cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lymphoproliferative disease in Sjögren's syndrome

Abstract Patients with Sjogren's syndrome (SS) are at increased risk of non-Hodgkin B-cell lymphoma and multiple myeloma. Marginal zone lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue, usually affecting the major salivary glands, and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma are the most common subtypes. The development of lymphoma in SS is thought to arise from malignant transformation following sustained lymphoproliferation. Risk factors for the development of lymphoma reflect this pathogenetic model and include persistent salivary gland enlargement, high focus score, splenomegaly, lymphadenopathy, monoclonal proteins, and cryoglobulinemic vasculitis. In the majority of patients, lymphoma develops months to years after the diagnosis of SS. Most originate in the head and neck and thus present as one or more glandular masses and/or cervical lymphadenopathy. Diagnosis can often be achieved with either an excisional biopsy or an ultrasound-guided core needle biopsy with concomitant flow cytometry on material from cores and fine-needle aspiration. Treatment approaches are not only dictated by lymphoma subtype but also influenced by considerations specific to the underlying SS, including systemic disease activity. The prognosis of non-Hodgkin lymphoma in SS is generally favorable, with overall survival rates exceeding 90%.
Identification of quantitative trait loci for net form net blotch resistance in contemporary barley breeding germplasm from the USA using genome-wide association mapping

Association mapping study conducted in a population of 3490 elite barley breeding lines from ten barley breeding programs of the USA identified 12 QTLs for resistance/susceptibility to net form of net blotch. Breeding resistant varieties is the best management strategy for net form of net blotch (NFNB) in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) caused by Pyrenophora teres f. teres (Ptt). Several resistance QTL have been previously identified in barley via linkage mapping and genome-wide association studies (GWAS). A GWAS conducted in a collection of advanced breeding lines (n = 3490) representing elite germplasm from ten barley breeding programs of the USA identified 42 unique marker-trait associations (MTA) for NFNB resistance. The lines were genotyped with 3072 SNP markers and phenotyped with four Ptt isolates in controlled environment. The lines were used to construct 13 different GWAS panels. Efficient mixed model association method with principal components and kinship was used for GWAS. Significance threshold for MTA was set at a false discovery rate of 0.05. Two, eight, six, one and 25 MTA were identified in chromosomes 1H, 3H, 4H, 5H and 6H, respectively. Based on genetic positions and linkage disequilibrium, these MTA’s correspond to two, three, two, one and four QTLs in chromosome 1H, 3H, 4H, 5H and 6H, respectively. A comparison with previous linkage and GWAS studies revealed several previously identified and novel QTLs. Moreover, different genomic regions were found to be responsible for NFNB resistance in two-row versus six-row germplasm. The germplasm-specific SNP markers with additive effects and allelic distribution is reported to facilitate breeders in selection of markers for MAS to introgress novel net blotch resistance.
Post-finasteride syndrome: a surmountable challenge for clinicians

Post-finasteride syndrome (PFS) is a constellation of serious adverse side effects manifested in clinical symptoms that develop and persist in patients during and/or after discontinuing finasteride treatment in men with pattern hair loss (androgenetic alopecia) or benign prostatic hyperplasia. These serious adverse side effects include persistent or irreversible sexual, neurological, physical and mental side effects. To date, there are no evidence-based effective treatments for PFS. Although increasing number of men report persistent side effects, the medical community has yet to recognize this syndrome nor are there any specific measures to address this serious and debilitating symptoms. Here we evaluate the scientific and clinical evidence in the contemporary medical literature to address the very fundamental question: Is PFS a real clinical condition caused by finasteride use or are the reported symptoms only incidentally associated with but not caused by finasteride use? One key indisputable clinical evidence noted in all reported studies with finasteride and dutasteride was that use of these drugs is associated with development of sexual dysfunction, which may persist in a subset of men, irrespective of age, drug dose or duration of study. Also, increased depression, anxiety and suicidal ideation in a subset of men treated with these drugs were commonly reported in a number of studies. It is important to note that many clinical studies suffer from incomplete or inadequate assessment of adverse events and often limited or inaccurate data reporting regarding harm. Based on the existing body of evidence in the contemporary clinical literature, the author believes that finasteride and dutasteride induce a constellation of persistent sexual, neurological and physical adverse side effects, in a subset of men. These constellations of symptoms constitute the basis for PFS in individuals predisposed to epigenetic susceptibility. Indeed, delineating the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying PFS will be of paramount importance to the understanding of this syndrome and to development of potential novel therapeutic modalities.
Numerical Modeling of FSI Under Dynamic Loading

Numerical analyses of FSI problems subjected to dynamic loading require coupling of two different solvers; one for the fluid domain and the other for the structural domain. There are multiple techniques to solve structural problems.
Faculty Perceptions of Online Law Journals

