cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Stability robustness of LQ and LQG active suspensions

A two-degree-of-freedom quarter-car model is used as the basis for linear quadratic (LQ) and linear quadratic Gaussian (LQG) controller design,for an active suspension. The LQ controller results in the best rms performance trade-offs (as defined by the performance index) between ride, handling and packaging requirements. In practice, however, all suspension states are not directly measured, and a Kalman filter can be introduced,for state estimation to yield an LQG controller. This paper (i) quantifies the rms performance losses for LQG control as compared to LQ control, and (ii) compares the LQ and LQG active suspension designs,from the point of view of stability robustness
Synchrotron X-ray imaging reveals a correlation of tumor copper speciation with Clioquinol's anticancer activity

Tumor development and metastasis depend on angiogenesis that requires certain growth factors, proteases, and the trace element copper (Cu). Recent studies suggest that Cu could be used as a novel target for cancer therapies. Clioquinol (CQ), an antibiotic that is able to form stable complexes with Cu or zinc (Zn), has shown proteasome-inhibitory, androgen receptor-suppressing, apoptosis-inducing, and antitumor activities in human cancer cells and xenografts. The mechanisms underlying the interaction of CQ with cellular Cu, the alteration of the Cu/Zn ratio and the antitumor role of CQ in vivo have not been fully elucidated. We report here that Cu accumulates in tumor tissue and that the Cu/Zn balances in tumor, but not normal, tissue change significantly after the treatment with CQ. Cu speciation analysis showed that the Cu(I) species is predominant in both normal and tumor tissues and that Cu(II) content was significantly increased in tumor, but not normal tissue after CQ treatment. Our findings indicate that CQ can interact with cellular Cu in vivo, dysregulates the Cu/Zn balance and is able to convert Cu(I) to Cu(II) in tumor tissue. This conversion of Cu(I) to Cu(II) may be associated with CQ-induced proteasome inhibition and growth suppression in the human prostatemore » tumor xenografts.« less
Transient analysis of the CMOS-like a-Si:H TFT inverter circuit

The dynamic characteristics of a CMOS-like a-Si:H thin-film transistor (TFT) inverter circuit which utilizes the ambipolar property of the TFT are analyzed and modeled. The time-dependent characteristics of a-Si:H TFTs which originate from charge trapping and detrapping are characterized and modeled by shifts in the flat-band voltage. Based on a previously developed static model for the drain current, dynamic operation of the CMOS-like inverter into a load capacitance is described. To speed up the switching process, several device parameter optimizations are presented. Transient characteristics of the inverter are accurately analyzed and predicted by combining the time-dependent response of TFTs with the dynamic operation of the inverter. It is shown that some types of charge trapping can be beneficial for the CMOS-like inverter dynamic speed. >
Oxidative addition of the c-o bond of amino acid esters to Rh(I) forming chelating acyl complexes

Abstract Esters of N-acylated amino acids and the sterically demanding phosphine 2-(di-ortho-tolylphosphino)phenol react within 1 h at room temperature with the Rh(I) centers of [Cl(μ-Cl)Rh(cyclooctene)2]2 to give products of oxidative addition of the ester carbonyl–O bond. The N-acyl carbonyl oxygen is bound to the Rh in these initial adducts, but is displaced upon addition of PMe3, PhPMe2, NH2NMe2, or the thioether function of a methionine derivative. Remarkably, both initial products from achiral amino acids and their ligand adducts are formed as single five-coordinate diastereomers in essentially quantitative yields. However, asymmetric induction by chiral amino acid derivatives of proline and phenylalanine on the stereochemistry at Rh was modest. Finally, the identities of infrared absorptions of acyl and amide groups in the complexes were established unequivocally by synthesis and spectroscopy of N-acetylglycine esters with a 13C label at either the ester or amide carbonyl group.
Hemodynamic studies in rheumatic heart disease.

Hemodynamic studies were made in 42 patients with rheumatic heart disease with various valvular lesions and in different stages of cardiac function. These studies include observations not only at rest, but also during exercise, following the acute administration of Digoxin, and after recovery from failure. The relationship between symptomatology and hemodynamic findings were considered and the importance of differentiating between mechanical block and left ventricular myocardial failure as causes for pulmonary artery hypertension is stressed.
Evaluating the State-Ofthe-Art in Deaf Education: the Commission On Education of the Deaf

This article provides professionals in the field of communication disorders with both an historical overview of those events which led to establishing a Commission on Education of the Deaf as well as the recommendations that were stated by a thirteen member "blue ribbon"panel. Although the results of the Cammission's recommendations have yet to be developed and implemented into an acceptable plan for improvement, recent protests at Gallaudet University paired with regional meetings concerning the recommendations have rendered eager anticipation and hope of innovation in the field among professionals.
Mis-targeting of multiple gene disruption constructs containing hisG

