cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Insider trading and firm-specific return volatility

Roll (J Financ 43:541–566, 1988) argues that firm-specific stock return volatility may result either from informed trading or from noise trading that is unrelated to information. In this paper we provide evidence that insider purchases are inversely related to the idiosyncratic volatility of stocks. We also find that stock idiosyncratic volatilities are generally inversely related to future 6- and 12-month returns. Our results are primarily driven by the timing of insider sales rather than insider purchases. The results are consistent with an information-based explanation of firm-specific return volatility.
Extent, age, and resurfacing history of the northern smooth plains on Mercury from MESSENGER observations

Abstract MESSENGER orbital images show that the north polar region of Mercury contains smooth plains that occupy ~7% of the planetary surface area. Within the northern smooth plains (NSP) we identify two crater populations, those superposed on the NSP (“post-plains”) and those partially or entirely embayed (“buried”). The existence of the second of these populations is clear evidence for volcanic resurfacing. The post-plains crater population reveals that the NSP do not exhibit statistically distinguishable subunits on the basis of crater size–frequency distributions, nor do measures of the areal density of impact craters reveal volcanically resurfaced regions within the NSP. These results suggest that the most recent outpouring of volcanic material resurfaced the majority of the region, and that this volcanic flooding emplaced the NSP over a relatively short interval of geologic time, perhaps 100 My or less. Stratigraphic embayment relationships within the buried crater population, including partial crater flooding and the presence of smaller embayed craters within the filled interiors of larger craters and basins, indicate that a minimum of two episodes of volcanic resurfacing occurred. From the inferred rim heights of embayed craters, we estimate the NSP to be regionally 0.7–1.8 km thick, with a minimum volume of volcanic material of 4 × 10 6 to 10 7 km 3 . Because of the uncertainty in the impact flux at Mercury, the absolute model age of the post-plains volcanism could be either ∼3.7 or ∼2.5 Ga, depending on the chronology applied.
Brain and testicular tumors in mice with progenitor cells lacking BAX and BAK

The proapoptotic BCL-2 family proteins BAX and BAK serve as essential gatekeepers of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway and, when activated, transform into pore-forming homo-oligomers that permeabilize the mitochondrial outer membrane. Deletion of Bax and Bak causes marked resistance to death stimuli in a variety of cell types. Bax(-/-)Bak(-/-) mice are predominantly non-viable and survivors exhibit multiple developmental abnormalities characterized by cellular excess, including accumulation of neural progenitor cells in the periventricular, hippocampal, cerebellar and olfactory bulb regions of the brain. To explore the long-term pathophysiological consequences of BAX/BAK deficiency in a stem cell niche, we generated Bak(-/-) mice with conditional deletion of Bax in Nestin-positive cells. Aged Nestin(Cre)Bax(fl/fl)Bak(-/-) mice manifest progressive brain enlargement with a profound accumulation of NeuN- and Sox2-positive neural progenitor cells within the subventricular zone (SVZ). One-third of the mice develop frank masses comprised of neural progenitors, and in 20% of these cases, more aggressive, hypercellular tumors emerged. Unexpectedly, 60% of Nestin(Cre)Bax(fl/fl)Bak(-/-) mice harbored high-grade tumors within the testis, a peripheral site of Nestin expression. This in vivo model of severe apoptotic blockade highlights the constitutive role of BAX/BAK in long-term regulation of Nestin-positive progenitor cell pools, with loss of function predisposing to adult-onset tumorigenesis.
Thomas Jefferson's Art Gallery for Monticello

This early expression of Thomas Jefferson's lifelong faith in self-education through extensive independent reading reflects his own training, then most recently for the law. With a Renaissance and Encyclopedist mind, the protean president approached many successful undertakings as he did learning. The same habits, combined with enlightened conversation, seem to have informed his first known judgments in the figurative arts, while he was making early plans for Monticello.
What Do We Know and Need to Know about the Environmental Outcomes of Collaborative Management

Many tout the benefits of collaborative environmental management as an alternative to centralized planning and command and control regulation, but the excitement over collaborative processes has not been matched by evidence that these processes actually improve the environment. The most crucial question in collaborative environmental management remains unanswered and often unasked: To what extent does collaboration lead to improved environmental outcomes? We know much about why collaboration is occurring and how collaborative processes and outputs vary. The primary goal of future research on collaborative environmental management should be to demonstrate whether collaboration improves environmental conditions more than traditional processes and newer market-based processes. Collaboration is not a panacea; it is a choice that policy makers and public managers should make based on evidence about expected outcomes.
SU-F-BRE-02: Characterization of a New Commercial Single Crystal Diamond Detector in Photon, Electron and Proton Beams

