cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Near-Infrared Spectroscopic Survey of LINER Galaxies

This paper reports the results of a near-infrared spectroscopic survey of LINER galaxies undertaken with a new infrared spectrograph at the 5 m Hale telescope. The galaxy sample includes 11 LINERs with spectra covering the [Fe II] (1.2567 μm), Paβ (1.2818 μm), H2 [1-0 S(1), 2.1218 μm], and Brγ (2.1655 μm) near-infrared emission lines and one additional galaxy with only [Fe II] and Paβ line coverage. All of the LINERs with infrared line detections have strong [Fe II] and/or H2 emission, with about half (four of nine) having extremely high ratios (>2) of [Fe II] to Paβ. The strength of the H2 and [Fe II] lines is well correlated with the optical [O I] line, with many LINERs having higher ratios of [Fe II]/Paβ, H2/Brγ, and [O I]/Hα than other galaxy types. The LINERs with the highest [Fe II]/Paβ ratios (termed "strong" [Fe II] LINERs) show evidence for recent star formation. Shocks from compact supernova remnants may enhance the [Fe II] emission in these "strong" [Fe II] LINERs. The LINERs with lower [Fe II]/Paβ ratios (termed "weak" [Fe II] LINERs) are more consistent with Seyfert-like activity, including higher ionization states, some strong X-ray sources, and some broad Hα detections. The [Fe II] luminosity and the [Fe II]/Paβ ratio in these objects are more easily explained by hard X-ray excitation than in the "strong" [Fe II] LINERs. These "weak" [Fe II] LINERs are considered prime candidates for being low-luminosity Seyfert nuclei.
Synthesis of 2-amino-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridines

The C2 amination of imidazo[4,5-b]pyridines was accomplished through C2 halogenation followed by substitution (SNAr) with functionalized primary and secondary amines. This regioselective sequence is operationally simple and provides an easy access to derivatives of protected imidazo[4,5-b]pyridines.
Ozone measurements from the NOAA-9 and the Nimbus-7 satellites - Implications of short and long term variabilities

Abstract This paper gives an overview of the measurements of total ozone and ozone profiles by the SBUV/2 instrument on the NOAA-9 spacecraft relative to similar measurements from the SBUV and TOMS instruments on Nimbus-7. It is shown that during the three year period from March 14, 1985 to February 28, 1988, when these data sets overlap, there have been significant changes in the calibrations of the three instruments that may be attributed to diffuser plate degradation (for SBUV/TOMS) and to the drift of the NOAA-9 orbit to later equator crossing times (for SBUV/2). These changes in instrument characteristics have affected the absolute values of the trends derived from the three instruments, but their geophysical characteristics and response to short-term variations are accurate and correlate well among the three instruments. For example, the total column ozone measured by the three instruments shows excellent agreement with respect to its day to day, seasonal, and latitudinal variabilities. At high latitudes, the day to day fluctuations in total ozone show a strong positive correlation with temperature in the lower stratosphere, as one might expect from the dynamical coupling of the two parameters at these latitudes.
Critical review of recent publications on use of natural composites in infrastructure

Abstract Compared to most synthetic fibers, natural fibers are low-cost, are easier to handle, have good specific mechanical properties, and require only around 20–40% of the production energy. Using natural materials and modern construction techniques reduces construction waste and increases energy efficiency while promoting the concept of sustainability. Several drawbacks of natural composites which would be even more pronounced in their use in infrastructure include their higher moisture absorption, inferior fire resistance, lower mechanical properties and durability, variation in quality and price, and difficulty using established manufacturing practices when compared to synthetic composites. Many researchers have been working to address these issues, with particular attention paid to the surface treatment of fibers and improving the fiber/matrix interface. Because of their positive economic and environmental outlook, as well as their ability to uniquely meet human needs worldwide, natural composites are showing a good potential for use in infrastructure applications.
Nonlinear flutter of orthotropic composite panel under aerodynamic heating

The problem of nonlinear aerothermoelasticity of isotropic and specially orthotropic panels in supersonic airflow is examined. The Reissner functional is used with Hamilton's principle to derive the governing equations of motion, the constitutive relations, and the natural boundary conditions. The work done by aerodynamic forces is represented by using the «piston» theory for two-dimensional lifting surfaces. The aerodynamic heating effect is estimated on the basis of the adiabatic wall temperature due to the high-speed airstream. Galerkin's method is then applied
Superparsing: Scalable Nonparametric Image Parsing with Superpixels

This paper presents a simple and effective nonparametric approach to the problem of image parsing, or labeling image regions (in our case, superpixels produced by bottom-up segmentation) with their categories. This approach requires no training, and it can easily scale to datasets with tens of thousands of images and hundreds of labels. It works by scene-level matching with global image descriptors, followed by superpixel-level matching with local features and efficient Markov random field (MRF) optimization for incorporating neighborhood context. Our MRF setup can also compute a simultaneous labeling of image regions into semantic classes (e.g., tree, building, car) and geometric classes (sky, vertical, ground). Our system outperforms the state-of-the-art non-parametric method based on SIFT Flow on a dataset of 2,688 images and 33 labels. In addition, we report per-pixel rates on a larger dataset of 15,150 images and 170 labels. To our knowledge, this is the first complete evaluation of image parsing on a dataset of this size, and it establishes a new benchmark for the problem.
Too Many Lawyers? Or Should Lawyers be Doing Other Things?

