cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lung cancer in African Americans. A call for action.

PURPOSE: The authors present information about current trends in the incidence, risk factors, types, presentation, and treatment for lung cancer common to all Americans and highlight factors that are unique to African Americans. Barriers to effective care and strategies for implementing culturally competent programs for lung cancer are outlined. OVERVIEW: Disparity in the incidence and mortality rates of cancer between African Americans and white Americans has been increasing at an alarming rate since 1950. For African-American men and women, lung cancer accounted for the largest increase in the incidence of cancer between 1988 and 1992: African-American men experienced an increase of 170%, and African-American women had a dramatic increase of 464%. Lung cancer is by far the most common cause of cancer death in this population, accounting for 32% of the mortality rate in men and 20% in women. Unfortunately, lung cancer in African Americans has received little attention, and culturally competent programs are needed urgently to promote lung cancer prevention, early detection, and treatment in this population. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Healthcare providers' lack of knowledge about cultural influences on care is a barrier to providing adequate healthcare to individuals of different ethnic groups. Knowledge about cultural differences, respect for individual opinions about health and illness, and ability to negotiate differences are essential qualities for health professionals who serve culturally diverse populations. Because of the morbidity and mortality rates associated with lung cancer in the African-American population, prevention, early detection, and treatment programs are needed urgently. However, for these programs to succeed, the multidisciplinary cancer care team (nurses, physicians, social workers, psychologists, health educators, clergy) must provide information and care in culturally appropriate ways. Partnerships with family, extended kin networks, and religious and community leaders are essential. Finally, to minimize morbidity and maximize quality of life during the illness trajectory, comprehensive education and supportive care services are needed for those who have been diagnosed with lung cancer.
Calcium-dependent γ-aminobutyrate release by interneurons of rat hippocampal regions: Lesion-induced plasticity

Summary To study the Ca 2+ -dependent efflux of GABA (γ-aminobutyrate) from hippocampal tissue, superfused slices of the rat dentate gyrus, hippocampus regio inferior and hippocampus regio superior were depolarized with K + in a Ca 2+ -free medium into which Ca 2+ was then introduced. There was little variation among hippocampal regions in Ca 2+ -dependent GABA efflux; Ca 2+ released endogenous GABA from the slices approximately in proportion to their GABA content. In contrast, slices of the dentate gyrus most efficiently accumulated and released exogenous radiolabeled GABA. Bilateral removal of innervation from the entorhinal cortex more than doubled the Ca 2+ -dependent efflux of endogenous GABA from dentate gyrus slices. This lesion did not affect the efflux of endogenous GABA from slices of regio superior. In both regions GABA content was similar to control, and the slices accumulated and released normal quantities of exogenous radiolabeled GABA. Neither neonatal X-irradiation, which destroyed about 75% of the dentate granule cells, nor removal of the commissural afferents significantly affected the content, accumulation or release of GABA. These results demonstrate that GABA is not released by entorhinal, commissural or mossy fiber projections and thus support the notion that in the hippocampal formation GABA is the transmitter only of short-axon interneurons. They suggest that GABAnergic boutons in the dentate gyrus increase their transmitter release capability after a bilateral entorhinal lesion.
Staff attitudes toward a family planning service in the mental hospital

Staff attitudes toward an innovative family planning and gynecological service offered to patients in three psychiatric hospitals were assayed. Despite structural differences between hospitals, generally similar and favorable reports were obtained at all sites. However, comparison of verbal responses and actual utilization of the family planning service suggests that a theoretical position held by a minority as well as scattered personal biases militate against fullest cooperation with the program.
Study on indium phosphide nanowires grown by metal organic chemical vapor deposition and coated with aluminum oxides deposited by atomic layer deposition

