cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Performance characteristics of organic Rankine cycles

SYNOPSIS The organic Rankine cycle is one of the most promising techniques for production of mechanical power from low temperature sources such as solar heated fluids, geothermal brines and industrial waste heat. A series of cycle performance calculations has been carried out for a broad range of working fluids including Refrigerant 12, isobutane, isopentane, propone, and toluene as well as mixtures of isobutane and isopentane. For a source temperature range of 150°C to 170°C, current results show that the optimal cycle for some working fluids requires supercritical heat exchange while for others (the majority), heating is subcritical. Performance improvements available from exhaust fluid regeneration are shown to be more significant for an isobutane cycle (subcritical) than for a propane cycle (supercritical). For the foregoing cycles the amount of heat exchanger area per unit of output is compared; the isobutane cycle is found to require somewhat less area. The sensitivity of cycle output to changes in ...
Piezoresistivity coefficients for semiconducting barium strontium titanate

The hydrostatic piezoresistance coefficient pi /sub h/ has been measured as a function of temperature for semiconducting barium strontium titanate. The measurements were taken over the temperature range from 298 to 415 K above the ferroelectric-paraelectric transition temperature T/sub c/. Theoretical calculations of the grain boundary hydrostatic piezoresistivity coefficient pi /sub h/ as a function of temperature were carried out. Experimental and theoretical results are discussed. >
Abstract 3472: Inhaled carcinogen induced lung cancer in mice

Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC Inhaled carcinogen-induced lung cancer originates at the bronchial epithelium. Traditional animal models with tumor grafting or intraperitoneal/intravenous injection of tobacco carcinogens either lack the natural stages of tumor initiation and progression, or lack the advantage of modeling the disease through direct exposure of the airway epithelium to the causative agents. To overcome these problems, we used intratracheal inoculation of the major tobacco carcinogens benzo[a]pyrene (BP) and nitrosamine 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) to induce lung premalignancy and lung cancer in two different strains of mice. This mouse model of inhaled carcinogen-induced lung cancer consistently mimics the carcinogenesis process in tobacco-induced human lung cancer that progresses through a series of identifiable histopathological stages. In our model the lung carcinogenesis clearly progresses through three different stages: 1. Early transitional stage with no pathological lesions (0-15 weeks after first dose of the carcinogens); 2. Premalignant stage with dysplasia in the lungs in 100% of both A/J and ICR mice at 16 weeks after the first dose of the carcinogens; 3. Malignant stage with tumor nodules developed in the lungs in 100% of A/J and > 60% of ICR mice at 20-24 weeks. We have been using this model in trying to identify key molecular players in each stage that could possibly serve as therapeutic targets for lung cancer treatment. Currently it is one of best available models for studying environmental carcinogen-induced lung cancer and warrants further characterization. Future studies using this model are expected to enhance our understanding of the disease and facilitate our efforts of developing early therapeutic interventions. Supported by NIH grants CA96515 and CA104297. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3472.
Secretive Marsh Bird Species Co-Occurrences and Habitat Associations Across the Midwest, USA

Abstract Because secretive marsh birds are difficult to detect, population status and habitat use for these birds are not well known. We conducted repeated surveys for secretive marsh birds across ...
Modeling the Fault Tolerance Consequences of Deduplication

Modern storage systems are employing data deduplication with increasing frequency. Often the storage systems on which these techniques are deployed contain important data, and utilize fault-tolerant hardware and software to improve the reliability of the system and reduce data loss. We suggest that data deduplication introduces inter-file relationships that may have a negative impact on the fault tolerance of such systems by creating dependencies that can increase the severity of data loss events. We present a framework composed of data analysis methods and a model of data deduplication that is useful in studying the reliability impact of data deduplication. The framework is useful for determining a deduplication strategy that is estimated to satisfy a set of reliability constraints supplied by a user.
Constipation, laxative use, and colon cancer in a North Carolina population.

Abstract Objective The aim of this study was to determine whether bowel movement frequency and laxative use and type were associated with risk of colon cancer in white and black men and women. Methods We conducted a population-based, case–control study with equal representation by blacks. Eligible subjects between ages 40 and 80 yr residing in urban and rural communities in North Carolina were asked about bowel habits and laxatives during face-to-face interviews. There were 643 cases (349 white, 294 black) and 1048 controls (611 white, 437 black). Results Constipation, defined as fewer than three reported bowel movements per wk, was associated with a greater than two-fold risk of colon cancer (OR 2.36; 95% CI = 1.41–3.93) adjusted for age, race, sex, and relevant confounders. The association was greater for women (OR 2.69; 95% CI = 1.46–4.94) than for men (OR 1.73; 95% CI = 0.61–4.88) and stronger in blacks than whites. Black women had the highest risk (OR 3.42; 95% CI = 1.60–7.34), which remained significant (OR 3.21; 95% CI = 1.46–7.04) even after excluding subjects with late stage (distant) disease. The OR for constipation was slightly higher for distal than for proximal colon cancers. There was no association with laxative use (OR 0.88; 95% CI = 0.69–1.11). Fiber commercial laxatives appeared to exert a protective effect in a small subgroup. Conclusions This study provides support for a positive association between constipation and increased risk for colon cancer. Women, especially black women with constipation, seem to be at the highest risk.
Molecular and genetic investigations on Alzheimer brain amyloid.

