cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
German Cafe-Theater: A Venture in Experiential Learning.

After eight years, Cafe-Theaterabend (Cafe-Theater Evening) has become a tradition at Westmar College. It is an application of the theory that the goal of public performance can be used as a motivating tool in foreign language learning as well as in extracurricular activities. Skills are developed and strengthened through planning, rehearsing, and performing. Participation in this special event increases the identification on the part of students with the target language group. The inclusion of this type of activity as an integral part of the curriculum is both justifiable and advisable. An additional benefit is that on-campus visibility of the German program is increased, stimulating enthusiasm and helping to maintain enrollments.
Hormonal regulation of amino acid transport and gluconeogenesis in primary cultures of adult rat liver parenchymal cells

Amino acid transport was studied in primary cultures of parenchymal cells isolated from adult rat liver by a collagenase perfusion technique and maintained as a monolayer in a serum-free culture medium. These cells carried out gluconeogenesis from three carbon precursors (alanine, pyruvate, and lactate) in response to glucagon addition. Amino acid transport was assayed by measuring the uptake of the nonmetabolizable amino acid, alpha-aminoisobutyric acid (AIB). Addition of insulin or glucagon to culture rat liver parenchymal cells resulted in an increased influx of AIB transport. The glucocorticoid, dexamethasone, when added alone to cultures did not affect AIB transport. However, prior or simultaneous addition of dexamethasone to glucagon-treated cells caused a strong potentiation of the glucagon induction of AIB transport. Kinetic analysis of the effects of insulin and glucagon demonstrated that insulin increased the Vmax for transport without changing the Km while glucagon primarily decreased the Km for AIB transport. The effect of dexamethasone was to increase the Vmax of the low Km system.
Collineation groups whose order is divisible by a p-primitive divisor

Let π be a translation plane of order q3 with kernel GF(q). Our main result is that the translation complement of π cannot contain a group G such that G/Z(G)=A7. This removes a possible exception to the results in our paper “Collineation groups irreducible on the components of a translation plane.”
Are Neuromotor Systems Conserved in Evolution

Hypotheses that neuromotor systems are conserved during evolution are examined. Focus is on the fundamental assumption underlying such hypotheses, that neuromotor patterns are homologous. The criteria for testing hypotheses of homology are briefly reviewed and applied to several cases in which neuromotor conservatism has been proposed. It is concluded that few studies of neuromotor conservatism are complete enough to convincingly corroborate a hypothesis of homology. Particular problems include an absence of specific definitions of the parameters designating the conserved neuromotor pattern and the lack of sufficiently broad and detailed phylogenetic tests. The hypothesis that terrestrially feeding vertebrates exhibit a conservative feeding program, which has acted as a constraint in evolution, receives particular attention and it is concluded that existing data do not support this hypothesis.
Flow in the entrance of annular tubes

Abstract Hydrodynamic predictions are obtained for laminar boundary layers in the entrance region of annular ducts. The numerical procedure used is that of Patankar and Spalding[6]. The mathematical accuracy of the numerical procedure is demonstrated by comparing the fully developed velocity profiles with analytical exact solutions. The results of entrace flows in tubes ( r∗ = 0 ) and channels ( r∗ = 1 ) are also compared with the exact and approximate available solutions. Detailed results are presented for a wide range of annulus radius ratios. It is found that the mean apparent friction factor in the region of z 1 > 1000 ( z 1 = Re D h / x ) is approximately the same for all radius ration.
The electrical conductivity of the upper mantle as estimated from satellite magnetic field data

The electrical conductivity of the upper mantle is estimated from low-latitude magnetic field variations caused by large fluctuations in the equatorial ring current. The data base is derived from magnetic field magnitude data measured by satellites OGO 2, 4, and 6, which offer better global coverage than land-based observatories. The procedures of analysis consist of: (1) separation of the disturbance field into internal and external parts relative to the surface of the earth, (2) estimation of an electromagnetic response function Q(omega) which relates the internally generated magnetic field variations to the external variations due to the ring current, and (3) interpretation of the estimated response function using theoretical response functions for assumed conductivity profiles. Special consideration is given to possible oceanic and ionospheric effects. Best estimates of the geomagnetic response function Q(omega) for 0.2 to 2.0 cpd indicate an upper mantle conductivity of the order of 0.01 S/m.
The diaphragm of capillary endothelial fenestrations

The thin endothelium of the smallest capillaries has been investigated in the glomerulus, the cortex, the medulla, and the papilla of the mouse kidney, in order to establish whether the endothelial fenestrations are closed by a diaphragm. Fenestrations have earlier been reported to exist in a variety of capillaries. They have usually been referred to as “capillary pores,” which seems to suggest that they represent true openings or holes of the attenuated endothelium. In the present investigation, it has been demonstrated that the fenestrations are invariably closed by a diaphragm with a thickness identical to the plasma membrane of the endothelial cell. The fenestrations are distributed quite evenly and have a mean diameter of 700 A. The diaphragm has a central thickening, the knob, with a diameter of about 100 A. Epon has been used as the embedding medium, and lead hydroxide has been employed to increase the contrast of the structures. It is believed that, particularly, the use of Epon has facilitated the demonstration of the delicate diaphragm of the capillary fenestrations.
Efficient 2-D and multi-D symmetric FIR filter structures

