cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Analysis of Nurse Theorists' Definition of Health for Congruence with Holism

This article analyzes the definitions of health of seven nurse theorists for congruence with the American Holistic Nurses' Association's (AHNA) definition of health. The two themes of wholeness and change in the AHNA definition reflect the Fawcett categorization of worldviews as organismic versus mechanistic and change versus persistence. The organismic view assumes the person to be a proactive integrated being; in the change worldview the person is viewed as always in a state of transition and progress in values. All seven theorists' definitions appear to be congruent with the organismic and change focus of the AHNA definition. Clinicians who are seeking a client-focused theory to guide their practice are encouraged to investigate one or more of the nursing theories for adoption. This can have the dual outcome of improving the quality of nursing care and building the knowledge of the discipline as the theories are tested in practice.
Morphology and Systematic Position of Schizocaryum dogieli, a Ciliate Entocommensal in Strongylocentrotid Echinoids (Ciliata: Trichostomatida)*

Schizocaryum dogieli Poljansky & Golikova, 1957, was discovered in four species of the echinoid genus Strongylo centrotus from San Juan Islands, Washington, during the summer of 1960. Specimens subjected to the Chatton-Lwoff silver impregnation technique have revealed that this species has been incorrectly assigned to the holotrich order Apostomatida. The presence of a vestibulum with sparse vestibular ciliature necessitates the transfer of this species to the holotrich order Trichostomatida as defined by Corliss. The infraciliature, certain pellicular organelles and the distinctive nuclear apparatus are described in detail. A discussion of various morphological and behavioral adaptations to its commensal mode of life is included. Detailed evidence is presented justifying the systematic reassignment of S. dogieli to the order Trichostomatida.
Predictors of Reactive and Instrumental Aggression in Jail Detainees: An Initial Examination

Antisocial personality disorder (APD) and psychopathy have been extensively researched in relationship to criminal behavior and aggression. Comparatively few studies have evaluated these clinical constructs for subtypes of aggression, specifically reactive and instrumental aggression. Moreover, published studies tend to focus on extremes, either prisoners in maximum-security facilities or college samples. The current study utilized jail detainees on a minimum-security unit to retrospectively examine their self-reported reactive and instrumental aggression. Because conduct disorder (CD) is required for APD, the combined APD-CD symptomatology was used to predict subtypes of aggression. As a comparative analysis, facet scores on the Psychopathy Checklist-Revised were also used as predictors. Results of the current study have implications for forensic practice by utilizing aggression as a multi-dimensional construct in conjunction with personality traits (e.g., facets of psychopathy) in risk assessments.
Optimal Placement Depth for Ground-Source Heat Engines

A recent research project explored the design and performance of a ground-source heat engine. This device used a thermoelectric module sandwiched between two heat exchangers to produce a very small amount of electricity from the daily temperature difference between the air and the ground. For a given device, the power produced is proportional to the square of the temperature difference across the module and it is desirable to maximize the power. For a sinusoidal (in time) temperature boundary condition, the solution to the heat equation for a semi-infinite body yields an attenuated sinusoid shifted in phase from the boundary condition. The phase shift and attenuation both increase with depth, so while the phase shift may be exploited to increase the temperature difference, the attenuation tends to reduce this effect. In this paper, an optimal depth for the ground side heat exchange is derived which maximizes the square of the difference between the surface temperature and the ground temperature. The maximum temperature difference in the optimized case is seven percent higher than what would be obtainable from an infinitely deep heat exchanger. The range of depths in which the temperature difference is an improvement over the infinitely deep case is derived and presented. The improvement is asymmetric so that away from the optimum depth, it declines rapidly with decreasing depth while it declines slowly with increasing depth. An alternative optimization that reflects the temperature drop through the heat engine device is derived and presented. The optimal depth decreases by slightly more than half in this case. The effect of a convection boundary condition at the free surface is explored in terms of a Biot number for the ground. The Biot number affects both the attenuation and the phase shift. The attenuation is approximately doubled for Biot of order unity, and becomes inversely proportional to Biot number if it is much less than unity. The phase shift varies from an additional shift of forty-five degrees for Biot much less than unity to an additional shift of twenty-seven degrees for Biot of order unity. For Biot much greater than unity, the temperature boundary condition applies.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
An Examination of the Relationship Between Form Level Ratings on the Rorschach and Learning Disability Status

Abstract Previous studies of White, middle-class children with learning disabilities have shown that these youngsters tend to obtain form level ratings on the Rorschach that are significantly lower than would be expected based on Exner's (1974, 1993) normative data. In the current study, these findings were replicated and extended with a slightly older, urban, primarily minority population. The form level ratings of the youngsters tested in the current study were similar to those obtained in the past and suggest that a youngster's age, ethnicity, and lower socioeconomic status do not play major roles in bringing about the lower form level ratings of children with learning disabilities. The clinical implications of these findings are discussed, as are suggestions for future research.
Structures and Choices for Ready Reference Web Sites

