cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nexus between food, energy, water, and forest ecosystems in the USA

Efforts to promote appreciation for the multifaceted contributions of forests are particularly timely because of the many threats currently faced by forests. These threats include the world’s growing population, which is projected to top 9.1 billion by 2050; global climate change; land degradation; land scarcity; and deforestation. Already, human activities have destroyed 50 % of the forests that once existed under modern climatic conditions. The US Forest Service’s research and management activities are promoting the health, productivity, and resilience of forests and grasslands by, for example, advancing agroforestry, producing and applying science and technology that integrates energy production into sustainable forest and grassland management practices, and protecting water supplies by increasing the quality of aquatic habitats, reducing erosion, and decreasing peak flows. The US Forest Service must increase public understanding and support for such efforts to restore and create healthy landscapes that will supply vital resources to future generations.
Automated Interpretation of Sensor Data for Evaluating In-Situ Conditions

The research described herein proposes and develops a concept for Automated Interpretation of large quantities of Slensory Data (AISD). This concept automatically applies encoded knowledge to the interpretation of the signals generated by sensory devices used to detect the in-situ condition of materials and structures. The knowledge is structured according to the interpretive disciplines required, and the signals are digitally processed into signatures that can be recognized by the knowledge base. The objective of this work has been to demonstrate the feasibility of the AISD concept. Potential applications for the AISD concept were reviewed and the automated analysis of bridge deck deterioration using ground penetrating radar was selected as a model for further study. A knowledge base comprising bridge deck deterioration, bridge engineering, radar/concrete physics, and radar signal analysis was developed, structured, and encoded. Prototype computational tools to automate the application of this knowledge were developed and applied to simulated data. A prototype Intelligent Bridge Deck Analyzer (IBDA), was developed. IBDA accepts raw radar data and user knowledge as input, and produces interpretations of bridge deck conditions at each measurement location. Computational experiments were conducted to demonstrate the influence of the radar data and the user input on the condition interpretation. The results show how the interpretive process can be automated, and how knowledge from various sources can be automatically combined to produce stronger conclusions than any source individually. These findings significantly expand the future potential to develop automated in-situ measurement equipment.
"Headache Tools to Stay in School": Assessment, Development, and Implementation of an Educational Guide for School Nurses

BACKGROUND Headache is the most common type of pain reported in the pediatric population, and chronic headache is an increasingly prevalent and debilitating pain condition in children and adolescents. With large numbers of students experiencing acute headaches and more students with chronic headache reentering typical school settings, greater availability of tailored evidence-based practice guidelines for school nurses is imperative. METHODS A 2-armed study was developed to assess the need for and evaluate the use and favorability of a headache-driven school nurse guide. Students and their parents were first surveyed on their school nurse's headache knowledge and management skills. School nurses were also interviewed on their desire for a headache educational tool. This feedback aided in developing a headache resource guide. Next, the guide was distributed to school nurses who provided feedback after a 3-month trial. RESULTS Results indicate that “Headache Tools to Stay in School” is a useful resource in facilitating communication among health care providers, students, families, and school personnel on how to best meet the complex needs of students with headaches. CONCLUSIONS Given the guide's favorability, we encourage school nurses to demand the creation of additional evidence-based resources. Continued dissemination of this guide may improve students' headache management under the informed care of school nurses, and may encourage the development of more evidence-based guides across various medical conditions.
Approaching “Baltimore Is Burning” From a Systems Change Perspective: Role of I-O Psychologists as Change Agents

Policing in United States has been under media and public scrutiny for a while now. The focal article “Baltimore Is Burning: Can I-O Psychologists Help Extinguish the Flames?” (Ruggs et al., 2016) is a critical piece of work that not only sheds light on how racial bias may impact police–citizen interactions but also outlines possible ways in which industrial–organizational (I-O) psychologists can intervene to remedy the situation. Although the call to use evidence-based I-O interventions as levers to facilitate a more effective and unbiased police force is timely, it is critical to acknowledge that the charged environment and the controversial nature of this issue imply that some members of the police force might not accept the suggested interventions at face value. Many police officers are upstanding and hard-working individuals and may see the change interventions as an attack. Thus, before attempting to execute any strategies offered in the focal article, I-O psychologists will have to do significant groundwork from a change management perspective: The current crisis needs to be approached from a whole systems change perspective so that we can (a) understand the factors causing the “flames” and define the problem space comprehensively; (b) understand the type of change we need to effect in response to the crisis, stay closely attuned to the system's readiness for change, and also anticipate resistance to change from different levels of the system; and (c) chart a clear outline of what our role should entail as change agents in helping resolve this crisis. Thus, this commentary complements the focal article by juxtaposing authors’ recommendations against a whole systems change paradigm, questions their implicit assumptions, and recommends that I-O psychologists act as change agents to help police forces define the problem, find solutions, anticipate resistance, and execute interventions at different levels of the policing system.
An Invariance Principle for Parabolic SPDEs

