cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Applied Equity Valuation: Relative Valuation Method

The primary alternative valuation method is relative valuation. Relative valuation involves the use of multiples (ratios) that have “price” as the numerator and a “cash flow–generating performance measure” for the denominator and that are observable for other “similar” or like-kind firms. In using relative valuation, we assume that we can find comparable firms that are in the same risk class as the firm we are attempting to value and that the observable market clearing price for the comparable firms is a fair price. As with the discounted cash flow method, the relative valuation method requires strong assumptions and expectations about the future. No one single valuation model or method is perfect. All valuation estimates are subject to model error and estimation error. Keywords: relative valuation; fair market price; intrinsic value; dividend discount model; valuation by multiples; estimation error; model error
What Is Cognitive Science

In this richly detailed analysis, Barbara Von Eckardt lays the foundations for understanding what it means to be a cognitive scientist. She characterizes the basic assumptions that define the cognitive science approach and systematically sorts out a host of recent and the controversies surrounding them. Von Eckardt takes issue with those who argue that there is no agreed-upon research paradigm and agreed-upon set of assumptions or methods in cognitive science, and with those who believe that the field should not be so committed. She argues that there is indeed a framework of shared commitments that includes basic questions guiding research, substantive assumptions constraining how those questions are to be answered, and methodological assumptions about how to find those answers. A Bradford Book
The Influence of Photoperiod on Development Rates of Three Species of Forensically Important Blow Flies

Environmental factors, such as temperature and photoperiod can play important roles in insect development. Numerous studies have researched insects and their responses to photoperiod, but there has been little research to show if the duration of light alters development rates in blow flies. A review of previous literature revealed differences in the light regime (L:D) reported for the study. This study examined the effects of photoperiod on development rates of Phormia regina Meigen, Cochliomyia macellaria F., and Calliphora vicina Robineau-Desvoidy using four light regimes of 0, 12, 16, and 24 h of light measured at both 20°C and 26°C. Environmental growth chambers were used to conduct the experiments with larvae reared on ground beef or beef liver inside 3.55-liter rearing containers. Using an analysis of variance, the results showed significant differences in development rates, from egg to adult emergence (d) among several treatments for each species at each temperature. There was a temperature by light interaction, and the data showed that the effects of light are magnified at lower temperatures. Development rates of all three species in the larval stage (egg to pupa) were the fastest when reared under cyclic light. Therefore, development rates determined from studies of forensically important species that used full light 24:0 (L:D) h may be too slow, i.e., the post mortem interval is inaccurate. The significance of this research will allow more accurate post mortem interval determinations in medico-legal criminal investigations by pinpointing the photoperiod where development rates occur the fastest.
Correlations of solar neutrino observables for SNO

Neutrino oscillation scenarios predict correlations, and zones of avoidance, among measurable quantities such as spectral energy distortions, total fluxes, time dependences, and flavor content. The comparison of observed and predicted correlations will enhance the diagnostic power of solar neutrino experiments. A general test of all presently allowed (2 n) oscillation solutions is that future measurements must yield values outside the predicted zones of avoidance. To illustrate the discriminatory power of the simultaneous analysis of multiple observables, we map currently allowed regions of Dm 2 2sin 2 2u onto planes of quantities measurable with the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory ~SNO!. We calculate the correlations that are predicted by vacuum and MSW ~active and sterile! neutrino oscillation solutions that are globally consistent with all available neutrino data. We derive approximate analytic expressions for the dependence of individual observables and specific correlations upon neutrino oscillations parameters. We also discuss the prospects for identifying the correct oscillation solution using multiple SNO observables.
Maximum power of refractive lenses: a fundamental limit

This paper explores the maximum optical power, i.e., the shortest focal length, that can be achieved with homogeneous materials given a cylindrical volume and a minimum-diameter constraint. An equation for the maximum optical power for a given lens diameter and two refractive indices is defined. For example, we determine that a 25.4-mm-diameter lens assembly cannot have an effective focal length of ≤6 mm using existing optical glasses in the visible.
Political economy of eastern enlargement of the European Union: Budgetary costs and reforms in voting rules

Abstract Eastern European countries are likely to be major recipients of European Union (EU) funds after membership, which has created serious concern among incumbent members. The EU has devised reforms of budgetary rules to limit the funds that will flow to the East. Using a political economy model and drawing on the experience of previous enlargements, this paper argues that such pre-accession reforms will be ineffective because they can be reversed by a coalition of Eastern European countries after membership. The paper then estimates budgetary costs of eastern enlargement. A better way to resolve budgetary concerns is to reform voting rules rather than budgetary rules, before eastern enlargement.
Application of ultrasonic stress measurements to nondestructive evaluation of the J integral in elastic-plastic deformation

Abstract A technique was proposed in [1] for nondestructively evaluating the J integral in cracked specimens through use of ultrasonic measurements of stress, and tested on several specimen configurations with the deformation confined to linear elastic fracture mechanics [1,2]. In this paper the application of this procedure to the evaluation of J in the presence of elastic-plastic deformation is described. Experimental results are presented for the case of an edge-cracked panel in tension, which compare favorably with numerical predictions.
Cognitive Models of Fertility Decline in Oaxaca City, Mexico

