cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Resistance of Inzen™ grain sorghum to multiple PRE- and POST-applied acetolactate synthase–inhibiting herbicides

A non-GMO trait called Inzen™ was recently commercialized in grain sorghum to combat weedy grasses, allowing the use of nicosulfuron POST in the crop. Inzen™ grain sorghum carries a double mutation in the acetolactate synthase (ALS) gene Val560Ile and Trp574Leu, which potentially results in cross-resistance to a wide assortment of ALS-inhibiting herbicides. To evaluate the scope of cross-resistance to Weed Science Society of America Group 2 herbicides in addition to nicosulfuron, tests were conducted in 2016 and 2017 at the Lon Mann Cotton Research Station near Marianna, AR, the Arkansas Agricultural Research and Extension Center in Fayetteville, AR, and in 2016 at the Pine Tree Research Station near Colt, AR. The tests included ALS-inhibiting herbicides from all five families: sulfonylureas, imidazolinones, pyrimidinylthiobenzoics, triazolinones, and triazolopyrimidines. Treatments were made PRE or POST to grain sorghum at a 1× rate for crops in which each herbicide is labeled. Grain sorghum planted in the PRE trial were Inzen™ and a conventional cultivar. Visible estimates of injury and sorghum heights were recorded at 2 and 4 wk after herbicide application, and yield data were collected at crop maturity. In the PRE trial, no visible injury, sorghum height reduction, or yield loss were observed in plots containing the Inzen™ cultivar. Applications made POST to the Inzen™ grain sorghum caused visible injury, sorghum height reduction, and yield loss of 20%, 13%, and 35%, respectively, only in plots where bispyribac-Na was applied. There was no impact on the crop from other POST-applied ALS-inhibiting herbicides. These results demonstrate that the Inzen™ trait confers cross-resistance to most ALS-inhibiting herbicides and could offer promising new alternatives for weed control and protection from carryover of residual ALS-inhibiting herbicides in grain sorghum.
Synthetic biology, combinatorial biosynthesis, and chemo‑enzymatic synthesis of isoprenoids

Isoprenoids are a large class of natural products with myriad applications as bioactive and commercial compounds. Their diverse structures are derived from the biosynthetic assembly and tailoring of their scaffolds, ultimately constructed from two C5 hemiterpene building blocks. The modular logic of these platforms can be harnessed to improve titers of valuable isoprenoids in diverse hosts and to produce new-to-nature compounds. Often, this process is facilitated by the substrate or product promiscuity of the component enzymes, which can be leveraged to produce novel isoprenoids. To complement rational enhancements and even re-programming of isoprenoid biosynthesis, high-throughput approaches that rely on searching through large enzymatic libraries are being developed. This review summarizes recent advances and strategies related to isoprenoid synthetic biology, combinatorial biosynthesis, and chemo-enzymatic synthesis, focusing on the past 5 years. Emerging applications of cell-free biosynthesis and high-throughput tools are included that culminate in a discussion of the future outlook and perspective of isoprenoid biosynthetic engineering.
Signatures of the quantization of gravity at gravitational wave detectors

A theoretical analysis suggests that quantum gravity effects might manifest themselves as detectable random fluctuations in the motion of freely falling bodies.
Alimentos Ciencia e Ingeniería 14-2

Historicamente, en el Ecuador la investigacion agropecuaria ha estado en manos del sector publico, la cual ha tenido limitados lazos con los productores, la agroindustria y otros elementos de las cadenas agroproductivas. Esto ocurria fundamentalmente porque la agenda de investigacion se creaba sobre la base del entusiasmo, vocacion y capacidad de los cientificos, sin que hubiera la adecuada participacion de los beneficiarios y la necesaria evaluacion de los mercados. Por otro lado, la investigacion privada se ha desarrollado lenta y esporadicamente en las ultimas decadas, enfocando sus recursos casi de manera exclusiva a resolver problemas especificos. Las instituciones de investigacion y las universidades ecuatorianas han tenido debiles vinculos con la red cientifica internacional. La insuficiente inversion en investigacion agricola en el Ecuador ha sido una causa importante de los bajos rendimientos que se registran en los principales cultivos y en la ganaderia en comparacion con los paises vecinos. Dentro de la estrategia de modernizacion del estado, el Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganaderia (MAG) creo el Programa de Modernizacion de los Servicios Agropecuarios, PROMSA, que trabajo en las areas de investigacion, transferencia y sanidad agropecuaria, con el financiamiento del Banco Mundial y el Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo. En 1999, comenzo a funcionar un fondo para financiar proyectos de investigacion agricola bajo la modalidad de competencia (Fondo Competitivo). Este fondo logro conformar un portafolio de 108 proyectos de investigacion y 13 alianzas estrategicas internacionales con recursos del Banco Mundial. Este sistema de innovacion tecnologica ha permitido un buen aprovechamiento de la infraestructura y del cuerpo de cientificos e instituciones, mejorando de esta manera la base cientifica agropecuaria. A la vez, han articulado los recursos de extension con los de investigacion, considerados elementos de un solo proceso de innovacion tecnologica. El sistema fortalecio los vinculos entre investigadores nacionales y del exterior, aprovechando la informacion cientifica generada en diferentes lugares para su validacion en el pais y, al mismo tiempo privilegio la participacion de jovenes cientificos en los proyectos. De esta manera, hemos cumplido con nuestra responsabilidad de rendir cuentas a la sociedad ecuatoriana y al sector rural en particular, que con este documento dispone de un inventario tecnologico agropecuario actualizado, del cual deberan partir nuevas investigaciones y generarse nuevos conocimientos para enfrentar con exito la globalizacion y la inminente apertura de los mercados. Es necesario sin embargo, continuar con los procesos iniciados para consolidar el establecimiento de un sistema de innovacion tecnologica, que reoriente y canalice los recursos del sector publico y privado hacia el mejoramiento de la productividad y competitividad de las cadenas agroalimentarias ecuatorianas.
Trends in oral contraceptive and intrauterine device use among reproductive-aged women in the US from 1999 to 2017.

