cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The rate of regeneration of the vagus nerve of the cat

Abstract In thirty-five cats the vagosympathetic trunk was crushed caudal to the superior cervical sympathetic ganglion. At weekly intervals the vagus nerve was removed from four to six of the cats and placed in a chamber that contained 200 parallel electrodes 1 mm apart. Supramaximal single shocks were applied to the proximal end, and action potentials recorded millimeter by millimeter down the nerve. The distance to the farthest discernible action potential was taken as the measure of nerve growth for each specimen. The rate of regeneration was slow initially, but accelerated exponentially to a maximum velocity of 5.2 mm per day by 4 to 5 weeks. This regeneration rate is very similar to that reported for nerves of different modality (sciatic, tibial, peroneal, sural) from animals of other species (rat and rabbit). At any level along the regenerating nerve the amplitude of the compound action potential increased at a rate of 0.4 mv per week. This rate of increase is similar to that reported for the regenerating sciatic nerve of the rat. Pupillary size returned to normal 9 days before ear temperature became normal. This observation can be explained by the known differences in electrophysiological properties of the postganglionic vasoconstrictor and pupillary cells.
Hepatic metabolism of insulin

The liver plays a major role in the metabolism of insulin, but the precise cellular mechanisms, the enzymes involved, and the products generated have only recently become clarified. The initial step in insulin degradation by the liver is binding to a cell membrane receptor, following which some insulin is degraded and the products released into the incubation medium, whereas some insulin is internalized and degraded intracellularly. Recently, it has been demonstrated that the degradation of insulin by hepatocytes produces products identical to those generated by the enzyme insulin protease. With both enzyme and intact hepatocytes, two A-chain cleavages and four major and three minor B-chain cleavages occur in intact insulin. It has also been demonstrated that internalized insulin is degraded in early endosomes, primarily by cleavages in the B chain and occurring prior to acidification of the endosome and thus prior to dissociation of insulin from its receptor. The initial cleavages in the B chain of insulin occur in the same sites as are cleaved by insulin protease, supporting a role for this enzyme, both in the extracellular and intracellular metabolism of insulin. These findings also indicate that lysosomes probably play a minor or secondary role for hepatic insulin metabolism.
Comparative study of the physiological properties of the vocalis and cricothyroid muscles.

Viable tissue samples of the vocalis muscle and pars recta portion of the cricothyroid muscle were dissected from the excised larynges of middle-aged, male, mixed breed dogs. The samples were maintained in an aerated Krebs-Ringer solution and curarized. Temperature and pH were controlled. Field stimulation was performed with parallel-plate platinum electrodes. Using a dual mode ergometer, in vitro measurements were made at increased levels of strain. Least-squares regression analyses were performed on contraction times and 50% relaxation times as a function of strain. Results of this investigation indicated important differences in the active and passive properties of the pars recta portion of the cricothyroid and the vocalis muscle. The mean contraction time of the vocalis muscle was 24 ms and that of the cricothyroid muscle, 33.5 ms. The mean half relaxation time was 20 ms for the vocalis muscle and 30 ms for the cricothyroid. The twitch contraction and half relaxation times of the vocalis remained inde...
Chronological age at entrance to first grade: Effects on elementary school success

The effects of children's ages at entrance to first grade upon success in elementary school was examined in a cohort of urban children who entered first grade in 1983. A set of demographic, social, and early experience variables was used as covariates in the analysis. Older children did slightly, but significantly better academically in first grade, primarily because of better performance in mathematics. There was no relationship between age of entrance and a measure of conduct in the first grade. Four years later, no effect of age at entrance to first grade upon academic performance or upon placement inside or outside the mainstream of regular education was found. Age at entrance was a far less powerful predictor than the socioeconomic variables in our covariate set.
Living history of physiology: Bodil Schmidt-Nielsen

In 2005, The American Physiological Society initiated The Living History of Physiology Project to recognize senior members who have made extraordinary contributions during their career to the advancement of the discipline and profession of physiology. Each physiologist will be interviewed for archival purposes, and the video tape will be available from the American Physiological Society Headquarters. In addition, a biographical profile of the recipient will be published in Advances in Physiology Education.
Impedance cardiography: a potential monitor for hemodialysis.

