cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Gated frequency-resolved optical imaging with an optical parametric amplifier for medical applications

Implementation of optical imagery in a diffuse inhomogeneous medium such as biological tissue requires an understanding of photon migration and multiple scattering processes which act to randomize pathlength and degrade image quality. The nature of transmitted light from soft tissue ranges from the quasi-coherent properties of the minimally scattered component to the random incoherent light of the diffuse component. Recent experimental approaches have emphasized dynamic path-sensitive imaging measurements with either ultrashort laser pulses (ballistic photons) or amplitude modulated laser light launched into tissue (photon density waves) to increase image resolution and transmissive penetration depth. Ballistic imaging seeks to compensate for these 'fog-like' effects by temporally isolating the weak early-arriving image-bearing component from the diffusely scattered background using a subpicosecond optical gate superimposed on the transmitted photon time-of-flight distribution. The authors have developed a broadly wavelength tunable (470 nm - 2.4 micrometer), ultrashort amplifying optical gate for transillumination spectral imaging based on optical parametric amplification in a nonlinear crystal. The time-gated image amplification process exhibits low noise and high sensitivity, with gains greater than 104 achievable for low light levels. We report preliminary benchmark experiments in which this system was used to reconstruct, spectrally upcovert, and enhance near-infrared two-dimensional images with feature sizes of 65 micrometer/mm2 in background optical attenuations exceeding 1012. Phase images of test objects exhibiting both absorptive contrast and diffuse scatter were acquired using a self-referencing Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor in combination with short-pulse quasi-ballistic gating. The sensor employed a lenslet array based on binary optics technology and was sensitive to optical path distortions approaching lambda/100.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Spatially rearranged object parts can facilitate perception of intact whole objects

The familiarity of an object depends on the spatial arrangement of its parts; when the parts are spatially rearranged, they form a novel, unrecognizable configuration. Yet the same collection of parts comprises both the familiar and novel configuration. Is it possible that the collection of familiar parts activates a representation of the intact familiar configuration even when they are spatially rearranged? We presented novel configurations as primes before test displays that assayed effects on figure-ground perception from memories of intact familiar objects. In our test displays, two equal-area regions shared a central border; one region depicted a portion of a familiar object. Previous research with such displays has shown that participants are more likely to perceive the region depicting a familiar object as the figure and the abutting region as its ground when the familiar object is depicted in its upright orientation rather than upside down. The novel primes comprised either the same or a different collection of parts as the familiar object in the test display (part-rearranged and control primes, respectively). We found that participants were more likely to perceive the familiar region as figure in upright vs. inverted displays following part-rearranged primes but not control primes. Thus, priming with a novel configuration comprising the same familiar parts as the upcoming figure-ground display facilitated orientation-dependent effects of object memories on figure assignment. Similar results were obtained when the spatially rearranged collection of parts was suggested on the groundside of the prime’s border, suggesting that familiar parts in novel configurations access the representation of their corresponding intact whole object before figure assignment. These data demonstrate that familiar parts access memories of familiar objects even when they are arranged in a novel configuration.
Drug development for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer: current status and future perspectives

Prostate cancer represents a third of all newly diagnosed cancers in men in the USA with an estimated incidence of 192,280 cases and 27,360 deaths in 2009. It continues to be a major cause of cancer-related morbidity and mortality, and there is an urgent need for new treatments. Historically, systemic therapy options were limited after progression on docetaxel-based chemotherapy. This article reviews current data on the novel therapeutics demonstrating activity in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer and their future role in the treatment of this disease with a poor prognosis.
Regulation of Mg2+ uptake in isolated rat myocytes and hepatocytes by protein kinase C

A large Mg2+ cell uptake against concentration gradients is stimulated in collagenase-dispersed rut myocytes by carbachol and in hepatocytes by carbachol or vasopressin. The signalling pathway(s) responsible for this stimulation of Mg2+ uptake was investigated by using various activators or inhibitors of protein kinase C (PKC) and by correlating Mg2+ uptake with cell PKC activity and cAMP content. In both cell preparations, the direct stimulation or PKC by diacylglycerol analogs or phorbol esters reproduce the same pattern of Mg2+ uptake as that induced by carbachol or vasopressin, These data indicate that the activation of PKC is responsible for a stimulation of Mg2+ uptake by myocytes or hepatocytes, whereas increase in cAMP in these cells stimulates Mg2+ release.
Twisted Rings of Differential Operators over Projective Rational Curves