Gene targeting by homologous recombination occurs in Saccharomyces cerevisiae efficiently when there are as few as 30 base pairs of sequence homology at both ends of the targeting construct. Multiple gene disruptions within a single cell are possible using the hisG cassette, which allows recovery of the marker but leaves a single hisG sequence imbedded in the disrupted gene(s). We use an integration hisG construct, which has limited homology to the target at one end, to show that a single genomic copy of hisG decreases the percentage of integration at the target locus from 44% to 4.5% and two genomic hisG copies decrease it to less than 1%. Enlarging the homology at the disruption construct abolishes this effect. Thus competition between endogenous hisG sequences and successive hisG cassette transformations occurs if there is limited homology at one end of the targeting construct. Therefore, methods using limited homology, such as PCR-mediated gene targeting, are inefficient when significant internal homology exists.
Ambient Heat and Nerve Agent Antidotes: Effects on Soldier Performance with the Usariem Performance Inventory

The tactical significance of chemical weapons in future warfare demands that nerve agent antidotes be available for troops exposed to chemical attack. Since future combat operations will likely occur in desert and tropical areas, chemical attacks in such areas could lead to situations involving the use of nerve agent antidotes by troops during exposure to hot weather conditions. This study assessed, both independently and in combination, the effects of heat exposure (95°F, 60%RH) and US Army standard dosages of nerve agent antidotes (2 mg atropine and 600 mg 2-PAM chloride) on the performance of a variety of tasks selected from the USARIEM Performance Inventory (UPI). The UPI tasks selected for inclusion assessed sensory functioning, perceptual-cognitive functioning, sensorimotor skill, subjective reactions, and M16 rifle marksmanship. Fifteen soldier volunteers were first trained to asymptotic performance on the UPI task battery. Then, over a period of four test days, they completed a counterbalanced sch...
Optimization of advanced PMOS junctions using Ge, B and F co-implants

Abstract The main challenges for PMOS ultra shallow junction formation remain the transient enhanced diffusion (TED) and the solid solubility limit of boron in silicon. It has been demonstrated that low energy boron implantation and spike annealing are key in meeting the 90 nm technology node ITRS requirements. To meet the 65 nm technology requirements many studies have used fluorine co-implantation with boron and Si+ or Ge+ pre-amorphization (PAI) and spike annealing. Although using BF 2 + can be attractive for its high throughput, self-amorphization and the presence of fluorine, many studies have shown that the fluorine successfully reduce TED, its energy needs to be well optimized with respect to the boron’s, therefore BF 2 + does not present the right fluorine/boron energy ratio for the optimum junction formation. In this work we optimize the fluorine energy for boron energies down to 200 eV. We show the dependence of optimized junction on Ge+ energies of 2 keV and 20 keV. We also demonstrate that the fluorine dose needs to be carefully optimized, otherwise a reverse effect can be observed.
Oxidation State Control of Volatile Species in Sintering

The hinderance to sintering created by oxidation state changes which produce volatile phases is well known. The chromium-oxygen system provides an excellent example to illustrate the problems associated with these types of phase changes. Chromium sesquioxide is an attractive refractory material with three other oxides in the system as well as chromium metal having a considerable vapor pressure. Attempts to sinter chromium sesquioxide powders must include provisions for the stabilization of this phase if sintering to high density is to be successful.(1)
Lipids of Putative Relevance to Virulence in Mycobacterium tuberculosis: Phthiocerol Dimycocerosate and the Attenuation Indicator Lipid

Lipid compositions of 40 patient isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis derived from Madras, Burma, Rangoon, and East Africa were studied, and two major populations of tubercle bacilli were distinguished. Nearly all of the strains previously designated as attenuated for the guinea pig (D. A. Mitchison) are characterized by a specific phenolic phthiocerol diester which is identified with the aglycone moieties of mycosides A and B (and probably G). This lipid (AI) was not seen in any of the more virulent strains. Thus, presence of AI may be taken as definitive for attenuation (P << 0.001). Phthiocerol dimycoserosate (DIM), a companion substance, is ubiquitous for the series of 40 strains. However, a dramatic attenuation found in a DIM-less H37Rv mutant may support a role for this substance in the virulent state. Since mycosides A, G, and B seem to be restricted to certain chromogenic and bovine species, respectively, we speculate that lysogenization or transduction of fully virulent M. tuberculosis may have provided the genetic determinants for attenuation and AI synthesis, and thus led to the two classes of tubercle bacilli.
Keyword-based fragement detection for dynamic web content delivery

Fragment-based caching has been proposed as a promising technique for dynamic Web content delivery and caching. Most of these approaches either assume the fragment-based content is served by Web server automatically, or look at server-side caching only. There is no method of extracting fragments from an existing dynamic Web content, which is of great importance to thesuccess of fragment-based caching. Also, current technologies for supporting dynamic fragments do not allow to take into account changes in fragment spatiality, which is a popular technique in dynamic and personalized Web site design. This paper describes our effort to address these short comings. The first, DyCA, aDynamic Content Adapter, is a tool for creating fragment-based content from original dynamic content. Our second proposal is an augmentation to the ESI standard that will allow it to support looking up fragment locations in a mapping table that comes attached with the template. This allows the fragments to move across the document without needing to reserve the template.
Chronic naltrexone administration reverses the suppressive effect of crowding on body weight gain in rats.

