cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Framework for Environmental Monitoring with Arduino-Based Sensors Using Restful Web Service

The Nevada Solar Energy-Water-Environment Nexus project generates a large amount of environmental monitoring data from variety of sensors. This data is valuable for all related research areas, such as soil, atmosphere, biology, and ecology. An important aspect of this project is promoting data sharing and analysis using a common platform. To support this effort, we developed a comprehensive architecture that can efficiently collect the data from various sensors, store them in a database, and offer an intuitive user interface for data retrieval. We employed Arduino-based sensors due to their flexibility and cost-effectiveness. Restful Web Service is used for communication with the Arduino-based sensors, and Google Charts service has been used for data visualization. This framework for sensor data monitoring with Web Service is expected to allow the Nevada Nexus project to seamlessly integrate all types of sensor data and to provide a common platform for researchers to easily share the data.
Use of a corrected standardized uptake value based on the lesion size on CT permits accurate characterization of lung nodules on FDG-PET.

The purpose of this study was to determine the actual standardized uptake value (SUV) by using the lesion size from computer tomography (CT) scan to correct for resolution and partial volume effects in positron emission tomography (PET) imaging. This retrospective study included 47 patients with lung lesions seen on CT scan whose diagnoses were confirmed by biopsy or by follow up CT scan when the PET result was considered negative for malignancy. Each lesion's FDG uptake was quantified by the SUV using two methods: by measuring the maximum voxel SUV (maxSUV) and by using the lesion's size on CT to calculate the actual SUV (corSUV). Among small lesions (2.0 cm or smaller on CT scan), ten were benign and 17 were malignant. The average maxSUV was 1.43±0.77 and 3.02±1.74 for benign and malignant lesions respectively. When using an SUV of 2.0 as the cutoff to differentiate benignity and malignancy, the sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy were 65%, 70%, and 67% respectively. When an SUV of 2.5 was used for cutoff, the sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy were 47%, 80%, and 59% respectively. The average corSUV was 1.65±1.09 and 5.28±2.71 for benign and malignant lesions respectively. Whether an SUV of either 2.0 or 2.5 was used for cutoff, the sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy remained 94%, 70%, and 85% respectively. The only malignant lesion that was falsely considered benign with both methods was a bronchioalveolar carcinoma which did not reveal any elevated uptake of fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG). Of the large lesions (more than 2.0 cm and less than 6.0 cm), one was benign and 19 were malignant and the corSUV technique did not significantly change the accuracy. It is concluded that measuring the SUV by using the CT size to correct for resolution and partial volume effects offers potential value in differentiating malignant from benign lesions in this population. This approach appears to improve the accuracy of FDG-PET for optimal characterization of small lung nodules.
Significant compensatory role of position Y-2 conferring high affinity to non-phosphorylated inhibitors of Grb2-SH2 domain

Abstract Systematic modification of amino acid at position Y-2 of a library-derived non-phosporylated thioether-cyclized peptide, cyclo(CH 2 CO-Glu −2 -Leu-Tyr 0 -Glu-Asn-Val-Gly-Met-Tyr-Cys)-amide, aided by molecular modeling, demonstrates that the Glu −2 sidechain compensates for the absence of Tyr 0 phosphorylation in retaining effective binding to Grb2-SH2 domain. Replacement of Glu −2 with γ-carboxy-glutamic acid produced a high affinity inhibitor, the first example with submicromolar affinity (IC 50 = 640 nM).
Xeroradiography for imaging biomaterials—A comparison with conventional radiography

Our visual comparison of dental xeroradiographs versus conventional film radiographs demonstrated the superiority of the dental xeroradiographic technique for the imaging of all radiolucent and mild-to-moderately radiopaque materials. Both systems were equally valuable for the imaging of very dense radiographic materials such as gold and amalgam alloys.
Patterns of Care for Radical Prostatectomy in the United States From 2003 to 2005

Purpose: The demand for minimally invasive radical prostatectomy is increasing, although population based outcomes remain unclear. We assessed use and outcomes in American men undergoing radical prostatectomy.Materials and Methods: We identified 14,727 men undergoing minimally invasive, perineal and retropubic radical prostatectomy during 2003 to 2005 using nationally representative, employer based administrative data. We assessed the association between surgical approach and outcomes, adjusting for age, race, comorbidity and geographic region.Results: Minimally invasive radical prostatectomy use increased from 5.4% to 24.4%, while conversion to open surgery decreased from 28.6% to 4.5% in the 3-year study. Men undergoing minimally invasive and perineal radical prostatectomy vs retropubic radical prostatectomy experienced fewer 30-day complications (14.2% and 14.9% vs 17.5%, p = 0.001), blood transfusions (2.2% and 3.6% vs 9.1%, p <0.001) and anastomotic strictures (6.8% and 8.5% vs 12.9%, p <0.001), and ...
Self-Efficacy as a Mediator Between Maternal Depression and Child Hospitalizations in Low-Income Urban Families

