cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Simultaneous measurement of thyroxine and thyrotropin from newborn dried blood-spot specimens using a multiplexed fluorescent microsphere immunoassay.

All newborns in the United States are screened by state-sponsored programs for congenital hypothyroidism. Traditionally, this has involved an initial screen for thyroxine (T4), followed by testing thyrotropin (TSH) concentrations of infants with low T4 values. This algorithm or an alternative whereby only TSH is assayed does not detect all hypothyroid newborns (1). A simultaneous assay that measures both T4 and TSH would be preferred for screening. Luminex MultiAnalyte Profiling Technology (LabMAP) was used to develop an immunoassay that measures T4 and TSH simultaneously from a single blood-spot sample. The method uses a mixture of two distinct sets of uniquely fluorescent microspheres, which are identified by distinct red and orange fluorescent dyes by the Luminex100 flow analyzer (2). Quantification is accomplished with a green fluorescent reporter molecule. At present, 100 distinct sets of fluorescent microspheres are available, permitting the simultaneous measurement of as many as 100 different analytes. Uniquely, LabMAP provides the ability to combine different immunoassay formats in a single detection system: a competitive-inhibition format for T4 measurement and a sandwich-capture format for measurement of TSH. Using two Luminex spectral-addressable fluorescent microsphere sets, we covalently coupled T4-BSA and anti-TSH capture antibody to two distinct microsphere sets. The anti-TSH monoclonal capture antibody (100 μg), clone 204-12410 (OEM Concepts), and 25 μg of the T4-BSA antigen (Fitzgerald Industries International) were separately covalently attached to the carboxylate groups …
Host specificity tests of Hylobius transversovittatus goeze (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), a potential biological control agent of purple loosestrife, Lythrum salicaria L. (Lythraceae)

Abstract Host specificity tests of Hylobius transversovittatus Goeze (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) were conducted under quarantine to determine the suitability of this imported Eurasian weevil as a biological control agent of purple loosestrife, Lythrum salicaria L., an emergent aquatic weed of Eurasian origin. Based on preliminary tests by the C.A.B. International Institute of Biological Control (IIBC), 15 species of plants from nine families were selected for the tests. Adult feeding, oviposition, and larval development of the weevil were restricted to the family Lythraceae. Besides purple loosestrife (the target plant), Decodon verticillatus (L.) Ell. supported larval development to the adult stage. Lythrum alatum Pursh. supported larval development to the third instar. There was, however, more adult feeding and ovipositional preference for purple loosestrife over all other test species. The results suggest that H. transversovittatus is adequately host specific and should not be a threat to nontarget plants.
Infection of the appendicular skeleton

In relation to the clinical course, infection in bone can be divided into acute, subacute and chronic osteomyelitis. The diagnosis of acute osteomyelitis is often challenging but can best be made by correlating radiography, bone scintigraphy and MRI with clinical information. Radiography should routinely be supplemented by sonography in the newborns and infants, if applicable. Brodie’s abscess, which is clinically a subacute form of osteomyelitis, is best diagnosed by the combination of radiography and MRI. Chronic osteomyelitis is divided into primary haematogenous forms and exogenous, mostly post-traumatic, osteomyelitis. In the majority of patients, post-traumatic osteomyelitis is a clinical diagnosis; however, in a number of patients only the correlation of clinical findings, blood tests and imaging reveals the correct diagnosis. Often, MRI and scintigraphic methods, such as scanning with labeled leucocytes, together establish the diagnosis. Chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis may mimic bacterial osteomyelitis but is a distinct disease probably associated with the SAPHO syndrome.
Ethical dimensions of spam

The explosion of spam within the world's e-mail system has seriously impaired the usefulness of e-mail as a reliable and trustworthy medium for interpersonal communication. Spam raises important societal concerns that are potentially corrosive in their impact. This paper considers the origins of spam and describes in some detail spam's application and content. In addition, this paper explores the role that spam filtering and blocking plays in the administration of e-mail services. The ultimate objective of this paper is to apply the ethical framework developed by Berenheim (1988) to better understand the impact that spam has on e-mail users and to examine the ethical issues connected with the distribution and regulation of spam.
Assessing impacts of forest harvesting -- the Minnesota experience

