cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Modular Realignment of Entorhinal Grid Cell Activity as a Basis for Hippocampal Remapping

Hippocampal place fields, the local regions of activity recorded from place cells in exploring rodents, can undergo large changes in relative location during remapping. This process would appear to require some form of modulated global input. Grid-cell responses recorded from layer II of medial entorhinal cortex in rats have been observed to realign concurrently with hippocampal remapping, making them a candidate input source. However, this realignment occurs coherently across colocalized ensembles of grid cells (Fyhn et al., 2007). The hypothesized entorhinal contribution to remapping depends on whether this coherence extends to all grid cells, which is currently unknown. We study whether dividing grid cells into small numbers of independently realigning modules can both account for this localized coherence and allow for hippocampal remapping. To do this, we construct a model in which place-cell responses arise from network competition mediated by global inhibition. We show that these simulated responses approximate the sparsity and spatial specificity of hippocampal activity while fully representing a virtual environment without learning. Place-field locations and the set of active place cells in one environment can be independently rearranged by changes to the underlying grid-cell inputs. We introduce new measures of remapping to assess the effectiveness of grid-cell modularity and to compare shift realignments with other geometric transformations of grid-cell responses. Complete hippocampal remapping is possible with a small number of shifting grid modules, indicating that entorhinal realignment may be able to generate place-field randomization despite substantial coherence.
The role of antepartum surveillance in the management of gastroschisis

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the perinatal morbidity and mortality of fetuses diagnosed with gastroschisis at our Fetal Diagnosis and Treatment Center. Methods: A retrospective review of a regional prenatal diagnostic center. Twenty-nine cases of gastroschisis which were diagnosed, managed, delivered and had corrective surgeries through the Fetal Diagnosis and Treatment Center were identified from 1985 to 1994. Perinatal morbidity and mortality were reviewed. Antepartum testing schemes were reviewed when available to determine whether morbidity or mortality could have potentially been prevented. Results: Meconium occurrence, intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) and oligohydramnios complicated 79%, 41% and 36% of the cases, respectively. The perinatal mortality of this series was 241 1000 . Significant differences in perinatal mortality were noted when fetal testing was incorporated ( 200 1000 vs. 286 1000 , P ≤ 0.001 ). Conclusion: Gastroschisis is associated with a high incidence of IUGR, meconium, oligohydramnios and high perinatal mortality. Antenatal testing appears to significantly lower perinatal mortality in pregnancies complicated by gastroschisis.
Inferences on the difference and ratio of the means of two inverse Gaussian distributions

Methods for interval estimation and hypothesis testing about the ratio of two independent inverse Gaussian (IG) means based on the concept of generalized variable approach are proposed. As assessed by simulation, the coverage probabilities of the proposed approach are found to be very close to the nominal level even for small samples. The proposed new approaches are conceptually simple and are easy to use. Similar procedures are developed for constructing confidence intervals and hypothesis testing about the difference between two independent IG means. Monte Carlo comparison studies show that the results based on the generalized variable approach are as good as those based on the modified likelihood ratio test. The methods are illustrated using two examples.
Evidence for heightened hexokinase II immunoexpression in hepatocyte dysplasia and hepatocellular carcinoma.

Background Normal hepatocytes exhibit low-affinity hexokinase (glucokinase [HKIV]), but during oncogenesis, there is a switch from HKIV to HKII expression. The aims of this study were to compare the immunoexpression of HKII in non-dysplastic cirrhosis (NDC), liver cell change/dysplasia in cirrhosis (LCD), HCC, and normal liver control tissues, and to correlate HKII expression with clinical and histopathological parameters.
Energy bounds in nonstandard problems for parabolic systems

Exponential decay bounds are determined for an energy expression for a nonlinear parabolic system when the solutions satisfy the nonstandard auxiliary condition that a combination of the initial and final time values is prescribed. The results follow from an appropriate differential inequality. Some examples and extensions are also presented.
Nonradiative character of the triplet sublevels in zinc tetraphenyl porphyrin

Abstract The dynamic properties of the triplet state of zinc tetraphenyl porphyrin and zinc etioporphyrin were investigated by optically detected magnetic resonance (ODMR) methods. The fluorescence detected (FDMR) signal is opposite in sign to that of the phosphorescence detected (PDMR) signal. This suggests an unusual reversal in the relative size of the non-radiative rate constant, from kzn>knx,y for Zn Etio to knz
Anisotropic transverse flow and the Hanbury-Brown–Twiss correlation function

Utilizing the Lorentz invariance of the correlation function we study the effects of anisotropic transverse flow on the Hanbury-Brown--Twiss (HBT) correlation function. In particular we show that directed flow would evidence itself by nonzero ``side-long'' and ``side-out'' terms in the correlation function. We also show that the study of ratios of the correlation functions evaluated on different event subsamples and/or different Lorentz systems provides information on the source dimensions and velocity which could be less biased by corrections of different kinds. We present a fitting technique appropriate for HBT analysis which does not require binning and is especially useful for multidimensional fitting. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
Lightning over the Gulf Stream

