar to that of the E. coli SSB homotetramer, which also shows binding mode transitions, but some significant differences also exist.
Mechano-Chemotransduction in the Single Cardiac Myocyte Contracting in 3D Elastic Gel

Objective: Mechanical stress under pathological conditions such as hypertension, infarction and fibrosis can cause heart failure and arrhythmias. However, little is known about the mechanotransduction mechanisms that underlie heart disease development due to previous lack of practical techniques to control the mechanical stress on single myocytes necessary for investigating at cellular and molecular levels. Here we use this system to study the mechanical load effects on modulating myocyte Ca2+ signaling and contraction dynamics. Methods: Recently, we developed a novel Cell-in-Gel system that allows control of mechanical load on single rabbit myocytes during excitation-contraction coupling in a 3D elastic gel matrix composed of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and tetravalent boronate-PEG crosslinker. The mechanical load can be controlled by adjusting gel stiffness with different mixing ratios of PVA and crosslinker. Results: Myocyte contraction and calcium transients were measured in-gel and compared with load-free cells. Contracting cells in-gel showed a significantly lower fractional shortening (12.6 ± 0.9 in-gel vs. 18.2 ± 0.9 load-free, p<0.001), demonstrating a “knock-down factor” of 31% when the myocyte is pulling mechanical load. Contraction departure and return velocities were significantly slower in-gel than in the load-free state as expected. However, the systolic calcium transient was greater in-gel than load-free (Fura-2 fluorescence ratio peak height 1.47 ± 0.09 in-gel vs. 0.87 ± 0.04 load-free, p<0.0001), revealing the mechano-chemotransduction that translates external stress to intracellular Ca2+ increase. The calcium transient departure and return velocities were also significantly higher in-gel than load-free. Conclusions: Our newly-developed versatile Cell-in-Gel system provides a novel experimental method to control mechanical stress at the single cell level for investigating mechano-chemotransduction pathways in intact myocytes. The above experimental results are consistent with our modeling predictions, demonstrating the mechanical load effects on altering myocyte Ca2+ handling and contraction dynamics.
Academic Librarians: Status, Privileges, and Rights.

ABSTRACT Three surveys from the College and University Library Division (CULD) of the Arkansas Library Association (ArLA) from the past six years representing forty-four academic institutions were studied to determine the number of students per librarian on campus, salary, faculty status, contract-length, and maternity/paternity leave for librarians. Academic librarians and administrators around the country can use this information to challenge or change their current status, privileges, and rights.
Markov Rational Expectations Equilibria in an Overlapping Generations Model

Abstract In this paper, we analyze rational expectations equilibrium paths in a stochastic overlapping generations model. The work presented here builds on results of S. E. Spear ( J. Econ. Theory 35 (1985), 251–275), where is is shown that in a model with multiple goods and time non-separable preferences, a stochastic steady state equilibrium will generically fail to exist. A stochastic steady state is defined as an equilibrium in which the stochastic process of endogenously determined variables is measure isomorphic to the exogenous process driving the model. In this paper, we establish the existence of non-steady state equilibria and provide a characterization of their stochastic properties.
Consumer Preference for “Imitation” Milk Beverages

" TMITATION" milk is not new. Production records of 1916 show 6,400 metric tons of "imitation" milk processed in that year alone [13, p. 38]. However, during the past few years sales of non-dairy and partially non-dairy products have increased rapidly. There are two broad categories of imitation milk: (1) a beverage containing non-fat milk solids with the milk fat replaced by vegetable fat (henceforth referred to as filled milk); and (2) a beverage containing no milk products (henceforth referred to as synthetic milk) [9, p. 17]. Either of the above types of milk would have adverse effects on the dairy industry should it capture a substantial part of the fluid milk market. Available data indicates that filled milk products enjoy a constant and rapid increase in sales. In the federal market order areas of the United States, filled milk sales increased from 2.4 million pounds in November of 1967 [16, p. 23] to 4.9 million pounds in April of 1969 [17, p. 24]. No comparable data is available for synthetic milk.1 The major problem faced by the dairy industry is the price advantage enjoyed by the "imitation" products. A recent USDA publication compared the price per one-half gallon for raw materials used in whole milk, filled milk, and synthetic milk. As shown in Table 1, the cost difference per one-half gallon between whole milk and filled milk (using Class I fluid skim milk base), was 6.5 cents per one-half gallon. The difference in cost between whole milk and synthetic was 14.2 cents, while the difference between filled milk and synthetic milk was 7.7 cents. The best case history of filled milk sales is found in the Central Arizona marketing area. "Go," marketed by Sarival Guernsey Farms [14, p. 36], has grown from 1.3 percent of regulated pool plant (Class I) sales in October, 1966, to 11.5 percent of sales as of August, 1968 [9, p. 21].
Poster — Thur Eve — 25: Improving the Accuracy of Electrometer Calibrations

