cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
THz limb sounder (TLS) for lower thermospheric wind, oxygen density, and temperature

Neutral winds are one of the most critical measurements in the lower thermosphere and E region ionosphere (LTEI) for understanding complex electrodynamic processes and ion-neutral interactions. We are developing a high-sensitivity, low-power, noncryogenic 2.06 THz Schottky receiver to measure wind profiles at 100-140 km. The new technique, THz limb sounder (TLS), aims to measure LTEI winds by resolving the wind-induced Doppler shift of 2.06 THz atomic oxygen (OI) emissions. As a transition between fine structure levels in the ground electronic state, the OI emission is in local thermodynamic equilibrium(LTE) at altitudes up to 350km. This LTE property, together with day-and-night capability and small line-of-sight gradient, makes the OI limb sounding a very attractive technique for neutral wind observations. In addition to the wind measurement, TLS can also retrieve [OI] density and neutral temperature in the LTEI region. TLS leverages rapid advances in THz receiver technologies including subharmonically pumped (SHP)mixers and Schottky-diode-based power multipliers. Current SHP Schottky receivers have produced good sensitivity for THz frequencies at ambient environment temperatures (120-150 K), which are achievable through passively cooling in spaceflight. As an emerging technique, TLS can fill the critical data gaps in the LTEI neutral wind observations to enable detailed studies on the coupling and dynamo processes between charged and neutral molecules.
WE-FG-BRA-11: Theranostic Platinum Nanoparticle for Radiation Sensitization in Breast Cancer Radiotherapy

Purpose: We have developed a novel receptor-targeted theranostic platinum nanoparticle (HER-PtNP) for enhanced radiation sensitization in HER2-positive breast cancer radiation treatment. This study aims to evaluate receptor-targeting specificity, and radiation sensitization of the nanoparticle. Methods: The platinum nanoparticle (PtNP) was synthesized with the diameter of 2nm, and capped with cysteine. The nanoparticle was tagged with a fluorescent dye (cy5) for the fluoresence detection, and conjuated with HER2/3 targeted protein (HerPBK10) for HER2-targeting specificity. We evaluated the theranostic features using in vitro breast cancer cell models: HER2-positive BT-474, and HER2-negative MDA-MB-231. The HER2-targeting specificity was evaluated using immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy. For each cell line, three sets of samples, including non-stained control, fluorescence stained PtNP-cy5 treated, and HER-PtNP treated, were imaged by confocal microscopy. Two breast cancer cell lineages were incubated with PtNP and HER-PtNP at 10 µg/mL, and then irradiated with X-rays for 2 Gy dose at 50 kVp. A colonogenic assay was used to determine cellular survival fractions by immediately reseeding 300 cells after irradiation in growth media and allowing colonies to grow for 2 weeks. Results: The results of confocal images show that no apparent nanoparticle cellular uptake was observed in the HER2-(MDA-MB-231) cells with 1% for PtNP-cy5 and 0.5% for HER-PtNP. Similarly no apparent PtNP-cy5 uptake (<1%) for BT474 cells was observed. However, there was significant HER-PtNP uptake (73%) for the HER2+(BT474) cells. The clonogenic assay showed that BT474 cells treated with HER-PtNP had significantly lower survival compared to those treated with PtNP (32% vs 81%, p=0.01). However, no significant radiosensitivity enhancement was observed for MDA-MB-231 cell treated with PtNP and HER-PtNP (89% vs 92%, p=0.78). Conclusion: Our studies suggest that the HER2-targeted platinum nanoparticle has excellent receptor targeting specificity and enhanced radiation sensitization compared to nanoparticle alone, suggesting potential for clinical applications in breast cancer radiotherapy.
Instabilities and Chaos in Phase Locked Semiconductor Laser Arrays

In this paper we consider the spontaneous emergence of organized behavior and spatio-temporal chaos in an array of coupled semiconductor lasers. In the absence of coupling, each laser in the array exhibits a constant, steady state output intensity in response to a constant input pump current. For constant pump currents above lasing threshold, the individual lasers do not exhibit any interesting instabilities such as chaos. In the presence of coupling, the constant steady state can lose its stability and non-trivial spatio-temporal complexity results. The nature of the spatio-temporal dynamics depends on the strength of the coupling between adjacent elements.
Febrile Convulsions and Congenital Hypothyroidism

The incidence of febrile convulsions (FCs) among 63 children with congenital hypothyroidism (CH) was compared to that of control children and patient’s siblings in a study at Niigata University, Japan.
Delayed diagnosis of celiac stenosis causing hepatic transplant ischaemic necrosis: diagnosis by spectral Doppler findings.

