cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Electrochemical Reduction of CO2 to CO Catalyzed by a Bimetallic Palladium Complex

The bis(triphosphine) ligand C6H4{P[CH2CH2P(C6H11)2]2}2, m-(triphos)2 (1), is synthesized by the reaction of m-bis(phosphino)benzene with 4 equiv of vinyldicyclohexylphosphine. Reaction of 1 with 2 equiv of [Pd(CH3CN)4](BF4)2 results in the formation of the bimetallic complex {m-(triphos)2[Pd(CH3CN)]2}(BF4)4 (2). A structural study of 2 confirms the presence of two [Pd(triphosphine)(CH3CN)]2+ substituents at the meta positions of a benzene ring. Complex 2 catalyzes the electrochemical reduction of CO2 to CO in acidic dimethylformamide solutions. The kinetics of this reaction have been studied, and the reaction is 0.5 order in catalyst and first order in CO2. This catalyst exhibits catalytic rates comparable to that of its monometallic analogues. Significantly higher turnover numbers are observed for 2 than observed previously for monometallic, bimetallic, and dendritic complexes of this class of catalysts.
Thyroid hormone alterations among women with posttraumatic stress disorder due to childhood sexual abuse.

Background Research on thyroid activity among male combat veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has consistently shown elevations in total triiodothyronine (TT 3 ) and inconsistent elevations of other thyroid variables. This study is the first large scale investigation of thyroid function in women with PTSD. Methods Thyroid function was measured in 63 women with PTSD due to childhood sexual abuse (PTSD-CSA) in comparison with a community sample of 42 women without current PTSD-CSA. Clinical measures included the Clinician Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS), the Evaluation of Lifetime Stressors, the Trauma Assessment for Adults and the Beck Depression Inventory. Results Women with PTSD-CSA showed significant elevations in Total T 3 and the TT 3 /free thyroxine (TT 3 /FT 4 ) ratio, the FT 3 /TT 3 ratio, and modest reductions in thyroid stimulating hormone relative to our community sample. These findings could not be explained by the influence of prior trauma, lifetime PTSD or depressive symptoms. Conclusions Altered thyroid activity, especially elevated Total T 3 levels, was found in women with PTSD associated with childhood sexual abuse.
DESIRE TO BARGAIN AND NEGOTIATION SUCCESS : LESSONS ABOUT THE NEED TO NEGOTIATE FROM SIX HYDROPOWER DISPUTES

/ We investigated the notion that successful negotiations require that all parties to the dispute must have a desire to bargain. This desire is most likely to be present when the dispute exhibits ripeness and each party believes a bargained solution is the most cost-effective way to resolve differences. Structured interviews of participants in six Federal Energy Regulatory Commission hydropower licensing consultations were conducted to determine the level of need to negotiate for each party. The findings indicate that a need to negotiate is a necessary, but not sufficient, condition for success. Several factors were associated with a need to negotiate: a weak BATNA (best alternative to a negotiated agreement); a salient issue; participants' sense of efficacy; a sense of inevitability; professional roles encouraging negotiation; and disputes about facts as opposed to disputes about values. Participants' need to negotiate fluctuated throughout the process and intensified when questions were ripe: i.e., critical issues were debated or the regulatory process required action.KEY WORDS: Alternative dispute resolution; Federal licenses; Federal Energy Regulatory Commission; Instream flow; Environmental planning
Fatigue life modeling of self-healing polymer systems

Self-healing polymers are a class of materials that have the capability to repair damage to the polymer matrix autonomically. The amount of life extension during the fatigue loading of a self-healing polymer depends on the interaction between the chemical kinetics of the healing system and the damage kinetics of the fatigue loading. Two fatigue life models are presented, one phenomenological model that accurately estimates the fatigue life of the self-healing polymer system examined and one physically based fatigue model that incorporates the polymerization properties of the healing system to determine the expected fatigue life of self-healing polymer systems in general.
Pennsylvanian to Jurassic eolian transportation systems in the western United States

Peterson, F., 1988. Pennsylvanian to Jurassic eolian transportation systems in the western United States. In: G. Kocurek (Editor), Late Paleozoic and Mesozoic Eolian Deposits of the Western Interior of the United States. Sediment Geol., 56: 207-260. The direction of sediment transport in eolian sandstones of Permsylvanian to Jurassic age was interpreted from crossbedding resultants (vector means) obtained from studies of eolian rocks in the western U.S., supplemented by data from the few eolian units of eastern North America. These were compiled from the published or unpublished (theses) hterature, from unpublished fidd data contributed by colleagues, or from measurements made for this study. In addition, new paleogeographic maps were compiled to evaluate the influence of geographic features on the atmospheric circulation patterns that are inferred from the crossbedding studies. Regionally, the crossbedding indicates northeasterly, northerly, or northwesterly winds (present coordinates) from Pennsylvanian through most of Middle Jurassic time. A rather abrupt change in wind directions occurred in late Middle Jurassic time (late part of the CaUovian Age) when westerly wind patterns developed. By the Late Jurassic the winds shifted to southwesterly. Calculations of the consistency factor (vector mean strength) made from region-wide analyses of the resultants indicate fairly unidirectional winds from the Permsylvanian through the Early Jurassic. Middle Jurassic circulation was more varied, judging from crossbedding studies in the lower part of the Entrada Sandstone. Crossbedding in Upper Jurassic eolian rocks of Wyoming and South Dakota yielded a random pattern but Upper Jurassic rocks farther south on the Colorado Plateau and adjoining areas show a return to a fairly unidirectional pattern. Comparing the resultants with their reconstructed paleogeographic setting shows surprisingly little influence of major geographic features on overall circulation patterns. However, the greatest amount of local variation occurred at or near highly indented shorelines where the temperature contrast between land and water produces local wind currents that may vary appreciably from regional circulation patterns. Although they do not cause noticeable horizontal deflections in wind patterns, small and low topographic highs appear to be able to promote the development of a dune field if a source of sand is available and if streams do not enter the growing dune field.
Tough choices in proposed budget for Environmental Protection Agency

