cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Rearrangements in the Scholl oxidation: implications for molecular architectures

Abstract Rearrangements readily occur in Scholl oxidations and interfere with the construction of certain molecular architectures. 3,3‴,4,4′,4″,4‴,5′,5″-Octamethoxy-1,1′,2′,1″,2″,1‴-quaterphenyl and 3,3‴,4,4′,4′′,4‴,5′,5′-octamethyl-1,1′,2′,1″,2″,1‴-quaterphenyl, which were conceived as precursors to benzenoid strips, rearranged under Scholl conditions to the unexpected C2v-substituted products 1,2,5,6,9,10,12,13-octamethoxydibenzo[fg,op]naphthacene and 1,2,5,6,9,10,12,13-octamethyldibenzo[fg,op]naphthacene. This corrects a widely propagated error in the literature in which the assignments of 1,2,5,6,9,10,12,13-octamethoxydibenzo[fg,op]naphthacene (C2v) and 1,2,5,6,8,9,12,13-octamethoxydibenzo[fg,op] naphthacene (C2h) are crossed. A mechanism involving the migration of an aryl ring on an arenium cation intermediate is proposed.
Issues in Comparative Politics

A normative concern with democracy lies at the core of research in comparative politics. In particular, scholars have devoted substantial attention to the determinants of successful democratization. Experts disagree on which factors are important in the creation of a successful Democracy. We chose five experts from the field and determined which factors they considered essential to successful democritization. These experts are, Linz (1990, 1994), Przeworski (1991, 1995), Diamond et al. (1997); Diamond (1994, 1996, 1997, 1999), Linz and Stepan (1996b,a), and Putnam et al. (1993).
Examining Faculty Perceptions and Approaches to Problem Solving, Reflective Learning and Social Learning in a Computing Education Program: An Exploratory Case Study

This exploratory case study examined problem solving approaches across three computing education programs: computer science, information sciences and technologies and software engineering. Using an Experiential Learning Theory framework, faculty perceptions and approaches to problem solving and reflection and the nature of social learning in both classroom enactment and laboratory sessions for second-year undergraduate students were examined. Classroom and laboratory observations, in-depth interviews and course artifacts served as the main sources of data. Qualitative data analysis revealed three key findings: a) faculty perceptions and approaches to problem solving centered on modeling problem decomposition to break down larger problems into smaller steps or sub-problems, b) reflection was informally modeled by faculty during instruction, but primarily occurred internally for students and c) faculty noted the importance of collaboration in the workforce, yet perceived collaborative student work to be at odds with developing individual skillsets, leading to the predominance of informal rather than structured social learning. These findings have implications for faculty understanding of computing instruction related to problem solving, intentional strategies that promote student reflections of their learning processes and importantly, how social learning is conceptualized and enacted in computing. In addition, the study also had implications for how computing faculty are currently preparing students for transition to workforce demands.
Utilizing Machine Learning for Image Quality Assessment for Reflectance Confocal Microscopy

In vivo reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) enables clinicians to examine lesions' morphological and cytological information in epidermal and dermal layers while reducing the need for biopsies. As RCM is being adopted more widely, the workflow is expanding from real-time diagnosis at the bedside to include a capture, store, and forward model with image interpretation and diagnosis occurring offsite, similar to radiology. As the patient may no longer be present at the time of image interpretation, quality assurance is key during image acquisition. Herein, we introduce a quality assurance process by means of automatically quantifying diagnostically uninformative areas within the lesional area by using RCM and coregistered dermoscopy images together. We trained and validated a pixel-level segmentation model on 117 RCM mosaics collected by international collaborators. The model delineates diagnostically uninformative areas with 82% sensitivity and 93% specificity. We further tested the model on a separate set of 372 coregistered RCM-dermoscopic image pairs and illustrate how the results of the RCM-only model can be improved via a multimodal (RCM + dermoscopy) approach, which can help quantify the uninformative regions within the lesional area. Our data suggest that machine learning–based automatic quantification offers a feasible objective quality control measure for RCM imaging.
Saliva is more sensitive for SARS-CoV-2 detection in COVID-19 patients than nasopharyngeal swabs

Rapid and accurate SARS-CoV-2 diagnostic testing is essential for controlling the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. The current gold standard for COVID-19 diagnosis is real-time RT-PCR detection of SARS-CoV-2 from nasopharyngeal swabs. Low sensitivity, exposure risks to healthcare workers, and global shortages of swabs and personal protective equipment, however, necessitate the validation of new diagnostic approaches. Saliva is a promising candidate for SARS-CoV-2 diagnostics because (1) collection is minimally invasive and can reliably be self-administered and (2) saliva has exhibited comparable sensitivity to nasopharyngeal swabs in detection of other respiratory pathogens, including endemic human coronaviruses, in previous studies. To validate the use of saliva for SARS-CoV-2 detection, we tested nasopharyngeal and saliva samples from confirmed COVID-19 patients and self-collected samples from healthcare workers on COVID-19 wards. When we compared SARS-CoV-2 detection from patient-matched nasopharyngeal and saliva samples, we found that saliva yielded greater detection sensitivity and consistency throughout the course of infection. Furthermore, we report less variability in self-sample collection of saliva. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that saliva is a viable and more sensitive alternative to nasopharyngeal swabs and could enable at-home self-administered sample collection for accurate large-scale SARS-CoV-2 testing.
[Spatial - temporal distribution of malaria in Jiangxi Province from 1950 to 2017].

