cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of route of vaccination with vaccinia virus expressing HSV-2 glycoprotein D on protection from genital HSV-2 infection

Abstract To evaluate the effects of the route of vaccination on protection against genital HSV infection guinea pigs were vaccinated twice with vaccinia recombinants expressing HSV-2 glycoprotein D or controls by intradermal, intranasal or intravaginal inoculation.. Following HSV-2 intravaginal challenge, immunization by all 3 routes reduced vaginal HSV shedding and acute genital disease. The intravaginal vaccination, however, most effectively reduced primary and recurrent HSV disease. Vaccinia and HSV antibody titers were similar in all vaccinia gD immunized groups while the lymphoproliferative response was highest in the intradermal group. In a smaller follow-up experiment we demonstrated that intrarectal immunization with vaccinia gD could also induce antibody and T cell responses.
IS SCIENCE THE ONLY WAY TO TRUTH

Abstract. In the context of contemporary life questions, especially that of world peace, this essay first develops the view that truth is essentially scientific truth. Although religion gives insights for living, as science encompasses more and more of human experience it reinforces and modifies religious truths with its own firm knowledge. However, because of several limitations, it is concluded that science alone cannot give a complete account of humanity and the universe. For our first beliefs and principles we must look to other kinds of truth, which are in accord with scientific truth but go beyond scientific method in their justification.
Divergence of the potential invasion range of emerald ash borer and its host distribution in North America under climate change

Climate change is likely to induce range divergence of invasive herbivore insects and native host trees given their different response rates to temperature increase. In this study we used the invasion of emerald ash borer (EAB, Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire), which is host-specific to ash (Fraxinus spp.), to demonstrate the significant implications of this climate change induced insect-host divergence for management of invasive species. The least constrained climatic limits of EAB were derived from its native range in East Asia, then projected to North America under the current and future climate conditions, and finally compared with the assumedly static ash distribution. Results suggest that the divergence between the invasion range of EAB and the distribution of ash in North America is likely to enlarge as climate change proceeds. In this case, many original ash stands could remain intact in the southern range, possibly forming refugia of the host species. The realization of this prediction, however, requires that the spread of EAB be reduced by continued management effort to allow climate change to take effect in time. Our study highlights the important role climate change has in the course of biological invasion and herbivore-host dynamics, which provides key information for continental scale pest risk prediction and strategic planning.
Computing in the Field of Complex Algebraic Numbers

In this paper we present two methods of computing with complex algebraic numbers. The first uses isolating rectangles to distinguish between the roots of the minimal polynomial, the second method uses validated numeric approximations. We present algorithms for arithmetic and for solving polynomial equations, and compare implementations of both methods inMathematica.
Induced Cytotoxicity and Cell Proliferation in the Hepatocarcinogenicity of Chloroform in Female B6C3F1 Mice: Comparison of Administration by Gavage in Corn Oil vs ad Libitum in Drinking Water

Chloroform increases the incidence of liver tumors in B6C3F1 mice when administered in by gavage in corn oil, but not when given in the drinking water at similar daily doses. Since cytotoxicity and regenerative cell proliferation have been implicated in the tumorigenic process for this nongenotoxic agent, these effects of chloroform in corn oil and drinking water were evaluated under conditions similar to the two bioassays. Female B6C3F1 mice were administered oral doses of 0, 3, 10, 34, 90, 238, or 477 mg/kg chloroform dissolved in corn oil 5 days/week for periods of 4 days or 3 weeks, or were continually exposed to chloroform in the drinking water at concentrations of 0, 60, 200, 400, 900, or 1800 ppm for 4 days or 3 weeks, at which time they were necropsied. 5-Bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) was delivered via osmotic pumps implanted 3.5 days prior to necropsy. Cell proliferation was evaluated as the percentage of hepatocytes that entered S-phase over 3.5 days (labeling index, LI), measured by immunohistochemical detection of BrdU incorporated into the DNA. Dose-dependent changes included centrilobular necrosis and markedly elevated LI in mice given 238 or 477 mg/kg chloroform in corn oil (the average daily doses that produced tumors in the cancer bioassay). The no-observed-effect level for histopathological changes was 10 mg/kg/day and for induced cell proliferation was 34 mg/kg/day for chloroform given in corn oil. Chloroform given in the drinking water did not increase the hepatic LI after either 4 days or 3 weeks in any of the dose groups, nor were any microscopic alterations observed in the livers, even though the cumulative daily amount of chloroform ingested in the 1800-ppm exposure group was 329 mg/kg/day. The sustained increase in LI in the livers of mice administered hepatocarcinogenic doses of chloroform in corn oil, but not for chloroform in drinking water, is evidence that chloroform-induced mouse liver cancer is secondary to events associated with induced cytolethality and cell proliferation. The triggering of these effects appears to be dependent on both the rate and duration of chloroform delivery to the target tissues. Thus, the most straightforward risk assessment for chloroform for this tissue would assign no increased cancer risk for dosing regimens that do not induce cytolethality and cell proliferation.
Limits to silicon modulator bandwidth and power consumption