Online-only law journals (OLJs) are sometimes referred to as “companions” or “supplements.” They are law journals that are only distributed in a digital medium. The Yale Law Journal Pocket Part became the first OLJ in 2005. In the brief existence of OLJs, they have experienced rapid growth in both prestige and prevalence. There were already four OLJs in the top 100 of the Washington & Lee law journal rankings by 2015. In 2020, there are now seven OLJs in the top 100. Using the impact factor measure, there are ten OLJs in the top 100. The Forum—Harvard’s OLJ—is ranked ahead of the flagship print journals North Carolina Law Review and Connecticut Law Review. The performance of OLJs in rankings is even more impressive when considering how a key measure used in the rankings—impact factor—disadvantages OLJs because they publish shorter articles. OLJs generally have less stringent footnote requirements and a faster turnaround time from acceptance to publishing. OLJs publish a greater variety of articles than their print counterparts. Book reviews, short essays, responses, current event musings, and even poetry and satirical pieces are published in OLJs. Some scholars applaud this flexibility, while others criticize it as unpredictable. There is great variance in OLJ article lengths, but they are generally shorter than flagship print journal articles. Some OLJs have an explicitly stated maximum of only 2,500 words including footnotes. Others allow submissions of over 15,000 words. Demand for printing and purchasing physical law journal editions has been steadily decreasing due to cost, limited library shelf space, and increased popularity of digital legal research. Physical distribution of the Harvard Law Review has decreased almost 90%. Even libraries at elite law schools, such as Columbia, are canceling subscriptions to hundreds of print law journals. Some commentators argue persuasively that certain flagship journals should move exclusively online. The budget cuts many colleges face from coronavirus will likely accelerate this trend of transitioning toward OLJs. This article first examines current conceptions for weighting OLJs compared to print law journals, criticism of OLJs, and praise for OLJs. It then reports the findings of a survey of business law faculty to measure perceptions of OLJs. Finally, faculty demographic factors are also analyzed to determine what role they may play in forming these perceptions.
The importance of imaging in diagnosis of infected otogenic pneumatoceles.

Abstract Objective Spontaneous otogenic pneumatocele is a rare entity resulting from a pressure gradient between a dehiscent temporal bone and the intracranial space. Secondary infection can ensue in patients with concurrent otomastoiditis. The current study discusses the clinical presentation and imaging characteristics of two cases of secondarily infected otogenic pneumatoceles. Study design Case series. Results Two patients were diagnosed with a temporal lobe abscess in the setting of otogenic pneumatocele. Diagnosis was aided by both CT and MRI demonstrating a diffusion restricting lesion within brain parenchyma in association with free air in close proximity to an underlying tegmen defect. Conclusion Prompt diagnosis of a secondarily infected otogenic pneumatocele with CT and MRI allows for surgical drainage with closure of the tegmen defect to prevent further complications and recurrence.
A Historical Note on the Assignment of Pesticide Common Names

Thousands of pesticides, herbicides, and related chemical products are used today to control disease-bearing insect populations and enable large-scale agricultural production that feeds much of the world. This short note traces the history of one small but important aspect of this industry—the assignment of common names to pesticides and related products. The little-known history of pesticide common names is illustrative of a few important points. First, it demonstrates the trend exhibited in many fields for the development of standards to migrate from a governmental agency to a US-based standards organization to an international standards organization. Second, it evidences the concern that many in the standards world have had over the potential capture of common names by private firms through trademark law. The anti-trademark protections built into ANSI’s Standard K62.1-1956 sought to ensure that common names for pesticides and related chemical products would remain available for all manufacturers to use. With the demise of ANSI Committee K-62, direct US participation in the development of pesticide common names has gone by the wayside. Nevertheless, it appears that industry norms, as well as unofficial oversight by WSSA and other scientific bodies, have, thus far, deterred the capture of pesticide common names through trademark law. Even so, it is worth asking whether it is in the best interests of the US industry to cede this important function entirely to international oversight, and whether increased US participation in ISO may be warranted both in this area and others.
France's Overdue Debt to Haiti

In 1825, in exchange for formal recognition of statehood, Haiti agreed to pay a 150 million “indemnity” to France to compensate former plantation owners for the loss of their slaves. Although this Haitian Independence Debt has long been viewed as a grave injustice against the Haitian people, the exact laws violated by the French and the legal claims stemming from those violations have not been precisely defined. In this paper, the authors argue that France breached customary international law by (1) violating the good faith requirements under pacta sunt servanda, and (2) demanding unacceptable compensation in exchange for State recognition. Both of these claims could be brought in front of the International Court of Justice (ICJ), which has jurisdiction over breaches of customary international law – although procedural obstacles still exist in this venue in the form of France’s consent (or lack thereof) to ICJ jurisdiction and the common law concept of laches. Despite these legal challenges, the authors argue that bringing a suit in the ICJ is valuable because it affords Haiti an opportunity to both hold France legally liable for its actions and to lay out the facts and arguments for its case in the public arena.
Common Symptoms of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury and Work Functioning of Active-Duty Service Members with a History of Deployment

