cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An ultrastructural study of methionine sulphoximine-induced glycogen accumulation in astrocytes of the mouse cerebral cortex.

Glycogen distribution in the mouse cerebral cortex was examined with electron microscopy following treatment with the experimental convulsant, methionine sulphoximine (M.S.O.). Both at 24 and 48 h followed administration of M.S.O., accumulation of particulate glycogen was prominent in astrocytes throughout the cerebral cortex. In astrocyte cell bodies and in subpial, pericapillary and perineuronal astrocyte processes the glycogen often completely filled the cytoplasm, crowding the remaining organelles and inclusions. The present findings correlate well with biochemical studies of M.S.O. effects of glutamine synthetase activity and energy metabolism. It is suggested that the glycogen may be derived from glutamate which under normal conditions would be converted to glutamine.
3-D hydro + cascade model at RHIC

We present a 3-D hydro + cascade model in which viscosity and a realistic freezeout process for the hadronic phase are taken into account. We compare our results to experimental data and discuss the finite state interaction effects on physical observables.
Is reduced clutch size a cost of parental care in Eastern Phoebes (Sayornis phoebe)

What is the cost of parental care in birds? Previous studies using observational and experimental techniques on nest building and clutch sizes in a small migrant flycatcher, the Eastern Phoebe (Sayornis phoebe), led to contradictory results that did not show a consistent cost of current reproductive effort on residual reproductive output. The data presented here indicate that different elements of parental behaviors are indeed costly because they reduce various aspects of phoebes' subsequent reproductive performance. Experimental removal of old nesting structures at previously used breeding sites reduced but did not eliminate the chance of phoebes' settlement in the subsequent year. Comparing sites at which phoebes did and did not build new nests showed that nest builders completed their first clutches later, had lower probabilities of second breeding attempts, and more often lost their nesting attempt due to fallen nest structures than nest reusers. There was, however, no significant effect of nest building on the clutch sizes and rates of cowbird parasitism of first nesting attempts. Overall, sites with newly built nests had lower seasonal reproductive effort than sites with reused nests. I also examined phoebes' relative residual reproductive output in a separate breeding season when nest building was not experimentally manipulated. When controlled for confounding variables this analysis indicated that in those phoebes that did breed for a second time, the relative decrease of the sizes of first to presumed second clutches was greater at sites where first breeding attempts consisted of more total nestlings. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that parental care is costly in Eastern Phoebes and support predictions of trade-offs between the nest building, brood care, and residual egg-investment components of reproduction.
Accurate automatic measurement of ST-segment response in the exercise electrocardiogram.

Abstract Validity of the ST-segment response in exercise electrocardiography is dependent in part on the reproducibility of observed change in the ST segment before, during, and after exrcise. Repeatability of clinical “reading” of exercise electrocardiograms is notoriously weak. Even using standardized measurements and criteria produces an average 20% residual disagreement in categorization of ST segment findings. A commercially available ST segment computer has been tested and found significantly more reliable than visual coding. This computer is a small analog device which measures heart rate, amplitude of ST deviations, and ST segment slope and provides a permanent stripchart averaged ECG record as well as digital readout. The ST computer had significantly higher repeatability for measurement and classification of the exercise ST segment response than visual reading of either the scalar ECG or the computer stripchart. This type of electronic device appears, therefore, to provide reliable and valid information which eliminates misclassifications due to observer variation and provides quantitative continuous measurements for clinical evaluation and research.
Oxidative Metabolism of Circulating Neutrophils in Infantile (Philadelphia Chromosome-Negative) Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia

Mature polymorphonuclear neutrophilic leukocytes (PMNL) from a 2.5-year-old female with infantile chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) were stimulated with phorbol myristate acetate or opsonized zymosan. The resulting enzymatic NADPH oxidation and the cellular O2- release and luminol-enhanced chemiluminescence were measured. The patient's PMNL responded normally in all respects. Thus, mature infantile CML PMNL undergo a normal respiratory burst following either soluble or particulate stimulation. Our review of the literature emphasizes the importance of studying a well-defined population of PMNL in patients with myelodysplasia.
Identification of ventilatory dynamics using pseudorandom binary sequences

A controversy exists concerning how best to describe the dynamics of the ventilatory response to exercise in man. The results of studies which used step, ramp and sinusoidal forcings of work have implied that there is a single slow, presumably humoral, component. However, application of short duration pulses of very heavy work gave results consistent with a rapid, presumably neural, component in addition to the slower dynamics. There are two factors which may be responsible for the conflict: (1) differences in the frequency content of the input signals and (2) the large work loads used in the pulse study may have induced an artifact. In the present study five subjects exercised on a bicycle ergometer while the work load was varied as a pseudorandom binary sequence (PRBS). The first order Wiener kernels were calculated by cross-correlation techniques. All subjects clearly demonstrated a rapid component. When the frequency content of the PRBS was lowered such that it excited a range similar to the sinusoida...
Dynamic adaptive surface rendering within a distributed memory multiprocessor

