cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Similar weight loss with low- or high-carbohydrate diets

The goal of this study was to evaluate the effect of diets that were equally low in energy but widely different in relative amounts of fat and carbohydrate on body weight during a 6-wk period of hospitalization. Consequently, 43 adult, obese persons were randomly assigned to receive diets containing 4.2 MJ/d (1000 kcal/d) composed of either 32% protein, 15% carbohydrate, and 53% fat, or 29% protein, 45% carbohydrate, and 26% fat. There was no significant difference in the amount of weight loss in response to diets containing either 15% (8.9 +/- 0.6 kg) or 45% (7.5 +/- 0.5 kg) carbohydrate. Furthermore, significant decreases in total body fat and waist-to-hip circumference were seen in both groups, and the magnitude of the changes did not vary as a function of diet composition. Fasting plasma glucose, insulin, cholesterol, and triacylglycerol concentrations decreased significantly in patients eating low-energy diets that contained 15% carbohydrate, but neither plasma insulin nor triacylglycerol concentrations fell significantly in response to the higher-carbohydrate diet. The results of this study showed that it was energy intake, not nutrient composition, that determined weight loss in response to low-energy diets over a short time period.
Informative priors based on transcription factor structural class improve de novo motif discovery

Motivation: An important problem in molecular biology is to identify the locations at which a transcription factor (TF) binds to DNA, given a set of DNA sequences believed to be bound by that TF. In previous work, we showed that information in the DNA sequence of a binding site is sufficient to predict the structural class of the TF that binds it. In particular, this suggests that we can predict which locations in any DNA sequence are more likely to be bound by certain classes of TFs than others. Here, we argue that traditional methods for de novo motif finding can be significantly improved by adopting an informative prior probability that a TF binding site occurs at each sequence location. To demonstrate the utility of such an approach, we present priority, a powerful new de novo motif finding algorithm. Results: Using data from TRANSFAC, we train three classifiers to recognize binding sites of basic leucine zipper, forkhead, and basic helix loop helix TFs. These classifiers are used to equip priority with three class-specific priors, in addition to a default prior to handle TFs of other classes. We apply priority and a number of popular motif finding programs to sets of yeast intergenic regions that are reported by ChIP-chip to be bound by particular TFs. priority identifies motifs the other methods fail to identify, and correctly predicts the structural class of the TF recognizing the identified binding sites. Availability: Supplementary material and code can be found at. Contact:[email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected].
Comparison of Particle Concentration Fluorescence Immunoassay to Card and Complement Fixation Tests Using Isolation of Brucella Abortus as the Standard

Serologic test data and bacteriologic culture results from 816 cattle were evaluated. Brucella abortus (field strain or strain 19) was isolated from 27.3% of the cows. Results of the card test, particle concentration fluorescence immunoassay (PCFIA), and complement fixation (CF) test were compared. Antibody titers were directly associated with B. abortus isolation, with the majority (64.7%) of field strain isolations having a PCFIA value of ≤0.300 and a CF test result of at least 1 + at a 1:160 dilution. The specificity of the CF test was significantly higher than that of the PCFIA (at CF ≥ 1:40 and PCFIA ≤ 0.300). With the reduction in the incidence of brucellosis in cattle in the United States, the ability to make an ac- curate diagnosis becomes increasingly important. Iso- lation of field strain Brucella abortus is the method of choice for establishing the presence of infection. Se- rologic tests are often used to make a diagnosis because isolation of the organism is not always possible. The presence of persistent titers following vaccination with B. abortus strain 19 complicates the diagnosis. Inherent characteristics of the different serologic tests vary from those that produce few false-negative results (highly sensitive) to those that are less likely to incorrectly designate an animal as infected (highly specific). As the level of infection in a population decreases, the de- mand for a highly specific test increases, because pos- itive tests are more likely to incorrectly designate an animal as infected when the prevalence of disease is lower. In the absence of a single definitive test, diag- nosis is best accomplished through the interpretation of a battery of tests accompanied by herd and animal history. The card test, like other agglutination tests, is sen- sitive but produces a relatively high number of false- positive results. 11 One study demonstrated a sensitivity and specificity of 99.7% and 8.4%, respectively, in adult vaccinated cows, using culture as the definitive test. 2 This profile makes the card test useful as a screening test. The complement fixation (CF) test is often used as a confirmatory test because it produces fewer false positives. The same study produced results of 94.8%
On majority-logic-decodable arithmetic codes

A new class of cyclic multiple-error-correcting arithmetic codes is described, and the minimum distance of these codes is determined analytically. A two-step majority-logic decoding scheme is developed for these arithmetic codes. The new class of codes is extended to a new class of arithmetic codes having a primitive cyclotomic factor as the generator and an L -step majority-logic decoding scheme is developed for the extended class of codes.
Effect of low temperature and modified atmosphere storage on sugar accumulation in potatoes (Solanum tuberosum).