In literature, the symmetries are usually used to reduce the number of multiplications without affecting the number of additions. The author shows that the symmetries can be exploited not only to reduce the number of multiplications as much as usual but also to reduce significantly the number of additions. Moreover, the required number of delay units remains minimum. A number of 2-D FIR filter structures are proposed for linear-phase filters having: (1) centrosymmetry, (2) quadrisymmetry, (3) octosymmetry. The same methodology is also applicable to multi-D symmetric filters. >
Ion irradiation effects in natural garnets: Comparison with zircon

Abstract The behavior of garnet ( A 3 B 2 ( XO 4 ) 3 ; I a3d ; Z=8 ) under ion-beam irradiation was investigated in order to compare its radiation susceptibility to another orthosilicate: zircon, ZrSiO4. Five natural end-member compositions were examined by in situ transmission electron microscopy during irradiation with 1.0 MeV Kr2+ over the temperature range of 50–1070 K. The critical amorphization temperature, above which amorphization does not occur, was 1030 K for andradite, but could not be determined for the other garnet composition because the Tc was higher than the highest temperature of the experiment. Based on topologic criterion, the degree of structural freedom in garnet is ∼−2.25 and for zircon ∼−1.5. Based on topology the critical amorphization dose for garnet should be higher than that of zircon; however, the average amorphization dose of garnet (0.20 dpa) is lower than that of zircon (0.37 dpa) at room temperature. This may be the result of the assumed value for the displacement energies, Ed, used in the calculation of dpa. Garnet did not decompose, while zircon decomposes to SiO2+ZrO2 during the ion irradiation at high temperature. This behavior may be related to the phase relations of garnet which melts congruently and zircon which decomposes to ZrO2+SiO2.
Evaluating the Improvements in Traffic Operations at a Real-Life Toll Plaza with Electronic Toll Collection

This paper summarizes the improvements in traffic operations at the Electronic Toll Collection plazas of the Orlando-Orange County Expressway Authority (OOCEA). Automatic Vehicle Identification (AVI) was installed on all lanes of ten OOCEA plazas, with one fully dedicated AVI lane at each plaza. The results indicate that the measured throughput of the dedicated AVI lane has increased by 154%. Significant improvements were observed at the dedicated AVI lane including a 194% potential increase in capacity, average savings of 5 seconds in service time per vehicle, a reduction of 1 minute in average queueing delay and 2.5 minutes in maximum queueing delay per vehicle, and average savings of 8.5 vehicle-hours in total queueing delay per peak hour. Also, variability in the inter-vehicle time has been significantly reduced in the dedicated AVI lane. Capacity, inter-vehicle time, and service times of the mixed lanes did not change significantly because of AVI. However, arrivals have shifted to the dedicated AVI l...
Cancer epigenetics: a perspective on the role of DNA methylation in acquired endocrine resistance

Epigenetic mechanisms, including DNA methylation, are responsible for determining and maintaining cell fate, stably differentiating the various tissues in our bodies. Increasing evidence shows that DNA methylation plays a significant role in cancer, from the silencing of tumor suppressors to the activation of oncogenes and the promotion of metastasis. Recent studies also suggest a role for DNA methylation in drug resistance. This perspective article discusses how DNA methylation may contribute to the development of acquired endocrine resistance, with a focus on breast cancer. In addition, we discuss DNA methylome profiling and how recent developments in this field are shedding new light on the role of epigenetics in endocrine resistance. Hormone ablation is the therapy of choice for hormone-sensitive breast tumors, yet as many as 40% of patients inevitably relapse, and these hormone refractory tumors often have a poor prognosis. Epigenetic studies could provide DNA methylation biomarkers to predict and diagnose acquired resistance in response to treatment. Elucidation of epigenetic mechanisms may also lead to the development of new treatments that specifically target epigenetic abnormalities or vulnerabilities in cancer cells. Expectations must be tempered by the fact that epigenetic mechanisms of endocrine resistance remain poorly understood, and further study is required to better understand how altering epigenetic pathways with therapeutics can promote or inhibit endocrine resistance in different contexts. Going forward, DNA methylome profiling will become increasingly central to epigenetic research, heralding a network-based approach to epigenetics that promises to advance our understanding of the etiology of cancer in ways not previously possible.
Relationship of insulin, race, and hypertension with hemodynamic reactivity to a behavioral challenge

