cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Modelling responses of pine savannas to climate change and large-scale disturbance

Global warming can potentially influence ecological communities through altered disturbance regimes in addition to increased temperatures. We investigate the response of pine savannas in the southeastern United States to global warming using a simple Lotka-Volterra competition model together with predicted changes to fire and hurricane disturbance regimes with global climate change. In the southeastern United States, decreased frequency of both fires and hurricanes with global warming will shift pine savannas toward a forested state. A CO 2 fertilization effect that increases the growth rate of tree populations will also push southeastern landscapes from open savannas towards closed forests. Transient dynamics associated with climate driven changes in vegetation will last on the order of decades to a century. In our model, the sensitivity of savannas to relative changes in the frequency of fire versus hurricanes is linearly dependent on the growth rate and mortality of trees in fire and hurricane disturbances.
Impacts of a university-elementary school partnership designed to support technology integration

Although administrators are scrambling to bring technology into their schools, the introduction of computers into individual classrooms has created challenges for both experienced and inexperienced teachers. Recognizing that teachers' use of technology is likely to increase when support is more readily available, a university-elementary school partnership was formed to provide ongoing professional, instructional, and technical support to teachers at one elementary school. Professional support was provided through monthly meetings and ongoing interactions initiated by teachers' changing technology needs. Instructional support was provided through two teacher inservice workshops that emphasized practical ideas for infusion. Technical support was provided, at least in part, by training 18 third- to fifth-grade students to serve as technology “experts” for the school. Survey and interview data from teachers, students, the principal, and the library media specialist were used to examine the impact of these efforts. Findings describe perceived increases in teachers' levels of instructional and professional uses, and in students' confidence, self-esteem, and computer skills. Although participants described changes in the school's overall approach to technology use, use of student-trainers was limited.
Follicular B Cells in Thyroids of Mice with Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Contribute to Disease Pathogenesis and Are Targets of Anti-CD20 Antibody Therapy

B cells are required for development of spontaneous autoimmune thyroiditis (SAT) in NOD.H-2h4 mice where they function as important APCs for activation of CD4+ T cells. Depletion of B cells using anti-CD20 effectively inhibits SAT development. The goals of this study were to characterize the B cells that migrate to thyroids in SAT, and to determine whether anti-CD20 effectively targets those B cells in mice with established SAT. The results showed that most thyroid-infiltrating B cells in mice with SAT are follicular (FO) B cells. Expression of CD80, CD86, and CD40 was significantly increased on FO, but not marginal zone, splenic B cells after SAT development. Thyroid-infiltrating and peripheral blood B cells had lower expresion of CD20 and CD24 compared with splenic and lymph node FO B cells. Despite reduced CD20 expression, anti-CD20 depleted most B cells in thyroids of mice with established SAT within 3 d. B cell depletion in thyroids of mice given anti-CD20 was more complete and longer lasting than in spleen and lymph nodes and was comparable to that in blood. Circulation of B cells was required for effective and rapid removal of B cells in thyroids because preventing lymphocyte egress by administration of FTY720 abrogated the effects of anti-CD20 on thyroid B cells. Therefore, the FO subset of B cells preferentially contributes to SAT development and persistence, and anti-CD20 targeting of FO B cells effectively eliminates B cells in the target organ even though thyroid B cells have decreased CD20 expression.
Substrate-bound factors stimulate engorgement of growth cone lamellipodia during neurite elongation.

The surfaces on which neurons grow greatly affect neurite elongation, but it is unclear how substrates influence the events within the growth cone that bring about elongation. Neurite elongation by Aplysia californica neurons in culture occurs through a series of transformations of the structures of the growth cone (Goldberg and Burmeister, J. Cell Biol., 103:1921-1931, 1986). The growth cone produces actin-rich protrusions, veils, and lamellipodia, which can then mature into the central body of the growth cone through the net advance of microtubules and membranous organelles from contiguous central regions, a process called “engorgement.” Aplysia neurons form growth cones on poly-l-lysinetreated substrates, but their rate of neurite elongation is greatly enhanced on substrates additionally exposed to Aplysia hemolymph. The acute application of hemolymph to slowly growing neurites brings about a rapid acceleration of neurite elongation and engorgement. The enhancement of engorgement was effected with material eluted from hemolymph-treated substrates and was not seen when hemolymph was added to neurons cultured on hemolymph-treated substrates inactivated by exposure to UV radiation. Thus, we conclude that the rapid acceleration of engorgement caused by hemolmph is, in large part, a substrate-mediated effect. We propose that extracellular substrate molecules can modulate the rate of neurite growth through the regulation of the engorgement of lamellipodia. The microtubule disrupters colcemid and nocadazole inhibit the advance of vesicular elements into the lamellipodia following hemolymph treatment, but taxol, which promotes the polymerization and stabilization of microtubules, does not itself enhance engorgement. The microfilament disrupter cytochalasin B, however, stimulates engorgement. Our results suggest that regulating the resistance of the peripheral actin meshwork to penetration by microtubules and vesicles may be a mechanism by which substrate-attached molecules regulate neurite advance.
Parallel Paths to Enforcement: Private Compliance, Public Regulation, and Labor Standards in the Brazilian Sugar Sector

