cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The macromolecular neutron diffractometer at the spallation neutron source.

The Macromolecular Neutron Diffractometer known as MaNDi is located on beamline 11B of the Spallation Neutron Source at Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Neutrons are produced in discrete pulses at the Spallation Neutron Source, which enables Laue diffraction data through measuring the time-of-flight and thus wavelength of each diffracted neutron. The MaNDi diffractometer is optimized to collect diffraction data from protein crystals with unit cell axes between 30 and 300A. The instrument is designed to provide flexibility in several instrumental parameters such as wavelength bandwidth and beam divergence to allow data collection from a range systems. Data collection is possible at room temperature or 100K using a standard nitrogen gas stream cooler combined with standard X-ray style mounting pins and loops.
Methodology for estimating the prospective CO2 storage resource of residual oil zones at the national and regional scale

Abstract Residual oil zones (ROZs) are increasingly gaining interest as potential reservoirs for carbon dioxide (CO2) storage. Here, we present a national- and regional-scale methodology for estimating prospective CO2 storage resources in residual oil zones. This methodology uses a volumetric equation that accounts for CO2 storage as a free phase in pore space and as a dissolved phase in oil and does not assume any oil production associated with CO2 storage. Reservoir modeling and the CO2-SCREEN tool are used to demonstrate that CO2 storage in residual oil zones will predominantly take place in the free phase (approximately 92–97%) with some storage as dissolution in oil (approximately 3–8 %). Based on this preliminary demonstration, the CO2 storage efficiency for ROZs using this national- and regional-scale method ranges from 0.61 to 7.1 %. This range indicates ROZs have a similar efficiency potential for storing CO2 as deep saline formations (0.51–5.4 %).
Impending Shortages of Kidney Replacement Therapy for COVID-19 Patients.

Practicing nephrology in New York City, at the epicenter of the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic in the United States, we have been struck by the continued focus on the concern that a critical deficiency of ventilators will occur. Our efforts in the past weeks have led us to fear
Understanding the impact of fibroblast heterogeneity on skin fibrosis

Tissue fibrosis is the deposition of excessive extracellular matrix and can occur as part of the body's natural wound healing process upon injury, or as a consequence of diseases such as systemic sclerosis. Skin fibrosis contributes to significant morbidity due to the prevalence of injuries resulting from trauma and burn. Fibroblasts, the principal cells of the dermis, synthesize extracellular matrix to maintain the skin during homeostasis and also play a pivotal role in all stages of wound healing. Although it was previously believed that fibroblasts are homogeneous and mostly quiescent cells, it has become increasingly recognized that numerous fibroblast subtypes with unique functions and morphologies exist. This Review provides an overview of fibroblast heterogeneity in the mammalian dermis. We explain how fibroblast identity relates to their developmental origin, anatomical site and precise location within the skin tissue architecture in both human and mouse dermis. We discuss current evidence for the varied functionality of fibroblasts within the dermis and the relationships between fibroblast subtypes, and explain the current understanding of how fibroblast subpopulations may be controlled through transcriptional regulatory networks and paracrine communications. We consider how fibroblast heterogeneity can influence wound healing and fibrosis, and how insight into fibroblast heterogeneity could lead to novel therapeutic developments and targets for skin fibrosis. Finally, we contemplate how future studies should be shaped to implement knowledge of fibroblast heterogeneity into clinical practice in order to lessen the burden of skin fibrosis.
From Data to Models and Back

Production ML is more than writing the code for the trainer. It requires processes and tooling that enable a larger team to share, track, analyze, and monitor not only on the code for ML but also on the artifacts (Datasets, Models, ... ) that are manipulated and generated in these production ML pipelines.In this paper we describe the tools we developed at Google for the analysis and validation of two of the most important types of artifacts: Datasets and Models. These tools are currently deployed in production at Google and other large organizations. Our approach is heavily inspired by well-known principles of data-management systems. Ultimately, we want to enable users to trust their data and models, and understand how data properties affect the quality of the generated ML models.
Making lemonade from SARS coronavirus-2 lemons: Transitioning a smoking cessation trial to a virtual platform

Clinical trials represent an essential component of improving treatment for substance use disorders (SUD). The SARS coronavirus-2 pandemic disrupted our ongoing clinical trial of smoking cessation and forced us to rapidly implement changes to assure participants access to ongoing counseling and monitoring via telephone calls and/or video chat sessions. Our experiences suggest that this pandemic will lead to changes for both future clinical trial participants and project staff. While challenges remain, it will be important to assessing the impact of these changes with regard to participant experiences and treatment outcomes.
Effect of Surgery at Primary and Metastatic Sites in Patients With Stage IV Breast Cancer.

