cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Anterior Cingulate Cortex and Benefit of Predictive Cueing on Response Inhibition in Stimulant Dependent Individuals

Background Methamphetamine dependence (MD) is associated with impaired response inhibition and with structural abnormalities and functional hypoactivity in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). The need to inhibit behavior is often forewarned by cues that do not call for immediate inhibition. We sought to determine whether such cues would engage the ACC and improve inhibition in MD individuals. Methods We used functional MRI to measure ACC activation during performance of a go/nogo response inhibition task in which certain go stimuli (cues) were much more likely than others (noncues) to be followed by nogo trials. Nineteen MD individuals (inpatient treatment, 25–50 days abstinence) were compared with 19 age- and education-matched healthy comparison (HC) subjects. Results MD and HC groups had statistically comparable performance, but only MD participants showed an ACC response and lower false alarm rates associated with cues as compared with noncues. Cue-related ACC activity in MD subjects was positively correlated with this cue-related improvement in inhibitory performance. Conclusions The ACC, an area associated with error detection and response conflict, may predict the degree to which advance warning may attenuate MD individuals’ difficulty with response inhibition.
39 BIRTH ASPHYXIA IN THE VERY LOW BIRTH WEIGHT INFANT (VLBW ≤ 1500 GRAMS): IMMEDIATE AND LONGITUDINAL (2 years) OUTCOME

The relationship of birth asphyxia (BA) to neonatal mortality & neurologic & developmental outcome at 2 yrs. of age was investigated in a large prospective study of infants with BW<1500 grams (N=525). BA was defined by an Apgar score of ≤3 at one minute &≤6 at 5 minutes. Multivariate analysis of the data included the following variables: BW, sex, socio-economic status (SES). BA, method of delivery, apnea, RDS & mechanical ventilation (MV). BA was significantly correlated with a higher neonatal mortality, more severe RDS, a greater need for MV, & neurologic & developmental outcome at 2 yrs. Indeed, BA was the only medical variable that was related to the mental development index (MDI) of the Bayley Scales. SES & sex were the most powerful correlates of MDI at 2 yrs. while none of the psycho-social variables were associated with neurologic outcome at 2 yrs. This study indicates the importance of BA on the immediate & long term outcome of the VLBW infant. It also provides evidence that it is inappropriate to assign an outcome index based on combining neuro-logic and developmental outcome. By 2 yrs. it appears that psycho-social & medical factors exert their influence relatively independently on separate systems. Medical factors impact most directly on neurologic outcome, while psycho-social variables influence developmental status. These 2 systems, while interactive, may be more independent than was thought.
The effect of prepregnancy obesity and sFlt-1-induced preeclampsia-like syndrome on fetal programming of adult vascular function in a mouse model.

Objective The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that prepregnancy obesity and soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 (sFlt-1)–induced preeclampsia lead to altered vascular function in the offspring later in life. Study Design CD-1 female mice were placed on a low-fat (LF) or high-fat (HF) diet before mating. On day 8 of pregnancy, the HF mice were injected with adenovirus that carried either sFlt-1 (HF sFlt-1) or murine immunoglobulin G2α Fc fragment (HF mFc). LF dams received saline solution. After being weaned, all offspring were placed on a standard diet. At 3 months of age, the carotid artery was isolated for in vitro vascular reactivity studies. Results Among male offspring, the response to phenylephrine was significantly lower in the HF sFlt-1 group. The response to serotonin in males and to thromboxane in females was lower in the HF sFlt-1 and HF mFc groups. In females, the HF sFlt-1 and LF groups displayed less relaxation to acetylcholine. The response to phenylephrine was significantly lower in females than males in the HF mFc and LF groups. The response to thromboxane was significantly lower in the HF sFlt-1 females, compared with males. Conclusion Prepregnancy obesity and preeclampsia alter fetal programming of adult vascular function. The mechanism is complex and gender specific.
Stability of cerium-modified γ-alumina catalyst support in supercritical water

Abstract Supercritical water (above 374.1 °C and 220.6 bar) is emerging as a promising medium to carry out a variety of catalytic reactions, including reforming to produce hydrogen. However, when using a heterogeneous catalyst the support material can undergo transformations in the hydrothermal environment. In this work the stability of γ-Al 2 O 3 modified with 1–10 wt% Ce in supercritical water is examined, specifically in the temperature range of 500–700 °C at 246 bar. Transformations of the γ-phase were slowed but not prevented. Based on X-ray analysis, the transformation of γ-Al 2 O 3 proceeded through the κ phase toward the stable α phase. Reduced cerium species were seen to be oxidized in the supercritical water environment, and low Ce-loading supports maintained the highest BET surface areas. The stabilization was greatest at 700 °C, where Ce-modified aluminas retained significantly higher specific surface areas than unmodified alumina.
BONE GRAFT ALTERNATIVES FOR SPINAL FUSION

Bone grafting to achieve fusion is frequently performed in spinal surgery. Autograft is the gold standard bone graft material. However, due to limitations of supply and morbidity associated with the harvest of autograft, alternatives are being considered. Osteoconductive matrices, such as allograft, calcium or ceramic preparations are one such class of potential bone graft alternatives, but generally they lack osteoinductive properties. Recent attention has focused on osteoinductive materials such as demineralised bone matrix, recombinant bone morphogenetic proteins and bone marrow aspirates or blood product concentrates. These products may be combined with osteoconductive carriers and are clearly finding a place in the clinical arena.
Methodologic shortcomings inherent in a post-hoc analysis.

