cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Heterogeneity Problem: Approaches to Identify Psychiatric Subtypes

The imprecise nature of psychiatric nosology restricts progress towards characterizing and treating mental health disorders. One issue is the 'heterogeneity problem': different causal mechanisms may relate to the same disorder, and multiple outcomes of interest can occur within one individual. Our review tackles this heterogeneity problem, providing considerations, concepts, and approaches for investigators examining human cognition and mental health. We highlight the difficulty of pure dimensional approaches due to 'the curse of dimensionality'. Computationally, we consider supervised and unsupervised statistical approaches to identify putative subtypes within a population. However, we emphasize that subtype identification should be linked to a particular outcome or question. We conclude with novel hybrid approaches that can identify subtypes tied to outcomes, and may help advance precision diagnostic and treatment tools.
Renal Vasculitis and Pauci-immune Glomerulonephritis Associated With Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors.

Immune checkpoint inhibitors are increasingly used to treat a variety of solid-organ and hematologic cancers. However, overactivation of the immune system can lead to immune-related adverse events, which are increasingly recognized in the kidney. There have been only rare reported cases of checkpoint inhibitor–associated glomerulonephritis and renal vasculitis, although vasculitis in other organs has been well described. We report 4 cases of renal vasculitis or pauci-immune glomerulonephritis after checkpoint inhibitor therapy. Three patients had renal small- to medium-vessel vasculitis and 1 had focally crescentic pauci-immune glomerulonephritis. Three patients presented with acute kidney injury, and 1 presented with nephrotic syndrome and hematuria. Three patients were tested for antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies, which were negative. The time from checkpoint inhibitor initiation to immune-related adverse event presentation ranged from 2 weeks to 24 months. Three patients were treated with glucocorticoids, resulting in clinical resolution. Our series demonstrates that renal vasculitis and pauci-immune glomerulonephritis are important considerations in the differential diagnosis of checkpoint inhibitor–related reductions in kidney function.
Outcomes of target vessel endoleaks after fenestrated-branched endovascular aortic repair

Abstract Objective The objective of this study was to determine the incidence rate, outcomes, and risk factors of target vessel-related endoleaks after fenestrated-branched endovascular aortic repair (F-BEVAR) for pararenal aneurysms or thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms (TAAAs). Methods We reviewed consecutive patients treated by F-BEVAR between 2007 and 2017. Target vessel endoleaks were identified by computed tomography angiography (CTA). Follow-up included CTA and duplex ultrasound before discharge, at 2 months, at 6 months, and annually thereafter. Primary endoleaks were detected by predismissal CTA; secondary endoleaks were absent on the first CTA and were identified during follow-up. End points were spontaneous resolution of primary endoleaks, secondary interventions, and aneurysm rupture. Multivariable analyses were performed for risk factors of target vessel endoleaks and predictors of spontaneous resolution. Results A total of 382 patients (mean age, 75 ± 8 years; 75% male) underwent F-BEVAR for 195 pararenal aneurysms and 187 TAAAs with 1204 renal-mesenteric arteries targeted by 981 fenestrations and 223 directional branches. Fifty-two target vessel endoleaks were identified in 41 patients; 41 were type IIIC (interattachment), 10 were type IC (distal bridging stent sealing zone), and 1 was type IIIB (bridging stent fabric tear). Thirty-three patients (9%) had primary target vessel endoleaks in 41 target vessels (3%). Eight patients (2%) developed 11 secondary target vessel endoleaks. Directional branches were more prone to primary endoleaks (13/223 [6%]) in comparison to fenestrations (28/981 [3%]; P = .03). However, branch endoleaks resolved more often spontaneously (11/14 [79%]) compared with fenestration endoleaks (14/38 [37%]; P = .008). Other risk factors for target vessel endoleaks included inner aortic diameter ≥30 mm at the target vessel origin, four or more targeted vessels, TAAA (for primary endoleaks), and physician-modified endograft (for secondary endoleaks). Four patients with primary endoleaks underwent successful reintervention before discharge, and 29 were observed with a mean follow-up of 24 ± 21 months. Of the 41 primary endoleaks, 25 resolved spontaneously in 20 patients (61%) at first follow-up with no recurrences. Of the observed endoleaks, 11 persisted in 9 patients, and 8 of those endoleaks were treated in 7 patients. All secondary target vessel endoleaks required reintervention. There was one possible aneurysm rupture attributed to persistent secondary target vessel endoleak. Conclusions Target vessel endoleak on CTA at discharge occurs in 1 of 10 patients treated by F-BEVAR. Of these, two-thirds resolve spontaneously, especially those affecting directional branches. Among patients with a persistent endoleak, endovascular reintervention is usually successful and aneurysm rupture is rare.
Pituitary tumors in the computational era, exploring novel approaches to diagnosis and outcome prediction with machine learning.

