cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Controlling vibrational energy flow in liquid alkylbenzenes.

Ultrafast infrared (IR) Raman spectroscopy was used to study vibrational energy in ϕ–S alkylbenzenes, where ϕ = C6H5 and substituents S were CH3– (toluene), (CH3)2CH– (isopropylbenzene, IPB), or (CH3)3C– (t-butylbenzene, TBB). Using methods described previously,1 the normal modes were classified as phenyl (ϕ), substituent (S), or global (G). IR pulses were tuned to find conditions that maximized the localization of initial CH-stretch excitations on ϕ or S. Anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy measured transient energy content of Raman-active S, ϕ, and G modes, to determine the rates of phenyl to substituent (Φ → S) or substituent to phenyl (S → Φ) transfer during the first few picoseconds, when energy transfer was mainly intramolecular. Since phenyl CH-stretches were 90–130 cm–1 uphill in energy from substituent CH-stretches, of interest were S → Φ processes where molecular structure and local couplings were more important than energy differences. The Φ → S process efficiencies were small and about equal with a...
Phase Equilibria and Solidification of Al-Rich Ai-Ui-Cu Alloys

A liquidus projection of the Al-rich Al-Li-Cu system is proposed. The proposed liquidus projection was based on DTA, X-ray diffraction, metallography, EPMA, SEM, and chemical analysis of 50 ternary alloys. Using these data and those reported in the literature, and thermodynamic models of Al-Li, AI-Cu and Cu-Li, a thermodynamic description of the Al-rich AI-Li-Cu system was developed. The calculated isothermal sections at several temperatures and the liquidus projection are in agreement with the experimental determinations. Combining the thermodynamic models and a Scheil-type equation, quantitative solidification paths were described. The calculated amount of primary solidification phase was compared to the experimental determination.
Abstract 1470: Enhancing radiation therapy by simultaneous inhibition of thioredoxin- and glutathione-dependent metabolism

Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL Cancer cells have been shown to be in a constant state of metabolic oxidative stress, concurrent with an elevated level of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In order to facilitate survival in the face of increased steady-sate levels of ROS, cancer cells rely on glutathione (GSH) and thioredoxin (Trx) dependent metabolism. We have recently demonstrated that the simultaneous inhibition of GSH using Buthionine sulphoximine [(BSO), a GHS synthesis inhibitor] and thioredoxin reductase using auronofin [(Au), a thioredoxin reductase inhibitor] effectively chemo-radio-sensitized lung cancer cells via a mechanism involving oxidative stress. In this work we extend this observation to demonstrate that Au 2 mg/kg and BSO 450 mg/kg, given prior to ionizing radiation (6 Gy x 2 doses) can significantly delay tumor growth rate for mice treated with radiation alone in H292 lung cancer xenografts. In addition, we demonstrate through clonogenic survival assays that the combination of Au (250-500 nM) and BSO (100 μM) radio-sensitizes two breast cancer cell lines in vitro, and more importantly the combination of Au and BSO given by intraperitoneal injection prior to radiation decreases the percent of breast cancer stem/progenitor cells in vivo. The rate limiting substrate for GSH synthesis is cysteine, whose level is controlled by the xc- cystine/glutamate antiporter. Sulfasazine (SSZ) has been shown to be a potent inhibitor of the xc- cystine/glutamate antiporter. We demonstrate that SSZ (0.1-0.5 mM) decreases total GSH (up to 90%) levels in a dose dependent manner in both Mia PaCa-2 and PANC-1 human pancreatic cell lines. The combination of Au (250 nM for 3 hours) with SSZ (0.2 mM for 24 hours) demonstrates an 80% and 30% decrease in clonogenic cell survival in MiaPaCa-2 and PANC-1 pancreatic cells that is inhibited by treatment with the thiol antioxidant, 15 mM N-acetylcysteine. These results indicate that inhibition of hydroperoxide metabolism using pharmacologically relevant agents to simultaneously disrupt GSH and Trx system, can sensitize multiple cancer cell lines to radiation. These results support the hypothesis that standard of care radiotherapy protocols could be enhanced using SSZ, Au, and/or BSO. Supported by The Iowa Center for Research by Undergraduates, R21CA139182, R01CA133114 and a Breast Cancer Research Group Seed Grand from the Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1470. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-1470
Numerical Investigation on the Feasibility of Estimating the Thickness of Europa's Ice Shell by a Planned Impact

AbstractThe existence of a liquid water ocean under the icy surface of Jupiter’s moon Europa has been considered highly probable for decades. It has been speculated that such an environment could host extraterrestrial life. However, the thickness of Europa’s top layer of ice and the depth of the ocean underneath are currently unknown. The authors investigate the feasibility of using seismic-inversion analysis to estimate the thickness of the ice shell and the depth of the subsurface ocean in a hypothetical event, in which a spacecraft-released impactor makes a planned collision with Europa’s surface. The wave motions on Europa’s surface that would result from a planned impact could be measured by impactor-probes penetrated into the ice shell. This work uses finite element method (FEM) modeling of seismic wave propagation to compute wave motions with a guessed ice thickness and ocean depth as input. Inverse modeling is used to determine the input that produces the best results when comparing the computed w...
Na(+)-dependent biotin transport into brush-border membrane vesicles from rat kidney.