The objective of this study is to examine the role of maternal self-efficacy as a potential mediator between maternal depression and child hospitalizations in low-income families. We analyzed data from 432 mother–child pairs who were part of the control-group for the Nurse-Family Partnership trial in Memphis, TN. Low-income urban, mostly minority women were interviewed 12 and 24 months after their first child’s birth and their child’s medical records were collected from birth to 24 months. We fit linear and ordered logistic regression models to test for mediation. We also tested non-linear relationships between the dependent variable (child hospitalization) and covariates (depressive symptoms and self-efficacy). Elevated depressive symptoms (OR: 1.70; 90% CI: 1.05, 2.74) and lower maternal self-efficacy (OR: 0.674; 90% CI: 0.469, 0.970) were each associated with increased child hospitalizations. When both maternal self-efficacy and depressive symptoms were included in a single model, the depressive symptoms coefficient decreased significantly (OR decreased by 0.13, P = 0.069), supporting the hypothesis that self-efficacy serves as a mediator. A non-linear, inverse-U shaped relationship between maternal self-efficacy and child hospitalizations was supported: lower compared to higher self-efficacy was associated with more child hospitalizations (P = 0.039), but very low self-efficacy was associated with fewer hospitalizations than low self-efficacy (P = 0.028). In this study, maternal self-efficacy appears to be a mediator between maternal depression and child hospitalizations. Further research is needed to determine if interventions specifically targeting self-efficacy in depressed mothers might decrease child hospitalizations.
Opsins and cell fate in the Drosophila Bolwig organ: tricky lessons in homology inference

The Drosophila Bolwig organs are small photoreceptor bundles that facilitate the phototactic behavior of the larva. Comparative literature suggests that these highly reduced visual organs share evolutionary ancestry with the adult compound eye. A recent molecular genetic study produced the first detailed account of the mechanisms controlling differential opsin expression and photoreceptor subtype determination in these enigmatic eyes of the Drosophila larva. Here, the evolutionary implications are examined, taking into account the dynamic diversification of opsin genes and the spatial regulation of opsin homolog expression in other insects. It is concluded that, consistent with their common evolutionary roots, the Drosophila larval and adult eyes use the same mechanisms for the regulation of opsin expression and photoreceptor cell fate specification. Strikingly, the structurally highly derived Bolwig organs retained a more ancestral state of opsin expression and regulation. Inconspicuous in size, the Drosophila larval eyes deliver useful lessons in the reconstruction of homology between neuronal cell types with gene expression data, and on the conservative nature of gene regulatory network evolution during the emergence of novel organs from ancestral templates.
Seizures and organ dysfunction after subarachnoid hemorrhage

Nonconvulsive status epilepticus (NCSE), non-convulsive seizures (NCSZ) and periodic epileptiform discharges (PEDs) are common and associated with poor outcome after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). The objective of this study is to describe the frequency of renal, liver, thrombotic and metabolic dysfunction after SAH and their association with NCSE, NCSZ and PEDs.
MD-PhDs in dermatology.

A national survey was conducted to explore ways in which MD-PhDs in dermatology balance their research and clinical interests and the factors that influenced their career decisions. A questionnaire was mailed to all MD-PhDs who were affiliated with dermatology training programs as determined by a preliminary study. The survey consisted of a questionnaire about research background, career pathway, attitudes about personal and professional issues, and influence of residency training program on career decision making, From 60 MD-PhD dermatologists surveyed, 43 (72%) completed questionnaires. Eighty percent of the respondents (34 of 43) held positions in academic medicine; 76% entered dermatology with the intent to pursue academic medicine. Almost all (93%) held academic positions immediately after residency; 50% held positions with the title of assistant professor or higher as their first postresidency employment. Only 26% of the respondents received funding for their MD-PhD through the federally funded Medical Scientist Training Program. Fifty percent of the respondents completed their training with loans. Despite the long period of training and expense required for the dual career, a high percentage (80%) stayed in academic dermatology suggesting that they are an important source for supplying physician-scientists to the field of dermatology. The ability to limit patient care responsibilities and maintain protected time for research may be a factor responsible for the high percentage of MD-PhDs that stay in academic dermatology.
Hepatocyte Growth Factor Stimulates Fetal Gastric Epithelial Cell Growthin Vitro

