cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Increase and spread of cowpea chlorotic mottle virus in resistant and fully susceptible cowpeas

Abstract The resistance of cowpea plant introduction (PI) 186465 to infection by cowpea chlorotic mottle virus, strain T, involves reduced virus replication and restricted virus movement. At the cellular level, it is difficult to distinguish between uniformly reduced virus replication and a high virus-replicating capacity in only a few cells. Therefore, protopass were isolated at intervals from inoculated leaves and stained with virus-specific fluorescent antibody. Protoplasts from PI 186465 leaves inoculated with strain T showed a steady increase in the fraction of stained cells to a value of approximately 25% at 25 days after inoculation. In contrast, the more virulent strain R caused the fraction stained to rapidly increase to approximately 40% at day 7 and remain close to that value through day 25. In both systems virus accumulation and fraction of stained protoplasts increased roughly in parallel, and the amounts of virions per stained protoplast approached similar maxima. Treatment of plants with 2-thiouracil increased virus yield per protoplast but not the fraction of protoplasts stained by fluorescent antibody. When isolated PI 186465 protoplasts were inoculated with strains T and R the viruses increased with equal efficiency. We conclude that leaf cells of this cowpea strain reduced both the accumulation and spread of strain T but lose the ability to reduce accumulation when isolated as protoplasts.
Full-color 3D prints and transparencies

We describe the preparation of full-color stereoscopic hardcopy from digital 3-D records. Digital image records may be produced directly in digital cameras, CAD systems and by various instrumental outputs, or they may be acquired by scanning and digitizing photographic images. To produce the stereoscopic image we render the component images in terms of degree of polarization, orienting the polarization axes of the left- and right-eye images at 90 degrees to one another. We print the two images on opposite surfaces of specially prepared substrates, using dichroic inks in otherwise standard desktop inkjet printers. Software provides accurate stereoscopic registration of the paired images. The process produces 3-D images as reflection prints or as transparencies. Observers view the superimposed image pair through standard 3- D polarizing glasses. Alternatively, autostereoscopic display apparatus permits viewing without glasses. The color gamut of a typical image is shown. Image resolution depends primarily on the printer used. Applications include molecular modeling, microscopy, data visualization, entertainment, and pictorial photography.
On the numerical discretization in space and time: Part 1 - Hamilton's law of varying action involving Lagrangian/Hamiltonian/total energy framework

The focus in Part 1 of this exposition is strictly restricted to holonomic-sceleronomic systems, and the applications of interest are elastodynamics, which are routinely encountered in a wide class of structural dynamics problems in engineering. Restricting attention to these considerations, new and different perspectives and equivalences are described which deal with finite element space discretization aspects employing three distinctly different frameworks with scalar formalism. It encompasses the Lagrangian mechanics, the Hamiltonian mechanics, and as an alternative, the framework with a built-in measurable quantity based on the Total Energy. Historically, traditional practices routinely employ the weighted residual method or equivalently the principle of virtual work in dynamics for developing finite element formulations. In contrast, the present developments stem from Hamilton's law of varying action (HLVA) as a starting point and involve distinctly different scalar descriptive functions (the Lagrang...
Prenatal stress increases corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) content and release in rat amygdala minces

Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) is a neuropeptide found throughout the central nervous system that has a proposed role in modulating emotional and behavioral states, including stress and anxiety. The amygdala, which is important in the control of emotional and autonomic responses to stress, contains CRF nerve terminals, CRF cell bodies, and CRF receptors. In rats, exposure to prenatal stress results in offspring that display a hyperemotional state and increased anxiety. In this study the effects of prenatal stress on CRF release was measured in amygdala minces (1 mm3) obtained from adult (8–16 weeks of age) male offspring of dams subjected to daily saline injection (0.1 ml, s.c.) from gestational day 14 to 21. CRF release from amygdala was time- and calcium-dependent, and stimulated by KC1-induced depolarization. Depolarization-induced CRF release was significantly increased by 42% from the amygdala of prenatally stressed offspring versus controls. Prenatally stressed offspring also showed a 49% increase in CRF levels in the amygdala. The increased amounts of CRF released in response to depolarization were likely the consequence of increased tissue content of CRF, as fractional release under basal or KC1-stimulated conditions was not different in the prenatal stress group versus control. This suggests that a long-lasting up-regulation of the CRFergic neurotransmission may occur in the amygdala, which may be important in the generation of hyperemotional offspring after exposure to prenatal stress.
Apolipoprotein B-100 is the major form of this apolipoprotein secreted by human intestinal Caco-2 cells

Summary Although the discovery of stop codon has explained the mechanism for the formation of the intestinal marker, apolipoprotein B-48, the dispute regarding the presence of apolipoprotein B-100 in the intestine is still unsettled. To further investigate the characteristics of intestinal apolipoprotein B, the newly developed human colonic adenocarcinoma Caco-2 cells which express functional properties of the differentiated enterocytes, were used. SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analyses of the intact culture medium or its lipoproteins of d
Power, social exchanges and tourism in Langkawi: rethinking resident perceptions.

