cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
In the Arms of Others: A Cultural History of the Right-To-Die in America

When, if ever, is life no longer worth living? When, if ever, is it right to withdraw life-support or hasten death? These questions-which confront physicians, bioethicists, social workers, the children of aging parents, and sooner or later almost everyone-now receive increasingly urgent attention in American society. Peter Filene's In the Arms of Others is the first book to set this dilemma into broad historical and cultural context. It is, in other words, a history of the "right to die" as viewed in the United States. With the narrative skills he has displayed in his fiction, Mr. Filene takes the reader into the lives and feelings of people who have struggled with the predicament of modern dying. Beginning with the nineteenth-century background and the rise of medical technology, he moves quickly to the landmark case of Karen Ann Quinlan, who became in the 1970s the macabre protagonist of a melodrama that crystallized the nation's consciousness and produced a legal benchmark. Mr. Filene explores the maze of bioethical arguments surrounding this and succeeding cases, and guides readers through complex questions with remarkable lucidity. Ultimately, he argues, we must acknowledge that traditional American self-determination is not sufficient to resolve terrible questions of life and death; what we need is an ethic of relatedness.
Effects of Physical Heterogeneity on the Adsorption of Poly(ethylene oxide) at a Solid−Liquid Interface

Experiments on the adsorption of PEO from aqueous solutions onto planar surfaces that are physically heterogeneous but chemically homogeneous are presented. Gold substrates that differ only in the degree of roughness were prepared by thermal evaporation on glass and by template stripping from mica. To ensure a similar chemical interface, the gold substrates were modified with a self-assembled monolayer of a long chain alkanethiol (CH3(CH2)11SH). The kinetics of adsorption of PEO were monitored using a surface plasmon resonance technique with high time resolution. The experimental measurements demonstrated that higher adsorbed amounts and lower chain distortion accompanied an increase in surface roughness. These are the first systematic experimental measurements that substantiate past theoretical predictions of polymer adsorption on random surfaces. Kinetic studies revealed that the initial rate of adsorption was proportional to bulk concentration on both rough and smooth substrates, but the PEO adsorbed m...
Impact of Verbal praise on college students' time spent on homework

Abstract Verbal praise, a type of external reward addressed in many theories of motivation, has often been recognized as an important mediator in the development of students' motivation in the classroom. However, the lack of consistently replicated findings regarding students' reactions to verbal praise, combined with the paucity of research on post-secondary students, prompted the current investigation. Using an experimental design, the author found that college students exposed to well-administered verbal praise by a professor spent significantly more time doing homework than did students who received no verbal praise. Characteristics of effective verbal praise that contributed to the results, the potential usefulness of verbal praise as an enhancer of student motivation, and directions for future research are discussed.
Structures and Properties of Copper Alkene Complexes. Preorganization Effects and the Binding of Different Isomers of Cyclododecatriene to Copper Triflate

The single-crystal X-ray structures of the copper 1,5,9-cyclododecatriene complexes (cis,cis,trans-C12H18)Cu(OTf), cct-1, (cis,trans,trans-C12H18)Cu(OTf), ctt-1, and (trans,trans,trans-C12H18)Cu(OTf), ttt-1, have been determined. In all three compounds, the triflate ligand and all three C═C double bonds of the triene are bound to the copper center, which adopts a distorted tetrahedral coordination geometry. The Cu−C distances are 2.190−2.217 A and the Cu−O distances are 2.096−2.135 A. The complex ctt-1 is a nonelectrolyte in nitromethane. The 1H and 13C NMR spectra of ctt-1 and ttt-1 show that the two faces of the trienes, which are inequivalent in the solid state structure, are equivalent in solution even at −70 °C, suggesting that these molecules undergo a dynamic exchange process that is rapid on the NMR time scale (the two faces of cct-C12H18 are inequivalent even for the free triene, and so dynamic processes in its copper complex are not so easily observed). Most likely, the dynamic processes in ctt-...
Gill Net Selection, Migration, Size and Age Composition, Sex Ratio, Harvest Efficiency, and Management of Striped Bass in the Roanoke River, North Carolina'

This study is based on about 5,000 striped bass collected from the Roanoke River in the springs of 1963, 1964, and 1965. The relation between gill net mesh size and the mean length of male striped bass caught is linear and is described by Y = 3.41X + 2.24 inches where Y = fork length in inches and X = stretched mesh size in inches. The girth-length relation for each sex is linear, and there is no significant difference be- tween sexes. It is described by Y = 0.67X - 1.12 inches, where Y = gill girth in inches and X = fork length in inches. Most males migrated upstream through Williamston between 26 March and 20 April; most females migrated through between 16 April and 12 May. Dominant age groups were III and IV for the males and IV and V for the females. Estimates of the mean fork lengths are: Males; 111-16.7 inches and IV-18.3 inches. Females; IV-20.2 inches and V-21.4 inches. Estimates of sex ratios from striped bass caught in gill nets in 1963-65 were 69.7%, 85.1%, and 76.9% males. The accuracy of these estimates is unknown. The large differences in the sex ratio estimates between years probably resulted from variation in recruitment into the Roanoke River population each year. The management techniques which are most feasible for increasing the value of the sport and commercial striped bass fisheries in North Carolina appear to be (1) increasing the mini- mum size limit from 12 inches total length to 16 inches fork length and (2) enforcing regu- lations which restrict the use of gill nets having mesh sizes under 4.75 inches stretched mesh.
Cooperativity and Dimerization of Recombinant Human Estrogen Receptor Hormone-binding Domain *

