cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Grafting of 2-butenyl acrylate onto starch†

The monomer 2-butenyl acrylate was reacted with starch by exposure to either /sup 60/Co irradiation or ceric ion initiation. Monomer conversion in the presence of starch is greater than in the absence of starch, indicating that a starch initiating mechanism takes place for /sup 60/Co irradiated samples. Acetone extraction indicates little or no soluble homopolymer in the grafts. Portions of the samples soluble in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) appear to be low-level 2-butenyl acrylate-grafted starch by infrared analysis. DMSO-insoluble portions (usually more than 50% of each sample) are somewhat more soluble in 1N NaOH at room temperature. This indicates that the 2-butenyl acrylate acts as an easily hydrolyzed crosslink for starch in samples containing as low as 5 wt% grafted poly(2-butenyl acrylate).
Role of TNF Receptor-Associated Factor 2 in the Activation of IgM Secretion by CD40 and CD120b

TNFR-associated factors (TRAFs) participate in the signaling of many TNFR family members, including CD40, CD120a (TNFR1), and CD120b (TNFR2). Previously, we found that a dominant-negative TRAF2 molecule inhibits CD40-mediated Ab secretion by the mouse B cell line CH12.LX. However, disruption of the TRAF2 binding site in the cytoplasmic domain of CD40 does not diminish the ability of CD40 to stimulate Ab secretion, nor is this mutation able to circumvent the inhibition of Ab secretion by dominant-negative TRAF2. Here we demonstrate that CD40-induced TNF stimulates IgM production through CD120b and that CD120b signaling is required for optimal CD40-induced IgM secretion. Furthermore, although both CD40 and CD120b can bind TRAF2, TRAF2-dependent CD40 signals cannot substitute for TRAF2-dependent CD120b signals in the activation of IgM secretion. Our results indicate a potentially important role for CD120b in the activation of IgM secretion and that TRAF2 is used by CD40 and CD120b in distinct ways.
Genetic Mapping a Meiotic Driver That Causes Sex Ratio Distortion in the Mosquito Aedes aegypti

An endogenous meiotic driver in the dengue and yellow fever vector mosquito Aedes aegypti can cause highly male-biased sex ratio distortion in crosses from suitable genetic backgrounds. We previously selected a strain that carries a strong meiotic drive gene (D) linked with the male-determining allele (M) on chromosome 1 in A. aegypti. Here, we performed segregation analysis of the M(D) locus among backcross (BC(1)) progeny from a driver male and drive-sensitive females. Assessment of sex ratios among BC(2) progeny showed ∼5.2% recombination between the M(D) locus and the sex determination locus. Multipoint linkage mapping across this region revealed consistent marker orders and recombination frequencies with the existing reference linkage map and placed the M(D) locus within a 6.5-cm interval defined by the LF159 locus and microsatellite marker 446GAA, which should facilitate future positional cloning efforts.
Analytical Electron Microscopy Examination of Solid Reaction Products in Long-Term Tests of Srl 200 Waste Glasses

Alteration phases, found on the leached surfaces and present as colloids in the leachates of 200-based frit (fully active and simulated) nuclear waste glass, reacted under static test conditions, at a surface area to leachate volume ratio of 20,000 m{sup {minus}1} for 15 days to 728 days, have been examined by analytical electron microscopy. The compositions of the secondary phases were determined using x-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy and electron energy loss spectroscopy, and structural analysis was accomplished by electron diffraction. Long-term samples of simulated glass, which had undergone an acceleration of reaction after 182 days, possessed a number of silicate secondary phases, including; smectite (iron silicate and potassium iron alumina-silicate, weeksite (uranium silicate), zeolite (calcium potassium alumino-silicate), tobermorite (calcium silicate), and a pure silica phase. However, uranium silicates and smectite have also been observed in tests, which have not undergone the acceleration of reaction, in both the leachate and leached layer, suggesting that these phases are not responsible for the acceleration of reaction.
SOME EFFECTS OF VAPOR-LIQUID EQUILIBRIA ON PERFORMANCE OF A TRICKLE-BED REACTOR

Abstract The distribution of reactants and inert liquid between the vapor and liquid phase in a trickle bed reactor used for hydrotreating is affected by H 2 /feed ratio, relative volatilities and temperature. The consequences of altering these variables are not always immediately obvious. Studies are reported here for two model reactions, the hydrodeoxygenation of dibenzofuran (DBF) (b.p. 285°C) and the hydrogenation of n-butylbenzene (n-BB) (b.p. 183°C) dissolved in either n-hexadecane (b.p. 287°C) or in squalane (b.p. 350°C). Experimental results, obtained at low conversions, are compared with theoretical predictions.
An in silico skin absorption model for fragrance materials.

