cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The 1954 Social Science Statement and School Desegregation

In his article “School Desegregation: The Social Science Role” (see Chapter 11), Harold Gerard deplores the quality of the Social Science Statement submitted to the U.S. Supreme Court at the time of its historic 1954 decision to desegregate the schools. He characterizes the statement as quixotic, myopically focused, short-sighted, unsophisticated, and based on well-meaning rhetoric rather than research. In view of the fact that the statement was presented to the Court as a review of the available research evidence and cited more than 40 publications of social scientists and educators, this characterization appears to question either the professional qualifications or the ethical standards of those who prepared and signed it. Gerard describes his own “realism” about school desegregation, developed in part, he indicates, as a consequence of the disappointing results of his case study of desegregation in the Riverside, California, elementary schools (Gerard & Miller, 1975). By overgeneralizing his own results and failing to take account of the results of many similar studies, he presents a misleading picture of the research outcomes on school desegregation and the complexities of interpreting them. He concludes his chapter by urging that social science not repeat the mistake of “entering the political arena prematurely,” as he feels it did in the case of school desegregation.
Rapid Mixing Resonance Raman Spectroscopy of Peroxidase Intermediates

Peroxidases are heme enzymes which catalyze reactions of hydrogen peroxide and certain other oxidants. The physiological mechanisms of these enzymes involve two oxidized intermediates known as compounds I and II. Compound I is formed by a two-electron oxidation of the resting enzyme and contains an Fe(IV) porphyrin π-radical cation. A one-electron reduction of compound I forms the compound II intermediate which contains an Fe(IV) heme.
SDN-Enabled Cross-Layer Flexibility in 5G Fronthaul Networks

We propose a software-defined resource allocation framework for mobile fronthaul (MFH) applications, combining secure and scalable modulation order and code rate adaptation and dynamic processing resource sharing. Successful transmission within a 34 km cover range is experimentally demonstrated.
Oral hydration therapy with water affects health and performance of high-risk, newly received feedlot cattle

ABSTRACT Our objective was to evaluate the effect of oral hydration therapy with water during initial processing of high-risk crossbred beef calves on health and performance during a 56-d feedlot receiving period. In Exp. 1, 6 arrival blocks of heifers (n = 664, initial BW = 197.1 ± 5.8 kg) were randomized to treatment pens (n = 6 per treatment). In Exp. 2, 3 arrival blocks (initial BW = 188.9 ± 19.1 kg) of bulls (n = 242) and steers (n = 55) were stratified by sex and purchase BW and randomly assigned to treatment pens (n = 15 per treatment) before initial processing. In both experiments, calves received either 0.57 L of water/45.4 kg of BW from a modified oral drenching apparatus (H2O) or no water administration (CON) at initial processing. Treatment-blinded technicians evaluated calves daily and assigned a clinical illness score for bovine respiratory disease (BRD). Cattle qualifying for BRD treatment were administered an antimicrobial. In Exp. 1, BW, ADG, and G:F did not differ (P ≥ 0.63); however, H2O numerically increased DMI (5.29 vs. 5.09 kg/d; P = 0.12) and tended to increase BRD morbidity (29.0 vs. 21.5%; P = 0.07). There was no difference (P ≥ 0.39) in second or third BRD morbidity rate or mortality rate. In Exp. 2, final BW (256.8 vs. 248.7 kg) and overall ADG (1.19 vs. 1.07 kg/d) tended to increase (P = 0.08) and DMI from d 42 to 56 (7.54 vs. 6.85 kg/d) was greater (P
Cache-Aware Dynamic Classification and Scheduling for Linux

Threads have varying needs for the on-chip caches during execution. The Completely Fair Scheduler (CFS) of Linux is oblivious to this and may make scheduling decisions that increase cache contention. Such contention is particularly pronounced in SMT (simultaneously multi-threaded or hyperthreaded) cores, and results in system throughput degradation. We present an extension to CFS, called CFS+, that detects and reduces cache contention based on the data collected from already-existing hardware instrumentation counters at run time, which is then used to dynamically determine and co-schedule threads that can share a physical core with lower cache contention. The extension evaluates cache access and performance metrics of running threads at scheduling points, and adjusts thread affinities to co-schedule them. CFS+ realizes an overall 4.56% improvement in system throughput for the applications studied, up to a 14.3% reduction of thread execution time at 70-80% core utilization, accompanied by a 2.4% overall energy savings.
On linear convergence of two decentralized algorithms

Decentralized algorithms solve multi-agent problems over a connected network, where the information can only be exchanged with accessible neighbors. Though there exist several decentralized optimization algorithms, there are still gaps in convergence conditions and rates between decentralized algorithms and centralized ones. In this paper, we fill some gaps by considering two decentralized consensus algorithms: EXTRA and NIDS. Both algorithms converge linearly with strongly convex functions. We will answer two questions regarding both algorithms. What are the optimal upper bounds for their stepsizes? Do decentralized algorithms require more properties on the functions for linear convergence than centralized ones? More specifically, we relax the required conditions for linear convergence for both algorithms. For EXTRA, we show that the stepsize is in order of $O(\frac{1}{L})$ ($L$ is the Lipschitz constant of the gradient of the functions), which is comparable to that of centralized algorithms, though the upper bound is still smaller than that of centralized ones. For NIDS, we show that the upper bound of the stepsize is the same as that of centralized ones, and it does not depend on the network. In addition, we relax the requirement for the functions and the mixing matrix, which reflects the topology of the network. As far as we know, we provide the linear convergence results for both algorithms under the weakest conditions.
A Mosaic of TESS Images Acquired Near The South Ecliptic Pole