Since the 1960s, increasing oral contraceptive (OC) use has mirrored decreasing ovarian cancer incidence. The impact of intrauterine devices (IUDs) on cancer risk is less well established. With improved access and increased options, we must consider how changing usage can affect cancer risks. Nationally representative data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES, 1999–2016) and the National Survey for Family Growth (NSFG, 2006–2017) were used to evaluate contraceptive use over time in premenopausal women (NHANES n = 13,179; NSFG n = 26,262). Trends were assessed overall and by race, age, pregnancy history, education, and body mass index. The average annual absolute increase in self-reported IUD use was 0.81% (NSFG), while OC use decreased 0.49% in NSFG and 0.47% in NHANES. This represents a significant decrease in OC use in NSFG [annual percent change (APC) − 2.2% (95% CI − 3.4, − 1.0%), p < 0.01]. Trends in OC use varied somewhat by pregnancy history in NHANES (p-interaction = 0.054). In contrast, IUD use increased 6.2% annually [(1.4, 11.2%), p = 0.03] and varied significantly by pregnancy history (p-interaction < 0.01). Nulligravid women increased IUD use 11.0% annually [(2.6, 20.1%), p = 0.02] compared to women with prior pregnancy at 5.2% [(0.4, 10.2%), p = 0.04]. In 2015–2017, IUD use was 76.5% hormonal (71.1, 81.8%) and 22.9% copper (17.4, 28.3%) with greater hormonal IUD use in obese women [89.4%, (82.9, 95.9%)]. Increasing IUD use outpaced declining OC use in premenopausal US women. There may be a resulting decreased gynecologic cancer risk as more women gain access to potentially risk-reducing contraceptives.
Scheduling Uncertainty and Employment of Young Adults with Disabilities

This paper examines the prevalence of scheduling uncertainty and the degree of work hour volatility among young adults with disabilities from 2008 through 2018, using data from the Current Population Survey and the National Longitudinal Youth Survey. First, the paper documents the magnitude of several features of irregular schedules among workers with disabilities in recent years. Second, it examines differences in irregular schedules between workers with and without disabilities. Third, it describes the trends in these features over the past decade. A key limitation of the study is that it cannot directly measure whether workers are employed in gig jobs.
Public opinion on gun policy by race and gun ownership status

Abstract We sought to examine support for gun polices by race and ethnicity, and among gun owning subgroups. We combined two waves of the National Survey of Gun Policy (January 2017 and 2019 [N = 3804]). We used chi-square tests to assess whether support for gun policies differed by race or ethnicity overall and among subgroups of gun owners. Most U.S. adults supported 17 of 21 gun-related policies. Among gun owners, Blacks supported six policies at higher levels than whites, including minimum age requirements for gun ownership and assault weapon and ammunition-related restrictions. Hispanic gun owners supported safe storage requirements at higher levels than white gun owners. While support differed by race and ethnicity for some policies, majorities of U.S. adults supported nearly all gun policies examine regardless of race. One notable exception, carrying a concealed gun on K-12 school grounds did not reach majority support among any subgroup. While tailored messaging may be appropriate in certain circumstances, it is important to highlight the similarities in support for evidence-based gun polices across racial and ethnic groups.
An assessment of terminology for intraspecific diversity in fishes, with a focus on “ecotypes” and “life histories”

Understanding and preserving intraspecific diversity (ISD) is important for species conservation. However, ISD units do not have taxonomic standards and are not universally recognized. The terminology used to describe ISD is varied and often used ambiguously. We compared definitions of terms used to describe ISD with use in recent studies of three fish taxa: sticklebacks (Gasterosteidae), Pacific salmon and trout (Oncorhynchus spp., "PST"), and lampreys (Petromyzontiformes). Life history describes the phenotypic responses of organisms to environments and includes biological parameters that affect population growth or decline. Life-history pathway(s) are the result of different organismal routes of development that can result in different life histories. These terms can be used to describe recognizable life-history traits. Life history is generally used in organismal- and ecology-based journals. The terms paired species/species pairs have been used to describe two different phenotypes, whereas in some species and situations a continuum of phenotypes may be expressed. Our review revealed overlapping definitions for race and subspecies, and subspecies and ecotypes. Ecotypes are genotypic adaptations to particular environments, and this term is often used in genetic- and evolution-based journals. "Satellite species" is used for situations in which a parasitic lamprey yields two or more derived, nonparasitic lamprey species. Designatable Units, Evolutionary Significant Units (ESUs), and Distinct Population Segments (DPS) are used by some governments to classify ISD of vertebrate species within distinct and evolutionary significant criteria. In situations where the genetic or life-history components of ISD are not well understood, a conservative approach would be to call them phenotypes.
Breastfeeding Initiation and Continuation Among Sexual Minority Women

