cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Integrity of parental DNA during replication.

Abstract The integrity of parental DNA as assessed by thymine, phosphate, or phosphodiester bond oxygen replacement was studied during replication of Escherichia coli 15T − . Cells containing density labeled ( 13 C, 15 N) parental DNA were allowed to replicate for one generation in media ( 12 C, 14 N) containing [ 3 H]thymine and 32 PO 4 , or [ 3 H]thymine and H 2 18 O, or 32 PO 4 and H 2 18 O. After DNA isolation, the single-stranded parental strands were purified by equilibrium centrifugation on sequential sodium iodide density gradients. Measurements were made of 3 H and 32 P in the DNA and of 18 O in phosphate derived from the DNA phosphodiester linkages. The amount of 3 H and 32 P detected in the parental DNA was used to set upper limits on thymine (1 per 10,000 to 20,000 thymine residues) and phosphate (1 per 7000 bases) replacement in each parental DNA strand. The phosphate from parental DNA contained more 18 O following replication in 18 O-enriched H 2 O than before the exposure. This increased 18 O content is consistent with frequent (1 per 100 to 500 bases) hydrolytic cleavage of the phosphodiester backbone of each parental DNA strand per round of replication. Such nicks could act as multiple swivels and facilitate unwinding of parental DNA strands during replication and transcription.
Automated type-based analysis of data races and atomicity

Concurrent programs are notorious for containing errors that are difficult to reproduce and diagnose at run-time. This motivated the development of type systems that statically ensure the absence of some common kinds of concurrent programming errors including data races and atomicity violations. A method is atomic if every execution of the concurrent program is equivalent to an execution in which the atomic method is executed without being interleaved with other concurrently executed methods. Atomicity is a common correctness requirement in concurrent programs; atomicity violations may indicate incorrect synchronization. This paper presents Extended Parameterized Atomic Java (EPAJ), a type system for specifying and verifying atomicity in Java programs. EPAJ combines Flanagan and Qadeer's atomicity types [11] with a new and significantly more expressive type system for analyzing data races, called Extended Parameterized Race-Free Java (EPRFJ), allowing a more accurate analysis of atomicity. The paper also presents a type discovery algorithm to automatically obtain EPRFJ types, and a static interprocedural type inference algorithm that, given EPRFJ types, infers atomicity types. These algorithms can be incorporated into testing and debugging tools, benefiting users who know nothing about type systems. We report our experience with a prototype implementation.
Reductions of erythrocyte membrane viscoelastic coefficients reflect spectrin deficiencies in hereditary spherocytosis.

Abstract Hereditary spherocytosis is a common hemolytic anemia associated with deficiencies in spectrin, the principal structural protein of the erythrocyte membrane-skeleton. We have examined 20 different individuals from 10 spherocytosis kindreds and 2 elliptocytosis kindreds to determine the effects of different levels of spectrin deficiency on the viscoelastic properties of the erythrocyte membrane. Micropipettes were used to perform single-cell micromechanical measurements of approximately 1,000 individual cells to determine the membrane elastic shear modulus, the apparent membrane bending stiffness, and whole cell recovery time constant for the different cell populations. The membrane viscosity was calculated by the product of the shear modulus and the recovery time constant. Results show correlation between the fractional reduction in shear modulus and the fractional reduction in spectrin content (determined by spectrin radioimmunoassay) and spectrin density (determined by the ratios of spectrin to band 3 on electrophoresis gels) suggesting that membrane shear elasticity is directly proportional to the surface density of spectrin on the membrane (P less than 0.001). The apparent membrane bending stiffness is also reduced in proportion to the density of spectrin (P less than 0.001). The membrane viscosity is reduced relative to control (P less than 0.001), but the nature of the relationship between spectrin density and membrane viscosity is less clearly defined. These studies document striking relationships between partial deficiencies of erythrocyte spectrin and specific viscoelastic properties of the mutant membranes.
Studies on the human T-lymphocyte population - IV. The isolation of T-lymphocyte antigens from peripheral lymphocytes.

Abstract An anti-human thymus antibody, ATG, was used to follow the isolation of T-specific antigens from human peripheral lymphocytes. ATG had been found to be specific for T-lymphocytes based on its selective inhibition of T-cell response to mitogens, its inhibition of the mixed lymphocyte and T-rosetting reactions, and fluorescent staining data (Owen & Fanger, 1974). Precipitation of 125I-labeled lymphocyte extracts with ATG indicated the existence of two characteristics T-antigens, which we have termed Ts and Tα2. Ion exchange chromatography, gel filtration and preparative polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis were used to obtain homogeneous preparations of these antigens. Ts was monitored through isolation by its ability to block ATG inhibition of spontaneous rosette formation between lymphocytes and sheep red blood cells. Blocking activity was associated with two antigenically similar glycoproteins with the same mobility in disc gel electrophoresis, but with mol. wt of 30,000 (Ts2) and 65,000 (Ts1). Tα2 was protein in nature, had a mol. wt of 86,000, the electrophoretic mobility of an α2-globulin, and precipitated with ATG in double diffusion analysis in agar. These isolated antigens were used as immunizing antigens for preparation of monospecific rabbit antisera.
Schizophyllum commune as a Possible Mycotoxin Producer in Association with Sorghum Grain

