cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Responses of potato tuber to infection byFusarium sambucinum

Abstract Fusarium sambucinum causes dry rot in tubers of Solanum tuberosum . Since relatively little is known about the nature of dry rot disease development, infection of F. sambucinum on tissue discs prepared from tubers of potato varieties that are susceptible or moderately resistant to this disease was studied. Increases in lignin content, and polyphenol oxidase and peroxidase activities were detected after infection. Peroxidase increased most strongly in tuber tissue that was just ahead of the advancing hyphae. Constitutive polyphenol oxidase activity was highest in the more resistant as compared to susceptible varieties. Polyphenol oxidase and peroxidase activities as well as content of chorogenic acid and the sesquiterpenes rishitin, lubimin, phytuberin and phytuberol increased as a result of infection. These increases correlated with the amount of tissue infected rather than the resistance of the tuber tissue to infection.
Reform and the monopolistic impulse: the professionalization of medicine in the Maritimes.

In recent years Canadian and American historians alike have given considerable attention to the managerialism and social engineering inherent in the progressive reform tradition. Concentrating upon the attempts of businessmen and professionals to make the reform impulse conform to their own needs, modern historians havet discovered a preoccupation with efficiency, scientific management and social improvement in the progressive reform movement.' In the name of a more scientific and rational socio-economic order, turn of the century progressives in Canada and the United States discarded traditional Darwinian notions of economic activity in favor of a more efficient, responsible, and regulated capitalist system. The tendency to concentrate authority in the hands of the scientific "expert" extended far beyond the factory or industrial workplace; it also permeated the reform of politics, municipal government, education, conservation, criminal justice, and public health. Professionals were particularly active in the movement for reform. Increasingly aware, of their own professionalism, engineers, doctors, social scientists, and other strategically situated elite groups responded to the unfortunate conditions that accompanied
Calculations of geometries of organic molecules using the CNDO/2 molecular orbital method—II

Abstract The CNDO/2 semiempirical MO method is applied to calculations of the geometries of some strained benzocycloalkenes. The strain-induced bond length distortions predicted are in disagreement with earlier work, although the lack of accurate experimental data precludes a decision as to the validity of either treatment. The CNDO/2 wavefunctions are examined for features which may throw light on previous qualitative descriptions which have been proposed to account for recent experimental data on this series, such as NMR and ESR spectra, and rates of electrophilic substitution. In particular, trends in the proton-proton spin-spin coupling constants in the benzocycloalkenes and also benzene, naphthalene and biphenylene are well accounted for by the CNDO/2 wavefunctions.
The High Cost of Low Sanctions

Low sanctions can initially appear like a mitigating factor for unjust or inefficient laws. Yet, this intuition is likely wrong. My article will argue that low sanctions may have a pernicious effect on the democratic process and on legislative rule-making because, as both public choice theory and historical precedent suggest, the accompanying laws are more likely to perpetuate themselves and become part of the unquestioned background fabric of society. I will focus on intellectual property law, and in particular copyright, to examine the progression of sub-optimal laws through widespread low sanctions that may have mostly escaped the public eye until sanctions grew to more significant size. In intellectual property, as elsewhere, low-level sanctions coupled with problematic laws are less likely to attract the attention of the media and lead to political action than their high-sanction counterparts. This article will make several claims about low sanctions. The first is that low sanctions increase the likelihood that a problematic law will be passed. Second, low sanctions decrease the odds that such a law will be repealed. Third, unjust laws with low sanctions bear the risk that the sanctions will (sometimes gradually) rise, thus reducing any upsides that accompany the initial low level of the sanctions. By the time this occurs, it may be irreversible due to the likely enhanced difficulties of abolishing laws over preventing their passage in the first place. The media plays a key role in these processes when it focuses on the identifiable victims of high sanctions and fails to pay attention to the statistical victims of low sanctions. Last, whether sanctions for single offenses are high or low, prosecutors can accumulate counts such as to significantly intimidate alleged offenders with sometimes dramatic consequences, as recently seen in the stories about coder and Internet activist’s Aaron Swartz’s prosecution and suicide. Examples from intellectual property and other legal areas should encourage us to take a closer look at existing or proposed legislation that appears “harmless enough” at first glance due to its low sanctions or lack of enforcement.
Solventless syntheses of mesotetraphenylporphyrin: newexperiments for a greener organic chemistry laboratory curriculum

Two solvent-free syntheses of the macrocycle mesotetraphenylporphyrin are presented that are optimized to teach greener chemistry in the undergraduate teaching labs. The preparations are examples of a greener organic chemistry laboratory curriculum being developed at the University of Oregon that strives to teach fundamental chemical concepts and essential laboratory skills in the context of green chemistry. These examples provide students the opportunity to explore the green chemical concepts of solventless chemical synthesis (solid-supported and gas-phase reactions) and use of microwaves in chemical synthesis. At the same time the students learn essential laboratory skills such as column and thin layer chromatographies as well as optical spectroscopy.
Late Wound Separation after Cataract Extraction

