cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Permeability of sintered microfibrous composites for heterogeneous catalysis and other chemical processing opportunities

Abstract Microstructured materials have potential for enhanced mass and heat transfer compared to typical catalyst particulates used in industrial processes. The pressure drop through catalyst-containing materials is a very important reactor design consideration. A model equation to predict porous media permeability (PMP) over the entire range of possible bed voidages is extended to predict properties of sintered metal meshes. A correlation of data for sintered meshes of nickel fibers is presented in the form of a Kozeny constant form drag plot. Comparison of predictions by the PMP equation with data taken on a sintered composite fiber/particle mesh is presented. Use of the PMP equation as a design tool for optimization of media for adsorbents, catalysts, and filters is discussed.
Data sharing and evaluation.

Interinstitutional evaluations of molecular markers for the diagnosis and staging of cancer are highly dependent on strict standardization of assays to make clinical comparisons valid. New assays for cancer markers depend on discoveries of biochemical or cellular functions coupled with technologies suitable for making relevant measurements. Transfer of these technologies from the research laboratory to the diagnostic laboratory requires method validation that consists of specific information regarding assay principle, reagents, calibration, sensitivity, assay behavior, specimen requirements, clinical and method correlations, reference range, quality control, proficiency testing, critical steps, and guidelines for interpretation
Higher Donor Body Mass Index Is Associated with Higher Risk of Cardiac Allograft Vasculopathy

Purpose Donor and recipient characteristics that are associated with high risk of cardiac allograft vasculopathy (CAV) have not been fully elucidated. We sought to examine risk factor associations with CAV among cardiac transplant patients in our center. Methods and Materials The cardiac transplant database of a single academic center from 2003-11 was retrospectively reviewed. The outcome of CAV was defined as ≥60% stenosis in ≥1 major coronary vessel or >30% in >1 vessel. The following variables were analyzed for their association with the outcome: donor and recipient age, gender, body mass index (kg/m2), smoking, diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, chronic kidney disease, cytomegalovirus/ ebstein barr virus serology and frequency of acute cellular rejection episodes within 12 months from transplantation. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to determine the association between variables and outcome. Results Of 85 transplant recipients analyzed, mean age 47; male 75%. CAV was diagnosed in 23 (27%) patients over a mean follow-up of 3.5 years. After multivariate analysis adjusting for mentioned parameters, only donor BMI was significantly associated with a higher risk of CAV (OR 1.1, 95%CI 1.0-1.2, P=0.03). For every 1 point increase in BMI, there was a 11% increase in CAV risk. The optimal cut-off for BMI to predict CAV was determined as 24. Figure 1 displays the Kaplan-Meier curves for time to CAV stratified based on BMI ≥24 (solid line) and Conclusions Higher donor BMI was independently associated with an increased risk of CAV after cardiac transplantation. Careful screening of this donor characteristic may be necessary for favorable recipient outcomes.
Metabolic abnormalities and coronary heart disease risk in human immunodeficiency virus-infected adults.

Abstract Background: Metabolic syndrome is a combination of risk factors for cardiovascular disease and diabetes, It has been reported to be increased in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)–infected individuals. Methods: In a cohort of HIV-infected adults we examined parameters that contribute to defining the metabolic syndrome and to estimating the 10-year risk of coronary heart disease (CHD). The study group consisted of 296 participants (217 men and 79 women) of mixed ethnicity with a mean age of 45.3 years. Results: There was an appreciable prevalence of metabolic syndrome (30.0%), with the frequency increasing to 42.5% in those over 50 years of age. Those with the metabolic syndrome had a lower viral load. More women had abdominal obesity (59.5%) than men (20.7%, P < 0.001). The frequency of elevated plasma glucose was higher in females (37.2%) compared to males (16.9%, P = 0.004). High frequencies of decreased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and elevated blood pressure were seen in both ...
A Short History of Cardiac Inspection: A Quest "To See with a Better Eye".

Cardiac examination has evolved over centuries. The goal of cardiac evaluation, regardless the era, is to “see” inside the heart to diagnose congenital and acquired intra-cardiac structural and functional abnormalities. This article briefly reviews the history of cardiac examination and discusses contemporary best, evidence-based methods of cardiac inspection.
The next-generation in-stadium experience (keynote)

YinzCam is a cloud-hosted service that provides sports fans with real-time scores, news, photos, statistics, live radio, streaming video, etc., on their mobile devices. YinzCam’s infrastructure is currently hosted on Amazon Web Services (AWS) and supports over 30 million installs of the official mobile apps of 140+ NHL/NFL/NBA/NRL/NCAA sports teams and venues. YinzCam’s workload is necessarily multi-modal (e.g., pre-game, in-game, post-game, game-day, non-gameday), with normal game-time traffic being twenty-fold of that on non-game days. This paper describes the evolution of YinzCam’s production architecture and distributed infrastructure, from its beginnings in 2009, when it was used to support thousands of concurrent users, to today’s system that supports millions of concurrent users on any game day. We also discuss key new opportunities to improve the fan experience inside the stadium of the future, without impacting the available bandwidth, by crowd-sourcing the thousands of mobile devices that are in fans’ hands inside these venues. We present Krowd, a novel distributed key-value store for promoting efficient content sharing, discovery and retrieval across the mobile devices inside a stadium. We present CHIPS, a system that ensures that users’ privacy is maintained while their devices participate in the crowdsourced infrastructure.
Design and implementation of a fully programmable MPEG-2 transport demultiplexer for an STB application on DM642