The primary goal of the two-year Transiting Exoplanet Sky Survey (TESS) mission is to discover new, nearby exoplanet systems (Ricker et al. 2015). The mission acquires images every 30 minutes, through a single broadband filter and with four cameras. It offers a unique opportunity to study the diffuse universe. Holwerda (2018) showed it can in principle allow studies of topics such as the derivation of the halo mass profiles of nearby galaxies (essentially those in the NGC and UGC catalogs); tests of Lambda-CDM galaxy formation scenarios; derivation of stellar halo fractions for galaxies of different masses and morphologies; identification of local stellar streams that cross over multiple TESS observing sectors and other galaxy cannibalism leftovers; detection of ultra-diffuse galaxies as companions to bigger galaxies; and searches for supernovae remnants and planetary nebulae. With such science goals in mind, we have constructed a first-look, science-ready mosaic of a subset of the images released by TESS, to inform the processing and storage requirements of a mosaic of the southern sky, planned for Fall 2019. The mosaic covers the continuous viewing zone near the south ecliptic pole. In response to community requests, the mosaic is freely available at https://doi.org/10.26134/ExoFOP4 along with tools for downloading the data. This paper describes the creation of the mosaic and its characteristics.
QUALITY OF LIFE AND ITS COMPONENTS: POPULATION, ENERGY, POLLUTION AND CONSERVATION

ABSTRACT A world model has been developed giving the relationships for and between the main global parameters such as the population, energy consumption, gross world product, pollution, conservation, capital investment and the quality of life. As part of the model a universal relationship has been obtained between the population doubling time, crowding, pollution and the gross world prodouct. The results indicate that replacing the fossil fuels by a clean fuel, hydrogen, and instituting measures to retard the population growth would have beneficial effects and improve the quality of life. The agreement between the predictions of the model and the 1983 values of the parameters is good.
Epigenetics of diabetic wound healing

Abstract Wounds that have not progressed through the normal process of healing and are open for more than a month are classified as chronic wounds. Patients suffering from diabetes and obesity are at a high risk of developing chronic wounds. Epigenetic events can be summarized as the changes in gene transcription that are not due to changes in the DNA sequence but due to gene-environment interaction. On a broader scale, epigenetic events can be divided into three major categories: DNA methylation, histone modifications, and nucleosome positioning. A number of epigenetic mechanisms, particularly DNA methylation and histone modifications, have been observed during the cutaneous wound healing process. Persistent hyperglycemia, as noted in diabetes, is widely known to stall wound healing by bringing about epigenetic dysregulations in all of these compartments. Introduction of the wrong epigenetic marks at the wrong place or at the wrong time can give rise to progression and pathogenesis of diabetic wound healing impairment. This chapter will discuss the epigenetic changes associated with pathogenesis of diabetic wound healing and the formation of chronic diabetic foot ulcers.
Sources of drought early warning skill, staged prediction systems, and an example for Somalia

Abstract The slow onset of droughts can make them difficult to detect, but it also offers multiple opportunities for prediction before, during, and after an event. The best drought early warning systems utilize multiple sources of information in appropriate ways, taking advantage of each information source’s strengths. Predictive skill comes from slow changes in ocean sea surface temperatures (SSTs) and associated climate, atmospheric weather patterns, and variations in land surface moisture and vegetation conditions. Slowly varying climate patterns, driven primarily by SSTs, can provide support for long-term forecasts. Then on 1- to 14-day timescales, predictions of weather systems can inform drought outlooks. Finally, weather observations, and the land surface response to these surface forcings provide lagged but reliable information on drought conditions and impacts. In general, as we transition from climate to weather to land information, we find increases in accuracy and spatial resolution but decreases in lead time. Before the season, statistical or dynamic climate forecasts can provide coarse projections of seasonal rainfall or reference evapotranspiration (RefET). As the season commences, observations or weather forecasts of these indicators provide rapidly available information; combining observations and weather forecasts can provide powerful mid-season indicators. Finally, late in the season, estimates of runoff, soil moisture, and vegetation can provide excellent sources of information that relate directly to hydrologic or agropastoral drought impacts and related food and livestock price variations. These land surface responses temporally lag rainfall but also provide high-quality information about impacts. Combining multiple sources of information in a defense-in-depth strategy provides multiple chances to detect droughts, greatly enhancing system performance, while also leveraging multiple sources of information. Here, we describe how such systems can be developed and provide examples for Somalia—one of the most drought prone and food insecure countries in the world.
SP5 Tenfold medication errors in children – Welsh paediatric surveillance unit study 2017–9

