cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
European Leadership: A Ship without a Rudder

Institutions are useful only as tools through which states or organizations work. By themselves they are inert. The success of any institution depends upon two factors: first, the willingness of the major powers to work through the institution, and, second, leadership and initiative within a given institution. As has been argued in the previous chapter, there is a willingness on the part of all the major powers to work through institutions — albeit differing ones in some cases. The problems lie in the second factor: there is an unwillingness on the part of the major powers to take the initiative in a security environment that is much more unpredictable than that of 1945, and there is little consensus about which institutions to work through.
Language, Culture, and Management: The Impact of Enlargement on Language Use in the Commission

The management literature devotes little attention to questions of language use, and yet language and communication styles are management challenges, particularly in international and multinational organizations. Language and communication are relevant to our analysis for several reasons. First, language use is linked closely to cultural values, and destabilizing the established norms of language use is one way in which enlargement is reshaping culture. In fact, enlargement had a paradoxical effect on language use, increasing the number of official languages but reinforcing the shift toward English as the common working language within the Commission. As a result, by far the most common response to a question about the impacts of enlargement was that it increased use of English.
Therapeutic Approach to Adult Fibrotic Lung Diseases

Among the interstitial lung diseases (ILDs), idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), chronic hypersensitivity pneumonitis, and fibrotic connective tissue disease-related ILD are associated with a worse prognosis, with death occurring as a result of both respiratory failure and serious associated comorbidities. The recent development and approval of the antifibrotic agents nintedanib and pirfenidone, both of which reduced the rate of decline in lung function in patients with IPF in clinical trials, offer hope that it may be possible to alter the increased mortality associated with IPF. Although chronic hypersensitivity pneumonitis and connective tissue disease related-ILD may be associated with an inflammatory component, the evidence for the use of immunosuppressive agents in their treatment is largely limited to retrospective studies. The lack of benefit of immunosuppressive therapy in advanced fibrosis argues for rigorous clinical trials using antifibrotic therapies in these types of ILD as well. Patients with fibrotic ILD may benefit from identification and management of associated comorbid conditions such as pulmonary hypertension, gastroesophageal reflux, and OSA, which may improve the quality of life and, in some cases, survival in affected individuals. Because early assessment may optimize posttransplantation outcomes, lung transplant evaluation should occur early in patients with IPF and those with other forms of fibrotic ILD.
Ethnic inequality and coups in sub-Saharan Africa

Does ethnic inequality breed coups? The recent literature on civil war shows both that inequality between ethnic groups induces war and, importantly, that civil wars and coups, although fundamental...
Impaired interleukin-10 signaling and ovarian cancer growth in the peritoneal cavity.

e22094 Background: A spontaneous immune response to ovarian cancer improves survival, but tolerant features of the peritoneal (IP) cavity contribute to local immune suppression and tumor immune esc...
First-degree atrioventricular block. Clinical manifestations, indications for pacing, pacemaker management & consequences during cardiac resynchronization.

Marked first-degree AV block (PR≥0.30 s) can produce a clinical condition similar to that of the pacemaker syndrome. Clinical evaluation often requires a treadmill stress test because patients are more likely to become symptomatic with mild or moderate exercise when the PR interval cannot adapt appropriately. Uncontrolled studies have shown that many such symptomatic patients with normal left ventricular (LV) function improve with conventional dual chamber pacing (Class IIa indication). In contrast, marked first-degree AV block with LV systolic dysfunction and heart failure is still a Class IIb indication, a recommendation that is now questionable because a conventional DDD(R) pacemaker would be committed to right ventricular pacing (and its attendant risks) virtually 100% of the time. It would seem prudent at this juncture to consider a biventricular DDD device in this situation. Patients with suboptimally programmed pacemakers may develop functional atrial undersensing because the P wave tends to migrate easily into the postventricular atrial refractory period (PVARP). Retrograde vetriculoatrial conduction block is uncommon in marked first-degree AV block so a relatively short PVARP can often be used at rest with little risk of endless loop tachycardia. The usefulness of a short PVARP may be negated by special PVARP functions in some pulse generators designed to time out a long PVARP at rest and a gradually shorter one with activity. First-degree AV block during cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) predisposes to loss of ventricular resynchronization during biventricular pacing because it favors the initiation of electrical “desynchronization” especially in association with a relatively fast atrial rate and a relatively slow programmed upper rate. Patients with first-degree AV block have a poorer outcome with CRT than patients with a normal PR interval, a response that may involve several mechanisms. (1) The long PR interval may be a marker of more advanced heart disease. (2) Patients with first-degree AV block may experience more episodes of undetected “electrical desynchronization”. (3) “Concealed resynchronization” whereupon ventricular activation in patients with a normal PR interval may result from fusion of electrical wavefronts coming from the right bundle branch and the impulse from the LV electrode. The resultant hemodynamic response may be superior because the detrimental effects of right ventricular stimulation (required in the setting of a longer PR interval) are avoided.
Poly-Si-Based Physical Unclonable Functions

