cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Calcium- and magnesium-induced fusion of mixed phosphatidylserine/phosphatidylcholine vesicles: effect of ion binding.

The aggregation, leakage, and fusion of pure PS (phosphatidylserine) and mixed PS/PC (phosphatidylcholine) sonicated vesicles were studied by light scattering, the release of encapsulated carboxyfluorescein, and a new fusion assay which monitors the mixing of the internal compartments of fusing vesicles. On a time scale of 1 min the extent of fusion was considerably greater than leakage. The Ca2+ and Mg2+ concentrations required to induce fusion increased when the PS content of the vesicles was decreased, and/or when the NaCl concentration was increased.
Automated Pediatric Abdominal Effective Diameter Measurements Versus Age-Predicted Body Size for Normalization of CT Dose

There has been increasing interest in adjusting CT radiation dose data for patient body size. A method for automated computation of the abdominal effective diameter of a patient from a CT image has previously only been tested in adult patients. In this work, we tested the method on a set of 128 pediatric patients aged 0.8 to 12.9 years (average 8.0 years, SD = 3.7 years) who had CT abdomen/pelvis exams performed on a Toshiba Aquilion 64 scanner. For this set of patients, age-predicted abdominal effective diameter extrapolated based on data from the International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements was a relatively poor predictor of measured effective diameter. The mean absolute percentage error between the CTDI normalization coefficient calculated from a manually measured effective diameter and the coefficient determined by age-predicted effective diameter was 12.3 % with respect to a 32 cm phantom (range 0.0–52.8 %, SD 8.7 %) and 12.9 % with respect to a 16 cm phantom (range 0.0–56.4 %, SD 9.2 %). In contrast, there is a close correspondence between the automated and manually measured patient effective diameters, with a mean absolute error of 0.6 cm (error range 0.2–1.3 cm). This correspondence translates into a high degree of correspondence between normalization coefficients determined by automated and manual measurements; the mean absolute percentage error was 2.1 % with respect to a 32 cm phantom (range 0.0–8.1 %, SD = 1.4 %) and 2.3 % with respect to a 16 cm phantom (range 0.0–9.3 %, SD = 1.6 %).
Budget Deficits in the States: Connecticut

Like many states, the State of Connecticut has recently faced substantial budget problems. This article is one of several that explore budget deficits in the states. We explore the reasons, extent, and current solutions to the budget deficits in Connecticut. Connecticut's fiscal circumstances include very poor accounting practices; dueling revenue estimates; large amounts of debt (both bonded and for post-employment benefits); a structurally strong legislature and governor; a governor and legislative majority of different political parties and fiscal philosophies; and a legislature with the ability to override gubernatorial vetoes. The combination of these ingredients has led to a highly partisan and contentious approach to budget discussions amid some of the largest budget deficits the state has ever experienced.
Lobated nuclei in epithelial cells of the choroid plexus of young mice

Lobated nuclei were observed in the choroid plexus epithelial cells of young (12 weeks) mice whereas only small invaginations were present in aging (52 weeks) mice. Cytoplasm between the nuclear lobes contained a high concentration of rough endoplasmic reticulum and polyribosomes. We concluded that the striking lobation and high concentration of rough endoplasmic reticulum and polyribosomes in the interlobar cytoplasm were reflections of a greater nucleocytoplasmic interaction in the young mice.
A reduction method for optimal control of Volterra integral equations

We present and analyze a novel method for solving optimal control problems for Volterra integral equations, based on approximating the controlled Volterra integral equations by a sequence of systems of controlled ordinary differential equations. The resulting approximating problems can then be solved by dynamic programming methods for ODE controlled systems. We also derive the connection between our version of dynamic programming and the Hamiltonian equations for Volterra controlled systems.
Evidence from photoemission of comparable oxygen-2p and copper-3d character in the states at the Fermi level of YBa2Cu3O6.9

Abstract Only the states at the Fermi level of superconductors from Cooper pairs responsible for superconductivity. An understanding of the nature of these states is therefore essential for a proper description of the superconductivity. Previous resonant photoemission experiments claim that there is only O 2p character in the states at the Fermi level of the Bi 2 CaSr 2 Cu 2 O 8 superconductors. We have extended these studies to the YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7- x material employing a wider range of photon energies and conclude that there is comparable O 2p and Cu 3d character in the density of states at the Fermi level in these materials. This supports strongly hybridized models of the high temperature superconductors and casts doubt on simplified one band models.
Ultra-Compact Long-Period Fiber Grating and Grating Pair Fabrication using a Modulation-Scanned CO 2 Laser

A new method to inscribe a long-period grating (LPG) with strong grating (>25 dB loss), short grating length (1.2 cm) and low insertion loss (<1.0 dB) by using a programmable sinusoidal-dithering, linearly scanned CO2 laser beam is reported.
Electron paramagnetic resonance of the incommensurate cooperative Jahn-Teller compound Tl2PbCu(NO2)6.

