cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A network based approach to drug repositioning identifies plausible candidates for breast cancer and prostate cancer

The high cost and the long time required to bring drugs into commerce is driving efforts to repurpose FDA approved drugs—to find new uses for which they weren’t intended, and to thereby reduce the overall cost of commercialization, and shorten the lag between drug discovery and availability. We report on the development, testing and application of a promising new approach to repositioning. Our approach is based on mining a human functional linkage network for inversely correlated modules of drug and disease gene targets. The method takes account of multiple information sources, including gene mutation, gene expression, and functional connectivity and proximity of within module genes. The method was used to identify candidates for treating breast and prostate cancer. We found that (i) the recall rate for FDA approved drugs for breast (prostate) cancer is 20/20 (10/11), while the rates for drugs in clinical trials were 131/154 and 82/106; (ii) the ROC/AUC performance substantially exceeds that of comparable methods; (iii) preliminary in vitro studies indicate that 5/5 candidates have therapeutic indices superior to that of Doxorubicin in MCF7 and SUM149 cancer cell lines. We briefly discuss the biological plausibility of the candidates at a molecular level in the context of the biological processes that they mediate. Our method appears to offer promise for the identification of multi-targeted drug candidates that can correct aberrant cellular functions. In particular the computational performance exceeded that of other CMap-based methods, and in vitro experiments indicate that 5/5 candidates have therapeutic indices superior to that of Doxorubicin in MCF7 and SUM149 cancer cell lines. The approach has the potential to provide a more efficient drug discovery pipeline.
Williams Hierarchical Integrated Model Measurement: Assessment Design, Construction, And Initial Validation

The purpose of this study was to design and pilot an instrument, the WHIMM, that uses the Williams Hierarchical Integrated Model as a foundation for measuring needs met within and outside of substance use for individuals age 18 and older who report previously considering cutting down on alcohol or drug use. Instrument construction and validation were completed using a first pilot (n=200), a pilot one-re-contact (n=50), and a final administration (n=420). The scale development process allowed for initial validation of the WHIMM, including measurement of inter-item reliability, test-retest reliability, correlation between subscales, and construct validity. In addition, a scoring metric was developed to allow an individual’s WHIMM results to be interpreted based upon the national normative sample used for the present study. The overall WHIMM and each of the subscales for the Global and Substance Use forms yielded Cronbach’s alpha inter-item reliability coefficients equal to or greater than .90. Test-retest reliability for the WHIMM Global and Substance Use forms was generally adequate with the majority of subscales producing a minimum test-retest reliability coefficient of .70. The construct validity tests of the WHIMM demonstrated that the constructs measured by the WHIMM differ substantially from the constructs that are measured by the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT; Babor, HigginsBiddle, Saunders, & Monteiro, 2001) and Drug Abuse Screening Test (DAST; Skinner, 1982). Exploratory factor analysis loosely supported the Williams Hierarchical Integrated Model’s discrete but interrelated elements. There were statistically-significant
Effective double- β -decay operator for 76 Ge and 82 Se

We use diagrammatic many-body perturbation theory in combination with low-momentum interactions derived from chiral effective field theory to construct effective shell-model transition operators for the neutrinoless double-$\ensuremath{\beta}$ decay of ${}^{76}$Ge and ${}^{82}$Se. We include all unfolded diagrams that are first and second order in the interaction and all singly folded diagrams that can be constructed from them. The resulting effective operator, which accounts for physics outside the shell-model space, increases the nuclear matrix element by about 20$%$ in ${}^{76}$Ge and 30$%$ in ${}^{82}$Se.
DiazaCon reduces black-tailed prairie dog reproduction in Colorado

