cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Basic and Applied Uses

Ask not what you can do for your reconstruction, but what your reconstruction can do for you – with apologies to JFK Part I described the network reconstruction process, Part II detailed its conversion into a mathematical format, and Part III discussed the characterization of network properties using constraint-based methods. What is all this effort good for? A well-curated genome-scale model, in principle, can be used to study all the phenotypic functions that can be produced from the genome of the target organism. Thus, the possible range of applications of GEMs is broad. In June 2013, 645 papers had appeared that used COBRA tools to explain existing data or predict biological functions [52]. Analysis of these publications showed that the history of GEMs and their uses can be divided into three phases. Shortly after the appearance of the first GEMs in 1999 and 2000, there was a period of creativity around algorithms and analysis method development. In the mid-2000s, experimental validation studies began to accumulate resulting in the availability of well-curated and validated GEMs. Around 2010, a series of studies begun to appear that demonstrated that a variety of predictions of biological functions could be made using GEMs. In this part of the book we describe the use of genome-scale networks. Chapters 22 and 23 describe how environmental and genetic parameters are represented and studied with genome-scale models. GEMs have proven to be remarkably useful for studying these two types of parameters. Media composition and growth requirements can be studied productively using GEMs. The prediction of the outcome of phenotypic screens of KO strain collections using GEMs with tens of thousands of outcomes represent perhaps the largest-scale effort for predicting biological functions. Then we move onto specific application areas in a series of four chapters. First, we discuss how GEMs give a useful context for the analysis of omics data sets. Mapping such data against a known background proves to increase the resolution and use of the data.
Theory and Practice of Competition Advocacy at the FTC

This article was prepared as part of a recent symposium celebrating the Ninetieth Anniversary of the founding of the Federal Trade Commission. In addition, Fall 2004 marks the Thirtieth Anniversary of a pivotal moment in the establishment of the modern advocacy program at the FTC, Chairman Lewis Engman's speech on the economic burden that inefficient transportation regulation policies were imposing on the American economy. Although the FTC has been involved in advocacy activities since its founding, Engman's speech symbolized a new aggressiveness on the part of the FTC in using its expertise to work with other governmental actors at all levels of the political system and in all branches of government to design policies that further competition and consumer choice. Notwithstanding the beneficial impact that advocacy activities have had on the economy, the fortunes of the advocacy program have waxed and waned over time. In part, these mixed fortunes may reflect a lack of fundamental grounding of advocacy within the core mission of the FTC. The advocacy program, moreover, often has been politically controversial, exposing the Commission to criticism from special interests, Congress, and other governmental actors. This article explores the theory and practice of competition advocacy, with the goal of explaining why the advocacy program should be recognized as a core element of the Commission's mission. Advocacy can be used in conjunction with many of the FTC's other tools, and in many situations the judicious use of advocacy can provide a low-cost and effective alternative to other enforcement options. The advocacy program is a unique and cost-effective tool for carrying out this mission. Because consumers are disadvantaged in the political arena vis-a-vis industry, they are likely to be unable to stop anticompetitive regulation on their own. Antitrust immunities, moreover, sometimes put anticompetitive regulation beyond the reach of traditional enforcement. By providing a means for the FTC to represent consumers' interests directly in the policy-production mechanism, the advocacy program can overcome these two hurdles and provide protection for consumers at relatively low cost.
Caring for an individual with mild cognitive impairment: a qualitative perspective of health-related quality of life from caregivers

Objectives: Little is known regarding the effect that caring for an individual with Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) has on health-related quality of life (HRQOL). We sought to identify the most imp...
Gendered racism and the sexual and reproductive health of Black and Latina Women.

Objective: To understand health disparities, it is important to use an intersectional framework that examines unique experiences of oppression faced by particular groups due to their intersecting i...
Coupling of Ribosomal L1 Stalk and tRNA Dynamics during Translation Elongation

Translation elongation necessarily requires large-scale movements of transfer RNAs (tRNAs) through the ribosome. While it is likely that these highly-coordinated tRNA movements are directed by conformational changes of the translating ribosome, data directly correlating ribosome and tRNA conformational dynamics are lacking. Using single-molecule ribosome-ribosome and ribosome-tRNA Forster resonance energy transfer (smFRET) signals, we have characterized the intrinsic conformational dynamics of the ribosomal L1 stalk as well as the coupling of L1 stalk and tRNA dynamics during translation elongation. We find that in post-translocation ribosomal complexes, the L1 stalk can occupy either an opened or closed conformation, with the probability and rate of transitions between these two states dependent on the occupancy and identity of the deacylated tRNA in the classical E site. Upon delivery of aminoacyl-tRNA into the ribosomal A site and peptide bond formation, however, a direct interaction between the closed L1 stalk and the newly deacylated tRNA residing in the hybrid P/E tRNA binding configuration is established spontaneously; this event involves coupled movements of the L1 stalk and the ribosome-bound tRNAs, as well as ratcheting of the ribosome. Our data reveal that the entire pre-translocation complex fluctuates between two global conformations: global state 1 (GS1) characterized by an open L1 stalk, classically-bound tRNAs and a non-ratcheted ribosome and global state 2 (GS2), characterized by a closed L1 stalk, hybrid-bound tRNAs, and a ratcheted ribosome. Binding of the ribosomal translocase, elongation factor G (EF-G), shifts the GS1/GS2 equilibrium towards GS2, promoting the intermolecular L1 stalk-tRNA interaction. Pre-steady state smFRET experiments reveal that the L1 stalk-tRNA interaction persists throughout the translocation reaction, suggesting that the L1 stalk allosterically collaborates with EF-G in order to direct tRNA movements during translocation.
Extracting Knowledge from Data through Catalysis Informatics

