cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Economic Analysis of Conventional and Alternative Nutrient Management Approaches

During times of economy uncertainty, such as the current period, all costs of agricultural production become important and worthy of close scrutiny if the threat of farm foreclosures is to be minimized. This concern particularly applies to the cost of plant nutrients, which, under conventional approaches, can typically represent 24–30% (or more) of the total variable cost of production. The purpose of this chapter is to examine the physical effects, economics, profitability, and sustainability of various plant nutrient management strategies—both conventional and alternative one—in an attempt to identify those strategies that can lead to resource optimization, maximization of profits for farm enterprises, and long-term farm sustainability and survival. The results of this analysis include the following: conventional nutrient management systems, using commercial synthetic fertilizers, can show higher profit for most grain crops (with the exception of corn and sorghum) than organic nutrient management alternative nutrient management strategies for increasing farm profitability. A cover crop system can produce higher yield, higher gross margin, and lower crop yield variation, when compared to no-tillage conventional, manure-based, and crownvetch systems. Manure-based systems that do not require purchase or transport of the manure (as in combined animal and crop production systems) can be considerably more profitable than conventional systems. Both manure-based and cover crop systems that do not include the use of commercial fertilizers (i.e. organic systems) hold particular promise due to the output price premiums typically garnered by the organic crops grown under such conditions. Under dry soil conditions, manure-based systems can provide higher levels of soil organic matter and stimulate the growth of soil organisms that are beneficial to plant nutrient uptake and crop yield.
Coating Columbium For High Temperatures

Frustrated by columbium’s poor oxidation resistance, metallurgists are devoting considerable research effort to provide this metal with a self-healing coating. Here is one answer arrived at by the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory.
The Neural Plasticity of Giftedness

Based on known types of neural plasticity such as phantom limb, pediatric hemispherectomy, and synesthesia, this chapter proposes that giftedness is a type of neural plasticity not well understood. Three questions guide the exploration of this idea. First, how does state of mind contribute to the acquisition and demonstration of giftedness? Second, what is the contribution of stress to the acquisition or demonstration of expertise? Finally, what are the contributions of sensory, perceptual, and motivational mechanisms to superlative higher level cognition and resulting performance state(s)? A larger paradigm is required to integrate existing empirical and theoretical information to guide the exploration of the potential nature of individual differences, human performance, and creativity on an elaborate scale. This chapter will reconcile these topics and issues into a general theory of giftedness as another type of neural plasticity.
Evaluating Relational Taxonomies of IT Offshoring and IT Offshoring Success: When Success and Failure are One and the Same

When can an information technology (IT) offshoring relationship be considered a success and failure at the same time? The literature is rich with offshoring relationships that have been described as being successful or as a failure. However, success or failure is often in the eye of the beholder. When evaluating offshoring success we propose that both process and outcome criteria be considered, where offshoring outcomes can be evaluated as a “failed success” (process success + outcome failure), or as a “successful failure” (process failure + outcome success), in addition to pure successes and failures. Building on buyer-seller relationship research, this dissertation develops dimensions that characterize the manner by which offshoring clients and vendors relate and evaluate their IT offshoring relationships. The dissertation will develop an empirically based classification of different types of offshoring relationships and investigate if success and failure depend on the emergent offshoring relationship taxonomy.
Applying DBT Mindfulness Skills to the Treatment of Clients with Anxiety Disorders

Clinicians and researchers have increasingly begun to acknowledge the potential benefits of incorporating acceptance- and mindfulness-based approaches into cognitive-behavioral treatments for the anxiety disorders (see Orsillo, Roemer, Block, Lejeune, & Herbert, 2004; Orsillo, Roemer, Block-Lerner, & Tull, 2004). As such, the past several years have seen the development of innovative mindfulness- and acceptance-based cognitivebehavioral treatments for several anxiety disorders, including generalized anxiety disorder (Roemer & Orsillo, 2002), panic disorder (PD; Karekla & Forsyth, 2004), posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD; Orsillo & Batten, 2005), and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD; Singh,Wahler,Winton, & Adkins, 2004). Evidence in support of these treatments is provided by both preliminary data on their efficacy (Karekla & Forsyth, 2004; Roemer & Orsillo, 2004) and basic research on the potential benefits of emotional acceptance (relative to suppression) within PD (Levitt, Brown, Orsillo, & Barlow, 2004) and among individuals with heightened anxiety sensitivity (Eifert & Heffner, 2003).
Anti-"i" antibody and hemolytic anemia associated with spontaneous cytomegalovirus mononucleosis.