The estrogen receptor dimerizes and exhibits cooperative ligand binding as part of its normal functioning. Interaction of the estrogen receptor with its ligands is mediated by a C-terminal hormone-binding domain (HBD), and residues within the HBD are thought to contribute to dimerization. To examine dimer interactions in the isolated HBD, a human estrogen receptor HBD fragment was expressed in high yield as a cleavable fusion protein in Escherichia coli. The isolated HBD peptide exhibited affinity for estradiol, ligand discrimination, and cooperative estradiol binding (Hill coefficient ∼1.6) similar to the full-length protein. Circular dichroism spectroscopy suggests that the HBD contains significant amounts of α-helix (∼60%) and some β-strand (∼7%) and that ligand binding induces little change in secondary structure. HBD dimer dissociation, measured using size exclusion chromatography, exhibited a half-life of ∼1.2 h, which ligand binding increased ∼3-fold (estradiol) to ∼4-fold (4-hydroxytamoxifen). These results suggest that the isolated estrogen receptor HBD dimerizes and undergoes conformational changes associated with cooperative ligand binding in a manner comparable to the full-length protein, and that one effect of ligand binding is to alter the receptor dimer dissociation kinetics.
H1047R phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase mutant enhances HER2-mediated transformation by heregulin production and activation of HER3

Hyperactivation of phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K) can occur as a result of somatic mutations in PIK3CA, the gene encoding the p110α subunit of PI3K. The HER2 oncogene is amplified in 25% of all breast cancers and some of these tumors also harbor PIK3CA mutations. We examined mechanisms by which mutant PI3K can enhance transformation and confer resistance to HER2-directed therapies. We introduced the PI3K mutations E545K and H1047R in MCF10A human mammary epithelial cells that also overexpress HER2. Both mutants conferred a gain of function to MCF10A/HER2 cells. Expression of H1047R PI3K, but not E545K PI3K, markedly upregulated the HER3/HER4 ligand heregulin (HRG). HRG siRNA inhibited growth of H1047R but not E545K-expressing cells and synergized with the HER2 inhibitors trastuzumab and lapatinib. The PI3K inhibitor BEZ235 markedly inhibited HRG and pAKT levels and, in combination with lapatinib, completely inhibited growth of cells expressing H1047R PI3K. These observations suggest that PI3K mutants enhance HER2-mediated transformation by amplifying the ligand-induced signaling output of the ErbB network. This also counteracts the full effect of therapeutic inhibitors of HER2. These data also suggest that mammary tumors that contain both HER2 gene amplification and PIK3CA mutations should be treated with a combination of HER2 and PI3K inhibitors.
Binding Interactions of Hydroxylated Polychlorinated Biphenyls (OHPCBs) with Human Hydroxysteroid Sulfotransferase hSULT2A1

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are persistent environmental contaminants, and exposure to PCBs and their hydroxylated metabolites (OHPCBs) has been associated with various adverse health effects. The mammalian cytosolic sulfotransferases (SULTs) catalyze the sulfation of OHPCBs, and the interaction of OHPCBs with both the SULT1 and SULT2 families of these enzymes has received attention both with respect to metabolic disposition of these molecules and the potential mechanisms for their roles in endocrine disruption. We have previously shown that OHPCBs interact with human hydroxysteroid sulfotransferase hSULT2A1, an enzyme that catalyzes the sulfation of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), other alcohol-containing steroids, bile acids, and many xenobiotics. The objective of our current studies is to investigate the mechanism of inhibition of hSULT2A1 by OHPCBs by combining inhibition kinetics with determination of equilibrium binding constants and molecular modeling of potential interactions. Examination of the effects of fifteen OHPCBs on the sulfation of DHEA catalyzed by hSULT2A1 showed predominantly noncompetitive inhibition patterns. This was observed for OHPCBs that were substrates for sulfation reactions catalyzed by the enzyme as well as those that solely inhibited the sulfation of DHEA. Equilibrium binding experiments and molecular modeling studies indicated that the OHPCBs bind at the binding site for DHEA on the enzyme, and that the observed noncompetitive patterns of inhibition are consistent with binding in more than one orientation to more than one enzyme complex. These results have implications for the roles of SULTs in the toxicology of OHPCBs, while also providing molecular probes of the complexity of substrate/inhibitor interactions with hSULT2A1.
Variational analysis of a plasma-arc armature inside a railgun solid-hydrogen-pellet accelerator for fueling fusion reactors