Insulin is a modulator of blood pressure and may play a role in the pathogenesis of hypertension. This study examined the relationship between fasting insulin level and cardiovascular reactivity in hypertensive and normotensive black and white patients. Eighty-one patients were studied after 3 days of hospitalization on an isocaloric diet providing 200 mmol Na+ and 100 mmol K+ per day. Fasting insulin levels were determined on the morning of the second hospital day; a median split was used to determine high- and low-insulin groups. On the next day of hospitalization we examined blood pressure and hemodynamic responses to a speaking challenge. Hemodynamic responses were determined with impedance cardiography. Reactivity was studied as the percentage change from resting baseline. There were significant race by blood pressure level interactions for systolic and diastolic blood pressure reactivity (P < or = .01). Black hypertensives showed more blood pressure reactivity than either the white hypertensives or the white normotensives; black normotensives had less blood pressure reactivity than the other groups. Insulin grouping interacted with blood pressure level and race on the reactivity of the underlying hemodynamic measures (total peripheral resistance, stroke volume, and heart rate; P < or = .02). Fasting insulin level had no relationship to blood pressure reactivity. On the other hand, insulin level interacted with blood pressure level and race on the underlying hemodynamics controlling blood pressure, namely total peripheral resistance and stroke volume.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Maternal and paternal influence on early embryonic survival of androgenetic rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) : Implications for measuring egg quality

Breeding programs may have the unintended consequence of elevating levels of inbreeding; mutations unmasked through inbreeding may have deleterious effects on salmonid population viability. We used induced all-paternal inheritance (androgenesis) to assess the incidence of mutations affecting early development in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and to provide insights into the genetic basis for inbreeding depression. Assays conducted on androgenetic haploid embryos derived from four rainbow trout populations allowed us to test whether a homozygous clonal line produced in our laboratory had been purged of deleterious alleles affecting early embryonic development. Assays showed no significant difference in viability of androgenetic haploids produced from clonal or outbred lines of rainbow trout during early development. These results are not consistent with the dominance hypothesis of inbreeding depression, which attributes inbreeding depression primarily to expression of deleterious recessive alleles. However, significant maternal effects on haploid embryo viability were identified, implying that egg quality may have a larger effect than paternally inherited deleterious recessive alleles on early haploid embryonic development. Androgenetic haploid assays may thus be useful as a stringent measure of egg quality in aquaculture breeding programs.
Free Convection Limits for Pin-Fin Cooling

An analytical solution for a system consisting of a pin-fin heat sink and a chimney is presented. The result is applied to problems in which the size of the overall system is constrained. For a given heat dissipation and total system size, optimal values of the pin-fin diameter and heat-sink porosity ar observed. The optima occur for systems with and without chimneys. The optimization is used to show that the minimum thermal resistance from a pin-fin heat sink is about two times larger than that of an idealized model based on inviscid flow
Health Education and Medicine: Competition or Cooperation?

Shifts in the expectations of the public. in the practice of medicine, and in the state of the art of health education call for an examination of the nature of the relationship between the health education and medical professions. Their relationship can be characterized in terms of competition or cooperation. This paper examines a number of issues related to these shifts and discusses the potential and pitfalls of this relationship. It is concluded that power is a fundamental issue to be recognized and addressed by health education specialists.
A nitrogen budget for a closed, recirculating mariculture system

Abstract Nitrogen dynamics were evaluated in a closed, recirculating mariculture system by constructing a mass and isotopic balance of all major nitrogen pools. The experimental system consisted of 12 238-l, closed, independent, recirculating systems, each containing red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus), a biological filter, water pump and subsurface aeration. The standard system used in our laboratory was compared to two treatments in order to assess their influence on system nitrogen dynamics and fish growth. Treatments included: (1) increased dissolved oxygen concentration; and (2) inoculation with a commercially available probiotic advertised to enhance water quality. Concentrations of total ammonia, nitrite, nitrate, and dissolved organic nitrogen, nitrogen in suspended solids, 5-day biochemical oxygen demand and chemical oxygen demand were measured periodically throughout the experiment. Stable isotope ratio mass spectrometry was utilized to determine δ15N values for the feed, fish, nitrate, solids associated with the biological filter, suspended solids and settled solids. Final mean values of chemical and isotopic measurements were not significantly different (P>0.05). Additionally, wet weight gain per fish or the percent dry nitrogen assimilated by the fish were not significantly different. However, survival of fish reared in the oxygen treated tanks was lower (82% survival) compared to the fish in the control (100%) and probiotic (96%) treatments. The isotopic composition of all measured nitrogen pools was enriched in 15N compared to the δ15N of the feed entering the system. The nitrogen mass balance and isotopic data demonstrate the occurrence of denitrification in recirculating mariculture systems. Release of isotopically light nitrogen to the atmosphere via denitrification resulted in a nitrogen loss of 9–21% of the total nitrogen input.
Incidence of advanced adenomas of the rectosigmoid colon three years and five years after negative flexible sigmoidoscopy in 4010 patients.