Purpose: Diamond detectors even with superior characteristics have become obsolete due to poor design, selection of crystal and cost. Recently, microDiamond using synthetic single crystal diamond detector (SCDD) is commercially available which is characterized in various radiation beams in this study. Methods: The characteristics of a commercial SCDD model 60019 (PTW) to a 6- and 15-MV photon beams, 6- and 20-MeV electron beams, and 208 MeV proton beams were investigated and compared to the pre-characterized detectors: TN31010 (0.125 cm3) and TN30006 (pinpoint) ionization chambers (PTW), EDGE detector (Sun Nuclear Corp), and SFD Stereotactic Dosimetry Diode Detector (IBA). The depth-dose and profiles data were collected for various field sizes and depths. The dose linearity and dose rate dependency were also evaluated. To evaluate the effects of the preirradiation, the diamond detector which had not been irradiated on the day was set up in the water tank and the response to 100 MU was measured every 20 s. The temperature dependency was tested for the range of 4–60 °C. Angular dependency was evaluated in water phantom by rotating the SCDD. Results: For all radiation types and field sizes, the depth-dose data of the diamond chamber showed identical curve to those of ionization chambers. The profile of the diamond detector was very similar to those of the Edge and SFD detectors, although the 0.125 cm3 and pinpoint chambers showed averaging effects in the penumbrae region. The temperature dependency was within 0.7% in the range of 4–41°C. A dose of 900 cGy and 1200 cGy were needed to stabilize the chamber to the level within 0.5% and 0.2%, respectively. Conclusion: The type 60019 SCDD detector showed suitable characteristics for depth-dose and profile measurements for wide range of field sizes. However, at least 1000 cGy of pre-irradiation is needed for accurate measurements.
Tritium-helium 3 dating under complex conditions in hydraulically stressed areas of a buried-valley aquifer

The 3H-3He dating method is applied in a buried-valley aquifer near Dayton, Ohio. The study area is large, not all sampling locations lie along well-defined flow paths, and existing wells with variable screen lengths and diameters are used. Reliable use of the method at this site requires addressing several complications: (1) The flow system is disturbed because of high pumping rates and induced infiltration; (2) tritium contamination is present in several areas of the aquifer; and (3) radiogenic helium concentrations are elevated in a significant number of the wells. The 3H-3He ages are examined for self-consistency by comparing the reconstructed tritium evolution to the annual weighted tritium measured in precipitation; deviations result from dispersion, tritium contamination, and mixing. 3H-3He ages are next examined for consistency with chlorofluorocarbon ages; the agreement is poor because of degradation of CFCs. Finally, the 3H-3He ages are examined for consistency with the current understanding of local hydrologic processes; the ages are generally supported by hydrogeologic data and the results of groundwater flow modeling coupled with particle-tracking analyses.
Effects of a purine inhibitor, allopurinol, on urate metabolism in the german cockroach, Blattella germanica L. (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae)

Abstract 1. 1. Adult male and female cockroaches (Blattella germanica) were maintained on a positive nitrogen balance diet (66% protein) containing various levels of allopurinol (0–3%) to determine the effects of allopurinol on urate synthesis and storage. 2. 2. Each insect was injected with [14C]hypoxanthine and after 1 week was analyzed for whole-body hypoxanthine, xanthine and urate radiolabel. 3. 3. There was a general trend of decreased whole-body radiolabel retention, radiolabeled body urates and total-body urate content in both sexes with increasing amounts of dietary allopurinol. 4. 4. Virgin female adults were allowed to feed on diets containing 0, 25 and 66% protein plus 0.1% allopurinol and were injected with [14C]xanthine. 5. 5. After 1 week radiolabel content in the whole-body xanthine and urate pools was determined. 6. 6. Females on the 0% protein diets contained less radiolabel in the whole-body and body urates than those on either 25 or 66% protein diets.
The results of intraoperative consultations in 181 ductal carcinomas in situ of the breast

BACKGROUND The utility of frozen section (FS) examination in the intraoperative management of breast lesions is well established. The accuracy of FS in the diagnosis of borderline noninvasive or preinvasive breast lesions is uncertain. METHODS The authors retrospectively reviewed the results of intraoperative consultations/frozen section examinations of 181 ductal carcinomas in situ (DCIS) of the breast. Various clinical and pathologic factors were analyzed and correlated with FS diagnosis. RESULTS FS examination was performed on 153 cases (85%) and only macroscopic examination on 28 cases (15%). FS diagnoses were as follows: DCIS in 76 cases (50%), atypical ductal hyperplasia/suspicious for DCIS in 8 cases (5%), benign in 55 cases (36%), deferred in 13 cases (8%), and invasive carcinoma in 1 case. FS accuracy, false-negative rate, and false-positive rate were 55%, 36%, and 0.6%, respectively. Sampling error was the main reason for the low detection rate, and technical inadequacy was a major factor contributing to interpretive problems. In multivariate regression analysis, FS accuracy was significantly associated with the clinical presentation of a palpable mass (odds ratio [OR] = 4.16, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.04-8.45), the macroscopic finding of a mass (OR = 3.03, 95% CI: 1.45-6.67), and necrosis (OR = 3.13, 95% CI: 1.4-6.67). CONCLUSIONS The authors concluded that the accuracy of FS diagnosis of DCIS was low, mainly due to sampling error. In general, FS examination should not be performed when no lesion/mass is identified by macroscopic examination. Cancer 1997; 80:75-9. © 1997 American Cancer Society
Configurational analysis of long-chain alkanediols☆

Long-chain 1,2-alkanediols can be separated into their enantiomers by thin-layer chromatography of the bis-L-acetylmandelates. The method is also applicable to the separation of enantiomeric 1,3-alkanediols. Both 2-hydroxy fatty acids and 1,2-alkanediols derived from diester waxes of rat skin have the D-configuration. The D-enantiomer of 2DL-1,2-octadecanediol is preferentially utilized by myelinating rat brain in the formation of choline phospholipids having a 1,2-octadecanediol backbone. The D-configuration of the chiral center at carbon-2 of 2-acyl-1,2-alkanediol phosphocholine corresponds to the configuration at carbon-2 of 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine.
The use of demeclocycline in the treatment of patients with psychosis, intermittent hyponatremia, and polydipsia (PIP syndrome).

