cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Design and implementation of FROST: Digital forensic tools for the OpenStack cloud computing platform

We describe the design, implementation, and evaluation of FROST-three new forensic tools for the OpenStack cloud platform. Our implementation for the OpenStack cloud platform supports an Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS) cloud and provides trustworthy forensic acquisition of virtual disks, API logs, and guest firewall logs. Unlike traditional acquisition tools, FROST works at the cloud management plane rather than interacting with the operating system inside the guest virtual machines, thereby requiring no trust in the guest machine. We assume trust in the cloud provider, but FROST overcomes non-trivial challenges of remote evidence integrity by storing log data in hash trees and returning evidence with cryptographic hashes. Our tools are user-driven, allowing customers, forensic examiners, and law enforcement to conduct investigations without necessitating interaction with the cloud provider. We demonstrate how FROST's new features enable forensic investigators to obtain forensically-sound data from OpenStack clouds independent of provider interaction. Our preliminary evaluation indicates the ability of our approach to scale in a dynamic cloud environment. The design supports an extensible set of forensic objectives, including the future addition of other data preservation, discovery, real-time monitoring, metrics, auditing, and acquisition capabilities.
Substrate effect on graphene-based interconnects

We investigated major performance metrics of graphene interconnects on 2D layered insulator - hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN). Comparative study was made on three different material systems, including CVD graphene on h-BN, CVD graphene on SiO 2 , and exfoliated graphene on SiO 2 , with respect to electrical conduction and breakdown power density. Remarkable improvement in conductivity is observed in CVD graphene on h-BN substrate as compared with CVD graphene on SiO 2 and exfoliated graphene on SiO 2 . The carrier mobility in CVD graphene on h-BN exhibits a value of ∼15,000 cm2/V-s at carrier density of 1×1012 cm−2. Higher thermal conductivity of h-BN (as compared with that of SiO 2 ) facilitates heat dissipation, leading to improvement in breakdown power density. It is demonstrated that using h-BN as substrate material could help breaking the performance and reliability limits imposed by SiO 2 substrate.
Italian food in America or how Prohibition gave us the olive garden

Providence's Federal Hill, one of America's first Italian–American communities, continues to thrive today, supporting a lively restaurant culture. Italian restaurants have become so popular in recent years that they are no longer restricted to “Little Italies,” with Italian dining options at every point in the dining spectrum, from fine dining to fast food and national chains. A case can be made that around the country in general, and in Providence in particular, this nearly universal appeal owes a significant debt to the Prohibition laws that went into effect in 1920. In Paradox of Plenty , historian Harvey Levenstein notes that Italian restaurateurs “regarded Prohibition as some kind of a sick joke”. The Italians did not fail to perceive the anti-immigrant and particularly anti-Catholic overtones of the new laws. Non-compliance was rampant. The restaurants that had opened to serve home-style “Italian” meals to fellow countrymen had always served their patrons homemade wine and grappa. Facing no competition from legal bars and saloons, they found a natural source of new profits. Local enforcement officials were frequently complicit. Newspaper reports of the period are full of stories about police officers charged with a “failure to prevent violation of state prohibition law”. Diners came from all over town to partake and in turn, learned to enjoy Italian food. If the Yankee elite had not left the East Side in search of a cocktail back in the 1920s, they might never have learned the joys of a good Marinara sauce or veal Saltimbocca.
From Input to Output: Communication-Based Teaching Techniques

Communication-based activities which guide students from input to output offer advocates of both communicative-and structure-oriented approaches the opportunity to foster accurate, yet communicative, language skills in the target language. This article outlines communication-based teaching techniques that lead students from input to output in a stimulating and motivating learning environment. Four input and four output activity types are presented. Whereas input activities are most useful for the presentation of speech acts, vocabulary, and grammatical structures, output activities are valuable for the recycling and fine-tuning of previously introduced speech acts, vocabulary, and grammar, and for expanding students' productive skills.
Analyses of zebrafish and Xenopus oocyte maturation reveal conserved and diverged features of translational regulation of maternal cyclin B1 mRNA.

Background Vertebrate development relies on the regulated translation of stored maternal mRNAs, but how these regulatory mechanisms may have evolved to control translational efficiency of individual mRNAs is poorly understood. We compared the translational regulation and polyadenylation of the cyclin B1 mRNA during zebrafish and Xenopus oocyte maturation. Polyadenylation and translational activation of cyclin B1 mRNA is well characterized during Xenopus oocyte maturation. Specifically, Xenopus cyclin B1 mRNA is polyadenylated and translationally activated during oocyte maturation by proteins that recognize the conserved AAUAAA hexanucleotide and U-rich Cytoplasmic Polyadenylation Elements (CPEs) within cyclin B1 mRNA's 3'UnTranslated Region (3'UTR).
Acute Cerebrovascular Accident and Lower Urinary Tract Dysfunction: A Prospective Correlation of the Site of Brain Injury with Urodynamic Findings

