cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Coping styles, paradox, and the cold pressor task.

The study investigated how coping style differences affected performance on the cold pressor task. Reactions of “monitors” (individuals who prefer having information about stressors) and “blunters” (individuals who avoid cues connected with stressors) were compared, using different instructional sets. The study also assessed the effectiveness of paradoxical intention compared to more traditional cognitive strategies. Monitors and blunters were identified using Miller's recently developed Behavioral Style Scale. All instructional sets improved performance in comparison to a control condition, and individuals generally did better when an instructional set supported their preferred coping style. Paradoxical intention did not show any decided advantage over other strategies. The desirability of designing stress management programs to fit individual coping style patterns is discussed.
What Does Teaching Declaratives Tell Us About the Criteria by Which we Can Judge the Developmental Importance of Treatment Outcomes

This article uses examples of treatment research on declaratives to illustrate criteria for determining whether a taught behavior is a “skill”, not just a context-bound behavior and whether the taught skill has associations with other theoretically linked skills as one type of validation evidence. The article uses data from three treatment studies to illustrate the issues and proposed criteria. The article concludes with a call to consumers and producers of treatment research to use the criteria to judge the developmental importance of treatment outcomes.
Thermodynamics for Elastic Solids. General Formulation

A condensed collection of all the thermodynamic formulas involving first derivatives for elastic solids under the outside variations of only temperature and stress is presented. The application is illustrated with some examples.
Microchip Device for Cell Lysis, Multiplex PCR Amplification, and Electrophoretic Sizing

The steps of cell lysis, multiplex PCR amplification, and electrophoretic analysis are executed sequentially on a monolithic microchip device. The entire microchip is thermally cycled to lyse cells and to amplify DNA, and the products are then analyzed using a sieving medium for size separation and an intercalating dye for fluorescence detection. Using a standard PCR protocol, a 500-base pair (bp) region of bacteriophage λ DNA and 154-, 264-, 346-, 410-, and 550-bp regions of E. coli genomic and plasmid DNAs are amplified. The electrophoretic analysis of the products is executed in <3 min following amplification using hydroxyethyl cellulose or poly(dimethylacrylamide) sieving gels. Product sizing is demonstrated by proportioning the amplified product with a DNA sizing ladder.
Chalcogen doping of silicon via intense femtosecond-laser irradiation

Abstract We have previously shown that doping silicon with sulfur via femtosecond-laser irradiation leads to near-unity absorption of radiation from ultraviolet wavelengths to below band gap short-wave infrared wavelengths. Here, we demonstrate that doping silicon with two other group VI elements (chalcogens), selenium and tellurium, also leads to near-unity broadband absorption. A powder of the chalcogen dopant is spread on the silicon substrate and irradiated with femtosecond-laser pulses. We examine and compare the resulting morphology, optical properties, and chemical composition for each chalcogen-doped substrate before and after thermal annealing. Thermal annealing reduces the absorption of below band gap radiation by an amount that correlates with the diffusivity of the chalcogen dopant used to make the sample. We propose a mechanism for the absorption of below band gap radiation based on defects in the lattice brought about by the femtosecond-laser irradiation and the presence of a supersaturated concentration of chalcogen dopant atoms. The selenium and tellurium doped samples show particular promise for use in infrared photodetectors as they retain most of their infrared absorptance even after thermal annealing—a necessary step in many semiconductor device manufacturing processes.
One-to-one correspondence of charge-imbalance relaxing mechanisms with pair-breaking mechanisms in superconductors

A one-to-one correspondence of charge-imbalance relaxing mechanisms with pair-breaking mechanisms in superconductors is demonstrated. The characteristic rates for these two effects are shown to be equal, within factors of order unity. These results are used to estimate the charge-imbalance relaxation rate associated with the proximity effect of a normal metal in metallic contact with a superconductor.
CORRELATION OF MORPHOLOGIC AND CLINICAL RADIOLOGIC ASSESSMENT OF LUNG DISEASE IN NEONATES

Top of pageAbstract We compared the morphologic appearance of the lung with the clinical and radiologic diagnosis in 6 infants with RDS (BW 0.7-1.6 kg), 6 with non-RDS lung disease > 35 wks gestation (BW 2.4-4.9 kg), and 2 infants born without respiratory disease (BW 2.9-3.5 kg). Morphologic assessment involved scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of whole lung and of methyl methacrylate corrosion casts of the pulmonary vascular bed. In pre-term infants, a good correlation was observed between the clinical and radiologic diagnosis of RDS, the clinical course, and the morphologic appearance of the lung. Those infants with the most severe RDS had the most dramatic reduction in number of alveoli. In contrast, in infants with non-RDS lung disease, interpretation of the disease process by clinical and radiologic means lacked consistent correlation with morphologic features, particularly of the vascular bed. Abnormalities in lung parenchyma (septal wall thickness and alveolar development) appeared to vary independently from vascular abnormalities (extent of microvascular development and organization). The insight provided by SEM of the lung and its associated vascular bed explains why similar therapeutic manipulations, whether respiratory or pharmacologic, fail to result in similar clinical responses in all infants with a common clinical or radiological diagnosis. (Supported in part by NIH GM12675 and a PMA Fellowship.)
High-efficiency optical switching using an integrated electrochromic nanoplasmonic device