Abstract Let X be a singular, rational, projective curve over an algebraically closed field k of characteristic zero. M. P. Holland and J. T. Stafford (J. Algebra147, 1992, 176-244) described the twisted ring of differential operators D L ( X ) for L an invertible sheaf over X in the case when the normalization map π: P 1 → K is injective. In this paper we consider rational curves with no restrictions on the normalization map pi. If U is an open affine subset of X , it is well-known that D ( U ) has a unique, minimal non-zero ideal J( U ). And so the ring structure of D ( U ) is determined by the factor F( U ) = D ( U )/J( U ) as described by K. A. Brown (Math. Z. 206, 1991, 424-442). If we let U 0 be an open affine subset of X containing all the singular points, we have the following: THEOREM A. If L has sufficiently high degree, then[formula], where J L ( X ) is the unique minimal non-zero ideal of D L ( X ) and F( U 0) = D U 0)/ J( U 0) is as described above. Moreover, an analog of Beilinson and Bernstein′s equivalence of categories holds, namely: THEOREM B. If L has sufficiently high degree, then: (1) The category of quasi-coherent sheaves of D X -modules is equivalent to the category of finitely generated left D L ( X )-modules. (2) The right D L ( X )-module D L ( U 0) ⊕ D L ( U 1) is faithfully flat, where X = U 0 ∪ U 1is an open affine cover. The equivalence of categories is independent of L in the following sense: THEOREM C. If L and F have sufficiently high degree, then D L ( X ) and D F ( X ) are Morita equivalent.
Home Visits: How Do They Affect Teachers’ Beliefs about Teaching and Diversity?

Based on Bronfenbrenner’s ecological systems theory, this qualitative study examined the impact of home visits on a group of six Head Start educators. Each participant conducted two home visits. For the first home visit, participants were not provided any guidance. On the second visit, participants were provided a handout with questions intended to guide their visit. The participants were asked to document, in a reflective journal, their feelings and attitudes toward the children’s families on two visits. Additionally, participants commented on their teaching beliefs and practice as impacted by their home visit. Results of the study indicated that home visits enabled participants to see the families and children that they work with from a different and more positive perspective. The guided home visit questions allowed participants to better understand children and their families from historical and cultural perspectives. Also, participants were better able to create a more multicultural learning environment and lesson plans for their children.
Enzyme activities in early, mid and late luteal phase bovine corpora lutea.

Summary Several enzyme activities, which reflect structural and functional integrity, were measured in appropriate organelles isolated from bovine corpora lutea of early, mid and late luteal phase of the cycle. Glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase, cytochrome c oxidase, NADH cytochrome c reductase, galactosyl transferase, 5′-nucleotidase (5′-NE) and NAD pyrophosphorylase activities were high during mid luteal phase when corpora lutea are mature with respect to structure and function. Whereas, N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase activity was high during late luteal phase when corpora lutea were undergoing regression. Activities of all enzymes, except 5′-NE and recovery of several organelles from corpora lutea of late luteal phase were higher than those of early luteal phase. This suggests a conservation of structure and metabolic functions, at least until terminal stages of luteal regression.
Foucault’s ‘Metabody’

The paper treats several ontological questions about certain nineteenth-century and contemporary medical and scientific conceptualizations of hereditary relation. In particular, it considers the account of mid-nineteenth century psychiatric thought given by Foucault in Psychiatric Power: Lectures at the College de France, 1973–1974 and Abnormal: Lectures at the College de France, 1974–1975. There, Foucault argues that a fantastical conceptual prop, the ‘metabody,’ as he terms it, was implicitly supposed by that period’s psychiatric medicine as a putative ground for psychiatric pathology. After presenting the heart of Foucault’s thought on the ‘metabody,’ the paper investigates the possibility that a contemporary version of a ‘metabody’ may operate today as a conceptual analog of the nineteenth-century psychiatric theory and practice that Foucault began to expose in the texts examined here. It speculates that we might identify a contemporary genetic version of a ‘metabody’ in a particular current conception of the gene as replicator, an item marked by an ambiguous temporal ontology.
Functional complexity in correlated electron matter

Abstract We outline several themes which have now emerged in both organic and inorganic correlated electronic materials: the prevalence of intrinsic complexity realized in the coexistence or competition among broken-symmetry ground states; the origin of landscapes in coupled spin, charge and lattice (orbital) degrees-of-freedom; the importance of co-existing short- and long-range forces; and the importance of multiscale complexity for key material properties, including hierarchies of functional, connected scales, coupled intrinsic inhomogeneities in spin, charge and lattice, consequent intrinsic multiple timescales, and the importance of multifunctional “electro-elastic” materials.
Electrohydrodynamic deformation and interaction of drop pairs

The motion of two drops in a uniform electric field is considered using the leaky dielectric model. The drops are assumed to have no native charge and a dielectrophoretic effect favours translation of the drops toward one another. However, circulatory flows that stem from electrohydrodynamic stresses may either act with or against this dielectrophoretic effect. Consequently, both prolate and oblate drop deformations may be generated and significant deformation occurs near drop contact owing to enhancement of the local electric field. For sufficiently widely spaced drops, electrohydrodynamic flows dominate direct electrical interactions so drops may be pushed apart, though closely spaced drops almost always move together as a result of the electrical interaction or deformation.
Cholangioscopic diagnosis of iatrogenic recurrent choledocholithiasis

A 50-year-old woman was referred to our center for cholangioscopy for investigation of recurrent choledocholithiasis and a refractory biliary stricture. Ten years before this referral she had undergone a complicated cholecystectomy, which had started as a laparoscopic procedure but had to be converted to open surgery. Five years after cholecystectomy, she developed abdominal pain and elevated serum alkaline phosphatase levels.
Multiple soliton production and the Korteweg-de Vries equation.

