cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pediatric Trauma: Impact on Work and Family Finances

OBJECTIVES: National data now exist on incidence, prevalence, and cost of injury. However, the personal impact of injury on work and family finances has not been thoroughly studied. We examine the extent and nature of work and financial problems after pediatric trauma and identify predictors. Clinicians are alerted so they can better counsel parents about potential postinjury work and financial difficulties. METHODS: Staff collected comprehensive data on the acute care and short-term rehabilitation of 182 Massachusetts children with injuries. Consenting parents were surveyed and their children were given a battery of medical, functional, and psychosocial tests. Information on work and financial impact at 1 and 6 months postinjury was available from 120 parents. RESULTS: Given these children's generally mild injuries, the impact on work and family finances was remarkable. For many families work and financial problems were short-lived; however, for others serious problems remained at 6 months postdischarge. Families whose children were severely injured were at highest risk for work and financial problems. Middle-class parents and parents on public assistance or in our other insurance category reported more work and financial problems than those in health maintenance organizations. Long acute hospital stay and four or more impairments at discharge were also strong predictors. CONCLUSION: Childhood injury can lead to serious work and financial problems for families. Given the central role of the family in pediatric rehabilitation, clinicians and policymakers involved in acute trauma care and rehabilitation should pay greater attention to the financial repercussions of injury. Language: en
THE STRUCTURE OF JUSTIFICATION IN POLITICAL CONSTRUCTIVISM

: In this article the author develops the view, held by some, that political constructivism is best interpreted as a pragmatic enterprise aiming to solve political problems. He argues that this interpretation's structure of justification is best conceived in terms of two separate investigations—one develops a normative solution to a particular political problem by working up into a coherent whole certain moral conceptions of persons and society; and the other is an empirically based analysis of the political problem. The author argues that the empirically based analysis can generate criteria for assessing whether the normative theory successfully works out a solution, thereby developing a functionalist structure of justification. He further argues that this interpretation overcomes a longstanding criticism of constructivism, namely, that the use of substantive moral concepts in the hypothetical choice procedure biases the defense of principles in a particular direction and therefore begs important philosophical questions.
Histamine Release Induced by Human Leukocyte Lysates: Implication of a Specific, Complement-Independent, Noncytotoxic Reaction

The characteristics of histamine release induced by human leukocyte lysates were determined. Intact human leukocytes released histamine during incubation with leukocyte lysates. Maximal release occurred under physiological conditions of temperature and pH, and both Ca2+ and Mg2+ were required. The addition of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid abruptly inhibited release. Complement was not required, and serum actually inhibited release. Histamine release was maximal at lysate concentrations of 0.25 to 1.0 μg of protein per ml, and it was reduced at either higher or lower concentrations. Leukocytes continued to exclude trypan blue and maintained chemotactic activity after histamine release. Leukocytes released histamine independently of cellular protein or enzymes. Histamine release induced by leukocyte lysates was interrupted by subsequent removal of the lysate. The data suggest that this histamine release occurs by a specific, complement-independent, noncytotoxic process which resembles, but is not identical with, antigen-induced histamine release. The system has several unique characteristics which suggest that it is a novel form of inflammatory histamine release. This system should provide a useful in vitro model for studies of cellular processes in human inflammation.
Ion Mobility Measurements of Carbon Tetrachloride

Abstract The ion mobility and drift velocity of carbon tetrachloride have been measured at various ratios of E/Po, ranging from 1.0 to 9 volts/ (cm-Torr). The technique employed for these measurements utilizes a polonium alpha particle source which serves both as the source for ionization as well as the means for producing a reference pulse from a solid state silicon barrier detector. The thermal electrons which are produced are readily captured by carbon tetrachloride and the resulting negative ion, assumed to be CC14 −, is detected by means of a proportional counter located at the end of the drift path. The zero field reduced mobility obtained for CC14 −was 0.42 cm2/(volt-sec). The nature of the ionic species is explained in terms of the quantum mechanical theory of ionic mobility as put forth by Dalgarno.
Management of asymptomatic heart murmurs

Asymptomatic cardiac murmurs are a common finding in paediatric patients with some estimates suggesting that 90% of children have a murmur detected at some stage. Most are benign ‘innocent’ noises or reflect minor structural heart disease of no haemodynamic significance. The degree of parental anxiety invoked by the detection of a murmur in their child is considerable and although in virtually all cases their concerns of significant underlying cardiac disease are unjustified, providing adequate reassurance is a challenge for the health professionals involved. The aim of this article is to guide practitioners in determining which babies or children need urgent referral for a specialist opinion and to provide management suggestions for when a murmur is noted coincidentally during a routine examination.
Relocation of internal bound water in bacteriorhodopsin during the photoreaction of M at low temperatures: an FTIR study.

