cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Panic disorder and its subtypes: a comprehensive analysis of panic symptom heterogeneity using epidemiological and treatment seeking samples

BackgroundPanic disorder (PD) is a heterogeneous syndrome that can present with a variety of symptom profiles that potentially reflect distinct etiologic pathways. The present study represents the most comprehensive examination of phenotypic variance in PD with and without agoraphobia for the purpose of identifying clinically relevant and etiologically meaningful subtypes.MethodLatent class (LC) and factor mixture analysis were used to examine panic symptom data ascertained from three national epidemiologic surveys [Epidemiological Catchment Area (ECA), National Comorbidity Study (NCS), National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC), Wave 1], a twin study [Virginia Adult Twin Study of Psychiatric and Substance Use Disorders (VATSPSUD)] and a clinical trial (Cross-National Collaborative Panic Study [CNCPS]).ResultsFactor mixture models (versus LC) generally provided better fit to panic symptom data and suggested two panic classes for the ECA, VATSPSUD and CNCPS, with one class typified by prominent respiratory symptoms. The NCS yielded two classes, but suggested both qualitative and quantitative differences. The more contemporary NESARC sample supported a two and three class model, with the three class model suggesting two variants of respiratory panic. The NESARC's three class model continued to provide the best fit when the model was restricted to a more severe form of PD/panic disorder with agoraphobia.ConclusionsResults from epidemiologic and clinical samples suggest two panic subtypes, with one subtype characterized by a respiratory component and a second class typified by general somatic symptoms. Results are discussed in light of their relevance to the etiopathogenesis of PD.
Energy management of a power-split plug-in hybrid electric vehicle based on genetic algorithm and quadratic programming

highlights � Develop an intelligent controller to realize energy management of plug-in hybrid vehicles. � Use quadratic equations to simulate the relationship between battery current and fuel rate. � Employ genetic algorithms to optimize power threshold for engine to turn on. � Use quadratic programming to calculate optimal battery current for engine-on operations. � Consider the battery state of health to extend the applicability of the proposed algorithm. abstract This paper introduces an online and intelligent energy management controller to improve the fuel economy of a power-split plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV). Based on analytic analysis between fuel- rate and battery current at different driveline power and vehicle speed, quadratic equations are applied to simulate the relationship between battery current and vehicle fuel-rate. The power threshold at which engine is turned on is optimized by genetic algorithm (GA) based on vehicle fuel-rate, battery state of charge (SOC) and driveline power demand. The optimal battery current when the engine is on is calculated using quadratic programming (QP) method. The proposed algorithm can control the battery current effectively, which makes the engine work more efficiently and thus reduce the fuel-consumption. Moreover, the controller is still applicable when the battery is unhealthy. Numerical simulations vali- dated the feasibility of the proposed controller.
Influence of the precrystallization zone on the dopant field in microgravity

In this paper we present the computed dopant field in the neighborhood of the melt/solid interface in the case of Bridgman-Stockbarger semiconductor crystal growth system in microgravity. The computation is made in quasi-steady state approximation for crystal and melt with thermophysical properties similar to those of gallium-doped germanium, using the precrystallization-zone model. In the quasi-steady state approximation the translation of the ampoule is replaced by supplying melt into the ampoule with velocity V l and removing crystal at the other end of the ampoule at the rate V s = V l . The precrystallization-zone is considered to be a thin layer masking the crystal in which exists a periodical microstructure created by the periodical structure of the crystal which governs the arranging of the own atoms into a specific crystalline lattice. In fact, in this layer we have periodically distributed places which are not available for the dopant. Using this approximation and model, we find relevant radial segregation due to the precrystallization-zone. We also find that reducing the diameter of the rod a lower radial segregation appears. Therefore the influence of the precrystallization-zone is relevant even in microgravity and there is no reason to ignore this zone in general.
Rotordynamic Characteristics of a Flexure Pivot Pad Bearing With an Active and Locked Integral Squeeze Film Damper

Measured rotordynamic coefficients are presented for a flexure-pivot-pad journal bearing (FPJB) in a load-between-pad configuration with: (1) an active, and (2) locked integral squeeze film damper (ISFD). Prior rotordynamic-coefficient test results have been presented for FPJBs (alone), and rotor-response results have been presented for rotors supported by FPJBS with ISFDs; however, these are the first rotordynamic-coefficient test results for FPJBs with ISFDs.A multi-frequency dynamic testing regime is employed. For both bearing configurations, quadratic curve fits provide good representation of the real portions of the dynamic-stiffness coefficients yielding a direct stiffness and a direct added-mass coefficient. The imaginary portions are well represented by linear curve fits, implying constant, frequency-independent direct-damping coefficients. Direct stiffness coefficients are ∼50% lower for the active-damper configuration, and direct damping coefficients are only modestly lower. The combination of ∼50% reduction in direct stiffness with a modest drop in direct damping indicates a very effective squeeze-film damper application.Added-mass coefficients are normally lower for the active-damper configuration, and all coefficient trends (for changes in loading and shaft speed) are “flatter” for the active flexure pivot-pad damper bearing. The measured rotordynamic coefficients are used to calculate the whirl frequency ratio and indicate high stability for both bearing configurations.© 2012 ASME
Estimating illuminant direction and degree of surface relief