Semiconducting nanowires are promising materials for a variety of applications, many of which are in optoelectronics where their ability to use quantum confinement to tune transition energy levels and their ability to epitaxially grow on substrates with large lattice-mismatches enable unique opportunities. In addition, the large relative surface area of nanowire-based devices can be either a benefit as in, for example, sensor applications or challenges such as charge trapping, non-radiative recombination or Fermi-level pinning. In this study, indium phosphide nanowires grown by metal organic chemical vapor deposition were conformally coated with aluminum oxide by atomic layer deposition as a means of controlling the surface states within the indium phosphide region. Photoluminescence spectra from the coated nanowires show a strong blueshift and slight peak broadening as compared to uncoated nanowires despite their increased lateral dimension. This degree of blueshift is unlikely to have been caused by strain associated with the coating because of its relatively thin thickness (~10 nm), and the x-ray diffraction profiles collected from the coated nanowires do not indicate the presence of substantial lattice deformation. It is more likely to be a result of altered chemical state at the surface; the uncoated nanowires have oxygen bound to both indium and phosphorus near the surface as confirmed in our X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy studies. Subsequent aluminum oxide deposition alters surface atomic bonding thereby modifying the states electronic responsible for optical properties in the nanowires.
Inactivation of food spoilage microorganisms by hydrodynamic cavitation to achieve pasteurization and sterilization of fluid foods.

ABSTRACT: Hydrodynamic cavitation is the formation of gas bubbles in a fluid due to pressure fluctuations induced by mechanical means. Various high-acid (pH ≥ 4.6) fluid foods were processed in a hydrodynamic cavitation reactor to determine if commercial sterility can be achieved at reduced processing temperatures. Sporicidal properties of the process were also tested on a low-acid (pH < 4.6) fluid food. Fluid foods were pumped under pressure into a hydrodynamic cavitation reactor and subjected to 2 rotor speeds and flow rates to achieve 2 designated exit temperatures. Thermal inactivation kinetics were used to determine heat-induced lethality for all organisms. Calcium-fortified apple juice processed at 3000 and 3600 rpm rotor speeds on the reactor went through a transient temperature change from 20 to 65.6 or 76.7 °C and the total process lethality exceeded 5-log reduction of Lactobacillus plantarum and Lactobacillus sakei cells, and Zygosaccharomyces bailii cells and ascospores. Tomato juice inoculated with Bacillus coagulans spores and processed at 3000 and 3600 rpm rotor speeds endured a transient temperature from 37.8 to 93.3 or 104.4 °C with viable CFU reductions of 0.88 and 3.10 log cycles, respectively. Skim milk inoculated with Clostridium sporogenes putrefactive anaerobe 3679 spores and processed at 3000 or 3600 rpm rotor speeds endured a transient temperature from 48.9 to 104.4 or 115.6 °C with CFU reductions of 0.69 and 2.84 log cycles, respectively. Utilizing hydrodynamic cavitation to obtain minimally processed pasteurized low-acid and commercially sterilized high-acid fluid foods is possible with appropriate process considerations for different products.
Cognitive mapping: its use as an assessment tool for client education.

Abstract To provide adequate educational interventions for students living with chronic illnesses, health professionals must develop methods suited to each individual's needs. Too often, clients are lumped into a category based on the illness diagnosis and few other factors are taken into consideration. Regardless of the diagnosis, each individual presents with authentic mental representations of the illness and the impact of that illness on important aspects of his or her life. The health professional can offer comprehensive educational interventions when all aspects of the client's own understanding of illness are assessed. Cognitive mapping is an assessment technique that can be used in addition to the initial interview and can be useful throughout the educational process to determine changes in mental representations.
Process control software projects: you CAN manage Presented at the World Batch Forum (previously presented at Fisher-Rosemount User Group, November, 1995)

Abstract Software projects in process automation have been proven difficult to manage. Technology trends promise that in the future software will consume considerably more energy than it does now. Business challenges us to deliver what the customer needs at a reduced cost, and faster than we've done it before. What's an automation engineer to do! This presentation will share approaches to improve the software delivery process. We are enabled by tools and resources like automated development techniques, modular approaches, resources from industry and academia, and fueled by recognition and rewards. Metrics help us benchmark our performance as we attempt improvement and compare our performance and contributions with others. Human factors are still incredibly significant in insuring success. We'll discuss each of these factors with examples of how they've been used to influence improvement.
Initiation and termination of host-seeking inhibition in Aedes aegypti during oöcyte maturation

