cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The relation between cortisol excretion and fractures in healthy older people: results from the MacArthur studies-Mac.

BACKGROUND: In persons with depression, higher urinary Cortisol is associated with lower bone mineral density. OBJECTIVE: To examine the relation between urinary free Cortisol (UFC) and fractures. SETTING: Community-based samples from Durham, NC, East Boston, MA, and New Haven, CT. PARTICIPANTS: 684 men and women, aged 70 to 79 at baseline, who were part of the MacArthur Study of Successful Aging. DESIGN: Cohort study. Participants with previous history of fractures at baseline were excluded. MEASURES: The primary exposure variable was overnight (8: 00 p.m. to 8: 00 a.m.) UFC (μg/g creatinine) at baseline (1988). Outcomes were self-reported hip, arm, spine, wrist, or other fracture during the follow-up period (1988–1995). Covariates were baseline age, gender, race, body mass index, current physical activity, lower extremity strength, depression subscale of the Hopkins Symptom Checklist, and current use of cigarettes and alcohol. ANALYSIS: Logistic regression was used to predict the occurrence of incident fractures (1988–1995) as a function of quartiles of baseline UFC. Models were adjusted for age, gender, and race and were also multiply adjusted for the remaining covariates listed above. Gender-stratified models and models that excluded corticosteroid users were also run. RESULTS: In multiply adjusted models, higher baseline levels of UFC were significantly associated with incident fractures. Odds of fracture (95% Confidence Intervals) for increasing quartiles of baseline UFC, multiply adjusted, were: 2.28 (.91, 5.77); 3.40 (1.33, 8.69); 5.38 (1.68, 17.21). Results were not materially influenced by exclusion of persons using corticosteroids. CONCLUSIONS: Higher baseline UFC is an independent predictor of future fracture.
Linear stability of plane couette flow of an upper convected maxwell fluid

Abstract We investigate the linear stability of plane Couette flow of an upper convected Maxwell fluid using a spectral method to compute the eigenvalues. No instabilities are found. This is in agreement with the results of Ho and Denn [1] and Lee and Finlayson [2], but contradicts “proofs” of instability by Gorodtsov and Leonov [3] and Akbay and Frischmann [4,5]. The errors in those arguments are pointed out. We also find that the numerical discretization can generate artificial instabilities (see also [1,6]). The qualitative behavior of the eigenvalue spectrum as well as the artificial instabilities is discussed.
Nonlinear dynamics of filaments II. nonlinear analysis

Abstract The linear stability analysis of the full time-dependent Kirchhoff equations for elastic filaments gives precise information about possible dynamical instabilities. The associated dispersion relations derived in the preceding paper provides the selection mechanism for the shapes selected by highly unstable filaments. Here we perform a nonlinear analysis and derive new amplitude equations which describe the dynamics above the instability threshold. The straight filament is studied in detail and the motion is shown to be described by a pair of nonlinear Klein-Gordon equations which couple the local deformation amplitude to the twist density. Of particular interest is the effect of boundary conditions on the instability threshold. It is shown that with suitable choice of boundary conditions the threshold of instability is delayed. We also show the existence of pulse-like and front-like traveling wave solutions.
Comparing Revictimization in Two Groups of Marginalized Women

This study examines physical and sexual revictimization in a random sample of incarcerated and poor, urban, nonincarcerated women using multiple measures of physical and sexual child abuse. Researchers used hierarchical logistic regression to compare rates of revictimization and the strength of the association between child abuse and adult victimization using two measures of child physical abuse and four measures of child sexual abuse. Incarcerated women had higher rates of revictimization than did nonincarcerated women. Child abuse and adult incarceration were directly associated with adult victimization; interactions between child abuse and incarceration were associated with adult victimization for only a few definitions of child abuse. Findings suggest that the relationship between child abuse and adult victimization is robust and that factors in incarcerated women's lives further increase the probability of adult victimization.
The Importance of the Mentor–Mentee Relationship in Women’s Desistance From Destructive Behaviors:

According to the literature on desistance, the process of reentering society after imprisonment is distinct from the process of desistance as the former is a broader, institutional process that may influence the latter. Scholars have also acknowledged gendered differences in both reentry and desistance processes. Among the array of players in the lives of formerly incarcerated individuals, mentors have become an increasingly popular form of social support in postincarceration programs—particularly for women in reentry. Given the increasing interest in mentoring programs, this study uses semistructured interviews with mentors (n = 10) and clients (n = 11) in a women’s postincarceration mentoring program to assess the role of mentors in the reentry process and the desistance process. It was found that mentors aid in these processes by serving as facilitators of change for women who are open to such change and by facilitating in constructive behavioral adjustments.
A case of an 18-year-old male rugby union forward with a C5/C6 central disc herniation