Background.The growth and development of the fetal gastrointestinal tract is likely mediated, in part, by peptide growth factors. We compared the mitogenic effects of graded doses of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) to epidermal growth factor (EGF), transforming growth factor-α (TGF-α), and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) on fetal rabbit gastric epithelial cells. Materials and Methods.Fetal rabbit gastric epithelial cells were purified by mechanical dissociation and selected culture and grown in short-term (24 h) and long-term (12 days) culture. Stimulation of fetal gastric epithelial cell growth in response to individual peptide growth factors was measured by [3H]thymidine incorporation and cell counting. Results.In short-term culture, HGF stimulated [3H]thymidine incorporation in a dose-dependent manner from a threshold at 10 pM to a maximum at 100 pM. For EGF and TGF-α, maximal stimulation occurred at 100 pM. For HGF, maximal [3H]thymidine incorporation was 3.6 ± 0.7 times basal. For EGF and TGF-α, maximal [3H]thymidine incorporation was 4.3 ± 0.4, and 3.6 ± 0.4 times basal, respectively. For IGF-1, maximal [3H]thymidine incorporation was only 70% of the maximal effect observed for the other growth factors tested. Rabbit amniotic fluid increased [3H]thymidine uptake in a dose-dependent manner. In long-term culture, purification to greater than 90% epithelial cells was attained after 12 days treatment. For HGF, EGF, TGF-α, and 20% rabbit amniotic fluid, significant increases in cell number above control (P< 0.05) were observed at 1 nM concentrations. None of these individual factors, however, increased cell growth as significantly as that of 10% fetal bovine serum. Conclusions.Our results suggest that: (1) HGF stimulates [3H]thymidine uptake and cell proliferation in fetal rabbit gastric epithelial cellsin vitro,and (2) HGF's mitogenic effect on fetal rabbit gastric epithelial cell growth is comparable to that observed for EGF and TGF-α, but superior to the effect observed for IGF-1.
Light-repressible receptor protein kinase: a novel photo-regulated gene from Arabidopsis thaliana

To identify light-regulated genes in Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. a clone was isolated which contains a cDNA fragment with sequence similarity to receptor-like protein kinases (RLKs). Sequence analysis of the corresponding genomic DNA as well as determination of transcribed regions revealed that the gene comprises 12 exons. Sections of the deduced polypeptide exhibit homologies with kinase domains and the entire protein possesses structural features indicating that it is a novel member of the RLK family. The protein consists of a signal peptide, a putative receptor site including a leucine zipper region with a new motif, a transmembrane helix and 11 subdomains characteristic of serine/threonine kinases. The gene is designated light-repressible receptor protein kinase (lrrpk), as the specific mRNA is predominantly expressed in the absence of light. The lrrpk mRNA steady-state levels were assessed by competitive reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and found to be very low after light pulses, irrespective of the wavelength applied. Blue light was least effective in this respect, and the repression was not reversible by far-red light. Employment of in-situ RT-PCR revealed elevated lrrpk mRNA levels in the cotyledons of etiolated seedlings. The mRNA was also increased in the outer regions of the roots of greenhouse-grown A. thaliana, but was not detectable in any other part of the plants. An explanation of the relatively low lrrpk mRNA levels and the photophobic expression of the gene could be the finding that in the 5' upstream region of the lrrpk gene sequence elements are present that are similar to those identified in promoters of phytochrome A genes.
Parasitic insensitive toggle-switched capacitor and its applications to switched-capacitor networks

A new parasitic insensitive toggle-switched-capacitor scheme is presented along with its applications to the synthesis of switched-capacitor networks. The scheme can be used to obtain a recently reported5 first-order inverting bilinearly transformed transfer function. The advantage of this technique is that, for the realisation of a lowpass filter, it requires only three capacitors and no matching conditions.
Abnormal adrenergic and cholinergic sensitivity in cystic fibrosis.

THE organ systems most clearly affected by cystic fibrosis are regulated in part by the autonomic nervous system. Abnormal autonomic regulation may contribute to the clinical spectrum of cystic fibrosis.1 , 2 Previous studies have suggested that alpha-adrenergic regulation may be abnormal in the pupils,3 , 4 that beta-adrenergic responses are abnormal in leukocytes,5 and that responses to cholinergic agents may be disordered in the submaxillary gland6 and bronchial smooth muscle.7 , 8 Thus, abnormalities in all three components of the autonomic nervous system may coexist in cystic fibrosis. One possible explanation for these observations is altered responsiveness of the end organs. To assess this possibility, . . .
Yield and closure of directional and horizontal wells

Abstract Directional and horizontal wells in weak rocks were modeled using a nonlinear strain-hardening elastoplastic finite element model. The distribution of yielding and plastic straining around the hole depends strongly on wellbore deviation and in situ stresses. Deformations around deviated wells are three-dimensional. the support pressure required to prevent failure of the wellbore wall is less than that predicted by a linear elastic analysis. This helps explain field observations of stable wells and laboratory observations of apparent high strengths next to model holes. In some cases wellbore closure may be as much of a problem for drilling as wellbore collapse.
Theory of hole refractions from heterojunctions

A theory for the reflection and transmission of a heavy hole and a light hole from semiconductor heterojunctions is developed using the multiband effective-mass theory. The conversion from the heavy hole to the light hole or vice versa is investigated. Anomalous refraction behavior similar to the Wood's anomalies in the optics case is found. Various critical angles are defined analytically, and the phase-matching conditions are illustrated using the dispersion diagrams. The reflectivities and the transmissivities for the probability current density are derived and evaluated numerically. The conservation of the current density is demonstrated.
Asymmetry of right versus left intraocular pressures over 24 hours in glaucoma patients.