Objective To explore the spatial-temporal distribution of malaria in Jiangxi Province from 1950 to 2017, so as to provide scientific evidence for developing the malaria elimination strategy. Methods The epidemic situation of malaria, demographic data, historical species of malaria parasites and transmission vectors were collected from each county of Jiangxi Province from 1950 to 2017 to create a geographic information system database of malaria in Jiangxi Province. The software ArcGIS 10.3 was used to analyze the incidence of malaria and display the spatial-temporal distribution of malaria in Jiangxi Province, so as to explore the spatial-temporal patterns of malaria in the province. Results From 1950 to 2017, the prevalence of malaria was classified into 3 stages in Jiangxi Province, including the peak period (from 1950 to 1975), the continuous decline period (from 1976 to 1997), and the low-level fluctuation period (from 1998 to 2017). During the period from 1950 through 2017, the incidence of malaria declined, the epidemic area of malaria shrank, and the intensity of malaria transmission gradually reduced to no local infections in Jiangxi Province. The spatial distribution of epidemic areas of malaria shifted from southern mountainous areas to northern plain areas, and finally aggregated, retained and disappeared in plain areas. The species of malaria parasites shifted from a co-endemic area for Plasmodium vivax, P. falciparum and P. malariae to a single endemic area for P. vivax, and finally a co-endemic area for imported P. vivax, P. falciparum, P. malariae and P. ovale. The transmission vectors shifted from multiple vectors of Anopheles sinensis, An. minimus, An. anthropophagus and others to a single vector of An. sinensis. Conclusions There are no local malaria cases for successive 6 years since 2012, and the transmission of malaria has been interrupted in Jiangxi Province, in which the criteria for malaria elimination have been achieved. However, the risk of malaria transmission secondary to imported malaria will emerge in Jiangxi Province for a long period of time.
Attention-enhancing effects of propranolol and synergistic effects with nicotine

Nicotine increases the output of every major neurotransmitter. In previous studies designed to identify the secondary neurotransmitter systems mediating nicotine's attention-enhancing effects in a rat model, the β-adrenoceptor antagonist propranolol blocked these effects. The present study was designed to test whether this mechanism held true in humans, thus guiding development of novel nicotinic agonists for cognitive enhancement. Twenty-six nonsmokers completed a nicotine (7 mg/24 h transdermally) x propranolol (40 mg p.o., body weight-adjusted) interaction study. Over four test days, each participant received double-placebo, nicotine only, propranolol only, and nicotine plus propranolol in randomized sequence before cognitive testing. No drug effects were seen in a visuospatial attention task. In the Rapid Visual Information Processing Task, performed in two 15-min blocks, neither drug alone significantly affected hit rate, but both drugs combined acted synergistically to alleviate its decrement over time in the first block and displayed additive beneficial effects in the second. In a change detection task, propranolol enhanced accuracy and reduced reaction time independent of nicotine presence. Propranolol also enhanced subjective self-reports of vigor. Overall, the findings were contrary to those hypothesized. Propranolol displayed beneficial effects on cognition, especially on sustaining performance over time. β-adrenoceptor activation by nicotine-induced noradrenaline release appeared to limit performance-enhancing effects of nicotine, because they were unmasked by β-adrenoceptor antagonism. The results suggest that cognitive effects of changes in β-adrenoceptor tone are context-dependent; contrary to rodent paradigms, human cognitive paradigms require no physical orienting in space but prolonged periods of remaining stationary while sustaining predictable processing demands.
Sclerotherapy – How to Achieve a Spectacular Outcome

When performed correctly, sclerotherapy results in fibrous occlusion that is not amenable to recanalization. Paramount to success is adequate contact time of a sclerosant to the endothelial cells to cause sufficient damage to the vein while minimizing side effects. To optimize sclerotherapy results, one needs to choose the right patient and the right vein and then use the proper sclerosing agent and injection techniques. This paper will review current literature on sclerotherapy, as well as tips and tricks to optimize outcome and minimize complications.
Matrix, Numerical, and Optimization Methods in Science and Engineering

Address vector and matrix methods necessary in numerical methods and optimization of linear systems in engineering with this unified text. Treats the mathematical models that describe and predict the evolution of our processes and systems, and the numerical methods required to obtain approximate solutions. Explores the dynamical systems theory used to describe and characterize system behaviour, alongside the techniques used to optimize their performance. Integrates and unifies matrix and eigenfunction methods with their applications in numerical and optimization methods. Consolidating, generalizing, and unifying these topics into a single coherent subject, this practical resource is suitable for advanced undergraduate students and graduate students in engineering, physical sciences, and applied mathematics.
Neuropsychological features of delusions in hospitalized older adults with neurocognitive disorders

