cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Interference between Neutral Kaons and Their Mass Difference

A ${K}^{+}$ beam of $990\ensuremath{-}\frac{\mathrm{MeV}}{c}$ momentum was used to produce a ${K}^{0}$ beam in charge-exchange collision with a copper target. By interposing an iron regenerator at a certain distance from the target and taking spark-chamber pictures of $2\ensuremath{\pi}$ decays behind the regenerator, we have observed the interference in the $2\ensuremath{\pi}$ decay mode between the ${K}_{S}$ state produced in the original charge exchange and the ${K}_{S}$ state (${K}_{\mathrm{LS}}$) produced via regeneration. The difference in phase between these ${K}_{S}$ and ${K}_{\mathrm{LS}}$ states depends upon the proper time elapsed between production and regeneration (because of the mass difference between ${K}_{S}$ and ${K}_{L}$) and can therefore be changed at will by changing the corresponding distance. The shape of the curve with the observed minimum gives us the magnitude of the mass difference, and its sign as well if the phase of the regeneration amplitude is given. In a separate work we have determined that phase from scattering experiments with charged kaons on iron nuclei. Comparing that information with the present experiment, we obtain the following results: (1) The two-pion states into which ${K}_{S}$ and ${K}_{\mathrm{LS}}$ decay are quantum-mechanically identical. Since $|{K}_{L}〉 \mathrm{and} |{K}_{\mathrm{LS}}〉$ interference has already been observed, we must then expect that the time dependence of the $2\ensuremath{\pi}$ decay of ${K}^{0}$ will differ from that of ${\overline{K}}^{0}$ because of the $|{K}_{S}〉\ensuremath{\rightarrow}|2\ensuremath{\pi}〉$, $|{K}_{L}〉\ensuremath{\rightarrow}|2\ensuremath{\pi}〉$ interference. (2) The sign of the mass difference is such that ${K}_{L}$ is heavier than ${K}_{S}$ with a level of confidence that, barring unknown systematic errors, appears to be beyond question. (3) The value of the mass difference obtained by us is 0.42\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.04 in units of $\frac{\ensuremath{\hbar}}{{\ensuremath{\tau}}_{S}}$, where ${\ensuremath{\tau}}_{S}$ is the ${K}_{S}$ mean life. (4) We have also observed the effect of the constructive interference between the scattered amplitude ${f}_{11}|{K}_{S}〉$ and the diffraction-regenerated amplitude ${f}_{21}|{K}_{S}〉$. This effect confirms that ${K}_{L}$ is heavier than ${K}_{S}$.
Practicing safe visual rhetoric on the World Wide Web

Abstract I examine when and why a “safe” approach to visual design for Web pages is attractive to writers and writing teachers. I consider typical reasons for choosing a “safe” approach to designing the visual dimensions of Web pages, traditional sources in print graphics and writing for safe advice about visual design, and design challenges posed by issues of a Web design’s stability and navigation. I then turn to the fact that the additional media included in a Web site bring more design traditions into consideration. I discuss the differing concerns and aims that arise from visual design traditions that focus on prose graphics versus those that focus on theatrical graphics. Keeping these differences in mind, I end with a consideration of the forces shaping visual rhetoric on the Web.
Application of Derivatization Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry for the Identification and Quantitation of Pinitol in Plant Roots

Abstract Pinitol (D-3-O-methyl-chiro-inositol), a cyclitol, has a variety of roles in plant biology, and is being used as a nutritional supplement. These applications increase the importance of finding new methods for determining the pinitol content in plant tissues. A reliable method for the identification and quantitation of pinitol using trimethylsilyl imidazole (TMSI) derivatization and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) was developed. One major ion fragment, m/z 260, was used to quantify pinitol in three plant species. Soybeans contained approximately 1.9 mg/g wet weight pinitol while levels in sugar beets and snap beans were below detection limits.
Interpretation of Diffraction Data from In Situ Stress Measurements during Biaxial Sheet Metal Forming

Biaxial yield behavior is determined in-situ through X-ray lattice strain measurements. The distributions of d-spacings in different sample directions is affected both by the changes in diffraction elastic constants (DEC) from evolving texture and by the intergranular (IG) strains. Model predictions were found to be lacking, thus, a hybrid approach was developed based on measurements of DEC and IG strains at selected biaxial deformations. In order to convert measured lattice strains to stress for any given biaxial plastic strain a theoretical approximation was fitted to the experimental data, thus allowing the estimation of the evolution of DEC and IG strains with plastic deformation.
Sensitive determination of nonlinear properties of berea sandstone at low strains

Resonant response functions of a sandstone bar, measured at strain magnitudes between 10−8 and 10−6 at several temperatures, are used to extract Young's modulus and loss tangent as functions of frequency and driving force. Expressing the distorted shape of nonlinear resonances in terms of shifts in the resonant frequency and Q enables correlation analysis of these functions against components of the strain response function. Resonance shifts are found to be strongly correlated with somewhat complicated functions of strain, but only weakly with frequency or phase of the response. Decomposing the data along contours of constant strain magnitude yields the quantitative scaling of resonance shifts with strain, which shows a superposition of both conventional and necessarily hysteretic nonlinear sources. No statistically significant temperature dependence is found in the coefficients of the fits.
Forced Oscillatory Parameters of the Canine Respiratory System with Altered Vagal Tone

