cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Preserving the excitation profile of small flip angle RF pulses in the presence of rapid transverse relaxation.

Degradation of excitation profile of selective RF pulses by rapid transverse relaxation has been a long-standing concern. In this report we demonstrate that transverse relaxation can be incorporated into small flip angle RF pulse design based on the linear response theory. Small flip angle pulses that were designed without considering transverse relaxation effects can be transformed for a predefined pulse duration/T2 ratio. The transformed pulses, within the realm of the linear response theory, produce the same transverse frequency response as if there were no relaxation.
The Impact of Loss of Access to a Point-of-Care Resource: A Case Study of the North Carolina AHEC Digital Library

Libraries have long relied on statistics to prove value, to justify budgetary expenditures, and to be the foundation for outcomes measurements. In September 2007, the North Carolina (NC) AHEC Digital Library's (ADL) monthly stats measured the first ever decline in both logins and link outs when compared to the same months of the previous year. When this trend continued through the end of 2007, the library staff undertook a statistical analysis and an environmental scan to determine why the monthly stats were dropping (as compared to the previous year). This paper discusses the results of that analysis indicating that the drop in usage statistics correlated to the loss of access to Up-to-Date for the portal users.
Realization of ITS applications through mapping technologies: A survey of advanced traveler information systems

ITS applications throughout the United States use a variety of mapping technologies to efficiently relay traffic information to both traffic agents and the general public. This paper describes the findings of a nationwide survey of the mapping approaches taken by traveler information websites. The technologies used within the Oklahoma ITS architecture are also presented within the context of this survey. The mapping technologies discussed include ArcGIS, MapServer, HTML-based techniques, Google Maps, Bing Maps, and OpenLayers. The tradeoffs that would be considered when evaluating the use of mapping technologies in new or existing ITS applications are presented for comparison.
R-MINI: An iterative approach for generating minimal rules from examples

Generating classification rules or decision trees from examples has been a subject of intense study in the pattern recognition community, the statistics community, and the machine-learning community of the artificial intelligence area. We pursue a point of view that minimality of rules is important, perhaps above all other considerations (biases) that come into play in generating rules. We present a new minimal rule-generation algorithm called R-MINI (Rule-MINI) that is an adaptation of a well-established heuristic-switching-function-minimization technique, MINI. The main mechanism that reduces the number of rules is repeated application of generalization and specialization operations to the rule set while maintaining completeness and consistency. R-MINI results on some benchmark cases are also presented.
Reactions of electrophilic transition metal cations with olefins and small ring compounds. Rearrangements and polymerizations

Abstract The reactivity of the cationic, weakly ligated, transition metal compounds, [Pd(MeCN)4](BF4)2 (1); [M(MeCN)6](BF4)2, (M  Ni, 2; Co, 3); [M(NO)2(MeCN)4](BF4)2, (M  Mo, 4; W, 5), vis-a-vis olefins and strained ring compounds was studied. A number of these species were observed to form a charge-transfer complex with tetra-p-anisylethylene. These compounds were also found to catalyze the skeletal rearrangement and polymerization of appropriately substituted olefins and cyclopropanes. These reactions appear to be initiated by the electrophilic (heterolytic) cleavage of either the π-bond of the olefin or a strained CC σ-bond of the small ring compound.
Synthesis and anticonvulsant evaluation of some new 2-substituted-3-arylpyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidinones.

Abstract A series of 2-substituted-3-arylpyrido[2,3- d ]pyrimidinones was prepared for evaluation as potential anticonvulsants. In murine screening, compounds 4a – c having a 2-oxo-2-(4-pyridyl)ethyl group in the 2-position and a 2-substituted phenyl moiety at the 3-position of the pyridopyrimidinone system displayed the most potent anti-seizure activity in both the maximal electroshock (MES) and pentylenetetrazol (scPTZ) tests at doses in the 3–10 mg/kg range. Compound 4c showed no agonist activity at the GABA A receptor and was unable to block presynaptic sodium and calcium channels in vitro.
Excited electronic states and photophysics of uracil–water complexes

The electronically excited singlet states of complexes of uracil with one water molecule have been studied theoretically using ab initio multireference configuration interaction methods. In agreement with previous theoretical and experimental results, four cyclic isomers of uracil forming hydrogen bonds with the water molecule have been located with energies within 0.2 eV from the lowest energy isomer. Focus has been given on the mechanism for radiationless decay to the ground state after initial UV absorption and on the effect of complexation with water on previously reported radiationless decay pathways. Features on the excited state potential energy surfaces, such as minima, transition states and conical intersections, have been located for all isomers and compared with those of free uracil. The hydrogen-bonded water molecule changes the relative energies of these features and may lead to different excited state dynamics and lifetimes, in agreement with experimental observations.
Influence of calcium on sodium and potassium absorption by fresh and aged bean stem slices.