Extended-release tolterodine 4 mg has a greater clinical effectiveness than ER Oxy 10 mg, where effectiveness is defined as the optimal combination of efficacy, tolerability, and long-term compliance/persistency.
A note on Hamilton's principle for perfect fluids

A derivation is given of the Eulerian equations of motion directly from the Lagrangian formulation of Hamilton's principle. The circulation round a circuit of material particles of uniform entropy appears as a constant of the motion associated with the indistinguishability of fluid elements with equal density, entropy and velocity. A discussion is given of the Lin constraint, and it is pointed out that, for a barotropic fluid, the variational principle recently suggested by Seliger & Whitham does not permit velocity fields in which the vortex lines are knotted.
Measurement of local cerebral blood flow in the unanesthetized rat using a hydrogen clearance method.

The hydrogen clearance method for measuring local tissue blood flow was adapted for use in the brain of the unanesthetized rat by means of a stainless steel plate screw mounted in the skull as the reference electrode instead of a calomel electrode. Blood flow was measured at 3 sites in the brains of 5 three-month-old rats over a 6-week period. Blood flow in the frontal cortex and the cerebellum for all the animals averaged 79 ± 22 (SD) and 81 ± 25 ml/min/100 g tissue, respectively. The other site, supposedly the hippocampus, exhibited a two-component clearance curve in most cases. The initial rapid component was of questionable validity; the second slow component averaged 110 ± 23 ml/min/100 g. Autopsy revealed that the hippocampal electrode was actually positioned in more than one type of tissue or proximal to an interspace. Hypoxia (Po2 = 50 mm Hg) and hypercapnia (produced by inhalation of 10% CO2) increased the clearance rates two- to four-fold. The rate of local blood flow and its variability were affected by the state of the animal; anesthesia (sodium pentobarbital) decreased the rate of blood flow as anticipated, and markedly reduced the variation in rate seen in the conscious state.
Effects of nonionizing electromagnetic radiation on single-cell biologic systems.

Many investigators have reported that microwave radiation can interact with the basic genetic apparatus of cells and cause abnormal biologic expression.1-6 These reports have left varying degrees of doubt as to whether the absorbed radiation energy was enough to cause generalized heating and, if so, whether this heating caused a temperature rise in the system which thus produced the observed e f f e ~ t . ~ . ~ In 1968, Webb and Doddsa described a dramatic, although apparently transient, inhibition of cell growth in response to microwave exposure. This paper is very significant for two reasons. First, the irradiation temperature was 12°C below the optimum growth temperature for the test organism, Escherichia coli. For generalized heating to produce the observed inhibition, the sample temperature would have to increase by more than 14"C, but their temperature monitoring indicated a rise of less than 1°C. Second, the forward power, after passing through a frequency doubler to produce 136-GHz radiation, was much too low (estimated at 7 pW) to produce generalized heating of the sample. Because our experiments have been greatly influenced by Webb and Dodds' report, their results should be reviewed. Cells of E. coli B were irradiated in two growth stages, lag and log phases, and samples were obtained every 30 min and assayed for colony forming units (CFU), that is, for the ability to form colonies on nutrient broth. In FIGURE 1, these data are plotted as the equivalent number of cell doublings that occurred during the irradiation period, expressed as N , / N t = 2,, where N o and N, represent the CFU concentration a t zero and various irradiation times, respectively, and n denotes the number of cell doublings. The control cultures respond as expected for the two growth stages, whereas the irradiated cultures in lag phase do not divide and those in log phase divide only once. Because the assay required the cells to grow, these data can be interpreted as demonstrating the effects of a blockage of cell division or growth, which is removed when the cells are withdrawn from the microwave field. There are other interpretations of these data, but they will be discussed later. Our objective was to use Webb and Dodds' system to determine which microwave frequencies and wave patterns in the environment might affect biologic systems in a nonthermal way and thus merit further detailed study.
Purification and Characterization of Soluble Starch Synthases from Maize Endosperm

