cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Singularity Theory Approach for Calculating the Runaway Boundaries of Heterogeneous Reactor Models

This work presents a systematic procedure based on singularity theory for determining the runaway boundaries of catalytic reactors. The procedure is illustrated using a well-mixed cooled heterogeneous reactor (continuous stirred tank reactor) model. Initially, a comprehensive steady-state analysis is presented and the different possible bifurcation diagrams of the solid phase temperature versus residence time are evaluated using singularity theory and the continuation technique. These results are then used to determine the different possible shapes of runaway boundaries, and a methodology is presented to calculate them. It is observed that the particle Lewis number, Lep, and the particle Damkohler number, Dap, are the two important parameters that determine the conditions under which the pseudohomogeneous model predictions break down. Depending on the values of these parameters, the runaway boundary is either given completely by the boundary limit set (corresponding to ignition of catalyst particles at ze...
Emissions of volatile organic compounds from cut grass and clover are enhanced during the drying process

The release of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) by drying grass and clover leaves and stems was studied in the laboratory using proton-transfer chemical-ionization mass spectrometry, which enables the simultaneous, on-line monitoring of VOC concentrations. A burst of VOC emissions due to cutting the leaves and stems was followed by a second, more intense emission lasting for several hours when the vegetation was starting to dry out. In addition to (Z)-3-hexenal, (Z)-3-hexenol, and hexenyl acetate, that were emitted by the plant tissue in response to the wounding, enhanced emissions of methanol, acetaldehyde, acetone, butanone, and possibly formaldehyde were observed. These findings may have important implications for regional air quality in agricultural and urban areas.
Video-Assisted Thoracoscopic Sympathectomy-Splanchnicectomy for Pancreatic Cancer Pain

Abstract Patients with unresectable pancreatic cancer often suffer severe pain. Various techniques are available for pain control. We present a patient with pancreatic cancer who underwent unilateral video-assisted thoracoscopic sympathectomy–splanchnicectomy and had complete pain relief. This minimally invasive procedure offers promise in carefully selected patients with severe pain from pancreatic cancer and other conditions which are not amenable to conventional interventions.
Classical and Quantum Simulations of Tryptophan in Solution

We use path integral molecular dynamics to study the effect of nuclear tunneling on the structure, fluctuations, and energetics of tryptophan in water. Tryptophan is important as a spectroscopic probe; it can also serve as a miniature model of a protein, possessing charged, polar, hydrophobic, and aromatic groups, hard and soft degrees of freedom, and conformational heterogeneity around its dihedral angles. At room temperature, nuclear tunneling increases the fluctuations of hard internal degrees of freedom by a factor of approximately 2; dihedral fluctuations are not affected. Water structure is weakened, and the solvation energies of the amino, carboxyl, and indole groups change by 1−2 kcal/mol. Solvation energies and free energies of the 1La and 1Lb excited states were analyzed, using semiempirical and ab initio atomic charges, and a free energy perturbation approach. The dielectric relaxation free energy, from Marcus theory, is 1/2 of the dielectric relaxation energy, for a wide class of systems; this...
Growth, condition, reproductive potential, and mortality of bay scallops, Argopecten irradians, in response to eutrophic-driven changes in food resources

Anthropogenic nutrient enrichment of coastal waters is changing the habitat and food resources of bay scallops, Argopecten irradians. As land-derived nitrogen (N) enters estuaries, phytoplankton abundance, particulate organic matter, and nitrogen content of seston may increase, providing a higher quantity and quality of food. Understanding these changes is important for monitoring declining populations or developing field aquaculture systems. To examine if changes in food resources due to nutrient enrichment will affect growth, condition, reproductive potential, and mortality, we conducted a field experiment in seven estuaries each having a different land-derived N load. We placed juvenile bay scallops within these estuaries for approximately 12 weeks while monitoring food quantity and quality. Stable isotopic signatures suggested that scallops assimilated food from the specific estuaries in which we placed them. Growth rates were relatively high and did not increase with higher phytoplankton concentrations, suggesting that at the densities we deployed, ambient phytoplankton concentrations were in excess of consumption ability. Growth rates decreased at sites with lower salinities, and where high densities of competitors (barnacles and slipper shells) fortuitously settled on the scallops. Condition index significantly increased with higher growth rates. Gonad index and mortality were not related to food resources, but mortality increased with lower salinities. Land-derived N load seems unlikely to directly alter condition, reproductive potential, or mortality. These results suggest that estuaries undergoing anthropogenic nutrient additions may provide food concentrations above the maximum ration assimilable, resulting in high bay scallop growth rates.
The jellyfish green fluorescent protein: A new tool for studying ion channel expression and function

