cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Infrared absorption cross section of SiNx thin films

At the molecular level, resonant coupling of infrared radiation with oscillations of the electric dipole moment determines the absorption cross section, σ. The parameter σ relates the bond density to the total integrated absorption. In this work, σ was measured for the Si–N asymmetric stretch mode in SiNx thin films of varying composition and thickness. Thin films were deposited by low pressure chemical vapor deposition at 850 °C from mixtures of dichlorosilane and ammonia. σ for each film was determined from Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and ellipsometric measurements. Increasing the silicon content from 0% to 25% volume fraction amorphous silicon led to increased optical absorption and a corresponding systematic increase in σ from 4.77 × 10−20 to 6.95 × 10−20 cm2, which is consistent with literature values. The authors believe that this trend is related to charge transfer induced structural changes in the basal SiNx tetrahedron as the volume fraction of amorphous silicon increases. Experimental σ values were used to calculate the effective dipole oscillating charge, q, for four films of varying composition. The authors find that q increases with increasing amorphous silicon content, indicating that compositional factors contribute to modulation of the Si–N dipole moment. Additionally, in the composition range investigated, the authors found that σ agrees favorably with trends observed in films deposited by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition.At the molecular level, resonant coupling of infrared radiation with oscillations of the electric dipole moment determines the absorption cross section, σ. The parameter σ relates the bond density to the total integrated absorption. In this work, σ was measured for the Si–N asymmetric stretch mode in SiNx thin films of varying composition and thickness. Thin films were deposited by low pressure chemical vapor deposition at 850 °C from mixtures of dichlorosilane and ammonia. σ for each film was determined from Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and ellipsometric measurements. Increasing the silicon content from 0% to 25% volume fraction amorphous silicon led to increased optical absorption and a corresponding systematic increase in σ from 4.77 × 10−20 to 6.95 × 10−20 cm2, which is consistent with literature values. The authors believe that this trend is related to charge transfer induced structural changes in the basal SiNx tetrahedron as the volume fraction of amorphous silicon increases. Experimenta...
How Radiologists Are Paid: An Economic History, Part III: The Bubble Years.

Abstract With the collapse of the Clinton health care reforms, advanced imaging entered an economic bubble. Between 1995 and 2006, the number of CT and MRI studies almost tripled, from 21 million to 62 million and from 9.1 to 26.6 million, respectively. The increase reflected increases in both the number of scanners and the number of scans generated per CT or MRI scanner. Without restrictions, the profits generated by CT and MR ownership inevitably spread from hospitals first to imaging centers and later to individual physicians’ offices and led to potential for conflict of interest and self-referral. During this time, the increase in radiologists’ efficiency was fueled by the conversion from “film” to digitized images and PACS. In conjunction with increased volume and efficiency, radiologists’ compensation increased throughout the 1990s.
Acute Bidirectional Relations Between Affect, Physical Feeling States, and Activity-Related Behaviors Among Older Adults: An Ecological Momentary Assessment Study.

Background The majority of older adults are physically inactive; therefore, strategies are needed to effectively promote sustained engagement in physical activity. Purpose This study was designed to investigate acute bidirectional relationships between affective and physical feeling states and activity-related behaviors among older adults in the context of everyday life using Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA). Methods Older adults (n = 103, Mage = 72, Range: 60-98) participated in a 10-day study where they completed up to 6 smartphone-based EMA prompts/day. At each EMA prompt, participants reported their current positive and negative affect and physical feeling states. Participants wore an activPAL accelerometer to measure time spent standing and time spent stepping before and after the prompt. Separate multilevel random coefficient linear and logistic regression models examined these bidirectional relationships. Results On occasions when older adults engaged in more standing and more stepping than was typical for them in the 15 and 30 min prior to the EMA prompt, they tended to report greater feelings of energy at the prompt. On occasions when older adults reported greater feelings of energy than was typical for them, they engaged in more standing and more stepping in the 15 and 30 min following the EMA prompt. Positive and negative affect was unrelated to activity-related behaviors. Conclusions Feelings of energy appear to be strongly linked to activity-related behaviors in older adults; however, this was not the case for positive or negative affect. These findings may have implications for optimal delivery of just-in-time intervention context based on affective states or current behaviors.
Preparing for the Unexpected: Community Framework for Social Media Use and Social Support by Trail Thru-Hikers

A months-long hike of the Appalachian Trail often involve long-term preparation and life-altering decisions. Would-be hikers leverage institutional knowledge from literature and online forums to physically and mentally prepare for such an arduous hike. Their use of social platforms provide useful insights on motivations for undertaking the thru-hike, how they deal with unexpected conditions on the trail and understand choices made in conditions of scarcity. By analyzing over 100,000 Reddit posts and comments in r/AppalachianTrail and applying a Sense of Community theory, we sought to understand hikers' identity as community members, how their emotional and practical needs are met, and how they evolve. We found that the role and language of thru-hikers change as they progress from pre-hike, on-hike, and post-hike stages, from a questioner early on, to an expert post-hike. We conclude with design recommendations to support offline communities online.
Analyzing crop health in vineyards through a multispectral imaging and drone system

