cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Some Experimental Applications of Aneuploidy in Nicotiana

Although chromosomal deviants of all types occur sporadically in Nicotiana, our experimental procedures, for reasons of expediency, have largely dealt with monosomics and polyploids. In the former, studies have usually been concerned with problems of a fundamental nature, but there have been practical implications as well. The monosomic collection was developed over a period of about twenty years, almost entirely through the painstaking efforts of the late Roy E. Clausen. Some monosomics arose spontaneously, in the progeny of other monosomics as a rule, some were obtained by hybridising N. tabacum (tbc) and N. sylvestris (slv) followed by backcrossing, and one was derived by the use of the genically controlled asynaptic condition. This last method would have been more useful, no doubt, had it not been for the dearth of suitable markers in our stocks. For many years we have propagated 24 monosomic lines, corresponding to the haploid complement of tbc, but as we shall see, there are still some complications that require explanation. I propose to discuss some of the features associated with monosomic analysis, as well as developments resulting from other aspects of aneuploidy.
Counseling Students' Technological Competence

Technology has a profound influence on how business, education, entertainment, and interpersonal communications are conducted. Mental health professionals have been exploring how technology can support and enhance client care since the 1960s. In the last decade the influence of technology in the practice of counseling has increased dramatically. As the use of technology increased, so did the expectations for counselor preparation programs to include technology instruction. In 1999, the Association for Counselor Education and Supervision (ACES) developed the Technical Competencies for Counselor Education Students: Recommended Guidelines for Program Development. This study examines the technological competence of counseling students at one southwestern university based on the ACES recommendations.
Retention: are students good predictors? [engineering education]

The retention rates of engineering students, in general, are much lower than they should be. Of particular concern is the fact that women and underrepresented minorities are not only recruited in small numbers, but their retention rates are also low. Research has shown that there are many actions that can be done to help retain students. In order to better understand students and to design intervention programs that would improve their retention, the authors surveyed students enrolled in the ECE 100 class (Introduction to Engineering Design) at the end of the Fall 95 semester. The survey requested demographic data, reasons why engineering was chosen, recruitment participation and evaluation, and predictions about the student's academic future and success. College of Engineering and Applied Sciences (CEAS), Arizona State University, USA, students were asked to give their best guess about their chances of graduating from the CEAS and of failing one or more classes. The results of the survey showed that students were quite good at predicting that they would likely be leaving the CEAS and whether they would fail at least one course. Men were more confident of graduating from CEAS than women.
Callose in Biotic Stress (Pathogenesis): Biology, biochemistry and molecular biology of callose in plant defence: callose deposition and turnover in plant–pathogen interactions

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on callose deposition by plants in response to pathogen attack. The deposition of the linear (1,3)-β-glucan callose is involved in several fundamental processes of plant development. However, particular attention has been focused on the formation of callose-containing papillae (cell wall thickenings of plants) in response to microbial attack. Papillae are not regarded as a defense response that can completely stop pathogens, rather they are thought to act as a physical barrier to slow pathogen invasion. However, callose-rich papillae are deposited at sites of penetration whether or not penetration is successful and the pathogen gains entry into the host cells, bringing into question the importance of papillae in plant defenses. Arabidopsis thaliana is one of the best studied models for plant defense responses. Mutants of this plant lacking callose-rich papillae revealed a potential function for callose in modulating signaling via the salicylic acid pathway. Mechanisms regulating callose synthesis are largely unknown, and most data about regulation of callose synthesis are based on correlations rather than direct evidence.
Thyroid Nodules and Cancer Risk

Patients with thyroid nodules are selected for thyroidectomy if they have been diagnosed with cancer or are at risk of cancer, experience related symptoms, or have cosmetic abnormalities. As about 4% of the US population has thyroid nodules (determined by the Framingham studies), and yet only 40 patients per million have clinical thyroid cancer, a selective approach must be used to determine who will benefit from thyroidectomy (1). Factors that increase the risk that a thyroid nodule may be cancerous are listed in Table 1.
Do Spermatogonial Stem Cells Have A Circadian Rhythm

. Mitotic index was determined in whole mounts of segments of seminiferous tubules of (101 × C3Hf)F1 male mice at 3 hr intervals from 18.00 to 06.00 hours, and at hourly intervals from 08.00 to 16.00 hours. the highest frequency of metaphase-anaphase figures occurred at 10.00 and 11.00 hours, but was not significantly higher than for other times. Injection of 25 μCi 3H-TdR per mouse, followed 24 hr later by exposure to 300 rad X-rays and killing 207 hr after labelling was used to test for circadian rhythm in DNA synthetic activity of the long-cycling A, spermatogonia. No significant effect of time of day was observed. Likewise, the number of undifferentiated spermatogonia scored 183 hr after 300 rad showed no effect of time of day. the testis therefore appears to have no circadian rhythm in mitotic activity. Stage of the cycle of the seminiferous epithelium, however, showed a significant effect on mitotic index of As spermatogonia and on DNA synthetic activity of undifferentiated spermatogonia. These data are compared with those for other organisms and tissues in respect to which properties of stem cells are general for all organisms and tissues and which are specific for spermatogonia.
Muscle-Sparing Posterolateral Thoracotomy

