cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Malnutrition and Medical Neglect

Anomalies found during the assessment of nutrition in children are common in pediatric practice, yet few articles address the intersection between malnutrition and medical neglect. The diagnosis of medical neglect requires several components including a) harm, or risk of harm due to lack of recommended health care, b) recommended care provides benefit significantly greater than potential risk, c) caregiver understands the medical recommendations; and d) has access to the recommended care, but fails to utilize it. Through the application of this definition to cases of malnutrition, considerations for diagnosing medical neglect when presented with malnutrition are reviewed. Cases include children with special healthcare needs, children exposed to selective diets, previously well children with severe malnutrition, and treatment-resistant failure to thrive. Obesity is a state of malnutrition, which may also involve neglect; in this instance, the "neglect" involves failure to supervise nutritional intake necessary for optimal functioning. Because many cases involve interactions with medical providers, the subsequent failure to follow medical advice regarding obesity management may also be considered medical neglect. This article reviews the relationship between medical neglect, nutritional deprivation, and over-nutrition to explore when a diagnosis of medical neglect may be applicable.
Women’s March Minnesota on Facebook: Effects of social connection on different types of collective action:

Scholars have long debated the efficacy of social media in facilitating offline collective action. This research seeks to fill a gap in that literature by examining the role of social ties in deter...
Bacterial Infection Among Patients With Multiple Myeloma Treated With Bortezomib-based Induction Therapy: Real-World Experience in an Asian Cancer Center

Abstract Background The treatment landscape for multiple myeloma (MM) has progressed significantly, and over the past decade, bortezomib-based induction therapy has been a standard of care. However, the practice of antibacterial prophylaxis during induction therapy has been diverse. The aim of our study is to evaluate the proportion of patients with febrile episodes and bacteremia among patients with MM, during the first 12 weeks of bortezomib-based induction therapy, without routine fluoroquinolone prophylaxis, but with routine Pneumocystis Carinii prophylaxis (mostly with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole), in a region with high fluoroquinolone resistance rate. Of note, these patients have direct access to health care facilities and timely supportive care. Patients and Methods We evaluated newly diagnosed MM patients from 2014 to 2018 receiving bortezomib-based induction therapy for the proportion of patients who had febrile episodes and bacteremia in the first 12 weeks of bortezomib-based induction therapy. We also evaluated if there were factors associated with increased febrile episodes including age, absolute neutrophil count, creatinine clearance, M-band level at diagnosis, nadir platelet count, International Staging System, and Revised International Staging System. Results Of the 108 evaluable patients, there were a total of 25 (23.1%) patients who had febrile episodes, and 1 (0.9%) patient who had bacteremia during the first 12 weeks of bortezomib-based induction therapy. All patients recovered well. No deaths were seen. Febrile episodes were associated with lower absolute neutrophil count (P = .036), renal impairment (P = .013), and ISS stage (P = .026). Conclusion The proportion of patients with significant bacterial infection during the first 12 weeks of bortezomib-based induction therapy without routine fluoroquinolone prophylaxis, but with routine Pneumocystis Carinii prophylaxis (mostly with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole), is low in a population with adequate access to health care facilities and timely supportive care.
General Surgery Resident Use of Electronic Resources: 15 Minutes a Day

Background General surgery resident performance on the American Board of Surgery In-Service Training Exam (ABSITE) has been used to predict American Board of Surgery (ABS) passage rates, selection for remediation programs, and ranking of fellowship applicants. We sought to identify electronic resource study habits of general surgery residents associated with successful test scores. Study Design A single-institution, retrospective review of general surgery resident use of 2 electronic study resources, Surgical Council on Resident Education (SCORE) and TrueLearn (TL), were evaluated for the 7 months before the 2019 ABSITE. Metrics included TL question performance, SCORE use, and a survey about other reading sources. These metrics were evaluated in 3 ABSITE percentile groupings: ≥80th, 31st to 79th, and ≤30th. Results The ≥80th and 31st to 79th percentile groups scored higher on TL questions, at 69% and 67.7%, respectively, compared with 61.4% for the ≤30th percentile group (p Conclusions Our nomogram incorporates time spent accessing an electronic content-based resource, SCORE, and performance on an electronic question-based resource as a novel method to provide individualized feedback and predict future ABSITE performance.
Interview: Large-scale Modeling of Media Dialog with Discourse Patterns and Knowledge Grounding

In this work, we perform the first large-scale analysis of discourse in media dialog and its impact on generative modeling of dialog turns, with a focus on interrogative patterns and use of external knowledge. Discourse analysis can help us understand modes of persuasion, entertainment, and information elicitation in such settings, but has been limited to manual review of small corpora. We introduce **Interview**---a large-scale (105K conversations) media dialog dataset collected from news interview transcripts---which allows us to investigate such patterns at scale. We present a dialog model that leverages external knowledge as well as dialog acts via auxiliary losses and demonstrate that our model quantitatively and qualitatively outperforms strong discourse-agnostic baselines for dialog modeling---generating more specific and topical responses in interview-style conversations.
Visit-to-visit Blood Pressure Variability and Regional Cerebral Perfusion Decline in Older Adults

