cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
CHAPTER 17 – Intraoperative Probes and Imaging Probes

This chapter provides an overview of counting and imaging probes, which are used to obtain count measurements and images during surgery. This chapter begins with the history of development of intraoperative probes. These have been employed to assist in the detection and removal of tumors since the 1950s. The intraoperative imaging probes have been developed to see the details of the detected activity, giving the potential of using the technique in a low-contrast environment. Intraoperative probes are now established as clinical devices. The basic principles of intraoperative probe detectors and many variations of the gas detector, solid-state detector and scintillation detector are discussed in this chapter. The usefulness of procedures using an intraoperative probe must be considered in terms of a measurement system. This system consists of the radiation detector, the radioisotope, and the compound that is labeled. These probes also have a commercial infrastructure to support their continued use, and there is ongoing research, both commercial and academic, that ensures continued progress and renewed interest in this slowly developing field.
Abstract 506: Hepatic Insulin Signaling Regulates ApoAI Expression Through Type I Deiodinase

Low HDL cholesterol is a common feature of insulin resistant states such as type 2 diabetes, but little is known about the regulation of HDL cholesterol and apoAI levels by insulin signaling. In prior studies, we observed that liver insulin receptor (Insr) knockout mice (LIRKO) had very low plasma HDL cholesterol and apoAI levels compared with their controls. HDL cholesterol levels were normalized when we restored insulin signaling by expression of constitutively active (CA) AKT1. Acute knock down of hepatic Insr by adenovirus-mediated expression of albumin-Cre in Insr flox/flox mice resulted in a marked decrease in the levels of ApoAI and Dio1 mRNA in the liver. Dio1 encodes the Type 1 deiodinase (D1), which can convert thyroxine to 3,5,3’-triiodothyronine. Adenovirus mediated overexpression of Dio1 increased HDL cholesterol and apoAI levels in LIRKO mice. D1 knockout mice exhibited a significant reduction in hepatic ApoAI mRNA levels. In McArdle cells, short interfering (si) RNA-mediated knockdown of Insr reduced both Dio1 and ApoAI mRNA levels. Knockdown of Insr by siRNA reduced luciferase activity of both hDio1 and hApoAI promoter constructs in HepG2 cells. Furthermore, siRNA-mediated knockdown of Dio1 expression also decreased hApoAI luciferase activity. These findings indicate that insulin signaling regulates the expression of both Dio1 and ApoAI, and that Dio1 regulates ApoAI expression. Reductions in ApoAI gene expression may play a role in the etiology of low HDL cholesterol levels commonly present in states of insulin resistance. Targeting D1 may be a novel way to increase apoAI and HDL cholesterol levels in people with insulin resistance or type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Pokémon Go Players’ Perceptions on Twitter

The purpose of this study was to analyze the perceptions of Pokemon Go players who tweeted about the game on their health while playing. Pokemon Go is an augmented reality exergame that requires players to travel to accomplish game goals. News outlets reported that Pokemon Go players shared on Twitter how this game had motivated them to be physically active. However, no study has been conducted to examine the actual amount of tweets expressing the players’ perceptions of the game on their health. In this study, researchers collected publicly available tweets by using an advanced search of hashtags (e.g., #PokemonGo & #walking) to get a consistent pool. Tweets were collected from one week of each month from July 2016 through January 2017. Based on grounded theory, qualitative analysis methods were used for categorization. Researchers numbered and coded the tweets to determine how players who tweeted might perceive the game as it relates to health topics. The results indicate that the most common tweets were about how Pokemon Go motivated players to increase their physical activity levels. This study serves as a base research for future in person interviews to investigate the players’ interests and motivations to be physically active.
Fechamento Transcateter com Dispositivo da Comunicação Interatrial Tipo Ostium Secundum em Crianças Pequenas: uma Sólida Avaliação É Muito Importante!

, em 1974, inaugurou uma era de grande evolucao no tratamento percutâneo desse defei-to com dispositivos transcateter. Os esforcos pioneiros desses autores foram responsaveis por grande parte do conhecimento que temos atualmente: estabeleceram a tecnica do diâmetro estirado do defeito com balao, descreveram a avaliacao da borda adjacente a CIA em direcao as valvulas atrioventriculares usando a angio-grafia (para excluir defeitos do septo atrioventricular), e obtiveram o fechamento com sucesso dos defeitos, ainda que usando um dispositivo nao-autocentravel em forma de duplo guarda-chuva e que requeria uma disseccao da veia safena e um sistema de entrega de 23 F! A partir dai houve um melhor entendimento da anatomia do septo atrial para a adequada selecao dos pacientes para esse tipo de procedimento, inclusive da medida do comprimento do septo e da avaliacao de todas as bordas ao redor do defeito.
Traditional and Novel Tools for Diagnosis of Acute Kidney Injury