For many years, the Ionizing Radiation Standards (IRS) group, NRC, has maintained the capacity to calibrate high‐quality electrometers used for radiation therapy. In particular, electrometercalibrations have now become a necessary part of the recently introduced MV X‐ray calibration service. With a growing interest in electrometercalibrations, the IRS electrometercalibration facility was due for revamping and upgrading. In 2008, instability in the IRS electrometercalibration system was observed during a period of high humidity. Troubleshooting suggested that the high humidity was causing high leakage currents, but it was difficult to obtain evidence of leakage occurring at any specific location since the leakage currents were small (pA or even fA). Desiccation of the calibrated standard capacitors dramatically improved the overall system performance, so the eventual solution involved isolation of the calibrated standard capacitors using a humidity controlled cabinet. Additional improvements included changing most of the connectors in the system from coaxial BNC to two‐lug triaxial bayonet type (TRB), and designing a 3‐stage filter to allow calibrations of newer current‐based electrometers. The result is an electrometercalibration facility that is unaffected by humidity and very stable, allowing year‐round calibrations for any of the electrometer models commonly encountered.
Behavioral Integrity: How Leader Referents and Trust Matter to Workplace Outcomes

Behavioral integrity (BI) is the alignment pattern between an actor’s words and deeds as perceived by another person. Employees’ perception that their leader’s actions and words are consistent leads to desirable workplace outcomes. Although BI is a powerful concept, the role of leader referents, the relationship between perceived BI of different referents, and the process by which BI affects outcomes are unclear. Our purpose is to elaborate upon this process and clarify the role of different leader referents in determining various outcomes. To understand the impact of referents, we explicitly compared the BIs of two leader referents: senior management and supervisor. In contrast to previous research findings where supervisory BI was found to have a stronger relationship with outcomes than senior management, we find that both referents are important. However, their impact varies based upon the outcome studied. Only senior management BI predicted organizational commitment, while senior management BI, supervisory BI and supervisory trust predicted organizational cynicism. Only trust in supervisor, and not supervisory BI, impacted organizational citizenship behaviors. When senior management is the referent, trust and not BI might play an important role for outcomes that require extensive employee investments, such as organizational commitment. In contrast, when the outcome measured does not require employee investments, BI might have a direct impact on the outcome. We also uncovered that trust in supervisor substantially influences the trust employees have in their senior management.
Problems with Instrumental Variables Estimation when the Correlation between the Instruments and the Endogenous Explanatory Variable is Weak

Abstract We draw attention to two problems associated with the use of instrumental variables (IV), the importance of which for empirical work has not been fully appreciated. First, the use of instruments that explain little of the variation in the endogenous explanatory variables can lead to large inconsistencies in the IV estimates even if only a weak relationship exists between the instruments and the error in the structural equation. Second, in finite samples, IV estimates are biased in the same direction as ordinary least squares (OLS) estimates. The magnitude of the bias of IV estimates approaches that of OLS estimates as the R 2 between the instruments and the endogenous explanatory variable approaches 0. To illustrate these problems, we reexamine the results of a recent paper by Angrist and Krueger, who used large samples from the U.S. Census to estimate wage equations in which quarter of birth is used as an instrument for educational attainment. We find evidence that, despite huge sample sizes, th...
Composite reverse osmosis membranes prepared by plasma polymerization of allylamine. Evaluation of membrane performance for the treatment of washwater and its components