Context. Black-tailed prairie dogs (Cynomus ludovicianus) often come into conflict with humans in urban natural areas adjacent to private property by destroying plants and denuding the landscape. There is a diversity of attitudes related to urban prairie dog management in Colorado and interest in non-lethal methods is increasing. Therefore, the development of non-lethal methods that allow the existence of prairie dogs and mitigate damage related to population density is needed.Aims. The efficacy of DiazaCon (20,25-diazacholesterol dihydrochloride, a cholesterol analogue) as an oral contraceptive bait for reducing reproduction in black-tailed prairie dogs was tested. Persistence of DiazaCon in black-tailed prairie dogs 11 months after initial application was also determined.Methods. Prairie dogs were baited with DiazaCon-coated rolled oats or control bait for 10 days over a 20-day period in November 2007 on one control and one treatment site. Sites were randomly assigned to a treatment group. Visual counts were used 8 months post-treatment (June/July 2008) to determine pup : adult ratios on both sites. Prairie dogs on both sites were trapped 11 months post-treatment (September/October 2008) to gather mass and age data to assess juvenile : adult ratios and to collect blood samples for determination of serum cholesterol and desmosterol concentrations.Key results. DiazaCon treatment reduced the number of pups per adult by 95.5% when compared with the control site in June/July 2008 (0.09 ± 0.02, n = 10, number of observation days) versus 2.0 ± 0.2 (n = 10). Free serum cholesterol levels in treated animals (370.7 µg mL–1) were lower than control animal levels (411.6 µg mL–1, P < 0.015), while treated desmosterol levels (14.5 µg mL–1) were higher than controls (0.35 µg mL–1, P < 0.02) 11 months after ingestion of DiazaCon bait. However, these differences would likely not have been sufficient to prevent successful breeding in the upcoming breeding season.Conclusions. DiazaCon is an effective contraceptive in black-tailed prairie dogs. It is probably reversible and will likely affect breeding success for only one breeding season. DiazaCon may provide an additional tool to help manage urban populations of prairie dogs in locations where lethal control is unacceptable.Implications. The need for further research into secondary hazards to non-target animals, such as predators, is discussed. Recommendations for field application are also discussed.
CAR T-Cell Therapy: Pediatric Patients With Relapsed and Refractory Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia .

Background Immunotherapy provides a promising treatment option for children and adolescents with refractory or relapsed acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). . Objectives This article presents a hospital's experience with providing chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy, followed by a detailed discussion of the trajectory of treatment provided for pediatric patients and their families. . Methods Clinical experience in delivering care to pediatric patients undergoing CAR T-cell therapy is described. Care coordination, patient and family assessment and education, and post-CAR T-cell infusion monitoring are presented. . Findings Of 59 patients having been treated with CAR T-cell therapy at the authors' institution, 93% had a complete response at day 28. The 12-month relapse-free survival rate is 55%. A multidisciplinary team of skilled clinicians is recommended to support patient and family needs throughout screening, treatment, and follow-up while coordinating care with the referring oncologist.
Death on the table: preparing for the inevitable

“The death on the operating table of the patient is a harrowing experience for a surgeon” 1 – and it is no less so for an anaesthetist. We are in this business to save lives, and losing one is therefore a potentially very traumatic event. Nonetheless, it is only relatively recently that significant research has been performed in the area of perioperative catastrophes and their effect on the operating team. The topic was breached most forcefully when, in 1998, one UK surgeon suffered two intraoperative deaths on the same day. This led to guidelines by the Royal College of Surgeons, published in 2001, and a number of survey studies of surgeons and anaesthetists. Most of those studies, however, were performed in Europe, a few in the USA, but none in the southern hemisphere. It is exciting, therefore, to see published in this issue of SAJAA a study investigating the experiences of South African anaesthetic registrars after a perioperative death.
Estimation of coefficient of dispersion using auxiliary information

SummaryIn this note, we consider the problem of estimation of coefficient of dispersion of a study variable by making use of known value of the coefficient of dispersion of an auxiliary variable. We propose ratio and regression type estimators. We derive expressions of bias and variance of the proposed estimators to the first order of approximation. The relative efficiencies of the ratio and regression type estimators with respect to the naive estimator due to Bonett (2006) are investigated through a simulation study.
What College Instructors Can Do About Student Cyber-slacking

Today’s traditional-aged college students are avid users of mobile technology. Commonly referred to as the Net Generation, today’s college students spend several hours each day using their smart phones, iPads, and laptops. Although some scholars initially opined that the Net Generation would grow into technologically savvy digital natives who would leverage their unprecedented access to technology for professional and academic betterment, contemporary research has rejected the digital native myth. Instead, college students frequently use mobile technology for off-task purposes while attending classroom lectures or doing schoolwork outside of class—a phenomenon known as cyber-slacking. This article provides college educators with an overview of the frequency and consequences of cyber-slacking inside and outside the classroom and seven instructional implications for curbing cyber-slacking. Proposed strategies for curbing cyber-slacking include rejecting the digital native myth, adopting and enforcing technology policies, consciousness raising, motivating students to relinquish their devices, incorporating active learning in the classroom, using mobile technology as a teaching tool, teaching students to be self-regulated learners, and motivating students to delay gratification from their mobile devices.
Curriculum Design for Competency-Based Education in Orthopaedics

This chapter provides program directors and faculty with a systematic, stepwise process to create competency-based curricula for rotations or educational experiences. Creating competency-based program goals, rotation goals, and objectives can be daunting, but important tasks, which focus trainees and faculty on content and educational outcomes pertinent to the rotational experience. As the surgical world becomes more subspecialized, residency training and, therefore, the curriculum must remain an inclusive, encompassing teaching of principles that will sustain the surgeon through his/her future. New surgeons will have to adjust to increases in knowledge and technology, as well as develop the ability to “think on their feet.” The process for writing rotational curriculum and curriculum for educational experiences, such as a simulation course, should follow the principles and process described below. Backward design is an instructional design model that may offer some solutions to program directors charged with writing competency-based rotation curricula or curricula for educational experiences. Backward design principles begin with identifying educational outcomes and working backwards to design curriculum.
Oil spill modeling: Risk, spatial vulnerability, and impact assessment

