cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A solution of a hoary conundrum: the origin and properties of cosmic rays

I discuss a theory of non-solar cosmic rays (CRs) based on a single type of CR source at all energies. All observed properties of CRs are predicted in terms of very simple and completely 'standard' physics. The source of CRs is extremely 'economical': it has only one parameter to be fitted to the enormous ensemble of all of the data. All other inputs are 'priors', that is theoretical or observational items of information independent of the properties of the source of CRs and chosen to lie in their pre-established ranges.
Volcano-ice interactions on Mars

Central volcanic eruptions beneath terrestrial glaciers have built steep-sided, flat-topped mountains composed of pillow lava, glassy tuff, capping flows, and cones of basalt. Subglacial fissure eruptions produced ridges of similar composition. In some places the products from a number of subglacial vents have combined to form widespread deposits. The morphologies of these subglacial volcanoes are distinctive enough to allow their recognition at the resolutions characteristic of Viking orbiter imagery. Analogs to terrestrial subglacial volcanoes have been identified on the northern plains and near the south polar cap of Mars. The polar feature provides probable evidence of volcanic eruptions beneath polar ice. A mixed unit of rock and ice is postulated to have overlain portions of the northern plains, with eruptions into this ground ice having produced mountains and ridges analogous to those in Iceland. Subsequent breakdown of this unit due to ice melting revealed the volcanic features. Estimated heights of these landforms indicate that the ice-rich unit once ranged from approximately 100 to 1200 m thick.
Simple conversion of anhydrides of boronic and borinic acids to the corresponding organodihaloboranes and diorganohaloboranes

Abstract The reaction of the anhydrides of boronic or borinic acids with trihaloboranes in hydrocarbon solvents leads to the clean exchange of the oxygen and halide to form the organodihaloboranes and diorganohaloboranes in good to excellent yields.
SCIENCE-AND-RELIGION AND THE SEARCH FOR MEANING

Abstract. A survey and interpretation is offered of the broad range of contemporary thinking that concerns itself with the relationships between religion and science. The survey consists of a spectrum of six types of thought: (1) The modern option: translating religious wisdom into scientific concepts; (2) the postmodern/new-age option: constructing new science-based myths; (3) the critical post-Enlightenment option: expressing the truth at the obscure margin of science; (4) the postmodern constructivist option: fashioning a new metaphysics for scientific knowledge; (5) the constructivist traditional option: interpreting science in dynamic traditional concepts; (6) the Christian evangelical option: reaffirming the rationality of traditional belief. The interpretive effort considers these options under the rubric of the contemporary search for meaning and takes note of controversy and convergence within this search. Thinking on the religion/science interface is representative of much contemporary thinking that deals with the question of meaning in the present intellectual and cultural situation.
Legal challenges to managed care cost containment programs: an initial assessment.

PROLOGUE: In a legal system as freewheeling as America's, the protection afforded health plans under the Employee Retirement Income Security Act (ERISA) is viewed by many as anomalous. Under this provision, health plans covering approximately 140 million Americans are largely protected from liability in lawsuits involving denials of payment for medically necessary care. This once prompted Senate minority leader Tom Daschle to ask, “Why is it we only give immunity to diplomats and HMOs?” Partly in an effort to redress this imbalance, policymakers have been considering various forms of so-called right-to-sue legislation, whereby plans would no longer enjoy the kind of protection to which they have become accustomed. Opponents of such legislation claim that it would interfere with managed care cost containment efforts, ultimately pricing many people out of health insurance. Yet, judging from cases that have made it to court thus far, such fears may be unfounded. For as Peter Jacobson points out in this paper...
Synthesis of chiral nonracemic diols via nucleophilic opening of (S,S)-1,2,3,4-diepoxybutane

Abstract (S,S)-1,2,3,4-diepoxybutane was synthesized from (R,R)-dimethyl tartrate. Nucleophilic opening of this diepoxybutane gave a convenient method for generating a variety of chiral nonracemic diols.
Adapting to Changing Resource Requirements for Coalition Formation in Self-Organized Social Networks

Coalition formation in social networks allows many choices of which task to select and with whom to partner in the social network. Agents communicate with agents within n network links in their surrounding network. These agents are considered part of an agentpsilas local neighborhood. Agents maintain a database of skills possessed by agents in their local neighborhood. We compare agents of two different types. Structural agents seek to create a scale-free network. Inventory agents seek to connect to agents who possess a skill not found in their current local neighborhood. We examine the ability of the agents to deal with static skill demand patterns, changing skill demand patterns, and a mismatch of the skills supplied to the skills demanded.
Reflection of a particle from a quantum measurement