The patient was an 18-year-old front row forward rugby player who had a history of episodic neck pain for over 2 years following playing games of rugby. The initial event of April 2005 for which the symptoms manifested was a scrum collapse; he continued playing until a front-on tackle occurred when the symptoms dictated that he leave the field and be taken to the local hospital. A diagnosis of a cervical sprain was made and conservative management ensued. During the selections held on January 2008, a medical assessment was made and an MRI found that he had a central disc herniation at C5/C6. He was referred to a spinal orthopaedic surgeon for further treatment. The risks to cervical spinal injuries are illustrated in this case, in a scrum and in the tackle. The prevention of such an injury is discussed.
Sensorimotor contribution to shoulder stability: Effect of injury and rehabilitation

Shoulder joint stability is the humeral head remaining or promptly returning to proper alignment within the glenoid fossa. This is mediated by both mechanical and dynamic restraint mechanisms. Coordination of these restraint systems is required for shoulder joint stability. The sensorimotor system is defined as all of the sensory, motor, and central integration and processing components involved in maintaining joint stability. The sensorimotor system is comprised of several components including proprioception, joint position sense, kinesthesia, sensation of force, and neuromuscular control. With joint injury, not only are the mechanical restraints disrupted (joint capsule, glenoid labrum, etc.) but also, the sensorimotor system is affected. Restoration of the sensorimotor system has been shown to occur through both surgical and conservative intervention and rehabilitation. Surgery has been shown to restore both mechanical restraints and the sensorimotor system. Specific rehabilitation techniques have also been effective at improving the sensorimotor system in healthy and pathological patients.
Aquatic invertebrate abundance in relation to changing marsh conditions

The relationship between invertebrate populations and vegetative cover was studied in several Iowa marshes during the peak of the avian nesting season. Shallow water with emergent and floating dead vegetation produced the most isopods, planorbid snails and physid snails. Physid snails had another abundance peak in areas where submerged plants were found below dense free-floating plants. Midges reached greatest abundance in more open habitats somewhat protected from the wind. Amphipods were the most numerous invertebrate taxa and were most abundant in dense beds of submerged vegetation. Cladocera and copepods were most common in quiet pools with little vegetation. Total invertebrate abundance increased as the emergent vegetation was replaced by submerged vegetation, but maximum numbers occurred where beds of submerged vegetation were interspersed with stands of emergent vegetation. It is suggested that nesting marsh birds are attracted to marshes that produce the most invertebrates.
Parallel implementation of power system dynamic simulation

Dynamic simulation of power system transient stability is important for planning, monitoring, operation, and control of electric power systems. However, modeling the system dynamics and network involves the computationally intensive time-domain solution of numerous differential and algebraic equations. This results in a transient stability simulation implementation that does not satisfy the real-time constraints of online dynamic security assessment. This paper presents a parallel implementation of the dynamic simulation on a high-performance computing platform using parallel simulation algorithms and architectures. It enables the simulation to run even faster than real time, enabling the “look-ahead” capability to study pending stability problems in the power grid.
The Structure of Technology Knowledge

There are several dimensions of technology knowledge: (1) There is knowledge about technologies. That is the engineer’s or technician’s knowledge, the knowledge of how a machine is made and how it functions. (2) There is what could be called theoretical technology knowledge, that is the knowledge of the physical, chemical or electrical laws and principles which allow any given technology the capacity to do what it does. This is the scientist’s or scientific engineer’s knowledge. (3) But there is also a different kind of technology knowledge — knowledge through technologies. This is a special kind of praxical or use knowledge which runs through a wide range of human actions. And it is this kind of knowledge which has been the focus of my own work for some two plus decades. And, indeed, in this paper, since I focus upon scientific knowledge which is instrumentally generated, there is a sense in which I am illustrating another point I have often emphasized. That is, much, if not most, scientific knowledge is ‘technologically dependent.’ It is ‘constructed’ through the use of instruments which are technologies. This is then a kind of inversion of the more standard notions that technologies are derived from science or scientific theories, rather it is the notion that scientific knowledge is instrumentally dependent upon technologies.
Effects of Endwall Boundary Layer Thickness and Blade Tip Geometry on Flow Through High Pressure Turbine Passages

Experiments were conducted in a linear high pressure turbine cascade with an adjustable tip gap at one endwall. The cascade included a wake generator with moving rods that simulated the effect of an upstream vane row. Cases were documented with no tip gap, a gap of 1.5% of axial chord, and a gap of 3.8% of chord. Cases with flat blade tips were considered with thick and thin endwall boundary layers. Cases with flat tips and squealer tips were documented with the thin endwall boundary layer. For all cases data were acquired both with and without upstream wakes. Documentation included total pressure loss fields in the endwall region and corresponding velocity fields acquired using particle image velocimetry (PIV). The PIV measurements showed the various vortices in the flow field and their response to unsteady wakes. The strength and position of the vortices were directly related to regions of high total pressure loss. Reducing the endwall boundary layer thickness tended to reduce losses, but also resulted in increased leakage flow, which increased losses, particularly in cases with a large tip gap. The squealer tip reduced losses compared to the flat tip cases.© 2014 ASME
Sublimation–Condensation of Multiscale Tellurium Structures