Amyloid-containing plaques are a characteristic feature of the Alzheimer's disease brain and have been the object of study for decades. Only recently, however, have molecular and genetic techniques...
Suicide and homicide rates and fluoride.

Grandjean, et al. (1985) found that workers exposed to heavy doses of fluoride between 1924 to 1940 had a higher rate of suicide in a follow-up scudy in 1981. The present scudy sought to explore by means of an ecological study the effect of exposure to mild levels of fluoride in the drinking water. Andrus (1982) reported the percentage of each state's population drinking fluoridated water at the end of 1975. These percentages were correlated by the present author with the suicide and homicide rates of each continental state in 1975 (National Center for Health Statistics, 1978). The percentage of persons drinking fliloridated water varied significantly with longitude (measnred as in previous research by the longitude of the state capital), with fewer drinking fluoridated water in the west (Pearson s = -0.30). However, the partial correlation between drinking fluoridated water and the suicide rates controlling for longitude was -0.24 (p = 0.05), indicating that the more people drinking fluoridated water, the lower the suicide rate. Homicide rates did not vary with the fluoridation of water (partial r = 0.02). The results of the present study do not show that fluoridated water increases the suicide rate of a community.
Electron resonance channeling on crystal surfaces in reflection high energy electron diffraction geometry

Abstract The dynamical electron scattering theory for reflection high energy electron diffraction (RHEED) has been used to calculate the channeling behavior of the incident electrons on GaAs (100) and (110) surfaces. The effect of the strong concentration of the electrons in the top atomic layer of the surface has been used for identifying the atomic termination on the GaAs (100) surface with reflection electron energy-loss spectroscopy (REELS). The dynamical process for resonance propagation of electrons and the process of creating the reflection wave on the GaAs (110) surface have been investigated and compared with results of the layer multiple-scattering model. A physical picture has been derived to describe the interaction of an incident electron beam with a crystal surfaces in the RHEED geometry. The sensitivity of the surface resonance wave to the surface atomic structure has been demonstrated. The distinct excitations of the Ga and As atomic columns on the GaAs (110) surface have been observed in the REELS experiment under various resonance diffraction conditions, and are interpreted in terms of differences in the electron channeling effect along different atomic columns.
Dissecting tumour pathophysiology using intravital microscopy

For a systemically administered therapeutic agent to reach neoplastic cells, it must enter the blood circulation, cross the vessel wall, move through the extracellular matrix and avoid getting cleared by the lymphatics. In tumours, each of these barriers is abnormal, changes with space and time, and depends on host-tumour interactions. Intravital microscopy has provided unprecedented molecular, cellular, anatomical and functional insights into these barriers and has revealed new approaches to improved detection and treatment.
Cloning and sequence of a region encoding a surface polysaccharide of Vibrio cholerae O139 and characterization of the insertion site in the chromosome of Vibrio cholerae O1

Vibrio cholerae serogroup O139 Bengal is the first documented serogroup other than O1 to cause epidemic cholera. The O139 Bengal strains are very similar to V. cholerae serogroup O1 biotype El Tor strains. The major differences between the two serogroups are that O139 Bengal contains a distinct O antigen and produces a polysaccharide capsule. We previously described three TnphoA mutants of O139 strain AI1837 which abolish both O antigen and capsule production. These TnphoA insertions were mapped to a 21.5 kb EcoRI fragment of the O139 chromosome. We describe here the cloning and mapping of this 21.5 kb EcoRI fragment and it was shown to complement each of the mutants in trans to produce O antigen and capsule. The EcoRI fragment contains 13 kb of DNA that is specific to O139 and 8.5 kb of DNA that is common to O1 and O139. Sequence analysis of the 13 kb of O139-specific DNA revealed that it contains 11 open reading frames all of which are transcribed in the same direction. Eight of the 11 open reading frames are homologous to sugar biosynthesis genes from other organisms. Using extended polymerase chain reactions, we show that the extent of the DNA region in O139 that is not present in O1 is approximately 35 kb. The site of insertion of this O139-specific DNA in the O1 chromosome was mapped to the rfbO1 region. We also demonstrate that O139 Bengal strain AI1837 contains a deletion of 22 kb that in serogroup O1 strains contains the rfb region. Therefore, O139 Bengal probably arose from an O1 strain that had undergone genetic rearrangements including deletion of the O1 rfb region and acquisition of a 35 kb region of DNA which encodes O139 surface polysaccharide.
The influence of stance-phase knee flexion on the vertical displacement of the trunk during normal walking