The limits to silicon modulator bandwidth and power consumption are explored. Traditional electrical interconnects provide insufficient bandwidth (~10Gb/s) and consume far too much power (~10pJ/bit) for future high performance computing applications. Microphotonic devices closely integrated with advanced CMOS electronics have the potential to dramatically lower intra- and inter-chip communication power consumption while greatly increasing available bandwidth. Our recent results confirm the significant advantages offered by microphotonic communication links. We have broken the 100fJ/bit barrier by demonstrating 4-micron diameter microdisk modulators achieving 10Gb/s data transmission with a bit-error-rate below 10 -12 and a measured power consumption of only 85fJ/bit. Through rigorous simulation and experimentation, we consider ultimate limits to silicon modulator bandwidth and power consumption.
Lithic fragments, glasses and chondrules from Luna 16 fines

Electron probe determination of the bulk compositions of igneous and microbreccia lithic fragments, glasses and chondrules from Luna 16 fines and of the compositions of minerals in basaltic lithic fragments. It is found that the Luna 16 fines have a composition more similar to that of Apollo 11 than to those of Apollo 12 and 14 materials. The compositions of lithic fragments, glasses and chondrules from Luna 16 core tube layers A and D are similar. The glasses are compositional analogs of the lithic fragments and are produced largely from igneous rocks. The Luna 16 chondrules have an anorthositic-noritic-troctolitic composition. Evidence for the presence of ferric iron and water-bearing minerals in the Luna 16 material is not obtained. The occurrence of a great variety of igneous rocks in the material confirms an earlier conclusion that large-scale melting or partial melting to a considerable depth and an extensive igneous differentiation must have occurred on the moon.
5-Aminosalicylic Acid Inhibits Acute Clostridium difficile Toxin A-Induced Colitis in Rats

We tested the hypothesis that 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) inhibits toxin A-induced generation of colonic leukotriene B4 (LTB4) and toxin A colitis in rats. Isolated colonic segments in anesthetized rats were treated intraluminally with toxin A for 3 hours with or without 30 minutes of pretreatment with either 5-ASA or sulfapyridine and then colonic tissue levels of LTB4 were measured and inflammation was assessed. Separately, sulfasalazine was administered to rats in their drinking water for 5 days, isolated colonic segments were then prepared, toxin A was administered, and inflammation was assessed as before. Pretreatment with 5-ASA inhibited toxin A-induced increased tissue LTB4 concentration in the colon. Sulfasalazine and 5-ASA but not sulfapyridine significantly inhibited toxin A colitis. However, pretreatment with 5-ASA did not protect against direct TRPV1-mediated colitis caused by capsaicin. Toxin A stimulated the release of substance P (SP), and this effect was also inhibited by sulfasalazine and 5-ASA but not by sulfapyridine. Thus, toxin A stimulates colonic LTB4 resulting in activation of TRPV1, release of SP, and colitis. Inhibition of 5-LO by 5-ASA disrupts this pathway and supports the concept that LTB4 activation of TRPV1 plays a role in toxin A colitis.
Error estimation properties of Gaussian process models in stochastic simulations

Abstract The theoretical relationship between the prediction variance of a Gaussian process model (GPM) and its mean square prediction error is well known. This relationship has been studied for the case when deterministic simulations are used in GPM, with application to design of computer experiments and metamodeling optimization. This article analyzes the error estimation of Gaussian process models when the simulated data observations contain measurement noise. In particular, this work focuses on the correlation between the GPM prediction variance and the distribution of prediction errors over multiple experimental designs, as a function of location in the input space. The results show that the error estimation properties of a Gaussian process model using stochastic simulations are preserved when the signal-to-noise ratio in the data is larger than 10, regardless of the number of training points used in the metamodel. Also, this article concludes that the distribution of prediction errors approaches a normal distribution with a variance equal to the GPM prediction variance, even in the presence of significant bias in the GPM predictions.
Generating 3-vertex connected spanning subgraphs

In this paper we present an algorithm to generate all minimal 3-vertex connected spanning subgraphs of an undirected graph with n vertices and m edges in incremental polynomial time, i.e., for every K we can generate K (or all) minimal 3-vertex connected spanning subgraphs of a given graph in O(K^2log(K)m^2+K^2m^3) time, where n and m are the number of vertices and edges of the input graph, respectively. This is an improvement over what was previously available and is the same as the best known running time for generating 2-vertex connected spanning subgraphs. Our result is obtained by applying the decomposition theory of 2-vertex connected graphs to the graphs obtained from minimal 3-vertex connected graphs by removing a single edge.
Prevention of dry socket with local application of Terra-Cortril in gelfoam