Physically unclonable functions (PUFs) were introduced over a decade ago for a variety of security applications. Silicon PUFs exploit uncontrollable random variations from manufacturing to generate unique and random signatures/responses. However, such sources of randomness may become limited during standard CMOS manufacturing as processes continue to mature especially with the advances in design for manufacturability. Recently, poly-Si is proposed to improve PUF quality by offering considerable random variations at the materials level, which is from randomly distributed grain boundaries and trapped charges in poly-Si. In this paper, we develop a poly-Si field-effect transistor (FET) model to study the properties of poly-Si-based PUFs under different supply voltages ( $V_{\mathrm{ DD}}$ ) and temperatures ( $T$ ). Simulation results obtained from ring oscillator and arbiter PUFs show that compared with conventional CMOS-based PUFs, the reliability of poly-Si-based PUFs can be improved from around 90% to 98% and the PUF devices are robust against varying $V_{\mathrm{ DD}}$ and $T$ .
Meridic diets for adult screwworm (Diptera: Calliphoridae).

Adults of the screwworm, Cochliomyia hominivorax (Coquerel), were fed three carrageenan-gelled meridic diets. In test one, the flies were fed a diet of sucrose and whole dry powdered chicken egg (2...
Promoting Student Interest in Family Medicine Through National Conference Attendance.

Introduction The University of South Dakota Sanford School of Medicine (USDSSOM) had success in preparing students to enter family medicine. A sharp decline in students choosing the specialty became noticeable in 2004. In 2005, only 10.2% of the graduating class entered family medicine residency programs. To reverse this trend, the Department of Family Medicine partnered with the South Dakota Academy of Family Physicians (SDAFP) chapter that year to send students to the American Academy of Family Physicians (AAFP) National Conference of Family Medicine Residents and Medical Students. This report examines the influence of national conference attendance on career choice. While many factors influence student choice, conference attendance served as an additive method for recruitment. Methods Internal departmental records on national conference attendance and subsequent National Resident Matching Program (NRMP) data were reviewed retrospectively, to determine if a correlation existed between conference attendance and choice of family medicine as a specialty. Chi-squared analysis was utilized to further examine this relationship. Results The association between conference attendance and number of times attending is significant (χ2 =6.78, P<.05). The recent data show that this intervention has resurrected student interest in family medicine, with USDSSOM now exceeding the NRMP average for family medicine. Conclusions A positive correlation exists between national conference attendance and medical student choice to enter family medicine residency programs. This intervention may be used by more medical schools wishing to promote family medicine in order to help meet our nation's primary care workforce needs.
Good governance, political experiences, and public support for mandatory sentencing: Evidence from a progressive US state:

A shift in public mood and declining incarceration rates in the United States signal a potential change in the politics of punishment. This research considers whether the public continues to suppor...
Active Camera Stabilization from High Altitude Balloons

Many applications of High Altitude Ballooning (HAB) require maintaining a bearing in a non-inertial frame of reference, for example keeping a camera continuously pointed at the sun from a HAB payload in motion. Maintaining a consistent bearing is especially difficult on a HAB flight because it is hard to accurately measure and compensate the relative motion of the payload. In addition, friction, conservation of angular momentum, and errors in relative bearing measurement complicate the solution. This project aims to solve these issues using a combination of accelerometer data, gyro data, and a motor-driven platform. It was launched as part of the Far Horizons project at the Adler Planetarium, whose mission is bringing real space exploration down to Earth and into the hands of students, volunteers, and the public. The initial design was built for use in the 2017 Eclipse mission, but will also be used in missions such as mapping light pollution from a HAB platform. The system expands the capabilities of general HAB missions and can be open-sourced to provide the HAB community with a solution to a unique problem in High Altitude Ballooning.
Total Synthesis of (±)-Phomoidride D

Described herein is a synthetic strategy for the total synthesis of (±)-phomoidride D. This highly efficient and stereoselective approach provides rapid assembly of the carbocyclic core by way of a tandem phenolic oxidation/intramolecular Diels-Alder cycloaddition. A subsequent SmI2 -mediated cyclization cascade delivers an isotwistane intermediate poised for a Wharton fragmentation that unveils the requisite bicyclo[4.3.1]decene skeleton and sets the stage for synthesis completion.
Identifying the mechanical and neural properties of the sternocleidomastoid muscles

Our study used a novel combination of surface electromyography and ultrasound shear wave elastography to investigate the neuromuscular control of the neck. Our work highlights differences in how th...
Response-to-Intervention Models and Access to Services for All Students

This chapter includes a discussion of five primary components that facilitate students’ access to, and participation in, high-quality instruction within an RTI service delivery framework: (a) comprehensive student assessment via screening, diagnostic measurement, and progress monitoring; (b) standardized data-based decision-making; (c) multi-tiered implementation of student support based on a continuum of needs; (d) the provision of evidence-based instruction/intervention; and (e) multi-stakeholder involvement in coordinated leadership. Key implementation drivers necessary to promote implementation are reviewed. A synopsis is provided of existing research on data-based instructional decisions, the impact of multi-tiered intervention supports, and training supports for school personnel. The chapter concludes by outlining the need for additional research evaluating (a) common decision-making criteria across assessments, (b) interventions for students who do not respond to instruction, and (c) the core components necessary for teacher professional development to support high-fidelity service delivery. Several evidence-based resources are provided to help advance practices in schools.
Identification of risk for neonatal haemolysis.