Purpose To assess the asymmetry of 24-hour intraocular pressures (IOPs) between right and left eyes of untreated open-angle glaucoma (OAG) patients, and its influence on the monocular therapeutic trial. Design Experimental study with human patients. Participants Forty-one subjects (40–78 years old) with untreated OAG. Methods Subjects were housed in a sleep laboratory for 24 hours. Intraocular pressures of both eyes were measured with a pneumatonometer every 2 hours with the patient in the sitting and supine positions from 7 am to 11 pm and in the supine position only from 11 pm to 7 am. Mean, peak, and trough IOPs were compared in right versus left eyes. The strength of association between right and left IOPs was assessed using coefficients of determination ( R 2 ). Validity of the monocular therapeutic trial was assessed by examining residual values from 2 linear regression models of right versus left IOP. Main Outcome Measures Strength of association between IOPs of right and left eyes, and residual values from linear models of IOP. Results No statistically significant difference was found between mean, peak, or trough IOPs of right and left eyes over a 24-hour period. The strength of association for mean IOP was only moderate ( R 2 = 0.421–0.623). Residual values of ≥3 mmHg were found in 14.0%±12.0% (mean ± standard deviation) of IOP measurements for a symmetric linear regression model, and 8.5%±10.6% of IOP measurements for a best-fit linear regression model over 24 hours. Conclusions In this group of untreated glaucoma patients, the strength of association between the right and left eye mean IOPs is only moderate. Residual values of ≥3 mmHg were more common using a symmetric model than with a best-fit model. The current method of performing monocular therapeutic trials in glaucoma patients is unreliable, but it may be possible to improve reliability by using several IOP measurements obtained at different times of the day instead of a single office measurement.
Pb isotopic variability in melt inclusions from the EMI-EMII-HIMU mantle end-members and the role of the oceanic lithosphere

Melt inclusions from four individual lava samples representing the HIMU (Mangaia Island), EMI (Pitcairn Island) and EMII (Tahaa Island) end member components, have heterogeneous Pb isotopic composition larger than that defined by the erupted lavas in each island. The broad linear trend in ^(207)Pb/^(206)Pb–^(208)Pb/^(206)Pb space produced by the melt inclusions from Mangaia, Tahaa and fPitcairn samples reproduces the entire trend defined by the Austral chain, the Society islands and the Pitcairn island and seamount groups. The inclusions preserve a record of melt composition of far greater isotopic diversity than that sampled in whole rock basalts. These results can be explained by mixing of a common depleted component with the HIMU, EMI and EMII lavas, respectively. We favor a model that considers the oceanic lithosphere to be that common component. We suggest that the Pb isotopic compositions of the melt inclusions reflect wall rock reaction of HIMU, EMI and EMII melts during their percolation through the oceanic lithosphere. Under these conditions, the localized rapid crystallization of olivine from primitive basalt near the reaction zone would allow the entrapment of melt inclusions with different isotopic composition.
Mechanics of plain-woven fabrics for inflated structures

Pressurized fabric tubes, pressure-stabilized beams (known as air beams) and air-inflated structures are considered to be valuable technologies for lightweight, rapidly deployable structures. Design optimization of an inflated structure depends on a thorough understanding of woven fabric mechanics. In this paper the bending response of woven pressure-stabilized beams have been experimentally tested and analytically investigated. Additionally, the micromechanical effects of interacting tows have been studied through finite element models containing contact surfaces and nonlinear slip/stick conditions. Local unit cell models consisting of pairs of woven tows were created to characterize the effective constitutive relations. The material properties from the unit cell models were then used for the global continuum model subjected to 4-point flexure. An experimental set-up was designed and manufactured for testing of Vectran and PEN air beams. The air beam mid-span deflections were measured as functions of inflation pressure and bending load. Plots of the elastic and shear moduli with respect to the pressure and coefficient of friction have been generated. It was determined that the effective elastic and shear moduli were functions of inflation pressure, the material used and the geometry of the weave. It was shown that pneumatic or pressurized tube structures differ fundamentally from conventional metal structures.
Origin of Shallow Ground Water in an Alluvial Aquifer as Determined by Isotopic and Chemical Procedures

In this study, we identify the origin of shallow ground water that supports regionally unique plant and wildlife habitats in a riparian and reservoir-fringe system using isotopic and chemical procedures. This study was conducted where Little Stony Creek flows into East Park Reservoir on the east front of the Coast Range, northern California. Little Stony Creek water, Hyphus Creek water, Franciscan Complex regional ground water, Great Valley Group regional ground water, and local shallow ground water were collected during wet and dry seasons and were analyzed for deuterium, oxygen-18, temperature, pH, redox potential, conductivity, and major cation and anion concentrations. Turnover in the local flow system is rapid indicating that local shallow ground water is dependent on recent recharge. Local shallow ground water is recharged primarily by Little Stony Creek water and Franciscan Complex ground water. In the wet season, Little Stony Creek is the more prominent source of local shallow ground water, and the ratio of Little Stony Creek water to Franciscan Complex ground water decreases with distance from the channel. In the dry season, Franciscan Complex ground water is the more prominent source of local shallow ground water, and the ratio of Little Stony Creek water to Franciscan Complex ground water decreases with distance down the valley. Franciscan Complex ground water discharges to local shallow ground water throughout the year, primarily because the local flow system is a regional low that lies perpendicular to the Franciscan Complex ground water flowpath. Little Stony Creek is a more prominent source of ground water in the wet season than in the dry season because Little Stony Creek flows continuously through the alluvial reach in the wet season and intermittently through the alluvial reach in the dry season. Extensive ground water withdrawals from the Franciscan Complex flow system could reduce the amount of water available to the local flow system, particularly during the dry season, and could substantially reduce the geographic extent of the regionally unique plant and wildlife habitats.
Jürgen Moser, 1928–1999

