cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Measurement and control of sidelobes in acousto-optic tunable filters

To summarize, we have examined the problems of high sidelobes in acousto optical tunable filters (AOTFs) and various possible solutions. While numerous apodization techniques to reduce sidelobes have been investigated, the experimental results are much worse than predicted due to waveguide nonuniformity. We point out that very little effort has gone into measuring these nonuniformities, eliminating them through better fabrication, or building devices which correct or better tolerate non-uniform waveguides. Finally, a number of techniques were discussed to address these issues.
The Non-Isotropic Diffusion Approximation in Wolf-Rayet Winds

We derive the dynamics of a steady-state Wolf-Rayet wind using a non-isotropic diffusion approximation applied to the transfer between strongly overlapping spectral lines. Following the approach of Friend and Castor (1983), the line list is assumed to approximate a statistically parametrized Poisson distribution in frequency, so that photon transport is controlled by an angle-dependent, effectively gray opacity. We find that multiple radiative momentum deposition is greatest when photons undergo a nearly local diffusion, e.g. through scattering between many lines closely spaced in frequency. Our results reiterate the view that the so-called “momentum problem” of WR winds is better characterized as an “opacity problem” of simply identifying enough driving lines. One way of increasing the number of thick lines in WR winds is to transfer opacity from saturated to unsaturated lines, yielding a steeper opacity distribution than that found in OB winds. We also consider the growth of instabilities, and find that WR winds are up to an order of magnitude less unstable than OB winds if both are driven radiatively. However, initially small perturbations can still be multiplied by many orders of magnitude as they advect through WR winds.
Studies of Campylobacter jejuni in patients with inflammatory bowel disease.

Abstract Cultures, serology, and immunohistochemical tests for Campylobacter jejuni were performed on 74 patients with inflammatory bowel disease of various disease activity and in healthy and diseased control populations. Fecal cultures were negative in all groups tested. Antibodies to C. Jejuni were assessed both by a complement fixation assay and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to multiple serotypes of the organism. Antibody titers in inflammatory bowel disease patients and control populations were similar, and titers in these groups were significantly lower than in patients with acute Campylobacter enteritis. Intestinal tissues examined for Campylobacter antigens by an indirect fluorescent antibody assay were negative. These data do not etiologically implicate C. jejuni in Crohn's disease or chronic ulcerative colitis.
Advances in Clinical Laboratory Hematology. The Twenty-Third Arnold O. Beckman Conference in Clinical Chemistry

The Beckman Conference began in 1977 with the purpose of educating both clinical chemists and clinicians. The 23rd annual Arnold O. Beckman Conference was held on February 6 and 7, 2000, in Miami, Florida. As in the past, the goal of this year’s conference was to strengthen attendees’ knowledge in an area of clinical medicine. Frank A. Sedor, PhD, AACC president, opened the Conference. He stated, "We are here because Dr. Arnold O. Beckman had the foresight and exercised it in his generosity to provide for a meeting to target improvement in healthcare and in professional growth of clinical chemistry. It is a tribute to his foresight that this year's Conference addresses 'Advances in Clinical Laboratory Hematology'. The melding of the roles of once disparate laboratory specialists into Clinical Laboratory Scientists is reflected in the topics to be addressed over the next 2 days. As we build on the twin strengths of our profession, science and technology, we see the artificial walls that once separated laboratory areas crumble. They crumble to the benefit of healthcare and as a paean to the advances in scientific discoveries of the last 20 years". As condition of the gift from the Arnold and Mabel …
The Reactivity of Gas-Phase Metal Oxide Clusters: Systems for Understanding the Mechanisms of Heterogeneous Catalysts

Gas phase cluster studies can be employed to investigate the reactions occurring on a catalyst surface, thereby providing a complementary method to model the reaction mechanisms of condensed phase catalysis. Utilizing a guided ion beam mass spectrometer, studies are directed toward unraveling the influence of factors such as size, stoichiometry, oxidation and ionic charge state, elemental composition, and structure on the reactivity of metal oxide clusters. Particular emphasis is on identifying individual species that play an important role in effecting oxidation reactions and aid in elucidating the molecular level mechanisms of oxygen transfer processes.
The Microbiome and Cancer: Is the 'Oncobiome' Mirage Real?

Investigations focused on the interplay between the human microbiome and cancer development, herein termed the ‘oncobiome’, have been growing at a rapid rate. However, these studies to date have primarily demonstrated associative relationships rather than causative ones. We pose the question of whether this emerging field of research is a ‘mirage’ without a clear picture, or truly represents a paradigm shift for cancer research. We propose the necessary steps needed to answer crucial questions and push the field forward to bring the mirage into a tangible reality.
Sequence and geochronology of miocene rocks adjacent to the main gulf escarpment. Southern valle chico baja california norte mexico

