cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
How transport modes, the built and natural environments, and activities influence mood: A GPS smartphone app study

Abstract Transportation-related mood studies relying on retrospective surveys incur recall bias, given the transient state of mood. Additionally, previous research in this domain has been limited to a single time-point measurement of mood, making it impossible to evaluate within-person variation. This study applied experience sampling methodology (ESM) to explore how mood during travel relates to transport mode, activities, and the built and natural environments. A smartphone application was employed to overcome the limitations of prior studies in this domain. Participants tracked their trips for at least one week and completed mood surveys after each trip. After accounting for within-person variation, active travel correlated with more positive mood than motorized travel, and mood was more positive when individuals talked to others during their trips. However, mood was more negative when completing errand trips as compared to other types of trips. Mood was lower when individuals traveled through places with a higher Walk Score®, but higher when individuals traveled through natural environments. All participants felt less safe when bicycling. This field study was one of the first to consider within-person differences in mood during travel as a function of various environmental and transportation characteristics. The research demonstrated how information on mood could be used to promote sustainable transportation (e.g., walking, bicycling), as well as how urban transportation infrastructure could be designed to enhance mental well-being.
Multi-Needle Detection in 3D Ultrasound Images Using Unsupervised Order-Graph Regularized Sparse Dictionary Learning

Accurate and automatic multi-needle detection in three-dimensional (3D) ultrasound (US) is a key step of treatment planning for US-guided brachytherapy. However, most current studies are concentrated on single-needle detection by only using a small number of images with a needle, regardless of the massive database of US images without needles. In this paper, we propose a workflow for multi-needle detection by considering the images without needles as auxiliary. Concretely, we train position-specific dictionaries on 3D overlapping patches of auxiliary images, where we develop an enhanced sparse dictionary learning method by integrating spatial continuity of 3D US, dubbed order-graph regularized dictionary learning. Using the learned dictionaries, target images are reconstructed to obtain residual pixels which are then clustered in every slice to yield centers. With the obtained centers, regions of interest (ROIs) are constructed via seeking cylinders. Finally, we detect needles by using the random sample consensus algorithm per ROI and then locate the tips by finding the sharp intensity drops along the detected axis for every needle. Extensive experiments were conducted on a phantom dataset and a prostate dataset of 70/21 patients without/with needles. Visualization and quantitative results show the effectiveness of our proposed workflow. Specifically, our method can correctly detect 95% of needles with a tip location error of 1.01 mm on the prostate dataset. This technique provides accurate multi-needle detection for US-guided HDR prostate brachytherapy, facilitating the clinical workflow.
Reduced-order Aggregate Model for Parallel-connected Grid-tied Three-phase Photovoltaic Inverters

Ratings of utility-scale grid-tied photovoltaic (PV) inverters are typically no more than 1 MVA. This implies that a large number of inverters are usually installed in utility-scale PV energy-conversion systems. Given the complexity of inverter dynamic models (typical models are high dimension and nonlinear), reduced-order models for inverters are critical for performance assessment and accurate representation of PV-system dynamics in the bulk power grid with limited computational burden. In this paper, we formulate a reduced-order model for parallel- connected grid-tied three-phase PV inverters that has the same structure and model order as a single inverter. We adopt a singlediode model for the PV modules, and each inverter is assumed to be a single-stage dc-ac voltage-source converter with an input dc- link capacitor and an LCL output filter. The control architecture includes a maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm, a dc-link voltage controller, a reactive power controller, a current controller, and a phase-locked loop for grid synchronization. Numerical simulations demonstrate the computational benefits and accuracy of the reduced-order model.
Gastric metabolomics analysis supports H. pylori’s catabolism of organic and amino acids in both the corpus and antrum

Helicobacter pylori is a chronic bacterial pathogen that thrives in several regions of the stomach, causing inflammation that can vary by site and result in distinct disease outcomes. It is not known, however, whether the host-derived metabolites differ between the two main regions, the corpus and antrum. We thus characterized the metabolomes of mouse gastric corpus and antrum organoids and tissue. The secreted organoid metabolites differed significantly between the corpus and antrum in only seven metabolites: lactic acid, malic acid, phosphoethanolamine, alanine, uridine, glycerol, and isoleucine, with only lactic acid and phosphoethanolamine exceeding two-fold differences. Multiple chemicals were depleted upon H. pylori infection including urea, cholesterol, glutamine, fumaric acid, lactic acid, citric acid, malic acid, and multiple non-essential amino acids. Many are known H. pylori nutrients and did not differ between the two regions. When tissue was examined, there was little overlap with the organoid metabolites. The two tissue regions were distinct, however, including in antrum-elevated 5-methoxytryptamine, lactic acid, and caprylic acid, and corpus-elevated phospholipid products. Over an 8 month infection time course, the corpus and antrum remained distinct. The antrum displayed no significant changes, in contrast to the corpus which exhibited metabolite changes indicating stress, tissue damage, and depletion of key nutrients such as glutamine and fructose-6-phosphate. Overall, our results suggest the H. pylori preferentially uses carboxylic acids and amino acids in complex environments, and these are found in both the corpus and antrum.
Plasma neurofilament light in Huntington's disease: A marker for disease onset, but not symptom progression.