Background Machine learning has emerged as a viable asset in the setting of pituitary surgery. In the past decade, the number of machine learning models developed to aid in the diagnosis of pituitary lesions and predict intraoperative and postoperative complications following transsphenoidal surgery has increased exponentially. As computational processing power continues to increase, big data sets continue to expand, and learning algorithms continue to surpass gold standard predictive tools, machine learning will serve to become an important component in improving patient care and outcomes. Methods Relevant studies were identified based on a literature search in PubMed and MEDLINE databases, as well as from other sources including reference lists of published articles. Results Radiomics and artificial neural networks comprise the majority of machine learning–based applications in pituitary surgery. Radiomics serves to quantify specific imaging features, which can then be used to noninvasively identify tumor characteristics and make definitive diagnoses, circumventing presurgical biopsy altogether. Neural networks can be adapted to predict intraoperative changes in visual evoked potentials or cerebral spinal fluid leak. In addition, these algorithms may be combined with others to predict tumor aggressiveness, gross total resection, recurrence and remission, and even total cost burden. Conclusions The field of machine learning is broad, with radiomics and artificial neural networks comprising 2 commonly used supervised learning methods in pituitary surgery. Given the large heterogeneity of pituitary and sellar lesions, the promise of machine learning lies in its ability to identify relationships and patterns that are otherwise hidden from standard statistical methods. While machine learning has great potential as a clinical adjunct during the surgical preplanning process and in predicting complications and outcomes, challenges moving forward include standardization and validation of these paradigms.
Interpersonal problems in social anxiety disorder across different relational contexts

People with social anxiety disorder (SAD) frequently report interpersonal problems across various domains; however, it is unclear whether these problems are observable by others or represent negatively biased self-report. We assessed the interpersonal problems of people with and without SAD using self-report, friend, and romantic partner report. We hypothesized that SAD diagnosis would predict self-reported problems across multiple interpersonal domains, but restricted domains of informant report. Additionally, we hypothesized that diagnosis would predict discrepancy between self and informant report either in the form of a bias toward reporting more problems or in the form of lack of concordance between self and informant reporters. Using structural equation and multilevel models, we found evidence for differences between people with and without SAD in terms of domains of impairment observed by self and informants as well as differences in correspondence across relationship types. Results highlight the utility of multi-informant assessment of SAD.
Risk factors associated with history of falls in adults with intellectual disability.

Abstract Background Adults with intellectual disability (ID) have a higher risk for falls than the general population. Aim The purpose of this study was to identify risk factors for falls in adults with ID using objective measurements. Methods Eighty adults with ID (men 36 women 44 age 43 ± 13 years) provided data on falls history, health problems or limitations in daily life, physical activity (PA), and physical performance. We conducted independent-samples t-tests, and Chi-square (χ2) tests to examine the difference between fallers and non-fallers. Multivariate logistic regressions were performed to identify the independent effects of risk factors for falls in adults with ID. Results Fallers had significantly lower SPPB, mobility, and moderate PA than non-fallers (p Conclusion Support need for ADLs can predict falls in individuals with ID. Caregivers may need to closely monitor adults with ID who need support for ADLs.
Exact solution for poroelastic/plastic consolidation

The governing equations for coupled, elastic-plastic behavior of an homogeneous, isotropic, weightless porous solid lead to a Stefan problem for time-dependent pore fluid pressure. Stress, strain and displacements follow. Consolidation of a column of infinite depth occurs under a uniform surface load; yielding is according to Drucker-Prager or Mohr-Coulomb criteria. The plastic potential and yield criterion need not be the same. If yielding occurs concurrently with the instantaneous application of load, then collapse is immediate. Otherwise, yielding may occur at the column top and move down during the consolidation period. Depth to the elastic-plastic boundary is given by the simple expression Z=2βV7 where β is a constant determined from continuity conditions at the elastic-plastic boundary. Time-dependent surface displacement is directly proportional to Z. There is little difference between elastic-plastic and purely elastic results in a numerical example because there is little difference in the consolidation coefficients.
The Art of Prevention: COVID-19 Vaccine Preparedness for the Dermatologist.

As COVID-19 vaccinations begin, dermatologists must be aware of the cutaneous adverse events reported in the clinical trials, including injection site and hypersensitivity reactions, and emerging evidence of dermal filler injection reactions after vaccination. The filler reaction may represent the development of a delayed-type hypersensitivity in the setting of another immunologic trigger (i.e., the vaccine). After conducting a literature review of similar reactions, their pathophysiology, and management, we present a set of timely clinical considerations for counseling, prevention, and management of possible cutaneous sequelae of the COVID-19 vaccine. We encourage documentation of vaccine-related reactions to aid the safety data collection in the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System and the American Academy of Dermatology COVID-19 Registry.
Age and gender-specific hepatitis C continuum of care and predictors of direct acting antiviral treatment among persons who inject drugs in Seattle, Washington.