In recent years, global corporations and national governments have been enacting a growing number of codes of conduct and labor laws to combat dangerous or degrading work conditions in global supply chains. On the receiving end of this activity, local producers must contend with multiple regulations and verification systems, but it is not clear how these systems interact and the results they produce. This paper examines the public and private enforcement of labor standards in the sugarcane, sugar and ethanol sector in Brazil. It finds that private and public agents refuse to communicate with each other, but they act in ways that reinforce each other’s actions. On one side, labor inspectors and prosecutors use their broad legal powers to outlaw some forms of outsourcing. On the other side, private auditors use their extensive access to targeted businesses and the trust they command as insiders to help them engage in a process of workplace transformation that makes it easier for firms to comply. Although these public and private agents refused to cooperate with one another, their parallel enforcement actions blocked the low road and steered targeted firms to a higher road that made compliance with labor standards not only viable, but sometimes even desirable.
The Total Structure and Organization of Chromosomal Fibers in Eutherian Sperm Nuclei

The structural basis of the large anomalous circular dichroism spectrum observed for highly native chromosomal fibers released from the heads of equine sperm has been investigated through physico-chemical and theoretical means. Linear dichroism measurements on the chromosomal fibers indicate an orientation of the DNA hdix axis perpendicular to the fiber length. The fibers respond as cholesteric liquid crystals to reflectance spectroscopy with a characteristic wavelength of maximum reflectivity (310 nm). The circular dichroism spectrum calculated for a liquid crystal model of the ordering of DNA molecules is in excellent agreement with the spectrum observed for the chromosomal fibers. Dissolution of the fibers gives the same circular dichroism as that of the chromatin of eukaryote somatic cells. Collectively these facts allow formulation of a model for the total structure of equine sperm chromosomal fibers. DNA molecules maintained in the B-form secondary structure are compacted by coiling into a superhelical tertiary structure. These ordered molecules are aligned parallel to each other in planes, each plane slightly rotated as they stack upon each other, forming a quaternary cholesteric liquid crystal arrangement with a right-hand screw direction and a pitch of 1760 A. A scheme for the cellular process of the structuring of eutherian sperm nuclei is discussed.
Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine Blade Aerodynamics in Experiments and Modeling

Turbine aerodynamics remains a challenging and crucial research area for wind energy. Blade aerodynamic forces responsible for power production must be augmented to maximize energy capture. At the same time, adverse aerodynamic loads that fatigue turbine components need to be mitigated to extend machine service life. Successful resolution of these conflicting demands and continued cost of energy reduction require accurate blade aerodynamic models. This, in turn, depends on clear physical understanding and reliable numerical modeling of rotational augmentation and dynamic stall, the two phenomena principally responsible for amplified turbine blade aerodynamic loads. The current work examines full-scale turbine blade aerodynamic measurements and current modeling methodologies to better understand the physical and numerical attributes that determine model performance
Enhanced GBX2 Expression Stimulates Growth of Human Prostate Cancer Cells via Transcriptional Up-Regulation of the Interleukin 6 Gene

Previous studies demonstrated that the GBX2 homeobox gene is consistently overexpressed in cultured human prostate cancer cell lines. In this study, the human GBX2 cDNA was cloned and a quantitative reverse transcription-PCR method used to demonstrate that GBX2 mRNA expression is enhanced in approximately 70% of human prostate cancer tissues compared with normal human prostate tissues. Purified recombinant GBX2 protein binds specifically to an ATTA motif within the promoter of the interleukin 6 (IL-6) gene. Using an antisense approach, down-regulation of the expression of GBX2 correlated with decreased expression of IL-6 and an inhibition of tumorigenicity of PC3 human prostate cancer cells. In addition, in vitro growth of the antisense clones was partially restored by exogenous addition of recombinant IL-6 protein to the culture media. These data demonstrated that enhanced GBX2 expression results in a stimulation of malignant growth of prostate cancer cells and that part of this stimulation involves up-regulation in the transcription of the IL-6 gene.
A local neural implementation of histogram equalization

Histogram equalization is a technique for optimizing the utilization of quantization levels-typically in connection with the processing of visual images. A generalized version of histogram equalization as a model for contextual processing in neural networks is advanced. The concept of histogram equalization as applied to image grey scales is reviewed. This idea is extended to more general types of quantization, including domains in which the statistics are gathered temporally as well as spatially. An artificial neural circuit which implements generalized histogram equalization is presented and analyzed. By noting that the feedback paths in this implementation are local, the elements of the author's formal circuit are related to components of a biological neural model. It is concluded that histogram equalization is a useful model for short-term adaptation, that it is easily implemented in artificial neural circuitry, and that it is biologically plausible as well. >
Antecedents and Behavior-Problem Outcomes of Parental Monitoring and Psychological Control in Early Adolescence