Oil spill modeling is fundamental for planning and preparing for, as well as responding to and mitigating, actual spill events. As a result, significant research effort has been directed toward developing analytical approaches for deepening our understanding of spill risk, community vulnerability, oil behavior, spill outcomes, and impacts. The purpose of this paper is to provide a synthesis of the oil spill risk assessment and impact modeling literature, with a focus on the vulnerability of local environmental, ecological, and community systems, as well as the geographic processes associated with modeling spills and transforming these data into a robust and meaningful impact assessments. The results of this progress report reveal a number of methodological and substantive commonalities across the scientific literature. Moreover, the synthesis of this literature should provide researchers with a strong foundation for pursuing future work in this domain.
Cardiac Regenerative Strategies for Advanced Heart Failure

The premise of myocardial regeneration, once deemed scientifically improbable if not impossible, today represents a novel and excitingly promising therapeutic option for patients with advanced heart failure. Spurred by efforts over the past two decades to enhance myocardial vascularization (therapeutic angiogenesis) and to repopulate myocardial scar with exogenous stem cells, the current era of in situ direct cellular reprogramming is derived from new knowledge of cellular molecular biology and the astonishing Nobel Prize winning work of Yamanaka demonstrating that genetic manipulation could induce the dedifferentiation of adult somatic cells into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells. Unlike exogenous stem cell-based therapy, direct cardiac cellular reprogramming strategies capitalize on the presence of abundant endogenous cardiac fibroblasts in regions of myocardial infarction that can be targeted to generate induced cardiomyocytes (iCMs) following treatment with “reprogramming factors” as a means of improving post-infarct ventricular function. A multimodal regenerative strategy involving cardiac cellular reprogramming and induction of angiogenesis may represent a most promising therapeutic option for patients with heart failure.
Shared Passions, Shared Compositions: Online Fandom Communities and Affinity Groups as Sites for Public Writing Pedagogy

Abstract This article explores the rhetorical behaviors and attendant compositions of fandoms across spaces to make pedagogical suggestions for the incorporation of fandom activities into the writing classrooms. I look at fandoms as a representative for online communities and/or affinity groups, to examine how shared identities and experiences are constructed within online spaces specifically through the creation and circulation of multimodal compositions. Ultimately, I propose a new way of positioning public writing and expanding its potential role in the composition classroom. Building upon work on public writing arguing for the incorporation of the mundane into public writing pedagogy and scholarship in writing studies, rhetoric, and digital media studies on fandoms, I argue that we can turn to the everyday compositional practices and rhetorical engagements of online communities and affinity groups as sites of public writing pedagogy. In short, we can locate new publics for public writing.
Suburbanizing Segregation? Changes in Racial/Ethnic Diversity and the Geographic Distribution of Metropolitan School Segregation, 2002–2012

BackgroundWhile postwar suburban migration established suburbs as relatively affluent, homogeneous white enclaves distinct from the urban core, recent waves of suburbanization and exurbanization ha...
Learning Sign Language as a Second Language

Sign languages are learned as second languages across a variety of conditions. Infants sometimes learn sign languages as one of two languages acquired from birth, and children often learn sign languages as second languages in school after having learned a first language, either signed or spoken, in infancy. Sign language bilingualism can be unimodal, as in knowing two sign languages, or bimodal, as in knowing a sign language and a spoken language. A key difference between adult and infant learning is that adults rely on iconicity to remember signs during the initial stage of learning, but infants do not. Individuals whose first experience with language is highly delayed show low levels of second language learning.
Metallic Nanoislands on Graphene for Monitoring Swallowing Activity in Head and Neck Cancer Patients

There is a need to monitor patients with cancer of the head and neck postradiation therapy, as diminished swallowing activity can result in disuse atrophy and fibrosis of the swallowing muscles. This paper describes a flexible strain sensor comprising palladium nanoislands on single-layer graphene. These piezoresistive sensors were tested on 14 disease-free head and neck cancer patients with various levels of swallowing function: from nondysphagic to severely dysphagic. The patch-like devices detected differences in (1) the consistencies of food boluses when swallowed and (2) dysphagic and nondysphagic swallows. When surface electromyography (sEMG) is obtained simultaneously with strain data, it is also possible to differentiate swallowing vs nonswallowing events. The plots of resistance vs time are correlated to specific events recorded by video X-ray fluoroscopy. Finally, we developed a machine-learning algorithm to automate the identification of bolus type being swallowed by a healthy subject (86.4%. a...
The Tolosa-Hunt Syndrome: a Problem in Differential Diagnosis