This paper presents a systematic analysis of the “culture of natality.” In the first section, I present an extended definition of culture informed by cognitive anthropology and evolutionary biology. I argue that culture is an adaptation and a virtual environment with which humans must interact in order to survive and reproduce in a given physical environment. In the second section, I present a qualitative and quantitative analysis of qualitative interview data collected in Oaxaca City, Mexico, on reproductive behavior. The analysis examines evidence of cultural differences and similarities. I conclude by discussing implications for a theory of fertility decline.
Quantitative Associations Between DNA Damage in Human Placenta and Maternal smoking and Birth Weight

The use of P-postlabeling assay to find the determinants of DNA damage demonstrates an innovative approach for measuring toxic end points. This approach begins with estimates of biochemical or molecular damage to tissue and then figures in exposure or susceptibility factors that are associated with the damage. Using this method researchers studied smoking-related DNA adducts (chemical addition products) and found 7 different DNA adducts in human placental tissue specimens. Maternal smoking during pregnancy was related to 3 of the adducts observed. Levels of adducts were associated with caffeine use age race and education of the mother. The intensity of the smoking was determined by three methods: a questionnaire; a biological approach that scored smoking exposure and combined data from questionnaires and assays and a molecular approach that was related to levels of DNA adducts. There was a clear association between birth weight and birth length and levels of adduct that demonstrated that cigarette smoke does cause low birth weight and birth length. Little correlation between levels of tar nicotine or carbon monoxide and adduct levels was found. The information and study was at an inchoate stage; therefore further comparison and interpretation are needed to assess the findings.
Analysis of double-diffusive convection with temperature modulations at the boundaries

Abstract The stability of a double-diffusive system modulated at both the boundaries is investigated. The modulations are found to cause mean flow, microconvection, at the edges of the diffusive core such that its amplitude dies off exponentially away from the boundaries. The mean heat and mass transfer values associated with microconvection are found to be several orders of magnitude less than those associated with diffusion, indicating the marginal influence of boundary modulations on scalar transport across the diffusive core. Linear stability analysis reveals that instability due to direct modes sets in earlier than predicted for nonperiodic boundaries. The critical thermal Rayleigh number correction factor associated with boundary modulations is found to be dependent on their amplitudes and the phase difference between them. This dependence is such that the convective currents have the largest amplitude when upper and lower modulations are in phase, resulting in the largest magnitude of the correction in critical thermal Rayleigh number.
Extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activity is required for TPA-mediated inhibition of drug-induced apoptosis.

Leukemia cells respond to toxic stimuli by undergoing a form of programmed cell death known as apoptosis. However, the signaling events responsible for the execution of this form of death are poorly understood. Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling cascades are involved in the cellular response to extracellular stimuli. Specifically, extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs) have been associated with proliferation and differentiation, whereas the c-Jun N-terminal kinase/stress-activated protein kinases (JNK/SAPKs) have been implicated in cell arrest and death. We report the use of 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) in the inhibition of apoptosis in HL-60 cells stimulated with the JNK/SAPK activator anisomycin. This anti-apoptotic effect was accompanied by a sustained increase in ERK activity. Furthermore, the use of protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitors suggested that PKC was involved in the induction of ERK activity and in the inhibition of apoptosis by TPA since the inhibition of apoptosis was attenuated when cells were pretreated with PKC inhibitors. Lastly, we observed that the use of the MEK1 inhibitor PD98059 inhibited TPA-mediated ERK activity and abrogated the anti-apoptotic effects of TPA. However, apoptotic inhibition was not solely ERK-dependent since cells lacking JNK/SAPK stimulation did not undergo apoptosis. Therefore, we conclude that TPA inhibits the induction of apoptosis in anisomycin-treated HL-60 cells through an ERK-dependent pathway and that this effect can be reversed by the attenuation of ERK activity accompanied with the stimulation of JNK/SAPK activity.
Analysis and prevention of corrosion in To chopper systems

To neutron choppers at Oak Ridge National Laboratory's Spallation Neutron Source will stop prompt pulses of high-energy neutrons outside the target moderator. Choppers are cooled internally by recirculated distilled water maintained at 15 °C. Numerous metallic components are used to fabricate the choppers and cooling system; water contacts many of these components, establishing a corrosion cell. To chopper system corrosion products were investigated analytically. Results showed elevated concentrations of soluble and precipitated iron and copper in cooling water. A chemical-based corrosion strategy was implemented in a To chopper system during mechanical tests not involving system irradiation. Chemical analyses showed that a chemical corrosion inhibitor stopped system corrosion for 6 months after its introduction. Corrosion cessation was beneficial, as mechanical tests were performed without interruption from precipitate wear on mechanical parts, flowmeter blockage, or a decrease in heat transfer capabilities. Aqueous chemical changes occurring in the cooling system upon inhibitor addition are discussed.
A comparison of short-latency auditory-evoked potentials in two strains of mice: possible neurophysiological correlates of susceptibility to audiogenic seizures?

