cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Aggression and Violence

Violent behavior per se does not constitute a diagnosable syndrome of psychopathology. In delineating the characteristics of diagnosable mental disorders, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-III; American Psychiatric Association, 1980) states, In DSM-III each of the mental disorders is conceptualized as a clinically significant behavioral or psychological syndrome that occurs in an individual and is typically associated with either a painful symptom (distress) or impairment in one or more important areas of functioning (disability). In addition, there is an inference that there is a behavioral, psychological, or biological dysfunction, and that the disturbance is not only in the relationship between the individual and society. (p. 6) Violent behavior does not meet these criteria and is therefore not included as a mental disorder.
Recent Studies of Enzymically Controlled Steps in B12 Biosynthesis

The acquisition and sequencing of the genes encoding the enzymes for vitamin B12 biosynthesis in Salmonella typhimurium and Pseudomonas denitrificans has dramatically altered the direction of research on the pathway from uroporphyrinogen III to the corrinoids. Through a combination of molecular biology, organic chemistry and NMR spectroscopy, logical progression along the sequence is being made. Recent work from our laboratory is focused on the discovery and specificities of the methyltransferases connecting uroporphyrinogen III with cobyrinic acid, the temporal resolution of cobalt insertion and a comparison of the anaerobic pathway in S. typhimurium and the aerobic pathway in Ps. denitrificans. The implication of two parallel routes to corrins in these bacteria is discussed.
Neonatal High-Frequency Jet Ventilation

Ten neonates with intractable respiratory failure were treated with high-frequency jet ventilation (HFJV). Nine had progressive pulmonary air leaks with either bronchopleural fistulas or pulmonary interstitial emphysema as the primary cause of their respiratory failure. Following HFJV, x-ray film evidence of pulmonary air leaks decreased in seven of the nine neonates. PaO2/FIO2 increased in eight of the ten patients (P less than .05), and PaCO2 values decreased in nine of the ten patients (P less than .01). Five patients survived. Three of the six patients exposed to HFJV for more than 20 hours developed significant tracheal obstruction. From this experience, it may be concluded that HFJV can successfully ventilate certain neonates with intractable respiratory failure secondary to progressive pulmonary air leaks. In its present form, long-term neonatal HFJV carries a risk of airway obstruction and/or damage.
Elucidating the Mechanism of Regulation of Transforming Growth Factor β Type II Receptor Expression in Human Lung Cancer Cell Lines

Lung carcinogenesis in humans involves an accumulation of genetic and epigenetic changes that lead to alterations in normal lung epithelium, to in situ carcinoma, and finally to invasive and metastatic cancers. The loss of transforming growth factor β (TGF-β)-induced tumor suppressor function in tumors plays a pivotal role in this process, and our previous studies have shown that resistance to TGF-β in lung cancers occurs mostly through the loss of TGF-β type II receptor expression (TβRII). However, little is known about the mechanism of down-regulation of TβRII and how histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors (HDIs) can restore TGF-β-induced tumor suppressor function. Here we show that HDIs restore TβRII expression and that DNA hypermethylation has no effect on TβRII promoter activity in lung cancer cell lines. TGF-β-induced tumor suppressor function is restored by HDIs in lung cancer cell lines that lack TβRII expression. Activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway by either activated Ras or epidermal growth factor signaling is involved in the down-regulation of TβRII through histone deacetylation. We have immunoprecipitated the protein complexes by biotinylated oligonucleotides corresponding to the HDI-responsive element in the TβRII promoter (-127/-75) and identified the proteins/factors using proteomics studies. The transcriptional repressor Meis1/2 is involved in repressing the TβRII promoter activity, possibly through its recruitment by Sp1 and NF-YA to the promoter. These results suggest a mechanism for the downregulation of TβRII in lung cancer and that TGF-β tumor suppressor functions may be restored by HDIs in lung cancer patients with the loss of TβRII expression.
Comparative Histories of Professional Education: Osler, Langdell, and the Atelier

Almost simultaneously in the late nineteenth century, medicine, law, and architecture entered the university as subjects of serious study. But they entered in different ways and on different terms. This article traces the parallel histories of the casebook classroom, the teaching hospital, and the architectural design studio. The comparison shows how and why legal education diverged from norms being established in the other two fields. The divergence left legal education stronger within universities than it otherwise might have been, but it also left it relatively insulated from its own profession and vulnerable to later discontent.
FETAL HEMOGLOBIN CONCENTRATION IN THE NEWBORN: INDEX OF MATURITY AND AS SUPPORTIVE EVIDENCE FOR MATERNAL FETAL TRANSFUSION.