Electron-paramagnetic-resonance experiments, in the temperature range 4.5T375 K, are reported for the cooperative Jahn-Teller compound ${\mathrm{Tl}}_{2}$PbCu(${\mathrm{NO}}_{2}$${)}_{6}$ which exhibits both incommensurate and commensurate phase transitions. A theory is presented which provides a unified explanation for the resonance and the structural data, and correctly predicts the relative magnitudes of the incommensurate and the commensurate phase-transition temperatures.
Modeling Ions through Conjugation Operators

In the chemical structures of ions, integer charges are nominally placed on particular atoms. But the properties of ions are affected by the dispersion of these charges to neighboring atoms. In order to account for the dispersion of charge, we propose the use of conjugation operators to model the chemical structures of ions. As a demonstration, an estimation method for the heterolytic bond dissociation energies associated with alcohol anions is derived from this type of model.
Plasticity in polycrystalline fretting fatigue contacts

Abstract Plastic deformation at the scale of microstructure plays an important role in fretting fatigue failure of metals under cyclic loading. In this study, crystal viscoplasticity theory with a planar triple slip idealization is employed to represent crystallographic plasticity in two-dimensional fretting analyses of Ti–6Al–4V. Subsurface deformation maps, fretting maps, and shakedown maps are constructed based on application of J 2 plasticity theory for the polycrystalline substrate. Comparisons are then made with polycrystal viscoplasticity simulations, the latter suggesting that plastic ratchetting plays a significant role in the fretting fatigue process.
Effects of Thermal Radiation on Air Plasma Spray (APS) Coated Gas Turbine Blade

Thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) are used to protect hot gas path (HGP) components such as the first two stages of turbine blades and vanes of land-based turbine engines against high temperature environment, corrosion and oxidation. The continuing thrust towards higher thermal efficiencies of gas turbines has resulted in a continuous increase of turbine inlet temperatures (TITs). This has resulted in the increase of heat load on the turbine components especially the high pressure side of the turbine necessitating the need to protect the HGP components from the heat of the exhaust gases using novel TBCs such as air plasma spray (APS) TBCs which are transparent and reflective to radiation. This paper focuses on the combined effects of radiation and conduction heat transfer in the semitransparent yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) coatings used to offer thermal protection to turbine blade. The temperature distribution in the turbine blade depends on the surface convection, reflectivity and refractive index of the grey semitransparent YSZ coatings. The temperature distributions in the metal substrate and the TBC systems are determined by solving the steady state heat diffusion equation and the radiative transport equation simultaneously using ANSYS FLUENT 12.0 CFD commercial package. Preliminary results indicate that substrate metal temperature reduction of about 100K results with the use of the TBC. This temperature drop reduces the thermally activated oxidation rate of the bond coat in the TBC and so delays failure of TBC by oxidation. Furthermore, by taking into account the effect of radiation, the temperature distribution in the metal substrate with TBC exceeds the temperature distribution without radiation by about 40 K, signifying the importance of including radiation in the thermal modeling of TBCs for high temperature applications.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Nuclear-Acoustic-Resonance Absorption and Dispersion in Aluminum

Nuclear-acoustic-resonance dispersion has been observed for the first time in a metal. Absorption and dispersion signals in aluminum were investigated as a function of frequency, sound-wave velocity, and temperature. The line shapes of both absorption and dispersion signals show temperature-dependent asymmetries which are in striking agreement with theory.
Virgin T cells do not provide help for antigen-specific B cells in the absence of IL-4, IL-5, and IL-6

We have used a mAb, 23G2, directed against the B exon of the murine CD45 molecule to identify and separate two subpopulations of normal peripheral CD4+ T cells. Examination of these two subpopulations indicates that they correspond to virgin (TV) (CD45RBhi) and memory (Tm) (CD45RBlo) cells. In this report we have determined the abilities of TV and Tm cells to provide antigen-specific, cognate help to hapten-specific antigen-binding B cells. To this end we have enriched Tv and Tm cell populations from splenic CD4+ T cells and have cultured these cells with TNP-specific antigen-binding cells (TNP-ABCs) and specific antigen. We then examined the ability of Tv and Tm cells to promote Ig secretion by the B cells. Both Tm and Tv cells interact with antigen-presenting B cells as assessed by proliferation and lymphokine secretion. However, Tm, but not Tv, cells promote substantial Ig secretion by TNP-ABCs in the presence of antigen. When either IL-6 or IL-4 plus IL-5 are added to cultures of Tc cells, B cells and antigen, Ig secretion is restored. Thus, Tv cells interact effectively with B cells to induce an activation signal, but in the absence of IL-4 plus IL-5 or IL-6 lymphokines, which are not secreted by Tv cells, these cells do not provide help for an antibody response. Hence, naive, peripheral Tv cells must undergo an antigen-dependent differentiation step into Tm and secrete IL-4, IL-5, and IL-6 before they can induce B cells to secrete antibody.
Thermodynamic Considerations in the Sorption of Organic Contaminants by Soils and Sediments. 1. The Isosteric Heat Approach and Its Application to Model Inorganic Sorbents

