cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Association between energetic particle bursts and Birkeland currents in the geomagnetic tail

IMP 8 observations in the geomagnetic tail of energetic particles at hundreds of keV and of the magnetic field are examined for a substorm period from 1700 to 1800 UT on Mar. 3, 1976. For this interval, it is found that bursts of energetic protons detected at a downstream distance of about 37 earth radii in the midnight tail region are accompanied by east-west magnetic field perturbations indicative of Birkeland current sheets. The magnitude of the magnetic field perturbations range from about 1 to 12 nT, corresponding to current densities of 1 to 9 mA/m when integrated over the current sheet thickness. These values are comparable to previous observations of Birkeland currents in the near-earth tail (X greater than -20 earth radii) and with the auroral-arc-associated Birkeland current densities at low altitudes scaled out to the tail region. The favorable comparison suggests that the closure of small-scale Birkeland current systems, at least in these instances, lies tailward of about 40 earth radii. The observed Birkeland current system and the magnitude of current densities are found to be consistent with ion tearing instability in the tail. The inferred wavelength of the tearing mode along the tail axis is about 2 to 17 earth radii. In the context of the tearing model, the presence of Birkeland currents and the occasional isotropic distribution of energetic electrons (of more than 0.22 MeV) suggest that the energetic particle events in this study occur on closed magnetic field lines, even though strong tailward streaming dominates the particle anisotropy in these events.
Behaviour of iron, manganese, phosphate and humic acid during mixing in a Delaware salt marsh creek

Abstract The mixing behaviour of iron, manganese, phosphate and humic acid in a Delaware salt marsh creek was studied using field data, laboratory mixing experiments, and geochemical mass balance equations. Property-salinity diagrams for field data indicated that the removal of iron is 56–70% in the 0–10‰ salinity range. A proposed mechanism of removal is the flocculation of colloidal iron, perhaps with humic acid. Phosphate, however, undergoes 195% addition in the same low salinity region, which may be due to release of phosphate from resuspended sediments. Dissolved manganese is conserved, as is humic acid throughout the salt marsh mixing zone. Within the uncertainty of the data the maximum possible removal of humic acid is 23%. Laboratory mixing experiments that simulated salt marsh mixing along the same salinity gradient as observed in the field (5–25‰) showed only small-scale additions and removals compared to the field results. Such small-scale changes occurred largely at salinities >10‰ in the laboratory experiments, whereas most removals and additions occurred at salinities
Composition of Pd-La/α-Al2O3 catalysts

The objective of this study is to investigate the structure of the Pd-La/α-Al2O3 catalyst. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and temperature-programmed reduction (TPRd) were used as characterization techniques. Contrary to the assertions in the literature, XRD studies conducted on La/α-Al2O3 composite oxides and Pd-La/α-Al2O3 catalysts show that Pd catalyzes the solid state reaction between A12O3 and Al2O3 to form LaAlO3. TPRd studies conducted on Pd/α-Al2O3, Pd/La2O3, Pd/LaAlO3, and Pd-La/α-Al2O3 catalysts suggest that Pd in the Pd-La/α-Al2O3 catalyst interacts more strongly with LaAlO3 than with α-Al2O3. Reaction studies were conducted to investigate the activity of Pd/α-Al2O3, Pd/La2O3, Pd/LaA103, and Pd-La/α-Al2O3 catalysts for nitric oxide (NO) reduction. These studies show that Pd/LaAlO3 catalysts are most active for NO removal at stoichiometric and under net reducing conditions.
The evolution of altruism: Correlation, cost, and benefit

A simple and general criterion is derived for the evolution of altruism when individuals interact in pairs. It is argued that the treatment of this problem in kin selection theory and in game theory are special cases of this general criterion.
Adolescent Primary Care Patients’ Preferences for Depression Treatment

Despite efficacious treatments for depression in youth, current data indicate low rates of care. To better understand reasons for these low rates of care, we examined treatment preferences for depression treatment. Adolescents (N=444) who screened positive for depression at a primary care visit completed measures of predisposing, enabling, and need characteristics thought to be related to help seeking. Results indicated a strong tendency for adolescents to prefer active treatment (72%) versus watchful waiting (28%), and for youth to prefer counseling (50%) versus medication (22%). Female gender, prior treatment experience, and current depression and anxiety were related to preference for active treatment over watchful waiting. In multivariable analyses, female gender and current anxiety symptoms remained significant predictors of preference for active treatment. Ethnicity, attitudes about depression care, prior treatment experience, and anxiety symptoms were related to preference for medication over counseling. In multivariable analyses, those with negative attitudes about depression treatment generally, with positive attitudes about treatment via medication, or with current anxiety symptoms were more likely to prefer medication. Youth preference for counseling over medication may contribute to low adherence to medication treatment and underscores the importance of patient education aimed at promoting positive expectations for treatments.
A unique presentation of a spinal dural arteriovenous fistula exacerbated by steroids