The DM642 is a new generation multimedia processor with a power full C64x DSP core and rich set of peripherals to meet the current and future requirements of various broad band video applications. The STB is one of the widely used applications in audio-video broadcast arena. The MPEG-2 transport de-multiplexer is the core front-end module in the STB application. An Optimized and fully programmable de-multiplexer architecture and its implementation on DM642 are presented in this paper. This architecture fully utilizes the CPU power and the support available from the peripherals. The support includes PCR clock recovery, which is very critical for the entire STB application. The data flow and the control flow are tuned optimally in order to minimize the system overheads by reducing data bandwidth requirement and enhancing cache performance. This paper also describes techniques to parse the data efficiently by leveraging on 32-bit instructions and 64-bit load/store data access provided by the advanced C64x architecture. The benchmarks of the de-multiplexer with a few typical transport streams are presented at the end.
Statistical Power to Detect the Correct Number of Classes in Latent Profile Analysis

Little research has examined factors influencing statistical power to detect the correct number of latent classes using latent profile analysis (LPA). This simulation study examined power related to inter-class distance between latent classes given true number of classes, sample size, and number of indicators. Seven model selection methods were evaluated. None had adequate power to select the correct number of classes with a small (Cohen's d = .2) or medium (d = .5) degree of separation. With a very large degree of separation (d = 1.5), the Lo-Mendell-Rubin test (LMR), adjusted LMR, bootstrap likelihood-ratio test, BIC, and sample-size adjusted BIC were good at selecting the correct number of classes. However, with a large degree of separation (d = .8), power depended on number of indicators and sample size. The AIC and entropy poorly selected the correct number of classes, regardless of degree of separation, number of indicators, or sample size.
Discovering relationships and patterns by exploring pentagonal and generalized pentagonal numbers

The pentagonal numbers are defined both algebraically and by a figure. A discovery‐type approach is used to find some basic properties of these numbers. The pentagonal numbers are then generalized in a natural way, a table is provided, and several properties are observed.
Female mate choice in treefrogs : static and dynamic acoustic criteria

Abstract Patterns of variation in the acoustic properties of advertisement calls of several species of treefrogs (family Hylidae) are related to patterns of female preferences for these same properties. Properties were unequivocally classified as static or dynamic based on within-male variability during bouts of calling. Static properties are highly stereotyped within males and between males in natural populations. Dynamic properties often change by as much as 100% during single bouts of calling; dynamic properties are usually much more variable among males in natural populations than are static properties. An analysis of the calling performance of individual males over the course of a breeding season indicated that at least one dynamic property, pulse number (or call duration) in Hyla versicolor, was sufficiently repeatable to differentiate between males. Playback experiments that employed synthetic calls showed that: (1) females exhibit patterns of preferences that should result in selection that is stabilizing or weakly directional on static properties, and highly directional on dynamic properties; and (2) the overall attractiveness of a signal is affected by variation in both static and dynamic properties. Similar results were found in laboratory and field studies of other taxa, primarily anurans and insects. Patterns of variability in call properties of males and in female preferences are discussed in terms of proximate mechanisms and theoretical models of the evolution of female choice.
Effects of Respiratory Center Activity on the Heart

Rhythmic fluctuations in heart rate and ventricular contractility at the frequency of the respiratory movements were observed in innervated, isovolumetric, canine, left ventricle preparations. The heart rate and contractility waves probably represent the radiation of activity from the respiratory centers to the cardiac autonomic centers within the central nervous system. In spontaneously beating hearts, the respiratory cardiac arrhythmia is mediated via the vagi predominantly, although a slight arrhythmia is still evident after bilateral vagotomy. The greater the vagal tone, the greater is the amplitude of the arrhythmia. In paced hearts, the contractility waves exhibit significantly greater phase lags than do the heart rate waves in unpaced beats. The magnitude of the contractility waves varies inversely with the respiratory frequency. These waves are more prominent after bilateral vagotomy. Therefore, sympathetic influences appear to predominate in the mediation of the contractility waves, although the change in wave amplitude after vagotomy must be ascribed partly to the deceleration of respiratory frequency which occurs after vagotomy. The contractility waves represent rhythmic augmentations of contractility above a base line level after vagal section.
Optimal N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU) doses for inbred mouse strains.

