cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nicotine dependence and mental disorders among adults in the USA : evaluating the role of the mode of administration

BackgroundTo investigate the association between nicotine dependence (ND), by cigarette smoking and use of smokeless tobacco (UST), and mental disorders.MethodFace-to-face surveys (n=43 093) were conducted in the 2001–2002 National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC). Nicotine use, ND, and mental disorders were assessed using DSM-IV criteria.ResultsUST-ND was associated with a significantly increased likelihood of any anxiety disorder, specific phobia, alcohol abuse and dependence. Consistent with previous findings, cigarette smoking-ND was associated with an increased likelihood of all mental disorders examined. Among those without ND, cigarette smoking was specifically associated with panic attacks and panic disorder; non-dependent UST was not associated with mental disorders.ConclusionsOur findings suggest that the association between ND and mental disorders is relatively specific to the mode of nicotine administration. Among those who are nicotine dependent, cigarette use is associated with most major psychiatric disorders, whereas UST is associated with dysthymia and specific phobia. Among those who use tobacco but are not nicotine dependent, cigarette use is associated with dysthymia and panic disorder; UST is not associated with any major mood or anxiety disorders. The link between mental disorders and nicotine is complex, and is associated primarily with dependence, and not with non-dependent use.
Anhydrite precipitation and the extent of hydrothermal recharge zones at ocean ridge crests

[1] We develop mathematical models to investigate anhydrite precipitation in hydrothermal recharge zones at ocean ridge axes. We first consider constant flow during hydrothermal recharge to estimate the depth, the depth interval over which anhydrite precipitation would occur, and the initial rate of porosity reduction. We find that the smaller the downward mass flux, the shallower and more broadly distributed the region of precipitation. For values of downward mass flux similar to that for high-temperature black smoker systems, the porosity would be clogged significantly in a matter of months to years depending upon the initial porosity. We then consider anhydrite precipitation in a buoyancy-driven single-pass model in which the reduction in permeability resulting from anhydrite precipitation exerts a feedback on the flow rate. This model gives results similar to the constant flow model for the initial depth, depth interval, and rate of porosity reduction. The effect of the permeability clogging on the flow rate, however, is twofold. First, the zone of anhydrite precipitation shallows and broadens as the flow rate decreases, thus allowing deeply deposited anhydrite to be preserved temporarily. Second, if the recharge area of the same size as the discharge area, anhydrite precipitation rapidly reduces the flow rate and the heat output of the hydrothermal system. If the initial porosity of the recharge zone is 1%, the area of the recharge zone must be ∼10–100 times that of the discharge zone to maintain near steady state conditions for time periods of decades to hundreds of years. This result implies that recharge zones may be quite large and extend off axis as well as along axis.
Conditional Reactions in the Rat

(1938). Conditional Reactions in the Rat. The Journal of Psychology: Vol. 6, No. 2, pp. 311-324.
Atomic Structure of the Nial Σ=5 (310) Interface

The structure of a highly oriented NiAl Σ=5 [001] (310) grain boundary has been imaged by high resolution electron microscopy and analyzed by multisi ice image calculations. This grain boundary exhibits an asymmetry produced by a rigid body displacement of approximately $$\frac{1}{2}\text{d}_{{{1\bar 30}}}$$ along the grain boundary, but does not show any measurable expansion of the grain boundary. The match between the simulated and experimental images of this grain boundary is improved by changing the stoichiometry of the boundary, which can be accomplished by adding antisite defects and vacancies. The final model structure incorporates 50% constitutional vacancies on the nickel sites adjacent to the boundary plane and a replacement of the aluminum sites adjacent to the boundary plane with 50% nickel antisite defects and 50% vacancies.
MOMDIS: a Glauber model computer code for knockout reactions

Abstract A computer program is described to calculate momentum distributions in stripping and diffraction dissociation reactions. A Glauber model is used with the scattering wavefunctions calculated in the eikonal approximation. The program is appropriate for knockout reactions at intermediate energy collisions ( 30 MeV ⩽ E lab / nucleon ⩽ 2000 MeV ). It is particularly useful for reactions involving unstable nuclear beams, or exotic nuclei (e.g., neutron-rich nuclei), and studies of single-particle occupancy probabilities (spectroscopic factors) and other related physical observables. Such studies are an essential part of the scientific program of radioactive beam facilities, as in for instance the proposed RIA (Rare Isotope Accelerator) facility in the US. Program summary Title of program: MOMDIS (MOMentum DIStributions) Catalogue identifier: ADXZ_v1_0 Program summary URL: http://cpc.cs.qub.ac.uk/summaries/ADXZ_v1_0 Computers: The code has been created on an IBM-PC, but also runs on UNIX or LINUX machines Operating systems: WINDOWS or UNIX Program language used: Fortran-77 Memory required to execute with typical data: 16 Mbytes of RAM memory and 2 MB of hard disk space No. of lines in distributed program, including test data, etc.: 6255 No. of bytes in distributed program, including test data, etc.: 63 568 Distribution format: tar.gz Nature of physical problem: The program calculates bound wavefunctions, eikonal S-matrices, total cross-sections and momentum distributions of interest in nuclear knockout reactions at intermediate energies. Method of solution: Solves the radial Schrodinger equation for bound states. A Numerov integration is used outwardly and inwardly and a matching at the nuclear surface is done to obtain the energy and the bound state wavefunction with good accuracy. The S-matrices are obtained using eikonal wavefunctions and the “t- ρρ ” method to obtain the eikonal phase-shifts. The momentum distributions are obtained by means of a Gaussian expansion of integrands. Main integrals are performed with the Simpson's method. Typical running time: Almost all CPU time is consumed by calculations of integrals, specially for transverse momentum distributions which involves multiple integral loops. It takes up to 30 min on a 2 GHz Intel P4-processor machine.
Dynamics of Hydration Water on Rutile Studied by Backscattering Neutron Spectroscopy and Molecular Dynamics Simulation