Changes in the FTIR difference spectra upon photoconversion of the M intermediate to its photoproduct(s) M‘ were studied in wild-type bacteriorhodopsin and several mutants at low temperatures. The ...
Specific Structure Appears at the N terminus in the Sub-millisecond Folding Intermediate of the Alpha Subunit of Tryptophan Synthase, a TIM Barrel Protein

Competing views of the products of sub-millisecond folding reactions observed in many globular proteins have been ascribed either to the formation of discrete, partially folded states or to the random collapse of the unfolded chain under native-favoring conditions. To test the validity of these alternative interpretations for the stopped-flow burst-phase reaction in the (βα)8, TIM barrel motif, a series of alanine replacements were made at five different leucine or isoleucine residues in the alpha subunit of tryptophan synthase (αTS) from Escherichia coli. This protein has been proposed to fold, in the sub-millisecond time range, to an off-pathway intermediate with significant stability and ∼50% of the far-UV circular dichroism (CD) signal of the native conformation. Individual alanine replacements at any of three isoleucine or leucine residues in either α1, β2 or β3 completely eliminate the off-pathway species. These variants, within 5 ms, access an intermediate whose properties closely resemble those of an on-pathway equilibrium intermediate that is highly populated at moderate urea concentrations in wild-type αTS. By contrast, alanine replacements for leucine residues in either β4 or β6 destabilize but preserve the off-pathway, burst-phase species. When considered with complementary thermodynamic and kinetic data, this mutational analysis demonstrates that the sub-millisecond appearance of CD signal for αTS reflects the acquisition of secondary structure in a distinct thermodynamic state, not the random collapse of an unfolded chain. The contrasting results for replacements in the contiguous α1/β2/β3 domain and the C-terminal β4 and β6 strands imply a heterogeneous structure for the burst-phase species. The α1/β2/β3 domain appears to be tightly packed, and the C terminus appears to behave as a molten-globule-like structure whose folding is tightly coupled to that of the α1/β2/β3 domain.
The effect of auctions on daily treasury-bill volatility

Abstract We investigate the T-bill market for volatility effects with a focus on any volatility introduced by the T-bill auction process. We find that T-bill volatility is not constant across a run, but is also not high at both the beginning and end of the run. We find that for 52-week T-bills, issue-weeks demonstrate greater volatility than non-issue-weeks at the end of a run. We also find that all three T-bill series exhibit higher volatility on the day they begin to trade in the when-issued market, as opposed to the their day of issue.
Forearm and finger hemodynamics, blood pressure control, and lipid changes in diabetic hypertensive patients treated with atenolol and prazosin: A brief report

Abstract Hypertension and diabetes mellitus frequently coexist and are independent risk factors for reduced peripheral perfusion. Antihypertensive medications that reduce blood pressure and improve peripheral perfusion would have advantages in diabetic hypertensive patients. In a randomized, two-placebo-period, single-blind, two-way, crossover study, finger and forearm blood flow, lipid levels, and blood pressure control were determined in 19 diabetic hypertensive patients given prazosin and atenolol, with each drug and placebo period lasting four weeks. Both drugs reduced blood pressure (sitting, 15795 to 14284 mm Hg for atenolol and 15595 to 13882 mm Hg for prazosin; standing, 15494 to 14484 mm Hg for atenolol and 15494 to 13381 mm Hg for prazosin). Lipid levels did not change, except that low-density lipoprotein levels decreased from 148 to 127 mg/dl with prazosin. Atenolol did not change forearm or finger blood flow or vascular resistance. Prazosin increased blood flow and reduced vascular resistance in both finger and forearm. In conclusion, prazosin demonstrated a potentially more appropriate hemodynamic profile than atenolol in diabetic hypertensive patients in this study.
Impact of medication packaging on adherence and treatment outcomes in older ambulatory patients

Abstract Objective To evaluate medication adherence and treatment outcomes in elderly outpatients using daily-dose blister packaging (Pill Calendar) compared with medications packaged in bottles of loose tablets. Design Randomized controlled trial. Setting Ambulatory care clinics at Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus; University of Arizona Health Science Center, Tucson; and Riverside Methodist Hospital Family Medicine Clinic, Columbus, Ohio, from July 1, 2002, to December 31, 2004. Patients 85 individuals 65 years of age or older being treated with lisinopril for hypertension. Intervention Patients were randomly assigned to receive lisinopril in either daily-dose blister packaging (Pill Calendar) or traditional bottles of loose tablets. Main outcome measures Adherence was assessed by prescription refill regularity and medication possession ratio (MPR). Treatment outcome and use of medical services were assessed by medical record review of blood pressure and morbidity associated with poorly controlled hypertension. Results Patients receiving lisinopril in the daily-dose blister packaging (Pill Calendar) refilled their prescriptions on time more often ( P = 0.01), had higher MPRs ( P = 0.04), and had lower diastolic blood pressure ( P = 0.01) than patients who had their medications packaged in traditional bottles of loose tablets. Conclusion Providing medications in a package that identifies the day each dose is intended to be taken and provides information on proper self-administration can improve treatment regimen adherence and treatment outcomes in elderly patients.
Issues in biosecurity and biosafety