Eight patients (7 men and 1 woman, mean age 43.1 ± 8.9 years) with psychosis, intermittent hyponatremia, and polydipsia (PIP syndrome) underwent treatment with demeclocycline in an effort to normalize serum sodium levels and thereby protect the PIP patients against complications including hyponatremic seizures and coma. There tended to be an improvement (p=.080) in early morning serum sodium following treatment with demeclocycline (baseline 132.6±SD 3.3 and treatment serum sodium 134.8±SD 3.3 mEq/1). At the same time, there was an increase (p=.043) in urinary specific gravity following treatment with demeclocycline (baseline 1.0047±SD .0029 and treatment urinary specific gravity 1.0063±SD .0026). Clinical indications for and potential mechanisms of action of demeclocycline treatment in the PIP syndrome are discussed.
How many forecasters do you really have?: Mahalanobis provides the intuition for the surprising Clemen and Winkler result

How to combine expert opinions is an issue that has many aspects and even more "answers." The problem addressed here is the incremental information an additional expert brings when he or she is correlated with the existing experts. R. T. Clemen and R. L. Winkler derive an algebraic formula that gives the surprising answer-usually very little. In this paper, we provide the geometrical intuition behind the Clemen and Winkler result. We also show how the Clemen and Winkler formula breaks down i.e., gives bizarre results as the error covariance structure approaches singularity.
Brauer Characters of Finite Monoids

We introduce the concept of a Brauer character of a representation of a finite monoid M in characteristic p>0. When p does not divide the order of any subgroup of M, we develop a theory of p-monoid quivers. We apply our results to the full transformation semigroup.
The NoH value in EPR spin trapping: a n ew parameter for the identification of 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-N-oxide spin adducts

Abstract The ratio of the nitrogen to hydrogen hyperfine splittngs ( a N / a H ) of spin adducts derived from the spin trap 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline- N -oxide (DMPO) has been found to be useful parameter for adduct identification. For example, this parameter makes it possible to distinguish between teh superoxide ( a N / a H = 1.22–1.26) and peroxyl ( a N / a H = 1.33–1.40) radical adducts of DMPO in aqueous solution. Since the a N to a H ratio corrects for minor differences in EPR spectrometer calibration, it is a more reproducible parameter than the a N to a H values themselves.
Child deaths attributed to abuse and neglect: An empirical study

This study of 267 child deaths associated with abuse or neglect in Texas during 1975 through 1977 suggests a number of indicators for identifying potential child fatalities. Families where abuse or neglect is implicated in a child fatality are characterized by small family size, young parents, and under-utilization of community support services. Over three-fourths of the families in the study had never come to the attention of the state's child protective services agency. In addition, when fathers were present in the home, they were as likely to be involved in the abuse or neglect as mothers. Neglect was implicated in the death of a child as often as abuse. The study suggests the need for further examination of child fatality profiles associated with abuse and neglect and increased community outreach efforts to provide support to high-risk families, The study also has implications for social policy decisions, particularly in relation to efforts to resist attempts to exclude neglect from child protective service responsibility.
High-power, high-brightness laser beam combining

This tutorial presentation (at the confernce venue) will cover the fundamentals of laser beam combining, including requirements on the array elements, basic scaling laws, and implementations. Examples from the literature will be used to show the progress being made.
Isotopic evidence on the origin of compositional layering in an epizonal magma body

A detailed isotopic study of the Oligocene age (36 Ma), alkaline composition Organ Needle pluton in south-central New Mexico was undertaken to test models for the generation of compositional layering in silicic, epizonal magma bodies. The pluton is isotopically heterogeneous with its alkali feldspar granite composition cap (73–76% SiO2) having lower initial ϵNd and higher 87Sr86Sr ratio than the underlying main syenite (−5 vs. −2 and ∼ 0.709 vs. ∼ 0.706, respectively). Both lithologies have isotopic compositions significantly different from those of the Precambrian granite wall-rock (ϵNd ∼ −12.1 and 87Sr86Sr ∼ 0.784 at 36 Ma). The isotope data indicate that none of the lithologies of the pluton represent the products solely of roof or wall-rock melting, and that the capping granite could not have been derived in a closed-system from differentiation of the underlying syenitic magma. However, the capping granite has isotopic compositions similar to those of a chemically heterogeneous inequigranular syenite found along the margin of the pluton at its deepest exposed level (4–6 km paleodepth). Field observations, and new 40Ar39Ar age determinations, confirm that this lithology was comagmatic with the remainder of the pluton. We conclude that the capping granitic magma was derived from buoyant ϵNd ∼ −5 magma rising along the margins of the magma chamber and that the inequigranular syenite preserves a remnant of this sidewall magma. The main syenite body was encapsulated in this marginal, lower ϵNd, magma, while undergoing closed-system differentiation, most likely from a mafic progenitor. The ϵNd = −5 magma may represent mafic magma initially equivalent isotopically to the main syenite but which subsequently assimilated Precambrian wall-rock (∼ 10% by mass) at the base of the magma system.
Origin of Cabo Rojo Beach-Ridge Plain, Veracruz, Mexico: ABSTRACT