Following presentation with abnormal liver function enzymes, confusion and fatigue, a 65-year-old male with alcoholic cirrhosis underwent spectral Doppler sonography that showed tardus parvus-like morphology in the main and left hepatic arteries, although peak systolic velocities and resistive indices remained normal. The patient’s continuing clinical symptoms prompted CT angiography, which demonstrated an unexpected, haemodynamically significant stenosis of the celiac artery. Although the stenosis was successfully stented and the hepatic arterial waveforms normalized, the transplanted liver had already undergone ischaemic necrosis, with resulting failure and the need for retransplantation. Recognition of abnormal waveforms, despite normal peak systolic velocities and resistive indices, with prompt definitive imaging evaluation of the arterial tree beyond just the main hepatic artery, may lead to the diagnosis of unexpected flow-limiting lesions in time to allow revascularization and thus prevent ischaemi...
Engendering Growth Diagnostics: Examining Constraints to Private Investment and Entrepreneurship

The growth constraints diagnostic is a framework that seeks to help countries identify ‘binding’ constraints to private investment and entrepreneurship. Curiously absent from the diagnoses of the 31 countries to which this framework has been applied is any mention of gender gaps. This is surprising given the substantial literature providing evidence that gender gaps in education, income, employment, resource control and access affect economic growth and well-being. This article ‘engenders’ the standard growth diagnostic process through disaggregating key variables by sex, reinterpreting nodes in the decision tree to reflect how they are intrinsically gendered, and adding new branches and nodes. It provides a theoretical framework for applying the gender growth diagnostic to help practitioners adopt it in country studies.
Management and modeling approaches for controlling raccoon rabies: The road to elimination

Rabies is an ancient viral disease that significantly impacts human and animal health throughout the world. In the developing parts of the world, dog bites represent the highest risk of rabies infection to people, livestock, and other animals. However, in North America, where several rabies virus variants currently circulate in wildlife, human contact with the raccoon rabies variant leads to the highest per capita population administration of post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) annually. Previous rabies variant elimination in raccoons (Canada), foxes (Europe), and dogs and coyotes (United States) demonstrates that elimination of the raccoon variant from the eastern US is feasible, given an understanding of rabies control costs and benefits and the availability of proper tools. Also critical is a cooperatively produced strategic plan that emphasizes collaborative rabies management among agencies and organizations at the landscape scale. Common management strategies, alone or as part of an integrated approach, include the following: oral rabies vaccination (ORV), trap-vaccinate-release (TVR), and local population reduction. As a complement, mathematical and statistical modeling approaches can guide intervention planning, such as through contact networks, circuit theory, individual-based modeling, and others, which can be used to better understand and predict rabies dynamics through simulated interactions among the host, virus, environment, and control strategy. Strategies derived from this ecological lens can then be optimized to produce a management plan that balances the ecological needs and program financial resources. This paper discusses the management and modeling strategies that are currently used, or have been used in the past, and provides a platform of options for consideration while developing raccoon rabies virus elimination strategies in the US.
Multiwavelength Metasurfaces Based on Single-Layer Dual-Wavelength Meta-Atoms: Toward Complete Phase and Amplitude Modulations at Two Wavelengths

Since its invention, metasurface has been widely utilized to achieve nearly arbitrary wavefront control based on phase only modulation at single wavelength. To achieve better performance or exotic functions, it is desirable to demonstrate metasurfaces capable of realizing both phase and amplitude modulations. Meanwhile, the wavelength-dependent behavior of the metasurface is one of the critical limitations in existing metasurface structures. Specifically, single-layer metasurfaces with the capability to tailor both phase and amplitude at multiple wavelengths have not been reported so far. In this paper, a single-layer meta-atom is proposed which can realize ultrathin metasurfaces with complete phase and amplitude modulations at two THz wavelengths. Several dual-wavelength metalenses and a nondiffractive Airy beam generator operating at two THz wavelengths are numerically demonstrated, the simulated results of which are consistent with the theoretical calculations and design goals. The presented dual-wavelength meta-atom can provide a powerful building block in multiwavelength metasurface designs for controlling electromagnetic waves, including focusing, beam steering, beam generations, hologram, etc.
Effect of cooling fluids on high frequency electric and magnetic fields in microelectronic systems with integrated TSVs

A fully 3D conjugate numerical analysis was performed to reveal the effects of air, R134a refrigerant and water on electromagnetic fields of electronic cooling designs made of arrays of micro pin-fins with integrated Through-Silicon-Vias (TSVs). The integrated TSV cooling configuration included 8 cylindrical TSVs with 150m diameter each and 200m height. The external dimensions of the silicon substrate were 900700280m. Each TSV encapsulated four equally spaced copper vias each having a diameter of 40m. The impacts of the presence of the stationary cooling fluids without heat transfer on TSVs electric and magnetic fields were examined for five different frequencies; 100MHz, 500MHz, 1GHz, 5GHz and 10GHz. Then, separately, the effects of moving cooling water with temperature-dependent physical properties were studied while exposing the cooled micro pin-fin array to a uniform heat flux of 500Wcm2. For the case of stagnant and moving cooling fluids it was found that water influences the electric field twice as much as either R134a or air and that this influence decreases only negligibly with the increase in frequency of the electric current passing through the TSVs. The influence of the presence of the stagnant and moving cooling fluids on the magnetic field is orders of magnitude smaller and reduces rapidly with the increased frequency. The effects of three different cooling fluids (air, R134a and water) on the magnetic and electric fields of arrays of micro pin-fins having integrated TSVs were studied at five different frequencies using fully 3D conjugate heat transfer/electro-magneto-hydrodynamics analyses.The coolant can have significant impact on the electric field of such micro-electronic packages.
A fully data parallel WFST-based large vocabulary continuous speech recognition on a graphics processing unit.