Diagnosis of acute kidney injury (AKI) is traditionally based on changes of serum creatinine (SCr) over time or compared to baseline. Oliguria, even without elevation in SCr, carries a prognostic significance. Including urine output in the definition of AKI increases the sensitivity of AKI diagnosis. SCr and urine output are considered functional markers of AKI. Novel biomarkers of AKI can be grouped into damage and stress biomarkers and may identify subclinical AKI. Damage biomarkers include neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin [NGAL] and kidney injury molecule 1 [KIM-1] among others. Stress biomarkers include insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 7 [IGFBP7] and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-2 [TIMP-2] and predict moderate to severe AKI better than previously described markers. Novel biomarkers are promising but have limited clinical application till this moment. Determining baseline SCr and differentiating between AKI and CKD can be challenging. Imaging techniques such as functional magnetic resonance imaging, real-time glomerular filtration rate measurement and contrast-enhanced ultrasonography have been applied for diagnosis of AKI but have limitations that preclude their use in the clinical setting.
Using a gradient in food quality to infer drivers of fatty acid content in two filter-feeding aquatic consumers

Inferences about ecological structure and function are often made using elemental or macromolecular tracers of food web structure. For example, inferences about food chain length are often made using stable isotope ratios of top predators and consumer food sources are often inferred from both stable isotopes and fatty acid (FA) content in consumer tissues. The use of FAs as tracers implies some degree of macromolecular conservation across trophic interactions, but many FAs are subject to physiological alteration and animals may produce those FAs from precursors in response to food deficiencies. We measured 41 individual FAs and several aggregate FA metrics in two filter-feeding taxa to (1) assess ecological variation in food availability and (2) identify potential drivers of among-site variation in FA content. These taxa were filter feeding caddisflies (Family Hydropyschidae) and dreissenid mussels (Genus Dreissena), which both consume seston. Stable isotopic composition (C and N) in these taxa co-varied across 13 sites in the Great Lakes region of North America, indicating they fed on very similar food resources. However, co-variation in FA content was very limited, with only one common FA co-varying across this gradient (α-linolenic acid; ALA), suggesting these taxa accumulate FAs very differently even when exposed to the same foods. Based on these results, among-site variation in ALA content in both consumers does appear to be driven by food resources, along with several other FAs in dreissenid mussels. We conclude that single-taxa measurements of FA content cannot be used to infer FA availability in food resources.
Algorithm-driven design of fracture resistant composite materials realized through additive manufacturing

Abstract Fracture, the breakdown of materials as cracks advance, is one of the most intriguing materials phenomena; it can happen even to very tough biological tissues including tendons, skin, bone and teeth, materials whose critical physiological functions can be compromised by structural irregularities. It has been suggested that creating composites by mixing heterogeneous constituents of contrasting material properties can yield designs that can better adapt to stress concentration, leading to synthetic materials with higher toughness than their constituents. Here, an optimization algorithm is used to assess material fracture resistance in the presence of a crack. The analysis is further extended through experiments that involve the use of additive manufacturing. Optimal solutions are composed solely of soft and stiff material elements, and are compared to various benchmarks. Multi-material three-dimensional-printing (3D-printing) is used to create material samples. Experimental results and mechanical testing show that an algorithmic design coupled with 3D-printing technology can generate morphologies of composites more than 20 times tougher than the stiffest base material, and more than twice as strong as the strongest base material. Direct comparison of strain fields around cracks shows excellent agreement between simulation and experiment. The results suggest that the systematic use of microstructure optimization to generate enhanced fracture resistance constitutes a new materials design paradigm.
Esophageal adenocarcinoma stage III: Survival based on pathological response to neoadjuvant treatment.

Abstract Background Neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy is the standard treatment for locally advanced esophageal adenocarcinomas (EAC). Pathological response is thought to be a major prognostic factor. Aims of this study were to determine the frequency of complete response and to compare the survival of complete and incomplete responders in stage III EAC. Methods A retrospective review was performed of all stage III patients that underwent neoadjuvant therapy followed by esophagectomy between 1999 and 2015. Patients were classified into complete (pCR) versus incomplete responders (pIR). Results 110 patients were included. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy was applied in 25 (23%) and chemoradiotherapy in 85 (77%) patients. Pathologic response was complete in 25% (n = 27) and was more common after chemoradiotherapy. Mean F/U interval was 36 months (0.3–173). There was a significant difference in the overall survival between complete and incomplete responders (p = 0.036). Median survival in the pIR group was 24.4 months and the median survival was not reached during the observation time in pCR. The 3-year-survival-rate was 70% in pCR and 40% in pIR (p = 0.01). Positive lymph nodes (ypN+) were present in 56 patients (51%). The 3-year-survival-rate was 59% in pIR with ypN0 and 29% in pIR with ypN+ (p = 0.005). Conclusions Complete response to neoadjuvant therapy has a significantly better overall and 3-year-survival after esophagectomy than incomplete response. In incomplete responders, residual lymph node disease was associated with a significantly worse survival. These findings suggest that the degree of pathologic response and lymph node status are major prognostic factors for survival in EAC patients with stage III disease.
Analysis of biomarkers of caloric restriction in aging cells

