cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A case for CMOS/nano co-design

The challenge of extending Moore's Law past the physical and economic barriers of present semiconductor technologies calls for novel nanoelectronic solutions. Circuits composed of mixed silicon semiconductors and nanoelectronics can provide a means for gradually switching technology paradigms. We suggest a design methodology to accompany this concept. Furthermore, we explore design tradeoffs for a nanoscale crossbar technology that supports CMOS/nano co-design.
Preliminary Results from High-Resolution Analyses of Ultraviolet-Absorbing and Carbohydrate Constituents in Several Pathologic Body Fluids

Human urine, blood serum, cerebrospinal fluid, and amniotic fluid have been analyzed by high-resolution chromatographic systems under development at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory. These systems, or analyzers, consist of heated, high-pressure anion.exchange columns for chromatographic separation of the constituents and continuous-flow ultraviolet spectrophotometry or phenol-sulfuric acid colorimetry for detection of the separated ultraviolet-absorbing or carbohydrate components. Qua ntification of the resulting chromatograms has revealed significant differences in the concentrations of body-fluid constituents for the normal state and for various pathologic states such as hereditary nephritis, Lesch.Nyhan syndrome, gout, alkaptonuria, and maple syrup urine disease. Some changes in urinary chromatographic patterns resulting from nicotinic acid and allopurinol therapies have also been detected. Additional Keyphrases change chromatography gout #{149}alkaptonuria tiles
Simultaneous airborne measurements of cloud condensation nuclei and sodium‐containing particles over the ocean

Simultaneous airborne measurements have been made over the Pacific Ocean of the concentrations of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) active at 0.5 per cent supersaturation and the concentrations and size-spectra of sodium-containing particles (SCP) over a wide range of sizes. The concentrations of SCP decreased sharply with increasing height above the ocean and it is likely that most of them originated from the ocean. However, even at altitudes as low as 50 ft above the surface of the ocean, and over surf, the measured concentrations of SCP were only a few per cent of the concentrations of CCN at G.5 per cent supersaturation. Also the average concentrations of CCN did not change significantly with altitude up to at least 10,000 ft. These observations indicate that sea-salt particles were not the major source of the CCN. It is suggested that the production of sulphates in cloud droplets, followed by the release of these particles when the droplets evaporate, is an important mechanism for increasing the efficiency of CCN in the air.
Technology insight: targeting of biological molecules for evaluation of high-risk atherosclerotic plaques with magnetic resonance imaging.

Given the high risk of sudden death or myocardial infarction associated with atherosclerosis, frequently with no previous symptoms, techniques to better identify high-risk plaques might help lower morbidity and mortality. In this review, various biological markers are suggested as targets for imaging to aid risk assessment. Identification of high-risk atherosclerotic lesions prone to rupture and thrombosis may greatly decrease the morbidity and mortality associated with atherosclerosis. The development of magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents that specifically target components of the atherosclerotic plaque might enable non-invasive detection of high-risk lesions. This review discusses a variety of molecules present in atherosclerotic plaque that could serve as targets for specific contrast agents. Ultimately, such agents may allow the identification of high-risk atherosclerotic lesions in patients and enable treatment of these patients before lesion progression and complications.
On the design of optimal TDM schedules for broadcast WDM networks with arbitrary transceiver tuning latencies

We consider the problem of scheduling packet transmissions in single-hop WDM networks, with tunability provided only at one end. Our objective is to design schedules of minimum length for a given traffic demand matrix. The contribution of our work is twofold. First we define a special class of schedules which permit an intuitive formulation of the scheduling problem. We then present algorithms which construct schedules of length equal to the lower bound provided that certain optimality conditions are satisfied. We also develop heuristics which, in the general case, give schedules of length equal or very close to the lower bound. Secondly, we identify two distinct regions of network operation. In the first region the schedule length is determined by the tuning requirements, while in the second it is determined by the traffic demands. The point at which the network switches between the two regions is identified in terms of the number of nodes and channels, and the tuning latency. Accordingly, we show that it is possible to appropriately dimension the network to offset the effects of even large values of tuning latency.
Breast tumour detection by flexible wearable antenna system

Breast tumour detection using flexible wearable antenna system presented in this paper removes the need for liquid coupling mediums used in conventional systems, leading to a simpler and cost effective imaging device. This is achieved by considering a planar microstrip antenna design on a flexible substrate and optimising the antenna for the skin contact operation. It is shown that systems with a matched coupling medium still have 20% theoretical reflection loss at the skin, which is eliminated in the presented system. Simulation results show three-fold increase in the current densities and electric fields in the tumour. Experimental results with in-house breast and tumour phantoms show that the received signal from a tumour has 33 dB maximum and 19 dB average (over 400 MHz range) amplitude above noise level. Theoretical analysis, simulation models, and experimental results for breast tumour detection using flexible wearable antenna system are presented and discussed.
Mechanical Complications of Central Venous Catheters