This study used data from the Military Health System Data Repository to examine the association between mild traumatic brain injuries (mTBI) and work functioning such as work duty limitations, hospital emergency room visits and inpatient admissions for active-duty service members (ADSMs). Further, this study assessed the role that common symptoms of mTBI play in work functioning. Multivariate results showed that having a mTBI diagnosis is not a major factor that results in being "released with work duty limitations". However, findings from these regression models also showed that the interaction of mTBI with cognitive and linguistic symptoms resulted in odds of 3.63 (CI: 1.40-9.36, p < 0.01) for being "released with work duty limitations" and odds of 4.98 (CI: 1.16-21.39, p < 0.05) for having any emergency department visits compared to those with no diagnosis of mTBI and none of these symptoms. Additionally, the interaction of mTBI with sleep disturbance and chronic pain showed odds of 2.72 (CI: 1.31-5.65, p < 0.01) and odds of 11.56 (CI: 2.65-50.44, p < 0.01) for being "released with work duty limitations" compared to those with no diagnosis of TBI and none of these symptoms, respectively. Further research is needed to investigate the association between mTBI and duration of time off work to provide a comprehensive understanding of the effect of mTBI on work functioning in the Military Health System.
Modeling of streamflow in a 30-kilometer-long reach spanning 5 years using OpenFOAM 5.x

Abstract. Developing accurate and efficient modeling techniques for streamflow at tens-kilometer spatial scale and multi-year temporal scale is critical for evaluating and predicting the impact of climate- and human-induced discharge variations on river hydrodynamics. However, achieving such a goal is challenging because of limited surveys of streambed hydraulic roughness, uncertain boundary condition specifications, and high computational costs. We demonstrate that accurate and efficient three-dimensional (3D) hydrodynamic modeling of natural rivers at 30-kilometer and 5-year scales is feasible using the following three techniques within OpenFOAM, an open source computational fluid dynamics platform: 1) generating a distributed hydraulic roughness field for the streambed by integrating water stage observation data, a rough wall theory, and a local roughness optimization and adjustment strategy; 2) prescribing the boundary condition for the inflow and outflow by integrating pre-computed results of a one-dimensional (1D) hydraulic model with the 3D model; and 3) reducing computational time using multiple parallel runs constrained by 1D inflow and outflow boundary conditions. Streamflow modeling for a 30-kilometer-long reach in the Columbia River (CR) over 58 months can be achieved in less than six days using 1.1 million CPU hours. The mean error between the modeled and the observed water stages for our simulated CR reach ranges from −16 cm to 9 cm (equivalent to ca. ±7 % relative to the average water depth) at seven locations during most of the years between 2011 and 2019. We can reproduce the velocity distribution measured by the acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP). The correlation coefficients of the depth-averaged velocity between the model and ADCP measurements are in the range between 0.71 and 0.83 at 75 % of the survey cross-sections. With the validated model, we further show that the relative importance of dynamic pressure versus hydrostatic pressure varies with discharge variations and topography heterogeneity. Given the model's high accuracy and computational efficiency, the model framework provides a generic approach to evaluate and predict the impact of climate- and human-induced discharge variations on river hydrodynamics at tens kilometer and decade scales.
Applications of Digital Simulation of Gaussian Random Processes

In the last two decades, much research effort has been devoted to the application of the stochastic process theory in the general area of engineering mechanics and structural engineering for the purpose of predicting the dynamic structural performance with a better accuracy and of assessing the over-all structural safety with a better reliability by considering more realistic analytical models of load-structure systems.
Some Statistical Issues in Forensic DNA Profiling

We present a discussion of some of the flaws and problems associated with the statistical methodology used by laboratories in DNA profiling and “matching”.
Sertraline delays relapse in recently abstinent cocaine-dependent patients with depressive symptoms

Aims Whether the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor sertraline at 200 mg/day delays relapse in recently abstinent cocaine dependent individuals
Electrode reactions of oriented chemisorbed molecules: The effect of temperature on reversible redox, irreversible oxidation, and reductive desulfurization