Throughout this chapter we suppose that J1, J2, \(\ldots\) are independent, identically distributed random variables, with values in \(\mathbb{Z}\), and assume that there exist constants \(\kappa, \alpha\;>0\) such that the characteristic function \(\phi\) of the Ji’s satisfies $$\phi(z) := Ee^{izJ_{1}}=\;1-\kappa |Z|^{\alpha}\;+\;o(|z|^{\alpha}) \;\mathrm{as}\;z\rightarrow0$$ .
332. ZFN-Mediated Minigene or Dinucleotide Gene Correction of p47phox Deficient Autosomal Recessive Chronic Granulomatous Disease iPSC to Generate Oxidase Functional Neutrophils

Chronic granulomatous disease is an immune deficiency caused by defective phagocyte NADPH oxidase resulting in severe infections and autoimmune complications. NCF1 gene mutations resulting in p47phox deficiency are the most common cause of autosomal-recessive chronic granulomatous disease (AR-CGD), and notably, >80% of patients have homozygous GT-deletions in exon 2, resulting in a frame shift, premature termination, and absence of p47phox expression. Here we show two nucleofection strategies for NCF1 gene correction using zinc-finger nuclease (ZFN) targeting the NCF1 locus in patient EBV-immortalized B cells and in induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) derived from p47phox-deficient patients. With the first strategy, ZFN-mediated cut at start of exon 2 allows insertion of a minigene (NCF1 cDNA with deleted exon 1) to allow continuous transcription from the endogenous NCF1 exon 1 to the donor minigene exon 2 until the end of the cDNA and beta-globin polyadenylation signal. The second strategy takes advantage of the most prevalent GT-deletion by providing a dinucleotide corrective donor plasmid for gene editing using the same ZFNs. The two donors contain ~750 bp to 1000 bp flanking homology arms and also encode a selectable marker: a puromycin resistance gene flanked by loxP sites to allow for excision after selection. In patient EBV-immortalized B cells, minigene and dinucleotide targeted gene correction of constitutively active NCF1 was 8-20% after puromycin-selection from obtained clones. The rates of correction in iPSC were generally lower, less than 2%. Use of AAV2 vector to deliver dinucleotide corrective donor to iPSC increased insertion efficiency to >80% after puromycin selection. Gene corrected B cells for both correction strategies restored ROS function, shown by chemiluminescence assay. Neutrophils differentiated from gene corrected iPSCs demonstrated correction of oxidase activity by chemiluminescence or dihydrorhodamine flow cytometry assay. With both methods, p47phox protein expression is seen in neutrophils differentiated from iPSC but not in undifferentiated iPSC, demonstrating cell type-specific regulation of expression at the corrected locus. In summary, we show that iPSC generated from CGD patient cells can be gene corrected through a targeted dinucleotide correction method for greater than 80% of alleles and minigene correction for mutations other than the GT-deletions.
Regional variation in patient selection and treatment for carotid artery disease in the Vascular Quality Initiative.

Abstract Objective Previous studies involving large administrative data sets have revealed regional variation in the demographics of patients selected for carotid endarterectomy (CEA) and carotid artery stenting (CAS) but lacked clinical granularity. This study aimed to evaluate regional variation in patient selection and operative technique for carotid artery revascularization using a detailed clinical registry. Methods All patients who underwent CEA or CAS from 2009 to 2015 were identified in the Vascular Quality Initiative (VQI). Deidentified regional groups were used to evaluate variation in patient selection, operative technique, and perioperative management. χ 2 analysis was used to identify significant variation across regions. Results A total of 57,555 carotid artery revascularization procedures were identified. Of these, 49,179 patients underwent CEA (asymptomatic: median, 56%; range, 46%-69%; P P P P P P P P P P P P P Conclusions Despite clinical benchmarks aimed at guiding management of carotid disease, wide variation in clinical practice exists, including the proportion of asymptomatic patients being treated by CAS and preoperative medical management. Additional intraoperative variables, including the use of a patch and protamine during CEA and use of a protection device during CAS, displayed similar variation in spite of clear guidelines. Quality improvement projects could be directed toward improved adherence to benchmarks in these areas.
Reconstruction of Thermodynamic Cycles in a High-Resolution Simulation of a Hurricane

AbstractThe relationship between energy transport and kinetic energy generation in a hurricane is analyzed. The hydrological cycle has a negative impact on the generation of kinetic energy. First, in a precipitating atmosphere, mechanical work must also be expended in order to lift water. Second, the injection of water vapor at low relative humidity and its removal through condensation and precipitation reduces the ability of a thermodynamic cycle to generate work. This reduction can be directly quantified in terms of the change in the Gibbs free energy between the water added and removed.A newly developed approach—namely, the mean airflow as Lagrangian dynamics approximation— is used to extract thermodynamic cycles from the standard output of a numerical simulation of a hurricane. While convection in the outer rainbands is inefficient at producing kinetic energy, the deepest overturning circulation associated with the rising air within the eyewall is an efficient heat engine that produces about 70% as mu...
Mediatized Populisms| Exuberant Politics on the Internet: Two Forms of Popular Politics in South Korea’s 2008 “Beef Protests”