Two methods are described for using the jellyfish green fluorescent protein (GFP) as a reporter gene for ion channel expression. GFP fluorescence can be used to identify the transfected cells, and to estimate the relative levels of ion channel expression, in cotransfection experiments. A GFP-NMDAR1 chimera can be constructed that produces a functional, fluorescent receptor subunit. These methods should facilitate studies of ion channel expression, localization, and processing.
From Each According to its Ability: Distributed Grid Regulation With Bandwidth and Saturation Limits in Wind Generation and Battery Storage

The problem addressed here is motivated by distributed control for frequency regulation in the electric power grid, and by the characteristics of new technologies contributing to this control objective: wind generation and battery energy storage. In the large scale, coupled dynamical system of the power grid, we seek a distributed control design approach that can successfully share control effort among two classes of actuators: one class having low bandwidth, but broader actuation limits (controllable power output from wind turbines); and a second class, having narrow actuation limits, essentially zero gain at dc, but much broader bandwidth actuation possible at high frequencies (power output from battery energy storage). In this context, we extend the “saturation-respecting” design methodology developed by Saberi and his co-workers, adapting their low-high gain method with partitioning of slow acting actuator input channels (e.g., wind turbine power changes) from fast acting actuators (battery power delivery). The design methodology, resulting frequency regulation performance, and characteristics of control actuation from individual wind generators and batteries is demonstrated in representative test power system models.
Perimesencephalic Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Triggered by Hypoxic Training During Swimming

Perimesencephalic subarachnoid hemorrhage is a rare neurologic condition of unclear etiology. Multiple mechanisms have been postulated as potential triggers, but none are universally accepted. Single observational case report and review of the literature. We describe a patient who developed perimesencephalic subarachnoid hemorrhage in the setting of “hypoxic training” (breath-holding while swimming). We describe the plausible pathophysiologic events that caused the hemorrhage. The occurrence of perimesencephalic subarachnoid hemorrhage during hypoxic training suggests that acute venous congestion may be a triggering factor. The increasing popularity of hypoxic training demands vigilance from health care providers.
Trimuon and dimuon events produced by 10.5-GeV/ c μ − on lead

We report on the production of 158 trimuon and 637 dimuon events by 10.5-GeV/c muons incident on lead. The sensitivity of the experiment was typically 1 event per picobarn per nucleon. It is shown that the majority of the trimuon events are due to QED trident production. We present differential and total cross sections for this process and establish that muons obey Fermi-Dirac statistics at a confidence level of 8 standard deviations. Approximately 10% of the trimuons are due to other processes, most probably diffraction of the virtual photon. Upper limits on the production of particles with a three-muon decay mode and on inelastic virtual-photon Compton scattering are obtained. The dimuon events can be accounted for by tridents where one of the muons lies outside the acceptance of the apparatus and by the production of $\ensuremath{\pi}$ and $K$ mesons which subsequently decay into a muon. Upper limits on prompt single-muon production are given.
Extensive Early and Middle Wisconsin Glaciation on the Western Olympic Peninsula, Washington, and the Variability of Pacific Moisture Delivery to the Northwestern United States

Large glaciers descended western valleys of the Olympic Mountains six times during the last (Wisconsin) glaciation, terminating in the Pacific coastal lowlands. The glaciers constructed extensive landforms and thick stratigraphic sequences, which commonly contain wood and other organic detritus. The organic material, coupled with stratigraphic data, provides a detailed radiocarbon chronology of late Pleistocene ice-margin fluctuations. The early Wisconsin Lyman Rapids advance, which terminated prior to ca. 54,000 14C yr B.P., represented the most extensive ice cover. Subsequent glacier expansions included the Hoh Oxbow 1 advance, which commenced between ca. 42,000 and 35,000 14C yr B.P.; the Hoh Oxbow 2 advance, ca. 30,800 to 26,300 14C yr B.P.; the Hoh Oxbow 3 advance, ca. 22,000–19,300 14C yr B.P.; the Twin Creeks 1 advance, 19,100–18,300 14C yr B.P.; and the subsequent, undated Twin Creeks 2 advance. The Hoh Oxbow 2 advance represents the greatest ice extent of the last 50,000 yr, with the glacier extending 22 km further downvalley than during the Twin Creeks 1 advance, which is correlative with the global last glacial maximum. Local pollen data indicate intensified summer cooling during successive stadial events. Because ice extent was diminished during colder stadial events, precipitation—not summer temperature—influenced the magnitude of glaciation most strongly. Regional aridity, independently documented by extensive pollen evidence, limited ice extent during the last glacial maximum. The timing of glacier advances suggests causal links with North Atlantic Bond cycles and Heinrich events.
Warm-up before recall of paired adjectives

Five experiments were run in an attempt to identify effective parameters of prerecall warm-up. Only one experiment confirmed the phenomenon. It utilized four different warm-up tasks: color naming (CN), digit anticipation (DA), deliberate rehearsal (RO), and deliberate rehearsal with reorientation towards the memory drum (RR). Performance in recall was compared with an immediate recall group (IR) and a group without a warm-up activity (No WU). The CN, DA, and RO groups all showed retention losses over 24 hours, while the RR and the IR groups were equal to each other, neither having retention losses. However, in a fifth experiment replication of the RR, the RO, the IR, and the No WU conditions did not yield the same results.
GENE GENEALOGY IN A POPULATION OF VARIABLE SIZE