Hemolytic anemia occurred in a 23-year-old woman with spontaneous cytomegalovirus mononucleosis who had not received a blood transfusion. The patient’s serum gave positive reactions in Coombs’ antiglobulin test with human cord erythrocytes but did not react with adult “O” cells. Complement-fixation antibody titers against cytomegalovirus and levels of activity against cord erythrocytes increased as the anemia worsened and remained at high levels when recovery from the anemia occurred.
Estimating distances and traveled distances in virtual and real environments

Virtual environments (VEs) have gained widespread use in recent years as a tool for training new skills, particularly in cases where training in the real environment can be risky or dangerous. But while there are many potential applications that could benefit from using VEs, our understanding of several basic perceptual and cognitive tasks in VEs—distance and traveled distance estimation, speed estimation, spatial orientation, and wayfinding—is not yet well developed. This dissertation increases understanding of two of these problems through three experiments on distance estimation and three on traveled distance estimation. The first experiment directly compared participants' distance estimates across several visual presentation methods and measurement protocols. Results, for instance, showed no significant differences between estimates made when VEs are displayed in a head-mounted or a large-screen immersive display. In the second distance estimation experiment, participants made a series of distance judgments with feedback during an adaptation phase, and then made a series of “test phase” judgments without feedback in an environment that was similar but differently scaled. Under certain scaling conditions, there were significant differences between adaptation accuracy and test accuracy, suggesting that people's perceptual judgment is less well grounded in VEs than in the real world. Finally, our third distance estimation experiment was a pilot that further confirmed underestimation of distances in VEs while providing initial experience with a travel distance task valuable for the second half of our research. The fourth experiment is one of the first to directly compare traveled distance estimates between real and virtual environments. Results, for instance, showed a significant difference between estimates made by people who were passively moved through a real environment and people who experienced simulated self-motion in a virtual environment. The fifth and sixth experiments investigated whether scene density and richness affect people's sense of traveled distanced. In each of these experiments, participants who experienced feature-sparse environments judged traveled distances significantly differently than subject who experienced feature-rich environments. However, traveled distance estimation seems to involve more cognitive factors than distance estimation, and population differences between the two experiments make general conclusions somewhat difficult without further experimentation.
Is more better than less? An analysis of children's mental health services.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the dose-response relationship for outpatient therapy received by children and adolescents-that is, to determine the impact of added outpatient visits on key mental health outcomes (functioning and symptomatology). DATA SOURCES/STUDY SETTING: The results presented involve analyses of data from the Fort Bragg Demonstration and are based on a sample of 301 individuals using outpatient services. STUDY DESIGN: This article provides estimates of the impact of outpatient therapy based on comparisons of individuals receiving differing treatment doses. Those comparisons involve standard multiple regression analyses as well as instrumental variables estimation. The latter provides a means of adjusting comparisons for unobserved or unmeasured differences among individuals receiving differing doses, differences that would otherwise be confounded with the impact of treatment dose. DATA COLLECTION/EXTRACTION METHODS: Using structured diagnostic interviews and behavior checklists completed by the child and his or her caretaker, detailed data on psychopathology, symptomatology, and psychosocial functioning were collected on individuals included in these analyses. Information on the use of mental health services was taken from insurance claims and a management information system. Services data were used to describe the use of outpatient therapy within the year following entry into the study. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS/CONCLUSIONS: Instrumental variables estimation indicates that added outpatient therapy improves functioning among children and adolescents. The effect is statistically significant and of moderate practical magnitude. These results imply that conventional analyses of the dose-response relationship may understate the impact of additional treatment on functioning. This finding is robust to choice of functional form, length of time over which outcomes are measured, and model specification. Dose does not appear to influence symptomatology.
Genome-Wide Association Analysis of Common Scab Resistance and Expression Profiling of Tubers in Response to Thaxtomin A Treatment Underscore the Complexity of Common Scab Resistance in Tetraploid Potato

Common scab of potato caused by pathogenic Streptomyces species poses an economic burden to commercial potato cultivation. Despite decades of research, no molecular markers linked to this trait are currently available, making the development of scab resistant potato varieties inefficient. We evaluated common scab lesion type and tuber coverage in 198 individuals segregating for common scab resistance in replicated field trials with high natural disease pressure over two growing seasons. To identify genetic features associated with resistance, we genotyped the tetraploid (4x) population and parental lines (Kalkaska and Tundra) using the Illumina Infinium 8303 Potato Array and conducted genome-wide association analysis. Here, we report two significant single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers on chromosome 1 associated with both scab traits in both years as well as a SNP marker on chromosome 2 associated with scab tuber coverage. Gene expression profiling of the parents of this population in response to Thaxtomin A treatment revealed differential expression of genes in tubers putatively involved in cell wall biosynthesis and hormone signaling.
Introduction to Decentralization