Abstract Blood pressure variability (BPV) is linked to dementia risk, possibly through cerebral hypoperfusion. We investigated BPV over 1 year and concurrent regional cerebral perfusion decline in older adults without dementia. Participants underwent 4 blood pressure measurements across 12 months, ASL-MRI at baseline and 12-months, and baseline FDG-PET. Regional perfusion was normalized to precentral gyrus. A subset had cerebral spinal fluid Alzheimer's disease biomarker abnormalities. For every SD increase in BPV, perfusion decreased in medial orbitofrontal cortex (s = -.36; p = 0.008), hippocampus (s = -.37; p = 0.005), entorhinal cortex (s = -.48; p
Case 21. Lymphomatoid papulosis and autoimmunity

The case of lymphomatoid papulosis that was initially misdiagnosed as mycosis fungoides with large cell transformation.
Chemical looping-A perspective on the next-gen technology for efficient fossil fuel utilization

Abstract The growth in the global energy consumption demands an increasing use of the renewable energy sources. Nevertheless, fossil fuels are projected to remain as the dominating backbone of petrochemical and consumer industry in the coming decades. As a bridge from the fossil fuel-based to renewable fuel-based economy, chemical looping technology has been developed to achieve sustainable applications by generating highly efficient energy and products through economically viable processes. This article discusses the advances in chemical looping with a focus on the fundamentals of formulation concepts on chemical looping carriers, rationale for reactor configurations, and design consideration from the process analysis. Particularly, the carriers utilized for different chemical looping applications ranging from syngas generation to ammonia synthesis are elaborated. The reactor configurations applied for different chemical looping systems are discussed along with the essentials of the process simulation approach to system optimization. The article also describes the prospects of the future development in the chemical looping technology, and its viability and readiness for industrial deployment.
Fluid evolution during Cretaceous and Eocene igneous–Hydrothermal events in the Getchell trend, Nevada

Abstract The characteristics and evolution of fluids during the 115–75 Ma and 42–38 Ma igneous–hydrothermal events in the Getchell trend, Nevada were studied using fluid inclusion microthermometry, quadrupole mass spectrometer (QMS) gas analyses, and O–H isotopes. Cretaceous fluids produced by metamorphic devolatilization of country rocks are represented by an assemblage of one-phase CH4, one-phase CO2, halite-bearing, vapor-rich (>50% vapor), and liquid-rich ( /Ar diagram and paired with бD values of –91.2‰ to –116.9‰, organic and evolved magmatic fluid sources are indicated. Metamorphism and mineralization that occurred prior to 95 Ma is characterized by pyrrhotite , compared with pyrite for mineralization ≤92 Ma. Cretaceous igneous–hydrothermal fluids (92–75 Ma) were CO2 dominant (≤12 mol%), CH4 poor (≤0.6 mol%), lower salinity (2.7–9.3 wt% NaCl equiv.), and have a large range in бD values (–92.1‰ to –154‰). Samples of milky quartz host three-phase CO2, one-phase CO2, and liquid-rich inclusions. Early fluids had a magmatic source based on бD values of –75.9‰ to –91.2‰ and QMS gas data that plot in the magmatic field of a CO2/CH4 vs. N2/Ar diagram. Whereas increasing amounts of meteoric water during the formation of barren and arsenopyrite-rich quartz are indicated by QMS gas data that transition into the shallow meteoric field of a CO2/CH4 vs. N2/Ar diagram and бD values of –143.1‰ to –153.8‰. Cretaceous mineralization concluded with the emplacement of ~75 Ma breccia pipes that most likely had a magmatic origin based on elevated salinities (≤15.7 wt% NaCl equiv.), style of mineralization, and a бD value of –94.6‰. The Eocene hydrothermal fluids that produced Carlin-type mineralization in the Twin Creeks deposit underwent a similar evolution. Samples of Main ore-stage jasperoid that host low-salinity (2.6–6.7 wt% NaCl equiv.) liquid-dominant fluid inclusions have бD and б18OH2O values of –108.4‰ to –206.9‰ and 7.8–14.2‰, respectively. These data plot to form a mixing trend between end-member organic and metamorphic waters in a бD vs. б18OH2O diagram. Yet near the end of Main ore-stage mineralization, the hydrothermal system transitioned from N2-rich (≤13.8 mol%) organic and metamorphic fluids to magmatic fluids (бD –93.6‰) with CO2 as the dominant gas specie. Additional evidence to support organic/metamorphic fluids is provided by growth banding in Late ore-stage orpiment defined by zones of carbonaceous material. These results show how the formation of Carlin-type deposits in the Getchell trend had a complex relationship with distal Eocene igneous activity and that genetic models need to account for magmatic, metamorphic, and evolved basinal fluids in the hydrothermal system.
The Impact of Stress Management Within Organizations and Its Effects on Employees’ Performance