The genealogical properties of a small population with continuous overlapping generations that fluctuates randomly in size are studied using a model based on a stochastic birth-death process. The distribution of the coalescence times is presented, as well as a method for computing the expected overall length of the genealogy as a function of the individual birth rate gamma, the individual death rate mu, and the present population size. The relationship between the birth and death rates and the shape of the resulting genealogy is studied. The total length of the genealogy is shown to be maximized when gamma = mu. The joint distribution of the coalescence times is shown to be invariant in gamma and mu, conditional on the current population size, so that exponential growth of a population cannot be distinguished from exponential decline based on the shape of the resulting genealogy. The model is used to predict the probability that all genetic variation is lost from a recent founder population.
Development of high-repetition-rate laser pump/x-ray probe methodologies for synchrotron facilities

We describe our implementation of a high repetition rate (54 kHz-6.5 MHz), high power (>10 W), laser system at the 7ID beamline at the Advanced Photon Source for laser pump/x-ray probe studies of optically driven molecular processes. Laser pulses at 1.06 μm wavelength and variable duration (10 or 130 ps) are synchronized to the storage ring rf signal to a precision of ~250 fs rms. Frequency doubling and tripling of the laser radiation using nonlinear optical techniques have been applied to generate 532 and 355 nm light. We demonstrate that by combining a microfocused x-ray probe with focused optical laser radiation the requisite fluence (with <10 μJ/pulse) for efficient optical excitation can be readily achieved with a compact and commercial laser system at megahertz repetition rates. We present results showing the time-evolution of near-edge x-ray spectra of a well-studied, laser-excited metalloporphyrin, Ni(II)-tetramesitylporphyrin. The use of high repetition rate, short pulse lasers as pump sources will dramatically enhance the duty cycle and efficiency in data acquisition and hence capabilities for laser-pump/x-ray probe studies of ultrafast structural dynamics at synchrotron sources.
Population Geography of Calamity: the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Century Yucatán

This historical demography for Yucatan [Mexico] at the time of Spanish contact presents a number of problems. There were multiple Maya-Spaniard contacts before the Spaniards established a continuous presence after the protracted conquest of the Yucatan. The area of Yucatan that was controlled by the Spanish at any one time is not precisely known and Yucatan offered `refuge areas where the indigenous population could avoid Spanish control and counts. These issues are addressed here by considering different regions of the Yucatan and using a numerical computer simulation to generate new estimates of population that result from migration warfare agricultural calamity and epidemics. (EXCERPT)
A generalized Petri net modeling approach for the control of re-entrant flow semiconductor wafer fabrication

Abstract Re-entrant flow manufacturing lines, such as occur in semiconductor wafer fabrication, are characterized by a product routing that consists of multiple visits to a workstation or group of workstations during the manufacturing process. In this paper, a modeling approach is based on the use of generalized Petri nets for a re-entrant flow manufacturing line is presented. Specifically, three Petri net models representing a re-entrant flow line with three work centers and six machines are modeled. How these models may be used to represent a variety of queuing disciplines and work release policies is discussed.
A New Technique for Firn Grain-Size Measurement Using SEM Image Analysis

Firn microstructure is accurately characterized using images obtained from scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Visibly etched grain boundaries within images are used to create a skeleton outline of the microstructure. A pixel-counting utility is applied to the outline to determine grain area. Firn grain sizes calculated using the technique described here are compared to those calculated using the techniques of Gow (1969) and Gay and Weiss (1999) on samples of the same material, and are found to be substantially smaller. The differences in grain size between the techniques are attributed to sampling deficiencies (e.g. the inclusion of pore filler in the grain area) in earlier methods. The new technique offers the advantages of greater accuracy and the ability to determine individual components of the microstructure (grain and pore), which have important applications in ice-core analyses. The new method is validated by calculating activation energies of grain boundary diffusion using predicted values based on the ratio of grain-size measurements between the new and existing techniques. The resulting activation energy falls within the range of values previously reported for firn/ice.
Second virial coefficient of helium adsorbed on liquid hydrogen.