This is an introduction to decentralization. The authors distinguish centralized from decentralized organizations and show their respective uses and limitations in differ-ent contexts. A centralized hierarchy is the most efficient architecture for solving the particular limited problem it was designed to address. But centralization is not the optimal organizational structure under highly dynamic conditions. Rigid power allocation means the organization can’t easily reorganize to adapt to unanticipated challenges from the outside. Clear rules lead to internal corruption when the letter of the law overrides the spirit of the law and members compete for power. New sources of information are ignored since they don’t have existing lines to the decision-making authorities. Information at the edge is lost. The authors show that advances in technology have given decentralized systems the efficiency they have lacked in previous eras and that allowed them to be out-competed by centralized systems. Decentralized organizations thrive under the types of changing circumstances that break centralized organizations. Information at the edge is naturally incorporated and communicated so the system can adapt to external threats. Decentralized organizations are more stable. Decentralized organ-izations do not crash in response to new external problems like crystalline hierar-chies do. Decentralizing allows an organization to adapt to change and chaos. De-centralization, while it may be seen as wastefully redundant, gives every member greater autonomous power.
Insular epilepsy surgery: lessons learned from institutional review and patient-level meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE Insular lobe epilepsy is a challenging condition to diagnose and treat. Due to anatomical intricacy and proximity to eloquent brain regions, resection of epileptic foci in that region can be associated with significant postoperative morbidity. The aim of this study was to review available evidence on postoperative outcomes following insular epilepsy surgery. METHODS A comprehensive literature search (PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Cochrane) was conducted for studies investigating the postoperative outcomes for seizures originating in the insula. Seizure freedom at last follow-up (at least 12 months) comprised the primary endpoint. The authors also present their institutional experience with 8 patients (4 pediatric, 4 adult). RESULTS A total of 19 studies with 204 cases (90 pediatric, 114 adult) were identified. The median age at surgery was 23 years, and 48% were males. The median epilepsy duration was 8 years, and 17% of patients had undergone prior epilepsy surgery. Epilepsy was lesional in 67%. The most common approach was transsylvian (60%). The most commonly resected area was the anterior insular region (n = 42, 21%), whereas radical insulectomy was performed in 13% of cases (n = 27). The most common pathology was cortical dysplasia (n = 68, 51%), followed by low-grade neoplasm (n = 16, 12%). In the literature, seizure freedom was noted in 60% of pediatric and 69% of adult patients at a median follow-up of 29 months (75% and 50%, respectively, in the current series). A neurological deficit occurred in 43% of cases (10% permanent), with extremity paresis comprising the most common deficit (n = 35, 21%), followed by facial paresis (n = 32, 19%). Language deficits were more common in left-sided approaches (24% vs 2%, p < 0.001). Univariate analysis for seizure freedom revealed a significantly higher proportion of patients with lesional epilepsy among those with at least 12 months of follow-up (77% vs 59%, p = 0.032). CONCLUSIONS These findings may serve as a benchmark when tailoring decision-making for insular epilepsy, and may assist surgeons in their preoperative discussions with patients. Although seizure freedom rates are quite high with insular epilepsy treatment, the associated morbidity needs to be weighed against the potential for seizure freedom.
INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY IN SUMMER SEA ICE MINIMUM, COASTAL POLYNYAS AND BOTTOM WATER FORMATION IN THE WEDDELL SEA

As sea ice formation plays a key role in driving Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW) production through brine rejection and the associated production of High Salinity freezing point Shelf Water 0tSSW), a possible link between interannual variability of the ice cover and changes in AABW production is expected. Analysis of satellite data indicates that the summer minimum extents (and area) in the Weddell Sea were highly variable from 1979 through 1995, but the correlations of summer ice characteristics to those of subsequent winter are generally weak. We observed, instead, that unusually low summer minimum extents which occurred in 1981, 1985, 1988, and 1993 were preceded by high winter maximum extents (with effects in 1985 not as large as other years). During years of high winter maximum extents, the meridional winds were observed to be relatively strong and coastal polynya areas were greater than average. Wind effects appear to be an important factor in causing the large variability observed in the ice cover while the effects of air temperature variations are not apparent. Temporal variability of AABW in the western Weddell Sea from 1963 through 1993 also is observed, with the bottom water salinity being significantly lower in 1992 and 1993 than those in earlier decades. A strong direct connection of the ice data with AABW is not apparent from available data but our results suggest the intriguing possibility that AABW formation is affected by the passage of the Antarctic Circumpolar Wave.
Directional and proximity models of voter choice in recent US presidential elections

This note evaluates relative ability of the proximity and recently proposed directional variants of the spatial model of voter choice to account for candidate evaluations in US presidential elections contested between 1980 and 1992. I do this by estimating a statistical model that represents voter preference for a candidate as a weighted average of proximity and directional components. The analysis corroborates previous studies supporting the directional model, but illustrate that these results are sensitive to statistical specification. Alternative methodological specifications favor a mixed directional-proximity model and the traditional distance representation.
Proton ATPases in bacteria: comparison to Escherichia coli F1F0 as the prototype.

