cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Accurate simulation of terahertz transmission through doped silicon junctions

In the previous work we presented results demonstrating the ability of transmission mode terahertz time domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS) to detect doping profile differences and deviations in silicon. This capability is potentially useful for quality control in the semiconductor and photovoltaic industry. We shared subsequent experimental results revealing that terahertz interactions with both electrons and holes are strong enough to recognize both n- and p-type doping profile changes. We also displayed that the relatively long wavelength (~ 1 mm) of THz radiation allows this approach to be compatible with surface treatments like for instance the texturing (scattering layer) typically used in the solar industry. In this work we continuously demonstrate the accuracy with which current terahertz optical models can simulate the power spectrum of terahertz radiation transmitted through junctions with known doping profiles (as determined with SIMS). We conclude that current optical models predict the terahertz transmission and absorption in silicon junctions well.
On Consistency of the Self‐Consistent Estimator of Survival Functions with Interval‐Censored Data

The self-consistent estimator is commonly used for estimating a survival function with interval-censored data. Recent studies on interval censoring have focused on case 2 interval censoring, which does not involve exact observations, and double censoring, which involves only exact, right-censored or left-censored observations. In this paper, we consider an interval censoring scheme that involves exact, left-censored, right-censored and strictly interval-censored observations. Under this censoring scheme, we prove that the self-consistent estimator is strongly consistent under certain regularity conditions.
ALADINS: An ALgebraic splitting time ADaptive solver for the Incompressible Navier-Stokes equations

We address a time-adaptive solver specifically devised for the incompressible Navier-Stokes (INS) equations. One of the challenging issues in this context is the identification of a reliable a posteriori error estimator. Typical strategies are based on the combination of the solutions computed either with two different time steps or two schemes with different accuracy. In this paper, we move from the pressure correction algebraic factorizations formerly proposed by Saleri, Veneziani (2005). These schemes feature an intrinsic hierarchical nature, such that an accurate solution for the pressure is obtained by computing intermediate low-order guesses. The difference between the two estimates provide a natural a posteriori estimator. After introducing the incremental formulation of the pressure correction schemes, we address the properties of this approach, including extensive implementation details. Numerical results presented refer to 2D and 3D unstructured problems, with a particular emphasis on cardiovascular problems, which are expected to largely benefit from time-adaptive solvers. In memory of F. Saleri (1965-2007).
Trans-scaphoid palmar lunate dislocation with concurrent scapholunate ligament disruption.

Palmar dislocation of the lunate is believed to be associated with either disruption of the scapholunate ligament or a fracture through the scaphoid—the two being mutually exclusive. A case of trans-scaphoid palmar lunate dislocation with associated complete disruption of the scapholunate ligament is reported.
Interactive effects of temperature and predation on an estuarine zooplankton community

Abstract The winter planktonic copepod community of the estuaries near Beaufort N.C. underwent a consistent transition from dominance by Acartia tonsa Dana to dominance by Centropages spp., which was associated with unpredictable decreases in water temperature and increases in abundance of predatory mysids. Centropages subsequently remained dominant until spring. Experimental manipulations of water temperature and mysid abundance in enclosures showed that copepod species composition was determined by an interaction of direct temperature effects with predatory interactions among copepods and mysids. Low temperatures stimulated recruitment of Centropages spp. and inhibited recruitment of Acartia tonsa . Temperature decreases also apparently stimulated migration of mysids into the study area. While A. tonsa was dominant, selective predation by mysids reduced the relative abundance of A. tonsa , but after Centropages became dominant mysid predation had no effect on copepod species composition. Predation by Centropages on the nauplii of other species probably contributed to its persistent dominance in the estuary. Rising temperatures in the spring favored recruitment of Acartia tonsa and inhibited Centropages recruitment. Selective predation by fish entering the estuary in spring may have contributed to the decline in abundance of Centropages spp. and mysids.
Use of aromatase inhibitors in children and adolescents: what's new?

Purpose of reviewAromatase inhibitors have been reported to increase height prediction in boys with short stature, and in boys and girls with gonadotropin-independent precocious puberty. The following review discusses data published since 2008 regarding the safety and efficacy of aromatase inhibitor
Play, animals, resources: the need for a rich (and challenging) comparative environment.

Van de Vliert proposes a comprehensive explanation for differences in “freedoms” in diverse human populations based on climate and monetary resources. This intriguing approach, though derived from an evolutionary view covering all species, is based exclusively on human populations. This anthropocentric lens is challenged by ways of testing Van de Vliert's thesis more generally using playfulness as a surrogate for freedom.
B-1 Cell Development: Evidence for an Uncommitted Immunoglobulin (Ig)M+ B Cell Precursor in B-1 Cell Differentiation