Reverse osmosis membranes prepared by plasma polymerization of allylamine–nitrogen mixtures over a porous substrate were evaluated for the rejection of components present in washwater. The membranes exhibited high rejections for sodium chloride, potassium chloride, detergent, and dextrose. High rejections of urea could be achieved, but only at a sacrifice of water flux. Lactic acid could also be rejected but caused a degradation of the plasma-deposited layer.
Human ecological questions for tropical restoration: experiences from planting native upland trees and mangroves in the Philippines

Abstract There has been relatively little social science input into the study and practice of ecological restoration. This shortcoming is examined with particular reference to restoration work in the Philippines involving the planting of native upland forest and coastal mangrove trees in a densely populated and highly degraded, coastal watershed. Experiences here revealed that social and economic factors, including peoples' knowledge about trees and tree planting, their patterns of land use and ownership, and their social organization, interacted with ecological variables to affect differently the outcomes of restoration work. In fact, socio-economic factors were more important, by and large, than ecological factors in determining the relative success of restoration efforts between and within different sites. This paper concludes with a discussion and proposal for the inclusion of socio-economic or `human ecological' factors and concerns when planning and implementing tropical restoration projects. These variables are presented as a series or checklist of questions that restorationists can use to guide their efforts.
Contribution of vertebral deformities to chronic back pain and disability

Among 2992 white women aged 65-70 years recruited from population-based listings, we measured radiographic vertebral dimensions of T5-L4 and calculated ratios of heights: anterior/posterior, mid/posterior, and posterior/posterior of either adjacent vertebra. The degree of deformity for each vertebra was analyzed in terms of the number of standard deviations (SD) that ratio differed from the mean ratio calculated for the same vertebral level in this population. We correlated the severity of each woman's worst vertebral deformity with back pain, back disability in six activities of daily living, and height loss since age 25. Only 39.4% of the cohort had no vertebral deformity; 10.2% had a deformity greater than or equal to 4 SD. Vertebral deformities less than 4 SD below the mean were not associated with increased back pain, disability, or loss of height. In contrast, women whose deformity was greater than or equal to 4 SD had a 1.9 (95% CI, 1.5-2.4) times higher risk of moderate to severe back pain and a 2.6 (95% CI, 1.7-3.9) times higher risk of disability involving the back; they were also 2.5 (95% CI, 2.0-3.2) times more likely to have lost greater than or equal to 4 cm in height. All three types of vertebral deformity (wedge, end plate, and crush) were equally associated with these outcomes. Multiple deformities less than 4 SD did not increase the likelihood of these three outcomes, but multiple deformities greater than or equal to 4 SD tended to be associated with increased back pain, disability, and height loss. This large cross-sectional study suggests that vertebral deformities cause substantial pain, disability, or loss of height only if vertebral height ratios fall 4 SD below the normal mean. Much back pain could not be attributed to vertebral deformities, suggesting other causes.
The interpolation of fourier transform data in tilted-view three-dimensional reconstruction

A method is described for interpolating the unevenly sampled Fourier transform data on lattice lines, collected during a tilted-view three-dimensional reconstruction of a plane lattice specimen, onto equally spaced sample points. The method performs local averaging of noisy data and inserts values into gaps in the data which are consistent with the spatial boundedness of the specimen. The method can be implemented computationally using a simple algorithm.
“Por Necesidad” ‐ Transnational labor movements, informality and wage determination: An exploratory study of maids on the U.S.‐Mexican border

Abstract This paper investigates the market for domestic servants (maids) in a region along the U.S.‐Mexico border (Laredo, Texas). Survey responses from 195 maids and 194 employers of maids indicate that the border environment plays a significant role in the movement of maid labor, the informality of maid labor as well as the wage determination of maid labor. Two distinct maid subgroups—live‐in maids and day maids—as well as employers are discussed in detail. As expected, the “push” factor for becoming a maid was economic necessity while the “pull” factor was good pay. The employer was known to set the wage in a little over half the cases, maids set the wage rate about ten percent of the time and in the remaining cases wages were set through mutual bargaining. The reported results allow the creation of a baseline of data (e.g., demographics, legality, job search, border transparency, and employment statistics) for maids and their employers for further empirical investigation within the borderlands.
Synthesis of an organophilic ZIF-71 membrane for pervaporation solvent separation

