cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A hybrid signal-feature system for music discovery (or finding needles in haystacks)

The radio plays a song that you like but that you do not recognize. How do you find the title and the artist? Previous approaches to finding a song in a database are based on pattern recognition. In some of the previous work features are extracted from a hummed song and decision rules are used to retrieve probable candidates from the database. Feature matching has not resulted in reliable searches from microphone samples. In this work, to find the song, we process a short, microphone recorded sample from it. Both a feature vector and a signal are precomputed for each song in a database and also extracted from the recording. The database songs are first sorted by feature distance to the recording. Then, normalized cross-correlation, even though nonlinear, is applied using overlap-save FFT convolution. A decision rule presents likely matches to the user for confirmation but controls the number of false alarms shown. This system, tested using hundreds of recordings, is reliable because signals are matched. The addition of the feature-ordered search and the decision rule result in database searches five times faster than signal matching alone.
Improving biomaterial properties of collagen films by chemical modification

Films of bovine collagen were chemically modified with the goal of improving their biomaterial properties. The modified films were investigated with respect to their affinity to fibroblast and endothelial cells, as well as their antibacterial properties tested by adhesion of Staphylococcus aureus. Modifications that only change the net charge of collagen, such as acetylation, succinylation, and treatment with glutaraldehyde (all increase the negative charge), and amination with ethylenediamine (EDA), N,N-dimethyl-EDA (DMEDA), or butylamine (all increase the positive charge), did not dramatically alter the mammalian cell attachment to the film. In contrast, derivatization of collagen using methoxypoly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) diminished the attachment of fibroblasts by 98 ± 1% and of endothelial cells by more than 99% compared to unmodified collagen. Moreover, the rate of growth of fibroblasts dropped by 97 ± 1% and that of endothelial cells by 88 ± 3% as a result of PEGylation of collagen. Adhesion of S. aureus cells also plummeted by 93 ± 2% as a result of this PEGylation. With these antifouling properties, PEG-collagen may be a promising coating material for coronary stents. Sub- sequent derivatization of PEG-collagen with EDA or DMEDA abolished its mammalian cell-repelling ability, whereas bacterial cell repulsion was partially retained: for example, DMEDA-modified PEG-collagen exhibits up to a 5-fold lower bacterial adhesion than collagen. It is worth noting that a material that allows mammalian cell attachment but reduces bacterial adhesion could be useful as an implant or coating. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 73: 246–252, 2001.
Palatability of food as a factor influencing obese and normal-weight children's eating habits

Abstract The type and amount of food leftover from school lunches by normal-weight and obese elementary school children was examined for its similarity to the pattern reported by Krassner et al . (1979) in a study of normal-weight and obese college students. In this study 102 observations of children between the ages of 9–11, were taken over eight lunch periods in their school cafeteria. Overall, the normal-weight children left only slightly more food uneaten than did the obese children. However, when food palatability was examined, it was found that normal-weight children left over twice as much palatable food as did obese children. Children did not differ on the amount of unpalatable food left uneaten. These results suggest that Krassner et al. 's observation that obese adults leave less food on their plates may be extended to children and, further, that like obese adults, obese children may be more influenced by the palatability of food than their normal-weight peers.
Apoptosis of Rat Granulosa Cells after Staurosporine and Serum Withdrawal Is Suppressed by Adenovirus-Directed Overexpression of Prohibitin

Prohibitin (Phb1) is a highly conserved mitochondrial protein that is associated with granulosa cell differentiation, atresia, and luteolysis. Although prohibitin has been implicated in the suppression of apoptosis in mammalian cells, its specific role in programmed cell death in granulosa cells is unknown. In the present study, we examined the role of prohibitin in mediating staurosporine (STS) and serum withdrawal induced apoptosis in undifferentiated rat granulosa cells. Treatment of granulosa cells isolated from immature rat ovaries with STS and/or serum withdrawal induced a rapid decrease in the transmembrane potential of mitochondria, resulting in increased prohibitin content and induced apoptosis in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Infection of granulosa cells with a Phb1 adenoviral construct resulted in overexpression of prohibitin that markedly attenuated the ability of STS and serum withdrawal to induce apoptosis via the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. To determine the site of action of Phb1, gra...
Oxidized redox state of glutathione in the endoplasmic reticulum

The redox state of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) was measured with the peptide N-Acetyl-Asn-Tyr-Thr-Cys-NH2. The peptide diffused across cellular membranes; some became glycosylated and thus trapped within the secretory pathway, and its cysteine residue underwent reversible thiol-disulfide exchanges with the surrounding redox buffer. Glycosylated peptides from cells were disulfide-linked to glutathione, indicating that glutathione is the major redox buffer in the secretory pathway. The redox state of the secretory pathway was more oxidative than that of the cytosol; the ratio of reduced glutathione to the disulfide form (GSH/GSSG) within the secretory pathway ranged from 1:1 to 3:1, whereas the overall cellular GSH/GSSG ratio ranged from 30:1 to 100:1. Cytosolic glutathione was also transported into the lumen of microsomes in a cell-free system. Although how the ER maintains an oxidative environment is not known, these results suggest that the demonstrated preferential transport of GSSG compared to GSH into the ER lumen may contribute to this redox compartmentation.
Are Genetic Correlations and Environmental Correlations Correlated