Compressive square-wave pulses are launched in a double-plasma device. Their evolution is interpreted according to the Korteweg-de Vries description of Washimi and Taniuti. Square-wave pulses are an excitation for which an explicit solution of the Schrodinger equation permits an analytical prediction of the number and amplitude of emergent solitons. Bursts of energetic particles (pseudowaves) appear above excitation voltages greater than an electron thermal energy, and may be mistaken for solitons.
Future sources of organic raw materials

Industrial organizations, academic institutions, and national governments should agree on the cooperative roles each will play in planning the decadesahead raw materials needs of the chemical industry, which is vital to a modern, international economic system. The raw material future of the industry depends as much on political and social concerns as it does on technical and economic considerations. The generation in charge now cannot in good conscience go on consuming the world's supply of hydrocarbons and not acknowledge a duty to generations that will follow.
Small-size LTE/WWAN coupled-fed loop antenna with distributed parallel resonant circuit

A small-size LTE/WWAN coupled-fed loop antenna with a rotated U-shaped strip for laptop-computer applications is presented. The coupled-fed loop antenna formed by a feeding strip and a coupled shorting strip can support two operating bands, both of which cannot cover the desired frequency bands. By embedding a rotated U-shaped strip into the coupled-fed loop to maintain the compactness of the antenna, a distributed parallel resonant circuit (PRC) is formed to expand the bandwidths of the lower band and the higher band. The proposed antenna has a uniplanar structure and is easy to be fabricated on a thin FR4 substrate with an area of only 10 × 50 mm2.
Integrated coherent beam combining of a laser diode mini-bar

We propose and demonstrate a coherently combined mini laser bar of six angled-grating broad-area lasers with near diffraction-limited beam quality. The combined laser system is fully integrated without any external components or feedback control. In our design, adjacent angled-grating broad-area lasers have opposite tilting angles and overlap around the facet. The coherent beam combining is obtained through the Bragg diffraction in the overlapped areas. The near diffractionlimited interference pattern in the far field shows that good spatial coherence is obtained among all six individual lasers. The optical spectra of each output aperture are measured and exhibit the same lasing wavelengths.
Fabrication of skeletal muscle constructs by topographic activation of cell alignment

Skeletal muscle fiber construction for tissue-engineered grafts requires assembly of unidirectionally aligned juxtaposed myotubes. To construct such a tissue, a polymer microchip with linearly aligned microgrooves was fabricated that could direct myoblast adaptation under stringent conditions. The closely spaced microgrooves fabricated by a modified replica molding process guided linear cellular alignment. Examination of the myoblasts by immunofluorescence microscopy demonstrated that the microgrooves with subcellular widths and appropriate height-to-width ratios were required for practically complete linear alignment of myoblasts. The topology-dependent cell alignment encouraged differentiation of myoblasts into multinucleate, myosin heavy chain positive myotubes. The monolayer of myotubes formed on the microstructured chips allowed attachment, growth and differentiation of subsequent layers of linearly arranged myoblasts, parallel to the primary monolayer of myotubes. The consequent deposition of additional myoblasts on the previous layer of myotubes resulted in three-dimensional multi-layered structures of myotubes, typical of differentiated skeletal muscle tissue. The findings demonstrate that the on-chip device holds promise for providing an efficient means for guided muscle tissue construction.
Biodegradation of the Organophosphate Insecticide Coumaphos in Highly Contaminated Soils and in Liquid Wastes

Approximately 400 000 litres of cattle dip wastes containing approximately 1500 mg litre -1 of the organophosphate insecticide coumaphos are generated yearly along the Mexican border from a USDA program designed to control disease-carrying cattle ticks. Use of unlined evaporation pits for the disposal of these wastes has resulted in highly contaminated soils underlying these sites. Previous work has shown that microbial consortia present in selected dip wastes can be induced to mineralize coumaphos. Our results demonstrate that similar microbial consortia are present in coumaphos-contaminated soils from eight waste sites and that these organisms are capable of mineralizing coumaphos in these soils using soil slurries to less than 1 mg litre -1 in 7-10 days at 28°C. In addition, our results show that these consortia are able to colonize pea gravel in trickling gravel filters and can be used in these filters to metabolize coumaphos from dip wastes to less than 0.1 mg litre -1 in 7-10 days at 28°C. These simple systems offer potential low cost means to detoxify coumaphos-containing wastes and to bioremediate soils contaminated with this organophosphate compound.
Synthesis of some quaternary pilocarpine salts.