El levantamiento geologico y las dataciones potasio-argon de rocas terciarias en el noreste de Baja California (latitud 30° 30’ N) mostraron varias ocurrencias de volcanismo y sedimentacion entre 20 y 6 Ma. Entre 20 y 15 Ma, basaltos, andesitas y flujos peroclasticos cubrieron localmente las rocas baltoliticas y prebaltoliticas (de edad cretacica y mas antigua). Encima de ellos se deposito hasta 300 metros de flujos piroclasticos, tobas, basaltos, areniscas y mas antigua). Encima de ellos se deposito hasta 300 metros de flujos piroclasticos, tobas, basaltos, areniscas y conglomerados por toda el area del levantamiento, antes de 11 Ma. Entre 11 y 6 Ma hubo erupciones que produjeron flujos y brechas andesiticos y rioliticos. Alrededor de 6 Ma, itras erupciones cubrieron la region hasta con 300 m mas de flujos piroclasicos, cenizas y tobas victricas soldadas. Estas capas coronan las mesas altas de la parte noreste de la Provincia Volcanica de Puertecitos. Otras rocas vocanicas locales que no han sido datadas pueden ser menores de 6 Ma. El desarrollo del tectonismo que se observa hoy, con fallas normales, capas inclinadas y relieve topografico debido al Main Gulf Escarpment, empezo entre 11 y 6 Ma. Las variaciones de espesor de las capas de edad pre-11 Ma se deben a la presencia de relieve erosional, pero las variaciones de espesor de las capas mas recientes estan relacionadas con tectonismo. El alineamiento nor-noroeste de cuatro conos volcanicos de edad pre-6 Ma, al este del Escarpment, sugiere que las fallas de distension influyeron sobre el ascenso de los magmas durante el Mioceno Superior.
Perturbation methods for the solution of linear problems

Linear problems of central interest in numerical analysis are the solution of linear equations, the construction of the inverse or a generalized inverse of a linear operator, finding the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of a linear operator, and linear programming. A survey is made of methods which apply if the data of a solved linear problem is perturbed by operators and vectors of small norm (analytic perturbation), or by operators of finite rank and vectors belonging to a finite-dimensional subspace (algebraic perturbation). Perturbation methods may be used to extend the theory of linear problems, to estimate errors due to inaccurate data and computation, and to solve perturbed problems with economy of effort.
Dipicolinic Acid Location in Intact Spores of Bacillus megaterium

Beta-attenuation analysis of intact spores of Bacillus megaterium containing tritium-labeled dipicolinic acid has shown that dipicolinic acid is located in the spore protoplast and not in the cortex.
A Time-split Discontinuous Galerkin Transport Scheme for Global Atmospheric Model

Abstract A time-split transport scheme has been developed for the high-order multiscale atmospheric model (HOMAM). The spacial discretization of HOMAM is based on the discontinuous Galerkin method, combining the 2D horizontal elements on the cubed-sphere surface and 1D vertical elements in a terrain-following height-based coordinate. The accuracy of the time-splitting scheme is tested with a set of new benchmark 3D advection problems. The split time-integrators are based on the Strang-type operator-split method. The convergence of standard error norms shows a second-order accuracy with the smooth scalar field, irrespective of a particular time- integrator. The results with the split scheme is comparable with that of the established models.
Duration and Local Toxicity of Sciatic Nerve Blockade With Coinjected Site 1 Sodium-Channel Blockers and Quaternary Lidocaine Derivatives

Background and Objectives Quaternary lidocaine derivatives (QLDs) have recently received much attention because of their potential application in prolonged or sensory-selective local anesthesia. However, associated tissue toxicity is an impeding factor that makes QLDs unfavorable for clinical use. Based on the proposed intracellular site of action, we hypothesized that nerve blocks obtained from lower concentrations of QLDs would be enhanced by the coapplication of extracellularly acting site 1 sodium-channel blocker, resulting in prolonged block duration but with minimal tissue toxicity. Methods Quaternary lidocaine derivatives (QX-314 or QX-222), site 1 sodium-channel blockers (tetrodotoxin [30 μM] or saxitoxin [12.5 μM]), or both were injected in the vicinity of the sciatic nerve. Thermal nociceptive block was assessed using a modified hot plate test; motor block by a weight-bearing test. Tissue from the site of injection was harvested for histological assessment. Results Coapplication of 25 mM QX-314 or 100 mM QX-222 with site 1 sodium-channel blockers produced an 8- to 10- fold increase in the duration of nerve blocks (P Conclusions Coadministration of site 1 sodium-channel blockers and QLDs greatly prolongs the duration of peripheral nerve block without enhancing local tissue injury, but minimal myotoxicity still persists. It is not clear that the risks of QLDs are outweighed by the benefits in providing prolonged nerve blockade.
The C-Theory: on Chinese philosophical approach to decision making, leadership and management

Extending from the distinction between two polarities of management philosophy, rationalistic management (RM) and humanistic management (HM), I propose that we must recognise the creative principle (C-principle) of applying the whole understanding of things and human persons to each problem of management just as we must weigh each decision against a vision of the whole of both knowledge and value which interact in complex cultural contexts. Thus, the C-principle emphasises that management is an integral part of the transformation of humanity. Furthermore, it incorporates the use of scientific knowledge and technology side by side with various functions and ends of humanity in an open system of generation, balance and incessant development in both external focus on worldly changes and internal focus on human needs and their harmonisation. The letter C stands for creativity, change, culture, Chinese tradition and Confucianism and their creative and best syntheses for managerial practices.
Boron-implanted silicon resistors