AbstractPurpose: We evaluated the effects of an acute cerebrovascular accident on the lower urinary tract and correlated the site of cerebrovascular accident with findings on urodynamic study.Materials and Methods: A total of 45 men and 15 women underwent a complete urodynamic study with electromyography within 72 hours of a cerebrovascular accident. Patients were divided into 5 different groups based on urodynamic findings.Results: The majority of cortical and internal capsule lesions resulted in detrusor hyperreflexia. A total of 28 patients (47 percent) had urinary retention, mainly due to detrusor areflexia (75 percent). Of 20 patients with hemorrhagic infarcts 17 (85 percent) had areflexia, compared to only 4 of 40 (10 percent) with ischemic infarcts. All 6 patients with cerebellar infarction had detrusor areflexia.Conclusions: Our results confirm many previously reported findings. In addition, there was a specific correlation of cerebellar and hemorrhagic infarctions with detrusor areflexia.
The Effects of Oblique or Transverse Partial Excision of the A2 Pulley on Gliding Resistance During Cyclic Motion Following Zone II Flexor Digitorum Profundus Repair in a Cadaveric Model

Purpose To compare the gliding resistance of flexor tendons after oblique versus transverse partial excision of the A2 pulley in a human cadaveric model, to determine the effect of the angle of pulley trimming. Methods We obtained 36 human flexor digitorum profundus tendons from the index through the little finger and repaired them with a modified Massachusetts General Hospital suture using 4-0 FiberWire. We repaired all tendons with a similar epitendinous stitch. We randomly assigned the tendons to 1 of 3 groups: intact pulley, transverse partial excision, or oblique partial excision. We measured peak and normalized peak gliding resistance between the repairs and the A2 pulley during 1,000 cycles of simulated motion. Results There was no significant difference in the peak or normalized peak gliding resistance at any cycle among the 3 groups. Conclusions Both transverse and oblique trimming of the A2 pulley had similar effects on the peak and normalized gliding resistance after flexor tendon repair. Clinical relevance When partial pulley resection is needed after flexor tendon repair, the transverse or oblique trimming of pulley edge does not affect repaired tendon gliding resistance.
Dietary iron and fat affect nonheme iron absorption, iron status, and enterocyte aconitase activity and iron concentration in rats

The cytosolic iron regulatory protein 1 (IRP1) exhibits aconitase (c-acon) activity when it is iron loaded. Enterocyte c-acon activity may be an index of IRP1 activity and important in the regulation of iron metabolism and absorption. Because stearic acid (SA) can enhance iron absorption the relationship between absorption and enterocyte c-acon activity in iron-deficient rats fed different types and amounts of dietary fat was determined. Rats (8/group) were fed diets varying in iron (10 or 35 μg/g), fat type [SA, safflower oil (Saff), cocoa butter (CB), or beef tallow (BT)] and fat amount (7 or 15%). Rats killed for baseline values were iron-deficient with low enterocyte c-acon activity. Absorption was assessed by 59Fe retention. After 4 wk, Δ Hb and c-acon activity were less (p<0.001) and iron absorption was greater (p<0.001) in rats fed low dietary iron (10 μg/g) than in rats fed adequate dietary iron (35 μg/g). Absorption was greater (p<0.05) in SA-, CB- and BT- than Saff-fed rats fed a low iron diet. Enterocyte cytosolic and total cellular iron were less (p<0.001) in rats fed low versus adequate dietary iron. In rats fed adequate iron, total cellular iron was dependent (p<0.01, r2=0.59) on liver and serum iron concentrations. Low dietary iron (10 μg/g) resulted in iron deficiency, higher absorption, and lower enterocyte c-acon activity and iron concentration than adequate dietary iron (35 μg/g). This suggests that enterocyte c-acon activity may be an index of IRP1 activity and important in enterocyte cellular iron metabolism and absorption.
Latino Urbanism revisited: placemaking in new gateways and the urban-rural interface

Rapid and dramatic 1 Latino/a population growth in recent years has taken place in ‘new gateways’, which include, notably, rural communities. Hence, as much as Latino Urbanism is shaping the metropolitan landscape, given these recent and ongoing demographic trends, efforts to understand and engage Latino/a placemaking must also attend to the rural realm. By studying an Iowan town we contribute to empirical research and ongoing discussions about Latino Urbanism by, first, bringing to the fore the question of how Latino/as are shaping the cultural, social and physical geographies of communities throughout rural America, second, by exploring empirically Latino rural placemaking practices within their socio-political and institutional milieu, and third, by considering the implications of such practices and contexts for planning and development.
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and Plant Metabolic Engineering

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) can be used to measure metabolite levels and metabolic fluxes, to probe the intracellular environment, and to follow transport and energetics nondestructively. NMR methods are therefore powerful aids to understanding plant metabolism and physiology. Both spectroscopy and imaging can help overcome the unique challenges that plants present to the metabolic engineer by detecting, identifying, quantifying, and localizing novel metabolites in vivo and in extracts; revealing the composition and physical state of cell wall and other polymers; allowing the identification of active pathways; providing quantitative measures of metabolic flux; and testing hypotheses about the effects of engineered traits on plant physiological function. The aim of this review is to highlight recent studies in which NMR has contributed to metabolic engineering of plants and to illustrate the unique characteristics of NMR measurements that give it the potential to make greater contributions in the future.
Evaluating Nonprofit Databases

The nonprofit sector's increasing size, political relevance, and visibility to social scientists demands data on the sector's scope, characteristics, and trends. National and statewide data initiat...
Impact of Research on Social Policy for Handicapped Infants and Children.

