cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Embedded RAIDs-on-chip for bus-based chip-multiprocessors

The dual effects of larger die sizes and technology scaling, combined with aggressive voltage scaling for power reduction, increase the error rates for on-chip memories. Traditional on-chip memory reliability techniques (e.g., ECC) incur significant power and performance overheads. In this article, we propose a low-power-and-performance-overhead Embedded RAID (E-RAID) strategy and present Embedded RAIDs-on-Chip (E-RoC), a distributed dynamically managed reliable memory subsystem for bus-based Chip-Multiprocessors. E-RoC achieves reliability through redundancy by optimizing RAID-like policies tuned for on-chip distributed memories. We achieve on-chip reliability of memories through the use of Distributed Dynamic ScratchPad Allocatable Memories (DSPAMs) and their allocation policies. We exploit aggressive voltage scaling to reduce power consumption overheads due to parallel DSPAM accesses, and rely on the E-RoC Manager to automatically handle any resulting voltage-scaling-induced errors. We demonstrate how E-RAIDs can further enhance the fault tolerance of traditional memory reliability approaches by designing E-RAID levels that exploit ECC. Finally, we show the power and flexibility of the E-RoC concept by showing the benefits of having a heterogeneous E-RAID levels that fit each application's needs (fault tolerance, power/energy, performance). Our experimental results on CHStone/Mediabench II benchmarks show that our E-RAID levels converge to 100p error-free data rates much faster than traditional ECC approaches. Moreover, E-RAID levels that exploit ECC can guarantee 99.9p error-free data rates at ultra low Vdd on average, where as traditional ECC approaches were able to attain at most 99.1p error-free data rates. We observe an average of 22p dynamic power consumption increase by using traditional ECC approaches with respect to the baseline (non-voltage scaled SPMs), whereas our E-RAID levels are able to save dynamic power consumption by an average of 27p (w.r.t. the same non-voltage scaled SPMs baseline), while incurring worst-case 2p higher performance overheads than traditional ECC approaches. By voltage scaling the memories, we see that traditional ECC approaches are able to save static energy by 6.4p (average), where as our E-RAID approaches achieve 23.4p static energy savings (average). Finally, we observe that mixing E-RAID levels allows us to further reduce the dynamic power consumption by up to 55.5p at the cost of an average 5.6p increase in execution time over traditional approaches.
On the distribution of noble gases in Allende: a differential oxidation study

The investigation makes use of an oxidizing technique which is based on methods widely employed in light stable isotope analysis. The utilization of closed-system differential combustion in molecular oxygen in an ultra-high vacuum system on-line with a spectrometer makes it possible to conduct precise abundance and isotopic measurements of all gases released in progressive oxidation and/or thermal outgassing of the host phases. Attention is given to the noble gases mobilized in progressive oxidation of a carbon-rich acid residue and a fine-grained matrix separate. The progressive oxidation of the Allende matrix is discussed. Release occurred over three distinct intervals, characterized by oxidation below 600 C, gas mobilization between 630 and 750 C, and high-temperature diffusive release.
Evidence of recent warming and El Niño-related variations in ice breakup of Wisconsin lakes

Ice breakup dates from 1968 to 1988 were examined for 20 Wisconsin lakes to determine whether consistent interannual and long-term changes exist. Each ice record had a trend toward earlier breakup dates, as demonstrated by a negative slope with time, indicating a recent warming trend. The average change in breakup dates was 0.82 d earlier per year for the lakes in southern Wisconsin, which was more extreme than that for the northern Wisconsin lakes (0.45 d yr -1 ). Interannual variation in breakup dates was related to the warm phase of El Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) episodes. El Nino events occurred five times during this period (1965, 1972, 1976, 1982, and 1986). Average breakup dates were significantly earlier than average (5-14 d) during the mature phase of El Nino. This variability was affected by the location of the lake : El Nino-related variation was more evident for the southern lakes than the northern lakes. This difference was caused by the average date of breakup for the southern lakes being in late March directly following the period when air temperatures were strongly related to El Nino events, whereas the average dates of breakup of the northern lakes was in mid- to late April following a period when air temperatures were not significantly related to El Nifio events. Overall, the interannual and long-term patterns across Wisconsin were relatively consistent, indicating that recent warming and El Nino-related variation are regional climatic responses.
MUTAGENESIS STUDIES OF HUMAN RED OPSIN : TRP-281 IS ESSENTIAL FOR PROPER FOLDING AND PROTEIN-RETINAL INTERACTIONS