The purpose of this study is to examine the Impact of Stress Management within Organizations and its Effects on Employees’ Performance. Stress is an unavoidable factor in everyone’s lives. People deal with it more than once in their lifetime. Stress may be defined as a feeling of physical, psychological or emotional tension which is developed by different circumstances or events that occur in our lives. In every organization, employees are the backbone that ensures the smooth running of the business. But as a matter of fact, these employees are ordinary people who are vulnerable to any and all threats, be it physical, emotional and psychological and this includes stress. It can cause them to lose focus in their activities and accumulate low yield or performance in most or all their functions seeing as they will be too distracted thinking about their own problems to do their work. Despite that, stress can also be positive because it pushes people to do more and fulfill their obligations. It can add an extra boost to your way of thinking and their pace of doing their work. Moreover, stress is not uncontrollable. It can be managed in order to protect any sort of negative impacts/ effects. This is what is called stress management. It is defined as the method or techniques of handling or controlling stress. Stress management has a huge effect on employees and their performance as it brings about positivity and competence, therefore, it has an even greater impact on the organization because if their employees are stress free, they are at least 95% focused in their duties, thus the businesses advantages increase. This study therefor is undertaken to investigate what impact stress and stress management has on organizations and its effects on employees’ performance, to determine what causes stress, to identify the different types or dimensions of stress and how to handle or manage stress. Questionnaires will be used the primary method of data gathering and desk research will also be used as secondary method of collecting data which will be analysed and put together for summary, recommendations and conclusion.
Adrenergic Attenuation of Immune Activity is Associated with Anhedonia in Adolescents

While inflammation has been implicated in the manifestation of psychiatric symptoms, the role of immune attenuation via sympathetic modulation in psychopathology remains unclear. Here, this study aimed to assess {beta}2-agonist clenbuterol (CBL) as a promising agent to model adrenergic-induced immune response following ex vivo immune activation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Relationships between CBL-modulated cytokine levels and symptom measures were then explored. Adolescents were evaluated with semi-structure interviews and self-reported depression, anxiety, and anhedonia levels. Fasting whole-blood samples were collected and stimulated with LPS in the presence and absence of CBL for 6 hours, with supernatants being subjected to Luminex multiplex assay for 41 cytokines. Cytokine levels between conditions were compared using Bonferroni-corrected nonparametric tests. Exploratory factor analysis reduced 41 cytokines into fewer factors in each experimental condition, and their relationships with psychiatric symptoms were examined with Spearman correlations controlling for age, sex, and BMI. Data from 130 participants (15.25 {+/-} 2.16 years old, 59% female) were analyzed. 10 cytokines were significantly affected by CBL treatment compared to LPS alone. LPS+CBL factor 3 significantly correlated with both anticipatory (rho = -0.39, p = 7.4 x 10-5) and consummatory anhedonia (rho = -0.36, p = 3.3 x 10-4), and these correlations remained significant when controlling additionally for depression. There were no significant associations between immune factors with depression or anxiety severity. Findings support our hypothesis that clenbuterol attenuates inflammatory effects thought to underlie psychiatric conditions in youth. Using a data-driven analytic method, distinctive relationships between CBL-affected cytokines and dimensional anhedonia were reported, further elucidating the role of {beta}2-agonism in adolescent affective symptomatology.
'What Qualifies a Household's Living Standard as Middle Class?' A Note

This paper takes up the much argued-over term "middle class" and specifically the standard of consumption the term may be said to denote. In the history this paper recounts it notes the ambiguities and evolution of the term, but holds that in the post-World War II United States it denoted a certain minimum standard of comfort, security and opportunity for one's children (home and car ownership, health insurance, college for the children, retirement, and a margin of safety and resources for superfluities on a single income). The paper also argues, on the basis of the cost of the requisite amenities, the actual distribution of income and other evidence that far from being some broad societal norm all this is actually accessible only to a few, a fact which may be finding some reflection in the country's shifting politics.
Impact of bed height on the biomechanics of healthcare professionals during chest compressions on the neonate: a descriptive pilot study.

