cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Atomic-resolution defect contrast in low angle annular dark-field STEM

Abstract While traditional high-resolution STEM is performed by exclusively collecting electrons which have been scattered to high angles (i.e., HAADF), the present contribution will focus on small-angle scattered electrons, as in low angle annular dark-field (LAADF) STEM. This unique imaging mode allows one to image defect contrast while maintaining directly interpretable atomic resolution. By simply adjusting the microscope camera length, and thus the acceptance angle of the annular detector, it is possible to transition between Z-contrast and defect contrast. Both LAADF and HAADF experimental and computational results are discussed in regards to zone axis imaging of a γ / γ ′ Ni-superalloy; various length scales are explored. Electron de-channeling is observed while the probe is placed over defected regions of crystal.
Differential Diagnosis of Overactive Bladder in Men

Purpose: We determined the differential diagnosis of concomitant pathological conditions in men with overactive bladder symptoms.Materials and Methods: We performed an observational, descriptive study to elucidate the differential diagnosis in men with overactive bladder symptoms using a previously validated overactive bladder symptom questionnaire. All patients provided an extensive history, completed the self-administered questionnaire and a 24-hour voiding diary, and underwent physical examination, 24-hour pad test, uroflowmetry, post-void residual urine measurement, cystoscopy and urodynamics. Selection criteria were developed to assign cases to a category, including idiopathic overactive bladder, benign prostatic enlargement, benign prostatic obstruction, neurogenic bladder, bladder cancer, prostate cancer treatment complications, urethral stricture, bladder stones and bladder diverticulum.Results: Of 122 men who met selection criteria for overactive bladder detrusor overactivity was identified in 99...
Track formation in plastics

Abstract It is proposed that the “threshold for etchable track formation” in plastics is associated with the linear density of activated polymeric clusters along the path of an ion, in the “grain-count regime”. Existing data for CR-39 reveal a change in etching rate in the neighbourhood of z/β having the value of about 15–20. We infer that this defines the transition from the grain count regime to the track width regime, as the activation cross-section exceeds the cross-sectional area of the cluster. This interpretation is consistent with available data for the G value for polymer scission and the dose of gamma-rays required for enhanced etching of the bulk material. CR-39 appears to be a 1-hit detector. A similar track theory interpretation appears to be consistent with observed changes in bulk etching of photoresists irradiated with electrons and heavy ions of different LET.
Cross-Cultural Style In The Alhambra: Textiles, Identity And Origins

Although previous scholarship has examined the appropriation and adaptation of Islamic textiles in Christian Spain, no substantial work has yet focused on the presence and interpretation of Christian textiles in Nasrid Spain. Attention to trade patterns of portable goods as well as to archival documents suggests, however, that an interest in Christian textiles may have existed in al-Andalus in the later medieval period, raising the possibility that the ceilings of the Alhambra should be viewed from within that context. This paper recognizes compelling formal parallels between these ceilings and northern tapestries and uses those similarities in conjunction with contextual evidence to suggest that one of the ways in which the painted ceilings might have been viewed was as part of a textile collection displayed in the Alhambra. While earlier scholarship frequently interprets the Hall of Justice painted ceilings as representing Christian domination of the Nasrid dynasty, a reading of the paintings as part of a textile collection, in conjunction with ideas of aesthetics and display, suggests that they might instead have contributed to a representation of the wealth and power of the Nasrid ruler in a world stretching far beyond the borders of alAndalus.
It Takes a Movement to Raise an Issue: Media Lessons from the 1997 U.P.S. Strike

Modern market-driven mass media systems may present collective actors with communication opportunities, but these come laced with formidable costs and constraints. This paper argues that despite these barriers, collective actors, working intentionally and strategically, can develop effective media campaigns to communicate with mass audiences — audiences they cannot reach directly. To utilize these narrow opportunities, however, a collective actor needs both adequate communications infrastructure and a communication strategy well integrated into its overall organizing strategy. The 1997 Teamsters strike against United Parcel Service (U.P.S.) provides an illustrative case.
Genome Sequence of Pantoea sp. Strain Sc 1, an Opportunistic Cotton Pathogen

ABSTRACT Pantoea is comprised of a broad spectrum of species, including plant pathogens. Here, we provide an annotated genome sequence of Pantoea sp. strain Sc 1, which was isolated from a diseased cotton boll. This research provides the first genome sequence of a bona fide Pantoea sp. insect-vectored cotton pathogen.
Infiltration‐capacity values as determined from a study of an eighteen‐month record at Edwardsville, Illinois

During 1936 and 1937, the hydrologic research-program of the Soil Conservation Service was expanded to include the collection of precipitation and runoff-data from a large number of typical small watersheds at research-centers throughout the country. One of these projects is near Edwardsville, Illinois. It includes three watersheds, respectively known as W-I, W-II, and W-IV, and having areas of 27, 50, and 290 acres, respectively. These watersheds are in their undisturbed natural condition. W-I is entirely in cultivation, while the others include large portions of pasture and woodland (see Fig. 1).
Synthesis and degradation of alcohol dehydrogenase in wild-type and Adh-null activity mutants of Drosophila melanogaster