Individuals with neurocognitive disorders (NCD) frequently experience psychotic symptoms, such as delusions. Delusions can contribute to other behavior problems, create dangers for patients and caregivers, and contribute to inpatient hospitalization of individuals with NCD. The current study aimed to identify cognitive symptoms associated with the presence of delusions and to differentiate delusion types based on cognitive profiles among hospitalized older adults with NCD. A review of electronic medical records of hospitalized older adults from an inpatient geriatric psychiatry setting yielded 185 patients with a diagnosis of mild or major NCD who had a neuropsychological evaluation during their admission and whose documentation described a clear delusion. We identified a comparison group of 185 patients without delusions well matched for age, education, and sex, and similar in global cognitive status. Exclusion criteria included delirium and history of a psychotic disorder. We first compared the groups' performances on a dementia battery. Then, cognitive performances of subgroups with specific delusion types (harm, theft, jealousy, and misidentification) were each compared to the remainder of the delusion-positive group. Exploratory analyses revealed that the delusion-positive group had a greater rate of discontinuation on Trails B and performed worse than the delusion-negative group on Trails A, Behavioral Dyscontrol Scale, Semantic Fluency, and Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised (HVLT-R) initial registration. Theft delusions were associated with worse performance on HVLT-R recognition, misidentification delusions were associated with worse performance on Trails B, and harm delusions were associated with worse performance on a verbal generativity test. The presence of delusions in hospitalized older adults with NCD was associated with worse performance on several cognitive tasks with many being suggestive of associated with frontal-subcortical network integrity. Delusions of theft may be a consequence of reduced integrity of medial temporal lobe memory system.
Comparing machine and deep learning-based algorithms for prediction of clinical improvement in psychosis with functional magnetic resonance imaging.

Previous work using logistic regression suggests that cognitive control-related frontoparietal activation in early psychosis can predict symptomatic improvement after 1 year of coordinated specialty care with 66% accuracy. Here, we evaluated the ability of six machine learning (ML) algorithms and deep learning (DL) to predict "Improver" status (>20% improvement on Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale [BPRS] total score at 1-year follow-up vs. baseline) and continuous change in BPRS score using the same functional magnetic resonance imaging-based features (frontoparietal activations during the AX-continuous performance task) in the same sample (individuals with either schizophrenia (n = 65, 49M/16F, mean age 20.8 years) or Type I bipolar disorder (n = 17, 9M/8F, mean age 21.6 years)). 138 healthy controls were included as a reference group. "Shallow" ML methods included Naive Bayes, support vector machine, K Star, AdaBoost, J48 decision tree, and random forest. DL included an explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) procedure for understanding results. The best overall performances (70% accuracy for the binary outcome and root mean square error = 9.47 for the continuous outcome) were achieved using DL. XAI revealed left DLPFC activation was the strongest feature used to make binary classification decisions, with a classification activation threshold (adjusted beta = .017) intermediate to the healthy control mean (adjusted beta = .15, 95% CI = -0.02 to 0.31) and patient mean (adjusted beta = -.13, 95% CI = -0.37 to 0.11). Our results suggest DL is more powerful than shallow ML methods for predicting symptomatic improvement. The left DLPFC may be a functional target for future biomarker development as its activation was particularly important for predicting improvement.
5’ UTR recruitment of eIF4GI or DAP5 drives cap-independent translation for a subset of human mRNAs

During unfavorable human cellular conditions (e.g., tumor hypoxia, viral infection, etc.), canonical, cap-dependent mRNA translation is suppressed. Nonetheless, a subset of physiologically important mRNAs (e.g., HIF-1α, FGF-9, and p53) is still translated by an unknown, cap-independent mechanism. Additionally, expression levels of eIF4G and its homolog, death associated protein 5 (DAP5), are elevated. Using fluorescence anisotropy binding studies, luciferase reporter-based in vitro translation assays, and mutational analyses, here we demonstrate that eIF4GI and DAP5 specifically bind to the 59 UTRs of these cap-independently translated mRNAs. Surprisingly, we find that the eIF4E binding domain of eIF4GI increases not only the binding affinity, but also the selectivity among these mRNAs. We further demonstrate that the affinities of eIF4GI and DAP5 binding to these 59 UTRs correlate with the efficiency with which these factors drive cap-independent translation of these mRNAs. Integrating the results of our binding and translation assays, we show that eIF4GI and/or DAP5 are critical for recruitment of a specific subset of mRNAs to the ribosome and provide mechanistic insight into their cap-independent translation.
The clinical utility of the Khorana score in determining risk for venous thromboembolism in patients with gynecologic cancer