The early childhood antecedents and behavior-problem correlates of monitoring and psychological control were examined in this prospective, longitudinal, multi-informant study. Parenting data were collected during home visit interviews with 440 mothers and their 13-year-old children. Behavior problems (anxiety/depression and delinquent behavior) were assessed via mother, teacher, and/or adolescent reports at ages 8 through 10 years and again at ages 13 through 14. Home-interview data collected at age 5 years were used to measure antecedent parenting (harsh/reactive, positive/proactive), family background (e.g., socioeconomic status), and mother-rated child behavior problems. Consistent with expectation, monitoring was anteceded by a proactive parenting style and by advantageous family-ecological characteristics, and psychological control was anteceded by harsh parenting and by mothers' earlier reports of child externalizing problems. Consistent with prior research, monitoring was associated with fewer delinquent behavior problems. Links between psychological control and adjustment were more complex: High levels of psychological control were associated with more delinquent problems for girls and for teens who were low in preadolescent delinquent problems, and with more anxiety/depression for girls and for teens who were high in preadolescent anxiety/depression.
Field test comparison of an autocorrelation technique for determining grain size using a digital 'beachball' camera versus traditional methods

Abstract This extensive field test of an autocorrelation technique for determining grain size from digital images was conducted using a digital bed-sediment camera, or ‘beachball’ camera. Using 205 sediment samples and >1200 images from a variety of beaches on the west coast of the US, grain size ranging from sand to granules was measured from field samples using both the autocorrelation technique developed by Rubin [Rubin, D.M., 2004. A simple autocorrelation algorithm for determining grain size from digital images of sediment. Journal of Sedimentary Research, 74(1): 160–165.] and traditional methods (i.e. settling tube analysis, sieving, and point counts). To test the accuracy of the digital-image grain size algorithm, we compared results with manual point counts of an extensive image data set in the Santa Barbara littoral cell. Grain sizes calculated using the autocorrelation algorithm were highly correlated with the point counts of the same images ( r 2 = 0.93; n = 79) and had an error of only 1%. Comparisons of calculated grain sizes and grain sizes measured from grab samples demonstrated that the autocorrelation technique works well on high-energy dissipative beaches with well-sorted sediment such as in the Pacific Northwest ( r 2 ≥ 0.92; n = 115). On less dissipative, more poorly sorted beaches such as Ocean Beach in San Francisco, results were not as good ( r 2 ≥ 0.70; n = 67; within 3% accuracy). Because the algorithm works well compared with point counts of the same image, the poorer correlation with grab samples must be a result of actual spatial and vertical variability of sediment in the field; closer agreement between grain size in the images and grain size of grab samples can be achieved by increasing the sampling volume of the images (taking more images, distributed over a volume comparable to that of a grab sample). In all field tests the autocorrelation method was able to predict the mean and median grain size with ∼96% accuracy, which is more than adequate for the majority of sedimentological applications, especially considering that the autocorrelation technique is estimated to be at least 100 times faster than traditional methods.
Electron bombardment of Europa

Energetic electrons trapped in Jupiter's magnetic field are a principal source of energy for driving chemistry on the surface of Europa. Here we show that energetic (10 keV-10 MeV) electrons precipitate primarily on the trailing hemisphere, and we give the spatial distribution of the dose-rate deposited in Europa's surface. Based on this we propose that energetic electrons are a primary agent in determining the hemispherical differences in Europa's albedo, which have been attributed to differences in the incident ion flux. We compare the spatial distribution in the dose-rate deposited by the energetic electrons to the spatial distribution in the hydrate (likely frozen, hydrated sulfuric acid) determined by Galileo's near-infrared mapping spectrometer. This comparison supports the idea that radiolysis by the energetic electrons contributes significantly to producing the hydrate.
An information-based approach to Ill-posed problems

Abstract A problem is said to be ill-posed if the solution of the problem does not depend continuously on the input data. In this survey paper, we consider two different information-based settings for the optimal computation of approximate solution of ill-posed linear problems, namely the worst case and average case settings. These settings are studied for two different error criteria, namely, the absolute error and the residual error criteria. The main result for the absolute-error criterion is that algorithms having finite error exist for a given setting if and only if the solution operator is bounded in that setting. In the worst case setting with an absolute error criterion, this means that there is no algorithm for solving ill-posed problems having finite error. In the average case setting with an absolute error criterion, this means that algorithms having finite error exist if and only if the solution operator is “bounded on the average.” Furthermore, when this holds, we exhibit optimal information of cardinality n, finding that the nth minimal average error goes to zero as n → ∞. The main result for the residual error criterion is that the problem may be formally reduced to the approximation problem. Hence, finite-error algorithms always exist. We exhibit optimal information of cardinality n. In the worst case setting, we give a necessary and sufficient condition for the nth minimal error to go to zero as n → ∞; in the average case setting, this always occurs. We use these results to determine the e-complexity of ill-posed problems. The e-complexity is infinite for any e > 0 in the worst case setting with the absolute criterion. However, in the average case setting with either error criterion and the worst case setting with the residual error criterion, we determine necessary and sufficient conditions for the e-complexity to be finite for all e > 0; moreover, we find algorithms yielding e-approximations with almost-minimal cost.
Development of a spaceborne embedded cluster

