cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Municipal Solid Waste Fueled Power Generation in China: A Case Study of Waste-to-Energy in Changchun City

With rapid economic growth and massive urbanization in China, many cities face the problem of municipal solid waste (MSW) disposal. With the lack of space for new landfills, waste-to-energy incineration is playing an increasingly important role in waste management. Incineration of MSW from Chinese cities presents some unique challenges because of its low calorific value (3000-6700 kJ/kg) and high water content (approximately 50%). This study reports a novel waste-to-energy incineration technology based on co-firing of MSW with coal in a grate-circulating fluidized bed (CFB) incinerator, which was implemented in the Changchun MSW power plant. In 2006, two 260 ton/day incinerators incinerated 137,325 tons, or approximately one/sixth of the MSW generated in Changchun, saving more than 0.2 million m3 landfill space. A total of 46.2 million kWh electricity was generated (38,473 tons lignite was also burned as supplementary fuel), with an overall fuel-to-electricity efficiency of 14.6%. Emission of air pollutants including particulate matters, acidic gases, heavy metals, and dioxins was low and met the emission standards for incinerators. As compared to imported incineration systems, this new technology has much lower capital and operating costs and is expected to play a role in meeting China's demands for MSW disposal and alternative energy.
Fine Line Photolithography and Ultra High Density Package Substrate for Next Generation System-on-Package (SOP)

Rapid changes will continue in the trend toward system integration and microminiaturization. System-on-a package (SOP) is a highly integrated packaging solution based on embedding thin film passive and active components in ultra high density build-up substrates. The SOP-substrate provides a platform leading to system multi-functional and microminiaturization which demands additional wiring capability for routing chips and interconnecting embedded components. Fine line photolithography with I-line UV light is the key enabling technology to achieve the required wiring density on substrate at low cost. We have studied the fundamentals of fine image transfer by I-line photolithography based on proximity exposure. The relationship of achievable minimum feature size and gap distance between photo-mask and photo resist was investigated by calculations and experiments. Calculation showed that as fine as 2 mum line and space could be achievable on an 8 mum thick photo resist at gap of zero. While experimental results showed that 6 mum line and space was obtained with gap of zero and 10 mum line and space was obtained at gap of 60 mum. 60 mum is the maximum gap for resolving sub-10 mum line and space by I-line photolithography. Fine line categories for package substrate and related technologies are summarized. Finally we demonstrate a build-up layer having extremely high wiring capability for 100 mum pitch area array flip chip with 3 copper routing lines per pitch and 1,600 bumps per layer for satisfying year 2010 semiconductor roadmap microprocessor requirements.
Fast-ion conducting Y2(ZryTi1−y)2O7 pyrochlores: neutron Rietveld analysis of disorder induced by Zr substitution

Abstract The structure of Y 2 (Zr y Ti 1- y ) 2 O 7 solid solutions progressively changes, with increasing y , from an ordered pyrochlore structure A 2 B 2 O 7 □, space group Fd 3 m , to a deflect-fluorite structure (A, B) 4 (O 0.875 □ 0.125 ) 8 , space group Fm 3 m , at y = 0.90. The anion array consists of three independent sites O(1), O(2), and O(3), occupying positions 48f, 8a and 8b, respectively, of which 8b is unoccupied in a fully ordered pyrochlore. Rietveld powder-profile analysis of data collected with 1.5453-A thermal neutrons was used to determine the structural state of four samples with increasing Zr content ( y = 0.30, 0.45, 0.60, and 0.90). Refinements that employed only the pyrochlore superstructure intensity data provided weighted profile residuals that ranged 8.06 to 8.67% compared with expected values of 7.13 to 7.87% derived from counting statistics. The onset of disorder at y = 0.30 is marked by filling of the vacant 8b site with oxygen ions displaced from the nearest-neighbor anion shell—i.e., O(1) in 48f. Only for y > 0.45 does O(2) participate in the disorder. Mixing of the occupancy of cation sites A and B begins only with under occupancy of the O(2) site. The eight-coordinated A site, position 16c, is occupied solely by Y for y ≤ 0.45 and is predominantly Y at y = 0.60. The substituted Zr 4+ thus replaces Ti 4+ in the six-coordinated B site for most of the solid-solution series, Complete mixing of all three cation species occurs abruptly over the narrow compositional range 0.60 y ≤ 0.90. The disordered structural states cannot be described by a single-order parameter. The O(1) ion is displaced 0.46 A toward the vacant O(3) site in the ordered pyrochlore at y = 0. The displacement relaxes to the ideal position of the fluorite structure with a quadratic dependence on y . Increase of the anisotropic temperature-factor coefficients with y indicates general softening of the structure with increased disorder. The array of O(1) ions forms a continuous path for migration of anions through the structure. The magnitude and composition dependence of the reported change of ionic conductivity with y may be satisfactorily explained by the variation of the product of charge-carrier concentration and vacancy concentration N ( N - 1), where N is taken as the site occupancy of O(1).
Deposition and accumulation of plutonium isotopes in Antarctica

