cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Endgame: The risks and consequences of nuclear war

This is a promising time in our national political life. Although we already stand very close to the edge of an apocalyptic abyss, there now exists widespread understanding of our predicament. Avoiding nuclear war, until recently only a marginal tic of consciousness, is now a gigantic, irreversible gesture. Today, as growing legions of Americans reject the gibberish of a self-defeating nuclear strategy, there is hope that we might yet survive as a species. But such survival is by no means automatic. Before we can take it for granted, we need to cultivate a particular understanding of the dangers that still lie ahead. And this must be accomplished without allowing the Apocalypse to become just another occasion for self-congratulation. Living at a moment when almost anyone can offer a Spenglerian theory of decline and disintegration, we must not become too proud of our pessimism. Rather than elevate our melancholy to the status of a metaphysic, we must convert the Angst of our time into a relentless search for life.
Crystalline order in nylon 66

The x-ray diffraction patterns of nylon 66 at small and large angles have been correlated with the densities of samples prepared in various ways. Quenching from the melt to 0°C. produces structures which are less than 40% crystalline, as determined by density and have structures similar to nematic liquid crystals. More dense specimens have a triclinic structure and appear to contain lamellae 50–100 A. thick which consist of outer amorphous layers and a central portion which is about 80% crystalline. Thermodynamic and spectroscopic evidence indicates that the disorder on melting consists of rotations about the bonds connecting CH2 groups.
Court Mediation in China, Past and Present:

What is called “mediation” in China today includes a wide variety of actions, ranging from the purely facilitative to the substantially adjudicative and yet still mediatory (those that are mainly adjudicatory and imposed regardless of the will of the litigants should be excluded). They show that contemporary Chinese court mediation as it has been practiced is very different both from Qing court practices and from current alternative dispute resolution (ADR) in the West. Qing courts generally did not mediate, despite the Confucian ideal of resolving disputes through (societal) mediation and despite the official ritualistic requirement that court actions always be voluntarily accepted by litigants. Contemporary Chinese courts, however, routinely mediate, a legacy not from the Qing but from the Maoist period. If mediation fails, arbitration or adjudication—under the same judge—will almost always follow. That makes the process very different also from current ADR in the West, where mediation is generally sepa...
Managerial personality type and end-user computing

The direct use of personal computers by managers is bringing about one of the most dramatic changes in managerial work style that has ever been seen. This paper describes some of the results of a recent field study of more than one hundred managers. It explores the interaction between managerial personality type according to the Jungian typology and personal computer use time. Significant results were found that suggest an interesting relationship between user personality type and personal computer utilization.
Social organization and aggression in a group of olfactory bulbectomized male mice

Olfactory bulbectomized and control male CF-1 strain mice were housed in separate, large, seminatural environments over a 30-day observation period. Control mice engaged in vigorous fighting behavior before a dominant animal emerged. The alpha mouse established the floor area as its territory and vigorously attacked all other mice that ventured from the second tier of the enclosure to the floor. Lower ranking mice had numerous body scars, were much less aggressive, and engaged in a variety of nonaggressive social interactions. In contrast, bulbectomized mice did not fight and roamed freely through all areas of the environment. These mice largely ignored one another, engaged in little or no social behavior, and had no body scars. When two anosmic mice came into physical contact, they appeared startled and moved away from one another. These results, together with those of prior studies, indicate that olfaction plays a critical role in virtually all aspects of social behavior in male mice.
Evaluation of Proprostate Specific Antigen for Early Detection of Prostate Cancer in Men With a Total Prostate Specific Antigen Range of 4.0 to 10.0 Ng/Ml

ABSTRACTPurpose: In contemporary screening populations a major drawback of prostate specific antigen (PSA) is its relative lack of specificity, especially in the range of 4 to 10 ng/ml, where prostate cancer is found 25% of the time. ProPSA is a derivative of free PSA (fPSA) consisting of the truncated forms (eg [-2]proPSA, [-4]proPSA or the full-length [-7]proPSA). There is increasing evidence that proPSA is associated preferentially with prostate cancer. The objective of this study was to determine whether proPSA can influence the detection of early prostate cancer.Materials and Methods: Archival serum samples obtained from 93 men who underwent a systematic 12-core prostate biopsy (total PSA range 4.0 to 10.0 ng/ml) were assayed for percent free PSA, total PSA and the 3 forms of proPSA (Hybritech Tandem Assays Beckman Coulter Access, Beckman Coulter, Inc., Brea, California). Free PSA, the cumulative sum of individual proPSA forms ([-2], [-4] and [-7], or sum-proPSA) and derivatives were determined. Of t...
Controller-free exploration of medical image data: Experiencing the Kinect

In this paper, an open-source system for a controller-free, highly interactive exploration of medical images is presented. By using a Microsoft Xbox Kinect™ as the only input device, the system's user interface allows users to interact at a distance through hand and arm gestures. The paper also details the interaction techniques we have designed specifically for the deviceless exploration of medical imaging data. Since the user interface is touch-free and does not require complex calibration steps, it is suitable for use in operating rooms, where non-sterilizable devices cannot be used.
Differential preservation of cognitive functions in geriatric patients with lifelong chronic schizophrenia: less impairment in reading compared with other skill areas