This study examines South Korea’s “beef protests” of 2008, with a focus on how these Internet-born popular protests challenged and overcame a populism anchored in the political elite. In the 2007 presidential election, conservative Lee Myung-bak won a landslide victory with an appeal to national and individual prosperity. However, immediately after his election, a popular uprising took place in South Korea when Lee decided to import American beef despite broad concern about mad cow disease. This article examines the process whereby South Korea’s young Internet users swiftly turned from advocates to critics of Lee and mobilized for nationwide protests against him and against the Korea–U.S. free trade agreement. Drawing from Jacques Ranciere’s concepts of police and dem os, I argue that the course of these events points to two dynamics of populism. First, populism succeeds when a politician or issue captivates public desires by metonymically embodying these desires. Second, in such cases, the public’s desire cannot be fully represented or contained by traditional political institutions, and politics created from below lead to exuberant politics that defy institutional politics.
Budgeting under central economic planning in china, 1949-1978

This paper examines public budgeting in the first 30 years of China under central economic planning and one-party system. The research question is whether budgeting operates as it does under market economy in a democratic system. Analysis of historical documents finds that as a subordinate to central economic planning, budgeting was not able to play its functions. Though China was successful in employing all fiscal and monetary means to channel resources into targeted policy areas, budgeting was not effectively used as an administrative instrument. In the 30 years examined, the country seemed to be searching in vain for a workable budgeting system so as to avoid repeated financial frustrations.
La incidencia de las pandillas en los barrios salvadoreños y su efecto en la legitimidad política

This article explores how the incidence of gangs in Salvadoran neighborhoods erodes trust in the national government. The results show that the levels of trust in the national government vary from one neighborhood to another, depending on their vulnerability to gang generated insecurity. In addition, this article demonstrates that, in neighborhoods with high gang incidence, crime victims and non-victims show similar and low levels of trust in the national government.
Transcatheter Laceration of Aortic Leaflets to Prevent Coronary Obstruction During Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement: Concept to First-in-Human.

AbstractObjectives: This study sought to develop a novel technique called bioprosthetic or native aortic scallop intentional laceration to prevent coronary artery obstruction (BASILICA).Background:...
GHRS Observations of the Bp Star, chi Lupi

High resolution, high S/N ultraviolet observations of the ultra-sharp-lined Bp star chi Lupi, obtained with the Goddard High Resolution Spectrograph, reveal an unprecedented level of spectroscopic detail. Spectral synthesis of the Hg II λ1942 resonance line confirms the extreme isotope abundance anomaly of mercury in this star. The data also provide the first positive detections of Ru II and Zr III, and tentative detections of As I and Ge II.
Self-Organizing Neural Networks for Supervised and Unsupervised Learning and Prediction

A neural network architecture for fast, stable, incremental learning of recognition categories and multidimensional maps is described. The architecture, called fuzzy ARTMAP, achieves a synthesis of fuzzy logic and Adaptive Resonance Theory (ART) neural networks. Fuzzy ARTMAP realizes a Minimax Learning Rule that conjointly minimizes predictive error and maximizes code compression. The system automatically learns a minimal number of recognition categories, or “hidden units”, to meet accuracy criteria, and the final code can include both fine and coarse categories. At each learning stage, system weights may be translated into a set of if-then rules that characterize the decision making process. Prediction is improved by training the system several times using different orderings of the input set, then voting on the outcomes. ART and ARTMAP networks are being applied to problems such as medical prediction, airplane design, electrocardiogram analysis, seismic recognition, adaptive software, and radar scene analysis.
Central Gustatory System and Ingestive Behavior

The basic anatomy of the gustatory system and its relation to feeding and drinking behavior is discussed. The projections of the peripheral gustatory nerves and the central taste pathways are described. The functional contributions of taste signals to ingestive behavior such as stimulus identification, ingestive motivation, and digestive preparation are defined. The distinction between hindbrain and forebrain taste processing is examined, with an emphasis on experimentally popular and theoretically relevant behavioral models such as conditioned taste aversion and sodium appetite.
Assessing radon concentrations in areas with few measurements.