DATA on the deposition of plutonium isotopes are presented here from the atmosphere at Dome C (123°10′E, 74°39′S; 3,214m elevation) on the high Antarctic plateau. Plutonium isotopes are among the anthropogenic chemicals that have become global contaminants1–3 and it is, therefore, important to gain a historical perspective to their worldwide dispersion. The analysis of successive layers of permanent snow fields permits the determination of both present and historical fluxes of anthropogenic chemicals and other contaminants that are dispersed through the atmosphere3–6. Dome C is an ideal site for such studies: annual precipitation at Dome C is of the order of 3.7 g H2O cm−2 (ref. 7), considerably lower than the mean annual deposition of 15.5 g H2O cm−2 over the entire continent8. The mean annual temperature is −53.5 °C7, with summer temperatures remaining well below freezing, precluding vertical percolation through successive layers and reducing potential losses from volatilisation.
End-clearance effects on rectangular-honeycomb solar collectors

Abstract Results are reported of an experimental program to measure the effects of gaps between a honeycomb core and its coverglass and absorber plate. Nusselt numbers up to values of 2 vs Rayleigh number are reported for gaps of 0, 1.5, 2.3, 3.0 and 4.6 mm above and 0 and 1.5 mm below a 19 mm thick honeycomb core with 4.69 × 40.3 mm rectangular cells. The nontranspired honeycomb system was heated from below and oriented at 0°, 15° and 30° from the horizontal with the long dimension of the cells running horizontally. The results indicate that a well-designed honeycomb core will give good performance in a solar collector even with clearance gaps of 1.5 mm above and/or below the core.
Sex and the Political Contributor: The Gender Gap among Contributors to Presidential Candidates in 1988

We investigate the gender gap in policy preferences among political contributors. We find a bivariate gap in both parties, with Democratic women being more liberal than Democratic men, and Republican women more conservative than Republican men. This reverse gender gap among Republican contributors is explained by the greater appeal of Pat Robertson to women. After controls for religious variables, Republican women contributors are found to be more liberal than their male counterparts.
Lectura de los espacios de la memoria: El museo en la narrativa de José María Merino

El presente articulo intenta mostrar la representacion del museo en la narrativa de Jose Maria Merino y el dialogo que establece con las principales “teorias del museo”. El resultado del dicho dialogo es una reflexion sobre la imposibilidad de la recreacion del pasado en el espacio museistico. Mediante el analisis de tres representaciones del museo en la narrativa del autor escrita en los anos 80, dos novelas y un cuento, se presenta una lectura singular y problematica de este espacio, y en consecuencia, su participacion en el discurso de desconocimiento y desorientacion del personaje deseoso de reconstruir su pasado y con ello su identidad. Se postula asi la necesidad de la memoria viva del individuo visitante que inicia una interaccion con los objetos del museo. El analisis de diferentes representaciones del museo y sus implicaciones teoricas lleva a la conclusion que este espacio en la narrativa de Merino llega a ser metafora de la condicion existencial del individuo. Abstract This article attempts to show the museum's representation in the narrative of Jose Maria Merino and dialogue established with the main "theories of the museum." Abstract The result of this dialogue is a reflection on the impossibility of recreating the past in the museum space. By analyzing three museum representations in the narrative of the author written in the 1980’s, this article presents a unique and challenging reading of this space and its participation in the discourse of ignorance and confusion of the character willing to reconstruct his past and identity. It proposes the need for the living memory of the individual visitor that begins to interact with museum objects. The analysis of different representations of the museum and its theoretical implications leads to the conclusion that this space in the narrative of Merino becomes a metaphor for the existential condition of the individual.
An Emerging Consensus: Younger and Cohen Revisited

From Aesop to Sun Tzu, the importance of working together has long been acknowledged. Yet as long as cooperation has existed, so have the difficulties associated with it. Pooling two fields might mean twice the power, but this union also brings twice the jargon, twice the competing theories, and twice the head butting. Nonetheless, in this collection, researchers have made a heroic effort to set aside their theoretical differences to produce three computational models for the influential set of empirical data showing that young infants have difficulty detecting correlations among features (Younger & Cohen, 1983, 1986). Specifically, Gureckis and Love (2004/this issue) fit a well-developed adult-learning model to the infant work (down to the exact order and number of test trials) in support of a common mechanism underlying categorization. Shultz and Cohen (2004/this issue) vary depth of processing in a cascade correlation network to show how older infants learn more than younger infants from the same amount of exposure. And Westermann and Mareschal (2004/this issue) introduce a model for their representational acuity hypothesis, which explains qualitative shifts as a decrease in the size of neural receptive fields. This commentary takes stock of this attempt at unifying computational modeling and developmental data by identifying common themes, clarifying points of disagreement, and providing a synthesis for this work.
ER-2 mountain wave encounter over Antarctica: Evidence for blocking

Orographically forced large-amplitude gravity waves (mountain waves) encountered during the AAOE experiment by ER-2 on September 22, 1987 over Alexander Island (73-70 deg W, 69-72 deg S) were analyzed using a three-dimensional steady-state model of stratified flow over realistic topography, similar to the model used by Smith (1980). Taking into account the effects of low-level flow blocking, reasonable agreement was obtained between the model and observations, indicating that blocking may be an important feature of real flow over topography.
Nutritive Evaluation of Protein from Anaerobically Digested Poultry Wastes as a Dietary Ingredient Replacer for Channel Catfish, Ictalurus punctatus

Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of feeding protein derived from anaerobically digested poultry wastes on the performance of channel catfish. In the first experiment, poultry waste protein (PWP) was used as a substitute protein source at 5, 10, 20, 30, and 40% levels on an isonitrogenous and isocalorific basis, and compared to a control (0% PWP) soybean meal/fish meal-based practical diet. A digestibility trial was conducted with diets containing 0, 5, 10, and 20% PWP. There were no significant differences in growth performance, feed efficiency (FE), protein efficiency ratio (PER), and protein productive value (PPV) of channel catfish fed up to 20% substitution compared to the control diet. At replacement levels of 30 and 40%, there were significant (P 0.05), the coefficients were highest for fish that received recovered protein at 10% dietary level. It is concluded that up to 20% of protein derived from thermophilic anaerobic digestion of poultry wastes can be substituted without negative effect on performance.
Dynamics of Nonhomogeneous Carbon Steel Plates

This paper presents finite element modeling procedure for rate-dependent elastic-plastic nonhomogeneous carbon steel plates subjected to dynamic loads. The steel plate consists of two ductile materials. We utilize a modified rule of mixture and linear strain-rate dependence to derive constitutive relations which are then implemented in ABAQUS/Explicit through user subroutine. Validation of the developed procedure is partially made with Steel 1018. Comparative numerical study is done between Steel 1018 and the nonhomogeneous plate. Displacements, stresses and relevant energy terms are calculated and compared for various sets of material configurations.
Publishing among African American criminologists: A devaluing experience?

Abstract Requirements for promotion and tenure historically have involved three distinct areas: teaching, service, and research. African American criminologists who have entered academia are expected to conduct research and to publish, although many of their contributions in criminal justice policy and theory development are neglected. A cursory glance through most mainstream criminal justice journals reveals a conspicuous absence of publications by minority scholars. Some studies have demonstrated an awareness of this situation, but most have failed to explore it in sufficient detail. The present study was designed: (1) to provide a demographic profile of African American criminologists in higher education, (2) to address practices of inclusion and exclusion, (3) to examine the publication experiences of African American criminologists, and (4) to examine preferences for teaching and research among African American criminologists. Results indicate that African American criminologists (1) are currently employed at predominantly research institutions (despite a general failure to publish while in graduate school); (2) are mostly undecided about whether they are treated fairly by journal editors; (3) are less likely to publish in mainstream criminal justice/criminology journals; and (4) display an equal preference for both teaching and research. The implications of these findings are discussed in the context of social isolation, alienation, and exclusionary practices in higher education.
Gas phase structures of sodiated oligosaccharides by ion mobility/ion chromatography methods

Abstract Matrix assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) was used to generate sodiated parent ions of a number of oligosaccharides, including three tetraoses and two hexaoses. No fragmentation was observed in any of the systems. Ion mobility studies yielded gas phase cross sections which could be compared with predictions made by molecular mechanics/molecular dynamics calculations. In all three tetraoses (cellotetraose, maltotetraose and isomaltotetraose) the Na+ ion coordinated with all four sugar moities forming very similar structures even though the neutral structures are very different. In the two hexaose systems (α-cyclodextrin and maltohexaose) again the Na+ ion coordinated with four sugars. Molecular dynamics studies indicated that at temperatures above 300 K the Na+ ion was mobile and sampled all six sugars of the hexaoses. This work is compared to other work in the literature, and differences are discussed.
A computational technique for the design of a specific optimal controller

For a linear plant, the optimization of a performance index of integral type, which is quadratic in states and control, results in a control law. This ideal controller, however, must often be replaced by an approximate controller; e.g., due to inaccessible state variables. The input-output relation of such a controller may be specified within some parameters in advance. A specific optimal controller (SOC) is obtained when the parameters are chosen in an optimal manner so as to minimize a performance criterion; for example, the degradation of a performance index. Since these parameters depend on the initial state, the SOC is designed in regard to the worst initial state resulting in the maximum deterioration, which is then minimized by the best parameters. A computational procedure for this design is proposed. An algorithm is constructed and applied to this min-max problem.
Numerical Modeling of Swash Zone Hydrodynamics

Abstract : The swash zone is the area of the nearshore that is intermittently covered and uncovered by wave run-up. Since swash hydrodynamics control the evolution of beach morphology, understanding these motions is of paramount importance. Typical studies of swash zone hydrodynamics involve the deployment of several instruments to measure the swash zone fluid velocity. While the Doppler devices have the ability to readily distinguish vertical flow structure, instrument deployment is necessarily sparse due to cost and logistics. Recently a video-based remote sensing technique has also been developed that is capable of quantifying surface swash velocities over a fairly large spatial domain, but yields no information regarding subsurface flows.
Synergism exists between ethylene and methyl jasmonate in artificial light-induced pigment enhancement of ‘Fuji’ apple fruit peel