Abstract Background: Our study examined the differential performance of cognitive skills in geriatric, cognitively impaired schizophrenic patients ( n = 165) with a lengthy course of institutional stay and a poor overall functional outcome. Their relative deficits were compared with a sample of healthy elderly individuals. Methods: Schizophrenic patients were matched one-to-one with healthy individuals of the same age and education and compared on a number of measures of cognitive functioning. The schizophrenic patients' old-learning performance was also compared with their educational level only. Results: Mini-Mental State Examination (Folstein et al 1975) scores of the patients were in the moderately demented range ( M = 20.36), and these patients underperformed healthy control subjects by more than 1 to slightly less than 3 standard deviations on measures of memory, praxis, and verbal skills. Wide Range Achievement Test—Revised word-recognition reading scores were found to be at the 10th-grade level, although the patients on average had completed 11 years of formal education. Conclusions: These results suggest that even in schizophrenic patients with significant cognitive impairment, reading scores are relatively consistent with educational attainment. These data indicate that poor performance on measures of cognitive functioning in this population does not necessarily occur on measures of old learning.
On the Statistical Mechanics of Change of State

The nature of the pressure against density curve at constant temperature is investigated by the methods of the grand canonical ensemeble for a system of identical molecules between which only short range forces act. It is shown that, except for surface effects, the total energy, entropy, etc., are proportional to the number of molecules in the system. The pressure is proven to be a non-decreasing function of the density which may have regions of constancy as a function of the density. This shows rather clearly the impossibility for any analytic equation of the Van der Waals' type being able to give a satisfactory account of condensation without ad hoc assumptions.
Pneumatic Permeameter for Transient Tests on Coarse Gravel

AbstractA new permeameter is proposed for performing laboratory hydraulic conductivity tests on gravels with hydraulic conductivity values ranging from 0.1 to 1 m/s. A small diameter riser is connected to a large diameter cylinder, which holds the coarse-grained specimen saturated in a water bath. The release of pneumatic pressure, applied to the free surface in the riser, induces an underdamped oscillatory response of the water level in the riser, similar to an underdamped in situ slug test response in monitoring wells. A closed-form model is used to analyze the measured oscillatory hydraulic head data to calibrate the minor losses in the permeameter and the hydraulic conductivity of the specimen by performing tests without and with a specimen. The average model error of calibrated pressure head values in the riser for the tests considered are about 5% of the initial displacement of about 2 cm. The hydraulic conductivity values are calibrated considering the replicate tests, the tests of different speci...
AFFINITY-CONTROLLED TRIPLET ENERGY TRANSFER FROM p-BENZOYLBENZYL-BOVINE SERUM ALBUMIN TO LOW MOLECULAR WEIGHT QUENCHERS

— Methods for the controlled synthesis of modified protein photosensitizers which maximize affinity-controlled energy transfer are discussed. Modified proteins containing covalently linked benzophenone groups were prepared by the reaction of bovine serum albumin with p-benzoylbenzyl bromide under conditions limiting the number and locations of the introduced benzophenone chromophores. The mechanism of energy transfer responsible for quenching of triplet photochemical reactions of the modified proteins was explored using water soluble quenchers. In addition, methods were employed to determine the magnitude of the contribution of the affinity-controlled mechanism for energy transfer in these systems. The utility of sodium-cis-8-methylene-4,9-decadienoate as a triplet energy transfer indicator for macromolecular systems was demonstrated using the modified proteins as sensitizers. The trienoic acid was prepared starting with the known 4-methylene-5-hexenal by the Wittig reaction with 3-ethoxycarbonylpropylidene triphenylphosphorane followed by saponification. Triplet sensitized irradiation of this trienoic acid using p-benzoylbenzyltriethylammonium chloride as sensitizer led to production of endo- and exo-1-vinyl-5-(3-carboxyethyl)bicyclo[2.1.1]hexane along with the trans acid. Characterization of the bicyclohexane products was made on the basis of spectroscopic evidence. Results demonstrate that quenching of the intramolecular photoreactions of the modified proteins by trienoic acid must be a result of triplet energy transfer, since irradiation of these modified proteins in the presence of the trienoic acid salt led to the characteristic triplet photoproduct mixture.
Using Images to Increase Exercise Behavior: Prototypes Versus Possible Selves

This study investigated the impact of health-related prototypes and possible selves on exercise behavior. In addition, this study examined if these effects might be moderated by individual differences—specifically social comparison (SC) and consideration of future consequences (CFC). One hundred and fifty-two students participated in all three waves of the study—premanipulation, manipulation, and follow-up. As expected, results indicated that individuals who were high on SC and exposed to a prototype manipulation increased their exercise behavior at follow-up. Furthermore, individuals who were future-oriented and exposed to a possible selves manipulation increased their exercise behavior at follow-up. Overall, results revealed that health images have an important impact on health behavior. Implications for behavior change are discussed.
Freeze-fracture observations on the visceral yolk sac placenta of rats, mice and hamsters. With special reference to endodermal cell tight junctions.