Objectives: Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with gynecologic cancer. The Khorana Score (KS) is a risk stratification tool for VTE that has been validated across multiple cancer types and ASCO recommends consideration of VTE chemoprophylaxis among cancer patients with KS of 2 or above. The best KS for initiating VTE chemoprophylaxis among gynecologic oncology patients has not previously been evaluated. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical utility of the KS among patients with gynecologic cancer. Methods: A retrospective review was completed of all chemotherapy-naive patients who initiated treatment for gynecologic cancer at our institution between December 2019 and December 2020. Demographic, oncologic, clinical and laboratory data was collected. KS was calculated for all patients using previously specified parameters of cancer type, pre-chemotherapy leukocyte count >11, pre-chemotherapy hemoglobin 300 and BMI >35. Patients were also assessed for history of VTE during treatment and history of inpatient admission for therapeutic anticoagulation. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were completed to assess risk factors for VTE. Results: A total of 62 patients met inclusion criteria. Median age was 64 years. The majority of patients reported White race (82%), had ovarian cancer (39%), and advanced stage disease (57%). The majority of patients had a KS of 2 or above (52%). Median KS was 2 (Range= 1-4). During treatment, 7 (11.3%) of patients were diagnosed with VTE. The majority of VTE occurred in patients with KS of 3 or above (n=4, 57%). A logistic regression was performed to evaluate associations between age, stage, race, and KS on VTE diagnosis. Increasing KS was noted to be associated with increased risk of VTE (OR 4.9, p=0.01). When using a cut-off KS of 2 or greater, no significant increase in VTE was noted. However, when using a cut-off KS of 3 or greater, patients were 15 times more likely to have VTE (OR 15.2, p=0.04). Conclusions: Previous studies have reported that cancer patients with KS of ≥ 2 are at high risk for VTE with incidence as high as 10.2% within 6 months of starting chemotherapy. Clinical practice guidelines recommend consideration of VTE chemoprophylaxis for patients with KS ≥2 who are starting chemotherapy in the outpatient setting. In our gynecologic oncology population, KS ≥2 was not associated with increased VTE risk. The most notable increase was found in those with KS ≥3. These results suggest that KS of 3 may be a more appropriate cutoff to determine risk for VTE and guide clinical management regarding VTE prophylaxis in patients with gynecologic cancer.
SOCIAL CAPITAL of FARMERS in FAYOUM GOVERNORATE

The study aimed basically at achieving the following objectives: developing aquantitative, valid and reliable scale of social capital, identifying the relativeimportance of sub- dimensions used in measuring the social capital degree,describing the social capital levels in three patterns of different developmentallevels of rural communities in Fayoum district, Fayoum governorate, identifyingdifferences in the social capital levels among the three studied types of ruralcommunities, and finally identifying variables affecting the degree ofrespondents social capital.The study was conducted on three patterns of different developmental levelsof villages in Fayoum district, Fayoum governorate. These villages were: Demo,Monshaet Sakran and Manashy El- Khateeb. A systematic random sample of 243farmers (representing 10% of total numbers of farmers in the studied villages)were selected to conduct the study. Data were collected through an interviewswith respondent farmers using a questionnaire. The statistical analysis tools usedin the study were: Spearman Brown, Guttman and Cronback methods to estimatethe reliability coefficient of the social capital scale. The construct validitymethod was utilized to estimate the validity degree of the proposed scale.Frequencies, percentages, arithmetic mean, standard deviation and range werealso used to present and describe data. One way analysis of variance and leastsignificant difference test were utilized in determining the defferences among thethree studied villages according to the respondents’ social capital levels. Pearsoncorrelation coefficient, chi square test and Cramer coefficient were used toidentify the relationships between the respondents’ social capital levels and thestudied variables. Finally, the study used stepwise multiple regression analysis toidentify the relative importance of sub- dimensions used in measuring the socialcapital degree and also to identify the most important variables affecting therespondents’ social capital levels.
Content Agnostic Game Engineering: Impact of Stealth Assessment and Content Order on Player Engagement

Content Agnostic Game Engineering (CAGE) architecture utilizes content agnostic mechanics to create educational games that can teach multiple contents. However, the player engagement goes down when second content is played using the same game mechanics. A content agnostic stealth assessment can aid a CAGE game in sustaining the engagement level of its players. A potentially generalizable method for this was tested using Chem-o-crypt, a CAGE game that can teach chemistry and cryptography contents. The game automatically detects frustration, flow, and boredom using the Affdex SDK from Affectiva. A randomized controlled experiment incorporating real-time game adaptation revealed that using stealth assessment can help sustain engagement in a CAGE game when playing multiple contents.
Rounding the Corners of the Trilemma: A Simple Framework

Abstract Many emerging market economies use foreign exchange interventions capital controls or at the same time as they float their currencies, a policy mix that is not explained by Mundell’s policy trilemma. This paper presents a simple model that accounts for this fact. In the model, changes in foreign appetite for domestic assets lead to a trade-off between stabilizing the tradable sector and stabilizing the nontradable sector. The model is consistent with a number of stylized facts about the impact of the global financial cycle on emerging market economies, and on the policies used by emerging markets to mitigate this impact. Consistent with Rey’s dilemma thesis, the benefits of using countercyclical capital flow taxes may be substantially larger than the benefits of floating. The paper also discusses the reasons that capital flow taxes are not more popular in practice.
Update of the X-29 High-Angle-of-Attack Program

The X-29A forward-swept wing flight research aircraft flight envelope was expanded to 66 deg angle-of-attack during 1990. Following this flight envelope expansion, a military utility evaluation was performed to investigate the tactical utility of the X-29 configurations at high-angle -of-attack, slow-speed flight conditions. An overall management view and perspective of the expansion process, the technical problems encountered, and the results obtained when compared to the predictions are presented.
A tentative identification of /C-13/H4 and an estimate of C-12/C-13 in the atmosphere of Jupiter.