The patterns of sugar accumulation in Onaway, Norchip and ND860-2 potato tubers were determined during storage at 9°C in air, and at 3°C in air and in modified atmospheres of 1000 ppm ethylene in air and 3% oxygen. Storage at 9°C was associated with essentially no sugar accumulation for all tubers evaluated. the accumulation of hexose (glucose and fructose) during 3°C storage temporally followed an increase in sucrose. the 1000 ppm ethylene atmosphere caused higher levels of sucrose to accumulate in Onaway and Norchip tubers, but delayed hexose accumulation in these tubers compared to storage in air. Storage at 3°C in low oxygen delayed, reduced and had no effect on sucrose accumulation in Onaway, ND860-2 and Norchip tubers, respectively, compared to storage in air. However, marked reductions in hexose accumulation were observed in ND860-2 and Norchip tubers stored at 3°C in low oxygen.
Informed consent among analog people in a digital world

Abstract This paper addresses the concept of informed consent when working with remote, non-literate groups. By examining both the legal and moral obligations of informed consent, it will be argued that “erring on the side of caution”, for instance by not publishing on the Internet because the consultants/community do not have exposure to such things, is just as paternalistic as assuming that they would consent if they understood. It is further argued that the researcher has an obligation to explain the research to the consultants/community as fully as possible and to engage in an ongoing negotiation of consent, but that the researcher must respect the autonomy of the consultant/community decision, even if the consent was not fully “informed”.
Hunting Knowledge and Gathering Herbs: Rastafari Bush Doctors In the Western Cape, South Africa

Abstract South Africa's history of diverse traditional medical practices gives rise to an emergent bush ethnomedicine in the Western Cape, where the consumption, trade and sale of herbs are dominated by Rastas. Rastafari, a sociopolitical movement and eco-religion, is combined with Khoisan healing tradition to synthesize an alternative lifestyle to dysfunctional township realities. Bush doctors lead this syncretic movement by gathering knowledge of medicinal plants from community elders. Local plant materials are collected to provide affordable medicines to the disadvantaged. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with a third of the estimated 200 bush doctors during 2006–2010. This homogenous group of middle-aged coloured urban males have transformed from gangsters to herbalists with a stated mission “to heal all people.” To the mixed race coloured community, who rejected their Khoisan indigenous ancestry during apartheid, bush medicine reasserts indigenous rights to resources, instills pride in colou...
A recursive least squares implementation for LCMP beamforming under quadratic constraint

Quadratic constraints on the weight vector of an adaptive linearly constrained minimum power (LCMP) beamformer can improve robustness to pointing errors and to random perturbations in sensor parameters. We propose a technique for implementing a quadratic inequality constraint with recursive least squares (RLS) updating. A variable diagonal loading term is added at each step, where the amount of loading has a closed-form solution. Simulations under different scenarios demonstrate that this algorithm has better interference suppression than both the RLS beamformer with no quadratic constraint and the RLS beamformer using the scaled projection technique, as well as faster convergence than LMS beamformers.
Responses of the non7hyphen;mycotrophic plant Salsola kali to invasion by vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

SUMMARY Vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi reduced the growth and survival of the non-mycotrophic weed, Salsola kali (Chenopodiaceae) in field and greenhouse experiments. To determine the mechanisms by which mycorrhizal fungi can affect a non-mycotrophic plant, we mapped the root responses of S. kali and the mycotrophic grass Agropyron dasystachyum to invasion by a mixture of Glomus spp. and by Gigaspora margarita. The fungi invaded the roots of both species within 10 days following seed germination. In A. dasystachyum normal mycorrhizal development occurred and no root browning or autofluorescence was observed, indicating a compatible reaction. In S. kali, the fungi initially invaded the roots and formed arbuscules and peletons. The roots reacted to invasion by autofluorescing bright yellow, suggesting lignification. With 1 or 2 days following root penetration by the fungus, the invaded root segment turned brown and, with the exception of some vesicles, the fungus disappeared from the root. The fungus sometimes then reinvaded new root segments farther down the root. These observations suggest that there is an incompatible reaction beween this non-mycotrophic annual and VA mycorrhizal fungi whereby the plant actively rejects infection. This response could form the basis for initiating studies on the genetics of mutualistic versus parasitic symbioses.
Modeling and Simulations of TCP MANET Worms

Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANETs) are used for emergency situations like disaster-relief, military applications, and emergency medical situations. These applications make MANETs attractive targets for cyber- attacks and make the development of counter-measures paramount. The study of worm behavior is critical to the design of effective counter measures in MANET environments. This paper studies the behavior of TCP based worms in MANETs. We develop analytical models for the spread of TCP worms in the MANET environment that account for payload-size, bandwidth-sharing, radio range, nodal density, packet discards and several other parameters specific to MANETs. We present numerical solutions for the models and verify the results using high fidelity packet-level simulations. The results show that the analytical model developed here matches the results of the packet-level simulation in all cases except when topologies result in a high probability of disconnected clusters. Our simulation studies show that under many cases, due to the resource constrained nature of the MANET and its underlying wireless layers, the TCP-based worms rapidly become self-throttling. This may benefit the design of effective mitigation technologies in these critical networking environments.
War After Communism: Effects on Political and Economic Reform in the Former Soviet Union and Yugoslavia:

How did war affect political and economic reform efforts across the post-communist world? War is hypothesized to have a negative political impact through three main mechanisms: distraction from any peacetime political and economic reform agenda; military defeat and disruption, and associated weakening or militarization of state authority; and postwar economic isolation. After controlling for cultural, economic, and institutional factors, statistical analysis confirms the negative effects of war on political and economic reform. The negative effect of war is robust across a range of model specifications and time periods, but is estimated to be stronger for the subgroup of initially democratic countries. The cultural variable of `frustrated national ideals' is the most important control variable. There follow brief case studies of the eight post-communist countries torn by protracted, large-scale military conflict - Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Georgia, Moldova, Tajikistan, and the ...
The transcription factor GATA2 regulates differentiation of brown adipocytes

Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is a specialized mammalian tissue and a site of adaptive thermogenesis. Although the metabolic functions of brown and white adipocytes are distinct, terminal differentiation of both adipocyte lineages is regulated by well-characterized common transcription factors. However, the early stages of adipocyte differentiation and regulation of precursor cells are not well understood. We report here that GATA2 is expressed in brown adipocyte precursors, and its expression is downregulated in a differentiation-dependent manner. Constitutive expression of GATA2 suppressed expression of BAT-specific genes in brown adipocytes, whereas disruption of a GATA2 allele in brown preadipocytes resulted in significantly elevated differentiation and expression of several markers of brown adipogenesis. Collectively, these results show that GATA2 functions to suppress brown adipocyte differentiation, whereas reduction of GATA2 promotes brown adipogenesis.
Challenges in the evaluation for possible abuse: Presentations of congenital bleeding disorders in childhood

Objectives: To describe children with congenital bleeding disorders that present in a manner that may be concerning for non-accidental trauma (NAT), and to evaluate associations with disease and demographic characteristics.
cSSMD: assessing collective activity for addressing off-target effects in genome-scale RNA interference screens

Motivation: Off-target activity commonly exists in RNA interference (RNAi) screens and often generates false positives. Existing analytic methods for addressing the off-target effects are demonstrably inadequate in RNAi confirmatory screens. Results: Here, we present an analytic method assessing the collective activity of multiple short interfering RNAs (siRNAs) targeting a gene. Using this method, we can not only reduce the impact of off-target activities, but also evaluate the specific effect of an siRNA, thus providing information about potential off-target effects. Using in-house RNAi screens, we demonstrate that our method obtains more reasonable and sensible results than current methods such as the redundant siRNA activity (RSA) method, the RNAi gene enrichment ranking (RIGER) method, the frequency approach and the t-test.
Two new measures of attitudes about the acceptability of teen dating aggression.

Aggression in dating relationships is associated with attitudes that justify its use. Attitudes about dating aggression are targeted by prevention efforts, contributing to a need to measure these attitudes sensitively, accurately, and raultidimensionally. We describe two new measures of attitudes about aggression, each tapping different attitudinal components, and compare their psychometric properties with an existing scale. The 1st assesses attitudes about physical aggression in provocative situations. The 2nd taps attitudes about verbally aggressive, controlling, and jealous tactics against a dating partner. Data from 2,313 high school students were factor analyzed and cross-validated for each new scale. Compared with an existing measure, the scales had comparable levels of reliability and validity and improved response distributions. A 2nd-order factor analysis lends support to a multidimensional view of attitudes about dating aggression. Dating aggression in adolescence is of increasing concern to researchers, school personnel, and public health officials. Rates of physical dating aggression among high school students vary across studies from 9% to 51% (Bennett & Fineran, 1998; Bergman, 1992; Henton, Gate, Koval, Lloyd, & Christopher, 1983; Jezl, Molidor, & Wright, 1996; O'Keefe, Brockopp, & Chew, 1986; Pederson & Thomas, 1992; Reuterman & Burcky, 1989; Roscoe & Callahan, 1983; Smith & Williams, 1992). In eastern Long Island, self-reports of high school students' dating aggression range from approximately 20% to over 50% (Avery-Leaf, Cascardi, & O'Leary, 1994; Schwartz, O'Leary, & Kendziora, 1997), with rates of verbal aggression even higher (e.g., Cascardi, Avery-Leaf, O'Leary, & Slep, 1999). The scope of the problem has stimulated research on correlates and risk factors of dating aggression with a specific emphasis on those factors that might be amenable to change. Beliefs and attitudes that view male aggression against females as justifiable contribute to the use of aggression against dating partners and have been some of the most examined risk factors. Moreover, most prevention and intervention efforts aimed at reducing rates of dating aggression focus directly on changing attitudes about the justifiability of dating aggression (e.g., AveryLeaf, Cascardi, O'Leary, & Cano, 1997; Jaffe, Sudermann, Reitzel, & Killip, 1992). For reasons detailed below, existing measures of attitudes about dating aggression suffer from limitations that undermine their usefulness in prevention and outcome evaluations, as well as in dating aggression research more generally. Therefore, the primary purpose of this study was to evaluate the psychometric properties of two new measures of attitudes about dating aggression.
Risky Business: Philadelphia's Plan for Providing Wi-Fi Service

