cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A joint survival analysis of hedge funds and funds of funds using copulas

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to propose that simple measures of linear association are unable to capture accurately the dependence between the survival of hedge funds and funds of funds, respectively. The paper then aims to advocate the use of copulas to model the joint survival of hedge funds and funds of funds managed by the same manager.Design/methodology/approach – The paper uses both a one‐step approach where the margins and the copula parameters are estimated jointly, and a two‐step approach where the margins are fitted first and the copula parameter is estimated thereafter given the fixed margins. The margins are estimated non‐parametrically, semi‐parametrically, and parametrically, respectively.Findings – First, the paper finds that Kendall's tau and Spearman's rho are anywhere between three and eight times larger than the corresponding sample based measures when various families of copulas are employed. Second, additional tests show that the two survival functions are strongly dependent...
ScanIndel: A hybrid framework for indel detection via gapped alignment, split reads and de novo assembly

Comprehensive identification of insertions/deletions (indels) across the full size spectrum from second generation sequencing is challenging due to the relatively short read length inherent in the technology. Different indel calling methods exist but are limited in detection to specific sizes with varying accuracy and resolution. We present ScanIndel, an integrated framework for detecting indels with multiple heuristics including gapped alignment, split reads and de novo assembly. Using simulation data, we demonstrate ScanIndel’s superior sensitivity and specificity relative to several state-of-the-art indel callers across various coverage levels and indel sizes. ScanIndel yields higher predictive accuracy with lower computational cost compared with existing tools for both targeted resequencing data from tumor specimens and high coverage whole-genome sequencing data from the human NIST standard NA12878. Thus, we anticipate ScanIndel will improve indel analysis in both clinical and research settings. ScanIndel is implemented in Python, and is freely available for academic use at https://github.com/cauyrd/ScanIndel .
Tunability of collagen matrix mechanical properties via multiple modes of mineralization

Functionally graded, mineralized collagen tissues exist at soft-to-hard material attachments throughout the body. However, the details of how collagen and hydroxyapatite mineral (HA) interact are not fully understood, hampering efforts to develop tissue-engineered constructs that can assist with repair of injuries at the attachments of soft tissues to bone. In this study, spatial control of mineralization was achieved in collagen matrices using simulated body fluids (SBFs). Based upon previous observations of poor bonding between reconstituted collagen and HA deposited using SBF, we hypothesized that mineralizing collagen in the presence of fetuin (which inhibits surface mineralization) would lead to more mineral deposition within the scaffold and therefore a greater increase in stiffness and toughness compared with collagen mineralized without fetuin. We tested this hypothesis through integrated synthesis, mechanical testing and modelling of graded, mineralized reconstituted collagen constructs. Results supported the hypothesis, and further suggested that mineralization on the interior of reconstituted collagen constructs, as promoted by fetuin, led to superior bonding between HA and collagen. The results provide us guidance for the development of mineralized collagen scaffolds, with implications for bone and tendon-to-bone tissue engineering.
Prediction of Susceptibility to Hypnosis

A literature review indicates that hypnosis can be measured reliably. The various predictors include general S-variables, test variables, and personality variables. There are no cross-validated predictors and little positive correlation between the common personality and S-variables. Consequently, hypnotizability may be an independent variable. A two-factor hypothesis is suggested, tranceability, the ability to have hypnotic experiences, and a non-ability factor composed of needs, motives, and attitudes toward hypnosis.
Early outcomes after elective colorectal surgery in end stage renal disease (ESRD) vs non-ESRD Patients

METHODS: Decision analysis using a Markov simulation model was performed: patients were managed with either local excision (advanced therapeutic endoscopy) or colectomy. Lesions were considered high-risk according to accepted national guidelines. Probabilities and utilities were derived from published data. Hypothetical cohorts of 65and 80-year-old, fit and unfit patients with lowor high-risk T1 colonic cancer were studied. The primary outcome was quality-adjusted life expectancy (QALE) in life-years (QALYs).
Physician referral rates: style without much substance?

Background Primary care physicians (PCPs) exhibit widely varying referral rates, resulting in dramatic differences in the exposure of their patients to specialists. The relationships between this physician behavior and costs and patient outcomes are unknown. Objectives To examine the relationships between PCP referral rates and costs, risk of avoidable hospitalization, health status, and satisfaction. Design Cross-sectional analyses of claims and patient survey data. Setting and subjects Independent practice association (IPA)-style managed care organization in the Rochester, NY, metropolitan area. The 1995 claims data included 457 PCPs in the IPA and 217,606 adult patients assigned to their panels. Approximately 50 consecutive patients of each of a random sample of 100 PCPs completed a patient survey in 1997-1998. Measures From the claims data, total expenditures per panel member, the risk of avoidable hospitalization, and physician referral rate were measured. Measures derived from the survey included SF-12 scores, satisfaction, and physician referral rate. Results The relationship between physician referral rate and per-panel-member costs was not statistically significant after case-mix adjustment of the referral rate. There was no relationship between the case-mix-adjusted referral rate and risk of avoidable hospitalization. In the survey data, there was no adjusted relationship between the physicians' referral rate and their patients' self-rated physical or mental health. There was a modest direct relationship between patient satisfaction and survey-derived referral rate. Conclusions Despite stable, wide variations in PCP referral rates, there are few discemible relationships between this physician behavior and costs and patient outcomes. Efforts to constrain PCP referrals to specialists may be misguided.
Detection of hepatic lesions in candidates for surgery: comparison of ferumoxides-enhanced MR imaging and dual-phase helical CT.