This paper from the Symposium/Conference at Onati on Too Many Lawyers? suggests that there are not too many lawyers, nor too much legal education. Instead we should think about what legal education is ‘good’ for (what should those with a legal education do?), including problem solving, dispute resolution and reallocation of legal services for those underserved. The paper looks at how other professions (business consulting and architecture) have reframed themselves for new conditions of work – with varying supply and demand changes in their relevant fields. The paper also discusses implications for legal education of a broader conception of what lawyers learn and do.
The Flat-Spectrum Radio Luminosity Function, Gravitational Lensing, Galaxy Ellipticities, and Cosmology

The number of lenses found in the JVAS survey of flat-spectrum radio sources for gravitational lenses is consistent with statistical models of optical surveys for lensed quasars. The 90% confidence limit on Ω0 in flat cosmological models (Ω0 + λ0 = 1) is approximately 0.15 Ω0 2. Depending on the RLF model, we predict 2.40-3.6 lenses in the JVAS survey and in the first paper part of the fainter CLASS survey and 0.3-:0.6 lenses in the brighter PHFS survey for an Ω0 = 1 model. The uncertainties are because of the small numbers of lenses (there are only 4 compact JVAS lenses) and the uncertainties in the radio luminosity function (RLF) caused by the lack of information on the redshift distribution of 10-300 mJy radio sources. If we force the models to produce the observed number of JVAS lenses, the mean redshift of a 50 mJy source varies from zs = 0.4 for Ω0 = 0, to 1.9 for Ω0 = 1, to almost 4.0 for Ω0 = 2 when Ω0+ λ0 = 1. The source fluxes and redshifts of the lenses in the JVAS and CLASS surveys are consistent with the statistical models. The numbers of four-image lenses found in the JVAS survey and in surveys for lensed quasars are mutually consistent but slightly larger than expected for models using the observed axis ratios of E and S0 galaxies. The best fits to the lens data require a projected axis ratio of b/a = 0.50 with a 90% confidence range of 0.25 < b/a < 0.65.
Some new highly substituted trifluoromethyl sulfuranes

Abstract trans-Chlorotetrafluoro(trifluoromethyl)sulfur(VI), CF3SF4Cl, readily undergoes reductive defluorination to sulfur(IV)-containing compounds when it is reacted with nitrogen- or oxygen-containing nucleophiles. Thus, CF3S(NR2)2Cl results from a variety of nitrogen bases, such as R2NH = piperidine, 2,6-dimethylpiperidine, 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine, morpholine, 3,5-dimethylmorpholine, and N,N'-dimethylethenediamine. With alcohols, CF3S(ORf)2Cl is formed where RfOH = 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol and 1,1,1-trifluoro-2-propanol. Due to the low stability of all of these compounds, complete characterization was difficult.
Quantification of integrity

Three integrity measures are introduced: contamination, channel suppression and program suppression. Contamination is a measure of how much untrusted information reaches trusted outputs; it is the dual of leakage, which is a measure of information-flow confidentiality. Channel suppression is a measure of how much information about inputs to a noisy channel is missing from the channel outputs. And program suppression is a measure of how much information about the correct output of a program is lost because of attacker influence and implementation errors. Program and channel suppression do not have interesting confidentiality duals. As a case study, a quantitative relationship between integrity, confidentiality and database privacy is examined.
Hydrodynamic Simulations of Unevenly Irradiated Jovian Planets

We employ a two-dimensional, grid-based hydrodynamic model to simulate upper atmospheric dynamics on extrasolar giant planets. The hydrodynamic equations of motion are integrated on a rotating, irradiated sphere using a pseudospectral algorithm. We use a two-frequency, two-stream approximation of radiative transfer to model the temperature forcing. This model is well suited to simulate the dynamics of the atmospheres of planets with high orbital eccentricity, which are subject to widely varying irradiation conditions. We identify six such planets, with eccentricities between e = 0.28 and e = 0.93 and semimajor axes from a = 0.0508 AU to a = 0.432 AU, as particularly interesting. For each, we determine the temperature profile and resulting infrared light curves in the 8 μm Spitzer band. Especially notable are the results for HD 80606b, which has the largest eccentricity (e = 0.9321) of any known planet, and HAT-P-2b, which transits its parent star, so that its physical properties are well constrained. Despite the varied orbital parameters, the atmospheric dynamics of these planets display a number of interesting common properties. In all cases, the atmospheric response is primarily driven by the intense irradiation at periastron. The resulting expansion of heated air produces high-velocity turbulent flow, including long-lived circumpolar vortices. In addition, a superrotating acoustic front develops on some planets; the strength of this disturbance depends on both the eccentricity and the temperature gradient from uneven heating. The specifics of the resulting infrared light curves depend strongly on the orbital geometry. We show, however, that the variations on HD 80606b and HAT-P-2b should be readily detectable at 4.5 and 8 μm using Spitzer. These two objects present the most attractive observational targets of all known high-e exoplanets.
Lobophorins A and B, new antiinflammatory macrolides produced by a tropical marine bacterium