A study was undertaken among the residents on Langkawi Island, Malaysia to explore the utility of a combination of social exchange and power theories to explain residents' attitudes toward tourism and to examine how residents' evaluation of the impact of tourism influences their attitudes. In-depth, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 46 residents. The study concludes that the combination of social exchange and power theories is more useful than social exchange theory alone in understanding residents' attitudes concerning the impact of tourism. However, residents' general values, dependence on tourism, and ability and willingness to adapt moderate the influence of power on residents' evaluation of the impact of tourism. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators: A Controversial Approach for Managing Postmenopausal Health

Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) is considered the standard of care for managing the acute (e.g., hot flashes, vaginal dryness) and long-term (e.g., increased risk of cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis) sequelae of menopause. A group of synthetic nonsteroidal compounds, which act on the estrogen receptor, have been promoted for use as an alternative to hormonal therapy for postmenopausal women. Originally called antiestrogens because of their ability to antagonize the action of estrogen, these compounds possess both agonist and antagonist properties of estrogen action. They are now referred to as selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs). This article reviews the mechanism of action and the efficacy and safety data for SERMs currently used for clinical purposes. These data may indicate why the use of SERMs is a controversial alternative to HRT.
Sequence-specific transcriptional corepressor function for BRCA1 through a novel zinc finger protein, ZBRK1.

Abstract BRCA1 has been implicated in the transcriptional regulation of DNA damage–inducible genes that function in cell cycle arrest. To explore the mechanistic basis for this regulation, a novel human gene, ZBRK1 , which encodes a 60 kDa protein with an N-terminal KRAB domain and eight central zinc fingers, was identified by virtue of its interaction with BRCA1 in vitro and in vivo. ZBRK1 binds to a specific sequence, GGGxxxCAGxxxTTT, within GADD45 intron 3 that supports the assembly of a nuclear complex minimally containing both ZBRK1 and BRCA1. ZBRK1 represses transcription through this recognition sequence in a BRCA1-dependent manner. These results thus reveal a novel corepressor function for BRCA1 and provide a mechanistic basis for the biological activity of BRCA1 through sequence-specific transcriptional regulation.
Stock price effects and costs of secondary distributions

Abstract This study does not support the view that a large number of shares can be sold at the prevailing market price and at a small cost. A significant stock price decrease is observed at the initial announcement of secondary distributions. The price declines are greater for offerings by officers and directors and for larger offerings, but are significant for all types of sellers and for large and small offerings. There is no significant price decline at the offering when secondaries are announced in advance. Underwriting and other selling costs are substantial and are positively related to relative offering size.
R69-8 Hybrid Computer Integration of Partial Differential Equations by Use of an Assumed Sum Separation of Variables

The problem posed in this paper is the solution of Laplace's equation using the cylindrical coordinates r and z in an axially symmetric region. The boundary for this region consists of the surface r=b(z) and two end planes at z=0 and z=a. Assuming that the potential is specified on this boundary, the solution for V(r, z) is desired for all interior points. An example of an application is the design of an electron gun in which the solution for the electrostatic potential is used in computing electron trajectories.
Development of the orangutan permanent dentition : Assessing patterns and variation in tooth development

This study examines dental formation and alveolar emergence in a large cross-sectional sample composed primarily of wild-reared orangutans (N = 89) in order to provide information on the development of the permanent dentition in this hominoid and to address questions ofvariation in individual tooth formation, between teeth and between individuals. All specimens have been radiographed in lateral aspect and stages of crown and root formation recorded for all teeth. The ranges of crown and root formation of I 1 1 , C 1 1 , P 4 4 , M 2 2 , and M 3 3 have been calculated relative to the stage of M 1 1 development within a specific tooth quadrant. Then, for each specimen, BMDP scatterplot and nonparametric statistics have been used to graph changes in stages of these teeth relative to M 1 1 , stages and to examine relationships between pairs of upper and lower dental counterparts and between teeth of each jaw. Results indicate 1) high correlations between upper and lower tooth pairs and between many of the permanent teeth within individuals, 2) a relatively large range of variability in individual tooth development (multistage ranges relative to M 1 1 ), 3) greater variation in root development at emergence than earlier reports, and 4) evidence of variability within the sequence emergence pattern of the orangutan.
Magnetic response functions I: Conserving systems

Abstract The magnetic dynamic response function is studied in detail for systems in which the magnetization is conserved and is carried by the spin of one type of particle. Hydrodynamic equations for the magnetization in magnetic systems in the paramagnetic and ferromagnetic regimes in the absence of an external field are derived and are shown to be inapplicable when there is an external field present. The hydrodynamic forms of the response function are used to motivate general analytic expressions for the full dynamic response function. Some consideration is given to feasibility of observing the hydrodynamic regime in real systems.
The Role of Pad Topography in Chemical-Mechanical Polishing