We have developed a technique for posterolateral thoracotomy that allows adequate exposure for most thoracic operations, yet spares both the latissimus dorsi and serratus anterior muscles. Postoperative pain is decreased, functional recovery is improved, and patients can frequently be discharged earlier from the hospital. Although the time for opening is slightly prolonged, closing time is less and the incision can easily be converted to the standard muscle-splitting approach if more room is required.
Near‐Infrared Galaxy Morphology Atlas

We present a representative sample of near-infrared (1-2 mu m) images spanning the Hubble galaxy morphology classification sequence. The images come from the Two Micron All Sky Survey, with a range in brightness of 7 mag , K-s , 13.5 mag, and the morphological classifications from the NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database.
Non-Invertible Watermarking Methods For MPEG Encoded Audio

Nowadays the multimedia technology in distributed environments becomes realistic and the multimedia copyright protection issue becomes more and more important. Various digital watermarking techniques have been proposed in recent years as the methods to protect the copyright of multimedia data. Although, conceptually, these techniques can be easily extended for protecting digital audio data, it is challenging to apply these techniques to MPEG Audio streams because we need to design the watermarking schemes working directly in the compressed data domain. In this paper, we present two watermarking methods which will embed the watermark directly into the MPEG audio bit streams. Among the two presented schemes, the first one embeds the watermark into the Scale Factors of the MPEG audio streams, and the second one embeds the watermark into the MPEG encoded samples. The first watermarking procedure embeds the watermark to the scale factors of the encoded audio streams. In MPEG audio standard, each scale factor takes 6 bits, therefore, we have as many as 63 levels of scale factors indexed from 0 to 62 (level 63 is not used by MPEG standard). Tests show that when the scale factor is increased by 1 level (index decrease by 1) or decreased by 1 (or multiple levels), there is no significant audio distortion. We can use this observation for watermarking process. The second watermarking procedure adds the watermark (-1/1 bit sequence) to the encoded sample sequence. However, modification of these encoded samples must be performed very carefully due to the perceptual sensitivity of the human ear towards changes in audio data. Tests show that, if we change every encoded sample by either adding 1 or -1, the distortion of the resulting audio is easily detected by human ear and the watermarked audio is not acceptable. To solve this problem, we introduce a spacing parameter which reduces the number of samples to be watermarked. Users can adaptively choose different spacing parameter for different audio streams. By choosing a good spacing parameter, the distortion can be minimized. In order to design a non-invertible MPEG audio watermarking schemes, the watermark construction is also important. In our schemes, the watermark is created by first applying the standard encryption function DES to the original MPEG audio byte sequence and then simply converting all even numbers to -1''s and all odd numbers to 1''s. It can be showed that the non-invertibility property can be achieved by this watermark construction enforcement. Our experimental tests show that both methods minimize the distortion and provide good audio quality for various types of audio streams. Although we use MPEG Audio Layer II streams in our experimental tests, both of the proposed schemes can be applied to MPEG Audio Layer I streams and Layer III streams.
Circumferential cervical surgery for spondylostenosis with kyphosis in two patients with athetoid cerebral palsy.

BACKGROUND Patients with athetoid cerebral palsy may develop severe degenerative changes in the cervical spine decades earlier than their normal counterparts due to abnormal cervical motion. METHODS Two patients, 48 and 52 years of age, presented with moderate to severe myelopathy (Nurick Grades IV and V). MR and 3-dimensional CT studies demonstrated severe spondylostenosis with kyphosis in both patients. This necessitated multilevel anterior corpectomy with fusion (C2-C7, C3-C7) using fibula and iliac crest autograft and Orion plating, followed by posterior wiring, fusion using Songer cables, and halo placement. RESULTS Postoperatively, both patients improved, demonstrating only mild or mild to moderate (Nurick Grades II and III) residual myelopathy. Although both fused posteriorly within 3.5 months, the patient with the fibula graft developed a fracture of the anterior C7 body with mild anterior graft migration, and inferior plate extrusion into the C7-T1 interspace. However, because he has remained asymptomatic for 9 months postoperatively, without dysphagia, removal of the plate has not yet been necessary. CONCLUSIONS Patients with athetoid cerebral palsy should undergo early prospective cervical evaluations looking for impending cord compromise. When surgery is indicated, circumferential surgery offers the maximal degree of cord decompression and stabilization with the highest rate of fusion.
Regulation of IRS1/Akt insulin signaling by microRNA-128a during myogenesis