Abstract The inhibition of host-seeking behaviour that accompanies vitellogenesis in the mosquito, Aedes aegypti , was examined by the removal and implantation of ovaries. Mosquitoes ovariectomized before a blood meal and between 1 and 6 hr after a blood meal responded to a host at 48 hr after a blood meal. However, when ovariectomy was delayed until 10 hr after the meal or later, most mosquitoes did not respond to the host. When a partial ovary was present for only the first 12 hr after a meal, there was no host-seeking inhibition at 48 hr, and only 58% of females with one complete ovary present during this time interval responded. Howver, these same amounts of ovarian tissue inhibited host-seeking when they remained for 48 hr after a meal. Vitellogenic ovaries from donors blood-fed 8–24 hr before, implanted into sugar-fed recipients, did not affect the host-seeking behaviour of these recipients. Ovaries removed and reimplanted before the blood meal inhibited host-seeking at 72 hr after the blood meal only in the absence of oviposition from intact ovaries. It is concluded that 2 humoral factors are involved in the promotion of host-seeking inhibition: the first factor is produced by the ovaries, and after reaching a critical threshold in the haemolymph, stimulates the release of a second factor that acts directly to inhibit mosquito behaviour. An ovary which retains 2 or fewer eggs after oviposition terminates the inhibition via nervous pathways. The role of 20-hydroxyecdysone in the behavioural inhibition is discussed.
Effects of gamma-ray irradiation and electrical stress on ZnO thin film transistors

Radiation tolerance is of interest in electronic applications such as radiation sensors, nuclear reactors, x-ray imagers, and high-energy particle accelerators. While properly designed Si MOSFETS are usefully radiation resistant, most thin-film transistors (TFTs), including polysilicon and a-Si:H, are severely degraded by relatively low irradiation dose (typically <;1 Mrad) [1, 2]. We previously reported gamma ray radiation exposure results for unbiased ZnO TFTs and circuits and found only small electrical changes for doses up to 100 Mrad [3]. For applications with TFTs operating in harsh radiation environments, the effects of simultaneous electrical stress and radiation exposure are important. We report here the effects of 60Co gamma irradiation and electrical stress on the characteristics of ZnO TFTs with active and dielectric layers deposited by weak-oxidant plasma enhanced atomic layer deposition (PEALD).
Quantification of major free fatty acids in several cheese varieties

Low to moderate concentrations of individual major free fatty acids were in Camembert, Brie, Port Salut, Monterey Jack, Edam, Colby, and Gruyere cheeses. Blue and Roquefort cheeses had high free fatty acid contents and strong flavor of free fatty acids. Goat's milk cheese had high 8-carbon free fatty acids. Limburger cheese had high concentrations of 4-carbon and 6-carbon, but flavor contributions from these free fatty acids were suppressed because the pH of this cheese was high (6.97). Hydrolytic rancidity flavor defects in Swiss, Brick, and Cheddar cheeses were signaled by measurement of high concentrations of individual short-chain free fatty acids.
Life of silver-surfaced contacts on arcing duty

IN THE ELECTRICAL industry, from the electric range in the home to the protective relay in the generating station, reliable performance of large equipments frequently depends upon the proper functioning of relatively small electric contacts. To aid in the design of one widely used contact configuration, that of a silver-surfacing layer bonded to a backing material, a fundamental investigation has been made of the factors which determine arcing life. Geometric variables include silver thickness, contact diameter, surface curvature, and backing arrangement. Electrical variables include current from 5 to 35 amperes, and voltage from 6 to 440 volts, all at 60 cycles. Kinematic variables include mechanical bouncing and contact velocity.
TRAIL-induced cleavage and inactivation of SPAK sensitizes cells to apoptosis

Ste20-related proline-alanine-rich kinase (SPAK) has been linked to various cellular processes, including proliferation, differentiation, and ion transport regulation. Recently, we showed that SPAK mediates signaling by the TNF receptor, RELT. The presence of a caspase cleavage site in SPAK prompted us to study its involvement in apoptotic signaling induced by another TNF member, TRAIL. We show that TRAIL stimulated caspase 3-like proteases that cleaved SPAK at two distinct sites. Cleavage had little effect on the activity of SPAK but removed its substrate-binding domain. In addition, TRAIL reduced the activity of SPAK in HeLa cells in a caspase-independent manner. Thus, TRAIL inhibited SPAK by two mechanisms: activation of caspases, which removed its substrate-binding domain, and caspase-independent down-regulation of SPAK activity. Furthermore, reducing the amount of SPAK by siRNA increased the sensitivity of HeLa cells to TRAIL-induced apoptosis. Thus, TRAIL down-regulation of SPAK is an important event that enhances its apoptotic effects.
AN APOLOGY OF CARNAP