Abstract Objective: To determine the effect of stance-phase knee flexion on the trunk's vertical displacement in normal walking. Subjects: Three able-bodied adult male volunteers. Design: Kinematic data describing the joint centers and joint angles of the legs and pelvis were collected from the subjects. The subjects walked at four target speeds (range, approximately 1.0 to 2.0m/sec); a minimum of three trials of data at each walking speed were collected and processed. Setting: Clinical gait analysis laboratory. Results: Stance-phase knee flexion was not found to significantly reduce the peak-to-peak amplitude of the trunk's vertical displacement in normal walking. The reason for this has to do with the timing (ie, phase) of the stance-phase knee flexion wave with respect to the trunk's vertical displacement during the gait cycle. Stance-phase knee flexion in normal walking was found to reduce the mean elevation of the trunk by a few millimeters and to delay the trunk's vertical displacement waveform by about 2% to 6% of the gait cycle from where it would have been otherwise. Conclusions: Contrary to conventional wisdom, stance-phase knee flexion does not appreciably reduce the amount of vertical movement of the trunk in normal walking.
A systematic transition to flexible manufacturing

Abstract The transition from basic automation to flexible manufacturing is an expensive and tedious procedure. It requires meticulous planning and almost clairvoyant forecasting to insure that the initial flexibility obtained is sufficient to allow growth and expansion in the future. This paper will suggest a systematic and methodological approach to achieve optimal flexibility and describe the present results of its application to an ongoing system transformation. Conclusions based on existing levels of completion are presented along with identification of critical and non critical flexibility requirements. The considerations and steps taken are summarized in a procedural format which may then be applied to a wide variety of system transformations.
The Story of Serratia Marcescens : Pathologic Risk Factors in Breast Implant Surgery

Serratia marcescens (S. marcescens) emerged as an opportunist in the setting of immunodeficiency in the 1970s, when serious infections occurred in San Francisco hospitals after USA. Navy experiments had aerosolized the bacteria to study biologic warfare. We investigate the risks of S. marcescens in San Franciscans who undergo mastectomy with implant reconstruction. From 2007 to 2011, the senior author took breast capsule cultures for all patients at the time of tissue expander exchange/explant. Of the 142 women who had reconstruction, 23 had positive cultures. Only the two patients who were positive for S. marcescens developed clinical infections that required explantation. Both had postoperative chemotherapy with transient neutropenia, and both had close ties to San Francisco. Clinical signs of infection emerged for both patients months after initial surgery, despite having previously well healed incisions. Other patients were culture positive for Pseudomonas, Proteus, Enterococcus and MRSA and did not develop require explant. While the link between San Francisco and S. marcescens is controversial, a patient's geography is a simple screening tool when considering postoperative risks, especially in the immunocompromised. Closer monitoring for neutropenia during chemotherapy, and a lower threshold to administer S. marcescens targeted antibiotics may be warranted in these patients.
The San Diego Blueprint for Student Success: A Retrospective Overview and Commentary

In a series of reforms started in 1998 and formalized with the 2000 introduction of the Blueprint for Student Success, the San Diego Unified School District (SDUSD) implemented a wide-ranging series of reforms designed to boost the literacy skills of students. This article provides an overview of the reforms, assesses the contributions made by the articles in this special issue of JESPAR, and highlights complementarities between this research and related quantitative research. Overall, the evidence suggests that the model of professional development in the 8th largest district in the nation took root and led to tangible changes in the classroom. Achievement analyses by Betts (2005), Betts, Zau, and King (2005), and Betts, Zau, and Koedel (2008) have suggested that the reading achievement of students improved in the lower grades as a result of the reforms, but dipped somewhat in high school. This article concludes with thoughts on the political and financial challenges to sustaining such reforms and the pr...
Processing, microstructural characterization and mechanical properties of a Ti2AlC/nanocrystalline Mg-matrix composite

Abstract Herein we report on the processing and microstructural characterization of 50 vol.% Ti2AlC/nanocrystalline (nc) Mg-matrix composites fabricated by pressureless melt infiltration at 750 °C for 1 h. X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy both confirmed that the Mg grain size was ∼35 ± 15 nm. The microstructure was also exceptionally stable; annealing for 6 h at 550 °C did not alter the size of the Mg-grains. Some Mg was dissolved in the Ti2AlC confirming the existence of a (Ti1-xMgx)2AlC solid solution, with x as high as 0.2. A small amount of Ti (3 ± 1 at.%) was also found in the Mg matrix. At 350 ± 40 the ultimate tensile strength is significantly greater than other pure Mg composites reported in the literature. At 700 ± 10 MPa, the ultimate compressive stresses of these composites were ≈ 40% higher than those of a 50 vol.% Ti3SiC2–Mg or a 50 vol.% SiC–Mg, in which the Mg-matrix grains were not at the nanoscale. The Ti2AlC/nc-Mg composites are readily machinable, stiff (≈70 GPa), strong, light (2.9 g/cm3) and exhibited exceptional damping capabilities, that increased as the square of the applied stress to stress levels of the order of ≈ 500 MPa. The energy dissipated per cycle per unit volume at such stress levels is believed to be the highest ever reported for a crystalline solid and to be due to the formation and annihilation of incipient kink bands. The technological implications of having such solids are briefly discussed.
Adverse childhood experiences and risk of paternity in teen pregnancy

