cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Retinoic Acid Inhibits Formation of Mesenchyme From Lens Epithelium in Collagen Gels

Purpose. To examine the possibility that retinoic acid (RA), a stabilizer of the epithelial phenotype, would inhibit formation of mesenchymal cells from avian lens epithelium in three-dimensional collagen. Methods. Lens epithelia from 11-day-old chick embryos were cultured for 6 days in collagen gels in the presence of RA. The number of mesenchymal cells emigrating into the gels was quantitatively compared with control cultures to which RA was not added. Results. It was found that few fibroblast-like cells form at the highest dose used (10" 5 M RA) and outgrowth approaches control levels at lower doses of RA. The mesenchymal cells that form after RA treatment are not ultrastructurally different from those of controls. Many have well-developed rough endoplasmic reticulum and undoubtedly produce the collagen fibrils that accumulate around the cells. Others, although spindle-shaped, still exhibit lenslike cytoplasm. New basement membrane is deposited on the former free surface of RA-treated lens epithelium, but is not present at the former free surface of control epithelium. Conclusions. It is possible that RA inhibition of lens transformation to fibroblast-like cells is at least partly due to the ability of RA to stimulate production of basement membrane components by epithelia. More studies of RA action on epithelial-mesenchymal transformation in collagen gels may reveal additional mechanisms. It is also suggested that mesenchymal genes similar to those activated in lens epithelium by suspension in collagen may turn on in pathologic transformations (ie, in anterior capsular cataract, fibroblast-like cells arise from lens epithelium). Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1993;34:2526-2537.
Studies on the existence of a pathway in liver and muscle for the conversion of glucose into glycogen without glucose 6-phosphate as an intermediate

Mixtures of 14C-labelled glucose plus pyruvate were incubated either with rat diaphragm or slices of rat liver. Incorporation of glucose carbon into glycogen was compared with its incorporation into glucose 6-phosphate relative to the incorporation of pyruvate carbon into these metabolic products. There was no preferential incorporation of glucose carbon relative to pyruvate carbon into glycogen compared with glucose 6-phosphate in the liver slices, but there was in diaphragm. On the assumption that glucose 6-phosphate is a necessary intermediate in the conversion of pyruvate carbon into glycogen, this is evidence for the existence in muscle, but not in liver, of more than one pool of glucose 6-phosphate or of a pathway from glucose to glycogen without glucose 6-phosphate as an intermediate. Galactose carbon, relative to pyruvate carbon, was preferentially incorporated into liver glycogen, so that a substrate converted in liver into glycogen without glucose 6-phosphate as an intermediate could be detected by this approach.
Symmetries of Quasicrystals

We consider tiling models of “round quasicrystals” which would have diffraction patterns which are fully rotation invariant—rings instead of Bragg peaks. They can be distinguished from glasses by self-similarity of the pattern of radii of the rings.
Transfer of carbohydrates across guinea pig placenta

Abstract 1. The transfer of carbohydrates across guinea pig placenta from fetus to mother has been investigated with use of an in situ perfusion technique. 2. The transfer rates of pentoses appear to be controlled by a stereo-specific mechanism. Thus, d -xylose was consistently transferred at a much faster rate than l -xylose. 3. Among the hexoses, fructose was transferred slowly, and glucuronic acid not at all. The latter may contribute to the relative impermeability to glucuronide conjugates. 4. No difference was demonstrable in the transfer rates of alpha and beta glucose.
Characteristics of complementary coded radar waveforms in noise and target fluctuation

The resolution performance of various complementary coded radar waveforms is characterized. Numerical results on peak sidelobe level ratio (PSLR) and integrated sidelobe level ratio (ISLR) are presented, and a comparison is made. It is concluded that complementary coded sets result in better overall PSLR and ISLR performance than complementary coded pairs in the presence of target fluctuation. Therefore, the use of complementary code sets should be preferred over the use of complementary code pairs. Increasing the number of subsequences with a corresponding reduction in the number of chips per subsequence is shown to improve the resolution performance. >
Non-black-box techniques in cryptography

In cryptography we typically prove the security of a scheme by reducing the task of breaking the scheme to some hard computational problem. This reduction usually done in a black-box fashion. By this we mean that there is an algorithm that can solve the hard problem given any black-box for breaking the scheme. This lecture concerns exceptions to this rule: that is, schemes that are proven secure using a non-black-box reduction, that actually uses the code of a scheme-breaking attacker to construct a problem-solving algorithm. It turns out that such reductions can be used to obtain schemes with better properties that were known before. In fact, in some cases these non-black-box reductions can be obtain goals that were proven to be impossible to achieve when restricting to black-box reductions. In particular, we will present constructions of zero-knowledge protocols that are proven secure under various compositions [1, 2, 3] . We'll also discuss some of the limitations and open questions regarding non-black-box security proofs.
Low-harmonic magnetosonic waves observed by the Van Allen Probes