We demonstrate active switching of light transmission through nanoplasmonic devices using electrochromic Polyaniline thin films, and achieve extraordinary transmission modulation by switching it between its reduced (leucoemeraldine) and partially oxidized (emeraldine) states
Anomalously Broad Diffuse Interstellar Bands and Excited CH + Absorption in the Spectrum of Herschel 36

Anomalously broad diffuse interstellar bands (DIBs) at 5780.5, 5797.1, 6196.0, and 6613.6 A are found in absorption along the line of sight to Herschel 36, an O star system next to the bright Hourglass nebula of the H ii region Messier 8. Excited lines of CH and CH + are seen as well. We show that the region is very compact and itemize other anomalies of the gas. An infrared-bright star within 400 AU is noted. The combination of these effects produces anomalous DIBs, interpreted by Oka et al . (2013, see also this volume) as being caused predominantly by infrared pumping of rotational levels of relatively small molecules.
Can Cognitive Therapy Be Conducted by Computers

With consensus reached that psychotherapy is effective in treating many psychological disorders, researchers are developing more efficient and cost-effective ways to deliver evidence-based treatments. One avenue of exploration is computer-assisted therapy, which, if as effective as therapy delivered entirely by a therapist, could significantly reduce cost while expanding access to treatment, leveraging clinician time more advantageously, and increasing adherence to evidence-based techniques. This report examines research comparing computer-assisted therapy for major depression and anxiety disorders with controls and other treatments. Overall, results indicate moderate treatment effect sizes as compared to wait-list controls and equivalent results when compared to therapist-delivered treatment. However, dropout rates tend to be high with little clinician involvement and some studies show treatment effects attenuating in the long term. Additional and methodologically stronger studies are needed. Future directions may include integration of computer-assisted methods into clinics and training settings, capitalizing on opportunities that technology offers to improve treatment outcome and better educating clinicians about computer-assisted treatments.
Management of the Cervical Esophagogastric Anastomotic Stricture

Esophagogastric anastomotic stricture following esophagectomy with a gastric esophageal substitute can be a vexing problem for the patient and treating physician. We describe the clinical practice at a single center with extensive experience in esophageal surgery for management of this complication.
Reasonable break time for nursing mothers: a provision enacted through the Affordable Care Act.

* Abbreviation: FLSA — : Fair Labor Standards Act On March 23, 2010 President Obama signed into law the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, which included an amendment to Section 7 of the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA).1 This amendment requires employers to provide reasonable break time for an employee to express breast milk for her nursing child for 1 year after the child’s birth, each time the employee has a need to do so. Employers are also required to provide a place, other than a bathroom, shielded from view and free from intrusion from coworkers and the public, which may be used by an employee to express breast milk. Some elements of the “reasonable break time law” are listed in Table 1.2,3 View this table: TABLE 1 Select Elements of the Reasonable Break Time for Nursing Mothers Legal Provisions Why did the law specify that the workplace should offer a location other than a bathroom? Bathrooms often lack privacy, electrical outlets for breast pumps, and … Address correspondence to Tonse N. K. Raju, MD, DCH, 6100 Executive Blvd, Room 4B03, NICHD/National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-MS7510. E-mail: rajut{at}mail.nih.gov
Management of Plant Invaders Within a Marsh: An Organizing Principle for Ecological Restoration?

Controlling plant invaders is often one aspect of ecological restoration. However, the planning and application of control measures can lead to difficult questions regarding project goals and measures of success. We present a case study of a coastal wetland system in South Carolina, USA, where two plant invaders, Phragmites australisand Typha domingensis,were targeted for control. As project participants gradually accepted the concept that success must be measured in terms of long-term system parameters rather than short-term invader control, the methods and approaches changed. As an alternative to applying herbicides, a method of reconnecting the system to the ocean was pursued. Instead of simply measuring plant control, a before-after-control-impact monitoring design was implemented that allowed comparison among restored and multiple reference systems in the immediate area. Attempts to reestablish tidal flow and modify environmental conditions to alter system attributes were variable with both unplanned positive and negative effects. Most of these impacts were associated with the fact that the wetland existed in a state park used by large numbers of people for passive recreation. The case study demonstrates that plant invasion and the willingness of people to control plant invaders can provide a useful starting point for eventual development and implementation of scientifically meaningful attempts at ecological restoration.
Crystal symmetry effects on nonlinear optical processes in optical waveguides

A general three-wave nonlinear (NL) optical interaction can be phase matched using the dispersion of optical waveguide modes. The phase-match condition can be fine tuned by varying the direction of propagation in a two-dimensional waveguide and using a birefringent NL material with an orientation that preserves TE and TM mode propagation. Two general cases are found where this technique is possible. The effects of crystal symmetry and orientation on the size of the NL interaction are calculated for all birefringent crystal classes and cubic crystal classes.
Wharton's jelly stromal cells as potential delivery vehicles for cancer therapeutics

