cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Case Reports: Epidemic Eye and Upper Respiratory Irritation in Poultry Processing Plants

Abstract Case studies conducted at six poultry processing plants by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), and state health departments revealed that processors and inspectors experienced acute eye and upper respiratory irritation associated with their work. The most frequently reported symptoms were burning, watery eyes; sneezing; stuffy, runny nose; and cough. Other symptoms included blurred vision, light sensitivity, sore throat, headache, and nausea. Occasionally symptoms became so severe that inspectors and workers refused to continue working. Although prevalence data were often not collected, greater than 90 percent of the workers reported having symptoms in the hanging, evisceration, and inspection areas at one plant. These outbreaks were all associated with problems or changes in the plants' water chlorination and super-chlorination processes. The inception of complaints...
The Impact of an Electronic Health Record Transition on a Glaucoma Subspecialty Practice

Purpose To assess the impact of an electronic health record (EHR) on patient experience, physician behavior, and clinic workflow in a glaucoma subspecialty clinic. Design Case-control (before/after) study. Participants One hundred thirty-one adult patients seeking treatment at a glaucoma subspecialty practice for a nonprocedural office visit who consented to direct observation and 273 patients whose progress through the clinic stations was timed. Methods Three time points relative to the EHR transition were evaluated: a 2-week period before the transition, a 2-week period at 2 weeks after the transition, and a 2-week period at 6 months after the transition. At each of these time points, detailed timing of physician actions during the doctor-patient encounter were measured, a survey of patient attitudes regarding their visit and the method of documentation was conducted, and time spent by patients in each of the major aspects of the visit (screening/testing, physician, waiting) was recorded. Main Outcome Measures Time spent by physicians on the clinical examination, computer, paper records, or multitasking; patient experience of their clinic visit; and time spent by patients at various clinic stations. Results Two weeks after the transition, physicians spent more time with patients overall compared with baseline (8.4 vs. 11.6 minutes), reviewing paper records (0.2 vs. 0.6 minutes), and on computer-related tasks (2.3 vs. 4.2 minutes). At 6 months after EHR transition, physicians also spent more time compared with baseline on the clinical examination (5.1 vs. 6.4 minutes). There was a relative decrease in the percentage of patient time spent waiting to see the physician, although patients' perceptions of their visit and the EHR remained largely unchanged. Annual clinic volumes also were unaffected by the new EHR. Conclusions There were changes in the physician–patient encounter that manifested within 2 weeks of EHR transition and then stabilized, suggesting that although an EHR transition is not without consequences, these can be measured early. Some of these findings, such as increased time dedicated to the clinical examination and the lack of change in patient perception after the switch, were unexpected. This study supports the contention that EHR implementation can be accomplished in an ophthalmology practice without compromising the efficiency of or patient satisfaction with the clinical encounter. Financial Disclosure(s) The author(s) have no proprietary or commercial interest in any materials discussed in this article.
The Speech Disorders Classification System (SDCS)Extensions and Lifespan Reference Data

A companion paper includes rationale for the use of 10 metrics of articulation competence in conversational speech (Shriberg, Austin, Lewis, McSweeny, & Wilson, 1997). The present paper reports lifespan reference data for these measures using records from a total of 836 3– to 40+-year-old speakers with normal and disordered speech. The reference data are subdivided by diagnostic classification based on extensions to an instrument titled the Speech Disorders Classification System (SDCS; Shriberg, 1993). Appendices provide procedural information on the SDCS and statistical rationale for the reference data.
The concept of the organism in physiology

The growth of physiology in the 19th and 20th centuries was accompanied by the development of disciplinary boundaries between physiology and other biological sciences. Physiology became the study of the mechanisms that underlie the functions of organisms and their component parts. Concern with the internal workings of organisms has led physiologists to focus on the maintenance of homeostasis in the internal environment rather than on the interactions of organisms with their external environments. Moreover, interest in the cellular or biochemical mechanisms that underlie organismal function has resulted in the use of inbred populations of laboratory animals in which these mechanisms can be most rigorously studied. Finally, emphasis on the function of fully developed or adult organisms has been accompanied by a relative neglect of developmental processes. Disregard for the environment, for variation, and for development has made possible major advances in our knowledge of physiological mechanisms but has led to an impoverished concept of organisms. Incorporation of evolutionary, ecological, and developmental perspectives into the study of organisms might help to unite physiology more closely with the other biological sciences and lead to a richer and fuller understanding of organisms.
A genetic algorithm for determining facility design and configuration of single-stage flexible electronic assembly systems

