cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
In Situ Chemical Reduction of Cr(VI) in Groundwater Using a Combination of Ferrous Sulfate and Sodium Dithionite: A Field Investigation

A field study was conducted to evaluate the performance of a ferrous iron based in situ redox zone for the treatment of a dissolved phase Cr(VI) plume at a former industrial site. The ferrous iron based in situ redox zone was created by injecting a blend of 0.2 M ferrous sulfate and 0.2 M sodium dithionite into the path of a dissolved Cr(VI) plume within a shallow medium to fine sand unconfined aquifer formation. Monitoring data collected over a period of 1020 days after more than 100 m of linear groundwater flow through the treatment zone indicated sustained treatment of dissolved phase Cr(VI) from initial concentrations between 4 and 8 mg/L to less than 0.015 mg/L. Sustained treatment is assumed to be primarily due to the reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) by ferrous iron adsorbed to, precipitated on, and/or incorporated into aquifer iron (hydr)oxide solid surfaces within the treatment zone. Precipitated phases likely include FeCO3 and FeS based on saturation index considerations and SEM/EDS analysis. The d...
AXONAL TRANSPORT OF NEWLY SYNTHESIZED GLYCOPROTEINS IN A SINGLE IDENTIFIED NEURON OF APLYSIA CALIFORNICA

Increasing amounts of glycoprotein synthesized from L-[3H]fucose injected into the cell body of R2, an identified Aplysia neuron, were found in the right pleuro-abdominal connective. Autoradiography revealed that the glycoproteins were localized in the axon of R2. Glycoproteins appearing in the axon presumably were synthesized in the cell body, since no significant incorporation was observed when [3H]fucose was injected directly into the axon. [3H]glycoproteins were detected in the connective after a delay of 1 h after intrasomatic injection. Thereafter, transport from the cell body was rapid, and by 10 h after injection, 45% of the total neuronal [3H]glycoprotein had appeared in the axon. By analysing the radioactivity in cell body and connective 4, 10, and 15 h after injection, we found that [3H]glycoproteins were transported selectively compared to nonmacromolecular material. Sequential sectioning of the connective revealed that [3H]glycoproteins were transported in discrete waves. The population of membrane-associated [3H]glycoproteins in the axon differed from that in the cell body. Two of the five somatic components appeared to be transported preferentially. In addition a new component appeared in the axon 10 h after injection.
Low Reynolds number flow past a blunt axisymmetric body at angle of attack

Low Reynolds number flow of an ideal gas over a blunt axisymmetric body of large half-angle at small angles of attack is investigated, for the case of laminar hypersonic flow. Time-varying viscous shock layer equations describing the flowfield are obtained from the full Navier-Stokes system by keeping terms to second order in the inverse square root of Re in both viscous and inviscid regions; the equations are valid for moderate to high Re. Drag, skin friction, and heating rates were obtained at small (or zero) angles of attack. Conditions experienced by planetary entry probes during the high-altitude (early) legs of an atmospheric entry trajectory are pertinent to the problem.
Practical aspects of sintering tungsten and molybdenum

Abstract Manufacturing procedures for the preparation of tungsten and molybdenum powders together with the method of pressing the powders in a mould and direct sintering the pressed bars at high temperatures are given. A description is given of the method of sintering, in particular, molybdenum in a hydrogen-water vapour atmosphere at about 1,750°C and of the continuous pressing, partial sintering and casting technique developed to meet demands for relatively large size plate and sheet. Brief reference is made to the preparation of alloys by sintering in the presence of a liquid phase and of pseudo alloys by the infiltration technique.
Noncitizen voting and the extraconstitutional construction of the polity

The core substantive principle of democracy is that those subject to the law should have a voice in its formulation—a principle of consent realized primarily through the mechanism of the vote. Yet the populations of few (if any) nation-states consist solely of formal citizens; migration and transnational practices give rise to populations within states bound by laws over which they have no direct control. In this essay, I consider a practice that can help address this potential democracy deficit—alien suffrage. I focus on three jurisdictions that have adopted some form of noncitizen voting in their histories—the United States, New Zealand, and Ireland—and consider how their practices reflect on the processes by which constitutional democracies construct their polities. Alien suffrage is not inconsistent with a sense of national identity nor does it necessarily diminish the cultural value of the vote. At the same time, the adoption of the practice may not be part of a robust regime of immigrants’ rights nor is it necessary to promote participation by noncitizens. Whether a society adopts alien suffrage, however, does reflect that regimes particular constitutional values and structures, as well as assumptions about the manner and pace at which the body politic ought to incorporate noncitizens.
MODTRAN on supercomputers and parallel computers

