cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
711 Changes in Healthcare Visits and Sleep Medication Use in Sleep Medicine Patients during the COVID-19 Pandemic

Introduction: Patients may be experiencing increased stress and sleep disturbance due to healthcare changes during the COVID-19 pandemic. Healthcare changes may include telemedicine visits, delayed or canceled appointments and sleep studies. The purpose of this study was to assess the association between changes in healthcare and sleep medication use on sleep disturbance and insomnia severity. Methods: Between June-November 2020, 81 sleep medicine clinic patients (54.8 ± 15.9 y, 44% male, 69% Caucasian) completed an online survey that included questions about COVID-19 (tested for coronavirus, test results, willingness to be vaccinated for COVID-19, changes in health care visits and sleep medications during the pandemic), PROMIS measures (Sleep Disturbance, Sleep-Related Impairments), and Insomnia Severity Index (ISI). Stepwise linear regression was performed using SAS to determine if changes in healthcare and sleep medications predicted poorer sleep. Results: Among participants, 32% were tested for coronavirus, out of those 8% tested positive for COVID-19. 74% were willing to get vaccinated and 65% were willing to get their children vaccinated. 35% changed their healthcare office appointments to telephone visits, 54% changed to video visits;whereas 26% cancelled and 32% rescheduled their healthcare appointments. Changes in health care visits during the pandemic had a significant increase on ISI score (3.98 ± 1.66, p=0.019). Changes in sleep medication during the pandemic had significant effect on Sleep Disturbance (7.15 ± 2.51, p=0.005), Sleep- Related Impairments (8.69 ± 2.68, p=0.001) and ISI (6.04 ± 1.66, p=0.001) measures. Conclusion: Sleep medicine patients who reported changes in sleep medication reported higher insomnia severity, sleep disturbance, and sleep-related impairments. Patients who reported changes in healthcare visits during the pandemic reported higher insomnia severity. Assessing sleep medication changes and preference for healthcare visit format is advised when treating sleep medicine patients during the pandemic.
roadscene2vec: A Tool for Extracting and Embedding Road Scene-Graphs.

Recently, road scene-graph representations used in conjunction with graph learning techniques have been shown to outperform state-of-the-art deep learning techniques in tasks including action classification, risk assessment, and collision prediction. To enable the exploration of applications of road scene-graph representations, we introduce roadscene2vec: an open-source tool for extracting and embedding road scene-graphs. The goal of roadscene2vec is to enable research into the applications and capabilities of road scene-graphs by providing tools for generating scene-graphs, graph learning models to generate spatio-temporal scene-graph embeddings, and tools for visualizing and analyzing scene-graph-based methodologies. The capabilities of roadscene2vec include (i) customized scene-graph generation from either video clips or data from the CARLA simulator, (ii) multiple configurable spatio-temporal graph embedding models and baseline CNN-based models, (iii) built-in functionality for using graph and sequence embeddings for risk assessment and collision prediction applications, (iv) tools for evaluating transfer learning, and (v) utilities for visualizing scene-graphs and analyzing the explainability of graph learning models. We demonstrate the utility of roadscene2vec for these use cases with experimental results and qualitative evaluations for both graph learning models and CNN-based models. roadscene2vec is available at this https URL.
Class Size Effects on Student Performance in a Hispanic-Serving Institution

Overlooked in higher education student retention policies is the effect of class size on student achievement. Decreasing constant-dollar legislative appropriations and growing undergraduate enrollments will continue to strain instructional budgets. One obvious administrator response is to increase class sizes, which raises concerns of negative effects on minority student achievement. Reported are findings that class size does exercise negative effects on the academic performance of Hispanic students.
Fractional Integration of the Product of Two Multivariables H-Function and a General Class of Polynomials

A significantly large number of earlier works on the subject of fractional calculus give interesting account of the theory and applications of fractional calculus operators in many different areas of mathematical analysis (such as ordinary and partial differential equations, integral equations, special functions, summation of series, etc.). The main object of the present paper is to study and develop the Saigo operators. First, we establish two results that give the images of the product of two multivariables H-function and a general class of polynomials in Saigo operators. On account of the general nature of the Saigo operators, multivariable H-functions and a general class of polynomials a large number of new and Known Images involving Riemann-Liouville and Erde’lyi-Kober fractional integral operators and several special functions notably generalized Wright hypergeometric function, Mittag-Leffler function, Whittaker function follow as special cases of our main findings. Results given by Kilbas, Kilbas and Sebastian, Saxena et al. and Gupta et al., follow as special cases of our findings.
Detection of botulinal toxins by immunodiffusion.