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this study was to compare the use of phased array MR imaging of the liver at 1.5 T with and without ferumoxides with dual-phase helical CT for the detection of hepatic lesions in candidates for hepatic surgery.SUBJECTS AND METHODS. Patients with known or suspected hepatic lesions who were eligible for surgery underwent dual-phase helical CT at 20 and 70 sec after the start of contrast material injection and phased array MR imaging using fast spin-echo T2-weighted imaging and gradient-echo T1-weighted imaging before and after ferumoxides infusion of 0.56 mg of iron per kilogram of body weight. Three observers who were unaware of the surgical findings separately reviewed the CT scans and unenhanced and enhanced MR images of 24 patients who completed the protocol. The observers' findings were compared with results obtained at surgery using intraoperative sonography and having histopathologic confirmation. Statistical analysis was performed using a segment-by-segment analysis.RESULTS...
Accuracy and Precision of Procedures for Estimating Populations of the Southern Pine Beetle (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) by Using Host Tree Correlates

The reliability of life stage estimates derived from four limited data collection options for Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmermann was evaluated. The options included the following: (1) no data relative to host tree physical characteristics or beetle populations measured; (2) tree diameter at 2.0 m (D2M) measured; (3) D2M and height of infestation (IBH) measured; and (4) infested surface area measured. In general, the bias of estimates increased, and the variance decreased, as more information was provided for estimation. Interpolated values for all trees, using options 3 and 4, were biased from 8% for gallery to 98% for emerging beetles, and SD of the bias were 0.7 to 3 times the estimate. The accuracy and precision of estimates using tree physical characteristics decreased as the beetle’s life cycle progressed, due to an increase in variation associated with developmental mortality. The consequences of using limited data for predicting population trends were explored with model simulations. Values derived from the D2M × IBH procedure were compared with estimates calculated by a mathematical technique which uses quantitative sampling to produce unbiased estimates with defined precision and accuracy. Since the mathematical techniques provided estimates of D. frontalis with defined accuracy and precision, they served as a standard for comparison with the sampling procedures that used limited data collection. Tree mortality, using the reduced data option, was underestimated by ca. 40% relative to estimates based on single or miltiple-level sampling.
Self-Confidence and Persuasibility: One More Time

probably appreciate a brief replay of what is at stake. Of the half-dozen propositions which Schuchman and Perry consider, I will concentrate on the one which concerns the most important and novel of the findings first presented in the article by Donald Cox and myself-the relationship of persuasibility and self-confidence. Over a considerable period of time, a number of researchers have found that "persuasibility" (the disposition to shift one's attitude or judgment after being exposed to a persuasive communication) was related, in males only, to a psychological construct which has been variously labeled as "self-confidence" or "self-esteem." As used by Cox and myself, "specific self-confidence" refers to a person's perception of his ability to perform the particular task of judgment with which he is confronted. More to the point is the concept of "generalized self-confidence," presumably an enduring trait of personality, which was the construct which had interested most of the earlier researchers and was found generally to be negatively related to persuasibility. Men who were lower in generalized self-confidence were generally more persuasible. Conversely, men who were high on generalized self-confidence were more difficult to persuade. The relationship was linear. It also made sense. In most psychological experiments, women were generally more persuasible than men. We found, in an experiment with judging nylon hosiery, that women low in specific self-confidence were more likely to shift their judgment of these stockings when confronted with a taped message from an alleged sales person. However, no one had previously found any relationship between generalized self-confidence and persuasibility in women. Cox, in his Doctoral thesis (which was the basis for our article), was the first to find such a relationship. He discovered, in the hosiery experiment, that women of medium self-confidence shifted most in their judgments. Cox's findings suggested first that a relationship between generalized self-confidence and persuasibility in women existed, and second that it was curvilinear. In our article, this hypothesis of a curvilinear relationship was particularly questioned by Schuchman and Perry. They appear to have had little difficulty with our data and our analyses,' but they conclude:
The influence of active vision on the exoskeleton of intelligent agents