Objectives The biomechanics of the healthcare professionals (HCPs) performing the life-saving intervention of chest compressions in the neonatal population is poorly understood. The aim of this pilot study was to describe the variations in body position at a self-selected and a predetermined bed height during neonatal chest compressions. Measures of joint angles, time to postural sway and number of postural adjustments were chosen as indices for the stability of the HCP’s position. Setting Data were collected at a simulation-based research centre in which the patient care environment was replicated. Participants HCPs with varying roles working in the neonatal intensive care unit and holding a current Neonatal Resuscitation Program Provider certification were recruited for this study. Interventions Fifteen HCPs performed two trials of chest compressions, each lasting 2 min, at a predetermined bed height and a self-selected bed height. Trials were video recorded, capturing upper and lower body movements. Videos were analysed for time to postural sway and number of postural adjustments. Joint angles were measured at the start and end of each trial. Results A statistically significant difference was found between the two bed height conditions for number of postural adjustments (p=0.02). While not statistically significant, time postural sway was increased in the choice bed height condition (85 s) compared with the predetermined bed height (45 s). After 30 s of chest compressions, mean shoulder and knee angles were smaller for choice bed height (p=0.03, 95% CI Lower=−12.14, Upper=−0.68 and p=0.05, 95% CI Lower=3.43, Upper=0.01, respectively). After 1 min and 45 s of chest compressions, mean wrist angles were smaller in the choice bed height condition (p=0.01, 95% CI Lower=−9.20, Upper=−1.22), stride length decreased between the 30 s and 1 min 45 s marks of the chest compressions in the predetermined height condition (p=0.02).
Res Judicata as Requisite for Justice

From historical, jurisprudential, and comparative perspectives, this Article tries to synthesize res judicata while integrating it with the rest of law. From near their beginnings, all systems of justice have delivered a core of res judicata comprising the substance of bar and defense preclusion. This core is universal not because it represents a universal value, but rather because it responds to a universal institutional need. Any justice system must have adjudicators; to be effective, their judgments must mean something with bindingness; and the minimal bindingness is that, except in specified circumstances, the disgruntled cannot undo a judgment in an effort to change the outcome.By some formulation of rules and exceptions, each justice system must and does deliver this core of res judicata. Fundamental fairness imposes some distant outer limit on res judicata too. In between those minimal and maximal limits, context-specific policy will decide how far res judicata will go in any particular country, with huge implications for its legal system. At one extreme the United States loves preclusion, and so it goes well beyond the bare minimum. Thus far, China sticks close to the core. Perhaps for both these prime examples, the optimum lies closer to the middle.
Chapter 18 Molecular Properties of Voltage-Sensitive Calcium Channels

Publisher Summary The molecular properties of dihydropyridine-sensitive calcium channels are discussed by following a general strategy that was used previously in studies of voltage-sensitive sodium channels in this laboratory and in other laboratories whose work is presented in this chapter. This strategy involves identification by specific ligand binding and covalent labeling, solubilization and isolation by conventional protein purification methods, the reconstitution of channel function in vitro, and the analysis of the properties of channel components by specific antibodies and labeling methods. The work reviewed in the chapter illustrates the substantial progress achieved with this approach to date. Future directions include further definition of the functional properties of the purified calcium channel complex in reconstituted phospholipid vesicles, the analysis of the mechanism of regulation of the channel by protein phosphorylation, the determination of the primary structure of the channel subunits, and a comparison of the molecular properties of calcium channels described in the chapter with those of voltage-sensitive sodium channels to define common structural themes underlying the function of voltage-sensitive ion channels in general.
Modulation of expression of the stress-inducible p118 of Saccharomyces cerevisiae by cAMP. II. A study of p118 expression in mutants of the cAMP cascade.

In the preceding paper, we have identified a protein of Mr = 118,000 which is induced by stress conditions that lead to cessation of DNA synthesis and cell division (Verma, R., Iida, H., and Pardee, A.B. (1988) J. Biol. Chem. 263, 8569-8575). In the current study, we have investigated the possible role this protein may play in cellular proliferation by studying p118 expression in mutants of the cAMP metabolic pathway. The cyr 1-2 mutant gene encodes a thermolabile adenylate cyclase whose activity is only 7% of wild type even at permissive temperatures (23 degrees C). We have found that at 23 degrees C, the G1 period was 5-fold longer in cyr 1-2 than in CYR1+ cells and that p118 was constitutively expressed in these slow cycling mutants. Addition of 8-bromo-cAMP to cyr 1-2 mutants restored growth at both the restrictive and permissive temperatures and resulted in a shut-off in the synthesis of p118. The effect of the analog on p118 expression was rapid, preceding the increase in cell number and percentage-budded cells. In contrast to wild type cells, p118 synthesis was not induced by sulfur starvation in RAS2val19 mutants possessing high levels of adenylate cyclase activity and bcy1 mutants defective in the regulatory subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase. A large body of evidence exists supporting a role of cAMP in positive control of cell proliferation. It is therefore possible that conditions which decrease cAMP arrest growth through a chain of events that include p118 induction.
Isolation and characterization of the human spr1 gene and its regulation of expression by phorbol ester and cyclic AMP.

