cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Estimating residential building energy consumption using overhead imagery

Abstract Residential buildings account for a large proportion of global energy consumption in both low- and high- income countries. Efficient planning to meet building energy needs while increasing operational, economic, and environmental efficiency requires accurate, high spatial resolution information on energy consumption. Such information is difficult to acquire and most models for estimating residential building energy consumption require detailed knowledge of individual homes and communities which are unlikely to be available at a large scale. To address this need, we introduce a methodology for automatically estimating individual building energy consumption from overhead imagery (e.g. satellite, aerial) and demonstrate the effect of spatial aggregation for further improving accuracy. We use a three-step estimation process by which we (1) automatically segment buildings in overhead imagery using a convolutional neural network and classify them by type (residential or commercial), (2) extract features (e.g. area, perimeter, building density) from those identified residential buildings, and (3) use random forests regression to estimate building energy consumption from those features. The predictive capability of this approach is evaluated in two locations: Gainesville, Florida, and San Diego, California. The building detector correctly identifies 84% and 88% of buildings in Gainesville and San Diego, respectively. The type of building is classified successfully 99% of the time for residential buildings and 74% of the time for commercial buildings. With residential buildings identified, this approach predicted individual building-level energy consumption with an R 2 of 0.28 and 0.38 for Gainesville and San Diego, respectively. Aggregating the energy consumption estimates across small neighborhoods of size 200 × 200 m and 1000 × 1000 m in Gainesville results in an R 2 of 0.91 and 0.97, respectively. We also explore the sensitivity of estimates in San Diego and Gainesville to the training data and its size. Our results suggest that using overhead imagery to estimate the size of buildings has a higher predictive power in estimating residential building energy consumption than common alternatives.
Designing Exercise to Improve Bone Health Among Individuals With Cerebral Palsy.

Purpose Individuals with cerebral palsy (CP), ambulatory or not, have less bone strength and density than their peers. Aging individuals with CP are at a higher risk for nontraumatic fractures, progressive deformity, pain, and spinal stenosis. Critical periods for skeletal formation are during prepuberty and adolescence. Applying mechanostat theory to exercise design for individuals with CP may be beneficial. Methods Principles of mechanostat theory, particularly the osteogenic index, is applied to guide the design of exercise programs based on varying levels of physical capacity. Results Recommendations are made for optimizing dosing of a variety of interventions for improving bone health among individuals with CP based on mechanostat theory with specific type, number of repetitions, and frequency. Conclusions Researchers and clinicians are called to action to consider the role of exercise throughout the lifespan for all individuals with CP, regardless of level of severity.
Roundtable: the Comforts of Home Turns 25: Assessing the Historiographical Impact

This roundtable includes 5 scholars from different generations discussing the impact this book has had on their individual scholarship and teaching as well as assessing the larger impact of the book's theory, method and contribution to the field of African Studies.
Association of state Medicaid income eligibility limits and long-term survival after cancer diagnosis in the United States.

6512Background: Income eligibility limits for Medicaid, the health insurance programs for low-income populations in the United States, vary substantially by state for the non-elderly population. Th...
Measurement of the performance of sound level meters using IEC 61672-3:2006

IEC 61672-3:2006 provides the first internationally agreed methods for measuring the performance of individual sound level meters (SLM). Pattern approval tests are specified in IEC 61672-2, but are in practice only performed in countries where legal requirements exist for testing a model of SLM before it may be sold. A calibrated sound calibrator is applied in order to determine the overall sensitivity at a reference level at a single frequency. The indicated sound level with no input signal is noted; this corresponds to the level of self-generated noise in the SLM. The indicated peak C sound level in response to single cycle and half cycle sinusoidal electrical signals is measured and compared with the theoretical ideal response. IEC 61672-3 should be recommended for use in Canada with appropriate guidance on its use with respect to older SLMs.
Lessons from the Global Financial Crisis of 2008

This is a revised version of a lecture presented at Seoul National University on October 27, 2009. The author is indebted to Jill Blackford and Eamon Kircher-Allen for preparing the lecture for publication. The author is University Professor at Columbia University, Chair of the Management Board and Director of Graduate Summer Programs at the Brooks World Poverty Institute at Manchester University, and co-president of the Initiative for Policy Dialogue. This lecture is based on research supported in part by the Ford and Hewlett Foundations. A fuller articulation of many of these ideas (and references to the research on which they are based) is contained in Freefall: America, Free Markets, and the Sinking of the Global Economy, New York: WW Norton, 2009.
Two-layer via-free routing in channels and switchboxes

The author introduces the two-layer via-free routing problem (2LVFRP) and proposes an optimal algorithm to solve it. Given a set of nets (with terminals on the boundary) and two layers for routing them, the algorithm determines the layer assignment and detailed routing for each net such that no via is needed, if such solution exists. >
Mechanical Production of Short Flashes of Light