Skeletal muscle possesses a strong ability to regenerate following injury, a fact that has been largely attributed to satellite cells. Satellite cells are skeletal muscle stem cells located beneath the basal lamina of the myofiber, and are the principal cellular source of growth and regeneration in skeletal muscle. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play key roles in modulating several cellular processes by targeting multiple mRNAs that comprise a single or multiple signaling pathway. Several miRNAs have been shown to regulate satellite cell activity, such as miRNA-489, which functions to maintain satellite cells in a quiescent state. Although muscle-specific miRNAs have been identified, many of the molecular mechanisms that regulate myogenesis that are regulated by miRNAs still remain unknown. In this study, we have shown that miR-128a is highly expressed in brain and skeletal muscle, and increases during myoblast differentiation. MiR-128a was found to regulate the target genes involved in insulin signaling, which include Insr (insulin receptor), Irs1 (insulin receptor substrate 1) and Pik3r1 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases regulatory 1) at both the mRNA and protein level. Overexpression of miR-128a in myoblasts inhibited cell proliferation by targeting IRS1. By contrast, inhibition of miR-128a induced myotube maturation and myofiber hypertrophy in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, our results demonstrate that miR-128a expression levels are negatively controlled by tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α). TNF-α promoted myoblast proliferation and myotube hypertrophy by facilitating IRS1/Akt signaling via a direct decrease of miR-128a expression in both myoblasts and myotubes. In summary, we demonstrate that miR-128a regulates myoblast proliferation and myotube hypertrophy, and provides a novel mechanism through which IRS1-dependent insulin signaling is regulated in skeletal muscle.
The importance of strategic readiness in an emerging e‐government environment

Purpose – The purpose of the study is to examine how information technology, strategic planning processes, and people interact in an emerging e‐government environment.Design/methodology/approach – A discriminant model was developed to test the ability to distinguish between the perceptions of high and low importance of six major e‐government functions as a function of a four‐item strategic e‐government readiness scale. An empirical study of a municipal government supported the discriminant model.Findings – Government agencies must evaluate how strategic e‐government plans are developed, communicated, and integrated into the work environment. Without the proper understanding of the importance of e‐government initiatives, employees do not place high value on e‐government initiatives.Research limitations/impli‘cations – This study focuses on one group of stakeholders, employees. Future studies might consider other interested parties, like citizens, business partners, and other government organizations. Futur...
The Escalation Phenomenon Reconsidered: Decision Dilemmas or Decision Errors?

Previous studies and theoretical work suggest that the “escalation phenomenon” represents a syndrome of decision errors which tend to lock decision makers into a course of action. This paper develops an alternative model which implies that earlier studies may have observed decisions to recommit resources resulting from difficult dilemmas rather than a behavioral tendency to “throw good money after bad.”
Closed-form solutions for a class of linear time-varying systems

A method is presented for finding closed-form solutions for a class of linear time-varying systems. The method results from performing a time-varying linear transformation on the original system and adjoining a differential equation constraint. A set of underdetermined auxiliary equations (i.e., more unknowns than equations) must be solved. An example is given to show the usefulness of the method.
Cancellous bone marrow grafts in irradiated dog and monkey mandibles

Abstract A study was conducted of the osteogenic potential of autogenous cancellous bone marrow grafts placed in irradiated tissue sites. Five dogs and three monkeys received either 4,100 or 6,520 rads of cobalt-60 irradiation. Postirradiation discontinuity defects were created surgically and restored with autogenous bone supported in position by a titanium mesh basket. Bony union occurred in all the mandibles. Soft-tissue dehiscence was common.
Quantitation of oxidation of medium-chain triglycerides in preterm infants.

ABSTRACT: Medium-chain triglycerides, with a chain length of eight and 10 carbon atoms, form up to 50% of the total fat content in some preterm infant formulas. In 20 small preterm infants (birthwt: 1153 ± 227 g; mean ± SD) fed a special formula containing 40% MCT, a primed constant oral infusion study of l-13C-potassium octanoate was conducted to quantify the oxidation of MCT. A plateau in 13C enrichment in breath CO2 was reached in all patients within 1-3 h. Simultaneously, substrate utilization was measured using a closed system indirect calorimeter. No significant difference was found between appropriate for gestational age (»=8) and small for gestational age (»=12) infants in the percentage of the administered tracer that was oxidized (44.9 ± 9.1% versus 48.5 ± 11.0%). In all patients, the recovery was calculated to be 47.1 ± 10.2%, which is less than previously estimated and corresponds to a mean MCT oxidation of 1.26 ± 0.27 g/kg/d. With indirect calorimetry, a total fat oxidation of 1.42 ± 0.84 g/kg/d in appropriate for gestational age and 2.00 ± 0.85 g/kg/d in small for gestational age infants was found, indicating that MCT accounted for around 85% of the total fat oxidation in appropriate for gestational age versus 65% in small for gestational age infants
The combined effect of 5-fluorocytosine and amphotericin B in the therapy of murine cryptococcosis.

