cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Faith and Money: Family and Human Capital Processes

Religion, family processes, and education are linked in complex ways to each other and, ultimately, to wealth ownership. Childhood religion and childhood family socioeconomic status (SES) are correlated, and these work together to affect the timing and ordering of educational investments and outcomes, marriage behavior, and fertility and family behaviors. These behaviors and outcomes, in turn, affect job processes and occupation, wages and salaries, and ultimately wealth ownership. In this chapter, I explore how religion, education, marriage, fertility and family, are related. I will refer to Figure 1.1 and elaborate on the portions labeled background (family and social, religious, and other), human capital , and adult family and friends . Throughout this chapter and Chapter 3, I also describe the intergenerational and demographic mechanisms identified in Figure 1.1 as one of the three pathways through which the various processes are related. This pathway and the others included in the figure operate across the life course, affecting both transitions from childhood to adulthood and those that occur within adulthood.
Modeling of electronic transport in metallic carbon nanotube interconnects

Metallic carbon nanotubes are being considered as a candidate for to potentially replace Copper as an interconnect material in future generation integrated circuits. In this paper we examine electronic transport behavior in metallic carbon nanotubes using a self consistent non equilibrium Green's function (NEGF) methodolgy including effects of electron phonon interactions Results show that conductivity is seen to decrease in the ballistic limit due to localized disorder effects even with a weak disorder potential. We were also able to show that optical phonons (LO/TO modes) are the dominant mechanisms that govern the mean free path of conduction. Our calculations show an excellent match with experiement.
Association Between Genetic Variants in Immune Response Genes and Outcomes After Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation

Abstract 3049 Background: Despite rapid advances in allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplant (HCT) techniques, the procedure continues to be associated with a high morbidity and mortality with transplant related mortality (TRM) ranging from 15% to as high as 50%. Acute graft versus host disease (GvHD) remains a major cause of morbidity and an important cause of early TRM in patients undergoing allogeneic HCT. Though variations in major histocompatibiliy (MHC) genes are well known determinants of acute GvHD, there is increasing evidence that genetic variation in immune/cytokine response pathways also contributes significantly to the pathogenesis of acute GvHD. Methods: We evaluated the association of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in non-MHC dependent immune/cytokine response pathways (n= 77 SNPs in recipients and donors) with acute GvHD and TRM at one year in a cohort of 425 recipient-donor pairs who underwent allogeneic HCT for treatment of hematologic malignancies at the University of Minnesota between 1998 and 2007. We used a Fine and Gray proportional hazards model adjusted for competing risk to evaluate the association between the genetic variants and time to acute GvHD and time to TRM. Results: After adjustment for recipient age at transplant, race, diagnosis, disease status at transplant, gender mismatch, CMV serostatus of recipient and donor, recipient and donor sex, donor type, conditioning regimen (myeloablative or reduced intensity) and year of transplant, one recipient SNP, rs646005 in the TIRAP gene and one donor SNP, rs2232596 in the LBP gene were marginally associated with increased risk for grade II-IV acute GvHD (Hazard ratio (HR) = 1.33 (95% Confidence interval (CI): 1.07 – 1.62) and 1.32 (1.07 – 1.66) respectively; p =0.01). Similar analyses for TRM showed recipient SNP rs5498 in the ICAM1 gene was associated with a decreased risk of TRM (HR: 0.67(95% CI: 0.50 – 0.89); p=0.0006) while recipient SNPs rs1739654 in the LBP gene and rs3804100 in the TLR2 gene were associated with an increased TRM risk (HR: 1.86 (95% CI: 1.16 – 2.97) and 1.66 (95% CI: 1.11 – 2.48) respectively; p =0.01). Conclusions: These findings are consistent with previous reports that support a role for genetic variants in the innate immune response pathways among both recipients and donors can influence the risk of acute GvHD and TRM among patients undergoing allogeneic HCT. These findings indicate that a systematic search for genetic variants in the innate immune response pathways may identify novel biomarkers that can be used to identify patients at high risk for acute GvHD and TRM. Disclosures: Weisdorf: Genzyme: Consultancy, Research Funding.
Close packing effects on clean and dirty snow albedo and associated climatic implications

Previous modeling of snow albedo, a key climate feedback parameter, follows the independent scattering approximation (ISA) such that snow grains are considered as a number of separate units with distances longer than wavelengths. Here we develop a new snow albedo model for widely observed close-packed snow grains internally mixed with black carbon (BC) and demonstrate that albedo simulations match closer to observations. Close packing results in a stronger light absorption for clean and BC-contaminated snow. Compared with ISA, close packing reduces pure snow albedos by up to ~0.05, whereas it enhances BC-induced snow albedo reduction and associated surface radiative forcing by up to 15% (20%) for fresh (old) snow, with larger enhancements for stronger structure packing. Finally, our results suggest that BC-snow albedo forcing and snow albedo feedback (climate sensitivity) are underestimated in previous modeling studies, making snow close packing consideration a necessity in climate modeling and analysis.
Modeling salt usage during snowstorms: Application of hierarchical linear models with varying dispersion