The New York State Department of Health has estimated and mappedradon concentrations for every town and city in the State. Sincefor many towns there are few indoor radon measurements, the radonestimates for these towns were determined using correlations to surficial geology. A project was conducted to target towns for additional measurements that currently have few data but, based on the surficial geology of the town, are estimated to have elevated levels of indoor radon. The objective of the project wasto obtain at least 30 additional measurements for the targeted towns and to compare the measurement results with the estimates based on geology. The study completed 1606 radon measurements from 9080 detector applications mailed to home owners in 94 underserved towns spread throughout the State. Of the 1115 basement measurements, 43% exceeded 148 Bq m-3, with a maximum of 6900 Bq m-3. Three homes measured in one town hadradon concentrations above 2900 Bq m-3. Of the 491 living-area measurements, 19% exceeded 148 Bq m-3, with a maximum of 2700 Bq m-3. About 60% and 86% of measurementresults were within one standard deviation and a factor of two,respectively, of estimated concentrations. Results indicate thatregardless of the magnitude of radon potential, the estimates arein good agreement with measured concentrations.
David Oliver: Private practice by NHS doctors—still controversial?

The issue of NHS doctors practising privately still sparks heated debate among the profession, press, and public. The ongoing renegotiation of the consultant contract,1 the contested lifting of the pay freeze on NHS staff,234 and the finding that pay has fallen dramatically in real terms for doctors and other NHS staff since 2010,5 have thrown this into sharper relief. Why wouldn’t they want to maximise their earnings potential and better support their families? And some on the political right argue that, taking into account pensions and automatic increments, public sector workers have done better than the private sector and that UK doctors are high earners by international comparison.6789 The potential in England for swathes of NHS provision to be opened up to private providers after the 2012 Health and Social Care Act leads us to consider where their clinicians might come from.10 …
Stereotype violation: A comparison of women and men employed in male-typed jobs

A scenario based laboratory study was conducted to explore the implications of stereotype violation for a male and female target employed in a male-typed job. Results revealed that a male target wh...
New Concepts in Diagnostics for Invasive Mycoses: Non-Culture-Based Methodologies

Non-culture-based diagnostics have been developed to help establish an early diagnosis of invasive fungal infection. Studies have shown that these tests can significantly impact the diagnosis of infection in high risk patients. Aspergillus galactomannan EIA testing is well-recognized as an important adjunct to the diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis and can be detected in serum, bronchoalveolar lavage and other fluids. Galactomannan testing used along with PCR testing has been shown to be effective when integrated into care paths for high risk patients for both diagnoses and as a surrogate marker for outcome when used in serial testing. Beta-d-glucan assays are non-specific for several fungal genera including Aspergillus and Candida and in high risk patients have been an important tool to augment the diagnosis. Lateral flow technology using monoclonal antibodies to Aspergillus are available that allow rapid testing of clinical samples. While standard PCR for Candida remains investigational, T2 magnetic resonance allows for the rapid diagnosis of Candida species from blood cultures. Aspergillus PCR has been extensively validated with standardized approaches established for these methods and will be included in the diagnostic criteria in the revised European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer/Mycoses Study Group (EORTC-MSG) definitions. Finally, these non-culture-based tests can be used in combination to significantly increase the detection of invasive mycoses with the ultimate aim of establishing an early diagnosis of infection.
Advanced nanostructures for cell membrane poration

Nanostructured devices are able to foster the technology for cell membrane poration. With the size smaller than a cell, nanostructures allow efficient poration on the cell membrane. Emerging nanostructures with various physical transduction have been demonstrated to accommodate effective intracellular delivery. Aside from improving poration and intracellular delivery performance, nanostructured devices also allow for the discovery of novel physiochemical phenomena and the biological response of the cell. This article provides a brief introduction to the principles of nanostructured devices for cell poration and outlines the intracellular delivery capability of the technology. In the future, we envision more exploration on new nanostructure designs and creative applications in biomedical fields.
Use of the PROMIS-29® to identify subgroups of mothers with chronic pain.

Objective Children of mothers with chronic pain are at increased risk for poor health, but few studies have examined what characteristics of maternal chronic pain may be associated with children's risk. This study identified subgroups of mothers based on patterns of pain, physical function, and emotional function on the 29-item Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System® (PROMIS-29®) and evaluated associations between maternal subgroups and children's pain and emotional functioning. Methods Mothers with chronic pain (n = 334) completed the PROMIS-29® and reported on pain intensity, pain interference, physical functioning, anxiety, depression, fatigue, sleep disturbance, and participation in social activities. Mothers and their school-age children also completed measures of child pain and emotional functioning. Results Latent profile analysis of PROMIS® domains indicated a 4-class solution (Group 1: 13.5%, Group 2: 9.9%, Group 3: 43.5%, and Group 4: 32.9%). Group 4 reported the most severe pain, psychological distress, and sleep disturbances and the lowest functioning. Group 1 reported the lowest pain, psychological distress, and sleep disturbances and the highest functioning, while Groups 2 and 3 represented moderate symptoms. Groups significantly differed on maternal reports of children's pain frequency, but not intensity, and children's self-reported somatic symptoms. Further, child depressive symptoms (mother-proxy and self-reported), anxiety (mother-proxy reported), and pain catastrophizing (self-reported) differed by maternal group. Conclusions Patterns of maternal symptoms and functioning were associated with pain frequency and emotional symptoms in children. Further examination of individual differences in mothers with chronic pain that may confer risk for chronic pain and psychological disorders in children is warranted. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
RAID 4SMR: RAID Array with Shingled Magnetic Recording Disk for Mass Storage Systems