Two new antiinflammatory macrolides, lobophorins A and B (1 and 2), have been isolated from fermentation broths of a marine bacterium isolated from the surface the Caribbean brown alga Lobophora variegata (Dictyotales). The new compounds, distantly related to antibiotics of the kijanimicin class, are potent inhibitors of topical PMA-induced edema in the mouse ear assay when administered either topically or IP.
Internal Structure of Black Holes

Abstract We present a number of qualitative arguments which strongly suggest that extremal dyonic black holes in the 4-dimensional low energy, classical field theory limit of toroidally compactified heterotic string theory represent largely degenerate classes of states in the quantum theory. We propose a simple expression for the full non-perturbative degeneracy, which contains no free continuous parameters and reproduces the Bekenstein-Hawking S = A 4G N in the large-area limit (with the 1 4 arising from microphysics). We sketch the elements of a physical picture leading to this expression: the holes support much hair, such that in counting it we are led to an effective string theory, and a matching condition whose solutions give the degeneracy.
GRASSMANNIAN FRAMES WITH APPLICATIONS TO CODING AND COMMUNICATION

Abstract For a given class F of unit norm frames of fixed redundancy we define a Grassmannian frame as one that minimizes the maximal correlation |〈fk,fl〉| among all frames {f k } k∈ I ∈ F . We first analyze finite-dimensional Grassmannian frames. Using links to packings in Grassmannian spaces and antipodal spherical codes we derive bounds on the minimal achievable correlation for Grassmannian frames. These bounds yield a simple condition under which Grassmannian frames coincide with unit norm tight frames. We exploit connections to graph theory, equiangular line sets, and coding theory in order to derive explicit constructions of Grassmannian frames. Our findings extend recent results on unit norm tight frames. We then introduce infinite-dimensional Grassmannian frames and analyze their connection to unit norm tight frames for frames which are generated by group-like unitary systems. We derive an example of a Grassmannian Gabor frame by using connections to sphere packing theory. Finally we discuss the application of Grassmannian frames to wireless communication and to multiple description coding.
Dark matter and the baryon asymmetry of the universe.

We present a mechanism to generate the baryon asymmetry of the Universe which preserves the net baryon number created in the big bang. If dark matter particles carry baryon number ${B}_{X}$, and ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\overline{X}}^{\mathrm{annih}}l{\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{X}^{\mathrm{annih}}$, the $\overline{X}$'s freeze-out at a higher temperature and have a larger relic density than $X$'s. If ${m}_{X}\ensuremath{\lesssim}4.5{B}_{X}\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{GeV}$ and the annihilation cross sections differ by $\mathcal{O}(10%)$ or more, this type of scenario naturally explains the observed ${\ensuremath{\Omega}}_{\mathrm{DM}}\ensuremath{\approx}5{\ensuremath{\Omega}}_{b}$.
A UNIFYING LOOK AT SEMIGROUP COMPUTATIONS ON MESHES WITH MULTIPLE BROADCASTING

Given a sequence of m items α1, α2,…, αm from a semigroup S with an associative operation ⊕, the semigroup computation problem involves computing α1 ⊕ α2 ⊕…⊕ αm. We consider the semigroup computation problem involving m (2≤m≤n) items on a mesh with multiple broadcasting of size . Our contribution is to present the first lower bound and the first time-optimal algorithm which apply to the entire range of m (2≤m≤n). Specifically, we show that any algorithm that solves the semigroup computation problem must take Ω(log m) time if and time for . We then show that our bound is tight by designing an algorithm whose running time matches the lower bound. These results unify and generalize all semigroup lower bounds and algorithms known to the authors.
Derangements in subspace actions of finite classical groups

This is the third in a series of papers in which we prove a conjecture of Boston and Shalev that the proportion of derangements (fixed point free elements) is bounded away from zero for transitive actions of finite simple groups on a set of size greater than one. This paper treats the case of primitive subspace actions. It is also shown that if the dimension and codimension of the subspace go to infinity, then the proportion of derangements goes to one. Similar results are proved for elements in finite classical groups in cosets of the simple group. The results in this paper have applications to probabilistic generation of finite simple groups and maps between varieties over finite fields.
Ultra high energy cosmic rays: the theoretical challenge

Abstract The origin of the highest-energy cosmic rays remains a mystery. The lack of a high-energy cutoff in the cosmic-ray spectrum together with an apparently isotropic distribution of arrival directions have strongly constrained most models proposed for the generation of these particles. An overview of the present state of theoretical proposals is presented. Astrophysical accelerators as well as top-down scenarios are reviewed along with their most general signatures. The origin and nature of these ultra high energy particles will be tested by future observations and may indicate as well as constrain physics beyond the standard model of particle physics.
A field trial on the effect of propylene glycol on milk yield and resolution of ketosis in fresh cows diagnosed with subclinical ketosis