The nonlinear dependence of the surface energy of liquid hydrogen as a function of the density of helium gas in equilibrium with the liquid surface has been used to determine the second virial coefficient of the two-dimensional gas of helium atoms adsorbed on the surface. The surface energy of both liquid hydrogen and liquid deuterium has been measured in the presence of [sup 4]He and [sup 3]He. The experimental results are in rough agreement with theoretical prediction.
Near electric field mapping above X-Band MMICs using modulated scattering

This paper presents near electric field measurements above a directional coupler at 10 GHz and a Texas Instruments 2-20 GHz TGA8310-SCC distributed low noise amplifier at 14.5 GHz. The measurements are performed with a low cost modulated scattering system using 100 /spl mu/m long monopole probes with monolithically integrated Schottky diodes on a 40 /spl mu/m thick high resistivity silicon substrate. Normal electric field intensity and phase maps are presented and demonstrates the possibility of using this mapping technique for low cost MMIC diagnostics.
Convection and Easterly Wave Structures Observed in the Eastern Pacific Warm Pool during EPIC-2001

During September-October 2001, the East Pacific Investigation of Climate Processes in the Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere System (EPIC-2001) ITCZ field campaign focused on studies of deep convection in the warm-pool region of the East Pacific. In addition to the TAO mooring array, observational platforms deployed during the field phase included the NOAA ship RN Ronald H. Brown, the NSF ship RN Horizon, and the NOAA P-3 and NCAR C-130 aircraft. This study combines C-band Doppler radar, rawinsonde, and surface heat flux data collected aboard the RN Brown to describe ITCZ convective structure and rainfall statistics in the eastern Pacific as a function of 3-5 day easterly wave phase. Three distinct easterly wave passages occurred during EPIC-2001. Wind and thermodynamic data reveal that the wave trough axes exhibited positively correlated U and V winds and a slight westward phase tilt with height. A relatively strong (weak) northeasterly deep tropospheric shear followed the trough (ridge) axis. Temperature and humidity perturbations exhibited mid-to upper level cooling (warming) and drying (moistening) in the northerly (trough and southerly) phase. At low levels warming (cooling) occurred in the northerly (southerly) phase with little change in the relative humidity, though mixed layer mixing ratios were larger during the northerly phase. When composited, radar, sounding, lightning and surface heat flux observations suggest the following systematic behavior as a function of wave phase: approximately zero to one quarter wavelength ahead of (behind) the wave trough in northerly (southerly) flow, larger (smaller) CAPE, lower (higher) CIN, weaker (stronger) tropospheric shear, higher (lower) conditional mean rain rates, higher (lower) lightning flash densities, and more (less) robust convective vertical structure occurred. Latent and sensible heat fluxes reached a minimum in the northerly phase and then increased through the trough, reaching a peak during the ridge phase (leading the peak in CAPE). From a radar echo coverage perspective, larger areas of light rain and slightly larger (10%) area averaged rain rates occurred in the vicinity of, and just behind, the trough axes in southerly flow. Importantly, the transition in convective structure observed across the trough axis when considered with the relatively small change in area mean rain rates suggests the presence of a transition in the vertical structure of diabatic heating across the easterly waves examined. The inferred transition in heating structure is supported by radar diagnosed divergence profiles that exhibit convective (stratiform) characteristics ahead of (behind) the trough.
Bayesian hierarchical model for transcriptional module discovery by jointly modeling gene expression and ChIP-chip data

Transcriptional modules (TM) consist of groups of co-regulated genes and transcription factors (TF) regulating their expression. Two high-throughput (HT) experimental technologies, gene expression microarrays and Chromatin Immuno-Precipitation on Chip (ChIP-chip), are capable of producing data informative about expression regulatory mechanism on a genome scale. The optimal approach to joint modeling of data generated by these two complementary biological assays, with the goal of identifying and characterizing TMs, is an important open problem in computational biomedicine. We developed and validated a novel probabilistic model and related computational procedure for identifying TMs by jointly modeling gene expression and ChIP-chip binding data. We demonstrate an improved functional coherence of the TMs produced by the new method when compared to either analyzing expression or ChIP-chip data separately or to alternative approaches for joint analysis. We also demonstrate the ability of the new algorithm to identify novel regulatory relationships not revealed by ChIP-chip data alone. The new computational procedure can be used in more or less the same way as one would use simple hierarchical clustering without performing any special transformation of data prior to the analysis. The R and C-source code for implementing our algorithm is incorporated within the R package gimmR which is freely available at http://eh3.uc.edu/gimm. Our results indicate that, whenever available, ChIP-chip and expression data should be analyzed within the unified probabilistic modeling framework, which will likely result in improved clusters of co-regulated genes and improved ability to detect meaningful regulatory relationships. Given the good statistical properties and the ease of use, the new computational procedure offers a worthy new tool for reconstructing transcriptional regulatory networks.
Inositol augmentation of lithium or valproate for bipolar depression.

