cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reveling in Constraints: The Google Web Toolkit is an end-run around Web development obstacles.

The Web’s trajectory toward interactivity, which began with humble snippets of JavaScript used to validate HTML forms, has really started to accelerate of late. A new breed of Web applications is starting to emerge that sports increasingly interactive user interfaces based on direct manipulations of the browser DOM (document object model) via ever-increasing amounts of JavaScript. Google Wave, publicly demonstrated for the first time in May 2009 at the Google I/O Developer Conference in San Francisco, exemplifies this new style of Web application. Instead of being implemented as a sequence of individual HTML "pages" rendered by the server, Wave might be described as a client/server application in which the client is a browser executing a JavaScript application, while the server is "the cloud."
Response to Comment on Zhou et al. Cost-effectiveness of Diabetes Prevention Interventions Targeting High-risk Individuals and Whole Populations: A Systematic Review. Diabetes Care 2020;43:1593-1616.

We thank Sathish et al. (1) for their interest in our systematic review on the cost-effectiveness of interventions to prevent type 2 diabetes (T2D) among high-risk individuals and whole populations (2). Sathish et al. provided additional evidence from India and Bangladesh on the cost-effectiveness of T2D prevention interventions for low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). These new studies, along with one earlier study from India (3) and two studies from China (4,5), provide direct evidence from LMICs that in-person lifestyle interventions are indeed cost-effective. The cost-effectiveness results presented in studies cited by Sathish et al. would be …
Oxytocin: at birth and beyond. A systematic review of the long-term effects of peripartum oxytocin

Oxytocin is one of the most commonly used medications during labour and delivery. Recent insights from basic neuroscience research suggest that the uterotonic effects of oxytocin may arguably be trivial when compared with its profound effects on higher-order human behaviour. The purpose of this review is to highlight the potential consequences of manipulating oxytocinergic signalling during the peripartum period and its long-term impact on the maternal-infant dyad. We identified four domains where modulation of oxytocinergic signalling might be consequential: postpartum depression; breastfeeding; neurodevelopment; and chronic pain, and performed a literature search to address the impact of peripartum oxytocin administration. We have shown modest, but inconsistent, evidence linking peripartum oxytocin administration with postpartum depression. Breastfeeding success appeared to be negatively correlated with peripartum oxytocin exposure, perhaps secondary to impaired primitive neonatal reflexes and maternal-infant bonding. The association between perinatal oxytocin exposure and subsequent development of neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism in the offspring was weak, but these studies were limited by the lack of information on the cumulative dose. Finally, we identified substantial evidence for analgesic and anti-hypersensitivity effects of oxytocin which might partly explain the low incidence of chronic pain after caesarean birth. Although most data presented here are observational, our review points to a compelling need for robust clinical studies to better dissect the impact of peripartum oxytocin administration, and as stewards of its use, increase the precision with which we administer oxytocin to prevent overuse of the drug.
Physician Communication About Driving Restrictions After Episodic Loss of Consciousness (P7.324)

OBJECTIVE: To assess physician counseling about driving restrictions after non-seizure loss of consciousness. BACKGROUND: Failure to counsel patients about driving restrictions after loss of consciousness is a safety concern and a potential source of legal liability. State laws on driving after seizure are well-known, but legal restrictions on driving after syncope or other episodic losses of consciousness are less widely discussed. Physicians may not be communicating effectively with patients about driving after loss of consciousness. DESIGN/METHODS: An electronic survey of hypothetical cases of transient loss of consciousness was sent to physicians at an academic medical center. Survey respondents also assessed their comfort level with and likelihood of initiating discussions about driving restrictions. Specialties surveyed included Emergency Medicine, Family Medicine, Internal Medicine, and Neurology. RESULTS: All survey respondents (33[percnt] response rate, n = 188) were less likely to restrict driving after loss of consciousness than after epileptic seizure. Awareness of and previous training about driving restrictions were independently associated with a higher likelihood of counseling against driving across all loss of consciousness scenarios. Neurologists at all training levels were more likely to have previous training concerning driving restrictions (p < 0.001) and were more likely than non-neurologists to counsel against driving (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: State laws restrict driving after loss of consciousness, but physicians of all specialties under-recognized the need to discuss driving restrictions. Training concerning restrictions on driving after episodic loss of consciousness is strongly associated with an increased likelihood of recognizing legal issues of driving after loss of consciousness, regardless of physician specialty. Neurologists were more likely to restrict driving and more likely to report previous training on these issues. These results suggest that increased training about legal restrictions on driving after a loss of consciousness may improve physician communication with patients. Study Supported by: No funding Disclosure: Dr. Wheeler has nothing to disclose. Dr. Burke has nothing to disclose. Dr. Adelman has nothing to disclose.
Using electric field manipulation to fabricate nanoscale fibers on large areas: a path to electronic and photonic devices