Aims To establish the incidence and characteristics of tenfold or greater and a tenth or less medication errors in children Method Population-based incidence study in Wales, UK, from June 2017 - May 2019 (24 months). Cases were reported from paediatricians and hospital pharmacists using the monthly Welsh Paediatric Surveillance Unit (WPSU). Results 46 confirmed incidents in 44 children from 63 notifications were identified. Cases came from 8 hospitals in Wales with 29 (63%) from the sole tertiary hospital. Median age was 1.7 (range 1 week to 15) years and weight 10 kg (0.6 to 59). 39 (85%) were overdosing (up to 1000x fold error) and 7 underdosing. 40 different medications were involved, 16 (37%) intravenous. Of 29 cases involving enteral medication, 26 (90%) were liquid formulations. Three cases were discharge medication prescribed or dispensed incorrectly and administrated at home. Stage of errors were primarily in prescribing 37 (80%), administration 7 (16%) and dispensing 2 (4%). 18 (42%) cases reached the patient, 10 from prescribing. Seven cases were spotted after multiple doses were given. Six errors resulted in harm, three which required intensive care treatment. No deaths or permanent disabilities were reported. Half (23/46) of all errors reported and two-thirds (12/18) of cases that reached the child occurred in Several human factor themes were identified: Prescribing confusion between gram milligram and microgram (none reached patient, n=7), confusing between mg and mg/kg (n=6 including 3 underdosing errors), leading zero errors (e.g. 0.1 vs 0.001 mg, n=6) and prescribing reconciliation errors where admitting doctor attempted to prescribe chronic medication in mg by reversing calculating liquid dosage expressed in mL (n=4). During this study period 164,000 hospital admissions occurred in children Conclusion In this unique first ever population surveillance study, tenfold errors in children occurred at every stage of medication process and in the full range of care settings. Errors found were very different from those obtained from tertiary hospital single centre study and UK National Reporting and Learning System (NRLS). Strategies for error reduction will be more productive if designed across a whole national healthcare system.
YouTube as a Source of Medical Information About Spinal Cord Stimulation

BACKGROUND Social media platforms may play an important role in the dissemination of medical information on interventional pain procedures. This cross-sectional study quantitatively assessed the reliability and quality of information from YouTube regarding spinal cord stimulation. MATERIALS AND METHODS YouTube was queried on May 20, 2020 using keywords "spinal cord stimulator," "spinal cord stimulation experience," and "spinal cord stimulation risks." The top 50 viewed videos from each search were analyzed. The primary outcome was video quality, which was analyzed using the modified DISCERN (mDISCERN) criteria. RESULTS Seventy-nine of 103 (77%) videos were classified as useful. Fifteen of 103 (14%) videos were classified as misleading and contained nonfactual information on spinal cord stimulation. Hospitals, group practices, or physicians produced a greater proportion of useful videos compared to misleading videos (63.3% vs. 26.7%, p = 0.008). Nonmedical independent users produced a greater proportion of misleading videos compared to useful videos (73.3% vs. 16.4%, p < 0.001). Useful videos had significantly higher mDISCERN scores compared to misleading videos (2.6 vs. 1.9, p = 0.009). Nonmedical independent users produced a greater proportion of low-quality videos (mDISCERN score < 3) than high-quality videos (mDISCERN score ≥ 3; 50.8% vs. 2.4%, respectively, p < 0.001). Educational videos from professional pain medicine societies were not captured. CONCLUSION YouTube is an accessible platform for medical information on spinal cord stimulation, yet a significant amount of nonfactual information is present. As social media platforms continue to gain prominence in health care, future efforts to appraise the quality of medical content delivered to the public are warranted. In addition, reputable sources including professional pain medicine societies should consider collaborating with producers to disseminate high-quality video content that reaches a wider audience.
Auto-repugnancy: In-between Freud’s “Pleasure Principle”

A number of philosophers have put pressure on the seeming binarism of the life and death drives in Beyond the Pleasure Principle. Continuing this line of interpretation, this paper first focuses on Freud’s appeal to biology and biologism by arguing for it to be understood as a complex deployment of the resources of analogy. Foregrounding the latter leads to an understanding of animacy, consciousness and psychic life in terms of forms of self-repugnant auto-irritation whose scope encompasses the emergence of both the life and death drives (an auto-differentiation referred to by Jacques Derrida as “lifedeath”). The paper concludes with some consequences for the status and scale of futurist reproductive interest, as described by Freud.
Multidimensional partial wave analysis of SIDIS dihadron beam spin asymmetries at CLAS12

Dihadron beam spin asymmetries provide a wide range of insights into nucleon structure and hadronization. Recent measurements at CLAS12 provide the first empirical evidence of nonzero $G_1^\perp$, the parton helicity-dependent dihadron fragmentation function (DiFF) encoding spin-momentum correlations in hadronization. These measurements also allow for a point-by-point extraction of the subleading-twist PDF $e(x)$ in a collinear framework. We observe different behavior of the asymmetries in different invariant mass regions, motivating a fully multidimensional study. The DiFFs also expand in terms of partial waves, each corresponding to the interference of dihadrons of particular polarizations. Altogether a fully multidimensional partial wave analysis is needed, and this presentation will summarize the efforts and results obtained thus far.
Subtypes of Major Depressive Disorder Based on Pharmacological Responsiveness