This paper describes a system for collecting and analyzing multispectral imagery to evaluate crop health and streamline vineyard management in small to medium-sized vineyards. The system consists of three main components: a sensor assembly with a multispectral camera, quadcopter with flight automation, and a web-based decision support information system for analyzing multispectral imagery. Multispectral imagery can provide a holistic view of crop health through the use of different indices. A widely used index is the Normalized Difference Vegetative Index, which uses red and near-infrared reflectance as a proxy measurement for plant health. The authors tested the system at a small vineyard located in Albemarle County, Virginia, to better inform vineyard management of existing problems and trends in primary crop and undergrowth. Preliminary findings indicate the value of using this indicator-based approach for analyzing crop health in vineyards.
Development of a one-way coupled diffraction/trapped air model for predicting wave loading on bridges under water wave attack

Abstract In recent years, a number of researchers have applied various computational methods to study the wave and tsunami forcing on bridge superstructure problems. Usually, these computational analyses have relied upon application of computational fluid dynamic (CFD) codes. While CFD models provide accurate results, their disadvantage is that they tend to be computationally expensive. Thus, it may be difficult to apply these techniques during risk assessment analyses. During this study, an alternative computational method was explored in which a previously-developed diffraction model was combined with a previously-developed trapped air model under worst-case wave loading conditions (i.e., when the water surface was at the same elevation as the bottom bridge chord elevation). The governing equations were solved using a finite difference algorithm for the case where the bridge was attacked by a single wave in two dimensions. Resultant water forces were computed using results from the diffraction/trapped air computations, and water force values were compared with data from three datasets. In general, excellent agreement between the diffraction/trapped air model and data was observed. The computational time associated with the model was only approximately one hour per bridge configuration, which would appear to be an improvement when compared with other computational techniques.
The Privacy Effect: A Third Amendment Historiography

This piece tracks early appreciations of privacy, scholarship addressing and interpreting the Third Amendment, and the effect on interpretations of the Third Amendment of twentieth-century court treatments of the Third Amendment linking it to the constitutional right to privacy.
A Contextual and Labeled Math-Dataset Derived from NIST’s DLMF

Machine Learning (ML) and Natural Language Processing (NLP) have started to be applied to math language processing and math knowledge discovery. To fully utilize ML in those areas, there is a pressing need for Math labeled datasets. This paper presents a new dataset that we have derived from the widely used Digital Library of Mathematical Functions (DLMF) of NIST. The dataset is structured and labeled in a specific way. For each math equation and expression in the DLMF, there is a record that provides annotational and contextual elements. An accompanying dataset is also generated from the DLMF. It consists of “Simple XML” files, each organized as marked-up sentences within a marked-up hierarchy of paragraphs/subsections/sections. The math in each sentence is marked up in a way that enables users to extract the actual context of math elements, at various levels of granularity, for contextualized processing. This context-rich, sentence-oriented, equation/expression-centered, symbol-labeled dataset is motivated by the fact that much of ML-based NLP algorithms are sentence oriented.
Long Noncoding RNA AW112010 Promotes the Differentiation of Inflammatory T Cells by Suppressing IL-10 Expression through Histone Demethylation

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been demonstrated to play important regulatory roles in gene expression, from histone modification to protein stability. However, the functions of most identified lncRNAs are not known. In this study, we investigated the role of an lncRNA called AW112010. The expression of AW112010 was significantly increased in CD4+ T cells from C57BL/6J mice activated in vivo with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein, Staphylococcal enterotoxin B, or in vitro with anti-CD3 anti-CD28 mAbs, thereby demonstrating that activation of T cells leads to induction of AW112010. In contrast, anti-inflammatory cannabinoids such as cannabidiol or δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol decreased the expression of AW112010 in T cells. Interestingly, the expression of AW112010 was high in in vitro-polarized Th1 and Th17 cells but low in Th2 cells, suggesting that this lncRNA may regulate inflammation. To identify genes that might be regulated by AW112010, we used chromatin isolation by RNA purification, followed by sequencing. This approach demonstrated that AW112010 regulated the transcription of IL-10. Additionally, the level of IL-10 in activated T cells was low when the expression of AW112010 was increased. Use of small interfering RNA to knock down AW112010 expression in activated T cells led to increased IL-10 expression and a decrease in the expression of IFN-γ. Further studies showed that AW112010 interacted with histone demethylase KDM5A, which led to decreased H3K4 methylation in IL-10 gene locus. Together, these studies demonstrate that lncRNA AW112010 promotes the differentiation of inflammatory T cells by suppressing IL-10 expression through histone demethylation.
Colorectal cancer mortality after spinal cord injury.