Traditional fabrication methods for the integrated circuit (IC) and the microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) industries have been developed primarily for two-dimensional fabrication on planar surfaces. More recently, commercial electronics are expeditiously emerging with non-planar displays and rapid prototype machines can be purchased for the price of a modern laptop. While electrospinning (ES) has been in existence for over 100 years, this fabrication method has not been adequately developed for commercial fabrication of electronics or the rapid prototyping industries. ES provides many benefits as a fabrication method including tunability of fiber size and affordable hardware. To realize the full potential of ES as a commonplace fabrication method for modern devices, precise control, real-time fiber morphology monitoring, and the creation of a comprehensive databank of accurate models for prediction is essential. The aim of this research is to accomplish these goals through several avenues. To improve fiber deposition control, both passive and active methods are employed to modify electric field lines during the ES process. COMSOL models have been developed to meticulously mimic experimental results for predictive planning, and an in situ laser diagnostic tool was developed to measure real-time fiber morphology during electrospinning. Further, post-processing data was generated through the use of two-dimensional fast Fourier transform (2D-FFT) to monitor alignment, and four-point conductivity measurements were taken via four independently-positioned micromanipulator probes. This article describes the devices developed to date, the a priori modeling approach taken, and resultant capabilities which complement ES as an attractive fabrication method for the electronic and photonic industry.
Financing of Government Liabilities as the Population Ages in New Zealand

As New Zealnd's population ages, the government must look to health care and pension policies to curb the government's rising liabilities. In New Zealand in the next 50 years, an aging population is expected to elevate government liabilities and weaken the government's fiscal position. To maintain fiscal balance, the government must either substantially pre-fund future increases in its liabilities or significantly raise taxes in the 2030s-40s, following few small possible tax cuts in the next 10 to 15 years. Expected fiscal problems are related to the increasing costliness of publicly providing for health care and retirement. Moreover, the aging population's negative effects on the fiscal balance could be exacerbated by any slackening in economic performance or in fiscal prudence. Long-term fiscal projections for the country, and literature on the problem, indicate that the most effective way to contain the expected rise in government liabilities is to reform health care and pension policies. This paper - aproduct of the Country Operations Division, Country Department II, Europe and Central Asia - is part of a larger effort in the department to advise countries on reforming the role of state, drawing on best practice worldwide.
Sequentially independent effects

A quantum effect is a yes-no measurement that may be unsharp. An effect is represented by an operator E on a Hilbert space that satisfies 0 < E < I. We define effects E 1 , E 2 ,…,, E n to be sequentially independent if the result of any sequential measurement of E 1 , E 2 ,… E n does not depend on the order in which they are measured. We show that two effects are sequentially independent if and only if they are compatible. That is, their corresponding operators commute. We also show that three effects are sequentially independent if and only if all permutations of the product of their corresponding operators coincide. It is noted that this last condition does not imply that the three effects are mutually compatible.
Chibby functions to preserve normal ciliary morphology through the regulation of intraflagellar transport in airway ciliated cells

Airway cilia provide the coordinated motive force for mucociliary transport, which prevents the accumulation of mucus, debris, pollutants, and bacteria in our respiratory tracts. As airway cilia are constantly exposed to the environment and, hence, are an integral component of the pathogenesis of several congenital and chronic pulmonary disorders, it is necessary to understand the molecular mechanisms that control ciliated cell differentiation and ciliogenesis. We have previously reported that loss of the basal body protein Chibby (Cby) results in chronic upper airway infection in mice due to a significant reduction in the number of airway cilia. In the present work, we demonstrate that Cby is required for normal ciliary structure and proper distribution of proteins involved in the bidirectional intraflagellar transport (IFT) system, which consists of 2 distinct sub-complexes, IFT-A and IFT-B, and is essential for ciliary biogenesis and maintenance. In fully differentiated ciliated cells, abnormal paddle-like cilia with dilated ciliary tips are observed in Cby-/- airways and primary cultures of mouse tracheal epithelial cells (MTECs). In addition, IFT88, an IFT-B sub-complex protein, robustly accumulates within the dilated tips of both multicilia in Cby-/- MTECs and primary cilia in Cby-/- mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs). Furthermore, we show that only IFT-B components, including IFT20 and IFT57, but not IFT-A and Bardet-Biedl syndrome (BBS) proteins, amass with IFT88 in these distended tips in Cby-/- ciliated cells. Taken together, our findings suggest that Cby plays a role in the proper distribution of IFT particles to preserve normal ciliary morphology in airway ciliated cells.
The penC mutation conferring antibiotic resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae arises from a mutation in the PilQ secretin that interferes with multimer stability

