cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Future landscapes: opportunities and challenges

The global magnitude of degraded and deforested areas is best approached by restoring landscapes. Heightened international perception of the importance of forests and trees outside forests (e.g., woodlands, on farms) demands new approaches to future landscapes. The current need for forest restoration is two billion ha; most opportunities are mosaic restoration in the Tropical and Temperate Zones where human pressure is moderate. A rapidly changing global environment introduces uncertainty, however, that questions the usefulness of success criteria based on present or past ecosystems conditions. Considerable uncertainty arises from future climate and the timing of significant departures from current conditions, social system responses to drivers of global change, and ecosystem responses to changes in coupled socio-ecological systems. Three active approaches to reducing vulnerability and increasing adaptive capacity (incremental, anticipatory, transformational adaptation) differ in their future orientation but share similar objectives of favoring genotypes adapted to future conditions; resisting pathogens; managing herbivory to ensure adequate regeneration; encouraging species and structural diversity at the stand-level, landscape-level, or both; and providing connectivity and reducing fragmentation. Integrating attempts to restore landscapes and mitigate and adapt to climate change may synergistically increase adaptive capacity. Behavioral, institutional, and/or social barriers to implementing change can stop or delay adaptation. Stratagems for overcoming these barriers include conducting “risky” research that pushes the bounds of knowledge and practice and developing plant materials adapted to future conditions.
Subtle Differences in Brain Network Connectivity in Children who Stutter

Abstract Stuttering is an idiopathic speech disorder with symptom onset occurring during the early phases of speech acquisition. To date, the vast majority of studies examining the neural bases of stuttering have focused on stuttering adults, whose functional neuroanatomy may reflect adaptive and compensatory processes acquired as a result of decades of stuttering. The etiology of stuttering remains unclear; compared to other neurodevelopmental disorders, few studies to date have examined the neural bases of childhood stuttering. In this presentation I will present results from functional (resting state fMRI) and structural connectivity analyses (DTI probabilistic tractography) of multimodal neuroimaging data examining neural networks in children who stutter. A total of 56 children, 27 stuttering (mean age: 77.1 mo.) and 28 age matched controls (mean age: 76.9 mo.) participated in this study. All children were right handed, monolingual English-speakers, with language skills within normal limits. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), resting state fMRI, and high-resolution structural scans (MPRAGE) were acquired from all children. We hypothesized, based on preliminary data and predictions derived from published speech models, that stuttering children would exhibit primarily left-sided functional neuroanotomical differences relative to controls, in areas supporting auditory-motor integration for speech production. We examined how synchronized brain activity occurring among brain areas associated with speech production, and white matter tracts that interconnect them, differ in young children who stutter (aged 3-9 years) compared to age-matched peers. Res**ults showed that children who stutter have attenuated connectivity in neural networks that support timing of self-paced movement control. The results suggest that auditory-motor and basal ganglia-thalamocortical networks develop differently in stuttering children, which may in turn affect speech planning and execution processes needed to achieve fluent speech motor control. These results provide important initial evidence of neurological differences in the early phases of symptom onset in children who stutter. The same children will be followed longitudinally so that brain developmental trajectories can be examined for subtle growth patterns that correlate with persistent stuttering versus spontaneous recovery. These results are expected to contribute to developing novel clinical applications for effective clinical management of stuttering cases in the future.
THE PEOPLE NEED TO MAKE THE TRAINS RUN ON TIME FOR EMPOWERMENT TO HAPPEN: MANAGERIALISM AND REVOLUTION IN NICARAGUA

This article extends Gulrajani's proposal (2007) for a non-managerialist alternative to the dichotomy posited by the radical and reformist critiques of development management. Drawing on extensive personal participation in development work during and after the Sandinista period, the author proposes that in Nicaragua a practice of development management emerged that defies the radical–reformist dichotomy. Unlike the alternative that Gulrajani proposed, it is argued that this practice had managerialist characteristics but that this reinforced rather than undermined progressive social change. The occurrence of this managerialism of the revolution, grounded in the Sandinista ethos of popular power and shaped by local history, conditions, and the extreme demands of national defence, suggests that development ends and managerialism are not necessarily antithetical. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
New Standards for the Spectral Classification of M Dwarfs

Spectral types based upon photoelectric measurements of the strong TiO band near 7100 A and having an internal accuracy of one-tenth of a subclass are presented for 26 dwarf stars in the range K4 to M6. For the calibration of the TiO index into spectral type, the MK scale for giants established by Wing and Keenan was adopted. Accordingly the types differ systematically from those previously published on any of the systems used for dwarfs, being closest to Joy’s. The advantages of the MK giant scale are discussed, and it is suggested that the stars classified here be adopted as standards for a revised system of MK classification for dwarfs.
Healthcare utilization of nursing home residents: comparison between decedents and survivors.