We present a generalization of continuous position measurements that accounts for a spatially inhomogeneous measurement strength. This describes many real measurement scenarios, in which the rate at which information is extracted about position has itself a spatial profile, and includes measurements that detect whether a particle has crossed from one region into another. We show that such measurements can be described, in their averaged behavior, as stochastically fluctuating potentials of vanishing time average. Reasonable constraints restrict the form of the measurement to have degenerate outcomes, which tend to drive the system to spatial superposition states. We present the results of quantum-trajectory simulations for measurements with a step-function profile (a 'which-way' measurement) and a Gaussian profile. We find that the particle can coherently reflect from the measurement region in both cases, despite the stochastic nature of the measurement back-action. In addition, we explore the connection to the quantum Zeno effect, where we find that the reflection probability tends to unity as the measurement strength increases. Finally, we discuss two physical realizations of a spatially varying position measurement using atoms.
Developing Citizens: The Impact of Civic Learning Opportunities on Students’ Commitment to Civic Participation:

This study of 4,057 students from 52 high schools in Chicago finds that a set of specific kinds of civic learning opportunities fosters notable improvements in students’ commitments to civic participation. The study controls for demographic factors, preexisting civic commitments, and academic test scores. Prior large-scale studies that found limited impact from school-based civic education often did not focus on the content and style of the curriculum and instruction. Discussing civic and political issues with one’s parents, extracurricular activities other than sports, and living in a civically responsive neighborhood also appear to meaningfully support this goal. Other school characteristics appear less influential.
Why Did the West Extend the Franchise? Democracy, Inequality, and Growth in Historical Perspective

During the nineteenth century most Western societies extended voting rights, a decision that led to unprecedented redistributive programs. We argue that these political reforms can be viewed as strategic decisions by the political elite to prevent widespread social unrest and revolution. Political transition, rather than redistribution under existing political institutions, occurs because current transfers do not ensure future transfers, while the extension of the franchise changes future political equilibria and acts as a commitment to redistribution. Our theory also offers a novel explanation for the Kuznets curve in many Western economies during this period, with the fall in inequality following redistribution due to democratization. I. INTRODUCTION The nineteenth century was a period of fundamental political reform and unprecedented changes in taxation and redistribution. Britain, for example, was transformed from an ‘‘ oligarchy’’ run by an elite to a democracy. The franchise was extended in 1832 and then again in 1867 and 1884, transferring voting rights to portions of the society with no previous political representation. The decades after the political reforms witnessed radical social reforms, increased taxation, and the extension of education to the masses. Moreover, as noted by Kuznets, inequality, which was previously increasing, started to decline during this period: the Gini coefficient for income inequality in England and Wales had risen from 0.400 in 1823 to 0.627 in 1871, but fell to 0.443 in 1901. Two key factors in the reduction in inequality were the increase in the proportion of skilled workers [Williamson 1985] and the redistribution of income toward the poorer segments of the society. For example, taxes rose from 8.12 percent of National Product in 1867 to 18.8 percent by 1927, and the progressivity of the tax system increased substantially (see Lindert [1989]).
Increased Interface Strength in Carbon Fiber Composites through a ZnO Nanowire Interphase

One of the most important factors in the design of a fiber reinforced composite is the quality of the fiber/matrix interface. Recently carbon nanotubes and silicon carbide whiskers have been used to enhance the interfacial properties of composites; however, the high growth temperature degrade the fiber strength and significantly reduce the composite's in-plane properties. Here, a novel method for enhancing the fiber/matrix interfacial strength that does not degrade the mechanical properties of the fiber is demonstrated. The composite is fabricated using low-temperature solution-based growth of ZnO nanowires on the surface of the reinforcing fiber. Experimental testing shows the growth does not adversely affect fiber strength, interfacial shear strength can be significantly increased by 113%, and the lamina shear strength and modulus can be increased by 37.8% and 38.8%, respectively. This novel interface could also provide embedded functionality through the piezoelectric and semiconductive properties of ZnO.
Benchmarking Financial Systems around the World

This paper introduces the Global Financial Development Database, an extensive dataset of financial system characteristics for 205 economies from 1960 to 2010. The database includes measures of (a) size of financial institutions and markets (financial depth), (b) degree to which individuals can and do use financial services (access), (c) efficiency of financial intermediaries and markets in intermediating resources and facilitating financial transactions (efficiency), and (d) stability of financial institutions and markets (stability). The authors document cross-country differences and time series trends.
Mechanical mechanisms for thrombosis in microvessels

The hypothesis that thrombus can be induced in curved vessels due to mechanical stimuli was tested both experimentally and computationally. Our in vivo experiments on rat mesentery showed that thrombi could be formed in non-injured stretched/curved microvessels (post-capillary venules, 20-50 micrometer in diameter), and they were initiated at the inner side of the curvature. To investigate the mechanical mechanisms of the thrombus formation, we performed 3-D computational simulation using commercial software, FLUENT. Vessels with different curvatures (90deg and 180deg) as well as different shaped-cross sections (circular and elliptic) were considered. Our computational results demonstrated that the shear rate and shear rate gradient at the inner side of the curve were higher than those at the opposite side. The differences became larger in more bended and elliptic-shaped microvessels. This suggested that higher shear rate and shear rate gradient are two of the factors that initiate the thrombosis in curved post-capillary venules. Our results are consistent with others in branched venules [1].
Binary nullity, Euler circuits and interlace polynomials