Purely compressional electromagnetic waves (fast magnetosonic waves), generated at multiple harmonics of the local proton gyrofrequency, have been observed by various types of satellite instruments (fluxgate and search coil magnetometers and electric field sensors), but most recent studies have used data from search coil sensors, and many have been restricted to high harmonics. We report here on a survey of low-harmonic waves, based on electric and magnetic field data from the Electric Fields and Waves double probe and Electric and Magnetic Field Instrument Suite and Integrated Science fluxgate magnetometer instruments, respectively, on the Van Allen Probes spacecraft during its first full precession through all local times, from 1 October 2012 to 13 July 2014. These waves were observed both inside and outside the plasmapause (PP), at L shells from 2.4 to ~6 (the spacecraft apogee), and in regions with plasma number densities ranging from 10 to >1000 cm−3. Consistent with earlier studies, wave occurrence was sharply peaked near the magnetic equator. Waves appeared at all local times but were more common from noon to dusk, and often occurred within 3 h after substorm injections. Outside the PP occurrence maximized broadly across noon, and inside the PP occurrence maximized in the dusk sector, in an extended plasmasphere. We confirm recent ray-tracing studies showing wave refraction and/or reflection at PP-like boundaries. Comparison with waveform receiver data indicates that in some cases these low-harmonic magnetosonic wave events occurred independently of higher-harmonic waves; this indicates the importance of including this population in future studies of radiation belt dynamics.
An integrated approach for the design and evaluation of human-machine interfaces

An integrated environment for the design and evaluation (from a human factors point-of-view) of human-machine interfaces is proposed. Four major components of an experimental environment currently under study are identified and discussed. A scenario highlighting the relationships of these four components in an integrated operational environment is presented. Current status, issues to be addressed and future plans for this activity are discussed.
Vegetative segregation of mitochondria in yeast: Estimating parameters using a random model

Yeast zygotes which are heteroplasmic for mitochondrial genes reproduce vegetatively to form clones of diploid progeny which are homoplasmic. This vegetative segregation of mitochondrial genes has been interpreted in terms of a random distribution of mitochondria or mitochondrial genomes between mother and bud at cell division. We have developed equations which permit calculation of the number of segregating units in the zygote and the number of those units which enter the bud, assuming that segregation of the units is genetically random and numerically variable or equal. Use of the equations requires data from partial pedigree analyses: we isolate zygotes, separate the first bud, then determine the frequency of mitochondrial alleles among the progeny of mother cells whose first buds were homoplasmic. Application of this method to data from five crosses suggests that most zygotes have a small number of segregating units (usually less than a dozen) and only one or two enter the first bud. Analysis of the frequency of buds which are nearly but not quite homoplasmic indicates that the segregating units may be mitochondria or portions thereof which include many mitochondrial genomes, all the genomes in a unit being genetically identical in most but not all cases. These results are compatible with, but do not prove, the hypothesis of random vegetative segregation of mitochondria.
Nitric oxide detection with intracerebral microdialysis: important considerations in the application of the hemoglobin-trapping technique.

Abstract Nitric oxide (NO') is involved in processes such as neurotransmission, memory, brain injury, vessel relaxation, etc. To study the functional and pathological roles of NO' in the brain, a reliable method to monitor NO' directly is needed. Since oxyhemoglobin (Hb) has a high affinity for NO' and upon binding is converted quantitatively to methemoglobin (MetHb), spectrophotometry of Hb conversion to MetHb can give a credible measurement of NO' concentration. Although this method is especially promising for in vivo microdialysis, factors can influence the reproducibility and stability, making it difficult to obtain reliable results at low NO' levels. Evaluation of the diffusion rates of NO' and sodium nitroprusside across the microdialysis membrane indicates that NO' readily diffuses through the membrane. By taking into account protein degradation and Hb autoxidation as well as integrating the difference spectra, this assay has a practical differential detection limit of about 7 nM (0.4 pmol) in vivo. We evaluated this method in anesthetized and awake rats by measuring the release of NO' induced by the excitotoxin kainic acid (13 mg/kg, i.p.). A protocol with detailed analytical parameters for NO' monitoring in neurobiological research is given.
Electrophoresis in Highly Cross-linked Polyacrylamide Gels

Abstract The properties of polyacrylamide gels with 1 to 50% cross-linking (%C) were studied using electrophoresis in multiphasic buffer systems of five proteins with known molecular weight. The extrapolated free mobility (Y 0 or M 0 varies in a biphasic manner with %C, reaching a maximum when %C is 5 to 7%, and falling to a constant plateau value specific for each protein when %C is greater than 20%. The retardation coefficient (KR ) shows a different type of biphasic relationship with %C: it increases with %C over the range 1-5%C and then falls asymptotically to zero, irrespective of molecular size. High %C provides a substantial increase in the effective pore size of the gel and enables one to fractionate macromolecules in the multimillion molecular weight range. These gels should be useful when it is desired to minimize molecular sieving, e.g., for isotachophoresis and isoelectric focusing.
Chinese Perceptions of American Power, 1991––2004