Context: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second leading cause of cancer related deaths in the US. There is paucity of data regarding CRC and the spinal cord injury (SCI) community. Persons with SCI ...
Significant Returns in Engagement and Performance with a Free Clicker App

Pedagogical research shows that teaching methods other than traditional lectures may result in better outcomes. However, lecture remains the dominant method in economics, likely due to high implementation costs of methods shown to be effective in the literature. This paper shows significant benefits of using clickers in lectures with minimal time commitment and outside preparation. The use of clickers improved exam performance by 7-8% compared to a control section of traditional lecture and discussion in principles classes.
Inhibition of NOX1 Mitigates Blood Pressure Increases in Elastin Insufficiency.

Elastin (ELN) insufficiency leads to the cardiovascular hallmarks of the contiguous gene deletion disorder, Williams-Beuren syndrome, including hypertension and vascular stiffness. Previous studies showed that Williams-Beuren syndrome deletions, which extended to include the NCF1 gene, were associated with lower blood pressure (BP) and reduced vascular stiffness. NCF1 encodes for p47phox, the regulatory component of the NOX1 NADPH oxidase complex that generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the vascular wall. Dihydroethidium and 8-hydroxyguanosine staining of mouse aortas confirmed that Eln heterozygotes (Eln+/- ) had greater ROS levels than the wild-types (Eln+/+ ), a finding that was negated in vessels cultured without hemodynamic stressors. To analyze the Nox effect on ELN insufficiency, we used both genetic and chemical manipulations. Both Ncf1 haploinsufficiency (Ncf1+/- ) and Nox1 insufficiency (Nox1-/y ) decreased oxidative stress and systolic BP in Eln+/- without modifying vascular structure. Chronic treatment with apocynin, a p47phox inhibitor, lowered systolic BP in Eln+/- , but had no impact on Eln+/+ controls. In vivo dosing with phenylephrine (PE) produced an augmented BP response in Eln+/- relative to Eln+/+ , and genetic modifications or drug-based interventions that lower Nox1 expression reduced the hypercontractile response to PE in Eln+/- mice to Eln+/+ levels. These results indicate that the mechanical and structural differences caused by ELN insufficiency leading to oscillatory flow can perpetuate oxidative stress conditions, which are linked to hypertension, and that by lowering the Nox1-mediated capacity for vascular ROS production, BP differences can be normalized.
MNC responses to international NGO activist campaigns: Evidence from Royal Dutch/Shell in apartheid South Africa

Multinational corporations (MNCs) operating in countries with a poor human rights record are often the target of nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) that argue that MNCs’ decisions to stay in those countries represents support of those repressive governments. Consequently, NGOs often develop global campaigns to pressure MNCs to divest from those countries. We study how MNCs respond to these pressures through the revelatory case of the global divestment campaign against Royal Dutch/Shell during the racist apartheid regime in South Africa in the 1980s. We combine archival-based historical research and visual rhetorical analysis, and find that Royal Dutch/Shell developed a strategy consisting of creating counter-narratives at three different levels for actors within the MNC that had different interests. First, the headquarters sought to avoid setting a precedent for future boycotts; second, the peripheral subsidiaries aimed to avoid having their reputation tarnished by what was happening in South Africa; and third, the focal subsidiary was fighting for its survival. Building from this case, we inductively offer a model to analyze MNC responses to global NGO activism and discuss implications for MNCs’ political activities, their role in the defense of human rights, and strategies of corporate social responsibility.
A comparative study of local broadcasters' Twitter utilization in different market conditions

Although the importance of over-the-air broadcasting has gradually dwindled in the entire media market, no one cannot deny local broadcasters' significant contribution to serving informational needs in local communities (FCC, 1999). Regarding local television's Twitter use for promotion and branding, Greer and Ferguson (2011) examined Twitter sites of 488 local television stations in the U.S. to identify the relationship between stations' status and content of stations' Twitter sites. They found that most local television stations offer news stories but barely direct viewers to their actual on-air programming. In their other study (Ferguson and Greer, 2011), they analyzed 111 local radio stations' Twitter sites to understand how regional radio stations use their business. The previous studies successfully demonstrate how local broadcasters use Twitter, but they do not capture any differences among broadcasters with different conditions. This study empirically analyzes how local broadcasters from different conditions utilize Twitter to adapt to the digitalized interactive media environment. Local broadcasters' social media performance can differ because American local broadcast markets differ in market size (Designated Market Area) and funding system (commercial vs. public), and station ownership. Thus, the scope of this study is limited to two extreme cases for comparison's sake. For comparative analysis, this study will analyze two different local different broadcasters groups – one group from Nielsen's top 20 DMA and another group from the bottom 20 DMA. Local broadcasters' Tweets from two other groups are analyzed to address the differences in Twitter uses 1) between public and commercial stations, and 2) between high-resourced (top DMA) and low-resourced (bottom DMA) market. This study will implement two methods to investigate the local broadcasters' local service activities in social network platforms, Twitter. First, website research collects qualitative and quantitative information directly from the studied websites. The website research will delineate the local broadcasters' current social media adoption. Second, network analysis of Twitter networks conducts to describe the complex conversational interaction within the Twitter network. Network analysis (Hanneman & Riddle, 2005) is one way to visualize and analyze how social media networks are connected, how they interact, and which agent is most influential in networks. The open-source program NodeXL will be used for network analysis and visualization of study results among the social network analysis tools. As a result, this study will address whether local broadcasters, which is often considered a thing of the past, still can justify their existence in the age of fiber-optic broadband and app-based mobile-centered media environment.
Introducing ACRL Information Literacy Competency Standards to Graduate Schools of Theology