A theorem of Cohn and Lempel [M. Cohn, A. Lempel, Cycle decomposition by disjoint transpositions, J. Combin. Theory Ser. A 13 (1972) 83-89] gives an equality relating the number of circuits in a directed circuit partition of a 2-in, 2-out digraph to the GF(2)-nullity of an associated matrix. This equality is essentially equivalent to the relationship between directed circuit partitions of 2-in, 2-out digraphs and vertex-nullity interlace polynomials of interlace graphs. We present an extension of the Cohn-Lempel equality that describes arbitrary circuit partitions in (undirected) 4-regular graphs. The extended equality incorporates topological results that have been of use in knot theory, and it implies that if H is obtained from an interlace graph by attaching loops at some vertices then the vertex-nullity interlace polynomial q"N(H) is essentially the generating function for certain circuit partitions of an associated 4-regular graph.
Beryllium: A Modern Industrial Hazard*

Beryllium exposure can cause a granulomatous lung disease in workers who develop a lymphocyte-mediated sensitization to the metal. Workers in diverse industries are at risk because beryllium's properties are critical to nuclear, aerospace, telecommunications, electronic, metal alloy, biomedical, and semiconductor industries. The occupational air concentration standard's failure to protect beryllium workers is driving many scientific and occupational health advances. These developments include study of bioavailability of different physicochemical forms of beryllium, medical surveillance to show effectiveness of skin protection in preventing sensitization in high-risk processes, gene-environment interaction, transgenic mice for use in experimental research, and risk-based management of industrial exposures in the absence of effective exposure-response information. Beryllium sensitization and disease prevention are paradigms for much broader public health action in both occupational and general population settings.
Comment on "How Structural are Structural Parameters?"

Following the work of Christiano, Eichenbaum, and Evans (2005) and Smets and Wouters (2003), many central banks are building and estimating dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) models and use them for monetary policy analysis. DSGE models are also widely used in the academic literature to answer a variety of policy questions. A key assumption underlying the policy analysis with DSGE models is that the parameters characterizing preferences and technologies as well as the law of motion of aggregate shocks are invariant to the to the policy changes studied with the DSGE model. The paper by Jesus Fernandez-Villaverde and Juan Rubio-Ramirez, henceforth FVRR, provides novel empirical evidence that changes in the conduct of monetary policy might coincide with changes in the “structural” parameters that determine the degree of nominal rigidity in the economy. FVRR use state-of-the-art econometric techniques developed in some of their earlier work to estimate a medium-scale DSGE model in which many of the key parameters are allowed to vary over time. The main finding of the empirical analysis is that the parameters controlling nominal rigidities drift in a substantial way and are strongly correlated with the ∗Correspondence: Department of Economics, 3718 Locust Walk, University of Pennsylvania, Philadel-
Genetically engineered synthesis of natural products

The feasibility of multi-step, one-flask total synthesis of natural products is demonstrated by cloning and overexpression of the corresponding biosynthetic enzymes from plant and microbial sources. As many as eight or nine enzymes can be recombined in vitro to reach an advanced intermediate in the vitamin B12 pathway.
Lanthanide Lewis acid-mediated enantioselective conjugate radical additions.

Lanthanide triflates along with proline-derived ligands have been found to be efficient catalysts for enantioselective conjugate addition of nucleophilic radicals to enoates. N-Acyl oxazolidinones, when used as achiral additives, gave meaningful enhancements in the ees for the product.
Invasive advance of an advantageous mutation: Nucleation theory

For sedentary organisms with localized reproduction, spatially clustered growth drives the invasive advance of a favorable mutation. We model competition between two alleles where recurrent mutation introduces a genotype with a rate of local propagation exceeding the resident's rate. We capture ecologically important properties of the rare invader's stochastic dynamics by assuming discrete individuals and local neighborhood interactions. To understand how individual-level processes may govern population patterns, we invoke the physical theory for nucleation of spatial systems. Nucleation theory discriminates between single-cluster and multi-cluster dynamics. A sufficiently low mutation rate, or a sufficiently small environment, generates single-cluster dynamics, an inherently stochastic process; a favorable mutation advances only if the invader cluster reaches a critical radius. For this mode of invasion, we identify the probability distribution of waiting times until the favored allele advances to competitive dominance, and we ask how the critical cluster size varies as propagation or mortality rates vary. Increasing the mutation rate or system size generates multi-cluster invasion, where spatial averaging produces nearly deterministic global dynamics. For this process, an analytical approximation from nucleation theory, called Avrami's Law, describes the time-dependent behavior of the genotype densities with remarkable accuracy.
QR-decomposition based algorithms for adaptive Volterra filtering