Abstract The sheet resistance of silicon resistors implanted with boron at room temperature has been experimentally determined for doses from 5 × 10 12 to 2 × 10 16 cm −2 . The results have been compared with the V calculated values. Two methods for minimizing the temperature coefficient, TCR, are described, and their merits and disadvantages are discussed. For a 1-kΩ/□ resistor, TCR can be reduced to 1000 ppm/°C by implanting 11 B + at low energy, 5–10 keV, and to less than 100 ppm/°C by implanting a suitable dose of Ar + damage. In a two-terminal resistor, the end effect of the total sheet resistance on TCR and on voltage coefficient VCR was also investigated.
1194 ABNORMAL LEFT VENTRICULAR (LV) FUNCTION IN TYPE I DIABETICS FOLLOWING MAXIMAL SUPINE EXERCISE

Resting echocardiographic abnormalities have been documented in healthy young diabetics. In order to evaluate the physiologic relevance of this finding and to determine LV responses to the stress of exercise in young diabetics, 28 normal children and 30 otherwise healthy type I diabetics had M-mode echocardiograms of the LV and aorta (Ao) at rest and immediately following maximal exercise on a supine bicycle ergometer. Adequate studies were obtained in 26 controls (aged 10.7 to 17.7 yrs) and 25 diabetics (aged 9.2 to 18.3 yrs). Duration of exercise was less for diabetics (8.5±5 vs. 7.0±5 MIN, p<.05) (x±S.E.). There were no significant differences in fractional shortening (FS) (.34±.01 vs. .32±.01), LV systolic time intervals (PEP/ET) (.26±.01 vs. .28±.01) or velocity of circumferential fiber shortening (Vcf) (1.17±.04 vs. 1.17±.05) at rest. Following exercise all these indices of LV contractility increased in both groups but FS was significantly different between controls and diabetics (.43±.02 vs. .37±.02, p<.05) as was Vcf (2.20±.12 vs. 1.77±.12, p=.003). 11 diabetics had finger contractures. 5 diabetics had flat septal motion at rest which persisted following exercise. All of these have had finger contractures. Otherwise healthy young diabetics have abnormal cardiac function which can be demonstrated by exercise testing with echocardiographic evaluation, a non-invasive technique. These abnormalities may relate to glycosylation of myocardial proteins. It is speculative whether they represent an early manifestation of the diabetic cardiomyopathy seen in older patients.
Lakum dīnukum wa-liya dīnī: the Muhammadiyah's stance towards interfaith relations

The Muhammadiyah claims, and has been considered by many, to be one of the champions of moderate Islam. However, the movement's position in relation to religious pluralism has not yet been clarified. This article examines the Muhammadiyah's stance towards interfaith relations by looking closely at three events after the 1998 ‘Reformation’ in Indonesia: the publication of Tafsir tematik al-Qur'an tentang hubungan sosial antarumat beragama (Thematic exegesis of the Qur'an on interfaith relations), Din Syamsuddin's offer to Christians of the use of the Muhammadiyah's buildings for their Christmas services, and the publication of Kristen Muhammadiyah (Christian Muhammadiyah). This article argues that, contrary to the common perception, the guiding principle of the Muhammadiyah's approach to interfaith relations is not fa-istabiqū al-khayrāt (compete with one another in good works), but lakum dīnukum wa-liya dīnī (unto you your religion, and unto me my religion). As a consequence of this principle, the Muhamma...
Distribution of Fibronectin and Laminin in Basal Cell Epitheliomas

The distribution of fibronectin (FN) and laminin (LM) in basal cell epithelioma was evaluated by indirect immunofluorescence. FN is a glycoprotein which promotes interaction between cells and the extracellular matrix, and is present at the dermal-epidermal junction (DEJ) and throughout the dermis, but absent in the normal epidermis. LM, a noncollagenous basement membrane protein, plays a role in epithelial adhesion to type IV collagen, and is normally present in the DEJ, but absent in the epidermis. The role of FN and LM in epithelial differentiation has not been established. Therefore, the distribution of FN and LM in a tumor of epithelial origin was studied by indirect immunofluorescence. Using affinity-purified antibodies to EN and LM, and the appropriate fluorescein-conjugated second antibodies, normal skin and 7 basal cell tumors were examined. By immunofluorescence, nests of malignant basal cells were stir-rounded by linear LM staining. FN immunofluorescence was intense throughout the connective tissue stroma of all tumors. Five tumors also showed FN staining within the nests of neoplastic cells, and 4 of these were also LM-positive in the tumor bulk. These immunofluorescent findings suggest that epidermal neoplasia can be associated with alterations in the distribution of FN and LM.
Tragal cartilage grafts in rhinoplasty: a viable alternative in the graft-depleted patient.