OBJECTIVE: Few studies have investigated risk factors that predispose males to be involved in teen pregnancies. To provide new information on such factors, we examined the relationships of eight common adverse childhood experiences to a male’s risk of impregnating a teenager. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective cohort study using questionnaire responses from 7399 men who visited a primary care clinic of a large health maintenance organization in California. Data included age of the youngest female ever impregnated; the man’s own age at the time; his history of childhood emotional, physical, or sexual abuse; having a battered mother; parental separation or divorce; and having household members who were substance abusers, mentally ill, or criminals. Odds ratios (ORs) for the risk of involvement in a teen pregnancy were adjusted for age, race, and education. RESULTS: At least one adverse childhood experience was reported by 63% of participants, and 34% had at least two adverse childhood experiences; 19% of men had been involved in a teen pregnancy. Each adverse childhood experience was positively associated with impregnating a teenager, with ORs ranging from 1.2 (sexual abuse) to 1.8 (criminal in home). We found strong graded relationships (P < .001) between the number of adverse childhood experiences and the risk of involvement in a teen pregnancy for each of four birth cohorts during the last century. Compared with males with no adverse childhood experiences, a male with at least five adverse childhood experiences had an OR of 2.6 (95% confidence interval [CI] 2.0, 3.4) for impregnating a teenager. The magnitude of the ORs for the adverse childhood experiences was reduced 64 ‐100% by adjustment for potential intermediate variables (age at first intercourse, number of sexual partners, having a sexually transmitted disease, and alcohol or drug abuse) that also exhibited a strong graded relationship to adverse childhood experiences. CONCLUSION: Adverse childhood experiences have an important relationship to male involvement in teen pregnancy. This relationship has persisted throughout four successive birth cohorts dating back to 1900 ‐1929, suggesting that the effects of adverse childhood experiences transcend changing sexual mores and contraceptive methods. Efforts to prevent teen pregnancy will likely benefit from preventing adverse childhood experiences and their associated effects on male behaviors that might mediate the increased risk of teen pregnancy. (Obstet Gynecol 2002; 100:37‐ 45. © 2002 by The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists.)
Emotional processing in vocal and written expression of feelings about traumatic experiences

The purpose of this study was to compare vocal and written expression of feeling about interpersonal traumatic and trivial events in 20-min sessions over a 4-day period. Similar emotional processing was produced by vocal and written expression of feeling about traumatic events. The painfulness of the topic decreased steadily over the 4 days. At the end, both groups felt better about their topics and themselves and also reported positive cognitive changes. A content analysis of the sessions suggested greater overt expression of emotion and related changes in the vocal condition. Finally, there was an upsurge in negative emotion after each session of either vocal or written expression. These results suggest that previous findings that psychotherapy ameliorated this negative mood upsurge could not be attributed to the vocal character of psychotherapy.
Maple syrup urine disease: branched-chain amino acid concentrations and metabolism in cultured human lymphoblasts.

The intracellular concentration of free leucine, isoleucine, and valine and their metabolism were studied in lymphoblast cultures established from peripheral blood of an individual with maple syrup urine disease (MSUD) and a control subject. Branched-chain α-keto acid decarboxylase activity in the MSUD cells was 10% or less of the control value as measured by the ability of the cells to release 14CO2 from the corresponding [1-14C]labeled branched-chain amino acid. The intracellular concentrations of free leucine and isoleucine were increased three-fold in MSUD lymphoblasts as compared to control cells. Free valine was present in only trace amounts of less than 0.1 mMin both cell lines. Exposure of normal and mutant cells to a 10 mMload of leucine, isoleucine, and valine resulted in a comparable concentration within cells after 24 hr. Concentrations returned to base values in normal cells 12 hr after removal of load, but leucine remained elevated in MSUD cells after 3 days. Leucine and its keto acid, α-ketoisocaproic acid, added to the culture medium gave significant growth inhibition of MSUD lymphoblasts but not of normal cells, in the millimolar range. Isoleucine, valine, and their keto acids had no effect.
Axonal Enlargements in the Nerve-Fiber Layer of the Human Retina

That so-called "cytoid bodies" of the retina may be a product of degenerating neuntes in the nerve-fiber layer has found support from many outstanding eye pathologists. 1,2 However, good histologic demonstration of these cytoid bodies with proper staining methods is still rarely seen and the histologic details and phases of this nerve-fiber reaction are virtually unknown. In this report, nerve-fiber changes in three eyes are used to demonstrate details of what is better called the "axonal enlargement" reaction. In a fourth case the nerve-fiber reactions in the spinal cord after cordotomy are presented for comparison and to show that this nerve-fiber reaction of the retina actually is nonspecific and commonly occurs in many parts of the nervous system.
THE SURVIVAL OF YELLOW FEVER VIRUS IN CULTURES.