Murine phosphatidyl choline (PtC)–specific B cells in normal mice belong exclusively to the B-1 subset. Analysis of anti-PtC (VH12 and VH12/Vκ4) transgenic (Tg) mice indicates that exclusion from B-0 (also known as B-2) occurs after immunoglobulin gene rearrangement. This predicts that PtC-specific B-0 cells are generated, but subsequently eliminated by either apoptosis or differentiation to B-1. To investigate the mechanism of exclusion, PtC-specific B cell differentiation was examined in mice expressing the X-linked immunodeficiency (xid) mutation. xid mice lack functional Bruton's tyrosine kinase (Btk), a component of the B cell receptor signal transduction pathway, and are deficient in B-1 cell development. We find in C57BL/ 6.xid mice that VH12 pre-BII cell selection is normal and that PtC-specific B cells undergo modest clonal expansion. However, the majority of splenic PtC-specific B cells in anti-PtC Tg/xid mice are B-0, rather than B-1 as in their non-xid counterparts. These data indicate that PtC-specific B-0 cell generation precedes segregation as predicted, and that Btk function is required for efficient segregation to B-1. Since xid mice exhibit defective B cell differentiation, not programmed cell death, these data are most consistent with an inability of PtC-specific B-0 cells to convert to B-1 and a single B cell lineage.
International outer space law

Abstract This report is an edited version of a talk given by Professor Christol at the Conference on Law and Life in Space, held at the Center for Aerospace Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, in September 1986. Professor Christol reviews the principles of space law as they relate to the relations between states, through existing treaties and agreements. He offers a hope that, through ‘strategic stability’, conditions will emerge for further agreements, and for public international outer space law to become more rigorous.
Rolling detailed short-term planning of oil refineries and petrochemical complexes and optimization model updating

Problems of production plan realization at oil refineries and petrochemical complexes are examined. An approach to solving the task of detailed short-term planning with using the rolling two-period planning method is proposed. The difficulties of optimization model updating in RPMS are analyzed; and tools for automated model updating are offered.
Antidepressant-like behavioral effects of serotonin receptor agonists.

The clinical discoveries that drugs that stimulate 5-HT neurotransmission, either by inhibiting 5-HT uptake or by stimulating postsynaptic receptors directly, have antidepressant properties has stimulated interest in defining the role of the 5-HT receptor system in the clinical effects of antidepressant drugs. Two approaches are reviewed in this paper that address the neurochemical mediation of the therapeutic effects of antidepressant drugs from the standpoint of animal behavior. The first approach utilizes a behavioral response in rats, the forced swimming test, that correlates well with predicting antidepressant drugs in humans. Studies are reviewed that examined serotonergic compounds in the forced swimming test, from the standpoint of identifying better serotonergic mechanisms involved in the antidepressant response. Both 5-HT uptake inhibitors and 5-HT1A receptor agonists produce effects in the forced swimming test that are similar to those of other classes of antidepressant drugs. In contrast, agonists at other 5-HT receptors or 5-HT receptor antagonists do not produce antidepressant-like behavioral effects. Evidence for an important role of 5-HT1A receptors in the antidepressant response is supported by findings that antagonists of 5-HT1A receptors prevent the ability of 5-HT1A receptor agonists to reduce immobility in the forced swimming test. The results of studies interfering with 5-HT neurotransmission, either by inhibition of 5-HT synthesis or by the destruction of 5-HT neurons, favor the idea that the effects of 5-HT1A receptor agonists are produced by the stimulation of postsynaptic 5-HT1A receptors. The second approach for studying the behavioral effects of antidepressant drugs employs drug discrimination studies, conducted using a discriminated taste aversion procedure, to provide a method for studying the discriminative stimulus effects of the antidepressant 5-HT uptake inhibitor sertraline. Rats were trained to discriminate the effects of sertraline (10 mg/kg) from saline. Other 5-HT uptake inhibitors, such as fluoxetine, fluvoxamine and paroxetine, substituted for the sertraline stimulus. High doses of norepinephrine uptake inhibitors, such as desipramine or maprotiline, were required to produce similar effects. These two behavioral approaches promise to be useful for defining the important pharmacological effects associated with the behavioral effects of antidepressant drugs.
Synergic extraction of nickel and cobalt by LIX63-dinonylnaphthalene sulfonic acid mixtures

Abstract The extraction of nickel and cobalt by mixtures of 5,8-diethyl-7-hydroxy-6-dodecanone oxime (H2Ox, active extractant in LIX63, a product of Henkel Corp.) and dinonylnaphthalene sulfonic acid (HDNNS or HD) has been studied by using the methods of slope analysis and continuous variation. On the basis of distribution and spectrophotometric data, the observed synergic extraction of nickel and cobalt by H2Ox-HDNNS mixtures is attributed to the formation of a mixed ligand complex with the stoichiometry: Me/H2Ox/HDNNS = 1/3/2. In the absence of H2Ox, log D versus log [HDNNS] plots give straight lines with slopes of unity for both nickel and cobalt extraction, thus indicating that the active extractant is the HDNNS micelle. In the presence of H2Ox the log D versus log [HDNNS] plots go through a maximum and a minimum. It is proposed that the active extractant under these conditions is a mixed HDNNS-H2Ox micelle of the form (HD)p·3H2Ox, and that the shape of the metal distribution curve, as a function of HDNNS concentration, follows the organic-phase concentration of this mixed micelle.
Influence of cultural conditions on growth and lipolytic activity in Nocardia asteroides