Both the amount and the size of alcohol dehydrogenase-like cross-reacting material was determined in 14 ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS)-induced alcohol dehydrogenase-null activity mutants. In 11 mutants cross-reacting material of the same apparent molecular weight as alcohol dehydrogenase was detected, while in 3 mutants no cross-reacting material was found. In all cases, the amount of cross-reacting material found in the mutants was lower than that in wild-type flies. High, intermediate, and low cross-reacting material-producing mutants showed similar initial rates of incorporation of labeled amino acid into alcohol dehydrogenase-like protein, presumably reflecting similar rates of synthesis. If the rate of synthesis of cross-reacting material is the same in the mutants as in the wild type, then the different levels of cross-reacting material must be due to different rates of degradation.
A proposed strategy for utilization of creatine kinase-MB and troponin I in the evaluation of acute chest pain

Abstract In recent years, cardiac troponins have attracted great interest as a marker for myocardial injury. However, there are limited data on strategies for use of creatine kinase (CK)-MB and troponin I (cTnI) in clinical practice. We sought to develop a testing strategy using prospectively collected clinical data including serial CK-MB and cTnI levels from 1,051 patients aged ≥30 years admitted to a teaching hospital for acute chest pain. Diagnostic performance was evaluated for peak values of CK-MB and cTnI obtained during the first 24 hours for the combined end point of acute myocardial infarction and/or major cardiac events within 72 hours. The overall diagnostic accuracy was similar for both cardiac markers alone, and for the combination of cTnI and CK-MB (receiver-operating characteristic curve 0.84, 0.86, and 0.87, respectively). In the multivariate analysis, models including cardiac markers showed that both CK-MB and cTnI added information to clinical data to predict the combined end point, but cTnI added significantly less. Using recursive partitioning analysis, we developed a strategy that would restrict routine cTnI use to patients with normal CK-MB results and findings on the electrocardiogram consistent with ischemia. This strategy would divide patients with suspected myocardial ischemia into 4 groups with risks for the combined end point of 4%, 13%, 26%, and 85%. Thus, cTnI adds information to CK-MB mass and clinical data for predicting major cardiac events, but this contribution is mainly in patients with evidence of myocardial ischemia on their electrocardiograms.
SYMBOLIC COMPUTATION OF FUNDAMENTAL SOLUTION MATRICES FOR LINEAR TIME-PERIODIC DYNAMICAL SYSTEMS

Abstract A new technique which employs both Picard iteration and expansion in shifted Chebyshev polynomials is used to symbolically approximate the fundamental solution matrix for linear time-periodic dynamical systems of arbitrary dimension explicitly as a function of the system parameters and time. As in previous studies, the integration and product operational matrices associated withe Chebyshev polynomials are employed. However, the need to algebraically solve for the Chebyshev coefficients of the fundamental solution matrix is completely avoided as only matrix multiplications and additions are utilized. Since these coefficients are expressed as homogeneous polynomials of the system parameters, closed form approximations to the true solutions may be obtained. Also, because this method is not based on expansion in terms of a small parameter, it can successfully be applied to periodic systems whose internal excitation is strong. Two formulations are proposed. The first is applicable to general time periodic systems while the second approach is useful when the system equations contain a constant matrix. Three different example problems, including a double inverted pendulum subjected to a periodic follower force, are included and CPU time and convergence results are discussed.
From genomes to societies: a holistic view of determinants of human health.

Both biological and social sciences have identified contributing factors to human health. However, health outcomes are unlikely to equal a simple sum of these identified factors. This article makes an attempt to put together the information, methods, and technologies that relate to health outcomes from biological, behavioral, and social disciplines. Much of this information was obtained by controlling for the variations of the factors in 'other' disciplines. For example, genetic factors were controlled for in identifying the behavioral determinants of health. Looking forward, better understandings of health outcomes may require exploiting the interactions of health determinants that were identified from different disciplines. We propose the concept of 'systems health' studies, which take health outcomes as the outputs of a system, where the inputs and their interactions from multiple disciplines are considered.
Note: On the number of independent chorded cycles in a graph

Hajnal and Corradi proved that any simple graph on at least 3k vertices with minimal degree at least 2k contains k independent cycles. We prove the analogous result for chorded cycles. Let G be a simple graph with |V(G)|>=4k and minimal degree @d(G)>=3k. Then G contains k independent chorded cycles. This result is sharp.
SHARPER TOTAL VARIATION BOUNDS FOR THE P-SYSTEM OF FLUID DYNAMICS

For the p-system of fluid dynamics and under the assumption that the initial data have small oscillation but not necessarily small total variation, we reproduce the so-called Glimm–Lax estimates with greater accuracy. Our approach recovers the results known for smooth flux functions, and is based on the theory of generalized characteristics and Dafermos' technique of polygonal approximations.
Building IP networks using Advanced Telecom Computing Architecture

