cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Efficient, practical synthesis of symmetrically α,α-disubstituted α-amino acids

Ni(II)-complex derived from glycine Schiff base with 2-[N-(α-picolyl)amino]benzophenone (PABP) was found to be an ideal equivalent of nucleophilic glycine in the reactions with various alkyl halides affording an efficient, generalized and practically useful method for preparing symmetrically α,α-disubstituted α-amino acids.
Boundary sets for growth hyperspaces

Abstract A subspace G of the hyperspace 2X of a Peano continuum is called a growth hyperspace if G contains every order arc α in 2X for which ∩ α ∈ G . If G ⊂ H ⊂ 2X are growth hyperspaces such that H is compact, G is σ-compact and dense in H , and the identity map on H is approximable by maps into H ⧹ G , then H is homeomorphic to the Hilbert cube and H ⧹ G is homeomorphic to Hilbert space, and we call G a growth boundary set for H . We investigate the existence and the nature of growth boundary sets for growth hyperspaces of the types 2 X (A)={F∈2 X :F⌢A≠∅} and C(X;A)={M∈2X:M is a continuum and M⌢A≠∅}, where A ∈ 2X. In parti cular, we characterize those situations in which there exist growth boundary sets which are f-d cap sets, and those situations in which every growth boundary set is a cap set.
Nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase in Entamoeba histolytica, a protozoan lacking mitochondria.

Abstract 1. 1. A nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase exhibiting both energy-linked and nonenergy-linked reactions is present in intact and subcellular fractions of Entamoeba histolytica. 2. 2. Both reactions are localized primarily in the 110,000 g sedimented fraction. 3. 3. Even though E. histolytica is eukaryotic, it contains no mitochondria; hence the amoebal enzyme is non-mitochondrial in contrast to mammalian cells where it is located on the inner mitochondrial membrane. 4. 4. Although the enzyme is non-mitochondrial in the amoeba, it responds to palmitoyl-CoA and Ca2+ in the same way that the mammalian enzyme does. 5. 5. E. histolytica is the first protozoan species in which nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase has been found.
Specific inhibition of candicidin biosynthesis by the lipogenic inhibitor cerulenin

Abstract Cerulenin, an inhibitor of fatty acid synthesis, inhibits specifically the biosynthesis of the polyene macrolide candicidin by resting cells of Streptomyces griseus. 50% inhibition was achieved with a cerulenin concentration of 1.5 μg/ml. Cells in which candicidin synthesis was inhibited for 10 h remained capable of candicidin synthesis after removal of the inhibitor. Cerulenin inhibits specifically the incorporation of [14C] propionate into candicidin but does not affect total protein or RNA synthesis. The uptake of [14C] propionate was not inhibited under conditions which totally prevented the incorporation of propionate into candicidin. Incorporation of p- amino [ 14 C ] benzoic acid NH2[14C]BzO− into the aromatic moiety of candicidin was also inhibited by cerulenin. The inhibitory action of cerulenin was not reversed by exogenous fatty acids. Since cerulenin is known to block the condensation of malonyl-CoA subunits in the formation of fatty acids, it is concluded that the polyene macrolide candicidin is synthesized via the polyketide pathway by condensation steps similar to those occurring in fatty acid biosynthesis.
Cathepsin B and uPAR knockdown inhibits tumor-induced angiogenesis by modulating VEGF expression in glioma

Angiogenesis, which is the process of sprouting of new blood vessels from pre-existing vessels, is vital for tumor progression. Proteolytic remodeling of extracellular matrix is a key event in vessel sprouting during angiogenesis. Urokinase type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) and cathepsin B are both known to be overexpressed and implicated in tumor angiogenesis. In the present study, we observed that knockdown of uPAR and cathepsin B using puPAR (pU), pCathepsin B (pC), and a bicistronic construct of uPAR and cathepsin B (pCU) caused significant inhibition of angiogenesis by disrupting the janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT) pathway-dependent expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Further, transcriptional suppression of uPAR and cathepsin B inhibited tumor-induced migration, proliferation of endothelial cells and decreased tumor-promoted expression of VEGF receptor-2, Rac1, gp91phox, cyclin D1, cyclin dependent kinase 4 and p-Rb in human dermal microvascular endothelial cell. Furthermore, U251 and SNB19 xenograft tissue sections from nude mice treated with pCU showed reduced expression of VEGF and CD31, which is a blood vessel visualization marker. Overall, results revealed that knockdown of uPAR and cathepsin B inhibited tumor-induced angiogenesis by disrupting the JAK/STAT pathway-dependent expression of VEGF. These data provide new insight in characterizing the pathways involved in the angiogenic cascade and for the identification of novel target proteins for use in therapeutic intervention for gliomas.
Perioperative outcome after laparoscopic radiofrequency ablation of liver tumors: an analysis of 521 cases