This paper examines the effects of research on social policy and in particular its impact upon handicapped infants and young children. The influence of research on mainstreaming, Head Start, deinstitutionalization, and personal preparation is discussed, as are barriers to the application of findings to social policy. The steps leading to the formulation of social policy are presented, followed by a discussion of factors that contribute to it. The reciprocal influence of research on social policy and of social policy on research is acknowledged.
Tetrasomy 8 Evolving into a Segmental Triplication 8q in a Case of Acute Monocytic Leukemia

We report a case of AML-M5 with tetrasomy 8 that evolved within a 7-month period to a segmental triplication 8q. Other numerical abnormalities in the initial diagnosis were not found at the relapse; however, a chromosome 1 structural abnormality was maintained, proving the clonal evolution from tetrasomy 8 to a segmental triplication of the long arm of 8. This strongly suggests that there is a functional and selective advantage for duplications and triplications of 8q in these patients.
Hydrocarbon biosynthesis in the house fly, Musca domestica: Substrate specificity and cofactor requirement of P450hyd

Abstract A study of the substrate specificity and transfer of electrons for the conversion of very long fatty acyl-CoA to hydrocarbon and CO 2 by a cytochrome P 450 ( P 450hyd) type enzyme in microsomal preparations from abdominal epidermal tissue of the house fly, Musca domestica , showed that the enzyme which converts aldehyde to hydrocarbon contributes little to the chain length of the hydrocarbon products observed in vivo . NADPH (and not NADH) was required for the reduction of the fatty acyl-CoA to the corresponding aldehyde, and when both cofactors were added together, the amount of hydrocarbon formed from the acyl-CoA derivative was about the same as with NADPH alone. Both NADPH and NADH (less effectively) supported the conversion of the aldehyde to hydrocarbon and CO 2 by P450hyd. When both pyridine nucleotides were added together with the aldehyde substrate, conversion to hydrocarbon was intermediate between the levels formed with either cofactor alone, suggesting that the same electron carrier was transferring electrons from both NADH and NADPH and that cytochrome b 5 does not participate in the reaction. Antibody to house fly cytochrome P450 reductase inhibited the reaction when either NADPH or NADH was used. In addition, both NADP + and 2-AMP stimulated, rather than inhibited, hydrocarbon production in microsomes from female houseflies, presumably by inhibiting competing P450 enzymes which are supplied with electrons by the NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase. These data suggest a novel mode of electron transfer to the P450hyd.
Adapting an Emerging Empirically Supported Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Adults With ADHD and Comorbid Complications An Example of Two Case Studies

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is commonly considered a disorder that affects children and adolescents; however, follow-up studies of those diagnosed with ADHD indicate significant continuation and impairment into adulthood. For these adults, pharmacotherapy is effective in some cases, but residual symptoms and secondary problematic behaviors resulting from ADHD symptoms (e.g., depressed mood) are typical. Several researchers have identified cognitive-behavioral approaches as a promising adjunct to pharmacotherapy. In particular, a recently manualized cognitive-behavioral therapy has demonstrated significant reductions in ADHD symptoms in a controlled study. The primary purpose of this article is to demonstrate the potential of this approach. To do so, we review two case studies of adults diagnosed with ADHD to illustrate (a) the heterogeneity associated with ADHD cases and the unique challenges they present, (b) issues related to comorbid disorders and symptoms with ADHD, and (c) how to ...
Role of the Enteric Microbiota in Intestinal Homeostasis and Inflammation

The mammalian intestine encounters many more microorganisms than any other tissue in the body thus making it the largest and most complex component of the immune system. Indeed, there are greater than 100 trillion (10(14)) microbes within the healthy human intestine, and the total number of genes derived from this diverse microbiome exceeds that of the entire human genome by at least 100-fold. Our coexistence with the gut microbiota represents a dynamic and mutually beneficial relationship that is thought to be a major determinant of health and disease. Because of the potential for intestinal microorganisms to induce local and/or systemic inflammation, the intestinal immune system has developed a number of immune mechanisms to protect the host from pathogenic infections while limiting the inflammatory tissue injury that accompanies these immune responses. Failure to properly regulate intestinal mucosal immunity is thought to be responsible for the inflammatory tissue injury observed in the inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD; Crohn disease, ulcerative colitis). An accumulating body of experimental and clinical evidence strongly suggests that IBD results from a dysregulated immune response to components of the normal gut flora in genetically susceptible individuals. The objective of this review is to present our current understanding of the role that enteric microbiota play in intestinal homeostasis and pathogenesis of chronic intestinal inflammation.
Age differences in exploratory learning from a health information website