We analyzed 385 consecutive central venous catheter (CVC) attempts over a 6-month period. All critically ill patients 18 years of age or older requiring a CVC were included. The rate of mechanical complications not including failure to place was 14%. Complications included failure to place the CVC (n = 86), arterial puncture (n = 18), improper position (n = 14), pneumothorax (n = 5 in 258 subclavian and internal jugular attempts), hematoma (n = 3), hemothorax (n = 1), and asystolic cardiac arrest of unknown etiology (n = 1). Male patients had a significantly higher complication rate than female patients (37% vs 27%, P = .04). The subclavian approach had a higher complication rate than the internal jugular or the femoral approach (39% vs 33% vs. 24%, P = .02). The complication rate increased with the number of percutaneous punctures, with a rate of 54% when more than 2 punctures were required.
Effects of In substitution in Y 1−x In x BaCo 3 ZnO 7+δ (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.5) cathodes for intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cells

Abstract Y1−xInxBaCo3ZnO7+δ (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.5) oxides have been investigated as cathode materials for solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). While YBaCo3ZnO7+δ is observed to decompose after 120 h exposure to SOFC operating temperatures (600–700 °C), all the In-substituted compositions following Y0.9In0.1BaCo3ZnO7+δ are phase stable in the range of 600–800 °C. The substitution of In in the range of 0
A Review of “Child Anxiety Disorders: A Family-Based Treatment Manual for Practitioners”

Wood and McLeod are two well-recognized researchers in the field of childhood anxiety and evidence-based treatments. In their recent collaboration, they brilliantly combined cognitive-behavioral an...
THE GROWTH CAPACITY OF THE SUNFLOWER HYPOCOTYL

agar to which indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) had been added, (3) on sucrose mineral agar after inoculation of the fragment with crown-gall bacteria. Five aspects of growth were measured: increase in length, breadth, fresh and dry weight, and production of adventitious roots. Sunflower seeds var. Russian Giant were sterilized by being immersed for two minutes in a 1% solution of sodium hypochlorite. They were then -washed in three changes of sterile distilled water and soaked in water for two hours. The embryos were then removed from their seed coats, transferred aseptically to tubes (25 mm. ? 200 mm.) each containing 10 ml. nutrient agar (2% sucrose + White's mineral solution+ 1% agar) and cultured at 25? C in continuous light from four 40 watt fluorescent lamps. When the hypocotyls attained a length of 100 mm. the embryos were drawn out of their tubes and the hypocotyls severed just above the root and immediately below the cotyledons. The hypocotyls were cut into segments five mm. long which were placed radicle end uppermost in agglutination tubes (10 mm. ? 75 mm.) containing three ml. of nutrient agar. They were incubated for 10 days in darkness at 25? C, then removed, photographed, and weighed. The photographs were made by projecting the image of the fragment through an enlarger onto printing paper. The magnification used was 1.7 diameters in most instances. The length and breadth of the fragment and the size of the tumors were estimated from these shadowgraphs. Agrobacterium tumefaciens, strain B.P., was used in these experiments, suspensions being prepared from 24 hour slopes. Indoleacetic acid was incorporated into the nutrient agar for the hypocotyl fragments after autoclaving. Growth of hypocotyl fragments on sucrose mineral agar Ten sunflower hypocotyls, each about 100 mm. long, were divided into 20 segments five mm. long; and every alternate fragment beginning with
The microcyclic species of Puccinia on Solanum.

Several years ago, while making a systematic study of the rusts of Colombia, some specimens of Puccinia of evident microcyclic life-history on the genus Solanuni were encountered. Mayor in his excellent monograph, Contribution a l'etude des Uredinees de Colombia (Mem. Soc. Neuch. Sci. Nat. 5: 442-599. 1913.), re? ported two species of this nature, Puccinia huallagensis P. Henn. and P. solanicola Mayor. According to Arthur in the North American Flora (7: 562. 1922.) a more or iess similar species was reported on Solanum from Panama as Puccinia solanita (Schw.) Arth. {Micropuccinia solanita Arth. & Jackson). In a later number of the same work (7: 805. 1927.) Arthur reduced the name M, solanita to synonymy and substituted for it Micropuccinia Solani (Schw.) Arth. & Jackson founded on Puccinia Solani Schw. Whether these three really represented three valid species and if so how to distribute the Colombian specimens at hand became the problem. While preparing the account of the Uredinales for the Myco? logical Explorations of Colombia published by Chardon & Toro in 1930 (Jour. Dept. Agric. Puerto Rico 14: 301-348) in conjunction with Whetzel some hasty decisions were made. No authentic specimens were available for comparison. In that paper 1 Contribution from the Department of Botany, The Pennsylvania State College, no. 88. Publication authorized by the Director of the Pennsyl? vania Agricultural Exp. Station, April 18, 1933, Technical Paper no. 586. [Mycologia for September-October (25: 333-434) was issued September 1, 1933] 435
Probability of crack-induced failure in BWR recirculation piping☆