A sample of sorghum grain contaminated by a white, velvety dense mat of fungal growth used as feed for brood sows caused a decrease in conception and increase in abortions. When the sorghum was tested for known mycotoxins the results were negative. Isolations yielded S. commune, not previously reported as a mycotoxin producer
Cell cycle: Oiling the gears of anaphase

The anaphase-promoting complex (APC) or cyclosome directs the ubiquitination and destruction of proteins that control specific steps in mitosis. Recent studies show that APC activity requires WD40 domain proteins, and that one of these proteins is part of the checkpoint control that ensures accurate chromosome segregation.
The Fifty-Three Electron Spectra of Caesium and Barium: Cs III and Ba IV

The separations of the lowest levels $5{s}^{2}5{p}^{5}^{2}P$ of the Cs III and Ba IV spectra have been predicted and observed. In the case of Cs III, the prediction was made from the ${s}^{2}{p}^{5}p$ levels of Cs II by use of Shortley's equations. The separation as found is 13,870 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ and several combinations of the terms with higher levels were located. The $^{2}P$ separation for Ba IV was estimated by the irregular doublet law and located from the data as 17,830 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. New data were obtained for caesium by use of the vacuum spark, for barium by the vacuum spark and the condensed discharge in helium. The more complete data for barium enabled the location of a group of terms which combine both with the $({s}^{2}{p}^{5})^{2}P$ terms and also with a higher group of terms allowing the classification of about fifty lines in this spectrum.
Tissue Heating With A Pulsed Nd-YAG Laser

Neodymium-yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd-YAG) lasers are finding increasing appli-cations in laser surgery of vascular tissues because of their good hemostatic properties. Heat penetration is deeper than the carbon dioxide laser, because the 1064 nm Nd-YAG emission is located in a "window" between the strong absorptions of oxyhemoglobin and tissue water. The basic physics of laser-tissue interactions suggests that damage to peripheral tissues can be confined by using sufficiently short pulses. In continuous mode (CW) operation, heat flow driven by temperature gradients leads to tissue heating external to the optical absorption profile. When the energy is delivered in pulses, however, conductive heat flow is minimized if the pulse duration (tn) is shorter than the thermal relaxation time constant (t ). Pulsed operation should be especially useful for the Nd-YAG laser, where the 1/e optical penetration depth (5) at 1064 nm is the order of 0.3 to 0.5 cm. Taking t" =2/2a, where a is the thermal diffusivity (the order of 0.001 cm2/s for tissues), typical values of t* for heat conduction are the order of 1-2 min. Heat removal by blood flow augments thermal conduction in vascularized tissues. The rate of this process is characterized by 1/Q, where Q is the volume blood perfusion rate. Values 1/Q range from the order of 15 s for human kidney and thyroid to more than 15 min for muscle.1 Accordingly, heat removal by conduction and blood flow during the pulse duration can be neglected for many tissues exposed to Nd-YAG laser pulses. This paper describes an analytical solution to the two dimensional laser bioheat equation applicable to pulsed operation. The theory was applied to measur-ements on potato tuber heated by low-power pulses from a clinical Nd-YAG laser. The initial temperature elevations are in satisfactory agreement with the analysis, but thermal relaxation was faster than predicted. The suggested explanation for the discrepancy involves evaporative heat transfer to internal water.
Effects of supernormal capture on directly measured nonmodulated parasystolic cycles.

Abstract Pacemaker capture during the supernormal period was seen in a case of modulated parasystole where ectopic cycles occurred without any interposed nonparasystolic beat. This contrasts with previous clinical reports, since, in the latter, the parasystolic cycle length could not be measured directly. As in experimental studies, supernormal modulation resulted in a triphasic phase response curve. Although less likely, similar electrocardiographic changes could be produced by a conceptually different phenomenon, namely full parasystolic resetting due to loss of protection occurring exclusively early in the cycle combined with modulation in the other (late) parts of the cycle.
Colony site selection and abandonment by least terns Sterna antillarum in New Jersey, USA

Abstract To develop habitat and management procedures to protect declining populations of least terns, colony site selection and abandonment by this species was investigated at 26 sites in New Jersey. Multivariate analysis was used to compare (1) colony sites to adjacent unused areas, (2) those located on beaches to dredge spoil sites and (3) abandoned to occupied colony sites. The presence of shells or pebbles in a sandy substrate, and short, sparse vegetation, were the habitat characteristics of New Jersey least tern colony sites most strongly correlated with colony site selection. Dredge spoil sites had significantly greater evidence of human disturbance, distance to water, and proportion of coarse particles in the substrate than beach sites. These differences may have contributed to the smaller colonines and greater colony turnover rates at spoil sites relative to beach sites. Overall, abandoned colony site characteristics did not differ significantly from occupied sites. However, human disturbance, over-growth of vegetation, predation, and flooding were all prevalent at colonies prior to abandonment. The results of this study suggest techniques for habitat management of both least and little terns.
Target cardiovascular risk rather than cholesterol concentration