Abstract Background Direct acting antivirals (DAAs) have revolutionized management of hepatitis C virus (HCV), but treatment uptake remains low among persons who inject drugs (PWID). We report the continuum of care for HCV and describe predictors of treatment with DAAs among PWID in Seattle. Methods We analyzed data from the 2018 Seattle area National HIV Behavioral Surveillance (NHBS) survey of PWID. Persons ≥18 years of age who injected drugs in the past year and completed the core NHBS survey, a local survey supplement, and rapid HCV antibody testing were included. Among those who screened HCV antibody positive, we calculated proportions and 95 % confidence intervals for self-reported steps along the HCV care continuum. Multivariable logistic regression was used to calculate the adjusted odds (AOR) of having received DAA therapy. Results The sample included 533 PWID, 376 (71 %) of whom tested positive for antibodies to HCV. Among those who were HCV antibody positive, 94 % reported any prior HCV test, 81 % reported a prior confirmatory test, and 68 % reported a prior HCV diagnosis. Of those diagnosed, 26 % had undergone treatment and 18 % had been cured. In a multivariate model, being one year older (AOR 1.05 per year, 1.01−1.08) was predictive of DAA treatment, while homelessness (AOR 0.39, 0.19−0.80) and female gender (AOR 0.36, 0.16−0.78) were associated with a lower odds of DAA therapy. Conclusions Despite widespread HCV testing among PWID in Seattle, treatment uptake remains low in the DAA era. In particular, treatment of women, younger adults and persons living homeless is lagging behind.
A soluble ACE2 microbody protein fused to a single immunoglobulin Fc domain is a potent inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2. Tada et al

Soluble forms of ACE2 have recently been shown to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 infection. We report on an improved soluble ACE2, termed a “microbody” in which the ACE2 ectodomain is fused to Fc domain 3 of the immunoglobulin heavy chain. The protein is smaller than previously described ACE2-Ig Fc fusion proteins and contains an H345A mutation in the ACE2 catalytic active site that inactivates the enzyme without reducing its affinity for the SARS-CoV-2 spike. The disulfide-bonded ACE2 microbody protein inhibits entry of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein pseudotyped virus and replication of live SARS-CoV-2 in vitro and in a mouse model. Its potency is 10-fold higher than soluble ACE2 and it can act after virus bound to the cell. The microbody inhibits the entry of β coronaviruses and virus with the variant D614G spike. The ACE2 microbody may be a valuable therapeutic for COVID-19 that is active against viral variants and future coronaviruses.
HIV Neuropathy-a Review of Mechanisms, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Pain.

This article is a systematic review of data from 2018 to 2020 regarding information from publications on epidemiologic, diagnostic, and therapeutic advancements in human immunodeficiency virus–associated peripheral neuropathy. The epidemiology/pathology of HIV neuropathy is discussed. Diagnostics includes skin wrinkling-eutectic mixture of local anesthetic test and neurologic examinations. Therapeutic interventions include pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic management as well as self-management strategies. Peripheral neuropathy continues to affect the lives of persons living with HIV. First-line treatment with pregabalin or gabapentin for HIV neuropathic pain has limited data on adequate response. Exercise and self-management strategies may provide benefit in pain reduction. Continuing research on risk factors and biomarkers for HIV-related peripheral neuropathy will be critical for future diagnostic and therapeutic agents.
Modelling and Control of Flywheels Integrated in Wind Turbine Generators

Wind turbines have large inertia. However, in hydraulic wind turbine drivetrains, the displacement ratio of the hydraulic machinery reduced the inertia experienced at the generator. Restoring this inertia requires a direct connection of a large flywheel to the rotor of the generator. This paper introduces the modeling and control of such a system. The rotating mass of the storage is mechanically coupled with the rotor of a doubly-fed induction generator. The drivetrain decouples the shaft of the turbine from the shaft of the generator to provide independent control of their angular velocities. Full control over the speed of the generator and its flywheel provides a means to charge and discharge the energy storage, on-demand. Consequently, the quality of power generated by wind turbines improves as the power fluctuations, imposed by wind speed intermittencies, reduces. The structure of flywheel energy storage (FESS) can be simplified and the supporting power electronics and its dedicated motor-generator can be eliminated. Only in hydraulic drivetrain systems, such integration and save of the components is possible. Two supervisory controllers are introduced and utilized using the fuzzy logic regulator to determine the output power reference. Furthermore, small-signal analysis is provided to investigate and improve the speed of tracking the maximum power point. Extensive simulation results demonstrate the feasibility of such a system and its improved quality of power generation.
Hardware Benchmarking of Round 2 Candidates in the NIST Lightweight Cryptography Standardization Process

Twenty five Round 2 candidates in the NIST Lightweight Cryptography (LWC) process have been implemented in hardware by groups from all over the world. All implementations compliant with the LWC Hardware API, proposed in 2019, have been submitted for hardware benchmarking to George Mason University's LWC benchmarking team. The received submissions were first verified for correct functionality and compliance with the hardware API's specification. Then, the execution times in clock cycles, as a function of input sizes, have been determined using behavioral simulation. The compatibility of all implementations with FPGA toolsets from three major vendors, Xilinx, Intel, and Lattice Semiconductor was verified. Optimized values of the maximum clock frequency and resource utilization metrics, such as the number of look-up tables (LUTs) and flip-flops (FFs), were obtained by running optimization tools, such as Minerva, ATHENa, and Xeda. The raw post-place and route results were then converted into values of the corresponding throughputs for long, medium-size, and short inputs. The results were presented in the form of easy to interpret graphs and tables, demonstrating the relative performance of all investigated algorithms. An effort was made to make the entire process as transparent as possible and results easily reproducible by other groups.
Aging and Women's Health: An Update from the National Institute on Aging.