Abstract Consider the production of an evolving family of similar electronic products, each having a short product lifecycle. The fundamental production resources used for assembly are inherently flexible, that is, reconfigurable and reprogrammable. Two distinct strategies can be followed in configuring production facilities: focused facilities, where a facility is dedicated to one product at a time but may be reassigned, and nonfocused facilities, where setup operations permit a variety of products to be produced during a given planning period. When focused facilities are used, either exclusively or in combination with nonfocused facilities, products must be assigned to specific facilities. If the facilities are not identical, and capacity is limited, then changing production requirements may force reassignment of products from one facility to another. Thus, the product assignment/reassignment decision may have a significant impact on the production capacity required and is a central issue in deciding the strategic configuration of facilities—focused, nonfocused, or hybrid. This paper describes and formulates the strategic configuration problem and then presents a methodology for determining facility configuration, capacity levels, and product assignments for a single-stage electronic assembly system. A genetic algorithm based search heuristic is proposed and tested. Computational results indicate that the heuristic performs well in terms of both speed and accuracy.
Coverage of Google Scholar, Scopus, and Web of Science: A case study of the h-index in nursing

PURPOSE: This study compares the articles cited in CINAHL, Scopus, Web of Science (WOS), and Google Scholar and the h-index ratings provided by Scopus, WOS, and Google Scholar. METHODS: The publications of 30 College of Nursing faculty at a large urban university were examined. Searches by author name were executed in Scopus, WOS, and POP (Publish or Perish, which searches Google Scholar), and the h-index for each author from each database was recorded. In addition, the citing articles of their published articles were imported into a bibliographic management program. This data was used to determine an aggregated h-index for each author. RESULTS: Scopus, WOS, and Google Scholar provided different h-index ratings for authors and each database found unique and duplicate citing references. CONCLUSIONS: More than one tool should be used to calculate the h-index for nursing faculty because one tool alone cannot be relied on to provide a thorough assessment of a researcher's impact. If researchers are interested in a comprehensive h-index, they should aggregate the citing references located by WOS and Scopus. Because h-index rankings differ among databases, comparisons between researchers should be done only within a specified database.
Smart Grid as advanced technology enabler of demand response

Numerous papers and articles presented worldwide at different conferences and meetings have already covered the goals, objectives, architecture, and business plans of Smart Grid. The number of electric utilities worldwide has followed up with demonstration and deployment efforts. Our initial assumptions and expectations of Smart Grid functionality have been confirmed. We have indicated that Smart Grid will fulfill the following goals: enhance customer service, improve operational efficiency, enhance demand response and load control, transform customer energy use behavior, and support new utility business models. For the purpose of this paper, we shall focus on which of those abovementioned Smart Grid functionalities are going to facilitate the ever-growing need for enhanced demand response and load control.
Extra Z ’s from E 6 and other exotic physics in heavy-quarkonium decays

We examine the sensitivity of various asymmetries for the process e/sup +/e/sup -/..--> mu../sup +/..mu../sup -/ on top of a V/sub Q/ = /sup 3/S/sub 1/(QQ-bar) resonance to the presence of a new, heavy neutral boson Z(THETA), present in many superstring-inspired models based on E/sub 6/. We also consider the possible effects of light (M nu../sub tau/nu-bar/sub tau/,tau/sup +/tau/sup -/. .AE
La battaglia del fiore. Gardens, Parks and the City in Fascist Italy

Abstract In 1999 Dianne Harris pointed towards the political ideology of landscape ‘that came to the fore at Dumbarton Oaks under the direction of Wolschke-Bulmahn’.2 Gert Groning and Joachim Wolschke-Bulmahn have published widely in this field in German, English and American journals. Harris also mentioned the lacuna in the historiography of gardens in fascist Italy. These last years have seen an increasing interest in the subject, and some recent works have attempted to start to fill the gap.3
Release from proactive inhibition as a function of pleasantness of verbal materials

In a Peterson and Peterson type of short-term memory experiment, proactive inhibition has been found to build up rather rapidly but is overcome if a shift to a new type of material occurs. This experiment tested whether release from proactive inhibition may occur as a result of changing from unpleasant words to pleasant words, and vice versa. Two hundred introductory psychology students served as Ss. In all instances, the experimental groups demonstrated improved recall on the critical trial as opposed to the control groups, which showed no improvement on the critical trial. The results of this experiment are interpreted as indicating that pleasant and unpleasant words are encoded or perhaps stored in memory differently.
Dynamic Optical Investigations of Hypervelocity Impact Damage