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a descriptive, syndromic diagnosis which will likely be discovered to be more than a single disorder when understood from a pathobiological or pathoetiological perspective. To date, attempts to divide this disorder into more homogenous phenotypes on the basis of signs and symptoms have not yielded more information on the pathobiological or pathoetiological factors that can cause a major depressive episode. This column proposes a new way of dividing MDD into 3 subtypes based on responsiveness to pharmacological treatments that are pharmacologically quite different from each other: type 1, which is responsive to treatment with biogenic amine antidepressants; type 2, which is not responsive to treatment with biogenic amine antidepressants but is responsive to antidepressants that work on the glutamine neurotransmitter system via the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor; and type 3, which is not responsive to either of these 2 types of antidepressants. The goal of this formulation is to develop biologically meaningful subtypes that can be further studied to understand the pathobiology underlying these 3 types of MDD with the goal of developing newer treatments and earlier ways of diagnosing these conditions.
Thermoelectric phonon stop band materials

Using an analogy with photon band gap materials, we introduce a concept of the phonon stop-band materials for thermoelectric applications. We show that acoustic phonon propagation can be inhibited along certain directions in quantum dot superlattices with appropriately chosen parameters. It is also demonstrated that for realistic quantum dot parameters (dot size is few nanometers) it is possible to achieve a stop band in the phonon energy range that affects the value of the thermal conductivity tensor. The latter opens up a novel way for thermal conductivity reduction and thus, for increasing the thermoelectric figure of merit.
1-D and 2-D Calculations of Dynamo-Generated Magnetic Fields in White Dwarfs

We summarize 1-D calculations and present new 2-D calculations of dynamo generated magnetic fields in white dwarfs. We find that kG magnetic fields with oscillation periods of a few years can be generated in the surface layers of these stars. These magnetic fields could be detected through their effect on the pulsations of variable white dwarfs, but care must be taken when analyzing data taken in different observing runs as they may sample different phases of the dynamo.
Direct demonstration of elevated aldehyde dehydrogenase in human hematopoietic progenitor cells

Relative levels of cytoplasmic aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) were determined in selected subpopulations of normal human bone marrow cells using a flow cytometric assay that simultaneously detects a cell surface antigen (as a marker of cell lineage and developmental stage) and the level of ALDH. The intracellular level of this enzyme has been shown to be directly related to cellular resistance to activated cyclophosphamide and is believed to be important in the survival of cells capable of repopulating marrow in autologous bone marrow transplant procedures. Western blot analysis and flow cytometric analysis of four murine cell lines with known ALDH levels were used to establish the relation between ALDH content and fluorescence with an affinity-purified anti-mouse ALDH antibody. An affinity purified anti-human ALDH antibody, characterized by immunoblotting of cytosolic extracts of cell lines with known ALDH content, was used to determine relative ALDH levels in the marrow subpopulations. We found that hematopoietic progenitor cells express the highest level of ALDH, while lymphocytes express the lowest level. Immature erythroid cells express ALDH at a level intermediate between progenitor cells and lymphocytes.
First World Country

First world countries are those that are highly industrialized, have high per capita incomes in relation to most other countries, high levels of education, and other economic and social attributes one might expect from nations such as Australia, Canada, France, Germany, Great Britain (in fact, virtually all of Western Europe), Japan, the United States, and a few other countries. Keywords: first world country
A global separation theorem for a new class of nonlinear observers

This paper investigates certainty-equivalence implementation of state-feedback controllers with a new nonlinear observer design recently introduced by the author. The main result proves that the reduced-order variant of this observer preserves global stability of state-feedback designs. In contrast, the full-order observer may lead to instability. The discrepancy between the two forms of the observer is illuminated with examples.
Ethical Issues in Health Education and Health Promotion: Challenges for the Profession

Abstract This paper highlights some of the ethical issues that have begun to receive attention in health education. We suggest that a greater awareness of the ethical dimensions of public health policies is needed, and that health educators should play a prominent role in leading public discussions of these issues. We invoke several basic moral principles — including the principles of utility, autonomy, and justice — particularly pertinent to ethical issues in health promotion. These principles are used to examine the issues of individual responsibility and victim blaming, biases in interventions, societal obsessions with health, and the role of the health educator in specific settings.
Clinical review: Reunification of acid–base physiology

Recent advances in acid–base physiology and in the epidemiology of acid–base disorders have refined our understanding of the basic control mechanisms that determine blood pH in health and disease. These refinements have also brought parity between the newer, quantitative and older, descriptive approaches to acid–base physiology. This review explores how the new and older approaches to acid–base physiology can be reconciled and combined to result in a powerful bedside tool. A case based tutorial is also provided.
Descriptive Representation and Latino Interest Bill Sponsorship in Congress