Isosteric heats of sorption of phenanthrene from aqueous solution were determined for a hydrophobic sorbent (graphite) and for four hydrophilic sorbents (α-Al2O3 and three mesoporous silica gels). The Clausius−Clapeyron equation was used in conjunction with temperature-corrected aqueous-phase solute activity coefficients to compute isosteric heats from measured temperature-dependent Freundlich isotherm parameters. The results reveal that sorption of phenanthrene by graphite is exothermic, whereas its sorption by each of the other four model sorbents is primarily endothermic. This is consistent with the expected occurrence of distinctly different molecular interactions of solute and solvent molecules at hydrophobic and hydrophilic surfaces. Phenanthrene competes favorably with water for sorption on hydrophobic surfaces, but cannot compete effectively with water for sorption on hydrophilic surfaces; in the latter cases, the low level of sorption that does occur is driven by entropy gain by water molecules i...
A Research Program for Dielectric Heating and Drying of Industrial Materials

A comprehensive program of research into dielectricallyassisted heating and drying of industrial products includes studies of the heat and mass transport processes and the spatial distribution of microwave (MW) and radio frequency (RF) power deposition in the objects of interest. Such studies enable the design of product specific drying machinery.
Challenges and successes in using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry for measurements of tungsten in environmental water and soil samples

Military small arms ranges in the United States have been used for munitions training with tungsten rounds, which are comprised of powdered tungsten (W) pressed together with polymeric binders. As a result, W has been introduced into surface soils. The environmental and human health effects of W remain open questions. The US Army Corps of Engineers is responsible for environmental monitoring, site assessments, and cleanup of small arms ranges. This work requires routine measurements of tungsten in natural waters and soils. However, the existing sample preparation and analytical procedures were not specifically developed with W in mind for environmental analysis. Our work suggests modification of existing metal sample preparation and analytical procedures are necessary to accurately quantify W in environmental media. Our group has been actively conducting W measurements using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICPMS), both with quadrupole and sector field ICPMS systems. We have used heavy rare e...
On the determinants of amide backbone exchange in proteins: a neutron crystallographic comparative study.

The hydrogen/deuterium-exchange (HDX) method, coupled with neutron diffraction, is a powerful probe for investigating molecular dynamics. In the present report, general determinants of HDX are proposed based on 12 deposited neutron protein structures. The parameters that correlate best with HDX are the depth within the protein structure of the amide N atom and the secondary-structure type. Both the B factor of the amide N atom and the ratio B/〈B〉 correlate moderately. However, solvent accessibility only correlates strongly for one molecule and hydrogen-bonding distance correlates for two molecules with respect to amide HDX. In addition to the relatively small number of neutron structures available, the limitations to this type of analysis, namely resolution, data completeness and the data-to-parameter ratio, are discussed briefly. A global analysis of HDX was performed to overcome some of these obstacles, damping the effects of outliers and the extreme variation of the data sets arising from resolution limitations. From this, amide depth and hydrogen-bonding distance to the amide (a measure of interaction strength) show strong global correlation with HDX. For some structures, the constituents of the hydrophobic protein core could be identifed based on contiguous regions that are resistant to exchange and have significant depth. These may, in fact, constitute minimal folding domains.
Yield and nutritional responses to waterlogging of soybean cultivars

Furrow irrigating soybean prior to a large, unexpected rainfall event can reduce nitrogen fixation and crop yield. The objective of this study was to evaluate the tolerance of soybean cultivars to waterlogged alluvial soils. Five cultivars were selected, which showed a range of tolerances to excessive soil water. Flood duration and flood timing experiments were conducted on clay and silt loam soils. Main plots were flooding duration and flood timing and subplots were soybean cultivars. Most cultivars were able to withstand flooding for 48–96 h without crop injury. Cultivars flooded during the V5 growth stage suffered the least amount of yield loss. The greatest yield losses from flooding occurred at the R5 growth stage. Soybean yields from cultivars flooded at R5 were reduced by 20–39% compared to non-flooded checks. Pioneer 94B73 (cv.) had no significant change in yield from flooding for 192 h at any of the three growth stages, compared to non-flooded controls.
Homogeneous Bioluminescence Competitive Binding Assay for Folate Based on a Coupled Glucose-6-phosphate Dehydrogenase−Bacterial Luciferase Enzyme System

A homogeneous bioluminescence competitive binding assay for folate was developed by using a coupled enzyme system of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) and bacterial luciferase. A highly substituted G6PDH−folate conjugate was prepared by employing an N-hydroxysuccinimide/carbodiimide method. Folate binding protein inhibits the activity of the conjugate. In the presence of folate, there is a competition between folate and the G6PDH−folate conjugate for the binding site of the folate binding protein, and the activity of the conjugate is recovered. Thus, the concentration of folate can be related to the activity of the G6PDH−folate conjugate, which is directly related to the bioluminescence produced by the coupled enzyme reaction. Using this assay, dose−response curves with a detection limit of 2.5 × 10-8 M folate were obtained, which is an improvement of an order of magnitude with respect to an assay that monitors G6PDH activity spectrophotometrically. The assay was validated using vitamin tablets an...
Neglect of Stimulus Information in a Two-Choice Task