Over the last decade and continuing into the foreseeable future, a trend has developed in the spacecraft industry of both number of missions and the amount of data taken by each mission increasing faster than bandwidth capabilities to send these data to Earth. The result of this trend is a bottleneck between data gathering (on-board) and data analysis (on the ground). This bottleneck can be overcome by performing data analysis on-board and only transferring the results of this analysis to the ground, rather than the raw data. One attempt to do this is being made by the NASA HPCC Remote Exploration and Experimentation (REE) Project, which is developing spaceborne embedded clusters. Spaceborne embedded clusters share many characteristics of traditional, ground-based clusters such as POSIX-compliant operating systems and message-passing applications, but also have significant differences, including packaging and the need for fault-tolerance and real-time scheduling in software. This paper discusses these similarities and differences, and how they impact application development.
The structure and peroxidase activity of a 33‐kDa catalase‐related protein from Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis

True catalases are tyrosine-liganded, usually tetrameric, hemoproteins with subunit sizes of ∼55–84 kDa. Recently characterized hemoproteins with a catalase-related structure, yet lacking in catalatic activity, include the 40–43 kDa allene oxide synthases of marine invertebrates and cyanobacteria. Herein, we describe the 1.8 A X-ray crystal structure of a 33 kDa subunit hemoprotein from Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (annotated as MAP-2744c), that retains the core elements of the catalase fold and exhibits an organic peroxide-dependent peroxidase activity. MAP-2744c exhibits negligible catalatic activity, weak peroxidatic activity using hydrogen peroxide (20/s) and strong peroxidase activity (∼300/s) using organic hydroperoxides as co-substrate. Key amino acid differences significantly impact prosthetic group conformation and placement and confer a distinct activity to this prototypical member of a group of conserved bacterial “minicatalases”. Its structural features and the result of the enzyme assays support a role for MAP-2744c and its close homologues in mitigating challenge by a variety of reactive oxygen species.
Ocp Effects in Optimality Theory

The Obligatory Contour Principle (OCP) forbids representations in which identical elements are adjacent. A sequence of two high tones, for example, is avoided in a variety of ways: one of the tones is deleted or retracted away from the other, or the two are fused into a single high tone. Processes that would create such a sequence are blocked. The problem is how to derive all these different ways of avoiding this configuration from a single principle. It is argued here that Optimality Theory (OT) provides the means to derive the full range of dissimilatory effects from the OCP, through the ranking of the OCP with Faithfulness constraints. Examples of tonal dissimilation in three Bantu languages are examined: Shona, Rimi, and Kishambaa. The analysis supports the OT interpretation of constraints as violable and ranked.
CAN SPATIAL TRAINING ERASE THE GENDER DIFFERENCES ON THE WATER‐LEVEL TASK?

Spatial training has been only modestly effective at improving the performance of adolescents and adults on the water-level task. Based on previous findings with the task, a self-discovery training procedure was developed that involved having participants proceed from easier to more difficult problems along a dimension of increasingly greater competing perceptual cues. The training was effective in (a) eliminating the gender differences on the drawing task, and (b) significantly improving females' knowledge of the physical (invariance) principle, although not to the level of males. Training effects did not transfer to a related spatial task.
The northward motion of India since the Late Cretaceous

Summary. Palaeomagnetic data are presented from the sediments and basalts at DSDP sites 213, 214, 215, 216, and 217 on or near the Ninetyeast Ridge in the eastern Indian Ocean. The palaeolatitudes confirm that the ridge is attached to the Indian plate and that both have moved rapidly northwards since the Late Cretaceous. The Indian plate moved northwards with respect to the South Pole at an average rate of 14.9±4.5 cm/yr from 70 Myr ago until about 40 Myr ago when it slowed to its present rate of 5.2±0.8 cm/yr. Basement palaeolatitudes on the Ninetyeast Ridge indicate that its volcanic source was approximately fixed in latitude near 50° S, supporting the concept that the ridge is the trace of the Kerguelen hotspot on the northward moving Indian plate. The existence of a‘mirror ridge’on the Antarctic plate and the very shallow depths of basement formation on the ridge suggest that the Indian/Antarctic spreading centre must have remained near the hotspot from 80 to 40 Myr in spite of one-limb spreading rates of up to 12 cm/yr. This is unexpected in view of the apparently small amount of motion of the Antarctic plate during this time. It is suggested that Antarctica was held nearly fixed by the geometry of other plate motions, and therefore the Kerguelen hotspot caused asymmetric accretion of new plate material at the southwestern end of the Ninetyeast Ridge. Evidence of such asymmetry has been reported in the form of an 11° southerly migration or jump of that spreading centre. The Ninetyeast Ridge palaeolatitudes are consistent with the Deccan Traps palaeomagnetic poles. However, a comparison of the Australian palaeomagnetic poles and these data shows a major inconsistency between 50 and 40 Myr. Although the reason for this inconsistency is not known, the error may be in the age of the Harrington volcano pole for Australia. The two data sets compare favourably in both rate and palaeolatitude back to 40 Myr. Prior to 50 Myr they compare favourably in rate but the DSDP data imply that India was 13° farther south than the Australian poles indicate.
Algorithms for the transient simulation of lossy interconnect