IN the study of phenomena which occur in a very short interval of time, it is usually necessary to have some kind of ‘light shutter’ that operates with extreme rapidity. An electro-optical shutter which lets through very short flashes of light has been previously described (Beams, J.O.S.A. and R.S.I., 13, 597; 1926; Lawrence and Beams, Proc. N.A.S., 13, 207; 1927), but in some experiments it is highly desirable that the shutter operate as many times per second as possible in order that enough intensity can be obtained to observe the phenomena accurately.
Studies of monoamine oxidases: Inhibition of bovine brain MAO in intact mitochondria by selective inhibitors☆

Abstract The inhibition of mitochondrial monoamine oxidase (MAO) from beef brain cortex by the selective inhibitors, clorgyline, harmaline, Deprenyl and pargyline, was compared using five substrates: serotonin (5-HT), β-phenylethylamine (PEA), tyramine, tryptamine and dopamine. Dose-response studies, consistent with the classification of MAO, types A and B, indicated that serotonin deamination was more sensitive to clorgyline and harmaline inhibition than was phenylethylamine. However, the curves for all substrates were double-sigmoidal, rather than being a single sigmoid curve for 5-HT and PEA. Deprenyl and pargyline did not exhibit any marked selectivity for inhibiting PEA deamination without prior preincubation of enzyme and inhibitor. The rate of inhibition was variable and was dependent upon the substrate, the nature of the inhibitor and the inhibitor concentration. Dual inhibitor studies, using the “type A” inhibitor, clorgyline, and the “type B” inhibitor, Deprenyl, together, resulted in almost complete MAO inhibition, regardless of substrate. Combining the two type A inhibitors, clorgyline and harmaline, or the two type B inhibitors, deprenyl and pargyline, resulted in inhibitions that were equal to or only slightly greater than the inhibition produced by a single inhibitor. These results suggested that there are at least two distinct sites in beef brain MAO from cortical mitochondria which may be interacting. The deamination of all substrates occurs at both sites.
Abstract 20426: Study of S-Nitrosylation in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy

Introduction: Severe cardiac myopathy occurs with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), a fatal disease characterized by absence of functional dystrophin protein. The mechanisms of the disease in cardiac muscle and whether it mimics some of the pathophysiological mechanisms present in skeletal muscle are not clear. The loss of dystrophin was reported to disrupt neuronal nitric oxide synthase mu, presumably altering redox-signaling. Nitric oxide-induced S-nitrosylation (SNO) on cysteine residues is known as a redox-sensor, which responds to cellular dynamic redox-environment. Here we identified and quantified the SNO-modified sites of cardiac tissue in dystrophy model using a novel proteomics approach. Methods: SNO-proteins from cardiac tissues of 10 months-old mdx/utrn+/- (n=3) and C57BL/6 (n=3) mice were detected with our improved TMT (tandem mass tag)-switch technique coupled with liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. The identified SNO of each site was quantified across DMD and WT samples and the fold change of SNO on each site in DMD compared to WT was displayed as ‘SNO-index (I)’, calculated by SNO DMD /SNO WT . Results: Proteomics analysis identified total 866 SNO-modified peptides on 287 SNO-proteins in the dystrophy cardiac tissue. The magnitudes of SNO-fold change were various across peptides (I=0.1 least to 1702.7 most). 32% of these, 278 peptides were more than two-fold oxidized in DMD than WT. Interestingly, a termed ‘Dilated cardiomyopathy’ protein group by KEGG-pathway analysis has extremely oxidized sites than other groups, which are more than 10-folds S-nitrosylated in DMD. Myosin-6 at Cys949 and Cys1750 (I=11.4, 117.3), Cys432 of myosin-binding protein C (I=135.0) and Cys191 of myosin light chain 3 (I=81.2) displayed a considerable SNO-increase in dystrophy sample and Cys35 of troponin C was also more modified (I=2.9), while other sites such as Cys397 of creatine kinase S-type was less oxidized (I=0.26) in DMD. Conclusions: Our novel TMT-switch assay allowed quantification of the very labile SNO-modification as well as site-identification. More than 500 cysteine residues sensed the oxidative stimuli and each had a specific susceptibility to SNO. The SNO-based redox switches were shifted in DMD compared with WT.
Ground states of stealthy hyperuniform potentials: I. Entropically favored configurations