Abstract This paper recommends that the Information Literacy Competency Standards for Higher Education of the Association of College and Research Libraries should be endorsed by the Association of Theological Schools' accreditation standards and implemented by theological schools to teach graduate students information literacy and to assess their learning outcomes. Several select theological research guides and the experience of a seminary's research methods course are closely examined in detailed comparison to the Information Literacy Competency Standards, their performance indicators and outcomes.
A new specimen of the Early Eocene Masillacolius brevidactylus and its implications for the evolution of feeding specializations in mousebirds (Coliiformes)

Abstract A new skeleton of the Early Eocene stem group mousebird Masillacolius brevidactylus is described, which for the first time provides information on the skull morphology of this unusual coliiform species. Notably, the mandible exhibits long, blade-like retroarticular processes, which were previously only known from two distantly related taxa of stem group Coliiformes. An assessment of the evolutionary significance of these structures depends on the phylogenetic interrelationships of stem group Coliiformes, which remain poorly resolved. Proceeding from recent phylogenies, the new fossil strengthens the supposition that these processes are plesiomorphic for a coliiform subclade, which also includes the extant species, and that they were secondarily reduced in crown group Coliiformes. In this case, the stem species of the clade including extant mousebirds would have exhibited feeding specializations that were lost in the evolutionary lineage leading to the extant species. Alternatively, these processes may constitute an apomorphy of a clade including Masillacolius and the Early Eocene North American Chascacocolius. In the new Masillacolius fossil a large seed is preserved, which was most likely ingested by the bird. It therefore adds another specimen to the list of coliiform fossils with seeds as stomach or gut contents and documents a long evolutionary history of frugivory in coliiform birds. This contradicts a recent proposal that birds did not play an important role as seed dispersers in the early Cenozoic.
Analysis of Explosions in Hard Rocks: The Power of Discrete Element Modeling

Publisher Summary This chapter presents an analysis of explosions in hard rocks—the power of discrete element modeling. The salient characteristic of hard rock masses is that they are seldom massive monolithic formations but rather are penetrated by numerous geological discontinuities such as joint sets, faults, shears, and contacts. These discontinuities control the propagation of ground shock and the kinematics of the resulting motions. A realistic analysis of explosions in hard rocks must include the effect of the discrete discontinuities. The fundamental interaction of blocks is through their colliding and rebounding. Except for rare geologies, the block motion has a three-dimensional character. For a complete simulation of explosion effects, the discrete element analysis can be interfaced with the results of analyses in the very near source region of extreme pressures, which can be modeled with continuum-based hydrocodes. Simulation of discrete particle motion has its origins in the field of molecular dynamics, where the bulk properties of systems of particles on a molecular scale are obtained by space and time averaging the velocities and forces acting on the individual particles. However, such molecular-scale models do not handle properties specific to rock masses such as inelastic normal forces, irregular shapes, and tangential friction at contacts.
THE M/G/1 QUEUE WITH SWITCHOVER COSTS: AN EXAMINATION OF ALTERNATIVE HEURISTICS

In this paper the authors examine the M/G/1 queueing model with switchover costs. They develop a lower bound for the waiting time in these systems under any arbitrary algorithm, including those that are optimal. Next they examine systems in which service is provided according to a cyclic polling algorithm. They show that for the special case where the switchover costs are identical and when the traffic intensity is high, worst case analysis shows that the ratio of the average waiting time of cyclic polling to the optimal algorithm is close to 2. They also show that for this special case under relatively unrestrictive conditions, that the cyclic polling algorithm is close to optimal. However, under the special case of very low demand intensity, cyclic polling performs poorly. For this case they provide an alternative heuristic and provide bounds for its performance.
Discriminant Analysis by Neural Networks

The sections in this article are Introduction to Neural Networks Neural Network Algorithms Multilayer Feed-Forward Neural Networks Kohonen Self-Organizing Feature Maps (SOMs) Hopfield Network Other Neural Network Architectures Bidirectional Associative Memory (BAM) Network Radial Basis Function (RBF) Network Counterpropagation (CP) Network Hamming Network Holographic Network Applications of Discriminant Analysis in Vibrational Spectroscopy Applications to Mid-Infrared Spectra Structural Feature Recognition Identification of Small Features and Classification of Spectra of Small Variance Applications of BAM, Hamming, and Holographic Networks Applications to NIR Spectra Applications to Raman Spectroscopy
Thrombin exosite for fibrinogen recognition is partially accessible in prothrombin.

