cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Role of Matrix Metalloproteinases in Human Periodontal Diseases.

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) are a family of proteolytic enzymes that mediate the degradation of extracellular matrix macromolecules, including interstitial and basement membrane collagens, fibronectin, laminin, and proteoglycan core protein. The enzymes are secreted or released in latent form and become activated in the pericellular environment by disruption of a Zn++-cysteine bond which blocks the reactivity of the active site. The major cell types in inflamed and healthy periodontal tissues (fibroblasts, keratinocytes, endothelial cells, and macrophages) are capable of responding to growth factors and cytokines, as well as to products released from the microbial flora by induction of transcription of 1 or more MMP genes. Cytokines that are likely to regulate expression of MMP genes in periodontal tissues include IL-1, TNF-α, and TGF-α. In addition, triggered PMN leukocytes which express only 2 MMP (PMN-CL and Mr 92K GL) release these enzymes from specific granule storage sites in response to a number of stimuli. The evidence that MMP are involved in tissue destruction in human periodontal diseases is still indirect and circumstantial. Cells isolated from normal and inflamed gingiva are capable of expressing a wide complement of MMP in culture and several MMP can be detected in cells of human gingiva in vivo. In addition, PMN-CL and Mr 92K GL are readily detected in gingival crevicular fluid from gingivitis and Periodontitis patients. Osteoclastic bone resorption does not appear to directly involve MMP, but a body of evidence suggests that bone resorption is initiated by removal of the osteoid layer by osteoblasts by means of a collagenase-dependent process. J Periodontol 1993; 64:474-484.
Managing Structural and Compositional Diversity with Silviculture

Ecology, economy, and demography interact to affect forest management objectives. In the temperate rainforests of northwestern North America (Franklin and Halpern 1988), the outcome of this interaction for most of the 20th century was a management emphasis on wood production (Curtis et al. 1998, Haynes et al. 2003). Because of production efficiencies, even-aged, clearcut systems favoring harvest and regeneration of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) dominated regional silvicultural practices for decades (Tesch 1995, Curtis et al. 1998) (see Appendix 1 for all common and Latin names). By century end, however, economic and social conditions had changed (Haynes et al. 2003), and so had knowledge about forest ecology (Perry 1994, Franklin et al. 2002). Not surprisingly, different management objectives emerged. Indeed, although forest management in the 21st century still includes wood production, it is now just one of many objectives for regional forests (Kohm and Franklin 1997). Because management objectives and silvicultural practices are intertwined (Baker 1934, Daniel et al. 1979), this broadening of objectives is accompanied by a broadening of practices. Whereas earlier silvicultural practices simplified forest structure (arrangement and variety of elements) and composition (variety and amount of species present), the emphasis now is on managing diversity (O’Hara 2001).
Cutting Edge: Rapid In Vivo CTL Activity by Polyoma Virus-Specific Effector and Memory CD8+ T Cells

For viruses that establish persistent infection, continuous immunosurveillance by effector-competent antiviral CD8+ T cells is likely essential for limiting viral replication. Although it is well documented that virus-specific memory CD8+ T cells synthesize cytokines after short term in vitro stimulation, there is limited evidence that these T cells exhibit cytotoxicity, the dominant antiviral effector function. Here, we show that antiviral CD8+ T cells in mice acutely infected by polyoma virus, a persistent mouse pathogen, specifically eliminate viral peptide-pulsed donor spleen cells within minutes after adoptive transfer and do so via a perforin-dependent mechanism. Antiviral memory CD8+ T cells were similarly capable of rapidly mobilizing potent Ag-specific cytotoxic activity in vivo. These findings strongly support the concept that a cytotoxic effector-memory CD8+ T cell population operates in vivo to control this persistent viral infection.
Usefulness of endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration in the diagnosis of hepatic, gallbladder and biliary tract Lesions

Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)-guided fine needle aspiration (FNA) of the liver is a safe procedure in the diagnosis and staging of hepatobiliary malignancies with a minimal major complication rate. EUS-FNA is useful for liver lesions poorly accessible to other imaging modalities of the liver. EUS-guided FNA of biliary neoplasia and malignant biliary stricture is superior to the conventional endoscopic brushing and biopsy.
Assignment of the Dynamin-1 Gene (DNM1) to Human Chromosome 9q34 by Fluorescence in Situ Hybridization and Somatic Cell Hybrid Analysis

The dynamins are recently discovered GTP-binding proteins postulated to mediate the scission of clathrin-coated vesicles at the plasma membrane. Of the three known mammalian dynamins, dynamin-1 (DNM1) appears to be particularly important for the formation of synaptic vesicles at presynaptic nerve termini. To investigate the possibility that mutations in the DNM1 gene cause a human disease, we determined the chromosomal localization of human DNM1. We conclude from fluorescence in situ hybridization and from the analysis of somatic cell hybrids that the map position in 9q34. This region has syntenic homology with mouse chromosome 2p, in agreement with the map position of the mouse DNM1 gene [see accompanying article by Klocke et al. (1997, Genomics 41:290-292)]. We discuss the potential relevance of the human DNM1 localization to diseases that were mapped genetically to the same chromosomal region.
Competition among three predominant ruminal cellulolytic bacteria in the absence or presence of non-cellulolytic bacteria.