Identify disparities in breastfeeding initiation and continuation among sexual minority women (SMW) and determine if known risk factors explain any observed disparities. We used data from the 2006 to 2017 National Survey of Family Growth female pregnancy questionnaire. We measured sexual orientation using self-reported sexual identity and histories of same-sex sexual experiences reported by women (heterosexual-WSM [women who only reported sex with men]; heterosexual-WSW [women who reported sex with women]; bisexual, and lesbian. In total, we had 18,696 births that occurred within the last 10 years and used logistic and multinomial regression models to assess sexual orientation disparities in breastfeeding initiation and duration that clustered on women to account for potential multiple births to a woman. Compared to heterosexual-WSM, infants born to lesbian-identified women had decreased odds of ever being breastfed (OR 0.55, 95% CI 0.30, 0.99) and a decreased relative risk of being breastfed more than 6 months (RRR 0.46, 95% CI 0.22, 0.97). Infants of heterosexual-WSW had an increased odds of ever breastfeeding (OR 1.40, 95% CI 1.12, 1.74) and increased relative risk of breastfeeding more than 6 months (RRR 1.32, 95% CI 1.02, 1.69). Our results show that infants born to lesbian-identified women were less likely to be breastfed than those born to their heterosexual counterparts, even after adjusting for several factors associated with breastfeeding behaviors. We found no differences in breastfeeding between bisexual women and heterosexual-WSM. Understanding and addressing the barriers sexual minority women face for breastfeeding is critical for ensuring maternal and child health equity.
The Crimes of the Powerful are Under the Investigative Radars

We know a great deal about the crimes of the powerless in comparison to what we know about the crimes of the powerful. The former crimes are, for example, catalogued in statistics collected annually by the Federal Bureau of Investigation in the United States and by similar agencies in other developed nations. We also know that the data gathered are widely dispersed by the mass media. In contrast, the latter crimes are neither calculated by governmental agencies nor are they routinely reported on in the mass media. Even though most criminologists are well aware that the average person is increasingly at greater risk for and more likely to experience harm and injury from the latter criminals than the former criminals, the asymmetrical relationship continues between our knowledge of the crimes of the powerful and our knowledge of the crimes of the powerless for a myriad of related reasons.
The stereochemistry of bicyclo[3.2.1]-octane—XII : The photohalogenation of bicyclo[3.2.1]octene-2 derivatives

Abstract The light-initiated halogenation of bicyclo[3.2.1]octene-2, its 3-phenyl and 3-bromo derivatives with N-bromosuccinimide and t-butyl hypochlorite resulted in the exclusive formation of the exo -4-halobicyclo[3.2.1]octene-2-derivatives.
From Guide on the Side to Impresario with a Scenario

This article proposes a conception of the teacher as an Impresario with a Scenario, a multi-centric and co-constructivist model in contrast to the familiarly student-centered and constructivist ideal of the Guide on the Side. I argue that the Impresario conception is truer to the practices of many teachers inspired by the “Guide on the Side” model, while at the Same time, explicitly recognized and embraced, it opens up many appealing and venturesome farther possibilities.
Fluorescent H2 Emission in the Planetary Nebulae BD+30 3639 and HB 12

We report results from a program of near-infrared spectroscopic observations of the H2 emission from planetary nebulae, being carried out at McDonald Observatory using an InSb array-detector spectrometer. Our observations employ both high spatial resolution (3″ diameter aperture) and high spectral resolution (λ/Δλ = 200–600), thus avoiding potential problems with line blending and spatial registration. These observations provide simultaneous measurements of H I recombination lines and H2 emission lines, thus accurately defining the relative extent and distribution of the ionized vs. molecular material. One-dimensional cuts through the compact planetary nebulae BD+30 3639 and Hubble 12, taken along east-west and north-south axes through the nebular centers, show that the H2 emission is concentrated in a ring or shell outside the ionized nebular core. The angular extent of the H2 emission in Hb 12, with a characteristic diameter of about 8–10″ arc seconds, is strikingly larger than the dimensions of the ionized core, which is less than 2″ in diameter.
Walking the Talk: Continuous Improvement of a Quality Management Field Exercise

This article provides results from a three semester case study of the pedagogical efficacy of an innovative quality management field exercise. A series of direct and indirect measures were used to assess the extent to which the field exercise met a set of learning objectives. The results indicate that the assessment framework is useful in identifying areas of improvement for course delivery. Finally, the results have been used to devise modifications to the course.
Loading and triggered release of cargo from hollow spherical gold nanoparticle superstructures