The authors give a review on the Tolosa-Hunt Syndrome. They discuss its differential diagnosis, appropriate diagnostic and therapeutic measures for the evaluation of this painful ophthalmoplegia which may be combined with neurological deficit referrable to the anterior cavernous sinus.
The derivation of systolic implementations

We present a mathematically rigorous and, at the same time, convenient method for systolic design and derive systolic designs for three matrix computation problems. Each design is synthesized from a simple program and a proposed layout of processors. The synthesis derives a systolic parallel execution, channel connections for the proposed processor layout, and an arrangement of data streams such that the systolic execution can begin. Our choices of designs are governed by formal theorems. The synthesis method is implementable and is particularly effective if implemented with graphics capability. Our implementation on the Symbolics 3600 displays the resulting designs and simulated executions graphically on the screen. The method's centerpiece, a transformation of sequential program computations into systolic parallel ones, has been mechanically proved correct.
Current and Emerging Technologies in Hematologic Testing

Hematologic testing informs management decisions made by clinicians managing critically ill patients. The technology underpinning such tests continuously evolves, so interpretation of results hinges on understanding the methodologies used and comparison to established standards. Hemoglobin concentration determination can be performed with point-of-care and noninvasive methods. These have varying agreement with laboratory-based methods. Patients treated with direct oral anticoagulants present a challenge as the action of these are not well differentiated using standard laboratory methods. Viscoelastic testing and some emerging tests may provide guidance for treating critically ill patients receiving direct oral anticoagulants.
Surfactant selection as a strategy for tailoring the structure and properties of UCT manganese oxides

Abstract Mesoporous manganese oxides were synthesized using the UCT inverse micelle templating method with four different Pluronic surfactants to investigate the effects on the morphology, microstructure and desulfurization behavior of these materials. All of the as-synthesized samples exhibited similar hierarchical microstructures, but the size and shape of the primary nanoparticles for each sample was different. The primary nanoparticle sizes for these samples vary between 2.3 and 7.0 nm. Most of the samples are crystalline and are composed of a mixture of Mn3O4 and Mn5O8 phases. The adsorption behavior of these samples was tested using a fixed bed reactor at a temperature of 200 °C. Microstructural analysis of the samples after the desulfurization tests revealed a transformation of the mesoporous manganese oxide to a dense manganese sulfide phase; this involves a volumetric expansion of the crystal, leading to densification and a rapid decay in the sorption capacity after the breakthrough point. The variation in the structure and properties of these materials is related to ratio of the PEO and PPO chain segment lengths in the Pluronic surfactants used. This indicates that the ratio must dictate the volume, shape and assembly of the inverse micelles in the UCT synthesis.
Facts or stories? How to use social media for cervical cancer prevention: A multi-method study of the effects of sender type and content type on increased message sharing.

Abstract Social media has become a valuable tool for disseminating cancer prevention information. However, the design of messages for achieving wide dissemination remains poorly understood. We conducted a multi-method study to identify the effects of sender type (individuals or organizations) and content type (personal experiences or factual information) on promoting the spread of cervical cancer prevention messages over social media. First, we used observational Twitter data to examine correlations between sender type and content type with retweet activity. Then, to confirm the causal impact of message properties, we constructed 900 experimental tweets according to a 2 (sender type) by 2 (content type) factorial design and tested their probabilities of being shared in an online platform. A total of 782 female participants were randomly assigned to 87 independent 9-person online groups and each received a unique message feed of 100 tweets drawn from the 4 experimental cells over 5 days. We conducted both tweet-level and group-level analyses to examine the causal effects of tweet properties on influencing sharing behaviors. Personal experience tweets and organizational senders were associated with more retweets. However, the experimental study revealed that informational tweets were shared significantly more (19%, 95% CI: 11 to 27) than personal experience tweets; and organizational senders were shared significantly more (10%, 95% CI: 3 to 18) than individual senders. While rare personal experience messages can achieve large success, they are generally unsuccessful; however, there is a reproducible causal effect of messages that use organizational senders and factual information for achieving greater peer-to-peer dissemination.
ADULT OSTEOPOROSIS WITH A HISTORY OF CHILDHOOD-ONSET FRACTURE DUE TO AN LRP5 RECEPTOR VARIANT MUTATION.

ABSTRACT Objective: This case highlights the value of genetic screening for idiopathic osteoporosis with recurrent fractures. Methods: Case report and review of the literature. Results: A 52-year-o...
Abstract P148: Transcriptomic and Proteomic Analysis of CD4+ T Cells to Identify Sex Differences in Angiotensin II Signaling Pathways

T cells are involved in hypertension pathogenesis in both males and postmenopausal females while premenopausal females are resistant to T cell-mediated Ang II-induced hypertension. The goals of thi...
Evidence of region-wide bat population decline from long-term monitoring and Bayesian occupancy models with empirically informed priors.