AIM To identify neonates at risk of haemolytic hyperbilirubinaemia through near-concurrent measurements of total serum/plasma bilirubin (TB) or transcutaneous bilirubin (TcB) and end-tidal breath carbon monoxide (CO), corrected for ambient CO (ETCOc), an index of bilirubin production and haemolysis. METHODS Paired TB/TcB (mg/dL) and ETCOc (ppm) measurements were obtained in newborns (n = 283) at 20 to <60 hours of age in five nurseries. TB/TcB values were assigned TB/TcB percentile risk values using the Bhutani hour-specific nomogram. In infants having two serial TB/TcB measurements (n = 76), TB rate of rise (ROR, mg/dL/h) was calculated. RESULTS For the entire cohort (n = 283), 67.1% and 32.9% had TB/TcB<75th and ≥75th percentile, respectively. TB/TcB (5.79 ± 1.84 vs 9.14 ± 2.25 mg/dL) and ETCOc (1.61 ± 0.45 vs 2.02 ± 1.35 ppm, p = 0.0002) were different between the groups. About 36.6% of infants with TB/TcB ≥75th percentile had ETCOc ≥ 2.0 ppm. In the subcohort of infants with serial TB/TcB measurements (n = 76), 44.7% and 55.3% had TB/TcB<75th and ≥75th percentile, respectively. TB/TcB (5.28 ± 1.97 vs 9.53 ± 2.78 mg/dL), ETCOc (1.72 ± 0.48 vs 2.38 ± 1.89 ppm, p = 0.05) and TB ROR (0.011 ± 0.440 vs 0.172 ± 0.471 mg/dL/h) were different between the groups. CONCLUSION The combined use of TB/TcB percentile risk assessments and ETCOc measurements can identify infants with haemolytic hyperbilirubinaemia. The addition of TB ROR can identify those infants with elimination disorders.
Timing of radiation therapy in nipple-sparing mastectomy influences outcomes and patient-reported quality of life.

The aim of this study is to assess the complication profile and impact on patient-reported quality of life in those undergoing nipple-sparing mastectomy (NSM) with immediate breast reconstruction and subsequent prosthetic reconstruction in patients with prior breast radiation therapy (pRT) vs those receiving adjuvant post-mastectomy radiation therapy (PMRT). An IRB-approved, retrospective analysis was performed from 2002 to 2014 to identify NSM patients that underwent pRT or PMRT. A 22-item Likert scale questionnaire was administered by a third party to register patient-reported quality of life. Forty patients met criteria for outcomes analysis, and 30 patients answered the questionnaire. Mean age was 45.6 years old and mean follow-up was 3.8 years. Complication rates for the PMRT cohort were 61.9% vs 31.6% in the pRT cohort, P = .067, and those requiring operative intervention were PMRT 38.1% vs pRT 5.3%, P = .021. Nipple-areolar complex survival was 100% in the pRT vs 85.7% in the PMRT, P = .233. Breast-related quality of life scores were superior in the pRT group within multiple domains. Patients are more likely to develop complications requiring an operative intervention and have decreased breast-related quality of life when undergoing NSM with PMRT compared to patients undergoing NSM having received pRT.
SPIN INJECTION IN MANGANITE-CUPRATE HETEROSTRUCTURES

The growth of oxide manganite-cuprate heterostructures and the results of experiments on the injection of spin-polarized carriers into a high-Tc superconductor are discussed. The investigation of spin injection and spin-polarized tunneling into superconductors can provide valuable information on spin-dependent properties, such as the spin relaxation length. It may also result in the development of new superconducting devices, such as switches and transistors.
Symmetry Breaking and Far-from-Equilibrium Order

If a drop of ink is placed in a glass of water the eventual outcome is macroscopically homogeneous inky water. This randomization is a result of the second law of thermodynamics. In contrast to this is the familiar Benard instability1 wherein a temperature inversion (i.e. heating a layer of liquid from below) causes the onset of an organized flow pattern when the temperature difference between the top and the bottom exceeds a critical value. This transition from purely conductive to convective transport of energy is sustained under the influence of a net driving force that maintains the system sufficiently far from equilibrium. The self organization of the molecular motion in the layer of liquid is not a violation of the second law of thermodynamics. Indeed the onset and sustance of pattern is at the expense of a net overall increase of entropy of the universe as energy is transported from a hot to a cold reservoir.
AIR SEA INTERACTIONS | Sea Surface Temperature