Summary5-Fluorocytosine and amphotericin B were demonstrated to be at least additive in the therapy of murine cryptococcosis. The mechanism for this effect is not known. However, AmB seemed to inhibit the in vivo development of 5-FC resistance among C. neoformans in our model. These results raise the possibility that combined-drug therapy might reduce AmB toxicity and/or the appearance of 5-FC resistant cryptococci without compromising therapeutic efficacy in cryptococcal disease.We are greatly indebted to Dr. David W. Alling for constant and invaluable advice on the mathematical problems of experimental design and data analysis.
RAS Mutations and Oncogenesis: Not all RAS Mutations are Created Equally

Mutation in RAS proteins is one of the most common genetic alterations observed in human and experimentally induced rodent cancers. In vivo, oncogenic mutations have been shown to occur at exons 12, 13, and 61, resulting in any one of 19 possible point mutations in a given tumor for a specific RAS isoform. While some studies have suggested a possible role of allele-specific mutation in determining tumor severity and phenotype, no general consensus has emerged on the oncogenicity of different mutant alleles in tumor formation and progression. Part of this may be due to a lack of a single, signature pathway that shows significant alterations between different mutations. Rather, it is likely that subtle differences in the activation, or lack thereof, of downstream effectors by different RAS mutant alleles may determine the eventual outcome in terms of tumor phenotype. This paper reviews our current understanding of the potential role of different RAS mutations on tumorigenesis, highlights studies in model cell culture and in vivo systems, and discusses the potential of expression array and computational network modeling to dissect out differences in activated RAS genes in conferring a transforming phenotype.
Method bias: The importance of theory and measurement

The use of self-reports in organizational behavior research has several advantages. As Spector (1994) and others have pointed out, there are many instances in which the constructs in which an investigator is interested demand the use of self-reports. For example, it hardly seems necessary to defend the use of self-report measures of job satisfaction. Even when the construct does not suggest that self-reports be used, however, they can serve as very efficient means of gathering information. It is much easier, for example, to rely on self-reports of stress than to obtain physiological measures even though sole reliance on either in a program of research does not seem justifiable. In addition, self-reports are often less obtrusive to the organization and it may be easier for researchers to administer a questionnaire than to obtain objective or observational measures of the work people do or to obtain blood or urine samples in the case of a job stress study. I do not believe anyone would argue with the use of self-report measures when the theory or construct involved is attitudinal or perceptual, but when the reason for the use of self-report measures is one of convenience only, most investigators begin to view their use critically and to evaluate the degree to which some form of method bias might constitute an alternative explanation of the investigators' results. A similar point of view is espoused by Spector (1994); namely, that the important issue is whether the use of a self-report measure produces a measure of the intended construct. I do not believe, however, that it is a simple matter to separate the variance in an obtained measure into separate trait, method, and random error components. Such a partitioning of variance requires a strong theory of what constitutes both trait and method variance. In some areas, we do have a relatively good sense of the substantive constructs we are trying to measure,
Singularities from colliding plane gravitational waves

A simple geometrical argument is given which shows that a collision between two plane gravitational waves must result in singularities. The argument suggests that these singularities are a peculiar feature of plane waves, because singularities are also a consequence of a collision between self-gravitating plane waves of other fields with arbitrarily small energy density.
N-cadherin, spine dynamics, and synaptic function

Dendritic spines are one half (the postsynaptic half) of most excitatory synapses. Ever since the direct observation over a decade ago that spines can continually change size and shape, spine dynamics has been of great research interest, especially as a mechanism for structural synaptic plasticity. In concert with this ongoing spine dynamics, the stability of the synapse is also needed to allow continued, reliable synaptic communication. Various cell-adhesion molecules help to structurally stabilize a synapse and its proteins. Here, we review the effects of disrupting N-cadherin, a prominent trans-synaptic adhesion molecule, on spine dynamics, as reported in Mysore et al., (2007). We highlight the novel method adopted therein to reliably detect even subtle changes in fast and slow spine dynamics. We summarize the structural, functional, and molecular consequences of acute N-cadherin disruption, and tie them in, in a working model, with longer-term effects on spines and synapses reported in the literature.
Self-consistent Poisson-Schrödinger-Monte Carlo solver: electron mobility in silicon nanowires

Silicon nanowires (SiNWs) are quasi-one-dimensional structures in which electrons are spatially confined in two directions and are free to move in one direction. They are ideal test structures for investigating the effect of two-dimensional (2D) electron confinement. A self-consistent 2D Poisson-2D Schrodinger solver coupled with a Monte-Carlo transport kernel can accurately model the electronic transport in long SiNWs. In this paper we provide a detailed description of the coupled Poisson-Schrodinger-Monte Carlo solver as employed to compute the electron mobility in SiNWs.
Stable biopassive insulation synthesized by initiated chemical vapor deposition of poly(1,3,5-trivinyltrimethylcyclotrisiloxane).