The short-latency auditory-evoked response was recorded from adult (over 8 wk) and young (16–22 day) mice of the audiogenic seizure-prone DBA/2J (D2) and seizure-resistant C57BL/6J (C6) strains. An auditory complex made up of eleven peaks and troughs was found within the first 20 ms after click stimuli. The latencies of the potentials tended to be shorter in the C6 mice and in the adults of both strains. The ratio of amplitude differences of late to early peaks (‘amplitude index’) was much larger(P<0.01) in D2 mice. The data are consistent with greater neuronal recruitment to acoustic stimuli in the higher-order auditory centers of D2 mice.
Digital Coding Of Speech Algorithms And Architectures

This paper describes several algorithms and architectures of digital speech coders. Bit rate compression algorithms based on speech prediction are analyzed for applications such as mobile radio communications, secure voice transmission, voice mail, and voice storage and response systems. The architectures for sample-by-sample or block-by-block processing of speech are discussed. The details of architectures are discussed in a conceptual framework that simplifies the comparison of several implementations of vocoders and the identification of common blocks. Examples of implementation of predictive speech coding algorithms on the TMS320 digital signal processor are presented in this paper. Various predictor structures including new, non-classical, reduced complexity adaptive predictor are presented. Current research trends with an emphasis on low-bit-rate, high-quality speech coding are described.
Time course of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol inhibition of predatory aggression

Abstract Three studies assessed the time course of inhibition of predatory aggression and changes in levels of brain serotonin following administration of Δ 9 -THC. In Study One, six groups of six rats each were administered 1.25 mg/kg Δ 9 -THC IV and frog-killing behavior was measured at six postinjection intervals: 30, 60, 90, 150, 210, and 270 minutes. In Study Two, four groups of six rats each were tested. Group One received a vehicle control injection and was tested immediately, i.e. zero-minutes, postinjection. The remaining groups received 1.25 mg/kg Δ 9 -THC, and behavior was measured at 0, 15, and 30 min postinjection. In Study Three, two groups of six rats were treated with the vehicle or 1.25 mg/kg Δ 9 -THC and sacrificed one minute postinjection. Additional drug groups were sacrificed at 30 and 210 min postinjection. Levels of 5-HT were determined in four brain sections: cortex, midbrain, medulla, and cerebellum. Significant inhibition of predatory aggression was found for groups tested at 0, 15, and 30 min postinjection. Brain levels of 5-HT in the midbrain and/or medulla were significantly increased over the same period.
Addition of a third field significantly increases dose to the brachial plexus for patients undergoing tangential whole-breast therapy after lumpectomy.

Abstract Our goal was to evaluate brachial plexus (BP) dose with and without the use of supraclavicular (SCL) irradiation in patients undergoing breast-conserving therapy with whole-breast radiation therapy (RT) after lumpectomy. Using the standardized Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG)–endorsed guidelines delineation, we contoured the BP for 10 postlumpectomy breast cancer patients. The radiation dose to the whole breast was 50.4 Gy using tangential fields in 1.8-Gy fractions, followed by a conedown to the operative bed using electrons (10 Gy). The prescription dose to the SCL field was 50.4 Gy, delivered to 3-cm depth. The mean BP volume was 14.5 ± 1.5 cm 3 . With tangential fields alone, the median mean dose to the BP was 0.57 Gy, the median maximum dose was 1.93 Gy, and the irradiated volume of the BP receiving 40, 45, and 50 Gy was 0%. When the third (SCL field) was added, the dose to the BP was significantly increased ( P = .01): the median mean dose to the BP was 40.60 Gy, and the median maximum dose was 52.22 Gy. With 3-field RT, the median irradiated volume of the BP receiving 40, 45, and 50 Gy was 83.5%, 68.5%, and 24.6%, respectively. The addition of the SCL field significantly increases dose to the BP. The possibility of increasing the risk of BP morbidity should be considered in the context of clinical decision making.
Biodiversity conservation and drug discovery in Suriname. Explorations in nature's combinatorial library

The preservation of tropical rain forests is an important goal both for the intrinsic value of their cultural and biological diversity and for the well-being of the forest peoples who make these forests their home. In addition, tropical forests are potential sources of new pharmaceutical products which can only be found by chemical prospecting in nature's genet- ically encoded combinatorial library. A collaborative program to discover potential pharma- ceuticals in the rain forest of Suriname is described as part of an effort to integrate biodiver- sity conservation and drug discovery with economic development. Progress on this project will be reported, including results obtained on the isolation of bioactive diterpenoids, quinones, alkaloids, and polyketides, and the benefits of this general approach to biodiversi- ty and drug discovery will be discussed.
Brushing up on immunological tolerance