Abstract Objective To investigate whether plasma NfL levels correlate with clinical symptom severity in premanifest (PM) and manifest HD (HD) individuals, and whether a NfL cut-point could distinguish PM from HD patients with reasonable accuracy. Method 98 participants (33 control, 26 PM, 39 HD), underwent blood sample collection and clinical assessment, using both UHDRS and non-UHDRS measures, at one academic HD Center. Years to onset (YTO), probability of disease onset in 5 years, and predicted years until 60% onset probability were also calculated. NfL levels were measured using a Meso Scale Discovery assay. Results Cohorts differed by age. NfL levels differed significantly across diagnostic groups and were significantly correlated with age. Age-adjusted NfL levels were not correlated with clinical measures in either HD or PM cohorts, but were correlated when cohorts were combined. In PM subjects, NfL levels correlated with YTO, probability of onset in 5 years, and years until 60% onset probability. Using ROC analysis, a NfL cut-point of Conclusions These findings implicate plasma NfL as a peripheral prognostic marker for premanifest-HD. Notably, we show that significant correlations between NfL and clinical symptoms are detected only when PM + HD subjects are combined, but not within HD subjects alone. To date, prior studies have investigated the clinical usefulness of NfL exclusively in merged PM + HD cohorts. Our data suggests a biasing of these previous correlations, and hence potentially limited usefulness of plasma NfL in monitoring HD symptom progression, for example, in clinical trials.
The impact of socioeconomic status in patients with left ventricular assist devices (LVADs)

BACKGROUND Socioeconomic status (SES) can be a powerful predictor of adverse outcomes among heart failure patients but its impact on survival and readmission following left ventricular assist device (LVAD) implantation surgery is poorly understood. We investigated if the LVAD recipients from more deprived neighborhoods experienced higher mortality and readmission rate after device implantation as compared to those from less deprived areas. METHODS This is a single center, retrospective analysis evaluating adults who received Heartmate III and Heartware HVAD implants between 2009 and 2018. SES indicators were area of deprivation index (ADI), race and income. Our cohort was grouped by ADI quartiles from least deprived (Q1), Q2, Q3 to the most deprived (Q4). Outcomes included overall mortality and readmission following surgery. RESULTS A total of 191 patients were included in the study. Demographics by SES indicators demonstrated that least deprived (Q1) patients were older than the most deprived (65 vs. 57, p < .01), African-American patients originated from more deprived neighborhoods than Caucasians (ADI 87 vs. 62, p < .001), and high-income patients had higher preoperative BUN and creatinine. Outcome differences included a decreased risk of death in most deprived patients (Q4) compared to the least deprived (Q1), however after adjusting for age, LVAD indication, and INTERMACS profile this was no longer significant. No differences in survival or readmission by race or income was observed CONCLUSION: SES does not independently impact survival and readmission after Heartware HVAD and Heartmate III LVAD implantation. More studies are needed to evaluate if other SES factors affect these outcomes.
Trends and Costs of Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy in Metastatic Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer.

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE(S) Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy (SBRT) has emerged as a therapeutic option in patients with oligometastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Currently, the patterns of care of SBRT in elderly metastatic NSCLC patients are not known. Similarly, the impact that SBRT has on the overall frequency and costs of hospitalizations are not known. The purpose of this project is to describe early SBRT use, outcomes, hospitalizations and their costs, as compared to matched patients receiving chemotherapy among patients with metastatic NSCLC. MATERIALS/METHODS Using the SEER-Medicare database, we identified 215 patients with metastatic NSCLC who received SBRT as first line treatment and 12,486 patients who received chemotherapy between 2004 and 2014. We limited our sample to patients ≥66 years to have a full year of Medicare claims to determine pre-existing co-morbidities and disability score prior to their diagnosis. We excluded patients who had brain metastases, cancer-directed surgery, or survived less than 30 days from diagnosis. Multivariable logistic regression was used to identify covariates associated with SBRT use. Overall survival between SBRT and chemotherapy was compared using Cox proportional hazards regression and the Kaplan-Meier estimator. In order to compare hospitalizations and associated costs, we matched patients treated with SBRT to those receiving chemotherapy with comparable prognostic factors. All statistical tests were two-sided. RESULTS Median age was 74. SBRT use as first line treatment increased from 0.5% to 3% over the study period. SBRT use was independently associated with older age (OR 1.09, P < 0.001), female sex (OR 1.54, P = 0.002), poor disability status (OR 2.09, P < 0.001), and lower T- and N-stage (P < 0.001). Survival increased with SBRT use (HR 0.72, P < 0.001), female sex (HR 0.80, P < 0.001) higher income (≥$80,000, HR 0.85, P < 0.001) and decreased with higher Charlson Comorbidity Score (≥2, HR 1.09, P < 0.001), poor disability status (HR 1.22, P < 0.001), higher T-stage (HR 1.31, P < 0.001) and higher N-stage (N3, HR 1.21, P < 0.001). Among a sample matched on age, sex, Charlson comorbidity score, disability status, T-stage and N-stage, patients treated with first line SBRT underwent fewer hospitalizations compared to chemotherapy patients (73% vs. 81%, P < 0.01) however, SBRT patients incurred higher total hospitalization costs (mean $33,039 vs. $23,709, P < 0.001). The most common admitting diagnoses were shortness of breath and pneumonia. CONCLUSION In a sample of elderly Medicare patients, the use of SBRT among patients with metastatic lung cancer is increasing. Despite these patients having worse prognostic factors (e.g., older age, poor disability status), receipt of SBRT was associated with improved survival compared to chemotherapy. SBRT was associated with overall fewer hospitalizations but increased hospitalization costs, possibly reflecting more complex management of treatment-related complications.
Oxygen dependence of energy state and cardiac work in the perfused rat heart.