In this paper, a new linear-time technique is described for the simulation of lossy lines with frequency-independent R, L, C and G. Exact analytic forms are shown to exist for the frequency-independent lossy line, with application in both the new technique and the conventional convolution method. Numerical convolution formulae that exploit the analytic forms are presented. Experimental results for industrial circuits indicate that the new technique can be 10 and 50 times faster than the convolution and lumped-RLC methods, respectively, for long simulations. >
A NEW QRS DETECTION AND ECG SIGNAL EXTRACTION TECHNIQUE FOR FETAL MONITORING

The electrocardiogram (ECG) signal, a graphical recording of the electrical potentials generated in association with heart activity, is one of many important physiological signals commonly used in clinical practice. As in adults, the well-being and status of a fetus can be assessed from a fetal ECG signal. Detecting and analyzing the fetal ECG are the primary objectives of electronic fetal monitoring. DSP based techniques have played a significant role in obtaining and processing the fetal ECG signal. There are two primary assumptions: 1) the ECG signals of interest, i.e., the maternal ECG and the fetal ECG signals, are quasi-periodic; and 2) the abdominal ECG signal is a linear combination of the maternal ECG, the fetal ECG signals, and any interference signal. Two new algorithms for ECG signal processing are introduced. A QRS detection algorithm that forms the basis for the ensuing processing of the ECG signal is discussed first. The main components of the QRS detection are two moving average filters implementing a bandpass filter and a feature enhancement filter based on an energy ratio computation. An ECG signal separation algorithm depending on QRS detection is then developed. The principle idea of the ECG signal separation algorithm is to align every cycle of the separating ECG signal through resampling, and then to apply the Fourier transforms to extract the required components. A novel fetal ECG signal extraction approach exploiting both of these fundamental signal processing algorithms is proposed for extracting the fetal ECG signal from the composite abdominal ECG signal. The maternal ECG signal is extracted first and eliminated and then the fetal ECG signal is extracted. Experimental results demonstrate the excellent flexibility of the proposed QRS detection algorithm both in terms of detection ability and detection accuracy. The fetal ECG signal extraction approach also shows promising results with a high degree of similarity between the extracted maternal ECG and fetal ECG signals and the original maternal ECG and fetal ECG signals. The morphological characteristics are also well preserved in the extracted maternal ECG and fetal ECG signals.
The Influence of Partial Suppression of Heat Rejection on the Performance and Emissions of a Divided-Chamber Diesel Engine

Influence d'une reduction des pertes de chaleur sur les performances et les emissions polluantes d'un moteur diesel avec prechambre
Binding of carboxylic acids by fluorescent pyridyl ureas.

Fluorescent pyrid-2-yl ureas were prepared by treating halogenated 2-aminopyridines with hexyl isocyanate, followed by Sonogashira coupling with arylacetylenes. The sensors emit light of ∼360 nm with quantum yields of 0.05−0.1 in acetonitrile solution. Addition of strong organic acids (pKa < 13 in CH3CN) shifts the fluorescence band to lower energy, and clean isoemissive behavior is observed. Fluorescence response curves (i.e., F/F0 vs [acid]total) are hyperbolic in shape for CCl3COOH and CF3COOH, with association constants on the order of 103 M−1 for both acids. 1H NMR titrations and DFT analyses indicate that trihaloacetic acids bind in ionized form to the receptors. Pyridine protonation disrupts an intramolecular H-bond, thereby unfolding an array of ureido NH donors for recognition of the corresponding carboxylates. Methanesulfonic acid protonates the sensors, but no evidence for conjugate base binding at the urea moiety is found by NMR. An isosteric control compound that lacks an integrated pyridine ...
From fashion to the hereafter: Indonesia’s Republika, a modern Islamic newspaper

The case: Republika is Indonesia’s largest Islamic newspaper. Founded in 1993 with the blessing of President Suharto and the financial support of the Association of Indonesian Muslim Intellectuals ...
The Survey Analysis of Socioeconomic Condition of TB Patient in Six Counties of Jiangxi Province