The Cabo Rojo beach-ridge plain was formed in a low-energy shadow behind the Blanquilla-Lobos coral-reef tract. The source of the sand comprising Cabo Rojo was offshore material of Wisconsin (?) age, most probably deposited by the Rio Panuco during a lower sea-level stand. Islands within the Laguna de Tamiahua define a sandstone body similar in shape and orientation to that of Cabo Rojo, strongly suggesting either a 2-stage Holocene constructional history, or the remains of a pre-Wisconsin barrier. The beach-ridge plain consists of low, hummocky ridges (relief less than 1 m, spacing of 100 m) oriented parallel with the present coast. This coast is undergoing erosion, and beach ridges are not forming. Cliffed, back-beach dune ridges are found on the northern and End_Page 1699------------------------------ southern parts of Cabo Rojo, the northern ridges being best developed. Longshore drift compartmentalization has been effected along this coast by the Blanquilla-Lobos offshore reef tract. End_of_Article - Last_Page 1700------------
Validation of the DSSI-10 to Measure Social Support in a General Population

Objective: The purpose of this study was to validate the 10-item DSSI as a brief measure of social support for use in diverse adult populations. Methods: EFA was performed on 2010 Arizona Health Su...
Creating a global biosafety regime.

This article examines one of the first international efforts to formulate legally binding rules for "biosafety" or safe use of biotechnology - the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety under the Convention on Biological Diversity. The Cartagena Protocol, concluded in January 2000, mandates the "informed consent" of a country prior to the release of genetically modified organisms into its environment. The paper traces the divergent perspectives on biosafety within this negotiation and explores how key areas of disagreement were resolved in finalising the protocol. It concludes by assessing the implications of the completed protocol for different groups and for global governance of safe use of biotechnology in agriculture.
Strategy to confirm the presence of anti-erythropoietin neutralizing antibodies in human serum

Functional cell-based assays are the preferred method to test for the presence of anti-rHuEPO neutralizing antibodies (NAbs). However, due to the unpredictable nature of test serum matrix effects on cell-based assays, confirmatory assays are essential for verifying NAb positive results observed during the course of sample testing. The cell-based assay used for the detection of NAbs described by Wei et al. [1] used 32D-EPOR cells, a murine myeloid cell line transfected with the human EPO receptor (EPOR). The 32D-EPOR cell line responded to either rHuEPO or murine interleukin 3 (mIL-3) with proliferation. NAbs were expected to only inhibit rHuEPO-induced cell proliferation and not mIL-3 induced proliferation. Due to reliance on proliferation, the results from this cell-based assay can be confounded by the presence of non-antibody inhibitory serum factors. This paper describes a strategy for confirming that the inhibition of rHuEPO-induced proliferation in a cell-based assay is only attributable to NAbs. The strategy of antibody depletion uses a resin mixture composed of Protein G Sepharose and Protein L Sepharose (Protein G/L resin) to significantly reduce the concentration of immunoglobulins of IgG, IgM and IgA isotypes from human serum prior to testing in the cell-based assay. If the reduction in immunoglobulins in a serum sample corresponds to a reduction in inhibition of EPO-induced proliferation, it would infer that EPO neutralizing activity is antibody-mediated and not due to non-antibody inhibitory serum factors.
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF METALS : EXPERIMENTS WITH STEEL, COPPER, TIN, ZINC, AND SOAP BUBBLES

Annealing, hardening, and tempering of metals; using bubbles to model the crystalline structure of metals.
Being toward meat: anthropocentrism, indistinction, and veganism

Much of the recent work that has been done in critical animal/animality studies revolves around the challenge of thinking about animals in other-than-anthropocentric terms. The difficulties associated with this task are varied and formidable, inasmuch as anthropocentrism, while not fully saturating the social field, is nevertheless ubiquitous to at least some degree in many of the dominant culture’s concepts, practices, and institutions. The aim of the present essay was to explore in more depth what I take to be one of the more promising avenues for pursuing a thought and practice relating to animals that issues a thoroughgoing challenge to anthropocentrism and that opens up new possibilities for thought and for life. I use the term indistinction as the name for this general approach to rethinking animality and the human–animal distinction, and I provide here a brief overview of that approach through a reading of portions of the work of Friedrich Nietzsche and Val Plumwood.
He-ion and self-atom induced damage and surface-morphology changes of a hot W target