Abstract The Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) has estimated the probability of double-ended guillotine break (DEGB) in the reactor coolant piping of Mark I boiling water reactor (BWR) plants. Two causes of pipe break are considered: crack growth at welded joints and the seismically-induced failure of component supports. For the former a probabilistic fracture mechanics model is used, for the latter a probabilistic support reliability model. This paper describes a probabilistic model developed to account for effects of intergranular stress corrosion cracking (IGSCC). The IGSCC model, based on experimental and field data compiled from several sources, correlates times to crack initiation and crack growth rates for Types 304 and 316NG stainless steel against material-specific ‘damage parameters’ which consilidate the separate effects of coolant environment (temperature, dissolved oxygen content, level of impurities), stress (including residual stress), and degree of sensitization. Application of this model to actual BWR recirculation piping shows that IGSCC clearly dominates the probability of failure in 304SS piping, mainly due to cracks that initiate within a few years after plant operation has begun. Replacing Type 304 piping with 316NG reduces failure probabilities by several orders of magnitude.
IL-13 induces mucin production by stimulating epidermal growth factor receptors and by activating neutrophils

Mucus hypersecretion contributes to the morbidity and mortality in acute asthma. Both T helper 2 (Th2) cytokines and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling have been implicated in allerg...
Takings Jurisprudence as Three-Tiered Review

Takings jurisprudence has long been and remains, in the opinion of many, a constitutional quagmire, with little in the way of predictable results or coherent principles. [FN1] The Supreme Court itself has acknowledged the largely ad hoc nature of its takings analysis, emphasizing the fact-sensitive nature of takings decisions and its reluctance to articulate precise formulae in this area. [FN2] Moreover, although articulating a variety of standards and tests, such as “investment-backed expectations” [FN3] and “economic viability,” [FN4] the Court has not clearly stated their relation to each other or their precise meanings. [FN5] This has led a number of commentators to lament these unclear standards, labeling this area of law an unworkable “muddle,” [FN6] a “jumble of *2 confusing holdings,” [FN7] an “enduring legal dilemma,” [FN8] and a state of “doctrinal and conceptual disarray.” [FN9]What is sometimes lost in the lament, [FN10] however, is the degree to which the Court has established, with some clarity, three distinct types of takings concerns and three analytical approaches in resolving them. Thus, despite continued ambiguity on some details, the “big picture” of takings jurisprudence is shaping up rather nicely and in a way that is quite sensible. This has been particularly true in the last several decades, where in a number of decisions the Court has fleshed out the broad outlines of differing levels of takings review. Although these decisions are often seen as reflecting a growing protection of property rights, [FN11] they in fact establish several distinct levels of protection depending upon the type of takings issue posed. As a practical matter, these distinct approaches provide heightened protection for landowners when autonomy and fairness concerns are present, but provide substantial latitude for government to regulate property for environmental and other purposes.
When the Million-Dollar Pitch Doesn't Pay a Dime: Why Idea Submission Claims Should Survive Copyright Preemption

Idea submission claims are commonly brought by Hollywood screenwriters who, after unsuccessfully pitching their ideas to a producer, find that their ideas have in fact been used without industry-standard compensation or attribution. Because ideas are expressly excluded from protection under federal copyright law, screenwriter plaintiffs have instead turned to contract law to vindicate their right to compensation. This Note argues that these contract-based idea submission claims are viable and necessary alternatives to copyright infringement that should therefore survive preemption under Section 301 of the Copyright Act. Although ideas are traditionally “free as the air,” those underlying a screenwriter’s script or treatment deserve legal protection in order to optimally encourage the development and distribution of creative works. Focusing on the Second Circuit case Forest Park Pictures v. Universal Television Network, Inc., this paper lends support to a trend gaining momentum in the Ninth and Second Circuits against preemption of idea submission claims brought under a breach of contract theory. To bolster this conclusion, it offers legal and policy analysis about idea submission claims generally and provides research on the obstacles facing screenwriters in the entertainment industry, which suggests that screenwriter plaintiffs would otherwise be left without legal recourse. This Note concludes by responding to an oft-recited "floodgates" argument warning that the availability of new causes of action will lead screenwriters to flood the courts with frivolous claims.
Soft and Hard Reliability-Aware Scheduling for Multicore Embedded Systems with Energy Harvesting

For multicore embedded systems powered by energy harvesting, it is necessary to develop intelligent resource allocation techniques that adjust the application execution strategy on-the-fly to adapt to changing energy supply from the harvesting system. To cope with the complexity of managing applications with data dependencies on such systems, we propose a hybrid design-time/run-time framework for resource allocation that takes into consideration variations in solar radiance and execution time, transient faults, and permanent faults due to aging effects. Our framework generates schedule templates at design-time with an emphasis on energy efficiency and uses lightweight online management schemes to react to run-time system dynamics. Experimental results indicate that our framework presents improvements in performance and adaptivity, with up to 23.2 percent miss rate reduction compared to prior work, 43.6 percent performance benefits from adaptive run-time workload management, and up to 24.5 percent expected system lifetime improvement with aging-aware allocation of workload partitions.
Association of kidney stones with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease among adults in the United States: Considerations by race-ethnicity.