Abstract Rats kept under crowding condition exhibited a slower rate of body weight gain compared to single housed rats. Chronic naltrexone administration reversed the suppressive effect of crowding on body weight gain but it had no effect on body weight gain in single housed rats. The results suggest that endogenous opioids may mediate the effect of crowding stress on appetitive behavior in rats.
Failure of Zircaloy cladding under transverse plane-strain deformation

Experiments have been performed to examine the ductility of Zircaloy 4 cladding tubes under conditions of near plane-strain deformation in the hoop direction (transverse to the tube axis) at temperatures of 25 and 300°C and at strain rates of 10 3 and 10 2 s 1 . To conduct these experiments, a specimen configuration was designed in which near plane-strain deformation is achieved, and a test methodology was established to determine two failure conditions: the limit strain at the onset of localized necking and the fracture strain. Experiments performed on cold-worked stress relieved material using the transverse plane-strain specimen geometry indicate major differences in failure behavior from that observed in uniaxial tension, although both test conditions result in failure by a localized necking process. The experimental results also indicate that while plane-strain fracture strains increase with temperature between 25 and 300°C, at a given temperature they are insensitive to strain rate. The limit strains at localized necking also increase with temperature but only at the high 10 2 s 1 strain rate. Finally, the failure data indicate a strong sensitivity to surface flaws, as predicted by localized necking theory. © 1998 Elsevier Science S.A. All rights reserved.
Case Report: Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria in a woman heterozygous for G6PD A-

We describe a case of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) in a woman who is heterozygous for the glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase A- ( G6PDA-) allele. PNH is associated with one or more clones of cells that lack complement inhibition due to loss of function somatic mutations in the PIGA gene. PIGA encodes the enzyme phosphatidylinositol glycan anchor biosynthesis, class A, which catalyses the first step of glycosylphosphatidylinisotol ( GPI) anchor synthesis. Two GPI anchored red cell surface antigens regulate complement lysis. G6PD catalyses the first step of the pentose phosphate pathway and enzyme variants, frequent in some populations have been selected because they confer resistance to malaria, are associated with hemolysis in the presence of oxidizing agents including several drugs. The patient had suffered a hemolytic attack after taking co-trimoxazole, a drug that precipitates hemolysis in G6PD deficient individuals. Since both G6PD and PIGA are X-linked we hypothesized that the PIGA mutation was on the X-chromosome carrying the G6PDA- allele. Investigations showed that in fact the PIGA mutation was on the X-chromosome carrying the normal G6PD B allele. We speculate that complement activation on G6PD A- red cells exposed to Bactrim might have triggered complement activation inducing the lysis of G6PD B PNH Type II red blood cells or that the patient may have had a PNH clone expressing G6PDA- at the time of the hemolytic episode.
Recycling Metchnikoff: probiotics, the intestinal microbiome and the quest for long life

Over a centry ago, Elie Metchnikoff theorized that health could be enhanced and senility delayed by manipulating the intestinal microbiome with host-friendly bacteria found in yogurt. His theory flourished for a time, then drifted to the fringe of medical practice before re-emerging in the mid-1990s as a concept worthy of mainstream medical attention. Metchnikoff also predicted the existence of bacterial translocation and anticipated theories linking chronic inflammation with the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and other disorders of the aged.
Predictors of health-related and global quality of life among young adults with difficult-to-treat epilepsy and mild intellectual disability.

Abstract Objective This study evaluated predictors of health-related quality of life (HRQOL) and global quality of life (QOL) among young adults with difficult-to-treat epilepsy and mild intellectual disability. Methods One hundred and forty-two persons with epilepsy and cognitive problems were routinely screened on HRQOL, global QOL, and psychological distress four weeks after admission to a time-limited residential rehabilitation unit. The PESOS scales (PE = PErformance, SO = SOciodemographic aspects, S = Subjective evaluation/estimation) on epilepsy-specific problems were administered as measures of HRQOL; a questionnaire on life satisfaction and an item on overall QOL were used as measures of global QOL. Psychological distress was captured with the Symptom Checklist 90-R. Further data were gained from medical files. Quality-of- life predictors were identified using univariate methods and stepwise regression analyses. Results Psychological distress was the only predictor of all HRQOL and global QOL parameters. Seizure frequency was a predictor of most HRQOL variables. Other epilepsy variables affected only some HRQOL variables but were not associated with global QOL. Health-related quality of life did not seem to be strongly impaired. Only low correlations were found between HRQOL and global QOL. Conclusion The notion of psychological distress as the most influential predictor of all QOL measures is in line with most findings on QOL in epilepsy. Former observations of weak associations between HRQOL and global QOL among patients with epilepsy and mild intellectual disability are supported. Thus, interventions to reduce psychological distress, besides epilepsy treatment, seem to be of great importance to improve QOL.
A hypothesis testing approach to word recognition using an A* search algorithm