Except for the painful beginning and end, well-deserved good fortune accompanied Moser all his life. Accomplishment and recognition came to him early and lastingly. He was the first recipient of the G. D. Birkhoff Prize of the AMS and SIAM. He was honored by a Wolf Prize, medals were showered on him, academies vied to elect him as their member. He was an outstanding expositor, much in demand. He delivered the Gibbs lecture of the AMS, the Pauli lectures of the ETH, the Hardy lectures of Cambridge University, the Hermann Weyl lectures of the Accademia Lincei, and the von Neumann lecture of SIAM. He was president of the IMU for three years. He was fortunate in having many good students, with whom he continued close scientific and personal relations. He loved his family fiercely, two daughters and a stepson, six grandchildren and charming and talented sons-in-law. According to an old Roman proverb, ‘what doesn't destroy me makes me stronger’ . This fits Jurgen, for in his early youth he was exposed to deadly danger, but survived the stronger for it. In 1938, the ten year old Jurgen was offered a chance to enroll in an elite boarding school for future leaders, but his parents who saw the Nazi's plan were able to extricate him. Jurgen's father was a neurologist, and as such was sometimes called upon to declare someone as ‘unfit to live’ according to the Nazi eugenics program. Jurgen's father, courageously, always refused to issue such certifications.
Control Problems in Very Large Accelerators

There is no fundamental difference of kind in the control requirements between a small and a large accelerator since they are built of the same types of components, which individually have the same types of control inputs and outputs. The main difference is one of scale; the large machine has many more components of each type, and the distances involved are much greater. It is the purpose of this paper to look at the special control problems of large accelerators, which I shall arbitrarily define as those with a length or circumference in excess of 10 km, and point out where special developments, or the adoption of developments from outside the accelerator control field, can be of assistance in minimizing the cost of the control system.
Nursing theory across curricula: a status report from Midwest nursing schools

Abstract This article reports on an informal survey conducted for the Theory Development Section of the Midwest Nursing Research Society. Its purposes were to describe current practices in teaching nursing theory at three levels of curricula and to compare these practices between nursing programs in liberal arts colleges and research universities, between schools with and without doctoral programs, and between faculty with nursing and nonnursing doctorates who teach nursing theory. Findings indicate greatest consistency of practices at baccalaureate and doctoral levels, though few baccalaureate programs have required courses in nursing theory. Few differences were found between types of schools, but faculty with nursing doctorates tended to emphasize theory-practice linkages at the baccalaureate level. Further study that uses this work as a platform is suggested. J Prof Nurs 17:248-255, 2001. Copyright © 2001 by W.B. Saunders Company
Projectile K Auger spectra of Li-, Be-, and B-like multiply charged Ne ions: Auger energies, Auger rates, and intensity ratios.

In this work we have made an intense theoretical effort to determine accurate {ital K}-Auger transition energies, Auger rates, and line intensity ratios for Be- and B-like multiply charged neon ions using several different atomic models. Theoretical data on Li-like states in Ne VIII are also reported. In particular a detailed study of Auger line intensity ratios is presented. For several Be- and B-like states strong cancellations in the Auger matrix elements are predicted. These rates are quite sensitive to the atomic wave functions. We have also deduced experimental Auger intensity ratios for Be and B-like Ne ions from previous data. In order to classify our high-resolution projectile spectra, theoretical Auger energies and rates for various terms of the electron configurations 1{ital s}2{ital s}{sup 2}2{ital p}{sup {ital n}{minus}1}, 1{ital s}2{ital p}{sup {ital n}+1}, and 1{ital s}2{ital s}2{ital p}{sup {ital n}} ({ital n}=1--3) have been calculated relativistically, using the saddle-point technique, the multiconfiguration Dirac-Fock model, and the 1/{ital Z} expansion method. Several previously unknown line identifications of Be-like states in Ne VII and B-like states in Ne VI are reported.
Neurobiology of addiction and recovery: The brain, the drive for the drug, and the 12-step fellowship

IN THEIR ANALYSIS of the role of Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) and other 1Zstep fellowships in addiction treatment, Drs. Khantzian and Mack have provided a valuable source of information for all clinicians. Their embrace of the importance of AA in treatment, and their very lucid discussion of how AA employs and augments effective cognitive and behavioral treatment strategies, helps to correct an underlying mistrust between psychiatry and self-groups (Miller & Gold, 1993). However, there are three areas, only tangentially covered by Drs. Khantzian and Mack, that warrant further attention. Specifically, these areas are the importance of the pursuit of reward, the brain as the target for drug taking, and the role of the selfmedication hypothesis in the development and persistence of addiction. According to Drs. Khantzian and Mack, using substances is often a conscious attempt to:
Hyperfine splitting in positronium and muonium