Should taxpayers finance government entry into an increasingly competitive, but technologically volatile, business market? The city of Philadelphia has just released a blueprint to provide a taxpayer-backed city-wide wi-fi service, under the rationale that broadband should be treated as a vital public utility, cheap and accessible to all residents. But municipalizing one of the most dynamic sectors of our modern Digital Economybroadbandraises numerous fairness issues for taxpayers and consumers, expected to foot the bill for a project carrying risky and overly optimistic expenditure estimates, as well as for telecom firms suddenly facing sunk private investments and declining margins given the advent of taxpayer-subsidized competition, with the potential to leave a substantial hole in the provider's state, regional, or national network as a result of the crowding out effects of artificially depressed utility pricing. Regarding the plan's potential opportunity costs, it goes without saying that any resources the city devotes to a municipal broadband network could be used for many other community priorities. Meanwhile it is regrettably difficult to imagine any scenario under which private providers invest or deploy more resources any longer, as they normally have done on intensely competitive and ubiquitous technologies and innovations in the city's broadband market, if Philadelphia pushes for broadband municipalization. Similarly the rapid technological change alone should disqualify broadband from consideration as a public utility, since public utilities are characterized by a lack of competition and limited technological change. Moreover, touting the wi-fi plan as a public good is even more unconvincing considering the maintenance and upgrade costs private firms traditionally associate with accommodating more subscribers in any network that therefore operates by allocation. Constructive alternatives to municipalization are available and must be exhausted before adopting the most expensive solution.
I'm Sorry, I Can't Answer That

Professors Robert Post and Reva Siegel have suggested that nominees to the U.S. Supreme Court should answer questions posed at their Senate confirmation hearings regarding how they would have voted in cases the Supreme Court has already decided. This practice, they argue, would enable the Senate to exercise its constitutional advice and consent duties without compromising judicial independence. This paper uses positive scholarship to support Post and Siegel's conclusion that objections to their proposal are not easily justified by the concerns about judicial independence on which they purport to be based. In doing so, I examine the confirmation hearing transcripts of the nine justices who sat on the final Rehnquist Court. I find that these nominees in fact provided opinions about many previously decided Supreme Court cases, and that there was surprising variety in the cases on which they would and would not opine. I also show that much of that variety is not attributable to the distinction drawn by the nominees themselves between opining on settled and unsettled cases. The actual practice of these nominees thus supports Post and Siegel's conclusion that concerns about the impartial decision-making independence of the individual justices, even taking the nominees' own views of what that impartiality requires into account, do not appear to be what is animating objections to their proposal. I then consider whether those objections are nonetheless justified by concerns that adoption of the Post-Siegel proposal would compromise the institutional independence of the Supreme Court itself, by effectively conditioning confirmation on the nominees' opinions about specific cases. Drawing on both the actual practice of the Rehnquist Court nominees and existing positive legal and political science scholarship, I argue that this objection also is suspect, and, moreover, that taking positive legal scholarship in this area seriously casts doubt on the very premise on which it rests. I thus conclude that the Post-Siegel proposal has the potential to bring additional information and clarity to the confirmation process, at little cost to judicial independence.
An Integrated Art Workshop Curriculum Innovation: Art in a Professional Course of Teacher Education

In this paper the writer describes a curriculum innovation that he directed at St Mary's College - a constituent college of education of the University of Bristol - in the 1971-1972 academic session, with a group of first year students who were training to teach in first schools. * The assumption underlying the experiment was that empirical innovation in the teaching/ learning situation is absolutely crucial to the initiation of new ideas and ideals; the development of these factors; and the promotion of educational change. Indeed, it was and still is the writer's belief that the most vital issues involved in this process are acknowledged to be: practise in practice and not simply a study of unrelated theory; rational and lateral thinking in the creative process; self-determination; personal responsibility; direct involvement and active decision-making. In view of this, therefore, it appeared important that free - activity -- defined by the writer as activity which is selected and carefully controlled by the person or persons involved, not simply unstructured involvement or what is often termed lightly as free expression, experimentation and individual expression should be balanced carefully with instruction in order to maximize growth potential in a flexiblyconceived, integrated learning workshop where diagnostic and practical skills would be juxtaposed with social interaction in stimulating personal understanding and development. In other words, that the more traditional form of teaching situation in which the teacher is mentor, leader and activator of pre-conceived programmes would be replaced by an 'open classroom' situation in which the participants, both staff and students, would create a rather special, integrated learning ethos. This would allow for flexibility of involvement in teaching/learning situations, group discussions, visits and practical work. * A first school is one for children between the ages of five and nine years . It is concerned with primary education and is gradually superseding infant and junior schools
Women's Roles and Fertility Intentions:

This study examines the relation of attitudinal and behavioral measures of womens role orientation to fertility intentions of married women using a generalized least squares procedure appropriate for examining interaction effects. A final sample of 4469 white currently married women (from the 1970 National Fertility Survey) living with their husbands and less than 45 years of age was studied. The following variables were dichotomized: labor force participation sex role attitudes age and fertility intentions. Educational attainment was trichotomized. The results were as expected: labor force participation a contemporary sex role orientation higher education and youth all increased the probability of womens intentions to have 2 or less children. The findings also supported the predicted effects of a labor force-sex role interaction and an age-sex role interaction: that in both cases women are likely to be strongly committed to extrafamilial activities. The lower fertility intentions observed in working women with college education and college-educated women conform to the framework of role compatibility. With respect to the size and relative importance of effects age had the largest effect followed by college attendance labor force participation sex role attitudes and finally high school and interactions. The relative size of the effects will enable future studies to unravel the different aspects of age (e.g. cohort vs. developmental influences). Generally structural and behavioral components of role orientation precede the attitudinal components. Factors which increase womens participation in and favorable attitudes toward nonfamilial activities contribute to lower fertility intentions.
In Defense of Naturalization Reform

In March 1996, a Symposium was held at Georgetown University Law School on the topic of reforming the naturalization process. Participating were members of Congress, professors, immigrant rights advocates, and representatives from several public policy think tanks. This article sets forth the argument that reform in the naturalization process is necessary, and disputes the arguments that proposed reforms "dumb down" and cheapen the naturalization process.
Human melanoma integrins contribute to arrest and stabilization potential while flowing over extracellular matrix

Human melanoma integrins contribute to arrest and stabilization potential while flowing over extracellular matrix
Water Oxidation Catalyzed by the Tetranuclear Mn Complex [MnIV4O5(terpy)4(H2O)2](ClO4)6

The tetranuclear manganese complex [MnIV4O5(terpy)4(H2O)2](ClO4)6 (1; terpy = 2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridine) gives catalytic water oxidation in aqueous solution, as determined by electrochemistry and GC-MS. Complex 1 also exhibits catalytic water oxidation when adsorbed on kaolin clay, with CeIV as the primary oxidant. The redox intermediates of complex 1 adsorbed on kaolin clay upon addition of CeIV have been characterized by using diffuse reflectance UV/visible and EPR spectroscopy. One of the products in the reaction on kaolin clay is MnIII, as determined by parallel-mode EPR spectroscopic studies. When 1 is oxidized in aqueous solution with CeIV, the reaction intermediates are unstable and decompose to form MnII, detected by EPR spectroscopy, and MnO2. DFT calculations show that the oxygen in the mono-μ-oxo bridge, rather than MnIV, is oxidized after an electron is removed from the Mn(IV,IV,IV,IV) tetramer. On the basis of the calculations, the formation of O2 is proposed to occur by reaction of water with a...
Introduction: Labor Scholarship in an Era of Uncertainty

For labor scholars, and for those interested in “labor organizing and the law” more broadly, the early twenty-first century has been a time of uncertainty and dislocation. Trade unions, the institutions at the core of labor scholarship for generations, are in precipitous decline across the globe. In the United States, trade union density in the private sector is hovering around seven percent; in the 1950s, that figure was thirty-five percent. In fact, the United States has not seen union membership statistics as low as the current figures since the years that predate the New Deal and passage of the Wagner Act.1 The United States, of course, is far from alone in this trend: in Israel, union density has fallen even more dramatically, from about eighty percent in the 1980s to twenty-five percent in 2012.2 As severe as these numbers are, there is little reason to expect that we have hit bottom. In part, this is due to labor market trends unfriendly to unionization and collective bargaining, but in part it is due to the fact that the two subjects of this issue of Theoretical Inquiries in Law — “law” and “organizing” — have become antagonists. Or, to put it more bluntly, it is increasingly the case that law is an enemy of organizing. A case in point can be found in recent labor law developments in the United States. In just the last handful of years, the United States Supreme Court has entertained several challenges to unionization rights that can aptly be described as existential threats to unionism. One of these cases, Unite HERE Local 355 v. Mulhall,3 challenged the ability of unions and employers to negotiate
Developing Your Clinician/Educator Career