This article presents Chinese perceptions of American power/capability in terms of economic, scientific and technological, military, and soft power, together with its perceived trajectory. This research suggests that in the foreseeable future, barring serious mistakes on its own part, the U.S. quite possibly will remain the dominant power in world politics.
Can government purchases explain the recent U.S. net export deficits

Abstract This paper investigates the role of U.S. government purchases in explaining recent U.S. net export behavior. I develop a two-country neoclassical model that emphasizes linkages from government purchases to consumption. I compare the model's implications for the movements and co-movements of net exports against their data counterparts. A parameterization in which government purchases and private consumption are complements and in which expectations of future government purchases are revised downward can account for much of the time path and co-movements of net exports. I conclude that U.S. government purchases play some role in explaining recent U.S. net export behavior.
Characterization of Athabasca Bitumen Heavy Vacuum Gas Oil Distillation Cuts by Negative/Positive Electrospray Ionization and Automated Liquid Injection Field Desorption Ionization Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry

We have analyzed eight heavy vacuum gas oil (HVGO) distillation fractions, initial boiling point (IBP)−343, 343−375, 375−400, 400−425, 425−450, 450−475, 475−500, and 500−525 °C, of an Athabasca bitumen by Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS). Acidic, basic, and nonpolar components were detected by negative-ion and positive-ion electrospray ionization (ESI) and automated liquid injection field desorption ionization (LIFDI) positive-ion FT-ICR MS. Ultrahigh mass resolving power (m/Δm50% ≈ 350 000) and high mass accuracy (<500 ppb) facilitate the assignment of a unique elemental composition to each peak in the mass spectrum. Thus, each distillate was characterized by mass, heteroatom class, type (number of rings and double bonds), and carbon number distribution to correlate compositional changes with increased boiling point. Negative-ion ESI FT-ICR MS identifies high relative abundance nonaromatic O2 species that span the entire distillation range. All ionization methods re...
Nonlinear Effects in High Peak Power 3C® Fiber Amplifiers

Picosecond chirally coupled core (3C) fiber amplifiers show nonlinear effects at hundreds of kW peak power not typical in LMA fibers. Polarization rotation and modulation instability-like effects are observed and model backed origins are proposed.
Influence of Local Tumor Control on Distant Metastases and Cancer Related Mortality After External Beam Radiotherapy for Prostate Cancer

Purpose: We report local control outcomes, as assessed by posttreatment biopsies in patients who underwent 3-dimensional conformal radiotherapy for clinically localized prostate cancer. In addition, we report the influence of local tumor control on long-term distant metastases and cause specific survival outcomes.Materials and Methods: Posttreatment prostate biopsies were performed in 339 patients who underwent 3-dimensional conformal radiotherapy for clinically localized prostate cancer. The histological outcome of prostate biopsy was classified as positive—prostatic adenocarcinoma without typical radiation induced changes or negative—no evidence of carcinoma or severe treatment effect. Median followup in this group of 339 patients was 10 years after the completion of treatment and 6.25 years after posttreatment biopsy.Results: Overall biopsy outcomes in these patients were positive in 32%, severe treatment effect in 21% and negative in 47%. A higher radiation dose in the intermediate and high risk subgr...
Conformational transitions of immunoglobulin fragment Fc(t) incited by alkyl sulfates of various hydrophobic chain lengths

Abstract The effect of alkyl sulfates of various chain lengths on immunoglobulin fragment Fc(t) was studied. Circular dichroism measurements indicated that the non-helical polypeptide chains of Fc(t) were ordered by anionic detergents to a certain degree. Resolution of the ellipticity curves into Gaussian peaks showed that the detergents incited the formation of negative bands centered at 206 and at 222 nm and a positive band at 190–192 nm. This partial transition to α-helical structure was enhanced by increasing amount of detergents until the critical micelle concentrations of the detergents were reached, when no further change was observed with additional detergents. The effect of ionic strength seemed to be on the critical micelle concentration. These conformational changes were also influenced by pH and the hydrophobic chain length of the detergents. In acid solution, anionic detergents appeared to both promote α-helix formation and reduce the amount of disordered structure present in Fc(t). The order of effectiveness of the detergents as helix-forming agents was tetradecyl > dodecyl > decyl > octyl sodium sulfate, indicating the importance of hydrophobic bonding in Fc(t). In near ultraviolet zone, the circular dichroic bands were weakened by the detergents, although the Cotton effects were not completely eliminated.
On extensions of the Brunn-Minkowski and Prékopa-Leindler theorems, including inequalities for log concave functions, and with an application to the diffusion equation