The second generation of advanced telecom computing architecture (ATCA) based on PCI Industrial Computer Manufacturers Group (PICMG) specification has evolved to a live deployment phase. Products from world renowned telecom vendors in the wireless (CDMA, GSM, and UMTS), IMS, circuit core and packet core to build scalable carrier grade IP and converged networks are being deployed. These networks provide IP telecommunication, IP multimedia communication, scalable web collaboration, unified communication as well as triple and quadruple play services. This paper analyzes the emergence of ATCA compliant hardware and software platform from a global leader in telecommunication. The paper discusses the ease of building applications using the high speed interconnect technology, redundancy capability, multi-switching fabric usage, high availability carrier grade middleware and simplified network management for next generation networks. The CAPEX and OPEX benefits to service providers of using ATCA are discussed.
The Role of Statistics in Management Magic

Technology and magic both represent the human will to power—to dominate nature and ultimately humans. In a technological civilization, magic imitates technology. Modern management often entails psychological techniques (the human relations approach) and organizational techniques (the scientific approach). The heart of the latter is statistical measurement and prediction of the future. This article examines the magical use of statistical measurement and prediction of the future. Magic here operates according to the principle of the self-fulfilling prophecy. Because statistical information is perceived to be related to the success of an organization and is invariably collected in abundance, it is given credit for actual success.
Active steganalysis of sequential steganography

Steganalysis of sequential steganography is presented in this paper. Abrupt change in statistics due to sequential embedding is exploited by the proposed technique. Analytical derivations are presented for several cases along with experimental results. Experiments show that the proposed method can be used quite effectively to detect locations and length of messages embedded using spread spectrum steganography.
Large-scale Monolithic Integration Enabling Terabit Transmitters and Coherent Super-channel Architecture

In this talk, we review InP-based, 10 wavelength, polarization-multiplexed quadrature phase-shift keying (PM-QPSK) transmitter and receiver photonic integrated circuits (PICs) that enable terabit coherent super-channel architecture.
Intestinal absorption of arsenate in the chick

Abstract The intestinal absorption of arsenate(As(V)) has been investigated in the chick by means of the in situ ligated duodenal loop technique. By this procedure, it was observed that arsenate is rapidly and essentially completely absorbed (80–95%) from the lumen at As(V) concentrations up to 5 m m , declining to about 50% absorption at 50 m m . Transfer from the intestinal lumen to the mucosal cells at low As(V) concentration (0.1 m m ) is rapid, while transfer from the mucosal cells to the body occurs more slowly. At stable As(V) concentrations greater than I m m , fractional mucosal cell accumulation of As(V) remains constant, while fractional transfer to the body declines. However, total mucosal accumulation of As(V) and that transferred to the body increase in a linear logarithmic fashion from 0.05 to 5 mm As(V). The results indicate that As(V) readily penetrates both the mucosal and serosal surfaces of the epithelial membrane. Furthermore, arsenate and phosphate do not appear to share a common transport pathway in the duodenum and no evidence was obtained for any interaction between the two at this level. Vitamin D3 administration to rachitic chicks was effective in significantly elevating duodenal arsenate absorption, acting primarily to enhance serosal transport.
The Effect of Market Organization on Competitive Equilibrium: the Multi-unit Case

A few years ago V. L. Smith reported a series of experiments concerning the effects of market organization on competitive equilibrium [4]. Three market organizations were explored in those experiments: (1) sellers making price offers; buyers free to accept offers, but not permitted to make price bids, (2) buyers making price offers; sellers free to accept offers, but not permitted to make price bids, and (3) both sellers and buyers making price bids and free to accept offers. These market organizations were investigated under the condition that each buyer and each seller could trade at most one unit in any market period. This paper reports experiments designed to extend Smith's work to the case in which traders may trade multiple units of the commodity in any market period. Because market organization (3) would present some procedural difficulties in the multiple unit case, only organizations (1) and (2) were investigated in my experiments. These two organizations capture the essential structure of some familiar markets. For example, as Smith notes [4, p. 182], the exchange process in most United States retail markets has traditionally been sellers offering merchandise at stated prices and buyers responding by purchasing the quantities desired, with no price bargaining. Reversing the price leadership roleallowing buyers to state price offers and sellers to respond with quantities-reflects the structure of markets such as the crude oil market and some food markets (e.g., food processors purchasing from growers). Also it appears that the behaviour of markets under organizations (1) and (2) places rough bounds on the behaviour of markets under organization (3),3 so I probably have not lost too much information by considering only organizations (1) and (2). One additional aspect of market organization differentiates my experiments from Smith's. In his experiments the bidding process continued throughout the market period, enabling the price bidders to alter their offers during a trading period. In my experiments price offers were posted at the beginning of each period and could not be changed for the duration of that period. This condition is a bit artificial since price bidders in real markets can alter their price bids at any time, not merely at the beginning of some specific trading period. Obviously, though, there is some short period between price changes, and it is this characteristic that I hoped to capture.
What factors influence follow-up in orthopedic trauma surgery?