Spinal dural arteriovenous fistula (DAVF) is an acquired vascular malformation of the spinal cord that presents as a congestive myelopathy resulting from venous hypertension, edema, and ischemia within the cord. Acute clinical exacerbations have been demonstrated in a variety of clinical settings. We report a unique presentation of a 45-year-old male with progressive paraplegia that acutely worsened following three independent treatments with oral and intravenous steroid administration. Spinal angiogram revealed a spinal DAVF at L3 and the patient underwent successful surgical repair. This report highlights the clinical presentation of spinal DAVF and emphasizes the unique and important potential relationship between steroid administration and clinical deterioration.
Depression After Diagnosis of Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer and Survival: A Pilot Study

Background Major depressive disorder is estimated to occur in 10%–25% of people with cancer, and it has been inconsistently linked to increased mortality. Objective This pilot study investigates the association of depression and survival in advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. Method Forty-three recently-diagnosed advanced NSCLC patients completed the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale and were followed prospectively. Results Patients with depression had poorer survival. Median survival was four times shorter than those without depression. Controlling for baseline performance status, depression predicted 6-month mortality, but was not significant for overall survival. Conclusion Although depression after advanced-NSCLC diagnosis was associated with poorer survival at 6 months, this association was not present for overall survival; however, further research with larger samples should be pursued.
Temperature Exposure Measured by the Use of Thermoluminescence

A method has been developed to measure temperature exposure based on the use of the temperature-dependent property of thermoluminescence fade. This property provides a relatively simple and inexpensive method for measuring both average and accumulated temperature exposure without the need for sophisticated temperature-recording equipment.
Values Clarification in Criminal Justice Education

Three major branches of philosophy are of special relevance to education. Metaphysics is concerned with reality. Epistemology is concerned with the origin and nature of knowledge. Axiology is conce...
Clinicopathological Findings in Abusive Head Trauma: Analysis of 110 Infant Autopsy Eyes

Purpose To investigate the histopathology in a large series of autopsy eyes from children with abusive head trauma. Design Retrospective case-control series. Methods One hundred and ten eyes from 55 autopsies examined at an academic tertiary referral center over 21 years were tabulated for histopathology: subdural hemorrhage in the optic nerve sheath, intrascleral hemorrhage, any retinal hemorrhage, ora-extended hemorrhage, cherry hemorrhage, perimacular ridge, and internal limiting membrane tear. Select tissues with cherry hemorrhage were further examined by transmission electron microscopy. Results Sixty eyes were identified as "abusive head trauma" (cases), 46 as "alternative cause" (controls), and 4 as "abusive head trauma survivor". Cases were legally verified or confirmed by confession in all except 1 case. All ocular histopathologic observations from cases were similar or more frequent in infants younger than 16 months of age. When present, a cherry hemorrhage and perimacular ridge were most often found together, and only with a torn internal limiting membrane. Both abusive head trauma survivor cases demonstrated severe optic nerve atrophy and macular ganglion cell loss. Conclusions Younger infants may be even more susceptible to damage from vitreomacular traction by rotational and/or acceleration–deceleration forces. Identifying cherry hemorrhages may aid abusive head trauma diagnosis. Survivor abusive head trauma pathology demonstrates unique, irreversible macular and optic nerve damage.
The Benefits of Physical Activity in Childhood

Research shows regular exercise/physical activity provides substantial benefits in reducing morbidity and mortality from several chronic diseases in adults, particularly cardiovascular disease. Observations on levels of fitness and activity of children are just being developed with regard to cardiovascular risk. Current studies indicate that today's children are probably less fit than children 20 years ago. Children are heavier and tend to be more overweight and sedentary than earlier. The relationships between fitness and cardiovascular risk factors in children are very similar to those in adults. Those children who perform better on standardized fitness tests have more favorable body composition and lipid profiles. Because cardiovascular risk factors, including obesity, tend to track from childhood to adulthood, programs to increase regular physical activity in youths hold promise in reducing adult cardiovascular diseases. Positive long-term lifestyle changes need to be established early. Data from the Heart Smart Superkids/Superfit exercise program show that comprehensive school-based health promotion and education interventions can improve fitness in children and ultimately yield improvements in risk factor profiles.
Enabling large-scale wireless broadband: the case for TAPs

The vision is tantalizing: a high-performance, scalable, and widely deployed wireless Internet that facilitates services ranging from radically new and unforeseen applications to true wireless "broadband" to residences and public spaces at rates of 10s of Mb/sec. However, while high-speed wireless access is easy to achieve in an enterprise network via low-cost IEEE 802.11 (WiFi) access points, wireless technology in public spaces is in its infancy. "Hot spots" provide high-speed wireless access, but do so in very few isolated "islands" at immense costs. Likewise, while fixed wireless (e.g. LMDS) and 3G can provide ubiquitous coverage and 3G can support mobility, throughputs can often be two orders of magnitude slower than WiFi.In this paper, we formulate the challenges of building a high-performance, scalable and widely deployed wireless Internet along 10 premises. We make the case for the requirement of a fundamental new architecture based on beamforming antennas deployed on fixed, wire-powered Transit Access Points (TAPs) that form a multi-hopping wireless backbone with a limited number of wired ingress/egress points. To address scalability, deployability, and performance challenges we present distributed, opportunistic and coordinated resource management problems and a novel "network is the channel" framework that searches for fundamental information-theoretic tradeoffs between protocol overhead and capacity.
Tropes of solitude and Lu Xun’s tragic characters