There is now compelling evidence that stem cells can be used as gene therapy delivery cells. Stem cells isolated from the Wharton's jelly of the umbilical cord (termed Wharton's jelly stromal cells) can be harvested noninvasively in large numbers and have been shown to traffic to tumors but do not form tumors themselves. WJS cells have low immunogenicity and they have also been engineered to secrete a cytokine, shown to home locally into the tumors in mice and with subsequent tumor attenuation. Naive rat and human Wharton's jelly stromal cells that are not engineered to secrete an exogenous protein also exert a potent anticancer effect in preclinical models.
Objective data analysis for a PDA-based human robotic interface

This paper describes a touch-based PDA interface for mobile robot teleoperation and the objective user evaluation results. The interface is composed of three screens; the vision-only screen, the sensor-only screen, and the vision with sensory overlay screen. The vision-only screen provides the robot's camera image. The sensor-only screen provides the ultrasonic and laser range finder sensory information. The vision with sensory overlay screen provides the image and the sensory information in concert. A user evaluation was conducted. Thirty-novice users drove a mobile robot using the interface. Participants completed three tasks, one with each screen. The purpose of this paper is to present the user evaluation results related to the collected objective data.
Epidemiologie der Epilepsie des höheren Lebensalters

Die Lebenserwartung der Bevolkerung in entwickelten Landern ist in den letzten 100 Jahren deutlich gestiegen. Infolgedessen wachst die Zahl alterer Menschen in der Bevolkerung und ihr Anteil steigt, da auch die Geburtenrate zuruckgegangen ist. Gemas Berechnungen der Statistischen Amter des Bundes und der Lander wird der Anteil der uber 60-Jahrigen 2030 auf gut ein Drittel steigen. Mit wachsendem Alter steigt das Risiko chronischer Erkrankungen; dies gilt auch fur epileptische Anfalle und Epilepsien. In einer Ubersicht mit Schwerpunkt auf entwickelten Lander wird dargestellt, wie haufig Epilepsien im hoheren Alter sind, wie viele Personen pro Jahr neu erkranken und welche Risikofaktoren im Alter die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhohen, an einer Epilepsie zu erkranken. Hierzu wurde eine Pubmed-Abfrage durchgefuhrt. Epidemiologische Studien belegen den deutlichen Anstieg der Rate der Neuerkrankungen von Alteren in den letzten 50 Jahren (Inzidenz). Der Bestand an Alteren mit Epilepsie (Pravalenz) hat sich hingegen nicht im selben Mas erhoht. Mogliche Grunde fur diese Diskrepanz sind neben grundsatzlichen Problemen der Erfassung Alterer mit Epilepsie, eine erhohte Mortalitat im Alter und die erfolgreiche Behandlung. Risiken fur die Altersepilepsie stellen zerebrovaskulare Erkrankungen, v. a. Schlaganfalle, und degenerative Erkrankungen wie Demenz dar. Tumoren und psychiatrische Erkrankungen wie Psychosen, Depressionen und Substanzmittelmissbrauch bilden weitere, im Verhaltnis jedoch geringere Risikofaktoren. Insgesamt ist die Forschungslage, insbesondere in Deutschland, zu Altersepilepsien durftig und muss – angesichts der demografischen Herausforderung – starker in den Fokus genommen werden.
Effect of dietary fat on sympathetic nervous system activity in the rat.

Abstract Previous studies from our laboratory have demonstrated that dietary intake affects the sympathetic nervous system (SNS); carbohydrate intake, in particular, has been shown to stimulate sympathetic activity. The present studies were undertaken to characterize the effect of dietary fat on SNS activity in the rat. Sympathetic activity was assessed by measurement of norepinephrine (NE) turnover in heart, interscapular brown adipose tissue (IBAT), and pancreas and by excretion of NE in the urine. When fed a fat-enriched diet (50% chow, 50% lard), fractional NE turnover in heart (k) increased from 6.3 +/- 0.6% h in ad lib. fed controls to 14.7 +/- 1.3% h in the high-fat group (P less than 0.001); calculated NE turnover rate increased from 24.5 +/- 2.4 ng/heart per h to 36.8 +/- 3.5 (P less than 0.05). Urinary NE excretion more than doubled after 6 d of the same high fat diet (P less than 0.001). Ganglionic blockade produced a greater effect on NE turnover in fat-fed, as compared with chow-fed animals, consistent with increased sympathetic activity in the fat-fed group. When fat absorption was blocked with a bile acid binding resin (cholestyramine), the same high-fat diet did not increase cardiac NE turnover, indicating that fat absorption is required for the stimulatory effect on sympathetic activity. In another series of experiments, in which chow (and hence protein) intake was held constant, the effect of fat and isocaloric sucrose supplements on NE turnover was assessed in heart, IBAT, and pancreas. The caloric value of the supplements was 50, 100, and 335% of the chow in the different experiments. An effect of fat on NE turnover in heart and IBAT was demonstrable at the lowest level of fat supplement. Fat increased pancreatic NE turnover when added in amounts sufficient to double the caloric intake. The stimulatory effect of sucrose and fat on NE turnover in heart and IBAT was similar. These experiments demonstrate that fat increases SNS activity in the rat and that the magnitude of the effect is similar to that of sucrose. The results imply that fat may contribute to dietary thermogenesis in this species.
A Gauss-Markov load model for application in risk evaluation and production simulation