Pilocarpine is classed as a cholinergic drug. Unlike the choline analogs and derivatives, pilocarpine is not a quaternary ammonium but a tertiary amine derivative. In order to study the pharmacological activity of the quaternary salts of pilocarpine, a series of such salts were synthesized. Also prepared were a series of new picrate salts of the pilocarpine derivatives. The optical activity and the specific rotations of the new derivatives are reported. The infrared spectra were determined also.
Theory of MX chain materials: A 2-band Peierls-Hubbard model

Abstract Theoretical modeling of halogen-bridged mixed valence insulators such as [Pt(en)2] [Pt(en)2Cl2](ClO4)4 (en = N2C2H8) is described in terms of an extended Peierls-Hubbard tight-binding model incorporating 3 4 - filling of 2-bands. Ground and polaronic defects are described and characterized by optical absorption and by infra-red and resonance raman spectroscopy. Striking agreement with recent experiments is pointed out, including distinct asymmetry between electron- and hole-polarons. Finally, analogies are drawn with modeling of oxide high-temperature superconductors.
Effect of ozonolysis on the pore structure, surface chemistry, and bundling of single-walled carbon nanotubes

An ozonolysis protocol has recently been developed that cannot only purify nanotubes but also achieve rational spatial and molecular control over chemical derivatization in single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs). Ozonolysis likely opens end caps and introduces holes into the sidewalls of tubes, which may occur through an oxidation of carbon atoms located on the nanotube surface, resulting in the formation of oxygen-containing functional groups. Overall, it was demonstrated by analysis of nitrogen adsorption and TGA/DTG that the total surface area, micropore volume, and mesopore volume of SWCNTs depend on several, intertwined factors including the degree of purity, surface functionality, density of surface groups, as well as the state of aggregation of the carbon tubes. Hydrogen bonding in these systems plays a role too. Data suggest that complete removal of surface functionalities would lead to a greater total surface area and higher micropore volume.
Associative strength as a determinant of mediated priming

Three experiments investigated the influence of number of priming words, as compared with the associative strength of the primers, in producing the priming effect. The results indicated that priming is a function both of the absolute and relative associative strength of the priming words, and that number of primers per se is not significant.
Effects of bariatric surgery on inflammatory, functional and structural markers of coronary atherosclerosis.

This study was designed to assess the effects of bariatric weight loss surgery on structural, functional, and inflammatory markers of coronary atherosclerosis. Obesity is a worldwide epidemic and an independent risk factor for coronary atherosclerosis. It remains unclear whether surgically induced weight loss reduces cardiovascular risk. This prospective study enrolled 50 consecutive subjects with morbid obesity who underwent Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery (GBS) after failed attempts at medical weight loss. Subjects were recruited through a comprehensive weight loss center affiliated with an academic tertiary care hospital. All subjects had body mass indexes ≥40 kg/m 2 or body mass indexes of 35 to 40 kg/m 2 with ≥2 co-morbid obesity-related conditions. Markers of coronary atherosclerosis, including brachial artery flow-mediated dilation, carotid intima-media thickness, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, were measured before GBS and 6, 12, and 24 months after GBS. There were statistically significant improvements in all measured markers of coronary atherosclerosis after GBS. The mean body mass index decreased from 47 to 29.5 kg/m 2 at 24 months (p
The Study of the Effects of Diet on Metabolism and Nutrition (STEDMAN) weight loss project: Rationale and design

This paper outlines the rationale and design of the Study of the Effects of Diet on Metabolism and Nutrition (STEDMAN) weight loss project, in which detailed biologic profiling of three hundred and fifty obese individuals (body mass index (BMI): 30-50 kg/m(2)) will be conducted as they lose weight via seven distinct interventions. These profiles will be compared to those of fifty normal, healthy, control participants (BMI: 18.5-24.9 kg/m(2)). The interventions include the following: Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery, dietary interventions of differing macronutrient composition and diverse pharmacologic interventions. Outcome variables include eight conventional metabolites and CRP measured by standard clinical chemistry techniques, twenty hormones of energy balance and fuel homeostasis measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) or by enzyme-linked Immunosorbent assay (ELISA), ten pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines measured using Luminex xMAP technology, one hundred and one intermediary metabolites measured by targeted mass-spectrometry-based methods, and physiologic variables such as body composition measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA), air displacement plethysmography, and abdominal computerized tomography (CT), insulin sensitivity measured by intravenous glucose tolerance test (IV-GTT) and metabolic rate measured by indirect calorimetry. Results from this study will expand our knowledge of the biology of obesity and weight regulation and may lead to targeted strategies for its treatment and control.
Inside Out: The West of Wallace Stegner's Angle of Repose