Tremendous compute throughput is becoming available in personal desktop and laptop systems through the use of graphics processing units (GPUs). However, exploiting this resource requires re-architecting an application to fit a data parallel programming model. The complex graph traversal routines in the inference process for large vocabulary continuous speech recognition (LVCSR) have been considered by many as unsuitable for extensive parallelization. We explore and demonstrate a fully data parallel implementation of a speech inference engine on NVIDIA’s GTX280 GPU. Our implementation consists of two phases compute-intensive observation probability computation phase and communication-intensive graph traversal phase. We take advantage of dynamic elimination of redundant computation in the compute-intensive phase while maintaining close-to-peak execution efficiency. We also demonstrate the importance of exploring application-level trade-offs in the communication-intensive graph traversal phase to adapt the algorithm to data parallel execution on GPUs. On 3.1 hours of speech data set, we achieve more than 11× speedup compared to a highly optimized sequential implementation on Intel Core i7 without sacrificing accuracy.
Abstract 2550: Early 3 Hour Imaging Demonstrates Substantial Diffusion Reversal with Lower Infarction Risk Compared to Tissue without Diffusion Reversal

Background: Literature suggests that diffusion reversal--determined by visually inspecting diffusion-weighted images which reverse on subsequent imaging--is uncommon. However, these studies performed the initial scan 3 to 6 hrs from onset which may miss lesions that have already undergone reversal. We measured apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) reversal between 2 scans obtained at 3 and 6 hrs from onset comparing infarct probability in reversed regions to brain regions with persistent ADC lesions. Methods: Ischemic stroke patients underwent 3 MRI’s: 90% of voxels within the outlined lesions. ADC values less than or greater than this threshold were defined as abnormal and normal, respectively. ADC “reversal” was defined as voxels with abnormal tp1 ADC and normal tp2 ADC, whereas ADC “non-reversal” was defined as abnormal ADC on both tp1 and tp2. Final infarcts were outlined as hyperintense regions on tp3 FLAIR. Infarct probability (% of the tp1 ADC lesion which infarcted on tp3) was compared between reversed and non-reversed tissue using a Mann-Whitney test. Leukoariosis or CSF voxels due to infarct atrophy were excluded from the infarct analysis. Results: 39 patients were prospectively scanned at 2.8hr (tp1), 6.4hr (tp2), and 1mo (tp3) after stroke onset (NIHSS=14, 74% received tPA). The population-derived ADC threshold to distinguish between abnormal and normal was 71 × 10 -5 mm 2 /s. Median ADC lesion volume at tp1 was 34ml [15, 70] and at tp2 was 34ml [14, 65]. Median ADC reversal volume was 6.6ml [5, 17], accounting for 34% [11, 44] of the tp1 ADC lesion volume (ADC non-reversal volume was 21ml [6, 50]). 31 of 39 (79%) and 20 of 39 (51%) patients had reversal volumes >10% and >33% of their initial ADC lesion, respectively. Infarct probability was lower (57%) in ADC reversal tissue compared to tissue with non-reversal (82%, p Conclusion: While ADC closely approximates infarct core, during early ischemia, a substantial proportion of the initial ADC lesion may reverse. Brain tissue with this MR signature carries a significantly lower risk of infarction than tissue without ADC reversal.
Econometrics of Insurance Models with Multidimensional Types

In this paper we address the identification and estimation of insurance models where insurees have private information about their risk and risk aversion. The model includes random damage and allows for several claims, while insurees choose from a finite number of coverages. We show that the joint distribution of risk and risk aversion is nonparametrically identified despite bunching due to multidimensional types and a finite number of coverage. Our identification strategy exploits the observed number of claims as well as an exclusion restriction and a support assumption. Our results apply to any form of competition. We propose a novel and computationally friendly estimation method combining kernel regression and density estimation as well as inverse Fourier transforms.
Perceptual support promotes strategy generation: Evidence from equation solving.

Over time, children shift from using less optimal strategies for solving mathematics problems to using better ones. But why do children generate new strategies? We argue that they do so when they begin to encode problems more accurately; therefore, we hypothesized that perceptual support for correct encoding would foster strategy generation. Fourth-grade students solved mathematical equivalence problems (e.g., 3 + 4 + 5 = 3 + __) in a pre-test. They were then randomly assigned to one of three perceptual support conditions or to a Control condition. Participants in all conditions completed three mathematical equivalence problems with feedback about correctness. Participants in the experimental conditions received perceptual support (i.e., highlighting in red ink) for accurately encoding the equal sign, the right side of the equation, or the numbers that could be added to obtain the correct solution. Following this intervention, participants completed a problem-solving post-test. Among participants who solved the problems incorrectly at pre-test, those who received perceptual support for correctly encoding the equal sign were more likely to generate new, correct strategies for solving the problems than were those who received feedback only. Thus, perceptual support for accurate encoding of a key problem feature promoted generation of new, correct strategies. Statement of Contribution What is already known on this subject? With age and experience, children shift to using more effective strategies for solving math problems. Problem encoding also improves with age and experience. What the present study adds? Support for encoding the equal sign led children to generate correct strategies for solving equations. Improvements in problem encoding are one source of new strategies.
CONTROL OF FOOD-QUALITY FACTORS IN SPRAY DRYING