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of oral propylene glycol (PG) administration on ketosis resolution and milk yield in cows diagnosed with subclinical ketosis (SCK). Cows from 4 freestall dairy herds (2 in New York and 2 in Wisconsin) were each tested 6 times for SCK from 3 to 16 d in milk on Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays. Subclinical ketosis was defined as a β-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA) concentration of 1.2 to 2.9 mmol/L, [corrected] and clinical ketosis was defined as ≥ 3.0 mmol/L. [corrected]. Cows with SCK were randomized to the treatment group (oral PG) or control group (no PG); treatment cows were drenched with 300 mL of PG once daily from the day they tested 1.2 to 2.9 mmol/L [corrected] until the day they tested <1.2 mmol/L. [corrected]. Outcomes evaluated for all farms included time from SCK until BHBA test <1.2 mmol/L [corrected] or until BHBA test ≥ 3.0 mmol/L. [corrected]. Individual milk weights for the first 30 d of lactation were evaluated for the 3 farms monitoring daily milk. Semiparametric proportional hazards models were used to evaluate time to event outcomes; repeated-measures ANOVA was used to assess milk weights. A total of 741 of 1,717 (43.2%) eligible enrolled cows had at least one BHBA test of 1.2 to 2.9 mmol/L. [corrected]. Of these, 372 were assigned to the treatment group and 369 to the control group. Based on hazard ratios, PG-treated cows were 1.50 times more likely (95% confidence interval=1.26 to 1.79) to resolve their SCK and 0.54 times less likely (95% confidence interval=0.34 to 0.86) to develop clinical ketosis than control cows. Across the 3 herds measuring individual milk weights, treated cows produced 0.23 kg more milk per milking in the first 30 d of lactation than control cows, for a total difference of 0.69 kg/cow per day. After identification of a treatment by herd interaction, stratification by herd showed that treated cows produced more milk per milking on farm A (0.44 kg) and farm B (0.53 kg) in the first 30 d of lactation than control cows, for a total difference of 1.34 and 1.59 kg/d, respectively; milk production did not differ (0.02 kg per milking) between the 2 groups on farm D. These results show the positive effects of oral PG administration in fresh cows with SCK by helping to resolve SCK and preventing clinical ketosis. In addition, oral PG improves milk yield during early lactation in cows diagnosed with SCK.
Renormalization Group Improved Exponentiation of Soft Gluons in QCD

Abstract We extend the methods of Yennie, Frautschi and Suura to QCD for the summation of soft gluon effects in which infrared singularities are cancelled to all orders in αs. An explicit formula for the respective renormalization group improved exponentiated cross section is obtained for q + q−′ → + q + q−′ + n(G) at LHC/SSC energies. Possible applications are discussed.
Decomposition Methods for Optimized Collision Avoidance with Multiple Threats

Aircraft collision avoidance systems assist in the resolution of collision threats from nearby aircraft by issuing avoidance maneuvers to pilots. Encounters where multiple aircraft pose a threat, though rare, can be difficult to resolve because a maneuver that might resolve a conflict with one aircraft might induce conflicts with others. Recent efforts to develop robust collision avoidance systems for single-threat encounters have involved modeling the problem as a Markov decision process and applying dynamic programming to solve for the optimal avoidance strategy. Because this methodology does not scale well to multiple threats, this paper evaluates a variety of decomposition methods that leverage the optimal avoidance strategy for single-threat encounters.
Optimal investment policy with fixed adjustment costs and complete irreversibility

We develop and solve analytically an investment model with fixed adjust- ment costs and complete irreversibility that reproduces observed investment dynamics at the micro-level. We impose a minimal set of restrictions on tech- nology and uncertainty. Most of the results duplicate or generalize earlier findings that have been established either by simulations or under contrefac- tual assumptions.
Spin reorientation of ultrathin Fe/Cu(100) films driven by the redistribution of Co adatoms

Two reorientations of the easy axis of magnetization of Co-capped Fe/Cu(100) ultrathin films can be driven simply by changing the spatial arrangement of the Co atoms. This rearrangement is achieved by annealing and cooling the capped films before each magnetic measurement. Scanning tunneling microscopy images and ab initio calculations indicate that the first transition, a spin flop from the perpendicular to the in-plane direction, results from increasing the average Co island size. Further measurements and ab initio studies show that the reemergence of perpendicular magnetization, which occurs at higher annealing temperatures, is likely to be due to alloying at the Fe-Co interface.
MID-INFRARED EXTINCTION MAPPING OF INFRARED DARK CLOUDS. II. THE STRUCTURE OF MASSIVE STARLESS CORES AND CLUMPS