T H E 0 B s E R v A T I o N that fetal hemoglobin is more alkali-resistant than adult hemoglobin led to numerous studies regarding the concentration of fetal hemoglobin in the newborn infant.l Significance was attached to fetal hemoglobin concentration as an index of maturity.2 Conflicting reports regarding the increase or decrease of fetal hemoglobin concentration in the newborn with hemolytic disease, asphyxia, respiratory distress syndrome, etc., are available.3l 4 Unfortunately, few studies of considerable size are reported. Recently, markedly reduced fetal hemoglobin concentration for gestational age and weight was used as supportive evidence for maternal-fetal transfusion.‘~ G This observation prompted the present investigation. The purpose of this study was to obtain fetal hemoglobin values from the cord blood of a large number of newborns in order: (1) to determine the range of fetal hemoglobin concentration for various gestational ages and birth weights and (2) to select infants with low values for further studies to determine the incidence of gross maternal-fetal transfusion, e.g., Ashby technique for red blood cell typing, immunoelectrophoresis for presence of macromolecular beta
Horizons communs : partager les récits sur les paysages patrimoniaux

L’article presente une etude de cas sur une recherche participative dans laquelle le partage des recits ayant trait aux paysages patrimoniaux n’est plus simplement une commemoration du passe mais contribue de fait au bien-etre present et futur des membres de la collectivite. Il expose comment, sur le plan theorique, le patrimoine est concu comme un processus social, et comment la preservation du patrimoine est traditionnellement allee a l’encontre de ce processus social.
Development of a Test to Predict Gelation Properties of Raw Turkey Muscle Proteins

A method for extraction and fractionation of muscle proteins into five fractions based on salt (NaCl) solubility was developed. The influence of protein extractability, solubility, muscle pH and total protein on gelation was investigated. Shear stress (gel strength) and shear strain (gel deformability) at failure of cooked (70°C) comminuted turkey breast gels were correlated with the 10 min protein extract and proteins soluble in 0.30–0.35M NaCl. Shear strain was correlated with muscle pH and shear stress was sensitive to total protein. Meat pH and the extraction/fraction method can be used on raw meat to indicate functional properties related to texture of cooked meat.
Chemically induced congenital thymic dysgenesis in the rat: A model of the digeorge syndrome

Abstract The DiGeorge syndrome, a variable complex of thymic aplasia, congenital heart disease, hypoparathyroidism, and anomalies of the face and neck, is thought to result from exposure to teratogenic agents. A group of congenital defects closely resembling this syndrome can be produced in newborn rats by the administration of the fat-soluble zincchelating agent WIN 18,446, a bis-dichloroacetylamine. This drug, nontoxic to adult animals, is a powerful teratogen when administered to pregnant rats during days 9–12 of the 21-day gestation period. Our animal data suggest that the human syndrome results from exposure in utero to agents like WIN 18,446, which damage the fetus during a critical period of organogenesis.
Designing Design Processes for Integrated Materials and Products Realization: A Multifunctional Energetic Structural Material Example

We present an approach for the integrated design of materials, products, and design processes. The approach is based on the use of reusable interaction patterns to model design processes, and the consideration of design process decisions using the value of information metrics. The approach is presented using a multifunctional energetic structural materials (MESM) design example. The design objectives in the example include sufficient strength and energy release capabilities. The design is carried out by using simulation models at different scales that model different aspects of the system. Preliminary results from the application of the approach to the MESM design problem are discussed. In this paper, we show that the integrated design of materials and products can be carried out more efficiently by considering the design of design processes.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Determining the specific gravities of coarse aggregates utilizing vacuum saturation approach

Abstract The current method of specific gravity and absorption of coarse aggregate testing is based on the AASHTO T 85 and ASTM C-127 standards. This approach involves the soaking of the coarse aggregate samples for 15h (AASHTO T 85) and 24 ± 4 h (ASTM C-127), and drying the aggregate to its saturated-surface dry (SSD) state with the aid of a dry absorbent cloth. The attainment of the SSD condition of the coarse aggregate is very subjective, and the total test duration makes it inconvenient for use in construction quality control and quality assurance testing (QC/QA). The objective of this paper is to determine the specific gravity and absorption of coarse aggregates using a new proposed approach utilizing vacuum saturation. In lieu of the conventional soaking period of 24 ± 4 h, this proposed research approach employs the use of 10, 20 and 30 min of vacuum saturation at 30 mm Hg (4.0 kPa) pressure. In this paper, the soaking time is 24 ± 4 h for all the AASHTO method. It is also believed that the 24 ± 4 h shall give better soaking and therefore more accurate test results would be achieved. Vacuum saturating the coarse aggregates aims at removing all the entrapped air within the sample mass, in addition to forcing water into the effective pores of the coarse aggregates. This method is applied to a wide range of coarse aggregates including trap rock, limestone, gravel, steel slag, crushed concrete, and the results are compared statistically with those of AASHTO T 85. Results from the experiments indicate that the vacuum saturation method can replace the AASHTO T 85 for coarse aggregate specific gravity testing at 10, 20 or 30 min of vacuum saturation. A significant finding was that the AASHTO T 85 underestimates the full absorption potential of highly absorptive aggregates when compared to this proposed vacuum saturation approach.
Hypofractionation: lessons from complications.