In this paper, the role of pad topography on material removal rate (MRR) in chemical-mechanical polishing (CMP) is investigated. First, based on the mechanics of pad/particle and particle/wafer sliding contacts at an asperity of the polishing pad a new MRR model is developed. The model is then extended to multi-asperity contacts, taking into account the statistics of the asperity heights. The single-asperity model reveals that the removal rate at relatively low pressure strongly depends on the pressure and the area at a sliding asperity contact. However, removal rate per asperity becomes independent of the contact pressure once it exceeds a critical value, which is determined by the asperity hardness and the particle concentration. Material removal by multi-asperity sliding contacts increases due to the increase in real contact area, provided a large number of asperity contacts at pressures greater than the critical. The plasticity index is identified as a key parameter that determines the contact area ratio and proportion of asperities in contact at pressures greater than the critical, thus the overall MRR. The model suggests that MRR in CMP can be greatly increased by controlling the surface topography of the pads. Results of polishing experiments on Cu thin films validate the model.
Children with diabetes benefit from exercise

Commentary on the paper by Massin et al (see page 1223) How much physical activity do children require to obtain beneficial health and behavioural effects? The recent report concerning the effects of regular physical activity on health and behavioural outcomes in 6–18 year old youth recommends that school age youth should participate daily in at least 60 minutes of moderate to vigorous physical activity that is developmentally appropriate, enjoyable, and involves a variety of activities.1 There is strong evidence for beneficial effects of physical activity on: musculoskeletal and cardiovascular health, adiposity in overweight youth, and blood pressure in mildly hypertensive adolescents. Physical activity also has a beneficial effect on anxiety, depression, and self-concept. The 60 minutes or more of physical activity can be achieved in a cumulative manner in school during physical education, recess, intramural sports, and before and after school programmes. Exercise requires considerable alterations in fuel metabolism and presents unique challenges for the person with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D).2 During the first 5–10 minutes of moderate intensity exercise, skeletal muscle glycogen is the major fuel for working muscle. With increasing duration of exercise, plasma glucose and non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) predominate, and to meet the increased demand for fuel, a complex hormonal and autonomic response increases hepatic glucose production and mobilisation of NEFA from adipose tissue. Plasma insulin concentration decreases and levels of the counter-regulatory hormones (adrenaline, noradrenaline, glucagon, cortisol, and growth hormone) increase, resulting in enhanced hepatic production of …
International actions (manufacturing practices)

Environmentally oriented manufacturing practices are examined. The efforts of the electronics industry in Europe, Japan, and the US to establish an exemplary leadership position in environmental protection compliance and progress are described. Design-for-environment (DFE) programs, which call for the careful inclusion of environmentally safe attributes in the early design stages of new products, as opposed to re-engineering them late in the product cycle, are discussed. The role of the engineer is considered. >
Haskell session types with (almost) no class

We describe an implementation of session types in Haskell. Session types statically enforce that client-server communication proceeds according to protocols. They have been added to several concurrent calculi, but few implementations of session types are available.Our embedding takes advantage of Haskell where appropriate, but we rely on no exotic features. Thus our approach translates with minimal modification to other polymorphic, typed languages such as ML and Java. Our implementation works with existing Haskell concurrency mechanisms, handles multiple communication channels and recursive session types, and infers protocols automatically.While our implementation uses unsafe operations in Haskell, it does not violate Haskell's safety guarantees. We formalize this claim in a concurrent calculus with unsafe communication primitives over which we layer our implementation of session types, and we prove that the session types layer is safe. In particular, it enforces that channel-based communication follows consistent protocols.
A new approach to structure-activity using distance information content of graph vertices: A study with phenylalkylamines

A new methodology for the qualitative studies of structure-activity relationship based on an index called 'vertex distance complexity (V^d)' is introduced. The reason for using vertex indices is to identify structural components (vertices in our case) which may be related to the biological activity of the compounds under consideration. The new methodology has been used to evaluate qualitatively the hallucinogenic activity of substituted phenylalkylamines. A 'training set' of 30 compounds and a 'test set' of 14 compounds have been evaluated. All the compounds of the training set and 11 compounds of the test set have been evaluated correctly - this includes the correct classification of all highly potent compounds.
Rates and correlates of HIV treatment adherence among late middle-aged and older adults living with HIV disease

A growing number of older adults in the USA are contracting new HIV infections, and more persons living with HIV are living longer due to medical treatment advances. New treatments for HIV disease can improve immune functioning and decrease AIDS-related mortality. However, older persons living with HIV may not respond well to treatment and may experience difficulties adhering to complex medication regimens. One hundred and thirteen late middle-aged and older adults living with HIV (aged 47-69 years) were administered measures of demographic, medical and psychological characteristics. Eighty-four of these patients were currently prescribed antiretroviral medication for treatment of HIV, and this sub-set of participants completed brief self-report measures of medication adherence. Nearly one-third (31%) of older adults reported skipping medication doses in the past week. Education level, satisfaction with patient-provider relationships, physical wellbeing, alcohol use, perceptions of life stressor burden, a...
Review Of Optical Signal Processor Architectures For Command, Control, Communications And Intelligence (C³I) Applications