Among surgical patients, follow-up visits are essential for monitoring post-operative recovery and determining ongoing treatment plans. Non-adherence to clinic follow-up appointments has been associated with poorer outcomes in many different patient populations. We sought to identify factors associated with non-attendance at follow-up appointments for orthopedic trauma patients. A retrospective chart review at a level I trauma center identified 2,165 patients who underwent orthopedic trauma surgery from 2008 to 2009. Demographic data including age, sex, race, tobacco use, American Society of Anesthesiologist (ASA) score, insurance status, distance from the hospital, and follow-up time were collected. Injury characteristics including fracture type, anatomic location of the operation, length of hospital stay, living situation and employment status were recorded. Attendance at the first scheduled follow-up visit was recorded. Multivariable log-binomial regression analyses were used with statistical significance maintained at p 2, or had a fracture of the hip or pelvis were significantly less likely to follow-up. Age, sex, and race were not significantly associated with failure to follow-up. Follow-up appointments are essential for preventing complications among orthopedic trauma patients. By identifying patients at risk of failure to follow-up, orthopedic surgeons can appropriately design and implement long-term treatment plans specifically targeted for high-risk patients.
Superparasitism and mutual interference in the egg parasitoid Anagrus delicatus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae)

. 1 In nature, interference among Anagrus delicatus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) parasitoids reduced the per-capita number of hosts parasitized. Interference increased with parasitoid density. 2 Anagrus delicatus did not avoid parasitizing hosts that had recently been parasitized by conspecific wasps. Evidence indicated that this superparasitism was largely a random process, increasing with the ratio of parasitized to unparasitized hosts. 3 Individual parasitoid efficiency, the number of hosts killed per wasp per unit time, decreased with increasing wasp density. This occurred whether wasps searched the patch together (simultaneously) or one by one (sequentially), and was the result of an increase in time spent superparasitizing hosts at higher wasp density. This is known as indirect mutual interference. 4 Increasing numbers of parasitoids together on the same patch caused a significant decline in the rate and per-capita number of hosts parasitized. However, there was not a correspondent decline in searching efficiency with increasing wasp density (i.e. no direct mutual interference). 5 These forms of parasitoid density dependence should contribute to the stability of the host—parasitoid interaction.
Three-dimensional intravascular ultrasound imaging of normal and diseased canine and human arteries.

Abstract This study reports three-dimensional reconstruction of two-dimensional intravascular ultrasound images obtained along 5 cm vessel segments. Each three-dimensional image was produced by computerized "stacking" of a set of consecutive two-dimensional images (mode 90 images per set; range 32 to 256). Three-dimensional images ( n = 26) were obtained from 11 human normal and atherosclerotic arteries (three in vitro and eight in vivo) and five in vivo canine studies. In vivo human examinations included three iliac, one deep, and three superficial femoral arteries and one aortic dissection. Five in vivo canine vessels (three iliac stenoses and two aortic dissections) were imaged before and after intraluminal stent deployment. Images were displayed on a gray-scale monitor, allowing examination of vessel images as complete cylinders or longitudinal hemisections in any user-defined plane. This enabled global examination of vascular segments and identified luminal shape, wall thickness, and distribution and morphology of plaques. Reconstructions of aortic dissections illustrated the extent of the dissection and produced an anatomic picture of the false lumen. Three-dimensional imaging enhanced stent deployment by identifying the site for deployment, dimensions of the vessel lumen, and changes in morphology after stent insertion. There was good correlation in vessel dimensions measured by angiography, two-dimensional intravascular ultrasonography and longitudinal gray-scale reconstructions ( r = 0.74 to 0.95; p = 0.34 to 0.001) but poor correlation with measurements from three-dimensional surface-rendered images ( r = 0.13 to 0.48; p = 0.42 to 0.87). We conclude that three-dimensional intravascular ultrasound imaging is an innovative new method for identifying the type, extent, and spatial configuration of arterial disease, with promising diagnostic and therapeutic applications. (J Vasc Surg 1992;16:509–19.)
Characterization of SO2-poisoned ceria-zirconia mixed oxides

Abstract CeO2, ZrO2, and a series of CexZr1−xO2 catalysts with 1 wt.% Pd were exposed to fixed exposures of SO2 under oxidizing environments and then characterized by FTIR, pulse–reactor studies with CO and O2, and temperature-programmed desorption (TPD). For exposures above 473 K, sulfates were formed on all of the materials; however, the results are consistent with the formation of bulk sulfates on CeO2 and only surface sulfates on ZrO2. For the mixed oxides, the quantity of sulfates formed at 673 K increased linearly with the Ce content. In TPD, the sulfates on ZrO2 were stable to higher temperatures than those formed on CeO2, which decomposed in a well-defined peak between 900 and 1050 K. The sulfates on both oxides were reduced by CO above 750 K. Even though XRD patterns for the mixed oxide were significantly different from that of the physical mixture, the TPD and pulse–reactor results were similar to what would be expected for physical mixtures of CeO2 and ZrO2, suggesting that sulfate species are associated with individual metal cations. Finally, pulse–reactor studies with CO and O2 at 873 K show that the sulfates can be reversibly reduced and oxidized on both CeO2 and ZrO2, so that sulfur poisoning gives rise to an apparent increase in oxygen storage, demonstrating that this method is not acceptable for measurement of this quantity.
The effect of dissolved water on the oxidation state of silicic melts