The role of non-governmental organisations and other interested observers - civil society - has long been neglected by governments in the quest for a world secure from the threat of biological weapons or bioterrorism. New trends illustrate a greater appreciation of a strong need for a cooperative partnership. Governments need to accept and embrace some of these new trends and new technologies. At least since 2001 and the Amerithrax anthrax letters, the USA has had a significant focus on biosecurity and the related subject of biosafety. Biosecurity has also been raised to a place of prominence in security discussions throughout much of the rest of the globe, largely through the mechanisms of the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention and related groups, but also through the World Health Organization and the implementation of the International Health Regulations, which is scheduled for 2012. Despite this attention, a clear understanding of the meanings of biosecurity and biosafety has yet to be achieved. Partly because of this lack of definition, and largely because of a broader understanding of the capabilities of the life sciences, many topics have begun to fall under the heading of biosecurity. This paper will not be able to explore all of these new topics but will instead attempt to present an overview of some of the issues at play today in the biosecurity dialogue.
Chromosome Aberrations in Calcium-deficient Tradescantia produced by Irradiation

THE lack of calcium in Tradescantia microspores and in barley seeds has been demonstrated to increase the frequency of X-ray-induced chromosome aberrations above similarly irradiated material grown with optimal calcium1,2. Mechanisms by which the lack of calcium could cause such an effect have been discussed1. It is necessary to distinguish between two important alternatives: (1) does the absence of calcium confer a unique instability on chromosomes as observed by increased breakage, or (2) is the mechanism of increasing breakage more indirect ? A likely possibility in the latter category could involve low or high viscosity of the nucleoplasm. Calcium, potassium, sodium, magnesium and manganese are reported to influence viscosity to various degrees3. If the increased chromosome sensitivity to radiation acts by a change in viscosity, then metals other than calcium should have similar effects. Previously, magnesium and manganese have been shown to have no effect on modifying the frequency of chromosome aberrations by X-rays1. Sodium is not usually an essential element in plants. Potassium is considered here in experiments with Tradescantia.
Preparation and characterization of the catalytically active heteropolyoxotungstate anion [CO3+ZnW11O40H2]7−

Abstract The X-ray powder pattern of crystalline (NH 4 ) 7 [Co 3+ ZnW 11 O 40 H 2 ]·20H 2 O shows that the anion has the Keggin structure. Supporting elemental analyses, IR spectroscopy, UV-Vis spectroscopy, and cyclic voltammetry are presented. The visible spectrum indicates that the Co(III) ion occupies the octahedral site vacated by the missing W 6+ ion of the original Keggin structure. Accordingly, the Zn 2+ ion was assigned to occupy the central tetrahedral cavity of that structure. The compound was found to be catalytically active in the splitting of water.
Tachistoscope simulation package

A system of FORTRAN-callable subroutines is described that enable a PDP-11/20 computer to function as a multichannel tachistoscope. Features of the system include multiple display buffering, dynamic buffer allocation, control of character size and density, provisions for user-generated characters and symbols, and routines for recording of both vocal and buttonpress responses.
Order statistics based modeling of gracefully degrading computing systems

Abstract Much of the existing work on gracefully degrading computing systems are only applicable when the life distribution for the system components is exponential. In this paper, we develop an order-statistics based model for these systems. We show the generality of this model by deriving expressions for system reliability, mean-time-to-failure, and mean-computations-before-failure. In addition, we derive some interesting properties for the failure rate of such a system. In particular we show that the failure rate of a gracefully degrading system with i.i.d. DFR components is also DFR if the coverage probability is less than 1 2 . This generalizes a well known result for series systems.
TRANSFER OF THE MARINE DIATOM DIMEROGRAMMA HYALINUM HUSTEDT TO THE NEW ARAPHID GENUS HYALONEIS

Dimerogramma (Dimeregramma) hyalinum Hustedt, a relatively common diatom of marine littoral benthic assemblages, was described from mud samples collected from Beaufort, North Carolina, U.S.A. in 1955. Hustedt and later workers noted that the frustule of this species was completely hyaline. Studies of D. hyalinum from the type sample and from material collected from Scripps Beach, California, U.S.A. in 1972 and Beaufort, North Carolina in 2006 with the light and scanning electron microscopes confirmed the hyaline nature of the valve face and cingulum, but revealed the presence of apical slit fields located on the mantle at both apices of the valve. The valves of D. hyalinum lack the uniseriate striae composed of round areolae, sternum, transapical ribs, and spines arising near the mantle of the valve characteristic of Dimeregramma Ralfs in Pritchard. Furthermore, the apical pore fields composed of loosely packed porelli found in Dimeregramma differ markedly from the apical slit fields observed in D. hyalin...
Does a Multidisciplinary Team Decrease Complications in Male Patients With Hip Fractures

Background Men with hip fractures are more likely to experience postoperative complications than women. The Medical Orthopaedic Trauma Service program at New York Presbyterian Hospital utilizes a multidisciplinary team approach to care for patients with hip fractures. The service is comanaged by an attending hospitalist and orthopaedic surgeon, with daily walking rounds attended by the hospitalist, orthopaedic resident, physical therapist, social worker, and a dedicated Medical Orthopaedic Trauma Service physician assistant.
Structure−Activity Relationship Studies of Novel 4-[2-[Bis(4-fluorophenyl)methoxy]ethyl]-1-(3-phenylpropyl)piperidine Analogs: Synthesis and Biological Evaluation at the Dopamine and Serotonin Transporter Sites