Hollow spherical gold nanoparticle superstructures having different average diameters (∼75 nm and ∼150 nm) and near-infrared (NIR) extinction were prepared and loaded with an anti-cancer drug, doxorubicin (DOX). The stability of these structures and drug release was monitored in the presence of proteinase and upon irradiation with NIR light. Proteinase K promotes DOX release from the ∼150 nm superstructures and NIR light promotes DOX release from both the ∼75 nm and ∼150 nm superstructures.
Attack/display as a reinforcer in Betta splendens

Nine of 10 bettas learned to swim across a hurdle to display to and attack a conspecific. Crossing responses were maintained until the target fish exhibited a submissive display; then crossing quickly ceased. Relearning and extinction were also shown.
Relationships between serial childhood adiposity measures and adult blood pressure: The Fels longitudinal study

Objectives: Several studies have shown that causes of adult hypertension arise in childhood, and obesity may be a potential cause or at least a mitigating factor in this development. Body mass index is a well studied obesity metric, yet other potential adiposity measures such as percent body fat and waist circumference have been somewhat less considered. The purpose of this study is to determine associations between these alternative serial childhood adiposity measures and adulthood blood pressure. Methods: Measurements from participants in the Fels Longitudinal Study were used to summarize childhood adiposity, represented by childhood measurements of percent body fat and height-adjusted waist circumference. These subjects also provided systolic and diastolic blood pressure as adults. Childhood adiposity levels were categorized as high or low as compared to the respective upper quartile, and associations with adult blood pressure were measured using Poisson regression to estimate the number of expected occurrences of elevated adiposity during childhood. Adult lifestyle covariates and adiposity were accounted for using multiple linear regression. Results: Summary indices of the childhood adiposity measures were significantly associated with both adult blood pressure metrics in men and women, though some of these associations were altered or reduced in the presence of adult lifestyle characteristics and adult adiposity measures. Conclusions: Childhood measures of percent body fat and height-adjusted waist circumference have an effect on adult blood pressure, though the effect can be mitigated by adult lifestyles. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 2010. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Effects of diisopropyl phosphorofluoridate on acetylcholine, cholinesterase and catecholamines of several parts of rabbit brain.

Abstract Diisopropyl phosphorofluoridate (DFP) was administered to rabbits in which the pretreatment with a monoamine oxidase inhibitor, JB835, and DOPA caused an elevation in nore-pinephrine (NE) and, to a lesser extent, in dopamine (DA) levels in the thalamus, hypothalamus, midbrain and hippocampus. Pretreatment with JB835-DOPA combination and/or elevation of NE and of DA caused no significant effect upon either cholinesterase activity or acetylcholine (ACh) levels in the caudate nucleus, midbrain, thalamus or hypothalamus. Diisopropyl phosphorofluoridate caused nearly complete inhibition of cholinesterase activity in all these brain parts whether or not the animals were pretreated with JB835 and DOPA, and with atropine. Diisopropyl phosphorofluoridate induced elevation of levels of ACh was somewhat lowered by JB835-DOPA pretreatment in the case of the thalamus and hypothalamus but not in that of the caudate nucleus or midbrain; atropine but not atropine methyl nitrate further lowered ACh levels in all brain parts. Diisopropyl phosphorofluoridate caused a decrease of NE levels and elevation of DA levels in all 4 brain parts of the pretreated rabbits. In identically pretreated animals atropine methyl nitrate given prior to DFP prevented the DA increase but was without effect upon the NE decrease in these brain parts. Dopamine was affected maximally in the hypothalamus, midbrain and thalamus concomitantly with major increments in ACh at these sites. Maximal decreases in NE occurred in the caudate, thalamus and midbrain; the extent of these changes did not parallel that of the changes in ACh. These findings confirm our earlier results (Glisson, Karczmar and Barnes, 1972) and expand them to additional brain parts. They are discussed with respect to brain localization of ACh and catecholamine systems.
Cell adhesion protein receptors as targets for transforming growth factor-β action

Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) increases the incorporation of fibronectin and type I collagen into the extracellular matrix of fibroblasts and epithelial cells and enhances the attachment of thymocytes onto a fibronectin substratum. Investigation of the molecular basis for these effects showed that TGF-beta elevates specifically the expression of cell adhesion protein receptors. Treatment of cells with either form of TGF-beta, TGF-beta 1, or TGF-beta 2, increases the rate of receptor synthesis and the level of receptors on the cell surface. TGF-beta acts via two complementary mechanisms, elevation of receptor mRNA and faster kinetics of receptor beta subunit precursor to product conversion. The results show that the expression of cell adhesion receptors is susceptible to pretranslational and posttranslational regulation by factors that control cell morphology, proliferation, and differentiation such as TGF-beta.
Effects of forest fragmentation on breeding bird communities in Maryland, USA