The influence of Ca on the aging processes of bean stem (Phaseolus vulgaris) slices and on the absorption of K and Na by fresh and aged slices was investigated. In the presence of Ca, fresh tissue showed a preferential Na uptake. The preference for Na over K resulted from a differential depressive effect of Ca on absorption of these two ions. In aged tissue Na uptake was also depressed, but K absorption was accelerated, with a net result of a much greater absorption of K than Na.The presence of Ca in the aging medium promoted the development of K-absorbing capacity as well as an increase in the rate of respiration but did not influence the loss of capacity to absorb Na as tissue aged. This, along with the demonstration that protein synthesis is involved in the development of K-absorbing capacity by aging tissue, suggests that Ca may have an effect on basic physiological processes concerned with development of ion absorption by aging tissue. The influences that Ca may have on the physical and physiological aspects of ion transport are discussed.
The one-pion exchange model and an attempt to measure the spin of the f0

We have compiled data on π-π scattering distributions from the reaction π±+N→π++π-+N. For each 50 MeV interval in ππ mass the ππ angular distribution is fitted to a polynomial in cos θππ. The simple one-pion exchange model fails to explain the π-π angular distribution in the ρ0 mass region. Using the calculations of Gottfired and Jackson a fair agreement is obtained. Above 1150 MeV in ππ mass cos4 θππ terms are needed. The coefficient of cos θππ shows no evidence of a resonant shape in the f0 region; it does not decrease until well past the f0 mass.
Transient photovoltage in GaN

We studied restoration of the band bending at the surface of undoped GaN layers after illumination with pulses of the above-bandgap light. The absolute value of band bending and transients of the photovoltage were measured with an atomic force microscope in the surface potential mode (Kelvin probe method). The photovoltage transients following very weak excitation with a single pulse of light could be well fitted within a simple phenomenological model accounting for charging of the acceptor-like surface states by free electrons after the light pulse. Photo-induced desorption of ions at the surface and recharging of a surface oxide layer may also affect the value and transients of the photovoltage, particularly if the illumination is prolonged. (© 2005 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Seven tenths incorrect: Heterogeneity and change in the waist‐to‐hip ratios of Playboy centerfold models and Miss America pageant winners

Drawing on an article by Singh (1993), many discussions of the evolutionary psychology of heterosexual male preferences have reported a remarkable consistency in the waist-to-hip ratios of Playboy centerfold models and Miss America pageant winners over time. We reexamine the measurement data on these American beauty icons and show that these reports are false in several ways. First, the variation in waist-to-hip ratios among these women is greater than reported. Second, the center of the distribution of waist-to-hip ratios is not 0.70, but less than this. Third, the average waist-to-hip ratio within both samples has changed over time in a manner that is statistically significant and can be regarded as mutually consistent. Taken together, the findings undermine some of the evidence given for the repeated suggestion that there is something special--evolutionarily hard-wired or otherwise--about a specific female waist-to-hip ratio of 0.70 as a preference of American heterosexual males.
Finitely generated residually torsion-free nilpotent groups. I

The object of this paper is to study the sequence of torsion-free ranks of the quotients by the terms of the lower central series of a finitely generated group. This gives rise to the introduction into the study of finitely generated, residually torison-free nilpotent groups of notions relating to the Gelfand-Kirillov dimension. These notions are explored here. The main result concerning the sequences alluded to is the proof that there are continuously many such sequences.
Fourth-power phase-locked loop for heterodyne detection of optical quadrature phase-shift keying

Optical quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK) with synchronous heterodyne detection is an attractive transmission method because of its high sensitivity and bandwidth efficiency; for a given bit rate, heterodyne QPSK is as sensitive as heterodyne binary PSK but uses only half the bandwidth. Bandwidth efficiency is important in multigigabit systems, because of the limited electrical bandwidth of the receiver, and also in frequency-division multiplexed systems, because it allows more channels to be packed into the limited tuning range of semiconductor lasers.
Cyberbullying: Assessment of Student Experience for Continuous Improvement Planning

This study examines the use of polling students to improve conditions of learning in their school. Students from three schools (N = 2,006) in Grades 5, 6, 7, and 8 completed an online poll about ho...
Ultrastructural observations of mature and encysting zoospores of Pythium proliferum de Bary

The process of zoospore maturation and encystment inP. proliferum was studied by electron microscopy. General ultrastructural features of the mature, swimming zoospore were found to be similar to those previously described for other oomycetes in both the attachment and ultrastructure of the flagella as well as the type and distribution of cellular organelles. Associated with extensive areas of RER in the mature zoospores were unusual, electrondense, bar-like structures. These structures were found in the groove region of young zoospores and at the periphery of encysting zoospores. Their possible function is discussed. The five main types of vesicles observed during encystment, as seen grouped in this study, along with the vesicles described in previous studies of oomycete encystment, were in table form and individually discussed. Interesting correlations appear to exist in the types of vesicles that are present within the oomycetes studied thusfar.
On the Theory of Vacancy Diffusion in Alloys