Many years after cataract extraction, blunt trauma ruptured limbal wounds in five eyes. Filtrations followed minor trauma in three patients, and occurred spontaneously in two others. Limbal wounds do not regain the tensile strength of adjacent normal stroma and may be further weakened by tissue incarcerations, vascularization, and other defects. Histologic studies after cataract extraction also reveal minimal collagen bridging of the stromal wound in some human eyes. Diagnosis and clinical significance are discussed.
Working with the vulnerable but meritorious: the non-governmental and public sectors and African refugees in Melbourne

Since the early 1980s, Australia has resettled more than 5000 African refugees. The purpose of this article is to report preliminary findings from a survey of the 56 non-governmental and public organizations that assist African refugees in Melbourne. The macro-organizational configuration that has emerged for aiding Africans is described. Various generalist organizations and ethno-specific associations’ primary objectives and principal projects, initiatives and programmes are also analysed. The strongest finding is that generalist organizations and ethno-specific associations offer a wide range of programme goals, aid schemes, assistance packages and relief operations for newly arrived and longer-term resident African refugees. Programmes for social development and cultural maintenance constitute but one crucial area of support. The article also comments on the implications of the findings and makes suggestions for future research.
Improving automated requirements trace retrieval: a study of term-based enhancement methods

Automated requirements traceability methods that utilize Information Retrieval (IR) methods to generate and maintain traceability links are often more efficient than traditional manual approaches, however the traces they generate are imprecise and significant human effort is needed to evaluate and filter the results. This paper investigates and compares three term-based enhancement methods that are designed to improve the performance of a probabilistic automated tracing tool. Empirical studies show that the enhancement methods can be effective in increasing the accuracy of the retrieved traces; however the effectiveness of each method varies according to specific project characteristics. The analysis of such characteristics has lead to the development of two new project-level metrics which can be used to predict the effectiveness of each enhancement method for a given data set. A procedure to automatically extract critical keywords and phrases from a set of traceable artifacts is also presented to enhance the automated trace retrieval algorithm. The procedure is tested on two new datasets.
An architectural pattern for non-functional dependability requirements

Abstract We address the research question of transforming dependability requirements into corresponding software architecture constructs, by proposing first that dependability needs can be classified into three types of requirements and second, an architectural pattern that allows requirements engineers and architects to map the three types of dependability requirements into three corresponding types of architectural components. The proposed pattern is general enough to work with existing requirements techniques and existing software architectural styles, including enterprise and product-line architectures.
A static investigation of a simultaneous pitch and yaw thrust vectoring 2-D C-D nozzle

An investigation has been conducted in the static test facility of the Langley 16-Foot Transonic Tunnel to determine the internal performance and flow-turning capability of a two-dimensional convergent-divergent nozzle. Thrust vectoring in the pitch plane was provided by rotation of the divergent flaps. The exhaust stream was turned in the yaw direction by deflection of yaw flaps hinged at the end of the nozzle sidewalls. The yaw flap hinge location was varied along the divergent region of the nozzle at four locations including the exit plane and the throat plane. The three hinge locations upstream of the nozzle exit plane required the downstream corners of both upper and lower divergent flaps to be cut off to eliminate interference when the yaw flaps were deflected. Three different lengths of yaw flaps were tested at several angles of deflection. The nozzle simulated a dry power setting with an expansion ratio typical of subsonic cruise and was tested at nozzle pressure ratios from 2.0 to 7.0.
Patient-Reported Voice and Speech Outcomes After Whole-Neck Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy and Chemotherapy for Oropharyngeal Cancer: Prospective Longitudinal Study

Purpose To describe voice and speech quality changes and their predictors in patients with locally advanced oropharyngeal cancer treated on prospective clinical studies of organ-preserving chemotherapy–intensity modulated radiation therapy (chemo-IMRT). Methods and Materials Ninety-one patients with stage III/IV oropharyngeal cancer were treated on 2 consecutive prospective studies of definitive chemoradiation using whole-field IMRT from 2003 to 2011. Patient-reported voice and speech quality were longitudinally assessed from before treatment through 24 months using the Communication Domain of the Head and Neck Quality of Life (HNQOL-C) instrument and the Speech question of the University of Washington Quality of Life (UWQOL-S) instrument, respectively. Factors associated with patient-reported voice quality worsening from baseline and speech impairment were assessed. Results Voice quality decreased maximally at 1 month, with 68% and 41% of patients reporting worse HNQOL-C and UWQOL-S scores compared with before treatment, and improved thereafter, recovering to baseline by 12-18 months on average. In contrast, observer-rated larynx toxicity was rare (7% at 3 months; 5% at 6 months). Among patients with mean glottic larynx (GL) dose ≤20 Gy, >20-30 Gy, >30-40 Gy, >40-50 Gy, and >50 Gy, 10%, 32%, 25%, 30%, and 63%, respectively, reported worse voice quality at 12 months compared with before treatment ( P =.011). Results for speech impairment were similar. Glottic larynx dose, N stage, neck dissection, oral cavity dose, and time since chemo-IMRT were univariately associated with either voice worsening or speech impairment. On multivariate analysis, mean GL dose remained independently predictive for both voice quality worsening (8.1%/Gy) and speech impairment (4.3%/Gy). Conclusions Voice quality worsening and speech impairment after chemo-IMRT for locally advanced oropharyngeal cancer were frequently reported by patients, underrecognized by clinicians, and independently associated with GL dose. These findings support reducing mean GL dose to as low as reasonably achievable, aiming at ≤20 Gy when the larynx is not a target.
Sedimentation of lithogenic particles in the deep ocean