Objectives: To determine whether residents who die while in the nursing home have higher healthcare utilization than survivors and whether the utilization in the periods before death varies with length of stay in the nursing home. Design: Descriptive, longitudinal study comparing medical service use of residents who died during the study period with that of residents who remained alive in the facility. Setting: Fifty-nine nursing homes in Maryland. Data were collected between 1992 and 1995. Participants: A random sample of 1,195 residents. Measurements: Rates of hospitalization, emergency department visits, and medical visits in aggregate and in an initial 30-day and subsequent 90-day intervals after admission to the nursing home. Results: Residents who died during the 2-year study period had significantly greater mean rates of utilization of all types of health care than residents who were not discharged from the nursing home, even when controlling for dementia diagnosis, age, functional status, and number of comorbid conditions. Those who died within a month of admission had significantly more emergency department and medical visits than those who died after a longer stay. Conclusion: The pattern of high healthcare utilization before death is consistent with studies of the overall Medicare population that show an increase in Medicare expenditures in the period before death.
Lifetime Measurement by Temporal Transients

The straightforward method of measuring the average radiative relaxation time of quantized systems is to excite a population of the systems, terminate the excitation abruptly, and observe its decay. Until the mid-1950s it was impossible to realize all (almost any, in fact) of the technology needed to carry out such an experiment except with the rather slow 23 P state of Hg.(1) Radiation sources which could be manipulated quickly enough were never bright enough to be detected. Detectors which were fast enough did not produce a sufficiently strong signal to record, and no recording techniques approached the needed response times. All of these limitations were removed in a decade, so that now it is possible to make this direct form of attack on an arbitrary problem with a reasonable chance of success.
Pan-STARRS and Gigapixel Cameras

The Pan-STARRS project will undertake repeated surveys of the sky, finding "Killer Asteroids" and everything which moves or blinks, as well as building an unprecedentedly deep and accurate image of the sky. The key technology for this is the next generation of large format cameras, which will offer an order of magnitude improvement in size, speed, and cost relative to existing instruments. This is achieved in part by the integrated design of telescope, detectors, controllers, software, and scientific direction.
Vertical Transport in Atmospheres

Two decades ago, a revolutionary paper appeared, explaining the presence of O2 at heights above 100 km through the rapidity of molecular diffusion (Nicolet and Mange, 1954). Subsequent papers and reviews discussed this idea further (Mange, 1955, 1957; Nicolet, 1960). A second revolution took place some ten years later, with the formulation of a steady-state model incorporating eddy diffusion (Colegrove et al., 1965, 1966). These papers gave the first quantitative description of the upward transport of O, between 90 and 150 km. The aeronomy to today is permeated with eddy diffusion, which for many problems is a first-order effect.
The Influence of Policy Regimes on the Development and Social Implications of Privacy Enhancing Technologies

As privacy issues have gained social salience, entrepreneurs have begun to offer privacy enhancing technologies (PETs) and the U.S. has begun to enact privacy legislation. But "privacy" is an ambiguous notion. In the liberal tradition, it is an individualistic value protecting citizens from intrusion into a realm of autonomy. A feminist critique suggests that the social utility of privacy is to exclude certain issues from the public realm. Sociologists suggest that privacy is about identity management, while political economists suggest that the most salient privacy issue is the use of personal information to normalize and rationalize populations according to the needs of capital. While PETs have been developed for use by individual consumers, recently developers are focusing on the business to business market, where demand is stoked by the existence of new privacy regulations. These new laws tend to operationalize privacy in terms of "personally identifiable information." The new generation of PETs reflect and reify that definition. This, in turn, has implications for the everyday understandings of privacy and the constitution of identity and social life. In particular, this socio-technical practice may strengthen the ability of data holders to rationalize populations and create self-serving social categories. At the same time, they may permit individuals to negotiate these categories outside of panoptic vision. They may also encourage public discussion and awareness of these created social categories.
An Insertion Mutation That Distorts Antibody Binding Site Architecture Enhances Function of a Human Antibody

The structural and functional significance of somatic insertions and deletions in antibody chains is unclear. Here, we demonstrate that a naturally occurring three-amino-acid insertion within the influenza virus-specific human monoclonal antibody 2D1 heavy-chain variable region reconfigures the antibody-combining site and contributes to its high potency against the 1918 and 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza viruses. The insertion arose through a series of events, including a somatic point mutation in a predicted hot-spot motif, introduction of a new hot-spot motif, a molecular duplication due to polymerase slippage, a deletion due to misalignment, and additional somatic point mutations. Atomic resolution structures of the wild-type antibody and a variant in which the insertion was removed revealed that the three-amino-acid insertion near the base of heavy-chain complementarity-determining region (CDR) H2 resulted in a bulge in that loop. This enlarged CDR H2 loop impinges on adjacent regions, causing distortion of the CDR H1 architecture and its displacement away from the antigen-combining site. Removal of the insertion restores the canonical structure of CDR H1 and CDR H2, but binding, neutralization activity, and in vivo activity were reduced markedly because of steric conflict of CDR H1 with the hemagglutinin antigen.
Experimental determination of the rate constants for spin exchange between optically pumped K, Rb, and Cs atoms and 129Xe nuclei in alkali-metal-noble-gas van der Waals molecules.