The permanent implantation of electronic probes capable of recording neural activity patterns requires long-term electrical insulation of these devices by biopassive coatings. In this work, the material properties and neural cell compatibility of a novel polymeric material, poly(trivinyltrimethylcyclotrisiloxane) (poly(V3D3)), are demonstrated to be suitable for application as permanently bioimplanted electrically insulating films. The poly(V3D3) polymeric films are synthesized by initiated chemical vapor deposition (iCVD), allowing for conformal and flexible encapsulation of fine wires. The poly(V3D3) also exhibits high adhesive strength to silicon substrates, a common material of manufacture for neural probes. The poly(V3D3) films were found to be insoluble in both polar and nonpolar solvents, consistent with their highly cross-linked structure. The films are pinhole-free and extremely smooth, having a root-mean-square (rms) roughness of 0.4 nm. The material possesses a bulk resistivity of 4 × 1015 Ohm-...
The outpatient management of acute hemorrhoidal disease

A procedure for the outpatient management of acute hemorrhoidal disease is presented. Treatment, using local anesthesia with hyaluronidase, is directed to (1) relieve pain, (2) decrease edema, (3) treat appropriately the internal hemorrhoidal disease, and (4) treat the external thrombosis if present.
A threshold for onset of natural convection in binary metallic alloys

Experiments were performed with a new radioscopic flow visualization technique on natural convection during melting of a binary metallic Ga-In alloy. This technique provides visualization of the density fields within opaque low Prandtl number fluids and their solids. Upon applying a horizontal temperature gradient to a gallium melt alloyed with 5 weight percent indium, the binary melt developed a vertical concentrational stratification and heat transfer was by conduction only. Convective flow developed at a higher temperature difference, which may be termed “critical”. After reducing the temperature difference the thermosolutal convection breaks down and a conductive state reappears at ΔT0 K. This threshold for onset of natural convection in binary Ga-In melts is in need of a theoretical explanation.
Cu(tatbp)I and [Cu(tatbp)]3 [ReO4l2 · (C10H7C1): Long-range CuCu couplings in quasi one-dimensional molecular metals

Abstract Comparison of the properties of the title compounds indicates that the strong CuCu coupling along the Cu +2 chains within the conducting stacks of Cu(tatbp)I and Cu(pc)I has a minimal contribution from direct near-neighbor interactions and arises primarily from long-range carrier-mediated interactions. Anomalous g-shifts observed at low temperatures for Cu(tatbp)I are found to be dependent on magnetic field.
III-V nitrides for electronic and optoelectronic applications

Recent developments in III-V nitride thin-film materials for electronic and optoelectronic applications are reviewed. The problems that are limiting the development of these materials and devices made from them are discussed. The properties of cubic boron nitride, aluminum nitride, gallium nitride, AlN/GaN solid solutions and heterostructures, and indium nitride are discussed. It is pointed out that the lack of a suitable substrate, with the possible exception of SiC for AlN, is a problem of considerable magnitude. This is compounded by the presence of shallow donor bands in GaN and InN which are apparently caused by N vacancies. The question of whether these vacancies occur (if they do) as a result of intrinsic or extrinsic (as a result of deposition) nonstoichiometry has not been answered. However, the recent advances in the fabrication of p-type GaN and a p-n junction light emitting diode via the electron beam stimulation of the Mg dopant are very encouraging and may considerably advance the technology of this material. This would indicate that self-compensation effects, similar to those observed in ZnO and ZnSe, may not be present in the III-V nitrides, since cubic BN (cBN) AlN and now GaN have been reportedly doped both n- and p-type. >
Development of otorhinological care of the child

During the last third of the 20th century, pediatric otolaryngology became a defined specialty in many nations, resulting in focused training, fellowships, societies, journals, textbooks, etc. This development occurred as a result of an interaction between the changing sociological and economic status of the child and medical advances. In this paper the history of the status of children is investigated during the Reformation/Counter-Reformation, Enlightenment and Romantic periods, and during the recent era of Entitlement, and an analysis is made of the relationships between otolaryngological care of children during these periods, including a consideration of selected medical advances made during the 17th to 21st centuries, and the evolving status of children. Advances in education of the deaf, understanding the role of the adenoid and care of the airway were applied to the child patient not directly, as it may sometimes seem to physicians caring for a patient in a hands-on fashion, but rather via the bridge of the social and economic context of the time. This interactive process created a special body of knowledge that is now applied in a society that places a high value on the child. In the second half of the 20th century, i.e. during the period of Entitlement, the otolaryngological needs of the child became a demand, based in part upon a need for care of airway pathology in the premature infant, which fostered the establishment of pediatric otolaryngology as a specialty.
Assignment of Model Amygdala Neurons to the Fear Memory Trace Depends on Competitive Synaptic Interactions

