cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Professional burnout among microvascular and reconstructive free-flap head and neck surgeons in the United States.

Objectives To determine the prevalence of professional burnout among microvascular free-flap (MVFF) head and neck surgeons and to identify modifiable risk factors with the intent to reduce MVFF surgeon burnout. Design A cross-sectional, observational study. Setting A questionnaire mailed to MVFF surgeons in the United States. Participants A total of 60 MVFF surgeons. Main Outcomes Measures Professional burnout was quantified using the Maslach Burnout Inventory– Human Services Study questionnaire, which defines burnout as the triad of high emotional exhaustion (EE), high depersonalization (DP), and low personal accomplishment. Additional data included demographic information and subjective assessment of professional stressors, satisfaction, self-efficacy, and support systems using Likert score scales. Potential risk factors for burnout were determined via significant association ( P Results Of the 141 mailed surveys, 72 were returned, for a response rate of 51%, and 60 of the respondents were practicing MVFF surgeons. Two percent of the responding MVFF surgeons experienced high burnout (n = 1); 73%, moderate burnout (n = 44); and 25%, low burnout (n = 15). Compared with other otolaryngology academic faculty and department chairs, MVFF surgeons had similar or lower levels of burnout. On average, MVFF surgeons had low to moderate EE and DP scores. High EE was associated with excess workload, inadequate administration time, work invading family life, inability to care for personal health, poor perception of control over professional life, and frequency of irritable behavior toward loved ones ( P Conclusions Most MVFF surgeons experience moderate professional burnout secondary to moderate EE and DP. This may be a problem of proper balance between professional obligations and personal life goals. Most MVFF surgeons, nonetheless, experience a high level of personal accomplishment in their profession.
Some Parameter Boundaries Governing Microgravity Pool Boiling Modes

Pool boiling experiments were conducted in microgravity on five space shuttle flights, using a flat plate heater consisting of a semitransparent thin gold film deposited on a quartz substrate that also acted as a resistance thermometer. The test fluid was R-113, and the vapor bubble behavior at the heater surface was photographed from beneath as well as from the side. Each flight consisted of a matrix of three levels of imposed heat flux and three levels of initial bulk liquid subcooling. In many of the total of 45 experiments, steady nucleate boiling was observed from 16-mm movie films, where a large vapor bubble formed and remained slightly removed from the heater surface, with small vapor bubbles growing on the heater surface, and on contact coalescing with the large bubble. Computations of the forces associated with the momentum transfer in this process, which counters the Marangoni convection effects tending to impel the large bubble toward the heater surface, have been completed for all cases where applicable. The modes of pool boiling observed with successive increases in levels of heat flux in microgravity are categorized as: (i) minimum or incipient nucleate boiling; (ii) nucleate boiling with vigorous motion of the bubbles adjacent and parallel to the heater surface, impelled by Marangoni convection effects; (iii) nucleate boiling followed by coalescence with a neighboring large vapor bubble; (iv) partial dryout of the heater surface, in parallel with nucleate boiling; (v) complete dryout. The boundaries between these modes are delineated graphically as a function of the imposed heat flux and initial bulk liquid subcooling, together with the levels of the forces holding the large bubbles, acting as vapor reservoirs, away from the heater surface for the steady nucleate boiling mode.
A Comment on Distributional Externalities and In-Kind Transfers:

Two recent contributions to this journal (Rodgers, 1973; Yandle, 1974) have analyzed transfer programs in the presence of distributional externalities. Both authors rely on complicated two-sector geometrical constructions. It is the purpose of this note to show how a simpler geometry can be used to generate the major conclusions of these papers, and with greater rigor and clarity than was possible in the original presentations. In addition, several further implications emerge from the present treatment. The geometrical construction to be employed here was first used by Samuelson (1955) in his diagrammatic analysis of public goods. It was later reinvented by Dolbear (1967) and Shibata (1971). Despite these repeated resurrections of the geometry in the literature, the versatility of this approach has apparently not yet been sufficiently appreciated.
Regime changes in ecological systems: an information theory approach

We present our efforts at developing an ecological system index using information theory. Specifically, we derive an expression for Fisher Information based on sampling of the system trajectory as it evolves in the space defined by the state variables of the system, i.e. its state space. The Fisher Information index, as we have derived it, is a measure of system order, and captures the characteristic variation in speed and acceleration along the system's periodic steady-state trajectories. When calculated repeatedly over the system period, this index tracks steady states and transient behavior. We believe that such an index could be useful in detecting system 'flips' associated with a regime change, i.e. determining when systems are in a transient between one steady state and another. We illustrate the concepts using model ecosystems.
Effects of regional ischemia on metabolic function in adjacent aerobic myocardium