The procoagulant alpha-thrombin is produced by the proteolytic cleavages of a minimum of two peptide bonds Arg274-Thr275 and Arg323-Ile324 in prothrombin. The Arg323-Ile324 cleavage is required for the expression of the active site of thrombin (Morita, T., Iwanaga, S. Suzuki, T. (1976) J. Biochem. (Tokyo) 79, 1089-1108; Hibbard, L. S., Nesheim, M. E., and Mann, K. G. (1982) Biochemistry 21, 2285-2292). It is not yet clear to what extent the proteolytic events are responsible for exposing protein recognition exosites on thrombin. We employed high resolution NMR spectroscopy to examine interactions of prothrombin and thrombin with synthetic hirudin peptides targeted toward the fibrinogen recognition exosite of thrombin. The hirudin tail synthetic analogues (acetyl-Asp55-Phe-Glu-Glu-Ile-Pro-Glu-Glu-Tyr-Leu-Gln65/G ly65-OH) exhibited similar NMR relaxation enhancements (line broadening patterns and transferred nuclear Overhauser effects) with human prothrombin as with human alpha-thrombin, indicating that both proteins bind the peptide in a similar manner. The protein-induced relaxation enhancements are specific to the interaction of the hirudin peptides with the fibrinogen recognition exosite of thrombin since no significant effects were observed with either human serum albumin or with human gamma-thrombin, which has an impaired recognition exosite. The binding affinities were determined from NMR relaxation time measurements, which gave approximate Kd values of 500 microM and
Coexistence of Bluetooth Piconets and Wireless LAN

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction The Coexistence Problem Collaborative Mechanisms Noncollaborative Mechanisms Dual‐Channel Transmission Conclusions References
Placental respiration in the immediate neonatal period

Abstract The umbilical cord was double clamped from one second before to 37 seconds after birth for 30 healthy term newborn infants. Twenty-eight of these infants were born vaginally, in the cephalic presentation, and 2 were born by elective cesarean section. Up to 6 breaths occurred before clamping. The mean umbilical vein (UV) minus umbilical artery (UA) differences were: for pH, 0.10 ± 0.04; for Pco 2 , −17 ± 11 mm. Hg; for Po 2 , 14 ± 6 mm. Hg. The mean UV-UA difference for oxygen content, calculated from the Po 2 difference and the hemoglobin concentration, was 7.5 ± 3.6 vol. per cent. These differences showed no tendency to decrease from birth to 37 seconds. These data indicate that placental gas exchange is just as efficient at 37 seconds after delivery as it is at birth.
An interpreter for adaptable supply chain planning algorithms

Describes and tests the notion of a generic search interpreter (GSI). A GSI is an interpreter and an associated programming language with three characteristics: (1) any conceivable algorithmic search strategy can be programmed in the language, (2) any given program will work for any given search problem, and (3) perturbing any given program results in a feasible alternative program. These characteristics support the "automatic" adaptation of planning algorithms that, among other possibilities, may be used to help coordinate flows among departments in a company or among companies in a supply chain. The work is motivated by the diverse and dynamic nature of supply-chain planning in practice, combined with the ongoing rapid advancements in the information technology infrastructure in industry - advancements that significantly increase the economic impact of improved computer-supported supply-chain planning methods.
The Effect of Statins on Erectile Dysfunction: A Meta‐Analysis of Randomized Trials

Abstract Introduction Erectile dysfunction (ED) is common in older men, especially those with comorbidities such as diabetes and atherosclerotic disease, conditions where statins are frequently prescribed. Aim To examine the effect of statin therapy on ED using the five‐item version of the International Inventory of Erectile Function (IIEF). Methods We performed a random‐effects meta‐analysis of studies identified by a systematic search of MEDLINE, Web of Knowledge, the Cochrane Database, and ClinicalTrials.gov. Examination of the 186 retrieved citations resulted in the selection of 11 randomized trials for inclusion in the meta‐analysis. Main Outcome Measures Change in the IIEF score. Results IIEF increased by 3.4 points (95% CI 1.7–5.0, P = 0.0001) with statins compared to control. This effect remained statistically significant after multiple sensitivity analyses, including analysis for publication bias, a cumulative meta‐analysis, and 11 repeated analyses with each study omitted sequentially. The increase in IIEF with statins was approximately one‐third to one‐half of that previously reported with phosphodiesterase‐5 inhibitors and larger than the effect of lifestyle modification. Metaregression showed an increase in benefit with decreasing lipophilicity. The average age of participants and the degree of LDL cholesterol lowering did not alter the effect on IIEF. Conclusion Statins cause a clinically relevant improvement of erectile function as measured by the five‐item version of the IIEF. Kostis JB and Dobrzynski JM. The effect of statins on erectile dysfunction: A meta‐analysis of randomized trials. J Sex Med 2014;11:1626–1635.
Sertraline in the Treatment of Depression Associated with Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Agonist Therapy