Experiments have been conducted to study the effect of dissolved water on the ferric-ferrous ratio in natural rhyolite melts of metaluminous and peralkaline composition. The experiments were conducted at temperatures of 725–1150°C, pressures of 100–2000 bars, and oxygen fugacities from NiNiO (NNO) to MnOMn3O4 (MNO). The final water contents of the rhyolites ranged from 0.4–8 wt% H2O as measured by difference on the electron microprobe. Ferrous iron contents of the quenched glasses were measured by micro-titration. Results suggest that addition of dissolved water does change the ferric-ferrous ratio over part of P-T-X--fO2 space. At NNO and high temperatures, addition of water greatly increases the ferric-ferrous ratio in peraluminous rhyolites. The increase is linear with increasing melt hydroxyl content. At MNO, or at low temperatures, water has no effect on the ferric-ferrous ratio in metaluminous rhyolites. In peralkaline rhyolites, addition of water increases the ferric-ferrous ratio at both the MNO and NNO buffers. The observed effect of water on redox ratio at some conditions may be due to interaction between ferric iron and dissolved hydroxyl ions. It is possible to add a dissolved water term to expressions which relate ferric-ferrous ratio to melt conditions; this term is similar to those for the alkali content of the melt.
Electrophilic bromination: Efficient incorporation of radioactive bromine using an In Situ oxidation of bromide

Abstract Potassium bromate was found to be a suitable oxidizing agent for the in situ oxidation of 82Br-bromide to 82Br-bromine in the electrophilic bromination of Phenol Red to form 82Br-Bromphenol Blue. The reoxidation of reaction-produced bromide ions enhances isotopic incorporation leading to a theoretical radiochemical yield of 100%.
Graduate archival education at Western Washington University

As the archival profession seeks a wider role in the field of information science, the need to prepare students for careers in a rapidly changing world requires multidisciplinary education, greater emphasis on core archival knowledge, and fully articulated graduate programs combining structured course sequences with practical experience and sophisticated research projects. The Society of American Archivists is currently considering new “Guidelines for a graduate program in archival studies”. This case study of the graduate program in archives and records management at Western Washington University provides one example of the diverse offerings available for archival students. The six key aspects of the Western Washington University curriculum include: linking history and archives, integrating archives and records management, emphasizing information technology, incorporating management principles, including practical experience, and requiring research for a master’s thesis.
Patterns and personality correlates of teachers' interactions with students.

-A group of 109 elementary and secondary teachers gave more positive feedback to students for work products than for ideas or for personal/ social behaviors in the classroom. Inverse relationships were found between the amount of positive feedback provided for work products and that provided for ideas and personal/social behaviors. The teacher's need to express control was related to this pattern of classroom interaction with students. The significance of these findings and their implications for funue research are discussed.
Synthesis of dipyrrin-containing architectures

Dipyrrins are valuable precursors to dyes [dipyrrinatoboron difluoride, bis(dipyrrinato)-zinc(II) complexes] and serve as ligands in a variety of self-assembled materials. Six new dipyrrin-containing architectures have been synthesized. The architectures include bis(dipyrrinato) complexes containing copper(II) or palladium(II), a dipyrrin bearing a protected phosphonic acid unit, a porphyrin bearing two dipyrrins in a trans configuration, a linear diphenylethyne-linked dipyrromethane-dipyrrin building block, and a triad composed of two zinc porphyrins joined via an intervening bis(dipyrrinato)copper(II) complex. Two porphodimethenatozinc complexes were prepared and found to have Φf ≤ 0.002 (in toluene at room temperature), which is substantially less than the analogous bis(dipyrrinato)zinc complexes. Taken together, the syntheses described herein should broaden access to dipyrrins for use as complexation motifs in supramolecular chemistry and as pigments in light-harvesting applications.
Antibodies that recognize astrotactin block granule neuron binding to astroglia

