cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Being Relevant: Ideas for Teaching Microeconomics and International Trade

Student-centered projects that highlight the application of economic theory to ‘real-life’ issues provide an alternative means of reinforcing the economic theory and principles that are traditionally covered via textbooks and class lectures. This note discusses two projects that were developed to mimic the economic ‘investigations’ conducted in the style of two popular books Freakonomics (Levitt and Dubner, 2009) and Travels of a TShirt in the Global Economy (Pietra Rivoli, 2009). Survey responses by students were used to gauge the impact of each project on the learning outcomes for students. Students in two Principles of Microeconomics sections read Freakonomics, watched the documentary based on the book and then had a class discussion on the book and film. Based on this, students were assigned a project consisting of a ‘freakonomics’ style investigation of any issue that was of interest to them. The main criteria was that they find an issue that they were curious about, gather data on it including conducting their own surveys if necessary and then analyze the information using microeconomic principles. Topics that were the subject of student research:
Modeling CW HF fundamental and overtone lasers

N onic n c l a t u r e =ha l f height of the primary iiozzlc =fraction of primary nozzlc filled by exit planc the boundary lnycr =spced of light =exact expression for tlic rotatioiml =mass fraction of spccics i =I3oltzm;rnn rotational distribution energy
Social Media, Avatars, and Virtual Worlds: Re-imagine an Inclusive Learning Environment for Adolescents and Adults with Literacy Barriers

This paper introduces an innovative and inclusive learning world that The Georgia STEM Accessibility Alliance (BreakThru) is developing by researchers at the University of Georgia and Georgia Institute of Technology. Electronic mentoring (e-mentoring), virtual training, social networking, video analysis, and personalized virtual learning communities are integrated as ways to enhance accessibility of adolescents and adults interested in pursuing science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) careers. Universal design (UD) concepts are reflected as core design principles to provide various virtual media options embedded in the project.
Comparison of the anatomic crown width/length ratios of unworn and worn maxillary teeth in Asian and white subjects

Statement of problem Various aspects of anatomic tooth dimensions have been examined in a number of studies where data are primarily based on the measurements obtained from white subjects. Additional factors such as ethnicity should be considered to produce a more comprehensive analysis. Purpose The purpose of this study is to compare the anatomic crown dimensions of extracted maxillary teeth in Asian and white populations. Material and Methods The width/length ratio (%) was calculated with standardized digital images of extracted maxillary anterior teeth from 157 Asian and 142 white subjects. Statistical analysis was performed to compare the 4 tooth groups (central incisiors, lateral incisiors, canines, and premolars) of the 2 ethnicities. The distribution of the outcome variables were examined for normality with the Kolmigorov-Smirnov test. Independent sample t tests were used to examine differences in outcomes in Asian and white subjects. Results There was a significant difference ( P Conclusions Ethnicity influences width/length ratios for all 4 anterior maxillary teeth. Anterior maxillary teeth in Asian subjects appear to be more slender when compared with those in white subjects.
Botulinum Neurotoxin A Protease: Discovery of Natural Product Exosite Inhibitors

A new mechanistic class of BoNT/A zinc metalloprotease inhibitors, from Echinacea, exemplified by the natural product d-chicoric acid (I1) is disclosed. A detailed evaluation of chicoric acid’s mechanism of inhibition reveals that the inhibitor binds to an exosite, displays noncompetitive partial inhibition, and is synergistic with a competitive active site inhibitor when used in combination. Other components found in Echinacea, I3 and I4, were also inhibitors of the protease.
Reduced ipsilateral hemispheric cerebral blood flow at admission is predictive of vasospasm with infarction after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage.

Cerebral vasospasm (CV) with infarction causes a significant degree of morbidity and mortality after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH). We sought to determine if reduced cerebral blood flow (CBF) on Xenon CT within 48 h of the ictus was predictive of developing CV with infarction. This is a prospective study from 1999 to 2006 of 97 patients with aSAH who underwent Xenon CT within 48 h of their bleed. Demographic, clinical, radiographic, and angiographic parameters were investigated as potential risk factors for the development of CV with infarction. A binary logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the independent predictors of this endpoint. A total of 97 patients with a mean age of 54 ± 12 years were studied. A total of 78 (80.4%) patients presented with a Fisher grade of 3 and 51 (52.6%) patients with a Hunt Hess score ≥3. CV with infarction was found in 33 (34%) patients. In univariate modeling, younger patients with a Fisher scale of 3 or a reduced ipsilateral mean hemispheric CBF had an association with developing CV with infarction. In binary logistic regression modeling, patients with lower initial hemispheric CBF’s were at a significant risk of CV with infarction in the ipsilateral hemisphere. Lower initial CBF at presentation is a risk factor for developing CV with infarction. These findings may help in early prediction of this entity and may have therapeutic implications in the future.
Timing of Surgical Intervention for the Intact Primary in Stage IV Breast Cancer Patients