For the first time, an organophilic ZIF-71 membrane was prepared and used for pervaporation separation of liquid alcohol–water and dimethyl carbonate–methanol mixtures. The ZIF-71 membrane exhibits good performance in separation of methanol–water and dimethyl carbonate–methanol mixtures.
Soil Acid-Base Chemistry of a High-Elevation Forest Watershed in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park: Influence of Acidic Deposition

Understanding the acid-base chemistry of soil and the soil processes related to the release or retention of sulfate and nitrate is important in order to predict watershed recovery from long-term acid deposition. Soils were sampled from the Noland Divide Watershed (NDW), a small, high-elevation watershed in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park receiving high rates of acid deposition over several decades. Soil samples were measured for chemical properties related to acidification and used to conduct sulfate adsorption and nitrogen (N) incubation experiments. Shallow soil was higher in acidic and basic ions than deeper soils, and the mean effective cation exchange capacity was 8.07, 5.06, and 3.57 cmolckg �1 in the A, Bw, and Cb horizons, respectively. In all three soil horizons, the base saturation was equal to or below 7% and the ratio of Ca/Al was below 0.01, indicating that the NDW is very sensitive to acid deposition. Based on results from sulfate adsorption isotherms, the NDW has not reached its maximum sulfate adsorption saturation and is likely able to retain further additions of sulfate. Desorption of sulfate from NDW soils is expected if sulfate concentrations in soil solution drop below 50 μeq L �1 but is highly dependent on soil pH and organic carbon content. Total soil organic N was 500 times greater than inorganic N in the A soil horizon, and net N mineralization and nitrification remained constant during a 28-day incubation indicating a large reservoir of N substrate for soil microbes. Nitrogen experiment results suggest that nitrate export from the watershed is largely controlled by biological processes rather than by nitrate deposition flux. Soil data collected in this study contributes to our understanding of biogeochemical processes affecting the response of acid-impacted ecosystems such as the NDW to future changes in atmospheric deposition.
Seismology and the new global tectonics

Abstract A comprehensive study of the observations of seismology provides widely based support for the new global tectonics founded on the hypotheses of continental drift, sea-floor spreading, transform faults, and underthrusting of the lithosphere at island arcs. At present within the entire field of seismology there appear to be no serious obstacles to the new tectonics. Seismic phenomena are explained, in general, as the result of interactions and other processes at or near the edges of a few large mobile plates of lithosphere that spread apart at the ocean ridges where new surficial materials arise, slide past one another along the large strike-slip faults, and converge at the island arcs and arc-like structures where surficial materials descend. Study of world seismicity shows that most earthquakes are confined to narrow continuous belts that bound large stable areas. In the zones of divergence and strike-slip motion, the activity is moderate and shallow and consistent with the transform fault hypothesis; in the zones of convergence, activity is also at shallow depths but includes intermediate and deep shocks that grossly define the present configuration of the downgoing slabs of lithosphere. Seismic data on focal mechanisms of about 100 widely distributed shocks give relative motions that agree remarkably well with Le Pichon's simplified model in which relative motions of six large and rigid blocks of lithosphere covering the entire earth were determined from magnetic and topographic data associated with the zones of divergence. The lengths of the deep seismic zones appear to be a measure of the amount of underthrusting during approximately the last 10 million years. The presence of volcanism, the generation of many tsunamis (seismic sea waves), and the frequency of occurrence of large earthquakes also seem to be related to underthrusting or rates of underthrusting in island arcs.
Prophylactic and Therapeutic Treatment with Acyclovir of Genital Herpes in the Guinea Pig

The antiviral drug, acyclovir, was tested on experimentally infected guinea pigs with either of two herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) isolates following intravaginal inoculation. The drug was continuously infused subcutaneously utilizing an osmotic pump. Infusion was begun either prior to virus inoculation (prophylactic) or after virus inoculation at the time of first appearance of lesions (therapeutic). Prophylactic treatment markedly reduced the severity of the genital lesions, the appearance of acute neurologic sequellae, and the virus excretion in the genital tract of guinea pigs infected with either of the two strains tested. Therapeutic acyclovir treatment, however, did not decrease the incidence of acute neurologic sequellae with one of the two HSV-1 strains tested, nor did it reduce the severity of the genital lesions of either strain. These neurologic sequellae may be due to insufficient levels of ACV in the central nervous system as the concentration of ACV in the dorsal root ganglia was found to exceed that of the plasma, but only trace amounts of acyclovir were present in the brain and spinal cord. Continuous perfusion of ACV gave far higher tissue levels than intermittent injections. These findings suggest that prophylactic ACV is far more effective than therapeutic treatment for genital herpes in the guinea pig model.
Effects of d-amphetamine on the behavior of pigeons exposed to the peak procedure