Much ink has been spilled over how Lu Xun’s (1881–1936) political views inform his creative writing and how politics and literature are mutually implicated, but the aesthetics of his tragic narratives remains marginal in literary studies. Often lauded as the father of modern Chinese literature, Lu Xun has not only made major contributions to the formation of literary realism but also put his unique vision of tragedy into practice. At the core of his tragic poems and narratives lie the tropes of solitude. The tragic is characterized, not by tragic incident, but by void thereof, by a state of speech-less solitude and nothingness (xuwu). The aesthetic implications of such a tragic vision are twofold. The creation and consumption of literature in China during the first half of the twentieth century focused on questions of the nation and society, but Lu Xun’s solitary characters in The Weeds ask fundamental existential questions while carving a space for a new genre of writing.
Household knowledge and practices of newborn and maternal health in Haripur district, Pakistan

Household knowledge and practices of newborn and maternal health in Haripur district, Pakistan
A comparative study of the differential blood cell counts of winter flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus) collected in New England

Abstract Major alterations in the distribution of peripheral blood cells were observed among winter flounder ( Pseudopleuronectes americanus ) from Martha's Vineyard (MV), East Cape Cod Bay (ECCB), Fox Island (FI) (Narragansett Bay), Central Long Island Sound (CLIS), Gaspee Point (GP) (Narragansett Bay), Black Rock Harbor (BRH) (Bridgeport, CT), New Bedford Harbor (NBH) and Quincy Bay (QB) (Boston Harbor). Collection locations ranged from relatively uncontaminated offshore (MV) and nearshore (ECCB) sites to the more contaminated estuarine (FI, CLIS) and urban embayments (GP, BRH, NBH, QB). Differential diagnosis demonstrated a shift in lymphocyte counts from 28% (MV) to 54% (QB) that increased with the incidence of liver lesions in relation to known and suspected levels of sediment chemical contamination. A significant change in the ratio of circulating immature to mature erythrocytes was observed in flounder collected from Boston Harbor. Immature erythrocytes comprised 18% of the total erythrocyte population of fish from QB in comparison to 6% observed in flounder from ECCB.
Macrophage folate receptor-targeted antiretroviral therapy facilitates drug entry, retention, antiretroviral activities and biodistribution for reduction of human immunodeficiency virus infections.

Abstract Macrophages serve as vehicles for the carriage and delivery of polymer-coated nanoformulated antiretroviral therapy (nanoART). Although superior to native drug, high drug concentrations are required for viral inhibition. Herein, folate-modified ritonavir-boosted atazanavir (ATV/r)-encased polymers facilitated macrophage receptor targeting for optimizing drug dosing. Folate coating of nanoART ATV/r significantly enhanced cell uptake, retention and antiretroviral activities without altering cell viability. Enhanced retentions of folate-coated nanoART within recycling endosomes provided a stable subcellular drug depot. Importantly, up to a five-fold enhanced plasma and tissue drug levels followed folate-coated formulation injection in mice. Folate polymer encased ATV/r improves nanoART pharmacokinetics bringing the technology one step closer to human use. From the Clinical Editor This team of authors describes a novel method for macrophage folate receptor-targeted antiretroviral therapy. Atazanvir entry, retention, and antiretroviral activities were superior using the presented method, and so was its biodistribution, enabling a more efficient way to address human immunodeficiency virus infections, with a hoped for clinical application in the near future.
Model Projections of the Changes in Atmospheric Circulation and Surface Climate over North America, the North Atlantic, and Europe in the Twenty-First Century

AbstractThe impacts of climate change on the North America–North Atlantic–Europe sector are studied using a coupled general circulation model: the Climate Model, version 3 (CM3) and a high-resolution atmosphere-only model, the High Resolution Atmospheric Model (HiRAM)—both developed at the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory. The CM3 experiment is conducted under two climate change scenarios for the 1860–2100 period. The sea surface temperature (SST) forcing prescribed in the “time slice” integrations with HiRAM is derived from observations for the 1979–2008 period and projection by CM3 for the 2086–95 period.The wintertime response in the late twenty-first century is characterized by an enhancement of the positive phase of the North Atlantic Oscillation in sea level pressure (SLP) and poleward and eastward displacements of the Atlantic jet stream and storm track. The forcing pattern due to eddy vorticity fluxes in the perturbed storm track matches well with the response pattern of the SLP field in the ...
Computational methods for multiphase flow and reactive transport problems arising in subsurface contaminant remediation

A mathematical formulation and some numerical approximation techniques are described for a system of coupled partial differential and algebraic equations describing multiphase flow, transport and interactions of chemical species in the subsurface. A parallel simulator PARSIM has been developed based on these approximation techniques and is being used to study contaminant remediation strategies. Numerical results for a highly complex geochemistry problem involving strontium disposal in a pit at Oak Ridge National Laboratory are presented.
A wide band reconfigurable radio using compressive sensing