1. The virus of yellow fever has been found to survive in artificial culture media for at least 12 days at a temperature of 35°C. No visible growth has been present and no reproduction of the virus has been demonstrated. 2. Infections have been obtained in rhesus monkeys with two strains of virus in quantities as small as 0.00001 cc. of infectious blood, and with one strain in an amount probably as minute as 0.000001 cc.
Assertive pragmatism and the Multinational Enterprise

Abstract This article proposes a simple conceptual framework regarding the literature on the impact of MNEs on developing host countries, specifying three approaches along a continuum. The acceptance approach conceives of MNE expansion as economically rational and advocates minimizing the role of government. The rejection approach sees MNE activity as essentially baleful and advocates rejecting or minimizing the role of MNEs. The pragmatic approach sees mixed effects and advocates host-government bargaining. The article submits a brief for a particular form of pragmatism, denominated assertive pragmatism, and it suggests that a process of convergence toward such an approach is under way.
Santo Tomás, o Tomismo e o Direito

Santo Tomas recebeu de Aristoteles a concepcao da excelencia da politica e, ao comentar a obra de Aristoteles, chama esse saber de ciencia arquitetonica . Por outro lado, dentro de uma concepcao que se tornara determinante na historia do Ocidente ate Maquiavel, Tomas subordina a politica e o direito a etica. Nada disso seria possivel se estas ciencias, por sua vez, nao estivessem fundamentadas numa metafisica solida. De que metafisica se trata? E importante abordar, mesmo que brevemente, essa nocao e as nocoes principais da metafisica tomista, que chamamos de tomismo essencial, para que se possa entender sua teoria sobre a justica. Assim como todo o pensamento de Santo Tomas, esta teoria sofreu importantes transformacoes em sua historia, marcadas, sobretudo, por um desvio da metafisica do ser. A recuperacao da sua metafisica original permite compreender conceitos como o de lei e de direito natural na dinâmica da participacao do ser, assim como entender a justica como uma virtude ascendente conexa a outras virtudes, sem as quais nao pode ser realizada.
Nonlinear stability analysis of viscoelastic Taylor–Couette flow in the presence of viscous heating

Recently, based on a linear stability analysis we demonstrated the existence of a new thermoelastic mode of instability in the viscoelastic Taylor–Couette flow [Al-Mubaiyedh et al., Phys. Fluids 11, 3217 (1999); J. Rheol. 44, 1121 (2000)]. In this work, we use direct time-dependent simulations to examine the nonlinear evolution of finite amplitude disturbances arising as a result of this new mode of instability in the postcritical regime of purely elastic (i.e., Re=0), nonisothermal Taylor–Couette flow. Based on these simulations, it is shown that over a wide range of parameter space that includes the experimental conditions of White and Muller [Phys. Rev. Lett. 84, 5130 (2000)], the primary bifurcation is supercritical and leads to a stationary and axisymmetric toroidal flow pattern. Moreover, the onset time associated with the evolution of finite amplitude disturbances to the final state is comparable to the thermal diffusion time. These simulations are consistent with the experimental findings.
Does the previous trial affect lateralized lexical decision

We investigated the effect of previous trial variables on performance in the current trial in a lexical decision task with unilateral presentation of one letter string or bilateral simultaneous presentation of two different letter strings, one cued to be processed (target) and the other uncued, to be ignored (distractor). The variables included correctness of the previous trial, visual hemifield and wordness of the previous trial, and presentation mode of the previous trial (unilateral or bilateral). An incorrect response on the previous trial enhanced the accuracy in the current trial only in the left visual field (LVF). A previous LVF target produced faster correct responses to LVF targets in the current trial and LVF word recognition was more accurate when the previous LVF target was a word rather than a nonword. Target processing in the current trial was not inhibited or facilitated if the target belonged to the same response category as the unattended stimulus in the previous trial (absence of "negative priming'). Taken together, our data suggest that previous trial effects in lateralized lexical decision are stronger for word decisions in the LVF, and may account for the inconsistency of the wordness effect in the LVF across different lateralized lexical decision experiments. Our data also suggest that behavioral laterality experiments are well advised to use random sequences that change across subjects in order to minimize previous trial effects.
Electromagnetic fields, cancer, and the theory of neuroendocrine-related promotion

Environmental electromagnetic fields were predicted to increase the risk for cancer in chronically exposed human subjects because of impaired immunosurveillance mediated by the neuroendocrine system. This theory was examined by evaluating the human observational studies involving EMF-exposed subjects, and it was determined that the risk of cancer is greater when EMFs are added to the environment, at least for children and white males. The inference of risk obtained from the studies supports the theory of neuroendocrine-related progression of cancer but does not prove it because the studies provide no basis to exclude other possible mechanisms such as EMF-induced changes in ornithine decarboxylase, melatonin, or ion-resonance interactions.
Energetics of antiphase boundaries in GaAs.