Abstract Background There is no clear evidence of a survival benefit of resection of the primary tumor, or distant site resection (metastasectomy) in patients with stage IV breast cancer. Patients and Methods This retrospective analysis of stage IV breast cancer using the National Cancer Database. To evaluate variables associated with surgery at the primary site, we used univariate analyses followed by multivariate logistic regression. Consequently, we evaluated the impact of lumpectomy, mastectomy or metastasectomy on survival by conducting multivariate Cox regression survival analyses on the following groups: all stage IV patients; a subset of those with only one metastatic site; and another subset with metastasis to multiple distant sites. Results A total of 54,871 stage IV breast cancer patients were included in this analysis. Variables associated with the use of surgery at the primary were: age, race, Charlson/Deyo score, insurance and facility type, involved breast quadrant, receptor status, N stage, extent of metastasis, and year of diagnosis. Survival analysis showed that both lumpectomy (median overall survival [OS], 45 months) and mastectomy (median OS, 44 months) were associated with better OS compared to no surgery (median OS, 22 months). The statistical effect was larger in the subgroup with metastasis to one site, but still significant in the subgroup with multiple metastatic sites. Distant site resection also yielded a survival benefit. Conclusion In patients with metastasis to only one site, metastasectomy was associated with better OS when that site was the liver, lung, or brain.
Secondary pulmonary alveolar proteinosis in GATA-2 deficiency (MonoMAC syndrome)

We present here a case of a 29-year-old woman with a medical history of GATA-2 deficiency, who was under treatment for Mycobacterium avium intracellulare pneumonia. She presented with worsening dyspnoea with cough and fever. It was initially thought she had pneumonia but she was later diagnosed with Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis (PAP).
High intensity operation using proton stacking in the Fermilab Recycler to deliver 700 kW of 120 GeV proton beam

As part of the NOvA upgrades in 2012, the Recycler was repurposed as a proton stacker for the Main Injector with the aim to deliver 700 kW. Since January 2017, this design power has been run routinely. The steps taken to commission the Recycler and run at 700 kW operationally will be discussed. Major improvements include a new collimation system to control transverse losses and diode damper system to damp the resistive wall instability during slip-stacking. Plans for future running will also be discussed.
Regulation and the Macroeconomy

This article uses the number of pages in the Code of Federal Regulations to investigate the empirical relationship between federal regulation and macroeconomic performance in the U.S. The analysis uses an aggregate production framework to study the co-movement of output and the factors of production that results from regulation. The use of cointegration methodology overcomes some shortcomings of traditional techniques. The results suggest that regulation generally is negatively related to aggregate economic performance in both the short run and the long run. Some specific areas of regulation are also found to have important long-run effects, some positive and some negative.
Hospitality Education Program Student-Operated Restaurants: An Applied Analysis

The purpose of this study was to describe and understand the role, the operations, and potential role of student-run commercial food operation in four-year hospitality education programs. Schools h...
Ultraviolet investigations of the interstellar medium from astrospheres to the local cavity

Abstract Ultraviolet spectroscopy plays a critical role in our understanding of the interstellar medium. This chapter describes how the analysis of resonance lines of abundant neutrals and ions leads to physical and morphological models of interstellar gas facilitated by innovative satellites and instruments. The neutral hydrogen Lyman-α line probes hydrogen walls in the heliosphere and astrospheres where stellar winds interact with inflowing neutral hydrogen from the local ISM. Doppler shifts and line widths of interstellar gas in the lines of sight to nearby stars identify warm neutral clouds within 15 pc of the Sun, their vector velocities, and column densities. The Sun is likely at the edge of one of these clouds, the Local Interstellar Cloud (LIC). Surrounding the warm clouds is the Local Cavity, which is proposed to be an irregularly shaped Stromgren sphere produced by the extreme-ultraviolet radiation from the star e CMa and nearby hot white dwarfs. The strengths and weaknesses of very different models of the ISM are discussed in terms of insights obtained from the analysis of UV interstellar spectra.
Genetic and Genomic Assessments for Improving Drought Resilience in Alfalfa

Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) production is challenged by adverse environmental factors. Developing alfalfa varieties with resistance to these stresses is imperative for sustainable alfalfa production worldwide. Abiotic stresses such as drought and high salinity affect alfalfa production resulting in severe economic losses. Conventional breeding procedures to develop alfalfa cultivars are time-consuming and costly. The use of molecular tools such as marker-assisted selection (MAS) and genomics-assisted breeding (GAB) can accelerate the breeding process. Recent advances in next-generation sequencing have provided a new strategy to generate cost-effective, high-density, genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). In conjunction with genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and/or genomic selection (GS), more powerful platforms can be developed to improve gains in alfalfa breeding. Given that alfalfa cultivars are genetically broad-based synthetic populations, it has been a challenge understanding genetic mechanisms by which environmental factors affect alfalfa plant growth, development, and production. Genomic approaches such as genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS), association mapping (AM), GAB, and GS can be applied to overcome the bottleneck of traditional breeding. Studies have been performed in recent years describing the generation of large marker sets in alfalfa and performing GAB for enhanced drought resistance. In addition, transcriptomics and gene regulation network in response to drought stress have been investigated in alfalfa. In this chapter, we provide the background of traditional breeding for drought tolerance and review recent progress in the utilization of genomic approaches toward improving drought resilience in alfalfa.
Effects of Supported Catalyst on the Plasma in a Packed-Bed Dielectric Barrier Discharge Reactor for Ammonia Synthesis