Background Recent studies demonstrate improved progression-free survival (PFS) and improved overall survival (OS) with extirpation of the primary tumor in breast cancer patients who present with metastatic disease at initial diagnosis. The subset of patients who would most benefit from surgery remains unclear. This study evaluates the pathological attributes and optimum timing for surgery in patients who present with stage IV breast cancer and an intact primary.
Random perturbations of bifurcation diagrams

Random perturbations of one dimensional bifurcation diagrams can exhibit qualitative behavior that is quite different from that of the unperturbed, deterministic situation. For Markov solutions of one dimensional random differential equations with bounded ergodic diffusion processes as perturbations, effects like disappearance of stationary Murkov solutions (‘break through’), slowing down, bistability, and random symmetry breaking can occur. These effects are partially the results of local considerations, but as the perturbation range increases, global dynamics can alter the picture as well. The results are obtained via the analysis of stationary solutions of degenerate Markov diffusion processes, of stationary, non-Markovian solutions of stochastic flows, and of Lyapunov exponents of stochastic flows with respect to steady states.
A post-collision internal energy model for O(3P) + SO2(X,1A1) in DSMC based on Molecular Dynamics computations

Abstract A model is developed for determining molecular internal energies after O(3P) + SO2( X , 1 A 1 ) collisions in the Direct Simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) method in order to improve modeling of the hyperthermal interactions occurring in the upper atmosphere of Io. Molecular Dynamics/Quasi-Classical Trajectory (MD/QCT) studies are conducted to generate post-collision SO2 and post-dissociation SO internal energy distributions as a function of initial SO2 internal energy and relative collision velocity, which are found to be an improvement over the baseline Larsen–Borgnakke (LB) method that often predicts unphysical internal energies above the dissociation energy for non-reacting collisions and under-predicts post-dissociation SO internal energy. An approach for sampling from the MD/QCT-based internal energy distributions in DSMC is developed and DSMC simulations are then conducted for a time-dependent thermal nonequilibrium heat bath using both the MD/QCT-based distributions and the LB model. When only SO2–O collisions are considered, noticeable differences are observed for post-collisional SO2 and SO internal temperatures.
RESPONSE OF A LAYERED ELASTIC MEDIUM TO A MOVING STRIP LOAD

Analytical determination of stresses and deformations caused by moving loads is vital to foundation and pavement designs. In current applications, moving loads are often approximated to be vertical impact loads. In this work, however, a live load is modelled as a uniform distribution of normal or shear stresses in actual motion. Then, a layer stiffness approach utilizing linear elasticity is followed in determining the surface and interior deformations due to the live load. By superimposing the two solutions for normal and shear surface stresses, the new approach can be made to provide an approximate solution to the problem of evaluating stresses and deformations caused by a wide wheel load rolling on a layered elastic system. Although elastic solutions in general are inadequate to explain the more significant consequences of pore pressure generation and dissipation in the soil subgrade, these results can certainly be useful to examine the shearing effects of wide rolling wheels on the asphalt layer and immediate settlement of the subgrade. It is found that the dynamic effects of a smoothly rolling wide load are significant at relatively low wheel velocities compared to those of shear waves in the subgrade and base.
Mechanisms of visceral pain: from nociception to targets

Visceral pain is the most common form of pain that human beings endure throughout a lifetime. Although pain resulting from visceral dysfunction is far more common than somatic disorders, investigators had to overcome the belief that visceral pain is simply a variant of somatic pain. This review highlights the recent research efforts to address the complexities of the mechanisms underlying visceral pain.
The Metabolic Syndrome and Male Infertility

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is highly prevalent, affecting more than 47 million US residents. This condition is also multifaceted, potentially leading to significant disturbance of numerous physiologic processes. This review article evaluates the literature regarding metabolic syndrome and male reproductive health. Links between obesity, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and insulin resistance are each examined with regard to their associated detrimental effects on male fertility. At the end of this manuscript, we propose a new MetS/male infertility paradigm. Additional studies specifically addressing the components of MetS and their impact on male reproduction will enhance our understanding of the underlying pathophysiology. These studies may also help clarify the role for therapeutic intervention.
Thermodynamic properties of R32 + R134a and R125 + R32 mixtures in and beyond the critical region

Abstract A parametric crossover equation of state for pure fluids is adapted to binary mixtures. This equation incorporates scaling laws asymptotically close to the critical point and is transformed into a regular classical expansion far away from the critical point. An isomorphic generalization of the law of corresponding states is applied to the prediction of thermodynamic properties and the phase behavior of binary mixtures over a wide region around the locus of vapor-liquid critical points. A comparison is made with experimental data for pure R32, R 125 and R 134a, and for R32 + R 134a and R 125 + R32 binary mixtures. The equation of state yields a good representation of thermodynamic property data in the range of temperatures 0.8 T c ( x ) ≤ T ≤ 1.5 T c ( x ) and densities 0.35 ϱ c ( x ) ≤ ϱ ≤ 1.65 ϱ c ( x ).
Carbonate geochemistry of vadose water recharging limestone aquifers