A QR-recursive-least squares (RLS) adaptive algorithm for non-linear filtering is presented. The algorithm is based solely on Givens rotation. Hence the algorithm is numerically stable and highly amenable to parallel implementations. The computational complexity of the algorithm is comparable to that of the fast transversal Volterra filters. The algorithm is based on a truncated second-order Volterra series model; however, it can be easily extended to other types of polynomial nonlinearities. The algorithm is derived by transforming the nonlinear filtering problem into an equivalent multichannel linear filtering problem with a different number of coefficients in each channel. The derivation of the algorithm is based on a channel-decomposition strategy which involves processing the channels in a sequential fashion during each iteration. This avoids matrix processing and leads to a scalar implementation. Results of extensive experimental studies demonstrating the properties of the algorithm in finite and 'infinite' precision environments are also presented. The results indicate that the algorithm retains the fast convergence behavior of the RLS Volterra filters and is numerically stable. >
Close, but not the same: Locally headquartered organizations and agglomeration economies in a declining industry

Departing from research on expanding, high-technology industries, we study the impact of agglomeration in a declining, low-technology industry. The setting is U.S. footwear manufacturing between 1975 and 1991, when import competition rendered local support critical for survival. We examine how agglomeration-related survival benefits depended upon the presence of locally headquartered manufacturing plants and whether such benefits came at the expense of other local industries. Consistent with ecological arguments, plant failure rates were higher in agglomerations but this effect was attenuated and, in some cases, reversed in agglomerations with more locally headquartered plants. Moreover, only locally headquartered plants experienced such benefits; remotely headquartered plants failed at higher rates in agglomerations. Although more footwear manufacturing jobs were retained in agglomerations with many locally headquartered plants, such locales also exhibited lower manufacturing job growth in other industries. These findings lend greater generalizability to agglomeration theories and also imply trade-offs at the community level. © 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Time quantity one-cycle control for power-factor correctors

A time quantity one-cycle control method is proposed in this paper for unity power-factor AC-DC power converters. Power converters controlled by this method operate at constant switching frequency, require no current sensing, have a simple control circuit and exhibit resistive input impedance at the AC side. A feedback loop design method is provided to minimize the current distortion when the output voltage ripple is not negligible. Experimental results confirmed the theoretical prediction.
Novel thiol-based TACE inhibitors : Rational design, synthesis, and SAR of thiol-containing aryl sulfonamides

A series of potent thiol-containing aryl sulfonamide TACE inhibitors was designed and synthesized. The SAR and MMP selectivity of the series were investigated. In particular, compound 4b has shown excellent in vitro potency against the isolated TACE enzyme and good selectivity over MMP-2, -7, -8, -9, and -13. The X-ray structure of 4b bound to TACE was obtained.
The Seiberg–Witten equations and the Weinstein conjecture II: More closed integral curves of the Reeb vector field

The purpose of this article is to describe other classes in H1.M IZ/ that are represented by formal, positively weighted sums of closed integral curves of v . To set the stage for a precise statement of what is proved here, digress for a moment to introduce the set, SM , of SpinC structures on M , this a principle homogeneous space for the group H .M IZ/. Each element in S has a canonically associated Z–module, a version
Apollo:. a New Push in Lunar Laser Ranging

APOLLO (the Apache Point Observatory Lunar Laser-ranging Operation) is a new effort in lunar laser ranging that uses the Apollo-landed retroreflector arrays to perform tests of gravitational physics. It achieved its first range return in October 2005, and began its science campaign the following spring. The strong signal (> 2500 photons in a ten-minute period) translates to one-millimeter random range uncertainty, constituting at least an order-of-magnitude gain over previous stations. One-millimeter range precision will translate into order-of-magnitude gains in our ability to test the weak and strong equivalence principles, the time rate of change of Newton's gravitational constant, the phenomenon of gravitomagnetism, the inverse-square law, and the possible presence of extra dimensions. An outline of the APOLLO apparatus and its initial performance is presented, as well as a brief discussion on future space technologies that can extend our knowledge of gravity by orders of magnitude.
Direct simulation of a turbulent boundary layer up to R sub theta = 1410

The turbulent boundary layer on a flat plate, with zero pressure gradient, is simulated numerically at four stations between R sub theta = 225 and R sub theta = 1410. The three-dimensional time-dependent Navier-Stokes equations are solved using a spectra method with up to about 10 to the 7th power grid points. Periodic spanwise and stream-wise conditions are applied, and a multiple-scale procedure is applied to approximate the slow streamwise growth of the boundary layer. The flow is studied, primarily, from a statistical point of view. The solutions are compared with experimental results. The scaling of the mean and turbulent quantities with Reynolds number is examined and compared with accepted laws, and the significant deviations are documented. The turbulence at the highest Reynolds number is studied in detail. The spectra are compared with various theoretical models. Reynolds-stress budget data are provided for turbulence-model testing.
The World Trade Organization and Antidumping in Developing Countries