Abstract We calculate corrections to the ground state hyperfine structure of relative order α2 ln α−1 in positronium and relative order ( m e m μ )α 2 lnα −1 in muonium due to the exchange of virtual photons. Our results are in agreement with those of Lepage. Contributions arising from the Coulomb potential and from the exchange of one transverse photon along with any number of ladder Coulomb photons are discussed in detail. In treating the single transverse photon-multiple Coulomb photon exchanges, we sum the contributions involving different numbers of Coulomb photons and reexpand the resulting expression in terms of a quantity that is inherently smaller than the Coulomb potential in the non-relativistic region. The procedure enables us to take into account from the beginning important cancellations that occur between the various terms in an expansion in powers of the Coulomb potential. The techniques developed here may be useful in calculating higher order corrections.
From Bawdyhouse to Cabaret: The Evolution of the Tango as an Expression of Argentine Popular Culture

While most readers will be generally familiar with the tango, few of us know very much about its fascinating history and evolution. Deborah Jakubs makes a valuable contribution to our understanding of this initially working-class cultural form, which was at first disdained and then appropriated by the Argentine middle and upper classes. She traces its origins in the lower class neighborhoods on the outskirts of Buenos Aires and Montevideo, its exportation to major European cultural centers, and finally its repatriation to Argentina where it has become a symbol of tradition and national identity. The author ably leads us through the maze of studies that historians, sociologists, musicologists and others have generated over the last hundred years. She examines some of the tango's principal themes in order to delineate its cultural significance within Argentine society in general and within Buenos Aires in particular. We come away from this article much more cognizant of how a popular cultural form can function in the formation of a nation's identity.
A new class of ferroelectric polymers, the odd-numbered nylons

Abstract The thermal stability of the piezoelectric response of a new class of ferroelectric polymer, the odd-numbered nylons has been studied and the behavior compared with the thermal stability of piezoelectricity in poly(vinylidene fluoride). FTIR absorbance spectroscopy and an x-ray diffraction study show that under high applied electric fields a 90° dipole switching mechanism orients amide dipoles in the field direction, prior to 180° switching under repeated reversals of field.
Partial purification and characterisation of the human skin fibroblast androgen receptor: Detection of abnormal receptor complexes in cells from patients with androgen insensitivity syndromes

After incubation of hGSF with [3H]α-dihydrotestosterone, 17β-hydroxy-7α,17α-dimethyl-4-estrene-3-one, or 17β-hydroxy-17α-methyl-4,9,11-estrien-3-one, androgen-receptor complexes were extracted with 0.5 M KCl and precipitated by 35% ammonium sulphate. Receptor complexes from control hGSF sedimented at approximately 4S on linear 5–20% sucrose gradients. The 4S peak was diminished or absent in cells from androgen insensitive patients exhibiting absent, deficient or unstable binding of androgens in intact hGSF. This procedure may be a useful means of distinguishing quantitative and qualitative defects in androgen binding to receptor, since one cell line found to have normal levels of androgen receptor complexes in whole cell assays had a profile resembling that of receptor negative cells on sucrose gradients. The complexes from one patient with complete androgen insensitivity having normal androgen binding in intact hGSF were indistinguishable from control complexes after sucrose gradient analysis and ADP-Sepharose chromatography. Receptor complexes were eluted from the ADP-Sepharose between 0.5–1.0 M KCl. HPLC-gel filtration of androgen receptor complexes at 22°C revealed two peaks, the larger had a Mr of 60–65K, Stokes radius of 3.16 nm and a frictional ratio between 1.21 and 1.43. The second peak, M4 of 15K, was believed to represent a fragment of the receptor containing the steroid binding domain. On gel filtration at 22°C the complexes from a patient with partial androgen insensitivity, who showed a diminished 4S receptor peak on sucrose gradients, revealed only the small “meroreceptor” fragment, suggesting that the mutation in this individual might render the androgen receptor more susceptible to proteolysis in vitro.
“CULTURE WARS” OR STATUS GROUP IDEOLOGY AS THE BASIS OF US MORAL POLITICS

Debates in US politics over abortion, homosexuality and other socio‐moral issues are increasingly explained by sociologists, politicians, policy advocates and the media as the result of a “culture war” in American society. Contained in this explanation is a theory that explains the moral value attitudes driving these debates as the product of conflicting worldviews. Since the worldviews that ultimately drive these debates cannot be compromised, the debates are said to be insoluble using normal democratic processes. The widespread dissemination of the hopeless aspect of this theory generates concern of self‐fulfilling prophesies. In this paper I outline the “culture war” and traditional “status group” theories and offer a critique. I conclude with an explanation of how the traditional “status group” explanations of these conflicts offers a more accurate — and more hopeful — vision of US society that avoids potentially self‐fulfilling prophesies of war.
A Review of Engine Oil Oxidation Bench Tests and Their Application in the Screening of New Antioxidant Systems for Low Phosphorus Engine Oils