The mechanisms of biotin reabsorption in rat kidney cortex were investigated using isolated brush-border membrane vesicles. An inwardly directed Na+ gradient specifically stimulated a transient biotin overshoot. Biotin transport was not affected by a valinomycin-induced K(+)-diffusion potential, and biotin(-)-Na+ stoichiometry was found to be 1:1. As a function of concentration, the uptake showed saturation in the presence of a Na+ gradient with an apparent Michaelis constant (Km) of 55 microM and Vmax of 217 pmol.mg protein-1.25 s-1. Desthiobiotin, 250 microM, norbiotin, bisnorbiotin, thioctic acid, valeric acid, probenecid, and nonanoic acid inhibited the transport of 30 microM biotin, whereas other biotin derivatives, as well as biocytin and organic acids found in the urine of biotinidase-deficient patients, did not. Preloading of the vesicles with biotin, desthiobiotin, norbiotin, and thioctic acid in the presence of Na+ increased initial uptake of biotin from the incubation medium (trans-stimulation)...
Pathogenesis and management of autoimmune diseases of the skin.

Patients with lupus erythematosus, pemphigus vulgaris, and bullous pemphigoid all have serum antibodies that bind to or react with structures in the epidermis. For this reason an autoimmune pathogenesis has been considered. This is, however, far from proved. Management of each of these diseases can be difficult and must be individualized. At the heart of therapy for severe cases are corticosteroids, sometimes used in combination with such immunosuppressive agents as azathioprine.
Public Expectations of State Legislators

When members of Congress neglect the needs of their districts or vote contrary to the wishes of their constituents, their public approval suffers. Does the same hold true for representatives at the state level? Using experiments, I explore whether people dole out similar rewards and penalties to state legislators and members of Congress for their successes and shortfalls in representing constituents. I find that a similar model of political accountability travels from national politics to state politics. People value policy representation, casework, and attention to the district as much from state legislators as they do from members of Congress.
Designing a CIS capstone course: the confluence of business planning and application development: lightning talk

Just two years ago, Wentworth Institute of Technology (WIT) created the Computer Information Systems (CIS) major. This program is a true interdisciplinary major, combining Computer Science and Business Management curriculums. As would be expected, these CIS students have different learning objectives (outcomes) from simply blending the two disciplines. The resulting problem, however, is that neither the existing computer science or management capstone courses are appropriate for the skillsets of the soon-to-be CIS graduate. Until recently, CIS students were tasked with business planning, by default, because there was no CIS-specific capstone experience alternative. How can WIT be sure that they are achieving their CIS program-specific learning outcomes? How can the CIS students' learning best be assessed? How can faculty offer an experience that mimics a real world project, containing skills gained by CIS coursework, and can be offered over a single semester? This presenter was tasked with researching, designing and, ultimately, will offer the new capstone course during Summer 2016. This presentation will provide the results of brainstorming ideas, constraints, grading rubrics, and projects; and will conclude with the design of a culminating capstone experience. Attendees will gain ideas for developing their own CIS/IT capstone course.
Short-stay hospital admission after free tissue transfer for head and neck reconstruction.

Objectives/Hypothesis To show that, for patients with few medical comorbidities and at low risk for airway compromise or fistula formation, early discharge after free tissue transfer for head and neck reconstruction is a safe and viable option. Study Design Retrospective chart review. Methods A cohort of patients who underwent free tissue transfer for head and neck reconstruction between February 2010 and December 2014 and who were discharged from the hospital by postoperative day 3 were reviewed. Results Fifty patients undergoing 51 free-tissue transfer surgeries were discharged by postoperative day 3. The surgeries performed included anterolateral thigh free flaps (ALT) (n = 46), radial forearm free flaps (n = 2), latissimus myogenous and myocutaneous free flaps (n = 1), supraclavicular free flap (n = 1), and serratus free flap (n = 1). All ALT flaps were harvested exclusively as perforator free flaps; and the vast majority used superficial temporal, angular, or facial vessels. All free flaps were viable without evidence of vascular compromise at discharge and the initial follow-up appointment. One patient required take-back for successful flap salvage. One patient experienced late flap failure (between 2–3 weeks postoperatively), requiring another surgery. This resulted in an overall success rate of 98% in this cohort. No other postoperative complications related to early discharge were identified. Conclusion In a carefully selected subset of patients undergoing free tissue transfer, early discharge has been shown to be possible without compromising patient safety or surgery success rates. Level of Evidence 4. Laryngoscope, 126:2679–2683, 2016
Functional magnetic resonance imaging of the cervical spinal cord during thermal stimulation across consecutive runs