Abstract Hypofractionation refers to irradiation schemes with less than 5 fractions per week and larger doses per fraction than 2 Gy. It was initiated around 1960 to ease the burden for patients who had to come to the hospital to be treated every day and to save machine time. In the treatment of breast cancer at the University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center (UTMDACC) in 1962, the acute reactions of the skin were matched in 3- and 5-day treatment. More severe late sequelae were observed in the 3-day-a-week treatment than in the 5-day treatment. In 1966 the NSD formula was published and from thereon was used to adjust the total dose based on the number of fractions. Later, the TDF and CRE formulae were used. In almost all publications, a high percentage of severe complications after hypofractionation have been reported. There is overwhelming evidence that fraction size of more than 2 Gy produces late unfavorable sequelae, and therefore, despite the inconvenience for patients and the taxing of machine time, hypofractionation should not be used, unless there is a specific rationale concerning the tumor characteristics of doing so. In that case the total dose must be corrected in order not to increase the late morbidity.
Organizational structure and communication strategies of the bypass angioplasty revascularization investigation: A multicenter clinical trial☆

Efficient communication is a challenge for the many operating components of a multicenter randomized clinical trial. Traditional management theory states that communications generally flow along a path established by a hierarchical organizational structure. A multicenter clinical trial does not fit traditional organizational models well and requires modification of traditional communication techniques. While the scientific community typically views a clinical trial as one large and cohesive enterprise, at each site the trial may actually be conducted as a small project related to the medical specialty of the investigator. Therefore overall trial management must be accomplished through collaboration rather than through direct management. In the Bypass Angioplasty Revascularization Investigation (BARI), the BARI clinical coordinating center has designed and utilized several mechanisms that facilitate effective communication and administrative control of a multicenter clinical trial. These mechanisms provide a framework of communication techniques that accommodate the specific needs of a complex organization.
Degenerate “Star” Bifurcations in a Twinkling Oscillator

We have studied a nonlinear spring-mass chain loaded by a quasistatic pull. The spring forces are assumed to be cubic with intervals of negative stiffness. Depending on the parameters, the system has multiple equilibria. The normal form and the bifurcation behaviors for the single- and two-degree-of-freedom systems are studied in detail. A new type of bifurcation, which we refer to as a star bifurcation, has been observed for the symmetric two-degree-of-freedom system. This bifurcation is of codimension-four for the undamped case and codimension-three or two for the damped case, depending on the form of the damping.
Studies on the control of electrolyte excretion by the nasal gland of the lizard Dipsosaurus dorsalis.

Abstract 1. 1. Lizards injected with NaCl secreted more Na+ than K+ via the nasal gland. Subsequent KCl loading led to predominance of K+ in the nasal secretion. 2. 2. Aldosterone and dexamethasone abolished the ability of the gland to secrete Na+, corticosterone and ACTH reduced this ability, and cortisol had only slight effect. 3. 3. None of these hormones or dexamethasone initiated salt gland activity or appreciably altered potassium secretion. 4. 4. K acetate, K2 succinate and KHCO3 stimulated secretion of salts containing HCO3− or CO32−, whereas Cl− was the only anion present following loading with Cl− salts. 5. 5. RbCl also stimulated secretion whereas sucrose and mannitol did not.
FUZZY GENETIC ALGORITHM FOR OPTIMIZATION OF STEEL STRUCTURES

In the traditional optimization algorithms, constraints are satisfied within a tolerance defined by a crisp number. In actual engineering practice, constraint evaluation involves many sources of imprecision and approximation. When an optimization algorithm is forced to satisfy the design constraints exactly, it can miss the global optimum solution within the confine of commonly acceptable approximations. Extending the augmented Lagrangian genetic algorithm (GA) of Adeli and Cheng, a fuzzy augmented Lagrangian GA is presented for optimization of steel structures subjected to the constraints of the AISC allowable stress design specifications taking into account the fuzziness in the constraints. The membership function for the fuzzy domain is found by the intersection of the fuzzy membership function for the objective function and the constraints using the max-min procedure of Bellman and Zadeh. Nonlinear quadratic fuzzy membership functions are used for objective function and constraints. The algorithm is applied to two space axial-load structures including a large 37-story structure with 1,310 members. The features and advantages of the new fuzzy GA include acknowledging the imprecision and fuzziness in the code-based design constraints, increased likelihood of obtaining the global optimum solution, improved convergence, and reduced total computer processing time.
Cell-free synthesis of the dipeptide antibiotic bacilysin

Bacilysin, a dipeptide antibiotic produced byBacillus subtilis A 14, was synthesized by a cell-free extract of the producing organism from its constitutent amino acids,l-alanine andl-anticapsin. The synthesis required ATP and Mg2+ and was optimal at pH 8.1. The same extract also synthesizedl-alanyl-l-alanine. The synthesis of bacilysin was not inhibited by chloramphenicol, DNase or RNase.
Segmenting anatomy in chest x-rays for tuberculosis screening

In this paper we describe the development of a screening system for pulmonary pathologies (i.e. pneumonia, tuberculosis) application in global healthcare settings. As a first step toward this goal, the paper presents a novel approach for detecting lungs and ribs in chest radiographs. The approach is a unified method combining two detection schemes resulting in reduced cost. The novelty of our approach lies on the fact that instead of using pixel-wise techniques exclusively we used region-based features computed as wavelet features that take into consideration the orientation of anatomic structures. Initial results are described. Next steps include classification of non-rib lung regions for radiographic patterns suggesting tuberculosis infection.
Poster abstract: Cyclic network automata for indoor sensor network