This paper is focused on dismissive metaontological views about ontology. The paper's first section deals with radical dismissivism: a view which I interpret as Carnap's (1956). The second section approaches moderate dismissivism: a view which I interpret as Hirsch's (2011). My first claim is stated in section three: that there are significant differences between the mentioned authors. However, current literature on metaontology, not only does not emphasize such differences, but also insinuates that they do not exist. The authors I have in mind here are Eklund (2007, 2009) and Bennett (2009). In the fourth section, I compare Carnap's radical dismissivism with Hirsch's moderate dismissivism. My second claim is stated in section five: that Carnap's radical dismissivism is more persuasive than Hirsch's moderate one.
Optical bright and dark states in side-coupled resonator structures

We analyze side-coupled standing-wave cavity structures consisting of Fabry-Perot and photonic crystal resonators coupled to two waveguides. We show that optical bright and dark states, analogous to those observed in coherent light-matter interactions, can exist in these systems. These structures may be useful for variable, switchable delay lines.
Source Theory Viewpoints in Deep Inelastic Scattering

Abstract The phenomena of deep inelastic electron scattering on single nucleons, viewed as virtual photon absorption, are reexamined with the nonspeculative, phenomenological attitude of source theory. The use of a double spectral representation for forward scattering, and of experimental inputs from the low energy resonance region and the high energy real photon diffraction region, lead naturally to the general observed characteristics of deep inelastic scattering. A reasonably successful description of deviations from simple scaling behavior is also presented.
THE INFLUENCE OF AXIALITY ON FIGURE/GROUND ASSIGNMENT

OF THE THESIS The Influence of Axiality on Figure/Ground Assignment By SEHA KIM Thesis Director: Dr. Jacob Feldman This study investigates the influence of shape on figure/ground assignment. We measure the influence of axiality – a measure of how well a shape is described by a skeletal representation – on border ownership (f/g assignment) by pitting axiality against symmetry, a known figure/ground cue. The axiality is defined via the description length of the maximum a posteriori (MAP) skeleton for a shape. We designed a display in which an axial shape shares a common boundary with a symmetric shape, and used two methods to assess perceived f/g assignment along the common boundary: a local method, the motion probe task, and a global one, an explicit verbal response. Experiment 1, using the motion probe method, found a systematic influence of axiality on border ownership assignment: the shape with stronger axiality tends more often to be perceived as figure, that is, to own the common boundary. The results from Experiment 2 confirm that such effect of axiality was consistent for global f/g assignment as well. We conclude that (a) the axiality has an influence on f/g assignment, so global (from all contour points) and local (only near the motion probe) axialties of shapes predict border ownership, and (b) the contour of the shared boundary is perceptually “owned” by the skeleton that best explains the shape.
Posterior tracheal laceration: A rare complication of tracheostomy

Tracheostomy is an operation with a long history and many potential complications. Two case reports of acute posterior tracheal wall laceration, a rare complication, are presented. Although previously described as being secondary to inadvertent knife contact with the posterior tracheal wall, both of these cases are thought to be due to insertion of the tube with excessive force against tissue made friable by previous radiation. The diagnosis should be suspected if poor ventilation follows insertion of an endotracheal or tracheal tube. The offending tube should be removed and an oral endotracheal tube inserted. After treatment of any accompanying pneumothorax, the site should be evaluated under direct vision as the endotracheal tube is withdrawn proximal to the tracheotomy. If a tear is found, esophagoscopy is performed to insure the integrity of the esophagus. Repair of the tracheal wall is done with a single layer closure through the tracheotomy alternating suturing with ventilation. A generous tracheotomy, soft tubes and care in insertion of tubes into the trachea are suggested preventive measures.
On shear-layer instability, breakdown and transition

The problem of the linear stability of a time-dependent shear flow is investigated and the effects of contraction and expansion of the layer are discussed. Models of flows observed prior to breakdown are constructed and used to investigate the resulting secondary instabilities which are shown to be extremely violent and in essential agreement with recent experiments. In relatively short time, one half period of the primary oscillation, the energy in the secondary disturbance increases by two orders of magnitude; the wave-number corresponding to maximum amplification is five times that of the primary wave.
The Effect of a Vertical Wall on the Sway-Added Mass of a Lewis-Form Section in Shallow Water

A method is presented for evaluating sway-added mass due to lateral translation of a shiplike Lewis-form cylinder in the presence of a vertical wall in shallow water. This is an extension of a previous paper on sway-added mass of a cylinder at zero frequency in a horizontally unbounded shallow water domain. Formulations are given and numerical results are presented in figures.
The other nursing shortage: a regional collaboration to address the shortage of nursing faculty.