Abstract Background: Endometriosis is thought to affect 5–10% of reproductive age women in the general population and is commonly treated with gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonists. Recent studies suggest depressive symptoms are associated with women treated with GnRH agonist for endometriosis. Methods: A retrospective pilot study of 42 female patients, 22 in the treatment group (sertraline) and 20 in the control group (no sertraline), was conducted. All subjects had laproscopically diagnosed endometriosis and were treated with 24 weeks of GnRH agonist therapy. Assessment instruments included the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale and the Menopausal Symptom Index. Results: The results indicate that patients receiving concomitant sertraline reported significantly less depressive symptoms, but did not differ significantly in physical symptoms, than the group receiving a GnRH agonist alone. Conclusions: Antidepressants, such as sertraline, appear to be significantly helpful in the treatment of mood symptoms during the course of GnRH agonist therapy.
Basque natives vs. Basque learners: The construction of the Basque speaker through satire

Abstract In this paper, I examine how the program i Vaya Semanita ! (“What a week!”), a sketch-comedy program produced in Spain, illustrates the positions taken by different speakers toward the process of “Basquization” or Euskaldunization. More concretely, I focus on the figures of the “euskaldunberri” ( the new-Basque speaker ) who has learned Basque through instruction as opposed to the “euskaldunzaharra” ( the old Basque speake r), whose native tongue is Basque. I argue that by way of social and political satire, the program represents stances and postures that do not tend to enter the public discourse on revitalization in the Basque Country. It is also through humor that Vaya Semanita helps viewers reflect on the social fields contributing to ethnolinguistic processes by cultivating a space where divergent identity orientations may be proposed, interpreted, contested, and consumed.
Clinical Impact of a Value-Based Decision: A Surgical Case Study

Background Value is an economic utility defined by quality and cost, with the maximum benefit achieved by improving quality and reducing cost simultaneously. Health care systems are using value-based analysis to identify the best practices (BPs) that accomplish this goal. Study Design We chose a clinical condition, deep venous thrombophlebitis (DVT) to test this hypothesis by identifying the BPs available in the literature; determining the usual practice for DVT prophylaxis at each of 8 hospitals (ie, community, tertiary, and a university hospital) in an integrated system; measuring clinical outcomes (mortality and morbidity) for each hospital; determining cost for each treatment algorithm in each hospital; and measuring the savings opportunity if a single BP was used by all of the hospitals. Results The literature suggests that the BPs for DVT prophylaxis consist of sequential compression devices for short-stay procedures; unfractionated heparin for inpatient procedures, and low molecular weight heparin for thrombotic events. Four of the hospitals were using these BPs; the others relied on sequential compression devices and low molecular weight heparin for prophylaxis. Outcomes were identical and value-based analysis suggested a savings opportunity of nearly $4 million if a single BP was adopted. Conclusions There were substantial variations in the type of DVT prophylaxis used by the hospitals with no difference in outcomes. A single BP increased value and resulted in savings of $1.5 million, with a savings opportunity of nearly $4 million.
Donnan effect as measured by sedimentation equilibrium for the protein cytochrome c

The protein turkey-heart cytochrome c is used as a model protein to study charge effects in sedimentation equilibrium experiments in three-component solutions. Data are given for the dependence of the apparent M (1–υρ) on ρ in solutions of KCl, RbCl, CsCl, and triethylamine hydrochloride. The results show the Donnan effect to have a significant influence on the apparent molecular weight, found by extrapolation of the data to a solution density of one. The apparent molecular weights are for protein at infinite dilution. A theoretical treatment is presented where the magnitude of this effect can be predicted accurately from the formal net charge of the protein as computed from the amino acid composition. The results are shown to be important in computing the preferential hydration of the protein in concentrated salt solutions. For such systems the Donnan effect should be subtracted from the total interaction coefficient for multicomponent system in order to obtain the preferential hydration.
Pure-Oxygen Radiative Shocks with Electron Thermal Conduction

Steady state radiative shock models in gas composed entirely of oxygen are calculated with the purpose of explaining observations of fast-moving knots in Cas A and other oxygen-rich SNRs. Models with electron thermal conduction differ significantly from models in which conduction is neglected. Conduction reduces postshock electron temperatures by a factor of 7-10 and flattens temperature gradients. The O III ion, whose forbidden emission usually dominates the observed spectra, is present over a wide range of shock velocities, from 100 to 170 km/s. The electron temperature in the O III forbidden line formation region is 30,000 K, in agreement with the 20,000 K derived from observations. All models with conduction have extensive warm (T above 4000 K) photoionization zones, which provides better agreement with observed optical O I line strengths.
A Discussion of Differences between Group Therapy and Family Therapy: Implications for Counselor Training and Practice.