Flexible sigmoidoscopy is recommended for persons at average risk for colorectal cancer. A follow-up is advised in 3 to 5 years, although the outcomes are not well established. We designed a large, prospective study of an unselected population to measure the incidence of advanced adenomas at flexible sigmoidoscopy 3 and 5 years after an initial negative examination. Adenomas were considered advanced if they were villous, tubulovillous, high-grade dysplasia, adenocarcinoma, or ≥10 mm in size. We evaluated 8121 patients referred for flexible sigmoidoscopy and 4010 met the inclusion criteria. Group 1 had flexible sigmoidoscopy between 3 and 4 years and Group 2 between 5 and 6 years after a negative examination. Group 1 included 1300 patients with an incidence rate for advanced adenomas of 0.9% (12/1300) and Group 2 included 2710 patients with an incidence rate for advanced adenomas of 1.1% (30/2710). When the two group were subdivided by the presence or absence of a family history of a first-degree relative with sporadic colorectal cancer, the incidence rates for advanced adenomas between the populations were not different. Our data indicate incidence rates of 0.9 and 1.1% for advanced adenomas at flexible sigmoidoscopy 3 and 5 years, respectively, after a negative flexible sigmoidoscopy, with no impact from a family history.
Recent advances in heavy-metal oxide glass research

Our laboratory recently has announced the formation of glasses based on the oxides of lead bismuth and gallium. These glasses are unusual in that they contain none of the traditional glass-forming caflons (eg. silicon boron germanium or phosphorous) yet exhibit a remarkable stability. In addition to this stability these compositions exhibit some rather unique properties such as the ability to transmit well into the infrared region (to about 8 microns) and a high nonresonant optical nonlinearity 3 (of 42 xlO 14 esu). To take advantage of this latter property for optical switching applications it is desirable to prepare the glass as an optical waveguide. Silica additions were made to a heavy metal oxide base glass in an effort to derive compositions suitable for core and cladding. The present paper describes the effects of these additions. 1.© (1990) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A new family of the Hoplonemertea: Cinclidonemertes mooreae fam., gen. et sp. nov. (Nemertea: Hoplonemertea)

Recent morphological, cladistic and molecular phylogenetic studies suggest a strong relationship between Cratenemertidae and Reptantia. In contrast to other hoplonemerteans, these groups have complex cerebral organs located behind the pre-cerebral septum possessing both sensory and “sac-type” epithelial components in the canal structure and a robust single-layered rhynchocoel wall composed of interwoven circular and longitudinal muscle fibres. Four specimens collected by the US Antarctic Program, listed in an earlier cladistic study as “Antarctic C”, distinct from other Hoplonemertea and related to Cratenemertidae and Reptantia, are described herein as Cinclidonemertes mooreae fam., gen. et sp. nov. They have complex cerebral organs, with the same two types of canal epithelium, lying against the sides of the brain and extending below and behind it ventrally, a lattice-like rhynchocoel wall with partial interweaving, and four large shallow cup-shaped eyes with little pigment as opposed to the numerous heav...
Isolation of a new lipoxygenase metabolite of arachidonic acid, 8,11,12-trihydroxy-5,9,14-eicosatrienoic acid from human platelets

Abstract Washed human platelets incubated with 1- 14 C -arachidonic acid (1mM) produced a new metabolite which migrated on thin layer chromatography close to thromboxane B 2 , but which was identified by mass spectrometry as a trihydroxy fatty acid. The mass spectrum was consistent with the assigned structure, 8,11,12-trihydroxy-5,9,14-eicosatrienoic acid (THETE). Platelet THETE synthesis from arachidonate was not inhibited by preincubation with aspirin or indomethacin but was blocked by 5,8,11,14-eicosatetraynoic acid. Therefore, THETE appears to arise via the platelet lipoxygenase pathway rather than via the prostaglandin cyclooxygenase. Two proposed structures, including a novel dihydro-hydroxy-pyran cyclic intermediate, which could give rise to THETE are presented.
Preparing for the big one [supply chain management]

The range of potential high impact-low probability (HILP) disruptions to the operations of retailers, manufacturers, transportation carriers, and all others involved in the supply chains of goods and services is infinite. They can be classified as follows: random phenomena, accidents of all kinds, and international disruptions. Each type of disruptions should be anticipated and defended against differently. For companies, resilience is the measure of their ability to, and speed at which they can, return to their normal performance level - production, services and fill rate - after an HILP disruption. Building a resilient supply chain can help a company survive in the face of a calamitous disruption.
Semi-automatic segmentation and quantification of 3D spinal cord data

