cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of Partial Clamping of Aorta in Dogs upon Diastolic Pressure in Carotid and Femoral Arteries

SummaryClamping the aorta above the orifices of the renal artery in dogs is followed by elevation of the diastolic level of arterial pressure in the hind legs as well as in the carotid arteries. Constriction of the peripheral arterioles is, therefore, a general phenomenon, just as when it follows partial clamping of the renal arteries. The hypertension which develops in coarctation of the aorta in man is on this evidence analogous to that which accompanies constriction of the renal arteries. The evidence suggests strongly that interference with the hemodynamics of the renal circulation leads to hypertension in man as well as in animals.
Dietary Iodine Intake of Adults in Wuxi

Objective To assess the dietary iodine intake of adults in Wuxi.Methods Data from the Nutrition Survey in 2005 and 2010,the Chinese Food Composition and the data from drinking water iodine surveillance and salt iodine surveillance were used to calculate the dietary iodine intake of adult,and compare the results with recommended dietary iodine intake standard in our country.Results The average dietary iodine intake of adults in Wuxi city was 353.6 g/d,accounted for 235.7% and 35.4% of RNI and UL respectively.The contribution of iodine from salt(270.2 μg/d) was 76.4%.The dietary iodine intake of 97.4% total population was between RNI and UL and those exceeding UL was only accouted for 0.5%.Except salt,iodine was mainly from foods and drinking water,and the median of dietary iodine intake was 45.4 g/d,only accounted 30.3% of RNI.Conclusion Dietary iodine intake of adults in Wuxi is generally adequate and safe.
Clinical result of renal transplantation in polycystic kidney disease

Objective:To study the special characteristics of renal transplanatation in polycystic kidney disease, its postoperative complications and impacts on transplantation results.Methods:In this study, 42 cases of polycystic kidney receiving kidney transplantation (polycystic kidney disease group) and 80 cases of other diseases (control group) were retrospectively analyzed. Postoperative complications and patient/renal 1-year/5-year survival rates after renal transplantation were compared between two groups. Within the polycystic kidney disease group, we compared the patients with bilateral and unilateral nephrectomy to the patients without original kidney being removed for postoperative complications and 1-year/5-year patient/renal survival rates.Results:No significant differences in delay graft function, acute rejection, cardiovascular events and lung infections were found between the two groups (P 0.05). The ratio of urinary tract infections for patients within the polycystic kidney disease group was remarkably higher than for those within control group (P 0.05). Patients 1-year/5-year survival rates in the polycystic kidney disease and control group were respectively 95.24% and 97.50%, 83.81% and 88.92%; 1-year/5-year graft survival rate in the polycystic kidney disease and control group were respectively 90.48% and 94.97%, 69.55% and 66.54%. There was no significant difference in the aforementioned postoperative complications and 1-year/5-year patient/renal survival rates between the patients with nephrectomy and the patients without original kidney being removed within the polycystic kidney disease group (P 0.05).Conclusions:It was feasible that the polycystic kidney patients receive renal transplantation. The overall patient and graft survival rates did not differ between the polycystic kidney disease and control groups. The satisfactory clinical results could be obtained without removing the original polycystic kidney. We should take effective measures to prevent and control the urinary tract infections because of its high incidence after transplantation.
Livestock and Processed Foods

The majority of crop output is consumed not directly, in raw form, but rather indirectly, either through processed food products, or livestock products which embody crops in the form of feedstuffs. Projecting the long run demand for crop production requires understanding the behavior of demand for these value-added products. Given their importance as a source of crop demand, as well as their environmental impacts, we focus our attention on livestock products, the demand for which has been growing strongly in the developing world. As low income households experience income gains, they upgrade their diets, including a great portion of animal protein. A review of recent trends reveals remarkably rapid growth in pork, poultry and dairy consumption in some of the world’s most populous countries. In recent decades, there has been a strong shift in livestock production towards more intensive production techniques, which has, in turn boosted the demand for feed concentrates based on corn and soybeans. The rapid growth in livestock production has also had important environmental impacts. Beef has by far the greatest environmental footprint on land, water and greenhouse gas emissions, with dairy, pork and poultry having lesser impacts. We conclude the chapter with projections based on the SIMPLE model which serve to disentangle the diverse forces driving the long run livestock demand for crop output.
The Fiscal Policy Dimension: Implicit Taxes

This chapter examines housing policies in socialist economies. While the emphasis is on the Hungarian experience, the questions under investigation also apply to other reforming and post-socialist countries. All the reforming economies are confronted with many of the same basic questions; for example, how can the paradox of a very costly housing-subsidy system be reconciled with the housing shortages that characterize most of the reforming economies; how much do housing subsidies actually cost; and finally, how do housing policies of reformed socialist systems compare with those of market economies?
On the observed hysteresis in field-scale soil moisture variability and its physical controls