Abstract Thrailkill, J. and Robl, T.L., 1981. Carbonate geochemistry of vadose water recharging limestone aquifers. In: W. Back and R. Letolle (Guest-Editors), Symposium on Geochemistry of Groundwater — 26th International Geological Congress. J. Hydrol., 54: 195ndash;208. Vadose water from Lower Carboniferous rocks in Kentucky, U.S.A., was analyzed monthly in Mammoth Cave and in the caves and overlying soil at two other caves. Calcite saturation and equilibrium CO 2 pressures of water were calculated after correcting for ion pairing and activity coefficients. Soil gas CO 2 concentrations were determined directly. Both small flows of water which were usually depositing speleothems (vadose seepages) and larger flows (vadose flows) were studied. Some of the vadose seeps were often undersaturated with respect to calcite and showed little variation in Ca content (CV Ca ≤ 7%), while others were supersaturated and showed positive correlations between Ca and soil CO 2 or between Ca and discharge. At least some of the vadose seepages were believed to have been closed to CO 2 introduction after leaving the soil zone. In the soil, CO 2 varied with soil type, moisture and season. Ca increased with depth but saturation with respect to calcite was not reached. Three types of vadose water may thus reach the aquifer undersaturated with respect to calcite: (1) vadose flows which transit the vadose zone rapidly; (2) low-Ca vadose seepage which is closed to CO 2 as it transits the vadose zone, and which may remain undersaturated with respect to calcite even after ventilation; and (3) high-Ca vadose seepage which leaves the soil zone slightly undersaturated, probably because of insufficient residence time.
Assessing recovery in depression: Validity of symptom inventories

Depression inventories are commonly used to assess outcome in studies of the treatment and course of affective disorders. Unfortunately, different investigators use different cutoff scores to define recovery, limiting the comparability of studies. Moreover, not even the most commonly employed cutoffs have been shown to correspond to qualitative assessments of recovery. The present study addressed this issue by exploring the relationship between scores on two quantitative depression inventories, the Beck Depression Inventory and the Carroll Rating Scale for Depression, and qualitative interview-based assessments of recovery in a 6-month follow-up of 79 depressed outpatients. Kappa and the predictive power of various cutoffs for each inventory were determined. Using traditional cutoffs, both inventories were moderately good predictors of recovery, suggesting that their use in outcome studies is warranted. However, alternative cutoffs may provide somewhat better indices of recovery from depression.
On the classical-quantum correspondence for periodically time dependent systems

Abstract A simple, but instructive approach to quantum dynamics close to classical nonlinear resonances is discussed. It is shown that a quantum system can be fairly insensitive to a transition to chaos in the corresponding classical system; the same approximation can describe states on both sides of a ‘chaos border’. Tunneling between quantized invariant manifolds in periodically driven systems, as well as ‘scarring’ of Floquet states, is described analytically.
Old age and the functional consequences of amblyopia

Despite the substantial research literature on amblyopia that has accumulated during the last several decades—more than 6,000 publications, according to a PubMed (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/ entrez) search—until recently there has been almost no study regarding the central clinical question, how does amblyopia affect function? This gap has begun to be filled. Of particular note is a recent large cohort study (n 8,432 normal and 429 amblyopic subjects) of the effect of amblyopia on an array of functions of everyday life, ranging from education and coordination to injury and occupation. Both questionnaire and performance-based measures were used. The unexpected finding was that unilateral amblyopia had virtually no effect on any of the functions tested. Another large cohort study (n 6,858) with similar tests came to the same conclusion for amblyopia, although it did find significantly poorer motor skill performance in children with manifest strabismus. Other findings conflict with these reports. For instance, amblyopia has been found to significantly reduce speed and dexterity of prehension (particularly in children with a history of strabismus), without diminishing accuracy and control. Evidence also has come to light that amblyopic subjects’ binocular reading speed is significantly slower than that of normal subjects, despite the amblyopic subjects having the same levels of binocular visual acuity and reading acuity as the normal subjects, and also that amblyopic individuals have poorer depth discrimination from motion parallax than normal subjects. However, it seems useful to consider possible reasons for the 2 cohort study findings. Of particular note is the age at which visual function was surveyed. The oldest members of the first cohort study were 49 years of age when the measurements were taken; the oldest members were 7.5 years of age in the second cohort study. There is evidence of an age-related cumulative lifetime risk of binocular visual impairment in at least 1.2% to 3.3% of amblyopic patients. Supporting this age effect is a large study (n 3,654) in which the youngest subjects at pre-
Spectroscopic study of nitroaromatic-smectite sorption mechanisms.