During the period 15 January–15 March 1986 the average frequency and strength of lightning flashes to the earth's surface over the Gulf Stream off the Carolina Coast was greater than that over the adjacent land. Near the North Carolina Coast, in prefrontal situations, the mean number of flashes to the earth's surface per lightning day per grid area (1° latitude × 1° longitude) was 20.9 in the vicinity of the Gulf Stream and 4.8 over the adjacent land. In postfrontal situations the corresponding numbers were 18.4 and 8.9. Most (but not all) of the lightning flashes over the Gulf Stream conveyed negative charge to the earth's surface, and the increase in the frequency of lightning over the Gulf Stream was greater for these lightning flashes than for those that carried positive charge to the earth's surface. The enhancement in lightning activity over the Gulf Stream is attributed to the recurrent convective rainbands that form in this region.
Neutralization of Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) by Antibody but not TNF Receptor Fusion Molecule Exacerbates Chronic Murine Tuberculosis

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) plays an essential role in the immunologic maintenance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Although an increased rate of tuberculosis has been reported in humans treated with anti-TNF biological agents, disparate rates of disease have been observed between those treated with infliximab, an anti-TNF antibody, and etanercept, a TNF-neutralizing TNF receptor (TNFR) fusion molecule. We compared the effects of anti-TNF antibody and soluble TNFR fusion molecule in the murine model of tuberculosis. Systemic TNF neutralization was equivalent between these molecules, and both resulted in rapid morbidity at the initiation of infection. During chronic infection, administration of the receptor fusion molecule allowed the control of infection, whereas antibody treatment caused mice to die within a month. We provide evidence of decreased penetration into the granulomas by the receptor fusion molecule, compared with antibody. These findings begin to clarify the mechanistic difference between anti-TNF agents and their role in the exacerbation of tuberculosis.
NATURE OF THE BLACKMAN REACTION IN PHOTOSYNTHESIS

Among those writing on the mechanism of photosynthesis, which include Warburg (7), Willstatter (9), and Franck (3), the opinion is widely held that the Blackman reaction, which limits the rate of assimilation at high light intensities and carbon dioxide concentrations, involves the decomposition of a peroxide, formed in a preceding photochemical reaction, by the enzyme catalase. The best experimental support of this theory is found in the work of Warburg and Uyesugi (8), and Yabusoe (11), who compared the temperature coefficients and sensitivity to several inhibitors for the Blackman reaction and for the decomposition of added hydrogen peroxide. In these respects they found certain similarities between the two processes. Such differences as they found were readily explainable, they believed, on the ground that while the same enzyme, catalase, played a part in both cases, the substrate was probably different, being very likely some organic peroxide, in the case of the Blackman reaction, rather than hydrogen peroxide. Largely as a result of this work, Warburg (6) gave up his "acceptor theory" in which the Blackman reaction preceded the photochemical reaction, and in agreement with Willstatter and Stoll (10) regarded the Blackman reaction as involving the decomposition of a peroxide previously formed in the photochemical reaction. The writers have made further comparisons between peroxide decomposition and the Blackman reaction, and believe Warburg's conclusion should be reconsidered, especially in view of the prominent part played by peroxide in the recently proposed chemical mechanisms for photosypthesis. Gaffron and Wohl (5), in a theoretical paper, have objected that the energy available for the assimilatory process is insufficient to permit the formation of hydrogen peroxide as an intermediate product; but this objection seems to us of minor importance in the present discussion, because no definite claim has been made that the peroxide formed must be hydrogen peroxide. Willstatter and Stoll (9) are more inclined to the opinion that the action of catalase in photosynthesis is on some peroxidic compound other than hydrogen peroxide. Gaffron and Wohl also believe the formation of some sort of peroxide is hardly to be avoided, and suggest, on purely theoretical grounds, a peroxide of organic nitrogen, still regarding catalase as responsible for the freeing of the oxygen produced in photosynthesis. 537
Production systems engineering: Problems, solutions, and applications ☆

Abstract Production systems engineering (PSE) is an emerging branch of engineering intended to uncover fundamental principles of production systems and utilize them for analysis, continuous improvement, and design. In PSE, manufacturing systems are addressed based on first principles and at the same level of rigor as that in other engineering disciplines. This paper is intended to give a general characterization of PSE and consider, in some details, several PSE problems. Specifically, the problems of performance analysis, bottlenecks, leanness, system-theoretic properties, and transient behavior are addressed. In addition, several case studies are described and the PSE Toolbox, which implements the techniques and algorithms developed, is presented.
The Relation of Certain Plant Processes to Flavor Development in Market Milk