A regional collaborative of one major hospital system and nine schools of nursing has addressed the critical shortage of nursing faculty in Northeast Ohio. This model of institutional collaboration is preparing expert nurse clinicians from the hospital nursing staff to assume clinical faculty roles in regional schools of nursing while maintaining their primary role as clinical staff. The model included the development of a recruitment campaign, a uniform application process, an online database, faculty orientation programs, and continuing faculty development opportunities. Currently, more than 240 clinical nursing staff have applied for the program. Two faculty orientation sessions were attended by more than 100 prospective faculty. Additionally, the first continuing faculty development workshop was attended by more than 170 current and prospective nursing faculty. Now in its third year of implementation, the project is expanding its scope to include a broader base of regional partners and to address the ...
Measurement of isoprene and its atmospheric oxidation products in a central Pennsylvania deciduous forest

Ambient concentrations of isoprene and several of its atmospheric oxidation productsmethacrolein, methylvinyl ketone, formaldehyde, formic acid, acetic acid, and pyruvic acid-were measured in a central Pennsylvania deciduous forest during the summer of 1988. Isoprene concentrations ranged from near zero at night to levels in excess of 30 ppbv during daylight hours. During fair weather periods, midday isoprene levels normally fell in the 5–10 ppbv range. Methacrolein and methylvinyl ketone levels ranged from less than 0.5 ppbv to greater than 3 ppbv with average midday concentrations in the 1 to 2 ppbv range. The diurnal behavior of formaldehyde paralleled that of isoprene with ambient concentrations lowest (∼1 ppbv) in the predawn hours and highest (>9.0 ppbv) during the afternoon. The organic acids peaked during the midday period with average ambient concentration of 2.5, 2.0, and 0.05 ppbv for formic, acetic, and pyruvic acid, respectively. These data indicate that oxygenated organics comprise a large fraction of the total volatile organic carbon containing species present in rural, forested regions of the eastern United States. Consequently, these compounds need to be included in photochemical models that attempt to simulate oxidant behavior and/or atmospheric acidity in these forested regions.
Laser desorption mass spectrometry of squaric acid and its salts

The laser desorption mass spectrometry of the oxocarbon squaric acid (3,4-dihydroxy-3-cyclobutene-1,2-dione) and its salts of the form A2C4O4 (A = cation) is described. Both positive and negative ion spectra were obtained. The positive ion spectrum of the acid is characterized by an ion corresponding to loss of CO from [M + H]+. The negative ion spectrum shows an intense [M − H]− peak in addition to a dimer species. The alkali salt spectra contain [M + A]+ in the positive mode and [M − A]− and an intense [C4HO4]− in the negative mode. The smaller alkali salts also have an [M + H]+ adduct ion. Unlike the alkali squarates, the ammonium salt shows ions corresponding to losses of neutrals from the molecular adduct in the positive ion spectrum and a dimer species in the negative ion spectrum. Molecular weight information was obtained in all cases. A (bis) dicyanomethylene derivative of potassium squarate was also studied. Some field desorption mass spectrometry results are presented for comparison.
The IPUMS Project: An Update

(1999). The IPUMS Project: An Update. Historical Methods: A Journal of Quantitative and Interdisciplinary History: Vol. 32, No. 3, pp. 102-110.
Two-Dimensional Thermal Transport in Graphene: A Review of Numerical Modeling Studies

This article reviews recent numerical studies of thermal transport in graphene, with a focus on molecular dynamics simulation, the atomistic Green’s function method, and the phonon Boltzmann transport equation method. The mode-wise phonon contribution to the intrinsic thermal conductivity (κ) of graphene and the effects of extrinsic mechanisms—for example, substrate, isotope, impurities, and defects—on κ are discussed. We also highlight the insights from numerical studies aimed at bridging the gaps between 1D, 2D, and 3D thermal transport in carbon nanotubes/graphene nanoribbons, graphene, and graphite. Numerical studies on thermal transport across the interface between graphene and other materials and nonlinear thermal transport phenomena such as thermal rectification and negative differential thermal resistance are also reviewed.
On ‘The religion of the visible Universe’: Novalis and the pantheism controversy