Abstract A procedure employing concentration with Sephadex and analysis by gel diffusion (Ouchterlony) was used to detect the toxins of Clostridium botulinum in foods. Botulinal toxins with toxic levels of 370 to 557 mouse LD50 per milliliter were detected in the food samples. Test results were verified by use of the mouse protection test. Approximately 24 hr were required to complete the entire procedure.
Late Miocene upward and outward growth of eastern Tibet and decreasing monsoon rainfall over the northwestern Indian subcontinent since ∼10 Ma

[1] Many geologic observations suggest that the eastern portion of the Tibetan Plateau has expanded eastward and grown in height over the past 15-10 Ma, and other observations suggest that climate over the northwestern Indian subcontinent (“NW India”) became more arid between ∼11 and 7 Ma. We suggest that they are linked: higher terrain increased orographic precipitation over eastern Tibet, which diabatically heated the atmosphere there; that heating then forced subsidence to the west via the mechanism proposed by Rodwell and Hoskins; and subsidence suppressed rainfall. Simple Gill-model calculations for a heat source displaced from the equator show such subsidence, and a regression of July-August outgoing long-wave radiation (OLR) over southeastern Tibet with rainfall shows a negative relationship between eastern Tibet and NW India, consistent with the proposed link between growth of eastern Tibet and diminished South Asian monsoon rainfall over the northwestern Indian subcontinent.
An Introduction to Continuum Mechanics, Second Edition: CONSERVATION AND BALANCE LAWS

Although to penetrate into the intimate mysteries of nature and thence to learn the true causes of phenomena is not allowed to us, nevertheless it can happen that a certain fictive hypothesis may suffice for explaining many phenomena . — Leonard Euler (1707–1783) Nothing is too wonderful to be true if it be consistent with the laws of nature . — Michael Faraday (1791–1867) Introduction Virtually every phenomenon in nature can be described in terms of mathematical relations among certain quantities that are responsible for the phenomenon. Most mathematical models of physical phenomena are based on fundamental scientific laws of physics that are extracted from centuries of observations and research on the behavior of mechanical systems subjected to the action of natural forces. The most exciting thing about the laws of physics, which are also termed principles of mechanics , is that they govern biological systems as well (because of mass and energy transports). However, biological systems may require additional laws, yet to be discovered, from biology and chemistry to reasonably complete their descriptions. This chapter is devoted to the study of fundamental laws of physics and resulting mathematical models as applied to mechanical systems. The laws of physics are expressed in analytical form with the aid of the concepts and quantities introduced in the previous chapters. The principles of mechanics to be studied are (1) the principle of conservation of mass, (2) the principle of balance of linear momentum, (3) the principle of balance of angular momentum, and (4) the principle of balance of energy.
Virtual bound states and f bands in mixed-valent systems

Abstract Experimentally observed properties of mixed-valent intermetallics are summarized. A model involving noninteracting fermions occupying (2J + 1)-fold degenerate resonance states is found very successful in reproducing the salient features of the experimental results. It is suggested that the key to this success lies in the existence of fermion-like quasi-particles occupying f-resonance states, whose motion is correlated in such a way that energetically unfavorable configurations of the f shell do not occur.
DEVELOPMENT OF A KNOWLEDGE-BASED DESIGNING SYSTEM FOR GENERATING MULTI-FAMILY HOUSING

This paper reports on the continued development of SYSBLD2. The program generates passive solar designs for multi-family housing and requires a database of apartment plans, components, and the results of extensive economic and energy analyses. The database functions as a library collection through which one may browze, or to which one may add or delete components. The program and its database are designed to provide a natural flow between the process of design and analysis in the generation of multi-family housing. The evolution of the program will provide vehicle for investigating the flow of knowledge between mind and the machine. The program utilizes the record structure of PASCAL to provide its data structure and operates on a VAX 750 interactively with Tektronix 4100 series terminals and associated peripherals.
Evaluating the reliability of multiple assessments of PTSD symptomatology: Multiple examiners, one patient

The objective of this investigation was to assess the inter-examiner reliability of PTSD symptomatology by 12 clinical examiners who evaluated independently a single-case Vietnam-Era veteran, using videotaped clinician interviews with The Clinician Administered PTSD Scale-1 (CAPS-1). A second patient was utilized for cross-validation purposes. Data were analyzed using a specially designed Kappa statistic. In previous reliability assessments of the CAPS-1, a pair of examiners assessed multiple patients, and demonstrated evidence of high reliability and validity. As in previous reliability assessments, reliability was assessed both for frequency and intensity of PTSD symptomatology in both patients. Results indicated that the reliability levels of the CAPS-1 were consistently and almost exclusively in the excellent to perfect levels of inter-examiner agreement, as based upon both global assessments and on a symptom-by-symptom basis. The results of this investigation are interpreted in the broader framework of their applicability to assessing inter-examiner agreement in clinical trials or other large multi-site studies.
Excitatory amino acid antagonists depress transmission in hippocampal projections to the lateral septum.