Abstract The pigment content of detached ‘Fuji’ apple peel was characterized in fruit exposed to ethylene and/or treated with methyl jasmonate (MJ), then irradiated with ultraviolet (UV)/white light. Peel pigments were analyzed using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with scanning UV–vis absorbance detection. Treatment with MJ alone enhanced anthocyanin content, including idaein, the major anthocyanin in apple fruit. Anthocyanin content was further enhanced by treatment with MJ + ethylene. Treatment with the ethylene action inhibitor 1-MCP plus MJ reduced red coloration compared with MJ alone. Treatment with ethylene or 1-MCP alone, or ethylene + 1-MCP had no effect on anthocyanin accumulation. Production of hyperin, the major quercetin glycoside in peel tissue, was enhanced by MJ and inhibition of ethylene action with 1-MCP enhanced the impact of MJ. 1-MCP with or without MJ increased phloridzin content. Chlorogenic acid synthesis was enhanced following treatment with MJ and/or ethylene, however, treatment with 1-MCP alone or 1-MCP plus MJ resulted in reduced chlorogenic acid content. β-Carotene synthesis increased following MJ plus ethylene, but was not enhanced by MJ or ethylene alone. The results indicate synergistic or additive responses between ethylene and MJ exists for regulation of apple peel pigment synthesis pathways.
Noise in Gene Expression: Origins, Consequences, and Control

Genetically identical cells and organisms exhibit remarkable diversity even when they have identical histories of environmental exposure. Noise, or variation, in the process of gene expression may contribute to this phenotypic variability. Recent studies suggest that this noise has multiple sources, including the stochastic or inherently random nature of the biochemical reactions of gene expression. In this review, we summarize noise terminology and comment on recent investigations into the sources, consequences, and control of noise in gene expression.
Effect of ageing on adenylate cyclase activity and G-proteins in rat submandibular salivary glands.

Membranes were prepared from the submandibular salivary glands of male young (3-monthsold) and aged (24-months-old), Fisher 344 rats, and assayed for adenylate cyclase activity and for the ribosylation of G-proteins in the presence of [32P]-NAD+ and cholera toxin. Adenylate cyclase activity (basal, fluoride-, forskolin-, and isoproterenol-stimulated) was significantly lower (p < 0.01) in the glands of aged rats. The pattern of ribosylation was different between the 2 groups. Two cholera toxin-specific bands (Mr 42,000 and 44,000) were ribosylated in the glands of young rats whereas in aged rats, only an Mr 42,000 band was clearly observed. The incorporation of 32P from NAD+ into the Mr 42,000 and 44,000 bands increased with the time of ribosylation (7.5–90 min). In aged rats, however, the incorporation of 32P into the Mr 42,000 band was much slower and did not increase much after 60 min of ribosylation. At each time point, the extent of ribosylation was lower in the membranes from the aged rats. These findings suggest that the decrease in adenylate cyclase activity in the submandibular salivary glands of aged rats may be due partly to the changes in their levels of Gs as a result of ageing.
Comparison of access and costs of Medicaid dental services in a hospital clinic and community practices.

OBJECTIVES This paper reports the results of a three-year evaluation of access to dental care and its associated costs for Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) beneficiaries enrolled in a hospital-based health maintenance organization (HMO) or a fee-for-service (FFS) option. METHODS Medicaid enrollees (n = 3, l655) having a year of eligibility were assigned to either the hospital HMO or FFS care, and their use of dental care and its costs compared. RESULTS A higher percent of those beneficiaries enrolled in the FFS option used dental care than those in the HMO plan. FFS enrollees also had more annual visits per person than those in the randomly assigned HMO group. FFS dental patients treated in the hospital had the highest costs of any payment-provider combination studied. CONCLUSIONS To understand the mix of utilization rates, visits, and costs, one must take into account the way in which the HMO hospital plan is reimbursed, the way in which the dental department is reimbursed, and the way in which the dental provider is reimbursed.
Mediastinal Lipomatosis in Simple Obesity

A case of superior mediastinal widening due to unusual amounts of fat accumulation is reported in a patient with simple obesity, not associated with iatrogenic or primary Cushing's syndrome. The radiographic features included a smooth bilateral widening of the superior mediastinum, relative lucency, no definable mass in the lateral view, and no pressure effects on the trachea. Such mediastinal lipomatosis is a benign condition and may be related to general obesity. Although rare, it should be considered in the differential diagnosis of mediastinal masses, particularly in obese individuals.
Adrenal histochemistry of some freshwater and marine teleosts.