The theory of diffusion in alloys is discussed on the basis of the migration of lattice vacancies in an attempt to interpret the experiments of W. A. Johnson on diffusion in gold-silver alloys. It is assumed that the lattice network preserves its identity during the diffusion even though there is a resultant vacancy current passing through any region. It is also assumed that two types of atom, designated as $A$ and $B$ atoms, are present in the lattice. The diffusion coefficients are expressed in terms of a function $p({n}_{a1},{n}_{a2})$ giving the probability that a vacancy in jumping from one atomic plane (designated as plane 2) to a neighboring plane (designated as plane 1) will interchange places with an $A$ atom if there are ${n}_{a1}A$ atoms per unit area of plane 1 and ${n}_{a2}A$ atoms in plane 2. It is found that the chemical diffusion coefficient is related to the function $p$ in a very different way from the diffusion coefficients for radioactive tracers if the latter migrate when no chemical gradient is present. Models of increasing complexity are employed to derive explicit expressions for the function $p$. It is found that Johnson's experiments can be explained only with the use of models that are more complex than those commonly used. The theory of vacancy diffusion is also employed to interpret the experiments of Smigelskas and Kirkendall concerning the relative displacement during diffusion of fiducial markers placed at the interface between copper and brass. An experiment which could provide an absolute test for vacancy diffusion is proposed.
Compartmentation and kinetics of urea cycle enzymes in porcine enterocytes

We have recently reported the synthesis of urea from ammonia, glutamine and arginine in enterocytes of postweaning pigs. The present study was conducted to determine the compartmentation and kinetics of urea cycle enzymes in these cells. Carbamoyl phosphate synthase I (CPS I) and ornithine carbamoyltransferase (OCT) were located exclusively in mitochondria, whereas argininosuccinate synthase (ASS) and argininosuccinate lyase (ASL) were found in the cytosol. Arginase isozymes were present in both the cytosol and mitochondria of enterocytes, and differed in their sensitivity to heat inactivation. Except for OCT, Vmax values of urea cycle enzymes were much lower in enterocytes than in the liver of pigs, and vice versa for their Km values. Because of a low rate of ureagenesis in enterocytes compared with the liver, intestinal urea cycle enzymes may function primarily to synthesize citrulline. The co-localization of CPS I and OCT and a high activity of OCT in enterocyte mitochondria favors the intestinal synthesis of citrulline from ammonia, HCO3- and ornithine. Low activities of cytosolic ASS and ASL minimize the conversion of citrulline into arginine and therefore, the recycling of citrulline into ornithine via arginase in postweaning-pig enterocytes. These kinetic properties of intestinal urea cycle enzymes maximize the net synthesis of citrulline from glutamine and explain the release of large amounts of citrulline by the pig small intestine. The two compartmentally separated arginase isozymes in enterocytes may play an important role in regulating the intestinal metabolism of proline, nitric oxide and polyamines.
Pulsed Sources Of Ion Cluster And Supercluster Beams

MA focused discharges are very intense, pulsed sources of ion cluster and superciuster beams with energy > 1 MeV/nucleon. Our experimental data refer to: (i) The mechanism of cluster formation and related plasma cooling processes. (ii) The mass/charge spectrum (1 ≤ m/z ≈ 1012 in A.U.). (iii) The anisotropy of the energy spectrum and of the emission intensity. (iv) The space and time structure of the source. (v) Beam focalization and neutralization. The experimental data have been obtained by operating the source at different levels of energy Wo = 6-25 kJ (Vo = 15-30 kV) of the fast capacitors bank which feeds the discharge. The inductive fields in the discharge pinch accelerate deuterium ions to energy values Ei ≈ 10 MeV. Beam focalization and neutralization is achieved with a pulsed-magnetic plasma lens on a 0.1 μs time scale. A Thomson spectrometer with nanosec periodic-or ramped-electric field is used for a time-resolved analysis of the beams.
Hemolysis by hexachlorophene

Abstract Human erythrocytes were hemolyzed by doses of hexachlorophene (HCP) comparable to those which caused lysis of bacterial protoplasts. The hemolytic doses were about 5 orders of magnitude higher than the reported blood levels in regular hexachlorophene users. Thus, hemolytic phenomena seem unlikely sources of hexachlorophene toxicity.
National and international security: Theory then, theory now

This article argues that theory in international relations remains quite relevant for foreign policy‐making. However, after indicating how theory widely shapes foreign policy discussion and analysis today, it cites Cold War era examples to demonstrate that theory is often used badly or very unevenly by political leaders and officials. It also demonstrates that IR theory has been uneven in predicting and explaining important developments. This is now the case because, with the changes since the end of the Cold War, various basic concepts and theoretical perspectives need reexamination and refinement including hegemony, hegemonic stability, and multilateral management. In particular, we need to look into the concept of a collective hegemony to better understand how the international system runs today. On balance, solid theoretical analysis is as necessary to good foreign policy‐making as ever.
Cerebellar ataxia impairs modulation of arm stiffness during postural maintenance

Impedance control enables humans to effectively interact with their environment during postural and movement tasks, adjusting the mechanical behavior of their limbs to account for instability. Previous work has shown that people are able to selectively modulate the end-point stiffness of their arms, adjusting for varying directions of environmental disturbances. Behavioral studies also suggest that separate controllers are used for impedance modulation versus joint torque coordination. Here we tested whether people with cerebellar damage have deficits in impedance control. It is known that these individuals have poor motor coordination, which has typically been attributed to deficits in joint torque control. Subjects performed a static postural maintenance task with two different types of directional force perturbations. On average, patients with cerebellar ataxia modified stiffness differentially for the two perturbation conditions, although significantly less than age-matched control subjects. Thus cerebellar damage may impair the ability to modulate arm impedance. Surprisingly, the patients' intact ability to generally alter their limb stiffness during the postural task (albeit less than age-matched control subjects) improved their movement performance in a subsequent tracing task. The transfer of stiffness control from the static to the movement task may be a strategy that can be used by patients to compensate for their motor deficits.
Distribution of Bratton-Marshall-positive material in mice following intravenous injections of nitrosoureas.