Load uncertainty contributes to system operational risk; thus the study of system operating reserve or unit commitment risk requires a load model that includes the uncertainty in load as well as the variation with time. The authors propose a Gauss-Markov load model. This random process model includes both the time variation and the uncertainty in load. This load model is used to predict, conditional on what is known at a previous hour, the mean and the variance of the system hourly load. This mean and variance are required for a system operating reserve study and a broad spectrum of production simulations. The proposed load model is described, the model is justified, and the model is illustrated via an example. >
Phenotypic Polarization of Macrophages in Atherosclerosis

Macrophages orchestrate the inflammatory response in inflamed tissues, and recent work indicates that these cells can alter their phenotypes and functions accordingly in response to changes in the microenvironment. Initial work in models of cardiovascular disease used immunologic markers to characterize macrophage phenotypes present in atherosclerotic plaque, and these studies have lately been extended through the use of markers that are more specific for atherosclerosis and metabolic disease. Together, these studies have led to a novel view of the function of macrophages in the development of atherosclerosis that suggests dynamic plasticity. Understanding this plasticity and the ensuing macrophage heterogeneity could lead to novel strategies of pharmacological intervention to combat chronic inflammation in metabolic diseases. Most importantly, revealing the functional characteristics of individual macrophage phenotypes will lead to a better understanding of their contribution to lesion development and plaque stability.
Local Government Human Resource Management Past, Present, and Future: Revisiting Hays and Kearney's Anticipated Changes a Decade Later

Over a decade ago, Hays and Kearney published results from a survey of human resource managers who were members of the International Personnel Management Association and the Section on Personnel and Labor Relations of the American Society for Public Administration. This survey solicited members' opinions regarding the present and anticipated status of public personnel systems at that time. Our survey solicits the opinions of human resource management (HRM) professionals at the local government level a decade later to determine the importance of these same functions and activities to the practice of HRM today. Survey respondents are also requested to project the importance of these same concepts in 2019. This analysis shows that while the reinvention movement has generated several changes in the field of public HRM, many of the traditional functions and activities continue to remain as important at the local level of government. Hace mas de una decada, Hays y Kearney publicaron los resultados de una encuesta de directores de recursos humanos que eran miembros del International Personnel Management Association y del Section on Personnel and Labor Relations of the American Society for Public Administration. Esta encuesta solicito la opinion de los miembros acerca del estado presente y previsto de los sistemas de personal publico de la epoca. Una decada mas tarde, nuestra encuesta pide la opinion de directores de recursos humanos profesionales a un nivel de gobierno local para determinar la importancia de esas mismas funciones y actividades de manejo de recursos humanos en la actualidad. Tambien se le pidio a los participantes proyectar la importancia de estos mismos conceptos para el ano 2019. Este analisis muestra que mientras que el movimiento de reinvencion ha generado una gran cantidad de cambios en area de la administracion publica de recursos humanos, muchas de las funciones y actividades tradicionales continuan siendo igual de importantes a un nivel de gobierno local.
The View from the Periphery: The English Comparative Correlative

The English comparative correlative construction (e.g., The more you eat, the fatter you get) embeds like an ordinary CP, and each of its clauses displays an ordinary long-distance dependency. However, the connection between the two clauses is not ordinary: they are connected paratactically in syntax, but the first clause is interpreted as if it were a subordinate clause. The construction's mixture of the general and the idiosyncratic at all levels of detail challenges the distinction between “core” and “periphery” in grammar and the assumption that some level of underlying syntax directly mirrors semantic structure.
Corrosion and cell culture evaluations of nickel-chromium dental casting alloys.

In this study, the corrosion and surface properties of four commercially available nickel-chromium dental casting alloys, were evaluated using electrochemical corrosion testing and Auger electron microscopy. The corrosion tests were conducted under cell culture conditions of 5% CO2 humidified atmosphere at 37°C in minimum essential medium (MEM) balanced salt solution, 95% MEM–5% FBS (fetal bovine serum) cell culture media, and in 95% MEM–5% FBS media after cold solution sterilization of test samples. The results of the surface and corrosion analyses were correlated to cytotoxicity and metal ion release from the alloys using agarose overlay and direct contact cell culture tests. The surface and electrochemical corrosion analyses demonstrated that the non-beryllium containing alloys were more resistant to accelerated corrosion processes as compared to the beryllium-containing alloys. All alloys demonstrated decreased corrosion rates in cell culture solutions after cold solution sterilization treatment. The corrosion products released from the nickel-based alloys failed to alter the cellular morphology and viability of human gingival fibroblasts, however they did cause reductions in cellular proliferation. The potential for accelerated corrosion and the exposure of local and systemic tissues to elevated levels of corrosion products raises concerns over the biocompatibility of these alloys. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Quasi-stability regions of nonlinear dynamical systems: theory