The ‘Pantheism Controversy’ of the 1780s was one of the most significant events in German intellectual life in the eighteenth century, and its reverberations continued to be felt in various ways fo...
Equilibrium and time scales in geomorphology: Application to sand-bed alluvial streams

Equilibrium is defined as a single-valued, temporally invariant functional relationship between the values of an output variable and the values of the input variable(s) in a geomorphic system. Disequilibrium occurs if the output deviates from the functional relationship by more than a consensual degree. Natural geomorphic variables are characterized by a relaxation time. Output variables are insensitive to cyclical inputs with frequencies much greater than the relaxation time, but can respond completely for sufficiently low frequencies. Rapid trends, recent step changes or pulse inputs, and intermediate frequency inputs can cause disequilibrium. The gradient of sand-bed alluvial channels (the output variable) is determined by sediment and water delivery from slopes (the input variables), and changes in this hydraulic regime require regrading by erosion and deposition. Initial stages of adjustment to changed regime in a long, unbranched channel with sediment and water delivery only at the upstream end propagate downstream, but later stages of adjustment occur simultaneously throughout the reach. In a dendritic channel network the gradient responds rather uniformly throughout the network to changes in regime during all stages of adjustment. The time scale of adjustment to changed regime depends upon the size of the channel network (or stream length), the sediment and water discharges, and to a lesser degree upon the magnitude of the change. Grade as defined by Mackin (1948) is synonymous with equilibrium as used in this paper if ‘a period of years’ is replaced by ‘a time period commensurate with the relaxation time of the gradient’. The use of the term grade is best restricted to a single-valued relationship between channel gradient and the hydraulic regime.
Covariant formulation of the post-1-Newtonian approximation to general relativity

We derive a coordinate-independent formulation of the post-1-Newtonian approximation to general relativity. This formulation is a generalization of the Newton-Cartan geometric formulation of Newtonian gravity. It involves several fields and a connection, but no spacetime metric at the fundamental level. We show that the usual coordinate-dependent equations of post-Newtonian gravity are recovered when one specializes to asymptotically flat spacetimes and to appropriate classes of coordinates.
Presenting the Past: Essays on History and the Public

In recent years, history has been increasingly popularized through television docudramas, history museums, paperback historical novels, grassroots community history projects, and other public representations of historical knowledge. This collection of lively and accessible essays is the first examination of the rapidly growing field called "public history." Based in part on articles written for the Radical History Review, these eighteen original essays take a sometimes irreverent look at how history is presented to the public in such diverse settings as children's books, Colonial Williamsburg, and the Statue of Liberty, Presenting the Past is organized into three areas which consider the role of mass media ("Packaging the Past"), the affects of applied history ("Professionalizing the Past") and the importance of grassroots efforts to shape historical consciousness ("Politicizing the Past"). The first section examines the large-scale production and dissemination of popular history by mass culture. The contributors criticize many of these Hollywood and Madison Avenue productions that promote historical amnesia or affirm dominant values and institutions. In "Professionalizing the Past," the authors show how non-university based professional historians have also affected popular historical consciousness through their work in museums, historic preservation, corporations, and government agencies. Finally, the book considers what has been labeled "people's history" - oral history projects, slide shows, films, and local exhibits - and assesses its attempts to reach such diverse constituents as workers, ethnic groups, women, and gays. Of essential interest to students of history, Presenting the Past also explains to the general reader how Americans have come to view themselves, their ancestors, and their heritage through the influence of mass media, popular culture, and "public history." Author note: Susan Porter Benson is Associate Professor and Chair of History at Bristol Community College in Massachusetts. Stephen Brier is Director of the American Social History Project and Senior Research Scholar at the Graduate Center, City University of New York. Roy Rosenzweig is Associate Professor of History and Director of the Oral History Program at George Mason University in Virginia.
Work in progress - effect of instructional design and pair programming on student performance in an introductory programming course

California State University Monterey Bay (CSUMB) uses an outcomes-based delivery philosophy and focuses on measurable student learning. Because of the required outcome it was determined that the students needed more scaffolding or "metacognitive support" than is typically afforded in the introductory programming courses. The students were simply not capable of making the jump from simple programming concepts to being able to deliver a satisfactory completed portfolio piece. This paper reports on a study that investigated use of pair programming as a delivery methodology for an introductory Java programming course
Effect of electrical stimulation of “rewarding” areas of the hypothalamus on habituation and dishabituation to repeated mild cold exposures in C57BL/6J mice