Abstract In late 1989, because of concerns related to a major expansion of the forest products industry, the state of Minnesota commissioned a Generic Environmental Impact Statement (GEIS) to assess the cumulative impacts of timber harvesting. Total harvest, primarily for pulpwood, was increasing from 3.5 million m3 in 1975 to an estimated 9 million m3 in 1992. The GEIS examined the direct impacts of forest management at three alternative levels of annual harvest, base (9 million m3), medium (11 million m3), and high (16 million m3). Ten major issues, ranging from economics to biodiversity and aesthetics, were considered. Using a 1990 forest inventory of over 13 000 plots, and computer models that optimized management goals and minimized costs, harvesting scenarios were generated by 10-year increments over a 50-year planning period. The results of the scenarios were evaluated in the context of the major issues of concern. The GEIS, completed in 1994, concluded that harvesting at the base level would be sustainable if recommended mitigation strategies were implemented. The projected impacts at the medium and high levels differed in degree rather than in type compared to those occurring at the base harvest level. Harvests exceeding about 12.5 million m3 were only sustainable if substantial investments were made in forest management. Through political consensus arising via the GEIS, the 1995 Minnesota Sustainable Forest Resources Act appropriated $1.74 million over 2 years to address site-level impacts, establish an information cooperative, establish a research advisory committee, develop a framework to coordinate landscape planning, encourage certification and education for forestry professionals, and provide technical assistance to private landowners. Although the GEIS did not answer all questions dealing with forest management in Minnesota, it clarified the issues, identified gaps in information, and helped bring interested parties together in setting the course for forest management in the next millennia.
Electron microscopy of albumin synthesis

Albumin molecules appeared to be synthesized in the light hepatocytes of rats by bound polysomers on rough and endoplasmic reticulum and the nuclear envelope. The molecules were discharged directly into the cytosol, then to the external cellular spaces. This conclusion failed to support the current theory from biochemical studies that albumin is synthesized by bound ribosomes, discharged into the cisternae of rough endoplasmic reticulum, and transported to the smooth endoplasmic reticulum and then to the Golgi apparatus. In addition to the liver, positive syntheic activities were observed in the aorta, kidney, and hepatoma cells of rat. Earlier investigators have reported that only liver cells can synthesize albumin.
The character of single particle sulfate in Baltimore

Abstract A major component of PM 2.5 in urban aerosol in the eastern United States is sulfate. The eastern US is heavily influenced by regional sources (e.g. coal combustion in the Ohio River Valley) and also by local sources. From March to December 2002, the Baltimore aerosol was characterized with the real-time single-particle mass spectrometer RSMS III. RSMS III is capable of simultaneous positive/negative ion detection of size selected particles between 45 and 1250 nm in diameter. The negative ion detection ability allows sulfate to be monitored. Particles were first sorted into two groups based on the negative ion spectra: (1) those with sulfate detected and (2) those with no sulfate detected. The two groups were further sub-divided by ART 2-a analysis of the positive ion spectra to determine which particle compositions are most/least likely to contain detectable sulfate. A separate analysis was also performed on the positive ion spectra to determine the presence/absence of specific metals in the group of particles with and without sulfate. The correlation of positive and negative ion spectra in this manner allows particle types that are strongly associated with sulfate to be distinguished from those which are not. Particle types strongly correlated with sulfate are nitrate, organic carbon/nitrate (OCAN) and vanadium. Particle types weakly associated with sulfate include carbon and potassium/sodium. Many particles contain both sulfate and nitrate, which suggests that they are acid neutralized. While laser ablation mass spectrometry has inherent limitations for particulate sulfate detection, the results presented here suggest that sulfate detection by this method is a reasonable indicator of particle source and atmospheric transformation.
The Effect of Macro/Micro Course Sequencing on Learning and Attitudes in Principles of Economics.

Is the sequence of the macro and micro semesters of the one-year principles course simply a matter of personal taste or does it influence student learning and attitudes? In this paper, the authors test the impact of alternative sequences.
Effect of recent food on estimation of high-density lipoprotein and total cholesterol in normal subjects.

Magnesium/phosphotungstic acid was confirmed as specific for precipitation of chylomicrons, low-density and very low density lipoprotein particles in serum from healthy volunteers who were either fasting or who had eaten egg yolks or a salmon sandwich containing Flora margarine 2 hours previously.In eight subjects who ate salmon sandwiches that contained butter or Flora margarine, neither the total cholesterol nor the high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol differed significantly from the fasting level over 7 hours. In eight subjects, egg yolks also did not alter significantly either the total serum cholesterol or the HDL cholesterol at ½, 1, 1½, 2, 5, and 7 hours after eating. Patients may be screened for HDL cholesterol and total cholesterol estimation when not fasting.However, individual subjects showed variation in their total cholesterol and, particularly, HDL cholesterol over a three-month period. Replicate analysis of HDL cholesterol may be required for its complete assessment.
The multiplication of staphylococcal phages in nonpermissive hosts.

Determining the phage susceptibility of staphylococci is complicated by the appearance of “inhibition,” in which concentrated phage suspensions produce confluent lysis, but no dilution of the phage suspension produces distinct plaques. Variants of typing phage 81 were found to inhibit cultures A17 and A19. The multiplication of phage in these nonpermissive hosts was studied by using more sensitive indicator strains for phage assays in one-step growth experiments. The phage produced was neither host-modified nor mutant. Since there have been reports of endemic hospital infections due to untypable strains inhibited by group III phages, two such strains, CL-4 and CL-63, were studied for production of typing phages 47 and 53. It was found that inhibition may be associated with either a normal burst of phage from a small fraction of infectious bacterial centers or with the release of a reduced burst from a higher proportion of infectious centers. The multiplication of phage in some cells of these nonpermissive hosts appeared to depend upon the physiological state of the culture as well as the genetic potential of the phage.
Isolation and partial purification of elastase-released peptide domains that contain the partial activities of pigeon liver fatty acid synthetase