Summary: ENU is a powerful germline mutagen in the mouse, providing the opportunity to analyze the functions of large numbers of genes in the mammalian genome. In many mutagenesis experiments, it would be beneficial to exploit the advantages of inbred mouse strains. To perform an effective ENU mutagenesis screen using inbred mice, a dosage regimen is required to determine the optimal dose of ENU for that inbred strain, a time-consuming preliminary process. We have carried out dosage regimens for mutagenizing doses of ENU in ten inbred strains of mouse: 129X1/SvJ, 129S6/SvEv, A/J, BALB/cJ, BTBR/N, C3He/J, C3HeB/FeJ, C57BL/6J, C57BR/cdJ, and CBA/CaJ, and determined an optimal dose for each strain, defined by length of sterile period and number of males to survive treatment. Three strains: A/J, BALB/cJ and C57BL/6J, are able to tolerate high doses, up to 300 mg/kg body weight, and are highly recommended for mutagenesis studies. genesis 26:230–233, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The Use of Hyaluronic Acid Polymers to Reduce Postoperative Adhesions

ABSTRACT The use of adjuvant therapy in an attempt to prevent adhesion formation and reformation is widely practiced. Proteoglycans, such as heparin, heparan, chondroitin sulfate, and others, have been shown, at least in experimental models, to decrease adhesion development. This study examines the ability of another proteoglycan, hyaluronic acid (HA) polymers (Pharmacia AB, Sweden), in four different formulations, to reduce adhesion formation in a rabbit model. New Zealand white rabbits underwent a midline laparotomy with bilateral ovarian bisection and were randomized to four treatment groups. Groups 1, 2, and 3 consisted of viscous solutions of HA polymers of differing molecular weights (2 ml applied to the treated ovary), and group 4 consisted of a polymer slab (2 × 2 cm piece applied to the treated ovary). The animals were killed 10−14 days after the initial laparotomy, and the adhesions were scored by a blinded observer. None of the formulations of HA solutions resulted in a reduction of ovarian adh...
Yield per Recruit and Management Recommendations for Alaska Plaice in the Eastern Bering Sea

Abstract Adult Alaska plaice Pleuronectes quadrituberculatus are abundant over the continental shelf (40–110-m depths) during the summer, move to the outer shelf during the winter, and return to the shelf in spring. Female Alaska plaice mature at a total length of about 31 cm (6–7 years), and peak spawning occurs during April. Juvenile Alaska plaice are restricted to shallow coastal areas (<25 m deep) and are not encountered in significant numbers in either resource surveys or the commercial fishery. Ratios of body girth to mesh sizes currently used show that recruitment size is determined by the spatial distribution of fishing effort rather than mesh size. The current size at recruitment (31 cm) corresponds to the size at which 50% of females reach maturity. The F 0.1 criterion–the fishing mortality that results in a marginal increase in yield/fishing mortality that is 10% of the value for a lightly exploited stock–provides a reasonable approach to management of the Alaska plaice fishery because, at the ...
A partial equilibrium chemical model for the dump leaching of chalcopyrite

The chemistry of the dump leaching of chalcopyrite has been studied by means of a chemically based model that makes it possible to calculate concentration changes for solution species during mineral dissolution. In a dump, chalcopyrite can dissolve in two ways: CuFeS2 + 4Fe3+ → Cu2+ + 5Fe2+ + 2S° CuFeS2 + O2 + 4H+ → Cu2+ + Fe2+ + 2S° + 2H2O CuFeS2 dissolution is not at equilibrium in a leach dump. However, there are a large number of homogeneous reactions taking place in the leach liquor. These may be treated as rapid equilibrium reactions in this “partial equilibrium” model. The model equations are linear and consist of an equation for each aqueous phase reaction, mass and charge balances, and a kinetic equation. Dissolution by O2 and acid should be prevented if possible. The acid consumed is partly replaced by shifts in the solution equilibria. However, the net pH increase that occurs leads to precipitation of ferric ion. The total amount of copper dissolved without precipitation is highest if high Fe(III) concentrations are used and oxygen is excluded. High H2SO4 concentrations are beneficial and high FeSO4 concentrations deleterious because of their influences on the precipitation equilibria.
Earthquake Magnitudes from Hydroseismic Data

If earthquakes are recorded on your water-level charts, you can make your own estimate of earthquake magnitudes! As an aid in doing this, this paper presents two graphs: one to calculate distance from well to earthquake epicenter; the other, a nomogram from which to read hydroseismic magnitude plus log C. Examples given show (1) direct computation of ms+ log C, (2) use of aftershocks to estimate total water-level fluctuation caused by a major earthquake (when the recorder drum has spun around or when reversals cover up the record), and (3) how to determine if aftershocks theoretically should have been recorded. Hydroseismic magnitude is the surface-wave magnitude (Ms) calculated from seismically induced water-level fluctuations in wells. As yet it must be computed indirectly from ms+ log C but because log C is a variable the result is only approximate. Log C is believed to represent a resultant controlled by magnification, period of the surface waves, instrumental frictions, well lag, and resonance if the well is underdamped.
Influence of intrinsic and synaptic properties on transmission of spike timing precision