By analyzing the measured spin-relaxation transients of $^{129}\mathrm{Xe}$ nuclear spins and alkali-metal-atomic spins in mixtures of alkali-metal-atom vapors, Xe gas, and larger amounts of ${\mathrm{N}}_{2}$ gas, we have determined the three-body formation rates and the spin-transfer probabilities for alkali- metal--noble-gas van der Waals molecules. Three parameters, in addition to the spin quantum numbers of the alkali-metal and noble-gas nuclei, are needed to predict the spin-transfer rates. These parameters, which we have determined from experimental measurements, are x=\ensuremath{\gamma}N/\ensuremath{\alpha}, the ratio of the spin-rotation interaction \ensuremath{\gamma}N to the spin-exchange interaction \ensuremath{\alpha}; ${p}_{0}$, the third-body pressure for which the molecular breakup rate ${\ensuremath{\tau}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$ is equal to the spin-rotation frequency \ensuremath{\gamma}N/h; and Z, the three-body rate constant for forming van der Waals molecules.
An overview of time domain spectroscopy

Abstract An introduction outlining the operational use of time domain spectroscopy (TDS) is presented. As the most common use of TDS is the reflectance mode, attention is given to reflectance measurement techniques and analysis, specifically the application of a numerical algorithm to reduce the effects of the quarter and half wavelength resonant/anti-resonant conditions, and the use of bilinear correction analysis. The bilinear analysis method is described, using suitable permittivity standards, to obtain the complex bilinear coefficients used to correct data for imperfections in sampling head response, transmission lines, connector junctions, and the like. Reflectance measurements made on chlorobenzene are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of this analysis in correcting the data for imperfections in the measuring system and extending the useful frequency range well beyond the `lump' circuit frequency limit.
Tracheal Compression With “Hairpin” Right Aortic Arch: Management by Aortic Division and Aortopexy by Right Thoracotomy Guided by Intraoperative Bronchoscopy

Background Four patients with severe tracheal obstruction due to right aortic arch, aberrant left subclavian artery, diverticulum of Kommerell, ligamentum or ductus arteriosum, and, additionally, right descending aorta, mild pectus excavatum, and high aortic arch apex, with narrow space between the ascending and descending aortic limbs, underwent division of ligamentum, excision of diverticulum and division (and reimplantation) of aberrant subclavian, either in multiple or single operations, but failed to achieve relief of obstruction. Methods In addition to the procedures noted, fabric sling aortopexy of ascending and descending aortic limbs around adjacent ribs, with or without aortic division after prosthetic graft between ascending and descending aortic limbs was required, all performed through a right thoracotomy and adjunctive cervical incision, and with flexible bronchoscopic monitoring of each step. Results Three patients obtained full relief of airway obstruction, which has persisted in follow-up from eight to over 12 years. One who had persistent severe tracheal malacia after prior tracheal resection and resultant chronic pulmonary sepsis died from these complications. Conclusions In this unusual subset of a rare vascular ring anomaly, radical methods were necessary for correction of airway obstruction after failure of prior conventional procedures.
Propionate Production in the Rumen of Cows Fed Either a Control or High-Grain, Low-Fiber Diet

Abstract Rumen propionate production is cows fed either a control diet or a high-grain, low-fiber diet was measured by isotope dilution technique. The high-grain, low-fiber diet resulted in the characteristic decrease in milk fat per cent (50% reduction) and a decreased molar ratio of acetate:propionate. Propionate production on the two diets was 13.3 and 31.0 moles/day for the control and high-grain, low-fiber diets. These results coupled with our previous studies (3) indicate the change in the molar ratio of rumen volatile fatty acids for cows fed a high-grain, low-fiber diet is the result of an increase in propionate production rather than a decrease in acetate production.
EPR of Fe 3 + in a LaCaAlO 4 single crystal: Effect of substitutional disorder

EPR studies have been carried out on a Fe 3 + -doped LaCaAlO 4 single crystal at the X band (9.6 GHz) at room, liquid-nitrogen, and liquid-helium temperatures to study the effect of substitutional disorder that results when Ca 2 + and La 3 + ions substitute at the same site in this crystal. The variation of the observed Fe 3 + EPR linewidth as a function of the orientation of the external magnetic field with respect to the crystallographic c axis is found to be consistent with that reported previously for the Fe 3 + ion in YCaAlO 4 single crystal. This provides a confirmation of the disorder model proposed in oxide single crystals to explain the angular dependency of the linewidth behavior caused by statistical distribution of R 3 + (R denotes rare-earth ion) and Ca 2 + ions, situated in the same crystallographic position. The details of the manifestation of disorder in LaCaAlO 4 on EPR spectra have been provided. In addition, the EPR line positions have been exploited to estimate the Fe 3 + spin-Hamiltonian parameters in LaCaAlO 4 at 295, 77, and 4.2 K. The superposition model has been applied to calculate the Fe 3 + zero-field splitting parameter b 0 2 in RCaAlO 4 (R=Y, La) isostructural crystals, leading to the value of the intrinsic parameter b 2 (R 0 )=- 119′1 GHz for R 0 =1.784 A. The liquid-helium temperature spectrum has been used to determine the absolute sign of the b 0 2 parameter, which is negative.
America's forgotten rocketeer

