cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of sensor readability and thermal relevance for RFID temperature tracking

Radio frequency identification (RFID) offers a way to satisfy the current needs of the produce industry for product identification and cool chain preservation. The main challenges for RFID temperature tracking in produce cool chain monitoring are the produce's high-water content and the cost. Water absorbs radio frequency energy decreasing read range and limiting sensor placement. Whereas cost limits the number of sensors that may be used in a viable system. Therefore, the minimal number of sensor placements that maximize the representation of the temperatures of the product in pallets of high-water content produce must be determined. The objectives of the research presented in this paper were: To identify a location able to represent 85% of the temperatures present in a pallet of bottled water mimicking produce when subjected to heating and cooling conditions similar to the loading-unloading process. And second, to assess the readability and read range of a commercially available RFID battery assisted passive tag in this thermally relevant position so as to determine whether it would be read at the required distance for the supply chain. A single location representing 85% of the temperatures in the pallet was not found; consequently, it was suggested using a location with a temperature that would be the middle point of an interval that gathers the temperature readings of approximately 85% of the measured locations. In addition, results indicate that tag readability and read range in this position vary depending on the configuration of the side of the pallet facing the antennas and the amount of air in the surroundings of the RFID tag.
A thermodynamic definition of topological pressure for non-compact sets

We give a new definition of topological pressure for arbitrary (non-compact, non-invariant) Borel subsets of metric spaces. This new quantity is defined via a suitable variational principle, leading to an alternative definition of an equilibrium state. We study the properties of this new quantity and compare it with existing notions of topological pressure. We are particularly interested in the situation when the ambient metric space is assumed to be compact. We motivate our definition by applying it to some interesting examples, including the level sets of the pointwise Lyapunov exponent for the Manneville–Pomeau family of maps.
The Economics of Cloud Computing

Cloud computing brings together several existing technologies including service oriented architecture, distributed grid computing, virtualization, and broadband networking to provide software, infrastructure, and platforms as services. Under the old IT model, companies built their own server farms designed to meet peak demand using bundled hardware and software solutions. This was time consuming, capital intensive and relatively inflexible. Under the cloud computing model, firms can rent as many virtual machines as they need at any given time, and then either design or use off-the-shelf solutions to integrate company-wide data in order to easily distribute access to users both within and outside of the company firewall. This converts fixed capital costs into variable costs, prevents under and over provisioning, and allows minute by minute flexibly. Consumers are also increasingly turning to the cloud for computing service through such applications as Gmail, Pandora, and Facebook. The purpose of this paper is to discuss this new and transformative technology, survey the existing economics literature on the subject, and suggest potential directions for new research.
Methods in near-infrared photon migration tomography

The basic methods used in near-infrared photon migration tomography are reviewed. This includes technical equipment design and reconstruction algorithms. Special emphasis is placed on model-based iterative reconstruction methods.
Surgical techniques for the repair of anterior mitral leaflet prolapse

Myxomatous disease is the leading cause of mitral valve regurgitation in the developed world. Although posterior mitral leaflet (PML) prolapse is the most common cause of regurgitation and of repair, lesions of the anterior mitral leaflet (AML) are often considered beyond the possibilities of repair. The surgical anatomy and pathology of the AML and a precise terminology for the location of the lesions are described. The surgical maneuvers for commissural prolapse, chordal shortening, chordal replacement, leaflet resection, and annuloplasty are also described. The advantages and limitations of each maneuver are discussed. It is concluded that a flexible approach to the repair of the AML is necessary to adapt the best technique for each type of lesion. No particular technique can be applied systematically to all lesions. It is the author's contention that the majority of AML lesions can be repaired safely.
Structure-preserving discretization of incompressible fluids

The geometric nature of Euler fluids has been clearly identified and extensively studied over the years, culminating with Lagrangian and Hamiltonian descriptions of fluid dynamics where the configuration space is defined as the volume-preserving diffeomorphisms, and Kelvin’s circulation theorem is viewed as a consequence of Noether’s theorem associated with the particle relabeling symmetry of fluid mechanics. However computational approaches to fluid mechanics have been largely derived from a numerical–analytic point of view, and are rarely designed with structure preservation in mind, and often suffer from spurious numerical artifacts such as energy and circulation drift. In contrast, this paper geometrically derives discrete equations of motion for fluid dynamics from first principles in a purely Eulerian form. Our approach approximates the group of volume-preserving diffeomorphisms using a finite-dimensional Lie group, and associated discrete Euler equations are derived from a variational principle with non-holonomic constraints. The resulting discrete equations of motion yield a structure-preserving time integrator with good long-term energy behavior and for which an exact discrete Kelvin’s circulation theorem holds.
Relaxation of virtual cathode oscillations due to transverse effects in a crossed-field diode