We report results of measurements on the evolution of the surface morphology of a hot tungsten surface due to impacting low-energy (80?12?000?eV) He ions and of simulations of damage caused by cumulative bombardment of 1 and 10?keV W self-atoms. The measurements were performed at the ORNL Multicharged Ion Research Facility, while the simulations were done at the Kraken supercomputing facility of the University of Tennessee. At 1?keV, the simulations show strong defect-recombination effects that lead to a saturation of the total defect number after a few hundred impacts, while sputtering leads to an imbalance of the vacancy and interstitial number. On the experimental side, surface morphology changes were investigated over a broad range of fluences, energies and temperatures for both virgin and pre-damaged W-targets. At the lowest accumulated fluences, small surface-grain features and near-surface He bubbles are observed. At the largest fluences, individual grain characteristics disappear in focused ion beam/scanning electron microscopy (FIB/SEM)?scans, and the entire surface is covered by a multitude of near-surface bubbles with a broad range of sizes, and disordered whisker growth, while in top-down SEM imaging the surface is virtually indistinguishable from the nano-fuzz produced on linear plasma devices. These features are evident at progressively lower fluences as the He-ion energy is increased.
Immunological studies on Alternaria sensitivity use of crossed radioimmunoelectrophoresis, precipitins and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay

Summary Characterization of the immunological response to Alternaria in sensitive subjects is not complete. We used crossed radioimmunoelectrophoresis (CRIE) to identify antigens in Alternaria extracts reacting with IgE antibody in five patients with Alternaria-sensitive asthma, four with Alternaria-induced rhinitis, three non-allergic asthmatics, and three normal controls. All five Alternaria-asthma patients and three of four Alternaria-rhinitis patients showed IgE binding to a single antigen peak in the CRIE. One patient exhibited specific radio-staining to a second peak, and two other patients had IgE binding to a third antigen. These results suggest an analogy of Alternaria antigens with that found in ragweed pollen extracts, i.e. that IgE antibody is directed against more than one antigen. Using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), we found a significant difference (P < 0·05, unpaired Student's t-test) in igG binding between Alternaria-sensitive asthmatics and normal controls. There was no apparent difference in IgG binding between untreated Alternaria-sensitive asthmatics and those receiving high-dose immunotherapy.
Particle Concentration and Characteristics near a Major Freeway with Heavy-Duty Diesel Traffic

This study presents the number, surface and volume concentrations, and size distribution of particles next to the I-710 freeway during February through April 2006. I-710 has the highest ratio (up to 25%) of heavy-duty diesel vehicles in the Los Angeles highway network. Particle concentration measurements were accompanied by measurements of black carbon, elemental and organic carbon, and gaseous species (CO, CO2). Using the incremental increase of CO2 over the background to calculate the dilution ratio, this study makes it possible to compare particle concentrations measured next to the freeway to concentrations measured in roadway tunnels and in vehicle exhaust. In addition to the effect of the dilution ratio on the measured particle concentrations, multivariate linear regressions showed that light and heavy organic carbon concentrations are positively correlated with the particle volume in the nucleation and accumulation modes, respectively. Solar radiation was also positively correlated with the particle surface concentration and the particle volume in the accumulation (40-638 nm) mode, presumably as a result of secondary particle formation. The methods developed in this study may be used to decouple the effect of sampling position, meteorology, and fleet operation on particle concentrations in the proximity of freeways, roadway tunnels, and in street canyons.
Process zone formation in cement-aggregate composites

Many non-metallic structural materials, such as Portland cement concrete, are limited in their utility b} their low tensile strength and fracture toughness. Toughening agents lend these materials greater flaw tolerance and the ability to sustain greater loads. The operative toughening mechanisms are not understood well in cement-based composites, but are believed to arise from fracture process zones ahead of the crack tip and in the wake of the crack, and act to reduce the stress intensity or shield the crack from the applied loading.
Reactive vaccination in the presence of disease hotspots

Reactive vaccination has recently been adopted as an outbreak response tool for cholera and other infectious diseases. Owing to the global shortage of oral cholera vaccine, health officials must quickly decide who and where to distribute limited vaccine. Targeted vaccination in transmission hotspots (i.e. areas with high transmission efficiency) may be a potential approach to efficiently allocate vaccine, however its effectiveness will likely be context-dependent. We compared strategies for allocating vaccine across multiple areas with heterogeneous transmission efficiency. We constructed metapopulation models of a cholera-like disease and compared simulated epidemics where: vaccine is targeted at areas of high or low transmission efficiency, where vaccine is distributed across the population, and where no vaccine is used. We find that connectivity between populations, transmission efficiency, vaccination timing and the amount of vaccine available all shape the performance of different allocation strategies. In highly connected settings (e.g. cities) when vaccinating early in the epidemic, targeting limited vaccine at transmission hotspots is often optimal. Once vaccination is delayed, targeting the hotspot is rarely optimal, and strategies that either spread vaccine between areas or those targeted at non-hotspots will avert more cases. Although hotspots may be an intuitive outbreak control target, we show that, in many situations, the hotspot-epidemic proceeds so fast that hotspot-targeted reactive vaccination will prevent relatively few cases, and vaccination shared across areas where transmission can be sustained is often best.
Thomas Bewick: The complete illustrative work

by Nigel Tattersfield, London, The British Library, The Bibliographical Society; and New Castle, DE, Oak Knoll Press, 2011, 3 vols, 384/864/256 pp., 1200 b/w illustrations, £160.00, US$265.00 (hard...
Reinterpretation of Lime Peak thrust as a low-angle normal fault: Implications for the tectonics of southeastern Arizona