We extend the Prekopa-Leindler theorem to other types of convex combinations of two positive functions and we strengthen the Prekopa—Leindler and Brunn-Minkowski theorems by introducing the notion of essential addition. Our proof of the Prekopa—Leindler theorem is simpler than the original one. We sharpen the inequality that the marginal of a log concave function is log concave, and we prove various moment inequalities for such functions. Finally, we use these results to derive inequalities for the fundamental solution of the diffusion equation with a convex potential.
Presidential mandates and ministerial institutions: Summitry of the Americas, the Organization of American States (OAS) and the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB)

The periodic Summits of the Americas are the highest form of regional multilateralism in the Western Hemisphere, but summits lack their own means to implement their mandates. Hence, Summit Plans of Action assign many initiatives to existing regional institutions, especially the Organization of American States (OAS) and the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB). But a notable difference exists in the character and degree to which these two institutions have responded to their unfunded mandates, in that the OAS has become “nested” under the hierarchy of summitry, while the IDB has eschewed subordination in favor of a “parallel” relationship pursuing largely convergent activities. Relying on extensive interviews and reviews of open source and internal documents, six variables are found to explain this differential response: ministerial authorities, competing mandates, institutional missions, internal structures, membership and leadership. Yet for both regional institutions there remains a wide gap between the directives emanating from the Summits and what the two regional institutions have been—and could be—accomplishing. The study concludes with recommendations to improve institutional design.
Using Physical Activity to Teach Academic Content: A Study of the Effects on Literacy in Head Start Preschoolers

The potential impact of increased physical activity on early literacy skills in preschool children has not been sufficiently explored. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the effects of a 6 month, low cost, teacher-directed, academic program that delivered existing literacy lessons using physical activity in Head Start preschools. Preschool Literacy Individual Growth and Development Indicators were used to assess early literacy and phonological awareness in the areas of alliteration and picture naming. The results showed significant increases in physical activity during free play and improvements in early literacy (Picture Naming, Alliteration) compared to a non-exercising control group. In conclusion, the findings suggest that academic lessons taught using physical activity improve early literacy in preschoolers.
Opiine parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) of Rhagoletis pomonella and R. zephyria (Diptera: Tephritidae) in the Willamette Valley, Oregon.

Two species of opiine (Braconidae) parasitoids, Opius lectoides Gahan and O. downesi Gahan parasitized Rhagoletis zephyria Snow and R. pomonella (Walsh) in the Willamette Valley, OR. Almost equal numbers of O. lectoides and O. downesi were recorded from R. zephyria , whereas about 91% of the opiines associated with R. pomonella were O. downesi . In general, percent parasitization of R. pomonella was variable from sample to sample, but substantially higher on hawthorn than on apple fruit. It appears that both the opiine species have made a rapid host shift from R. zephyria to newly introduced populations of R. pomonella .
Permeability changes in isolated liver mitochondria during different metabolic states

The different staining patterns observed in isolated rat liver mitochondria suspended in a negative stain (2.11% ammonium molybdate) that were reported ( U. Muscatello, V. Guarriera-Bobyleva, and P. Buffa, 1972 , J. Ultrastruct. Res. 40, 235–260) were analyzed with the aim of determining the location of the stain within the mitochondria. The observations made by Muscatello and coworkers on whole, negatively stained mitochondria were confirmed. By embedding the negatively stained mitochondria according to one low denaturation embedding technique, the location of the stain could be determined. In rat liver mitochondria, freshly isolated, the stain was located within wide intracristal spaces. During state 4 respiration, stain was present in the cristae although the two membranes of each cristae were in most cases closely apposed. After 30 sec in state 3 respiration, the stain was present in the matrix, but absent from the cristae. During all three experimental conditions, stain was present in a narrow zone inside the membrane at the surface of the mitochondrion. The changes in permeability leading to an entrance of the stain into the matrix but not the cristae during state 3 respiration, and the reverse situation during state 4 shows that there are two pathways along which the stain can enter the matrix or the cristae. The permeability of these pathways is controlled independently. These observations cannot be explained on the basis of the generally accepted structure of mitochondria. The absence of any other structural modifications and a change in volume of the mitochondria in association with the transition from state 4 to state 3 respiration does not conform with the concept ( C. R. Hackenbrock, 1966 , J. Cell Biol. 30, 269–297) that the mitochondria undergo extensive “conformational” changes under these conditions.
The drag on an airplane taking off from a floating runway

The motions of an infinitely long, two-dimensional runway subjected to the dynamic moving load imposed by an airplane taking off are investigated. The runway is assumed to be floating in an inviscid fluid and is initially at equilibrium before the plane takes off. The deformation of the runway resulting from the take-off is wave-like and moves in the same direction as the plane. The maximum drag occurs when the plane catches up with the first wave. Three different runway configurations were considered: a baseline and ones which were ten and one hundred times more flexible than the baseline. For these runways, the added drag to the aircraft was very small, ranging from 1% for the stiffest to 10% for the most flexible runway.
Can CAD Meet the VLSI Design Problems of the 80's?