Abstract Background There is a paucity of research examining the relationship between kidney stones and risk of cardiovascular disease while considering individuals of different race-ethnicities. Purpose The purpose of this study was to examine the association between history of kidney stones and increased odds of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (via the Pooled Cohort Equations) across race-ethnicity groups. Methods 5571 participants aged 40–79 from the 2007–2012 cycles of the NHANES were used for this study. A history of kidney stones was collected from survey data. Predicted odds of having a 10-year atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) event was assessed from the Pooled Cohort Equations. Results After adjustments, having kidney stones was not associated with an increase odds of having an ASCVD event within the next 10-years (OR 1.03; 95% CI: 0.58–1.82, P = 0.91). However, among non-Hispanic blacks, those with kidney stones had a 2.24 increased odds (OR 2.24; 95% CI: 1.08–4.66; P = 0.03) of having an ASCVD event within the next 10-years when compared to non-Hispanic blacks with no history of a kidney stone. Conclusion Kidney stones were associated with 10-year risk of a future ASCVD event among non-Hispanic blacks.
A Method for Investigating "Instructional Familiarity" and Discerning Authentic Learning.

Background : Presently, most medical educators rely exclusively on item difficulty and discrimination indices to investigate an item’s psychometric quality and functioning. We argue “instructional familiarity” effects should also be of primary concern for persons attempting to discern the quality and meaning of a set of test scores. Aim : There were four primary objectives of this study: (1) Revisit Haladyna and Roid’s conceptualization of “instructional sensitivity” within the context of criterion‑referenced assessments, (2) provide an overview of “instructional familiarity” and its importance, (3) reframe the concept for a modern audience concerned with medical school assessments, and (4) conduct an empirical evaluation of a medical school examination in which we attempt to investigate the instructional effects on person and item measures. Subjects and Methods : This study involved a medical school course instructor providing ratings of instructional familiarity (IF) for each mid‑term examination item, and a series of psychometric analyses to investigate the effects of IF on students’ scores and item statistics. The methodology used in this study is based primarily on a mixed‑method, “action research” design for a medical school course focusing on endocrinology. Rasch measurement model; correlation analysis. Results : The methodology presented in this article was evidenced to better discern authentic learning than traditional approaches that ignore valuable contextual information about students’ familiarity with exam items. Conclusions : The authors encourage other medical educators to adopt this straightforward methodology so as to increase the likelihood of making valid inferences about learning. Keywords : Action research, Assessment, Medical education, Psychometrics, Testing
Importance of Off-Cycle Species in the Acid-Catalyzed Aza-Piancatelli Rearrangement

The observed rate of reaction in the dysprosium triflate catalyzed aza-Piancatelli rearrangement is controlled by a key off-cycle binding between aniline and catalyst. Deconvoluting the role of these ancillary species greatly broadens our understanding of factors affecting the productive catalytic pathway. We demonstrate that the rate of reaction is controlled by initial competitive binding between the furylcarbinol and nitrogen nucleophile using either a Bronsted or Lewis acid catalyst and that the resulting rearrangement proceeds without involving the Bronsted and Lewis acid catalyst. This shows conclusively that the rate-controlling step and selectivity of reaction are decoupled.
Maximum Crosstalk Estimation in Lossless and Homogeneous Transmission Lines

In earlier papers, analytical formulas were derived to estimate the maximum crosstalk in the frequency domain for systems with electrically long signal lines. These formulas were developed to give designers intuitive feedback as to the causes for crosstalk problems and methods for maximum crosstalk reduction. In one of these papers, the maximum crosstalk estimates are based on intuitive relationships for infinitely long transmission lines. While the resulting model is quite simple and easy to understand, its limitations are poorly understood. In another paper, the maximum crosstalk estimates are based on a mathematically rigorous integral formulation, but the resulting model is relatively complex. This rigorous model is derived assuming the signal lines are weakly coupled and the transmission line characteristic impedances are approximately the same over the entire lengths of the aggressor and victim circuits. The following paper illustrates how the less rigorously developed estimates, based on infinitely long transmission lines, may be derived from the mathematically rigorous maximum crosstalk estimates for lossless and homogeneous transmission lines in the frequency domain. The resulting derivation provides insight into the limitations and mathematical validity of the less rigorous estimates that are not available in the original paper. The mathematically rigorous maximum crosstalk estimates are shown to have fewer and less restrictive assumptions than the estimates based on infinitely long transmission lines. Measurements and simulations are presented that validate results and illustrate maximum crosstalk estimate limitations.
The Genome and Methylome of a Subsocial Small Carpenter Bee, Ceratina calcarata.