Abstract Gelfoam saturated with Terra-Cortril Ophthalmic Suspension, ∗∗ a combination antibiotic and corticosteroid, was placed in mandibular third molar extraction sites. The incidence of dry sockets in the group treated with Terra-Cortril was 6.6% compared with 28.8% in the untreated sockets. In addition, the untreated group presented with dry sockets judged to be more severe.
Predictors of mortality and morbidity in extremely low birth weight neonates

In this issue of Indian Pediatrics, Mukhopadhyay and colleagues [1] report predictors of mortality and morbidity in extremely low birth weight infants (ELBW) in a single teaching hospital in India. In a prospective analysis of 255 ELBW, > 23 weeks gestation infants, 149 infants with a mean gestational age of 29 (+2.6) weeks received intensive care. Infants were not offered intensive care due to limited resources, either because of lack of bed availability or inadequate parental finances. Their unit protocols included most of the newer evidenced-based therapies for this population, including early CPAP, rescue surfactant, and early trophic feedings [2,3].
Managing for strategic success in emerging markets

Purpose – To develop a strategic model for effective management that incorporates aspects of strategic decision‐making from both industrialized and emerging markets.Design/methodology/approach – To interview senior managers (many at CEO level) of successful companies operating in emerging markets. We assume the senior managers best understand strategy formulation and implementation.Findings – A strategic model for both information rich and information void business environments.Research limitations/implications – We did not use a random sample, but rather a convenience sample of CEOs and senior managers of companies operating in emerging markets. This sample limits the study’s generalizability.Practical implications – Successful managers argued that best practices developed for information‐rich Western markets were not effective in information‐void emerging markets.Originality/value – The paper has value for managers moving from industrialized economies to emerging economies and vice‐versa, and to academi...
Measuring post-traumatic changes in spirituality/religiosity

Changes in spirituality and religiosity may play a vital role in understanding individuals’ post-traumatic growth, the experience of positive outcomes from difficult or traumatic personal experience. Although assessment of post-traumatic growth has been addressed by the development of several measures, these measures fail to capture the domain of spiritual/religious change. In this manuscript, we review 12 quantitative measures of post-traumatic growth, focusing on the degree to which these measures allow an adequate assessment of changes in religiosity and/or spirituality. We consider these concepts in the context of understanding the role of these domains in post-traumatic growth and in facilitating clients’ transitions through adversity.
Determination of the structure of three oligosaccharides from normal human urine by using 60-MHz, carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.

Abstract The detailed structures of three trisaccharides obtained from normal, human urine were determined by 13 C-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. These compounds are α-NeuAc-(2→3)-β- d -Gal-(1→4)- d -Glc, α-NeuAc-(2→6)-β- d -Gal-(1→4)- d -GlcNAc ( 2 ), and α-NeuAc-(2→3)-β- d -Gal-(1→4)- d -GlcNAc ( 3 . Trisaccharide 3 has not previously been reported in normal, human urine. The elucidation of these structures by using 13 C-n.m.r. spectroscopy is discussed in detail. Some unusual, chemical-shift values found for structure 2 are related to intra-molecular interactions between the NeuAc and GlcNAc residues, and may indicate that 2 has a unique conformation. The potential use of these trisaccharides as model compounds in 13 C-n.m.r.-spectral studies of intact glycoproteins is critically evaluated. Like 1 H-n.m.r. spectroscopy, this technique demonstrates elucidation of the structures of mixtures of oligosaccharides or of glycopeptides that have very closely related structures.
State Space Realization for Systems with State Dependent Delay

Abstract This paper analyzes simple toy systems, consisting of a difference equation in continuous time, but where the delay depends on the current state, and gives some preliminary results for the higher dimensional case. These difference equations in continuous time are conceptually simpler than the corresponding differential systems. The central tenet is that a state space should encode the minimal sufficient information that is needed to solve the Cauchy problem associated with the system. The state space is rigorously constructed for some typical state dependent difference equations in continuous time. Dynamics are represented by the associated infinitesimal generator, which is subsequently derived. In passing, we discuss a class of scalar and vector iterated functional differential equations, and present some new characterizations of their solution. Finally, we present some preliminary results for a scalar differential delay system with state dependent delay. This contribution is purely theoretical.
A frame architecture for a certain class of graph search problems

A frame control strategy is presented which directs an efficient graph search when information available for finding a path is distributed throughout the graph. The frame structure requires (worst case) only O(K/sup N/) memory size instead of O(K/sup 2N/), which is needed for a matrix representation of an N-level, K-branch tree graph. An efficiency analysis is detailed, and its application to a communication system for the nonverbal, severely motor disabled is discussed. >
Factors affecting readability