Four groups of 12-month-old C57BL/6J male mice had chronic electrodes implanted in the median forebrain bundle. In three groups the "rewarding" property of electrical stimulation was determined during a single 30-min session of self-stimulation (ISS) before the beginning of the experiment. In the fourth group this test was postponed until the end of experiment. Every two weeks for 12 weeks all animals were subjected to repeated 3-hr cold stress tests consisting of partial physical restraint at an ambient temperature of 10 degrees C. The time interval between tests No. 3 and No. 4 was intentionally delayed up to four weeks. During the 4-week interval, animals of one of the groups tested for ISS remained in their home cages; mice of the second ISS-tested group received daily 30-min sessions of brain stimulation; and animals of the third ISS-tested group were placed daily for 30 min in the experimental chamber where they had been tested for ISS previously but received no brain stimulation. Animals of the fourth group, which were not tested for ISS prior to the experiment, also were placed daily in the experimental chamber without brain stimulation. Repeated cold testing resulted in improvement of cold tolerance (decrease of the rate of decline of colonic temperature during cold exposure) in the second and third tests relative to the first cold test in all groups (cold habituation).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
The topological analysis of integral cytoplasmic membrane proteins

We review three general approaches to determining the topology of integral cytoplasmic membrane proteins. (i) Inspection of the amino acid sequence and use of algorithms to predict membrane spanning segments allows the construction of topological models. For many proteins, the mere identification of such segments and an analysis of the distribution of basic amino acids in hydrophilic domains leads to correct structure predictions. For others, additional factors must come into play in determining topology, (ii) Gene fusion analysis of membrane proteins, in many cases, leads to complete topological models. Such analyses have been carried out in both bacteria and in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Conflicts between results from gene fusion analysis and other approaches can be used to explore details of the process of membrane protein assembly. For instance, anomalies in gene fusion studies contributed evidence for the important role of basic amino acids in determining topolog. (iii) Biochemical probes and the site of natural biochemical modifications of membrane proteins give information on their topology. Chemical modifiers, proteases and antibodies made to different domains of a membrane protein can identify which segments of the protein are in the cytoplasm and which are on the extracytoplasmic side of the membrane. Sites of such modifications as glycosylation and phosphorylation help to specify the location of particular hydrophilic domains. The advantages and limitations of these methods are discussed.
A Review of the Genus Iridogorgia (Octocorallia : Chrysogorgiidae) and Its Relatives, Chiefly from the North Atlantic Ocean

Exploration of the New England and Corner Rise Seamounts produced four new species of chrysogorgiid octocorals with the spiral iridogorgiid growth form. Three species are described as new in the genus Iridogorgia and one is described in the new genus Rhodaniridogorgia. Both genera have representatives in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Iridogorgia magnispiralis sp. nov., is one of the largest octocorals encountered in the deep sea and seems to be widespread in the Atlantic.
Accelerating high-level bounded model checking

SAT-based Bounded Model Checking (BMC) has been found promising in finding deep bugs in industry designs and scaling well with design sizes. However, it has limitations due to requirement of finite data paths, inefficient translations and loss of high-level design information during the BMC problem formulation. These shortcomings inherent in Boolean-level BMC can be avoided by using high-level BMC. We propose a novel framework for high-level BMC, which includes several techniques that extract high-level design information from EFSM models to make the verification model "BMC friendly", and use it on-the-fly to simplify the BMC problem instances. Such techniques overcome the inherent limitations of Boolean-level BMC, while allowing integration of state-of-the-art techniques for BMC. In our controlled experiments we found signficant performance improvements achievable by the proposed techniques.
Removal of the stem terminal and application of auxin change carbohydrates in Pinus banksiana cuttings during propagation