Abstract To provide a rapid, specific assay for receptor systems involved in the binding of cerebellar granule neurons to astroglia, granule cells, purified from early postnatal mice, or from E15–E16 chicks, were radiolabeled with [ 35 S]methionine and plasma membranes were prepared. The kinetics of binding of radiolabeled material to primary mouse or chick glia or to the mouse G26-24 astrocytoma cell line was measured in the presence or absence of antibodies against astrotactin, neural cell adhesion molecules, cadherins, or integrins. Addition of Fab fragments of astrotactin antibodies reduced the amount of granule cell membrane binding to astroglia by 70%. In contrast, Fab fragments of antibodies against the neural adhesion molecules N-CAM, L1, and N-cadherin and against integrin did not reduce the level of granule cell membrane binding to astroglia. Combinations of antibodies against N-CAM, L1, N-cadherin, and integrin also did not impair neuron binding to glia.
Structure−Activity Relationships of the Antimalarial Agent Artemisinin. 6. The Development of Predictive In Vitro Potency Models Using CoMFA and HQSAR Methodologies

Artemisinin (1) is a unique sesquiterpene peroxide occurring as a constituent of Artemisia annua L. Because of the effectiveness of Artemisinin in the treatment of drug-resistant Plasmodium falciparum and its rapid clearance of cerebral malaria, development of clinically useful semisynthetic drugs for severe and complicated malaria (artemether, artesunate) was prompt. However, recent reports of fatal neurotoxicity in animals with dihydroartemisinin derivatives such as artemether have spawned a renewed effort to develop nontoxic analogues of artemisinin. In our effort to develop more potent, less neurotoxic agents for the oral treatment of drug-resistant malaria, we utilized comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA) and hologram QSAR (HQSAR), beginning with a series of 211 artemisinin analogues with known in vitro antimalarial activity. CoMFA models were based on two conformational hypotheses: (a) that the X-ray structure of artemisinin represents the bioactive shape of the molecule or (b) that the hem...
Stress Waves in Solids

Abstract A large and growing number of original papers on both the experimental and the theoretical aspects of stress wave propagation is appearing in the scientific literature, and two international conferences solely concerned with the subject have been held during the last five years. The purpose of this paper is to review recent experimental and theoretical advances in the propagation of deformation waves of arbitrary shape through elastic and anelastic solids, and also to attempt to outline the problems on which present efforts are being directed and to predict probable lines of future development.
Evaluating the relationship between user interaction and financial visual analysis

It has been widely accepted that interactive visualization techniques enable users to more effectively form hypotheses and identify areas for more detailed investigation. There have been numerous empirical user studies testing the effectiveness of specific visual analytical tools. However, there has been limited effort in connecting a userpsilas interaction with his reasoning for the purpose of extracting the relationship between the two. In this paper, we present an approach for capturing and analyzing user interactions in a financial visual analytical tool and describe an exploratory user study that examines these interaction strategies. To achieve this goal, we created two visual tools to analyze raw interaction data captured during the user session. The results of this study demonstrate one possible strategy for understanding the relationship between interaction and reasoning both operationally and strategically.
Deformed triangular lattice antiferromagnets in a magnetic field: Role of spatial anisotropy and Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interactions

Recent experiments on the anisotropic spin-1/2 triangular antiferromagnet Cs_2CuBr_4 have revealed a remarkably rich phase diagram in applied magnetic fields, consisting of an unexpectedly large number of ordered phases. Motivated by this finding, we study the role of three ingredients—spatial anisotropy, Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interactions, and quantum fluctuations—on the magnetization process of a triangular antiferromagnet, coming from the semiclassical limit. The richness of the problem stems from two key facts: (1) the classical isotropic model with a magnetic field exhibits a large accidental ground-state degeneracy and (2) these three ingredients compete with one another and split this degeneracy in opposing ways. Using a variety of complementary approaches, including extensive Monte Carlo numerics, spin-wave theory, and an analysis of Bose-Einstein condensation of magnons at high fields, we find that their interplay gives rise to a complex phase diagram consisting of numerous incommensurate and commensurate phases. Our results shed light on the observed phase diagram for Cs_2CuBr_4 and suggest a number of future theoretical and experimental directions that will be useful for obtaining a complete understanding of this material's interesting phenomenology.
A Novel Method for the Activation and Solubilization of Coupling Factor 1 from Chloroplasts of Euglena gracilis

A method was found for the in situ activation of the latent Ca(2+)-ATPase of the coupling factor from chloroplasts of Euglena gracilis and its resultant solubilization. The activation causes the concomitant solubilization of the enzyme and facilitates easy and nearly complete extraction. The activation consists of lowering the pH of isolated chloroplasts for 2 minutes to pH 4.5 to 4.7 with acetic acid, followed by neutralization. Increases in activity as high as 18-fold can be obtained. The method does not appear to work with chloroplasts from other sources.
Cholecystokinin interacts with pregastric food stimulation to elicit satiety in the rat

Abstract Rats were equipped with chronic gastric fistulas to permit sham feeding of a liquid food. After 17 hr of food deprivation, rats were injected with the intestinal hormone cholecystokinin (CCK, 40 U/kg) at various times before and after the onset of sham feeding. CCK interacted synergistically with the pregastric food contingent stimuli of sham feeding: When injected 12 min before sham feeding began, CCK suppressed sham feeding less than when injected 6 min before, at the onset or 6 min after sham feeding began. CCK suppressed sham feeding most when injected 12 min after sham feeding began. This synergism for satiation is very similar to that observed in previous experiments of identical design that investigated the interaction between the pregastric food contingent stimuli of sham feeding and the satiety effect of duodenal infusions of liquid food. The similar synergism between sham feeding and CCK or intestinal food is consistent with our hypothesis that CCK mediates the satiety effect of food in the intestine in the rat.
A Review of Scott E. Page's The Difference: How the Power of Diversity Creates Better Groups, Firms, Schools, and Societies