President Obama's proposed budget for the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) for fiscal year (FY) 2013 is $8.34 billion, a 1.2% decrease from the agency's 2012 enacted budget. “This budget is focused on fulfilling EPA's core mission to protect health and the environment for millions of American families. It demonstrates the fiscal responsibility called for at this moment, while still supporting clean air, healthy waters, and innovative safeguards that are essential to an America built to last,” said EPA administrator Lisa Jackson in a 13 February briefing announcing the budget proposal. Balancing tight funding environments with EPA's goals “has required taking a step back from programs we have worked on for years, programs were we have had great success,” she said. “There are difficult choices throughout this budget, but they enable us to do what is required for our immediate priorities as well as challenges down the road.”
Production of seemingly Doppler-shifted radiation by time- and space-dependent radiant-energy sources.

Abstract An optical arrangement is sketched which will produce monochromatic beams with frequencies that may be interpreted as corresponding to Doppler-shifted radiation. Thus the existence of monochromatic, Doppler-shifted radiation does not necessarily imply the presence of moving media. Doppler-shifted radiation may, in particular, be produced by appropriately-tailored, time- and space-dependent, “intensity” (i.e. power density) fluctuations viewed under suitably chosen conditions. Hence the presumption that the observation of Doppler-shifted radiation is associated with moving media of well-defined velocities is not unique.
Design, conduct and challenges of a clinical trial utilizing elastic light scattering spectroscopy in the thyroid

Thyroid cancer is the most common endocrine malignancy. The standard of care in the management of a patient with a thyroid nodule is fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNA) with cytological evaluation. While 5-10% of nodules are malignant, 10-25% of FNAs are indeterminate. Consequently, about twice as many patients undergo surgery for a suspicious lesion that turns out to be benign as undergo surgery for a known malignant lesion. A more accurate molecular and ultrastructural based algorithm would be useful to improve diagnostic accuracy. Noninvasive optical tissue diagnosis mediated by fiber-optic probes can be used to perform non-invasive, or minimally-invasive, real-time assessment of tissue pathology in-situ. Elastic light-scattering spectroscopy (ESS) is a point spectroscopic measurement technique, which is sensitive to cellular and subcellular morphological features. Normal and abnormal tissues can generate different spectral signatures as a result of changes in nuclear size, density, and other sub-cellular features, the optical-spectroscopy equivalent of histopathological readings. ESS is optimal for use in the small-volume area as found in thyroid FNA. An important advantage of ESS is that it provides an objective and quantitative assessment of tissue pathology that may not require on-site special expertise and subjective image interpretation as in conventional histopathology. Here we will describe our experience in the clinical application of elastic scattering spectroscopy in the thyroid.
Radiologic Evaluation of Larynx Cancer

The authors present the value of imaging for preoperative evaluation of structures that are not assessed or incompletely assessed on physical and endoscopic examination. Discussed are CT, MRI, and positron emission tomography–CT and the appropriate selection of each method to provide information, including the presence or absence of extent of disease to the pre-epiglottic and paraglottic spaces and the subglottis, cartilage invasion, extralaryngeal spread of disease, nodal metastasis, and tumor volume.
Improved survival modeling in cancer research using a reduced piecewise exponential approach.

Statistical models for survival data are typically nonparametric, e.g., the Kaplan-Meier curve. Parametric survival modeling, such as exponential modeling, however, can reveal additional insights and be more efficient than nonparametric alternatives. A major constraint of the existing exponential models is the lack of flexibility due to distribution assumptions. A flexible and parsimonious piecewise exponential model is presented to best use the exponential models for arbitrary survival data. This model identifies shifts in the failure rate over time based on an exact likelihood ratio test, a backward elimination procedure, and an optional presumed order restriction on the hazard rate. Such modeling provides a descriptive tool in understanding the patient survival in addition to the Kaplan-Meier curve. This approach is compared with alternative survival models in simulation examples and illustrated in clinical studies.
Sequence analysis of small amounts of nonradioactive oligoribonucleotides containing ribose-methylated nucleosides by a combination of 3H- and 32P-labeling techniques☆