An hypothesis testing approach for recognizing machine-printed words is presented in this paper. Based on knowledge of the document font and candidates for the identity of a word, this approach searches a tree of word decisions to generate and test hypotheses for character recognition and segmentation. The search starts at each sequential character position from both ends of a word image and proceeds inward. The accumulated cost of reaching a certain partial recognition decision is combined with the estimate of the potential cost to reach a goal state using an A* search algorithm. The proposed algorithm compensates for local degradations by relying on global characteristics of a word image. Tests of the algorithm show a recognition rate of 98.93% on degraded scanned document images with touching characters.
Symptomatic Pneumocephalus Associated with Lumbar Dural Tear and Reverse Trendelenburg Positioning: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

Symptomatic pneumocephalus is a rare complication of degenerative lumbar spine surgery. This is a case report of a patient who developed transient diplopia associated with pneumocephalus following lumbar spine surgery complicated by a dural tear. The diplopia improved as the pneumocephalus resolved. Factors involved in the development of pneumocephalus include an unintended durotomy and intraoperative reverse Trendelenburg positioning that was utilized to decrease the risk of postoperative vision loss. When encountering cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leakage intraoperatively, spine surgeons should level the operating table until closure of the dural defect to prevent potential complications associated with pneumocephalus. If postoperative patients complain of severe headaches or display a focal cranial neurologic deficit, then a computed tomography (CT) scan of the brain should be ordered and evaluated. Consulting neurologists should be aware of the circumstances surrounding this rare complication.
Multiple scales of brain-mind interactions

Posner and Raichle's Images of Mind is an excellent educational book and very well written. Some flaws as a scientific publication are: (a) the accuracy of the linear subtraction method used in PET is subject to scrutiny by further research at finer spatial-temporal resolutions; (b) lack of accuracy of the experimental paradigm used for EEG complementary studies.
Novel MEMS stiffness sensor for in-vivo tissue characterization measurement

This paper presents the design, mathematical model, fabrication and testing of a novel type of in-vivo stiffness sensor. The proposed sensor can measure both tissue stiffness and contact force. The sensing concept utilizes multiple membranes with varying stiffness and is particularly designed for integration with minimally invasive surgical (MIS) tools. In order to validate the new sensing concept, MEMS capacitive sensors are fabricated using surface micromachining with each fabricated sensor having a 1mm × 1mm active sensor area. Finally, the sensors are tested by touching polymers of different elastic stiffnesses. The results are promising and confirm the capability of the sensor for measuring both force and tissue compliance.
Impact Response and Analysis of Several Silicon Carbides

Several hot-pressed and sintered SiC variants were impacted with tungsten-carbide (WC) spheres at velocities up to 1700 m/s. Ballistic response curves of areal density penetrated as a function of impact velocity were generated to compare ceramics for ballistic applications. Observed response curve features are shown to be similar to those observed for metal impacts. Ballistics penetration models that captured these features for metal targets were utilized to analyze the ceramic data. Visual examination of damage type and extent suggested that cavity expansion expressions for target resistance might help to quantify the strength of fully confined, damaged, comminuted ceramics. The experimental results, visual observations, and preliminary analysis using a ballistics penetration model are presented.
Identification of a Domain within Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor γ Regulating Expression of a Group of Genes Containing Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 That Are Selectively Repressed by SIRT1 in Adipocytes

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) activity is regulated through association with ligands that include the thiazolidinedione class of antidiabetic drugs, as well as derivatives of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Induction of PPARγ target gene expression involves ligand-dependent reconfiguration of the ligand-binding domain (LBD), followed by recruitment of specific transcriptional coactivators. In this study, we have identified an amino acid (F372) within helix 7 of the LBD that is required for the response of PPARγ to endogenous ligands. Additionally, the data show that this amino acid is also required for expression of a novel subset of adipocyte genes (group 2), including fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), and that the FGF21 gene is a direct target of PPARγ. Expression of the group 2 genes is selectively repressed by the NAD-dependent deacetylase SIRT1 in mature 3T3-L1 adipocytes, since knockdown of SIRT1 through the constitutive expression of a corresponding RNA interference enhances their expression without affecting the expression of classic adipogenic genes, such as adiponectin and FABP4/aP2. It appears that many of the group 2 genes repressed by SIRT1 in mature adipocytes correspond to the same set of genes that are selectively activated by treatment of fat cells with the PPARγ ligand, troglitazone. These data support a role for helix 7 of the LBD of PPARγ in regulating adipocyte function and suggest that inhibition of SIRT1 in adipocytes induces the same insulin-sensitizing action as PPARγ ligands.
Thin-Film PZT Lateral Actuators With Extended Stroke