This study identified and characterized the soluble starch synthase of maize endosperm that was initially revealed as the SSII activity peak in anion exchange chromatography (J. L. Ozbun et al. (1971) Plant Physiol. 48, 765-769). At least six different genes coding for starch synthases are expressed in maize, although previously it was not known which of these is responsible for the SSII activity peak. The enzyme activity in the SSII peak was neutralized to a large extent by antibodies raised against the product of the Du1 gene, but was not affected by antibodies specific for the other highly expressed soluble starch synthase, zSSI, or for the zSSIIa or zSSIIb isoforms. These data provide direct evidence that Du1 codes for the starch synthase responsible for the SSII activity peak. This starch synthase was purified approximately 350-fold from endosperm extracts. The following enzymatic properties of the SSII activity were determined: temperature optimum, thermostability, pH effects, K(m) for different glucan primers and the glucosyl unit donor ADPGlc, V(max) using various primers, and stimulation by citrate. These properties were compared to those of zSSI purified over 1600-fold from maize endosperm by a parallel procedure. The major differences between the two enzymes were that the SSII activity displayed higher K(m) values for ADPGlc, a distinct temperature range for maximal activity, and different relative activities toward specific exogenous substrates. The purified SSI and SSII activities both were shown to be capable of elongating maltooligosaccharide primers in vitro.
Are you protecting your employee's data?

Over the last few years, data-privacy failures have become commonplace, both in the United States and abroad. These high-profile cases demand more regulatory activity—because they have harmed customers and employees and impaired the reputations of many organizations. Companies face the challenge of managing a greater volume of sensitive information, caused by increased digital storage of employee, health, financial, and other personal data. So the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) and other regulatory agencies have increased their focus on data-privacy failures. It's important to examine these cases—to better understand how to prevent or lessen the risk of damage when there is a privacy breach. This article focuses on human resources (HR) data-privacy breaches. The author explores corporate vulnerabilities—to help managers address data-privacy risks. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
New Journals in Education and Psychology: General Trends, Discoverability, and Ubiquitous Journals of the Decade, 2000-2009

This study identified nearly 700 English-language refereed journals in education and psychology that were founded in 2000–2009. Part one discusses the publishers, format, open-access availability, and current status of these publications. Titles were then searched against coverage lists of EBSCO Academic Search Complete, Gale Academic OneFile, ProQuest Central, ERIC, PsycINFO, Web of Science, DOAJ, Google Scholar, WorldCAT, and the library catalogs of the “Big Ten” universities to determine whether databases and libraries include these new publications. Subscription database coverage was poor, ranging from 8.8 percent (ProQuest Central) to 42.0 percent (PsycINFO). Psychology materials were heavily favored over education items in several databases. Although some library catalogs provide better title-level coverage, they are unable to search individual articles. Google Scholar only indexed the publishers’ versions of the journals in 143 (58.0%) of 247 cases examined. Significant differences in database coverage and library holdings were found when comparing publications of major corporations (Elsevier, Routledge/Taylor & Francis, Sage, Springer, and Wiley) against periodicals produced by smaller companies, colleges/universities, and scholarly/professional organizations. This article also describes a “ubiquity index” devised by the author to identify approximately 70 “journals of the decade” based on database coverage and library holdings. The study provides much cause for concern about the comprehensiveness and currency of existing discovery tools. It also offers evidence that the relationship between libraries and publishing conglomerates deserves further examination.
Small sample distributions of some nonparametric tests for testing treatments vs control

A class of distribution-free tests for testing test treatments vs. a control treatment is formulated. Some small sample distributions are produced for thr Wilcoxon scores.
Synoptic controls on upper Colorado River basin snowfall

Synoptic controls of the Colorado River basin snowfall are determined from 700 mb atmospheric circulation. The 700 mb time series is run through an S-mode Principal Component Analysis (PCA) which creates a synoptic index over the western US region This synoptic index is used as input to a feed-forward backpropagation neural network to develop transfer functions that simulate daily snowfall at approximately the 70% accuracy level. Thus, the neural network provides a scale translation mechanism for determining local surface parameters from synoptic scale circulation. The nature of the synoptic controls on the Colorado River basin snowfall are determined by iteratively removing information from the neural nets and determining the influence of specific atmospheric variance regions on snowfall. The primary synoptic control on the Colorado River basin snowfall comes from atmospheric variance in the Pacific Northwest reflecting synoptic systems that originate over the Gulf of Alaska in concert with cyclogenesis in the lee of the Rocky Mountains. Different Colorado River basin snow sub-regions, however, exhibit varying amounts of influence from the atmospheric variance regions defined by the synoptic index. Copyright © 2000 Royal Meteorological Society
Ruminant Utilization of Silage in Relation to Hay, Pellets, and Hay Plus Grain. II. Rumen Content, Dry Matter Passage, and Water Intake