Increased mechanical demands are placed on aerobic heart muscle during restrictions in coronary flow to myocardium adjacent to and contiguous with normally perfused tissue. In a preparation of regional ischemia (ten intact working swine hearts), changes in substrate preference and utilization were detailed in separate beds of perfused myocardium before and during regional disruptions in coronary flow. Mild-to-moderate levels of ischemia (−52Δ% reduction in flow to the anterior left heart) caused significant declines in both regional and global estimates of mechanical function (−39 and −31Δ% in regional and global work indices, P < 0.05 and P < 0.025, respectively). Oxygen consumption and fatty acid oxidation were reduced in ischemic muscle. Conversely, in normally perfused myocardium and presumably in response to increased mechanical burdens, oxygen consumption and fatty acid uptake were increased (+29 and +80Δ%, respectively). There was no commensurate increase in 14CO2 production from labeled palmitate, however, and certain fatty acid intermediates (long chain acyl CoA and carnitine) appeared increased. To compensate metabolically, a greater preference for glucose utilization (two-fold increase in uptake) was documented in non-ischemic myocardium and energy production was maintained. Thus, although glucose has long been argued to treat acute and chronically ischemic myocytes (with mixed results), an alternate source of benefit may derive from its effects on preserving cell viability and function in adjacent aerobic heart muscle.
Longest chains in the lattice of integer partitions ordered by majorization

A method is given for finding a chain of maximum length between two partitions λ ⩽ μ in the lattice of integer partitions, ordered by majorization. The main result is that chains in which covers of a certain kind (called ‘H-steps’) precede covers of another kind (called ‘V-steps’) all have the same length, and this length is maximal.
ADP-Ribosylation Factor 6 Regulates Tumorigenic and Invasive Properties In vivo

This study shows that the small GTP-binding protein ADP-ribosylation factor 6 (ARF6) is an important regulator of tumor growth and metastasis. Using spontaneous melanoma tumor growth assays and experimental metastasis assays in nude mice, we show that sustained activation of ARF6 reduces tumor mass growth but significantly enhances the invasive capacity of tumor cells. In contrast, mice injected with tumor cells expressing a dominantly inhibitory ARF6 mutant exhibited a lower incidence and degree of invasion and lung metastasis compared with control animals. Effects on tumor growth correlate with reduced cell proliferation capacity and are linked at least in part to alterations in mitotic progression induced by defective ARF6 cycling. Furthermore, phospho-ERK levels in subcultured cells from ARF6(GTP) and ARF6(GDP) tumor explants correlate with invasive capacity. ARF6-induced extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling leads to Rac1 activation to promote invadopodia formation and cell invasion. These findings document an intricate role for ARF6 and the regulation of ERK activation in orchestrating mechanisms underlying melanoma growth, invasion, and metastases.
Correlation of TrpGly and GlyTrp Rotamer Structure with W7 and W10 UV Resonance Raman Modes and Fluorescence Emission Shifts

Tryptophyl glycine (TrpGly) and glycyl tryptophan (GlyTrp) dipeptides at pH 5.5 and pH 9.3 show a pattern of fluorescence emission shifts with the TrpGly zwitterion emission solely blue shifted. This pattern is matched by shifts in the UV resonance Raman (UVRR) W10 band position and the W7 Fermi doublet band ratio. Ab initio calculations show that the 1340 cm−1 band of the W7 doublet is composed of three modes, two of which determine the W7 band ratios for the dipeptides. Molecular dynamics simulations show that the dipeptides take on two conformations: one with the peptide backbone extended; one with the backbone curled over the indole. The dihedral angle critical to these conformations is χ1 and takes on three discrete values. Only the TrpGly zwitterion spends an appreciable amount of time in the extended backbone conformation as this is stabilized by two hydrogen bonds with the terminal amine cation. According to a Stark effect model, a positive charge near the pyrrole keeps the 1La transition at high energy, limiting fluorescence emission red shift, as observed for the TrpGly zwitterion. The hydrogen bond stabilized backbone provides a rationale for the Cmethylene-Cα-Ccarbonyl W10 symmetric stretch that is unique to the TrpGly zwitterion.
Cross-border banking and financial deepening: The African experience

Cross-border banking has been important across Africa for a long time, with regional banks taking on a more prominent role only recently. This paper provides an overview over the literature of cross-border banking and financial deepening and inclusion, with a focus on Africa. It also offers suggestive evidence that it is critical to differentiate between different types of cross-border banks when assessing their impact on firms' access to bank finance. Finally, it discusses the regulatory agenda in light of the recent crisis experience and the new cross-border banking patterns.
Extraterritorial Audits, Tax Competitors, and Narratives: The Hyatt Case

INTERPRETATION MATTERS COLUMN:In Hyatt v. California Franchise Tax Board, a Nevada jury returned a nearly $400 million tort verdict against the California Franchise Tax Board ("CFTB") on account of its allegedly abusive audit of a taxpayer who claims he relocated from high-tax California to low-tax Nevada. Befitting the case’s fascinating nature and its potential significance, Hyatt has been the subject of considerable commentary. This article will explore aspects of the decision that have not yet been deeply probed. In particular, Hyatt illustrates the use and power of narrative in litigation and in policymaking.
The Relationship Between Meditation Experience and Intrusive Thoughts