Ammonia, a precursor for fertilizers, is crucial to feed the world's population but also it has the potential to be used as an alternative fuel or as a chemical store for renewable energy technologies. The most common process of ammonia production is the Haber-Bosh (H-B) process, a well-optimized method that requires high temperature (~ 700 K) and pressure (~ 1 00 atm) to operate under equilibrium conditions (using thermal catalysis). Alternatively, ammonia can be produced less efficiently close to standard conditions by combining non-thermal plasmas and catalysts (plasma catalysis). Unlike thermal catalysis, in plasma catalysis the non-equilibrium state of the plasma $(T_{electrons}\gg T_{ions},T_{neutrals}$ produces reactive species, such as excited species, that may play an important role in the production of ammonia. The interaction between the plasma and the catalyst can be characterized in two categories: the effect of the plasma on catalysis and the effect of the catalyst on the plasma state. This work focuses on the latter. We use a laboratory-scale, packed bed, dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) reactor to investigate the effects of different supported metal catalysts on the plasma. Optical emission spectroscopy (OES) and electrical measurements are used to estimate various system parameters, including rotational and vibrational temperatures and electron densities, for various supported catalyst configurations (e.g., alumina supported nickel). These parameters are correlated with measurements of ammonia synthesis under identical conditions to assess whether there are significant differences in the plasma under conditions where ammonia synthesis is enhanced.
The determinants of stress-induced activation of the prefrontal cortical dopamine system.

Publisher Summary The dopamine (DA) innervation of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) differs from other mesotelencephalic DA terminal field regions in that it responds in a quantitatively different manner to a number of pharmacological and environmental manipulations. The quantitatively different response characteristics of the PFC DA system and the resultant pattern of changes across the mesotelencephalic DA terminal fields presumably reflect differences in the regulatory features of mesencephalic neurons, which give rise to the DA innervations of different forebrain regions. The regulatory controls involved in the normal impulse-dependent release of DA from the nerve terminal range from intrinsic regulatory features to extrinsic regulatory features. This chapter explores the features of mesoprefrontal cortical DA neurons that render their response characteristics to a number of pharmacological and environmental challenges different from those of other mesotelencephalic DA neurons by using stress-induced alterations in mesotelencephalic DA neurons as a model. It also examines both the similarities and differences between DA neurons projecting to the PFC and those innervating other telencephalic sites.
Non-Spherical Particle Scattering: Air Force Applications

Particles of primary interest range from natural atmospheric aerosols through cloud droplets and meteoric dust. Problem areas include distinguishing between ice and water clouds, and the effect of irregularly shaped particles on the measurement of aerosol properties using scattered light (such as lidar measurements or optical particle counters).
Entry and Vertical Disintegration

We formalize and extend George Stigler’s famous article “The division of labor is limited by the extent of the market.” We emphasize economies of scale in intermediate goods production as a determinant of firm boundaries and vertical control. We show that there are potential coordination failures which may prevent efficient vertical disintegration, and we discuss how these might be either overcome or used to the advantage of incumbent firms.
Carbon Catabolism and Synthesis of Macromolecules During Spore Germination of Microsporum gypseum

Either d- or l-leucine (10−3m) and unsaturated long-chain fatty acids such as oleic, linoleic, and arachidonic (10−4m) significantly stimulated macroconidia germination of Microsporum gypseum. Saturated long-chain fatty acids did not affect germination, whereas saturated short-chain fatty acids such as caprylic, hexanoic, and butyric were completely inhibitory. Germination was followed by an increase in endogenous respiration and a decrease in dry weight of approximately 5% at 4 hr. Endogenous fatty acids and soluble carbohydrates were utilized significantly during germination. Tritiated leucine, uridine, and thymidine were incorporated respectively into protein, ribonucleic acid (RNA), and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) fractions within the first 5 min of germination. Incorporation of oleic-1-C14 into RNA and protein was significantly increased after germ tube development. Net synthesis of RNA and protein started prior to germ tube protrusion. Increase in DNA could be detected only later. A significant increase in RNA and protein during the 4th hr of germination was correlated with vegetative development. Inhibition of respiration and incorporation of leucine-H3 and uridine-H3 into corresponding macromolecules by dl-fluorophenylalanine and phenethyl alcohol started before germ tube appearance. Griseofulvin significantly inhibited incorporation of uridine-H3 and thymidine-H3, but not of leucine-H3. This inhibition occurred only after initial vegetative development. In contrast to the two other inhibitors, which substantially inhibited germination, griseofulvin only slightly retarded the period of germination and did not affect respiration.
Neo-Liberal Trade and Investment Policies, the ITGA and Youth Smoking Rates: A Cross-National Analysis of Developing Nations