Systems of particles interacting with "stealthy" pair potentials have been shown to possess infinitely degenerate disordered hyperuniform classical ground states with novel physical properties. Previous attempts to sample the infinitely degenerate ground states used energy minimization techniques, introducing algorithmic dependence that is artificial in nature. Recently, an ensemble theory of stealthy hyperuniform ground states was formulated to predict the structure and thermodynamics that was shown to be in excellent agreement with corresponding computer simulation results in the canonical ensemble (in the zero-temperature limit). In this paper, we provide details and justifications of the simulation procedure, which involves performing molecular dynamics simulations at sufficiently low temperatures and minimizing the energy of the snapshots for both the high-density disordered regime, where the theory applies, as well as lower densities. We also use numerical simulations to extend our study to the lower-density regime. We report results for the pair correlation functions, structure factors, and Voronoi cell statistics. In the high-density regime, we verify the theoretical ansatz that stealthy disordered ground states behave like "pseudo" disordered equilibrium hard-sphere systems in Fourier space. The pair statistics obey certain exact integral conditions with very high accuracy. These results show that as the density decreases from the high-density limit, the disordered ground states in the canonical ensemble are characterized by an increasing degree of short-range order and eventually the system undergoes a phase transition to crystalline ground states. In the crystalline regime (low densities), there exist aperiodic structures that are part of the ground-state manifold but yet are not entropically favored. We also provide numerical evidence suggesting that different forms of stealthy pair potentials produce the same ground-state ensemble in the zero-temperature limit. Our techniques may be applied to sample the zero-temperature limit of the canonical ensemble of other potentials with highly degenerate ground states.
‘Pray write me a list of Species ... that will pay me best’: The business and culture of natural history collecting in mid-nineteenth century New South Wales

Commercial and salaried natural history collectors in the Australian colonies contributed significantly to scientific understanding of Antipodean flora and fauna. This article is concerned with the business and culture of natural history specimen collecting in mid-nineteenth century New South Wales. In particular, it examines how the scientific status of remunerated collectors was perceived, not only by the colony’s gentlemen amateurs in natural history, but also among the people at large. In the process it explores the qualities and skills associated with scientific respectability at this time, highlighting the importance in this matter of competent participation in the colony’s increasingly literate culture.
Nighttime Thought Control Strategies and Insomnia Severity

Strategies used to control unwanted thoughts during the evening have been shown to be significantly associated with insomnia, a common problem associated with numerous negative consequences. This study examined whether nighttime thought control strategies would predict insomnia severity among 460 college students (mean age = 18.8, 61 % female, and 72 % Caucasian) after accounting for well-established risk factors for the disorder such as anxiety, depression, sleep hygiene, and nighttime pain. The Insomnia Severity Index was used to measure insomnia severity and the Thought Control Questionnaire Insomnia-Revised was used to measure nighttime thought management strategies. Results from a hierarchical multiple linear regression showed that the strategy of cognitive distraction (attempts to withdraw from unwanted thoughts or think about more pleasant content) was negatively associated with insomnia severity and the strategy of aggressive suppression (the use of critical and punishing self thought) was positively associated with insomnia severity after accounting for other risk factors. These findings add to the growing literature highlighting arousing pre-sleep cognitions as a correlate of insomnia. These findings also add to emerging literature showing the ability to cognitively distract from the arousing thought as a correlate of good sleep.
A meta-analysis of impact of proton pump inhibitors on antiplatelet effect of clopidogrel.

. [1] evaluatingthe impact of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) on antiplatelet effectof clopidogrel by conducting a meta-analysis of comparative con-comitant use of clopidogrel with PPIs versus clopidogrel withoutPPIs, with the endpoint being cardiovascular events. The authorsconducted a comprehensive search using multiple databases.Thirteenarticleswereincludedintheirarticleandonlysevenwereanalyzed in the ﬁnal module. Heterogeneity was found across thestudy and they concluded that there is an obvious discrepancy be-tween the randomized control trials (RCTs) and the observationaltrials studied, and recommended large-scale RCTs to ascertain thetrue effects of PPIs on clopidogrel with respect to cardiovascularevents.Careful review of this interesting article reveals many weak-nesses and ﬂaws.1. Search criteria and articles included in their ﬁnal analysis: Noobvious inclusion and exclusion criteria were described in thestudy. It is unclear why they evaluated only seven articles outof the 13 articles they found through their search. A re-cent meta-analysis conducted by Siller-Matula
Inhibition of the Urinary Excretion of 17-Ketosteroids by Caronamide

ConclusionCaronamide (4'-carboxyphenylmethanesulphonianilide) has been found to inhibit the excretion of 17-ketosteroids in man. In effective dosage it will likewise apparently modify the expected rise in 17-ketosteroids following the intramuscular injection of testosterone.
Transmission Scanning II

Work has been continued on the development of techniques for imaging spatial elemental distributions by means of differential absorption about the K-absorption edge of the particular element Z. A method to correct for spurious effects due to differential absorption in overlying absorber is described. Initial clinical studies of thyroid iodine images on patients are presented. Application of absorption edge transmission scanning to thin in-vitro samples of bone is also discussed.
Change in spontaneous baroreflex control of pulse interval during heat stress in humans

Spontaneous baroreflex control of pulse interval (PI) was assessed in healthy volunteers under thermoneutral and heat stress conditions. Subjects rested in the supine position with their lower legs...
Detecting electrical shorts on printed circuit boards