OBJECTIVE To reveal the socioeconomic status of tuberculosis and provide the data for impoving tuberculosis control police to jiangxi iprovince.METHODS 41cases tuberculosis were researched with social economic questionnaire in epidemic survey by random sampling.RESULTS 97.56% of patients have health insurance;Annual per-capita net income of patients were lower than the same period of Jiangxi annual per capita net income of urban households in 2009.96.97% rural patients were lower than the same period of Jiangxi annual per capita net income of rural households in 2009.41.36% of patients received tuberculosis propaganda.CONCLUSION To reduce the medical burden of TB patient is still one of the focus in prevention and treatment of TB.The health education on tuberculosis would be popularized spreaded to the community.
Survey of anemia prevalence in 521 floating preschool infants in Shenzhen city

Objective To survey the prevalence of anemia in floating preschool children in Shenzehn.Methods Totally 521 floating preschool infants under age of 6 years in nurseries and kindergardens in Shenzhen were chosen as observation group and another 500 infants of the same age in the same nursearies and kndergardens were taken as control.The content of hemoglobin in both groups were determined and compared.Results Among the 521 infants infants anemia occurred to 89 of them with an anemia with an anemia incidence rate of 17.08%,and the incidence rate of anemia increased along wide with the increase of age.The anemia incidence rate was,the highest in the age group of 3-5 years(29.53%) without significant differ ence between genders.While the anemia incidence rate in the infants of control group was 6.2% showing significant statistical ly difference as compared to those of the observation group(χ2=32.23,P0.01).Conclusion The incidence rate of floating preschool infants was higher than that of non-floating infants.Thus effective intervention measures be formulated to take care of the floating preschool infants.and reduce the anemia incidence.
The Buzzing of the Drones

Hayes turns to the work of performing rhetorical cartography in this chapter, beginning a broad, sweeping examination of the US and Western authorized targeted killing program facilitated by drones. Mapping a history of the creation of the drone itself, as well as dominant discourses within US and Western publics about armed drone use in the terror wars, Hayes identifies a number of working conclusions about the rhetoricoviolence of the US drone program. These include an exploration of its governmentality at work in mapping binaries of “good” and “bad” Muslim subjects as well as a mapping of rhetoric from US drone pilots about the functions of the program. All of these interventions keep an eye toward the ways that the US drone program has facilitated the creation of new subject positions within the terror wars.
Growth of ErAs Nanoparticles by Pulsed Laser Ablation in an Inert Environment

The incorporation of ErAs nanoparticles into III–V semiconductor films has been shown to dramatically alter the properties of the resulting nanocomposite, while maintaining an epitaxial relationship throughout the film. Even though these composites have been extensively studied, little work has been done on the particles themselves, absent of the host matrix. In this paper, we demonstrate ErAs nanoparticle growth outside of a host matrix by laser ablation in an inert environment. Rietveld refinement was used to determine the compositions of ablation targets and resulting powders to better understand the requirements for the growth of binary nanoparticles from pressed powder targets and the limiting factors for particle growth. Powders with an ErAs concentration of 67.1% were obtained, and higher concentrations are expected to be achieved with higher purity targets.
Regeneration of Carboxylic Acid Extracts

ABSTRACT Extraction is attractive for recovery of carboxylic acids from aqueous solution. For low-volatility acids (e.g., succinic, lactic, fumaric, and many others) regeneration is challenging, since distillation of the extract is not an option. Four different approaches to regeneration have been explored experimentally, analyzed and contrasted. These are (1) back extraction following a temperature increase, (2) back extraction following a change in diluent composition, (3) back extraction into an aqueous solution of a volatile tertiary amine, with the resultant trialkylammonium salt being concentrated and decomposed thermally, and (4) crystallization of a low- or moderate-solubility acid (e.g., succinic, fumaric, adipic) following evaporation of co-extracted water and some diluent. Method #3 is effective for recovery of carboxylic acids from strongly basic extractants. Method #4 is particularly effective when used with certain appropriate solvents or diluents, e. g., ketones.
Phased Array Ultrasonic Examination of Reactor Coolant System (Carbon Steel-to-CASS) Dissimilar Metal Weld Mockup Specimen

In the summer of 2009, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) staff traveled to the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) NDE Center in Charlotte, North Carolina, to conduct phased-array ultrasonic testing on a large bore, reactor coolant pump nozzle-to-safe-end mockup. This mockup was fabricated by FlawTech, Inc. and the configuration originated from the Port St. Lucie nuclear power plant. These plants are Combustion Engineering-designed reactors. This mockup consists of a carbon steel elbow with stainless steel cladding joined to a cast austenitic stainless steel (CASS) safe-end with a dissimilar metal weld and is owned by Florida Power & Light. The objective of this study, and the data acquisition exercise held at the EPRI NDE Center, were focused on evaluating the capabilities of advanced, low-frequency phased-array ultrasonic testing (PA-UT) examination techniques for detection and characterization of implanted circumferential flaws and machined reflectors in a thick-section CASS dissimilar metal weld component. This work was limited to PA-UT assessments using 500 kHz and 800 kHz probes on circumferential flaws only, and evaluated detection and characterization of these flaws and machined reflectors from the CASS safe-end side only. All data were obtained using spatially encoded, manual scanning techniques. The effects of such factors as line-scanmore » versus raster-scan examination approaches were evaluated, and PA-UT detection and characterization performance as a function of inspection frequency/wavelength, were also assessed. A comparative assessment of the data is provided, using length-sizing root-mean-square-error and position/localization results (flaw start/stop information) as the key criteria for flaw characterization performance. In addition, flaw signal-to-noise ratio was identified as the key criteria for detection performance.« less
Healthy Dietary Patterns and Oxidative Stress as Measured by Fluorescent Oxidation Products in Nurses’ Health Study