Snow can cause dangerous driving conditions by reducing pavement friction and covering road surface markings. Salt is widely used by highway maintenance managers in the United States to reduce the impact of snow or ice on traffic. For the development of long-term plans, especially for the next winter season, it is essential to know what factors affect salt usage and to determine the sufficient amount of salt needed in each depot location. This determination can be accomplished by estimating statistically robust models for salt usage prediction. In this study, historical data regarding storm characteristics and salt usage on the New Jersey Turnpike and Garden State Parkway were used to estimate those models. Linear models, hierarchical linear models, and hierarchical linear models with varying dispersion (HLVDs) were developed to predict the salt usage on the two highways. Results show that districts with higher average snow depth, longer storm duration, and lower average temperature were associated with g...
Improving teaching quality through training: Evidence from the Caucasus

Abstract Teacher training constitutes a promising policy area for improving education quality in developing countries. While there is mixed empirical evidence on whether teacher training improves student achievement, some interventions that follow a comprehensive approach on teacher training show positive impacts. In this study we analyze the effect of the Georgian Primary Education Project, an initiative that provided teacher training and other teacher support activities in 122 schools in the Republic of Georgia between 2013 and 2015. We use a quasi-experimental design, specifically a Value-Added model, to estimate the effect of the program on math and Georgian test scores of students that were in grades 1–4 in 2013. We find that the program increased math test scores by 0.27 standard deviations; these gains were observed mostly in students that were in grades 1–3 in 2013, while no effects are observed for students that were in grade 4 in 2013. For Georgian we analyze the results for students that speak Georgian as their native language and for students in minority schools that speak Georgian as a second language. For native speakers we find an average effect of 0.15 standard deviations, in this case, the observed gains are also concentrated in students that were in grades 1–3 in 2013, and no impact is observed on students that were in grade 4 in 2013. We do not find any significant effects on reading Georgian as a second language. This study contributes to the growing literature on comprehensive teacher training as a strategy to improve students’ achievement in developing countries.
Not your grandfather's tractor company—transformation of the John Deere enterprise

This article provides a case study of Deere & Company's enterprise transformation since 2000. In order to transform, Deere redesigned its core processes and optimized its resources to improve the v...
Decarboxylative Hydroalkylation of Alkynes.

The merger of open- and closed-shell elementary organometallic steps has enabled the selective intermolecular addition of nucleophilic radicals to unactivated alkynes. A range of carboxylic acids can be subjected to a CO2 extrusion, nickel capture, migratory insertion sequence with terminal and internal alkynes to generate stereodefined functionalized olefins. This platform has been further extended, via hydrogen atom transfer, to the direct vinylation of unactivated C–H bonds. Preliminary studies indicate that a Ni-alkyl migratory insertion is operative.
High quality factor MEMS gyroscope with whole angle mode of operation

The whole angle (WA) mode of operation for the direct measurement of the angle of rotation is implemented on a high-Q silicon micromachined gyroscope. This paper presents the angle estimation and its associated errors when the WA gyroscope was operating in a free vibration and a closed-loop controlled mode. The high Q-factor, and therefore a large energy decay time constant of the device, enabled the WA measurement of the precession of the vibration pattern for over 30 minutes without energy control loop to sustain the vibration pattern. Taking advantage of the long decay time without the feedback control, rate-dependent errors in the scale-factor were directly observed. For the closed-loop WA operation, the energy, quadrature, and phase-locked loops were implemented and used for feedback control of the device. The control signals were applied to the excitation electrodes of the two orthogonal modes to maintain the amplitude and quadrature errors. In the feedback mode of operation, the WA gyro output was collected for 10,000 seconds at a constant input rate. An angular gain factor of 0.84 was derived from the angle output of the gyroscope with 7 ppm angular gain variation over 1.8 million degrees of continuous rotation.
Higher-order numerical differentiation of experimental information - Cubic-spline and discrete-quadratic polynomials are described for numerically computing up through third-order derivatives. Concept is demonstrated by stress analyzing, from moiré and holographically recorded displacements, loaded plates and beams

Cubic-spline and discrete-quadratic polynomial techniques are presented for reliably computing up to third-order derivatives of experimental information. The concept is demonstrated by stress analyzing from measured displacements a transversely loaded plate and a beam under four-point bending. The respective displacement fields were recorded using holography and moire. The accuracy of the employed numerical-differentiation techniques is indicated.
Protein Aggregation and Multiple Organelle Damage After Brain Ischemia

Protein aggregation leads to a broad range of conformational diseases. Protein folding during synthesis and assembly to subcellular structures require cooperation of several sophisticated ATP-dependent cellular systems including protein chaperoning, protein trafficking, protein assembling, as well as protein degradation. Emerging evidence strongly suggests that brain ischemia leads to dysfunction of these ATP-dependent protein assembly and quality control systems, resulting in protein misfolding, ubiquitination, and aggregation during the postischemic phase. Misfolded proteins are aggregated with subcellular organelles and eventually damage these organelles, leading to multiple organelle failure and delayed neuronal death after brain ischemia. In this chapter, we will first review the provenance and history of protein aggregation in the brain ischemic field and then update latest concept and mechanisms of protein aggregation and multiple organelle damage after brain ischemia.
A collective modulatory basis for multisensory integration in C. elegans