Objective To describe a simple technique for harvesting tragal cartilage and describe its use in rhinoplasty. Study Design Retrospective review. Subjects and Methods Rhinoplasties performed between January 2005 and June 2007 in which tragal cartilage grafts were utilized by the senior author (CSC) were reviewed to assess type of graft, preservation of tragal contour, and donor-site morbidity. Results Tragal cartilage grafts were used in three primary and three secondary rhinoplasty patients. Postoperative follow-up ranged from six months to 12 months. Tragal cartilage was used as five alar contour grafts, one lateral crural onlay graft, one dorsal onlay graft, and one infratip lobule graft. Tragal cartilage was used to close the septal perforation of one patient. Tragal contour was preserved in all patients, and there were no complications noted with this procedure. Conclusion The tragus provides a simple, convenient alternative source of cartilage for rhinoplasty in graft-depleted patients.
The Effect of Negation and Polar Opposite Item Reversals on Questionnaire Reliability and Validity: An Experimental Investigation

This research was concerned with the effect of item wording on questionnaire reliability and validity. The subjects were 280 business undergraduate students who read a scenario describing a hypothe...
Cathepsin D in primary squamous laryngeal tumors: correlation with clinico-pathological parameters and receptor status.

Abstract Using an immunoradiometric assay, Cathepsin D (Cath D) levels were measured in the cytosol of 23 normal and 39 neoplastic human laryngeal tissues. Scattered Cath D levels (from 2.2 to 17.8 pM/mg protein; median = 7.6) were found in normal mucosa specimens. Cath D concentrations range from 2.0 to 29.3 pM/mg protein (median = 8.5) in laryngeal tumors. When a comparison between Cath D levels in normal and neoplastic tissue specimes from the same patient was done, Cath D levels were significantly higher in laryngeal cancers than in their normal counter-parts (P = 0.03). No correlation with clinicopathological parameters and steroid hormone and epidermal growth factor receptor status was found. Further studies should investigate whether the production of Cath D by laryngeal tumors could have a clinical relevance for this neoplasia.
Reaction of diethyl dibromomalonate with methoxide: Evidence for a novel bromophilic attack

Abstract Reaction of diethyl dibromomalonate ( 1 ) with sodium methoxide in cyclohexene yields dibromonorcarane ( 2 ) as the major product. This product forms via the capture of dibromocarbene ( 4 ) by cyclohexene. Dibromocarbene, in turn, is generated from ethyl tribromoacetate ( 6 ) which evidence suggests arises via a bromophilic attack between the carboethoxydibromomethyl carbanion ( 7 ) and diethyldibromomalonate ( 1 ).
Synthesis of protected norcysteines for SPPS compatible with Fmoc-strategy.

Abstract We report the synthesis of racemic Alloc-Ncy(Tmob)–OH, the resolution of its methyl ester and demonstrate its application to form a norcystine bridge in octreotide-amide using the Fmoc strategy on solid phase. N-Alloc and S-Tmob protections of norcysteine (Ncy) were found to be a preferred choice for Fmoc strategy over three other protected norcysteines synthesized, that is, Fmoc-Ncy(tBu)–OH, Alloc-Ncy(tBu)–OH, and Alloc-Ncy(Trt)–OH.
The external muon identifier for the fermilab 15 ft bubble chamber

Abstract An external muon identifier to aid in the identification of muons produced in neutrino interactions in the Fermilab 15 ft bubble chamber has been constructed. Details of design and analysis procedures are discussed. The spatial resolution and efficiency have been calibrated using muons regenerated by neutrino interactions in material upstream of the bubble chamber. A formalism to describe the statistical significance of muon matches in the identifier is developed and tested using tracks from actual neutrino interactions.
Romidepsin (FK228) combined with cisplatin stimulates DNA damage-induced cell death in ovarian cancer

Objective Romidepsin (FK228) was recently approved by the FDA for the treatment of cutaneous and peripheral T cell lymphoma. We have shown in vitro efficacy of FK228 in ovarian cancer. Here, our goal was to evaluate FK228 combined with cisplatin in ovarian cancer in vitro and in vivo.
Characterization and Optimization of Achievable Performance in General Queueing Systems

This paper considers general single facility queueing systems with exponential service times, dealing with a finite number J of distinct customer classes. Performance of the system, as measured by the vector of steady state expected sojourn times of the customer classes the performance vector may be controlled by adopting an appropriate preemptive priority discipline. We show that the performance space, the set of performance vectors which are achievable under some preemptive work conserving rule, is a polyhedron described by 2J-1 inequalities. The special structure of this polyhedron nevertheless allows for efficient procedures to minimize any separable convex function of the performance vector. Linear objectives are shown to be minimized by absolute priority rules, thus generalizing a well known result for M/M/1 systems. We also show that each point in the performance space may be achieved by a specific randomization of at most J + 1 absolute priority rules.
High voltage pulse ignition of mercury discharge hollow cathodes