Total respiratory impedance was obtained by forced oscillations ranging from 0.9 to 16 Hz in six anesthetized intubated dogs during a control period, after bilateral vagotomy, and during bilateral vagal stimulation. Values for forced oscillatory resistance, compliance, and inertance were calculated using regression analysis with a linear model. Mean values ±SD for the control period were 2.49 ±0.18 cmH2O ·L?1 ·s, 0.0254 ±0.0039 L ·cmH2O?1, and 0.0849 ±0.0055 cmH2O ·L?1·s2, respectively. These were similar to previously reported values. Vagotomy produced only small changes in these parameters. Vagal stimulation produced a 33 percent increase in resistance, a 20 percent decrease in compliance, and an 8 percent increase in inertance. Changes in resistance and compliance were consistent with reported effects in the literature. Thus, the transient mechanical changes induced by vagal stimulation can be characterized by this technique.
Professional Development in Student Assessment for Educational Administrators: An Instructional Framework.

What assessment tasks do administrators perform? What knowledge and skills do they need for these tasks? How is this information useful for professional development?
Profiling Mexican American Identity: Issues and Concerns

Racial profiling is a repressive social practice that uses group characteristics to individualize stereotypic behavior for minorities in American society. The practice of racial profiling victimize...
Smoking prevalence in early pregnancy: comparison of self-report and anonymous urine cotinine testing.

Objective. Societal pressures against smoking during pregnancy may lead to a reduction in disclosure of smoking status. The objective of this study was to compare prevalence of smoking at prenatal intake by self-report with anonymous biochemical validation.Methods. Women receiving care at the Duke Obstetrics Clinic from February 2005 through January 2006 were eligible for evaluation. Self-reported smoking and urine samples were obtained anonymously at prenatal intake. The NicCheck™ I semi-quantitative dipstick was used to detect urinary nicotine, cotinine, and 3-hydroxycotinine. The difference, with 95% confidence interval, between the proportions of smokers by self-report and urine testing was calculated for (1) high-positive vs. low-positive and negative results combined and (2) any positive vs. negative results.Results. Among 297 subjects, self-reported smoking was 18.2 vs. 14.8% for low-positive and negative results combined with an absolute difference of 3.4%, [−2.9%, 9.6%]. When comparing self-repor...
Faint blue objects at high Galactic latitude. V - Palomar Schmidt field centered on selected area 71

Starlike objects with both blue and ultraviolet excess have been selected from a Palomar 1.2 m Schmidt field centered on Kapteyn selected area 71. The method of selection is that used in the previous papers of this series, but modified to account for the differential reddening that occurs across the field. The color classes, color subclasses, positions, and magnitudes of the selected objects are listed.
Anaerobic mineralization of marine sediment organic matter: Rates and the role of anaerobic processes in the oceanic carbon economy

Abstract This paper addresses three related questions: (1) What factors control the efficiency of carbon burial in sediments? (2) Are rates of anaerobic organic matter degradation intrinsically lower than aerobic rates? (3) How important are anaerobic processes in the global marine sediment carbon economy? Carbon burial efficiency (the ratio of the carbon burial rate and the carbon flux to the sediment surface) was estimated from literature data for a range of environments and was shown to be a function of sedimentation rate. No difference independent of sedimentation rate was found between aerobic and anaerobic sediments. A review of recent microcosm and laboratory studies shows that anaerobic rates are not intrinsically lower than aerobic rates; fresh organic matter degrades at similar rates under oxic and anoxic conditions. Aerobic decomposition rates near the sediment surface are typically greater than anaerobic rates at depth because the most labile carbon is consumed before it can be buried in the a...
Tris(trimethylsilylmethyl)alane: an aldehyde selective peterson methylenation reagent

Abstract Tris(trimethylsilylmethyl)alane (TTMA) is a rapid, efficient, and highly aldehyde-selective trimethylsilylmethylating reagent. A solid lithium halide complex of the reagent, TTMA · 3LiBr (TTMAs), is particularly effective in this transformation to the Peterson alcohol intermediate.
The effects of age on substrate depletion and hormonal responses during submaximal exercise in hamsters.

NICHOLS, J. F. AND K. T. BORER. The effects oJ age on substrate depletion and hormonal responses during submaxireal exercise in hamsters. PHYSIOL BEHAV 41(1) I-6, 1987.--Senescent hamsters display a marked reduction in volume of voluntary running. The purpose of this study was to determine whether age differences exist in the pattern of fuel utilization during submaximal exercise, which may account for the reduction in voluntary running. Further, we determined the effects of age on muscle oxidative capacity to assess its relationship to endurance performance in senescent hamsters. Depletion of carbohydrate and lipid content of skeletal muscle and liver, and changes in blood concentration of various hormones and substrates during one hour of exercise at 60 percent of VO2 max served to assess age effects on utilization of metabolic substrates. Exercise produced equivalent depletion of muscle glycogen and similar rise in plasma free fatty acids in young and old hamsters. No exercise effects on skeletal muscle triglyceride concentration or on plasma glycerol, glucagon or catecholamine concentrations were noted. With palmitoyl carnitine as substrate (but not with pyruvate) State 3 respiration of cardiac and skeletal muscle homogenates was lower in old compared to young hamsters. Although old hamsters have a reduced capacity to oxidize lipids in vitro, few age differences in fuel use are evident in vivo during submaximal exercise. Thus, these minor age differences in substrate utilization do not likely account for the substantial reduction in the levels of spontaneous running in senescent hamsters.
Have the GSE affordable housing goals increased the supply of mortgage credit