Summary form only given, as follows. Recent studies of cylindrical and planar crossed-field diodes indicate the transverse dimension plays a role in delaying the onset of virtual cathode oscillations for currents injected above the theoretical limiting current. For 1d and 2d planar devices, the limiting current for the magnetized (B=B/sub Hull/) and unmagnetized diodes is examined for cold and thermal injection. A significant difference between the 1d and 2d smooth diodes is that the transverse direction gives an extra degree of freedom which is found to warm the electrons rapidly. The mechanism of this warming appears to be an instability in the transverse direction. The simulations show three different 'states'; laminar flow, virtual cathode oscillation and warm flow. Warm flow occurs when the electron have a spread of energy, either due to an instability or by thermal injection, when they pass though the potential minimum. Birdsall and Bridges (1966) showed that a small thermal spread of injected electrons damps virtual cathode oscillations. This warming effect allows 'warm flow' to exist on the 2d state diagram (J/J/sub c/ versus B/B/sub Hull/) which is not found on the 1d state diagram for cold emission. Parameter space is explored on these state diagrams for B=0 and B=B/sub Hull/ for J near state transitions (J/spl sime/J/sub G/). In these PIC simulations, the particles are injected in such a way as to keep the transverse density as uniform as possible. This quiet particle injection algorithm was used so that particle noise does not cause numerical warming in the transverse direction.
Damage-Mitigating Control of Mechanical Systems: Part I—Conceptual Development and Model Formulation

A major goal in the control of complex mechanical systems such as advanced aircraft, spacecraft, and power plants is to achieve high performance with increased reliability, availability, component durability, and maintainability. The current state-of-the-art of control systems synthesis focuses on improving performance and diagnostic capabilities under constraints that often do not adequately represent the dynamic properties of the materials. The reason is that the traditional design is based upon the assumption of conventional materials with invariant characteristics. In view of high performance requirements and availability of improved materials, the lack of appropriate knowledge about the properties of these materials will lead to either less than achievable performance due to overly conservative design, or over-straining of the structure leading to unexpected failures and drastic reduction of the service life. The key idea of the research reported in this paper is that a significant improvement in service life can be achieved by a small reduction in the system dynamic performance. This requires augmentation of the current system-theoretic techniques for synthesis of decision and control laws with governing equations and inequality constraints that would model the properties of the materials for the purpose of damage representation and failure prognosis. The major challenge in this research is to characterize the damage generation process in a continuous-time setting, and then utilize this information for synthesizing algorithms of robust control, diagnostics, and risk assessment in complex mechanical systems. Damage mitigation for control of mechanical systems is reported in the two-part paper. The concept of damage mitigation is introduced and a continuous-time model of fatigue damage dynamics is formulated in this paper which is the first part. The second part which is a companion paper presents the synthesis of the open-loop control policy and the results of simulation experiments for transient operations of a reusable rocket engine.
Risk‐sensitive sizing of responsive facilities

We develop a risk-sensitive strategic facility sizing model that makes use of readily obtainable data and addresses both capacity and responsiveness considerations. We focus on facilities whose original size cannot be adjusted over time and limits the total production equipment they can hold, which is added sequentially during a finite planning horizon. The model is parsimonious by design for compatibility with the nature of available data during early planning stages. We model demand via a univariate random variable with arbitrary forecast profiles for equipment expansion, and assume the supporting equipment additions are continuous and decided ex-post. Under constant absolute risk aversion, operating profits are the closed-form solution to a nontrivial linear program, thus characterizing the sizing decision via a single first-order condition. This solution has several desired features, including the optimal facility size being eventually decreasing in forecast uncertainty and decreasing in risk aversion, as well as being generally robust to demand forecast uncertainty and cost errors. We provide structural results and show that ignoring risk considerations can lead to poor facility sizing decisions that deteriorate with increased forecast uncertainty. Existing models ignore risk considerations and assume the facility size can be adjusted over time, effectively shortening the planning horizon. Our main contribution is in addressing the problem that arises when that assumption is relaxed and, as a result, risk sensitivity and the challenges introduced by longer planning horizons and higher uncertainty must be considered. Finally, we derive accurate spreadsheet-implementable approximations to the optimal solution, which make this model a practical capacity planning tool. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics 55: 218-233, 2008
Discount Schedules and Grower Incentives in Grain Marketing

In this paper we develop a microeconomic optimization model of grain elevator cleaning and commingling decisions when the firm is faced with different discounting schedules. Using generalizations of Jensen's inequality, it is shown that a convex (concave) discount schedule encourages commingling (cleaning). However, a separate market for cleanings may qualitatively alter the optimal arrangement of grain. Wheat elevator records are studied to discern whether alternative discount schedules provide elevators with opportunities to cover the costs of rearranging grain composition. Rearrangement activities appear to be marginally profitable for some dockage levels.
Laser flash synthesis of graphene and its inorganic analogues: An innovative breakthrough with immense promise