The spinal cord is the first site of nociceptive processing in the central nervous system and has a role in the development and perpetuation of clinical pain states. Advancements in functional magnetic resonance imaging are providing a means to non-invasively measure spinal cord function, and functional magnetic resonance imaging may provide an objective method to study spinal cord nociceptive processing in humans. In this study, we tested the validity and reliability of functional magnetic resonance imaging using a selective field-of-view gradient-echo echo-planar-imaging sequence to detect activity induced blood oxygenation level-dependent signal changes in the cervical spinal cord of healthy volunteers during warm and painful thermal stimulation across consecutive runs. At the group and subject level, the activity was localized more to the dorsal hemicord, the spatial extent and magnitude of the activity was greater for the painful stimulus than the warm stimulus, and the spatial extent and magnitude of the activity exceeded that of a control analysis. Furthermore, the spatial extent of the activity for the painful stimuli increased across the runs likely reflecting sensitization. Overall, the spatial localization of the activity varied considerably across the runs, but despite this variability, a machine-learning algorithm was able to successfully decode the stimuli in the spinal cord based on the distributed pattern of the activity. In conclusion, we were able to successfully detect and characterize cervical spinal cord activity during thermal stimulation at the group and subject level.
Accurately Detecting Flirting: Error Management Theory, the Traditional Sexual Script, and Flirting Base Rate

This article reports two studies on the accuracy of flirting detection. In Study 1, 52 pairs (n = 104) of opposite-sex heterosexual strangers interacted for 10 to 12 minutes, then self-reported flirting and perceived partner flirting. The results indicated that interactions where flirting did not occur were more accurately perceived than interactions where flirting occurred. In Study 2, twenty-six 1-minute video clips drawn from Study 1 were randomly assigned to one of eight experimental conditions that varied flirting base rate and the traditional sexual script. Participant observers (n = 261) attempted to determine if flirting occurred. The results indicated that base rate affected accuracy; flirting was more accurately detected in clips where flirting did not occur than in clips where flirting occurred. Study 2 also indicated that female targets’ flirting was more accurately judged than male targets’ flirting. Findings are discussed in relation to theory and courtship context.
C/EBPalpha Is a Key Transcriptional Regulator of the Triggering Receptor on Myeloid Cells-2 Gene

Abstract Triggering receptor on myeloid cells-2 (TREM-2) is a member of the innate immune signaling receptor TREM family. After differentiation of monocytes, TREM-2 is expressed on the cell surface of macrophages, monocyte-derived dendritic cells, microglia, and osteoclasts. TREM-2 is necessary for modulation of cellular activation and function, and loss of TREM-2 results in the decrease of phagocytosis of apoptotic neurons and cells and an increase in inflammation response of macrophage-lineage cells. To better understand TREM-2 gene regulation during monocyte differentiation we isolated and then analyzed the putative human TREM-2 promoter to identify transcriptional control. The 1131 bp TREM- 2 promoter contains binding sites for C/EBPα and PU.1 transcription factors, known for regulation of myeloid cell differentiation and function. A series of 5 promoter reporter deletion mutants were generated to dissect transcription regulation. We progressively deleted the full-length promoter, −1002/+129, of HIF1, STAT5, GATA1, YY1F, C/EBPα binding sites generating −866/+129, −632/+129, −526/+129, −258/+129, +37/+129 promoter reporters, respectively. All TREM-2 promoter reporters showed minimal transcriptional activity when transfected in 293T-HEK cells. In contrast, C/EBPα was necessary and sufficient for TREM-2 promoter reporter activity in co-transfection studies, demonstrating a 5-fold induction of transcriptional activity as compared to controls. Consistent with the TREM-2 reporter findings showing C/EBPα mediated activity, EMSA assays demonstrated specific C/EBPα binding to sites within the TREM-2 promoter. To determine if both C/EBPα binding sites in TREM-2 were necessary for activity we generated loss of C/EBPα binding site reporters and observed that only the −43/−28 C/EBPα binding site was essential for activity. To clarify if +73/+93 PU.1 binding site had a role in TREM-2 regulation, we co-transfected the full-length promoter with PU.1 and C/EBPα and observed a 10-fold increase of induction of TREM-2 transcriptional activity. However, PU.1 alone did not activate the full-length TREM-2 promoter or bind to the PU.1 consensus site, and loss of the PU.1 binding site did not alter transcriptional activity. These results suggest a key role for direct C/EBPα and indirect PU.1 participation in regulation of TREM-2. Studies are underway to precisely understand TREM-2 gene regulation and how TREM-2 controls macrophage-mediated phagocytosis and inflammation.
Anomalous behavior of rutile GeO2 facets: A computational study

Abstract Due to its wide-ranging role in technologies such as electronic device manufacturing, strong attention has been devoted to GeO 2 . Although low-index facets of α-quartz polymorph of this mineral have been scrutinized in extenso , their rutile counterparts have been subject to oversight. We addressed this gap through a periodic first-principles approach. A multitude of DFT-based methods were exploited to examine the (110), (100), (101) and (001) sides of rutile GeO 2 . Unexpectedly, the (110) and (100) orientations turned out to be the most energetically preferred cuts, based on the method whereby they were simulated. On average, the stability sequence of the investigated planes was found as (110) > (100) > (101) > (001).
A fast single-pass algorithm for compressive sensing based on binary measurement matrices