(1966). Neglect of Stimulus Information in a Two-Choice Task. The Journal of General Psychology: Vol. 74, No. 2, pp. 231-236.
Psychological testing in evaluation of child sexual abuse

In order to assess the utility of psychological testing in evaluating allegations of child sexual abuse, the empirical literature is reviewed in an attempt to answer two questions. First, are there systematic and significant differences on psychological tests between sexually abused and nonabused children? Second, are these differences on psychological testing a direct result of sexual abuse, or are they a result of other coexisting factors that might cause psychological distress? Cognitive measures, personality inventories, symptomatology checklists, and projective tests with sexually abused children are reviewed. While a variety of standardized instruments have been administered to sexually abused children, relatively few have been utilized in empirical studies. Findings have been mixed, with stronger differences between sexually abused and nonabused children generally found on measures completed by parents than on measures administered directly to children. Sexually abused children often fall between nonabused and psychiatric groups. Use of measures specific to sexual abuse is advocated. While psychological tests may currently have limited use in validating suspected sexual abuse, they may be extremely useful in the clinical treatment of the child.
Recombinant vesicular stomatitis viruses encoding simian immunodeficiency virus receptors target infected cells and control infection

We have constructed VSV recombinants lacking the viral glycoprotein gene and instead expressing rhesus macaque SIV receptors CD4 and CCR5 with or without the receptor DC-SIGN. The recombinant expressing CD4 and CCR5 specifically infected SIV envelope protein-expressing cells. Incorporation of DC-SIGN into the particles required deletion of the cytoplasmic domain. Inclusion of DC-SIGN in the particles definitely enhanced infection, indicating that the enhancement by coexpression of DC-SIGN with CD4 and CCR5 does not require internalization of the virus into cells. The recombinants also specifically infected, killed, and propagated in CEMx174 cells that were first infected with an SIV expressing EGFP. If cells were superinfected with either of the recombinants after the primary SIV infection, the numbers of SIV-infected cells and titers of infectious SIV in the cultures were significantly reduced. Such antivirals can now be tested in the SIV/non-human primate model for AIDS to determine their therapeutic value in vivo.
INFRARED OBSERVATIONS OF LOW‐MASS STAR FORMATION IN ORION: HH OBJECTS*

The results of a preliminary analysis of IR data on Herbig-Haro objects in the Orion nebula are reported. The observations were made with the high angular resolution IR photometry equipment on the NASA Kuiper Airborne Observatory and the NASA facility on Mauna Kea, HI. Data were taken in the 1-200 microns region with 40, 6, and 8 arcsec resolution. Attention was focused on NGC 1999 (HH1-3) and M78 (HH24-25) and the determination of absolute luminosities of the exciting stars. Measurements were also made of the IR energy distribution in the thermally emitting dust clouds and the point sources. Herbig-Haro objects featured compact and far IR sizes and large visual extinction, in addition to a steeply rising energy distribution up to 50-100 microns, where the luminosity emitted was concentrated.
Idiosyncrasy to ammoniated mercury ointment

Summary Local application of ammoniated mercury in two cases gave a generalized rash and stomatitis together with a peculiar cyanosis and edema of the hands and feet. It is believed that these signs and symptoms were the expression of an idiosyncrasy to mercury.
Evaluation of small-cell neoplasms of the skin

Abstract A difficult challenge that not uncommonly confronts the dermatopathologist is precise diagnosis among the various types of small cell neoplasms. Small-cell neoplasms are so named because the neoplastic cells are characteristically small, have scant cytoplasm, and show minimal differentiation. Nuclei usually appear round and hyperchromatic, resembling lymphoid cells, but they may be pleomorphic or even spindled. Thus, these neoplasms may closely resemble one another even though they are of diverse cell lines. The histologic differential diagnosis is quite broad, encompassing epithelial, lymphoid, and mesenchymal differentiation. Determining that these neoplasms are malignant is relatively easy; the challenge lies in distinguishing primary cutaneous from metastatic neoplasms and in determining cellular differentiation.
Perfectly plastic caustics for the opening mode of fracture

Exact expressions for the caustics generated by the reflection of light surrounding crack tips in perfectly plastic materials under plane stress loading conditions and tensile tractions at infinity (mode I) are derived. Two individual cases are examined involving two different yield criteria. The first case uses an approximation of the Mises yield condition, where in the principal stress plane two intersecting parabolas replace the standard ellipse. The second case uses the Tresca yield condition where the mode I caustic is obtained as a limit of an elliptical hole in a perfectly plastic material. In both cases, kinematically admissible velocity fields are employed to obtain strain fields from which the theoretical caustics are predicted.
Increasing histone acetylation in the hippocampus-infralimbic network enhances fear extinction.