In the early decades of the 20th century, rocket science wasn't considered the brainy endeavor it is now. Far from it: Simply expressing an interest in the field was enough to provoke ridicule. Becoming a rocket scientist was enough to get you ostracized from whatever field you were in before. Frank Malina didn't care. Overcoming incredible institutional resistance and rather daunting technical and financial odds, the engineer, while still a grad student at Caltech in the mid-1930s, started up a research program that would lay the foundations for U.S. rocket and missile development. During the run-up to World War II, that work took on new significance. By the war's end, Malina had become the top American rocket expert and had cofounded the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, which today is one of the world's premier space research organizations. And yet, you've probably never heard of him. Most histories of the U.S. space program treat Malina and his group as a footnote. They say the real work started only after the war, with the arrival of Wernher von Braun, Hitler's chief rocket scientist. Without the German's genius,the story goes, U.S. extraterrestrial explorations would never have gone so far so fast.
Comparison of amino acid digestibility of feed ingredients in broilers, laying hens and caecectomised roosters

1. This study determined the effect of bird type (broilers, laying hens, or caecectomised roosters) on amino acid digestibility of feedstuffs from 5 plant sources and one animal source. 2. The standardised amino acid digestibility (SAAD) were obtained by correcting apparent ileal amino acid digestibility (AIAAD) values for basal ileal endogenous amino acid (EAA) flow obtained by feeding a N-free diet (NFD) to broilers and laying hens or from fasted EAA flow from caecectomised roosters. 3. The apparent total amino acid (TAA) digestibilities did not differ between broilers and roosters for three of the 6 feed ingredients. 4. Broilers had higher apparent total amino acid (TAA) digestibility than laying hens and roosters when fed on the maize diet (canola meal, maize, and soybean meal). 5. The apparent TAA digestibilities were similar across bird types for the dark distillers’ dried grain with solubles, but the apparent lysine digestibility was much lower in the caecectomised roosters (15%) than the broilers ...
Tackling obesity in a 15-minute office visit: Physicians can start patients on an effective weight-loss program, despite time constraints

Primary care physicians can provide their patients with a variety of practical strategies to combat obesity regardless of the time constraints experienced in today's busy clinical practice setting. Keys to success include creating an individualized approach based on each patient's specific health risks and habits, using various resources (e.g., support groups, registered dietitians), and encouraging and empowering patients to become active participants in their weight-loss program.
Variation in sweating patterns: implications for studies of hot flashes through skin conductance.

Objective: The literature of sweat physiology and population variation in response to heat stress suggests that variation in sweating patterns may affect the measurement of hot flashes. This study examined variation in sweating patterns in Puebla, Mexico, and Amherst, MA, and compared the levels of concordance between subjective and objective measures of hot flashes. Design: Thirteen women in Puebla, Mexico, and 15 women in Amherst, MA, aged 45 to 61, completed surveys, body diagrams of heat flow during a hot flash, anthropometric measures, and the measurement of hot flashes through skin conductance monitoring. Hot flashes were measured through sternal (Mexico and Massachusetts) and nuchal (Mexico only) skin conductance. Results: Mexican women were significantly more likely to describe the heat of hot flashes on the back of their neck (100% vs 40%) and on their arms and/or hands (85% vs 40%) compared with women in Massachusetts. Hot flashes in the midback were associated with concordance between nuchal, but not sternal, measures of skin conductance and subjective report in Mexico. In comparing average scores for concordance between subjective and sternal measures of hot flashes, there was a higher mean score for true positives in Mexico (61% vs 29%, P = 0.06) and a significantly higher mean score for false-negative measures in Massachusetts (57% vs 21%, P = 0.04). Conclusions: Variation in rates of concordance between subjective and objective measures were not adequately explained by sweating patterns. Future studies should consider population variation in acclimatization and assess variation in the amount of sweat produced during a hot flash.
Roots of Ensemble Forecasting

Abstract The generation of a probabilistic view of dynamical weather prediction is traced back to the early 1950s, to that point in time when deterministic short-range numerical weather prediction (NWP) achieved its earliest success. Eric Eady was the first meteorologist to voice concern over strict determinism—that is, a future determined by the initial state without account for uncertainties in that state. By the end of the decade, Philip Thompson and Edward Lorenz explored the predictability limits of deterministic forecasting and set the stage for an alternate view—a stochastic–dynamic view that was enunciated by Edward Epstein. The steps in both operational short-range NWP and extended-range forecasting that justified a coupling between probability and dynamical law are followed. A discussion of the bridge from theory to practice follows, and the study ends with a genealogy of ensemble forecasting as an outgrowth of traditions in the history of science.
Sequence Design for a Test Tube of Interacting Nucleic Acid Strands.