Abstract To enable efficient reduction of large data sets such as is done in the Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) project at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), a high performance version of MODTRAN is essential. One means to accomplish this is to apply the computational resources of parallel computer systems. In our present work, a flexible, parallel version of MODTRAN has been implemented on the Cray T3E, the HP SPP2000, and a Beowulf-class cluster computer using domain decomposition techniques and the Message Passing Interface (MPI) library. In this paper, porting the sequential MODTRAN to various platforms is discussed; strategies of designing a parallel version of MODTRAN are developed; detailed implementation for a parallel MODTRAN is reported, and performance data of the parallel code on various computers are presented. Near linear scaling performance of parallel MODTRAN has been obtained, and comparisons of wallclock time are made among various supercomputers and parallel computers. The parallel version of MODTRAN gives excellent speedup, which dramatically reduces total data processing time for many applications such as the AVIRIS project at JPL.
Multivariate Hermite interpolation by algebraic polynomials: a survey

Abstract This is a survey of that theory of multivariate Lagrange and Hermite interpolation by algebraic polynomials, which has been developed in the past 20 years. Its purpose is not to be encyclopedic, but to present the basic concepts and techniques which have been developed in that period of time and to illustrate them with examples. It takes “classical” Hermite interpolation as a starting point, but then successively broadens the assumptions so that, finally, interpolation of arbitrary functionals and the theory of singularities from algebraic geometry is discussed.
Gradually tapered hollow glass waveguides for the transmission of CO 2 laser radiation

Hollow glass waveguides with bores tapered from 1000 to 500 μm and from 700 to 500 μm over a length of 2 m were coated with silver and silver iodide inner films. These waveguides were designed for low attenuation at the 10.6-μm CO2 laser wavelength. The straight losses, which were measured to be 0.8 and 1.6 dB/m, respectively, decreased when the guides were bent. A simple ray-trajectory model is presented to explain this unexpected behavior.
Heterosynaptic inhibition modifies the presynaptic plasticities of the transmission process at a synapse inAplysia californica

Abstract The monosynaptic and unitary excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) observed in cell R15 of the abdominal ganglion of Aplysia californica upon minimal stimulation of the right visceropleural connective exhibits several presynaptic plasticities (synaptic depression, frequency facilitation, post-tetanic potentiation). We studied effects of bronchial nerve stimulation (heterosynaptic stimulation) on these plasticities of the homosynaptic (right connective) path. A burst of heterosynaptic stimulation (20 pulses at 4/sec) decreased the amplitude of an isolated homosynaptic EPSP. The rate of recovery from heterosynaptic inhibition (HSI) was a function of the rate of stimulation of the homosynaptic path so that at a stimulus frequency of 1 pulse/sec to the right connective (RC) the HSI lasted less than 20 sec while at a RC stimulus frequency of1/110sec the HSI persisted for more than 60 sec. While the frequency facilitated EPSP (during homosynaptic stimulation at 1/sec) was only transiently affected hy heterosynaptic stimulation the effect on the subsequent post-tetanic potentiation was much more pronounced and longer lasting (more than 30 min). This suggests a specific effect of HSI on the rate constant of decay of elevated fractional release, as observed upon bath applications of biogenic amines. Heterosynaptic stimulation also reduces synaptic depression but the reduction in the depression is more than would be caused by comparable reduction of the first EPSP of a pair by high Mg 2+ , low Ca 2+ or the addition of carbachol to the perfusion medium. The duration of the effect on synaptic depression was the same as the effect on EPSP. Replacement of Na + in the medium by Li + completely blocks all effects of heterosynaptic stimulation. For this and other reasons it is suggested that the effects of heterosynaptic stimulation are due to an increased Na + entry into the presynaptic terminal. Haloperidol and propranolol which block the presynaptic actions of dopamine in this system, both antagonize the effects of heterosynaptic stimulation. This suggests that the heterosynaptic transmitter is a catecholamine, possibly dopamine.
Light-induced photoreceptor degeneration may involve the NFκB/caspase-1 pathway in vivo

Abstract Purpose: To determine the role of nuclear factor-κB (NFκB) in light-induced photoreceptor degeneration. Methods: Dark-adapted BALB/cJ mice, 4–8 weeks, were exposed to an intense green light (3.1–3.5 klux) for 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, or 24 h and killed immediately after exposure. The photoreceptor apoptosis was detected by TUNEL. Co-localization of NFκB p65 immunoreactivity and TUNEL in photoreceptor cells was detected by double immunolabeling. The protein levels of X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP), Bcl-xL, caspase-1, and opsin after light exposure were analyzed by Western blot analysis. In addition, the initiation of NFκB activation was assessed by measuring the increase in phosphorylated IκBα (pIκBα). Immunohistochemical localization of caspase-1 was also performed on the mouse retinas. Results: Co-localization of NFκB p65 immunoreactivity with TUNEL was observed in scattered photoreceptor cells after 24 h of light exposure. The amount of pIκBα was increased after 1 h of light exposure, and in parallel, the amounts of XIAP and Bcl-xL were increased at 1 h. In contrast, caspase-1 did not increase until after 6 h of light exposure. Caspase-1-immunolabeling was observed in scattered photoreceptor cells after 3 h of light exposure but was markedly increased in many more cells at 6 h. Conclusions: These findings suggest that NFκB may play an anti-apoptotic role in the early response to light stress and that photoreceptor apoptosis induced by light stress may be mediated through an NFκB/caspase-1 pathway.
Gibbs free energy relations in sodium chloride + D2O and sodium chloride + acetone + D2O solutions