Abstract Antagonists of excitatory amino acid neurotransmission were tested as antagonists of septal excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) generated by stimulation of the fimbria. Septal EPSPs were depressed in a concentration-dependent manner by kynurenic acid and P-bromobenzoyl piperazine-2,3-dicarboxylic acid but not by l -2-amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid or d -2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoic acid. These results indicate that the hippocampal projection to the lateral septum is similar to the Schaffer collateral system and is mediated by an excitatory amino acid or a similar derivative.
Simulation of maximum respiratory venous PCO2in vitro

PvCO2 that would result from full O2Hb desaturation at a given O2-CO2 exchange ratio, in the absence of metabolic acid, may be termed maximum respiratory venous PCO2 (PvmrCO2). This theoretical condition of 100% O, extraction, in the absence of metabolic acid, should simulate maximum aerobic PCO2 in tissue, provided that PCO2 of tissues and large veins is similar. Hence, the value of PvmrCO2 is of interest in identifying critical tissue PCO2. Analysis of the Dill nomogram indicates that PvmrCO2 is 77 torr at RQ = 1. 0, PaCO2 = 40 torr in vitro, and that the PvCO2, versus SO2 relation is linear. Since the Dill nomogram is confined to the condition, [Hb] = 15 g · dL-1, [BE] = 0, the goal of the present analysis was to determine variability of PvmrCO2 with [Hb], arterial [base excess] ([BE]), and PaCO2. Venous CO2 titrations for multiple arterial conditions were simulated using published in vitro [BE] and whole blood [total CO2 formulae. In the RQ range of 0. 7 to 1. 0, the simulation yielded PvCO2 values that were essentially identical to those obtainable from the Dill nomogram. The simulation predicted that PvmrCO2 should decrease in direct proportion to [Hb], and increase non-linearly with decreasing arterial [BE]. The simulation further predicted that venoarterial PCO2 difference should increase linearly with increasing PaCO2. Simulated PvmrCO2 - PaCO2 difference varied from 5 torr at arterial [BE] = +10 mmol/L, [Hb]= 6 g · dL-1, PaCO2 = 25 torr, RQ = 0. 7 to 67 torr at [BE] = -20 mmol/L, [Hb] = 15 g- dL-1, PaCO2 = 65 torr, RQ = 1. 0. It is concluded that the PvCO2 versus SO2 relation is not linear when arterial [Hb] and/or [BE] vary. An equation that predicts in vitro PvmrCO2 as a function of arterial [BE], [Hb], RQ, and PaC02 is provided. It's accuracy in vivo should be testable.
Ventricular function and contractile proteins in the infarcted overloaded rat heart

Study objective – The aim was to determine whether surviving myocardium in the infarcted rat heart retains the ability to respond to sustained increases in afterload. Design – Cardiac mass, ventricular function, and actomyosin ATPase activity were compared in animals subjected to coronary artery ligation to produce infarction, superimposed renal artery constriction 4 weeks after infarction, and in sham operated animals. Experimental material – Female Wistar rats obtained at 10 weeks of age (200-225 g) were used for the studies. Measurements and main results – Four weeks after coronary artery ligation, infarcted hearts showed a 22% increase in heart weight and a significant reduction in peak systolic pressure and +/- dP/dt during acute volume infusion and aortic occlusion compared to sham operated hearts. Eight weeks after the initial surgical intervention, the infarct group showed significant impairment in ventricular performance compared to the sham operated group but no further decrement was observed between hearts with infarction and those with infarct and superimposed renal artery constriction for peak systolic pressure and +/- dP/dt during volume infusion and aortic occlusion. Actomyosin ATPase activity, however, was depressed and the shift to V3myosin isoenzyme was greater in infarct and renal artery constriction compared to infarct alone. Conclusions – Left ventricular myocardium following infarction does not retain the ability to increase cardiac mass and shows depressed levels of actomyosin ATPase activity when exposed to a superimposed chronic afterload from renal artery constriction. However, cardiac function in situ is maintained.
The Dissociation of a Personality: A Biographical Study in Abnormal Psychology

"The present volume contains parts I and II of a larger work, 'Problems in abnormal psychology,' but it is complete in itself."--Pref.
Ethical dimensions of group leadership

This article has attempted to identify some of the basic life values that can provide guidelines for the ethically responsible group leader. The value guidelines have support in both psychological and religious knowledge. Such values put the leadership of groups in a frame of reference that indicates that growth of persons, freedom of will, use of man's mind, meaningful fellowship, and the importance of the individual are the dynamic dimensions of qualitative group functioning in today's organization.
Alternating phase shift mask architecture scalability, implementations, and applications for 90-nm and 65-nm technology nodes and beyond

Alternating phase shift mask (altPSM) as a strong resolution enhancement technique is increasingly required to meet the tighter lithographic requirements on gate critical dimension (CD) control, depth of focus and low k1 applications in full chip patterning of logic and memory devices. While the frequency doubling mechanism of altPSM benefits the quality of imaging, the inherent intensity asymmetry between phase shifters, or image imbalance, causes line shift. The effect of mask topography on electromagnetic wave propagation must be compensated in practice. Various designs of mask structure for correcting the intrinsic imaging asymmetry have been extensively studied. In this paper, we discuss several image imbalance correction methods for hidden phase edge altPSM architectures, including chrome undercut, shifter width sizing, sidewall chrome alternating aperture mask. We compared both hidden phase edge as well as exposed phase edge altPSM in terms of scalability, image correction effectiveness, and manufacturability for 90-nm, 65-nm technology nodes and beyond. Specifically, we define the altPSM architecture scalability in terms of three key components: 1. Mask manufacturability, design layout complexity, and effectiveness of image balance correction, 2. Mask patterning resolution, pattern fidelity, image placement, CD & overlay control at both chrome and glass levels, 3. Tightening quartz etch process control for given phase error tolerance. Applications of altPSM technology to line/space, hole, and phase shifted assisted features patterning with various altPSM architectures are also addressed.
ON THE USE OF CORRELATION TO AUGMENT DATA