The concept of a stability region (region of attraction) of nonlinear dynamical systems is widely accepted in many fields such as engineering and the sciences. When utilizing this concept, the Lyapunov function approach has been found to give rather conservative estimations of the stability regions of many nonlinear systems. In this paper we study the notion of a quasi-stability region and develop a comprehensive theory for it. It is shown that, working on the concept of quasi-stability regions, one can greatly overcome the problem of conservative estimations of stability regions using the Lyapunov function approach. A complete characterization of quasi-stability regions is presented. Dynamical as well as topological properties of quasi-stability regions are also derived. The quasi-stability regions are shown to be robust relative to small perturbations of the underlying vector fields. The class of nonlinear dynamical systems whose stability regions equal their quasi-stability regions is characterized.
Ruthenium solubility in hematite

Solid binary oxides of the platinum-group elements (PGE) decompose on heating in air to metal, oxygen, and often, a mixture of volatile PGE oxides. Compared to most other transition metal oxides, these decomposition temperatures are low, generally below 1100 C. The modest exception is RuO{sub 2}, which remains stable in air until 1400 C. Because of its comparatively high oxide stability, Ru, among all the PGE, is the one with the greatest potential for a significant oxidic, i.e., lithophile, geochemistry. A series of 1 atm phase equilibrium experiments were made to establish the limits of solid solution of Ru in hematite (Fe{sub 2}O{sub 3}) and help evaluate the significance of the oxidic geochemistry of Ru. The solid-solution limit for Ru in hematite may be represented by the following oxidation-reduction reaction: 2RuO{sub 2} + Fe{sub 2}O{sub 3} = 2FeRuO{sub 3} + 1/20{sub 2}. Experiments equilibrated between 1012 and 1490 C were buffered with respect to oxygen fugacity by the coexistence of Ru metal and solid RuO{sub 2}, both as essentially pure phases. Solution of Ru in hematite is enhanced at lower oxygen fugacity, but reaches a maximum fixed by the presence of Ru metal. An endothermic enthalpy for the reaction (188.1more » {+-} 0.7 kJ/mol) was retrieved from the redox-controlled solubilities was as a regular solution interaction parameter (18.5 {+-} 0.5 kJ/mol) that indicated small positive deviations from ideality in the solid-solution region investigated. Estimates based on the new data for solubilities of Ru in a rhombohedral oxide at geologic conditions suggest that natural concentrations might be accommodated at high temperatures without saturation in Ru metal, but that exsolution of Ru metal from oxides would be favored at low temperature.« less
Elderly Korean immigrants' socially and culturally constructed definitions of elder neglect

Abstract Little research has been conducted among the elderly on the topic of neglect. Not only is there a paucity of research, but also there is the problem of widely varying definitions of neglect. These two challenges led to a study of how neglect is understood by elderly Korean immigrants as it pertains to behaviors of adult children and family members. Interviews with 124 elderly Korean immigrants were conducted to assess conceptualizations of elder neglect. Data were analyzed using a grounded theory approach. Results revealed five interrelated themes with strong connections to dimensions of health and mental health: (a) culture-specific definitions of elder neglect, (b) contexts in which elder neglect occurs, (c) impact of neglect on elders, (d) expectations from adult children, and (e) strategies for dealing with elder neglect. Implications for culturally competent, family-centered service delivery to elderly Korean immigrants are discussed, specifically focusing on service provision of health and mental health care.
Chauncy, the copper thermal manikin.

Chauncy, a thermal manikin (Fig. 1) now on display at the National Museum of Health and Medicine (NMHM) in Silver Spring, Maryland, near Washington, DC, may not appreciate the role he and his manikin counterparts had in saving lives over the course of half a century; but if he did, we hope he would be proud of his accomplishments. At the onset of World War II, the War Department became quickly concerned with the inadequacies of military clothing, uniforms, and boots. Cold weather conditions contributed to thousands of trench foot and frostbite casualties when U.S. forces were engaged in recapturing the Aleutian Islands from Japan in 1943. Scientific studies of military clothing markedly increased in the months afterward, in advance of winter campaigns in Europe. “Chauncy,” the first of a new generation of thermal manikins, and named by its developer Dr. Harwood Belding at the Harvard Fatigue Laboratory in Boston, was designed by Connecticut sculptor Leopold Schmidt and incorporates heating elements manufactured by electric blanket maker General Electric. The manikin’s form was based on the physical characteristics derived from an anthropometric study of nearly 3,000 Army Air Force cadets to more closely mimic the average physical dimensions of a young American service member.
On the concepts of chronon and chronaxy and their implications in neoplasia.

The concepts of Chronon and Chronaxy of Gedda are discussed in the light of recent biochemical-genetic knowledge. It is proposed that the term «positive chronaxy» and «negative chronaxy» be employed to designate the period during which a gene is in active and inactive state, respectively. Other terms proposed are «recurrent positive chronaxy», «recurrent negative chronaxy» and « uncoordinated chronaxy». It is pointed out that the different chronaxy states of genes may be subject to modification by certain agents. If a given agent is able to change a gene from a negative chronaxy state into positive chronaxy state, the gene toward this agent behaves as being in a «conditionally negative chronaxy state». In the same sense, we can speak also of a «conditionally positive chronaxy state» of a gene. It is proposed that mutations facilitating malignant transformation of cells can, theoretically, occur in both the active and inactive segments of the DNA. If active segments of the DNA are affected, i.e. those in positive chronaxy state, the effects of such mutations would be expressed immediately. If, however, genes in negative chronaxy state have similar mutations, their effect would be expressed only if these genes become activated by some agents, either physiological or unphysiological. Malignancies facilitated by hormonal inbalance may represent instances or mutated gene activation by physiological agents while tumors caused by carginogenic substances with a structure resembling steroid hormones could be examples of gene activation by unphysiological agents.
Price Elasticities and Joint Products