Laser-based green synthetic approaches for 2D atomic sheets of graphene, graphene nanoribbons and inorganic analogues of graphene are relatively new techniques. There are several significant laser-based approaches for graphene synthesis such as (a) laser exfoliation, (b) intercalation and exfoliation in liquid nitrogen, (c) pulsed laser deposition, (d) laser induced ultrafast chemical vapour deposition, (e) laser induced catalyst-free growth of graphene from solid carbon sources, (f) epitaxial graphene growth on a Si rich surface of SiC by laser sublimation of surface silicon atoms, (g) reduction of graphene oxide and (h) unzipping of carbon nanotubes. Apart from the deoxygenation of graphene, lasers have also been employed for the dehydrogenation and dehalogenation of graphene surfaces. Such laser induced bond dissociation paves the way for achieving the desired band gap in graphene by adequately controlling the extent of such surface bonds. Such photochemical transformations can be exploited for patterning and nanolithography of graphene and related materials. Laser exfoliation has successfully been extended to synthesize inorganic analogues of graphene such as 2D atomic sheets of hexagonal BN and metal dichalcogenides such as MoS2, MoSe2, WS2, WSe2etc. It is noteworthy that the emerging novel laser-based approaches have tremendously simplified the synthesis of 2D atomic sheets and are capable of yielding impurity-free device quality 2D materials in a scalable manner and consequently inspiring various commercial applications of such materials. An overview of the progress made into laser based approaches is presented.
Phosphine-catalyzed nitroaldol reactions

Trialkyl phosphines and electron-rich triaryl phosphines are excellent catalysts for the nitroaldol (Henry) reaction. Aryl and alkyl aldehydes participate well in the reaction with nitromethane providing good yields of product. Care should be exercised in the use of phosphine-metal complexes as catalysts for the nitroaldol reaction, as the phosphine can alone function as the catalyst.
Specifying software/hardware interactions in distributed systems

This paper describes a system level specification approach that enables the designer to formulate and answer questions regarding the system's logical correctness and performance characteristics when the interaction between the hardware and the software is important, i.e., when the impact of faults, failures, communication delay, hardware selection, scheduling policies, etc., must be considered. In the simplest terms, our concern extends beyond the traditional software correctness questions by addressing the issue of employing logical verification techniques to determine software correctness and performance characteristics when running on a particular distributed hardware architecture and using a particular operating system. A language called CSPS (an extension of Hoare's CSP) is used in the illustration of the approach. Employing CSP as a base allows modelled systems to be verified using techniques already developed for verifying CSP programs.
Viscous transonic airfoil workshop compendium of results

Results from the Viscous Transonic Airfoil Workshop held at the AIAA 25th Aerospace Sciences Meeting at Reno, NV in January 1987, are compared with each other and with experimental data. Test cases used in this workshop include attached and separated transonic flows for three different airfoils: the NACA 0012 airfoil, the RAE 2822 airfoil, and the Jones airfoil. A total of 23 sets of numerical results from 15 different author groups are included. The numerical methods used vary widely and include: 16 Navier-Stokes methods, 2 Euler/boundary-layer methods, and 5 full-potential/boundary-layer methods. The results indicate a high degree of sophistication among the numerical methods with generally good agreement between the various computed and experimental results for attached or moderately-separated cases. The agreement for cases with larger separation is only fair and suggests additional work is required in this area.
PULSAR WIND NEBULAE IN EVOLVED SUPERNOVA REMNANTS

For pulsars similar to the one in the Crab Nebula, most of the energy input to the surrounding wind nebula occurs on a timescale 103 yr; during this time, the nebula expands into freely expanding supernova ejecta. On a timescale ~104 yr, the interaction of the supernova with the surrounding medium drives a reverse shock front toward the center of the remnant, where it crushes the pulsar wind nebula (PWN). We have carried out one- and two-dimensional, two-fluid simulations of the crushing and reexpansion phases of a PWN. We show that (1) these phases are subject to Rayleigh-Taylor instabilities that result in the mixing of thermal and nonthermal fluids, and (2) asymmetries in the surrounding interstellar medium give rise to asymmetries in the position of the PWN relative to the pulsar and explosion site. These effects are expected to be observable in the radio emission from evolved PWN because of the long lifetimes of radio-emitting electrons. The scenario can explain the chaotic and asymmetric appearance of the Vela X PWN relative to the Vela pulsar without recourse to a directed flow from the vicinity of the pulsar. The displacement of the radio nebulae in G327.1-1.1, MSH 15-56 (G326.3-1.8), G0.9+0.1, and W44 relative to the X-ray nebulae may be due to this mechanism. On timescales much greater than the nebular crushing time, the initial PWN may be mixed with thermal gas and become unobservable, so that even the radio emission is dominated by recently injected particles.
The effect of cosolvent on the reducing power of SmI2 in tetrahydrofuran