Summary The structure of ready reference Web sites in American public and academic libraries reflects answers to consistently encountered design questions. A survey of 100 Web sites shows widespread agreement about naming these resources, using subject categories, and relying on free unlicensed Web sources for content. Opinions are divided about the optimum number of listed sources and the best ways to organize hot links. Guides and explanations rarely are provided for users. Librarians have not built these sites around commercial products, although advanced search features could make the purchase of ready reference tools more appealing. Further study of user behavior would help librarians meet the needs of their clientele.
Cardiac arrest in the ECMO candidate

Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) improves survival in appropriately selected full-term neonates with severe respiratory failure. The clinical course and outcome of infants placed on ECMO after sustaining a cardiac arrest is not known. This study reviews the characteristics and outcome of 10 neonates, identified by retrospective review, placed on ECMO at Children's Hospital Medical Center (CHMC), Cincinnati, OH, after sustaining a cardiac arrest. Long-term survival in this group was 60%, significantly less than the 87% overall ECMO survival in infants at CHMC (P less than .01). Survivors and nonsurvivors in the cardiac arrest group were similar with regard to gestational age, birth weight, Apgar scores, and arterial PO2 prior to cannulation. Nonsurvivors had an ECMO course complicated by progressive multisystem organ failure. Head computed tomography obtained at the time of discharge demonstrated right-sided brain lesions in three of six survivors. Despite these radiographic findings, early clinical follow-up suggests adequate growth and development with no individuals demonstrating a severe neurological deficit. Thus, ECMO can play a role in the resuscitation of neonatal ECMO candidates sustaining cardiac arrest prior to or at the time of cannulation. Early clinical follow-up suggests adequate preservation of neurological function in this extremely high-risk group.
Colostomy problems--dietary and colostomy management.

Traditional attitudes about managing a colostomy by diet and irrigations must be carefully scrutinized. Colostomies function sometimes because of irrigations and sometimes in spite of irrigations. The approach to one's own normal dietary habits, rather than the dependence upon a standard colostomy diet, seems to give a better regulation of colostomy function. Better colostomy care and management can be achieved by thoughtful selection of the colostomy site on the abdomen, by the use of specially trained personnel to help people understand the nature of the stoma with its special care problems, and by an appreciation of a person's attitude about himself in his own environment.
Far Infrared Absorption by Small Bismuth Particles

We have observed low frequency (<50 cm−1) magnetic field dependent resonances and higher frequency resonances at zero field in the far infrared (FIR) absorption of small bismuth particles. A model based on the quasistatic approximation shows both good agreement with previous measurements of resonance frequencies vs. field and qualitative agreement with our data. Additional work is required to quantify the comparison.
An energy theorem for viscous fluid motions

1. In t roduct ion I t is intuitively clear tha t an infinite amount of work is necessary in order to accelerate a body ~ , initially at rest and surrounded by an incompressible viscous fluid which occupies the (three-dimensional) region exterior to ~ , into a state of uniform motion with constant velocity, -,~0. For if W(t) is the work done in accelerating the body from the initial t ime t = 0 till the t ime t, E (t) the kinetic energy of the fluid particles at t ime t, and Q (t) the rate at which energy is converted into heat in the motion, one has always the relation (see, e.g., [1, p. 2687), t (t) w(t) = E (0 + f O (*) a 3. 0
Serotonin Transporter and Seasonal Variation in Blood Serotonin in Families with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

The serotonin transporter (HTT) is a candidate gene for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) that has been associated with anxiety-related traits. The long (l) and short (s) variants of the HTT promoter have different transcriptional efficiencies. HTT promoter genotype and blood 5-HT concentration were examined in 70 subjects from 20 families ascertained through children and adolescents with a DSM-III-R diagnosis of OCD. The HTT promoter variant had a significant effect on blood 5-HT content. Subjects with the l/l and l/s genotypes had significantly higher blood 5-HT levels than did those with the s/s genotype. There was a significant interaction between HTT promoter genotype and seasonal variation in blood 5-HT content, with significant seasonal differences in 5-HT occurring only in the subjects with the l/l genotype. Further studies of the regulation of HTT gene expression are indicated.
Micropolar boundary layer flow at a stagnation point on a moving wall

Abstract The theory of micropolar fluids due to Eringen is used to formulate a set of boundary layer equations for 2-dimensional flow of an incompressible, constant density micropolar fluid at a stagnation point on a moving wall. The governing boundary layer equations are solved numerically. The development of the velocity of distribution has been illustrated for several positive and negative values of the wall velocity. A discussion is provided for the dependence of the important flow characteristics on the material parameters.
Further observations on in vitro and in vivo effects of 2,5-hexanedione on glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase

The in vitro and in vivo effect of aliphatic diketones has been studied on glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) d,l-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate: NAD oxidoreductase (phosphorylating EC 1.2.1.12 activity). Neurotoxic diketone, 2,5-hexanedione (2,5-HD), but not 2,4-hexanedione (2,4-HD), a non-neurotoxic diketone, inhibited GAPDH in rat brain homogenate preincubated with 25 mM diketones for 20 min. If the preincubation period was increased to 2 h, approximately 25% and 55% inhibition of GAPDH activity was observed with 1 mM and 5 mM 2,5-HD respectively. The inhibiton of GAPDH activity was also seen in sciatic nerves but not in the brain or liver homogenates of rats chronically intoxicated with 2,5-HD for 12 weeks. The inhibition of GAPDH by 2,5-HD appears to be selective, and thus confirms earlier data from this laboratory.
Brushes of strong polyelectrolytes in mixed mono- and tri-valent ionic media at fixed total ionic strengths

This paper describes the structure and properties of end-tethered anionic polyelectrolyte brushes containing counterions of tri-valent ruthenium hexamine (Ru(NH3)63+) and mono-valent sodium (Na+). Detailed studies of these planar brushes composed of the strong polyelectrolyte, poly(sodium styrenesulfonate), were performed via electrochemical experiments using cyclic voltametry (CV) and surface force experiments using the Surface Forces Apparatus (SFA). A comparison between electrochemical and force measurements provided physical information regarding polyelectrolyte brush height and the population of tri-valent Ru(NH3)63+ counterions inside a brush. Polyelectrolyte brushes were observed to transform from extended brushes dominated by the presence of mono-valent counterions, to collapsed brushes saturated with tri-valent counterions. This transformation occurred as a result of Ru(NH3)63+ replacement of Na+ counterions in the polyelectrolyte brushes. This Ru(NH3)63+ uptake was seen to be limited by either the diffusion of tri-valent ions in low ionic strength solutions or the equilibrium between mono and tri-valent ions at higher fixed ionic strengths. The collapsed state, seen only with brushes dominated by multi-valent counterions, also corresponded to an observed adhesive state between brushes. Adhesion was never seen with exclusively mono-valent ions present in solution. Ru(NH3)63+ was observed to be released from saturated brushes when placed in a purely mono-valent salt solution of sufficiently high ionic strength. All SFA and CV experiments were performed in solutions of three separate fixed ionic strengths, with brush collapse/saturation occurring more sudden and producing higher adhesion at lower total ionic strength.
Role of Adenosine as Adjunctive Therapy in Acute Myocardial Infarction

Although early reperfusion and maintained patency is the mainstay therapy for ST elevation myocardial infarction, experimental studies demonstrate that reperfusion per se induces deleterious effects on viable ischemic cells. Thus "myocardial reperfusion injury" may compromise the full potential of reperfusion therapy and may account for unfavorable outcomes in high-risk patients. Although the mechanisms of reperfusion injury are complex and multifactorial, neutrophil-mediated microvascular injury resulting in a progressive decrease in blood flow ("no-reflow" phenomenon) likely plays an important role. Adenosine is an endogenous nucleoside found in large quantities in myocardial and endothelial cells. It activates four well-characterized receptors producing various physiological effects that attenuate many of the proposed mechanisms of reperfusion injury. The cardio-protective effects of adenosine are supported by its role as a mediator of pre- and post-conditioning. In experimental models, administration of adenosine in the peri-reperfusion period results in a marked reduction in infarct size and improvement in ventricular function. The cardioprotective effects in the canine model have a narrow time window with the drug losing its effect following three hours of ischemia. Several small clinical studies have demonstrated that administration of adenosine with reperfusion therapy reduces infarct size and improves ventricular function. In the larger AMISTAD and AMISTAD II trials a 3-h infusion of adenosine as an adjunct to reperfusion resulted in a striking reduction in infarct size (55-65%). Post hoc analysis of AMISTAD II showed that this was associated with significantly improved early and late mortality in patients treated within 3.17 h of symptoms. An intravenous infusion of adenosine for 3 h should be considered as adjunctive therapy in high risk-patients undergoing reperfusion therapy.
Severe Perforating Injuries Treated with Pars Plana Vitrectomy

Forty-one patients underwent vitrectomy through the pars plana for sequelae of severe penetrating injuries. Almost all were inoperable by conventional techniques. After a minimum follow-up time of six months, 13 eyes (32%) had visual improvement and six (15%) were technical successes. The main cause for failure was intravitreal proliferation of fibrous tissue.
Models to Study Gravitational Biology of Mammalian Reproduction