Older women outnumber older men in the United States and may experience a range of physical, cognitive, social, and emotional challenges. The "Geriatric 5 Ms"-Multicomplexity, Mind, Mobility, Medications, and What Matters Most-provide a useful framework for understanding and addressing the health and wellness needs of older women in the clinic. The National Institute on Aging, a component of the US National Institutes of Health, supports a vibrant program of aging research with many immediately implementable findings and useful resources for the busy clinician.
Christology and discipleship in the Gospel of Mark

Exploring the interrelated topics of Christology and discipleship within the apocalyptic context of Mark's Gospel, Henderson focuses on six passages: Mark 1:16–20; 3:13--15; 4:1–34; 6:7–13; 6:32–44; 6:45–52. Together, these passages indicate that the disciples failed to understand not just Jesus' messianic identity per se but the apocalyptic nature of his messiahship, as well as its implications for their own participation in God's coming reign. The implications of this for Mark's gospel as a whole are to situate Mark's Christological claims within the broader context of the apocalyptic 'gospel of God'. This lends coherence to Mark's bifocal interest in miracle and passion. It also illuminates the relationship between Mark's Jesus and his followers as those who carry forward his own mission: to demonstrate the coming kingdom of God, which is fully assured if not yet fully in view.
ON DETERMINING THE SOURCES OF HOT GAS IN THE HALO

The hot gas above the Galactic Disk provides an interesting and important puzzle. Could this gas have been advected from hot bubbles formed in the disk, dropped upon the Galaxy from above, or heated in situ? Each of these possibilities has important ramications for the functioning of the Galaxy, magnifying the need for better tests. In this paper, several theoretical models for hot gas in the halo, their ionization history, and spectral appearances will be discussed, along with a scheme for using the emerging set of soft X-ray and far ultraviolet observatories to distinguish between classes of models.
Acute effects of brewed cocoa consumption on sustained attention, motivation to perform work and feelings of anxiety, energy and fatigue (647.1)

Acute effects of brewed cocoa and brewed cocoa with 49 mg added caffeine on attention, motivation and mood were examined in a randomized, double-blinded, crossover trial. Participants (n=23) were low consumers of polyphenols without elevated feelings of energy. Prior to and three times after treatment, a 26-minute battery was performed assessing motivation, mood and sustained attention (serial subtractions of 3 and 7, the continuous performance task and the Bakan dual task). Treatment X Time ANCOVAs controlling for prior night’s sleep showed that compared to placebo, cocoa reduced overall false alarms and speeded response times on the Bakan secondary task that was completed 31-47 minutes post-consumption. Caffeinated cocoa showed: (i) an attenuation of the anxiety provoking effects of cognitive testing found after drinking caffeine alone, and (ii) increased accuracy and reduced omission errors on the primary task of the Bakan test compared to cocoa alone. Brewed cocoa can acutely influence aspects of sust...
Law as Mask--Legal Ritual and Relevance

Professor John T. Noonan, Jr.,' has shown that some forms of legal reasoning have the potential to dehumanize persons through the use of conceptual "legal masks."2 This striking metaphor puts into question familiar and fundamental aspects of law and legal processes. Professor Noonan presents an eloquent plea, supported by well-chosen illustrations, for greater consideration of persons, not to the exclusion of rules of law, but to overcome the tendency of the legal process to ignore its individual participants. Professor Noonan's insights have great appeal. His criticism may be justifiably leveled at the entire legal system. To carry the discussion one step further, many concepts, whether legal or not, may have the intrinsic capacity of masking human reality. The concepts "fact" and "reality,";for example, are no less amorphous than legal concepts'and are equally amenable to being used as masks, perhaps more so because they appear to be clear. The concept of "property" has been used to enslave people, as Noonan shows, but so have the concepts of "love" and "freedom," and sometimes more effectively. The problem may be insoluble.
The Sulfation of Chondroitin Sulfate in Embryonic Chick Cartilage Epiphyses

Abstract With the use of purified chondroitinase of Proteus vulgaris, a method has been devised for the determination of relative amounts of chondroitin, chondroitin-4-SO4, and chondroitin-6-SO4 in cartilage. This method was applied to the analysis of embryonic chick epiphyseal cartilage. With 35SO4 and 14C-acetate it was possible to study the relationship of embryo age to rate of formation of chondroitin, chondroitin-4-SO4, and chondroitin-6-SO4. Between 10 and 19 days there is a progressive decrease in synthesis of chondroitin and chondroitin-4-SO4 and a progressive increase in synthesis of chondroitin-6-SO4.
Survival after Proposition 13.