CORRELATIONS between different characters measured on individuals of a population have both genetic and environmental causes. In an extensive genetic analysis of the open-field behaviour of mice, which is a widely used index of “emotionality”, we have found that genetic and corresponding environmental patterns of association among pairs of characters are similar. We suggest that this relationship may frequently occur in nature and may account for the failure of recent attempts to obtain maximally and minimally heritable factor scores by multi-variate analysis.
45.5: Invited Paper: Characterization of Column Driver for TFT‐LCD

The goal of development effort for an AMLCD display in IBM is to provide a customer with a best display in terms of image quality, features for EMI reduction, low power dissipation, and also mechanical packaging. In order to achieve this goal, properties of column driver play important roles. A simple and unique method was developed to examine those properties at device level. and the result showed good consistency with actual performance of column driver on an AMLCD display. Characterization of column driver with this methods results in a time-efficient and cost-effective comparing to a conventional evaluation purpose only prototyping.
Binding characteristics of 3H-flunitrazepam and CL-218,872 in cerebellum and cortex of C57B1 mice made tolerant to and dependent on phenobarbital or ethanol.

Abstract The influence of chronic phenobarbital (PB) or chronic ethanol administration on binding characteristics of 3 H-flunitrazepam ( 3 H-FLU) in cerebellum and cortex of C57B1 mice was examined. Chronic PB treatment for six days decreased the number of binding sites (B max ) for 3 H-FLU, whereas no change in the affinity (K D ) was found. Further kinetic analysis revealed that the overall decrease in B max was due to a reduced number of high affinity (Type 1) benzodiazepine (BDZ) binding sites in the cerebellum, but to a decreased number of low affinity (Type 2) BDZ binding sites in the cortex. Furthermore, a marked reduction in the pentobarbital-produced enhancement of 3 H-FLU binding was observed in the cerebellum of the PB-treated animals. Following chronic ethanol administration for seven days, no change in the B max or in the K D could be demon-strated. However, in chronically ethanol-treated mice, the pentobarbital-induced stimulation of 3 H-FLU binding was reduced in the cerebellum of mice 24 hours after discontinuation of the ethanol treatment. The significance of the present findings for the development of tolerance to and dependence on barbiturates and ethanol is discussed.
Relevance of extracapsular extension of pelvic lymph node metastasis in patients with bladder cancer treated in the contemporary era.

BACKGROUND. Previous reports have suggested that extracapsular extension (ECE) is a prognostic factor in patients with urothelial carcinoma who have positive lymph nodes at the time of radical cystectomy. In the current study, the relevance of ECE in patients treated in the contemporary era was evaluated. METHODS. A database search from 1993 to 2003 revealed 150 patients with pN+M0 disease detected after radical cystectomy; of these, 108 patients did not receive neoadjuvant chemotherapy and form the basis of the current report. Overall survival (OS), disease-specific survival (DSS), and recurrence-free survival (RFS) data were analyzed by the Kaplan-Meier method, with log-rank tests used to evaluate associations between survival and variables studied. RESULTS. Five-year OS, DSS, and RFS rates were 30.9%, 45.5%, and 29.7%, respectively. Adjuvant chemotherapy was administered to 70% of patients. On multivariate analysis, adjuvant chemotherapy was significantly associated with prolonged OS, DSS, and RFS (P ≤ .01). For patients overall and when stratified by pN status, the presence of ECE of lymph node metastasis was not found to be significantly associated with OS (P = .52), DSS (P = .43), or RFS (P = .83). CONCLUSIONS. The current study suggests that ECE is not an independent prognostic factor in a contemporary series of patients with positive lymph nodes at radical cystectomy. This might be reflective of a paradigm shift that encompasses the adoption of multimodal therapy. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
Genotypes of multiple allozyme loci interact with an experimental environment to affect survivorship in earthworms (Eisenia andrei)

Abstract Genotypes at six polymorphic allozyme loci and survivorship were measured for Eisenia andrei raised in all combinations of three soil moistures (2, 3, 4 ml H 2 O/g dry peat moss) and four soil temperatures (15, 20, 25, 28°C). Temperature and moisture had a significant interactive effect on survivorship ( P λ =0.90; P P
A numerical study of the POD method in NDE

Abstract In a previous paper [H.T. Banks, M.L. Joyner, B. Wincheski, W.P. Winfree, Real-time computational algorithms for eddy current-based damage detection, Inverse Problems 18 (2002) 795–823], we demonstrated the viability of using the proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) (also called principal component analysis) method in conjunction with eddy current nondestructive evaluation techniques when using either simulated or experimental data. In this paper we explore which factors impact the effectiveness of the POD method in the NDE damage detection problem. We examine whether or not the number of snapshots used to form the POD basis affects the accuracy of the estimation of the damage parameter. We also consider whether or not it is necessary to vary the damage parameters in the set of snapshots incrementally or whether it is possible to utilize random damage parameters and result in the same order of accuracy in the damage estimation. In addition, we examine how much relative error in the POD approximation we can sustain and still obtain fairly precise results in the inverse problem. We also consider whether or not the answers to the above questions are the same for different damage parameters or if the parameter we wish to approximate has an impact on the answers to these questions.
The effects of halothane on retinal and choroidal blood flow in cats.