One way to increase storage density is using a shingled magnetic recording (SMR) disk. We propose a novel use of SMR disks with RAID (redundant array of independent disks) arrays, specifically building upon and compared with a basic RAID 4 arrangement. The proposed scheme (called RAID 4SMR) has the potential to improve the performance of a traditional RAID 4 array with SMR disks. Our evaluation shows that compared with the standard RAID 4, when using update in-place in RAID arrays, RAID 4SMR with garbage collection not just can allow the adoption of SMR disks with a reduced performance penalty, but offers a performance improvement of up to 56%.
The role of low earnings in differing trends in male earnings volatility

Abstract Trends in male earnings volatility vary across studies. Volatility is flat or increasing in most studies using survey data but falling in recent studies using administrative data. This paper uses Survey of Income and Program Participation data linked to administrative earnings histories from the Detailed Earnings Records to investigate the effect of the treatment of low earnings on earnings volatility. We show that volatility trends are sensitive to the treatment of low earnings: when low earnings are treated as is typically done with survey data, volatility is flat or increasing slightly, but when low earnings are treated as in recent studies using administrative earnings data, volatility declines.
The relative weak way and the absolute strong way to communicate risk information.

The rate of breakthrough infections is twice as high with the PfizerBioNTech COVID-19 as with the Moderna COVID-19 vaccine (Figure 1).1 Accurate reporting of risk is important in providing the gene...
Exploring Print Ads and Web Sites Target Market and Approach Match-Ups: Interactive Video Games and Facial Cosmetics

This is a summary of the findings and a discussion of an exploratory research project used to acquire preliminary information about the match between the target audience of magazine advertisements and the corresponding Web sites listed in the ad. A content analysis based on the perceptions of the research team was used to make the comparisons. Data was also gathered on how the advertisers used their Web sites to find information about site visitors. The product classes studied were interactive video games and facial cosmetics. V mying degrees of match were found.
Data curators at work: Focus on projects and experiences

Editor's Summary Three postdoctoral fellows in a program sponsored by the Council on Library and Information Resources/Digital Library Foundation are exploring and contributing to the field of digital curation through very different perspectives. With a neuroscience background, Katherine Akers is encouraging scientists to preserve and share research datasets and analyzing the use of library resources. For Inna Kouper, building cyberstructure and facilitating and promoting user engagement are primary. Matthew Lavin is working to make digital tools and approaches serve the needs of humanists, focusing on digitally conveying the physical features and histories of books. With different definitions of data and a variety of research goals, the scholars apply hybrid professional approaches to digital curation, stimulating expanded information, intellectual cross fertilization and a broader view of data, research and knowledge.
Ecological Associations of Spiroplasma Citri with Insects, Plants, and other Plant Mycoplasmas in the Western United States

The discovery of the helical, plant pathogenic mollicute, Spiroplasma citri, has its roots in the recognition of a disease condition of cultivated citrus first observed in California in 1915 and referred to as “stubborn” according to Fawcett et al. (1944). A similar condition, called locally “little leaf”, was recognized from citrus in Palestine as early as 1928 (Reichert and Perlberger, 1931). Demonstrated to be graft-transmissible several decades ago, the nature of the causative agent of the condition called stubborn in several countries and little leaf in the eastern Mediterranean eluded discovery for several decades. Then, after Doi et al., (1967) found mycoplasma-like bodies in phloem elements of yellows diseased plats, and Ishiie et al.,(1967) reported remission of symptoms of mulberry dwarfs disease after treatment with tetracycline, Igwegbe and Calavan (1970) reported similar findings with citrus plants graftinoculated with stubborn. Amost immediately, investigators in France (Saglio et al., 1971) and California (Fudl-Allah et al., 1972) reported in vitro cultivation of a mycoplasma-like organism from stubborn-diseased citrus.
Comparing Means of More than Two Samples

In Chapter 12 we took two approaches to comparing the means of two samples. The first approach involved using each sample separately to estimate the mean of the population that the sample came from. We then attached error ranges for several confidence levels to these estimates and drew a picture of the whole thing with a bullet graph (Fig. 12). This approach is easily extended to the comparison of any number of samples. In this chapter we will use another fictitious example consisting of 127 Archaic projectile points from the Cottonwood River valley. After considering possible sources of bias we decide to work with these as a random sample from the large and vaguely defined population of Archaic projectile points from the Cottonwood River valley. We are interested in whether, during the Archaic period, there was much change in hunting of large and small animals in the Cottonwood River valley. We reason that large projectile points are more involved in hunting large animals and small projectile points are more involved in hunting small animals. We can divide the 127 projectile points into three groups: Early, Middle, and Late Archaic, and we decide to compare the weights of projectile points in these three periods. One way to organize these data for this sample is shown in Table 13.1. Here two observations are recorded for each of the 127 projectile points: the weight (in grams) and the period (Early, Middle, or Late Archaic). Our two variables, weight and period, are of different kinds. Weight, of course, is a measurement, and period is a set of three categories.
Identification of sites within gp41 that serve as targets for antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity by using human monoclonal antibodies.