Neuronal firing is intrinsically noisy, and as signals travel through nervous systems, the precision and reliability of the timing information is varied. At some processing stages spike timing precision is reduced through propagation; e.g., as in auditory signals transmitted from the brainstem to the inferior colliculus. On the other hand, timing information can be sharpened through propagation, as in transmission from the auditory nerve to the brainstem. Indeed, accurate coincidence detection is possible despite the inherent noise of the individual neurons. Motivated by this variability of timing information processing in the auditory system, we investigate how changes in the cellular and synaptic properties contribute to improved or decreased precision of spike timing through synaptic transmission. We use a three-dimensional conductance-based model based on Morris-Lecar equations with added voltage-sensitive potassium M-current. Parameters are tuned to represent dynamics of hippocampal pyramidal cells [1]. The single neuron model receives an incoming spike through each of a number of input lines, with spike time drawn independently from a Normal distribution. We examine the influence of four synaptic properties (number of input lines, strength of input conductance, synaptic time constant, and standard deviation of input times) and two intrinsic states (integrator and coincidence detector; the model under consideration can be switched from one to the other through modulation of the leak conductance). In fact, the spiking behavior and spiking precision varies across this parameter space in a complex manner. We identify regions in parameter space where the spike timing precision can be explained by the distributions of order statistics of input times. In this region, precision is mostly independent of synaptic time constant and the input strength, provided the input is strong enough. Rather, it is most strongly affected by the number of incoming input lines. This dependence is similar for both coincidence detector and integrator models. In other parameter regimes, the spiking precision depends more subtly on details of interaction between the adaptation mechanism (in the form of M-current) and leak (or background) conductance. We use phase plane and bifurcation analysis to explain results of our numerical observations.
The Development and Application of Affective Assessment in an Upper-Level Cell Biology Course.

This study exemplifies how faculty members can develop instruments to assess affective responses of students to the specific features of the courses they teach. Means for assessing three types of affective responses are demonstrated: (a) student attitudes towards courses with differing instructional objectives and methodologies, (b) student self-efficacy (confidence) in completing tasks common to practicing experts, and (c) interests in subject-specific topics and associated intellectual skills. The iterative processes used in refining the instruments and performing the statistical analyses of their effectiveness are detailed. An analysis of data obtained using these instruments is also included. Positive attitudes towards courses emphasizing analytical thinking increased significantly over the course of a 14-week semester, as did the measures of self-efficacy. Despite the rigorous analytical nature of the course experience, the initial strong interest in cell biology topics and higher order thinking skills remained unchanged. There were no significant differences based on gender in any of the affective measures. We discuss the apparent dichotomy, revealed in these assessments, between students' idealistic, academic attitudes towards the course's effectiveness and their opinions of its effects on them personally. We conclude by reporting how insights garnered both from these formal assessments and from anecdotal communications have prompted experimental modifications in the design and conduct of the course. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 44: 1057–1087, 2007
Treatment Integrity Enhancement via Performance Feedback Conceptualized as an Exercise in Social Influence

This commentary is in response to the article “Effects of Verbal and Written Performance Feedback on Treatment Adherence” (Kaufman, Codding, Markus, Tryon, & Kyse, this issue). The overall recommendation to those who study treatment integrity using performance feedback methods is to incorporate theories and research on social influence into their research. Specific points of the commentary include: (a) there is no clearer example of social influence in consultation today than persuading a consultee to implement an evidence-based intervention with integrity; (b) face-to-face communication is usually more effective than written communication in changing behavior because it offers nonverbal communicator-related cues, higher social presence, and greater vividness; and (c) treatment integrity is not valued equally by all approaches to consultation because it requires a consultee to adhere to the steps of a standardized protocol and thereby comply with a consultant's requests.
TGFβ signaling in the brain increases with aging and signals to astrocytes and innate immune cells in the weeks after stroke

TGFβ is both neuroprotective and a key immune system modulator and is likely to be an important target for future stroke therapy. The precise function of increased TGF-β1 after stroke is unknown and its pleiotropic nature means that it may convey a neuroprotective signal, orchestrate glial scarring or function as an important immune system regulator. We therefore investigated the time course and cell-specificity of TGFβ signaling after stroke, and whether its signaling pattern is altered by gender and aging. We performed distal middle cerebral artery occlusion strokes on 5 and 18 month old TGFβ reporter mice to get a readout of TGFβ responses after stroke in real time. To determine which cell type is the source of increased TGFβ production after stroke, brain sections were stained with an anti-TGFβ antibody, colocalized with markers for reactive astrocytes, neurons, and activated microglia. To determine which cells are responding to TGFβ after stroke, brain sections were double-labelled with anti-pSmad2, a marker of TGFβ signaling, and markers of neurons, oligodendrocytes, endothelial cells, astrocytes and microglia. TGFβ signaling increased 2 fold after stroke, beginning on day 1 and peaking on day 7. This pattern of increase was preserved in old animals and absolute TGFβ signaling in the brain increased with age. Activated microglia and macrophages were the predominant source of increased TGFβ after stroke and astrocytes and activated microglia and macrophages demonstrated dramatic upregulation of TGFβ signaling after stroke. TGFβ signaling in neurons and oligodendrocytes did not undergo marked changes. We found that TGFβ signaling increases with age and that astrocytes and activated microglia and macrophages are the main cell types that undergo increased TGFβ signaling in response to post-stroke increases in TGFβ. Therefore increased TGFβ after stroke likely regulates glial scar formation and the immune response to stroke.
Aqueous Ti(IV)-Catalyzed Diels-Alder Reaction