Abstract Point surveys were used to estimate the abundance and diversity of forest birds in relation to the size, degree of isolation, floristics, physiognomy, and successional maturity of 270 upland forest patches in the coastal plain province of Maryland. Physiognomic and floristic characteristics of the tree, shrub, and herb layers of the forest were measured at each site. The local abundance of almost every bird species breeding in the interior of upland forests was found to be significantly influenced by forest area, isolation, structure, of floristics, or combinations of these factors. Highly migratory species tended to be most abundant in extensive stands of mature, floristically diverse forests that were only slightly isolated from sources of potential colonists. Densities of permanent residents and short-distance migrants tended to be less affected by these site characteristics, or showed responses opposite in sign to those of long-distance migrants. The impacts of forest fragmentation on bird populations are complex and species-specific. Many bird species respond strongly to factors other than, or in addition to, forest patch area and isolation. Dissection of the landscape into small highly isolated patches of forest adversely affects some bird species, but structural and floristic characteristics of the forest are more important than patch size and isolation for many species, given the existing distribution of forest patches in the coastal plain of Maryland.
Modeling call arrivals on VoIP networks as linear Gaussian Process under heavy traffic condition

We propose a new model for call arrival process on VoIP tandem networks under heavy traffic load condition. Based on empirical evidence, such call arrivals can be modeled as linear Gaussian processes, and we show that this approach can provide an intuitive and accurate representation for different traffic patterns. In addition, the Gaussian approximation allows finding explicit mathematical equations for the model parameters, and provides effective model validation and significance testing. The model is validated by using hundreds of millions of call records collected from a tandem network in the U.S. We use least-square estimation method to build the model and conduct goodness-of-fit tests to validate it. The result yields a coefficient of determination, R2, of 0.9973 which shows 99.73% of the variability in the data is explained by the proposed model. The predictability of the model is demonstrated by its accuracy applied to another data set.
Multiscale Mechanical Models for Understanding Microstructural Damage in Fibrous Tissues

The mechanical behavior of tissues is critically dependent on the organization and composition of the extracellular matrix (ECM). In many tissues, the primary load-bearing component is fibrillar collagen, which is arranged into larger fiber bundles or fibrous networks depending on the specific tissue. This microstructural arrangement distributes and accommodates tissue-level loading and allows the tissue to function mechanically. Consequently, when collagen fibers are damaged, either through injury or disease, the distribution of load within the tissue changes, which can alter cell activity, mechanical behavior, and tissue function. This damage process underlies many physical ailments, but it remains poorly understood in part because of the difficulty relating macroscopic load to microsctructural alterations. To understand better local fiber failure and accompanying global restructuring, we have incorporated fiber damage from excessive force into our multiscale-modeling framework [1,2].Copyright © 2011 by ASME
AES and XPS spectra of sulfur in sulfur compounds

Abstract A wide variety of sulfides were studied using AES and XPS. Spectra of the LMM Auger transition and the 2p level of sulfur in these sulfides are presented and discussed. The appearance of a doublet structure in the XPS spectrum of the S 2p level for many of the sulfides is particularly significant. It is proposed that this splitting, typically about 7 eV, results from the formation of a thin sulfate surface layer. The observation is also made that the sulfides of the fourth row elements seem especially susceptible to this sulfate formation. No definite correlation could be made between the appearance of this surface complex and changes in the sulfur Auger line shape.
Polymers as bearing materials for total hip replacement: a friction and wear analysis.

Certain thermoplastic polymers possess numerous desirable physical and mechanical properties important for total joint replacement. Their modulus of clasticity and density are close to the cartilage bone composite. Their elasticity would provide valuable damping for the transmission of shock forces. As a class of materials, polymers do not have the compression and tensile strength of metals, but the high strength-to-weight ratio of some polymers makes them especially attractive as a material for the socket half of the joint. The socket shape could be easily molded or machined and at a low cost. As a prime requisite they must have sufficient wear and creep resistance for a lifetime of cyclic loading and sliding. In addition they must be biologically tolerated, and the joint environment must not degrade or otherwise adversely affect the physical and mechanical properties of the polymer. The purpose of this paper is to present a friction and wear analysis of ten thermoplastic polymers selected because their individual physical and mechanical properties suggested good wear and creep resistance. Polyimides with and without graphite have particular potential as a bearing material. The toxicological aspects of these materials are under study and will be the subject of a subsequent report.
A Tribute to a Remarkably Sound Solution

For their work on the development of the modern cochlear implant, which bestows hearing to individuals with profound deafness, Ingeborg Hochmair, Graeme Clark, and Blake Wilson are the 2013 recipients of the Lasker∼DeBakey Clinical Medical Research Award.
Characterization and radioautography of [3H]LSD binding by rat brain slices in vitro: the effect of 5-hydroxytryptamine.

Binding of D-[3H] lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) to rat coronal brain slices and its blockade by 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) had characteristics similar to those of brain homogenates in respect of KD, kinetics and reversibility of binding. Radioautography was done on slices that had been incubated in 6 nM [3H] LSD and on adjacent slices incubated in the same concentration of tritiated LSD plus 10−5 M of 5-HT. Choroid plexus showed densest labeling of [3H] LSD. In neuropil, dense labeling occurred within parts of the hippocampal formation except for fields CA2 and CA3 which were sparsely labeled. All layers of the cortex except the posterior cingulate gyrus were labeled by LSD. 5-HT blocked labeling of choroid plexus, hippocampal formation, septum, pons, medulla and parts of cortex but only reduced labeling of most other structures. LSD binding sites may relate to some of its pharmacological effects.
TREATMENT OF RAGWEED HAY FEVER WITH ALLPYRAL EXTRACTS.