Proteolytic cleavage of pigeon liver fatty acid synthetase with elastase (4% w/w) for 5 h yields two peptides, designated II and IV, on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The molecular weights of peptides II and IV are 130,000 and 86,000, respectively. These peptides are separated by dye-ligand chromatography on an Affi-Gel Blue column. Peptide II is found to contain the domains of β-ketoacyl and enoyl reductases and β-hydroxyacyl dehydrase, whereas peptide IV contains the domains of acetyl- and malonyl-CoA:pantetheine transacylases.
Metallic Nanoparticle−Carbon Nanotube Composites for Electrochemical Determination of Explosive Nitroaromatic Compounds

Metal nanoparticles (Pt, Au, or Cu) together with multiwalled and single-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT and SWCNT) solubilized in Nafion have been used to form nanocomposites for electrochemical detection of trinitrotoluene (TNT) and several other nitroaromatics. Electrochemical and surface characterization by cyclic voltammetry, AFM, TEM, SEM, and Raman spectroscopy confirmed the presence of metal nanoparticles on CNTs. Among various combinations tested, the most synergistic signal effect was observed for the nanocomposite modified glassy carbon electrode (GC) containing Cu nanoparticles and SWCNT solubilized in Nafion. This combination provided the best sensitivity for detecting TNT and other nitroaromatic compounds. Adsorptive stripping voltammetry for TNT resulted in a detection limit of 1 ppb, with linearity up to 3 orders of magnitude. Selectivity toward the number and position of the nitro groups in different nitroaromatics was very reproducible and distinct. Reproducibility of the TNT signal was w...
Poetry and song in a language without sound

Abstract We examine distinctive characteristics of a primary language (American Sign Language) which is manual-visual rather than oral-aural. It is proposed that attributes of the mode of this language predispose not only the language itself but also its art forms to certain special characteristics. An analysis is presented of some instances of ‘art-sign’, a poetic tradition developing within our own time, where gestural analogs are suggested to poetry and perhaps even to song.
"Change is hard": What science teachers are telling us about reform and teacher learning of innovative practices

Over the last decade, significant efforts have been made to bring change to science classrooms. Educational researchers (Anderson, R. D., & Helms, J. V. (2001). Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 38(1), 3–16.) have pointed to the need to examine reform efforts systemically to understand the pathways and impediments to successful reform. This study provides a critical analysis of the implementation of an innovative science curriculum at a middle school site. In particular, the author explores the issues that surround teacher learning of new practices including the structures, policies, and practices that were in place within the reform context that supported or impeded teacher learning. Parallels are drawn between student and teacher learning and the importance of autonomy and decision-making structures for both populations of learners. Findings presented include (1) how staff development with constructivist underpinnings facilitated teacher learning; (2) how regular and frequent opportunities for interactions with colleagues and outside support personnel contributed to teacher learning; (3) how the decline of such interactive forums and the continuation of old decision-making structures restricted the development of teacher knowledge, expertise, and a common vision of the science program; and (4) how the process of field-testing at this site limited the incorporation of teachers' prior knowledge and impacted teacher acquisition of new knowledge and skills. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Sci Ed87:3–30, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/sce.10037
Operative Complications of Optic Nerve Sheath Decompression

Background: Optic nerve sheath decompression (ONSD) is a procedure that is advocated for the treatment of certain types of optic nerve dysfunction associated with progressive decline in visual function. The reported postoperative complications attributed to ONSD surgery are relatively few and predominantly transient and benign. Few postoperative vascular complications are reported. Methods: The authors performed a retrospective review of the operative and postoperative course of 31 consecutive patients (38 eyes) undergoing ONSD surgery for various types of optic nerve dysfunction associated with progressive decline in visual acuity, visual fields, or both. The authors evaluated the reports of other investigators to ascertain the spectrum and diversity of postoperative complications associated with ONSD. Results: Fifteen (40%) of the 38 eyes undergoing ONSD had postoperative complications, including temporary motility disorders (29%) and pupillary dysfunction (11 %). Additionally, four eyes (11 %) had postoperative vascular complications, including two central retinal artery occlusions (CRAOs), one superotemporal branch retinal artery occlusion (BRAG), and one episode of transient outer retinal ischemia. Both eyes with postoperative CRAOs had poor visual outcome. Eyes that had undergone prior ONSD were significantly more likely to have vascular complications than those without a previous operation (Fisher's exact test, P = 0.025). Conclusions: Optic nerve sheath decompression can be associated with a variety of postoperative complications, the majority of which are minor and resolve without sequelae. Other complications, such as a CRAG, can be associated with significant visual loss. The physician and patients should be aware of the potential risks of ONSD, including significant visual morbidity, when considering this form of treatment.
Increased chemotactic responses of macrophages from BCG-infected mice.