Abstract In the 1980s, housing market analysts and policymakers were concerned that Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae were not adequately facilitating the financing of affordable housing for low- and moderate-income families. To address these concerns, the Department of Housing and Urban Development established quantitative Affordable Housing Goals requiring the Government Sponsored Enterprises (GSEs) to increase their purchases of mortgages originated by low- and moderate-income households and for homes located in low-income neighborhoods. Our analysis indicates that the goals increased the supply of mortgage credit available to low- and moderate-income households, after controlling for other mortgage market factors. Our analysis suggests that the increase in the supply of low-income mortgage credit occurred primarily in 1998.
Argon ion impact desorption cross sections of chlorine and carbon from molybdenum

Abstract Total desorption cross sections have been measured for Cl (σ Cl ) and C(σ C ) on molybdenum by argon ion bombardment for an incidence angle of 60° from the surface normal. For the bombardment an ion gun with low current density ( i 0 ~ 1 × 10 −7 A cm −2 ) at low system pressure (~10 −9 Torr) was used. The detection was performed by AES and the data were sensitivity factor corrected. The AES analysis of the surface after adsorption showed that Mo, C and Cl contributed to more than 94% of the atomic composition. With known i 0 , it is possible to obtain σ from the adsorbate signal vs ion bombardment time curve. For ion energies between 0.2 keV to 1.0 keV the measured value for σ Cl and σ C are 0.5−3 × 10 −15 cm 2 and 0.2−4 × 10 −15 cm 2 , respectively. The possible effects of the surface roughness due to prebombardment are discussed.
Estimation of intramolecular polaron coupling constants for tetracyanoquinodimethan and its anion

Abstract Semi-empirical molecular-orbital calculations of INDO type have been performed for the TCNQ and TCNQ − species, in an attempt to calculate polaron coupling constants. The results are semiquantitatively satisfactory in comparison to the available crystallographic data, which, however, may not be strictly comparable, since they are influenced by environmental factors not included in the molecular calculation.
NI-17MULTIMODAL NAVIGATED SKULL BASE TUMOR RESECTION USING IMAGE-BASED VASCULAR AND CRANIAL NERVE SEGMENTATION: A PROSPECTIVE VALIDATION STUDY

INTRODUCTION: Skull base tumors frequently encase or invade adjacent normal neural and vascular structures. Preoperative segmentation and planning to identify these anatomical landmarks are essentially important in complex skull base tumor resection for minimizing surgical morbidities. METHODS: Ten patients with skull base tumors underwent preoperative 3TMRI, which included thin sectioned 3D space T2, 3D Time of Flight and MPRAGE sequences. Images were reviewed by an expert independent neuroradiologist. Imaging sequences were loaded in BrainLab iPlanNet (8/10) and Stryker (2/10) for segmentation and pre-operative planning. After patient registration to the intra-op neuronavigation system and surgical exposure, each segmented neural or vascular element was validated by manual placement of the navigation probe. RESULTS: Perfect correspondence between image-based segmentation and microscopic view was found at the surface of the tumor and tumor-normal brain interfaces in all cases. Pre-operative segmentation of the major arteries, veins, and venous sinuses matched with the intra-operative microscopic findings in all cases (Dice-coefficient =1). This information reassured the surgeon and prevented vascular tearing during different stages of tumor resection. This also helped in preventing major intra-operative arterial or venous bleeding. Preoperative segmentation of the related cranial nerves was technically possible in only 80% of cases. However, Image-guidance helped the surgeon to localize the involved cranial nerves in all cases. CONCLUSION: Image-based pre-operative vascular and neural element segmentation, especially with 3D reconstruction, is highly informative preoperatively and could increase the vigilance of neurosurgeons for preventing vascular and neural injury during skull base surgeries. This novel preliminary study is encouraging for future prospective intraoperative validation with larger numbers of patients.
Phase equilibria in Liquid crystal mixtures

The thermodynamic relationships for mixtures of nonmesomorphic compounds are applied to liquid crystalline materials. Equations developed for ascending solid solutions have been applied to mixtures of liquid crystalline materials. Computer programs, written to calculate the theoretical curves for such mixtures, are found to agree with the experimental data obtained for 4-alkyl and 4- alkoxy 4′-cyanobiphenyls and a series of p, p′-dialkoxyazoxybenzenes. The heats and temperatures of the transitions of the pure components, necessary for the theoretical calculations, were determined by polarized light microscopy and by differential thermal analysis. Polarized light microscopy was also used to determine the transition temperatures of the mixtures.
Privacy challenges in the online social networking era