Abstract The treatment of 144 ragweed hay fever patients with ragweed Allpyral extract during the 1963 season was found to have several advantages over treatment with aqueous ragweed extracts. Thus, it was possible to give fewer injections at longer intervals with a greatly reduced incidence of reactions, to give larger doses to highly reactive patients with more safety, to administer larger doses in the coseasonal type of treatment, and to give large doses at longer intervals to patients treated perennially.
The effect of calcium hydroxide root filling on dentin fracture strength

This in vitro study measured the effect of calcium hydroxide root filling on the microtensile fracture strength (MTFS) of teeth. A total of 40 extracted human disease-free permanent maxillary incisors were hand and rotary instrumented and vertically compacted with United States Pharmacopeia (USP) calcium hydroxide. The teeth were stored in a moist environment for 7, 28, and 84 days. As a control group, 10 teeth were vertically compacted with gutta percha and sealer. The MTFS of the teeth was measured (Mpa) using an Instron machine. Data were assessed statistically using an unpaired t-test (P value). The intracanal placement of calcium hydroxide weakened the MTFS of teeth by 13.9 Mpa per 77 days: an average of 0.157 MPa day-1. Between 7 and 84 days, the MTFS of the dentin was reduced by 43.9%. This difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). A statistical difference (P < 0.05) was observed between the mean MTFS of the calcium hydroxide-filled dentin between 7 days (45.7 MPa) and 28 days (35.6 MPa) and also between 7 and 84 days (31.8 MPa). There was also a significant difference (P < 0.05) between the MTFS of the calcium hydroxide-filled dentin after 84 days (31.8 MPa) and the gutta percha-filled dentin (41.3 MPa) when used as a control root filling material. The weakening of the dentin by 23-43.9% following root canal filling with calcium hydroxide provides compelling evidence to re-evaluate the daily usage of this material in endodontic therapy.
Repeated Administration of Dexamethasone Increases Phosphoinositide‐Specific Phospholipase C Activity and mRNA and Protein Expression of the Phospholipase C β1 Isozyme in Rat Brain

Altered hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) function has been shown to be associated with changes in mood and behavior. The enzyme phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C (PI-PLC), an important component of the PI signal transduction system, plays a major role in mediating various physiological functions. In the present study, we investigated the effects of a single dose and of repeated administration (0.5 or 1.0 mg/kg for 10 days) of dexamethasone (DEX), a synthetic glucocorticoid, on PI-PLC activity and on expression of PLC isozymes (beta1, delta1, and gamma1) in rat brain. Repeated administration of DEX (1.0 mg/kg) caused a significant increase in PI-PLC activity and in protein expression of the PLC beta1 isozyme in both membrane and cytosol fractions of cortex and hippocampus; however, the repeated administration of a smaller dose of DEX (0.5 mg/kg) caused these changes only in hippocampus but not in cortex. The increase in PLC beta1 protein was associated with an increase in its mRNA level, as measured by competitive RT-PCR. A single administration of DEX (0.5 or 1.0 mg/kg) to rats had no significant effects on PI-PLC activity or on the protein expression of PLC isozymes. These results suggest that DEX up-regulates PI-PLC in rat brain, which presumably is due to a selective increase in expression of the PLC beta1 isozyme, and that these changes in PI-PLC may be related to HPA axis-mediated changes in mood and behavior.
Large space structures activity at MSFC

This paper describes a broad based set of activities which have been undertaken at the Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) developing technologies necessary to emplace and operate large structures in space. Progress has been made in the development of processes and equipment needed for the in space fabrication of structural members in both aluminum and graphite composite materials. Designs for member joining attachments have been completed and the evaluation of procedures for structural assembly have been simulated and evaluated utilizing the MSFC Neutral Buoyancy Facility. A concept of a flight test necessary for flight verification of the technologies for space fabrication, assembly, and operation of large space structure is described. Recently initiated is a project to develop design characteristics of a deployable structure required for the Science and Applications Space Platform (SASP). This is being accomplished through the design, fabrication, analysis, and test of a full scale ground test article which reflects the influence of system requirements of the SASP. Development of designs for erectable/deployable structures which are modular and have various applications to large space structures is in progress.
Design Considerations in Inertia Welding of Turbocharger and Gas Turbine Components

This paper begins with a statement of the acceptance and use of inertia welding in the gas turbine field. A short explanation of the inertia welding process follows. Categories of welds discussed are solid inertia butt welds; tubular inertia butt welds; and angular-annular inertia butt welds. An example of the first category is a bimetallic engine valve. The second category is typified by steel shafts joined to superalloy rotors for turbines. The joining of wrought superalloy disks to cast superalloy blade rings to produce a composite wheel comes into the third category. The effect of welding parameters on strength and microstructure, as well as design and process changes required for inertia welding are related. In conclusion, basic considerations for utilization of inertia welding are expressed.Copyright © 1971 by ASME
Demonstration of high-mobility electron and hole transport in a single InGaSb well for complementary circuits