Catalysis informatics is a distinct subfield that lies at the intersection of cheminformatics and materials informatics but with distinctive challenges arising from the dynamic, surface-sensitive, and multiscale nature of heterogeneous catalysis. The ideas behind catalysis informatics can be traced back decades, but the field is only recently emerging due to advances in data infrastructure, statistics, machine learning, and computational methods. In this work, we review the field from early works on expert systems and knowledge engines to more recent approaches utilizing machine-learning and uncertainty quantification. The data–information–knowledge hierarchy is introduced and used to classify various developments. The chemical master equation and microkinetic models are proposed as a quantitative representation of catalysis knowledge, which can be used to generate explanative and predictive hypotheses for the understanding and discovery of catalytic materials. We discuss future prospects for the field, i...
Is There an Express Section 10(b) Private Right of Action? A Response to Professor Prentice

In Scheme Liability: A Reply to Grundfest, Professor Robert A. Prentice asserts that the United States Supreme Court was simply and abysmally wrong in Central Bank v. First Interstate Bank. He also claims that the majority of lower courts have been dead wrong in interpreting Central Bank. He further states that the Section 10(b) private right of action is express and not implied, that Congress in 1934 intended to create that private right of action, and that the Securities and Exchange Commission also intended to create a private right when it adopted Rule 10b-5 in 1942. From these premises, Professor Prentice urges that Section 10(b) and Rule 10b-5 be interpreted to sustain a private right of action for scheme liability. Professor Prentice's analysis rests on revisionist history. The record is clear that the private right of action under Section 10(b) is implied: it is not and has never been express. Congress in 1934 did not intend to create a private right of action under Section 10(b), much less one that would encompass scheme liability. Nor did the Commission intend to create a private right of action in 1942 when it adopted Rule 10b-5. Professor Prentice's conclusions based on these false premises fail of their own weight. Professor Prentice's analysis is also strategically selective. He ignores 1934-era common law rejecting scheme liability. He nowhere discusses the Court's admonitions that implied rights be narrowly construed. He also fails to appreciate the implications of his historically revisionist analysis. If Professor Prentice is correct that the Section 10(b) private right is express, and intended by Congress and the Commission, then the entire corpus of federal securities law must be rewritten. Central Bank is then far from the only decision in which the Supreme Court is simply and abysmally wrong.
Eyesight sharing in blind grocery shopping: remote p2p caregiving through cloud computing

Product recognition continues to be a major access barrier for visually impaired (VI) and blind individuals in modern supermarkets. R&D approaches to this problem in the assistive technology (AT) literature vary from automated vision-based solutions to crowdsourcing applications where VI clients send image identification requests to web services. The former struggle with run-time failures and scalability while the latter must cope with concerns about trust, privacy, and quality of service. In this paper, we investigate a mobile cloud computing framework for remote caregiving that may help VI and blind clients with product recognition in supermarkets. This framework emphasizes remote teleassistance and assumes that clients work with dedicated caregivers (helpers). Clients tap on their smartphones' touchscreens to send images of products they examine to the cloud where the SURF algorithm matches incoming image against its image database. Images along with the names of the top 5 matches are sent to remote sighted helpers via push notification services. A helper confirms the product's name, if it is in the top 5 matches, or speaks or types the product's name, if it is not. Basic quality of service is ensured through human eyesight sharing even when image matching does not work well. We implemented this framework in a module called EyeShare on two Android 2.3.3/2.3.6 smartphones. EyeShare was tested in three experiments with one blindfolded subject: one lab study and two experiments in Fresh Market, a supermarket in Logan, Utah. The results of our experiments show that the proposed framework may be used as a product identification solution in supermarkets.
Further First-Order Features

Over the years many fundamental and important results have been established for classical first-order logic. This chapter is devoted to what are probably the most basic of these, ranging from Herbrand’s theorem to Beth’s definability theorem. The Model Existence Theorem plays a role in establishing many of the results of this chapter, thus proving its versatility. It has one big drawback, though—proofs that use it are non-constructive in nature. For some of the things we are interested in, such as Herbrand’s theorem, it is important to have a constructive proof as well, and this leads us to the beginnings of proof theory, supplementing the semantic methods that we initially rely on.
Riemann–Finsler geometry and Lorentz-violating scalar fields