We develop the mid-infrared extinction (MIREX) mapping technique of Butler & Tan (Paper I), presenting a new method to correct for the Galactic foreground emission based on observed saturation in independent cores. Using Spitzer GLIMPSE 8 μm images, this allows us to accurately probe mass surface densities, Σ, up to 0.5 g cm–2 with 2'' resolution and mitigate one of the main sources of uncertainty associated with Galactic MIREX mapping. We then characterize the structure of 42 massive starless and early-stage cores and their surrounding clumps, selected from 10 infrared dark clouds, measuring Σcl(r) from the core/clump centers. We first assess the properties of the core/clump at a scale where the total enclosed mass as projected on the sky is M cl = 60 M ☉. We find that these objects have a mean radius of R cl 0.1 pc, mean and, if fitted by a power-law (PL) density profile , a mean value of k ρ, cl = 1.1. If we assume a core is embedded in each clump and subtract the surrounding clump envelope to derive the core properties, then we find a mean core density PL index of k ρ, c = 1.6. We repeat this analysis as a function of radius and derive the best-fitting PL plus uniform clump envelope model for each of the 42 core/clumps. The cores have typical masses of Mc ~ 100 M ☉ and , and are embedded in clumps with comparable mass surface densities. We also consider Bonnor-Ebert density models, but these do not fit the observed Σ profiles as well as PLs. We conclude that massive starless cores exist and are well described by singular polytropic spheres. Their relatively low values of Σ and the fact that they are IR dark may imply that their fragmentation is inhibited by magnetic fields rather than radiative heating. Comparing to massive star-forming cores and clumps, there is tentative evidence for an evolution toward higher densities and steeper density profiles as star formation proceeds.
Postoperative adjuvant and salvage radiotherapy for prostate cancer: impact on freedom from biochemical relapse and survival.

Abstract Objectives To determine the therapeutic outcomes in patients with high-risk prostate cancer treated with adjuvant or salvage radiotherapy (RT) after radical prostatectomy. Methods Between 1982 and 2000, 163 patients were treated with RT after radical prostatectomy. Adjuvant therapy was administered to 107 consecutive node-negative patients (T2-T4N0) referred to our institution less than 1 year after surgery for postoperative RT. Salvage treatment was delivered to 56 patients for a persistently elevated prostate-specific antigen level, biochemical relapse after surgery, or local recurrence. Results The median follow-up was 70 months (range 2 to 167) from the initiation of RT. Patients treated with adjuvant RT were less likely than those treated with salvage RT to experience biochemical relapse. At 5 and 10 years, the rate of freedom from biochemical relapse was 80% and 66% in the adjuvant cohort compared with 39% and 22% for patients treated with salvage intent, respectively ( P P = 0.0187), presence of seminal vesicle involvement ( P = 0.0002), and referral indication for postoperative RT (salvage versus adjuvant RT; P Conclusions In this single-institution experience, patients at high risk of disease recurrence after radical prostatectomy realized a greater biochemical relapse-free survival benefit when treated with adjuvant RT than with salvage RT. Neoadjuvant hormonal therapy and seminal vesicle involvement predicted for inferior treatment outcome.
Gauge unification in nonminimal models with extra dimensions

Abstract We consider gauge unification in nonminimal models with extra spacetime dimensions above the TeV scale. We study the possibility that only a a subset of the supersymmetric standard model gauge and Higgs fields live in the higher dimensional `bulk'. In two of the models we present, a choice for bulk MSSM matter fields can be found that preserves approximate gauge unification. This is true without the addition of any exotic matter multiplets, beyond the chiral conjugate mirror fields required to make the Kaluza–Klein excitations of the matter fields vector-like. In a third model, only a small sector of additional matter fields is introduced. In each of these examples we show that gauge unification can be obtained without the necessity of large string scale threshold corrections. We comment briefly on the phenomenology of these models in the case where the compactification scale is as low as possible.
Optimal Terminal Guidance with Constraints at Final Time

Using Eq. (5), it may be seen that for propulsive gases having, for example, seven active degrees of freedom, and with \l/= I/sec, 90% of the available impulse is released in about */3 sec. An equivalent part of the terminal velocity occurs during that time interval if the mass faction of the working fluid is initially small. With the preceding information, the ideal characteristics of an extensive group of cold-gas thrusters may be assessed readily. Acknowledgment
The Perturbed static path approximation at finite temperature: Observables and strength functions

Abstract We present an approximation scheme for calculating observables and strength functions of finite fermionic systems at finite temperature such as hot nuclei. The approach is formulated within the framework of the Hubbard-Stratonovich transformation and goes beyond the static path approximation and the RPA by taking into account small amplitude time-dependent fluctuations around each static value of the auxiliary fields. We show that this perturbed static path approach can be used systematically to obtain good approximations for observable expectation values and for low moments of the strength function. The approximation for the strength function itself, extracted by an analytic continuation from the imaginary-time response function, is not always reliable, and we discuss the origin of the discrepancies and possible improvements. Our results are tested in a solvable many-body model.
A Bayesian Analysis of the Cepheid Distance Scale

We develop and describe a Bayesian statistical analysis to solve the surface brightness equations for Cepheid distances and stellar properties. Our analysis provides a mathematically rigorous and objective solution to the problem, including immunity from Lutz-Kelker bias. We discuss the choice of priors, show the construction of the likelihood distribution, and give sampling algorithms in a Markov chain Monte Carlo approach for efficiently and completely sampling the posterior probability distribution. Our analysis averages over the probabilities associated with several models rather than attempting to pick the best model from several possible models. Using a sample of 13 Cepheids we demonstrate the method. We discuss diagnostics of the analysis and the effects of the astrophysical choices going into the model. We show that we can objectively model the order of Fourier polynomial fits to the light and velocity data. By comparison with theoretical models of Bono et al. we find that EU Tau and SZ Tau are overtone pulsators, most likely without convective overshoot. The period-radius and period-luminosity relations we obtain are shown to be compatible with those in the recent literature. Specifically, we find log(R) = (0.693 ± 0.037) [log(P) − 1.2] (2.042 ± 0.047) and Mv = −(2.690 ± 0.169) [log(P) − 1.2] − (4.699 ± 0.216).
Sulfurization of dinucleoside phosphite triesters with chiral disulfides.