The physical properties of a plasma-arc armature inside a hydrogen-pellet injector composed of a two-stage electromagnetic railgun are calculated by solving appropriate governing equations under simplifying assumptions. A variational method is employed to solve the temperature equation with the constraints that the variational integral must be minimized for a given plasma arc current and that the global enthalpy must be conserved. The magnetic field and the propulsive force of the railgun are calculated by modeling each current path as a composite of straight lines. The resulting railgun force is compared with the data from a recent hydrogen-pellet acceleration experiment at the University of Illinois, with reasonable agreement.
Stereoselective Synthesis of β-Hydroxy Enamines, Aminocyclopropanes, and 1,3-Amino Alcohols via Asymmetric Catalysis

Tandem methods for the catalytic asymmetric preparation of enantioenriched β-hydroxy (E)-enamines and aminocyclopropanes are presented. The diastereoselective hydrogenation of enantioenriched (E)-trisubstituted hydroxy enamines to generate 1,2-disubstituted-1,3-amino alcohols is also outlined. These methods are initiated by highly regioselective hydroboration of N-tosyl-substituted ynamides with diethylborane to generate β-amino alkenyl boranes. In situ boron-to-zinc transmetalation generates β-amino alkenylzinc reagents. These functionalized vinylzinc intermediates are subsequently added to aldehydes in the presence of a catalyst derived from an enantioenriched amino alcohol (morpholino isoborneol, MIB). The catalyst promotes highly enantioselective C−C bond formation to provide β-hydroxy enamines in good isolated yields (68−86%) with 54−98% enantioselectivity. The intermediate zinc β-alkoxy enamines can be subjected to a tandem cyclopropanation to afford aminocyclopropyl carbinols with three continuous ...
The effects of Ca2+ binding on the dynamic properties of a designed Ca2+-binding protein.

The effects of Ca2+ binding on the dynamic properties of Ca2+-binding proteins are important in Ca2+ signaling. To understand the role of Ca2+ binding, we have successfully designed a Ca2+-binding site in the domain 1 of rat CD2 (denoted as Ca.CD2) with the desired structure and retained function. In this study, the backbone dynamic properties of Ca.CD2 have been investigated using 15N spin relaxation NMR spectroscopy to reveal the effect of Ca2+ binding on the global and local dynamic properties without the complications of multiple interactive Ca2+ binding and global conformational change. Like rat CD2 (rCD2) and human CD2 (hCD2), residues involved in the recognition of the target molecule CD48 exhibit high flexibility. Mutations N15D and N17D that introduce the Ca2+ ligands increase the flexibility of the neighboring residues. Ca2+-induced local dynamic changes occur mainly at the residues proximate to the Ca2+-binding pocket or the residues in loop regions. The β-strand B of Ca.CD2 that provides two A...
Plasticizing wood with ammonia‐control of color change

Recent studies of plasticizing wood with anhydrous ammonia have demonstrated that pronounced changes in the color of wood can occur. These changes are thought to be the result of various oxidation and condensation reactions that are enhanced by ammonia. It was postulated that pretreatment of the wood with sulfur dioxide would effectively block these reactions and thus lead to little, or no, color change in subsequent ammonia treat-ment. A series of tests were run on maple, birch, red oak, and douglas fir specimens that confirm this hypothesis. Reflectance spectra over the range of visible wave lengths show that both liquid ammonia at −35°C and gaseous ammonia at +25°C darken the wood with more darkening occurring at the higher temperature. Pretreatment with sulfur dioxide followed by gaseous ammonia treatment to a highly plastic state results in only slight changes in color while the reverse procedure (NH3 first followed by SO2) results in considerable color change.
FTi.r. investigation of the inclusion compound formed between trans-1,4-polyisoprene and urea

Abstract Several small-molecule hosts form inclusion compounds (ICs) with polymers. In these ICs the guest polymer chains are highly extended and isolated from neighbouring polymer chains by the clathrate wall. Only polymers with extended conformations are narrow enough to reside in the narrow channel. An inclusion compound has been formed between urea and trans-1,4-polysoprene (TPI) and investigated using FT i.r. spectroscopy. Infrared bands observed for this IC indicate that the crystal structure of this IC is most likely different from the usual hexagonal crystal structure. It is also suggested that TPI in the channel adopts a conformation which is similar to bulk TPI with β crystal modification.
Coupled-channel Treatment of Isobaric Analog Resonances in (p,p′) Capture Processes

Abstract With the advent of nuclear reactions on unstable isotopes, there has been a renewed interest in using isobaric analogue resonances (IAR) as a tool for probing the nuclear structure. The position and width of isobaric analogue resonances in nucleon-nucleus scattering are accurate and detailed indicators of the positions of resonances and bound states with good single-particle characters. We report on implementation within our coupled-channels code FRESCO of the charge-exchange interaction term that transforms an incident proton into a neutron. Isobaric analog resonances are seen as peaks in γ-ray spectrum when the proton is transformed into a neutron at an energy near a neutron bound state. The Lane coupled-channels formalism was extended to follow the non-orthogonality of this neutron channel with that configuration of an inelastic outgoing proton, and the target being left in a particle-hole excited state. This is tested for 208Pb, for which good (p,p'γ) coincidence data exists.
Configurational assignments of conformationally restricted bis-monoterpene hydroquinones: utility in exploration of endangered plants.