Sea surface temperature (SST) is the interface between the ocean and the overlying atmosphere. As such, it controls the exchange of heat and gases between the atmosphere and ocean. It is also the longest and most widely measured parameter in the ocean. Traditionally measured by inserting a mercury-in-glass thermometer in a bucket sample of surface water from a sailing ship or from a coastal observing station, it is now widely directly measured by drifting and moored buoys or from engine-cooling water on ships. The need for global SST observations has driven the use of infrared satellite data to estimate SST, which has now extended to the use of passive microwave data as well. The satellite measurements distinguish themselves from the in situ measurements in that they measure the skin of the ocean rather than the subsurface ‘bulk’ SST measured by ships and buoys.
The renal H-K-ATPase: function and expression

Evidence from several laboratories indicates that the collecting duct (CD) possesses a mechanism of active potassium reabsorption coupled to apical proton secretion. This process exhibits many of the characteristics of proton and potassium transport observed in the parietal cells of the gastric mucosa, and the accumulated evidence is consistent with the hypothesis that this process is due to a proton-potassium- activated adenosinetriphosphatase (an H-K-ATPase).
Successful Treatment of CNS Involvement in Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma Mycosis Fungoides (P2.6-009)

Objective: To report a case of sustained CNS remission of Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) with high-dose methotrexate and romidepsin. Background: Mycosis Fungoides (MF) is the most common type of CTCL. CNS involvement of MF is rare (less than 40 case reports) and lethal (median survival: 4.5 months). We present a case of complete resolution of CNS MF (on imaging and with neurologic recovery to baseline) with continued survival at 24 months from initial CNS presentation. Design/Methods: Case report with neuroimaging. Results: 59 yo man KT was diagnosed with MF by skin biopsy (3/2016). During chemotherapy, the patient developed dysarthria. Brain MRI (8/2016) showed 25.5 mm x 13.3 mm x 15 mm of vasogenic edema with 1 cm of ring enhancement in the right pons. Overall, findings were most consistent with metastatic disease: patient had active cutaneous lesions, and the T-cell CD4:CD8 ratio in CSF cytology matched that of the previous skin biopsy. Patient was initially misdiagnosed and treated with steroids only, with temporary resolution of symptoms and imaging abnormalities. Patient had cutaneous relapse (2/2017), and chemotherapy was restarted; patient developed gait imbalance, and brain MRI showed new 17 mm of vasogenic edema with contrast enhancement in the left cerebellum and extra-axial enhancement extending to the pons. CSF cytology was supportive of T-cell lymphoma. Patient completed six cycles of high-dose methotrexate, alternating with romidepsin. Brain MRI showed resolution in 4/2017. Patient continued to have cutaneous involvement; to treat systemic disease, methotrexate was discontinued. Patient’s last MRI (8/2017) shows no CNS involvement 12 months after initial scan, and patient remains neurologically intact 24 months after initial CNS disease. Conclusions: High-dose methotrexate and romidepsin should be considered as a treatment option for CNS involvement of CTCL for prolonged remission and survival. Disclosure: Dr. Nayak has nothing to disclose. Dr. Drappatz has nothing to disclose.
Facilitation of glutamate, but not GABA, release in Familial Alzheimer's APP mutant Knock-in rats with increased β-cleavage of APP.

Amyloid precursor protein (APP) modulates glutamate release via cytoplasmic and intravesicular interactions with the synaptic vesicle release machinery. The intravesicular domain, called ISVAID, contains the BACE1 cleavage site of APP. We have tested the functional significance of BACE1 processing of APP using App-Swedish (Apps ) knock-in rats, which carry an App mutation that causes familial Alzheimer's disease (FAD) in humans. We show that in Apps rats, β-cleavage of APP is favored over α-cleavage. Apps rats show facilitated glutamate, but not GABA, release. Our data support the notion that APP tunes glutamate release, and that BACE1 cleavage of the ISVAID segment of APP facilitates this function. We define this phenomenon as BACE1 on APP-dependent glutamate release (BAD-Glu). Unsurprisingly, Apps rats show no evidence of AD-related pathology at 15 days and 3 months of age, indicating that alterations in BAD-Glu are not caused by pathological lesions. The evidence that a pathogenic APP mutation causes an early enhancement of BAD-Glu suggests that alterations of BACE1 processing of APP in glutamatergic synaptic vesicles could contribute to dementia.
Bitcoin's Fatal Flaw: The Limited Adoption Problem

We demonstrate theoretically that Bitcoin's limited adoption arises as an equilibrium outcome rather than as a short-lived property. Our results are driven by negative network effects which arise due to Bitcoin's need for consensus and the existence of network delay. As the Bitcoin network expands, network delay grows thereby prolonging the time needed for generating consensus. In turn, transaction settlement becomes prolonged, and users abandon the system, yielding limited adoption. Increasing transaction rates fails to solve this problem because increasing transaction rates increases fork probabilities which prolongs the consensus process and generates limited adoption.
Cultural Perspectives on Mental Wellbeing: Spiritual Interpretations of Symptoms in Medical Practice