The spatiotemporal variability of soil moisture (θ) has rarely been studied at the field scale across different seasons and sites. Here, we utilized 9 months of θ data in two semiarid ecosystems of North America to investigate the key relationship between the spatial mean (〈θ〉) and standard deviation (σ θ ) at the field-scale (~100 m). Analyses revealed a strong seasonal control on the σ θ versus 〈θ〉 relation and the existence of hysteretic cycles where wetting and dry-down phases have notably different behavior. Empirical orthogonal functions (EOFs) showed that θ variability depends on two dominant spatial patterns, with time-stable and seasonally varying contributions in time, respectively. Correlations between EOFs and land surface properties also indicated that θ patterns are linked to vegetation (terrain and soil) factors at the site with higher (lower) vegetation cover. These physical controls explained the observed hysteresis cycles, thus confirming interpretations from previous modeling studies for the first time.
The alarming reality of medication error: a patient case and review of Pennsylvania and National data

Case description : A 71-year-old female accidentally received thiothixene ( Navane ), an antipsychotic, instead of her anti-hypertensive medication amlodipine ( Norvasc ) for 3 months. She sustained physical and psychological harm including ambulatory dysfunction, tremors, mood swings, and personality changes. Despite the many opportunities for intervention, multiple health care providers overlooked her symptoms. Discussion : Errors occurred at multiple care levels, including prescribing, initial pharmacy dispensation, hospitalization, and subsequent outpatient follow-up. This exemplifies the Swiss Cheese Model of how errors can occur within a system. Adverse drug events (ADEs) account for more than 3.5 million physician office visits and 1 million emergency department visits each year. It is believed that preventable medication errors impact more than 7 million patients and cost almost $21 billion annually across all care settings. About 30% of hospitalized patients have at least one discrepancy on discharge medication reconciliation. Medication errors and ADEs are an underreported burden that adversely affects patients, providers, and the economy. Conclusion : Medication reconciliation including an ‘indication review’ for each prescription is an important aspect of patient safety. The decreasing frequency of pill bottle reviews, suboptimal patient education, and poor communication between healthcare providers are factors that threaten patient safety. Medication error and ADEs cost billions of health care dollars and are detrimental to the provider–patient relationship.
Electron density uniformity commensurate with B-dot uniformity verification measurements for a phase-locked, RF distributed current source control system

The ability to control ion particle and energy flux uniformity was substaniated1 with an RF power delivery system using a digitally controlled phase-locked dual power supply for an ICP source. Phase-lock drive of multiple RF power sources to drive a single plasma discharge has demonstrated the ability to modify low pressure discharges unachievable by other means, including control of electrical asymmetry, ion energy distribution function shape, and uniformity2'3. This work continues an experimental effort to validate EM field simulations demonstrating the control of the mutual field coupling relationship for a source dual coil assembly. Both ion flux uniformity and average ion energy were shown impacted by relative coil phase conditions and constant coil current regulation. We ameliorate these past results with electron density uniformity control, correlated with measured field strength effects.
The Missing Member of Troeltsch's Trinity: Thoughts Generated by Weber's Comments

Troeltsch (1931:903), in his sociohistorical analysis of Christianity, identified "three main types of the sociological development of Christian thought, the Church, the sect, and mysticism." Of the last he said, "This mysticism has expressed itself in a very vital way at all (italics mine) periods of Church history, and particularly at all periods of criticism of tradition, of religious decline, and of new religious developments" (Troeltsch, 1931:733). What then has happened to mysticism in American sociology of religion? Henri Desroche in Jacob and the Angel (1972:xii-iv) suggests that "there are, indeed, at least two sociologies of religion ... a sociology which treats the nonreligious factors of the religious phenomenon and a sociology which treats the religious factors of non-religious phenomena." It is the concentration of interest in the first that is probably one significant factor in the absence of mysticism. The relevant section from Troeltsch's Social Teachings . . becomes the section in which he contrasts the church and sect, spelling out the social characteristics of each (Troeltsch, 1931:331-43). Weber's definition of the church and sect appear not in his sociology of religion but in what Guenther Roth calls Weber's sociology of domination (Weber, 1968:LXXXII), wherein he is most concerned with the forms of hierocracy and the relationship between them. It is in this same section that Weber (1968:1164,1207) contrasts the sect to the church. Thus it is that the "saints" of religious organization do not spell out the characteristics of mysticism in as concentrated form as the other two, nor do they contrast it with them explicitly, and thus do not make the direct linkage which would have forced us to keep it as clearly in mind. Or is the linkage of church, sect, and mysticism seen only when one emphasizes some dimension other than the organizational? Is it a matter of multiple dimensions? Troeltsch (1931:729) notes "in the usual treatment of these questions the second element (mysticism) is unhesitatingly classed with the sect movement." Weber (1973:144-5) speaks of the strong presence of mysticism in the Eastern Orthodox tradition, which certainly on many of the organizational dimensions approximates the church. Again Troeltsch (1931:933) says mysticism is "a purely personal and inward experience; this leads to the formation of groups on a purely personal basis, with no permanent form. . . " although in another place he says that this "inward quality of religious experience . .. leaps over or complements traditions, cults and institutions" (1910:4). Weber also emphasizes the uniqueness of experience as central to mysticism but recognizes the potentiality of the development of the "mystagogue" and in that development some recognized forms of repeated action that are organizationally supported (1963:166-175).
Schmerzentstehung, Schmerzleitung und Schmerzverarbeitung