Abstract The oligonucleotides A-G-A-Cm-U and Gm-A-A-Y-A-ψ were used as model compounds to demonstrate how the complete nucleotide sequence of small amounts of nonradioactive oligoribonucleotides (0.2–0.3 nmol) can be derived by a combination of 3 H-labeling procedures previously published and a new method for the characterization of 2′- O -methylated nucleosides based on enzymatic 32 P labeling. The newly developed method for the identification of ribose-methylated nucleosides entails 32 P labeling by [γ- 32 P]ATP/polynucleotide kinase of the 5′-terminus of a ribonuclease T 2 -stable 2′- O -methylated dinucleotide derived from the polyribonucleotide, conversion of the labeled dinucleotide to the 32 P-labeled 2′- O -methylated nucleoside 5′-monophosphate, and identification of the monophosphate by its chromatographic properties on a polyethyleneimine-cellulose thin layer. The novel method is simple, fast, and sensitive and, at present, represents the only way by which ribose-methylated nucleosides can be analyzed in small amounts (0.01 nmol) of nonradioactive oligonculeotides or RNA.
Stress predictions for flexible pavement systems

The present study proposes a method for predicting stresses in pavements under vehicular loadings. The proposed method characterizes each pavement layer by a coefficient of lateral stress, which is similar to the commonly used coefficient of lateral earth pressure (K). Stress predictions found by the proposed method are compared with stress predictions calculated by conventional linear elastic techniques. Each conventional solution is shown to represent a special case of the more global proposed solution. Several instrumented test sections are explored to determine coefficients of lateral stress for common paving materials.
Transfer Learning across Feature-Rich Heterogeneous Feature Spaces via Feature-Space Remapping (FSR)

Transfer learning aims to improve performance on a target task by utilizing previous knowledge learned from source tasks. In this paper we introduce a novel heterogeneous transfer learning technique, Feature-Space Remapping (FSR), which transfers knowledge between domains with different feature spaces. This is accomplished without requiring typical feature-feature, feature instance, or instance-instance co-occurrence data. Instead we relate features in different feature-spaces through the construction of metafeatures. We show how these techniques can utilize multiple source datasets to construct an ensemble learner which further improves performance. We apply FSR to an activity recognition problem and a document classification problem. The ensemble technique is able to outperform all other baselines and even performs better than a classifier trained using a large amount of labeled data in the target domain. These problems are especially difficult because, in addition to having different feature-spaces, the marginal probability distributions and the class labels are also different. This work extends the state of the art in transfer learning by considering large transfer across dramatically different spaces.
Steel casting nozzles with insert feeders for continuous steel casting

The feeding devices of the design described satisfy the requirements for single-jet continuous casting of steel with high or low consumption, and also with multijet and low consumption of metal (up to 150 kg/min).
Excitation energies, polarizabilities, multipole transition rates, and lifetimes in Th IV

Excitation energies of the ns{sub 1/2} (n=7-10), np{sub j} (n=7-9), nd{sub j} (n=6-8), nf{sub j} (n=5-7), and ng{sub j} (n=5,6) states in Th IV are evaluated. First-, second-, third-, and all-order Coulomb energies and first- and second-order Coulomb-Breit energies are calculated. Reduced matrix elements, oscillator strengths, transition rates, and lifetimes are determined for the 96 possible nl{sub j}-n{sup '}l{sub j{sup ''}} electric-dipole transitions. Multipole matrix elements (7s{sub 1/2}-6d{sub j}, 7s{sub 1/2}-5f{sub j}, and 5f{sub 5/2}-5f{sub 7/2}) are evaluated to obtain the lifetimes of the 5f{sub 7/2} and 7s{sub 1/2} states. Matrix elements are calculated using both relativistic many-body perturbation theory, complete through third order, and a relativistic all-order method restricted to single and double excitations. Scalar and tensor polarizabilities for the 5f{sub 5/2} ground state in Th{sup 3+} are calculated using relativistic third-order and all-order methods. These calculations provide a theoretical benchmark for comparison with experiment and theory.
Pneumococcal serum opsonizing activity in splenectomized children.

of the distribution of weakness involving glossal musculature is unknown. Other genetically related associations with familial infantile myasthenia gravis include mental retardation, familial hypoand hyperthyroidism, and rheumatoid arthritis? An occasional child with myasthenia gravis may have a spontaneous remission even after many years of illness. By contrast, the requirements for medication in our patient have steadily increased. Treatment with anticholinergic drugs has been maintained. Thymectomy has not been performed. There are no published data available on thymectomy in the congenital or infantile familial forms of myasthenia gravis, and no associated thymic neoplasm has ever been reported. The association of episodes of myasthenic crises with intercurrent fever has been striking in our patient. Episodes of severe bulbar failure have almost always accompanied an identifiable infection, usually recurrent acute otitis media. Infantile familial myasthenia gravis should be considered a preventable cause of infantile mortality. Signs of dysphagia, airway obstruction, and hypotonia in the newborn or young infant should lead to a consideration of myasthenia gravis and anticholinesterase drugs should be administered to infants who appear with such a history under conditions which include severe ventilatory failure. Although there are few published photographs of myasthenic infants, the facial appearance of children with infantile myasthenia gravis may strongly aid in diagnosis.
Free energy and vapour-liquid equilibria for a quadrupolar Lennard-Jones fluid