As determined by a colorimetric assay measuring parent compounds plus ether-extractable, nitroso-containing metabolites, N,N′-bis(2-chloroethyl)-N-nitrosourea (BCNU) disappeared more rapidly than N-(2-chloroethyl)-N′ cyclohexyl-N-nitrosourea (CCNU) and N-(2-chloroethyl)-N′-(4-transmethylcyclohexyl)-N-nitrosourea (MeCCNU) and their products from the tissues of mice injected IV. Assay of selected samples by high-pressure liquid chromatography revealed that the colorimetric assay for BCNU was specific in that the two assays gave equivalent results. Following IV-injections of CCNU and MeCCNU, however, levels of the parent compounds decreased much more rapidly than the total, color-producing material.
Who Knows How Much about Aging

Common misconceptions regarding the facts of aging are identified using data gathered from a probability sample of 1012 adult Alabama residents. Sociodemographic and attitudinal correlates of both knowledge and bias in knowledge about aging are isolated.
Gettier Cases without False Lemmas

Examples cited by Feldman, Lehrer and others of true beliefs that are justified, but not by false lemmas, turn out under scrutiny to involve false lemmas after all. In each case there is an EG inference whose conclusion is unwarranted unless its base instance is false. A shift to non-deductive justification does not avert the difficulty. The relation of this result to non-inferential Gettier cases is suggested.
Prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors in pregnancy

The use of indomethacin as a tocolytic agent in patients with premature labor was first reported by Zuckerman in 1974. Since then, prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors (PSI) have been used in pregnancy for a variety of indications. However, serious fetal side effects of this category of drugs continue to be reported. We present a review of the literature and the experience at our institution on the use of indomethacin, the most commonly prescribed antiprostaglandin in pregnancy. Therapeutic guidelines and surveillance recommendations for the use of PSI in pregnancy are proposed. The role of newer PSI in pregnancy and their side effect profile are also presented.
Robustness to nonnormality of regression F-tests

Abstract This study investigates the robustness to nonnormality of the null distribution of the standard F-tests for regression coefficients in linear regression models. Assuming the errors to be nonnormal with finite moments, the null distribution of the F-statistic is derived. This differs from its normal theory F-distribution. Besides the sample size and the degrees of freedom of error sum of squares, the major determinant of the sensitivity to nonnormality is the extent of the ‘nonnormality’ of the regressors or the extent of presence of ‘leveraged’ (influential) observations. The small effect in one direction when all observations are equally influential and the much larger effect in the opposite direction when the observations are extremely heterogeneous in their influences provide extremes of sensitivity within which the sensitivity of the tests will be found. We have identified several specific functions of regressors that can be used to judge the extent of nonnormality of the regressors or the extent of presence of leveraged observations.
A New i, i + 3 Peptide Stapling System for α‐Helix Stabilization

We have previously shown that the incorporation of an 8-atom all-hydrocarbon ‘staple’ at positions i and i + 3 of a synthetic peptide results in substantial stabilization of the α-helical conformation. As part of our ongoing effort to explore the scope and utility of all-hydrocarbon stapling systems, we have investigated and report herein the properties of a new i, i + 3 stapling system that employs a 6-carbon cross-link.
Methods to study the tumor microenvironment under controlled oxygen conditions

The tumor microenvironment (TME) is a complex heterogeneous assembly composed of a variety of cell types and physical features. One such feature, hypoxia, is associated with metabolic reprogramming, the epithelial–mesenchymal transition, and therapeutic resistance. Many questions remain regarding the effects of hypoxia on these outcomes; however, only a few experimental methods enable both precise control over oxygen concentration and real-time imaging of cell behavior. Recent efforts with microfluidic platforms offer a promising solution to these limitations. In this review, we discuss conventional methods and tools used to control oxygen concentration for cell studies, and then highlight recent advances in microfluidic-based approaches for controlling oxygen in engineered platforms.
Near-field imaging of coupled surface-wave layers

Coupled Multi-layered surfaces are presented to manipulate evanescent fields and offer subwavelength near-field imaging. Positive and negative interfaces alternation will successfully tailor the poles of surface waves, resulting in superior electromagnetic-optical characteristics.
Inactivation of baculovirus by quinones formed in insect-damaged plant tissues.