This paper presents a simple process for making tellurium (Te) nano- and microtubes of widely varying dimensions with the multiscale processing (MSP) technique. In this process, the Te metal was placed in a borosilicate glass reaction vessel and a fused quartz substrate was added. The vessel was evacuated and sealed under vacuum with a torch. Then, the vessel was heated under a temperature gradient where the portion of the tube with the substrate was under a decreasing temperature gradient. Scanning and transmission electron microscopies have shown that multifaceted crystalline tubes have been formed extending from nano- up to micrometer scale with diameters ranging from 51.2 ± 5.9 to 1042 ± 134 nm between temperatures of 157 and 224 °C, respectively. One-dimensional tubular features are seen at lower temperatures and three-dimensional features at the higher temperatures. These features were characterized with X-ray diffraction and found to be trigonal Te with space group P3121. Our results show that the ...
Psychological Studies in Semantics: III. Reaction Times for Similarity and Difference

(1948). Psychological Studies in Semantics: III. Reaction Times for Similarity and Difference. The Journal of Social Psychology: Vol. 28, No. 1, pp. 103-120.
Modular molecular mechanics programs and transportable force fields—a partly implemented proposal

Abstract This is a proposal for development of modular molecular mechanics and molecular dynamics programs and for standardization of the format of force fields and of the format of molecular descriptions. This capability will require standardization of certain arrays and variables so that an MM/MD “engine” can be designed to use packages of logic subroutines and computational subroutines. The objective is to facilitate the widespread participation of many groups in the development of better force fields and better programs so that we have the capability of working reliably with a variety of force fields.
Waste minimization and pollution prevention at a plutonium processing facility

Abstract If nuclear facilities are to achieve public acceptance, they must develop strong programs in waste minimization, pollution prevention, and environmentally sound recycling. These programs are especially essential for defense production facilities that process large quantities of special nuclear materials. The plutonium processing facility at Los Alamos has initiated a focused research and development program witha strategic goal of becoming a facility that processes plutonium with little or no impact on the environment. Technologies that show promise in waste minimization and pollution prevention are identified. Waste stream polishing to remove final traces of plutonium and hazardous chemical constituents is accomplished through (a) process modifications, (b) use of alternative chemicals and sorbents for residue removal, (c) acid recycling, and (d) judicious use of a variety of waste polishing technologies. Developing and adapting new technologies to transform an existing facility into an environmentally benign nuclear material processing facility is a worthwhile endeavor for the future of all nuclear programs.
Effects of Polymyxin B on Mammalian Urinary Bladder

Previous reports have demonstrated that large cationic polypeptides (of molecular mass 5,000 daltons or greater) cause an increase in the apical membrane conductance of the rabbit urinary bladder epithelium. This report investigates the effects of the small cationic molecule polymyxin B (PX: a 1,400 dalton antibiotic) on the permeability of the rabbit urinary bladder. The addition of micromolar concentrations of polymyxin B to the luminal solution of the rabbit urinary bladder resulted in an increase in the transepithelial conductance of the bladder. The magnitude of the increase in the conductance was dependent upon the concentration of PX, and the polarity and magnitude of the apical membrane potential. As the apical membrane potential was made more cell interior negative, the larger was the increase in the membrane conductance. This voltage-dependent increase in conductance was an exponential function of the applied voltage, with a negligible increase in conductance occurring when the membrane potential was cell interior positive. Upon changing the membrane voltage from cell interior positive to negative, there was a delay before there was a measurable change in the membrane conductance. The longer the apical membrane was exposed to PX, the more poorly reversible was its effect on the transepithelial conductance, suggesting a toxic effect of PX on this epithelium.
Pygmy dipole resonance as a constraint on the neutron skin of heavy nuclei

The isotopic dependence of the isovector Pygmy dipole response in tin is studied within the framework of the relativistic random-phase approximation. Regarded as an oscillation of the neutron skin against the isospin-symmetric core, the pygmy dipole resonance may place important constraints on the neutron skin of heavy nuclei and, as a result, on the equation of state of neutron-rich matter. The present study centers around two questions. First, is there a strong correlation between the development of a neutron skin and the emergence of low-energy isovector dipole strength? Second, could one use the recently measured Pygmy dipole resonance in $^{130}\mathrm{Sn}$ and $^{132}\mathrm{Sn}$ to discriminate among theoretical models? For the first question we found that although a strong correlation between the neutron skin and the Pygmy dipole resonance exists, a mild anticorrelation develops beyond $^{120}\mathrm{Sn}$. The answer to the second question suggests that models with overly large neutron skins---and thus stiff symmetry energies---are in conflict with experiment.
The institutionalization of expertise in university licensing