Many algorithms for deriving surface shape from shading require an estimate of the direction of illumination. This paper presents a new estimator for illuminant direction, which also generates an estimate of the degree of surface relief, that is measured by the variance of surface orientation (the partial derivatives of surface depth). Surfaces are considered to be samples of a stochastic process representing depth as a function of position in the image plane. We derive an estimator for illuminant tilt that is based only on some general assumptions about the process. The assumptions are that the process is wide-sense stationary, strictly isotropic, and mean-square differentiable and that the second partial derivatives of surface depth are locally independent of the first partial derivatives. We develop an estimator of illuminant slant and degree of surface relief in two stages. In the first, we develop a general format for an estimator based on the same assumptions that are used for the tilt estimator. The second stage is the actual implementation of the estimator and requires the specification of a functional form for the local probability distribution of surface orientations. This approach contrasts with previous ones, which begin their development with an assumption of a particular distribution for surfaces. The approach has the advantage that it separates the problems of surface modeling and light-source estimation, permiting one to easily implement specific estimators for different surface models. We implement the illuminant slant estimator for surfaces that have a Gaussian distribution of surface orientations and show simulation results. Degraded performance in the presence of self-shadowing is discussed.
Analytical method for the release of isothiazolones from microtubules in artificial seawater

With restrictions on the use of metallic biocides in aquatic antifouling coatings, it is important to develop new methods to both contain and deliver these alternative compounds from marine coatings systems. Utilization of microencapsulation is one approach to the delivery of biocides that has not been utilized in the mainstream of antifouling paint formulations. When formulating next generation paints that utilize hydrophobic nonmetallic biocides, it is necessary to develop an understanding of the release kinetics of the compounds from model polymeric coatings in order to better develop methods for providing long-term efficacy. The biocide 4,5-dichloro-2-n-octyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one is a nonmetallic and nonenvironmentally persistent biocide that has been registered in several countries for use as an antifouling agent and has gained approval by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. The release characteristics of this biocide from copper microtubules as well as polymeric films were determined by high performance liquid chromatography.
Microplate model for the present-day deformation of Tibet

[1] Site velocities from 349 Global Positioning System (GPS) stations are used to construct an 11-element quasi-rigid block model of the Tibetan Plateau and its surroundings. Rigid rotations of five major blocks are well determined, and average translation velocities of six smaller blocks can be constrained. Where data are well distributed the velocity field can be explained well by rigid block motion and fault slip across block boundaries. Residual misfits average 1.6 mm/yr compared to typical one standard deviation velocity uncertainties of 1.3 mm/yr. Any residual internal straining of the blocks is small and heterogeneous. However, residual substructure might well represent currently unresolved motions of smaller blocks. Although any smaller blocks must move at nearly the same rate as the larger blocks within which they lie, undetected relative motions between them could be significant, particularly where there are gaps in GPS coverage. Predicted relative motions between major blocks agree with the observed sense of slip and along-strike partitioning of motion across major faults. However, predicted slip rates across Tibet's major strike-slip faults are low, only 5–12 mm/yr, a factor of 2–3 smaller than most rates estimated from fault offset features dated by radiometric methods as ∼2000 to ∼100,000 year old. Previous work has suggested that both GPS data and low fault slip rates are incompatible with rigid block motions of Tibet. The results reported here overcome these objections.
Osteomalacia associated with prostatic cancer and osteoblastic metastases

Abstract A patient with carcinoma of the prostate, extensive bony metastases, and osteomalacia is reported. The diagnosis of osteomalacia was suspected because of generalized weakness and bone pains, hypocalcemia, hypophosphatemia, and raised alkaline phosphatase. It was documented by low 1,25-hydroxyvitamin D level. Furthermore, it was confirmed by improvement in patient's symptomatology and normalization of serum calcium and phosphorus after treatment with 1,25-hydroxyvitamin D 3 (Rocaltrol).
Syntheses and Pharmacological Activity of Substituted Imidazolidinethiones and Thioimidazolines

A series of imidazolidinethiones and thioimidazolines was synthesized and tested for their effects on both forced and spontaneous motor activity as well as for their ability to raise the convulsion threshold. The proton NMR spectra for the thioimidazolines synthesized were unusual in that they showed a sharp singlet for the ring ethylene unit rather than the expected A2B2 pattern. The thioimidazolines, 5 and 7, were the most active CNS depressants and had the highest safety index. Significantly, the isomeric imidazolidinethiones, 8 and 9, were comparatively much less effective while being considerably more toxic.
AMD3100 Affects Autograft Lymphocyte Collection and Progression-Free Survival After Autologous Stem Cell Transplantion in Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma

Abstract Purpose: Autograft absolute lymphocyte count (A-ALC) affects survival after autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) in non- Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). AMD3100, a CXCR4 antagonist, mobilizes CD34 + stem cells in patients with NHL undergoing ASCT. We sought to study the impact of AMD3100 on A-ALC collection in patients with NHL undergoing ASCT. Patients and Methods: The primary endpoint of the study was to assess the association between AMD3100 and A-ALC collection. We compared 7 consecutive patients with NHL mobilized with AMD3100 and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor with 29 control patients with NHL mobilized with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor alone. Results: Higher median A-ALCs were observed in the AMD3100 group compared with the control group (4.16 × 10 9 lymphocytes/kg vs. 0.288 × 10 9 lymphocytes/kg; P P Conclusion: Our data suggest that AMD3100 affects A-ALC and clinical outcome in patients with NHL undergoing ASCT.
Highly acetylated H4 is associated with histone displacement in rat spermatids

The presence of highly acetylated histone H4 during spermatogenesis was studied to evaluate its correlation with the events of gene transcription, histone deposition, and histone displacement. We utilized an antibody raised to a pentaacetylated synthetic peptide that preferentially recognizes highly (tetra- and tri-) acetylated forms of rat testis H4. Electrophoretic separation of histones from enriched fractions of spermatogenic cells followed by detection of these forms by staining and by immunoblotting using this antibody showed that the highly acetylated forms were limited almost exclusively to spermatids beginning at step 11 of development. Immunofluorescence generally confirmed this result but also detected a high degree of acetylation in steps 9 and 10. Immunofluorescence also revealed a striking polarity in the progression of histone from the spermatid nucleus. Highly acetylated H4 was displaced from the anterior to the caudal portion of the spermatid nucleus during steps 11 and 12, along with other histones, prior to their displacement by transition proteins. Thus, while monoacetylated and low levels of diacetylated forms of H4 were associated with stages at which histone deposition and transcription occur, the more highly acetylated forms appeared in high levels only at the stage at which histone displacement occurs.
Endothelium-dependent relaxations in the aorta from K2p6.1 knockout mice

K2P6.1 or TWIK-2, a two-pore domain K channel, is an important regulator of cardiovascular function. K2P6.1 is highly expressed in vascular smooth muscle and endothelium. Mice (8–12 wk) lacking fun...
Changes in the prolactin-binding capacity of mouse hepatic membranes with development and aging.

Abstract The objective of this study was to document the developmental changes in the prolactin-binding capacity of hepatic membranes of the female mouse. Prolactin-binding capacity was measured in the microsomal membranes of liver obtained from C3H female mice at various ages. Binding capacity of these membranes remained low until 21 days of age after which it increased and reached the adult levels of 44 days of age. Additional studies were made to observe this parameter in male and female mice during aging. Both female and male mice at 450–470 days of age had values of prolactin binding that were 66% and 79% that of the 77-day-old animals, respectively. A significant increase in membrane lipid microviscosity was observed in animals from both sexes at 450–470 days of age. This was in agreement with earlier studies that showed that prolactin receptors of hepatic membranes are modulated by changes in the membrane lipid microviscosity. These changes suggest that such modifications of cellular membranes are interrelated and that changes in the membrane microviscosity with aging may be a factor modulating cellular responses in older animals.
Some Partition Problems with Analogies in Quantum Statistics.

The problem of counting configurations of spins in Ising lattices which satisfy various algebraic conditions is formally similar to computing the entropy of certain many-particle systems obeying Fermi-Dirac statistics. Steepest descent methods are used to solve several of these problems, and the analogies with quantum statistical formulae noted.
Differentiation of the atrioventricular conducting system of the heart.

The structure and function of the atrioventricular conducting system of the heart, and its relationship to the myocardium, are examined from a developmental point of view. On the basis of information derived from electron micrographic, electrophysiologic, and developmental studies of heart tissue, it is concluded that: (1) The idea of the syncytial nature of the heart lacks a sound anatomic basis. (2) Cytodifferentiation during embryonic cardiogenesis results in the development of at least 2 distinct populations of cells: those comprising the bulk of the myocardium and a second type, the specialized cells of the conductive tissue, which differs in histology, biochemistry, and physiology. (3) The common view of the myocardium as a spontaneously active tissue may require revision, since several lines of evidence appear to indicate that myocardial cells are quiescent until stimulated by an extrinsic source. Under normal circumstances, this stimulus source is the conductive tissue.
HIV-1 Nef: at the crossroads