The activity coefficients of sodium chloride in D 2 O solution have been determined using cells of the form: Ag|AgCl|NaCl( m 1 , D 2 O|cation sensitive glass electrode, at 298.15 K. Potential differences were obtained between two cells of this type using the same glass electrode and two silver + silver chloride electrodes of known bias potential. The cells contained different molalities of sodium chloride. Measurements were made over a range of NaCl molalities from 0.2 mol kg −1 to saturation. If the difference between the logarithm of the activity coefficients in each solvent is assumed to depend linearly on the molality of NaCl, i.e. , ln { γ 1 (H 2 O)} − ln{ γ 1 (D 2 O)} = 2 bm 1 , the constant b can be calculated directly from the measured potential differences between the two cells. The average value of b obtained from three runs, each comprising five to seven potential difference measurements over the NaCl molality range, was (2.3 ± 0.2) × 10 −3 kg mol −1 . Measurements were also made on the NaCl + acetone + D 2 O system at two NaCl molalities using a previously described technique. Essentially no difference was found between the limiting interaction parameter for the NaCl + acetone interaction in the two solvents.
The Response Criterion Problem in Tests of Hypnosis and Memory

Abstract Past experimental research on the effects of hypnosis on memory indicates both that hypnosis produces increases in correct recalls and that hypnosis produces increased vulnerability to misleading information and intrusions in recall. The present paper uses the framework of signal detection theory to account for this pattern of data. It suggests that the effects of hypnosis on memory cannot be ascertained from previous work, because of a general failure to discriminate between effects on the amount of information retrieved from memory and the criterion adopted by Ss for reporting what they remember.
Orientation of Tie-Lines in the Phase Diagram of DOPC:DPPC:Cholesterol Model Biomembranes

We report the direction of tie-lines of coexisting phases in a ternary diagram of DOPC/DPPC/cholesterol lipid bilayers, which has been a system of interest in the discussion of biological rafts. For coexisting Ld and Lo phases, we find that the orientation angle α of the tie-lines increases as the cholesterol concentration increases and it also increases as temperature increases from T = 15 °C to T = 30 °C. Results at lower cholesterol concentrations support the existence of a different two-phase coexistence region of Ld and So phases and the existence of a three-phase region separating the two two-phase regions. Our method uses the X-ray lamellar D-spacings observed in oriented bilayers as a function of varying hydration. Although this method does not obtain the ends of the tie-lines, it gives precise values (±1°) of their angles α in the ternary phase diagram.
Anhedonia, Emotional Numbing, and Symptom Overreporting in Male Veterans with PTSD.

We used measures of positive affect and emotional expression to distinguish and better understand veterans with PTSD with symptom overreporting presentation styles. Based on prior research, symptom overreporting was defined as scores greater than eight on the Fp (Infrequency-Psychopathology) scale of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2). Data were drawn from an archival dataset of 227 combat veteran outpatients. Results were consistent with theory and research on the distinction between negative and positive affect. Major findings indicated that (a) veterans endorsing greater anhedonia had a greater likelihood of being classified as a symptom overreporter (controlling for PTSD symptoms), and (b) compared to non-symptom overreporting veterans, overreporters showed greater congruency in their presentation of diminished positive affect and their expression across self- and clinician-ratings. Our data suggest that diminished positive emotions and their behavioral expression are uniquely associated with veterans’ psychological experiences, providing insight into the nature of symptom overreporters.
Proton transfer between phenol and ammonia in ground and excited electronic states

Abstract Ab initio calculations consider the H-bonded complex between phenol and ammonia. The transfer of a proton in the ground electronic state, which would form PhO − … + HNH 3 , is highly disfavored. However, the situation changes dramatically in the first excited singlet state where the proton transfer potential develops a second minimum, competitive in energy with the neutral pair PhOH … NH 3 . Following electron ejection, the radical cation complex, PhOH + … NH 3 , contains a very flat proton transfer potential connecting PhOH ·+ … NH 3 with PhO · … H + NH 3 . Addition of more ammonia molecules further stabilizes the proton-transfered PhO · … H + NH 3 configuration.
Attenuation correction for a combined 3D PET/CT scanner

In this work we demonstrate the proof of principle of CT-based attenuation correction of 3D positron emission tomography (PET) data by using scans of bone and soft tissue equivalent phantoms and scans of humans. This method of attenuation correction is intended for use in a single scanner that combines volume-imaging (3D) PET with x-ray computed tomography (CT) for the purpose of providing accurately registered anatomical localization of structures seen in the PET image. The goal of this work is to determine if we can perform attenuation correction of the PET emission data using accurately aligned CT attenuation information. We discuss possible methods of calculating the PET attenuation map at 511 keV based on CT transmission information acquired from 40 keV through 140 keV. Data were acquired on separate CT and PET scanners and were aligned using standard image registration procedures. Results are presented on three of the attenuation calculation methods: segmentation, scaling, and our proposed hybrid segmentation/scaling method. The results are compared with those using the standard 3D PET attenuation correction method as a gold standard. We demonstrate the efficacy of our proposed hybrid method for converting the CT attenuation map from an effective CT photon energy of 70 keV to the PET photon energy of 511 keV. We conclude that using CT information is a feasible way to obtain attenuation correction factors for 3D PET.
Selecting Cases for Supreme Court Review: An Underdog Model*