Abstract This paper provides an evaluation of the effects of a particular regression-estimation technique used to augment measurements when concurrent and additional measurements are available for two other variates. The investigation demonstrates that this use of regression does not always produce better estimates of population parameters, and indeed, that it may produce poorer estimates than could be obtained from the original data alone. Tables of a parameter I, the relative information, are provided so that the utility of making regression estimates to decrease the variance of the mean or variance may be easily evaluated. And finally, the use of these results in the specification of an optimal sampling program is briefly indicated.
Liquid Titanium Solute Diffusion Measured by Pulsed Ion-Beam Melting

The diffusivities of Sn, Mo, Zr, and Hf in liquid Ti were determined by pulsed ion-beam melting of thin liquid layers. Time-resolved optical reflectance and one-dimensional heat-flow simulations were employed to determine the melt duration. The broadening of nearly Gaussian solute concentration-depth profiles was determined ex situ using Rutherford backscattering spectrometry. Solute diffusivities in the range of 5 to 9 x 10 -5 cm 2 /s were determined at temperatures in the range of 2200 to 2500 K. Calculations
The Practice of Psychiatric Rehabilitation: Historical, Conceptual, and Research Base

With the recognition that most psychiatric disorders are associated with severe and persisting disability and the development of effective procedures for improving the long-term outcome of patients, the term "psychiatric rehabilitation" is becoming routinely used in the mental health field. Psychiatric rehabilitation has begun to take its place as a viable, credible intervention approach, even infiltrating professionals' jargon and administrators' program descriptions. The field of psychiatric rehabilitation has progressed to the stage where its history can be traced; its conceptual base and treatment strategies described; its practice observed, monitored, and replicated; and its future growth anchored in a research foundation.
Some personality correlates of risk taking

(1966). Some Personality Correlates of Risk Taking. The Journal of General Psychology: Vol. 74, No. 1, pp. 51-60.
LEWIS ACID MEDIATED FUNCTIONALIZATION OF POROUS SILICON WITH SUBSTITUTED ALKENES AND ALKYNES

Silicon surface chemistry is of fundamental importance because of the ubiquitous role of silicon in modern technology and yet is only just beginning to be investigated.1 Virtually all microprocessor chips in electronic products are based upon crystalline silicon wafers.2 Control of silicon surface chemistry is crucial to allow access to technologically interesting thin films for fabrication of new electronic devices.3 Canham and co-workers showed in 1990 that silicon wafers could be etched to produce a microns-thick porous layer (termed porous silicon) which exhibits photoluminescence upon exposure to UV light.4 Potential applications for porous silicon include use as chemical sensors,5 optoelectronic devices6 such as electroluminescent displays,7 photodetectors,8 and as a matrix for photopumped tunable lasers.9 As a result, modification and characterization of photoluminescent porous silicon surfaces has become an area of intense interest.10 In this work we report a mild and general approach for covalent modification of the surface of porous silicon through EtAlCl2 mediated hydrosilylation of readily available alkynes and alkenes which yields surface bound vinyl and alkyl groups, respectively, as outlined in eqs 1 and 2.11
Ethical theory in business ethics: A critical assessment

How is ethical theory used in contemporary teaching in business ethics? To answer this question, we undertook a survey of twenty-five of the leading business ethics texts. Our purpose was to examine the ways in which normative moral theory is introduced and applied to cases and issues. We focused especially on the authors' views of the conflicts and tensions posed by basic theoretical debates. How can these theories be made useful if fundamental tensions are acknowledged? Our analysis resulted in a typology, presented here, of the ways in which normative theory, and the difficulties within it, are handled in business ethics texts. We conclude that there is a serious lack of clarity about how to apply the theories to cases and a persistent unwillingness to grapple with tensions between theories of ethical reasoning. These deficiencies hamper teaching and ethical decision-making.
Development of unusual rock weathering features in the Cordillera Blanca, Peru