Abstract The influence of additives on the reducing power and reactivity of samarium(II) iodide is presented. Different cosolvents (ligands) employed in SmI2 mediated reactions have different affinities for SmI2 in THF. Cosolvent concentration is an important factor in determining the reducing power of the Sm(II)-cosolvent complex.
Sources of cycles in Japan, 1975–1987

Abstract A simple real model is used to decompose movements of aggregate inventories and output in Japan during 1975 to 1987 to three components, one due to cost shocks, one due to demand shocks, and one due to shocks from abroad. Cost shocks are estimated to account for about one tenth of the movement in GNP, one half of the movement in inventories. Most of the remaining movement in GNP is due to demand shocks, in inventories to shocks from abroad. Confidence intervals around these point estimates are, however, very large. J. Japan. Int. Econ., March 1992, 6(1), pp. 71–98. Department of Economics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706.
Degree bounds for type-A weight rings and Gelfand---Tsetlin semigroups

A weight ring in type A is the coordinate ring of the GIT quotient of the variety of flags in ? n modulo a twisted action of the maximal torus in SL(n,?). We show that any weight ring in type A is generated by elements of degree strictly less than the Krull dimension, which is at worst O(n 2). On the other hand, we show that the associated semigroup of Gelfand---Tsetlin patterns can have an essential generator of degree exponential in n.
The Reflective Observer Model

The reflective observer (RO) model is a unique process that incorporates live observation by a trained observer of an ombudsman during a mediation session, followed by an in-depth debriefing between the ombudsman and the RO. The clinical goal is to explore cognitive schema used by the ombudsman in decision making during critical moments of the mediation and to describe the underrecognized rationale behind seemingly intuitive expertise. During the debriefing, the exploration is guided by a protocol specifically designed to elicit personal associations, as well as tactical decisions of the ombudsman not frequently addressed in ombudsman practice or training. While research on reflective practice is common among mediators (Bronson 2000), less research has focused on the impact of reflective practice on the work of ombudsmen. The RO model shows promise as a personal and professional developmental tool for ombudsmen and is a novel approach for both deeper learning as well as developing higher-order clinical interviewing skills.
Synthetic approaches to the bicyclo[2.2.2]diazaoctane ring system common to the paraherquamides, stephacidins and related prenylated indole alkaloids

The bicyclo[2.2.2]diazaoctane ring system is common to a number of highly biologically active secondary metabolites isolated from numerous species of fungi. In this tutorial review, we describe the varied synthetic approaches that have been employed to construct this ring system in the course of recent total synthesis endeavors, and this review should be of interest to synthetic organic chemists and natural product chemists. Detailed herein are a number of synthetic disconnections including intramolecular SN2′ cyclizations, biomimetic Diels–Alder reactions, radical cyclizations, and cationic cascade reactions.
Enhanced sulfur segregation in plastically deformed OFHC Cu and the effect of surface segregated sulfur on electric contact resistance

Plastic deformation of metals has been known to enhance the diffusion of impurities as a result of the increased diffusivity along dislocation cores. Surface segregation of impurities tends to modify the surface properties of metals. In the present work we have examined the effect of sulfur surface segregation on the contact resistance for OFHC Cu. Two copper specimens were prepared by different surface treatments-one was abraded with SiC paper and another was polished with a metal polishing paste. As expected, the kinetics of thermal sulfur segregation for the two specimens were different due to the differing amounts of cold work done on their surfaces. Contact resistances were measured in situ in UHV at dry circuit levels and at different loads (minimum 1 g) as a function of the sulfur content on the specimen surfaces. The surface concentration of sulfur increased from zero by annealing the specimens at increasing temperatures. As the surface concentration of sulfur increased to approximately 10 a/o, the contact resistances decreased for all loads. However, above a critical sulfur concentration of about 10 a/o, the contact resistance increased sharply. Further increases in the sulfur concentration did not cause an appreciable change in the contact resistance and a saturation was observed. No polarity effects were found for the two specimens. Air exposure of the specimens caused the sulfur to disappear from the surfaces, being replaced by oxygen and carbon. Correspondingly, the contact resistance increased approximately linearly with time of exposure. >
Evolution in Bayesian games II: Stability of purified equilibria

Abstract We study the evolutionary stability of purified equilibria of two-player normal form games, providing simple sufficient conditions for stability and for instability under the Bayesian best response dynamic.
Principal eigenvalue for Brownian motion on a bounded interval with degenerate instantaneous jumps

We consider a model of Brownian motion on a bounded open interval with instantaneous jumps. The jumps occur at a spatially dependent rate given by a positive parameter times a continuous function positive on the interval and vanishing on its boundary. At each jump event the process is redistributed uniformly in the interval. We obtain sharp asymptotic bounds on the principal eigenvalue for the generator of the process as the parameter tends to infinity. Our work answers a question posed by Arcusin and Pinsky.
Towards Verification of Unstructured-Grid Solvers