An empirical study was conducted to investigate how older and younger users learned by performing exploratory search of health information using an interface that recommended relevant links based on browsing histories. While older and younger users gained both factual and structural knowledge about the health topics, significant age differences were observed. Our results showed that processing of recommended and regular Web links imposed distinct demands on cognitive abilities, which at least partially explained the observed age differences in the search process. The use of recommended links was positively associated with general knowledge, while the use of regular Web links was positively associated with processing capacity. Results also showed that the recommended links benefited both younger and older adults by broadening the exploration of information, which led to better learning. Implications on designs of health information interfaces that facilitate exploratory search and learning for different age groups were discussed.
Factors in the in vitro maintenance of the nucleotide pattern of whole human blood.

The effects of various glycolytic inhibitors on the relatively stable nucleotide pattern of freshly drawn heparinized human blood, incubated for two hours at 37 C. was observed. Fluoride, iodoacetate, arsenate, or 2-deoxyglucose caused a similar high-energy nucleotide breakdown as observed on hemolysis, viz., rapid disappearance of ATP, GTP, ADP, with simultaneous increase in AMP and IMP. The maintenance of a normal blood nucleotide pattern in vitro thus depended on cellular integrity and a source of energy. The addition of compounds believed to enhance or inhibit the pentose shunt pathway had no effect on the blood nucleotide pattern. This is interpreted to mean that under essentially in vivo conditions, the major source of energy for the red cell is derived from the Embden-Meyerhof cycle.
Erratum to “A new measure of network efficiency” [Physica A 391 (4) (2012) 1894-1899]

Erratum Erratum to ‘‘A new measure of network efficiency’’ [Physica A 391 (4) (2012) 1894–1899] Nicholas W. Hollingshad , Malgorzata Turalska, Paolo Allegrini, Bruce J. West, Paolo Grigolini Center for Nonlinear Science, University of North Texas, P.O. Box 311427, Denton, TX 76203-1427, USA Istituto di Fisiologia Clinica (IFC-CNR), Via Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy Information Science Directorate, US Army Research Office, Durham, NC 27709, USA
Relationships Among Isoprene Emission Rate Photosynthesis and Isoprene Synthase Activity as Influenced by Temperature

Isoprene emissions from the leaves of velvet bean ( Mucuna pruriens L. var utilis ) plants exhibited temperature response patterns that were dependent on the plant9s growth temperature. Plants grown in a warm regimen (34/28°C, day/night) exhibited a temperature optimum for emissions of 45°C, whereas those grown in a cooler regimen (26/20°C, day/night) exhibited an optimum of 40°C. Several previous studies have provided evidence of a linkage between isoprene emissions and photosynthesis, and more recent studies have demonstrated that isoprene emissions are linked to the activity of isoprene synthase in plant leaves. To further explore this linkage within the context of the temperature dependence of isoprene emissions, we determined the relative temperature dependencies of photosynthetic electron transport, CO 2 assimilation, and isoprene synthase activity. When measured over a broad range of temperatures, the temperature dependence of isoprene emission rate was not closely correlated with either the electron transport rate or the CO 2 assimilation rate. The temperature optima for electron transport rate and CO 2 assimilation rate were 5 to 10°C lower than that for the isoprene emission rate. The dependence of isoprene emissions on photon flux density was also affected by measurement temperature in a pattern independent of those exhibited for electron transport rate and CO 2 assimilation rate. Thus, despite no change in the electron transport rate or CO 2 assimilation rate at 26 and 34°C, the isoprene emission rate changed markedly. The quantum yield of isoprene emissions was stimulated by a temperature increase from 26 to 34°C, whereas the quantum yield for CO 2 assimilation was inhibited. In greenhouse-grown aspen leaves ( Populus tremuloides Michaux.), the high temperature threshold for inhibition of isoprene emissions was closely correlated with the high temperature-induced decrease in the in vitro activity of isoprene synthase. When taken together, the results indicate that although there may be a linkage between isoprene emission rate and photosynthesis, the temperature dependence of isoprene emission is not determined solely by the rates of CO 2 assimilation or electron transport. Rather, we propose that regulation is accomplished primarily through the enzyme isoprene synthase.
Solar irradiance forecast system based on geostationary satellite

Solar irradiance variability, left unmitigated, will threat the stability of grid system, and might incur significant economical impacts. This paper focuses on a pipeline to predict solar irradiance from 30 minutes to 5 hours using geostationary satellite. It consists of two parts: cloud motion estimation and solar irradiance prediction using the estimated satellite images. The main challenge is image noise at all levels of processing from motion estimation to irradiance prediction. To overcome this problem, we propose to use optical flow motion estimation, and subsequently combine multiple evidences together using robust support vector regression (SVR). Our systematic evaluation shows significant improvements over the baseline in both motion estimation and irradiance prediction.
Large deviation analysis for layered percolation problems on the complete graph