Caloric restriction (CR) has been extensively documented for its profound role in effectively extending maximum lifespan in many different species. However, the accurate mechanisms, especially at the cellular level, for CR-induced aging delay are still under intense investigation. An emerging technique, recently explored in our laboratory, provides precisely controllable caloric intake in a cultured cellular system that allows real-time observation and quantitative analysis of the impact of CR on the molecular cellular level during the aging processes. This in vitro method allows investigation of the molecular mechanisms pertaining to how CR influences aging processes leading to life extension in human cellular systems. It will provide important clinical implications for future preventive approaches for aging and aging-related degeneration diseases in humans. Hence, we will discuss the detailed procedures of this novel technique as well as the analysis of relevant aging biomarkers and its broad application in the field.
Notes on the Analysis of Data for Pair Distribution Functions

In these notes, we collect together some results that we have found useful in the analysis of data for the Pair Distribution Function (PDF). This work is rather general, and we illustrate the results with examples from molecules and crystalline solids. These notes are arranged into five main sections,following some definitions in the next section.In section3, we analyze a single PDF peak and show how it can be decomposed into zero, one, two and multiphonon contributions. These results are illustrated using the nearest neighbor PDF peak in a Ni crystal. In section4,we examine the widely used approximation that the PDF lineshape is Gaussian and find that this is indeed a very good approximation under most circumstances. We give explicit expressions that can be used for the deviations from a Gaussian lineshape in terms of the elements of the displacement—displacement correlation matrix. These results are illustrated for benzene and fullerene molecules, where we show that even in these cases, which are highly anisotropic, the deviation from a Gaussian lineshape is small. In the section5,we show how the intermolecular correlations can sometimes be taken into account by using a continuum approximation. In section6,we show how the experimental resolution function can be taken directly into account for a special case. In the discussion section,we show how these results can be brought together to give both the intra— and inter— fullerene PDF in a crystal of fullerite.
Which Party Characteristics Matter Most? The Electoral Impact of Parties' Character-Based Valence Attributes in Nine Western European Democracies, 1976-2003

Research examining valence dimensions of candidate evaluation in American congressional elections has found that characteristics such as “competence” and “integrity” have an impact on voter decision-making, and thus, electoral outcomes. Here, we examine whether such characteristics can also be used to help us understand aggregate voter behaviour and election outcomes in Western European elections. Building from Clark’s research on valence and election outcomes (Clark 2009), and using original data compiled from Keesing’s Record of World Events, we examine which character-based valence attributes have the greatest electoral impact – competence, integrity, or unity. The results of our analyses should be of interest to scholars of voter behaviour, electoral, and party competition.
Aberrant T-cell antigen expression in a plasma cell neoplasm.

![Figure][1] A 76-year-old woman presented with a lytic lesion involving the right ilium. A targeted biopsy showed diffuse infiltrate of atypical, pleomorphic plasma cells (panel A; original magnification ×1000, hematoxylin and eosin stain), positive for CD138 (panel B; original
Does Tobacco Outlet Inequality Extend to High-White Mid-Atlantic Jurisdictions? A Study of Socioeconomic Status and Density

Tobacco outlet density research has evolved to require a more refined examination of socioeconomic status’ influence beyond median household income. This study investigates the effects of SES on census-tract-level tobacco outlet density in five predominantly White Maryland jurisdictions. Tobacco license addresses and demographic data were analyzed via t tests and spatial lag modeling. Results showed that higher SES jurisdictions had lower tobacco outlet density than lower SES jurisdictions despite similar White populations and that median household income had consistent associations with tobacco outlet density. This study corroborates findings that differences in SES correlate with differences in tobacco outlet density between racially similar areas.
Judgement bias testing in group-housed gestating sows.

Abstract Societal concerns about animal welfare have triggered the movement of gestating sows from individual stalls to group housing in many countries. Common methods of assessing sow welfare focus on overt physical ailments, and potentially neglect psychological stressors. A judgement bias task may allow researchers to evaluate an animal’s subjective mental or affective state to provide a more comprehensive welfare assessment. Thus, group housed sows were trained to a spatial differentiation task to evaluate their ability to be assessed for individual judgement bias. A total of 45 sows were trained to the task across two replicates, with 24 successfully meeting the learning criteria required to be tested for a judgement bias. In the first replicate, 60% of sows displayed positive bias while 40% displayed negative biases. In the second replicate, 52% of sows displayed positive biases while 33% of sows displayed negative biases. A linear mixed effects model revealed that feed rank affected the latency to approach the ambiguous stimulus (χ2 (1) = 9.47, p = 0.002) with more dominant animals being more likely to exhibit a positive bias. Given that all sows in the present study were group housed, as well as fed and managed similarly, these findings highlight the complexities underlying judgement bias outcomes.
Black Fugitivity Un/Gendered

A way outa no way is flesh outa flesh.—Sweet Honey in the Rock, “Oughta Be a Woman”Blackness and transness, and their constitutive queerness, as analytic modalities—skirtingly and tangentially rela...
Intrahepatic dynamic contrast MR lymphangiography: initial experience with a new technique for the assessment of liver lymphatics