Abstract The effects of d -amphetamine on pigeons’ key-pecking under the peak interval (PI) procedure were investigated in two experiments. In experiment I the effects of doses of d -amphetamine from 0.75 to 3.0 mg/kg on responding under PI 30 and 45 s were studied for 10 successive days. Reductions in peak time and wait time were observed at both PI values and an increase in the width was found at PI 30 s. There was no evidence of tolerance. In experiment II, pigeons exposed to a PI 45 s schedule were administered doses of d -amphetamine of 1.5 and 3.0 mg/kg for 30 successive days. Reductions in peak time and wait time were found here. Evidence of tolerance was found in wait time, peak time and width of the distribution at the higher dose. In both experiments a rate-dependent effect of the drug was found in the portion of each peak trial before the time that food was delivered on reinforced trials; this effect was weaker after the customary time of food delivery. The rate-dependent effect for responses before food time, combined with little effect of the drug on responses after food time, is shown by simulation to be sufficient to account for the reduction in peak time, without the need to appeal to an internal clock mechanism.
Finding Avalon: The Place and Meaning of the Otherworld in Marie de France’s Lanval

The brunt of scholarship on Marie de France’s Lanval portrays Lanval’s fantastical “Otherworld” as “utopic” in the term’s oldest sense: it is a world that has “no place.” Such scholarship severs the linkage of Otherworld and reality indicated by the lai; the relationship between earth and Avalon, in which one achieves the other, is dis-placed for a simple and disjointed “multivalence of reality” (Hodgson 23). This article discusses Lanval’s Otherworld/Avalon using Anne Wilson’s psychoanalytic approach to a fantastical text “as if the text were a human subject.” Through this approach, this article hopes to reclaim the latent, universal significance of the notion of “Otherworld.”
Opposing effects of thapsigargin on the survival of developing cerebellar granule neurons in culture.

Abstract Elevated levels of potassium (K + ) promote maturation and survival of cerebellar granule neurons in culture. When switched from a culture medium containing high K + (25 mM) to one with low K + (5 mM) mature granule neurons undergo death by apoptosis. The mechanism by which high K + promotes neuronal survival and conversely inhibits apoptosis) is unclear. Several pieces of evidence indicate that an increase in intracellular calcium (Ca 2+ ) resulting from depolarization mediated-influx of extracellular Ca 2+ is necessary. We examined the effect of thapsigargin on granule neuron cultures. Thapsigargin is an inhibitor of the endoplasmic reticular Ca 2+ ATPase causing a depletion of Ca 2+ from internal stores. this treatment would therefore be expected to raise intracellular cytosolic Ca 2+ without membrane depolarization. We find that treatment of mature neurons with thapsigargin at doses ⩾5 nM inhibits death resulting from the lowering of extracellular K + . The survival effect of thapsigargin was not affected by inhibitors of extracellular Ca 2+ influx including nifedipine, verapamil, methoxyverapamil, Mg 2+ , and Ni 2+ , nor was it inhibited by the NMDA receptor antagonist, MK801. We have further examined whether thapsigargin could substitute for elevated K + during the maturation of granule cells. Unexpectedly, treatment of younger (immature) neuronal cultures with the same dose of thapsigargin (5 nM) induced cell death. DNA fragmentation analysis suggested that death was due to apoptosis and not toxicity. As observed with the survival effect on mature neurons, the lethal effect of thapsigargin on immature granule cells was not prevented by inhibitors of Ca 2+ influx.
Resource-constrained loop scheduling in high-level synthesis