Competition among three species of ruminal cellulolytic bacteria ‐ Fibrobacter succinogenes S85, Ruminococcus flavefaciens FD-1 and Ruminococcus albus 7‐ was studied in the presence or absence of the non-cellulolytic ruminal bacteria Selenomonas ruminantium or Streptococcus bovis. Co-cultures were grown under either batch or continuous conditions and populations were estimated using species-specific oligonucleotide probes to 16S rRNA. The three cellulolytic species co-existed in cellobiose batch co-culture, but inclusion of either Sel. ruminantium or Str. bovis yielded nearly a monoculture of the noncellulolytic competitor. In cellobiose chemostats, R. albus completely dominated the triculture, but R. flavefaciens became predominant over F. succinogenes and R. albus when Sel. ruminantium was co-inoculated into the chemostats. Similar effects on competition were observed in the presence of Str. bovis at a lower (0<021 h N1 ), but not at a higher (0<045 h N1 ) dilution rate. In cellulose batch co-cultures, R. albus was more abundant than both F. succinogenes and R. flavefaciens, regardless of the presence of the noncellulolytic species. Co-existence among the three cellulolytic species was observed in almost all cellulose chemostats, but Sel. ruminantium altered the relative proportions of the cellulolytic species. R. albus and R. flavefaciens were found to produce inhibitors that suppressed growth of R. flavefaciens and F. succinogenes, respectively. These data indicate that interactions among cellulolytic bacteria, while complex, can be modified further by non-cellulolytic species.
DIFFERENTIAL NUCLEAR MATRIX PROTEIN EXPRESSION IN PROSTATE CANCERS: CORRELATION WITH PATHOLOGIC STAGE

AbstractPurpose: Nuclear Matrix Proteins (NMP) have been shown to be tissue and cell-type specific. Several unique NMPs have been investigated in various cancerous tissues, including prostate, bladder and kidney, and some are presently utilized as tumor markers. This study was aimed at characterizing the differential NMP expression in the pathologically more aggressive prostate cancers.Methods: High resolution two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and silver staining was used to elucidate the NMP distribution of fresh prostate cancer nuclei, obtained from 39 radical prostatectomy specimens, surgically removed from men with clinically localized prostate cancer. Based on the final pathological grading, specimens were grouped according to predicted prognosis: poor-with seminal vesicle (SV) or lymph node (LN) involvement or established capsular penetration (ECP) with gleason score >7; intermediate-organ confined (OC) or focal capsular penetration (FCP) with gleason score 7 or ECP with gleason score 6; and good-...
A Xenopus Zinc Finger Protein that Specifically Binds dsRNA and RNA-DNA Hybrids

Proteins containing C2H2 type zinc finger motifs represent one of the largest classes of nucleic acid-binding proteins found in nature. We describe a novel zinc finger protein, dsRBP-ZFa, isolated by screening an expression library with dsRNA. The dsRBP-ZFa cDNA encodes a protein containing seven zinc finger motifs and an acidic C-terminal domain. Mobility shift experiments demonstrate that dsRBP-ZFa binds dsRNA and RNA-DNA hybrids with nanomolar dissociation constants and in a sequence independent manner. We also show that DNA and single stranded RNA fail to compete with dsRNA for binding suggesting dsRBP-ZFa prefers to bind an A-form helix. Using western analyses we have localized dsRBP-ZFa primarily to the nucleus of Xenopus laevis oocytes. The identification of dsRBP-ZFa provides the first example of a zinc finger protein that is specific for dsRNA. In addition, dsRBP-ZFa does not contain the previously described dsRNA binding motif, suggesting certain zinc fingers may provide an alternative way to recognize the A-form helix.
Information Security and e-Business/Commerce

Information security is an increasingly important concern among many corporate leaders and system managers who are responsible for computer systems. A modern Information Technology (IT) system, drastically changing the current business/management, is structured by an open system where many different disturbances (e.g., corporate secret agents, hackers and terrorists) influence the IT-based decision making process and business performance/practice. This study is concerned about such a security issue, in particular focusing upon how the infrastructure of a corporate network is protected from hostile agents. The study is also interested in whether the security issue influences our corporate decision making in the e- business world.
The reliability of the Vestibular Autorotation Test (VAT) in patients with dizziness.