Freeze-fracture replicas of visceral yolk sac from rats, mice and hamsters in late stages of gestation were studied by electron microscopy. Special attention was directed toward determining the types of junctional specializations that exist between the columnar endoderm cells of this placental membrane. In all three species, well-developed, zonular tight (occluding) junctions were found on the contiguous lateral surfaces of the endoderm cells. The tight junctional network, located in an immediate subluminal position, was from 0.2–0.5 μm in depth and consisted at any point of 2–5, interconnecting, ∼9 ηm wide, strands (P-face) or shallow furrows (E-face). Patch-like aggregations of irregular intramembrane particles, characteristic of desmosomes (maculae adherentes), also were observed at scattered sites below the tight junctions. However, no evidence of gap (communicating) junctions was encountered. The endoderm cells of the rodent visceral yolk sac have been shown to play a central role in the selective transport of macromolecular substances from the maternal to the fetal system. Tight junctions may be vital to this endodermal cell function by preventing random paracellular fluxes of macromolecules.
Could versus should: A reply to Sammons

Sammons (1994) believes that our critique of organized psychology's efforts to gain limited prescriptive privileges (Adams & Bieliauskas, 1994) is comprised of pseudo-problems (e.g., the noncurative nature of psychopharmacology) or issues that can readily be handled (e.g., malpractice exposure). We disagree and attempt herein to inject some reality into the picture of the bright new world of psychologists armed with prescription pads. Most importantly, the seemingly vanished distinction between whatcould be done politically or legislatively and whatshould be done for the profession and the public good is redrawn.
Analog and semantic models of judgments about the months of the year.

This study tested undergraduates’ ability to judge cyclic relations between the months of the year, days of the week, and buildings around a campus square. On each trial, a pair of month, day, or building names was presented. Subjects judged whether the second stimulus was closer to the first going forward or backward in time (or clockwise/counterclockwise around the square). For all three contents, response times and errors increased as the second stimulus approached the direction boundary. The results can be explained by the types of analog models used to account for the symbolic distance effect for bipolar continua. In contrast, semantic models of the symbolic distance effect appear to be poorly suited for explaining how cyclic comparisous are made.
An Outcome Study of an Early Intervention for Specific Learning Disabilities

Subjects at risk for specific learning disabilities were assessed on standardized measures throughout elementary and middle school following an intervention based on task analysis of kindergarten curricula and team teaching. All results were significant for the treatment group in relation to an at-risk cohort and comparable to a current random cohort and national averages.
Choline and Choline Metabolite Patterns and Associations in Blood and Milk during Lactation in Dairy Cows

Milk and dairy products are an important source of choline, a nutrient essential for human health. Infant formula derived from bovine milk contains a number of metabolic forms of choline, all contribute to the growth and development of the newborn. At present, little is known about the factors that influence the concentrations of choline metabolites in milk. The objectives of this study were to characterize and then evaluate associations for choline and its metabolites in blood and milk through the first 37 weeks of lactation in the dairy cow. Milk and blood samples from twelve Holstein cows were collected in early, mid and late lactation and analyzed for acetylcholine, free choline, betaine, glycerophosphocholine, lysophosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylcholine, phosphocholine and sphingomyelin using hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, and quantified using stable isotope-labeled internal standards. Total choline concentration in plasma, which was almost entirely phosphatidylcholine, increased 10-times from early to late lactation (1305 to 13,535 µmol/L). In milk, phosphocholine was the main metabolite in early lactation (492 µmol/L), which is a similar concentration to that found in human milk, however, phosphocholine concentration decreased exponentially through lactation to 43 µmol/L in late lactation. In contrast, phosphatidylcholine was the main metabolite in mid and late lactation (188 µmol/L and 659 µmol/L, respectively), with the increase through lactation positively correlated with phosphatidylcholine in plasma (R2 = 0.78). Unlike previously reported with human milk we found no correlation between plasma free choline concentration and milk choline metabolites. The changes in pattern of phosphocholine and phosphatidylcholine in milk through lactation observed in the bovine suggests that it is possible to manufacture infant formula that more closely matches these metabolites profile in human milk.
The Impact of Foreign Direct Investment on Press Freedom

SUMMARY In our paper we establish foreign direct investment (FDI) as a major determinant of media freedom. Global integration can strengthen the media sector financially, make it technologically enhanced and can also improve the economic environment as a whole. This, in turn, would work towards the enhancement of media freedom. The sample includes high, middle and low income economies. Using a panel of 115 countries over a period of 20 years, our results reveal that FDI is an absolute necessity for a free and efficient media. The results are robust to various alternate specifications and inclusion of additional control variables.
THE HALF-LIFE OF HOMOLOGOUS GAMMA GLOBULIN (ANTIBODY) IN SEVERAL SPECIES

1. The half-lives of homologous gamma globulins labelled with I131 agree well with the half-lives of passively administered homologous antibodies and provide a simple, quantitative tool for the determination of antibody half-life when immunochemical techniques are difficult to apply. 2. The half-lives of gamma globulin or antibody vary markedly from species to species and apparently even among age groups within a species. 3. The half-lives of gamma globulin or antibody seem to be dependent, at least in part, on the metabolic rate of the host.
Cytogenetic abnormalities in a patient with hypercalcemia and papillary thyroid carcinoma.