Online Social Networking (OSN) services such as Facebook and Twitter are immensely popular. Their users entrust them with sensitive data such as friends lists, pictures and messages. This data can be directly shared with other users or can be handed to the third-party applications for further processing. Our work focuses on on the many privacy and trust issues that OSNs present. More specifically, we are interested in studying users' privacy in OSNs under various trust and attack models.To deal with untrusted service providers, we propose two decentralized frameworks for building privacy-preserving OSN platforms in which access to privacy-sensitive information is limited to (1) user-controlled code hosted by "infrastructure as a service" (IaaS) providers such as EC2, and (2) desktop PCs controlled by a user's close friends. We also designed a secure "platform-as-a-service" (PaaS) capable of ensuring that hosted third-party applications adhere to users' privacy policies. Finally, we consider designing a secure protocol that uses properties of a social graph for matching mutually distrustful users without undermining their privacy.
Daunorubicin-induced mammary tumors in the rat

Abstract Eleven of 24 female Sprague-Dawley rats given a single i.v. injection of daunorubicin ( 10 mg/kg ) developed mammary tumors within 8 months after the injection. Four of 12 rats given an intramammary injection of daunorubicin ( 4 or 8 μ g ) developed five mammary tumors in the injected area within 6.5 months of injection. Tissue distribution studies using tritiated daunorubicin revealed that the liver, kidney, lung, heart, and intestine had higher daunorubicin concentrations than mammary tissue during the first 24 h after i.v. injection. However, depletion of the drug from the internal organs was more rapid than from mammary tissue. Differences in ability to metabolize daunorubicin were compared in homogenates of isolated mammary epithelial cells and hepatocytes by high-performance liquid chromatography: after 90 min, hepatocytes metabolized about 70% of daunorubicin, whereas mammary epithelial cells did not metabolize the drug. Tritiated daunorubicin injected directly into rat mammary gland showed no metabolism in 24 h , and the drug did not get into the circulation. These results suggest that retention of daunorubicin because of the inability of mammary tissue to metabolize the drug is a cause of drug-induced mammary tumors in female Sprague-Dawley rats.
Land remote sensing technology and methodology

Remote sensing is a tool for gathering information about the Earth's surface and monitoring how it changes. A large number of remote sensing systems have been developed that exploit different parts of the electromagnetic spectrum and that produce data in different formats at varying scales and costs. These data may be acquired for virtually any place on Earth. A body of manual and automated techniques have evolved for processing and interpreting remote sensing data. The selections of a remote sensing system and of the techniques by which data are processed are driven by information requirements of varying detail and constrained by cost.
Alternating current delivered into the scala media alters sound pressure at the eardrum

Alternating current delivered into the scala media of the gerbil cochlea modulates the amplitude of a test tone measured near the eardrum. Variations in the electromechanical effect with acoustic stimulus parameters and observed physiological vulnerability suggest that cochlear hair cells are the biophysical origin of the process. Cochlear hair cells have traditionally been thought of as passive receptor cells, but they may play an active role in cochlear micromechanics.
Inhibition of ribosomal peptidyltransferase with cytidylyl-3′→5′- /2′(3′)-O-L-phenylalanyl /-L-adenosine

Abstract The title compound 1e, obtained by chemical synthesis, is an inhibitor of E. coli ribosomal peptidyltransferase. A 50% inhibition of peptidyltransferase-catalyzed N-Ac-Phe-puromycin formation at puromycin concentration 1 × 10 −4 M with 70 S ribosome-poly U-N-Ac[ 14 C-Phe-tRNA complex occurred at 5 × 10 −4 M of 1e. In contrast, the parent compound 2′(3′)-O-L-phenylalanine-L-adenosine (1b) is a much weaker inhibitor causing only 5% inhibition at 1 × 10 −3 M. Alkaline hydrolysis of compound 1e to cytidylyl-3′→5′-L-adenosine (1c) results in a greatly diminished inhibition which, however, exceeds that of 1b by a factor of two. The inhibition of peptidyltransferase with 1e can be reversed by puromycin. The latter effect levels off at 40% inhibition.
Negligence Liability of K–12 Chemistry Teachers: The Need for Legal Balance and Responsible Action

The science education community promotes inquiry teaching and learning enhanced by the school laboratory experience, and this emphasis is reflected in state and national science education standards...
Absence of proximity effect between s-wave and p-wave superconductors

Abstract In the absence of magnetic impurities, the coherent coupling between s-wave and p-wave condensates is exactly zero in the non-relativistic limit, because of conservation of S pair. S-wave to p-wave coupling due to relativistic effects is of negligible amplitude λ f ξ 0 E f mc 2 V pairing for an inhomogeneous system, and is zero for a homogeneous system.
ToonTastic: a global storytelling network for kids, by kids

Creativity, collaboration, and cultural understanding are becoming increasingly important in our workplace and society. As educators, we are therefore challenged to create new opportunities for children to express their ideas and share their work in collaboratively playful settings, both locally and online the world over. ToonTastic is a storytelling and animation tool that empowers young children to create their own cartoons and share their stories with other children around the world. The software is designed to be used with custom-built multi-pen interactive displays for arts and technology museums, but can also be used online with a conventional mouse. Our goal is to build an online Global Storytelling Network that will inspire creative collaboration and spread cultural understanding through the power of story.
An Initiator Element Is Required for Maximal Human Chorionic Somatomammotropin Gene Promoter and Enhancer Function