Abstract We describe a software-based approach to computing surface renderings from three-dimensional volume primitives using a general purpose distributed memory multiple-instruction, multiple-data multiprocessor architecture. The system reduces total elapsed image rendering time by exploiting distributed computing and using dynamic algorithm selection to reduce individual processor rendering time. We briefly describe the system pipeline architecture, the operation of the pipeline, and the computational bottleneck our research addresses. We then describe two adaptively terminating surface rendering algorithms. Our new approach to reducing surface rendering time uses the two algorithms and a procedure for predicting individual processor workload from the image-rendering parameters. The technique we describe locally and dynamically selects the optimum surface-rendering algorithm at each processor in the multiprocessor machine, thereby substantially reducing the total elapsed image-rendering time.
Susceptibilities of penicillin- and erythromycin-susceptible and -resistant pneumococci to HMR 3647 (RU 66647), a new ketolide, compared with susceptibilities to 17 other agents.

Susceptibility of 230 penicillin- and erythromycin-susceptible and -resistant pneumococci to HMR 3647 (RU 66647), a new ketolide, was tested by agar dilution, and results were compared with those of erythromycin, azithromycin, clarithromycin, roxithromycin, rokitamycin, clindamycin, pristinamycin, ciprofloxacin, sparfloxacin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, doxycycline, chloramphenicol, cefuroxime, ceftriaxone, imipenem, and vancomycin. HMR 3647 was very active against all strains tested, with MICs at which 90% of the strains were inhibited (MIC90s) of 0.03 microg/ml for erythromycin-susceptible strains (MICs, or =1.0 microg/ml). All other macrolides yielded MIC90s of 0.03 to 0.25 and >64.0 microg/ml for erythromycin-susceptible and -resistant strains, respectively. The MICs of clindamycin for 51 of 100 (51%) erythromycin-resistant strains were < or =0.125 microg/ml. The MICs of pristinamycin for all strains were < or =1.0 microg/ml. The MIC90s of ciprofloxacin and sparfloxacin were 4.0 and 0.5 microg/ml, respectively, and were unaffected by penicillin or erythromycin susceptibility. Vancomycin and imipenem inhibited all strains at < or =1.0 microg/ml. The MICs of cefuroxime and cefotaxime rose with those of penicillin G. The MICs of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, doxycycline, and chloramphenicol were variable but were generally higher in penicillin- and erythromycin-resistant strains. HMR 3647 had the best kill kinetics of all macrolides tested against 11 erythromycin-susceptible and -resistant strains, with uniform bactericidal activity (99.9% killing) after 24 h at two times the MIC and 99% killing of all strains at two times the MIC after 12 h for all strains. Pristinamycin showed more rapid killing at 2 to 6 h, with 99.9% killing of 10 of 11 strains after 24 h at two times the MIC. Other macrolides showed significant activity, relative to the MIC, against erythromycin-susceptible strains only.
Diagnosis and management of pharyngitis in a pediatric population based on cost-effectiveness and projected health outcomes.

BACKGROUND. Pharyngitis is a common childhood complaint. Current management for children and adolescents includes 1 of 6 strategies, ie, (1) observe without testing or treatment, (2) treat all suspected cases with an antibiotic, (3) treat those with positive throat cultures, (4) treat those with positive rapid tests, (5) treat those with positive rapid tests and those with positive throat cultures after negative rapid tests, or (6) use a clinical scoring measure to determine the diagnosis/treatment strategy. The sequelae of untreated group A hemolytic streptococcal (GAS) pharyngitis are rare, whereas antibiotic treatment may result in side effects ranging from rash to death. The cost-utility of these strategies for children has not been reported previously. METHODS. A decision tree analysis incorporating the total cost and health impact of each management strategy was used to determine cost per quality-adjusted life-year ratios. Sensitivity analyses and Monte Carlo simulations assessed the accuracy of the estimates. RESULTS. From a societal perspective with current Medicaid reimbursements for testing, performing a throat culture for all patients had the best cost-utility. For private insurance reimbursements, rapid antigen testing had the best cost-utility. Observing without testing or treatment had the lowest morbidity rate and highest cost from a societal perspective but the lowest cost from a payer perspective. The model was most sensitive to the incidence of acute rheumatic fever and peritonsillar abscess after untreated GAS pharyngitis. Monte Carlo simulations demonstrated considerable overlap among all of the options except for treating all patients and observing all patients. CONCLUSIONS. Observing patients with pharyngitis had the lowest morbidity rate. The costs of this option were primarily from parental time lost from work. Before recommending observation rather than treatment of GAS pharyngitis, accurate estimates of the risk of developing acute rheumatic fever and peritonsillar abscess after GAS pharyngitis are needed.
π- and σ-Diazo Radical Cations: Electronic and Molecular Structure of a Chemical Chameleon