Past evidence suggests that economic globalization and the spread of neo-liberal policies are leading to higher adult smoking rates in the developing world, but currently there are no cross-national analyses examining the impact of economic globalization and neo-liberal policies on youth smoking rates in the developing world. This study seeks to fill the gap in the literature regarding youth smoking and neo-liberal policies by conducting the first cross-national panel analysis of youth smoking rates in the developing world. Using data from the Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS), the World Bank, Freedom House, and United Nations for over 90 nations, this study expands the use of dependency theory to test for the negative externalities of neo-liberal trade and investment policies on health. Specifically, this study examines the relationship between increasing international trade, multinational corporate penetration, and membership in the International Tobacco Growers Association (ITGA) on youth smoking rate...
Chapter 11 Sphingolipids

Publisher Summary This chapter describes sphingolipids; their chemistry, distribution, biosynthesis, and turnover; regulation of glycosphingolipid metabolism; and biological activities and functional roles of sphingolipids. Various types of sphingolipids, such as sphingoid bases, ceramides, and glycosphingolipids are also discussed in the chapter. Enzymes involved in the synthesis of sphingolipids are membrane-bound or integral membrane proteins, and as such, they are very hydrophobic and often unstable in a membrane-free environment. Plasma membrane-bound and extracellular sphingolipids are degraded in lysosomes by specific acid hydrolases. Sphingolipids and their metabolites are believed to have important cellular functions and are ubiquitous constituents of membranes in animals, plants, and some lower forms of life. The primary and three dimensional structures of the carbohydrate chains are sufficiently diverse to provide an explicit biological information system for the regulation of cell proliferation and differentiation, modulation of transmembrane signalling mechanisms, cell–cell and cell–substratum recognition, and cell transformation and tumor progression.
Storm-Time Response of the Thermosphere–Ionosphere System

During a geomagnetic storm, the magnetospheric energy injected into the upper atmosphere increases by at least an order of magnitude, and during these times far exceeds the solar EUV and UV energy input. The energy is initially deposited towards higher latitudes where it heats and expands the thermosphere, increasing temperature and neutral density. Ionospheric plasma at high latitudes accelerates in response to the magnetospheric forcing, and through collisions can drive neutral winds in excess of 1 km/s. Large scale gravity waves are launched equatorward preceding a change in global circulation. Upwelling at high latitude and equatorward winds transport molecular rich neutral gas towards mid and low latitudes, particularly in the summer hemisphere, where it speeds up recombination and depletes the ionosphere. Additional electrodynamic processes , such as prompt penetration and disturbance dynamo electric fields, accompany the dynamic response to storms and can cause a huge redistribution and increase of ionospheric plasma. The papers following this one will elucidate many of the details in the storm-time response and provide a broader perspective.
Re-evaluation of the concept of psychosomatic disturbance.

The purpose of this paper is to attempt once more to grasp the totality of our existence. Emphasis is placed on the phenomenological approach which shows the individual's particular mode of existing or relating-in healthy and in sick ways—which encompasses mental, spiritual and corporal aspects. Two cases were presented which showed endocrine and emotional disorders. The first case is of a woman who developed acromegaly; the second, a man who suffered from hypogonadism, a possible pituitary involvement with a picture resembling Frohlich's Fat Boy and diabetes mellitus. In describing these two cases I pointed out the intricate interplay of many interrelated factors such as hereditary-constitutional and familial factors, body build, character structure, developmental occurrences such as recurrent traumas, the current life situation. physical and mental problems, etc. Emphasis is placed on the mode of existing, be it in a mode of hunger, dread or depression and resignation. The detrimental effects of unresolved conflicts and their sequels, as written about by Horney and Kelman, are self-evident in both cases; so is their accessibility to psychoanalytically inclined psychotherapy and the beneficial effect of it.
1H NMR Imaging and Spectroscopy Studies of the Polymerization of Acrylamide Gels

1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectra and images have been acquired during polymerization of a mixture of soluble reactive methacrylamide (monomer) and N,N‘-methylenebisacrylamide (cross-linking molecule). The mixture was polymerized by adding ammonium persulfate (initiator) and tetramethylethylenediamine (accelerator) to form long-chain, cross-linked polymers. Study of the time-varying spin−lattice relaxation times (T1) during the polymerization was conducted at 25 and 35 °C and the variation of spectra and T1 with respect to the extent of polymerization was determined. To verify homogeneous polymerization, multidimensional 1H NMR imaging was utilized for in-situ monitoring of the process. The intensities from the images are modeled and the correspondence shows a direct extraction of T1 data from the images.
Does the Recent Growth of Aquaculture Create Antibiotic Resistance Threats Different from those Associated with Land Animal Production in Agriculture