The infectivity of the nuclear polyhedrosis virus, HzSNPV toHeliothis zea was significantly reduced when viral occlusion bodies were exposed to the plant phenolic chlorogenic acid in the presence of polyphenol oxidase. Chlorogenic acid is rapidly oxidized to the ortho-quinone, chlorogenoquinone, by foliar polyphenol oxidases of the tomato plant, Lycopersicon esculentum, when foliage is damaged during feeding by larvalH. zea.
De novo origin of periodic proteins.

Silk fibroin, collagen, “freezing point depressing” glycoproteins, keratin and protamines have periodic amino acid sequences which are unlikely to have arisen by amino acid replacements and internal duplications of non-periodic DNA. Evidence here discussed suggests that such proteins arise by a single evolutionary event, an iterativede novo synthesis of DNA.
Neutralization of HIV subtypes A and D by breast milk IgG from women with HIV infection in Uganda.

Summary Objectives Among HIV-exposed infants in resource-limited countries, 8–12% are infected postnatally by breastfeeding. However, most of those uninfected at birth remain uninfected over time despite daily exposure to HIV in breast milk. Thus, we assessed the HIV-inhibitory activity of breast milk. Methods We measured cross-clade neutralization in activated PBMC of Ugandan subtype A (92UG031) and D (92UG005) primary HIV by breast milk or purified milk IgG and IgA from 25 HIV-infected Ugandan women. Isotype-specific antigen recognition was resolved by immunoblot. We determined HIV subtype from envelope population sequences in cells from 13 milk samples by PCR. Results Milk inhibited p24 production by ≥50% (dose-dependent) by subtype A (21/25; 84%) and subtype D (11/25; 44%). IgG consistently reacted with multiple HIV antigens, including gp120/gp41, but IgA primarily recognized p24 alone. Depletion of IgG ( n = 5), not IgA, diminished neutralization (mean 78 ± 33%) that was largely restored by IgG repletion. Mothers infected with subtype A more effectively neutralized subtype A than D. Conclusions Breast milk from HIV-infected women showed homotypic and cross-subtype neutralization of HIV by IgG-dependent and -independent mechanisms. These data direct further investigations into mechanisms of resistance against postnatal transmission of HIV to infants from their mothers.
p53-independent response of a human breast carcinoma xenograft to radioimmunotherapy†

BACKGROUND Radiation-induced DNA damage resulting in p53 protein attachment and downstream gene activation has been considered a major mechanism for tumor response to low dose rate radiation therapy. In this study, the mechanism of tumor response, and p53 gene status as well as levels of expression of p53 pathway genes were investigated in a human breast tumor (HBT 3477) before and after yttrium-90-DOTA-peptide-ChL6 (Y-90-ChL6) treatment of these xenografts. METHODS Mice with HBT 3477 xenografts were treated with 260 μCi Y-90-ChL6 and sacrificed 3, 24 and 48 hours after injection. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and/or Western blotting were used to measure the tumor levels of p53, p21CDKN1/WAF1 (p21), GADD45, and bcl-2. Single strand conformation polymorphism and direct sequencing were used to determine the mutational status of p53. Evidence of apoptosis was determined by cleavage of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP). RESULTS Tumors regressed 4-7 days after treatment with 260 μCi Y-90-ChL6, resulting in a 79% tumor response. The p53 gene mutation found at codon 342 in HBT 3477 resulted in truncation of the p53 protein, and correlated with undetectable basal p21 protein levels. GADD45 and p53 mRNA decreased after therapy. bcl-2 mRNA was abundant, but decreased. Retinoblastoma phosphorylation showed no changes. Cleavage of PARP was detected at 3 hours and levels were increased greatly at 6 hours after therapy. CONCLUSIONS Response in the Y-90-ChL6 treated HBT 3477 xenograft tumors was independent of p53 and occurred by apoptosis. The down-regulation of bcl-2 may be the key in this apoptotic response to low dose rate radioimmunotherapy. Cancer 1997; 80:2529-37. © 1997 American Cancer Society.
Glucose decomposition at high temperature, mild acid, and short residence times

Abstract Glucose is an intermediate product in the conversion of biomass to liquid fuels and chemicals via H2SO4 hydrolysis and subsequent fermentation. Unfortunately, glucose is destroyed as well as formed in this reaction. This study of glucose decomposition kinetics can be used to more accurately determine the kinetics of glucose formation from cellulosic biomass. The results demonstrate the importance of parallel reversion reactions in explaining the higher rates of disappearance of glucose found in this study as compared to earlier studies. An heuristic set of decomposition rate constants, applicable to conditions likely to be found in a flow reactor, are presented.
Lensing reconstruction of cluster-mass cross correlation with cosmic microwave background polarization

We extend our maximum likelihood method for reconstructing the cluster-mass cross correlation from cosmic microwave background (CMB) temperature anisotropies and develop new estimators that utilize six different quadratic combinations of CMB temperature and polarization fields. Our maximum likelihood estimators are constructed with delensed CMB temperature and polarization fields by using an assumed model of the convergence field, and they can be iteratively applied to a set of clusters, approaching the optimal condition for the lensing reconstruction as the assumed initial model is refined. Using smoothed particle hydrodynamics simulations, we create a catalog of realistic clusters obtainable from the current Sunyaev-Zel'dovich surveys, and we demonstrate the ability of the maximum likelihood estimators to reconstruct the cluster-mass cross correlation from the massive clusters. The $iTT$ temperature estimator provides a signal-to-noise ratio of a factor of 3 larger than the $iEB$ polarization estimator, unless the detector noise for measuring polarization anisotropies is controlled under $3\text{ }\text{ }\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{K}$.
Engineering trade study: extract, transform, load tools for data migration