In making review decisions, Supreme Court justices are predisposed to support underdogs and upperdogs. disproportionately but, also, are motivated to hide any "bias" that may be at work in determining votes.In balancing these two values, justices may be expected to vote their "bias" more frequently (1) when that vote will determine outcome, and (2) when the "bias" will be harder to detect. The latter goal may be served by voting the "bias" more frequently in close cases and less frequently otherwise.In an analysis of the voting patterns of five justices in the decade 1947–56, I found that two liberal and two conservative justices conformed to these expectations. A fifth, or control justice, defined as neither liberal nor conservative, did not pattern his votes in the manner predicted for liberals and conservatives. This relationship held when four projected intervening variables were controlled individually and collectively.
Expression of the oncofetal protein IGF2BP3 in endometrial clear cell carcinoma: assessment of frequency and significance

Insulin-like growth factor-II messenger RNA-binding protein 3 (IGF2BP3 or IMP3) is a biomarker whose expression has been found to be a negative prognostic factor in several neoplasms including ovarian clear cell carcinoma (CCC). In this study, we analyzed the frequency and clinicopathologic significance of IMP3 expression, as assessed by immunohistochemistry and as scored using a modified H-score system, in a cohort of 50 endometrial CCCs. Cases with scores of 0 to 100, 101 to 200, and 201 to 300 were classified as negative/mildly positive (n = 17), moderately positive (n = 20), and strongly positive (n = 13), respectively. A distinctive pattern of increased staining at the myoinvasive front (relative to the main tumor) was evident in 46% of the cases with evaluable foci of myometrial invasion. Moderate/strong IMP3 staining was associated with a tumor architectural pattern that has been reported to be of poor prognostic significance: at least 10% of the tumor composed of solid architecture or individual infiltrating tumor cells (P = .01). Increasing levels of IMP3 expression showed a trend toward decreasing relapse-free survival (RFS; median survival, 75.6, 81.3, and 48.4 months for the negative/mildly, moderately, and strongly positive groups, respectively [P = .09]). However, IMP3 expression was not significantly associated with reduced overall survival or RFS in a multivariate analytic model. The finding in a subset of our cases of increased IMP3 expression at the tumoral myoinvasive front is consistent with a role for IMP3 in invasiveness, as is the trend toward reduced RFS in cases expressing IMP3 at high levels. These preliminary findings suggest that IMP3 expression may be involved in the pathogenesis of CCC and is worthy of further exploration.
Effects of cellular differentiation on autofluorescence emission from tissue engineered epidermis

Malignant melanoma is the most lethal form of skin cancer, but one of the most successfully treatable if diagnosed early and accurately. Consequently, current research efforts are focused on developing an autofluorescence technique in early detection of malignant transformation of nevi. In order to understand the underlying mechanisms of light interaction with normal skin tissue, we have studied the fluorescence characteristics of tissue engineered pigmented epidermal models as they mature. Observed intensity variations with time are mapped to both the presence of endogenous fluorophores and chromophores within the tissue and the thickness of proliferating and differentiated cell layers. This mapping could be useful in the autofluorescence characterization of malignant tissues.
The mislabeling of sexual impulsivity

Several authors have discussed a pattern of behavior that has been called Compulsive Sexual Behavior, Sexual Addiction, or Hypersexuality. The literature concerning this disorder is reviewed. It is suggested that the various labels applied to this disorder are inaccurate descriptions that are not reflective of the true nature of the condition. It is further suggested that this behavioral pattern is best viewed as a manifestation of an Atypical Impulse Control Disorder.
Cardiac Tamponade After Removal of Temporary Pacer Wires

Background After removal of temporary pacemaker wires, nurses measure vital signs frequently to assess for cardiac tamponade; however, evidence for this procedure is limited. Objectives To determine risk factors for cardiac tamponade after temporary pacemaker wire removal. Methods Retrospective review of data for coronary artery bypass graft and valve surgery (N = 23 717) performed from January 1999 to December 2008. Patients were categorized by reason for reoperation: bleeding less than 3 days after initial surgery (n = 812, group 1), bleeding 3 days or more after index surgery but not for cardiac tamponade (n = 171, group 2), bleeding 3 days or more after index surgery for cardiac tamponade after temporary pacemaker wire removal (n = 23, group 3), and no reoperation (n = 22 711, group 4). Results Less than 1% (9.7 cases/10 000) of patients required reoperation for cardiac tamponade after removal of temporary pacer wires. Of patient-related factors studied, only smoking history differed for group 3 vs group 1 (P = .03) and group 2 (P = .01). Of vital sign changes, 1 patient (4%) had tachycardia and 3 patients had cardiac arrest, but only 1 of the 3 had hypotension before the arrest. In total, 12 patients (52%) had hypotension; however, it was mild or intermittent in 5 cases, and did not occur within the 4 hours after wire removal in 3 cases. After removal of temporary pacing wires, common early signs/symptoms were bleeding (26%) and dyspnea (26%). Other documented changes were pressure in the chest, diaphoresis, cold and clammy skin, dizziness, and mental status changes. Conclusions Tamponade related to pacer wire removal was rare and not consistently associated with changes in vital signs. Dyspnea, bleeding, and other factors may indicate early onset of cardiac tamponade after removal of temporary pacer wires.
A Century of Rice Water Weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae): A History of Research and Management With an Emphasis on the United States