In the natural environment, animals often encounter multiple sensory cues that are simultaneously present. The nervous system integrates the relevant sensory information to generate behavioral responses that have adaptive values. However, the signal transduction pathways and the molecules that regulate integrated behavioral response to multiple sensory cues are not well defined. Here, we characterize a collective modulatory basis for a behavioral decision in C. elegans when the animal is presented with an attractive food source together with a repulsive odorant. We show that distributed neuronal components in the worm nervous system and several neuromodulators orchestrate the decision-making process, suggesting that various states and contexts may modulate the multisensory integration. Among these modulators, we identify a new function of a conserved TGF-β pathway that regulates the integrated decision by inhibiting the signaling from a set of central neurons. Interestingly, we find that a common set of modulators, including the TGF-β pathway, regulate the integrated response to the pairing of different foods and repellents. Together, our results provide insights into the modulatory signals regulating multisensory integration and reveal potential mechanistic basis for the complex pathology underlying defects in multisensory processing shared by common neurological diseases.
Sequencing the peripheral blood B and T cell repertoire - Quantifying robustness and limitations.

The adaptive immune response generates a large repertoire of T cells with T-cell receptors (TCRalpha and TCRbeta) and B cells with immunoglobulins (Ig). The repertoire changes in response to antigen stimulation both through amplification of specific cells (clonal expansion) as well as somatic hypermutation of immunoglobulins. Alterations of the immune repertoire have been observed in response to acute disease, such as external pathogens, or chronic diseases, such as autoimmunity and cancer. Here we establish experimental and analytical protocols for quantifying the peripheral blood of healthy human individuals by profiling the immune repertoire for the Complementarity determining region 3 (CDR3) of the variable regions of TCRbeta (CDRβ3) and the IgG heavy chain (CDRH1, CDRH2, CDRH3). The results demonstrate that 40 ml of blood are sufficient to reliably capture the 10,000 most common TCRbeta and 1000 most common IgG and determine their relative frequency in the circulation. We conclude that by using an accessible sample size of human PBMC one is able to robustly monitor alterations in the immune repertoire.
Targeting PIM Kinase with PD1 Inhibition Improves Immunotherapeutic Antitumor T-cell Response

Purpose: Adoptive T cell therapy (ACT) of cancer, which involves the infusion of ex vivo engineered tumor epitope reactive autologous T cells into the tumor-bearing host, is a potential treatment modality for cancer. However, the durable anti-tumor response following ACT is hampered either by loss of effector function or survival of the anti-tumor T cells. Therefore, strategies to improve the persistence and sustain the effector function of the anti-tumor T cells are of immense importance. Given the role of metabolism in determining the therapeutic efficacy of T cells, we hypothesize that inhibition of PIM kinases, a family of serine/threonine kinase that promote cell cycle transition, cell growth, and regulate mTORC1 activity, can improve the potency of T cells in controlling tumor. Experimental design: The role of PIM kinases in T cells was studies either by genetic ablation (PIM1-/-PIM2-/-PIM3-/-) or its pharmacological inhibition (pan-PIM kinase inhibitor, PimKi). Subcutaneous murine melanoma B16 was established subcutaneously and treated by transferring tumor epitope gp100 reactive T cells along with treatment regimen that involved inhibiting PIM kinases, anti-PD1 or both. Results: With inhibition of PIM kinases, T cells had significant reduction in their uptake of glucose, and upregulated expression of memory-associated genes that inversely correlate with glycolysis. Additionally, the expression of CD38, which negatively regulates the metabolic fitness of the T cells, was also reduced in PimKi-treated cells. Importantly, the efficacy of anti-tumor T cell therapy was markedly improved by inhibiting PIM kinases in tumor-bearing mice receiving ACT, and further enhanced by adding anti-PD1 antibody to this combination. Conclusion: The present study highlights the potential therapeutic significance of combinatorial strategies where ACT and inhhibition of signaling kinase with check-point inhibition could improve tumor control.
Three-phase liquid extraction: a simple and fast method for lipidomic workflows

An unbiased sample preparation free of interferents (i.e., competing analytes, detergents, plastics) is critical to any lipid MS workflow. Here we present a novel three-phase lipid extraction (3PLE) technique using a single-step liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) that allows both extraction and fractionation of lipids by polarity. 3PLE is composed of one aqueous and two organic phases. The upper organic phase is enriched in neutral lipids (triacylglycerols and cholesteryl esters), while the middle organic phase contains the major glycerophospholipids. Thin-layer chromatography, radioactive labeling, and MS were used to confirm lipid partitioning. 3PLE efficiency was demonstrated for bovine liver, human pooled plasma, mouse liver, mouse brain, and mouse white adipose tissue. Compared with the gold-standard Bligh/Dyer LLE, 3PLE showed significant advantages. For direct-infusion workflows, there was a decrease in ion suppression with a corresponding increased number of lipid species identified. For LC/MS workflows, increased signal intensities were observed for lower-abundance lipid species such as phosphatidic acid and phosphatidylserine. 3PLE also proved to be a valuable tool for fatty acid profiling by GC/MS, allowing for the separate identification of neutral and polar fatty acids.
Examining research productivity of faculty in selected leading public universities in Kenya

Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine research productivity of faculty at two leading Kenyan public universities. The analysis showed that the research productivity of faculty varied by gender, institution, terminal degree, rank, discipline, and years of work experience. Individual characteristics (gender, rank, terminal degree, and experience) and institutional characteristics (number of undergraduate students enrolled, percentage of Ph.D. students enrolled, and funding allocated for research function) are significantly associated with faculty research productivity. Faculty’s experience was not a determinant factor of their research productivity. More experienced faculty were less productive. The study has significant implications to shift from performance contracts and self-reported instruments currently used in Kenyan public universities and enhance research productivity of faculty, in their pursuit of the stated institutional vision, mission and goals.
A Review of Transcatheter Closure of Patent Foramen Ovale

A patent foramen ovale (PFO) is a common variant in cardiac anatomy found in 25% to 30% of U.S. adults. While PFOs are a normal part of fetal development and commonly seen in asymptomatic adults, they have been implicated in a variety of pathophysiologic conditions. The most clinically important of these is paradoxical embolization of venous thrombus resulting in stroke or systemic embolism. Various devices can be used to close PFOs via a transcatheter approach to prevent recurrent stroke. Data regarding the safety and effectiveness of these devices is rapidly evolving, with recent long-term results suggesting efficacy in preventing secondary stroke in carefully selected patients. This review discusses historical data on PFO occurrence and treatment, a risk score that can assess the likelihood of a stroke being attributable to a PFO, a variety of other conditions that may be linked to PFOs, and current research regarding the role transcatheter closure plays in their treatment.
Membrane fusion: A new role for lipid domains?

Boundaries between ordered and disordered membrane domains may be the site of HIV fusion protein insertion into its target membrane.
Localized Excitations in 1-D Peierls-Hubbard Models of Polyacetylene and MX Chains

Recent interest in novel low-D materials — e.g., high-temperature superconducting copper oxides, “heavy-fermion” and charge-density wave systems, halogen-bridged transition-metal linear chain complexes (MX chains), and organic synthetic metals and superconductors — and their pressure, photoexcitation, and doping induced intragap states, has stimulated the theoretical study of competing electron-electron (e-e) and electron-phonon (e-p) interactions in reduced dimensions. For these new materials it is important in microscopic models to capture the essence of both e-p and e-e interactions and to represent faithfully their synergetic, or competing, effects. To this end, variants of the extended Peierls-Hubbard Hamiltonian (ePHH) have been widely used. In this article, intrinsic localized non-linear defects (solitons, polarons, and bipolarons) in 1- and 2-band versions of the 1-D ePHH are discussed and compared to experiments on the conducting polymer trana-polyacetylene, (CH)∞, and on the MX chain [Pt(en)2][Pt(en)2Cl2](ClO4)4 (en=N2C2H8), hereafter referred to as PtCl. Obtaining fits to many different observables with a single set of physically plausible parameters within a given model is essential for a true microscopic understanding of non-linear excitations in any specific material, and in general for an understanding of the whole class of novel low-D materials.
Effects of medication adherence on healthcare services use among asthma patients

Abstract Introduction and objectives Medication adherence is an important indicator of quality in healthcare, and non-adherence is associated with increased healthcare costs, hospital admissions, re-admissions, and decline in health outcomes. Despite the availability of medication to control and avoid adverse health outcomes, adherence to medications among asthma patients varies between 40% and 60%. The objective of this study is to evaluate the effects of asthma medication adherence on healthcare services. Material and methods This cross-sectional study is based on insurance claims data for Medicaid patients primarily diagnosed with asthma during 2015–2016. A regression analysis was performed to examine the relationship between control and rescue medication adherence with healthcare use (hospital admissions and re-admissions, clinic visits, and emergency department visits), as well as patient demographics (age, gender, and estimated income). Results This study found a control medication adherence of 82%. Patients with high rescue medication adherence had fewer emergency department visits (p = .0004) and inpatient admissions (p = .0303). Patients with more than 4 clinic visits had higher rescue medication adherence. Older and low-income patients had higher 30-day re-admissions. Males and low-income patients had more emergency visits. Conclusions These results provide evidence that certain populations (older, low-income, and male) may benefit from additional education on monitoring and controlling asthma. This may reduce costlier healthcare services use in favor of less expensive physician visits and education programs.
Scientists as comedians: The effects of humor on perceptions of scientists and scientific messages.