Chameleonization occurs when a self-learning autonomous mobile system’s (SLAMR) active vision scans the surface of which it is perched causing the exoskeleton to changes colors exhibiting a chameleon effect. Intelligent agents having the ability to adapt to their environment and exhibit key survivability characteristics of its environments would largely be due in part to the use of active vision. Active vision would allow the intelligent agent to scan its environment and adapt as needed in order to avoid detection. The SLAMR system would have an exoskeleton, which would change, based on the surface it was perched on; this is known as the “chameleon effect.” Not in the common sense of the term, but from the techno-bio inspired meaning as addressed in our previous paper. Active vision, utilizing stereoscopic color sensing functionality would enable the intelligent agent to scan an object within its close proximity, determine the color scheme, and match it; allowing the agent to blend with its environment. Through the use of its’ optical capabilities, the SLAMR system would be able to further determine its position, taking into account spatial and temporal correlation and spatial frequency content of neighboring structures further ensuring successful background blending. The complex visual tasks of identifying objects, using edge detection, image filtering, and feature extraction are essential for an intelligent agent to gain additional knowledge about its environmental surroundings.
Making It Real: Towards Practical Progress in the Management of Personal Information

Discussion of a need for and potential of a study of human-information interaction is decades old. However, this discussion gains added impetus as computing technology and advances in HCI improve the transparency of access to information and "liberate" this information from dependency on a specific device for its persistence. But personal information is bound in other ways, most notably to a supporting application or service and in ways that resist liberation. This paper argues for a let-it-lie approach where a new class of applications might be "applied" to the information in situ through an API supported by its hosting application or service. The approach is illustrated through review of an itemMirror platform for the development of JavaScript web applications.
Several Thoughts on Teaching Course of Software Project Management

Software project management is a very important course focusing on both Theory and practice for many majors related to computer.Analyzing the characteristic of software project management and the problems of traditional teaching mode in this course,the article researches from both the class teaching and the practice teaching,in order to improve teaching effect.
Strategy for increasing the demand for clinical pharmacists

A strategy for increasing the demand for clinical pharmaceutical services in hospitals is described. The strategy consists of three steps: (1) Show that the overall quality of drug prescribing affects patient outcomes not only in a negative way but also in a positive manner; i.e., appropriate prescribing speeds recovery and minimizes the need for more expensive types of care; (2) show that the pharmacist can detect poor quality prescribing; and (3) show that after detecting poor quality prescribing, the clinical pharmacist can effectively intervene in the prescribing process to reduce inappropriate prescribing and improve patient outcomes.
CloudControl: Leveraging many public ChIP-seq control experiments to better remove background noise

Chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by high throughput sequencing (ChIP-seq) is a widely used method to determine the binding positions of various proteins on the genome in a population of cells. A typical ChIP-seq protocol involves two experiments: one designed to capture target ChIP-seq signals ('target' experiment) and the other to capture background noise signals ('control' experiment). A peak calling algorithm then examines the difference between the target experiment data and control data to determine where the protein of interest binds along the genome. Our approach, named CloudControl, aims to improve the accuracy of peak calling by combining multiple control experiments from a publicly available source such as ENCODE to better remove background noise signals. To combine existing control experiment data we perform regression against a target experiment treating binned genome positions as samples (up to 32 million) and different control experiments as features (up to 450 through the ENCODE project). The regression fit is then used to generate new control ChIP-seq data, which we refer to as CloudControl data. We use the following three metrics to evaluate the CloudControl data: (i) the presence of the known motifs for the corresponding target protein near called peaks, (ii) reproducibility among pairs of biologically replicated ChIP-seq experiments, and (iii) protein-protein physical interactions inferred from called peaks. In all three metrics, CloudControl data shows superior performance over standard control tracks. This suggests that CloudControl can improve ordinary control tracks in the standard ChIP-seq protocol.
Correlating Bulk Density (With Dockage) And Test Weight (Without Dockage) For Wheat Samples

Citation: Bhadra, R., Casada, M. E., Boac, J. M., Turner, A. P., Thompson, S. A., Montross, M. D.,...McNeill, S. G. (2016) Correlating Bulk Density (With Dockage) And Test Weight (Without Dockage) For Wheat Samples. Applied Engineering in Agriculture. 32(6). 925-930. 10.13031/aea.32.11692
Reciprocal physical intimate partner violence is associated with prevalent STI/HIV among male Tanzanian migrant workers: a cross-sectional study.