The adrenal histochemistry of seven freshwater and six marine species of teleosts was studied and correlated with thyroidal and gonadal activity. The adrenal tissue of each of the 92 fish utilized was subjected to each of the following histochemical reactions: lipids (Sudan black B), phospholipids, cholesterol, ascorbic acid, chromaffin reaction, iodate reaction, and appropriate controls. Adrenal, thyroid and gonadal tissues also were fixed in alcoholic Bouin's fluid and stained with hematoxylin and eosin or PAS (thyroid). The adrenocortical tissue of all species were positive for all the components normally reported in the vertebrate adrenal cortex. However, the marine and sexually mature freshwater species yielded more intense reactions. This was correlated with greater thyroid activity and is considered an indication of a more active secretory state. The possible effects of gonadal activity are discussed. Further, the significance of the marked histochemical variation at the cell level within an individual is also discussed. The chromaffin cells of all species except one yielded positive results with the chromaffin reactions and the iodate reaction. It was not possible to differentiate epinephrine- from norepinephrine-secreting cells because of the considerable interspecific variation in response and the scattered nature of the chromaffin cells.
IgM monoclonal antibody JD118 recognizes an inducible antigen target for human-complement-mediated cytotoxicity against neoplastic B cells

Cancer therapy using unconjugated monoclonal antibodies (mAb) has been limited by the lack of immune effector function of the mAb and antigenic modulation. JD118 is a cytotoxic murine IgM mAb with reactivity restricted to a subset of normal B cells, some monocytic series cells, and a large percentage of B cell hematopoietic neoplasms including acute and chronic leukemias and lymphomas. Specificity was determined on several hundred normal and neoplastic, hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic cells and tissues, as well as progenitor cells. JD118 was able to kill fresh human leukemias and lymphomas in the presence of human serum as a complement source with an LD50 of 100 ng/ml. At this mAb concentration, fewer than 4% of more than 10(5) available target sites were bound. Killing was not affected by changes in antigen expression observed during the cell cycle nor by loss of cell-surface targets via antigenic modulation. Cytotoxicity could be achieved with human serum diluted as low as 5%, suggesting that complement depletion in vivo should not limit activity. Autologous human serum could be used effectively as a complement source. The JD118 antigen target has not been identified, but it appears to be a glycoprotein. Up-regulation of antigen expression on normal B cells and chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells in vitro resulted in antigen-negative neoplasms becoming positive and thus targets for JD118 killing. The restricted expression, potent cytotoxic characteristics, and potential for up-regulation of its antigen make JD118 a possible candidate for ex vivo autologous bone marrow purging and in vivo therapeutic trials in patients with B cell neoplasms.
Effects of growth rate on the DNA content of Astasia longa cells.

Abstract Astasia longa were grown on a defined medium in a chemostat in which sulfate was used as the limiting nutrient. Generation times were controlled over a range of from 10.5 to 124 h. The carbohydrates, protein, ribonucleic acid and the deoxyribonucleic acid per cell were determined at each of a number of generation times within this range and found to change in various ways. The carbohydrates per cell remained relatively constant at short generation times but increased at long generation times. The proteins per cell remained constant. The RNA and DNA showed a linear decrease with generation time. The DNA showed a decrease to one-fifth its 10.5 hour generation time level at a generation time of 120 h. One tentative conclusion is that this is a change in the chromosomes, i.e., either a ploidy or a polyteny shift.
Atmospheric methane: Trends over the last 10,000 years

Abstract We have constructed a record of atmospheric methane (CH 4 ) over the last 10,000 γ which shows that CH 4 has increased to more than double the natural levels of a century ago. This record is based on systematic global measurements taken since 1975, the occasional measurements taken by various scientists between 1962 and 1981, and the record of CH 4 in bubbles of air trapped in polar ice. Our observations and calculations show that the concentrations of CH 4 remained virtually unchanged over thousands of years until about a few hundred years ago. Until the beginning of the 18th century there is no evidence of significant trends. Between 1700 and 1900 CH 4 increased slowly at an average rate of about 1.5 ppbvy −1 , between 1900 and 1925 CH 4 increased by about 2.2 ppbvy −1 , between 1927 and 1956 by 6.4 ppby y −1 , between 1962 and 1973 by about 11 ppbvy −1 and during the last decade it has increased at a rate of about 17 ppbvy −1 . We explain these rates of increase by a global mass balance model. In the model, the increase of emissions from sources affected by human activities is taken to be proportional to the population and the atmospheric lifetime of CH 4 is taken to be increasing if human activities are slowly depleting OH radicals that remove CH 4 from the atmosphere.
HSP70 binds to SHP2 and has effects on the SHP2 related EGFR/GAB1 signaling pathway

The Src homology phosphotyrosyl phosphatase, SHP2, is a positive effector of EGFR signaling. However, the molecular mechanism and biological functions of SHP2 regulation are still not completely known. To better understand the cellular processes in which SHP2 participates, we carried out mass spectrometry to find SHP2 binding proteins. FLAG-SHP2 complexes were isolated by affinity purification, and associated proteins were identified by in-gel trypsin digestion followed by LC/MS/MS mass spectrometry. Among the identified proteins, we focus in this report on the heat shock protein 70 (HSP70). Physical interactions of SHP2 with HSP70 were confirmed in vivo. Further experiments demonstrate that EGF does not activate binding of SHP2 with HSP70 rather the binding appears to be constitutive. However, the formation of an HSP70/SHP2 complex affected the binding of SHP2 with EGFR and (or) GAB1. These data suggest that binding of HSP70 with SHP2 regulates to some extent the EGF signaling pathway. In addition, immunostaining experiments indicated that SHP2 and HSP70 co-localized in the cell membrane region after EGF treatment. Our findings propose a possible involvement of HSP70 in the regulation of EGF signaling pathway by SHP2.
Simulation of Grain Growth and Pore Migration in a Thermal Gradient