SUMMARY Consider a printed circuit board with N signal paths in which k (not known a priori) paths are subjected to electrical shorts. A straight forward technique to detect all shorts is to test each pair of signal paths separately. This method needs (N2 — N)/2 tests. In order to reduce the testing effort, manufacturers introduced a device that could test a group of signal paths against another group of signal paths. With the help of this device, a method with N + ((k2 —k)/) tests needed was patented in 1982. In this paper, we present a new method that requires only O(k[log2 N]) tests to achieve the same resolution using the same device.
Neurogenesis following brain ischemia

Following 5 or 10 min of global ischemia in the adult gerbil there is a tenfold increase in the birth of new cells in the subgranular zone of dentate gyrus of the hippocampus as assessed using BrdU incorporation. This begins at 7 days, peaks at 11 days, and decreases thereafter. Over the next month approximately 25% of the newborn cells disappear. Of the remaining cells, 60% migrate into the granule cell layer where two-thirds become NeuN, calbindin and MAP-2 immunostained neurons. The remaining 40% of the cells migrate into the dentate hilus where 25% of these become GFAP labeled astrocytes. It is proposed that ischemia-induced neurogenesis contributes to the recovery of function, and specifically may serve to improve anterograde and retrograde recent memory function that is lost following global ischemia in animals and man.
Filtered Versus Unfiltered Technetium Sulfur Colloid in Lymphatic Mapping: A Significant Variable in a Pig Model

Background: Lymphatic mapping with sentinel node biopsy is becoming a standard diagnostic test for melanoma and is being extensively investigated for use with other soft tissue tumors. Both filtered and unfiltered technetium sulfur colloid (Tc 99) have been used for preoperative lymphoscintigraphy, as well as intraoperative lymphatic mapping, and it is not clear if one is preferable over the other. The purpose of this study was to compare these two preparations to determine whether the form of Tc 99 used affects the results of lymphatic mapping.
Health status and health care use of Massachusetts women reporting partner abuse.

Abstract Background: Studies indicate that women abused by their intimate partners are at increased risk for a number of health problems and have increased rates of health care utilization. However, these findings are based mainly on studies using clinic or health plan populations. In this study, we examined the association between intimate partner abuse (IPA) and health concerns and health care utilization in a population-based sample of adult women. Methods: We analyzed data on 2043 women aged 18 to 59 who participated in the 1998 Massachusetts Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS), a population-based health survey that included questions on IPA. IPA was defined as experiencing physical violence by, fear of, or control by an intimate partner. Consequences of IPA and self-rated health status and health care utilization of women experiencing IPA were examined. Results: A total of 6.3% of Massachusetts women aged 18 to 59 reported IPA during the past year. Women experiencing IPA were more likely than other women to report depression, anxiety, sleep problems, suicidal ideation, disabilities, smoking, unwanted pregnancy, HIV testing, and condom use. Women experiencing IPA were less likely to have health insurance, but received routine health care at similar rates as other women. Conclusions: These results indicate that women in the general population experiencing IPA are at increased risk for several serious emotional and physical health concerns. Most of these women are in routine contact with health care providers. These findings also suggest that the BRFSS may provide a valuable mechanism for tracking state-based IPA prevalence rates over time.
SU-GG-T-334: Comparison of Measurements and Eclipse Electron Monte Carlo Calculations for Small Electron Fields with Central Block

Purpose: Dosimetric comparison between measurements and Eclipse electron Monte Carlo calculations for small electron fields with central block, used in ocular lymphoma treatment. Method and Materials: Cutout factors for Cerrobend electron blocks with circular apertures of 3, 4 and 5 cm diameters were measured in solid water at dmax for 6 and 9 MeV on Varian iX Linac using electron diode and Markus chamber. The dose at dmax for the same cutouts with an additional central block (1.2 cm in diameter) was measured in the center of the open area adjacent to central block using the same instruments. The experimental setup was modeled in the Eclipse treatment planning system and the calculated doses were compared with the measured values. Kodak X‐OmatV films were used for measurements of relative dose distribution in planes along (axial) and perpendicular (coronal) to central axis at 1 and 2 cm depth. Results: Cutout factors measured by diode and Markus chamber agreed well within 1.9% for both energies with and without central block. Eclipse prediction for open cutouts for 9 MeV agrees better than 1% with diode measurements, while for 6 MeV discrepancy is about 3.1 % for 3 cm cutout. However, Eclipse overestimates the dose at dmax in case of central block setup by 4.9% and 1.4% for 5 cm cutout for 6 and 9 MeV and by 13.7% and 10.2% for 3 cm cutout, respectively. There is a general disagreement between the film measured and calculated profiles with largest differences observed in the shielded region under the central block and at the deeper depths. Conclusion: For small electron cutouts with central blocking, measurements of beam characteristics including output factors and dose distributions are warranted for verification of treatment plans.
Resonant-Solar-Neutrino-Oscillation Experiments.