A high voltage pulse generated by a capacitor discharge into a step-up transformer has been demonstrated capable of consistently igniting hollow cathode mercury discharges at propellant flows and heater power levels much below those required by conventional cathode starting. Results are presented for 3.2-mm diameter enclosed and open keeper cathodes. Starting characteristics are shown to depend on keeper voltage, mercury flow rate, heater power, keeper orifice size, emissive materials, and electrode to which the pulse is applied. This starting technique has been used to start a cathode over 10,000 times without any degradation of starting capability. The starting reliability, propellant and power savings offered by the high voltage pulse start should favorably impact performance of electron bombardment thrusters in missions requiring many on-off duty cycles.
Bullying and its consequences: In search of solutions

On October 26th, 2012, there was yet another story reported by the New York Times of bullying and again with dire consequences. This time it was a 15-year-old, Felicia Garcia who after being taunted at her school because “she had piercings and lived in foster care” decided to throw herself in front of an oncoming train (Yee, 2012, p. A27). We were still reeling from another incident not long before of Rutgers student, Tyler Clementi who had been secretly videotaped having a gay sexual relation by his roommate Dharun Ravi. Ravi streamed the encounter over the Internet, and soon after Clementi became aware that his private encounter became public, he ended his life by jumping off the George Washington Bridge. Bullying in all its forms is certainly creating havoc in many parts of our society as seen in these examples. It is alarming to hear the horrific stories of children and adolescents being bullied, abused, defamed, persecuted with innuendoes, gossips, and all kinds of false stories intended to cause harm to the reputations of those being targeted. The movie “The Social Network” provides us with a very poignant example of how far personal attacks posted in Facebook and Twitter may go in inflicting harm. This type of personal attack became quite familiar to a former Green Bay Packer Cheerleader, Kaitlyn Collins, who was taunted by Chicago Bears fans on Facebook. Derogatory comments such as, ‘doesn’t get any uglier, truly an eyesore’ and some much more vulgar comments were posted under her picture. She responded by fighting back, demanding the page to be taken down, and becoming a spokes-woman against cyberbullying. This type of bullying is only one of the most recent forms occurring among adolescents and young adults, adding to the more traditional forms we are already familiar with, such as child abuse, abuse perpetuated among siblings, domestic abuse, abuse against women, abuse against immigrants, the bullying inherent in racism and discrimination, and so on. Unfortunately, in other more drastic incidents such as the case of the Columbine and Virginia Tech shootings, media reports widely acknowledged that the shooters had a history of being bullied. While we know that it is a combination of factors that will ultimately contribute to incidents of school shootings, it may be especially journal of social distress and the homeless, Vol. 22 No. 1, May, 2013, 1–6
A technique for studying crack growth under repeated rolling contact

Abstract A general technique for installing crack-like defects (with an initial length as small as about 0.3 mm) is described. Results of preliminary measurements of the cyclic crack growth of these defects are presented.
The persistent effect of race and the promise of alternatives to suspension in school discipline outcomes

Abstract Demographic and student discipline data were used to examine the influence of multi-level risk and protective factors on exclusionary school discipline outcomes. Participants included all youth (n = 87,997) in grades K to 12 who were enrolled in Denver Public Schools (n = 183) in 2011–2012. The dataset included measures of risk and protective factors for exclusionary school discipline outcomes such as race, family poverty, special education status, emotional disability, participation in gifted and talented programs, homelessness, office referral reasons over the course of one school year, participation in in-school suspension, a behavior contract, or restorative approaches, and school composition. Multilevel logistic regression modeling was used to estimate students' likelihood of receiving one or more office disciplinary referrals, suspensions, expulsions, and/or law enforcement referrals. Findings indicate that student racial background and school racial composition are enduring risks across key decision points of the school discipline process. Conversely, participation in restorative interventions and in-school suspensions protects students from out-of-school suspensions. This study suggests that ongoing attention to issues of racial inequity in school discipline outcomes is warranted, and that restorative practices have potential as an inclusive strategy to improve school discipline outcomes without excluding students from the classroom.
Research core hole completed at Long Valley

On June 17, 1986, a continuously cored hole was completed in Long Valley Caldera, approximately 2 km northeast of the town of Mammoth Lakes, Calif. The primary purpose of the hole is to provide access for periodic measurement of the thermal gradient, pressure, and chemistry of water in the thermal aquifer of the caldera's southwestern moat. The hole also investigates the geothermal energy potential in the vicinity of Mammoth Lakes. Core and fluid samples will be available for study by interested scientists.
Free/Libre Open Source Software development in developing and developed countries: A conceptual framework with an exploratory study

We propose a conceptual framework to understand drivers of motivation for developers in Free/Libre Open Source Software (FL/OSS) development across geographic boundaries. We identify generic motivations (such as sharing and learning, financial and career concerns, and satisfying functional needs), and project-level preferences (such as preferences for large teams, modular and universal projects), as well as the links between the two types of preferences of FL/OSS developers in three regions - North America, China, and India. Our findings from an exploratory study indicate the presence of intrinsic motives in all three regions, with North American developers exhibiting stronger intrinsic motives such as sharing and learning. Project-level preferences differ considerably across the three samples. Finally, we observe that generic motivational factors are related to project-level preferences, although differently in the three regions. For instance, Chinese developers, who are driven by intrinsic motives, are drawn toward projects that are larger in scale, more modular, and universal in nature. In contrast, Indian developers with similar project preferences are mostly motivated by extrinsic motivations.
Race as a factor in university admissions