New methodology for verification of finite-volume computational methods using unstructured grids is presented. The discretization order properties are studied in computational windows, easily constructed within a collection of grids or a single grid. Tests are performed within each window and address a combination of problem-, solution-, and discretization/grid-related features affecting discretization error convergence. The windows can be adjusted to isolate particular elements of the computational scheme, such as the interior discretization, the boundary discretization, or singularities. Studies can use traditional grid-refinement computations within a fixed window or downscaling, a recently-introduced technique in which computations are made within windows contracting toward a focal point of interest. Grids within the windows are constrained to be consistently refined, allowing a meaningful assessment of asymptotic error convergence on unstructured grids. Demonstrations of the method are shown, including a comparative accuracy assessment of commonly-used schemes on general mixed grids and the identification of local accuracy deterioration at boundary intersections. Recommendations to enable attainment of design-order discretization errors for large-scale computational simulations are given.
Running Electroweak Couplings as a Probe of New Physics

The energy dependence of the electroweak gauge couplings has not been measured above the weak scale. We propose that percent-level measurements of the energy dependence of α 1,2 can be performed now at the LHC and at future higher energy hadron colliders. These measurements can be used to set limits on new particles with electroweak quantum numbers without relying on any assumptions about their decay properties. The shape of the high invariant mass spectrum of Drell-Yan, pp → Z * /γ * → l + l − , constrains α 1,2(Q), and the shape of the high transverse mass distribution of pp → W * → lν constrains α 2(Q). We use existing data to perform the first fits to α 1,2 above the weak scale. Percent-level measurements are possible because of high precision in theoretical predictions and existing experimental measurements. We show that the LHC already has the reach to improve upon electroweak precision tests for new particles that dominantly couple through their electroweak charges. The 14 TeV LHC is sensitive to the predicted Standard Model (SM) running of α 2, and can show that α 2 decreases with energy at 2-3σ significance. A future 100 TeV proton-proton collider will have significant reach to measure running weak couplings, with sensitivity to the SM running of α 2 at 4-5σ and sensitivity to winos with masses up to ∼ 1.3 TeV at 2σ.
Analyses of the genetic algorithms in the continuous space

General properties of a class of genetic algorithms in the continuous space (GACS) are analyzed. Near-convergence behavior is examined under the assumption of a quadratic approximation of the cost function around the optimal point. It is proved that, near convergence, the mean of the population of solutions follows a modified Newton's step. The convergence rates for both the mean and the covariance matrix of the random solution vector are determined by the products of the mutation noise power and the eigenvalues of the Hessian of the cost function at the global minimum. >
On Looking: Lynching Photographs and Legacies of Lynching after 9/11

Witness: Photographs of Lynchings from the Collection of James Allen and John Littlefield. Organized by Andrew Roth, Roth Horowitz Gallery, New York. Jan. 13-Feb. 12, 2000. Without Sanctuary: Lynching Photography in America. Curated by James Allen and Julia Hotton, New York Historical Society, New York. Mar. 14-Oct. 1, 2000. The Without Sanctuary Project. Curated by James Allen; co-directed by Jessica Arcand and Margery King, The Andy Warhol Museum, Pittsburgh, Penn., Sept. 22, 2001-Jan. 2, 2002. Without Sanctuary: Lynching Photography in America. Curated by Joseph F. Jordan; Douglas H. Quin, exhibition designer; Frank Catroppa, Saudia Muwwakkil, and Melissa English-Rias, MLK Site team. Martin Luther King Jr. National Historic Site, Atlanta, GA., May 1-Dec. 31, 2002.
Oxone as an inexpensive, safe, and environmentally benign oxidant for C-H bond oxygenation.

This paper describes the application of peroxide-based oxidants in the Pd(OAc)2-catalyzed acetoxylation and etherification of arene and alkane C−H bonds. Oxone in acetic acid and/or methanol proved particularly effective, and these transformations were applied to a wide variety of substrates.
A study of knowledge and attitudes of selected nursing students toward human sexuality.

The study evaluated the knowledge and attitudes of sophomore nursing students toward human sexuality, and compared their scores with national normative values for nursing students and undergraduate, nonmedical females. Further, the effect that a five‐credit hour, human sexuality course had on the students was investigated. The Sex Knowledge and Attitude Test, developed by Lief and Reed, was utilized. The students’ pre‐ and posttest scores were analyzed, including sample size, group means, and standard deviations. There were significant differences of knowledge scores on (1) the pre‐ and posttest scores of the sophomore nursing students, and (2) the post‐test scores of the second‐year nursing students and the national undergraduate, nonmedical females. The national nursing students’ scores and the sophomore nursing students’ posttest scores did not indicate significant differences. The attitudinal section of the questionnaire was divided into four sections—autoeroticism, abortion, acceptance of sexual myth...
Cooperative Game Solutions Australian, Indian, and U.S. Opinions