Meditation has long been suggested as a means for improving mental health. This study examines whether meditation may be helpful to persons with intrusive thoughts. Fifty-three meditators from five sites of meditation re - ported their experience with meditation (how long they had been meditating and how much meditation they were cur- rently doing per week), as well as their current experience of cognitive intrusions and related distress. Number of weeks experience with meditation was found to be negatively correlated with both severity of intrusive thoughts and negative evaluation of intrusive thoughts. Intensity of current meditation practice (minutes per week) was not found to be corre- lated with severity or evaluation of intrusive thoughts. It is concluded that experience with meditation provides psy- chological benefits consistent with the aims of both meditation traditions and many contemporary cognitive-behavioral therapy approaches. Meditation is theoretically and pragmatically compatible with contemporary cognitive-behavioral approaches and may be a useful supplement for treating clinical and nonclinical intrusive thoughts.
Optimizing inventory׳s contribution to profitability in a regulated utility: The Averch–Johnson effect

The Averch–Johnson effect is a well-known economic phenomenon through which regulated utility companies prefer a capital resource input combination that differs from an efficient level. Through dynamic Network Data Envelopment Analysis (NDEA), this paper first investigates the existence of this effect on a dynamic input that is inventory. The analysis was performed for a group of public electric utilities from 2005 to 2014. The result implies that these firms procure a significant extra amount in inventory (materials and supplies) beyond their efficient levels. In order to explore the connection of this effect to profit motives, we construct an analytical model of the inventory policy controlling the extra buying of material and supplies that will be inventoried and added to the firm׳s rate base. The model is based on maximizing the net present value of total profits. In the deterministic case, two results are observed: i) the firm could achieve a finite optimum by adding a finite amount of inventory above the normal base level which assumes no impact of inventory on the rate hearing; and ii) the firm could theoretically achieve infinite optimum under the unconstrained model. The primary contribution of this paper is the special case of extending typical inventory replenishment models to including the impact on prices and in turn profits in a regulated supply chain.
Evolving Paradigm for Environmental Sensitivity in Marketing Programs: A Synthesis of Theory and Practice

Concerns related to the environment are evident in the rapid growth of the environmentally conscious marketplace and its increasing impact on corporate strategists. Drawing from the academic literature and case studies of actual corporate experiences, this article discusses the concept of environmentally-based marketing programs within the context of each element of the marketing mix. Additionally, it discusses issues that are of critical importance in the implementation of the concept, from the perspectives of firm performance and business environment. The managerial implications of adopting environmentally-based marketing programs and concerns relevant to future research in this area are also addressed.
Designing Interfaces for Optical Biosensors

I will describe a label-free-biosensor that exploits the local surface-plasmon-resonance of noble metal nanostructures; and a polymer-brush-interface on glass that abolishes non-specific adsorption leading to a femtomolar limit-of-detection of protein analytes in whole blood.
The Problem of Biculturalism: Japanese American Identity and Festival before World War II

On May 23, 1934, Mihiko Shimizu persuaded the leading association of Japanese immigrants in Los Angeles to establish a celebration in honor of their Americanborn children. Such a Nisei, or second-generation, festival, he asserted, was needed to reenergize the small businesses of Little Tokyo, which no longer enjoyed the rapid growth and prosperity they had in the 191 Os and 1920s.1 Shimizu saw the sluggish market for his dry goods as an indication of a long-term trend that would prove more devastating to Japanese retailing than the current depression-era belt tightening. With the immigrant generation (or Issei) getting older and new immigration from Japan prohibited, Little Tokyo soon enough would not be able to rely primarily upon a Japanese-speaking clientele. The growth market was the Nisei. To attract second-generation customers, Shimizu advised Issei shop owners and managers to cut prices, enlarge merchandise displays, and hire clerks who spoke English and could cater to the younger generation's tastes. The challenge of a Nisei festival, he maintained, was to disabuse Japanese American youth of the notion that "American [department] stores" offer "better quality and less expensive goods of the same type found in Japanese stores."2
Synaptic mechanisms underlying persistent cocaine craving

Although it is challenging for individuals with cocaine addiction to achieve abstinence, the greatest difficulty is avoiding relapse to drug taking, which is often triggered by cues associated with prior cocaine use. This vulnerability to relapse persists for long periods (months to years) after abstinence is achieved. Here, I discuss rodent studies of cue-induced cocaine craving during abstinence, with a focus on neuronal plasticity in the reward circuitry that maintains high levels of craving. Such work has the potential to identify new therapeutic targets and to further our understanding of experience-dependent plasticity in the adult brain under normal circumstances and in the context of addiction.
Representation and Racism