Background Impedance cardiography (ICG) technology has improved dramatically, and at least one device now can give a measurement of fluid status by using thoracic fluid content (TFC), along with cardiac output (CO) and cardiac index (CI). With a built-in sphygmomanometer cuff, it can also provide blood pressure (BP) and systemic vascular resistance index (SVRI). A currently available small portable ICG that provides reliable measures of fluid status could be an ideal noninvasive monitor for hemodialysis (HD), with the potential of helping avoid significant hemodynamic instability during HD. Methods A case series of patients with chronic renal failure was studied while undergoing HD using ICG (BioZ ® , CardioDynamics, Int. Corp., San Diego, CA). Parameters recorded at 15-min intervals included TFC, CI, BP (systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial), SVRI, and heart rate. Using the Pearson method, the percentage changes in each of the parameters during the HD session were correlated to the amount of fluid removed (FR), normalized to body weight. Results Forty-one patients were enrolled, but six patients were excluded due to incomplete data; therefore, 35 patients (13 men and 22 women) formed the basis of the analysis. The age range was 28 to 87 (mean 55.1 ± 16.1) years. The amount of FR was 2.88 ± 1.13 L (37.3 ± 14.6 ml/kg). TFC decreased in all patients during the HD session (average reduction 12.7 ± 8 kohms −1 ); whereas all other hemodynamic parameters showed both increases and decreases. The correlation of change in TFC with FR was moderate ( r = 0.579, P = 0.0003); other hemodynamic parameters showed a poor correlation with FR. Neither the standard hemodynamic parameters nor the ICG device’s special parameters were able to identify the five patients in this series who experienced significant hemodynamic instability or intradialytic hypotension. Conclusion TFC, measured easily and noninvasively using ICG, correlates with the amount of fluid removed during HD. In comparison with the other hemodynamic parameters measured, TFC changed most consistently with fluid removal. Whether or not serial TFC measurements in a given patient at different HD sessions can guide the extent of FR will require additional study. This compact, easily operated, and nonobtrusive ICG device with the capability for continuously providing the standard hemodynamic parameters plus CO, TFC, and standard limb lead electrocardiography could replace current monitoring systems.
Acetylcholinesterase- and norepinephrine- containing nerves in developing rat lung.

The lungs of rat fetuses at various stages of gestation and lungs of infant rats wereexamined histochemically for acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and norepinephrine (NE). No AChE is present in the fetal lungs until 15 days of gestation. At this stage a number of large round cells appear which stain heavily for AChE. These cells disappear by the 18th day of development and at 18 days no AChE-positive structures are demonstrable within the lung. The large AChE-positive cells are of similar size and distribution to fluorescent cells which become apparent after treatment of the mothers with L-DOPA. At 20 days, the day before delivery, a diffuse AChE reaction appears in the walls of large branches of intrapulmonary bronchi. At 20 days, also, sparse NE-containing nerves are present near the hilum and extend along bronchial arteries into the lung. Not until birth do AChE-containing nerves appear in intrathoracic structures. These are vagal preganglionic and postganglionic fibers near the trachea, bronchi, and esophagus. AChE-positive ganglion cells are present in the walls of extrapulmonary bronchi at birth, and perimuscular nerve plexuses containing AChE are also present in the bronchial walls. NE-containing nerves are visible in several divisions of the bronchial artery at birth. Three days postnatally, AChE-containing nerves have not yet invaded intrapulmonary structures, but at this stage the adult pattern of adrenergic innervation is present. By the fifth postnatal day, sparse AChE-positive nerves are associated with intrapulmonary bronchi, and rats 9 days old present the adult pattern of cholinesterasecon tain ing nerves.
Evolutionary agent-based simulation of the introduction of new technologies in air traffic management

Accurate simulation of the effects of integrating new technologies into a complex system is critical to the modernization of our antiquated air traffic system, where there exist many layers of interacting procedures, controls, and automation all designed to cooperate with human operators. Additions of even simple new technologies may result in unexpected emergent behavior due to complex human/machine interactions. One approach is to create high-fidelity human models coming from the field of human factors that can simulate a rich set of behaviors. However, such models are difficult to produce, especially to show unexpected emergent behavior coming from many human operators interacting simultaneously within a complex system. Instead of engineering complex human models, we directly model the emergent behavior by evolving goal directed agents, representing human users. Using evolution we can predict how the agent representing the human user reacts given his/her goals. In this paradigm, each autonomous agent in a system pursues individual goals, and the behavior of the system emerges from the interactions, foreseen or unforeseen, between the agents/actors. We show that this method reflects the integration of new technologies in a historical case, and apply the same methodology for a possible future technology.
Pore scale study of flow in porous media: Scale dependency, REV, and statistical REV

Flow in porous media is studied at the pore-scale with lattice Boltzmann simulations on pore geometries reconstructed from computed microtomographic images. Pore scale results are analyzed to give quantities such as permeability, porosity and specific surface area at various scales and at various locations. With this, some fundamental issues such as scale dependency and medium variability can be assessed quantitatively. More specifically, the existence and size of the well known concept, representative elementary volume (REV), can be quantified. It is found that the size of an REV varies spatially and depends on the quantity being represented. For heterogeneous media, a better measure may be the so called “statistical REV”, which has weaker requirements than does the deterministic REV.
Platelet membrane alterations induced by the local anesthetic dibucaine.