(1996). Inside Out: The West of Wallace Stegner's Angle of Repose. ANQ: A Quarterly Journal of Short Articles, Notes and Reviews: Vol. 9, The American West Re-Imagined, pp. 30-39.
Chemical compatibility of vacuum plasma sprayed (VPS) metal cartridges with various semiconductor materials

Abstract Chemical compatibility is of critical importance in the case of an ampoule failure during crystal growth in a reduced-gravity flight experiment. This study simulated the event of total ampoule failure to test the chemical compatibility between semiconductor materials and vacuum plasma sprayed (VPS) refractory metal cartridges. In this investigation, two VPS refractory metal cartridge materials, Mo41Re and Ta10W, were tested for compatibility with four semiconductor materials, CdZnTe, PbSnTe, ZnSe, and GaSb. During testing, a refractory metal cartridge sample was imbedded in a semiconductor material and held at an elevated temperature for 24 h. After testing, the samples were analyzed optically and using scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM/EDS) to evaluate the extent of any metal loss or reaction and composition of any reaction products formed.
MR imaging of renal cortical tumours: qualitative and quantitative chemical shift imaging parameters

To assess qualitative and quantitative chemical shift MRI parameters of renal cortical tumours. A total of 251 consecutive patients underwent 1.5-T MRI before nephrectomy. Two readers (R1, R2) independently evaluated all tumours visually for a decrease in signal intensity (SI) on opposed- compared with in-phase chemical shift images. In addition, SI was measured on in- and opposed-phase images (SIIP, SIOP) and the chemical shift index was calculated as a measure of percentage SI change. Histopathology served as the standard of reference. A visual decrease in SI was identified significantly more often in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (RCCs) (R1, 73 %; R2, 64 %) and angiomyolipomas (both, 80 %) than in oncocytomas (29 %, 12 %), papillary (29 %, 17 %) and chromophobe RCCs (13 %, 9 %; all, P < 0.05). Median chemical shift index was significantly greater in clear cell RCC and angiomyolipoma than in the other histological subtypes (both, P < 0.001). Interobserver agreement was fair for visual (kappa, 0.4) and excellent for quantitative analysis (concordance correlation coefficient, 0.80). A decrease in SI on opposed-phase chemical shift images is not an identifying feature of clear cell RCCs or angiomyolipomas, but can also be observed in oncocytomas, papillary and chromophobe RCCs. After excluding angiomyolipomas, a decrease in SI of more than 25 % was diagnostic for clear cell RCCs. • Chemical shift MRI offers new information about fat within renal tumours. • Opposed-phase signal decrease can be observed in all renal cortical tumours. • A greater than 25 % decrease in signal appears to be diagnostic for clear cell RCCs
Changes in dentate granule cell field potentials during afterdischarge initiation triggered by 5 Hz perforant path stimulation

A failure of early paired pulse depression often precedes the onset of intermittent spontaneous seizures in animal models of status epilepticus. In the present study, changes in the strength of early and late paired pulse depression of dentate granule cell field potentials were compared in the unanesthetized rat during the initiation of a single afterdischarge (AD) evoked by perforant path stimulation (0.1 ms pulse duration, 5 Hz, 12-18 s duration, 50-1000 microA). Late paired pulse depression was measured by sequential changes in the population spike (PS) amplitude during 5 Hz stimulation (200 ms interpulse interpulse interval, IPI). When 5 Hz stimulation triggered an AD, the population spike (PS) was initially depressed and then increased to above pre-train values, indicating a loss of late paired pulse depression by the middle of the train. Early paired pulse depression was measured by inserting paired pulses (20 ms IPI) at spaced intervals throughout the 5 Hz train. In contrast to late paired pulse depression, early paired pulse depression remained at maximum strength until an abrupt failure was detected coincident with AD initiation. Two experimental treatments shown to increase the strength of late paired pulse depression, administration of the N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonist, MK-801 (0.25 mg/kg, i.p.), and the development of kindled seizures, produced an increase in AD thresholds and in the initial depression in the PS amplitude during 5 Hz stimulation. Together, these results suggest that a failure of late paired pulse depression may be a precipitating event in AD initiation triggered by 5 Hz stimulation in the unanesthetized rat.
Perceptually consistent example-based human motion retrieval

Large amount of human motion capture data have been increasingly recorded and used in animation and gaming applications. Efficient retrieval of logically similar motions from a large data repository thereby serves as a fundamental basis for these motion data based applications. In this paper we present a perceptually consistent, example-based human motion retrieval approach that is capable of efficiently searching for and ranking similar motion sequences given a query motion input. Our method employs a motion pattern discovery and matching scheme that breaks human motions into a part-based, hierarchical motion representation. Building upon this representation, a fast string match algorithm is used for efficient runtime motion query processing. Finally, we conducted comparative user studies to evaluate the accuracy and perceptual-consistency of our approach by comparing it with the state of the art example-based human motion search algorithms.
Structural foundation for the design of receptor antagonists targeting Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin.