The growth and the production of extracellular and intracellular lipases were measured fromNocardia asteroides grown under different cultural conditions. Maximal growth and intracellular and extracellular activities were observed at 3 d after inoculation. Among the tested media, synthetic medium induced maximal growth and extracellular activity, whereas tryptic soy broth induced the maximal intracellular lipase activity. The best carbon and nitrogen sources for growth and lipolytic activity were glucose, fructose, glutamate and nitrate, respectively. The optimal C∶N ratio for growth was in the range of 1∶4 to 2∶3 and for lipase activity the range was 2∶3 to 3∶2. Anything above or below this range was detrimental to the organism and its enzyme activity. Under the conditions of this study,N. asteroides grew best and had the highest lipase activity when compared toN. brasiliensis andN. caviae.
Calcineurin-NFATc regulates type 2 inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor (InsP3R2) expression during cardiac remodeling.

In heart, the type 2 inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate receptor (InsP3R2) is the predominant isoform expressed and is localized in the nuclear membrane of ventricular myocytes. InsP3R2-mediated Ca2+ release regulates hypertrophy specific gene expression by modulating CaMKIIδ, histone deacetylase, and calcineurin-NFATc signaling pathways. InsP3R2 protein is a hypertrophy specific marker and is overexpressed in heart failure animal models and in humans. However, the regulation of InsP3R2 mRNA and protein expression during cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure is not known. Here we show the transcriptional regulation of the Itpr2 gene in adult cardiomyocytes. Our data demonstrates that, InsP3R2 mRNA and protein expression is activated by hypertrophic agonists and attenuated by InsP3R inhibitors 2-aminoethoxyldiphenyl borate and xestospongin-C. The Itpr2 promoter is regulated by the calcineurin-NFATc signaling pathway. NFATc1 regulates Itpr2 gene expression by directly binding to the Itpr2 promoter. The calcineurin-NFATc mediated up-regulation of the Itpr2 promoter was attenuated by cyclosporine-A. InsP3R2 mRNA and protein expression was up-regulated in calcineurin-A transgenic mice and in human heart failure. Collectively, our data suggests that ITPR2 and hypertrophy specific gene expression is regulated, in part, by a positive feedback regulation between InsP3R2 and calcineurin-NFATc signaling pathways.
13C NMR characterization of intermolecular interactions for polymers. Part 3. Solvent effect on the blend compatibility of poly(vinyl methyl ether) and polystyrene

The solvent has an influence on the homogeneity of the poly(vinyl methyl ether)-polystyrene, PVME-PS blends Prepared by drying cosolutions. This influence has been analyzed in terms of the competition among polymer-polymer and polymer-solvent interactions. Model solutions have been prepared in which intermoleeular interactions correspond to the interactions in this blend and in some of the cosolutions. These interactions in the model solutions have been detected and identified by applying Rummens' method. The 13C NMR spectra have been determined for PVME and for styrene oligomer dissolved in n-alkanes, cyclohexane, diethyl ether, isopropyl methyl ether, diisopropyl ether, and chloroform, and for PVME dissolved in benzene, toluene, and cumene. The chemical shifts have been plotted against the parameter g2 = [(n22 − 1)/(n22 + 1)]2, where n2 is the refractive index of the solvent. If the structural segment represented by certain carbon and some solvent has an interaction that is stronger than dispersive, the chemical shift for this carbon will deviate from the line formed by its shifts in n-alkane solutions, these deviations indicate characters and intensities of the intermoleeular interactions. Results indicate that cyclohexane exhibits weak interactions with both of the polymers and does not interfere with their mutual interaction, leading to a compatible blend. Results also suggest that benzene and toluene interact in the PVME in the same manner as PS. This leads to a gradual increase of the number of polymer-polymer interactions as the concentration of the polymers is increased by solvent removal, resulting in a compatible blend. Chloroform apparently interacts more strongly with PVME than with PS but interacts strongly enough with both to restrict interaction among the two polymers. As the concentration of polymers in the cosolution is increased, PS forms a separate phase. This leads to an inhomogeneous blend when the solvent is evaporated.
Evidence of Quaternary climatic variations in a sequence of loess and related deposits at Birch Creek, Alaska: implications for the stage 5 climatic chronology