Several analogs of the potent dopamine (DA) transporter ligand 4-[2-[bis(4-fluorophenyl)methoxy]ethyl]-1-(3-phenylpropyl)piperidine, 1b, were made and biologically evaluated for their binding at the DA and serotonin (5HT) transporters in rat striatal membranes. Different alkyl chain lengths and substitutions were introduced in these molecules to generate an optimum activity and selectivity for the DA transporter. In general, unsubstituted and fluoro-substituted compounds were the most active and selective for the DA transporter. The compound 4-[2-(diphenylmethoxy)ethyl]-1-benzylpiperidine, 9a, showed high potency and was the most selective for the DA transporter (5HT/DA = 49) in this series of compounds. Some of these novel analogs were found to be more selective in binding at the DA transporter than the original GBR 12909 molecule, 1-[2-[bis(4-fluorophenyl)methoxy]ethyl]-4-(3-phenylpropyl)piperidine.
The Temporal Distribution of Gene Duplication Events in a Set of Highly Conserved Human Gene Families

Using a data set of protein translations associated with map positions in the human genome, we identified 1520 mapped highly conserved gene families. By comparing sharing of families between genomic windows, we identified 92 potentially duplicated blocks in the human genome containing 422 duplicated members of these families. Using branching order in the phylogenetic trees, we timed gene duplication events in these families relative to the primate-rodent divergence, the amniote-amphibian divergence, and the deuterostome-protostome divergence. The results showed similar patterns of gene duplication times within duplicated blocks and outside duplicated blocks. Both within and outside duplicated blocks, numerous duplications were timed prior to the deuterostome-protostome divergence, whereas others occurred after the amniote-amphibian divergence. Thus, neither gene duplication in general nor duplication of genomic blocks could be attributed entirely to polyploidization early in vertebrate history. The strongest signal in the data was a tendency for intrachromosomal duplications to be more recent than interchromosomal duplications, consistent with a model whereby tandem duplication-whether of single genes or of genomic blocks-may be followed by eventual separation of duplicates due to chromosomal rearrangements. The rate of separation of tandemly duplicated gene pairs onto separated chromosomes in the human lineage was estimated at 1.7 x 10(-9) per gene-pair per year.
Technetium-99m-labeled receptor-specific small-molecule radiopharmaceuticals: Recent developments and encouraging results

The development of technetium-99m-labeled small-molecule radiopharmaceuticals directed at specific high-affinity binding sites, as are found in receptors for hormones and neurotransmitters, transport systems, and certain enzymes, is a natural outgrowth from the successful development of technetium radiopharmaceuticals for imaging flow and metabolism. Although many receptor-specific radiopharmaceuticals labeled with PET and other SPECT isotopes already exist, the low cost and widespread availability of technetium-99m would make their 99mTc-labeled counterparts much more accessible to the medical community. This review has four goals: (a) To survey and analyze critically the results of a flurry of research activity in this area in recent years, which has led to the preparation of a number of novel technetium-labeled radiopharmaceuticals targeted at high-affinity sites, a few of which appear to be very promising; (b) to provide a conceptual analysis of how these agents are being designed; (c) to provide a context in terms of binding and uptake behavior by which these agents should be judged; and (d) to highlight emerging knowledge on the structure of receptors and related high-affinity binding biomolecules and their distribution, which may serve as reference points for understanding the results that have been obtained so far, and may be useful guides for future design.
Secreted proteins from rat Sertoli cells

Abstract Sertoli cell cultures were prepared from the testes of 20-day-old rats. The proteins which were secreted by the cells into the culture medium were labeled with [3H]leucine or l -[3H]fucose. The proteins were concentrated by ultrafiltration and analysed by polyacrylamide slab gel electrophoresis (PAGE) in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). Autofluorography of the gels at −70 °C showed that the rat Sertoli cells synthesized and secreted at least 7 major polypeptides. The polypeptides had molecular weights ranging from 16 000 to 140 000 D. Proteins which were secreted from cultures of testicular fibroblasts and myoid cells had electrophoretic properties on SDS-PAGE which were different from Sertoli cell secreted proteins. Addition of FSH and testosterone to the Sertoli cell cultures increased the total synthesis and secretion of [3H]leucine-labeled proteins. No qualitative changes in the proteins as a result of hormone application could be detected. However, the synthesis of a polypeptide of molecular weight 48 000 was increased relative to the other secreted peptides if the cells were maintained in FSH and testosterone. The Sertoli cell secreted proteins were shown to be glycoproteins which can bind to ConA-Sepharose and can be labeled with [3H]fucose. Tunicamycin, a specific inhibitor of N-glycosylation, inhibited the secretion of [3H]proteins by 50% but had little effect on the intracellular protein synthesis.
Some Structural Dependent Electrical Properties of Tantalum-Tantalum Oxide Thin-Film Resistors

Direct transmission electron micrographs were taken of samples of tantalum thin-film resistors. The resistors were vapor deposited in an air atmosphere at 10-5 torr. An island model was 'resumed for the eleetrical behavior of the tantalum thin-film resistors. Data taken on life tests, temperature coefficient tests, and radio-frequency tests were correlated with the observed structure as seen in a electron microscope. Both anodized and unanodized resistors were studied. An attempt to explain the differential aging observed under an alternating current with respect to the aging observed under a direct current was made.
Alterations in the cellular distribution of bcl-2, bcl-x and bax in the adult rat substantia nigra following striatal 6-hydroxydopamine lesions.