Human red and green opsins contain a strikingly large number of tryptophan residues. These tryptophans are highly conserved among all red and green opsins. To investigate possible roles of these tryptophans in folding and structure, we have systematically replaced each tryptophan of human red opsin. When expressed in COS cells, wild-type red opsin undergoes N-linked glycosylation, forms a light-sensitive pigment with absorption maximum at 560 nm upon reconstitution with 11-cis-retinal, and is transported to the plasma membrane. We used the extent of glycosylation, pigment generation, and intracellular localization of mutant red opsins as our criteria for assessing the effect of substitution. Replacement of eight tryptophans, Trp-59, Trp-90, Trp-149, Trp-152, Trp-183, Trp-191, Trp-195, and Trp-243, with Phe or Ala did not affect the wild-type phenotype significantly. However, replacement of Trp-5 and Trp-51 in the putative N-terminal domain and Trp-142, Trp-177, Trp-179, and Trp-281 in the transmembrane domain with Phe had profound effects, indicating that these substitutions affected red opsin folding. Judged by the severity of the effects, we propose that Trp-5, Trp-51, Trp-177, and Trp-281 are important for red opsin folding. Although substitution of Trp-281 with Phe and Cys did not permit normal glycosylation and transport, substitution with Tyr and His permitted these processes but resulted in blue-shifted pigment. Thus, polar aromatics appear to substitute for Trp-281 to allow red opsin folding. The large spectral shift indicates that Trp-281 is essential for the proper interaction of the protein with 11-cis-retinal.
FUNCTIONAL DETERGENT PROBES OF MICELLE STRUCTURE. ABSORPTION, FLUORESCENCE AND QUENCHING MEASUREMENTS

— The absorption and fluorescence spectra of two functional ionic detergents containing an indole chromophore have been studied as micelle probes and have been compared to the corresponding spectra of 1-methylindole. The quenching of the fluorescence of the probes by NO-2 and Co2+ has also been investigated. Based on the results obtained, it is concluded that 1-methylindole is associated with the surface of HDTBr micelles, whereas it is located in the interior of SDS micelles. The chromophore of the indole detergents is considered to be located in the interior of HDTBr and SDS micelles.
Selection for host-finding in Steinernema feltiae

Abstract A hybridized Foundation population of the entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema feltiae was bidirectionally selected for enhanced and diminished host-finding ability. While there was no response to selection for diminished host-finding, 13 rounds of selection for enhancement produced a 20- to 27-fold increase. Moreover, the proportion of infectives initiating positive chemotaxis was increased from less than one-third to more than 80%. Nematodes failing to migrate out of the inoculation zone declined from 33 to 8% after 6 rounds of selection. Relaxation of selection pressure produced a gradual decrease in host-finding. This regression, coupled with the high realized heritability for enhanced host-finding (0.64), suggests that wild-type populations take a passive approach to host-finding. Because for inundative biological control it is desirable that infective stages quickly initiate host-seeking movements, improved host-finding may result in improved field efficacy.
Molecular biology of primary hyperparathyroidism

With the advent of routine serum biochemical analyzers and the availability of inexpensive chemistry panels, the prevalence of primary hyperparathyroidism (HPT) has been estimated to be as high as 1% to 2%, with the majority of cases being asymptomatic. Primary HPT can occur as isolated sporadic disease or associated with heritable genetic disorders. The latter include familial hypocalciuric hyperparathyroidism (FHH), familial isolated HPT, HPT-jaw tumor syndrome (HPT-JT), and the multiple endocrine neoplasia syndromes, MEN 1 and MEN 2A. Aspects of sporadic HPT are indicative of molecular alterations in the tumor cells, such as those induced by exposure to ionizing radiation, a known risk factor for this disease. As described elsewhere in this issue, the most common form of primary HPT is related to the development of a single benign adenoma in an isolated gland, occurring approximately five times more frequently than hyperplastic multiglandular disease. Multiple adenomas and parathyroid carcinomas are clearly much less frequent, and differences in clinical features suggest that multiple molecular abnormalities are responsible for these phenotypes. This article focuses on sporadic and familial primary parathyroid disease, both benign and malignant. As molecular biology and genetic mapping receive wider application to human disease, genetic alterations have been identified with increased frequency in some patients with primary HPT. These alterations have been found in molecules related to cellular signaling and growth (RET protooncogene) and in tumor suppressors that control cell cycle progression and
Digital Media and Emergent Literacy

This article discusses digital media and its potential effects on emergent literacy skills development for young children. While the impact of digital media exposure on children's emergent literacy development is largely unknown, it is becoming a significant issue, as more and more young children throughout the world observe and use various forms of digital media in their preschools, homes, and communities.
Digital Dead End: Fighting for Social Justice in the Information Age

The idea that technology will pave the road to prosperity has been promoted through both boom and bust. Today we are told that universal broadband access, high-tech jobs, and cutting-edge science will pull us out of our current economic downturn and move us toward social and economic equality. In Digital Dead End, Virginia Eubanks argues that to believe this is to engage in a kind of magical thinking: a technological utopia will come about simply because we want it to. This vision of the miraculous power of high-tech development is driven by flawed assumptions about race, class, and gender. The realities of the information age are more complicated, particularly for poor and working-class women and families. For them, information technology can be both a tool of liberation and a means of oppression. But despite the inequities of the high-tech global economy, optimism and innovation flourished when Eubanks worked with a community of resourceful women living at her local YWCA. Eubanks describes a new approach to creating a broadly inclusive and empowering "technology for people," popular technology, which entails shifting the focus from teaching technical skill to nurturing critical technological citizenship, building resources for learning, and fostering social movement. Important Notice: The digital edition of this book is missing some of the images found in the physical edition.
Millennial-scale variability in western tropical Atlantic surface ocean hydrography during the early Pliocene