The price elasticity of a commodity from which two or more joint products are obtained in fixed proportions is, in general, a weighted harmonic average of the price elasticities of the joint products. The weights are the proportions of the basic commodity's total value attributable to sales of each joint product. When marketing and processing margins are considered, the relationships among the elasticities of the joint products and the basic commodity are consistent with the traditional theory of derived demand. These relationships may be useful to price analysts and commodity specialists interested in joint product problems.
The Influence of Supervisor Multicultural Competence on the Supervisory Working Alliance, Supervisee Counseling Self‐Efficacy, and Supervisee Satisfaction With Supervision: A Mediation Model

We developed and tested a mediation model depicting relationships among supervisor multicultural competence, the supervisory working alliance, supervisee counseling self-efficacy, and supervisee satisfaction with supervision. Results of structural equation modeling showed that supervisor multicultural competence was related to the supervisory working alliance and that alliance, in turn, was related to supervisee satisfaction with supervision.
Capsule implantation: method for establishing simulated colon carcinoma in rats.

ConclusionA method is presented for implantation of Walker carcinosarcoma 256 into the tip of the cecum of the rat. The technic results in 100% take of the tumor and this tumor parallels many of the characteristics of a human colon carcinoma.
Spectroscopic Data and Model Prediction for Venus and Mars Atmospheres

The Franck-Condon factors (FCF), r-centroids, and vibrational transition probabilities of the C2 Swan (d 3 g { a 3 u), CN Red (B 2 { X ), CN Violet (A i { X 2 ), and CO 4 (A { X ) band systems were calculated from spectroscopic constants for use in NEQAIR 2009 v5. The FCF were compared to values calculated by other researchers from previous years and found mixed results. The lowest vibrational levels were similar but large di erences were seen for various transitions. The new NEQAIR results were compared to previous results and experiments done in NASA Ames’ Electric Arc Shock Tube (EAST) which tested a shock wave travelling 7 to 9 km/s in a gaseous medium of CO2/N2 at around 1 Torr. The regions most a ected by the new values were the vacuum ultra-violet and red regions, again, with mixed results. The CO 4th positive band’s shape was seen to improve but the intensities were below experiment and the C2 Swan matched well causing better agreement in the red region. The blue and infra-red regions showed no appreciable change.
p + D → p + p + n Reaction at 6.5 ≤ E p ≤ 13 MeV

The $D(p, 2p)n$ reaction was studied in a kinematically complete experiment at proton bombarding energies of 6.5-13.0 MeV. Silicon surface-barrier detectors were used to record coincident proton-energy spectra at the two sets of angles ${\ensuremath{\theta}}_{1}={30}^{\ensuremath{\circ}}$, ${\ensuremath{\theta}}_{2}={30}^{\ensuremath{\circ}}$ and ${\ensuremath{\theta}}_{1}={30}^{\ensuremath{\circ}}$, ${\ensuremath{\theta}}_{2}={\ensuremath{\theta}}_{p}$, where ${\ensuremath{\theta}}_{1}$ and ${\ensuremath{\theta}}_{2}$ are on opposite sides of the beam axis and ${\ensuremath{\theta}}_{p}$ is the proton angle corresponding to an $n\ensuremath{-}p$ system with low relative energy recoiling at ${\ensuremath{\theta}}_{1}={30}^{\ensuremath{\circ}}$. The spectra at ${\ensuremath{\theta}}_{1}={30}^{\ensuremath{\circ}}$, ${\ensuremath{\theta}}_{2}={30}^{\ensuremath{\circ}}$ were dominated by the direct knockout or quasifree mechanism and the spectra at ${\ensuremath{\theta}}_{1}={30}^{\ensuremath{\circ}}$, ${\ensuremath{\theta}}_{2}={\ensuremath{\theta}}_{p}$ were dominated by the two-step sequential decay mechanism $p+D\ensuremath{\rightarrow}p+{d}^{*}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}p+p+n$, where ${d}^{*}$ is a short-lived particle composed of a neutron and a proton in a $^{1}S_{0}$ configuration. The Kuckes-Wilson-Cooper form of the spectator-model calculation gives a good qualitative fit to the knockout data. A least-squares fit of three forms of the density-of-states function to the ${E}_{p}=11$ MeV, ${\ensuremath{\theta}}_{1}={30}^{\ensuremath{\circ}}$, ${\ensuremath{\theta}}_{p}={77}^{\ensuremath{\circ}}$ data gave the best result with the renormalized density-of-states function. Including the statistically most significant, independently measured spectra at bombarding energies of 9, 11, 12, and 13 MeV, a neutron-proton singlet scattering length of -23.9\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.8 fm is obtained.
J.E. Birren, and J.J.F. Schroots (Eds.). A History of Geropsychology in Autobiography. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, 2000.