We analyze the large deviation properties for the (multitype) version of percolation on the complete graph – the simplest substitutive generalization of the Erd&0151;s-Renyi random graph that was treated in article by Bollobas et al. (Random Structures Algorithms 31 (2007), 3–122). Here the vertices of the graph are divided into a fixed finite number of sets (called layers) the probability of {u,v} being in our edge set depends on the respective layers of u and v. We determine the exponential rate function for the probability that a giant component occupies a fixed fraction of the graph, while all other components are small. We also determine the exponential rate function for the probability that a particular exploration process on the random graph will discover a certain fraction of vertices in each layer, without encountering a giant component.© 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 40, 460–492, 2012 (The range we are actually interested in is \documentclass{article} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{amsmath, amssymb} \pagestyle{empty} \begin{document} \begin{align*}\lbrack \lvert \left\lfloor \hat{\eta} n \right\rfloor \rvert, \lvert \lfloor \hat{\rho} n \rfloor \rvert\rbrack \end{align*} \end{document} **image** , but the “floors” will distract from the presented idea and are omitted. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.)
Thermoregulatory responses of desert wood rats, neotoma lepida

A study of thermoregulatory response of N. lepida over a range of ambient temperatures showed the following: 1. 1. The thermoneutral zone for this species was 31–35° C and minimal resting VO2 was 0.60 ml O2/g per hr. 2. 2. The wood rat, N. lepida displayed a labile rectal temperature along with a low M/C ratio which is of adaptive significance to its survival in a desert environment. 3. 3. Evaporative water loss was higher than reported for other species. 4. 4. When acutely exposed to severe cold (−20°C) or heat (43°C), this species does not maintain homeothermy.
A neuropeptide in human semen: oxytocin

The neuropeptide oxytocin (OT) has been detected in testis and epididymis of several mammals. The peptide affects steroidogenesis and sperm transport in vivo. Effects of OT on sperm motility in vitro seems to be contradictory. As no data are available on the presence of OT in human semen and on the relationship of OT with sperm characteristics, we assessed OT level in semen samples in 3 groups of patients: (I) normozoospermic, (II) astheno-/oligo-/teratozoospermic, and (III) azoospermic subjects. Furthermore, we studied the relationship between the concentration of OT in semen and the sperm characteristics. OT was measured in seminal plasma by radioimmunoassay after extraction. OT semen levels did not differ in control patients (I: 1.72 +/- 0.78 pg/mL; n = 10), patients with poor semen quality (II: 1.66 +/- 0.91 pg/mL; n = 11), or in vasectomized patients (III: 1.28 +/- 0.65 pg/mL; n = 11). No statistically significant relationships between the OT levels and sperm characteristics (density: 0.0693; total sperm count: 0.0845; percentage of motility: 0.1341; morphology: 0.3478) have been found. The neurosecretory peptide oxytocin is present in human seminal plasma of normal as well as of vasectomized subjects. OT is not only derived from the testis; OT levels in poor semen samples are not different from controls. No relationship was found between OT seminal plasma levels and sperm characteristics.
Atrial Fibrillation Substrate in Heart Failure: Expression Levels of Cardiac Sodium Channel, Connexin 43 and Connexin 40 in the Left Atrium

Introduction: Reduction in cardiac sodium current and gap junctional proteins (connexin43 and 40) may play important role in reduction of conduction velocity of the propagating wave and providing substrate for Atrial Fibrillation (AF). We sought to determine the changes in the protein levels of SCNA5, Cx43 and Cx40 in the left atrial tissue in a dog model of heart failure.Method: In five dogs, rapid right ventricular pacing was performed at 240bpm for three weeks to induce heart failure. Then AF inducibility was assessed by rapid atrial pacing. In five control dogs, AF inducibility was assessed similarly, followed by removal of the atria. The levels of SCNA5, Cx43, and Cx40 were detected in the Posterior Left Atrium (PLA) and Left Atrial Appendage (LAA) tissues of the CHF and control dogs using western blot technique.Results: All animals with heart failure showed sustained inducible AF (i.e. >5 minutes) in the electrophysiology study. No AF was induced in the control dogs (p<0.05). Cardiac SCNA5 protein levels were decreased in both PLA and LAA tissues compared to the control (56% and 37%, P < 0.05). Cx43 and Cx40 levels were significantly decreased only in LAA tissues of the heart failure animals compared to the control (12% and 53%, P<0.05). The changes in Cx43 and Cx40 levels in PLA tissue of heart failure dogs were not statistically significant.Conclusion: Decreased level of SCNA5 protein which may result in decreased sodium current can provide substrate for AF in heart failure. In addition, significantly decreased levels of gap junctional proteins (CX43 and 40) in LAA provide additional substrate for impaired conduction and arrhythmia as well as impairing contractility and predisposing to thrombus formation in LAA.
Nonlinear optical polymeric waveguide electro-optic phase modulator