The tremendous advancement in communications technology and its use in a wide range of applications have increased the importance of high bandwidth reconfigurable receivers that can monitor a large bandwidth and be reconfigured to receive signals within a specific sub-band. Because of the stringent power and size requirements in most applications for communications systems, it is important to achieve such high surveillance bandwidth and reconfigurability with the minimum possible power consumption and hardware components. In this paper we propose a high bandwidth radio receiver based on the newly emerging theory of compressive sensing. The proposed receiver can reconstruct signals in a specific sub-band within a wide surveillance band using an analog-to-digital converter running at a rate comparable to the sub-band bandwidth, and much less than the surveillance bandwidth. The desired band to be reconstructed can be changed in software thus eliminating the use of many bandpass filters.
Instrumental escape learning in the rat at 24-hour intertriai interval: Effects of magnitude and schedule of reinforcement

Three experiments investigated the effects of magnitude and schedule of reinforcement and level of training in instrumental escape learning at a 24-h intertriai interval. In Experiment I, two magnitudes of reinforcement were factorially combined with two schedules of reinforcement (CRF and PRF). Under PRF, large reward produced greater resistance to extinction than did small reward, while the reverse was true under CRF. In Experiment II, two levels of acquisition training were factorially combined with three schedules of reinforcement (CRF, single-alternation, and nonalternated PRF). Patterned running was observed late in acquisition in the single-alternation extended-training condition. Resistance to extinction was greater for the nonalternated PRF condition than for the single-alternation condition following extended acquisition, and the reverse was true following limited acquisition. Experiment III confirmed the extinction findings of Experiment II. The results of all three experiments supported an analysis of escape learning at spaced trials in terms of Capaldi’s (1967) sequential theory.
HEMODYNAMIC AND METABOLIC EFFECTS OF CHRONIC ALCOHOLISM IN MAN.

Abstract Hemodynamic and metabolic data of chronic alcoholic patients have been presented. The hemodynamic findings show distinct differences among the cardiomyopathic and cirrhotic patients and patients without liver or clinical heart disease. The balances of the redox potential were positive in all groups except the combined cirrhotic and cardiomyopathic patient. All groups released enzymes, and possible mechanisms for this have been discussed. This occurred even in those patients without clinical evidence of heart or liver disease. The consistently negative myocardial balances of isocitric dehydrogenase and malic dehydrogenase would appear to indicate that intramitochondrial enzymes are affected by chronic alcoholism even in patients without clinical, hemodynamic or other biochemical evidence of heart disease. In patients with clinical alcholic cardiomyopathy, evidence has been presented which indicates hemodynamic as well as myocardial cytoplasmic and intramitochrondrial metabolic alterations. It would appear, therefore, that frequent bouts of acute alcoholism might result in permanent alterations of metabolic pathways or alterations in mitochondrial membrane permeability, the direction and magnitude of which await further detailed investigation.
Enhancement of ionization efficiency by electrochemical reaction products in on-line electrochemistry/electrospray ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry.

A miniaturized two-electrode electrochemical (EC) cell was developed and was coupled on-line with an electrospray ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer (ESI-FTICR MS). Electrochemistry on-line with mass spectrometry, EC/ESI-FTICR MS, of triphenylamine (TPA), which undergoes one-electron oxidation to form a radical cation (TPA•+), demonstrates a significant sensitivity enhancement compared to ESI-FTICR MS. The on-line EC cell configuration with a stainless steel ES needle as the working electrode produces the highest sensitivity in EC/ESI-MS. The results provide evidence that, during the ES ionization, electrolytic reactions occur mainly in the ES tip region, as previously predicted. The results demonstrate that ESI-MS signal suppression by tetrabutylammonium perchlorate electrolyte, which can be a problem, is minimized in EC/ESI-MS. TPA•+ dimer tetraphenylbenzidine (TPB) can be detected by EC/ESI-MS, together with TPA•+, as TPB•+ and TPB2+. The high mass resolving power of...
Cerebral arteriovenous malformations.

rteriovenous malformations (AVMs) are vascular abnormalities that onsist of multiple fistulous connections between arteries and veins ithout a normal intervening capillary bed. AVMs are thought to be ongenital. Ninety percent of all AVMs are supratentorial. The most ommon presentation of an AVM is intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). eizure is the second most common presentation. Other symptoms nclude headache and neurological deficits related to steal phenomena or ther alteration in tissue perfusion adjacent to the AVM. To appropriately manage AVMs, it is important to understand the atural history of these vascular malformations. The decision for no reatment or for a singleor multimodality treatment paradigm also nvolves being familiar with the outcomes and risks of each treatment odality—microvascular resection, endovascular embolization, and steeotactic radiosurgery. Patient-related factors, such as age, general medcal condition, neurologic condition, occupation, and lifestyle, must also e considered. The treatment of AVMs is highly individualized. There is o universal algorithm or protocol to be followed when dealing with these nique and challenging lesions. The current treatment of AVMs includes microsurgical resection alone, reoperative endovascular embolization followed by microsurgical resecion, stereotactic radiosurgery alone, preprocedural endovascular emboization followed by radiosurgery, endovascular embolization only, and bservation only. The only way to achieve cure is with complete bliteration of the AVM. Microsurgical resection, whenever it can be one safely, is the gold standard treatment and other methods of treatment ust be measured against it. There is a well-established role for djunctive endovascular embolization of certain AVMs. Clearly, there are pecific situations, such as small deep AVMs in eloquent brain structures, here microsurgery should not be used as the primary treatment modal-
A long-wavelength target station for the SNS