In an effort to determine the functional activity of anti-HIV-1 human mAb and to define the epitopes against which they are directed, supernatants from 10 EBV-transformed lymphoblastoid cell lines producing mAb to HIV were tested. Five clones producing mAb to gp41 and five producing mAb to p24 were identified. The anti-HIV-1 human mAb were tested in neutralization and cell fusion assays in the form of cell culture supernatants at concentrations ranging from 1.7 to 22.0 micrograms/ml. None of the human mAb were found either to inhibit HIV-1-(IIIB or RF) associated cell fusion or to neutralize HIV-1 (IIIB) infection of AA5 cells. All human mAb were additionally tested in 6 h 51Cr release assays for their ability to direct HIV-1 specific antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). For ADCC assays, PBMC were isolated from healthy seronegative donors and used as effector cells. HIV-1 infected (IIIB, RF, and MN) CEM.NKR cells as well as CEM.NKR cells with purified gp120 adsorbed onto their surface served as targets. None of the anti-p24 mAb mediated ADCC. In contrast, three of the anti-gp41 mAb were able to direct a significant level of ADCC against each of the infected targets, but as expected, failed to lyse gp120 adsorbed cells. To define the specific epitopes against which the anti-gp41 mAb were directed, seven small peptides homologous to regions within the extracellular domain of gp41 were synthesized. Using RIA, two of the mAb could be mapped. The most effective ADCC-directing human mAb bound to a peptide comprising amino acids 644-663, whereas the least effective ADCC directing anti-gp41 human mAb bound to a region within the immunodominant portion of gp41 outlined by amino acids 579-604. Together, these results for the first time assign a functional activity to human mAb directed at specific regions within gp41 by demonstrating that areas within this molecule can serve as targets for ADCC.
YAG Laser Injury of Intraocular Lenses

OBJECTIVE: To assess the effect of severe YAG laser injury of an intraocular lens on vision. STUDY DESIGN: Intraocular lenses had resolution and transmission tested prior to YAG laser injury. They were then injured with either 50 hits of 5 mJ or 50 hits of 125 mJ. Resolution and transmission were then reassessed to see what effect these degrees of injury had on these two aspects of IOL function. SETTING: Experimental laboratory. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Resolution of an intraocular lens transmission of light of an intraocular lens. RESULTS: Severe YAG laser injury had minimal effect on resolution of intraocular lens. Severe injury did decrease the transmission of an intraocular lens by 147. CONCLUSIONS: Decreased Snellen visual acuity in an intraocular lens with severe YAG laser injury is not due to the injury of the intraocular lens and other causes should be evaluated. Decreases in contrast sensitivity can be expected with severe injury.
A rigorous description of gas-solid fluidized beds

A rigorous description of gas-solid fluidized beds is presented. Our analysis focuses on studies of transport mechanisms, strategies for determining the material parameters and prediction of the process. The analysis is based on a multiphase-multicomponent continuum approach, constitutive theory and the pattern for analysis summarized in the elements of design table (EDT) format. The EDT is composed of four parts: mezzo-scale governing equations; macro-scale governing equations; constitutive equations and material parameters and; correlations among process parameters. It has been established that the material parameters are dependent mainly on specific area, porosity, viscosity of gas, mass fractions of species, temperature and bubble properties. Direct measured internal profiles should be applied to determine constitutive equations and parameters, check the mechanisms and provide predictability.
Determinants of health after hospital discharge: rationale and design of the Vanderbilt Inpatient Cohort Study (VICS)

Background The period following hospital discharge is a vulnerable time for patients when errors and poorly coordinated care are common. Suboptimal care transitions for patients admitted with cardiovascular conditions can contribute to readmission and other adverse health outcomes. Little research has examined the role of health literacy and other social determinants of health in predicting post-discharge outcomes.
Analysis of graded flax fiber and yarn by pyrolysis mass spectrometry and pyrolysis gas chromatography mass spectrometry

Pyrolysis mass spectrometry (PyMS) and pyrolysis gas chromatography mass spectrometry (PyGCMS) were used to analyze samples of flax fiber and yarn which had been graded as being of high, medium, an...
Multichannel quantum defects calculated using a smooth reaction matrix.