Summary The relation between a number of plant processes and the quality of market milk as indicated by its flavor has been studied. In the absence of more suitable methods the flavor of the milk was determined organoleptically. One of the most important of the plant processes bearing upon the quality of market milk is the use of an effective grading system. Such a system should provide for bacterial, flavor, and temperature control in the raw milk up until the time of delivery. Pasteurization improves the flavor of most raw milk. Continued heating at 142°F. for over one hour, however, may result in a noticeable cooked flavor. Milk should not be brought into contact with either iron or copper surfaces. Benedict nickel also may have a detrimental effect upon milk flavor. The development of a tallowy flavor in milk is closely associated with metal contamination. Glass and Allegheny metal have practically no ill effects on milk flavor. Two kinds of flavor defects may occur in milk exposed to sunlight, one a tallowiness, and the other a burnt flavor. Diffuse light is an important factor in the development of tallowy flavor in milk, especially that containing an added copper salt. The use of chlorin sterilizers on farm and plant equipment should be confined to those of a non-corrosive. nature. In no case should the-disinfectant be added directly to the milk, and all utensils and equipment treated with chlorin sterilizers should be rinsed with uncontaminated water before adding the milk. Otherwise, puckery, unclean, or medicinal flavors may develop. The odor and flavor of phenol, when present in milk is greatly intensified by the presence of chlorin in the form of sodium hypochlorite.
Blood Lidocaine Levels and Kinetics following High-Dose Intramuscular Administration

In order to evaluate further the potential benefit of prophylactic intramuscular lidocaine administration in coronary artery disease, 24 patients with suspected acute myocardial infarction were given an intramuscular injection of lidocaine (10% solution) in the deltoid and gluteal muscles on consecutive days. Twelve patients received an intermediate dose (4 mg/kg), and 12 received a high dose (6 mg/kg) of lidocaine, and blood lidocaine levels were measured over a 4-hour study period. Intradeltoid injection produced higher blood lidocaine levels and more rapid development of peak blood levels than did intragluteal injection. Administration of high-dose lidocaine (average dose 450 mg) into the deltoid muscle produced the ideal combination of rapid peak blood levels (6.5 µg/ml ± 2.1 SEM at 5 min) and persistence of therapeutic levels (>1.5 µg/ml) for over 2 hours. Although drowsiness, paresthesias, slurred speech, and tinnitus occurred in seven of the 12 patients in the high-dose group, no major neurotoxicit...
104 RESPONSE TO EXERCISE AFTER FONTAN PROCEDURE

Previous studies demonstrating maldistribution of pulmonary blood flow in patients who had undergone Fontan procedures (FP) predict high physiologic dead space during exercise. We used non-invasive exercise testing to assess gas exchange in 5 patients age 10-19, compared to 11 age and sex matched controls. Oxygen saturation was measured by ear oximetry at rest and after exercise. The ventilatory equivalents for oxygen (Ve/VO2) and carbon dioxide (Ve/VCO2) were measured during progressive exercise and mixed expired pCO2 (PeCO2) and end-tidal pCO2 (PetCO2) were measured during steady state exercise on a cycle ergometer. We obtained the following results: In addition, the patients had a mean oxygen saturation of 89±6% at rest and desaturated further during exercise (81±11, p<0.05). These data show high ventilation for O2 consumption and CO2 production, low expired CO2 concentrations and oxygen desaturation during exercise. The results strongly indicate elevated physiologic dead space and ventilation perfusion mismatch consistent with maldistribution of pulmonary blood flow.
Stochastic optimal routing

In this paper, we wish to introduce the idea of stochastic effects in optimal routing problems. This can be done by committing mistakes while making decisions. We will illustrate this idea by a classical puzzle: “The Wine Pouring Problem”.
Dieldrin-14C balance in rats, sheep and chickens

Experiments were conducted with rats, sheep and chickens to determine whether or not excretion of carbon-14 from dieldrin-14C would balance ingestion of dieldrin-14C when ingestion remained constant. The data suggest that rats of either sex attained balance by 6 weeks regardless of the amount of dieldrin fed; that roosters attained balance by 22 or 26 weeks, depending on the amount of dieldrin fed; and that hens apparently attained balance by 25 weeks regardless of the amount of dieldrin fed. The data obtained with sheep were inconclusive.
Calculation of relaxed orbital binding energies in atoms: Zinc and cadmium

Relaxed orbital binding energies of electrons in zinc and cadmium are calculated using a relativistic local density functional theory. The discrepancy between our calculated binding energies and those from gas phase experimental data are attributed to inhomogeniety and many body effects.
Stability comparison of simulated double-walled carbon nanotube structures

The focus of this research is to systematically study and classify electronic energy trends in different double-walled carbon nanotube (DWCNT) structures through ab initio simulations. Simulations comparing the stability of DWCNTs with different interwall spacings, tube types (armchair or zigzag), lengths, diameters, and endcaps were performed at a variety of computational levels. These simulations showed that DWCNTs nucleate from end caps and become energetically more stable as length and diameter increase. Another finding of this research was that the interwall spacing is dependent on which type of tube is in the outer position of the DWCNT. High stability configurations occurred when the interwall spacing was approximately 3.3 A and a zigzag tube was in the outer position or when the interwall spacing was approximately 3.5 A and an armchair tube was in the outer position. It was also seen that endcaps affected which tube combinations were more stable; the armchair@armchair DWCNT was the most energetically stable combination for capped tubes, while the armchair@zigzag DWCNT had the highest stability of uncapped tubes. Understanding if there is a preferred structural motif for DWCNTs and clarifying which nucleation and growth paths are favored by nanotubes will elucidate if controlled fabrication can be achieved.
Using path diagrams as a structural equation modeling tool