Abstract Two 4 × 4 Latin-square experiments were conducted using fistulated Holstein heifers. Experiment 1 compared silage, hay, pelleted hay, and hay plus grain. Experiment 2 compared direct-cut silage and hay harvested from the same source. The wet rumen contents and dry matter percentages were determined by completely emptying the reticulorumen of each animal on each ration at four times between 12-hr feeding intervals. From these data dry rumen contents were calculated. The dry rumen content was divided by the daily dry matter consumption to obtain an average retention time. The wet and dry rumen contents of heifers when fed silage ad libitum were less than when fed hay, suggesting that silage intake was not restricted by rumen capacity. The retention time of silage was comparable to that of hay. The calculated daily fecal DM excretion relative to body weight was less for silage-fed animals than for hay-fed animals in a simultaneous growth trial, suggesting that silage intake was not limited by feed residues in the lower tract. The undigested residue in the rumen calculated from the passage of stained particles using first-order equations showed no consistent relation to the actual amount present. The difference was caused by the variable portion undergoing digestion. The animals drank less water when eating silage as compared to hay, but the total water intake per kilogram feed DM was greater on silage than on hay rations.
Thermodynamic considerations of p-n junction capacitance

Abstract Recently, accurate solutions for the hole and electron densities and the electric field in a p-n junction have become available. By use of these solutions it is possible to calculate p-n junction capacitance more accurately. The literature contains several different viewpoints on the details of the calculation of junction capacitance. In this paper several formulations are briefly reviewed and a numerical comparison is given for an asymmetrical p-n step junction. Space-charge capacitance and diffusion capacitance are shown to be well-defined quantities even if the depletion approximation is not valid. An extension of the so-called “energetic” definition of capacitance is presented. In particular, it is shown that the definition involving energy stored in the electrical field of a junction is valid only for large reverse bias. The range of validity may be extended to any bias, by consideration of both chemical and electrical energy: i.e., the total thermodynamic energy stored in the junction.
The crystal structure of NaMnPO4

Abstract NaMnPO 4 crystallizes in the space group Pmnb with a = 6.9041(1), b = 9.0882(1), and c = 5.1134(1)A. For Z = 4 the calculated density is 3.580 g/cm 3 ( V = 320.84A 3 ). Refinement ( R = 0.044, R w = 0.045) was carried out on hydrothermally grown crystals. NaMnPO 4 is isostructural to Na(Fe,Zn)PO 4 and the mineral maricite.
Volume conservation versus boson-number conservation

Contrary to Gilmore et al., we show that second-order volume conservation in the liquid-drop model does not give rise to a constraint analogous to boson-number conservation in the interacting-boson model, but rather has only a minor effect on collective-model parameters.
A low energy architecture for fast PN acquisition

Spread spectrum systems are being widely deployed today and are becoming more prevalent as most next-generation wireless systems are adopting it for their common air interface. These systems include the digital cellular IS-95 A/B/C, IEEE 802.11 wireless local area networks, as well as third-generation wideband code-division multiple access systems. In spread-spectrum systems, the receiver must synchronize on to the transmitted pseudo-noise (PN) code to obtain the improvement performance achieved through spreading. Since PN acquisition must process the spread-spectrum signal at a speed much faster than the transmitted data rate, its energy consumption can become significant and should be minimized for portable applications. Typically, either matched filters or serial correlators are used to acquire the PN code timing. This paper describes a hybrid PN acquisition architecture which employs both matched filters and serial correlators to achieve a lower energy consumption and fast acquisition time as compared to the traditional approaches of using either matched filters or serial correlators alone. The hybrid architecture has been implemented in RTL VHDL and synthesized down to gate level in a 0.5 micron CMOS library. Synthesis results show a factor of four reduction in energy for the hybrid scheme as compared to the matched filters architecture and a factor of two reduction in energy as compared to the serial architecture.
Incidence and effect of hypothermia in seriously injured patients.

Hypothermia is a well recognized consequence of severe injury, even in temperate climates, and the physiologic consequences of hypothermia are known to be detrimental. To analyze the frequency and risk factors for hypothermia and its effect on patient outcome, we prospectively studied 94 intubated i
Variation and consistency in the social behavior of two groups of stumptail macaques (Macaca arctoides)

Social interactions of two five-member groups of stumptail macaques were observed. Behavior of all but one of these animals has been reported in two previous studies. In the third study, high-ranking females maintained their positions in the dominance order when the alpha male with whom they were previously associated was either removed from the group or displaced by a male added to the group. The results of all three studies indicated a tendency for interaction among animals holding adjacent hierarchical ranks. The data suggested that one function of selective grooming was pacifying the grooming partner, and that one function of selective adult play was behavior testing under conditions of moderate arousal.
RNA metabolism during vegetative growth and morphogenesis of the cellular slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum

Abstract During vegetative growth of the cellular slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum , RNA is rapidly labeled by radioactive precursor and both the 25 S and the 17 S ribosomal RNA species appear in the cytoplasm 6–7 min after the onset of labeling. Thirty minutes after further incorporation of radioactive RNA precursors has been blocked, less than 10% of the label in RNA is associated with the nuclear fraction. After aggregation of the slime mold amoebae, RNA appears in the cytoplasm at a reduced rate, the small ribosomal subunit appearing in the cytoplasmic fraction more slowly than the larger ribosomal subunit. Some labeled RNA remains in the nuclei of developing cells long after the incorporation of 3 H-uridine is blocked.
Checkpoint signaling from a single DNA interstrand crosslink

DNA interstrand crosslinks (ICLs) are the most toxic lesions induced by chemotherapeutic agents such as mitomycin C and cisplatin. By covalently linking both DNA strands, ICLs prevent DNA melting, transcription, and replication. Studies on ICL signaling and repair have been limited, because these drugs generate additional DNA lesions that trigger checkpoint signaling. Here, we monitor sensing, signaling from, and repairing of a single site-specific ICL in cell-free extract derived from Xenopus eggs and in mammalian cells. Notably, we demonstrate that ICLs trigger a checkpoint response independently of origin-initiated DNA replication and uncoupling of DNA polymerase and DNA helicase. The Fanconi anemia pathway acts upstream of RPA-ATR-Chk1 to generate the ICL signal. The system also repairs ICLs in a reaction that involves extensive, error-free DNA synthesis. Repair occurs by both origin-dependent and origin-independent mechanisms. Our data suggest that cell sensitivity to crosslinking agents results from both checkpoint and DNA repair defects.
MO‐E‐BRB‐02: Biologically Optimized Treatment Planning for Proton Therapy: Monte Carlo Calculated Linear Energy Transfer Distributions in Patients

Purpose: To apply Monte Carlo simulations to simulate the Linear Energy Transfer (LET) distributions in patients undergoing proton therapy. These distributions can be used to identify areas of elevated biological effect. The location of such areas might be influenced in intensity‐modulated proton therapy (IMPT) optimization. Method and Materials:ProtonMonte Carlo calculations are performed using a code considering all relevant primary and secondary particles. Since Monte Carlo studies to investigate the LET distribution in patients have not been undertaken so far, the code is first validated: simulations in a water phantom are compared to published data. The code was subsequently used to track particles through the patient geometry based on CT information for five patients. For each of them three different proton therapy planning and delivery techniques were simulated: passive scattering, 3D modulation IMPT (3D‐IMPT) and Distal Edge Tracking IMPT (DET‐IMPT). Results: Detailed examination of the LET distributions and LET‐Volume‐Histograms reveals significant differences between the treatment techniques. While passive scattering and 3D‐IMPT lead to largely comparable LET distributions, the DET‐IMPT plans result in considerably increased LET values in normal tissues and organs at risk. In the brainstem, dose‐averaged LET values exceeding 10 keV/ m are observed in areas with significant dose levels (above 70% of prescribed dose). In non‐critical normal tissues even values above 15 keV/ m occur, although in areas with low doses. Conclusion: This work demonstrates that active scanning offers the possibility to influence the distribution of dose averaged LET (i.e. the biological effect) without significantly altering the distribution of physical dose. Based on this finding, we propose a method to deliberately alter the LET distribution of a treatment plan in such a manner that the LET is maximized within the target and minimized in normal tissues, while leaving the prescribed dose to the target unchanged.
Exploring CDMA for watermarking of digital video

Spread spectrum has been used as a technique for secure communications for a long time. For still image watermarking, spread spectrum has been the method of choice for some time. In this paper we argue that spread spectrum in the form of CDMA has a more natural application in the watermarking of uncompressed digital video. The reason for this sentiment is that digital video, by virtue of its time-space property, fits the direct sequence spread spectrum more readily. The problem, however, is that conventional CDMA achieves its data-hiding capability by a massive increase in bitrate. Successful implementation of CDMA for video watermarking, therefore, requires a reformulation of the concept. To this end, digital video is modeled as a bitplane stream along the time axis. Using a modified m-sequence, bitplanes of specific order are pseudorandomly marked for watermarking. Then, the desired watermark is mapped to a single bitplane and spread via another 2D m-sequence, not necessarily related to the first one, along a stream parallel to that of the video. The tagged planes are removed and replaced by the spread watermark. We show that the above approach resists noise as well as attacks on destroying synchronization at the watermark detector. Such attacks may include regular and/or random frame removal.
Glial cell abnormalities in the CNS of the carbonic anhydrase II deficient mutant mouse.