New American guidelines are a brave and wise departure from current practice The recent American “Guideline on the Treatment of Blood Cholesterol to Reduce Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Risk in Adults” heralds a new era in the prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and stroke by focusing on reducing risk and abandoning cholesterol concentrations as targets.1 The new guidelines indicate that once lifestyle interventions have been exhausted drugs should be started on the basis of patient risk, that only those drugs known to reduce risk should be used, and that a singular focus on cholesterol concentrations should be abandoned. This tectonic shift in prevention breaks with decades of recommendations stretching back to 1988, when the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute released the first US guidelines, which established clear thresholds for starting lipid lowering drugs and goals for treatment.2 Moreover, it is a marked departure from the European Society of Cardiology guidelines, published two years ago, which strongly endorse low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) concentrations as targets for drug treatment.3 Clinicians and the public may find the new recommendations jarring. Doctors are taught about targets, tested in examinations about them, and may be evaluated and even paid according to their patients’ lipid concentrations. Academics make careers that are founded on studies to investigate how best to help patients reach salutary …
A direct method of compensating linear feedback systems

A NEW METHOD of direct synthesis of a series compensator for a linear feedback control system is presented. The method permits the designer to satisfy simultaneously specifications on the location of the complex closed-loop poles and on steady-state behavior, taking into account constraints on the open-loop pole and zero configurations.
Electrical Impedance of Nerve During Activity

ALTERNATING current impedance measurements made over a wide frequency range show that the membranes of many living cells, including those of several nerve fibres1, have electrical capacities of about one microfarad per square centimetre. The leakage conductance of the membranes of resting cells is small and there is considerable variation in the phase angle, which is assumed to be a measure of the dielectric loss. These same characteristics have been found from transverse impedance measurements, made with the current flow perpendicular to the cell axis, on the long single cell of the plant Nitella2 and the giant nerve fibre of the stellar nerve of the squid, Loligo pealii3.
FLASH‐PHOTOLYSIS OF CHLORANIL AS STUDIED BY ELECTRON SPIN RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY

THE KINETICS of photochemical reactions of quinones in alcoholic solutions has been a subject of considerable interest in past years[l]. In these'studies, the photolysis of quinones has been shown by optical methods to yield two different short-lived radical intermediates, the semiquinone radical anion (Q;) and the monoprotonated neutral semiquinone radical (QH.). The relative concentrations of these two radicals are strongly pH dependent, presumably due to the equilibrium Q H . * Q T + H +
Evolutionary changes in mutation rates and spectra and their influence onthe adaptation of pathogens

The evolutionary tuning of mutational processes may play a key role in prokaryotic evolution, particularly among pathogens. In this paper we review the evidence that genetic systems controlling the rate and spectrum of heritable mutations have evolved to optimize levels of adaptive variation and rates of genetic change.
Cultural Interference in Second Language Reading.

This study investigated the effects of culture-specific background knowledge and inferences upon second-language readers’comprehension of text. Ten Korean adult second-language readers were asked to think aloud as they read a short story from another culture and then answer a detailed set of post-reading questions. A qualitative analysis was done on the subjects’verbal report protocols and post-reading answers to obtain data on the inferences generated, the knowledge structures underlying these inferences, and the effect of activated background knowledge and inferences upon comprehension of a second language text. The results indicate that the activation and generation of culture-specific schemata and inferences at times significantly affected subjects’comprehension of text. The study provides a picture into how such effects developed as these readers continually constructed, evaluated, and revised their models of the text. The results also indicates that negative effects of culture-specific schemata on the subjects’interpretation of text could be mitigated or exacerbated by utilization of certain strategies.
Imaging of Tri-Bar Targets and the Theoretical Resolution Limit in Partially Coherent Illumination*

In viewing systems that employ critical, Kohler, or collimated illumination, the illumination may frequently be characterized by the complex degree of coherence in the form of a first-order Bessel function divided by its argument. The anomalies that occur in the image of a tri-bar target viewed in partially coherent illumination of this form are discussed for a two-dimensional circular diffraction-limited imaging system. The Sparrow criterion, which in this case correlates with experimental measurements of resolving power, is applied to determine the resolution limit. The computed resolution-limit curve for a tri-bar target is shown and compared to the previously published two-point resolution-limit curve for a one-dimensional system and to the limiting values obtained in a two-dimensional system for coherent and incoherent illumination. In the latter case, the full curve is shown as a special case of the application of the Sparrow criterion to the partially coherent imaging equations for a circular two-dimensional system. Experimental confirmation of the calculations is given.
Healthier foods cost more