This article draws on ethnographic data from a field leading university licensing office to document and explain a key step in the process of institutionalization, the abstraction of standardized rules and procedures from idiosyncratic efforts to collectively resolve pressing problems. I present and analyze cases where solutions to complicated quandaries become abstract bits of professional knowledge and demonstrate that in some circumstances institutionalized practices can contribute to the flexibility of expert reasoning and decision-making. In this setting, expertise is rationalized in response to institutional tensions between academic and business approaches to deal making and professional tensions between relational and legal approaches to negotiation. Abstraction and formalization contribute both to the convergence and stability of routines and to their improvisational use in professional work. Close attention to these processes in a strategic research setting sheds new light on an interesting tension in sociological theories of the professions while contributing to the development of a micro-level, social constructivist institutional theory.
Dexamethasone suppression test response in major depression: Stability across hospitalizations

In the course of several studies of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity in depression, 43 patients presented on separate admissions with definite depression and, on both admissions, received dexamethasone suppression tests (DSTs). DST results were discordant across admissions in 21% of cases; among patients who were nonsuppressors on either admission, results were discordant in 40.9%. The correlation between postdexamethasone values obtained on two admissions was highly significant, however. Distinctions between bipolar and unipolar depression and between primary and secondary depression by rates of nonsuppression were inconsistently significant across admissions but were clearer when results from both admissions were pooled and patients with an abnormal DST on either admission were considered nonsuppressors. While abnormal escape from dexamethasone suppression occurs in a significant proportion of depressed patients, this phenomenon may only partially overlap the depressive syndrome in time. Negative DST results in patients with primary depression must be interpreted in this light.
Evaluation of Expansive Characteristics of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement and Virgin Aggregate Used as Base Materials

Reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) is reprocessed hot-mix asphalt pavement material that contains asphalt and aggregates. A viable solution for disposing of large quantities of RAP is to incorporate it into base and subbase applications for highway construction. This paper compares the expansive properties of RAP materials, especially the ones including recycled steel slag aggregates, with those of the virgin aggregates to evaluate their potential use as pavement base materials. Seventeen RAP materials and virgin aggregates collected in Illinois were tested for their expansive characteristics in the laboratory, following the ASTM D4792 test method. The specimens in California bearing ratio test molds were submerged into a high-alkali cement-water solution and kept soaked at 70°C to accelerate hydration reactions. Some steel slag aggregates showed considerably high expansion potential, up to 6.2% swell, when compared with other virgin aggregates, such as siliceous gravel and crushed dolomite, which had minor...
Factor analysis of the army air forces sheppard field battery of experimental aptitude tests

A factor analysis was made of 39 experimental printed aptitude tests and seven reference tests selected from the Army Air Forces Aircrew Classification Battery. Thirteen factors were extracted and two independent orthogonal rotational solutions were completed. Twelve factors were interpreted. Of these, seven were clearly identifiable with previously known factors: numerical, perceptual-speed, spatial-relations, visualization, visual-memory, paired-associates-memory, and length-estimation factors. A planning factor was not as clearly identifiable. A reasoning factor was probably a composite of two or more factors that failed to separate. A new factor possibly has to do with orientation with respect to the points of the compass. Two factors were doublets, each apparently specific to one kind of test. Better conceptions were gained of the spatial-relations and visualization factors and of the kinds of tests that measure them best. Efforts to improve measures of unique factors were not uniformly successful. The attempt to duplicate a psychomotor test rather directly by analogy in printed form failed almost completely.
Evolutionary trends in volatiles of the nakhlite source region of Mars

[1] We report new data on isotopic systematics in nitrogen, Ar, and Xe of nakhlite NWA998 and discuss the implications of nakhlite signatures on the sources, evolution, and closed system properties of the nakhlite magma in the Martian mantle. The isotopic signatures of xenon in nakhlites are consistent and reveal a source region with the Chass-S xenon signature, but which had assimilated fission gas starting with the initial early differentiation of Mars to the time of magma eruption 1.3 Gyr ago. We note a trend of correlated enrichments of the fission gas and of trace elements (REE) in the source. Nakhlite NWA817, which contains abundant mesostasis and a hydrous phase, shows a distinct nitrogen component as well as a fission gas excess in low-temperature steps. Radiogenic 129 Xe in nakhlites is associated with neither the fission gas nor the indigenous components and indicates a later incorporation, possibly during magma ascent. Indigenous nitrogen isotopic signatures of δ 15 N = 13‰ as observed in nakhlites (except NWA817) attest to very limited exchanges of modem atmospheric gases with the solid planet. This nakhlite nitrogen signature corresponds to the heavier of two indigenous signatures in Chassigny and supports other evidence for an origin in similar source regions.
Global Water Resource Management