Abstract The correspondence between Riemann–Finsler geometries and effective field theories with spin-independent Lorentz violation is explored. We obtain the general quadratic action for effective scalar field theories in any spacetime dimension with Lorentz-violating operators of arbitrary mass dimension. Classical relativistic point-particle lagrangians are derived that reproduce the momentum-velocity and dispersion relations of quantum wave packets. The correspondence to Finsler structures is established, and some properties of the resulting Riemann–Finsler spaces are investigated. The results provide support for open conjectures about Riemann–Finsler geometries associated with Lorentz-violating field theories.
The Strategy of Victory: How General George Washington Won the American Revolution. By Thomas Fleming. (New York, NY: Da Capo Press, 2017. Pp. x, 310. $28.00.)

Distinguished popular historian and novelist Thomas Fleming, who passed away at the age of ninety in July 2017, produced a treasure chest full of well‐researched, beautifully crafted books during h...
MEASUREMENT OF HYDROGEN PROFILES IN SiO2 BY A NUCLEAR REACTION TECHNIQUE

The nuclear reaction 1 H ( 19 F,αγ) 16 0 was used to measure the hydrogen concentration and depth profile in natural and synthetic quartzes and in an SiO 2 film grown by oxidation of Si in an HC1 ambient. A program was developed for extracting true hydrogen profiles from the γ-ray yield measured as a function of projectile energy. Many samples possess a region (.1 to .3 μm thick) at the sample's surface where the hydrogen concentration is much higher than that at 1 to 4 μm. This is believed to be due to hydration of the surface. These results provide a plausible explanation for the disagreement observed in other methods of hydrogen analysis. Evidence was found for hydrogen mobility in crystalline SiO 2 under ion beam bombardment.
Documentation of human rights abuses among Rohingya refugees from Myanmar.

Decades of persecution culminated in a statewide campaign of organized, systematic, and violent eviction of the Rohingya people by the Myanmar government beginning in August 2017. These attacks included the burning of homes and farms, beatings, shootings, sexual violence, summary executions, burying the dead in mass graves, and other atrocities. The Myanmar government has denied any responsibility. To document evidence of reported atrocities and identify patterns, we interviewed survivors, documented physical injuries, and assessed for consistency in their reports. We use purposive and snowball sampling to identify survivors residing in refugee camps in Bangladesh. Interviews and examinations were conducted by trained investigators with the assistance of interpreters based on the Istanbul Protocol – the international standard to investigate and document instances of torture and other cruel, inhuman, and degrading treatment. The goal was to assess whether the clinical findings corroborate survivors’ narratives and to identify emblematic patterns. During four separate field visits between December 2017 and July 2018, we interviewed and where relevant, conducted physical examinations on a total of 114 refugees. The participants came from 36 villages in Northern Rakhine state; 36 (32%) were female, 26 (23%) were children. Testimonies described several patterns in the violence prior to their flight, including the organization of the attacks, the involvement of non-Rohingya civilians, the targeted and purposeful destruction of homes and eviction of Rohingya residents, and the denial of medical care. Physical findings included injuries from gunshots, blunt trauma, penetrating trauma such as slashings and mutilations, burns, and explosives and from sexual and gender-based violence. While each survivor’s experience was unique, similarities in the types and organization of attacks support allegations of a systematic, widespread, and premeditated campaign of forced displacement and violence. Physical findings were consistent with survivors’ narratives of violence and brutality. These findings warrant accountability for the Myanmar military per the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (ICC), which has jurisdiction to try individuals for serious international crimes, including crimes against humanity and genocide. Legal accountability for these crimes should be pursued along with medical and psychological care and rehabilitation to address the ongoing effects of violence, discrimination, and displacement.
Taste and Smell

The chemical senses play a significant role in development and, for the most part, are functioning by the time of birth and, in some cases, even before birth. Reflexive responses to tastes and odors are present at birth – responses that become under more conscious control over the course of the first few weeks and months of life. Early experience with tastes and smells, including ones occurring within the uterus, can alter later preferences for such stimuli, resulting in attractions or aversions. By the age of 5years, most children are familiar with a broad range of odors, and by the pre-teen years can identify odors in an adult-like manner. Although there is little evidence that children are more sensitive than adults to tastes or odors, they do appear to respond more strongly to pleasant or unpleasant aspects of stimuli. The limited data suggest that preferences or aversions to some foods, most notably salty-tasting ones, are more variable and appear later in life than those for sweet-tasting foods. Learning and cultural factors modify preferences for many tastes and odors as the infant ages, contributing to the development of adult-like preferences in early childhood. Throughout life, individual differences in preferences for foods and odors are dictated, to some degree, by genetically- determined receptor sensitivities, such as those observed in ‘tasters’ and ‘nontasters’ for bitter tasting agents.
P2X7 Receptor in the Management of Energy Homeostasis: Implications for Obesity, Dyslipidemia, and Insulin Resistance