Cytogenetic examinations on multiple peripheral blood cultures of a patient with papillary thyroid carcinoma and hypercalcemia revealed the following features: (1) The average frequency of cells with aberrations was 11.6%, considerably higher than in controls. Among metaphases with chromosomal abnormalities, 4.5% had chromosome-type aberrations. (2) One homolog of chromosome 11 showed a fragile site in the proximal end of the long arm, and in three metaphases the segment distal to the fragile site showed “branched morphology.” (3) The rate of sister chromatid exchanges was within normal limits (8.78/metaphase). (4) The patient's two sons showed 7.0% and 5.0% abnormal metaphases, in the high normal range.
Disaster, Time, and Dialogue: A Couple Lessons from Hurricane Katrina

There is much to learn about ourselves and the worlds we fashion “when all hell breaks loose” (W. Lloyd Warner 1947:1). This brief paper is about The Katrina Bookshelf, specifically about a couple of the contributions several of the forthcoming books on The Shelf will make to the social study of disaster. It is both a collective and an individual achievement. Imagine The Katrina Bookshelf as a composition and each book on The Shelf a movement, a part of the composition that is more or less complete in and of itself. Any one of the books could be taken from The Shelf and read alone, independent of the others. Each has its own voice and reaches its own resolution. But examined together, The Shelf reveals the phenomenal human complexity that is Hurricane Katrina.
Impact of the Fano Factor on Position and Energy Estimation in Scintillation Detectors

The Fano factor for an integer-valued random variable is defined as the ratio of its variance to its mean. Light from various scintillation crystals have been reported to have Fano factors from sub-Poisson (Fano factor $ ) to super-Poisson (Fano factor $ > 1$ ). For a given mean, a smaller Fano factor implies a smaller variance and thus less noise. We investigated if lower noise in the scintillation light will result in better spatial and energy resolutions. The impact of Fano factor on the estimation of position of interaction and energy deposited in simple gamma-camera geometries is estimated by two methods - calculating the Cramer-Rao bound and estimating the variance of a maximum likelihood estimator. The methods are consistent with each other and indicate that when estimating the position of interaction and energy deposited by a gamma-ray photon, the Fano factor of a scintillator does not affect the spatial resolution. A smaller Fano factor results in a better energy resolution.
High-resolution finite element models with tissue strength asymmetry accurately predict failure of trabecular bone

The ability to predict trabecular failure using microstructure-based computational models would greatly facilitate study of trabecular structure-function relations, multiaxial strength, and tissue remodeling. We hypothesized that high-resolution finite element models of trabecular bone that include cortical-like strength asymmetry at the tissue level, could predict apparent level failure of trabecular bone for multiple loading modes. A bilinear constitutive model with asymmetric tissue yield strains in tension and compression was applied to simulate failure in high-resolution finite element models of seven bovine tibial specimens. Tissue modulus was reduced by 95% when tissue principal strains exceeded the tissue yield strains. Linear models were first calibrated for effective tissue modulus against specimen-specific experimental measures of apparent modulus, producing effective tissue moduli of (mean+/-S.D.) 18.7+/-3.4GPa. Next, a parameter study was performed on a single specimen to estimate the tissue level tensile and compressive yield strains. These values, 0.60% strain in tension and 1.01% strain in compression, were then used in non-linear analyses of all seven specimens to predict failure for apparent tensile, compressive, and shear loading. When compared to apparent yield properties previously measured for the same type of bone, the model predictions of both the stresses and strains at failure were not statistically different for any loading case (p>0.15). Use of symmetric tissue strengths could not match the experimental data. These findings establish that, once effective tissue modulus is calibrated and uniform but asymmetric tissue failure strains are used, the resulting models can capture the apparent strength behavior to an outstanding level of accuracy. As such, these computational models have reached a level of fidelity that qualifies them as surrogates for destructive mechanical testing of real specimens.
There is nothing 'incidental' about unrelated findings

163 ISSN 1741-0541 10.2217/PME.11.98 © 2012 Future Medicine Ltd Personalized Medicine (2012) 9(2), 163–166
Diagnosis and therapy of neutropenia in large granular lymphocyte leukemia.