I feel we should be very optimistic that future CAD will enable cost-effective device designs as process geometrics continue to scale downward. Obviously, CAD in the 80's will be significantly different than CAD in the 60's and 70's. We will experience a transition which will focus emphasis on the management of design complexity and higher-level forms of device design in an effort to maintain competitively acceptable levels of designer productivity. Also, the influence of color graphics, microprocessors, telecommunications, and distributed computing concepts will have a profound impact on VLSI device design methodology.The enormous increase in device complexity anticipated with VLSI, will demand conceptual and algorithmic innovations in digital-analog simulation and circuit analysis. It is rather obvious that continuous increases in model size, number of logic gates and circuit nodes, causes an exponential increase in computer costs associated with exercising the model in generating analytical behavior. Therefore, more cost-effective algorithmic techniques and hierarchial methods must be developed for VLSI digital-analog simulation and circuit analysis. Another extremely perplexing design problem is device testability. If built-in test (BIT) techniques, which appear very promising, are developed, it will impact future device architecture and test synthesis methodologies. CAD must be a partner in catalizing these technological changes.
Variations in the Home Literacy Environment of Preschool Children: A Cluster Analytic Approach

Home literacy surveys were collected from the primary caregiver of 1,044 2- to 5-year-old children (M = 49.32 months, SD = 9.36) representing a wide range of socioeconomic backgrounds and types of early educational programs or child care. The caregivers completed survey questions on family background and home literacy activities and materials. Hierarchical cluster analyses performed on three randomly constituted subsamples and on the total sample revealed that a three-cluster solution best fit the data. Clusters differed on frequency of shared reading and literacy teaching activities with clusters representing caregivers either low or high on all behaviors or low on shared reading behaviors but high on literacy teaching behaviors. Cluster membership was significantly related to socioeconomic status, family living circumstances, caregiver stress, and caregiver reading ability. Results support a model of home literacy behavior informed not only by knowledge and resources but also by parental beliefs and del...
Regulation of JCV promoter function: Evidence that a pentanucleotide “silencer” repeat sequence AGGGAAGGGA down-regulates transcription of the JC virus late promoter

The human neurotropic papovavirus JCV contains sequences within the two 98-bp tandem repeats which play a key role in glial-specific transcription of the viral early and late promoters. Previous analysis of the 98-bp sequence has delineated several protein-binding domains that are recognized by nuclear factors present in human brain cells. In the present study, by deletion mutation analysis, we have identified a region within each 98-bp repeat that reduces transcriptional activity of the JCV late promoter (JCVL). Using synthetic oligonucleotides spanning this region, designated "OP," we demonstrate that down-regulation of the JCVL promoter is associated with a pentanucleotide repeat sequence (AGGGAAGGGA) juxtaposed to the poly(dA) tract within the 98-bp tandem repeats. The OP sequence interacts specifically with a protein derived from glial nuclear extract and forms a major 56- to 60-kDa complex. Methylation interference experiment indicates that the three G residues proximal to the poly(dA) tract make major groove contacts with the protein. Single-base-pair substitution of these residues suggests that the complex can form in the presence of two of the three guanosyl residues. The possible role of this protein in regulating the JCV lytic cycle in concert with nearby regulatory elements within JCV promoter region is discussed.
Toxicities of the thrombopoietic growth factors

The thrombopoietic growth factors (TGFs) are a novel class of compounds for the treatment of chronic immune thrombocytopenia (ITP). The first of these agents to receive regulatory approval, romiplostim and eltrombopag, have demonstrated impressive efficacy and tolerability in randomized controlled trials and open-label extension studies of several years duration and stand poised to revolutionize the management of ITP. Nonetheless, critical questions regarding the safety of these agents, particularly after long-term administration, remain partially unanswered. The objective of this review is to describe the reported and potential toxicities of the TGFs, including bone marrow fibrosis, thrombosis, rebound thrombocytopenia, hematologic malignancy, neutralizing antibody formation, hepatotoxicity, cataract formation, and common adverse events. The incidence and clinical implications of these toxicities as well as strategies for patient safety monitoring are examined.
Segregation of cortical head direction cell assemblies on alternating theta cycles

We kindly thank S. Gillet, J. Hinman, E. Newman and L. Ewell for their invaluable consultations and comments on previous versions of this manuscript, as well as M. Connerney, S. Eriksson, C. Libby and T. Ware for technical assistance and behavioral training. This work was supported by grants from the National Institute of Mental Health (R01 MH60013 and MH61492) and the Office of Naval Research Multidisciplinary University Research Initiative (N00014-10-1-0936). (R01 MH60013 - National Institute of Mental Health; MH61492 - National Institute of Mental Health; N00014-10-1-0936 - Office of Naval Research Multidisciplinary University Research Initiative)
A Community of Narratives: Developing Transracialized Selves Through a Community of Practice