Radiofrequency thermal ablation (RFA) is gaining increased acceptance for the treatment of unresectable primary and metastatic liver tumors. Understanding the morbidity and laboratory changes after RFA is important for operative indications and perioperative management. The authors prospectively analyzed the 30-day morbidity and mortality rates of patients undergoing laparoscopic RFA for liver tumors in a 10-year period. Laboratory studies included a complete blood count, electrolytes, liver function tests, prothrombin time/international normalized ratio (INR), and tumor markers obtained preoperatively, on postoperative days (PODs) 1 and 7, then at 3 months. A total of 521 RFA procedures were performed for 428 patients (286 men and 142 women) with a mean age of 61 years (range, 25–89 years). A total of 346 patients underwent a single operation, and 82 patients had two or more operations. The pathology was metastatic colon cancer for 244 patients (47%), hepatocellular cancer for 109 patients (21%), metastatic neuroendocrine cancer for 74 patients (14%), and other noncolorectal, nonneuroendocrine liver metastasis for 94 patients (18%). A total of 1,636 lesions (mean, 3.1 per patient; range, 1–16) were ablated. The mean tumor size was 2.7 ± 1.6 cm (range, 0.3–11.5 cm). All cases were managed laparoscopically. The 30-day mortality rate was 0.4% (n = 2), and the morbidity rate was 3.8 % (n = 20). The average length of hospital stay was 1 day for RFA-only cases and 2.1 days when another surgical procedure was combined with RFA. Serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) increased 14-fold, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) increased 10-fold, and bilirubin levels increased 2-fold on POD 1, with return to baseline in 3 months. Serum alkaline phosphatase and γ-glutamyltransferase (GGT) levels showed a 25% increase on POD 7, with return to baseline in 3 months. There were no significant changes in platelet counts or prothrombin times postoperatively. This large series provides valuable insight into the perioperative period and allows the expected morbidity of the procedure to be understood. Despite significant patient comorbidities, this procedure was tolerated with low morbidity and mortality rates. Postoperative coagulopathy was not observed. A postoperative rise in liver function tests is expected, reflecting the liver injury response to RFA. This information can be used to expand the patient population that may benefit from laparoscopic RFA.
Transperitoneal and Retroperitoneal Laparoscopic Heminephrectomy—What Approach for Which Patient?

Purpose: We report our experience with laparoscopic heminephrectomy using the transperitoneal and retroperitoneal approaches in 48 pediatric patients.Materials and Methods: A total of 48 laparoscopic heminephrectomies were performed in 35 girls and 13 boys 45 days to 17 years old (mean 4.08 years) between September 1998 and March 2005. The procedures consisted of 44 upper pole heminephrectomies with partial or total ureterectomies and 4 lower pole heminephroureterectomies. Surgeries were performed using a transperitoneal approach in 32 patients (67%) and a retroperitoneal approach in 16 (33%).Results: Followup ranged from 0.75 to 7.25 years (mean 3.53). In the retroperitoneal group 2 procedures required conversion, 1 to open heminephrectomy and 1 to a transperitoneal laparoscopic approach. Complications were seen in 5 of 48 patients (10%). Complications in the retroperitoneal group were seen in 2 patients. One patient had a postoperative urinary leak that resolved spontaneously. Another patient had develo...
Cooperative Scheduling for Inter-Enterprise Manufacturing Resources Sharing

This paper presents a cooperative virtual enterprise approach targeting the manufacturing resource sharing among small and medium enterprises. With intelligent agents and Web Services technologies being adopted, the proposed approach possesses a number of distinguishing characteristics, such as loosely-coupled distributed architecture, internal privacy protection, secure separation of information and autonomous operation. An enterprise model, partner search and selection mechanisms, coordination modes and operation monitoring mechanisms are presented in details. The proposed approach emphasizes the enterprise to maximize its profitability, which is always regarded as a higher priority over other concerns.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
A minicomputer system for recording the dynamic properties of individual operant responses

A PDP-12 is used to conduct operant experiments in which peak force, duration, time integral of force, and interresponse time may each serve as the criterion response property for reinforcement, and all four properties are simultaneously recorded as dependent variables. Calibration, acquisition and control, and data analysis programs are described.
Age and sex differences in tibia morphology in healthy adult Caucasians

Abstract Variability in peripheral Quantitative Computed Tomography (pQCT) measurement sites limits direct comparisons of results between studies. Further, it is unclear what estimates of bone strength are most indicative of changes due to aging, disease, or interventions. The purpose of this study was to examine age group and sex differences in tibia morphology. Additional purposes of this study were to determine which tibia site or sites are most sensitive for detecting age and sex differences. Methods Self-identifying Caucasian men (n = 55) and women (n = 59) ages 20–59 years and separated by decades had their non-dominant tibias measured with pQCT (Stratec XCT 3000) at every 10% of the limb length from 5% to 85% (distal to proximal). Volumetric BMD and BMC of the total, cortical and trabecular bone were determined, as well as periosteal (PeriC) and endosteal (EndoC) circumferences, and cortical thickness (CTh). Results There were significant (p women) in Tot.BMC (21–28%) were paralleled by differences in Cort.BMC (21–25%) (p Conclusion The magnitude of age and sex differences in tibia variables varied by measurement site demonstrating the need for standardization of measurement sites.
Differences in cholinergic responses from outer hair cells of rat and guinea pig