Although general anesthesia frequently is used for eye surgery or used in experimental studies of circulation in the eye, few data are available describing its effects on ocular blood flow. The blood supply to the retina in humans and other mammals is derived from a dual circulation; the retinal vessels supply the inner neural layers while the choroidal vessels supply the outer retina. Both circulations are required for normal retinal function. Using radioactively labeled 15-microns microspheres containing Ce141, Sn113, or Nb95, blood flow was measured in the retina and choroid in cats (whose ocular circulation is similar to that of humans) and cerebral cortex during halothane anesthesia. In ten adult cats, retinal blood flow was 37 +/- 3, 54 +/- 6, and 59 +/- 4 ml.100 g-1.min-1 (mean +/- SEM) at 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 MAC halothane, respectively, and corresponding values for cerebral cortical blood flow were 60 +/- 5, 69 +/- 6, and 98 +/- 14 ml.100 g-1.min-1 (mean +/- SEM), respectively. For both retinal and cerebral blood flows, values obtained at 1.0 and 1.5 MAC were significantly greater than those at 0.5 MAC (P less than 0.0167). In contrast to the effects on retinal blood flow, choroidal blood flow was significantly decreased during halothane anesthesia. Choroidal blood flow was 1,801 +/- 222, 1,309 +/- 167, and 1,091 +/- 126 ml.100 g-1.min-1 (mean +/- SEM) at 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 MAC, respectively. Values obtained at 1.0 and 1.5 MAC differed significantly from those at 0.5 MAC (P less than 0.0167).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Hypnosis in group therapy.

Abstract Therapeutic groups are defined to include both therapy groups and enrichment or extensional groups, either goal-specific or goal-individualized. After reviewing the literature, 3 modalities for the use of 6 hypnotherapeutic techniques are presented. These modalities are: (a) simultaneous group hypnosis, (b) working with one member and then fostering group interaction, and (c) cooperative group self-hypnosis. The 6 group hypnotherapy techniques are: (a) relaxation, (b) positive revivification, (c) dream production, (d) age regression and recovery of early recollections, (e) age progression and mental rehearsal, and (f) ego strengthening. The need for research in group hypnotherapy is stressed, especially in the areas of transference, countertransference, and “co-transference.”
Genetic modification of cotton plants for more efficient water use

Abstract A review of research in water-use efficiency of cotton is presented. Variability exists in numerous cultivars of cotton in fruiting pattern, rooting depth, relative turgidity at wilting point and at stomatal closure, transpiration rate, leaf area, thickness and shape, stoma frequency, and leaf resistance. Since these variables are related to water use by cotton, there is a potential for breeding more efficient cotton varieties with respect to water requirement.
Similarity solution of fuel mass transfer, port mass flux coupling in hybrid propulsion

Boundary layer combustion is the primary mechanism of hot gas generation in hybrid rockets. The idea of a hybrid rocket is to store the oxidizer as a liquid and the fuel as a solid, producing a design that is less susceptible to chemical explosion than conventional solid and bipropellant liquid designs. The fuel is contained within the rocket combustion chamber in the form of a cylinder, with a circular channel called a port hollowed out along its axis. Upon ignition, a diffusion flame forms over the fuel surface along the length of the port. The combustion is sustained by heat transfer from the flame to the solid fuel causing continuous fuel vaporization until the oxidizer flow is turned off. Theory shows that the fuel mass transfer rate is proportional to the mass flux averaged across the port. The mass flow rate increases with axial distance, leading to coupling between the local fuel regression rate and the local mass flux. For proper design, accurate expressions are needed for both the time-dependent oxidizer-to-fuel ratio at the end of the port and the time at which all the fuel is consumed. As the fuel is depleted, the flame approaches the motor case, at which point the burn must be terminated. The purpose of this paper is to present a similarity solution for the coupled problem and a brief discussion of current practice.
Transglutaminase catalysis of modified whey protein dispersions.