The in vitro chemotactic response of peritoneal macrophages from mice infected intraperitoneally (ip) with Mycobacterium bovis, strain BCG, was greater than the response of macrophages from uninfected mice in terms of rate, magnitude, and sensitivity. This increase in chemotactic responsiveness induced after a single ip injection of BCG was apparent in macrophages harvested 15 hr later, became maximal by 3 wk, and persisted through 6 wk. Peritoneal macrophages from mice treated with one of several macrophage activation agents (endotoxin, polynucleotides, or concanavalin A) had chemotactic responses to both lymphocyte and complement-derived chemotactic factors comparable to that seen with BCG-activated macrophages. Macrophages from peritoneal exudates induced by oil or thioglycollate, however, were less responsive to chemotactic stimuli than were macrophages from untreated mice. Increased chemotactic responsiveness was a functional property of the activated macrophage.
Sharing Attention to Toys: Adolescent Mother–Toddler versus Adult Mother–Toddler Dyads

This study examined whether there were differences in the joint attention behaviours of adolescent mothers and toddlers and adult mothers and toddlers. The timing of mothers' attention-directing behaviours (i.e. maintaining, introducing and redirecting) as well as the specific behaviours (i.e. showing, offering and demon-strating toy) they used to direct their toddlers' attention to toys were observed. The observers also coded the specific joint attention behaviours that the toddlers used. The findings showed that the adolescent mothers redirected their toddlers' attention away from a toy they were interested in to a different toy more often and used fewer introducing behaviours than the adult mothers. Toddler age was also inversely related to mothers' redirecting behaviour. The results also indicated that the adolescent mothers demonstrated toys and interfered with their toddlers' ongoing play behaviour more frequently than the adult mothers. Toddler age was also inversely related to the frequency with which both groups of mothers demonstrated toys and positively related to the frequency with which mothers showed toys. The toddlers born to the adolescent mothers showed fewer social initiations and a higher frequency of non-verbal responses than the toddlers born to the adult mothers. Toddler age was negatively related to the frequency of non-verbal responses.
Evaluation and Comparisons of Dependable Distributed Storage Designs for Clouds

Many research and development efforts have been devoted towards the design of dependable storage systems, but the effort in evaluating and comparing different designs for widely distributed environment is limited. In this paper, we develop models to evaluate the availability, security, and access performance of various storage designs for the cloud environment where storage resources are offered by multiple providers and spread over geographically distributed areas. The evaluation results show that each scheme exhibits some strengths and weaknesses. However, among various schemes, the short secret sharing approach (erasure coding combined with secret sharing the encryption keys) is most suitable for cloud storage. Our analysis methods can be applied to new storage designs and the results can be used to guide the storage system design process.
Linkage between glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency and colour-blindness.

A LINKAGE investigation has been carried out in American Negroes to confirm that deficiency in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase is sex linked rather than sex limited1, and, if sex linked, to determine the recombination fraction (χ) between the loci for deficiency in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and colour-blindness; further, through the use of linkage, to see if the difference between the expression of deficiency in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in Negroes and Caucasians2 is explicable on the basis of different genetic loci in the different ethnic groups.
Anomalous corrugations in scanning tunneling microscopy: Imaging of individual states.

Unusual corrugations observed in scanning-tunneling-microscope (STM) images of 1 T-TaS2, Si(111)(2 × 1), and graphite are explained, and are shown to be characteristic of materials where the Fermi surface has collapsed to a point at the corner of the surface Brillouin zone. This is the first clear case where the low-bias STM image is dominated by electronic structure effects rather than surface geometry. Implications for STM spatial resolution are discussed.
A Text Synthesis Approach to Feedback

The text synthesis method was used to examine effects of corrective feedback, length of passage, and content on text comprehension as measured by recall and recognition. Two randomly ordered passag...
Synaptic Organization of the Inner Plexiform Layer of the Retina of Xenopus laevis

The inner plexiform layer (i.p.l.) of the retina of the South African clawed frog, Xenopus laevis, was studied by electron microscopy. Photo-micrographs of single sections revealed synaptic morphologies comparable to those in other vertebrate retinae. In a partial serial reconstruction of a bipolar terminal, however, some unusual arrangements were found. The bipolar terminal made some synapses that at first examination appeared much like conventional synapses, but subsequent sections always revealed an extremely small ribbon. Many of the ribbon synapses were found to contact more than two postsynaptic processes; up to six processes postsynaptic to one ribbon contact were seen. A reciprocal synapse was not evident at each ribbon synapse. Montages of the entire width of the inner plexiform layer were constructed from sections cut from four different locations across the retina. The numbers of conventional and ribbon synapses per unit volume of tissue were determined. The synaptic densities found in Xenopus were much lower than those reported for other frogs. Differences in synaptic densities from the four locations were found to be statistically insignificant. The overall amacrine/bipolar synapse ratio was 6.8/1. The synaptic densities in the inner plexiform layer did not change when the tissue was stained with lead citrate alone rather than with uranyl acetate and lead citrate. The functional significance of the morphological and quantitative synaptic arrangements in Xenopus i.p.l. is discussed, and the synaptic organization is compared to that of other amphibia and vertebrates.
Designing Tangible Interfaces to Support Expression and Sensemaking in Interactive Narratives