Whole-body energy metabolism entails the highly regulated balance between food intake, nutrient breakdown, energy generation (ATP), and energy storage for the preservation of vital functions and body mass. Purinergic signaling has attracted increasing attention in the regulatory mechanisms not only for the reverse processes of white adipose tissue lipogenesis and lipolysis, but also for brown adipocyte-dependent thermogenesis and leptin production. This regulatory role has remarkable implications in the handling of body's energy expenditure and energy reservoir. Hence, selected purinergic receptors can play a relevant function in lipid metabolism, endocrine activity, glucose uptake, ATP-dependent increased expression of uncoupling protein 1, and browning of adipose tissue. Indeed, purinergic P2 receptors regulate adipogenesis and lipid metabolism and are involved in adipogenic differentiation. In particular, the ionotropic ATP-activated P2X7 subtype is involved in fat distribution, as well as in the modulation of inflammatory pathways in white adipose tissue. Within this context, very recent evidence has established a direct function of P2X7 in energy metabolism. Specifically, either genetic deletion (P2X7 knockout mice) or subchronic pharmacological inhibition of the receptor produces a decrease of whole-body energy expenditure and, concurrently, an increase of carbohydrate oxidation. As further evidence, lipid accumulation, increased fat mass distribution, and weight gain are reported in P2X7-depleted mice. Conversely, the stimulation of P2X7 enhances energy expenditure. Altogether, this knowledge supports the role of P2X7 signaling in the fight against obesity and insulin resistance, as well as in the promotion of adaptive thermogenesis.
Transmural endoscopic imaging in inflammatory bowel disease

Abstract While endoluminal imaging plays a critical role in the primary diagnosis, disease activity monitoring and surveillance, and management of patients with Crohn’s disease or ulcerative colitis, advances in the field of ultrasonography, and fiber optics enable the evaluation of transmural and extramural disease process in inflammatory bowel disease. Rectal ultrasonography has emerged as a valid modality for the assessment of disease activity and the guidance of Crohn’s disease. Ultrasonography provides deeper tissue penetration than optical coherence tomography and has been proven to be useful in the characterization of transmural inflammation, fistula, and abscess with comparable accuracy to magnetic resonance imaging.
Emotional health outcomes are influenced by sexual minority identity and HIV serostatus.

For people living with HIV (PLWH) and sexual minorities (SM), the intersection of identities can compound experiences like stigma and discrimination resulting in poor emotional health. We investigated the separate and interactive associations of HIV serostatus and sexual identity with emotional health. Our dataset included 371 participants. Emotional health was assessed by the NIH Toolbox emotion battery which yields negative affect, social satisfaction, and psychological well-being. Regressions were conducted for each composite, with HIV serostatus, sexual identity, and their interaction as independent variables along with covariates. The HIV serostatus x SM identity interaction was statistically significant in the regression of Negative Affect (p = .01): heterosexuals living with HIV had worse Negative Affect compared to heterosexual HIV-persons (p = .01). The interaction terms were for social satisfaction and psychological well-being were not significant. However, among PLWH, sexual minorities reported better Social Satisfaction (p = .03) and marginally better psychological well-being (p = .07) compared to heterosexuals.
Promoting Emotional Wellness in Children with CF, Part II: Mental Health Assessment and Intervention.

This is the second of two companion papers that examine the emotional wellness of children with cystic fibrosis (CF) during the early years of life, defined here as the period between birth and age 12. Both papers promote optimal mental health and well-being, with an emphasis on early identification and intervention. The first paper explores child and family resilience. Here, we discuss strategies for pediatric CF teams to provide routine, systematic mental health assessment, anticipatory guidance, brief intervention, and triage to evidence-based treatment when needed, while addressing barriers to accessing care. Many mental health conditions emerge before the age of 12, with the potential for lifelong effects on individuals, their families, and society. Living with a chronic illness such as CF can further increase the risk of mental health concerns and, in a bidirectional manner, their consequences for the quality of life, sustaining daily care, and health outcomes. There has been a significant focus in recent years on the mental health and wellness of adolescents and adults with CF, but less attention to specifics of depression and anxiety in younger children, or to other common pediatric comorbidities including trauma, developmental disorders such as attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder or autism spectrum disorder, and oppositional behavior. Given the availability of psychometrically sound screening instruments and effective interventions, routinely addressing the mental health of children with CF and their families is feasible to integrate within multidisciplinary CF care, allowing for a personalized approach respecting individual needs, values, and goals.
Design and Characterization of Package-Embedded Solenoidal Magnetic Core Inductors for High-Frequency and High-Efficiency SIP Integrated Voltage Regulators