Background Endangered plant species are an important resource for new chemistry. Lindera melissifolia is native to the Southeastern U.S. and scarcely populates the edges of lakes and ponds. Quantum mechanics (QM) used in combination with NMR/ECD is a powerful tool for the assignment of absolute configuration in lieu of X-ray crystallography.
Substituent effects on 13C-15N spin couplings and 13C chemical shifts in benzenediazonium ions

Abstract Similar trends are observed for 1 J( 13 C- 15 N) values for a series of aryldiazonium tetrafluoroborates and comparable anilinium fluorosulfonates. Contributions from resonance structures involving double-bond character in the CN bond are judged to be relatively unimportant in the ground state structure of aryldiazonium ions.
The impact of tree cover loss on land surface temperature: A case study of central Massachusetts using Landsat Thematic Mapper thermal data

Land surface temperature (LST) variability results from diversity in urban surface materials over space and time such that locations with impervious urban cover experience higher temperature and larger temperature variation compared to non-impervious cover. There is growing awareness that warmer temperatures in urban locations negatively impact city residents by increasing heat related death and energy usage during heat waves. However, little previous work investigates the linkages between urban tree cover loss events related to invasive species eradication and urban heat trends. This paper examines the variation in LST using Landsat-5 Thematic Mapper (TM) thermal imagery in Worcester County, Massachusetts where over 30,000 trees were removed since 2008 to eradicate the invasive Asian Longhorned Beetle (ALB), most of which existed in urban residential areas. Throughout the study area a 10% loss in tree canopy cover caused a 0.7 °C increase in LST whereas a 10% increase in sub-canopy impervious surface area exposed due to tree loss caused 1.66 °C increase in LST. The Burncoat and Greendale neighborhoods in northern Worcester experienced a combined 48% tree cover loss from 2008 to 2010 due to ALB eradication and an average relative LST increase of 2.4 °C (range 0.6–4.1 °C). Given that areas with an increase in exposed impervious surface produce greater temperature increases than areas of tree loss, future tree replanting efforts may focus on locations that reduce exposed impervious surfaces.
Dominant effector memory characteristics, capacity for dynamic adaptive expansion, and sex bias in the innate Vα24 NKT cell compartment

Valpha24 natural killer T (NKT) cells are innate immune cells that recognize self and nonself glycolipids presented by CD1d molecules, and play immunoregulatory roles in autoimmunity and tumor immunity. We have investigated the circulating Valpha24 NKT cells in a large cohort of human subjects. CCR7(-) CD45RO(+) effector memory cells dominated both CD4(+) and CD4() NKT subsets, while a minority displayed a central memory phenotype. CD4(-) central memory NKT cells, however, were atypical in that they largely lacked CD62L expression. Overall, CD4(-) NKT cells displayed a functional phenotype with effector characteristics, while the CD4(+) subset appeared immunoregulatory. Interestingly, NKT cell numbers in blood varied widely between subjects, and elevated numbers of these cells were much more common in women than in men. The CD4(+) subset dominated the NKT cell compartment in both sexes, while circulating NKT cell numbers above 0.1% were associated with an expanded CD4(-) subset. Although NKT cell numbers were generally stable over time, we describe a dynamic fivefold expansion that was associated with a skewing of the NKT CD4(+):CD4(-) ratio that persisted after numbers returned to base line. Thus, the two NKT cell subsets display different properties and dynamics that will influence their function as innate immunoregulatory and effector cells.
A Note on Asymptotic Homomorphisms

Using the notion of asymptotic homomorphism due to Connes and Higson we construct bivariant homology-cohomology theories for separable C*-algebras, which satisfy general excision axioms and are nonperiodic.
What do therapists and clients do during exposures for OCD? Introduction to the special issue on theory-based exposure process

Abstract Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is the empirically supported psychotherapy of choice for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Exposure, which involves intentionally confronting a feared stimulus, is presumed to be a core procedural ingredient of CBT for OCD. Unfortunately, existing treatment manuals give little guidance about optimal exposure process in terms of proscribed and prescribed therapist and client behaviors. The current article discusses the importance of exposure process in terms of improving our understanding of CBT mechanisms and variable outcomes, as well as to dissemination and training efforts. A hypothetical case example is presented and will be used in subsequent articles to discuss exposure process from several CBT-based theoretical models.
DEVELOPMENT OF A MICROTITER ‐ BASED ASSAY FOR ASSESSMENT OF VIRULENCE RESPONSE IN SALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUM EXPOSED TO FRESH PRODUCE EXTRACTS

The purpose of this research was to develop a microtiter-based assay procedure for assessment of virulence gene response of Salmonella Typhimurium to fresh homogenized vegetables. The microtiter procedure was adapted from a assay for β-galactosidase activity of a hilA fusion strain of S. Typhimurium with volumes of all reagents adjusted for microtiter plate wells. S. Typhimurium exposed to pH 7 saline yielded a higher level of hilA expression than responses after incubation in pH 4, 5 and 6 saline. Bacterial cells exposed to broccoli extracts yielded the higher levels of hilA expression while bell pepper and tomato yielded the overall lowest amounts of hilA expression. From this study, it appears that fresh produce extracts have different abilities to significantly alter virulence response in Salmonella. In conclusion, the hilA fusion stain assay can be successfully adapted to microtiter plates for testing Salmonella virulence response to vegetable extracts.
DIELECTRIC LOSSES IN A POLYMER-DISPERSED LIQUID CRYSTAL FILM