In this paper we present a new algorithm for compressive sensing that makes use of binary measurement matrices and achieves exact recovery of sparse vectors, in a single pass, without any iterations. Our algorithm is hundreds of times faster than methods based on expander graphs (which require multiple iterations). Moreover, our method requires the fewest measurements amongst all methods that use binary measurement matrices. The algorithm can accommodate “nearly” sparse vectors, in which case it recovers the largest components, and can also accommodate noisy measurements. Our algorithm has parallels with l 1 -norm minimization, but runs about a hundred times faster.
Strong androgen receptor expression can aid in distinguishing GATA3+ metastases

Summary GATA3 is a transcription factor used clinically as a marker of breast or urothelial differentiation. A marker is yet needed to distinguish this in the case of the GATA3-positive tumor of unknown origin. We tested classical markers of breast differentiation and hormonal signaling to see which correlated strongest with GATA3 expression in breast cancer and thus which could help correctly identify breast origin in the case of the GATA3-positive tumor of unknown origin. GATA3, estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, androgen receptor (AR), HER2, GCDFP15, and mammaglobin expression was intercorrelated in a histologically diverse 259-case breast cancer tissue microarray. We show herein a uniquely high level of correlation between GATA3 and AR expression ( r =0.61; 95% confidence interval 0.52-0.68) that was strongest among lobular carcinomas ( r =1; 95% confidence interval 0.73-1) and stronger than any other correlation studied. Separate AR staining of 10 metastatic GATA3+ carcinomas of urothelial origin and 13 metastatic GATA3+ carcinomas of breast origin showed that strong AR staining (>60% of tumor cells) has a sensitivity of 54% and a specificity of 100% for correctly distinguishing GATA3+ carcinoma of mammary origin from urothelial origin in the metastatic setting. Androgen receptor expression is strongly correlated with GATA3 in breast cancer, particularly in tumors with lobular morphology. Strong AR expression (>60% of tumor cells) is an excellent test to rule out urothelial carcinoma in the GATA3+ metastatic setting (specificity 100%) and will effectively identify breast origin in approximately 50% of cases.
District Implementation of Research-Based Practices for Transition Planning With Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Youth With Disabilities and Their Families:

Post-school outcomes are poor for youth with disabilities, in general, but even more discouraging for certain subpopulations of individuals with disabilities, particularly those from culturally and...
Panel Report to FESAC: Review of the 1996 ITER Detailed Design Report

This report presents the results of a U.S. review of the 1996 Detailed Design Report (DDR) of the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) project. It was prepared by a panel established by the U.S. Department of Energy (USDOE) Fusion Energy Sciences Advisory Committee (FESAC) and was subsequently endorsed by FESAC and provided to the USDOE. Copies of the charge and transmittal letters are incorporated at the end of this paper. Also incorporated in this paper are the reports of several subpanels established to provide detailed review and recommendations on specific topics. The authors of those subpanel reports are acknowledged in the text. The ITER was subsequently reduced in size and scope; this review refers to the full-size ITER design as it was completed in 1996.
The antecedents of mandatory motorcycle helmet legislation enhancing behavior

Abstract The effectiveness of safety legislation may be improved or negated as a result of behavioral responses. Recent empirical research suggests that the efficacy of mandatory motorcycle helmet laws is enhanced by the behavior of motorcyclists. This study uses a nationally representative survey of approximately 500 US motorcyclists to investigate the precursors of helmet law enhancing behavior. Favorable opinions regarding helmet safety result in a 10–20 percentage point increase in helmet use depending on beliefs regarding death and injury risks or vision obstruction. Motorcyclists living in states with mandatory helmet laws are more likely to choose higher visibility helmet colors and are 10.7 percentage points more likely to take out-of-state motorcycling trips. Each of the aforementioned factors is expected to contribute to the enhancing behavior documented in state-level panel analyses using motorcycle registrations as an imperfect measure of risk exposure.
Proceedings of the 2nd International Workshop on Hot Topics in Wireless

It is our great pleasure to welcome you to the Second ACM Workshop on Hot Topics in Wireless (HotWireless 2015). This year's HotWireless continues from where we left off last year. It has an exciting program focused on disruptive wireless technologies and systems that can enable orders of magnitude improvements in performance and novel wireless applications. HotWireless strives to provide a launching pad for bold and visionary ideas, and to bring together experts in hardware, physical layer, networks, and systems to address core technical challenges in these emerging wireless technologies. This year we received 16 submissions, of which we selected 10 for publication. The program committee consisted of 19 wireless experts from around the world, who did a fantastic job to provide an average of 4 reviews per paper. The accepted papers this year include exciting topics, which range from indoor localization and 3-D mapping, to low level wireless communication, to communication with UAVs using free space optics. In addition to the accepted papers, we will also have invited talks from several wireless experts. We look forward to your active participation in this workshop!
Cooperative equilibrium

We propose a new equilibrium concept, perfect cooperative equilibrium (PCE), which may help explain players' behavior in games where cooperation is observed in practice. We also consider a few related equilibrium concepts that take into account the degree of cooperation.
Vulvovaginal Discomfort Is Common in Both Premenopausal and Postmenopausal Women.