Abstract A long-wavelength target station (LWTS) [J. M. Carpenter, T. E. Mason, Nucl. Instr. and Meth. A 545 (2001) 1; Technical concepts for a long-wavelength target station for the spallation neutron source, Argonne National Laboratory report ORNL/SNS-TM-2001/163, November, 2002; 〈 http://www.pns.anl.gov/related/ 〉] will complement the high-power target station (HPTS) facility of the spallation neutron source. The LWTS will at least double the overall scientific capability of the SNS and provide up to an order of magnitude performance gain over the initial HPTS. The fully equipped SNS has the prospect to offer capabilities for neutron-scattering studies that are unparalleled in the world. We describe the principal features of the LWTS concept and illustrate some neutron-scattering instruments suited to exploit the unique features of the LWTS.
Serum lipoproteins and albumin in the lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase reaction.

Abstract The unique features of pig ovarian follicular fluids, i.e., presence of high density lipoprotein (HDL) only and lecithin: cholesterol acyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.43; LCAT) activity, provides a good model to study the effect of serum lipoproteins and serum albumin on the LCAT reaction. In vitro cholesterol esterification is enhanced when very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) and low density lipoprotein (LDL) fractions are added, but is inhibited when one or the other of these lipoproteins is absent. High concentrations of HDL2 result in decreased activation which can be compensated for by the addition of the VLDL-LDL mixture. These findings suggest that the rate of cholesterol esterification in ovarian follicular fluid may be enhanced by providing the exogenous VLDL and LDL as the recipients of HDL-cholesteryl ester. The inhibition of LCAT activity caused by free fatty acid and lysophosphatidylcholine can be partially reversed by the addition of serum albumin, suggesting that serum albumin may regulate the LCAT reaction.
Vitamin D and the structure of kidney mitochondria.

Abstract An electron microscopic examination has been made of thin sections of kidney mitochondria isolated in 0.44 M sucrose from vitamin D deficient rats and from vitamin D treated rats. Vitamin D deficiency resulted in swollen and morphologically damaged mitochondria characterized by large intercristal spaces and disrupted cristal systems. These changes were prevented by vitamin D.
Surface layer measurements of early age mortar investigated by ultrasonic guided waves and finite element analysis

ABSTRACT A pulse-echo ultrasonic guided wave approach that monitors the development of early age mortar during the initial stages of setting and hardening is presen ted. The method transmits the fundamenta l torsional wave mode on one end of a cylindrical steel rod partially embedded in mortar and then m onitors the reflected signals. Both the reflection from the end of the rod and the reflection from the point where the waveguide enters the material are monitored. The development of the materials mechanical properties is related to the change in signal strength of the reflections. The reflection at the location where the waveguide pierces the material is essentially a su rface measurement. It is known that the material properties of concrete vary with depth; specifically, the material in the surface layer possess different material properties than the core material of the specimen. Finite element analysis was used to analyze these differences and to provide a clearer understanding of the entry-reflection. The analysis shows th at at early stages, it takes more time for the surface layer to achieve the same properties as that of the core of the specimen. However, after the mortar has achieved measurable strength (e.g. 12-14 hours), the material properties of the surface la yer can reasonably approximate those of the core of the specimen. Keywords: Ultrasonics, guided waves, pu lse-echo, early age mortar, conc rete, finite element analysis.
Control of motility patterns in the human colonic circular muscle layer by pacemaker activity