A linear structural equation model (SEM) without free parameters has two parts: a probability distribution and an associated path diagram corresponding to the causal relations among variables specified by the structural equations and the correlations among the error terms. This article shows how path diagrams can be used to solve a number of important problems in structural equation modeling; for example, How much do sample data underdetermine the correct model specification? Given that there are equivalent models, is it possible to extract the features common to those models? When a modeler draws conclusions about coefficients in an unknown underlying SEM from a multivariate regression, precisely what assumptions are being made about the SEM? The authors explain how the path diagram provides much more than heuristics for special cases; the theory of path diagrams helps to clarify several of the issues just noted.
African-American Women in the Economic Marketplace: A Continuing Struggle

Over a decade ago, the economic status of African-American women in America was explored (Aldridge, 1975). Today, a continuing issue facing the nation is the economic opportunities of women and minorities. While there is no denying that some progress has been made, the plight of African-American women remains a very real concern. Much of the data presented in this work was taken from massive data categorized as nonwhite. However, since African-Americans constitute between 92.5% and 95.0% of the nonwhites in the United States, it is reasonably safe to assume that data pertaining to nonwhites overwhelmingly obtains for AfricanAmericans. Note, however, that West Indians, Chinese, and Japanese are included in much of the nonwhite data, and they are more likely to be in the higher educational and occupational levels (Epstein, 1973; Moynihan, 1971). Thus gains made by AfricanAmerican women may not be as great as they appear. Census data continues to reveal that African-American women hold the least enviable position on the economic ladder, and industry still lags in the absorption of these women in the professional, technical, and managerial levels of employment. This reality has been contradicted with demands by African-American women in recent years relative to their status in America with many demonstrating profound dissatisfaction with the nature of their relationships to the American economy. This article attempts to examine the economic status of AfricanAmerican women in America. It examines their occupational status,
Redeposition of sputtered material is a nonlinear effect

(Received 1 September 2010; revised manuscript received 5 December 2010; published 4 February 2011)It is demonstrated that redeposition of sputtered material is a nonlinear effect in experiments on patternformation induced by ion bombardment of solid surfaces. As a result, redeposition is not the physical mechanismresponsible for the formation of the highly regular hexagonal arrays of nanodots sometimes produced by normal-incidence ion sputtering.DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevB.83.075404 PACS number(s): 79
Carbonate mineralization of volcanic province basalts

Flood basalts are receiving increasing attention as possible host formations for geologic sequestration of anthropogenic CO2, with studies underway in the United States, India, Iceland, and Canada. Basalts from the United States, India, and South Africa were reacted with aqueous dissolved CO2 and aqueous dissolved CO2–H2S mixtures under supercritical CO2 (scCO2) conditions to study the geochemical reactions resulting from injection of CO2 in such formations. Despite the basalt samples having similar bulk chemical composition, mineralogy and dissolution kinetics, long-term static experiments show significant differences in rates of mineralization as well as compositions and morphologies of precipitates that form when the basalts are reacted with CO2 and CO2–H2S mixtures in water. For example, basalt from the Newark Basin in the United States was by far the most reactive of any basalt tested to date. Reacted grains from the Newark Basin basalt appeared severely weathered and contained extensive carbonate precipitates with significant Fe content. In comparison, the post-reacted samples associated with the Columbia River basalts from the United States contained calcite grains with classic “dogtooth spar” morphology and trace cation substitution (Mg and Mn). Carbonation of the other basalts produced precipitates with compositions that varied chemically throughout the entire testing period. The Karoo basalt from South Africa appeared the least reactive, with very limited mineralization occurring during the testing with CO2-saturated water. Compositional differences in the precipitates suggest changes in fluid chemistry unique to the dissolution behavior of each basalt sample reacted with CO2-saturated water. No convincing correlations were identified between basalt reactivity and differences in bulk composition, mineralogy, glassy mesostasis quantity or composition. Moreover, the relative reactivity of different basalt samples was unexpectedly different in the experiments conducted with aqueous dissolved CO2–H2S mixtures versus those with CO2 only. For example, the Karoo basalt was highly reactive in the presence of aqueous dissolved CO2–H2S, as evident by nodules of carbonate coating the basalt grains after 181 days of testing. However, the most reactive basalt in CO2–H2O, Newark Basin, formed only iron sulfide coatings in tests with a CO2–H2S mixture, which inhibited carbonate mineralization.
Controls on long-term root and leaf litter decomposition in neotropical forests