Abstract The small proline-rich protein gene (spr1) is a marker whose expression is frequently associated with squamous cell differentiation. We observed that the expression of the spr1 gene is strongly induced by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA). Both the time course result and the nuclear run-on transcriptional assay suggested that the regulation of spr1 expression by PMA is controlled at the transcriptional level. To understand the nature of this regulation, human genomic clones of the spr1 gene were isolated. DNA sequence analysis revealed that the human spr1 gene contains two exons and a single intron located within the 5'-untranslated region. An AP-1 binding site (TGAGTCA) is found at -142, and a putative cyclic AMP-responsive element (TGAGGTCA) at -597 base pairs upstream of the transcription start site. A chimeric construct containing the 5'-flanking region of the spr1 gene and the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) reporter gene was used to transfect HeLa cells or monkey primary TBE cells. The CAT activity in transfected cells is stimulated 7.5-11-fold by PMA, and the stimulation is inhibited by a protein kinase C inhibitor or by pretreating cells with PMA to down-regulate the protein kinase C activity. The CAT activity is also stimulated 3.5-fold by dibutyryl cyclic AMP, a protein kinase A activator. The stimulations by PMA and cAMP are additive. These results suggest that protein kinase C and probably protein kinase A play important roles in regulating the transcription of the spr1 gene.
Integrative missing value estimation for microarray data

Background Missing value estimation is an important preprocessing step in microarray analysis. Although several methods have been developed to solve this problem, their performance is unsatisfactory for datasets with high rates of missing data, high measurement noise, or limited numbers of samples. In fact, more than 80% of the time-series datasets in Stanford Microarray Database contain less than eight samples.
Past and Present Risk: Exposure to Predator Chemical Cues Before and after Metamorphosis Influences Juvenile Wood Frog Behavior

Animals are exposed to different predators over their lifespan. This raises the question of whether exposure to predation risk in an early life stage affects the response to predators in subsequent life stages. In this study, we used wood frogs (Rana sylvatica) to test whether exposure to cues indicating predation risk from dragonfly larvae during the wood frog larval stage affected post-metamorphic activity level and avoidance of garter snake chemical cues. Dragonfly larvae prey upon wood frogs only during the larval stage, whereas garter snakes prey upon wood frogs during both the larval stage and the post-metamorphic stage. Exposure to predation risk from dragonflies during the larval stage caused post-metamorphic wood frog juveniles to have greater terrestrial activity than juvenile wood frogs that were not exposed to larval-stage predation risk from dragonflies. However, exposure to predation risk as larvae did not affect juvenile wood frog responses to chemical cues from garter snakes. Wood frogs exposed as larvae to predation risk from dragonfly larvae avoided garter snake chemical cues to the same extent as wood frog larvae not exposed to predation risk from dragonfly larvae. Our results demonstrate that while some general behaviors exhibit carry-over effects from earlier life stages, behavioral responses to predators may remain independent of conditions experienced in earlier life stages.
The Social Responsibility of Economists

In the wake of the global financial crisis of 2008, the economics profession has been criticized for its apparent complicity in promoting the interests of corporations and the financial industry at the expense of the public interest, which has resulted in increased scrutiny of professional economic ethics. We argue that the only social responsibility of economists is to maximize their career advancement within the scientific community of economists, and that the appropriate target for criticism and reform is the institutional framework of the scientific community. Good science does not require “good” scientists, but good rules of scientific engagement that fosters the constant contestation of ideas through open, critical discourse among scientists. If there is a problem of the corruption of economics, the true source is not corporate and special interests, however, but the state’s capture and politicization of the discipline. A code of conduct, as several critics have proposed, would be a wholly ineffective solution and largely irrelevant to the economics profession. In our view, economics should embrace a radical humility, where the role of the economist is a humble student of society, or lowly philosopher, and that has epistemic modesty. These conditions constrain the economist to a humble position in society, reduce opportunities for the corruption of economics, and limit the potential harm from the economist qua social engineer.
Recent literature on bryophytes—114(1)

s, p. 30. Bakalin, V. A. 2010. Hepaticae of the Kuril Islands (northwestern Pacific): a transoceanic route from circumboreal to East Asian flora. Annales Botanici Fennici
Spectral characteristics of the meridional transport of angular momentum in the mid-troposhere of the Southern Hemisphere

The wavenumber-frequency spectra of the meridional flux of angular momentum at 20°, 30°, 40°, 50°, 60° and 70°S, at 500 mb, show a definite domain of wave interactions between the zonal and meridional components of the velocity at various latitudes. In middle latitudes, the spectral band of the meridional flux of angular momentum is oriented from a region of low wavenumbers and low frequencies to a region of high wavenumbers and negative frequencies assigned for waves moving from west to east. In low latitudes, however, the spectral domain is confined to a narrow band centered near the zero frquency. In contrast to the meridional flux of angular momentum in the Northern Hemisphere in which the intensity in winter is about twice that in Summer, in the Southern Hemisphere the meridional flux shows same intensity for all seasons. In the Southern Hemisphere, most of the meridional flux of angular momentum is directed toward the south pole and is accomplished by the eastward moving waves. In the Northern Hemisphere, however, most of the meridional flux is directed toward the north pole and is contributed by the stationary waves.
Short communication: Glucose and fructose concentrations and expression of glucose transporters in 4- to 6-week pregnancies collected from Holstein cows that were either lactating or not lactating