Abstract Opportunities for professional development and mentorship are vital for junior and mid-level faculty members to succeed in academic medicine. Too often, those opportunities are of short supply at institutions. In this special 2-hour, interactive workshop affiliated with the Teaching and Training Committee, learners will be exposed to several areas of professional development. Dr. Brandon Yarns will discuss providing formative feedback using the Feedback with Good Judgment Model. Dr. Scalmati will briefly address the importance of setting the stage for feedback by the establishment of clear expectations, with a description of its role in both the context of a rotation and individual tasks, and the definition ofthe concept of a “feedback bank”. The second part of her presentation will consist of a practical exercise prepared by faculty involving the audience in a role play of feedback skills. Dr. Santos will discuss the need to present oneself effectively in the academic world and the value of effective CV. Finally, Dr. Popeo will discuss how strategic thinking about one's career and the judicious use of the words “yes” and “no.”
Removal of p-nitrophenol from wastewater by a microbial fuel cell

The degradation of p-nitrophenol and electricity generation of MFC are studied in a single air-cathode microbial fuel cell which is constructed using air electrode as cathode and carbon paper as anode,with glucose and p-nitrophenol as the anode mixed fuels.Experimental results demonstrate that MFC has a certain effect of removing p-nitrophenol of different concentrations.The removal rate of 400 mg/L of p-nitrophenol can be 74.1% when reaction time is 4 days and the rate be 82.1% when reaction time is 6 days.The maximum output voltage of MFC is 0.293 V(external resistance,1 000Ω)and the maximum output power of MFC is 56.5 mW/m3(wastewater).
Resection of left ventricular aneurysm during hypothermic fibrillatory arrest without aortic occlusion.

From December, 1977, through September, 1984, 100 consecutive patients had ventricular aneurysmectomy during hypothermic fibrillatory arrest without aortic occlusion. In the series were 83 men and 17 women, mean age 57.2 years. Primary indications for operation were angina pectoris in 42 patients, congestive heart failure in 23, angina plus congestive failure in 22, and refractory ventricular irritability in 13. Emergency operation was required for 13 patients with an intra-aortic balloon pump. Mean New York Heart Association Class was 3.1. Mean left ventricular end-diastolic pressure was 19.5 mm Hg, and mean left ventricular ejection fraction was 0.37. Concomitant coronary artery grafting was performed in 97 patients (mean 3.2 grafts/patient). Pressor agents were used in 21 patients and an intra-aortic balloon pump in two patients. Perioperative myocardial infarction was documented in one patient (1%). There were two hospital deaths (2%), both in patients with refractory ventricular irritability. At late follow-up (mean 38.5 months), 13 additional patients (13.3%) had died. Actuarial survival rate at 73 months was 77.0%. Survival rate was better for 93 patients with anterior aneurysms if the left anterior descending and/or diagonal coronary arteries were grafted with aneurysmectomy (p
The Importance of Controlling Transcription Elongation at Coding and Noncoding RNA Loci

Here we discuss current paradigms for how transcription initiation and elongation control are achieved in mammalian cells, and how they differ at protein-coding mRNA genes versus noncoding RNA (ncRNA) loci. We present a model for the function of ncRNAs wherein the act of transcription is regulatory, rather than the ncRNA products themselves. We further describe how the establishment of transcriptionally engaged, but paused, RNA polymerase II impacts chromatin structure around divergent transcription start sites, and how this can influence transcription factor binding and mRNA gene activity in the region.
Subpicosecond GaAs Wafer Probe System

We report a subpicosecond GaAs wafer probe system which incorporates a mechanical flexure and a micromachined GaAs IC for time domain on-wafer measurements. The micromachined GaAs IC incorporates a novel high speed pulse sharpener and a two diode sampling bridge with a micromachined GaAs tip.
Metronomic cyclophosphamide activation of anti-tumor immunity: tumor model, mouse host, and drug schedule dependence of gene responses and their upstream regulators

Cyclophosphamide (CPA) can activate immunogenic tumor cell death, which induces immune-based tumor ablation and long-term anti-tumor immunity in a syngeneic C57BL/6 (B6) mouse GL261 glioma model when CPA is given on a 6-day repeating metronomic schedule (CPA/6d). In contrast, we find that two other syngeneic B6 mouse tumors, LLC lung carcinoma and B16F10 melanoma, do not exhibit these drug-induced immune responses despite their intrinsic sensitivity to CPA cytotoxicity. To elucidate underlying mechanisms, we investigated gene expression and molecular pathway changes associated with the disparate immune responsiveness of these tumors to CPA/6d treatment. Global transcriptome analysis indicated substantial elevation of basal GL261 immune infiltration and strong CPA/6d activation of GL261 immune stimulatory pathways and their upstream regulators, but without preferential depletion of negative immune regulators compared to LLC and B16F10 tumors. In LLC tumors, where CPA/6d treatment is shown to be anti-angiogenic, CPA/6d suppressed VEGFA target genes and down regulated cell adhesion and leukocyte transendothelial migration genes. In GL261 tumors implanted in adaptive immune-deficient scid mice, where CPA/6d-induced GL261 regression is incomplete and late tumor growth rebound can occur, T cell receptor signaling and certain cytokine-cytokine receptor responses seen in B6 mice were deficient. Extending the CPA treatment interval from 6 to 9 days (CPA/9d) − which results in a strong but transient natural killer cell response followed by early tumor growth rebound − induced fewer cytokines and increased expression of drug metabolism genes. These findings elucidate molecular response pathways activated by intermittent metronomic CPA treatment and identify deficiencies that characterize immune-unresponsive tumor models and drug schedules.
Globalization and Postnational Possibilities in Education for the Future: Rethinking Borders and Boundaries