Litter decomposition represents one of the largest annual fluxes of carbon (C) from terrestrial ecosystems, particularly for tropical forests, which are generally characterized by high net primary productivity and litter turnover. We used data from the Long-Term Intersite Decomposition Experiment (LIDET) to (1) determine the relative importance of climate and litter quality as predictors of decomposition rates, (2) compare patterns in root and leaf litter decomposition, (3) identify controls on net nitrogen (N) release during decay, and (4) compare LIDETrates with native species studies across five bioclimatically diverse neotropical forests. Leaf and root litter decomposed fastest in the lower montane rain and moist forests and slowest in the seasonally dry forest. The single best predictor of leaf litter decomposition was the climate decomposition index (CDI), explaining 51% of the variability across all sites. The strongest models for predicting leaf decomposition combined climate and litter chemistry, and included CDI and lignin (R 2 50.69), or CDI, N and nonpolar extractives (R 2 50.69). While we found no significant differences in decomposition rates between leaf and root litter, drivers of decomposition differed for the two tissue types. Initial stages of decomposition, determined as the time to 50% mass remaining, were driven primarily by precipitation for leaf litter (R 2 50.93) and by temperature for root litter (R 2 50.86). The rate of N release from leaf litter was positively correlated with initial N concentrations; net N immobilization increased with decreasing initial N concentrations. This study demonstrates that decomposition is sensitive to climate within and across tropical forests. Our results suggest that climate change and increasing N deposition in tropical forests are likely to result in significant changes to decomposition rates in this biome.
Neurologic complications of coronary artery bypass grafting: Case-control study

In a retrospective case-control study, we identified 18 patients who had neurologic symptoms associated with coronary artery bypass grafting, or 1.3% of all patients who had this operation. Cerebral infarction and anoxic encephalopathy accounted for almost all the complications. The overall mortality was 33%, higher among those with an intraoperative compared with a postoperative deficit. Prior cerebrovascular risk factors as well as intraoperative hypotension were no more prevalent in patients with complications than in age-matched controls who had the same operation.
Adsorption of β-d-glucose and cellobiose on kaolinite surfaces: Density functional theory (DFT) approach

Abstract In this study, we investigate the kaolinite surfaces and their interaction with β- d -glucose and cellobiose using density functional theory calculations. We found that their molecular adsorption energy on kaolinite depends on i) the characteristics of the kaolinite surfaces such as the hydroxylated (001) surface or the siloxane 00 1 ¯ surface and ii) a molecular orientation of the monomer on the surface. The adsorption energy of the β- d -glucose and the cellobiose on the hydroxylated (001) surface are significantly greater (almost 200%) than that on the siloxane 00 1 ¯ surface since the hydroxyl group can form hydrogen bond more efficiently than the oxygen in siloxane group. Through Mulliken population analysis, we found that the hydrogen bond formation induces charge redistribution of the kaolinite surfaces. Therefore, the hydroxylated (001) surface undergoes more significant charge redistribution due to more hydrogen bond formation with adsorbate molecules in comparison to the siloxane 00 1 ¯ surface.
The effect of porcine parvovirus and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus on porcine reproductive performance

From a worldwide perspective, porcine parvovirus (PPV) and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) are the most common viral causes of porcine reproductive failure. A typical epidemic of PPV-induced reproductive failure is presented as an increased number of mummified fetuses and sometimes, entire litters are mummified. If infection with PPV is very early in gestation, the number of liveborn pigs may be further reduced as a result of embryonic death and resorption. During the acute stage of infection gilts and sows have few, if any, clinical signs, and it is unlikely that PPV is ever the direct cause of abortion. In contrast, a typical epidemic of PRRSV-induced reproductive failure is presented as a broader spectrum of clinical features including abortions, late-term dead fetuses, stillborn pigs, and weakborn pigs. In the later stages of an epidemic, there may also be an increase in the number of mummified fetuses, but their prevalence is likely to be far less than during an epidemic of PPV-induced reproductive failure. During the acute stage of infection with PRRSV, gilts and sows may have few, if any, clinical signs, or they may be severely affected and even die. This difference largely reflects the relative virulence of the strain of PRRSV causing the epidemic. A timely and reliable laboratory diagnosis of either disease can be made when appropriate tests are performed with appropriate samples. Vaccines are available for prevention of both diseases.
Bulk superheating of solid KBr and CsBr with shock waves

We have observed bulk solid superheating of the order of 650 K and persisting for \ensuremath{\Delta}tg500 ns in shocked single crystals of KBr at 22 to 33 GPa and CsBr at 30 to 42 GPa. These experiments use nanosecond-resolution, twelve-channel optical pyrometry to measure the temperature of the advancing shock front in the crystal, and the rarefaction-overtake technique to simultaneously measure sound velocity. This novel combination of measurements allows a virtually continuous determination of Hugoniot temperature versus pressure or density for transparent crystals.
Allelic imbalance at 11p15.5–15.4 correlated with c-Ha-ras mutation during radiation-induced neoplastic transformation of human breast epithelial cells