We describe an algorithm for designing the equilibrium base-pairing properties of a test tube of interacting nucleic acid strands. A target test tube is specified as a set of desired “on-target” complexes, each with a target secondary structure and target concentration, and a set of undesired “off-target” complexes, each with vanishing target concentration. Sequence design is performed by optimizing the test tube ensemble defect, corresponding to the concentration of incorrectly paired nucleotides at equilibrium evaluated over the ensemble of the test tube. To reduce the computational cost of accepting or rejecting mutations to a random initial sequence, the structural ensemble of each on-target complex is hierarchically decomposed into a tree of conditional subensembles, yielding a forest of decomposition trees. Candidate sequences are evaluated efficiently at the leaf level of the decomposition forest by estimating the test tube ensemble defect from conditional physical properties calculated over the le...
A Surface-Flux Measurement Method for Screening Contamination from Volatile Organic Compounds

Measurement of the vapor flux from volatile organic compounds (VOCs) provides a rapid means for screening large areas of potential contamination. The vapor flux is determined from the rate of VOC concentration buildup inside a 3.1L accumulator device that is sealed to the surface of the contaminated soil. After the VOC concentrations are allowed to increase for a few minutes, they are analyzed with a portable gas chromatograph or a total organic vapor analyzer. The measurement approach was evaluated at a field site in an area where the ground water and soil had been impacted with Jet Fuel No. 4 (JP-4). An indication of the areal extent of impact was determined by mapping the surface VOC vapor flux. The pattern revealed by the flux measurements was found to coincide, in rough outline, with the known extent of toluene concentrations in the ground water and with conventional soil-gas survey results. In addition, a mathematical model describing VOC diffusion into the accumulator device was verified by performing laboratory measurements of the surface VOC vapor flux on a sandbox designed to simulate a hazardous waste site.
Sustained Depletion of Cortical and Hippocampal Serotonin and Norepinephrine but Not Striatal Dopamine by 1‐Methyl‐4‐(2′‐Aminophenyl)‐1,2,3,6‐Tetrahydropyridine (2′‐NH2‐MPTP): A Comparative Study with 2′‐CH3‐MPTP and MPTP

: Unlike 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), which produces consistent decreases in levels of striatal dopamine (DA) with considerably smaller and more variable effects on mouse brain levels of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE), a novel amine-substituted MPTP analogue, 1-methyl-4-(2′-aminophenyl)-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (2′-NH2-MPTP), administered in a standard mouse dosing paradigm for MPTP (20 mg/kg X 4) did not affect striatal DA but led to marked reductions (60–70%) in levels of 5-HT, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), and NE measured in frontal cortex and hippocampus 1 week after treatment. Another 2′-substituted MPTP analogue, 1-methyl-4-(2′-methylphenyl)-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine, affected cortical and hippocampal 5-HT, 5-HIAA, and NE only minimally, while markedly reducing the DA content in striatum (90%), thus indicating that the substituent (-NH2 versus -CH3) at the 2’position is important for the differential effects of these MPTP analogues. In a replication study with a 3-week end point, hippocampal and cortical 5-HT, 5-HIAA, and NE levels remained depressed with no indication of recovery. These results suggest that 2′-NH2-MPTP may be a novel, regionally selective neurotoxin for serotonergic and norad-renergic nerve terminals.
Total time on test function principal components

Abstract A Fourier analytic development of the total time on test function (TTT) provides principal components that are scale free, and which provide criteria for lack of fit. Aggregated values of the squares of these principal components yield a decomposition of the squared coefficient of variation, and a discrete version of the Anderson–Darling type test statistic.
Promotion- and Prevention-Focused Networking and Its Consequences for Entrepreneurial Success:

Building and using social networks is an important factor in individuals’ personal as well as professional success. In the present work, we examine how individuals’ regulatory focus relates to thei...
An unusual variant of choledochal cyst: a case report

Introduction Choledochal cyst is an uncommon congenital disease of the biliary tract in the UK. There are five main types of choledochal cyst with several recognised sub-types. However, occasional variants do occur.
Bilateral percutaneous nephrostomy as adjunctive treatment in a newborn infant with posterior urethral valves

A case report illustrates that percutaneous nephrostomy is a simple alternative to surgical ureterostomy when temporary supravesical diversion is necessary in a newborn with posterior urethral valves.
Increased vasopressin 1A receptor expression in failing human hearts.

To the Editor: Plasma levels of the neurohormone arginine vasopressin (AVP) are increased in patients with heart failure (HF), and there is a direct relationship between a rise in AVP levels and increased morbidity and mortality [(1)][1]. Arginine vasopressin activates a family of distinct G-
Lattice diffusion and solubility of argon in forsterite, enstatite, quartz and corundum