The Potts Monte Carlo simulation was used to simulate microstructural evolution in uranium dioxide fuel rods. During service, grain growth, pore migration, and thermal segregation of the pores and UO 2 occur in the rods in a thermal gradient. In this investigation, we developed a model which simulates simultaneous grain growth, pore migration, and thermal segregation of the pores and UO 2 in a temperature gradient. Grain growth in a thermal gradient was simulated using the Monte Carlo Potts model technique developed by Anderson, Srolovitz, and co-workers. Pore migration was simulated using conserved dynamics with minimum-energy exchanges at a finite temperature. A temperature gradient was introduced into the model via interfacial mobility gradient. Finally, thermal segregation of the pores and UO 2 was achieved by introducing a heat of migration term, ΔE t , which biased the motion of porosity to the high-temperature region. The development of this model is described and the incorporation of the proper physics of pore migration and thermal segregation is discussed.
Blacks and Ethnic Groups: The Difference, and the Political Difference it Makes

The contrast between white ethnic groups and blacks in the United States is of great political and scientific importance. It is asserted that the case for similarity will encourage indifference to public policy measures to raise the position of blacks; while the case for difference will lead to support for radical or revolutionary measures. But the political consequences of scholarly positions are difficult to predict, though scholars must keep them in mind. Blauner has argued for understanding black development in terms of internal colonialism, while white ethnic group development is to be interpreted in completely different terms. However, in the Northern cities differences between black and white ethnic group development is not as sharp as he believes, when we examine residential segregation, economic development, and political development. In the South the internal colonialism model fits the evidence better. In the North, blacks have a choice as to whether they interpret their experience by the internal colonialism or the white ethnic group model. The choice will have political consequences.
Potential utility of adjunctive histopathologic evaluation of some tumors treated by Mohs micrographic surgery.

Background. Mohs micrographic surgery is a highly effective, tissue-conserving method for removing certain cutaneous neoplasms. Horizontal Mohs tissue sectioning permits complete histologic evaluation of the true surgical margin, but does not aim to evaluate the overall morphology of the tumor. Mohs surgery is designed primarily to answer the question “Is it all out?” as opposed to “What is it?” A preoperative biopsy is relied on, in most cases, to provide an accurate diagnosis. The histology from this biopsy might be the only view of the tumor if the first Mohs stage is clear. However, histopathologic review of small biopsies may sometimes give incomplete information about the entirety of the tumor. Objective. To illustrate the potential utility of adjunctive histopathologic examination of some tumors treated by Mohs surgery. Methods. We present four cases to illustrate situations where pre-Mohs biopsy provided incomplete information. The limitations of these biopsies was clarified after the tumor was visualized on a positive first Mohs layer and/or when the tissue was subsequently sectioned vertically. Results. Cases of tumors where preoperative biopsies gave incomplete information are presented: sebaceous carcinoma versus basal cell carcinoma (BCC), invasive versus in situ squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), and SCC versus keratoacanthoma. Conclusion. The Mohs technique allows histologic examination of the complete surgical margin around cutaneous neoplasms, optimizing tissue sparing and resulting in superior cure rates. However, in rare cases additional evaluation of the tissue by vertical sectioning can provide important adjunctive histopathologic information that can effect ultimate patient management.
Using beam-steering mirrors and long-distance sources to extend coverage of long-path FTIRs

Beam-steering mirrors and long-range infrared sources can be used to enhance the coverage offered by bistatic long-path FTIR monitoring systems. Factors involved in mirror design for industrial applications are discussed, and data from a typical plant installation are presented. Moderately severe vibration was shown to have no discernable effect on results. Long-range infrared sources which allow one FTIR and two remote sources to monitor a one-kilometer fenceline are discussed, and data from an industrial installation are used to contrast FTIR operation at 120 - and 450-meter pathlengths.
Is affect associated with infertility treatment outcome

Infertility is a unique diagnosis consisting of a functional medical aspect and a psychologic recognition on the part of the patient that not being able to have a child is a life goal problem. In previous unpublished research performed by the authors, it was noted that approximately one third of patients who were initially identified as part of a research study had left treatment before the study was completed. Similar statistics were previously noted by Strauss et al. (1) and Camilleri (2). The aim of this study was to observe the correlation between psychologic effect and patient treatment status over time, and to determine why so many patients failed to follow through with treatment recommendations.
A comment on the paper by Florenski et all

Abstract The nature of Nirgal Vallis may compromise the findings of Florenski et al.; comprehensive image references would enhance the analysis.
Initiation and processing of atp6, T-urf13 and ORF221 transcripts from mitochondria of T cytoplasm maize