Background A key finding from recent studies of epigenetic mechanisms of memory is that increasing histone acetylation after a learning experience enhances memory consolidation. This has been demonstrated in several preparations, but little is known about whether excitatory and inhibitory memories are equally sensitive to drugs that promote histone acetylation and how transcriptional changes in the hippocampal-medial prefrontal cortex network contribute to these drug effects. Methods We compare the long-term behavioral consequences of systemic, intrahippocampal and intra–medial prefrontal cortex administration of the histone deacetylase inhibitor sodium butyrate (NaB) after contextual fear conditioning and extinction 1 and/or 14 days later in male c57BL/6J mice ( n = 302). Levels of histone acetylation and expression of the product of the immediate-early gene c-Fos were assessed by immunohistochemistry following infusion of NaB into the hippocampus ( n = 26). Results Across a variety of conditions, the effects of NaB on extinction were larger and more persistent compared to the effects on initial memory formation. NaB administered following weak extinction induced behavioral extinction, infralimbic histone acetylation and c-Fos expression consistent with strong extinction. No similar effect was seen in the prelimbic cortex. The involvement of the infralimbic cortex was confirmed as infusions of NaB into the infralimbic, but not prelimbic cortex, induced extinction enhancements. Conclusions These studies show that the memory modulating ability of drugs that enhance acetylation is sensitive to a variety of behavioral and molecular conditions. We further identify transcriptional changes in the hippocampal-infralimbic circuit associated with extinction enhancements induced by the histone deacetylase inhibitor NaB.
Use of Lidar data to geometrically constrain radiance spaces for physics-based target detection

Upon collecting hyperspectral image (HSI) data, several steps are usually required prior to comparing sensor data to a target reflectance spectrum of interest. A common practice is the application of an atmospheric compensation routine, which converts a spectral cube from the radiance domain to the reflectance domain. Such routines may prove to be problematic when predicting reflectance spectra for subpixel targets under varying illumination conditions. An alternative to atmospheric compensation is to employ physics-based forward models to predict the ways that a target spectrum might appear at the sensor. Instead of generating a single target radiance vector, a target vector space is created, which theoretically spans all possible target manifestations in the sensor radiance cube. Typically, a background vector space is also generated using in-scene radiance vectors that are significantly unlike the target space. Target detection then occurs in the radiance domain by comparing a scene pixel's radiance spectrum to the target and background vector spaces. One disadvantage of using such physics-based model approaches is that the complexity of the radiance model drives the span of the target vector space. It may be possible to optimize the volume of target spaces on a local basis by incorporating spatial information, as provided by a geo-registered, co-temporal topographical Lidar data set. Such data may serve to eliminate geometric ambiguity at any given location in a scene; thus, the local target vector space may be constrained relative to the global target space. In doing so, target detection performance may be improved. A description of the various image processing techniques used to constrain target vector spaces is presented, including estimation of shadows, ground plane orientation, skydome visibility, and pixel purity. Finally, target detection performance resulting from the constrained vector space approach is discussed.
Secrecy and "Two-Level Games" in the Oslo Accord: What the Primary Sources Tell Us

The publication of memoirs by most of the central participants in negotiations leading to the 1993 Israeli-PLO Oslo accord presents an opportunity to reassess their motives for entering the negotiation process and their reasons for electing to keep the talks secret. Among other insights, the first-hand accounts provide empirical evidence of "two-level games" during the negotiations. The article highlights the utility of Robert Putnam's concepts in understanding the negotiations in Oslo and to the failure to implement final-status talks as envisioned in the accord.
Effect of inclusion of electron correlation in MM3 studies of cyclic conjugated compounds

Electron correlation at the MollerPlesset second-order level was incorporated into the -system portion of MM3 calculations for several    conformers of 10 annulene, 18 annulene, bicyclo 5.3.1 undecapentaene, and  bicyclo 4.4.1 undecapentaene. The conformers with ‘‘localized’’ C—C  bonds Ž . strongly alternating bond lengths were found to be of lower energy than their Ž . counterparts with ‘‘delocalized’’ C—C  bonds similar bond lengths before correlation energy was included. Correlation always lowered the energies of the delocalized conformation more than it did that of the localized conformation, such that often the latter was found to be more stable after correlation energy was included in the calculation. When a delocalized structure was not at a stationary point on the MM3 energy surface, such comparison could not be made. An example is the porphin molecule.  1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Comput Chem 19: 475487, 1998
Role of adenosine receptor subtypes in rat jejunum in unfed state versus glucose-induced hyperemia.