Understanding the evolution of animal societies, considered to be a major transition in evolution, is a key topic in evolutionary biology. Recently, new gateways for understanding social evolution have opened up due to advances in genomics, allowing for unprecedented opportunities in studying social behavior on a molecular level. In particular, highly eusocial insect species (caste-containing societies with nonreproductives that care for siblings) have taken center stage in studies of the molecular evolution of sociality. Despite advances in genomic studies of both solitary and eusocial insects, we still lack genomic resources for early insect societies. To study the genetic basis of social traits requires comparison of genomes from a diversity of organisms ranging from solitary to complex social forms. Here we present the genome of a subsocial bee, Ceratina calcarata. This study begins to address the types of genomic changes associated with the earliest origins of simple sociality using the small carpenter bee. Genes associated with lipid transport and DNA recombination have undergone positive selection in C. calcarata relative to other bee lineages. Furthermore, we provide the first methylome of a noneusocial bee. Ceratina calcarata contains the complete enzymatic toolkit for DNA methylation. As in the honey bee and many other holometabolous insects, DNA methylation is targeted to exons. The addition of this genome allows for new lines of research into the genetic and epigenetic precursors to complex social behaviors.
Courts as Law Makers

In the last chapter we covered nearly every way in which the law is made. The final consideration on this subject, the role of the courts, was saved for this chapter. There is some logic in this, because, in general, law made by all of the agencies which have thus far been listed is subject to review in the courts. Courts decide in particular cases what the legislature meant (determination of legislative intent). They review acts of the legislature to determine whether or not they are valid under the federal and state constitutions. They also interpret and review legislation of administrative agencies and municipal corporations, watching to see that these enactments are “constitutional” and that they do not stray beyond the field marked out initially by the legislature in the basic enabling statute. In addition, courts may review the great outpouring of case law that comes from our administrative agencies. For example, they review holdings of the industrial commission in workmen’s compensation cases, decisions of the public service commission in public utility rate cases and decisions of the national and state labor relations boards.
Critical importance of ensuring cardioplegic delivery with coronary stenoses.

This study examines the relative importance of the duration of ischemia versus the adequacy of cardioplegic distribution and protection in hearts with coronary stenoses. Of 18 dogs on cardiopulmonary bypass, 12 underwent critical narrowing (>90%) of the left circumflex artery (LCA) and total occlusion of the anterior descending coronary artery (LAD). In six dogs (control) the coronary arteries were patent. A 16° C blood cardioplegic solution was given at 20 minute intervals of aortic clamping. In control dogs and in six dogs with stenoses, the aorta was clamped for 60 minutes. In the latter group, the stenoses were removed after 20 and 40 minutes to simulate sequential completion of grafts and better cardioplegic distribution. In the remaining dogs with stenoses, the aorta was clamped for only 30 minutes, with stenoses removed after the heart had been returned to the beating empty state for 30 minutes to simulate doing distal grafts with cardioplegic protection and proximal grafts during reperfusion (traditional technique). With sequential grafting, myocardial temperature was lower (16° C versus 22° C) and incidence of reperfusion fibrillation less than with the traditional technique. Despite a greater ischemic interval, sequential grafting with adequate cardioplegic distribution resulted in less lactate washout (5 ± 15 versus 35 ± 6 cc/100 gm/min), greater recovery of compliance, and higher stroke work indices (1.32 ± 0.12 versus 0.75 ± 0.15 kg-m/min). We conclude that the success of myocardial protection with potassium cardioplegia in hearts with coronary stenoses is related more to ensuring its distribution than to limiting the duration of ischemic arrest with the false assumption that the heart is reperfused adequately while proximal grafts are completed in the beating empty state.
Incomplete androgen and progesterone suppression following midluteal GnRHa prior to controlled ovarian hyperstimulation for IVF-ET.