Laboratory spectra of the 3nu(sub 3) band of (C-13)H4 at 1.1 micron were analyzed along with high-resolution image-tube spectra of Jupiter in the appropriate spectral region. Comparison of several J-multiplets in these spectra resulted in the identification of (C-13)H4 in the atmosphere of Jupiter. A Jovian C-12/C-13 isotopic abundance ratio of 110 (plus or minus 35) has been derived from the equivalent width of the R(2) multiplet measured on the two best spectrograms.
AMGEN International Prize: the history and future of renoprotection.

These comments were delivered upon receiving the inaugural AMGEN International Prize at the World Congress of Nephrology in Berlin, Germany, June 9, 2003.
Magnetic resonance studies on membrane and model membrane systems. 3. Fatty acid motions in aqueous lecithin dispersions.

Abstract Magnetic resonance spectra and relaxation rates of sonicated and unsonicated vesicles of egg yolk lecithin are reviewed and compared. The NMR relaxation rates differ by about two orders of magnitude while the ESR order parameters show no such variation. The apparent contradiction may be removed by proposing that the ESR data reflect the order of segments of the fatty acids while the NMR relaxation rates reflect positional fluctuations. Macroscopic vesicular tumbling contributes insignificantly to the relaxation rates. Resonance and non-resonance data converge on a dynamic model in which the fatty acid molecules are configurationally mobile yet relatively ordered.
Integrating Technology into the Classroom: Eight Keys to Success

There are many issues related to the successful use of technology in the classroom. Some of the more salient include securing necessary annual funding, the development of dynamic plans, and decisions concerning platforms, hardware, T1 lines, software, and so forth. While these are perhaps the most obvious considerations, an often-overlooked but crucial determinant of whether technology succeeds or fails in the classroom is a less than obvious one…the teacher. While attention to choosing the appropriate hardware and software for the classroom is prerequisite, it is the skill and attitude of the teacher that determines the effectiveness of technology integration into the curriculum.
Understanding the Dynamics of the Tropical African Climate

Tropical Africa is characterized by stark climatic contrasts, significant interannual and interdecadal climate variability, and intriguing but poorly understood paleoclimate records. It is a region where climate vulnerability is high, global climate models (GCM) offer widely varying future climate projections, and access to meteorological data is limited for international and local researchers. The Workshop on Climate Dynamics of Tropical Africa, held at Johns Hopkins University, was convened to evaluate the considerable progress that has been made in recent decades and to identify persistent challenges in the study of African climates.
CHANGE BETWEEN ENTRY AND GRADUATION IN MSW STUDENT VIEWS ON SOCIAL WORK'S TRADITIONAL MISSION, CAREER MOTIVATIONS, AND PRACTICE PREFERENCES: CAUCASIAN, STUDENT OF COLOR, AND AMERICAN INDIAN GROUP COMPARISONS

The current study builds on a previous study that examined change in student views on social work's traditional mission, career motivations, and practice preferences between entry into and graduation from master of social work programs. Results from 6,987 students at entry and 3,451 students at graduation showed that students at graduation expressed stronger adherence to social work's traditional mission than they did at entry, but appeal of major social work client groups and practice areas decreased. Students of color maintained their strong initial desire to work with poor client groups between entry and graduation, while such desires decreased for Caucasian students, and American Indians showed the most stability of any group.
In the Spirit of Rosenbloom's "What Every Public Personnel Manager Should Know About the Constitution": An Updated Annotated Bibliography of Recent Caselaw:

A key area in which the United States Supreme Court has set guidelines that limit the free dom of action of public organizations is in the Constitutional rights of employees. Rosenbloom's (1983) excellent summary of the relevant caselaw has, because of recent prece dent-altering decisions by the Court, become somewhat outdated. This article provides both the academician and the practitioner with an up-to-date summary of caselaw which affects the decisions made by administrators in public personnel administration.
One step at a time: international law and the duty to cooperate in the management of shared water resources

Analyzing the dynamics of international cooperation, this article describes the role of international law in the process. It illustrates that international law is a tool to achieve mutually beneficial relations and can be a driver for cooperation. Describing how these dynamics apply in the context of cooperation on transboundary rivers, the article traces the emergence of the general duty to cooperate in international water law as a legal response to the interdependence and coordination requirements in the management and development of shared water resources.
Observation of uridine triphosphate: glucose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase activity in maize root tips by saturation transfer 31P-NMR. Estimation of cytoplasmic PPi