Fragrance materials are widely used in cosmetics and other consumer products. The Research Institute for Fragrance Materials (RIFM) evaluates the safety of these ingredients and skin absorption is an important parameter in refining systemic exposure. Currently, RIFM's safety assessment process assumes 100% skin absorption when experimental data are lacking. This 100% absorption default is not supportable and alternate default values were proposed. This study aims to develop and validate a practical skin absorption model (SAM) specific for fragrance material. It estimates skin absorption based on the methodology proposed by Kroes et al. SAM uses three default absorption values based on the maximum flux (Jmax) – namely, 10%, 40%, and 80%. Jmax may be calculated by using QSAR models that determine octanol/water partition coefficient (Kow), water solubility (S) and permeability coefficient (Kp). Each of these QSAR models was refined and a semi-quantitative mechanistic model workflow is presented. SAM was validated with a large fragrance-focused data set containing 131 materials. All resulted in predicted values fitting the three-tiered absorption scenario based on Jmax ranges. This conservative SAM may be applied when fragrance material lack skin absorption data.
Dimensions of Speech Perception: Semantic Associations in the Affective Lexicon

The affective lexicon has been explained in terms of three underlying dimensions: Evaluation, Activity, and Potency. We assessed the importance of these dimensions during online speech perception. Participants made speeded lexical decisions about emotion words that were heard in a tone of voice that was either congruent or incongruent with the word's meaning. The denotative semantic category from which words were chosen was significantly related to lexical decision times (P < 0.001). Tone of voice did not influence decision times, nor did it interact with semantic category. Regression analyses showed that lexical decision times were significantly predicted by dimension weights on Potency, and by the three-way interaction between dimension weights on Evaluation, Activity, and Potency (both P s < 0.001). The implications of this study for models of knowledge representation and perception are discussed.
Role of Fault Attributions and Desire, Effort, and Outcome Expectations in Children's Anticipated Responses to Hypothetical Peers with Various Undesirable Characteristics.

ABSTRACT A total of 137 third- through eighth-grade students were asked to respond to a series of statements concerning 6 male peers described as having various undesirable characteristics (i.e., poor student, poor athlete, extremely overweight, extremely aggressive, extremely shy, or having the symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder). The aggressive peer and the overweight peer consistently elicited the least favorable reactions from the children. For all 6 peers included in the study, the more strongly the children agreed that a peer was at fault for his undesirable characteristic, the less favorably they anticipated responding to that peer. In contrast, the children's expectations concerning a peer's desire to change, effort to change, and success in changing an undesirable characteristic were generally unrelated to their anticipated responses to that peer. The children demonstrated the general belief that desire backed by effort leads to success in overcoming an undesirable characteristi...
Improved tool and data selection in task management

Task management involves task creation and execution. These are facilitated using a task schema as exemplified in the Hercules Task Manager. Experience with Hercules has shown the task schema to be very useful for task creation, but less than ideal for task resolution, i.e., the selection of tool and data resources to be used in execution. Tool/data interactions often lead to resource selection constraints that cannot be captured using dependency relationships in the schema. We have addressed this by adding conditions to the task schema which use task-level meta-data to constrain resource selection. With examples we show that conditions are useful for handling a wide variety of real constraints.
Application of Microarrays for Deciphering the Structure and Function of the Human Glycome

Glycan structures were defined historically using multiple methods to determine composition, sequence, linkage, and anomericity of component monosaccharides. Such approaches have been replaced by more sensitive MS methods to profile or predict glycan structures, but these methods are limited in their ability to completely define glycan structures. Glycan-binding proteins, including lectins and antibodies, have been found to have exquisite binding specificities that can provide information about glycan structures. Here, we show glycan-binding proteins can be used along with MS to help define glycan linkages and other determinants in unknown glycans printed as shotgun glycan microarrays.
Goal-setting in environmental decision making

One of the most important questions in the drafting of environmental laws is what goals the laws should achieve. Goals help organize all of the work that is done to implement these laws - standard setting, enforcement, funding, and even allocation of personnel. This chapter explores the variety of overall environmental, social, economic, and even security goals that environmental laws have. It then explains the importance of translating these broad objectives into specific goals based on targets and timetables. Such specific goals make these laws much more effective than they would otherwise be. Such goals are also becoming a central feature of the international effort to address climate change.
Some effects of phosphates parenterally administered.

Embden, Griesback and Schmitz,1 Witzemann,2 Winter and Smith3 and others seem to have demonstrated that phosphates, both organically and inorganically bound, play an important role in carbohydrate metabolism. It thus becomes of interest to know whether inorganic phosphates parenterally administered influence this metabolism as mirrored by blood sugar changes.Our experiments show that when ortho-phosphoric acid (0.2-2.0 cc. U. S. P. acid in 10 cc. water), mono basic sodium phosphate (1.0-4.0 grams dissolved in the least amount of water), dibasic sodium phosphate (0.5-2.0 grams) and the tribasic sodium phosphate (1.0-3.0 grams) are injected subcutaneously in rabbits (weight 1000-1300 grams) the blood sugar practically always shows a very marked rise. The increased sugar is apparent within twenty minutes, and lasts as a rule for two hours or more. Acid sodium phosphate tends to produce the highest blood sugars when compared with the dibasic and tribasic salt on a weight of salt per kilogram body weight basis...
The effect of tibiotalar alignment on coronal plane mechanics following total ankle replacement