The results of a detailed calculation of the effects of resonant neutrino oscillations in the sun on the current and proposed solar neutrino experiments are presented. Analytic results are used for the electron-neutrino survival probability so that a sophisticated model for both the production distribution of the solar neutrino sources and the solar electron-number density can be employed. Contour plots for the electron-neutrino capture rate, in the mass-difference-squared versus vacuum-mixing-angle plane, are given for the current /sup 37/Cl experiment and the proposed /sup 71/Ga detector.
Mortalities of cultured lobsters, Homarus, associated with a molt death syndrome

Abstract Mortalities were observed in juvenile American lobsters, Homarus americanus , and hybrid H. americanus × H. gammarus , during several studies in which purified rations were used. Many animals died in the process of molting. Other animals which completed the molt were deformed and died soon thereafter. A common clinical sign of this mortality syndrome was the presence of calcium deposits embedded on and in the inner surface of the exuvial exoskeleton. Formation of calcium deposits was related to the amount of soy lecithin in purified rations. Increasing the soy lethicin to 7.5% of the dry weight of the diet significantly decreased mortality. This mortality syndrome has been termed molt death syndrome.
Hypertensive encephalopathy with CT confirmatin in four children with acute renal disease

Hypertensive encephalopathy (HE) isa clinical syndrome that occurs infrequentlyin children and is oftenunderdiagnosed. We review fourpatients with HE and describe theirclinical presentation and radiologicalfindings on computed tomography(CT). Our cases demonstrate typicalfeatures on CT and correlate clinicallywith the syndrome of HE. Promptrecognition of the syndrome aids inearlier diagnosis and treatment, andhence proves beneficial to the patient.
Low Electrocardiographic Voltage in Pericardial Effusion

Although low ECG voltage has been associated with pericardial effusion, its diagnostic usefulness in such patients is unclear. When we examined the relationship between the volume of pericardial effusion and low voltage in 28 patients who underwent pericardial drainage, 14 patients exhibited low voltage (sum of limb lead QRS amplitudes of 30 mm or less). In eight patients, the QRS amplitude was 5 mm or less in each of the standard leads (absolute low voltage). There was no significant correlation between the volume of the effusion and the QRS amplitude (r= –0.30). This correlation did not improve (r= –0.37) when patients with left ventricular hypertrophy were excluded. Following pericardial drainage, the QRS amplitude increased in 21 of 24 patients and decreased in three. Low voltage persisted in nine patients; the pericardium was thickened in seven of the nine. Analysis of the sensitivity and specificity revealed acceptable sensitivity only with large effusions and no left ventricular hypertrophy. Absolute low voltage appeared to be specific in the diagnosis of moderate and large effusions among patients with pericardial effusion selected for this study.
Bilirubin as a Protective Factor for Rheumatoid Arthritis: An NHANES Study of 2003 - 2006 Data.

Background : Rheumatoid arthritis(RA) is a chronic inflammatory, autoimmune polyarthritis, with a prevalence estimated at one percent of the United States(US) population. Serum bilirubin, because of its antioxidant nature, has been conjectured to exert an anti-inflammatory biologic effect. The objective of this study is to discern whether higher serum Total Bilirubin(TBili) levels are protective against RA. Methods : This is a secondary analysis of National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) data collected between 2003-2006. Study participants completed a comprehensive questionnaire regarding their health history, underwent a physical examination, and had body fluids collected for laboratory studies. In NHANES, to assess for the presence of RA, the following questions were asked: “Doctor ever said you had arthritis?" If so, “Which type of arthritis”. Statistical analysis was performed, using SAS version 9.1, proc survey methods. Participant data were adjusted for demographic characteristics as well as risk factors for RA. Results : NHANES 2003-2006 included 20,470 individuals, chosen as a representative sampling of the entire US population. Exclusion criteria included age less than twenty years or liver dysfunction, defined as history of abnormal liver function tests or liver disease. 8,147 subjects did not have any exclusion criteria and were included in the data analysis. RA is inversely related to the serum level of TBili with an odds ratio of 0.679 (95% CI 0.533-0.865) and remained significant even after adjusting for age, gender, race, education, and tobacco history, with an odds ratio 0.749 (95% CI 0.575 - 0.976). Conclusions : Our study supports the hypothesis that higher TBili levels are protective against RA. A plausible mechanism for this association would be that the anti-oxidant effects of TBili exert a physiologic anti-inflammatory effect, which provides protection against RA. This explanation is supported by prior studies which show that higher TBili levels are protective against stroke, atherosclerosis, and vasculitis. Further studies are needed to delineate the exact nature of the protective properties of TBili. doi:10.4021/jocmr444w
Evaluation of Hypopharyngeal Suction to Eliminate Aspiration: The Retro-Esophageal Suction (REScue) Catheter