Research over the past 15 to 20 years has provided considerable fundamental insight into mechanisms of phenomena governing quality of spray-dried food products. Important advances have been made in understanding rates of drying, retention of volatile flavor and aroma substances, changes in particle size and shape (morphology), stickiness and agglomeration, and extents of thermal degradation reactions. Recent research results in each of these areas, obtained at Berkeley and elsewhere, are described and interpreted. From these results conclusions are drawn regarding effective means of improving and controlling product-quality factors.
Clitic doubling at the syntax-morphophonology interface

True clitic doubling involves multiple expression of a single argument in different structural positions. In clitic doubling configurations of this kind, a clitic expresses features of its full nominal phrase associate in argument position. True clitic doubling has traditionally been argued to arise via agreement, so that the clitic is the manifestation of an agreement relation between a verb and the associate. However, another possibility exists: the clitic could be a (pro)nominal element related to the associate via movement; then, clitic doubling involves the simultaneous realization of both the head and the foot of a movement chain. Here, I argue for the latter analysis, showing that true clitic doubling, at least in Bulgarian, has the properties of movement—i.e., it does not involve agreement, as is standardly assumed for this language. I provide support for this claim by considering a number of diagnostics which distinguish between clitics that reflect agreement processes and clitics that do not. Specifically, I argue that the clitic is a reduced articulation of the higher occurrence of a raised object. Thus, the proposed analysis treats clitic doubling as an interface phenomenon which results from the interaction of two independently motivated operations of the syntactic and morphophonological components of grammar: A-movement and morphological merger.
The MSE Neglecting the Prior Assumptions

The mean square error (MSE) neglecting prior assumptions has properties quite different from the average MSE. The average MSE of the Bayes estimator (BE) is smaller than that of the least square estimator. One BE has a smaller average MSE than another if the prior information is more precise. The MSE of the BE or a mixed estimator neglecting the prior observations is smaller than that of the least square estimator provided that the s parameters lie on an ellipsoid about the prior mean. A more precise prior mean does not automatically imply that one estimator has a smaller MSE neglecting prior assumptions. The chapter presents a calculation of three alternative forms of the MSE of the BE without averaging over the prior. It reviews the corresponding results for the mixed estimator. The chapter also discusses the form of the ellipsoids where the conditional MSE of the BE is smaller than that of the least square (LS) and the average MSE.
Novel enzymology in futalosine-dependent menaquinone biosynthesis

The recently discovered futalosine-dependent menaquinone biosynthesis pathway employs radical chemistry for the naphthoquinol core assembly. Mechanistic studies on this pathway have resulted in the discovery of novel reaction motifs. MqnA is the first example of a chorismate dehydratase. MqnE is the first example of a radical SAM enzyme that catalyzes the addition of the 5'-deoxyadenosyl radical to the substrate double bond rather than hydrogen atom abstraction. Both MqnE and MqnC reaction sequences involve radical additions to a benzene ring followed by formation of an aryl radical anion intermediate. The enzymology of the tailoring reactions after dihydroxynaphthoic acid formation remains to be elucidated. Since the futalosine-dependent menaquinone biosynthesis pathway is absent in humans, mechanistic studies on this pathway may promote the development of new antibiotics.
Mars as an Astronautical Objective

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on Mars' surface and atmosphere. The planets Mars and Venus approach the Earth closely than any others in the Solar System. These two bodies have received attention from scientists interested in the physics of their surfaces and atmospheres. Mars is easily studied even though Venus comes closer to the Earth and has a larger absolute diameter. The best occasions for telescopic study occur around the times when the Earth lies nearly between the Sun and Mars; this geometrical configuration is called opposition. Mars comes into opposition with the Earth at intervals of more than two years, and the favorable observing periods last only a few months. The era of exploration of the planets is one of enormous intellectual interest.
Strong Adsorption of Dieldrin by Parent and Processed Montmorillonite Clays.

Widespread use of pesticides has resulted in the accumulation of pesticide residues in the environment due to their persistence and stability. To reduce potential exposures, we have developed broad-acting clay-based sorbents that can be included in the diet as enterosorbents to reduce the bioavailability and toxicity of chemicals. In the present study, parent and acid-processed calcium montmorillonite clays (CM and APM, respectively) were used to determine their potential as sorbents of the organochlorine insecticide dieldrin. We used adsorption isotherms, thermodynamics, and dosimetry studies to determine the capacities and affinities of the clays, the enthalpies of the binding reactions, and potential doses of sorbent that could protect against high exposures. Adsorption isotherms for APM fit a Langmuir model with high enthalpy (suggesting chemisorption) and high capacity (Qmax value = 0.45 mol kg-1 ), indicating tight binding of dieldrin. Cultures of Hydra vulgaris were used to determine the ability of sorbents to protect a living organism from dieldrin toxicity. The inclusion of acid-processed clays resulted in the highest reduction of dieldrin toxicity (70%) in the hydra. Further work indicated that both CM and APM can significantly reduce the bioavailability of dieldrin from soil (p ≤ 0.01). These results suggest that APM (and similar clays) can be effective sorbents of dieldrin and may be included in the diet and/or soil to protect against environmental exposures. Environ Toxicol Chem 2020;39:517-525. © 2019 SETAC.
Manganese ions chelated melanin ultra-small nanostructure for PET/MR bimodal imaging-guided acute kidney injury therapy