Abstract Background Gait mechanics following total ankle replacement (TAR) have reported improved ankle motion following surgery. However, no studies have addressed the impact of preoperative radiographic tibiotalar alignment on post-TAR gait mechanics. We therefore investigated whether preoperative tibiotalar alignment (varus, valgus, or neutral) resulted in significantly different coronal plane mechanics or ground reaction forces post-TAR. Methods We conducted a non-randomized study of 93 consecutive end-stage ankle arthritis patients. Standard weight-bearing radiographs were obtained preoperatively to categorize patients as having neutral (±4°), varus (≥5° of varus), or valgus (≥5° of valgus) coronal plane tibiotalar alignment. All patients underwent a standard walking assessment including three-dimensional lower extremity kinetics and kinematics preoperatively, 12 and 24 months postoperatively. Results A significant group by time interaction was observed for the propulsive vertical ground reaction force (vGRF), coronal plane hip range of motion (ROM) and the peak hip abduction moment. The valgus group demonstrated an increase in the peak knee adduction angle and knee adduction angle at heel strike when compared to the other groups. Coronal plane ankle ROM, knee and hip angles at heel strike, and the peak hip angle exhibited significant increases across time. Peak ankle inversion moment, peak knee abduction moment and the weight acceptance vGRF also exhibited significant increases across time. Neutral ankle alignment was achieved for all patients by 2 years following TAR. Conclusions Restoration of neutral ankle alignment at the time of TAR in patients with preoperative varus or valgus tibiotalar alignment resulted in biomechanics similar to those of patients with neutral preoperative tibiotalar alignment by 24-month follow-up.
Analysis On Death Causes Of Residents In Jing County Of Anhui Province From 2008 To 2009

Objective To explore distribution and itscharacteristics of the cause of death of residents in Jing county,and provide evidence for disease control strateies.Methods Deaths monitoring data was obtained from Disease Surveillance System,and were classified according to International Classification of Diseases(ICD-10),and statistical analysis was executed by Microsoft Excel 2003.Results The annual average mortality rate of residents in Jing county was 616.20/lakh,and the top 5 causes of death were cerebrovascular disease,heart disease,malign tumors,respiratory diseases,injury and toxicosis in turn,and they were over 90% of whole death.Conclusion Chronic disease and injuries were the leading causes of death in Jing county.Thus,they would the focus of become disease control and prevention in the future.
The Heart and the Kidney

Death from cardiac causes is 10 to 20 times more common in patients with chronic renal failure than in age- and gender-matched individuals within the general population. Patients with decreased renal function do less well than those with normal renal function after acute coronary syndromes, including myocardial infarction, percutaneous coronary intervention, and coronary bypass surgery. Chronic kidney disease is an increasing public health problem in developed countries, due in part to greater prevalence of obesity and diabetes mellitus in populations that are living longer. Cohort studies have identified hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, obesity, and smoking as risk factors in the general population for the development of chronic kidney disease. Renal function is impaired in many patients with heart failure. Current management options for treatment of chronic kidney disease are based on the control of hypertension, proteinuria, hyperlipidemia, glucose, and smoking. Inhibition of the renin-angiotensin system is key to the preservation of glomerular function in chronic kidney disease, just as it is for cardiovascular function in heart failure.
Plenary lecture 10: accelerate your favorite numerical integrator with two lines of code

Dynamical systems (possibly stochastic) with multiple time scales pose a major problem in simulations because the small time steps required for stable integration of the fast motions lead to large numbers of time steps required for the observation of slow degrees of freedom. A general belief has been that with a nonlinear relation between original and slow variables, averaging integrators should not work "if the slow variables are not explicitly identified and made use of". Furthermore, in recent years, a great deal of attention has been focused on the following challenges: How to accelerate a legacy code (used as black box) for stiff ODEs or SDEs while, at the same time, preserving all of its nice properties? How to obtain explicit structure/symmetry-preserving integrators for (possibly stochastic) mechanical (molecular) systems with non quadratic stiff-potentials? etc... In this talk, we show that these problems have a surprisingly simple common solution: turning on and off large coefficients in the legacy code. This a joint work with J. Marsden and M. Tao.
Architecture study of an energy microgrid