Abstract A 45 m outcrop of Quaternary sediments on Birch Creek, near Circle, Alaska, reveals a record of fluctuating environmental conditions that probably spans several glacial–interglacial cycles. From base to top the deposits are forested floodplain (warm), colluvium with ice wedges (cold), forest soil (warm), loess (cold), paleosol containing Old Crow Tephra (OCt) (cool-to-warm), loess (cold), lacustrine (very warm), loess (cold), and modern forest soil (warm). Resolution of the paleoclimatic history associated with the OCt event is critical to understanding the nature of stage 5 in the western North American Arctic. Application of recent age estimates for the OCt tephra (ca. 140,000 yr BP) to the Birch Creek section would indicate that either (i) the tephra/paleosol dates from the 6/5.5 transition, a strongly developed glacial interval occurred within stage 5, and the overlying very warm interval occurred in 5.3 or 5.1, or (ii) the tephra was deposited during a “non-Milankovitch” warming event late in stage 6. A paleoclimate chronology provides an alternative interpretation, (iii), in which the tephra/paleosol corresponds to stage 6 or even stage 7, the overlying loess to stage 6, and the lake sediments to all or part of stage 5, but the OCt is older than 140,000 yr BP. Chronologies (ii) and (iii) imply a very warm beginning to stage 5, consistent with paleoclimate model simulations and data from other regions.
Predicting Key Reliability Response with Limited Response Data

In this article, real-time process data are aligned in time order with periodic destructive test data on wood composite panel strength for the purpose of predictive modeling.
Thermal excitation of d band electrons in Au: implications for laser-induced phase transformations

The temperature dependences of the electron heat capacity and the electron-phonon coupling factor are investigated for Au based on the electron density of states obtained from ab initio electronic structure calculations. Thermal excitation of d band electrons leads to a significant (up to an order of magnitude) increase in the electronphonon coupling factor and makes a considerable contribution to the electron heat capacity in the range of electron temperatures typically realized in femtosecond laser material processing applications. Simulations performed with a combined atomistic-continuum method demonstrate that the increase in the strength of the electron-phonon coupling at high electron temperatures leads to a faster lattice heating, generation of stronger thermoelastic stresses, and a significant decrease in the time of the onset of the melting process. The timescale of the melting process predicted in the simulation accounting for the thermal excitation of d band electrons is in excellent agreement with the results of recent time-resolved electron diffraction experiments. A simulation performed with commonly used approximations of a constant electron-phonon coupling factor and a linear temperature dependence of the electron heat capacity, on the other hand, significantly overpredicts the time of the beginning of the melting process, supporting the importance of the electron density of states effects and thermal excitation of lower band electrons for realistic modeling of femtosecond pulse laser processing.
Antioxidant and pro-oxidant effects of a manganese porphyrin complex against CYP2E1-dependent toxicity

Superoxide dismutases (SOD) mimetics have been shown to be protective against cell injury caused by reactive oxygen species. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of the manganese (III) tetrakis(N-methyl-2-pyridyl)porphyrin (MnTMPyP) on CYP2E1-dependent toxicity. The synergistic toxicity of iron and arachidonic acid has been associated with oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation in HepG2 cells that overexpress CYP2E1. Iron plus arachidonic acid caused loss of viability, increased lipid peroxidation and reactive oxygen species generation, and mitochondrial membrane injury in these cells. MnTMPyP partially protected against the decrease in cell viability, the enhanced lipid peroxidation and oxygen radical production, and the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential. The effect of MnTMPyP on arachidonic acid (absence of iron) toxicity was also evaluated. Arachidonic acid also caused toxicity, lipid peroxidation and reduction of the mitochondrial membrane potential. However, in this model, all of these alterations were actually enhanced by MnTMPyP. MnTMPyP also enhanced toxicity in CYP2E1-expressing HepG2 cells depleted of reduced glutathione (GSH). MnCl(2) had little or no effect on the toxicity by arachidonic acid, and MnTMPyP itself did not peroxidize arachidonic acid. MnTMPyP, an SOD mimetic that also scavenges hydrogen peroxide and peroxynitrite, thus showed an antioxidant and protective effect against iron plus arachidonic acid toxicity, but a pro-oxidant and cytotoxic effect against arachidonic acid toxicity in CYP2E1-expressing cells. These different actions may relate to the ability of MnTMPyP to either scavenge or produce free radicals in cells depending upon the prevailing MnTMPyP oxidation-reduction pathways. MnTMPyP and related manganese porphyrin compounds may have potential clinical utility against diseases associated with the overproduction of reactive oxygen species such as ethanol-induced liver injury but it is clear that further investigation of all the pathways of manganese porphyrin oxidation-reduction are necessary.
Effects of Individual and Group Contingency Interventions on Attendance in Adolescent Part-Time Employees

This study examined the effects of individual and group monetary contingencies on the attendance of adolescent part-time employees. Attendance increased in both individual and group contingency phases; however staff questionnaire responses indicated a preference for the individual contingencies. Future research should consider staff acceptability regarding interventions and provide guidelines for the determination of intervention appropriateness.
Inhomogeneous cloud evaporation, invariance, and Damköhler number