413 Objectives: Melanin, a naturally occurring biopolymer, has many fascinating characteristics such as good biocompatibility and biodegradability, strong chelating capability to metal ions, and excellent antioxidant activities. Thus, melanin is attracting intense attention for molecular imaging and treating of reactive oxygen species (ROS)-related diseases. Acute kidney injury (AKI), a common ROS-related renal disease, is in urgent need of effective treatment. Nanomedicine shows great potential in targeted drug delivery, but it still faces the huge challenge of controlling the accumulation of nanoparticles in kidney. Our goal is to develop a melanin ultra-small nanostructure for good renal accumulation and AKI therapy in mice. Methods: Manganese (Mn) ions chelated melanin ultra-small nanoparticles (MMP) were prepared via a one-pot micelle formation technique and further treated with PEGylation (MMPP). Because of the intrinsic chelating function of melanin, radionuclide Zr-89 (half-life: 78.4 h) labeled MMPP (89Zr-MMPP) was obtained by chelator-free labeling. Positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of 89Zr-MMPP and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging of MMPP were performed to evaluate the biodistribution in AKI mice. The AKI model was induced by intramuscular injection of 50% glycerol into both hind limbs of mice (8 mL/kg). MMPP was intravenously injected for AKI therapy with different doses. The therapeutic effect of MMPP was determined by measuring serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen concentrations as well as kidney tissue staining. Results: The MMP and MMPP are ultra-small nanodots with sizes of 3.4 nm and 4.5 nm, respectively. The r1 value of MMPP was calculated to be 46.5 mM−1 s−1 at 4.7 T, which is a comparatively high value among reported relaxivities of nanosized Mn-based MR contrast agents and is about 7.5 times larger than that of gadobenate dimeglumine (Gd-BOPTA, a gadolinium-based contrast agent). The MR imaging revealed the enhanced T1-weighted MR signal within the kidneys of AKI mice after intravenous injection of MMPP. PET imaging also showed good accumulation of MMPP in the kidneys of AKI mice (13.8 ± 1.7 %ID/g at 10 min post-injection and 4.8 ± 0.4 %ID/g at 24 h post-injection; n=3). In addition, MMPP showed almost no toxicity to the major organs of healthy mice even at a high dose (1 mg of melanin per mouse). Furthermore, MMPP was found to alleviate AKI at the dose of 200 µg melanin per mouse and therapeutically effective at the dose of 500 µg melanin per mouse, which was confirmed by serum tests and kidney tissue staining. Conclusion: Based on the PET and MR bimodal imaging, MMPP showed a good renal accumulation in AKI mice, which enable MMPP to treat AKI induced by 50% glycerol in vivo. Moreover, MMPP may serve as a renal protective material to prevent or treat other ROS-related kidney diseases.
Multimodal intervention for avoiding inappropriate cessation of aspirin prior to outpatient endoscopy.

Background and study aims Existing guidelines recommend continuation of aspirin therapy prior to outpatient endoscopic procedures, as it reduces peri-procedural cardiovascular events and is not associated with an increased risk of bleeding. Despite this, many patients at our institution inappropriately alter their aspirin prior to endoscopy. We sought to identify why this occurs and implement an intervention that could reduce improper aspirin alteration. Patients and methods All adult patients undergoing outpatient endoscopy at the Medical University of South Carolina were administered a survey querying demographics, aspirin use, endoscopic procedure, thromboembolic risk factors, and pre-procedural aspirin alteration, if any. An intervention involving revised written and verbal instructions as well as an automated voicemail aimed at ensuring patients adhere to guidelines was then undertaken. The same survey was administered after the intervention to assess for improved adherence. Results A total of 240 patients from the initial survey reported daily aspirin use, of which 114 (47.5 %) inappropriately altered aspirin therapy. A total of 182 patients from the post-intervention survey reported daily aspirin use, of which 66 (36.3 %) inappropriately altered aspirin therapy. This was a statistically significant reduction (P = 0.04), which included adjustments for age, sex, procedure type, and thromboembolic risk. Conclusions A high proportion of patients at our institution inappropriately alter aspirin therapy prior to outpatient endoscopy. The reasons for this behavior include patient self-direction, misguidance from staff, and instruction from other physicians. This alteration can be reduced significantly through an intervention that educates both patients and staff on continuation of aspirin therapy prior to outpatient endoscopy.
Improved Finite-State Morphological Analysis for St. Lawrence Island Yupik Using Paradigm Function Morphology