Monte Carlo (MC) calculations using umbrella sampling are reported for the free energy of a fluid of Lennard-Jones (LJ) molecules having an embedded quadrupole of strength Q*2=Q 2/eσ5=2·0. A wide range of temperatures and densities are studied for systems of 32 and 108 molecules, and the vapourliquid coexistence curve is calculated. System size is found to have very little effect, except on the coexistence curve close to the critical point. The MC results are compared with the predictions of the Pade approximant and generalized mean field (GMF—also known as the linearized hypernetted chain) theory. Good agreement is obtained at high temperatures, but the agreement is rather poorer at lower temperatures. The Pade theory is in better overall agreement with the MC calculations than is the GMF theory. The agreement of these theories with MC results is much better than for the dipolar hard sphere system, presumably because of the use of the LJ in place of the hard sphere model.
A conceptualization of the consumer behavior discipline

Consumer behavior, as a social science discipline, is analyzed from a developmental perspective. Seven developmental levels or stages are identified reflecting the growing role of consumer behavior study in applied social settings. A classification schema is also presented in an attempt to categorize consumer behavior research
Antimicrobial Fibers Created via Polycarboxylic Acid Durable Press Finishing

An N-halamine precursor, m-aminophenyl hydantoin (m-APH), which was rendered antimicrobial through exposure to chlorine bleach, was synthesized and was applied on cotton fabric using polycarboxylic acids as crosslinking agents. Particularly, 1,2,3,4-butanetetracarboxylic acid (BTCA) with m-APH treated cotton fabric resulted in the highest increased wrinkle recovery angle and chlorine content simultaneously. Durability and rechargeability were measured through an AATCC test method and antimicrobial efficacy of BTCA/m-APH treated cotton fabric against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria showed a 6 log reduction within 1 min of contact time.
When it comes to teaching about floating and sinking, preservice elementary teachers do not have to feel as though they are drowning!

Preservice elementary teachers often lack science content knowledge and consequently the confidence to teach science. A three-phase constructivist teaching sequence was used in a graduate level elementary science methods course to improve preservice teachers’ knowledge of density and to provide a model for approaching the teaching of science. Preservice teachers (N=23) showed gains in content knowledge between the pretest and a posttest administered fifteen weeks apart. Additionally, their self-reported confidence levels increased as did their recognition of the need to approach science teaching by probing students’ prior knowledge and exploring students’ ideas in non-threatening learning environments.
Association of Over-Expressed Estrogen Receptor Alpha with Development of Tamoxifen Resistant Hyperplasia and Adenocarcinomas in Genetically Engineered Mice.

Background:Estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) and cyclin D1 are frequently co-expressed in human breast cancer. Some, but not all, studies link tamoxifen resistance to co-expression of cyclin D1 and ERα. In mice over-expression of either cyclin D1 or ERα in mammary epithelial cells is sufficient to induce mammary hyperplasia. Cyclin D1 overexpression in mice leads to mammary adenocarcinoma associated with activated estrogen signaling pathways. ERα over-expression in mice leads to mammary hyperplasia and cancer. Significantly, disease development in these mice is abrogated by loss of cyclin D1. Methods: Genetically engineered mouse models were used to determine whether or not ERα over-expression demonstrated cooperativity with cyclin D1 over-expression in cancer development, reaction to the chemical carcinogen DMBA, or tamoxifen response. Results: Adding ERα over-expression to cyclin D1 over-expression increased the prevalence of hyperplasia but not cancer. Single dose DMBA exposure did not increase cancer prevalence in any of the genotypes although cyclin D1 over-expressing mice demonstrated a significant increase in hyperplasia. Tamoxifen treatment was initiated at both young and older ages to test for genotype-specific differences in response. Although normal ductal structures regressed in all genotypes at both younger and older ages, tamoxifen did not significantly reduce the prevalence of either hyperplasia or cancer in any of the genotypes. All of the cancers that developed were hormone receptor positive, including those that developed on tamoxifen, and all showed expression of nuclear-localized cyclin D1. In summary, development of tamoxifen resistant hyperplasia and cancer was associated with expression of ERα and cyclin D1. Conclusion: These preclinical models will be useful to test strategies for overcoming tamoxifen resistance, perhaps by simultaneously targeting cell cycle regulatory pathways associated with cyclin D1.
Rational Choice and Erratic Behaviour

In this paper we show that rational choice in a stationary environment can lead to erratic behaviour when preferences depend on experience. We mean by erratic behaviour choice sequences that do not converge to a long-run stationary value or to any periodic pattern. Early investigations of the effects of experience on choice goes back to Pareto (see also Benhabib (1979)); some Keynesian theories of the consumption function incorporate the effects of experience and habit formation on current levels of consumption (Duesenberry (1949), Modigliani (1949) and Brown (1952)); a general model of experience dependent choice was described in Day (1970) and investigated in Day and Kennedy (1971) while the specific issue of the existence of stable representable long-run consumer demand when tastes vary endogenously has been treated by Gorman (1967), Pollak (1970, 1976), Weizsaicker (1971), McCarthy (1974) and Hammond (1976). Pollak gave conditions for the representability of long-run choice when the equations of preference dependence are linear and utility additive. Hammond, in a generalization of these findings, provides conditions for stable, representable long run choice when preferences are acyclic, a condition which in essence assures convergence to a long-run choice.
Supported aqueous-phase enzymatic catalysis in organic media