To describe the technique and report on our initial experience with the use of intrahepatic dynamic contrast magnetic resonance lymphangiography (IH-DCMRL) for evaluation of the lymphatics in patients with hepatic lymphatic flow disorders. This is a retrospective review of the imaging and clinical findings in six consecutive patients undergoing IH-DCMRL. The technique involves injection of a gadolinium contrast agent into the intrahepatic lymphatic ducts followed by imaging of the abdomen and chest with both heavily T2-weighted imaging and dynamic time-resolved imaging. In six consecutive patients, IH-DCMRL was technically successful. There were four patients with protein-losing enteropathy (PLE) and two with ascites in this study. In the four patients with PLE, IH-DCMRL demonstrated hepatoduodenal connections with leak of contrast into the duodenal lumen not seen by conventional lymphangiography. In one patient with ascites, IH-DCMRL demonstrated lymphatic leakage into the peritoneal cavity not seen by intranodal lymphangiography. In the second patient with ascites, retrograde lymphatic perfusion of mesenteric lymphatic networks and nodes was seen. Venous contamination was seen in two patients. No biliary contamination was identified. There were no short-term complications. IH-DCMRL is a cross-sectional technique which successfully evaluated hepatic lymphatic flow disorders and warrants further investigation. • Intrahepatic dynamic contrast magnetic resonance lymphangiography (IH-DCMRL) is a new imaging technique to evaluate hepatic lymphatic flow disorders such as protein-losing enteropathy. • In comparison to conventional liver lymphangiography, IH-DCMRL offers a 3D imaging technique and better distal lymphatic contrast distribution and does not use ionizing radiation.
Russia's External Debt: No Threats to Stability

In 2018 Russia continues to reduce, since the 2014–2015 crisis, its external debt. An additional factor contributing to the reduction of debt to non-residents is that non-residents have reduced their holdings of OFZ bonds over fears of new sanctions against Russia. Therefore the today’s level of external debt poses no threat to financial stability of the country.
Rainwater use by irrigated cotton measured with stable isotopes of water

Abstract The natural rate of recharge for some groundwater systems, such as the Southern Ogallala Aquifer in the central United States, is smaller than the rate of annual withdrawals for irrigation. As aquifer depletion continues, efficient management of the water budget gains importance. Of interest is the use of rainwater by irrigated crops during the course of the growing season, as rain can account for an important amount of the water input in the semi-arid climate of the Texas High Plains. We tested the suitability of stable isotopes of water as a method to determine the source of water in the transpiration of field-grown cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) plants from either rain or irrigation-water. We selected this method because irrigation water from the Ogallala Aquifer has a stable isotopic signature that can either be enriched or depleted when compared to the isotopic signature of water from any rain event. Cotton petioles were sampled before two rain events of 33 mm, and after every 2 h for two days. The water in the cotton petioles was extracted using cryogenic vacuum distillation and was analyzed for its isotopic signature. The results showed a shift of 29% from −7 (‰) to −5 δ18O (‰), which is similar to the isotopic signature of the rainwater (−4.2 δ18O (‰)). These results suggest that it is possible to use water stable isotopes to differentiate between rainwater and irrigation transpired by cotton under field conditions.
Severe Acidemia in a Patient With Waldenström Macroglobulinemia

Lactate is produced through the metabolism of glucose and subsequently eliminated by both the liver and the kidneys. Lactic acidosis develops when the rate of production of lactate overwhelms the body’s ability to clear it.1 There are 2 main types of L-lactic acidosis: A (ischemic) and B (nonischemic). Etiologies for type B lactic acidosis2 include: liver dysfunction, thiamine deficiency, malignancy, several drug associations, ketoacidosis, and mitochondrial disease (Table 1).3 Table 1 Etiologies of L-lactic acidosis
Positive and Negative Social Media Experiences Among Young Adults With and Without Depressive Symptoms

The impact of social media interactions on mental health is not fully understood, despite increasing use. This qualitative investigation explored positive and negative effects of social media for individuals with and without depressive symptoms. The authors conducted an online survey of US adults ages 18–30 in March 2018. Two open-ended questions assessed participants’ self-report of positive and negative effects of social media on their lives. The 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire was used to select a purposeful random subsample of 50 participants with severe depressive symptoms (scores ranging from 20 to 27) and 50 without depressive symptoms (scores ranging from 0 to 4). Authors used content analysis to systematically identify codes in participants’ responses and compare frequency and context between groups. Sixteen themes emerged, of which 9 were positive and 7 were negative. For all participants, connection with others and exposure to negativity were the most frequently mentioned positive and negative effects, respectively. Whereas positive effects of social media were reported with similar frequency between depressed and non-depressed participants, more variation was observed in reports of negative effects between the two groups. Social media was noted as a distraction from real life more often by non-depressed than depressed participants. Judgment was mentioned solely by depressed participants. It may be valuable for future research to utilize more interactive qualitative methodologies such as web-based focus groups or one-on-one semi-structured interviews that allow for elaboration and clarification to more fully understand the nuances related to both positive and negative social media experiences and the effects on young adults’ well-being.
Screening the red army faction: Historical and cultural memory: CHRISTINA GERHARDT, 2018, New York and London, Bloomsbury academic, pp. xii + 307, illus., bibliography, index, $135.00 (cloth), $39.95 (paper)

For nearly fifteen years, Christina Gerhardt, a professor of German and film studies at the University of Hawai’i at Manoa, has been studying radical German cinema in the context of the widespread ...
A Reaction-Diffusion and Gür Game Based Routing Algorithm for Wireless Sensor Networks.