In the last decade, there has been a push to achieve regional energy independence by developing small, self-sufficient microgrids that complement, and in some cases, replace the main centralized grid. This sort of distributed energy system has numerous advantages. One of them is the ability to disengage and function independently from the main grid in the event of a catastrophic failure. Additionally, they allow for a far greater penetration of renewable energy sources, thus allowing for a much cleaner energy system with a diverse set of energy sources, and limited dependence on fossil fuels. Lastly, the proximity of the energy production and end user allows for the excess energy, generally dissipated, produced during the power generation process to be leveraged into a parallel heating/cooling cycle, thus increasing the energy efficiency of the entire process. While the concept of a distributed energy system and its merits are easy to see, industry experience shows that effectively designing such a system is a far more complicated task. Most such systems fail to generate at their potential due to the lack of appropriate configuration. The architecture design of a microgrid is complex due its dependence on a number of project-specific parameters such as stakeholder needs, resource availability, existing legacy infrastructure, and demand among others. The purpose of this paper is to study the use of a System Architecture approach to designing a microgrid for Ithaca NY. Such an approach involves examining the needs of the stakeholders, determining system goals, selecting a concept, and developing an architectural model, a mathematical construct that is used to generate alternative architectures and evaluate their cost, performance, and risk. The space of alternative architectures is explored by means of a multi-objective evolutionary optimization algorithm. Data mining and sensitivity analysis algorithms are used to determine design features that are common in good architectures. Finally, a small set of promising architectures is selected.
Effective Communications as a Forensic Economist

Forensic economics involves relationships between experts, client-attorneys, and the courts. This chapter discusses the various forms that effective interpersonal communication takes, beginning with the initial engagement by an attorney. It is best practice to communicate on a timely basis, and to maintain records of all oral and written communications. Should an expert uncover some unusual or unexpected finding, the expert needs to alert retaining counsel which may require the expert to act as an advisor/consultant in explaining its implications. Communications also occur in a written report, in answering questions at a discovery deposition, and in providing trial testimony. The chapter explains how trial testimony is different from other opportunities to communicate because the language and delivery of the expert’s oral testimony must target the average juror who does not read the expert’s report.
In-Vitro Corrosion Studies of Bioabsorbable Alloys

Magnesium alloys have inspired a significant amount of attention from researchers all over the world for cardiovascular and orthopedic applications due to their light weight, mechanical integrity and degradation behavior. In this investigation, cast manufactured binary, ternary and quaternary magnesium alloys were studied for their degradation behavior by potentiodynamic polarization tests in phosphate buffer saline solution (PBS) and PBS containing amino acids (cysteine, C and tryptophan, W) at 37 °C. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) tests were performed to determine the charge transfer resistance and immersion tests were performed to assess corrosion rate and hydrogen evolution from the alloys. Furthermore, the surface morphology and surface chemistry of the alloys were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD).
Hydrogen energy production using manganese/semiconductor system inspired by photosynthesis

Abstract Hydrogen is the most efficient and the cleanest fuel. Inspired by photosynthesis, which is able to catalyze water-splitting reaction to achieve energy storage on the large scale at room temperature and neutral pH in nature, artificial systems and technology have been increasing advanced and great progresses have been made over the past decades. The three-dimensional structure of photosystem II with oxygen-evolving activity has been determined at an atomic level, which provides a thorough image with the specific position of each atom in the Mn 4 CaO 5 cluster. These advancements have significantly enhanced our understanding of the mechanisms of water splitting in photosynthesis and offered a unique opportunity for hydrogen fuel production. In this review, the recent efforts in the area of manganese/semiconductor system for hydrogen generation were summarized with examples and discussed to highlight the operation mechanisms of this kind of catalytic configuration. A robust PS II mimic containing manganese/semiconductor nanostructure to accomplish the photo water splitting chemistry was evaluated. The development, mechanism, and future improvement of the manganese/semiconductor system were presented. The manganese/semiconductor system is highly likely to offer novel technology for hydrogen energy production.
Experimental Validation of a Pulse-Modulated Flow-Control Actuator for Turbomachinery

An experimental investigation was undertaken to determine the effectiveness of a new design for a pulse-width-modulated actuator for flow control in turbomachinery. This new actuator was operated a...
Robotic Approaches to the Patient with Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma

Pancreatic cancer is a systemic disease in a vast majority of the patients at the time of diagnosis; this mandates the clinician to carefully consider how to integrate local control of the tumor into the overall oncologic care of the patient. In this chapter, we focus on how robotic pancreaticoduodenectomy is integrated into the multidisciplinary care of the patient with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. We will emphasize the diagnostic workup, technique, and outcomes of robotic-assisted pancreaticoduodenectomy in a patient with pancreatic adenocarcinoma.
DOE for product and process optimization, robustness, and tolerance design: 40mm IR illumination grenade

This paper illustrates how empirical data generated from a systematically designed experiment is used for armament product performance optimization, robustness, and tolerance design, in the context of a 40mm IR flare munition project conducted by the US Army ARDEC. This presentation will introduce modern Robust Design best-practices in a seamless statistical analysis ‘walkthrough’ leaving opportunity for drilldown and audience interaction, and will contrast with Taguchi's approach which many Quality and Reliability professionals are familiar with. This approach uses a number of ‘Uncertainty Quantification’ (UQ) techniques more commonly applied to computer models and simulations. This approach makes use of the validated prediction model built using Response Surface Methodology (RSM), specifically a computer-generated I-optimal experiment, to analytically derive a robust design solution using Propagation of Error (POE), and integrates Monte-Carlo Simulation, Reliability-Based Design Optimization (RBDO), and statistical quality control methods to execute an efficient, cost-effective manufacturing Tolerance Design study.
Introduction to the Special Issue: Restructuring and Resisting Education Reforms in Chicago’s Public Schools