Humor has been recommended for scientists looking to conduct communication activities despite relatively little empirical evidence demonstrating its effectiveness. Here, we examine the social envir...
Ionic Liquid‐Directed Nanoporous TiNb2O7 Anodes with Superior Performance for Fast‐Rechargeable Lithium‐Ion Batteries

Nanoporous TiNb2 O7 (NPTNO) material is synthesized by a sol-gel method with an ionic liquid (IL) as the nanoporous structure directing template. NPTNO exhibits a high reversible capacity of 210 mAh g-1 even at the charging rate of 50 C and an excellent cyclability of half-cell capacity retention of 74% for 1000 cycles at 5 C and LiNi0.5 Mn1.5 O4 -coupled full-cell capacity retentions of 81% and 87% for 1000 cycles at 1 C and 2 C, respectively. The studies of the 1000 cycled NPTNO electrode illustrate that the IL-directed mesoporous structure can enhance the cyclability of NPTNO cells due to the alleviation of repetitive mechanical stress and volume fluctuation induced by the repetitive Li+ insertion-extraction processes. The measured Li+ diffusion coefficients from the galvanostatic intermittent titration technique suggest that the IL-templating strategy indeed ensures the fast rechargeability of NPTNO cells based on the fast Li+ diffusion kinetics. Benefitting from the nanoporous structure, NPTNO with unhindered Li+ diffusion pathways achieves a superior rate capability in the titanium-based oxide materials and the best full-cell cyclability in the TNO materials. Therefore, the templating potential of IL is demonstrated, and the superb electrochemical performance establishes the IL-directed NPTNO as a promising anode candidate for fast-rechargeable LIBs.
A precise local limit theorem for the multinomial distribution and some applications

Abstract In Siotani and Fujikoshi (1984), a precise local limit theorem for the multinomial distribution is derived by inverting the Fourier transform, where the error terms are explicit up to order N − 1 . In this paper, we give an alternative (conceptually simpler) proof based on Stirling’s formula and a careful handling of Taylor expansions, and we show how the result can be used to approximate multinomial probabilities on most subsets of R d . Furthermore, we discuss a recent application of the result to obtain asymptotic properties of Bernstein estimators on the simplex, we improve the main result in Carter (2002) on the Le Cam distance bound between multinomial and multivariate normal experiments while simultaneously simplifying the proof, and we mention another potential application related to finely tuned continuity corrections.
Public Journalism Without the Public: Problematizing the Public Sphere and Press Credibility in Academic Journals, 1991–2018:

A review of public journalism journal articles from 1991 through 2018 revealed significant gaps in (a) conceptualizing the public sphere, and (b) ascertaining the credibility of public journalism e...
All-Cause Hospitalizations after Large-Scale Hurricanes among Older Adults: A Self-Controlled Case Series Study.

Introduction: Understanding the drivers of health care utilization patterns following disasters can better support health planning. This study characterized all-cause hospitalizations among older Americans after eight large-scale hurricanes. Study Objective: The objective of this study was to characterize all-cause hospitalizations for any cause among older Americans in the 30 days after eight large-scale hurricanes. Methods: A self-controlled case series study among Medicare beneficiaries (age 65+) exposed to one of eight hurricanes was conducted. The predicted probability of sociodemographic factors associated with hospitalization using logit models was estimated. Results: Hurricane Sandy (2012) had the highest post-hurricane admission rate, a 23% increase (incidence rate ratio [IRR] = 1.23; 95% CI, 1.22-1.24), while Hurricane Irene in 2011 had only a 10% increase (IRR = 1.10; 95% CI, 1.09-1.11). Higher likelihood of hospitalization occurring after hurricanes included being 85 or older (36.8% probability of hospitalization; 95% CI, 34.7-39.0) and being dually eligible for Medicare and Medicaid (62.8%; 95% CI, 60.7-64.9). Conclusion: Planning to address the surge in hospitalization for a longer time period after hurricanes and interventions targeted to support aging Americans are needed.
Knockout of the CEP290 gene in human induced pluripotent stem cells

CEP290 is a principal component of the primary cilium and is important for the proper function of ciliated cells. CEP290 mutations have been linked to numerous ciliopathies, with a wide range of phenotypic severities, but with poor genotype:phenotype correlation. Here we have used CRISPR/Cas9 technology to target the CEP290 gene and generate a line of induced pluripotent stem cells that lack detectable CEP290 expression, but retain a normal karyotype and differentiation potential. This line of cells will be useful for the study of disorders resulting from CEP290 mutations.
Camera-based single-particle orientation imaging of quantum dots

We present a super-resolving orientation microscopy method for single-particle imaging. In this method, the fluorescence signal from particles is imaged to obtain orientation and localization information simultaneously with higher throughput than photon counting methods. We demonstrate the technique by resolving nanocrystal quantum dot orientations within small clusters. The effects of orientation on coupling efficiency for energy transfer is investigated.
Identification of harmine and β-carboline analogs from a high-throughput screen of an approved drug collection; profiling as differential inhibitors of DYRK1A and monoamine oxidase A and for in vitro and in vivo anti-cancer studies.

ABSTRACT DYRK1A (dual-specificity tyrosine phosphorylation-regulated kinase 1a) is highly expressed in glioma, an aggressive brain tumor, and has been proposed as a therapeutic target for cancer. In the current study, we have used an optimized and validated time-resolved fluorescence energy transfer (TR-FRET)-based DYRK1A assay for high-throughput screening (HTS) in 384-well format. A small-scale screen of the FDA-approved Prestwick drug collection identified the β-carboline, harmine, and four related analogs as DYRK1A inhibitors. Hits were confirmed by dose response and in an orthogonal DYRK1A assay. Harmine's potential therapeutic use has been hampered by its off-target activity for monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A) which impacts multiple nervous system targets. Selectivity profiling of harmine and a broader collection of analogs allowed us to map some divergent SAR (structure-activity relationships) for the DYRK1A and MAO-A activities. The panel of harmine analogs had varying activities in vitro in glioblastoma (GBM) cell lines when tested for anti-proliferative effects using a high content imaging assay. In particular, of the identified analogs, harmol was found to have the best selectivity for DYRK1A over MAO-A and, when tested in a glioma tumor xenograft model, harmol demonstrated a better therapeutic window compared to harmine.
Macroeconomic volatility at the zero lower bound: Evidence from the OECD