Untersuchungen von Bonica (1) zufolge werden Geburtsschmerzen in der Eroffnungsperiode durch die Zervixdilatation ausgelost. Der Wehenschmerz verlauft hauptsachlich uber die Nervenbahnen des Nervus hypogastricus inferior (Frankenhauser Plexus), den Nervus praesacralis (Nervus hypogastricus superior) und den sympathischen Grenzstrang zu den dorsalen Wurzeln des Ruckenmarks von Th 11 bis Th 12. Der Schmerz kann allerdings auf die Headschen Zonen Th 10 bis L 1 projiziert werden.
A Qualitative Study of Symptom Experiences of Women With Acute Coronary Syndrome.

Background: Most studies show that women with symptoms of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) delay seeking care longer than men do. Contributing factors include women being more likely to experience diverse symptoms, to experience symptoms that do not match preexisting symptom expectations, to interpret symptoms as noncardiac, and to minimize symptoms until they become incapacitating.Objective: The aim of the study is to identify factors influencing women’s ability to recognize and accurately interpret symptoms of suspected ACS.Methods: This qualitative study used in-depth interviews with 18 women diagnosed with ACS to determine how they recognized, interpreted, and acted on symptoms. An interview guide developed from the author’s initial research was used to provide structure for the process.Results: All of the women went through a process of recognizing and interpreting their symptoms. Eight women had symptoms arise abruptly. Most of these women recognized a change immediately, “knew” to go for treatment, and did so quickly. Three women had vague symptoms that started slowly, converting unexpectedly to intense symptoms prompting them to seek care urgently. The remaining 7 women had evolving symptoms, were more likely to interpret symptoms as unrelated to their heart, and avoided disclosing symptoms to others. Despite recognizing that the situation may be serious, women with evolving symptoms adopted a wait-and-see approach.Conclusion: Women with less severe, intermittent, or evolving symptoms are at increased risk for delayed presentation, diagnosis, and treatment for ACS. These women should be targeted for educational and behavioral interventions.
On the v-representability of ensemble densities of electron systems

Abstract Analogously to the case at zero temperature, where the density of the ground state of an interacting many-particle system determines uniquely (within an arbitrary additive constant) the external potential acting on the system, the thermal average of the density over an ensemble defined by the Boltzmann distribution at the minimum of the thermodynamic potential, or the free energy, determines the external potential uniquely (and not just modulo a constant) acting on a system described by this thermodynamic potential or free energy. The paper describes a formal procedure that generates the domain of a constrained search over general ensembles (at zero or elevated temperatures) that lead to a given density, including as a special case a density thermally averaged at a given temperature, and in the case of a v -representable density determines the external potential leading to the ensemble density. As an immediate consequence of the general formalism, the concept of v -representability is extended beyond the hitherto discussed case of ground state densities to encompass excited states as well. Specific application to thermally averaged densities solves the v -representability problem in connection with the Mermin functional in a manner analogous to that in which this problem was recently settled with respect to the Hohenberg and Kohn functional. The main formalism is illustrated with numerical results for ensembles of one-dimensional, non-interacting systems of particles under a harmonic potential.
Towards trusted mobile payment services: a security analysis on Apple Pay

Today, many stores and users adopt mobile payment services due to the various benefits that the technology can provide. Users can make transactions with their mobile devices such as smart phones instead of physically handing over cash or swiping credit cards. Stores can implement the payment service in a relatively simple and inexpensive way. For both users and stores, the technology increases speed of the check-out process thus reducing the waiting time. The time savings may give more profits to stores. Although the new mobile payment service can provide users and stores with various benefits, it also introduces new security concerns and vulnerabilities. In this paper, we analyse the security features in Apple Pay and discuss possible ways to make it more reliable. Furthermore, once we delve into security vulnerabilities in Apple Pay, we propose the possible solutions along with their implementation to overcome the security concerns in the service.
Cascaded chirped photon acceleration for efficient frequency conversion

A cascaded sequence of photon acceleration stages using the instantaneous creation of a plasma density gradient by flash ionization allows the generation of coherent and chirped ultraviolet and x-ray pulses with independently tunable frequency and bandwidth. The efficiency of the cascaded process scales with 1/ω in energy, and multiple stages produce significant frequency up-conversion with gas-density plasmas. Chirping permits subsequent pulse compression to few-cycle durations, and output frequencies are not limited to integer harmonics.A cascaded sequence of photon acceleration stages using the instantaneous creation of a plasma density gradient by flash ionization allows the generation of coherent and chirped ultraviolet and x-ray pulses with independently tunable frequency and bandwidth. The efficiency of the cascaded process scales with 1/ω in energy, and multiple stages produce significant frequency up-conversion with gas-density plasmas. Chirping permits subsequent pulse compression to few-cycle durations, and output frequencies are not limited to integer harmonics.
Buprenorphine Use and Spending for Opioid Use Disorder Treatment: Trends From 2003 to 2015

Objective:This study examined buprenorphine prescription uptake and expenditure trends among privately insured adults from 2003 to 2015 to inform efforts to expand opioid use disorder treatment.Met...
The impact of early enteral nutrition on pediatric acute respiratory failure.