[1] An idealized eddy-diffusivity model of entrainment mixing and evaporation is presented consisting of a continuous Eulerian relative humidity field and discrete Lagrangian droplets. Lagrangian droplet trajectories are calculated using a Brownian motion with commensurate diffusivity and a Lagrangian velocity decorrelation that is consistent with turbulent mixing. Using this new model, we revisit Jensen and Baker (1989)'s (JB) classic study of inhomogeneous mixing. Analysis of the governing dynamical and microphysical equations for the simplified geometry used by JB indicates that droplet spectral dispersion is a function of only three parameters: the ratio of the mixing and droplet evaporation timescales (the Damkohler number, D a ), the fraction of entrained air and the critical entrainment fraction that produces a cloudless but saturated well-mixed final state. These dependencies are encapsulated in four invariance theorems for isobaric mixing and evaporation that we derive and that establish a set of self-similar solutions for general entrainment scenarios that include sedimentation. A comparison of the predictions of our new model with JB's results verifies the acknowledged "homogeneous evaporation bias" in their model formulation and the exclusion of the large D a limit in JB's study. A full investigation of the JB entrainment scenario using our new model reveals a transition from homogeneous to inhomogeneous mixing in the droplet spectral dispersion at D a ≈ 5 and extreme inhomogeneous mixing behavior in the limit D a → oo. The PDFs of the time-integrated Lagrangian subsaturation, S int , in the inhomogeneous regime are observed to asymptote to a S -1 int law; implications of this finding for subgrid cloud modeling are discussed.
Time Perspective and Career Decision-Making Difficulties in Adults.

Decision making is not only contingent upon what takes place in the present but also on how one feels about the past and one’s hopes for the future. However, when it comes to time perspective and career decision making, vocational psychology has focused exclusively on future time perspective. The present study examines the relations among past, present, and future time perspectives and career decision-making difficulties in a sample of 195 adults seeking career counseling services. Participants completed the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (ZTPI) and the Career Decision-Making Difficulties Questionnaire (CDDQ). Results from canonical correlation analysis produced three significant canonical variates. The results indicate that different patterns in time perspective are associated with different types of career decision-making difficulties. Areas for future research regarding time perspective and career decision making are discussed.
Essentially nonoscillatory spectral Fourier methods for shock wave calculations

In this paper, we present an essentially nonoscillatory spectral Fourier method for the solution of hyperbolic partial differential equations. The method is based on adding a nonsmooth function to the trigonometric polynomials which are the usual basis functions for the Fourier method. The high accuracy away from the shock is enhanced by using filters. Numerical results confirm that essentially no oscillations develop in the solution. Also, the accuracy of the spectral solution of the inviscid Burgers equation is shown to be higher than a fixed order.
Preoperative Stress Syndromes and Their Evaluation, Consultation, and Management

A nxiety is a nonspecific symptom and everyone experiences this emotion. Sometimes anxiety is adaptive, such as in novel situations, as it helps to mobilize an individual for a quick response. Anxiety can heighten awareness and help to prepare a defense to a threatening situation. Anxiety can be experienced with emotional and physical symptoms. Emotional symptoms include excessive worry and fear, dread, feeling on edge, poor concentration, and irritability. Physical symptoms include increased heart rate, shortness of breath, upset stomach, sweating, tremors, fatigue, and muscle tension. Some aspects of these manifestations, considered the fear response, are adaptive in the sense that they may help to promote the survival of an individual and the species. It is no wonder why it is so highly conserved in vertebrates and essentially hardwired into our brains [1]. Many patients are justifiably anxious in reaction to the diagnosis or potential diagnosis of an illness and the performance of diagnostic tests and surgical procedures. Anxiety is often increased if uncertainty exists about the course and prognosis of their illness. Stressful treatment options can also create anxiety problems. Patients who have anxiety should be given periodic opportunities to express their questions, fears, and concerns with physicians who are attentive, empathetic, and supportive of patients’; concerns [2]. Anxiety and fear are two main issues that a physician must examine when evaluating patients who are emotionally aroused. Anxiety is the apprehensive anticipation of future danger. This anticipation is experienced as unpleasant and is often accompanied by somatic symptoms, such as muscle tension. Fear is a more appropriate term to use when a real threat or danger exists. Both emotions are regulated through the same fight-flight response. Often
Directional dependence of corrosion fatigue of iron-silicon bicrystals

A directional dependence of the corrosion fatigue behavior of Fe-2.7wt%Si alloy Σ5[100]/(021) bicrystals was observed in a film forming solution. To understand this directional dependence, dislocation nucleation analyses at the opposite crack tips based on the Rice-Thomson concept and continuum elastic-plastic analyses, within single crystal theory, of the near tip fields by finite element method were performed. Explanations of brittle/ductile fatigue crack growth under corrosive conditions and the local crack tip rotation within the interface are offered based on these analyses.
Self-interest and equity in a bargaining tournament with non-linear payoffs

Abstract This paper explores whether a bargaining environment with a well-defined institutional structure that compensates rational self-interest for trivial differences in measurable performance will increase self-interest and decrease equitable splits of expected wealth. Employing a face-to-face, first-to-four victories bargaining tournament with non-linearly increasing payoffs, we observe an overall level of 84-percent rational self-interested bargains, and only 4 percent equitable bargains (i.e. a 50/50 split). More self-interest, however, resulted in low efficiency — 42 percent of all bargains were efficient.
Producers and Parasites: The Uses of Rent Seeking:

This paper distinguishes between three uses of the concept of rent seeking. the tautologous, the contextual, and the unselfconscious. It argues in favor of contextual use and shows that that requires explicit discussion of normative questions involving redistribution and the proper role of the state. The paper also considers issues raised for rent seeking theory by transaction costs and the contested exchange model.
Area Radiation Monitor at the Intense Pulsed Neutron Source

A tissue-equivalent ionization chamber with associated circuitry has been developed for area radiation monitoring in the Intense Pulsed Neutron Source (IPNS) facility at Argonne National Laboratory. The conventional chamber configuration was modified in order to increase the electric field and effective volume thereby achieving higher sensitivity and linearity. Ihe instrument provides local and remote radiation level indications and a high level alarm. Twenty-four of these instruments were fabricated for use at various locations in the experimental area of the IPNS-1 facility.
A dose-response analysis of arteriovenous malformation obliteration after radiosurgery

Abstract Purpose:Although radiosurgery is effective in obliterating the pathologic vessels of intracranial arteriovenous malformations (AVM), the relationships of both dose and volume to obliteration have not been well defined. Methods and Materials: The results of radiosurgery in 197 AVM patients with 3-year angiographic follow-up were analyzed. Volume varied from 0.06–18 cc (median: 4.1 cc), and minimum target dose (D min ) varied from 12.0–25.6 Gy (median: 20.0 Gy). Results: Follow-up angiography revealed complete AVM obliteration in 142 out of 197 patients (72%). The targeted AVM nidus failed to obliterate in 20 patients (10%), but in-field obliteration was complete in the remaining 35 patients (18%) discovered to have residual untargeted AVM nidus. Multivariate logistic regression analysis of in-field obliteration revealed a significant independent correlation with D min ( p = 0.04), but not with volume or maximum dose. A sigmoid dose-response curve for in-field obliteration was constructed that significantly differed from the dose-volume-response relationships that would have been expected from overall obliteration data. Conclusions: The success rate for in-field obliteration of AVM after radiosurgery depends on D min but does not appear to change appreciably with volume or maximum dose. Success rates for complete obliteration additionally are limited by problems defining the complete AVM nidus.
Patterns of aging in physically and mentally ill patients.

: Fifty-one male patients who had been in a Veterans Administration neuropsychiatric hospital for an average of almost thirteen years underwent clinical and laboratory examinations to determine the degree of change in their condition since the last admission. The average age was 63 years (range, 29–88). No consistent abnormalities were noted in blood viscosity, serum calcium or serum cholesterol. Although urinary 17-ketosteroid excretion was not related to age, it was related (low excretion) to osteoporosis. Plasma protein electrophoresis showed no relation between total lipoproteins and age. However, 12 of the 17 alpha1 decreases and 17 of the 27 alpha2 increases were in patients over 63. Chronic brain syndrome (chiefly associated with cerebral arteriosclerosis) became the predominant diagnosis after age 63.
Selective vulnerability of brain: new insights from the excitatory synapse.

Epilepsie, hypoxie, ischemie, hypoglycemie provoque la liberation d'acides amines excitants qui se comportent comme des excitatoxines endogenes. Ils se lient aux recepteurs postsynaptiques et provoquent la mort cellulaire
STT-SNN: A Spin-Transfer-Torque Based Soft-Limiting Non-Linear Neuron for Low-Power Artificial Neural Networks

Recent years have witnessed growing interest in the use of artificial neural networks (ANNs) for vision, classification, and inference problems. An artificial neuron sums N weighted inputs and passes the result through a non-linear transfer function. Large-scale ANNs impose very high computing requirements for training and classification, leading to great interest in the use of post-CMOS devices to realize them in an energy efficient manner. In this paper, we propose a spin-transfer-torque (STT) device based on domain wall motion (DWM) magnetic strip that can efficiently implement a soft-limiting non-linear neuron (SNN) operating at ultra-low supply voltage and current. In contrast to previous spin-based neurons that can only realize hard-limiting transfer functions, the proposed STT-SNN displays a continuous resistance change with varying input current, and can therefore be employed to implement a soft-limiting neuron transfer function. Soft-limiting neurons are greatly preferred to hard-limiting ones due to their much improved modeling capacity, which leads to higher network accuracy and lower network complexity. We also present an ANN hardware design employing the proposed STT-SNNs and memristor crossbar arrays (MCA) as synapses. The ultra-low voltage operation of the magneto metallic STT-SNN enables the programmable MCA-synapses, computing analog-domain weighted summation of input voltages, to also operate at ultra-low voltage. We modeled the STT-SNN using micro-magnetic simulation and evaluated them using an ANN for character recognition. Comparisons with analog and digital CMOS neurons show that STT-SNNs can achieve around two orders of magnitude lower energy consumption.
Modelling of total solar irradiance variability: An overview