Purpose of reviewT-cell large granular lymphocyte leukemia is a chronic clonal lymphoproliferation of cytotoxic T cells often associated with immune-mediated cytopenias. The pathophysiology of cytopenias includes cytokine effects and direct antigen-specific cytotoxicity to hematopoietic precursors.
Multiresolution analysis of intravascular ultrasound harmonic signals to image pre-rupture plaques

The pursuit of a definitive method of plaque diagnosis continues as there is an unmet need for clinical identification of vulnerable plaque before they rupture. Despite the efforts of current leading technologies like 3D volumetric analysis, wavelet analysis and virtual histology in imaging vulnerable plaque, these are not considered definitive due to their lack of identification of plaques likely to rupture, inability to differentiate vulnerable from stable plaque characteristics and primarily, the inability to image at high resolution. There is a need for a higher resolution IVUS device and a method to characterize the thin cap fibroatheromas (TCFA) before they rupture causing an acute coronary event. The objective is the early detection of vulnerable plaque by multiresolution analysis (MRA) of IVUS radiofrequency (RF) signals from harmonic imaging.
Shape control of cyclic networks in multirobot formations

The first part of this paper examines cycles at the network level of sensing and control architectures that are needed to maintain the shape of a multiagent formation in 2-dimensional space, while the formation moves as a cohesive whole. The key tools used in the paper are rigidity theory and graph theory. The second part of the paper focuses on the planner level and controller level of the architecture by designing the fuzzy planner and fuzzy controller of individual agents. This permits the decomposition of the complex coordination problem into a series of smaller ones. The fuzzy planner and the fuzzy controller on kinematic unicycles are simulated for an exemplary cyclic formation generated by the results obtained in the first half of the paper. The validity of the proposed approach in the shape control of multiagent formations is verified through simulation experiments.
Vectoring thrust in multiaxes using confined shear layers

A fluidic scheme is described which exploits a confined countercurrent shear layer to achieve multiaxis thrust vector response of supersonic jets in the absence of moving parts. Proportional and continuous control of jet deflection is demonstrated at Mach numbers up to 2. for pitch vectoring in rectangular nozzles and multiaxis vectoring in axisymmetric nozzles. Secondary mass flow rates less than approximately 2% of the primary flow are used to achieve thrust vector angles exceeding 15 degrees. Jet slew rates up to 180 degrees per second are shown, and the fluidic scheme is examined in both static and wind-on configurations. Thrust performance is studied for external coflow velocities between Mach 0.3 and 0.7
Evolution of metal impurities during crystalline silicon solar cell processing

Metallic impurities can have a severe negative impact on the electrical properties of multicrystalline silicon. Understanding how metal impurities evolve over the course of solar cell processing is essential to determining their impact on final device performance, and further engineering these defects into their least detrimental configuration. Herein we present a summary of the results of several recent investigations into the evolution of metallic impurities during solar cell processing, including the types and nature of impurities present after ingot crystallization; the effectiveness of phosphorous diffusion at removing and passivating different types and levels of metallic impurities; and the relationship of the hydrogen passivation step to metal impurities, as observed in synchrotron investigations of solar cells material.
Molecular and genetic mechanisms of prostate cancer.

Abstract Rhim, J. S. Molecular and Genetic Mechanisms of Prostate Cancer. Prostate cancer is the most commonly diagnosed malignancy in American men and is the second leading cause of cancer death in males in the United States. Despite its high incidence, the molecular and genetic events involved in progression of prostate cancer remain poorly understood. In vitro models of human prostate epithelial (HPE) cells provide a practical approach to the analysis of the molecular and genetic mechanisms underlying prostate carcinogenesis. We reported the immortalization of normal adult HPE cells by transfection of the HPV-18 DNA and the subsequent conversion of such nontumorigenic but immortalized cells (HPV-18 C-1) into tumorigenic cells by the introduction of an activated Kras oncogene. Recently, we have demonstrated the malignant transformation of HPV-18 C-1 cells after multiple exposures to the chemical carcinogen N-nitroso-N-methylurea (NMU). Such transformants showed morphological alterations and anchorage-in...
Characterization of a low-pressure high-capacity X 129 e flow-through polarizer

We describe a low-pressure flow-through apparatus for generating hyperpolarized $^{129}\text{X}\text{e}$ and report its performance by examining both the output $^{129}\text{X}\text{e}$ polarization ${P}_{\text{Xe}}$ by NMR and the in situ Rb polarization profile by optically detected electron paramagnetic resonance. The polarizer is based on a previously presented design employing a long optical pumping cell, lean Xe mixture at low pressure, Rb presaturation, and counterflow of gas with respect to the direction of light propagation. The numerical model to which we compare the polarizer's performance includes the temperature dependence of the $\text{Rb-}^{129}\text{X}\text{e}$ spin-exchange rate, which has not previously been treated. The qualitative trends in the data mostly follow those in the model, although the model predicts ${P}_{\text{Xe}}$ to be up to a factor of two higher than observed. This discrepancy cannot be attributed to low Rb polarization: the model and the optically detected electron paramagnetic resonance data (acquired at six points along the length of the heated portion of the optical pumping cell) are in reasonable agreement and show typical values of 85%--95%, although measurements also reveal an anomalous region of depressed Rb polarization near the middle of the cell. The highest output $^{129}\text{X}\text{e}$ polarization ${P}_{\text{Xe}}=84\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}16%$, was recorded using $\ensuremath{\approx}60\text{ }\text{W}$ of frequency-narrowed laser light at a Xe partial pressure (referenced to $20\text{ }\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}\text{C}$) of $1.1\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.2\text{ }\text{mbar}$, flowing at 1 sccm of Xe; typical values were ${P}_{\text{Xe}}\ensuremath{\approx}20%$ flowing at 10 sccm of Xe with $\ensuremath{\approx}30\text{ }\text{W}$ of laser light.
Intermediate state transition rates in the Griffin model