Objective: Despite promising new therapies, bipolar depression remains difficult to treat. Up to half of patients do not respond adequately to currently approved treatments. This study evaluated the efficacy of adjunctive inositol for bipolar depression. Methods: Seventeen participants with DSM-IV criteria for bipolar depression and a 17-item Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRSD) ≥15 on proven therapeutic levels of lithium or valproate for >2 weeks were randomized to receive double-blind inositol or placebo for 6 weeks. At the end of double-blind treatment, subjects were eligible for an 8-week open-label trial of inositol. Results: Response was defined a priori as >50% reduction in the HRSD and a Clinical Global Impression of 1–2. Four of nine subjects (44%) on inositol and zero of eight subjects on placebo met response criteria (p = 0.053). There was no difference between groups in the average change score for the HRSD or Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS). Response to inositol was highly variable. Of nine subjects randomized to inositol, two had >50% worsening in HRSD scores at the end of treatment, three had no change and four had >50% improvement. Those who had worsening in depressive symptoms on inositol had significantly higher scores at baseline on the YMRS total score and irritability, disruptive/aggressive behavior and unkempt appearance items. Conclusions: There was a trend for more subjects on inositol to show improvement in bipolar depression symptoms, but, on average, inositol was not more effective than placebo as an adjunct for bipolar depression. Baseline levels of anger or hostility may be predictive of clinical response to inositol.
Sensitivity analysis in some engineering applications

In this very concise presentation we outline some historical developments of optimization theories as applied to continuum mechanics and to mechanical and civil engineering designs and trace the development of various modern sensitivity techniques during the period of preceding twenty years. We outline some of the difficulties and the progress made in overcoming them. We also stress some of the recently developed theoretical methods such as the "speed" method, and group theoretic techniques, indicating their importance to the computer-aided technology. Finally, we briefly outline some possible future directions.
Towards virtual FLS: development of a peg transfer simulator.

Background Peg transfer is one of five tasks in the Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery (FLS), program. This paper reports the development and validation of a Virtual Basic Laparoscopic Skill Trainer-Peg Transfer (VBLaST-PT©) simulator for automatic real-time scoring and objective quantification of performance. Methods New techniques have been introduced in order to allow bi-manual manipulation of pegs and automatic scoring/evaluation while maintaining high quality of simulation. A preliminary face and construct validation study was performed with 22 subjects divided into two groups: experts (PGY 4–5, fellow and practicing surgeons) and novice (PGY 1–3). Results Face validation shows high scores for all aspects of the simulation. Two-tailed Mann–Whitney U-test scores showed significant differences between the two groups on completion time (P = 0.003), FLS score (P = 0.002) and the VBLaST-PT© score (P = 0.006). Conclusions VBLaST-PT© is a high quality virtual simulator that showed both face and construct validity. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Empirical Evidence of the Existence of Investable Premiums in Emerging Market Investable Stocks

This paper shows that portfolios of more investable securities bear a premium when compared to portfolios of less investable stocks, reflecting compensation for local risk factors. The investable premium is overwhelmingly priced across 3,782 companies traded in 29 emerging markets from 1988 to 2006. The investable premium impacts stock returns at least as much as other fundamental premiums such as size, value, momentum, and loads on political, economic, andfinancialriskfactors.Theimpactoftheinvestablepremiumonemergingstocksreturnshas increased in strength, implying that foreign ownership has greater influence on local markets in recent years.
Impact of Solute Intake on Urine Flow and Water Excretion

It is classically taught that when renal function is normal and the secretion of antidiuretic hormone (arginine vasopressin) is fully suppressed, the human kidney has the capacity to excrete large volumes of dilute urine, allowing for a broad range of water intake. This flexibility protects against the development of hyponatremia even in the face of water intake that can approach 20 L/d. What is not as widely recognized is the impact that alterations in solute intake, and therefore excretion, have on this process. As will be illustrated here, a decrement in solute intake markedly reduces the above-mentioned flexibility and puts the individual at risk for the unexpected development of hyponatremia. In contrast, an increment in solute intake can be used therapeutically to treat this electrolyte disorder and allow those prone to it to liberalize their water intake.
Initial results from the AMANDA high energy neutrino detector

Abstract We briefly summarize recent results from the 10-string detector, AMANDA-B10, and focus on the search for astrophysical point sources of high-energy neutrinos.
Serum cholesterol levels and suicide: a further comment.

Lester (2002) reported a meta-analysis of studies Partonen et al. N = 29,133 chi-square = +7.31 (1999) relevant to the association between serum cholesterol levels and suicidal behavior. Eighteen studies Smith et al. N = 17,718 chi-square = +0.50 (1990) compared attempted suicides with controls, ten studies examined the effect of cholesterol-lowerTanskanen N = 37,635 chi-square = -12.36 et al. (2000) ing programs on suicidal behavior, and ten studies followed-up large samples of people with known Zureik et al. N = 6,393 chi-square = +3.48 (1996) cholesterol levels. In this latter group of studies, six of the studies reported the data using four or five ranges The plus sign indicates that lower cholesterol levels were associated with a great risk of completed of cholesterol levels. This type of data presentation permits application of the Mantel-Haenszel suicide. These chi-square values were converted to procedure for assessing trends (Mantel, 1963). This statistical test results in a chi-square value with phi coefficients and averaged using Fisher’s method, weighting them by sample size (Rosenthal, 1984). one degree of freedom. A statistical program for performing this test can be downloaded from the The resulting average chi-square value was +3.15 (p < .10), in the predicted direction but not statisCenters for Disease Control website (www.cdc. gov/epiinfo). tically significant. In the original meta-analysis of this set of This test was run on the six studies on the follow-up of people with known cholesterol levels studies, which used all ten studies with data, the association reached statistical significance. The with the following results. present analysis of the reduced set of studies with data in the form suitable for a Mantel-Haenszel Lindberg et al. N = 26,693 chi-square = +3.72 (1992) Test found an association in the same direction, but it was only a tendency (p < .10) rather than Neaton et al. N = 350,977 chi-square = +2.19 (1992) being statistically significant.
Compression characteristics of binary mixtures