The development of anti-virals has blunted the AIDS epidemic in the Western world but globally the epidemic has not been curtailed. Standard vaccines have not worked, and attenuated vaccines are not being developed because of safety concerns. Interest in attenuated vaccines has centered on isolated cases of patients infected with HIV-1 containing a deleted nef gene. Nef is a multifunctional accessory protein that is necessary for full HIV-1 virulence. Unfortunately, some patients infected with the nef-deleted virus eventually lose their CD4+ T cells to levels indicating progression to AIDS. This renders the possibility of an attenuated HIV-1 based solely on a deleted nef remote. In this review we discuss the knowledge gained both from the study of these patients and from in vitro investigations of Nef function to assess the possibility of developing new anti-HIV-1 drugs based on Nef. Specifically, we consider CD4 downregulation, major histocompatibility complex I downregulation, Pak2 activation, and enhancement of virion infectivity. We also consider the recent proposal that simian immunodeficiency viruses are non-pathogenic in their hosts because they have Nefs that downregulate CD3, but HIV-1 is pathogenic because its Nef fails to downregulate CD3. The possibility of incorporating the CD3 downregulation function into HIV-1 Nef as a therapeutic option is also considered. Finally, we conclude that inhibiting the CD4 downregulation function is the most promising Nef-targeted approach for developing a new anti-viral as a contribution to combating AIDS.
Arc fault signal detection - Fourier transformation vs. wavelet decomposition techniques using synthesized data

Arc faults are a significant reliability and safety concern for photovoltaic (PV) systems and can cause intermittent operation, system failure, electrical shock hazard, and even fire. Further, arc faults in deployed systems are seemingly random and challenging to faithfully create experimentally in the laboratory, which makes the study of arc fault signature detection difficult. While it may seem trivial to simply record arcing signatures from real-world system, an obstacle in capturing these arc signals is that arc faults in the PV systems do not happen predictably, and depending on the location of the sensors relative to the arc location, may contribute a negligible portion to the magnitude of the sensed current or voltage waveform. The high-frequency content of the arc requires fast sampling, long memory, and fast processing to acquire, store, and analyze the waveforms; this adds substantial balance-of-system cost when considering widespread deployment of arc fault detectors in PV applications. In this paper, we study the performance of the fast Fourier transform arc detection method compared to the wavelet decomposition method by using synthetic waveforms. These waveforms are created by combining measured waveforms of normal background noise from inverters in DC PV arrays along with waveforms of arcing events. Using this technique allows the ratio of amplitudes are varied. Combining these separate waveforms in various amplitude proportions enables creation of test signals for the study of detection algorithm efficacy. It will be shown that the wavelet transformation technique produce more easily recognized detection results and can perform this detection using a much lower sampling rate than what is required for the fast Fourier transform
Interaction of larval age and antibiotic on the susceptibility of three insect species to Bacillus thuringiensis

Abstract The addition of chlortetracycline hydrochloride to bioassay diets increased the LC50S of the HD-1 isolate of Bacillus thuringiensis 2.4–67.1 times when bioassayed against 4-day-old larvae of Trichoplusia ni, Heliothis virescens, and Ostrinia nubilalis. There were no significant differences in LC50 s when bioassays were conducted with neonate larvae in the presence or absence of antibiotic, nor were there any highly significant differences between the LC50 s for HD-1 when neonate larvae were used in the presence or absence of antibiotic or when 4-day-old larvae were used in the absence of antibiotic. Viable counts of B. thuringiensis did not increase over time in any of three bioassay diets. There were no differences in activity of pure chlortetracycline hydrochloride and veterinary grade Aureomycin. There was a direct correlation between amount of antibiotic and elevation of HD-1 LC50 s when 4-day-old larvae were used. LC50 elevation in presence of antibiotic first appeared in 2-day-old larvae.
α-Complementation assay for HIV envelope glycoprotein-mediated fusion

The fusion reaction mediated by viral envelope glycoproteins proceeds through an ordered series of conformational changes in the envelope glycoprotein. Fusion inhibitors have been developed that target glycoprotein subunits, arresting the reaction at different points in the process. We report the development of a novel method for detecting viral glycoprotein-mediated fusion that is based on the principle of alpha-complementation of beta-galactosidase. The method is simple, accurate, has a high signal-to-noise ratio, is suited for high-throughput screening, and does not require new transcription or protein synthesis. Cells expressing a viral envelope glycoprotein and the N-terminal alpha fragment of beta-galactosidase were mixed with cells expressing the C-terminal beta-galactosidase fragment, CD4, CCR5, or CXCR4. Fusion was detected after 30 min and continued to increase to very high levels for more than 5 h. The assay was used to examine the temperature dependence of fusion and the effect of coreceptor and glycoprotein density on inhibitor activity.
Factors Related to Outcome in a School-based Intensive Mental Health Program: An Examination of Nonresponders