Background Adenosine is a key mediator in intestinal absorptive hyperemia. This study examines the role of adenosine receptor subtypes in the intestinal microvasculature at rest (unfed) and during glucose exposure. Materials and methods Intravital video microscopy was used to record vascular responses in the rat jejunum in unfed resting states versus active glucose absorption. Two series of experiments were performed: topical adenosine alone and with adenosine receptor antagonists, and topical glucose alone and with adenosine receptor antagonists. Results We found that distal premucosal arterioles were more reactive to adenosine than were larger inflow arterioles. The selective A1 adenosine receptor antagonist, 8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine (DPCPX) (200 n m ), and the A2b receptor antagonist, alloxazine (60 μ m ), decreased the sensitivity and reactivity of the inflow and premucosal arterioles to adenosine, whereas the selective A2a receptor antagonist 8-(3-chlorostyryl)caffeine (CSC) (200 n m ) had no effect on inflow arteriole diameter and only slightly reduced the premucosal arteriolar sensitivity to adenosine. As previously observed, isotonic glucose caused vasodilation (24 ± 3.4% of the control) in the distal premucosal arterioles. Conversely, premucosal arterioles did not dilate during exposure of the intestine to isotonic mannitol solution that is not actively absorbed. Adenosine A2a RA CSC and A2b RA alloxazine attenuated glucose-induced vasodilation, whereas adenosine A1 RA DPCPX completely abolished glucose-induced dilation. Conclusions These findings suggest that resting tone in premucosal vessels appears to be responsive to adenosine mediation rather than inflow arteriolar tone; the adenosine A1, A2a, and A2b receptors all contribute to adenosine-mediated vasodilation in the intestine, with the greatest attenuation seen with A1 receptor antagonism; and other vasoactive mediators might also contribute to glucose-induced jejunal vasodilation, and interaction might exist between adenosine receptors and other mediators.
In vivo characterization of the poly(ADP-ribosylation) of SV40 chromatin and large T antigen by immunofractionation.

Abstract We have confirmed the poly(ADP-ribosylation) of large T antigen of SV40 by using antibodies to both large T antigen and poly(ADP-ribose) and consequently have begun to characterize how this post-translational nuclear modification of the viral protein modulates its biological functions. SV40 minichromosomal subpopulation containing replicative intermediate DNA was shown to have a significantly higher affinity for anti-poly(ADP-Rib)-Sepharose than viral chromatin fractions containing mature minichromosomal DNA. An anti-large T-Sepharose column was used to isolate T antigen from crude extracts by two different approaches: (1) large T antigen was labeled with [35S]methionine in vivo and the infected cell extract was immunofractionated to isolate large T antigen and (2) large T antigen from infected cell extracts was immunofractionated followed by immunostaining. Using these techniques, 1–10% of the total T antigen from infected cells was found to be poly(ADP-ribosylated). Minichromosome preparations per se were also subjected to immunofractionation on anti-large T-Sepharose. The high level of retention of poly(ADP-ribosylated) species of minichromosomes on this matrix suggested that this post-translational modification of viral chromatin may be related to those steps in viral replication and transcription under regulation by large T antigen.
Geochemical Controls on Contaminant Uranium in Vadose Hanford Formation Sediments at the 200 Area and 300 Area, Hanford Site, Washington

Long-term historic spills of uranium at the 300 Area fuel fabrication site (58,000 kg of disposed uranium over 32 yr) and at the 200 East Area BX tank farm (7000 kg of spilled uranium in one event), both within the Hanford formation in the Hanford Site, Washington State, were investigated by subsurface sampling and subsequent microscale investigations of excavated samples. The 200 Area sediments contained uranyl silicate mineralization (sodium boltwoodite) in restrictive microfractures in granitic clasts, in the vadose zone over a narrow range in depth. Well logging and column experiments indicated that tank wastes migrated deeper than observed in core samples. The 300 Area sediments included metatorbernite and uranium at low concentrations associated with detrital aluminosilicates, along with other mineral phases that could accommodate uranyl, such as uranophane and calcium carbonate. The association of contaminant uranyl with Hanford formation sediments provided a persistent source of uranium to groundwater. The results of both studies suggest that the formation of secondary solid uranyl-bearing phases infl uences the subsequent release of uranium to the environment and that our understanding of these processes and individual waste sites is incomplete.
The prefrontal cortex: complex neural properties for complex behavior.

Recent studies have shown that, consistent with their putative role in the highest level of cognitive function, PF neurons have complex response properties that are highly dependent on, and shaped by, task demands. They selectively process and integrate information needed for a common behavioral goal. Thus, its extensive connections and the ability of its neurons to be modified by experience may allow the PF cortex to play a role in knitting together behaviorally relevant associations, a process needed for acquisition of “rules” that guide goal-directed behavior. This may result in a representation of context, a template of a previously successful configuration of sensory and response-related information that biases processing in other brain regions in favor of task-relevant information. Such complicated and malleable activity would be expected for a region so closely linked with the complexity and flexibility that are the hallmarks of primate behavior.*E-mail: ekm@ai.mit.edu.
Pastoral counseling centers: Mid-century phenomenon

The movement as a whole has been pictured as a diverse one embracing many administrative patterns with a common purpose of offering help to persons with problems through counseling. Centers in which clergymen do all the counseling, though with the benefit of psychiatric consultation, and having some kind of relationship to a church or church related institution represent the dominant pattern. Centers with interprofessional staffs including ministers, though few in number, have a significant impact on the movement as a whole through their training programs. Centers that are unrelated to any church comprise a significant minority of the centers, and church related centers staffed by professionals other than the clergy are the least prevalent. Though there appears to be some uniformity among the centers in regard to the kind of counseling done, they are sharply divided on the questions of fees, referral, and attitude toward church and community relations.
Vibrational Excitation and Relaxation Processes in Insulators Initiated by Ultrashort Mid-Infrared Laser Pulses