Modern educational structures and systems are largely a product of the nation-state. As scholars have reflected (Green 1997; Spring 2002), the schools that we have inherited in the twenty-first century were designed within national boundaries, and with national purposes – economic, political, and social – as the highest priority. Thus, schools were, and in many cases today, still are, one of the most significant locales in which young people learn what it is to be an “x” – either formally, through what is explicitly taught, or informally, through adapting to the practices that structure daily life (McDonald 2002). Despite the historic strength of the relationship between a nation and its schools, significant fissures are emergent. As is clear from the abundance of scholarly literature produced within the past two decades, the processes of globalization have spawned multiple forces – privatization, hypercapitalism, neo-liberalism, among others – that have begun to weaken the tight bond between the states and educational systems.
The California Linkages Program: Doorway to Housing Support for Child Welfare‐Involved Parents

Housing instability can complicate parents' efforts to provide for their children. Child welfare service agencies have had difficulty adequately serving parents' housing needs due to limited and constrained funding streams. This article integrates the voices of four important stakeholders to illuminate how an innovative model of service system coordination called Linkages addresses housing needs for child welfare-involved parents eligible for public assistance. Facilitated by Linkages, these parents can receive supportive housing services through programs affiliated with the California public assistance program CalWORKs. Personal narratives reflecting the diverse perspectives of stakeholders in the Linkages collaboration-the statewide program director, a child welfare services coordinator, a CalWORKs caseworker, and a parent program participant-shed light on how the collaboration assists parents in attaining case plan goals, and highlights some of the factors facilitating and hindering effective collaboration between the agencies involved. Stakeholders emphasized the value of flexible service approaches, the intensity of the efforts required, the role of advocacy, and the importance of a shared vision between agencies working together to provide housing supports.
The App Farm: Engaging Design Process as a Means for French Learning

In this design case, we present an instructional design project that resulted in a French language learning game development system. What we describe here is not the game itself, but rather the pedagogical intervention that created what the design team termed a mobile “application farm,” which in turn produced the game. The term farm was used due to the perspective of the designers to create a sustainable system rather than a single design. This design case also has another purpose beyond presenting precedent in instructional design; we interrogate the interview process and the protocol we used while documenting this project. We present the outcome of our interrogation in reflection notes posted throughout this design case. We do this because we believe that there is a value and need for design cases created by someone outside of the design arena but with access to members of the design team, in order to elicit where precedents might be found within complex designs.
Hypereosinophilic syndrome: endomyocardial biopsy versus echocardiography to diagnose cardiac involvement.

ABSTRACTObjective: To compare echocardiograms and endomyocardial biopsies to diagnose cardiac involvement in hypereosinophilic syndrome.Methods: We examined the agreement between echocardiography and endomyocardial biopsies to detect cardiac involvement in hypereosinophilic syndrome by reviewing cases identified as hypereosinophilia or hypereosinophilic syndrome in Mayo Clinic databases from January 1978 through June 2009. Single-organ cases of eosinophilia such as eosinophilic fasciitis and eosinophilic gastroenteritis were excluded. We recorded echocardiogram and endomyocardial biopsy results including biopsy staining for eosinophil granule major basic protein (if performed). Clinical and laboratory features documented included presenting symptom(s), maximum total eosinophil count, dose of prednisone (if any) and eosinophil count at the time of endomyocardial biopsy, cardiac enzymes, serum tryptase level, electrocardiogram result, the result of testing for the FIP1L1-PDGFRA fusion gene, complications as...
Microporosity of powders produced by centrifugal sputtering

The nature of the liquid-metal film flow about the end of the pulverized billet is defined by its rotational velocity. In the case of a turbulent film flow regime gas is captured and pores are formed in individual powder particles.
Abandoning Ship at Scandia, Inc.: Parts B and C