Objective. This article examines dynamics related to the sponsorship of Latino interest bills in Congress. I focus particularly on the influence of Latino representatives. Methods. I employ an original data set that includes all bills sponsored during the 109th Congress (2005–2006) and use negative binomial and standard OLS regression techniques to test hypotheses that Latino representatives are more active sponsors of Latino interest bills than non-Latino representatives. Results. Findings demonstrate that both the size of Latino constituencies in congressional districts and descriptive representation significantly and positively predict Latino interest bill sponsorship. Descriptive representation appears particularly influential regarding sponsorship of bills that deal with Latino concerns explicitly. Conclusion. The analysis establishes that descriptive representation enhances the substantive representation of Latinos in bill sponsorship. An important aspect of this phenomenon is a legislative style on the part of Latino representatives that more openly, actively, and specifically embraces the interests of Latino constituencies in policy proposals.
Prospective Isolation of Skeletal Muscle Stem Cells with a Pax7 Reporter

Muscle regeneration occurs through activation of quiescent satellite cells whose progeny proliferate, differentiate, and fuse to make new myofibers. We used a transgenic Pax7-ZsGreen reporter mouse to prospectively isolate stem cells of skeletal muscle by flow cytometry. We show that Pax7-expressing cells (satellite cells) in the limb, head, and diaphragm muscles are homogeneous in size and granularity and uniformly labeled by certain cell surface markers, including CD34 and CD29. The frequency of the satellite cells varies between muscle types and with age. Clonal analysis demonstrated that all colonies arising from single cells within the Pax7-sorted fraction have myogenic potential. In response to injury, Pax7(+) cells reduce CD34, CD29, and CXCR4 expression, increase in size, and acquire Sca-1. When directly isolated and cultured in vitro, Pax7(+) cells display the hallmarks of activation and proliferate, initially as suspension aggregates and later distributed between suspension and adherence. During in vitro expansion, Pax7 (ZsGreen) and CD34 expression decline, whereas expression of PSA-NCAM is acquired. The nonmyogenic, Pax7(neg) cells expand as Sca1(+) PDGRalpha(+) PSA-NCAM(neg) cells. Satellite cells expanded exclusively in suspension can engraft and produce dystrophin(+) fibers in mdx(-/-) mice. These results establish a novel animal model for the study of muscle stem cell physiology and a culture system for expansion of engraftable muscle progenitors.
Effects of Polymer Brush Self-Assembly on Spreading and Thin Film Stability

This paper discusses the modification of several spreading properties of a liquid on a solid surface by the addition of end-adsorbing polymers. End-adsorption of the polymers at the liquid−solid interface decreases the interfacial free energy. If this decrease is sufficient to overcome the negative spreading power of an otherwise nonspreading liquid, the liquid will spread on the surface. Using a self-consistent field method, we construct a phase diagram for spreading of a liquid drop of fixed volume as a function of the concentration of end-adsorbing polymers and the energy of end-adsorption to the surface. The equilibrium thickness of a spread film is also calculated and is shown to be closely related to the thickness of a self-assembled polymer brush in an unbounded fluid but relatively insensitive to the bare spreading power of the liquid or the Hamaker constant, which determine the equilibrium thickness of a film of a simple liquid. When a solid surface of a given area is covered by a film thicker th...
Aging and the recovery of postural stability from taking a step

The study examined the effect of aging adults (young: 18-26 years vs. old: 66-73 years) on the recovery of postural stability from taking a single volitional step that varied in direction (forward, backward, sideways) onto force platforms. The recovery of postural stability (as indexed by an exponential decay function) was determined from the dynamic stability of the motions of the center of pressure (COP), center of mass (COM) and virtual time to contact (VTC). The findings showed that in all step directions the older adults required more time to securely perform the step and were less stable after the second foot contact with the surface of support. The decay rate of the recovery of the COP, COM and VTC stable dynamics was reduced and the minimum of VTC lower in the old in contrast to the young adults. The findings reveal that even in taking a single step with preferred spatial-temporal dynamics older adults are slower and less stable in recovery of stance through more closely challenging the limits of the postural stability boundary and its associated potential of a fall.
Abstract 741: Lactic acid, hyperacidic media, and hypoxia diminish 4-hydroxyanisole-induced toxicity in melanoma cell lines

Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC Lack of in-vitro in-vivo correlation in drug efficacy is a major problem in anticancer drug discovery, which may be attributed to hypoxia and lactic acid production in tumor. In current work, we evaluated the effect of hypoxia, lactic acid and hyper-acidic condition on efficacy of 4-hydroxyanisole (4-HA) as an anti-melanoma prodrug in human SK-MEL-28 cells. Lactic acid concentrations and pH were determined in tumor and compared with liver, lung, kidney and serum in skin melanoma tumor model in mice. The pH of tumor and blood was measured using pH meter. The lactic acids were measured by a microdialysis analyzer. Modular incubator chamber was used to maintain hypoxic condition. MTT assay was used for IC50 (48h) determination and cell viability measurement. Male C57BL/6 mice (n=3) were inoculated s.c. at right flank with 1×106 B16-F0 melanoma cells. The pH of tumor and serum was 6.8-6.9 and 7.4-7.6, respectively, indicating that pH was significantly lower in tumor. The lactic acid concentrations in tumor increased from 10.8 to 19.4mM during day 8 through 13 post melanoma cell inoculation, whereas in serum, liver, lung and kidney remained within 5.5-7.8mM, 11.1-14.4mM, 3.5-6.9mM and 6.6-7.5mM, respectively. Normoxia results: The IC50 (48h) of 4-HA in SK-MEL-28 was 50µM. Lactic acid demonstrated a concentration dependent toxicity towards melanoma cell lines with an IC50 (48h) of 20mM. 4-HA (50µM) led to 50% toxicity in the presence of lactic acid (5-20mM) as well. A decrease in pH of the media was observed with an increase in lactic acid concentration. Hypoxia results: The IC50 (48h) of 4-HA remained 50µM in hypoxia. Lactic acid was less toxic to the cells under hypoxia. 4-HA (50µM) showed no toxicity in presence of lactic acid (5-20mM) under hypoxic condition. The effect of pyruvic acid, HCl and NaCl on 4-HA toxicity were also investigated in normoxia and hypoxia conditions. Our results suggest that lactic acid, hyper-acidic media and hypoxia may play major roles in diminishing 4-HA toxicity in melanoma cells, however, the role of hypoxia was found to be more prominent. Lactic acid provided protective effect against 4-HA induced toxicity under hypoxic condition. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 741.
Sex-dependent cognitive phenotype of mice lacking mGluR8.

Metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) modulate glutamatergic and GABAergic neurotransmission. mGluR8 is generally located presynaptically where it regulates neurotransmitter release. Previously we reported that 6-month-old mGluR8-/- male mice show higher measures of anxiety in anxiety tests involving avoidable anxiety-provoking stimuli than age-matched wild-type male mice. In wild-type mice, middle-aged females and males show higher measures of anxiety in such tests and reduced spatial learning than young adults. In this study we evaluated in middle-aged mice the effects of mGluR8 deficiency on measures of anxiety involving avoidable and unavoidable anxiety-provoking stimuli and on cognitive performance and whether these effects are sex-dependent. Female and male mGluR8-/- mice showed increased measures of anxiety in the open field. In contrast, male mGluR8-/- mice showed increased but female male mGluR8-/- mice decreased measures of anxiety in the elevated plus maze and the acoustic startle response. mGluR8 deficiency impaired novel location recognition and spatial memory retention in the water maze. The impairment in spatial memory retention in the water maze, but not in novel location recognition, was more pronounced in female than male mice. Thus, potential sex differences in the therapeutic effects of mGluR8 modulation to reduce measures of anxiety and improve cognitive performance should be carefully considered.
Electrooxidation of CO and H2/CO Mixtures on Pt(111) in Acid Solutions

Electrocatalysis of CO oxidation and the interfacial structure of the CO adlayer (COad) on the Pt(111) surface in 0.5 M H2SO4 were examined by using the rotating disk electrode method in combination with in situ surface X-ray diffraction measurements. The results presented here elucidate the roles played by two different forms of COad: one which is oxidized at lower overpotentials, in the so-called preoxidation region, we characterize as a weakly adsorbed state (COad.w), and a strongly adsorbed state (COad,s) which is oxidized at higher overpotentials. The COad,w state forms at saturation coverage by adsorption at E < 0.15 V and assumes a compressed p(2 × 2) structure containing 3 CO molecules in the unit cell (0.75 CO/Pt). We propose that oxidative removal of COad,w is accompanied by simultaneous relaxation of the CO adlayer, and that the remaining COad (≈0.6 CO/Pt) assumes a new bonding state which we identify as COad,s. The COad,s state is present in a structure lacking long-range order. Despite the r...
Discovery of 1-[1-(1-methylcyclooctyl)-4-piperidinyl]-2-[(3R)-3-piperidinyl]-1H-benzimidazole: integrated drug-design and structure-activity relationships for orally potent, metabolically stable and potential-risk reduced novel non-peptide nociceptin/orphanin FQ receptor agonist as antianxiety drug

Anxiety disorders, caused by continuous or acute stress or fear, have been highly prevailing psychiatric disorders. For the acute treatment of the disorders, benzodiazepines have been widely used despite having liabilities that limit their utility. Alternatively, endogenous nociceptin/orphanin FQ and nociceptin/orphanin FQ peptide receptor (or opioid-receptor-like-1 receptor) have important roles in the integration of emotional components, e.g. anxiolytic activity is the key behavioral action of nociceptin/orphanin FQ in brain. In our preceding study, various structurally novel 1,2-disubstituted benzimidazole derivatives were designed and synthesized as highly potent nociceptin/orphanin FQ peptide receptor selective full agonists in vitro with high or moderate nociceptin/orphanin FQ peptide receptor occupancy in the mice brain per os based on appropriate physicochemical properties for the oral brain activity [Hayashi et al. (2009) J Med Chem;52:610-625]. In the present study, drug design and structure-activity relationships for Vogel anticonflict activities in mice per os, metabolic stabilities in human liver microsome, CYP2D6 inhibitions, serum protein bindings, and human ether-a-go-go related gene binding affinities of novel nociceptin/orphanin FQ peptide receptor agonists were investigated. Through the series of coherent drug discovery studies, the strongest nociceptin/orphanin FQ peptide receptor agonist, 1-[1-(1-methylcyclooctyl)-4-piperidinyl]-2-[(3R)-3-piperidinyl]-1H-benzimidazole was designed and identified as a new-class orally potent anxiolytic with little side-effects, as significant findings.
AIDS on Campus: A Preliminary Study of College Students' Knowledge and Behaviors.