Abstract Background: Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin (LT) is the causative agent of traveller's diarrhoea, and it is also responsible for the deaths of hundreds of thousands of children per year in developing countries. LT is highly homologous in sequence, structure and function to cholera toxin (CT). Both toxins attack intestinal epithelial cells via specific binding to the branched pentasaccharide of ganglioside G M1 at the cell surface. A receptor-binding antagonist which blocked this interaction would potentially constitute a prophylactic drug conferring protection both against the severe effects of cholera itself and against the milder but more common disease caused by LT. Results: Four derivatives of the simple sugar galactose, members of a larger series of receptor antagonists identified by computer modeling and competitive binding studies, have been co-crystallized with either the full LT AB 5 holotoxin or the LT B pentamer. These crystal structures have provided detailed views of the toxin in complex with each of the four antagonists: melibionic acid at 2.8 A resolution, lactulose at 2.65 A resolution, metanitrophenylgalactoside (MNPG) at 2.2 A resolution and thiodigalactoside (TDG) at 1.7 A resolution. The binding mode of each galactose derivative was observed 5–15 times, depending on the number of crystallographically independent toxin B pentamers per asymmetric unit. There is a remarkable consistency, with one important exception, in the location and hydrogen-bonding involvement of well-ordered water molecules at the receptor-binding site. Conclusions: The bound conformations of these receptor antagonist compounds preserve the toxin–galactose interactions previously observed for toxin–sugar complexes, but gain additional favorable interactions. The highest affinity compound, MNPG, is notable in that it displaces a water molecule that is observed to be well-ordered in all other previous and current crystal structures of toxin–sugar complexes. This could be a favorable entropic factor contributing to the increased affinity. The highest affinity members of the present set of antagonists (MNPG and TDG) bury roughly half (400 A 2 ) of the binding-site surface covered by the full receptor G M1 pentasaccharide, despite being considerably smaller. This provides an encouraging basis for the creation of subsequent generations of derived compounds that can compete effectively with the natural receptor.
Europa’s disk-resolved ultraviolet spectra: Relationships with plasma flux and surface terrains

Abstract The full set of high-resolution observations from the Galileo Ultraviolet Spectrometer (UVS) is analyzed to look for spectral trends across the surface of Europa. We provide the first disk-resolved map of the 280 nm SO 2 absorption feature and investigate its relationship with sulfur and electron flux distributions as well as with surface features and relative surface ages. Our results have implications for exogenic and endogenic sources. The large-scale pattern in SO 2 absorption band depth is again shown to be similar to the pattern of sulfur ion implantation, but with strong variations in band depth based on terrain. In particular, the young chaos units show stronger SO 2 absorption bands than expected from the average pattern of sulfur ion flux, suggesting a local source of SO 2 in those regions, or diapiric heating that leads to a sulfur-rich lag deposit. While the SO 2 absorption feature is confined to the trailing hemisphere, the near UV albedo (300–310 nm) has a global pattern with a minimum at the center of the trailing hemisphere and a maximum at the center of the leading hemisphere. The global nature of the albedo pattern is suggestive of an exogenic source, and several possibilities are discussed. Like the SO 2 absorption, the near UV albedo also has local variations that depend on terrain type and age.
Depth of Penetration of a Submerged Viscoplastic Non-Newtonian Jet

Depth of penetration characteristics of a submerged viscoplastic non-Newtonian jet were studied by numerically solving the governing mass and momentum conservation equations along with the Bingham rheological model. Momentum and velocity based jet depths of penetration were introduced and used to analyze the obtained steady and laminar flow field information for a wide range of Reynolds and yield numbers. Depths of penetration were found to linearly increase with the Reynolds number and substantially decrease with the yield number. Penetration depths of yield stress fluids were shown to be more than an order of magnitude smaller than the ones corresponding to Newtonian fluids.© 2012 ASME
CRT-166 Gender Based Differences In Presentation And Outcomes Of Vascular Brachytherapy For Drug Eluting Stent Failure

Drug eluting stent in-stent restenosis (DES-ISR) has a high recurrence rate in spite of repeat balloon angioplasty or additional DES. Vascular brachytherapy (VBT) is an option for refractory DES-ISR. However, it is unknown if there are gender-based differences in presentation and outcome of
The Universal Embedding for the Involution Geometry of the Suzuki Sporadic Simple Group

Abstract A proof that the universal embedding of the involution geometry of Suz over F 2 is 143-dimensional.
Measurement of self and mutul impedances of two coupled cylindrical antennas in a hot plasma