Breast cancer is the most frequent malignancy in women throughout much of the developed world and is associated with a multistage process involving a number of genetic mutations and their corresponding cellular phenotypic alterations. It has already been shown that neoplastic transformation of a spontaneously immortalized human breast epithelial (MCF-10F) cell line by radiation, in combination with estrogen, represents a successful model in studying the molecular and biological alterations that may contribute to the tumorigenic process. In the present study, the incidence of allelic alterations (microsatellite instability/loss of heterozygosity) on chromosome 11 in different radiation-induced primary and secondary tumorigenic cell lines, relative to the control MCF-10F cells was investigated. We identified 3 regions of the chromosome 11 (11p15-p15.5, 11q13 and 11q23) that showed high incidence of LOH among these tumor cell lines and suggested a potential role for these chromosomal regions in breast carcinogenesis. Among them, locus 11p15.5, where c-Ha-ras oncogene is located, had incidence of allelic imbalance between 25-40%. Furthermore, direct sequencing analysis of codons 12 and 61 of the c-Ha-ras oncogene identified various point mutations. These data highlight the importance of chromosome 11 in radiation induced malignant transformation of human breast epithelial cells and suggest the usefulness of the model in uncovering specific derangements during breast cancer progression.
Sex differences in the metabolism of fatty acids in vitro

Abstract 1. 1. The influence of sex on the chain elongation, dehydrogenation and incorporation of fatty acids has been studied using a microsomal system. 2. 2. A significant sex difference was found in the elongation of palmitic acid to stearic acid. Female rats performed the elongation with a capacity about twice as high as that of male rats. 3. 3. No sex differences were detected in the ability to perform the dehydrogenation and chain-elongation steps leading from linoleic acid to arachidonic acid. The incorporation of arachidonic acid into complex lipids was not influenced by the sex.
Digital wideband phased array calibration and beamforming using time reversal technique

A 16-channel digital wideband phased array without antenna is characterized using impulse response measurement. A chirp signal is used as probing signal. By careful chirp design, impulse response at sub-band is measured for all the channels. Spectral domain response showing dispersive phase and magnitude reveals significant imbalance among the channels. Based on time reversal technique principle, spectrum-modified time reversal impulse response is calculated. This time reversal response is applied to the chirp probing signal to verify the bandpass characteristics of the sub-band, and the waveform coherent waveform. It is also applied to the CW pilot tone to verify digital beamforming gain.
Hypoxia and the extracellular matrix: drivers of tumour metastasis

Of the deaths attributed to cancer, 90% are due to metastasis, and treatments that prevent or cure metastasis remain elusive. Emerging data indicate that hypoxia and the extracellular matrix (ECM) might have crucial roles in metastasis. During tumour evolution, changes in the composition and the overall content of the ECM reflect both its biophysical and biological properties and these strongly influence tumour and stromal cell properties, such as proliferation and motility. Originally thought of as independent contributors to metastatic spread, recent studies have established a direct link between hypoxia and the composition and the organization of the ECM, which suggests a new model in which multiple microenvironmental signals might converge to synergistically influence metastatic outcome.
Thymocyte apoptosis a model of programmed cell death

Recently there has been widespread appreciation for the role of apoptosis, or programmed cell death, in the maintenance of tissue structure and function. Studies in several model systems have revealed that apoptosis is profoundly regulated by a number of diverse hormones, including steroids. The killing of immature thymic lymphocytes by glucocorticoids has emerged as an important model to define the biochemical mechanisms that mediate the programmed cell death process. Using this model, we, and others, have shown that lymphocytes degrade their DNA in response to glucocorticoids. The onset of DNA degradation precedes cell death and is the probable cause of apoptosis. This unique response to endocrine signal transduction will undoubtedly promise new insights into the mechanism of hormone action.
SU‐FF‐T‐21: Analysis of Three Optimization Techniques in a Treatment Planning System

Purpose: To develop the biological and dosimetric based tools for the evaluation of the treatment plans. Method and Materials: We have developed a set of treatment planning evaluation tools based on the equivalent uniform dose(EUD), Coverage Index(CI), Homogeneity Index(HI) and Overdose Index(OI) to evaluate the HDR brachytherapytreatment plans. Three different optimization techniques in PLATO treatment planning system are used for CT based 3D conformal brachytherapy: geometric optimization(GO), inverse optimization(IO), and the optimization to the dose points on the surface of the tumor volume(SO). All reference doses are prescribed to the points on the PTV surfaces.Treatment plans of 10 patients are analyzed. Results: The GO techniques has the best dose uniformity(mean HI=0.60) but poorest target volume coverage(mean CI=0.71). The SO method provides the best coverage(mean CI=0.85) and lowest homogeneity(mean HI=0.62). The IO plans show a compromise between coverage and dose homogeneity(mean CI=0.52 and HI=0.43). CI and EUD show close correlation for plans produced by all three optimization techniques. Conclusion: Our study suggests that these dosimetric indices could be useful tools in the evaluation of the CT based 3D conformal brachytherapy planning.
Sedimentation in ordered emulsions of drops at low Reynolds numbers