This preliminary study examined the possible relationship between knowledge about AIDS, subjective perception of the risk of contracting AIDS, and sexual behavior in a sample of undergraduate college students (N = 459). The majority of the students indicated that AIDS was not an issue of personal concern. Students were generally informed about AIDS, although one-third of the students were unclear about the transmission of the disease through casual contact. Data analysis indicated that no relationship existed between accurate knowledge about AIDS and sexual behavior. The relationship between self-assessment of personal risk for AIDS and reduced sexual contacts was found to be significant at the .01 level. Recommendations are made regarding AIDS educational and counseling approaches among college students. Please note that the term AIDS is used to represent the presence of HIV antibodies, AIDS-related complex (ARC), and diagnosed AIDS.
18.2 A fully-implantable cochlear implant SoC with piezoelectric middle-ear sensor and energy-efficient stimulation in 0.18μm HVCMOS

A cochlear implant (CI) is a device that electrically stimulates the auditory nerve to restore hearing in people with profound hearing loss. Conventional CIs rely on an external unit comprising a microphone and sound processor to pick up and encode sound. The external unit raises concerns with social stigma and limits usage in the shower or during water sports, motivating the need for a fully-implantable (i.e., invisible) cochlear implant (FICI). The limited energy storage capacity of the implanted system requires low-power (<;1mW total power) sound processing and auditory nerve stimulation to enable operation from an implanted battery that is wirelessly recharged only once daily. Recent state-of-the-art ICs are typically designed for external microphone-based CIs and do not require the neural stimulator to be on the same chip [1]. Prior implantable acoustic sensors such as accelerometers sense the sound-induced vibration of the middle ear, but this approach has limited sensitivity and requires several mW of power for the sensor itself [2].
IDF Curves Using the Frank Archimedean Copula

This study aims at deriving intensity-duration-frequency (IDF) curves from bivariate rainfall frequency analysis using the copula method, which does not assume the rainfall variables to be independent or normal or have the same type of marginal distributions. The bivariate distributions are then employed to determine conditional return periods and IDF curves needed for urban drainage design. The IDF curves are tested using rainfall data from catchments in Louisiana and are also compared with those of Technical Paper 40 (TP-40) of the U.S. National Weather Service as well as those published in the literature.
Structural Evolution, Sequential Oxidation, and Chemical Bonding in Tritantalum Oxide Clusters: Ta3On− and Ta3On (n = 1−8)

We report a combined photoelectron spectroscopy (PES) and density functional theory (DFT) study on a series of tritantalum oxide clusters, Ta3On−. Well-resolved PES spectra are obtained for Ta3On− (n = 1−8) at several detachment photon energies, yielding electronic structure information which is used for comparison with the DFT calculations. A trend of sequential oxidation is observed as a function of O content until Ta3O8−, which is a stoichiometric cluster. Extensive DFT calculations are performed in search of the lowest energy structures for both the anions and neutrals. The first three O atoms are shown to successively occupy the bridging sites in the Ta3 triangle. The next three O atoms each occupy a terminal site, with the seventh and eighth O atoms forming a double-bridge and a double-terminal, respectively. The Ta3O7− anion is found to possess a localized electron pair on a single Ta center, making it an interesting molecular model for Ta3+ surface sites. Molecular orbital analyses are performed t...
Effect of molecular film thickness on thermal conduction across solid-film interfaces.

The Brownian motion and aggregation of particles in nanofluids often lead to the formation of solid-film-solid structures. The molecular thin film confined between nanoparticles may have non-negligible effects on thermal conduction among nanoparticles. Using nonequilibrium molecular dynamics simulations, we study thermal conduction across the Ag particle-Ar thin-film interface. If the film contains only one molecular layer, we find that the solid-film interfacial thermal resistance ${R}_{\mathrm{SF}}$ is about 1 order of magnitude smaller than the solid-liquid (bulk) interfacial thermal resistance ${R}_{\mathrm{SL}}$. If there are two or more molecular layers in the film, it is shown that ${R}_{\mathrm{SF}}$ increases rapidly toward ${R}_{\mathrm{SL}}$ as film thickness increases. By comparing the vibrational density of states of Ag atoms and Ar molecules in the film, we demonstrate that the low thermal resistance in the monolayer film case is caused by the resonant thermal transport between Ag particles and Ar thin films.
Asymptotic inequality of the market system

Abstract Do the rich get richer under the market system? We give models supporting such an idea on the basis of: (1) the utility function of the rich person increases at a slower rate and so he bargains for more, and (2) the poor person discounts the future at a higher rate than the rich person.
A simple titration technique for determining atomic hydrogen concentrations in fast flow discharge systems

Abstract Hydrogen atom concentrations are typically determined in flow discharge systems by adding NO 2 and following the reaction H + NO 2 → OH + NO. We show that the increase in the hydroxyl radical concentrations with increased NO 2 concentrations also can be used to measure initial hydrogen atom concentrations in the range ∼∼ (0.5–5) × 10 12 molecules cm −3 . This technique, accurate to ± 20%, is convenient in that atomic hydrogen, which is more difficult to detect than OH, need not be followed directly.
Cardiac electrophysiological actions and interactions of ethanol, cocaine, and the metabolite ethylcocaine