Ultrashort-pulse lasers are increasingly being used for laser-induced surface modification, texturing and marking of insulators. Ultrashort pulses interacting with insulators in the vibrational IR produce a number of novel effects of potential utility in materials processing and analysis applications, including the creation of microbumps, microdimples, generation of hydrodynamic instabilities, and creation of smooth ablation craters. This paper describes recent results in the study of ultrashort-pulse laser interactions with surfaces when the irradiation is in the 2- 10 micrometers range. The laser source was a tunable, free- electron laser with 1-ps micropulses spaced 350 ps apart in a macropulse lasting up to 4 microsecond(s) , with an average power of up to 3W. This unusual pulse structure makes possible novel test of the effects of resonant vibrational excitation, controlling the ratio of absorption depth to thermal diffusion length, and desorption and ionization by resonant excitation. The mechanisms underlying these effects, including vibrational excitation and relaxation dynamics, as well as their implications for materials-modification strategies, are discussed with reference to recent experimental examples.
The ‘I's Have it: Nietzsche on Subjectivity

This paper identifies recent attributions to Nietzsche of skeptical arguments about the subject in its theoretical and practical capacities and argues that they are wrong. Although Nietzsche does criticize the picture of the subject as a unity that exerts influence in the world from outside it, he does so in order to replace it with a richer, more complex model of subjectivity. The skeptical arguments attributed to Nietzsche attempt to assimilate features of subjectivity to some alternative, purportedly more familiar explanatory account, and then move from this assimilation to the denial of subjectivity altogether. There are three main strategies for making this latter move, which are referred to in this paper as appeal to ontology, appeal to justification, and appeal to explanation. Each fails for different reasons, but all misconstrue Nietzsche's explanatory interests regarding subjectivity. Those interests, this paper argues, are what lead Nietzsche to argue that a single person comprises a multiplicit...
A Framework for Detecting Malware in Cloud by Identifying Symptoms

Security is seen as one of the major challenges of the Cloud computing. Recent malware are not only becoming more sophisticated, but have also demonstrated a trend to make use of components, which can easily be distributed through the Internet to develop newer and better malware. As a result, the key problem facing Cloud security is to cope with identifying diverse sets of malware. This paper presents a method of detecting malware by identifying the symptoms of malicious behaviour as opposed to looking for the malware itself. This can be compared to the use of symptoms in human pathology, in which study of symptoms direct physicians to diagnosis of a disease or possible causes of illnesses. The main advantage of shifting the attention to the symptoms is that a wide range of malicious behaviour can result in the same set of symptoms. We propose the creation of Forensic Virtual Machines (FVM), which are mini Virtual Machines (VM) that can monitor other VMs to discover the symptoms. In this paper, we shall present a framework to support the FVMs so that they collaborate with each other in identifying symptoms by exchanging messages via secure channels. The FVMs report to a Command a Control module that collects and correlates the information so that suitable remedial actions can take place in real-time. The Command a Control can be compared to the physician who infers possibility of an illness from the occurring symptoms. In addition, as FVMs make use of the computational resources of the system we will present an algorithm for sharing of the FVMs so that they can be guided to search for the symptoms in the VMs with higher priority.
Kinetic analysis of surface reduction in transition metal oxide single crystals

Abstract A mathematical treatment of the kinetics of metal oxide reduction is presented that is particularly applicable to single crystal substrates under conditions which promote slow, orderly removal of lattice oxygen at the crystal surface. The crystal is modeled as a semi-infinite plane with oxygen removal at the surface only and with Fickian diffusion from subsurface oxide into the depleted surface region. Removal of oxygen at the surface has been related to oxide surface concentration, as well as to oxygen vacancy concentration in an attempt to model the commonly observed induction period to reduction onset. Solutions to the models are given in closed analytic form for zeroth and first-order oxygen surface concentration dependencies and as an infinite, but converging, series in reaction time for the first and higher reaction orders. A numerical method is also used to extend the fit to longer times for which the infinite series method converges too slowly to be practically useful. As an example of the relevance of the kinetic analysis, the model is applied to data obtained on a NiO(100) substrate reduced under 1.0×10−7 to 1.3×10−6 Torr H2.
Early Childhood Teacher Preparation in Special Education at 2- and 4-Year Institutions of Higher Education.

The movement toward inclusion has made educating and caring for children with disabilities an increasingly critical part of the early education teacher's role. The goal of this paper is to describe the extent to which early childhood teacher preparation programs are including early childhood special educationlearly intervention content and experiences as part of their core course and practicum requirements. A nationally representative survey of 438 chairs and directors of early childhood teacher preparation programs revealed that while a large proportion of programs consider early childhood special educationlearly intervention to be a part of the mission of their program, the amount of coursework and practicum experience vary considerably by content area and level of degree offered by the program. Implications are offered for policy and future research.
Strategies to improve fiber utilization in swine.