One of the prominent threats in the endeavor to develop next-generation space assets is the risk of space debris impact in earth’s orbit and micrometeoroid impact damage in near-earth orbit and deep space. To date, there is no study available which concentrates on the analysis of dynamic crack growth from hypervelocity impacts on such structures, resulting in their eventual catastrophic degradation. Experiments conducted using a unique two-stage light-gas gun facility have examined the in situ dynamic fracture of brittle polymers subjected to this high-energy-density event. Optical techniques of caustics and photoelasticity, combined with high-speed photography up to 100 million frames per second, analyze crack growth behavior of Mylar and Homalite 100 thin plates after impact by a 1.8 mm diameter nylon 6-6 right cylindrical slug at velocities ranging from 3 to 7 km/s (7000–15500 mph). Crack speeds in both polymers averaged between 0.2 and 0.47 cR, the Rayleigh wave speed (450–1000 mph). Shadow spots and surrounding caustics reveal time histories of the dynamic stress intensity factor, as well as the energy release rate ahead of the mode-I, or opening, crack tips. Results indicate that even under extreme impact conditions of out of-plane loading, highly localized heating, and energetic impact phenomena involving plasma formation and ejecta, the dynamic fracture process occurs during a deformation regime dominated by in-plane loading. These findings imply that the reliability of impacted, thin-walled, plate and shell space structures, idealized by the experimental configuration investigated, can be predicted by the well defined principles of classical dynamic fracture mechanics.
Classical nucleation theory with a tolman correction

The effect of the Tolman correction for the surface tension of small droplets on the classical Becker-Doering theory of nucleation is studied near the critical temperature Tc. Also a generalization of the kinetic prefactor is studied together with this correction. No qualitative change in the very small slope of the curve of the reduced supercooling as a function of (1−T)/Tc at constant nucleation rates was found.
EFFECTIVE METHODS FOR SOLVING INTEGRAL AND INTEGRO-DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

ABSTRACT Effective numerical methods for solving simple integral and integro-differential equations with logarithmically singular kernels are presented tutorially in this paper. Fundamental features and interrelationships of the methods are discussed. Procedures for applying the techniques to practical equations of electromagnetics are suggested.
Markov and Markov reward model transient analysis: An overview of numerical approaches

Abstract The advent of fault-tolerant, distributed systems has led to increased interest in analytic techniques for the prediction of reliability, availability, and combined performance and reliability measures. Markov and Markov reward models are common tools for fault-tolerant system reliability prediction. In this paper, we first derive instantaneous and cumulative measures of Markov and Markov reward model behavior. We then compare the complexity of several competing algorithms for the computation of these measures. Better approaches for Markov model solution should lead to more effective techniques for fault-tolerant system modeling.
Numerical modeling of abrupt heterojunctions using a thermionic-field emission boundary condition

We present a numerical model in which the thermionic and tunneling mechanisms across an abrupt heterojunction interface are taken into account on the basis of the one dimensional drift-diffusion formulation. We use an expression of thermionic-field emission current formulated based on the WKB approximation as a boundary condition at the abrupt heterointerface which eventually limits the current transport over the barrier while maintaining the current continuity. The I-V characteristics of three types of GaAs/AlGaAs heterojunctions are analyzed by varying device dimension, doping density, and temperature and compared with those obtained by the thermionic emission model to illustrate the significance of both tunneling and thermionic emission mechanisms. We demonstrate that the role of tunneling in the overall current transport is very important in these abrupt heterojunctions especially at high doping densities and low temperatures. In the case of an MBE-grown AlGaAs triangular heterojunction barrier, the temperature-dependent I-V characteristics are measured and compared with the theoretical results. Good agreement is obtained when the tunneling process is taken into account by employing the thermionic-field emission boundary condition presented here.
Predictability of the changes in hematocrit which follow repeated withdrawal of blood

SummaryA formula has been derived for calculating the hematocrit of successive blood samples based on the assumption that blood volume is maintained constant through replacement of lost cells and plasma by extra-vascular fluid. The formula predicted, with an error of 2% or less, decreasing hematocrits which followed a removal of 7-11 successive blood samples of 2 1/2-3 1/4 ml each, within a period of 6 hours or less in the adult male chicken. The formula failed to predict the Hcts observed in an 8-day test on fasting chickens in which 1 1/2 ml blood samples were obtained at 12-24-hour intervals. In the course of this study, the blood volume of the 2.5 kg White Leghorn male was determined to be 6.6 ± 0.25 ml/100 g body weight.
A fair distributed congestion-aware power control algorithm for IEEE802.11 based networks

It has been a common practice in wireless multihop networks to transmit at the lowest power at which the network still remains connected. Although this strategy has been proved to improve throughput-capacity performance as the number of nodes tend to infinity, it might have a significant effect on deteriorating both throughput and delay performance in many practical situations. The main culprit is the relatively low spatial reuse one can attain in typical IEEE 802.11 network topologies, even when operating at the lowest possible power levels. This, in turn, is due to the rather conservative 2:1 carrier-sensing/transmission range adopted in most implementations of the protocol. In this paper, we prove that transmitting at the per-link-minimality condition (employing just enough power to reach the intended receiver in one hop) is optimal from a delay-throughput perspective in most network sizes of interest. Since transmitting at the per-link-minimality condition gives rise to some unfairness under certain traffic patterns, we propose a fair distributed power control algorithm that gives an enhanced throughput-delay performance whilst keeping an eye on energy consumption.
HIV INFECTION–ASSOCIATED INFLAMMATORY MUSCULOSKELETAL DISORDERS