No one has found a way to really help writers create readable prose. Robert Gunning developed a method for calculating the 'Fog Index' and Rudolph Flesch worked out more than one formula for measuring the simplicity of writing. By one of Flesch's formulas (the one without personal pronouns), Ronald S. Lemos in the February, 1985 issue of Communications of the ACM (CACM) was able to prove that CACM required two less years of school to read than Datamation. Statistics can prove anything. I have no idea what Sophomore in High School could read the CACM cover to cover and even understand most of it.Flesch's book 'The Art of Plain Talk' was given to me at a Yourdon Systems Analysis course. The Instructor handed it to each of us, saying something like “read this and you'll be a manager in no time” (supposedly, management is handed to the least efficient person who can also write well). The book is full of examples, mostly journalistic, showing how good writers evoke human interest. Of course, these writers had human events, thoughts and feelings as their focal points, not software, I doubt whether any of the graduates of that week ever used Flesch as a reference for grading their own documentation. How would Bernard Shaw have documented software? Or Mingus played it? This paper addresses these burning issues.
Performance and Development of a Miniature Rotary Shaft Pump

The development and performance of a novel miniature pump called the rotary shaft pump (RSP) is described. The impeller is made by boring a 1.168 mm hole in one end of a 2.38 mm dia shaft and cutting slots in the side of the shaft at the bottom of the bored hole such that the metal between the slots defines the impeller blades. The impeller blades and slots are 0.38 mm tall. Several impeller designs are tested over a range of operating conditions. Pump performance characteristics, including pressure rise, hydraulic efficiency, slip factor, and flow rate, are presented for several different pump configurations, with maximum flow rate and pressure rise of 64.9 ml/min and 2.1 kPa, respectively, when the working fluid is water. Potential applications include transport of biomedical fluids, drug delivery, total analysis systems, and electronics cooling.
727 GENERALIZED SIALIC ACID STORAGE DISEASE

A male infant born prematurely with fetal hydrops died suddenly at the age of 5 months with persistent hepatomegaly and abdominal ascites but no skeletal abnormalities. Alcian blue staining inclusions were noted in placental trophoblast and liver cells. Electron micrographs of liver and cultured skin fibroblasts revealed vacuolated cells with granular and floccular material within lysosomes. Lysosomal enzyme activities (including neuraminidase) in liver and fibroblast extracts were within normal limits. Analysis of aqueous extracts of autopsy brain and liver samples by gas liquid chromatography revealed large amounts of sialic acid; an average of 4.4pmole/g of brain and 21.0μmole/g liver. Normal tissues had undetectable amounts of this sugar. Gel filtration and thin layer chromatography confirmed that the major storage material was free sialic acid. Cultured skin fibroblasts incubated with [3H]glucosamine demonstrated an accumulation of a radioactive component with chromatographic properties and charge consistent with sialic acid. (Supported by NIH grants HD06426 and HD09402).
Radiological imaging of urogenital tuberculosis in children with emphasis on ultrasound

Radiological recognition of tuberculosis in children ist uncommon as the initial lesions are occult. The appearances of our last 12 cases of renal TB have been tabulated. When the condition becomes radiologically evident the bladder is usually involved and the lesions can be detected ultrasonically. Ultrasonography as a primary method of diagnosis is described.
Nondestructive Neutron-activation Analysis of Small Particles

Nondestructive neutron-activation analysis for natural or artificial origin determination of microscopic magnetic spherules
From Military Rule To Liberal Democracy In Argentina

0-8133-2108-5 Institutional Design in New Democracies : Eastern Europe and Latin America 0-8133-2109-3 Institutional Design in New Democracies : Eastern Europe and Latin America
Snow and ice in a changing hydrological world.

ABSTRACT On the occasion of the 60th anniversary of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences, the 100th and 50th anniversaries of the First and Second International Polar Years, and the 25th anniversary of the International Geophysical Year, it seems appropriate to re-examine the world's water balance and the role of snow and ice in the global hydrological climatic system. Snow cover on land (especially in the Northern Hemisphere) and sea ice (especially in the Southern Hemisphere) vary seasonally, and this seasonal change has an important effect on the world climate because snow and sea ice reflect solar radiation efficiently and affect other heat flow processes between atmosphere and land or ocean. Glaciers, including ice sheets, store most of the fresh water on Earth, but change dimensions relatively slowly. There is no clear evidence that the glacier ice volume currently is declining, but more needs to be known about mountain glacier and ice sheet mass balances. The current rise in sea l...
Pupillary response to light is preserved in the majority of patients undergoing rapid sequence intubation.