The story presented here developed from a study group where we found space to explore and analyze ourselves and each other. In recounting our development from a Community of Interest to a Community of Practice (CoP), we first introduce a guiding theoretical framework building on a foundation of two concepts: CoP and transracialized selves. We then present a series of alternating methods and findings, reflecting our development through two phases. We recount the formation of our group and the decision to develop individual narratives; the findings from these methods are presented as six narratives recounting individual wrestlings with our racialized selves. We then describe our methods for analyzing these narratives as a group and conclude with the findings from that communal analysis. We close with implications for others who might find a similar process valuable.
Application of a mechanistic model for radiation-induced amorphization and crystallization of uranium silicide to recrystallization of UO2

Abstract An alternative mechanism for the evolution of recrystallization nuclei is described for a model of irradiation-induced recrystallization of UO2 wherein the stored energy in the UO2 is concentrated in a network of sinklike nuclei that heretofore were assumed to diminish with dose due to interaction with radiation-produced defects. The sinklike nuclei are identified as cellular dislocation structures that evolve relatively early in the irradiation period. In the alternative approach, a generalized theory of radiation-induced amorphization and crystallization, developed for uranium silicide, is applied to UO2. The complicated kinetics involved in the formation of a cellular dislocation network are approximated by the formation and growth of subgrains due to the interaction of shock waves produced by fission-induced damage to the UO2.
Force fields for sulphuryl chloride and sulphuryl fluoride

THE calculations reported here were undertaken in the hope that they would lead to a firm assignment of the vibrational spectrum of sulphuryl chloride, and that any information thus obtained would act as a guide in a similar treatment of sulphuryl fluoride. Experimental data for sulphuryl chloride [l-4] is more definitive than for the fluoride [4-71. In the spectrum of SO&l, all nine fundamental frequencies have been observed and six can be securely classified into symmetry classes. At best, six fundamentals can be assigned in SO,F,, while the location and assignment of the other three modes are by no means definitely determined. Two previous calculations, of the type attempted here, have been reported. SIEBERT [S] employed the same assumed angular geometry for both molecules, and a seven-parameter valence force field. However, when the correct geometry and redundancy condition for each molecule are used, his quoted force constants prove inadequate for predicting the fundamental frequencies of either molecule. STAMMREICH et al. [9] reported a calculation performed in conjunction with a normal co-ordinate analysis of chromyl chloride, in which he used a valence force field consisting of sixteen non-zero parameters to predict the nine frequencies, but for the sulphuryl compounds he set all off-diagonal terms to zero and simply reports that v5 < v, -C v9 for sulphuryl chloride, and v5 < v9 < v, for the fluoride. Her& we use a valence force field of the type described by SIEBERT [S], but additionally we have explored the effect of varying the number, and choice, of the interaction constants restricting the total number to nine or less, so that a unique solution of the secular equation may be possible. Many of the dangers encountered in performing this kind of calculation with limited secure experimental evidence have been discussed by FREEMAN and Ross [lo]. The calculations were performed using the Wilson FG matrix technique [ 1 l] on * Supported in part by a grant from the Petroleum Research Fund of the American Chemical Society.
The early response of immature rat myometrium to estrogenic stimulation

The response of immature smooth muscle of the developing uterus to a single dose of estrogen was studied in virginal rats by electron microscopy. Within the first few hours there was a marked increase in free ribosomes followed later by an increase in polyribosome-like complexes lying in close spatial relationship to myofilaments. This correlates well with biochemical studies indicating increased protein synthesis at this time and may represent the synthesis of myoglobin and/or actin and myosin. Eighteen to 24 hours after estrogen injection, the muscle cells were larger and had very prominent, dilated rough-surfaced endoplasmic cisternae, a larger Golgi apparatus and numerous vacuolar sacs in the periphery, leading to blunt cytoplasmic projections. In the interstitium, collagen fibrils and nonbanded, fine filaments blending with the basement membrane of each muscle cell were more numerous. Since a prominent endoplasmic reticulum presumably indicates synthesis of proteins for export, the increased number and spatial proximity of these extracellular fibrils to muscle cells suggests the participation of smooth muscle cells in the formation of connective tissue components.
Risk factors associated with local and in-transit recurrence of cutaneous melanoma.