Glucose is an essential nutrient for the conceptus. The objective was to determine if lactation affected the amount of glucose crossing the placenta by measuring glucose and fructose in placental fluids in lactating and nonlactating cows. Holstein cows were assigned to one of 2 treatments immediately after parturition [lactating (n=23) or nonlactating (dried off immediately after calving; n=20)]. Pregnant cows were slaughtered at one of 3 d of pregnancy (d 28, 35, or 42) and tissues were collected. Plasma glucose and insulin were less in lactating cows. Pregnancies collected from lactating cows had less glucose and fructose in placental fluids compared with those from nonlactating cows. Relative to endometrium, the placenta expressed greater amounts of the glucose transporters SLC2A1 (Glut1), SLC2A3 (Glut3) and SLC2A4 (Glut4) mRNA. The mRNA for SLC2A1 decreased whereas the mRNA for SLC2A4 increased from d 28 to d 42 of pregnancy. Stepwise regression analyses for fetal and placental weight (dependent variable) retained day of pregnancy and maternal plasma insulin concentrations in the final model. The conclusion is that lower blood glucose and insulin in lactating cows may lead to less glucose crossing the placenta and slower fetal development during lactation. The slower fetal development may predispose lactating cows to fetal loss if developmental milestones are not reached.
XXXV. The change of the order of absolute viscosity encountered on passing from fluid to solid

(1890). XXXV. The change of the order of absolute viscosity encountered on passing from fluid to solid. The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science: Vol. 29, No. 179, pp. 337-355.
In situ Microrheological Determination of Neutrophil Stiffening Following Adhesion in a Model Capillary

There has been considerable debate on the relative importance of biochemical stimuli and mechanical deformation in neutrophil adhesion in lung capillaries, a process observed following bacterial infection in the body. In contrast to venules, where the vessel diameter is larger than the leukocyte diameter (6-9 microm) and the adhesion process is better understood, in lung capillaries the vessel diameter (2-8 microm) is smaller than the leukocyte diameter. In this study, a micropipette was used as a model for the alveolar capillary microcirculation, allowing the effects of adhesion molecules (ICAM-1) on cell mechanical properties to be observed while applying a mechanical deformation. The microrheology technique that tracks the thermal motion of granules within neutrophils was used to extract the local intracellular viscoelastic moduli. Small regional differences in rheology were found, with the central body region being significantly stiffer than the leading end cap region. When cells were exposed to ICAM-1, the regional differences were preserved, but the viscoelastic moduli were moderately increased in all regions. These results are consistent with the literature on leukocyte sequestration and provide insight into the regional rheological effects of deformation and adhesion molecules on neutrophils.
A cocaine cue is more preferred and evokes more frequency-modulated 50-kHz ultrasonic vocalizations in rats prone to attribute incentive salience to a food cue

Rationale Individuals vary considerably in the extent to which they attribute incentive salience to food-associated cues.
Planning for a mobile future: a user research case study from the California Digital Library

In the summer of 2010, the California Digital Library (CDL) undertook a mobile device user research project to understand how the proliferation of mobile devices with internet access amongst the general public and the explosion of mobile tools and products in higher education affected CDL constituents and services. CDL wanted to understand if they would need to support users in a mobile capacity. In order to answer these objectives, findings from online surveys as well as in-person interviews were analyzed. General findings revealed that while mobile devices played a large role in con- stituents’ personal lives, it was not a device that they turned to when taking part in their academic work. This conclusion lead CDL to develop a mobile strategy that involved building a mobile tracking and evaluation infrastructure to ensure continued assessment and monitoring of mobile usage and trends among their users.
Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome : Thirty-year follow-up of S of RSH syndrome

We have reassessed patient "S," one of the first 3 individuals recognized to have Smith-Lemli-Opitz (or RSH) syndrome, at age 34 years, and we describe his physical, developmental, and behavioral manifestations. This reassessment provides formal evidence that this individual has the cholesterol biosynthetic defect which is thought to be the cause of Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome. Dietary manipulation appears to have had a beneficial effect on the patient's behavior and suggests that even in adults with this condition, dietary cholesterol supplementation may be indicated.
Playing to the Test: Organizational Responses to Third Party Ratings

External ratings of organizations have proliferated in the last few decades, impacting not only the behavior of consumers but also of the organizations being rated. This phenomenon has been widely studied in regards to the U.S. News and World Reports ratings of universities and law schools. This article strives to understand how third party ratings impact the behavior of nonprofits using the financial data the nonprofits provide in their IRS Forms 990. The results show that such ratings are, in fact, having an effect on how nonprofits report financial information on the IRS Form 990.
Ionic Conductances of Extracellular Shunt Pathway in Rabbit Ileum : Influence of shunt on transmural sodium transport and electrical potential differences