OBJECTIVES We surveyed women from a primary care population to assess the prevalence of unreported vulvovaginal symptoms. MATERIALS AND METHODS A random sample of women aged 18 to 84 years without a diagnosis of vulvovaginitis or vulvodynia in the past year were surveyed anonymously about prevalence and severity of vulvar and vaginal symptoms of itching, burning, irritation, vaginal discharge, vaginal dryness, and vulvovaginal pain in the past month. Women reporting at least 1 moderate-severe symptom were considered symptomatic. Demographic and clinical characteristics were compared between women with and without symptoms using Pearson's χ and Student's t test. RESULTS Of 1,676 mailed surveys, 272 (16.2%) were returned. Respondents were primarily non-Hispanic (254, 93.4%), White (214, 78.7%), and English speaking (267, 98.2%). More than a third of women (107, 39.3%) reported 1 or more moderate-severe symptoms. Symptomatic women were younger (49 ± 14 years vs 54 ± 15 years, p = .004) and more likely to report a history of asthma (22% vs 12%, p = .028), eczema or seasonal allergies (56% vs 40%, p = .011), or a previous diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis or yeast (36% vs 15%, p < .001) than asymptomatic women. Premenopausal versus postmenopausal women reported similar prevalence of moderate-severe symptoms: 57/136 (42%) vs 50/136 (37%), respectively (p = .39). Symptoms frequently or always interfered with both interest in sex (33/107, 31%) and ability to have sex (32/107, 30%). CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that moderate-severe vulvovaginal symptoms are prevalent in both premenopausal and postmenopausal women and that these symptoms have a significant impact on sexual health.
Unsung interpreters: the jumbled practice of language translation in contemporary field research – a study of anthropological field sites in the Arab League countries

Despite some recent criticism, the idea of language interpreting in anthropological (among others) field research seems still firmly rooted in classical anthropology where the interpreter was an ob...
High-profile international commitments for ocean protection: Empty promises or meaningful progress?

Abstract As 2020 approaches, countries are accelerating their commitments to protect 10% of the ocean by establishing and expanding marine protected areas (MPAs) and other area-based protections. Since it began in 2014, the Our Ocean Conference (OOC) has become a high-profile platform to announce ocean commitments. To evaluate the impact of these promises, this analysis asked: (1) What are the MPA commitments? (2) Who is making them? (3) Have these announcements been followed by action? and (4) Have they contributed significantly to ocean protection? A systematic review of the 143 MPA announcements made at the four OOCs between 2014 and 2017 (and the 202 individual actions they encompassed) concluded that the numbers and sectors of announcers, as well as the types of actions, increased over time. Fifty-two countries and 52 other organizations made OOC commitments, 46% of which have been completed and 56% of which are still incomplete. Thirteen countries and 17 organizations have completed all of their actions. All organizations and 48 out of 52 countries have made some progress on their actions, but no evidence of progress could be found for actions from four countries. OOC announcements have promised to protect 3.4% of the ocean (12,279,931 km2). To date, 43% of that promised area has been implemented, with another 57% yet to be implemented. Based on these findings, a number of actions are recommended to improve the clarity and traceability of OOC announcements, facilitate the monitoring of outcomes, and deliver on the promise of accountability emphasized at the OOCs.
Compact widths in metric trees

The definition of n-width of a bounded subset A in a normed linear space X is based on the existence of n-dimensional subspaces. Although the concept of an n-dimensional subspace is not available for metric trees, in this paper, using the properties of convex and compact subsets, we present a notion of n-widths for a metric tree, called Tn-widths. Later we discuss properties of Tn-widths, and show that the compact width is attained. A relationship between the compact widths and Tn-widths is also obtained.
Building an operational framework for selective nitrogen recovery via electrochemical stripping.

Abstract Recovering nitrogen from wastewater can simultaneously fulfill the roles of traditional removal technologies such as nitrification-denitrification and fertilizer production processes such as Haber-Bosch. We have recently demonstrated a proof-of-concept for selective recovery of the fertilizer ammonium sulfate via electrochemical stripping, a combination of electrodialysis and membrane stripping. In this study, we furthered electrochemical stripping from concept to informed practice by investigating the effects of influent concentration (30, 300, and 3000 mg N/L), catholyte temperature (15, 23, and 35 °C), and gas permeable membrane choice on electrochemical nitrogen removal and recovery. We also proposed and validated a nitrogen mass transport model for the experimental results, providing mechanistic rationale behind observed effects of varying operating parameters. While changing operating parameters did affect performance, electrochemical stripping exhibited robust performance over a range of realistic ambient temperatures, three gas permeable membranes, and three orders of magnitude of influent concentrations. Practically, these results demonstrate that electrochemical stripping is viable across a range of waste streams and resilient to fluctuations in temperature and nitrogen concentration; they also establish operational trade-offs between residence time and energy consumption. As a result of this work, electrochemical stripping continues to mature from concept to practice and provides lessons for developing other resource recovery technologies.
Systematic Characterization of Power Hardware-in-the-Loop Evaluation Platform Stability