Dr. Natalie Tobert offers up to her readers a brilliant resource for anyone who works in the mental healthcare field. She has written a brilliant and enlightening resource that helps readers from a...
The Influence of Competing tRNA Abundance on Translation: Quantifying the Efficiency of Sense Codon Reassignment at Rarely Used Codons

A quantitative understanding of how system composition and molecular properties conspire to determine the fidelity of translation is lacking. Our strategy directs an orthogonal tRNA to directly compete against endogenous tRNAs to decode individual targeted codons in a GFP reporter. Sets of directed sense codon reassignment measurements allow the isolation of particular factors contributing to translational fidelity. In this work, we isolated the effect of tRNA concentration on translational fidelity by evaluating reassignment of the 15 least commonly employed E. coli sense codons. Eight of the rarely used codons are reassigned with greater than 20 % efficiency. Both tRNA abundance and codon demand moderately inversely correlate with reassignment efficiency. Furthermore, the reassignment of rarely used codons does not appear to confer a fitness advantage relative to reassignment of other codons. These direct competition experiments also map potential targets for genetic code expansion. The isoleucine AUA codon is particularly attractive for the incorporation of noncanonical amino acids, with a nonoptimized reassignment efficiency of nearly 70 %.
Survival, Outcomes, and Use of Acuity Scoring Systems Following Tracheotomy in Veteran Patients

Objectives:To determine whether established prognosis tools used in the general population of critically ill patients will accurately predict tracheotomy-related outcomes and survival outcomes in c...
Prestack simultaneous inversion for delineation of the Lower Wilcox erosional remnant sandstone beneath the Texas Gulf Coastal Plain: A case study

AbstractThe Lower Wilcox lowstand sand deposits encased between two sequence boundaries along the Texas Gulf Coastal Plain are of good reservoir quality and usually gas productive. However, the sed...
Can Social Institutions Awaken “Sleeping Giants”? A Pilot Electoral Geography Study of Latinx Voter Turnout in Texas Counties in the 2016 U.S. Presidential Election

The Latinx population is the second largest ethnic group in the United States. In Texas, nearly two fifths of the population is classified as Latinx, and Latinx persons make up over 28 percent of t...
Lung mass density prediction using machine learning based on ultrasound surface wave elastography and pulmonary function testing.

Objective: The objective of this study is to predict in vivo lung mass density for patients with interstitial lung disease using different gradient boosting decision tree (GBDT) algorithms based on measurements from lung ultrasound surface wave elastography (LUSWE) and pulmonary function testing (PFT). Methods: Age and weight of study subjects (57 patients with interstitial lung disease and 20 healthy subjects), surface wave speeds at three vibration frequencies (100, 150, and 200 Hz) from LUSWE, and predicted forced expiratory volume (FEV1% pre) and ratio of forced expiratory volume to forced vital capacity (FEV1%/FVC%) from PFT were used as inputs while lung mass densities based on the Hounsfield Unit from high resolution computed tomography (HRCT) were used as labels to train the regressor in three GBDT algorithms, XGBoost, CatBoost, and LightGBM. 80% (20%) of the dataset was used for training (testing). Results: The results showed that predictions using XGBoost regressor obtained an accuracy of 0.98 in the test dataset. Conclusion: The obtained results suggest that XGBoost regressor based on the measurements from LUSWE and PFT may be able to noninvasively assess lung mass density in vivo for patients with pulmonary disease.
2019 Academic Marketing Climate Survey: motivation, results, and recommendations

We report the results of a survey of the business school academic marketing community conducted in 2019. The goal of the survey was to understand how the organizational climate varied as a function of a variety of demographic descriptors within this field. We provide results for the four sections of the survey—general experience, explicit discrimination, implicit bias, and social and sexual harassment/assault—in an interactive data visualization tool (found here: http://jeffgalak.com/climatesurvey/ ). In addition, we highlight several key results, notably that females and underrepresented minority (URM) respondents overwhelmingly face a less favorable organizational climate within academic marketing as compared to their male and Asian or White counterparts. We conclude with recommendations that derive directly from the results of the climate survey.
Antifungals in Clinical Use and the Pipeline.

Over the past 15 years, there has been an increase in the development and utilization of newer antifungal agents. The ideal antifungal, however, in regard to spectrum of activity, pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic properties, development of resistance, safety, and drug interaction profile remains elusive. This article reviews pharmacologic aspects of Food and Drug Administration-approved polyenes, flucytosine, azoles, and echinocandins as well as promising pipeline antifungal agents. Unique properties of these newer agents are highlighted. The clinical role of established and investigational antifungal agents as treatment and/or prevention of invasive fungal infections is discussed.
Underscoring the importance of advance care planning.