Sixteen chiral analogues of phenylacetyl disulfide (PADS) and 5-methyl-3H-1,2,4-dithiazol-3-one (MEDITH) were used to sulfurize five dithymidine phosphite triesters, each incorporating a β-cyanoethoxy or siloxy group. Each mixture of SP:RP phosphite triester diastereomers was combined with approximately one fourth of an equivalent of each of the sulfurizing reagents, and the RPS:SPS diastereomer ratios of the resulting phosphite sulfides or phosphorothioates were determined by reverse-phase HPLC. Diastereoselectivities and corresponding diastereomeric excess (de) values were calculated by correcting for the starting triester diastereomer ratios. The highest de values for RPS and SPS phosphorothioates were 14.7% and 7.9%, respectively, both using MEDITH analogues.
E2000 + 223 - A newly discovered old nova?

The X-ray source, E2000 + 223, serendipitously discovered by the Einstein Observatory, has been tentatively identified with an old nova shell. Spectroscopic observations of the diffuse optical counterpart show a heavily reddened continuum with bright forbidden S II emission lines at double lambda 6716, 6732. Radio observations at the VLA show a weak (about 1.2 mJy) extended radio source, with a nonthermal spectrum, concident with the optical emission. The observations can be best explained by assuming the object is an old nova which erupted sometime in the eighteenth or nineteenth century, similar to GK Per (Nova 1901) but at a distance of 1.4 kpc.
On identities of the Rogers-Ramanujan type

A generalized Bailey pair, which contains several special cases considered by Bailey (Proc. London Math. Soc. (2), 50, 421–435 (1949)), is derived and used to find a number of new Rogers-Ramanujan type identities. Consideration of associated q-difference equations points to a connection with a mild extension of Gordon’s combinatorial generalization of the Rogers-Ramanujan identities (Amer. J. Math., 83, 393–399 (1961)). This, in turn, allows the formulation of natural combinatorial interpretations of many of the identities in Slater’s list (Proc. London Math. Soc. (2) 54, 147–167 (1952)), as well as the new identities presented here. A list of 26 new double sum–product Rogers-Ramanujan type identities are included as an Appendix.
Hypersonic Drag and Heat-Transfer Reduction Using a Forward-Facing Jet

A two-dimensional numerical study of the effects of a forward-facing jet located at the stagnation point of a blunt body on wave drag, heat transfer, and skin-friction drag is presented for Mach 6.5 flow at 30 km altitude. The full Navier-Stokes equations are used with variable viscosity and thermal conductivity. Upstream injection can significantly modify the flowfield. If the jet conditions are chosen properly, large reductions in drag and heat transfer can be obtained resulting in possible increases in the volumetric efficiency and static stability of aircraft as well as reductions in the heating protection requirements for hypersonic vehicles
Reasoning About Recursively Defined Data Structures

A decision algorithm is given for the quantifier-free theory of recursively defined data structures which, for a conjunction of length n, decides its satisfiability in time linear in n. The first-order theory of recursively defined data structures, in particular the first-order theory of LISP list structure (the theory of CONS, CAR and CDR), is shown to be decidable but not elementary recursive.
A Twin Higgs model from left-right symmetry

We present twin Higgs models based on the extension of the Standard Model to left-right symmetry that protect the weak scale against radiative corrections up to scales of order 5 TeV. In the ultraviolet the Higgs sector of these theories respects an approximate global symmetry, in addition to the discrete parity symmetry characteristic of left-right symmetric models. The Standard Model Higgs field emerges as the pseudo-Goldstone boson associated with the breaking of the global symmetry. The parity symmetry tightly constrains the form of radiative corrections to the Higgs potential, allowing natural electroweak breaking. The minimal model predicts a rich spectrum of exotic particles that will be accessible to upcoming experiments, and which are necessary for the cancellation of one-loop quadratic divergences. These include right-handed gauge bosons with masses not to exceed a few TeV and a pair of vector-like quarks with masses of order several hundred GeV.
Output feedback control of nonlinear systems using RBF neural networks

An adaptive output feedback control scheme for the output tracking of a class of continuous-time nonlinear plants is presented. An RBF neural network is used to adaptively compensate for the plant nonlinearities. The network weights are adapted using a Lyapunov-based design. The method uses parameter projection, control saturation, and a high-gain observer to achieve semi-global uniform ultimate boundedness. The effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated through simulations. The simulations also show that by using adaptive control in conjunction with robust control, it is possible to tolerate larger approximation errors resulting from the use of lower order networks.
A hop constrained min-sum arborescence with outage costs