The effects of hypoxia can be observed by noting changes in the circulatory system and tissue metabolism. Theoretical and experimental studies (Sugano et al., 1974) have shown a dependence of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation on oxygen tension. Thus, a reduction in oxygen tension results in a decrease of energy production. To date, there have been few studies concerning the relation between cellular oxygen concentration and high energy phosphates in heart tissue (Fukuda et al., 1989).
The Variety of Configurations of Static Liquid Crystals

Here we make several observations on a variety of special classes of harmonic maps from domains in IR3 to S 2. Such maps are relevant for the study of liquid crystals; see e.g. [HK1], [HKL1], [HKLu]. Part of our work is motivated by questions about the nonuniqueness and the number of harmonic maps having fixed boundary data. Here we show that the number may actually be infinite. For example, by Corollary 3.2 below there exists a one parameter family of distinct energy-minimizers each having the same Dirichlet boundary data.
Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity of US Soils Grouped According to Textural Class and Bulk Density

The importance of saturated hydraulic conductivity (Kₛₐₜ) as a soil hydraulic property led to the development of multiple pedotransfer functions for estimating it. One approach to estimating Kₛₐₜ uses textural classes rather than specific textural fraction contents as a pedotransfer input. The objective of this work was to develop and evaluate a grouping-based pedotransfer procedure to estimate Kₛₐₜ for sample sizes used in laboratory measurements. A search of publications and reports resulted in the collection of 1245 data sets with coupled data on Kₛₐₜ, USDA textural class, and bulk density in the United States into a database called USKSAT. A separate database was assembled for the state of Florida that included 24,566 data sets. Data in each textural class were split into high and low bulk density groups using the splitting algorithm that created the most homogeneous groups. Sample diameters and lengths were <10 cm. Peaks of the semi-partial R² were well defined for loamy soils. The threshold bulk density separating high and low bulk density groups is 1.24 g cm⁻³ for clay soils, about 1.33 g cm⁻³ for loamy soils, and about 1.65 g cm⁻³ for sandy soils. The high bulk density groups included a much broader range of Kₛₐₜ values than the low bulk density groups for clays and loams but not sandy soils. Inspection of superimposed dependencies of Kₛₐₜ on bulk density in the USKSAT database and in the Florida database showed their similarity. When geometric means were used as estimates of Kₛₐₜ within groups, the accuracy was not high and yet was comparable with estimates obtained from far more detailed soil information using sophisticated machine learning methods. Estimating Kₛₐₜ from textural class and bulk density may have the advantage of utility in data-poor environments and large-scale projects.
Light-dependent Modification of Spinach Chloroplast Coupling Factor 1 by Permanganate Ion

Abstract Treatment of spinach chloroplasts with 25 to 100 µm potassium permanganate in the presence of light, magnesium, and ADP gives rise to 35 to 60% inhibition of the subsequent phosphorylation and ATPase activities. For half-maximal inhibition, 5 to 10 µm ADP is necessary and ADP is not replaceable by other nucleotides. The light requirement can be met by preillumination as well as by an acid bath of the chloroplasts. The presence of any one of the substances, Pi, arsenate, ATP, or NH4Cl protects the enzyme against permanganate inhibition. Comparison of electron transport rates and pH rise of the control chloroplasts with those of permanganate-treated chloroplasts indicates that permanganate treatment makes the chloroplasts insensitive to ATP-induced stimulation of pH rise and to inhibition of electron transport by ATP. Kinetic analysis of trypsin-activated Ca2+-ATPase activity indicates that as a result of permanganate treatment the affinity of chloroplast coupling factor 1 for ATP has decreased and that the inhibition of this ATPase by ADP has switched from allosteric to competitive. Thus, permanganate seems to modify chloroplast coupling factor 1 and change its control functions by attacking at a site which is only rendered accessible in the presence of ADP and Mg2+ in an energized state of the chloroplasts.
Laboratory simulation of sea waves