Profound oropharyngeal dysphagia (OPD) is common and costly. Treatment options are limited. The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the utility of hypopharyngeal suction at the upper esophageal sphincter (UES) to eliminate aspiration. Five different catheters were passed retrograde up the esophagus and positioned at the UES in a cadaver model of profound OPD. Suction was affixed to each catheter. 10 cc of barium was administered into the pyriform sinus, and videofluoroscopy was utilized to evaluate the presence of aspiration. 6 trials were administered per catheter and for a no catheter control. The outcome measures were the incidence of aspiration, the NIH Swallow Safety Scale (NIH-SSS), and UES opening. Control trials with no suction resulted in an aspiration rate of 100 % (6/6 trials). Negative pressure through 16, 18, 24, and 30 Fr catheter resulted in an aspiration rate of 0 % (0/24 trials; p 0.05). The mean NIH-SSS improved from 7.0 (±0.0) in the control to 0 (±0.0) with hypopharyngeal suction (18 Fr nasogastric catheter; p 12 Fr) at the level of the UES reduced aspiration by 100 % and significantly increased UES opening in a cadaveric model of profound oropharyngeal dysphagia.
Effects of heating and cream addition on fresh raspberry aroma using a retronasal aroma simulator and gas chromatography olfactometry

A flavor release method using a “retronasal aroma simulator” (RAS) combined with gas chromatography olfactometry (GCO) was used to study the aroma of raspberries, Rubus idaeus cv. Heritage. Dynamic headspace samples were generated with the RAS including synthetic saliva addition and shearing at 37 °C. A headspace dilution series was sampled from the RAS and analyzed by CharmAnalysis GCO to produce measures of odor potency called charm. The most potent flavor compounds in fresh raspberries were β-damascenone, diacetyl, sotolon, 1-hexen-3-one, 1-nonen-3-one, 1-octen-3-one, and (Z)-3-hexenal. Heating raspberries caused an increase in raspberry ketone and rated raspberry aroma. Likewise, β-damascenone, sotolon, vanillin, 1-nonen-3-one, and 1-octen-3-one showed at least 5-fold increases in charm upon heating. Cream addition markedly decreased aroma (GCO and sensory). Comparison of the fresh raspberries odor spectra between RAS−GCO and solvent extraction−GCO showed different profiles, with the former having gre...
Identification of a Novel cis-Element Required for the Constitutive Activity and Osmotic Response of the Rat Aldose Reductase Promoter *

Abstract A new and essential cis-element AEE (aldose reductase enhancerelement), necessary for the constitutive activity and the osmotic stress response of rat aldose reductase transcription in a rat liver cell line, has been identified. In transient transfection assays, an increase in promoter activity, up to 3.8-fold, was observed with osmotic stress (600 mosm/kg H2O) using a luciferase reporter gene construct containing aldose reductase promoter sequence from −1,094 base pair (bp) to +23 bp. A deletion between −1,071 and −895 bp reduced the constitutive activity and abolished the osmotic response of the promoter. Exonuclease III mediated in vivoDNA footprinting and dimethyl sulfate in vivo footprinting revealed DNA protection of a 32-bp region and two guanosines (G) within this region protected from methylation, respectively. Electrophoretic gel mobility shift assays using whole liver cell extracts showed protein binding, under both normal and stressed conditions. Deletion of the sequence between the two guanosines protected by in vivo dimethyl sulfate DNA footprinting (GAAGAGTG) in a luciferase construct (−1,094 bp to +23 bp) abolished the constitutive promoter activity. One copy of AEE fused to the thymidine kinase promoter gave a maximum constitutive activity of 7.7-fold and a maximum osmotic response activity of 6.7-fold.
Impact of Target Lesion and Nontarget Lesion Cardiac Events on 5-Year Clinical Outcomes After Sirolimus-Eluting or Bare-Metal Stenting

Objectives We sought to compare patient-oriented outcomes related to target vessel or nontarget vessel events for sirolimus-eluting stents (SES) versus bare-metal stents. Background SES significantly reduce restenosis but the influence of reduced restenosis on overall patient-oriented outcome has not been reported. Methods The study population included 1,057 patients randomized in the SIRIUS (Sirolimus-Eluting Stent in De Novo Native Coronary Lesions) study and followed clinically for 5 years. The primary end point was a composite of all-cause mortality, any myocardial infarction, or any repeat revascularization. In secondary analyses, myocardial infarction and repeat revascularization events attributed to the target vessel or a nontarget vessel were compared by stent type. Results Patients with an SES were more likely to be free from the primary composite end point at 5 years (60.4% vs. 47.8%, p Conclusions The benefit of SES over bare-metal stents for reduced target lesion revascularization is maintained for 5 years. Remote coronary segments of the target vessel and nontarget vessel remain an important cause of future adverse events despite sustained restenosis benefit.
A Review of Laser Driven 3He Neutron Polarizers