Tertiary amine local anesthetics modify a variety of platelet membrane- related functions. The present study explored dibucaine (DB)-induced inhibition of platelet cohesion by examining structural and functional alterations of the human platelet membrane glycoprotein IIb-IIIa complex (GPIIb-IIIa) and platelet Ca2+ homeostasis. Complete inhibition of ADP-induced aggregation was achieved five minutes after platelet exposure to 0.10 to 0.25 mmol/L of DB when fibrinogen binding was reduced by 50%. At higher concentrations of DB (approximately 1 mmol/L), ADP-induced fibrinogen binding was completely blocked. Scatchard analysis revealed loss of high-affinity binding sites in addition to reduction in Bmax. In contrast, chymotrypsin-treated platelets sustained 50% inhibition of fibrinogen binding when incubated with 0.4 to 0.5 mmol/L DB, and kinetic analysis showed that the high- affinity platelet-fibrinogen interactions were reduced but not absent. Fibrinogen binding to chymotrypsin-treated platelets could not be completely inhibited even at high DB concentrations (1 mmol/L). The inhibition of fibrinogen binding to chymotrypsin-treated platelets correlated with changes in binding of a monoclonal antibody (10E5) specific for an epitope on the GPIIb-IIIa complex. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and radioelectroimmunoassay of DB-treated platelets, however, showed no evidence of a reduction or degradation of GP IIb or IIIa. Platelet incubation with DB (five minutes, 0.1 to 1.0 mmol/L) was also accompanied by: increased platelet membrane-associated Ca2+ involving low-affinity binding sites [Kd = 5 X 10(-5) mol/L-]; increased 45Ca2+ uptake which correlated with degradation of actin-binding protein (ABP) and digestion of GPIb as visualized on periodic-acid Schiff (PAS)- stained SDS gels and as inferred from decreased binding of a monoclonal antibody (6D1) directed against this glycoprotein; and enhanced Ca2+ exchange. Thus, exposure of platelets to DB results in membrane-related alterations that may contribute to inhibition of platelet cohesion: Decreased fibrinogen receptor exposure by traditional agonists and diminished accessibility of the GPIIb-IIIa complex to extracellular ligands correlate with DB-induced inhibition of platelet aggregation; and increased calcium uptake and exchange across the platelet membrane likely leads to activation of the calcium-dependent protease(s) which was previously shown to correlate with DB-induced inhibition of ristocetin-induced platelet agglutination.
Changes in the function of radio with the adoption of television

What happens to the other mass media when television becomes established in a community? What changes in attention habits develop among the members of the potential audiences? Most studies of these changes have been made on a pre‐ and post‐basis, over a period of time. The present report analyzes two comparable Canadian towns, one with television, the other still without, during the same year, 1959. This comparison of the mass media attention habits of children in “TVtown” and “Radiotown” covers radio, television, book and comic book reading. Its concept is very similar to the report by William S. Baxter starting on p. 49 on the listening, reading and viewing habits of young people in Des Moines in 1950 and 1958. Although the two studies were not written for direct comparison, the Journal feels that it will be of value to its readers for them to be placed in juxtaposition.
Aphonia induced by simultaneous bilateral ischemic infarctions of the putamen nuclei: a case report and review of the literature

Isolated aphonia induced by acute stroke is a rare phenomenon with only a few cases reported in the literature. We report an unusual case of a 44-year-old African-American man with a history of hypertension, smoking and cocaine use who developed acute aphonia secondary to simultaneous ischemic infarctions of the bilateral putamen nuclei. We describe the clinical presentation of acute aphonia induced by bilateral putamen nuclei ischemic infarctions, correlating clinical symptoms with injury localization. We further highlight the anatomic and functional organization of the neural pathways involved.
A Distributed Topological Camera Network Representation for Tracking Applications

Sensor networks have been widely used for surveillance, monitoring, and tracking. Camera networks, in particular, provide a large amount of information that has traditionally been processed in a centralized manner employing a priori knowledge of camera location and of the physical layout of the environment. Unfortunately, these conventional requirements are far too demanding for ad-hoc distributed networks. In this article, we present a simplicial representation of a camera network called the camera network complex (CN-complex), that accurately captures topological information about the visual coverage of the network. This representation provides a coordinate-free calibration of the sensor network and demands no localization of the cameras or objects in the environment. A distributed, robust algorithm, validated via two experimental setups, is presented for the construction of the representation using only binary detection information. We demonstrate the utility of this representation in capturing holes in the coverage, performing tracking of agents, and identifying homotopic paths.
Variability of springtime transpacific pollution transport during 2000-2006: The INTEX-B mission in the context of previous years