Ce livre regroupe une serie d'autobiographies redigees par des hommes et des femmes qui ont cree et forme le domaine de la geropsychologie. La lecture attentive des textes permet de mieux saisir les facteurs menant a la mise en oeuvre de la discipline. C'est ainsi que nous apprenons quelles forces sociohistoriques ont guide les chercheurs et leur domaine d'activite. On nous rappelle que la geropsychologie est, et a toujours ete, une discipline internationale et plus, qu'elle presente les caracteristiques de l'interdisciplinarite. La determination des pionniers de la geropsychologie a reussir malgre le fait que plusieurs n'avaient pas de formation adequate ni l'appui des institutions dans leurs demarches d'apprentissage du vieillissement ne doit pas etre considere comme une fausse approche d'autodetermination. Un des themes recurrents concerne la reconnaissance du caractere fortuit des evenements dans la vie humaine en general et dans la trajectoire des carrieres individuelles en particulier. Une humilite attachante accompagne la reconnaissance que le succes repose en partie sur le heureux hasard et la chance. D'autres themes nous relient egalement aux auteurs. Ils nous parlent de la signification profonde de l'interet porte a la musique et a l'art. Ils nous presentent des compte-rendus emouvants sur le sens de la famille. Les textes s'enjolivent parfois d'une note d'humour efface. Je recommande fortement a ceux qui s'interessent a la geropsychologie et a ses domaines connexes d'ecouter ces aine(e)s intellectuel(le)s parler d'eux-memes. Les faits s'accompagnent d'un sens historique et d'une identite conceptualisee qui s'integrent a noire demarche de comprehension et d'amelioration de la vie des aine(e)s.
Compact Blue And Green Lasers Based On Nonlinear Optical Processes

Nonlinear optical processes permit the design of miniaturized blue - green laser devices that are pumped by near-infrared sources such as GaAIAs diode lasers. Frequency upconversion of infrared pump light can be achieved by processes that use the nonlinear susceptibility of noncentrosymmetric materials for second harmonic generation or sum-frequency mixing. In addition, two-photon excitation mechanisms including sequential two-step absorption and energy-transfer upconversion can be used to pump visible solid-state lasers with infrared light. The operation of several nonlinear laser devices in the blue - green spectral region has been demonstrated. Intracavity frequency mixing of a 1064-nm Nd:YAG laser and its 809-nm pump source resulted in efficient generation of 459-nm radiation using KTi0PO4 as the nonlinear material. Intracavity frequency doubling of a diode-laser pumped 946-nm Nd:YAG laser was used to generate 473-nm radiation. Two-photon-pumped upconversion lasing at 550nm has been demonstrated in YA10 3 :Er 3+ and YLiF 4 :Er 3+ at temperatures <90K using infrared cw dye lasers near 800nm as pump sources.
How low should we go: A systematic review and meta-analysis of the impact of restrictive red blood cell transfusion strategies in oncology.

Abstract Background Most non-oncologic clinical practice guidelines recommend restrictive allogeneic blood transfusion practices; however, there is a lack of consensus regarding the best transfusion practice in oncology. We conducted a systematic review of the literature to compare the efficacy and safety of restrictive versus liberal transfusion strategies in patients with cancer. Methods A literature search using MEDLINE, PUBMED and EMBASE identified all controlled studies comparing the use of restrictive with liberal transfusion in adult oncology participants up to August 10, 2015. Two review authors independently assessed studies for inclusion, extracted data and appraised the quality of the included studies. The primary outcomes of interest were blood utilization and all-cause mortality. Results Out of 4241 citations, six studies (3 randomized and 3 non-randomized) involving a total of 983 patients were included in the final review. The clinical context of the studies varied with 3 chemotherapy and 3 surgical studies. The overall risk of bias in all studies was moderate to high. Restrictive transfusion strategies were associated with a 36% reduced risk of receiving a perioperative transfusion (risk ratio (RR) 0.64, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.49–0.83). There was no difference in mortality between the strategies (RR 1.00, 95% CI 0.32–3.18). There were no differences in adverse events reported between the restrictive and liberal transfusion strategies. Conclusion Restrictive strategy appears to decrease blood utilization without increasing morbidity or mortality in oncology. This review is limited by a paucity of high quality studies on this topic. Better designed studies are warranted.
Demonstration of complement-dependent and independent systems in immune inactivation of Mycoplasma meleagridis.