In this article, the design and characterization of package-embedded solenoid inductors for a high-efficiency, four-phase system-in-package (SIP) buck-type integrated voltage regulator (IVR) switching at 100 MHz is discussed. The IVR enables three conversion ratios (5, 3, and 1.7–1 V) with a minimum inductance of 25 nH/phase and a load current of 10 A (2.5 A/phase). Two inductor designs (one with a rectangular core made of an epoxy dielectric/NiZn ferrite composite magnetic material/epoxy dielectric stack and one with an elliptical core of NiZn ferrite composite magnetic material only) were optimized and compared based on the highest achievable IVR efficiency. At high-load conditions (>5 A), the elliptical core inductor showed higher efficiency than the rectangular core inductor over the frequency range investigated (10–100 MHz). The elliptical core inductors were fabricated using a novel fabrication process combining core printing, noncontact photolithography, and copper electroplating. Two simple deembedding techniques which use a single thru structure and its equivalent circuit model as well as a cascade-based two-port analysis were introduced for the characterizations of the fabricated inductors. The accuracy of these deemebedding techniques was assessed using commercial, fixed-air core inductors and standard THRU and thru–reflect–line (TRL) deembedding for comparison purpose. Less than 5% difference was observed between the TRL and the introduced deembedding techniques for the inductance and ac resistance for both the fixed air core and package-embedded magnetic core inductors. The extracted electrical parameters of the fabricated inductors were compared with the modeling results and a good correlation was observed at 100 MHz.
Review of The 360 librarian: A framework for integrating mindfulness, emotional intelligence, and critical reflection in the workplace

Review of Owens, T.M. and Daul-Elhindi, C.A. (2020). The 360 librarian: A framework for integrating mindfulness, emotional intelligence, and critical reflection in the workplace. Chicago: Association of College and Research Libraries. 164 pp.
A Novel Decentralized PWM Interleaving Technique for Ripple Minimization in Series-stacked DC-DC Converters

Cascaded dc-dc converters are commonly used in applications where distributed energy sources or loads are connected to elevated voltage levels for power transfer. In such systems, it is advantageous to minimize the ripple on the bus current and voltage by proper phase shifting of the pulse-width modulation (PWM) pulses among the converters via a method known as interleaving. Existing approaches use either a centralized controller or separate communication lines among the stacked converters to control their relative PWM switch transitions. The key drawbacks are that these methods entail significant wiring, the central controller acts as a single point of failure, and implementation on very large numbers of units is impractical. In this paper, we introduce a decentralized interleaving control (DIC) strategy that acts on local current measurements at every converter and achieves communication-free PWM interleaving among the series-stacked converters. The proposed controller is simple in structure and is shown to converge asymptotically to the interleaved state irrespective of clock drifts among the digital signal processors. Experimental results are provided for a system of five series-connected converters showing a 10× reduction in the current ripple compared to normal operation.
Isofurans and Isoprostanes as Potential Markers of Delayed Cerebral Ischemia Following Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: A Prospective Observational Study.

F2-Isoprostanes (F2-IsoPs) and Isofurans (IsoF), specific markers of lipid peroxidation in vivo, have been reported to be elevated and have prognostic implications following subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Platelet activation and vasoconstriction are attributed to these compounds. Elevated IsoF to F2-IsoPs ratios have been proposed as in vivo biomarkers of mitochondrial dysfunction. In this pilot study, we examined their performance as specific biomarkers for delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI) development following SAH. Eighteen patients with SAH and six controls with normal neuroimaging and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis results underwent CSF sampling and abstraction of clinical, demographic, and laboratory data. Samples (two) of CSF were collected on day 1 and once on days 5–8 post bleed. F2-IsoP and IsoF assays were performed by gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy methods. Levels are expressed in median (interquartile range) for nonnormally distributed data. Repeated sample measurements were compared using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test, whereas the Mann–Whitney U-test was used for other nonnormally distributed data. Mean age was 61 ± 15.7 (SAH cases) versus 48 ± 10 (controls) years, and 80% of patients with SAH were women. Median Hunt and Hess score was 3 (2–4), and modified Fisher scale was 3 (3–4). Thirty nine percent of patients developed DCI. F2-IsoP were significantly higher in SAH cases than in controls [47.5 (30.2–53.5) vs. 26.0 (21.2–34.5) pg/mL]. No significant differences were observed in patients with or without DCI [41 (33.5–52) vs. 44 (28.5–55.5) pg/mL]. IsoF were elevated in the second CSF sample in nine patients but were undetectable in the remainder cases and all controls. Patients who developed DCI had significantly higher IsoF than those who did not [57 (34–72) vs. 0 (0–34) pg/mL]. Patients who met criteria for DCI had a significantly higher IsoF to F2IsoPs ratio on the late CSF sample [1.03 (1–1.38) vs. 0 (0–0.52)]. Preliminary findings from this study suggest that IsoF may represent a specific biomarker predicting DCI following SAH. Future studies to further explore the value of IsoF as biomarkers of secondary brain injury following SAH seem warranted.
High energy electron beam materials processing