Sorption mechanisms of 1,3- and 1,4-dinitrobenzene, 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene (TNB), dinitro-o-creasol, and 6-sec-butyl-2,4-dinitrophenol (DINOSEB) on smectite were investigated using FTIR spectroscopy and HPLC methods. A quantitative method was developed that established a direct link between the HPLC and the FTIR data. Freundlich sorption values ranged from 47 (L g-1) for 1,3,5-TNB to 3.7 for DINOSEB and showed that the extent of nitroaromatic compounds (NAC) sorption was strongly dependent on the number and position of the nitro substituents as well as other substituents and steric effects. The amount of 1,3,5-TNB sorbed to smectite was strongly influenced by the nature of the exchangeable cation. Furthermore, the exchangeable cation significantly influenced the positions and relative intensities of the vibrational modes of the -NO2 groups. The strongest perturbations were observed for cations with lower enthalpies of hydration (e.g., K+) and included a red shift of the νasym(NO) band, a concomitant blue s...
Alternation of hemipenis use as a behavioural means of increasing sperm transfer in the lizard Anolis sagrei

Abstract Male lizards and snakes posses two functionally independent intromittent organs termed hemipenes, only one of which is intromitted into the female's cloaca during copulation. In the lizard Anolis sagrei , a significant proportion of males alternate in the use of the left and right hemipenes when the intercopulatory interval is 24 h or less but not when it is 72 h. This study investigated whether the observed alternating pattern of hemipenis use in A. sagrei is a behavioural means of increasing sperm transfer to females in successive copulations. Males that were experimentally prevented from alternating in the use of the hemipenes in two copulations separated by 1- or 24-h intercopulatory intervals transferred significantly fewer sperm in the second copulation than did males that were permitted to alternate. This difference was not observed when the intercopulatory interval was 72h. Males that were prevented from alternating in the use of the hemipenes in a series of three copulations, which were separated by 24 h, delivered significantly fewer sperm in the second and third copulations than did males that were permitted to alternate. These results support the hypothesis that alternation of hemipenis use is a behavioural means of increasing sperm transfer when the interval between copulations is relatively brief.
Effects of Testosterone Propionate upon Habit-Reversals and One-Trial Learning by Castrated White Rats

Summary.-32 male white rats, littermates from mothers of same strain, started to learn 20 habit-reversal problems at 50 days of age in an E-maze for water by the noncorreaional method. They were divided into 3 groups. Two groups of 11 each had been castrated at 32 days of age, and a group of 10 served as control. One castrated group received daily injections of testosterone propionate at 1 mg per kg of body weight 11 days after surgery. The other castrated group and the normal controls received saline. A week of preliminary training accustomed the animals to the daily routine of injection, about 30 min. kfore being put in the drinking box of a straight alley which they ran for water during the last 2 days. In maze learning proper, after a rat made 9 correct choices on 10 daily trials, the goal was reversed for the next problem. Early in learning, there were some fluctuacions in performance, but rhroughout the rest of the experiment, the castrated-saline group was coosistencly and significantly inferior to the normals, testifying to the detrimental effect of castration upon adaptive ability in learning successive reversal problems. The fact that the castrated-testosterone group was far superior to the casrrated-saline group and exhibited no significant difference from the normal-saline group shows unequivocally that testosterone propionate has a therapeutic property of raising the learning ability of the retarded, castrated white rats to a normal level. A theorg is suggested. The effects of castration upon white rats' adaptive learning have been extensively studied using various types of maze and problem boxes since the lace 1920's. Early investigators found some decrements (Tsai, 1929, 1930; Liang, 1933), while others discovered no deficiency in either learning or relearning (Turtle & Dykshorn, 1928, 1929; Commins, 1932; Scone & Commins, 1936). Pertinent literatures have been reviewed by Beach ( 1948) and Munn ( 1950). To clarify what role male gonads play in adaptive ability and to search for variables responsible for the discrepancy, this experimenc was undertaken. The purpose was twofold, empirically determining both the effects of castration and of injection of testosterone on the white rats' solving 20 successive habit reversal problems which include not merely learning and relearning, but also habit reversals, learning to learn and learning to unlearn, culminating in successive one-trial reversals corresponding to formation of learning sets by primates (Harlow, 1949).
Racial/Ethnic Differences in Income Inequality Across US Regions

In this study we investigate the differences in income inequality among different racial/ethnic groups in the United States using both personal and household income. We find that income inequality is negatively related to the percentage of males but that the impact is muted for blacks as opposed to whites or Hispanics. In addition, we find income inequality among blacks and Hispanics is affected in vastly different ways, due to unemployment, than for whites. Finally, the impacts on inequality from the exclusion of given groups is significantly influenced by education and the percentage of males contributing to household income but not in a uniform manner for whites, blacks, and Hispanics.
Utilizing public Internet-connected cameras for a cross- continental plant phenology monitoring system