We have measured the dielectric response of PDLC films containing liquid crystal droplets of E7 in a polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) matrix as a function of frequency (0-10KHz) and temperature (25°C-11O°C). The liquid crystal composition of the films was varied from 0% to 60%. A principal objective of this study was to understand the dissipation mechanisms in these systems in an effort to control and reduce them. In the light of the experimental results, we discuss the primary dissipation mechanisms, including both DC and AC losses. The major contribution to the losses in these materials comes from the liquid crystal conductivity. Quantitative interpretation of the results can be clouded by a number of factors including incomplete phase separation of the liquid crystal and polymer, percolation effects and a frequency-dependent conductivity due to charge-carrier depletion in the liquid crystal droplets. Using simple two-phase composite formuli to model the dielectric behavior, the contributions of the real and imaginary parts of the dielectric constant to the field inside a droplet are discussed. The model agrees quantitatively with capacitance experiments, indicating that for frequencies below 100 Hz the field inside of a droplet is strongly modified by charge built up at the droplet/polymer interface.
Negative Pressure Wound Therapy Reduces Pseudomonas Wound Contamination More Than Staphylococcus aureus

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to determine if negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT) treatment results in fewer bacteria than wet-to-dry (WTD) dressings in a contaminated open fracture wound model. Methods: For Study 1, complex wounds were created on the proximal left leg of goats. The wounds were inoculated with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The wounds were debrided and irrigated 6 hours after inoculation. The first group received WTD dressing changes twice daily; the second and third groups received NPWT using systems from two different companies. All three groups received repeat debridements every 48 hours for 6 days. Bacteria quantification was performed both immediately before and after each debridement. For Study 2, the only changes were that Staphylococcus aureus was used and only one NPWT group was included. Results: In Study 1, there were significantly fewer Pseudomonas in both NPWT groups at all imaging sessions after the initial debridement and irrigation. At the 6-day time point, the wounds in the NPWT groups were 43 ± 14% and 68 ± 6% of the baseline amount, respectively. The WTD groups were 464 ± 102% of the baseline amount. In Study 2, NPWT did not reduce the S. aureus contamination within the wound. At the 6-day time point, the wounds in the NPWT and WTD groups contained 115 ± 19% and 192 ± 52% of the baseline values, respectively. Conclusion: NPWT showed a significant and sustained decrease in the Pseudomonas levels compared with WTD dressings at all time points. This beneficial effect was seen not seen in S. aureus.
Evidence for a direct and indirect action of leucine enkephalin at the feline ileocecal sphincter.

Abstract An in vitro whole organ bath preparation was used to examine the effects of leucine enkephalin on the cat ileocecal sphincter (ICS) intraluminal pressure and myoelectric activity. The bath allowed separation of the bathing media surrounding the ICS and the ileum. Leucine enkephalin (2 × 10 −7 M) when added to the ileal bathing medium caused a delayed increase in ICS spike activity and pressure which was blocked by tetrodotoxin (10 −5 M). In contrast, leucine enkephalin (2 × 10 −7 M) added directly to the ICS bathing medium caused an immediate spike-associated contractile response which was tetrodotoxin-resistant. Thus both an indirect and direct opiate action at the ICS was demonstrated.
Lack of utility of intestinal fatty acid binding protein levels in predicting intestinal allograft rejection.

Introduction. The enterocyte-specific protein, intestinal fatty acid binding protein (I-FABP), is detectable in serum only after intestinal injury. Previous studies in animals suggest that I-FABP might be a useful marker of intestinal allograft rejection. Materials and Methods. I-FABP was repetitively measured in nine intestinal transplant recipients and correlated with findings of surveillance endoscopy. Results. Average interval between I-FABP determination and biopsy was 3.4 days (SD=4.2 days). Average number of rejection episodes per patient totalled 1.6±1.2. General linear modeling demonstrated no tendency for increases in serum FABP to precede histologic graft rejection (P=0.263). Restriction of the analysis to I-FABP determinations 1 day before or on the day of biopsy failed to affect these results. Minor increases in I-FABP were often associated with histologically normal grafts, whereas rejection often occurred when I-FABP was not detectable. Discussion. Serum I-FABP levels do not predict clinical intestinal allograft rejection.
Hybrid Total Knee Arthroplasty Revisited: Midterm Followup of Hybrid versus Cemented Fixation in Total Knee Arthroplasty