Abstract Saturation transfer 31 P nuclear magnetic resonance was used to estimate the unidirectional rate of phosphorus exchange between Glc-1- P and UDPGlc in maize root tips. The rate was determined to be approx. 4 μmol·min −1 per g fresh weight. This estimated rate is much higher than net rates of other reactions in glucose metabolism (e.g., more than 10-times faster than the maximal glycolytic flux in this tissue). Furthermore, exchange between Glc-1- P and UDPGlc was not significantly inhibited by the metabolic poison KCN. We conclude that the unidirectional rate of conversion of Glc-1 P to UDPGlc is much faster than the net rate of UDPGlc synthesis — the UTP:Glc-1- P uridylyltransferase reaction is near-equilibrium in vivo. From the equilibrium constant for this transferase reaction and the concentrations of Glc-1- P , UTP and UDPGlc, the level of cytoplasmic PP i was estimated to be approx. 10 nmol·g −1 .
Clay Mineralogy of Pennsylvanian Sediments in Southern Illinois1

Controversy over the origin of clay minerals in ancient sediments arises because it is difficult to segregate the factors that cause differences in clay mineral composition. A plan of sampling based on four contrasts was used to evaluate some of these factors. Contrasts studied were: (1) permeability contrasts (sandstone vs. shales); (2) environmental contrasts (cyclic sedimentation); (3) weathering contrasts (outcrop vs. core); (4) source area contrasts (orthoquartzite facies vs. subgraywacke facies).
Quantum algorithms for the Jones polynomial and Khovanov homology

This paper generalizes the AJL algorithm for quantum computation of the Jones polynomial to continuous ranges of values on the unit circle for the Jones parameter and shows that the Kauffman-Lomonaco 3-strand algorithm for the Jones polynomial is a special case of this generalization. We then describe a quantum algorithm for the Jones polynomial that is related to Khovanov homology.© (2012) COPYRIGHT Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE). Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The role of trauma and dissociation in cognitive-behavioral psychotherapy outcome and maintenance for panic disorder with agoraphobia

The relationship between traumatic experiences and dissociation with pretreatment psychopathology and rates of recovery, relapse and maintenance for patients receiving cognitive-behavioral treatments for panic disorder with agoraphobia (PDA) were investigated. One-hundred and forty-seven subjects who met DSM-III criteria for agoraphobia with panic attacks and who completed participation in one of two previously conducted treatment outcome studies were mailed packets containing measures to assess history of trauma, victimization and dissociation. Eighty-nine of these were returned and completed sufficiently to be included in the present study. It was hypothesized that a variety of trauma-related variables (e.g. history of traumatic experience, type of trauma, age at which the trauma first occurred, perceived responsibility, social supports available, self-perceived severity, level of violence, and whether or not the traumatic event was followed by self-injurious or suicidal thoughts and/or behaviors) and dissociative symptomatology would be predictive of (1) greater psychopathology at pretreatment, (2) poorer treatment response and (3) higher relapse rates and poorer maintenance over a 1 year longitudinal follow-up. These hypotheses were supported by the findings and the theoretical, empirical and clinical implications are discussed.
An anti-spatial-aliasing filter for explicit modeling and imaging in inhomogeneous media

Abstract An explicit finite difference solution to the scalar wave equation in isotropic, inhomogeneous media is completed by filtering out non-physical contributions to the data. This digital, anti -spatial -aliasing filter and some associated limits on angular frequency are determined. The filter is a projection operator determined from a constrained least-squares fit and can be implemented in the computer algorithm at either of two places. Furthermore, the filter should be applicable to any explicit finite difference solution to the wave equation. Unlike a standard dip filter, this filter is computationally flexible, efficient, and necessary in inhomogeneous media with rapid lateral and vertical velocity changes.
Does the incidence of pulmonary embolism increase during pregnancy

A review of recent evidence with translation to practice for the advanced practice nurse role is presented using a case study module for "Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Pregnant Patients Investigated for Suspected Pulmonary Embolism in the Emergency Department." The study results showed that there were 25,339 patients evaluated for pulmonary embolism in an emergency department included in the 17 study articles, 2,636 had venous thromboembolism (VTE; 13%; 95% CI [10, 17]), and 506 were pregnant and underwent diagnostic chest imaging (2%; 95% CI [1.5, 2.6]). These data suggest that pregnancy does not appear to increase the incidence of a VTE-positive diagnosis. The implications and clinical relevance of these findings for advanced practice nurses are discussed highlighting best evidence.
Polioviruses containing picornavirus type 1 and/or type 2 internal ribosomal entry site elements: Genetic hybrids and the expression of a foreign gene