Several components contribute to the observed variations of the total solar irradiance. There has been considerable effort expended on building empirical models for specific components, especially for sunspots and faculae. These models typically use time series of ground-based data as a means of representing the total-irradiance variability. The models may help to identify the physical cause of a variation; the parameters of a model (e.g. the effective temperature of a sunspot) may be determinable via correlation with the total-irradiance observations; the models may be used as proxy representations for total-irradiance variability during periods of no data; finally, the models in principle can be used as a basis for 'correcting' the total-irradiance data, as a means for better identification of additional components of variability.
Focal adhesion kinase up-regulation and signaling in activated keratinocytes

Background. During wound healing keratinocytes undergo a process called “activation” that enables the cells to spread and migrate on wound matrix molecules. Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is a key component of integrin-mediated intracellular signaling. We investigated the induction of FAK and its signaling activity during keratinocyte activation. Materials and methods. Keratinocytes were harvested from normal human skin. Previous work has shown that culture of keratinocytes causes activation in a manner similar to reepithelialization. Freshly isolated, unactivated cells were compared with cultured, activated cells. Activated cells were further examined either as growing colonies or after replating on type I collagen. FAK content was assessed by Western blotting. FAK distribution was shown using indirect immunofluorescence. FAK signaling activity was assessed using an antiphosphotyrosine antibody. Results. FAK was not detectable by Western blotting in freshly isolated cells. In contrast FAK was detected in activated cells. FAK was up-regulated between Days 2 and 4 after cell isolation from skin. Immunostaining of activated, growing keratinocyte colonies in vitro showed a diffuse, cytoplasmic pattern. When these cells were replated on collagen, FAK became concentrated in focal adhesions. Lysates from replated cells showed increased tyrosine phosphorylation of FAK. Conclusions. In summary FAK is induced in keratinocytes in a time course comparable to that of activation. FAK is phosphorylated and undergoes redistribution to focal adhesions when cells are plated on the β1 integrin ligand collagen. These data suggest that induction of FAK and subsequent FAK-induced signaling may be responsible for changes in integrin-mediated behavior of activated keratinocytes during reepithelialization.
Hole and pair structures in the t-J model

Using numerical results from density matrix renormalization group (DMRG) calculations for the t-J model, on systems as large as 10\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}7, we examine the structure of the one and two hole ground states in ladder systems and in two dimensional clusters. A simple theoretical framework is used to explain why holes bind in pairs in two-dimensional antiferromagnets. For the case J/t=0.5, which we have studied, the hole pairs reside predominantly on a 2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}2 core plaquette with the probability that the holes are on diagonal sites greater than nearest-neighbor sites. There is a strong singlet bond connecting the spins on the two remaining sites of the plaquette. We find that a general characteristic of dynamic holes in an antiferromagnet is the presence of frustrating antiferromagnetic bonds connecting next-nearest-neighbor sites across the holes. Pairs of holes bind in order to share the frustrating bonds. At low doping, in addition to hole pairs, there are two additional low-energy structures which spontaneously form on certain finite systems. The first is an undoped L\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}2 spin-liquid region, or ladder. The second is a hole moving along a one dimensional chain of sites. At higher doping we expect that hole pairing is always favored.
On linear transforms in zero-delay Gaussian source channel coding

This paper is concerned with the optimal linear transforms in zero-delay source channel coding for Gaussian sources and channels. In preparation for the main results, we first consider the classical problem in the point-to-point setting, which had already been solved by Lee and Petersen, where we provide an alternative proof using majorization. We then analyze the performance of linear source-channel coding in the low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) regime. We show that at asymptotically low SNR, or equivalently as the power tends to zero, the powerdistortion function of zero delay linear coding achieves optimum theoretically achievable performance. Finally, we consider zero-delay source-channel coding with decoder side information. Here, subject to structural constraints on the encoder, we find the optimal encoder-decoder pair in closed form. We analyze two structures: i) the encoder is constrained to be linear where we show that the optimal transform is product of matrices including as factor the conditional Karhunen Loeve transform (KLT) of the source given the side information. ii) the encoder consists of linear transformation followed by individual optimal nonlinear mapping of each transform coefficient. Using majorization principles, we show that the optimal transform does not depend on the nonlinearities introduced, as long as they are scale invariant, hence the optimal transform is also a product involving the conditional KLT of the source.
Intercalation of psoralen into DNA of plastid chromosomes decreases late during barley chloroplast development

We have used a DNA crosslinking assay to measure intercalation of the psoralen derivative HMT (4'-hydroxymethyl-4,5',8-trimethylpsoralen) into barley (Hordeum vulgare) plastid chromosomal DNA during chloroplast and etioplast development. Intercalation into DNA in intact plastids in vivo and in plastid lysates in vitro shows that chromosomal DNA in the most mature chloroplasts intercalates HMT less efficiently than DNA in younger chloroplasts. In contrast, there is no change in HMT intercalation during etioplast differentiation in the dark. Our results also show that DNA in higher plant plastid chromosomes is under superhelical tension in vivo. The lower susceptibility to HMT intercalation of DNA in the most mature chloroplasts indicates that late during chloroplast development the superhelical tension or the binding of proteins to the DNA or both change.
Clinical aspergillosis for basic scientists