Three nonlinear optical polymeric systems based on nonlinear optical chromophores attached as side chains to poly(methyl methacrylate) were synthesized and their nonlinear optical properties measured in thin film form by second harmonic generation and by the electro-optic effect. Also, attenuation of light propagation in optical waveguides and photothermal deflection infrared spectra were measured on these films to aid in selecting the best system for device development. Based on these results, a phase modulator was constructed and with sub- carrier multiplexing the signals from five TV channels were placed on an infrared laser beam as sidebands. After a short transmission through space, these signals were then heterodyne detected and displayed on a TV monitor with good signal to noise and with no crosstalk.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Syntheses and preliminary in vivo photodynamic efficacy of benzoporphyrin derivatives from phylloerythrin and rhodoporphyrin XV methyl esters and aspartyl amides

Abstract Efficient approaches to the synthesis of methyl esters and aspartyl amides of so-called ring ‘A’-benzoporphyrin derivatives from rhodoporphyrin XV dimethyl ester 10 and 3-vinylphylloerythrin methyl ester 22 are reported. The benzo-rings in the products are obtained by way of Diels-Alder [4+2] cyclizations which employ a dieneophile and the vinyl and 2,3-double bonds in the starting materials as the diene. In the 3-vinyl-phylloerythrin series, the presence of the 131-keto-group in ring E inhibits the Diels-Alder reaction with dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate, but with more reactive dienophiles, such as tetracyanoethylene, the Diels-Alder adduct was isolated in modest yield. Protection of the 131-keto- group as a ketal or thioketal afforded the intermediate benzoporphyrin adducts, which were rearranged to trans- and cis- isomers on reacting with triethylamine and 1,8-diazabiclo[5,4,0]undec-7-ene, respectively. Among the sensitizers tested so far, the benzoporphyrin derivative (cis- isomer) obtained from rhodoporphyrin XV di-tert- butyl aspartate showed the best in vivo photosensitizing activity in DBA/2 mice transplanted with SMT/F tumors.
The influence of energy intake and percentage of body fat on the reproductive performance of nonpregnant mares.

Abstract Sixty mares in transition from winter anestrus to normal cyclicity were assigned to a 3 × 2 factorial experiment to determine the effect of energy intake and percentage of body fat on the interval to first ovulation. The factors were 1) percentage of body fat--thin ( 15); and 2) energy intake--maintenance (100% of National Research Council (NRC) digestible energy requirement for maintenance) or high energy (150% of NRC digestible energy requirement for maintenance). Percentage of body fat was estimated by ultrasonographic scanning of rump fat thickness. Energy treatments began on April 2 and ended on June 4. Mares were teased daily with a stallion and their ovaries were palpated per rectum daily or every third day. A high energy intake was effective in hastening ovulation for mares in the thin group (P
Ultrafast response of negative index metamaterials in the near-infrared

Nanoimprint lithography is used to fabricate a metamaterial with the "fishnet" structure composed of Ag/a-Si/Ag layers that exhibits negative refractive index in the near-infrared. We have carried out a femtosecond pump-probe experiment to measure the transient photo-induced response of this structure. With a pump fluence of 330μJ/cm 2 at 800nm, the transmission at the magnetic resonance is increased by ~15.4%. The induced change originated from carrier excitation in the a-Si layer has a fast decay constant of 1.1ps.
Cue Utilization Patterns in Student-Faculty Evaluation.

Judgment by students of faculty effectiveness have relied, for the most part, on subjectively expressed responses to a series of "effectiveness traits" (cues). Simple averaging schemes have summarized the aggregate judgments, often resulting in (a) treating all cues as if they were of equal importance, and (b) inattention to the effects or measurement of individual differences of judges. Multiple regression was used in this study to derive (empirically) individual cue utilization patterns (i.e., weights) for 10 effectiveness traits. Ss were compared to their subjectively expressed judgment scheme. Results indicate that Ss were moderately successful in expressing their actual cue utilization patterns; however, different judgment schemes were clearly observed.
Diels-Alder Reaction for the Selective Immobilization of Protein to Electroactive Self-Assembled Monolayers

where It is the peak current at time t, Io is the initial peak current and If is the residual nonfaradaic current. The excellent fit of the experimental data to this equation indicates that the Q groups are sufficiently isolated on the monolayer that the reactivity is independent of the extent of reaction. We next repeated this experiment with concentrations of cp ranging from 0.76 to 58 mM and in all cases found that the loss in peak current was described well by an exponential decay and that the reaction always proceeded to completion. The pseudo-first-order rate constants increased linearly with the concentration of diene: the slope of the best-fit line (Figure 3, inset) provided a second-order rate constant of kDA ) 0.26 M -1 s -1 , after adjustment for the fraction of time that Q was present. It is striking that this interfacial reaction is kinetically well-behaved. 8
Diseases of the Mitral Valve in Infancy An Anatomic Analysis of 55 Cases

A pathologic study of mitral valvular lesions among 55 infants revealed 29 cases in which the mitral valve was the site of a primary congenital malformation and 26 cases in which the mitral lesion ...
Atmospheric transport of pollutants from North America to the North Atlantic Ocean