Abstract We use high-resolution oxygen isotope data (δ18O) from planktonic foraminifera in the western tropical Atlantic Ocean (Ocean Drilling Program Leg 154, Site 925) to investigate millennial-scale climate variability during an interval of relative climate warmth, the early Pliocene. For this purpose, we have chosen a ∼100-kyr-long time interval from 4.13 to 4.24 Ma and subsampled it to obtain an average time step of ∼800 yr. We reconstruct changes in upper ocean hydrography using the δ18O values of Globigerinoides sacculifer, a mixed-layer dweller, and Neogloboquadrina dutertrei, a thermocline dweller. Their oxygen isotopic difference (Δδ18O) is taken as a measure of the mixed layer to thermocline thermal gradient. Time series analysis indicates that significant concentration of variance exists in the G. sacculifer and N. dutertrei at sub-Milankovitch periods of between ∼8 and 4 kyr, and in the Δδ18O record between ∼13 and 8 kyr. Wavelet analysis illustrates that the suborbital variance is only present in the record when the amplitude of the precessional signal is large between 4.24 and 4.20 Ma. In this particular portion of the record, however, we observe positive δ18O excursions in the individual δ18O time series. Thus, the suborbital periods evident in the spectra may reflect harmonics associated with asymmetrical time series. Because the excursions only occur when precession forcing is also strong, we suggest that there is a relationship between the proxy records and climate, although, we cannot conclude that it is cyclical in nature. The Δδ18O record on the other hand is characterized by positive as well as negative excursions. We observe significant concentration of variance close to half precession during the portion of the record when precession forcing is also strong, which we believe reflects a close, although nonlinear, response of the western tropical surface ocean to low-latitude insolation forcing.
A framework to spatially cluster air pollution monitoring sites in US based on the PM2.5 composition

Background Heterogeneity in the response to PM2.5 is hypothesized to be related to differences in particle composition across monitoring sites which reflect differences in source types as well as climatic and topographic conditions impacting different geographic locations. Identifying spatial patterns in particle composition is a multivariate problem that requires novel methodologies.
Protein Transport from the Cytoplasm into the Vacuole

The fungal vacuole is integrally involved in various cellular processes that include protein and organellar degradation and recycling. The ability to sequester numerous hydrolases within the cell makes the hydrolytic capacity of the vacuole critical under certain environmental conditions. Accordingly, cellular constituents destined for degradation are delivered to the vacuole through the secretory pathway, by endocytosis and from the cytoplasm. Different mechanisms have evolved to accommodate these multiple transport pathways. Protein transport from the cytoplasm into the vacuole in particular relies on the dynamic nature of the vacuole membrane. This review describes recent research on this topic from yeast systems and points out the direction of future studies aimed at understanding this complex organelle.
WE‐C‐BRB‐08: Independent Dose Calculation Followed by Dynalog File Analysis as an Alternative for Measurement Based IMRT QA

Purpose: Experimental methods are commonly used for patient‐specific IMRT verification. The aim of this work is to investigate the possibility of substituting the time and labor intensive IMRT QA with calculation based dose verification and log file analysis. Method: 11 IMRT plans (5 head and neck plans, 3 rectum plans, 3 breast plans and 5 prostate plans) made using Pinnacle were recalculated using a QA phantom. All the plans were verified by ICs and 2D MapCheck measurements and compared to the independent dose calculation using Eclipse. The deviations between dosimetric measurements and independent dose calculation in a QA phantom were evaluated. The plans with patient anatomy were imported to Eclipse for 3D dose calculations. The DVHs and point doses calculated by Pinnacle and Eclipse are evaluated for PTV and critical structures. To verify data transfer and performance of the delivery unit dynalog file analysis was performed. Results: Average deviation between IC measurements and point dose calculations with Pinnalce and Eclipse for Head and Neck were 1.1±1.3% and 1.4±1.6%, respectively. For MapCheck measurement, the mean gamma value with 3% dose difference and 3 mm distance‐to‐agreement were within 1.5% for most plans. The mean 3D dose differences calculated from two different treatment systems are with 3 % for Head‐and‐Neck cases and are within 2% for other plans. The dynalog analysis shows that the gantry angle, jaw position, collimator angle and MLC positions have the passing rate of above 97%. The independent dose calculation with the dynalog analysis takes only 37 minutes, while experimental approach, which takes up to 3 hours. Conclusion: Independent dose calculation followed by dynalog file analysis is a reliable tool to verify the IMRT treatment. With the IMRT QA program becoming more mature, independent dose calculations and dynalog analysis may be used to replace experimental based verification methods.
Entorhinal cortex of the human, monkey, and rat: metabolic map as revealed by cytochrome oxidase.