Summary Background and aims Children who are critically ill undergo metabolic stress and it is important that they receive adequate calories and protein in order to recover. Our objective was to investigate the impact of early enteral nutrition (EEN) on pediatric intensive care (PICU) patients with acute respiratory failure. Methods A retrospective cohort study was performed on all patients admitted to a 20 bed PICU at a tertiary children's hospital over a 30 month period. Inclusion criteria were: intubation on admission or within 24 h of admission, ventilation over 48 h and enteral nutrition initiated on ventilatory support. Baseline patient characteristics and nutritional, ventilatory and overall outcome data were collected. Subgroup analysis was performed comparing those that received EEN (goal in 72 h) and those that did not. Results Patients that received EEN had a shorter PICU and overall length of stay 8.7 vs 10.7 and 17.5 vs 22; p Conclusions In PICU patients with acute respiratory failure, EEN is associated with shorter PICU and overall length of stay and delivery of higher percentage of goal Kcal and protein by tube feeds. Feeds are commonly interrupted despite efforts to achieve EEN and patients receiving vasoactive agents have feeds held more commonly for perceived intolerance.
Origin and Control of Low-Melting Behavior in Salts, Polysalts, Salt Solvates, and Glassformers

In this chapter we first analyze the reasons that some substances, ionic or otherwise, have melting points that are low relative to others of their class. In the case of ionic liquids such systems then may remain liquid at ambient temperature, and provide the basis for novel electrolytes and synthetic reaction media, or alternatively may form glassy solids during cooling. We then discuss a variety of examples of systems that may be useful in either of the above ambient temperature liquid categories. We analyse the factors that decide the fluidities of ambient temperature ionic liquids and give data on a class of such liquids that may have superior properties for “green” chemistry and photoelectrochemical cell purposes.
Factors Influencing Users’ Information Requests: Medium, Target, and Extra-Topical Dimension

We report on a crowdsourced study that investigated how two factors influence the way people formulate information requests. Our first factor, medium, considers whether the request is produced using text or voice. Our second factor, target, considers whether the request is intended for a search engine or a human intermediary (i.e., someone who will search on the user’s behalf). In particular, we study how these two factors influence the way people formulate requests in situations where the information need has a specific type of extra-topical dimension (i.e., a type of constraint that is independent from the information need’s topic). We focus on six extra-topical dimensions: (1) domain knowledge, (2) viewpoint, (3) experiential, (4) venue location, (5) source location, and (6) temporal. The extra-topical dimension was manipulated by giving participants carefully constructed search tasks. We analyzed a large number of information requests produced by study participants, and address three research questions. We study the effects of our two factors (medium and target) on (RQ1) participants’ perceptions about their own information requests, (RQ2) the different characteristics of their information requests (e.g., natural language structure, retrieval performance), and (RQ3) participants’ strategies for requesting information when the search task has a specific type of extra-topical dimension. Our results found that both factors influenced participants’ perceptions about their own information requests, the characteristics of participants’ requests, and the strategies adopted by participants to request information matching the extra-topical dimension. Our results have implications for future research on methods that can harness (rather than ignore) extra-topical query terms to retrieve relevant information.
Epicureanism and Scepticism in the Early 17th Century

By the early 17th century there was a good deal of interest and concern with Epicurean physics, especially among chemists and medical doctors, and some interest and concern with Epicurean moral theory and theology. People who were sceptical of traditional morality and theology were being accused by fanatics like le pere Garasse of being Epicureans, even if their professed views were fideistic (like those of Pierre Charron).1 In this paper I will not attempt to survey the various writers of Epicurean tendencies of the period, their affinities to scepticism, and the accusations made against them. Instead I shall treat just two figures, Pierre Gassendi and Uriel Da Costa, and shall try to show that each of them tried to combine an aspect of Epicureanism with a type of scepticism - Gassendi joining an epistemological scepticism with Epicurean physics, and Da Costa joining a religious scepticism with portions of Epicurean theology. The later fusion of these two views produced, I believe, the modern scientific unbeliever.
Target injection methods for inertial fusion energy