Strategic conservation efforts for cryptic species, especially bats, are hindered by limited understanding of distribution and population trends. Integrating long-term encounter surveys with multi-season occupancy models provides a solution whereby inferences about changing occupancy probabilities and latent changes in abundance can be supported. When harnessed to a Bayesian inferential paradigm, this modeling framework offers flexibility for conservation programs that need to update prior model-based understanding about at-risk species with new data. This scenario is exemplified by a bat monitoring program in the Pacific Northwestern United States in which results from 8 years of surveys from 2003 to 2010 require updating with new data from 2016 to 2018. The new data were collected after the arrival of bat white-nose syndrome and expansion of wind power generation, stressors expected to cause population declines in at least two vulnerable species, little brown bat (Myotis lucifugus) and the hoary bat (Lasiurus cinereus). We used multi-season occupancy models with empirically informed prior distributions drawn from previous occupancy results (2003-2010) to assess evidence of contemporary decline in these two species. Empirically informed priors provided the bridge across the two monitoring periods and increased precision of parameter posterior distributions, but did not alter inferences relative to use of vague priors. We found evidence of region-wide summertime decline for the hoary bat ( λ ^ = 0.86 ± 0.10) since 2010, but no evidence of decline for the little brown bat ( λ ^ = 1.1 ± 0.10). White-nose syndrome was documented in the region in 2016 and may not yet have caused regional impact to the little brown bat. However, our discovery of hoary bat decline is consistent with the hypothesis that the longer duration and greater geographic extent of the wind energy stressor (collision and barotrauma) have impacted the species. These hypotheses can be evaluated and updated over time within our framework of pre-post impact monitoring and modeling. Our approach provides the foundation for a strategic evidence-based conservation system and contributes to a growing preponderance of evidence from multiple lines of inquiry that bat species are declining.
Lung Endothelial Transcytosis

Transcytosis of macromolecules through lung endothelial cells is the primary route of transport from the vascular compartment into the interstitial space. Endothelial transcytosis is mostly a caveolae-dependent process that combines receptor-mediated endocytosis, vesicle trafficking via actin-cytoskeletal remodeling, and SNARE protein directed vesicle fusion and exocytosis. Herein, we review the current literature on caveolae-mediated endocytosis, the role of actin cytoskeleton in caveolae stabilization at the plasma membrane, actin remodeling during vesicle trafficking, and exocytosis of caveolar vesicles. Next, we provide a concise summary of experimental methods employed to assess transcytosis. Finally, we review evidence that transcytosis contributes to the pathogenesis of acute lung injury. © 2020 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 10:491-508, 2020.
African Americans' Diminished Returns of Parental Education on Adolescents' Depression and Suicide in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study.

To investigate racial and ethnic differences in the protective effects of parental education and marital status against adolescents’ depressed mood and suicidal attempts in the U.S. As proposed by the Marginalization-related Diminished Returns (MDRs), parental education generates fewer tangible outcomes for non-White compared to White families. Our existing knowledge is very limited regarding diminished returns of parental education and marital status on adolescents’ depressed mood and suicidal attempts. To compare racial groups for the effects of parental education and marital status on adolescents’ depressed mood and suicidal attempt. This cross-sectional study included 7076 non-Hispanic White or African American 8-11 years old adolescents from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study. The independent variables were parental education and marital status. The main outcomes were depressed mood and suicidal attempts based on parents’ reports using the Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia (K-SADS). Age and gender were the covariates. Race was the moderator. Logistic regression was used to analyze the ABCD data. Overall, parental education was associated with lower odds of depressed mood (OR = 0.81; 95% CI = 0.67–0.99; p = 0.037) and having married parents was associated with lower odds of suicidal attempts (OR = 0.50; 95% CI = 0.28–0.91; p = 0.022). In the pooled sample, we found interaction terms between race with parental education and marital status on the outcomes, suggesting that the protective effect of having married parents against depressed mood (OR = 1.54; 95% CI = 1.00–2.37; p = 0.048) and the protective effect of having married parents against suicidal attempts (OR = 6.62; 95% CI = 2.21–19.86; p = 0.001) are weaker for African Americans when compared to Whites. The protective effects of parent education and marital status against depressed mood and suicidal attempts are diminished for African American adolescents compared to White adolescents. There is a need for programs and interventions that equalize not only socioeconomic status (SES) but also the marginal returns of SES for racial minority groups. Such efforts require addressing structural and societal barriers that hinder African American families from translating their SES resources and human capital into tangible outcomes. There is a need for studies that can minimize MDRs for African American families, so that every individual and every family can benefit from their resources regardless of their skin color. To achieve such a goal, we need to help middle-class African American families secure tangible outcomes in the presence of SES resources.
How Power Dresses: The Gendered Aesthetics of Uniform A Comparative Case Study of Contemporary Women Heads of State and/or Government in Australia, Indonesia, and the Philippines