Diphenyldiazomethane (2) and its 15N2, 13C, and D10 isotopomers, as well as the C(Me)2 and CH2CH2 bridged derivatives, 9-diazo-9,10-dihydro-10,10-dimethylanthracene (3) and 5-diazo-10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene (4), are ionized by electrolytic and chemical oxidation in fluid solution and by γ-irradiation in Freon matrices. Depending on the experimental conditions of these reactions, two distinct species which correspond to π- and σ-radical states of the diazo radical cations are observed by optical and ESR spectroscopy. They drastically differ in their color, hyperfine pattern, and photostability. Theoretical calculations demonstrate that the experimentally found energetic proximity of the two states is not an intrinsic property of the diaryldiazo radical cations, but it must be due to some unidentified solvent (and/or counterion) effects acting to preferentially stabilize the σ-states by about 1 eV.
Applications of zachariasen's rules to different types of noncrystalline solids

Zachariasen's rules for glass formation were originally considered to be applicable to all glass forming systems. Later research indicated the application of Zachariasen's concepts was limited to only some common glass-forming oxide systems. Glass formation from the liquid was governed not only by structure but by kinetics of cooling as well. Non-crystalline solids, however, can be prepared also by methods other than cooling the liquid. For instance, vapor deposition, heat-treatment of gels and precipitation from solutions. The structures of such amorphous phases, their tendency to crystallize and their relation to one another and to melt-formed glasses are important questions. Zachariasen's rules have now been applied to many of these non-crystalline solids. It is shown that such a treatment can furnish useful information regarding the stability of such amorphous phases and the structural relationship between them.
Taguchi methods to improve the development process

A description is given of the Taguchi methods, which compromise combinations of engineering, statistics, economics, and information theory that greatly improve product development. Product parameter design optimizes the nominal values of design parameters to keep performance near complete customer satisfaction despite variances of parts and environment. Tolerance design selects the basic precision level that minimizes total cost. Process parameter design optimizes process parameters to maximise the intrinsic stability of production. Online quality control periodically checks and adjusts production to maintain operating precision that minimizes total cost. >
Transition of respiratory processes during amphibian metamorphosis : from egg to adult

Transitions in respiratory and circulatory functions during development in amphibians are reviewed. Gas exchange in the amphibian egg occurs primarily by diffusion. The heart beat and consequent internal convection of body fluid through the primordia of the larval respiratory organs occurs quite late in embryonic development, and is probably not necessary for gas exchange given the very small size of amphibian eggs and embryos. Post-hatch larvae respire predominantly with the well-perfused skin, with supplemental respiration provided by internal or external gills. As larval development proceeds, gill arch VI provides blood to the developing pulmonary circulation. Most amphibian larvae rely progressively on gas exchange with the paired unicameral lungs, but aquatic gas exchange normally predominates until complete metamorphosis. Neural reflexes involving mechano- and chemo-receptors coordinate gill and lung ventilatory movements and heart beat in the larva. Metamorphosis of the larva involves regression of the gills and further simplifications of the circulation involving the loss of entire gill arches or their distal segments and the proximal conjunction of systemic and pulmocutaneous arches. The skin of the adult remains a major site of CO2 elimination, but O2 uptake is achieved primarily via the lungs. The physiological transitions, particularly of regulatory mechanisms, which occur during amphibian metamorphosis remain only poorly understood, and serve as a challenging and rewarding area for future research.
Web-scale pharmacovigilance: listening to signals from the crowd

Adverse drug events cause substantial morbidity and mortality and are often discovered after a drug comes to market. We hypothesized that Internet users may provide early clues about adverse drug events via their online information-seeking. We conducted a large-scale study of Web search log data gathered during 2010. We pay particular attention to the specific drug pairing of paroxetine and pravastatin, whose interaction was reported to cause hyperglycemia after the time period of the online logs used in the analysis. We also examine sets of drug pairs known to be associated with hyperglycemia and those not associated with hyperglycemia. We find that anonymized signals on drug interactions can be mined from search logs. Compared to analyses of other sources such as electronic health records (EHR), logs are inexpensive to collect and mine. The results demonstrate that logs of the search activities of populations of computer users can contribute to drug safety surveillance.
Mechanism of suppression in Drosophila. VII. Correlation between disappearance of an isoacceptor of tyrosine tRNA and activation of the vermilion locus

The possibility that tyrosine tRNA modifies the catalytic activity of tryptophan oxygenase that is produced by the vermilion mutant (v) in Drosophila melanogaster is reconsidered. Dietary conditions can modify the ratio of the two major isoacceptors of tyrosine tRNA: one condition allows 85--90% to exist as the second isoacceptor, and another condition allows less than 5% to exist in this form. The function lacking in the vermilion mutant is partially restored when the second isoacceptor of tRNATyr is reduced to low levels (less than 40%), but the function is greatly reduced when this isoacceptor is present as 50% or more of the total. These data support the hypothesis that tRNATyr may be associated with and regulate tryptophan oxygenase. The corresponding isoacceptor of tRNATyr found in a suppressor mutant, su(s)2, should not have any effect on the function of the vermilion gene, and, indeed, it did not. The tRNAs for tyrosine, aspartic acid, and histidine all have one isoacceptor that contains nucleoside Q and all undergo parallel changes in flies raised on the various diets. It appears that these dietary changes affect the ability to synthesize or modify Q or to remove or insert it into tRNA.
The mobile future of place‐based digital collections