The aqueous Diels-Alder reaction of 1,3-cyclohexadiene with 1,4-benzoquinone was compared and contrasted to the same reaction catalyzed with Flextyl P™, a novel Ti(IV) performance catalyst. The catalyst improved conversion by 22% versus the uncatalyzed reaction and represents a rare example of a Ti(IV) catalyzed Diels-Alder reaction in water.
Use of poultry manure as a phosphorus source for corn production in Iowa

Little information is available on the early effects of manure P from poultry [both chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) and turkey (Melleagris gollopavo)] on corn (Zea mays L.) production. This study assessed the effects of poultry manure application rates commonly used by Corn Belt crop producers on corn early growth and early availability of P. Twelve trials were established across Iowa where three rates of P (0, 25, and 50 kg P ha) were superimposed on three poultry manure rates (from broilers, egg layers or turkeys) consisting of a non-manured control and two rates that varied between (low 21-63 kg total P ha and high 50-123 kg total P ha). Treatments were replicated three times. The aboveground parts of corn plants and soil samples were collected at the V5 to V6 growth stage. Plant samples were dried, weighed, and analyzed for P concentration. Soil samples were analyzed for Bray-P1 (BP), Mehlich-3 (M3P), Olsen P (OP), and water-extractable P (WEP). Corn early growth and P uptake usually were increased by manure and fertilizer P, even in several sites with high initial soil P levels. Analysis of results at each site and for approximately similar rates of poultry manure and fertilizer P across sites provided no evidence that manure or fertilizer differed in increasing early growth or P uptake. Early plant growth and P uptake responses were poorly correlated with soil-test P (STP) measured
Query languages and XML

XML data is different from data found in relational databases in several important respects. The article discusses these differences and why they justify development of a new query language for XML. It also reports on the activities of the W3C working group on XML queries.
Packaging the Blue Gene/L supercomputer

As 1999 ended, IBM announced its intention to construct a one-petaflop supercomputer. The construction of this system was based on a cellular architecture--the use of relatively small but powerful building blocks used together in sufficient quantities to construct large systems. The first step on the road to a petaflop machine (one quadrillion floating-point operations in a second) is the Blue Gene®/L supercomputer. Blue Gene/L combines a low-power processor with a highly parallel architecture to achieve unparalleled computing performance per unit volume. Implementing the Blue Gene/L packaging involved trading off considerations of cost, power, cooling, signaling, electromagnetic radiation, mechanics, component selection, cabling, reliability, service strategy, risk, and schedule. This paper describes how 1,024 dual-processor compute application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs) are packaged in a scalable rack, and how racks are combined and augmented with host computers and remote storage. The Blue Gene/L interconnect, power, cooling, and control systems are described individually and as part of the synergistic whole.
Sperm-female coevolution in Drosophila

Rapid evolution of reproductive traits has been attributed to sexual selection arising from interaction between the sexes. However, little is known about the nature of selection driving the evolution of interacting sex-specific phenotypes. Using populations of Drosophila melanogaster selected for divergent sperm length or female sperm-storage organ length, we experimentally show that male fertilization success is determined by an interaction between sperm and female morphology. In addition, sperm length evolution occurred as a correlated response to selection on the female reproductive tract. Giant sperm tails are the cellular equivalent of the peacock's tail, having evolved because females evolved reproductive tracts that selectively bias paternity in favor of males with longer sperm.
Follow-up care for breast cancer survivors: improving patient outcomes.

Background Appropriate follow-up care is important for improving health outcomes in breast cancer survivors (BCSs) and requires determination of the optimum intensity of clinical examination and surveillance, assessment of models of follow-up care such as primary care-based follow-up, an understanding of the goals of follow-up care, and unique psychosocial aspects of care for these patients. The objective of this systematic review was to identify studies focusing on follow-up care in BCSs from the patient's and physician's perspective or from patterns of care and to integrate primary empirical evidence on the different aspects of follow-up care from these studies. Methods A comprehensive literature review and evaluation was conducted for all relevant publications in English from January 1, 1990 to December 31, 2013 using electronic databases. Studies were included in the final review if they focused on BCS's preferences and perceptions, physician's perceptions, patterns of care, and effectiveness of follow-up care. Results A total of 47 studies assessing the different aspects of follow-up care were included in the review, with a majority of studies (n=13) evaluating the pattern of follow-up care in BCSs, followed by studies focusing on BCS's perceptions (n=9) and preferences (n=9). Most of the studies reported variations in recommended frequency, duration, and intensity of follow-up care as well as frequency of mammogram screening. In addition, variations were noted in patient preferences for type of health care provider (specialist versus non-specialist). Further, BCSs perceived a lack of psychosocial support and information for management of side effects. Conclusion The studies reviewed, conducted in a range of settings, reflect variations in different aspects of follow-up care. Further, this review also provides useful insight into the unique concerns and needs of BCSs for follow-up care. Thus, clinicians and decision-makers need to understand BCS's preferences in providing appropriate follow-up care tailored specifically for each patient.
Incidence of benign pathologic findings at partial nephrectomy for solitary renal mass presumed to be renal cell carcinoma on preoperative imaging