Purpose: We aimed to determine if midluteal GnRH agonist (GnRHa) use prior to controlled ovarian hyperstimulation (COH) results in uniform progesterone and androgen suppression and whether elevations of these hormones occurring early in follicular development may adversely effect the outcome of IVF-ET. Methods: Forty-four COH cycles using midluteal GnRHa were evaluated. Serum gonadotropins (LH and FSH) and gonadal steroids (E 2 , A, P 4 , and T) were measured after 10 days of GnRHa administration [cycle day 31 (CD 31)] and again on the day of hCG administration, following COH. Cycle outcomes evaluated were the number of oocytes retrieved, morphologic grade, fertilization, implantation, pregnancy, and spontaneous abortion rates. Results: Endogenous serum FSH was uniformly suppressed (6.32 ± 0.47 IU/L) on CD 31, however, LH was not (23.76 ± 0.76 IU/L). Five and four tenths percent of cycles demonstrated low-level P4 elevations (≥0.9 ng/ml), 24.4% demonstrated serum androstenedione levels ≥600 pg/ml, and 39% of cycles were characterized by serum T levels ≥200 pg/ml despite evidence of E 2 suppression (≤30 pg/ml) and the absence of follicular growth by sonography. LH levels were not predictive of incomplete P 4 or androgen suppression. Elevations of either P 4 , A, or T occurring early in the follicular phase were not found to correlate with an impairment in clinical cycle outcome. Conclusions: Midluteal GnRHa use prior to COH may result in incomplete suppression of circulating progesterone and androgens. However, these relative elevations, occurring early in the development of the follicular cohort, did not appear to affect IVF cycle outcome adversely.
The openness of religious beliefs to the influence of external information

Religious beliefs have important and wide-reaching impacts on society. They also tend to be viewed as impervious to the influence of information external to a religious setting. Eight focus groups ...
Compulsory Heterosexuality and the Queering of Southern Lines

Educational spaces extend well beyond the brick and mortar of a school building. In this chapter, Herman considers a familiar structure of Southern Black culture in the United States as an educational terrain where bodies become central to the production of knowledge and agency. Further, Herman explores Sara Ahmed’s concept of compulsory heterosexuality in which she claims that some bodies are marked with privileges and that those bodies labor to perpetuate those privileges as norms on other bodies. This chapter offers up an experience between a teenage daughter and her parents that speaks to a gendered Black body in a heteronormative world and what occurs when traditions, family values, or what Ahmed considers “straightlines” are disrupted and queered.
Combating the Wide Web of Plagiarism: the Discussion Continues (Abstract Only)

Plagiarism is of great concern to faculty in all fields, including computer science as it leads to one certain outcome -- a compromise not just in student learning but also in the entire academic process. Faculty have tried to find ways to deal with this epidemic such as writing new course materials each semester, putting a larger or entire grade focus on exams, or even asking individual students to explain their assignments. However, plagiarism remains a source of frustration for both faculty and administrators. This BOF will bring interested faculty together to discuss the various and surprising ways in which students plagiarize, the methods of countering plagiarism, and the currently available tools for detecting plagiarism. Questions we will be discussing include: Do students understand plagiarism in the context of writing software? How can we develop an atmosphere that discourages plagiarism? Does such a thing as a "plagiarism-proof" assignment exist? If programmers go to online repositories, modify the code, and use it in professional programs then is it fair to expect the students to do just the opposite?
An epigenetic target for autism

A transient 3-day course of treatment with a histone deacetylase inhibitor persistently rescues atypical social behavior in a Shank3-deficiency mouse model of autism.
On the Energy Criterion for Stability

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the energy criterion for stability. The energy criterion for stability is the assertion that an equilibrium state of a body is stable if and only if it minimizes the sum of the Helmholtz free energy and the potential of the applied forces. In equilibrium, different materials with fading memory obey the familiar constitutive equations of nonlinear elastostatics, and for this reason it is expected that the energy criterion should be applicable to bodies of materials with fading memory, even though their behavior out of equilibrium can differ markedly from that predicted by the equations of elastodynamics. For a simple material with fading memory, the three assertions follow from the second law of thermodynamics. Of all histories ending with a given value of the pair ($$, θ), that in which $$ and θ have been held constant for all times gives the least Helmholtz free energy. The canonical free energy of a body in an environment at temperature θ° cannot be less than the equilibrium ballistic energy corresponding to the present configuration $$ and the uniform temperature.
Frequency, Risk Factors, and Outcome of Gallbladder Polyps in Patients With Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis: A Case-Control Study

The prevalence polyps (GBPs) in the general population has been estimated to be approximately 5%, with up to 10% of these being dysplastic or malignant. Previous studies have suggested that patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) have increased frequency of GBPs. However, data on the prevalence, risk factors, and outcome of GBPs in these patients are sparse. This case-control study investigates the frequency, risk factors, and outcome of GBPs in patients with PSC. In this study, 363 patients with an established diagnosis of PSC based on magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP), endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), or liver biopsy were identified. Patients with at least one abdominal imaging and no history of cholecystectomy before the first available abdominal imaging were included. The presence of GBPs was confirmed by abdominal computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), or ultrasound. Patients with GBPs were compared to those without GBPs. Furthermore, patients with malignant/premalignant polyps were compared to those with benign polyps. The frequency of GBPs in patients with PSC was 10.6%. There was no significant difference in the frequency of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) between the two groups. Of the 16 with GBPs who underwent cholecystectomy, 10 had malignant/premalignant lesions, of whom 6 had adenocarcinoma, and 4 had high-grade dysplasia. Of the 6 patients with adenocarcinoma, 4 had lesions >10 mm, 1 had a lesion as small as 4 mm, and 1 had a 7-mm lesion. Conclusion: GBPs may be frequently seen in patients with PSC. These lesions seem to occur independent of IBD. In patients with PSC, even small GBPs appear to have a risk of malignancy. These findings suggest that patients with PSC and GBPs may benefit from cholecystectomy, regardless of the size of the polyp.
IS WEIGH TANK SAMPLING ACCURATE?1