Abstract The influence of temperature (in the range from 5°C to 65°C) on typical electrochemical reactions of diphenolic compounds spontaneously and irreversibly adsorbed in specific orientations at smooth polycrystalline electrodes has been investigated in 1 M perchloric acid electrolyte by means of thin-layer electrochemical methods. Six compounds were studied: hydroquinone (I), 1,4-naphthohydroquinone (II), 2,2′,5,5′-tetrahydroxybiphenyl (III), 2,5-dihydroxythiophenol (IV), 2,5-dihydroxy-4-methylbenzylmercaptan (V), and pentafluorothiophenol (VI). Three reactions were examined: reversible redox (quinone/diphenol couples); irreversible electro-oxidation; and reductive desulfurization (cleavage of the C-S bond). The thiophenol derivatives were adsorbed through the −SH moiety and showed complete reversible electroactivity at all temperatures; the voltammetric peak widths for adsorbed IV were noticeably large below 65°C. The fraction of reversibly electroactive adsorbed III (in the orientation in which only one ring is surface-attached) increased with temperature. The extent of irreversible electrochemical oxidation of I and II increased with temperature, regardless of orientation. The coulometric data indicated that CO 2 was the principal product from flat-adsorbed species above 5°C; for the edgewise orientation, the results suggested temperature-dependent product distribution, with CO 2 being the sole product at 65°C. The ease of reductive desulfurization of the thiophenol compounds was found to decrease in the order, VI>>IV>>V, which is opposite the trend observed for electro-oxidation (towards which the fluorinated derivative showed complete resistance). The efficiency of desulfurization for IV increased as the temperature was raised from 5°C to 25°C. At higher temperatures, hydrogenation reactions which destroyed the diphenol functionality predominated; these side-reactions occurred prior to hydrogenolysis of the C-S bond. Desulfurization of V also increased with temperature, but hydrogenation of the aromatic ring was not observed at T ≤25°C.
Why We Need Global Observations

Since its initiation with the remarkable discovery of the Van Allen radiation belts, the field of magnetospheric physics has been characterized by a continuing collection of data from in-situ satellite observing stations. The synthesis of these and ground-based observations has yielded an intriguing picture of a basic cosmological building block, the magnetosphere. Because of the time/space separation inherent in magnetospheric observations, this view necessarily is schematic in nature and our knowledge of global behavior is correspondingly incomplete. Since both local and global perspectives must be combined to understand such a complex physical system, the lack of appropriate global magnetospheric observations represents a serious impediment towards obtaining an understanding of magnetospheric dynamics. From the use of ground-based station networks to the advent of satellite auroral images, the drive for global knowledge has been relentless and has always delivered new and unexpected perspectives of the structures and phenomena being studied. This need for an overall perspective has brought us to the point of now being able to globally image the particle populations of the magnetosphere. This, combined with existing large-scale observations, provides for the first time, the capability of observing the magnetosphere on a global basis. We expect that when this capability is realized, our concepts of the magnetosphere will be altered every bit as dramatically as Professor Van Allen’s discovery of the radiation belts changed our view of the space environment.
Accidents Will Happen

As we have done with so many technical systems, we tend to think about functionality first and consider security problems only as an afterthought. The Web extra at http://youtu.be/KXMFLzJq_Bg is an audio recording of author David Alan Grier expanding on his Errant Hashtag column, in which he talks about how we tend to think about functionality first and consider security problems only as an afterthought.
Fast ignition experimental and theoretical studies

We are becoming dependent on energy more today than we were a century ago, and with increasing world population and booming economies, sooner or later our energy sources will be exhausted. Moreover, our economy and welfare strongly depends on foreign oil and in the shadow of political uncertainties, there is an urgent need for a reliable, safe, and cheap energy source. Thermonuclear fusion, if achieved, is that source of energy which not only will satisfy our demand for today but also for centuries to come. Today, there are two major approaches to achieve fusion: magnetic confinement fusion (MFE) and inertial confinement fusion (ICF). This dissertation explores the inertial confinement fusion using the fast ignition concept. Unlike the conventional approach where the same laser is used for compression and ignition, in fast ignition separate laser beams are used. This dissertation addresses three very important topics to fast ignition inertial confinement fusion. These are laser-to-electron coupling efficiency, laser-generated electron beam transport, and the associated isochoric heating. First, an integrated fast ignition experiment is carried out with 0.9 kJ of energy in the compression beam and 70 J in the ignition beam. Measurements of absolute K{sub {alpha}} yield from the imploded core revealed more » that about 17% of the laser energy is coupled to the suprathermal electrons. Modeling of the transport of these electrons and the associated isochoric heating, with the previously determined laser-to-electron conversion efficiency, showed a maximum target temperature of 166 eV at the front where the electron flux is higher and the density is lower. The contribution of the potential, induced by charge separation, in opposing the motion of the electrons was moderate. Second, temperature sensitivity of Cu K{sub {alpha}} imaging efficiency using a spherical Bragg reflecting crystal is investigated. It was found that due to the shifting and broadening of the K{sub {alpha}} line, with increasing temperature, both the brightness and the pattern of K{sub {alpha}} intensity are affected. Finally, x-ray spectroscopy of a 500 J 0.7 ps laser-solid interactions showed the formation of a hot surface layer({approx} 1 {micro}m) at the front of the target. PIC simulations confirm surface heating. « less
Integrating Social‐Contextual and Intrapersonal Mechanisms of “Maturing Out”: Joint Influences of Familial‐Role Transitions and Personality Maturation on Problem‐Drinking Reductions