The F1F0 ATP synthase complex of Escherichia coli functions reversibly in coupling proton translocation to ATP synthesis or hydrolysis. The structural organization and subunit composition corresponds to that seen in many other bacteria, i.e. a membrane extrinsic F1 sector with five subunits in an alpha 3 beta 3 gamma delta epsilon stoichiometry, and a membrane-traversing F0 sector with three subunits in an a1b2c12 stoichiometry. The structure of much of the F1 sector is known from a X-ray diffraction model. During function, The gamma subunit is known to rotate within a hexameric ring of alternating alpha and beta subunits to promote sequential substrate binding and product release from catalytic sites on the three beta subunits. Proton transport through F0 must be coupled to this rotation. Subunit c folds in the membrane as a hairpin to two alpha helices to generate the proton-binding site in F0. Its structure was determined by NMR, and the structure of the c oligomer was deduced by cross-linking experiments and molecular mechanics calculations. The implications of the oligomeric structure of subunit c will be considered and related to the H+/ATP pumping ratio, P/O ratios and the cation-binding site in other types of F0. The possible limits of the structure in changing the ion-binding specificity, stoichiometry and routes of proton entrance/exit to the binding site will be considered.
Rotational state populations in 16O+154Sm near-barrier fusion.

The ground state rotational band populations for the 4n evaporation channel have been measured at three $^{16}\mathrm{O}$ bombarding energies. The populations for the $^{4}\mathrm{He}$${+}^{166}$Er reaction, which populates the same residual nucleus at above-barrier energies, have also been measured to calibrate the statistical model which has been used to relate the observed populations to the compound nuclear spin distribution. The mean compound nuclear angular momenta are somewhat less than obtained in a previous gamma ray multiplicity investigation and are in better agreement with coupled channels calculations.
Motherhood by Death among the Bororo Indians of Brazil

The institution of “motherhood by death,” which provides the dying with a “mother” at their death-bed and the bereaved with substitute “children,” represents the most crucial part of the Bororo funeral ceremonies. The paper looks at the meaning of this ritual motherhood, its symbolism, and its function at the individual and social level.
How useful is ε-aminocaproic acid for the treatment of hyperfibrinolysis in patients with cirrhosis?

How useful is e-aminocaproic acid for the treatment of hyperfibrinolysis in patients with cirrhosis?
Cartography of complex networks: modules and universal roles

Integrative approaches to the study of complex systems demand that one knows the manner in which the parts comprising the system are connected. The structure of the complex network defining the interactions provides insight into the function and evolution of the components of the system. Unfortunately, the large size and intricacy of these networks implies that such insight is usually difficult to extract. Here, we propose a method that allows one to systematically extract and display information contained in complex networks. Specifically, we demonstrate that one can (i) find modules in complex networks and (ii) classify nodes into universal roles according to their pattern of within- and between-module connections. The method thus yields a 'cartographic representation' of complex networks.
Influence of Solar Heating and Precipitation Scavenging on the Simulated Lifetime of Post—Nuclear War Smoke

The behavior of smoke injected into the atmosphere by massive fires that might follow a nuclear war was simulated. Studies with a three-dimensional global atmospheric circulation model showed that heating of the smoke by sunlight would be important and might produce several effects that would decrease the efficiency with which precipitation removes smoke from the atmosphere. The heating gives rise to vertical motions that carry smoke well above the original injection height. Heating of the smoke also causes the tropopause, which is initially above the smoke, to reform below the heated smoke layer. Smoke above the tropopause is physically isolated from precipitation below. Consequently, the atmospheric residence time of the remaining smoke is greatly increased over the prescribed residence times used in previous models of nuclear winter.
The Knowledge-Creating Company: How Japanese Companies Foster Creativity and Innovation for Competitive Advantage

The article reviews the book “The Knowledge-Creating Company: How Japanese Companies Foster Creativity and Innovation for Competitive Advantage,” by Ikujiro Nonaka and Hiro Takeuchi.
Sexual inequality in the workplace: An employer-specific analysis of pay differences

Abstract This paper reports an analysis of employer-specific sex differences in the processes governing the salary attainment of personnel of a large company. The two dominant theories of inequality both view discrimination as the operative cause of pay differences, but locate the structural source of discrimination at different points in the employer-employee exchange space. The wage discrimination hypothesis asserts that the economic disadvantage of women issues directly from the pay practices of employers, with women receiving “unequal pay for equal work.” The crowding, or employment segregation, hypothesis asserts that inequality issues from the employment practices of employers; disparities in the allocation of jobs and promotions results in segregation along sexual lines, with women relegated to lower-paying positions. The findings show that both wage discrimination and sexual segregation of the company's job and rank structures contribute to inequality, but that the latter is more important. The implications for the issue of discrimination are briefly discussed.
Zooplankton biomass and grazing at the JGOFS Sargasso Sea time series station