Objective—To establish intrarater and interrater reliability of the Vestibular Autorotation Test (VAT) (Western Systems Research Inc., Pasadena, CA) in a clinical sample of individuals reporting dizziness. Study Design—Ninety-eight patients with reports of dizziness referred for vestibular function testing performed repeated trials of horizontal VAT. A subsample of 49 individuals repeated the test for a second rater. Results—Approximately 66% of subjects were unable to meet the performance criterion of six consecutive trials where data was displayed at frequencies ≥3.9 Hz with coherence values held constant trial to trial. There was a good level of intrarater reliability for gain independent of the effects of practice (intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC] = 0.78 [95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.69 – 0.87] to 0.95 [(95% CI: 0.93–0.97]). A significant difference in intrarater reliability was found when the first three trials were compared to the last three trials for phase (ICC ranged from 0.04 [95% CI: 0.00–0.31] to 0.96 [95% CI: 0.93–0.97]) and asymmetry (ICC ranged from 0.39 [95% CI: 0.17–0.56] to 0.73 [95% CI: 0.32–0.81]) particularly at frequencies ≥4.3 Hz. Interrater reliability was good to excellent across all variables at frequencies ≤3.9 Hz. Conclusions—Many patients had difficulty performing the VAT. The reliability estimates for phase and asymmetry, but not gain, were significantly affected by practice. Careful attention to patient preparation, instruction, and test monitoring including sufficient patient practice before data collection are likely to be critical factors to ensure quality data.
Intense plasma emissions by plasma direct jet-to-jet coupling in atmospheric pressure plasma jet arrays

We report the intense plasma emission by plasma direct jet-to-jet coupling1, 2 in the plasma jet arrays created with honeycomb structured quartz tubes. The shape of the plasma jet array device is a honeycomb structure; one quartz tube is in the center of the array and the outer six tubes surround the centered tube. The copper tape, a powered electrode, is wrapped around each quartz tube and an indium tin oxide (ITO) glass, a ground electrode, is placed 10 mm from the ends of the quartz tubes with the glass side facing the plasma jets. Though the plasma jets are shown to be produced in all quartz tubes, the outer tubes which surrounded the centered quartz tube do not produce strong individual plumes but reinforce the centered plasma plume despite an equally distributed gas flow at a certain condition. We also confirmed through direct observation a much more incandescent plasma jet at the center tube of the array than a single atmospheric plasma jet. At identical conditions of applied voltage and linear velocity of the helium gas condition, the optical intensity from the centered plasma jet of the plasma jet array with seven tubes was approximately four times larger than a single plasma jet. Thusly, the stronger and concentrated plasma jet is due to the plasma direct jet-to-jet coupling. Besides the plasma array with honeycomb structured nineteen tubes was investigated to extend the conceptual idea of the intense plasma jet. The results show not only is there a great increase in the amplitude of the produced plasma emission with a large array size, but the large arrays produce higher plasma emissions at the negative peak of the input voltage. This higher emission is indicative of both a greater maximum intensity and an improved average discharge rate. This plasma concentrated behavior necessitates that diverse applications require strong discharge processes involving many charged particle transports and chemical plasma reactions using elementary structures and equipment.
Growth and development of smooth bromegrass and tall fescue in TNT-contaminated soil.

Abstract Plants can be used for effective and economical remediation of soil provided they are tolerant or resistant to contaminants. This study was conducted to determine effects of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) on growth and development of smooth bromegrass and tall fescue. Seeds of both species were grown in contaminated and non-contaminated soil mixed at ratios to obtain a range of concentrations and also in non-contaminated soil underlain by contaminated and non-contaminated soil mix. Germination, shoot and root dry weight, root length and area were measured. Germination and height of both species decreased with increasing TNT concentration. Shoot dry weight from tall fescue was 50% greater than smooth bromegrass at a given TNT concentration. Root length, area and dry weight of both species decreased with increasing TNT concentration. Root area and dry weight were greater for smooth bromegrass compared to tall fescue. This research indicates tall fescue and smooth bromegrass can germinate and grow in soils with concentrations less than 31 and 24 mg TNT l−1, respectively.
Quantum aspects of the Seiberg-Witten map in noncommutative Chern-Simons theory

Noncommutative Chern–Simons theory can be classically mapped to commutative Chern–Simons theory by the Seiberg–Witten map. We provide evidence that the equivalence persists at the quantum level by computing two and three-point functions of field strengths on the commutative side and their Seiberg–Witten transforms on the noncommutative side to the first nontrivial order in perturbation theory.
The impact of project management heuristics to IS projects

Formal project management is vital to the effective application of organizational resources to competing demands within and across projects. The use of project management, however, is predicated upon valid and accurate project specifications. The introduction of biases into the formulation of these specifications can lead to compromised or even failed projects. In many cases, biases arise from the application of heuristics by project personnel. Project personnel can in many cases offset the impact of biases by recognizing and understanding these heuristics and their potential effects. This study surveys project personnel to attempt to identify heuristics and their use in actual IS projects.
Interaction of SNF1 Protein Kinase with Its Activating Kinase Sak1

The Saccharomyces cerevisiae SNF1 protein kinase, a member of the SNF1/AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) family, is activated by three kinases, Sak1, Tos3, and Elm1, which phosphorylate the Snf1 catalytic subunit on Thr-210 in response to glucose limitation and other stresses. Sak1 is the primary Snf1-activating kinase and is associated with Snf1 in a complex. Here we examine the interaction of Sak1 with SNF1. We report that Sak1 coimmunopurifies with the Snf1 catalytic subunit from extracts of both glucose-replete and glucose-limited cultures and that interaction occurs independently of the phosphorylation state of Snf1 Thr-210, Snf1 catalytic activity, and other SNF1 subunits. Sak1 interacts with the Snf1 kinase domain, and nonconserved sequences C terminal to the Sak1 kinase domain mediate interaction with Snf1 and augment the phosphorylation and activation of Snf1. The Sak1 C terminus is modified in response to glucose depletion, dependent on SNF1 activity. Replacement of the C terminus of Elm1 (or Tos3) with that of Sak1 enhanced the ability of the Elm1 kinase domain to interact with and phosphorylate Snf1. These findings indicate that the C terminus of Sak1 confers its function as the primary Snf1-activating kinase and suggest that the physical association of Sak1 with SNF1 facilitates responses to environmental change.
Biobased Products from Soybeans