The hop constrained min-sum arborescence with outage costs problem consists of selecting links in a network so as to connect a set of terminal nodes N={2,3,...,n} to a central node with minimal expected annual cost. The maximum number of links between the central node and each terminal node j is limited to a predefined number h"j (the hop constraint). Each terminal node in the network has an associated outage cost, which is the economic cost borne by the network user whenever that node is disconnected from the central node due to failure of a link. We formulate this problem as an integer programming problem and suggest a Lagrangian relaxation-based heuristic to get a good solution to this network problem. Lower bounds found as a byproduct of the solution procedure are used to assess the quality of the heuristic solutions. Computational results over a wide range of problem structures involving up to 100 nodes are given showing the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
Some Identification Issues in Nonparametric Linear Models with Endogenous Regressors

In applied work economists often seek to relate a given response variable y to some causal parameter μ* associated with it. This parameter usually represents a summarization based on some explanatory variables of the distribution of y, such as a regression function, and treating it as a conditional expectation is central to its identification and estimation. However, the interpretation of μ* as a conditional expectation breaks down if some or all of the explanatory variables are endogenous. This is not a problem when μ* is modeled as a parametric function of explanatory variables because it is well known how instrumental variables techniques can be used to identify and estimate μ*. In contrast, handling endogenous regressors in nonparametric models, where μ* is regarded as fully unknown, presents difficult theoretical and practical challenges. In this paper we consider an endogenous nonparametric model based on a conditional moment restriction. We investigate identification-related properties of this model when the unknown function μ* belongs to a linear space. We also investigate underidentification of μ* along with the identification of its linear functionals. Several examples are provided to develop intuition about identification and estimation for endogenous nonparametric regression and related models.We thank Jeff Wooldridge and two anonymous referees for comments that greatly improved this paper.
Deterministic design of wavelength scale, ultra-high Q photonic crystal nanobeam cavities

Photonic crystal nanobeam cavities are versatile platforms of interest for optical communications, optomechanics, optofluidics, cavity QED, etc. In a previous work [Appl. Phys. Lett. 96, 203102 (2010)], we proposed a deterministic method to achieve ultrahigh Q cavities. This follow-up work provides systematic analysis and verifications of the deterministic design recipe and further extends the discussion to air-mode cavities. We demonstrate designs of dielectric-mode and air-mode cavities with Q > 10⁹, as well as dielectric-mode nanobeam cavities with both ultrahigh-Q (> 10⁷) and ultrahigh on-resonance transmissions (T > 95%).
Clock genes in human alcohol abuse and comorbid conditions

Alcohol-use disorders are often comorbid conditions with mood and anxiety disorders. Clinical studies have demonstrated that there are abnormalities in circadian rhythms and clocks in patients with alcohol-use disorders. Circadian clock gene variants are therefore a fruitful target of interest. Concerning alcohol use, the current findings give support, but are preliminary to, the associations of ARNTL (BMAL1) rs6486120 with alcohol consumption, ARNTL2 rs7958822 and ARNTL2 rs4964057 with alcohol abuse, and PER1 rs3027172 and PER2 rs56013859 with alcohol dependence. Furthermore, it is of interest that CLOCK rs2412646 and CLOCK rs11240 associate with alcohol-use disorders only if comorbid with depressive disorders. The mechanistic basis of these associations and the intracellular actions for the encoded proteins in question remain to be elucidated in order to have the first insight of the potential small-molecule options for treatment of alcohol-use disorders.
Estimation for General Birth-Death Processes

Birth-death processes (BDPs) are continuous-time Markov chains that track the number of "particles" in a system over time. While widely used in population biology, genetics and ecology, statistical inference of the instantaneous particle birth and death rates remains largely limited to restrictive linear BDPs in which per-particle birth and death rates are constant. Researchers often observe the number of particles at discrete times, necessitating data augmentation procedures such as expectation-maximization (EM) to find maximum likelihood estimates. For BDPs on finite state-spaces, there are powerful matrix methods for computing the conditional expectations needed for the E-step of the EM algorithm. For BDPs on infinite state-spaces, closed-form solutions for the E-step are available for some linear models, but most previous work has resorted to time-consuming simulation. Remarkably, we show that the E-step conditional expectations can be expressed as convolutions of computable transition probabilities for any general BDP with arbitrary rates. This important observation, along with a convenient continued fraction representation of the Laplace transforms of the transition probabilities, allows for novel and efficient computation of the conditional expectations for all BDPs, eliminating the need for truncation of the state-space or costly simulation. We use this insight to derive EM algorithms that yield maximum likelihood estimation for general BDPs characterized by various rate models, including generalized linear models. We show that our Laplace convolution technique outperforms competing methods when they are available and demonstrate a technique to accelerate EM algorithm convergence. We validate our approach using synthetic data and then apply our methods to cancer cell growth and estimation of mutation parameters in microsatellite evolution.
Auditor Fees and Cost of Debt

Using a sample of 560 new debt issues, we investigate the relation between audit, nonaudit, and total auditor fees and firms' cost of debt. The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) argues that ...
Molecular theory for self assembling mixtures of patchy colloids and colloids with spherically symmetric attractions: the single patch case.