In this paper, guest editors Gutierrez and Waitoller introduce the special issue, Restructuring and Resisting Education Reforms in Chicago’s Public Schools. As a pioneer of neoliberal education reforms, the city of Chicago and its public school system offers a rich context for critical policy scholarship on the dialectic between education restructuring and community resistance against these reforms. First, the authors contextualize Chicago education reforms within the larger neoliberal project by providing an overview of the policies driving the closures of traditional public schools and expansion of charter schools that the contributors to this special issue examine. The authors also address the co-constitutive nature of race and neoliberalism in education policy, and the disproportionate impact these policies have on low-income communities of color. Next, the authors discuss the significance of this collection of papers for educational policy analysis and call for more research that situates examinations of urban educational reforms in their specific socio-historical, political, and economic contexts. The paper concludes with a summary of the articles included in the special issue.
Puerto Rico, the 51st state: the implications of statehood on culture and language

ABSTRACTThe issue of statehood has been a controversial topic for many decades in Puerto Rico. This has resulted in a total of four referendums for statehood taking place on the island. What is unique about the last referendum, which occurred in 2012, is that the majority of residents on the island voted in favor of statehood. Although the implications of statehood are currently unknown, one problem that could arise is a change in the native language (Spanish) and culture of the island. Therefore, this qualitative study investigated Puerto Ricans residing in different geographic regions (i.e. Puerto Rico and Florida) to determine if they have differing views regarding statehood, commonwealth, and independence. Differences were found among participants in that they had diverse opinions as to how statehood could impact the island in terms of the language spoken (Spanish or English), the culture of the island, the educational system, and the economy.
Addressing Reverse Causation Bias in the Obesity Paradox Is Not "One Size Fits All"

The obesity epidemic is a global crisis, extending well beyond the U.S. and Western countries. Korea is no exception, with the prevalence of overweight/obesity (BMI ≥23 kg/m2) escalating in recent decades to 61.3% for men and 45.3% for women in 2014 (1). Despite the overwhelming evidence implicating excess adiposity in the development of several chronic diseases, there has been a prolonged debate surrounding the association between BMI and all-cause mortality. The public health implications of this relationship are not trivial and contribute to the ongoing attention given to this topic. In this issue of Diabetes Care , Lee et al. (2) report their analysis of 12.8 million adults aged 18–99 years in the National Health Insurance Service of Korea at baseline examinations in 2001, with follow-up through 2013. BMI was evaluated in relation to all-cause mortality, demonstrating a U-shaped association between BMI and all-cause mortality. The authors concluded that the optimal BMI for survival after 10.5 years was 25.0–30.9 kg/m2 for men and 23.5–29.4 kg/m2 for women; thus, maintaining a body weight in the range of overweight and obesity appears ideal for longevity. This controversial finding has been observed by many, …
Effects of substrate temperature and deposition rate on the phase separated morphology of co-sputtered, Cu-Mo thin films

Abstract We report on the evolution of phase-separated morphologies in co-sputtered Cu-Mo films as a result of varying substrate temperature and deposition rate during deposition. A transition from vertically-oriented concentration modulations to laterally-oriented modulations followed by randomly-oriented modulations was observed in the Cu-Mo films because of changing substrate temperature at constant deposition rate. A refinement of the Cu-Mo domains was observed at increasing deposition rate at a constant substrate temperature. A coarsening of phase-separated domains was also observed with increasing substrate temperature. The phase separation kinetics that controlled film morphology were limited by the surface interdiffusion of each species as the film grew in thickness. Control over the surface interdiffusion length was achieved by altering the deposition temperature and material flux.
Prevalence and Correlates of Suicidal Ideation in a Treatment-Seeking Sample of Violent Loss Survivors

Abstract. Background: Family members grieving the traumatic death of a loved one, as in cases of homicide, suicide, and fatal accidents, are at risk for a number of trauma and bereavement-related m...
Mitochondria in Hematology