Publisher Summary Soybean Oil (SBO) and Soybean Meal (SBM) are two such resources capable of meeting the need for fuels and bio-based products. Growing consumer and political interests are intent on achieving high contents of bio-based materials in consumer goods to meet increasing expectations for sustainability and use of renewable resources. Along with these consumer and legislative trends, more stringent environmental standards, increased ability to deliver improved performance properties, and more cost-effective chemical conversion processes are driving increased usage of soybean products as feedstock and materials for industrial products. From 1999-2007, worldwide production of SBM increased from approximately 108-150 Million Metric Tons (MMT) and SBO increased from 25-35 MMT. Ending stocks for SBO fluctuated around 2.5-3 MMT but meal stocks rose to as high as 6.8 MMT from ending stocks of 4.1 MMT in 1999. These factors provide incentive to develop new materials from Soybeans (SB), which can create new markets for this important crop. This chapter discusses bio-based products from soybean protein and SBO.
A standardized method for endoscopic necrosectomy improves complication and mortality rates.

Abstract Objectives Endoscopic necrosectomy is effective in the treatment of walled-off necrosis (WON), and is preferred to surgical approaches, however complication and mortality rates remain high with few centers regularly employing the technique. Lack of a standardized approach may also contribute to these limitations. Methods Prior to the study, a multidisciplinary team applied standardized care assessment and management plan principles to develop and optimize a systematic approach for the management of WON. Preoperative, postoperative, and endoscopic management were standardized. Patient preparation, room set-up, technical features (EUS-guidance, cold-access with balloon dilation, fragmentation of necrosis on the initial procedure, antibiotic lavage, double pigtail stents), and discontinuation of PPIs to encourage auto-digestion of necrosis were included. This study employed a consecutive prospective clinical registry to assess the clinical outcomes of this standardized approach. Results 60 consecutive patients underwent 1.58 ± 0.1 necrosectomies, with debridement accomplished on the initial procedure in 98.3%. 39 patients (65%) required only one session. Clinical resolution occurred in 86.7%, with radiologic confirmation. Percutaneous drainage was required in 8 patients during follow-up, and 4 of these later required surgery. Serious adverse events occurred in 3.3% of patients, and there was no mortality. Conclusions The standardized technique employed in this series was associated with lower rates of adverse events, morbidity, and mortality than prior large series. Use of a systematic approach, and integrating elements of this method may improve the risk profile of endoscopic necrosectomy and allow broader adoption.
The Wiki Quality Instrument: Coding Manual, Training Guidelines, and Coding Protocols

This is the first in a series of three white papers introducing the Wiki Quality Instrument (WQI), an instrument for measuring opportunities to develop 21st Century Skills in Wiki Learning environments. The WQI is a coding instrument used by trained researchers that measures the presence or absence of 24 behaviors that provide opportunities for students to develop skills in expert thinking, complex communication, and new media literacy. It has been used to evaluate excellence and equity in the use of wikis in K-12 settings.In Part I, I present the coding manual for the Wiki Quality Instrument. In Part II, I present in detail the training guidelines and protocols for using the WQI, including detailed data on costing and time requirements.In Paper Number 2 of this white paper series, I describe the research behind the development of the WQI and its associated protocols. In Paper Number 3 of this series, I share suggested adaptation guidelines and ideas for educators and researchers who might be interested in using the WQI in their own practice.
Molybdenum as a gate electrode for deep sub-micron CMOS technology

Molybdenum has several properties that make it attractive as a CMOS gate electrode material. The high melting point (∼2610°C) and low coefficient of thermal expansion (5×10−6/°C, at 20 °C) are well suited to withstand the thermal processing budgets normally encountered in a CMOS fabrication process. Mo is among the most conductive refractory metals and provides a significant reduction in gate resistance as compared with doped polysilicon. Mo is also stable in contact with SiO2 at elevated temperatures. In order to minimize short-channel effects in bulk CMOS devices, the gate electrodes must have work functions that correspond to Ec (NMOS) and Ev (PMOS) in Si. This would normally require the use of two metals with work functions differing by about 1V on the same wafer and introduce complexities associated with selective deposition and/or etching. In this paper, the dependence of the work function of Mo on deposition and annealing conditions is investigated. Preliminary results indicate that the work function of Mo can be varied over the range of 4.0-5.0V by a combination of suitable post-deposition implantation and annealing schemes. Mo is thus a promising candidate to replace polysilicon gates in deep sub-micron CMOS technology. Processing sequences which might allow the work function of Mo to be stabilized on either end of the Si energy band gap are explored.
Mechanism of anti-complementary activity of corticosteroids in vivo: possible relevance in endotoxin shock.