We present a multichannel extension of our method of determining quantum defects which uses a smooth K matrix is free of poles throughout the energy spectrum. This method uses alternatives boundary conditions for the wave function which remove the poles in the usual negative-energy Green's function and yield a K matrix from which a smooth quantum-defect curve can be determined
An accurate model for analyzing wireless TCP performance with the coexistence of Non-TCP traffic

Our work reported in this paper attempts to develop a detailed analytical model of the TCP congestion control algorithm in wide-cum-wireless environments with regular TCP traffic that could coexist with other exogenous connections such as voice and video traffic. Thus our model is unlike previous models that did not explicitly consider the impact of non-TCP traffic on the referenced TCP connection. We think that it is extremely difficult and also unnecessary to try to use a single closed-form model to accurately describe the TCP performance. Based on an approximated fluid model, we deduce the TCP throughput performance with arbitrary connection size and the coexistence of non-TCP traffic. Most previous literature on TCP models focused on steady-state TCP congestion control behavior. However, a wealth of evidence suggests that many popular TCP connections are short, often below 30 KB. This paper examines how well our proposed model could capture the behavior of short TCP connections with wireless error losses. The simulation results show that our hybrid method approximates the throughput performance of an arbitrary-sized TCP connection with wireless losses much better than other proposed models. In addition, the throughput performance of multiple TCP connections is analyzed and simulated. Based on our analysis results, we make some suggestions for TCP performance enhancement for overcoming the serious effect from wireless losses.
Charitable Choice and Prison Ministries: Constitutional and Institutional Challenges to Rehabilitating the American Penal System:

The influence of faith-based prison ministries in the American criminal justice system is examined in the context of the Bush Administration’s efforts to subsidize the social service activities of ...
Search for b → dγ decays

We report search results for flavor-changing neutral current process b → dγ with a data sample containing 275 million B meson pairs accumulated at ϒ(4S) resonance. We studied the exclusive decays B+ → ρ+γ, B0 → ρ0γ and B0 → ωγ, and find no significant signal. We set an upper limit for combined branching fraction at 90% confidence level.
Ergonomics-for-one in a robotic shopping cart for the blind

Assessment and design frameworks for human-robot teams attempt to maximize generality by covering a broad range of potential applications. In this paper, we argue that, in assistive robotics, the other side of generality is limited applicability: it is oftentimes more feasible to custom-design and evolve an application that alleviates a specific disability than to spend resources on figuring out how to customize an existing generic framework. We present a case study that shows how we used a pure bottom-up learn-through-deployment approach inspired by the principles of ergonomics-for-one to design, deploy and iteratively re-design a proof-of-concept robotic shopping cart for the blind.
Visualizing and displaying radar micro-doppler data

A time-integrated range-Doppler map shows the micro-Doppler characteristics of targets in radar images that enable an operator to classify different target types and to classify different activities being done by the targets. A time-integrated range-Doppler map is a compilation of range-Doppler maps over time that results in a spectrogram-like characterization of Doppler while maintaining the range information as well. These are compiled from the range-Doppler maps by taking the maximum value for each pixel over a time range. The time resolution is overlapped onto the range resolution, which is in effect a rotation of the traditional spectrogram which compresses range. This type of radar imaging also allows multiple subjects to be viewed simultaneously and avoids tracking issues in spectrogram creation. The display of range-Doppler movies or spectrograms with range extent is also demonstrated.
Microcirculation: Loss of an Enzyme Activity in Chickens with Hereditary Muscular Dystrophy

Histochemical localization of an alkalinie phosphatase, with α -naphthyl phosphate used as substrate, shows that activity in breast muscle from normal chickens is restricted to the microvasculature. In chickens with hereditary muscular dystrophy, this enzyme activity disappears from capillaries and small arterioles before degeneraction of muscle fibers is detectable. This loss is retarded in myopathic chickens that have received oxygen therapy.
Biaxial total-wrist arthroplasty

Sixty-four consecutive biaxial total wrist arthroplasties performed in 52 patients between March 1983 and June 1988 were reviewed. Fifty-seven cases involving 45 patients were followed for a minimum of 5 years or until failure. Of the remaining 7 patients, 6 had died and 1 was lost to follow-up study. For the 46 intact implants in living patients, the mean followup period was 6.5 years (range, 5–9.9 years). The mean patient age at operation was 58 years. The underlying diagnosis was rheumatoid arthritis in 63 cases and juvenile rheumatoid arthritis in 1 case. At follow-up evaluation, pain was reported as none in 75%, mild in 19%, moderate in 3%, and severe in 3%. Patients rated their improvement as much better in 62%, better in 30%, some improvement in 4%, and worse in 4%. Range of motion at last follow-up averaged 36° extension, 29° flexion, 10° radial deviation, and 20° ulnar deviation. Grip strength improved from 4.1 kg preoperatively to 5.9 kg at last follow-up evaluation. Pain was likewise significantly improved at 1 year and 5 years. Failures occurred in 11 cases. The causes of failure were loosening of the distal implant in 8 cases and infection, dislocation, and progressive soft tissue imbalance in 1 case each. An abnormal resting stance and distal implant subsidence (≥3 mm) at 1 year were associated with implant failure at final follow-up evaluation. The Kaplan-Meier probability of survival free of revision was 83% at last follow-up evaluation.
Plastic deformation behavior of aluminum casting alloys A356/357