BACKGROUND: Understanding the risk factors for local and in-transit recurrences (LR/ITR) may help facilitate methods of prevention, early detection, and treatment. METHODS: A retrospective review of a prospectively collected database was performed on patients diagnosed with single-lesion cutaneous melanoma. Clinical and pathologic characteristics of the tumors were evaluated. RESULTS: Of 225 patients, 10% had LR/ITR. Patients with LR/ITR were older (P = .0002), had thicker tumors (P = .018), and positive angiolymphatic invasion more frequently (P < .0001). An increased tumor mitotic rate (TMR) was more common in LR/ITRs (P = .051). On univariate logistic regression, age, thickness, TMR of 11/mm 2 or greater, and angiolymphatic invasion were all significant risk factors for LR/ITR. Multivariate logistic regression showed age, thickness, and angiolymphatic invasion were the only significant risk factors. CONCLUSIONS: Older patients with thicker tumors and angiolymphatic invasion appear to be at higher risk for LR/ITR. Such patients warrant consideration of preventative strategies and should receive close clinical follow-up evaluation for early recurrence. .
The Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales for Young Children with Autism.

Abstract Parents of 20 preschool children with Autistic Disorder were interviewed with the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales, Interview Edition Survey Form, upon their child's admission to an intensive educational program, after one school year, and after two school years. Results showed that the Vineland was sensitive to changes in the children's adaptive functioning, and reflected differential changes in the four domains of Motor, Socialization, Daily Living and Communication skills. It is suggested that the Vineland, which is administered to parents and does not require the child's cooperation, is a useful instrument for school psychologists and other special services providers in assessing the child with autism's educational progress and programming needs.
Evolution of the ITU

Abstract The ITU has had a long and colourful history, involving radical changes in telecommunications technology and the environment in which it operates. As regards technology, the most important events were the addition of telephone to telegraphy, the advent of radio, and finally the merger of telecommunications and computers. In respect to the environment, the most significant events were the impact of the second world war, the effort of the USA to reorganize the ITU in 1947, and the evolution of the developing-country majority. Whether the ITU will be able to weather the most recent developments in as satisfactory a manner is another matter.
A genome screen of systemic lupus erythematosus using affected-relative-pair linkage analysis with covariates demonstrates genetic heterogeneity.

A genome screen of systemic lupus erythematosus using affected-relative-pair linkage analysis with covariates demonstrates genetic heterogeneity
Rapid multispectral cw multiplexing technique for photon migration measurements

A discussion of photon migration will introduce both some fundamental limitations and practical concerns which directly affect the design and construction of DOT instrumentation. The utility of four different multiplexing schemes will be discussed and then contrasted in light of these concerns. The relative merits of each scheme will be used to determine which measurements they are best suited for, given some of the realistic technical, legal, and practical issues common to the medical research community. Within this context, the unique advantages offered by a variant of time-division multiplexing; Pulse-TDM, will be introduced and explained.
Executive Functions, Self-Regulation, and Chronic Pain: A Review

Background Chronic pain conditions are complicated and challenging to live with. Capacity to adjust to such conditions may depend on the ability to self-regulate, that is, the ability to alter thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. Self-regulation appears to rely on executive cognitive functions, and the current review, therefore, sought to draw attention to the impact of self-regulatory capacity and executive functions on chronic pain.
Pressure ulcers in people with spinal cord injury in developing nations.

Literature review. To explore the prevalence or incidence, risk factors, and costs of pressure ulcers among individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI), specifically in the context of the developing world. To highlight important targets for intervention and research for pressure ulcer management the world over. World Bank ‘low-income’ and ‘middle-income’ countries with a gross national income per capita <$12 746. PubMed search. SCI-associated pressure ulcers are very prevalent in developing nations; however, reported prevalence and incidence numbers are highly variable. Risk factors for pressure ulcers are similar in developed and developing countries however many of the risk factors are more prevalent in developing nations. SCI-associated pressure ulcers are common but can be prevented in the developing world. Key targets for interventions include acute care, nurse-to-patient ratios, support surfaces and education.
Abstract LB-146: Identification of copy number alterations in small cell lung cancer

Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) comprises 20% of all lung cancer cases and is a particularly malignant disease. The identification of genomic alterations in small cell tumors and metastases and characterization of the genes within those regions will aid in our understanding of SCLC development and progression. DNA copy number gains and losses in human and mouse tumors frequently highlight genes of functional importance. Mouse tumors are often less genomically complex than their human counterparts and several recent studies have highlighted the power of comparative genomic studies of mouse models to identify genes relevant to human tumor progression. In a mouse model, inactivation of p53 and Rb following Cre-mediated recombination results in the development of lung tumors that resemble human SCLC histopathologically. Using this model of malignant SCLC, we have identified DNA copy number alterations in tumors and metastases using Illumina9s Solexa massively parallel DNA sequencing technology. While the majority of the genome is unaltered, we observed several focal deletions and high-level amplifications. We detected an amplification of a region including the gene L-myc, a gene previously identified to be amplified in SCLC, and a region including Nuclear Factor 1/B (Nfib). Additionally, several cell lines derived from these lung tumors and metastases have high-level amplifications of Nfib. The DNA copy number data will be probed for conserved changes in tumors and metastases isolated from different animals and functionally validated using in vitro and in vivo assays. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-146.
Ulnar-sided perilunate instability: An anatomic and biomechanic study