Normal separation of offset stratigraphic units across the Lime Peak fault, mapped by Cooper and Silver as a thrust in the Dragoon quadrangle of southern Arizona, indicates that the fault is actually a low-angle normal fault, reflecting crustal distension rather than crustal contraction. The fault has been identified by Drewes as one of the few exposed segments of the supposed Hidalgo thrust of inferred subregional extent. Recognition that the structure is a low-angle normal fault of probable mid-Tertiary age thus casts doubt on the concept that coherent subhorizontal thrust sheets of Laramide age actually exist in southern Arizona.
TEMPORAL INSTABILITIES IN THE FAR-FROM-EQUILIBRIUM TRANSPORT OF QUANTUM POINT CONTACTS

We report temporal conductance instabilities in the far-from-equilibrium transport through quantum point contacts. Random telegraph switching between conduction states is shown to have a maximum probability when the chemical potential of the injection electrode is close to a subband minimum. We show the RTS in these far-from-equilibrium experiments must have a different origin to that proposed for RTS in near-equilibrium measurements.
Fragrance material review on 7-octen-2-ol, 2-methyl-6-methylene-, dihydro derivative

A toxicologic and dermatologic review of 7-octen-2-ol, 2-methyl-6-methylene-, dihydro derivative when used as a fragrance ingredient is presented.
Dry and semi-dry methods for removal of ammonia from pulverized fuel combustion fly ash

Fly ash from pulverized solid fuel combustion can become contaminated by ammonia during selective catalytic/noncatalytic NOx reduction processes and/or electrostatic precipitator conditioning, resulting in problems with the commercial handling, disposal, and utilization of ash. The present paper investigates the chemistry of a class of postcombustion ammonia removal processes that operate near room temperature and in the dry or semi-dry state. Laboratory experiments are carried out in which ammonia is liberated from fly ash through introduction of controlled amounts of water to the interparticle spaces using static humid air, flowing humid air, and/or flowing fog (water aerosol). Additional experiments explore the possibility of destroying ammonia using ozone as a low-temperature oxidant under both dry and wet conditions, alone or in combination with hydrogen peroxide.
Mechanoenzymatic characterization of human myosin Vb.

There are three isoforms of class V myosin in mammals. While myosin Va has been studied well, little is known about the function of other myosin V isoforms (Vb and Vc) at a molecular level. Here we report the mechanoenzymatic function of human myosin Vb (HuM5B) for the first time. Electron microscopic observation showed that HuM5B has a double-headed structure with a long neck like myosin Va. Vmax and Kactin of the actin-activated ATPase activity of HuM5B were 9.7 ( 0.4 s -1 and 8.5 ( 0.1 IM, respectively. Kactin and KATP of the actin-activated ATPase activity were significantly higher than those of myosin Va. ADP markedly inhibited the ATPase activity. The rate of release of ADP from acto-HuM5B was 12.2 ( 0.5 s -1 , which was comparable to the Vmax of the actin-activated ATPase activity. These results suggest that ADP release is the rate-limiting step for the actin-activated ATPase cycle; thus, HuM5B is a high duty ratio myosin. Consistently, the actin gliding velocity (0.22 ( 0.03 Im/s) remained constant at a low motor density. The actin filament landing assay revealed that a single HuM5B molecule is sufficient to move the actin filament continuously, indicating that HuM5b is a processive motor.
Migración sin fronteras: una investigación sobre la libre circulación de personas*

El escenario “migracion sin fronteras” (MSF) es objeto de creciente debate entre academicos y ONGs y recibe el apoyo de grupos diferentes, como los economistas neoclasicos y los movimientos sociales de izquierda. En un mundo globalizado en el que los flujos migratorios parecen eludir los intentos de reglamentacion de los Estados, ese escenario provoca un replanteamiento critico de las politicas y practicas de migracion actuales. Para aportar una perspectiva global sobre tal escenario, la UNESCO coordino un proyecto de investigacion en el que se analizaron sus aspectos teoricos y los estudios de caso regionales de investigadores de los cinco continentes. Despues de trazar un panorama general de las tendencias contemporaneas de la migracion y el control de fronteras, el presente articulo examina los derechos eticos/humanos y las cuestiones economicas, sociales y practicas que plantea la libre circulacion. ABSTRACT The ‘migration without borders’ (MWB) scenario is increasingly being discussed among academics and NGOs while receiving support from different groups, including neo-classical economists as well as social movements on the left. In a globalised world in which migratory flows increasingly seem to escape states’ attempts to regulation, it fosters a critical rethinking of current migration policies and practices. In order to provide a global perspective on this scenario, UNESCO coordinated a research project investigating its theoretical issues and bringing together regional case studies by scholars from the five continents. After an overview of contemporary trends in immigration and border controls, this article reviews the ethical/human rights, economic, social and practical issues raised by free movement.
Bandages and Topical Agents