In this paper, we propose an energy-efficient, cluster-based routing algorithm to address the issue of energy constraints in wireless sensor networks. There are two components in the proposed model, the first supports the development of clusters and the second helps decide which of the sensors will sleep. Together they improve the lifetime of the clusters. Biologically inspired activator-inhibitor mechanism is employed to form clusters and select cluster heads based on the activator concentration where each sensor is associated with a pair of activator and inhibitor concentration values. In each cluster, a Gur game is applied to determine the set of active sensor nodes while inactive sensor nodes turn to sleep mode for conserving energy. The activator–inhibitor system is known to provide the mechanism for autonomous biological pattern formation, such as spots on mammals’ coats, through interactions between molecules and their diffusion rates. The Gur game is a self-organized artificial game associating voters in the game with finite state automata and a moderator with a reward function. Typically in wireless sensor networks, the base station is considered as the moderator and sensor nodes as voters in the Gur game. To further maximize the lifetime of the network, in our proposed routing algorithm, each cluster is then associated with a Gur game to determine the number of active sensor nodes where the cluster head is regarded as the moderator and the cluster members as voters. Finally, we present preliminary results on the comparison between the proposed routing algorithm and LEACH, a well-known distributed clustering protocol used in wireless sensor networks that shows our method works better than LEACH.
Enhancing Frequency-Agile Radar Range over a Broad Operating Bandwidth with Reconfigurable Transmitter Amplifier Matching Networks

Tunable narrowband impedance matching networks (MNs) can be used to optimize output power in real time, maximizing radar range after operating-frequency changes in spectrum sharing radar transmitters have been accomplished. This paper compares the performance of two similar power-amplifier (PA) designs: one with a fixed, broadband output MN and the other with a tunable, narrowband output MN. The 50 Ohm stable PAs were designed for optimal gain performance in the operating range of 3.1 GHz to 3.5 GHz, with the harmonics terminated to maximize gain. Simulation results show that the design with the tunable output MN can achieve greater than 2 dB increase in gain across the entire frequency range over a fixed broadband MN design. This allows a significant increase in output power and radar detection range, with reconfiguration time being the primary tradeoff incurred from using a reconfigurable matching circuit.
Extracellular vesicles carry SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and serve as decoys for neutralizing antibodies

In late 2019, a novel coronavirus named severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged in Wuhan, China. SARS-CoV-2 and the disease it causes, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), spread rapidly and became a global pandemic in early 2020. SARS-CoV-2 spike protein is responsible for viral entry and binds to angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) on host cells, making it a major target of the immune system - particularly neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) that are induced by infection or vaccines. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small membraned particles constitutively released by cells, including virally-infected cells. EVs and viruses enclosed within lipid membranes share some characteristics: they are small, sub-micron particles and they overlap in cellular biogenesis and egress routes. Given their shared characteristics, we hypothesized that EVs released from spike-expressing cells could carry spike and serve as decoys for anti-spike nAbs, promoting viral infection. Here, using mass spectrometry and nanoscale flow cytometry (NFC) approaches, we demonstrate that SARS-CoV-2 spike protein can be incorporated into EVs. Furthermore, we show that spike-carrying EVs act as decoy targets for convalescent patient serum-derived nAbs, reducing their effectiveness in blocking viral entry. These findings have important implications for the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 infection in vivo and highlight the complex interplay between viruses, extracellular vesicles, and the immune system that occurs during viral infections.
Bioluminescent optogenetic (BL-OG) activation of neurons during mouse postnatal brain development

Summary Bioluminescent optogenetics (BL-OG) allows activation of photosensory proteins, such as opsins, by either fiberoptics or by administering a luciferin. BL-OG thus confers both optogenetic and chemogenetic access within the same genetically targeted neuron. This bimodality offers a powerful approach for non-invasive chemogenetic manipulation of neural activity during brain development and adult behaviors with standard optogenetic spatiotemporal precision. We detail protocols for bioluminescent stimulation of neurons in postnatally developing brain and its validation through bioluminescence imaging and electrophysiological recording in mice. For complete information on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Medendorp et al. (2021) .
Biomechanics of the Ankle Joint in Relation to Ankle Ligament Injuries