The proteins of the bcl-2 family play an important role during apoptosis and may also regulate cell death in response to oxidative stress, which has been implicated in Parkinson's disease. In this study we examined the localization of the pro-apoptotic protein bax, and the anti-apoptotic proteins bcl-2 and bcl-xL in the substantia nigra (SN) of the adult rat and their response to oxidative stress caused by striatal injections of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA). Our data show that bcl-2, bcl-x and bax proteins are present in the SN. Bcl-2 and bax are localized primarily in neurons including all those positive for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). The intraneuronal distribution of bcl-2 and bax were different. Bcl-2 was diffuse throughout the cell while bax was localized in well-defined structures around the nucleus and within processes. Bcl-x staining in neurons was weak, though it was strongly expressed in GFAP-positive astrocytes. 6-OHDA injections, which resulted in loss of dopamine neurons between 7–14 days post-lesion, altered the distribution of bax, bcl-2 and bcl-x proteins in the SN. Bcl-2 and bax were decreased in the TH-positive cells of the SN from 3 to 14 days post-lesion and many TH-positive neurons were bcl-2 negative. Neuronal bcl-x was initially unchanged after lesion, but increased in astrocytes between 3–7 days post-lesion before the increase in GFAP immunoreactivity, which was detectable at days 10–14. While the neuronal distribution of bcl-2 and bcl-x does not change following lesion, bax became evenly distributed thought the soma. Morphological features of apoptosis, including TUNEL labeling and chromatin condensation was not observed. These data suggest that striatal 6-OHDA lesions do not result in classical apoptosis in the SN of the adult rat, even though there are changes in the content and distribution of members of the bcl-2 family of proteins.
Multivoxel MR Spectroscopy in Acute Ischemic Stroke Comparison to the Stroke Protocol MRI

Background and Purpose— Few patients with stroke have been imaged with MR spectroscopy (MRS) within the first few hours after onset. We compared data from current MRI protocols to MRS in subjects with ischemic stroke. Methods— MRS was incorporated into the standard clinical MRI stroke protocol for subjects <24 hours after onset. MRI and clinical correlates for the metabolic data from MRS were sought. Results— One hundred thirty-six MRS voxels from 32 subjects were analyzed. Lactate preceded the appearance of the lesion on diffusion-weighted imaging in some voxels but in others lagged behind it. Current protocols may predict up to 41% of the variance of MRS metabolites. Serum glucose concentration and time to maximum partially predicted the concentration of all major metabolites. Conclusion— MRS may be helpful in acute stroke, especially for lactate detection when perfusion-weighted imaging is unavailable. Current MRI protocols do provide surrogate markers for some indices of metabolic activity.
The egg-white proteins of the Adelie penguin.

Abstract 1. 1. The egg-white proteins of the Antarctic Adelie penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) were studied by a variety of physical, chemical, biochemical and immunological methods. 2. 2. As compared to other avian whites, the penguin egg white was unusually high (4–5 per cent) in sialic acid and quite low in lysozyme (approximately 0.05 per cent). The sialic acid was mainly present in combination with constituents of isoelectric point between pH 3.5 and 6. 3. 3. The major constituents, ovalbumin, conalbumin and ovomucoid, had properties generally similar to those found in various other egg whites. The conalbumin existed in four to five multiple molecular forms as indicated by starch-gel electrophoretic analysis. The ovomucoid had dual inhibitory activity against both trypsin and chymotrypsin. 4. 4. On the basis of comparison of the properties of the egg-white proteins, the Adelie penguin is much more closely related to the lower water fowl than to the ratites.
Discrete Emotions or Dimensions? The Role of Valence Focus and Arousal Focus

The present study provides evidence that valence focus and arousal focus are important processes in determining whether a dimensional or a discrete emotion model best captures how people label thei...
Relationship between GSR, Heart Rate, and Reversibility of a Necker Cube

Cold-pressor stimulation significantly increased the reversal rate of the Necker cube for 84 college Ss instructed to observe passively. A moderate negative relationship was found between GSR and t...
Launching and steering a green IT company: the case of GreenField software