The entorhinal cortex (EC) is a medial temporal lobe area involved in memory consolidation. Results from previous studies suggest that the upper layers of the EC may be organized into anatomical-neurochemical modules associated with pathways through the neuron clusters in layers II and III. To study metabolic patterns in the EC and to look for correlates of the proposed modules, we examined the distribution of cytochrome oxidase (CO) in the human, monkey, and rat EC. CO is a mitochondrial enzyme that has been used to study modules in other cortical areas. In all three species, the neuron clusters in layers II-III were darkly CO-reactive, whereas most of the neuropil between clusters was lightly or moderately CO-reactive. However, some neuropil regions directly adjacent to the neuron clusters were also darkly CO-reactive, especially in the human; these neuropil areas included portions of layers I and II. In tangential sections through layers I-II, the areas of dark staining formed a consistent pattern, comprised of partially interconnected islands and stripes associated with the neuron clusters. In the EC from one human hemisphere, ∼200–250 CO-reactive layer II islands were present. EC layers other than I-III also showed characteristic CO staining intensities, but no evidence of modularity. Our results indicate that CO staining labels distinct compartments related to the neuron clusters in the upper EC layers. We propose that these compartments may represent modules for cortical processing, analogous to the CO-labeled modules in some other areas of cortex. © 1982 Wiley-Liss, Inc. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Autophagy: self-preservation through cannibalism of proteins and organelles.

IN THE LAST DECADE, THE STUDY OF AUTOPHAGY has intensified markedly as evidenced by the number of published articles, 3,762 from 2013 to 2014 compared with 136 from 2003 to 2004, and the advent of a journal entitled Autophagy. The literal translation of “autophagy” emanates from Greek language as “self-eating.” Autophagy is a dynamic, energy-dependent cellular process that responds to stresses with the ultimate purpose of self-preservation. The autophagic process is suited uniquely to the timely identification of surplus, unnecessary, or dysfunctional proteins and organelles; the engulfment and subsequent digestion of these molecules maintains cellular function and recycles reusable cytoplasmic constituents, especially in the form of amino acids. As such, insufficient or defective autophagy accumulates abnormal or dysfunctional proteins and organelles. In agreement with this context, growing evidence demonstrates that a number of diseases are associated directly with impaired autophagy. Notably, neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, infection, aging, and ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury, to name a few, all exhibit its correlation with autophagic defects.1-4 Thus, manipulation of this ubiquitous process may be an avenue for endogenous repair or cleanup of disturbed systems.
A metric and an ordering on sets

Beginning with sets of arbitrary elements, concepts of distance and betweenness of sets are defined. Since betweenness as defined is not transitive, an investigation is made of the conditions which ensure desirable regularity. It is found that a straight line or linear array of sets is a generalization of nested sets (Guttman scales). Close relationships among the notions of distance, betweenness, and linear arrays are demonstrated. Parallel and perpendicular arrays, dimensions, and multidimensional spaces are characterized.
Bullous autoimmune estrogen dermatitis

We report a case of bullous eruption secondary to exogenous estrogen. Histology mimicked erythema multiforme. Lesions cleared with discontinuation of estrogen.
A fuzzy logic based approach for pokayoke stoplight control in unmanned manufacturing cells

Abstract A pokayoke stoplight control (PSC) system is developed using an on-line fuzzy logic based approach. Defect prevention (pokayoke) and stoplight controlling capabilities are critical in unmanned manufacturing cells. Based on statistical process control (SPC) technology, a fuzzy clustering method is used to provide rules for decision making in the manufacturing process. Compared to conventional SPC, the proposed system can be easily adapted to the specific characteristics of a particular machine to continuously assess quality on-line, resulting in flexible and controllable operations that reduce costs in the long run and produce better quality products.
Balloon angioplasty of aortocoronary saphenous vein bypass grafts: A histopathologic study of six grafts from five patients, with emphasis on restenosis and embolic complications

Among 103 patients undergoing percutaneous transluminal balloon angioplasty of obstructed aortocoronary saphenous vein bypass grafts at the Mayo Clinic, six grafts from 5 patients were available for histopathologic examination. The interval from graft insertion to angioplasty ranged from 5 to 105 months and that from angioplasty to graft excision ranged from 6 h to 24 months. Angioplasty produced intimai fissures in three grafts initially obstructed by intimai fibromuscular proliferation. Healing and restenosis resulted from filling of lacerations with fibrocellular tissue and apparently also from restitution of muscular tone. In two of three grafts initially narrowed by atherosclerosis, balloon angioplasty caused extensive plaque rupture and restenosis resulted from extrusion of plaque debris and secondary luminal thrombosis. In the third graft, angioplasty produced no distinct lesions and late restenosis was due to progressive atherosclerosis of the vein graft. Atheroembolization was observed in both patients with plaque rupture and was associated with reoperation in one and death in the other. In conclusion, the results derived from six saphenous vein bypass grafts subjected to balloon angioplasty indicate that restenosis may result from intimai fibrocellular proliferation, thrombosis, restitution of muscular tone and progressive atherosclerosis. Symptomatic atheroembolization may occur in grafts >1 year old.
The existence of the self before God in Kierkegaard's The Sickness unto Death

Kierkegaard presente la nature ontologique de l'ego de maniere provocante. L'ego est envisage comme intrinsequement lie a Dieu; cette relation essentielle se retrouve dans toutes les dimensions de la constitution multi-relationnelle de l'ego. La relation de l'ego a Dieu est fondamentale pour l'etre de l'ego et pour son existence en tant qu'il agit librement et consciemment. L'A. tente d'eclairer l'expose kierkegaardien de cette profonde relation et de reflechir sur les possibilites dialectiques de cette conception
Growth of parainfluenza virus 1 in isolated perfused rat lungs.