The widespread need within corporate information systems (IS) divisions to migrate large quantities of data between data stores has spawned a family of commercial products, which are commonly referred to as extract-transform-load (ETL) tools. The focus of this paper is the development of engineering trade studies to be used for ETL tool evaluation. This approach: (1) Identifies selection criteria that are essential in the evaluation of an ETL tool, (2) Develops scenarios that examine each criterion, and (3) Develops quantitative measures useful for evaluating the various aspects of ETL usage. This approach generates replicable evaluation methods that can be used and modified by companies to address their own ETL product needs. With the results generated through such evaluations, companies will be able to make informed decisions and choose the best ETL tool for their purposes.
Accumulation of D-Aspartic Acid with Age in the Human Brain

An age-related accumulation of D-aspartic acid was detected in the white matter of ten normal brains from individuals aged 30 to 80 years. Gray matter showed no systematic increase in D-aspartic acid. The rate constant for D-aspartate formation in the brain is equal to the predicted value calculated for 37 degrees C. Accumulation of the uncommon D-aspartate isomer in myelinated white matter implies that there is little or no turnover of this tissue, and this may have a bearing on dysfunction of the aging brain or on other diseases of myelin.
Natural selection and speciation

A paper by Korol et al. (1) in this issue demonstrates significant premating reproductive divergence between Drosophila melanogaster populations adapted to distinct, but closely adjacent, habitats in “Evolution Canyon” on Mt. Carmel, Israel. The authors suggest that reproductive isolation has evolved in situ as a result of adaptive divergence in response to the contrasting environments of north- and south-facing slopes in Evolution Canyon despite the fact that the populations are within easy “cruising range” (2) of each other. The authors suggest that the divergence of Drosophila occupying distinct habitats in Evolution Canyon represents an early stage in ecological speciation in which divergent natural selection drives the accumulation of genetic differences among populations, resulting in reproductive isolation.
Knowledge-based Industry Clusters: Evidenced by Geographical Patterns of Patents in Manufacturing

Since Porter introduced his diamond model of industry clusters, clusters have become a mantra in economic development literature for many academics and professionals alike. There is, however, little consensus on how to define and identify industry clusters. Firms may co-locate looking for high quality suppliers, a large pool of skilled workers or local knowledge stock. Therefore, characteristics of industry clusters may differ according to the type of 'glue' that creates formal and informal ties and binds firms together. Most previous cluster studies investigated the first two factors, but knowledge still remains unexplored. This study presents an exploratory analysis of US industry clusters from the perspective of knowledge and its flows using a common data reduction technique and patent data. The study also examines geographical patterns of knowledge-based clusters in the US in terms of employment and patents. The analysis shows that the distributions of employment and patents are significantly associat...
A thermal model for the origin of post-erosional alkalic lava, Hawaii

Abstract The model of lithospheric thinning and reheating for the origin of the Hawaiian swell assumes that the lower lithosphere (> 60 km) is rapidly reset to an asthenospheric temperature as it passes over the hot spot. It is shown that this heat input induces melting in a few kilometer thick layer of lithosphere just above the thermal anomaly. By solving the appropriate energy equation, the mean degree of melting in the molten layer was estimated to be 1–5% with a total melt thickness of 25–150 m. The minimum width of the thermal anomaly required to account for the observed rate of post-erosional eruptions is of the order of 10–40 km which is probably satisfied. The melt generated by this process matches the petrological and geochemical characteristics of Hawaiian post-erosional lava and their typical MORB-related isotopic signature. Because small degrees of melting are involved, the extraction time scale is long (a few million years) and is consistent with the time span of post-erosional eruptions. Also, the characteristic sequence of Hawaiian volcanism can be explained if the source for Hawaiian lava is considered as a molten layer with melt fraction decreasing upward.
Trust Negotiation in Identity Management

Most organizations require the verification of personal information before providing services, and the privacy of such information is of growing concern. The authors show how federated identity management systems can better protect users' information when integrated with trust negotiation. In today's increasingly competitive business environment, more and more leading organizations are building Web-based infrastructures to gain the strategic advantages of collaborative networking. However, to facilitate collaboration and fully exploit such infrastructures, organizations must identify each user in the collaborative network as well as the resources each user is authorized to access. User identification and access control must be carried out so as to maximize user convenience and privacy without increasing organizations1 operational costs. A federation can serve as the basic context for determining suitable solutions to this issue. A federation is a set of organizations that establish trust relationships with respect to the identity information-the federated identity information-that is considered valid. A federated identity management system (idM) provides a group of organizations that collaborate with mechanisms for managing and gaining access to user identity information and other resources across organizational boundaries
Estimating peak velocity of rapid eye movements from video recordings