High energy (≥1 Mev), pulsed electron beams are capable of rapid, in — depth energy deposition in materials. This feature should yield some significant advantages in the processing of materials. This report describes preliminary experiments using this technology for the joining via brazing of carbon-carbon and metal-matrix composites, and the bonding and sintering of ceramics. The experiments described are being conducted utilizing a high energy (1.5–3.0 MeV), high current (≤3kA), long pulse (0.2–2.0 μs) electron beam produced by the Naval Surface Warfare Center's Long Pulse Accelerator. Initial results and extensive numerical modeling indicate the advantages of using a beam delivering a train of much shorter pulses over a longer time. The deposition of energy over much longer times avoids large pressures which can cause material damage. Also, for brazing applications, some heating of the base materials by the braze during beam exposure is desirable.
Chapter 10 The Topography of Violence in College Men

This chapter (a) summarizes previous studies on the epidemiology of sexually aggressive and physically aggressive behavior directed against women by college men; (b) provides additional data regarding the topography of violent behavior, e.g., what is its form and quality; and (c) estimates the degree of comorbidity between these two forms of violence. Specifically, are men who physically aggress against women more or less likely to aggress sexually against women and is there a distinct group who are both physically and sexually aggressive toward women? Subjects were 261 male college students who completed a comprehensive questionnaire assessing their involvement in sexually and physically aggressive conduct. Forty-seven percent (n=124) of the sample did not meet the criteria for assignment to either the sexually or physically aggressive group. Twenty-five percent (n=65) and eleven percent (n=28 of the sample met the criteria for assignment to the sexually of physically aggressive group, respectively. Seve...
Proposed adaptive optics control loop for a continuous face sheet, MEMS-based deformable membrane mirror

Small MEMS (Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems) deformable mirror (DM) technology is of great interest to the adaptive optics (AO) community. These new, MEMS-DM's are being considered for many conventional AO applications since they posses some advantages over conventional DM's. The MEMS-DM technology is driven by the expectation of achieving improved performance with lower costs, low electrical power, high number of actuators, high production rates, and large reductions in structural mass and volume. In addition to the imaging community, the directed energy community is also interested in taking advantages of some of the characteristics which MEMS-DM's offer. The Air Force Research Laboratory has undertaken the challenge of developing and analyzing several continuous face-sheet MEMS-DM's designs. This paper proposes a simple controls loop computer model for a typical continuous reflective face-sheet MEMS-DM. There are a variety of MEMS-DM's which are being developed for the Air Force Research Laboratory. Data from a typical continuous reflective face-sheet MEMS-DM has been acquired and analyzed. From this data a model for a typical MEMS-DM device could be developed and verified. This MEMS-DM's data can be compared to previous design models which were developed in previous articles. In addition a feedback, closed adaptive optics loop can be designed and analyzed. The research goal is to get a realistic idea of the behavior and performance of these new, innovative devices.
Family-based therapy for adolescent drug abuse: knowns and unknowns

Family-based therapy is one of the most thoroughly studied treatments for adolescent drug abuse. Considerable empirical support exists for the efficacy of family-based therapy in curtailing adolescent drug use and cooccurring behavior problems. This article extends knowledge of the effects of family-based therapy for adolescent drug abuse by reviewing 16 controlled trials and 4 therapy process studies from a treatment development perspective. We articulate "knowns and unknowns" regarding the outcomes of treatment as well as the components, processes, mechanisms, moderators, and boundaries of effective family-based therapy for adolescent drug abuse. The review highlights areas of progress and future research needs within the specialty of family-based therapy for adolescent drug abuse.
Response of the Bacteriophage T4 Replisome to Noncoding Lesions and Regression of a Stalled Replication Fork

DNA is constantly damaged by endogenous and exogenous agents. The resulting DNA lesions have the potential to halt the progression of the replisome, possibly leading to replication fork collapse. Here, we examine the effect of a noncoding DNA lesion in either leading strand template or lagging strand template on the bacteriophage T4 replisome. A damaged base in the lagging strand template does not affect the progression of the replication fork. Instead, the stalled lagging strand polymerase recycles from the lesion and initiates the synthesis of a new Okazaki fragment upstream of the damaged base. In contrast, when the replisome encounters a blocking lesion in the leading strand template, the replication fork only travels approximately 1 kb beyond the point of the DNA lesion before complete replication fork collapse. The primosome and the lagging strand polymerase remain active during this period, and an Okazaki fragment is synthesized beyond the point of the leading strand lesion. There is no evidence for a new priming event on the leading strand template. Instead, the DNA structure that is produced by the stalled replication fork is a substrate for the DNA repair helicase UvsW. UvsW catalyzes the regression of a stalled replication fork into a "chicken-foot" structure that has been postulated to be an intermediate in an error-free lesion bypass pathway.
An Inverse Linear Model of a Vehicle