Abstract A cholinergic receptor on outer hair cells WHO in guinea pig cochlea induces a K + current when it is activated by acetylcholine and suberyldicholine but not by nicotine or muscarine (Bobbin, 1995). This unusual receptor may contain an α9-subunit. However, the pharmacology of the α9-subunit cloned from rat and expressed in Xenopus oocytes does not completely match that obtained for the ACh receptor in guinea pig OHCs. The response to 1,1-dimethyl-4-phenylpiperazinium (DMPP) is large in guinea pig OHCs and small in oocytes containing receptors of the α9-subunit. Therefore, we compared the effects of cholinergic receptor agonists in rat and guinea pig OHCs using the whole-cell variant of the patch-clamp technique. ACh caused the largest outward K + current in OHCs from both rat and guinea pig. Carbachol- and suberyldicholine-induced responses were similar in magnitude in OHCs of rat and guinea pig. However, DMPP produced a small response in OHCs from rat and a large response in OHCs from guinea pig. At a concentration of 100 μM, muscarine, oxotremorine M, nicotine and cytisine induced little response in guinea pig OHCs and none in rat OHCs. Results suggest that the ACh receptor on rat OHCs is similar to the α 9-subunit-containing receptor expressed in oocytes but different from the ACh receptor on guinea pig OHCs.
Minimum-interference routing based on flow maximisation

A new on-line routing algorithm based on the notion of minimum-interference is presented. The algorithm maximises the sum of residual flows of ingress–egress pairs, using a simple heuristic method. It achieves good results in terms of total bandwidth routed.
Party composition in the American states: Clarifying concepts and explaining changes in partisanship since the 1950s

Students of state politics have long been interested in the partisanship and the degree of interparty competition in the American states. This has led to numerous attempts to quantify state-level partisanship and competition, the most significant by Ranney (1965). Interestingly, however, scholars have never specified clearly the relationship between these two concepts as measured by the Ranney index. This research attempts to do just that and reveals that the two are different measures which are related systematically. More important, understanding changes in a state's partisanship is determined to be crucial to understanding changes in its level of two-party competition. As such, in order to explain changes in partisanship and competition across the American states from the 1950s to the 1970s, we focus on accounting for changes in partisanship. To this end, changes in aggregate demographic variables account very well for states' movement along the Ranney index over the last 3 decades.
Statistical uncertainty of eddy flux-based estimates of gross ecosystem carbon exchange at Howland Forest, Maine

[1] We present an uncertainty analysis of gross ecosystem carbon exchange (GEE) estimates derived from 7 years of continuous eddy covariance measurements of forest-atmosphere CO2 fluxes at Howland Forest, Maine, USA. These data, which have high temporal resolution, can be used to validate process modeling analyses, remote sensing assessments, and field surveys. However, separation of tower-based net ecosystem exchange (NEE) into its components (respiration losses and photosynthetic uptake) requires at least one application of a model, which is usually a regression model fitted to nighttime data and extrapolated for all daytime intervals. In addition, the existence of a significant amount of missing data in eddy flux time series requires a model for daytime NEE as well. Statistical approaches for analytically specifying prediction intervals associated with a regression require, among other things, constant variance of the data, normally distributed residuals, and linearizable regression models. Because the NEE data do not conform to these criteria, we used a Monte Carlo approach (bootstrapping) to quantify the statistical uncertainty of GEE estimates and present this uncertainty in the form of 90% prediction limits. We explore two examples of regression models for modeling respiration and daytime NEE: (1) a simple, physiologically based model from the literature and (2) a nonlinear regression model based on an artificial neural network. We find that uncertainty at the half-hourly timescale is generally on the order of the observations themselves (i.e., ∼100%) but is much less at annual timescales (∼10%). On the other hand, this small absolute uncertainty is commensurate with the interannual variability in estimated GEE. The largest uncertainty is associated with choice of model type, which raises basic questions about the relative roles of models and data.
Integrated 1×4 Photonic Switch

We demonstrate a 1x4 optical switch fabricated from InGaAsP multiple quantum wells. The device operates via carrier injection, employing a beam steering subunit which guides the optical beam to each of the output waveguides.
Transcriptional regulation of NKT cell development and homeostasis

NKT cells comprise a distinct T cell subset that acquires effector function during development and prior to antigen exposure. NKT cells are of limited antigen specificity but possess the ability to be recruited into an immune response without the need for further differentiation or proliferation and thus may be considered to function as memory cells or as part of the innate immune system. Although the development and maturation of NKT cells share some similarities with conventional T cell populations, many transcriptional regulators and signaling molecules are known to be uniquely required for NKT cell development. Recently, new transcription factors that specify NKT lineage and effector function and novel roles for previously identified transcriptional regulators in the differentiation of the NKT cell population have been discovered.
Fundamental natural frequencies of double-walled carbon nanotubes

Abstract This study deals with evaluation of fundamental natural frequencies of double-walled carbon nanotubes under various boundary conditions. The Bubnov–Galerkin and Petrov–Galerkin methods are applied to derive the expressions for natural frequencies. Apparently for the first time in the literature explicit expressions are obtained for the natural frequencies. These can be useful for the designer to estimate the fundamental frequency in each of two series.
The role of phospholipides in the metabolism of amino acids. II. The incorporation of leucine and tyrosine in liver phospholipides.