Tangible and embodied interactions can provide a means to bring performative and participatory activities that have a physical presence in the real world into the narrated story world. This research investigates how to employ tangible narrative interfaces for learning about and reflecting on cultural practices. The research is informed by tangible interface frameworks, narratology, and existing cultural practices around storytelling with physical objects. The goal of this research is to design interfaces that are cohesively coupled with narrative content and that support meaningful interaction. I adopted tangible manipulation and expressive representation as guiding principles to explain the role of tangible media. Design guidelines are proposed and tested in preliminary research.
Effectiveness of a multifaceted infection control policy in reducing vancomycin usage and vancomycin-resistant enterococci at a tertiary care cancer centre

Abstract We undertook a prospective cohort study to evaluate the role of a multifaceted infection control policy including the use of a ‘vancomycin order form,' in decreasing the transmission of vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE). In January 1997, a multifaceted infection-control policy was implemented amongst patients admitted to the M. D. Anderson Cancer Center in whom neutropenic fever developed or who were found to be colonized or infected with VRE. As part of this programme, we initiated the use of a vancomycin order form to reduce the use of empirical vancomycin. The total incidence of VRE infections declined from 0.437/1000 patient days in 1996–97 to 0.229/1000 patient days in 1998–99 ( P =0.008). The VRE bloodstream infections declined from 0.338/1000 patient days in 1996–97 to 0.181/1000 patient days in 1998–99 ( P =0.027). Empiric vancomycin use decreased from 416g/1000 patient days in 1996–97 to 208g/1000 patient days in 1998–99 ( P P
Smallpox Vaccines for Biodefense

Few diseases can match the enormous impact that smallpox has had on mankind. Its influence can be seen in the earliest recorded histories of ancient civilizations in Egypt and Mesopotamia. With fatality rates up to 30%, smallpox left its survivors with extensive scarring and other serious sequelae. It is estimated that smallpox killed 500 million people in the 19th and 20th centuries. Given the ongoing concerns regarding the use of variola as a biological weapon, this review will focus on the licensed vaccines as well as current research into next-generation vaccines to protect against smallpox and other poxviruses.
Effects of diet and cold exposure on captive female mourning doves dosed with lead shot

The effects of diet and cold exposure on captive female mourning doves (Zenaida macroura) dosed with lead (Pb) shot were investigated from 12 December 1985 to 2 January 1986. Doves were screened for Pb exposure using a blood delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase assay. A 2×2× 2 factorial design was employed with Pb (1 #8 Pb shot {70±0.5 mg} or seed), temperature (5°C or 22°C), and diet (commercial pelleted ration or mixed seed) as the three factors of interest. Ninetysix doves were assigned randomly to 1 of the 8 treatments, confined individually, and acclimated to their respective diets 3 weeks prior to dosing.
Behavioral Activation for Pathological Grief

The death of a significant other often entails far-reaching changes in individuals' life that can contribute to pathological grief responses. This article reviews 3 prominent theories of grief resolution, highlights common factors proposed to be associated with pathological grief responses, and suggests that behavioral activation (Martell, Addis, & Jacobson, 2001) may address the factors contributing to pathological grieving. Behavioral activation applied to pathological grief may address loss related disruption by engaging bereaved individuals in their social environment and increasing contact with positive reinforcers that maintain sense of self. Two case studies are provided to demonstrate how behavioral activation can be adapted to remediate environmental disengagement, avoidance, and rumination typical of pathological grief responses.
Nitric oxide and sepsis

To the Editor. —Drs Cobb and Danner 1 describe 2 case reports and provide an overview of the literature that is presented in an unbalanced perspective and is inconsistent with the available knowledge in the field. Although the review quotes many references, much of the basis for the conclusions are from 2 experiments, both originating from the authors' own laboratory. As a result, the authors tend to look at the field as a whole in the perspective of these 2 reports, which have major flaws. First, the dose of endotoxin used to induce lethality is 400 times greater than the dose that causes moderate to severe hypotension in dogs. Indeed, the same group worked diligently for years to develop a sepsis model using an intraperitoneal septic clot that more closely simulates the human cardiovascular response than the endotoxin bolus model. Interestingly, when they finally used the clot model to study
The art and science of multi-scale citizen science support