SUMMARY It is common to use linear differential equations of vehicle motion to procure descriptions of vehicle performance. The solution to these equations describes the motion of the vehicle, usually given in terms of lateral acceleration, yaw rate, and sideslip angle, as a function of a steer angle. The equations many be termed open-loop in the sense that we give the steer angle and find out how the vehicle responds. This paper presents equations which we refer to as the inverse of the open loop procedure. In particular, the solution of the equations is steer angle, yaw rate and sideslip angle given as a function of lateral acceleration. The real part of the eigenvalues of these equations indicates that the model is always stable and well damped, and the imaginary part indicates that routine path-following tasks require only low frequency steer angles.
Service learning in the introductory technical writing class : A perfect match?

Teachers at all levels of college instruction use service learning, a popular pedagogical tool since the mid-eighties, to teach students both social consciousness and pragmatic, real-world writing skills. This article explores the concept of service learning as rhetorical action in the field of technical communication in general, and the question of whether service learning is appropriate in beginning level technical writing courses. Using my experience through two years of service learning instruction in community college classes, I respond to the charge that students in lower-division courses may lack the maturity to successfully enact service learning assignments. I also analyze the appropriateness of the community college as a catalyst for community-based writing projects.
Prognostic value of electrodiagnosis in Guillain-Barré syndrome.

This study was designed to identify clinical and electrodiagnostic indicators of prognosis in Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS). Sixty severe GBS patients (all bedfast, 22 ventilator dependent) were analyzed clinically and with standard electromyography and nerve conduction studies. Both ventilator dependence and rapid evolution of weakness were more common in patients with a poor prognosis. The most powerful predictor of a poor outcome was reduced mean compound muscle action potential amplitude (less than 10% of the lower limit of normal).
Open Folklore as an Open Access Model

: [commentary, circulation, folklore, open access, research methods, archive, drupal, open journal system]
CONCEPTS OF SPACE, UNDERSTANDING IN HUMAN GEOGRAPHY, AND SPATIAL ANALYSIS

Spatial analysis was important in the rejuvenation of the spatial tradition. Its intellectual possibilities, however, now seem to be exhausted. Spatial analysis never dealt with more than a subset of the spatial. Conceptsof territory, place, locality, spatial division of labor, etc., proved elusive. Crucial and related shortcomings included the separation of spatial and social relations, the separation of fact from value, and empiricist tendencies. Accordingly the exploitation of the hitherto unaddressed spatial agenda has had to be taken up by those with different assumptions about the nature of the world and how it is best studied. These approaches in turn shed new light on those spatial relations, like scale, that spatial analysis did try to address. They are also well-equipped to clarify the historical geography of spatial analysis as an intellectual movement.
Chronic Community Violence and the Children Who Are Exposed to It

Abstract The rate of community violence in the United States has continued to grow rapidly and steadily over the past decade. Increasingly, children are experiencing violence within their communities, a phenomena termed chronic community violence (CCV). Chronic community violence has been described as frequent and continual exposure to the use of guns, knives, drugs and random violence (Osofsky, 1997). It is incumbent on the mental health community to begin to focus on developing successful and appropriate prevention and intervention programs to help reduce the amount of violence children are exposed to daily as well as help lessen the negative impacts of such exposure. Research should focus on systematically studying the symptomology of children exposed to high levels of community violence as well as finding more substantial ways of evaluating the progress of currently existing prevention and intervention programs. In this article, the recent literature on how chronic community violence affects children ...
CDER/FDA Formats for Submission of Animal Carcinogenicity Study Data*

The Center for Drug Evaluation and Research/Food and Drug Administration (CDER/FDA) routinely requests that drug sponsors submit in their New Drug Applications' carcinogenicity studies electronic d...
Gene therapy progress and prospects: recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) vectors.

Recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) vectors areunique among the vector classes currently available forhuman gene therapy in that they are based upon a classof viruses that commonly inhabits a human host withoutcausing any detectable pathology. This fact, combinedwith the propensity of AAV to establish long-termpersistence in human cells, could lead one to hypothesizethat this class of vectors would be ideal for a varietyof gene therapy approaches. However, a number ofsigniﬁcant limitations to the utility of this system haverecently been identiﬁed, including the paucity of cellsurface receptors on some cells for the most common AAVserotype, AAV2, the loss of site-speciﬁc integration byrecombinant AAV vectors, and the presence of hostimmune responses to AAV capsid components andtransgene products. Driven by these limitations, newgenerations of rAAV vectors have recently emerged, basedon a number of alternative AAV serotypes or on designermutants of the AAV capsid, which have been retargeted forentry into previously nonpermissive cells. Finally, a deeperunderstanding of the mechanisms of AAV integration andpersistence promise to make it possible to recapture thebest features of the native virus and allow this system tomove forward into broader clinical application.
2-Aminopyridines as highly selective inducible nitric oxide synthase inhibitors. Differential binding modes dependent on nitrogen substitution