SummaryThe effects of several cortico-steroids on the sudden neutropenia which occurs in animals exposed to activated complement components were studied. Solu-Medrol and Solu-Cortef in high concentrations inhibited such neutropenia but only if present before or during the period of complement activation; Decadron was much less efficient. The observed dose and temporal relationships are strikingly similar to those noted in previous studies of corticosteroid protection from endotoxin shock, suggesting that complement-mediated alterations in neutrophils may be critical in this entity.This work was supported in part by grants from the National Institutes of Health, AM 15730, CA 15627, and HL 19725.
Abstract 951: Loss-of-function screening identifies therapeutic targets for triple negative breast cancer (TNBC)

Triple negative breast cancers (TNBCs) are characterized by the absence of estrogen/progesterone receptors and HER2 gene amplifications. Patients with TNBC have a poor prognosis and cannot be effectively treated with current targeted therapies. Our overall goal is to identify signaling targets and pathways involved in TNBC tumor cell viability and to use our findings to inform clinical trial design to target these pathways. To accomplish this we selected a subset of 220 genes spanning diverse signaling and growth pathways from a large panel of TNBC tumors (n=386). The genes were identified as being differentially overexpressed from an integrated analysis of gene expression and CGH array datasets or were selected because they contained relevant somatic oncogenic mutations. We performed a loss-of-function RNA interference (RNAi) screen on this gene set to identify genes/pathways that modulate TNBC cell viability. We screened 25 TNBC cell lines and scored (z-score) the effect that siRNAs (four per gene) had on cell viability. For potential therapeutic benefit, three independent primary human mammary epithelial cell (HMEC) cultures were screened to compare the effects of siRNAs on ‘normal’ breast cells. siRNAs to a kinesin gene KIF11, and two genes involved in kinetochore-microtubule attachment, NDC80 and NUF2, significantly decreased cell viability (> 50%, z-scores -1.28). Other siRNAs from the screen that differentially targeted TNBC cells were genes involved in proliferation (BRAF, MAPK1, AKT3, KRAS), the chromosomal passenger complex (INCENP, AURKB), kinetochore assembly (CENPE, BUB3, BRD4), spindle-assembly checkpoint (AURKA, TPX2), centromere cohesion (ESPL1, RAD21), cytokinesis (KIF14, ANLN), apoptosis (BCL2L1, BIRC5) and Wnt/beta-catenin pathway (NDP, LRP5, DVL1, TCF7). In parallel, we tested therapeutic agents that targeted several of these pathways found by our RNAi screens. Oncogene-addicted cell lines containing KRAS mutations (MDA-MB-231 and SW527) and BRAF mutations (DU4475) were more sensitive to siRNAs targeting KRAS or BRAF (sum of z-score Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 951. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-951
Early Performance of Accountable Care Organizations in Medicare.

BackgroundIn the Medicare Shared Savings Program (MSSP), accountable care organizations (ACOs) have financial incentives to lower spending and improve quality. We used quasi-experimental methods to assess the early performance of MSSP ACOs. MethodsUsing Medicare claims from 2009 through 2013 and a difference-in-differences design, we compared changes in spending and in performance on quality measures from before the start of ACO contracts to after the start of the contracts between beneficiaries served by the 220 ACOs entering the MSSP in mid-2012 (2012 ACO cohort) or January 2013 (2013 ACO cohort) and those served by non-ACO providers (control group), with adjustment for geographic area and beneficiary characteristics. We analyzed the 2012 and 2013 ACO cohorts separately because entry time could reflect the capacity of an ACO to achieve savings. We compared ACO savings according to organizational structure, baseline spending, and concurrent ACO contracting with commercial insurers. ResultsAdjusted Medica...
Effect of hemodilution on oxygen transport in arteriolar networks of hamster striated muscle

Experiments were performed on the hamster cheek pouch retractor muscle to investigate the influence of isovolemic hemodilution on microcirculatory hemodynamics and the rate of oxygen transport to striated muscle. In 23 hamsters, measurements of red blood cell velocity, hematocrit, vessel diameter, segment length (L), hemoglobin oxygen saturation (SO2), and longitudinal SO2 gradient (delta SO2/L) were made in four branching orders of arterioles before and after isovolemic exchange with plasma. Hemodilution decreased systemic hematocrit from 52 to 33%. In first- through fourth-order arterioles, this degree of hemodilution resulted in an average decrease in microcirculatory hematocrit from 42 to 28% and average increases in red blood cell velocity, computed blood flow, and systemic arterial PO2 of 50, 30, and 10%, respectively. In addition, delta SO2/L was significantly smaller in second-, third-, and fourth order arterioles compared with control values. It was estimated that approximately 84% of the oxygen that diffused across the arteriolar network was transferred by diffusion to nearby venules and capillaries; the remaining oxygen was consumed by the surrounding tissue. Following hemodilution, the magnitude of diffusional transfer declined to 73%. Oxygen flow remained at its control level in the first-order arterioles and progressively increased above control with increasing branching order. The increased oxygen delivery to the capillary network after limited hemodilution can be attributed to a compensatory increase in blood flow, an increase in systemic arterial blood oxygenation, and a decrease in precapillary oxygen loss.
Eutonia: The Cross (In)Between Science and Theology