The authors have studied four methods to inject IFE targets: the gas gun, electrostatic accelerator, induction accelerator, and rail gun. They recommend a gas gun for indirect drive targets because they can support a gas pressure load on one end and can slide along the gun barrel without damage: for other types of targets, a sabot would be necessary. With the gas gun, the amount of gas required for each target (about 10 to 100 mg) is acceptable. They recommend a cam and poppet valve arrangement for gas flow control and barrel venting to improve accuracy and gas pumping. An electrostatic accelerator is attractive for use with lightweight spherical direct drive targets. Since there is no physical contact between the target and the injector, there will be no wear of either component during the injection process. An induction accelerator has an advantage of no electrical contact between the target and the injector. Physical contact is not even necesary, so the wear should be minimal. It requires a cylindrical conductive target sleeve which is a substantial added mass. A rail gun is a simpler device than an electrostatic accelerator or induction accelerator. The authors recommend an externally applied magnetic field tomore » reduce required current by an order of magnitude. A railgun requires electrical contact between the target and the rails and may have a significant wear rate. The wear in a vacuum could be reduced by use of a solid lubricant such as MoS{sub 2}. The total required accuracy of target injection, tracking and beam pointing of {+-}0.4 mm appears achievable but will require development and experimental verification.« less
Knowledge Summaries for Comprehensive Breast Cancer Control: Feedback From Target Audiences in Kenya

PURPOSEComprehensive breast cancer control programs are needed to decrease breast cancer mortality, but few tools exist to assist stakeholders in limited-resource settings. The Knowledge Summaries ...
Abstract 3836: Efficacy of CDK9 inhibitor-based combinations as therapy for post-myeloproliferative neoplasm (MPN) secondary (s) AML

Standard AML chemotherapy and JAK inhibitor (ruxolitinib) treatments are ineffective against post-myeloproliferative neoplasm (MPN) sAML. Mutations in JAK2, MPL and calreticulin, and co-epimutations, result in a dysregulated transcriptome, which is responsible for transformation of MPN to sAML and for its therapy-refractoriness. CDK9 is the catalytic subunit of pTEFb that phosphorylates serine 2 in the heptad-repeats of the C-terminal domain of RNA pol II (RNAP2). CDK9 also phosphorylates and inactivates negative transcript elongation factors (NELF and SPT5), which induces promoter-proximal pause-release of RNAP2 to enable productive mRNA transcript elongation. The bromodomain extra-terminal (BET) protein BRD4 recruits pTEFb to the chromatin to promote RNAP2-mediated elongation of transcripts, including those of c-Myc, Bcl-xL, PIM1 and MCL1, important for cell growth and survival of post-MPN sAML cells. Here, we determined the effects of inhibiting BRD4-CDK9-RNAP2 axis in post-MPN sAML cells. Treatment with the CDK9 inhibitor (CDK9i) NVP2 or BAY1143572 (B) dose-dependently induced apoptosis of ruxolitinib-sensitive (Rux-S) sAML cultured cells lines HEL92.1.7 (HEL) and SET2, as well as of patient-derived sAML blast progenitor cells (BPCs), while sparing normal CD34+ progenitor cells (HPCs). CDK9i-induced lethality in sAML cells was associated with attenuation of protein levels of S2-phosphorylated RNAP2, as well as depletion of mRNA and protein levels of c-Myc, PIM1, MCL1, Bcl-xL and XIAP. ATAC-Seq analyses demonstrated that treatment with NVP2 or B caused marked alterations in chromatin accessibility, including large peak losses on the chromatin with binding sites of TFs such as ERG, PU.1, STAT5, c-Myc, and RELA. This was associated with attenuation of mRNA expression of cMyb, c-Myc, RUNX1, LMO2, RELB, NFKB2, c-FLIP, MCL1, CDK6 and Bcl-xL. Following engraftment of luciferase transduced HEL cells into NSG mice, daily treatment with B at 10 mg/kg for 3 wks significantly reduced sAML burden and improved survival of the NSG mice (p 10-fold higher ruxolitinib IC50 values than Rux-S cells). This was associated with attenuated protein levels of p-RNAP2, c-Myc, PIM1, Bcl-xL and XIAP. Co-treatment with OTX015 and NVP2 or B synergistically induced apoptosis of not only HEL and SET2 but also HEL-RuxP and SET-RuxP cells, as well as of patient-derived sAML BPCs (CI values Citation Format: Dyana T. Saenz, Warren C. Fiskus, Taghi Manshouri, Christopher P. Mill, Joseph D. Khoury, Srdan Verstovsek, Kapil N. Bhalla. Efficacy of CDK9 inhibitor-based combinations as therapy for post-myeloproliferative neoplasm (MPN) secondary (s) AML [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 3836.
Wider Use of Inhalation Therapy Requires Effective Department Organization

(1963). Wider Use of Inhalation Therapy Requires Effective Department Organization. Hospital Topics: Vol. 41, No. 5, pp. 55-57.
Thermal Conductivity of Polyelectrolytes with Different Counterions

Polyelectrolytes are important in many applications, such as electronic devices and batteries. In this work, we study the thermal conductivity of polyelectrolytes with different counterions using m...
How Are Competitive Framing Environments Transformed by Person-to-Person Communication? An Integrated Social Transmission, Content Analysis, and Eye Movement Monitoring Approach:

Person-to-person communication is ubiquitous in everyday life, yet the literature on framing has not examined how the content and number of frames change when transmitted across individuals. In Stu...
Calcineurin homologous protein isoform 2 supports tumor survival via the sodium hydrogen exchanger isoform 1 in non-small cell lung cancer.