The clothed body, whether dressed thoughtfully or not, performs a social narrative of gender, wealth, status, nationality, and occupation embedded within a larger network of intersectional positionalities. Clothing conveys a set of values of not only the individual but also of the cultural politics of their milieu. For women Heads of State and/or Government, who are uniquely situated to project a diverse intersection of identities as well as access clothing choices socially unavailable to their male counterparts, a nuanced analysis of the garment choices of these professionals on the international stage yields significant findings about how women negotiate their roles as politicians, national figures, religious or areligious representatives, and as individuals. Three contemporary case studies of women Heads of State and/or Government in office between 2000 and 2013 from Australia, Indonesia, and the Philippines interrogate these strategic choices of clothing by holistically cataloging and then analyzing the style, color, and pattern of the attire of each figure. Contextualized within their respective cultures and histories, the ways in which their clothing serve to mimic masculine color coding as seen by Australia’s Prime Minister, re-entrench religion within politics as seen by Indonesia’s President, and ‘self-Orientalize’ the national, post-colonial identity as seen by the Philippine’s President, each woman’s clothing informed her leadership and vice versa. This thesis analyzes the complex negotiations between identity, power, and politics through clothing for women political leaders. How do women Heads of State and/or Government visually communicate national narratives of identity and express political authority through their aesthetic wardrobe choices? How do these clothes project inscriptions of femininity, modesty, religiosity, development, and the national self? Discovering these strategies can provide a foundation for future study of the occupational uniform of women in historically masculine roles as well as the power of the national body as represented by women to reflect but also perpetuate particular socially normative ideals of the modern empowered woman across cultures.
The Short-Term Impact of Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass on Enteroendocrine Hormone Distribution and Density in Rhesus Macaques

Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery results in profound weight loss and improvements in glucose homeostasis through a likely combination of malabsorption and changes in GI tract signaling. One component of GI tract signaling implicated in RYGB effects are enteroendocrine hormones, which are produced along the tract and regulate GI tract motility, pancreas exocrine and endocrine functions, including insulin release, and central nervous system control of feeding. While RYGB has been shown to cause post-prandial serum increases of several enteroendocrine hormones, the mechanism for how this occurs in the GI tract is still unknown. The current study examined GI tract tissue 13 weeks after RYGB or sham-surgery combined with pair-feeding (Sham/PF) in adult rhesus macaques. In situ hybridization analysis revealed no RYGB-induced changes compared to Sham/PF animals in the overall distribution of enteroendocrine hormones, with cholecystokinin (CCK) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) cells found predominantly in the proximal small intestine and preglucagon, encoding glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), and peptide tyrosine tyrosine (PYY) cells found predominantly in the ileum and colon. Immunohistochemistry was performed to further characterize the impact of RYGB on enteroendocrine cell density. No differences were observed in CCK cell densities in the proximal tract following RYGB, nor were there any differences in PYY and GLP-1 densities in the distal intestine. The only observed difference was an increase in serotonin and chromogranin A cell densities in the ileum of the RYGB group compared to the Sham/PF group. Serotonin has diverse actions from regulating GI tract motility to central nervous system signaling via the vagus nerve. Additional studies are planned to investigate how this up-regulation of serotonin may impact metabolic physiology after RYGB.
A delicate initiation: Lipolysis of lipid droplets fuels glioblastoma.

Liu et al. (2021) demonstrate that CHKα2 is capable of promoting lipolysis of lipid droplets through mechanisms that require sequential steps of post-translational modifications after glucose deprivation. Intriguingly, the oxidation of fatty acids derived from lipid droplets is essential for the survival of tumor cells that informs clinical outcome among glioblastoma patients.
Developing an effective strategy for indexing roof rat abundance in citrus orchards