The penC resistance gene was previously characterized in an FA19 penA mtrR penB gonococcal strain (PR100) as a spontaneous mutation that increased resistance to penicillin and tetracycline. We show here that antibiotic resistance mediated by penC is the result of a Glu-666 to Lys missense mutation in the pilQ gene that interferes with the formation of the SDS-resistant high-molecular-mass PilQ secretin complex, disrupts piliation and decreases transformation frequency by 50-fold. Deletion of pilQ in PR100 confers the same level of antibiotic resistance as the penC mutation, but increased resistance was observed only in strains containing the mtrR and penB resistance determinants. Site-saturation mutagenesis of Glu-666 revealed that only acidic or amidated amino acids at this position preserved PilQ function. Consistent with early studies suggesting the importance of cysteine residues for stability of the PilQ multimer, mutation of either of the two cysteine residues in FA19 PilQ led to a similar phenotype as penC: increased antibiotic resistance, loss of piliation, intermediate levels of transformation competence and absence of SDS-resistant PilQ oligomers. These data show that a functional secretin complex can enhance the entry of antibiotics into the cell and suggest that the PilQ oligomer forms a pore in the outer membrane through which antibiotics diffuse into the periplasm.
Advances in Container Closure Integrity Testing

Container closure integrity (CCI) testing, along with other engineering and administrative controls, must be incorporated into a holistic approach to ensure overall integrity of a container closure system during the package design and development phases. CCI testing plays an essential role in providing feedback to package design and ultimately demonstrating CCI. To ensure they are suitable for the intended use, the testing methods must be appropriately selected, developed, and validated for the specific drug product-package configuration. This chapter addresses key considerations during packaging design and development phases with focus on CCI testing strategy development and appropriate CCI testing applications. It provides an overview of various commonly used testing technologies and proposes a guideline for method selection, development, and validation.
Toward Rapid Understanding of Production HPC Applications and Systems

A detailed understanding of HPC application's resource needs and their complex interactions with each other and HPC platform resources is critical to achieving scalability and performance. Such understanding has been difficult to achieve because typical application profiling tools do not capture the behaviors of codes under the potentially wide spectrum of actual production conditions and because typical monitoring tools do not capture system resource usage information with high enough fidelity to gain sufficient insight into application performance and demands. In this paper we present both system and application profiling results based on data obtained through synchronized system wide monitoring on a production HPC cluster at Sandia National Laboratories (SNL). We demonstrate analytic and visualization techniques that we are using to characterize application and system resource usage under production conditions for better understanding of application resource needs. Our goals are to improve application performance (through understanding application-to-resource mapping and system throughput) and to ensure that future system capabilities match their intended workloads.
Evaluation of the Harleco Apparatus for Determining Carbon Dioxide in Whole Blood

A simplified method for determining the total CO2 content of whole blood is evaluated, and results are compared to those obtained with a "Blood Gas Analyzer" (Instrumentation Laboratories). A high degree of correlation is shown. The described method makes such determinations simple and reliable, especially for emergency use in the laboratory or at bedside.
The death of discipline: is the requiem premature?

Abstract There is a current trend among one sector of the professional mental-health community against the use of confrontive discipline with children and toward a positive-only approach to child behavior management. The current paper addresses this position by providing an overview of family process research as well as parent training outcome research related to parent disciplinary (punishment) practices. Consistent with research from developmental psychology showing that “authoritative” parenting is associated with the best developmental outcomes, this overview concludes that child management which combines positive approaches with age appropriate structures, limits, and non-hostile, nonviolent punishment is associated with the best treatment outcomes. The paper challenges positions calling for an end to the use of punishment with children.
ENZYMATIC HYDROLYSIS AND VOLE BIOASSAY FOR ESTIMATION OF THE NUTRITIVE QUALITY OF MAIZE

Opaque-2 maize and its normal counterpart were subjected to acid, papain and pepsin-pancreatin hydrolysis and in vivo evaluation by meadow vole (Microtus pennsylvanicus) to determine the availability of the amino acids. The acids hydrolysis showed a twofold increase of total lysine in opaque-2 maize over its normal counterpart. The increases and decreases of the other amino acids from the maize used in this study were in agreement with previous reports. The amount of tryptophan and lysine released by papain hydrolysis was similar to that released by acid hydrolysis. Pepsin-pancreatin hydrolysis released three times as much of the lysine from opaque-2 maize as from its normal counterpart. Smaller increased percentages of release were also observed for arginine, glutamic acid, proline, histidine, alanine, valine and tyrosine from opaque-2 compared to normal maize. In vivo results obtained with voles were similar to published values based on rat evaluations. The vole provided a more rapid evaluation and consumed a smaller sample than the rat. Available lysine released by enzymatic digestion was more closely correlated with the vole PER values than was the total lysine content.
Inhibitory motor control based on complex stopping goals relies on the same brain network as simple stopping