Today electronic design automation software plays an important role in modern VLSI design technology. High-Level Synthesis (HLS) translates the behavioral specification of a digital system to a register transfer level structure. In this research we will focus scheduling loop constructs under fixed hardware constraints. We proposed a new two-phase algorithm for loop scheduling based on the Force-Directed Scheduling (FDS) algorithm. The algorithm also employs a local priority function called the 'mobility' of an operation to select the best operation to be rescheduled when resource violation is detected. In the first phase of the algorithm, the FDS algorithm is used to generate an initial schedule of the system that balances the distribution of the operations and optimizes the system hardware utilization. The second phase of the algorithm iteratively modifies the initial FDS schedule in order to resolve any hardware constraint violations. The performance of the proposed algorithm was evaluated using the differential equation and elliptical wave filter HLS benchmarks. The algorithm was found to significantly reduce the execution time under relaxed hardware constraints and yield results similar to the traditional sequential scheduler under tight hardware constraints.
THEORY OF SINGLE-MOLECULE OPTICAL LINE-SHAPE DISTRIBUTIONS IN LOW-TEMPERATURE GLASSES

We present a theoretical framework for analyzing the distribution of optical line shapes in low-temperature glasses, as measured by single-molecule spectroscopy. The theory is based on the standard tunneling two-level system model of low-temperature glasses and on the stochastic sudden jump model for the two-level system dynamics. Within this framework we present an explicit formula for the line shape of a single molecule and employ Monte Carlo simulation techniques to calculate the distribution of single-molecule line shapes. We compare our calculated line-width distributions to those measured experimentally. We find that the two-level system model captures the features of the experimental line-width distributions very well, although there are discrepancies for small line widths. We also discuss the relation of single-molecule line-shape distributions to more traditional “line shapes”, as measured by hole-burning and photon echo spectroscopies. Using the results from our analysis of the single-molecule l...
Computer-assisted drug data collection

Computerized systems for recording information about medication prescribing and use are important for studies in health services and pharmacoepidemiology. Such systems, if properly designed, can facilitate analysis as well as data collection. Although drug information systems exist for pharmacy service delivery applications, there are currently no descriptions of systems developed primarily for research applications in this area. This paper describes a computerized data collection system, developed for researchers, usable on portable equipment, and containing error checking features; the system has been extensively tested in over 850 study subjects taking part in a study of medication use in nursing homes that examines the impact of educational interventions for doctors and nurses on prescribing practices.
An Auger Electron Spectroscopic Study of the Diffusion of Sulfur, Carbon, and Chlorine in Powdered Titanium:

Auger electron spectroscopy has been employed to study the diffusion of sulfur, carbon, and chlorine in powdered α-titanium. Arrhenius analysis of the diffusion rates indicates that the activation energies are 15.5, 6.2, and 9.8 kcal/mol for sulfur, carbon, and chlorine, respectively. These activation energies are consistent with diffusion along grain boundaries within the α-titanium.
Do Social Connections and Hope Matter in Predicting Early Adolescent Violence

We tested relationships between social connections, hope, and violence among young adolescents from socially distressed urban neighborhoods, and examined whether relationships between adolescents' family and school connectedness and violence involvement were mediated by hopefulness. Data were from middle school students involved in the Lead Peace demonstration study. The sample (N = 164) was 51.8% female; 42% African American, 28% Asian, 13% Hispanic, and 17% mixed race or other race; average age was 12.1 years; 46% reported physical fighting in the past year. In multivariate models, parent-family connectedness was protective against violence; school connectedness was marginally protective. Hopefulness was related to lower levels of violence. The relationship between school connectedness and violence was mediated by hopefulness; some evidence for mediation also existed in the family-parent connectedness and violence relationship. Findings warrant continued exploration of hopefulness as an important protective factor against violence involvement, and as a mediator in relationships between social connections and violence involvement.
Mechanism of antigen release from homotransplanted kidneys in dogs.

SummaryIn dogs, antigen from a renal homotransplant was demonstrated in the blood leaving the kidney in the renal vein. The antigen was carried from the transplanted kidney to the host as a soluble substance within the host's plasma. The host's leukocytes were not implicated in this transport system. Antigen could not be detected in peripheral-vein blood.
Thyroid transcription factor-1 expression in thyroid-like nasopharyngeal papillary adenocarcinoma: report of 2 cases.