Although video offers many advantages for recording human eye orientation, it involves such low temporal resolution (60 Hz) that it seems an unpromising method for evaluating the dynamics of rapid (saccadic) eye movements. This study demonstrates, nevertheless, that such measurements can provide surprisingly reliable estimates of the peak velocity of larger saccades. Simulations of 60-Hz sampling of eye position during idealized saccades provided replicated estimates of “apparent peak velocity.” The results indicate that when saccadic amplitude is about 10° or larger, estimates of peak velocity would on average be biased downward by less than 10%, with standard deviations due to measurement timing of less than 5%. Experimental data (from recordings of 10° and 20° saccades with customized video) demonstrate that these theoretical sources of uncertainty are considerably smaller than the trialto- trial variability in performance of real saccades. Reliability of video recording, however, rapidly deteriorates when saccades become smaller than about 10°.
Abstract 318: Preclinical evaluation of monoclonal antibody H6-11 for prostate cancer imaging.

Altered post-translational modification (PTM) of glycosylations to various nuclear and cytosolic proteins is a universal feature of cancer cells and these modified glycan plan significant role in immune surveillance, tumor invasion, and increase malignancy. In this study, we reported a novel monoclonal antibody reacting to the tumor glycoproteins with molecular weight around 40-60 kDa. Deglycosylation examination suggested the antigenic isotope of the glycan is O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) group. We examined the reactivity of H6-11 to cancer cells including PC-3, MCF-7 cells and implanted PC-3 and EMT-6 tumor tissues using immunofluorescence staining and autoradiography technique. The Zr-89 labeled H6-11 was successfully synthesized and the microPET study was performed in PC-3 xenograft prostate model in nude mice. microPET study showed that significant amount of radioactivity accumulation was observed in the excretory organs during the early period post-injection of radioactivity. At 24 hrs post-injection of radioactivity, significant amount of radioactivity was observed in the xenograft prostate tumor, while the radioactivity intensity was decreased in the liver and kidney. Radioactivity uptake in the tumor was still evident at 120 hrs post-injection of radioactivity. Our work suggested that the H6-11 antibody is capable of detecting prostate tumors both in vitro and in vivo. Citation Format: Hongjun Jin, Mai Xu, Prashanth K. Padakanti, Zhude Tu. Preclinical evaluation of monoclonal antibody H6-11 for prostate cancer imaging. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 318. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-318
An electrical block is required to prevent polyspermy in eggs fertilized by natural mating of Xenopus laevis

Abstract In 27% DeBoer's saline (DBS), which yields maximum fertility rates, Xenopus eggs fertilized in vitro are monospermic, regardless of sperm concentration. One block to polyspermy (the “slow” block), described previously, occurs at the fertilization envelope that is elevated in response to the cortical reaction. This paper describes properties of an earlier, “fast” block at the plasma membrane and evaluates the functional significance of the two blocks at physiological sperm concentrations in natural mating conditions. Unfertilized eggs have a resting membrane potential of −19 mV in 27% DBS. Fertilization triggers a rapid depolarization to +8 mV (the fertilization potential, FP); the potential remains positive for ca. 15 min. Activation of eggs with the ionophore, A23187, produces a slower but similar depolarization (the activation potential, AP). As in other amphibian eggs, the FP appears to result from a net efflux of Cl − , since the peak of the FP (or the AP in ionophore-activated eggs) decreases as the concentration of chloride salts in the medium is increased. In 67% DBS no FP or AP is observed; eggs fertilized in 67% DBS become polyspermic and average 2 sperm entry sites per egg. In the 5–37 m M range, I − and Br − , but not F − , are more effective than Cl − in producing polyspermy. In 20 m M NaI the plasma membrane hyperpolarizes in response to sperm or ionophore; 100% levels of polyspermy and an average of 14 sperm entry sites per egg are observed. NaI does not inhibit or retard elevation of the fertilization envelope; the cortical reaction and fertilization envelope are normal in transmission electron micrographs. In 67% DBS, which also inhibits the fast block, the slow block was estimated to become functional 6–8 min after insemination. Eggs fertilized by natural mating in 20 m M NaI exhibit polyspermy levels of 50–90% and average 5 sperm entry sites per egg. Since eggs become polyspermic when fertilized by natural mating under conditions that inhibit the fast, but not the slow, block to polyspermy, we conclude that the fast block is essential to the prevention of polyspermy at the sperm concentrations normally encountered by the egg.
Confronting “Hereditary” Disease: Eugenic Attempts to Eliminate Tuberculosis in Progressive Era America

Tuberculosis was clearly one of the most predominant diseases of the early twentieth century. At this time, Americans involved in the eugenics movement grew increasingly interested in methods to prevent this disease's potential hereditary spread. To do so, as this essay examines, eugenicists' attempted to shift the accepted view that tuberculosis arose from infection and contagion to a view of its heritable nature. The methods that they employed to better understand the propagation and control of tuberculosis are also discussed. Finally, the essay explores the interpretative analyses of data that the Eugenics Record Office used in an attempt to convince contemporaries of the hereditary transmission of tuberculosis.
Renal adaptation during hibernation