(1980). Survival after Proposition 13. Journal of Physical Education and Recreation: Vol. 51, No. 2, pp. 37-78.
Francis Gillmor: Aztec and Najavo Folklorist

Reviewed Medium: book Authors: Sharon Whitehill Year: 2005 Pages: 384 Publisher: The Edwin Mellen Press ISBN: 0-7734-5942-1 (hard cover). Prices: $129.95(hard cover).
Generic Social Work Practice and Family Practice

Generic social work practice and family practice medicine complement each other. Placing first year field students in a family practice residency training program over a period of years can define the social work role broadly and open the door for a wide range of practice opportunities. The social work presence can help family medicine attain its goal of comprehensive, holistic care.
The etiology, diagnosis, and treatment of evisceration following laparotomy

Abstract 1. 1. Nine cases of wound separation following laparotomy are reported. 2. 2. All but one patient recovered following immediate closure. 3. 3. Blood sugar determinations and sugar tolerance tests performed in four successive cases revealed a diabetic condition. 4. 4. Disturbances of carbohydrate metabolism are believed to be an important cause of postoperative separation of abdominal incisions. 5. 5. Considering the high coincidence of obesity and diabetes, stout patients should have blood sugar determinations before laparotomy. 6. 6. Because of its unlimited tensile strength, nonabsorbable material is recommended for the closure of the fascia to safeguard the wound in cases of retarded healing. 7. 7. Recognition before evisceration actually occurs is possible in many cases and improves the final results.
ION SOURCES FOR CYCLOTRONS

LBL-13267 Is Lawrence F Berkeley I A Laboratory UNIVERSITY O C A L I F O R N f— Presented at the Ninth International Conference on Cyclotrons and Their Applications, Caen, France, September 7-10, 1981 ION SOURCES FOR CYCLOTRONS David J. Clark September 1981 This is a Library Circulating Copy which may be borrowed for two weeks For a personal retention Tech. Info. Division, copy, call Ext. 6782 Prepared for the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract W-7405-ENG-48
345 POTENTIATION OF MAGNESIUM INDUCED NEURO-MUSCULAR BLOCKADE BY GENTAMICIN

Aminoglycosides have been reported to precipitate paralysis in myasthenia gravis, infant botulism, and competitive neuromuscular blockade. We investigated the effect of gentamicin on magnesium induced neuromuscular blockade in the rabbit. Three kilogram male rabbits were anesthesized with sodium pentobarbital, intubated and mechanically ventilated with 100% oxygen. Arterial and venous access were obtained via ear blood vessels. Blood pressure, arterial blood gases, end tidal CO2 rectal temperature, and muscle twitch height were recorded. Baseline serum levels of Mg++, Ca++, and gentamicin were collected. Mg++ was administered by continuous I.V. infusion to maintain a 50% depression in control twitch height for 30 minutes. Gentamicin, 2.5 mg/kg, was given I.V. and an additional 10-20% depression in twitch height was recorded. Control and experimental data follow: Gentamicin given in clinical doses will potentiate a preexisting magnesium induced neuromuscular blockade.
Increased Progesterone/Estradiol Ratio on the Day of hCG Administration Adversely Affects Success of In Vitro Fertilization–Embryo Transfer in Patients Stimulated with Gonadotropin-releasing Hormone Agonist and Recombinant Follicle-stimulating Hormone

Summary Objective We investigated the influence of premature luteinization in in vitro fertilization using a long protocol of gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist (GnRHa) and recombinant follicle-stimulating hormone (rFSH), taking ovarian response into account in the definition of premature luteinization. Materials and Methods A total of 339 cycles of controlled ovarian hyperstimulation with rFSH and GnRHa were performed in 311 infertile couples. Premature luteinization was defined as a progesterone (P) to estradiol (E 2 ) ratio of > 1 on the day of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) administration. The P/E 2 ratio is calculated as: P (ng/mL) × 1,000/E 2 (pg/mL). Clinical outcomes were compared for the prematurely luteinized and non-prematurely luteinized groups. Results The mean number of retrieved oocytes, recovered mature oocytes, embryos and top quality embryos were significantly higher in the non-prematurely luteinized group than in the prematurely luteinized group. Although fertilization rates and implantation rates were similar between the two groups, the clinical pregnancy rate was higher in the non-prematurely luteinized group than in the prematurely luteinized group. Conclusion Premature luteinization, defined as late follicular P/E 2 ratio of > 1 in long GnRHa cycles with rFSH stimulation, adversely affected ovarian responses and clinical outcomes. It seems unrelated to preovulatory luteinizing hormone (LH) elevation and LH/hCG content of gonadotropins and could be associated with poor ovarian response and the presence of dysmature follicles. [ Taiwan J Obstet Cynecol 2008;47(2):1 68-1 74]
Troponin and Tropomyosin in the Cardiomyocyte Nucleus:What for?