Abstract We examined the variability in zooplankton biomass and grazing in the upper 200 m at the JGOFS time series station off Bermuda during 3 week periods in August 1989 and in March/April 1990. The average-integrated 64 μm zooplankton biomass was similar in August (571 mg C m −2 ) and March/april (592 mg C m −2 ). However, macrozooplankton (200 μm) represented a greater portion of total (64 μm) zooplankton biomass in March/April (75%) as compared to August (30%). The average estimated rate of phytoplankton ingestion was higher in March/April (3.7 mg C m −2 h −1 ) compared to August (0.6 mg C m −2 h −1 ), with macrozooplankton (200 μm) contributing more to the estimated flux in March (65%) compared to August (14%). Our estimates of 3 times greater macrozooplankton biomass in March/April is similar in magnitude to the differences in the estimated flux of organic material from the photic zone during these seasons. In addition, short-term changes in the sinking of particulate organic matter during our March/April cruise were consistent with increases/decreases in macrozooplankton biomass and grazing.
Effect of Amphotericin B on Growth and Membrane Permeability in Dictyostelium discoideum

In this study we have determined the effect of the polyene antibiotic amphotericin B on the growth of the eukaryotic microorganism Dictyostelium discoideum. These experiments show that the addition of drug to axenically growing cultures results in an inhibition of growth and cell division. However, with continued incubation, growth is resumed. To determine if the inhibitory effect was due to cell death, the effect of the drug on cell viability was measured. The results showed 10 to 20 times more drug was required to kill cells than to inhibit growth. Since previous studies had indicated that drugs of this type modified cellular permeability, the effect of this drug on osmotic stability of these cells was determined. Results reported in this study show that amphotericin B treatment modifies the cell surface, producing osmotically unstable cells, and that this modification occurs before the onset of cell death and within the same concentration range as used to bring about the inhibition of growth and division. Based on these data it is suggested that the modification in cellular permeability produced by the drug results in the inhibition of growth. This study also reports the results of experiments on the fate of the membrane-damaged cells. These experiments, using radioactive thiourea, showed the restoration of cellular permeability barrier and suggested that the resumption of cell growth occurs after the completion of the repair process.
Design sensitivity analysis: A new method for implant design and a comparison with parametric finite element analysis

A unified theory of structural design sensitivity is proposed to be used in conjunction with the parametric design variation method traditionally used in finite element analyses applied to biomechanics problems. Bone cement strain energy density dependence on cement and stem modulii of elasticity as analyzed with the theory of structural design sensitivity analysis is compared parametrically varied finite element results. Two-dimensional, eight-noded isoparametric and interface finite elements with optimal stresses at Gauss points are employed. Design sensitivity for strain energy density compares well with perturbation of design and reanalysis by finite element techniques.
Nonresonant absorption and dispersion of C2CIF5-helium compressed gas mixtures

Abstract Nonresonant absorption of 20%, 30.7% and 55.5% mixtures by volume of CF4 in helium has been recorded at 28°C at a frequency of 1648 MHz ± 1 MHz at pressures up to 33 atmospheres. The data deviate considerably from the Debye equation for nonresonant absorption, and a sudden onset of extreme dielectric loss is observed at 33 atmospheres total pressure for the 30.7% mixture and at 18.5 atmospheres total pressure for the 55.5% mixture. The dielectric loss for the 20% mixture remains approximately constant within the range of pressures studied. The Clausius-Mossotti function is density dependent for the mixtures and pressures studied in contradiction to the classical Lorentz theory. The unusual dielectric behavior of the gas mixtures may be due to octupole interactions or to dimerization of CF4.
Iterative characterizations of powers and exponentials

Two theorems are proved concerning characterization of powers and exponentials by iterated (composite) functional equations in one complex variable for entire functions. It is shown that: The only non-constant entire function satisfying the functional equation (1) $$F(z + F(z)) = F(z)F(z^{k - 1} + 1),$$ wherek is a fixed integer ⩾ 3, isF(z) = z k ; and The only non-constant entire functions satisfying the functional equation (2) $$F(z + F(z)) = F'(F(z))F'(z) = \frac{d}{{dz}}(F(F(z)))$$ are $$\frac{1}{{a^2 }}e^{az} $$ wherea is an arbitrary non-zero complex constant.
White-Light Optical Signal Processing And Its Applications

Coherent processors, offer a myriad of complicated optical signal processings. However, coherent processing systems are usually plagued with coherent noise. These difficulties have prompted us to look at optical processing from a new standpoint. To consider whether it is necessary for all optical processing operations to be carried out by coherent light, we have found that there are several optical processing techniques which can be carried out by partially coherent light or white-light. One utilizes a spatially incoherent light to perform complex data processing, which has been proposed by Lohmann [1], Rhodes [2], and Stoner [3] and the other utilizes a white-light source, pursued by Leith and Roth [4], Yu [5], and Morris and George [6].
Cross-Domain Neurobiology Data Integration and Exploration

Understanding the biomedical implications of data from high throughput experiments requires solutions for effective cross-scale and cross-domain data exploration. Our work integrates molecular level data with high level biological functions using anatomical structure as a scaffold. The Flex-based PubAnatomy web application we developed enables highly interactive visual exploration of literature and experimental data for understanding the relationships between molecular level changes, pathways, brain circuits and pathophysiological processes. PubAnatomy also allows the sharing of intermediate data exploration results with other web applications, greatly increasing the power of cross-domain data exploration and mining. The prototype of PubAnatomy is freely accessible at: http://brainarray.mbni.med.umich.edu/ Brainarray/prototype/PubAnatomy
Attitudes of Businessmen, Consumers, and Consumerists Toward Consumerism

Despite the apparent concern about consumerism issues by various groups, it appears that much of this concern has been based on speculation and casual observations. There is a paucity of empirical research regarding attitudes toward consumerism. This study is the first to assess the attitudes of businessmen, consumers and consumerists—all from the same geographic and market environmenttoward several important consumerism issues. The results, which show significant differences in various areas, have important policy implications for consumerists, politicians and businessmen.
Succinate-cytochrome c reductase activity and lipids in diapause and non-diapause Anthonomus grandis from different latitudes.