Abstract Investigation of lithogenic particles collected by sediment traps in open-ocean stations revealed that the sediment flux increased linearly with depth in the water column. This rate of increase decreased with distance of the station from the continent; it was largest at the Panama Basin station and almost negligible at the E. Hawaii Abyssal Plain station. At the Panama Basin station, smectite flux increased with depth. We suggest that smectite resuspended from bottom sediments of the continental slope west of the sediment-trap station is advected by easterly deep currents, and the suspended particles are then possibly entrapped by large settling particles. On the other hand, the flux of hemipelagic clay particles, kaolinite and chlorite, was nearly constant at all depths; this can be explained by incorporation of these particles in fecal pellets which then settle from the surface water. At the Demerara Abyssal Basin Station, flux of illite and chlorite particles increased with depth and the flux of smectite was constant. A sudden increase of the flux of illite and chlorite was observed near the bottom traps at the Sohm Abyssal Plain station. The flux of quartz and feldspar was 10 to 15% of the clay flux.
Interleukin-1β inhibits the endogenous expression of the early gene c-fos located within the nucleus of LH-RH neurons and interferes with hypothalamic LH-RH release during proestrus in the rat

The ability of central interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta) administration to modulate the hypothalamic LH-RH release as well as the endogenous expression of the c-fos protein located within the nucleus of LH-RH neurons was examined during the afternoon of proestrus in rats. In a first series of experiments, 50 or 100 ng IL-1 beta were infused into the lateral ventricle of the rat brain at either 08.30, 12.00, 14.30, or 17.00 h of proestrus. The animals were then perfused transcardially with a solution of 4% paraformaldehyde from 17.30 and 18.00 h. In a second series of experiments, the rats were equipped with an intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) cannula in the lateral ventricle and a push-pull cannula into the median eminence (ME), and LH-RH secretion was measured during the afternoon of proestrus. The third experiment investigated the putative role of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) in modulating the inhibitory effect of IL-1 beta on LH secretion by infusing CRF antagonists before the i.c.v. administration of the cytokine to gonadectomized male and female rats. The central infusion of 50 or 100 ng IL-1 beta at 12.00 h completely blocked the spontaneous expression of c-fos protein which normally occurs in the nucleus of LH-RH neurons between 17.30 and 18.00 h on proestrus. In contrast, 50 ng IL-1 beta was less effective (P < 0.05) when administered at 08.30 h, and totally without effect when infused at 14.30 h. Infusion of 50 ng IL-1 beta also markedly suppressed the hypothalamic release of LH-RH in proestrus rats bearing a push-pull cannula into the ME, and significantly decreased plasma LH levels in both gonadectomized male and female rats. Finally, we observed that the central administration of CRF antagonists did not modify the inhibitory effects of the cytokine on the activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis. These results provide the first direct evidence that IL-1 beta is a potent inhibitor of LH-RH neuronal activity during the proestrus LH surge in intact cycling rats. As central administration of this cytokine completely inhibited the endogenous expression of c-fos protein within the nucleus of LH-RH neurons, our findings also suggest that IL-1 beta acts at the level of LH-RH perikarya.
A comparison of xylazine‐ketamine and detomidine‐ketamine anaesthesia in horses

SUMMARY Anaesthesia produced by xylazine (1.1 mg/kg IV) followed in 3–5 minutes by ketamine (2.2 mg/kg IV) (X/K) was compared to anaesthesia produced by detomidine (0.02 mg/kg IV) followed in 15–25 minutes by ketamine (2.2 mg/kg IV) (D/K) in the same six horses. Quality of induction, recovery, muscle relaxation, coordination (before and after anaesthesia) and response to stimulus were subjectively evaluated. Heart rate, respiratory rate, mean blood pressure, hemoglobin saturation, arterial pH, CO 2 and O 2 were monitored. Recumbency time and number of attempts required to stand were recorded. Recumbency time was longer in all horses with X/K (median recumbency time of 27 min) than with D/K (median recumbency time of 22 min). No significant differences between treatments were seen for any other variable measured, although 2 horses did not appear to reach a surgical plane of anaesthesia with D/K.
Sustaining Inner And Outer Worlds: A Whole-Systems Approach To Developing Sustainable Business Practices In Management:

Sustainability issues are not just “out there” in the external environment. In approaching the issue of sustainability, students benefit from questioning what is it that sustains their own lives, the lives of those they care about, and the organizations in which they work. If encouraged to do this, students become better systems thinkers as they link their external and internal worlds. This article presents some clarification of the concept and practices associated with sustainable development and describes numerous class exercises to help management students move sustainable development into their own sphere of attention and practice.
Diffraction of an Atomic Beam by Standing-Wave Radiation

Preliminary experimental results are reported for the deflection of Na atoms in an atomic beam by a transverse standing-wave laser field whose frequency is tuned between the two ground-state hyperfine components of the ${D}_{2}$ line. In contrast to the two experiments done previously, a splitting of the beam into two symmetric peaks whose separation increases with the electric-field is seen here. In addition, the data show evidence for atomic diffraction: a tendency for scattered atoms to acquire momentum in multiples of $2\ensuremath{\hbar}k$.
Oversight Subcommittees in the House of Representatives

This paper assesses the role of oversight and investigation subcommittees in the U.S. House of Representatives. Hearing data indicate that these specialized units have become less active, just as oversight has become more popular throughout the House. An examination of membership turnover supports the complementary hypothesis that oversight subcommittees have become comparatively unappealing assignments. Given the general expansion of oversight, the relatively low attractiveness and output of oversight and investigation subcommittees are probably attributable to norms of deference which restrict their opportunities to address important and rewarding issues.
Properties And Applications Of Molecular Beam Epitaxial Silicides

Metal silicides are now being used as an integral part of microelectronic technology. The possiblility of epitaxial deposition affords additional potentials for many device and integrated circuit applications. Molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) has been successfully used to grow morphologically uniform epi-CoSi 2 and Ni 2 Si 2 films on Si although a significant lattice mismatch is present. Using MBE, multi-layered structures have also been demonstrated without observable interdiffusion among the layers. Apparently, the strain is totally accommodated in the pseudomorphic growth. In this review, the crystallinity and morphological quality of epitaxial heterostructures grown by MBE and solid phase epitaxy will be discussed. The crystallinity is characterized with Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy, electron loss spectroscopy and x-ray diffraction while the surface morphology is determined from scanning electron microscopy. Uniform silicide films are grown successfully if the film thickness is limited. More recent works on the study of Si/Silicide/Si along with other multi-quantum well structures are discussed. Demonstrated and potential device applications using these MBE films are described.
Non-medical treatments and their outcomes

This article focuses on outcomes of Spiritualist treatments based upon a series of follow-up studies of patients who came to a Spiritualist temple situated in a rural region of Mexico. Categories of temple patients and conditions under which they resort to alternate therapeutic regimes are also examined. Follow-ups reveal that Spiritualist healers fail more than they succeed to treating their patients. The data suggest that therapeutic benefits from Spiritualist healing tend to occur in four types of disorders--simple diarrheas, simple gynecological disorders, somatized syndromes and minor psychiatric disorders. The findings suggest that successful treatment outcomes are effected not only by concrete manipulation of physiological symptoms but by symbolic manipulation as well. That is, for a therapeutic regime to do its job it must confront cultural imperatives and employ cultural symbols relevant to the removal of the sick role. An unexpected finding of the study reveals that, in the Mexican case, the cultural imperatives relate to cleaning and purification, mediated by tactile communication, which serve symbolically to terminate the sick role.
Design of configurable chipping sequence generator for high-speed parallel samplers

The design is presented of a configurable length chipping sequence generator architecture that can be programmed with arbitrary binary sequences at low clock speeds of external digital controllers and can then generate the sequence periodically at multi-gigahertz rates. The design is scalable to allow for any sequence length and provides functionality to synchronise parallel channels across multiple devices.
Polyvinyl alcohol-polyacrylamide interpenetrating polymer network membranes and their pervaporation characteristics for ethanol-water mixtures

Abstract Crosslinked polyvinyl alcohol-polyacrylamide interpenetrating polymer networks (PVA-PAAM IPN) were synthesized by the sequential IPN technique. Glutaraldehyde (GAL) and N,N′-methylenebisacrylamide (BisAAM) were used as crosslinking agents for the PVA and PAAM networks, respectively. The PVA_PAAM IPN membranes have been prepared starting from an aqueous solution of PVA to which AAM, BisAAM and potassium persulfate were added. After polymerization, GAL was introduced in the solution and the latter was cast on a glass plate. The effect of the content of each of the crosslinking agents on the uncrosslinked fraction dissolved in water was determined. The swelling of the membranes in water and in the mixtures: water-ethanol and water-acetic acid was also investigated. The mechanical properties of the membranes were studied via tensile testing. The compositions of water-ethanol and water-acetic acid mixtures sorbed in the membranes were determined. The pervaporation of water-ethanol mixtures through the PVA-PAAM IPN membranes was investigated.
Chromosomal evolution of the brown mice, genus Scotinomys (Rodentia: Cricetidae)