The ‘‘mitochondrial clock’’ limits human life span by decreasing energy supply in the aged. If other mechanisms to limit human life span, such as severe infections or cancer, are eliminated, even the ‘‘healthy’’ aging rarely live beyond 100 years owing to mitochondrial degeneration, one of the three bases of aging. This refers to a substantial higher mutation rate of the mitochondrial genome than the nuclear genome (6 10 11 mutations per site per cell division), which is caused by a weaker mitochondrial repair system (Wallace 1999). The estimated mutation rate of the mitochondrial genome from pedigree-derived data, for somatic mutations, for substitution rates in cultured cells, and for stem cells is strikingly similar and corresponds to 1.10 mutations per site per million years (Taylor et al. 2003). In fetal life the mutation load of the mitochondrial genome is very low, approximately 0.02%, but increases steadily over human life and aged people in their nineties may end up with 5–10% heteroplasmic mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations. If other mechanism of aging do not apply to a human being, mitochondrial degeneration seems to decrease energy production below the threshold level for living and typical ‘‘symptoms’’ of illness-free aging (Luft 1994; Murdock and Christiacos 2000) like atactic gait, mild tremor accompanying movements, or atrophy of skeletal muscles ensue. All these signs of aging can be objectified by morphologic correlations, e.g., by the finding of 10–15% of cytochrome c oxidase (COX) negative neurons in the immunostaining of the substantia nigra (personal observation) or by up to 2% of COX negative muscle fibers in aged people (Brierely et al. 1998; Muller-Hocker 1992). The subclinical signs of aging aggravate to symptoms, which encompass seizures, encephalomyopathy, stroke like episodes and migraines, in patients with mitochondrial disease (DiMauro and Schon 2005). In contrast to a healthy fetus, a fetus with a mitochondrial disorder starts with a high mutation load of mtDNA, often inherited by his mother. Therefore tissue-specific threshold levels may be reached just after birth or in early childhood and devastating consequences for organs with high oxidative energy requirements, such as brain and muscle, will
An Approach to Computations Involving Spacings With Applications to the Scan Statistic

Consider the order statistics fromNi.i.d. random variables uniformly distributed on the interval (0,1]. We present a general method for computing probabilities involving differences of the order statistics or linear combinations of the spacings between the order statistics. This method is based on repeated use of a basic recursion to break up the joint distribution of linear combinations of spacings into simpler components which are easily evaluated. LetS w denote the (continuous conditional) scan statistic with window length w. Let Cwdenote the number of m: w clumps among theNrandom points, where an m: w clump is defined as m points falling within an interval of length w. We apply our general method to compute the distribution ofS w (for smallN)and the lower-order moments of Cw. The final answers produced by our approach are piecewise polynomials (in w) whose coefficients are computed exactly. These expressions can be stored and later used to rapidly compute numerical answers which are accurate to any required degree of precision.
Dissociation rate kinetics of europium-DTPA complexes

Solvent extraction-based processes for separating lanthanides from actinides depend strongly on the kinetics of ligand complexation and de-complexation with the metal ions. The slower metal-ligand de-complexation process is usually the rate-limiting step, requiring these kinetics to be accurately known. In this study the kinetics of europium(III)-diethylenetriaminepentaacetic (DTPA) acid complex dissociation rates were directly measured using the change in europium(III) luminescence. These dissociation rates were independently determined by minimizing the complex formation rates by using high acidity, and keeping the concentration of europium(III) low to avoid double metal complexes.
A Study of Mesosystems and Their Radar Echoes

Five mesosystems, occurring on 4 to 5 June 1953 in an area 500 by 600 mi near Chicago, were analysed with the use of data from regular synoptic stations. Four of the systems were of the well known type having a pressure-surge line, a thunderstorm high, and a wake depression. The fifth system, a trough 500 mi in length, traveled at the rate of 60 kn. By using radar pictures taken every minute, the movement of echoes was also studied. The echo velocities, which were approximately 20 kn while a pressure-surge line was 100 mi distant, increased up to 40 kn with the approach of the line. The individual echoes in the line moved in an east-northeast direction while the pressure-surge line, oriented southwest to northeast, proceeded towards the south-southeast. The centers of the mesosystems moved in the same direction as the individual echoes in the squall line. Hourly precipitation amounts accompanying each system were integrated with respect to time and “time integrated” precipitation charts were then constructed.
What Are Predictors for Persistence in Childhood Stuttering

Over the past 10 years, we (the Purdue Stuttering Project) have implemented longitudinal studies to examine factors related to persistence and recovery in early childhood stuttering. Stuttering develops essentially as an impairment in speech sensorimotor processes that is strongly influenced by dynamic interactions among motor, language, and emotional domains. Our work has assessed physiological, behavioral, and clinical features of stuttering within the motor, linguistic, and emotional domains. We describe the results of studies in which measures collected when the child was 4 to 5 years old are related to eventual stuttering status. We provide supplemental evidence of the role of known predictive factors (e.g., sex and family history of persistent stuttering). In addition, we present new evidence that early delays in basic speech motor processes (especially in boys), poor performance on a nonword repetition test, stuttering severity at the age of 4 to 5 years, and delayed or atypical functioning in central nervous system language processing networks are predictive of persistent stuttering.
Differences between gene mutation profile and outcome of Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) positive and negative Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC).