The optimal method of fixation in total knee arthroplasty is still debated. Hybrid total knee arthroplasty (TKA), with cemented tibial and cementless femoral components, is a proposed method of fixation to improve outcomes. Although several studies have shown favorable outcomes, there is still lack of consensus in the literature. We hypothesized that hybrid TKA yields similar clinical, radiographic, and survivorship results compared to fully cemented TKA. The clinical and radiographic outcomes of 304 cruciate retaining TKAs with minimum two-year followup, including 193 hybrid (mean followup of 4.1 years) and fully cemented TKAs (mean followup of 3.2 years) were evaluated. Knee society scores were similar between the two groups. The total number of femoral radiolucencies was also similar between the two groups, while a greater number of femoral Zone 4 radiolucencies were seen in the cemented group (9% versus 1.6%, P = 0.005). The hybrid group demonstrated a 99.2% survival rate of the femoral component out to seven years for aseptic loosening. No significant difference in survivorship was seen between the groups for all cause or aseptic failure at seven years. We conclude that hybrid fixation leads to similar intermediate-term outcomes as fully cemented components and remains a viable option in total knee arthroplasty.
NON-INVASIVE IMAGE BASED SUPPORT VECTOR MACHINE CLASSIFICATION OF HUMAN EMBRYONIC STEM CELLS

We present a non-invasive, non-destructive automatable image-based methodology for classifying human embryonic stem cell (hESC) colonies. In contrast to differentiated colonies, pluripotent colonies contain homogeneous tight textures, thus allowing a statistical analysis of the coefficients obtained from a wavelet based texture decomposition to discriminate between the colonies. Similarly, borders of undifferentiated cell colonies are sharp, and circular, while those of differentiated colonies are not. We confine our description in this paper to texture analysis, which relies on a parametric and non-parametric hierarchical statistical classification. Parametric classification relies on probability models for texture wavelet coefficients, while non-parametric classification makes use of support vector machines. Preliminary implementation using a truth set yielded a 96% rate of successful colony classification between distant classes, while for intermediate classes of colonies, with mixed population, the success rate was at least 86%. The texture analysis was also validated using individual egg cell images
Maintaining Safety in the Dialysis Facility

Errors in dialysis care can cause harm and death. While dialysis machines are rarely a major cause of morbidity, human factors at the machine interface and suboptimal communication among caregivers are common sources of error. Major causes of potentially reversible adverse outcomes include medication errors, infections, hyperkalemia, access-related errors, and patient falls. Root cause analysis of adverse events and "near misses" can illuminate care processes and show system changes to improve safety. Human factors engineering and simulation exercises have strong potential to define common clinical team purpose, and improve processes of care. Patient observations and their participation in error reduction increase the effectiveness of patient safety efforts.
UDP-Glucuronyltransferase Kinetics for 3-Trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol (TFM) in Fish

Abstract Studies were conducted to address glucuronidation of 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol (TFM) in sea lampreys Petromyzon marinus, channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus, rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss, and bluegills Lepomis macrochirus. The ability of these species to biotransform TFM was investigated by determining the kinetics of UDP-glucuronyltransferase (UDPGT; also known as glucuronosyltransferase) in vitro from hepatic microsomal preparations. Maximal velocity (V max, nmol/min·mg) for UDPGT activity toward TFM was significantly greater (P rainbow trout (97 μM) > channel catfish (172 μM) > sea lamprey (261 μM). Analysis of V max/K m ratios, a measure of enzyme efficiency (nmol/min-mguM TFM), indicated that the efficiency of UDPGT activities in all species examined was in...
Image registration by minimization of Mapping Complexity

The criterion for the correct spatial alignment is a key component in image registration. We formulate the registration problem as one that finds the spatial and intensity mappings of minimal complexity that make images exactly equal. We do not assume any parametric forms of these functions, and estimate them within variational calculus. We analytically solve for non-stationary intensity mapping, eliminate it from the objective function and arrive with a new similarity measure. We name it the mapping complexity (MC) similarity measure, because it achieves the optimum when intensity and spatial mappings are of minimal complexity. Due to its general formulation, the similarity measure works both for complex intensity relationships (e.g. multimodal registration) and for spatially-varying intensity distortions. Our similarity measure can be interpreted as the one that favors one image to lie mostly within a span of the leading eigenvectors of the kernel matrix, where the kernel matrix is constructed from the second image. We introduce a fast algorithm to compute the similarity measure. In particular, we introduce a fast kernel vector product (FKVP) algorithm, which is of general interest in computer vision. We demonstrate the accuracy of the new similarity measure on several mono- and multi-modal examples with complex intensity non-uniformities.
FLEX: a tool for building efficient and flexible systems

Modern operating systems must support a wide variety of services for a diverse set of users. Designers of these systems face a tradeoff between functionality and performance. Systems like Mach provide a set of general abstractions and attempt to handle every situation, which can lead to poor performance for common cases. Other systems, such as Unix, provide a small set of abstractions that can be made very efficient, at the expense of functionality. We are implementing a flexible system building tool, FLEX, that allows us to support a powerful operating systems interface efficiently by constructing specialized module implementations at runtime. FLEX improves the performance of existing systems by optimizing interprocess communications paths and relocating servers and clients to reduce communications overhead. These facilities improve the performance of Unix system calls on Mach from 20-400%. Furthermore, FLEX can dynamically extend the kernel in a controlled fashion, which gives user programs access to privileged data and devices not envisioned by the original operating system implementor. >
Intangible Heritage of Standard English Learners: The “Invisible” Subgroup in the United States of America? Implications for Closing the Achievement Gap