Delineation of objects within medical images is often difficult to perform reproducibly when one relies upon hand-segmentation. To avoid inter- and intra-user variability, a semi-automatic segmentation method can more accurately and consistently determine the object boundaries. This paper presents a semi-automatic process for determining the length and volume of the spinal cord between adjacent pairs of intervertebral discs and the total length and volume of the spinal cord. A level set segmentation was performed on MRI data with user selected landmarks in order to obtain a segmentation of the spinal cord. The length and volume measurements were performed on 20 segments from C1 to L1 with five sets of user selected landmarks. Our results show that the average spinal cord segment length was 21.55 mm with a standard deviation of 25.11% and the average spinal cord segment volume was 2,217.16 mm 3 with a standard deviation of 80.51%. The measurement variability of a single anatomical length across multiple trials of different sets of seed points was three orders of magnitude lower (0.06%) than the variability across different anatomical lengths (25.23%), while the measurement variability of a single anatomical volume across multiple trials of different sets of seed points was two orders of magnitude lower (0.37%) than the variability across different anatomical volumes (79.24%). Our method has been demonstrated to be potentially insensitive to intra- and inter-user variability.
Estimation of growth parameters in salt‐stressed maize: comparison of the pressure‐block and applied‐tension techniques

A custom-built pressure block was used to estimate the effective turgor (turgor pressure minus the yield threshold) and the cell wall extensibility of the growing zone of the third leaves of 8-d-old maize (Zea mays L.) seedlings. In response to cell wall loosening, pressure in the chamber increased rapidly and reached a maximum after approximately 60 min. Plants treated with 80 mol m−3 NaCl for 4 h were compared to control plants. Pressure-block analysis revealed that salinity reduced effective turgor, but had no effect on cell wall extensibility. These results are qualitatively and quantitatively similar to those obtained with an applied-tension technique used previously in our laboratory. This study indicates that the pressure-block and applied-tension techniques, which use very different methodologies, estimate similar growth parameters.
Rate constants for the gas-phase reactions of OH and NO3 radicals and O3 with sabinene and camphene at 296±2 K

Abstract The rate constants for the gas-phase reactions of sabinene and camphene, two monoterpenes emitted from vegetation, with OH and NO 3 radicals and O 3 have been determined at 296±2 K and one atmosphere total pressure of air. The OH and NO 3 radical reaction rate constants were determined using relative rate techniques. Using rate constants of k (OH + isoprene) = 1.01 × 10 −10 cm 3 molecule −1 s −1 , k (NO 3 + trans -2-butene) = 3.87 × 10 −13 cm 3 molecule −1 s −1 and k (NO 3 + 2-methyl-2-butene) = 9.33 × 10 −12 cm 3 molecule −1 s −1 , the following OH and NO 3 radical reaction rate constants (in cm 3 molecule −1 s −1 were obtained: OH radical reaction; sabinene, 1.17 × 10 −10 and camphene, 5.33 × 10 −11 ; NO 3 radical reaction; sabinene, 1.01 × 10 −11 , and camphene, 6.54 × 10 −13 . The absolute O 3 reaction rate constants determined were (in cm 3 molecule −1 s −1 units): sabinene, 8.07 × 10 −17 , and camphene, 9.0 × 10 −19 . These rate constants are compared to literature data for other structural-related alkenes and monoterpenes.
Prevalence and Correlates of Suicidal Behavior Among Soldiers: Results From the Army Study to Assess Risk and Resilience in Servicemembers (Army STARRS)

Importance The suicide rate among US Army soldiers has increased substantially in recent years. Objectives To estimate the lifetime prevalence and sociodemographic, Army career, and psychiatric predictors of suicidal behaviors among nondeployed US Army soldiers. Design, Setting, and Participants A representative cross-sectional survey of 5428 nondeployed soldiers participating in a group self-administered survey. Main Outcomes and Measures Lifetime suicidal ideation, suicide plans, and suicide attempts. Results The lifetime prevalence estimates of suicidal ideation, suicide plans, and suicide attempts are 13.9%, 5.3%, and 2.4%. Most reported cases (47.0%-58.2%) had pre-enlistment onsets. Pre-enlistment onset rates were lower than in a prior national civilian survey (with imputed/simulated age at enlistment), whereas post-enlistment onsets of ideation and plans were higher, and post-enlistment first attempts were equivalent to civilian rates. Most reported onsets of plans and attempts among ideators (58.3%-63.3%) occur within the year of onset of ideation. Post-enlistment attempts are positively related to being a woman (with an odds ratio [OR] of 3.3 [95% CI, 1.5-7.5]), lower rank (OR = 5.8 [95% CI, 1.8-18.1]), and previously deployed (OR = 2.4-3.7) and are negatively related to being unmarried (OR = 0.1-0.8) and assigned to Special Operations Command (OR = 0.0 [95% CI, 0.0-0.0]). Five mental disorders predict post-enlistment first suicide attempts in multivariate analysis: pre-enlistment panic disorder (OR = 0.1 [95% CI, 0.0-0.8]), pre-enlistment posttraumatic stress disorder (OR = 0.1 [95% CI, 0.0-0.7]), post-enlistment depression (OR = 3.8 [95% CI, 1.2-11.6]), and both pre- and post-enlistment intermittent explosive disorder (OR = 3.7-3.8). Four of these 5 ORs (posttraumatic stress disorder is the exception) predict ideation, whereas only post-enlistment intermittent explosive disorder predicts attempts among ideators. The population-attributable risk proportions of lifetime mental disorders predicting post-enlistment suicide attempts are 31.3% for pre-enlistment onset disorders, 41.2% for post-enlistment onset disorders, and 59.9% for all disorders. Conclusions and Relevance The fact that approximately one-third of post-enlistment suicide attempts are associated with pre-enlistment mental disorders suggests that pre-enlistment mental disorders might be targets for early screening and intervention. The possibility of higher fatality rates among Army suicide attempts than among civilian suicide attempts highlights the potential importance of means control (ie, restricting access to lethal means [such as firearms]) as a suicide prevention strategy.
Strong-coupling expansion of the thermodynamic Bethe-ansatz equations for the one-dimensional Hubbard model.