Abstract Restrictions on transitions among the intermediate particle-hole states due to the two body nature of the residual interaction are examined. The precompound emission probability is derived using the transition rates developed and the properties of the result are discussed.
Telemetry System for Stimulation and Monitoring of Freely Moving Patients

A telemetry system is described in which the patient carries small stimulator and monitor units. Typically, the wrist is stimulated with 0.5 ms alternating pulses whose frequency and current (up to 10 mA peak) are remotely controlled by the neurophysiologist via a 20 MHz carrier. At the same time, the synchronized EEG-somatosensory evoked potential is transmitted from C2 via a 100 MHz carrier. The stimulus unit transmits a 100 MHz " flag" signal to the neurophysiologist to indicate that the patient is actually receiving a stimulus signal. Several examples are given in which latencies and amplitudes of the EEG-SEP are recorded.
A 76GHz PLL for mm-wave imaging applications

A 76GHz phase-locked loop (PLL) was designed in 0.13um IBM BiCMOS8HP technology with the intended application of millimeter-wave imaging. The PLL has a type II second order loop filter. The voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) uses a cross-coupled BJT topology with capacitor feedback. The divider chain has nine divide-by-2 static frequency dividers in which the first seven use ECL logic and are followed by two CMOS stages. Measurement results show a de-embedded single-ended output power of −2dBm, a phase noise of -81dBc/Hz at 1MHz offset from the carrier, and a total power dissipation of 107mW.
Meridian: a lightweight network location service without virtual coordinates

This paper introduces a lightweight, scalable and accurate framework, called Meridian, for performing node selection based on network location. The framework consists of an overlay network structured around multi-resolution rings, query routing with direct measurements, and gossip protocols for dissemination. We show how this framework can be used to address three commonly encountered problems, namely, closest node discovery, central leader election, and locating nodes that satisfy target latency constraints in large-scale distributed systems without having to compute absolute coordinates. We show analytically that the framework is scalable with logarithmic convergence when Internet latencies are modeled as a growth-constrained metric, a low-dimensional Euclidean metric, or a metric of low doubling dimension. Large scale simulations, based on latency measurements from 6.25 million node-pairs as well as an implementation deployed on PlanetLab show that the framework is accurate and effective.
Ultrastructural Features of Three Ectocommensal Protozoa Attached to the Gills of the Red Swamp Crawfish, Procambarus clarkii (Crustacea: Decapoda)

Because heavy branchial infestations are thought to interfere with respiration, we examined the attachment of three stalked ciliates commonly found in the branchial chambers of Louisiana crawfish. Attachments by Cothurnia sp., Epistylis sp. and Acineta sp. differ in their fine structure. Stalks of the peritrichous ciliates. Cothurnia and Epistylis, contain striated tubules that differ in their arrangement, diameter, and in the periodicity of their striations. In both species the striated tubules branch within the basal disk and attach to a pad of adhesive material secreted by the organism during initial attachment to the gill surface. The stalk of the suctorian Acineta is composed of a striated honeycomb-like matrix. Within the basal disc the matrix is disorganized; however, striated elements anchor the stalk to a pad of adhesive material. Attachment sites also differ in the amount of secretory material deposited. Cothurnia forms a multi-layered, granular pad; Epistylis forms an indistinct, microfibrillar layer, and Acineta deposits a thick mucoid pad. None of the ciliates appear to damage the gill epicuticle nor is there an obvious host response. Harmful effects are probably limited to a decrease in respiratory surface area and disruption of normal water flow patterns. This may impair respiration sufficiently to increase the susceptibility of crawfish to low dissolved oxygen concentrations encountered periodically in commercial crawfish ponds.
Coronary ischemia and percutaneous intervention