SummaryIsolated, homolateral lungs of cesarean-derived barrier-sustained rats were maintained by a vascular perfusion with oxygenated tissue culture medium and supported the growth of the Sendai strain of parainfluenza type 1 virus.Production of hemagglutinin by perfused lungs was greater than production by comparable quantities of sliced lung maintained in oxygenated perfusion medium. Homolateral lungs were required for controlled experiments of hemagglutinin production in perfused lungs. Pulsatile flow of perfusion fluid led to production of higher titers of hemagglutinin than flow at a constant rate. No differences were found when 5% CO2/95% O2 was compared with 5% CO2/95% air and increase in virus production was not noted with several variations of the perfused medium.
Spatiotemporal Characteristics of Junctional and Nonjunctional Focal Ca2+ Release in Rat Atrial Myocytes

Atrial myocytes have two functionally separate Ca2+ release sites: those in peripheral sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) adjacent to the Ca2+ channels of surface membrane and those in central SR not associated with Ca2+ channels. Recently, we have reported on the gating of these two different Ca2+ release sites by Ca2+ current. In the present study, we report on the spatiotemporal properties of focal Ca2+ releases (sparks) occurring spontaneously in central and peripheral sites of voltage-clamped rat atrial myocytes, using rapid 2-dimensional (2-D) confocal Ca2+ imaging. Peripheral and central sparks were similar in size and release time (approximately 300 000 Ca2+ ions for congruent with 12 ms), but significantly larger and longer than ventricular sparks. Both sites were resistant to Cd2+ and inhibited by ryanodine. Peripheral sparks were brighter and flattened against surface membrane, had approximately 5-fold higher frequency, approximately 2 times faster diffusion coefficient, and dissipated abruptly. Central sparks, in contrast, occurred less frequently, were elongated along the cellular longitudinal axis, and dissipated slowly. Compound sparks (composed of 2 to 5 unitary focal releases) aligned longitudinally and occurred more frequently at the center. The diversity of peripheral and central sparks with respect to shape, frequency, and speed of spatial development and decay is consistent with regional ultrastructural heterogeneity of SR. The retarded dissipation of central atrial sparks, and high prevalence of compound sparks in cell center may be critical in facilitating the propagation of Ca2+ waves in atrial myocytes lacking t-tubular system and provide the atrial myocytes with functional Ca2+ signaling diversity. The full text of this article is available at http://www.circresaha.org.
Antecedents to the Justification of Norm Violating Behavior Among Business Practitioners

This study investigates the role that moral identity, religiosity, and the institutionalization of ethics play in determining the extent of justification of norm violating behavior among business practitioners. Moral justification is where a person, rather than assuming responsibility for an outcome, attempts to legitimize ethically questionable behavior. Results of the study indicate that both the internalization and symbolization dimensions of moral identity as well as intrinsic religiosity and the explicit institutionalization of ethics within the organization are significant determinants of the moral justification of unethical behaviors.
Participatory system dynamics modeling for sustainable environmental management: Observations from four cases

Sustainable environmental management requires a decision support approach that accounts for dynamic connections between social and ecological systems, integrates stakeholder deliberation with scientific analysis, incorporates diverse stakeholder knowledge, and fosters relationships among stakeholders that can accommodate changing information and changing social and environmental conditions. Participatory system dynamics modeling provides such a framework. It supports stakeholder learning about the system and the perspectives of other stakeholders, and can help build social capital among stakeholders. Four cases of participatory system dynamics modeling, which range from no to full participant involvement in model development, support the idea that greater social capital development results from greater participation in model development, but also suggest that even the simplest use of simulation models in a group fosters stakeholder learning about the system through surprise and discovery. To maximize the learning value of simulation models, it is important to allow enough time for debriefing the ―aha!‖ moments that lead to curiosity about system behavior. To maximize social capital development, it is important to build enough time into the problem structuring and model conceptualization phases for stakeholders to articulate their mental models and examine those of other participants.
Evidence for increased and insulin-resistant lipolysis in skeletal muscle of high-fat-fed rats

The metabolic and isotopic profiles of glycerol in skeletal muscle were examined using awake, fasted lean and high-fat-induced obese rats, and hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp was performed to assess the effect of insulin. During the clamp, Intralipid (no heparin; Fresnius Kabi Clayton, Clayton, NC), free fatty acids, glycerol, and glucose were coinfused to maintain their respective basal plasma levels in both groups. At steady-state, [U-(14)C]glycerol was infused intravenously for 120 minutes followed by muscle biopsy. The classical phenotypic characteristics of obesity, namely, reduced insulin-stimulated glucose uptake, a failure to suppress systemic lipolysis by insulin, and elevated plasma fatty acid concentration, were observed in the obese rats. Novel observations showed that in the basal state, the isotopic specific activity (S.A.) of glycerol (dpm/nmol) in gastrocnemius (0.03 v 0.12), soleus (0.05 v 0.12), and tibialis anterior (0.03 v 0.12) was significantly lower (all P <.003) in obese than in lean rats despite similar concentrations, indicating an active basal intramyocellular lipolysis. In addition, the lipolysis appeared resistant to insulin because the suppression of muscle glycerol during the clamp was 8%, 12%, and 8% in obese compared to 67%, 71%, and 63% in the lean control for gastrocnemius (P =.001), soleus (P =.007), and tibialis anterior (P =.004), respectively. The active intracellular lipolysis likely disturbs metabolic functions that may contribute to insulin resistance.
In-flight validation and recovery of water surface temperature with Landsat-5 thermal infrared data using an automated high-altitude lake validation site at Lake Tahoe