Study objective We determine whether pharmacologic neuromuscular blockade with succinylcholine or rocuronium during emergency rapid sequence intubation affects pupillary response to light. Methods This was a prospective case series of patients undergoing rapid sequence intubation between February 2008 and February 2009. Two blinded, independent emergency physicians assessed pupillary response after administration of neuromuscular blockade and intubation. Cases without pupillary response before rapid sequence intubation were excluded. The primary outcome measure was clinically observable pupillary response. Results We studied 94 patients undergoing rapid sequence intubation, including 67 (71%) receiving succinylcholine and 27 (31%) receiving rocuronium. Of patients receiving succinylcholine, 61 of 67 (91%; 95% confidence interval 82% to 97%) demonstrated pupillary response after rapid sequence intubation. All patients receiving rocuronium demonstrated preserved pupillary reflexes. κ For interobserver agreement was 0.66. Conclusion Succinylcholine and rocuronium do not appear to inhibit pupillary response in patients undergoing emergency department rapid sequence intubation.
Natural killer cell-mediated lysis of herpes simplex virus-infected fibroblasts: Inability to detect soluble factors that contribute to lysis

We investigated the role of soluble factors in natural killer (NK) cell-mediated lysis of herpes simplex virus (HSV)-infected cells. Supernatants generated by incubating human peripheral blood mononuclear cells with HSV-infected human fibroblasts contained tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and lysed uninfected U937 cells, but not HSV-infected fibroblasts. U937 cells, but not HSV-infected fibroblasts, were lysed when exposed to recombinant TNF (rTNF) for 18 hr. NK cell-mediated lysis of HSV-infected fibroblasts was not inhibited by addition of anti-TNF or anti-lymphotoxin (LT) antibodies to cytotoxicity assays. Thus, a role for soluble factors, and in particular TNF and LT, in NK cell-mediated lysis of HSV-infected cells could not be demonstrated.
Quantifying the effects of data integration algorithms on the outcomes of a subsurface-land surface processes model

Trans-disciplinary hydrologic models oriented toward practical questions must be accompanied by accurate parameterization techniques. This paper describes the effects of different choices in the integration of various data sources on outcomes of the model Process-based Adaptive Watershed Simulator coupled with the Community Land Model (PAWS + CLM). Using our Hierarchical Stochastic Selection method, the represented land use percentages are much closer to the raw dataset, and lead to a 26% difference in carbon flux from that of the traditional dominant classes method. River bed elevations extracted using a novel algorithm agree well with the groundwater table and significantly increase baseflow contribution to streams relative to a coarse-DEM-based model. The inclusion of additional information in the soil pedotransfer functions drastically shifts ET, Net Primary Production and recharge. These results indicate that judicious treatment of input data has strong impacts on hydrologic and ecosystem fluxes. We emphasize the need to report details of data integration procedures.
Galerkin orthogonal polynomials

Abstract The Galerkin method offers a powerful tool in the solution of differential equations and function approximation on the real interval [−1, 1]. By expanding the unknown function in appropriately chosen global basis functions, each of which explicitly satisfies the given boundary conditions, in general this scheme converges exponentially fast and almost always supplies the most terse representation of a smooth solution. To date, typical schemes have been defined in terms of a linear combination of two Jacobi polynomials. However, the resulting functions do not inherit the expedient properties of the Jacobi polynomials themselves and the basis set will not only be non-orthogonal but may, in fact, be poorly conditioned. Using a Gram-Schmidt procedure, it is possible to construct, in an incremental fashion, polynomial basis sets that not only satisfy any linear homogeneous boundary conditions but are also orthogonal with respect to the general weighting function ( 1 - x ) α ( 1 + x ) β . However, as it stands, this method is not only cumbersome but does not provide the structure for general index n of the functions and obscures their dependence on the parameters ( α , β ) . In this paper, it is shown that each of these Galerkin basis functions, as calculated by the Gram-Schmidt procedure, may be written as a linear combination of a small number of Jacobi polynomials with coefficients that can be determined. Moreover, this terse analytic representation reveals that, for large index, the basis functions behave asymptotically like the single Jacobi polynomial P n ( α , β ) ( x ) . This new result shows that such Galerkin bases not only retain exponential convergence but expedient function-fitting properties too, in much the same way as the Jacobi polynomials themselves. This powerful methodology of constructing Galerkin basis sets is illustrated by many examples, and it is shown how the results extend to polar geometries. In exploring more generalised definitions of orthogonality involving derivatives, we discuss how a large class of differential operators may be discretised by Galerkin schemes and represented in a sparse fashion by the inverse of band-limited matrices.
Selective Domain Stabilization as a Strategy to Reduce Human Serum Albumin–Human Granulocyte Colony Stimulating Factor Aggregation Rate