1. This study characterized the electrical and mechanical activities of human colonic muscle strips obtained from either the ascending, descending or sigmoid colon of patient volunteers during elective colon resections. 2. Rhythmic contractile activity was observed in colonic circular muscle strips in the absence of external stimuli. This activity persisted in the presence of atropine, phentolamine, propranolol, tetrodotoxin and Nomega-nitro-L-arginine but was abolished by nifedipine. 3. The activity of whole circular muscle (WCM) was compared with that of the myenteric half (MCM), the submucosal half (SCM) and the interior (ICM) of the circular muscle layer. WCM exhibited a prominent 2-4 contractions min-1 contractile pattern which was also present in strips of SCM. In contrast, MCM and ICM exhibited slow (0.3-0.6 contractions min-1), long duration contractions with superimposed higher frequency contractions (17-18 contractions min-1). 4. Resting membrane potential (Vm), recorded at various positions through the thickness of WCM strips did not differ and averaged -50 mV. 5. Slow waves were observed in 83 % of muscles. They averaged 12 mV in amplitude, 9.4 s in duration and had a frequency of 2-4 contractions min-1. Slow waves were greatest in amplitude near the submucosal edge and decreased with distance away from this edge. Each slow wave was associated with a transient contraction. 6. Near the myenteric edge, rapid fluctuations of Vm with a mean frequency of 18 contractions min-1 were recorded in 67 % of muscles. Spiking activity was common and was superimposed upon slow waves and rapid Vm fluctuations. 7. In summary, slow waves were identified in the human colonic circular muscle layer which arise at or near the submucosal edge. These electrical events give rise to a 2-4 contractions min-1 contractile rhythm which is characteristic of the intact muscle layer. Thus, the nature and spatial organization of pacemaker activity in the human colon bears significant resemblance to other animal models, such as the dog and pig.
Enzyme-linked coagulation assay: V. Amplified blotting assays using snake venom conjugates.

Abstract We have previously reported an ultrasensitive microtiter plate assay, enzyme-linked coagulation assay (ELCA), which can measure a factor X activator isolated from Russell's viper venom (RVV-XA) at concentrations less than 0.1 amol/sample. The high sensitivity of this assay is derived from enzyme amplification via the clotting cascade in combination with the utilization of enzyme-labeled solution-phase and unlabeled solid-phase fibrinogen. Modification of the ELCA assay to detect RVV-XA directly bound to nitrocellulose, ELCA blot, as described in this report, allowed the detection of blotted RVV-XA at amounts as low as 2 fg. The high sensitivity of the ELCA blot was utilized to develop an immunodetection system for Western blots, the ELCA immunoblot, and a biotin/avidin protein stain for blotted membranes, biotin/avidin ELCA blot. For the ELCA immunoblot, using RVV-XA-labeled antibodies we were able to detect blotted placental alkaline phosphatase at amounts two orders of magnitude lower than those when using peroxidase-labeled antibodies. Using an avidin-RVV-XA conjugate in the biotin/avidin ELCA blot, 1 ng of biotinylated fibrinogen and 100 pg of biotinylated placental alkaline phosphatase, which had been subjected to electrophoresis and transferred to a nitrocellulose membrane, were visualized. These data support the general utility of the ELCA system for assay amplification on solid-phase matrices and demonstrate considerable potential of this methodology in “blotting” applications.
On the concept of manner and its visibility in teaching practice

Although it has long been thought that moral development is amongst the more important tasks of teaching, not much is known about how teachers go about it. Using teacher manner as a proxy for the moral development activities of teachers, I describe six different activities teachers use to foster moral development in their classrooms. Surprisingly, the modelling of moral behaviour is not amongst them, not because it is not done but because it is interwoven in complex ways into the other six.
Medical management of Crohn's disease: current therapy and recent advances.

Crohn's disease is a chronic inflammatory disease involving the gastrointestinal tract and affects millions of people worldwide. Despite significant advances in the medical management of Crohn's disease over the past decade, there is no consensus on what constitutes optimal medical treatment. For many years, corticosteroids and sulfasalazine were the mainstay of therapy. More recently, immunomodulators such as azathioprine and methotrexate have been used in both the induction and maintenance of remission. The 1998 introduction of infliximab, a biologic agent active against tumor necrosis factor-α, has also led to considerable advances in the management of Crohn's disease. In addition, data from randomized controlled trials involving the immunomodulators azathioprine, 6-mercaptopurine and methotrexate have been accumulated, advancing our knowledge on how to best to use these agents for the induction and maintenance of remission in patients with Crohn's disease. This advancement of knowledge has allowed cli...
Self-compassion and adaptive psychological functioning.

Abstract Two studies are presented to examine the relation of self-compassion to psychological health. Self-compassion entails being kind and understanding toward oneself in instances of pain or failure rather than being harshly self-critical; perceiving one’s experiences as part of the larger human experience rather than seeing them as isolating; and holding painful thoughts and feelings in mindful awareness rather than over-identifying with them. Study 1 found that self-compassion (unlike self-esteem) helps buffer against anxiety when faced with an ego-threat in a laboratory setting. Self-compassion was also linked to connected versus separate language use when writing about weaknesses. Study 2 found that increases in self-compassion occurring over a one-month interval were associated with increased psychological well-being, and that therapist ratings of self-compassion were significantly correlated with self-reports of self-compassion. Self-compassion is a potentially important, measurable quality that offers a conceptual alternative to Western, more egocentric concepts of self-related processes and feelings.
DNA methyltransferase activity is required for memory-related neural plasticity in the lateral amygdala