9577Background: Despite its rising incidence and aggressive behavior, MCC remains an orphan disease with no active agents. Immunosuppression, UV exposure and MCPyV are known risk factors. A better ...
A Fresh Perspective on Professional Women as Mothers: The Traditional Values Mother Is One of a Few Good 'Men'

Openly supportive of the importance and value of good mothering, this article confronts employer bias against women who are mothers, taking on the "mommy track" problem, the seeming bias against women with traditional values, and how young women can cultivate their roles as mothers while maximizing their potential in their professional careers.
History of Cigarette Smoking and Heart Transplant Outcomes

Objective The deleterious effects of cigarette smoking (CS) have been well documented. Active cigarette use is a relative contraindication for heart transplantation (HT) with a recommendation that candidates be abstinent for at least 6 months prior to HT. Animal studies have shown that a history of CS is associated with increased risk of allograft rejection. Our study examines the association of CS history and HT outcomes. Methods Data were analyzed from HT recipients captured in the United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) transplant registry. Included in this study were adults who underwent HT from 1987 to 2018 and who had available smoking status data (N= 38,220). The cohort was categorized by smoking status (CS vs non-CS). Post-transplant outcomes of interest included survival, graft failure, treated hospitalizations and hospitalizations for infection. Baseline characteristics were compared between the two groups using chi-squared analysis. Unadjusted associations between CS and patient survival were determined using Kaplan-Meier estimations and confounding was addressed using multivariable Cox proportional hazards models. Results HT recipients with a history of CS were older (55 vs 50, p= Conclusions A history of CS was associated with increased risk for acute rejection, hospitalization for infection, graft failure, post-transplant malignancy and worse survival. A history of CS should be considered in post HT management.
Transformation to leadership: Learning about self, the community, the organization, and the system

Leadership development is an important practice in community organizing. Although this importance is often acknowledged, relatively little scholarship details how leadership development is actually executed, or how concepts of leadership development are applied in organizing practice. This study reports on a thesis conducted by a community organizer utilizing a critical reflexive methodology. Eight active leaders from a community organizing effort in New Orleans, LA were interviewed about their interpretations of their own development as leaders. Leadership development as experienced by leaders is supplemented with observations from the organizer working with these leaders, providing triangulation on developmental processes in practice. Findings demonstrate the potential for transformation among community residents as they work to build collective power for social change.
Secrets of Lovemaking

This chapter is attentive to the teachings on sexuality whispered between the lines uttered by the lovers to each other. There is a genuine art of sex to be discovered in the Song of Songs and it is this art that I shall attempt to unveil in this chapter. I show, moreover, that in the Song, pleasure is inseparable from ethics and love. Indeed, the more ethical and loving the sexual behavior, the more pleasure is to be experienced by the lovers. As such, this section on sexuality constitutes more than a mere how-to guide for pleasuring the other. A whole ethics of sex can be extracted from these passages which will serve to neutralize any misguided conception of the Song as a text condoning promiscuity or free love in the sense that it is understood today.
Factors Associated With Family Medicine and Internal Medicine First-Year Residents' Ambulatory Care Training Time.

PURPOSE Despite the importance of training in ambulatory care settings for residents to acquire important competencies, little is known about the organizational and environmental factors influencing the relative amount of time primary care residents train in ambulatory care during residency. The authors examined factors associated with postgraduate year 1 (PGY-1) residents' ambulatory care training time in Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME)-accredited primary care programs. METHOD U.S.-accredited family medicine (FM) and internal medicine (IM) programs' 2016-2017 National Graduate Medical Education (GME) Census data from 895 programs within 550 sponsoring institutions (representing 13,077 PGY-1s) were linked to the 2016 Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services Cost Reports and 2015-2016 Area Health Resource File. Multilevel regression models examined the association of GME program characteristics, sponsoring institution characteristics, geography, and environmental factors with PGY-1 residents' percentage of time spent in ambulatory care. RESULTS PGY-1 mean (standard deviation, SD) percent time spent in ambulatory care was 25.4% (SD, 0.4) for both FM and IM programs. In adjusted analyses (% increase [standard error, SE]), larger faculty size (0.03% [SE, 0.01], P < .001), sponsoring institution's receipt of Teaching Health Center (THC) funding (6.6% (SE, 2.7), P < .01), and accreditation warnings (4.8% [SE, 2.5], P < .05) were associated with a greater proportion of PGY-1 time spent in ambulatory care. Programs caring for higher proportions of Medicare beneficiaries spent relatively less time in ambulatory care (< 0.5% [SE, 0.2], P < .01). CONCLUSIONS Ambulatory care time for PGY-1s varies among ACGME-accredited primary care residency programs due to the complex context and factors primary care GME programs operate under. Larger ACGME-accredited FM and IM programs and those receiving federal THC GME funding had relatively more PGY-1 time spent in ambulatory care settings. These findings inform policies to increase resident exposure in ambulatory care, potentially improving learning, competency achievement, and primary care access.
Prevalence of Immunoglobulin G (IgG) Against Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and Evaluation of a Rapid MEDsan IgG Test in Children Seeking Medical Care.