Early taxonomic investigations associated the genus Scotinomys with South American akodontine rodents, but more recent morphological analyses based in large part on the glans penis have linked brown mice with North American peromyscines, specifically the genus Baiomys. Differentially stained chromosomal preparations of S. xerampelinus were compared with other cricetine taxa. Chromosomally, golden mice (Ochrotomys) were found to be most similar to Scotinomys, this association based on two apparent synapomorphic G-banded chromosomes. The majority of banded chromosomes possessed by Scotinomys were found to be either uniquely derived or to appear unaltered, and therefore presumably ancestral, when compared to the G-band patterns of other cricetids. These results fail to support the morphological hypotheses that closely unite Scotinomys with Baiomys, and instead support a hypothesis that treats Scotinomys, Ochrotomys, and perhaps Baiomys as a rather loosely associated assemblage of genera that are phylogenetically intermediate between the relatively complex pene, primarily South American cricetine rodents and the more simple pene North American neotomine-peromyscines.
Absolute Differential Elastic- and Inelastic-Scattering Cross Sections in 25-140 keV He + + He Collisions

Data obtained as energy-loss spectra at angles from 0 to 7.3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$ rad (c.m.) with typical energy-loss resolution of 0.7 eV and angular resolution of 2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$ rad (c.m.) were used to calculate average differential cross sections ${〈\frac{d\ensuremath{\sigma}}{d\ensuremath{\Omega}}〉}_{\mathrm{av}}$ for elastic scattering, direct excitation of the individual $\mathrm{He}(n=2)$ states, and direct excitation of the ${\mathrm{He}}^{+}(n=2)$ states. The total cross section for excitation of the $\mathrm{He}(n=2)$ states obtained by integrating the differential cross sections was found to be 20\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}18}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ at 25 keV (lab) decreasing to 7\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}18}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ at 140 keV. At incident lab energies below 100 keV the $\mathrm{He}(2^{2}S)$ and $\mathrm{He}(2^{3}P)$ states dominate the $\mathrm{He}(n=2)$ structure at angles close to zero, while the $\mathrm{He}(2^{1}P)$ state dominates at larger angles. The contribution of the $\mathrm{He}(2^{1}S)$ state remains below 25% at all angles and energies.
NT-PROBNP IS INVERSELY ASSOCIATED WITH LDL-C AND TRIGLYCERIDES BUT FOLLOWING A BIPHASIC PATTERN: THE MULTI-ETHNIC STUDY OF ATHEROSCLEROSIS

Although high NT-proBNP (BNP) is well known as a predictor of future hypertension, the finding that brain natriuretic peptide increases lipolysis and mitochondrial function suggests that it may also be involved in the metabolism of blood lipids. It was recently reported that the association between
Temperature behavior and annealing of insulated gate transistors subjected to localized lifetime control by proton implantation

Abstract Localized lifetime control by proton implantation can result in a considerable improvement in the trade-off between device turn-off time and forward voltage when compared with the unlocalized method of electron irradiation. After a proton dose of 3 × 10 11 cm −2 at 3.1 MeV implanted here into insulated gate transistors, turn-off time is reduced by more than an order of magnitude compared to unimplanted devices. When the implanted devices are operated as high voltage switches at a current of 152 A cm −2 and at a forward blocking voltage of 400 V, the following increases are observed by increasing device operating temperatures from 20 to 150°C, (a) forward voltage: 2.5 V to 2.7 V; (b) turn-off time: 0.78 μs to 1.23 μs; (c) leakage current: 20 nA to 1 mA. The physical mechanisms responsible for the qualitative temperature dependences are identified: MOS channel resistance for forward voltage, carrier capture cross-section for turn-off time, and generation and diffusion components of leakage current. Since no catastrophic or unrecoverable behavior is observed, normal device operation within the tested temperature range is possible. Isothermal annealing curves of turn-off time measured after annealing, and corresponding to a few hours annealing time, reveal that a constant turn-off time is reached after about an hour. The constant value increases with temperature, but is still below the unimplanted value after 4 h at 525°C. The turn-off time was verified to be constant even after 24 h of annealing at 200°C. Lifetime control by proton implantation seems to be more thermally stable than that caused by electon irradiation.
Effective computer education

The design of an effective program to provide PC education is an exciting, challenging, complicated, rewarding activity. Such a program offers professional growth and development opportunities to university faculty, new corporate relationships for both the professors and the university, and the opportune moment for exciting explorations into the areas of curriculum development, evaluation methodology, and teaching styles. The design of an effective computer education program can be an important addition to a university's overall educational mandate.Key issues for any successful computer education include curriculum development, instructional design, course development, delivery of instruction, evaluation, and overall project management. This paper provides some guidelines for those who desire to design successful PC computer education.Under the author's direction, over 1,000 days of education have been provided to approximately 7,500 individuals during the past three years. The impact of such a program on the lives of the professors involved and the corporate clients receiving the education, has been enormous.
Suprachiasmatic neurons in tissue slices from ovariectomized rats: Electrophysiological and neuropharmacological characterization and the effects of estrogen treatment