It is just as important for readers to be aware that the graphs presented by Drewnowski et al.1–3 were always carefully annotated to show the exact position of grains, fats, and sweets relative to lean meats, vegetables, and fruit. Foods and food groups were always clearly identified and, in some cases, energy cost data for different food groups were presented on separate figure panels.2,3 To suggest that Drewnowski et al. ever presented undifferentiated scatterplots of the kind generated by Burns et al.4 could not be further from the truth. That energy-dense grains, fats, and sweets cost less per calorie than do fresh vegetables and fruit is not some “autocorrelation” artifact as Burns et al.4 would have us believe. The same energy cost data by food group can be presented in …
Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Inhibition

The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a serine/threonine kinase that has been increasingly recognized as key to the regulation of cell growth and proliferation. mTOR either directly or indirectly regulates translation initiation, actin organization, tRNA synthesis, ribosome biogenesis, and many other key cell maintenance functions, including protein degradation and transcription functions. Inhibition of mTOR blocks traverse of the cell cycle from the G1 to S phase. Preclinical data show inhibition of tumor growth in a number of cell lines and xenograft models. Clinical trials are ongoing. In metastatic renal cell cancer, both tumor regression and prolonged stabilization have been noted. mTOR inhibition appears to be a key pathway that may be useful in antitumor therapy. Renal cell cancer may be particularly susceptible through both the translation inhibition pathway and pathways that enhance HIF-1α gene expression, a factor believed to stimulate growth in metastatic renal cell cancer. Additional clinical trials that use agents that inhibit mTOR are ongoing.
Correcting mutual coupling and poor isolation a 1-D microwave imaging array

Data measured using an electronically-switched array is usually corrupted by mutual coupling between antenna elements and poor isolation within the array. After synthetic aperture radar (SAR) processing, images created from such data tend to be corrupted with artifacts. This paper presents a method to pre-process the data by using the well-known correlation canceling technique uniquely applied to microwave imaging.
Human Capital and Growth in the Postbellum South: A Separate but Unequal Story

This article tests the importance of human capital in explaining convergence across the states from 1880 to 1950. Human capital matters to a state's income level and to its growth rate through technological diffusion. The South, whose overwhelmingly agricultural society relied more heavily on work experience than formal education, and whose racial discrimination in school resource allocation lowered human capital accumulation of both blacks and whites, presents a unique pattern. The South's low human capital levels following the Civil War and its active postbellum resistance to education reduced its speed of conditional convergence toward the rest of the nation.
Phase shift cavity ring down and FT-VIS measurements of C–H (Δv = 5) vibrational overtone absorptions

Abstract The integrated absorption bands for the C–H stretching overtones (Δv = 5) of C2H4, C2H6, C3H8, C4H10, HC(CH3)3, and C(CH3)4 have been measured at 295 K between 13 000 and 14 300 cm−1, using the phase shift cavity ring down (PS-CRD) technique. Similar absorption bands have been obtained using a White cell with an optical path length of 6.0 m and a Fourier transform spectrophotometer operating in the visible (FT-VIS) region. The integrated intensity and the linearity of the absorption with the density of the gas are independent of the form of modulation of the laser (square or sine wave) using the PS-CRD technique. The oscillator strengths calculated with the two techniques are in excellent agreement.
Normal families of non-negative divisors

As early as 1934, Oka [7] mentioned, without proof, that a family of non-negative divisors is normal if and only if the area of the divisors is uniformly bounded on compact subsets. This report is concerned with recent results obtained on this problem. At first some pertinent definitions and facts shall be reviewed.
Impact of cogongrass management strategies on generalist predators in cogongrass‐infested longleaf pine plantations

BACKGROUND Cogongrass (Imperata cylindrica Beav.) is an aggressive, invasive weed with a global distribution. In North America, it threatens the integrity of southeastern pine agroecosystems, including longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.). While studies have examined the impacts of cogongrass and various vegetation management strategies on longleaf pine understory plant communities, little is known about how they impact associated insect communities. To understand the effect of cogongrass management strategies on arthropod natural enemies and bark beetles, a split-plot design was used to test fire (whole-plot) and four subplot treatments (control, herbicide, seeding and herbicide plus seeding). Arthropods were sampled using pitfall traps and sweep samples. RESULTS After 2 years of sampling, total natural enemies were not significantly affected by subplot treatment but were affected by burn treatment. Upon subdividing natural enemies into groups, only spiders were significantly affected by subplot treatment, but predatory beetles and ants were significantly affected by burn treatment. The abundance of root-feeding bark beetles (Hylastes spp.) was not significant by subplot or whole-plot treatments. CONCLUSIONS Multiple applications of herbicide remain the most effective way to manage cogongrass in longleaf pine. In this study, we found limited evidence that cogongrass management with herbicides would negatively impact arthropod natural enemies associated with longleaf pine or locally increase root-feeding bark beetles. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
The product cycle and the world distribution of income a reformulation