Troponin and Tropomyosin in the Cardiomyocyte Nucleus:What for? A number of recent reports have shown the nuclear expression of troponin and tropomyosin in cardiac myocytes. This challenges the long standing view that these sarcomere proteins are physiologically restricted to the cytoplasm. A synthesis of the available data suggests that troponin and tropomyosin in the cell nucleus is not the result of cytoplasmic contamination. The data is suggestive of physiological roles outside their well-recognized function in excitation-contraction coupling.
Teaching Economics in the Schools: A Review of Survey Findings

The authors review and contrast the findings of a 1981 national survey of economic education at the precollege level and 15 state surveys conducted at about the same time. The picture that emerges is disturbing: instruction in economics tends to be minimal (or nonexistent) for many students, and teacher training in economics is limited. Curriculum structure, teacher training, and the development and use of materials are interrelated problems facing economic education.
Factorized knowledge from factorized polarization experiments

Abstract A general analysis is presented which yields a simple and economical picture of the information obtained about the reaction amplitudes from an incomplete set of polarization experiments. Spinwise inclusive (“spin-clusive”) reactions can thus furnish “spinclusive” information about the amplitudes. The analysis is used to derive a method to determine the spin of a particle in a reaction without ever measuring anything about that particle.
Magnetic resonance imaging enhancement of intervertebral disc disease in 30 dogs following chemical fat saturation.

Objective: To describe the patterns of enhancement of extradural intervertebral disc on chemically fat saturated gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance images and to investigate the clinical and pathological associations with enhancement. Methods: Medical records and magnetic resonance images were reviewed from 30 dogs with histopathologically confirmed disc disease and enhancement on a T1-weighted postcontrast fat saturated sequence. Results: Median duration of neurological signs was 4 days and the most common grade of severity was II, seen in 46·6% of dogs. Homogeneous, heterogeneous and peripheral patterns of disc enhancement were described, with peripheral enhancement most commonly identified (57% of dogs). There were no clinical or pathological differences between the dogs with each of the patterns. The mean signal intensity of a region of interest within the extruded disc material and contrast-to-noise ratio of the disc material were significantly higher on postcontrast T1-weighted fat saturated images (P=<0·0001 each). Clinical Significance: The use of fat saturated gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging can detect enhancement of extradural disc material. Patterns of enhancement are not associated with the clinical presentation or pathological features.
Fabrication of hybrid ceramic matrix composites

The desire to improve the transverse properties and microcracking stress of unidirectional continuous fiber reinforced ceramic matrix composites has led to development of the hybrid ceramic matrix composite (HCMC). This paper discusses the techniques we used in the fabrication of HCMC specimens used for mechanical characterization.
Spacetime and matter in cellular automation framework

Abstract According to the presented model the whole richness of the physical world condenses in one plain sentence: “All physical phenomena are different aspects of the high-level description of the distributed processes of mutual synchronization in a network of digital clocks”. Properties of the synchro formations exhibiting quantum mechanics behavior of elementary particles in relativistic spacetime continuum are outlined.
The use of simulation for pediatric oncology nursing safety principles: ensuring competent practice through the use of a mnemonic, chemotherapy road maps and case-based learning.

The purpose of this article was to share a process where practicing nurses and student nurses engaged in a learning experience concerning the safe process of chemotherapy administration and care of the cancer patient.
Dendritic cell-based tumor vaccinations in epithelial ovarian cancer: a systematic review

After decades of extensive research, epithelial ovarian cancer still remains a lethal disease. Multiple new studies have reported that the immune system plays a critical role in the growth and spread of ovarian carcinoma. This review summarizes the development of dendritic cell (DC) vaccinations specific for ovarian cancer. So far, DC-based vaccines have induced effective antitumor responses in animal models, but only limited results from human clinical trials are available. Although DC-based immunotherapy has proven to be clinically safe and efficient at inducing tumor-specific immune responses, its clear role in the therapy of ovarian cancer still needs to be clarified. The relatively disappointing low-response rates in early clinical trials point to the need for the development of more effective and personalized DC-based anticancer vaccines. This article reviews the basic mechanisms, limitations and future directions of DC-based anti-ovarian cancer vaccine development.
Root Respiration and Carbohydrate Status of Two Wheat Genotypes in Response to Hypoxia

Abstract To investigate root respiration and carbohydrate status in relation to waterlogging or hypoxia tolerance, root respiration rate and concentrations of soluble sugars in leaves and roots were determined for two wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes differing in waterlogging-tolerance under hypoxia (5% O 2 ) and subsequent resumption of full aeration. Root and shoot growth were reduced by hypoxia to a larger extent for waterlogging-sensitive Coker 9835. Root respiration or oxygen consumption rate declined with hypoxia, but recovered after 7 d of resumption of aeration. Respiration rate was greater for sensitive Coker 9835 than for tolerant Jackson within 8 d after hypoxia. The concentrations of sucrose, glucose and fructose decreased in leaves for both genotypes under hypoxia. The concentration of these sugars in roots, however, increased under hypoxia, to a greater degree for Jackson. An increase in the ratio of root sugar concentration to shoot sugar concentration was found for Jackson under hypoxic conditions, suggesting that a large amount of carbohydrate was partitioned to roots under hypoxia. The results indicated that root carbohydrate supply was not a limiting factor for root growth and respiration under hypoxia. Plant tolerance to waterlogging of hypoxia appeared to be associated with low root respiration or oxygen consumption rate and high sugar accumulation under hypoxic conditions.
Glutathione disulfide production during arachidonic acid oxygenation in human platelets