Previous studies have indicated that cell-specific expression of the human chorionic somatomammotropin (hCS) gene may be mediated by a placental-specific enhancer (CSEn). In the current studies, we have analyzed the promoter elements that are required for enhancer and promoter function in choriocarcinoma cells (BeWo). Mutation of both hCS GHF1 sites had no effect on promoter or enhancer activity. In contrast, mutation of the Sp1 site diminished basal and CSEn-stimulated transcription by approximately 75% and approximately 56%, respectively, indicating that Sp1 was necessary but not sufficient for maximal basal and enhancer-mediated transcription. Deletion and site-specific mutation of the proximal promoter region indicated that the TATA box and an initiator site (InrE) located between nucleotides -15/+1 of the hCS promoter were required for maximal promoter and enhancer function. Mutations of the InrE were associated with reduced basal and enhancer-stimulated activities and altered transcription initiation sites. A protein of 70-kDa mass, that was preferentially expressed in human choriocarcinoma cells (BeWo and JEG-3), bound specifically to the InrE. The data suggest that an initiator present in high concentrations in placental cells contributes to the control of cell-specific hCS gene expression at the promoter level and is required for maximal enhancer function.
Application of Method of Characteristics to Underexpanded, Freejet Flows with Vibrational Nonequilibrium

The method of characteristics (MOC) is employed computationally in the simulation of planar or axisymmetric, steady, supersonic flows in highly underexpanded freejets. The gas is assumed to be inviscid and nonreacting but may be vibrationally frozen, relaxing, or equilibrated. The ordinary-differential equations obtained by the MOC are integrated along the characteristics by a combined second-order, explicit-first-order, implicit method in regions of the flow with relatively rapid vibrational energy transfer (VET) and by a fully second-order, explicit method in regions with either slow or very rapid VET. Results from MOC simulations of flows with constant specific-heat ratios are verified by comparison with results obtained in previous MOC computations of expansion-fan flows and with empirically based correlations giving the size of the barrel-shock structure as a function of stagnationto-ambient-pressure ratio. Comparisons are also made between MOC results for a vibrationally relaxing gas and results for vibrationally frozen and equilibrated gases, to verify the computational methods used to simulate flows with VET. The demonstrated capability for simulating underexpanded freejet flowfields represents a useful tool for predicting the results of experiments conducted in a small-scale shock-tunnel facility.
Sol‐gel‐derived metal‐dispersed carbon composite amperometric biosensors

The advantages which accrue from the coupling of sol-gel enzyme electrode preparation processes with the dispersion of electrocatalytic metal centers are described. In particular, ruthenium-dispersed sol-gel carbon thick-film bioelectrodes couple the low-temperature curing process with the elimination of contributions from easily oxidizable interfering species. The remarkable selectivity towards the glucose substrate is combined with a greatly enhanced sensitivity. Factors influencing the performance of these sol-gel-derived metal-doped enzyme strips are discussed.
Inactivating the activated: identifying functions of specific neural networks.

Manipulation of the neurons required for a specific behavior can be difficult, but is required for proof of causality. A clever technique now allows inactivation of only the subset of neurons that have been recently active.
Helicopter crashes related to oil and gas operations in the Gulf of Mexico

INTRODUCTION: The hazards inherent in flight operations in the Gulf of Mexico prompted investigation of the number and circumstances of crashes related to oil and gas operations in the region. METHODS: The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) database was queried for helicopter crashes during 1983 through 2009 related to Gulf of Mexico oil or gas production. The crashes were identified based on word searches confirmed by a narrative statement indicating that the flight was related to oil or gas operations. RESULTS: During 1983-2009, the NTSB recorded a total of 178 helicopter crashes related to oil and gas operations in the Gulf of Mexico, with an average of 6.6 crashes per year (5.6 annually during 1983-1999 vs. 8.2 during 2000-2009). The crashes resulted in a total of 139 fatalities, including 41 pilots. Mechanical failure was the most common precipitating factor, accounting for 68 crashes (38%). Bad weather led to 29 crashes (16%), in which 40% of the 139 deaths occurred. Pilot error was cited by the NTSB in 83 crashes (47%). After crashes or emergency landings on water, 15 helicopters sank when flotation devices were not activated automatically or by pilots. DISCUSSION: Mechanical failure, non-activation of flotation, and pilot error are major problems to be addressed if crashes and deaths in this lethal environment are to be reduced. Language: en
Co-expression of multiple neurotransmitter enzyme genes in normal and immortalized sympathoadrenal progenitor cells☆