Abstract This paper uses a North-South trade model with skilled and unskilled labor to study the effect of labor supply on the world distribution of income. The world rate of innovation is endogenized. An increase in the supply of unskilled labor in a country lowers its steady-state relative wage (which is consistent with Krugman's result), while an increase in supply of skilled labor in a country raises its steady-state relative wage (which is consistent with Grossman-Helpman's result) when the elasticity of substitution between goods is sufficiently large. Both Krugman's and Grossman-Helpman's models are special cases of this unified model.
Speed of Sound Measurement in Solids Using Polyvinylidene Fluoride (PVDF) Sensors

Piezoelectric film sensors such as polyvinylidene flouride (PVDF) generate an electrical voltage in response to an applied mechanical stress with a remarkably high sensitivity. They provide very fast response times and do not require extensive signal conditioning. This paper presents a straightforward method of measuring the speed of sound in solid materials and structures using commercial PVDF sensors.PVDF sensors are most commonly used to measure stresses applied in the sensors’ thickness direction. However, this requires that the sensors be located in the load path, which may result in damage to the sensor or affect the response of the system. In this paper, two PVDF sensors are bonded to the side of a structure and a small impact is applied to one end. The sensors are used to measure the time for the impact-induced plane stress wave to travel between the sensors. The observed speed of the propagating stress wave is shown to be in good agreement with the theoretical speed of sound for the material and finite element calculations. In addition, the finite element simulations confirm the validity of the plane wave assumption for non-ideal and non-uniform impact inputs.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
A non-contact wearable wireless body sensor network for multiple vital signal detection

In this paper, we describe the development of a wearable wireless body sensor network (WBSN) to contactless detect multiple vital signals. The ECG, EEG, respiration rate, eye blinking activities as well as the motion can be detected by different sensor nodes. Instead of traditional galvanic contact, the ECG signals can be detected through cloth and even with an explicit air gap up to 30mm from the chest nodes. From these, the respiration rate, heart rate (HR), and heart rate variability (HRV) can be obtained. The EEG signals can be collected without any preparation from the brain nodes, and the eye blinking activities, such as the blinking frequency, opening time and closure time can be acquired from a simple eye node with a distance up to 15mm. Moreover, the sensor nodes can detect the motion simultaneously with the vital signals by 3D accelerometers. All these nodes collect the data in real time and communicate with a gateway node using a wireless sensor network platform that include iMote2 module following IEEE 802.15.4. The gateway collects data and transfers to computer. The power supply can be provided from both batteries and energy scavenger of a thermal electric module to extend the lifetime of the WBSN.
Optimal design of trusses for alternative loads

The paper treats optimal design of a plane elastic truss (Fig. 1) subject to two alternative loads L′ and L″, when an upper bound is given for the absolute value of the stress in any bar. While the load L′ is fixed, the load L″ is varied subject to the restriction to nonnegative values of P and Q (Fig. 1). The possibility that the optimal truss, that is the truss with the smallest total volume of bars, is statically determinate is not excluded. Statically indeterminate trusses, and particularly fully stressed trusses of this kind are found to play a less important role than has generally been believed.
Fluctuating winds and the ocean circulation

The fluctuating and steady response of a simple bounded ocean model to a surface wind stress which oscillates at or near one of the Rossby wave resonance frequencies of the basin is computed under the assumption that the response is limited by finite amplitude effects. It is shown that oscillations of the normal modes can never rectify in a way to produce intense boundary currents, but that motions driven not at a resonance frequency are able to produce such steady boundary layers. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1967.tb01480.x
ENVIRONMENTAL FINANCE: VALUE AND RISK IN AN AGE OF ECOLOGY

Environmental issues are restructuring markets and redirecting capital flows throughout the world. An outline is provided of concerns facing the development of an environmentally responsible or ‘environmental finance’ perspective. It reviews the major ways in which organizations are responding to environmental threats and opportunities in the three major branches of finance — corporate finance, investments and financial institutions — highlighting in particular novel programs and initiatives. In the past, financial concerns have exacerbated the degradation of the natural environment; in the future, they probably hold the key to their preservation.
Do experts and novices evaluate movies the same way

Do experts and novices evaluate creativity the same way? This question is particularly relevant to the study of critical and public response to movies. How do public opinions differ from movie critic opinions? This study assessed college student (i.e., novice) ratings on movies released from 2001 to 2005 and compared them to expert opinions and those of self-declared novices on major movie rating Web sites. Results suggest that the student ratings overlapped considerably—but not overwhelmingly—with the self-described novices, student ratings correlated at a lower magnitude with critic ratings, and the ratings of students who saw the most movies correlated more highly with both critics and self-described novices than those of students who saw the least movies. The results suggest a continuum of creative evaluation in which the distinctions between categories such as “novice,” “amateur,” and “expert” are blurry and often overlap—yet the categories of expertise are not without importance. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Ultrastructure of retinal capillaries of the rat.