While modern philosophers share an almost unshakeable faith in reason, the legacy of modernism is a great skepticism concerning reason. None of the moderns—not even Hume—sets out to undermine the cognitive power of reason, but undermine it they do. Poor Descartes is often portrayed as the villain whose universal doubt ultimately diminishes the confidence we can have in our own cognitive powers, but that is, of course, never his intent. His mission of putting science on a firm foundation is instead designed to establish that even at the limits of hyperbolic doubt, reason remains a trustworthy guide to truth. In fact, his great confidence in reason is precisely what justifies his rejection of scholasticism. He tells us that his motivation for abandoning the study of letters is because it strikes him that ‘much more truth could be found in the reasonings which a man makes concerning matters that concern him than in those which some scholar makes in his study about speculative matters’ (Descartes 1985a, 115). His view is clear: nothing can be learned by reading philosophers that cannot be better obtained through his new philosophical method. In following this new method and the reasonings of his own mind, he originates the philosophical preoccupation with drawing sharp distinctions between self and world, between knower and known, between subjective and objective. Individual minds become the arbiters of truth.
Nondestructive Characterization of Materials at the NIST Research Reactor

In the last three decades, neutrons have become an essential probe of the properties of matter, particularly condensed matter. This usefulness arises from the intrinsic properties of the neutron, which can be summarized as follows1: Determination of both atomic positions and motions can be made in solids and liquids because thermal neutrons have appropriate de Broglie wavelengths and energies. The neutron has a magnetic moment so that magnetic structure and magnetic excitations can be characterized. Neutrons penetrate condensed matter generally about three orders-of-magnitude deeper than xrays for wavelengths in the diffraction regime. Neutrons are sensitive to different isotopes of the same element in scattering so that, for example, hydrogen (which has a very high scattering cross section) is easily distinguishable from deuterium. Neutron absorption by a nucleus is isotope-sensitive so that chemical analysis is possible.
Dual-Antiplatelet Therapy: Why Stop Now?∗

Dual-antiplatelet therapy (DAPT), comprising a combination of aspirin with a P2Y12 receptor inhibitor, is prescribed following coronary stent implantation to reduce the risk for stent thrombosis and ischemic atherothrombotic events [(1,2)][1]. The recommended duration of DAPT is based on the type of
Transient lift force on a blade during cutting of a vortex with non-zero axial flow

The problem of orthogonal penetration of a blade into the core of a vortex with non-zero axial flow was studied using a combination of scaling theory, a heuristic plug-flow model and full Navier–Stokes simulations. The particular focus of this paper was to understand the mechanics of the transient lift force that occurs during the initial penetration of the blade leading edge into the vortex core, and the relationship of this transient force to the steady-state lift force that develops due to the difference in vortex core radius over the blade surface. The three modelling approaches all lead to the conclusion that the maximum value of the lift coefficient for the transient blade penetration force is proportional to the impact parameter and inversely proportional to the axial flow parameter. This observation is used to develop a simple expression that collapses the predictions of the full Navier–Stokes simulations for lift coefficient over a wide range of parameter values.
Event-based lattice modeling of strain-hardening cementitious composites

This paper presents novel developments in the lattice modeling of fiber reinforced cement composites, in which the individual fibers are explicitly represented. Attention is given to the modeling of strain-hardening cement composites under tensile loading. The pullout forces of fibers are derived from micromechanical bases and distributed along the fiber embedment lengths. This spatial description of the fiber bridging forces provides realistic representations of stress transfer between the fiber and matrix, which is essential for simulating crack openings and crack spacing. Stress transfer is modified to account for multiple cracks intersecting individual fibers, which is typical for materials with closely spaced cracks. Multiple cracking generates islands of material interconnected by fiber bridges, which places extraordinary demands on the solution procedure. An event-by-event solution strategy is developed for this reason. Comparisons with test results demonstrate the model’s ability to simulate global and crack-local features. In particular, simulated histograms of crack opening displacement compare favorably with those measured experimentally.
DESCRIPTION OF LOGICAL REASONING IN SOLVING MATHEMATICS PROBLEMSS BASED ON STUDENTS’ THINKING STYLE OF STUDENTS AT SMPN 2 PINRANG

The study aims at (i) describing the logical reasoning of students’ thinking styles as in SK, SA, AK, and AA in solving Mathematics problems at SMPN 2 Pinrang, (ii) production the differences of logical reasoning of those four students with different thinking styles in solving mathematics problems at SMPN 2 Pinrang. The study is a qualitative research. The problems solving used referred to polya’s. In each of problems solving according to Polya, there’s indicator of logical reasoning to be studied. The subjects of the study were taken by employing purposive random sampling technique. Data were collected through interview and written format, which were analyzed using Miles and Huberman model. The credibility of data employed triangulation, observation, and member check. The result of the study describes the logical reasoning of students with different thinking styles. The whole description which contains all components of logical reasoning and connectivity of each element of the profile is described by using tables. The conclusion of the study is obtained in a form of logical reasoning of students who have thinking styles of SK, SA, AK, AA and their differences in solving Mathematics problems at SMPN 2 Pinrang
The Diagnosis and Treatment of Prostate Cancer: A Review.