Abstract The phospholipides extracted from rabbit liver slices which have been exposed to dl -leucine or dl -tyrosine were found to incorporate these amino acids as a part of their molecular structure. The amino acids are chemically bound to the phospholipides and could not be separated from the lipide complex by electrophoresis. The amino acids could be demonstrated in the aqueous fraction of the acid hydrolysis of the phospholipides by paper chromatography. Phospholipides extracted from liver cells which had been heated at 60 ° for 45 min. prior to incubation with leucine-1-C 14 did not incorporate the radioactive compound and there was no in vitro adsorption of C 14 -labeled leucine by the purified phospholipides.
High-performance spatial indexing for location-based services

Much attention has been accorded to Location-Based Services and location tracking, a necessary component in active, trigger-based LBS applications. Tracking the location of a large population of moving objects requires very high update and query performance of the underlying spatial index. In this paper we investigate the performance and scalability of three main-memory based spatial indexing methods under dynamic update and query loads: an R-tree, a ZB-tree, and an array/hashtable method. By leveraging the LOCUS performance evaluation testbed and the City Simulator dynamic spatial data generator, we are able to demonstrate the scalability of these methods and determine the maximum population size supported by each method, a useful parameter for capacity planning by wireless carriers.
Comparison of NACA 6-series and 4-digit airfoils for Darrieus wind turbines

The aerodynamic efficiency of Darrieus wind turbines as effected by blade airfoil geometry was investigated. Analysis was limited to curved-bladed machines having rotor solidities of 7 to 21% and operating at a Reynolds number of 3 X 10/sup 6/, Ten different airfoils, having thickness-to-chord ratios of 12, 15, and 18%, were studied. Performance estimates were made using a blade element/momentum theory approach. Results indicated that NACA 6-series airfoils yeild peak power coefficients as great as NACA 4-digit airfoils and have broader and flatter power coefficient-tip speed ratio curves. Sample calculations for an NACA 63/sub 2/-015 airfoil showed an annual energy output increase of 17-27%, depending on rotor solidity, compared to an NACA 0015 airfoil.
Peer‐ and self‐rated correlates of a teacher‐rated typology of child adjustment

External correlates of a teacher-rated typology of child adjustment developed using the Behavior Assessment System for Children were examined. Participants included 377 elementary school children recruited from 26 classrooms in the southeastern United States. Multivariate analyses of variance and planned comparisons were used to determine whether the teacher-rated behavior subtypes could be differentiated and, if so, to create more complete descriptions of each cluster. Self-perceptions of academic, social, and emotional adjustment as well as peer perceptions of behavioral attributes and social status were found to provide convergent evidence for the typology. Divergent evidence emerged related to internalizing difficulties. Parallels between the teacher-rated typology and peer-relations research were drawn. Most notably, peers rated Mildly Disruptive (MD) children as bullying and disruptive, consistent with teacher report. However, peers also rated MD children as “cool” and with high levels of social dominance and social control, consistent with recent reports of popular bullies. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Conformational changes of protected glucogon fragments bound to lysolecithin

Abstract The tertiary-butyl blocked forms of the carboxyl-terminal octapeptide, nonapeptide and decapeptide of glueagon bind to lysolecithin with affinities comparable to that of glueagon. These polypeptides acquire secondary structure when they are bound. The form of secondary structures depends on the ratio of polypeptide to lysolecithin micelles, the length of the polypeptide chain and the number of tertiarybutyl groups present in the molecule.
African American Female Caregivers of Family Members Living with HIV/AIDS:

Eight African American women were interviewed to better understand their experiences providing care for relatives who were living with HIV/AIDS. Individual interviews and a focus group discussion took place, investigating the following issues: disclosure, caregiver stress and coping, and support. They were also asked to give advice to other caregivers. These women's lives were marked by stress and change, and they used a variety of strategies to cope in their AIDS caregiving role. They experienced a range of emotions because of the new responsibilities that accompanied the resumption of the caregiving role that many thought they had completed. However, they all willingly took on the challenge. They expressed having a strong sense of spiritual faith, and several felt empowered to become active in the fight against HIV/AIDS. The need for adequate support systems, both formal and informal, was a unanimous concern. The findings of this exploratory study are discussed in terms of the support needs of African A...
Effect of experimental design on sample size