Hibernators periodically undergo profound physiological changes including dramatic reductions in metabolic, heart, and respiratory rates and core body temperature. This review discusses the effect of hypoperfusion and hypothermia observed during hibernation on glomerular filtration and renal plasma flow, as well as specific adaptations in renal architecture, vasculature, the renin-angiotensin system, and upregulation of possible protective mechanisms during the extreme conditions endured by hibernating mammals. Understanding the mechanisms of protection against organ injury during hibernation may provide insights into potential therapies for organ injury during cold storage and reimplantation during transplantation.
Adherent dielectric coating of diamond-turned mirrors

Adherent, high-reflectivity infrared, and multilayer dielectric coatings have been applied to diamond-turned aluminum, copper, and electroless nickel substrates. Samples passed cheesecloth, Scotch tape, salt fog, and humidity tests.
Perceptual responses in the heat after brief intravenous versus oral rehydration.

PURPOSE The purpose of the study was to compare the effects of a brief period (20 min) of intravenous (IV) fluid rehydration and oral (ORAL) rehydration on ratings of perceived exertion (RPE), thirst, and thermal sensation (TS) during exercise in the heat. METHODS After dehydration (-4% of body weight), eight nonacclimated highly trained cyclists (age = 24 +/- 1 yr; VO2 = 61.4 +/- 0.8 mL.kg.min-1) performed three experimental trials. Rehydration (randomized, cross-over design) included: 1) ORAL (0.45% NaCl) equal to 50% of prior dehydration; 2) IV (0.45% NaCl) equal to 50% of prior dehydration; and 3) a control (CON), no fluid trial. Subjects then cycled at 74% VO2peak until volitional exhaustion in a hot environment (37 degrees C). RESULTS Central (C-), local (L-), and overall-RPE (O-RPE) were significantly higher in CON compared to ORAL and IV at minutes 5 and 15 of exercise. C-RPE responses at minute 5 of exercise were lower (P < 0.05) during ORAL compared with IV, and C-RPE and O-RPE responses at minute 15 were lower (P < 0.05) during ORAL compared with IV. TS responses during CON were higher (P < 0.05) than ORAL and IV at minute 5, and TS was higher (P < 0.05) during IV versus ORAL at minute 15. TS were significantly correlated with all RPE responses at minute 15 in all trials. Thirst ratings were lower (P < 0.05) during ORAL compared with CON and IV at minutes 0, 5, and 15. CONCLUSION It was concluded that ORAL resulted in lower RPE, thirst, and TS compared with CON and IV during exercise in the heat.
High resolution 1H NMR of a selectively deuterated analog of the lac repressor

Abstract A selectively deuterated tyrosine analog of the lac repressor has been prepared and its 1H spectra examined at 360 MHz. Spectral changes observed in the presence of Tris·HCl buffer and the inducer isopropyl-β- d -thiogalactoside suggest the existence of different conformational forms.
Who uses seat belts

Data from a national sample interviewed in early 1965 show that a third of the car owners reported seat belts in their cars, and a third of those who did have seat belts claimed that they used them all the time. The crucial factor associated with having and using seat belts is formal education, not age. Using seat belts is associated with other forms of risk-avoidance behavior, but not with verbally expressed desire for security on the job (common among the uneducated with insecure jobs). It is associated with actual use of other new products, but not with verbal attitudes toward new products.
Effects of bile salts on cholestan-3β,5α,6β-triol-induced apoptosis in dog gallbladder epithelial cells

Abstract Oxysterols are cytotoxic agents. The gallbladder epithelium is exposed to high concentrations of oxysterols, and so elucidating the mechanisms of cytotoxicity in this organ may enhance our understanding of the pathogenesis of biliary tract disorders. We investigated the cytotoxic effects of the oxysterol cholestan-3β,5α,6β-triol (TriolC) on dog gallbladder epithelial cells. Apoptosis was the major form of cytotoxicity, as determined by analysis of nuclear morphologic changes and by multiparameter flow cytometry. Hydrophobic bile salts are known to have cytotoxic effects, whereas hydrophilic bile salts have cytoprotective effects. We therefore examined whether the hydrophobic bile acid taurodeoxycholic acid (TDC) and the hydrophilic bile acid tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDC) had modifying effects on oxysterol-induced cytotoxicity. TriolC caused an increase in the number of apoptotic cells from 14±11% (control) to 48±12% of total cells ( P P P
Kennelly‐Heaviside‐Layer measurements on the Byrd Antarctic Expedition, 1929–30

Among the radio scientific measurements conducted on the Byrd Antarctic Expedition at its base, Little America, Antarctica (latitude 78° 35′ south, longitude 163° 48′ west) , particular emphasis was laid upon local echo-measurements of the Kennelly-Heaviside layer at a number of different radio frequencies, at several seasons, and over varying times of day. This investigation appeared of especial importance because of the slight diurnal but great seasonal change of darkness and sunlight, and because of the relative proximity of the magnetic south pole (approximate latitude 72°.4 south, longitude 154°.0 east).