Importance Prostate cancer is the most common cancer diagnosis made in men with more than 160 000 new cases each year in the United States. Although it often has an indolent course, prostate cancer remains the third-leading cause of cancer death in men. Observations When prostate cancer is suspected, tissue biopsy remains the standard of care for diagnosis. However, the identification and characterization of the disease have become increasingly precise through improved risk stratification and advances in magnetic resonance and functional imaging, as well as from the emergence of biomarkers. Multiple management options now exist for men diagnosed with prostate cancer. Active surveillance (the serial monitoring for disease progression with the intent to cure) appears to be safe and has become the preferred approach for men with less-aggressive prostate cancer, particularly those with a prostate-specific antigen level of less than 10 ng/mL and Gleason score 3 + 3 tumors. Surgery and radiation continue to be curative treatments for localized disease but have adverse effects such as urinary symptoms and sexual dysfunction that can negatively affect quality of life. For metastatic disease, chemotherapy as initial treatment now appears to extend survival compared with androgen deprivation therapy alone. New vaccines, hormonal therapeutics, and bone-targeting agents have demonstrated efficacy in men with metastatic prostate cancer resistant to traditional hormonal therapy. Conclusions and Relevance Advances in the diagnosis and treatment of prostate cancer have improved the ability to stratify patients by risk and allowed clinicians to recommend therapy based on cancer prognosis and patient preference. Initial treatment with chemotherapy can improve survival compared with androgen deprivation therapy. Abiraterone, enzalutamide, and other agents can improve outcomes in men with metastatic prostate cancer resistant to traditional hormonal therapy.
Saʿdi in Love: The Lyrical Verses of Persia’s Master Poet

“Translation of poetry from one language into another is notoriously difficult,” writes Homa Katouzian, who has nevertheless masterfully undertaken the arduous task of translating a selection of th...
The Influence of Motivational Regulation Strategies on Online Students’ Behavioral, Emotional, and Cognitive Engagement

Providing effective motivational support is a critical determinant of a successful online distance learning experience for students in higher education. In this study, we examined how students’ aca...
Translating climate change policy into forest management practice in a multiple-use context: the role of ethics

Managers of public multiple-use landscapes are charged to balance a spectrum of interests and objectives, a task that has become increasingly challenging in light of global climate change. Forests supply a diverse array of social, economic, and environmental goods and benefits, but also stand to contribute to climate change mitigation by sequestering and storing carbon. The scientific dimensions of management decisions made against this backdrop are well appreciated, but their ethical complexity tends to be, at best, understated. Focusing on the issue of carbon storage for climate change mitigation in federal forests of the United States Pacific Northwest, we employ the method of argument analysis to highlight the role of normative or ethical judgments in multiple-use forest management. We demonstrate that such decisions are logically predicated on normative judgments about which public interests merit recognition and prioritization in the decision context. We show that a generalized commitment to multiple-use is insufficient as a normative basis for management decisions, and that more ethically explicit judgments are required to reach actionable conclusions about appropriate management objectives.
Parameter Invariant Monitoring for Signal Temporal Logic

Signal Temporal Logic (STL) is a prominent specification formalism for real-time systems, and monitoring these specifications, specially when (for different reasons such as learning) behavior of systems can change over time, is quite important. There are three main challenges in this area: (1) full observation of system state is not possible due to noise or nuisance parameters, (2) the whole execution is not available during the monitoring, and (3) computational complexity of monitoring continuous time signals is very high. Although, each of these challenges has been addressed by different works, to the best of our knowledge, no one has addressed them all together. In this paper, we show how to extend any parameter invariant test procedure for single points in time to a parameter invariant test procedure for efficiently monitoring continuous time executions of a system against STL properties. We also show, how to extend probabilistic error guarantee of the input test procedure to a probabilistic error guarantee for the constructed test procedure.
Pharmacologic pitfalls in the human tumor clonogenic assay.

The human tumor clonogenic assay (HTCA) (Hamburger and Salmon 1977; Salmon et al. 1978) has proved to be a useful system for screening new chemical compounds for anticancer activity (Salmon 1980; Shoemaker et al. 1983), for testing new clinical agents for phase II activity (Salmon et al. 1981; Von Hoff et al. 1981; Alberts et al. 1981a), and for predicting clinical response to cytotoxic therapy in cancer patients (Salmon et al. 1978; Alberts et al. 1980a, 1981a; Salmon et al. 1980; Salmon and Von Hoff 1981; Von Hoff et al. 1983). Despite its widespread use, additional biological and pharmacologic studies are essential before the HTCA can be considered optimized for routine clinical and laboratory research applications (Alberts et al. 1981b; Selby et al. 1983). We have previously reported suggestions for improving drug sensitivity assay conditions (Alberts et al. 1980b, 1981b), and in this presentation will discuss more recent data concerning the evaluation of (a) in vitro drug stability; (b) drug combinations which are additive in their antitumor activity; and (c) cyclophosphamide biotransformation and the relative activity of its major metabolites and a new oxazaphosphorine analog (Asta-Werke Z7557).
Effects of Amino Acid Substitutions at β131 on the Structure and Properties of Hemoglobin: Evidence for Communication between α1β1- and α1β2-Subunit Interfaces†