Aspergilli are ubiquitous, and can cause a variety of allergic disorders and invasive infections. These various manifestations of the diseases, diagnosis and treatment are organized for basic scientists, so that they may better understand the dimensions and nature of the clinical challenges.
One-stop shopping: description of a model program to provide primary care to substance-abusing women and their children

Abstract Primary care services were developed to provide comprehensive women's health and pediatric care to substance-abusing women and their children in a substance abuse treatment program. A pediatric nurse practitioner and a certified nurse midwife functioned in collaborative roles with the objective of providing women and their children better access to health services. Data were collected on intake on general health maintenance, birth variables, and parenting education. Findings that were consistent with current research literature included better outcomes at birth for women who received prenatal care, up-to-date health maintenance visits, and improved immunization rates. An increase in relapse was noted for women during the postpartum period. Through a structured parenting education program women were found to have improved parenting skills. Women in drug treatment respond positively to a collaborative comprehensive model of practice. Many women who left the program continued to bring their children to the pediatric nurse practitioner for health care.
Local variation in public health preparedness: lessons from California.

ABSTRACT: Since September 2001 Congress has allocated approximately $3 billion to strengthen the public health infrastructure. To achieve this goal, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevent...
Dynamics in Two Complex Dimensions

We describe results on the dynamics of polynomial diffeomorphisms of ${\bf C^2}$ and draw connections with the dynamics of polynomial maps of ${\bf C}$ and the dynamics of polynomial diffeomorphisms of ${\bf R^2}$ such as the H\'enon family.
Sorafenib in renal cell carcinoma.

Sorafenib is an orally available inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor receptors, platelet-derived growth factor receptor-β, and RAF kinases. A dose of 400 mg twice daily administered continuously was selected for phase 2 testing, although 600 mg twice daily formally met criteria for a maximum tolerated dose. It is well tolerated compared with cytokine therapy. Antitumor activity was shown clearly in the context of a randomized discontinuation phase 2 trial. In this setting, even disease stabilization was established as a treatment-related phenomenon. A phase 3 trial with sorafenib confirmed a benefit of therapy across the vast majority of patients treated with sorafenib as opposed to placebo. Limited investigations into the mechanism of action of sorafenib in renal cell carcinoma support vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonism as the primary mediator of effect. The toxicity profile of sorafenib allows for its use in combination regimens. The focus of efforts to improve on the efficacy of sorafenib is on use with IFN, bevacizumab, or temsirolimus. Preliminary evidence with this approach is promising and will be the subject of the next generation of randomized trials in renal cell carcinoma.
New Pleasures and Old Dangers: Reinventing Male Sex Work

Understandings of male sex workers (MSWs) shift with technological, conceptual, and social changes. Research has historically constructed MSWs as psychologically unstable, desperate, or destitute v...
Movement patterns, habitat utilization, home range size and site fidelity of whitesaddle goatfish, Parupeneus porphyreus, in a marine reserve

Suitability of small (< 1 km2) marine reserves for protecting a commercially important endemic Hawaiian goatfish, Parupeneus porphyreus, was examined by quantifying goatfish habitat use, home range size and site fidelity in an existing marine reserve (Coconut Island in Kaneohe Bay, Hawaii). Five goatfish equipped with acoustic transmitters were tracked for up to 93 h each over 3–14 days. Daytime habitat use patterns of two of these fish were continuously monitored for one month using a fixed hydrophone hardwired to an onshore computer. Acoustically tagged fish showed consistent diel patterns of behavior, refuging in holes in the reef by day and moving over extensive areas of sand and coral rubble habitat at night. Remote monitoring of daytime habitat use by two goatfish revealed that the same daytime refuge was used by both fish for at least one month (the battery life of the transmitters). Home ranges of all fish were within the boundaries of the Coconut Island reserve suggesting that even small areas containing suitable habitat can make effective reserves for this species. A relatively low abundance of reproductive size P. porphyreus at Coconut Island in comparison with deeper areas may indicate an ontogenetic shift to deeper habitat in this species.
Rough surface scattering. I. Electromagnetic scattering and shadowing from an exponentially distributed rough surface

For the purposes of rough surface scattering analysis it is often desirable to model the rough surface by a joint probability density function (JPDF). To date a considerable amount of work in this area has been done using a Gaussian and an exponential-type JPDF. Unlike the Gaussian JPDF, the exponential-type JPDF fails to meet the requirement that the random variables (which represent surface heights) become independent when uncorrelated. An exponential JPDF which splits into the product two sided exponential PDFs has been derived by applying certain nonlinear transformation to the square of the envelope and the phase of a narrowband Gaussian random process. The application of this JPDF is presented. >
The Staging of Teachers' Careers An Institutional Perspective

This study assesses the argument that grade-school teachers' work careers are staged by gender-specific career models established in the institutional environment. Data for individuals who were primary-secondary teachers in 1965 and/or in 1970 show the labor force demographics and the individual career patterns predicted by an institutional view of career staging. Research on teachers' career patterns under varying labor-market conditions and on career patterns associated with different kinds of career structures is needed to assess further the argument developed in this article.