The mitochondrial gene T-urf13 is implicated in cytoplasmic male sterility and maternal inheritance of susceptibility to disease in T cytoplasm maize. The organization of the T-urf13 region is a consequence of multiple recombinational events, one of which has duplicated a 5 kb region that is 5′ to atp6. Transcription initiation and processing sites for atp6 were identified within the 5 kb region and found to serve T-urf13 and the cotranscribed gene ORF221. Differences in atp6 transcripts from N and T cytoplasms were associated with two small insertions in the T mitochondrial genome that create a unique processing site. Fertility restoration is associated with alterations of T-urf13 transcripts and a significant reduction in the gene product, a 13 kDa polypeptide. Specifically, the abundance of major T-urf13 transcripts is slightly reduced and a novel transcript is detected in T cytoplasm plants containing the dominant nuclear restorer gene Rf1. The 5′ terminus of the restorer-specific transcript mapped internal to T-urf13 and the reduction of major transcripts in plants with Rf1 is not as marked as the reduction in the 13 kDa polypeptide. This raises the possibility that the primary action of the Rf1 gene is associated with translational control, rather than RNA processing.
Synthesis and Breakdown of Citric Acid with Crystalline Condensing Enzyme

THE synthesis of citric acid from acetate, adenosine triphosphate and oxalacetate by soluble enzyme preparations from pigeon liver has been previously reported1. The system requires magnesium ions (Mg++) or manganese ions (Mn++) and coenzyme A as co-factors. Novelli and Lipmann2 reported synthesis of citrate in E. coli extracts with acetyl phosphate and oxalacetate as substrates. We find that, in this case, at least two enzymes are required (cf. also ref. 3). The first enzyme, (a), activates acetyl phosphate; the second, (b), catalyses the condensation of ‘active’ acetate and oxalacetate to citrate. The overall reaction is: acetyl phosphate + oxalacetate = citrate + orthophosphate. Enzyme (a) can be obtained from various bacteria (E. coli, Cl. butylicum, C. fœcalis) practically free from (b). The condensing enzyme (b), which is readily soluble, is present in a variety of animal tissues (heart, skeletal muscle, liver, kidney, brain), bacteria (E. coli, Azotobacter agilis, M. tuberculosis) and yeast4.
Airborne infrared low-altitude wind shear detection test

Strong wind shears at low altitudes present severe hazards to aircraft during landing approach and takeoff. With aircraft operating near stall speed, a significant change in the wind speed and/or direction can result in a rapid loss or gain in altitude. Our objective is to describe the test of a prototype system for airborne, advance detection of such wind shear by means of infrared remote sensing. The test was conducted during the Denver Joint Airport Weather Studies (JAWS) project in the summer of 1982 aboard the NASA Ames B57B jet aircraft during several landing approaches and departures. The intent is to present analyses of the major results of this test and suggest its application to the passive, airborne detection of hazardous low-altitude wind shear (LAWS) before an aircraft encounter. This is critical for aircraft operating in an out of airfields without LAWS ground warning systems. This airborne wind shear detection and avoidance system is intended to augment the advanced, ground-based microwave, lidar, and low-altitude wind shear alert equipment as a secondary, airborne system. Even at distances as great as 12.5 miles (20 km) from thunderstorms, the wind shear in storm density currents can pose a real hazard to approaching and departing aircraft. It is concluded that the prototype airborne radiometer, observing in the 13 to 16 ^m portion of the atmospheric molecular spectrum of CO2, can sense the cold current outflow or gust front directly associated with low-altitude wind shear (LAWS) in the vicinity of thunderstorms at ranges up to 4 miles.
The genetic regulation of liver microsomal CYP2E1 activity among strains of the viviparous fish Poeciliopsis.

Abstract CYP2E1 expression was examined within, among, and in F 1 and backcross progeny of strains ( P . monacha S68-5; P. viriosa M65-23) of the viviparous fish Poeciliopsis . CYP 2E1 activity varied dramatically in P. monacha, and P. viriosa (3.9±0.8 and 9.6±1.3 μg/min/mg) as well as the temperature which gave maximal activity ( T 0 =25°C and 31°C). F 1 individuals from a crosses between P. monacha and P. viriosa , produced progeny whose CYP2E1 activity segregated into three different groups: (1) phenotypically the same as P. viriosa ; (2) intermediate between the two parental strains; and (3) phenotypically the same as P. monacha . When a male P. monacha was crossed with a female P. viriosa 25% of the offspring had an intermediate phenotype and 65% the maternal P. viriosa phenotype. From the same cross, 85% of the females progeny had the maternal phenotype, while 80% of male progeny had the intermediate and paternal phenotype, suggesting an effect of the maternal genome on the F 1 phenotype. Among F 1 fish the T 0 was evenly distributed between parental values. In the backcross of a F 1 female to a male P. viriosa , CZX-6-hydroxylase activity segregated into the same three phenotypes with 60% of the progeny expressing the P . monacha phenotype. From the same cross, 70% of females and 40% of males expressed the P. monacha phenotype. The T 0 in the backcross were evenly distributed between the two parental values and the sex ratio among progeny was different than expected.
Computation of Migratory Timing Statistics for Adult Chinook Salmon in the Yukon River, Alaska, and Their Relevance to Fisheries Management