Background “Maturing out” of problem drinking is associated with both role transitions (e.g., getting married) and personality development. However, little is known concerning how these 2 mechanisms jointly influence problem-drinking desistance. This study investigated whether salutary effects of role transitions and personality occur at different points in young-adult development and whether they mediate one another's effects. Methods Participants were initially recruited as first-year undergraduates, with family history of alcoholism overrepresented by design (N = 489). Using 4 waves of data at roughly ages 21, 25, 29, and 34, cross-lagged panel models estimated prospective relations among familial-role transitions (marriage or parenthood), personality (disinhibition, conscientiousness, and neuroticism), and problem drinking. Results Mixed support was found for the prediction of roles being more strongly associated with earlier maturing out of problem drinking and personality being more strongly associated with later maturing out. Regarding mediation, no evidence was found for the expectation that role effects would be mediated by personality. However, results did support mediation of personality effects by role transitions. Specifically, lower disinhibition and higher conscientiousness in emerging adulthood predicted role adoption, which, in turn, predicted later problem-drinking reductions. Family history of alcoholism also distally influenced these mediation processes. Conclusions The differential timing of role and personality effects is consistent with the notion of decreasing contextual influences and increasing intrapersonal influences across development. In light of role incompatibility theory, results suggest that, over the course of development, the association of familial roles with problem drinking may increasingly reflect problem-drinking effects on role entry (i.e., role selection) and decreasingly reflect role entry effects on problem drinking (i.e., role socialization). As emerging-adult disinhibition and conscientiousness were associated with an apparent developmental cascade of both direct and indirect effects, findings highlight their potential importance as etiologic mechanisms and intervention targets.
The process of infection with bacteriophage φX174: XXV. Studies with bacteriophage φX174 mutants blocked in progeny replicative form DNA synthesis☆☆☆

φX174 amber mutants in cistron VI synthesize only the parental replicative form under non-permissive conditions. The specific infectivity (infectivity per molecule) of this RF‡ is similar to the parental RF made under permissive conditions. After infection of non-permissive cells with a cistron VI mutant, the parental RF attaches to a rapidly sedimenting component (membrane). The majority of this bound RF sediments as RFII. These results are similar to those obtained with wild type infection (Knippers & Sinsheimer, 1968) or with a cistron VI mutant under permissive conditions. φX lyticless mutants that synthesize normal quantities of progeny RF DNA in 0 or 30 μg of chloramphenicol/ml. do not produce progeny RF molecules when 150 μg of CM/ml. is added before infection. Addition of 150 μg of CM/ml. at eight minutes after infection (before single strand synthesis has begun) stops the production of cistron VI protein but allows RF replication to continue at onehalf the rate observed in 30 μg of CM/ml. Experiments with a cistron VI temperature-sensitive mutant demonstrate that the cistron VI gene product is continuously required for the synthesis of al progeny RF molecules. This protein does not appear to be needed for single stran synthesis.
Native Women: Decolonization and Transcendence of Identity

This article exposes the experiences of two Native women describing their acts of resistance against, and questioning, of the establishments in which they work. The Native women in this article redefine themselves outside of the dominant society’s socialization, and, especially, the boundaries of the institutions to which they belong. Through this redefinition, it becomes clear that the women have begun to decolonize the oppressive borders with which society and academia have tried to surround them. These Native women have defined the concept of transcending identities.
Backing Out or Backing In? Commitment and Consistency in Audience Costs Theory

Audience costs theory posits that domestic publics punish leaders for making an external threat and then backing down. One key mechanism driving this punishment involves the value the public places on consistency between their leaders’ statements and actions. If true, this mechanism should operate not only when leaders fail to implement threats, but also when they fail to honor promises to stay out of a conflict. We use a survey experiment to examine domestic responses to the president's decision to “back down” from public threats and “back into” foreign conflicts. We find the president loses support in both cases, but suffers more for “backing out” than “backing in.” These differential consequences are partially explained by asymmetries in the public's treatment of new information. Our findings strongly suggest that concerns over consistency undergird audience costs theory and that punishment for inconsistency will be incurred, regardless of the leader's initial policy course
Rethinking the "Dual Causality Principle" in Old Testament research – A philosophical perspective

Reframing an old idea in philosophical theology, OT scholars have for the last half-century spoken of what has come to be known as the “dual causality principle” (DCP). The latter is supposed to denote a folk-metaphysical assumption in some OT texts characterized by the assignment of both divine and human causes to account for certain states of affairs. In this article the author challenges the consensus and argues that since the notion of causes is also a philosophical matter the theory behind the DCP may be supplemented by a descriptive metaphysical perspective. Typologies of causation show that the DCP is too simplistic and vague a concept since it ignores a host of complex metaphysical distinctions about causal types, relations and theories. Ultimately, causation in the OT is a complex phenomenon and technically not reducible to duality, causality, or to a principle of any sort. Key concepts: Old Testament, Dual Causality Principle, Causation, Typology of causes, Metaphysics of causal processes, Divine causation.
The use of ab initio electronic structure energies in the semi-classical calculation of vibrational spectra

Abstract We report the combination of the semi-classical spectral method for obtaining vibrational spectra with a spline-under-tension approach to generating classical trajectories directly from ab initio potential energy points. This technique uses the energies directly and involves no empirical fits in order to extract the dynamics results. The method is applied to 7×7 grids of ab initio points near the bottom of the ozone potential energy surface, obtained from complete-active-space SCF (CAS) and from fourth-order Moller-Plesset (MP4) wavefunctions. We also address the question of the semi-classical correspondence to chaos by demonstrating no chaotic motion near the bottom of the ozone well. The present method is found to be reliable for studying molecular dynamics directly from potential energy points calculated with high-quality electronic structure wavefunctions.
Intraoral second division nerve block.