The «string» structure of one-dimensional Hubbard model eigenstates is studied numerically and is used to suggest the validity of thermodynamic Bethe-ansatz equations (TBAE). We furthermore solve TBAE in a strong-coupling expansion series form and obtain the thermodynamic potential which agrees with the known high-temperature expansion series. We also calculate various thermodynamic quantities using our solution and provide some additional features of the strongly correlated one-dimensional Hubbard model
Terpolymers of ethylene and propylene with d-limonene and β-pinene

An experimental program was undertaken to produce a series of ethylene–propylene terpolymers containing either limonene (dipentene) or β-pinene from a variety of Ziegler-Natta type catalysts. All attempts to obtain a satisfactory vulcanizate from the limonene EPT and β-pinene EPT rubbers were unsuccessful.
Neuroeconomics of Charitable Giving and Philanthropy

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on voluntary decisions about charitable giving. Most charity involves what economists call public goods. The bulk of the evidence from empirical and experimental studies supported the existence of a purely altruistic motive for charitable giving, but that in societies of more than 20 or so people this motive lost its force, and could not explain the widespread giving. The combination of Pure Altruism and warm-glow known as Impure Altruism was an appealing alternative model, and also why alternative explanations based on repeated play, reciprocity, and signaling might too be consistent with the data. Taxation raises a set of issues that has not yet been addressed in neuroeconomics. Tax compliance is one example. Most economic studies show that tax cheating is far lower than would be expected if people simply weighed the benefits against the small chances of getting caught and the low subsequent penalties. Thus, it seems likely that people pay taxes at least partly out of a sense of obligation, if not exactly altruism.
Oriented polyvinyl alcohol films using short cellulose nanofibrils as a reinforcement

Short cellulose nanofibrils (SCNF) were investigated as a new kind of reinforcement for polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) films. SCNF were mechanically isolated from hardwood pulp after enzymatic pretreatment. Various concentrations of SCNF were added to an aqueous PVA solution, which were cast into composite films and then hot drawn with various draw ratios at 200°C. SCNF were effective in improving PVA film tensile properties (i.e., ultimate strength and elastic modulus), which depended on SCNF loading, PVA crystal orientation, and the draw ratio. For example, the ultimate strength and modulus of a composite film with a SCNF weight ratio of 3% and a draw ratio of 7.5 were nearly 46 and 61% higher than that of the neat PVA. The PVA crystal orientation increased when small amounts of SCNF were added but decreased as the SCNF content increased above about 6%, likely due to SCNF percolation resulting in network formation that inhibited alignment. Stress-induced crystallization during hot drawing increased the crystallinity of PVA in both the PVA and its composites. Cryogenic and tensile-fractured SEM images of PVA/SCNF composite films showed a uniform SCNF dispersion in the PVA matrix. Young's moduli of drawn composite films were predicted surprisingly well by the rule of mixtures except at intermediate levels of SCNF where the increased orientation of the matrix was not considered in the model. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42283.
Polymer statistics in a random flow with mean shear

We consider the dynamics of a polymer with finite extensibility placed in a chaotic flow with large mean shear, to explain how the polymer statistics changes with Weissenberg number, Wi, the product of the polymer relaxation time and the Lyapunov exponent of the flow, λ. The probability distribution function (PDF) of the polymer orientation is peaked around a shear-preferred direction, having algebraic tails. The PDF of the tumbling time (separating two subsequent flips), r, has a maximum estimated as λ -1 . This PDF shows an exponential tail for large T and a small-r tail determined by the simultaneous statistics of the velocity PDF. Four regimes of Wi are identified for the extension statistics: one below the coil-stretched transition and three above the coil-stretched transition. Emphasis is given to explaining these regimes in terms of the polymer dynamics.
Combating Typo-Squatting for Safer Browsing