This paper presents a systematic approach to characterize the stability of a power-hardware-in-the-loop (PHIL) platform, an important step in PHIL tests. Many existing works focus the stability assessments on the PHIL interface algorithm; however, this work considers all software and hardware subsystems that form the closed loop of the PHIL experiment and develops a complete closed-loop stability assessment. This assessment is developed in the context of a common framework that can be readily applied to other PHIL platforms. This paper presents methods for characterizing key PHIL subsystems toward obtaining transfer functions to be used for analysis. The systematic stability assessment approach is demonstrated for a case study involving PHIL testing of a solar inverter and validated using experimental data.
Synthesizing Robot Manipulation Programs from a Single Observed Human Demonstration

Programming by Demonstration (PbD) lets users with little technical background program a wide variety of manipulation tasks for robots, but it should be as intuitive as possible for users while requiring as little time as possible. In this paper, we present a Programming by Demonstration system that synthesizes manipulation programs from a single observed demonstration, allowing users to program new tasks for a robot simply by performing the task once themselves. A human-in-the-loop interface helps users make corrections to the perceptual state as needed. We introduce Object Interaction Programs as a representation of multi-object, bimanual manipulation tasks and present algorithms for extracting programs from observed demonstrations and transferring programs to a robot to perform the task in a new scene. We demonstrate the expressivity and generalizability of our approach through an evaluation on a benchmark of complex tasks.
Association Between Potentially Inappropriate Medications and Hospital Encounters Among Older Adults: A Meta-Analysis

Potentially inappropriate medications (PIMs) are defined by the American Geriatric Society as medications that should be avoided in the elderly in general, or in specific situations. However, PIM use remains high among aging populations and may result in increased utilization of healthcare resources. The aim of this meta-analysis was to evaluate the impact of PIM use on hospital encounters among older adults. We searched Medline and Scopus from January 1991 to April 2019 using keywords and MeSH terms related to PIMs. Studies were included if they compared the odds of hospital encounters between PIM and non-PIM groups. Hospital encounters could be either hospital admissions or emergency department (ED) visits. Using random-effects meta-analytic methods, we calculated the pooled odds of any hospital encounter in PIM versus non-PIM users. A total of 21 studies evaluating 3,137,188 patients were included. The proportion of patients on PIMs was > 20% in most (n = 18) studies, median follow up was 12 months, and the mean age of patients ranged from 72 to 86 years. Upon meta-analysis, PIM use was associated with increased odds of both hospital admissions (OR 1.52; 95% CI 1.40–1.65) and ED visits (OR 1.72, 95% CI 1.33–2.24). PIM use among older patients was associated with more hospital encounters. These unnecessary encounters likely cause a substantial burden to the healthcare system and patients.
Integrability and Nonlinear Waves

Major developments in the study of nonlinear wave equations were the discovery of the soliton, its connection to the eigenvalue of a linear operator and solutions of the underlying equations by the inverse scattering transform. Inverse scattering transform provides the solution to the initial value problem of a class of nonlinear equations. In this article the background, key ideas and methodology of inverse scattering transform are discussed in connection with some well-known physically important nonlinear equations including the Korteweg–de Vries and nonlinear Schrodinger equations. More recently a new class of nonlocal nonlinear Schrodinger type equations have been found to be integrable; they arise from new symmetries in the associated scattering problem that had not been previously known. The solution of these novel systems is also discussed in this review. Other methods of solution of soliton/integrable equations and comments regarding the future are also included.
Toward a Better Performance Evaluation Framework for Fake News Classification

The rising prevalence of fake news and its alarming downstream impact have motivated both the industry and academia to build a substantial number of fake news classification models, each with its unique architecture. Yet, the research community currently lacks a comprehensive model evaluation framework that can provide multifaceted comparisons between these models beyond the simple evaluation metrics such as accuracy or f1 scores. In our work, we examine a representative subset of classifiers using a very simple set of performance evaluation and error analysis steps. We demonstrate that model performance varies considerably based on i) dataset, ii) evaluation archetype, and iii) performance metrics. Additionally, classifiers also demonstrate a potential bias against small and conservative-leaning credible news sites. Finally, models' performance varies based on external events and article topics. In sum, our results highlight the need to move toward systematic benchmarking.
Rethinking the one-size-fits-most approach to venous thromboembolism prophylaxis after radical cystectomy.