While nonspecific immunosuppressive agents have had major impact both on autoimmune disease and transplantation, the development of specific immunological tolerance holds great promise for the future. Studies of tolerance thus have both theoretical and practical implications for biology and medicine.
Reactivity to Heteromodal Stimulation as a Function of Stimulus Intensity and Inner Arousal

In a preliminary study, it was observed that when increasingly intense light stimuli were presented simultaneously with a loud noise, magnitude of the skin conductance response increased over the first three levels of increasing light intensity, and then exhibited a paradoxical decrease. The present study extended the previous one by adding more intense stimuli and by examining the influence of inner sources of arousal in the form of motor effort and tonic skin conductance. Twenty subjects, half of whom squeezed a dynamometer during stimulus presentations, were presented with four intensities of noise combined with four intensities of light in all combinations in a randomized Latin Square design. Compared to the previous study, an increase in paradoxical responding was observed. However, the results could not be interpreted by simply assuming a reflexive inhibitory response to high levels of total stimulation. Rather they suggested the occurrence of what we have referred to as “intensity learning,” which involves a selective diminution in reactivity to high intensity stimuli while reactivity and alertness are retained to low intensity stimuli.
Nightside ionospheric electrodynamics associated with substorms: PFISR and THEMIS ASI observations

[1] Observations from the newly available Poker Flat Incoherent Scatter Radar have been used to study the ionospheric electrodynamics during the substorm expansion phase. Substorm events selected have been divided into three categories based on onset location relative to the radar, and repeatable features have been identified. West of onset, westward flows increased in response to the passage of the westward traveling surge (WTS) poleward of them. The enhanced flows occurred within the Sub-Auroral Polarization Streams region of downward Region 2 currents, which extend equatorward from near the equatorward boundary of electron precipitation. Strong E region ionization increase associated with the WTS occurred poleward of the enhanced westward flows, suggesting that poleward Pedersen currents fed by the downward Region 2 field-aligned current (FAC) further equatorward contribute at least partially to closure of the upward FAC of the WTS. An enhanced eastward flow channel developed east of onset. E region ionization decreased poleward of this flow peak, implying formation of downward FAC, and further increased equatorward of the flow peak, suggesting strengthening of preexisting Region 2 upward FAC. These observations indicate that the downward FAC formed at onset at least partially closes via the upward Region 2 currents. The enhanced eastward flows decreased after passage of the auroral bulge, and the reduced E region ionization increased again. When onset occurred within the radar fov, the thin breakup arc of onset occurred at the center of the Harang reversal, while if the optical onset was poleward of the radar fov, the Harang reversal was observed after the onset. A 2-D picture of the evolution of ionospheric electrodynamics was generated by synthesizing observations from the three categories, which provides a schematic description of the relationship between Region 2 and substorm expansion electrodynamics.
Ryanodine receptor-mediated [Ca2+]i release in glomus cells is independent of natural stimuli and does not participate in the chemosensory responses of the rat carotid body

Abstract The hypothesis that intracellular calcium ([Ca 2+ ] i ) release in glomus cells via ryanodine receptor (RyR) activation by caffeine may be independent of natural stimuli and chemosensory discharge was tested in the rat carotid body (CB). CB type I cells were isolated, plated and preloaded with calcium-sensitive fluorescent probe, Indo-1AM. With the increase of caffeine dose (0–50 mM) cytosolic calcium ([Ca 2+ ] c ) increased from 85±15 nM to 1933±190 nM ( n =6) at normoxia (P o 2 =125–130 Torr, P co 2 =25–30 Torr, pH 7.30–7.35). Hypoxia (P o 2 =10–15 Torr) increased and hypocapnia (P co 2 =7–9 Torr) decreased the cytoplasmic calcium [Ca 2+ ] c levels, independent of caffeine. Caffeine-related [Ca 2+ ] c increase was the same in the presence and the absence of extracellular calcium ([Ca 2+ ] o ), indicating the source of Ca 2+ ions is the cellular store. Permeabilization of the cell membrane with saponin (25 μg/ml) retained the caffeine response. Additional treatment of the cells with 50 μM ryanodine (an inhibitor of the caffeine-activated RyR site) abolished caffeine-stimulated response. In vitro CB chemosensory (carotid sinus nerve, CSN) responses to hypoxia (P o 2 =35–40 Torr) were not altered by caffeine. These results suggest that [Ca 2+ ] i stores in CB cells, mobilized by RyR activation, do not participate in the CSN responses to natural stimuli.
Sexual Selection in the Spring Peeper, Hyla Crucifer (Amphibia, Anura): Role of the Advertisement Call