Abstract Mylonite textures in granodiorite boulders are responsible for higher rates of surface denudation of host rocks and the progressive development of unusual rock weathering features, termed weathering posts. These textures are characterized by smaller grain sizes, higher biotite content, and a higher biotite axial ratio in host rocks relative to weathering posts. Elemental concentrations do not show a significant difference between weathering posts and the host rocks in which they are found, and this reflects the absence of a weathering residue on the rock surfaces. Chemical weathering loosens the bonds between mineral grains through the expansion of biotite, and the loosened grains fall off or are blown off the boulder surface and continue their chemical alteration in the surrounding soil. The height of weathering posts on late Quaternary moraines increases at a linear rate of ~ 1.45 ± 0.45 cm (1000 yr)− 1 until post heights reach the diameter of host rocks. Such a rate of boulder denudation, if unrecognized, would generate significant errors (> 20%) in cosmogenic exposure ages for Pleistocene moraines. Given the paucity of boulders with diameters that significantly exceed 1.5 m, the maximum age of utility of weathering posts as a numeric age indicator is ~ 100 ka.
Assessment of Changes in Engineered Cartilage Using Infrared Spectroscopy and Mechanical Analysis

Myriad tissue engineering approaches have been proposed to produce engineered cartilage but the resulting tissues generally lack the strength of native cartilage. Suboptimal matrix production may account for the observed lack of strength. Fourier Transform Infrared Imaging Spectroscopy (FT-IRIS) was used to assess the compositional changes in engineered cartilage to further understand the role of matrix formation in mechanics of engineered cartilage.
Differential tissue distribution of tryptophan hydroxylase isoforms 1 and 2 as revealed with monospecific antibodies.

Abstract Tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) is the rate-limiting enzyme in the synthesis of the neurotransmitter serotonin. Once thought to be a single-gene product, TPH is now known to exist in two isoforms—TPH1 is found in the pineal and gut, and TPH2 is selectively expressed in brain [Walther, D.J., Peter, J.U., Bashammakh, S., Hortnagl, H., Voits, M., Fink, H., Bader, M., 2003. Synthesis of serotonin by a second tryptophan hydroxylase isoform. Science 299, 76.]. Heretofore, probes used for localization of TPH protein or mRNA could not distinguish between the TPH isoforms because of extensive homology shared by them at the nucleotide and amino acid level. We have produced monospecific polyclonal antibodies against TPH1 and TPH2 using peptide antigens from nonoverlapping sequences in the respective proteins. These antibodies allow the differentiation of TPH1 and TPH2 upon immunoblotting, immunoprecipitation, and immunocytochemical staining of tissue sections from brain and gut. TPH1 and TPH2 antibodies do not cross-react with either tyrosine hydroxylase or phenylalanine hydroxylase. Analysis of mouse tissues confirms that TPH1 is the predominant form expressed in pineal gland and in P815 mastocytoma cells with a molecular weight of 51 kDa. TPH2 is the predominant enzyme form expressed in brain extracts from mesencephalic tegmentum, striatum, and hippocampus with a molecular weight of 56 kDa. Antibody specificity against TPH1 and TPH2 is retained across mouse, rat, rabbit, primate, and human tissues. Antibodies that distinguish between the isoforms of TPH will allow studies of the differential regulation of their expression in brain and periphery.
Response to Letter Regarding “Differential Hemodynamic Effects of Exercise and Volume Expansion in People With and Without Heart Failure”

We thank Dr Guazzi for his interest in our study comparing the hemodynamic effects of volume loading and exercise in patients with and without heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF).1 We agree that impairments in right ventricular (RV)–pulmonary arterial coupling are important in the pathophysiology of this disorder and that one might expect a better …
Lesbian Stepfamilies: A Unique Family Structure:

This conceptual article examines the structure and dynamics of the lesbian stepfamily. It argues for adopting a strengths perspective by considering the lesbian stepfamily as a distinctive family style in its own right. Drawing upon the research literature on heterosexual stepfamilies, the article reviews the similarities and differences between these family styles. These include: parents‘ gender; family variations; stereotypes and social attitudes toward nontraditional families; formal marriage; previous losses; residential and nonresidential family members; parenting; and ambiguous role expectations. The article advocates culturally-appropriate practice tailored to the needs of lesbians within their family systems and considers implications for social work research.
Large-Eddy Simulation of Maritime Deep Tropical Convection