Summary Objectives Empirically dosed enoxaparin is routinely given in the postoperative period for venous thromboembolism (VTE) prophylaxis after radical cystectomy (RC). Patient-specific factors may alter its pharmacokinetics, and it is unclear whether this leads to levels sufficient for antithrombosis. We sought to evaluate variability of anti-factor Xa levels in a cohort of RC patients receiving perioperative enoxaparin prophylaxis. Material and Methods Patients undergoing RC at a single institution were placed on a postoperative pathway that included enoxaparin. An anti-factor Xa level was drawn 2 to 4 hours after the third dose. The target range for prophylaxis was 0.3 IU/ml to 0.5 IU/ml. Results The primary outcome was anti-factor Xa level. Demographics, operative time, hospital course, and 30-days post-operative VTE were compared by anti-factor Xa level group using univariate and multivariable analyses. Between January 2018 and 2019, 107 RC patients remained on pathway and were included in our analysis. Sixty-five (61%) were below target range for VTE prophylaxis. A single VTE event (0.9%) occurred in a subprophylactic individual. The subprophylactic group had a significantly higher body mass index (P Conclusions Higher body mass index was associated with subprophylactic enoxaparin dosing after RC. Nearly two-thirds of patients had below target anti-factor Xa levels. This suggests that dosing could be further individualized, but given the low incidence of VTE, implications of dose-adjusted prophylaxis on VTE prevention remain unknown.
Interview 11 Dingxin Zhao

Dingxin Zhao is currently the Max Palevsky Professor in the Department of Sociology at the University of Chicago and the Thousand Talented Professor at Zhejiang University. He earned his B.S. from Fudan University (1982), M.S. in entomological ecology from the Chinese Academy of Science (1984) and Ph.D. in entomological ecology from McGill University (1990). In 1995, he received his second Ph.D. in sociology from McGill University. After a two-year postdoctoral fellow at McGill University, he began to teach in the University of Chicago.
Opportunities and Constraints in the Standardization of Geometrical Product Specification.

Abstract A key focus of the CIRP CAT 2020 is the role of standardization in GPS specification, and the constraints and opportunities provided by standards throughout the design lifecycle, including in the verification of products. This focus is supported by two Keynote presentations from the chairmen of the ASME and ISO committees that develop standards for the specifications of geometric tolerances. The CIRP CAT conferences provide an opportunity for researchers and practitioners to exchange new ideas and discuss the implications of new and evolving research in the areas of geometrical tolerancing, assembly analysis, modeling of manufacturing processes, and standardization.
The more interactivity the better? Investigating interactivity, task complexity, and product knowledge in online purchase decisions

This study examines the joint effects of interactivity, task complexity, and product knowledge on customers’ online purchase decision quality. Interactivity is defined as the extent to which users can participate in modifying the form and content of a mediated environment in real-time. For example, users sort products on a website based on certain criteria (e.g., price). An experiment with 264 participants was conducted to test the hypotheses. The results suggest that interactivity and task complexity jointly affect customers’ online purchase decision quality. When customers perform a complex task, interactivity reduces the cognitive resources needed to perform the task and thus improves customers’ decision quality. However, when customers perform a simple task, interactivity worsens the mismatch between the cognitive resources available and what is required, leading to deteriorated decision quality. Similarly, product knowledge and task complexity interact to influence customers’ decision quality. Product knowledge improves decision quality when customers perform a complex task, whereas it results in deteriorated decision quality when customers perform a simple task. In addition, interactivity interacts with product knowledge to affect customers’ intention to revisit the website. Specifically, interactivity has a stronger effect on customers’ intention to revisit the website when the customer has more product knowledge.
Determination of recombination coefficients for hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen gasses via in situ radical probe system

The determination of the recombination coefficients of gases on solid surfaces depends on the plasma processing environment including factors such as temperature, surface morphology, impurities, and chamber geometry that play a role in energy transfer mechanisms of association, dissociation, and collisional nature of gases in low pressure plasmas. To determine those recombination coefficients, a zero-dimensional plasma model was created to predict radical and ion densities of hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen using experimental data, with electron temperatures and densities as inputs. The model inputs (electron density, electron temperature, and plasma gas temperature) were experimentally obtained by a Langmuir probe and a thermocouple. Each radical density measurement requires two radical probes with different catalytic coatings, which yield different temperatures due to different recombination coefficients of the coatings. The measurements are compared with the radical density obtained from a plasma model in order to determine the value of recombination coefficient. Recombination coefficient of hydrogen radicals on the gold surface is found to be 0.115 ± 0.018. Recombination coefficients of oxygen and nitrogen on copper are found to be 0.31 ± 0.063 and 0.18 ± 0.034, respectively. Ion densities vary from 109 to 1011 cm−3 s, over 10–100 mTorr pressure range and power range between 300 and 900 W. Radical densities are in the order of 1013 cm−3 to 1015 cm−3. Simultaneously with this article, a parallel study is published explaining in situ measurements of the radical probe system for single and mixed gases.
Ultrafast Electronic Readout from a Plasmonic Bolometer: Hot Electron Dynamics and Polarization Imaging Applications