A staging system for ulnar-sided perilunate instability is presented based on a series of cadaver dissections and load studies. Stage I: partial or complete disruption of the lunotriquetral interosseous ligament, without clinical and/or radiographic evidence of dynamic or static volar intercalated segment instability deformity; stage II: complete disruption of the lunotriquetral interosseous ligament and disruption of the palmar lunotriquetral ligament, with clinical and/or radiographic evidence of dynamic volar intercalated segment instability deformity; and stage III: complete disruption of the lunotriquetral interosseous and the palmar lunotriquetral ligaments, attenuation or disruption of the dorsal radiocarpal ligament, with clinical and/or radiographic evidence of static volar intercalated segment instability deformity.
Assessing plastically dissipated energy as a condition for fatigue crack growth

The suitability of using a proposed condition for simulating cyclic crack propagation in a numerical scheme is qualitatively investigated, employing the finite element method. The propagation criterion is based on a condition that relates the plastically dissipated energy to a critical value. In the finite element simulation scheme, the crack is allowed to propagate when the criterion is satisfied, and the crack propagates until the condition is no longer fulfilled. Experimentally, it is well established that a negative load ratio increases the crack propagation rate, whereas a tensile overload tends to decrease the crack propagation rate. By simulating these load conditions, we show that the proposed propagation criterion closely captures these rate changes.
Classical conditioning of the eyeblink reflex in the decerebrate-decerebellate rabbit.

Abstract The purpose of these experiments was to test the hypothesis that a conditioned nictitating membrane reflex can be acquired in decerebrate rabbits in the absence of the cerebellum. Experiments examining the effects of large cerebellar lesions on the acquisition and performance of the conditioned reflex were performed in acutely prepared decerebrate rabbits. Most lesions encompassed all of the cerebellar nuclear regions ipsilateral to the eye receiving the unconditioned stimulus. In all rabbits included in this study the continuity between the cerebellar nuclei and the brainstem was interrupted, even in those preparations in which small regions of the nuclei were present in the lateral hemisphere. The findings demonstrate that these animals could acquire the conditioned reflex independent of whether conditioning had occurred prior to the cerebellectomy. Strong associativity was found between the latency of the conditioned response and the interstimulus interval between the conditioned and unconditioned stimuli. The behavior of the conditioned reflex observed in the decerebrate-decerebellate animals different from that reported for awake intact rabbits in two ways. Once the conditioned behavior had been acquired, the percent of trials showing conditioned responses was somewhat less in decerebrate-decerebellate rabbits and was also more variable in these animals. The data demonstrate that the nictitating membrane reflex can be classically conditioned in the absence of the cerebellum, indicating that this structure is neither necessary nor sufficient for the acquisition of this type of conditioned behavior. In addition, an hypothesis is presented which addresses the difference between the data reported here and those previously reported by other laboratories based on observations in awake intact animals.
A Single Facility Rectilinear Location Problem with Multiple Criteria

The problem of locating a single new facility in the plane relative to several existing facilities is treated. Simultaneous consideration is given to minisum and minimax criteria. Rectilinear distances are assumed. In addition to linear programming formulations, search procedures are developed based on the special structure of the location problems examined.
Effect of aminophylline on amygdaloid-kindled postictal inhibition

Abstract Previous studies have shown that methylxanthines such as aminophylline increase the clinical severity and length of electrically elicited limbic afterdischarges in naive and kindled rats without lowering seizure threshold. When fully amygdaloid-kindled rats are electrically stimulated at intertrial stimulation intervals of less than 60 minutes, significant residual inhibition can be demonstrated. The present study examines the effect of three doses of aminophylline (25, 50 and 100 mg/kg) on repeated daily stimulations of fully amygdaloid-kindled rats. After 100 mg/kg aminophylline, the first elicited amygdaloid-kindled seizure afterdischarge was doubled in length compared to saline controls. The second elicited seizure 15 minutes later resulted in status epilepticus and hindlimb extension in the majority of the aminophylline-treated animals with death occuring in 28%. When 25 or 50 mg/kg of aminophylline was given daily for five days before the first of five daily stimulation trials, each separated by 15 minutes, no significant reduction in postictal inhibition was demonstrated compared to saline controls. The 50 mg/kg aminophylline dose consistently and significantly lengthened only the first afterdischarge of each day without affecting the postictal inhibition seen with repeated stimulations. The neural substrate that governs immediate postictal inhibition of amygdaloid-kindled seizures appears to be resistent to modification by aminophylline at low doses. At high doses of aminophylline (100 mg/kg), sustained epileptical activity occured. The sustained seizure activity seen at high dose of aminophylline may be secondary to blockade of the processes which normally terminate seizure activity, or it may represent actual inhibition of the immediate postictal inhibitory processes.