UNLABELLED Transglutaminase (TGase) cross-linking reactions were accomplished using a heat-modified whey protein concentrate (mWPC) substrate after pH adjustment to 8. Based on earlier reports, the degree of lactosylation with respect to beta-lactoglobulin was lower in mWPC dispersions than measured in commercial whey concentrate (cWPC) protein solutions. In this study, a higher concentration of free sulfhydryl groups was detected in soluble supernatant fractions. Both factors potentially impact the availability of reactive lysine/glutaminyl residues required for TGase reactivity. The addition of 10 mM dithiothreitol (DTT) to the substrate mix, CBZ-glutaminyl glycine and hydroxylamine, revealed a 3.6-fold increase in TGase activity, likely due in part to maintenance of the catalytic cysteine residue in a reduced state. Furthermore, inclusion of DTT to mWPC dispersions significantly raised the apparent viscosity, independently of enzyme modification, while the rate of polymerization increased 2-fold based on OPA assay measurements. Limited cross-linking slightly increased the apparent viscosity, whereas extensive coupling lowered these values compared to equivalent nonenzyme-treated mWPC samples. Carbohydrate-staining revealed formation of glyco-polymers due to covalent linkages between glucosamine and mWPC proteins after TGase processing. Again, the apparent viscosity decreased after extensive enzymatic modification. Larger particles, sized 11.28 mum, were observed in the structural matrix of TGase-mWPC-fixed samples compared to 8 mum particles in control mWPC samples as viewed in scanning electron micrographs. Ultimately, the functional characteristics of TGase-mWPC ingredients may be custom-designed to deliver alternative functional attributes by adjusting the experimental reaction conditions under which catalysis is achieved. PRACTICAL APPLICATION Taken together, these results suggest that unique TGase-mWPC and/or TGase-mWPC-glucosamine ingredients may be designed to provide novel, value-added, polymeric/glyco-polymeric protein products that afford added benefit for the milk industry.
Plant-synthesized E. coli CFA/I fimbrial protein protects Caco-2 cells from bacterial attachment

Abstract A DNA fragment encoding the cholera toxin A2 subunit (CTA 2 ) linked to the enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) colony forming fimbrial antigen CFA/I was inserted into a plant expression vector containing the cholera toxin B subunit (CTB) fused to the rotavirus enterotoxin 22 amino acid epitope NSP4 22 . Anti-CFA/I antibodies recognized a single band of approximately 72-kDa in transformed potato tuber tissue consistent with CFA/I–CTA 2 and CTB–NSP4 fusion protein assembly into a cholera holotoxin-like structure. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (G M1 ELISA) indicated that the CFA/I–CTA 2 fusion protein bound specific G M1 ganglioside membrane receptors and made up approximately 0.002% of the total soluble tuber protein. Oral immunization of BALB/c mice with transformed tuber tissues generated anti-CFA/I serum and intestinal IgG and IgA secretory antibodies. Attachment of ETEC H10407 to enterocyte-like Caco-2 human colon carcinoma cells incubated with antiserum from immunized mice was reduced by 15% in comparison with Caco-2 cells incubated with serum from unimmunized mice. Immunogold staining of bacterial preparations revealed deposition of gold particles on E. coli H10407 fimbria incubated with immune serum but not on fimbria treated with sera from unimmunized mice demonstrating the specificity of antibodies in the immune serum for binding to CFA/I protein containing fimbria. The protection against toxic E. coli binding to Caco-2 cells generated by antisera from mice immunized with plant-synthesized CFA/I antigen demonstrates the feasibility of plant-based multi-component vaccine protection against enterotoxigenic E. coli , rotavirus and cholera, three enteric diseases that together exert the highest levels of child morbidity and mortality in economically emerging countries.
Mating-Type Distribution of Phytophthora Colocasiae on the Island of Hawaii

Heterothallic species of Phytophthora require the presence of opposite mating types known as A1 and A2 of the same or different species for oospore formation (12). Recent evidence suggests the regulation of this type of sexual reproduction by sex hormones (8). Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands, an unspecialized root pathogen (6), is widespread on the island of Hawaii (7). The mating-type distribution of this fungus isolated from the island is one-sided. All 47 isolates obtained from soils and plant roots were of the A2 type (7). A further study showed that all 252 isolates of P. cinnamomi from roots of various plant species collected at 21 locations throughout the island were also A2 type (Ko, unpublished data). Two isolates from macadamia cankers were the only record of A1 type from this island (3). Phytophthora colocasiae Rac., the causal organism of leaf blight of taro [Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott], is also heterothallic and common in taro fields on the island of Hawaii. The fungus is a specialized foliar pathogen (5, 14). Because of its great contrast to P. cinnailmomi, the mating-type distribution of P. colacasiae throughout the island of Hawaii was investigated. Pieces of taro leaves and petioles infected with P. colocasiae were placed on the selective medium developed by Masago et al. (10). After a 3-da incubation at 24 C, mycelia from the edges of P. colocasiae colonies were transferred to V-8-agar plates (10% V-8 juice, 0.02% CaCO3 and 2a% agar). The mating type of each isolate was determined by pairing with an A1 type (P991) and an A2 type (P731) of Phytophthora parasitica Dastur. Both isolates of P. parasitica were supplied by G. A. Zentmyer.
Mother-Adolescent Conflict as a Mediator between Adolescent Problem Behaviors and Maternal Psychological Control.