Important antibiotics in human medicine have been used for many decades in animal agriculture for growth promotion and disease treatment. Several publications have linked antibiotic resistance development and spread with animal production. Aquaculture, the newest and fastest growing food production sector, may promote similar or new resistance mechanisms. This review of 650+ papers from diverse sources examines parallels and differences between land-based agriculture of swine, beef, and poultry and aquaculture. Among three key findings was, first, that of 51 antibiotics commonly used in aquaculture and agriculture, 39 (or 76%) are also of importance in human medicine; furthermore, six classes of antibiotics commonly used in both agriculture and aquaculture are also included on the World Health Organization’s (WHO) list of critically important/highly important/important antimicrobials. Second, various zoonotic pathogens isolated from meat and seafood were observed to feature resistance to multiple antibiotics on the WHO list, irrespective of their origin in either agriculture or aquaculture. Third, the data show that resistant bacteria isolated from both aquaculture and agriculture share the same resistance mechanisms, indicating that aquaculture is contributing to the same resistance issues established by terrestrial agriculture. More transparency in data collection and reporting is needed so the risks and benefits of antibiotic usage can be adequately assessed.
Introduction of Negative Charge Mimicking Protein Kinase C Phosphorylation of Cardiac Troponin I EFFECTS ON CARDIAC TROPONIN C

Protein kinase C phosphorylation of cardiac troponin, the Ca(2+)-sensing switch in muscle contraction, is capable of modulating the response of cardiac muscle to a Ca(2+) ion concentration. The N-domain of cardiac troponin I contains two protein kinase C phosphorylation sites. Although the physiological consequences of phosphorylation at Ser(43)/Ser(45) are known, the molecular mechanisms responsible for these functional changes have yet to be established. In this work, NMR was used to identify conformational and dynamic changes in cardiac troponin C upon binding a phosphomimetic troponin I, having Ser(43)/Ser(45) mutated to Asp. Chemical shift perturbation mapping indicated that residues in helix G were most affected. Smaller chemical shift changes were observed in residues located in the Ca(2+)/Mg(2+)-binding loops. Amide hydrogen/deuterium exchange rates in the C-lobe of troponin C were compared in complexes containing either the wild-type or phosphomimetic N-domain of troponin I. In the presence of a phosphomimetic domain, exchange rates in helix G increased, whereas a decrease in exchange rates for residues mapping to Ca(2+)/Mg(2+)-binding loops III and IV was observed. Increased exchange rates are consistent with destabilization of the Thr(129)-Asp(132) helix capping box previously characterized in helix G. The perturbation of helix G and metal binding loops III and IV suggests that phosphorylation alters metal ion affinity and inter-subunit interactions. Our studies support a novel mechanism for protein kinase C signal transduction, emphasizing the importance of C-lobe Ca(2+)/Mg(2+)-dependent troponin interactions.
ON THE CAUSES OF “WHITE‐COLLAR” CRIME: AN ASSESSMENT OF HIRSCHI AND GOTTFREDSON'S CLAIMS

This article assesses Hirschi and Gottfredson claims about patterns and explanations of White-collar crime. It points out several flaws in their analysis and shows (1) that the UCR offense categories of fraud and forgery are not appropriate indicators of white-collar or occupational crime because the typical arrestee in these categories committed a nonoccupational crime; (2) that the demographic distribution (age, sex, race) of these “white-collar” crimes is not the same as it is for most ordinary crimes; and (3) that the occurrence of these “white-collar” crimes is not relatively rare. The implications of the findings for research and theory on crime are also discussed.
A comparison of failure modes of glutaraldehyde-treated versus antibiotic-preserved mitral valve allografts implanted in sheep.

Morphologic studies and calcium analyses were made on mitral valve allografts from 12 juvenile sheep surviving 12 to 24 weeks after mitral valve replacement. Before implantation, the allografts were treated with 0.625% glutaraldehyde (group I, n =4) or with cold antibiotic solution (group II, n =8). Three group I animals died 12 to 19 weeks after implantation because of dysfunction of calcified valves; the surviving animal also had extensive allograft calcification. One group II animal died of mitral regurgitation; the valves of the other seven (including five with regurgitation shown by Doppler and ventriculographic studies) were explanted at 19 to 24 weeks. Chordal rupture related to calcific deposits was found in all group I valves. Leaflet perforations ( n =4) and ruptured chordae ( n =4), each caused by connective tissue deterioration, were found in group II valves. Inflammatory reaction was absent or minimal in group I valves but moderate or severe in group II valves. Fibrous sheaths were thicker in group II than in group I valves. Calcium levels were much higher in group I than in group II valves. Calcification in group I valves was diffuse and involved collagen, elastic fibers, and connective tissue cells and matrix; in group II valves, it was localized in connective tissue cells. Thus glutaraldehyde-treated allografts failed because of extensive calcification, whereas antibiotic-preserved allografts underwent deterioration of connective tissue and infiltration by inflammatory cells.
Defined media optimization for growth of recombinant Escherichia coli X90

An optimized, defined minimal medium was developed to support balanced growth of Escherichia coli X90 harboring a recombinant plasmid. Foreign protein expression was repressed in these studies. A pulse injection technique was used to identify the growth responses to nutrients in a chemostat. Once the nutrients essential for growth had been identified, the yield coefficients for individual medium components. These yield coefficients were used to develop an optimized, glucose-limited defined minimal medium that supports balanced cell growth in chemostat culture. The biomass and substrate concentrations follow the Monod chemostat model. The maximum specific growth rate determined in a washout experiment is 0.87 h(-1) for this strain in the optimized medium. the glucose yield factor is 0.42 g DCW/g glucose and the maintenance coefficient is zero in the glucose-limited chemostat culture.
Microstructural characteristic of vapor-phase sputter co-deposited Al–Ge nanocomposite thin films