Abstract Most powder compression data are treated by the Heckel equation −ln(ϵ)= − kP + u where ϵ is porosity, P is pressure, and k and u are constants. This equation, however, is only applicable at pressures above the yield strength. It is felt that most pharmaceutical compression data may be at pressures below the ones corresponding to φ, and that, therefore, such plots are curved. An equation (different from the Cooper—Eaton equation) is developed for this curved region in such a fashion that it can be extended to more than a one-component system. The basis for the equation is that the void volume decreases exponentially with pressure, and that (in the pharmaceutical pressure range) tends toward a value different from zero. This is tantamount to saying that the final compressed solid always possesses some porosity. The equation is of the form ln( 1 1 - ϵ −J) = − aP + ln( V A D ) where D is the true (non-porous) density (g/cm 3 ) and J is V s D , where V s is the actual specific solids volume toward which the solid tends during the low pressure region of compression.
NS5A inhibitor, daclatasvir, for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus infection.

Introduction: Chronic Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a major pandemic. The current standard of care includes peginterferon and ribavirin plus one of two protease inhibitors, boceprevir and telaprevir, for Genotype 1 patients and peginterferon and ribavirin for all other genotypes. The treatment landscape is rapidly evolving as a number of direct-acting antivirals (DAA) are being developed in clinical trials. Areas covered: Daclatasvir, formerly labeled BMS-790052, is a first-in-class HCV NS5A inhibitor that has been demonstrated in Phase I and II trials to have a very potent antiviral effect across all genotypes and to have a potent clinical efficacy in both treatment naive and experienced cohorts. This review covers the whole spectrum of development of daclatasvir from Phase I to III programs. Expert opinion: While daclatasvir has pangenotypic activity, it has a lower barrier to resistance in Genotype 1a but has been found to be very effective in Genotype 1b patients. However, Genotype 1a patients ...
Judging whether a document changes in subject

This paper describes a method for determining whether a document is composed of text related to a single subject or text that changes subjects. The algorithm involves dividing the document into five equal parts and measuring the text similarity of the different sections with one another. Documents that drift in subject are shown to have a higher standard deviation of similarity values than documents that remain on one subject. This method requires a threshold value that is specific to the domain to work properly.
Functional Genomics of Eukaryotic Photosynthesis Using Insertional Mutagenesis of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii

The unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is a widely used model organism for studies of oxygenic photosynthesis in eukaryotes. Here we describe the development of a resource for functional genomics of photosynthesis using insertional mutagenesis of the Chlamydomonas nuclear genome. Chlamydomonas cells were transformed with either of two plasmids conferring zeocin resistance, and insertional mutants were selected in the dark on acetate-containing medium to recover light-sensitive and nonphotosynthetic mutants. The population of insertional mutants was subjected to a battery of primary and secondary phenotypic screens to identify photosynthesis-related mutants that were pigment deficient, light sensitive, nonphotosynthetic, or hypersensitive to reactive oxygen species. Approximately 9% of the insertional mutants exhibited 1 or more of these phenotypes. Molecular analysis showed that each mutant line contains an average of 1.4 insertions, and genetic analysis indicated that approximately 50% of the mutations are tagged by the transforming DNA. Flanking DNA was isolated from the mutants, and sequence data for the insertion sites in 50 mutants are presented and discussed.
Effects of Physical Properties of Fuels on Diesel Injection

This paper reports on the physical properties of the fuel, such as density, viscosity, surface tension, and bulk modulus of elasticity that affect many aspects of the diesel injection process. The effects of these fuel properties on the fuel pressure in the high-pressure line, rate of injection, leakage, spray penetration, and droplet size distribution were determined experimentally. The mechanism of spray development was investigated by injecting the fuel into a high-pressure chamber. A pulsed Malvern drop-size analyzer, based on Fraunhofer diffraction, was utilized to determine droplet size ranges for various fuels.
From Desert Dust to City Soot: Environmental Justice and Japanese American Internment in Karen Tei Yamashita’s Tropic of Orange