Development of inexpensive, automated ground methods is necessary to advance precision plant phenology monitoring across large spatial extents. We propose the use of free, publicly available, Internet-connected cameras, often associated with nonscientific monitoring, to monitor plant phenology at continental scales. We provide a methodology to detect changes in vegetation greenness and determine timing of spring and fall events from over 1100 public cameras across North America from February 2008 – 2009. Manual image segmentation facilitated spring detection for both deciduous and understory vegetation occurring within a single camera view. Deciduous spring green-up was highly correlated with visual ground truths, despite signal noise introduced by varying image exposure and automatic color correction. Compared to co-occurring satellite remote sensing products, public cameras had an equivalent or higher ability to detect spring with fewer days lost to cloud cover.
Saturation magnetization in the anomalous ferromagnet, (Y, U)B4

Abstract For the (Y 1- x U x )B 4 system, long-range ferromagnetism only occurs for 0.05 x x in the ferromagnetic region and measurements of the lattice constants versus x are presented.
Children's evaluations of ambiguous provocation by relationally aggressive, physically aggressive and prosocial peers

The present study assessed children's evaluations of hypothetical peer provocation. Participants (N = 75, ages 8–11) were presented with hypothetical vignettes depicting relationally aggressive, physically aggressive and prosocial peers engaging in provocative behaviours directed at the participant, including (a) relational (not receiving a party invitation); (b) physical (having a beverage spilled on him/her); and (c) prosocial (being given stale snack food) provocations. Children rated the hostility of the peer's intentions and explained what they themselves would do if actually confronted with the situation. Children were more hostile in their attributions for the behaviour of relationally and physically aggressive peers as compared with the prosocial peers. Additionally, when children reported that they liked the peer, they were less likely to attribute hostility to that peer's behaviour. Results involving children's responses indicate the importance of considering peer reputation and provocation type when examining children's social problem solving. For example, very few children said that they would seek help from an adult when relationally provoked by an aggressive peer; however, in response to physical provocation from an aggressive peer, seeking the assistance of an adult was a common response.
Model‐based control of industrial manipulators: An experimental analysis

Model-based control techniques for industrial robotic manipulators were experimentally analyzed. The case study for the analysis was the first three joints of a PUMA-560. Development of an advanced control evaluation environment removed the computational restrictions of previous studies. The specific issues of: incomplete and/or asynchronous dynamic compensation, feedback paradigm selection, payload sensitivity, and drive systems effects were experimentally analyzed. Evaluation results clearly demonstrate that the performance improvement capability of model-based control is not restricted to research robots. A model-based controller with complete feedforward compensation and sliding mode feedback reduced the maximum tracking error by at least a factor of five when compared to feedback alone. End-effector payload invariant tracking only requires mass information. Tracking performance is not dependent on dynamic compensation at the servo rate. Evaluation results provide insight for adaptive control law design and a baseline to compare their performance against.
First siting of deep lee waves: Kaena Ridge, Hawaii

Turbulent mixing in the ocean has important effects on climate and the transport of energy and nutrients. Internal lee waves, which are underwater standing waves that result from a current flowing over a barrier, have become recognized as an important source of mixing in the ocean. Previous studies with remote observations and numerical models have predicted the existence of breaking deep internal lee waves driven by the tide, but until now, none have been observed directly.
Adaptive photonics phase-locked elements (APPLE): system architecture and wavefront control concept

We discuss a concept based on replacing a large-aperture monolithic adaptive optical transceiver telescope with an array of small phase-locked sub-apertures with adaptive correction of phase distortions incorporated directly into each sub-aperture, referred to here as adaptive photonics phase-locked elements (APPLE). In the APPLE system, the conventional high-resolution adaptive optics (AO) system is substituted by an array of low-resolution "local" AO sub-systems (distributed AO) operating in parallel.
Lord-Wingersky Algorithm Version 2.0 for Hierarchical Item Factor Models with Applications in Test Scoring, Scale Alignment, and Model Fit Testing.

Lord and Wingersky’s (Appl Psychol Meas 8:453–461, 1984) recursive algorithm for creating summed score based likelihoods and posteriors has a proven track record in unidimensional item response theory (IRT) applications. Extending the recursive algorithm to handle multidimensionality is relatively simple, especially with fixed quadrature because the recursions can be defined on a grid formed by direct products of quadrature points. However, the increase in computational burden remains exponential in the number of dimensions, making the implementation of the recursive algorithm cumbersome for truly high-dimensional models. In this paper, a dimension reduction method that is specific to the Lord–Wingersky recursions is developed. This method can take advantage of the restrictions implied by hierarchical item factor models, e.g., the bifactor model, the testlet model, or the two-tier model, such that a version of the Lord–Wingersky recursive algorithm can operate on a dramatically reduced set of quadrature points. For instance, in a bifactor model, the dimension of integration is always equal to 2, regardless of the number of factors. The new algorithm not only provides an effective mechanism to produce summed score to IRT scaled score translation tables properly adjusted for residual dependence, but leads to new applications in test scoring, linking, and model fit checking as well. Simulated and empirical examples are used to illustrate the new applications.
The MC68881 Floating-point Coprocessor