Abstract This paper tests whether volatility in inflation and GDP growth was higher at the ZLB across the period from 1990:1 to 2019:3 as predicted by conventional models. Contrary to the theoretical predictions, volatility was not higher at the ZLB.
Xixicamátic or wood rose (Merremia tuberosa, Convolvulaceae): Origins and Dispersal

The nativity of Merremia tuberosa is examined with historical, ecological, linguistic, cladistic, and biogeographic data. All data indicate that the species was originally from southern Mexico and nearby Central America. The closest relatives of M. tuberosa are M. austinii and M. discoidesperma. Merremia tuberosa was first recorded from Mexico as xixicamatic in the middle 1500s by Fr. Bernadino Sahaguin; no connection was made between that plant and the Convolvulaceae by subsequent authors. Plukenet later recorded M. tuberosa in Jamaica in 1691. By 1731 or earlier M. tuberosa was cultivated at the Chelsea Physic Garden, London, England. Soon afterward, wood rose had been spread around the world and grown for medicine. The roots contain resins that formerly were used across the tropics and in Europe as laxatives. Now plants are grown for their flowers and ornamental fruits that are used by florists.
Parallelization of a Modern CFD Incompressible Turbulent Flow Code

Publisher Summary This chapter outlines the numerical analysis and turbulence modeling of a new large-eddy simulation technique for incompressible flows. It is shown that many opportunities for parallelization occur for the chosen algorithmic structure, and reasonably good speedups with increasing number of processors is observed through 32 processors for a message passing interface (MPI) implementation on a HP SuperDome, even with only partial parallelization. In particular most (but not all) commercial CFD software is based on one form or another of the SIMPLE algorithm. These basic approaches are not efficient for time-dependent simulations that are becoming increasingly more widely performed as computing power continues to improve. The parallelization of these commercial codes in almost all cases has been done long after the codes were originally constructed—that is, they were not designed to be parallelized at the time they were initially coded.
Pulmonary Artery Catheterization

Pulmonary artery catheterization has been available as a clinical tool since 1964 and quickly became the gold standard for hemodynamic monitoring of critically ill patients. The pulmonary artery catheter allows simultaneous monitoring of continuously mixed venous O2 saturation (SvO2), cardiac output (CO), right atrial pressure (Pra), pulmonary arterial pressure (Ppa), right ventricular ejection fraction (RVef), and, by mathematical derivation, right ventricular end-diastolic volume (EDV) and, by intermittent distal balloon occlusion, pulmonary artery occlusion pressure (Ppao). No other cardiovascular monitoring device shares this pluripotential presence. While there is no debate about the measurements a pulmonary artery catheter can offer, there is controversy surrounding the benefits of this device. Nonetheless, it is clearly a useful hemodynamic monitoring tool in selected patients. However, the decision to place this invasive device must be based on the specific information sought.
Bureaucratic Legalism, American Style: Private Bureaucratic Legalism and the Governance of the Tort System

588481. 31. Id. [Vol. 56:261 PRIVATE BUREAUCRATIC LEGALISM specialist claims agents) become increasingly significant. As repeatplay claims representatives become more involved in the claims settlement process, that process will become routinized and streamlined. Professors Jason Johnston and Joel Waldfogel, for example, found that as claims representatives develop repeat-play relationships with one another, the settlement rate and the speed with which claims are resolved increase significantly.32 Regular resort to the courts becomes less significant-not more. And so in the auto area, somewhere between 70% 33 and 81% 3 4 of third-party personal injury claims are now resolved in twelve months or less. C. Evaluating Private Administration There are two historical ironies here. The early organization of the claimants' bar was prompted by the collective action imperatives of administrative law. The resulting organization then shifted away from administration toward a new defense of the common law and an attack on the ostensibly unfettered, lawless authority of the bureaucrat in the administrative state. And yet, in subsequent years, the plaintiffs' bar helped forge a new administrative process, albeit a private one, in which the bureaucratic processes of the administrative state have been replicated in the private sphere of the tort claims settlement system. In this system, the claimants' representatives enjoy substantial discretionary authority, not unlike the public claims processors they once criticized. It is no surprise that studies of the legal profession have long found that plaintiffs' lawyers are among the members of the profession with the greatest freedom of action.35 Indeed, members of the plaintiffs' bar will concede as much in anonymous surveys. Ironies notwithstanding, there is a good deal to be said for this system of private administration. Plaintiffs' lawyers and defense representatives have achieved impressive efficiencies in claims handling. 37 32. Jason Scott Johnston & Joel Waldfogel, Does Repeat Play Elicit Cooperation? Evidence from Federal Civil Litigation, 31 J. LEGAL STUD. 39, 59-60 (2002); see also Ronald J. Gilson & Robert H. Mnookin, Disputing Through Agents: Cooperation and Conflict Between Lawyers in Litigation, 94 COLUM. L. REV. 509, 513 (1994). The~pattern is a long-standing one. See Maurice Rosenberg & Michael I. Sovern, Delay and the Dynamics of Personal Injury Litigation, 59 COLUM. L. REV. 1115, 1167 (1959). 33. Browne & Schmit, supra note 30, at 9. 34. INS. RESEARCH COUNCIL, supra note 19, fig.7-25 at 102. 35. JOHN P. HEINZ & EDWARD 0. LAUMANN, CHICAGO LAWYERS: THE SOCIAL STRUCTURE OF THE BAR tbl.4.3 at 103 (1982). 36. Cf. HERBERT M. KRITZER, LET'S MAKE A DEAL: UNDERSTANDING THE NEGOTIATION PROCESS IN ORDINARY LITIGATION tbl.1.5 at 26 (1991). 37. Johnston & Waldfogel, supra note 32, at 59-60. 2007]
Use of temporary names for newborns and associated risks