Abstract. We analyze the transport of pollution across the Pacific during the NASA INTEX-B (Intercontinental Chemical Transport Experiment Part B) campaign in spring 2006 and examine how this year compares to the time period for 2000 through 2006. In addition to aircraft measurements of carbon monoxide (CO) collected during INTEX-B, we include in this study multi-year satellite retrievals of CO from the Measurements of Pollution in the Troposphere (MOPITT) instrument and simulations from the chemistry transport model MOZART-4. Model tracers are used to examine the contributions of different source regions and source types to pollution levels over the Pacific. Additional modeling studies are performed to separate the impacts of inter-annual variability in meteorology and dynamics from changes in source strength. Interannual variability in the tropospheric CO burden over the Pacific and the US as estimated from the MOPITT data range up to 7% and a somewhat smaller estimate (5%) is derived from the model. When keeping the emissions in the model constant between years, the year-to-year changes are reduced (2%), but show that in addition to changes in emissions, variable meteorological conditions also impact transpacific pollution transport. We estimate that about 1/3 of the variability in the tropospheric CO loading over the contiguous US is explained by changes in emissions and about 2/3 by changes in meteorology and transport. Biomass burning sources are found to be a larger driver for inter-annual variability in the CO loading compared to fossil and biofuel sources or photochemical CO production even though their absolute contributions are smaller. Source contribution analysis shows that the aircraft sampling during INTEX-B was fairly representative of the larger scale region, but with a slight bias towards higher influence from Asian contributions.
The next wave in neuroimaging research in pediatric bipolar disorder.

This is a pivotal time for the field of pediatric bipolar disorder (BD) research. Convergent evidence from study of adults with BD demonstrates involvement of a frontotemporal neural system that subserves emotional regulation, with major roles for the mesial temporal amygdala and hippocampus and their projection sites in prefrontal cortex (PFC). Neuroimaging studies of children and adolescents with BD are emerging to elucidate the altered developmental trajectory of this neural system in BD. Neuroimagers are probing the specific regional abnormalities present in youths with BD and the developmental epochs during which they emerge. Studies of unaffected children at high risk of developing BD (owing to a parent with BD) provide the opportunity to identify neural system differences that may underlie vulnerability to BD, as well as those that may provide resilience to the disorder. Articles in this issue of the Journal by Bearden et al., 1 Singh et al., 2 and Ladouceur et al. 3 represent this important next wave in neuroimaging research in pediatric BD. These studies focus on regional brain morphology, but use different approaches to neuroimaging data analysis that yield complementary views: assessment of the volume or shape of specific brain regions of interest as well as investigation of whole brain using voxel-based morphometry. They suggest that the peripubertal/early adolescence years may be critical periods in the development of frontotemporal abnormalities in BD. Thus, this may be a key time to intervene to prevent progression and improve prognosis for youths with vulnerability to the disorder.
The Role of Choice and Interest in Reader Engagement

The authors examined the effects of choice, topic interest, and situational interest on reading engagement, attitude, and learning. The outcomes were measured using scores on a multiple-choice test, a content essay, and a personal reaction essay, and completion of an attitude checklist. Experiment 1 found a small negative effect for choice on the writing of content essays. Students in the control group, who were not given choice, wrote higher quality content essays. Situational interest had a positive effect on attitude. There were no effects for topic interest on any measure. Experiment 2 replicated Experiment 1 using a different text. Once again, situational interest had a positive effect on attitude. In addition, higher quality content essays were associated with situational interest. No effects were found for choice or topic interest. These findings support the claim that situational interest, rather than choice or topic interest, promotes engagement.
Comparison of a new ESAT-6/CFP-10 peptide-based gamma interferon assay and a tuberculin skin test for tuberculosis screening in a moderate-risk population

Screening for latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) with Mantoux tuberculin skin test (TST) has many limitations, including false-positive results due to exposure to Mycobacterium other than tuberculosis (TB) and BCG vaccination. A total of 474 adult inmates in a county jail were screened for LTBI using TST and a new ESAT-6/CFP-10 peptide-based whole-blood gamma interferon (IFN-γ) assay. LTBI prevalence was 9.0 and 5.4% as determined by TST and IFN-γ assay, respectively. Overall, agreement between test results was 90% (κ = 0.25). Positive TST results were significantly associated with increased age (odds ratio [OR], 1.04; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.01 to 1.08), African-American ethnicity (OR, 4.97; 95% CI, 1.58 to 15.68), foreign birth (OR, 20.20; 95% CI, 4.21 to 97.02) and prior incarceration (OR, 6.19; 95% CI, 1.48 to 25.95). Positive IFN-γ assay results were significantly associated with African-American ethnicity (OR, 5.58; 95% CI, 1.16 to 26.74). Factors associated with statistically significant discordance between TST and IFN-γ assay results were African-American ethnicity (OR, 0.29; 95% CI, 0.11 to 0.77), foreign birth (OR, 0.23; 95% CI, 0.07-0.80), and prior incarceration (OR, 0.06; 95% CI, 0.01-0.50). Among subjects born in the United States, African-American ethnicity was the only variable significantly associated with positive test results for both TST (OR, 4.26; 95% CI, 1.38 to 13.16) and IFN-γ assay (OR, 5.74; 95% CI, 1.19 to 27.75) and remained associated with statistically significant discordance between TST and IFN-γ assay results. The reactivity of the new IFN-γ assay is unaffected by prior BCG vaccination or serial TSTs but may be diminished in African-Americans. Future longitudinal studies are needed to assess the sensitivity and specificity of this new assay in detecting LTBI.
Nanotoxicity: a key obstacle to clinical translation of siRNA-based nanomedicine