The absolute radiometric accuracy of the thermal infrared band (B6) of the Thematic Mapper (TM) instrument on the Landsat-5 (L5) satellite was assessed over a period of approximately four years using data from the Lake Tahoe automated validation site (California-Nevada). The Lake Tahoe site was established in July 1999, and measurements of the skin and bulk temperature have been made approximately every 2 min from four permanently moored buoys since mid-1999. Assessment involved using a radiative transfer model to propagate surface skin temperature measurements made at the time of the L5 overpass to predict the at-sensor radiance. The predicted radiance was then convolved with the L5B6 system response function to obtain the predicted L5B6 radiance, which was then compared with the radiance measured by L5B6. Twenty-four cloud-free scenes acquired between 1999 and 2003 were used in the analysis with scene temperatures ranging between 4/spl deg/C and 22/spl deg/C. The results indicate L5B6 had a radiance bias of 2.5% (1.6/spl deg/C) in late 1999, which gradually decreased to 0.8% (0.5/spl deg/C) in mid-2002. Since that time, the bias has remained positive (predicted minus measured) and between 0.3% (0.2/spl deg/C) and 1.4% (0.9/spl deg/C). The cause for the cold bias (L5 radiances are lower than expected) is unresolved, but likely related to changes in instrument temperature associated with changes in instrument usage. The in situ data were then used to develop algorithms to recover the skin and bulk temperature of the water by regressing the L5B6 radiance and the National Center for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) total column water data to either the skin or bulk temperature. Use of the NCEP data provides an alternative approach to the split-window approach used with instruments that have two thermal infrared bands. The results indicate the surface skin and bulk temperature can be recovered with a standard error of 0.6/spl deg/C. This error is larger than errors obtained with other instruments due, in part, to the calibration bias. L5 provides the only long-duration high spatial resolution thermal infrared measurements of the land surface. If these data are to be used effectively in studies designed to monitor change, it is essential to continue to monitor instrument performance in-flight and develop quantitative algorithms for recovering surface temperature.
The in-vivo effect of Lithospermum ruderale on LHRH activity in the chick

Lithospermum (LSPM) plant extracts can inhibit gonadotropin action in mammals and birds. The experiments reported in this paper were performed to note the possible effect of LSPM on the ability of LHRH to stimulate 32P testis uptake in immature chicks. LHRH injected 2 h before autopsy significantly increased 32P uptake in these animals. Water extracts of Lithospermum ruderale roots were administered subcutaneously at various concentrations and times before LHRH. LSPM injections of 2.0, 4.0, or 8.0 mg equivalents of dried material given 10 h before LHRH significantly suppressed the releasing hormone effect. 4.0 mg LSPM was not inhibitory at 16, 22, 38 or 46 h before LHRH. Interestingly, LHRH had a greater effect, as measured by 32P testis uptake, when given to these latter 3 groups then when given to controls. This suggests that LSPM may have prevented the release but not the synthesis of anterior pituitary gonadotropins.
Optimization and tradeoff analysis of two-way limited feedback beamforming systems

In a two-way system where two users transmit data to each other, limited feedback beamforming is a simple method to supply channel state information to the transmitter (CSIT) for a multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) system when channel reciprocity is unavailable. For analytical tractability, most existing papers assume the existence of an ideal fixed-rate feedback channel to assist the transmitter to adapt to instantaneous channel conditions. The relationship between the feedback rate and data rate is typically analyzed in a unidirectional manner. In reality, judicious resource allocation to transmitting feedback and data leads to a tradeoff between the effective forward and reverse data rates. In this paper, we represent the achievable rate by effective SNRs, and we present a framework to analyze the tradeoff. We find that the forward and reverse rate tradeoff can be decomposed into two local tradeoffs, resulting from the resource allocation policy of each user. The local tradeoff region for each user is found in closed-form, whereas the overall tradeoff region is approximated for the special case when the two users have equal hardware configurations.
An Islanding Detection Method for Grid-Connected Inverter of Distributed Renewable Generation System

This study proposes an islanding detection method for use of grid-connected inverter of distributed renewable generation system. The proposed method is based on two indices: the rate of change of voltage (ROCOV) and the rate of change of frequency (ROCOF). When an inverter is grid-connected, the ROCOV and ROCOF are lower than the threshold values. In contrast, as an islanding occurs, the ROCOV or ROCOF becomes much higher than the threshold values. Detection systems monitor the terminal voltage at the grid-connected point to calculate ROCOV and ROCOF, and issue an operating signal when the value and duration of ROCOV or ROCOF exceed a given threshold. In this study, experiments are conducted to illustrate the principles of the proposed technique for a prototype grid-connected inverter. The test results show that the proposed method is reliable, economical, and easy to implement for islanding detection of grid-connected inverter.
Boosting for Regression Transfer