Standard English Learners (SELs) are ethnic minority native speakers of English whose mastery of the “standard English language” used in the curriculum of schools is limited due to their use of ethnic-specific nonstandard dialect. Research in language development highlights language as a tool that allows the individual access to basic civil rights and opportunities in the area of politics, economics, and education. A correlation exists between proficiency in the use of Standard English and academic achievement, thereby highlighting the importance of validating the intangible language heritage that these students bring to the school environment while they are schooled in the use of Standard English.
Decomposing Forecasting The Salience-Assessment-Weighting (SAW) Model

The act of forecasting one’s behavior or performance is both commonplace and consequential, but it is also difficult. Previous research has identified a host of systematic forecasting errors. We suggest that existing findings can be better synthesized, and future research can proceed in a less piecemeal fashion, through the introduction of a general model that describes how forecasts unfold. In our salience-assessment-weighting (SAW) model, we outline three steps that describe how people translate information at their disposal into an accurate forecast of a future outcome. Dimensions potentially relevant to the outcome become salient; one’s standing on that dimension must be accurately assessed; and one must appropriately weight the importance of that dimension to translate it into a forecast. We illustrate how this SAW model is helpful in unifying previous research findings, identifying how and when forecasts go astray, and suggesting questions for future research.
Das Observações Filosóficas à Unidade da Ciência

resumo No verao de 1932, Wittgenstein alegou que o artigo recentemente publicado por Carnap “Linguagem Fisica como Linguagem Universal da Ciencia” fez uso extensivo e sem mencoes das ideias do proprio Wittgenstein. Em uma carta a Schlick, ele se queixou que “em breve estaria em uma situacao na qual seu proprio trabalho seria considerado meramente como uma versao requentada ou plagio do de Carnap”. Neste artigo, examino a relacao entre o artigo de Carnap, posteriormente reimpresso como A Unidade da Ciencia, e o tratamento dispensado por Wittgenstein, nos primeiros sete capitulos das Observacoes Filosoficas e outros escritos entre 1929-1932, a assuntos relacionados. palavras-chave fisicalismo; Wittgenstein; Carnap; Prioritatstreit; linguagem fenomenal; linguagem fisica
A numerical investigation of scattering effects for teleseismic plane wave propagation in a heterogeneous layer over a homogeneous half-space

SUMMARY Numerical simulations of teleseismic wave propagation in a heterogeneous layer over a homogeneous half-space are conducted to further our understanding of teleseismic coda generation. Acoustic and elastic finite difference synthetics are generated for more than 150 different layer-over-a-half-space models. The models vary in scattering layer thickness (L), heterogeneity correlation distance (a, or a, and az), and heterogeneity standard deviation (a). The synthetic data are analysed by examining coda intensity envelopes and frequency-wavenumber spectra. The level of scattered energy is found to be controlled by the ka and (J values. Coda levels increase with increasing ka from ka 1. Scattered energy levels always increase with increasing 0. Models that vary in scattering layer thickness alone did not consistently produce changes in the coda level or rate of decay independently of the values of ka and/or u. The rate of coda decay is controlled by the heterogeneity aspect ratio (a,/az). Models with spatially isotropic heterogeneities (a,/a, = 1) produce the slowest rate of decay, while those with an infinite aspect ratio (homogeneous, plane-layered models) produce the most rapid rate of decay. Any decay rate between these two extremes can be obtained by varying the heterogenity aspect ratio. Acoustic and elastic models exhibit similar coda intensity envelope characteristics. Apparent scattering attenuation of the direct pulse is a function of ka and is strongest for models with spatially isotropic heterogeneities. Frequency-wavenumber analysis showed that coda for models with spatially isotropic heterogeneities is composed largely of low apparent velocity energy in the form of P-to-S and/or body-to-surface wave scattered energy. Coda for models with spatially anisotropic heterogeneities is composed largely of vertically propagating layer reverberations. Coda for extreme anisotropic models is composed solely of vertically propagating layer reverberations. The onset time of low apparent velocity energy is also controlled by the heterogeneity aspect ratio. For models with anisotropic heterogeneities, low apparent velocity energy appears immediately after the first arrival, for models with an infinite heterogeneity aspect ratio (1-D models), low apparent velocity energy never appears.
Using the Science Fiction Film Invaders From Mars in a Child Psychiatry Seminar

The science fiction film Invaders From Mars is used to teach principles of child development; clinical features of separation anxiety and nightmares; and clinical interventions, including child psychotherapy, child protective issues, and crisis management. Commercial films have been used as teaching aids in child psychiatry seminars. In this child psychiatry seminar, Invaders From Mars is viewed and relevant teaching points are discussed with child psychiatry residents. The response of child psychiatry residents has been positive, with high ratings. This film may serve as a useful tool for teaching child psychiatry residents principles of child development, clinical features of separation anxiety and nightmares and basic clinical interventions.
The phonological word and stress assignment in Turkish

It is generally believed that Turkish stress is always word-final. Closer examination, however, reveals several types of exceptions to this pattern involving both roots and affixes. This paper proposes a unified analysis of regular and irregular stress in Turkish that crucially depends on our definition of the Phonological Word. In addition, we discuss stress in constituents beyond the word, and provide evidence for the Clitic Group as well as the Phonological Phrase. Finally, we also briefly discuss vowel harmony and a set of syllabification phenomena, and show how the latter, in particular, provide independent support for the proposal we advance here.
Bifurcation Analysis of a Silicon Neuron