This assessment of Scott Page’s The Difference (Princeton University Press, 2007) emphasizes the depth and breadth of the book’s coverage and arguments and checks them against existing empirical evidence, when available. It argues that the book navigates artfully between being a “manifesto” for diversity and rigorous science writing while at the same time marketing economic science in new ways. The review welcomes the book’s popularization of richer aspects of everyday decision making, individual and collective, and its making an excellent case for the social significance of abstract economic theorizing, especially about problem solving. It praises the book’s lively interpretations of statistical tools of decision making by means of enticing narratives. The book’s rhetoric urges us to move beyond accepting diversity as a matter of taste, or even because of its beneficial effects on the “production function,” and ultimately adopts its powerful logic. It speculates that the book’s true impact will likely come after thorough empirical research. In empirical endeavors, issues of definition, especially of identity and of measurement, and evaluation of policies that would enhance diversity would be decisive. In democratic societies, policies may pose new dilemmas as they benefit from public interest in overcoming the accumula tion of past disadvantages. (JEL D23, Z13 )
Novel Protein–Protein Interaction Between Escherichia coli SoxS and the DNA Binding Determinant of the RNA Polymerase α Subunit: SoxS Functions as a Co-sigma Factor and Redeploys RNA Polymerase from UP-element-containing Promoters to SoxS-dependent Promoters during Oxidative Stress

SoxS is the transcription activator of the SoxRS regulon. Despite being synthesized de novo in response to oxidative stress and despite the large disparity between the number of SoxS binding sites and the number of SoxS molecules per cell, SoxS-dependent promoters are rapidly activated after the onset of the stress. With the usual recruitment/post-recruitment mechanisms being unsuitable for activating gene expression under these conditions, we previously proposed that SoxS functions by "pre-recruitment". In pre-recruitment, SoxS forms SoxS-RNA polymerase binary complexes, which use the DNA binding properties of SoxS and sigma(70) to distinguish SoxS-dependent promoters from housekeeping promoters and from the large number of sequence-equivalent but functionally irrelevant SoxS binding sites. With previous work in Escherichia coli having indicated that the most likely target on RNA polymerase for interaction with SoxS is the C-terminal domain of alpha, we investigated the interaction directly with the yeast two-hybrid system. We found that SoxS interacts with the alphaCTD and that SoxS positive control mutations disrupt the interaction. Moreover, single alanine substitutions of the alphaCTD that reduce or enhance SoxS activation in E.coli reduce or enhance the interaction between SoxS and the alphaCTD in yeast. Significantly, the critical amino acid residues lie in and around the DNA binding determinant of the alphaCTD, the first example of an activator contacting this determinant. These interactions were confirmed with an affinity immobilization assay. Lastly, we found that SoxS induction interferes with utilization of the UP element of an rRNA promoter. Thus, by functioning as a co-sigma factor that interacts with the DNA binding determinant of the alphaCTD, SoxS diverts RNA polymerase from UP-containing promoters to SoxS-activatable promoters.
Social information processing and physical child abuse

Abstract To increase our understanding of parental cognitions associated with physical child abuse, a social information processing model is described. Extant human information processing paradigms are used to guide the development of an organizational model which describes parental cognitive activities believed to mediate verbal and physical aggression against children. As part of the proposed model, automatic and controlled processing are used to describe how cognitions may be related. Following specification of the model, a critical review of the supporting literature is provided. Next is a description of possible relationships between personality factors and social information processing activities. Throughout the discussion, model limitations and suggestions for model testing are presented. The article concludes with a brief description of model implications for assessment and treatment of parents who physically abuse their children.
Antagonism of the effects of furosemide by in domethacin in normal and hypertensive man

Furosemide and the prostaglandin synthetase inhibitor, indomethacin, were administered singly and in combination to four normal subjects and six patients with essential hypertension in order to determine whether the antihypertensive, natriuretic and other effects of furosemide could be altered by inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis. In all subjects indomethacin treatment alone resulted in a significant elevation of blood pressure and a fall in plasma renin without any change in sodium excretion. Furosemide alone resulted in a significant blood pressure fall with a rise in plasma renin and urinary aldosterone with a marked increase in urinary sodium loss. These effects were either obviated or blunted by addition of indomethacin. The results are compatible with hypothesis that the antihypertensive and natriuretic effects of furosemide might be mediated at least in part by prostaglandin synthesis. In addition, the effects of indomethacin should be considered when using this drug in hypertensive patients and in subjects requiring diuretic therapy.
Percolation wave propagation, and void link-up effects in ductile fracture