Abstract The Car-2n/Car-2n mutant mouse is entirely lacking in carbonic anhydrase II (CA), which is normally found in myelin and glial cells in the CNS. CNS tissue from CA-deficient mutant mice was examined to see whether abnormalities could be detected which might help in understanding the function(s) of CA in the normal brain. Analyses of myelin yields and myelin proteins showed no differences between mutants and normal littermates. To visualize the oligodendrocytes and astrocytes in tissue sections, immunocytochemical staining was performed using antibodies against the Pi form of glutathione-S-transferase and glial-fibrillary acidic protein, respectively. In both gray and white matter from the mutants' brains the oligodendrocytes appeared to be shrinking and, possibly, degenerating. Hypertrophy of astrocytes occurred in the white matter, and the astrocytes in gray matter appeared swollen. It is suggested that imbalances in the HCO − 3 CO 2 ratios in various glial-cell compartments may produce abnormal distributions of water and ions in the brains of the CAII-deficient mice.
A Brief Etymology of the Collateral Circulation

It is well known that the protective capacity of the collateral circulation falls short in many individuals with ischemic disease of the heart, brain, and lower extremities. In the past 15 years, opportunities created by molecular and genetic tools, together with disappointing outcomes in many angiogenic trials, have led to a significant increase in the number of studies that focus on: understanding the basic biology of the collateral circulation; identifying the mechanisms that limit the collateral circulation's capacity in many individuals; devising methods to measure collateral extent, which has been found to vary widely among individuals; and developing treatments to increase collateral blood flow in obstructive disease. Unfortunately, accompanying this increase in reports has been a proliferation of vague terms used to describe the disposition and behavior of this unique circulation, as well as the increasing misuse of well-ensconced ones by new (and old) students of collateral circulation. With this in mind, we provide a brief glossary of readily understandable terms to denote the formation, adaptive growth, and maladaptive rarefaction of collateral circulation. We also propose terminology for several newly discovered processes that occur in the collateral circulation. Finally, we include terms used to describe vessels that are sometimes confused with collaterals, as well as terms describing processes active in the general arterial-venous circulation when ischemic conditions engage the collateral circulation. We hope this brief review will help unify the terminology used in collateral research.
Differential reward positioning and children’s performance on dimension-abstracted oddity problems

This experiment tests the effects of rewarding all three positions, or only the left and right positions, in three-stimuli oddity problems. After pretraining, Ss were assigned either to a simple oddity problem or to a dimension-abstracted oddity problem, with their nonpreferred dimension being variable and irrelevant. Rewarding all three positions in an array significantly improved performance on problems containing variable irrelevant dimensions. On simple problems, no differences due to reward positioning were found.
Evaluation of Tropical Cyclone Center Identification Methods in Numerical Models

AbstractIdentifying the center of a tropical cyclone in a high-resolution model simulation has a number of operational and research applications, including constructing a track, calculating azimuthal means and perturbations, and diagnosing vortex tilt. This study evaluated several tropical cyclone center identification methods in a high-resolution Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model simulation of a sheared, intensifying, asymmetric tropical cyclone. The simulated tropical cyclone (TC) contained downshear convective cells and a mesovortex embedded in a broader TC vortex, complicating the identification of the TC vortex center. It is shown that unlike other methods, the pressure centroid method consistently 1) placed the TC center within the region of weak storm-relative wind, 2) produced a smooth track, 3) yielded a vortex tilt that varied smoothly in magnitude and direction, and 4) was insensitive to changes in horizontal grid resolution. Based on these results, the authors recommend using the pr...
Genetic/bio design automation for (re-)engineering biological systems

Constructing biological circuits in a bottom-up modular fashion using design methodologies similar to those used in electronics has gained tremendous attention in the past decade. The end goal, however, is engineering biological systems and not only individual components in the context of pursuing applications useful in improving human health or enhancing the environment. This article reviews the basics of biological system design rooted in Metabolic Engineering and Systems Biology and outlines current system-level modeling, analysis, optimization, and synthesis with emphasis on some current bottlenecks in establishing more rigorous design tools and methodologies for engineering biological systems.
Towards efficient dynamic data placement in NoC-based multicores

Next generation multicores will process massive data with significant sharing. Since future processors will also be inherently limited by the off-chip bandwidth, the on-chip data management is emerging as a first-order design constraint. On-chip memory latency increases as more cores are added since the diameter of most on-chip networks increases with the number of cores. We observe that a large fraction of on-chip traffic originates from communication between the cores to maintain cache coherence. Motivated by these observations, we propose a novel on-chip data placement mechanism that optimizes shared data placement by minimizing the distance of data from the requesting cores (improve locality) while paying attention to load balancing network contention and the utilization of percore cache capacity. Using simulations of a 64-core multicore, we show that our proposal outperforms state-of-the-art static and dynamic data placement mechanisms by an average of 5.5% and 8.5% respectively.
Repetitive Pediatric Anesthesia in a Non-Hospital Setting