Much research has modeled action-stopping using the stop-signal task (SST), in which an impending response has to be stopped when an explicit stop-signal occurs. A limitation of the SST is that real-world action-stopping rarely involves explicit stop-signals. Instead, the stopping-system engages when environmental features match more complex stopping goals. For example, when stepping into the street, one monitors path, velocity, size, and types of objects and only stops if there is a vehicle approaching. Here, we developed a task in which participants compared the visual features of a multidimensional go-stimulus to a complex stopping-template, and stopped their go-response if all features matched the template. We used independent component analysis of EEG data to show that the same motor inhibition brain network that explains action-stopping in the SST also implements motor inhibition in the complex-stopping task. Furthermore, we found that partial feature overlap between go-stimulus and stopping-template led to motor slowing, which also corresponded with greater stopping-network activity. This shows that the same brain system for action-stopping to explicit stop-signals is recruited to slow or stop behavior when stimuli match a complex stopping goal. The results imply a generalizability of the brain's network for simple action-stopping to more ecologically valid scenarios.
The Pregnancy of the Real: A Phenomenological Defense of Experimental Realism

This paper develops a phenomenological defense of Ian Hacking's experimental realism about unobservable entities in physical science, employing historically undervalued resources from the phenomenological tradition in order to clarify the warrant for our ontological commitments in science. Building upon the work of Husserl, Merleau‐Ponty and Heelan, the paper provides a phenomenological correction of the positivistic conception of perceptual evidence maintained by antirealists such as van Fraassen, the experimental relevance of which is illustrated through a phenomenological interpretation of the 1974 discovery of the J/ψ particle generally regarded as evidence for the charmed quark. The argument then turns to address known problems in Hacking's account, demonstrating that his own instrumentalist criterion of the real is inadequately rooted in the phenomenology of perception, and as a result, passes over the true ontological significance of experimental phenomena. The paper maintains that the proper crite...
Embarrassment and empathy before helping: How internal working models come into play

Prior research has described embarrassment and empathy as predictors of social helping and as self-conscious emotions involving reasoning about the self and others. It remains unclear how cognitive representations of the self and others relate to the two emotions as precursors of social helping. We examined 136 participants’ self-report measures of internal working models as well as dispositional embarrassability, empathic concern, personal distress, and perspective taking. Controlling all the other variables, embarrassability was primarily associated with the model of self and personal distress, whereas empathic concern was primarily associated with the model of others and perspective taking. Moreover, the association between personal distress and embarrassability was moderated by the interaction between models of others and perspective taking. The general proneness to distress arousal was also predicted by the interaction between models of self and others. The findings extended prior research linking internal working models and socio-cognitive emotions associated with helping.
The infinite duration lying oracle game

In the lying oracle game, a Player places bets on the outcomes of a sequence of coin flips. A second player, the Oracle, informs the Player what the outcome of each coin flip is, but may at times lie. We analyse this game when the duration of the game is infinite, where the Oracle's ability to lie or be truthful is specified by a set of lie patterns X, known to both players. By equipping X with Lebesgue measure, we prove that for any e > 0, the Player has a strategy that yields an expected fortune of at least 1/λ+(X) − e, and that the Oracle has a strategy that limits the Player's expected fortune to at most 1/λ−(X), where λ+(X) and λ−(X) are the outer and inner Lebesgue measure of X, respectively.
Design and modeling of waveguide-coupled single-mode microring resonators

We discuss a first-order design tool for waveguide-coupled microring resonators based on an approximate solution of the wave propagation in a microring waveguide with micron-size radius of curvature and a large lateral index contrast. The model makes use of the conformal transformation method and a linear approximation of the refractive index profile, and takes into account the effect of waveguide thickness, dispersion, and diffraction. Based on this model, we develop general design rules for the major physical characteristics of a waveguide-coupled microring resonator, including the resonance wavelength, the free spectral range, the coupling ratio, the bending radiation loss and the substrate leakage loss. In addition, the physical model provides leads to alternative coupling designs. We present two examples, one using a phase-matching parallel waveguide with a smaller width than the ring waveguide, and the other using a vertical coupling structure. Both these designs significantly increase the coupling length and reduce or eliminate the dependence on a narrow air gap in a waveguide coupled microring resonator.
Stimulating Full-Length SMN2 Expression by Delivering Bifunctional RNAs via a Viral Vector

Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is an autosomal recessive neuromuscular disorder that is the leading genetic cause of infant mortality. SMA is caused by the loss of survival motor neuron-1 (SMN1). In humans, a nearly identical copy gene is present, called SMN2. SMN2 is retained in all SMA patients and encodes an identical protein compared to SMN1. However, a single silent nucleotide difference in SMN2 exon 7 results in the production of a spliced isoform (called SMN7) that encodes a nonfunctional protein. The presence of SMN2 represents a unique therapeutic target since SMN2 has the capacity to encode a fully functional protein. Here we describe an in vivo delivery system for short bifunctional RNAs that modulate SMN2 splicing. Bifunctional RNAs derive their name from the presence of two domains: an antisense RNA sequence specific to a target RNA and an untethered RNA segment that serves as a binding platform for splicing factors. Plasmid-based and recombinant adeno-associated virus vectors were developed that expressed bifunctional RNAs that stimulated SMN2 exon 7 inclusion and full-length SMN protein in patient fibroblasts. These experiments provide a mechanism to modulate splicing from a variety of genetic contexts and demonstrate directly a novel therapeutic approach for SMA.
Capuchin monkeys ( Cebus apella ) succeed in a test of quantity conservation

Nonhuman animals demonstrate a number of impressive quantitative skills such as counting sets of items, comparing sets on the basis of the number of items or amount of material, and even responding to simple arithmetic manipulations. In this experiment, capuchin monkeys were presented with a computerized task designed to assess conservation of discrete quantity. Monkeys first were trained to select from two horizontal arrays of stimuli the one with the larger number of items. On some trials, after a correct selection there was no feedback but instead an additional manipulation of one of those arrays. In some cases, this manipulation involved moving items closer together or farther apart to change the physical arrangement of the array but not the quantity of items in the array. In other cases, additional items were added to the initially smaller array so that it became quantitatively larger. Monkeys then made a second selection from the two arrays of items. Previous research had shown that rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) succeeded with this task. However, there was no condition in that study in which items were added to the smaller array without increasing its quantity to a point where it became the new larger array. This new condition was added in the present experiment. Capuchin monkeys were sensitive to all of these manipulations, changing their selections when the manipulations changed which array contained the larger number of items but not when the manipulations changed the physical arrangement of items or increased the quantity in one array without also reversing which of the two arrays had more items. Therefore, capuchin monkeys responded on the basis of the quantity of items, and they were not distracted by non-quantitative manipulations of the arrays. The data indicate that capuchins are sensitive to simply arithmetic manipulations that involve addition of items to arrays and also that they can conserve quantity.
Collective detection of predatory attack by social foragers: fraught with ambiguity?

Abstract A cornerstone in the study of anti-predatory vigilance in socially feeding vertebrates is the idea of collective detection, that all members of the group are unambiguously alerted to an attack as long as it is detected by at least one group member. Collective detection in mixed flocks of emberizid sparrows, however, is an ambiguous and uncertain process. In these flocks detectors of attack impart little information directly to their flockmates. Non-detectors infer the possibility of an approaching threat based upon the occurrence of departures from the flock, and appear unable to distinguish non-threat-induced departures from those induced by an approaching threat. Under such circumtances, theory suggests that multiple detections of attack (or multiple departures) may be required to incite alarm in the flock. Experiments demonstrated such an effect: multiple threat-induced departures over a short time interval had a markedly greater effect on the escape behaviour of non-detectors than did single threat-induced departures. The effect of departures was moderated by their environmental context. Non-detectors responded more readily to departures that (1) originated from the outer portion of the flock, or (2) occurred when feeding far from protective cover. These sparrows also showed a range of behavioural responses to departures, from no response, to alertness, to immediate, full-blown escape. This ambiguous, departure-based form of collective detection implies that individuals must rely considerably on personal vigilance to detect predatory attack. Such a reliance may leave animals more vigilant than suggested by models of vigilance based upon the conventional version of collective detection.
Electron transport through a circular constriction

We calculate the conductance of a circular constriction of radius a in an insulating diaphragm which separates two conducting half spaces characterized by the mean free path l. Using the Boltzmann equation we obtain an answer for all values of the ratio $l/a.$ Our exact result interpolates between the Maxwell conductance in diffusive $(l\ensuremath{\ll}a)$ and the Sharvin conductance in ballistic $(l\ensuremath{\gg}a)$ transport regimes. Following Wexler's work, our main advance is to find the explicit form of the Green's function for the linearized Boltzmann operator. The formula for the conductance deviates by less than $11%$ from the naive interpolation formula obtained by adding resistances in the diffusive and the ballistic regime.
Coprecipitation kinetics—I: Coprecipitation of lead with barium sulphate

Abstract An equation has been derived describing the logarithmic distribution coefficient in coprecipitation as a function of the rate of precipitation, the number of growing crystals, and two rate constants, the ratio of which is the distribution coefficient at zero rate of precipitation. In the system lead sulphate-barium sulphate, the derived equation adequately describes the precipitation rate-dependence of the distribution coefficient. The distribution coefficient at zero precipitation rate is 0.010, which agrees satisfactorily with the value predicted from the solubility product constants.
Molecular mechanisms for the regulation of the expression and function of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors

Abstract The regulation of muscarinic acetylcholine receptor expression and function was investigated in cultured cells and in knockout mice. Muscarinic agonist exposure causes m2 receptor desensitization and sequestration and decreases the exprssion of cardiac potassium channels. The expression of m2 receptors in chick retina is regulated by a developmentally regulated secreted factor. Mice lacking the m1 receptor exhibit a loss of muscarinic regulation of M-current potassium channel activity and pilocarpine-induced seizures.
Coupling metal halides with a co-solvent to produce furfural and 5-HMF at high yields directly from lignocellulosic biomass as an integrated biofuels strategy

Metal halides are selective catalysts suitable for production of the fuel precursors furfural and 5-HMF from sugars derived from lignocellulosic biomass. However, they do not perform nearly as well when applied to biomass even in combination with immiscible extracting solvents or expensive ionic co-solvents. Here, we couple metal halides with a highly tunable co-solvent system employing renewable tetrahydrofuran (THF) to significantly enhance co-production of furfural and 5-HMF from biomass in a single phase reaction strategy capable of integrating biomass deconstruction with catalytic dehydration of sugars. Screening of several promising metal halide species at 170 °C in pH-controlled reactions with sugar solutions and larger 1 L reactions with maple wood and corn stover revealed how the interplay between relative Bronsted and Lewis acidities was responsible for enhancing catalytic performance in THF co-solvent. Combining FeCl3 with THF co-solvent was particularly effective, achieving one of the highest reported simultaneous yields of furfural (95%) and 5-HMF (51%) directly from biomass with minimal levulinic acid formation (6%). Furthermore, over 90% of the lignin from biomass was extracted by THF and recovered as a fine lignin powder. Tuning the volume ratio of THF to water from 4 : 1 to 1 : 1 preserved 10% to 31% of the reacted biomass as a glucan-rich solid suitable for further catalytic reaction, enzymatic digestion, or possible pulp and paper production.
The effect of prior leaning on human postural responses

Abstract This study examines how human postural responses are altered by leaning about the ankles to five different initial stance positions prior to anterior or posterior horizontal translations of the support surface. When subjects leaned in the same direction as the translation-induced sway, postural strategies changed to use of less ankle torque and more horizontal shear forces at the surface to return to equilibrium. This change in strategy was associated with reduced and delayed activation of the stretched ankle muscles and an increased activation of proximal muscles producing rapid hip flexions or extensions. The changes in ankle muscle activation strength and latencies cannot be predicted based on simple stretch or load reflexes, but match predictions from computational, biomechanical models of human stance co-ordination1–4.
Tymieniecka’s phenomenology of life: The “imaginatio creatrix,” subliminal passions, and the moral sense

Anna-Teresa Tymieniecka expands the phenomenological study of meanings (sense-bestowal) into an onto-genetic inquiry by grounding it in a phenomenology of life, including the emotional dimension. This phenomenology of life is informed by the empirical sciences and its doctrines parallel the new scientific paradigm of open dynamic systems. Embedded in the dynamics of the real individuation of life forms, human consciousness emerges at a unique station in the evolutionary process. Tymieniecka treats the constitution of sense as a function of life, and thus the transcendental constitutive function of the cognitive, objectifying intentionality of consciousness, the purview of classical phenomenology, is viewed as a project that is limited in its scope. According to the phenomenology of life, meaning-genesis is exhibited throughout the various stages of structurization in the evolution of life. This paper highlights the transformative function of the “Imaginatio Creatrix,” which is the dynamic process at the human station of evolution that accounts for humanity’s inventive capacities necessary for the construction of a human world. The Imaginatio Creatrix transforms the more primitive stirrings of the human “soul” into subliminal passions of human existential significance. The enactive theory of the mind corroborates Tymieniecka’s rejection of Husserl’s doctrine of passive synthesis. However, Tymieniecka’s study of the creative function offers a key for further advancement in enactive theory. Three sense-bestowing functions of the Imaginatio Creatrix account for the human expansion of life: the Aesthetic/Poetic sense, the Objectifying Sense, and the Moral Sense. The Moral Sense, for Tymieniecka, is not the product of reasoning powers, but rather the fruit of subliminal passions that acquire their moral aspect through trans-actions guided by the “benevolent sentiment.”
The entropy region for three Gaussian random variables