The interventional treatment of ischemia is a complex issue grounded on an understanding of basic pathophysiology, but translated and implemented in practice by extensive clinical trial data representing patients with a spectrum of ischemia-causing clinical syndromes and anatomical variations of coronary artery disease (CAD). Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) has evolved to treat ischemia within this matrix of clinical and anatomical subsets using a wide array of techniques. Initial techniques using balloon angioplasty were promising, but demonstrated significant rates of restenosis due to negative arterial remodeling. The advent of stent technology prevented arterial recoil and provided a viable treatment for flow-limiting coronary dissections, thereby facilitating improved long-term patency of coronary vessels without the need for repeat revascularization. In-stent restenosis has been successfully addressed with drug elution, but late stent thrombosis has emerged as a complex issue involving dual antiplatelet therapy, patient compliance, and reexamination of the delicate balance between reducing restenosis and promoting endothelial proliferation. Finally, complex coronary lesions associated with heavy calcification or extensive plaque/thrombus burden that introduce unique challenges in obtaining ideal angiographic results have led to the development of new debulking devices aimed at optimizing procedural outcomes. This review will describe a variety of percutaneous coronary interventional techniques and technologies that are employed in the invasive treatment of ischemia under the guidance of clinical guidelines and evidence-based medicine.
EyeRIS: a general-purpose system for eye-movement-contingent display control.

In experimental studies of visual performance, the need often emerges to modify the stimulus according to the eye movements performed by the subject. The eye-movement-contingent display (EMCD) methodology enables accurate control of the position and motion of the stimulus on the retina. EMCD procedures have been used successfully in many areas of vision science, including studies of visual attention or eye movements and physiological characterization of neuronal response properties. Unfortunately, the difficulty of real-time programming and the unavailability of flexible and economical systems that can be easily adapted to the diversity of experimental needs and laboratory setups have prevented the widespread use of EMCD control. This article describes EyeRIS, a general-purpose system for performing EMCD experiments on a Windows computer. Based on a digital signal processor with analog and digital interfaces, this integrated hardware and software system is responsible for sampling and processing oculomotor signals and subject responses and for modifying the stimulus displayed on a CRT according to a gaze-contingent procedure specified by the experimenter. EyeRIS is designed to update the stimulus with a delay of only 10 msec. To thoroughly evaluate EyeRIS’s performance, this study was designed to (1) examine the response of the system in a number of EMCD procedures and computational benchmarking tests; (2) compare the accuracy of implementation of one particular EMCD procedure, retinal stabilization, with that produced by a standard tool used for this task; and (3) examine EyeRIS’s performance in one of the many EMCD procedures that cannot be executed by means of any other currently available device.
Synthesis, crystal chemistry, and electrical, oxygen permeation, and magnetic properties of LaSr3GaFe2 −xCoxO10 −δ(0 ≤x≤ 2 and 0 ≤δ≤ 2)

The crystal chemistry and electrical, oxygen permeation, and magnetic properties of the n = 3 member of the Ruddlesden–Popper (R–P) series of phases LaSr3GaFe2 − xCoxO10 − δ, with 0 ≤ x ≤ 2 and 0 ≤ δ ≤ 2, have been investigated. While the orthorhombic cell parameters a and b and the unit cell volume decrease, the c parameter increases with increasing Co content. Conductivity measurements show that the samples exhibit a thermally activated process, with 0.17 ≤Ea ≤ 0.35 eV. The oxygen permeation flux values (jO2 ≈ 1 × 10−9 mol s−1 cm−2) at 900 °C across 1.5 mm thick LaSr3GaFe2 − xCoxO10 − δ membranes are two orders of magnitude lower than those observed previously with other n = 2 and 3 R–P phases (tetragonal) due to the orthorhombic distortion and negligible oxygen vacancy concentration gradient across the membrane. The reduction of the LaSr3GaFe2 − xCoxO10 − δ phases in a mixture of 90% Ar and 10% H2 leads to the formation of LaSr3GaFe2 − xCoxO9 − x/2 phases containing Co2+ and with orthorhombic symmetry. SQUID magnetometer data indicates antiferromagnetic interactions and the presence of high spin Co3+ ions in the LaSr3GaFe2 − xCoxO9 − x/2 phases.
The impact of dementia and mild memory impairment (MMI) on intimacy and sexuality in spousal relationships

Background: Sexuality and intimacy in couples in which one partner is affected by dementia has been widely researched. Few studies have explored these issues in couples where one partner is affected by mild memory impairment (MMI) or mild cognitive impairment (MCI). The objectives of this study were to (1) identify and contrast issues of intimacy and sexuality that spousal caregivers of persons with MMI and dementia may experience, and (2) identify future lines of research in this population.Methods: Fourteen dementia and nine MMI spousal caregivers participated in focus groups conducted between 2008 and 2009 at the Stanford/VA Alzheimer's Research Center. Content analyses were conducted to identify themes.Results: Five themes emerged: communication, marital cohesion, affectional expression, caregiver burden, and ambiguity concerning the future of the relationship. Dementia caregivers reported more difficulties with communication, cohesion, and perceptions of increased burden than their MMI counterparts. Both groups indicated reduced sexual expression due to physical limitations; substitute activities including hand-holding, massaging, and hugging were noted. Both groups reported difficulty anticipating the future of the relationship due to present stressors. While dementia caregivers could consider future romantic relationships with others, MMI caregivers were primarily able to consider future relationships only for companionship and emotional intimacy.Conclusion: Early therapeutic interventions may assist couples in modifying activities, behaviors, and expectations about the future of the relationship. Such modifications may help maintain relationship satisfaction, decrease burden, preserve quality of life, and delay time-to-placement. Extending time-to-placement could have cost savings implications for families and the healthcare system.
All Smiles are Not Created Equal: Morphology and Timing of Smiles Perceived as Amused, Polite, and Embarrassed/Nervous