Since the 1995 inception of the World Trade Organization (WTO), developing countries have become some of the most frequent users of the WTO-sanctioned antidumping trade policy instrument. This paper exploits newly available data to examine the pattern of actual industrial use of antidumping in nine of the major “new user” developing countries – Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, India, Indonesia, Mexico, Peru, Turkey and Venezuela. For these countries we are able to match data from two newly available sources: data on production in 28 different 3-digit ISIC industries from the Trade, Production and Protection Database to data on antidumping investigations, outcomes and imports at the 6-digit Harmonized System (HS) product level from the Global Antidumping Database. Our econometric analysis is to estimate a two-stage model of the industry-level decision to pursue an antidumping investigation and the national government’s decision of whether and how much antidumping import protection to provide. First, we find evidence consistent with the theory of endogenous trade policy: larger industries that face substantial import competition are more likely to pursue an antidumping investigation, and larger and more concentrated industries receive greater antidumping protection from imports. Second, we find that industries that use antidumping are more likely to face the changing economic conditions specified by the technical evidentiary criteria of the WTO Antidumping Agreement: industries that face rapidly falling import prices are more likely to pursue an investigation, and industries that are more susceptible to cyclical dumping due to greater capital investment expenditures and that face rapidly increasing competition from imports receive greater antidumping protection.
Improving Language Models by Clustering Training Sentences

Many of the kinds of language model used in speech understanding suffer from imperfect modeling of intra-sentential contextual influences. I argue that this problem can be addressed by clustering the sentences in a training corpus automatically into subcorpora on the criterion of entropy reduction, and calculating separate language model parameters for each cluster. This kind of clustering offers a way to represent important contextual effects and can therefore significantly improve the performance of a model. It also offers a reasonably automatic means to gather evidence on whether a more complex, context-sensitive model using the same general kind of linguistic information is likely to reward the effort that would be required to develop it: if clustering improves the performance of a model, this proves the existence of further context dependencies, not exploited by the unclustered model. As evidence for these claims, I present results showing that clustering improves some models but not others for the ATIS domain. These results are consistent with other findings for such models, suggesting that the existence or otherwise of an improvement brought about by clustering is indeed a good pointer to whether it is worth developing further the unclustered model.
Asymmetric hetero Diels–Alder route to quaternary carbon centers: synthesis of (−)-malyngolide

Conformationally constrained chiral bis(oxazoline)-metal complex catalyzed asymmetric hetero Diels-Alder reactions of Danishefsky's diene and a variety of α-keto esters constructed quaternary carbon centers enantioselectively. The reaction was utilized in the synthesis of (-)-malyngolide.
Distributed computer system enhances productivity for SRB joint optimization

Initial calculations of a redesign of the solid rocket booster joint that failed during the shuttle tragedy showed that the design had a weight penalty associated with it. Optimization techniques were to be applied to determine if there was any way to reduce the weight while keeping the joint opening closed and limiting the stresses. To allow engineers to examine as many alternatives as possible, a system was developed consisting of existing software that coupled structural analysis with optimization which would execute on a network of computer workstations. To increase turnaround, this system took advantage of the parallelism offered by the finite difference technique of computing gradients to allow several workstations to contribute to the solution of the problem simultaneously. The resulting system reduced the amount of time to complete one optimization cycle from two hours to one-half hour with a potential of reducing it to 15 minutes. The current distributed system, which contains numerous extensions, requires one hour turnaround per optimization cycle. This would take four hours for the sequential system.
Prenasalized stops and speech timing.

Prenasalized stops, that is, homorganic nasal+stop elements that behave as single phonological segments, raise a number of interesting questions concerning the relationship between phonological units and timing in speech. Do complex phonetic elements of this kind occupy the same duration as simpler elements, such as plain stops or nasals? Do prenasalized stops have the same timing pattern as a phonological sequence of nasal plus stop? How do prenasalized stops act with respect to rules which adjust the duration of neighboring segments? For example, would a vowel before a prenasalized stop be shortened by the widespread rule which shortens a vowel in a closed syllable (Maddieson 1985)? It has been argued that the status of prenasalized stops as single segments is directly related to their duration. They have been defined as nasal+stop sequences with the duration typical of other single segments (Herbert 1986). He, and Sagey (1986), in her dissertation on complex segments, both indicate that they would expect phonological consonant sequences to have longer durations than single segments regardless of whether the single segments are phonetically simple or complex. On the other hand, Ladefoged and Maddieson (1986) suggest that there is no demonstrated phonetic difference in timing between nasal+stop sequences and prenasalized stops. Purported language-internal contrasts between these elements actually involve a difference between geminate and single nasals before stops (as in Sinhalese), or between syllabic and non-syllabic nasals before stops. They suggest that deciding if a nasal+stop element is a prenasalized stop is not a phonetic issue but one which concerns solely the phonology of the language in question.
Allocating Conservation Resources Under The Endangered Species Act