We have developed a VLSI silicon neuron and a corresponding mathematical model that is a two state-variable system. We describe the circuit implementation and compare the behaviors observed in the silicon neuron and the mathematical model. We also perform bifurcation analysis of the mathematical model by varying the externally applied current and show that the behaviors exhibited by the silicon neuron under corresponding conditions are in good agreement to those predicted by the bifurcation analysis.
Career Satisfaction of Women in Surgery: Perceptions, Factors, and Strategies

Background With the current and projected shortages of general surgeons, more attention is being paid to the increasing pool of women physicians. This study seeks to understand the variables leading to career satisfaction for women surgeons to better recruit, retain, and support them. Study Design Eighteen semi-structured interviews of 12 female and 6 male surgeons 2 to 12 years into practice were qualitatively analyzed and converted to coded, categorized data. Significance was derived by Fisher's exact test. Participants were recruited by snowball sampling. Results Our sample represents a highly satisfied group of female and male surgeons. Although both women and men describe with equal frequency having made career tradeoffs for personal and family time, and vice versa, women far more frequently than men cite reasons related to their personal time, predictable time, and family relationships as why they are currently satisfied with their career (34.1% versus 8.7%; p Conclusions Although both men and women make tradeoffs of career for family and family for career, women's perception of satisfaction comes from viewing their surgical career within the broader context of their lives. Women might be attracted to a career that acknowledges and values the whole person beyond the surgeon, and could benefit from work infrastructures that enhance networking.
A second complementation class of cholesterol transport mutants with a variant Niemann-Pick type C phenotype.

We previously isolated Chinese Hamster ovary cell mutants that were defective in the intracellular transport of low density lipoprotein (LDL)-derived cholesterol (Dahl, N.K., K.L. Reed, M.A. Daunais, J.R. Faust, and L. Liscum. 1992 J. Biol. Chem. 267: 4889-4896). Several of the mutants exhibited the same biochemical phenotype as classical Niemann-Pick type C (NPC) fibroblasts. Complementation analysis between these mutants and other cholesterol transport mutants with a variant biochemical phenotype has defined two complementation classes. One class is characterized by expression of the classical NPC phenotype and may represent a true cholesterol transport mutant, while the second is characterized by expression of a variant NPC phenotype and may represent a signaling defect in LDL-sensitive homeostatic responses.
Arrest Histories, Victimization, Substance Use, and Sexual Risk Behaviors among Young Adults in Miami's Club Scene

This study examined the arrest histories and predictors of multiple arrests among 357 ethnically diverse polydrug users ages 18–25 years old who participate in the nightclub scene in Miami. The data were collected using structured assessments of respondents’ substance use, as well as standardized measures of health, environmental, and social risks. Respondents were recruited using respondent-driven sampling. The sample reported high levels of childhood victimization, prior substance abuse treatment, and arrest. Powder cocaine, MDMA (ecstasy), marijuana, alcohol, and prescription benzodiazepines were used by large majorities of the sample. More than 75% met Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders IV substance dependence criteria. History of three or more lifetime arrests (n = 110) was associated with male gender, low educational achievement, violent victimization, early sexual debut, and prior substance abuse treatment. Multiple arrestees reported higher levels of current use of powder cocaine, marijuana, and prescription benzodiazepines, as well as elevated levels of sexual risk behaviors, including anal intercourse, unprotected sex, and more sex partners. The high levels of interconnected health and social problems observed among this population appear to be underreported in the literature and require explanatory research designs to more fully understand. Implications for intervention approaches are also discussed.
Space-filling Polyhedra

In the previous chapter we defined a space filler as a cell whose replicas together can fill all of space without having any voids between them. We saw that all Dirichlet Domains are space fillers, but that not all space fillers are necessarily Dirichlet Domains.
A New Window on Brain Research

D riven by faster imaging methods, magnetic resonance imaging [[HN1][1]](MRI) is maturing into a valuable tool for brain research. As a benchmark, the first clinical scanners produced a typical image in 20 min. Thanks to hardware improvements and new imaging software, a similar scan today takes a
Reinforcement as an initiator of population divergence and speciation.

When hybridization results in reduced fitness, natural selection is expected to favor the evolution of traits that minimize the likelihood of hybridizing in the first place. This process, termed reinforcement (or, more generally, reproductive character displacement), thereby contributes to the evolution of enhanced reproductive isolation between hybridizing groups. By enhancing reproductive isolation in this way, reinforcement plays an important role in the final stages of speciation. However, reinforcement can also contribute to the early stages of speciation. Specifically, because selection to avoid hybridization occurs only in sympatric populations, the unfolding of reinforcement can lead to the evolution of traits in sympatric populations that reduce reproduction between conspecifics in sympatry versus those in allopatry. Thus, reinforcement between species can lead to reproductive isolation—and possibly speciation—between populations in sympatry versus those in allopatry or among different sympatric populations. Here, I describe how this process can occur, the conditions under which it is most likely to occur, and the empirical data needed to evaluate the hypothesis that reinforcement can initiate speciation.