The stated intent of Global Water Resource Management is to present the results and background of the International Conference on Water Resources and Environment (ICWE) held in Dublin, Ireland in 1992. In contrast to typical conference proceedings known to academics, this conference report is an attempt to summarize the findings of the conference with related information and place the conference within the context of other high-visibility international conferences on water and environmental problems. This simple programmatic intent, which is capably fulfilled by the authors, should be of interest to those attending and interested in this conference. Among overviews of global water resource problems and solutions, the book is one of many appearing over a period of several decades. In this field it does not distinguish itself as being particularly insightful, well written, scholarly, practical, comprehensive, or current. The book is another example of the insubstantial scientific and policy results which seem to flow regularly from high-visibility international conferences.
Self-Scheduling Parallel Methods for Multiple Serial Codes with Application to WOPWOP

This paper presents a scheme for efficiently running a large number of serial jobs on parallel computers. Two examples are given of computer programs that run relatively quickly, but often they must be run numerous times to obtain all the results needed. It is very common in science and engineering to have codes that are not massive computing challenges in themselves, but due to the number of instances that must be run, they do become large-scale computing problems. The two examples given here represent common problems in aerospace engineering: aerodynamic panel methods and aeroacoustic integral methods. The first example simply solves many systems of linear equations. This is representative of an aerodynamic panel code where someone would like to solve for numerous angles of attack. The complete code for this first example is included in the appendix so that it can be readily used by others as a template. The second example is an aeroacoustics code (WOPWOP) that solves the Ffowcs Williams Hawkings equation to predict the far-field sound due to rotating blades. In this example, one quite often needs to compute the sound at numerous observer locations, hence parallelization is utilized to automate the noise computation for a large number of observers.
Reducing Fear of Crime through Occupational Presence

Not all types of population activity can be expected to increase one's sense of safety in public places. Fear of crime in public places, however, may be reduced through a greater incidence of occupational presence. Some of the characteristics of occupational groups which reduce fear of crime are identified. In particular, persons in uniform and persons in the employ of government, working in a location in which they have a vested interest, are most effective in reducing fear. Demographic characteristics of the occupational person (age, race, sex) also were found to affect ability to inculcate a sense of safety. These findings suggest that increasing the number of members of certain occupational groups in public places (beyond what is warranted on grounds of private efficiency) may be justified by the improved sense of safety that they generate.
Clinical pharmacology of 4-demethoxydaunorubicin (DMDR).

DMDR, a daunorubicin derivative with a higher therapeutic index and lower cardiotoxicity than either the parent drug or doxorubicin, is active when given PO in experimental animals. We studied its pharmacokinetics in ten patients receiving DMDR IV or PO or IV and PO sequentially at 10–12.5 mg/m2. DMDR and its metabolites were quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography and fluorometry. In nine patients who received DMDR IV the unchanged drug disappeared from the plasma biphasically with a mean terminal half-life of 27.0±5.5 h, an apparent volume of distribution of 63.9±12.61 kg-1, and a total clearance of 1.9±0.41 kg-1 h-1. In 24 h only 5.1%±1.1% of the dose was excreted in the urine. In comparison, in 19 studies the plasma half-life of DMDR given PO was 34.8±6.7 h, 2.3%±1.3% was excreted in the urine in 24 h, and the maximum plasma drug concentration was reached in about 1 h. The bioavailability of DMDR given PO was about 39% according to comparison of the areas under the plasma DMDR concentration versus time curves for the two routes, but 45% according to comparison of the 24-h cumulative urinary excretion rates. In one patient with severe liver dysfunction following oral administration, the plasma DMDR half-life was 56.8 h, more than twice the average length. By either route, the drug was quickly metabolized to one major metabolite, DMDR-ol. The plasma half-life of DMDR-ol was 72.5±24.7 h, or 35.7±7.4 when DMDR was administered IV or PO. In the plasma, DMDR-ol always exceeded DMDR in concentration. Moreover, the 24 h cumulative urinary excretion of DMDR-ol as a percentage of the dose of DMDR administered was 7.8 following IV and 7.4 following PO administration.
Tooth isolation without a rubber dam.

Abstract Since the rubber dam is not universally applicable, the use of various types of bibulous paper, cotton rolls, and evacuation devices will adequately isolate teeth. The report is also intended to stimulate interest in ways of isolating teeth when the rubber dam cannot be used.
Development pathways toward sustainable systems following slash-and-burn