Antje Jackelen has proposed the concept of eutonia as an analogy for understanding a constructive relationship between science and theology. By eutonia she means a kind of helpful tension that should exist in the dialogue between scientists and theologians around issues of religious concern. Such tension could help avoid the coercion of one discipline by the other and create an epistemic space where each discipline can contribute to the other. This chapter examines Jackelen’s proposal and explores how eutonia could open up a similar fruitful dialogical space between the cognitive science of religion (CSR) and theology. CSR offers theology a powerful tool to examine the possible constraints and cognitive compulsions in its attempt to fathom the mystery of God. Theology in turn can offer CSR a reminder of the limits of its gaze and an invitation to the transcendent depths of reality. The ultimate goal is a deeper and richer understanding of what it means to be human and how religion and science can work together to find ways to bring healing to the world and transform it in wholesome ways.
Advances in endosurgery. Treatment of ureteral-enteric anastomotic strictures.

SUMMARY The described endourologic technique of incision and dilation of a ureteral–intestinal stricture is effective in most patients. Indeed, with the outlined treatment regimen, less than 30 per cent of patients with ureteral–intestinal anastomotic strictures will eventually require open surgical revision. Further advances in the use of lasers or the endourologic positioning of free tissue grafts may further improve the success rate of the endoscopic approach.
A case report of a woman with young onset cognitive impairment associated with hereditary spastic paraplegia due to a mutation in the SPAST gene.

• We present a 39 year old woman with hereditary spastic paraparesis and cognitive impairment.
Optimized regenerative braking of induction machines with indirect field-oriented control

Regenerative braking, which involves conversion of kinetic energy to electric energy, is a key technology used to improve the efficiency of motor drive systems. This paper develops and compares two regenerative braking control laws for induction machines operating under field orientation principles to achieve regulation of torque and flux. One control law maximizes the controllable electric energy returned over the entire duration of a braking event, whereas the other control law maximizes the controllable electric power returned at each time instant throughout a braking event. Simulations and experiments are presented to illustrate the proposed control methods.
Computing the optimal path in stochastic dynamical systems

In stochastic systems, one is often interested in finding the optimal path that maximizes the probability of escape from a metastable state or of switching between metastable states. Even for simple systems, it may be impossible to find an analytic form of the optimal path, and in high-dimensional systems, this is almost always the case. In this article, we formulate a constructive methodology that is used to compute the optimal path numerically. The method utilizes finite-time Lyapunov exponents, statistical selection criteria, and a Newton-based iterative minimizing scheme. The method is applied to four examples. The first example is a two-dimensional system that describes a single population with internal noise. This model has an analytical solution for the optimal path. The numerical solution found using our computational method agrees well with the analytical result. The second example is a more complicated four-dimensional system where our numerical method must be used to find the optimal path. The third example, although a seemingly simple two-dimensional system, demonstrates the success of our method in finding the optimal path where other numerical methods are known to fail. In the fourth example, the optimal path lies in six-dimensional space and demonstrates the power of our method in computing paths in higher-dimensional spaces.
Acid-Base Disorders.

1. Benson S. Hsu, MD, MBA* 2. Saquib A. Lakhani, MD† 3. Michael Wilhelm, MD‡ 1. *Pediatric Critical Care, University of South Dakota, Sanford School of Medicine, Sioux Falls, SD. 2. †Pediatric Critical Care, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT. 3. ‡Pediatric Critical Care, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI. To treat critically ill children, a physician must have a clear understanding of acid-base balance. After completing this article, readers should be able to: 1. Describe the mechanisms regulating acid-base physiology and identify blood gas abnormalities associated with an acid-base imbalance. 2. Recognize the differential diagnosis and clinical and laboratory features associated with metabolic acidosis and metabolic alkalosis as well as how to manage each appropriately. 3. Calculate an anion gap and formulate a differential diagnosis associated with various anion gap values. 4. Identify factors contributing to compensatory changes associated with primary metabolic and respiratory acidoses and alkaloses. The body’s ability to maintain acid-base homeostasis is based on a complex set of interactions between the respiratory and metabolic systems. This article reviews normal acid-base physiology and examines disorders of acid-base imbalances, first within a primary metabolic cause and then within a primary respiratory cause. Covering the complex nuances of acid-base control within a limited-scope review article is impossible. Thus, this article focuses on the traditional model based on the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation rather than the strong ion (or Stewart) model, which explores the difference between all the dissociated cations and anions. Using the traditional model, the authors explore the various metabolic and respiratory disturbances while addressing the implications of the anion gap on metabolic acidoses. ### The Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation Homeostatic control of acid-base balance is critical for all metabolic and physiologic functions of the human body. The Henderson-Hasselbalch equation describes the relationship between pH and the bicarbonate buffering system (the predominant buffering system in plasma) to establish this homeostasis:![Formula][1] ![Formula][2] When accounting for H2CO3, … [1]: /embed/graphic-1.gif [2]: /embed/graphic-2.gif
Life Cycle Assessment of Vehicle Lightweighting: A Physics-Based Model To Estimate Use-Phase Fuel Consumption of Electrified Vehicles.