Abstract Neutron beam polarization by transmission through a sample of laser polarized gaseous 3He is rapidly advancing toward practicality and broad application. Two methods have been developed for polarization of 3He nuclei: exchange of polarization from optically pumped metastable 3He and exchange from optically pumped Rb. The metastability exchange technique is currently used to power a sort of factory capable of producing on the order of liters per hour of 3He that fills bottles that can be transferred to a specific experiment. The spin exchange technique has benefited from industry's production of high powered laser diode arrays, and complete polarizers can be installed in individual experiments. Though there is no clear advantage to one technique or the other, the competition has provided us with a choice of the best technology for a particular experiment or instrument.
Effect of anti-inflammatory drugs on myeloperoxidase-dependent hydroxyl radical generation by human neutrophils

Abstract Neutrophils comprise a group of leukocytes that play a pivotal role in inflammation and vascular diseases like ischemia/reperfusion. These activated phagocytic cells are drawn to the site of injury, secreting Superoxide and other oxidants derived from the formation of this free radical. This series of events frequently results in localized tissue damage. Surprisingly, free radical scavengers frequently offer only minimal relief. Why this is so may be due, in part, to our limited understanding of mechanisms that govern generation of free radicals in these settings. Although the metal ioncatalyzed Haber-Weiss reaction is considered the classical pathway for neutrophil-derived hydroxyl radical, an alternative mechanism, such as the myeloperoxidase-dependent pathway, may undoubtedly contribute to the formation of this free radical by stimulated neutrophils. In this study, we explored this possibility by investigating the role of different classes of anti-inflammatory drugs to ameliorate hydroxyl radical generation via the myeloperoxidase-dependent pathway. In this paper, we report that meclofenamic acid inhibited myeloperoxidase-dependent hydroxyl radical generation through scavenging of hypochlorous acid and not by direct inhibition of myeloperoxidase. The importance of these results with regard to the clinical efficacy of this anti-inflammatory compound remains to be determined as studies into the significance of myeloperoxidase-dependent hydroxyl radical formation in inflammatory tissue injury continue.
Expert Measurement System For Ultrasonically Characterizing Material Properties

When a human expert performs laboratory measurements, he uses a number of evaluation and decision making techniques that are not usually included in automated measurement systems. These include method selection, method discovery and heuristic evaluation of data and results. This paper describes a preliminary Expert Measurement System that adds these expert thought processes to conventional automated measurements. This Expert Measurement System is the Material Characterization Expert System (MCES). It measures physical properties of materials by the use of ultrasonic waves. Its performance is close to that of a human expert and it operates much more quickly.
Morphogenesis in Selaginella: Auxin Transport in the Stem

Selaginella willdenovii Baker is a prostrate vascular cryptogam with a dorsiventral stem. At each major branching of the stem apex a dorsal and a ventral angle meristem is formed. The ventral meristem becomes determined as a root, and the dorsal meristem as a shoot. The present investigation examined the distribution and transport of (14)C-indoleacetic acid through stem tissues as a basis for the pattern of meristem determination. Externally applied indoleacetic acid is transported into receiver blocks with a velocity of 12 millimeters per hour. Much of the auxin becomes immobilized in the tissue and is not transported. The polar ratio of auxin transport is approximately 2. Auxin is transported equally on the dorsal and the ventral sides of the stem axis, and the auxin flux in vascular tissue is twice that in the cortex. In the branch junctions twice as much auxin is transported on the dorsal side as on the ventral side, and this is held to be the consequence of the lateral branch vascular tissue connecting with the dorsal and median, but not with the ventral vascular strand of the stem axis.
Registering to Vote Is Easy, Right? Active Learning and Attitudes About Voter Registration

In a democracy, agents of political socialization, such as schools and parents, generally emphasize the importance of voting. While college students may be exposed briefly to voter registration as a barrier to participation, there is little evidence that the topic is given serious attention in the classroom. This research addresses how classroom experiences affect students' attitudes about voter registration by employing a quasi-experimental, pre-post survey design. The experimental stimulus was a course assignment in which students completed voter registration applications under four scenarios designed to simulate different circumstances frequently encountered by college students. The students in the experimental group became much less sanguine about the ease of registration and the ability of most citizens to correctly navigate the process, yet became more confident in the voter registration process in general. This raises interesting questions about how attitudes about the political process are shaped ...
Effects of pressure, temperature and oxygen on the oxygen consumption rate of the Midwater copepod Gaussia princeps

Gaussia princeps is shown to be a diurnal vertical migrator which spends its days below 400 m in the oxygen minimum layer and migrates to shallower depths (200 to 300 m) at night. This species consumption was measured at 3.5°, 7° and 10°C and 1, 14, 28, 61, 121 and 181 atm of hydrostatic pressure (1 atm corresponds to approximately 10 m of depth). The Q10 of the oxygen consumption is shown to be higher at lower temperatures and higher pressures. Hydrostatic pressure is shown to have significant effects on the oxygen-consumption rate at pressures as low as 28 atm. At all temperature and pressure combinations, G. princeps displays a very low metabolic rate compared to shallow-living copepods. The critical oxygen partial pressure for this species is shown to be about 10 to 13 mm Hg O2 at 10°, 7° and 5.5°C. Based on these data, a predicted relation between depth and oxygen consumption by this species off California, USA, is presented. This shows a higher oxygen-consumption rate at the nighttime depths and a much lower, partially anaerobic metabolism at the daytime depths.
NbF5 additive improves hydrogen release from magnesium borohydride