Viral infections, in general, and retroviral infections, in particular, have been considered possible etiologic agents of a variety of disorders, including cancer; immunodeficiency; central nervous system disorders, such as multiple sclerosis; and autoimmune disorders, such as polymyositis, arthritis, Sjogren's syndrome, and glomerulonephritis. The current pandemia of HIV-AIDS and its associated opportunistic non–HIV infections, that is, parvovirus B19, hepatitis C virus, and herpes virus, has renewed interest in the possible role of viruses in immune-mediated disorders. From the onset of the HIV epidemic until July 1996, approximately 21.8 million adults and children worldwide were infected with HIV, and of this total, 94% were living in the developing world, with 19 million adults and children living in sub-Saharan Africa and in south and southeast Asia. In the United States approximately 750,000 to 1.5 million people have been infected. By July 1996, an estimated 5.8 million people had died from AIDS. 3 Most infections in adults have been transmitted during unprotected sexual intercourse, comprising over 70% of cases. Recent reports, however, suggest that the incidence of HIV infection may be decreasing in the United States, particularly among certain populations. 74 Over the past year, important advances in HIV pathogenesis, the use of viral load as a prognostic and therapeutic tool, and the development of newer antiretroviral therapeutic strategies have been beneficial for early detection and treatment. Still, effective prevention strategies need to be implemented to obtain a decrease in the incidence of infection. Infection with HIV is associated with a wide spectrum of clinical presentations that ranges from the asymptomatic state to AIDS. Recently, the importance of recognition of the acute retroviral syndrome has received emphasis because it provides the opportunity of prompt institution of appropriate therapy 89,122 ; this acute retroviral stage begins after initial exposure and is characterized by the development of an HIV–specific antibody response, high levels of viremia with immunologic activation, decline in CD4+ cell counts, inversion of CD4+:CD8+ ratio, and further absolute increase of CD8+ lymphocytes. Symptoms develop within 5 to 30 days post exposure and seroconversion occurs from 1 to 10 weeks after the acute illness, leading to the second phase of the disease in which the amount of viremia declines, eventually reaching a "set point" and generation of HIV–specific antibody response. The third phase is characterized by a marked decline in the number of CD4+ T lymphocytes, increase in the levels of circulating virus and infected cells, and the appearance of the multitude of symptoms characteristic of AIDS. Musculoskeletal manifestations can occur at any phase of the infection, although they are much more prevalent in the late phase. These manifestations include a variety of well-defined disorders from isolated symptoms like arthralgias and myalgias to distinct rheumatic disorders, including Reiter's syndrome or polymyositis.
A crack in a viscoelastic functionally graded material layer embedded between two dissimilar homogeneous viscoelastic layers - antiplane shear analysis

A crack in a viscoelastic functionally graded material (FGM) layer sandwiched between two dissimilar homogeneous viscoelastic layers is studied under antiplane shear conditions. The shear relaxation modulus of the FGM layer follows the power law of viscoelasticity, i.e., μ = μ0exp (βy/h) [t0exp (δy/h) /t]q, where h is a scale length, and μ0,t0,β,δ and q are material constants. Note that the FGM layer has position-dependent modulus and relaxation time. The shear relaxation functions of the two homogeneous viscoelastic layers are μ=μ1(t1/t)q for the bottom layer and μ=μ2(t2/t)q for the top layer, where μ1 and μ2 are material constants, and t1 and t2 are relaxation times. An elastic crack problem of the composite structure is first solved and the `correspondence principle' is used to obtain stress intensity factors (SIFs) for the viscoelastic system. Formulae for SIFs and crack displacement profiles are derived. Several examples are given which include interface cracking between a viscoelastic functionally graded interlayer and a viscoelastic homogeneous material coating. Moreover, a parametric study is conducted considering various material and geometric parameters and loading conditions.
Performance Comparison of 15 Transport Ventilators

BACKGROUND: Numerous mechanical ventilators are designed and marketed for use in patient transport. The complexity of these ventilators differs considerably, but very few data exist to compare their operational capabilities. METHODS: Using bench and animal models, we studied 15 currently available transport ventilators with regard to their physical characteristics, gas consumption (duration of an E-size oxygen cylinder), battery life, ease of use, need for compressed gas, ability to deliver set ventilation parameters to a test lung under 3 test conditions, and ability to maintain ventilation and oxygenation in normal and lung-injured sheep. RESULTS: Most of the ventilators tested were relatively simple to operate and had clearly marked controls. Oxygen cylinder duration ranged from 30 min to 77 min. Battery life ranged from 70 min to 8 hours. All except 3 of the ventilators were capable of providing various FIO2 values. Ten of the ventilators had high-pressure and patient-disconnect alarms. Only 6 of the ventilators were able to deliver all settings as specifically set on the ventilator during the bench evaluation. Only 4 of the ventilators were capable of maintaining ventilation, oxygenation, and hemodynamics in both the normal and the lung-injured sheep. CONCLUSIONS: Only 2 of the ventilators met all the trial targets in all the bench and animal tests. With many of the ventilators, certain of the set ventilation parameters were inaccurate (differed by > 10% from the values from a cardiopulmonary monitor). The physical characteristics and high gas consumption of some of these ventilators may render them less desirable for patient transport.
Self-consistent flows in subsonic interstellar medium fluids