The goal of transfer learning is to improve the learning of a new target concept given knowledge of related source concept(s). We introduce the first boosting-based algorithms for transfer learning that apply to regression tasks. First, we describe two existing classification transfer algorithms, ExpBoost and TrAdaBoost, and show how they can be modified for regression. We then introduce extensions of these algorithms that improve performance significantly on controlled experiments in a wide range of test domains.
A least-squares approach to mass transport calculations using the isocon method

A statistically rigorous approach based on the isocon method (Grant, 1986) to evaluate mass transport is presented. Chemical analyses of multiple samples of unaltered (parent) and altered rock are used to calculate the average oxide or element concentration and its standard deviation for each rock population. In a typical application, the uncertainties in element concentration associated with the lack of homogeneity in each population outweigh the analytical uncertainty. An efficient algorithm is presented to select the immobile elements by identifying the maximum number of elements that are, within their uncertainties, compatible with the same isocon. The actual isocon is constructed by forcing a line through the origin and optimizing its slope using a weighted least-squares procedure for the selected immobile elements. Thus, individual uncertainties for each immobile element are taken into account. As an illustration, the procedure is applied to a published set of data on potassic and sericitic alterations of quartz monzonite of the Bingham porphyry copper system. The surprising result indicates that the apparent increase of potassic alteration phases is a consequence of acid leaching of calcium and sodium. No mass transport of potassium is indicated. Silica, water, and sulfur were added during alteration. The best fit isocon requires a small mass increase during each alteration process which, however, is within the uncertainty obtained for the slope of the isocon. A software package is available from the authors in the form of a FORTRAN 77 source code.
From Large Scale Image Categorization to Entry-Level Categories

Entry level categories - the labels people will use to name an object - were originally defined and studied by psychologists in the 1980s. In this paper we study entry-level categories at a large scale and learn the first models for predicting entry-level categories for images. Our models combine visual recognition predictions with proxies for word "naturalness" mined from the enormous amounts of text on the web. We demonstrate the usefulness of our models for predicting nouns (entry-level words) associated with images by people. We also learn mappings between concepts predicted by existing visual recognition systems and entry-level concepts that could be useful for improving human-focused applications such as natural language image description or retrieval.
Binding of spectrin to hereditary spherocyte membranes

Abstract The structural instability of red cells from hereditary spherocytic patients suggests that the primary molecular alteration in this disorder resides in the spectrin membrane skeleton, a macromolecular structure thought to control red cell shape. In this study, the protein composition of HS red cell ghosts, spectrin-depleted inverted vesicles, and spectrin heterodimers was quantitatively normal in 9 HS patients from 3 unrelated families. The binding of 32P-spectrin heterodimers to spectrin-depleted inverted vesicles (physiological ionic strength, pH 7.5, 4°C) indicated a KD of 18.6 ± 2.0 n m (mean ± s.e. ) and a maximal binding capacity of 98 ± 7 μg of spectrin bound/mg of inverted vesicle protein for 9 HS patients, and 18.3 ± 1.8 n m and 116 ± 8 μg spectrin/mg of inverted vesicle protein in 9 paired normal controls. Therefore the binding of spectrin to the syndeins (Bands 2.1 → 2.6) its high affinity membrane binding site, is unaltered in hereditary spherocytosis.
Improved Algorithms for Routing on Two-Dimensional Grids

This paper addresses the problem of routing two-terminal nets in a two-dimensional N × N grid so as to minimize the channel width needed to accommodate the wires. We pay particular attention to routing problems where each wire connects terminals that are distance at most k apart in the grid and where each wire is allowed to have at most b bends. (Typically, k and b are small constants, but they can also represent arbitrary functions of N). Among other things, we describe a fast algorithm for producing a two-bend routing using channels of width at most k + 1, which is within one of the obvious worst-case lower bound. In addition, we show that the value W1−LP of the linear programming relaxation provides a good lower bound on the maximum channel width for a one-bend routing, and we describe a polynomial-time approximation algorithm to find routings with maximum channel width of W1−LP+O(log2k).
Efficiently using invariant theory for model-based matching

A method is presented for efficiently maintaining and searching a database of three-dimensional models so they can be reliably recognized from arbitrary two-dimensional projections in the presence of noise and occlusion. The core of the process is the topologically defined network of invariants which breaks three-dimensional models down into small, local groups of features and indexes these groups using functions that are invariant under translation, rotation, scaling, and orthographic projection. The network encodes the geometrical relationships between these groups so that grouping information can be used to increase the speed of matching. >
Frequency of aspirin resistance in patients with congestive heart failure treated with antecedent aspirin