This work investigates the time evolution and spatial morphology of ductile damage based on void growth and coalecence. The size enhancement of damage cluster growth, as well as wave speed limiting of growth, are treated microscopically. Simplified 2D plane strain simulations using individual voids are done with uniaxial stress and explained with a probabilistic theory. At low strain rate, fracture occurs by long, localized cracks. At high strain rates, widespread, random damage breaks the system. The Voronoi tessellation of voids can be used to map out the spatial network of still solid material in 3D ductile fracture. Using it, the spallation porosity is calculated based on percolation theory.
Shannon's entropy of proteomic 2D-gel maps

2D gel proteomic maps are characterized by several invariants based on information theory. They are shown to discriminate well between maps of cells perturbed by different chemical agents. Potential applications to comparative proteomic studies are briefly discussed.
Solubility in amide-water cosolvent systems II: Cosolvent excess at solute surface.

Abstract The solubility of methylparaben was determined at 25° in a series of amide‐water cosolvent systems. The data were used to demonstrate the possibility of an amide excess at or near the ester solute over that in the bulk solvent. The analysis, stemming from an interfacial tension‐solute area solubility model proposed by earlier workers, involved data obtained as a function of amide concentration and as a function of amide alkylation. Both sets of data support the basic contention of the paper.
Circumglobal teleconnection and early summer rainfall in the US Intermountain West

Physical processes responsible for the abnormally wet condition in the Central Intermountain West (CIW) of the United States in June 2009 were investigated. It was illustrated that persistent rainy conditions over the CIW during June 2009 were associated with a pronounced circumglobal teleconnection pattern, which is characterized as a short Rossby wave train along the jet stream waveguide with a wave number 5 structure. The ascending motion and moisture flux convergence over the CIW associated with the cyclonic action center over the US West Coast in the teleconnection wave train could be essential for the persistent local rainfall during June 2009. Further analysis suggested that the June 2009 circulation pattern is consistent with a prevailing mode of the summer circumglobal teleconnection pattern. The findings in this study provide information for improved understanding of the early summer rainfall regime in the CIW.
Armoured mud balls revisited

Armoured mud balls ranging in size from 2 to 20 cm in diameter (long axis) are common in the upper inter-tidal zone around Swan Creek, near Parrsboro, on the north shore of the Minas Basin. Shapes vary from nearly spherical to platy to elongate, with elongate predominant. The mud balls form from the action of wave and tidal currents transporting eroded masses of clay, as evidenced by the strike- and dip-parallel orientations of the mud balls with respect to the shore. RESUME Les pelotes de vase blindees d’une taille de 2 a 20 cm de diametre (axe longitudinal) sont repandues dans la zone intertidale superieure voisine de Swan Creek, pres de Parrsboro, sur la rive nord du bassin Minas. Lcur forme varie des pelotes quasi spheriques a celles aplaties et allongees, les pelotes allongees etant neanmoins predominantes. Les pelotes de vase se forment par l’action des vagues et des courants de maree transportant des masses erodees d'argile, comme en font foi les orientations paralleles aux couches et aux inclinaisons magnetiques des pelotes de vase par rapport au rivage. [Traduit par la redaction]
Social Support, Coming Out, and Relationship Satisfaction in Lesbian Couples

SUMMARY The present study investigated relations among lesbians' disclosure of their sexual orientation, positive and negative emotionality, and relationship satisfaction. The 305 respondents, who were currently in a committed relationship with one woman or seriously dating one woman, responded to a questionnaire assessing level of self-disclosure, sources of social support, self-esteem, positive affectivity, and anxiety. Women who more widely disclosed their sexual orientation expressed a greater degree of satisfaction with their relationships. Path analyses revealed that the discrepancy between partners' level of self-disclosure had a direct effect on relationship satisfaction, suggesting that the greater the discrepancy, the lower the relationship satisfaction. However, disclosure of sexual orientation had an indirect effect on relationship satisfaction, as it affected social support.
The Multiple-Asymmetric-Utility System Model: A Framework for Modeling Cyber-Human Systems

Traditional cyber security modeling approaches either do not explicitly consider system participants or assume a fixed set of participant behaviors that are independent of the system. Increasingly, accumulated cyber security data indicate that system participants can play an important role in the creation or elimination of cyber security vulnerabilities. Thus, there is a need for cyber security analysis tools that take into account the actions and decisions of human participants. In this paper, we present a modeling approach for quantifying how participant decisions can affect system security. Specifically, we introduce a definition of a cyber-human system (CHS) and its elements, the opportunity-willingness-capability (OWC) ontology for classifying CHS elements with respect to system tasks, the human decision point (HDP) as a first-class system model element, and the multiple-asymmetric-utility system modeling framework for evaluating the effects of HDPs on a CHS. This modeling approach provides a structured and quantitative means of analyzing cyber security problems whose outcomes are influenced by human-system interactions.