The unidirectional influxes of Na, K, and Cl into isolated strips of rabbit ileum are comprised of movements across the mucosal membrane of the epithelial cells and ionic diffusion into an extracellular shunt pathway. A large fraction of the Na influx across the mucosal membrane alone is inhibited by Li, suggesting the participation of a carrier mechanism in the influx process. The partial ionic shunt conductances of Na, K, and Cl account for at least 82% of the total tissue conductance. The calculated shunt permeabilities (P) are (in centimeters per hour) P(K) = 0.040, P(Na) = 0.035, and P(Cl) = 0.019, so that P(K):P(Na):P(Cl) = 1.14:1.00:0.55. Diffusion potentials across the tissue resulting from isotonic replacement of NaCl in the mucosal solution with mannitol or KCl are described by the Goldman constant-field equation together with the above permeabilities of the shunt pathway. These observations are not consistent with permeation through a fixed-charge pore but can be explained by a model featuring constant ionic partition into a neutral-polar pore that traverses the tight junction. Such a pore may be lined with either fixed dipoles or fixed dipolar ions oriented such that electronegative groups influence the permselective properties of the diffusion pathway. The essential feature of both models is that electroneutrality is maintained by means of fixed membrane components and does not depend upon the presence of mobile counterions.
Parameters on Esophageal pH-Impedance Monitoring That Predict Outcomes of Patients With Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease

Background & Aims pH-impedance monitoring detects acid and nonacid reflux events, but little is known about which parameters predict outcomes of different management strategies. We evaluated a cohort of medically and surgically managed patients after pH-impedance monitoring to identify factors that predict symptom improvement after therapy. Methods In a prospective study, we followed up 187 subjects undergoing pH-impedance testing from January 2005 through August 2010 at Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri (mean age, 53.8 ± 0.9 y; 70.6% female). Symptom questionnaires assessed dominant symptom intensity (DSI) and global symptom severity (GSS) at baseline and at follow-up evaluation. Data collected from pH impedance studies included acid exposure time (AET), reflux exposure time (RET) (duration of impedance decrease 5 cm above lower esophageal sphincter, reported as the percentage of time similar to AET), symptom reflux correlation (symptom index and symptom association probability [SAP]), and the total number of reflux events. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to determine factors associated with changes in DSI and GSS after therapy. Results Of the study subjects, 49.7% were tested on proton pump inhibitor (PPI) therapy and 68.4% were managed medically. After 39.9 ± 1.3 months of follow-up, DSI and GSS scores decreased significantly ( P P ≤ .049 for each comparison); RET and SAP from impedance-detected reflux events ( P ≤ .03) also were predictive. On multivariate analysis, abnormal AET consistently predicted symptomatic outcome; other predictors included impedance-detected SAP, older age, and testing performed off PPI therapy. Abnormal RET, acid symptom index, or SAP, and numbers of reflux events did not independently predict a decrease in DSI or GSS scores. Conclusions Performing pH-impedance monitoring off PPI therapy best predicts response to antireflux therapy. Key parameters with predictive value include increased AET, and correlation between symptoms and reflux events detected by impedance.
Avoiding Ribā : Credit and Custodianship in Nineteenth- and Early-Twentieth Century ḥaḍramawt

This essay examines a little-known economic institution known as ʿuhda sale which was highly elaborated in the ḥaḍramawt region of southern Arabia, where it was used to facilitate the availability of credit by allowing people to benefit from extending credit without breaking the Qurʾānic prohibition of Ribā . After considering the history of the practice in ḥaḍramawt and controversies associated with it, I analyze how the transactions worked and who participated in them, as reflected in nineteenth- and twentieth-century contracts. In addition, evidence culled from contemporary fatāwā shed light on some of the questions and problems which arose in the course of these transactions. The ʿuhda transaction in ḥaḍramawt illustrates the development of a utilitarian economic institution through the combined influences of local usage based on practical needs and local juristic decisions as to religious legitimacy. The transaction exemplifies the flexibility of the local legal system in response to economic need and social practice. It also illustrates the degree to which people of different genders, ages, and social backgrounds participated in financial transactions in this society.
Role-modeling and conversations about giving in the socialization of adolescent charitable giving and volunteering.

Abstract This study investigated the relationship between the monetary giving and volunteering behavior of adolescents and the role-modeling and conversations about giving provided by their parents. The participants are a large nationally-representative sample of 12–18 year-olds from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics' Child Development Supplement (n = 1244). Adolescents reported whether they gave money and whether they volunteered. In a separate interview parents reported whether they talked to their adolescent about giving. In a third interview, parents reported whether they gave money and volunteered. The results show that both role-modeling and conversations about giving are strongly related to adolescents' giving and volunteering. Knowing that both role-modeling and conversation are strongly related to adolescents' giving and volunteering suggests an often over-looked way for practitioners and policy-makers to nurture giving and volunteering among adults: start earlier, during adolescence, by guiding parents in their role-modeling of, and conversations about, charitable giving and volunteering.
Gyro-Based Multi-image Deconvolution for Removing Handshake Blur