The rice water weevil ( Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus Kuschel) is a native curculionid pest of rice in the southern and eastern United States. It was first identified as Lissorhoptrus simplex Say in the first report of damage from southern Georgia in 1881. In 1951 Chilean systematist Giullermo Kuschel reclassified it as L. oryzophilus following a reevaluation of New World genera within Curculionidae. Management of the weevil has changed throughout the years, as environmental issues, regulatory actions, and pesticide resistance have required researchers, pest management practitioners, and growers to adapt. In the 2010s, management of the rice water weevil has expanded with the use of anthralic diamides and neonicotinoids as the latest conventional options, generally delivered as seed treatments in southern U.S. rice production, and the possible emergence of Bacillus thuringiensis as a viable alternative to chemical controls. Delayed flooding and planting are common cultural controls used in southern U.S. rice production while levee weed control and winter flooding are used in California production. The history of this insect pest including management, life history, and invasion biology in rice production regions of the temperate world will be discussed with an emphasis on the United States.
The stability of DSM personality disorders over twelve to eighteen years.

Background Stability of personality disorders is assumed in most nomenclatures; however, the evidence for this is limited and inconsistent. The aim of this study is to investigate the stability of DSM-III personality disorders in a community sample of eastern Baltimore residents unselected for treatment.
Direct demonstration of an antiinflammatory effect of simvastatin in subjects with the metabolic syndrome.

Context: Metabolic syndrome (MS) is characterized by low-grade inflammation and confers an increased risk for cardiovascular disease. Hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors (statins) reduce cardiovascular events in MS patients. There is a paucity of data examining the effect of statins on inflammation in MS. Objective: We aimed to test the effect of simvastatin (40 mg/d) compared with placebo on biomarkers of inflammation [high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) and monocytic cytokines TNF, IL-6, and IL-1] in MS subjects. Design and Patients: We conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study at the University of California, Davis, Medical Center. Participants: Participants were subjects with MS. Intervention: Simvastatin (40 mg/d) or placebo was administered for 8 wk. Methods and Results: The hsCRP levels were assayed using a high-sensitivity immunoassay. Monocyte cytokines were assayed by ELISA after activation with lipopolysaccharide. Simvastatin therapy significantly ...
Critical incidents in the professional lives of first year MFT students

First year MFT students engaged in a journaling project, selecting one event daily which captured something about being a student, including the process of therapy, consultation, and supervision, that struck them as important in terms of their professional development. On reflection, the students saw therapeutic success and professional confidence as systemic products of a variety of contextual factors: transient and enduring aspects of the self and the client, faculty, peer, and family influences, and treatment setting and program factors. Students and faculty experienced this formative self study as valuable and believe that it should be done at the beginning, middle, and end of an educational program and the results shared with both faculty and students.
Fingerprinting Microbial Assemblages from the Oxic/Anoxic Chemocline of the Black Sea

ABSTRACT Biomass samples from the Black Sea collected in 1988 were analyzed for SSU genes from Bacteria and Archaea after 10 years of storage at −80°C. Both clonal libraries and direct fingerprinting by terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) analyses were used to assess the microbial community. Uniform and discrete depth distributions of different SSU phylotypes were observed. However, most recombinant clones were not restricted to a specific depth in the water column, and many of the major T-RFLP peaks remain uncharacterized. Of the clones obtained, an e-Proteobacteria and a Pseudoalteromonas-like clone accounted for major peaks in the fingerprint, while deeply branching lineages of α- and γ-Proteobacteria were associated with smaller peaks. Additionally, members were found among both the δ-Proteobacteria related to sulfate reducers and the Archaea related to phylotypes from the ANME groups that anaerobically oxidize methane.
Partial Loss of Presenilin Impairs Age-Dependent Neuronal Survival in the Cerebral Cortex