This teaching case discusses the challenges facing GreenField Software (GFS), a start-up company offering software products and services to support sustainability. The case describes the start-up process, the crafting of the firm's strategy and structure, and the development of its products and services in the emerging ‘green Information Technology (IT)’ industry. It follows the key decisions made by the CEO and his executive team as they navigate a shifting and increasingly competitive marketplace. As GFS approaches the 2-year anniversary of its launch, the team must decide several key issues. These include whether to market their product as a business continuity solution or as a ‘green IT’ solution; what intellectual property will differentiate them from the competition; and how to respond to the changing needs of the marketplace.
An ARC light on lipid metabolism

The SREBP pathway plays a central role in the regulation of lipid metabolism. In a recent letter, Yang et al. present a comprehensive series of experiments, spanning a wide range of disciplines, that identify ARC105 as a component of the ARC complex that interacts directly with SREBP and is necessary for SREBP function (Yang et al., 2006).
Influence of nonsteady state behavior on superplastic deformation of a 25. 7 Cr-6. 6 Ni stainless steel

Superplastic behavior of a microduplex stainless steel (IN744) was studied by deforming specimens with initially elongated grains. As a result of deformation, grain growth and breaking up of elongated grains were noticed to occur concurrently. These microstructural instabilities result in strain hardening or strain softening, respectively. This then leads to nonuniqueness in the flow behavior. Some examples of nonuniqueness in stress-strain rate relation include the presence of: strength anisotropy, increase in strain rate sensitivity, constant stress level for varying grain size, and two distinct stress-strain rate curves over comparable test condition for the same initial microstructure. These have been explained by the concomitant microstructural changes and the influence of such changes on instantaneous flow stress. Emphasis is made on the need to eliminate microstructural instability in order to characterize the deformation phenomena under steady state.
Sound Production and Associated Behavior in the Jewel Fish, Hemichromis Bimaculat Us

Sound production and associated behavior of the jewel cichlid, Herlaiclarowis bimaculatus was investigated by presenting the subjects with dummies. Thump sounds are associated with a behavior called nodding and probably represent a relatively high level of aggression. Purring is closely associated with lateral display and tailbeating and occurs during the early stages of courtship and attack. The third sound consists of a series of low frequency pulses that are synchronized with the movement of courtship quivering. Individuals direct more behavior toward a dummy emitting thumps and purrs than to a silent one or to one producing pulses of white noise. This indicates that H. bimaculatus uses sound, either alone or in conjunction with other behaviors, for intraspecific communication.
A compact representation of gamma-ray burst time series

Multiscale edge detection (MSED), using wavelet transform extrema, provides a robust method to compress the information in a transient signal. We apply this to gamma-ray burst (GRB) time series. Multiscale edge detection can be used to quantify the variability, identify structures (e.g. FREDs), and suppress noise. We present preliminary results of MSED applied to BATSE 64ms discsc data.
The Differential Impact of Abstract vs. Concrete Information on Decisions

Recent findings from research on judgment and attribution processes indicate that people regard base rate data, i.e., statistical summaries of populations, as if they were uninformative. It is suggested that base rate information lacks impact because of its abstract, pallid nature. In a demonstration of the inefficacy of abstract information, undergraduates were given mean course evaluations based on ratings of students who previously took the courses. This information had little impact on course choices. In contrast, brief, face-to-face comments about the courses had a substantial impact on course choices. The results suggest that information is utilized in proportion to its vividness.
Increased hexokinase activity in red and white skeletal muscle after denervation.

La actividad de la hexoquinasa es mayor en el musculo rojo que en el blanco, y esta aumenta como resultado de la denervacion. Tales resultados son lo opuesto de los observados para la mayoria de las enzimas glicoliticas. Estos son explicables si una de las isoenzimas de la hexoquinasa se encuentra localizada dentro del tejido conjunctivo del musculo esqueletico.
Pathogenicity of Fusarium spp. to chickpea seed and seedlings (Cicer arietinum L.)

Abstract Damping-off disease can cause severe stand loss and reduce seedling vigour of kabuli chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). While Pythium spp. are thought to be the primary cause of damping-off in chickpea, diversity and pathogenicity of other genera have not been widely explored. In surveys of three Montana fields of chickpea affected by damping-off, Fusarium spp. were isolated from 83% of the seeds tested, and were more common than the other taxa recovered, namely Pythium and Rhizopus. Fusarium spp. were identified to species using morphological characters and sequence analysis of two loci, the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of ribosomal DNA and the translation elongation factor (TEF) 1-α gene. Consistently identified species were F. oxysporum Schltdl. and F. redolens Wollenw. While discrepancies between identification methods made the identity of other isolates unclear, Fusaria infecting chickpea were diverse and varied across sites. The pathogenicity of eight isolates to kabuli chickpea was...
The moderating effects of social support and playing status on the life stress-injury relationship

Abstract This study prospectively investigated the moderating effects of social support and playing status (i.e., starter vs. non-starter) on the life stress-iqiury relationship in collegiate football players. Playing status moderated the utility of life stress and social support as predictors of athletic injury. For starters, subjective satisfaction with social support moderated the negative life stress-injury relationship. Spacifidly, increases in negative life stress and subjective satisfaction with social support were associated with dcmeases in number of severe injuries, games missed, and time loss due to injury. No stress-injury relationships emerged for non-starters. Implications for future research are discussed.
Follow the money.