siRNAs have immense therapeutic potential for the treatment of various gene-related diseases ranging from cancer, viral infections and neuropathy to autoimmune diseases. However, their bench-to-bedside translation in recent years has faced several challenges, with inefficient siRNA delivery being one of the most frequently encountered issues. In order to improve the siRNA delivery especially for systemic treatment, nanocarriers made of polymers, lipids or inorganic materials have become almost essential. The 'negative' aspects of these carriers such as their nanotoxicity and immunogenicity thus can no longer be overlooked. In this article, we will extensively review the nanotoxicity of siRNA carriers. The strategies for mitigating the risks of nanotoxicity and the methodology for evaluating these strategies will also be discussed. By addressing this often overlooked but important issue, it will help clear the way for siRNAs to fulfill their promise as a versatile class of therapeutic agents.
Whitening Dual-Polarized Weather Radar Signals With a Hermitian Transformation

Oversampling weather radar signals in range and then whitening these signals has been shown to improve the accuracy of spectral moments. For dual-polarized radar, the polarimetric variables depend upon information gleaned from the cross correlation of the different received signals. Theoretical improvements to the polarimetric variables have been provided to date, but experimental evidence of improvements through whitening has been limited. This paper provides an analysis of the effects of whitening on the estimated cross correlation along with experimental results of whitening applied to polarimetric variables. Different whitening transformations based solely on covariance matrix inversions will be shown to affect the copolar correlation of the whitened data. A Hermitian symmetric whitening transformation will be shown to produce better estimates of polarimetric variables obtained from whitened data than the original whitening transformation defined for use with range oversampling.
Increasing evidence that the risks of rhAPC may outweigh its benefits.

Received: 24 January 2007Accepted: 24 January 2007© Springer-Verlag 2007This editorial refers to the articles available at:http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00134-007-0554-x andhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00134-007-0555-9P.Q. Eichacker (✉) · C. NatansonNational Institutes of Health, Department of Critical CareMedicine, Building 10, Room 7D43, Clinical Center,Bethesda MD 20892, USAe-mail: peichacker@mail.cc.nih.govFax: +1-301-4021213
Atypical Manifestations of the Recurrent Pleurodynia Syndrome in Children and Adolescents: Diverse Clinical Findings Encountered During 22 Years in Practice

"This article represents the culmination of my practical experience over two dec ades with unusual aspects of enterovirus infections, encountered with a pleuro dynia-like syndrome. Such signs and atypical symptoms, not ordinarily found in textbook descriptions of the condition, can be of considerable help in the diag nosis of such a widely encountered mal ady."—From the author's letter which accompanied the manuscript.
Contrast rectification and distributed encoding By ON-OFF amacrine cells in the retina.

The encoding of luminance contrast by on-off amacrine cells was investigated by intracellular recording in the retina of the tiger salamander (Ambystoma tigrinum). Contrast flashes of positive and ...
No Pain, No Gain: A Critical Review of the Literature on Signaling Unobservable Product Quality:

Abstract Recent research in information economics has focused on signals as mechanisms to solve problems that arise under asymmetric information. A firm or individual credibly communicates the level of some unobservable element in a transaction by providing an observable signal. When applied to conveying product quality information, this issue is of particular interest to the discipline of marketing. In this article, the authors focus on the ways a firm may signal the unobservable quality of its products through several marketing-mix variables. The authors develop a typology that classifies signals and discuss the available empirical evidence on the signaling properties of several marketing variables. They consider managerial implications of signaling and outline an agenda for future empirical research.
Organisation Risk Management in UK Police Authorities: An Integrated Management Approach:

Risk management is evolving into a broader, more general, management role in organisations. This emerging form, called organisation risk management (ORM), seeks to manage all organisation risks in an integrated, comprehensive and strategic manner. The public sector has been somewhat slow to adopt both this view and practice, but changing political, social and economic pressures are forcing public authorities to provide better services with increasingly limited resources; and these pressures, in turn, are heightening the awareness of the value in managing the cost of risk.This paper introduces and develops the ORM concept, and provides a specific application that is a critical issue for the modern police authority — employment risk. In discussing this employment risk, the paper offers both a method for analysing risks generally and a set of risk management principles that apply to the actual management of all organisational risks.
Migration, Participation, and Taxation in Rural China