The self and mutual impedances of two coupled cylindrical antennas embedded in a hot plasma have been measured. A large volume of hot plasma was provided by a mercury-arc discharge. Pairs of monopoles with various lengths were embedded in the plasma volume and excited by r.f. signals. The experimental results show that, near the plasma frequency, the self and mutual impedances undergo rapid changes as the plasma density is varied. The effect of an electroacoustic wave on the self impedance is not very outstanding. However, this wave has a significant effect on the mutual impedance, as can be evidenced by the appearance of electroacoustic resonances (Tonks-Dattner resonances) in the mutual-impedance curves.
VHDL links design, test, and maintenance

The authors discuss the very high-speed integrated circuit (VHSIC) hardware description language (VHDL), a universal HDL that is being adopted for design tools throughout the electronics industry in the wake of its December 1987 approval as IEEE Standard 1076-1987. The main purpose of VHDL is to allow designers to model, synthesize, and simulate components, chips, and systems from the most abstract behavioral level through logic gates. The authors briefly consider some existing HDLs, examine some VHDL tools that are now in use in industry and at universities, describe the benefits of VHDL, and relate the experiences of some users. >
Bounds of moment generating functions of some life distributions

In this article we show that if a life has new better than used in expectation (NBUE) ageing property and if the mean life is finite then the moment generating function exists and is finite. In fact, the moment generating function is shown to be bounded above by that of the exponential distribution with the same mean. Analogous results are also proven for two much bigger families of life distribution, namely, the new better than renewal used in expectation (NBRUE) and the renewal new is better than used in expectation (RNBUE) and the renewal new better than renewal used in expectation (RNBRUE), provided that the life has finite two moments. Further, stronger results are also obtained for the smaller new better than used version of the above classes.
The less-traveled Fanconi road

Comment on Taniguchi and D'Andrea, page [4223][1] Fanconi anemia is a genetic instability syndrome characterized by bone marrow failure and high relative risks of myelodysplasia and acute myelogenous leukemia. Eleven of the genes and gene products have been identified, and their role in protecting
THE EFFECTS OF PHOTOPERIOD AND EFFECTIVE TEMPERATURES ON THE SEASONAL PHENOLOGY OF THE CODLING MOTH (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)

The photoperiodic reaction in North American codling moth populations displayed clinal-type variation similar to populations in Europe. A latitudinal shift of 10° to the north corresponded to an increase of 1.25 h in the critical photoperiod. Intrapopulation variance in diapause response appeared to be similar in populations of different origin. The critical photoperiod was not constant for a geographic population but varied between years probably due to the modifying effect of prediapause temperatures. In Michigan and other areas in the northeastern United States with similar climate the codling moth is essentially bivoltine with considerable yearly variability in second generation emergence. A graphic model is presented which gives an estimate of voltinism and the proportion of diapausing first-generation larvae based on the seasonal heat unit total at the time of diapause initiation. From an analysis of original data and historical phenological records an algorithm was developed which describes the relationship between effective temperatures and the variance of second generation emergence and which can predict population curves for climatically different years. Use of this predictive method in conjunction with monitoring information provided by a pheromone trap is discussed.
A Data-Driven Perspective: Response to Commentaries by Maguen and Burkman (2013) and Steenkamp et al. (2013)

Abstract We respond to commentary from Maguen and Burkman (2013-this issue) and Steenkamp et al. (2013-this issue) on our presentation of how to use PE to treat PTSD resulting from perceived perpetration ( Smith et al., 2013-this issue ). We focus our response on the distinction between moral injury, which can result in many potential mental health outcomes, with various treatment plans coming out of the patient's presentation, and treatment of PTSD resulting from trauma that may or may not include moral injury. We then focus on the strong evidence base that supports the use of PE for PTSD across trauma types and across many complicated patient presentations, including evidence within veteran populations. We respond to common misunderstandings of PE and Emotional Processing Theory that underlie this treatment model. Specifically, we discuss the flexibility that is inherent in the PE model, reassert that PE focuses on whatever emotion/s are present and provoked by direct confrontation of traumatic material (e.g., reminders, memories), and discuss that habituation is not the only process at work in PE. As such, shame and guilt related to moral injury can be effectively addressed, as noted in Smith et al. Finally, rather than developing a new and unproven model of treatment as the commentaries propose, we assert that given the strong evidence base for efficacy and effectiveness of PE for PTSD and the significant and ongoing investment in dissemination of PE, continued support for providers on how to effectively use PE with difficult patients is warranted.
A Study of Somatic Complaints and Psychiatric Diagnosis in Children

Abstract Ninety-five psychiatrically hospitalized children participated in a structured psychiatric interview that included a review of medically unexplained physical symptoms. Children with Somatization Disorder, psychosis, and separation anxiety disorders had the largest number of somatic complaints. Both abdominal pain and palpitations were significantly associated with Separation Anxiety Disorder and psychosis. Abdominal pain was also reported by children diagnosed with Major Depression. Some individual symptoms, particularly pseudo-neurological symptoms, were more frequently reported by children who also reported psychotic symptoms. Future research needs are discussed. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry , 1988, 27, 2:185–187.
Weak instability in stochastic and fluid queueing networks