Washed human platelets stimulated with 50 microM sodium arachidonate rapidly accumulated glutathione disulfide to a peak concentration of 0.620 nmole per 10(9) cells, 200% of control (unstimulated) levels. Total glutathione remained unchanged. The rise in glutathione disulfide was transitory, returning to control values within 30 seconds in aggregating platelets. Similar findings were observed in washed platelets aggregated with 5 U/ml thrombin. Platelet aggregation was not necessary for the generation of glutathione disulfide. However, cyclooxygenase activity was necessary for the generation of glutathione disulfide. Aspirin treated platelets aggregated with thrombin demonstrated no thromboxane B2 production and no glutathione disulfide generation. Dose response studies with both agonists demonstrated a direct relationship between the amount of thromboxane B2 produced and the amount of glutathione disulfide generated by stimulated platelets. During the conversion of arachidonic acid to thromboxane B2, unesterified arachidonic acid is oxygenated to prostaglandin G2 which is subsequently reduced to prostaglandin H2. Both reactions are catalyzed by the enzyme prostaglandin H synthase. Our data support the hypothesis that glutathione is an important supplier of reducing equivalents to prostaglandin H synthase during the production of prostaglandin H2 in human platelets.
How should the auditors be audited? Comparing the PCAOB Inspections with the AICPA Peer Reviews ☆

Abstract In their investigation of the new PCAOB Inspections, Lennox and Pittman [Lennox, C., Pittman, J., 2009. Auditing the auditors: evidence on the recent reforms to the external monitoring of the audit firms. Journal of Accounting and Economics, forthcoming] address one of the most important and controversial features of the recent shift from self-regulation to government regulation in the US audit markets. In this paper I attempt to place their investigations into the broader auditing and regulatory literature, critique what we learn and do not learn from their analysis, and make suggestions for future related research.
3-year-old phenotypic female with campomelic dysplasia and bilateral gonadoblastoma

The authors report the case of bilateral gonadoblastomas in a phenotypic female, with a 46,XY karyotype, with campomelic dysplasia. Although campomelic dysplasia with gonadal dysgenesis should be expected to contribute to an increased risk of gonadoblastoma, this is the first documented case report of campomelic dysplasia and gonadoblastoma. Phenotypic females with campomelic dysplasia should be karyotyped once the skeletal dysplasia is recognized. phenotypic females with campomelic dysplasia should undergo gonadectomy if their karyotype includes a Y chromosome or fragment.
An electro-analogue of the oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve

A method for obtaining an electro-analogue of the oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve is described. There are two variables involved: the partial pressure of oxygen of the haemoglobin solution or red cell suspension and the percentage saturation of the haemoglobin with oxygen. The partial pressure of oxygen is converted to a current by means of a polarographic electrode system, and the percentage saturation to coulombs by means of oxygen generating or consuming electrodes. Some possible applications of this electro-analogue are mentioned.
Exacerbation of psychotic disorder during pregnancy in the context of medication discontinuation

Pregnancy is a time of great hormonal change and life stress. For women with a history of mental illness, pregnancy usually represents a time of increased vulnerability to exacerbation of symptoms, and poses difficult challenges surrounding decision-making about psychotropic use and subsequent fetal exposure during pregnancy. Pregnant women with mental illness may elect to discontinue effective pharmacotherapy because of perceived risks to the developing fetus. However, stopping psychotropic medications during pregnancy has been shown to significantly increase the risk of destabilization, especially in women with a history of psychotic disorders. The acute onset of psychosis during pregnancy presents many serious risks for the patient and fetus as illustrated in this case presentation. We present the case of a woman with severe and persistent mental illness who developed an acute psychiatric decompensation late in pregnancy following discontinuation of antipsychotic medication.
SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR THE PEDIATRIC EMERGENCY PATIENT

This article discusses pediatric maxillofacial infections and secondary growth deformities associated with orofacial trauma. In pediatric infection, origin, diagnosis, and management are different from adults and few clinicians have extensive experience in these area. Post-traumatic growth deformities are unique to children and represent the fourth dimension of patient care, that is, changes occurring over time.
The I182 Region of Kir6.2 Is Closely Associated with Ligand Binding in KATP Channel Inhibition by ATP

The ATP-inhibited potassium (K(ATP)) channel is assembled from four inward rectifier potassium (K(ir)6.x) subunits and four sulfonylurea receptor (SURx) subunits. The inhibitory action of ATP is mediated by at least two distinct functional domains within the C-terminal cytoplasmic tail of K(ir)6.2. The G334D mutation of K(ir)6.2 virtually eliminates ATP-dependent gating with no effect on ligand-independent gating, suggesting a role in linkage of the site to the gate or in the ATP binding site, itself. The T171A mutation of K(ir)6.2 strongly disrupts both ATP-dependent and ligand-independent gating, suggesting a role for T171 in the gating step. A neighboring mutation, I182Q, virtually eliminates ATP inhibition, but its effect on ligand-independent gating remained unknown. We have now characterized both the K(i) values for inhibition by ATP and the ligand-independent gating kinetics of 15 substitutions at position 182. All substitutions decreased ATP-dependent inhibition gating as measured by the K(i), many profoundly so, yet had little or no effect on ligand-independent gating kinetics. Thus, substitutions at position 182 are unlikely to act by disrupting inhibition gate movement. Our results indicate an indispensable role for I182 in a step of the ATP binding mechanism, the linkage mechanism coupling the ATP binding site to the inhibition gate, or both.
Oxidative stress, glutamate, and neurodegenerative disorders