In this paper, I analyze an ordinary form of political participation under an authoritarian regime in rural China. I present a game-theoretic model that reformulates and extends Albert Hirschman’s Exit, Voice, and Loyalty argument to analyze politics in rural China. I explore how rural-to-urban migration and the petition system may strengthen ordinary people’s power vis-a-vis China’s authoritarian regime. My model shows that allowing rural residents to migrate from their local villages and to petition against their local governments would not necessarily give local officials incentives to provide public goods, but would strengthen the central government’s authority to control the local governments. My model’s argument suggests that contrary to Tiebout’s argument, internal migration would not necessarily motivate local governments to provide public goods unless democratic institutions get local officials responsive to popular preferences. Moreover, without further institutionalization of the petition system, this seemingly democratic system would not strengthen villagers’ power vis-a-vis local governments but hurt it.
Making visible the dance: Strategies and tactics in teacher and student classroom interactions

Purpose – This paper aims to delve deeply into the sometimes clashing interplays in English classrooms to explore the ways in which new media makes visible long-existing discourses and assumptions about the purpose of schools and the roles of teachers and students. Design/methodology/approach – This piece draws upon discourse analysis and utilizes the frame of strategies versus tactics (de Certeau, 1984) to trace the complex classroom interplays between a high school English teacher, a partnering researcher and a high school junior during the process of a month-long digital photography project. Findings – Data reveal that, at times, both teachers and students made moves to preserve the status quo of the school space (through strategies), and at other times, worked to reshape the space for more relevant purposes (through tactics.) Strategies that emerge from teacher moves include the formalization of requirements and the controlling of bodies; the student strategy described is the perpetuation of stereotyp...
Heterozygous caveolin-3 mice show increased susceptibility to palmitate-induced insulin resistance

Insulin resistance and diabetes are comorbidities of obesity and affect one in 10 adults in the United States. Despite the high prevalence, the mechanisms of cardiac insulin resistance in obesity are still unclear. We test the hypothesis that the insulin receptor localizes to caveolae and is regulated through binding to caveolin‐3 (CAV3). We further test whether haploinsufficiency for CAV3 increases the susceptibility to high‐fat‐induced insulin resistance. We used in vivo and in vitro studies to determine the effect of palmitate exposure on global insulin resistance, contractile performance of the heart in vivo, glucose uptake in the heart, and on cellular signaling downstream of the IR. We show that haploinsufficiency for CAV3 increases susceptibility to palmitate‐induced global insulin resistance and causes cardiomyopathy. On the basis of fluorescence energy transfer (FRET) experiments, we show that CAV3 and IR directly interact in cardiomyocytes. Palmitate impairs insulin signaling by a decrease in insulin‐stimulated phosphorylation of Akt that corresponds to an 87% decrease in insulin‐stimulated glucose uptake in HL‐1 cardiomyocytes. Despite loss of Akt phosphorylation and lower glucose uptake, palmitate increased insulin‐independent serine phosphorylation of IRS‐1 by 35%. In addition, we found lipid induced downregulation of CD36, the fatty acid transporter associated with caveolae. This may explain the problem the diabetic heart is facing with the simultaneous impairment of glucose uptake and lipid transport. Thus, these findings suggest that loss of CAV3 interferes with downstream insulin signaling and lipid uptake, implicating CAV3 as a regulator of the IR and regulator of lipid uptake in the heart.
Choledochal cyst in adults. A clinical and radiological study in ten cases.

Choledochal cysts are being recognized with an increasing frequency among the adult population. In this series a correct preoperative diagnosis was established in eight of the ten patients. The clinical triad of obstructive jaundice, right upper abdominal pain, and a palpable flactuant mass was noted in only two cases but at least one of these symptoms was present in all patients. Acute pancreatitis, cholecystitis, and biliary calculi were the commonly associated findings. New etiologic and clinical concepts of choledochal cysts are reviewed and the spectrum of radiographic features in adults is presented.
Survey and analysis of present situation of autoclaves in medical laboratory in Zhejiang Province

Objective: To understand the status of using autoclaves in medical laboratory in Zhejiang Province in order to enhance the sterilization quality in laboratory and to ensure laboratory biosafety.Methods:Data investigation and on-the-spot examination were used to carry out the investigation of the use on the autoclaves in the medical laboratory of Zhejiang.Results:The total number of 25 units about 47 autoclaves were investigated including 4 forevacuum autoclaves and 43 downward displacement autoclaves.The qualification rate of temperature detection inside the house was 59.57% and the rate of time control was 91.49%.Both the eligible rates of the detections of the sterilized pack by chemical and the biological indicator were 100%.Conclusion:Monitoring of the process of sterilization by autoclaves in the laboratory that all of them were eligible.Quality control monitoring indicated that some autoclaves were ineligible.There were problems in administration of sterilization equipment and knowledge of sterilization operation persons,therefore there were hidden dangers in sterilization quality.
Elements of thermodynamics, fluid mechanics, and heat transfer applied to geothermal energy conversion systems

Abstract This chapter provides the essential elements of thermodynamics, fluid mechanics, and heat transfer. The major elements of a geothermal power plant are the wells, piping system, geofluid processing equipment (eg, separators and flashers), turbines, condensers, heat exchangers, cooling towers, and pumps. These are analyzed using the first and second laws of thermodynamics and fluid mechanics. The principles of heat transfer are applied to heat exchangers typically found in geothermal power plants. Working equations are presented that allow the design and performance assessment of the plants as a whole and each of the major components. Examples are shown of detailed applications of the basic principles to various plant systems.
Trends and Associations in Hospitalizations Due to Corneal Ulcers in the United States, 2002-2012.