A review of current oxidation and deposit bench tests used for the evaluation of engine oil performance will be presented. Some of the more meaningful tests will be utilized to evaluate a number of antioxidant systems for oxidation and deposit control capabilities in engine oils formulated with 470 ppm of ZDDP-derived phosphorus. The antioxidant components are selected from a series of commonly used and commercially available materials plus one new developmental component. These components include an organo-molybdenum compound (MoDTC), an alkylated diphenylamine (NDPA), a conventional hindered phenolic (HPE), a high performance hindered phenolic (MBDTBP), and a new multi-functional boronated MBDTBP. The performance of these fully formulated engine oils will be ranked in the selected bench tests in order to highlight the benefits of each antioxidant system under evaluation. The results point to significant benefits with the molybdenum- and boronated-systems, or mixed molybdenum-/boronated-systems, for oxidation control, while systems containing NDPA and MBDTBP are favored more for deposit control. Unique and superior performing antioxidant systems will be recommended for screening in fired engine and bench wear tests.
New concepts of endoplasmic reticulum function in the heart: Programmed to conserve

Secreted and membrane proteins play critical roles in myocardial health and disease. Studies in non-myocytes have shown that the peri-nuclear ER is the site for synthesis, folding, and quality control of most secreted and membrane proteins, as well as a nexus of a signal transduction system, called the ER stress response, which informs the cell about the status of ER protein folding. Moreover, the dynamic physical and functional association of the ER with mitochondria is a key site responsible for integrating ER function and mitochondrial metabolism, but is only just beginning to be understood in the myocardium. Although a great deal is known about roles played by the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) in contractile calcium handling in the heart, little is known about the relative locations and functions of the peri-nuclear ER and the SR in terms of secreted and membrane protein synthesis and folding. In this review we will explore the current state of knowledge of the location of secreted and membrane protein synthesis, folding, and quality control machinery in cardiac myocytes, as well as our understanding of the functional consequences of ER stress and the unfolded protein response in the heart in terms of protein synthesis, cell growth, and metabolic regulation. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Focus on Cardiac Metabolism".
MicroRNA-146a and RBM4 form a negative feed-forward loop that disrupts cytokine mRNA translation following TLR4 responses in human THP-1 monocytes

Within hours after its initiation, the severe systemic inflammatory response of sepsis shifts to an adaptive anti-inflammatory state with coincident immunosuppression. This anti-inflammatory phenotype is characterized by diminished proinflammatory cytokine gene expression in response to toll-like receptor (TLR) stimulation with bacterial endotoxin/lipopolysaccharide (LPS), also known as endotoxin tolerance/adaptation. Our and other studies have established that gene-specific reprogramming following TLR4 responses independently represses transcription and translation of proinflammatory genes such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα). We also previously demonstrated that TNFα and interleukin (IL)-6 mRNA translation is repressed in endotoxin-adapted THP-1 human monocytes by an miRNA-based mechanism involving the argonaute family protein argonaute 2 (Ago2). Here, we further define the molecular nature of reprogramming translation by showing that TLR4-induced microRNA-146 promotes a feed-forward loop that modifies the subcellular localization of the RNA-binding protein RBM4 (RNA-binding motif protein 4) and promotes its interaction with Ago2. This interaction results in the assembly of a translation-repressor complex that disrupts TNFα and IL-6 cytokine synthesis in endotoxin-adapted THP-1 monocytes. This novel molecular path prevents the phosphorylation of RBM4 on serine-309 by p38 MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase), which leads to RBM4 accumulation in the cytosol and interaction with Ago2. We further find that microRNA-146a knockdown by antagomirs or protein phosphatase inhibition by okadaic acid increases p38 MAPK phosphorylation and results in RBM4 serine-309 phosphorylation and nuclear relocalization, which disrupts RBM4 and Ago2 interactions and restores TLR4-dependent synthesis of TNFα and IL-6. We conclude that miR-146a has a diverse and critical role in limiting an excessive acute inflammatory reaction.
Gender, aggression, and mental health intervention during early adolescence.

We test the hypothesized effects of aggression on observed higher treatment rates for male than female adolescents over three waves of a panel. On the assumption that treatment is a social control response to deviant behavior, including aggression, we hypothesize that higher treatment rates for males are accounted for by higher rates of aggression by males. We also consider additional explanations such as the "value hypothesis," which states that male adolescents are more highly valued and thus are more likely to be treated for problems, and the "tolerance hypothesis," which states that differential treatment rates vary by differential tolerance of deviance for males and for females. Our findings suggest that initially observed gender differences in these treatment rates are accounted for partially (seventh grade) or entirely (eighth and ninth grade) by increased likelihood of male aggression as measured by overt interpersonal aggressive behavior. Little evidence is found to support the other explanations.
Pulmonary host defense responses to inhalation of sulfuric acid and ozone.