Abstract Objectives To determine the incidence of benign pathologic findings at partial nephrectomy for a solitary renal lesion when preoperative imaging is reviewed by an experienced team of academic genitourinary radiologists. Methods From 1996 to 2004, 143 patients underwent resection of a solitary renal lesion for presumed renal cell carcinoma amenable to partial nephrectomy. Our experienced team of genitourinary radiologists interpreted all preoperative imaging scans. Of the 143 patients, 44 underwent partial nephrectomy for a solitary lesion less than 2 cm, 85 for a lesion 2 to 4 cm, and 14 for a lesion greater than 4 cm. Results Of the 143 solitary masses resected, 23 revealed benign pathologic findings (16.1%). Ten lesions (43.5%) were angiomyolipomas (AMLs), eight (34.8%) were oncocytomas, three (13.0%) were benign Bosniak-type cysts, and one each was a low-grade spindle cell lesion most consistent with mesoblastic nephroma, and a metanephric adenoma. Conclusions A significant fraction of small solitary renal masses presumed to be renal cell carcinoma had benign pathologic findings on resection, despite thorough expert radiologic review. Management should favor parenchyma-sparing approaches, because resection serves not only a therapeutic but also a diagnostic function. Patients should be counseled accordingly when faced with the diagnosis of renal mass.
Calcium Intake Is Associated with Adiposity in Black and White Men and White Women of the HERITAGE Family Study

Calcium (Ca(2+)) intake may play a role in the regulation of body weight. Increased Ca(2+) intake has been associated with lower body weight, BMI, and adiposity measures in cross-sectional studies. We examined the association between Ca(2+) intake, derived from the Willett FFQ, and overall and abdominal adiposity in Black and White men and women of the HERITAGE Family Study. BMI, the percentage of body fat (%FAT), the sum of 8 skinfold thicknesses, computerized tomography total abdominal fat (TAF), abdominal visceral (AVF) and abdominal subcutaneous (ASF) fat, and waist circumference were measured in 362 men (109 Blacks, 253 Whites) and 462 women (201 Blacks, 261 Whites). Subjects were divided into tertiles of energy-adjusted Ca(2+) intake. Adiposity measures across tertiles were compared by ANOVA and also regressed against the energy-adjusted Ca(2+) intake to test for a linear trend. The strongest inverse associations appeared in Black men and White women. Black men in the high Ca(2+) intake group were leaner than those in the low Ca(2+) intake group: BMI 23.4 +/- 0.9 vs. 26.7 +/- 1.1 kg/m(2) (P = 0.01); for all other adiposity measures, P < 0.05. In White women, regression analyses showed significant inverse associations between Ca(2+) intake and BMI (P = 0.02), %FAT (P = 0.001), TAF (P = 0.006), AVF (P = 0.03), and ASF (P = 0.01). The percentage of fat of White men in the highest Ca(2+) intake group was significantly lower than in the lowest Ca(2+) group (P = 0.04). No significant associations were found in Black women. Low Ca(2+) intake may be associated with higher adiposity, particularly in men and White women.
Mobility, Skills, and the Michigan Non-Compete Experiment

Whereas a number of studies have considered the implications of employee mobility, comparatively little research has considered institutional factors governing the ability of employees to move from one firm to another. This paper explores a legal constraint on mobility---employee non-compete agreements---by exploiting Michigan's apparently inadvertent 1985 reversal of its non-compete enforcement policy as a natural experiment. Using a differences-in-differences approach, and controlling for changes in the auto industry central to Michigan's economy, we find that the enforcement of non-competes indeed attenuates mobility. Moreover, non-compete enforcement decreases mobility more sharply for inventors with firm-specific skills and for those who specialize in narrow technical fields. The results speak to the literature on employee mobility while offering a credibly exogenous source of variation that can extend previous research on the implications of such mobility.
A system for delivering mechanical stimulation to the rat whisker pad during facial nerve regeneration

Facial nerve regeneration after transection with immediate neurorrhaphy frequently leads to poor functional recovery in both humans and animal models, and recent advancements in surgical and pharmacologic interventions have had little impact. In contrast, daily passive assistance of whisking movement during the recovery period after facial nerve cut/repair has been shown to dramatically improve facial nerve function in the rodent. Additional studies are needed to understand the mechanisms of this functional enhancement, and to identify optimal stimulation patterns. This report describes a new robotic system for delivering controlled patterns of mechanical whisking assistance after rat facial nerve injury, and provides pilot data of mechanical stimulation treatments that are either preprogrammed (4 or 8 Hz at 65-70 degrees per whisk for 5-20 minutes per day) or yoked to the rat's whisking behavior from the contralateral (intact) side of the face.
Diazepam Abuse in Pregnant Women on Methadone Maintenance: Implications for the Neonate