Alternative solutions to the loss of production potential and to the increasing rural poverty engendered by many slash-and-burn systems require major shifts in the evolution toward greater sustainability. Slash-and-burn practices are the starting point for several evolutionary pathways in agricultural development. The changes cannot be single-factor (such as increasing fertilizer inputs or use of better crop varieties). The transformation of highly complex systems requires substitution of enterprises that are more productive in geographical areas that may be marginal for food and feedgrains. These new systems often require markets for the wide variety of high-value crop and animal products that are most appropriate in highly diverse systems adapted to a range of production environments. The best existing examples of such systems indicate that potential gains in productivity are enormous. The structuring of several systems to enhance biological interaction can increase production efficiencies. Stimuli for change will involve social, political, and economic dimensions. It is essential for effective change in most systems that the planning horizon for farmer investment of both labor and capital be extended to at least 10 years. Several specific examples are presented.
Does Chocolate Intake During Pregnancy Reduce the Risks of Preeclampsia and Gestational Hypertension

Purpose Chocolate consumption is associated with favorable levels of blood pressure and other cardiovascular disease risk markers. We analyzed a prospective cohort study to determine whether regular chocolate intake during pregnancy is associated with reduced risks of preeclampsia and gestational hypertension (GH). Methods Subjects were recruited from 13 prenatal care practices in Connecticut (1988−1991). In-person interviews were administered at Results Chocolate intake was more frequent among normotensive (80.7%) than preeclamptic (62.5%) or GH women (75.8%), and associated with reduced odds of preeclampsia (first trimester: aOR, 0.55; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 0.32−0.95; third trimester: aOR, 0.56; 95% CI, 0.32−0.97). Only first trimester intake was associated with reduced odds of GH (aOR,0.65; 95% CI, 0.45−0.87). Conclusions These findings provide additional evidence of the benefits of chocolate. Prospective studies are needed to confirm and delineate protective effects of chocolate intake on risk of preeclampsia.
Role of serotonergic input in the regulation of the beta-adrenergic receptor-coupled adenylate cyclase system

The action of desipramine on the norepinephrine-sensitive adenylate cyclase system and the density of beta-adrenergic receptors in rat cortex was studied after selective lesioning of serotonergic neurons with 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine. In animals with lesions desipramine failed to reduce the density of beta-adrenoceptors but decreased the response of adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate to isoproterenol and norepinephrine to the same degree as in animals without lesions. The results demonstrate a functional linkage between serotonergic and noradrenergic systems in the rat cortex, with beta-adrenergic receptors and neurohormonal sensitivity of the adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate-generating system being under separate regulatory control.
Etiology of Broncholithiasis

By use of known reliable cultural technics and by special stains of histologic material, we have examined 12 broncholiths obtained from nine patients. By means of the silver chromate technic, we have been able to demonstrate bodies that have the morphologic features of Histoplasma capsulatum in five stones from five patients. By means of the gram and night blue stains we have been able to demonstrate branching filaments whose morphologic appearance is compatible with that of Nocardia asteroides in eight stones from five patients. In two stones (two patients), structures resembling both Histoplasma and Nocardia were present in generous numbers. Staphylococci were found in large numbers by culture in two stones. By means of the gram stain, they were shown to be only on the surface and were presumed to be contaminants and not the original stimulus to the deposition of calcium.
Increased Virulence of Marek's Disease Virus Field Isolates

The continuation of an apparent evolutionary trend of Marek's disease virus (MDV) towards greater virulence may explain recent increased losses from Marek's disease (MD) in vaccinated flocks. To address this question, the virulence of 31 isolates of serotype 1 MDV obtained from layer or broiler flocks between 1987 and 1995 were characterized. Each isolate was cultured in duck embryo fibroblasts for four to six passages, and ascertained to be free from contamination with avian retroviruses, chicken anemia virus, and MDVs of other serotypes. The viruses, along with prototype viruses JM/102W and Md5, were tested for virulence by inoculation at 6 days of age into laboratory strain 15I5 x 7(1) chickens of three types: nonvaccinated, vaccinated with turkey herpesvirus (HVT) and bivalent (HVT + SB-1)-vaccinated. The results showed that three isolates did not differ from JM/102W and were classified in the virulent (vMDV) pathotype. Twenty-one isolates produced significantly higher levels of MD in HVT-vaccinated chickens than did the JM/102W control and were classified in the very virulent (vvMDV) pathotype. Seven isolates, five of which were isolated in 1994 or 1995, produced significantly higher levels of MD in bivalent-vaccinated chickens than did the Md5 (vvMDV) control. These isolates, provisionally designated as the vv+MDV pathotype, appeared to be at the high end of a virulence continuum. Several MD response parameters, including lymphoma mortality, early mortality with bursal/thymic atrophy, and frequency of visceral lymphomas or ocular lesions in nonvaccinated chickens were positively correlated with virulence. These findings support the continued evolution of MDV towards greater virulence.
Virtual situation rooms : connecting people across enterprises for supply-chain agility