Structural energies of antiphase boundaries in GaAs are studied theoretically using a pseudopotential density-functional approach. The formation energy is calculated for several antiphase boundaries having different orientation and stoichiometry. The lowest-energy (110) and (001) boundaries are predicted to be stoichiometric (having no net excess of As or Ga atoms at the interface), while the (111) antiphase boundary is predicted to be nonstoichiometric. The (110) boundary has the lowest formation energy per unit area of those studied. Simple models of the energetics are discussed and compared with the first-principles results
Oxidant-dependent metabolic activation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by phorbol ester-stimulated human polymorphonuclear leukocytes: possible link between inflammation and cancer.

Abstract Oxidants, such as those generated by metabolically activated phagocytes in inflammation, have been implicated in the metabolic activation of carcinogens, and in this study we demonstrate that the interaction of (+/-)-trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene (BP 7,8-dihydrodiol) with phorbol ester-stimulated polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) results in the generation of both a chemiluminescent intermediate and one that covalently binds to DNA. Cu(II)(3,5-diisopropylsalicylic acid)2 (CuDIPS), a biomimetic superoxide dismutase, and azide, a myeloperoxidase inhibitor, inhibited both of these reactions, indicating a dependency on oxygen-derived oxidants in these hydrocarbon-activation processes. Concordant with the formation of a carcinogen-DNA adduct, the admixture of BP 7,8-dihydrodiol and phorbol ester-stimulated PMNs elicited mutagenesis in Salmonella typhimurium strain TA100. 7,8-Dihydro-BP and BP cis-7,8-dihydrodiol were also mutagenic, whereas derivatives lacking a double bond at the 9,10 position were not. These results demonstrate that oxidants generated by metabolically stimulated PMNs can activate penultimate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to a genotoxic metabolite and further defines a role for inflammation in carcinogenesis.
Destruction of Wernicke's area without language disturbance. A fresh look at crossed aphasia.

Abstract A 74-year old right-handed man was accidentally found at autopsy to have his left Wernicke's area destroyed by an old infarct. No aphasia was noticed during life, and this seems to represent therefore the first case in which negative evidence can be btought in support of crossed cerebral dominance for speech in a right-handed subject. One way to estimate the frequency of crossed dominance for speech is to investigate the published cases of crossed aphasia. In a recent review of the literature it is noticed that only 16/69 cases (23 per cent) are vascular in etiology. This is in sharp contrast with the frequency of vascular accidents as a cause of aphasia in the general population and leads us to believe that traumatic and tumoral cases must be interpreted with caution in their diagnostic significance in aphasia. Well documented cases of aphasia following cerebrovascular disease in the right hemisphere of right-handed patients are quite rare.
A microwave-optical double-resonance study of gas-phase yttrium monoxide

Abstract Microwave-optical double-resonance signals for the N = 1→2 and N = 3→4 transitions of gas-phase yttrium monoxide in its ground electronic state have been recorded. A comparison with the simulated spectrum produced using the spectroscopic parameters derived from a recent analysis of the sub-Doppler optical spectrum is made.
High-power slab-coupled optical waveguide amplifiers

Angled slab-coupled optical waveguide amplifiers (SCOWAs) at 1 µm wavelength have been demonstrated with 1.5 W of output power with a 44 mW seed. Application of this technology for coherent beam combining will be discussed.
Idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis infiltrating ureteral wall

Abstract We describe the eighth case of idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis infiltrating the ureter to cause intrinsic obstruction. Discovery of this situation intraoperatively necessitates a change in treatment plan, as ureterolysis is not sufficient.
The Mullins effect in equibiaxial deformation

Common experience teaches that the pressure required to inflate a balloon is noticeably reduced by prestretching it several times prior to its primary inflation. This preconditioning phenomenon is known as stress-softening and often is called the Mullins effect. A theory of stress-softening in incompressible isotropic materials is applied to study this effect in an equibiaxial extension for which some general results are presented. It is shown, for example, that effects of stress-softening in a simple uniaxial compression can be adduced from those demonstrated for equibiaxial extension under plane stress. The general equibiaxial results are applied to study the Mullins effect in the inflation of a spherical membrane. The stress-softening phenomenon in cyclic inflation and deflation of the balloon is investigated for Mooney-Rivlin and biotissue parent material models. It is shown analytically that the effect of preconditioning in uniaxial extension is to significantly reduce the pressure required to first inflate a balloon to an equivalent strain intensity. This result characterizes the familiar softening phenomenon associated with balloon inflation.
Origin of serotoninergic afferents to the hypoglossal nucleus in the rat

The hypoglossal nucleus contains serotonin and several different serotonin receptors, and serotonin is present in fibers and terminals contacting hypoglossal motoneurons. Serotonin alters the excitability of hypoglossal motoneurons, and may influence hypoglossal motoneuron activity in a variety of physiological processes. Since the hypoglossal nucleus contains no serotoninergic somata, the present study sought to identify the sources of serotoninergic afferents to the hypoglossal nucleus. Fluorogold was injected into the hypoglossal nucleus and serotoninergic immunofluorescence was utilized in a dual-fluorescence technique to identify the sources of serotoninergic afferents to the hypoglossal nucleus. The results demonstrate that most serotoninergic afferents to the hypoglossal nucleus originate from the nuclei raphe pallidus and obscurus, while fewer originate from the nucleus raphe magnus and the parapyramidal region. Other regions of the medial tegmental field and the pons that contain both serotoninergic neurons and neuronal afferents to the hypoglossal nucleus contain no double-labeled neurons.
Susceptibility of primary cultures of proximal tubular and distal tubular cells from rat kidney to chemically induced toxicity