The retinal capillaries of normal, albino rats were studied with the electron microscope. The capillaries are lined by flat endothelial cells which rest upon a homogeneous basement membrane. Mitochondria were rare. Spherical vesicles, referred to as pinooytic vesicles by some authors, were found distributed throughout the endothelial cytoplasm but more often aligned along the free border of the cell. In addition to the vesicles, fine structures, appearing as discontinuous pairs of parallel lines and interpreted as portions of endoplasmic reticulum, were also dispersed in the endothelial cytoplasm. Microvilli of various lengths projected from the endothelial cytoplasm into the lumen of the capillaries. There was considerable variation in the width of the basement membrane which encircles the endothelial layer of the vessel. Pericytes were embedded in the basement membrane and lay in a plane parallel to the longitudinal axis of the capillary. Although the capillaries were not, as a rule, completely surrounded by pericytes, the latter cells were often superimposed upon one another, adding significantly to the over-all thickness of the capillary. In all specimens examined, the capillaries were invested by glial elements of the retina. There was no contiguity of capillary and neuronal tissue.
Gauge theories with composite bosons

We develop an approach for introducing bosons into gauge theories as composite states of fermions. It is scale and gauge invariant from the outset and utilizes invariant regularization procedures. This results in the acquisition of gauge-covariant kinetic energy by the bosons and the growth of coupling constants and masses. Relationships among the coupling constants and masses are derived.
New perspectives on level-four processing in data fusion systems

One of the top-level processing functions defined in the Joint Directors of Laboratories data fusion processing mode is Level 4 processing. This is a meta-process that monitors the on-going data fusion process to optimize the fusion of data. To date, two basic approaches have been used for Level 4 processing. The first approach uses classic constrained optimization methods to optimize a measure of performance of the data fusion process. The second approach treats Level 4 processing as a classical control problem, invovling dynamic sensor tasking, to meet performance objectives. Both of these approaches generally ignore the human-in-the-loop user, and treat sensor as relatively unintelligent devices. Recent development in smart sensor, improved models of dynamic sensor performance, and advances in cognitive psychology suggests that a new perspective on Level 4 processing is needed. In this paper, the concept of Level 4 processing is extended to exploit these rapid evolutions, resulting in increased performance of data fusion systems.
Uranium-lead geochronology of the Archean Imataca Series, Venezuelan Guayana Shield

Uranium and lead isotopic analyses of total-rock and feldspar samples from the Imataca Series indicate an early Archean (3.5+ b.y.) age for the basement gneisses. Lead isotopic evolution in most gneiss samples may approximately be described by a three-stage model. The start of the third stage is marked by a pervasive metamorphic event, locally up to pyroxene-granulite grade, at 2 b.y. ago, which commonly resulted in extensive depletion of uranium relative to lead.
COMPARISON OF NH EXCHANGE AND CIRCULAR DICHROISM AS TECHNIQUES FOR MEASURING THE PARAMETERS OF THE HELIX-COIL TRANSITION IN PEPTIDES

Circular dichroism and NH exchange are compared directly as techniques for measuring helix content in peptides and the parameters of the helix-coil transition. To cover a broad range of helix contents, alanine-based peptides with chain lengths varying from 12 to 22 residues are examined over the temperature range from 0.6 to 26.9 degrees C in 1 M sodium chloride, 2H2O. Helix-coil transition theory independently fits both circular dichroism and exchange data, but the helix contents measured by exchange are larger than those measured by circular dichroism. The two techniques are brought into agreement by removing the assumption that the intrinsic chemical exchange rate in the helix is the same as the exchange rate measured for short unstructured model peptides. This modification allows the circular dichroism and NH exchange data to be described by the same set of helix parameters and indicates that the intrinsic exchange rate in the presence of helical structure is reduced approximately 17% relative to the rates measured in unstructured models. To test the possibility that this effect is electrostatic in origin, the sensitivity of the exchange reaction to ionic strength is determined. A substantial dependence of exchange rate on ionic strength is found, but the form of the dependence is complex. In studies of the exchange rates of native proteins, the exchange-competent form of the protein is assumed to exchange with the same rate constant as a blocked dipeptide with the identical amino acid sequences. Our result suggests that this assumption will be seriously in error in some cases because of charge effects in the protein.
A new mixed integer programming formulation for facility layout design using flexible bays

This paper presents a mixed-integer programming formulation to find optimal solutions for the block layout problem with unequal departmental areas arranged in flexible bays. The nonlinear department area constraints are modeled in a continuous plane without using any surrogate constraints. The formulation is extensively tested on problems from the literature.
Structure‐based approach to pharmacophore identification, in silico screening, and three‐dimensional quantitative structure–activity relationship studies for inhibitors of Trypanosoma cruzi dihydrofolate reductase function