An investigation was undertaken to discover the extent to which statistical properties of wind-generated waves can be simulated on a small scale under laboratory conditions. Experimental data were collected in a wind and wave facility for more than 150 "sea" conditions at twelve fetches (9 ft to 65 ft) and ten wind speeds (19 fps to 72 fps). Continuous water surface elevation recordings, as sensed by capacitance wire transducers and recorded in analog form on magnetic tape, were digitized for analysis by computer. The wave energy spectra exhibit properties which are at least qualitatively similar to those obtained under oceanic conditions. Moreover, the data substantiate the analysis by Longuet-Higgins in which the wave heights are described by a Rayleigh probability distribution. Comparison of laboratory and field data demonstrates that statistical parameters derived on the basis of Longuet-Higgins’ theoretical results are in good agreement over a large range of sea wave environments.
Jahn-Teller Distortion, Hund’s Coupling and Metastability in Alkali Tetramers

The equilibrium geometries of small metal clusters are strongly influenced by the number of valence electrons available. These electrons occupy the molecular energy levels in different ways depending upon the degeneracies of the one-electron states. The symmetry of the atomic arrangements guide the degeneracies and the consequent spin configuration of the clusters. The interplay of the geometry and the spin configuration is demonstrated using model clusters of Na4 and Li4.
A system for Continuous Extrusion Using High Pressure Molten Metal

Extrusion technology as practiced today is a batch process in which billets are sequentially extruded one piece at a time. This results in several inherent product constraints (e.g. limited product length, undesirable coupling between extrusion ratio and product length and end crop losses).
Hopf Bifurcation in Anisotropic Systems

Oscillation patterns predicted by the Hopf bifurcation with the symmetries O(2) × O(2), D m × O(2) and D m × D n are reviewed and discussed in the context of spatially continuous and discrete systems.
Cross Talk Between Estrogen Receptor and IGF Signaling in Normal Mammary Gland Development and Breast Cancer1

Both estrogen and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-I) are critical for normal mammary gland development, but are also implicated in breast cancer development and progression. Evidence that the signaling pathways utilized by these hormones interact has been shown in normal and tumorigenic cell lines, xenograft models, and breast cancer tissue. Analysis of the mechanism of interaction between estrogen and IGF-I has revealed multiple levels of cross-talk with bi-directional regulation of both pathways. Importantly, this bi-directional regulation is often in a positive manner and the resulting synergism noted between these two potent mitogens may be a critical element in the progression of breast cancer. While targeting of the estrogen receptor has shown success in the prevention and treatment of breast cancer, it is hoped that targeting of the IGF signaling pathway will yield similar beneficial results and that inhibitors of IGF signaling may be particularly useful in combination with current antiestrogen therapies. This review will focus on the evidence indicating cross-talk between estrogen and IGF-I and reveal some of the complex mechanisms that link these important pathways in breast cancer.
Dental school-based continuing education in tobacco use cessation counseling for oral health care providers.

The role of health care providers in patient counseling for tobacco use cessation has gained increased attention in recent years. The present survey examined the activities of dental school continuing education departments in providing continuing education in tobacco use cessation counseling to oral health care personnel. A questionnaire was sent to the director of continuing education at all U.S. and Canadian dental schools. The results indicate that few continuing education programs have been or currently are being offered. Respondents to the survey perceived little interest in this topic among their target audiences. The reasons for the current situation and barriers to practitioner involvement are discussed.
Spectroscopic Techniques in Industrial Hygiene

Over the past few decades the pace of change in spectroscopic techniques has been remarkable. Spectroscopic techniques are emerging as important, powerful, and versatile tools in determining exposure levels of hazards generated in working environments. Occupational safety and health studies employ spectroscopic techniques to analyze hazardous chemicals, biomarkers, and particulate matters of exposure. In comparison with many traditional detection techniques such as gravimetric methods, spectrometric techniques are much more sensitive, selective and accurate. The major spectroscopic techniques used in industrial hygiene include mass spectrometry (MS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray microanalysis (XM), atomic spectrometry (AS), ultraviolet/visible (UV/VIS) photometry, fluorescent spectrometry (FS), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy (RS). Interest in using MS in industrial hygiene is driven by its value in understanding basic physical, chemical, and biological processes related to workers' exposure to occupational hazards, and in devising new methodologies to monitor exposures. SEM has become particularly useful in the study of pneumoconioses and workplace environmental particles since being complemented with energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis and automated image analysis capabilities. SEM and EDX have been used extensively to characterize particles found in lung tissues. Atomic spectrometric methods are used widely for occupational health evaluation of inorganicmetals. The development of inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICPAES) techniques has become increasingly attractive, and has been applicable to analysis of nearly all the elements. FTIR and Raman spectroscopies are employed to detect highly toxic gas and vapor mixtures. Additionally, field-portable methods for monitoring airborne workplace contaminants and toxins have received increasing attention. To date, highly specific, selective, and sensitive spectroscopic technologies have allowed for the development of novel methodologies and new indicators for exposure characterization. Assessment of actual body burden of chemicals, which are more directly related to potential adverse occupational health effects, can be accomplished. The major spectroscopic techniques and their applications to industrial hygiene are described in this article.
The Transformation of Hermeneutics: 19th Century Ancients and 20th Century Moderns