Therapeutic proteins must be generally formulated to reduce unwanted aggregation. Fusion proteins, which comprise domains assembled from separate proteins, may require unique formulation strategies in order to maximize their stability. A fusion protein of human serum albumin (HSA) and human granulocyte colony stimulating factor (GCSF; HSA–GCSF) was used as a model to test the hypothesis that formulations that increase the thermodynamic conformational stability of the least stable domain of a fusion protein will stabilize the entire fusion protein against aggregation. Conformational stability of HSA–GCSF was modulated by addition of octanoic acid, which was previously shown to increase the conformational stability of HSA, the least stable domain. Contrary to our hypothesis, increased conformational stability of the HSA domain did not result in increased resistance to aggregation of HSA–GCSF. These results for HSA–GCSF were also compared with similar studies conducted previously on a therapeutic protein formed by the fusion of HSA and human growth hormone (hGH; HSA–hGH). © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. and the American Pharmacists Association J Pharm Sci 101:2009–2016, 2012
Fault tolerance in commercial computers

A taxonomy of fault tolerance in commercial computers is set forth. It is organized around three orthogonal axes: the sources of errors the computer tolerates, the computer's approach to tolerating errors, and the computer's structure. Each of these is briefly discussed. An example of each class in the taxonomy is presented, as well as its approach to answering the following questions: (1) Is the system to be highly reliable or highly available? (2) Do all outputs have to be correct, or only data committed to long-term storage? (3) How familiar must the user be with the architecture and software redundancy? (4) Is the system dedicated so that attributes of the application can be used to simplify fault tolerance techniques? (5) Is the system constrained to use existing components? (6) Even if the design is new, what cost and/or performance penalty does it impose on the user who does not require fault tolerance? (7) Is the system stand-alone, or can other processors be called upon to assist in times of failure? The computers covered are the VAX 8600 and IBM 3090 uniprocessors, the Tandem, Stratus, and VAXft 3000 multicomputers, and the Teradata and Sequoia multiprocessors. >
An Analytical Prediction of the Global Period-1 Motion in a Periodically Forced, Piecewise Linear System

The analytical solution for the period-1 motion of a periodically forced piecewise linear system is obtained that based on the Poincare mapping and the switch planes pertaining to the two constraints. The stability and bifurcation of the period-1 motion are investigated, and numerical simulations are carried out to check the analytical prediction of period-1 motion. The symmetric and unsymmetrical stable period-1 motion plus an irregular motion are illustrated, and the analytical and numerical results are in a good agreement. This system demonstrates the behavior of the twin-well Duffing oscillator instead of the single-well Duffing oscillator. The similar mapping technique is applicable for other non-smooth dynamical systems.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Marketing psychological services: Using client problem and solution perceptions to design help offering promotional appeals

This article presents a model for segmenting potential clients for behaviorally related services such as psychotherapy, related mental health services, and medical conditions requiring significant behavioral action and compliance such as hypertension and diabetes. The model groups potential clients and caregivers as having beliefs about whether clients are responsible for their problems and responsible for their problem's solutions. Different clients' beliefs are shown to result in different social marketing promotional strategies whose goal is to foster timely and appropriate help seeking. The model is used to show the potential interactions between problem and solution perceptions and the different appeal strategies of problem or solution focus; fear, the credentials of the caregivers; and the use of modeling, shaping, and behaviorally explicit directions. Different appeals' ability to enhance or thwart help seeking is discussed. Implications for future research are given. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Ubiquitin-independent Proteasomal Degradation of Endoplasmic Reticulum-localized Connexin43 Mediated by CIP75

Connexin43 (Cx43) is a transmembrane protein that forms gap junction channels. Regulation of Cx43 turnover is one mechanism to control the level of intercellular communication that occurs through gap junction channels. Proteasomal degradation of Cx43 is regulated in part through CIP75, a ubiquitin-like and ubiquitin-associated domain containing protein. CIP75 interacts with endoplasmic reticulum-localized Cx43, as demonstrated through co-immunoprecipitation and immunofluorescence microscopy experiments. CIP75 also binds to free monoubiquitin and lysine 48-linked tetraubiquitin chains in vitro and binds to ubiquitinated proteins in cellular lysates. However, analysis of Cx43 that immunoprecipitated with CIP75 demonstrated that the Cx43 associated with CIP75 was not ubiquitinated, and a mutant form of Cx43 that lacked lysines capable of ubiquitination retained the capacity to interact with CIP75. These results suggest that although CIP75 can interact with ubiquitinated cellular proteins, its interaction with Cx43 and stimulation of Cx43 proteasomal degradation does not require the ubiquitination of Cx43.
An essay on the Life Cycle: Characterizing intertemporal behavior with uncertainty, human capital, taxes, durables, imperfect capital markets, and non-separable preferences