Environmental justice scholars such as Vandana Shiva and Robert D. Bullard explain that people of color, the poor, and women suffer disproportionately from ecological crises, a reality made dramatically evident by Karen Tei Yamashita in Tropic of Orange (1997), which charts the interrelated lives of seven racially marginalized characters as they navigate a polluted urban landscape. Yamashita’s intricate narrative draws an important environmental connection between seemingly incongruent social phenomena to reveal that environmental justice is not only a recent urban struggle but also one that is rooted in the past with long-term physical and psychological effects. For example, Julie Sze, in a pioneering essay that calls attention to the “emerging literature of environmental justice,” offers an analysis of Tropic of Orange that illuminates an environmental connection between historical and contemporary issues of colonialism and labor for women of color in its examination of the characters Rafaela and Emi (40). This essay introduces yet another set of historical and contemporary issues that are foundational to an environmental justice reading of Yamashita’s novel: the past trauma of Japanese American internment and the contemporary homelessness of sansei Manzanar Murakami, who is named for one of those internment camps. In addition, this essay argues that crossgenerational effects of environmental injustices are revealed in the character of his granddaughter, Emi, who refuses to acknowledge the painful internment history she has inherited. While this internment history may seem peripheral to the central plots of Tropic of Orange, it is referenced throughout the novel. Most notably, this history is alluded to every time Manzanar’s name appears on the page. Consequently, Japanese American incarceration haunts Yamashita’s characters and readers throughout the book. Internment’s history of land theft and displacement, severe degradation of living and working conditions, and long-term psychological trauma, this essay will show, constitute important environmental justice issues for Manzanar and Emi, issues which, in a Japanese American context, have been and continue to be largely ignored. Yet consideration of these issues for Japanese Americans is crucial not only for
Determination of plasma glycoprotein 2 levels in patients with pancreatic disease.

Abstract Context.—Blood tests possessing higher diagnostic accuracy are needed for all the major pancreatic diseases. Glycoprotein 2 (GP2) is a protein that is specifically expressed by the pancreatic acinar cell and that has previously shown promise as a diagnostic marker in animal models of acute pancreatitis. Objective.—This study describes the development of an assay for GP2, followed by the determination of plasma GP2 levels in patients with acute pancreatitis, chronic pancreatitis, and pancreatic cancer. Design.—Rabbit polyclonal antisera and mouse monoclonal antibodies were generated against human GP2 and used to develop an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The assay was tested in patients with an admitting diagnosis of pancreatic disease at 2 tertiary care facilities. The diagnosis of acute or chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer was determined using previously established criteria that incorporated symptoms, radiology, pathology, and serology. Plasma GP2 levels were determined in 31 patien...
Influence of redox conditions on the intensity of Mars crustal magnetic anomalies

We evaluate the relationship between the intensity of remanent magnetization and fO2 in natural and synthetic Mars meteorites. The olivine-phyric shergottite meteorite Yamato 980459 (Y-980459) and a sulfur-free synthetic analog (Y-98*) of identical major element composition were analyzed to explore the rock magnetic and remanence properties of a basalt crystallized from a primitive melt, and to explore the role of magmatic and alteration environment fO2 on Mars crustal anomalies. The reducing conditions under which Y-980459 is estimated to have formed (QFM-2.5; Shearer et al. 2006) were replicated during the synthesis of Y-98*. Y-980459 contains pyrrhotite and chromite. Chromite is the only magnetic phase in Y-98*. The remanence-carrying capacity of Y-980459 is comparable to other shergottites that formed in the fO2 range of QFM-3 to QFM-1. The remanence-carrying capacity of these low fO2 basalts is 1–2 orders of magnitude too weak to account for the intense crustal anomalies observed in Mars's southern cratered highlands. Moderately oxidizing conditions of >QFM-1, which are more commonly observed in nakhlites and Noachian breccias, are key to generating either a primary igneous assemblage or secondary alteration assemblage capable of acquiring an intense remanent magnetization, regardless of the basalt character or thermal history. This suggests that if igneous rocks are responsible for the intensely magnetized crust, these oxidizing conditions must have existed in the magmatic plumbing systems of early Mars or must have existed in the crust during secondary processes that led to acquisition of a chemical remanent magnetization.
DETERMINATION OF LONG-WAVE ATMOSPHERIC RADIATION

Abstract The total long-wave radiation flux measurements for eighteen nights are compared with the values obtained by using two types of radiation charts. It is found that the Suomi total radiometer yields values of the downward long-wave flux approximately six per cent higher than the Beckman and Whitley total radiometer and one per cent higher than the values calculated from the Elsasser radiation chart. The principal finding is that all of the approaches taken together suggest that existing radiometric data can be regarded as no more precise than about five to ten per cent.
Microbiological Characterization of Lamb Carcasses at Commercial Processing Plants in the United States