Mutations in the presenilin (PSEN1 and PSEN2) genes are linked to familial Alzheimer's disease (AD) and cause loss of its essential function. Complete inactivation of presenilins in excitatory neurons of the adult mouse cerebral cortex results in progressive memory impairment and age-dependent neurodegeneration, recapitulating key features of AD. In this study, we examine the effects of varying presenilin dosage on cortical neuron survival by generating presenilin-1 conditional knock-out (PS1 cKO) mice carrying two, one, or zero copies of the PS2 gene. We found that PS1 cKO;PS2(+/-) mice at 16 months exhibit marked neurodegeneration in the cerebral cortex with ∼17% reduction of cortical volume and neuron number, as well as astrogliosis and microgliosis compared with ∼50% reduction of cortical volume and neuron number in PS1 cKO;PS2(-/-) mice. Moreover, there are more apoptotic neurons labeled by activated caspase-3 immunoreactivity and TUNEL assay in PS1 cKO;PS2(+/-) mice at 16 months, whereas apoptotic neurons are increased in the PS1 cKO;PS2(-/-) cerebral cortex at 4 months. The accumulation of the C-terminal fragments of the amyloid precursor protein is inversely correlated with PS dosage. Interestingly, levels of PS2 are higher in the cerebral cortex of PS1 cKO mice, suggesting a compensatory upregulation that may provide protection against neurodegeneration in these mice. Together, our findings show that partial to complete loss of presenilin activity causes progressively more severe neurodegeneration in the mouse cerebral cortex during aging, suggesting that impaired presenilin function by PSEN mutations may lead to neurodegeneration and dementia in AD.
Protective effect of magnesium pemoline against lethal doses of X-irradiation

Magnesium-Pemolin, bekannt als gedachtnisstarkendes Arzeimittel, besitzt eine erhebliche Schutzwirkung gegen ionisierende Strahlen. Dieser strahlentherapeutische Effekt betrifft sowohl kurze, als auch langdauernde Wirkungsperioden.
On exploiting long range dependence of network traffic in measuring cross traffic on an end-to-end basis

In this paper we present three theoretically grounded methods: prediction, reconstruction and interpolation, for measuring cross traffic on the bottleneck link of an end-to-end path. The objective is to infer cross traffic as accurately as possible, while not injecting a significant amount of probe packets into the network. In the prediction-based method, we take advantage of the LRD characteristic of the cross traffic to predict the future traffic based on the recent information obtained by probe packets. In the reconstruction method, we rebuild the entire cross traffic process with the information obtained by probe packets. In the interpolation method, we periodically send closely-spaced probe packet pairs to sample cross traffic of the bottleneck link, and infer cross traffic between two sampling points using interpolation. The simulation study indicates that (i) the prediction-based and reconstruction methods can give good mean measurement of cross traffic, while the interpolation method usually captures the instantaneous value of cross traffic better; and (ii) all three methods are adaptive to the dynamic change of cross traffic and are quite robust in the presence of multiple bottleneck links on an end-to-end path.
A Summary of the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trials With a Focus on the Role of Vitamin E

Prostate cancer is the most common noncutaneous malignancy in men. It is an excellent target for primary prevention. Vitamin E trials conducted for prevention of prostate cancer have had conflicting results with a lower incidence of prostate cancer in the ATBC trial and a higher incidence in the vitamin E arm of the SELECT trial. Most of the clinical trials with vitamin E have been limited to the alpha-tocopherol isoform alone. An increasing body of evidence suggests, however, that the gamma- and delta-isoforms of tocopherol and tocotrienols are more promising with regard to cancer prevention. This review tries to justify our assertion that the gamma- and delta-isoforms of tocopherol and tocotrienol might be superior as prostate cancer preventers.
Unique and redundant roles of Smad3 in TGF-β–mediated regulation of long bone development in organ culture

The most well-characterized intracellular signaling molecules for transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) are the Smads. R-Smads interact with and are phosphorylated directly by the TGF-beta type I receptor. Phosphorylated R-Smads can then associate with Smad4, translocate to the nucleus and regulate transcription. Specific R-Smads transduce distinct signals for members of the TGF-beta superfamily. Smad2 and -3 mediate signaling by TGF-beta/activin, whereas Smad1, -5, and -8 mediate bone morphogenetic protein signaling. TGF-beta inhibits proliferation and hypertrophic differentiation in metatarsal organ cultures by a perichondrium-dependent mechanism. To determine the mechanism of TGF-beta signaling in the perichondrium, we tested the hypothesis that TGF-beta-restricted Smad2 and Smad3 regulate chondrocyte proliferation and differentiation in embryonic metatarsal organ cultures. Perichondrium was infected with adenoviruses containing dominant-negative forms of Smad2 (Ad-Smad2-3SA) and Smad3 (Ad-Smad3 Delta C). Proliferation and differentiation were measured in response to treatment with TGF-beta 1. Results were compared with control bones infected with a beta-galactosidase reporter virus (Ad-beta-gal). Infection with Ad-Smad2-3SA completely blocked the effects of TGF-beta 1 on metatarsal development while Ad-Smad3 Delta C only partially blocked TGF-beta 1 effects. To further characterize the role of Smad3 in long bone development, TGF-beta 1 responsiveness in cultures from Smad3(+/+) and Smad3(ex8/ex8) mice were compared. Loss of Smad3 only partially blocked the effects of TGF-beta1 on differentiation. In contrast, the effects of TGF-beta 1 on chondrocyte proliferation were blocked completely. We conclude that Smad2 signaling in the perichondrium can compensate for the loss of Smad3 to regulate inhibition of hypertrophic differentiation; however, Smad3 is required for TGF-beta 1-mediated effects on proliferation.
Gastrointestinal motility disorders and gastrointestinal prokinetic therapy