Agility and time-based manufacturing are critical success factors for today's manufacturing enterprise. To be competitive, enterprises must integrate their supply chains more effectively and forge close memberships with customers and suppliers more quickly. Consequently, technologies must be developed that enable enterprises to respond to consumer demand more quickly, integrate with suppliers more effectively, adapt to market variations more efficiently and evolve product designs with manufacturing practices more seamlessly. The mission of the Extended-Enterprise Coalition for Integrated Collaborative Manufacturing Systems coalition is to research, develop, and demonstrate technologies to enable the integration of manufacturing applications in a multi-company supply chain planning and execution environment. We believe real-time and asynchronous collaboration technology will play a critical role in allowing manufacturers to increase their supply chain agility. We are realizing our efforts through our Virtual Situation Room (VSR) technology. The primary goal of the VSR technology is to enhance current ad-hoc, limited methods and mechanisms for spontaneous, real-time communication using feature-rich, industry standards-based building blocks and network protocols. VSR technology is being designed to find and engage quickly all relevant members of a problem solving team supported by highly interactive, conversational access to information and control and enabled by business processes, security policies and technologies, intelligence, and integration tools.
Characterization of cryptomonad phycoerythrin and phycocyanin

Phycoerythrin, a chromoprotein, from the cryptomonad alga Rhodomonas lens is composed of two pairs of nonidentical polypeptides (..cap alpha../sub 2/..beta../sub 2/). This structure is indicated by a molecular weight of 54,300, calculated from osmotic pressure measurements and by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) gel electrophoresis, which showed bands with molecular weights of 9800 and 17,700 in a 1:1 molar ratio. Similar results were obtained with another cryptomonad phycoerythrin and a cryptomonad phycocyanin. Electrophoresis after partial cross-linking by dimethyl suberimidate revealed seven bands for the cryptomonad phycocyanin and six bands for cryptomonad phycoerythrin and confirmed the proposed structure. Spectroscopic studies on ..cap alpha.. and ..beta.. subunits of cryptomonad phycocyanin and phycoerythrin were carried out on the separated bands in SDS gels. The individual polypeptides possessed a single absorption band with the following maxima: phycoerythrin (R. lens), ..cap alpha.. at 565 nm, ..beta.. at 531 nm; phycocyanin (Chroomonas sp.), ..cap alpha.. at 644 nm, ..beta.. at 566 nm. Fluorescence polarization was not constant across the visible absorption band regions of phycoerythrin (R. lens and C. ovata) with higher polarizations located at higher wavelengths, as had also been previously shown for cryptomonad phycocyanin (Chroomonas sp.). Combining the absorption spectra and the polarization results indicatesmore » that in each case the ..beta.. subunit contains sensitizing chromophores and the ..cap alpha.. subunit fluorescing chromophores. The CD spectra of cryptomonad phycocyanin and both phycoerythrins were similar and were related to the spectra of the individual subunits. In Ouchterlony double-diffusion experiments the cryptomonad phycoerythrins and phycocyanins cross-reacted, with spurring, with phycoerythrin isolated from a red alga. The cryptomonad phycoerythrins were immunochemically very similar to each other and to cryptomonad phycocyanin, with little spurring detected. 7 figures, 1 table.« less
Clutter-rejection technique for FLIR imagery using dynamic ROI extraction

A modular clutter-rejection technique that uses region-based principal component analysis (PCA) is proposed. A major problem in FLIR ATR is the poorly centered targets generated by the preprocessing stage. Our modular clutter-rejection system uses static as well as dynamic region of interest (ROI) extraction to overcome the problem of poorly centered targets. In static ROI extraction, the center of the representative ROI coincides with the center of the potential target image. In dynamic ROI extraction, a representative ROI is moved in several directions with respect to the center of the potential target image to extract a number of ROIs. Each module in the proposed system applies region-based PCA to generate the feature vectors, which are subsequently used to make a decision about the identity of the potential target. Region-based PCA uses topological features of the targets to reject false alarms. In this technique, a potential target is divided into several regions and a PCA is performed on each region to extract regional feature vectors. We propose using regional feature vectors of arbitrary shapes and dimensions that are optimized for the topology of a target in a particular region. These regional feature vectors are then used by a two-class classifier based on the learning vector quantization to decide whether a potential target is a false alarm or a real target. We also present experimental results using real-life data to evaluate and compare the performance of the clutter-rejection systems with static and dynamic ROI extraction.
Plant sex and induced responses independently influence herbivore performance, natural enemies and aphid-tending ants

Sex is an ecologically important form of genetic variation in dioecious plants, with males and females generally differing in constitutive resistance to herbivores. Yet little is known about sexual dimorphism with respect to induced or indirect defense, or whether sex-based differences are underlain by trade-offs among modes of defense. We compared male and female Valeriana edulis plants for constitutive and induced direct resistance to two herbivores, an early-season caterpillar and a late-season aphid, and for constitutive and induced indirect resistance in terms of abundance of natural enemies and aphid-tending ants. No sexual dimorphism was found in constitutive direct plant resistance, yet the sexes differed for constitutive indirect resistance, with 78 % more natural enemies and 117 % more ants present on females than males. Past feeding damage by caterpillars induced direct and indirect resistance in both males and females, increasing caterpillar development time by 26 % and the abundance of natural enemies by 147 %. Caterpillar feeding did not induce direct resistance with respect to caterpillar final mass or aphid performance. In all cases, there were no interactions between the effects of caterpillar damage and plant sex. In summary, plant sexual dimorphism and induced responses to herbivore damage independently influenced herbivore performance and the composition of arthropod communities at higher trophic levels.
Indigenous and Cultural Psychology: Where does Faith Come in?