The authors found that the course and treatment of narcotic withdrawal in two neonates was complicated by prenatal exposure to high doses of diazepam, or Valium (Roche Laboratories, Nutley, NJ). Both of the mothers were on methadone maintenance for narcotic dependency prior to the diagnosis of pregnancy. The authors documented maternal intake of diazepam in the range of 40-60 mg/day for a duration of 4-27 weeks prior to delivery. Both infants initially responded well to medical therapy for narcotic withdrawal, but at 7-14 days of age, withdrawal symptoms intensified, requiring an increase in the dosages of Paregoric (UDL Laboratories, Rockford, IL) and opium tincture in both infants and the addition of phenobarbital therapy in one infant. Both infants continued on medical therapy until they reached 1 month of age.Diazepam use by pregnant women can be associated with a later presentation of withdrawal symptoms in the neonate than that induced by the use of other drugs. Close follow-up during the first mont...
The Recent Historiography of Zulu Ethnicity

Over the last few years numerous new works have been published on the history of KwaZulu-Natal. Some of these deal directly with Zulu ethnicity, but all of them are relevant to debates surrounding that subject. This paper reviews this literature, spanning several disciplines, including history, anthropology, political science, sociology, linguistics, and literary studies. The decline of the Inkatha Freedom Party and the rise of Jacob Zuma, not to mention broader social changes like the spread of English and ethnic intermarriage in Zulu communities, have removed some of the urgency of Zulu ethnic politics. Ethnic conflict more often pits South Africans against migrants from other parts of Africa. At the same time, the continued salience of chiefship under successive ANC administrations has helped to keep alive the "little traditions" of the various chiefdoms that make up the Zulu nation, as seen in the controversy surrounding the Nhlapo Commission of 2010. The tension between Zulu ethnicity and other forms of identification that are both broader and narrower has a history that some of the new literature has illuminated. Too often, however, scholars have overlooked this tension and its relationship to the cyclical rise and fall in the salience of Zulu ethnicity.
Parental behavior ratings by subjects classified as reward-seekers or punishment-avoiders: supplementary report.

In an earlier study (1) college Ss who were classified as reward-seeking or punishment-avoiding on a concepc learning task were given the Roe-Siegelman Parent-Child Relations Questionnaire to explore home background as a contributing factor in rewardand punishment-orientations. Suggestive, but nonsignificant, relations were found between the father and mother ratings by Ss of different orientations. On both the SymbolicLove Punishment and the Direct-Object Punishment scales, the punishment-oriented Ss rated their mothers higher than the reward-oriented Ss, while the opposite relationship was found for the father ratings. On the Symbolic-Love Reward, Direct-Object Reward, and Loving scales, the reward-oriented Ss rated their mothers higher than the punishmentoriented Ss, with the opposite relationship obtaining on the father ratings. The present study was designed to test these interacrions furrher. To provide better differentiation between the rewardand punishment-orientation Ss, a modified concepclearning task was used as well as the original task, and only Ss who were classified in the same orientation group on both tasks were given the questionnaire. A two-factor, mixed-design analysis of variance was carried out on the parent ratings by the two orientation groups on each of the five scales. Significant parent by orientation interactions, in the same direction as in the earlier study. were found on the SymbolicLove Reward scale ( F = 15.32, d f = 1/54, P < .01) , the Direct-Object Reward scale ( F = 11.00, d f = 1/54, P < . 0 1 ) , and the Loving scale ( F = 16.54, d f = 1/54, P < .01). The interactions on the Symbolic-Love Punishment and Direct-Object Punishment scales, however, were not significant (Fs < 1.00). The significant interactions on the two Reward scales and on the Loving scale provide support for the earlier speculation that more rewarding behavior by the mother is associated with a reward-seeking orientation. The speculation that greater punitiveness by the mother is associated with a punishment-avoidance orientation in children was not supported.
Alimentary absorption of L-arabinose and D-xylose in chicks.

SummaryStudies were conducted to determine the alimentary absorption of L-ara-binose and D-xylose in chicks during 30 minutes following dose by stomach-tube. The rates of absorption of L-arabinose and D-xylose were compared to that of D-glucose from 3-12 days of age. Absorption velocity of L-arabinose was lower than that of D-glucose and D-xylose. This age range did not influence the absorption rate of any of the test sugars. Increase in dose concentration correspondingly increased rate of absorption. The data suggest that at lower dose concentration D-glucose is absorbed more rapidly than D-xylose, but at higher concentration absorption rates of the two sugars are re versed. It is confirmed that the chick's gut possesses selective absorption capacity a early as 3 days of age.
Ion Implanted SiO 2 Substrates for Nucleating Silicon Oxide Nanowire Growth