Isolated proximal tubular (PT) and distal tubular (DT) cells from rat kidney were cultured for up to 9 days under serum-free, hormonally-defmed conditions on 35-mm polystyrene culture dishes. Several hormonal and growth factor supplements were assessed for their ability to promote growth (increased protein and DNA content) and stability of differentiated phenotype (high activities of γ-glutamyltransferase and alkaline phosphatase as brush-border membrane markers in PT cells; maintenance of high activities of glutamate dehydrogenase as a mitochondrial marker in both PT and DT cells; maintenance of low and high activities of lactate dehydrogenase in PT and DT cells, respectively; expression of cytokeratins). Basal supplemented media (DMEM/F12, 1:1 v/v) contained insulin, hydrocortisone, epidermal growth factor, sodium selenite and transferrin as supplements. Additionally, triiodothyronine selectively promoted growth and stability of differentiated phenotype in PT cells and thyrocalcitonin selectively promoted growth and stability of differentiated phenotype in DT cells. On Day 3 of primary culture, PT and DT cells were incubated for up to 8 h with either ten-butyl hydroperoxide (tBH; 0.5–100 mM), methyl vinyl ketone (MVK; 1–10 mM), or p-aminophenol (PAP; 1−10 mM) and cellular injury, as assessed by cellular release of lactate dehydrogenase, was determined. DT cells were significantly more susceptible to injury from both tBH and MVK, but the two cell populations were equally susceptible to injury from PAP, which is the same susceptibility pattern seen in freshly isolated cells. These results suggest that primary cultures of rat renal PT and DT cells reflect similar biochemical properties as freshly isolated cells and are, therefore, useful models for study of chemically induced injury.
BIOCHEMICAL GENETIC MARKERS FOR BROODSTOCK IDENTIFICATION IN AQUACULTURE1

Genetic variation in the structure of proteins and enzymes has within the past decade been recognized as a fundamental characteristic of life. The relative ease with which such biochemical variation may be detected in most organisms, together with its actual description in several molluscs, crustaceans and fishes having aquacultural potential, suggest that gene-enzyme variation can be of significance in the development of aquaculture broodstock. Specifically, by serving to mark or identify individuals, populations, stocks or species, biochemical variants may become important tools in husbandry and breeding. Biochemical phenotypes revealed by electrophoresis and specific enzyme assay can serve as markers because of their detectability in milligram biopsy samples, their stability over a broad range of onto-genetic and physiological states, and, in diploids at least, their single-locus Mendelian inheritance with codominant expression. Previous studies on the lobster (Homarus americanus) illustrate the utility of molecular methodology in characterizing stocks obtained from nature, in confirming parentage in crosses, and in tagging progenies to be used in grow-out experiments or in hatchery release programs. Moreover, rates of inbreeding among broodstock may be directly quantified by monitoring increases in homozygosity relative to natural populations. Biochemical genetic markers may thus be used to solve a number of diverse problems encountered in broodstock development.
“The truth must dazzle gradually” Enriching relationship research using a crystallization framework

Crystallization is a framework for conducting qualitative and multimethod research that offers significant potential for enriching relationship research. Complementing rigorous social science research with (integrated or separate) artistic representations of data enables researchers to render complex, nuanced accounts that serve multiple stakeholder audiences.
Predictive value of fibronectin levels in normotensive gravid women destined to become preeclamptic

Abstract The plasma fibronectin concentration was abnormally elevated (>400 μg/ml) in 16 of 17 normotensive gravid women who subsequently developed preeclampsia. Of this group, 13 had elevated-levels detectable ≥4 weeks before the onset of hypertension. Our results indicate that plasma fibronectin levels can be abnormally increased long before the onset of clinical symptoms and that abnormalities of this glycoprotein may be an early indication of this pathologic process.
MILD HEAD TRAUMA

Data from the Head Injury Task Force, National Institute of Neurologic Disorders and Strokes, estimate that there are 2,000,000 cases of traumatic brain injury (TBI) in the United States per year, with approximately 500,000 patients requiring hospitalization. About 100,000 Americans die as a result of this brain injury, with most of these deaths occurring within several hours from the time of the accident. Of the survivors, 70,000 to 90,000 will experience some sort of lifetime debilitation, and 2000 will live in a persistent vegetative state. The economic cost of TBI in the United States is estimated to exceed $25 billion annually. There has been considerable emphasis on elucidating the pathophysiology of brain injury, and determining management strategies for patients with moderate and severe head trauma. 25 Significant controversy continues regarding the best strategy for patients with mild head injury, particularly because of concerns that these patients may harbor an intracranial lesion that requires neurosurgic intervention. In addition, because of the large numbers of patients with mild TBI, the social and economic consequences of patients with disabling symptoms cannot be ignored. Because most patients with mild TBI present to the emergency department (ED), it is important that ED physicians have clear direction on how to proceed in their evaluation. This article reviews the prevalence of mild head injury, the pathophysiology, and discusses the indications for cranial CT scanning.
Retention and transport of amphiphilic colloids under unsaturated flow conditions: effect of particle size and surface property.