ABSTRACT Advance care planning is an essential part of routine medical care. It is a billable, iterative process that can result in the completion of advance directives and medical orders, offering NPs the opportunity to assure goal-concordant care for their patients at the end of life.
Using Rapid Cycle Deliberate Practice to Up-Train Pediatric Providers for Adult COVID-19 Patients.

The SARS CoV-2 pandemic brought unique challenges to healthcare workers and systems. Simulation teams improvised and scaled up to meet new educational needs. Children's hospitals worked to address the many issues surrounding COVID-19, including how to prepare facilities and staff to care for adult patients in the event of COVID patient overflow. This technical report describes the use of the teaching method rapid cycle deliberate practice (RCDP) to train interprofessional teams unaccustomed to working together. We detail how sessions were developed and implemented, particularly noting the need for an extended pre-briefing to optimize psychological safety. The RCDP model allowed for a high level of interaction throughout the simulations and the incorporation of new knowledge "on the go"" during the sessions."
From clinical trials to clinical practice: how should we design and evaluate prediction models in the care of IBD?

As medical treatment options for Crohn’s disease (CD) expand, clinicians need better tools to gauge a patient’s degree of disease burden and ultimately determine whether the therapeutic plan will provide sufficient benefit. Endoscopic scores such as the Simple Endoscopic Score for Crohn Disease (SES-CD) measure the degree of mucosal injury to assess therapeutic change. Though shown in uncontrolled studies to predict some CD clinical outcomes, the SES-CD was not expressly designed to predict the durability of sufficient therapeutic response.1 In Gut , Narula et al present their work optimising the weighting of individual endoscopic features on baseline colonoscopy to predict CD endoscopic remission at 1 year.2 This group demonstrated that the proposed modified multiplier SES-CD (MM-SES-CD) score better predicted endoscopic remission at 1 year compared with using the original SES-CD (area under the curve (AUC) 0.82 vs 0.60, respectively). Beyond the improvement in model performance, MM-SES-CD feature weighting highlights and quantifies the differential importance of endoscopic feature distribution across anatomic segments. The MM-SES-CD model heavily weights findings in the ileum relative to other sections of the colon, indicating baseline severity at the ileum has a particular influence on outcomes and treatment response. This could be supported by emerging genomic and transcriptional data that suggest ileal or ileocolonic disease behave differently compared with purely colonic disease.3 As the field of gastroenterology prepares to move forward with prediction …
After Identity: Introduction: reading individuals

David Reimer's doctors thought that without a penis he could not be a boy. His parents and psychologists worried that he was not really a girl. At the age of three, James Morris decided that he was not a boy. The Texas Supreme Court concluded that Christie Littleton was not really a woman and the Kansas Supreme Court had the same view about J'Noel Ball. The International Olympic Committee decided Maria Patino was a man while the United States Tennis Association (USTA) decided that Renee Richards was a woman. What are these decisions? How do we determine whether we and others are or are not men and women? What does it mean to be either? The sense of these questions as I ask them here is different from the sense they have within discussions in moral psychology. Moral psychologists focus on the question of which descriptions of others or ourselves constitute depictions of our identities. The issue here is which sorts of properties that a person possesses count as parts of his or her identity and which sorts contribute only to trivial descriptions of the person. Thus, if it counts as part of one's identity that one is a man or a woman – if, in other words, this fact is not simply a trivial description – the question moral psychology asks is: Why? What constitutes possessing any particular identity? David Copp answers these questions in a way that highlights their difference from the questions I want to ask.
DESIGN SPACE ANALYSIS IN MODEL-DRIVEN ENGINEERING

In this paper, we apply design space decomposition to Domain-Specific Modeling Languages. This work, while building on previous work on domain-specific modeling and design space analysis, contributes to further understanding of the role of behavioral spaces. It introduces a modeling strategy originating from information theory and combinatorics for the analysis of behavioral semantics of DSMLs with the use of design space analysis.
Pterins in human urine.

Abstract Qualitative and quantitative analyses for pterins (derivatives of 2-amino-4-hydroxypteridine) in human urine were carried out by an improved procedure which involved the use of two new weak ion exchangers, ECTEOLA-Sephadex and phospho-Sephadex. The predominant pterins found in urine were biopterin [6(l-erythro-dihydroxypropyl)pterin] and d-erythroneopterin [6(d-erythrotrihydroxypropyl)pterin], and daily individual outputs of these pterins were 980 µg and 380 µg, respectively. Crithidia fasciculata assays of urine revealed that 1.5 mg of biopterin equivalents were excreted daily. Oral administration of a large amount of folic acid did not affect the amount of these pterins. Furthermore, evidence was obtained which indicated that these pterins occur as the dihydro form. Additional pterins found in urine are l-threoneopterin [6(l-threotrihydroxypropyl)pterin], sepiapterin (6-lactyl-7,8-dihydropterin), pterin, and isoxanthopterin (7-hydroxypterin).
Law, Force, and Human Rights: The Search for a Sufficiently Principled Legal Basis for Humanitarian Intervention