In two recent cases, Grutter v. Bollinger, 539 U.S. 306. (2003) and Gratz v. Bollinger, 539 U.S. 244. (2003), the Supreme Court held that the Equal Protection Clause permitted state schools to use race-sensitive admissions in order to obtain the educational benefits that flow from a diverse student body. The diversity-based argument for race-sensitive admissions, scholarships, awards, and other opportunities at universities should have been rejected because it does not consider the full range of costs and benefits and because the more narrow educational effects probably weigh against such programs. However, this does not suggest that applicants’ race, ethnicity, and gender should be ignored. Rather the same consideration that led to the defeat of the diversity argument, i.e., reasoning capacity, supports the consideration of demographic factors. However, attention to such factors further undermines the consequentialist case for affirmative action.
Total objects of domains

Abstract The main result of this paper is a characterization of the space induced by Scott topology on the set of total objects of a bounded-complete cpo. This characterization is simple with bounded-complete algebraic cpo's where a family of clopen sets plays an essential role in the characterization. In the more general case of continuity, one can only produce distinct families of open sets and closed sets to axiomatize the essential properties of a total space. Besides the main characterization, we also discuss its relation to continuous spaces, studied in our earlier paper, and the relation between compact T spaces and total spaces under the lower topology.
The Value‐relevance of Geographic Segment Earnings Disclosures Under SFAS 14

This study examines whether geographic segment earnings as reported under the requirements of SFAS 14 provide value-relevant information. The FASB recently issued SFAS 131, which drastically changes the segment reporting requirements for US firms. Firms are required to disclose segment information by operating segment. For those firms that define operating segments along industry lines, disclosure of geographic segment earnings is no longer required. If geographic segment earnings provide value-relevant information, a potentially valuable source of information may be lost. In this study, geographic segment earnings coefficients are estimated by (1) regressing unexpected security returns on unexpected geographic segment earnings and (2) regressing leading-period returns on current geographic segment earnings. Leading period returns involve extending the return interval to include the returns for prior years. The results show that unexpected geographic segment earnings relate differentially to unexpected security returns. For the leading-period returns model, little significant evidence is found for the market's differential valuation of geographic segment earnings coefficients for one- and two-year return intervals. When the return intervals extend to three years or more, significant evidence is found that the market values geographic segment earnings differently, which suggests that such disclosures reflect information used by market participants in setting security prices. The FASB may want to reconsider or amend its segment reporting requirements.
Detection of radiocarbon in the cyclotrino

Abstract A small low-energy cyclotron (the “cyclotrino”), which was proposed for direct detection of radiocarbon in 1981, has now detected radiocarbon at natural abundance. This device combines the suppression of background through the use of negative ions with the high intrinsic mass resolution of a cyclotron. A high-current cesium-sputter negative-ion source generates a beam of carbon ions which is preseparated with a Wien filter and is transported to the cyclotron via a series of electrostatic lenses. The beam is injected radially into the cyclotron using electrostatic deflectors and an electrostatic mirror. Axial focusing is entirely electrostatic. A microchannel plate detector is used with a phase-gated output. Data is presented showing resolution of radiocarbon at natural abundance. In its present form the system is capable of improving the sensitivity of detecting 14C in some biomedical experiments by a factor of 104. Modifications are discussed which could bring about an additional factor of 100 in sensitivity, which is important for archaeological and geological applications. Possibilities for measurements of other isotopes are discussed.
Thermospheric storm effects

Abstract A brief review is given of our current understanding of the atmospheric perturbations in the thermosphere and exosphere that are related to geomagnetic disturbances and of current efforts to represent these in empirical models of the upper atmosphere. A particular model, based on ESRO4 mass spectrometer observations of neutral composition and density, is presented in detail. This model gives the effects on the principal constituents of the upper atmosphere as a function of the geomagnetic coordinates and the K p geomagnetic index. It is a modification of an earlier model, the most important difference being the inclusion of the variation with magnetic local time.
Acute hypoglycemia causes depressive-like behaviors in mice

Reports in humans advocate a link between hypoglycemia and altered mood. Such observations, however, have not been mechanistically explored. Here we examined depressive-like behaviors in mice resulting from acute hypoglycemia. Mice were fasted for 12 hours and then administered intraperitoneal insulin to induce a blood glucose nadir of 50 mg/dL at 0.75 hour after injection that by 2 hours postinjection had returned to normal. The behaviors of locomotion, forced swim, saccharin preference, and novel object recognition were subsequently examined. Mice made hypoglycemic showed depressive-like behaviors 24 hours after resolution of hypoglycemia as evidenced by increased immobility in the forced swim test (FST) and reduced saccharin preference. Movement and memory were not impacted by hypoglycemia 24 hours after its resolution. By 48 hours posthypoglycemia, depressive-like behaviors resolved. In contrast, neither peripheral insulin administration without resultant hypoglycemia nor intracerebroventricular insulin administration altered performance in the FST. The antidepressants fluoxetine and desipramine prevented hypoglycemia-induced immobility in the FST, as did the antiadrenergic agents phentolamine, metoprolol, and butoxamine. Epinephrine and norepinephrine administration caused increased immobility in the FST at 24 hours postadministration that subsequently resolved by 48 hours. These data indicate that, in mice, acute hypoglycemia through adrenergic pathways caused depressive-like behaviors that exist well beyond the resolution of hypoglycemia.
Can Emergency Medicine Physicians Accurately Identify IV t-PA Eligible Acute Stroke Patients?