We have examined the expression of mRNAs encoding five major neurotransmitter-synthesizing enzymes in MAH cells, a clonal cell line derived by retroviral immortalization of a rat embryonic sympathoadrenal progenitor cell. These mRNAs include tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), tryptophan hydroxylase (TpH), and glutamic acid decarboxylases (GADs) 1 and 2. We find that MAH cells express high levels of TH mRNA and low levels of ChAT and TpH mRNAs. Neither GAD1 nor GAD2 mRNAs are detectable using an RNase protection assay with a detection limit of less than one transcript per cell. A similar pattern of mRNA expression is observed in postnatal superior cervical ganglia, adrenal medulla, and in PC12 cells. Transmitter synthesis and accumulation assays indicate that MAH cells can synthesize both catecholamines and acetylcholine. Thus the TH and ChAT mRNAs detected in these cells are likely to be translated into active enzyme. To corroborate these data obtained using MAH cells, we performed similar transmitter synthesis and accumulation assays on sympathoadrenal progenitors directly isolated from E14.5 fetal adrenal glands by fluorescence-activated cell sorting. These progenitor cells also synthesize and accumulate both catecholamines and acetylcholine, albeit to different extents than MAH cells. Both MAH cells and their nonimmortal counterparts are able to increase slightly their cholinergic function upon short-term exposure to CDF/LIF, a factor known to induce acetylcholine synthesis in postmitotic sympathetic neurons. Taken together, these data suggest that progenitor cells in the sympathoadrenal lineage acquire the ability to simultaneously transcribe several different neurotransmitter enzyme genes early in development, prior to their choice of final cell fate. At the same time, the progenitors possess receptors which regulate expression of these genes in response to environmental factors. This ability may permit the cells to choose from several different transmitter phenotypes in response to different environments, as they migrate through the embryo. The persistent transcription of these genes in adult cells, moreover, may in part account for the phenotypic plasticity of cells in this lineage.
The association of carcinoid tumors of the rectum with myelofibrosis: report of two cases.

Two patients with myelofibrosis, a primary malignancy of the hematopoietic system, have developed carcinoid tumors of the rectum. This development is rare, as rectal carcinoids are more often associated with other carcinomas of the gastrointestinal tract. Rectal carcinoid tumors are, in general, less commonly associated with second malignancies than are carcinoid tumors of foregut and midgut origin
Ancestrais enquanto pessoas mais velhas do grupo de parentesco na África

traduzido de KOPYTOFF, Igor. Ancestors as Elders in Africa. Africa, v. 51, p. 129-142, 1971. tradutoras: Claudia Fioretti Bongianino / Denise Ferreira da Costa revisora: Juliana Braz Dias
Juvenile hormone III biosynthesis by the larval corpora allata of Manduca sexta

A radioimmunoassay (RIA) for juvenile hormone III has been established which quantifies the biosynthesis of this hormone in vitro by the corpora allata of larvae and pupae of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta. The specificity of the RIA for homologues and metabolites of juvenile hormone III was determined and it was found that the antibody was specific for juvenile hormone III and its acid. The juvenile hormone III RIA activity synthesized in vitro by corpora allata from day-5 last-instar larvae was identified as juvenile hormone III by high pressure liquid chromatography. The kinetics of hormone synthesis by corpora allata from selected stages during larval-pupal development revealed differential rates of synthesis, suggesting that juvenile hormone III may have a hormonal function in the larva and that regulation of its synthesis may occur. The significance of these developmental fluctuations in rates of juvenile hormone III synthesis by the corpora allata is discussed in relation to the haemolymph titres of the hormone.
A Performance Study of a Microcomputer-Implemented FSK Receiver

Microprocessors are finding new usefulness in digital signal processing. Here, a frequency shift-keyed receiver is implemented on a two-processor system.
Glutamatergic plasticity in medial prefrontal cortex and ventral tegmental area following extended-access cocaine self-administration

Glutamate signaling in prefrontal cortex and ventral tegmental area plays an important role in the molecular and behavioral plasticity associated with addiction to drugs of abuse. The current study investigated the expression and postsynaptic density redistribution of glutamate receptors and synaptic scaffolding proteins in dorsomedial and ventromedial prefrontal cortex and ventral tegmental area after cocaine self-administration. After 14 days of extended-access (6h/day) cocaine self-administration, rats were exposed to one of three withdrawal regimen for 10 days. Animals either stayed in home cages (Home), returned to self-administration boxes with the levers withdrawn (Box), or underwent extinction training (Extinction). Extinction training was associated with significant glutamatergic plasticity. In dorsomedial prefrontal cortex of the Extinction group, there was an increase in postsynaptic density GluR1, PSD95, and actin proteins; while postsynaptic density mGluR5 protein decreased and there was no change in NMDAR1, Homer1b/c, or PICK1 proteins. These changes were not observed in ventromedial prefrontal cortex or ventral tegmental area. In ventral tegmental area, Extinction training reversed the decreased postsynaptic density NMDAR1 protein in the Home and Box withdrawal groups. These data suggest that extinction of drug seeking is associated with selective glutamatergic plasticity in prefrontal cortex and ventral tegmental area that include modulation of receptor trafficking to postsynaptic density.
The "Official English" Movement and the Symbolic Politics of Language in the United States:

neous nations in the world, linguistically it is one of the most homogeneous (Thernstrom 1980). Nevertheless, in recent years language policy has sparked political conflict in many states and localities as demands for bilingual government services have provoked concern about the continued primacy of English. This article explores elite and mass reactions to the ongoing confrontation between "language rights" and "official English" and reveals a significant gulf between the positions of opinion leaders and ordinary voters. As in the case of the tax revolt, the initiative process is the device that has allowed populist sentiment in favor of "official English" to prevail over elite opposition. Our main purposes are to identify the social and political conditions that have stimulated linguistic conflict and to determine the motivational bases for the mass appeal of "official English." We argue that for most members of the majority language group in the United States the tangible personal costs and benefits of bilingual government services or "official English" are neither clear nor substantial. On the other hand, challenges to the status of one's language typically engage deep-seated feelings about national identity and group worth (Horowitz 1985; Edwards 1985). With this in mind, we employ the familiar conceptual distinctions between "economic" and "status" politics (Gusfield 1963) and self-interest and symbolic politics (Sears, Tyler, Lau, and Allen 1980; Sears and Citrin 1985) to explore the sources of public opinion on language issues.
A SOC/SOP co-design approach for mmW CMOS in QFN technology