Ground-based measurements strongly support the hypothesis that pollutant materials of anthropogenic origin are being transported over long distances in the midtroposphere and are a significant source of acid rain, acid snow, trace metal deposition, ozone and visibility-reducing aerosols in remote oceanic and polar regions of the Norhern Hemisphere. Atmospheric sulphur budget calculations and studies of acid rain on Bermuda indicate that a large fraction of pollutant materials emitted into the atmosphere in eastern North America are advected eastwards over the North Atlantic Ocean. The first direct airborne measurements of the vertical distribution of tropospheric aerosols over the western North Atlantic is reported here. A newly developed airborne differential adsorption lidar system was used to obtain continuous, remotely sensed aerosol distributions along its flight path. The data document two episodes of long-distance transport of pollutant materials from North America over the North Atlantic Ocean.
Radiation pattern of a vertical linear antenna over a conducting strip

The theoretical and experimental radiation patterns of an extended vertical line antenna placed over an infinite conducting strip are presented. The results show the nature of dependence of the level of back radiation upon the strip width and antenna height.
Rudy Henning, the Academician

Summary form only given. Dr. Henning joined the Department of Electrical Engineering at USF soon after its inception, and over the course of his tenure he served in the roles of Professor, Director of Microwave Studies, IEEE Branch Counselor, Department Chair, and Assistant Dean. His concern and compassion for students and his sense of fairness to his colleagues won the respect and devotion of all who came into contact with him. This presentation surveys the highlights of his tenure and includes some warm remembrances of our friend.
Attributional Biases in Sexually Coercive Males1

A social cognitive framework was applied to sexually coercive behavior. Sixty-two male undergraduates completed a self-report measure of sexually coercive behavior, as well as several questionnaires assessing trait aggression, the encoding of sexual behaviors, attributions of hostile intent, and traditional attitudes toward women. Results demonstrate a relationship between the encoding of sexual behaviors and committing sexually coercive behaviors. A tendency to encode ambiguous dating behaviors as admissions of sexual intent related strongly to initiating sexually coercive behavior, while none of the variables examined were strongly related to persisting in sexually coercive behavior. Similar effects were found when controlling for all of the other variables. Implications for intervention designs are discussed.
Was James Madison Ever for the Bill of Rights

Abstract This article revisits the question whether James Madison believed the Bill of Rights improved the Constitution. In particular, it asks whether the evidence supports the argument that Madison was persuaded that bills of rights serve an important educative function in constitutional government. It concludes that the evidence does not support this argument and suggests that Madison did not believe that the Bill of Rights improved the Constitution.
The Prevention of Cigarette Smoking in Children: A Comparison of Four Strategies

Adolescent cigarette smoking remains a serious public health problem. Recent preventive efforts have concentrated on the social influences which encourage smoking onset. They appear more effective than earlier efforts which considered primarily the long term health risks of smoking. In spite of this progress, it has not been possible to identify the necessary or sufficient conditions for the reported treatment effects due largely to issues of research design. We report data from two consecutive studies designed to address this problem. In each study, four treatment strategies were compared for their effectiveness in deterring smoking onset and in minimizing future smoking levels. In the second study, an untreated reference condition was also included. Approximately 7000 students participated in the two studies. Baseline data were gathered in September of the seventh-grade year, interventions were conducted during the full year, and post-test and followup data were collected annually beginning in May of that year. These data suggest that a program which teaches specific skills to resist social pressures to begin smoking and which teaches students about the short term physiological consequences of smoking is more effective than a program which concentrates on long term health consequences. Perhaps most important, the use of same-age peer leaders as teachers appears to be a necessary condition for successful use of this intervention program.
A Muslim response to Harnack

Mohamed Ali, an Indian Muslim political activist of the 1920s, hoped to articulate an empowering perspective for his generation of Indian Muslims. He found Harnack's critique of the history of Christian dogma a suggestive basis for a new image of the relation of Islam to the religious life of the centuries before the Prophet Muhammad. He wanted to create a scheme for a ‘Federation of Faiths’ which would enable Indian Muslims to co‐operate in the new India with persons of other traditions. The article explains the context of Mohamed Ali's thought. Although his perspective lost momentum in India after the collapse of the non‐cooperation and Khilaft movements, it may be that a reconsideration of his ideas would be useful in the context of inter‐religious dialogue.
Caught in the act: When impressions based on highly diagnostic behaviours are resistant to contradiction

Research and theory emphasizing the role of cue diagnosticity in judgment (e.g. Skowronski and Carlston, 1987, 1989) suggests that under the proper conditions: (a) negativity effects should be observed in judgments of honesty/dishonesty; (b) positivity effects should be observed in judgments of intelligence/unintelligence, and (c) intelligence-implicative and dishonesty-implicative cues should be increasingly difficult to contradict as those cues become more extreme. Two experiments yielded data consistent with these predictions. In addition, two other important findings emerged from these studies. The results of Experiments 1 and 2 indicated that subjects do not respond as if highly diagnostic cues are sufficient for category membership, suggesting that the representational format of trait categories does not correspond to the format suggested by the ‘classical model’ of categorization. The results of Experiment 2 also indicated that negativity and positivity effects are not substantially altered by a role-playing manipulation designed to increase subjects' involvement in the judgment task.
Evaluation of on-board kV cone beam CT (CBCT)-based dose calculation*