1. The advertisement call of the spring peeper exhibits significant variation in each of the four parameters examined: intensity, duration, frequency, repetition rate. 2. In playback experiments involving calls differing in a single parameter, females exhibited preference for loud calls, calls with a rapid repetition rate and low frequency calls. 3. Although we had hypothesized that females would prefer long calls to short calls, they did not. We attribute this lack of preference to unanticipated differences in the sound envelope of the two experimental calls. 4. Non-random choice by females during playback experiments may have been in response to the conspicuousness of the male call, or to encoded clues pertaining to male fitness. 5. Call repetition rate is positively correlated with body size (snout-vent length) while frequency is negatively correlated. 6. Anuran growth is thought to be indeterminate, so that larger males are typically older males. As a consequence of having survived longer, large males may be more fit. 7. Since females exhibited a preference for call parameters which were correlated with body size, we had anticipated that large males would experience differential mating success in nature. A comparison of amplexed and non-amplexed males over a three year period revealed no intergroup size difference. 8. We conclude that while females may select calls indicative of size, and perhaps fitness, during laboratory trials, such choices are likely more difficult in an active breeding congregation where acoustical interference and competition may tend to obscure call variation. 9. Finally we report the presence of small, non-calling satellite males and suggest that their success as sexual parasites may have influenced the size relationship between amplexed and non-amplexed males in our study.
Site-Specific Incorporation of Allosteric-Inhibition Sites in a Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase

Small molecules that can be used to specifically control the activity of cellular gene products are key tools in chemical biology. Here, we present a scanning−insertional−mutagenesis approach to identify protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) mutants whose activities can be selectively modulated by a small molecule. A six-amino-acid, cysteine-rich ligand-binding peptide, known to specifically bind a biarsenical fluorescein derivative (FlAsH), was inserted site-specifically at twelve locations in the catalytic domain of T-cell PTP (TCPTP). The majority of the resulting insertion mutants expressed efficiently as soluble enzymes and retained catalytic activities comparable to wild-type levels in the absence of the FlAsH ligand. Mutants that contain TetraCys insertions at TCPTP positions 79 and 187 demonstrated novel FlAsH-dependent inhibitor sensitivity: the catalytic activities of these constructs strongly decreased when incubated with FlAsH, compared to a no-FlAsH control. Structural analysis suggests that th...
Serum inhibitor of phytohemagglutinin-inducedlymphocyte proliferation in Bartter syndrome

Serum from four patients with Bartter syndrome inhibited the response to phytohemagglutinin of autologous and homologous (healthy donor) lymphocytes. The abnormal response was normalized in three patients by the administration of indomethacin (2 mg/kg/day), a known inhibitor of prostaglandin synthesis. The serum prostaglandin E 2 concentration of these patients before indomethacin therapy was significantly increased (P 2 concentration measured in two of three patients undergoing indomethacin therapy was normal. Because PGE 2 is known to inhibit the response of lymphocytes to phytohemagglutinin, we postulate that PGE 2 may mediate the reduced blastogenic response observed in patients with Bartter syndrome.
Cross wavelet analysis for retrieving climate teleconnection signals between sea surface temperature and forest greenness

The growth of forest is critically vulnerable to the change in rainfall and radiation than in air temperature. The amount of rainfall and cloudiness in the northeast region of the United States is assumed to be strongly affected by the Atlantic sea surface temperature (SST). The observational investigation of the relation between the greenness of three undisturbed forested areas in the Atlantic region and Atlantic SST is fundamental to understand the response of terrestrial ecosystems to climate change. Such teleconnection signals may also entail the change of natural variability associated with several hydrological parameters such as rainfall and runoff. We conducted short-term environmental change quantification using MODIS satellite imageries supplemented by NEXRAD data. Wavelet analysis was employed to derive climate signals and embedded patterns over the timescale to illuminate the propagation effects of climate teleconnection.
Nuclear matrix and the regulation of gene expression: Tissue specificity

Tissue specific regulation of gene expression by a single transcription factor or group of transcription factors cannot be explained simply by DNA sequence alone. For example, in the same animal a particular transcription factor is capable of interacting with DNA in the nucleus of many different cell types, resulting in unique gene expressions despite the presence of a similar genome in all cells. Historically, these differences in response to a single type of factor within target tissues in the same animal have been suggested to occur through different alterations in chromatin structure. Recent, data has demonstrated that combination of hormones and transcription factors working together may cooperatively play a role in the regulation of gene expression [Pearce and Yamamoto (1993): Science 259:1161–1165]. However, the molecular mechanisms of this tissue specific regulation of gene expression still remains largely unexplained. Current evidence suggests that in different cell types the interplay between the specific three-dimensional organization of the genome and the structural components of the nucleus, the nuclear matrix, may accomplish the regulation of specific gene expression. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A faster, smarter, controllable, greener, distributed Grid - the keys to an advanced Grid that yields higher power quality

Dramatic improvements in Grid power quality require fundamental changes to the physical layer of the Grid, where our electric power is generated, transported and utilized. The addition of “Smarts” to the Grid is essential; however, while it is a necessary condition, it is insufficient to provide the digital quality power that our loads increasingly demand. The fundamental problem of the Grid is not lack of intelligence, but lack of speed. Bulk power sources are remote from loads, and existing controls are applied to clumsy actuators and switchgear. The Future Grid, described here, requires a minimum penetration of generation coupled through electronics. This can easily be achieved through Grid-connected renewables, ideally highly distributed, with autonomous controls for transient events and centralized regional controls for slower time scales. Partial penetration of fast response generation enables performance which can achieve substantially higher quality of power. An additional requirement for a truly robust Grid is either a very high level of high bandwidth control of sources and loads or high-speed fault-limiting and high-speed valves in the Transmission and Distribution (T&D) system, to contain damage and prevent cascading blackouts.
Direct response advertising in the US and European markets: a content analysis of fashion products