Hermeneutics is one of those archaic and refractory, yet fashionable words which seem to crop up in so many places that they take on a power all their own. E. D. Hirsch has observed that the word has become "a rather vague, magical talisman."1 For better or worse hermeneutics has entered into the theoretical controversies of literary criticism, history, sociology, anthropology, political science, philosophy?not only the theory of the humane disciplines but even the theory of the natural sciences. This essay will attempt to examine a distinction which has become deep ly engrained in the discussion of hermeneutics, that is, the distinction between "traditional" or "methodological" hermeneutics?identified with the current of German thought stretching from Humboldt and Schleiermacher through Droysen and Dilthey?and "radical" or "ontological" hermeneutics, which is identified with Heidegger and some of his students, such as Rudolf Bultmann, Ludwig Binswanger, and most notably Hans-Georg Gadamer. The older, methodological hermeneutics is said to be primarily concerned with the justification of interpretive understanding as knowledge or "science" (Wis senschaft), while the newer, ontological hermeneutic is claimed to be con cerned with different matters altogether. The major principles of the traditional hermeneutics were laid down in the course of the 19th century, while those of the radical position have been articulated over the last fifty years, since the publication of Heidegger's Sein und Zeit in 1927. For the sake of brevity it seems appropriate to speak of a battle of 19th century "ancients" and 20th century "moderns" fought over the grounds of interpretation-theory. The battle is by no means over, nor can one assume that it has been decided in favor of the moderns. On the one hand, a number of contemporary thinkers such as Emilio Betti and E. D. Hirsch have restated and refined the case of the ancients; on the other, the moderns' position has been defended by other contemporary commentators such as Richard Palmer and David Hoy. At the risk of making matters even more complicated, it is necessary to point out that a third position, which attempts
Protective Effects of Aspirin and Vitamin E (α-Tocopherol) against Copper- and Cadmium-Induced Toxicity

A 24-h exposure to copper (400 microM, 600 microM) or cadmium (5 microM, 10 microM) significantly reduces the viability of COS-7 cells. A 2-h preincubation with vitamin E does not protect COS-7 cells from copper-induced toxicity, but does protect against cadmium-induced toxicity. Preincubation with aspirin protects cells from both copper- and cadmium-induced toxicity. A combination of aspirin and vitamin E (10 microM and 25 microM, respectively) increases cell viability in copper-exposed cells in a clearly additive manner, while in cadmium-exposed cells the effects are slightly additive. These results indicate that aspirin and vitamin E can protect cells from metal-induced toxicity. Differences in the protective effects of aspirin and vitamin E on copper versus cadmium-induced toxicity may be due to alternative mechanisms of metal toxicity or antioxidant activity.
Induced tolerance of neonate Heliothis zea to host plant allelochemicals and carbaryl following incubation of eggs on foliage of Lycopersicon hirsutum f. glabratum.

Incubation of Heliothis zea (Boddie) eggs on foliage of Lycopersicon hirsutum f. glabratum C.H. Mull (accession PI 134417) results in neonates with elevated levels of tolerance to the toxic effects of PI 134417 foliage attributable to 2-tridecanone found in the glandular trichomes which abound on that foliage. The neonates from such eggs are also shown to have elevated levels of tolerance to the carbamate insecticide carbaryl. Incubation of eggs in an atmosphere containing 2-tridecanone similarly produced elevated levels of tolerance to 2-tridecanone among resulting neonates, indicating that 2-tridecanone is the likely inducing agent and that exposure to 2-tridecanone vapor, which is known to emanate from PI 134417 foliage, is sufficient for induction. Analysis of the cytochrome P-450 content in gut microsomes of fifth instar larvae indicated that exposure of larvae to 2-tridecanone in artificial diet or to PI 134417 foliage resulted in significantly elevated levels of cytochrome P-450 relative to larvae fed diet without 2-tridecanone or foliage of L. esculentum which contains no 2-tridecanone. In addition, removal of the glandular trichomes from PI 134417 foliage eliminated the ability of that foliage to induce elevated levels of cytochrome P-450. These results provide circumstantial evidence that cytochrome P-450 may be involved in the induced tolerance to xenobiotics among neonates from eggs exposed to 2-tridecanone or PI 134417 foliage.
Selection of a convolution function for Fourier inversion using gridding (computerised tomography application)

In the technique known as gridding, the data samples are weighted for sampling density and convolved with a finite kernel, then resampled on a grid preparatory to a fast Fourier transform. The authors compare the artifact introduced into the image for various convolving functions of different sizes, including the Kaiser-Bessel window and the zero-order prolate spheroidal wave function (PSWF). They also show a convolving function that improves upon the PSWF in some circumstances. >
G0. 9 + 0. 1 and the emerging class of composite supernova remnants