We determine the sedimentation velocity of a periodic array of drops through a viscous Newtonian fluid by extending an earlier analysis for the rigid particles. The results, which are given for the complete range of volume fractionc and the viscosity ratioK for the simple cubic, bodycentered cubic and face-centered cubic arrays, are in excellent agreement with the previously known results for the two limiting cases of the rigid spheres (K=∞) and the spherical bubbles (K=0) for all values ofc and with an asymptotic expression forc≪1 for allK.
Atomic and solid-state effects in the angle resolved photoemission cross section from an adsorbate: 4d levels of c(2 × 2)Te on Ni

Abstract The photon energy dependence of the normal emission from the Te - 4d levels of an ordered Te c(2 × 2) overlayer on Ni(100) shows two distinct types of structure. The main feature is due to an atomic effect, a delayed onset, a peak followed by a Copper minimum. Superimposed on this atomic profile are intensity modulations of 30 to 40% due to coherent scattering from the substrate. The atomic contribution is in qualitative agreement with theoretical calculations, while the modulations due to solid-state effects are not reproduced by a LEED final state type calculation.
Calcium dependency of interleukin-1 secretion by a chicken macrophage cell line

Abstract The role of calcium in transducing the signal for interleukin-1 (IL-1) secretion was examined in the MQ-NCSU chicken macrophage cell line. Cells were maintained in RPMI 1640 medium supplemented with 5% chicken serum and antibiotic-antimycotic solution at 40 C and 5% CO2. The effects of stimulation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), calcium ionophore A23187, or a combination of both on IL-1 secretion were examined. Calcium ionophore A23187 did not replace LPS in MQ-NCSU stimulation but the LPS + A23187 combination stimulated more IL-1 than ionophore alone in these cells. The combination of LPS and ionophore did not increase IL-1 secretion above the levels observed with LPS alone. No synergistic effects between LPS and A23187 were evident. In order to demonstrate that IL-1 secretion by the MQ-NCSU cells is a calcium-dependent process, ethylene glycol bis(beta-aminoethyl ether)N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid (EGTA) was used to chelate free calcium in the cultures. Incorporation of 5 mM EGTA in the cultures lowered IL-1 stimulated by LPS + A23187 to control levels. Addition of 5 mM CaC12 to EGTA-suppressed cultures restored IL-1 secretion. These results indicate that the calcium ionophore, A23187, augments IL-1 secretion by LPS-stimulated MQ-NCSU macrophages and that IL-1 secretion by these cells is a calcium-dependent process.
Phosphorylation of ribosomal and ribosome-associated proteins in isoproterenol-induced cardiac hypertrophy.

Abstract 1. 1. Cardiac hypertrophy in adult rabbits was induced by subcutaneous injection of isoproterenol. 2. 2. The rate of [3H]leucine incorporation into acid insoluble material was increased and the extent of [32P]phosphate incorporation into several ribosomal proteins was altered. 3. 3. Specifically, a ribosomal protein with a molecular weight of 32,000 from the 40S ribosomal subunit showed a five-fold increase in phosphate incorporation in the hypertrophic heart whereas a protein with a molecular weight of 28,000 from the 60S subunit showed a four-fold decrease. 4. 4. Phosphorylation of ribosome-associated proteins, which could be removed from ribosomes with 0.72 M KCl, was also changed in the hypertrophic hearts. 5. 5. Six major phosphoproteins (with molecular weights 62,000, 49,000, 36,000, 30,000, 20,000 and 12,000) were detected in both the normal and the hypertrophic hearts. 6. 6. Phosphorylation of the 62 K and the 49 K protein was increased by two- and three-fold, respectively, in the hypertrophic hearts, whereas phosphorylation of the 36 K and the 30 K protein decreased by two-fold. 7. 7. The level of phosphorylation of the 20 K and the 12 K protein was not significantly changed in hypertrophic hearts.
Speed-ups by changing the order in which sets are enumerated (Preliminary Version)

In a suitably general context, the following analogue of the Blum Speed-up Theorem is proven: There are some infinite sets which are so difficult to enumerate that, given any order for enumerating the set, there is some other order, and some one method of enumerating the set in this second order which is much faster than any method of enumerating the set in the first ordering. It may be possible to interpret this result as a statement about the relative merits of “hardware” vs. “programming” speed-ups. The proof itself is one of the first nontrivial applications of priority methods to questions of computational complexity. As such, it perhaps represents an advance in bringing the results and techniques of contemporary “pure” recursion theory to bear on questions of computational complexity. In this paper we shall prove, in a suitably general context, the following analogue of the Blum Speed-up Theorem, [B1]: There are some infinite sets which are so difficult to enumerate that, given any order for enumerating the set, there is some other order, and some one method of enumerating the set in this second order which is much faster than any method of enumerating the set in the first ordering.
A New Composite Sorbent for Methane-Nitrogen Separation by Adsorption