In the advertising of self‐projective products, marketers have focused on image advertising. However, today advertisers are integrating direct response with image based advertising, in essence, to “get more bang for the buck”. Hence, the purpose of the study was to investigate direct response advertising in upscale fashion magazines in the European Union as well as the USA. Eight hundred and seventy advertisements of perfumes, women’s apparel and cosmetics were evaluated via the editions of Vogue. Direct response advertisements were most prevalent among advertisements of women’s apparel and primarily in US editions of Vogue. Furthermore, advertisements for perfumes and women’s apparel were image based while advertisements for cosmetics were balanced. Implications of the findings are given regarding advertising fashion products in the European Community.
Late Proterozoic (Grenville?) deformation in central New Mexico determined from single-crystal muscovite 40Ar/39Ar age spectra

Abstract 40 Ar/ 39 Ar age spectrum analyses on deformed and undeformed single-crystal muscovites from the Manzano Mountains in central New Mexico provide insights on the argon systematics of deformed muscovite, the post-1.4 Ga cooling history of the region, and the timing of low-temperature deformation. Microstructures in narrow, east-side-up shear zones in and around the 1427 Ma Priest pluton, indicate post-pluton greenschist facies (∼ 350°C) deformation. Single-crystal 40 Ar/ 39 Ar analysis of three samples containing undeformed muscovite yield plateau spectra with ages of 1390 ± 3, 1395 ± 2 and 1401 ± 3 Ma, suggests that by this time the pluton had cooled below ∼ 350–400°C. Single-crystal muscovites from within the shear zones have markedly different age spectra and reveal well-defined age gradients from ∼ 1.1 to 1.4 Ga. The age gradients are interpreted as resulting from deformation-induced argon loss or reduction of the effective radius for argon diffusion thereby decreasing the closure temperature of the originally pristine magmatic muscovites. These data, and previously published results, suggest a long period of crustal stability (ca. 1.4 to 1.1 Ga) in which average cooling rates were probably about 1°C/Ma. The ∼ 1.1 Ga ages in the deformed muscovite age spectra are interpreted as indicating that Grenvillian tectonism to the southeast affected central New Mexico. It can not be unambiguously determined if the consequences of the Grenville orogeny in New Mexico was uplift and erosion (cooling), a discrete thermal pulse (reheating), or if the shear zones record Grenville-age contractual deformation.
Academic Drift In German Agricultural Education

Readers of Minerva have probably encountered 'academic drift,' even if they are unfamiliar with the phrase. As colleges and universities compete for ever-scarcer resources, as politicians promise to educate ever more citizens, and as constituents expect ever more prestige from their local institutions, they are in a constant chase for improved status, funding, staff, and students. Many academics welcome the connotations of 'science' as an indicator of prestige. As a result, many otherwise applied 'missions' have experienced a 'drift' from practical to more 'scientific' orientations. For those institutions that are concerned with the practical sciences, 'technology's dilemma' has forced generations of teachers and administrators to negotiate between the lure of theory and the rewards of practice. In his most recent book, Jonathan Harwood examines this historical process, and presents a 'model of institutional dynamics' that he believes will explain 'why most... institutions drift while a few do not' (pp. 33, 18). He uses an unlikely data set: the agricultural colleges of Germany of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. In the 1860s, the chemist Justus von Liebig called for a commitment to science as the basis of reformed German agricultural education. This led to the creation of new academic institutions, and to reforms in others, most of which favoured scientific over practical education. Harwood focuses on seven such institutions the agricultural faculties and colleges at Halle, Breslau, Munich, Berlin, Bonn, Hohenheim, and Weihenstephan. Using Charles Rosenberg's notion of an 'ecology of knowledge' as a framework, Harwood situates each of these in a particular 'habitat',
Habit reversal training in trichotillomania: guide for the clinician

Trichotillomania (hair-pulling disorder) involves repetitive hair pulling that can cause significant distress and impairment in functioning. Both children and adults suffer from the disorder. Habit reversal training (HRT) is the trichotillomania treatment with the most empirical support. HRT begins with developing an in-depth understanding of the client’s unique pulling behaviors. The major components of HRT can then be carried out in a way that targets the client’s specific needs. These include awareness training and self-monitoring, stimulus control and competing response procedures. Within each of these components the client learns to recognize his or her pulling urges, avoid situations in which pulling is more likely and adopt behaviors that can be used instead of pulling. Future work will involve evaluating the efficacy of adding therapy models such as mindfulness meditation in order to further enhance the effectiveness of HRT, and studying the long-term efficacy of HRT for children and adults.
Comprehension of Expository Text from an Unfamiliar Domain: Effects of Instruction that Provides Either Domain-Specific or Strategy Knowledge.