Maintaining intracellular pH is crucial for preserving healthy cellular behavior and, when dysregulated, results in increased proliferation, migration, and invasion. The Na+/H+ exchanger isoform 1 is a highly regulated transmembrane antiporter that maintains pH homeostasis by exporting protons in response to intra- and extracellular signals. Activation of Na+/H+ exchanger isoform 1 is exquisitely regulated by the extracellular environment and protein cofactors, including calcineurin B homologous proteins 1 and 2. While Na+/H+ exchanger isoform 1 and calcineurin B homologous protein 1 are ubiquitously expressed, calcineurin B homologous protein 2 shows tissue-specific expression and upregulation in a variety of cancer cells. In addition, calcineurin B homologous protein 2 expression is modulated by tumorigenic extracellular conditions like low nutrients. To understand the role of calcineurin B homologous protein 2 in tumorigenesis and survival in lung cancer, we surveyed existing databases and formed a comprehensive report of Na+/H+ exchanger isoform 1, calcineurin B homologous protein 1, and calcineurin B homologous protein 2 expression in diseased and non-diseased tissues. We show that calcineurin B homologous protein 2 is upregulated during oncogenesis in many adeno and squamous carcinomas. To understand the functional role of calcineurin B homologous protein 2 upregulation, we evaluated the effect of Na+/H+ exchanger isoform 1 and calcineurin B homologous protein 2 depletion on cellular function during cancer progression in situ. Here, we show that calcineurin B homologous protein 2 functions through Na+/H+ exchanger isoform 1 to effect cell proliferation, cell migration, steady-state pHi, and anchorage-independent tumor growth. Finally, we present evidence that calcineurin B homologous protein 2 depletion in vivo has potential to reduce tumor burden in a xenograft model. Together, these data support the tumor-promoting potential of aberrant calcineurin B homologous protein 2 expression and position calcineurin B homologous protein 2 as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer.
Complement Receptor 3 Contributes to the Sexual Dimorphism in Neutrophil Killing of Staphylococcus aureus .

We previously reported sex differences in innate susceptibility to Staphylococcus aureus skin infection and that bone marrow neutrophils (BMN) from female mice have an enhanced ability to kill S. aureus ex vivo compared with those of male mice. However, the mechanism(s) driving this sex bias in neutrophil killing have not been reported. Given the role of opsonins such as complement, as well as their receptors, in S. aureus recognition and clearance, we investigated their contribution to the enhanced bactericidal capacity of female BMN. We found that levels of C3 in the serum and CR3 (CD11b/CD18) on the surface of BMN were higher in female compared with male mice. Consistent with increased CR3 expression following TNF-α priming, production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), an important bactericidal effector, was also increased in female versus male BMN in response to serum-opsonized S. aureus Furthermore, blocking CD11b reduced both ROS levels and S. aureus killing by murine BMN from both sexes. However, at the same concentration of CD11b blocking Ab, S. aureus killing by female BMN was greatly reduced compared with those from male mice, suggesting CR3-dependent differences in bacterial killing between sexes. Overall, this work highlights the contributions of CR3, C3, and ROS to innate sex bias in the neutrophil response to S. aureus Given that neutrophils are crucial for S. aureus clearance, understanding the mechanism(s) driving the innate sex bias in neutrophil bactericidal capacity could identify novel host factors important for host defense against S. aureus.
The Meaning of Gravity at the International Criminal Court: A Survey of Attitudes About the Seriousness of Mass Atrocities

Gravity is an extremely important concept at the International Criminal Court (ICC). It is crucial to decisions about which situations to investigate, which cases to bring to trial, and what sentences to impose on those who are found guilty. Gravity may also be very important for the long-term success of the court. The Rome Statute states that the ICC will exercise jurisdiction over “the most serious crimes” and that the prosecution of these “grave crimes” will “contribute to [their] prevention.” And it may well be true that if the court is perceived as investigating and prosecuting the most grave crimes that this will contribute to the prevention of such crimes. But the court must not only claim to be prosecuting the most serious offenses, it must be seen to be prosecuting the most serious offenses. This dynamic places a great deal of weight on the meaning of gravity within the Statute. If the ICC’s gravity definition does not accord with most people’s expectations, then they are less likely to perceive the court as prosecuting the most grave offenses. If people do not perceive the court to be focusing on crimes of the greatest gravity, they are less likely to believe the ICC is legitimate, and less likely to conform to its norms. As a result, it is very important that the court’s gravity decisions match people’s expectations about those decisions. Unfortunately, there is very little scholarship on how the population as a whole views the gravity of mass atrocities. This Article aims to fills that void by surveying people about their understanding of crime gravity. The survey asked participants to rate the seriousness of different mass atrocities. The participants’ scores were then used to determine which factors increase the perceived gravity of crimes. The results indicate that there are some areas where there is relatively broad agreement as well as some areas where there is less agreement. Overall, the results are good news for the ICC because they suggest that it is possible for the ICC to create a gravity definition that most people will view as legitimate. Ultimately, having a definition of gravity that most people can agree with will help the Court accomplish its long-term goal of preventing violations of international criminal law.
Research Handbook on Patent Law and Practice (Table of Contents and Preface)