Substitutions of Asn, Glu, and Leu for Gln at the β131 position of the hemoglobin molecule result in recombinant hemoglobins (rHbs) with moderately lowered oxygen affinity and high cooperativity compared to human normal adult hemoglobin (Hb A). The mutation site affects the hydrogen bonds present at the α1β1-subunit interface between α103His and β131Gln as well as that between α122His and β35Tyr. NMR spectroscopy shows that the hydrogen bonds are indeed perturbed; in the case of rHb (β131Gln → Asn) and rHb (β131Gln → Leu), the perturbations are propagated to the other α1β1-interface H-bond involving α122His and β35Tyr. Proton exchange measurements also detect faster exchange rates for both α1β1-interface histidine side chains of the mutant rHbs in 0.1 M sodium phosphate buffer at pH 7.0 than for those of Hb A under the same conditions. In addition, the same measurements in 0.1 M Tris buffer at pH 7.0 show a much slower exchange rate for mutant rHbs and Hb A. One of the mutants, rHb (β131Gln → Asn), shows ...
The Sterol-Specific Regulation of ACAT-1 and SREBPs in Mammalian Cells and in Liver

Within a single cell, low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR), 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA (HMG-CoA) reductase, and Acyl-coenzyme A: cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) are three of the major cellular components that control intracellular cholesterol homeostasis. The main mode of sterol-specific regulation of ACAT is at the post-translational level, while a major mode of regulation of LDLR, HMG-CoA reductase, and various other cholesterologenic enzymes is at the transcriptional level; transcription control involves a pair of sterol-regulated protein factors called sterol regulatory element binding proteins (SREBPs). In this chapter, we summarize the molecular studies that suggest how sterol may act to regulate ACAT and SREBPs. We also summarize the current knowledge on the suggested physiological roles of ACAT and SREBPs in livers of intact animals.
The MPEG Video Standards

Advances in digital video technology and storage have made it possible to use digital video into a number of multimedia applications. In 1988, in response to a growing need for a common format for coding and storing digital video, ISO established the Moving Pictures Expert group (MPEG) with the mission to develop standards for the coded representation of moving pictures and associated audio information on digital storage media. MPEG, formally known as group ISO-IEC/JTC1 SC29/WG11, completed the first phase of its work in 1991 with the development of the ISO standard 11172, Coding of moving pictures and associated audio - for digital storage media at up to about 1.5 Mbit/s. This standard is also known as MPEG-1.
APPLICATIONS OF DIFFERENTIAL INEQUALITIES TO GAS LUBRICATION THEORY

Publisher Summary This chapter highlights the applications of differential inequalities to gas lubrication theory. Differential inequality techniques provide a clear, complete picture of the pressure field in a gas-lubricated slider bearing, whose geometry is illustrated in the chapter. It briefly describes those results. The model employed is the (dimensionless) Reynolds' equation subject to ambient pressure boundary conditions at the bearing's edges. In the analysis presented in the chapter, a monotone method argument establishes upper and lower bounds on pressure; for certain bearing geometries, a nonzero lower bound on pressure then permits application of a nonlinear maximum principle that forces the pressure field to show a single interior maximum and nonzero gradients at the bearing's boundaries. As the model assumes constant ambient pressure outside the bearing, the negativity of the outward derivative of pressure at the boundary forces a discontinuity in pressure gradient at the bearing's inlet, outlet, and sides. This discontinuity is inherent in the model, and it is not an artifact of numerical computation.
Afferent connections of the forebrain cholinergic projection neurons, with special reference to monoaminergic and peptidergic fibers

Earlier light microscopic data on afferent connections to the cholinergic forebrain neurons are reconsidered in the light of EM cross-identification of neurons and synapses by combinations of tracer and immunocytochemical techniques. Such studies suggest that brainstem monoaminergic afferents terminate on cholinergic forebrain neurons, and may modulate the activity of choline acetyltransferase levels in the postsynaptic neurons. A monosynaptic relationship between cholinergic forebrain neurons and neuropeptide Y and somatostatin containing axons is also supported by studies using double immunolabeling techniques at the EM level. These peptidergic afferents originate in part from locally arborizing neurons. Based upon the new data a circuit model for basal forebrain cholinergic neurons is proposed.
Constraints on Simplified Dark Matter Models from Mono-X Searches

Collider searches for Dark Matter (DM) in events with large missing transverse energy (\(E_{\mathrm {T}}^{\mathrm {miss}}\)) have been commonly interpreted within effective field theory (EFT) models of DM pair production. The advantage of this approach is that limits derived in terms of an EFT are applicable to a broad range of complete theories and depend only on the specification of a few parameters, namely the cutoff scale, \(\Lambda \), and the DM mass, \(m_{\chi } \).
Evidence for Viral Induction of Biliary Atresia: A Review.