St. Lawrence Island Yupik is an endangered polysynthetic language of the Bering Strait region. While conducting linguistic fieldwork between 2016 and 2019, we observed substantial support within the Yupik community for language revitalization and for resource development to support Yupik education. To that end, Chen & Schwartz (2018) implemented a finite-state morphological analyzer as a critical enabling technology for use in Yupik language education and technology. Chen & Schwartz (2018) reported a morphological analysis coverage rate of approximately 75% on a dataset of 60K Yupik tokens, leaving considerable room for improvement. In this work, we present a re-implementation of the Chen & Schwartz (2018) finite-state morphological analyzer for St. Lawrence Island Yupik that incorporates new linguistic insights; in particular, in this implementation we make use of the Paradigm Function Morphology (PFM) theory of morphology. We evaluate this new PFM-based morphological analyzer, and demonstrate that it consistently outperforms the existing analyzer of Chen & Schwartz (2018) with respect to accuracy and coverage rate across multiple datasets.
A Department-Wide Implementation of Inclusive Access

This chapter describes Inclusive Access implementation at the math department of Chattanooga State Community College. It explores best practices followed during the initial implementation and in subsequent semesters. In particular, it outlines how the math department leverages the Math Center to ensure smooth implementation, faculty perspectives on the implementation, and provides a cost savings analysis.
Inclusive leisure for individuals with disabilities: Consideration of the case for social justice

Individuals with disabilities do not have the same avenues to experience social justice as the general public. Lack of opportunities and misinterpretation of living with disabilities are just a few...
Iterative Linearization for Phasor-Defined Optimal Power Dispatch

Optimal power flow (OPF) problems, which dispatch power targets to controllable generating units across a network, must generally account for non-convex constraints on power flow. Adapting those problems so as to make them solvable with convex optimization techniques is an area of much academic and operational interest. In this paper, we present a method for solving OPF as a quadratic program by iteratively refining and re-initializing a linearized model of power flow based on the outputs of an associated nonlinear solver. The linear model on which we demonstrate this method is an adapted version of an approximation designed for use with unbalanced distribution networks. As an important benefit, the model allows for the explicit inclusion of nodal voltage phasor values in both the OPF problem's objective and its constraints, which opens the door to the idea of phasor-based control (PBC) design. We show in simulations on the IEEE 13-node test feeder that our method quickly converges to a set of phasor targets that are sufficiently precise for use in operations at the distribution level.
An Image-Based Framework for Ocean Feature Detection and Analysis

Today’s supercomputing capabilities allow ocean scientists to generate simulation data at increasingly higher spatial and temporal resolutions. However, I/O bandwidth and data storage costs limit the amount of data saved to disk. In situ methods are one solution to generate reduced data extracts, with the potential to reduce disk storage requirement even for high spatial and temporal resolutions, a major advantage to storing raw output. Image proxies have become an efficient and accepted in situ reduced data extract. These extracts require innovative automated techniques to identify and analyze features. We present a framework of computer vision and image processing techniques to detect and analyze important features from in situ image proxies of large ocean simulations. We constrain the analysis framework in support of techniques that emulate ocean-specific tasks as accurately as possible. The framework maximizes feature analysis capabilities while minimizing computational requirements. We demonstrate its use for image proxies extracted from the ocean component of Model for Prediction Across Scales (MPAS) simulations to analyze ocean-specific features such as eddies and western boundary currents. The results obtained for specific data sets are compared to those of traditional methods, documenting the efficacy and advantages of our framework.
Suet puddings and red pillarboxes: A review of Marc Stears’ Out of the Ordinary:

Marc Stears’ Out of the Ordinary: How Everyday Life Inspired a Nation and How It Can Again is an engaging and sincere work of political theory. In it, Stears explores how the work of a number of Br...
Homologous Streptomycin Resistance Gene Present among Diverse Gram-Negative Bacteria in New York State Apple Orchards.

Abstract The streptomycin resistance gene of Pseudomonas syringae pv. papulans Psp36 was cloned into Escherichia coli and used to develop a 500-bp DNA probe that is specific for streptomycin resistance in P. syringae pv. papulans. The probe is a portion of a 1-kb region shared by three different DNA clones of the resistance gene. In Southern hybridizations, the probe hybridized only with DNA isolated from streptomycin-resistant strains of P. syringae pv. papulans and not with the DNA of streptomycin-sensitive strains. Transposon insertions within the region of DNA shared by the three clones resulted in loss of resistance to streptomycin. Colony hybridization of bacteria isolated from apple leaves and orchard soil indicated that 39% of 398 streptomycin-resistant bacteria contained DNA that hybridized to the probe. These included all strains of P. syringae pv. papulans and some other fluorescent pseudomonads and nonfluorescent gram-negative bacteria, but none of the gram-positive bacteria. The same-size restriction fragments hybridized to the probe in P. syringae pv. papulans. Restriction fragment length polymorphism of this region was occasionally observed in strains of other taxonomic groups of bacteria. In bacteria other than P. syringae pv. papulans, the streptomycin resistance probe hybridized to different-sized plasmids and no relationship between plasmid size and taxonomic group or between plasmid size and orchard type, soil association, or leaf association could be detected.
Simple and Flexible Detection of Contiguous Repeats Using a Suffix Tree (Preliminary Version)

We study the problem of detecting all occurrences of (primitive) tandem repeats and tandem arrays in a string. We first give a simple time- and space- optimal algorithm to find all tandem repeats, and then modify it to become a time and space-optimal algorithm for finding only the primitive tandem repeats. Both of these algorithms are then extended to handle tandem arrays. The contribution of this paper is both pedagogical and practical, giving simple algorithms and implementations based on a suffix tree, using only standard tree traversal techniques.
Effect of Thyroid-stimulating Hormone and Prostaglandins on Thyroid Adenyl Cyclase Activation and Cyclic Adenosine 3',5'-Monophosphate