Abstract Citizen science and community-based monitoring programs are increasing in number and breadth, generating volumes of scientific data. Many programs are ill-equipped to effectively manage these data. We examined the art and science of multi-scale citizen science support, focusing on issues of integration and flexibility that arise for data management when programs span multiple spatial, temporal, and social scales across many domains. Our objectives were to: (1) briefly review existing citizen science approaches and data management needs; (2) propose a framework for multi-scale citizen science support; (3) develop a cyber-infrastructure to support citizen science program needs; and (4) describe lessons learned. We find that approaches differ in scope, scale, and activities and that the proposed framework situates programs while guiding cyber-infrastructure system development. We built a cyber-infrastructure support system for citizen science programs ( www.citsci.org ) and show that carefully designed systems can be adept enough to support programs at multiple spatial and temporal scales across many domains when built with a flexible architecture. The advantage of a flexible, yet controlled, cyber-infrastructure system lies in the ability of users with different levels of permission to easily customize the features themselves, while adhering to controlled vocabularies necessary for cross-discipline comparisons and meta-analyses. Program evaluation tied to this framework and integrated into cyber-infrastructure support systems will improve our ability to track effectiveness. We compare existing systems and discuss the importance of standards for interoperability and the challenges associated with system maintenance and long-term support. We conclude by offering a vision of the future of citizen science data management and cyber-infrastructure support.
Cerebral arteriovenous malformations. Part 2: physiology.

Object The scientific understanding of the nature of arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) in the brain is evolving. It is clear from current work that AVMs can undergo a variety of phenomena, including growth, remodeling, and/or regression—and the responsible processes are both molecular and physiological. A review of these complex processes is critical to directing future therapeutic approaches. The authors performed a comprehensive review of the literature to evaluate current information regarding the genetics, pathophysiology, and behavior of AVMs. Methods A comprehensive literature review was conducted using PubMed to reveal the angioarchitecture and cerebral hemodynamics of AVMS as they relate to lesion development. Results Feeding artery pressures, brain AVM compartmentalization, venous drainage, flow phenomena, and vascular steal are discussed. Conclusions The dynamic nature of brain AVMs is at least in part attributable to hemodynamic and flow-related phenomena. These forces acting on an evolving st...
Patterns of success in systems engineering

The objective of this effort was to discover patterns of success in the systems engineering of information-intensive systems in a government acquisition environment using the method of positive deviance. Thirty government programs were identified, each with some notable success in the acquisition of IT-intensive capabilities. Twelve were selected for extensive follow-up and analysis, including detailed interviews with front-line practitioners who cope with the demands of the government acquisition system and are in a position to influence or observe positive deviance in their environment. This paper describes two large-scale success patterns that were observed, each with several recurring sub-patterns. “Balancing the Supply Web” addresses “social” interdependencies among enterprise stakeholders who have different equities in the capability being developed. “Harnessing Technical Complexity” addresses the technical interdependencies among system components that together deliver an operational capability for the enterprise. The large-scale patterns are two sides of the same coin. The programs studied achieved success because of the way they each navigated through these dual interdependencies.
Preliminary results of fast neutron teletherapy of metastatic cervical adenopathy

Between September 21, 1973 and May 9, 1975, 36 patients with metastatic cervical adenopathy from cancers primarily arising in the pharynx or oral cavity, including six with bilateral cervical involvement, received fast neutron teletherapy at the University of Washington. At the conclusion of treatment, the masses were no longer palpable in nine of 42 (21%) heminecks and were reduced more than 50% in 23 (55%). In 12 patients with partial regression, the masses eventually disappeared, so that in all, 21 heminecks (50%) or 20 patients (56%) were controlled for periods up to 66 weeks. Fixed cervical masses were controlled in 11 of 23 (48%) patients. These results, which must be sustained for longer observation periods, are comparable to results reported in the literature. Treatment was well tolerated; therefore, doses can be raised to study the influence on tumor control.
On-Bead Library Screening Made Easier

In this issue of Chemistry & Biology , Astle et al. report the rapid identification of the most active hits from a large one-bead-one-compound peptoid library by magnetic sorting and without the need for labor-intensive resynthesis of the hits.
The afferent fiber population mediating the thermal evoked response to skin cooling in man.

Abstract A population of cold-responding fibers with response properties similar to those innervating primate skin were determined to be mediating the thermal evoked response to skin cooling in man. Cerebral evoked responses to a 10°C cooling pulse were recorded from human scalp at a 29°C adapting temperature where primate cold-responding fibers possess a considerable dynamic sensitivity. No time-locked cortical responses were reliably recorded from the 40°C adapting temperature to the same cooling pulse. At 40°C, thermally sensitive mechanoreceptors mediated by Aβ and large Aδ fibers possess their maximal sensitivity. In primate skin, specifically sensitive cold receptors are innervated by the small Aδ fiber group. The results of this study, then, suggest the existence of a small myelinated fiber group in human radial nerve, implying that the difficulty in recording from these fibers directly using microneurographic techniques in humans involves technical-morphological considerations. The results have implications for the utility of the cerebral evoked response technique as a clinical diagnostic tool, and the organization and representation of cortical temperature information in humans.
Intracellular pH plays a role in regulating protein synthesis in Xenopus oocytes.