We have employed a structure-based three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship (3D-QSAR) approach to predict the biochemical activity for inhibitors of T. cruzi dihydrofolate reductase-thymidylate synthase (DHFR-TS). Crystal structures of complexes of the enzyme with eight different inhibitors of the DHFR activity together with the structure in the substrate-free state (DHFR domain) were used to validate and refine docking poses of ligands that constitute likely active conformations. Structural information from these complexes formed the basis for the structure-based alignment used as input for the QSAR study. Contrary to indirect ligand-based approaches the strategy described here employs a direct receptor-based approach. The goal is to generate a library of selective lead inhibitors for further development as antiparasitic agents. 3D-QSAR models were obtained for T. cruzi DHFR-TS (30 inhibitors in learning set) and human DHFR (36 inhibitors in learning set) that show a very good agreement between experimental and predicted enzyme inhibition data. For crossvalidation of the QSAR model(s), we have used the 10% leave-one-out method. The derived 3D-QSAR models were tested against a few selected compounds (a small test set of six inhibitors for each enzyme) with known activity, which were not part of the learning set, and the quality of prediction of the initial 3D-QSAR models demonstrated that such studies are feasible. Further refinement of the models through integration of additional activity data and optimization of reliable docking poses is expected to lead to an improved predictive ability.
Foreign travel and tourism prices and demand

Abstract Sunday, Alexander A., “Foreign Travel and Tourism Prices and Demand,” Annals of Tourism Research, Vol. V, No. 2, April/June 1978, pp. 268–273. Using regression analysis and panel data this study estimates the parameter effect of prices on American demand for foreign travel and tourism. Findings suggest that higher air fares generate fewer tourists but greater expenditure per tourist visit.
Fooling mother nature.

Correcting defective genes at the mRNA level shows promise for the treatment of cystic fibrosis.
Interactive simulation for studying the design of feller-bunchers for forest thinning

ABSTRACT AN interactive numerical simulation method employing a stand map, thinning prescription, and a model harvest vehicle is described. Geometric parameters and an operating strategy are used to generate a feasible cutting path for a feller-buncher. The path, along with appropriate time related parameters, determines operating time for the harvesting vehicle. Animated graphics provide a tool for verification and evaluation of the simulations. Thinning with a feller-buncher is examined as a base case for evaluation of design concepts. The results indicate that the technique is suitable for evaluating design and operational parameters, and their effects on thinning system performance.
Our Communication Heritage: The Genetic Tie That Binds.

This essay grounds the 1978 SSCA Convention theme, “Many Interests, One Concern,” in a shared communication heritage. Recent discoveries concerning the antiquity of human communication point up the importance of our concern with speech communication, and suggest new lines of thought and research.
Activation Analysis of Particulate Air Contaminants

A procedure is described for the activation analysis of particulate air contaminants collected on filter papers. Results are included from the identification of several radioactive species in a series of samples. The samples, together with a filter paper control, were irradiated in a reactor. Measurements of BETA activity were made with a proportional counter and gamma activities were measured with a pulse height analyzer equipped with a scintillation detector. Some samples were also analyzed with a multichannel analyzer. Data are included on the activation history of the samples and the radioisotopes identified. (C.H.)
A stochastic model for a machining cell with tool failure and tool replacement considerations

Abstract This paper presents a stochastic model for analyzing maching cells with arbitrary demand, production, tool failure, and tool replacement processes, and a finite output buffer. Expressions are developed for the transition probabilities among the different states, the proportion of transitions that take the process to a particular state, the probabilities that the process is in a particular state, and the expected state residence times. Also, expressions are developed for some quantities of interest, like average inventory and percentage of lost sales. Applications are discussed for various demand, production, tool failure, and tool replacement processes, and numerical examples are presented. Finally suggestions are made for utilizing the proposed model in a serial production line environment.
Target detection via combination of feature-based target-measure images

We present an approach to perform automatic target detection of small targets from coregistered visual, thermal, and range images, using five features of value for target discrimination: Brightness, Texture, Temperature, Surface Planarity, and Height. For each, we proposed a set of operations to extract targets from the images, using inherent target properties that differentiate them from clutter. Each of the target extractors yields a `Target Measure' image, based on a specific feature. These, when combined appropriately, yield better results than those obtained by individual, single image detectors. Two methods are presented to perform information fusion on the target measure images: Binary Combination and Fuzzy Combination. Experimental results using both combination methods on synthetic and real imagery are given with very satisfactory results. A morphological operation called `erosion of strength n' is introduced and utilized as a powerful tool for removal of spurious information in binary images.
Telomeres: taking the measure.