Abstract Two-dimensional numerical simulations of a subsonic interstellar medium fluid, characterized by a low turbulent Mach number ( M ˜ 1 ), demonstrate a self-consistent generation of nonlinear turbulent flows in a hydrodynamic regime. Dynamically weak compressive effects are associated with passively convected thermal fluctuations and these enhance the rate of selective decay. Turbulent relaxation leads to self-organization in thermally dominated velocity fluctuations with the formation of large-scale steady state coherent flows via an inverse cascade mechanism. In agreement with theoretical predictions, thermal and density fluctuations are found to be anti-correlated.
Deconstructing the Discourse of Strengths in Family Literacy.

The family literacy movement in the United States has come of age: since the publication of Denny Taylor's seminal book in 1983 (Taylor, 1983), countless scholarly articles, research studies, and media reports on family literacy have appeared. In the past 12 months alone, three major edited volumes have been devoted exclusively to this topic (Holt, 1994; Weinstein-Shr & Quintero, 1995; Morrow, 1995). The National Center for Family Literacy (NCFL) estimates that there are now over 1,000 family literacy programs across the United States and argues that it is the best longterm solution to America's poverty problem, better even than school reform for "tackling undereducation and all the related social and economic problems" (Darling, 1992, p. 1). According to representatives of the U.S. Department of Education, Even Start, the largest family literacy initiative in the United States is not only an important part of the U.S. education agenda for the 1990s "but perhaps the key to reaching U.S. educational goals" (McKee & Rhett, 1995, p. 166). Other English-speaking countries, influenced by the U.S. movement, have begun family literacy initiatives of their own (RaPAL Bulletin, 1994; Harrison, 1995, Fine Print, 1994; Morrow &Paratore, 1993). Not only has family literacy come to be seen as a state of the art approach to educational reform, but, according to Street (1995), it can be said to have gained the status of a "literacy campaign." As such, I think we have come to a point where we need to do some stock-taking—to look at where we have been and where we want to go. Shortly after the appearance of Taylor's book, the first family literacy programs were established, many of which focused on transmitting school literacy practices into the home. At that time, I raised concerns about the dangers of a deficit perspective on family literacy (Auerbach, 1989). In the past 5 years, I think a second generation of family literacy programs has emerged, one in which virtually all of the proponents of family literacy claim to oppose deficit perspectives and to embrace
On the Meaning of Alarm Calls: A Review of Functional Reference in Avian Alarm Calling

A long-standing question in animal communication is whether signals reveal intrinsic properties of the signaller or extrinsic properties of its environment. Alarm calls, one of the most conspicuous components of antipredator behaviour, intuitively would appear to reflect internal states of the signaller. Pioneering research in primates and fowl, however, demonstrated that signallers may produce unique alarm calls during encounters with different types of predators, suggesting that signallers through selective production of alarm calls provide to conspecific receivers information about predators in the environment. In this article, we review evidence for such ‘functional reference’ in the alarm calls of birds based on explicit tests of two criteria proposed in Macedonia & Evans’ (Ethology 93, 1993, 177) influential conceptual framework: (1) that unique alarm calls are given to specific predator categories, and (2) that alarm calls isolated from contextual information elicit antipredator responses from receivers similar to those produced during actual predator encounters. Despite the importance of research on birds in development of the conceptual framework and the ubiquity of alarm calls in birds, evidence for functionally referential alarm calls in this clade is limited to six species. In these species, alarm calls are associated with the type of predator encountered as well as variation in hunting behaviour; with defence of reproductive effort in addition to predators of adults; with age-related changes in predation risk; and with strong fitness benefits. Our review likely underestimates the occurrence of functional reference in avian alarm calls, as incomplete application and testing of the conceptual framework has limited our understanding. Throughout, therefore, we suggest avian taxa for future studies, as well as additional questions and experimental approaches that would strengthen our understanding of the meaning of functional reference in avian alarm calls.
Poster 151: Uncovering Differences in the Meaning of Functional Recovery: A Comparison of Patients and Clinicians