This study examined mother-adolescent conflict as a mediator of longitudinal reciprocal relations between adolescent aggression and depressive symptoms and maternal psychological control. Motivated by family systems theory and the transactions that occur between individual and dyadic levels of the family system, we examined the connections among these variables during a developmental period when children and parents experience significant psychosocial changes. Three years of self-report data were collected from 168 mother-adolescent dyads, beginning when the adolescents (55.4% girls) were in 6th grade. Models were tested using longitudinal path analysis. Results indicated that the connection between adolescent aggression (and depressive symptoms) and maternal psychological control was best characterized as adolescent-driven, indirect, and mediated by mother-adolescent conflict; there were no indications of parent-driven indirect effects. That is, prior adolescent aggression and depressive symptoms were associated with increased conflict. In turn, conflict was associated with increased psychological control. Within our mediation models, reciprocal direct effects between both problem behaviors and conflict and between conflict and psychological control were also found. Additionally, exploratory analyses regarding the role of adolescent gender as a moderator of variable relations were conducted. These analyses revealed no gender-related patterns of moderation, whether moderated mediation or specific path tests for moderation were considered. This study corroborates prior research finding support for child effects on parenting behaviors during early adolescence.
Mass spectral evidence for the conversion of benzenephosphonic acid to its cyclic, trimeric anhydride and of benzenephosphonous acid to phenylphosphine

The mass spectra of benzenephosphonic and benzenephosphonous acids are readily observable under normal operating conditions and, at low sample temperatures (50 to 85°C), the 70 eV electron-impact degradations are characteristic. The phosphonic acid shows peaks for the molecular ion at 158 amu and for characteristic degradation fragments at 141 (C6H5PO2H), 94 (C6H6O), 78 to 7 (C6H6, C6H5), 65 (H3PO2, C5H5), 51 (C4H3), 47 (PO) and 39 (C3H3) amu. Above 120°, however, and after a pressure surge indicative of a thermal dehydration in the sample, a peak at 420 amu associated with the cyclic, trimeric anhydride, (C6H5PO2)3, is observed along with a characteristic set of fragment peaks at 373, 357, 343, 327, 280, 262, 233, 216 and 199 amu, whose interrelations are summarized in Scheme 1. The phosphonous acid, at 75°C and at 70 eV, shows peaks for the molecular ion at 142 amu and for characteristic degradation fragments at 124 (C6H5PO), 111 to 107 (C6H5PH ± 2H), 94 (C6H6O), 78 to 7 (C6H6, C6H5), 65 (H3PO2, C5H5), 51 (C4H3), 47 (PO) and 39 (C3H3) amu. The phenylphosphine is apparently formed by rearrangement in the excited state after electron-impact rather than by thermal disproportionation in the sample as the latter requires the formation of relatively more of the phosphonic acid than is observed. At higher sample temperatures (120°C) somewhat increased amounts of the phosphonic acid, presumably formed by partial disproportionation in the sample, are observed. Accurate mass assignments and broad metastables confirm the postulated fragmentation processes.
Interlocking mechanical and fluidic interconnections for microfluidic circuit boards

Abstract Deep reactive ion etching (DRIE) is employed to fabricate mechanically interlocking structures through which high-density fluidic interconnections are provided between microchannel-containing substrates. The geometric versatility that is achievable with DRIE facilitates the fabrication of high density interconnects of two types: (1) structures with mechanically interlocking “fins” used to align arbitrarily placed fluidic via holes and (2) interlocking hole and notched cylinder pairs that accomplish mechanical and fluidic interconnect in the same structure. Both types of interconnects are tested using silicon microfluidic circuit boards with off-chip coupling for flow control and measurement, and components that consist of simple channel arrays. The “fin” and notched cylinder/hole interconnects are tested up to pressures of 100 kPa and 70 kPa, respectively.
Neogene paleobiogeography and east African paleoenvironments: contributions from the Tugen Hills rodents and lagomorphs

A minimum of 28 genera of rodents and one genus of lagomorph were recovered from the Tugen Hills, Baringo District, Kenya, from localities dating from over 15.5 to about 4.4 Ma. The middle Miocene (sites dated between 15.8 and 15.3 Ma) rodent fauna recovered primarily from the Kipsaramon site complex, Muruyur Formation, includes a mixture of characteristically early Miocene taxa, and more derived forms. Composition of the African rodent fauna changes dramatically with the introduction of myocricetodontines, democricetodontines, and dendromurines, immigrants primarily from southern Asia. In the Tugen Hills, these taxa are first found in the Kabasero localities, Ngorora Formation, at sites dating from 12.5-12.33 Ma. A second major change in the African rodent fauna reflects the introduction of murines, immigrants from southern Asia. In the Tugen Hills murines are first encountered at Kapcheberek, Lukeino Formation, dated to 5.9-5.7 Ma. One rodent genus from the Lukeino Formation (Arvicanthis), and two from the Tabarin locality, Chemeron Formation (Heliosciurus, Paraxerus; 4.5-4.4 Ma), represent the earliest records of these extant African genera. A cricetomyine from the Ngorora Formation (12.5 Ma) is likely the earliest report of this exclusively African group. One of the earliest African records of porcupines (Hystricide) is from the Lukeino Formation. Lagomorphs are poorly represented, but include one of the earliest African occurrences of the family Leporidae from the Mpesida Beds (bracketed by dates of 7-6.2 Ma), and possibly a new genus of leporid from the Kapcheberek locality. Analysis of the Tugen Hills small mammals in association with other African records suggests several episodes of dispersal between Africa and Eurasia during the middle and late Miocene. Rodents from Kipsaramon are indicative of forests in conjunction with more open habitats. Those from the Kapcheberek locality are suggestive of a savanna habitat. The rodents from the Tabarin locality suggest a woodland environment.
Trade elasticities in transition countries