A method was developed for checking weigh tank sampling accuracy that was better than comparing samples from different locations in tanks. Long, narrow, deep weigh tanks with a steep pitch in the bottom yielded the most accurate samples. Cube-shaped tanks with a hopper at one corner, and round tanks gave excellent results. High fat milk was more difficult to mix than lower fat milk. Sampling location influenced gain or loss in fat.
Interpreting Prefrontal Recruitment During Walking After Stroke: Influence of Individual Differences in Mobility and Cognitive Function

Background: Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is a valuable neuroimaging approach for studying cortical contributions to walking function. Recruitment of prefrontal cortex during walking has been a particular area of focus in the literature. The present study investigated whether task-related change in prefrontal recruitment measured by fNIRS is affected by individual differences in people post-stroke. The primary hypotheses were that poor mobility function would contribute to prefrontal over-recruitment during typical walking, and that poor cognitive function would contribute to a ceiling in prefrontal recruitment during dual-task walking (i.e., walking with a cognitive task). Methods: Thirty-three adults with chronic post-stroke hemiparesis performed three tasks: typical walking at preferred speed (Walk), serial-7 subtraction (Serial7), and walking combined with serial-7 subtraction (Dual-Task). Prefrontal recruitment was measured with fNIRS and quantified as the change in oxygenated hemoglobin concentration (ΔO2Hb) between resting and active periods for each task. Spatiotemporal gait parameters were measured on an electronic walkway. Stepwise regression was used to assess how prefrontal recruitment was affected by individual differences including age, sex, stroke region, injured hemisphere, stroke chronicity, 10-meter walking speed, balance confidence measured by Activities-specific Balance Confidence (ABC) Scale, sensorimotor impairment measured by Fugl-Meyer Assessment, and cognitive function measured by Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). Results: For Walk, poor balance confidence (ABC Scale score) significantly predicted greater prefrontal recruitment (ΔO2Hb; R2 = 0.25, p = 0.003). For Dual-Task, poor cognitive function (MMSE score) significantly predicted lower prefrontal recruitment (ΔO2Hb; R2 = 0.25, p = 0.002). Conclusions: Poor mobility function predicted higher prefrontal recruitment during typical walking, consistent with compensatory over-recruitment. Poor cognitive function predicted lower prefrontal recruitment during dual-task walking, consistent with a recruitment ceiling effect. These findings indicate that interpretation of prefrontal recruitment should carefully consider the characteristics of the person and demands of the task.
Unruh-DeWitt Detectors in Quotients of Minkowski Space

The entanglement harvesting protocol developed in Chap. 3 is applied to detectors in Minkowski space and two cylindrical spacetimes constructed by topological identifications of Minkowski space. To do so, the image sum derivation of the Wightman functions in these cylindrical spacetimes is presented. It is shown that the entanglement harvesting protocol depends sensitively on the global topology of these spacetimes, suggesting that the entanglement structure of a field theory is sensitive to the global spacetime topology in such a way that is in principle observable by detectors interacting locally with the field.
Mesh reinforcement of paraesophageal hernia repair: Trends and outcomes from a national database

Abstract Background Placement of paraesophageal type of “mesh” in paraesophageal hernia repair is controversial. This study examines the trends and outcomes of mesh placement in paraesophageal hernia repair. Methods The American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program was queried for patients who underwent paraesophageal hernia repair with or without mesh (2010–2017). Demographics, operative approach, and outcomes were compared over time. Results Of 25,801, most paraesophageal hernia repair cases were elective (89.3%), without mesh (61.9%), and performed laparoscopically (91.3%).When compared with open paraesophageal hernia repair patients, the patients undergoing laparoscopic paraesophageal hernia repair had lesser rates of reoperation, readmission, mortality, overall complications and major complications (2.7% vs 4.8%, 6.2% vs 9.6%, 0.6% vs 2.9%, 7.1% vs 21.3%, 3.8% vs 11.1%, respectively; all P P P Conclusion The placement of mesh during laparoscopic paraesophageal hernia repair is not associated with adverse outcomes. Use of mesh with laparoscopic paraesophageal hernia repair is decreasing with no apparent adverse impact on short-term patient outcomes. Further research is needed to investigate patient factors not captured by this national database, such as characteristics of the hernia, patient symptoms, and hernia recurrence.
Reducing Ageism With Brief Videos About Aging Education, Ageism, and Intergenerational Contact.