The plastic deformation behavior of aluminum casting alloys A356 and A357 has been investigated at various solidification rates with or without Sr modification using monotonic tensile and multi-loop tensile and compression testing. The results indicate that at low plastic strains, the eutectic particle aspect ratio and matrix strength dominate the work hardening, while at large plastic strains, the hardening rate depends on secondary dendrite arm spacing (SDAS). For the alloys studied, the average internal stresses increase very rapidly at small plastic strains and gradually saturate at large plastic strains. Elongated eutectic particles, small SDAS, or high matrix strength result in a high saturation value. The difference in the internal stresses, due to different microstructural features, determines the rate of eutectic particle cracking and, in turn, the tensile instability of the alloys. The higher the internal stresses, the higher the damage rate of particle cracking and then the lower the Young’s modulus. The fracture strain of alloys A356/357 corresponds to the critical amount of damage by particle cracking locally or globally, irrespective of the fineness of the microstructure. In the coarse structure (large SDAS), this critical amount of damage is easily reached, due to the clusters of large and elongated particles, leading to alloy fracture before global necking. However, in the alloy with the small SDAS, the critical amount of damage is postponed until global necking takes place due to the small and round particles. Current models for dispersion hardening can be used to calculate the stresses induced in the particles. The calculations agree well with the results inferred from the experimental results.
GENDER DIFFERENCES IN EGO LEVEL

Entering college students (110 women and 63 men) completed a short form (12 items) of the Washington Sentence Completion Test of ego development. Using a Cramer's Phi, a significant gender difference on ego level scores was found, with women scoring higher.
Thermodynamics and Kinetics of Multi-Protein Binding in Crowded Environments

Protein-protein interactions play an essential role in many biological processes inside a cell. The cellular medium is crowded with an ensemble of macromolecules, e.g., proteins, nucleic acids, sugars, lipids, etc. These macromolecules occupy as much as 30% of the cell volume, thereby affecting the stability and rate of multi-protein binding. We investigate the effect of macromolecular crowding on the protein complex formation, using coarse-grained simulation models for proteins and macromolecular crowders. Proteins are represented by a residue-level coarse-grained model that has been shown to yield binding affinities and native structures of various weakly binding protein complexes, in good agreement with experimental data. Macromolecular crowders are modeled as spherical particles or polymeric chains that interact with proteins via repulsive as well as attractive interactions. Repulsive crowders, interacting via excluded volume interactions, of various types stabilize the formation of the protein complex, but the attractive protein-crowder interactions are shown to destabilize the protein complex above moderate attraction strengths. We find that the translational and rotational diffusion for both proteins are slowed down with both the repulsive and attractive crowders, although the anisotropy of the rotational diffusion coefficient increases for both cases. Consequently, the dissociation rate decreases with increasing crowder volume fraction. But the protein association rate is found to increase as a function of the crowder volume fraction in the presence of repulsive crowders, while attractive protein-crowder interactions decrease the association rate. Interestingly, we find that the polymeric crowders can change the protein binding behavior in a complex manner depending on the degree of crowder polymerization and conformational flexibility. We develop a theory, with physically meaningful parameters, that can describe the simulation data very well and provide further insights into the observed results.
Large Eddy Simulation of jets laden with evaporating drops

LES of a circular jet laden with evaporating liquid drops are conducted to assess computational-drop modeling and three different SGS-flux models: the Scale Similarity model (SSC), using a constant coefficient calibrated on a temporal mixing layer DNS database, and dynamic-coefficient Gradient and Smagorinsky models.
Comparison of Double-Gate MOSFETs and FinFETs with Monte Carlo Simulation

A full-band Monte Carlo simulator has been used to analyze and compare the performance of n-channel double-gate MOSFETs and FinFETs. Size quantization effects were accounted for by using a quantum correction based on Schrodinger equation. FinFETs are a variation of typical double-gate devices with the gate surrounding the channel on three sides. From our simulations, we observed that the quantization effects in double-gate devices are less significant as compared to bulk MOSFETs. The total sheet charge density drops only slightly as the depletion of charge at the interface is counterbalanced by the increased volume inversion effect. We also observed an appreciable drop in average velocity distribution when quantum corrections were applied. For FinFETs, the fin extension lengths on either side of the gate affect the device performance significantly. These underlap regions have low carrier concentration and behave as large resistors. The current drops non-linearly with increasing fin extension lengths.
Parental observations on the education of severely retarded children: Can it be done in the classroom?

Abstract It is argued that the primary goals of education for severely retarded persons should be oriented toward their functioning within the family and home environment, and that classroom environments are ill equipped to provide such an education. Classrooms are poor seetings in which to identify many primary learning needs of the student or carry out teaching to fill those needs. Several partial solutions to this problem are suggested by the parents of a profoundly retarded 17-year-old girl.