Objectives Physical intimate partner violence (IPV) and STIs, including HIV, are highly prevalent in east Africa. While we have some evidence about women9s experience with physical IPV, little is known about men9s experience with physical IPV, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. Our objective was to examine, in Tanzanian male migrant plantation residents, the prevalence of, and associations among, experience and enactment of physical IPV and prevalent STI/HIV. Methods Data from a cross-sectional survey of male plantation residents (n=158) in northern Tanzania were analysed to estimate prevalence of physical IPV experience and enactment. We assessed associations between IPV and sexual risk behaviours, and serodiagnosis of HIV, herpes simplex virus type-2 (HSV-2) and syphilis. Results Overall, 30% of men had experienced and/or enacted physical IPV with their main sexual partner: 19% of men had ever experienced physical IPV with their main sexual partner; 22% had enacted physical IPV with their main sexual partner. Considering overlaps in these groups, 11% of all participants reported reciprocal (both experienced and enacted) physical IPV. 9% of men were HIV seropositive, 51% were HSV-2 seropositive and 10% were syphilis seropositive—54% had at least one STI. Men who reported reciprocal physical IPV had increased odds of STI/HIV (adjusted OR (AOR) 8.85, 95% CI 1.78 to 44.6); the association retained statistical significance (AOR 14.5, 95% CI 1.4 to 147.0) with sexual risk behaviours included in the multivariate model. Discussion Men9s physical IPV experience and enactment was common among these migrant plantation residents. Men reporting reciprocal physical IPV had significantly increased odds of prevalent STI/IPV, and we hypothesise that they have unstable relationships. Physical IPV is an important risk factor for STI/HIV transmission, and programmatic activities are needed to prevent both.
Modeling restricted mean survival time under general censoring mechanisms

Restricted mean survival time (RMST) is often of great clinical interest in practice. Several existing methods involve explicitly projecting out patient-specific survival curves using parameters estimated through Cox regression. However, it would often be preferable to directly model the restricted mean for convenience and to yield more directly interpretable covariate effects. We propose generalized estimating equation methods to model RMST as a function of baseline covariates. The proposed methods avoid potentially problematic distributional assumptions pertaining to restricted survival time. Unlike existing methods, we allow censoring to depend on both baseline and time-dependent factors. Large sample properties of the proposed estimators are derived and simulation studies are conducted to assess their finite sample performance. We apply the proposed methods to model RMST in the absence of liver transplantation among end-stage liver disease patients. This analysis requires accommodation for dependent censoring since pre-transplant mortality is dependently censored by the receipt of a liver transplant.
PSA-detected prostate cancer in the United States: A population-based study of 70,345 men with AJCC stage T1cN0M0 disease.

50 Background: The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) recently recommended against prostate-specific antigen (PSA)-based screening for prostate cancer. This recommendation has heightened the debate about risks and benefits of prostate cancer screening, and underscored our limited understanding of PSA-detected prostate cancer. The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of various risks of prostate cancer based on patient characteristics and PSA levels. Methods: This population-based study used the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program to identify men with AJCC stage T1cN0M0 disease diagnosed between 1/2004 and 12/2008. Multivariate logistic regression was conducted to model the probability of developing low (PSA <10 mg/L and Gleason score ≤6), intermediate (PSA between 10 mg/L to 20 mg/L and/or Gleason score 7), and high risk diseases (PSA ≥20 mg/L, and/or Gleason score ≥8). Results: A total of 70,345 men with PSA-detected T1cN0M0 prostate cancer were evaluated....
Snow accumulation variability on a West Antarctic ice stream observed with GPS reflectometry, 2007–2017

Land ice loss from Antarctica is a significant and accelerating contribution to global sea-level rise; however, Antarctic mass-balance estimates are complicated by insufficient knowledge of surface mass-balance processes such as snow accumulation. These variables are challenging to observe on a continental scale and in situ data are sparse, so we largely rely on estimates from atmospheric models. Here, we employ a novel method, GPS interferometric reflectometry (GPS-IR), to measure upper (<2 m) firn-column thickness changes across a 23-station GPS array in West Antarctica. We compare the results with antenna heights measured in situ to establish the method's daily uncertainty (0.06 m) and with output from two atmospheric reanalysis products to categorize spatial and temporal variability of near-surface processes. GPS-IR is an effective method for monitoring surface mass-balance processes that can be applied to both historic GPS datasets and future experiments to provide critical in situ observations of processes driving surface-height evolution.
State estimation using inertial optical flows for a fixed-wing UAS

Autonomous navigation and obstacle avoidance in complex terrains such as canyons or urban/indoor environments is one of the biggest challenges for the next generation of unmanned aircraft systems. Insects such as honeybees use optical flow for various navigation tasks. Similar strategies can be used by unmanned aircraft as well. More importantly, optical flow can be combined with inertial measurements to achieve state estimation such as ground velocity and terrain shape. In this paper, a new state estimation algorithm is proposed for the estimation of ground speed and simple terrain shape using inertial optical flows. Epipolar constraints are combined with optical flow motion of equation for robust state estimation. Simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.
Statistical Significance and the Dichotomization of Evidence