Abstract We present the cases of 2 pediatric patients with low-grade nasopharyngeal papillary adenocarcinoma with features suggestive of thyroid origin. Both cases showed strong nuclear immunoreactivity for thyroid transcription factor–1 protein and positive immunostaining for cytokeratins 7 and 19. After thyroid imaging studies, local excision was performed in both patients. The patients remain free of disease 2 and 15 years after treatment, with no evidence of lesions in the thyroid or elsewhere.
A new psychophysical ratio scaling technique: Random production*

A new technique for psychophysical scaling, capable of generating a ratio scale for any perceptual continuum that can be used as a response continuum, is described and used to scale subjective force on a handgrip, subjective areal extent, and subjective intensity of electric shock. For these continua, the technique yields psychophysical scales that are very well fit by power functions, but the exponents are somewhat smaller than the exponents obtained for these continua in magnitude estimation scaling.
Generation of Novel Rapamycin Structures by Microbial Manipulations

A new rapamycin producing culture was isolated and designated as Actinoplanes sp. N902-109. The addition of a cytochrome P-450 inhibitor and precursor feeding using this culture, and biotransformation approaches generated new rapamycin analogs with modifications at C-4, C-9, C-16, C-27, C-28 and/or C-39. The immunosuppressive activity of the resulting analogs was established in the mixed lymphocyte reaction assay.
Innate and acquired agglutinins in ducks to the malaria parasite Plasmodium lophurae.

SummaryErythrocyte-free suspensions of Plasmodium lophurae were agglutinated to a variable degree by the fresh plasma of ducks which had not been infected by this parasite. The agglutinating activity of the plasma was in general higher in older ducks than in young ducklings. It was rarely evident beyond a 1:4 dilution of the plasma, and was fully removed by heating the plasma for one-half hour at 55-56°C followed by centrifugation to remove the precipitate which formed. In infected ducks 3 months of age or older these heat-labile agglutinins generally decreased as the infection progressed, except in individuals which exhibited a strong innate resistance to the parasites. The heat-labile agglutinins disappeared completely at the peak of a severe infection. Heat-stable agglutinins appeared in the plasma of most of the infected birds. These, unlike the heat-labile agglutinins, were not demonstrable in undiluted plasma but often were active in plasma diluted as far as 1:1000. In ducklings infected when they w...
Convergent Evolution: The Genetics of Queen Number in Ants

Large, non-recombining genomic regions underlie the polymorphism in colony queen number in two distantly related ant species. This illustrates that convergence in complex phenotypes can arise via convergence in general genomic architecture, rather than convergent changes in specific genes.
Wilms' tumor in New York State: epidemiology and survivorship.

The outcomes during the period 1950-1972 were compared for Wilms' tumor patients in Erie County, New York (Buffalo and environs) and in a random selection of 23 counties having much smaller populations. For the Erie cohorts of 1967 to 1972 an 87 per cent 7-year survival rate was found as compared with a 50 per cent survival for the corresponding cohorts of the less populous counties. For the years 1960-1966 the 5-year survival rates were respectively 67 and 25 per cent and for the decade 1950-1959, 26. and 23 per cent. The principal conclusion is that within the last 15 years the Erie residents have fared better than residents of the smaller counties. The difference is attributed to the better treatment and care available at some of the hospitals in Buffalo. Data on incidence, age at diagnosis, male/female ratio, and laterality are presented. Cancer 40:3140-3145, 1977.
Numerical observation of disorder-induced anomalous kinetics in the A+A→∅ reaction

Abstract We address via numerical simulation the two-dimensional bimolecular annihilation reaction A+A→∅ in the presence of quenched, random impurities. Renormalization group calculations have suggested that this reaction displays anomalous kinetics at long times, c A ( t )∼ at δ −1 , for certain types of topological or charged species and impurities. Both the exponent and the prefactor depend on the strength of disorder. The decay exponents determined from our simulations agree well with the values predicted by theory. The observed renormalization of the prefactor also agrees well with the values predicted by theory.
Use of a modified informed consent process among vulnerable patients: a descriptive study.