Abstract Full-grown Xenopus oocytes undergo meiotic maturation in response to progesterone stimulation. Using [14C]dimethyloxazolidine dione (DMO), we have measured a cytoplasmic alkalization in these oocytes starting at pH 7.14 ± 0.17 during the germinal vesicle (GV) stage, and increasing to 7.56 ± 0.14 at the time of germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD). During this period, the rate of protein synthesis increases 2-fold from 18.9 ± 3.1 to 37.7 ± 8.8 ng/hr/oocyte. Artificial alkalization of GV stage oocytes to pHi 7.68 ± 0.16, by exposure to the weak bases trimethylamine, methylamine, procaine, or imidazole, led to a 1.8-fold increase in the synthetic rate. Intracellular acidification from 7.5 back to 7.0 had no apparent effect on the elevated rate of protein synthesis following GVBD. Therefore, a cytoplasmic alkalization in the range of 7.5 to 7.6 seems to be one of the events that is necessary for initiating the increase in protein synthesis in maturing Xenopus oocytes; however, it does not appear that an elevated pHi is necessary to maintain the increased synthetic rate following GVBD.
Large herbivores influence the composition and diversity of shrub-steppe communities in the Rocky Mountains, USA

It is widely believed that wild and domestic herbivores have modified the structure and composition of arid and semi-arid plant communities of western North America, but these beliefs have rarely been tested in long-term, well-replicated studies. We examined the effects of removing large herbivores from semi-arid shrublands for 40–50 years using 17 fenced exclosures in western Colorado, USA. Shrub cover was greater (F=5.87, P=0.0020) and cover (F=3.01, P=0.0601) and frequency (F=3.89, P=0.0211) of forbs was less inside the exclosures (protected) relative to grazed plots. However, we found no significant effects (minimum P=0.18) of protection from grazing on cover or frequency of grasses, biotic crusts, or bare soil. Although mean species richness and diversity were similar between treatments, protected areas had much higher dominance by fewer species, primarily sagebrush. Exclusion of herbivores changed the relationship between species richness and evenness. Consistent with theoretical expectations, species evenness was positively correlated with richness in protected plots (r 2=0.54). However, contrary to theory, evenness and richness were inversely related in grazed plots (r 2 adjacent=0.72, r 2 distant=0.84). We suggest that these differences resulted because grazing acts as a stressor promoting facilitative relationships between plant species that might compete for resources in the absence of grazing. We conclude that exclusion of grazing in the sites we studied caused minor changes in cover and diversity of herbaceous plants, but caused a clear increase in the cover of shrubs. Importantly, the exclusion of ungulates changed the relationship between evenness and richness.
Monensin toxicosis in swine.

1 3 . Sutter MD, Rawson DC, McKeown JA, Haskell AR: 1 958, 1 5. Tremblay RRM, Baird JD: 1 991 , Chronic copper poisoning in Chronic copper toxicosis in sheep. Am J Vet Res 1 9890-892 . two Holstein cows. Cornell Vet 81 :205-2 1 3 . 1 4. Thomburg LP, Beissenherz MD, Raisbeck MF: 1 985, Histo1 6. Vinlove MP, Britt J, Comelium J: 1 992 , Copper toxicity in a chemical demonstration of copper and copper-associated prorabbit. Lab Anim Sci 42 :61 4-61 5. tein in the canine liver. Vet Pathol 2 2 :3 27-332 .
Electron- and photon-induced desorption

Abstract The process of electron and photon induced desorption as a quantum effect (that is, as opposed to thermal effects) has now been firmly established. Considerable data exists on electron induced desorption in the low energy range of approximately 0–200 eV. It now seems certain that these low energy electrons interaction directly with the adsorbed gas species and that desorption effects are fairly independent of the substrate material. Results from several laboratories showing the similarity of data for carbon monoxide adsorption and desorption on different metals will be discussed as a typical system. True photodesorption has now been established but is based on very much fewer experimental results. Our most recent data seem to indicate that the photodesorption process involves first absorption by the substrate with desorption occurring via a secondary process. Thus, the photodesorption process is very much substrate dependent. Recent results obtained on a number of different substrate materials will be discussed and the possible mechanism considered.
A review of infrared laser energy absorption and subsequent healing in the cornea

The purpose of this review is to compile information on the optical and healing properties of the cornea when exposed to infrared lasers. Our long-term goal is to optimize the treatment parameters for corneal injuries after exposure to infrared laser systems. The majority of the information currently available in the literature focuses on corneal healing after therapeutic vision correction surgery with LASIK or PRK. Only a limited amount of information is available on corneal healing after injury with an infrared laser system. In this review we will speculate on infrared photon energy absorption in corneal injury and healing to include the role of the tear layer. The aim of this review is to gain a better understanding of infrared energy absorption in the cornea and how it might impact healing.
‘Monk’ Lewis’ “The Isle of Devils” and the Perils of Colonialism