BACKGROUND: Because there can be no delay in providing identification wristbands to newborns, some hospitals assign newborns temporary first names such as Babyboy or Babygirl. These nondistinct naming conventions result in a large number of patients with similar identifiers in NICUs. To determine the level of risk associated with nondistinct naming conventions, we performed an intervention study to evaluate if assigning distinct first names at birth would result in a reduction in wrong-patient errors. METHODS: We conducted a 2-year before/after implementation study to examine the effect of a distinct naming convention that incorporates the mother’s first name into the newborn’s first name (eg, Wendysgirl) on the incidence of wrong-patient errors. We used the Retract-and-Reorder (RAR) tool, an established, automated tool for detecting the outcome of wrong-patient electronic orders. The RAR tool identifies orders placed on a patient that are retracted within 10 minutes and then placed by the same clinician on a different patient within the next 10 minutes. RESULTS: The reduction in RAR events post- versus preintervention was 36.3%. After accounting for clusters of orders within order sessions, the odds ratio of an RAR event post- versus preintervention was 0.64 (95% confidence interval: 0.42–0.97). CONCLUSIONS: The study results suggest that nondistinct naming conventions are associated with an increased risk of wrong-patient errors and that this risk can be mitigated by changing to a more distinct naming convention.
Intellectuals and the rise of the modern economy

For many decades, economists dismissed culture as irrelevant to most questions in economic growth. However, in the past decade they have rediscovered its importance in the emergence of the Great Enrichment (the rapid and unprecedented process of economic growth since 1850) ( 1 – 3 ). In retrospect, this development seems inevitable. Once it was accepted that institutions are a powerful factor in explaining differences in national per-capita income today ( 4 ), culture—in the sense of the beliefs and values on which institutions were founded—could not be far behind. In a recent paper, Squicciarini and Voigtlander ( 5 ) provide further support for this idea by showing how culture affected the rise of the modern economy.
Fiber spinning from the nematic melt. II. Effect of thermal history on spinning of the copolyester of polyethylene terephthalate and p-oxybenzoate

Fibers were spun from the nematic phase of the copolymer of polyethylene terephthalate having 60 mol % of p-oxybenzoate units. A capillary rheometer was used for spinning with a shear rate at the wall of 6.4 sec−1, and capillary (length/diameter) ratio of 14.1. The spinning temperature was varied from 250° to 300°C and, at each temperature, the spin-draw ratio was examined as a variable. Spinning was performed under two conditions. When spinning from the melt without preheating, the initial modulus of the fibers increased with spin-draw ratio and increased with increasing spinning temperature for a fixed spin-draw ratio. In the second case, the melt was preheated and then cooled to the desired temperature before spinning the fibers. The preheating temperature was 280°C for spinning at 250°C, and 300°C for spinning at 280°C. Preheating increased the fiber modulus to the value obtained by spinning at the preheating temperature. A reduction of the viscosity due to the melting of poly(p-hydroxybenzoic acid) (PHB) crystallites produces better orientation and higher modulus. However, with increasing spin-draw ratio, the modulus of the preheated fibers decreased to the values expected for the spinning temperature. This decrease in modulus is due to recrystallization of PHB in the threadline.
Synthesis and Spectral Study of Several Solid M3[Eu(2,6-Pyridinedicarboxylate)3] Salts (M=Li+, Na+, K+, Rb+, Cs+, NH4 +, and Pyridinium+)

Abstract Salts of the [Eu(2,6-pyridinedicarboxylate)3]3- complex anion and various monovalent inorganic and organic counterions (Li+, Na+, K+, Rb+, Cs+, NH4 +, and pyridinium+) have been synthesized and studied by emission spectroscopy. The Eu3+ ion emission spectra exhibited by these salts have been observed with high resolution (less than 1.0 cm−1) and at low temperature (77 K). The emission spectra of these compounds indicate that changing the attached counterion does not affect the site symmetry observed by the europium ion beyond slight distortions indicated by small shifts in the energies of the Eu3+ electronic levels.
A comparison of gas-liquid chromatographic enthalpies of solution with calorimetric values for four alkane systems