The University of Vermont is working to present the images comprising the Long Trail Collection through mobile technologies, providing an opportunity to enhance trail hikers' experience with historical views and background information. The collection, held by the University's Center for Digital Initiatives, includes over 900 slides from 1912–1937. With geospatial metadata linked to Google maps, one can use a smartphone to identify a location and access place-based images from the collection to appreciate the location's rich historical context. Since October 2010, the originators have worked on building the application using Apple's development suite and virtual phone and collaborated with others on the app design. The potential for other intersections of historical information and real time, place-based experiences presented through mobile technologies, is promising. The app being developed for the Long Trail Collection can serve as a model and practical teaching tool. Recollection, an open source software toolkit, supports collection displays and integrated metadata. It is hoped that librarians and digital collection managers will take advantage of these resources to support mobile development initiatives.
Optical scintillations and fade statistics for a satellite-communication system

Estimates of the scintillation index, fractional fade time, expected number of fades, and mean duration of fade time associated with a propagating Gaussian-beam wave are developed for uplink and downlink laser satellite-communication channels. Estimates for the spot size of the beam at the satellite or the ground or airborne receiver are also provided. Weak-fluctuation theory based on the log-normal model is applicable for intensity fluctuations near the optical axis of the beam provided that the zenith angle is not too large, generally not exceeding 60°. However, there is an increase in scintillations that occurs with increasing pointing error at any zenith angle, particularly for uplink channels. Large off-axis scintillations are of particular significance because they imply that small pointing errors can cause serious degradation in the communication-channel reliability. Off-axis scintillations increase more rapidly for larger-diameter beams and, in some cases, can lead to a radial saturation effect for pointing errors less than 1 µrad off the optical beam axis.
Urinary excretion of aquaporin-2 in humans: a potential marker of collecting duct responsiveness to vasopressin.

The vasopressin-sensitive water channel (aquaporin 2; AQP-2) mediates water transport across the apical plasma membrane of the renal collecting ducts and is excreted in human urine. This study presents the hypothesis that measurements of the AQP-2 excretion rate might be used as a marker of collecting-duct responsiveness to vasopressin, and therefore could be useful in the clinical evaluation of various water-balance disorders. This study presents information about the development of an antibody to human AQP-2, and measures the urinary excretion of AQP-2 by quantitative Western analysis. A standard curve of band densities was generated by using known quantities of the modified immunizing peptide to derive the amount of AQP-2 contained in aliquots of urine. AQP-2 urinary excretion changed with short-term alterations in hydration status produced either by water loading (76% decrease, P
A new technique for evaluating the severity of generator outage contingencies based on two-parameter continuation

This work presents a new and powerful two parameter (/spl lambda//spl mu/) continuation technique for evaluating severe generator outage contingencies whether they correspond to saddle-node bifurcation points or breaking points, given a power system operating point, a load demand forecast and a generation dispatch forecast. Two algorithms for redispatching generation are designed with respect to pickup types - individual generators and whole areas. Furthermore, this paper explores the relationship between the power injection parameter of outage generators, /spl mu/, and the right eigenvector /spl nu/ associated with the smallest eigenvalue. The technique has been tested on a large-scale power system with 19140 buses. With less than 3% relative error with different pickup types, the simulation results indicate that the proposed method is very robust, efficient and accurate for generator outage contingency evaluation of large-scale power systems.
Molecular cloning of two new human paralogs of 85-kDa cytosolic phospholipase A2.

Two new cloned human cDNAs encode paralogs of the 85-kDa cytosolic phospholipase A2(cPLA2). We propose to call these cPLA2β (114 kDa) and cPLA2γ (61 kDa), giving the name cPLA2α to the well known 85-kDa enzyme. cPLA2β mRNA is expressed more highly in cerebellum and pancreas and cPLA2γ more highly in cardiac and skeletal muscle. Sequence-tagged site mapping places cPLA2β on chromosome 15 in a region near a phosphoinositol bisphosphate phosphatase. The mRNA for cPLA2β is spliced only at a very low level, and Northern blots in 24 tissues show exclusively the unspliced form. cPLA2β has much lower activity on 2-arachidonoyl-phosphatidylcholine liposomes than either of the other two enzymes. Its sequence contains a histidine motif characteristic of the catalytic center of caspase proteases of the apoptotic cascade but no region characteristic of the catalytic cysteine. Sequence-tagged site mapping places cPLA2γ on chromosome 19 near calmodulin. cPLA2γ lacks the C2 domain, which gives cPLA2α its Ca2+ sensitivity, and accordingly cPLA2γ has no dependence upon calcium, although cPLA2β does. cPLA2γ contains a prenyl group-binding site motif and appears to be largely membrane-bound. cPLA2α residues activated by phosphorylation do not appear to be well conserved in either new enzyme. In contrast, all three previously known catalytic residues, as well as one additional essential arginine, Arg-566 in cPLA2α, are conserved in both new enzyme sequences. Mutagenesis shows strong dependence on these residues for catalytic activity of all three enzymes.
Research Note---Influence Techniques in Phishing Attacks: An Examination of Vulnerability and Resistance