We have previously shown that auditory Pavlovian fear conditioning is associated with an increase in DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) expression in the lateral amygdala (LA) and that intra-LA infusion or bath application of an inhibitor of DNMT activity impairs the consolidation of an auditory fear memory and long-term potentiation (LTP) at thalamic and cortical inputs to the LA, in vitro. In the present study, we use awake behaving neurophysiological techniques to examine the role of DNMT activity in memory-related neurophysiological changes accompanying fear memory consolidation and reconsolidation in the LA, in vivo. We show that auditory fear conditioning results in a training-related enhancement in the amplitude of short-latency auditory-evoked field potentials (AEFPs) in the LA. Intra-LA infusion of a DNMT inhibitor impairs both fear memory consolidation and, in parallel, the consolidation of training-related neural plasticity in the LA; that is, short-term memory (STM) and short-term training-related increases in AEFP amplitude in the LA are intact, while long-term memory (LTM) and long-term retention of training-related increases in AEFP amplitudes are impaired. In separate experiments, we show that intra-LA infusion of a DNMT inhibitor following retrieval of an auditory fear memory has no effect on post-retrieval STM or short-term retention of training-related changes in AEFP amplitude in the LA, but significantly impairs both post-retrieval LTM and long-term retention of AEFP amplitude changes in the LA. These findings are the first to demonstrate the necessity of DNMT activity in the consolidation and reconsolidation of memory-associated neural plasticity, in vivo.
Cholinergic innervation of the chick basilar papilla.

Antibodies directed against choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), the synthesizing enzyme for acetylcholine (ACh) and a specific marker of cholinergic neurons, were used to label axons and nerve terminals of efferent fibers that innervate the chick basilar papilla (BP). Two morphologically distinct populations of cholinergic fibers were labeled and classified according to the region of the BP they innervated. The inferior efferent system was composed of thick fibers that coursed radially across the basilar membrane in small fascicles, gave off small branches that innervated short hair cells with large cup-like endings, and continued past the inferior edge of the BP to ramify extensively in the hyaline cell area. The superior efferent system was made up of a group of thin fibers that remained in the superior half of the epithelium and innervated tall hair cells with bouton endings. Both inferior and superior efferent fibers richly innervated the basal two thirds of the BP. However, the apical quarter of the chick BP was virtually devoid of efferent innervation except for a few fibers that gave off bouton endings around the peripheral edges. The distribution of ChAT-positive efferent endings appeared very similar to the population of efferent endings that labeled with synapsin antisera. Double labeling with ChAT and synapsin antibodies showed that the two markers colocalized in all nerve terminals that were identified in BP whole-mounts and frozen sections. These results strongly suggest that all of the efferent fibers that innervate the chick BP are cholinergic.
The Repetition-Break Plot Structure Makes Effective Television Advertisements

Abstract The plot structure in television advertisements can enhance consumers' brand attitudes and foster increasing consumer and industry recognition. A corpus analysis of contemporary television advertisements shows that advertisements using the repetition-break plot structure are a small percentage of television advertisements but a large percentage of Clio and Effie award–winning advertisements. They are also likely to attain postings and views on YouTube. Three experiments using television advertisements from contemporary brands show that repetition-break advertisements are persuasive, leading to more favorable brand attitudes and greater purchase intentions than similar plot structures and that this effect is attributable in part to the advertisements being more engaging. Thus, a theoretically explainable and generic plot structure yields effective advertisements. The result is a new and flexible tool for marketing professionals to use to generate advertisements, with guidelines for when and why it...
(E)-N-[(Benzo[b]thiophen-3-yl)methylene]-N'-(2,5-dichlorophenyl)hydrazine.

The title compound, C15H10Cl2N2S, crystallizes in the centrosymmetric space group P21/c with one mol­ecule in the asymmetric unit. The mol­ecule assumes an approximately planar configuration and has an E geometry about the azomethine C=N double bond. The crystal structure is stabilized by extensive hydrogen bonding.
Living Arrangements Over the Life Course: Families in the 21st Century

Living arrangements are influenced by social and demographic trends. Changes in social norms related to marriage, childbearing, educational attainment, and women's employment have reshaped families, making residential family membership much less continuous over the life course. The increasing complexity of family living arrangements makes a life course perspective essential for understanding families. The special issue titled "Living Arrangements Over the Life Course: Families in the 21st Century" addresses several key themes that will characterize families in the 21st century, including gender and the family, union formation and dissolution, living arrangements, and family migration.
Combination Radiofrequency and Light Energies: Electro‐optical Synergy Technology in Esthetic Medicine

BACKGROUND. In the past decade, there has been an astonishing insurgence in the number and variety of commercially available nonablative resurfacing devices. This is related in part to a continually increasing market demand for noninvasive cosmetic procedures that are associated with minimal recovery time and fewer complications than the traditional carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) laser. OBJECTIVE. The goal of nonablative devices is to selectively heat the target tissues without injuring surrounding tissue. This article reviews the mechanism, results of clinical studies, and treatment parameters for a combination optical and radiofrequency (RF) energies system. METHODS AND MATERIALS. To see modest clinical improvement, the patient often requires a series of treatments over the course of several months (sometimes up to 18 months). RESULTS .P reliminary studies with combination optical and RF energies have shown promising results in different dermatologic applications, including skin rejuvenation, hair removal, and leg vein treatment. CONCLUSION .A new technology that integrates bipolar RF and optical energies, ELOS (Syneron Medical Ltd, Yokneam, Israel), is based on the premise of a synergistic activity between the two forms of energy. The bipolar RF component enables the use of lower levels of the optical component, reducing the risk from optical energy and potentially improving its use across different skin types and hair colors. The optical component is believed to drive the bipolar RF energy to concentrate where the optical energy has selectively heated the target.
Prevalence of labral tears and cartilage loss in patients with mechanical symptoms of the hip: evaluation using MR arthrography