On-board CBCT images are used to generate patient geometric models to assist patient setup. The image data can also, potentially, be used for dose reconstruction in combination with the fluence maps from treatment plan. Here we evaluate the achievable accuracy in using a kV CBCT for dose calculation. Relative electron density as a function of HU was obtained for both planning CT (pCT) and CBCT using a Catphan-600 calibration phantom. The CBCT calibration stability was monitored weekly for 8 consecutive weeks. A clinical treatment planning system was employed for pCT- and CBCT-based dose calculations and subsequent comparisons. Phantom and patient studies were carried out. In the former study, both Catphan-600 and pelvic phantoms were employed to evaluate the dosimetric performance of the full-fan and half-fan scanning modes. To evaluate the dosimetric influence of motion artefacts commonly seen in CBCT images, the Catphan-600 phantom was scanned with and without cyclic motion using the pCT and CBCT scanners. The doses computed based on the four sets of CT images (pCT and CBCT with/without motion) were compared quantitatively. The patient studies included a lung case and three prostate cases. The lung case was employed to further assess the adverse effect of intra-scan organ motion. Unlike the phantom study, the pCT of a patient is generally acquired at the time of simulation and the anatomy may be different from that of CBCT acquired at the time of treatment delivery because of organ deformation. To tackle the problem, we introduced a set of modified CBCT images (mCBCT) for each patient, which possesses the geometric information of the CBCT but the electronic density distribution mapped from the pCT with the help of a BSpline deformable image registration software. In the patient study, the dose computed with the mCBCT was used as a surrogate of the 'ground truth'. We found that the CBCT electron density calibration curve differs moderately from that of pCT. No significant fluctuation was observed in the calibration over the period of 8 weeks. For the static phantom, the doses computed based on pCT and CBCT agreed to within 1%. A notable difference in CBCT- and pCT-based dose distributions was found for the motion phantom due to the motion artefacts which appeared in the CBCT images (the maximum discrepancy was found to be approximately 3.0% in the high dose region). The motion artefacts-induced dosimetric inaccuracy was also observed in the lung patient study. For the prostate cases, the mCBCT- and CBCT-based dose calculations yielded very close results (<2%). Coupled with the phantom data, it is concluded that the CBCT can be employed directly for dose calculation for a disease site such as the prostate, where there is little motion artefact. In the prostate case study, we also noted a large discrepancy between the original treatment plan and the CBCT (or mCBCT)-based calculation, suggesting the importance of inter-fractional organ movement and the need for adaptive therapy to compensate for the anatomical changes in the future.
Membership Has its Privileges: Old and New Mafia Organizations

What makes a country, or a geographical area, more likely to develop a mafia? At the beginning we find a large-scale shock to the social system that pushes it from a low-crime equilibrium without a mafia toward a high-crime equilibrium with a mafia. Following the shock, the necessary condition for the development of a mafia is the existence of a dynamic, which I call social contagion, similar to a technological lock-in. Indeed, the outbreak of a mafia-like organization creates a self-reinforcing process. Consequently, anti-mafia policies will be successful only if able to push the system back toward a low-crime mafia-free equilibrium. Unfortunately, however, if being a member of the mafia begins to emerge as the dominant choice, elimination of the organization becomes progressively more difficult as the necessary changes in relative returns to membership increase at an increasing rate.
Flow visualization and simulation in FSW

Abstract The flow of material around the welding tool during friction stir welding (FSW) is closely linked to many of the key issues related to the process. Understanding of the flow is critical to determination of accurate thermomechanical processing conditions during FSW. However, there is a need to perform critical experiments to elucidate specific issues such as the frictional contact conditions at the tool–workpiece interface and the genesis of the cyclic variation in process responses and the resulting microstructure.
Effect of the Boundary Conditions and Influence of the Rotational Inertia on the Vibrational Modes of an Elastic Ring

We present the small-amplitude vibrations of a circular elastic ring with periodic and clamped boundary conditions. We model the rod as an inextensible, isotropic, naturally straight Kirchhoff elastic rod and obtain the vibrational modes of the ring analytically for periodic boundary conditions and numerically for clamped boundary conditions. Of particular interest are the dependence of the vibrational modes on the torsional stress in the ring and the influence of the rotational inertia of the rod on the mode frequencies and amplitudes. In rescaling the Kirchhoff equations, we introduce a parameter inversely proportional to the aspect ratio of the rod. This parameter makes it possible to capture the influence of the rotational inertia of the rod. We find that the rotational inertia has a minor influence on the vibrational modes with the exception of a specific category of modes corresponding to high-frequency twisting deformations in the ring. Moreover, some of the vibrational modes over or undertwist the elastic rod depending on the imposed torsional stress in the ring.