ABSTRACTPurpose: To estimate incidence, temporal trends, and factors associated with inpatient hospitalization due to corneal ulcers in the United States.Methods: Data on inpatient hospitalizations due to corneal ulcers between 2002 and 2012 were reviewed using the National Inpatient Sample. A literature review was conducted to identify the most common causes of corneal ulcers, and use of contact lenses.Results: An estimated 19,878 patients were seen in US emergency departments for evaluation of corneal ulcers in 2012. Rates of inpatient hospitalization due to corneal ulcers remained comparable over the decade (2003: 4.9, 95% confidence interval, CI, 3.0–6.7; 2012: 2.7, 95% CI 2.2–3.3 patients per million US population). Among those hospitalized for ophthalmic disease, patients holding public or no insurance (odds ratio, OR, 1.8 and 2.5, respectively, p<0.001), from low-income neighborhoods (OR 1.6, p < 0.001), and of older age (OR 3.4, p < 0.001) were more likely to be hospitalized for corneal ulceration...
Adult Issues in Corrections/Correctional Psychology

The adult prison population presents society with a complex set of issues and controversies requiring thoughtful, manageable, and effective responses. The assorted tools of the psychological sciences and the law are increasingly called upon to make sense out of difficult correctional questions affecting the lives of prisoners and the community of which they are a part. Public policymakers must create stringent requirements and assurances that it is in the inmate's best health interest before an inmate is medicated. Legal standards involving mental health care provisions are among the most composite regulations affecting jails, jail policy, and public policy. Court decisions regarding the provision of medical care to jail detainees, criminal responsibility for an illegal act, and treatment of the mentally ill in jail play a vital role in legal standards related to the administration of mental health treatment and medication of prisoners. Jails and prisons are filled with high-risk individuals to include those who abuse substances, the mentally ill, the indigent, young adults, and those facing a major life stressor. To prevent suicide in the correctional systems, prevention and intervention programs are necessary. Once identified, special housing needs, mental health treatment, and increased supervision can be implemented for those inmates at risk for harming themselves. However, without proper identification, no preventative measures can be put into practice.
The First Pion-Ar Cross-Section Measurement with the LArIAT Experiment

A complete understanding of neutrinos properties requires a study and a characterization of the interactions of the daughter particles created in a neutrino-nucleus interaction. The Liquid Argon In A Testbeam (LArIAT) experiment is a small-scale liquid argon detector situated in the Fermilab Test Beam Facility. The LArIAT experiment is exposed to a tertiary beam comprised of mostly pions along with a mix of muons, protons, kaons, and electrons. LArIAT's goal is to characterize the response of the LArTPC to known incoming charged particles and measure their interactions in Argon, in order to understand their cross-sections and to help developing and tuning simulations and reconstruction algorithms for LArTPC neutrino experiments. The world's rst measurement of a pion cross-section on an Argon target, made with the LArIAT detector, is presented here.
Do US Corporate Governance Standards Effectively Discourage Risk in the Emerging Markets

This study provides an examination of the effect of various corporate governance factors on the management of the risks inherent in business and the potential divergent impact of these factors on US firms and firms in emerging countries. In particular, the study scrutinises corporate governance and corporate riskâ€ taking behaviour across different political and socioeconomic environments. In a crossâ€ sectional timeâ€ series setting, twoâ€ step generalised least squares regression outcomes reveal that the impact of corporate governance on corporate risk taking demonstrates similar implications for US and emerging markets firms in several ways. Nonetheless, the findings also indicate that although some of the US governance standards are effective in the emerging markets, further strengthening of governance standards may be required. Specific governance aspects of the emerging markets, such as board and committee composition, are still lacking when compared to those of the US. Regardless of these differences, the outcomes reveal that those US governance standards adopted by the firms in the emerging markets strengthen governance structures and discourage corporate riskâ€ taking behaviour.
Contextualization of drug-mediator relations using evidence networks