This significantly updated second edition of the Research Handbook on Patent Law and Practice provides comprehensive coverage of new research for patent protection in three major jurisdictions: the United States, Europe and Japan. Leading patent scholars and practitioners provide an innovative comparative analysis of fundamental issues such as patentability, examination procedure and the scope of patent protection, with current issues such as patent protection for industry standards, computer software and business methods. Updates to this second edition reflect on the dramatic changes that have taken place in the US Patent System since the first edition, including the America Invents Act that has introduced the first-inventor-to-file policy and post issuance proceedings to challenge validity. Current topics, such as the Unified Patent Court, patent litigation updates reform in the US, design patents and patent inventions in medical science, are also addressed.
Lead Emissions and Population Vulnerability in the Detroit Metropolitan Area, 2006-2013: Impact of Pollution, Housing Age and Neighborhood Racial Isolation and Poverty on Blood Lead in Children.

This research investigates the relationships between airborne and depositional industrial lead emission concentrations modeled using Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA’s) American Meteorological Society/Environmental Protection Agency Regulatory Model (AERMOD) and childhood blood lead levels (BLL) in the Detroit Metropolitan Area (DMA) 2006–2013. Linear and mediation interaction regression models estimated the effects of older housing and airborne and depositional lead emission concentrations on black and white childhood BLLs, controlling for neighborhood levels of racial isolation and poverty—important social structures in the DMA. The results showed a direct relationship between airborne and depositional lead emissions and higher childhood BLL, after controlling for median housing age. Lead emissions also exacerbated the effect of older housing on black and white children’s BLLs (indirect relationship), after controlling for social structures. Findings from this research indicate that black and white children exposed to lead-based paint/pipes in older housing are further impacted by industrial lead pollution that may lead to permanent neurological damage.
Employment Lapses and Subsequent Hiring Disadvantages: An Experimental Approach Examining Types of Discrimination and Mechanisms:

Employment interruption is a common experience in today’s labor market, most frequently due to unemployment from job loss and temporary lapses to care for family or children. Although existing rese...
The phenomenology of joint agency: the implicit structures of the shared life-world

We do lots of things together in a shared manner. From the phenomenological point of view, does joint or shared agency need a conscious sense of shared agency? Yet there are many processes where we seem to just go along with the group without conscious intent. Building on the classic phenomenological accounts of Edmund Husserl, Alfred Schutz, Martin Heidegger (and the synthetic account of Berger & Luckmann), I want to emphasize the thick horizon of the life-world as a fundamental condition for intentional shared agency. Joint agency has divergent forms with their own peculiar intentionality, attentivity, anticipations and expectations, and embeddedness in a pre-predicative tacit knowledge in the overall live-world. Phenomenology recognizes that even ego-centered activities that appear to be fully ‘agential’ can be carried out in an anonymous un-owned manner, in the manner which Heidegger calls ‘das Man’, or ‘the one’. This suggests that tacit belonging to the collective ‘we’ undergirds individual agency. Husserl, Heidegger, and Schutz all have accounts of this ‘anonymous’, pre-predicative kind of group participation. Phenomenology has rich accounts of anonymous, voluntary, shared, social participation that demand a new concept of agency, one neglected in the current literature in philosophy of action.
An Introduction to Manifolds

A Brief Introduction.- Part I. The Euclidean Space.- Smooth Functions on R(N).- Tangent Vectors In R(N) as Derivations.- Alternating K-Linear Functions.- Differential Forms on R(N).- Part II. Manifolds.- Manifolds.- Smooth Maps on A Manifold.- Quotient.- Part III. The Tangent Space.- The Tangent Space.- Submanifolds.- Categories And Functors.- The Image of A Smooth Map.- The Tangent Bundle.- Bump Functions and Partitions of Unity.- Vector Fields.- Part IV. Lie Groups and Lie Algebras.- Lie Groups.- Lie Algebras.- Part V. Differential Forms.- Differential 1-Forms.- Differential K-Forms.- The Exterior Derivative.- Part VI. Integration.- Orientations.- Manifolds With Boundary.- Integration on A Manifold.- Part VII. De Rham Theory.- De Rham Cohomology.- The Long Exact Sequence in Cohomology.- The Mayer-Vietoris Sequence.- Homotopy Invariance.- Computation of De Rham Cohomology.- Proof of Homotopy Invariance.- Appendix A. Point-Set Topology.- Appendix B. Inverse Function Theorem of R(N) And Related Results.- Appendix C. Existence of A Partition of Unity in General.- Appendix D. Solutions to Selected Exercises.- Bibliography.- Index.
Complete Nucleotide Sequence of the Cohesive Ends of Bacteriophage P2 Deoxyribonucleic Acid