ABSTRACT Following Baryshnikov-Coffman-Kwak [1], we use network cyclic cellular automata to generate a decentralized protocol with only a small fraction of sensors awake. The work here shows that waves of awake-state nodes turn corners and automatically solve pusuit/evasion-type problems without centralized coordination.
Measurement of changes in concentrations of biological solutions using a Rayleigh interferometer

A Rayleigh interferometer was constructed to measure changes of concentrations in the biological solutions. With the stability tests, our Rayleigh interferometer system showed its insensitivity to environment vibrations and with the second compensating cuvette, effects on the refractive index changes other than the concentration changes of molecules in the sample solution could be compensated. A thin glass plate was inserted in the beam path and rotated to vary the optical path length to test the sensitivity of the system. With this glass plate, the detectable optical path differences of the system was Δ(nl ) = 7 nm. Finally, the concentration of sucrose solutions were varied to change the refractive index. The refractive index changes by 1.43 × 10-4 for each gram of sucrose per liter at 20°C. With our system, the sensitivity to sucrose solution was 7mg/L. Based on this sensitivity this interferometric system can be used to detect concentrations of albumin solutions as low as 0.6mg/mL.© (2003) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Impact of patient acuity on preference for information and autonomy in decision making.

Abstract. Objectives: To test the hypotheses that ED patients desires for medical information and for autonomy in decision making are inversely related to increasing acuity of illness, increasing age, and lower level of formal education. Methods: The authors conducted a prospective study of ED patients who presented for care during seven nonconsecutive 24-hour periods. Of 804 patients approached, 665 completed a questionnaire that was administered by a trained research assistant. Patients rated their desire for medical information, and for participation in medical decision making, on two 10-cm visual analog scales. Patient acuity level was determined in routine fashion by trained triage nurses, who were unaware of the nature of this study. Results: Desire for information was uniformly high, and did not vary statistically between triage groups (p = 0.41). The most acutely ill patients (level I) were more likely to be excluded by the research interviewer (p < 0.001). Of included level I patients, desire to participate was not decreased (p < 0.01). Higher level of formal education (p = 0.036) and younger age (p < 0.001) were associated with greater desire for autonomy in decision making. Conclusion: Among ED patients able to participate, higher acuity of illness was not associated with a decreased desire for medical information. Many very acutely ill patients preferred autonomy in medical decision making. Older patients and those with less formal education expressed a lesser desire for decision-making autonomy.
A critical encounter with Fred Dallmayr: Introduction

In the fall of 1989 I had the unique privilege and honor to serve as the organizer and chair of a book review panel on Fred Dallmayr's Critical Encounters at the annual meeting of the Society for Phenomenology and the Human Sciences held at Duquesne University. My selection of both this author and his book as the basis for a review panel was not made lightly nor without several worthy competitors in mind. Yet it appeared then as it does now to me that Fred Dallmayr is without doubt one of the leading theoreti? cal phenomenologists of our time in the social sciences, as suggested by the long and impressive record of publication he has compiled over the past decade or so. Having settled on the author and book, and receiving his commitment to attend the session, my next task was nearly as difficult: I had to find reviewers with the necessary knowledge and sensitivity to do justice to the diverse authors and complex theoretical issues treated by Fred in his book. I was fortunate, as I believe their written reviews amply demonstrate, in being able to enlist the able and competent contributions of Peter Kivisto and Dieter Misgeld. At the session Peter Kivisto and Dieter Misgeld each offered insightful and critical commentary on Fred Dallmayr's work after which Fred had the opportunity to respond. As everyone who was present at the session agrees, Fred's response to "his critics" was extraordinary not only for the usual generosity and intellectual depth with which he responded to the latter's commentary but also for the tour deforce of self-reflection and formulation of the goals, methods, and achievements of his entire scholarly work to date. As Fred sees it, and I would concur, Critical Encounters marks a significant transition in his intellectual development in that he is for the first time attempting to self consciously discover and speak his own voice and not merely engage in the exegesis of others' texts. To begin with Peter Kivisto's review, he characterizes, correctly in my view, Fred's critical treatment of the various authors he deals with in terms of Gadamer's concept of "good will" in which a primary concern in the
Low-flow cardiopulmonary bypass and cerebral protection: a summary of investigations.

Abstract A research program in cerebral ischemia was initiated by our laboratory to determine optimal strategies for cerebroprotection. Four studies relating to cerebroprotection using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy in a sheep model of hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass are summarized. These showed, first, that low-flow bypass, with a flow as low as 10 mL · kg −1 · min −1 , maintained normal cerebral metabolism; second, that hypothermia increases the high-energy phosphate content and the intracellular pH of the train; third, that hyperglycemia causes a profound intracellular acidosis; and, finally, that barbiturates prevent the normal increase in high-energy phosphates associated with hypothermia.
Relief of branch pulmonary artery stenosis reduces pulmonary valve insufficiency in a swine model.