Phishing is a major threat to individuals and organizations. Along with billions of dollars lost annually, phishing attacks have led to significant data breaches, loss of corporate secrets, and espionage. Despite the significant threat, potential phishing targets have little theoretical or practical guidance on which phishing tactics are most dangerous and require heightened caution. The current study extends persuasion and motivation theory to postulate why certain influence techniques are especially dangerous when used in phishing attacks. We evaluated our hypotheses using a large field experiment that involved sending phishing messages to more than 2,600 participants. Results indicated a disparity in levels of danger presented by different influence techniques used in phishing attacks. Specifically, participants were less vulnerable to phishing influence techniques that relied on fictitious prior shared experience and were more vulnerable to techniques offering a high level of self-determination. By extending persuasion and motivation theory to explain the relative efficacy of phishers' influence techniques, this work clarifies significant vulnerabilities and lays the foundation for individuals and organizations to combat phishing through awareness and training efforts.
A direct field formulation for transient eddy current calculations in thin conductors

An efficient finite element formulation for transient eddy current calculations in thin conductors is presented and corroborated numerically. In an attempt to develop a simple yet robust finite element formulation, the magnetic field vector is directly chosen as the state variable and decomposed into two parts (the incident and reactive fields respectively) and a set of suitable boundary conditions is constructed. Finite-element implementation of the formulation is described. A penalty method is utilized to enforce the divergence-free condition for the magnetic flux. Since only the conducting solid needs to be discretized and lower-order polynomials are utilized, the proposed direct field formulation is computationally economical and versatile, as demonstrated in numerical examples. The numerical results of example problems are compared to known analytical solutions or experimental results. >
Aerobic Metabolism of Streptococcus agalactiae

Streptococcus agalactiae cultures possess an aerobic pathway for glucose oxidation that is strongly inhibited by cyanide. The products of glucose oxidation by aerobically grown cells of S. agalactiae 50 are lactic and acetic acids, acetylmethylcarbinol, and carbon dioxide. Glucose degradation products by aerobically grown cells, as percentage of glucose carbon, were 52 to 61% lactic acid, 20 to 23% acetic acid, 5.5 to 6.5% acetylmethylcarbinol, and 14 to 16% carbon dioxide. There was no evidence for a pentose cycle or a tricarboxylic acid cycle. Crude cell-free extracts of S. agalactiae 50 possessed a strong reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH2) oxidase that is also cyanide-sensitive. Dialysis or ultrafiltration of the crude, cell-free extract resulted in loss of NADH2 oxidase activity. Oxidase activity was restored to the inactive extract by addition of the ultrafiltrate or by addition of menadione or K3Fe(CN)6. Noncytochrome iron-containing pigments were present in cell-free extracts of S. agalactiae. The possible participation of these pigments in the respiration of S. agalactiae is presently being studied.
Justice And Resentment In Hume, Reid, And Smith

Adam Smith and Thomas Reid follow Joseph Butler's lead in discussing the moral significance of resentment in great detail. David Hume does not. For Smith and Reid, resentment reveals shortcomings in Hume's attempt to ground justice solely in terms of self-interest and public utility. This can be seen most clearly in Reid's critique of Hume's response to the sensible knave. Reid argues that Hume's appeal to our integrity can have force only if Hume concedes that there are elements of justice that are grounded in neither self-interest nor public utility.
Diagnostic effectiveness in computer systems using deterministic random ESD

A new criterion for electrostatic discharge (ESD) testing was recently developed where qualification effectiveness for a given apparatus is shown to be a function of the coverage obtained through ESD event coincidence with the diagnostic software/hardware in use. The authors show the effectiveness of ESD testing on a large-scale computer system undergoing testing in a typical manufacturing environment using both the present, industry accepted, deterministic ESD unit and an ESD unit based upon the recently established criterion. In addition, they provide guidelines for maximizing error detection and fault isolation as a function of ESD events and diagnostic software coverage. They further provide results showing the fallacy of assuming that a deterministic ESD unit will eventually cover every segment of a similarly deterministic diagnostic routine given unconstrained runtime. They also show the attainment of 100% diagnostic coverage in all cases based upon a 0.9 confidence using a randomly exercised ESD unit. >
Experimental measurements of dynamic range requirements for cross-correlation with synthetic discriminant functions

Optical correlation systems have been lagging in performance due to the severely limited dynamic range capability which has been somewhat alleviated as newer devices are becoming available. In general, however, it is not clear what dynamic range is required for generally good performance both in the input device and in the filters. Experiments with a digital cross correlator which can accommodate up to 16 bits of input dynamic range was used to establish practical performance limitations for a majority of cross correlators. The experiments were conducted using a reduction of the dynamic range from actual 12 bit data incrementally to smaller levels such that performance measures could be compared. This paper quantifies these results.
The determination and measurement of functional disability in rheumatoid arthritis