Dorsiflexion and plantarflexion are complex joint movements that control the foot position in the ankle joint. The ankle must be stable enough to adapt to ground, absorb forces, and produce movement while providing limb and body support. Much stability comes from the lateral, medial or deltoid, and syndesmotic ligaments at the ankle joint. This chapter discusses ankle biomechanics in the context of these ligaments when normal and injured. The lateral ligaments resist inversion and varus stresses, so are damaged with excessive inversion and/or internal rotation. The deltoid ligaments withstand eversion and valgus stresses, so are harmed during extreme external rotation. The syndesmotic ligaments provide additional lateral and medial ankle stability, so are impaired with excessive external rotation. While many ankle ligament pathologies heal, some cannot and lead to ankle instability with altered biomechanics. This chapter discusses surgical treatments for ankle ligamentous injury and their effect upon ankle biomechanics. Most ligament repairs or reconstructions improve, but do not normalize ankle biomechanics. Knowledge of ankle biomechanics in the context of ligamentous anatomy promotes a better understanding of normal ankle function. Furthermore, familiarity with ankle biomechanics during ligament injury and surgery may allow for improvements in surgically restoring the ankle to its pre-injury state.
Multiplex Epstein-Barr Virus Genotyping PCR Detects High-Risk Variants in Plasma for Population-Level Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Screening.

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE(S) Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV)-associated nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is unusually geographically and ethnically restricted. Without screening, most patients present at an advanced stage. Population-level screening in high-risk populations can detect most cases at an early stage, but existing serologic or molecular diagnostics are limited by low positive predictive value secondary to benign EBV reactivation. In contrast to human genome-wide association studies, recent EBV genome-wide association studies have identified polymorphisms with much greater attributable risk for NPC. We hypothesized that a noninvasive molecular diagnostic could detect high-risk EBV haplotypes in plasma to triage patients who screen positive for plasma EBV DNA. MATERIALS/METHODS We designed a multiplex allele-specific real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) genotyping assay to detect three non-synonymous polymorphisms within the EBV BALF2 gene (162215C > A, 162476T > C, 163364C > T). Two dsDNA gene fragments served as either the high-risk or low-risk variant controls. Supernatant from the EBV-infected B95-8 cell line served as an additional wild-type whole-virus control. Positive clinical specimens sent for routine plasma EBV EBNA-1 testing were collected from patients with a variety of benign and neoplastic EBV-associated disorders. Three sets of conserved primers flanked the polymorphisms, with one allele-specific hydrolysis probe for each of the three high-risk alleles. A fourth allele-specific probe (162215-mt) served as an internal control. The 95% lower limit of detection (LLOD) was assessed in replicates of 20; linearity was assessed from 0.0-6.0 log10 cp/µL. Mutant allele frequencies from 0-100% were assessed by mixing dsDNA controls. RESULTS The assay's limit of quantitation and 95% LLOD were 50 and 5 copies per well, respectively. At 100 copies per well, the assay could detect mutant allele frequencies as low as 5%, below the intra-host heterozygosity threshold. Wild-type B95-8 DNA confirmed assay specificity. Forty EBV-positive plasma specimens were genotyped from patients with non-transplant-associated viremia, post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders, EBV-associated lymphomas (diffuse large-cell, Hodgkin, NK/T-cell, peripheral T-cell), and EBV-positive NPC. High-risk haplotypes were more common among patients with NPC (64% vs. 10%, P = 0.002). Compared to screening with plasma BamHI-W PCR alone, triaging screen-detected EBV DNA with this genotyping assay modestly reduced screening sensitivity (97% to 91%) but could decrease false positives and unnecessary nasoendoscopies by 63% in a modeled high-risk population. CONCLUSION Triaging screen-detected plasma EBV DNA with a multiplex BALF2 genotyping assay has the potential to decrease false positives and resource utilization in high-risk populations screened for NPC. This may be a low-cost and accessible alternative to higher-complexity sequencing assays in low- and middle-income countries.
Longitudinal Evaluation of Stair Walking Biomechanics in Patients with ACL Injury.

PURPOSE: Following anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury and reconstruction, abnormal biomechanics during daily tasks may have prominent and detrimental long-term consequences on knee joint health. The purpose of this study was to longitudinally evaluate hip and knee joint biomechanics during stair ascent and descent in acutely ACL injured patients, and at return to activity following ACL reconstruction. METHODS: Twenty unilateral ACL injured individuals (age: 20.9 ± 4.4yrs; height: 172.4 ± 7.5cm; mass: 76.2 ± 12.2kg) that were scheduled to undergo surgical reconstruction were compared to 20 healthy matched controls (age: 21.7 ± 3.7yrs; height: 173.7 ± 9.9cm; mass: 76.1 ± 19.7kg). Lower extremity biomechanics were recorded using 3-D motion analysis during stair ascent and descent at two testing sessions (prior to surgery and at approximately 6-months post surgery, or when they were allowed to return to unrestricted physical activity). Time between sessions for healthy participants was matched based to the ACL group. Peak sagittal and frontal plane knee and hip joint angles and moments, joint angles at initial contact and joint excursions across stance phase were evaluated. RESULTS: The injured limb of ACL patients experienced smaller knee extension moments than the uninjured limb and healthy controls during stair ascent and descent (P CONCLUSIONS: ACL patients experience reductions in knee flexion angle and knee extension moments during stair walking. These alterations were observed both prior to, and following reconstruction, suggesting that early gait retraining interventions may be beneficial in these patients. Language: en
Raman studies of nucleic acids IV: Vibrational spectra and associative interactions of aqueous inosine derivatives