Borders no longer constrain the flow of capital, ideas and talent to emerging centres of excellence.
A Primer on Child Abuse and Neglect Law

This article surveys major aspects of child abuse and neglect law encountered by judges, lawyers, child advocates, and child care professionals. The authors, whose casebook, Children and the Law: Doctrine, Policy and Practice (West 4th ed. forthcoming 2010), is required reading in nearly seventy law schools, analyze both statutory and case law.
Formulations of finite elasticity with independent rotations

Abstract Variational formulations for classical nonlinear elasticity amenable to finite element discretization are presented in which the rotation field plays the role of an independent variable. The central idea the proposed approach is to regard the classical theory as a generalized model with an added independent rotation field which is constrained to coincide with the rotation of the medium. For three-dimensional solids, the independent rotation field is the rotation tensor from the polar decomposition of the deformation gradient. The variational formulation is then constructed merely by enforcing the constraint on the independent rotation field via a Lagrange multiplier term which is shown to vanish at equilibrium.
GABA-A and GABA-B receptors mediate feeding elicited by the GABA-B agonist baclofen in the ventral tegmental area and nucleus accumbens shell in rats: Reciprocal and regional interactions

Abstract Food intake is significantly increased following administration of GABA-B and GABA-A agonists into the nucleus accumbens (NAC) shell and ventral tegmental area (VTA) with receptor-selective antagonist pretreatment capable of blocking these responses within sites. Regional interactions in feeding studies have been evaluated by administering an antagonist in one site of interest prior to administration of the feeding-active agonist in a second site of interest and have identified important relationships, particularly for opioid–opioid interactions. To evaluate whether regional and reciprocal VTA and NAC shell interactions occur for GABA-mediated feeding, the present study examined whether feeding elicited by the GABA-B agonist, baclofen, microinjected into the NAC shell was dose-dependently blocked by pretreatment with either the GABA-B antagonist, saclofen, or the GABA-A antagonist, bicuculline, into the VTA, and then whether VTA baclofen-induced feeding was dose-dependently blocked by NAC shell pretreatment of either saclofen or bicuculline in rats. Rats were stereotaxically implanted with bilateral pairs of cannulae aimed at the VTA and NAC shell and were assessed for food intake following vehicle and baclofen (200 ng) in each site. Baclofen produced similar magnitudes of increased food intake following VTA and NAC shell treatment. Baclofen administration in the VTA and NAC shell was preceded 20 min earlier with administration of bicuculline (0, 7.5, 75, 150, 300 ng) or saclofen (0, 0.5, 1.5, 3, 5 μg) into the other site with intake measured 1, 2 and 4 h after agonist treatment. VTA saclofen dose-dependently and significantly blocked feeding elicited by NAC shell baclofen. Correspondingly, NAC shell saclofen dose-dependently and significantly blocked feeding elicited by VTA baclofen, indicating a robust and bidirectional GABA-B/GABA-B receptor interaction between sites. Whereas VTA bicuculline significantly blocked the increased feeding elicited by NAC shell baclofen, NAC shell bicuculline reduced but did not block feeding elicited by VTA baclofen, indicating a unidirectional interaction GABA-B/GABA-A receptor interaction between sites. Unlike within-site receptor specificity governing the ability of GABA agonist mediation of food intake, the present study demonstrates that GABA, like opioids, employs a distributed brain network in mediating its ingestive effects, and that under certain circumstances, uses multiple receptor subtypes to underlie its regional effects.
Adaptive frequency hopping algorithms for multicast rendezvous in DSA networks

Establishing communications in a dynamic spectrum access (DSA) network requires communicating nodes to “rendezvous” before transmitting their data packets. Frequency hopping (FH) provides an effective method for rendezvousing without relying on a predetermined control channel. FH rendezvous protocols have mainly targeted pairwise rendezvous, using fixed (non-adaptive) FH sequences and assuming a homogeneous spectrum environment, i.e., all nodes perceive the same spectrum opportunities. In this paper, we address these limitations by developing three multicast rendezvous algorithms: AMQFH, CMQFH, and nested-CMQFH. The three algorithms are intended for asynchronous spectrum-heterogeneous DSA networks. They provide different tradeoffs between speed and robustness to node compromise. We use the uniform k-arbiter and the Chinese remainder theorem (CRT) quorum systems to design our multicast rendezvous algorithms. We also design two “optimal” channel ordering mechanisms for channel sensing and assignment, one for AMQFH and the other for CMQFH and nested-CMQFH. Finally, we develop a proactive out-of-band sensing based dynamic FH (DFH) algorithm for online adaptation of the FH sequences used in the proposed rendezvous algorithms. Extensive simulations are used to evaluate our algorithms.
A method for the use of landscape metrics in freshwater research and management