Abstract Heterostructures consisting of an InGaSb quantum well situated between AlGaSb barriers were grown by molecular beam epitaxy. Calculations indicate a type-I band structure with substantial valence and conduction band offsets that can allow for the confinement of either electrons or holes in the InGaSb. Quantum wells with n-type conduction were achieved using modulation doping, with Te located in the barrier above the quantum well. A set of barrier layers was found which resulted in a sample with an In 0.2 Ga 0.8 Sb quantum well that exhibited an electron mobility of 3900 cm 2 /V s as grown. After removal of upper barrier layers including the Te by selective etching, the conductivity switched to p-type, with hole mobilities near 800 cm 2 /V s. This design could allow the integration of low-power n- and p-channel field-effect transistors for complementary logic applications.
Apocrine hidradenocarcinoma showing Paget’s disease and mucinous metaplasia

A 54-year-old man presented with a solitary, erythematous, rapidly growing 1-cm nodule on his scalp that had arisen over the previous 3 months. He had no history of skin cancer. An excisional biopsy of the lesion showed a fairly well-circumscribed but focally invasive tumor consisting of areas of typical-appearing clear cell hidradenoma as well as areas with mucinous goblet-type cells and cells with eosinophilic cytoplasm and decapitation-type secretion. There was marked cellular atypia, numerous atypical mitotic figures and focal necrosis. The tumor cells focally involved the overlying epidermis (Paget's disease). Large areas of mucin were identified throughout the lesion. The tumor cells stained with markers for cytokeratin 7 and focally for EMA and CEA, confirming ductal differentiation. The goblet cells and mucinous areas stained with mucicarmine and PASD. The patient was diagnosed with hidradenocarcinoma with mucinous differentiation. Associated Paget's disease has only rarely been reported, and mucinous metaplasia is a previously unreported feature in hidradenocarcinoma.
Response to Letter by Hemmer et al

Response: We appreciate the commentary on our recent publication by Hemmer et al1 but would like to help clarify some of the concerns raised. It is important to understand that we performed an exploratory analysis in a retrospective manner and have acknowledged the limitations as such in the articles and thus have not “condemned” general anesthesia (GA) as the editorial would suggest. The major finding of this study is that patients who undergo acute interventions with conscious sedation do not appear to be at higher risk for intracranial hemorrhagic complications, particularly wire perforation attributable to patient movement, compared to GA. This is reassuring to operators who perform these procedures with minimal sedation. The second concern raised was that we did not report the univariate and multivariate models comparing GA to conscious sedation and instead reported comparisons of outcomes. We have stated in the statistics section that this analysis was performed comparing GA to conscious sedation directly but, because of space …
Coherence properties of light in Young's interference pattern formed with partially coherent light

It has been shown not long ago that the spectrum of light in Young's interference pattern formed by partially coherent light differs, in general, from the spectrum of light incident on the pinholes; and, moreover, that the spectrum depends on the position of the point of observation. In this paper we extend the analysis by deriving expressions for the spectral degree of coherence and for the cross-spectral density of intensity fluctuations of the light at any pair of points in the interference pattern. We illustrate the general results by examples.
Predictions of neutrino mixing angles in a T′ model

Abstract Flavor symmetry ( T ′ × Z 2 ) where T ′ is the binary tetrahedral group predicts for neutrino mixing angles θ 13 = 2 ( π 4 − θ 23 ) and, with one phenomenological input, provides upper and lower bounds on both θ 13 and θ 23 . The predictions arise from the deviation of the Cabibbo angle Θ 12 from its lowest-order value tan 2 Θ 12 = ( 2 ) / 3 and from the T ′ mechanism which relates mixing of ( ν τ , ν μ , ν e ) neutrinos to mixing of ( s , d ) quarks.
An optimal property of the exact multinomial test and the extended Fisher's exact test

Abstract In the goodness-of-fit test of parameters of the multinomial distribution we show that the exact multinomial test is asymptotically equivalent to the likelihood ratio test by using Stirling's formula. In an r × c contingency table, we show that the extended Fisher's exact test conditional on row and column margins for the test of independence is also asymptotically equivalent to the likelihood ratio test. From the Bahadur asymptotic optimality of the likelihood ratio test in both unconditional and conditional cases, we prove that the two exact tests are asymptotically optimal in the sense of Bahadur efficiency.
Little solution to the little hierarchy problem: A vectorlike generation

We present a simple solution to the little hierarchy problem in the minimal supersymmetric standard model: a vectorlike fourth generation. With O(1) Yukawa couplings for the new quarks, the Higgs mass can naturally be above 114 GeV. Unlike a chiral fourth generation, a vectorlike generation can solve the little hierarchy problem while remaining consistent with precision electroweak and direct production constraints, and maintaining the success of the grand unified framework. The new quarks are predicted to lie between 300-600 GeV and will thus be discovered or ruled out at the LHC. This scenario suggests exploration of several novel collider signatures.
An economic analysis of consumer class actions in regulated industries