An increasing practical problem in the evaluation of the accuracy of new imaging systems, as well as the effect of modifications in the display of current imaging systems, is the effort entailed in performing the necessary readings. Although some constraints are dictated by the specific evaluation being conducted, some aspects of the experiment can be determined by the investigator. These include, but are not limited to, the method used to select the cases (selected, stratified, or random) and whether continuous variables that are being evaluated (i.e., pixel size, brightness, contrast) are grouped into discrete categories. The selection of the experimental design has an impact on the sample size required to answer the study question and thus impacts on the cost and effort required to do the study.
The Importance of Self-Perceptions to Psychosocial Adjustment in Adolescents With Heart Disease

Abstract Introduction This study examined the importance of self-perceptions as determinants of psychosocial adjustment reported by adolescents with heart disease and compared adolescents with heart disease to healthy norms. Methods Ninety-two adolescents with heart disease from a single Midwestern institution provided reports of self-perceptions (health, self-worth, competence, and importance), internalizing behavior problems (IPs; e.g., anxiety and depression) and externalizing behavior problems (EPs; e.g., attention problems and aggression), and health-related quality of life (HRQOL). Hierarchical linear regression was used to assess the impact of self-perceptions, as well as clinical factors (e.g., illness severity, time since last hospitalization, and medications) and demographic characteristics on outcomes. Results Self-perceptions explained the most variance in behavioral and HRQOL outcomes (R2adj = 0.34 for IP, 0.24 for EP, and 0.33 for HRQOL, p Discussion Adolescents with heart disease are at risk for internalizing behavior problems and reduced HRQOL; however, positive self-perceptions appear to be protective. Self-perceptions are critical and should be addressed by clinicians.
Glucagon like peptide-1 accelerates colonic transit via central CRF and peripheral vagal pathways in conscious rats

Glucagon like peptide-1 (7-36) (GLP-1), one of the gastrointestinal (GI) regulatory peptide, is known to act as a stress related brain neurotransmitter mediating GI function. Central administration of GLP-1 inhibits gastric emptying. However, little is known about the effect of central GLP-1 on colonic transit. Effects and mechanism of GLP-1 on colonic transit were investigated in conscious rats. Immediately after intracerebroventricular (icv)-injection of GLP-1, 51Cr was applied via the catheter positioned to the proximal colon. 90 min after 51Cr injection, rats were euthanized and the colon was removed and divided into 10 equal segments. The radioactivity of each segment was counted and the geometric center (GC) was calculated. Icv-injection of GLP-1 (0.3-3 nmol) dose-dependently accelerated colonic transit [(GC: 4.4+/-0.2 in controls, 7.8+/-0.5 in GLP-1 (3 nmol)]. In contrast, intraperitoneal (ip)-injection of GLP-1 (3 nmol) did not modify colonic transit. Icv-injection of GLP-1 (3 nmol)-induced acceleration of colonic transit was attenuated by vagotomy, atropine and hexamethonium, but not by guanethidine. Icv-injection of GLP-1 (3 nmol)-induced acceleration of colonic transit was abolished by corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) antagonist, astressin. Restraint stress-induced acceleration of colonic transit was abolished by a selective GLP-1 receptor antagonist, exendin. These results indicate that the endogenous GLP-1 is involved in mediating stress-induced alteration of colonic transit via a central CRF and peripheral cholinergic pathways in rats.
Inverse limits associated with the forced van der Pol equation

In “Qualitative Analysis of the Periodically Forced Relaxation Oscillations,” Mark Levi (Mem. Am. Math. Soc. 32, No. 244, July 1981) gives a nice geometric description of annulus maps associated with the first return map for the forced van der Pol equation ex+Φ(x)x+ex=bp(t). In this paper, it is shown that for certain parameter valuesb, the full attracting sets of the annulus maps described by Levi can be realized as inverse limits of circles. Furthermore, we show that the annulus map is topologically conjugate to the shift homeomorphism on the inverse limit space.
Effect of preservatives and conditions of storage on the potency of allergy extracts

The effect of several preservatives and conditions of storage on the potency of allergy extracts in dilutions of 1:100 to 1:10,000 was measured by radioallergosorbent test (RAST) inhibition. Accelerated loss of extract potency occurred with intermittent exposure to room temperature. Additional extracts helped maintain the potency of the others in a mixture, especially at greater dilutions. No increased loss of potency could be demonstrated with partial filling of vials. Of paramount importance in the maintenance of extract potency was the preservative employed. There was marked loss of potency in phenol saline, no demonstrable loss in 50% glycerine, and intermediate loss with 10% glycerin or 0.03% human serum albumin (HSA). The preservative effects of 10% glycerin and 0.03% HSA were additive.
Proline isomerization is unlikely to be the cause of slow annealing and reactivation during the folding of alkaline phosphatase.