Application of feed processing methods and use of exogenous feed additives in an effort to improve nutrient digestibility of plant-based feed ingredients for swine has been studied for decades. The following review will discuss several of these topics, including: fiber characterization, impact of dietary fiber on gastrointestinal physiology, energy, and nutrient digestibility, mechanical processing of feed on fiber and energy digestibility, and the use of exogenous enzymes in diets fed to growing pigs. Taken together, the diversity and concentration of chemical characteristics that exists among plant-based feed ingredients, as well as interactions among constituents within feed ingredients and diets, suggests that improvements in nutrient digestibility and pig performance from mechanical processing or adding exogenous enzymes to diets fed to swine depends on a better understanding of these characteristics, but also relating enzyme activity to targeted substrates. It may be that an enzyme must not only match a target substrate(s), but there may also need to be a ′cocktail′ of enzymes to effectively breakdown the complex matrixes of fibrous carbohydrates, such that the negative impact of these compounds on nutrient digestibility or voluntary feed intake are alleviated. With the inverse relationship between fiber content and energy digestibility being well described for several feed ingredients, it is only logical that development of processing techniques or enzymes that degrade fiber, and thereby improve energy digestibility or voluntary feed intake, will be both metabolically and economically beneficial to pork production.
Predicting Bacteremia in Patients with Sepsis Syndrome

The goal of this study was to develop and validate clinical prediction rules for bacteremia and subtypes of bacteremia in patients with sepsis syndrome. Thus, a prospective cohort study, including a stratified random sample of 1342 episodes of sepsis syndrome, was done in eight academic tertiary care hospitals. The derivation set included 881 episodes, and the validation set included 461. Main outcome measures were bacteremia caused by any organism, gram-negative rods, gram-positive cocci, and fungal bloodstream infection. The spread in probability between low- and high-risk groups in the derivation sets was from 14.5% to 60.6% for bacteremia of any type, from 9.8% to 32.8% for gram-positive bacteremia, from 5.3% to 41.9% for gram-negative bacteremia, and from 0.6% to 26.1% for fungemia. Because the model for gram-positive bacteremia performed poorly, a model predicting Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia was developed; it performed better, with a low- to high-risk spread of from 2.6% to 21.0%. The prediction models allow stratification of patients according to risk of bloodstream infections; their clinical utility remains to be demonstrated.
The Role of Dopamine in Fine-Tuning Cone- and Rod-Driven Vision

Dopamine, one of the major neuromodulators in the retina, acts through dopamine D1, D2, and D4 G-protein-coupled receptors localized to many types of retinal neurons. This expansive expression pattern allows dopamine to regulate visual processing at different cellular sites of the retinal circuitry. One of the most extensively studied functions of dopamine is its role in mediating the shift from rod-dominant to cone-dominant vision at the transition from night to daylight. However, dopamine is also critical for the regulation of the rod-driven circuitry. Recent studies in the mouse demonstrated that dopamine enhances the light sensitivity of the rod bipolar cells which mediate vision under dim-to-moderate illumination. In this mechanism, dopamine acts via dopamine D1 receptors and induces a GABAergic input onto rod bipolar cells which evokes a sustained hyperpolarizing chloride current carried by the GABAC receptor channel. This sensitizing GABAergic input is crucial for increasing the light response amplitudes and extending the operational range of rod bipolar cells. These recent findings expanded the role of dopamine in retinal processing from its well-established function of supporting the transition between rod- and cone-dominant vision to enhancing light responses in the dark or under dim light.
European Union Foreign Policy and Central America

Acknowledgements - List of Abbreviations - Introduction - The International Context - The Nature of European Union Foreign Policy - The Genesis of the EU's Central America Policy: 1975-1984 - The Implementation of Policy: 1984-1990 - Member State Policy towards Central America - Explaining the Policy - Notes - Bibliography - Index
A Genome-Wide RNAi Screen Identifies Core Components of the G2-M DNA Damage Checkpoint

The DNA damage checkpoint, the first pathway known to be activated in response to DNA damage, is a mechanism by which the cell cycle is temporarily arrested to allow DNA repair. The checkpoint pathway transmits signals from the sites of DNA damage to the cell cycle machinery through the evolutionarily conserved ATM (ataxia telangiectasia mutated) and ATR (ATM- and Rad3-related) kinase cascades. We conducted a genome-wide RNAi (RNA interference) screen in Drosophila cells to identify previously unknown genes and pathways required for the G 2 -M checkpoint induced by DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). Our large-scale analysis provided a systems-level view of the G 2 -M checkpoint and revealed the coordinated actions of particular classes of proteins, which include those involved in DNA repair, DNA replication, cell cycle control, chromatin regulation, and RNA processing. Further, from the screen and in vivo analysis, we identified previously unrecognized roles of two DNA damage response genes, mus101 and mus312 . Our results suggest that the DNA replication preinitiation complex, which includes MUS101, and the MUS312-containing nuclease complexes, which are important for DSB repair, also function in the G 2 -M checkpoint. Our results provide insight into the diverse mechanisms that link DNA damage and the checkpoint signaling pathway.