The high energy resolution, coupled with the wide dynamic range, of the new backscattering spectrometer (BASIS) at the Spallation Neutron Source, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, has made it possible to investigate the diffusion dynamics of hydration water on the surface of rutile (TiO2) nanopowder down to a temperature of 195 K. The dynamics measured on the BASIS on the time scale of tens of picoseconds to more than a nanosecond can be attributed to the mobility of the outer hydration water layers. The data obtained on the BASIS and in a previous study using the backscattering and disk-chopper spectrometers at the NIST Center for Neutron Research are coupled with molecular dynamics simulations extended to 50 ns. The results suggest that the scattering experiments probe several types of molecular motion in the surface layers, namely a very fast component that involves dynamics of water molecules with unsaturated hydrogen bonds, a somewhat slower component due to localized motions of all water molecules, and...
Searching for the ‘You’ in ‘YouTube’: An Analysis of Online Response Ability

Enthusiasm for adding sociality to Web sites is mounting. Yet, the YouTube experience shows that participation in social networking sites is complex and potentially contentious. Meaningful participation in part depends upon participants' ability to respond to others and contribute to a site. While some participants demand more active involvement from administrators to create a safe and encouraging environment, others view intensive regulation as impairing their individual response ability to communicate with others and contribute. Discussions about adequate participation inevitably lead to a consideration of administrators' responsibility for creating an environment that provides sufficient opportunities for widespread and diverse participation. Before embarking on creating a community or adding intensive social networking components that may be monetized to a site, administrators should think carefully about the challenges that will likely ensue as participants become more passionate about the community and consequently make demands that seek contradictory optimal participatory environments.
Peripheral Ligand-binding Site in Cytochrome P450 3A4 Located with Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET)

The mechanisms of ligand binding and allostery in the major human drug-metabolizing enzyme cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) were explored with fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) using a laser dye, fluorol-7GA (F7GA), as a model substrate. Incorporation into the enzyme of a thiol-reactive FRET probe, pyrene iodoacetamide, allowed us to monitor the binding by FRET from the pyrene donor to the F7GA acceptor. Cooperativity of the interactions detected by FRET indicates that the enzyme possesses at least two F7GA-binding sites that have different FRET efficiencies and are therefore widely separated. To probe spatial localization of these sites, we studied FRET in a series of mutants bearing pyrene iodoacetamide at different positions, and we measured the distances from each of the sites to the donor. Our results demonstrate the presence of a high affinity binding site at the enzyme periphery. Analysis of the set of measured distances complemented with molecular modeling and docking allowed us to pinpoint the most probable peripheral site. It is located in the vicinity of residues 217–220, similar to the position of the progesterone molecule bound at the distal surface of the CYP3A4 in a prior x-ray crystal structure. Peripheral binding of F7GA causes a substantial spin shift and serves as a prerequisite for the binding in the active site. This is the first indication of functionally important ligand binding outside of the active site in cytochromes P450. The findings strongly suggest that the mechanisms of CYP3A4 cooperativity involve a conformational transition triggered by an allosteric ligand.
4D flow MRI and T1 -Mapping: Assessment of altered cardiac hemodynamics and extracellular volume fraction in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.