We are all aware that intravenous t-PA for acute ischemic stroke is underutilized in the United States. Usage varies by site, with some sites reaching nearly 20% of all stroke (Houston Texas) yet the national average is somewhere around 2%. This variance is likely related to the motivation of individual hospitals to create stroke teams motivated to rapidly assess patient eligibility and deliver care. The recent credentialing of primary stroke centers by the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations has created a high bar for such centers with the premise that all eligible patients for IV t-PA be considered for treatment. Most of these centers are directed by neurologists, but there is no requirement that the director be a neurologist; it simply needs to be a physician who understands the disease and can administer their local program. Since an emergency medicine physician is usually the first doctor to evaluate an acute stroke patient, it is logical that interested emergency medicine physicians would be ideal in this role. This is especially true in institutions where neurologists are absent. However, there are a few reasons why emergency medicine physicians are not leading this charge at most institutions. These include lack of expertise, fear of liability, and a belief that IV t-PA is ineffective or not standard of care. Mecozzi et al. [1] in this issue of Neurocritical Care address this first issue. This University of Michigan Emergency Departmentbased study evaluated a convenience sample of 73 patients who presented to the ED with possible stroke symptoms. Four physician groups evaluated the patient prospectively: an ED resident, an ED attending, a neurology resident, and a stroke neurologist. Each of these physicians were asked to evaluate the patient for eligibility for t-PA and their decisions were compared to the stroke neurologist as the gold standard. If one compares the ED attending to the stroke neurologist, there was agreement in 55/59 cases (93%). There were two false positives and two false negatives. The two false positives (i.e., cases where the ED attending said the patient was eligible when the gold standard said they were not) were a patient with resolved symptoms and a patient with recent stroke considered a contraindication. For the two false negatives (cases that were judged to be eligible for t-PA by the stroke neurologist but not by the ED attending), one was disagreement about the patient’s pregnancy status and the other was not clear. False positives are a safety concern while false negatives are a liability concern. Arguably only one false positive (1.6%) could have been harmed by IV t-PA administration; it is unclear how variable any two stroke neurologists would be faced with this particular patient. In regards to liability, only 2/59 (3.3%) of patients would not have received IV t-PA. Given that many patients go untreated because they lack access to physicians willing to give IV tPA, this small false negative rate is acceptable.
Organization of the human mitochondrial transcription initiation complex

Initiation of transcription in human mitochondria involves two factors, TFAM and TFB2M, in addition to the mitochondrial RNA polymerase, POLRMT. We have investigated the organization of the human mitochondrial transcription initiation complex on the light-strand promoter (LSP) through solution X-ray scattering, electron microscopy (EM) and biochemical studies. Our EM results demonstrate a compact organization of the initiation complex, suggesting that protein–protein interactions might help mediate initiation. We demonstrate that, in the absence of DNA, only POLRMT and TFAM form a stable interaction, albeit one with low affinity. This is consistent with the expected transient nature of the interactions necessary for initiation and implies that the promoter DNA acts as a scaffold that enables formation of the full initiation complex. Docking of known crystal structures into our EM maps results in a model for transcriptional initiation that strongly correlates with new and existing biochemical observations. Our results reveal the organization of TFAM, POLRMT and TFB2M around the LSP and represent the first structural characterization of the entire mitochondrial transcriptional initiation complex.
Spectroscopy of perylene van der waals complexes: the effect of blocking one site with benzene

Abstract The fluorescence excitation spectra obtained on further complexation of perylene-benzene by other species in quaternary supersonic expansions have been used to confirm a number of important structural assignments in molecular complexes. The interpretation of spectra of species such as perylene-Ar n is complicated by the fact that there are two equivalent adsorption sites above and below the aromatic ring plane. It is shown here that benzene effectively blocks perylene to close approach by species such as Ar, N 2 cyclopropane. Thus, red-shifted sequences of resonances may be generated from which two-sided complexation has effectively been eliminated. The resulting simplified spectra have been used to confirm previous structural assignments.
The liberal arts physician