ABSTRACTIn light of recent concerns about reproducibility and replicability, the ASA issued a Statement on Statistical Significance and p-values aimed at those who are not primarily statisticians. While the ASA Statement notes that statistical significance and p-values are “commonly misused and misinterpreted,” it does not discuss and document broader implications of these errors for the interpretation of evidence. In this article, we review research on how applied researchers who are not primarily statisticians misuse and misinterpret p-values in practice and how this can lead to errors in the interpretation of evidence. We also present new data showing, perhaps surprisingly, that researchers who are primarily statisticians are also prone to misuse and misinterpret p-values thus resulting in similar errors. In particular, we show that statisticians tend to interpret evidence dichotomously based on whether or not a p-value crosses the conventional 0.05 threshold for statistical significance. We discuss im...
Effects of eccentricity on color contrast

Using near-threshold stimuli, human color sensitivity has been shown to decrease across the visual field, likely due in part to physiological differences between the fovea and periphery. It remains unclear to what extent this holds true for suprathreshold stimuli. The current study used suprathreshold contrast matching to examine how perceived contrast varies with eccentricity along the cardinal axes in a cone-opponent space. Our data show that, despite increasing stimulus size in the periphery, the LM axis stimuli were still perceived as reduced in contrast, whereas the S axis perceived contrast was observed to increase with eccentricity.
Targeted Mitochondrial Genome Elimination

Mitochondrial diseases are a heterogeneous group of pathologies, presenting mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) deficiency and subsequent deterioration of affected tissues, usually the ones with high energy demand. Nuclear and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations have been associated with mitochondrial disorders, and only palliative therapies are available, with no approach available to correct the underlining genetic problem. Our and other groups, taking advantage of mtDNA heteroplasmy, were able to develop gene therapy strategies to target the mtDNA, inducing the increase of the wild-type haplotype. The gene editing tools used by our group and others such as specific endonucleases targeted to the mitochondria, and more recently mitoTALENs and mitochondrial Zinc-Finger Nucleases were shown to effectively shift mtDNA heteroplasmy. This change towards an increase in wild-type mtDNA molecules occurred when the nuclease was specifically designed to cleave DNA regions harboring point mutations or the common deletion. In this chapter we will focus on strategies to target specific mtDNA haplotypes to shift heteroplasmy in vitro and in vivo. A brief overview on heteroplasmic animal models and viral delivery will be introduced, as these will be critical for future translation of this approach into human gene therapy.
Linking tree genetics and stream consumers: isotopic tracers elucidate controls on carbon and nitrogen assimilation.

Leaf litter provides an important nutrient subsidy to headwater streams, but little is known about how tree genetics influence energy pathways from litter to higher trophic levels. Despite the charge to quantify carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) pathways from decomposing litter, the relationship between litter decomposition and aquatic consumers remains unresolved. We measured litter preference (attachments to litter), C and N assimilation rates, and growth rates of a shredding caddisfly (Hesperophylax magnus, Limnephilidae) in response to leaf litter of different chemical and physical phenotypes using Populus cross types (P. fremontii, P. angustifolia, and F1 hybrids) and genotypes within P. angustifolia. We combined laboratory mesocosm studies using litter from a common garden with a field study using doubly labeled litter (13 C and 15 N) grown in a greenhouse and incubated in Oak Creek, Arizona, USA. We found that, in the lab, shredders initially chose relatively labile (low lignin and condensed tannin concentrations, rapidly decomposing) cross type litter, but preference changed within 4 d to relatively recalcitrant (high lignin and condensed tannin concentrations, slowly decomposing) litter types. Additionally, in the lab, shredder growth rates were higher on relatively recalcitrant compared to labile cross type litter. Over the course of a three-week field experiment, shredders also assimilated more C and N from relatively recalcitrant compared to labile cross type litter. Finally, among P. angustifolia genotypes, N assimilation by shredders was positively related to litter lignin and C:N, but negatively related to condensed tannins and decomposition rate. C assimilation was likewise positively related to litter C:N, and also to litter %N. C assimilation was not associated with condensed tannins or lignin. Collectively, these findings suggest that relatively recalcitrant litter of Populus cross types provides more nutritional benefit, in terms of N fluxes and growth, than labile litter, but among P. angustifolia genotypes the specific trait of litter recalcitrance (lignin or tannins) determines effects on C or N assimilation. As shredders provide nutrients and energy to higher trophic levels, the influence of these genetically based plant decomposition pathways on shredder preference and performance may affect community and food web structure.
Moving beyond “Agreeable” Texts and “Boring” Tasks: Pairing Young Adult Literature and Critical Literacy in Teacher Education