We used biophysical modeling to examine a fundamental, yet unresolved, question regarding how particular lateral amygdala (LA) neurons are assigned to fear memory traces. This revealed that neurons with high intrinsic excitability are more likely to be integrated into the memory trace, but that competitive synaptic interactions also play a critical role. Indeed, when the ratio of intrinsically excitable cells was increased or decreased, the number of plastic cells remained relatively constant. Analysis of the connectivity of plastic and nonplastic cells revealed that subsets of principal LA neurons effectively band together by virtue of their excitatory interconnections to suppress plasticity in other principal cells via the recruitment of inhibitory interneurons.
Voltage controlled Josephson junction arrays

Various experimental groups have reported observation of both integer and fractional giant Shapiro steps in the I‐V curves of N×M arrays of superconducting‐normal metal‐superconducting (SNS) Josephson junctions. The size of these steps have been investigated both experimentally and theoretically as a function of temperature, external magnetic field, and rf current. In this report, we investigate the possibility of controlling the size of these giant Shapiro steps by an external gate voltage by considering arrays of superconductor‐semiconductor‐superconductor junctions. We show that giant Shapiro steps of different orders can be quenched over different gate voltage ranges in these arrays.
Ultrastructural demonstration of calcium in retina, retinal pigment epithelium and choroid.

Abstract Calcium has been demonstrated ultrastructurally in the retina, pigment epithelium and choroid of the frog using the potassium pyroantimonate (KPA) technique. Optimum tissue preservation was obtained with 2% potassium pyroantimonate in 1% osmium tetroxide at pH 9·2. With this fixative, electron-dense precipitate was found within the discs of the rod outer segments, as a dense band of granules along Bruch's membrane, in the extracellular space of the choroid, and to some extent within the nuclei and mitochondria of all cells. The precipitate has been identified as calcium antimonate by the use of EGTA pre-chelation and with the EMMA-4 electron microprobe. The possible significance of calcium in the various locations demonstrated by the KPA technique is discussed. This study establishes the specificity of the technique in demonstrating calcium in these tissues and suggests future applications in evaluating changes in the amount or location of this cation with both physiologic and pathologic processes.
Perspective: Dynamics of receptor tyrosine kinase signaling complexes

Textbook descriptions of signal transduction complexes provide a static snapshot view of highly dynamic events. Despite enormous strides in identifying the key components of signaling complexes and the underlying mechanisms of signal transduction, our understanding of the dynamic behavior of these complexes has lagged behind. Using the example of receptor tyrosine kinases, this perspective takes a fresh look at the dynamics of the system and their potential impact on signal processing.
Social Influences on Children's Toy Preferences: Effects of Model Rewardingness and Affect.

Abstract Preschool children interacted with an adult model who was either low or highly rewarding to the child. Later the model displayed either a high or low degree of positive affect as he played with a nonpreferred toy. The model's affect influenced both the children's ratings of and imitative play with the toy. The model's rewardingness did not influence the children's play but did slightly affect the children's toy ratings. Boys' ratings of the toy were more influenced by the model's rewardingness than girls' ratings were when the model's affective cues were minimal. The results indicated a high degree of selectivity in children's vicarious learning on the basis of situationally-specific cues.
Police Referrals to Shelters and Mental Health Treatment: Examining Their Decisions in Domestic Assault Cases

This article examines how husband's mental state, antagonism between the disputants, and victim injury affect officers' inferences and referral decisions to battered women shelters and outpatient mental health centers. Husband's mental state and victim injury affected officers' inferences, whereas antagonism did not. Referrals to outpatient mental health treatment were influenced by perceptions of the wife's credibility and the disputants' control over their actions. Referrals to battered women shelters were influenced by the presence of injuries, officers' perceptions of the wife's intent to fight and argue, the husband's responsibility for the violence, and officers' age.
Exploring the Symmetry and Mechanism of Virus Capsid Maturation Via an Ensemble of Pathways

Many icosahedral viruses undergo large-scale conformational transitions between icosahedrally symmetric conformations during their life cycles. However, whether icosahedral symmetry is maintained along the transition pathways for this process is unknown. By employing a simplified and directed structure-based potential we compute an ensemble of transition pathways for the maturation transition of bacteriophage HK97. We observe localized symmetry-breaking events, but find that the large-scale displacements are dominated by icosahedrally symmetric deformation modes. We find that all pathways obey a common mechanism characterized by formation of pentameric contacts early in the transition.
Sequential Memory in Children With and Without Language Impairment