Abstract This article identifies and discusses six specific factors that distinguish group therapy from family therapy. These differences have implications for therapist training and practice. Failure to understand and acknowledge that group therapy and family therapy are distinct therapeutic systems diminishes the quality of therapist preparation programs as well as the delivery of therapeutic services
Conversion efficiency of implanted ions by confocal micro-luminescence mapping

Abstract We report on the further development of the statistical approach to determine the conversion efficiency of implanted ions into emitting centers and present the measurement method based on the confocal micro-luminescence mapping. It involves the micro-luminescence mapping with a narrow-open confocal aperture, followed by the statistical analysis of the photoluminescence signal from an ensemble of emitting centers. The confocal mapping method has two important advantages compared to the recently discussed aperture-free method (J. Lumin. 131 (2011) 489): it is less sensitive to errors in the laser spot size and has a well defined useful area. The confocal mapping has been applied to the Xe center in diamond. The conversion efficiency has been found to be about 0.28, which is in good agreement with the results of the aperture-free method.
Two Paths Diverged in a Schwann Cell

Aberrations in the genetic code are the underlying cause of countless human diseases. Whereas advances in genome sequencing technologies and genetic screening now enable rapid and accurate molecular diagnoses, there still exist major challenges to the treatment of most genetic diseases. In the
Transfer of Specific Blood Serum Proteins to Lacteal Secretions near Parturition

Summary Comparative quantitative electrophoretic studies were made of the specific protein components present in the lacteal secretions of heifers and dry and milked cows near parturition. Near parturition, the relative concentration of the specific proteins synthesized in the mammary gland decreased with a corresponding increase of protein components entering from the blood. Small amounts of all of the major blood protein components were detected in the secretions; however, as parturition approached the levels of two immune globulin components with the same properties as the blood, β 2 -and γ 1 -globulins increased to tremendous levels. Calculations of the amount of β 2 - and γ 1 -globulins leaving the blood indicated that they quantitatively accounted for the immune globulin components appearing in the lacteal secretions.
Concomitant management of renal calculi and pelvi-ureteric junction obstruction with robotic laparoscopic surgery

Authors from the USA describe their experience using roboticassisted laparoscopic pyeloplasty and stone extraction, and present their technical recommendations. They point out the not unexpected finding that concurrent stone extraction and pyeloplasty was rather longer than in patients having pyeloplasty alone.
The use of an antihistamine-decongestant in conjunction with an anti-infective drug in the treatment of acute otitis media

We evaluated the efficacy of an antihistamine-decongestant combination as adjunctive therapy in the treatment of acute otitis media with effusion. In a randomized study, 53 children were treated for acute otitis media with antibiotics and either Naldecon or placebo. Subjects were evaluated by tympanometry and pneumotoscopy. Follow-up evaluation was performed at days seven and 14 of therapy. The antihistamine-decongestant prescription was found to influence both the duration of nasal congestion and the course of middle ear effusion: Naldecon-treated subjects were symptomatic with nasal congestion for an average of six days compared to nine days reported by those given placebo, and the risk of persisting middle ear effusion was approximately two times greater in the placebo-treated group when evaluated by tympanometry.
Hypoechoic renal pyramids: Sonographic visualization in older children and young adults

The frequency and degree of visualization of medullary pyramids in a normal population, aged 10-29 years, was analyzed. Hypoechoic pyramids were visualized in 42% of right kidneys in subjects aged 10-18 years and in 27% of subjects aged 19-29 years. Prominently hypoechoic pyramids, mimicking the appearance of neonatal kidneys, were seen in an additional 34% of subjects aged 10-18 years and in 16% aged 19-29 years. Prominent pyramids were present in 50% of subjects with renal cortical echogenicity (RCE) equal to liver, but also in 21% of subjects with RCE less than liver. Our study expands the age at which prominently hypoechoic medullary pyramids can be considered a normal finding. This may relate to recent improvements in ultrasound technology.
The provision of culturally specific care for victims of family violence in Aotearoa/New Zealand

Abstract In this paper, I examine the diversity of opinions held by front-line family violence workers in Auckland, Aotearoa, on the issue of culturally specific care. Front-line workers are positioned at the interface between the system of services and benefits available from the state and the victims in need. In order to make sense of family violence discourses operating at the national level, I use front-line workers’ perspectives to analyse the national frameworks for culturally specific care designed for Asian, Pakeha, Pasifika and Maori victims of violence. This article highlights the distance between policy and quotidian front-line service delivery.
Conversion of OsH2(CO)(PPh3)3 to [OsH(CO)(PPh3)2L2]+(L = pyridine, 4-tert-butylpyridine) by oxidation, hydride abstraction and protonation