Poster 151 Uncovering Differences in the Meaning of Functional Recovery: A Comparison of Patients and Clinicians. Margaret G. Stineman, MD (University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA); Pamela M. Rist; Greg Maislin, MS, MA; Jibby E. Kurichi, MPH. Disclosure: M.G. Stineman, None; P.M. Rist, None; G. Maislin, None; J.E. Kurichi, None. Objective: To show differences between the relative value patients and clinicians assign to various functional abilities. Design: Applying the emerging technique of recovery preference exploration, patients and rehabilitation clinicians expressed optimal patterns of recovery from the imagined state of complete disability in the 18 items of the FIM instrument. The procedure yielded utilities demonstrating the relative value of 1 activity according to the remaining 17 on a scale from 0 to 1. Due to the non-normalcy of the utility distributions, median utilities were used to contrast values between patients and clinicians. Setting: An inpatient rehabilitation facility. Participants: 79 patients with acutely disabling neurologic, musculoskeletal, or medically complex conditions, and 93 clinicians, including physicians, medical school students, nurses, physical therapists, a recreational therapist, occupational therapists, psychologists, and social workers. Intervention: Recovery preference exploration. Main Outcome Measure: Quantitative utilities for 18 functional activities. Results: The most valued FIM item for patients was eating (median utility, .13; Q1 [or 25th percentile], .05; Q3 [75th percentile], .50) followed by bathing (median, .10; Q1 .05; Q3 .14). With the exception of bowel management, patients’ median utilities for the physical FIM items were greater than the clinicians’. In comparison, the clinicians consistently assigned greater value to the cognitive FIM items. Expression (median, .36; Q1 .24; Q3 .58) and comprehension (median, .26; Q1 .11; Q3 .51) were the functional abilities most valued by clinicians. There was almost no correlation between patient and clinician utilities. Conclusions: Strong differences in preference for functional recovery may relate to the context of patients’ real-life experiences of acute dependency associated with their severe illnesses or injuries. In contrast, clinicians may have more academic concepts of functionality.
Pattern Based SOA Deployment

A key function of a Service Oriented Architecture is the separation between business logic and the platform of its implementation and deployment. Much of the focus in SOA research has been on service design, implementation, composition, and placement. In this paper we address the challenge of configuring the hosting infrastructure for SOA service deployment. The functional and non-functional requirements of services impose constraints on the configuration of their containers at different levels. Presently, such requirements are captured in informal documents, making service deployment a slow, expensive, and error-prone process. In this paper, we introduce a novel approach to formally capturing service deployment best-practices as model-based patterns. Deployment patterns capture the structure of a solution, without bindings to specific resource instances. They can be defined at different levels of abstraction supporting reuse, and role-based iterative refinement and composition. We show how we extended an existing model driven deployment platform to support pattern based deployment. We formally define pattern semantics, validation, and refinement. We also present an algorithm for automatically instantiating such patterns on multiple distributed service environments. Our approach has been verified in a large prototype that has been used to capture a variety of functional and non-functional deployment constraints, and demonstrate their end-to-end maintenance and realization.
Bilateral Transposition Lip Flaps: A Novel Single-Stage Reconstruction of Central Upper Lip Defects Involving Cupid’s Bow

ImportanceDefects of the central upper lip present a challenge. A variety of techniques have been described, but most tend to efface the natural contours present in the philtrum and the cutaneous-m...
Anthropological Perspectives on the Concepts of Dualism, the Informal Sector, and Marginality in Developing Urban Economies

Fieldwork in Bogota is used to evaluate the concepts of marginality and the informal sector as tools for understanding the urban economy in developing countries. Each of these dualistic conceptuali...
Childhood Programs and Practices in the First Decade of Life: The Nurse-Family Partnership: From Trials to Practice

INTRODUCTION Many of the most intractable problems that young children and parents face in our society today are uniquely associated with adverse maternal health-related behaviors during pregnancy, dysfunctional infant caregiving, and stressful environmental conditions that interfere with parental and family functioning. These problems include infant mortality, preterm delivery, low birthweight, and neurodevelopmental impairments in young children resulting from poor conditions for pregnancy, child abuse and neglect, accidental childhood injuries, youth violence, closely spaced pregnancy, and thwarted economic self-sufficiency of parents. In a series of randomized trials conducted in (a) Elmira, New York, begun in 1977 in a semirural area with a primarily White sample; (b) Memphis, Tennessee, begun in 1987 with a primarily Black sample; and (c) Denver, Colorado, begun in 1994 with a sample that included a large portion of Hispanics, our team has been examining the impact of a program of prenatal and early childhood home visitation by nurses on improving parental behaviors and environmental conditions early in the life cycle in an effort to prevent these maternal and child health problems. These trials have enabled us to examine the extent to which the effects of the program are consistent across these different populations, settings, and time periods. The Denver trial was designed to determine the extent to which lay community health visitors might be able to produce the same beneficial effects as nurses when trained in the same program model.
Rethinking Title IX: Are Single-Sex Public Schools Beneficial for Black Girls?