The use of partially hydrated porous silica particles has been studied as a support for cofactor-dependent enzymatic catalysis in organic solvents. At an optimal pore hydration corresponding to 70% pore volume, horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase catalyzes the oxidation and reduction of alcohols and aldehydes, respectively, with rates sixfold higher than with nonporous glass beads as the enzymatic support and with cofactor recycling numbers in excess of 105. Thus, supported aqueous-phase enzymatic catalysis makes highly effective use of the enzyme and cofactor by coimmobilization and by providing a high interfacial area for reactions in organic media.
Obese women with binge eating disorder define the term binge

Objective The purpose of this study was to provide information regarding the criteria used by women with binge eating disorder (BED) to classify an eating episode a binge. Method: Sixty women who met DSM-IV research criteria for BED were interviewed and asked to define binge eating in their own words. Two independent raters classified subjects' responses according to a structured classification scheme. Results: Loss of control over eating was the only criterion used to define binge eating by a majority (82%) of our subjects. Large amount of food and eating to relieve negative affect were reported less frequently, but appeared to be important criteria. Discussion: The findings from this study are important to consider in an evaluation of the proposed DSM-IV research criteria for BED. © 1998 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 24: 313–317, 1998.
Analysis on Slagging Property of Coal-Fired Boiler and the Countermeasures

Slagging in furnace is a multiple problem that affects the safety, reliability and economy of unit operation in the coal-fired power plant. This paper focused on the cause, hazards and preventive measures of the slagging problem, and then gave the corresponding measures on slagging examples in one power plant by researching deeply on factors that might cause slagging.
Foreign Exchange Management and Allocation Systems in Developing Countries: Lessons of the African Experience

: This paper reviews various foreign exchange management and allocation systems in developing countries, with particular reference to recent experiences in Africa. In view of these experiences, it proposes an administrative system of exchange rate determination and foreign exchange distribution, through a competitive bidding process. Resume: Cet aritcle qui passe en revue les differents systemes de gestion et d'allocation de devises ayant cours dans les pays en developpement, a pour point focal l'experience recente des pays africains dans ce domaine. En s'inspirant de cette experience, l'auteur propose un systeme adiministratif permetant de determiner le taus de change et de repartir les ressorces en devises parun processus d'appel a la concurrence.
Memory for Nonsemantic Attributes of American Sign Language Signs and English Words.

Two recognition memory experiments were used to study the retention of language and modality of input. A bilingual list of American Sign Language signs and English words was presented to two deaf groups, one instructed to remember mode of input, and one hearing group. A similar list of auditory and visual words was presented to two hearing groups. Test list items were in either the same or different mode. False recognition data provided evidence for semantic organization of signs in long term memory. Instructions did not affect recognition performance. Several results taken together bring about the speculation that both language and modality information are stored in the same way, that the processes used to encode items are themselves stored.
Supplying Trade Reform: Political Institutions and Liberalization in Middle‐Income Presidential Democracies

Correcting the relative lack of attention to the supply side of trade policy, this article addresses how political institutions channel societal demands for protection. I hypothesize that strong presidents with significant legislative powers and strong party leaders—empowered through electoral rules that rein in the personal vote—can help overcome protectionist biases. These arguments compare with two institutional alternatives: first, that protectionism should decrease as electoral district size grows because elections become more proportional; and second, that the collective-action problems in fragmented party systems thwart trade reform. I evaluate these hypotheses empirically using pooled time-series–cross-sectional data involving 18 developing countries from 1971 to 1997. I find that delegation to presidents and party leaders is significantly related to trade liberalization, and some evidence suggests that the effective number of parties and the size of electoral districts may also influence levels of protectionism.
Extended Ultraviolet Disks and Ultraviolet-bright Disks in Low-mass E/S0 Galaxies

We have identified 15 extended ultraviolet (XUV) disks in a largely field sample of 38 E/S0 galaxies that have stellar masses primarily below ~4 × 10^(10) M_☉ and comparable numbers on the red and blue sequences. We use a new purely quantitative XUV-disk definition designed with reference to the "Type 1" XUV-disk definition found in the literature, requiring UV extension relative to a UV-defined star formation threshold radius. The 39% ± 9% XUV-disk frequency for these E/S0s is roughly twice the ~20% reported for late-type galaxies (although differences in XUV-disk criteria complicate the comparison), possibly indicating that XUV disks are preferentially associated with galaxies experiencing weak or inefficient star formation. Consistent with this interpretation, we find that the XUV disks in our sample do not correlate with enhanced outer-disk star formation as traced by blue optical outer-disk colors. However, UV-Bright (UV-B) disk galaxies with blue UV colors outside their optical 50% light radii do display enhanced optical outer-disk star formation as well as enhanced atomic gas content. UV-B disks occur in our E/S0s with a 42^(+9)_–8% frequency and need not coincide with XUV disks; thus their combined frequency is 61% ± 9%. For both XUV and UV-B disks, UV colors typically imply <1 Gyr ages, and most such disks extend beyond the optical R_(25) radius. XUV disks occur over the full sample mass range and on both the red and blue sequences, suggesting an association with galaxy interactions or another similarly general evolutionary process. In contrast, UV-B disks favor the blue sequence and may also prefer low masses, perhaps reflecting the onset of cold-mode gas accretion or another mass-dependent evolutionary process. Virtually all blue E/S0s in the gas-rich regime below stellar mass M_t ~ 5 × 10^9 M_☉ (the "gas-richness threshold mass") display UV-B disks, supporting the previously suggested association of this population with active disk growth.
Demonstration of a Helical Armature for a Superconducting Generator