As part of several lectures the audiences in Australia, India, and the United States were asked how the gain from a cooperative agreement should be divided among three individuals. The responses are considered in the context of various cooperative solutions that have been suggested in the theory of games. More questions are raised than answered.
Higher Tariffs, Lower Revenues? Analyzing the Fiscal Aspects of the "Great Tariff Debate of 1888"

After the Civil War, Congress maintained high import tariffs to pay off the public debt. By the early 1 880s the federal government was running large fiscal surpluses -revenues exceeded expenditures by over 40 percent. The Democrats proposed lower tariffs to reduce customs revenue. The Republicans proposed higher tariffs to reduce imports and customs revenues. This article attempts to determine the revenue effects of the proposed changes. Given the height of the tariff and the price elasticity of U.S. import demand, the actual tariff was below the maximum revenue rate, and therefore a tariff reduction would have reduced customs revenue. In the late nineteenth century, U.S. import tariffs served two purposes: they raised fiscal revenue and they protected certain domestic producers from foreign competition. To help collect sufficient revenue to pay off the enormous debt incurred as a result of the Civil War, Congress kept tariffs high (relative to prewar rates) after the war. By the early 1 880s, however, a curious problem had arisen-the federal government was running large and seemingly intractable fiscal surpluses. The two main political parties agreed that a significant reduction of the budget surplus was an urgent priority. The Republicans and the Democrats also agreed that a large expansion in government expenditures was undesirable. The parties strongly disagreed, however, on tax policy (that is, tariff policy), and this disagreement set the stage for what became known as "the Great Tariff Debate of 1888." Fashioning themselves as "tariff reformers," the Democrats proposed reductions in import duties. They believed that this would reduce government revenue, ease the tax burden on consumers and farmers, and eliminate inequities associated with special interest protection. The Republicans, by contrast, argued that any tariff reduction would stimulate imports and raise even more revenue. Furthermore, they contended, lower tariffs would expose American industry and workers to foreign competition and thereby jeopardize the economic well-being of the country. The Republicans proposed higher tariffs to achieve the dual objectives of reducing government
Structured ring spectra and displays

We combine Lurie’s generalization of the Hopkins‐Miller theorem with work of Zink‐Lau on displays to give a functorial construction of even-periodic E1 ring spectra E , concentrated in chromatic layers 2 and above, associated to certain n n invertible matrices with coefficients in the Witt ring of 0.E/. This is applied to examples related to Lubin‐Tate and Johnson‐Wilson spectra. We also give a Hopf algebroid presentation of the moduli of p ‐divisible groups of height greater than or equal to 2. 55P42; 55N22, 55P43, 14L05
Threshold Boolean form for joint probabilistic constraints with random technology matrix

We develop a new modeling and solution method for stochastic programming problems that include a joint probabilistic constraint in which the multirow random technology matrix is discretely distributed. We binarize the probability distribution of the random variables in such a way that we can extract a threshold partially defined Boolean function (pdBf) representing the probabilistic constraint. We then construct a tight threshold Boolean minorant for the pdBf. Any separating structure of the tight threshold Boolean minorant defines sufficient conditions for the satisfaction of the probabilistic constraint and takes the form of a system of linear constraints. We use the separating structure to derive three new deterministic formulations for the studied stochastic problem, and we derive a set of strengthening valid inequalities. A crucial feature of the new integer formulations is that the number of integer variables does not depend on the number of scenarios used to represent uncertainty. The computational study, based on instances of the stochastic capital rationing problem, shows that the mixed-integer linear programming formulations are orders of magnitude faster to solve than the mixed-integer nonlinear programming formulation. The method integrating the valid inequalities in a branch-and-bound algorithm has the best performance.
Direct heat utilization of geothermal resources

Abstract Direct utilization of geothermal energy consists of various forms for heating and cooling instead of converting the energy for electric power generation. The major areas of direct utilization are (1) swimming, bathing and balneology, (2) space heating and cooling including district heating, (3) agriculture applications, (4) aquaculture applications, (5) industrial processes, and (6) heat pumps. Major direct utilization projects exploiting geothermal energy exist in about 38 countries, and the estimated installed thermal power is almost 9,000 MWt utilizing 37,000 kg/s of fluid. The world-wide thermal energy used is estimated to be at least 108,100 TJ/yr (30,000 GWh/yr) - saving 3.65 million TOE/yr. The majority of this energy use is for space heating (33%), and swimming and bathing (19%). In the USA the installed thermal power is 1874 MWt, and the annual energy use is 13,890 TJ (3,860 GWh). The majority of the use (59 %) is for heat pumps (both ground coupled and water source), with space heating, bathing and swimming, and fish and animal farming each supplying about 10%.
Use of a computer to design character recognition logic

The IBM 1210 Sorter/Reader recognizes characters printed in a specified location on paper with magnetic ink. A schematic diagram of the machine system is given in Fig. 1. The characters first come to a writing head which induces a magnetic field in the special purpose ink with which the characters are written. Next this magnetic field is sensed by a multi-channel reading head. The utput of the reading head is a set of ten time-dependent voltage waves.
Sensor integration in airborne mapping