Purpose: Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is associated with altered hemodynamics in the left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) and myocardial tissue abnormalities such as fibrosis. The aim of this study was to quantify changes in LVOT 3D hemodynamics and myocardial extracellular volume fraction (ECV, measure of fibrosis) and to investigate relationships between elevated flow metrics and left ventricular (LV) tissue abnormalities. Materials and Methods: Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) including 4D flow (field strength 5 1.5T, resolution 5 2.1–4.0 3 2.1–4.0 3 2.5–3.2 mm 3 ; venc 5 150–250 cm/s; TE/TR/FA 5 2.2–2.5msec/4.6–4.9msec/158) for the in vivo assessment of 3D blood flow velocities with full covera ge of the LVOT was applied in 35 patients with HCM (546 15 years) and 10 age-matched healthy controls (45 6 14 years). In addition, pre- and postcontrast myocardial T1-mapping (resolution 5 2.3 3 1.8 mm, slice thickness 5 8m m, TE/TR-FA5 1.0-1.1msec/2.0-2.2msec/358) of the LV (basal, mid-ventricular, apical short axis) was performed in a subgroup of 23 HCM patients. Analysis included the segmentation of the LVOT and quantification of peak systolic LVOT pressure gradients and rate of viscous energy loss EL 0 as well as left ventricular ECV. Results: HCM patients demonstrated significantly elevated peak systolic LVOT pressure gradients (21 6 16 mmHg vs. 9 6 2 mmHg) and energy loss EL 0 (3.8 6 2.5 mW vs. 1.5 6 0.7 mW, P < 0.005) compared to controls. There was a significant relationship between increased LV fibrosis (ECV) with both elevated pressure gradients (R 2 5 0.44, P < 0.001) and energy loss EL 0 (R 2 5 0.46, P < 0.001). Conclusions: The integration of 4D-flow and T1-mapping-MRI allowed for the evaluation of tissue and flow abnormalities in HCM patients. Our findings suggest a mechanistic link between abnormal LVOT flow, increased LV loading, and adverse myocardial remodeling in HCM. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2015;00:000–000. J. MAGN. RESON. IMAGING 2015;00:000–000.
A multiple-input dc-dc positive buck-boost converter topology

A new multiple-input hybrid energy conversion topology is presented. The proposed topology is capable of combining different energy sources with different voltage- current characteristics, while achieving low part number and bidirectional operational. Compare to previous multiple-input buck-boost converter, the proposed topology provides positive output voltage; it is capable of bi-directional operation; and it has the capability of operating in buck, boost, and buck-boost modes. A fixed frequency switching strategy is considered and analytical analyses as well as detailed device level simulation results are presented.
Efficient Export of the Vesicular Stomatitis Virus G Protein from the Endoplasmic Reticulum Requires a Signal in the Cytoplasmic Tail That Includes Both Tyrosine-based and Di-acidic Motifs

The vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) G protein is a model transmembrane glycoprotein that has been extensively used to study the exocytotic pathway. A signal in the cytoplasmic tail of VSV G (DxE or Asp-x-Glu, where x is any amino acid) was recently proposed to mediate efficient export of the protein from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). In this study, we show that the DxE motif only partially accounts for efficient ER exit of VSV G. We have identified a six-amino-acid signal, which includes the previously identified Asp and Glu residues, that is required for efficient exit of VSV G from the ER. This six-residue signal also includes the targeting sequence YxxO (where x is any amino acid and O is a bulky, hydrophobic residue) implicated in several different sorting pathways. The only defect in VSV G proteins with mutations in the six-residue signal is slow exit from the ER; folding and oligomerization in the ER are normal, and the mutants eventually reach the plasma membrane. Addition of this six-residue motif to an inefficiently transported reporter protein is sufficient to confer an enhanced ER export rate. The signal we have identified is highly conserved among divergent VSV G proteins, and we suggest this reflects the importance of this motif in the evolution of VSV G as a proficient exocytic protein.
Aesthetics and Educational Value Struggles

This chapter suggests that a defense of genuine creativity and imagination within public schooling engage with what Jacques Ranciere refers to as the “aesthetic regime.” This regime enables us to consider a reorientation of educational experience and value through an ethical fidelity to beauty and equality in the coproduction of an educational common. It thus signals a form of aesthetic education (Bildung), that in Friedrich Schiller’s words, might make possible “the most perfect of all works of art—the establishment and structure of a true political freedom.”
Cholesterol-Lowering Effects of Certain Grains and of Oat Fractions in the Chick.∗:

SummaryThe plasma cholesterol-lowering activity of whole ground oats and its components was studied in chicks fed hypercholesterolemic diets. Oat hulls were most effective whereas oat starch and oat oil had no cholesterol-lowering activity. Liver lipids and cholesterol were also significantly reduced by whole oats and oat hulls, and, to a lesser extent, by dehulled oats. In contrast to observations made with pectin or scleroglucan, fecal lipids and sterols were not increased by the feeding of whole oats or oat hulls.
Sex Pheromones of Lepidoptera: Disruption of Pheromone Communication in Trichoplusia ni and Pectinophora gossypiella by Permeation of the Air with Nonpheromone Chemicals

Looplure, cis -7-dodecenyl acetate, is the sex pheromone of Trichoplusia ni , (Hubner) and hexalure, cis -7-hexadecenyl acetate, is an attractant for males of Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders). Quantitative field experiments were conducted to evaluate looplure, hexalure, and 9 related compounds, as agents for the disruption of sex pheromone communication in T. ni and P. gossypiella . Communication in each species was disrupted to a small degree by a number of the related compounds. However, looplure and hexalure were most active for T. ni and P. gossypiella , respectively. Thus, the related compounds appear to have little potential for behavioral control of these 2 species.
The Rôle of Dominance in the Social Life of Birds