This is a report on the design, construction and testing of an experimental helical armature for a superconducting generator. Rated at 60 kVA, this armature was built to be operated in conjunction with the rotor of the first experimental superconducting machine built at MIT. It incorporates, in addition to the helical winding form, a high density edge-brazed end turn geometry, molded bar groups, and silicone fluid coolant and insulation impregnant. Tests showed that the thermal performance of the armature was within reasonable limits, magnetic analyses leading to the computation of reactance and voltage generation were approximately correct. No abnormal core heating was observed.
Adult moyamoya disease in an urban center in the United States is associated with a high burden of watershed ischemia

Background Adult moyamoya disease is rare in the United States, and patients mostly present with cerebral ischemia. However, clinical and neurodiagnostic correlates of ischemia are not well known in this population. We sought to characterize the clinical and radiographic features of moyamoya disease in a large urban center in the United States, with a focus on angiographic and neuroimaging patterns of ischemia. Methods and Results We retrospectively reviewed charts of consecutive adult moyamoya disease patients evaluated at 2 centers in Houston, Texas from January 2002 to December 2011. We reviewed all available cerebral angiograms and neuroimaging studies to evaluate the Suzuki grades, presence of intracranial hemorrhage or ischemia, infarct patterns, and vascular territory distribution. Our analysis was mainly descriptive. We identified 31 adults with moyamoya disease who met our inclusion criteria. The female-to-male ratio was 2.4:1. The majority of patients were white, followed by Hispanic, black, and Asian. Most presented with ischemia (61%), followed by headaches, and intracranial hemorrhage. Of the 22 patients with available neuroimaging, 72.7% had ischemic findings, with the vast majority having a watershed pattern (81.3%). Conclusions We observed a high burden of ischemia, mostly watershed pattern on neuroimaging in our adult moyamoya disease patients. Long-term monitoring of adult moyamoya disease patients in the United States would be useful to better understand the natural history of this condition.
Sample rotation during depth profiling with secondary ion mass spectrometry

Depth profiles obtained using secondary ion mass spectrometry with O2+ primary ions and without sample rotation have been measured for Mg-implanted GaAs, B- and 2H-implanted bulk Mo, a deposited Ni/SiO2 interface and for a molecular-beam-epitaxy-grown structure consisting of monolayers of AIAs in GaAs. For the Mg-implanted GaAs sample profiled without rotation, secondary ion yield changes associated with the development of surface ripples distorted both the matrix an implant profiles. Rotation of the sample during profiling prevented the formation of; surface ripples and, therefore, the associated yield changes. For the bulk Mo sample, surface roughness developed for both rotated and stationary samples. However, with sample rotation, the roughness was considerable reduced and, consequently, depth resolution for the implant profiles was improved. Similarly, the resolution of the Ni/SiO2 interface was greatly increased using sample rotation. For the monolayer AIAs/GaAs sample, profiles were obtained with low primary ion primary ion energy and large angle of incidence with respect to the surface normal in order to optimize the depth resolution. Under these conditions without sample rotation, uneven sputtering by spatially averaging the ion current density, thereby providing good depth resolution of the AIAs monolayers almost without degradation.
Liquidity, Return and Order‐Flow Linkages Between REITs and the Stock Market

This article represents the first exploration of liquidity and order flow spillovers across New York Stock Exchange stocks and real estate investment trusts (REITs). Impulse response functions and Granger causality tests indicate the existence of persistent liquidity spillovers running from REITs to non-REITs. Specifically, REIT liquidity indicators are forecastable from non-REIT ones, at both daily and monthly horizons. I also provide evidence of a liquidity premium inherent in REIT returns. While REIT prices appear to be set efficiently in that neither REIT nor non-REIT order flows forecast REIT returns, I find that order flows and returns in the stock market negatively forecast REIT order flows. This result is consistent with the notion that real estate markets are viewed as substitute investments for the stock market, which causes down-moves in the stock market to increase money flows to the REIT market.
Dietary poultry fat, phytase, and 25-hydroxycholecalciferol influence the digestive and reproductive organ characteristics of commercial layers inoculated before or at the onset of lay with F-strain Mycoplasma gallisepticum