Mammalian reproduction evolved within Earth's 1-g gravitational field. As we move closer to the reality of space habitation, there is growing scientific interest in how different gravitational states influence reproduction in mammals. Habitation of space and extended spaceflight missions require prolonged exposure to decreased gravity (hypogravity, i.e., weightlessness). Lift-off and re-entry of the spacecraft are associated with exposure to increased gravity (hypergravity). Existing data suggest that spaceflight is associated with a constellation of changes in reproductive physiology and function. However, limited spaceflight opportunities and confounding effects of various nongravitational factors associated with spaceflight (i.e., radiation, stress) have led to the development of ground-based models for studying the effects of altered gravity on biological systems. Human bed rest and rodent hindlimb unloading paradigms are used to study exposure to hypogravity. Centrifugation is used to study hypergravity. Here, we review the results of spaceflight and ground-based models of altered gravity on reproductive physiology. Studies utilizing ground-based models that simulate hyper- and hypogravity have produced reproductive results similar to those obtained from spaceflight and are contributing new information on biological responses across the gravity continuum, thereby confirming the appropriateness of these models for studying reproductive responses to altered gravity and the underlying mechanisms of these responses. Together, these unique tools are yielding new insights into the gravitational biology of reproduction in mammals.
Ligand‐dependent release of active neutrophil collagenase

The amount of active neutrophil (PMN) collagenase released extracellularly is dependent on the PMN-activating ligand. Neutrophils stimulated with soluble ligands, including FMLP, platelet-activating factor, or heat-aggregated IgG, released very little active collagenase, in contrast to cells stimulated with opsonized zymosan or surface-bound IgG. However, opsonized zymosan and surface-bound IgG did not differ appreciably from soluble ligands in effecting PMN production of superoxide, release of the specific granule component lactoferrin, or total (latent plus active) collagenase release, which suggests that there is more efficient collagenase activation during PMN stimulation with surface-bound ligands. These results suggest a role for surface (cartilage)-bound IgG in the release and activation of human neutrophil collagenase in the joints of patients with rheumatoid arthritis.
Prenatal and postnatal assessment of Maneb-exposed CD-1 mice.

Skeletons of CD-1 mice exposed in utero during days 6 to 15 of gestation by gavage of their dams with 1200 mg/kg/day of Maneb in 1.0% carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), were examined between 60 and 65 days postnatal (DPN) for the 88 variants of the skeletal variant assay system (SVAS). Of the 58 variants that appeared, 13 differed (P < 0.01) from untreated (UNTD), and 15 from vehicle-treated (VEH), despite absence of malformations at birth, weaning, or time of sacrifice. Major changes in frequencies of Parted Frontals, Abnormal Metoptic Roots, Reduced Articular Processes of the Thoracic (Th) Vertebrae, and Carpal Fusions occurred. Several variants affecting the Spinous Process of Th2 occurred in significant proportions as an unusual effect of this compound. In a series of 20 Maneb-treated litters dissected at 18 days post coitus (DPC), of 168 live fetuses, 9 had minor abnormalities, one was exencephalic, and 14 showed growth retardation. Prenatal mortality (20%) was higher than in UNTD (7.5%); litter size and litter weight were not significantly reduced. Ossification of cervical vertebral centra, and caudal vertebrae were significantly reduced, sternebra and limb ossification were not. Occurrence of 14-Ribs was increased. Although maternal mortality complicates interpretation, both traditional prenatal and postnatal examination focusing primarily on the skeleton revealed effects of exposure in the absence of frank malformations.
Fetal Cells from Maternal Blood: Purpose, Biological Questions, Technical Challenges

SummaryThe maternal peripheral blood circulation can serve as a source of fetal cells for the prenatal diagnosis of genetic abnormalities, eliminating the need for fetal cell sampling by
NEW COMPLICATION OF ASSISTED VENTILATION IN THE NEONATE: STRICTURE AFTER NASOTRACHEAL INTUBATION

The purpose of this paper is to report a potentially serious complication of nasotracheal intubation in the neonate, not previously reported. In our nurseries over the last 1½ years, 130 surviving infants received ventilatory support with a Bournes respirator and nasotracheal airway. Primary diagnosis was idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome (IRDS) in 98, meconium aspiration in 9, sepsis in 2, diaphragmatic hernia in 5, apnea in 3, post operative support in 13. Four infants developed unilateral nasal strictures. All weighed less than 1600 grams, were intubated in the first 4 days of life with 3.0 mm or 3.5 mm portex tubes, for duration of intubation 3, 3, 8 and 48 days respectively. Only one tube change was required and that in the 48 day baby. Etiology of the stricture is unknown. Three have been seen in follow up at 4 or 6 months; the involved nasal passageway was patent but very diminished in size. There have been no apparent problems associated with the strictures to date. These findings are particularly important to those using any form of ventilatory support involving both nares because development of bilateral nasal strictures in infants who are obligate nose breathers could potentially be lethal.
Modelling of three-dimensional warehouse systems

SUMMARY The objective of this research is the development of an optimization procedure to aid a warehouse planner in the design of selected three-dimensional, palletized storage systems. All alternatives are compared in the overall model while simultaneously considered the following factors: control procedures, handling equipment movement in an aisle, storage rules, alternative handling equipment, input and output patterns for product flow, storage rack structure, component costs and the economics of each storage system. The resultant model is more complete than any other currently available for use by a designer in this complex decision environment.
How to do things to words: The experimental manipulation of message variables

Manipulation of message variables always involves production of concrete messages, but these messages do not “operationalize” the variables manipulated. A sensible strategy for manipulation of message variables requires attention to the properties of messages as representatives or sample instantiations of abstract categories. What we know about messages and message categories invites design and analysis solutions quite different from those most commonly employed.
cAMP-induced cytoskeleton rearrangement increases calcium transients through the enhancement of capacitative calcium entry.