Purpose Repetitive sedation/anesthesia (S/A) for children receiving fractionated radiation therapy requires induction and recovery daily for several weeks. In the vast majority of cases, this is accomplished in an academic center with direct access to pediatric faculty and facilities in case of an emergency. Proton radiation therapy centers are more frequently free-standing facilities at some distance from specialized pediatric care. This poses a potential dilemma in the case of children requiring anesthesia. Methods and Materials The records of the Indiana University Health Proton Therapy Center were reviewed for patients requiring anesthesia during proton beam therapy (PBT) between June 1, 2008, and April 12, 2012. Results A total of 138 children received daily anesthesia during this period. A median of 30 fractions (range, 1-49) was delivered over a median of 43 days (range, 1-74) for a total of 4045 sedation/anesthesia procedures. Three events (0.0074%) occurred, 1 fall from a gurney during anesthesia recovery and 2 aspiration events requiring emergency department evaluation. All 3 children did well. One aspiration patient needed admission to the hospital and mechanical ventilation support. The other patient returned the next day for treatment without issue. The patient who fell was not injured. No patient required cessation of therapy. Conclusions This is the largest reported series of repetitive pediatric anesthesia in radiation therapy, and the only available data from the proton environment. Strict adherence to rigorous protocols and a well-trained team can safely deliver daily sedation/anesthesia in free-standing proton centers.
Posterior subcapsular cataract following intense ultraviolet radiation exposure: A case report

A 46-year-old Caucasian man with no other known risk factors developed bilateral posterior subcapsular cataracts soon after intense exposure to ultraviolet radiation. This case report supports experimental and epidemiological evidence implicating ultraviolet radiation as a risk factor for cataract formation.
International patterns of union membership

This paper examines changes in unionization that have occurred over the last decade or so using individual level micro data on many countries, with particular emphasis on the United Kingdom, the United States and Canada. I document an empirical regularity not hitherto identified, namely the probability of being unionized follows an inverted U‐shaped pattern in age, maximizing in the mid‐ to late 40s in 34 of the 38 countries I study. I consider the question of why union membership seems to follow a similar inverted U‐shape pattern in age across countries with such diverse industrial relations systems. I find evidence that this arises in part because of cohort effects, but even when cohort effects are removed a U‐shape remains.
Systematic review of emergency physician-performed ultrasonography for lower-extremity deep vein thrombosis.

Objectives: The authors performed a systematic review to evaluate published literature on diagnostic performance of emergency physician‐performed ultrasonography (EPPU) for the diagnosis and exclusion of deep venous thrombosis (DVT). Methods: Structured search criteria were used to query MEDLINE and EMBASE, followed by a hand search of published bibliographies. Relevance and inclusion criteria required prospective investigation of emergency department (ED) outpatients with suspected DVT; diagnostic evaluations had to consist of EPPU followed by criterion standard (radiology-performed) imaging. Two authors independently extracted data from included studies; study quality was assessed utilizing a validated tool for quality assessment of diagnostic accuracy studies (QUADAS). Pooled data were analyzed using an unweighted summary receiver-operating-characteristic (SROC) curve; sensitivity and specificity were estimated using a random effects model. Results: The initial search yielded 1,162 publications. Relevance screening and selection yielded six articles including 936 patients. Four of the six studies reported adequate blinding but a number of other methodologic flaws were identified. A random effects model yielded an overall sensitivity of 0.95 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.87 to 0.99) and specificity of 0.96 (95% CI = 0.87 to 0.99). Conclusions: Systematic review of six studies suggests that EPPU may be accurate for the diagnosis of DVT compared with radiology-performed ultrasound (US). However, given the methodologic limitations identified among the primary studies, the estimates of diagnostic test performance may be overly optimistic. Further research into EPPU for suspected DVT is needed before it can be adopted into routine clinical practice. ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2008; 15:493‐498 a 2008 by the Society for Academic Emergency
In Situ Re-endothelialization via Multifunctional Nanoscaffolds

The endothelium monolayer lining in the luminal side of blood vessels provides critical antithrombotic functions. Damage to these cells will expose a highly thrombogenic subendothelium, which leads to pathological vascular changes. Using combined tissue engineering and ligand-receptor targeting strategy, we developed a biodegradable urethane-doped polyester (UPE) multifunctional targeting nanoparticle (MTN) scaffold system with dual ligands: (1) glycoprotein 1b (GP1b) to target the injured arterial endothelium and subendothelium and (2) anti-CD34 antibodies to capture endothelial progenitor cells for endothelium regeneration. The fabricated spherical MTNs of 400 nm were found to be cytocompatible and hemocompatible. Both the in vitro and ex vivo targeting of these nanoscaffolds not only showed binding specificity of MTNs onto the von Willebrand factor -coated surfaces that simulate the injured arterial walls but also competed with platelets for binding onto these injured sites. Further in vivo study has revealed that a single delivery of MTNs upon vascular injury reduced neointimal hyperplasia by 57% while increased endothelium regeneration by ∼ 60% in 21 days. These results support the promise of using MTN nanoscaffolds for treating vascular injury in situ.
Implementing Curriculum-Based Measures of Reading in an Adult Literacy Program