Assessing the life-cycle benefits of vehicle lightweighting requires a quantitative description of mass-induced fuel consumption (MIF) and fuel reduction values (FRVs). We have extended our physics-based model of MIF and FRVs for internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs) to electrified vehicles (EVs) including hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs), and battery electric vehicles (BEVs). We illustrate the utility of the model by calculating MIFs and FRVs for 37 EVs and 13 ICEVs. BEVs have much smaller MIF and FRVs, both in the range 0.04–0.07 Le/(100 km 100 kg), than those for ICEVs which are in the ranges 0.19–0.32 and 0.16–0.22 L/(100 km 100 kg), respectively. The MIF and FRVs for HEVs and PHEVs mostly lie between those for ICEVs and BEVs. Powertrain resizing increases the FRVs for ICEVs, HEVs and PHEVs. Lightweighting EVs is less effective in reducing greenhouse gas emissions than lightweighting ICEVs, however the benefits differ substantially for different vehicle m...
New Insights into the Molecular Distinction of Dysplastic Nevi and Common Melanocytic Nevi-Highlighting the Keratinocyte-Melanocyte Relationship.

Mitsui et al. approach the problem of differentiating dysplastic nevi from common melanocytic nevi through a molecular lens. Whereas most of the literature on this topic shines the spotlight toward melanocytes, the focus of this paper is shifted to the tumor microenvironment. Using microarrays, reverse transcriptase-PCR, and immunohistochemistry, their results emphasize the role of keratinocyte dysplasia within dysplastic nevi.
DMT analysis of opportunistic multi-relay network with different relaying capabilities

Relay selection is known to simplify signaling, avoid complex synchronization schemes, and also preserve the spatial diversity provided by the total number of relays available in the network. In this paper we investigate the effect of introducing relays of different types (relaying capabilities). We analyze opportunistic relay selection schemes in a heterogeneous multi-relay network with a single source, single destination with the existence of a direct link. The DMT for each network is calculated and it is shown that the new system enjoys the the benefits of the different relaying schemes at low and high multiplexing gains.
Compact high repetition rate pseudospark pulse Generator

A pseudospark-based high repetition rate pulse generator, together with a resonant charging power supply is presented. The pulse generator was developed for research applications that include transient plasma ignition. The design incorporates a lumped element Blumlein pulse-forming network that is switched by a commercial pseudospark into an output pulse transformer with a METGLAS core. The Blumlein is charged up to 30 kV by a resonant capacitor charger, based on a fly-back transformer and high-power insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) switch module. The output voltage of the charger is controlled by the on-time of the IGBT. Pulses with duration of 50 ns can be generated at a 2.6-kHz maximum repetition rate. Pulses with amplitude up to 90 kV can be delivered into a 200-/spl Omega/ load.
Intraoperative Imaging in Traumatic Peripheral Nerve Lesions: Correlating Histologic Cross-Sections with High-Resolution Ultrasound.

Background Intraoperative ultrasound (US) has been used as a guide during surgery to better identify deep neuroanatomical structures. Objective To correlate histologic cross-sections from nerve samples taken at the time of surgery with axial, high-resolution US images at similar locations and validate this important tool for intraoperative guidance in nerve surgery. Methods Three subjects undergoing nerve repair procedures after traumatic nerve injuries were enrolled prospectively. US images captured at the time of surgery were later matched with gross anatomic cross-sections and fascicular anatomy compared across modalities. Results In cases 1 and 3, neuromatous tissue spanned the entire cross-section of the common peroneal and upper trunk of the brachial plexus, respectively. In case 2, only a portion of the sciatic nerve was involved with neuroma. Intraoperative US aided in differentiating normal peripheral nerve from neuroma in all 3 cases and helped minimize the disruption of healthy peripheral nerve tissue. Conclusion Intraoperative US correlates well with anatomic sections removed at the time of surgery. The ability to noninvasively image the peripheral nerve along with compound nerve action potentials can greatly assist in determining the extent of neurolysis, resection, and grafting and is a useful adjunct for intraoperative decision-making. This report serves to highlight the role of US and validate its use in peripheral nerve surgery for trauma.
Position: DroneVLC: Visible Light Communication for Aerial Vehicular Networking

Drones have opened up a vista of opportunities for novel applications, ranging from 3D mapping to agriculture to door delivery of products. This paper positions the idea of enabling visible light communication (VLC) technology on drones. VLC on drones provides a new communication modality between drones and their specific application targets in air or ground, enabling novel applications in the VLC ecosystem. For example, drones could provide a fast and reliable VLC based Internet hotspot, reliable communication links for air--traffic control and even enable inter--aerial--vehicular communication. This paper discusses different use--cases for VLC on drones and the key research challenges in realizing the technology.
Intergenerational Transmission of Gene Regulatory Information in Caenorhabditis elegans