Thromboembolism is a common complication of congestive heart failure (CHF) with an estimated frequency of 2%/year. 1 Beta thrombogloublin, platelet factor 4, P-selectin, platelet/endothelial cell adhesion molecule, and other platelet markers are elevated in patients with CHF, 2– 6 suggesting that platelet activation contributes to thromboembolic outcomes. Although aspirin is frequently administered to patients with CHF, particularly when the etiology is ischemic, the antiplatelet effect of aspirin in this population has not been carefully examined. We studied platelet function in 88 patients with documented CHF using a variety of techniques including conventional aggregometry (plasma and whole blood), shear stressinduced activation using the platelet function analyzer (PFA-100, Dade Behring, Inc., Miami, Florida), and the expression of major surface receptors using fl ow cytometry.  The study was approved by the Western Investigational Review Board (Olympia, Washington, protocol number 1229 WIRB) and performed in outpatient cardiology clinics. Written informed consent was obtained from all patients. The study population consisted of 88 outpatients with documented evidence of CHF (left ventricular ejection fraction 40% and New York Heart Association class II to IV symptoms) who had been treated with aspirin 325 mg/day for 1 month. No patient received thienopyridines, glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors, or anticoagulant drugs. Blood samples were obtained with a 19-gauge needle by venipuncture and drawn into two 7-ml vacutainer tubes at room temperature containing 3.8% trisodium citrate. The vacutainer tube was fi lled to capacity and gently inverted 3 to 5 times to ensure complete mixing of the anticoagulant. The bloodcitrate mixture was centrifuged at 1,200 g for 2.5 minutes. The resulting platelet-rich plasma was kept at room temperature for use within 1 hour. The platelet count was determined in the plasma sample and adjusted to 3.5 10 8 /ml with homologous platelet-poor plasma. Platelets were stimulated with 5 M of adenosine diphosphate (ADP), 1 g/ml of collagen, or 5 M of epinephrine, and aggregation was assessed using a Chronolog Lumi-Aggregometer (model 560Ca, Chronolog, Inc., Hawerton, Pennsylvania) with the AggroLink software package (Chronolog Corporation, Hawerton, Pennsylvania). Aggregation was expressed as the maximal percent change in light transmittance from baseline, using platelet-poor plasma as a reference. Whole blood aggregation was determined using the Chronolog device. The whole blood-citrate mixture was diluted 1:1 with a 0.5 ml phosphate-buffered saline solution and gently swirled. The sample was warmed to 37°C for 5 minutes and then transferred to the assay well. Next, the electrode was placed in the cuvette and the sample stimulated with 4 g/ml of collagen. The change in electrical impedence was recorded as previously described. 7 Platelet receptor expression was assessed by fl ow cytometry using monoclonal antibodies to the following antigens: CD41 (glycoprotein [GP] IIb/IIIa, II
Quantitative Variation in Chemical Defense Within and Among Subgenera of Cicindela

The pygidial secretions of more than 40 species of adult Cicindela were quantitatively assayed by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry for the presence of benzaldehyde, the major defensive compound of cicindelids. All species showed evidence of benzaldehyde secretion, with the range in benzaldehyde spanning three orders of magnitude. Subgenera, species, and subspecies all accounted for a significant portion of the total variation in benzaldehyde secretion, while populations within subspecies sampled at different localities did not vary significantly; thus phylogenetic analyses of benzaldehyde secretion within and among both species and subgenera would be appropriate. The evidence suggests that a single origin of the pathway producing benzaldehyde occurred in the ancestors of Cicindela spp. and that differences among taxa in the amount of benzaldehyde secreted are the result of changes in that pathway's regulation.
Prognostic Factors in Patients Treated with 223Ra: The Role of Skeletal Tumor Burden on Baseline 18F-Fluoride PET/CT in Predicting Overall Survival

The purpose of this study was to evaluate outcome after 223Ra dichloride therapy (223Ra) and to determine whether skeletal tumor burden on whole-body 18F-fluoride PET/CT can be used as a predictive biomarker of survival in patients treated with 223Ra. Methods: Forty-two patients with hormone-refractory prostate cancer underwent 223Ra and a baseline fluoride PET/CT scan. Fluoride PET/CT parameters were generated, including maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax) of the hottest lesion (hSUVmax), average SUV of disease (Mean10), and skeletal tumor burden indices of total fluoride skeletal metastatic lesion uptake (TLF10) and total volume of fluoride avid bone metastases (FTV10). Overall survival (OS) was the primary endpoint. Secondary endpoints were progression-free survival and skeletal-related event (SRE). Results: Skeletal tumor burden indices (TLF10 and FTV10) derived from fluoride PET/CT at baseline were highly correlated and significant independent predictors of OS (P = 0.0212; hazard ratio = 5.990; 95% confidence interval = 1.306–27.475). A TLF10 cutoff value of 8,000 discriminated survivors from nonsurvivors after 223Ra (with TLF10 values 8,000, the median OS was 6.67 mo). Visual analysis, Mean10, and hSUVmax were not predictors of OS or progression-free survival. Mean10 was found to be a significant univariate predictor of the odds of having an SRE (P = 0.0445; odds ratio = 1.30; 95% confidence interval = 1.006–1.681), with a Mean10 greater than 19 increasing the risk of SRE. Conclusion: Skeletal tumor burden on baseline fluoride PET/CT is a predictive biomarker of OS and the risk of an SRE in patients treated with 223Ra.