Abstract Argon diffusivities and solubilities in single, gem-quality crystals of forsterite, enstatite, quartz and corundum were determined from experiments conducted between 0.5 and ~ 6000 bars Ar pressure and temperatures from 425 °C to 1200 °C. Polished single-crystal slabs and specimens with natural facets were placed in open containers and exposed to an argon atmosphere either in a pressure vessel or in a gas-flow tube furnace at near-atmospheric pressure. Argon atoms from the pressure medium diffused into the crystals to produce near-surface concentration gradients, which were directly profiled using Rutherford backscattering spectrometry. The following Arrhenius relations were obtained for Ar diffusion: F o r s t e r i t e : D A r = 7.2 × 10 - 20 exp ( - 42 k J m o l - 1 / R T ) m 2 s - 1 E n s t a t i t e : D A r = 1.3 × 10 - 20 exp ( - 32 k J m o l - 1 / R T ) m 2 s - 1 Q u a r t z : D A r = 3.1 × 10 - 19 exp ( - 43 k J m o l - 1 / R T ) m 2 s - 1 C o r u n d u m : D A r = 1.2 × 10 - 20 exp ( - 33 k J m o l - 1 / R T ) m 2 s - 1 The reported activation energies probably represent apparent activation energies that are a combination of the effects of lattice diffusion of Ar atoms with trapping in point-defect vacancies. There are no discernible differences in Ar diffusion in different crystallographic directions, and diffusivities do not vary as a function of the intrinsic oxygen fugacity of the experimental vessels. In addition to diffusivities, the uptake gradients also yielded lattice solubilities of argon, as represented by the concentrations at the mineral surfaces. There are small differences between the solubilities of forsterite, quartz and corundum, but all solubilities are high at ~ 2000 ppm (by mass). The Ar solubilities for the iron-bearing minerals enstatite and San Carlos olivine are much higher than for the other minerals. The mean value for enstatite is 30–60% higher than the iron-free minerals, owing, perhaps, to incorporation of Ar in point defects that are more abundant in enstatite due to oxidation of minor FeO. Argon solubilities are independent of Ar pressure at PAr > ~ 1 bar, but slightly lower at PAr ≈ 0.5–1 bar. This behavior suggests that all sites capable of accommodating Ar atoms are filled at Ar pressures of ~ 1 bar. In all cases, Ar appears to be compatible in the minerals investigated, although the degree of compatibility will depend upon assumptions concerning the minimum Ar fugacity required to fully populate the available vacancies. A series of validation experiments and surface-sensitive analyses were conducted to confirm that the near-surface regions of crystals used in the experiments were crystalline, unreacted and free of structural damage that could potentially influence diffusion and solubility results.
A stereoselective synthetic approach to (2S,3R)-N-(1′,1′-dimethyl-2′,3′-epoxypropyl)-3-hydroxytryptophan, a component of cyclomarin A

Abstract A stereoselective synthetic approach to (2S,3R)-N-(1′,1′-dimethyl-2′,3′-epoxypropyl)-3-hydroxytryptophan an amino acid contained in cyclomarin A was accomplished. The synthesis is based on a diastereoselective addition of an indole Grignard into a chiral serine aldehyde equivalent.
SU‐FF‐T‐291: Intensity Map Verification for IMRT QA Using An A‐Si EPID

Purpose: To use a flat panel electronic portal imaging device(EPID) for intensity map verification as part of an intensity modulated radiation therapy(IMRT) QA program. Method and Materials: An a‐Si EPID was used to image each field shape segment of a head and neck IMRTtreatment. The DICOM images produced from each gantry angle were summed together and weighted according to the number of MU measured. Open field portal images were acquired at the end of the treatment, for each gantry angle, and subtracted from each composite image. A GUI was created in the MATLAB environment to read and sort each image according to gantry angle and MU measured, perform the image summations/subtractions, produce and display a final composite image.Results: Subtraction of the open field portal image from the field shape composite image removed the anatomy from the treatment area and produced a true intensity map. Outside of the treatment area the anatomy was visible, thus providing verification of correct radiation delivery location. The composite images were compared to other composite images produced using the same treatment plan delivered with and without a phantom and were found to be in excellent agreement. The images were also compared to the intensity map images created in the treatment planning system. Imaging of each segment of an IMRTtreatment required no additional radiation be delivered to the patient. The open field portal images require additional radiation, however each image needs only to be acquired once during a course of treatment.Conclusion: This work indicates that flat panel EPIDs may be used to image an IMRTtreatment and accurately and efficiently verify the intensity and location of the delivered radiation. Future investigations will use the 2D images to produce a 3D intensity “cloud” image.
A New Era in Neonatology Brain Care: We Can Do Better

Neonatology probably has more international networks than any other subspecialty group in pediatrics, networks responsible for conducting large randomized control trials, educating staff, and leading quality improvement studies. The good news is that, thanks to these networks, we are making progress in improving infant mortality and morbidity. The not so good news is that such improvements take more time than they potentially should, resulting in suboptimal outcomes for infants who are deprived of newer therapies with yet untested potential benefit. From a good news standpoint, infant mortality rates have decreased during this decade as evidenced by articles such as that by Horbar et al1 in the current issue of Pediatrics . This article shows data on 355 806 infants weighing between 501 and 1500 g at birth, born between 2000 and 2009 in the Vermont-Oxford Network, and indicates that significant progress is being made. On the other hand, 49% of the … Address correspondence to Jerold F. Lucey, MD, FAAP, 383 North Point Rd, No. 403, The Oaks, Osprey, FL 34229. E-mail: jerold.lucey{at}yahoo.com
Heat Denaturation of the Specific Serum Proteins in Milk