BIRD flocks are held together by mutual attractions which are often innate. Witness the flocks of Cowbirds (Molothrm ater) which gather from broods reared by a wide variety of foster parents. On the other hand, training may seriously modify these reactions. In extreme cases, such as the Graylag Goose (Anser anser) described by Heinroth and Heinroth (1928), mere exposure of the young to a foster parent for a short period at the time of hatching will bind these young to this foster parent for a long period (Lorenz, 1935). Again, there are forces tending to disrupt the flock and these of course vary with the age of the bird and with the conditions of the environment. It is a curious fact that one regulating mechanism of bird society, the dominance drive, has been credited with both centrifugal and centripetal powers. In recent years this drive has been studied experimentally in many groups of vertebrates and certain general conclusions have been reached which give us a better understanding of bird behavior. It is now well known from the studies of Schjelderup-Ebbe (1924), Masure and Allee (1934), Murchison (1935, 1936) and Skard (1937) that no two hens, or roosters, can remain very long together in the barnyard without establishing which is superior or inferior to the other. In a flock, a dominant hen may peck a subordinate without fear of retaliation. The latter may be dominant over a third, and the third over a fourth. The 'pecking order' which results is not closely correlated with the relative weights of the birds. Schjelderup-Ebbe (1935) believes that the circumstances of the first meeting of the two hens and their relative courage are as important as strength in determining which will become dominant. A position in the pecking order is not, however, always determined at the first meeting but may be deferred for days. Masure and Allee (1934) found that the ranking birds tend to make more contacts than do those lower in the social scale. This suggests that an inherent aggressive disposition may favor a bird's securing a position high in the order. Among Domestic Fowls the males early become dominant over the females. Schjelderup-Ebbe (1924) noted that the vigor of the attack of the rooster on the hen abates with the rise of sex interest but he insists that "only in those cases where the male absolutely dominates the female does she submit to copulation unresistingly." He further generalizes that in all animals, female dominancy has a detrimental effect on procreation. Murchison (1935) found that if a hen is released between two roosters she tends to move toward the more dominant of the two males. It would seem that roosters high in the order would have greater opportunities of mating. When, how-
Cross-Validation for Prediction

The authors review and critically evaluate three major approaches to cross-validation in the context of predictive validity: (1) sample-splitting, (2) resampling plans such as bootstrapping, and (3...
Study of ESPRIT Algorithm to Coherent Source Via Virtual Array Translation

In all kind of algorithms of DOA estimation,ESPRIT algorithm is an usually algorithm possessing fast run and high precision.In this paper,A new ESPRIT algorithm to coherent sources via virtual array transformation.is prosposed.It can settle the problem of not finding coherent signals in routine ESPRIT algorithm.Compare to the spatial smoothing algorithm,with this approach,it do not decrease effective array aperture,it can detect the number of(M) coherent signals with M sensors.This algorithm is suit to direction of arrival (DOA) estimation of all signals(include all coherent and incoherent signals).
Many species risk mountain top extinction long before they reach the top

Analyses of topography show that mountains do not monotonically decrease in area with elevation as is commonly believed and that in reality land area often increases at higher elevations. This finding bodes well for the future of biodiversity since it means that in many parts of the world there are sufficient upslope areas for low- and mid-elevation species to migrate into as temperatures increase. However, more attention needs to be given to determining if migrating species can actually reach these expansive high-elevation areas. Many factors can prevent species from migrating upslope including stable ecotones. Often ecotonal boundaries are not set by mean temperatures alone and thus are not shifting upslope with warming. An example of this are tropical alpine treelines, which are not shifting upslope despite rapid warming potentially due to the stabilizing influences of climatic factors other than mean temperatures (e.g., extreme cold events) or non-climatic factors (e.g., soil or human disturbances). Stable ecotones can potentially prevent species from expanding their ranges into upland areas in which case the amount of land at higher elevations is irrelevant and species may face “mountain top extinctions” long before they reach the actual tops of the mountains.
Fibrinolytic balance, the renin-angiotensin system and atherosclerotic disease.

The plasminogen activator or fibrinolytic system is an important determinant of vascular homeostasis. It is one of the endogenous defence mechanisms against intravascular thrombus formation, which is implicated in the pathogenesis of myocardial infarction and other acute coronary syndromes. Reduced fibrinolytic activity is a risk factor for ischaemic cardiovascular events. The fibrinolytic system also contributes prominently to vascular remodelling. Fibrinolysis depends on a balance between plasminogen activators, such as urokinase and tissue-type plasminogen activator, and plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1. A growing body of evidence indicates that the renin-angiotensin system can disrupt the equilibrium of the fibrinolytic system both directly and indirectly. with clinical consequences. For example. it appears that angiotensin II and angiotensin IV increase the expression of plasminogen activator inhibitor type I. Pharmacological interruption of the renin angiotensin system with inhibitors of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) exerts a positive influence on endogenous fibrinolytic balance by blocking the formation of angiotensin II and preventing the degradation of bradykinin. Recent data from our laboratory have provided additional evidence for a link between the renin angiotensin system and the fibrinolytic system. These findings may help elucidate possible mechanisms by which ACE inhibition exerts vasculoprotective effects and reduces the risk of atherothrombotic events.
Influence of Preoperative Bladder Capacity and Compliance on the Outcome of Artificial Sphincter Implantation in Patients with Neurogenic Sphincter Incompetence