Abstract Laser-excited Raman spectra of H 2 O and 2 H 2 O solutions of inosine, inosine-5′-monophosphate and I-methylinosine are reported. The spectra are discussed in terms of the changes in molecular structure produced by changes in pH and p 2 H. The temperature dependence of Raman scattering intensities from aqueous inosine and inosine-5′-monophosphate are also reported. Raman hypochromism occurs in several lines in the spectra and is attributed to stacking of the hypoxanthine rings at low temperature. The association of the nucleotide is accompanied by enhanced Raman scattering near 820 cm −1 , similar to that observed previously for ordered polynucleotide structures and RNA. Effects of solute concentration and Mg 2+ concentration on spectra of the nucleotide are also discussed. The Raman data suggest that the nucleotide bases are stacked singly and that the phosphate substituents are largely unaffected in structure and environment by the base stacking.
Accelerated cavitation damage of steels and superalloys in sodium and mercury.

Accelerated cavitation damage in liquid sodium and mercury of stainless steels and superalloys under consideration for use in liquid metal power conversion systems
Long-term climate forcing by atmospheric oxygen concentrations

The percentage of oxygen in Earth’s atmosphere varied between 10% and 35% throughout the Phanerozoic. These changes have been linked to the evolution, radiation, and size of animals but have not been considered to affect climate. We conducted simulations showing that modulation of the partial pressure of oxygen (pO2), as a result of its contribution to atmospheric mass and density, influences the optical depth of the atmosphere. Under low pO2 and a reduced-density atmosphere, shortwave scattering by air molecules and clouds is less frequent, leading to a substantial increase in surface shortwave forcing. Through feedbacks involving latent heat fluxes to the atmosphere and marine stratus clouds, surface shortwave forcing drives increases in atmospheric water vapor and global precipitation, enhances greenhouse forcing, and raises global surface temperature. Our results implicate pO2 as an important factor in climate forcing throughout geologic time.
Genetic counseling for families of patients with fragile X syndrome.

To the Editor: Dr Jacquemont and colleagues reported that male carriers of premutation alleles of the FMR1 gene are at risk of developing fragile X–associated tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS). We are concerned that the authors did not discuss genetic counseling in the process of testing these individuals, which raises several ethical issues. First, when a male carrier passes on his deleterious allele (on the X chromosome) to his daughters, they become obligate carriers of the premutation. By identifying a man with FXTAS, his daughters are necessarily identified as FMR1 premutation carriers. As the authors stated, not only is the CGG repeat prone to expansion when passed through the female (thus the risk of fragile X syndrome in her offspring), but approximately 20% of women with FMR1 premutations will also experience premature ovarian failure. Although this may be very valuable family planning information for those daughters, we are troubled with the concept of diagnosing female offspring with a deleterious allele without considering these implications or potentially without their knowledge. Second, when older men who exhibit parkinsonism-like symptoms are identified as FMR1 premutation carriers, it is not clear how this information would change medical management. Additional costly medical work-up could be avoided when the diagnosis is made, but this medical benefit must be considered in light of the consequences for the patient’s daughters.
Un idealismo en contra de sí mismo: los enigmas de Fernando Vallejo

El presente articulo examina el realismo de la narrativa de Vallejo como un estilo desestabilizador de los discursos dominantes, particularmente de la tradicion cosmopolita de viajar a Europa a traves de la cual su propio narrador trotamundos busca insertarse en el canon global. A traves de un cuidadoso seguimiento de la trayectoria del narrador en las cinco novelas que conforman El rio del tiempo y en dialogo con los planteamientos sobre el cosmopolitismo de Kwame Anthony Appiah, Nicholson identifica tres caminos que atraviesan la ansiedad del narrador sobre lo global y lo local: el rio del tiempo asociado a un idealismo ingenuo seguido por un cinismo material, los trenes europeos de sus experiencias cosmopolitas fracasadas y la carretera a la finca de los abuelos asociada con una felicidad juvenil.
Modular Verification of SRT Division

We describe a formal specification and verification in PVS for the general theory of SRT division, and for the hardware design of a specific implementation. The specification demonstrates how attributes of the PVS language (in particular, predicate subtypes) allow the general theory to be developed in a readable manner that is similar to textbook presentations, while the PVS table construct allows direct specification of the implementation's quotient look-up table. Verification of the derivations in the SRT theory and for the data path and look-up table of the implementation are highly automated and performed for arbitrary, but finite precision; in addition, the theory is verified for general radix, while the implementation is specialized to radix 4. The effectiveness of the automation derives from PVS's tight integration of rewriting with decision procedures for equality, linear arithmetic over integers and rationals, and propositional logic. This example demonstrates that the resources of an expressive specification language and of a general-purpose theorem prover are not inimical to highly automated verification in this domain, and can contribute to clarity, generality, and reuse.
Investigating the Nucleotide Selection Mechanism of Bacillus Stearothermophilus DNA Polymerase I