We investigated the correspondence between perceived meanings of smiles and their morphological and dynamic characteristics. Morphological characteristics included co-activation of Orbicularis oculi (AU 6), smile controls, mouth opening, amplitude, and asymmetry of amplitude. Dynamic characteristics included duration, onset and offset velocity, asymmetry of velocity, and head movements. Smile characteristics were measured using the Facial Action Coding System (Ekman, Friesen, & Hager, 2002) and Automated Facial Image Analysis (Cohn & Kanade, 2007). Observers judged 122 smiles as amused, embarrassed, nervous, polite, or other. Fifty-three smiles met criteria for classification as perceived amused, embarrassed/nervous, or polite. In comparison with perceived polite, perceived amused more often included AU 6, open mouth, smile controls, larger amplitude, larger maximum onset and offset velocity, and longer duration. In comparison with perceived embarrassed/nervous, perceived amused more often included AU 6, lower maximum offset velocity, and smaller forward head pitch. In comparison with perceived polite, perceived embarrassed more often included mouth opening and smile controls, larger amplitude, and greater forward head pitch. Occurrence of the AU 6 in perceived embarrassed/nervous and polite smiles questions the assumption that AU 6 with a smile is sufficient to communicate felt enjoyment. By comparing three perceptually distinct types of smiles, we found that perceived smile meanings were related to specific variation in smile morphological and dynamic characteristics.
Neuroanatomical correlates of a lactate-induced anxiety attack.

• Positron emission tomographic measurements of regional blood flow were used to assess local neuronal activity in patients with panic disorder and in normal control subjects before and during the infusion of sodium lactate. A new technique for the analysis of positron emission tomographic data was employed to identify significant changes in regional blood flow associated with lactate infusion in the panicking patients, nonpanicking patients, and controls. Lactate-induced panic was associated with significant blood flow increases bilaterally in the temporal poles; bilaterally in insular cortex, claustrum, or lateral putamen; bilaterally in or near the superior colliculus; and in or near the left anterior cerebellar vermis. Lactate infusion was not associated with significant changes in regional blood flow in the nonpanicking patients or control subjects. Thus, the identified regions seemed to be involved in an anxiety attack.
The use patterns of physics journals in a large academic research library

The purpose of this investigation was to reveal the use patterns of the physics journals in the M.I.T. Science Library. The findings are based upon an analysis of actual use data recorded from all volumes and issues left by library users on study tables and on trucks in the photocopy area from March 15 to June 31, 1971. The Science Library contains some 220 physics journals. The study reveals that only 138 journals (62.7%) were used even once during the 3 1/2-month interval. A core of 49 journals supplies 90% of use, and these titles would cost 51.5% of the total single subscription costs of the 138 used titles: 52.3% of use occurs in journal volumes less than 6 years old. English is the most used language of physics journals and the English journals account for 95.3% of use. American journals, 57.2% of which are published by the American Institute of Physics, supply 59.4% of the total use.
Proprioception in Limulus

1. Tonic and phasic discharges of impulses may be recorded in the small leg nerve of Limulus from endings sensitive to the position and movement of the femorotibial and other joints. 2. The nerve fibres originate from the large sensory cells described by Stuart (1953). Of those at the femoro-tibial joint, one group of cells lies under the hinge and the endings react tonically to the strains present in the cuticle; some are excited by flexion and some by extension. The other group of cells, lying more internally, have endings in the connective tissue and react phasically only during joint movement. 3. The relationship is discussed between these endings and the lyriform organs of Arachnids and the campaniform sensilla of insects.
Procedural Instrumentality and Audit Group Judgment: An Exploration

The issue of auditor judgment prowess and resultant decision-making success has been an important topic in the behavioral auditing area for many years and has generated a voluminous research literature. However, relatively little literature exists on how differences in individual group member cognitive heuristics (fallibility) and ability impact the group process, and are impacted upon by the group process. This issue is important since so much of audit firm decision-making has its origins in audit group deliberations (Hunton, 2001). Accordingly, understanding circumstances that give rise to either more flawed (‘process losses’), or better (‘process gains’), group decision-making outcomes are important even though the literature generally recognizes the superiority of group over individual decision-making (e.g., Rich, Solomon and Trotman, 1997). The model developed here is intended to develop a better understanding of cognitive factors that impact positively or negatively on audit group process. We then develop a four stage model of group decision-making, during which the differing assets and liabilities (cognitive, ability, expertise) of audit group members are combined. The four stages are Diversity, Controvery, Insight and Resolution. These are then described at length.