A brief presentation of the classic multichannel frequency plane, joint transform and hybrid optical signal processors is followed by a description of the classic folded spectrum analyzer and Spann correlator. A general review of advanced acousto-optic signal processors using the chirp-Z transform, and a description of the triple product processor is given. Examples, features and C³I applications of the various time, space and hybrid time and space integrating systems are provided.© (1980) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Laparoscopic adult donor nephrectomy for pediatric renal transplantation

To evaluate retrospectively our laparoscopic adult donor nephrectomy experience for pediatric transplantation. Since February 1995, 7 adult donors have undergone laparoscopic donor nephrectomy for pediatric renal transplantation (recipients younger than 18 years and weighing less than 30 kg). The outcomes of these donors and pediatric recipients were evaluated. The 7 laparoscopic renal donors had a median operative time of 306 minutes, median allograft warm ischemia time of 275 seconds, median blood loss of 200 mL, median hospital stay of 3 days, and 14.2% overall complication rate. No graft loss or patient mortality occurred. The pediatric recipients of the laparoscopic live-donor allografts had a median creatinine clearance level of 52.1, 52.1, 44, and 41.1 mL/min at 3, 6, 12, and 18 months, respectively. The overall complication rate was 14.2%. The 1 and 2-year graft survival rates were 100%. No mortality occurred in the pediatric recipients. Laparoscopic donor nephrectomy is well tolerated by the adult donors and appears to provide acceptable recipient and allograft outcomes in the pediatric population.
Chorionic structure of Dineutes horni Rbts. (coleoptera: Gyrinidae)

Abstract Unlike other gyrinid species, the chorionic surface of Dineutes horni is covered with blunt conical projections. The micropylar region consists of a stalk‐like structure in the center of a depression. Internally the chorion consists of an exo‐ and endo‐chorion. The outer chorion has large spaces and is composed of a laminated and porous material, whereas the inner chorion is made‐up of a thick granulated layer and a thin electron‐dense layer. The vitelline membrane has an electron‐dense upper surface and spherical, vesicular‐like structures that are dispersed throughout the membrane.
Effects of chronic methamphetamine administration on tryptophan hydroxylase activity, [3H]serotonin synaptosomal uptake, and serotonin metabolism in rat brain following systemic tryptophan loading.

Chronic administration of methamphetamine (20 mg/kg, i.p., every 12 hr for 6 days) produced significant decreases in the Vmax of brainstem (-32.8%) and forebrain (-31.5%) tryptophan hydroxylase when measured 12 hr after the final injection. Serotonin (5-HT), 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), and [3H]5-HT synaptosomal uptake were decreased by a similar magnitude following chronic drug treatment. Administration of fluoxetine prior to each methamphetamine injection prevented these neurochemical changes. Neither acute nor chronic methamphetamine treatment produced any significant changes in the Km of tryptophan hydroxylase for either substrate or cofactor. Systemic tryptophan loading (50 mg/kg, i.p.) one hour prior to sacrifice in chronic methamphetamine treated rats restored brain 5-HT and 5-HIAA levels to normal. These data suggest that chronic methamphetamine treatment decreases central serotonergic neurotransmission by reducing the activity of the rate-limiting enzyme in 5-HT biosynthesis, possibly by disrupting serotonergic nerve terminals.
Phospholipid model membranes III. Antagonistic effects of Ca2+ and local anesthetics on the permeability of phosphatidylserine vesicles

Abstract Five local anesthetics (dibucaine, tetracaine, cocaine, lidocaine and procaine) were studied for their effect on the permeability of phospholipid model membranes. The membrane system was the unilamellar vesicles produced by sonication of phosphatidylserine in aqueous salt solution. The permeability property measured was the efflux of 22 Na + . The results indicate the following: 1. 1. In the absence of Ca 2+ the local anesthetics tend to increase the 22 Na + efflux according to their relative nerve-blocking potency but at comparatively high concentrations. 2. 2. In the presence of Ca 2+ the local anesthetics completely inhibit the Ca 2+ -induced high efflux rate of 22 Na + . This inhibition is observed at physiologically relevant concentrations and relative potencies comparable to the relative nerve-blocking potencies as reported in literature. 3. 3. As Ca 2+ concentration increases, the ability of each local anesthetic to inhibit the Ca 2+ -induced increase of permeability is diminished, indicating antagonistic effects. 4. 4. Tetracaine is more active at low pH (6.0) compared to pH's of 7.4 or 9.0. 5. 5. The electrophoretic mobility of phosphatidylserine particles is diminished in the presence of each local anesthetic, indicating neutralization of the negative charges at the surface of the phospholipid particles. The ability of each anesthetic to reduce the mobility of phosphatidylserine is also related to the potency of each compound. It was concluded that the similarity of the behavior of the system of artificial phosphatidylserine membranes studies here, to the properties of nerve membranes suggests a possible involvement of this phospholipid at the physiological site of action of local anesthetics and in general during the excitation process.
Synthesis and study of normal, enantio, retro, and retroenantio isomers of cecropin A‐melittin hybrids, their end group effects and selective enzyme inactivation