Abstract The in vitro folding ofEscherichia coli alkaline phosphatase (AP) from the guanidine hydrochloride (GdnHCl) denatured state is characterized by a significant slow phase in the post activational recovery of native protein lability (probed by the susceptibility to GdnHCl denaturation and occurring on the time scale of days) as well as a slow phase in the recovery of activity (on the time scale of minutes). Slow folding events have often been attributed to cis-trans isomerizations ofX-Pro peptide bonds, a plausible explanation for AP, which contains 21 prolines per subunit. To investigate the role of proline isomerization in the two measures of refolding mentioned above, we have performed “double-jump” GdnHCl denaturation/renaturation experiments, with a third jump, where the rate of unfolding of refolded protein upon exposure to denaturant was added to assess the rate of change of lability. Our measurements of the time evolution of both the lability and the reactivation of refolded AP as a function of denaturation time show that proline isomerization is unlikely to be the cause of either of these slow events in the refolding of AP. The conclusions are further confirmed by the absence of proline isomerization effects when AP is refolded in the presence of human and periplasmic E. coli peptidyl-prolyl isomerase.
Analysis of k and epsilon Budgets for Film Cooling Using Direct Numerical Simulation

Results of a direct numerical simulation of a film cooling jet are used to evaluate the terms in the standard k-e turbulence model. From the direct numerical simulation data all terms and correlations appearing in the exact k-e equations are reconstructed and compared with the models for these terms used in the standard k-e turbulence model. Unlike a channel flow, the turbulent diffusion terms that contain fluctuations of pressure are found to be significant and to have a different distribution from the turbulent diffusion terms involving only velocity fluctuations. Using an eddy viscosity derived from minimizing the error in representing the direct numerical simulation data by the Boussinesq gradient approximation, it is shown that the Boussinesq gradient approximation as used in the standard k-e turbulence model is a reasonable model for the various terms in the exact k-e equations. However, the expression for the eddy viscosity of the standard k-e turbulence model (C μ (k 2 /e)Re) is shown to be greatly in error. Using the direct numerical simulation data, two new damping functions are presented that greatly reduce the error in the eddy viscosity in the standard k-e turbulence model.
The Relationship Between Bisphosphonate Adherence and Fracture: Is It the Behavior or the Medication? Results From the Placebo Arm of the Fracture Intervention Trial

Medication compliance may be a surrogate for factors that improve health outcomes such as fractures. Little is known about the size of this potential “healthy adherer” effect. We evaluated the hypothesis that compliance with placebo is associated inversely with bone loss and fractures among women participating in the Fracture Intervention Trial (FIT). Compliance with placebo and alendronate was evaluated using daily medication diaries. Women were defined as having high compliance if they took 80% or more of dispensed study medication. Change in bone mineral density (BMD) was assessed using mixed models comparing women with high versus lower compliance with placebo. Cox proportional-hazards models analyzed the association between placebo compliance and various types of fractures. Among 3169 women randomized to placebo, 82% had high compliance. Compared with women with lower placebo compliance, bone loss at the total hip was lower in compliant placebo-treated women (−0.43%/year versus −0.58%/year, p = .04). Among placebo-treated women, there were 46 hip, 110 wrist, 77 clinical vertebral, and 492 total clinical fractures. Compared with women with lower placebo compliance, women with high placebo compliance had a nonsignificant reduced risk for hip fracture [adjusted hazard ratio (HR) = 0.67, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.30–1.45]. This trend was not observed for other fractures. Medication compliance may be a proxy for factors that confers benefit on reducing hip fracture (but not other types of fractures) independent of the effect of the medication itself. Nonrandomized studies of interventions designed to maintain or improve bone density and/or hip fracture may need to consider medication compliance as a confounder to better estimate true intervention effects. © 2011 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Reduced anterior cingulate glutamate in pediatric major depression: a magnetic resonance spectroscopy study.

Background Anterior cingulate cortex has been implicated in the pathogenesis of major depressive disorder (MDD). With single voxel proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy, we reported reductions in anterior cingulate glutamatergic concentrations (grouped value of glutamate and glutamine) in 14 pediatric MDD patients versus 14 case-matched healthy control subjects. These changes might reflect a change in glutamate, glutamine, or their combination. Methods Fitting to individually quantify anterior cingulate glutamate and glutamine was performed in these subjects with a new basis set created from data acquired on a 1.5 Tesla General Electric Signa (GE Healthcare, Waukesha, Wisconsin) magnetic resonance imaging scanner with LCModel (Version 6.1-0; Max-Planck-Institute, Gottingen, Germany). Results Reduced anterior cingulate glutamate was observed in MDD patients versus control subjects (8.79 ± 1.68 vs. 11.46 ± 1.55, respectively, p = .0002; 23% decrease). Anterior cingulate glutamine did not differ significantly between patients with MDD and control subjects. Conclusions These findings provide confirmatory evidence of anterior cingulate glutamate alterations in pediatric MDD.
Using patterns of variability to test for multiple community states on rocky intertidal shores