During the mid-twentieth century, most public schools were divided by gender where male and female students were taught in separate school buildings or classrooms. This was a common practice until the early 1970s. In the midst of the Second Wave of the American Feminist movement, there was a growing argument of a learning disparity between male and female students. The studies at the time claimed that female students were at a disadvantage and were underperforming compared to their male counterparts. To address the issue, Congress enacted the Title IX as part of the Education Act Amendments of 1972 which stated that there should be no exclusion of individuals on the basis of sex from federally funded educational programs or activities. The expectation for this portion of the law was to raise the performance level of female students to be comparable to male students. Throughout the 1980s through the early 2000s, more studies have been conducted contesting the research initially presented prior to the enactment of Title IX, arguing that some male and female students may excel better in a single-sex environment. As part of its No Child Left Behind educational reform initiative in 2001, Title IX was revised to make funding available to support single-sex public education programs. The new regulation has drawn both support and criticism from proponents and opponents of single-sex education. For Black students, the research appears one sided. While there are numerous studies discussing the effect of single-sex educational environments for Black boys, there are few studies addressing the same subject for Black girls. The following research proposal will explore the effects of single-sex education for Black female students. The study will be based in Baltimore, Maryland where the oldest all-female public high school, Western Senior High School, is located. The school has a majority Black population of 86%. The methodological approach will be mixed methods, comparing the outcomes of the Black female students at Western to other Black female students in coeducational school environments following a similar curriculum. The future results will determine if Black interest groups, particularly those supporting Black women and girls, should add to their agenda the revision of Title IX to allocate more funding specifically for single-sex public schools when advocating for the education of Black girls.
Laboratory experiments in an algorithms course: technical writing and the scientific method

Technical writing and use of the scientific method are two skills necessary for computer science students. This paper presents a set of laboratory experiments for students to perform experimental verification in the context of an algorithm design and analysis course. These exercises focus on experimental design, the scientific method, data presentation, and technical writing. Although students have been exposed to the scientific method, many need practice in designing and conducting feasible experiments. In addition to example lab exercises, we attempt to point out some common problems encountered in a course using this type of exercise.
Maize, cattle and mosquitoes: the political economy of malaria epidemics in colonial Swaziland.

Malaria was a major health problem in Swaziland during the colonial period. Prior to the commencement of vector control measures in the late 19405 annual outbreaks of malaria occurred during the summer and autumn months from December to May. These seasonal epidemics incapacitated large numbers of Swazis as well as a few Europeans. During most years the epidemic was limited to the lower regions of the country and was marked by relatively few deaths. In other years, however, the annual epidemic spread throughout the country and was accompanied by a high rate of mortality especially among young children. Colonial medical opinion ascribed these major epidemics to abnormally heavy rainfall and increased vector breeding. Yet they were also a product of long-term trends in the Swaziland political economy – the semi-proletarianization of Swazi herdsmen/cultivators and the subordination of Swazi economic interests to those of South African and local European capital - which produced a state of nutritional vulnerability among many Swazi families. This, vulnerability in combination with short-term economic crises, such as the worldwide depression of the early 19305, and drought, gave rise to famine conditions which greatly increased the severity of subsequent outbreaks of malaria, as seen in the histories of the major epidemics of 1932 and 1946.
Are mountain passes higher in the tropics? Janzen's hypothesis revisited

Synopsis In 1967 Daniel Janzen published an influential paper titled “Why Mountain Passes Are Higher in the Tropics.” Janzen derived a simple climatic-physiological model predicting that tropical mountain passes would be more effective barriers to organismal dispersal than would temperate-zone passes of equivalent altitude. This prediction derived from a recognition that the annual variation in ambient temperature at any site is relatively low in the tropics. Such low variation within sites not only reduces the seasonal overlap in thermal regimes between low- and high-altitude sites, but should also select for organisms with narrow physiological tolerances to temperature. As a result, Janzen predicted that tropical lowland organisms are more likely to encounter a mountain pass as a physiological barrier to dispersal (hence “higher”), which should in turn favor smaller distributions and an increase in species turnover along altitudinal gradients. This synthetic hypothesis has long been at the center of discussions of latitudinal patterns of physiological adaptation and of species diversity. Here we review some of the key assumptions and predictions of Janzen’s hypothesis. We find general support for many assumptions and predictions, but call attention to several issues that somewhat ameliorate the generality of Janzen’s classic hypothesis.
Selection of medically useful quality-control procedures for individual tests done in a multitest analytical system