Although functional outcome is frequently discussed and written about, it is often not clear what functional outcome is and how it can be measured. This paper introduces the concept of latent and observed measures of functional disability, and distinguishes between disability as a process measure and disability as an outcome measure. Using the Health Assessment Questionnaire as the main functional outcome measure in rheumatoid arthritis, we propose and discuss several methods for determining disability, and describe the implications of altering the disability course.
Supply chain workflow modeling using ontologies

One of the primary objectives of supply chain (SC) information support system is to develop a conceptual design of organizational and process knowledge models which facilitate optimal SC management (SCM). The SC knowledge modeling consists of two components: (1) modeling SC workflows and (2) capturing and organizing knowledge necessary for managing them. Workflow modeling deals with handling activities to generate and utilize knowledge, whereas ontology engineering formalizes knowledge content. This chapter proposes a framework comprising both aspects of knowledge modeling. To model workflows, a combination of two frameworks is proposed: (1) SC operation reference model for higher-level process and (2) process modeling tools, such as integrated definition (IDEF) and unified modeling language (UML), for the lower, application-level process model representation. For workflow knowledge capturing and representation, two standards are introduced: situation calculus and SC markup language (SCML). The former is utilized for capturing process logic with mathematical expressions, and the latter for coding this logic with a computational language. An example of production scheduling for a steel SC is provided as an illustration.
Correcting encoder interpolation error on the Green Bank Telescope using an iterative model based identification algorithm

Various forms of measurement errors limit telescope tracking performance in practice. A new method for identifying the correcting coefficients for encoder interpolation error is developed. The algorithm corrects the encoder measurement by identifying a harmonic model of the system and using that model to compute the necessary correction parameters. The approach improves upon others by explicitly modeling the unknown dynamics of the structure and controller and by not requiring a separate system identification to be performed. Experience gained from pin-pointing the source of encoder error on the Green Bank Radio Telescope (GBT) is presented. Several tell-tale indicators of encoder error are discussed. Experimental data from the telescope, tested with two different encoders, are presented. Demonstration of the identification methodology on the GBT as well as details of its implementation are discussed. A root mean square tracking error reduction from 0.68 arc seconds to 0.21 arc sec was achieved by changing encoders and was further reduced to 0.10 arc sec with the calibration algorithm. In particular, the ubiquity of this error source is shown and how, by careful correction, it is possible to go beyond the advertised accuracy of an encoder.
A Primer on Political Activity by 501(c) and 527 Organizations

This set of power points summarizes the tax rules governing political activity by section 501(c) organizations, including section 501(c)(3) charities and section 501(c)(4) social welfare organizations as well as section 527 political organizations. It also notes key difference between tax law and campaign finance law.
Metabolic Health in the Aging Female: Human Perspective

The incidence rates of overweight and obesity has increased dramatically over the last several decades and women with increased body fat and a sedentary lifestyle have a greater risk for cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and certain cancers. This chapter provides a human perspective of obesity and aging, describes the cardiometabolic profile of postmenopausal women, presents a view of racial disparities in older women, and discusses the effects of aerobic and resistive exercise training on metabolic health in aging women. Finally, the chapter imparts some future research directions in the aging female.
LARGE DEVIATIONS OF THE MAXIMUM LIKELIHOOD ESTIMATE IN THE MARKOV CHAIN CASE

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses large deviations of the maximum likelihood estimate in the Markov chain case. Local optimality is a weak property. Various estimates, other than the maximum likelihood (ML) estimate, are locally optimal. However, optimality is a much stronger property; in particular, the ML estimate can be optimal only in certain special cases. The empirical transition matrix λ (n) is an ML estimate if the transition probabilities are entirely unknown, that is, if Λ is the parameter space.
Interallelic complementation provides functional evidence for cohesin–cohesin interactions on DNA

The cohesin complex (Mcd1p, Smc1p, Smc3p, and Scc3p) has multiple roles in chromosome architecture, such as promoting sister chromatid cohesion, chromosome condensation, DNA repair, and transcriptional regulation. The prevailing embrace model for sister chromatid cohesion posits that a single cohesin complex entraps both sister chromatids. We report interallelic complementation between pairs of nonfunctional mcd1 alleles (mcd1-1 and mcd1-Q266) or smc3 alleles (smc3-42 and smc3-K113R). Cells bearing individual mcd1 or smc3 mutant alleles are inviable and defective for both sister chromatid cohesion and condensation. However, cells coexpressing two defective mcd1 or two defective smc3 alleles are viable and have cohesion and condensation. Because cohesin contains only a single copy of Smc3p or Mcd1p, these examples of interallelic complementation must result from interplay or communication between the two defective cohesin complexes, each harboring one of the mutant allele products. Neither mcd1-1p nor smc3-42p is bound to chromosomes when expressed individually at its restrictive temperature. However, their chromosome binding is restored when they are coexpressed with their chromosome-bound interallelic complementing partner. Our results support a mechanism by which multiple cohesin complexes interact on DNA to mediate cohesion and condensation.
The Value of Laparoscopic Lymphadenectomy in Conjunction with Radical Perineal or Retropubic Prostatectomy