Healthy diets may lower oxidative stress and risk of chronic diseases. However, no previous studies examined associations between diet and fluorescent oxidation products (FlOP), a global marker of oxidative stress. We evaluated associations between healthy eating patterns (Alternative Healthy Eating Index (AHEI), Dietary Approach to Stop Hypertension (DASH), and Alternate Mediterranean Diet (aMED)) and FlOP, measured at three excitation/emission wavelengths (FlOP_360, FlOP_320, FlOP_400) from 2021 blood samples collected from 1688 women within the Nurses’ Health Study. AHEI, DASH, and aMED scores were significantly positively associated with FlOP_360 and FlOP_320 concentrations (p-trend ≤ 0.04), but not associated with FlOP_400. Among specific food groups that contribute to these diet scores, significantly positive associations were observed with legumes and vegetables for FlOP_360, vegetables and fruits for FlOP_320, and legumes and alcohol for FlOP_400. Inverse associations were observed with nuts, sweets or desserts, and olive oil for FlOP_360, nuts for FlOP_320 and sweets or desserts for FlOP_400 (all p-trend ≤ 0.05). However, FlOP variation due to diet was small compared to overall FlOP variation. In conclusion, AHEI, DASH, and aMED scores were unexpectedly positively, but weakly, associated with FlOP_360 and FlOP_320. However, these findings should be interpreted cautiously as the determinants of FlOP concentrations are not fully understood.
Phase 1 Trial of Bone Marrow Sparing Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy With Concurrent Cisplatin and Gemcitabine in Stage IB-IVA Cervical Cancer

Author(s): Mell, LK; Saenz, CC; Yashar, CM; McHale, MT; Einck, JP; Wright, ME; Noticewala, SS; Xu, R; Plaxe, SC; Mundt, AJ
Optimizing seed mixture diversity and seeding rates for grassland restoration

Revegetation by seeding is an important tool in restoration. Seeding practices for restoration often rely on standard prescriptions for seed mix diversity and seeding rates. Seed mix diversity and rates are generally low within restoration projects and these practices are typically not informed by research. The objective of this study was to explore a new method for determining an optimal seed mix diversity and seeding rate for restoration of a semiarid grassland. We examined restoration success associated with differing seed mix diversity levels (5–50 species) and seeding rates (400–1,600 pure live seeds [PLS]/m2) using a response surface regression (RSR) experimental design at 12 disturbed sites in northeastern Colorado. Overall restoration success was evaluated based on optimizing desirability across nine individual responses: biomass and diversity of seeded, volunteer native, noxious, non-native species, and the density of seeded species. Greatest restoration success after four growing seasons occurred at a seed mix diversity of 35 species and a seeding rate of 1,366 PLS/m2. RSR experimental design and analysis has seldom been used to answer ecological questions. This novel approach to address a pressing restoration challenge provided unique insight into how seed mix diversity and seeding rate, singly or in combination, influence the first 4 years of plant community development and overall restoration success. These results suggest that including more native species and seeding at higher rates than current practice could lead to greater restoration success in grasslands.
Lessons Learned from Mississippi’s Telehealth Approach to Health Disparities

Many people see telemedicine as a solution to the nation's health disparities and in Mississippi as a solution to our last place in health. More than 13 years ago, the University of Mississippi Medical Center developed a successful TelEmergency program that saved rural Critical Access Hospitals and now provides telehealth services throughout the state. This occurred without acrimony because of partnerships that the University of Mississippi Medical Center developed with telecommunications companies, state government, health professions' licensure boards, and private donors. Today, the telemedicine market is exploding across the country with the entry of for-profit corporations into the medical market. These corporations often are more inclined to work with legislators rather than physicians, and some physician groups have attempted to limit their expansion. With the future of telemedicine now determined in part by the courts, rather than the providers, new pitfalls have arisen. The Mississippi experience may be helpful in navigating this new territory.
Scabies in AIDS.