In this study, curriculum-based measurement (CBM) procedures were implemented with adults attending a basic literacy program. The specific purposes of the study were to obtain reliability and validity information regarding CBM with adults, to determine the sensitivity of CBM to student growth in reading, and to assess the value and utility of such a system. Alternate form reliability data indicated greater consistency across narrative rather than expository passages and high reliability regardless of level of difficulty. Interrater reliability was also high. Validity data indicated some inconsistency between scores obtained on CBM and those on various standardized tests. Students showed significant gains on both CBM and the California Comprehension subtest. CBM procedures were more highly related to teacher judgment of progress than were standardized measures. Both teachers and students were positive about CBM procedures, including the tasks, graphing of scores, and perceived influence on student performance.
Experimental studies in neural network control

Control algorithms are designed using neural networks and experimentally implemented on an electromechanical system. Such algorithms require very little knowledge about the systems which, together with their capability of learning, make them attractive for the control of nonlinear partially known dynamic systems. Issues pertaining to such algorithms are investigated, and preliminary results are presented. The controllers perform well compared to conventional designs. >
Heart transplantation for progressive cardiomyopathy as a manifestation of MELAS syndrome

Mitochondrial diseases represent a heterogeneous group of disorders associated with a wide array of clinical manifestations. The presentation of patients with mitochondrial pathology largely depends upon the dysfunction of organ systems with large metabolic/energy requirements, including cardiac, neurologic, and musculoskeletal. In particular, mitochondrial myocardial disease can be progressive resulting in congestive heart failure and end-stage heart disease. This article reviews the role of heart transplantation for a particular variant of mitochondrial disorder, mitochondrial encephalopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes (MELAS) syndrome, and discusses perioperative management issues related to transplantation for mitochondrial cardiomyopathies.
A framework for conceptualizing research in natural history museums and science centers

Natural History Museums, Science Centers, Zoos, and Aquaria contribute considerably to out-of-school science experiences for visitors of all ages and characteristics. With birth rates and school age populations declining, it is likely that people will be looking to these settings for rest, recreation, stimulation, and learning. Science educators can play a leadership role in research, development, and in utilization of these settings to achieve learning and motivational objectives which support, supplement, and extend school science learning. But what is the current “state of the art” in this area? This article reviews relevant past studies, proposes a taxonomy of exhibits in museum settings, and focuses attention on factors which should be considered when studying learning in these settings. In addition, it presents some potentially productive methods of conceptualizing research, and suggests possible future lines of research for the science educator.
Synaptic activity and bioenergy homeostasis: implications in brain trauma and neurodegenerative diseases

Powered by glucose metabolism, the brain is the most energy-demanding organ in our body, accounting for a quarter of total oxygen consumption. Adequate ATP production and regulation of the metabolic processes are essential for the maintenance of synaptic transmission and neuronal function. Glutamatergic synaptic activity utilizes the largest portion of bioenergy for synaptic events including neurotransmitter synthesis, vesicle recycling, and most importantly the postsynaptic activities leading to channel activation and rebalancing of ionic gradients. Bioenergy homeostasis is coupled with synaptic function via activities of the sodium pumps, glutamate transporters, glucose transport and mitochondria translocation. Energy insufficiency will be sensed by the AMP-activated dependent protein kinase (AMPK), a master metabolic regulator that stimulates the catalytic process to enhance energy production. A decline in energy supply and a disruption in bioenergy homeostasis play a critical role in multiple neuropathological conditions including ischemia, stroke and neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer’s disease and traumatic brain injuries.
Who Chooses Sci-Tech Librarianship?

Why and how do librarians and graduate students decide to enter the field of sci-tech librarianship? A survey was created and distributed using e-mail discussion groups to answer this question. Factors relevant in this decision were solicited from both practicing sci-tech librarians and library school students. The three hundred eleven respondents included personal opinions and anecdotes in their replies. Topics discussed included the influence of a sci-tech background on job performance and professional association membership. In addition, some questions dealt with perceived expectations about sci-tech librarianship and their outcomes. Most of the respondents had come into sci-tech library positions with some type of background.
Current trends in nursing theories.

Purpose: To explore current trends in nursing theories through an integrated literature review. Organizing Construct and Methods: The literature related to nursing theories during the past 10 years was searched through multiple databases and reviewed to determine themes reflecting current trends in nursing theories. Findings: The trends can be categorized into six themes: (a) foci on specifics; (b) coexistence of various types of theories; (c) close links to research; (d) international collaborative works; (e) integration to practice; and (f) selective evolution. Conclusions: We need to make our continuous efforts to link research and practice to theories, to identify specifics of our theories, to develop diverse types of theories, and to conduct international collaborative works. Clinical Relevance: Our paper gives implications for future theoretical development in diverse clinical areas of nursing research and practice.