In this report we investigated the correlation between cell morphology and regulation of cytosolic calcium homeostasis. Type I astrocytes were differentiated to stellate process-bearing cells by a 100-min exposure to cAMP. Differentiation of cortical astrocytes increased the magnitude and duration of calcium transients elicited by phospholipase C-activating agents as measured by single cell Fura-2-based imaging. Calcium imaging showed differences in the spatial pattern of the response. In both differentiated and the control cells, the response originated in the periphery and gradually extended into the center of the cell. However, the elevation of cytosolic calcium concentration ([Ca2+] i ) was particularly evident within the processes and adjacent to the inner cell membrane of the differentiated astrocytes. In addition, differentiation significantly prolonged the duration of the [Ca2+] i elevation. Potentiation of the calcium transients was mimicked by forskolin-induced differentiation and abolished by a specific protein kinase-A blocker. Conversely, the enhancement of the calcium transients was not mimicked by brief exposure to cAMP not causing morphological differentiation, and in PC12 cells that did not undergo morphological changes after 100 min of cAMP treatment. Impairing cAMP-induced cytoskeleton re-organization, by means of cytochalasin D and nocodazole, prevented the potentiation of the calcium transients in cAMP-treated astrocytes. Phospholipase C activity and sensitivity to inositol (1,4,5)-trisphosphate were not involved in the enhancement of the calcium responses. Also, potentiation of the calcium transients was dependent on extracellular calcium. Calcium storage and thapsigargin-depletable intracellular calcium reservoirs were analogously not increased in differentiated astrocytes. Rearrangement of the cell shape also caused a condensation of the endoplasmic reticulum and altered the spatial relationship between the endoplasmic reticulum and the cell membrane. In conclusion, morphological rearrangements of type I astrocytes increase the magnitude and the duration of agonist-induced calcium transients via enhancement of capacitative calcium entry and is associated with a spatial reorganization of the relationship between cell membrane and the endoplasmic reticulum structures.
Indirect Taxes on International Aviation

There has recently been much discussion of the possible use of internationally coordinated indirect taxes, or equivalent charges, on international aviation, whether as a source of finance for development or as part of a response to heightened concerns with climate change. This paper considers the strengths and weaknesses of the leading candidate instruments of this kind. It argues that, on both policy and administration grounds, the case for increasing indirect taxes on international aviation is strong: the indirect tax burden on international aviation is very low, yet aviation contributes significantly to border-crossing environmental damage, is just as proper an object of taxation as any other commodity, and incipient tax competition is likely to result in these taxes being set at inefficiently low levels. But the form(s) in which such taxes are levied matters: a tax on aviation fuel would address the key border-crossing externalities most directly; a tax on final ticket values would have greater revenue potential, and perhaps some distributional advantage; departure/arrival taxes face the least legal obstacles, but are much blunter instruments. Optimal policy, it is shown, typically requires deploying both a fuel tax and a ticket tax, and the paper explores, both in principle and by simulation, the key considerations and trade-offs involved in designing a suitable indirect tax regime for international aviation.
The rhetoric of protest: Song, speech, and attitude change

Are Pete Seegar, Joan Baez, and Bob Dylan rhetoricians? An often overlooked rhetorical medium, the protest song, is introduced in this study which investigates the potential persuasiveness of this form of social‐action rhetoric.
Developing a comprehensive time series of GDP per capita for 210 countries from 1950 to 2015

Income has been extensively studied and utilized as a determinant of health. There are several sources of income expressed as gross domestic product (GDP) per capita, but there are no time series that are complete for the years between 1950 and 2015 for the 210 countries for which data exist. It is in the interest of population health research to establish a global time series that is complete from 1950 to 2015. We collected GDP per capita estimates expressed in either constant US dollar terms or international dollar terms (corrected for purchasing power parity) from seven sources. We applied several stages of models, including ordinary least-squares regressions and mixed effects models, to complete each of the seven source series from 1950 to 2015. The three US dollar and four international dollar series were each averaged to produce two new GDP per capita series. Nine complete series from 1950 to 2015 for 210 countries are available for use. These series can serve various analytical purposes and can illustrate myriad economic trends and features. The derivation of the two new series allows for researchers to avoid any series-specific biases that may exist. The modeling approach used is flexible and will allow for yearly updating as new estimates are produced by the source series. GDP per capita is a necessary tool in population health research, and our development and implementation of a new method has allowed for the most comprehensive known time series to date.
Stereotypes of obese female job applicants