Succinate-cytochrome c reductase (SCR) activity and fat content were compared for diapausing and non-diapausing boll weevils, Anthonomus grandis, collected from various latitudes. Thoracic mitochondrial SCR activity was unaffected by diapause; however, the SCR activity of abdominal mitochondria was reduced by 50% in diapausing weevils and the fat content increased by 2-fold. Diapausing weevils from the southernmost latitude showed the lowest SCR activity and the lowest fat content and were distinct from the other diapausing groups. No correlation was found between northern latitudes and SCR activity during diapause. The significance of the results is discussed from the standpoint of food quality and the evolution of diapause in the boll weevil.
CHEMOSENSORY RESPONSES OF THE SYMBIOTIC DINOFLAGELLATE SYMBIODINIUM MICROADRIATICUM (DINOPHYCEAE)1

Motile Symbiodinium microadriaticum (Freudenthal 1962) were attracted to a variety of nitrogen-containing compounds, including ammonium, nitrate, urea and some amino acids. No chemosensory response to phosphate, sulphate, vitamins, trace metals or sugars was evident. Motile algae responded to concentrations of ammonium, nitrate, and urea at least as low as 10−6 M. High concentrations (≥ 10−2 M) of ammonium appeared to inhibit attraction of motile algae. Calculations using ammonium release rates from various aposymbiotic hosts suggest that motile S. microadriaticum can respond to released ammonium ca. 1 cm from the source. Cultured algae were not attracted to combined nitrogen cues for at least 2 days after inoculation into seawater with dissolved combined low nitrogen. Algae freshly isolated from starved animals were normally motile the day following isolation and attracted to ammonium and nitrate when maintained in seawater containing < 1 μM ammonium and nitrate. The algae lost their ability to orient to nitrogen attractants the day after incubation into culture medium containing high levels of ammonium and nitrate. These results suggest that chemosensory behavior is suppressed when nutrients are present in the ambient medium or are stored by the alga. There were few differences in chemosensory abilities in different strains of S. microadriaticum to the attractants assayed, suggesting that selection for a particular strain by a host species may not be due to differential chemosensory ability or cues. However, the absence of chemical attraction of motile S. microadriaticum to infected hosts may act to preserve strain selection occurring at other steps in the infection process of aposymbiotic hosts.
Longer-Term Fourth Ventricular 5-Thioglucose Infusion Increases Body Fat in the Rat:

5-Thioglucose (5-TG) has been shown to increase food intake after acute administration. To determine the longer-term effects of 5-TG on feeding and body composition, thirty-four female Sprague-Dawley rats were cannulated into the fourth ventricle and infused with artificial CSF and either 0.01 M 5-TG or 0.1 M 5-TG using osmotic pumps. Food intake and body weight were monitored daily. Rats were killed after 14 days of infusion. Carcass and fatpad weights were measured, and body compositions were determined. Food intake was not different during the first week of infusion; however, cumulative food intake was decreased in the 0.1 M 5-TG group during the second week as compared to the CSF control group. Body weight and carcass weight of this group also decreased as compared to the control. The group receiving the higher dose of 5-TG (0.1 M) had increased fatpad weights in all three depots examined (inguinal, retroperitoneal, and perimetrial depot); the group with lower dose of 5-TG infusion (0.01 M) increased the fatpad weights in the retroperitoneal and perimetrial depot, as compared to the CSF group. Data from the body composition analysis were consistent with the results of the fatpad weights. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that chronic fourth ventricular 5-TG infusion increased body fat without increasing food intake, suggesting that energy expenditure is decreased under this condition. The results of this study indicate that glucose metabolism in the hindbrain is important in the control of energy expenditure, body fat deposition, and thus energy balance regulation.
Process tracing methods: Contributions, problems, and neglected research questions

Process tracing approaches such as verbal protocol analysis and information board methodologies have been developed to study the cognitive processes underlying decision making. This review summarizes the growing body of literature using process tracing approaches to study decision making. Fortyfive studies were identified for this review and study characteristics were coded. The results firmly demonstrate that noncompensatory strategies were the dominant mode used by decision makers. Compensatory strategies were typically used only when the number of alternatives and dimensions were small or after a number of alternatives had been eliminated from consideration. The research also indicates that information processing in decision making is contingent on the demands of the task faced by the decision maker. Based on this review, methodological issues that could contribute to improving the rigor of process tracing research are discussed. The cost/benefit analysis framework of L. R. Beach and T. R. Mitchell (1978, Academy of Management Review, 3,
Fuzzy patches on the Earth's core‐mantle boundary?