Objective We sought to determine the impact of relieving branch pulmonary artery stenosis on pulmonary valve insufficiency and right ventricular function. Long-standing pulmonary insufficiency causes progressive right ventricular dilatation, leading to decreased right ventricular function. Adults with pulmonary insufficiency are at risk of decreased exercise tolerance, arrhythmias, and sudden cardiac death. Branch pulmonary artery stenosis frequently occurs in these patients, and the presence of branch stenosis may exacerbate valve insufficiency. Methods Neonatal piglets (n = 7) underwent surgery to create pulmonary insufficiency and left pulmonary artery stenosis. At 3 months of age, the animals underwent baseline cardiac magnetic resonance imaging followed by stenting of the left pulmonary artery. A repeat magnetic resonance imaging scan was performed 1 week after intervention. Magnetic resonance imaging evaluation included (1) velocity mapping to assess the forward and reverse flow at the main, left and right pulmonary arteries, and aorta; and (2) volumetric assessment of the right ventricle. Results Left pulmonary artery flow increased from 14.5% to 36.3% of total net flow after stenting ( P P P 2 ( P = .01). Conclusion Relief of branch pulmonary artery stenosis reduces insufficiency and improves right ventricular systolic function in this animal model. This supports the practice of aggressive intervention in patients with branch pulmonary artery stenosis and pulmonary insufficiency.
Adrenergic Stimulation of Na/K Pump Current in Adult Rat Cardiac Myocytes in Short-term Culture

Passive membrane properties, steady-state Na/K pump current (I p) and modulation of I p by adrenergic agonists were studied with patch-clamp techniques in adult rat ventricular myocytes that were freshly isolated or maintained in culture for 1–4 days. Freshly isolated (day 0) myocytes had a 1.7–1.8 times smaller specific membrane resistance compared with that of cells on any day in culture. From day 0 to 4 there was a progressive decrease in cell capacitance (−17.6 ± 0.8 pF/day) without a parallel decline in cell dimensions. The pump current density (1.55 pA/pF) was stable over the 0–4 days in culture. In rod-shaped myocytes norepinephrine (NE) and isoproterenol (ISO) stimulated I p in a dose-dependent manner, with an apparent affinity of 36 ± 8 and 1.5 ± 0.4 nm, and maximum stimulation of 0.65 ± 0.02 and 0.57 ± 0.02 pA/pF, respectively. Nadolol suppressed this effect, suggesting that it was mediated by β-adrenergic receptor activation. An inverse relationship was found between steady-state I p and the stimulation of I p by NE. In contrast to what was shown in guinea pig cardiac myocytes, in rat myocytes isoproterenol stimulation of I p was not increased by intracellular [Ca] and it did not change the I p -membrane potential relation. These results show that in adult rat cardiac myocytes NE and ISO are potent stimulators of Na/K pump activity, and this effect may be studied using rat myocytes maintained in short-term culture.
Optimal design of nonlinear parabolic systems. Part I: Fixed spatial domain with applications to process optimization

Abstract A general framework is presented for the optimal design of nonlinear parabolic systems which govern a variety of processes including solidification. In this paper, the spatial domain is fixed during the optimization. In Part II the domain is allowed to vary. The general method is then specialized to treat nonlinear transient conduction systems, and exemplified for the optimal manufacture of crystals.
ULTRASONOGRAPHY OF PERIPHERAL NERVES DURING WALLERIAN DEGENERATION AND REGENERATION FOLLOWING TRANSECTION

Ultrasonography was performed on sciatic, tibial and/or peroneal nerves and interosseous muscles in 7 dogs using a ultrasound machine with a 7.5 MHz linear array transducer. A tibial nerve was transected near the distal aspect of the bellies of the gastroenemius muscle. Serial neurologic examinations, electromyography, and ultrasonography were performed before and after surgery. Dogs were euthanized at variable intervals and histopathology performed on nerve samples. In sagittal images, normal nerves had hyperechoic walls with multiple internal linear echoes. In transverse images, the nerves were round or oval hyperechoic structures with internal punctate echoes. After transection, the proximal stump was consistently seen whereas the distal stump and nerve were harder to identify. Neuromas were present in all 5 dogs followed beyond 2 days and appeared as hypoechoic bulbous swellings most apparent at 3 weeks after surgery. Only 1 dog developed a neuroma large enough to be considered of potential clinical significance. Four dogs were followed beyond 2 months. Regeneration was evidenced by a steady growth of nerve with an irregular outline (2 dogs) or by a knobby connection between the proximal and distal stumps (1 dog). Regeneration was not detected in 1 dog.
Lewy body pathology in normal elderly subjects.

Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites are the hallmark neuropathologic findings in Parkinson disease, Parkinson disease with dementia, dementia with Lewy bodies, and other α-synucleinopathies. They have also been described in the brains of normal older individuals and referred to as incidental Lewy body disease. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites (Lewy body pathology [LBP]) in 139 autopsies from our normal volunteer control group of the University of Kentucky Alzheimer's Disease Center. All subjects were followed longitudinally and were cognitively normal and without any type of movement disorder, neuropsychiatric features, or other CNS findings. The brains of 33 of 139 normal subjects contained LBP in various regions. The most common regions involved were the medulla (26%), amygdala (24%), pons (20%), and midbrain (20%). No mean statistical differences were found between those with and without LBP on any demographic or cognitive variable, Braak stage, or neurofibrillary tangle and neuritic plaque quantitation. An explanation for the high prevalence of LBP in our elderly, well-educated study group is not clear, although it does not seem to be related to aging or the presence of Alzheimer disease pathology. Overall, our findings support the concept that incidental Lewy body disease most likely represents preclinical or presymptomatic Parkinson disease, Parkinson disease with dementia, or dementia with Lewy bodies.
The Application of Biological, Evolutionary, and Sociocultural Frameworks to Issues of Gender in Introductory Psychology Textbooks

The purpose of this paper is to explore the application of biological, evolutionary, and sociocultural frameworks to issues of gender in the 10 most popular introductory psychology textbooks in the U.S. The use of these metatheories is of interest to feminist scholars because they have implications for the extent to which students learn that gender and gender differences are fixed and innate or socially constructed. If gender and gender differences are seen as malleable, then efforts at social change to improve women’s status or men’s and women’s abilities or opportunities can be understood as promising endeavors. The relative use of these three frameworks differed dramatically across books, affording all scholars the opportunity to actively select those texts whose prominent frameworks best align with their course goals. The paper concludes with suggestions for which books offer the most thorough coverage of sociocultural frameworks.
Interaction between the DRD4 VNTR Polymorphism and Proximal and Distal Environments in Alcohol Dependence during Emerging and Young Adulthood

The manifestation of alcohol dependence at different developmental stages may be associated with different genetic and environmental factors. Taking a developmental approach, we characterized interaction between the dopamine receptor 4 variable number tandem repeat (DRD4 VNTR) polymorphism and developmentally specific environmental factors (childhood adversity, college/Greek organization involvement, and delayed adult role transition) on alcohol dependence during emerging and young adulthood. Prospective data were obtained from a cohort of 234 White individuals (56% women, 44% men) who were followed up at ages 18 through 34. A longitudinal hierarchical factor model was estimated to model a traitlike persistent alcohol dependence factor throughout emerging and young adulthood and 2 residual statelike alcohol dependence factors limited to emerging adulthood and young adulthood, respectively. We accounted for those alcohol dependence factors by modeling 3 two-way interaction effects between the DRD4 VNTR polymorphism and the 3 developmentally specific environment factors. Carriers of the DRD4 long allele showed greater susceptibility to environmental effects; they showed more persistent symptoms of alcohol dependence as childhood adversity increased and more alcohol dependence symptoms limited to emerging adulthood as college/Greek organization involvement increased. Alcohol dependence among noncarriers of the long allele, however, did not differ as a function of those environments. Although replication is necessary, these findings highlight the importance of repeated phenotypic assessments across development and modeling both distal and proximal environments and their interaction with genetic susceptibility at specific developmental stages.
Effect of film thickness on the changes in gas permeability of a glassy polyarylate due to physical agingPart II. Mathematical model

Abstract Part I of this series documented a substantial loss in gas permeability over time for thin films of a glassy polyarylate made from bisphenol-A–benzophenone dicarboxylic acid. The rate of permeability loss, and, thus, aging was found to be dependent on film thickness in a way that suggested that physical aging occurs by two mechanisms. In this paper, a mathematical model was developed to quantitatively describe the physical aging process in terms of the free volume (permeability) loss observed using reasonable physical parameters. The model describes two simultaneous mechanisms of free volume loss: free volume diffusion to the film surface (thickness dependent) and lattice contraction (thickness independent). A step-wise model development is described with comparison to the data and optimization of the model parameters at each step. The final dual-mechanism model describes the experimental data presented in Part I remarkably well.
Trends in emergency peripartum hysterectomy at a single institution: 1988-2009.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate trends of emergency peripartum hysterectomy over two decades. STUDY DESIGN This was a retrospective cohort study of peripartum hysterectomies at one institution from 1988 to 2009. Medical records were reviewed and data from the first 11 years were compared with data from the second 11 years. RESULTS During the study period, 558 emergent peripartum hysterectomies were performed with full records available for 553 to review: 280 in the first period, 273 in the second (p = 0.19). In the second period, prior cesarean deliveries, length of surgery, estimated blood loss, blood transfusions, and the number of units transfused were all increased (p < 0.001). Also in the second period, there were twice as many hysterectomies for suspected placental invasion, and an almost threefold increase in pathologically confirmed placental invasion (both p < 0.001). CONCLUSION Although emergent peripartum hysterectomies are not increasing in frequency, the risk factors and morbidities have changed.
Cation−π Interactions: Structures and Energetics of Complexation of Na+ and K+ with the Aromatic Amino Acids, Phenylalanine, Tyrosine, and Tryptophan