Genomic analysis of drug response can provide unique insights into therapies that can be used to match the “right drug to the right patient.” However, the process of discovering such therapeutic insights using genomic data is not straightforward and represents an area of active investigation. EDDY (Evaluation of Differential DependencY), a statistical test to detect differential statistical dependencies, is one method that leverages genomic data to identify differential genetic dependencies. EDDY has been used in conjunction with the Cancer Therapeutics Response Portal (CTRP), a dataset with drug-response measurements for more than 400 small molecules, and RNAseq data of cell lines in the Cancer Cell Line Encyclopedia (CCLE) to find potential drug-mediator pairs. Mediators were identified as genes that showed significant change in genetic statistical dependencies within annotated pathways between drug sensitive and drug non-sensitive cell lines, and the results are presented as a public web-portal (EDDY-CTRP). However, the interpretability of drug-mediator pairs currently hinders further exploration of these potentially valuable results. In this study, we address this challenge by constructing evidence networks built with protein and drug interactions from the STITCH and STRING interaction databases. STITCH and STRING are sister databases that catalog known and predicted drug-protein interactions and protein-protein interactions, respectively. Using these two databases, we have developed a method to construct evidence networks to “explain” the relation between a drug and a mediator. We applied this approach to drug-mediator relations discovered in EDDY-CTRP analysis and identified evidence networks for ~70% of drug-mediator pairs where most mediators were not known direct targets for the drug. Constructed evidence networks enable researchers to contextualize the drug-mediator pair with current research and knowledge. Using evidence networks, we were able to improve the interpretability of the EDDY-CTRP results by linking the drugs and mediators with genes associated with both the drug and the mediator. We anticipate that these evidence networks will help inform EDDY-CTRP results and enhance the generation of important insights to drug sensitivity that will lead to improved precision medicine applications.
Role strain among male RNs in the critical care setting: Perceptions of an unfriendly workplace.

Abstract Purpose Traditionally, nursing has been a female-dominated profession. Men employed as registered nurses have been in the minority and little is known about the experiences of this demographic. The purpose of this descriptive, quantitative study was to understand the relationship between the variables of demographics and causes of role strain among male nurses in critical care settings. The Sherrod Role Strain Scale assesses role strain within the context of role conflict, role overload, role ambiguity and role incongruity. Data analysis of the results included descriptive and inferential statistics. Inferential statistics involved the use of repeated measures ANOVA testing for significant difference in the causes of role strain between male nurses employed in critical care settings and a post hoc comparison of specific demographic data using multivariate analyses of variance (MANOVAs). Results Data from 37 male nurses in critical care settings from the northeast of the United States were used to calculate descriptive statistics standard deviation, mean of the data analysis and results of the repeated ANOVA and the post hoc secondary MANOVA analysis. The descriptive data showed that all participants worked full-time. There was an even split from those participants who worked day shift (46%) vs. night shift (43%), most the participants indicated they had 15 years or more experience as an registered nurse (54%). Significant findings of this study include two causes of role strain in male nurses employed in critical care settings which are: role ambiguity and role overload based on ethnicity. Conclusion Consistent with previous research findings, the results of this study suggest that male registered nurses employed in critical care settings do experience role strain. The two main causes of role strain in male nurses are role ambiguity and role overload.
Electronic Conduction Mechanisms in Insulators

The current density–electric field ${(}{J}-\xi {)}$ characteristics of four insulators of dramatically different electrical qualities are assessed in terms of their operative electronic conduction mechanisms. Conduction in the two high-quality insulators is dominated by Ohmic conduction and Fowler–Nordheim tunneling, whereas conduction in the two low-quality insulators involves Ohmic conduction and space-charge limited current (SCLC). Ohmic conduction and SCLC are somewhat puzzling mechanisms for contributing to insulator leakage current since they require the existence of an Ohmic contact at the cathode. Our conventional understanding of an Ohmic contact makes it difficult to ascertain how an Ohmic contact could be formed to a wide bandgap insulator. This Ohmic contact dilemma is resolved by formulating an equivalent circuit appropriate for assessing the ${J}-\xi $ characteristics of an insulator and then recognizing that an insulator Ohmic contact is obtained when the injection-limited current density from the cathode electrode is greater than that of the operative bulk-limited current density, i.e., Ohmic or SCLC for the four insulators under consideration.
Added-mass effects on a horizontal-axis tidal turbine using FAST v8

Abstract Added mass on tidal turbine blades has the potential to alter the blade dynamic response, such as natural frequencies and vibration amplitudes, as a response to blade acceleration. Currently, most aeroelastic design tools do not consider such effects as they are complex and expensive to model, and they are not an intrinsic part of most blade-element momentum theory codes, which are commonly used in the tidal energy industry. This article outlines the addition of added-mass effects to the National Renewable Energy Laboratory's design tool FAST v8. A verification is presented for a spring-mass system with an initial displacement, and a case study is performed for the Reference Model 1 20-m-diameter tidal turbine. For the 20-m-diameter turbine, it was shown that the natural frequency of vibration is reduced by 65% when added mass is considered. Further, the thrust loads are increased by 2.5% when the blades are excited by a 5% step increase in inflow velocity when added mass is considered. This decrease can have a significant impact on the overall turbine design, as it is important to design the blades with a natural frequency so that they are not excited by the rotor speed and its harmonics, wherein aerodynamic excitation can lead to fatigue damage. However, it was shown that when turbulent inflow with an intensity of 20% was modeled, there was almost no impact on the loads and blade displacement with added-mass effects except for a small difference in the fatigue response of the blade to turbulent load fluctuations.