In our effort to understand the structural requirements for the antimicrobial activity of cecropin A (CA) and melittin (M), we synthesized the normal, enantio, retro and retroenantio hybrid analogs; we related activity to their sequence, chirality, amide bond direction (helix dipole) and end group charges. To compare the effect of the end groups, each of these analogs was synthesized both with an acid and an amide C-terminus and also with and without an N alpha-acetyl N-terminus. The all-L- and all-D-enantiomers of several cecropin-melittin hybrids were previously found to be equally potent against several bacterial species, and no chiral effect was observed. This general rule has now been confirmed and extended. However, two exceptions have been found. All-L-CA(1-13)M(1-13) acid was 5 times and 9 times less potent than the all-D-analog, respectively, toward gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus and gram-negative Pseudomonas aeruginosa. All-L-CA(1-7)M(2-9) acid was 5 times and 14 times less active against S. aureus and P. aeruginosa, respectively, than its all-D acid isomer. The corresponding D- and L-retro analogs differed only marginally. A role for proteolytic enzymes has been implicated as a cause for these differences in the activities of L- and D-enantiomers. In all cases, blocking the alpha-amine by acetylation had no significant effect on potency. The retro and retroenantio analogs of CA(1-13)M(1-13) acid were as potent as their normal and enantio analogs against all the test bacteria. The C-terminal amides also showed similar potency against four test bacteria. It should be noted that the negative end of the helix dipole of a normal peptide points toward the C-terminus, whereas it points away in the case of a retro derivative when viewed in the direction of the normal sequence.
Web-based simulation management: a web-based interface for storing and executing simulation models

The dominance of the Internet in the development of information and communication technology has made Web-based distributed solutions increasingly attractive. Apart from providing other services, the World Wide Web is being looked upon as an environment for hosting modeling and simulation applications. SIMAN is a simulation language that allows users to simulate discrete and continuous systems. In this research, a web-based interface or toolkit has been developed for storing and executing SIMAN simulation models over the Internet. This toolkit consists of a World Wide Web interface to SIMAN and a web-accessible database for storing user models. It provides users an easy-to-use environment for developing text-based simulation models using the SIMAN simulation language. It also allows users to test the functionality of a SIMAN model using the SIMAN debugger/run controller.
The Rare Earths as Catalysts

The uses of ceria and other rare earths as catalysts of hydrogenation, dehydrogenation, and some other types of reactions are summarized.
Sustainable Socialism: William Morris on Waste

AbstractWhile William Morris has long been recognized for his radical approach to the problem of labor, which built on the ideas of John Ruskin and informed his contributions to the Arts and Crafts philosophy, his ideas about waste have received much less attention. This article suggests that the Kelmscott Press, which Morris founded in 1891, was designed to embody the values of durability and sustainability in sharp contrast to the neophilia, disposability, and planned obsolescence of capitalist production. Many critics have dismissed the political value of Kelmscott Press on the basis of the handcrafted books' expense and rarity, but by considering Morris's work for Kelmscott in light of his fictional and non-fictional writings about waste around the time of the press's conception, we can see how Kelmscott laid the groundwork for a philosophy of sustainable socialism.
Virtual world visualization for an autonomous underwater vehicle

A critical bottleneck exists in autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) design and development. It is tremendously difficult to observe, communicate with and test underwater robots, because they operate in a remote and hazardous environment where physical dynamics and sensing modalities are counterintuitive. An underwater virtual world can comprehensively model all necessary functional characteristics of the real world in real time. This virtual world is designed from the perspective of the robot, enabling realistic AUV evaluation and testing in the laboratory. 3D real-time graphics are our window into the virtual world, enabling multiple observers to visualize complex interactions. A networked architecture enables multiple world components to operate collectively in real time, and also permits world-wide observation and collaboration with other scientists interested in the robot and virtual world.
Distinct regions of ATF/CREB proteins Atf1 and Pcr1 control recombination hotspot ade6–M26 and the osmotic stress response