Bandages are included in the regimen of therapy of superficial wounds. Bandages have varying functions depending upon the type of wound to which they are applied. When bandaging recently inflicted open wounds, the primary bandage layer may be dry-to-dry, wet-to-dry, or wet-to-wet, depending upon the type of tissue and exudate present on the wound. These bandages aid in debriding and cleansing a wound. The secondary layer of such bandages serves primarily to absorb material from the wound, and the tertiary bandage layer serves to hold the other bandage layers in place. Once an open wound is well into the repair stage of healing, an occlusive bandage may be considered to help enhance epithelialization of the wound. Bandages for wounds associated with compound fractures must include some form of fixation for the fracture. Other types of bandages are designed to (1) cover closed wounds, (2) provide pressure over a wound, and (3) relieve pressure over wounds or impending wounds. Bandages for closed wounds provide protection and allow for absorption of exudate that may be present. Pressure bandages are used to control minor hemorrhage, edema, and excess granulation tissue. With impending decubital ulcers, actual decubital ulcers, or repaired decubital ulcers, it is necessary to have a bandage designed to relieve pressure over the lesion. Many substances have been described for topical application to wounds. This section presents information on some substances available to or commonly used by veterinarians. It includes information on the wound lavage solutions chlorhexidine diacetate, povidone-iodine, hydrogen peroxide, and sodium hypochlorite solutions. Topical antibacterial agents are used to help prevent wound infection. The triple antibiotics, silver sulfadiazine, nitrofurazones, and gentamicin sulfate are some commonly used antibacterial agents. Hydrophilic agents are used to diffuse fluids through the wound tissues to bathe the tissues from the inside. Dry starch copolymer flakes and dextran polymer beads are two substances that help bathe the wound with the body's own fluids. Other topical medications are used to selectively act upon various wound tissues and exudates to aid in cleansing the wound; these include organic acid preparations and enzymatic debriding agents. In addition, a live yeast-cell derivative has been described for enhancing tissue oxygen consumption, epithelialization, and collagen synthesis in wounds.
Cardiac tamponade in acute pancreatitis

A 47-year-old man presented with severe acute pancreatitis. On hospitalisation day 8, the patient became hypotensive and developed new-onset atrial fibrillation. Echocardiography showed significant pericardial effusion with right ventricular collapse. A pericardial window was made and the effusion drained. There was rapid clinical improvement following the procedure.
Mapping and modeling three dimensional lead contamination in the wetland sediments of a former trap-shooting range.

Abstract Legacy lead (Pb) contamination from sport shooting activities is a well-known hazard. Assessing the risk this contamination presents to the environment and public health requires a detailed understanding of its spatial distribution, yet our knowledge in this area is limited, especially for wetland shooting ranges. In this study, we analyzed 1351 sediment samples from 456 surficial (0–5 cm) locations and 38 sediment cores (0.3 to 0.9 m) to quantify the three dimensional spatial distribution of Pb contamination in an urban wetland at the site of a former trap shooting range located in southwestern Wisconsin, USA. Non-destructive X-ray images of the sediment cores were used to quantify Pb shot abundance and burial depth. Surficial and core sediment samples were processed and analyzed for total Pb content via X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis. X-ray and XRF results were interpolated to create a three-dimensional model of Pb shot density and sediment concentration across the study area. Over 31,000 m 3 of sediment surpassed the US Environmental Protection Agency's contamination threshold of 400 mg/kg Pb, with a maximum calibrated value of 26,700 mg/kg Pb occurring near the center of the expected shot fallout zone. Shot densities of > 50,000 pellets/m 2 were found in the shot fallout zone, primarily 10–30 cm below the sediment surface. X-ray image analysis and XRF analysis of sediment cores provide an accurate and inexpensive technique for rapidly mapping Pb contamination associated with gun clubs and hunting; these findings will benefit environmental contamination studies and remediation efforts at active and abandoned shooting ranges worldwide.
Wireless computers in classrooms: Enhancing interactive physics instruction with Tablet PCs and DyKnow software

Networked one-on-one computing in educational setting opens a wide array of possibilities for more interactive and more dynamic instructional methodologies. We explore and analyze options offered toward that end by pen-enabled computers associated with DyKnow software. Pedagogies supported and driven by this technology include collaborative note taking, group problem solving, multiple channels of real-time feedback, classroom-wide interaction/content sharing and options for after-class activities etc.. DyKnow software (www.dyknow.com) is primarily designed for face-to-face instruction and pen enabled computers such as Tablet PCs but can be also used with laptops and desktops - with or without external pen input such as the Bamboo Tablet (www.wacom.com/bamboo). This web-based computer interaction also opens distance learning opportunities. We survey research results associated with implementations of this technology in several introductory physics settings.
Representing indigenous cultures: Alaska Native contemporary art exhibits in Anchorage

Dans cet article j'evalue comment l'art contemporain autochtone de l'Alaska est presente au public en examinant les perspectives des artistes, des expositions sur l'art, et les reactions des spectateurs. Mon but est de justifier le besoin d'examiner la representation des cultures autochtones de l'Alaska dans les musees et les lieux publics d'art a Anchorage en Alaska. En particulier, je veux souligner l'importance des presentations d'art autochtone de l'Alaska d'apres leur contexte, en utilisant des perspectives multiples et des medias d'interpretation fondes sur la collaboration entre les lieux d'exposition, les artistes et les communautes autochtones. De bonnes presentations didactiques peuvent en effet repondre aux differentes exigences de divers publics. Elles peuvent en plus profiter de l'attention speciale donnee a l'art autochtone americain et euro-americain ailleurs, et defier les idees preconcues qui diminuent les realisations des artistes autotchones et limitent les perceptions des cultures autochtones de l'Alaska.
Intake, Digestibility, and Rate of Passage of Silages and Hays from Wet Fractionation of Alfalfa