Although the United States produces 203 million lb (ca. 92.1 kg) of domestic lamb and mutton each year, thorough studies of the microbiological safety during lamb processing are lacking. To address this missing information, a total of 2,548 sponge samples from pelts, preevisceration carcasses, and postintervention carcasses were collected from multiple large commercial lamb processing plants to determine aerobic plate counts, the prevalences of Escherichia coli O157:H7, non-O157 Shiga toxin–producing E. coli (STEC), and Salmonella. The averages of the aerobic plate counts from pelts, the preevisceration carcasses, and the postintervention carcasses were 6.3, 4.4, and 2.4 log CFU/100 cm2, respectively. The prevalences of E. coli O157:H7 from the pelts, the preevisceration carcasses, and the postintervention carcasses were 12.8, 1.6, and 2.9%, respectively. The average Salmonella prevalences were 14.4, 4.3, and 1.8% for pelts, preevisceration carcasses, and postintervention carcasses, respectively. The most...
Revising lecture notes: how revision, pauses, and partners affect note taking and achievement

Note taking has been categorized as a two-stage process: the recording of notes and the review of notes. We contend that note taking might best involve a three-stage process where the missing stage is revision. This study investigated the benefits of revising lecture notes and addressed two questions: First, is revision more effective than non-revision? Second, what revision method is best? Experiment 1 addressed the first question by comparing the performance of participants who revise or recopy lecture notes. Experiment 2 addressed the second question by investigating whether revision was best done (a) during pauses throughout the lecture or one equally-timed pause after the lecture, and (b) with a partner or alone. Dependent measures were original and additional notes and fact and relationship test scores. Results upheld three effects: (a) a modest revision effect—revisers recorded more additional notes and achieved somewhat higher scores on relationship items than re-copiers, (b) a pause effect—those revising during pauses outperformed those revising after the lecture on the notes and achievement measures, and (c) a modest partner effect—those revising with partners recorded more original notes than those revising alone. Furthermore, the combination of pauses and partners has merit and holds promise as a means for revision. Overall, findings suggested that revision is a new student-centered means to boost lecture note taking and achievement.
Complex ankle arthrodesis: Review of the literature.

Complex ankle arthrodesis is defined as an ankle fusion that is at high risk of delayed and nonunion secondary to patient comorbidities and/or local ankle/hindfoot factors. Risk factors that contribute to defining this group of patients can be divided into systemic factors and local factors pertaining to co-existing ankle or hindfoot pathology. Orthopaedic surgeons should be aware of these risk factors and their association with patients’ outcomes after complex ankle fusions. Both external and internal fixations have demonstrated positive outcomes with regards to achieving stable fixation and minimizing infection. Recent innovations in the application of biophysical agents and devices have shown promising results as adjuncts for healing. Both osteoconductive and osteoinductive agents have been effectively utilized as biological adjuncts for bone healing with low complication rates. Devices such as pulsed electromagnetic field bone stimulators, internal direct current stimulators and low-intensity pulsed ultrasound bone stimulators have been associated with faster bone healing and improved outcomes scores when compared with controls. The aim of this review article is to present a comprehensive approach to the management of complex ankle fusions, including the use of biophysical adjuncts for healing and a proposed algorithm for their treatment.
Kinetic and Structural Analyses of a Dynamin Mechanoenzyme

Proteins in the dynamin superfamily are large, multi-domain mechanoenzymes that harness the energy of GTP hydrolysis to remodel intracellular membranes. Defects in these proteins result in severe human diseases, including cardiomyopathy, neurological abnormalities and neonatal death. While previous enzymological studies on dynamin proteins suggest that they exhibit assembly-stimulated GTP hydrolysis, the mechanism by which self-assembly stimulates GTPase activity is poorly understood. Here, we present the first quantitative kinetic model for GTP hydrolysis by a dynamin superfamily member that accounts for the complex equilibria between multiple self-assembling species of enzyme, all of which are catalytically active. We found that assembly-stimulated hydrolysis was not well described by a monomer-n-mer model, but could be fit equally well to dimer-n-mer and tetramer-n-mer models. Discrimination between these and other models required the design and use of enzyme variants trapped in different assembly states. Iterative global analysis of these data coupled with statistical analyses suggests a kinetic model containing a dimer-tetramer-n-mer equilibrium. Together, these studies allow for a quantitative understanding of how self-assembly of dynamin proteins stimulates their hydrolytic activities and lay the foundation for discerning the effect of multiple factors including interacting proteins, small molecular inhibitors and activators, post-translational modifications and membrane interaction on dynamin self-assembly and GTP hydrolysis.
The Research Process

In the first three chapters I examined disability from a socio-political perspective and outlined how this perspective can advance our understanding of the lives of women with disabilities and motherhood. My approach is consistent with a paradigm shift that increasingly amplifies social, cultural, political, and economic determinants of disability (Gill, Kewman & Brannon, 2003). The shift toward an understanding of disability as a social phenomenon largely shaped by a host of contextual factors has significant implications for research. These implications span the entire research process: How research agendas are determined (Tate & Pledger, 2003); “who gets to ask the questions” (Olkin & Pledger, 2003) and control the process and product of the research (Oliver, 1992); and most importantly, what is the epistemology that undergirds the research.