Abstract A series of Al–Ge thin films, with varying overall compositions, were codeposited in a radio frequency inductively coupled plasma assisted hybrid chemical/physical vapor deposition system. Detailed compositional and structural characterization of sputter co-deposited Al–Ge thin films was carried out using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Ge crystallization and Al–Ge phase separation in as-deposited Al–Ge thin films were studied by high-resolution TEM. The present study reveals some details regarding the process of Al–Ge phase separation during thin film deposition.
Intermolecular Effects on the Hole States of Triisopropylsilylethynyl-Substituted Oligoacenes

The effects of intermolecular interactions on the electronic properties of bis-triisopropylsilylethynyl-substituted (TIPS) anthracene, tetracene, and pentacene are obtained from comparison of the ionization energies measured by solid-phase ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS) with the ionization energies measured by gas-phase UPS, and with the oxidation potentials measured electrochemically in solution. Additional insight is provided by electronic structure calculations at the density functional theory level. The results show that the solution-phase oxidation potentials correlate linearly with the gas-phase first ionization energies of TIPS oligoacenes, and both energies decrease with the increase in acene core size as expected for the increasing delocalization of the HOMO. However, the solid-phase ionization energies are independent of the acene core size, and thus do not follow the trend indicated by the molecular electronic structures and verified by the gas-phase and solution measurements. The...
Use of a Cubic Equation to Predict Surface Tension and Spinodal Limits

The very general Shamsundar–Murali cubic equation is used to interpolate p–v–T data into the metastable and unstable regions. This yields a spinodal line that closely matches the homogeneous nucleation limit predicted by an improved kinetic theory. Only the pressure, the saturated liquid and vapor volumes, and the liquid compressibility at saturation, as well as one compressed liquid data point, are needed to use the cubic equation for the interpolation process. The equation also yields an accurate prediction of the temperature dependence of surface tension when it is substituted in van der Waals’ surface tension formula. Thus, by capitalizing on the inherent relation among the p–v–T equation, the spinodal prediction, and the surface tension—all three—it is possible to obtain each with high accuracy and minimal experimental data.
Dimer structure of 1,2-bipyridyldichloroiron(II), [FeIICl2bipy]2, and chain structure of 2,2′-bipyridyldithiocyanatoiron(II), [FeII(NCS)2bipy]n. The use of powder X-ray diffraction data to determine the structure of Werner coordination complexes

Abstract The structures of FeIICl2bipy and FeII(NCS)2bipy (bipy = 2,2′-bipyridine) have been determined with the use of synchrotron powder diffraction data. FeIICl2bipy has a pentacoordinate square pyramidal Fe(II) and forms a centrosymmetric dimer with asymmetric bridging Fe–Cl–Fe bonds. FeII(NCS)2bipy has an octahedral Fe(II) and forms an extended zigzag 1-D chain structure consistent with its previously reported magnetic properties. The magnetic data of FeIICl2bipy is best fit by a S = 2 dinuclear model with weak intradimer ferromagnetic coupling (J/kB = 2.05 K; H = −2JijSi·Sj) and weaker interdimer antiferromagnetic coupling.
Variational many-channel nuclear reaction formalism

We present multichannel nuclear reaction formalisms based on the Schwinger and Kohn variational principles. Our formalisms seem somewhat simpler in form than those heretofore proposed. The necessity of using the entire set of asymptotic boundary conditions to constrain the trial wave function is stressed. We show how this may be done by employing the coupled integral equations formalism discussed by Baer and Kouri, Kouri and Levin, and by Tobocman. Several explicit expressions for the transition amplitude are presented which appear to provide a promising basis for doing many-body system scattering reaction calculations.
Effect of solar wind density on relativistic electrons at geosynchronous orbit

[1] We examined the relationship between relativistic (>2 MeV) electron fluxes at geostationary orbit and two solar wind parameters, the speed and density. For the analysis, we used data of relativistic electron fluxes measured with GOES-8 spacecraft for 1997–2002 and GOES-10 spacecraft for 2003–2006, and solar wind data, provided by Goddard Space Flight Center. Using the correlation analysis, we found that not only solar wind speed but also solar wind density provides a strong effect on relativistic electrons: the relativistic electron fluxes increase with increasing solar wind speed and decrease with increasing solar wind density. In contrast to solar wind speed that shows the best correlation with electron fluxes after about two days only, the solar wind density shows the best correlation with the electron fluxes after about 15 hours. To separate the effects of solar wind speed and density, we examined events when solar wind speed varied insignificantly; in these events, the effect of solar wind density on the relativistic electrons remained strong. We found that the solar wind density, which may affect the loss of relativistic electrons, effectively controls the magnitude of relativistic electron fluxes at geostationary orbit, so that the strongest fluxes occurred almost exclusively during low-density solar wind conditions. Thus, our study showed that solar wind density is an important parameter that may significantly affect the loss of relativistic electrons and, as a result, the resulting magnitude of the electron fluxes at geostationary orbit.
Defense of the skin with LL-37.