ABSTRACTThis article considers the power of approaching young adult literature from a critical literacy perspective in teacher education and how that affects emerging teachers’ ability to consider its role in their future teaching. Specifically, the authors explore how critical literacy—the exposure to a variety of texts, ways of approaching texts, and means of processing texts—can elevate preservice teachers’ understanding of literature and the world around them, and thus, their ability to teach their future students from a critical literacy perspective. In this qualitative study of the teaching and learning of critical literacy in an Introduction to Adolescent Literature teacher education course, the authors illustrate how the pairing of literary theory and young adult literature can provide preservice teachers the tools for questioning texts and larger societal issues with their future students. The current study has practical implications for the field of teacher education in the way literature course...
Lattice-ordered Groups

In this chapter we present the most basic parts of the theory of lattice-ordered groups. Though our main concern will eventually be with abelian groups it is not appreciably harder to develop this material within the class of all groups. Moreover, the additional generality allows us to digress somewhat (if it is possible to digress before one begins) and to present some of the classical theorems in the subject. The fundamental interactions between the lattice structure and the group structure of a lattice-ordered group are dealt with first. Included are the characterization of the lattice structure in terms of the subsemigroup of positive elements as well as the elementary identities which result from the two structures. We then examine the morphisms in the category of lattice-ordered groups and the various kinds of subobjects. What is significant here is that the lattice of kernels in a lattice-ordered group is a distributive lattice and so is the corresponding lattice of subobjects that arises by dropping the normality requirement. These latter subobjects are precisely those for which the corresponding partition of cosets of the group is a lattice homomorphic image of the underlying lattice of the lattice-ordered group.
Heat cramps during tennis: a case report.

A 17-year-old, nationally ranked, male tennis player (AH) had been experiencing heat cramps during tennis match play. His medical history and previous physical exams were unremarkable, and his in-office blood chemistry profiles were normal. On-court evaluation and an analysis of a 3-day dietary record revealed that AH's sweat rate was extensive (2.5 L.hr-1) and that his potential daily on-court sweat sodium losses (89.8 mmol.hr of play-1) could readily exceed his average daily intake of sodium (87.0-174.0 mmol.day-1). The combined effects of excessive and repeated fluid and sodium losses likely predisposed AH to heat cramps during play. AH was ultimately able to eliminate heat cramps during competition and training by increasing his daily dietary intake of sodium.
Powers of positive polynomials and codings of Markov chains onto Bernoulli shifts

We give necessary and sufficient conditions for a Markov chain to factor onto a Bernoulli shift (i) as an eventual right-closing factor, (ii) by a right-closing factor map, (iii) by a one-to-one a.e. right-closing factor map, and (iv) by a regular isomorphism. We pass to the setting of polynomials in several variables to represent the Bernoulli shift by a nonnegative polynomial p in several variables and the Markov chain by a matrix A of such polynomials. The necessary and sufficient conditions for each of (i)–(iv) involve only an eigenvector r of A and basic invariants obtained from weights of periodic orbits. The characterizations of (ii)–(iv) are deduced from (i). We formulate (i) as a combinatorial problem, reducing it to certain state-splittings (partitions) of paths of length n. In terms of positive polynomial masses associated with paths, the aim then becomes the construction of partitions so that the masses of the paths in each partition element sum to a multiple of pn, the multiple being prescribed by r. The construction, which we sketch, relies on a description of the terms of pn and on estimates of the relative sizes of the coefficients of pn.
Intra-school district capitalization of property tax rates

Abstract While previous studies have attempted to measure property tax rate capitalizations by proximate housing prices, disentangling school quality, and its associated amenities, from tax rates has impeded accurate estimation. I overcome this issue by investigating school districts containing varying tax rates. Identification is derived from the use of school and spatial-temporal boundary fixed effects to eliminate unobserved variation associated with tax districts that can confound capitalization estimates. Results from the primary model provide evidence of a negative capitalization of tax rate levels that corresponds to full capitalization at discount rate of nearly 3.5 percent. Further, property fixed effects are uniquely incorporated within the boundary identification method to show that tax rate changes are capitalized similar to baseline tax rate differences.
HoloCPR: Designing and Evaluating a Mixed Reality Interface for Time-Critical Emergencies

Performing time-critical procedures such as Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) usually requires trained individuals on the scene. Even when step by step instructions are available, most bystanders do not attempt resuscitation due to panic or fear of failing, often at the cost of the victim's life. We propose Mixed Reality (MR) as a compelling medium to support time-critical emergencies, and study its use in this context through an iterative user-centered design process. Our research outlines a number of key considerations for the design of time-critical emergency interfaces that led to the creation of HoloCPR, an MR application providing real-time instructions for resuscitation through a combination of visual and spatial cues. HoloCPR's comparative evaluation during a realistic resuscitation scenario indicates how the use of MR can result in decreased reaction time and increased procedural accuracy. With this work, we hope to bootstrap a new wave of MR applications for time-critical emergencies that can be included in first aid kits in the future.
A Study of Linear Programming and Reinforcement Learning for One-Shot Game in Smart Grid Security