Given n (discrete or continuous) random variables Xi, the (2n - 1)-dimensional vector obtained by evaluating the joint entropy of all non-empty subsets of {X1,hellip, Xn} is called an entropic vector. Determining the region of entropic vectors is an important open problem in information theory. Recently, Chan has shown that the entropy regions for discrete and continuous random variables, though different, can be determined from one another. An important class of continuous random variables are those that are vector-valued and jointly Gaussian. It is known that Gaussian random variables violate the Ingleton bound, which many random variables such as those obtained from linear codes over finite fields do satisfy, and they also achieve certain non-Shannon inequalities. In this paper we give a full characterization of the entropy region for three jointly-Gaussian vector-valued random variables and, rather surprisingly, show that the region is strictly smaller than the entropy region for three arbitrary random variables. However, we also show the following result. For any given entropic vector h isin R7, there exists a thetas* > 0, such that for all thetas ges thetas*, the vector 1/thetas h can be generated by three vector-valued jointly Gaussian random variables. This implies that for three random variables the region of entropic vectors can be obtained by considering the cone generated by the space of Gaussian entropic vectors. It also suggests that studying Gaussian random variables for n ges 4 may be a fruitful approach to studying the space of entropic vectors for arbitrary n.
Pluralism in Children's Reasoning about Social Justice.

To determine if children construe the fairness of societal practices as dependent on the implicit contract or definition of a situation, first (M = 6.8 years), third (M = 8.8 years), and fifth (M = 11.0 years) graders were questioned about 3 situations: one emphasizing learning or mastery, a contest, and a test. For each situation, they judged the fairness, alterability of fairness, effectiveness, and harmfulness of 3 teaching or coaching practices: having more able individuals help the less able, having individuals compete publicly, and having them perform independently. Children judged the fairness and effectiveness of each practice differently for each situation. They also recognized that unfair practices could become fair with participant consensus or over time, and that the potential of a practice to cause harm differed depending upon the context. These results were comparable for educational and athletic activities. In these respects, children's conceptions of the fairness of societal practices resemble those of philosophers who advocate pluralistic conceptions of justice.
Anti-CD20 antibody suppresses anti-HLA antibody formation in a HLA-A2 transgenic mouse model of sensitization.

Abstract Background B cell depletion by anti-CD20 antibody is used in desensitization protocols and for treatment of antibody-mediated rejection (AMR). However, little is known about the efficacy and the mechanism(s) of action. Methods A mouse model of HLA sensitization was used to study the effectiveness of anti-CD20 treatment on B cell depletion and anti-HLA antibody suppression. Results Immunization of C57BL/6 mice with skin grafts from a transgenic C57BL.Tg/HLA-A2.1 mouse resulted in robust production of anti-HLA IgM and IgG antibodies, and accelerated rejection of a secondary skin allograft (within 3 days) featured by intragraft IgG and C4d deposition. Both IgM and IgG alloantibodies are specific to HLA-A2 as well as to a panel of class I HLA, including A1, A3, A25, A26, A29, and A30. These alloantibodies were complement-dependently cytotoxic (CDC) against HLA-A2 expressing target cells. Administration of 2 doses of a mouse–anti-mouse CD20 monoclonal antibody significantly reduced the levels of anti-HLA IgG2a antibodies, suppressed serum CDC, and prolonged survival of the secondary skin allografts. Suppression of anti-HLA IgG antibodies was associated with significant depletion of B220 + /CD5 − B cells from the blood, the spleen and the bone marrow of the treated animals. Conclusion Anti-CD20 treatment effectively depletes B220 + /CD5 − B cells, resulting in potent suppression of anti-HLA IgG and prolongation of skin graft survival. The data are in support for the use of anti-CD20 antibodies in highly-HLA sensitized patients undergoing desensitization and for the treatment of AMR.
The connection between working hours and body mass index in the U.S.: a time use analysis

Over recent decades, Americans have transitioned from working in active jobs to working in sedentary jobs, and there have been dramatic increases in hours worked for certain demographic groups. While a body of research documents that time spent working is associated with increased body mass index (BMI), this paper explores possible mechanisms for that relationship using time use data. This paper finds that, for workers in non-strenuous jobs, 10 additional hours spent working are associated with an increase in BMI of 0.424 for women and 0.197 for men, representing an increase of 2.5 and 1.4 pounds, respectively. The paper does not find a relationship between working time and BMI for workers in strenuous jobs. For workers in non-strenuous jobs, the effect of time spent working on BMI becomes smaller after accounting for time spent sleeping for both men and women and time spent in exercise and food preparation for women only; the effect becomes larger after accounting for screen time for both men and women and time spent in secondary eating and commuting for women only. Screen time is the single time use channel associated with the largest differences in the estimated effect of time spent working on BMI for both women and men employed in non-strenuous jobs. After controlling for all time use channels, the effect of hours worked on BMI decreases for women, but increases for men. These findings suggest plausible mechanisms for the association between time spent working and obesity.
Three-Dimensional 1H-Detected 13C-13C Correlation Experiments for Carbon Backbone Assignments of Enriched Natural Products