We have developed a grating-based plasmonic bolometer that features an optoelectronic behavior that is enhanced by plasmonic losses. In our system, optically-induced surface plasmons interact with conduction electrons in the metal, resulting in an increase in electron scattering. Thus, incident electromagnetic radiation induces a detectable change in resistance. Our ultrafast measurements show that these scattering processes occur on extremely short timescales, indicating that these detectors may prove useful for monitoring fast processes. As seen both in our simulations and measurements, the wavelength response of our device is strongly dependent on the physical dimensions of the metal grating and thus tunable in a wide range. Additionally, the polarization-dependent plasmonic response can be utilized for polarization imaging applications without polarization optics.
Assessing the Skill of a High-Resolution Marine Biophysical Model Using Geostatistical Analysis of Mesoscale Ocean Chlorophyll Variability From Field Observations and Remote Sensing

High-resolution ocean biophysical models are now routinely being conducted at basin and global-scale, opening opportunities to deepen our understanding of the mechanistic coupling of physical and biological processes at the mesoscale. Prior to using these models to test scientific questions, we need to assess their skill. While progress has been made in validating the mean field, little work has been done to evaluate skill of the simulated mesoscale variability. Here we use geostatistical 2-D variograms to quantify the magnitude and spatial scale of chlorophyll a patchiness in a 1/10th-degree eddy-resolving coupled Community Earth System Model simulation. We compare results from satellite remote sensing and ship underway observations in the North Atlantic Ocean, where there is a large seasonal phytoplankton bloom. The coefficients of variation, i.e., the arithmetic standard deviation divided by the mean, from the two observational data sets are approximately invariant across a large range of mean chlorophyll a values from oligotrophic and winter to subpolar bloom conditions. This relationship between the chlorophyll a mesoscale variability and the mean field appears to reflect an emergent property of marine biophysics, and the high-resolution simulation does poorly in capturing this skill metric, with the model underestimating observed variability under low chlorophyll a conditions such as in the subtropics.
Locally Linear Support Vector Machines for Imbalanced Data Classification.

Classification of imbalanced data is one of most challenging aspects of machine learning. Despite over two decades of progress there is still a need for developing new techniques capable to overcome numerous difficulties embedded in the nature of imbalanced datasets. In this paper, we propose Locally Linear Support Vector Machines (LL-SVMs) for effectively handling imbalanced datasets. LL-SVMs is a lazy learning approach which trains a local classifier for each new test instance using its k nearest neighbors. This way, we are able to maximize the margin in the original input features space and obtain a better adaptation to complex class boundaries. We combine LL-SVMs with local oversampling and cost-sensitive approaches to make them skew-insensitive. Working only in the local neighborhood significantly improves the generalization over the minority class and tackles instance-level difficulties, such as class overlapping, borderline and noisy instances, as well as small disjuncts. An extensive experimental study shows that our local models are able to outperform their global counterparts, especially when handling difficult, borderline, and noisy imbalanced datasets.
Optimal Data Rate Allocation for Dynamic Sensor Fusion over Resource Constrained Communication Networks

We consider a dynamic sensor fusion problem where a large number of remote sensors observe a common Gauss-Markov process and the observations are transmitted to a fusion center over a resource constrained communication network. The design objective is to allocate an appropriate data rate to each sensor in such a way that the total data traffic to the fusion center is minimized, subject to a constraint on the fusion center's state estimation error covariance. We show that the problem can be formulated as a difference-of-convex program, to which we apply the convex-concave procedure (CCP) and the alternating direction method of multiplier (ADMM). Through a numerical study on a truss bridge sensing system, we observe that our algorithm tends to allocate zero data rate to unneeded sensors, implying that the proposed method is an effective heuristic for sensor selection.
Characterization of Mitochondrial Bioenergetics in Preeclampsia.

Preeclampsia (PE) is characterized by new onset hypertension during pregnancy and is associated with oxidative stress, placental ischemia, and autoantibodies to the angiotensin II type I receptor (AT1-AA). Mitochondrial (mt) dysfunction in PE and various sources of oxidative stress, such as monocytes, neutrophils, and CD4 + T cells, have been identified as important players in the pathophysiology of PE. We have established the significance of AT1-AA, TNF-α, and CD4 + T cells in causing mitochondrial (mt) dysfunction in renal and placental tissues in pregnant rats. Although the role of mt dysfunction from freshly isolated intact placental mitochondria has been compared in human PE and normally pregnant (NP) controls, variations among preterm PE or term PE have not been compared and mechanisms contributing to mt ROS during PE are unclear. Therefore, we hypothesized PE placentas would exhibit impaired placental mt function, which would be worse in preterm PE patients than in those of later gestational ages. Immediately after delivery, PE and NP patient's placentas were collected, mt were isolated and mt respiration and ROS were measured. PE patients at either 34 weeks gestational age (GA) exhibited elevated blood pressure and decreased placental mt respiration rates (state 3 and maximal). Patients delivering at >34 weeks exhibited decreased Complex IV activity and expression. Placental mtROS was significantly reduced in both PE groups, compared to NP placental mitochondria. Collectively, the study demonstrates that PE mt dysfunction occurs in the placenta, with mtROS being lower than that seen in NP controls. These data indicate why antioxidants, as a potential target or new therapeutic agent, may not be ideal in treating the oxidative stress associated with PE.