Abstract Single-unit activity and unit responses to putative neurotransmitters were recorded from suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) neurons in brain tissue slices from ovariectomized rats either treated or untreated with estrogen. Altogether, 204 units were studied from estrogen-treated and untreated preparations, and at the resting state, 37% of these units fired regularly, 57% fired irregularly, and 6% were silent but evokable by electrical stimulation. Most of the irregular units fired continuously (n=100), while the rest fired intermittently (n=12) or phasically (n=4). Neurons with different types of firing patterns also varied significantly in resting firing rate and in responsiveness to transmitters and to estrogen treatment. The average resting firing rate decreased significantly from regular, irregular and continuous, intermittent, to silent units. Acetylcholine (ACh) and/or serotonin (5-HT) injected directly into the perfusion chamber evoked responses from more irregular (69% of 61 units) than regular units (20% of 46 units). None of the 5 silent units tested was activated by ACh or 5-HT. Responses to ACh (predominantly inhibitory) and 5-HT (predominantly excitatory) seen here in vitro were opposite to those observed in vivo with iontophoretic application, and were not reversed or abolished by the blockade of synaptic transmission. Comparisons of data between the two types of preparations showed that only the responsiveness of the irregular units to ACh and to 5-HT were significantly different: both types of responsiveness were higher in estrogen-treated than in untreated preparations. No significant difference was found in the responsiveness of regular units, or in firing patterns or firing rate. Thus, the present in vitro studies have demonstrated that SCN contains a heterogeneous population of neurons distinguishable by their electrophysiological and neuropharmacological characteristics, and that estrogen has a specific action on specic types of SCN neurons.
Association of age with analgesic use for back and joint disorders in outpatient settings.

Abstract Background: Pain is a common, troubling symptom of various disorders, chronically affecting up to 11% of adults in the general public. Despite a growing emphasis on improving the quality of pain management and the increasing use of analgesics over the past 20 years, pain remains undertreated for patients in a variety of clinical settings. Elderly patients, in particular, have disproportionately low rates of adequate pain control compared with younger patients. Objective: The goal of this article was to determine the association of age with analgesic use in outpatient settings. Methods: Cross-sectional analyses of data from the 1999–2002 National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey and the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey were conducted. We modeled use of NSAIDs or opioids as a function of age using multivariable logistic regression. Adults (aged ≥18 years) with pain and an inflammatory or mechanical disorder of the back or joint seen in outpatient settings in the United States were included in the study. Results: From 1999 to 2002, 7273 outpatient hospital and community-based visits to physicians were recorded for adults with pain and a diagnosis of a back or joint disorder, representing ∼34 million visits per year. Acetaminophen, NSAIDs, and opioids were reported for 3.7%, 28.8%, and 17.3% of visits, respectively. Individuals aged ≥75 years were more likely than those aged 18 to 54 years to use NSAIDs (adjusted odds ratio, 1.50; 95% CI, 1.15–1.97), an effect of the increasing use of cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors among older patients. Older patients were less likely to use opioids (adjusted odds ratio, 0.49; 95% CI, 0.32–0.75). Conclusions: In outpatient settings, elderly patients with pain and back or joint disorders tend to use NSAIDs more often and opioids less often than younger patients, suggesting that older patients may be receiving a poorer quality of pain management in outpatient settings.
Extra-thermodynamic relationships in chromatography—study of the relationship between the slopes and intercepts of plots of ln k′ vs. mobile phase composition in reversed-phase chromatography

Abstract The chemical validity of the frequently reported linear relationship between the slopes (S) and intercepts (ln k′w) of plots of ln k′ for various solutes against mobile phase volume fraction organic modifier in reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) has been investigated. We have shown that under certain conditions, the linear S-ln k′w relationship for a chemically variegated set of solutes, even though it is mathematically quite real, is an artifact that results from statistical considerations and does not reflect chemical reality. However, S-ln k′w correlations are chemically meaningful when the set of test solutes is restricted to a homologous series. Based on conventional extra-thermodynamic reasoning, such correlations can only be due to chemistry under two circumstances; i.e., when only a single retention-governing solute property varies within the set of solutes studied, or when various retention governing processes have the same compensation composition (ϕiso). The existence of a real correlation is also shown to be at odds with the concepts of linear salvation energy relationships and other models of retention that describe retention in RPLC as the result of a variety of independent intermolecular interactions. Finally it is shown that if linearity between S and ln k′w were universal, the well-known phenomena of changes in elution sequence with the volume fraction of organic modifier in the mobile phase would not be possible.
Gap-Pickup Conductor Cooling of Turbine-Generator Fields; Ventilation Arrangements and Analysis of Performance [includes discussion]