Recent seismological investigations reveal the presence of highly anomalous structures at the base of the mantle, modeled as patches ≤5–50 km thick having ultralow-velocities (−δVP∼10–20%, −δVS∼10–50%). Waveform modeling shows seismological data are compatible with the patches exhibiting a wide range of density increases, up to δρ∼60%, which can be ascribed to chemical contamination of the deep mantle by the core. Not all anomalies require lowermost mantle partial melting, and may be located just below or right at the core-mantle boundary (CMB): a ∼1–3 km thick zone of finite rigidity (crystallization?) at the top of the outer core or, more generally, of gradational properties across the CMB can also explain observations. Fuzzy patches at the boundary may be zones of intense chemical and physical interactions between the mantle and core.
Coming to America: Challenges for Faculty Coming to United States' Universities

‘Coming to America’ is a journey filled with obstacles for some new faculty from abroad. This paper reports the findings of surveys conducted with foreign-born faculty and their students in order to explore the key issues these faculty face at US institutions. They identify substantial concerns about cultural differences, including relations with students, feelings of loneliness and the difficult process of obtaining permanent residency rights. The paper concludes with recommendations of strategies that could ease the transition into US academe for foreign-born faculty in the future. These include improving mentoring, networking and training opportunities for foreign-born faculty and providing more information and training for chairs so that they are better able to help foreign-born colleagues.
Concept of spinning magnetic field at magic-angle condition for line narrowing in Mössbauer spectroscopy

A different technique for narrowing of M\"ossbauer resonances in crystals is suggested. Similar to high-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, it uses a combined action of a continuous wave radio-frequency field and a dc magnetic field under a ``magic-angle'' condition. However, the condition itself is essentially different from the one known previously. Moreover, this technique suppresses the contribution of the dipole-dipole interaction to the energy of M\"ossbauer transition only (it does not suppress the contribution of the dipole-dipole interaction to the energy of individual levels). It works rather well even in the case of relatively strong dipole-dipole interaction.
Fluctuations in anti-factor Xa levels with therapeutic enoxaparin anticoagulation in pregnancy

Fluctuations in anti-factor Xa levels with therapeutic enoxaparin anticoagulation in pregnancy
Do contrails significantly reduce daily temperature range

[1] One of the most visible anthropogenic phenomena in the atmosphere is the occurrence of contrails. The direct effects of contrails on surface temperature are investigated on the basis of the data sets for the cloud cover and surface temperature over the conterminous United States for the period 1971–2001. It is shown that the increase of the average daily temperature range (DTR) over the United States during the three-day grounding period of 11–14 September 2001 cannot be attributed to the absence of contrails, a subject was debated in several previous studies. The present analysis suggests that the DTR is attributed to the change of low cloudiness.
Effects of the menstrual cycle on the metabolism of human endometrium.

The metabolic mechanisms by which the female sex hormones regulate the structure and function of the tissues of the genital tract have been investigated by three different techniques: (1) the variation in tissue metabolism during normal estrous or menstrual cycles has been measured; (2) the effect on metabolism of hormones injected into castrate animals has been studied; and (3) the effects of steroid hormones on these tissues in vitro have been examined. Khayyal and Scott (1935) reported that the metabolism of whole rat uterus varied with the phase of the estrous cycle, and these results have been confirmed (Kerly, 1937). In the human, Raab (1929) found that the oxygen consumption and anaerobic glycolysis of endometrium increased as the menstrual cycle progressed, but Adler (1930) and Drey fuss (1940) did not confirm these observations. More recently Stuermer and Stein (1952) followed endometrial metabolism is single individuals by means of biopsies.
280 MULTILINEAGE POTENTIAL OF PORCINE BONE MARROW AND ADIPOSE-DERIVED MESENCHYMAL STEM CELLS IN 3-D ALGINATE HYDROGELS