Effects of 2 supplemental concentrations of dietary poultry fat (PF) and the combination of PF, phytase (PHY), and 25-hydroxycholecalciferol [25(OH)D] on the gross digestive and reproductive organ characteristics of commercial layers inoculated with F-strain Mycoplasma gallisepticum (FMG) were investigated in 2 trials. Sham and FMG inoculations were administered at 12 wk (before lay) or 22 wk (onset of lay), dietary treatments [basal control diet (BCD); BCD with 0.75% supplemental PF (LPFD); BCD with 1.50% supplemental PF (HPFD); HPFD additionally supplemented with 0.013% PHY and 0.025% 25(OH)D] were initiated at 20 wk of age, and organ characteristics were determined at 58 wk of age. In proportion to small intestine weight, jejuna were heavier in birds inoculated at 22 wk rather than at 12 wk of age. In hens inoculated at 22 wk of age, percentage of infundibulum weight was increased by FMG. The proportional length of infundibula in birds fed HPFD with PHY and 25(OH)D was longer than in those fed LPFD. In birds inoculated with FMG at 22 wk of age, BW was greater in those fed HPFD with or without added PHY and 25(OH)D in comparison with those fed LPFD, whereas LPFD increased percentage of oviduct and magnum weights when compared with the HPFD and BCD groups, respectively. Percentage of duodenum weight in birds that were fed HPFD with PHY and 25(OH)D was greater compared with those fed LPFD in the wk 22 sham and wk 12 FMG inoculation groups, but was also greater than in those fed BCD in the wk 12 FMG inoculation group. Conversely, percentage of duodenum weight was greater in birds fed LPFD compared with those fed HPFD after a wk 22 FMG inoculation. However, despite the effects of the supplemental combination of 1.50% PF, PHY, and 25(OH)D on the oviduct and small intestine structures, it did not result in a subsequent influence on layer performance, as indicated in a previous companion report.
Polyaromatic pyrazines: Synthesis and thermogravimetric analysis

The syntheses of five polyaromatic pyrazine polymers are described. These polymers were synthesized by the condensation of bis-α-haloaromatic ketones with ammonia in N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMAc) solvent in the presence of air or peroxides. The condensation of bis-p-(α-bromoacetyl)benzene (IIIa), bis-p,p′-(α-chloroacetyl)biphenyl (IIIb) bis-p,p′-(α-chloroacetyl)diphenyl ether (IIIc), bis-p,p′-(α-chloroacetyl)diphenylmethane (IIId), and α,α′-dibenzoyl-α,α′-dibromo-p-xylene (V) under these reaction conditions gave poly[2,5-(1,4-phenylene)pyrazine] (IVa), poly[2,5-(4,4′-biphenylene)-pyrazine] (IVb), poly[2,5-(4,4′-oxydiphenylene)pyrazine] (IVc), poly[2,5-(4,4′-methylenediphenylene)pyrazine] (IVd), and poly[2,5-(1,4-phenylene)-3,6-diphenylpyrazine] (VI), respectively. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) of these polymers showed them to be thermally stable up to the temperature range of 450–550°C in air for short periods of time. The inherent viscosities of these polymers ranged from 0.18 to 1.30.
The prognostic value of the heart rate response to adenosine in relation to diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease.

Background Myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) is a useful method for risk assessment in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) and chronic kidney disease (CKD), but these patients have a residual risk that is not accounted for by MPI. The objective of this study is to determine whether the heart rate response (HRR) to adenosine has an incremental prognostic value to MPI in high-risk patients. Methods The study group included 879 (age 61 ± 13 years, 48% women, 58% white, 40% DM, 49% CKD) consecutive patients who underwent adenosine MPI. Chronic kidney disease was defined as an estimated glomerular filtration rate 2 or dialysis replacement therapy. An HRR Results During a follow-up period of 40 ± 14 months, 212 patients (24%) died. Patients with DM (23.4% ± 16.3% vs 29.4% ± 21.4%, P P P P Conclusions A blunted HRR to adenosine is an independent predictor of poor outcome, adds incremental value to MPI, and helps in better risk stratification in high-risk patient groups.
Diagnosing systems modeled with piecewise linear constraints

Most approaches to model-based diagnosis use incomplete constraint satisfaction techniques and are therefore incomplete. It is shown here how diagnostics may be considered as a general constraint satisfaction problem. Provided the system to be repaired is modeled with piecewise linear constraints on real variables, it is possible to give a clear characterization of the conflict set. Furthermore, a complete algorithm to find every conflict is described. This algorithm is an original and elegant solution to the diagnostic problem. Moreover, it can be used in order to build a compiled form of the initial model. Once this compiled model has been obtained, all the possible faults of a given system can be identified quite easily. >
Values and Display Rules for Specific Emotions

Based on the CAD Triad Hypothesis (Rozin, Lowery, Imada, & Haidt, 1999), the authors hypothesized relationships between specific values and display rules for specific emotions. In particular, the authors proposed that Conservation and Self-Enhancement would be related to the display rule to express contempt, Conservation would be related to the display rule to express disgust, and Openness to Change and Self-Transcendence would be related to the display rules to express anger and sadness. To test this framework and its cross-cultural applicability, the present study examines values and emotional display rules among 106 U.S. Americans and 77 Germans. As predicted, Americans valued Conservation and Self-Enhancement more than did Germans, who valued Openness to Change and Self-Transcendence more than did Americans. These value differences were associated with differences in display rules; Americans endorsed contempt and disgust expressions more than did Germans, who endorsed anger and sadness expressions mor...
ASSOCIATION OF SOME QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE TRAITS IN CHICKENS