Abstract Predictions based on theory of multiple stable states suggest that larger perturbations should lead to more unpredictable patterns of succession. This prediction was tested in the Gulf of Maine using data from 60 intertidal plots of varying size that were experimentally cleared of the rockweed Ascophyllum nodosum and from 14 benchmark sites from throughout the Gulf. Rockweed was removed from the experimental clearings ranging from 1 to 8 m in diameter in 1996 and data collected in 2004 were used to test effects of clearing size and location on divergence and variability in species composition. Benchmark data were collected in 2005, and the 14 sites were from a dataset on 53 sites throughout the Gulf of Maine. The selected sites were randomly chosen from all sites with > 80% canopy cover by A. nodosum and were expected to be similar to uncleared control plots from the experiment. Experimental removal of A. nodosum resulted in clearings at 12 sites within 4 bays. Abundances of gastropods, barnacles, mussels, and fucoid algae and the percentage cover of barnacles, mussels, fucoid algae, bare space, and other species were sampled. CAP and PERMDISP analyses revealed significant differences in multivariate dispersion and variability with both clearing size and location. Variability generally increased with clearing size and location effects were related to the north–south positioning of the sites. Benchmark sites were similar to the experimental control plots but as variable as the largest clearings. Results suggest that succession in larger clearings has been more unpredictable than in small clearings. The pattern of variability in the experimental clearings is consistent with the predictions of multiple stable states. However, the large amount of variation among the benchmark sites was due to mussels and was unexpected. This unexpected variability underscores the importance of sampling benchmark sites as part of experiments.
In-network optimal rate reduction for packetized MPEG video

Bottleneck links in network elements cause packet queues to overflow thereby resulting in random packet loss. This problem is a big issue at the boundary of wired and wireless networks, and it can cause streamed media applications to perform poorly. For streamed MPEG video, packet loss can induce an incorrect MPEG video bit-stream syntax. At the video player the corrupt stream leads to an improper decoding of frames resulting in a poor viewer experience that can include frame corruption, frame freezing and tiling artifacts. Even very few packet losses can result in a noticeable decay in perceived video quality. To solve this problem, we propose a deterministic in-network selective packet forwarding algorithm that preserves MPEG video syntax while reducing the bandwidth of the video stream to be below the bottleneck bandwidth. Optimality of the forwarding algorithm is achieved by solving a 0-1 knapsack problem using estimated video parameters. We evaluate the proposed scheme for real MPEG-2 and MPEG-4 video streams. The performance of the proposed algorithm is evaluated in terms of the reduction in the number of bit stream syntax errors in addition to the rate optimality.
Posttraumatic stress disorder and the incidence of nicotine, alcohol, and other drug disorders in persons who have experienced trauma.

Background We examine whether exposure to traumatic events increases the risk for nicotine dependence or alcohol or other drug use disorders, independent of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Methods Data come from a longitudinal epidemiologic study of young adults in southeast Michigan. Prospective data covering a 10-year period and retrospective lifetime data gathered at baseline were used to estimate the risk for onset of substance use disorders in persons with PTSD and in persons exposed to trauma without PTSD, compared with persons who have not been exposed to trauma. The National Institute of Mental Health Diagnostic Interview Schedule for DSM-III-R was used. Logistic regression was used to analyze the prospective data, and Cox proportional hazards survival analysis with time-dependent variables was applied to the lifetime data. Results The prospective and retrospective data show an increased risk for the onset of nicotine dependence and drug abuse or dependence in persons with PTSD, but no increased risk or a significantly ( P =.004) lower risk (for nicotine dependence, in the prospective data) in persons exposed to trauma in the absence of PTSD, compared with unexposed persons. Exposure to trauma in either the presence or the absence of PTSD did not predict alcohol abuse or dependence. Conclusions The findings do not support the hypothesis that exposure to traumatic events per se increases the risk for substance use disorders. A modestly elevated risk for nicotine dependence might be an exception. Posttraumatic stress disorder might be a causal risk factor for nicotine and drug use disorders or, alternatively, the co-occurrence of PTSD and these disorders might be influenced by shared risk factors other than traumatic exposure.
Reducing jasmonic acid levels causes ein2 mutants to become ethylene responsive

It has previously been shown that jasmonic acid affects the ethylene signaling pathway. EIN2 is a central component of ethylene signaling that is downstream of the receptors. EIN2 has previously been shown to be required for ethylene responses. We found that reducing jasmonic acid levels, either mutationally or chemically, caused ein2 ethylene-insensitive mutants to become ethylene responsive. This effect was not seen with the ethylene-insensitive etr1-1 mutants that affect receptor function. Based upon these results, we propose a model where jasmonic acid is inhibiting ethylene signal transduction down-stream of the ethylene receptors. This may involve an EIN2-independent pathway.
Realization of a generalized modeling method for ungrounded power systems in Matlab/Simulink

Matlab/Simulink provides a customized environment to realize a generalized modeling method previously developed by the authors for ungrounded power systems. Problems of building component models with function blocks and interconnecting them with algebraic loops in Matlab/Simulink are discussed. The system model of a reduced ring shipboard power system is built in Matlab/Simulink according to the model construction procedures. Representative simulation results of various fault scenarios of the reduced system are presented. Comparison of simulation results and speeds of the generalized modeling method and a commercial software package SimPowerSystems, which was developed in Matlab/Simulink, validates the effectiveness of the implementation of the generalized modeling method in Matlab/Simulink.
Hippocampal insulin microinjection and in vivo microdialysis during spatial memory testing.