Biliary atresia (BA) is a childhood disease which manifests with abnormal narrowing, blockage or complete absence of bile ducts within the liver. Many possible etiologies have been reported for the development of BA, including congenital, perinatal and acquired conditions. Since the 1970’s, there has been increasing evidence linking BA development to viral perinatal infections. The viral vectors most commonly implicated include members of the herpesviridae family (cytomegalovirus and Epstein-Barr virus) as well as those of the reoviridae family (reovirus and rotavirus). While extensive work has been done on a murine model of disease, the current review focuses primarily on evidence from human studies of viral vectors in children afflicted with BA.
Quantile Function on Scalar Regression Analysis for Distributional Data.

Radiomics involves the study of tumor images to identify quantitative markers explaining cancer heterogeneity. The predominant approach is to extract hundreds to thousands of image features, includ...
Two-phase flow performance prediction for minichannel solar collectors

High thermal efficiencies reported in the literature for non-evacuated minichannel-based solar collectors open up the possibility to explore their operation under two-phase flow conditions for low-grade steam generation and energy storage. In this article, a mathematical model is developed to analyze the performance of a minichannel solar collector under two-phase flow conditions. Six published two-phase frictional pressure drop correlations and six two-phase heat transfer correlations are utilized, and the results compared against experimental two-phase flow data from the literature. The most accurate correlations are later on used for simulating the operation of the minichannel solar collector. Results show that for two phase flow conditions, the pressure drop is found to increase dramatically with mass flux, while the outlet quality is found to remain near saturated liquid at mass fluxes higher than 54.58 kg/m2s. In addition, inlet temperature at saturated liquid conditions and constant mass flux did not have a significant effect on outlet quality. Applications that require low-grade steam, such as food-drying, steam-cleaning, or sterilization, among others, could benefit from the two-phase flow operation of this type of collectors.
The role of shale gas in shaping the U.S. long-run CO2 emissions:

The shale gas boom in the U.S. has lowered the U.S. CO2 emissions in recent years mainly through substitution of gas for coal in power generation. Will the shale gas boom reduce the emissions in th...
Differences between Patient and Surgeon Interests in Musculoskeletal Research

Background There is a growing interest in engaging patients in research priorities and project design. This study compared topics patients and surgeons would like to address in upper extremity musculoskeletal research. Methods We invited patients on social media-based support groups for specific musculoskeletal illnesses and members of the Science Of Variation Group to indicate the three most important research topics by disease. We also measured agreement that patients should participate in research on a five-point Likert scale. We categorized research priorities into the following categories: treatment, cause and natural history, recovery, diagnostic process, and economic impact. Bivariate analysis was used to detect differences between surgeons and patient responses. Multivariable regression models sought factors associated with agreement whether patients should participate in research. Sixty-two surgeons and 350 patients completed the survey, who had one of the following musculoskeletal illnesses: Dupuytren contracture, adhesive capsulitis, Kienbock disease, complex regional pain syndrome, rotator cuff tendinopathy, carpal- or cubital tunnel syndrome, and rheumatoid arthritis. Results Both patients and surgeons were most interested in research into treatment options. There were few differences in the number of responses per category between surgeons and patients. Patients and surgeons with fewer years of practice agree most with involving patients in research. Conclusion Patients and surgeons prioritize research about treatment. Surgeons were more interested in natural history of disease and surgical techniques, while patients were more interested in alleviation of pain.
Restorable Neutralization of Poly(acrylic acid) Binders toward Balanced Processing Properties and Cycling Performance for Silicon Anodes in Lithium-Ion Batteries.

Neutralization of poly(acrylic acid) (PAA)-based binders using lithium hydroxide is a common strategy for fabricating silicon anode laminates, which improves rheological properties of slurries toward high-quality electrode laminates. However, the significantly increased basicity causes degradation of Si particles while the irreversible conversion of carboxylic acid groups to lithium carboxylates undermines the binding strength, collectively leading to adverse cycling performance of the fabricated Si anodes. Herein, a novel neutralization process for PAA binders is developed. A weak base, ammonia (NH3), was discovered as a neutralizing agent that still promotes rheological response of binder solutions but results in a reduced pH increase. Interestingly, the resulting ammonium carboxylate groups may cleave during the drying process to restore the neutralized PAA (PAA-NH3) binders to their pristine states. The best-performing composition of 50% neutralization (PAA-50%NH3) provides comparable rheological response as a PAA-Li binder as well as much improved cycling performance. The half-cells using the PAA-50%NH3 binder can deliver 60% capacity retention over 100 cycles at C/3 rate, affording a 23.8% increase compared to PAA-Li half-cells. This restorable neutralization process of PAA binders represents an innovative strategy of mitigating issues from slurry processing of Si particles to achieve concurrent improvements in high-quality lamination and cycling performance.
Mental health resources in pharmacy schools.