Abstract INTRODUCTION INVESTIGATIONS of possible linkages between various qualitative and quantitative traits in the fowl and the importance of such have resulted in some conflicting reports. More evidence is needed to demonstrate the existence or non-existence of some of these associations and to show their relative importance. Pearl (1912) postulated that fecundity in the fowl was a simply inherited trait due to one autosomal and one sex-linked factor. However, Punnett (1930), using the sex-linked marker genes for barring and silver found no evidence for an association between these and Pearl’s sex-linked fecundity factor. Kan et al. (1959) compared pea vs. single comb with six metric traits and found no significant effects although housing weight approached a significantly heavier weight for the single comb group. Collins et al. (1961) and Smith (1961) found single comb birds heavier than pea comb in juvenile weight; by contrast, however, Siegel and Dudley (1963) found the…
Compared with What? The Effects of Different Comparisons on Conceptual Knowledge and Procedural Flexibility for Equation Solving.

Researchers in both cognitive science and mathematics education emphasize the importance of comparison for learning and transfer. However, surprisingly little is known about the advantages and disadvantages of what types of things are being compared. In this experimental study, 162 seventh- and eighth-grade students learned to solve equations (a) by comparing equivalent problems solved with the same solution method, (b) by comparing different problem types solved with the same solution method, or (c) by comparing different solution methods to the same problem. Students' conceptual knowledge and procedural flexibility were best supported by comparing solution methods and to a lesser extent by comparing problem types. The benefits of comparison are augmented when examples differ on relevant features, and contrasting methods may be particularly useful in mathematics learning.
The Effect of Sediment Grain Size on Bacterial Communities in Streams

AbstractSediment bacteria are ubiquitous and important to the cycling of organic matter and nutrients in streams. We experimentally investigated the effect of sediment grain size on bacterial communities by using artificial substrata of different sizes incubated in a northeast Ohio (USA) stream. We examined abundances of specific bacterial taxa with fluorescent in situ hybridization. In general, taxon abundances were highest on 5.0-mm particles and lowest on 0.1-mm particles, and all taxa responded similarly to particle size. Few differences in abundance were found between substrata incubated in a pool or riffle in the stream or between substrata with or without organic matter amendment. Particle surface area and particle packing (sediment permeability) both affected bacterial abundance in our experiments. However, our results suggest that other factors, such as chemistry of interstitial spaces and susceptibility to predation, also contribute to differences in abundance among substrata of different partic...
Symptomatic rickets in adolescence

AIM—To describe 21 cases of symptomatic rickets in adolescents. METHODS—The setting was a primary and secondary care hospital in Saudi Arabia providing medical care to Saudi Arab company employees and their families. Cases of symptomatic rickets diagnosed between January 1996 and December 1997 in adolescents aged 10 to 15 years were assessed with respect to clinical presentation, biochemical and radiological evaluation, dietary assessment, and estimation of sun exposure. RESULTS—Symptomatic rickets developed in 21 adolescents (20 females), with a prevalence rate of 68 per 100 000 children years. Presentation included carpopedal spasms (n = 12), diffuse limb pains (n = 6), lower limbs deformities (n = 2), and generalised weakness (n = 1). Biochemical findings included hypocalcaemia (n = 19), hypophosphoraemia (n = 9), raised serum alkaline phosphatase (n = 21) and parathormone (n = 7), and reduced 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations (n = 7). Radiological studies were suggestive of rickets in only eight children. All children had an inadequate dietary calcium and vitamin D intake. All but one had less than 60 minutes sun exposure per day. CONCLUSION—Even in sunny climates, adolescents, especially females, can be at risk of rickets. Hypocalcaemic tetany and limb pains were the most common presenting symptoms. Radiological evidence was not present in every case.
Temporal covariance model of human motion perception

We propose a model of direction-sensitive units in human vision. It is a modified and elaborated version of a model by Reichardt [ Z. Naturforsch. Teil B12, 447 ( 1957)]. The model is applied to threshold experiments in which subjects view adjacent vertical bars with independently (typically sinusoidally), temporally modulated luminances. The subject must report whether the patterns moved to the left or to the right. According to the model, a basic motion-detecting unit consists of two subunits tuned to opposite directions. Each performs a spatial and temporal linear filtering of its input; outputs of the filters are multiplied, and the multiplied output is integrated (for a time that is long relative to the modulation period). The model’s output consists of the difference between the subunit outputs. Direction of movement is indicated by the sign of the model output. Mathematical analysis of the model yielded several predictions that were confirmed experimentally. Specifically, we found that (1) performance with complex patterns can be predicted by spatiotemporal Fourier analysis that results in the segregation and linear addition in the output for different temporal frequencies; (2) under special conditions, performance depends on the product of adjacent bar amplitudes, offering strong support for the multiplication principle; (3) performance is unaffected by addition of stationary patterns; and (4) addition of homogeneous flicker normally produces no effect but under special conditions reverses perceived direction. These and other results confirm our model and reject several other models, including Reichardt’s original model.