Freshwater research and management efforts could be greatly enhanced by a better understanding of the relationship between landscape-scale factors and water quality indicators. This is particularly true in urban areas, where land transformation impacts stream systems at a variety of scales. Despite advances in landscape quantification methods, several studies attempting to elucidate the relationship between land use/ land cover (LULC) and water quality have resulted in mixed conclusions. However, these studies have largely relied on compositional landscape metrics. For urban and urbanizing watersheds in particular, the use of metrics that capture spatial pattern may further aid in distinguishing the effects of various urban growth patterns, as well as exploring the interplay between environmental and socioeconomic variables. However, to be truly useful for freshwater applications, pattern metrics must be optimized based on characteristic watershed properties and common water quality point sampling methods. Using a freely available LULC data set for the Santa Clara Basin, California, USA, we quantified landscape composition and configuration for subwatershed areas upstream of individual sampling sites, reducing the number of metrics based on: (1) sensitivity to changes in extent and (2) redundancy, as determined by a multivariate factor analysis. The first two factors, interpreted as (1) patch density and distribution and (2) patch shape and landscape subdivision, explained approximately 85% of the variation in the data set, and are highly reflective of the heterogeneous urban development pattern found in the study area. Although offering slightly less explanatory power, compositional metrics can provide important contextual information.
EVALUATION OF BELZER AND COLLINS KIDNEY-PRESERVATION METHODS

Abstract Information pooled from sixty-nine transplant centres on 686 human kidneys preserved by simple hypothermia with Collins solution or by the Belzer perfusion machine was collected. First-graft survival data were supplied for 146 kidneys preserved by the Collins method and 401 kidneys preserved on the Belzer machine. One-year-survival rates were: Collins 58% and Belzer 48%. Warm-ischaemia time greater than thirty minutes produced a greater proportion of failures at one-month post-transplant by both preservation methods. One-year graft-survival rates for cytotoxicity-negative patients were Collins solution 71% and Belzer machine 50%. Immediate function was also obtained at a higher rate with Collins (66%) than with the Belzer machine kidneys (45%). The results were subject to technical and learning problems at the different centres; nevertheless, they show that high survival-rates can be obtained by the pooled efforts of many centres with the use of a simple preservation solution employing hypothermia alone.
Distribution of plutonium, americium, and several rare earth fission product elements between liquid cadmium and LiClKCl eutectic

Abstract Separation factors were measured that describe the partition between molten cadmium and molten LiClKCl eutectic of plutonium, americium, praseodymium, neodymium, cerium, lanthanum, gadolinium, dysprosium, and yttrium. The temperature range was 753–788 K, and the range of concentrations was that allowed by the sensitivity of the chemical analysis methods. Mean separation factors were derived for Am-Pu, Nd-Am, Nd-Pu, Nd-Pr, Gd-La, Dy-La, La-Ce, La-Nd, Y-La, and Y-Nd. Where previously published data were available, agreement was good. For convenience, the following series of separation factors relative to plutonium was derived by combining the measured separation factors: Pu, 1.00 (basis); Am, 1.54; Pr, 22.9; Nd, 23.4; Ce, 26; La, 70; Gd, 77; Dy, 270; Y, 3000. These data are used in calculating the distribution of the actinide and rare earth elements in the pyrochemical reprocessing of spent fuel from the Integral Fast Reactor.
Pharmacogenetics of smoking cessation: role of nicotine target and metabolism genes.

Many smokers attempt to quit smoking but few are successful in the long term. The heritability of nicotine addiction and smoking relapse have been documented, and research is focused on identifying specific genetic influences on the ability to quit smoking and response to specific medications. Research in genetically modified cell lines and mice has identified nicotine acetylcholine receptor subtypes that mediate the pharmacological and behavioral effects of nicotine sensitivity and withdrawal. Human genetic association studies have identified single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in genes encoding nicotine acetylcholine receptor subunits and nicotine metabolizing enzymes that influence smoking cessation phenotypes. There is initial promising evidence for a role in smoking cessation for SNPs in the β2 and α5/α3/β4 nAChR subunit genes; however, effects are small and not consistently replicated. There are reproducible and clinically significant associations of genotypic and phenotypic measures of CYP2A6 enzyme activity and nicotine metabolic rate with smoking cessation as well as response to nicotine replacement therapies and bupropion. Prospective clinical trials to identify associations of genetic variants and gene–gene interactions on smoking cessation are needed to generate the evidence base for both medication development and targeted therapy approaches based on genotype.
Residual stresses in a SiC whisker-reinforced alumina composite by high-temperature X-ray diffraction

Residual strains and microstresses are evaluated for both phase of a hot-pressed, fine-grained α -alumina reinforced with 25 wt% (29 vol%) single-crystal silicon carbide whiskers at temperatures from 25 to 1000 °C. The sample was maintained in a nonoxidizing environment while measurements of the interplaner spacing of alumina (146) and SiC (511 + 333) were made using X-ray diffraction methods. The residual strains were profiled at temperature increments of 250 °C from which the corresponding microstresses were calculated. Linear extrapolation of the SiC e 33 profile indicates that the strains are completely relaxed at a temperature of approximately 1470 °C. These residual stress relaxation results suggest that elevated temperature toughness and fracture strength of this composite may result from cooperative mechanisms.