We explore the allocation of recovery funds to species listed under the Endangered Species Act. We simulate outcomes from allocations based on the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service’s priority rankings and on rankings used in U.S. states’ Wildlife Action Plans developed under the Congressional Wildlife Conservation and Restoration Program. We find that these criteria yield modest improvements over the FWS’s current allocations and that documented inconsistencies in these allocations do not have a detrimental impact on the effectiveness of conservation spending. We also find that alternative policy goals—promoting recovery or preventing extinction—imply a tradeoff between increasing the number of Improving species and reducing the number of Extinct species of roughly 2:1.
Strong subadditivity and the covariant holographic entanglement entropy formula

Headrick and Takayanagi showed that the Ryu-Takayanagi holographic entanglement entropy formula generally obeys the strong subadditivity (SSA) inequality, a fundamental property of entropy. However, the Ryu-Takayanagi formula only applies when the bulk spacetime is static. It is not known whether the covariant generalization proposed by Hubeny, Rangamani, and Takayanagi (HRT) also obeys SSA. We investigate this question in three-dimensional AdS-Vaidya spacetimes, finding that SSA is obeyed as long as the bulk spacetime satisfies the null energy condition. This provides strong support for the validity of the HRT formula.
Iminoacyl Functions Linked to Chalcogens Other Than Oxygen

This chapter reviews the transformations that have been used to prepare imidoylsulfur, -selenium, and -tellurium derivatives with particular emphasis on newer methods that have been published since 1993. Thioimidic esters, which are often called thioimidates, are the most common class of compounds of this type. A variety of methods for the synthesis of thioimidates are described, including the alkylation of thioamides with alkylating reagents, the addition of thiols to nitriles or activated imidoyl derivatives, and the addition of carbon nucleophiles to isothiocyanates followed by subsequent S-alkylation. Selenoimidates have been prepared by transformations analogous to those used for the corresponding sulfur compounds. Some recent advances in the preparation of selenoimidates involve the generation and coupling of imidoyl radicals with diaryl diselenides. Recent developments in the radical-mediated group—transfer imidoylation of organotellurium compounds with isonitriles has greatly increased the reported examples of the preparation of telluroimidates and these are covered together with some established methods. Methods of preparing imidoyl chalcogen derivatives where the chalcogen is attached to a heteroatom are also reviewed. The classes of compounds covered include imidoyl sulfenates, imidoyl disulfides and diselenides, imidoylthiophosphorus derivatives, imidoylthiometalloid derivatives, and imidoylthiometal derivatives.
Inquiries into the Nature of Free Energy and Entropy in Respect to Biochemical Thermodynamics

Abstract: Free energy and entropy are examined in detail from the standpoint of classical thermodynamics. The approach is logically based on the fact that thermodynamic work is mediated by thermal energy through the tendency for nonthermal energy to convert sponta-neously into thermal energy and for thermal energy to distribute spontaneously and uni-formly within the accessible space. The fact that free energy is a Second-Law, expendable energy that makes it possible for thermodynamic work to be done at finite rates is empha-sized. Entropy, as originally defined, is pointed out to be the capacity factor for thermal en-ergy that is hidden with respect to temperature; it serves to evaluate the practical quality of thermal energy and to account for changes in the amounts of latent thermal energies in sys-tems maintained at constant temperature. With entropy thus operationally defined, it is pos-sible to see that T ∆ S° of the Gibbs standard free energy relation ∆ G° = ∆ H° − T ∆ S° serves to account for differences or changes in nonthermal energies that do not contribute to ∆
Numerical Analysis of the Kinematic Dexterity of Mechanisms

A general approach to numerical analysis of the kinematic dexterity of mechanisms is presented. Dextrous workspace problems are first defined and illustrated with examples. Composite workspaces are introduced to characterize both positioning and orienting capabilities of mechanisms. A numerical formulation and computer implementation that incorporates computer graphics and a numerical algorithm for solving systems of nonlinear equations are presented. Using the composite workspace formulation and the computer implementation, numerical techniques for dextrous workspace analysis are presented. Examples are given to illustrate the techniques developed.
Numerically Computing Real Points on Algebraic Sets

Given a polynomial system f, a fundamental question is to determine if f has real roots. Many algorithms involving the use of infinitesimal deformations have been proposed to answer this question. In this article, we transform an approach of Rouillier, Roy, and Safey El Din, which is based on a classical optimization approach of Seidenberg, to develop a homotopy based approach for computing at least one point on each connected component of a real algebraic set. Examples are presented demonstrating the effectiveness of this parallelizable homotopy based approach.
Optimal Admission Control of Discrete Event Systems with Real-Time Constraints