4-Methylaminopyridine (4-MAP) (5) is a potent but nonselective nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor. While simple N-methylation in this series results in poor activity, more elaborate N-substitution such as with 4-piperidine carbamate or amide results in potent and selective inducible NOS inhibition. Evidently, a flipping of the pyridine ring between these new inhibitors allows the piperidine to interact with different residues and confer excellent selectivity.
Interactions of heme proteins with hydrogen peroxide: Protein crosslinking and covalent binding of benzo[a]pyrene and 17β-estradiol☆

This work reveals two biochemical effects of hydrogen peroxide treatment on hemoglobin, myoglobin, and cytochrome c. First, these heme proteins rapidly formed covalently crosslinked dimers and polymers detectable by detergent gel electrophoresis. Second, when treated in the presence of radioactive benzo[a]pyrene or 17 beta-estradiol, the heme proteins became covalently labeled. Nonheme proteins exhibited both cross-linking and radioactive labeling upon peroxide treatment in the presence but not the absence of heme protein or free hemin. Benzoyl peroxide or glucose and glucose oxidase effectively replaced direct addition of hydrogen peroxide. These results indicate that adventitious peroxidase activity expressed by oxygen carrying and electron transport proteins yields active oxygen species that can damage these heme proteins and nearby macromolecules, a possible biochemical mechanism for the lethal and other deleterious intracellular effects of peroxide.
Silicon carbide filaments - Microstructure

The microstructure of chemically vapour deposited silicon carbide filaments has been examined using transmission electron microscopy. The filament bulk consisted of heavily faulted columnar subgrains ofβ-SiC which were preferentially oriented such that {1 1 1} planes were parallel to the surface of the carbon fibre substrate. The protective coating on the filament surface was characterized by several microstructurally distinct layers, all of which consisted primarily of carbon. The first layers of the coating contained small crystallites of SiC in addition to turbostratic carbon, while the outer layers showed no evidence of SiC. Implications of the filament microstructure with respect to mechanical properties are discussed.
Effects of NO2 addition on hydrogen ignition behind reflected shock waves

Abstract Ignition delay time measurements of H2/O2/NO2 mixtures diluted in Ar have been measured in a shock tube behind reflected shock waves. Three different NO2 concentrations have been studied (100, 400 and 1600 ppm) at three pressure conditions (around 1.5, 13, and 30 atm) and for various H2–O2 equivalence ratios for the 100 ppm NO2 case. Results were compared to some recent ignition delay time measurements of H2/O2 mixtures. A strong dependence of the ignition delay time on the pressure and the NO2 concentration was observed, whereas the variation in the equivalence ratio did not exhibit any appreciable effect on the delay time. A mechanism combining recent H2/O2 chemistry and a recent high-pressure NOx sub-mechanism with an updated reaction rate for H2 + NO2 ⇄ HONO + H was found to represent correctly the experimental trends over the entire range of conditions. A chemical analysis was conducted using this mechanism to interpret the experimental results. Ignition delay time data with NO2 and other NOx species as additives or impurities are rare, and the present study provides such data over a relatively wide pressure range.
Information transfer as technical assistance for development

Policies for development assistance have undergone several changes in recent decades. These changes have affected the information needs in developing countries and the responses of aid agencies. The article outlines trends in assistance strategies and types of international organizations as sources of information transfer. The review concludes with information-related factors to be considered by technical assistance projects and implications for developing countries.
Combination conventional DMARDs compared to biologicals: what is the evidence?

Purpose of review Dramatic improvement seen in the prognosis of rheumatoid arthritis has been driven by higher expectations, led by newer drugs and more intensive use of the older drugs. Although methotrexate has retained its place as the first-line agent, there has been great interest in comparing biologicals to conventional Disease Modifying Anti Rheumatic Drugs (DMARDs) over the past few years with the updated guidelines from both the American College of Rheumatology and European League Against Rheumatism. We have tried to critically summarize the findings of some landmark trials that compare these two approaches. Recent findings Treatment of Early Rheumatoid Arthritis, The Swedish Pharmacotherapy study and Rheumatoid Arthritis Comparison of Active Therapies are landmark trials that were designed to compare strategies using biologicals vs. conventional DMARDs. We will review the safety and efficacy data from these three trials here and also briefly the important cost differential. Conclusion Methotrexate should be the first-line therapy for most rheumatoid arthritis patients and will produce the desired results in greater than one-third of the patients. When methotrexate is not adequate, triple DMARD therapy should be added which will result in control of approximately another one-third of the patients. Ultimately, and usually before 1 year of disease, the remainder of patients will require biological therapies usually added to conventional DMARDs. There is no evidence that this step-up approach results in any long-term disadvantage and good evidence that it results in substantial cost savings.