Abstract Two bis(pyridine) analogues of the 2,2′-bipyridine complex [OsH(CO)(PPh3)2(bpy)]− have been synthesized from the dihydride OsH2(CO)(PPh3)3 (1). Chemical or electrochemical oxidation of 1, even in the presence of excess pyridine, is an overall oneelectron process. The oxidation is proposed to involve the reaction of radical cations with the starting dihydride to form a 1:1 mixture of the 17-electron complex OsH(CO)(PPh3)3 and the trihydride [OsH3(CO)(PPh3)3]+. Both oxidation of the 17-electron complex and reductive elimination of H2 from the trihydride cation, both accompanied by pyridine coordination, would give [OsH(CO)(PPh3)3(Py)]+. Reaction of this proposed intermediate with excess pyridine yields [OsH(CO)(PPh3)3(Py)2]+ as the observed final product. This bis(pyridine) complex is also produced by hydride abstraction from 1 in the presence of pyridine and by protonation of 1 with HBF4 followed by reaction with pyridine. 4-Tertbutylpyridine participates in the same reactions. The pyridine complexes are very similar to the previously reported 2,2′-bipyridine complex except that they do not display the bipyridine-localized reduction or metal—ligand charge transfer band. Their geometry is the same, with trans-oriented phosphines and cis-pyridines.
Primary and secondary defences of squid to cruising and ambush fish predators: variable tactics and their survival value

Longfin squid, Loligo pealeii, were exposed to two predators, bluefish, Pomatomus saltatrix, and summer flounder, Paralichthys dentatus, representing cruising and ambush foraging tactics, respectively. During 35 trials, 86 predator–prey interactions were evaluated between bluefish and squid, and in 29 trials, 92 interactions were assessed between flounder and squid. With bluefish, squid predominantly used stay tactics (68.6%, 59/86) as initial responses. The most common stay response was to drop to the bottom, while showing a disruptive body pattern, and remain motionless. In 37.0% (34/92) of interactions with flounder, squid did not detect predators camouflaging on the bottom and showed no reaction prior to being attacked. Squid that did react, used flee tactics more often as initial responses (43.5%, 40/92), including flight with or without inking. When all defence behaviours were considered concurrently, flight was identified as the strongest predictor of squid survival during interactions with each predator. Squid that used flight at any time during an attack sequence had high probabilities of survival with bluefish (65%, 20/31) and flounder (51%, 18/35). The most important deimatic/protean behaviour used by squid was inking. Inking caused bluefish to startle (deimatic) and abandon attacks (probability of survival = 61%, 11/18) and caused flounder to misdirect (protean) attacks towards ink plumes rather than towards squid (probability of survival = 56%, 14/25). These are the first published laboratory experiments to evaluate the survival value of antipredator behaviours in a cephalopod. Results demonstrate that squid vary their defence tactics in response to different predators and that the effectiveness of antipredator behaviours is contingent upon the behavioural characteristics of the predator encountered.
Using a remotely sensed optimized Disturbance Index to detect insect defoliation in the Apostle Islands, Wisconsin, USA

Abstract The Disturbance Index (DI) proposed by Healey et al. (2005) has been used successfully to locate and monitor disturbances by various researchers and in many locations. Here, a modification of the DI is presented that adapts it to local conditions by weighting each of its input components to maximize the difference between disturbed and undisturbed forest canopy. The weights reduce the effects of background variation while emphasizing the variation caused by disturbance. The weighted DI was applied to the severe insect defoliation of 2006 in the Apostle Island National Lakeshore with promising results. A supervised maximum likelihood thematic map based on the unweighted DI was 59% accurate and one based on the weighted DI was 62%. A classification with only two classes, defoliated and not defoliated, was also more accurate when based upon the weighted DI (77% verses 69%). In nearly all instances, the user's and producer's accuracies were significantly higher for the weighted DI image, suggesting that weighting the DI to fit local conditions is a superior approach, at least for small-area studies.
Web-scale named entity recognition

Automatic recognition of named entities such as people, places, organizations, books, and movies across the entire web presents a number of challenges, both of scale and scope. Data for training general named entity recognizers is difficult to come by, and efficient machine learning methods are required once we have found hundreds of millions of labeled observations. We present an implemented system that addresses these issues, including a method for automatically generating training data, and a multi-class online classification training method that learns to recognize not only high level categories such as place and person, but also more fine-grained categories such as soccer players, birds, and universities. The resulting system gives precision and recall performance comparable to that obtained for more limited entity types in much more structured domains such as company recognition in newswire, even though web documents often lack consistent capitalization and grammatical sentence construction.