Abstract Two studies examined the effects of instructional activities that provided either relevant domain knowledge or knowledge about comprehension strategies. College students read a chapter on economics which was determined in advance to be unfamiliar. Comprehension was measured with two verification tasks. Results from the first study indicated that subjects in both the domain and strategy conditions performed better on the summary verification task than subjects in a control condition. However, in the second study subjects in the domain condition preformed better than subjects in the control condition and subjects in the strategy condition were statistically different from subjects in either the domain or the control conditions. In neither study did the two types of comprehension instruction affect performance on the inference verification test.
Ability Testing, Instruction, and Assessment of Achievement: Breaking Out of the Vicious Circle

We can now measure abilities, teach, and assess achievement in ways that enable all students to achieve at higher levels. To do so, we must break out of a vicious circle that values only a narrow cross section of abilities, and that ignores or actually devalues a broader range of important abilities.
Quantum Gravitation: Problems and Prospects

Three topics are dealt with. First, a recent theorem is discussed: general relativity is the low-frequency limit of any quantum theory of gravitation compatible with the observed macroscopic properties of gravity. Second, recent results on the high-frequency behavior of the quantized Einstein field that its coupling to (quantized) matter is nonrenormalizable at the one-loop level are mentioned. Finally, some possible ways to remove this basic conflict between quantization and gravitation are presented. 20 references. (auth)
Fast Protons from the Capture of π - Mesons in Photographic Emulsions

The spectrum of fast protons from 1631 ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ meson absorptions in Ilford G-5 and C-2 emulsions has been studied. It has been found that (16.1\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1.8) percent of all ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ meson absorptions are accompanied by protons of energy greater than 20 Mev, and that (9.5\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1.3) percent of all absorptions are accompanied by protons of energy greater than 30 Mev. The proton energies were estimated by grain counting in comparison with ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ mesons of known residual range. Allowance was made for the variation of grain density with position and depth in the emulsion. The energy spectrum is fairly flat from 30-70 Mev, but only three events were found above 70 Mev. Examination of stars from which the fast protons were emitted shows more prongs ejected opposite to the direction of the fast proton than are accounted for by evaporation from a recoiling nucleus. The energy spectrum favors the capture of the meson by a proton, with the recoil momentum taken by a small, variable number of nucleons. Furthermore, the evidence suggests that the low energy star prongs result from knock-on collisions of the primary nucleons with other nucleons inside the nucleus.
Myocardial perfusion MRI with an undersampled 3D stack-of-stars sequence

Purpose: To determine the feasibility of three-dimensional (3D) hybrid radial (stack-of-stars) MRI with spatiotemporal total variation (TV) constrained reconstruction for dynamic contrast enhanced myocardial perfusion imaging. Methods: An ECG-triggered saturation recovery turboFLASH sequence with undersampled stack-of-stars sampling with spatiotemporal TV constrained reconstruction was developed for dynamic contrast enhanced myocardial perfusion imaging. Simulations were performed to study the dependence of the approach to steady state on flip angle and saturation recovery time for this stack-of-stars acquisition. Phantom studies were used to show the effect of the flip angle selection and imperfect spoiling on image qualities. Studies were done in three humans to test the feasibility of the approach for myocardial perfusion imaging. Results: The simulation and phantom studies showed that imperfect spoiling and magnetization changes during the readout were a function of flip angle and nonoptimized selection of flip angle could degrade the images. Low flip angle acquisitions in the human subjects result in images with good quality similar to multislice radial 2D images. Conclusions: 3D stack-of-stars sampling with spatiotemporal TV constrained reconstruction provides a promising alternative for myocardial perfusion imaging.
Antimalarial Activities of WR-194,965, an α-Amino-o-Cresol Derivative

Pilot appraisals of the activities of WR-194,965 and WR-204,165, two closely related o-cresol derivatives (both Mannich bases), in owl monkeys infected with the multidrug-resistant Vietnam Smith strain of Plasmodium falciparum showed that these compounds had similar levels of efficacy. Total course doses effecting 90% cures (CD(90)s) were 27 and 37 mg/kg of body weight for the respective compounds, values almost identical to the CD(90) of mefloquine (a highly promising 4-quinolinemethanol) against infections with the same strain, and the CD(90)s of chloroquine against infections with 4-aminoquinoline-susceptible strains. Expanded studies of the activities of WR-194,965 against infections with the Smith strain of P. falciparum and Vietnam Palo Alto strain of P. vivax, designed to guide projected evaluations in human volunteers, showed: (i) that the activity of this compound was a function of total dose administered, with single doses as effective as the same amount delivered in three or seven successive daily fractions; (ii) that all regimens effected rapid clearance of parasitemia; and (iii) that based on CD(90)s, this agent was twice as active against infections with the Palo Alto strain of P. vivax as against the Smith strain of P. falciparum. These findings, together with results of preclinical pharmacological studies pursued elsewhere, provided support for studies in human volunteers now underway.
Endomyometriosis (“Uterus - like mass”) in an XY Male Case Report With Molecular Confirmation and Literature Review