Many microelectromechanical system applications require large in-plane actuation forces, with stroke lengths ranging from submicrometer to tens of micrometers in distance. Piezo electric thin films are capable of generating very large actuation forces, but their motion is not easily directed into lateral displacement in microscale devices. A new piezoelectric thin-film actuator that uses a combination of piezoelectric unimorph beams to generate lateral displacement has been developed. The piezoelectric actuators were fabricated using chemical-solution-derived lead zirconate titanate thin films. These actuators have demonstrated forces greater than 7 mN at displacements of nearly 1 mum, with maximum stroke lengths at 20 V greater than 5 mum in a 500-mum-long by 100-mum-wide actuator. Force and displacement capabilities can be manipulated through simple changes to the actuator design, while actuator nonlinearity can produce dramatic gains in work capacity and stroke length for longer actuators.
Sensitive Low-Light-Level Microspectrophotometer: Detection of Photosensitive Pigments of Retinal Cones

A microspectrophotometer of exceptional sensitivity has been constructed to record absorption spectra of visual pigments in single cells using minimum light. With this equipment, pigments of individual cones have been recorded in regions of less than 1 μ radius, with minimum bleaching. The instrument is simple and flexible in design, and uses commercially available components throughout. This paper reviews some general design considerations, the character and performance of our equipment, and some of the results obtained with retinal cones.
Differential effects of CD4+ and CD8+ cells in acute, systemic murine candidosis.

Monoclonal antibody (mAb) depletion was used to assess contributions of CD4� and CD8� cells in resistance to systemic murine Candida albicans infection. Depletion of CD8� cells did not influence either survival or mean survival time (MST); however, depletion of CD4� cells significantly enhanced both survival and MST. Combined depletion of both CD4� and CD8� cells significantly lengthened the MST but did not enhance survival. A protective influence of CD8� cells could be deduced but, to be manifested, required depletion of an overshadowing immunopathologic CD4� response J. Leu- koc. Biol. 51: 305-306; 1992.
Professionalizing Moral Engagement

This essay is an invited response to Michael Hatfield, who argues that the legal profession might avoid creating lawyers willing to “sign off on torture if their professional education did not begin with dis-integrating the skills for intellectual agility from the skills for moral resolution.” I contend that we do not need lawyers to reach “moral resolution," for it is not the lawyer’s job to resolve the moral questions that clients face. We do need lawyers, on the other hand, to ensure that clients are aware of the moral questions that are often embedded in the legal questions raised by the representation. Lawyers’ recurrent failure to raise moral questions infringes on client autonomy by precluding the client’s ability to fully consider what is at stake in the case. Our approach to professional formation ¾ both during and after law school ¾ almost totally ignores this “moral due diligence” dimension of the attorney-client relationship. Especially in cases where the governing law is indeterminate, lawyers need to be able to engage their clients in a moral dialogue, which requires both familiarity with, and sensitivity to, moral reasoning. But lawyers’ capabilities in this regard should not be deployed in order to resolve the moral questions; rather, they should be deployed in order to assist the client in resolving the moral questions. The essay lays out some possible avenues by which legal education can support the project of professionalizing moral engagement.
Physical control of the distributions of a key Arctic copepod in the Northeast Chukchi Sea

Thesis: S.M., Joint Program in Applied Ocean Science and Engineering (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering; and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution), 2015.
Impeding Reentry: Agency and Judicial Obstacles to Longer Halfway House Placements

Over 700,000 prisoners were released into their communities in 2008, at least 50,000 of those from federal custody. Once an obscure cause, nearly everyone agrees that prisoner reentry – the process by which former prisoners return to their community as free citizens – is of national importance. Absent adequate attention to transitional services, ex-offenders are often homeless, unemployed, and suffer from untreated substance abuse addictions. Accordingly, President Obama and his two predecessors have devoted considerable attention to the issue. Congress passed the Second Chance in 2007, amending two federal statutes, sections 3624(c) and 3621(b) and giving inmates a longer time in halfway houses to transition from incarceration to law-abiding citizens and requiring individualized inmate assessments prior to placement. Nevertheless, the Bureau of Prisons is ignoring both mandates, by categorically limiting the inmates’ time in halfway houses, trends that some courts have found violates the agency’s statutory authority. By presuming that six months is a satisfactory length of time to spend in a halfway house, the Bureau of Prisons fails to comply with its statutory authority and thus violates Chevron and hard look review. Federal inmates that have sought to challenge the Bureau of Prisons’ policy have been thwarted by two judicial doctrines, exhaustion and mootness. Courts are refusing to hear inmates’ challenges because the inmates have failed to exhaust their remedies under the Bureau’s three-tiered process prior to seeking judicial relief or because the petition is moot. Inmates have invoked exceptions to both that have had mixed success. Given official statements, legal action is inevitable. Because legal action is a certainty, the time lost awaiting an administrative decision diminishes the amount of time that an inmate would be able to spend in a halfway house. The Bureau of Prisons needs to amend its policy and not categorically place inmates in halfway houses for six months.
External Oblique Muscle Transfer for Unstable Hips in Spina Bifida

We studied the results of external oblique muscle transfer for the lumbar spina bifida. We operated on 11 hips of 8 patients from 1994. The neurosegmental level of the patients were the first lumbar level with one patient, the third or fourth with five patients, and the fifth with five patients. Nine hips were subluxated and two hips were dislocated.External oblique muscle transfer is easier than iliopsoas transfer and does not weaken the flexor muscle compared with iliopsoas transfer.All the hips except two maintained concentric reduction after surgery in X-ray. Hip flexor power did not decrease and walking ability improved at the time of followup.
Eating Disorders: Explanatory Variables in Caucasian and Hispanic College Women.