Serial recall was studied in children with language impairment and two groups of normally achieving controls: a group matched for age and a younger group matched for reading and memory capacity. Pa...
Prospective study of autonomic neuropathy as a predictor of mortality in patients with diabetes

Objective: The objective of this study is to evaluate whether autonomic neuropathy predicts short term all-cause mortality in an elderly cohort of veteran patients with diabetes. Research design and methods: All of the diabetic patients receiving primary care at one VA medical center were eligible for participation, between 1990 and 1997. One thousand and fifteen patients were identified, of whom 14% declined to participate, so that a total of 843 diabetic patients were enrolled. Autonomic neuropathy was evaluated by heart rate response to timed deep breathing. One hundred and fifty one patients have died since the onset of the study. Results: Mean follow-up was 42.4 months. Subjects who died had greater diabetes duration compared with survivors (13.1 vs. 11.4 years, P=0.04) but were comparable with regards to type of diabetes and mean glycosylated hemoglobin level. The Cox proportional hazards analysis, adjusting for age, smoking status, creatinine, pack-years of cigarettes smoked, diabetes duration, race, history of ischemic heart disease and hypertension showed that those patients with the lowest quintile of heart rate variability had a significantly increased risk of mortality (hazard ratio=1.49, 95% confidence limits 1.01–2.19). Conclusions: This study supports the hypothesis that decreased heart rate variability is an independent risk factor for mortality in diabetic patients followed in a primary care setting.
Age and suicidal ideation in older depressed inpatients

Age-related patterns of symptom presentation may complicate the recognition of suicide risk. The authors sought to determine whether there is a relationship between age and reported suicidal ideation in depressed suicide attempters (DSAs) and depressed nonattempters (DNs) 50 years of age and over. Regression analyses revealed that increasing age is significantly associated with the absence of suicidal ideation in both DSAs and DNs. Because of their lower rates of depressed mood and suicidal ideation, the depressions of older adults may more readily escape detection. Preventive or treatment measures initiated after the onset of the suicidal state may be insufficient, and other preventive strategies ought to be considered.
Chitra, a play in one act

It is 1946 and the old families of the Temperleys and the Chancellors have been neighbours on the South Coast of England for many years. Now the younger generation has been touched by the second world war. Reserved, principled and cool-headed Marius Temperley has left the army and is struggling to fit into civilian life. His twenty-one year old sister, Julia, is quick-tempered, proud and passionate and, since her father's recent death, has been running the family business, fiercely independent in her ambitions. Handsome, but emotionally distant Jack Chancellor has been demobbed and has another problem to face. Both he and his younger, more naive and impetuous brother Will, are in love with Julia. Jack doesn't want to lose her, but his sweet, slightly gawky cousin, Topaz, lets slip that their imperious Aunt Carrie has a plan for him: if he leaves Julia, he will inherit Sixfields, the beautiful family farm...As the years go by, the family secrets come out, and it seems that the ties that bind can change relationships for ever...
The Leaders Use of Informal Rewards and Reward Systems in Obtaining Organizational Goals

Management has long underestimated the importance of informal rewards in the achievement of organizational goals. At a time when formal reward and recognition systems are increasingly found to be ineffective, the use of informal rewards could provide just the right combination of relevance, immediacy, and individual value to warrant a fresh look at how to make them work. Considering that a reported 33 percent of managers would rather work in another organization where they could receive better recognition, the time is ripe for focused attention on this matter.
Thrombolytic therapy in cerebrovascular disorders

The knowledge obtained from the ongoing investigational trials of tPA for acute ischemic stroke will not only help establish the appropriate dose range and complication rates but will also further develop the clearly mandatory rapid, aggressive team approach needed to truly treat acute ischemic strokes successfully. Experimental cerebral ischemia data have pointed to the need to treat acute clinical stroke within only a few hours or less to effectively reduce stroke morbidity and mortality. Specifically, with reversible MCA occlusion models of focal cerebral ischemia (dogs and cats), the animals uniformly survive without neurological deficit if the occlusion is for less than 2 to 3 hours. Similarly in primates, MCA occlusion for 3 hours or less will lead to clinical improvement and a decrease in infarct size, with complete recovery generally associated with less than 2 hours of MCA occlusion. Therefore, it appears unlikely that ischemic brain can be salvaged if vascular occlusion persists longer than 4 to 6 hours (similar to the pathophysiology of myocardial ischemia). Further, at least one third of ischemic stroke patients reperfuse spontaneously (and obviously too late) within 48 hours of stroke onset. Several factors believed to be related to successful outcome after thrombolytic therapy are summarized in Table 16. A schematic approach to determining the response to thrombolytic agents in acute ischemic stroke is outlined in Table 17. Zivin succinctly reviews thrombolysis for stroke, both experimental and clinical, and summarizes some of the difficulties of the early clinical stroke trials with thrombolytic agents and speculates about future prospects. He believes tPA may prove valuable in the treatment of some forms of thromboembolic stroke. Its usefulness may depend in part on how quickly the drug can be initiated and the risk of side effects; factors that will require further study. The currently used doses of tPA may be too low to lyse large cerebral arterial clots and, therefore, if current trials do not show a positive treatment response, further trials with higher doses may be indicated. The implications of a potentially effective treatment for truly acute stroke are enormous: stroke will need to be considered by all (lay public through to caregivers) as a true medical emergency, analogous to MI and trauma.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Abstract 2124: Non-homologues end joining mediates fatty acid synthase(FASN)-associated resistance to DNA-damaging chemotherapeutics