The effects of simultaneous exposure to ozone (O 3 ) and sulfuric acid [H 2 SO 4 , 0.23 μm volume median diameter (VMD)] and a single exposure to ultrafine (<0.1 μm VMD) H 2 SO 4 under various conditions were studied using the infectivity/mortality and the ciliary beating frequency model systems. A 3‐h exposure to a combined aerosol of 196 μg O 3 /m 3 and 483 or 241 μg A 2 SO 4 /m 3 significantly increased the susceptibility of mice to a laboratory‐induced respiratory infection. However, exposure to 543 μg ultrafine H 2 SO 4 /m 3 for 2 h or 365 μg/m 3 2 h/d for 5 d did not significantly affect this parameter. Upper airway response, as measured by changes in hamster tracheal ciliary beating frequency, was not affected by either a 3‐h combined exposure to 196 μg O 3 /m 3 and 847 μg H 2 SO 4 /m 3 or a 2‐h exposure to 458 μg ultrafine H 2 SO 4 /m 3 .
Computer generated gridding of digital satellite imagery

Abstract A method is discussed whereby geographical grid benchmarks, corresponding to the elements of a given grid-coordinate matrix, may be entered into a digital-image field by a computer line-printer. A listing is presented of the required Fortran subroutine, along with samples of the output products and some estimates of plotted grid coordinate accuracy.
Influence through ignorance

An individual (the leader) with free access to information decides how much public evidence to collect. Conditional on this information, another individual with conflicting preferences (the follower) undertakes an action that affects the payoff of both players. In this game of incomplete but symmetric information, we characterize the rents obtained by the leader as a result of his control of the generation of public information. These rents capture the degree of influence exerted by a chairman on a committee from his capacity to keep discussions alive or call a vote. Similar insights are obtained if the leader decides first how much private information he collects, and then how much verifiable information he transmits to the follower.
Cardiac output related to body weight in small mammals

Abstract 1. 1. The relation of cardiac output ( CO ) and body weight ( BW ) was determined in four species of small mammals (rabbits, cats, guinea-pigs and rats) by the thermodilution method. 2. 2. The relationship for all the species was CO (ml/min) = 0·762 ( BW in g) 0·776 , yet each showed a distinct CO-BW relation. 3. 3. The exponent of the equation is close to 0·75 which is expected from theoretical considerations.
Near-optimal feedback rendezvous in elliptic orbits accounting for nonlinear differential gravity

DOI: 10.2514/1.26650 This paper presents a novel approach to the design of near-optimal feedback control laws, for minimum-fuel rendezvous between satellites in elliptic orbits of arbitrary eccentricity. The rendezvous problem for the nonlinear differential gravity model is solved by the application of neighboring optimal feedback control methodology used in conjunction with a nominal trajectory, obtained by solving the related minimum-fuel feedback control problem for the linear Tschauner–Hempel equations, analytically. This novel closed-form solution is used to determine the best values of the final true anomaly by examining its effect on the cost to go for rendezvous. The neighboring feedback controllawaccountingfornonlineardifferentialgravityisobtainedbyusingageneralizedsweepmethod,validwhen the reference solution does not satisfy the first-order necessary conditions for optimality, exactly. Several numerical examples are analyzed to demonstrate the efficacy of the method.
Deficient water-binding in pathological horny layers.

THE pathogenesis of most scaling skin conditions is obscure. Although it has been often assumed that abnormal processes of keratinization play a major part, recent work has emphasized the importance of the water-soluble components of the horny layer. These components contribute to the water-binding ability and pliability of the normal skin surface1; their amounts are reduced in psoriatic scales2 and skin3.
An Improved 360 Degree and Order Model of Venus Topography

We present an improved 360 degree and order spherical harmonic solution for Venus' topography. The new model uses the most recent set of Venus altimetry data with spacecraft positions derived from a recent high resolution gravity model. Geometric analysis indicates that the offset between the center of mass and center of figure of Venus is about 10 times smaller than that for the Earth, the Moon, or Mars. Statistical analyses confirm that the RMS topography follows a power law over the central part of the spectrum. Compared to the previous topography model, the new model is more highly correlated with Venus' harmonic gravity field.
Experimental analysis of 10Gbps transfers over physical and emulated dedicated connections

Long haul data transfers require the optimization and balancing of performances of host and storage systems as well as network transport. An assessment of such transport methods requires a systematic generation of throughput profiles from measurements collected over different system parameters and connection lengths. We describe host and storage systems to support wide-area I/O transfers at 10 Gbps, and present measurements of memory and disk transfer throughputs over suites of physical and emulated connections of several thousands of miles. The physical connections are limited by the infrastructure and incur significant costs. The emulated connections could be of arbitrary lengths at significantly lower costs but only approximate the physical connections. We present a differential regression method to estimate the differences between the performance profiles of physical and emulated connections, and then to estimate “physical” profiles from emulated measurements. We present a systematic analysis of wide-area memory and disk transfer throughput measurements, and establish that robust estimates of physical profiles can be generated using much less expensive emulated connections.