The authors explored Hispanic and Caucasian college women's (N = 264) behavioral and attitudinal symptoms of eating disorders after controlling for body mass index and internalization of the thinness ideal, as well as the roles of ethnicity and ethnic identity in symptomatology. Correlational analysis, multivariate analysis of variance, and regression analysis suggested more similarities than differences between Hispanic and Caucasian college women in terms of eating disorders.
Transcranial Doppler: Does Addition of Blood to Agitated Saline Affect Sensitivity for Detecting Cardiac Right‐to‐Left Shunt?

Author(s): Mojadidi, Mohammad Khalid; Zhang, Lili; Chugh, Yashasvi; Eshtehardi, Parham; Hovnanians, Ninel; Gevorgyan, Rubine; Mojaddedi, Sanaullah; Nezami, Nariman; Zaman, Muhammad Omer; Rafique, Asim; Villablanca, Pedro A; Tobis, Jonathan M | Abstract: BackgroundTranscranial Doppler (TCD) with agitated saline has been shown to be an alternative for the detection of right-to-left shunts (RLS) with similar diagnostic accuracies as transesophageal echocardiography (TEE). It is hypothesized that the addition of blood to agitated saline increases the sensitivity of TCD for the detection of RLS. The aim of this meta-analysis was to determine whether agitated saline with blood increases the sensitivity of TCD for the detection of RLS compared to agitated saline alone and other contrast agents.MethodA systematic review of Medline, Cochrane, and Embase was performed to look for all prospective studies assessing intracardiac RLS using TCD compared with TEE as the reference; both tests were performed with a contrast agent and a maneuver to provoke RLS in all studies.ResultsA total of 27 studies (29 comparisons) with 1,968 patients met the inclusion criteria. Of 29 comparisons, 10 (35%) used echovist contrast during TCD, 4 (14%) used a gelatin-based solution, 12 (41%) used agitated saline, and 3 (10%) utilized 2 different contrast agents. The addition of blood to agitated saline improved the sensitivity of TCD to 100% compared to agitated saline alone (96% sensitivity, P = 0.161), echovist (94% sensitivity, P = 0.044), and gelatin-based solutions (93% sensitivity, P = 0.041).ConclusionThe addition of blood to agitated saline improves the sensitivity of TCD for the detection of RLS to 100% when compared to other conventional contrast agents; these findings support the addition of blood to agitated saline during TCD bubble studies.
Current Trends Toward Convergence of the Behavioristic, Functional, and Cognitive Perspectives in Experimental Psychology

We examine three systems or perspectives we believe have contributed most to contemporary experimental psychology (behaviorism, functionalism, and cognitive psychology), briefly discussing their history, methodology, and metatheoretical postulates. Particular attention is given to potentially incompatible viewpoints. While the three perspectives are still fundamentally divided on some issues, such as the type of intervening variables to use (if any), and how to deal with data from different levels of analysis, we found evidence of some current convergence on other issues. Working from Kuhn’s (1962, 1970) concept of paradigms in science, we suggest that experimental psychology is entering a protoparadig-matic stage of rapprochement; psychologists have broadened their areas of study and become increasingly likely to recognize commonalities rather than differences among their theoretical positions or research findings. We evaluate this developing interaction and potential coalescence with respect to its long-term value for psychology.
The Tupange Project in Kenya: A Multifaceted Approach to Increasing Use of Long-Acting Reversible Contraceptives.

Background: Long-acting reversible contraceptives (LARCs) are safe and highly effective and they have higher continuation rates than short-acting methods. Because only a small percentage of sexually active women in Kenya use LARCs the Tupange project implemented a multifaceted approach to increase uptake of LARCs particularly among the urban poor. The project included on-site mentoring whole-site orientation commodity security quality improvement and multiple demand-promotion and service-provision strategies in the context of wide method choice. We report on activities in Nairobi between July 2011 and December 2014 the project implementation period. Methods: We used a household longitudinal survey of women of reproductive age to measure changes in the contraceptive prevalence rate (CPR) and other family planning-related variables. At baseline in July 2010 2676 women were interviewed; about 50% were successfully tracked and interviewed at endline in December 2014. A baseline service delivery point (SDP) survey of 112 health facilities and 303 service providers was conducted in July 2011 and an endline SDP survey was conducted in December 2014 to measure facility-based interventions. The SDP baseline survey was conducted after the household survey as facilities were selected based on where clients said they obtained services. Results: The project led to significant increases in use of implants and intrauterine devices (IUDs). Uptake of implants increased by 6.5 percentage points from 2.4% at baseline to 8.9% by endline and uptake of IUDs increased by 2.1 percentage points from 2.2% to 4.3%. By the endline survey 37.7% of clients using pills and injectables at baseline had switched to LARCs. Contraceptive use among the poorest and poor wealth quintiles increased by 20.5 and 21.5 percentage points respectively from baseline to endline. Various myths and misconceptions reported about family planning methods declined significantly between baseline and endline. Conclusion: Training commodity security multiple service delivery models and demand promotion were the cornerstones of a successful approach to reach the urban poor in Nairobi with LARCs.
Re-conceptualize mixed methods research: introducing a new conceptual framework