Abstract Composite sorbents were prepared by depositing molybdenum dioxide on Super A activated carbon. The adsorption isotherms of CH4 and N2 were measured. The adsorption capacities and BET surface areas of these adsorbents decreased with an increase in the amount of MoO2; however, the equilibrium selectivity ratio (CH4/N2) increased significantly. Therefore, an optimum quantity of MoO2 should be used to produce a sorbent with high adsorption capacity and selectivity ratio (CH4/N2). An adsorbent containing 18.2 wt% MoO2 was found to be optimum which showed a CH4/N2 selectivity ratio of 4.25. The selectivity ratio decreased with pressure, and leveled off to about 3 at 12 atm. The separation of a CH4/N2 (50/50) mixture by pressure swing adsorption (PSA) was studied by using an equilibrium model. A new PSA cycle is described by which pipeline quality methane (>90% CH4 purity) could be produced using the composite sorbent at a recovery of 73% and a throughput of 200 L STP/h/kg.
Environmental context-dependent eyewitness recognition

The present study helped resolve the apparent conflict between many laboratory list-learning studies, which have not found environmental context-dependent recognition memory, and staged field studies (e.g. Malpass and Devine, 1981), whose results with 'guided memory' techniques suggest that eyewitness face recognition should depend upon environmental context reinstatement. It was found in two different experiments that, relative to testing in a new place, returning participants to the environment where a live staged event had occurred improved performance on identification of a confederate's face (i.e., hit rate). Although physical reinstatement improved identification performance in Experiment 1, mental reinstatement instructions to subjects tested in a new environment did not improve identification performance over an uninstructed group. The environmental reinstatement effect did not interact with test delay or confederate. In Experiment 2 it was found that environmental reinstatement improved accuracy (hit rate and foil identification rate) when the correct target was present in the test line-up, and that false identifications were not significantly affected by contextual manipulations when the correct target was absent from the line-up. The results provide an empirical basis for the hypothesis that returning to the scene of an event improves eyewitness face recognition. Language: en
Phosphonate Ester Active Site Probes of Acetylcholinesterase, Trypsin and Chymotrypsin

Covalently bonded inhibitors of serine hydrolases have been considered to be good probes of the characteristics of the active site. Organophosphorus compounds (OP) and activated ketones are most prominent in this context because they should mimick the geometry of the transition state(s) of the reaction of the natural substrate.
A Measurement-Based Method for Improving Data Center Energy Efficiency

In this paper we discuss a novel sensing and measurement technology which allows visualizing the 3D temperature and heat distributions in a data center or other complex thermal system. Specifically, we leverage the high spatial resolution of IBM's mobile measurement technology (MMT). We show that substantially improvements in energy efficiency can be obtained by the MMT method.
An accurate theoretical model for the thin-wire circular loop antenna

A well-known problem with convergence that detracts from the theory for the thin-wire circular-loop antenna is eliminated by using a more realistic model for the excitation, one that corresponds more closely to an actual method of excitation for the loop than does the delta-function. The input admittances of several half-loop antennas were measured as a function of the frequency. Measured results are compared with theory, and the agreement is found to be excellent. >
Mallory‐weiss syndrome secondary to cis‐platinum chemotherapy: An unusual complication

The Mallory-Weiss syndrome is a relatively infrequent cause of digestive tract bleeding and most cases have been described in alcoholics. Nonoperative management is frequently successful. We present here a case of sudden onset of wretching and vomiting after IV infusion of cis-platinum for recurrent carcinoma of the uterine cervix in which the patient had profuse hematemesis secondary to three posterior gastroesophageal tears requiring operative intervention after failure of nonsurgical management. This is an unusual complication of antineoplastic chemotherapy and its prevention is emphasized in this paper.
Catheter interventions in the staged management of hypoplastic left heart syndrome.

Aim To analyse the current practice and contribution of catheter interventions in the staged management of patients with hypoplastic left heart syndrome. Methods This study is a retrospective case note review of 527 patients undergoing staged Norwood/Fontan palliation at a single centre between 1993 and 2010. Indications and type of catheter interventions were reviewed over a median follow-up period of 7.5 years. Results A staged Norwood/Fontan palliation for hypoplastic left heart syndrome was performed in 527 patients. The 30-day survival rate after individual stages was 76.5% at Stage I, 96.3% at Stage II, and 99.4% at Stage III. A total of 348 interventions were performed in 189 out of 527 patients. Freedom from catheter intervention in survivors was 58.2% before Stage II and 46.7% before Stage III. Kaplan–Meier freedom from intervention post Fontan completion was 55% at 10.8 years of follow-up. Post-stage I interventions were mostly directed to relieve aortic arch obstruction – 84 balloon angioplasties – and augment pulmonary blood flow – 15 right ventricle-to-pulmonary conduit interventions; post-Stage II interventions centred on augmenting size of the left pulmonary artery – 73 procedures and abolishing systemic venous collaterals – 32 procedures. After Stage III, the focus was on manipulating the size of the fenestration – 42 interventions – and the left pulmonary artery −31 procedures. Conclusion Interventional cardiac catheterisation constitutes an integral part in the staged palliative management of patients with hypoplastic left heart syndrome. Over one-third (37%) of patients undergoing staged palliation required catheter intervention over the follow-up period.