Trade elasticities play a crucial role in translating economic analysis of external adjustment issues into macroeconomic policy. Trade demand elasticities allow policy makers to draw important conclusions about exchange rate misalignments or trade balance changes. This paper endeavors to bring transition countries, namely those from Central and Eastern Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent States, into the universe of estimated price and activity elasticities of trade volumes. The estimated results imply that the traditional ‘Marshall-Lerner’ condition is not satisfied for transition countries. The estimated price elasticities of export and import demands perform fairly well in predicting out-of-sample changes in trade balance ratios for a broad set of transition countries. In the long run, however, exports and imports are mainly driven by income changes.
Acidic Acetonitrile for Cellular Metabolome Extraction from Escherichia coli

Cellular metabolome analysis by chromatography-mass spectrometry (MS) requires prior metabolite extraction. We examined a diversity of solvent systems for extraction of water-soluble metabolites from Escherichia coli. Quantitative yields of approximately 100 different metabolites were measured by liquid chromatography-tandem MS and displayed in clustered heat map format. Many metabolites, including most amino acids and components of central carbon metabolism, were adequately extracted by a broad spectrum of solvent mixtures. For nucleotide triphosphates, however, mixtures of acidic (0.1 M formic acid-containing) acetonitrile/water (80:20) or acetonitrile/methanol/water (40:40:20) gave superior triphosphate yields. Experiments involving isotopic tracers revealed that the improved triphosphate yields in the acidic acetonitrile were in part due to reduced triphosphate decomposition, which is a major problem when extracting with other solvent systems such as methanol/water. We recommend acidic solvent mixtures containing acetonitrile for extraction of the E. coli metabolome.
MO-E-230C-01: Local and Remote QA/QC for Color Monitors

The adoption of digital detectors and PACS has provided physicians in healthcare institutions with an effective means to electronically generate, transmit, archive, retrieve and display images to be used for the diagnosis of disease. Monochrome CRTs and LCDs were the original choice of displays. Now color displays are increasingly replacing monochrome displays mainly for cost reasons in Radiology, but also for use in multi‐modality display stations and in areas where color is essential such as in Telemedicine and Telepathology. The ACR‐NEMA Working Group 11 has developed a Display Function Standard to allow for the standardization of monochrome imagedisplay devices. The AAPM Task Group 18 has developed methods to permit implementation of imageQuality Assurance Programs as well as Acceptance Procedures for monochrome display devices. No Display Function Standard is available for the standardization of color display devices nor are there recommendations for imageQuality Assurance Programs or Acceptance Procedures for color display devices. This presentation demonstrates that consistent color presentation as well as consistent grayscale presentation for digital color displays can be achieved with the appropriate software and a simple and portable color detector. The software to achieve color fidelity works fast and, with the aid of the portable detector, can be applied remotely, saving precious resources in the management and operation of color displays. The presentation also provides a look into the future when a handheld color camera will be available to permit in‐field evaluation of pertinent image quality measures like modulation transfer function and signal‐to‐noise ratio of color display devices in the reading room.
National Self‐determination—Forgotten and Remembered

IN THE PROCESS of drawing new territorial boundaries the big powers seem, at present, to be determined to disregard a principle which was once proclaimed as essential for the establishment of a just and durable peace. It is the principle of national self-determination to which Woodrow Wilson referred in the famous words: "Self-determination is not a mere phrase. . . . Peoples and provinces are not to be bartered about from sovereignty to sovereignty as if they were mere chattels and pawns in a game." Later the Soviet government solemnly proclaimed the same principle and even inserted it into the Soviet Constitution, specifically granting to its peoples the right of secession. At Teheran, at Yalta, at Potsdam, in London, in New York, at virtually all important war and post-war conferences, the question of new boundaries has formed the foreground or the background of many of the most basic decisions. Evidently no other principle, therefore, merits closer attention and scrutiny in our days than this principle which will have either to be abandoned, if harmful, or else to be used, if, as Wilson thought, indispensable. The worst course would be to render to it demoralizing lip-service. The principle of natural self-determination is related to another principle, that of self-government. Nevertheless, it is
Cognition and Student-Centered, Web-Based Learning: Issues and Implications for Research and Theory

During student-centered learning, the individual assumes responsibility for determining learning goals, monitoring progress toward meeting goals, adjusting or adapting approaches as warranted, and determining when individual goals have been adequately addressed. This can be particularly challenging in learning from the World Wide Web, where billions of resources address a variety of needs. The indi- vidual must identify which tools and resources are available and appropriate, how to assemble them, and how to manage the process to support unique learning goals. We analyze the applicability of current cognitive principles to learning from Web-based multimedia, review and critically analyze issues related to student-centered learning from Web-based multimedia, and describe implications for research and theory.
Tapasin Enhances Peptide-Induced Expression of H2-M3 Molecules, but Is Not Required for the Retention of Open Conformers