Abstract The second division of the trigeminal nerve can be easily blocked by the intraoral route. The technique presented involves entering the greater palatine foramen, traversing the pterygopalatine canal with a needle, and depositing the local anesthetic solution into the superior aspect of the pterygopalatine fossa, where the trunk of the second division lies after the nerve exits the foramen rotundum. The indications, contraindications, technique, and anatomic considerations are presented. This is followed by a discussion of the possible complications as well as their prevention and remedy should they occur. While this is not a new technique, it has been a forgotten one.
The “Second Place” Problem: Assistive Technology in Sports and (Re) Constructing Normal

Objections to the use of assistive technologies (such as prostheses) in elite sports are generally raised when the technology in question is perceived to afford the user a potentially “unfair advantage,” when it is perceived as a threat to the purity of the sport, and/or when it is perceived as a precursor to a slippery slope toward undesirable changes in the sport. These objections rely on being able to quantify standards of “normal” within a sport so that changes attributed to the use of assistive technology can be judged as causing a significant deviation from some baseline standard. This holds athletes using assistive technologies accountable to standards that restrict their opportunities to achieve greatness, while athletes who do not use assistive technologies are able to push beyond the boundaries of these standards without moral scrutiny. This paper explores how constructions of fairness and “normality” impact athletes who use assistive technology to compete in a sporting venue traditionally populated with “able-bodied” competitors. It argues that the dynamic and obfuscated construction of “normal” standards in elite sports should move away from using body performance as the measuring stick of “normal,” toward alternate forms of constructing norms such as defining, quantifying, and regulating the mechanical actions that constitute the critical components of a sport. Though framed within the context of elite sports, this paper can be interpreted more broadly to consider problems with defining “normal” bodies in a society in which technologies are constantly changing our abilities and expectations of what normal means.
Coupled Burgers equations: A model of polydispersive sedimentation.

This paper compares theory and experiment for the kinetics of time-dependent sedimentation. We discuss noninteracting (apart from hydrodynamic interaction) suspensions and colloids which may exhibit behavior similar to the one-dimensional motion of compressible gas. The velocity of sedimentation (or creaming) depends upon the volume fraction of the constituting particles and leads to Burgers-like equations for concentration profiles. It is shown that even the bidispersive system of two coupled Burgers equations has rich dynamics. The study of a polydispersive case reveals a continuous ``renormalization'' of the polydispersity. We compare the Burgers system evolution with the experimental results on monodispersive and polydispersive sedimentation.
Document Retrieval by Means of an Automatic Classification Algorithm for Citations.

Abstract The applicability of an automatic classification technique to information retrieval was investigated. A modified version of the Schiminovich algorithm was used to classify articles in the data base, utilizing citations found in their bibliographies and a “triggering file” of bibliographically related papers. Classes of articles were formed by comparing the citations in the articles with members of the triggering file. Those papers with similar citing patterns formed a group ; citations occurring sufficiently often within the papers of a group formed a bibliography . Bibliographies in turn became new triggering files in an iterative procedure. Results of this nontraditional method were compared with those of retrieval by standard American Institute of Physics (AIP) subject analysis of the same material. A combination of the two methods was also investigated to test the hypothesis that one could be used to augment or refine the other. Nine cooperating physicists defined queries in terms of (1) the AIP classification scheme and (2) a list of articles likely to be cited in current relevant literature. The data base was 18 months of 1971–1972 physics journal articles (AIP SPIN tapes). The chief means of evaluating the results of the three retrieval approaches was a comparison of recall and precision values obtained from relevance judgments by the physicists. Average precision for the AIP subject analysis was 17 per cent and for the citation processing 62 per cent. Based on an assumption of 100 per cent recall for the AIP analysis, average recall for the citation processing was 45 per cent. All but one physicist would prefer to have both the citation and subject approaches available for information retrieval. Sometimes, only a few relevant articles are desired; at other times comprehensiveness is necessary. However, if only one method were available, all except one participant would choose the subject approach. They felt that one must be able to retrieve all the relevant articles, even if that would mean examining 25–30 irrelevant notices for every relevant one. Several expressed the notion that looking at a file with a very high percentage of relevant articles made one wonder what was missing.
Model Selection and Akaike's Information Criterion (AIC): The General Theory and Its Analytical Extensions.