Summary Objective To determine the prevalence of labral tears and cartilage lesions in patients with mechanical symptoms of the hip using magnetic resonance (MR) arthrography. Methods A total of 100 patients with mechanical symptoms of the hip such as pain, clicking, locking and giving way underwent MR arthrography of the hip to rule out a labral tear. Hip joints were evaluated for labral alterations, bone marrow edema (BME), and other pathology using a novel semi-quantitative scoring system. Cartilage changes were graded separately for the acetabulum and femoral head in the anterior, posterior, central, medial, and lateral hip joint regions (10 locations) on a 6-point scale: 0=normal; 1=signal heterogeneity; 2=fissuring, 3=thinning 50% of the normal thickness; 5=full thickness cartilage loss. Labral tears were categorized into normal, intrasubstance degeneration, simple tear or complex tear with two or more tear regions. Statistical methods were contingency tables, Fisher's exact test for discrete outcomes (based on grade scores), Spearman's rank correlation ( r ) and t tests for continuous outcomes, using pooled and stratified analyses. Results On MR arthrography, labral tears were found in 66 patients (66% prevalence) with 13 having more than one location involved. Locations were 19 lateral (13 simple, six complex), 54 anterior (39 simple, 15 complex), eight posterior (six simple, two complex). Cartilage lesions were found in 76 patients (76% prevalence) with 53 demonstrating involvement of more than one compartment. The most common finding was cartilage thinning 50% was shown in 34 patients in 67 areas. When we correlated the grade of cartilage abnormality with the grade of labral tear, we found a statistically significant correlation ( r =0.29; P ≤0.01). The size of cartilage abnormality was correlated with the grade of labral tear in the lateral acetabulum ( r =0.38; P r =0.22; P ≤0.002), and lateral femoral head ( r =0.29; P ≤0.004). The grade of cartilage loss was correlated with the grade of BME ( r =0.44; P ≤0.001). Conclusion Labral tears and cartilage loss are common in patients with mechanical symptoms in the hip. Cartilage loss, labral tears and BME appear interrelated and may represent important risk factors that may affect the development and progression of osteoarthritis in the hip joint.
A Model Of Cournot Competition With Lobbying

Lobbying plays an integral part in the American political process. This paper utilizes game theory to examine the lobbying efforts of a duopoly that is competing for a government contract. We first examine a model with a general probability function and then solve a model with a specific probability function. We find that if the probability function is concave, then there exists a globally-stable Nash-Cournot equilibrium. Furthermore, total lobbying will increase with the size of the contract and the ease in which policymakers can be influenced and is likely to decrease with an increase in one of the firm’s costs.
Protein calorie malnutrition and infection with hepatitis-associated antigen.

The incidence of hepatitis-associated antigen (HAA) in normal Thai adults is approximately 10%. When Thai children were studied for the age-specific prevalence of serum hepatitis-associated antigen it was found that the adult frequency is reached at about the age of 5 years. Children below this age showed a lower prevalence, with serum hepatitis-associated antigen being significantly more common in boys. In young children with severe protein-calorie malnutrition, however, serum HAA was found in 29% of 48 patients during their eight-week hospitalization, with no sex-difference in the incidence of antigenemia. In three of the four patients who were antigenemic throughout the period of observation the titer of serum hepatitis-associated antigen declined significantly as the patients9 nutritional status improved. It is suggested that undernutrition and its associated defects in host defense mechanisms contributes to an increased susceptibility to infection with hepatitis-associated antigen. This may in part help to explain the relatively high prevalence of hepatitis-associated antigen infection as found in tropical countries.
There are at least two yeast viral double-stranded RNAs of the same size: An explanation for viral exclusion

Abstract The yeast virus ScV is similar to other double-stranded RNA fungal viruses, which persist indefinitely without harm to their host cells. A single large viral double-stranded RNA (L) of 4.8 kilobase pairs codes for the major viral capsid polypeptide. Some strains have a second, satellite virus, with a genomic RNA (M) of 1.9 kilobase pairs, that codes for an extracellular toxin (killer toxin) responsible for killing sensitive cells. Sensitive cells lack a functional resistance gene on M. There are a number of different varieties of this satellite virus with different toxin and resistance specificities. Two of these, k 1 and k 2 , are well characterized. A cytoplasmic genetic element causes the loss of the k 2 virus. We show that this element is actually one of the k 1 viruses; there are two k 1 viruses with L genomic RNAs of the same size but different sequence, which account for some of the previously observed 3′-end heterogeneity of L.