The problem of optimally controlling the processing rate of tasks in Discrete Event Systems with hard real-time constraints has been addressed in prior work under the assumption that a feasible solution exists. Since this cannot generally be the case, we introduce in this paper an admission control scheme in which some tasks are removed with the objective of maximizing the number of remaining tasks which are all guaranteed feasibility. We derive several optimality properties based on which we develop a computationally efficient algorithm for solving this admission control problem under certain conditions. Moreover, when no future task information is available, we derive necessary and sufficient conditions under which idling is optimal and define a metric for evaluating when and how long it is optimal to idle. Numerical examples are included to illustrate our results.
Generation of Stereochemically Defined Tetrasubstituted Enolborinates by 1,4-Hydroboration of α,β-Unsaturated Morpholine Carboxamides with (Diisopinocampheyl)borane

On all fours: The title reaction with (Ipc)2 BH provides tetrasubstituted enolborinates which undergo aldol reactions with aldehydes to form products with all-carbon quaternary centers with exceptional diastereo- and enantioselectivity. A change to the substitution pattern of the starting amide leads to either diastereomer of the α-methyl-α-ethyl-β-hydroxy carboxamide (1 or 2).
A second-order maximum entropy model predicts correlated network states, but not their evolution over time

Highly correlated network states are often seen in multielectrode data, yet are predicted to be rare by independent models. What can account for the abundance of these multi-neuron firing patterns? Recent work [1,2] has shown that it is possible to predict over 90% of highly correlated network states, even when correlations between neuron pairs are weak. To make these predictions, both groups used a maximum entropy model that fit only the firing rates and the pairwise correlations (a second-order maximum entropy model), and which was maximally uncommitted about all other model features. This new work raises several questions. First, how general are these results? Both previous reports largely used retinal data. Could this maximum entropy approach also succeed when applied to cortical slices? Although the original model explained correlations among spikes, could it also be used to explain the abundance of correlated states of local field potentials (LFPs)? A second issue concerns the abundance of correlated states over time. Can a second-order maximum entropy model predict sequences of correlated states? To examine the generality of this approach, we applied a second-order maximum entropy model to a variety of in vitro cortical networks, including acute slices from rat (n = 3) and human epileptic tissue (n = 1), as well as organotypic (n = 3) and dissociated cultures (n = 3) from rat. We explored its effectiveness in predicting correlated states of both spikes and LFPs at one time point. On average, the model accounted for 90 ± 6% (mean ± s.d.) of the available multi-information, in good agreement with previous studies. In all cases, the maximum entropy model significantly outperformed an independent model, demonstrating its effectiveness in explaining correlated states in cortical spikes and LFPs at one time point. We also explored how well the maximum entropy model predicted sequences of correlated states over time. Here, the model often failed to account for the observed sequence lengths. In 8/10 preparations, the distribution of observed sequences was significantly longer (p ≤ 0.003). We conclude that a second-order maximum entropy model can predict correlated states, but not their evolution over time. This suggests that higher-order maximum entropy models incorporating temporal interactions will be needed to account for the sequences of correlated states that are often observed in the data.
Lewis base catalyzed enantioselective aldol addition of acetaldehyde-derived silyl enol ether to aldehydes

Chiral phosphoramide catalyzed-enantioselective aldol addition of an acetaldehyde-derived trialkylsilyl enol ether to aromatic aldehydes provides protected aldol products in good yields with good to excellent enantioselectivities. Preliminary studies show that the aldolization intermediate (a chlorohydrin adduct) can be trapped with tert-butyl isocyanide to form an α-hydroxy lactone with good selectivity in a single-pot operation.
Scattering in Flatland: Efficient Representations via Wave Atoms

This paper presents a numerical compression strategy for the boundary integral equation of acoustic scattering in two dimensions. These equations have oscillatory kernels that we represent in a basis of wave atoms, and compress by thresholding the small coefficients to zero. This phenomenon was perhaps first observed in 1993 by Bradie, Coifman, and Grossman, in the context of local Fourier bases (Bradie et al. in Appl. Comput. Harmon. Anal. 1:94–99, 1993). Their results have since then been extended in various ways. The purpose of this paper is to bridge a theoretical gap and prove that a well-chosen fixed expansion, the non-standard wave atom form, provides a compression of the acoustic single- and double-layer potentials with wave number k as O(k)-by-O(k) matrices with C e δ k 1+δ non-negligible entries, with δ>0 arbitrarily small, and e the desired accuracy. The argument assumes smooth, separated, and not necessarily convex scatterers in two dimensions. The essential features of wave atoms that allow this result to be written as a theorem are a sharp time-frequency localization that wavelet packets do not obey, and a parabolic scaling (wavelength of the wave packet) ∼ (essential diameter)2. Numerical experiments support the estimate and show that this wave atom representation may be of interest for applications where the same scattering problem needs to be solved for many boundary conditions, for example, the computation of radar cross sections.
Highly asymmetric cobalt-catalyzed aziridination of alkenes with trichloroethoxysulfonyl azide (TcesN3)

A Co(II)-based catalytic system has been developed for asymmetric aziridination of alkenes with trichloroethoxysulfonyl azide (TcesN3) under mild conditions, forming the corresponding N-Tces-aziridines in high yields and excellent enantioselectivities.
The role of opioids in cancer pain management.