The growth of Mycoplasma can be inhibited in the presence of specific immune serum. The inhibition is measured by the prevention of colony formation on solid growth medium where specific antiserum and the organism interact [1-3]. This process does not require complement [1, 3, 4], and the number of inhibited viable organisms is proportional to the amount of antiserum present [1, 2]. A similar phenomenon has been studied in liquid growth medium, and variable results have been reported. One form of inactivation of Mycoplasma by serum factors is characterized by a rapid decrease of viable organisms in liquid medium. The inactivation requires complement [5-9]. The rate of the reaction is independent of the number of organisms present but is dependent on the concentration of antibody and complement [5, 7]. Such inactivation has been shown to be completed within 60 min [5, 7] and is irreversible [7]. More recently, the mechanism of the complement-requiring inactivation of Mycoplasma pneumoniae has been elucidated. The organism is lysed due to damage of its surface membrane by antibody and complement [6]. This mechanism is similar to the complementdependent damage by antibody observed with erythrocytes [10], gram-negative bacteria [11], L-phase variants [12], mammalian cells [13], and viral particles [14-16]. Although less frequently observed, there appears to be another mechanism for inactivation of Mycoplasma by immune serum in liquid medium. This process may be characterized as compl ment-independent [3, 17, 18] and seems to be based on inhibition of multiplication of the organism [18]. The reaction seems to correspond to growth inhibition on agar medium. Thus, the above evidence indicates the existence of two different systems of in-vitro inactivation of Mycoplasma by specific antibody. However, the two inactivation systems have never been shown to occur in a single system. Instead, the ra her specific nature of the test methods used mig t lead one to believe that the two systems are not distinct from each other. This study will present data on complement-dependent and independent systems of inactivation operating simulta eously, but independently, in a broth-assay system with Mycoplasma meleagridis as the test organism.
Band Selection Using Forward Feature Selection Algorithm for Citrus Huanglongbing Disease Detection

, 2015Purpose: This study investigated different band selection methods to classify spectrally similar data - obtained from aerial images of healthy citrus canopies and citrus greening disease (Huanglongbing or HLB) infected canopies - using small differences without unmixing endmember components and therefore without the need for an endmember library. However, large number of hyperspectral bands has high redundancy which had to be reduced through band selection. The objective, therefore, was to first select the best set of bands and then detect citrus Huanglongbing infected canopies using these bands in aerial hyperspectral images. Methods: The forward feature selection algorithm (FFSA) was chosen for band selection. The selected bands were used for identifying HLB infected pixels using various classifiers such as K nearest neighbor (KNN), support vector machine (SVM), naive Bayesian classifier (NBC), and generalized local discriminant bases (LDB). All bands were also utilized to compare results. Results: It was determined that a few well-chosen bands yielded much better results than when all bands were chosen, and brought the classification results on par with standard hyperspectral classification techniques such as spectral angle mapper (SAM) and mixture tuned matched filtering (MTMF). Median detection accuracies ranged from 66-80%, which showed great potential toward rapid detection of the disease. Conclusions: Among the methods investigated, a support vector machine classifier combined with the forward feature selection algorithm yielded the best results.Keywords: Bayesian classification, Hyperspectral, K nearest neighbor, Multi-modal Bayesian classification, Support vector machine
Chronic Anal Pain

Chronic anal pain represents a diagnostic and a therapeutic challenge for the practitioner. Frequently neglected, routinely understudied, poorly understood, and poorly treated, the condition results in considerable morbidity for the patient. This article provides a stepwise diagnostic algorithm to identify the etiology of the anal pain and—as much as feasible—data-driven recommendations for treatment, with special focus on functional etiologies such as levator ani syndrome, myofascial pain, and proctalgia fugax.
Activity recognition and prediction with pose based discriminative patch model

We describe an image based activity recognition solution which can be applied to both off-line video classification and activity prediction in frames. We propose a Pose based Discriminative Patch Model to make activity recognition and prediction on image level (only observing several frames). This model enables a general and flexible framework to add in discriminative patches and consider their mutual relations to an efficient tree structure. PDP makes contribution in two aspects: (1) PDP provides a novel solution to improve activity recognition and prediction, by utilizing pose based discriminative patches instead of pose configuration feature, and modeling the patches' mutual relations. (2) PDP is an image-based algorithm, so it can make predictions using limited frames, even a single image. PDP focuses on challenging data captured from Internet and movies, where we achieve a 6% improvement compared with state-of-the-art method on video level recognition dataset — Sub-JHMDB, and image level action recognition dataset. We also obtain good improvement on activity prediction task.
Oxygen diffusion and atherosclerosis.

That deprivation of oxygen may be a factor in atherogenesis is not a new theory. A review of the hypoxia phenomenon was presented by Heuper (1) in the mid 1940’s. He suggested that the common action of agents which cause vascular injury leading to edema or atherosclerosis is an interference with the oxidative metabolism of the vascular wall.
Vacuum Treatment of Milk

The objective of vacuum treatment of milk is to remove the undesirable flavors and odors usually associated with some feeds to obtain a uniform fluid milk product throughout the year. Milk is subjected to vacuum in one or two chambers; the first of which is a low vacuum (about 10 in. Hg) and the second chamber, a higher vacuum (about 20 in. Hg). Air or steam is used for scrubbing the milk in the first chamber. Proper control of milk flow, steam flow and vacuum are required to avoid dilution or concentration of the product. The ratio of steam condensed in the first chamber to the water vaporized in the second chamber determines the change in concentration of the product. To avoid change in concentration, assuming no heat loss from the chambers, a 1:1 ratio between temperature increase in the first chamber and temperature decrease in the second chamber is required. To provide heat vaporization and removal of components and to account for heat losses from the unit, the outlet temperature must be lower than the inlet temperature. The outlet is usually maintained about 3—5 °F below the inlet temperature to maintain the desired density. An analysis of heat losses is presented. The methods of connecting the vacuum equipment to a h.t.s.t. pasteurizing system are presented. The changes of temperature, heat flow, vacuum, state and removal of vapors are presented. The control mechanism for maintaining desired condition is discussed.