During the last fifteen years, Akaike's entropy-based Information Criterion (AIC) has had a fundamental impact in statistical model evaluation problems. This paper studies the general theory of the AIC procedure and provides its analytical extensions in two ways without violating Akaike's main principles. These extensions make AIC asymptotically consistent and penalize overparameterization more stringently to pick only the simplest of the “true” models. These selection criteria are called CAIC and CAICF. Asymptotic properties of AIC and its extensions are investigated, and empirical performances of these criteria are studied in choosing the correct degree of a polynomial model in two different Monte Carlo experiments under different conditions.
Oxalate in renal stone disease: the terminal metabolite that just won't go away

The incidence of calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis in the US has been increasing throughout the past three decades. Biopsy studies show that both calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis and nephrocalcinosis probably occur by different mechanisms in different subsets of patients. Before more-effective medical therapies can be developed for these conditions, we must understand the mechanisms governing the transport and excretion of oxalate and the interactions of the ion in general and renal physiology. Blood oxalate derives from diet, degradation of ascorbate, and production by the liver and erythrocytes. In mammals, oxalate is a terminal metabolite that must be excreted or sequestered. The kidneys are the primary route of excretion and the site of oxalate's only known function. Oxalate stimulates the uptake of chloride, water, and sodium by the proximal tubule through the exchange of oxalate for sulfate or chloride via the solute carrier SLC26A6. Fecal excretion of oxalate is stimulated by hyperoxalemia in rodents, but no similar phenomenon has been observed in humans. Studies in which rats were treated with (14)C-oxalate have shown that less than 2% of a chronic oxalate load accumulates in the internal organs, plasma, and skeleton. These studies have also demonstrated that there is interindividual variability in the accumulation of oxalate, especially by the kidney. This Review summarizes the transport and function of oxalate in mammalian physiology and the ion's potential roles in nephrolithiasis and nephrocalcinosis.
Supercomputer Throughput Benchmarks for the Cray-1s aNd Cyber 205 With Estimates for Class Vii Supercomputers

A large set of codes is used to construct various throughput models of the overall performance of any supercomputer system. The model is described with re sults from runs on CRAY-1S and Cyber 205 Class VI su percomputers. A unique reference throughput is estab lished on a CRAY-1S with precise vector performance and CPU utilization. The sensitivity of the modeling to variations in the code mix is discussed. The performance of multiprocessor, parallel supercomputers is estimated.
Student Alienation Syndrome: A Paradigm for Understanding the Relation Between School Trauma and School Violence

In the school setting, children too often are victimized by peers, educators, and other school staff. The frequent and often unrecognized abuse in the school may cause pervasive emotional, social, and academic problems in children. This paper posits a theoretical construct, Student Alienation Syndrome (SAS), which may result from Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) symptoms experienced by some victimized students. This article describes the Student Alienation and Trauma Survey (SATS), an alternate version of the My Worst Experience Scale (MWES), as a psychometrically sound instrument constructed to assess symptoms of PTSD and SAS in children who have been victimized at school. This article also includes an overview of a comprehensive treatment model called TREAT for children with PTSD/SAS and a case study illustrating assessment and intervention using the paradigm.
Diurnal Variability of the Hydrologic Cycle in a General Circulation Model

In the present Colorado State University GCM simulation-based analysis of the diurnal and semidiurnal variability of precipitation, precipitable water, evaporation, cloudiness, horizontal moisture flux convergence, and cloud radiative forcing, a realistic afternoon precipitation maximum is obtained over land in warm rainy regions, as well as an early morning maximum over the oceans. The model has been further used to investigate the bases for the oceanic diurnal-precipitation cycle; the results thus obtained indicate that such an oceanic cycle occurs even in the absence of neighboring continents, and tends to have a morning maximum, although the observed phenomenon is generally stronger than the results indicate.
Interventional Cardiology: Advances in Percutaneous Techniques for the Treatment of Cardiac Disease

The field of interventional cardiology began in the late 1970s and consisted primarily of balloon catheter angio plasty until the early 1990s. Although understanding of the process of coronary angioplasty has evolved signifi cantly, restenosis still remains the Achilles' heel of the interventional cardiologist. This article reviews the cur rent issues involved in interventional cardiology for coronary disease from patient selection, anticoagulant therapy, restenosis, current interventional devices (stent mania), and future devices (intracoronary radiation). Noncoronary interventional procedures, vaivuloplasty, and atrial septal defect closure are also reviewed to provide an overview of cardiac interventional proce dures for the anesthesiologist.
Ocean basin and depth variability of oxygen isotopes in cenozoic benthic foraminifera