Cyber-squatting is fast becoming a threat to the future viability of Internet commerce. Fraudulent abuse of domain name registration is at the core of cybersquatting. By registering domain names similar to famous brands, cybersquatters lure consumers into purchasing counterfeit products, cause them to reveal their personally identifiable information, and expose themselves to spyware. Typosquatting is registering domain names that are typographical mistakes on popular and common domains. To the best of our knowledge, no solution has been proposed to thwart typosquatting. In this paper, we propose and implement Anti Typo Squatting Tool (ATST), an extension to Internet browsers that could detect and warn users of any possible typos. Through extensive analysis and evaluation, we show that ATST can detect up to 85% of user typos. Further, ATST is lightweight, and is able to check for typos and provide possible suggestions in as little as 300ms.
SECURITY AND THE ENVIRONMENT IN THE MIDDLE EAST WATER ISSUES

Water scarcity and quality have been a major concern for Israel and its neighbors. It has been recognized long ago that this problem has to be addressed at the regional level. Many agreements and interactions between the different nations have taken place over the years. Some contentious issues have never been solved to the satisfaction of all. But it is also clear that the nations involved will have to cooperate in the management of water and the environment for the long haul. The onset of the second Intifada in 2000 has put the peace process on hold. It has also led to an interruption of the discussions on water issues, basically at all levels. As a result despite a few small scale private initiatives the region (and in particular the West Bank and Gaza) are suffering from environmental neglect. This is creating a situation which has the potential to lead to further contamination of watershed and affect the water supply of neighboring nations.
Capturing Information Flow with Concatenated Dynamic Taint Analysis

Dynamic taint analysis (DTA) is a technique used for tracking information flow by propagating taint propagation across memory locations during program execution. Most implementations of DTA are based on dynamic binary instrumentation (DBI) frameworks or whole-system emulators/virtual machine monitors. The boundary of information tracking with DBI frameworks is a single process, while system emulators can cover a host, including the OS. Using system emulators, it may be possible to consider taint propagation across multiple processes executing locally, within the emulator. However, there is an increasing need for tracking information flow across single-system boundaries and across the whole enterprise. We describe a proof-of-concept architecture for tracking multiple mixed-information flows among several processes across a distributed enterprise. Our DTA tool is based on PIN, a DBI framework by Intel, and the concatenated DTA processing is realized with per-host flow managers. We have tested our prototype with typical enterprise applications. As a motivating example, we track information leakage due to a SQL injection attack from a web-based database server query. Our work is of an exploratory nature, aiming to expose our early findings and identify areas where additional research is needed in improving usability and performance.
Will they come? Long-term response by forest birds to experimental thinning supports the “Field of Dreams” hypothesis

Abstract Intensifying forest management practices via use of tree plantations represents a common response to rising global demand for wood and paper products. However, a large proportion of tree plantations, globally, exist in closed-canopy mid-seral stages, which are frequently associated with reduced biodiversity. In some regions, silvicultural techniques such as thinning have been used to accelerate the development of complex vertical structure and composition (e.g., shrubs, understory, midstory, large trees) in these plantations; these attributes are expected to constitute suitable habitat for species associated with particular forest structures. We report on the results of a 15-year randomized-block manipulative study based in Oregon, USA, designed to test the hypothesis that ‘if you build it they will come’ (i.e., the “Field of Dreams” hypothesis; the ‘creation’ of complex vertical structure in forests via thinning will result in colonization by bird species associated with these structures). We conducted point counts of forest birds 7 times each year in stands thinned at two different intensities and in unharvested controls. Responses to thinning by some bird species [e.g., hermit warbler ( Setophaga occidentalis ), Swainson’s thrush ( Catharus ustulatus ) and Wilson’s warbler ( Cardellina pusilla )] changed from being negative in the short term ( Vireo huttoni )]. Disturbance-associated species initially increased following thinning; but over the longer-term, detections of several of these species [American robin ( Turdus migratorius ) and Townsend’s solitaire ( Myadestes townsendi )] notably declined or ceased. Our findings indicate that results from short-term studies (⩽6 years) cannot be used to predict the longer-term response of birds to forest management treatments, particularly for species of birds whose response to thinning over time was non-linear. Further, none of the management prescriptions tested were alone sufficient to maintain long-term occupancy for all of the species in the study. Implementing thinning at intervals across landscape scales to develop different seral stages and stand-structures, while also maintaining unthinned areas for species negatively impacted by thinning, will likely have the greatest positive impact on beta diversity of birds in managed plantation landscapes.
Primerize: automated primer assembly for transcribing non-coding RNA domains

Customized RNA synthesis is in demand for biological and biotechnological research. While chemical synthesis and gel or chromatographic purification of RNA is costly and difficult for sequences longer than tens of nucleotides, a pipeline of primer assembly of DNA templates, in vitro transcription by T7 RNA polymerase and kit-based purification provides a cost-effective and fast alternative for preparing RNA molecules. Nevertheless, designing template primers that optimize cost and avoid mispriming during polymerase chain reaction currently requires expert inspection, downloading specialized software or both. Online servers are currently not available or maintained for the task. We report here a server named Primerize that makes available an efficient algorithm for primer design developed and experimentally tested in our laboratory for RNA domains with lengths up to 300 nucleotides. Free access: http://primerize.stanford.edu.
The SLAC Linear Collider