As the first line of defense against invading organisms, the skin uses a multiplicity of processes to ensure host survival, including physical, immunological, and innate systems of defense. The innate immune system, which defends skin in a nonspecific fashion, includes the cathelicidins and the single currently known human cathelicidin, hCAP18. This 8-kDa cationic antimicrobial protein is produced by leukocytes as well as epithelial and mucosal cells (Agerberth et al., 1995) as part of a broader defense system. The active region is its cationic C-terminal 37-amino-acid domain, LL-37, which mediates broad antimicrobial activity (Dorschner et al., 2001) by disruption of the microbial cell membrane (Oren et al., 1999). Beyond this function, LL-37 defends the organism by stimulating inflammation (Koczulla et al., 2003) and speeding wound healing (Dorschner et al., 2001). LL-37’s effect on host cells appears to be concentration dependent, but its specific effect on keratinocytes has not been previously studied.
Hybridizing evolutionary algorithms and clustering algorithms to find source-code clones

This paper presents a hybrid approach to detect source-code clones that combines evolutionary algorithms and clustering. A case-study is conducted on a small C++ code base. The preliminary investigation indicates that such an approach is effective in detecting groups of source-code clones.
Socioeconomic Status, Health, and Health Systems

There is abundant evidence that health status in the general population varies considerably with socioeconomic status.1-4 In this issue of Pediatrics , McConnochie et al5 add to this literature by demonstrating striking differences in hospitalization of young infants within the fairly discrete confines of metropolitan Rochester, New York. Precisely how socioeconomic status contributes to lower health status is not entirely clear, although certainly aspects such as education,6 occupation,3 and income3,7 are intertwined within the marginalized social status often associated with race and ethnic minority status.8,9 The disparities between those in the upper and lower strata of any classification schema persist in varying degrees even in nations which, unlike the United States, are relatively homogeneous in population and which have implemented universal health systems with more equitable access to health care.10 Much of this difference, at least in adults and adolescents,11can be attributed to the cumulative effects of unhealthy behaviors such as those associated with the use of tobacco, alcohol, narcotics, unprotected sex, violence, poor dietary habits, and inadequate exercise as well as the pervasive effects of chronic unremitting stress associated with poverty and minority status.12,13Obviously, improvement in health outcomes, at least for adolescents and adults, depends …
Bacterial Motility and Chemotaxis: The molecular Biology of a Behavioral System

(1978). Bacterial Motility and Chemotaxis: The molecular Biology of a Behavioral System. CRC Critical Reviews in Biochemistry: Vol. 5, No. 4, pp. 291-341.
Airborne Spectrophotometry of SN 1987A from 1.7 to 12.6 Microns: Time History of the Dust Continuum and Line Emission

Spectrophotometric observations of SN 1987A from the Kuiper Airborne Observatory are presented for five epochs at 60, 260, 415, 615, and 775 days after the explosion. The low-resolution (lambda/Delta lambda = 50-100) spectra of SN 1987A are combined with data from other wavelengths to model the continuum, subtract the continuum from the spectra to determine line strengths and reveal molecular bands, separate the atomic continuum radiation from the dust continuum, and derive constraints on the grain temperatures and optical depths. A scenario for the evolution of SN 1987A and that of the ejecta from which it arises is obtained on the basis of the analysis of the continuum emission.
Identification and immunochemical characterization of spermatogenic cell surface antigens that appear during early meiotic prophase

Three spermatogenic cell populations isolated from prepuberal mice--type B spermatogonia, preleptotene spermatocytes, and leptotene/zygotene spermatocytes--were used to elicit distinct polyclonal antisera. Surface binding specificities were determined for purified IgGs by indirect immunofluorescence and rosette assays on live cells. Binding activities were assayed both before and after absorptions with a variety of somatic and spermatogenic cells. Each of these antisera binds to surface antigens that are present on germ cells throughout spermatogenesis and are not shared by splenocytes, thymocytes, and erythrocytes. Only the antiserum raised against leptotene and zygotene spermatocytes (ALZ) recognizes a stage-specific subset of surface determinants. After appropriate absorptions, ALZ binds to the surface of early pachytene spermatocytes and germ cells at subsequent stages of differentiation, including vas deferens spermatozoa. Antigens which react with this absorbed IgG are not detected on the surface of spermatogonia or meiotic cells prior to pachynema, including leptotene and zygotene spermatocytes. The observed binding specificities may result from the synthesis of one or more surface molecules during the early meiotic stages, followed by delayed insertion into the plasma membrane during the pachytene stage of meiotic prophase. Stage-specific antigens recognized by ALZ, including both protein and probably lipid, have been localized immunochemically on nitrocellulose blots from one-dimensional SDS gels. A dithiothreitol-sensitive constituent (Mr approximately 39,000) recognized by ALZ has been identified as the major protein determinant present in early meiotic cells but absent in 8-day-old seminiferous cell suspensions containing spermatogonia and Sertoli cells. This determinant is present in populations of preleptotene, leptotene/zygotene, and early pachytene spermatocytes isolated from 17-day-old animals, an observation consistent with the hypothesis of delayed insertion into the plasma membrane.
Efficient transparent application recovery in client-server information systems