[1] This study represents an attempt to apply Large-Eddy Simulation (LES) resolution to simulate deep tropical convection in near equilibrium for 24 hours over an area of about 205 × 205 km2, which is comparable to that of a typical horizontal grid cell in a global climate model. The simulation is driven by large-scale thermodynamic tendencies derived from mean conditions during the GATE Phase III field experiment. The LES uses 2048 × 2048 × 256 grid points with horizontal grid spacing of 100 m and vertical grid spacing ranging from 50 m in the boundary layer to 100 m in the free troposphere. The simulation reaches a near equilibrium deep convection regime in 12 hours. The simulated vertical cloud distribution exhibits a tri-modal vertical distribution of deep, middle and shallow clouds similar to that often observed in Tropics. A sensitivity experiment in which cold pools are suppressed by switching off the evaporation of precipitation results in much lower amounts of shallow and congestus clouds. Unlike the benchmark LES where the new deep clouds tend to appear along the edges of spreading cold pools, the deep clouds in the no-cold-pool experiment tend to reappear at the sites of the previous deep clouds and tend to be surrounded by extensive areas of sporadic shallow clouds. The vertical velocity statistics of updraft and downdraft cores below 6 km height are compared to aircraft observations made during GATE. The comparison shows generally good agreement, and strongly suggests that the LES simulation can be used as a benchmark to represent the dynamics of tropical deep convection on scales ranging from large turbulent eddies to mesoscale convective systems. The effect of horizontal grid resolution is examined by running the same case with progressively larger grid sizes of 200, 400, 800, and 1600 m. These runs show a reasonable agreement with the benchmark LES in statistics such as convective available potential energy, convective inhibition, cloud fraction, precipitation rates, and surface latent and sensible fluxes. All runs reveal a tri-model cloud distribution in the vertical. However, there are differences in the updraft-core cloud statistics, and convergence of statistical properties is found only between the LES benchmark and the run with 200 m grid size. The effect of vertical grid resolution is also investigated with another run that uses a typical cloud-resolving model (CRM) horizontal grid size on the order of 1 km and only 64 vertical levels. A comparison to the run with 256 vertical levels shows different vertical cloud distributions. It is concluded that representation of the often observed tri-modal vertical distribution of clouds requires a vertical grid spacing in the range of 50-100 m in mid-to-low troposphere.
Synthesis of active Olisthodiscus luteus ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase in Escherichia coli.

The ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (Rubisco) large- and small-subunit genes are encoded on the chloroplast genome of the eukaryotic chromophytic alga Olisthodiscus luteus. Northern blot experiments indicate that both genes are co-transcribed into a single (>6 kb) mRNA molecule. Clones from the O. luteus rbc gene region were constructed with deleted 5′ non-coding regions and placed under control of the lac promoter, resulting in the expression of high levels of O. luteus Rubisco large and small subunits in Escherichia coli. Sucrose gradient centrifugation of soluble extracts fractionated a minute amount of carboxylase activity that cosedimented with native hexadecameric O. luteus Rubisco. Most of the large subunit synthesized in E. coli appeared insoluble or formed an aggregate with the small subunit possessing an altered charge: mass ratio compared to the native holoenzyme. The presence in O. luteus of a polypeptide that has an identical molecular mass and cross reacts with antiserum generated against pea large-subunit binding protein may indicate that a protein of similar function is required for Rubisco assembly in O. luteus.
A general framework for vertex orderings with applications to circuit clustering

Vertex orderings have been successfully applied to problems in netlist clustering and for system partitioning and layout. We present a vertex ordering construction that encompasses most reasonable graph traversals. Two parameters-an attraction function and a window-provide the means for achieving various graph traversals and addressing particular clustering requirements. We then use dynamic programming to optimality split the vertex ordering into a multiway clustering. Our approach outperforms several clustering methods in the literature in terms of three distinct clustering objectives. The ordering construction, by itself, also outperforms existing graph ordering constructions for this application. Tuning our approach to "meta-objectives", particularly clustering for two-phase Fiduccia-Mattheyses bipartitioning, remains an open area of research.
Bioengineered emulsans from Acinetobacter calcoaceticus RAG-1 transposon mutants

Transposon mutants of Acinetobacter calcoaceticus strain RAG-1 were studied in an effort to control fatty acid (FA) substitution patterns of emulsan, a bioemulsifier secreted by the organism. The disrupted genes, involved in the biosynthetic pathways of biotin, histidine, cysteine or purines, influenced the level and types of FAs incorporated into emulsan. The structural variants of emulsan generated by the transposon mutants were characterized for yield, FA content, molecular weight, and emulsification behavior when grown on a series of FAs of different chain lengths from C11 to C18. Yields of emulsan from the transposon mutants were found to be lower than the parent strain and depended on the type of FA used to supplement the growth medium. Mutants 13D (His–) and 52D (Cys–) grown on LB plus C16 or C14, respectively, exhibited enhanced emulsifying activity compared to A. calcoaceticus RAG-1. The presence and composition of long chain FAs on the polysaccharide backbone influenced emulsification behavior: particularly a high mole percentage of C16 (48%) and C18 (42%). The results provide important insight into the bioengineering of bioemulsifier-producing microorganisms and provide a path towards highly tailored novel amphipathic structures to utilize as biodegradable in environmental, biomedical, and personal care applications.
Occurrence of Atrial Fibrillation during Dobutamine Stress Echocardiography: Incidence, Risk Factors, and Outcomes

Background The reported incidence of atrial fibrillation (AF) occurring during dobutamine stress echocardiography (DSE) ranges from 0.5% to 4%. The aim of this study was to characterize the incidence, risk factors, and outcomes of AF precipitated during DSE. Methods The clinical and echocardiographic data of consecutive patients over a 50-month period who were in sinus rhythm and underwent DSE were retrospectively reviewed. Results A total of 11,806 consecutive patients underwent DSE and met all inclusion criteria. AF developed during DSE in 122 patients (1%), 71 of whom had histories of AF. The duration of AF was P Conclusions AF is an infrequent complication of DSE. Most patients return to sinus rhythm spontaneously within 1 hour. Patients with persistent AF can be safely dismissed from the echocardiography laboratory to have outpatient follow-up within 24 hours unless they have suboptimal heart rate control, hypotension, significant symptoms, or markedly abnormal findings on DSE.
A Case of Vitamin D Resistant Rickets Treated with Massive Doses of Vitamin D2