High-resolution, multifrequency maps of a bright extended radio source near the Galactic center have revealed it to be a classic example of a composite supernova remnant. A steep-spectrum shell of emission, about 8 arcmin in diameter, surrounds a flat-spectrum, highly polarized Crab-like core about 2 arcmin across. The two components have equal flux densities at about 6 cm, marking this source as having the highest core-to-shell ratio among the about 10 composite remnants identified to date. X-ray and far-infrared data on the source are used to constrain the energetics and evolutionary state of the remnant and its putative central pulsar. It is argued that the total energy contained in the Crab-like components requires that the pulsars powering them were all born with periods shorter than 50 ms, and that if a substantial number of neutron stars with slow initial rotation rates exist, their birthplaces have not yet been found.
Effects of the very late adhesion molecule 4 antagonist WAY103 on human peripheral blood eosinophil vascular cell adhesion molecule 1–dependent functions

Background Eosinophil infiltration to the lung in allergic inflammation can be initiated by the tethering of circulating cells through very late adhesion molecule 4 (VLA-4; α4β1, CD49d/CD29) to vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1) expressed on pulmonary vascular endothelium. Small-molecule VLA-4 antagonists have been proposed as a therapeutic mechanism to prevent eosinophil infiltration in asthma; however, they might affect other eosinophil functions. Objective The small-molecule VLA-4 antagonist (2S)-3-(4-Dimethylcarbamoyloxyphenyl)-2-{[(4R)-5,5-dimethyl-3-(1-methyl-1H-pyrazole-4 sulfonyl)thiazolidine-4-carbonyl]amino}propionic acid (WAY103) was assessed for its effects on eosinophil VLA-4–dependent functions, including adhesion, migration, respiratory burst, and degranulation. Methods Human peripheral blood eosinophils were preincubated with WAY103, anti-α4, and/or anti-β2 integrin mAbs and then assessed for adhesion to recombinant VCAM-1, intercellular adhesion molecule 1, and endothelial cell monolayers. Transmigration was measured by using human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cell monolayers and Transwell filters. Superoxide anion generation was determined by means of cytochrome C reduction and degranulation by means of eosinophil-derived neurotoxin release. Results WAY103 inhibition of eosinophil adhesion to recombinant VCAM-1 was dose dependent (63% inhibition with 100 nM WAY103, P Conclusion Although small-molecule VLA-4 antagonists, such as WAY103, might reduce eosinophil adhesion, this approach might not be sufficient to eliminate this cell from in vivo allergic airway inflammatory participation and could even promote specific cell activation.
Katy Freeway High-Occupancy Vehicle Lane Value Pricing Project, Houston, Texas: Evaluation of Usage

Usage of the QuickRide program on the Katy high-occupancy vehicle (HOV) lane in Houston, Texas, is described. The QuickRide program allows two-person carpools to use the HOV lane for $2.00 during peak periods when the lane is restricted to three or more persons. Use of QuickRide during its first year is described, and an analysis of the demand for the program is presented. QuickRide usage, reported travel behavior, and demographic data are used to analyze user travel patterns, travel time savings, and frequency of use. In the 1-year demonstration, demand averaged slightly over 100 vehicles per day, with more than 60 percent of these vehicles traveling in the morning peak. Participants' average use of QuickRide was only about 0.9 times per week, and very few participants used it more than five times per week. Yet a sampling of travel days indicates that, for the $2.00 fee, the average vehicle saves about 20 min of travel time. Responses to a mail-back survey show a significant mode shift from drive-alone t...
Spirituality and Relationship: A Holistic Analysis of How Couples Cope With Diabetes

This study explores how couples' spirituality and relationship processes holistically interact to inform diabetes management. Qualitative analysis of interviews with 20 heterosexual couples identified five spiritual coping styles based on the spiritual meaning they ascribed to the situation and the nature of their relationships with God and each other: (a) opportunists approach the illness as an opportunity for growth; (b) mutual problem solvers collaborate with their partners to respond to their disease; (c) individualistic problem solvers take personal responsibility for managing their disease; (d) accepters endure their disease; and (e) victims take a hopeless, discouraged approach. Results suggest that spirituality and couple communication and problem-solving patterns appear intertwined and integral to the practice of family therapy.
Cytotoxic effector cells against HLA antigens in strong linkage disequilibrium: identification of a strong, new CML determinant.

Abstract Three sets of cytotoxic effector cells were generated against the A1, B8, DR3 haplotype using haptoidentical individuals in three different families. The three sets of effector cells generated against this haplotype showed excellent reproducibility testing, strong cytotoxicity against their specific targets, low autologous kill, and segregation with the sensitizing haplotype within the family. When tested against a panel of cells bearing all combinations the A1, B8. DR3 antigens, a hierarchy of contribution of the individual HLA antigens as CML target determinants was seen. A new strong target cell determinant was identified by cytotoxicity with one of the effector cells not explicable in terms of the A1, B8, DR3 antigens or known HLA cross-reactivity. A family study demonstrated that this determinant clearly segregates with HLA. The success of this approach in defining new CML determinants may result from the generation of effector cells across a single haplotype in strong linkage disequilibrium or from the presentation of CML determinants in the context of self.
A 24-hr monitoring of the integrated plasma concentration of aldosterone and cortisol in manic patients