The past few years have witnessed the emergence of CMOS based circuits operating at millimeter wave-frequencies. The co-design of fully integrated mmW CMOS single chip digital radios with low cost QFN packages operating from 30 to 100 GHz offers the promise for high volume manufacturing which paves the way for a new millimeter-wave industry. As standardization efforts catalyzed the interest and investment of industry and agencies, one can be assured of ubiquitous millimeter-wave technology in the consumer electronic market place in the fairly near future.
ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF CYCLIC NUMBER FIELDS OF PRIME DEGREE

Let NCp(X) denote the number of Cp Galois extensions of ℚ with absolute discriminant ≤ X. A well-known theorem of Wright [Density of discriminants of abelian extensions, Proc. London Math. Soc. 58 (1989) 17–50] implies that when p is prime, we have for some positive real c(p). In this paper, we improve this result by reducing the secondary error term to . Moreover, under Generalized Riemann Hypothesis, we obtain the following stronger result Here Rp(x) ∈ ℝ[x] is a polynomial of degree ⌊p(p-2)/3⌋-1. This confirms a speculation of Cohen, Diaz y Diaz and Olivier [Counting discriminants of number fields, J. Theor. Nombres Bordeaux 18 (2006) 573–593] in the case of C3 extensions.
Limitations and utilisation of Monitoring Trends in Burn Severity products for assessing wildfire severity in the USA

The Monitoring Trends in Burn Severity project is a comprehensive fire atlas for the United States that includesperimetersandseveritydataforallfiresgreaterthanaparticularsize(,400hainthewesternUS,and,200hain the eastern US). Although the database was derived for management purposes, the scientific community has expressed interest in its research capacity. As with any derived data, it is critical to understand inherent limitations to maximise the utility of the dataset without compromising the inferences. The classified severity product in particular is of limited use to research due to a lack of both consistency in developing class thresholds and empirical relationships with ecological metrics. Here we review the products available and their development process, and characterise and quantify the limitations of the classified burn severity data product based on the use of highly variable and subjective classification thresholds. We suggest a framework for overcoming these limitations by developing a more robust classified product that will support ecological management and applications. This framework utilises field data to develop consistent, ecologically based thresholds that incorporate existing ecoregion classifications from LANDFIRE or other fire management frameworks already widely integrated into planning efforts. Additional keywords: dNBR, Landsat, MTBS, RdNBR.
N omega-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester prevents cerebral hyperemia by inhaled anesthetics in dogs.

The mechanism by which halothane, isoflurane, and nitrous oxide increase cerebral blood flow (CBF) is unknown. We assessed the cerebrovascular effects of nitrous oxide (70%; n = 6), isoflurane (1 minimum alveolar anesthetic concentration: 1.4%; n = 6) or halothane (1 minimum alveolar anesthetic concentration: 0.8%; n = 6) before and after blockade of nitric oxide (NO) synthase with 40 mg/kg N omega-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) intravenously in dogs with baseline pentobarbital anesthesia. Baseline CBF (microspheres) was determined after 1 h of pentobarbital anesthesia. Cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) was maintained during inhaled anesthetic or L-NAME by either hemorrhage or inflation of an intra-aortic balloon. Before L-NAME, halothane and isoflurane increased CBF (40 +/- 4 to 56 +/- 6 mL.min-1 x 100 g-1 and 43 +/- 6 to 78 +/- 12 mL.min-1 x 100 g-1, respectively) with no change in cerebral oxygen consumption (baseline: halothane, 2.6 +/- 0.2; isoflurane, 2.0 +/- 0.2 mL.min-1 x 100 g-1). On the contrary, nitrous oxide increased CBF similarly (40 +/- 6 to 57 +/- 8 mL.min-1 x 100 g-1), but increased cerebral oxygen consumption (2.2 +/- 0.3 to 3.0 +/- 0.3 mL.min-1 x 100 g-1). L-NAME decreased blood flow in the neurohypophysis by 80% with no change in blood flow in other brain regions. After L-NAME, reexposure to nitrous oxide, halothane, or isoflurane resulted in no change in CBF.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Creative Giftedness: A Multivariate Investment Approach

This article presents an "investment" view of creative giftedness. Creatively gifted individuals "buy low and sell high." In other words, they propose ideas that initially seem odd, out of sync wit...
Towards A Collaborative Model Of An Automated Adaptive Content Delivery Training Utilizing Fuzzy Logic