Abstract This paper formulates a general characterization of a household's portfolio choice and savings behavior in an environment with uncertain future interest rates, prices, wages, and factors influencing tastes. Savings may be invested in three types of assets: financial assets; human capital, which is non-tradable; and consumer durables, in which investment may be partially irreversible. Risk-return relations determine the optimal allocation of resources across assets at a point in time. The optimal intertemporal allocation of resources is determined by a restriction on the planned growth rate for the marginal utility of after-tax wealth, where growth rates depend on rates of time preference and measures of long-term riskless rates of interest. Given special assumptions, this marginal utility follows a martingale process as a consequence of optimizing behavior. Pricing formulae are developed for evaluating shifts in uncertain future income, wage, and price profiles. The relations characterizing portfolio and savings behavior presented here do not rely on particular distributional assumptions; they account for all forms of uncertainty including wage uncertainty induced by human capital investment; they allow for the non-marketability of assets; and the main results apply for very general functional form assumptions for preferences. In later sections, results are extended to incorporate income taxes and to account for a wide variety of imperfections in asset markets.
Comparison of Short-Duration Levetiracetam with Extended-Course Phenytoin for Seizure Prophylaxis After Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

Background The optimal regimen for seizure prophylaxis after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) remains uncertain. Based on data suggesting that a short course may be adequate, coupled with an association between phenytoin exposure and poor cognitive outcome, our institution modified their seizure prophylaxis protocol for patients with SAH from an extended course of phenytoin to 3 days of levetiracetam. This study sought to compare the incidence of seizures before and after this change to evaluate whether a short course of levetiracetam would be as effective in preventing in-hospital seizures. Methods This study analyzed 442 consecutive patients admitted with SAH between January 2003 and January 2008, including 297 patients treated before the protocol change (PHT group) and 145 treated afterward (LEV group). Occurrence of all seizures was extracted from a prospectively collected intensive care unit database and further review of medical records. In-hospital seizures were divided into early (occurring on or before day 3, all patients on prophylaxis) and those occurring late (after day 3, LEV group off prophylaxis). Results In-hospital seizures occurred in 3.4% of the PHT group and 8.3% of the LEV group (P = 0.03). Although the rate of early seizures was not different (1.4% PHT vs. 2.8% LEV, P = 0.45), there was a higher rate of late seizures (2% PHT vs. 5.5% LEV, P = 0.05). Conclusions The use of short-duration levetiracetam for seizure prophylaxis after SAH was associated with a higher rate of in-hospital seizures than an extended course of phenytoin, mainly related to an increase in late seizures, when the levetiracetam had been discontinued. This suggests that a longer duration of prophylaxis may be required to minimize seizures in patients with SAH, although confirmatory studies are required.
Transforming Structural Model to Runtime Model of Embedded Software with Real-Time Constraints

The model-based methodology has proven to be effective for fast and low-cost development of embedded software In the model-based development process, transforming a software structural model that describes the underlying application, to an implementable runtime model is a critical issue. Since the designed software will finally run on the target platform, non-functional issues like schedulability, timing constraints and resource requirements have to be considered during the transformation. In this paper, we propose a generic runtime model architecture that can best satisfy the non-functional requirements of the system, and a generic transformation method to convert a structural model to a runtime model in such an architecture. The transformation approach is based on the notion of end-to-end computations performed by the system in response to external stimuli. We demonstrate the advantages and effectiveness of the proposed method by constructing a software runtime model for a combined electronic throttle and air-fuel ratio control system.
Direct Instruction With Special Education Students: A Review of Evaluation Research

Studies evaluating the effectiveness of direct instruction curricula and teaching procedures are reviewed and, in some instances, critiqued. The six studies indicate that direct instruction tends to produce higher academic gains for handicapped children than traditional approaches. They also suggest that some of the more subtle principles of direct instruction—such as insistence on complete (rather than partial) mastery of each step in the learning process—are important. The author contends that future research should more carefully measure program implementation and begin to look more precisely at specific instructional variables. Suggestions for appropriate research designs are presented.
THE USE OF THE CHICK FOR THE ASSAY OF ANDROGENS

THE BIOASSAY of androgenic material can be accurately accomplished by the measurement of the size of the combs of capons following the administration of the hormone (1).Unfortunately, it is difficult and expensive to maintain a suitable flock of birds. As will be demonstrated in a subsequent publication, the chemical methods used in the quantitative estimation of ketosteroids do not always demonstrate the androgenic activity of a biologic mixture. For these reasons an at tempt has been made to use the chick for the assay of androgens. Several reports (2–8) of similar work have already appeared in the literature. This paper includes the sig nificant findings from this laboratory after the study of about 1,500 chicks. Since our researches include the study of the amount of androgenic material in blood, we found it necessary to use the most sensitive method available. For this reason inunction was preferred to injection. In all the experiments reported here White Leghorn chicks were used.
Delivering effective cognitive behavioural group treatment for women in secure psychiatric settings

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to review issues of relevance to practitioners using group cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) with women in secure settings.Design/methodology/approach – The extant literature on CBT as applied to women in secure settings is reviewed to highlight best practice. Aspects of best practice are illustrated with examples from a women's medium secure service.Findings – Obstacles include the characteristics of the patient group, treatment non compliance and an environment that accepts the primacy of security over treatment. Environmental and need factors amenable to intervention are highlighted in addition to CBT specific considerations that include the timing and intensiveness of treatment, content and delivery of therapy, treatment readiness and use of the group process. The use of a manualised CBT group treatment aid attempts to ensure treatment integrity is associated, and which is associated with treatment outcome. A focus on the social and environmental factors that a...
Faba bean forisomes can function in defence against generalist aphids.