There is an increasing amount of experimental evidence that oxidative stress is a causal, or at least an ancillary, factor in the neuropathology of several adult neurodegenerative disorders, as well as in stroke, trauma, and seizures. At the same time, excessive or persistent activation of glutamate-gated ion channels may cause neuronal degeneration in these same conditions. Glutamate and related acidic amino acids are thought to be the major excitatory neurotransmitters in brain and may be utilized by 40 percent of the synapses. Thus, two broad mechanisms--oxidative stress and excessive activation of glutamate receptors--are converging and represent sequential as well as interacting processes that provide a final common pathway for cell vulnerability in the brain. The broad distribution in brain of the processes regulating oxidative stress and mediating glutamatergic neurotransmission may explain the wide range of disorders in which both have been implicated. Yet differential expression of components of the processes in particular neuronal systems may account for selective neurodegeneration in certain disorders.
Optimal matrix approximants in structural identification

Problems of model correlation and system identification are central in the design, analysis, and control of large space structures. Of the numerous methods that have been proposed, many are based on finding minimal adjustments to a model matrix sufficient to introduce some desirable quality into that matrix. In this work, several of these methods are reviewed, placed in a modern framework, and linked to other previously known ideas in computational linear algebra and optimization. This new framework provides a point of departure for a number of new methods which are introduced here. Significant among these is a method for stiffness matrix adjustment which preserves the sparsity pattern of an original matrix, requires comparatively modest computational resources, and allows robust handling of noisy modal data. Numerical examples are included to illustrate the methods presented herein.
Quantitative analysis of parasympathetic innervation of the porcine heart

Background Parasympathetic control of the heart is an important component in the regulation of normal cardiac function. However, the anatomic course of parasympathetic innervation of the heart is unclear. Objective The purpose of this study was to apply a gross parasympathetic nerve stain technique to reveal the details of the morphology of the cardiac parasympathetic nervous system. Methods Ten whole pig hearts were stained using a histochemical method. Immediately after sacrifice, hearts were placed in a buffered solution containing acetylthiocholine, which precipitates with acetylcholinesterase, allowing identification of cholinergic nerves. The epicardial and endocardial surfaces of the atria and ventricles were examined for nerve thickness and density. Results In both atria, nerve density was significantly greater on the endocardium, but nerve thickness was significantly greater on the epicardium. The right atrium (RA) was more densely innervated than the left atrium (LA) on the endocardium, whereas the LA was more densely innervated than the RA on the epicardium. In the ventricles, numerous thick cholinergic nerves were clearly identifiable across the epicardium, generally running parallel to the left anterior descending artery. The endocardial surfaces of the ventricles revealed a dense network of fine parasympathetic nerve fibers. As in the atria, nerve density was greater on the ventricular endocardium, but nerve thickness was greater on the epicardium. The right ventricle (RV) was more densely innervated than the left ventricle (LV), whereas the LV endocardium was more densely innervated than the RV endocardium. Conclusion The epicardial and endocardial surfaces of the atria and ventricles are richly innervated by parasympathetic nerves. The density of parasympathetic innervation is heterogeneous across both the epicardial and endocardial surfaces of the heart.
On reconstructing maximal outerplanar graphs

Manvel has proved that a maximal outerplanar graph can be reconstructed from the collection of isomorphism types of subgraphs obtained by deleting vertices of the given graph. This paper sharpens Manvel's result by showing that if the graph is not a triangulation of a hexagon, then reconstruction can be accomplished using only those isomorphism types of subgraphs corresponding to deletion of vertices of valence two.
On the use of distributed relays to increase base station anonymity in Wireless Sensor Networks

In recent years, Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have become valuable assets to both the commercial and military communities with applications ranging from industrial control on a factory floor to reconnaissance of a hostile border. In both applications, the sensors act as data sources and forward information to a central sink or base station (BS). The unique role of the BS makes it a natural target for an adversary that desires to achieve the most impactful attack possible against a WSN with the least amount of effort. An adversary may employ traffic analysis techniques to identify the BS based on network traffic flow even when the WSN implements conventional security mechanisms. This motivates a significant need for improved BS anonymity to protect the identity, role, and location of the BS. In this paper we propose a strategy to increase BS anonymity in a WSN by utilizing multiple relays at each hop. Each relay retransmits received messages at an increased power level to increase the number of candidate receivers included in the adversary's analysis. We examine the effect of the distributed relay technique on improving BS anonymity using evidence theory and demonstrate the effectiveness of this approach through simulation.