Summary Milk was heat-treated at eight temperatures between 56° and 96° C. for 30 minutes, and the proteins in the serum obtained after removal of the denatured serum proteins with the casein at pH 4.6 were examined by a quantitative electrophoretic procedure. The denaturation curves obtained for each of the milk serum proteins indicated that the immune globulins are the least, and α-lactalbumin the most, heat resistant, with β -lactoglobulin and serum albumin showing an intermediate sensitivity. With the identification of three components in the electrophoretic patterns of the "proteose-peptone" fraction which were apparently present in the unheated milk, more of the electrophoretic entities of the milk serum proteins have now been elucidated.
Eigentheory of the inhomogeneous Fokker-Planck equation

Ambiguities that occur in the existing eigentheory of the inhomogeneous Fokker-Planck equation are resolved. The eigenfunction expansion is shown to be identical to the known exact solution, generalizing an earlier result for the space-homogeneous case.
Determination of structure by isotopic substitution in molecules with symmetrically equivalent atoms

Abstract Kraitchman's well-known equations relate changes in moments of inertia upon single isotopic substitution to the location of the substituted atom. These relations are here extended to the case of multiple isotopic substitution on a set of symmetrically equivalent atoms.
Using Problem-Based Learning to Train Evaluators:

As the evaluation profession has continued to grow and develop, there has been a corresponding concern about how to properly train future evaluation practitioners. Those who teach evaluation strive to develop training opportunities that create the appropriate balance of the practical, how-to knowledge of evaluation with the burgeoning theoretical knowledge that undergirds responsible evaluation practice. There is a recognized need to move beyond traditional teaching methods to ones that are more engaging and “hands on” to help students understand the interactive nature of program evaluation. Problem-based learning is an experiential learning approach that can integrate the need to balance self-study of theory and practice, along with the need to familiarize students with the dynamic, interactive nature of program evaluation. This article serves as an introduction to the problem-based learning approach and describes this instructional method applied to teaching a graduate-level course in evaluation procedures.
Mammographic density, plasma vitamin D levels and risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women

Mammographic density is a strong risk factor for breast cancer, but the underlying biology for this association is unknown. Studies suggest that vitamin D may reduce breast cancer risk and dietary vitamin D intake has been associated with reduced breast density. We conducted a case-control study nested within the Nurses’ Health Study cohort consisting of 463 and 497 postmenopausal cases and controls, respectively. We examined the association between mammographic density and plasma levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25(OH)2D]. We assessed whether plasma vitamin D metabolites modify the association between breast density and breast cancer. Percent mammographic density was measured from digitized film mammograms. Generalized linear models were used to determine mean percent breast density per quartile of vitamin D metabolite. Logistic regression models were used to calculate relative risks and confidence intervals. All models were adjusted for matching variables and potential confounders. We found no cross-sectional association between circulating levels of 25(OH)D or 1,25(OH)2D with mammographic density. Women in the highest tertile of mammographic density and lowest tertile of plasma 25(OH)D had 4 times greater risk of breast cancer than women with the lowest mammographic density and highest plasma 25(OH)D levels (RR=3.8; 95% CI: 2.0-7.3). The overall interaction between mammographic density and plasma 25(OH)D was non-significant (p-het=.20). These results indicate that the association between mammographic density and breast cancer is independent of plasma vitamin D metabolites in postmenopausal women. Further research examining vitamin D, mammographic density and breast cancer risk is warranted.
Contractile dysfunction caused by normothermic ischaemia and KCl arrest in the isolated pig heart: A 31P NMR study

The aims of this study were to assess (1) whether contractile dysfunction caused by ischaemia under hyperkalaemic conditions (“cardioplegic ischaemia”) is associated with impaired energy production or abnormalities in regulation of contractility and (2) whether hyperkalaemia itself contributes to contractile dysfunction. We used 31 P and 23 Na NMR spectroscopy in conjunction with measurements of mechanical function and oxygen consumption in Langendorff perfused pig hearts to evaluate the mechanism of contractile failure caused by (1) total global cardioplegic (17 m m [K + ]) ischaemia (36°C, 50 min KCl arrest, 45 min ischaemia, 20 min reflow with high KCl) and (2) KCl arrest alone (115 min) without flow cessation. KCl arrest plus ischaemia and subsequent reperfusion (Group I) resulted in decreases in ATP (mean± s.d. ; 61±13% of initial, n =5; P n =17; P =0.0001) while phosphocreatine (PCr), Pi, total creatine (Cr) and intracellular Na + levels were unaffected. KCl arrest itself (Group II, n =6) did not affect PCr, ATP or total Cr levels but decreased the PRP to 59±12% ( P 2 ) were reduced in both groups to similar levels (67±18, P P 2 ) decreased to 51±15 ( P P n =7) and KCl-treated ( n =3) hearts, the effects of isoproterenol (Iso) and increased Ca 2+ were compared with those in normal beating hearts (Group III, n =3). In all groups treatment with Iso (0.1 μ m ) greatly increased PRP (to 526±116, 203±16 and 198±8% of the level prior to stimulation (baseline), P 2 (162±9, 153±16 and 128±10% of baseline, P 2+ ] from 1 to 1.66 m m produced less stimulation than Iso: PRP increased to 195±23, 156±13 and 163±22% ( P 2 increased to 138±22 ( P 2+ handling and an energy wasting effect induced by ischaemia itself and irreversible disturbances in function of myofibrils induced by hyperkalaemia.
Analysis of a hybrid system using symbolic dynamics and Petri nets