The Atf1 protein of Schizosaccharomyces pombe contains a bZIP (DNA-binding/protein dimerization) domain characteristic of ATF/CREB proteins, but no other functional domains or clear homologs have been reported. Atf1-containing, bZIP protein dimers bind to CRE-like DNA sites, regulate numerous stress responses, and activate meiotic recombination at hotspots like ade6-M26. We defined systematically the organization of Atf1 and its heterodimer partner Pcr1, which is required for a subset of Atf1-dependent functions. Surprisingly, only the bZIP domain of Pcr1 is required for hotspot activity and tethering of Atf1 to ade6 promotes recombination in the absence of its bZIP domain and the Pcr1 protein. Therefore the recombination-activation domain of Atf1-Pcr1 heterodimer resides exclusively in Atf1, and Pcr1 confers DNA-binding site specificity in vivo. Atf1 has a modular organization in which distinct regions affect differentially the osmotic stress response (OSA) and meiotic recombination (HRA, HRR). The HRA and HRR regions are necessary and sufficient to activate and repress recombination, respectively. Moreover, Atf1 defines a family of conserved proteins with discrete sequence motifs in the functional domains (OSA, HRA, HRR, bZIP). These findings reveal the functional organization of Atf1 and Pcr1, and illustrate several mechanisms by which bZIP proteins can regulate multiple, seemingly disparate activities.
Black physicians' experience with race: should we be surprised?

Even as ground is broken in our nation's capital for the new Martin Luther King Jr. memorial, African Americans are less likely than whites to feel that the United States is making significant prog...
Theophylline kinetics in chronic obstructive airway disease in the elderly

Theophylline kinetic studies, serial spirometric function tests, and arterial blood gas determinations were performed in 39 adult men with stable chronic obstructive airway disease (COPD). Subjects were given an intravenous aminophylline loading dose of 5.6 mg/kg and a maintenance dose of 0.9 mg/kg/hr for 6 hours. Elderly (greater than 60 years old) nonsmoking subjects had 36% lower theophylline clearance (Cl) and a 40% longer serum theophylline elimination t1/2 than did middle-aged (less than 60 years old) nonsmoking subjects (mean +/- SE; clearances of 32.6 +/- 3.2 [n = 13] and 50.7 +/- 8.5 ml/kg/hr [n = 8] and t1/2s of 11.0 +/- 0.8 and 7.4 +/- 0.8 hours, respectively). There were also differences in Cl and t1/2 between elderly and middle-aged subjects in both the smoking and nonsmoking groups: elderly group, Cl = 43.6 +/- 3.7 mg/kg/hr and t1/2 = 9.0 +/- 0.7 hours; middle-aged group, Cl = 57.6 +/- 6.0 mg/kg/hr and t1/2 = 6.7 +/- 0.6 hours). There was consistent improvement in spirometric functions in both nonsmoking and smoking elderly subjects: percent changes in forced expiratory volume in 1 second of 19% to 25%; in forced vital capacity of 25% to 31%; in forced expiratory flow at 25% to 75% of vital capacity of 59% to 67%; and in maximum mid-flow time of -25% to -30%, at serum theophylline concentrations of 10 to 13 mg/L (group mean). We conclude that elderly nonsmoking subjects with COPD cleared theophylline more slowly than did middle-aged, nonsmoking subjects with COPD.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Circadian rhythmicity and development of the behavioural response to sex pheromone in male brown‐banded cockroaches, Supella longipalpa

The effects of age, time ofday and pheromone concentration the responsiveness of the male brown-banded cockroach, Supella longipalpa (F.), to female volatile pheromone examined. Male response increased with age and peaked 10 days after the imaginal moult. A diel periodicity of responsiveness observed, with greater responses in the scotophase. The behavioural response dose- dependent and its diel periodicity most obvious when intermediate pheromone concentrations (e.g. 0.01 female equivalents) used. Higher concentrations obscured the periodicity by eliciting greater responses in the photophase, while the lower concentrations did by decreasing the response in the scotophase. Following entrainment to LD 12:12h cycle, the periodicity of response to 0.01 female equivalents of pheromone persisted for at least 54 h under continuous darkness, further demonstrating true circadian rhythm.
Self-administration of cocaine, cannabis and heroin in the human laboratory: benefits and pitfalls

The objective of this review is to describe self-administration procedures for modeling addiction to cocaine, cannabis and heroin in the human laboratory, the benefits and pitfalls of the approach, and the methodological issues unique to each drug. In addition, the predictive validity of the model for testing treatment medications will be addressed. The results show that all three drugs of abuse are reliably and robustly self-administered by non-treatment-seeking research volunteers. In terms of pharmacotherapies, cocaine use is extraordinarily difficult to disrupt either in the laboratory or in the clinic. A range of medications has been shown to significantly decrease cocaine's subjective effects and craving without decreasing either cocaine self-administration or cocaine abuse by patients. These negative data combined with recent positive findings with modafinil suggest that self-administration procedures are an important intermediary step between pre-clinical and clinical studies. In terms of cannabis, a recent study suggests that medications that improve sleep and mood during cannabis withdrawal decrease the resumption of marijuana self-administration in abstinent volunteers. Clinical data on patients seeking treatment for their marijuana use are needed to validate these laboratory findings. Finally, in contrast to cannabis or cocaine dependence, there are three efficacious Food and Drug Administration-approved medications to treat opioid dependence, all of which decrease both heroin self-administration and subjective effects in the human laboratory. In summary, self-administration procedures provide meaningful behavioral data in a small number of individuals. These studies contribute to our understanding of the variables maintaining cocaine, marijuana and heroin intake, and are important in guiding the development of more effective drug treatment programs.
Characteristics of Geriatric Practice Settings that Attract and Retain Physical Therapists in the SNF/ICF Practice Setting