Abstract (1) A 24-hr continuous monitoring of the fluctuations of plasma levels of cortisol and aldosterone was carried out in three manic-depressive patients during the manic phase. This study was done using a newly developed, portable, non-thrombogenic, constant blood-withdrawal system, that made possible the collection of blood samples for a 24-hr period, without interfering with the activity of the patient. The integrated concentration of aldosterone and cortisol in the plasma of the patient was determined every 20 min using radioimmunoassay, and competitive protein binding method respectively. The results of these studies were compared with those obtained in six normal subjects during a day of normal activity. (2) The 24-hr integrated concentration of aldosterone in patients was found to be 11.2, 13.6 and 14.2 ng/100 ml. These results were above the range found in healthy subjects (3.8–10.7 ng/100 ml). These findings are in agreement with the higher than normal levels of plasma aldosterone obtained from single blood samples in seven manic patients. (3) The 24-hr integrated concentration of cortisol of the three manic patients were 8.6, 8.2 and 11.4 μg/100 ml (normal range: 3.7–8.4 μg/100 ml). The previously described peaks of cortisol levels in normal subjects, which have been shown to be often related to emotional stress (De Lacerda, Kowarski & Migeon, 1973) were also present in manic patients. However, the underlying diurnal variation detected in all control individuals was not present in the manic patients. This could be related to the lack of regular sleeping pattern in patients during their manic phase.
Results of a pyroelectric detector calibration by a cryogenic radiometer at 10.6 mm

A pyroelectric detector was calibrated against the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) High Accuracy Cryogenic Radiometer (HACR) at 10.6 mm using a CO 2 laser as a source. The purpose of this calibration was to link the NIST infrared (IR) radiometric detector scales to the HACR. Issues addressed in this calibration included the spatial non- uniformity of the pyroelectric detector, the transport and alignment of the IR laser beam, and the measurement of ac signals. The final combined relative standard uncertainty of the calibration is 0.48%, with the largest uncertainty component arising from the spatial non-uniformity of the pyroelectric detector. The apparatus, measurement procedures, and results of the calibration will be discussed.
The Indispensable Nature of Arginine for Maintenance in the Rooster and its Irreplaceability for Chick Growth by Proline and Glutamic Acid

Abstract Womack and Rose (1947) have shown that moderate growth occurs in the rat when arginine, proline and glutamic acid are excluded from an otherwise complete diet. Their work, as well as the earlier work of Clutton et al. (1940), Roloff et al. (1940) and Stetten and Schoenheimer (1944) also indicates that glutamic acid and proline can be interconverted to arginine and therefore spare the latter amino acid. Klose et al. (1938) determined that arginine was an essential amino acid for the growing chick. The possible sparing effect of glutamic acid and proline has not been investigated in the chick. The data herein reported indicate that arginine is an indispensable amino acid for growth as well as for maintenance of nitrogen balance in the adult rooster and that neither proline nor glutamic acid singly or in combination exert any sparing effect on the arginine needs of the arginine needs of the …
Cycloheximide inhibition of insulin control of liver glycogen synthase bintoa conversion

Abstract Cycloheximide given to insulin-treated alloxan diabetic rats results in the inhibition of insulin-induced liver glycogen synthase b into a conversion without affecting the level of synthase b . The effect of cycloheximide, believed to elevate cAMP in liver of normal rats, is independent of cAMP levels of the insulin-treated diabetic rat. The inhibition of insulin-mediated synthase b to a conversion by cycloheximide does not appear to be the result of a cycloheximide-induced cAMP-dependent phosphorylation of synthase a to b and suggests that insulin control of synthase b and a interconversions is dependent upon cycloheximide-sensitive protein synthesis.
Consumer Perspectives on Information and Other Inputs to Decision-Making: Implications for Evidence-Based Practice

This study is an exploration of mental health consumers’ perspectives on information, including scientific information, and on other inputs to decision-making. Four focus groups were held with severely mentally ill consumers at two sites in the summer of 2005. Consumers varied in age, race and diagnosis. Participant responses were coded by theme and into subthematic categories. Implications for evidence-based decision-making included that: consumers desire and seek information about their illnesses and the mental health system; consumers identify scientific studies as information with special and welcome properties; and consumers also identify other influences on their decision-making, most of which fall under the “recovery” rubric.
Evolution of EDA standards worldwide

In this paper EDA standards sponsored by the IEEE Design Automation Standards Committee are discussed. An introduction to the DASC and the original DASC standard, VHDL are also presented.
Consumer Acceptance of Eggs in Multiple Unit Cartons

Abstract THE style and design of egg cartons has progressed little during the past 50 years, in spite of the fact that many advances have been made in packaging and merchandising most food products. Egg cartons of today lend little to the sales promotion of the eggs they conceal, and Mrs. Consumer, the buyer of the product, is forced to make her choice by what she expects to find in the inadequate and frequently unattractive package. Consumer preference has not been adequately reflected back to the egg packer to force a continued improvement in carton development. Undoubtedly a series of factors influence the consumer's choice in a package. In an earlier study Hoyt et al. (1957) reported that consumer preferences indicated that color, visibility and size of unit were important factors in consumers choice. Seventy-eight percent of these consumers indicated a preference for more than one dozen. Larzelere and Shaffer (1955) …
Intersections of topologically tame subgroups of Kleinian groups