This device, a hardware implementation of the proposed IEEE floating-point standard, can operate as a coprocessor on a 32-bit bus or as a peripheral on an 8- or 16-bit bus.
Ecological Limits on Clade Diversification in Higher Taxa

Abstract: Species richness varies dramatically among groups of organisms, yet the causes of this variation remain poorly understood. Variation in species‐level diversification rates may partially explain differential species richness among clades, but older clades should also be more diverse, because they will have had more time to accumulate species. Surprisingly, studies that have investigated this question have reached dramatically different conclusions: several claim to find no such age‐diversity relationship, whereas a recent and more inclusive study reported that clade age and not diversification rate explains the variation in species richness among animal taxa. Here I address the relationship between clade age and species richness using a model‐based approach that controls for variation in diversification rates among clades. I find that species richness is effectively independent of clade age in four of five data sets. Even extreme among‐clade variation in diversification rates cannot account for t...
Ultrastructural studies of vitiligo, Vogt-Koyanagi syndrome, and incontinentia pigmenti achromians.

• Studies of early progressive vitiligo, Vogt-Koyanagi syndrome, and incontinentia pigmenti achromians were made by electron microscopy. At the periphery of the depigmented lesions, the melanocytes had several subcellular abnormalities, ie, vacuolization of the cytoplasm, aggregation of melanosomes, autophagic vacuoles, fatty degeneration, pyknosis or homogeneous cytoplasmic degeneration, and others. Numerous nerve endings were seen in close contact with the basal lamina of the epidermis or even within the epidermis. Direct continuities between Schwann cell basal lamina of nerve endings and the basal lamina of the melanocytes were observed. Nerve endings could be associated with either normal or abnormal melanocytes. ( Arch Dermatol 113:755-766, 1977)
Breeding Practices on Illinois Holstein Farms

Abstract Questionnaires requesting breeding information were mailed to 1,148 Illinois Holstein herds in the Dairy Herd Improvement program. A total of 591 questionnaires (51%) were returned. Dairy producers with herds producing over 7,100kg of milk returned 64% of their questionnaires whereas 34% of dairy producers with herds producing less than 5,900kg returned their questionnaires. State average and standard errors were: 23±1 bulls used per 100 cows, 78±2% dairy producers select the bulls, 96±1% herds use artificial insemination, 2.1±.1 artificial insemination organizations per herd, 29±2% herds participate in young sire testing programs, 87±1% farmers consider calving ease indicators in mating heifers, and 17±2% farmers consider calving ease indicators in mating cows. Breeding practices positively associated with increasing rolling herd average milk production were number of bulls per herd and per 100 cows, self as bull selector, use of artificial insemination, number of artificial insemination organizations, and participation in young sire testing programs. Three breeding practices were negatively associated with increasing rolling herd average milk production: artificial-insemination technician as bull selector and consideration of calving ease for mating heifers and cows. Dairy producers also were asked to rate the emphasis placed on traits in bull and cow selection. For bull selection, udder conformation and Predicted Difference milk were most important. In cow selection, milk production, followed by udder conformation, feet and legs, and fat percentage, was the most important trait.
Job Changes Following Childbirth: Are Women Trading Compensation for Family-Responsive Work Conditions?

As women increasingly maintain labor force participation following childbirth, job changing rather than labor force withdrawal is on the rise. This article presents a theoretical perspective that t...
The effect of cognitive self-instructional strategies on preservice teacher's locus of control

Abstract The efficacy of a cognitive self-instructional procedure in altering the locus of control orientations of preservice teachers was investigated. Sixty-seven subjects were randomly assigned to one of three groups: experimental, attention control, or assessment control. The measure used to assess the relative effectiveness of the treatment procedure was Rotter's Locus of Control Scale (I-E ). The experimental treatment consisted of 6 h of instruction in cognitive monitoring and the use of self-instructional strategies for planning, instructing, and managing classroom behavior. The results indicated that the selfinstructional training was effective in changing preservice teachers' locus of control to more internal orientations. The implications of enhancing reflective thought and problem-solving ability by explicitly training novice and experienced teachers to talk to themselves were discussed.
A kaleidoscopic view: Reflections on the creative self

(1998). A kaleidoscopic view: Reflections on the creative self. Roeper Review: Vol. 20, Perspectives on the Self of the Gifted, pp. 154-158.
A public education program in self-examination for orofacial cancer