Background and objectives With an increasing older population, ageism continues to be a significant social issue. Interventions to reduce ageism and improve intergenerational contact are needed. Research design and methods Building on the PEACE (Positive Education about Aging and Contact Experiences) model, undergraduates in an online experiment were randomly assigned to watch videos that provided education about aging, ageism, and positive intergenerational contact (experimental condition) or education about wallpaper (control condition). Results In Part 1, 845 undergraduates in the experimental condition (vs. control condition) reported lower levels of ageism, less negative age stereotypes, more positive age stereotypes, and more aging knowledge in an immediate post-test. In Part 2 (1-6 weeks later), undergraduates in the experimental condition (vs. control condition) reported more positive age stereotypes in a delayed post-test. Discussion and implications These findings highlight the promise of providing information about aging and positive intergenerational contact to reduce ageism. Brief online educational videos based on the PEACE model hold promise as an effective tool to reach a wide audience and reduce ageism.
Calorimetry of GRB 030329: Simultaneous Model Fitting to the Broadband Radio Afterglow and the Observed Image Expansion Rate

We perform calorimetry on the bright gamma-ray burst GRB 030329 by fitting simultaneously the broadband radio afterglow and the observed afterglow image size to a semi-analytic MHD and afterglow emission model. Our semi-analytic method is valid in both the relativistic and non-relativistic regimes, and incorporates a model of the interstellar scintillation that substantially effects the broadband afterglow below 10 GHz. The model is fitted to archival measurements of the afterglow flux from 1 day to 8.3 yr after the burst. Values for the initial burst parameters are determined and the nature of the circumburst medium is explored. Additionally, direct measurements of the lateral expansion rate of the radio afterglow image size allow us to estimate the initial Lorentz factor of the jet.
Characteristics of Patients with End-Stage Kidney Disease in ADPKD.

Introduction Cystic expansion damaging the parenchyma is thought to lead to end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD). Here we characterized genotypic and phenotypic attributes of ADPKD at time of ESKD. Methods This is a retrospective cross-sectional study of patients with ADPKD with ESKD evaluated at Mayo Clinic with available abdominal computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Kidney volumes were measured (total kidney volume adjusted for height [HtTKV]), Mayo Image Class (MIC) calculated, ADPKD genotype determined, and clinical and laboratory features obtained from medical records. Results Differences in HtTKV at ESKD were associated with patient age and sex; older patients and women had smaller HtTKV at ESKD. HtTKV at ESKD was observed to be 12.3% smaller with each decade of age (P 61 years had different characteristics, with a shift from youngest to oldest in male to female enrichment, MIC from 1D/1E to 1B/1C, likely fully penetrant PKD1 mutations from 95% to 42%, and presence of macrovascular disease from 8% to 40%. Macrovascular disease was associated with smaller kidneys in female patients. Conclusion HtTKV at ESKD was smaller with advancing age in patients with ADPKD, particularly in women. These novel findings provide insight into possible underlying mechanisms leading to ESKD, which differ between younger and older individuals. Cystic growth is the predominant mechanism in younger patients with ESKD, whereas aging-related factors, including vascular disease, becomes potentially important as patients age.
Public Health and Public Trust: Evidence from the Ebola Virus Disease Epidemic in Liberia

Trust in government has long been viewed as an important determinant of citizens’ compliance with public health policies, especially in times of crisis. Yet evidence on this relationship remains scarce, particularly in the developing world. We use results from a representative survey conducted during the 2014-15 Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) epidemic in Monrovia, Liberia to assess the relationship between trust in government and compliance with EVD control interventions. We find that respondents who expressed low trust in government were much less likely to take precautions against EVD in their homes, or to abide by government-mandated social distancing mechanisms designed to contain the spread of the virus. They were also much less likely to support potentially contentious control policies, such as “safe burial” of EVD-infected bodies. Contrary to stereotypes, we find no evidence that respondents who distrusted government were any more or less likely to understand EVD’s symptoms and transmission pathways. While only correlational, these results suggest that respondents who refused to comply may have done so not because they failed to understand how EVD is transmitted, but rather because they did not trust the capacity or integrity of government institutions to recommend precautions and implement policies to slow EVD’s spread. We also find that respondents who experienced hardships during the epidemic expressed less trust in government than those who did not, suggesting the possibility of a vicious cycle between distrust, non-compliance, hardships and further distrust. Finally, we find that respondents who trusted international non-governmental organizations (INGOs) were no more or less likely to support or comply with EVD control policies, suggesting that while INGOs can contribute in indispensable ways to crisis response, they cannot substitute for government institutions in the eyes of citizens. We conclude by discussing the implications of our findings for future public health crises.