Abstract Effective rodent monitoring tools are needed to allow agricultural producers and pest control specialists to determine when rodent control strategies are needed, as well as to allow researchers to assess the efficacy of various management options. General indexing tools that utilize continuous response metrics, as well as traditional presence-absence indexing strategies, are commonly used for such monitoring programs, but their ability to track rodent abundance should be verified in different ecological systems. Therefore, we tested the ability of tracking tunnels (binary response only) and remote-triggered cameras (both binary and continuous response) to effectively track roof rat (Rattus rattus) abundance in three lemon (Citrus limon) and two orange (Citrus sinensis) orchards in the southern San Joaquin Valley, California. We placed remote-triggered cameras and tracking tunnels both on the ground and within trees to assess activity, and subsequently live-trapped roof rats in these same plots to determine an estimate of population size and minimum number known values. We used multiple linear regression to compare these values to allow us to determine the effectiveness of these monitoring tools at tracking roof rat abundance depending on the monitoring tool used, the vertical zone where traps were placed (i.e., within trees or on the ground), and the crop that was monitored. We determined that both tracking tunnels and remote-triggered cameras (both binary and continuous response metrics) were correlated to roof rat abundance irrespective of their location on the ground or in the trees. We also noted a difference in the relationship between index values and roof rat abundance for lemon and orange orchards, indicating the importance of considering orchard type when interpreting models. Regardless, tracking tunnels and remote-triggered cameras both effectively reflected roof rat abundance irrespective of orchard type, and as such, they both should prove useful for future monitoring projects in citrus orchards.
Risk and Subversion in Edith Wharton’s The House of Mirth

This essay argues that a strong undercurrent runs throughout The House of Mirth, which subtly combines the themes of risk-taking, gambling, and aesthetic play and thereby exposes the randomness and indeterminacy that the predominant value systems of Lily’s universe attempt to disguise or negate. The presence of risk is felt as a variable whose attributive value or meaning differs widely depending on varying and often contradictory contexts from the economic to the aesthetic, the material to the spiritual, and the individual to the communal.
Atomic and molecular physics experiments in quantum chaology

Several systems open to experimental study in atomic and molecular physics are furnishing important information about the behavior of a quantal system whose classical counterpart exhibits a transition to chaos. Some of these systems are autonomous (time-independent), and one gains information through detailed studies of their photoabsorption or stimulated-emission spectra. Others of these systems are time-dependent, being strongly driven by an external driving field. The aim of this paper is to review from the point of view of an actively involved experimenter our present understanding of the time-dependent process of the excitation and ionization of excited hydrogen atoms by a strong, linearly polarized microwave electric field. Many comparisons of experimental data with classical and quantal calculations have revealed six different regimes of dynamcal behavior in this periodically driven system. Certain scaling relationships present in the classical Hamiltonian dynamics for the driven Kepler system are found to be at least approximately obeyed in the corresponding quantal system, sometimes in surprising ways. Exploiting these scaling relationships has greatly facilitated the interpretation of experimental data, which reveal a number of fascinating phenomena.
The Zero-Coupon/ Interest-Only Fixed-Rate Mortgage: An Alternative for Funding Low-to-Moderate Income Households

This proposal sets forth a concept for the public/private finance of owner-occupied, single-family homes for first-time homebuyers utilizing federal guarantees and private sector mortgages. Propose...
Controversies in Sexual Medicine: Penile Rehabilitation Should Become the Norm for Radical Prostatectomy Patients

ABSTRACT Introduction The Journal of Sexual Medicine ( JSM ) held a debate at the annual fall meeting of the Sexual Medicine Society of North America (SMSNA). The motion was “Penile Rehabilitation Should Become the Norm for Radical Prostatectomy Patients.” At the suggestion of several SMSNA members, it was requested that this debate might be of interest to JSM readers in the form of a published controversy. Methods Two debate speakers with expertise and/or strong opinions in the area of penile rehabilitation submitted their literature-review, evidence-based opinions on the topic. Main Outcome Measure Literature review of laboratory basic science and clinical research studies on penile rehabilitation. Results Penile rehabilitation involves prophylactic procedures designed to improve oxygen delivery to penile erectile tissues, aimed at preserving erectile tissue health and minimizing erectile tissue damage that otherwise occurs during the period of neural recovery to the autonomic cavernosal nerve following radical prostatectomy. There are several studies in the sexual medicine literature on penile rehabilitation after radical prostatectomy, and the positive results appear to support this concept, the rationale, and mechanism. The use of prophylactic penile rehabilitation programs has not been fully elucidated, nor have the results been replicated in large multicenter placebo-controlled trials. Conclusion Penile rehabilitation may be performed along with counseling with the couple, vacuum erection therapy, and vacuum erection device therapy if it is the patient and partner's preference, provided that it is undertaken in a safe and effective manner and is monitored closely. Mulhall JP, and Morgentaler A. Penile rehabilitation should become the norm for radical prostatectomy patients.
Moments that Matter: Discourse, Design, and Detail in the Creation of Socio-Technical Order