Phloem sieve elements have shut-off mechanisms that prevent loss of nutrient-rich phloem sap when the phloem is damaged. Some phloem proteins such as the proteins that form forisomes in legume sieve elements are one such mechanism and in response to damage, they instantly form occlusions that stop the flow of sap. It has long been hypothesized that one function of phloem proteins is defence against phloem sap-feeding insects such as aphids. This study provides the first experimental evidence that aphid feeding can induce phloem protein occlusion and that the aphid-induced occlusions inhibit phloem sap ingestion. The great majority of phloem penetrations in Vicia faba by the generalist aphids Myzus persicae and Macrosiphum euphorbiae triggered forisome occlusion and the aphids eventually withdrew their stylets without ingesting phloem sap. This contrasts starkly with a previous study on the legume-specialist aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum, where penetration of faba bean sieve elements did not trigger forisome occlusion and the aphids readily ingested phloem sap. Next, forisome occlusion was demonstrated to be the cause of failed phloem ingestion attempts by M. persicae: when occlusion was inhibited by the calcium channel blocker lanthanum, M. persicae readily ingested faba bean phloem sap.
Leptin and the ventilatory response to exercise in heart failure.

AbstractObjectives: The aim of the study was to test the hypothesis that leptin is involved in the regulation of ventilatory responses to exercise in chronic heart failure (CHF).Background: Exercis...
Improving practice through knowledge and research

The architectural profession lacks the infrastructure that enables other professions, such as mechanical engineering, to build a knowledge-base and share research results of use to practitioners. To create such an infrastructure, the profession needs to develop learning cycles that involve researchers, educators, and practitioners working in task groups to set research priorities, raise funds, publish findings, and disseminate knowledge through conferences and curricula.
Power junction gate field controlled devices

A significant growth in the power ratings of field effect devices has been reported in the last few years. This increase in the power handling capability is largely due to the improvement in breakdown voltage of these devices, which has been achieved by several important technological break-throughs in the processing of these devices. This paper reviews these developments for the case of junction gate field controlled devices. These devices can be classified into the majority carrier devices such as the power junction gate field effect transistor (which has also been called the static induction transistor and the gridistor) or the bipolar devices such as the field controlled thyristor (which has also been termed the static induction thyristor and the bipolar gridistor). In all these devices, the forward blocking capability is achieved by means of a gate region which is designed to pinch-off current flow between the other terminals. Consequently, the design and fabrication of the gate region plays a dominant role in achieving a high power handling capability in these devices. This paper describes the basic device operation of both the unipolar and the bipolar devices. It also discusses the technology for the fabrication of both surface and buried grid devices. The strong influence of device fabrication technology upon the device characteristics is emphasized.
Multimedia Security in Passive Optical Networks via Wavelength Hopping and codes cycling technique

Passive Optical Networks are the right choice to satisfy increasing demand for bandwidth by residential and businesses alike, and because of their cost factor as compared to networks with active components, they are potential candidates for realization of Fiber To The Home(FTTH) connectivity. Such networks can satisfy triple play requirement for data, audio, and video where future users expected to be more dependant on such connectivity in day to day transaction including banking, telecommuting, in addition to entertainment services. When used for multimedia delivery, a concern to service provider is the theft of services that account for lost revenue. In this paper, a scheme for providing protection against theft of services of IP over LAN based multimedia service is presented. Protection is provided to downstream traffic in passive optical networks via wavelength hopping and codes sequencing techniques that diffuse MPEG packets over several wavelengths.
Hemodynamic correlates of arterial compliance

There is at present no good understanding of the exact clinical correlates of arterial compliance. The purpose of this study was to establish which hemodynamic variables are most strongly associated with compliance. Hemodynamic measurements were performed on 41 patients undergoing diagnostic cardiac catheterization. Cardiac outputs were determined by thermodilution, and pressures were measured in the ascending aorta with a catheter-tip manometer. Compliance was calculated from a mono-exponential fit of diastolic decay pressures. Pulse pressure(PP), stroke volume(SV), age, systolic blood pressure(SBP), and cardiac output(CO) were significantly related to compliance. The quotient SV/PP was a good estimate of compliance, as was a first-order function of both SV and PP. There appear to be specific clinical correlates of arterial compliance, as well as ways to estimate arterial compliance on the basis of conventional hemodynamic measurements when direct calculations are not possible.