We examined factors related to treatment responders (n = 35) and nonresponders (n = 16) in a group of 51 children admitted to the Intensive Mental Health Program (IMHP). Children’s response to treatment was coded based on their functioning at intake and discharge using total CAFAS scores. Demographic variables, length of treatment, number of diagnoses and medications, and history of physical/emotional abuse or neglect did not significantly distinguish between responders and nonresponders. Nonresponders were more likely to present with a history of suspected or confirmed sexual abuse, internalizing diagnoses, or comorbid internalizing and externalizing diagnoses. Although the small sample size may limit interpretations, our findings indicate treatment programs need augmentation when children with serious emotional disturbances (SED) may be at risk for not responding to interventions.
Nonlinear Magnetic Field Analysis of DC Machines, Part III: Equipotential Plots Drawn by Computer

A computer program for establishing the equipotential plots in the cross section of a dc machine is described. The necessary steps are as follows: 1) scanning of the gridlines in the cross section to find the points of definite magnetic potentials from the discrete vector potential; 2) finding the location of the point of the mesh section containing the given vector potential by interpolation; 3) expressing the positions of the points in rectangular coordinates and finding and printing out all points of the same vector potentials by a CalComp computer. This procedure is carried out for several values of the vector potentials to obtain a comprehensive plot of flux lines.
Computational Intelligence for Nonlinear Systems

Nonlinear control is one of the biggest challenges in modern control theory. While linear control system theory has been well developed, it is the nonlinear control problems that cause most headaches. Nonlinear processes are difficult to control because there can be so many variations of the nonlinear behavior. Traditionally, a nonlinear process has to be linearized first before an automatic controller can be effectively applied. This is typically achieved by adding a reverse nonlinear function to compensate for the nonlinear behavior so the overall process input-output relationship becomes somewhat linear. The issue becomes more complicated if a nonlinear characteristic of the system changes with time and there is a need for an adaptive change of the nonlinear behavior. These adaptive systems are best handled with methods of computational intelligence such as neural networks and fuzzy systems. The problem is that development of neural or fuzzy systems are not trivial.
Neural synergy in visual grouping: when good continuation meets common fate.

Abstract A modified version of the ‘path finder’ display consisting of many small oriented Gabor patches was used to study the joint contributions of spatial and temporal structures to shape perception. A two-interval forced-choice procedure measured detectability of curved ‘paths’ defined by orientation (‘good continuation’) and/or by temporal synchrony of change in motion direction (‘common fate’). When orientation was completely random (no spatial ‘path’ cue) temporal synchrony still supported reliable performance, but only when correlation of change among ‘path’ elements was high. When combined, these two weak spatial and temporal structures yielded performance in excess of probability summation: ‘paths’ weakly defined by orientation were highly conspicuous when the constituent Gabors underwent synchronized changes in direction of motion, even though the individual directions of path elements were uncorrelated. Spatial grouping from temporal structure may arise from correlated transients associated with synchronized changes in motion direction. Evidently these two mechanisms for promotion of spatial grouping interact synergistically.
The Reputation of Felix Frankfurter

There has been a great surge of interest lately in the life and career of Felix Frankfurter. Much of the interest, no doubt, has to do with the man's extraordinary accomplishments as an individual and as a jurist, for the range of Frankfurter's friendships, contacts, and influence spanning more than half a century is truly stunning. But much of it, too, has to do with the curious denouement of the man's career. Upon his appointment to the Supreme Court, Frankfurter appeared to epitomize reform liberalism; but within a few years, his judicial opinions raised substantial barriers to the hopes and efforts of the champions of liberal change. Some have argued that the shift in Frankfurter's position was more apparent than real-that it was his fidelity to principle that placed him to the rear rather than toward the van of the forces of change as different issues after World War II newly challenged the balance of freedom and order. Others have charged ideological fecklessness and fundamental flaws in the man's character and personality. Finally there are those who have claimed (some of them trium-
Symbolwise graph-cover decoding: Connecting sum-product algorithm decoding and bethe free energy minimization

In the past, graph-cover decoding, here called blockwise graph-cover decoding (B-GCD), has been introduced as a theoretical tool to better understand message-passing iterative decoding, especially to better understand the connections between max-product algorithm decoding and linear programming decoding. In this paper we introduce symbolwise graph-cover decoding (S-GCD), a theoretical tool that helps to better understand the connections between sum-product algorithm decoding and Bethe free energy minimization. S-GCD motivates a deeper study of the properties of the Bethe free energy and of the pseudo-dual of the Bethe free energy, a study which allows one to re-derive and shed new light on many known results for sum-product algorithm decoding. In particular, it gives a new interpretation of a result by Yedidia, Freeman, and Weiss (namely the result that fixed points of the sum-product algorithm correspond to stationary points of the Bethe free energy), of the fundamental polytope, of stopping sets, of EXIT charts, of the Maxwell construction/decoder, and of the asymptotic growth rate of the average Hamming weight distribution of certain (protograph) code ensembles.
Dynamic phase compensation in Modulated-Demodulated Control for Pulsed jet injection