Finding sufficient international legal grounding for the use of force to protect human rights has been one of the foremost difficulties for proponents of humanitarian intervention. On the one hand, proponents see the need to take action in response to gross human rights violations that is both decisive and morally principled.1 On the other hand, they recognize the need to find relevant legal grounding for such actions, lest undermining the rule of law and its ability to provide a stable framework of expectations within which individuals and states may coordinate their activities and behavior.2 Indeed, activities as politically sensitive as humanitarian intervention rely heavily upon law to provide standards of moral conduct, including certainty as to the existence of rules, predictability as to the consequences of conduct, and above all, a framework that strives to be devoid of arbitrary power.3 The problem, however — particularly salient in the aftermath of the Kosovo intervention — is that there seems to be a widening gap between what international law allows and what morality requires.4 In fact, the major finding of the Independent International Commission on Kosovo was that NATO’s intervention there was illegal though still morally legitimate.5 The International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty has reached a similar conclusion.6 Thus, law serves us poorly when it proscribes behavior that aims to protect and promote human rights and is otherwise morally consistent.
Money and Credit in the Monetary Transmission Process

The title of this session asks about the roles of money or credit in the transmission of monetary and real shocks. Our answer, repeated in different forms for more than two decades, is that the analysis of the transmission process is incomplete without both the money and credit markets and their interaction. For many years, economists ignored the role of the credit markets. Recently, there has been some change. Concerns about financial fragility, banking failures, debt default and loan rationing focussed attention on credit markets. Reexamination of experience during the early 1930's (Ben Bernanke, 1983) raises an issue about whether credit market shocks operated 1) as an independent, or exogenous, impulse supplementing and reinforcing the monetary decline, or 2) as part of the interaction of credit, money (and other financial) markets.
Unicentric pelvic lymphoma with an unusually long survival—15 years: A case report

Abstract Lymphomatous involvement of the female genital tract is described and discussed with special reference to unicentric or solitary lesions. The world literature was reviewed and it was noted that only 11 documented cases have previously been reported. Another case report is added with a 15-yr survival after a course of supervoltage radiation therapy. A true unicentric lymphoma in the female genital tract, treated properly can have a good prognosis.
Skeptical Marriage Equality

Two major approaches generally characterize the political left’s debate concerning same-sex marriage – marriage equality, viewing the right of access to marriage as an important civil right, and what I will call “marriage skepticism,” viewing the effort to obtain marriage rights as troubling limited and assimilationist. But a third outlook exists: the underexamined position that simultaneously supports same-sex marriage and critiques marriage. Existing scholarly efforts have not articulated this third position in a way that synthesizes the ideas of marriage equality and marriage skepticism. In this Article, I set forth an approach for what I call “skeptical marriage equality,” exploring how we can be skeptical of marriage as a legal category and of its privileged place in law and society, but also favor marriage equality for same-sex couples. Exploring the feasibility and possibilities of this hybrid position is critical to a nuanced approach to same-sex marriage. Without this position, the law affecting family will continue to perpetuate a marriage-based system of legal and public support to the exclusion of other family models. How can we harmonize the powerful and compelling critique of marriage advanced by feminist and gay rights scholars with support of same-sex marriage? This Article argues that rather than being entirely exclusive of one another, as is often assumed to be the case, marriage equality and marriage skepticism share more than is commonly recognized. We might actually view marriage skepticism’s interest in pluralism and family function as paving the way for the movement for marriage equality. Conversely, marriage equality may help achieve some of the goals of marriage skepticism. Same-sex marriage may not only make marriage internally less hierarchical, as feminists have argued, but may also, and even more importantly, assist in unsettling the hierarchical relationship between marriage and other intimacy forms to support a more pluralistic vision for state recognition of family connection. The pursuit of same-sex marriage facilitates the pluralistic goals of the marriage critique by drawing attention to the gender-hierarchical and sexuality norm-enforcing construction of traditional marriage. Marriage equality may also promise to lead to greater pluralism as advocated by marriage skepticism, by constituting marriage in a way that redefines it away from sex-difference and toward core values that are at stake in marriage, such as commitment and caregiving. A fundamental shift in the socially-privileged status of marriage may pave the way toward more functional understandings of family and intimacy overall.
A glutamine residue in the membrane-associating domain of the bovine papillomavirus type 1 E5 oncoprotein mediates its binding to a transmembrane component of the vacuolar H(+)-ATPase.