Abstract At the ends of bacteriophage P2 DNA, the 5'-terminated strands are 19 nucleotides longer than the 3'-terminated strands. The complete nucleotide sequence of the two cohesive ends of P2 DNA has been determined. This was accomplished by repair synthesis, using Escherichia coli DNA polymerase and labeled deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates with or without a ribonucleoside triphosphate, followed by partial enzymatic digestions of the labeled segments and sequence analysis of the isolated oligonucleotides. Starting from the 5' end of one cohesive end, the 19 nucleotides are in the sequence dpGpTpGpCpTpTpTpCpCpCpCpGpCpCpTpCpGpCpC. The sequence from the other cohesive ends is exactly complementary to this one. The underlined bases differ from the sequence of the corresponding cohesive end of bacteriophage 186 DNA. Thus, DNA molecules from two related phages can form mixed dimers and help each other in infectivity assay even though the cohesive end sequences are not identical. The functional and thermodynamic significance of these findings is discussed.
Order metrics for semantic knowledge systems

Knowledge systems technologies, as derived from AI methods and used in the modern Semantic Web movement, are dominated by graphical knowledge structures such as ontologies and semantic graph databases A critical but typically overlooked aspect of all of these structures is their admission to analyses in terms of formal hierarchical relations The partial order representations of whatever hierarchy is present within a knowledge structure afford opportunities to exploit these hierarchical constraints to facilitate a variety of tasks, including ontology analysis and alignment, visual layout, and anomaly detection We introduce the basic concepts of order metrics and address the impact of a hierarchical (order-theoretical) analysis on knowledge systems tasks.
Data Aspects of Graphical Applications - Experience from an Engineering Joint Study

This paper reports on experience with an Application Support System, called SMART. The SMART prototype was developed to investigate DP techniques in the Engineering environment, including graphics. Several of these applications involve highly complex geometric and physical objects, which are manipulated on graphic screens. In many cases it is not possible beforehand to establish precisely which structures will best describe the application and help solve its problem. This observation holds not only for the application data themselves, but also for the picture and dialog structures that will eventually serve the user. Often modifications and additions are demanded many times during the life-time of an application.
The Government-Sponsored Enterprises and the Mortgage Crisis : The Role of the Affordable Housing Goals

The U.S. mortgage crisis that began in 2007 generated questions about the role played by Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, the Government-Sponsored Enterprises (GSEs), in its causes. Some have claimed that the Affordable Housing Goals (AHGs), introduced by Congress through the GSE Act of 1992, and the resulting purchases of single-family mortgages the GSEs made to meet those goals, drove lending to high-risk borrowers. Using regression discontinuity analysis, I measure the effect of one of the goals, the Underserved Areas Goal (UAG), on the number of whole single-family mortgages purchased by the GSEs in targeted census tracts from 1996 to 2002. Focusing additionally on tracts that became UAG-eligible in 2005-2006, when the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) began to determine eligibility using the 2000 Census, I measure the effect of the UAG on the GSEs' whole single-family mortgage purchases during peak years for the subprime mortgage market. Under the first approach, I estimate that the GSEs purchased 0 to 3 percent more goal-eligible mortgages than they would have without the UAG in place. Under the second approach, I estimate this effect to be 2.5 to 5 percent. The results suggest a small UAG effect and challenge the view that the goals caused the GSEs to supply substantially more credit to high-risk borrowers than they otherwise would have supplied. Although the goals may have spurred the GSEs to purchase more multi-family mortgages and REMICs than they otherwise would have, my analyses suggest that the GSEs' purchases of whole single-family mortgages to satisfy the goals did not drive the subprime lending boom of 2002-2006.
Characterization of photoplethysmographic blood volume pulse waveforms for exercise evaluation

The changes in the blood volume pulse (BVP) of exercising subjects are monitored and analyzed using three different approaches: averaged histogram, average periodogram and average beat amplitude and area. The results for all of these methods of analysis are shown.
NASA's Physics of the Cosmos and Cosmic Origins technology development programs

NASA’s Physics of the Cosmos (PCOS) and Cosmic Origins (COR) Program Offices, established in 2011, reside at the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC). The offices serve as the implementation arm for the Astrophysics Division at NASA Headquarters. We present an overview of the programs’ technology development activities and technology investment portfolio, funded by NASA’s Strategic Astrophysics Technology (SAT) program. We currently fund 19 technology advancements to enable future PCOS and COR missions to help answer the questions “How did our universe begin and evolve?” and “How did galaxies, stars, and planets come to be?” We discuss the process for addressing community-provided technology gaps and Technology Management Board (TMB)-vetted prioritization and investment recommendations that inform the SAT program. The process improves the transparency and relevance of our technology investments, provides the community a voice in the process, and promotes targeted external technology investments by defining needs and identifying customers. The programs’ goal is to promote and support technology development needed to enable missions envisioned by the National Research Council’s (NRC) “New Worlds, New Horizons in Astronomy and Astrophysics” (NWNH) Decadal Survey report [1] and the Astrophysics Implementation Plan (AIP) [2]. These include technology development for dark energy, gravitational waves, X-ray and inflation probe science, and a 4m-class UV/optical telescope to conduct imaging and spectroscopy studies, as a post-Hubble observatory with significantly improved sensitivity and capability.