Abstract An objective definition of migratory timing is applied to commercial and test fishing catch data for chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) from the Yukon delta, 1961-1980. On the average, 91% of all the commercial catch is taken before the end of June, with one-half of the catch being taken by June 21. The middle part of the migration (25-75%) usually is available for harvest only over a span of 11 days. However, the length of the central span has varied from 8 to 13 days, depending on timing. Mean dates of migration based on catch and CPUE data were nearly identical (about June 21), with range limits of June 12-30. Test fishing and commercial catch data for 1963-1978 showed no significant difference (α = 0.05) for the mean date of migration. The spread of the migration (variance) appears to be inversely proportional to the mean date of migration for early and late migrations. Timing of migration may be dependent on factors related to air temperature.
DESIGN OF OPTIMAL FEEDBACK SYSTEMS FOR LONGITUDINAL CONTROL OF AUTOMATED TRANSIT VEHICLES

Abstract Optimization theory is applied to the design of feedback control systems for high-capacity automated transit systems. The resulting controllers are shown to keep headway and velocity errors small without causing passenger discomfort. Excellent dynamic response is achieved during normal mainline operation, merging and demerging, maneuvering and emergency stopping. Useful design charts are presented and the effects of the dynamics of the propulsion system are considered. It is concluded that optimization theory is a useful tool in the design of longitudinal control systems for automated transit systems.
Western Pacific ALS/PDC and flying foxes: What's next?

The western Pacific form of ALS has been of interest for over 50 years because its incidence, prevalence, and mortality rates were initially 50 to 100 times those of sporadic ALS. The male:female ratio approximated 2:1, the median age at onset was 44 years, familial aggregation was recognized, and ALS was associated frequently with a parkinsonism/dementia complex (PDC). Three foci of western Pacific ALS/PDC were identified: in Guam, in Japan, and in western New Guinea.1 More recently, the frequency of western Pacific ALS has declined.2 The implication—that there was a temporary exposure to an environmental risk factor, possibly in a genetically susceptible population—has fueled decades of research and speculation. Several factors supported an environmental etiology for western Pacific ALS/PDC. A deficiency of essential minerals was excluded.3 Thus, the leading hypothesis remained exposure to an environmental toxin, presumed to have peaked during World War II. According to this hypothesis, individuals exposed to higher doses of the toxin developed ALS at a relatively early age, and individuals exposed to a lesser dose developed neurodegenerative disease at a later date. Marjorie Whiting, a nutritionist and anthropologist who …
Collapse Study of an Unreinforced Masonry Bearing Wall Building Subjected to Internal Blast Loading

A blast test was conducted inside a conventional, two-story, unreinforced, brick, bearing wall building scheduled to be demolished. A credible explosive device was placed inside the building on the ground floor and was detonated to investigate whether or not the building would collapse. The measured blast pressures, key material properties of the structure, and the structural configuration were used as input parameters to a single-degree-of-freedom software program, the single-degree-of-freedom blast effects design spreadsheet (SBEDS), commonly used in the United States to model unreinforced masonry walls subjected to blast loading. The net effect of overburden loads on the ground-floor bearing walls, including uplift by blast pressures on the ground-floor ceiling, was considered when investigating the validity of an appropriate resistance function (available in SBEDS) that defines out-of-plane bearing wall response. Comparisons were made between analytical and experimental permanent wall deflections and two alternatives, a simple displacement-based criterion and a resistance criterion, were used to estimate the building's state relative to its estimated collapse limit state. It was found that SBEDS was able to model the experimental deflections quite well if effective input parameters were carefully considered. As a result, analytical and experimental determinations of the structure's state were also in good agreement.
Enterocyte protein processing and synthesis

Until recently, structural information regarding large brush border proteins was obtained largely by protein purification and protein chemistry. Molecular biology has added the techniques of cell-free translation and cDNA cloning to provide additional information. In addition, the regulation of protein synthesis was largely deduced by the use of inhibitors of protein or nucleic acid synthesis. The ability to assess mRNA content by cell-free translation or by hybridization with isolated cDNA has expanded these studies. Moreover, polysomal isolation and organ explants can now be used to determine synthetic and secretion rates directly. Future research in these areas will depend upon the isolation of cDNA clones encoding specific enterocyte proteins to simplify structural analysis, as well as the use of intestinal cell lines to simplify measurement of synthetic rates and protein processing.
Qualitative determination of band occupancies and their correlation to chemisorption

It is well known that Fano resonances occur at core thresholds in materials such as Ni and Pt. This is due to the high density of local final states just above the Fermi level caused by the incomplete d-band occupancy. Turning this argument around, we have used the presence or absence of a Fano resonance to infer information about the completeness of the d-band occupancy. As a prototype system we studied Pd overlayers on Nb(110), since previous work indicated that two phases of differing d-band counts exist. The present work confirms this and establishes the feasibility of this type of spectroscopy for studying band occupancies.
CANINE MASTOCYTOMA. I. BLOOD COAGULATION TIME IN DOGS WITH MASTOCYTOMA.

Utilizing a modified capillary tube technique, analysis revealed a significantly higher mean blood coagulation time in a group of 14 dogs with mastocytoma when compared to the mean coagulation time...