This essay focuses on Matthew “Monk” Lewis’ poem “The Isle of Devils,” which appears in his Journal of a West India Proprietor. The poem relates the story of a shipwrecked woman, Irza, who finds herself at the mercy of a “Fiend” on an unnamed island that lies somewhere off the coast of Africa. With an analysis of the splitting of binaries such as colonizer/colonized, fertility/barrenness, mothering/murder, and poison/antidote/pharmakon contained in the poem, this essay investigates the dynamics of colonization. I discuss miscegenation and hybridity in connection with the Fiend and Irza’s children, who perish at the hands of the father following the mother’s abandonment of her family, and in the context of Lewis’ Journal. By way of a Derridean approach, the seemingly contradictory action of healing/harming in the poem gives way to a reading of the Fiend and Irza as equally to blame for the bloody demise of their island family, and one can call into question who—and what—is “monstrous.”
Synthesis of room-temperature ferromagnetic Cr-doped TiO2(1 1 0) rutile single crystals using ion implantation

Ferromagnetic Cr-doped rutile TiO₂ single crystals were synthesized by high-temperature ion implantation. The associated structural, compositional and magnetic properties were studied by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Rutherford backscattering spectrometry, proton induced x-ray emission, x-ray diffraction, Cr K- and L-shell near-edge x-ray absorption spectroscopy, and vibrating sample magnetometry. Cr was distributed uniformly to the depth of about 300 nm with an average concentration of ~1 at. %. The samples are semiconducting and ferromagnetic as implanted, with a saturation magnetization of 0.29 B/Cr atom at room temperature. Cr is in a formal oxidation state of +3 throughout the implanted region, and no CrO₂ is detected.
Improving large scale mark–recapture estimates for American black bear populations

Abstract We estimated American black bear (Ursus americanus) abundance across the Upper Peninsula of Michigan (41,984 km2) during 8 years between 1990–2004 using tetracycline-laden baits and hunter harvest in mark–recapture analyses with the Lincoln–Petersen estimator. We marked 179–251 bears during each of 8 summer marking sessions using a mean bait density of 1 bait/69 km2. We examined teeth collected annually during bear registration for tetracycline marks in the year of marking and through 6 years post marking. From harvest samples, we recovered 6–25% of bears marked in the year of marking. Annual proportion of harvested bears with tetracycline marks from a given marking session through 6 years post marking ranged from 0.0–5.6%. Males with tetracycline marks were more prevalent in the harvest as were bears 3–4-years old. Placement of baits in aspen (Populus spp.) vegetation type and presence of recent bear activity increased bait consumption and consequently the number of bears marked. Simulation mode...
Effects of ligand substitutions on the rotation rate of indenyl ligands in bis(2-arylindenyl)zirconocenes by NMR line-shape analysis and relaxation in the rotating frame

Unbridged bis(2-arylindenyl)metallocene complexes, such as bis(2-phenylindenyl)zirconium dichloride (1a), when treated with appropriate activators are active catalyst precursors for the production of elastomeric polypropylene. The proposed mechanism for polymerization involves isomerization of the catalyst between geometries of differing stereoselectivity on a time scale slower than polymer chain growth. As the rotation of the 2-arylindenyl ligand is proposed to result in the different catalyst geometries, the rate at which this rotation occurs is of interest for the interpretation of the behavior of these complexes. A series of zirconocenes {bis(2-phenylindenyl)zirconium dimethyl (1b), bis(2-phenylindenyl)zirconium dibenzyl (1c), bis(2-(3,5-di-tert-butylphenyl)indenyl)zirconium dimethyl (2b), and bis(2-(3,5-di-tert-butylphenyl)indenyl)zirconium dibenzyl (2c)}, varying both in the indenyl ligand framework and the σ-ligand, has been synthesized. The rotation rates of the methyl-substituted metallocenes are...
ARC — A relativistic cascade

Abstract A general purpose relativistic cascade code ARC has been developed to study ion-ion collisions. As a first application of ARC we study Si+Au collisions at 14.6 GeV/ c using two hadronic models which use the same two-body data as input, but with different assumptions about the way particles are produced. Comparison with data from experiment E802 suggests the importance of baryonic resonances in nucleus-nucleus collisions at BNL-AGS energies.
EFFECT OF AN AUDIENCE ON LEARNING A NOVEL MOTOR SKILL

The purpose of this study was to assess effects of an audience on learning a novel motor skill. Subjects (N=64) were randomly assigned to one of four experimental conditions and administered 15 30-sec. trials with 30 sec. intertrial periods on a pursuit rotor task on two different days. Comparison of Time-on Target performance between conditions indicated that the No Audience condition had significantly higher performance than the Audience condition in Session 1. Comparison of Absolute Retention and Final Retention scores among the four experimental conditions in Session 2 after 48 hr. yielded no significant differences attributable to the presence of an audience, thus supporting the hypothesis that an audience would have no effect on learning.
Use of noncanonical orbitals in many‐body perturbation theory

A formalism for dealing with noncanonical Hartree–Fock spin orbitals is presented within the framework of many-body perturbation theory. A test calculation on the planar methyl radical is carried out which displays certain features of open-shell calculations and which demonstrates the viability of using noncanonical spin orbitals. Results are found to be in good agreement with a previous configuration interaction calculation.