ABSTRACTThe US population is aging due to increases in life expectancy and the aging of the baby boomer generation. The elderly use more medical services than any other group in the population and account for 90% of nursing home use. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the characteristics of geriatric practice settings that attract and retain physical therapists (PTs) in the skilled nursing facility/intermediate care facility (SNF/ICF) practice setting. The study was an electronic survey of active PT members of the Section on Geriatrics of the American Physical Therapy Association (APTA) with a current e-mail address. The electronic survey yielded 768 completed surveys, resulting in an overall response rate of 17% and a 4.74% response rate from PTs in the SNF/ICF practice setting. A majority of therapists (73.2%) were employed full-time and 58.2% had 16 or more years of professional experience. Therapists were attracted to a geriatric practice setting for the patient population. A majori...
Improving linear prediction analysis of noisy speech by predictive noise cancellation

The analysis of speech using Linear Prediction is reformulated to account for the presence of acoustically added noise and a technique is presented for reducing its effect on parameter estimation. The method, called Predictive Noise Cancellation (PNC), modifies the noisy speech autocorrelations using an estimate of present background noise which is adaptively updated from an average all-pole noise spectrum. The all-pole noise spectrum is calculated by averaging autocorrelations during non-speech activity. The method uses procedures which are already available to the LPC analyzer, and thus is well suited for real time analysis of noisy speech. Preliminary results show signal to noise improvements on the order of 10 to 20 db.
The Effect of Flux Creep on the Magnetization Field in the SSC Dipole Magnets

The sextupole fields of model SSC dipole magnets have been observed to change with time when the magnets are held at constant current under conditions similar to injection into the SSC accelerator. The changes in the sextupole component have close to a linear log time dependence, and is felt to be caused by flux creep decay of the magnetization currents in the superconductor filaments. Measurements of this decay have been made under various conditions. The conditions include various central field inductions and changes of field prior to when the decay was measured. The measured field decay in the dipole’s sextupole is proportional to the magnitude and sign of the sextupole due to magnetization which was measured at the start of the decay. This suggests that the decay is a bulk superconductivity flux creep. Proximity coupling appears to play only a minor role in the flux creep according to recent LBL measurements with a stable power supply.
The body-size dependence of mutual interference

The parameters that drive population dynamics typically show a relationship with body size. By contrast, there is no theoretical or empirical support for a body-size dependence of mutual interference, which links foraging rates to consumer density. Here, I develop a model to predict that interference may be positively or negatively related to body size depending on how resource body size scales with consumer body size. Over a wide range of body sizes, however, the model predicts that interference will be body-size independent. This prediction was supported by a new dataset on interference and consumer body size. The stabilizing effect of intermediate interference therefore appears to be roughly constant across size, while the effect of body size on population dynamics is mediated through other parameters.
Effect of underfill staging time on fillet depression

Underfill is a material typically used in flip-chip technology to provide a mechanical bonding between the die and the substrate. During the recent development of a new FC-BGA package, one of the main challenge was the selection of a single dispense underfill with a self-filleting capability. In the course of the evaluation a new fillet defect was encountered. The defect resulted in a yield loss of approximately 30% at the post epoxy visual inspection. However, upon closer inspection, what appears initially as a crack was later found out through FA cross sectioned results to be a deep groove running parallel to the edge of the die, a short distance away from the die edge. The defect was consequently referred to as Fillet depression. There were also micro depressions that were visible only under a microscope at 40x magnification. Closer inspection showed these micro depressions have resin rich tips. From the commonality study conducted the additional staging time for the underfill was determined to be the dominant factor that cause fillet depression. This paper includes a detail description of the new defect and a hypothesis for the effect of staging time on the filleting quality.
A perspectivist review of supermetallicity studies — II

On passe en revue les etudes faites sur la metallicite d'une part dans les vieux amas galactique M67 et NGC 188 et d'autre part dans les geantes et sous-geantes K et G
Evaluation metrics for knowledge-based machine translation

A methodology is presented for component-based machine translation (MT) evaluation through causal error analysis to complement existing global evaluation methods. This methodology is particularly appropriate for knowledge-based machine translation (KBMT) systems. After a discussion of MT evaluation criteria and the particular evaluation metrics proposed for KBMT, we apply this methodology to a large-scale application of the KANT machine translation system, and present some sample results.
Stomal Seeding by Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy in Patients With Head and Neck Cancer

• Presented is the first known case of squamous cell carcinoma that developed at the site of a "pull" type percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy stoma. The patient had advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the pharynx when the percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy tube was placed. This article should serve as a warning of this potential complication. Alternate techniques and other precautionary methods are described. ( Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1992;118:658-659)
Vegetarian eating patterns: science, values, and food choices—where do we go from here?