AbstractWe performed a retrospective study of 23 patients with neurogenic sphincteric incompetence who had undergone implantation of an artificial urinary sphincter to determine if bladder capacity and compliance as determined by cystometrography could predict the need for enterocystoplasty. Study criteria were neurogenic sphincteric incompetence, no previous operations on the lower urinary tract, and performance of preoperative and postoperative cystometrography. Patients were 5 to 17 years old at implantation.Incontinence was caused by myelomeningocele (18 patients), sacral agenesis (3) and spinal cord tumor (2). The 8 patients for whom preoperative cystometric bladder capacity was greater than 60% of the expected capacity for age have been followed for a mean of 60 months. All 8 patients are continent and none required enterocystoplasty. Preoperative bladder compliance exceeded 2ml./cm. water in all patients (group 1). Of the 15 patients for whom preoperative cystometric bladder capacity was less than ...
Merah and Malistan

In the years following the 2004 Madrid and 2005 London bombings, the nature of the challenge al Qa'ida and its affiliates posed began to change. The threat of large-scale 9/11–type attacks declined, but terrorist and guerilla attacks by Salafist groups against local targets around the world increased. Al Qa'ida in Iraq led this trend with its campaign of suicide and other attacks on U.S. forces and Iraqi civilians, but violence by al Qa'ida in the Arabian Peninsula, the Islamic Courts Union (al Shabab's predecessor), and al Qa'ida in the Islamic Maghreb also contributed to the global tally. If the trend was toward smaller scale, localized attacks, therefore, the problem had also become more diverse, as al Qa'ida's affiliates offered new, broader opportunities for would-be terrorists from the West to draw inspiration, train, and attack. By 2011, an established part of this trend was the growth of attempts at terrorism by permanent residents of the West, inspired by al Qa'ida's message and trained in camps of al Qa'ida or its affiliates – such as in the cases, for example, of U.S. residents Najibullah Zazi and Faisal Shahzad. In 2015, France would suffer a direct hit even more indicative of this trend with the murders of twelve staff of the satirical magazine Charlie Hebdo by Cherif and Said Kouachi, at least one of whom had trained in an al Qa'ida in the Arabian Peninsula run camp in Yemen. The Charlie Hebdo attacks were not the first of this kind in France. In March 2012, France was already shaken by a series of equally gruesome attacks that underscored the risk posed by the proliferation of al Qa'ida affiliates, their safe havens, and training camps. The attacker was Mohammed Merah, a second-generation French Muslim from Toulouse. On March 11, Merah answered an advertisement for a used motor scooter posted on the Internet by a French Muslim soldier named Imad Ibn-Ziaten. After meeting Ibn-Ziaten and confirming that he was a soldier, Merah shot him in the head at point blank range. Three days later, Merah videotaped another shooting of three more soldiers outside an ATM near their base in the nearby town of Montauban. Two of the three, Mohamed Legouad and Abel Chennouf, were killed, while the third, Loic Liber was gravely wounded.
Modeling and simulation for steady state rotary motion of vortex rings umbrella

In order to research the motion performance of vortex rings umbrella, finite element analytical approach is integrated to realize the complicated time varying motion mathematical model of vortex rings umbrella, as well as implements simulation and conformity validation for the model. At first, particle system is utilized to construct three-dimensional geometrical model of vortex rings umbrella according to the feature of non-linear ductile deformation of vortex rings umbrella motion, then establish kinetic model of particle node at the stage of steady state rotary motion, finally build simulation model, the calculation shows that motion variation laws of its result and experiment result are basically same, the model is deemed effective and correct. This simulation research can help rapid realization of engineering design of vortex rings umbrella and provide a new thought for the research of motion performance of vortex rings umbrella.
Sharp constants in V. A. MarkovBernstein type inequalities of different metrics

We study relations between sharp constants in the V. A. MarkovBernstein inequalities of different Lr-metrics for algebraic polynomials on an interval and for entire functions on the real line or half-line. In a number of cases, we prove that the sharp constant in the inequality for entire functions of exponential type or semitype is the limit of sharp constants in the corresponding inequalities for algebraic polynomials of degree n as n.
Anthropogenic N deposition increases soil C storage by reducing the relative abundance of lignolytic fungi

Atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition has increased dramatically since preindustrial times and continues to increase across many regions of the Earth. In temperate forests, this agent of global change has increased soil carbon (C) storage, but the mechanisms underlying this response are not understood. One long‐standing hypothesis proposed to explain the accumulation of soil C proposes that higher inorganic N availability may suppress both the activity and abundance of fungi that decay lignin and other polyphenols in soil. In field studies, elevated rates of N deposition have reduced the activity of enzymes mediating lignin decay, but a decline in the abundance of lignolytic fungi has not been definitively documented to date. Here, we tested the hypothesis that elevated rates of anthropogenic N deposition reduce the abundance of lignolytic fungi. We conducted a field experiment in which we compared fungal communities colonizing low‐lignin, high‐lignin, and wood substrates in a northern hardwood forest that is part of a long‐term N deposition experiment. We reasoned that if lignolytic fungi decline under experimental N deposition, this effect should be most evident among fungi colonizing high‐lignin and wood substrates. Using molecular approaches, we provide evidence that anthropogenic N deposition reduces the relative abundance of lignolytic fungi on both wood and a high‐lignin substrate. Furthermore, experimental N deposition increased total fungal abundance on a low‐lignin substrate, reduced fungal abundance on wood, and had no significant effect on fungal abundance on a high‐lignin substrate. We simultaneously examined these responses in the surrounding soil and forest floor, in which we did not observe significant reductions in the relative abundance of lignolytic fungi or in the size of the fungal community; however, we did detect a change in community composition in the forest floor that appears to be driven by a shift away from lignolytic fungi and towards cellulolytic fungi. Our results provide direct evidence that reductions in the abundance of lignolytic fungi are part of the mechanism by which anthropogenic N deposition increases soil C storage.
Period Versus Cohort Life Expectancy

Mortality can be analyzed according to two main frameworks: the cohort framework, which takes into account mortality risks as they unfold along the actual life cycle of a group of individuals born during the same period of time, and the period framework, which takes into account risks experienced by different cohorts during a single period of time. These frameworks provide two alternative ways for studying life expectancy. Analysis of time trends in life expectancy will differ depending on whether it is calculated by period or cohort. This chapter reviews the extent to which period and cohort life expectancies can be interpreted in terms of underlying health conditions for the corresponding periods and cohorts. While cohort life expectancy is an adequate indicator of a cohort’s underlying health conditions, the connection remains elusive in the case of period life expectancy. Cohort influences and heterogeneity, in particular, appear to generate period life expectancy values that may not entirely reflect period conditions. This chapter also discusses a third and intermediate approach, the cross-sectional cohort approach, which offers some additional insights about the dynamics of mortality.
Angiogenesis, arteriogenesis, and diabetes: paradigm reassessed?

Type II diabetes mellitus is a complex disease with protean clinical manifestations characterized, at its core, by tissue resistance to insulin. This fundamental abnormality leads to increased circulating insulin levels and concomitant hyperglycemia that, in turn, are thought to be responsible for
A taxonomic revision of the eusporangiate fern family Marattiaceae, with description of a new genus Ptisana

Recent phylogenetic investigations of marattioid ferns (Marattiaceae) have generated a refined understanding of genus- and species-level relationships within the family. A taxonomic revision of marattioid ferns is presented here. This new taxonomy is congruent with the current understanding of the phylogeny ofmarattioid ferns based on both molecular and morphological data. Marattiaceae is recognized here in the broad and most commonly used sense, encompassing all extant genera. Marattia as traditionally defined is paraphyletic, and is split here into three morphologically distinct and monophyletic genera: Marattia s.str. is restricted to the Neotropics and Hawaii; Eupodium, a distinctive Neotropical genus that has not been recognized by recent authors, is resurrected; and a newly described genus Ptisana comprises the Paleotropical species. Angiopteris is circumscribed broadly to include Archangiopteris, Macroglossum, Protomarattia, and Protangiopteris. Neither Danaea nor Christensenia require changes to their circumscriptions. As Marattia s.l. is undergoing the most drastic change in this taxonomy, species-level detail is given for Marattia s.str. and the segregated genera Eupodium and Ptisana. New combinations are made in Eupodium and Ptisana. Considerable monographic work still remains to be done, and is of particular importance given the threatened status of many presently poorly understood species in this family.
Leaf Vasculature and the Upper Limit of Photosynthesis

The foliar vascular network is responsible for (1) structural support of the lamina as a platform for absorbing photons of light to drive photosynthesis, (2) transfer of information carriers like hormones and other signaling molecules between the leaf and other parts of the plant, (3) distribution of water and nutrients to leaf tissues via the xylem, and (4) movement of photosynthetic products, as well as chemical components remobilized during senescence, from mesophyll tissue into the phloem, and from source leaves to the plant’s many sinks. Foliar venation is thus central to the leaf’s primary role as a photosynthetic organ. Positive relationships between hydraulic conductance of the xylem, foliar vein density, and photosynthesis have been studied, and close links between foliar phloem capacity and intrinsic photosynthetic capacity were identified more recently. In this chapter, the relationship between various features of the foliar vasculature and photosynthetic capacity in mesophytic species with high rates of photosynthesis is explored. These metrics include foliar vein density, numbers and/or cross-sectional areas of xylem, phloem, and companion (including intermediary) cells, tracheary and sieve elements, and expansion of cell membrane area due to cell wall ingrowths in phloem transfer cells. Total xylem conduit volume per leaf area (the product of vein density and xylem cell metrics) of minor foliar veins exhibited a strong positive relationship with photosynthetic capacity per leaf area among multiple summer annuals. In the winter annual Arabidopsis thaliana, acclimation to contrasting growth temperatures involves differential acclimation of photosynthesis versus transpiration and is matched by similar differential acclimation of phloem versus xylem features. Photosynthetic capacity was positively correlated with various phloem metrics among all species and conditions examined, including summer annuals, winter annuals, and biennial species under various temperature and light conditions during growth. Given the essential role of vasculature in leaf functioning, it is not surprising that foliar vascular metrics are adjusted in response to environmental conditions (temperature, light levels, etc.). The vascular grid of the leaf and its xylem and phloem components thus underlies efficient leaf and plant functioning by facilitating the exchange of water, nutrients, and energy and information carriers between photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic parts of the plant. Recognition of this centrality of the foliar vasculature is critical to the effective selection, breeding, and engineering of crop plants to meet the nutritional, energy, fiber, material, and pharmaceutical needs of an expanding human population.
Management of Rare Coagulation Disorders in 2018