Abstract Introduction This study aims to examine the availability of mental health resources available to pharmacy students. Identifying if pharmacy schools have specific resources is important given the increasing prevalence of mental health disorders among pharmacy students. Methods This study has two arms: (1) survey sent to representatives of student affairs of 11 pharmacy schools, and (2) website scan performed of all pharmacy schools in the United States. The survey collected information on mental health resources available including availability, location, and future plans. The website scan examined resources at each school listed on the doctor of pharmacy school directory on the Pharmacy College Application Service website, and the difficulty of locating this information. Microsoft Excel was used to perform descriptive statistics. Results For the survey arm (n = 9), 83% of respondents were directors of student affairs. Top services located within the university campus, but not within the pharmacy school, were wellness activities (67%) and an on-site counselor (89%). Similarly, for the website scan (n = 150), most schools had availability of an on-site counselor; however, 83% of counselors were located within the university campus, not within the pharmacy school. For 77% of pharmacy schools, no information on mental health resources was found on their websites. The information was considered “somewhat” or “extremely difficult” to find for 45% of schools. Conclusion Both arms found that the most commonly available services, including an on-site counselor, were not located at the pharmacy school but instead part of university campus services.
Social and Economic Opportunities and Challenges of Plant-Based and Cultured Meat for Rural Producers in the US

Animal agriculture presents major sustainability challenges. Alternative meat (alt-meat) products (e.g., plant-based and cultured meat) are substitutes for animal meat products, made using innovative food technologies. The potential environmental impacts of plant-based and cultured meat have been well explored but the social and economic impacts of alt-meat have received less attention, particularly as they relate to rural communities. This paper addresses the research question: What are social and economic opportunities and challenges of cultured and plant-based meat for rural producers in the US? We conducted semi-structured interviews with 37 expert informants, including representatives of cultured meat companies, plant-based meat companies, non-profit organizations, funding agencies, governmental agencies, and the beef, soy, and pea sectors, as well as researchers and farmers. Our interviews revealed a range of ways in which alt-meat sectors might present opportunities or threats for rural producers in the US. Opportunities included growing crops as ingredients for plant-based meat or feedstock for cultured meat; raising animals for genetic material for cultured meat; producing cultured meat in bioreactors at the farm level; transitioning into new sectors; new market opportunities for blended and hybrid animal- and alt-meat products; and new value around regenerative or high-animal welfare farming. Threats included loss of livelihood or income for ranchers and livestock producers and for farmers growing crops for animal feed; barriers to transitioning into emerging alt-meat sectors; and the possibility of exclusion from those sectors. Interviewees also identified a range of roles for universities and research organizations, government agencies, and non-profit organizations that could help to maximize the benefits and minimize the risks from emerging alt-meat sectors. Finally, most interviewees thought it likely that alt-meat would form an additional form of protein that captured some or all of the anticipated growing demand for protein rather than one that displaced animal meat entirely. As such, the emergence of alt-meat sectors alongside animal agriculture may offer more choices for rural producers in terms of which markets they sell to and what forms of production they adopt or pursue. This research identifies numerous research gaps, to which natural and social scientists could usefully apply their attention.
Rapid erosion of the central Transantarctic Mountains at the Eocene-Oligocene transition: Evidence from skewed (U-Th)/He date distributions near Beardmore Glacier

Abstract Apatite (U-Th)/He thermochronology has the potential to reconstruct records of erosional exhumation that are critical to understanding interactions between climate, tectonics, and the cryosphere at high latitudes on million-year timescales. However this approach is often hindered by the problem of intrasample single-grain date dispersion. Here we present an extensive new apatite (U-Th)/He dataset (n = 361) from the central Transantarctic Mountains of East Antarctica between 160°E to 170°W and 84 to 86°S, and show that apparently uninterpretable data in most samples are a reflection of inadequate sampling of skewed date distributions. We outline a workflow for interpreting such dispersed data and demonstrate that geologically meaningful age interpretations are possible in the case of rapidly cooled samples, despite the wide array of potential causes for date dispersion. We show that for samples and compilations with a large number of single-grain analyses (n > ∼25), the youngest probability distribution peak represents the most likely time of fast cooling through the apatite (U-Th)/He closure temperature. When fewer grains are analyzed, the youngest peak is represented best by the minimum date or first quartile date, depending on sample size. Using this workflow, we show that since the latest Eocene, up to 8.8 km of exhumation occurred to incise the deepest point of the Beardmore Glacier trough. Rapid incision began at c. 37-34 Ma (at the latest by 34±3 Ma), coinciding with or slightly preceding the initiation of Antarctic glaciation at the Eocene-Oligocene transition, and contributed to at least 2.6 km of exhumation within the first 3-6 million years, at an apparent exhumation rate of no less than 0.4 mm/a.