In a sample of 208 children seeking medical care, seropositivity rate of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies was 8.7%, suggesting a similar infection rate to that observed in adults, but >100-fold the incidence of RT-PCR-confirmed pediatric cases. Compared to the gold-standard combined ELISA+immunofluorescence, the MEDsan IgG rapid diagnostic test performed accurately.
Cadmium Zinc Telluride detectors for a next-generation hard X-ray telescope

Abstract We are currently developing Cadmium Zinc Telluride (CZT) detectors for a next-generation space-borne hard X-ray telescope which can follow up on the highly successful NuSTAR (Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope Array) mission. Since the launch of NuSTAR in 2012, there have been major advances in the area of X-ray mirrors, and state-of-the-art X-ray mirrors can improve on NuSTAR’s angular resolution of ∼ 1arcmin Half Power Diameter (HPD) to 15” or even 5” HPD. Consequently, the size of the detector pixels must be reduced to match this resolution. This paper presents detailed simulations of relatively thin (1mm thick) CZT detectors with hexagonal pixels at a next-neighbor distance of 150 μ m. The simulations account for the non-negligible spatial extent of the deposition of the energy of the incident photon, and include detailed modeling of the spreading of the free charge carriers as they move toward the detector electrodes. We discuss methods to reconstruct the energies of the incident photons, and the locations where the photons hit the detector. We show that the charge recorded in the brightest pixel and six adjacent pixels suffices to obtain excellent energy and spatial resolutions. The simulation results are being used to guide the design of a hybrid application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC)-CZT detector package.
Dynamic exponential model of ferromagnetic hysteresis

Abstract We introduce a dynamic exponential model of ferromagnetic hysteresis that unifies the cooperative exponential model with the Neel fluctuating field, Jiles-Atherton approach to the anhysteretic and a Preisach convolution integral over a field distribution function. Dynamic effects such as viscous field advance and eddy current field delay are modeled directly by the model parameters. The dynamic effect of creeping in the direction of the previous maximum susceptibility due to viscosity as predicted by Street is observed and is modeled using the proposed method. Negative tilting of asymmetric minor hysteresis loops (lower susceptibility) with cycling is also observed and is also modeled using the proposed model as increased Neel's “opposition” in our cooperative field, Hcoop. Shearing of hysteresis loops is modeled as an averaging of the exponential model over viscous advance and eddy current delay fields, causing truncation and broadening. Detailed measurement procedures are described for a hollow cylinder and thin and thick rings of Fe94Ni3Cr2Mo1 steel with variable frequency sine, triangle and step field waveforms.
Double disparities in patients with gastric cancer: Clinicopathology and survival of older adults in a Hispanic-rich population.

169Background: Gastric cancer incidence increases with advancing age with a median age at diagnosis of 68. However, older adults (age ≥65) are underrepresented in clinical trials. Additionally, His...
Olfactory dysfunction in children and adults post-COVID-19 infection in Brooklyn, New York.

Common symptoms of acute COVID-19 infection include fever, cough, headache, shortness of breath, and anosmia, i.e., partial, or complete loss of smell1 . Prior literature reported that COVID-19 patients (50%) developed sudden-onset anosmia prior to respiratory symptoms, thus making this an important symptom2 . The aim of this study sought to identify post-COVID-19 related olfactory dysfunction and recovery rates in children and adults in a community with a high incidence of COVID-19 infection.
Genetic correction strategies for Duchenne muscular dystrophy and their impact on the heart

Abstract Background Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is an X-linked recessive disorder with early childhood onset characterized by profound loss of muscle strength and associated cardiomyopathy. DMD affects is most often caused by deletions involving single or multiple exons that disrupt the open reading frame of the DMD gene. Mutations causing loss or premature truncation of dystrophin result in dystrophin protein deficiency, which renders the plasma membrane of skeletal myofibers and cardiomyocytes weakened. Aim of review Genetic correction is in use to treat DMD, since several drugs have been already approved which partially restore dystrophin production through the use of antisense oligonucleotides. There are multiple ongoing clinical trials to evaluate the efficacy of treating DMD with micro-dystrophins delivered by adeno-associated viruses. Future approaches entail gene editing to target the single copy of the DMD gene on the X-chromosome. The primary, near-term goal is restoration of skeletal muscle dystrophin, and for some of these treatments, the efficacy in the heart is not fully known. Here, we discuss the anticipated cardiac outcomes of dystrophin-targeted therapies, and how this information informs genomic medicine for cardiomyopathies, especially in childhood. Key scientific concepts of review Many genetic treatment strategies are being implemented to treat DMD. Since most preclinical testing has focused on skeletal muscle, there is a gap in knowledge about the expected effects of these approaches on cardiac genetic correction and cardiomyopathy progression in DMD. Additional study is needed.
The Concept of Stress

Scientists investigating human health and disease are now reformulating the basic tenets upon which disease theory is based. For generations, the delivery of health care services was built upon the “one-germ, one-disease, one-treatment” formulations that arose from the work of Louis Pasteur. Although clearly one of the great advances in medicine, yielding massive gains against the infectious diseases that plagued humanity, the “germ theory” of disease also represents an intellectual quagmire that threatens to entrap us in a unidimensional quest to improve human health.