H2-M3 is a class Ib MHC molecule that binds a highly restricted pool of peptides, resulting in its intracellular retention under normal conditions. However, addition of exogenous M3 ligands induces its escape from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and, ultimately, its expression at the cell surface. These features of M3 make it a powerful and novel model system to study the potentially interrelated functions of the ER-resident class I chaperone tapasin. The functions ascribed to tapasin include: 1) ER retention of peptide-empty class I molecules, 2) TAP stabilization resulting in increased peptide transport, 3) direct facilitation of peptide binding by class I, and 4) peptide editing. We report in this study that M3 is associated with the peptide-loading complex and that incubation of live cells with M3 ligands dramatically decreased this association. Furthermore, high levels of open conformers of M3 were efficiently retained intracellularly in tapasin-deficient cells, and addition of exogenous M3 ligands resulted in substantial surface induction that was enhanced by coexpression of either membrane-bound or soluble tapasin. Thus, in the case of M3, tapasin directly facilitates intracellular peptide binding, but is not required for intracellular retention of open conformers. As an alternative approach to define unique aspects of M3 biosynthesis, M3 was expressed in human cell lines that lack an M3 ortholog, but support expression of murine class Ia molecules. Unexpectedly, peptide-induced surface expression of M3 was observed in only one of two cell lines. These results demonstrate that M3 expression is dependent on a unique factor compared with class Ia molecules.
The solution structure of the loop E region of the 5S rRNA from spinach chloroplasts.

A structure has been obtained for the loop E region of the 5S rRNA from Spinacia oleracia chloroplast ribosomes using residual dipolar coupling data as well as NOE, J coupling and chemical shift information. Even though the loop E sequence of this chloroplast 5S rRNA differs from that of Escherichia coli loop E at approximately 40% of its positions, its conformation is remarkably similar to that of E.coli loop E. Consistent with this conclusion, ribosomal protein L25 from E.coli, which binds to the loop E region of both intact E.coli 5S rRNA and to oligonucleotides containing that sequence, also binds to the chloroplast-derived oligonucleotide discussed here.
Solving Separable Nonlinear Equations Using LU Factorization

Separable nonlinear equations have the form where the matrix and the vector are continuously differentiable functions of and . We assume that and has full rank. We present a numerical method to compute the solution for fully determined systems () and compatible overdetermined systems (). Our method reduces the original system to a smaller system of equations in alone. The iterative process to solve the smaller system only requires the LU factorization of one matrix per step, and the convergence is quadratic. Once has been obtained, is computed by direct solution of a linear system. Details of the numerical implementation are provided and several examples are presented.
Carnaval in Yura: ritual reflections on ayllu and state relations

Carnaval is the climax of an annual series of festivals sponsored by the indigenous authorities of the Yura, an ethnic group of Andean peasants in southern Bolivia. The 10-day long Carnaval, a celebration rich in symbolic activity, provides a context in which the group reconstitutes itself ritually, both in its internal complexity and in its corporateness vis-a-vis the state. Symbolic action at Carnaval allows Yura to examine ethnic group-state relations by juxtaposing Andean concepts and organizational forms with the external impositions of a hierarchical national entity.
Modeling Metalloenzymes with Density Functional and Mixed Quantum Mechanical/Molecular Mechanical (QM/MM) Calculations: Progress and Challenges

We discuss the application of density functional theory (DFT)-based quantum chemical and mixed quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) methods to the modeling of metalloenzyme chemistry. The state of the art of current approaches in terms of accuracy and reliability is considered, primarily in the context of two example systems, methane monooxygenase (MMO) and cytochrome P450. Key issues include the intrinsic accuracy of current DFT functionals for metal-containing systems, modeling of conformational changes in protein structure, treatment of environmental electrostatic effects, use of spectroscopic calculations to help in identifying the structures of intermediates, and the validity of standard transition state theory approximations using a small number of optimized structures, as opposed to performing full statistical mechanical sampling with methods such as free energy perturbation theory. Considerable insight into the catalytic cycles of both MMO and P450 have been obtained over the past decade using existing computational methods, in close coupling with experimental efforts. However, significant challenges remain, both for the two systems that we consider here and for the modeling of metalloenzyme chemistry in the general case. A number of the most important of these challenges are identified and prospects for addressing them via improvements of the theoretical methodology are discussed. Keywords: density functional theory; mixed quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics; metalloenzymes; methane monooxygenase; cytochrome P450; computational chemistry
Validation of a Screening Instrument for Exposure to Violence in African American Children

Objective: To provide concurrent validity data for the KID-SAVE as a screening instrument for exposure to violence in African American children, to explore demographic differences in KID-SAVE scores, and to provide preliminary reliability data on a parent version of the KID-SAVE. Method: Questionnaire data were collected regarding exposure to violence, children’s behavior and symptoms, and family aggression. A sample of 182 children and their parents participated. Results: Both parent and child report of violence exposure was significantly related to the child’s psychological adjustment as endorsed by both parents and children. Also, significant relationships were obtained between parent report of their child’s exposure to violence and the presence of family violence. Conclusions: The KID-SAVE appears to be a promising instrument for the assessment of exposure to violence, specifically in African American children, and may be applicable in a variety of clinical settings.
An uninhabited waste: transforming the Grand Prairie in nineteenth century Illinois, USA