Threshold collision-induced dissociation of M+(AAA) with Xe is studied using guided ion beam tandem mass spectrometry. M+ include the alkali metal ions Na+ and K+. The three aromatic amino acids are examined, AAA = phenylalanine, tyrosine, or tryptophan. In all cases, endothermic loss of the intact aromatic amino acid is the dominant reaction pathway. The threshold regions of the cross sections are interpreted to extract 0 and 298 K bond dissociation energies for the M+−AAA complexes after accounting for the effects of multiple ion−neutral collisions, internal energy of the reactant ions, and dissociation lifetimes. Density functional theory calculations at the B3LYP/6-31G* level of theory are used to determine the structures of the neutral aromatic amino acids and their complexes to Na+ and K+ and to provide molecular constants required for the thermochemical analysis of the experimental data. Theoretical bond dissociation energies are determined from single-point energy calculations at the B3LYP/6-311++...
Microscopic investigation of NbN sputtered films

Abstract Many favorable properties of niobium nitride (NbN) sputtered films for high field magnets are significantly less favorable in bulk NbN (and other high-field superconductors) so that differences in the microstructure of sputtered NbN films are likely responsible for the improvements. To investigate this microstructure directly, very thin transverse sections of sputtered films were studied by TEM. Such studies reveal columnar grains and suggest further experiments. We report tunneling measurements that directly investigate T c and the energy gap of individual grains. By placing electrodes above and below the film, preliminary measurements of the intrinsic resistivity of the individual columnar grains indicate values significantly less than the transport value. Measurements of the critical current density, J c , in NbN suggest that shearing of the flux line lattice does not limit J c , as in A-15 superconductors, no doubt due to the high density of pinning centers in NbN.
Hydrophobic Gating in Synthetic Nanopores

In nature, nanopores play a critical role in a number of vital biological functions and understanding this role is just as critical. These pores can be ion selective based on their size and/or surface charge, but further functionality is achieved by modulating, or gating, their conductance state. The conductivity of a particular nanochannel can be controlled in a number of ways, including mechanically, chemically and electrically. By studying these phenomena in model systems, we may be able to take large steps towards understanding the underlying fundamental physics phenomena behind these mechanisms. Here, we present what we believe to be the first study to show the gating of a synthetic channel based on its hydrophobicity, which has been observed to be a natural gating mechanism in mechanosensitive channels.Using nanopores prepared in polyethylene terephthalate (PET) by the track-etching technique, we show that it is possible to decorate the pore surface with hydrophobic chemical groups and that these significantly alter the properties of the pore. Prior to modification, aqueous electrolytic solutions are able to conduct readily through the pore, but afterwards, the pore demonstrates closed and open states. This behavior is also observed to be voltage dependent. Increasing voltage increases the probability of the pore to be in the open states. There is also a voltage range where the pore does not conduct at all. The hydrophobic gating was studied as a function of pore diameter and charge of the residual groups.
Photodegradation of high molecular weight kraft bleachery effluent organochlorine and color

Previously it was shown that the high molecular weight (HMW) fractions of C and E-stage kraft bleachery effluents are very resistant to microbial degradation but are decolorized and dechlorinated by abiotic sunlight-dependent and sunlight-independent processes. In this work, to better understand the importance and mechanisms of this light-mediated effluent decolorization and AOX mineralization, two artificial light sources with defined outputs and spectra were used to irradiate hardwood and softwood HMW effluent fractions. Both longwave u.v. and blue-green visible light were effective in mineralizing a large fraction of the AOX to chloride ions, and in decolorizing the effluent over several days. Photo-decolorization showed a strong oxygen dependence while AOX mineralization did not. Visible light at an intensity comparable to the sun at the Earth's surface in northern latitudes mineralized a substantial proportion of the “stable” HMW AOX, in both fresh and salt water, and at low and high effluent dilutions. Such light also mineralized an appreciable fraction of the HMW carbon to CO2 by abiotic mechanisms. The hardwood HMW fraction showed insignificant toxicity as measured by a bacterial toxicity test, both before and after extensive photolysis.
Design and implementation of electrostatic micro-actuators in ultrasonic frequency on a flexible substrate, PEN (polyethylene naphthalate)

Abstract We present an electrostatic actuator fabricated on a flexible polyethylene naphthalate (PEN) substrate, which emits acoustic waves at ultrasonic frequencies. The MEMS actuator has a suspended parylene diaphragm which consists of 2–6 mm diameter and 6 μm gap between the diaphragm and substrate. Driving circuitry consists of voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) and output buffer chain, and was fabricated by Arizona State University's Flexible Display Center-IC process. The fabricated actuator emits ultrasonic waves at 25 kHz, and acoustic sound pressure of 27 dB SPL (sound pressure level) driven by the hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) circuitry.
Image-based metrology of porous tissue engineering scaffolds