This experiment was conducted (1) to examine stereotypes about obese and nonobese female job applicants, and (2) to isolate the effects of obesity from the effects of physical attractiveness in these judgments. College students (n = 104) rated applicants for two different positions. The applicants' resumes either were accompanied by pictures of obese and nonobese targets who were matched in attractiveness or by written descriptions of obses and nonobese targets whose attractiveness was not described. A pretest confirmed that students who read these descriptions perceived nonobese targets as significantly more attractive than obese targets. Results showed that when attractiveness was controlled (i.e., the students saw pictures), students exhibited little negative stereotyping of obese applicants. In contrast, students who had to infer the target's attractiveness from a written description rated obsese applicants more negatively than nonobese applicants. These results, which occurred on one of the two resumes used, suggest that obese individuals sometimes are evaluated negatively, and that this is due to the physical unattractiveness associated with increased weight.
Ordered Zinc-Vacancy Induced Zn 0.75 O x Nanophase Structure

Using transmission electron microscopy, a new nano-phase structure of Zn0.75Ox induced by Zn-vacancy has been discovered to grow on wurtzite ZnO nanobelts. The superstructure grows epitaxial from the f0110g surface of the wurtzite ZnO nanobelts and can be fitted as an orthorhombic structure, with lattice parameters a 0 Z2a, b 0 z ffiffiffi 3
Mobility and Power Feasibility of a Microbot Team System for Extraterrestrial Cave Exploration

Planetary scientists are greatly interested in the caves present on the Moon and Mars, however these areas present major challenges to current space robots. A new space robotics concept, microbots, is presented and a possible reference mission to Mars is discussed. The feasibility of the mobility and power systems of the microbot are analyzed within the context of the reference mission. The results of this analysis are that the microbot system is a feasible concept for a development timeline of approximately 10 years.
What would Batman do? Self-distancing improves executive function in young children.

This experimental research assessed the influence of graded levels of self-distancing – psychological distancing from one's egocentric perspective – on executive function (EF) in young children. Three- (n = 48) and 5-year-old (n = 48) children were randomly assigned to one of four manipulations of distance from the self (from proximal to distal: self-immersed, control, third person, and exemplar) on a comprehensive measure of EF. Performance increased as a function of self-distancing across age groups. Follow-up analyses indicated that 5-year-olds were driving this effect. They showed significant improvements in EF with increased distance from the self, outperforming controls both when taking a third person perspective on the self and when taking the perspective of an exemplar other (e.g., Batman) through role play. Three-year-olds, however, did not show increased EF performance as a function of greater distance from the self. Preliminary results suggest that developments in theory of mind might contribute to these age-related differences in efficacy. These findings speak to the importance of psychological distancing in the expression of conscious control over thought and action from a young age and suggest a promising new avenue for early EF intervention.
Design, engineering and utility of biotic games

Games are a significant and defining part of human culture, and their utility beyond pure entertainment has been demonstrated with so-called ‘serious games’. Biotechnology – despite its recent advancements – has had no impact on gaming yet. Here we propose the concept of ‘biotic games’, i.e., games that operate on biological processes. Utilizing a variety of biological processes we designed and tested a collection of games: ‘Enlightenment’, ‘Ciliaball’, ‘PAC-mecium’, ‘Microbash’, ‘Biotic Pinball’, ‘POND PONG’, ‘PolymerRace’, and ‘The Prisoner's Smellemma’. We found that biotic games exhibit unique features compared to existing game modalities, such as utilizing biological noise, providing a real-life experience rather than virtual reality, and integrating the chemical senses into play. Analogous to video games, biotic games could have significant conceptual and cost-reducing effects on biotechnology and eventually healthcare; enable volunteers to participate in crowd-sourcing to support medical research; and educate society at large to support personal medical decisions and the public discourse on bio-related issues.
Immigrant Entrepreneurs, the Ethnic Enclave Strategy, and Venture Performance:

This study argues that first- and second-generation immigrant entrepreneurs’ endowments of economic, human, and social capital, together with their degrees of social identification with their ethnic community, affect their elemental strategic choice to pursue a venture strategy focused either on their ethnic enclave or the dominant market. The authors then propose that this choice affects venture performance indirectly, depending on how well the entrepreneur’s capital endowment allows the chosen strategy to be executed. The authors test these ideas via a field study of 103 first- and second-generation immigrant-owned ventures in a U.S. Midwest state. The findings indicate that immigrant entrepreneurs’ capital endowments and social identities influence their choice of an enclave versus dominant market venture strategy. Moreover, it is the particular alignment of entrepreneurial capital and strategy that ultimately shapes venture performance.
Calsequestrin 2 and arrhythmias