Regulation and consumer class actions can complement, duplicate, or oppose each other, depending, among others, on the leanings of regulatory objective functions towards the industry or consumers. In particular, pro-consumer regulators would like to see consumers benefit from class actions while pro-industry regulators would like to prevent regulated firms from being harmed by them. However, because pro-consumer regulators are already doing their best for consumers and pro-industry regulators their best for firms, they are both usually constrained in their policies. The result is that class actions tend to be less efficient under pro-consumer regulators and more efficient under pro-industry regulators.
The Initiation and Organization of Convective Cells atop a Cold-Air Outflow Boundary

Abstract On 13 July 1986 a cold-air outflow from thunderstorms over Illinois and Missouri propagated through the MIST (Microburst and Severe Thunderstorm) network over northern Alabama. The study of this outflow is important since the gust front was solely responsible for the initiation of numerous convective cells. Previous studies have documented the initiation of convection due to colliding gust fronts. In addition, there was a pronounced mesoscale organization of the cells atop the outflow boundary. This was most likely due to a combination of Kelvin–Helmholtz (K–H) and internal gravity (IG) wave activity. In contrast to previous cases, the K–H wave crests were oriented nearly perpendicular to the gust front within the analysis area. The resulting intersections between the circulations associated with the K–H waves and the gust front produced favorable locations for the initiation of convection. Subsequently, the convective cells remained along the updraft side of the K–H wave circulations as they pro...
Harmonic Content of Magnetomorphic Oscillations in the Kinetic Coefficients of Electron Transport due to Partially Specular Boundary Scattering

The effect of partially specular boundary scattering upon the magneto-oscillatory component of the kinetic coefficients $\stackrel{^}{\ensuremath{\sigma}}$, ${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}^{\ensuremath{'}\ensuremath{'}} {\ensuremath{\lambda}}^{\ensuremath{'}\ensuremath{'}}$ and ${\stackrel{^}{\ensuremath{\pi}}}^{\ensuremath{'}\ensuremath{'}}$ is treated for the case of Fermi surfaces which are figures of revolution about the normal to the plane of a thin crystal, with magnetic field directed along the normal. It is shown that the oscillations consist of the superposition of a fundamental and all its harmonics. Explicit expressions are given for the amplitude dependence upon the fraction of electrons which scatter specularly. In particular it is shown that only the fundamental is present for the case of completely diffuse scattering.
Duiker food selection: Palatability trials using natural foods in the Ituri Forest, Democratic Republic of Congo

Cafeteria-style palatability feeding trials were conducted with captive duikers in the Ituri Forest, Democratic Republic of Congo. Blue duikers (Cephalophus monticola; n = 3), and white-bellied duikers (C. leucogaster; n = 3), were offered unlimited amounts of paired foods in two experiments consisting of 20 feeding trials each. Five different foods, including fruits and flowers common to duiker diets, were used in each experiment. Preferred foods were determined by the quantities of foods consumed and ranked using the Bradley-Terry model for preference data. Chemical composition, including fiber fractions, protein, and soluble carbohydrates, was determined for foods offered. Blue duikers made consistent food choices in both experiments, whereas white-bellied duikers displayed consistent preferences in Experiment 2. The choices by the white-bellied duiker in Experiment 1 were not consistent and appeared to vary at random. The two duiker species had different food preference rankings in Experiment 1, but similar rankings in Experiment 2. The number of times a food was preferred was correlated with the amount of food consumed in both experiments for the white-bellied duiker and only in Experiment 2 for the blue duiker. Food rankings were not significantly correlated with the chemical constituents assayed, or the size or shape of the food. For blue duikers, consumption in Experiment 1 and Bradley-Terry rank preference in Experiment 2 were significantly correlated with food color. In summary, duiker selection of natural foods appears to be based on a variety of factors, and is not limited to chemical composition or physical characteristics. Zoo Biol 21:149–159, 2002. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Phase Diagram of the Two-Channel Kondo Lattice

The phase diagram of the two-channel Kondo lattice model is examined with a quantum Monte Carlo simulation in the limit of infinite dimensions. Commensurate (and incommensurate) antiferromagnetic and superconducting states are found. The antiferromagnetic transition is very weak and continuous. The superconducting transition is discontinuous to an odd-frequency channel-singlet and spin-singlet pairing state.
Cross-cultural competence in international business: toward a definition and a model

Many international business failures have been ascribed to a lack of cross-cultural competence (CC) on the part of business practitioners. However, the international business literature appears to lack an adequate conceptualization and definition of the term ‘CC’, focusing instead on the knowledge, skills and attributes that appear to be its antecedents. In this conceptual study, we propose a definition of CC as it applies to international business and develop a model for understanding how CC is nurtured in individuals, linking our definition to the concept of cultural intelligence. We discuss the components of the model and suggest that there are environmental and contextual impediments to the effective application of the requisite skills, knowledge and attributes that have been identified as necessary for CC, resulting in a gap between ‘knowing’ and ‘doing’. We conclude by discussing the implications of the model for practitioners, and by suggesting appropriate directions for further research.