Glucose metabolism is a useful marker for local neural activity, forming the basis of methods such as 2-deoxyglucose and functional magnetic resonance imaging. However, use of such methods in animal models requires anesthesia and hence both alters the brain state and prevents behavioral measures. An alternative method is the use of in vivo microdialysis to take continuous measurement of brain extracellular fluid concentrations of glucose, lactate, and related metabolites in awake, unrestrained animals. This technique is especially useful when combined with tasks designed to rely on specific brain regions and/or acute pharmacological manipulation; for example, hippocampal measurements during a spatial working memory task (spontaneous alternation) show a dip in extracellular glucose and rise in lactate that are suggestive of enhanced glycolysis1-3,4-5, and intrahippocampal insulin administration both improves memory and increases hippocampal glycolysis6. Substances such as insulin can be delivered to the hippocampus via the same microdialysis probe used to measure metabolites. The use of spontaneous alternation as a measure of hippocampal function is designed to avoid any confound from stressful motivators (e.g. footshock), restraint, or rewards (e.g. food), all of which can alter both task performance and metabolism; this task also provides a measure of motor activity that permits control for nonspecific effects of treatment. Combined, these methods permit direct measurement of the neurochemical and metabolic variables regulating behavior.
Coordination as Energy-in-Conversation

Coordination is the process people use to create, adapt, and re-create organizations. We propose a theory of coordination as energy-in-conversation to help organizational scholars comprehend the emotional and motivational dynamics of coordination. Our model describes how people generate and diminish their energy in their attempts to coordinate, how this energy affects attempts to coordinate, and how coordinating affects the effort devoted to the activities in the process. This account of the coordination process presents a new approach for understanding performance in interdependent situations.
The Sociology of College Students’ Identity Formation

The dominant paradigm in the literature of college student development reflects a cognitive or psychological bias when considering the effect that college has on students. This chapter offers an alternative perspective by recognizing college as a social process and subsequently examines students’ identity formation from a sociological perspective.
On Consumers' Perception About the Reliability of Nutrient Content Claims on Food Labels

ABSTRACT This study examines the factors affecting consumers' confidence in the truthfulness of nutrient content claims such as “low fat,” “low cholesterol,” “good source of fiber,” “light,” “healthy,” and “extra lean” used on food labels as a reliable basis for choosing foods. Results generally suggest that older, less educated, male individuals as well as those who placed less importance on nutrition when food shopping are less likely to be confident about the reliability of nutrient content claims on food labels as a basis for choosing foods than do others. Income, race, and special diet status are also significant in some of the models.
Towards a Social Ethics of Engineering: The Norms of Engagement

A case is made for augmenting individual-based engineering ethics with a social ethics of technology framework. A social ethics approach takes as problematic the mutable social arrangements for decision making in technology. The example of the design group is used. It is suggested that this expanded approach is more relevant to technology decision-making, which is normally done collectively, than individual ethics alone. Recent changes in the social relations of industry are discussed as evidence that this expanded approach may be well received in the workplace.
Voice Networks: The Human Voice as a Creative Medium for Musical Collaboration

The author describes a musical installation that allows players to record, transform and share their voices in a group. A central computer system facilitates the interaction as participants interdependently collaborate in developing their "voice motifs" into a coherent musical composition. Observations of subjects interacting with two different applications that were developed for the installation lead to a discussion regarding the use of abstract sounds as opposed to spoken words, the effect of group interdependency on individual contribution by players and the tension between maintaining autonomy and individuality versus sharing and collaborative group playing.
London's career motivation theory: An update on measurement and research.

The concept of career motivation initially presented by London (1983) integrates individual differences into three domains: career resilience, career insight, and career identity. This serves as an...
Effective phrase prediction

Autocompletion is a widely deployed facility in systems that require user input. Having the system complete a partially typed "word" can save user time and effort. In this paper, we study the problem of autocompletion not just at the level of a single "word", but at the level of a multi-word "phrase". There are two main challenges: one is that the number of phrases (both the number possible and the number actually observed in a corpus) is combinatorially larger than the number of words; the second is that a "phrase", unlike a "word", does not have a well-defined boundary, so that the autocompletion system has to decide not just what to predict, but also how far. We introduce a FussyTree structure to address the first challenge and the concept of a significant phrase to address the second. We develop a probabilistically driven multiple completion choice model, and exploit features such as frequency distributions to improve the quality of our suffix completions. We experimentally demonstrate the practicability and value of our technique for an email composition application and show that we can save approximately a fifth of the keystrokes typed.