Quality-control (QC) procedures (i.e., decision rules used, numbers of control measurements collected per run) have been selected for individual tests of a multitest analyzer, to see that clinical or "medical usefulness" requirements for quality are met. The approach for designing appropriate QC procedures includes the following steps: (a) defining requirements for quality in the form of the "total allowable analytical error" for each test, (b) determining the imprecision of each measurement procedure, (c) calculating the medically important systematic and random errors for each test, and (d) assessing the probabilities for error detection and false rejection for candidate control procedures. In applying this approach to the Hitachi 737 analyzer, a design objective of 90% (or greater) detection of systematic errors was met for most tests (sodium, potassium, glucose, urea nitrogen, creatinine, phosphorus, uric acid, cholesterol, total protein, total bilirubin, gamma-glutamyltransferase, alkaline phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase) by use of 3.5s control limits with two control measurements per run (N). For the remaining tests (albumin, chloride, total CO2, calcium), requirements for QC procedures were more stringent, and 2.5s limits (with N = 2) were selected.
Tissue-specific proteome tagging: an orthogonal approach

SORTing through the proteome: A versatile method has been developed for the incorporation of a novel 1,3-disubstituted cyclopropene amino acid into the proteome in response to a variety of sense codons and subsequent labeling. Incorporation can be confined to certain tissues by the selective expression of an orthogonal tRNA synthetase under cell-selective promoters.
Current standings in diagnostic management of acute venous thromboembolism: Still rough around the edges

Signs and symptoms of acute deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE) are notoriously non-specific. Therefore, diagnostic management algorithms have been developed, consisting of a clinical decision rule (CDR), D-dimer testing and an imaging test, that allow safe diagnostic management and the exclusion of VTE in clinical practice. However, several challenges still remain: adherence to the diagnostic algorithms, accurate diagnosis of recurrent VTE and reducing the radiation exposure associated with computed tomography pulmonary angiography for suspected PE. In this clinically oriented review, we will provide an overview of current diagnostic algorithms for suspected DVT and PE and focus on recent advances including strategies to improve adherence to recommended algorithms, age-dependent D-dimer threshold and novel imaging techniques.
Heterogeneity of intact granules purified from canine mastocytoma cell lines

We investigated the observation that some mast cells exhibit asynchronous release of granule-associated neutral proteases. Intact mast cell granules were isolated, purified, and studied with respect to their histamine, neutral protease, and proteoglycan content. Studies of two canine mastocytoma cell lines demonstrated differences in storage and packaging of granules within one of the cell lines (G) with respect to the neutral proteases and density, resulting in two distinct subpopulations of granules. By use of identical techniques no such differences were found in the other cell line (BR). These observations suggest that granule subpopulations in some mast cells may have a role in the differential release of mediators.
Twenty Years of Research on Income Inequality, Poverty, and Redistribution in the Developed World: Introduction and Overview

The Luxembourg Income Study (LIS) project, founded in 1983, is one of the oldest and best-known examples of cross-national social-science infrastructure. Some 29 nations and 23 sponsors team together to provide internet-accessible, privacy-protected, household income microdata to over 400 users in 35 nations. The project is financed by annual contributions by these nations' national science foundations, government agencies and the national statistical offices. This paper introduces a series of contributions which marked the LIS 20th anniversary held in July 2003. Four papers survey the contributions that LIS has made in studies of poverty, inequality, the family and labour markets. These are followed by three original articles which show how LIS can be used to highlight one or more nations in comparative perspective. The remainder of this article describes the LIS project and aspects of the 20th Anniversary Conference not covered in the papers in this volume, including future plans to add a range of countries, the availability of a web tabulator for non-programmers to access LIS data, and the new Luxembourg Wealth Study. We also briefly describe where the project is today, and where and how international data collection efforts can improve upon both the quality of income data and their free dissemination to the international research community.
Evidence for multiple foci of eastern equine encephalitis virus (Togaviridae:Alphavirus) in central New York State.

A regional surveillance system for eastern equine encephalitis (EEE) virus was established in central New York in 1984 after the 2nd human EEE fatality occurred in 1983. Extensive mosquito surveillance activities were coordinated with the rapid laboratory processing of mosquito specimens for EEE virus. Active surveillance for EEE infections in humans and equines also was initiated. Results of long-term surveillance detected the presence of multiple Culiseta breeding swamps. A 6-yr interepizootic period (1984–1989) was followed by 2 yr of equine EEE. In 1990, there were 7 equine cases and a record number of EEE virus isolations from mosquitoes ( n = 86), wild birds ( n = 27), and sentinel pheasants ( n = 7). In 1991, 7 equine cases also occurred, although there were fewer isolations from mosquitoes (n = 40). The sequence to the appearance of EEE virus at swamp and upland sites and at individual swamp complexes, and the spatial and temporal distribution of equine cases provide evidence for multiple foci of EEE virus in central New York. The role of infected Culiseta melanura (Coquillett) in the transfer of EEE virus between swamp and upland areas and among swamp complexes is advanced.