The influence of ethanol on the actions of cocaine and ethylcocaine on rat sinoatrial preparations was studied. Ethanol did not modify the depressant effect of cocaine or ethylcocaine on sinoatrial rate (SR) in preparations with spontaneous activity. Cocaine produced sinoatrial block only in the presence of ethanol, and the latter accentuated the sinoatrial block produced by ethylcocaine. Ethanol did not modify the depressant effect of cocaine or ethylcocaine on membrane potentials of atrial fibers in preparations driven at a constant rate. In conclusion, ethanol, in a concentration that did not by itself affect SR or produce sinoatrial block, accentuated the effects of cocaine and ethylcocaine on sinoatrial conduction, without modifying the effects on SR. It is proposed that the accentuation of the block was the consequence of the combination of a depressant action on the fast sodium system and a deterioration of the cell-to-cell coupling.
Electrostatic potentials and protein partitioning in aqueous two‐phase systems

A thermodynamic analysis unambiguously relates interfacial-electrostatic-potential differences measured with Ag/AgCl capillary electrodes to the equilibrium properties of an aqueous two-phase system. Interfacial electrostatic potentials were measured as a function of total α-cyclodextrin concentration in an aqueous two-phase system containing 9.1 wt. % poly (ethylene glycol), 6.1 wt. % Dextran T-70, and 1-mM potassium iodide. An order-of-magnitude increase in the interfacial electrostatic potential was observed as the total concentration of α-cyclodextrin increased from 0 to 1 mM. Measured partition coefficients for α-chymotrypsin, lysozyme, and bovine serum albumin depend strongly on α-cyclodextrin concentration. For example, as the concentration of α-cyclodextrin rises from 0 to 1 mM, the partition coefficient of lysozyme decreases from 1.7 to 0.55. These measurements are in good agreement with theoretical expectations.
RAIDDing ER Stress for Oncolytic Viral Therapy

Oncolytic viruses exploit molecular differences between normal and cancer cells to selectively kill the latter. Results of a synthetic lethal screen described in this issue of Cancer Cell demonstrate that components of the unfolded protein response (UPR) limit virus-induced tumor cell killing and identify a strategy to utilize this knowledge.
A pumping lemma for deterministic context-free languages

Abstract In this paper, we introduce a new pumping lemma and a new iteration theorem for deterministic context-free languages (DCFLs). As application of the lemma, several languages are shown not to be deterministic context-free by using this lemma. An iteration theorem for DCFLs has already been introduced by Harrison in [3]. However, the result presented in this paper is different from his. Instead of considering the pumping property of individual words, we consider the pumping property of pairs of words. The latter approach seems more natural to the DCFLs (LR(1) languages). The pumping lemma introduced in this paper also appears to be easier to understand and use. We conjecture that there exist languages that can be shown not to be DCFLs by this new result but cannot be shown by the existing one. In Section 1, we introduce the basic notations used in this paper. In Section 2, we state our pumping lemma (without a proof) and show two applications of the lemma. In Section 3, a left-part theorem for LR ( k ) grammars is introduced, which is crucial to the proof of the pumping lemma and interesting on its own right. In the last section, we prove the lemma and extend it to an iteration theorem.
The mineralogic distribution of iron in the upper mantle

Abstract Using the observed distribution of Fe 2+ between garnets and clinopyroxenes and olivines in rocks crystallizing under different geological conditions, for which the temperatures and pressures are assumed, a relative difference in enthalpy (≈3 to ≈6 kcal/mole) is inferred between almandine and pyrope. Using these and thermodynamic data for olivine and ringwoodite, the distribution of Fe 2+ between olivine and ringwoodite, and garnet, is calculated down to 620 km in the mantle, using several different temperature profiles. For an average olivine composition (Mg 0.9 Fe 0.1 ) – SiO 4 , the composition of the coexisting garnet (Fe x , Mg 1− x ) 3− Al 2 Si 3 O 12 has a composition corresponding to x = 0.3 to 0.6 at the top of the mantle. The value of x decrease to a minimum value of between 0.3 and 0.4 at ≈180 km, and then increases again with increasing depth until the olive to spinel transition is encountered. Although the calculations are less certain, the garnet in the spinel zone appears to be relatively less rich in Fe 2+ than in the olivine layer. Estimates of the self-diffusion of Fe 2+ for olivine in the upper mantle suggest that if the grain size and/or one-year convective motions are less than a fraction of a cm, the equilibrium distribution profiles are likely to be a permanent feature of the mantle. A series of theoretical velocity and density profiles for the upper mantle are constructed on the basis of the distribution coefficient calculations and the equation of state of olivines, pyroxenes, garnets and spinels, and compared to some recent seismic observations. It is found that an addition of some 20% garnet (which is necessary richer in iron than the olivine) results in reduction in seismic velocities which is comparable with an increase in iron content of ≈3% and ≈12%, respectively, in the olivine and spinel zone.