Abstract Using a gas-liquid-chromatography technique, specific retention volumes v g were measured in the range 293 to 303 K, for n -hexane + n -hexadecane, 2, 2-dimethyl butane + n -hexadecane, cyclohexane + n -hexadecane, and n -hexane + n -tetracosane. ΔH m ∞ for the liquids was calculated from the variation of specific retention volume with temperature for each system and from calorimetrically measured enthalpies of vaporization of the solutes. The same quantity was derived, by extrapolation, from calorimetrically measured enthalpies of mixing of the liquids. Difference between the values of ΔH m ∞ obtained in these two ways were about the same as the differences between calorimetrically determined enthalpies of mixing from different laboratories. ΔG o , ΔS o , and ΔH o of solution are also reported for each system and ΔC p ∞ is reported for n -hexane dissolving in n -tetracosane.
Molecules squeezed and stroked

Soft matter is often found in tight spots. A study shows that tangled chain-like molecules, squeezed between solid surfaces and stroked by sliding, might become exceptionally ordered.
Masculinization of the female golden hamster by neonatal treatment with androgen or estrogen.

Abstract Female hamsters which received treatment with testosterone, testosterone propionate, or diethylstilbestrol on Days 2–4 of postnatal life displayed mounting behavior after treatment in adulthood with testosterone propionate. Virtually no mounting was observed in animals treated neonatally with androsterone or control substances. Peripheral morphology was masculinized by androsterone, testosterone, and testosterone propionate but not by diethylstilbestrol or control substances. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that development of male sexual behavior is dependent upon the presence of estrogen or androgen which can be metabolized to estrogen during sexual differentiation. Dissociation of the effects of neonatal treatment upon behavior from those upon peripheral morphology suggests that the induction of masculine behavior results from a central neural hormone action.
Ancient impact structures on modern continental shelves: The Chesapeake Bay, Montagnais, and Toms Canyon craters, Atlantic margin of North America

Abstract Three ancient impact craters (Chesapeake Bay—35.7 Ma; Toms Canyon—35.7 Ma; Montagnais—51 Ma) and one multiring impact basin (Chicxulub—65 Ma) are currently known to be buried beneath modern continental shelves. All occur on the passive Atlantic margin of North America in regions extensively explored by seismic reflection surveys in the search for oil and gas reserves. We limit our discussion herein to the three youngest structures. These craters were created by submarine impacts, which produced many structural and morphological features similar in construction, composition, and variability to those documented in well-preserved subaerial and planetary impact craters. The subcircular Chesapeake Bay (diameter 85 km) and ovate Montagnais (diameter 45–50 km) structures display outer-rim scarps, annular troughs, peak rings, inner basins, and central peaks similar to those incorporated in the widely cited conceptual model of complex impact craters. These craters differ in several respects from the model, however. For example, the Montagnais crater lacks a raised lip on the outer rim, the Chesapeake Bay crater displays only small remnants of a raised lip, and both craters contain an unusually thick body of impact breccia. The subtriangular Toms Canyon crater (diameter 20–22 km), on the other hand, contains none of the internal features of a complex crater, nor is it typical of a simple crater. It displays a prominent raised lip on the outer rim, but the lip is present only on the western side of the crater. In addition, each of these craters contains some distinct features, which are not present in one or both of the others. For example, the central peak at Montagnais rises well above the elevation of the outer rim, whereas at Chesapeake Bay, the outer rim is higher than the central peak. The floor of the Toms Canyon crater is marked by parallel deep troughs and linear ridges formed of sedimentary rocks, whereas at Chesapeake Bay, the crater floor contains concentric faults and compression ridges formed in rocks of the crystalline basement. The Chesapeake Bay crater is distinguished further by its cluster of at least 23 adjacent secondary craters. The North American tektite strewn field, a widespread deposit of distal ejecta, is thought to be derived from the Chesapeake Bay impact, perhaps with a small contribution from the Toms Canyon impact. No ejecta field is known to be associated with the Montagnais impact. No immediate major extinction event is directly linked to any of these three impacts. There is evidence, however, that the Chesapeake Bay and Toms Canyon impacts helped initiate a long-term pulse of warm global climate, whose eventual dissipation coincided with an early Oligocene mass extinction event, 2 Ma after the impacts.
The Detection of Constructed Memories and the Risks of Undue Prejudice

While I agree with the Meegan's (2008) ultimate conclusion that memory detection techniques (MDTs) currently do not satisfy the Daubert test, a potentially superior basis for excluding such technol...
Effects of Carcass Maturity on Collagen Solubility and Palatability of Beef from Grain‐Finished Steers

Samples from steers fed a high-energy diet for 185 days prior to slaughter were used to compare collagen solubility and palatability of beef from youthful and mature carcasses. Carcasses representing the two maturity classes were selected specifically to have similar levels of intramuscular and subcutaneous fat, but distinctly different maturity indicators. Under the conditions of this study, maturity class had no effect on sensory properties or shear force values of cooked rib steaks. Total collagen content of samples from the longissimus muscle was higher for mature carcasses, but maturity class means for percentage of soluble collagen were not different. The relationships of these findings to preslaughter feeding regimen and collagen metabolism are discussed.