Many aspects of vegetarian diets are currently of interest from a health standpoint. It is becoming increasingly important to recognize that both values and scientific issues come into play in evaluating data on diet and nutrition.
Research Priorities in Gerontologic Nursing for Long-Term Care

A four-round Delphi survey was carried out to identify the impressions of practitioners as to research priorities in long-term care. The fixed sample was drawn from 59 nursing homes and 40 home health agencies in Southeast Florida. In addition to completing a demographic data form, subjects were asked to identify five current nursing research issues during Round I. These items were sorted and categorized into 41 discrete items, which subjects were requested to rate on a five-point scale during Round II. Items were rated in three discrete categories in relation to the importance of the research for patient welfare, nursing education, and nursing practice; and items were rated in three impact statements concerning patient welfare, older people in the state, and older people in the United States. Round III gave the subjects an opportunity to change their rating on being provided with their own rating as well as a group mean on all items for each of the six categories. A total of 50% of the subjects from Round I completed all rounds. The identified priorities can be viewed as a step toward identifying research needs by those in the practice setting and can direct researchers to conduct studies that practicing nurses might be more apt to adapt to their practice settings.
Typing of field isolates of infectious bronchitis virus based on the sequence of the hypervariable region in the S1 gene

A universal primer set was developed that amplifies a region covering hypervariable region (HVR) 1 and HVR 2 in the S1 gene of the infectious bronchitis virus (IBV). The universality of this primer set was confirmed by testing the reference strains of different serotypes or variants of the IBV present in the United States. An approximately 450-bp region containing HVR 1 and HVR 2 of 7 untyped field isolates obtained in 1999 and 2000 was amplified. Direct sequencing followed by phylogenetic analysis on that region allowed us to type those field isolates that were not typable by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). Furthermore, it was found that typing by phylogenetic analysis of that region correlates with virus neutralization results. Together with RT-PCR and RFLP, this method will serve as a fast typing method for IBV diagnosis.
Mapping environments at risk under different global climate change scenarios

All global circulation models based on Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) scenarios project profound changes, but there is no consensus on how to map their environmental consequences. Our multivariate representation of environmental space combines stable topographic and edaphic attributes with dynamic climatic attributes. We divide that environmental space into 500 unique domains and map their current locations and their projected locations in 2100 under contrasting emissions scenarios. The environmental domains found across half the study area today disappear under the higher emissions scenario, but persist somewhere in it under the lower emissions scenario. Locations affected least and those affected most under each scenario are mapped. This provides an explicit framework for designing conservation networks to include both areas at least risk (potential refugia) and areas at greatest risk, where novel communities may form and where sentinel ecosystems can be monitored for signs of stress.
Chromatin signature discovery via histone modification profile alignments

We report on the development of an unsupervised algorithm for the genome-wide discovery and analysis of chromatin signatures. Our Chromatin-profile Alignment followed by Tree-clustering algorithm (ChAT) employs dynamic programming of combinatorial histone modification profiles to identify locally similar chromatin sub-regions and provides complementary utility with respect to existing methods. We applied ChAT to genomic maps of 39 histone modifications in human CD4 + T cells to identify both known and novel chromatin signatures. ChAT was able to detect chromatin signatures previously associated with transcription start sites and enhancers as well as novel signatures associated with a variety of regulatory elements. Promoter-associated signatures discovered with ChAT indicate that complex chromatin signatures, made up of numerous co-located histone modifications, facilitate cell-type specific gene expression. The discovery of novel L1 retrotransposon-associated bivalent chromatin signatures suggests that these elements influence the mono-allelic expression of human genes by shaping the chromatin environment of imprinted genomic regions. Analysis of long geneassociated chromatin signatures point to a role for the H4K20me1 and H3K79me3 histone modifications in transcriptional pause release. The novel chromatin signatures and functional associations uncovered by ChAT underscore the ability of the algorithm to yield novel insight on chromatin-based regulatory mechanisms.
Electrostatic electron beam couplers

Electrostatic electron beam couplers can be used in conjunction with a parametric amplifier to produce low-noise electron beam amplification. The characteristics and design of both traveling-wave and resonant couplers are considered. The latter are broader-band and shorter than the traveling-wave version; however, the traveling-wave coupler does not require critical load adjustment and is electrically tunable. An important advantage of the electrostatic fast-wave coupler over the magnetic version considered by Cuccia is the elimination of the magnetic field.