Human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) will be the most common disease triggering crusted (Norwegian) scabies. Scabies should be suspected in any atypical itching (or non) rash in HIV/AIDS patients. Attempt to prove the diagnosis by doing a skin scraping, or if negative, a skin biopsy. Unusual forms of scabies in HIV/AIDS can be divided into crusted scabies and atypical (exaggerated) scabies. Therapy requires the sequential use of scabicides, usually over a longer period than is required to clear an ordinary case of scabies. Compliance is a concern, and the scabicides are best administered under supervision whenever possible. Isolating the index patient and treating the environment of patients with crusted or atypical scabies is much more significant than in ordinary scabies. The transmission in hospitals of ordinary scabies from an index patient with crusted scabies to other patients, health care workers, etc, is common. Protective measures and early diagnosis and therapy are essential.
Infant Feeding in the Twentieth Century: Shifting Media Messages and the Role of the “Expert”

This chapter continues the history of infant feeding throughout the twentieth century, addressing breastfeeding’s decline to an all-time low in the 1970s and then its revival. Foss provides background on this era, demonstrating how shifts in medicine and journalism, along with self-regulation within the formula industry, changed media’s constructions of infant feeding. Early 1900s mothering manuals and articles in Parents’ magazine (1972–2007) and medical journals showcase how media messages shifted with changing ideologies of infant feeding, yet consistently reinforced a “scientific motherhood” with “experts” supporting the preferred feeding method of the time. Even pro-breastfeeding messages ignored institutional and cultural barriers, reinforcing breastfeeding as an individual choice, not a public health issue.
Parallel Simulation of Forest Fire Spread Due to Firebrand Transport

The underlying physics of a forest fire is extremely complex, involving turbulent fluid flow through heterogeneous porous and nonporous media over irregular terrain containing nonuniformly distributed, variably-shaped obstacles undergoing combustion accompanied by all modes of heat transfer. It is subject to changing meteorological conditions, some of which may be initiated by the fire itself in extreme cases. This chapter reports on work that is underway to utilize satellite and airborne thermal. Imaging techniques, GIS data, and remote massively parallel supercomputers to provide real-time, in-the-field prediction of fire spread so as to directly influence fire-fighting tactics. The chapter focuses attention on the physical forest fire model, especially parallelization of the numerical methods used in solving the corresponding equations. Through a thorough observation of the SPP2000 and SPP1200 that, at least, the 2-D trajectory calculations can be run effectively in real time. Furthermore, with probably no more than one or two advances in parallel hardware performance, it is possible to start performing 3-D real time computations.
Theism and the Verification Principle

Recently, people with a strong empiricist bent, which may be said to be an outlook strongly inspired by modern science, have intensified their attacks on Theism. Instead of just claiming that Theism is not well founded and, therefore there are no reasons to believe it true, they have raised a more fundamental objection, denying that it has any meaning at all. According to this line of attack on Theism, not only is there nothing in our experience which confirms it, but in principle it is impossible that we could ever find experience confirming, or for that matter discontinuing, a belief in God. Any conceivable state of affairs is compatible both with the truth and the falsity of Theism; it makes no difference to what we might ever observe whether God exists or not. It is wrong, therefore, to assume that the theistic claim is a factual claim and that it has any cognitive significance. Hence, the question whether one should believe in the existence of God does not even arise. Sensible people do not altogether concern themselves with religious utterances which amount to empty verbiage. Even with the most pious intentions one cannot believe that the sentence ‘God exists’ expresses a true proposition when that sentence expresses no proposition at all, being altogether devoid of meaning.
El sermón catalán de San Vicente Ferrer sobre san Martín de Tours

One of the most widely venerated saints in the Middle Ages was St. Martin of Tours whose cult continues to this day in many parts of the world. In the Middle Ages, he became as popular as other major saints such as Thomas Becket, Santiago de Compostela and the Virgin Mary. St. Martin’s cult became very prominent in the Iberian Peninsula before and after the emergence of the cult of Santiago de Compostela. In St. Vicent Ferrer’s voluminous sermons this one in Catalan is dedicated to this most venerated Gallic saint. The most important late antique and early medieval sources that form the background of this sermon are by Sulpicius Severus- the Gallus and Vita Sancti Martini . In the high Middle Ages, however, his cult was popularized through the Legenda Aurea written by the Dominican Jacobus of Voragine, who synthesized Sulpicius’ two works on St. Martin. Moreover, St. Vicent preached not to make any major doctrinal breakthroughs- his main interest was to evangelize, not to write academic theology- he nevertheless exhibited great creativity. The object of this study is St. Vicent’s Catalan sermon Alius Sermo Sancti Martini , CXXXIV.
Mitigation of Relative Age Effects Through Targeted Policy Intervention: A Natural Experiment From Professional Tennis*

Objective We address the impact of policy intervention in youth tennis targeted at mitigating the influence of labor market‐persistent relative age effects known to exist in age‐grouped cohorts of students and athletes. Methods We take advantage of a natural experiment in policy implementation in U.S. youth tennis using a difference‐in‐difference‐in‐difference framework to identify effects among players born early and late in the year at the professional level using data from 1990 through 2015. Results Estimations reveal that the policy was successful in improving relative performance for U.S. men's tennis players born late in the year; however, there was no apparent effect on rankings for women. Conclusion We propose that while policy can have effects at the professional level, policy prescriptions that depend on physical or mental maturity may differ depending on sex or gender and require specificity in structure for various groups.