Abstract Today the area once known as the Grand Prairie in the American Midwest is best known for its high agricultural productivity and monoculture. Little of the original prairie landscape that gave the region its name remains. Prior to white settlement, the region was perceived as swampy, dangerous, unhealthy and unfit for agriculture. This ‘uninhabited waste’ and ‘giant emporium of malaria’ embodied the type of landscapes settlers initially tried to avoid. Ultimately, perceptions of the Grand Prairie landscape as well as the physical landscape itself were altered by settlement and improving drainage technology. This paper aims to link changes in the way the central Illinois landscape was imagined and perceived, with the subsequent environmental transformation that resulted in the near total elimination of tallgrass prairie and the wholesale alteration of regional hydrology through channelization and agricultural drainage.
Managing Surface Water-Groundwater to Restore Fall Flows in the Cosumnes River

Declining fall flows are limiting the ability of the Cosumnes River to support large fall runs of Chinook salmon. Management scenarios linking surface water and groundwater alternatives to provide sufficient fall flows are examined using groundwater flow and channel routing models. Results show that groundwater overdraft in the basin has converted the river to a predominantly losing stream, practically eliminating base flows. Management alternatives to increase net recharge ~for example, pumping reductions! were examined along with surface water augmentation options. Using a minimum depth standard for fish passage, average surface water flow deficits were computed for the migration period of Chinook salmon. Groundwater deficits were evaluated by comparing simulated current groundwater conditions with conditions under various scenarios. Increases in net recharge on the order of 200 to 300 million m 3 /year would be required to reconnect the regional aquifer with the channel and in turn reestablish perennial base flows. Options that combine surface water augmentation with groundwater management are most likely to ensure sufficient river flows in the short term and to support long-term restoration of regional groundwater levels. DOI: 10.1061/~ASCE!0733-9496~2004!130:4~301! CE Database subject headings: Surface waters; Ground water; Restoration; California; Rivers; Base flow.
Assessing possible consequences of ocean liming on ocean pH, atmospheric CO2 concentration and associated costs

Abstract More than 380 Pg of carbon have been released by human activities from fossil fuel combustion and cement manufacturing since the beginning of the Industrial Revolution. This carbon release has caused atmospheric CO2 levels to increase by ∼100 ppmv compared to the highest interglacial value of the last ∼800,000 years. Net uptake of carbon by the oceans has caused the surface ocean pH to drop by ∼0.1 pH units. Evaluating carbon sequestration options is now timely. We use the carbon-cycle model LOSCAR to evaluate the effects of artificially enhancing ocean alkalinity from year 2020 to year 2400 on ocean pH and atmospheric pCO2. Ten different carbon emission scenarios with scaled alkalinity input are simulated. Results show that for ocean pH to be maintained above 8.0, on the order of 2–10 × 1014 moles of alkalinity/year for C emissions of 1500–5000 Pg C, respectively, is required. Atmospheric pCO2 remains high (500–600 ppmv) in nine of the carbon emission scenarios. Ocean alkalization, if ever implemented at such a large scale, could allow ocean pH to be stabilized but pCO2 would not return to pre-industrial levels. Cost estimates of the ocean alkalization operation, using quicklime (CaO) was estimated to range from 0.5 to 2.8 $US trillion/year, depending on the target pH selected to avoid damage to marine organisms and ecosystems. For comparison, this cost is ∼0.8% and ∼4.6% of the 2011 global Gross Domestic Product for total anthropogenic carbon emissions of 1500 and 5000 Pg C, respectively. The cost of 1 ton of CO2 sequestered ranges from 103 to 144 $US for total emissions of 1500–5000 Pg C, respectively. Producing large amounts of quicklime (without carbon capture and storage) would cause substantial additional CO2 release. This reduces the fossil fuel emissions allowed to maintain pH above 8.0 by a factor of 1.3–2.5 (for total emissions of 1000 and 5000 Pg C, respectively).
Spatiotemporal dynamics of ice streams due to a triple-valued sliding law

We show that a triple-valued sliding law can be heuristically motivated by the transverse spatial structure of an ice-stream velocity field using a simple onedimensional model. We then demonstrate that such a sliding law can lead to some interesting stream-like patterns and time-oscillatory solutions. We find a generation of rapid stream-like solutions within a slow ice-sheet flow, separated by narrow internal boundary layers (shear margins), and analyse numerical simulations in two horizontal dimensions over a homogeneous bed and including longitudinal shear stresses. Different qualitative behaviours are obtained by changing a single physical parameter, a mass source magnitude, leading to changes from a slow creeping flow to a relaxation oscillation of the stream pattern, and to steady ice-stream-like solution. We show that the adjustment of the ice-flow shear margins to changes in the driving stress in the one-dimensional approximation is governed by a form of the Ginzburg– Landau equation and use stability analysis to understand this adjustment. In the model analysed here, the width scale of the stream is not set spontaneously by the ice flow dynamics, but rather, it is related to the mass source intensity and spatial distribution.