Rapid advances in internet technologies have opened gateways new types of collaborative systems and for specialized educational opportunities. These range from online distance learning for individuals as well as for those who want to learn a certain skill set, courses for which may not be offered in traditional educational institutions. Although these web-based courses have become major global education contributors in overcoming the basic education challenges of the traditional classroom environment, they do not consider the fact that each individual can learn differently. Some students are auditory learners, and some may be visual learners while others may be kinesthetic learners. Adaptive learning systems address this aspect of different learning styles and the need to customize learning instruction. However individual learners progress partly as a function of the content being developed by an instructor. Therefore there is a need for a collaborative system that can let an instructor know how learners are progressing and thus the instructor can modify and disperse near real-time course content if learners are struggling with current content. Such systems provide an innovative method of instruction that adapts to the learners unique learning style. A model of a novel approach to collaborative adaptive learning is presented that utilizes learning modalities of instruction tailored to individual needs. At the heart of this approach is a fuzzy neural network (FNN) that evaluates comprehension makes instructional modality selections and collaborates with an instructor in tailoring course content.
How Rising Competition Among Microfinance Institutions Affects Incumbent Lenders

This article uses data from Uganda's largest incumbent microfinance institution to analyse the impact of entry by competing lenders on client behaviour. We observe that rising competition does not lead to an increase in client dropout rate, but induces a decline in repayment performance and savings deposited with the incumbent, suggesting rising multiple loan-taking by clients. This joint effect on dropout and repayment is consistent with some negative information about clients and is being shared across lenders. However, the observed decline in repayment rates in a context of rising multiple loan-taking shows that information sharing about clients is far from complete.
Energy reserves and clearing in stochastic power markets: The case of plug-in-hybrid electric vehicle battery charging

Building on our previous work in plug-in-hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) charging, we study the potential benefits of demand participating in precisely quantified quality of service trades. Given the equivalency of demand and generation modulation in effecting power system cost and stability, we consider demand and generation as market participants with equal rights who engage in a mix of energy and reserve market transactions that clear simultaneously. Using existing market practice in the clearing of energy and reserves, we formulate the optimal bidding strategy of a load aggregator responsible for the battery charging of a fleet of PHEVs as the solution to a stochastic dynamic program (SDP). We show that optimal PHEV energy and regulation service bids lower PHEV charging costs, mitigate local distribution network congestion constraints, and increase system-wide supply of regulation service and thus contribute to the efficient expansion of intermittent clean generation. We propose and implement a tractable approximate SDP solution and report on computational experience using ERCOT and CAISO data.
A review of the kinetics of the nitric oxide-carbon reaction

The literature on the kinetics of the NO-carbon reaction is reviewed. Data are examined both from studies in which catalysis played no role and from studies in which catalysts were present as a result of addition or as natural inclusions (i.e. in coals). It is concluded that there generally exist three distinct reaction regimes, defined in terms of reaction temperatures. There is a near-ambient-temperature chemisorption regime, in which steady gasification is not possible. In this regime, both reversible and irreversible chemisorption processes are observed. A low-temperature gasification regime is observed at temperatures above ∼ 500 K, but below ∼ 1000 K. A high-temperature gasification regime is observed above this transition temperature. The low-temperature gasification regime is characterized by low activation energies, and the high-temperature regime by high activation energies. These two distinct gasification regimes however are not observed in all cases, and there is as yet no clear understanding of what determines this. In the reaction of pure NO with carbons, the order of reaction with respect to NO appears to be near unity in the gasification regimes and two in the low-temperature chemisorption regime. The apparent order in gasification is strongly influenced by the presence of CO in the reactant gas stream, and in certain reaction configurations the CO may be self-generated. In the presence of CO, the apparent order with respect to NO decreases, and there are several reports of apparent fractional order. Other oxidizing gases (e.g. O2, H2O) can also influence the kinetics and course of the NO-carbon reaction. The thermal history of the carbon can have a significant effect on its reactivity in NO. It appears however that the annealing of carbons towards NO cannot be reliably predicted from the annealing behaviour of the carbons towards other oxidizing gases (i.e. O2). Reaction rates of NO with carbon can also be influenced by the presence of mineral matter. There is no general agreement on the quantitative importance of mineral catalysis in the reaction of carbons with NO.
Control and stabilization of systems with homoclinic orbits

Consideration is given to the control of two physical systems, the near wall region of a turbulent boundary layer and the rigid body, using techniques from the theory of nonlinear dynamical systems. Both these systems have saddle points linked by heteroclinic orbits. It is shown how, in the fluid system, the structure of the phase space can be used to keep the system near an (unstable) saddle point. For the rigid body system, passage along the orbit is discussed as a possible control maneuver, and it is shown how the energy-Casimir method can be used to analyze stabilization of the system about the saddle points. >
A solid-state control system for dynein-based ciliary/flagellar motility

Ciliary and flagellar beating requires the coordinated action of multiple dyneins with different enzymatic and motor properties. In this issue, Yamamoto et al. (2013. J. Cell Biol. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201211048) identify the MIA (modifier of inner arms) complex within the Chlamydomonas reinhardtii axoneme that physically links to a known regulatory structure and provides a signaling conduit from the radial spokes to an inner arm dynein essential for waveform determination.