: Opioids remain an important cornerstone in the treatment of cancer pain. Effective analgesia is obtained in the majority of cancer pain patients with the application of fairly straightforward algorithms using opioids as the main therapy. Many rational treatment algorithms exist. In this tutorial we will describe the role of opioids in the treatment of cancer pain, including a brief overview of cancer pain syndromes, essential aspects of opioid therapy, opioid pharmacology, opioid rotation, properties of the individual opioids, and management of common side effects of opioids.
Parton distributions and the W mass measurement

We examine the sources of parton distribution errors in the $W$ mass measurement, and point out shortcomings in the existing literature. Optimistic assumptions about strategies to reduce the error by normalizing to $Z$ observables are examined and found to rely too heavily on assumptions about the parametrization and degrees of freedom of the parton distribution functions (PDFs). We devise a strategy to combine measurements as efficiently as possible using error correlations to reduce the overall uncertainty of the measurement, including $Z$ data, and estimate a PDF error of ${\text{ }}_{\ensuremath{-}12}^{+10}\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{MeV}$ is achievable in a $W$ mass measurement at the LHC. Further reductions of the $W$ mass uncertainty will require improved fits to the parton distribution functions.
Earth's Heat Source - The Sun:

The Sun encompasses planet Earth, supplies the heat that warms it, and even shakes it. The United Nation's Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) assumed that solar influence on Earth's climate is limited to changes in solar irradiance and adopted the consensus opinion of a hydrogen-filled Sun — the Standard Solar Model (SSM). They did not consider the alternative solar model and instead adopted another consensus opinion: Anthropogenic greenhouse gases play a dominant role in climate change. The SSM fails to explain the solar wind, solar cycles, and the empirical link of solar surface activity with Earth's changing climate. The alternative solar model-molded from an embarrassingly large number of unexpected observations that space-age measurements revealed since 1959-explains not only these puzzles but also how closely linked interactions between the Sun and its planets and other celestial bodies induce turbulent cycles of secondary solar characteristics that significantly affect Earth's climate.
Power counting to better jet observables

Optimized jet substructure observables for identifying boosted topologies will play an essential role in maximizing the physics reach of the Large Hadron Collider. Ideally, the design of discriminating variables would be informed by analytic calculations in perturbative QCD. Unfortunately, explicit calculations are often not feasible due to the complexity of the observables used for discrimination, and so many validation studies rely heavily, and solely, on Monte Carlo. In this paper we show how methods based on the parametric power counting of the dynamics of QCD, familiar from effective theory analyses, can be used to design, understand, and make robust predictions for the behavior of jet substructure variables. As a concrete example, we apply power counting for discriminating boosted Z bosons from massive QCD jets using observables formed from the n-point energy correlation functions. We show that power counting alone gives a definite prediction for the observable that optimally separates the background-rich from the signal-rich regions of phase space. Power counting can also be used to understand effects of phase space cuts and the effect of contamination from pile-up, which we discuss. As these arguments rely only on the parametric scaling of QCD, the predictions from power counting must be reproduced by any Monte Carlo, which we verify using Pythia 8 and Herwig++. We also use the example of quark versus gluon discrimination to demonstrate the limits of the power counting technique.
High-Resolution Measurements of Intersystem Bands of Carbon Monoxide toward X Persei*

In an echelle spectrum of X Per acquired with the Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph, we have identified individual rotational lines of 11 triplet-singlet (intersystem) absorption bands of 12CO. Four bands provide first detections for interstellar clouds. From a comparison with the ζ Oph sight line, we find that X Per is obscured by a higher 12CO column density of 1.4 × 1016 cm-2. Together with the high spectral resolution of 1.3 km s-1, this allows (1) an improved measurement of previously published interstellar f-values for seven bands and (2) an extraction of the first astrophysical oscillator strengths for d-X (8-0), (9-0), and (10-0), as well as for e-X (12-0). The 13CO d-X (12-0) band, previously suspected to exist toward ζ Oph, is now readily resolved and modeled. Our derived intersystem f-values for 12CO include a few mild (≤34%) disagreements with recent predictions from a perturbation analysis calculated for the interstellar excitation temperature. Overall, the comparison confirms the superiority of employing multiple singlet levels in the calculations of mixing coefficients over previous single-level predictions.