Gastrointestinal motility disorders represent a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. Disorders of gastrointestinal motility may result in accelerated transit, delayed transit, impaired relaxation, or inappropriate relaxation. The delayed transit disorders are the most important motility disorders of companion animals and may involve the esophagus (hypomotility and megaesophagus), stomach (delayed gastric emptying), small intestine (postoperative ileus and intestinal pseudo-obstruction), or colon (constipation and megacolon).
Caring In Nursing: Analysis of Extant Theory

Caring in nursing as a substantive area of nursing science has been the focus of considerable scholarly effort. Based on the assumption that caring is the central concept in nursing and is uniquely known and expressed in nursing, this paper focuses on an analysis of major theoretical works related to the concept. Five categories of questions provide a framework for the analysis: ontological, anthropological, ontical, epistemological, and pedagogical.
Recreation Programming for the Rural Elderly

Before trying to design a recreation program for rural elderly residents, it is first necessary to look at basic programming assessment variables within a "rural" context. The variables of availability, awareness, accessibility, and acceptability are examined and their implications for addressing the recreational needs of the rural elderly are discussed.
Properties of Localized Excitations in 1D Discrete Systems

In this contribution we will study in detail properties of nonlinear localized excitations (NLE) in one-dimensional discrete Hamiltonian lattices. We will use results from a previous contribution1, which we hereafter name FW1.
Trait reflection predicts interleukin-6 response to a social-evaluative stressor.

Abstract Past work has linked negative repetitive thought (worry, rumination) about stressors to sustained stress responses. Less is known about the effects of neutral types of repetitive thought (e.g., reflection) on physiological stress responses. The present study examined whether greater trait reflection was associated with a lower inflammatory response to an acute psychosocial stressor. Thirty-four healthy undergraduate women completed a speech stressor, and plasma interleukin-6 (IL-6), C-reactive protein, and tumor necrosis factor-α levels were assessed before and after the stressor. Higher levels of reflection predicted lower IL-6 responses 1 h after the stressor. Stressor appraisal was not a significant mediator. These preliminary findings stand in contrast to existing evidence that other forms of repetitive thought like worry and rumination may exacerbate or prolong the inflammatory stress response and indicate that reflection is a notable factor worth considering when examining the relationship between stress, inflammation, and health.
A genetic link between discriminative fear coding by the lateral amygdala, dopamine, and fear generalization

The lateral amygdala (LA) acquires differential coding of predictive and non-predictive fear stimuli that is critical for proper fear memory assignment. The neurotransmitter dopamine is an important modulator of LA activity and facilitates fear memory formation, but whether dopamine neurons aid in the establishment of discriminative fear coding by the LA is unknown. NMDA-type glutamate receptors in dopamine neurons are critical for the prevention of generalized fear following an aversive experience, suggesting a potential link between a cell autonomous function of NMDAR in dopamine neurons and fear coding by the LA. Here, we utilized mice with a selective genetic inactivation functional NMDARs in dopamine neurons (DAT-NR1 KO mice) combined with behavior, in vivo electrophysiology, and ex vivo electrophysiology in LA neurons to demonstrate that plasticity underlying differential fear coding in the LA is regulated by NMDAR signaling in dopamine neurons and alterations in this plasticity is associated non-discriminative cued-fear responses.
Formative evaluation and preliminary validation of kinect open source stepping game

Clinical adoption of Virtual Reality (VR) rehabilitation faces several hurdles [1]. Two of these are equipment costs and the VR interface. In order to address these hurdles, a stepping game was developed from the ground-up using simple source code — C# and WPF and the Microsoft Windows 7 (WinT) Operating System (OS). Using a managed-open-source perspective [2] and sharing the source code enables the rehabilitation community to customized their game for deployment on a desktop or laptop running the Win7 system while limiting costs. The game is built in the native Win7 environment and is coded for development by a beginner programmer. It also allows for the wider open-source developer community to take the programming and application further than would otherwise be possible. Game development, formative evaluation of the game interface, and validation of the kinematics are reported here.
Prescriptions for the Mind: A Critical View of Contemporary Psychiatry

Joel Paris, MD, is a professor in the Department of Psychiatry at McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. He served as Chair of the Department of Psychiatry from 1997 until 2007 and is Editor-...
Discordant coral–symbiont structuring: factors shaping geographical variation of Symbiodinium communities in a facultative zooxanthellate coral genus, Oculina