This paper proposes the addition of dynamic phase compensation to modulated-demodulated controllers used for disturbance rejection/reference tracking and demonstrates a novel application of repetitive control for pulsed jet injection. In cases where a plant has rapidly varying phase near the frequency or frequencies to be controlled, conventional static phase compensation may be inadequate due to the propensity to create peaking in the sensitivity function. Dynamic phase compensation improves the disturbance rejection characteristics of modulated-demodulated controllers by inverting the plant phase over some frequency band in the “baseband” coordinates. Both static and dynamic phase compensation controllers are compared on an experimental apparatus that is used to study pulsed jet injection. The controllers are used to track a square wave in the temporal velocity profile of a pulsed jet of air using active forcing. In this application pulsing the jet improves the mixing and spread of the jet which are useful for energy generation and aerospace applications.
Application of delay tolerant networking (DTN) in Airborne Networks

As airborne networks (ANs) evolve and become increasingly net-centric, it is critical that apt consideration is given to properly extend Internet protocol (IP)-based networking services to the tactical assets. This is an effort to resolve current interoperability issues through the use of a standard protocol and provide IP connectivity between all airborne network platforms. However, large gaps exist between the current AN architecture and future envisioned net-centric capabilities. The dynamic nature of the AN topology, typically characterized by highly intermittent links and long link delays, limits the use and effectiveness of Internet-based standards and protocols. Developed separately, the delay tolerant network (DTN) architecture has been designed to address the needs of networks characterized by link intermittency, lack of end-to-end connectivity between end users, and high latency. While originally developed for deep space networking and inter-planetary communications, DTNs are highly applicable for sensor-based networks, terrestrial wireless networks, satellite networks, underwater acoustic networks as well as airborne networks. This paper addresses the specific challenges of establishing and maintaining reliable communications within an IP-based AN environment. In addition, this paper provides an overview of DTN, and details how this technology may be integrated into to the AN infrastructure in order to address the current issues affecting AN performance.
Dynamic Pricing and Lead-Time Quotation for a Multiclass Make-to-Order Queue

This paper considers a profit-maximizing make-to-order manufacturer that offers multiple products to a market of price and delay sensitive users, using a model that captures three aspects of particular interest: first, the joint use of dynamic pricing and lead-time quotation controls to manage demand; second, the presence of a dual sourcing mode that can expedite orders at a cost; and third, the interaction of the aforementioned demand controls with the operational decisions of sequencing and expediting that the firm must employ to optimize revenues and satisfy the quoted lead times. Using an approximating diffusion control problem we derive near-optimal dynamic pricing, lead-time quotation, sequencing, and expediting policies that provide structural insights and lead to practically implementable recommendations. A set of numerical results illustrates the value of joint pricing and lead-time control policies.
Orogastric administration of crushed darunavir tablets for a critically ill patient.

When HIV-positive patients are critically ill and unable to take medications orally, administration of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) becomes challenging. The foremost issue is the lack of parenteral formulations and oral suspensions. Only limited clinical evidence directly addresses the conversion of antiretroviral drugs from the oral to the enteral route. Interruption of HAART is not an acceptable alternative, as this results in HIV viral rebound, immunodeficiency, opportunistic infections, and development of resistance to antiretroviral treatment. Altering the route of administration may affect the plasma concentration of antiretrovirals, which also affects clinical outcomes. For example, as described in one case report, a 28-year-old HIV-positive man with diffuse large B cell–type lymphoma of the duodenum was taking the liquid or powder formulations of lopinavir–ritonavir, abacavir, and lamivudine (at standard adult doses) by oral ingestion, with suppression of the viral load to less than 400 copies/mL. Development of a duodenal obstruction necessitated insertion of a percutaneous jejunal feeding tube (located ≥ 35 cm distal to the ligament of Treitz). HAART was reinitiated via the jejunostomy, leading to HIV viral rebound (to 11 000 copies/mL), undetectable serum concentration of lopinavir, and development of resistance to lamivudine (M184V mutation). Gastric bypass surgery was performed to connect the gastric corpus to the jejunum (20 cm distal from the ligament of Treitz). HAART, including lopinavir–ritonavir (oral liquid), abacavir, and tenofovir, was restarted, and measurement of serum lopinavir concentration 18 weeks later demonstrated adequate absorption of the medication, with HIV viral suppression (to 52 copies/mL). Darunavir is an HIV-1 protease inhibitor recommended for combination HAART regimens for both treatment-naive and treatment-experienced patients. This antiretroviral agent must be administered with ritonavir and food to enhance its pharmacokinetic profile and to ensure adequate antiretroviral activity. The absolute bioavailability of darunavir without ritonavir is only 37%; however, when darunavir is adminstered concurrently with ritonavir, systemic exposure to darunavir increases 14-fold. Limited data suggest adequate absorption of crushed darunavir tablets, both when swallowed and when administered via various enteral tubes. This report describes a case in which crushed darunavir tablets were administered to a critically ill patient through an orogastric feeding tube.
High Precision Multi-touch Sensing on Surfaces using Overhead Cameras