In this paper, we continue the investigation of intersections of pairs of finitely generated subgroups Γ1 and Γ2 of a Kleinian group Γ, a question which has been examined by a number of authors. We give a brief survey of this work at the end of the introduction. We consider here intersections of topologically tame subgroups of Γ. We are interested primarily in determining the connection between the limit set of the intersection Γ1 ∩ Γ2 and the intersection of the limit sets of Γ1 and Γ2; as such, we will always assume that the intersection of the limit sets in nonempty. The major application of this sort of result is to detect a nontrivial element in the intersection of a pair of subgroups by looking at points in the intersection of their limit sets. What we show is that, modulo some well understood exceptional cases, the limit set of the intersection of two topologically tame subgroups of a Kleinian group is essentially the intersection of the limit sets. In order to state the results more precisely, we look at particular cases. As the intersection of two elementary subgroups is uninteresting, we will always assume that Γ2 is nonelementary. The case that one subgroup Γ1 = 〈γ〉 is cyclic splits, depending on whether γ is loxodromic or parabolic. Theorem A concerns the case that γ is loxodromic, and states that, modulo one exceptional case, some power of γ lies in Γ2. The exceptional case is, up to finite index subgroups, that of a finite volume hyperbolic 3-manifold which fibers over the circle and has fundamental group Γ, where the fiber has fundamental group Γ2 and Γ is generated by Γ2 and γ. Theorem A: Let Γ be a Kleinian group, let Γ2 be a nonelementary, topologically tame subgroup of Γ, and let γ be a loxodromic element of Γ fixing a point of Λ(Γ2). Then, either Γ is virtually fibered over Γ2 or γn ∈ Γ2 for some n > 0.
Water Immobilization at Surfactant Interfaces in Reverse Micelles

The mobility of water in water/Aerosol OT (AOT)/isooctane reverse micelles has been investigated via polar solvation dynamics measurements using ultrafast, time-resolved fluorescence-upconversion spectroscopy. For the smallest reverse micelles studied, w0 = 1.1, no solvation dynamics are observed on the time scale of the instrument, suggesting that the water is essentially frozen. As w0 increases, the mobility of water increases, and the time-correlation functions exhibit multiexponential decays. A subpicosecond component is observed on a time scale similar to that of diffusive bulk-water motion.1 The other components decay on time scales of a few picoseconds to hundreds of picoseconds. The amplitude of the solvent response increases as w0 increases, which is attributed to increased mobility of the water inside the reverse micelles. Because the micellar interior is highly ionic, the solvation dynamics of coumarin 343 in a 1 M Na+ (Na2SO4) solution were also investigated to compare the dynamics of water in...
Depressive Symptoms, Symptom Dimensions, and White Matter Lesion Volume in Older Adults: A Longitudinal Study

Objective White matter lesions (WMLs) are associated with depressive symptoms in older adults. However, it is not clear whether different symptom dimensions of depression have distinct associations with WMLs. The authors assessed the longitudinal relationships of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) total score and subscale scores with WML volume in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging. Methods Using a prospective observational design, the authors examined WML volume and depressive symptoms at 1- to 2-year intervals for up to 9 years in 116 dementia-free participants (mean age: 68.78 ± 7.68). At each visit, depressive symptoms were measured with the CES-D and WML volumes were quantified from structural magnetic resonance imaging scans. Results Higher CES-D full-scale scores were associated with greater WML volume and with a faster rate of volume increases over time in women, especially at older ages. Higher depressed mood and somatic symptoms subscale scores were associated with greater increases in WML volume over time at older ages. In men, depressed mood and somatic symptoms were associated with larger WML volume at baseline. Conclusion Findings confirm an association between WMLs and depressive symptoms and suggest that depressed mood and somatic symptoms may be stronger predictors of depression-related brain changes than lack of well-being. Age and sex may moderate the relationships between depressive symptoms and WMLs. Understanding particular symptom dimensions of depressive symptoms has implications for treatment and may lead to targeted interventions and more precise knowledge of mechanisms underlying depression.
Suicide in the medical patient

According to the statistical abstract of the United States for 1982–1983, there were 1,913,800 deaths in the United States in 1979 [1]. Twenty-seven thousand, or 1.4 percent of those deaths were by suicide, yielding a suicide rate of 11.9/100,000/year. The rate was highest (39.2/100,000) for white males sixty-five years and over and lowest (0.1/100,000) for black females between five and fourteen years. It is generally accepted that physical illness is a risk factor for suicide. If this is true, then in caring for persons with significant physical illness, physicians are dealing with a population at increased risk of suicide. In its opening section, this article will review the evidence that points to a positive correlation between suicide and physical illness. Next the association between specific illnesses, such as peptic ulcer and cancer, and suicide will be examined. Third, risk factors associated with the occurrence of suicide in medical-surgical hospitals will be reviewed. Fourth, the occurrence of ...