The purpose of this study was to examine the mechanisms responsible for deposition and transport of amphiphilic colloids with a wide range of particle sizes (20−420 nm) through porous media. A series of saturated and unsaturated column experiments were conducted using amphiphilic latex microspheres and a hydrophilic silica colloid. We found that the amphiphilic latex particles were retained to a greater extent than the hydrophilic silica colloid in unsaturated media. This was attributed to colloidal attachment at the air−water interface due mainly to hydrophobic interactions. We also found that dependence of colloid retention on particle size was nonlinear. There existed a fraction of colloids with greater mobility than other fractions, which we referred to as the most mobile colloids. As particle size increased from 20 to 420 nm, colloid deposition rate first decreased to reach a minimum value at ∼100 nm then increased, indicating that different retention mechanisms were involved. We showed that conducti...
Effect of microaggregate blood filtration on granulocyte concentrates in vitro

To determine the effect of transfusing granulocyte concentrates through microaggregate blood filters, granulocytes prepared with a cell processor were passed through screen and depth microaggregate filters. Pre- and postfiltration evaluations were made of total granulocyte count, levels of muramidase, granulocyte viability, motility, phagocytosis, bactericidal activity, and hydrogen peroxide-forming capacity. Compared to prefiltration levels, a significant (p less than 0.05) decrease in postfiltration granulocyte counts was seen for all the depth filters studied but not for the standard 170 microns (control) or the 40 microns screen filter. For the various tests of granulocyte function evaluated prefiltration, no significant postfiltration differences (p greater than 0.05) were seen for any of the filters studied. Screen microaggregate filters retained only 1 to 3 percent of granulocytes contained in the concentrates, and thus appear satisfactory for use in clinical transfusions. The large percentage of neutrophils retained by the depth filters (20-62%), however, precludes their use for transfusion of granulocyte concentrates.
A comparison of fixed and adaptive type controls for multi-product processing

Abstract Two production/inventory control systems are compared for a chemical process line that produces several different products, one at a time. Because of the complexity of the distribution system, little or no feedback information on inventory levels is available. Thus, a fixed production cycle schedule, based on long-range forecast, is used. This push type control results in low customer service and high setup costs when the production sequence must be altered to expedite production of a particular product. A pull type adaptive production scheduling policy is proposed which determines production runs by considering random demands and on-hand inventories. The information system costs must be justified by cost savings and increased customer service. Computer simulation is used to compare the average annual costs and service provided by each production policy for an actual chemical production line. Sensitivity and factor analysis results are also summarized.
A simple attraction

Abstract The computer artist, just as any artist, often looks for sources of new images to incorporate into a work. One source for new images are chaotic attractors. Several computational techniques and graphical results are provided.
Cell body and dendritic tree size of intracellularly labeled thalamocortical projection neurons in the ventrobasal complex of cat.

Abstract Fifteen thalamocortical projection (TCP) neurons from the adult cat ventrobasal complex (VB) were intracellularly labeled with horseradish peroxidase or neurobiotin and examined quantitatively. We find that cat TCP neurons share key morphological features and form one neuronal type. Previously reported variations in dendritic appearance cannot be supported by the present quantitative data. The number of dendrites varied between 4 and 13 (mean 9.1; ± 4.0) and the total dendritic length of adult cat VB neurons varied between 9,421 and 19,646 μm mean 13,120 μ m; ± 2,605. Linear regression analyses showed that soma diameter or cross-sectional area measurements provide a poor estimate for total dendritic length in TCP neurons. In contrast, the number of first order dendrites or the sum of first order dendrite diameters do provide a good estimate of overall TCP neuron size. This relationship is useful in predicting total dendritic length when it is not possible to reconstruct the entire dendritic tree. The mean dendritic path distance (distance from soma to the dendritic tip measured along the dendrite) was relatively constant for all neurons regardless of differences in total dendritic length or the number of branches that form the path distance.
Mounted police forces: a comparative history

This paper is a historical survey of the mounted police tradition. The earliest historical references to mounted police can be traced to King Charles’ Articles of War, published in 1629. The British model of mounted policing was introduced to its colonies during the heyday of the British Empire in the nineteenth century. During this era mounted forces were utilized in Africa, the Middle East, India, Canada, and the Pacific colonies, where the tradition flourished until the age of the automobile. In addition to the British model, a ranging tradition of policing developed in Texas with the Texas Rangers. It was most influential on its neighbours in Arizona, New Mexico, and Mexico. An early example of specialized policing, mounted forces have seen a revival in recent years, albeit in an urban setting rather than a colonial or frontier environment.