Calsequestrin is the most abundant Ca-binding protein of the specialized endoplasmic reticulum found in muscle, the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR). Calsequestrin binds Ca with high capacity and low af...
Efficient and Accurate Computation of the Incomplete Airy Functions

The incomplete Airy integrals serve as canonical functions for the uniform ray optical solutions to several high-frequency scattering and diffraction problems that involve a class of integrals characterized by two stationary points that are arbitrarily close to one another or to an integration endpoint. Integrals with such analytical properties describe transition region phenomena associated with composite shadow boundaries. An efficient and accurate method for computing the incomplete Airy functions would make the solutions to such problems useful for engineering purposes. In this paper a convergent series solution for the incomplete Airy functions is derived. Asymptotic expansions involving several terms are also developed and serve as large argument approximations. The combination of the series solution with the asymptotic formulae provides for an efficient and accurate computation of the incomplete Airy functions. Validation of accuracy is accomplished using direct numerical integration data.
“Girls Just Aren't Interested”: The Social Construction of Interest in Girls' Sport

Given the significant increase in the number of women and girls participating in sport, it is now a commonly held belief that girls have ample opportunities to participate in sport and, consequently, that girls who do not participate choose to do so because they simply lack interest in sport. Using qualitative methodologies and the sociology of accounts, the author examines a recreational sport program for low-income minority girls in the metropolitan Los Angeles area. Applying Giddens's theory of structuration to emergent themes from participant observations and interviews, the findings illustrate how structures, as they are embodied through the everyday interactions of their participants, simultaneously constrain certain forms of agency while enabling other forms. This study advances sociology's disciplinary understanding of social construction by illustrating how social structure and cultural discourses interact in shaping everyday social interactions.
The Use of Paraprofessionals to Deliver Home-Based Family Therapy to Juvenile Delinquents

Paraprofessionals are used increasingly to deliver services to juvenile delinquents, primarily because of the lower cost associated with such services. The literature comparing the effectiveness of paraprofessionals to professionals indicates that paraprofessionals achieve results equal to or superior to those achieved by professionals. The majority of these studies used adults as clients. When paraprofessionals are trained to work with children and adolescents, the lack of detail about the training procedures makes replication and dissemination of effective interventions difficult. The authors describe three training projects in which paraprofessionals were trained and supervised in the use of functional family therapy, an empirically validated, teachable approach developed for use with families of delinquents. Factors that facilitate acquisition and utilization of this method are detailed, including trainee selection, training methods, supervision, and organizational consultation.
Engineering Sclerotinia Sclerotiorum Resistance in Oilseed Crops

The fungal pathogen Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary is worldwide in distribution and pathogenic to more than 400 plant species. This disease causes significant yield losses of various important crops including sunflower, canola, and soybean. Applying fungicides and crop rotation are currently the major methods of controlling this disease. However, fungicide chemicals are expensive, not all environmentally safe, and not always effective. Few genetic sources of resistance to the pathogen are available to breeders. Therefore, farmers have a continuing demand for new approaches to control the disease. Biotechnology opens a new avenue to control this pathogen. Several strategies, including detoxification, defense activation, and fungal inhibition, have potential to engineer Sclerotinia resistance. This review summarizes the progress of transgenic Sclerotinia resistance in oilseed crops including sunflower, canola, and soybean. Key words : detoxification, disease resistance, fungal inhibition, hydrogen peroxide, oxalate oxidase, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, white mold. African Journal of Biotechnology Vol. 2 (12), pp. 509-516, December 2003
Effects of Dietary Protein Level on Performance of Four Commercial Egg Production Stocks

Abstract WITH the advent of commercialization in the poultry industry there has been a decrease in the number of breeders of egg production stocks, and in turn, an increase in the number of laying hens produced by one breeder. Since this trend is expected to continue, the genetic influence of one breeder’s stock will become more widespread and the assumption is made that each breeder’s stock will have a different genetic background. In order to attain the precision that is necessary to maintain progress in a breeding program, the bird sold by the breeder of the future will probably have specific nutritional and environmental requirements. Since protein is one of the more expensive items in a laying ration, considerable work has been done to determine the minimum ended for optimum returns. Several workers, Neywang et al. (1955), Miller et al. (1956), Frank and Waibel (1959), Griminger and Fisher (1959), Thornton et…
Polymer micromachined multimodal tactile sensors

Abstract We present the design, fabrication process, and characterization of a multimodal tactile sensor made of polymer materials and metal thin film sensors. The multimodal sensor can detect the hardness, thermal conductivity, temperature, and surface contour of a contact object for comprehensive evaluation of contact objects and events. Polymer materials reduce the cost and the fabrication complexity for the sensor skin, while increasing mechanical flexibility and robustness. Experimental tests show the skin is able to differentiate between objects using measured properties.
Sub-optimal and optimal periodic solutions for hypersonic transport