Abstract Hybrid systems, intrinsic to intelligent control, consist of interacting decision-makers/supervisors and continuous/discrete system dynamics. The decision-maker monitors the continuous/discrete-time system and supervises/controls its behaviour, for example by switching among possible system structures. This paper illustrates the control and modeling of the macroscopic behavior of a three-switched system (three possible system structures) via the supervisory control of a set of symbolic dynamics of the underlying system. By partitioning the underlying system state space into regions compatible with a topologically conjugate set of symbolic dynamics, a Petri Net model of the symbolic dynamics is developed for analysis of the reachability properties of the system; finally, a Petri Net-based supervisor is developed for moving the system from one region of the state space to another, illustrating the power of Petri Net-based symbolic dynamic analysis of hybrid systems.
Psychiatric home care of elderly persons with depression: unmet caregiver needs.

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to explore what nursing interventions are currently being provided to family caregivers of elderly persons with depression as a part of standard home health care; and identify unmet needs of these family caregivers. Unmet caregiver needs were examined from both the family caregiver and staff nurse perspective, using caregiver structured interviews and staff focus groups. Ten caregivers participated in structured interviews and nine staff nurses participated in three focus groups. Caregivers reported unmet needs concerning support and respite, dealing with their own feelings, learning more about care-related tasks and role changes, and stress management. Similarly, nurses speculated that nursing interventions should focus on increased counseling, family and community support, assisting caregivers with their learning needs and care-related responsibilities. These findings contribute toward a better understanding of interventions currently provided to caregivers of depr...
Determination of thicknesses and refractive indices of polymer thin films by multiple incident media ellipsometry

Abstract Single wavelength ellipsometry measurements at Brewster's angle and in multiple incident media provide a powerful technique for characterizing ultrathin (
The dispersion damping functions and interaction energy curves HeHe

Abstract Dispersion damping functions for the dipole—dipole, dipole—quadrupole, dipole—octupole, and quadrupole—quadrupole dispersion energy have been computed for HeHe. They are obtained using separated fragment polarizabilities of complex argument. The interaction energy is computed by adding the damped dispersion energy to the Hartree—Fock interaction energy. The resulting interaction energy curve is in excellent agreement with experiment.
Characteristics of Winter and Summer Aerosol Mass and Light Extinction on the Colorado Plateau

This paper focuses on the spatial variability of fine mass and extinction budgets taking data from the winter and summer months of 1992. The study area included southern California, southern Nevada, southern Utah, Arizona, and parts of New Mexico. Two types of monitoring sites were operated: intensive and secondary or satellite. At the intensive sites, all major aerosol species were measured as well as extinction or scattering. At the satellite sites, trace elements including sulfur and hydrogen, absorption, and gravimetric fine mass were measured. Where all aerosol species are measured, the spatial variability of extinction budgets is examined assuming an externally mixed aerosol. At the satellite sites, an approximated fine mass budget is derived and the variability of these budgets in space and time are examined. This effort was part of a study called Project MOHAVE (Measurement of Haze and Visual Effects) carried out with the principal objective of understanding the relative contribution of regional and local sources to visibility impairment on the Colorado Plateau and specifically, the Grand Canyon. Generally, the contribution of sulfates, organics, and absorption to extinction are about equal at 20-30% with the coarse mass fraction being about 10-20%. The one exception is in southern California where the nitrate contribution tends to be higher in the winter than summer. During the summer, concentration gradients tend to be spread out across the study area, while during the winter months, variability in concentration and budgets tends to occur on a smaller scale.
SAGITTARIUS B2 MAIN: A CLUSTER OF ULTRA-COMPACT H II REGIONS AND MASSIVE PROTOSTELLAR CORES

The ionized core in the Sgr B2 Main star-forming region was imaged using the Submillimeter Array archival data observed for the H26α line and continuum emission at 0.86 mm with an angular resolution 0. 3. Eight hypercompact H26α emission sources were detected with a typical size in the range of 1.6–20 × 10 2 AU and electron density of 0.3–3 × 10 7 cm −3 , corresponding to the emission measure 0.4–8.4 × 10 10 cm −6 pc. The H26α line fluxes from the eight hyper-compact Hii sources imply that the ionization for each of the sources must be powered by a Lyman continuum flux from an O star or a cluster of B stars. The most luminous H26α source among the eight detected sources requires an O6 star that appears to be embedded in the ultra-compact Hii region F3. In addition, ∼23 compact continuum emission sources were also detected within the central 5 �� × 3 �� (∼0.2 pc) region. Under the assumption of a power-law distribution for the dust temperature, with the observed brightness temperature of the dust emission we determined the physical properties of the submillimeter emission sources, showing that the molecular densities are in the range of 1–10 × 10 8 cm −3 , surface densities between 13 and 150 g cm −2 , and total gas masses in the range from 5 to 200 M� , which are one or two orders of magnitude greater than the corresponding values of the Bonnor–Ebert mass. With a mean free-fall timescale of 2 × 10 3 years, each of the massive protostellar