Abstract The 44-amino-acid E5 oncoprotein is the major transforming protein of bovine papillomavirus type 1. It is a highly hydrophobic polypeptide which dimerizes and localizes to the Golgi apparatus and endoplasmic reticulum membranes. Recent evidence suggests that E5 modulates the phosphorylation and internalization of the epidermal growth factor and colony-stimulating factor 1 receptors and constitutively activates platelet-derived growth factor receptors in C127 and FR3T3 cells. Although no direct interaction with these growth factor receptors has yet been identified, the E5 oncoprotein has been shown recently to interact with the hydrophobic 16-kDa component of the vacuolar H(+)-ATPase (16K protein) [D. J. Goldstein, M. E. Finbow, T. Andresson, P. McLean, K. Smith, V. Bubb, and R. Schlegel, Nature (London) 352:347-349, 1991]. In the current study, we have further analyzed the E5-16K protein complex by fast protein liquid chromatography and shown that each E5 dimer appears to bind two 16K proteins. In order to define the specific amino acid residues of E5 which participate in this binding, mutated E5 epitope fusion proteins were analyzed for their ability to coprecipitate 16K protein. Transformation-defective mutants containing amino acid substitutions within the short hydrophilic carboxyl-terminal domain retained the ability to associate with the 16K protein. However, E5 mutants lacking the glutamine residue in the hydrophobic domain were markedly inhibited in 16K protein binding. Most interestingly, the placement of a glutamine in several random hydrophobic sequences facilitated 16K protein binding, defining this residue as a potential binding site for the 16K protein component of the proton pump and exemplifying the critical role of hydrophilic amino acids for mediating specific interactions between transmembrane proteins.
China's Economic Influence in Latin America

After decades of low-level commercial interaction, China and Latin America significantly ramped up their economic relationship in the 2000s. China has jumped to first place as an export destination for many countries, and it is a major source of imports for all countries in the Latin America/Caribbean region. While not a major source of foreign direct investment overall, China has built a strong investment presence in certain countries, particularly in the natural resource and infrastructure sectors. China's influence in Latin America has presented a great opportunity for many countries, but it has also brought new risks. Three main challenges face the region: how to mitigate the impacts of increased commodity concentration as a result of China's strong demand for natural resources; how to avoid other natural resource curse effects; and how to manage the tapering of this growth. Latin American countries' relationships with China vary widely, so there is no single, coordinated regional response.
Innervation of the Anterior and Posterior Levator Muscles of the Fifth Leg of the Crab Carcinus Maenas

In the fifth pair of legs, the anterior levator muscle of the basi-ischiopodite (AL) consists of a dorsal thoracic head (ALd), two closely aligned ventral thoracic heads (ALv) and a small coxal head (ALc). Major thoracic subdivisions are separately innervated, whereas the nerve innervating the coxal head projects from ALd. The posterior levator (PL) is located in the coxa and is separately innervated. Nerve recordings, dye backfilling, muscle fibre recordings and nerve crosssections yielded somewhat different estimates for the levator motor innervation. Nerve backfills reveal at least 10 motoneurones supplying AL: six shared by ALd and ALv, one unique to ALv and three unique to ALd. Nerve recordings reveal six motoneurones supplying ALd and five supplying ALv. Four (including the common inhibitor) are shared by ALd and ALv and six project from ALd to ALc. Most AL muscle fibres are innervated by two or three motoneurones, but fibres innervated by five were encountered. Postsynaptic potentials ranging from small (<1-5 mV) to large (15–25 mV) were found distributed throughout AL. PL is innervated by two excitors not shared with AL and by the common inhibitor. Electron micrographs reveal more axons than any of the methods for counting motoneurones. Neurones with axon diameters below 3 μm are likely to be sensory.
A time-dependent nodal-integral method for the investigation of bifurcation and nonlinear phenomena in fluid flow and natural convection

Two new “low-” and “high-order” time-dependent nodal-integral methods were developed and applied to both incompressible fluid flow and natural convection. These new methods have a high level of acc...
A simple synthesis of long nanostructured arrays of crystalline strontium titanates at low-temperatures

Long aligned arrays of crystalline strontium titanate (SrTiO3) nanostructures were synthesized by using simple low-temperature processes that incorporate strontium into titanium oxides. Tubular nanostructures are often confine energy carriers that result in extraordinary transport behaviors in various semiconductors including strontium titanates, which are promising for developing efficient thermoelectric energy conversion materials. However, synthesizing a micron-to-milimeter scale array of one-dimensional ternary nanostructures has been difficult. Moreover, ternary compounds are often obtained as disordered cubic-shape particles at the end of complicated and/or long reactions. In this study, a two-step process—anodization for preparing amorphous titanium oxides and a subsequent thermal annealing process in a mixture of strontium hydroxide, ammonia, and water—was employed. Typical diameter and length of the tubes are ~150 nm and ~160 μm, respectively. It has been found that the amorphous structure of titanium oxides plays an important role in obtaining high-purity long strontium titanate nanotubes at low temperatures (90 and 180 °C) with short reaction times. Comparative and systematic studies with different sample pre-treatments, etching times, temperatures, reaction times, and strontium concentrations revealed reaction mechanisms and key synthesis parameters, which may be utilized to obtain other ternary or quaternary nanostructured compounds such as barium or lead titanates.