It has been known that periodic cruise control can save fuels for many aircraft and engine models. Applying the periodic operation to hypersonic transports with a scramjet engine is particularly interesting since fuel saving is critical to achieve maximum range of the transports. In this paper, the authors construct an analytic model of hypersonic transport and engines by using data from available literature in the area of the space plane and by using some theory deduction. A sub-optimal solution for periodic cruise of the hypersonic transport model has been determined by assuming the shape of altitude as a sinusoidal function of range and by adopting a bang-bang type throttle control. The numerical results show this sub-optimal solution has a fuel saving of 3.5% over the steady-state cruise. More importantly, this sub-optimal solution gives a good estimate for initial values of the two-point boundary-value problem related to the optimal solution. The sub-optimal solution is modified to the family solutions of the optimal solution. The minimizing-boundary-condition method (MBCM) is then used to converge the optimal solution. The optimal solution shows fuel savings of 8% over the steady state cruise.
Planck-scale corrections to axion models.

It has been argued that quantum gravitational effects will violate all nonlocal symmetries. Peccei-Quinn symmetries must therefore be an accidental'' or automatic consequence of local gauge symmetry. Moreover, higher-dimensional operators suppressed by powers of {ital M}{sub Pl} are expected to explicitly violate the Peccei-Quinn symmetry. Unless these operators are of dimension {ital d}{ge}10, axion models do not solve the strong {ital CP} problem in a natural fashion. A small gravitationally induced contribution to the axion mass has little if any effect on the density of relic axions. If {ital d}=10, 11, or 12 these operators can solve the axion domain-wall problem, and we describe a simple class of Kim-Shifman-Vainshtein-Zakharov axion models where this occurs. We also study the astrophysics and cosmology of heavy axions'' in models where 5{le}{ital d}{le}10.
Nervous System Mechanism for Epinephrine Secretion

SummaryThese experiments indicate the existence of an inhibitory central mechanism, located in the region of the brain bounded by the superior colliculi and the optic chiasm, which influences epinephrine secretion from the adrenal glands. The existence of a central mechanism in the spinal cord, which exercises an opposite influence to that of this cerebral centre, was established earlier.2 Removal of the influence of the brain centre, results in epinephrine output from the adrenals at the maximum rate of spontaneous liberation which can be sustained through the physiological activity of the spinal cord centre. This rate corresponds with the upper limit of the range of normal epinephrine secretion.1Despite the fact that epinephrine was the first hormone to be isolated from its source, and to be synthesized, the functional significance of epinephrine secretion is still obscure. Physiological interpretations from pharmacological observations often have been misleading. Only quantitative experiments, yielding...
Isolation of DNA for PCR assays from noncultivable Campylobacter jejuni isolates

Abstract Isolates of Campylobacter jejuni shipped internationally often arrive in a noncultivable state. We describe a PCR-based methodology whereby phylogenetic information can be recovered from noncultivable C. jejuni stored in Wang's transport medium. The robustness of this methodology was initially tested using 5 previously characterized strains of C. jejuni isolated from various sources associated with poultry production. These isolates were stored in Wang's transport medium before being subjected to 1 of 5 treatments designed to render the stored cells noncultivable: prolonged storage at room temperature, prolonged incubation at 42 degrees C, multiple rounds of freezing and thawing, boiling, or contamination with Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853). This method resulted in DNA appropriate for PCR. An approximately 400-nucleotide amplicon from the flaA gene and an approximately 800-nucleotide amplicon from 16S rDNA were readily obtained, and a 1.5-kb section of the flaA locus was amplified from about half of the samples. These results indicate that this method may be useful for isolate typing schemes based on PCR amplification of Campylobacter DNA, including flaA short variable region (flaA SVR) sequencing, multilocus sequence typing (MLST), and flaA PCR-RFLP. By using this method, isolates unrecoverable from transport medium can still be used to provide phylogenetic information for epidemiological studies.
DOES SITE SPECIFIC LABELING OF SEXTANT BIOPSY CORES PREDICT THE SITE OF EXTRACAPSULAR EXTENSION IN RADICAL PROSTATECTOMY SURGICAL SPECIMEN

ABSTRACTPurpose: We determine whether site specific labeling of sextant prostate biopsy cores predicts the site of extracapsular extension in a radical prostatectomy specimen, thereby justifying increased cost of pathological evaluation.Materials and Methods: Between January 1994 and December 1997, 407 radical prostatectomies were performed at our institution by a single surgeon (H. L.). Surgical specimens showing extracapsular extension were examined by a single pathologist (J. M.) to identify the site of extension. Several different methods of submitting transrectal ultrasound guided biopsy cores were used since the majority of cases did not undergo biopsy at our institution. In 243 cases sextant biopsies were labeled right versus left. Of these cases 103 specimen cores were individually labeled. The ability of the positive biopsy core location to predict the location of extracapsular extension in the surgical specimen was determined. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were perform...