Understanding the factors that help shape the association between corals and their algal symbionts, zooxanthellae (Symbiodinium), is necessary to better understand the functional diversity and acclimatization potential of the coral host. However, most studies focus on tropical zooxanthellate corals and their obligate algal symbionts, thus limiting our full comprehension of coral–algal symbiont associations. Here, we examine algal associations in a facultative zooxanthellate coral. We survey the Symbiodinium communities associated with Oculina corals in the western North Atlantic and the Mediterranean using one clade-level marker (psbA coding region) and three fine-scale markers (cp23S–rDNA, b7sym15 flanking region, and b2sym17). We ask whether Oculina spp. harbor geographically different Symbiodinium communities across their geographic range and, if so, whether the host’s genetics or habitat differences are correlated with this geographical variation. We found that Oculina corals harbor different Symbiodinium communities across their geographical range. Of the habitat differences (including chlorophyll a concentration and depth), sea surface temperature is better correlated with this geographical variation than the host’s genetics, a pattern most evident in the Mediterranean. Our results suggest that although facultative zooxanthellate corals may be less dependent on their algal partners compared to obligate zooxanthellate corals, the Symbiodinium communities that they harbor may nevertheless reflect acclimatization to environmental variation among habitats.
Pollen Collection by Honeybees (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in a Costa Rican Cacao (Theobroma Cacao) Plantation

SummaryPollen foraging activity of honeybees (Apis mellifera L.) in a Costa Rican cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) plantation was studied for 6 days during a period of intense flowering (late September). The purpose was to determine the potential of honeybees as pollinators of cacao. Honeybee colonies, with an unknown complement of African (A. mellifera scutellata) genes, were placed in two distinct habitats: near the centre of the plantation, and at the border between the cacao and surrounding forest. The relative frequency of pollen collection from different pollen sources, was determined daily.Eleven major pollen types were gathered, among which Moraceae, Zea mays, other Gramineae, and Palmae, predominated. No cacao pollen was found in the pollen loads of returning foragers and no honeybees were seen visiting cacao flowers within the vicinity of colonies. Some bees must have flown great distances for alternative pollen.
Invasive Diagnostic Assessment of Coronary Artery Disease

Summary/Abstract Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the leading cause of mortality worldwide. The assessment and treatment of these patients has advanced greatly over the last decade. Particular attention has been given recently to the recognition of lesions that cause ischemia, or that are prone to plaque rupture. New invasive measures of CAD have been developed including fractional flow reserve, intravascular ultrasound, optical coherence tomography, and most recently near infrared spectroscopy. These technologies have helped to guide the assessment of hemodynamically significant lesions and have shown particular promise in guiding percutaneous coronary interventions. However, endpoints such as mortality and rate of revascularization have shown mixed results to date. This review seeks to investigate the use and potential benefit of these technologies with particular attention to clinical endpoints.
Abstract 1341: Mice expressing activated PI3K develop advanced colon cancer

Background: Mutations in PIK3CA are a common feature of human cancers and multiple new PI3K inhibitors are in clinical development. These mutations are present in 20-30% of colorectal cancers in humans; however, the effects of such mutations on the intestinal mucosa have not been previously studied in animal models. Here we demonstrate that the expression of a dominant active form of the PI3K protein in the mouse intestine results not only in hyperplasia but also advanced neoplasia. Methods: Mice carrying a transgene in which the fatty acid binding protein promoter is fused to Cre recombinase (FC) were crossed to mice carrying a transgene encoding a chimeric protein with the iSH2 domain of the p85 subunit fused to the N-terminus of p110 (PIK3ca*). Progeny carrying both transgenes (FC PIK3ca*) express this constitutively active form of p110 in epithelial cells of the distal small bowel and colon. Results: Invasive mucinous adenocarcinomas develop in the proximal colon by only 50 days of age. These tumors are very aggressive, spreading into the mesentery and adjacent organs, and their histological characteristics are strikingly similar to those of invasive colon cancers in humans. Neoplastic cells exhibit a high rate of cell proliferation as seen by increased Ki67 immunohistochemical staining and phosphorylation of AKT, pS6, and p4E-BP1 by western blot demonstrating downstream signaling of PI3K. Interestingly, these cells did not exhibit perturbations in ERK and WNT signaling. Consistent with the lack of aberrant WNT signaling, no benign polypoid intermediaries were identified. Together, the results indicate that tumors in this model form via a non-canonical mechanism. A cohort of FC PIK3ca* mice were imaged by FDG dual hybrid PET/CT colonography and mice with similar sized tumors were divided into control and experimental arms. The experimental arm was treated with rapamycin (6mg/kg/day) for 14 days. Both groups were re-imaged 14 days later. The full results of the rapamycin treatment will be presented. Conclusion: This unique model of advanced colonic invasive adenocarcinomas has the potential to further our understanding of human disease and facilitate the development of therapeutics, especially inhibitors targeting downstream of PI3K. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1341. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-1341
Food pollutant and food source pathogenic bacteria monitor situation Jilin Province

Objctivev:Research in recent years Jilin Province food pollutant and food source pathogenic bacteria′s monitor situation.Methods:To 2002~2007 year food pollutant,Food-borne pathogens in the lead,Cadmium,pesticides,food additives,Salmonella,L.monocytogenes by the monitoring indicators for monitoring and comparing the situation.Results:From the Jilin Province food pollutant and the food source pathogenic bacteria monitor data analysis,Food of lead,cadmium,Salmonella,L.monocytogenes,pollution,should strengthen the monitor dynamics to expand food variety and the monitor project year by year.Conclusion:In order to explore the Jilin Province food pollutant and the food source pathogenic bacteria the harm condition has provided the scientific basis to the human body.