Smart grid attacks can be applied on a single component or multiple components. The corresponding defense strategies are totally different. In this paper, we investigate the solutions (e.g., linear programming and reinforcement learning) for one-shot game between the attacker and defender in smart power systems. We designed one-shot game with multi-line- switching attack and solved it using linear programming. We also designed the game with single-line-switching attack and solved it using reinforcement learning. The pay-off and utility$/$reward of the game is calculated based on the generation loss due to initiated attack by the attacker. Defender’s defense action is considered while evaluating the pay-off from attacker’s and defender’s action. The linear programming based solution gives the probability of choosing best attack actions against different defense actions. The reinforcement learning based solution gives the optimal action to take under selected defense action. The proposed game is demonstrated on 6 bus system and IEEE 30 bus system and optimal solutions are analyzed.
Alternative to zero-tolerance policies and out-of-school suspensions: A multitiered centered perspective

Although zero-tolerance policies were created to foster safe school environments for student engagement and performance, the implementation of these policies has inadvertently resulted in the exclu...
Probing High Permeability of Nuclear Pore Complexes by Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy: Ca2+ Effects on Transport Barriers

The nuclear pore complex (NPC) solely mediates molecular transport between the nucleus and cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell to play important biological and biomedical roles. However, it is not well-understood chemically how this biological nanopore selectively and efficiently transports various substances, including small molecules, proteins, and RNAs by using transport barriers that are rich in highly disordered repeats of hydrophobic phenylalanine and glycine intermingled with charged amino acids. Herein, we employ scanning electrochemical microscopy to image and measure the high permeability of NPCs to small redox molecules. The effective medium theory demonstrates that the measured permeability is controlled by diffusional translocation of probe molecules through water-filled nanopores without steric or electrostatic hindrance from hydrophobic or charged regions of transport barriers, respectively. However, the permeability of NPCs is reduced by a low millimolar concentration of Ca2+, which can interac...
Nontarget site resistance in Palmer amaranth [Amaranthus palmeri (S.) Wats.] confers cross-resistance to protoporphyrinogen oxidase-inhibiting herbicides

Palmer amaranth is one of the most problematic weeds in cropping systems of North America, especially in midsouthern United States, because of its competitive ability and propensity to evolve resistance to several herbicide sites of action. Previously, we confirmed and characterized the first case of nontarget site resistance (NTSR) to fomesafen in a Palmer amaranth accession from Randolph County, AR (RCA). The primary basis of the present study was to evaluate the cross- and multiple-resistance profile of the RCA accession. The fomesafen dose-response assay in the presence of malathion revealed a lower level of RCA resistance when compared with fomesafen alone. The resistance index of the RCA accession, based on 50% biomass reduction, ranged from 63-fold (fomesafen alone) to 22-fold (malathion plus fomesafen), when compared with a 2007 susceptible, and 476-fold and 167-fold, respectively, relative to a 1986 susceptible check. The RCA accession was resistant to other protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) inhibitors (i.e., flumioxazin, acifluorfen, saflufenacil) as well as the 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD) inhibitor tembotrione and acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitor pyrithiobac sodium. Sequencing of the ALS gene revealed no point mutations, indicating that a target-site mechanism is not involved in conferring ALS-inhibitor resistance in the RCA accession. Of the three PPO-inhibiting herbicides tested in combination with the malathion, saflufenacil resulted in the greatest biomass reduction (80%; P < 0.05) and lowest survival rate (23%; P < 0.05) relative to nontreated plants. The application of cytochrome P450 or glutathione S-transferase inhibitors with fomesafen did not lead to any adverse effects on soybean, suggesting a possible role for these compounds for management of NTSR under field conditions. These results shed light on the relative unpredictability of NTSR in conferring herbicide cross- and multiple resistance in Palmer amaranth. Nomenclature: Acifluorfen; flumioxazin; fomesafen; malathion; pyrithiobac sodium; saflufenacil; tembotrione; Palmer amaranth, Amaranthus palmeri (S.) Wats.; soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merr.
Physical Analysis of the Breast After Direct Breastfeeding Compared with Hand or Pump Expression: A Randomized Clinical Trial

Background: Expressing human milk using commercially available pumps has increased. Most women use mechanical means to transfer their milk at some point during lactation. Yet, there is very little ...
Efficient Delivery of Antisense Oligonucleotides Using Bioreducible Lipid Nanoparticles In Vitro and In Vivo

The efficient delivery of antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) to the targeted cells and organs remains a challenge, in particular, in vivo. Here, we investigated the ability of a library of biodegradable lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) in delivering ASO to both cultured human cells and animal models. We first identified three top-performing lipids through in vitro screening using GFP-expressing HEK293 cells. Next, we explored these three candidates for delivering ASO to target proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) mRNA in mice. We found that lipid 306-O12B-3 showed efficiency with the median effective dose (ED50) as low as 0.034 mg·kg-1, which is a notable improvement over the efficiency reported in the literature. No liver or kidney toxicity was observed with a dose up to 5 mg·kg-1 of this ASO/LNP formulation. The biodegradable LNPs are efficient and safe in the delivery of ASO and pave the way for clinical translation.
Capitellar Osteochondritis Dissecans Lesions of the Elbow: A Systematic Review of Osteochondral Graft Reconstruction Options.