Results of follow-up studies of persons participating in an exhibit presented at the Erie County (NY) Fair to familiarize the public with a self-examination technique for the detection of orofacial cancer are described. A self-examination technique for early detection of orofacial cancer was taught at a large county fair. Over 450 persons were given one-on-one instruction by either a dentist or a specially trained dental hygienist. The instruction was supplemented by a color slide presentation depicting suspicious lesions and a specially prepared pamphlet highlighting the self-examination process. Those electing to receive instruction generally reported more recent contact with a dentist than would be expected, based on national data. Follow-up studies three and eight months after individuals learned the technique indicated a substantial degree of continued self-examination at home. Experience with this demonstration project suggests that it is feasible to implement orofacial self-examination instruction programs on a large scale.
Quantitative Trait Analysis Reveals Transforming Growth Factor-β2 as a Positive Regulator of Early Hematopoietic Progenitor and Stem Cell Function

Elucidation of pathways involved in mouse strain-dependent variation in the hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) compartment may reveal novel mechanisms relevant in vivo. Here, we dem- onstrate genetically determined variation in the proliferation of linSca1 �� kit � (LSK) primitive hematopoietic progenitor cells in response to transforming growth factor- � (TGF- � ) 2, the dose response of which was biphasic with a stimulatory effect at low concentrations. In contrast, the dose responses of TGF- � 1 or - � 3 were inhibitory and did not show mouse strain-dependent variation. A quantitative trait locus (QTL) for the effect of TGF- � 2 was identified on chromo- some 4 overlapping with a QTL regulating the frequency of LSK cells. These overlapping QTL were corroborated by the observation that the frequency of LSK cells is lower in adult Tgfb2 ��� mice than in wild-type littermates, indicating that TGF- � 2 is a genetically deter- mined positive regulator LSK number in vivo. Furthermore, adult Tgfb2 ��� mice have a defect in competitive repopulation potential that becomes more pronounced upon serial transplantation. In fetal TGF- � 2-deficient HSCs, a defect only appears after serial reconstitution. These data suggest that TGF- � 2 can act cell autonomously and is important for HSCs that have under- gone replicative stress. Thus, TGF- � 2 is a novel, genetically determined positive regulator of adult HSCs.
Influence of Abrams M1A1 Main Battle Tank Disturbance on Tallgrass Prairie Plant Community Structure

The Department of Defense's Range and Training Land Assessment program provides information and recommendations to range managers regarding the condition of training lands. This information is used to assist in scheduling training areas and in monitoring the effectiveness of rehabilitation projects. Fort Riley Military Installation is a major training reservation located in the Flint Hills of northeastern Kansas, within the tallgrass prairie ecosystem. A randomized complete block design composed of three treatments (M1A1 Abrams tank traffic during wet and dry soil conditions, and a nontrafficked control) with three replications was established in each of two soil types, a silty clay loam and a silt loam soil, on Fort Riley in 2003. Disturbance was created by driving the tank for five circuits in a figure-eight pattern during either during wet or dry soil conditions. Two additional experimental treatments were added during the study: five additional tank passes on one-half of each figure eight in 2004 and burning in 2006. Two areas, a curve and straightaway, within each traffic intensity (and later, burn treatment) subplot were designated for sampling. Aboveground biomass, species composition, and ground cover were measured during each growing season. Recovery of grass and total aboveground biomass in silty clay loam soil was delayed for curve areas and following disturbance in wet soil conditions, respectively. Species composition and ground cover continued to exhibit significant disturbance effects in 2007, with greatest damage observed for repeated traffic under wet soil conditions. Fire effects on vegetation were variable and generally greater for undisturbed control plots than for disturbed areas. The tallgrass prairie typically is considered to be among the most resilient of military training lands, but our research suggests that resiliency is dependent upon soil type and training conditions, and may require longer periods of recovery than previously thought.
Sclerotiniaceae. IX. coprotinia

The present study investigates the generic limits and phylogenetic relationships of Coprotinia, which is placed into taxonomic synonymy with Lambertella. The type species is transferred to Lamberte...
Disturbance in Dreams as Related to Peyotism among the Navaho

IN THIS study the dreams of Navaho respondents were used as the basis for judgments of disturbance, which in turn were related to an independent criterion, participation or nonparticipation by the dreamers in the Peyote Cult. The present study represents a departure from the usual use of dreams in ethnological research. Most studies have focused on the content of dreams for the purpose of shedding light on personality and cultures. Thus Eggan (1949) analyzes the manifest content of one Hopi's dreams over a period of several years. In another publication (1952) she tabulates 302 of one dreamer's dreams by the various content areas represented and their affective quality. DuBois (1944) collected dreams from her eight Alorese informants from whom she collected extensive interview material and projective tests. Dreams were here used to fill out the personality picture, in some cases to add information about the relationship of the informant to the ethnologist. Roheim (1946) used Biaga dreams interpreted psychoanalytically to show that Oedipal processes occur in a society where there is no restriction of expression of infantile sexuality, thereby lending support to a theoretical point-here the dreams were not related to other material of the individual dreamers' personalities. In the research reported here, content was not the center of interest. For reasons outlined below, the general hypothesis was that disturbance would be greater among people who adhered to the Peyote Cult than among those who did not. In the matter of "disturbance," content figured only in breaking down the dreams into major categories within which judgments were made.
Aromatic Poly‐1,3,4‐Oxadiazole Fibers