Fatty acid synthase (FASN) is the sole mammalian enzyme capable of de novo lipid synthesis. Except in lipogenic tissues, FASN expression and activity is largely repressed by dietary fat. In contrast, abnormally elevated FASN expression and activity have been found in many types of human cancers. In vivo and in vitro studies showed that inhibition of FASN led to selective cytostatic and cytotoxic effect in cancer tissues and cells, with minimal adverse effect towards normal tissues. Clearly, FASN is no longer just an anabolic protein, but also provides growth and survival advantages to tumor cells. It has also been found that ectopic overexpression of FASN causes resistance to DNA-damaging drugs including doxorubicin, mitoxantrone, and etoposide as well as to ionizing radiation (IR), but not to non-genotoxic drugs such as vinblastine and paclitaxel. This finding suggests that FASN overexpression may regulate the DNA damage/repair pathway to help breast cancer cells survive DNA-damaging treatments. In this study, we tested this hypothesis. We found that FASN expression had profound effect on the rate of γ-H2AX clearance after exposure to IR or doxorubucin. While knocking down FASN delayed γ-H2AX clearance, FASN overexpression increased γ-H2AX clearance. Using neutral comet assay, we also found that double strand DNA break (DSB) induced by doxorubicin was increased by knocking down FASN expression but attenuated by increasing FASN expression. Furthermore, using a host-cell reactivation based assay, we showed that FASN overexpression significantly increased Non-homologous End Joining DNA repair activity. Together, we conclude that FASN likely plays an important role in regulating DSB repair in cancer cells. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2124. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-2124
Estimating the effects of adjacency and green-up constraints on landowners of different sizes and spatial arrangements located in the southeastern U.S.

Abstract The maximum clearcut size and green-up period is important for land managers adhering to voluntary and regulatory guidelines. Therefore the impact of actual and hypothetical clearcut size restrictions is a concern for forest landowners who manage land and intend to practice forestry for profit. In this research, the effect of a 97.1 ha (240 ac) clearcut size constraint with a green-up period of 2-yrs is assessed for forest landowners with different forest land sizes, ownership patterns, and age class distributions. A meta heuristic which consists of threshold accepting, 1-opt tabu search, and 2-opt tabu search is used to develop spatially-constrained forest plans for 27 hypothetical forest landowners. These results are compared to a relaxed solution produced with linear programming, and statistical analyses are used to determine significant differences. The analysis provided enough evidence to suggest that two factors (size of ownership pattern and initial age class distribution), and one interaction factor (ownership size × initial age class distribution) are significant in explaining the differences in the percent reduction in forest plan value among the forests managed by the hypothetical forest landowners. From an absolute value reduction perspective, small-sized older forests were most affected. From a percent value point of view, one can conclude from this analysis that landowners with small-sized forests and young initial age class distributions will be significantly more affected by potential adjacency and green-up restrictions in the southeastern U.S. than other types of landowners.
Great Taste, Less Waste: A cluster-randomized trial using a communications campaign to improve the quality of foods brought from home to school by elementary school children

Abstract Objective Great Taste , Less Waste ( GTLW ), a communications campaign, capitalized on the synergy between healthy eating and eco-friendly behaviors to motivate children to bring more fruits and vegetables and fewer sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) to school. Methods A cluster-randomized trial in Eastern Massachusetts elementary schools in 2011–2012 tested the hypothesis that GTLW would improve the quality of foods from home more than a nutrition-only campaign— Foods 2 Choose ( F2C )—or control. Lunch and snack items from home were measured at baseline and 7 months later using digital photography. Mixed linear models compared change in mean servings of fruits, vegetables, and SSBs among groups, and change in mean prevalence of packaging type. Change in prevalence of food items of interest was compared among groups using generalized linear models. Results Five hundred and eighty-two third and fourth graders from 82 classrooms in 12 schools participated. At follow-up, no significant differences were observed between groups in change in mean servings or change in prevalence of items of interest. No packaging differences were observed. Conclusion GTLW was well received, but no significant changes were observed in the quality of food brought to school. Whether classrooms are an effective environment for change remains to be explored. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT0157384.