SUMMARY A case of rickets resistant to ordinary vitamin D therapy is described. A familiar factor has, in all likelihood, played a part in the pathogenesis. Treatment with citric acid-sodium citrate was of no benefit which agrees with the experience of Butler. Massive daily doses of vitamin D, given by mouth in periods of ten to fourteen days had a marked effect on the blood phosphorus and plasma phosphatase concentrations and brought about a conspiciuous healing of the skeletal changes as seen in the X-ray (see Figs 2 and 3). No toxic reactions to these large doses of vitamin D were seen.
A pilot randomized control trial to evaluate pelvic floor muscle training for urinary incontinence among gynecologic cancer survivors

Abstract Objectives We previously reported high rates of urinary incontinence among gynecologic cancer survivors and aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a simple intervention for treatment of urinary incontinence in this population. Methods We recruited 40 gynecologic cancer survivors who reported urinary incontinence on a validated questionnaire. Women were randomized to either pelvic floor muscle training/behavioral therapy (treatment group) or usual care (control group). The primary outcome measure, assessed at 12weeks post intervention, was a 40% difference in the validated Patient Global Impression of Improvement (PGI-I) score. Fisher's exact test was used to identify differences between groups for frequency data; two-sample t -test was conducted for continuous measurements. Results Mean age of this cohort was 57 (range: 37–79). The majority of the survivors had uterine cancer (60%), 18% had received radiation therapy, 95% had received surgical therapy, and 35% had received chemotherapy. At three months, 80% of the treatment and 40% of the control group reported that their urinary incontinence was "much better" or "very much better" as evaluated by the Patient Global Impression of Improvement scale (p=0.02). Brink's scores were significantly improved in the treatment group as compared to those of the controls (p Conclusions Urinary incontinence negatively affects quality of life, and despite a high prevalence among gynecologic cancer survivors, it is often under-assessed and undertreated. We found a simple intervention that included pelvic floor muscle training and behavioral therapy, which significantly improved cancer survivor's urinary incontinence.
Validity of the shape-independent approximation for Bose-Einstein condensates

The validity of the shape-independent approximation is studied for three trapped atoms. By comparing the total ground-state energy calculated using pseudopotentials in the Hartree-Fock approximation to the exact ground-state energy, the shape-independent approximation is shown to agree quantitatively only in the low-density limit. It is also shown using configuration interaction that a Dirac {delta} function is not suitable as a replacement for the two-body interaction in exact theories. {copyright} {ital 1999} {ital The American Physical Society}
Immunological templates: a new model and proposed mechanism of immunogenicity.

Abstract Immunogenicity of an antigen is dependent both on possession of antigenic determinants, including the haptenic portion(s) of the antigen, and binding groups. The binding groups are necessary for processing of the antigen to occur whereas the antigenic determinants specify the antibody structure. Some arrangements of these antigenic determinants in relation to the binding groups are proposed, as well as the relationships of these ligands during processing on a cellular processing template to form an antibody RNA. The antibody RNA is manufactured by a unique mode of inverse translation. The antibody RNA is available to instruct a cell with antibody-producing potential of the functional (haptenic) groups of the antigenic determinants on the antigen. The antibody RNA itself instructs IgM synthesis when in an autonomous (extrachromosomal) state within the antibody-producing cell. For IgG synthesis to occur, however, the antibody RNA must become integrated into the chromosome or affect activation of an extant chromosomal region by a process analogous to, but not identical with, inverse transcription.
A pilot study comparing opaque, weighted bottles with conventional, clear bottles for infant feeding.

It is hypothesized that the visual and weight cues afforded by bottle-feeding may lead mothers to overfeed in response to the amount of liquid in the bottle. The aim of the present pilot study was to test this hypothesis by comparing mothers' sensitivity and responsiveness to infant cues and infants' intakes when mothers use opaque, weighted bottles (that remove visual and weight cues) compared to conventional, clear bottles to feed their infants. We also tested the hypothesis that mothers' pressuring feeding style would moderate the effect of bottle type. Formula-feeding dyads (N = 25) visited our laboratory on two separate days. Mothers fed their infants from a clear bottle one day and an opaque, weighted bottle on the other; bottle-order was counterbalanced across the two days. Infant intake was assessed by weighing each bottle before and after the feeding. Maternal sensitivity and responsiveness to infant cues was objectively assessed using the Nursing Child Assessment Feeding Scale. Mothers were significantly more responsive to infant cues when they used opaque compared to clear bottles (p = .04). There was also a trend for infants to consume significantly less formula when fed from opaque compared to clear bottles (p = .08). Mothers' pressuring feeding style moderated the effect of bottle type on maternal responsiveness to infant cues (p = .02) and infant intake (p = .03). Specifically, mothers who reported higher levels of pressuring feeding were significantly more responsive to their infants' cues (p = .02) and fed their infants significantly less formula when using opaque versus clear bottles (p = .01); no differences were seen for mothers who reported lower levels of pressuring feeding. This study highlights a simple, yet effective intervention for improving the bottle-feeding practices of mothers who have pressuring feeding styles.
The Path‐dependency of an Idea: Why Scandinavian Welfare States Remain Distinct