Given that there is a lack of conceptual framework that connects, organizes, and guides all the aspects in the process of conducting mixed methods research, this study introduces a new conceptual framework that seeks to make a connection between theory and practice in research and puts methodological theory at its center. It includes three components—theoretical/philosophical, practical/implementation, and articulation—and each component consists of different elements. In the article, we first reviewed the literature regarding the conceptual frameworks in mixed methods research and examined the limitations of the current approaches. We then defined and explained each component of the framework and its elements as well as their relationships and alignment. We concluded the article with the discussion of how to apply the proposed conceptual framework to understand the process of conducting mixed methods research, in which a simple example was provided.
Dynamic fracture behavior of a MAX phase Ti3SiC2

Abstract Due to their layered structure, MAX phase ternary carbides and nitrides exhibit unique mechanical properties between their metal and ceramic constituent materials. Pre-cracked coupons of MAX phase Ti3SiC2 were impacted at 4 m/s, and high-speed imaging, combined with digital image correlation (DIC), captured full-field displacement data during loading and subsequent fracture. An over-deterministic least squares analysis was used to extract dynamic anisotropic mixed-mode stress intensity factors (SIFs). Critical Mode I (opening) SIFs at initiation are comparable to quasi-static fracture values in the literature averaging 6.9 MPa m1/2, but SIFs increase 20% during propagation, with increased crack tip sliding behavior influenced by inherent mesoscale toughening mechanisms.
Tower gravity experiment: Evidence for non-Newtonian gravity.

We tested Newton's inverse-square law of gravitation by comparing gravity measured on a 600-m tower with gravity calculated from ground measurements. A significant departure from the law was detected, approaching (- 500\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}35)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}8}$ ${\mathrm{ms}}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$ at the top of the tower and suggestive of a rapidly attenuating non-Newtonian attractive force. These results are marginally consistent with a one-term Yukawa-type attractive force, but they are fully consistent with two Yukawa-type forces, attractive and repulsive, and then also with Airy and Cavendish experiments.
Polyurethanes containing Poly(arylene ether sulfone) and Poly(ethylene oxide) segments for gas separation membranes

Abstract Poly(arylene ether sulfone) and poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO)-based segmented polyurethanes were synthesized as potential gas separation membrane materials. Poly(arylene ether sulfone) oligomers with controlled molecular weights (15,000 and 20,000 g/mol M n ) were prepared with phenol endgroups by nucleophilic aromatic substitution step growth polymerization of 4,4'-dichlorodiphenylsulfone with a calculated excess of 4,4'-(propane-2,2-diyl)diphenol (bisphenol A). The oligomers with phenolic endgroups were subsequently reacted with ethylene carbonate to obtain aliphatic hydroxyethyl terminal functionality. The hydroxyethyl terminated polysulfone oligomers and hydroxy-terminated PEO were reacted with 4,4'-methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) to obtain segmented polyurethanes. Compositions with high poly(arylene ether sulfone) content relative to the hydrophilic PEO blocks were of particular interest due to their mechanical integrity. Size exclusion chromatograms confirmed that the polyurethanes had high molecular weights with unimodal molecular weight distributions. DMA and DSC thermograms revealed polyurethanes containing 30 wt % PEO have two distinct T g 's. Pure gas permeabilities of membranes were measured using a series of gases having different kinetic diameters including H 2 , He, CO 2 , O 2 , N 2 , and CH 4 . Gas transport measurements showed changes in permeabilities as the PEO content in the polyurethane increased. The CO 2 /N 2 and CO 2 /CH 4 gas selectivity of membranes increased systematically as PEO content increased in the polyurethanes.
Age Dependence of Clinical and Pathological Manifestations of Autoimmune Demyelination: Implications for Multiple Sclerosis

A prominent feature of the clinical spectrum of multiple sclerosis (MS) is its high incidence of onset in the third decade of life and the relative rarity of clinical manifestations during childhood and adolescence, features suggestive of age-related restriction of clinical expression. Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE), a model of central nervous system (CNS) autoimmune demyelination with many similarities to MS, has a uniform rapid onset and a high incidence of clinical and pathological disease in adult (mature) animals. Like MS, EAE is most commonly seen and studied in female adults. In this study, age-related resistance to clinical EAE has been examined with the adoptive transfer model of EAE in SJL mice that received myelin basic protein-sensitized cells from animals 10 days (sucklings) to 12 weeks (young adults) of age. A variable delay before expression of clinical EAE was observed between the different age groups. The preclinical period was longest in the younger (<14 days of age) animals, and shortest in animals 6 to 8 weeks old at time of transfer. Young animals initially resistant to EAE eventually expressed well-developed clinical signs by 6 to 7 weeks of age. This was followed by a remitting, relapsing clinical course. For each age at time of sensitization, increased susceptibility of females compared to males was observed. Examination of the CNS of younger animal groups during the preclinical period showed lesions of acute EAE. Older age groups developed onset of signs coincident with acute CNS lesions. This age-related resistance to clinical EAE in developing mice is reminiscent of an age-related characteristic of MS previously difficult to study in vivo. The associated subclinical CNS pathology and age-related immune functions found in young animals may be relevant to the increasing clinical expression of MS with maturation, and may allow study of factors associated with the known occasional poor correlation of CNS inflammation and demyelination and clinical changes in this disease.
Something Else Besides a Daughter?: Postfeminist Girlhood Meets the Maternal Melodrama in Tangled and Brave