Scandia, Inc., is a commercial vessel management company located in the New York Metropolitan area and is part of a family of firms including Scandia Technical; International Tankers, Ltd.; Global Tankers, Ltd.; Sun Maritime S.A.;Adger Tankers AS; Leeward Tankers, Inc.; Manhattan Tankers, Ltd.; and Liuʼs Tankers, S.A. The companyʼs current market niche is the commercial management of chemical tankers serving the transatlantic market with a focus on the east and gulf coast of the United States and Northern Europe. This three-part case describes the commercial shipping industry as well as several mishaps that the company and its President, Chris Haas, have had to deal with including withdrawal of financial support by creditors, intercorporate firm conflict, and employee retention. Part A, which was published in the Fall 2010 issue, presented an overview of the commercial vessel industry and set the stage for Parts B and C where the firm℉s operation is discussed.
Integrated Targeting and Guidance for Powered Planetary Descent

This paper presents an on-board guidance and targeting design that enables explicit state and thrust vector control and on-board targeting for planetary descent and landing. These capabilities are developed utilizing a new closed-form solution for the constant thrust arc of the braking phase of the powered descent trajectory. The key elements of proven targeting and guidance architectures, including braking and approach phase quartics, are employed. It is demonstrated that implementation of the proposed solution avoids numerical simulation iterations, thereby facilitating on-board execution of targeting procedures during the descent. It is shown that the shape of the braking phase constant thrust arc is highly dependent on initial mass and propulsion system parameters. The analytic solution process is explicit in terms of targeting and guidance parameters, while remaining generic with respect to planetary body and descent trajectory design. These features increase the feasibility of extending the proposed integrated targeting and guidance design to future cargo and robotic landing missions.
Social Influence and the Formation of Markets for Hybrid and Electric Vehicles

Multiple new technologies have recently been introduced in the US automotive market in efforts to build markets for alternative fuel vehicles (AFVs), including hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), plug...
An experimental model to analyze OpenMP applications for system utilization

Data centers are increasingly focused on optimal use of resources. For technical computing environments, with compute-dominated workloads, we can increase data center efficiencies by increasing multicore processor utilization. OpenMP programmers need assistance in better understanding efficiencies and scaling for both dedicated and throughput environments. An experimental OpenMP performance analysis model has been developed to give insight into many application scalability bottlenecks. A tool has been developed to implement the model. Compared to other performance analysis tools, this tool takes into account how the operating system scheduler affects OpenMP threaded application performance. Poor parallel scalability can result in reduced system utilization. A case study shows how the tool helped diagnose performance loss caused by OpenMP work distribution schedule strategies. Changing the work distribution schedule substantially improved application performance and system utilization. This tool is specific to Solaris and Studio compilers, although the performance model is applicable to other OpenMP compilers, Linux and UNIX systems.
Linkages with Ground Water

ABSTRACT In nonirrigated areas, downward flow or deep percolation rates (Darcy flux) in the vadose zone typically range from approximately 1mm/yr or less for semiarid or arid areas to approximately 500 mm/yr or more for humid areas. Irrigated areas in dry climates can have deep percolation rates as a few cm/yr to a few dm/yr for relative efficient irrigation systems and as much as 1 or 3 m/yr for inefficient irrigations systems. Assuming an NO 3 -N leaching of 50 kg/ha/yr (approximately one-fourth of the fertilizer N applied), these fluxes give calculated NO 3 -N concentrations in vadose zone water of 10 to 100 mg/1. which agree with values found in practice. To prevent high NO 3 -N concentrations in vadose zone water below irrigated areas, best management practices for irrigation must be combined with best management practices for nitrogen fertilizer Rates of downward movement of nitrate in the vadose zone are equal to the pose velocities of the water. Theoretically, these are calculated as Darcy flux divided by volumetric water content. Because of preferential flow, however, actual velocities can be considerably higher, i.e., 2 to 5 times higher for soils without obvious macropores, and as much as 20 times higher or more for soils with cracks, rootholes, wormholes, etc. Downward velocities of nitrate in the vadose zone below agricultural land may range from a few dm/yr to a few m/yr. Longitudinal dispersion may be influenced more by spatial variability of infiltration rates than by hydrodynamic effects. Nitrate concentrations in water pumped from the aquifer eventually can approach those in the water from the vadose zone. Where nitrate concentrations exceed the maximum limit for drinking, treatment of the water may be necessary. Of the various techniques, the method that combines anion exchange and denitrification holds promise.
Freeze-Fracture Observations on the Interaction of Human Spermatozoa with Zona-Free Hamster Oocytes

The use of zona-free oocytes, particularly those of the golden hamster, in fertilization studies has grown steadily since the discovery that zona removal greatly diminishes the block to interspecies fertilization (2). Such studies have added to our knowledge of the basic structural and functional relationships involved in sperm-egg interactions as well as providing a useful clinical tool in the assessment of male fertility (3–5). We report here on ultrastructural studies of the interaction between human sperm and zona-free hamster oocytes. Emphasis is placed on the results of freeze-fracture studies which provide views of internal membrane structure of the interacting sperm and egg. Oocyte microvilli play a role in this interaction and will be a focus for the discussion.