This essay will explore “knowledge that is native” and from the actors point of view. A clinical setting is the particular sociocultural context that affects, shapes, guides and is guided by psychological and social description. It is a context of face-to-face encounter where participants mutually influence one another and a novel indigenous psychology arises. So, where does faith come in? Explored are the consequences for an indigenous and cultural psychology in clinical practice when religious tradition and faith, scripture, or a sacred text are introduced. An emic or indigenous psychology is expanded. Pastoral counseling is enhanced and novel experiences can emerge when faith in a cross-cultural setting is taken into account. In so doing, a western understanding of psychology is also expanded.
Garden variety seeds? Botanical remains from the Petra Garden and Pool Complex

Archaeobotanical samples recovered during the 2004, 2005, 2009 and 2011 excavation seasons at the Petra Garden and Pool Complex (PGPC) in Jordan examined plants that were preserved during different phases of use of the site. The analysis of these remains attempts to determine what plants would have been grown in the garden in antiquity. Results indicated that the material recovered likely represented plants that had been preserved elsewhere in the area and then deposited in the garden to act as fertilizer. The remains were generally charred and were probably derived from fuel and/or waste deposits as it does not appear that the garden was catastrophically burned. Although it is difficult to ascertain garden variety plants under these preservation conditions, an analysis of the archaeobotanical data from the PGPC addresses the questions of what and how plants functioned in the local and regional economy, and how the role of the garden changed through time, in addition to providing insight into the general environmental or ecological conditions present in southern Jordan from the Late Hellenistic through Late Byzantine/Post-Classical periods. Although ornamental species represent a small fraction of materials collected, the presence of these taxa may indicate their occurrence in the garden. Even if garden plants are not readily identifiable, this study aids in addressing the larger issues of trade, economy and environment of this ancient city, as well as the feasibility of identifying garden plants in antiquity.
SU‐E‐T‐782: A Novel Geometric Index to Evaluate Image Guidance Strategies for Prostate Cancer Adaptive Radiotherapy

Purpose: Margin has been commonly used to evaluate different image guidance (IG) strategies in prostate cancerradiotherapy. However, it becomes cumbersome when applied to adaptive radiotherapy. In this study, a new index, cumulative index of target volume (CITV), was proposed and compared with other indices. Methods: A hypofractionated protocol was simulated with 28 patients each with at least 16 helical CT scans. Both low‐risk patient (LRP,CTV=prostate) and intermediate‐risk patient (IRP,CTV=prostate+seminal vesicles) were included. The CITV is defined as the quotient of the sum of PTV over the sum of CTV for all treatment fractions. The change of clinical target volume during treatment course is taken into consideration, so is the multiple adaptive planning with different PTVs. For the same target coverage, the smaller value of CITV indicates better strategy. The CITV was calculated and compared for three IG strategies: online IG only protocol, hybrid strategy combining online image guidance and a single offline replanning, and a “rolling average” multiple replanning strategy. In addition, the hybrid and RA strategies were optimized by searching for the optimal number of fractions to determine the patient‐specific plan through the use of CITV. Results: For LRP (IRP), the CITVs are 1.78, 1.62 and 1.59 (2.46, 2.07, 2.00) for online IG only, hybrid and RA strategies, respectively. The optimal number of fraction for the ITV construction is 2 for LRP, and 3 for IRP for both the hybrid and RA strategies. Conclusions: We proposed a new concept based on cumulated target volume for the evaluation of different IG strategies. It is geometric in nature and has advantages over the margins. It is only a function of the underlining patient motion uncertainties. Therefore, it can be generalized and easily adaptable to non‐uniform margins and different clinics where the treatment planning process can be quite different.
The benefits of difficult transitions

This article considers the experiences of 24 countries that began a transition toward democracy between 1973 and 1993. To understand why some of these transitions succeeded while others failed, it compares the explanatory power of three factors: the path a country followed through the transition process, the type of authoritarian regime that was in place, and the protracted nature of the transition. It shows that in countries where actors hold diverging preferences, one‐party regimes refuse to exit, or transitions are protracted, the result can as easily be a continuation of authoritarianism as of democracy. However, if they successfully install democracy, then these cases are the most likely to continue towards consolidation. Thus, difficult transitions, while risky, offer the highest payoff for democratization.