The United States is in the midst of the second revolution in American health care to occur during this century, as Kenneth Ludmerer makes clear in his book Time to Heal: American Medical Education from the Turn of the Century to the Era of Managed Care. The "Flexnerian revolution" eventually led to the closing of a third of the medical schools. Although such closures are not likely this time, familiar arrangements are collapsing, without a clear picture of the shape of things to come. Whatever the outcome of the current revolution, well-trained physicians will be needed to care for the sick. Academic medical centers truly are at risk and increasingly require public support to flourish or even to survive, but medical schools and their teaching hospitals must demonstrate that they deserve this support. These institutions have responded by focusing on the business aspects of medicine, perhaps to the detriment of medical education. Lost in this focus is teaching time, and perhaps even more important, the time for mentoring. Often lacking too is a clear vision of the preparation needed by the student to practice medicine successfully in the future: different specialty mixes, interdisciplinary group practice; vastly increased use of information technologies, and overwhelming amounts of relevant and interrelated information. Yet the answer is the same as it was 75 years ago when Yale introduced the first radical medical curricular reform--the "liberal arts physician," trained in science, the values of medicine, and particularly for uncertainly and with the capacity to adapt.
Surface properties of Ni(OH)2 and NiO. I. Water adsorption and heat of immersion of Ni(OH)2

Abstract Nickelous hydroxide samples were prepared from a nickelous nitrate solution with distilled ammonia gas. Particle sizes by X-ray diffraction and electron microscopy ranged from 40 to 400 nm. Water adsorption isotherms, measured gravimetrically, indicated that hydrophilicity depends upon sample preparation. The isosteric heats of adsorption calculated for one sample from multi-temperature isotherms at 25 and 39°C showed high heats of adsorption, 69 kJ/mole, at coverages below 4 molecule/nm2. The heat of immersion of the same sample of Ni(OH)2, measured by means of an adiabatic calorimeter as a function of water precoverage, showed that the heat decreased linearly from an initial zero water coverage value of 320 to 190 mJ/m2 at a coverage of 2.9 molecule/nm2. It is concluded that the surface of Ni(OH)2 is predominately hydrophobic with a limited concentration of polar sites on the crystal edges available for hydrogen bonding with polar adsorbates.
Acetylcholinesterase reactivity in the frontal cortex of human and monkey: contribution of AChE-rich pyramidal neurons.

Light and electron microscopic histochemistry were used to analyze the distribution of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in the frontal cortex of macaque monkey and human. In prefrontal, premotor, prelimbic, and medial paralimbic areas, AChE reactivity showed a characteristic bilaminar appearance due to a combination of positive neuronal and fiber labeling in deep layer III and layer V. In addition, layer I contained dense AChE-reactive fiber plexuses labeled throughout the frontal areas. One of the major issues addressed in this study was whether pyramidal neurons in the nonhuman primate cortex express AChE reactivity, as has been reported for humans. Three different histochemical methods were applied to provide confidence in the reliability of the results. Light microscopic analysis revealed strongly reactive, intensely stained pyramidal neurons in monkey as well as in the human. Further, these AChE-rich neurons exhibited the same pattern of laminar and regional variation in both species. In the prefrontal and premotor areas, AChE-rich pyramidal neurons predominated in layer III. In the motor cortex, they were also concentrated in layer III, but numerous AChE-rich pyramids were observed in layer V. In contrast, medial paralimbic areas had more AChE-rich neurons in layer V than in layer III. Finally, at the electron microscopic level, the subcellular distribution of AChE histochemical product in pyramidal neurons was identical in both monkey and human. The only difference noted between the two species was that the density of AChE-rich pyramidal neurons was greater in humans than in monkeys. Since nonhuman primates possess a system of AChE-reactive pyramidal neurons similar to human, they provide a potentially useful animal model for analyzing acetylcholinesterase neuronal systems in the cortex, which are compromised in various neuropathological diseases like Alzheimer's disease. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Granulocyte–Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor Rescues Human Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes from Ultraviolet Irradiation-Accelerated Apoptosis

Abstract Introduction. Bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) delay PMN apoptosis during in vitro culture. The present study was undertaken to determine if LPS and GM-CSF can rescue UV-irradiated PMN from undergoing apoptosis and to determine the role of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) in this process. Materials and methods. PMN were preincubated with LPS (20 ng/ml) and GM-CSF (100 units/ml) for 60 min before being UV-irradiated for 15 min. Additional PMN were UV-irradiated for 15 min and then treated with LPS and GM-CSF. To determine the role of ERK in protection or rescue of PMN from apoptosis, PMN were preincubated with PD098059 for 30 min. Morphologic features of apoptosis were determined 4 h after UV irradiation. DNA laddering was confirmed by agarose gel electrophoresis. Results. LPS and GM-CSF pretreatment significantly protected PMN from UV-accelerated apoptosis, although GM-CSF was more effective than LPS. Only GM-CSF rescued PMN that had already been exposed to UV irradiation from undergoing apoptosis. Time response experiments demonstrated that GM-CSF rescued a significant percentage of PMN when added up to 90 min after UV irradiation. Inhibition of ERK with PD098059 abrogated the protective effect of LPS and GM-CSF and blocked rescue of PMN from apoptosis by GM-CSF. Conclusions. LPS and GM-CSF protect PMN, whereas only GM-CSF can rescue PMN from UV-accelerated apoptosis. The ERK-signaling pathway plays an important role in the protection and/or rescue of PMN from UV-accelerated apoptosis, but appears to be a proximal event in this process. This study provides further insight into factors that regulate PMN apoptosis and provides a novel approach for investigating signal transduction pathways involved in PMN apoptosis.