BACKGROUND: Little is known about patient characteristics associated with comprehension of consent information, and whether modifications to the consent process can promote understanding. OBJECTIVE: To describe a modified research consent process, and determine whether literacy and demographic characteristics are associated with understanding consent information. DESIGN: Descriptive study of a modified consent process: consent form (written at a sixth-grade level) read to participants, combined with 7 comprehension questions and targeted education, repeated until comprehension achieved (teach-to-goal). PARTICIPANTS: Two hundred and four ethnically diverse subjects, aged ≥50, consenting for a trial to improve the forms used for advance directives. MEASUREMENTS: Number of passes through the consent process required to achieve complete comprehension. Literacy assessed in English and Spanish with the Short Form Test of Functional Health Literacy in Adults (scores 0 to 36). RESULTS: Participants had a mean age of 61 years and 40% had limited literacy (s-TOHFLA .05). After the second pass, most subjects (80%) answered all questions correctly. With a teach-to-goal strategy, 98% of participants who engaged in the consent process achieved complete comprehension. CONCLUSIONS: Lower literacy and minority status are important determinants of understanding consent information. Using a modified consent process, little additional education was required to achieve complete comprehension, regardless of literacy or language barriers.
CELL-FREE COLLAGEN BIOSYNTHESIS AND THE HYDROXYLATION OF SRNA-PROLINE.

Abstract Cell-free incubation systems employing supernatant and ribosomal fractions prepared from chick-embryo homogenates were found to be active with respect to their ability to incorporate proline from free proline-C14 or sRNA-proline-C14 into ribosomal protein. Aerobic conditions enhanced the formation of peptide-bound hydroxyproline-C14 particularly when sRNA-proline-C14 was added. In either case, the incorporation of hydroxyproline lagged behind that of proline. In a separate series of experiments it was found that conditions similar to those which enhance the incorporation of hydroxyproline into ribosomal protein also favor the transformation of portions of sRNA-proline complexes to sRNA-hydroxyproline. Evidence was obtained that factors present in the microsomal supernates and which were associated with the microsomes themselves were involved in the hydroxylation of sRNA-proline. The microsomal-associated factor could be removed by treatment with deoxycholate in which case the RNP-particles were inactive.
Aeromonas hydrophila upper extremity infection

A severe soft tissue infection of the upper extremity caused by Aeromonas hydrophila followed a water skiing injury in which a tow rope caused degloving of a portion of the skin and severe contusion to underlying muscle. Infection was established within 36 hours of the injury, accompanied by fever, leukocytosis, and a foul odor. Rapid clinical improvement occurred following radical debridement of all nonviable tissue and antibiotic therapy. In cases involving water contamination, Aeromonas hydrophila infection should be suspected with the onset of a rapidly developing infection with a febrile response. Rapid surgical intervention and treatment with an aminoglycoside or a third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic is the treatment of choice.
Research on Load Balancing Mechanism Based on Software Aging Rejuvenation Strategy

Traditional load balancing strategy is based on the assumption that each node is valid ,in practice, with the growth of usage time, the failure rate of nodes will gradually increase, so we introduce software aging rejuvenation strategy into load balancing. We propose an algorithm to solve this problem. It is different from other algorithm that the function of collecting load information from real servers is moved to back-end in this algorithm, load balancer assigns tasks according to the calculation results, it could reduce the load of load balancer own. At the same time, in order to prevent unexpected event due to computer itself (e.g. cpu utilization rate sudden change), we also take into account decay factor. From the experiment result we can see that compared with non software aging rejuvenation strategy in load balancing, this strategy could balance the load of all the nodes more effectively.
Momentary Affective States Surrounding Sexual Intercourse in Depressed Adolescents and Young Adults

Depressed young people may have sexual intercourse (sex) to regulate their disordered affective states. This study sought to determine how momentary positive and negative affect relate to subsequent sex events in depressed adolescents and young adults. Fifty-four outpatients (87% female) 15–22 years who reported clinically significant depressive symptoms and having sex at least once a week completed a baseline survey, then reported momentary affective states and the occurrence of sex events on a handheld computer in response to 4–6 random signals per day for 2 weeks. Participants identified 387 unique sex events (median, 3.5/participant/week) on 3,159 reports (median, signal response rate 80%). Most (86–96%) reported low burden of participation on questions asked at study completion. Similar to what has been reported in non-depressed young people, momentary positive and negative affect were both improved beginning approximately 6 h before until approximately 6 h after a sex event. Positive affect was lower in the 24 h before this pericoital period, compared to other times. Negative affect did not significantly differ between before the pericoital period and other times. The findings suggest that depressed youth may have sex to regulate their positive affect and have implications for provision of their mental and physical health care.