Abstract Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) increased within 1 min the adenyl cyclase activity of bovine and canine thyroid homogenate. A similar effect was also found when adenyl cyclase activity was measured in thyroid slices. In experiments in vivo, adenyl cyclase activity was augmented within 3 min after TSH injection, but this effect did not persist for 60 min after the injection. Despite the transient stimulation of adenyl cyclase activity, increased 14C-1-glucose oxidation was still present 60 min after TSH injection. Stimulation in vitro of adenyl cyclase activity in thyroid homogenate was obtained using as little as 1 milliunit of TSH while adrenocorticotropic hormone and prolactin were without effect. TSH did not increase adenyl cyclase activity in adrenal or testis homogenates. TSH stimulation could still be obtained in the presence of 10-2 m NaF. TSH did not modify thyroid phosphodiesterase activity under conditions in which it stimulated adenyl cyclase activity. TSH rapidly increased cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cyclic AMP) concentration in canine thyroid slices while luteinizing hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, and prolactin were ineffective. Although NaF stimulated adenyl cyclase activity and 14C-1-glucose oxidation in canine thyroid slices, it did not increase cyclic AMP concentrations. During 15-min incubations, 10-2 m theophylline had very little effect on cyclic AMP levels, but significantly increased them during 2-hour incubations. At both times, the effect of TSH on cyclic AMP was markedly potentiated by theophylline. Prostaglandin E2 reproduced effects of TSH on both 14C-1-glucose oxidation and cyclic AMP concentration in canine thyroid slices. Prostaglandin F1α stimulated 14C-1-glucose oxidation, but did not increase cyclic AMP levels. Prostaglandin B1 did not modify either cyclic AMP concentrations or 14C-1-glucose oxidation.
Dynamic alterations in wellbore cement integrity due to geochemical reactions in CO2‐rich environments

[1] The interaction between wellbore cement and CO2 has the potential to alter cement properties and form preferential leakage pathways during geological carbon sequestration. This work investigates changes in wellbore cement integrity during continuous flooding of CO2-saturated brine. We created composite cement-sandstone core samples with a continuous gap in the cement zone in order to represent defects such as fractures and voids in wellbore cement. Volumetric and structural changes in the cement zone were monitored and quantified using X-ray Micro-Computed Tomography imaging. During an 8 day dynamic flow-through period, the fracture/void aperture increased significantly, whereas the host sandstone remained unaltered. The void volume increased at a faster rate in the early stage of the flow-through period than it did toward the end of the period. Compared to the apertures close to the core outlet, those located near the core inlet experienced more severe cement degradation, accompanied by a decrease in specific surface area, constituting evidence of a smoothing effect. Contrary to previous observations of the self-healing behavior of cement fractures, the in situ permeability on a parallel experiment increased by a factor of 8 after 10 days of flooding. Findings from this work will provide valuable insights applicable to the development of predictive models and for risk assessment under conditions relevant to CO2 sequestration.
Internet-based remote teleoperation

A new method for controlling telerobots over vast distances, where communication propagation delays exist, is presented. A canonical state space formulation is presented, taking into account the time-varying non-deterministic nature of the control and observation delays. A model of the delay characteristics for the communication medium is also derived. Using the state space framework a general purpose supervisory architecture is developed, allowing the projection of human "intelligence" to the remote environment via the telerobot. Dynamics of the robotic system, as well as the delay characteristics of the communication medium, become part of the design process. The design criteria of transparency, generality, and safety have been met and successfully tested in an experimental setup between Albuquerque, New Mexico and Washington University's Center for Robotics and Automation.
FOLLOW-UP STUDIES OF WORLD WAR II AND KOREAN CONFLICT PRISONERS. III. MORTALITY TO JANUARY 1, 1976

Mortality through 1975 in US Army veterans released from prisoner-of-war camps following World War II (Europe, Pacific) and the Korean conflict and in several non-prisoner groups is compared using death rates and standard mortality ratios. The World War II Pacific and Korean conflict experience reveal increased risk of dying among former prisoners which, though diminishing with time, persist for 9 and 13 years, respectively. Mortality from tuberculosis and from trauma contributes to the increase among Pacific ex-prisoners, while for Korea the increase is limited to trauma. An excess of deaths due to cirrhosis of the liver in all three former prisoner groups appeared from about the 10th follow-up year. While the reported mortality experience for World War II spans 30 calendar years and for Korea 22 years, no evidence of increased aging among former prisoners of war is seen in mortality from the chronic and degenerative diseases. Language: en
Detection of water contamination from hydraulic fracturing wastewater: a μPAD for bromide analysis in natural waters