Tissue engineering is an interdisciplinary effort aimed at the repair and regeneration of biological tissues through the application and control of cells, porous scaffolds and growth factors. The regeneration of specific tissues guided by tissue analogous substrates is dependent on diverse scaffold architectural indices that can be derived quantitatively from the microCT and microMR images of the scaffolds. However, the randomness of pore-solid distributions in conventional stochastic scaffolds presents unique computational challenges. As a result, image-based characterization of scaffolds has been predominantly qualitative. In this paper, we discuss quantitative image-based techniques that can be used to compute the metrological indices of porous tissue engineering scaffolds. While bulk averaged quantities such as porosity and surface are derived directly from the optimal pore-solid delineations, the spatially distributed geometric indices are derived from the medial axis representations of the pore network. The computational framework proposed (to the best of our knowledge for the first time in tissue engineering) in this paper might have profound implications towards unraveling the symbiotic structure-function relationship of porous tissue engineering scaffolds.
A Novel Vertebrate Myoglobin Gene Containing Three A+T-Rich Introns Is Conserved Among Antarctic Teleost Species Which Differ in Myoglobin Expression

This report presents the first teleost myoglobin (Mb) genomic DNA sequence, several features of which are distinct from mammalian Mb genes. We have isolated and compared genomic clones of three closely related Antarctic icefish: Chionodraco rastrospinosus, which expresses Mb mRNA and functional polypeptide; Champsocephalus gunnari, which transcribes the Mb gene but does not produce polypeptide due to a 5-base pair (bp) frameshift insertion; and Chaenocephalus aceratus, which lacks both Mb protein and mRNA. The single-copy icefish Mb gene contains three introns: two at positions identical to those found in mammalian Mb and a novel intron located in the 5′ untranslated region three nucleotides upstream from the initiator codon. All three introns are shorter than those found in mammalian Mb genes and exhibit a considerably higher A+T content. The entire Mb transcriptional unit is intact in C. aceratus, indicating that the failure to express this gene is not due to aberrations in the coding region, splice junctions, polyadenylation signals, or core promoter elements. The three icefish Mb sequences display an extreme degree of identity in the transcriptional unit and putative promoter region. In contrast, sequences 65 bp downstream from the polyadenylation site bear no homology among the three species, demonstrating that rapid sequence change has occurred in the 1 million years since the divergence of these species.
Synthesis of Symmetrical Tetraaryltetranaphtho[2,3]porphyrins

A new method of synthesis of meso-tetraaryltetranaphtho[2,3]porphyrins (Ar4TNP) has been developed. Ar4TNPs with peripheral functional groups are obtained by oxidative aromatization of meso-tetraarylporphyrins in which pyrrole units are fused with either octahydro- or dihydronaphthalene moieties. These precursor porphyrins are synthesized in four to five steps from readily available starting materials, such as naphthalene or 1,4-benzoquinone. The pathway originating in dihydronaphthalene, i.e., the “dialine” route, was found to be superior to the alternative “octaline” route in that it (1) enables the shortening of the overall reaction sequence, (2) has a broader scope in terms of the peripheral substitution in Ar4TNPs, and (3) affords higher yields of the target porphyrins. Pd complexes of the synthesized Ar4TNPs exhibit remarkably strong absorption bands at 710−720 nm (e ∼ 200 000 M-1 cm-1) and phosphoresce at room temperature with moderate quantum yields (φ = 2−3%, λmax = 900−1000 nm). The absorption m...
Commissioning and benchmarking a 3D dosimetry system for clinical use.

Purpose: A 3D dosimetry system is described which consists of two parts: a radiochromic plastic dosimeter PRESAGE (which responds to absorbed dose with a linear change in optical-density) and the Duke large-field-of-view optical-CT scanner (DLOS). The DLOS/PRESAGE system has recently been commissioned and benchmarked for clinical use and, in particular, for verification and commissioning of complex radiation treatments. Methods: DLOS commissioning involved determining the dynamic range, spatial resolution, noise, temporal, and other characteristics of the light source and imaging components. Benchmarking tests were performed on the combined DLOS/PRESAGE system to establish baseline dosimetric performance. The tests consisted of delivering simple radiation treatments to PRESAGE dosimeters, and comparing the measured 3D relative dose distributions with the known gold standard. The gold standard distribution was obtained from machine beam-data or the treatment planning system (TPS). All studies used standardized procedures to ensure consistency. Results: For commissioning, isotropic spatial resolution was submillimeter (MTF > 0.5 for frequencies of 1.5 lp/mm) and the dynamic range was {approx}60 dB. Flood field uniformity was within 10% and stable after 45 min of warm-up. Stray-light is small, due to telecentricity, but even the residual can be removed through deconvolution by a point-spread-function. For benchmarking, the mean 3Dmore » passing NDD (normalized dose distribution) rate (3%, 3mm, 5% dose threshold) over the benchmark data sets was 97.3% {+-} 0.6% (range 96%-98%), which is on par with other planar dosimeters used in external beam radiation therapy indicating excellent agreement. Noise was low at <2% of maximum dose (4-12 Gy) for 2 mm reconstructions. The telecentric design was critical to enabling fast imaging with minimal stray-light artifacts. Conclusions: This work presents the first comprehensive benchmarking of a 3D dosimetry system for clinical use. The DLOS/PRESAGE benchmark tests show consistently good agreement to simple known distributions. The system produces accurate isotropic 2 mm dose data over clinical volumes (e.g., 16 cm diameter phantoms, 12 cm height), in under 15 min. It represents a uniquely useful and versatile new tool for commissioning and verification of complex therapy treatments.« less