Epigenetic mechanisms can stably maintain gene expression states even after the initiating conditions have changed. Often epigenetic information is transmitted only to daughter cells, but evidence is emerging, in both vertebrate and invertebrate systems, for transgenerational epigenetic inheritance (TEI), the transmission of epigenetic gene regulatory information across generations. Each new description of TEI helps uncover the properties, molecular mechanisms and biological roles for TEI. The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans has been particularly instrumental in the effort to understand TEI, as multiple environmental and genetic triggers can initiate an epigenetic signal that can alter the expression of both transgenes and endogenous loci. Here, we review recent studies of TEI in C. elegans.
Photoelastic holography—A modern tool for stress analysis

The possibility of recording a photoelastic pattern with holography was first suggested in the literature in 1951. In the ensuing years, the capabilities and limitations of the method were examined, discussed and refined. However, the next logical step, the application of the method to the solution of engineering problems, has not followed any significant degree. One possible reason for this is a lack of appreciation of the positive benefits of the method. This paper is a survey of the role of holography in an operating photoelastic laboratory. Its intent is to emphasize the capabilities and advantages of the method, illustrate the variety of patterns that can be obtained and, finally, introduce a variation of real-time holography which offers considerable versatility.
Dividing Fractions With Fraction Wheels.

effort to provide a device for illustrating division of fractions. This device should help interpret ideas such as, "When a fraction is divided by a fraction, why is the answer always greater than the dividend?" In the example, Va -f% = V2, the answer V2 is greater than the dividend Уз. Also, when a whole number excluding zero is divided by a proper fraction, the answer is always greater than the given whole number as in the example, 2 + У2 = 4. The fraction wheels consist of two geartype wheels mounted on a frame and backed by a chalkboard so that the problem can be written directly on the board. Mounted on the left wheel is a cardboard disc that is divided into given common fractional parts. The right wheel may have any of several discs placed on it, depending upon what the divisor of the problem is. (See fig. 1.)
Gamma Knife Radiosurgery for Trigeminal Neuralgia

The treatment of medically refractory trigeminal neuralgia with radiosurgery technique was reported by Leksell in 1971. Multiple publications, some with hundreds of patients, have reported on the efficacy of radiosurgery in medically refractory cases of trigeminal neuralgia. The main advantages of radiosurgery over other invasive procedures are minimal invasiveness and low risk of complications. Although today the standard prescribed dose is between 80 and 90 Gy, there is variability across the literature. Similarly, there is some variation in the placement of the isocenter. The goal of the radiosurgeon is to find a balance between the success of the procedure and the risk of the patient in developing toxicity.
Radiologic Evaluation of the Adolescent Hip

Radiologic evaluation of the hip in adolescent patients requires a systematic approach in evaluating the various parameters used to identify and quantify both dysplasia and impingement. In dysplasia, the three-dimensional pathology affecting the acetabulum is evaluated with a two-dimensional image, while in impingement, a static image attempts to capture bony abutment often encountered in dynamic movement or at extremes of range of motion. And yet, plain radiographs manage to provide ample information to make a diagnosis and treatment plan in most cases. This chapter will discuss and illustrate the radiologic parameters utilized to describe acetabular dysplasia and hip impingement in adolescents and young adults.
Viren der Pilze und Protisten

Die Viren der Pilze wurden bis jetzt nur wenig erforscht. Am meisten wissen wir noch uber die Viren in Speisepilzkulturen, die manchmal Krankheiten hervorrufen konnen, und uber die Viren von Pilzen, die in Pflanzen Krankheiten verursachen. Als ein Virus entdeckt wurde, das die Symptome des Kastanienrindenkrebses unterdruckt, einer folgenschweren Krankheit, die weltweit Millionen von Kastanienbaumen vernichtet hat, gab es grose Bemuhungen, weitere Viren zu finden, die auf Pflanzenpathogene ahnlich wirken. Es wurden zwar weitere Viren entdeckt, aber es ist nie ge lungen, brauchbare Methoden zu entwickeln, um sie auf dem Acker oder im Wald anzuwenden. Das liegt teilweise daran, dass fast alle Viren von Pilzen persistieren, das heist, sie infizieren ihren Wirt viele Generationen lang und werden normalerweise bei der Zellteilung an die Tochter zellen weiter ge geben (vertikale Ubertragung). Es ist jedoch nicht einfach, sie von einem Pilz auf einen anderen hori zontal zu ubertragen. Eine interessante Eigenschaft der persistierenden Pilzviren besteht darin, dass mehrere von ihnen mit Viren verwandt sind, die Pflanzen infizieren. Wenn man die Genome dieser Viren vergleicht, finden sich Anzeichen, dass sie zwischen Pflanzen und Pilzen ubertragen wurden, wobei dies wahrscheinlich ein seltenes Ereignis ist und noch nie im Labor gezeigt werden konnte. Unter den Pilzviren, die hier beschrieben werden, sind einige fur ihren Wirt von Nutzen und einige sind sogar fur das Uberleben ihres Wirtes in der naturlichen Umgebung essenziell.
Total synthesis of (-)-ratjadone.

A convergent asymmetric synthesis of (−)-ratjadone (1) has been achieved, confirming the assignments of stereochemistry for the naturally occurring antifungal metabolite.