The fluid model has proven to be one of the most effective tools for the analysis of stochastic queueing networks, specifically for the analysis of stability. It is known that stability of a fluid model implies positive (Harris) recurrence (stability) of a corresponding stochastic queueing network, and weak stability implies rate stability of a corresponding stochastic network. These results have been established both for cases of specific scheduling policies and for the class of all work conserving policies.However, only partial converse results have been established and in certain cases converse statements do not hold. In this paper we close one of the existing gaps. For the case of networks with two stations we prove that if the fluid model is not weakly stable under the class of all work conserving policies, then any corresponding queueing network is not rate stable under the class of all work conserving policies. We establish the result by building a particular work conserving scheduling policy which makes any corresponding stochastic process transient. An important corollary of our result is that the condition of the form ρ*
Primates: cladistic diagnosis and relationships

Abstract The morphological evidence for the phylogenetic relationships of euprimates, archaic primates, and related eutherian orders is reviewed following the methods of Hennigian phylogenetic systematics. Euprimates, the group including living primates and their closest common ancestor, is diagnosed by a suite of shared derived characters of the cranium and posteranium exhibiting relatively unique distributions among Eutheria. Plesiadapiformes, the group of archaic primates generally held to be the sister group to Euprimates, is not demonstrably monophyletic (with or without Microsyopidae). The Superorder Archonta (primates, tree shrews, bats, and colugos) is the only higher-level grouping including Euprimates that is based on uniquely derived morphological characters. Hypotheses of relationships within Archonta ally Euprimates with either tree shrews or some plesiadapiforms (paromomyids and plesiadapids), but the eurprimate-tree shrew clade receives more support from the distribution of derived characters among the taxa studied. Because the higher-level affinities of Euprimates are not well resolved, we advocate equating the Order Primates with the taxon Euprimates.
Socratic Pedagogy, Race and Power

Rud (1997) wrote in this journal: " Leaving aside the blatant (to my eyes at least) problems of power and dominance of an elderly Greek citizen teaching a slave boy, this example [the Meno] of teaching has always left me cold." Garlikov (1998) addressed Rud's criticism of the Socratic dialogue. The present article addresses and extends Garlikov's response to cover general notions of power, and shows how these may affect Socratic discourse. Socratic pedagogy is not merely an illusory exercise where participants acquiesce to notions of truth because of power differentials. But power relations play a role in all communicative contexts. However, in Socractic pedagogy the adverse effects of power are greatly reduced and the focus is shifted from people to propositions.
Colorectal Cancer Screening and Surveillance in the Elderly: Updates and Controversies

Colorectal cancer is common worldwide, and the elderly are disproportionately affected. Increasing age is a risk factor for the development of precancerous adenomas and colorectal cancer, thus raising the issue of screening and surveillance in older patients. Elderly patients are a diverse and heterogeneous group, and special considerations such as comorbid medical conditions, functional status and cognitive ability play a role in deciding on the utility of screening and surveillance. Colorectal cancer screening can be beneficial to patients, but at certain ages and under some circumstances the harm of screening outweighs the benefits. Increasing adverse events, poorer bowel preparation and more incomplete examinations are observed in older patients undergoing colonoscopy for diagnostic, screening and surveillance purposes. Decisions regarding screening, surveillance and treatment for colorectal cancer require a multidisciplinary approach that accounts not only for the patient’s age but also for their overall health, preferences and functional status. This review provides an update and examines the challenges surrounding colorectal cancer diagnosis, screening, and treatment in the elderly.
Examining the predictors of juvenile probation officers' rehabilitation orientation

Abstract According to the importation model, individual attributes such as gender and race influence correctional orientation. In contrast, the work/role model contends that differences in correctional orientation are due to work experiences and environment. The purpose of the present study was to explore whether individual attributes, work-related experiences, and perceptions of one's own cultural competency and juveniles' social supports predicted rehabilitation orientation for one hundred juvenile probation officers working within an organization framework that favored a balanced approach to juvenile justice. Multiple regression results indicated that the importation variables were not predictive of rehabilitation orientation, either as a set or individually. The work/role model and the perception variable sets predicted rehabilitation orientation. Employment type and perceptions of social support were most strongly related to rehabilitation orientation. The study's unique contribution stems from its use of unordered sets analyses to examine the relative validity of theoretical grounded sets of variables.
Deconvolution of atomic mixing effects from SIMS depth profiles

Abstract Atomic mixing in solids caused by low energy inert gas ion bombardment is modelled by a diffusion equation. The broadening and shift of peaks observed in SIMS depth profiles due to mixing is deconvoluted by using Laplace transforms. This enables the original impurity distribution of dilute Ti and Mo markers in silicon to be recovered from experimental SIMS depth profiles.