Image deblurring to remove blur caused by camera shake has been intensively studied. Nevertheless, most methods are brittle and computationally expensive. In this paper we analyze multi-image approaches, which capture and combine multiple frames in order to make deblurring more robust and tractable. In particular, we compare the performance of two approaches: align-and-average and multi-image deconvolution. Our deconvolution is non-blind, using a blur model obtained from real camera motion as measured by a gyroscope. We show that in most situations such deconvolution outperforms align-and-average. We also show, perhaps surprisingly, that deconvolution does not benefit from increasing exposure time beyond a certain threshold. To demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of our method, we apply it to still-resolution imagery of natural scenes captured using a mobile camera with flexible camera control and an attached gyroscope.
Needle localization in occult breast lesions

A series of 211 women underwent 211 preoperative needle localizations of nonpalpable breast lesions. All mammographic, operative, and pathological data were reviewed. Carcinoma occurred in 10%. Seventeen (81%) were invasive, and four (19%) were noninvasive. Forty-three percent of the cancers were minimal carcinoma (in situ or an invasive cancer measuring less than 5 mm in size with negative axillary nodes), and 48% were less than 1 cm. Overall, metastasis to axillary lymph nodes occurred in 10%. The mammographic findings of microcalcifications occurred in 81 % of the malignant group and in 33% of the benign group. The combination of microcalcifications in association with an irregular density was only found in the malignant group. We conclude that 1) needle localization enables the early detection of stage I breast carcinoma and 2) the mammographic findings of microcalcifications in association with an irregular density occur only with malignancy in this series.
Exploring young adults' contraceptive knowledge and attitudes: disparities by race/ethnicity and age.

Abstract Background Half of pregnancies in the United States are unintended, with the highest proportions occurring among Blacks, Hispanics, and teenagers. Understanding differences in knowledge and attitudes about contraception by race/ethnicity and age can improve efforts to reduce disparities in unintended pregnancy. Methods This analysis used data from the 897 female respondents in National Survey of Reproductive and Contraceptive Knowledge, a survey exploring young adults' knowledge and attitudes about contraception and pregnancy. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to assess racial/ethnic and age group differences in knowledge and attitudes about contraceptives. Findings Hispanics and teenagers (aged 18–19) had lower awareness of available contraceptive methods, and lower knowledge about individual methods compared with White women and young adults (age 20–29). For example, Hispanics (74%) and teenagers (77%) were less likely to have heard of the intrauterine device (IUD) than were White women (90%) and young adults (90%), and were less likely to know that a woman experiencing side effects could switch brands of oral contraceptive pills (72% of Hispanics vs. 86% of White women; 76% of teenagers vs. 90% of young adults). Hispanics born outside the United States had lower knowledge about contraceptives than U.S.-born Hispanics. For example, foreign-born Hispanics were less likely than U.S.-born Hispanics to have heard of the IUD (59% vs. 82%) or the vaginal ring (55% vs. 95%). Conclusions Lower contraceptive knowledge among teenagers and Hispanics, particularly immigrants, suggests the importance of disseminating family planning information to these women as one means to address disparities in unintended pregnancy.
Finite-size effects on the glass transition temperature

Abstract An expression for the activation energy of the viscosity in the percolative transport regime demonstrates its proportionality to the peak in a distribution of barrier heights as well as to the width of the distribution. Such an expression implies that a “blocking” (slower than average) rate is responsible for the macroscopic relaxation time. This concept has recently been shown to account for a large number off phenomena related to the glass transition. Here it is shown that the average of a glass transition temperature over a large number of very small systems must correspond to an average barrier height; consequently the average glass temperature is reduced by confinement in pores because the average barrier height is smaller than the “blocking” barrier.
The viscosity of suspensions of spheres

Abstract Particle size distribution, often suggested as a factor influencing the viscosity of suspensions, is considered quantitatively. By an analysis of previously reported data, the viscosity of suspensions of spheres from the lowest to the highest concentration is shown to be described in terms of the viscosity of the pure liquid, the volume fraction of solids, the packed sediment volume of solids, and the geometric standard deviation for the solids.
Skeletal muscle growth failure induced in premature newborn infants by prolonged pancuronium treatment.

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Extension of Petri Nets for Representing and Reasoning with Tasks with Imprecise Durations

This paper presents an extension of Petri net framework with imprecise temporal properties. We use possibility theory to represent imprecise time by time-stamping tokens and assigning durations to firing of the transitions. A method for approximation of an arbitrary temporal distribution with a set of possibilistic intervals is used to introduce the composition operation for two possibilistic temporal distributions. We developed a method to determining an effective enabling time of a transition with incoming tokens with possibilistic distributions. The utility of the proposed theory is illustrated using an example of an automated manufacturing system. The proposed approach is novel and has a broad utility beyond a timed Petri network and its applications.
Solid phase synthesis of nonadecathymidylic acid by the phosphotriester approach

Abstract Nonadecathymidylic acid was synthesized by the block coupling phosphotriester approach on a polymer support.