Male endometriosis and endomyometriosis (also termed "uterus-like mass") are 2 unusual manifestations of endometriosis. We report a case of male endomyometriosis with immunohistochemical and molecular confirmation. A 52-year-old man presented with stabbing pelvic pain. Computed tomography scan showed a mass in the right inguinal area, at the site of prior hernia repair. The lesion was tubular in shape, with a thick muscular wall and a central blood-filled lumen. Microscopically, the tissue showed layers of concentric smooth muscle, with endometrial glands and stroma lining the lumen. Many theories have been proposed regarding the etiology of both endomyometriosis and male endometriosis, including remnant rests of Mullerian tissue and metaplasia. Cases of male endometriosis typically have been linked to estrogen therapy for prostate cancer. Our patient had a history of cirrhosis and took spironolactone, possibly leading to an altered hormonal state that interacted with a reactive/metaplastic process at a site of prior surgery.
Properties and applications of powdered polysaccharide acids. I. Preparation and titration curves.

Several new powdered polysaccharide acids, namely elm acid, quince acid, and plantago acid, were prepared by ion exchange, followed by spray drying. These acids, carboxymethylcellulose acid and several analogous type acids were titrated potentiometrically, and the shape of the titration curves were indicated to be quite typical of the synthetic cation exchangers. Approximate acid equivalents and pKa values were determined for some of these substances. A number of pharmaceutical applications for these acids are suggested.
Elastic pp scattering at 1.463 GeV/c in the Coulomb interference region

Abstract The differential cross section for elastic pp scattering has been measured at 800 MeV, for laboratory angles ranging between 1.2° and 4.3° (lab). The ratio ϱ of the real to imaginary parts of the forward spin-independent scattering amplitude and the combined magnitudes of the forward double spin-flip amplitudes have been extracted from the data and are compared with the results of recent forward dispersion relation calculations and phase shift analyses.
Aberrant expression of GABAA receptor subunits in the tottering mouse: an animal model for absence seizures

Abstract The single-locus mutant mouse tottering ( tg ) is an established model for absence seizures. We have previously reported an impairment in GABA-induced chloride uptake in tg brain [Tehrani and Barnes, Epilepsy Res. 1995;22:13–21]. In order to determine if this alteration in GABA A receptor function can be related to specific receptor isoforms, we examined the radioligand binding properties of GABA A receptors and the expression of GABAA receptor subunit mRNAs in the cerebral cortex. Saturation binding of [ 3 H]flunitrazepam revealed a significantly lower K d value in tg cortical tissues (1.77±0.05 nM) in comparison to that for the background C57BL/6J strain (3.23±0.23 nM), while the B max values were indistinguishable. Biphasic displacement of [ 3 H]flunitrazepam binding by 2-oxoquazepam showed that low affinity binding sites account for 36±7.6 and 51±7.5% of the total in control and tg , respectively. The level of [ 35 S]- t -butylbicyclophosphorothionate (TBPS) binding to tg cortical membranes was 73.6±5.8% of that in controls. Paired measurements by quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) revealed no significant differences in the levels of GABA A receptor α 1, α 3, α 5, β 2, β 3, γ 2 or γ 3 subunit mRNAs between tg and control cortex. However, tg tissues showed elevated levels of α 2- and β 1-subunit mRNAs, representing 256 and 177%, respectively, those of controls. For the tg cortex, the enhanced expression of GABA A receptor α 2 and β 1 subunits correlates with recombinant subtypes known to have low affinity for 2-oxoquazepam and impaired binding of TBPS. These aberrant properties of GABA A receptors could influence the development or propagation of phenotypic seizures in the tottering mouse.
Simulating Cl K-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy in MCl62− (M = U, Np, Pu) complexes and UOCl5− using time-dependent density functional theory

We report simulations of the X-ray absorption near edge structure at the Cl K-edge of actinide hexahalides MCl6 2- (M = U, Np, Pu) and the UOCl5 – complex using linear response time-dependent density functional theory extended for core excitations. To the best of our knowledge, these are the first calculations of the Cl K-edge spectra of NpCl6 2- and PuCl6 2-. In addition, the spectra are simulated with and without the environmental effects of the host crystal as well as ab initio molecular dynamics to capture the dynamical effects due to atomic motion. The calculated spectra are compared with experimental results, where available and the observed trends are discussed.
The Next Problem With No Name: The Politics and Pragmatics of the Word Rape

In this study I asked women how the word rape fit and did not fit their own experiences of forced or unwanted sex with acquaintances. Although some participants noted that the term removed self-blame and indicated severity, most suggested that the word was limiting. It did not distinguish varied harms, created uncomfortable expectations for participants' behavior, eliminated moments of agency, and dichotomized experiences. By considering these limitations of available vocabulary, scholars may develop more robust theories of sexual violence.