It has been shown that aromatic poly-1,3,4-thiadiazole fibers can be prepared in a manner analogous to that of the aromatic poly-1,3,4-oxadiazole via the thermal cyclode-hydration of an aromatic polyoxathiahydrazide fiber. These fibers exhibited the same high level of thermal and hydrolytic stability observed for the aromatic poly-1,3,4-oxadiazole fibers. The oxathiahydrazide-thiadiazole conversion was found to occur at lower temperatures and much faster rates than the hydrazide-oxadiazole conversion.
An analysis of the distributed arithmetic digital filter

Distributed arithmetic filters have been shown to be an effective method of implementing linear shift-invariant filters. In this paper, the overall roundoff error budgets of admissible distributed arithmetic filter structures are compared to conventional lumped parameter and to each other. In addition, dynamic range considerations are also introduced into the study.
A Geneology of Computational Intelligence Books [Book Reviews]

This article presents 17 titles that have contributed significantly to the field of computational intelligence and which reflect the emergence and growth of the discipline.
Visual Learning and the Brain: Implications for Dyslexia

The central and peripheral visual fi elds are struc- turally segregated in the brain and are differentiated by their anatomical and functional characteristics. While the central fi eld appears well suited for tasks such as visual search, the periphery is optimized for rapid processing over broad re- gions. People vary in their abilities to make use of information in the center versus the periphery, and we propose that this bias leads to a trade-off between abilities for sequential search versus contemporaneous comparisons. The parameter of periphery-to-center ratio (PCR) describes the degree of periph - eral bias, which evidence suggests is high in many people with dyslexia. That is, many dyslexics favor the peripheral visual fi eld over the center, which results in not only search defi cits but also (more surprisingly) talents for visual com- parison. The PCR framework offers a coherent explanation for these seemingly contradictory observations of both defi cit and talent in visual processing. The framework has potential implications for instructional support in visually intensive domains such as science and mathematics.
Serial myocardial perfusion imaging with Tc-99m-labeled myocardial perfusion imaging agents in patients receiving thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction

Numerous studies have shown the beneficial effect of thrombolytic therapy early in the course of acute myocardial infarction. Long term mortality of patients with acute infarction treated with thrombolytic therapy is dramatically lower than that of patients receiving conventional therapy [1]. Nevertheless, reocclusion of the infarct artery may occur in approximately 30% of patients. Interestingly, reocclusion may be silent and not associated with recurrent myocardial infarction [2]. Reocclusion without reinfarction may result in ongoing hibernating myocardium. This condition may be associated with unfavorable outcome. Accordingly, substantial effort has been directed toward “fine tuning” appropriate adjunctive therapy with antithrombotic agents to enhance permanent infarct artery patency. However, since mortality is low, and since reocclusion of infarct artery may be silent, it may be difficult to definitively assess improved comparative efficacy of a novel treatment strategies. Very large numbers of patients would need to be enrolled in trials to demonstrate statistically significant differences in outcome.
Dependent and multimode failures in reliability evaluation of extra-stage shuffle-exchange MINs

Previous reliability evaluations for multistage interconnection networks (MINs) assumed that "all failures are statistically-independent and that no degraded operational modes exist for switches", though these assumptions are not realistic. For example, researchers have described instances of statistically-dependent failures, or fault side-effects, in some MINs. This paper presents efficient algorithms for terminal, broadcast, and K-terminal reliability evaluation of the shuffle-exchange network with an extra stage (SENE), a redundant-path MIN, under assumptions that allow statistical-dependence between failures and degraded operational modes for switches. A modified shock-model incorporates failure statistical-dependency and multiple operational modes into the reliability evaluation. For an N/spl times/N SENE, the reliability algorithms and their run-times are: terminal and broadcast /spl rarr/O(log(N)), and K-terminal/spl rarr/O(|K|/spl middot/log(N)). >
Estimation, Hypothesis Testing and Parameter Correlation for Markov Chains

In this report we will discuss four problems in statistical inference for Markov chains. Specifically, techniques are described to do the following: 1) estimate the transition probabilities of first- and second-order stationary Markov chains; 2) test the hypothesis that a stationary Markov chain is of first order against the alternate hypothesis that the chain is of second order; and 3) test the hypothesis that a first-order Markov chain has stationary transition probabilities against the alternate hypothesis that the transition probabilities are not stationary. A technique is also developed which can be used in testing to determine whether two parameters of a single electronic component drift independently of each other. The results of these tests are used to draw some inference about continuous-time Markov processes.