Examining reforms that have taken place in the  s, this article explores the hypothesis that the most distinctive characteristic of the Scandinavian model today is the "stickiness" of its reputation, rather than the institutions and policies that make up the model. Borrowing the concept of path-dependency from institutional analysis, the article argues that because there is a strong commitment to the idea of a Scandinavian model, there is a tendency to expand conceptions of the model so that policy changes appear to be consistent with it.
ENGINEERED T4 VIRAL NANOPARTICLES FOR CELLULAR IMAGING AND FLOW CYTOMETRY

Viruses are of particular interest as scaffolds for biotechnology applications given their wide range of shapes and sizes and the possibility to modify them with a variety of functional moieties to produce useful virus-based nanoparticles (VNPs). In order to develop functional VNPs for cell imaging and flow cytometry applications, we used the head of the T4 bacteriophage as a scaffold for bioconjugation of fluorescent dyes. Bacteriophage T4 is a double-stranded DNA virus with an elongated icosahedron head and a contractile tail. The head is ∼100 nm in length and ∼90 nm in width. The large surface area of the T4 head is an important advantage for the development of functional materials since it can accommodate significantly larger numbers of functional groups, such as fluorescent dyes, in comparison with other VNPs. In this study, Cy3 and Alexa Fluor 546 were chemically incorporated into tail-less T4 heads (T4 nanoparticles) for the first time, and the fluorescent properties of the dye-conjugated nanoparticles were characterized. The T4 nanoparticles were labeled with up to 19 000 dyes, and in particular, the use of Cy3 led to fluorescent enhancements of up to 90% compared to free Cy3. We also demonstrate that the dye-conjugated T4 nanoparticles are structurally stable and that they can be used as molecular probes for cell imaging and flow cytometry applications.
The Impact of SFAS No. 14 Segment Information on Price Variability and Earnings Forecast Accuracy

This study provides empirical evidence on the economic effects of Statement of Financial Accounting Standards (SFAS) No. 14 segment disclosures. Required disclosures under this standard subsume those of the Securities and Exchange Commission' (SEC) 1970 line-of-business disclosure rule both in terms of the variables to be disclosed and the degree of decomposition of the consolidated information. Consequently, this study hypothesizes that stock price variability will be greater at the time of, and security analysts' earnings forecasts more accurate following, release of these disclosures. The results of the empirical analysis support these hypotheses. They indicate that SFAS No. 14 segment disclosures convey incremental information over previously reported SEC line-of-business information that is relevant to stockholders and to security analysts.
Biodegradation of Dispersed Endicott Oil in Controlled Experiments

ABSTRACT We investigate aerobic biodegradation of dispersed Endicott oil in seawater at 15±0.5 °C in laboratory flasks. The objectives of the experiments were to (1) compare the biodegradability of...
Future of Transmission Fiber

In 2010, most high-capacity transmission experiments have been demonstrated over low-loss and/or low-nonlinearity dispersion unshifted fibers. Not only the research interest but the discussions of actual deployment of such linearity-enhanced fibers as well were starting to increase network capacity with systems based on greater than 100-Gb/s symbol rate. In addition, evolutional optical fibers that dramatically increase capacity in a single fiber, including multicore fibers and photonic crystal fibers, have been proposed.
The induced asynchrony effect: Its role in visual judgments of temporal order and its relation to other dynamic perceptual phenomena

A context-induced “illusion” in visual judgments of temporal order, termed the induced asynchrony effect (IAE), is reported. It consists of an apparent ordering in time of two simultaneous light onsets, produced by the preceding, asynchronous offsets of two other lights. The joint effect of a real stimulus onset asynchrony and a preceding stimulus offset asynchrony bn judgments of onset order appears to be additive, given a Gaussian transformation of response probability. This result is shown to be consistent with a simple statistical decision model, which provides a conceptual framework for drawing inferences from temporal order judgment data. However, it is emphasized that certain interpretations of such models are not empirically testable on the basis of temporal order data alone. An attempt is made to relate the IAE to three other dynamic perceptual phenomena; all four effects may reflect a tendency of observers to perceive the velocity of apparent motion as being constant. Questions raised by the demonstration of the IAE are discussed, and directions for further research are suggested.
Microfabrication of cavities in polydimethylsiloxane using DRIE silicon molds

We present a novel method to create cavities in PDMS that is simple and exhibits wide process latitude allowing control over the radius of curvature to form shallow concave pits or deep spherical cavities.