The SLAC LINEAR COLLIDER is designed to achieve an energy of 100 GeV in the electron-positron center-of-mass system by accelerating intense bunches of particles in the SLAC linac and transporting the electron and positron bunches in a special magnet system to a point where they are focused to a radius of about 2 microns and made to collide head on. We discuss the rationale for this new type of colliding beam system, describe the project, discuss some of the novel accelerator physics issues involved, and briefly describe some of the critical technical components.
End of the Induction Period in Ordinary Portland Cement as Examined by High‐Resolution Scanning Electron Microscopy

The early stages of ordinary Portland cement (OPC) hydration were studied by cold field emission scanning electron microscopy and isothermal conduction calorimetry. Particular attention was paid to samples from the end of the induction period, where an additional peak in the tricalcium silicate hydration reaction has recently been discovered. Higher resolution images were obtained than is possible with current in situ imaging techniques, allowing for the observation of features on the 5-nm scale. The peak in the hydration at the end of the induction period was associated with both the formation of pores in the surface of the cement grains and the formation of nanoscale calcium silicate hydrate (C–S–H) structures on those surfaces. The effects of grinding of OPC and additions of tricalcium aluminate and tetracalcium aluminoferrite on the peak at the end of the induction period were also examined. The results of the study were compared with the models in the literature used to describe the causes of the induction period and its end.
Is Incretin-Based Therapy Ready for the Care of Hospitalized Patients With Type 2 Diabetes? Insulin therapy has proven itself and is considered the mainstay of treatment

Significant data suggest that overt hyperglycemia, either observed with or without a prior diagnosis of diabetes, contributes to an increase in mortality and morbidity in hospitalized patients. In this regard, goal-directed insulin therapy has remained as the standard of care for achieving and maintaining glycemic control in hospitalized patients with critical and noncritical illness. As such, protocols to assist in management of hyperglycemia in the inpatient setting have become commonplace in hospital settings. Clearly, insulin is a known entity, has been in clinical use for almost a century, and is effective. However, there are limitations to its use. Based on the observed mechanisms of action and efficacy, there has been a great interest in using incretin-based therapy with glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists instead of, or complementary to, an insulin-based approach to improve glycemic control in hospitalized, severely ill diabetic patients. To provide an understanding of both sides of the argument, we provide a discussion of this topic as part of this two-part point-counterpoint narrative. In the point narrative preceding the counterpoint narrative below, Drs. Schwartz and DeFronzo provide an opinion that now is the time to consider GLP-1 receptor agonists as a logical consideration for inpatient glycemic control. In the counterpoint narrative provided below, Drs. Umpierrez and Korytkowski provide a defense of insulin in the inpatient setting as the unquestioned gold standard for glycemic management in hospitalized settings. —William T. Cefalu, MD Editor in Chief, Diabetes Care
Evaluation of Selected Pier-Scour Equations Using Field Data

Field measurements of channel scour at bridges are needed to improve the understanding of scour processes and the ability to accurately predict scour depths. An extensive data base of pier-scour measurements has been developed over the last several years in cooperative studies between state highway departments, the Federal Highway Administration, and the U.S. Geological Survey. Selected scour processes and scour design equations are evaluated using 139 measurements of local scour in live-bed and clear-water conditions. Pier-scour measurements were made at 44 bridges around 90 bridge piers in 12 states. The influence of pier width on scour depth is linear in logarithmic space. The maximum observed ratio of pier width to scour depth is 2.1 for piers aligned to the flow. Flow depth and scour depth were found to have a relation that is linear in logarithmic space and that is not bounded by some critical ratio of flow depth to pier width. Comparisons of computed and observed scour depths indicate that none of the selected equations accurately estimate the depth of scour for all of the measured conditions. Some of the equations performed well as conservative design equations; however, they overpredict many observed scour depths by large amounts. Some equations fit the data well for observed scour depths less than about 3 m (9.8 ft), but significantly underpredict larger observed scour depths.
A New Distal Arthrogryposis Syndrome Characterized by Plantar Flexion Contractures

The distal arthrogryposis (DA) syndromes are a distinct group of disorders characterized by contractures of two or more different body areas. More than a decade ago, we revised the classification of DAs and distinguished several new syndromes. This revision has facilitated the identification of five genes (i.e., TNNI2, TNNT3, MYH3, MYH8, and TPM2) that encode components of the contractile apparatus of fast-twitch myofibers and cause DA syndromes. We now report the phenotypic features of a novel DA disorder characterized primarily by plantar flexion contractures in a large five-generation Utah family. Contractures of hips, elbows, wrists, and fingers were much milder though they varied in severity among affected individuals. All affected individuals had normal neurological examinations; electromyography and creatinine kinase levels were normal on selected individuals. We have tentatively labeled this condition distal arthrogryposis type 10 (DA10).