The rapid technological developments of the 1990s have completely redefined the mapping practice. In less than a decade, digital techniques have come to outnumber traditional analog data acquisition and processing methods. Supported by an unprecedented demand for large-volume, accurate spatial data, these new digital techniques emerged as dominant mapping technologies by the end of the decade. Two key components of this emerging technology are the electronic sensor-based digital camera and GPS/INS-based direct platform orientation. In fact, these new platform orientation systems are rapidly becoming a core component of modern airborne mapping and remote sensing systems. To achieve the ultimate potential of the new hardware components, in other words to provide the highest mapping accuracy, the sensors should be carefully modeled and calibrated accordingly both individually and as an integrated sensor suite. The paper discusses the developments achieved by a totally digital airborne mapping system, including concept, system architecture, calibration, and performance results.
How Debt Markets Have Malfunctioned in the Crisis

In this article the author discusses the three areas that are critical to all debt markets decisions: risk capital and the risk aversion, financing repo and the risk premium, as well as counterparty risks. In each of these areas feedback effects can arise, so that less liquidity and higher cost of financing can reinforce each other in contagious spiral. In conclusion, he analyze briefly four steps that the Federal Reserve System took to ease the crisis and how was geared a specific systemic fault that arouse during the crisis.
The linear periodic output regulation problem

The problem of asymptotic output regulation for linear systems driven by time-varying, T-periodic exosystems is considered in this paper. Necessary and sufficient condition for its solvability based on the existence of periodic solutions of differential Sylvester equations are derived. These conditions constitute a generalization to the periodic case of the celebrated algebraic regulator equations of Francis. A general algorithm for the synthesis of an error-feedback regulator is given. For the case of minimum-phase systems, it is shown that the regulator design can be carried out without the knowledge of the Floquet decomposition of the exosystem, thus extending significantly the applicability of the general result. The more challenging issue of robust regulation by error feedback is also addressed, and solved under a stronger observability condition.
Words or deeds? Choosing what to know about others

Social cooperation often relies on individuals' spontaneous norm obedi- ence when there is no punishment for violation or reward for compliance. However, people do not consistently follow pro-social norms. Previous studies have suggested that an individual's tendency toward norm conformity is affected by empirical infor- mation (i.e., what others did or would do in a similar situation) as well as by normative information (i.e., what others think one ought to do). Yet little is known about whether people have an intrinsic desire to obtain norm-revealing information. In this paper, we use a dictator game to investigate whether dictators actively seek norm-revealing information and, if so, whether they prefer to get empirical or normative information. Our data show that although the majority of dictators choose to view free information before making decisions, they are equally likely to choose empirical or normative information. However, a large majority (more than 80%) of dictators are not willing to incur even a very small cost for getting information. Our findings help to understand why norm compliance is context-dependent, and highlight the importance of making norm-revealing information salient in order to promote conformity.
Rise velocity of a spherical cap bubble

The theory of viscous potential flow is applied to the problem of finding the rise velocity alone is zero, \[\frac{U}{\sqrt{gD}}= -\frac{8}{3}\frac{\nu}{\sqrt{gD^3}}+\frac{\sqrt{2}}{3} \left[ 1+\frac{32\nu^2}{gD^3}\right]^{1/2},\] showing that viscosity slows the rise velocity. This equation gives rise to a hyperbolic drag law \[C_D =6+32/R_e,\] which agrees with data on the rise velocity of spherical cap bubbles given by Bhaga & Weber (1981).
Variable Geometry for Supersonic Mixed-Compression Inlets

Study of two-dimension al and axisymmetric supersonic mixed-compression inlet systems has shown that the geometry of both systems can be varied to provide adequate transonic airflow to satisfy the airflow demand of most jet engines. Collapsing geometry systems for both types of inlet systems provide a generous amount of transonic airflow for any design Mach number inlet system. However, the mechnaical practicality of collapsing centerbodies for axisymmetric inlet systems is doubtful. Therefore, translating centerbody axisymmetric inlets with auxiliary airflow systems to augment the transonic airflow capability are an attractive alternative. Estimates show that the capture mass-flow ratio at Mach number 1.0 can be increased approximately 0.20 for a very short axisymmetric inlet system designed for Mach number 2.37. With this increase in mass-flow ratio, even variablecycle engine transonic airflow demand can be matched without oversizing the inlet at the design Mach number.
A 5-mW 6-Gb/s Quarter-Rate Sampling Receiver With a 2-Tap DFE Using Soft Decisions