The movement of the fingers subdomain of Bacillus stearothermophilus DNA polymerase I Large Fragment relative to a DNA substrate was monitored via Fӧrster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) during nucleotide (dNTP) selection. Changes in FRET were monitored in bulk solution and at the single molecule level in the presence of a variety of substrates and cofactors. The presence of the 3'-hydroxyl at the primer terminus strongly influenced the ability of the polymerase to discriminate between correct and incorrect dNTPs. Using a deoxy-terminated primer in Ca2+, the ground state dissociation constant (KdG) obtained for the correct dNTP was nearly 10-fold lower than the KdG obtained for an incorrect dNTP. When a dideoxy-terminated primer was used the difference in the KdGs was reduced to only 2-fold. Using a deoxy-terminated primer in Ca2+ with the D653A mutant, where the ability to bind the B-metal ion is compromised, there was a complete loss of discrimination between correct and incorrect dNTPs. Using a dideox...
Smoothing Polyhedra Using Trimmed Bicubic Patches

Several efficient constructions of smooth surfaces generate three-sided patches. To demonstrate that these constructions are compatible with existing software based on tensor-product patches, the particular scheme in [3] is expressed in terms of linearly-trimmed bicubic patches. Explicit formulas relating the coefficients of the patches to the vertices of an arbitrary input polyhedron are given. Four of these patches can be grouped together into a NURBS surface.
Precise determination of the orientation of the Dzialoshinskii-Moriya vector in kappa-(BEDT-TTF)2Cu[N(CN)(2)]Cl.

A novel electron spin-reorientation transition is discovered by $^{13}\mathrm{C}$ NMR in the quasi-two-dimensional organic antiferromagnet $\ensuremath{\kappa}\mathrm{\text{\ensuremath{-}}}(\mathrm{B}\mathrm{E}\mathrm{D}\mathrm{T}\mathrm{\text{\ensuremath{-}}}\mathrm{T}\mathrm{T}\mathrm{F}{)}_{2}\mathrm{C}\mathrm{u}[\mathrm{N}(\mathrm{C}\mathrm{N}{)}_{2}]\mathrm{C}\mathrm{l}$. The spin reorientation occurs as an external field is swept through the orientation of the characteristic vector of the Dzialoshinskii-Moriya (DM) interaction, thus providing a precise determination of the orientation of the DM vector. Such a spin reorientation could help to characterize the DM interaction in other antiferromagnetic systems.
Multiculturalism and Diversity: A Social Psychological Perspective

1 Introduction: The Multicultural Person. Multicultural Psychology and Cross-Cultural Psychology. Interpretive Lenses. Persons and Communities. A Proposed Social Psychological Perspective. Definitions and Common Themes. 2 Culture. Culture is Part of Human Biology. Diversity of Cultures. Empiricism and Social Constructions. 3 Ethnicity. Race and Racism. Ethnicity. 4 Gender. Differences in Relative Power. Cultures of Gender. Interactions with Ethnicity. Gender Salience. 5 Social Class. Doing Social Class. Unequal Access to Resources. Working-Class and Low-Income Families. The Middle Class. The Rich. Moving On. 6 Sexual Identity Cultures. Heterosexual Culture. Sexual Minority Cultures. 7 The Cultural Mosaic. Diverse Cultural Communities. Cultural Identities: How Do I Describe Myself? Conflicting Identities. Cultural Intersections. 8 Some Implications for Research and Practice. Research. Practice. What Now? References. Subject Index. Name Index.
Capturing the storm-time F-region ionospheric response in an empirical model

Understanding the response of the thermosphere and ionosphere to geomagnetic disturbances has reached a point where some of the F-region ionospheric characteristics can be captured in an empirical model. The integrated effect of magnetospheric energy injection during a storm disturbs the thermospheric temperature, global circulation, and neutral composition. The composition modifications accumulate over tens of hours, have a particular seasonal/latitude structure, and are very slow to recover. The long-lived reaction of the neutral upper atmosphere produces an ionospheric response that is consistent from storm to storm, and so enables the characteristics to be captured by an empirical model. The goal of this first empirical storm-time model is to establish a correction to the F-region peak density, or critical frequency, as a function of season and latitude for any given a p time history of a storm. Guided by the knowledge gained from previous data analysis, and from simulations with a physically-based model, observations of the F-region peak density from available sites and from many storms have been sorted by latitude and season, and by the magnitude of the storm. A coherent picture begins to emerge particularly in the summer and equinox mid-latitudes. Several features are still unable to be included in the empirical model, although they are clearly important, and can be simulated in physical models. These include the local-time dependence, and the dynamic response to transient large-scale gravity waves. The latter in particular requires accurate knowledge of the spatial and temporal variation of the geomagnetic sources.
Geometric Problems on Coverage in Sensor Networks

In this article we survey results and state some open problems that are motivated by sensor networks applications.