Abstract A picornavirus hybrid genome was constructed in which the internal ribosomal entry site (IRES) of encephalomyocarditis virus was inserted between the 5' non-translated region and the open reading frame of poliovirus (PV), type 1 (Mahoney). Upon transfection into HeLa cells, the hybrid RNA replicated and yielded a derivative of PV (W1-PNENPO). The PV IRES could be removed from pPNENPO, which resulted in a hybrid picornavirus (W1-P108ENPO) in which the translation of the PV open reading frame normally promoted by the type 1 IRES of PV was promoted by the type 2 IRES of encephalomyocarditis virus. This result indicates that these elements are not likely to contain cis-acting elements necessary for PV replication or encapsidation. A foreign gene (bacterial chloramphenicol acetyltransferase, CAT) was inserted into pPNENPO cDNA between the PV and encephalomyocarditis virus IRES elements. The dicistronic RNA replicated in HeLa cells and yielded a derivative of PV (W1-DICAT) with a genome 17% longer than that of wild-type PV. CAT assays and immunoblot analyses showed that the viral RNA efficiently expressed the foreign gene in cell culture. The CAT activity diminished somewhat with each passage of the dicistronic virus, an observation which suggested that the inserted gene had a deleterious effect on viral replication. However, even after five virus passages, a significant quantity of the foreign gene was still expressed. Insertion of the open reading frame of luciferase (67 kDa) resulted in an RNA species that replicated and expressed luciferase for up to 20 hr after transfection. However, this elongated RNA was not encapsidated.
An efficient technique for optimizing attachments of spherical joints in spatial linkages

Abstract This paper presents a method well-suited to the automated computer optimization of the structural attachment of spherical joints in spatial linkages. The principle objective is to determine an optimal spherical joint attachment such that the opening angle of the spherical joint is minimized, thus the socket of the spherical joint will have its maximum ball retention capability. To use the method, what is required is the input-output displacement equation. Based on this relationship, and basic concepts of analytical geometry, a multivariable nonlinear objective function is derived and modified to an unconstrained type problem. Closed form solutions to the objective function are not possible. A previous investigation suggested a brute force search technique, which examines all possibilities in order to determine the optimum. This previous method requires gross CPU time. This paper employs a numerical direct search accelerated in distance, proposed by Hooke and Jeeves, to minimize the objective function for a given set of linkage dimensions. The amount of CPU has been reduced significantly. As illustrative numerical examples we consider spatial RSSR four-bar linkages, and as a check on the optimization technique we consider the planar four bar linkage, whose optimized attachment may be determined from trigonometric relations.
The ontogeny of glutamate receptors in rat barrel field cortex.

Abstract The ontogeny of N-methyl- d -aspartate (NMDA) and non-NMDA excitatory amino acid receptors in rat barrel field cortex were characterized using receptor autoradiography. NMDA receptors showed a different pattern of development than that of non-NMDA receptors recognizing quisqualate (QUIS sites). During the first 14 days, high densities of QUIS sites were localized in barrel centers forming a sensory map of the rat whisker pad. After that time, the density of QUIS sites in barrel centers decreased so that the pattern was no longer apparent by postnatal day 21. In contrast to QUIS sites, NMDA sites did not exhibit a somatotopic pattern until postnatal day 21, when the lower density of sites in barrel septa formed an outline of barrel centers. At all ages examined, the density of NMDA sites did not differ significantly between barrel centers and surrounding cortex. Of the non-NMDA receptors examined in the postnatal day 10 old rat, both metabotropic sites and the NNKQ sites, which are [3H]glutamate binding sites that are not displaceable by NMDA, kainate or QUIS, showed a pattern of higher densities in barrel centers than surrounding tissue, whereas AMPA sites exhibited a complementary pattern. [3H]Glutamate binding to metabotropic sites was not significantly displaced by QUIS, whereas both NNKQ sites and metabotropic sites were potently blocked by the metabotropic agonist trans-ACPD. These results suggest that the NNKQ sites are low affinity QUIS metabotropic receptors, which, due to their high density in the immature barrel field, are in a position to influence barrel formation.
Impairment of Immunological Reactivity in Guinea Pigs by Prior Injection of Adjuvant

IT is now firmly established that antibody production, delayed hypersensitivity to many antigens and the production of experimental auto-immune diseases are all enhanced by the use of Freund's adjuvant. During the past year I have made several unsuccessful attempts to induce auto-immune lesions in guinea pigs by inoculation of all four foot-pads with homologous and heterologous tissue antigens (lymph nodes, cartilage, stomach mucosa, blood vessel, etc.) incorporated in complete Freund's adjuvant. However, a striking featuie in all animals was the enlargement and induration of regional lymph nodes, with disruption of their architecture, and proliferation of macrophages and epithelioid cells. Impressed by those changes in lymph nodes, and taking into account that lymph nodes play an important part in immune mechanisms, it was thought that such animals might be “immunologically impaired”. They consequently might not be able to develop adequate delayed hypersensitive responses to an antigen later injected.
Halogenaustausch an Siliciumtetrahalogeniden. XIV. Zum Chlor-/Brom-Austausch an Siliciumtetrahalogeniden in Gegenwart von Pyridin