Telomeres — the tips of chromosomes — need to be preserved, and this involves replenishing telomeric DNA when it has been eroded. But telomeres must not become too long, and one aspect of length control is now revealed.
Toward the Emergence of Nanoneurosurgery: Part II—Nanomedicine: Diagnostics and Imaging at the Nanoscale Level

The notion of nanotechnology has evolved since its inception as a fantastic conceptual idea to its current position as a mainstream research initiative with broad applications among all divisions of science. In the first part of this series, we reviewed the structures and principles that comprise the main body of knowledge of nanoscience and nanotechnology (58). This article reviews and discusses the applications of nanotechnology to biological systems that will undoubtedly transform the foundations of disease diagnosis, treatment, and prevention in the future. Specific attention is given to developments in diagnostics and imaging at the nanoscale level. The use of nanoparticles and nanomaterials as biodetection agents for deoxyribonucleic acid and proteins is presented. In addition, nanodevices, such as nanowires, nanotubes, and nanocantilevers, can be combined with nanoarrays and nanofluidics to create integrated and automated nanodetection platforms. Molecular imaging modalities based on quantum dots and magnetic nanoparticles are also discussed. This technology has been extended to the imaging of intracranial neoplasms. Further innovation within these disciplines will form the basis for the development of mature nanomedicine. The final article of the series will focus on additional advancements in nanomedicine, namely nanotherapy and nanosurgery, and will cover the innovations that will lead to the eventual realization of nanoneurosurgery.
A mass production product-to-plant allocation problem

Product-to-Plant allocations must respect the timing and forecast demand of the product introductions, limited tooling for each model, limited capacities of the plant and its subsystems, build out date of existing products and required changeover time, restrictions arising from limited changeover resources, as well as other special restrictions specific to particular plants and new products. Beyond satisfying these constraints, we would like to minimize the expected lost sales, balance the utilization among plants, and maximize the number of plants chained together by shared product. Since some products' volumes require multiple lines, we also choose the volume assigned to each line supporting the same product. We enunciate this product-to-line allocation problem actually faced in the automotive industry, and provide an optimization based decision support approach.
In Situ Radiation Measurements and Instrumentation for Monitoring Nuclear Waste Storage Facilities

This discourse is a summary description of the reasons, requirements, and methodology for monitoring the integrity of nuclear waste storage facilities. Various types of nuclear wastes and the radiation emitted by them are defined. Descriptions of commonly used storage facilities are given. Instrumentation available or under development for making these measurements is described with particular emphasis on in-situ techniques.
An algorithm to optimally color a mesh

Abstract In order to force vectorization and parallelization of a class of problems (including e.g. explicit schemes applied to the discretization of a system of ordinary differential equations or element-by-element preconditioning of large matrices), it is suitable to introduce a mesh coloring in order to partition the mesh into subsets of disjoint elements. Nevertheless, the only mesh coloring algorithms found in the literature are not optimal in the sense that they do not optimize the number of elements in all colors and the efficiency can drop because of this lack. We propose an improved algorithm, optimal in the sense that it will maximize the efficiency of both vectorization and parallelization on either shared or distributed memory computers, and which is valid for any space dimension and any mesh topology.
Methodology is more than research design and technology.

The Society for Computers in Psychology has been at the forefront of disseminating information about advances in computer technology and their applications for psychologists. Although technological advances, as well as clean research designs, are key contributors to progress in psychological research, the justification of methodological rules for interpreting data and making theory choices is at least as important. Historically, methodological beliefs and practices have been justified through intuition and logic, an approach known asfoundationism. However,naturalism, a modern approach in the philosophy of science inspired by the work of Thomas S. Kuhn, indicates that all aspects of scientific practice, including its methodology, should be evaluated empirically. This article examines implications of the naturalistic approach for psychological research methods in general and for the current debate that is often framed as one of qualitative versus quantitative methods.
Extremes of body mass index do not affect first-trimester pregnancy outcome in patients with infertility.

Abstract Objective: The study was undertaken to ascertain whether body mass index (BMI) affects first-trimester pregnancy outcome in patients with infertility. Study Design: Records of 494 patients with a singleton gestation after treatment for infertility at a single academic center were retrospectively reviewed. Patients were classified with regard to BMI and treatment protocol. Outcomes were defined as ongoing pregnancy, spontaneous abortion, or ectopic pregnancy. Results: The average rate of spontaneous abortion was 21.5% and of ongoing pregnancy 75.1%. This did not differ significantly in any of the BMI groups. When patients were further subdivided according to diagnosis or fertility treatment, the spontaneous abortion rate remained the same. Conclusion: The likelihood of a spontaneous abortion, ongoing pregnancy, or ectopic pregnancy in singleton gestations in the first trimester, after treatment for infertility, was not affected by BMI. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 2003;188:1169-70.)
Nurses' information appraisal within the clinical setting.

Limited discussion in nursing literature exists regarding how nurses appraise information. In the absence of information appraisal skills, nurses cannot safely and effectively apply evidence in practice. The research study used an interpretive description design to define and describe the process of