Purpose To systematically evaluate the outcomes and complications of osteochondral autograft transfer (OAT) and osteochondral allograft transplantation (OCA) for the surgical treatment of capitellar osteochondritis dissecans (OCD). Methods A literature search was conducted across 3 databases (PubMed, Cochrane, and CINAHL [Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature]) from database inception through December 2019 in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Individual study quality was assessed using the Methodological Index for Non-randomized Studies scale. Studies were published between 2005 and 2019. Results Eighteen studies consisting of 446 elbow OCD lesions treated with OAT surgery were included. There was a single OCA study eligible for inclusion. Patient ages ranged from 10 to 45 years. Of the OAT studies, 4 used autologous costal grafts whereas the remainder used autografts from the knee. Outcome measures were heterogeneously reported. A significant improvement in Timmerman-Andrews scores from preoperatively to postoperatively was reported in 9 of 10 studies. Return-to-play rates to the preinjury level of competitive play ranged from 62% to 100% across 16 studies. Significant improvement in motion, most often extension, was noted in most studies. Reported complication, reoperation, and failure rates ranged from 0% to 11%, 0% to 26%, and 0% to 20%, respectively. When used, knee autografts resulted in low donor-site morbidity (Lysholm scores, 70-100). Conclusions OAT surgery for large, unstable OCD lesions of the capitellum reliably produced good outcomes, few complications, and a high rate of return to competitive play. Complications are relatively uncommon, and donor-site morbidity is low. Less is known about the performance of OCA given the paucity of available literature. Level of Evidence Level IV, systematic review of Level II to IV studies.
Coordinated Interaction: A model and test for globally signed epistasis in complex traits

Interactions between genetic variants - epistasis - is pervasive in model systems and can profoundly impact evolutionary adaption, population disease dynamics, genetic mapping, and precision medicine efforts. In this work we develop a model for structured polygenic epistasis, called Coordinated Interaction (CI), and prove that several recent theories of genetic architecture fall under the formal umbrella of CI. Unlike standard polygenic epistasis models that assume interaction and main effects are independent, in the CI model, sets of SNPs broadly interact positively or negatively, on balance skewing the penetrance of main genetic effects. To test for the existence of CI we propose the even-odd (EO) test and prove it is calibrated in a range of realistic biological models. Applying the EO test in the UK Biobank, we find evidence of CI in 14 of 26 traits spanning disease, anthropometric, and blood categories. Finally, we extend the EO test to tissue-specific enrichment and identify several plausible tissue-trait pairs. Overall, CI is a new dimension of genetic architecture that can capture structured, systemic interactions in complex human traits.
Factors associated with discharge opioid prescription after hip fracture fixation

OBJECTIVE Opioid prescribing after hip fracture fixation is variable, but the factors that drive this prescribing variation are not well-described. The purpose of this study was to determine independent factors associated with increased opioid prescription upon discharge after hip fracture fixation. METHODS A retrospective cohort study of 296 adult patients who underwent hip fracture fixation between January 2016 and December 2017 at two Level I trauma centers were included in our study. The primary outcome measurement was opioid prescription at discharge in morphine milligram equivalents (MME). Bivariate analysis was used to screen for factors, and multivariable regression analysis was used to identify independent factors associated with opioid prescription upon discharge from the hospital. RESULTS Discharge opioid prescription amounts were available for 280 out of 296 patients (95%). The mean (±standard deviation) discharge opioid prescription was 212 (±319) MME. Multivariable regression analysis showed that younger age (p = 0.004), diabetes mellitus (p = 0.02), smoking (p < 0.001), treatment at hospital #2 (p < 0.001), and weekend discharge (p = 0.03) were associated with increased opioid prescription at discharge. CONCLUSIONS Increased opioid prescribing after hip fracture fixation is associated with patient- and system-related factors. Prescriber education programs, prescription guidelines, and safe handoff practices that focus on these factors may help to decrease prescription variability and opioid overprescription across institutions.
Design of switchable, narrowband thermal absorption peaks in metal-vanadium-dioxide gratings

We design structures with switchable, narrowband thermal absorption peaks, based on metallic gratings incorporating phase-change materials. An insulator-to-metal phase transition in vanadium dioxide is used to turn the coupling between a surface plasmon mode and a normally incident electromagnetic wave on and off. We analyze the limits on absorptive switching within the framework of coupled-mode theory, in order to evaluate the optimality of specific designs.