Heterogene Austauschreaktionen zwischen gelosten Siliciumtetrahalogeniden und festen Siliciumtetrahalogenid-Pyridin-Komplexen fuhren bereits bei niedrigen Temperaturen zur Einstellung einer statistischen Produktverteilung. Quantitative Untersuchungen der Austauschgleichgewichte zeigen auch hier die Moglichkeit der Berechnung auf Basis der Binominalverteilung. Halogen Exchange on Silicon Halides. XIV. Chlorine-Bromine-Exchange on Silicon Halides in Presence of Pyridine Heterogeneous rearrangement reactions between solved silicon tetrahalides and solid silicon tetrahalide — pyridine complexes result already at low temperatures to statistical distributions. Quantitative studies of redistribution equilibria show random redistribution like homogeneous reactions.
Assessment of Social Alienation: Psychometric Properties of the SACS-R

The psychometric properties of a revision of the Social Alienation from Classmates Scale for use with college students was examined. A number of constructs, and related measures, have been developed to address estrangement. Consistent with prior research on other measures of estrangement, SACS-R scores were expected to be correlated with scores on tests of depression, stress, introversion, attractiveness, and family functioning. Social desirability was controlled through partial correlations, and a peer sociometric was also employed. Results support the reliability and validity of SACS-R scores from a sample of college men.
Wavefront Reconstruction Methods for a Natural Guide Star Adaptive Optics Application to the Keck Telescope

Keck telescope is planning to utilize adaptive optics technology to improve the resolution of the instrument. Telescopes operating in the atmosphere are limited by the seeing conditions at the telescope observational site.
Immune-mediated clearance of virus from the central nervous system

Immune-mediated clearance of virus from the central nervous system (CNS) differs from that of the other organs. Mechanisms of virus control are largely dependent upon the target cell type. Although cytolytic T lymphocytes may mediate clearance of virus from glial cells, non-cytolytic mechanisms mediated by antibody and cytokines dominate clearance from neurons.
Drosophila delta-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase (P5CDh) is required for proline breakdown and mitochondrial integrity—Establishing a fly model for human type II hyperprolinemia

Abstract Delta-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase (P5CDh) is a nuclear-encoded mitochondrial enzyme that catalyzes the second step in proline degradation. Mutations in human P5CDh cause type II hyperprolinemia, a complex syndrome displaying increased serum proline and mental disabilities. Conceptual gene CG7145 in Drosophila melanogaster encodes the orthologous DmP5CDh1. The mutant allele CG7145 f04633 contains a piggyBac transposon that truncates the enzyme by 83 residues. Heterozygous ( CG7145 f04633 /TM3) individuals developed normally, while homozygous ( CG7145 f04633 /CG7145 f04633 ) individuals displayed proline levels twice that of normal, swollen mitochondria, and ultimately larval and pupal lethality. We believe this is the first correlation between the loss of P5CDh and morphological defects in mitochondria.
Compton Profile of Single-Crystal Vanadium

The Compton profile of single-crystal vanadium has been measured with Mo $K\ensuremath{\alpha}$ x rays. The observed profile shows that the V band electrons are more spatially extended than the density calculated from Hartree-Fock V $3d$ functions. The measured anisotropy in the profile is significantly less than that calculated for free-atom $3d$ functions with an orbital population of 80% ${t}_{2g}$.
ADOLESCENT DRIVING: CHARACTERISTICS ASSOCIATED WITH SINGLE-VEHICLE AND INJURY CRASHES

The high motor-vehicle crash rate of young drivers may be attributed to both driving inexperience and a greater tendency to engage in risk-taking behavior. This study examines risk-taking behavior, as indicated by single-vehicle crashes and injury crashes, and factors associated with these behaviors, based on measures of demographic, psychosocial, and substance use obtained from high school senior questionnaires. Because previous work indicated different predictors for young men and young women, separate logistic regression analyses were conducted. For young women, propensity toward cigarette use was associated with higher rates of single-vehicle crashes; while race, alcohol misuse, and friends' involvement with alcohol and marijuana were associated with injury crashes. For young men, availability of substances, driving frequency, alcohol misuse, and propensity toward marijuana use were associated with higher rates of single-vehicle crashes. Young men's living situation, availability of substances, and marijuana use were related to injury crashes.
Sphingomyelinase stimulates oxidant signaling to weaken skeletal muscle and promote fatigue.

Sphingomyelinase (SMase) hydrolyzes membrane sphingomyelin into ceramide, which increases oxidants in nonmuscle cells. Serum SMase activity is elevated in sepsis and heart failure, conditions where...
Evaluating Instructor Technology Integration in Community and Technical Colleges: A Performance Evaluation Matrix.

The press for implementing technology based instructional delivery systems in community and technical colleges is well documented. Yet faculty face numerous challenges in integrating technology into instruction (AL-Bataineh & Brooks, 2003; Groves & Zemel, 2000; Khoury, 1997). Stimulating faculty ownership in technology, diffusion of technology use throughout institutions, and linking technology use to the faculty reward system are key concerns addressed in this proposed tool for evaluating faculty technology integration performance. The tool is based on research on faculty development (Howery, 1997) and the technology adoption process (Hall, Loucks, Rutherford, & Newlove, 1975). Stimulating development of faculty expertise linked to technology goals is the goal of applying the tool.