The gap-pickup conductor-cooled field design utilizes gas scooped from the gap between the rotor and stator and circulated through passages in the conductors to cool the windings. Because this gas can be introduced at many locations axially along the rotor, the cooling circuits can be highly interspersed, and many ventilation arrangements are available. This paper describes the analysis and results of studies of the heat flow problem presented by these ventilation arrangements. A digital computer has been used to obtain winding temperatures for any set of conductor dimensions or ventilation pattern. The speed, accuracy, completeness, and convenience of this approach provides the designer with detailed temperature information, allowing him to select the best design for each application.
Tolerance of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs in patients with inflammatory bowel disease

OBJECTIVE: We sought to examine whether use of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in an outpatient inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) population is associated with an increased likelihood of active disease. METHODS: We reviewed records of initial outpatient visits of IBD patients to the principal author from June 1995 to December 1997, with regard to use of aspirin and other NSAIDs and disease activity. RESULTS: Of 40 Crohn's patients seen with active disease, three (7.5%) were using NSAIDs; 14 of 72 (19.4%) Crohn's patients seen with inactive disease were using NSAIDs. Fifty-eight ulcerative colitis patients were seen with active disease, with eight (13.7%) using NSAIDs. Among 21 UC patients initially seen while in remission, five (23.8%) were using NSAIDs. CONCLUSIONS: Among this group of outpatients, NSAID use was not associated with a higher likelihood of active IBD. NSAID use in IBD deserves further study before recommending that patients refrain from their use under all circumstances.
Aircraft replacement strategy: Model and analysis

This study presents a model to help airlines plan their strategic fleet acquisitions and disposals. It minimizes the discounted costs of owning or leasing and operating a fleet by identifying which aircraft to buy, sell and lease over the planning horizon. The paper explains how the related cost data were compiled and analyzed. The model is applied to two US airlines with different business models and shows that aircraft leasing is generally the preferred alternative with benefits from having newer aircraft and less fleet diversity.
Cultivation of Leishmania braziliensis in an economical serum-free medium containing human urine

Leishmania braziliensis cells are difficult to culture in vitro and usually require media supplemented with serum for sustained cell division. Fresh, sterile urine is an inexpensive substitute for serum in the culture of 2 strains of L. braziliensis, 1 infected with Leishmania RNA virus 1, and 1 uninfected. In the presence of urine, both the infected and the uninfected strains grew to the same final cell density as the same strains grown in the presence of serum. One strain of Leishmania major was also successfully cultured in urine-supplemented media.
Fluorine-plus-proton reactions

The properties of certain energy levels in O16, F19, and Ne20 have been studied by observations on the alpha particles and inelastic protons from the bombardment of fluorine by protons. A high-resolution magnetic analysis of the alpha-particle groups to the 2+ and 1- levels in O16 from the F19(p, α)O16* reaction failed to reveal any doublet structure in these known levels. The angular distributions of the alpha-particle groups to these levels did not indicate degeneracy with a 2- level, nor did a search for new excited levels in O16 up to 8.7-Mev excitation reveal a 2- level. These results are not in agreement with the alpha-particle model of the O16 nucleus which predicts a 2- state close in energy to the 2+ state. Angular distributions of the alpha particles were measured at proton bombarding energies of 873, 935, 1290, 1355, and 1381 kev. The distributions at 1355 kev indicated that the corresponding Ne20 resonance level at 14.16 Mev has spin 2 and odd parity. The spin and parity assignments previously found for the other levels were confirmed. A study of the inelastic proton groups from the F19(p, p′)F19* reaction gave 108.8±0.8 and 196.0±1.4 kev for the excitation energies of the two lowest excited levels of F19. The cross sections at the 1431-kev resonance for these groups in the center-of-mass system were 0.187±0.015 barn for the first group and 0.007 ±0.002 barn for the second group. At 1381 kev the cross section was 0.0427±0.0040 barn for protons to the second excited level. Angular distributions of the proton groups were measured and, in conjunction with other studies made in this laboratory, resulted in spin and parity assignments of ½- and 3/2+ for the first and second excited states of F19, respectively.
Seasonal Habitat Use, Species Associations, and Assemblage Structure of Forage Fishes in Goose Creek, Northern Virginia. I. Macrohabitat Patterns

ABSTRACT Sampling with seines and traps for small (20–100 mm SL) fishes was undertaken during non-winter seasons of 1986–1988 in middle Goose Creek, a mid-sized, warmwater tributary of the Potomac River. Unpooled and pooled (combined into nine categories) mesohabitat data revealed the consistent dominance of the spotfin shiner (Cyprinella spiloptera) at these two spatial scales over several months. The pooled analysis revealed positive and negative associations among species, thus indicating the presence of habitat-use guilds. Most forage-fish species were abundant in shallower and/or faster areas of the stream, although mesohabitat preferences varied seasonally. Backwater mesohabitats were most diverse and unique in fish-assemblage patterns, as several rare species and juvenile centrarchids were abundant there. In contrast, the unpooled analysis revealed the independence of dominant/subdominant fish species in their small-scale habitat use, as there were few positive or negative associations among specie...
Has the Internet Increased Trade? Developed and Developing Country Evidence