Abstract Fibrous products of alfalfa from various steps of the wet fractionation process were either ensiled or dried artificially. Two 4×4 Latin square digestion trials for silages and hays were to determine the effect of cell maceration and pressure fractionation on characteristics and acceptability of these products by ruminants. Silage treatments consisted of field wilted, chopped, and ensiled; direct cut and cell macerated; direct cut, cell macerated, and pressed; and repressed silage. Dry matter intake averaged 971, 914, 796, and 763 g/day, respectively. Digestion coefficients were: dry matter 60.1, 56.0, 55.6, and 54.3; cell wall constituents 49.8, 49.4, 49.9, and 50.8 for the treatments. Hay treatments were processed in the same manner as were silages but artificially dried. Dry matter intake averaged 1021, 990, 1025, and 980 g/day; digestibility of cell wall constituents was 44.6, 46.5, 51.4, and 52.7%; total mean retention time was 31.5, 41.8, 45.8, and 46.6h for the hay treatments. When the fibrous residues were handled as hay, digestibility of fiber components was increased by cell maceration and pressure fractionation, while intake was maintained.
Substrate Specificity and Ligand Interactions of CYP26A1, the Human Liver Retinoic Acid Hydroxylase

All-trans-retinoic acid (atRA) is the active metabolite of vitamin A. atRA is also used as a drug, and synthetic atRA analogs and inhibitors of retinoic acid (RA) metabolism have been developed. The hepatic clearance of atRA is mediated primarily by CYP26A1, but design of CYP26A1 inhibitors is hindered by lack of information on CYP26A1 structure and structure-activity relationships of its ligands. The aim of this study was to identify the primary metabolites of atRA formed by CYP26A1 and to characterize the ligand selectivity and ligand interactions of CYP26A1. On the basis of high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry data, four metabolites formed from atRA by CYP26A1 were identified as 4-OH-RA, 4-oxo-RA, 16-OH-RA and 18-OH-RA. 9-cis-RA and 13-cis-RA were also substrates of CYP26A1. Forty-two compounds with diverse structural properties were tested for CYP26A1 inhibition using 9-cis-RA as a probe, and IC50 values for 10 inhibitors were determined. The imidazole- and triazole-containing inhibitors [S-(R*,R*)]-N-[4-[2-(dimethylamino)-1-(1H-imidazole-1-yl)propyl]-phenyl]2-benzothiazolamine (R116010) and (R)-N-[4-[2-ethyl-1-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)butyl]phenyl]-2-benzothiazolamine (R115866) were the most potent inhibitors of CYP26A1 with IC50 values of 4.3 and 5.1 nM, respectively. Liarozole and ketoconazole were significantly less potent with IC50 values of 2100 and 550 nM, respectively. The retinoic acid receptor (RAR) γ agonist CD1530 was as potent an inhibitor of CYP26A1 as ketoconazole with an IC50 of 530 nM, whereas the RARα and RARβ agonists tested did not significantly inhibit CYP26A1. The pan-RAR agonist 4-[(E)-2-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-2-naphthalenyl)-1-propenyl]benzoic acid and the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor ligands rosiglitazone and pioglitazone inhibited CYP26A1 with IC50 values of 3.7, 4.2, and 8.6 μM, respectively. These data demonstrate that CYP26A1 has high ligand selectivity but accepts structurally related nuclear receptor agonists as inhibitors.
Helical blade versus sliding hip screw for treatment of unstable intertrochanteric hip fractures: a biomechanical evaluation.

Summary Objective To compare the fixation stability in the femoral head with sliding hip screw versus helical blade designs for unstable, intertrochanteric hip fractures. Methods A simulated, unstable intertrochanteric hip fracture was created in six pairs of cadaveric femurs. One of each pair was treated using an intramedullary nail with a sliding hip screw (ITST) for femoral head fixation and the other was treated with a nail with a helical blade (TFN). Each specimen was cyclically loaded with 750N vertical loads applied for 10, 100, 1000 and 10,000 cycles. Measurements for femoral head displacement, fracture fragment opening and sliding were made. Specimens were then loaded to failure. Results There was significantly more permanent inferior femoral head displacement in the ITST samples compared to the TFN samples after each cyclic loading (all p values p p =0.51) between the two treatment groups. Nine specimens demonstrated fracture extension into the anteromedial cortex and subtrochanteric region and three specimens, which had an ITST implant, demonstrated a splitting fracture of the femoral head. Conclusion This study demonstrated that fixation of the femoral head with a helical blade was biomechanically superior to fixation with a standard sliding hip screw in a cadaveric, unstable intertrochanteric hip fracture model.
An Analysis of the Acceptance of File Sharing Technologies by Music Consumers

The Internet provides for an incredible simplification and cost reduction of music distribution. However, the music industry has placed the blame on free music downloading on the Internet and on other computer technologies of music reproduction for the continued decrease in record sales. On the other hand, although abundant research has examined the online consumer behavior, few studies investigate the usage of Peer-to-Peer (P2P) file sharing technology by music consumers. In order to understand better this phenomenon of music downloading, the authors of this paper took the perspective of music consumers and conducted a survey of university students concerning their habits with respect to music downloading and its impact on buying compact disks (CDs). The proposed research model extended the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM). Data analysis partially supported the model.