Adipose tissue presents an appealing alternative to bone marrow as a source of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC). However, in order to enhance cell proliferation and differentiation, 3-dimensional (3-D) culture may be required. A 3-D culture has benefits due to its more in vivo-like environment. Further, to form a functional tissue, a scaffold material is required to ensure proper shape and allow for efficient delivery of nutrients and growth factors. Alginate, a resorbable hydrogel, is a potential injectable scaffold for fat and bone tissue engineering due to its high biocompatibility, gelation with calcium and slow dissolution in a physiologic environment. In the present study, we examined the viability, gene expression and morphology of MSC, isolated from porcine adipose (ADSC) and bone marrow (BMSC), during osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation in a 3D alginate hydrogel environment for 0, 7 and 14 days (d). ADSC and BMSC were infused into alginate hydrogels, which polymerized upon the addition of Ca+2 ions. Both stem cell types were differentiated into osteoblasts using 0.1 μm dexamethasone, 10 mm beta glycerophosphate and 50 μm ascorbic acid, whereas adipocytes were differentiated using 10 μm insulin, 1 μm dexamethasone, and 0.5 mm IBMX. Osteogenic differentiation was confirmed using alkaline phosphatase, Von Kossa, and alizarin red S staining and adipogenic differentiation was confirmed using Oil Red O. Cell viability and proliferation was quantified using the MTT assay. Gene expression was measured using qPCR. The morphology of ADSC and BMSC differentiated toward osteogenic lineages changed with both cell types forming osteogenic nodules over time. The nodules formed by ADSC were larger in diameter than those formed by BMSC. Unlike the osteogenic cells that formed nodules, the ADSC and BMSC differentiated into adipogenic cells showed no significant changes in cell size or aggregation. Gene expression results indicated increased PPARG expression in BMSC with time whereas ADSC showed a peak of expression on day 7 and then decreased. ADSC showed increased (14-fold) PPRG expression when compared with BMSC. ADSC had 160-fold less expression of ALP than BMSC. BMSC showed a 16-fold higher expression level of BGLAP than ADSC. ADSC showed a 15.8% higher expression than BMSC for COL1a1. Both ADSC and BMSC showed similar trends SPARC expression, but BMSC had a 12-fold higher expression of SPP1 than ADSC. In summary, both types of mesenchymal stem cells successfully differentiated into both lineages and maintained viability in the hydrogel over time. In conclusion, alginate is a viable scaffold material for the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells for tissue engineering applications. These results allow for future studies using the pig as an in vivo fat and bone tissue engineering model. This research was supported by the Illinois Regenerative Medicine Institute.
Dose-related effects of phenobarbital on hepatic microsomal enzymes

To study the relationship between the dose of phenobarbital (PB) and the magnitude of its effects on microsomal enzymes, cytochrome P-450, UDP-glucuronyl transferase (UDPGT), and glucose-6-phosphatase (G6P) activities were determined in liver homogenate and microsome preparations from control rats and rats treated for 6 days with PB at doses ranging from 1 to 125 mg/kg/day. Both P-450 and UDPGT activities were enhanced by PB in a dose-related fashion. However, while the lowest dose of the drug to produce significant induction of both enzymes was the same (3 mg/kg), maximal induction of P-450 (214%) and UDPGT (285%) was obtained with different doses of PB, namely 75 and 125 mg/kg, respectively. UDPGT induction could equally be demonstrated regardless of whether "native" enzyme or enzyme activated by UDP-N-acetyl glucosamine, digitonin or deoxycholate was employed. In contrast to these inducing effects of the drug on P-450 and UDPGT, PB treatment resulted in a dose-related inhibition of G6P activity. The inhibitory effect was observed with both "native" and deoxycholate-activated enzymes, and could be demonstrated whether the data were expressed as enzyme specific activity (nanomoles per minute per milligram microsomal protein) or as total G6P activity (micromoles per minute per 100 g body weight). These results indicate that: (I) enzyme induction by PB is dose-related; (ii) induction of both P-450 and UDPGT is obtained in the rat with doses of the drug similar to those given to man; and (iii) observed inhibition of G6P activity by PB does not solely reflect an enzymatic dilution secondary to the proliferated endoplasmic reticulum.
The effect of specimen thickness on the experimental characterization of critical crack-tip-opening angle in 2024-T351 aluminum alloy

Abstract Although the crack-tip-opening angle (CTOA) has been shown to be well suited for modeling stable crack growth and instability for thin sheet aluminum alloys, its behavior for increasing thickness has not been thoroughly evaluated. To investigate this behavior, fracture tests were performed on specimens made of 2024-T351 aluminum alloy with thicknesses of 2.3, 6.35, 12.7, and 25.4 mm. The surface CTOA exhibited an initially high value followed by a transition to a “constant” value after a short amount of crack extension, with this transition decreasing significantly with increasing specimen thickness. The critical CTOA was shown to decrease with increasing specimen thickness and appears to possibly be approaching a lower limiting value.
Are Intuitive Eating and Eating Disorder Symptomatology Opposite Poles of the Same Construct

Two studies explored whether intuitive eating (i.e., eating based on physiological hunger and satiety cues rather than situational and emotional cues) is a distinct construct from low levels of eating disorder (ED) symptomatology among college women. Previous research has demonstrated that high levels of ED symptomatology are related to lower levels of well-being. Therefore, if intuitive eating is a distinct construct, then it should be associated with indices of well-being above and beyond the variance accounted for by ED symptomatology. Findings revealed that two intuitive eating components (i.e., eating for physical rather than emotional reasons and reliance on internal hunger and satiety cues) made unique contributions to each well-being measure, whereas the remaining intuitive eating component (i.e., unconditional permission to eat) overlapped substantially with low levels of ED symptomatology.