formerly: Let Down Your Hair: Tangled, Brave, and Postfeminist Maternal Melodrama Formerly "Hair, Mother-Daughter Melodrama, and Postfeminist Girlhood in Tangled and Brave"
Emergence Dynamics of Kochia (Kochia scoparia) Populations from the U.S. Great Plains: A Multi-Site-Year Study

Evolution of kochia biotypes resistant to multiple herbicide sites of action is an increasing concern for growers across the U.S. Great Plains. This necessitates the development of integrated strategies for kochia control in this region based on improved forecasting of periodicity and patterns of kochia emergence in the field. Field experiments were conducted near Huntley, MT, in 2013 and 2014, and in Manhattan and Hays, KS, in 2013 to characterize the timing and pattern of emergence of several kochia populations collected from the U.S. Great Plains' states. The more rapid accumulation of growing degree days (GDD) resulted in a shorter emergence duration (E90-E10) in 2014 compared with 2013 in Montana. Kochia populations exhibited an extended emergence period (early April through mid-July). Among all kochia populations, in 2013, Kansas-Garden City (KS-GC), Kansas-Manhattan (KS-MN), Oklahoma (OK), and Montana (MT) populations began to emerge earlier, with a minimum of 151 cumulative GDD to achieve 10% cumulative emergence (E10 values) in Montana. The New Mexico-Los Lunas (NM-LL) population exhibited a delayed onset but a rapid emergence rate, while the North Dakota (ND) and Kansas-Colby (KS-CB) populations emerged over a longer duration (E90-E10 of 556 and 547 GDD, respectively) in 2013 in Montana. In 2013 at the two locations in Kansas, kochia populations exhibited a similar emergence pattern, with no differences in the time to initiate germination (E10), rate of emergence (parameter b), or duration of emergence (E90-E10). At Hays, KS, the GDD for E50 and E90 were less for ND compared with KS-MN and KS-GC local populations. In 2014 the KS-MN kochia population exhibited an early (ED10 value of 215 GDD) but a more gradual emergence pattern (E90-E10 = 526 GDD) in Montana. In contrast, OK and New Mexico-Las Cruces (NM-LC) populations had an early and a more rapid emergence pattern (E90-E10 = 153 and 154 GDD, respectively). Kochia in Montana exhibited two to four emergence peaks. This differential emergence pattern of kochia populations reflects the occurrence of different emergence “biotypes” and emphasizes the need to adopt more location-specific and diversified weed control tactics to manage kochia seedbanks.Nomenclature: Kochia, Kochia scoparia (L.) Schrad.
Proof of Bessel's Relation: Part II

Bessel's equation arises when finding separable solutions to Laplace's equation and the Helmholtz equation in cylindrical or spherical coordinates. Bessel functions are therefore especially important for many problems of wave propagation and static potentials. In solving problems in cylindrical coordinate systems, one obtains Bessel functions of integer order (v = n); in spherical problems, one obtains half-integer orders (v = n ± ½). This paper claims that a Bessel function of higher order can be expressed by Bessel functions of lower orders.
Activity of Dentate Gyrus During NM Conditioning in Rabbit

Two studies were conducted to characterize the role of dentate gyrus during classical conditioning of the rabbit nictitating membrane response. In the first study, dentate field potentials elicited by perforant path stimulation were recorded before and during training to test for changes in granule cell excitability. Results showed above-baseline increases in population spike amplitude over the course of training in paired but not unpaired animals. In a second study, the activity of identified single granule cells was recorded during conditioning to determine if they exhibited the same neuronal response patterns seen in hippocampal pyramidal cells and in entorhinal cortex. Unlike responses in these other areas, granule cell responses did not develop a model of the behavioral response; instead they were tied more to stimulus presentation, with many cells exhibiting stimulus-evoked thetafrequency bursting in paired but not in unpaired animals. Taken together these studies suggest an intimate involvement of the dentate gyrus in the associative process; however dentate’s role appears to be different from that of other hippocampal regions.
Using Total Sample Size Weights in Meta-Analysis of Log-Odds Ratios

The log-odds ratio (ln[OR]) is commonly used to quantify treatments' effects on dichotomous outcomes and then pooled across studies using inverse-variance (1/v) weights. Calculation of the ln[OR]'s...