Due to the rapid expansion in hydraulic fracturing (fracking), there is a need for robust, portable and specific water analysis techniques. Early detection of contamination is crucial for the prevention of lasting environmental damage. Bromide can potentially function as an early indicator of water contamination by fracking waste, because there is a high concentration of bromide ions in fracking wastewaters. To facilitate this, a microfluidic paper-based analytical device (μPAD) has been developed and optimized for the quantitative colorimetric detection of bromide in water using a smartphone. A paper microfluidic platform offers the advantages of inexpensive fabrication, elimination of unstable wet reagents, portability and high adaptability for widespread distribution. These features make this assay an attractive option for a new field test for on-site determination of bromide.
Physical modeling of a novel barrier‐enhanced quantum‐well photodetector device for optical receivers

ABSTRACT: A novel barrier-enhanced InGaAs/InAlAs quantum-wellMSM photodetector with recessed electrodes is shown to be a promisinghigh-sensitivity, high-speed device for optical receivers. Carrier trans-port simulations indicate very low, dark current at 10 6 A/m and elec-trical 3-dB bandwidth at 50 GHz for a 1- m ﬁnger-gap device. © 2004Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 40: 224–227,2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.11336 Key words: InGaAs photodetector; recessed-electrode MSM; transportsimulation 1. INTRODUCTION Planar interdigitated metal-semiconductor-metal (MSM) photode-tectors have been used in opto-electronic integrated receivers fordue to their ease of fabrication and compatibility with FET andHEMT technologies. Additionally, their low-capacitance structureleads to high-sensitivity and wide-bandwidth performance [1].Such high-performance traits have been achieved for GaAs-baseddevices for use at 0.8- m wavelengths due to the large Schottkycontact barrier heights (0.7–0.8 eV) realizable on GaAs. Operationat the 1.3- m and 1.55- m wavelengths of interest to long-hauloptical-ﬁber communications, however, requires the use of thenarrow-bandgap InGaAs material system. Unfortunately, Schottkybarrier heights on undoped InGaAs are rather low (0.2–0.3 eV),which lead to excessive dark currents when Schottky contacts areformed directly on this material. Numerous remedies have beenproposed for bulk devices, the most successful of which is to growa thin (typically 20–80 nm) layer of transparent lattice-matchedIn
Localized deformation and elevated-temperature fracture of submicron-grain aluminum with dispersoids

Abstract Advanced aluminum alloys with thermally stable submicron grains, fine dispersoids, and metastable solute are limited uniquely by reduced ductility and toughness at elevated temperatures. The mechanism is controversial. Experimental results for cryogenically milled powder metallurgy Al extrusion (with 3 vol.% of 20 nm Al 2 O 3 , a 0.5 μm grain size, but no solute) establish that uniaxial tensile ductility, plane strain crack initiation fracture toughness K JICi , and tearing resistance T R decrease monotonically with increasing temperature from 25 to 325 °C. Fracture is by microvoid processes at all temperatures; reduced toughness correlates with changed void shape from spherical to irregular with some faceted walls. Strain-based micromechanical modeling predicts fracture toughness, and shows that temperature-dependent decreases in K JICi and T R are due to reduced yield strength, elastic modulus, and intrinsic fracture resistance. Since CM Al does not contain solute such as Fe, dynamic strain aging is not necessary for low-toughness fracture at elevated temperature. Rather, increased temperature reduces work and strain rate hardening between growing primary voids, leading to intravoid instability and coalescence at lowered strain. Decreased strain rate hardening is attributed to increased mobile dislocation density due to dislocation emission and detrapping from dispersoids in dynamically recovered dislocation-source-free grains.
Physical activity in relation to quality of life in newly diagnosed colon cancer patients: a 24-month follow-up

Self-reported health status in cancer patients is an independent predictor of medical outcomes. This study investigated the association between changes in recreational physical activity in colon cancer survivors and quality of life (QoL) across a 24-month follow-up beginning at diagnosis. Patients (n = 453) diagnosed with stage II colon cancer were recruited from the North Carolina Central Cancer Registry from 2009 to 2011. Patients were interviewed annually about health behaviors (e.g., dietary intake, physical activity, alcohol and tobacco use), socioeconomic variables, and treatment. To index QoL, the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Colorectal (FACT-C) and Short Form-12 (SF-12) were utilized. Baseline vigorous exercise showed a positive correlation with the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-General (FACT-G) Colorectal Cancer Scale (CCS) (β = 0.15, 95 % CI 0.07–0.23), FACT-C (β = 0.39, 95 % CI 0.06–0.72), and Trial Outcome Index (TOI) (β = 0.28, 95 % CI 0.01–0.55). Race modified the association between vigorous activity and the FACT-G (P interaction = 0.010), FACT-C (P interaction = 0.020), TOI (P interaction < 0.010), and the PCS (P interaction < 0.010). As compared to no change, increasing physical activity over a 24-month period following diagnosis significantly improved scores from the FACT-G (β = 3.13, 95 % CI 0.48–5.77, P trend = 0.054), FACT-C (β = 3.51, 95 % CI 0.35–6.68, P trend = 0.08) TOI (β = 2.46, 95 % CI 0.16–4.75, P trend = 0.04), and PCS of the SF-12 (β = 3.28, 95 % CI 0.93–5.63, P trend < 0.01). Vigorous exercise is a significant predictor of higher QoL in stage II colon cancer patients. Patients with increased recreational physical activity have significantly improved QoL over 24 months following diagnosis.