We present a method to enable multi-touch interactions on an arbitrary flat surface using a pair of cameras mounted above the surface. Current systems in this domain mostly make use of special touch-sensitive hardware, require cameras to be mounted behind the display, or are based on infrared sensors used in various configurations. The very few that use ordinary cameras mounted overhead for touch detection fail to do so accurately due to the difficulty in computing the proximity of fingertips to the surface with a precision that would match the behaviour of a truly touch-sensitive surface. This paper describes a novel computer vision algorithm that can robustly identify finger tips and detect touch with a precision of a few millimetres above the surface. The algorithm relies on machine learning methods and a geometric finger model to achieve the required precision, and can be 'trained' to work in different physical settings. We provide a quantitative evaluation of the method and demonstrate its use for gesture based interactions with ordinary tablet displays, both in single user and remote collaboration scenarios.
Prediction in general relativity

Several authors have claimed that prediction is essentially impossible in the general theory of relativity, the case being particularly strong, it is said, when one fully considers the epistemic predicament of the observer. Each of these claims rests on the support of an underdetermination argument and a particular interpretation of the concept of prediction. I argue that these underdetermination arguments fail and depend on an implausible explication of prediction in the theory. The technical results adduced in these arguments can be related to certain epistemic issues, but can only be misleadingly or mistakenly characterized as related to prediction.
Sorption and transport of pure C02 and CH4 in miscible bisphenol chloral polycarbonate/poly (methyl methacrylate) blends

Pure polycarbonate (BCPC) exhibits decreases in the permeability coefficients for both CO 2 and CH 4 as the upstream driving pressure increased as predicted by the dual-mode sorption mode, whereas PMMA shows a decrease for CH 4 but an increase for CO 2 . The latter is attributed to plasticization by this more soluble gas. The blends show intermediate behavior. CO 2 permeation was examined on pressurization, at constant pressure for two weeks, and then on depressurization. The pattern of behavior progressively deviated between that of BCPC and PMMA and the MMA content of the blends was varied
Social learning in a heterogeneous population: technology diffusion in the Indian Green Revolution

Abstract Information flows are weaker in a heterogeneous population when the performance of a new technology is sensitive to unobserved individual characteristics, preventing individuals from learning from neighbors' experiences. This characterization of social learning is tested with wheat and rice data from the Indian Green Revolution. The rice-growing regions display greater heterogeneity in growing conditions and the new rice varieties were also sensitive to unobserved farm characteristics. Wheat growers respond strongly to neighbors' experiences, as expected, while rice growers do not. Rice growers also appear to experiment more on their own land to compensate for their lack of social information.
A non-volatile memory array based on nano-ionic Conductive Bridge Memristors

Much excitement has been generated over the potential uses of chalcogenide glasses and other materials in circuits as “memristors” or as non-volatile memories. The memristor is a fourth passive two terminal electronic device, postulated by Leon Chua in 1971 and rediscovered in 2008. Our Conductive Bridge Memristor (CBM) changes its resistance in response to current passing through it by building up or dissolving a conductive molecular bridge in an otherwise insulating chalcogenide film. This paper outlines the design and simulation of a non-volatile memory using an array of CBM devices integrated with CMOS access transistors and read/write access circuitry. We have designed and simulated a large memory array layout using CBM devices accessed by an NMOS transistor and CMOS row/column read and write drivers. The design uses a folded-cascode op-amp configured to integrate current on the column as a strategy for sensing the device resistance. Each CBM device is connected to the array through a single minimum size NMOS transistor. The design has been simulated using a SPICE model for the PMC (Programmable Metallization Cell) [7]. We demonstrate the feasibility of accessing the device for read without exceeding the write threshold, and discuss the tradeoff of speed vs. array size associated with this technique. Plans are being developed to fabricate the design on a MOSIS multi project wafer with BEOL processing for the CBM devices.
INTERNEURONS | Plasticity and Reorganization of GABA Neurons in Epilepsy

GABA neurons in the hippocampus undergo a variety of changes in temporal lobe epilepsy. These include both loss of some groups of GABA neurons and alterations in remaining GABA neurons. Changes in remaining neurons are of particular interest because these neurons may play pivotal roles in seizure control or occurrence in epilepsy. The changes include up-regulation of the GABA-synthesizing enzyme glutamate decarboxylase, potential morphological reorganization of GABAergic axons, and altered GABAA receptor expression in GABA neurons. While some of the changes are likely to be compensatory, others could alter or impair the function of remaining GABA neurons.
Using fault displacement and slip tendency to estimate stress states