Abstract Rare bleeding disorders (RBDs) comprise inherited deficiencies of factors I (fibrinogen), II (prothrombin), V, VII, X, XI, and XIII as well as combined factor V + VIII and vitamin K-dependent factors. They represent 3–5% of all congenital bleeding disorders and are usually transmitted as autosomal recessive traits. These disorders often manifest during childhood and have varied clinical presentations from mucocutaneous bleeding to life-threatening symptoms such as central nervous system and gastrointestinal bleeding. Bleeding manifestations generally vary within the same RBD and may also vary from 1 RBD to the other. Laboratory diagnosis is based on coagulation screening tests and specific factor assays, with molecular techniques providing diagnostic accuracy and enabling prenatal counseling. The approach to treatment of bleeding episodes and invasive procedures needs to be individualized and depends on the severity, frequency and procedure-related risk of bleeding. The first line of treatment of RBDs is replacement of the deficient factor, using specific plasma-derived or recombinant products and using fresh frozen plasma or cryoprecipitate when specific products are not available or in resource-limited countries. Prophylaxis may be considered in individuals with recurrent serious bleeding and especially after life-threatening bleeding episodes. Novel no-replacement strategies promoting hemostasis by through different mechanisms need to be studied in RBDs as alternative therapeutic options.
Electron kinetics in low-temperature plasmas

This article presents an overview of recent advances in the field of electron kinetics in low-temperature plasmas (LTPs). It also provides author's views on where the field is headed and suggests promising strategies for further development. The authors have selected several problems to illustrate multidisciplinary nature of the subject (space and laboratory plasma, collisionless and collisional plasmas, and low-pressure and high-pressure discharges) and to illustrate how cross-disciplinary research efforts could enable further progress. Nonlocal electron kinetics and nonlocal electrodynamics in low-pressure rf plasmas resemble collisionless effects in space plasma and hot plasma effects in fusion science, terahertz technology, and plasmonics. The formation of electron groups in dc and rf discharges has much in common with three groups of electrons (core, strahl, and halo) in solar wind. Runaway electrons in LTPs are responsible for a wide range of physical phenomena from nano- and picoscale breakdown of dielectrics to lightning initiation. Understanding electron kinetics of LTPs could promote scientific advances in a number of topics in plasma physics and accelerate modern plasma technologies.
Cirrhosis as a Comorbidity in Conditions Subject to the Hospital Readmissions Reduction Program.

INTRODUCTION:Although the Hospital Readmissions Reduction Program (HRRP) has decreased readmissions in targeted conditions, outcomes in high-risk subgroups are unknown. This study analyzed the impact of cirrhosis as a comorbidity on readmissions in conditions subjected to the HRRP.METHODS:Using a lo
The transmission of violence and trauma across development and environmental contexts: Intimate partner violence from the perspective of men with histories of perpetration