Database systems recover persistent data, providing high database availability. However, database applications, typically residing on client or “middle-tier” application-server machines, may lose work because of a server failure. This prevents the masking of server failures from the human user and substantially degrades application availability. This paper aims to enable high application availability with an integrated method for database server recovery and transparent application recovery in a client-server system. The approach, based on application message logging, is similar to earlier work on distributed system fault tolerance. However, we exploit advanced database logging and recovery techniques and request/reply messaging properties to significantly improve efficiency. Forced log I/Os, frequently required by other methods, are usually avoided. Restart time, for both failed server and failed client, is reduced by checkpointing and log truncation. Our method ensures that a server can recover independently of clients. A client may reduce logging overhead in return for dependency on server availability during client restart.
Energy spectrum of He I and H− in a strong magnetic field

Abstract The energy spectrum of He I is calculated by a variational method for magnetic fields B in the range 0–3 × 10 11 gauss. Improved results for the electron affinity of H - are also presented.
Novel amphiphilic block copolymers derived from the selective fluorination and sulfonation of poly(styrene-block-1,3-cyclohexadiene)

Diblock copolymers of polystyrene-block-(1,3-cyclohexadiene) (PS-b-PCHD), with varied molecular weights and compositions, were synthesized by sequential polymerization of styrene and 1,3-cyclohexadiene (CHD) initiated by sec-butyllithium in cyclohexane in the presence of appropriate additives during formation of the PCHD block. The residual double bonds in the PCHD block were saturated by addition of in situ generated difluorocarbene and/or hydrogen to enhance thermal and chemical stability. The fluorinated and/or hydrogenated polydiene blocks were chemically stable, allowing for controlled sulfonation of the PS blocks using acetyl sulfate. 1H NMR and FT-IR characterization confirmed successful fluorination/hydrogenation and sulfonation of the respective blocks. The resulting amphiphilic block copolymers consist of a semiflexible fluorine-containing hydrophobic block having a bridged double ring structure and a hydrophilic sulfonated PS block. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2012
Liver regeneration and hepatocarcinogenesis in transforming growth factor‐α‐targeted mice

Transforming growth factor-alpha (TGF alpha), a member of the epidermal growth factor receptor ligand family, has been implicated in the regeneration and transformation of liver. Our recent development of mice that are homozygous for a disrupted TGF alpha gene allowed us to assess the requirement for this growth factor in these complex processes. We report here that although a 70% hepatectomy produced a significant increase in hepatic TGF alpha protein levels in wild-type mice, liver regeneration nevertheless proceeded normally in the absence of the growth factor. The hepatocyte labeling indices determined for homozygous targeted and wild-type mice at 36 and 48 h after hepatectomy were comparable, and the total liver DNA to body weight ratios 8 d after hepatectomy were essentially identical for the two genotypes. These results indicate that TGF alpha, is not necessary for liver regeneration. To test its requirement in liver carcinogenesis, young mice were administered single doses of diethylnitrosamine (DEN) with or without subsequent chronic treatment with the promoting agent phenobarbital (PB). Both wild-type and homozygous mutant male mice treated with DEN or DEN plus PB developed multiple preneoplastic foci or tumors by 9 mo of age with relatively high incidence. However, while five of 88 tumors in wild-type mice attained a diameter greater than 5 mm and were classified as hepatocellular carcinomas, none of 132 tumors in livers of targeted mice reached this size. Furthermore, three of these large wild-type tumors expressed significantly elevated levels of TGF alpha protein compared with normal liver. These results indicate that TGF alpha is not required for early events in chemically induced hepatocarcinogenesis but suggest that it could be important in the progression from small preneoplastic foci to large tumors.
Chick Bone Ash Values as Influenced By Diet and Sampling Number

Abstract Although bone ash has been the principal criterion of numerous chick mineral studies, the number of bones ashed has often not been stated. Several early references referring to the number of tibia required for ashing in the vitamin D assay are listed by the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists (1960). In particular, Motzok et al. (1943) reported that at least 35 chicks per diet were required for ashing precision in the vitamin D assay. In our chick experiments with tibia ash values, we have observed that at critical dietary calcium or phosphorus levels or with an imbalance of these minerals, the variation in ash values within a treatment group tended to increase. Therefore, it appeared desirable to obtain information on the minimum number of tibia required for ashing purposes in order to set desired confidence limits for the mean responses under varying dietary conditions. Each experimental diet was fed to…