Abstract The dehydrogenation properties of Mg(BH 4 ) 2 with various additives (SiO 2 , VCl 3 , CoCl 2 and NbF 5 ) were investigated. The addition of NbF 5 significantly improved the extent of hydrogen release as well as the kinetics. While neat Mg(BH 4 ) 2 starts to release hydrogen >270 °C, Mg(BH 4 ) 2 with NbF 5 begins hydrogen release ∼75 °C, as confirmed by mass spectrometry and thermogravimetry. The maximum hydrogen yield of Mg(BH 4 ) 2 , obtained in the presence of 15 wt% NbF 5 , was 3.7, 7.4, 10.0, 11.4 wt% for 150, 250, 300 and 350 °C, respectively. Using pXRD, we confirmed that the final crystalline product at 300 °C from Mg(BH 4 ) 2 + 15 wt% NbF 5 was Mg, while it was MgH 2 for neat Mg(BH 4 ) 2 . Solid state 11 B NMR analysis of Mg(BH 4 ) 2 with 15 wt% NbF 5 at 300 °C showed significant selectivity toward the formation of Mg(B 12 H 12 ) as intermediate, while neat Mg(BH 4 ) 2 showed β-Mg(BH 4 ) 2 , Mg(B 2 H 6 ) as well as some Mg(B 12 H 12 ). Our results demonstrate that NbF 5 is a promising additive to provide high hydrogen yield values from Mg(BH 4 ) 2 at moderate temperatures
Effect of grain size from millimeters to nanometers on the flow stress and deformation kinetics of Ag

Abstract Data on the effects of grain size, d = 9 nm to 0.26 mm on the flow stress and plastic deformation kinetics of Ag at low homologous temperatures were evaluated. Two regimes were identified for this grain-size range: Regime I ( d > 500 nm) and Regime II ( d ≈ 10–500 nm). The effect of grain size on the flow stress in both regimes could be described by a Hall–Petch equation. K H–P was however significantly smaller and σ i larger for Regime II compared to I. Dislocation activity occurred in both regimes; dislocation cells were observed in Regime I, but not reported for II. The available data suggest that the dislocation density model governs the grain-size dependence of the flow stress in Regime I and that dislocation pile-up applies in Regime II. The rate-controlling mechanism(s) in each of the two regimes are discussed.
Filling of Partially Collapsed Compliant Tubes

Filling of a thin-walled, highly compliant tube in a partially collapsed condition is studied. The theory, based on one-dimensional flow, takes account of friction, longitudinal tension, and the highly nonlinear pressure-area law for the tube. Various aspects of filling behavior are revealed by alternative calculations using: (i) the method of characteristics; (ii) numerical integration of the continuity, momentum, and tube-law equations; and (iii) a crude but simple lumped-element capacitance-inertance-resistance model. Varied phenomena appear. At high Reynolds number, these include dispersive wave trains associated with circumferential bending stiffness and longitudinal tension, nonlinear changes of wave form, development of highly asymmetrical wave reflections, and sloshing. At low Reynolds number, the area changes with time in a diffusivelike manner. The experiments exhibited the dispersive phenomena predicted by the theory.
The reaction between diethylpyrocarbonate and sulfhydryl groups in carboxylate buffers

Abstract Diethylpyrocarbonate reacts with sulfhydryl groups in the presence of carboxylate buffers to form a product which absorbs at 242 nm. The product is believed to be a thiol ester formed from the sulfhydryl compound and the buffer anion. This reaction interferes with the use of diethylpyrocarbonate to determine protein histidine residues when the reaction is performed in carboxylate buffers.
Solutions without problems.

COMMENTARY ON : Sharma SK, Jones JO, Zeballos PP, et al. The prevention of discitis during discography. Spine J 2009;936–43 ( in this issue )
The Role of Tentativeness in Perceiving Architecture and Art: A Far-from-Equilibrium Ecological Perspective

This analysis explores the implications for art, architecture, and ecological psychology of Arakawa and Gins's use of the tentativeness created by their architectural procedures as a way of reeducating our senses. In this context, tentativeness is modeled by Prigogine's (Nicolis & Prigogine, 1989) proposal that far-from-equilibrium states can lead to new states of order. From this perspective, the architecture of Arakawa and Gins, the painting of Jackson Pollock, and the new sculptures of Richard Serra shift people from passive, distanced views of the world to an active, participatory way of engaging the environment, be it a work of art or a behavior setting. In each of these realms, transitory forms of disorder are created in order to move people to new forms of order. In ecological terms, new effectivity-affordance couplings are created that change seeing-acting cycles. Most broadly, art and architecture come to function as fields that connect complex systems involving the artist and the observer/partic...