Developing countries export more to developed, but not other developing countries, when Internet penetration is higher. Although this could be because Internet penetration stimulates exports, it could also be because trade openness encourages Internet use. To test the direction of causation, we allow Internet use to be determined endogenously using countries' regulation of data services as an instrument. The results suggest that access to the Internet does improve export performance in developing countries, although not in developed countries. In other words, improving Internet access in a developing country will stimulate exports from that country to rich countries. (JEL F15)
Chapter 3 Learning style factors and mathematics performance: Sex-related differences

Abstract This study examined the relationships among (a) sex; (b) grades in Algebra I, Geometry, and Algebra II; (c) mathematics learning styles and interests; and (d) scores on the PSAT-M, in a sample of high school students enrolled in Algebra II. The average grade in Algebra I was significantly higher for females than for males. Females reported significantly less interest in technical hobbies or careers than did males, less confidence in their ability to excel on mathematical tasks involving cognitive restructuring or applications, and a greater desire for structure when learning mathematics. In a sub-sample, males scored significantly higher than females on the PSAT-M. Scores on the PSAT-M were significantly related to grades in geometry but not algebra.
Characterization of the Leader Papain-like Proteinase of MHV-A59: Identification of a New in Vitro Cleavage Site

Sequence analysis of the mouse hepatitis virus, strain A59 (MHV-A59) genome predicts the presence of two papain-like proteinases encoded within the first open reading frame (ORF 1a) of the replicase gene. The more 5' of these domains, the leader papain-like proteinase, is responsible for the cleavage of the amino terminal protein, p28. The core of this proteinase domain was defined to between amino acids 1084 and 1316 from the beginning of ORF 1a. Through the use of deletion analysis coupled with in vitro expression, we studied the role of the coding region between p28 and the leader papain-like proteinase on the cleavage of p28 itself. Expression of a series of deletion mutants showed processing of p28, albeit at lower levels. Reduced p28 production resulting from a 0.4-kb deletion positioned between p28 and the proteinase domain suggests an involvement of this region in catalytic processing. Some mutants displayed cleavage patterns indicative of a second cleavage site. Interestingly, this new cleavage site identified in vitro maps to a position similar to the expected cleavage site of a p65 polypeptide detected in MHV-A59-infected cells. Mutagenesis of the catalytic His1272 residue demonstrates that both cleavages observed are mediated by the leader papain-like proteinase encoded in ORF 1a.
Out of the shadows of history and memory: Personal family narratives in ethnographies of rediscovery

Shadows are often places of hiding, ephemeral or blurred, and they also soften that which appears stark or unbearable in the light. This article is grounded in dialogues that revolve around shadows: between the two author–anthropologists, each reconstructing a parent's story, situating it in history and political economy; and between each daughter and her parent. Both parents have witnessed some of the 20th century's major upheavals and social processes—war, fascism, the Holocaust, revolution, migration, and exile. This article focuses on epistemological, emotional, methodological, and ethical issues in doing “intimate ethnography,” a term coined by the authors. Through the process of examining similarities and differences in their respective ethnographies, the authors bring into sharper focus the roles of emotion, subjectivity, truthfulness, and positionality in ethnographic work.
Kant on the Logical Form of Singular Judgements

At A71/B96–7 Kant explains that singular judgements are ‘special’ because they stand to the general ones as Einheit to Unendlichkeit. The reference to Einheit brings to mind the category of unity and hence raises a spectre of circularity in Kant’s explanation. I aim to remove this spectre by interpreting the Einheit-Unendlichkeit contrast in light of the logical distinctions among universal, particular and singular judgments shared by Kant and his logician predecessors. This interpretation has a further implication for resolving a controversy over the correlation between the logical moments of quantity (universal, particular, singular) and the categorial ones (unity, plurality, totality).
Physical Activity Among Older Filipino-American Women

Filipino women (N = 530, mean age 63 years, predominantly low income) were recruited through various community based organizations and churches in Los Angeles County. All women were randomly invited to attend a single group session with a Filipino health educator to discuss breast and cervical cancer screening or the health benefits of exercise. At 3 months after the group session, the exercise assessment tool used in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III was completed by 487 women (92 percent retention rate). This paper describes the pattern of physical activity among older Filipino-American women and a physical activity intervention specifically designed for this group.
Cancer biology: the weakest link?

Cellular lineages are defined by master regulatory proteins that dictate their fate and ensure their survival. The dependence on such factors of tumours that are resistant to treatment may prove to be their Achilles' heel. Analysis of pharmacological and genetic data from the US National Cancer Institute's NCI60 collection of cancer cell lines has identified a novel DNA amplification event in human melanomas. It alters MITF gene expression to promote melanoma formation, probably in cooperation with mutated BRAF, another key melanoma gene. Amplification of MITF may also help melanoma cells resist destruction by drugs. This work identifies MITF itself as a possible drug target in melanoma, and may encourage future genomics efforts to identify genetic alterations in other cancers.