This essay explores how detailed design issues that emerge in connection with certain “defining moments” in an information system project can both illuminate and shape the project’s broader network of actors. Of particular interest here is how language use, in both its representational and performative roles, helps to make these things happen. A pair of incidents from a recent system initiative illustrates how local project events involving the negotiated design of system features can vary in the degree to which they draw upon, and reciprocally affect, the project’s larger actor network. Implications are drawn for the enduring and yet problematic concept of “levels” in socio-technical analyses of organizational IT initiatives.
The Continuing Debate on Equity and Efficiency in the Law: A Counter-Response to Kaplow and Shavell (2000)

Almost all Law and Economic analysis evaluates legal rules solely on the basis of the efficiency criterion with no consideration of distributive justice. Recently, the rationale for this long standing practice has been called into question by scholars within the Law and Economics community. In response, proponents of pure efficiency have offered new counterarguments in an attempt to shore up the consensus methodology. This comment critically evaluates these counterarguments. It finds that they mischaracterize and misconceive the recent criticisms of pure efficiency. Assessing the overall debate, the comment concludes that Law and Economics' exclusive focus on efficiency continues to lack justification even within the limited purview of modern economic reasoning. [Note: The current version of this paper is incorporated into Parts III and IV of Deconstructing the New Efficiency Rationale, 86 Cornell L. Rev. 1003 (July 2001)]
Electrochemical Treatment of Mixed and Hazardous Wastes

Publisher Summary This chapter reveals that electrochemical processes are being developed throughout the world for the ambient temperature destruction of hazardous waste and for the conversion of mixed waste to low-level radioactive waste. The status of the technology is discussed, including measurements of process efficiency and models than can be used for scale-up. Several of these processes are based on Mediated Electrochemical Oxidation (MEO). A mediator, generated by anodic oxidation, is used to destroy organics dissolved in an aqueous phase. The chapter describes the destruction and coulombic efficiencies for MEO process that includes electrolyte, electrode separator, rotating cylinder anode (RCA), measurements of CO 2 evolution, and calibration of analyzer. Knowledge of reaction intermediates and associated mechanisms is needed to thoroughly understand the MEO process. To obtain reaction intermediates for identification by gas chromatography with mass spectrometry (GC/MS), ethylene glycol (EG) and benzene (BZ) were partially oxidized by Ag(II) with a RCA at 40% i L (673 mA and 33°C). Anolyte samples obtained during the partial oxidation of EG were analyzed without extraction. GC/MS was used in an attempt to identify reaction intermediates in samples of anolyte, catholyte, extract, and residual BZ. GC/MS analyses were performed with a Hewlett-Packard 5890/5970 benchtop GC/MS system running on RTE/6.
Growth characteristics of influenza virus; properties of the initial cell-virus complex.

The rate has been determined at which the initial stable complex is formed between cells of the chorioallantoic membrane and the PR8 strain of type A influenza virus. Characterization of the complex revealed the following properties: (a) stability to dilution and to simple washing with buffered saline, (b) insensitivity to the action of receptor-destroying enzyme (obtained from cholera vibrio), (c) sensitivity to the inhibitory effect of anti-viral immune serum, (d) formation of the complex at low temperatures, 3°C., (e) accompanied by a loss of detectable viral infectivity from the reaction mixture, (f) stability at 3°C. but transformation at 37°C. to a state which is resistant to the inhibitory action of a specific anti-viral serum. The rate of this latter transformation has been determined. The infectious process in more than 50 per cent of the cells can be influenced by immune serum 2 hours after the completion of the initial reaction with virus.
Lack of a Partial Reinforcement Effect in Rats When the Basis for Expectation of Reward is Vitiated

Summary Two groups of 17 rats each received 24 massed acquisition trials in a runway followed immediately by 10 massed extinction trials. Rats in Group 100 received one consumable pellet per acquisition trial. Rats in Group 50 received one consumable pellet on approximately every other acquisition trial plus a number of unconsumable pellets, the number of unconsumable pellets diminishing as acquisition progressed until none were left at the beginning of extinction. It is believed that an expectancy of no reward during extinction was built up in Group 50, causing slower running speeds than one would normally expect after 50% reinforcement.
Concussive signs and symptoms following head impacts in collegiate athletes

Objective: To evaluate the association between having a previously documented concussion and experiencing concussive signs and symptoms (S&S) following head impacts in collegiate athletes.Methods: Two hundred and one college male football (n = 168) and female women's soccer (n = 33) athletes participated in this retrospective case-control study. Athletes completed a questionnaire and reported if they had been diagnosed with concussion and if they experienced concussive S&S following a head impact during a game or practice in the previous year.Results: Almost 60% (89 of 152) of non-concussed athletes reported experiencing S&S following head impacts in the previous year compared to 80% (39 of 49) of concussed athletes. The Phi coefficient (r = 0.196, p = 0.005) results indicated a significant association between previous history of concussion and the occurrence of S&S following a head impact.Conclusions: A large percentage of non-concussed athletes are experiencing concussive S&S following head impacts duri...