A quarter-rate sampling receiver with a 2-tap decision feedback equalizer (DFE) is implemented in 90-nm CMOS technology for low-power I/O links. An analog sampling and soft-decision technique is introduced to relax the timing critical feedback path of the DFE. The shortened critical path enables better power performance. Error rates are below the measurement capability of 10-12 with 231-1 PRBS at 6 Gb/s, with an 80-mV differential launch amplitude through a channel with 6.2-dB attenuation at 3 GHz. The receiver draws 4.08 mA from a 1.0-V supply
One-step continuous synthesis of biocompatible gold nanorods for optical coherence tomography

We present a novel one-step flow process to synthesize biocompatible gold nanorods with tunable absorption and biocompatible surface ligands. Photothermal optical coherence tomography (OCT) of human breast tissue is successfully demonstrated using tailored gold nanorods designed to have strong absorption in the near-infrared range.
Efficient Minimax Signal Detection on Graphs

Several problems such as network intrusion, community detection, and disease outbreak can be described by observations attributed to nodes or edges of a graph. In these applications presence of intrusion, community or disease outbreak is characterized by novel observations on some unknown connected subgraph. These problems can be formulated in terms of optimization of suitable objectives on connected subgraphs, a problem which is generally computationally difficult. We overcome the combinatorics of connectivity by embedding connected subgraphs into linear matrix inequalities (LMI). Computationally efficient tests are then realized by optimizing convex objective functions subject to these LMI constraints. We prove, by means of a novel Euclidean embedding argument, that our tests are minimax optimal for exponential family of distributions on 1-D and 2-D lattices. We show that internal conductance of the connected subgraph family plays a fundamental role in characterizing detectability.
Contesting anticompetitive actions taken in the name of the state: state action immunity and health care markets.

The so-called state action doctrine is a judicially created formula for resolving conflicts between federal antitrust policy and state policies that seem to authorize conduct that antitrust law would prohibit. Against the background of recent commentaries by the federal antitrust agencies, this article reviews the doctrine and discusses its application in the health care sector, focusing on the ability of states to immunize anticompetitive actions by state licensing and regulatory boards, hospital medical staffs, and public hospitals, as well as anticompetitive mergers and agree- ments. Although states are free, as sovereign governments, to restrict competition, the state action doctrine requires that "the state itself" make the decision to do so. Partly on the basis of problems in the political environment, the article criticizes courts for using a mere "foreseeability" test to decide whether a state legislature sufficiently authorized competitors to act in contravention of clear federal policy: "Few things are more foreseeable than that a trade or profession empowered to regulate itself will produce anticompetitive regulations."
Pathways from interpersonal violence to sexually transmitted infections: a mixed-method study of diverse women

Abstract Objective: This research sought to delineate the pathways that link experiences of abuse in women's lives to heightened risk for sexually transmitted infections (STIs), including HIV/AIDS....
Petroleomics: The Next Grand Challenge for Chemical Analysis

Ultrahigh-resolution Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry has recently revealed that petroleum crude oil contains heteroatom-containing (N,O,S) organic components having more than 20 000 distinct elemental compositions (CcHhNnOoSs). It is therefore now possible to contemplate the ultimate characterization of all of the chemical constituents of petroleum, along with their interactions and reactivity, a concept we denote as “petroleomics”. Such knowledge has already proved capable of distinguishing petroleum and its distillates according to their geochemical origin and maturity, distillation cut, extraction method, catalytic processing, etc. The key features that have opened up this new field have been (a) ultrahigh-resolution FT-ICR mass analysis, specifically, the capability to resolve species differing in elemental composition by C3 vs SH4 (i.e., 0.0034 Da); (b) higher magnetic field to cover the whole mass range at once; (c) dynamic range extension by external mass filtering; and ...
CONSIDERING MARKET-BASED ALTERNATIVES TO IMPROVE THE MANAGEMENT OF CAFOs

create a unique set of interrelated risk and environmental concerns. The concentration of animals in one location creates the challenge of managing large amounts of manure and has frequently created externalities. In the absence of regulations or the threat of litigation, firms will manage manure collection, storage, transport, and incorporation into the soil to maximize their expected profit or utility. Regulations have been designed in an attempt to internalize the costs to livestock farms of the social problems created by manure via two mechanisms: fines and management guidelines (waste system structure, nutrient management guidelines, etc.). Manure is sometimes described as a co-product which is both technically correct and recognizes manure has value as a purchased nutrient replacement and sometimes has additional value based upon it’s organic matter content. An old rule of thumb used to be that the cost of transport and incorporation was equal to the nutrient value. In short, there was not much incentive to manage manure in a way that doesn’t create external effects. It can be argued that regulations and litigation are costly ways for society to address environmental externality problems (Gray, Hylton, Polinsky and Shavell, Trubek, et al., Viscusi). This paper investigates insurance as a potentially more efficient and effective alternative for modifying CAFO manager behavior in ways that will reduce environmental and health risk, recognizing the insurance solution will be most effective only when regulatory and litigation threats are present. When coupled, effective regulatory oversight and insurance choices can improve system performance. The core of much of the argument is that farm managers are more