Abstract We suggest that faults in high slip tendency orientations tend to develop larger displacements than other faults. Consequently, faults that accumulate larger displacements are more likely to be reliable indicators of the longer term stress field and should be weighted accordingly in paleostress estimation. Application of a stress inversion technique that uses slip tendency analyses and fault displacements to interpret populations of coherent normal faults within the Balcones Fault System of south-central Texas provides stress estimates that are consistent with established regional stress analyses. Although the method does not require measurement of slip directions, these data, where available, and sensitivity analyses of the angular mismatch between measured slip directions and those predicted by inverted stress states provide high confidence in the stress estimates generated using slip tendency analyses. Close inspection of the fault orientation and displacement data further indicates that subpopulations of faults with orientations different from the regional pattern have formed in response to stress perturbations generated by displacement gradients on an adjacent seismic scale fault.
Juvenile Gang Participation and the Juvenile Justice System: Is There a Solution?

Juvenile involvement in gangs has long been a problem in the United States. However, in the past few decades, juveniles’ participation in gangs has continued to increase despite the fact that violent crime, as a whole, has decreased. The juvenile justice system has been unable to effectively deal with this problem. This essay traces the arc of the juvenile justice system, from its beginnings in the parens patriae doctrine through recent Supreme Court Eighth Amendment decisions, in order to situate the juvenile gang problem in both a historical and modern context. It then addresses empirical evidence of juvenile gang activity in America and examines three different methods for combating the problem. Ultimately, it concludes that the most effective approach to fight juvenile gang affiliation is by aggressive intervention and reformed court supervision that incorporates many of the same therapeutic interventionist methods.
Market Structure And Banking Production Economies: Evidence From The 1980s Deregulation

This study examines the changes in the cost structure of banking firms using data from pre and post deregulation periods. A translog cost function is utilized for the analyses of economies of scale and scope. The results indicate that the average cost curves, although U-shaped flattened over time, resulting in an increase in optimal bank size. Economies of scope that existed prior to deregulation appears to be exhausted in a more nonconstrained environment.
Innovations in American Culture

1. The contemporary American introduction into society conforms fundamentally to the concept "Rite of Passage" as described by Van Gennep. It is a frame work of techniques, set up by the elders of a social group and handed down from generation to generation. Its purpose is the facilitating of the individual's passage from one life situation to another at a critical period of life and in a socially approved way. It adheres to the consecutive stages of separation, transition, and assimilation, with special ceremonies to mark each stage. It is a period of training and selection, and its goal is conservation of the best interests and values of the group. 2. A comparison of contemporary rite of passage with the more familiar primitive rites gives indications of the effect of modern urban civilization on ritual itself. In stable, pre-civilized society, ritual is rigid and pervasive, changing slowly and often remaining to long outlive its first usefulness, sometimes retarding change or causing conflict and "cultural lag," but reinforcing individual stability. In this current rite of the debut, it is seen that rapid social change has made alterations in the ritual within a generation or two and has left the. rites in a transitional stage at the present time. The fundamental structure remains as a felt need. But within that structure the signs of struggle between the "presiding elders" and the new generation for modification in forms more suitable to their present demands is clearly visible. Thus, this ritual, which grows out of the way, values, and needs of social life, takes on flexibility as the social life changes rapidly. Specific studies of other contemporary rituals would help to answer the question whether, with ritual, adaptability means survival in a more adequate form, or whether, as is usually assumed, ritualism necessarily dies out with quick social change, and furthers a process of disorganization by its absence.
Diplomacy of Human Rights

This discussion of the diplomatic dimension—the foreign politics of human rights—addresses (1) the nature of this new transnational issue, (2) possible approaches and their effects, and (3) problems that complicate promotion of human rights. The author argues that violations of human rights reflect an increasing global crisis and that response to that crisis bears directly on other U.S. objectives. The author concludes that sustained U.S. advocacy of internationally recognized human rights will depend on the degree to which Americans accept the argument that promotion of these rights both serves their national interest and contributes to the overdue redefinition of that interest.
Study on Extinction Characteristics of Expanded Graphite Smoke to 1.06μm and 10.6μm Laser

In order to test the laser extinction properties of expanded graphite,based on the analysis of smoke extinction mechanism,the laser transmittance curves of expanded graphite smoke versus time on the 1.06um and10.6μm laser are tested in the smoke box.The concentrations of expanded graphite smoke at different moments are measured with membrane weighing method.The average mass extinction coefficients of expanded graphite smoke on IR laser are calculated,which are 1.149 8m~2/g, 0.820 5m~2/g respectively.The results show mat expanded graphite has good smoke interference effect and extinction effect.It has broad application prospects in the field of optoelectronic against.