AbstractA total of 76 men with clinically localized prostate cancer underwent surgical treatment at our institution during an 11-month period. Of the patients 26 underwent staging laparoscopic pelvic lymph node dissection followed by radical perineal prostatectomy (group 1), 24 underwent laparoscopic pelvic lymph node dissection and radical retropubic prostatectomy (group 2), and 26 underwent standard open lymphadenectomy and radical retropubic prostatectomy (group 3). Group 1 patients experienced statistically significantly less average blood loss (576 ± 360cc) than either group 2 (1,275 ± 686.8) or 3 (1,100 ± 459, p <0.001). Hospital stay was also significantly less in group 1, with a mean of 4.6 ± 1.9 days compared to 9.6 ± 4.6 and 7.25 ± 2.06 days for groups 2 and 3, respectively (p <0.001). Our study supports the combination of laparoscopic pelvic lymph node dissection and radical perineal prostatectomy as a potentially less morbid approach to the surgical treatment of prostate cancer. However, no be...
The Relationship Between Food Security, Housing Stability, and School Performance Among College Students in an Urban University:

Although younger populations, such as emerging adults, have been shown to be particularly susceptible to food insecurity and housing instability, the current research is predominantly devoid of lit...
Patterns of Behavioral Deficits in Rodents Following Brain Injury Across Species, Gender, and Experimental Model

Behavioral data were collected from several hundred mice and rats using a variety of experimental models of brain injury. The use of consistent protocols allowed compilation of these data, facilitating analyses of animal behaviors across experimental models, species, and gender. Spatial learning and sensorimotor/coordination data are presented, suggesting that, in general, rats performed better than mice both in the water maze and on the rotarod. Compared with females, males performed slightly better in the water maze and slightly worse on the rotarod. However, gender by species interactions accounted for both of these differences. Male rats performed better in the water maze than female rats, male mice, and female mice, which did not differ. Male mice performed worse on the rotarod than female mice, male rats, and female rats, which performed similarly. Furthermore, animals with subcortical injury were impaired in the water maze, but performed better than animals with cortical injuries. However, only animals with cortical injuries were impaired on the rotarod. Additional covariates, such as edema and lesion size, may further clarify these phenotypes. Overall, we provide evidence that abbreviated test batteries can be specifically designed to test deficits, depending on the species, gender, and model.
Evaluation of an Oligonucleotide Probe for Identification of Campylobacter Species

A total of 209 well-defined Campylobacter, Helicobacter , and Wolinella strains were tested with a Gen-Probe oligodeoxyribonucleotide probe for Campylobacter jejuni , Campylobacter coli , and Campylobacter lari . Released ribosomal RNA was hybridized with the acridinium-ester-labeled probe. The amount of light proportional to the number of DNA-RNA hybrid molecules was captured by a photo-multiplier and converted to a digital signal. A reading of more than 50,000 relative light units (RLU) was considered positive. After isolates were cultivated, lysis and hybridization procedures were completed in 30 minutes. All 104 strains within the target species were positive, as well as two Campylobacter hyointestinalis strains. The remaining 103 strains, including 15 C hyointestinalis strains, were negative. Our data indicate a sensitivity of 1.0 and specificity of 0.98 (P <.001).
The Effect of Oxygen on Tanning in Ligated Tachinid Larvae of Lespesia archippivora (Diptera: Tachinidae)

Parasitic Lespesia archippivora (Riley) larvae, ligated in post-critical periods at different positions after host emergence, exhibit tanning only in the region posterior to the ligature. This is an unexpected result since the ring gland complex, believed to be the source of ecdysone, is located in the anterior end. This finding suggests that lack of tanning in the anterior region is due to an inadequate supply of air to this region, based on the following observations: 1) oxygen administered to post-critical ligated larvae results in tanning in both anterior and posterior regions; 2) blocking the posterior spiracles with paint or wax effectively prevents tanning in post-critical unligated larvae; 3) the physical size of the anterior pair of spiracles are very small compared to the posterior pair.
Prophylaxis and treatment of post-renal transplant rejection.

Antilymphocyte preparations are effective immunosuppressive agents for treatment of post-transplant rejection in renal transplantation. Polyclonal preparations have been used for more than 15 years, and more recently monoclonal antibodies have been employed. These agents prevent rejection when used prophylactically soon after renal transplantation and they effectively treat acute rejection episodes either as first-line therapy or for steroid-refractory rejection episodes. In the past, polyclonal antilymphocyte preparations were poorly reproducible, contained contaminating antibodies against normal blood cell constituents, and required administration of large doses through a central vein or an arteriovenous fistula. The monoclonal antibody preparation Orthoclone OK T3 has proven as effective as the polyclonal preparation ALG to prevent or treat acute rejection episodes in the early post-transplant period. Compared to polyclonal preparations, monoclonal preparations are preferable because of their uniformity, absence of contaminating antibodies, and ease of administration. The development of antibodies to mouse proteins in the recipient may limit the usefulness of monoclonal preparations when given for an extended period or in repeated courses.
User Feedback on Physical Marker Interfaces for Protecting Visual Privacy from Mobile Robots