In this work we develop a new theory to model self assembling mixtures of single patch colloids and colloids with spherically symmetric attractions. In the development of the theory we restrict the interactions such that there are short ranged attractions between patchy and spherically symmetric colloids, but patchy colloids do not attract patchy colloids and spherically symmetric colloids do not attract spherically symmetric colloids. This results in the temperature, density, and composition dependent reversible self assembly of the mixture into colloidal star molecules. This type of mixture has been recently synthesized by grafting of complimentary single stranded DNA [L. Feng, R. Dreyfus, R. Sha, N. C. Seeman, and P. M. Chaikin, Adv. Mater. 25(20), 2779–2783 (2013)]10.1002/adma.201204864. As a quantitative test of the theory, we perform new monte carlo simulations to study the self assembly of these mixtures; theory and simulation are found to be in excellent agreement.
Post-reproductive life span and demographic stability

Recent field studies suggest that it is common in nature for animals to outlive their reproductive viability. Post-reproductive life span has been observed in a broad range of vertebrate and invertebrate species. But post-reproductive life span poses a paradox for traditional theories of life history evolution. The commonly cited explanation is the “grandmother hypothesis”, which applies only to higher, social mammals. We propose that post-reproductive life span evolves to stabilize predator-prey population dynamics, avoiding local extinctions. In the absence of senescence, juveniles would be the most susceptible age class. If juveniles are the first to disappear when predation pressure is high, this amplifies the population’s risk of extinction. A class of older, senescent individuals can help shield the juveniles from predation, stabilizing demographics and avoiding extinction. If, in addition, the life history is arranged so that the older individuals are no longer fertile, the stabilizing effect is further enhanced.
A tale of two species: Revisiting the effect of registration reform on informal business owners in Mexico

Different views have been put forward to explain why most firms in developing countries operate informally. One view argues that informal-business owners are entrepreneurs who do not register their firm because the regulation process is too complex. Another argues that informal-business owners are people trying to make a living while searching for a wage job. This paper contributes to recent literature that argues that both factors are at work. The author uses discriminant analysis to separate informal business owners into two groups: those with personal characteristics similar to wage workers, and those with traits similar to formal-business owners. The paper then examines how the two groups were affected by a business registration reform in Mexico. Informal-business owners from the second group were more likely to register their business after the reform. By contrast, informal-business owners from the first group were less likely to register but more likely to become wage workers after the reform. This is consistent with the finding in Bruhn (2008 and 2011) that the reform led to job creation. It also explains why the earlier papers find that the reform didnt affect the number of new registrations by all informal business owners.
Wide Baseline Matching between Unsynchronized Video Sequences

3D reconstruction of a dynamic scene from features in two cameras usually requires synchronization and correspondences between the cameras. These may be hard to achieve due to occlusions, different orientation, different scales, etc. In this work we present an algorithm for reconstructing a dynamic scene from sequences acquired by two uncalibrated non-synchronized fixed affine cameras. It is assumed that (possibly) different points are tracked in the two sequences. The only constraint relating the two cameras is that every 3D point tracked in one sequence can be described as a linear combination of some of the 3D points tracked in the other sequence. Such constraint is useful, for example, for articulated objects. We may track some points on an arm in the first sequence, and some other points on the same arm in the second sequence. On the other extreme, this model can be used for generally moving points tracked in both sequences without knowing the correct permutation. In between, this model can cover non-rigid bodies with local rigidity constraints. We present linear algorithms for synchronizing the two sequences and reconstructing the 3D points tracked in both views. Outlier points are automatically detected and discarded. The algorithm can handle both 3D objects and planar objects in a unified framework, therefore avoiding numerical problems existing in other methods.
Daily Fatigue Patterns and Effect of Exercise in Women with Breast Cancer

Objectives: Cancer treatment-related fatigue is a common and disruptive side effect of chemotherapy. Exercise is an intervention proposed to reduce fatigue in cancer patients. The purpose of this study was to describe the patterns of daily fatigue in women with breast cancer who did and did not exercise while receiving the first three cycles of adjuvant chemotherapy. Materials and methods: Women received instruction to follow an 8-week home-based exercise program and to maintain daily exercise and fatigue diaries. Functional ability (12-minute walk) was measured pretest and post-test. Results: Several distinct patterns of fatigue emerged. The most common pattern of fatigue after chemotherapy demonstrated a sharp rise in fatigue. However, several women demonstrated a chaotic pattern with erratic and wide swings in their fatigue throughout the entire study period. Women who adopted exercise experienced fewer days of high fatigue levels and more days of low levels of fatigue for both average and worst levels of fatigue. Women who did not exercise experienced more bad days (high fatigue) and fewer good days (low fatigue). Conclusions: Exercise appears to reduce the levels of average and worst fatigue and may help women recognize their pattern of fatigue. Exercise may reduce the intensity of fatigue by reorganizing women's interpretation of fatigue. Routine clinical assessment and education about fatigue by health professionals can help patients to understand their pattern of fatigue and may help them to manage the symptom.
Reading to learn to do

It is pointed out that workplace reading primarily involves reading to do or reading that specifies action, as opposed to reading to learn or reading that centers on a topic as in a classroom. The author's development of reading to learn to do materials or tutorials that help users both to use a program and to learn is discussed. Her comparison with other research and her guidelines for developing effective tutorials provide help for the technical communicator's design of tutorials and have implications for the educator's design of assignments. >