We experimentally demonstrate a simple and efficient approach for silicon oxide nanowire growth by implanting Fe + ions into thermally grown SiO 2 layers on Si wafers and subsequently annealing in argon and hydrogen to nucleate silicon oxide nanowires. We study the effect of implantation dose and energy, growth temperature, and H 2 gas flow on the SiO x nanowire growth. We find that sufficiently high implant dose, high growth temperature, and the presence of H 2 gas flow are crucial parameters for silicon oxide nanowire growth. We also demonstrate the patterned growth of silicon oxide nanowires in localized areas by lithographic patterning and etching of the implanted SiO 2 substrates before growth. This works opens up the possibility of growing silicon oxide nanowires directly from solid substrates, controlling the location of nanowires at the submicron scale, and integrating them into nonplanar three-dimensional nanoscale device structures.
Sclerotinia Caricis-Ampullaceae, a Remarkable Sub-Arctic Species

(1943). Sclerotinia Caricis-Ampullaceae, a Remarkable Sub-Arctic Species. Mycologia: Vol. 35, No. 4, pp. 385-398.
Children in Single-Parent Families: Explaining Variation in Nonmetro Areas in the Pacific Northwest

Abstract The increasing percent of children in single-parent families has long been an issue of concern. However, there is often a perception that this is more of an urban than a rural problem. In Oregon and Washington this is no longer the case. In 1990, rates of children living in single-parent families were virtually equal between the area's metro and nonmetro counties. Using data from the 1980 and 1990 censuses, this research investigates whether different types of nonmetro counties in the area varied in the increasing percent of children in these families between 1980 and 1990 and finds that this rise was ubiquitous across nonmetro county types. It also investigates factors that help explain the variation in the percent of area nonmetro children in single-parent families in 1990. One set of variables comes from past research on national and metro data sets on family instability. Two variables from this past research were important. An increasing percent of men in the labor force during the decade had...
Evaluation on effect of measles elimination in Ganzhou City

[Objective]To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of measles in Ganzhou City from 1950-2011,evaluate the effect of measles elimination.[Methods]The descriptive epidemiology method was adopted,and the data were analyzed with Excel 2003.[Results]A total of 839 789 measles cases were reported from 1950 to 2011 in Ganzhou City.In our observation,the average annual incidence of measles was 615.28/lakh before implementing planned immunization(1950-1978),it showed a natural epidemic status,and the epidemic peak occurred every 2-3 years,but the average annual incidence decreased to 18.89/lakh during the period of planned immunization(1979-2011).Due to routine MV vaccination combined with supplementary immunization activities(SIA),the incidence decreased significantly,which was controlled in a range of less than 1/100 000 during 2009-2011.[Conclusion]The effective strategies for measles elimination are routine MV vaccination with high coverage rate and timely SIA.
Congener specific polychlorinated biphenyl metabolism by human intestinal microbe Clostridium species: Comparison with human liver cell line-HepG2

Polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs), which adversely affect human fetal and infant development, are endocrine disrupter and cause neurological disorders. They may also be carcinogenic. It is not known whether these effects are due to whole PCBs or to its metabolites, produced by the human gastrointestinal system primarily the liver and/or by intestinal microbes such as Clostridium sp. The available data show that Clostridium perfringens, the most prominent species of Clostridium occurs in the human gut. C. beijerinckii is a special type of Clostridium present in the gut of autistic children with late onset autism. Since mixed cultures are better PCB metabolizers than single cultures, mixed cultures of Clostridium were used in this work. The first step in PCB degradation is the removal of the chlorine atoms and then the breaking open of the phenyl ring leading to the final degradation product: CO2. In this study, GC-MS analyses were done to examine the effect of Clostridium sp. on PCB-153 and PCB-77 and the metabolites obtained with Clostridium sp. therein. In this paper, we report that the unlike human liver cells which cannot produce any PCB metabolites. Mixed Clostridium spp. can degrade these PCBs. Clostridium spp. and were able to dechlorinate PCB 153 (hexachlorobiphenyl) to pentachlorobiphenyl and PCB 77 (tetrachlorobiphenyl) to trichlorobiphenyl. Despite considerable absorption of PCB 153 (40%) and PCB 77 (50%) in 30 minutes and 1.5 hours respectively by human liver (HepG2) cells, they can not dechlorinate PCBs. It has been observed that slight differences in chemical structures of PCBs such as coplanar (PCB-77) vs. non-coplanar (PCB-153) has significant metabolic effects.
The free TRAM flap.

The transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous (TRAM) flap has become the well-accepted method for breast reconstruction using autogenous tissue. The free TRAM flap allows one to perform this procedure with minimum complications because of the improved blood supply. The design of the flap, which is based on the deep inferior epigastric vessel, also avoids sacrifice to the abdominal wall. The flap is especially well suited for immediate reconstruction after mastectomy.
Young Athletes and Sport Participants at Risk: Ephedra Regulation and Legal Issues in the United States

How does a 16-year-old die of myocardial infarction? It wasn’t just a mild myocardial infarction. I had to ask the pathologist what that meant. Troponin, which is an enzyme specific marker to the heart, was at 100 level, the number 100. You and I as adults are at one or two on a normal day’s level. The troponin in your heart tells it to keep beating. When you’re having a heart attack at 50, 60 years old, 70 years old, it would be marked at four to five. Think about it. You’re at 100. The heart was racing so fast it just kind of couldn’t do anything. It couldn’t pump the blood fast enough and that’s why he had a heart attack.