We present a study that examines the efficiency and usability of three different interfaces for specifying which objects should be kept private (i.e., not visible) in an office environment. Our study context is a robot "janitor" system that has the ability to blur out specified objects from its video feed. One interface is a traditional point-and-click GUI on a computer monitor, while the other two operate in the real, physical space: users either place markers on the objects to indicate privacy or use a wand tool to point at them. This late-breaking report presents qualitative feedback from users for improving the interfaces.
Probabilistic analysis of CO2 storage mechanisms in a CO2-EOR field using polynomial chaos expansion

Abstract Oil fields are already used for storing carbon via CO2-enhanced-oil-recovery (CO2-EOR). Such storage is an outcome of CO2-EOR, albeit not necessarily by design. A next step would be intentional storage via post-EOR CO2 injection. Trapping mechanisms in such post-EOR operations would include the same mechanisms as in CO2-EOR, including and especially hydrostratigraphic trapping and oil/aqueous dissolution. Forecasting the nature of trapping and the ultimate CO2 distribution in a reservoir is hindered by uncertainty in reservoir properties. The purpose of this study is to develop and apply reduced order models (ROMs) integrated with Monte Carlo simulations to quantify oil solubility trapping (oil phase), aqueous solubility trapping (aqueous phase), and hydrodynamic trapping (CO2 in supercritical phase). The case study site for this analysis is the SACROC unit in western Texas. A Polynomial Chaos Expansion (PCE) technique was used to develop the ROMs. The sources of uncertainty considered are porosity and permeability. Model results of interest include dissolved mass of CO2 in oil phase, mass of CO2 in supercritical phase, dissolved mass of CO2 in aqueous phase, and oil saturation in the rock formation. Reduced order models are developed for all cells in five selected layers of the model, which are adjacent to injection wells, at three specific time points of interest, including the end of a simulated CO2-EOR period, the end of a post-EOR continuous CO2 injection period, and the end of a post-injection monitoring period. Results of regression fit and validation analysis yield high R2 values and low NRMSE values, indicating that the ROMs derived from PCE are capable of meaningful predictions (compared to conventional reservoir models) and effectively represent relationships between model parameters (inputs) and model results (outputs) of interest. Results of 1000 Monte Carlo simulations indicate a dominantly upward transport of CO2 during injection, driven by buoyancy, and a dominantly downward transport of dissolved CO2 after injection stops, caused by increases in both oil and brine density. At the end of the 100-year simulation of the SACROC case study, the results forecast that the storage layers of interest store between 54% and 61% of total trapped CO2 in the entire domain in the oil phase, between 21% and 24% in the supercritical phase, and between 11% and 15% in the aqueous phase. These layers are forecasted to store between 89% and 98% of total trapped CO2 in the field by the end of simulation.
Crystallization of α1-acid glycoprotein

Crystals of alpha 1-acid glycoprotein have been grown reproducibly from delipidated protein in the presence of chlorpromazine. The crystals are large hexagonal prisms of space group either P622 or P6(2)22 and the unit cell dimensions are a = b = 101 A and C = 201 A. The unit cell is very highly hydrated and is nearly 80% solvent. It contains one molecule of protein per asymmetric unit. The crystals diffract only to low resolution, presumably reflecting the extensive hydration and accompanying disorder.
Cellular signaling responses mediated by a novel nucleotide receptor in rabbit microvessel endothelium

The adenine nucleotide, ATP, elicits an elevation in intracellular ionized calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) and phospholipase C-mediated phosphatidylinositol hydrolysis and stimulates the synthesis of the prostaglandins E2 and I2 in cultured endothelial cells derived from rabbit cardiac muscle. Use of various ATP analogues indicated that these events did not fit the classical definition of P1 or P2 purinergic receptors and, furthermore, indicated that the receptor(s) mediating these activities was not specific for purines. The rank order of agonist potency on prostaglandin release, elevations in [Ca2+]i, and inositol phosphate response was UTP > or = ATP > ADP > ADP[beta]S = 2-methylthio ATP > adenosine, suggesting that these three cellular responses are coupled to the same or similar receptors. However, the sensitivity of these three cellular responses to added nucleotides was somewhat different. The half-maximum effective concentration (EC50) for ATP stimulation of prostaglandin release was 100 microM, for inositol phosphate turnover it was 25 microM, and for elevations in [Ca2+]i it was < 1 microM. Similar discrepancies in EC50 UTP values for these three cellular responses were also noted. These observations indicate that purine and pyrimidine nucleotides elicit at least three cellular responses in rabbit cardiac muscle microvessel endothelial cells, all demonstrating similar rank orders of potency. However, the differences in EC50 suggest that if these responses are mediated by a single receptor type, it exhibits divergent coupling to various cellular signaling pathways.