Abstract One of the longest, most detailed quantitative records of oceanographic change in the Cenozoic is that provided by oxygen isotope measurements made on the tests of foraminifera. As indicated by measurements on benthic foraminifera, the deep waters of the world ocean have undergone an overall cooling of about 10°C in the Cenozoic. This change has been neither monotonic nor gradual. Rather, it is evidenced by a few, relatively rapid increases in the 13 O content of the benthic shells. These “steps” in the isotopic record have been associated with major evolutionary changes in the mean state of the deep ocean. The variance around this mean state has also changed through the Cenozoic. From relatively high variance in the Middle Eocene, the oceans showed low variance in the Late Eocene and Oligocene. In the Miocene the variance of the isotopic measurement again increased, reaching a maximum of short duration in the Middle Miocene. This maximum as well as that which occurred during the Late Pliocene and Quaternary, may be attributable to fluctuations in the isotopic composition of the oceans caused by growth and decay of large ice sheets. In the Late Miocene the benthic oxygen isotopes in Atlantic sites less than 3000 m deep have a higher variance than sites at similar depths in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. It is thought that this high variance results from long-term changes in the importance of the cool and salty North Atlantic Deep Water relative to that of the warmer and less saline Antarctic Intermediate Water at Atlantic sites between 1000 m and 3000 m water depth. Such significant differences in benthic isotopic variance between the ocean basins have been demonstrated only in post-Middle Miocene intervals.
Bifunctional electrophiles cross-link thioredoxins with redox relay partners in cells

Thioredoxin protects cells against oxidative damage by reducing disulfide bonds in improperly oxidized proteins. Previously, we found that the baker's yeast cytosolic thioredoxin Trx2 undergoes cross-linking to form several protein-protein complexes in cells treated with the bifunctional electrophile divinyl sulfone (DVSF). Here, we report that the peroxiredoxin Tsa1 and the thioredoxin reductase Trr1, both of which function in a redox relay network with thioredoxin, become cross-linked in complexes with Trx2 upon DVSF treatment. Treatment of yeast with other bifunctional electrophiles, including diethyl acetylenedicarboxylate (DAD), mechlorethamine (HN2), and 1,2,3,4-diepoxybutane (DEB), resulted in the formation of similar cross-linked complexes. Cross-linking of Trx2 and Tsa1 to other proteins by DVSF and DAD is dependent on modification of the active site Cys residues within these proteins. In addition, the human cytosolic thioredoxin, cytosolic thioredoxin reductase, and peroxiredoxin 2 form cross-linked complexes to other proteins in the presence of DVSF, although each protein shows different susceptibilities to modification by DAD, HN2, and DEB. Taken together, our results indicate that bifunctional electrophiles potentially disrupt redox homeostasis in yeast and human cells by forming cross-linked complexes between thioredoxins and their redox partners.
Effects of pocket gophers (Geomys bursarius) on microtopographic variation

Mounds of soil created by pocket gophers during the process of construction of burrows represent small-scale variation in topography and resources that may influence vegetation by creating a broader range of microsites for germination and growth. We mapped gopher mounds and measured microtopographic variation on 4 by 4-m plots that had been fertilized annually with four levels of nitrogen addition for 11 years. Fertilized plots had more mounds and greater topographic variation than unfertilized plots, and greater mean height of soil than unfertilized plots and adjacent unfertilized aisles. These changes in microto-pography and height of soil, caused by the cumulative effects of locally greater activity by pocket gophers over more than a decade, illustrate one way in which burrowing animals can affect heterogeneity in soils.
Polymeric black tea polyphenols inhibit mouse skin chemical carcinogenesis by decreasing cell proliferation.

. Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the antitumour promoting effects and possible mechanisms of action of the most abundant polymeric black tea polyphenols (PBPs 1–5) or thearubigins, in vivo. Materials and methods: Effect of PBP pre-treatments on 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) promoted skin papillomas was studied in 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene initiated mice over 40 weeks. Cell proliferation and apoptosis, in epidermis of the skin, were measured using appropriate immunohistochemical staining. Mitogen-activated protein kinase signalling studies were conducted with Western blot analysis at 10, 20, 30 and 40 weeks of promotion. Results: Pre-treatments with PBP fractions differentially altered latency, multiplicity and incidence of skin papillomas as compared to TPA treatments thereby exhibiting antipromoting effects. Most PBP fractions decreased TPA-induced cell proliferation by decreasing activation of signalling kinases (c-Jun N-terminal protein kinase, extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase, p38 protein kinase and Akt), transcription factors (activator protein-1 and nuclear factor kappa B) and inflammatory protein (cyclooxygenase 2). TPA-induced epidermal cell apoptosis was also decreased by pre-treatment with most PBP fractions. Higher levels of p53 and p21 in skin cells pre-treated with PBP fractions followed by TPA treatment as compared to only TPA-treated animals suggested possible activation of a cell cycle checkpoint. Conclusions: PBP-2 was observed to be the most potent polymeric polyphenol fraction and PBP-4 and PBP-5 showed only marginal activity, whereas PBP-1 and PBP-3 displayed intermediate efficacies. In conclusion, the protective effects of PBP fractions could be attributed to inhibition of TPA-induced cellular proliferation.