Abstract A series of three-dimensional NMR experiments for the establishment of 1H-13C and 13C-13C connectivities in a scalarcoupled four-spin fragment (1H-13C-13C-1H) is presented. Optimization of delays and choice of phase cycling for the sequences are based on a truncated product-operator formalism. Application to a biosynthetically 13C-enriched sulfolipid is used to illustrate the utility of the sequences in the assignment of 13C and 1H spectra of natural products.
Beyond the Front Porch: Regionalist Ideals in the New Urbanist Movement

The historical lineage of New Urbanism is often narrowly limited to the traditional town-planning techniques of John Nolen and Raymond Unwin. This paper focuses on the historical basis of the regional, polycentric city concepts that are an essential part of the New Urbanist manifesto. I focus primarily on the regionalism of Patrick Geddes, Lewis Mumford, Clarence Stein, and Benton MacKaye, and the principles laid out in the Regional Planning Association of America (RPAA) in the 1920s. I begin with a brief overview of the main principles of regionalism, culminating in the ideas of the RPAA, and then analyze how these ideas either connect or conflict with New Urbanism and its particular brand of the regionalist paradigm. An essential question for New Urbanists is how their particular version of regionalism stands up against earlier versions, and whether theirs will have a better chance of being implemented.
A dose-response study of anorectic drug effects on food intake, self-stimulation, and stimulation-escape

A comparison was made of the short-term effects in rats of 3 anorectic drugs (amphetamine, fenfluramine, and phenylpropanolamine) on food intake and responses to obtain brain stimulation and to escape from automatic brain stimulation. At a dose which decreased food intake, amphetamine increased self-stimulation, but not stimulation-escape. Fenfluramine decreased both self-stimulation and stimulation-escape. Phenylpropanolamine, on the other hand, decreased self-stimulation, but not stimulation-escape. Even though all 3 drugs decreased food intake, each of them had different effects on hypothalamic self-stimulation and stimulation-escape. Only the actions of phenylpropanolamine were in agreement with the hypothesis that lateral hypothalamic reward and aversion reflect the animal's tendency to eat, suggesting that other aspects of reinforcement are also involved in lateral hypothalamic stimulation and were affected differently by these drugs.
Inverse approach to the calculation of elasticity maps for magnetic resonance elastography

Acoustic shear waves of low frequency can be detected and measured using a phase contrast based magnetic resonance imaging technique called MR Elastography or correlation or phase measurement based echo ultrasound techniques. Spatio- temporal variations of displacements caused by the propagating waves can be used to estimate local values of the elasticity of the object being imaged. The currently employed technique for estimating the elasticity from the wave displacement maps, the local frequency estimator (LFE), has fundamental resolution limits and also has problems with shadowing and other refraction-related artifacts. These problems can be overcome with an inverse approach using Green's function integrals which directly solve the wave equation problem for the propagating wave. The complete measurements of wave displacements as a function of space and time over the object of interest obtained by the above techniques make possible an iterative approach to inversion of the wave equation to obtain elasticity and attenuation maps. The speed of convergence of such an iterative method can be improved by using LFE as the initial guess for the object function. This article describes the proposed and evaluates the improvements over the LFE for simulated data and in-vivo breast measurements.© (1998) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
COMMUNITY EDUCATION FOR CARDIOVASCULAR HEALTH

To determine whether community health education can reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease, a field experiment was conducted in three northern California towns. In two of these communities there were extensive mass-media campaigns over a 2-year period, and in one of these, face-to-face counselling was also provided for a small subset of high-risk people. The third community served as a control. People from each community were interviewed and examined before the campaigns began and one and two years afterwards to assess knowledge and behaviour related to cardiovascular disease (e.g., diet and smoking) and also to measure physiological indicators of risk (e.g., blood-pressure, relative weight, and plasma-cholesterol). In the control community the risk of cardiovascular disease increased over the two years but in the treatment communities there was a substantial and sustained decrease in risk. In the community in which there was some face-to-face counselling the initial improvement was greater and health education was more successful in reducing cigarette smoking, but at the end of the second year the decrease in risk was similar in both treatment communities. These results strongly suggest that mass-media education campaigns directed at entire communities may be very effective in reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease.
Eocene Vertebrates, Coprolites, and Plants in the Golden Valley Formation of Western North Dakota

An early Eocene date for the origin of the Golden Valley Formation in North Dakota is confirmed by the discovery of fossil fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals. Riparian and aquatic animals and plants that were associated in this early Tertiary biofacies indicate warm, humid, swampy lowlands with subtropical forests bordering sluggish streams. Montmorillonite in the formation may represent ash from volcanoes to the west.