Abstract Background Research has established a relation between ecological contexts and intimate partner violence (IPV), but little is known about how environmental factors affect childhood development over time and culminate in IPV perpetration from the perspective of men who perpetrated IPV. Methods Using grounded theory, this study employed focus groups with 32 predominately low-income, African American men in batterer intervention programs to explore factors and processes through which families, neighborhoods, and policy influence men's development, contributing to their use of IPV. Using an inductive approach, the researchers cycled between data collection and analysis resulting in a parsimonious conceptual model validated by participants. Results Three core categories emerged from focused and axial coding: adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and trauma, structural forces, and systemic forces. Theoretical coding illuminated how these core categories relate to each other, producing a collective narrative illustrating how environmental contexts contributed to men’s development. Study participants described childhood exposure to adversity and trauma within the home that diminished essential foundations of trust and safety. Positive (e.g., Old Heads, matriarchs) and negative (e.g., gangs, community violence) structural neighborhood forces influenced the social learning of violence and exposed participants to re-traumatization outside the home during their adolescence. Finally, key macro forces such as mass incarceration exacerbated violence and trauma exposure through the proliferation of high-risk neighborhoods, predisposing men toward IPV as young adults. Conclusions Findings reinforce the notion that environmental stress not buffered by protective adults profoundly affects development and behavior. From the perspective of male perpetrators, our results help identify those stressors and how they might contribute to male-to-female IPV.
Comparison of Physical Therapy and Physician Pathways for Employees with Recent Onset Musculoskeletal Pain: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Background Life expectancy of the U.S. population will continue to rise, increasing the workforce demands in the treatment of musculoskeletal pathologies. With a declining primary care physician workforce, physical therapists (PT) may be in a unique situation to help absorb this demand. Objective Our primary objective was to compare physical function between two primary care groups, a "physical therapy-led pathway" versus "physician-led pathway" in the management of recent-onset musculoskeletal pain at 1-month follow-up. Our secondary objectives were to compare other patient-important outcomes between the groups at 1 month and health utilization at 1 month and 1 year. Methods A pragmatic randomized controlled trial with a 1-year follow-up was conducted, enrolling 150 university employees with recent onset musculoskeletal pain. Participants were randomized at first contact to either a PT-led pathway or physician-led pathway. The primary outcome was change in Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) ShortForm v1-Physical Function 10a at 1 month; groups were compared with repeated measurement of analysis of variance and chi-square for both primary and secondary outcomes, except for satisfaction score at 1 month, which was cross-sectionally compared by independent two-sample t-test. At 1 year, healthcare utilization was assessed through medical record extraction, and healthcare utilization was converted to total episodic standard cost. Utilization was compared between groups using chi-square and Wilcoxon rank-sum tests. Results Both groups demonstrated improvement at 1-month follow-up but showed no significant between-group difference in mean PROMIS scores at 1 month (PT-led pathway vs physician-led pathway, 2.04, [95% CI -0.28 to 4.36]; P = .082). At 1 year, there was no difference in healthcare utilization or cost between groups. No harm or misdiagnosis was found, filed, or reported by participants at 1 year. Conclusion This study shows equivalence in outcomes for two low-cost musculoskeletal care pathways with no risk of harm. These results reinforce other findings in the literature that support PTs as safe and effective initial providers for individuals with musculoskeletal disorders.
Resistance Is Not Futile: Detecting DDoS Attacks without Packet Inspection

Packets in anonymous networks are fully protected. Therefore, traditional methods relying on packet header and higher layer information do not work to detect Distributed-Denial-of-Service (DDoS) attacks in anonymous networks. In this paper we propose to use observable statistics at routers that need no packet inspection to infer the presence of an attack. We propose packet resistance as a metric to detect the presence of attacks which reduce the availability of channel bandwidth for wireless routers in the core network. Our proposed detection framework is distributed, wherein each router in the network core monitors and reports its findings to an intermediate router. These intermediate routers form a hierarchical overlay to eventually reach a centralized attack monitoring center. The alarm messages are used to construct an attack path and determine the origin of the attack. We present simulation results to demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed metric.
Her neighbor’s wife: a history of lesbian desire within marriage

Her Neighbor’s Wife is beautiful and smart and should be widely read. Spanning a long postwar period from 1945 to about 1989, it argues that women have long desired women even when married to men. ...
Degradable polyanhydride networks derived from itaconic acid

The development of tunable and degradable crosslinked-polyanhydride networks from renewably derived itaconic anhydrides and multifunctional thiols is presented. Itaconic acid was initially converted to ethyl itaconic anhydride and isoamyl itaconic anhydride via a two-step synthetic procedure on hundred-gram scale with minimal purification. Dinorbornene-functionalized derivatives were prepared via cycloaddition chemistry, and photoinitiated thiol–ene polymerization reactions were explored using commercially available tetra- and hexa-functional thiols, all using solvent-free syntheses. The thiol–ene reaction kinetics of different monomer compositions were characterized by real-time Fourier transform infrared (RT-FTIR) spectroscopy, with the norbornene functionalized derivatives exhibiting the highest reactivity towards thiol–ene photopolymerizations. The thermal and mechanical characteristics of the thermosets were analyzed and the viscoelastic behavior was investigated by dynamic mechanical analysis to understand the influence of the ester functionality and choice of crosslinker on the material properties. The anhydride backbone was found to be susceptible to controlled degradation under physiologically-(phosphate-buffered saline) and environmentally-relevant (artificial seawater) testing conditions over a period of 60 days at 50 °C. This work demonstrates that itaconic acid may be a useful feedstock in the generation of degradable polyanhydride networks via thiol–ene photopolymerization.
Examining the continuum of Black student leadership: From community to college and beyond

This qualitative comparative case study examines the leadership involvement of 11 Black collegians and how they make sense of enacting transgenerationally informed knowledge(s) as racial socialization to navigate a predominantly White institution (PWI) campus. Findings indicated participants used elder communal instruction and parental home pedagogy to inform what it means to be leaders who enact social justice while Black. Emergent themes were: 1) Collective Definition; and 2) Self-sacrifice. Participants indicated parents and elders racially socialized them to be self-sacrificing leaders who used values, respect, and honor to preserve Black culture, people, and traditions. Racial socialization processes influenced students to become leaders who built and sustained Black college communities by being resilient. Participants acknowledged that although resiliency was important there was added value in practicing racial resistance, which allowed for exposing racially threatening oppositions and identify acts of racism that were menacing.