This study determined how surgical removal of the stem terminal, with indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) treatment, influenced concentrations and partitioning of carbohydrates in Pinus banksiana Lamb, cuttings during propagation. Seedlings and cuttings that originated from 90-day-old stock plants were untreated or treated by removing the stem terminal, followed by application of IBA to the severed apical or basal (cuttings only) stem. Fresh and dry weights of the basal 1-cm stems of cuttings were determined daily for the first 10 days of propagation (i.e., before roots were visible). In addition, basal 1-cm stems, upper (ca 9-cm) stems and needles of seedlings and cuttings were analyzed for sucrose, soluble reducing sugar and total non-structural carbohydrate. Net concentrations of each carbohydrate in cuttings were obtained by subtracting corresponding concentrations for similarly treated seedlings, yielding data directly related to only the physiology of rooting. Data for cuttings indicated that presence of the stem terminal combined with applied IBA positively influenced rooting through processes that increased basal stem fresh and dry weights before root emergence. Removal of the stem terminal influenced accumulation of net total carbohydrate in cuttings, but the major effect was on carbohydrate partitioning. Either type of IBA treatment after removal of the stem terminal usually resulted in different net carbohydrate concentrations in each tissue source of cuttings, compared with only removal of the terminal. Neither basal nor apical IBA treatment of cuttings without stem terminals yielded results for carbohydrate accumulation and partitioning like those obtained with intact cuttings. Removal of the stem terminal, even if followed by IBA treatment, may have lessened rooting potential of cuttings because it resulted in greater reducing sugarstarch concentration ratios in basal stems compared with those in intact cuttings.
SEARCHING FOR THE PARENTS AND SIBLINGS OF BENITA DE LEMA: SURNAME USAGE IN GALICIA BEFORE 1790

This genealogical reconstitution of the families of Benita de Lema eighteenth century woman from Cee, La Coruna explores the use of surnames during this period in Galicia. Documentation drawn from parish, notary and court records shows her as mother and daughter interacting with family and society and demonstrates the flexibility in the selection of surnames throughout much of that century in Galicia. In Galicia men and women during the time before 1790 could select surnames from their fathers or mothers, from their extended pedigree, or even from their spouse’s family, and often did so.
Effects of solar wind inhomogeneities on transit times of interplanetary shock waves

Abstract Long-term forecasting, greater than a few hours, of geomagnetic activity requires reasonably accurate estimates of the arrival times of interplanetary shock waves of solar origin. The shock waves travel through an inhomogeneous interplanetary medium. Two major sources of uncertainty in estimates of arrival times are the variations of the velocity and the density of the ambient medium. The theory of propagation of strong shock waves through inhomogeneous media relates errors of estimate of shock arrival time to the inhomogeneities and shows that increases in the velocity along the Sun–Earth line lead to decreases in transit time and increases in the density lead to increases in transit time. The uncertainties in arrival time in both cases are proportional, in the linear approximation underlying the theory, to the perturbations or uncertainties in the velocity and density. The theory is applied to shock propagation through corotating inhomogeneities and used to calculate variances of arrival times using solar wind data. Four cases with different heliocentric radial dependences of density perturbation and fiducial shock speeds are considered. Numerical results based on NSSDC OMNI data give a variance of about 12– 24 h for a fiducial transit time of 48 h , depending on the model for the inhomogeneities. In the most plausible model, in which the density inhomogeneities δρ/ρ increase linearly with heliocentric radius and the fiducial shock speed is proportional to the inverse square root of the radius, the ratio of variance to transit time is about 0.25, independent of fiducial transit time. The results are in general agreement with observations, suggesting that much of the variance of observed transit times results from the influence of interplanetary inhomogeneities.
Conway’s groupCo3 and the Dickson invariants

In this paper, we construct a map from the classifying spaceBCo3 of Conway’s sporadic simple groupCo3 to the classifying spaceBDI(4) of the new finite loop space at the prime two DI(4) of Dwyer and Wilkerson. This map has the property that it injects the mod two cohomology ofBDI(4) (which is equal to the Dickson invariants of rank four) as a subring over which the mod two cohomology ofBCo3 is finitely generated as a module.
Development of a non-human primate sub-clinical model of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia: platelet responses to human anti-heparin-platelet factor 4 antibodies.

The purpose of this study was to characterize the responses of human and non-human primate (Macaca mulatta) platelets to anti-heparin-platelet factor 4 (AHPF4) antibodies. Due to the variations observed in the functionality and immunoglobulin isotypes in patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT), we used highly characterized human AHPF4 antibodies to study platelet activation responses. Using ELISA and 14C-serotonin release assay (SRA) systems, three patients' plasmapheresis fluid with similar responses to these assays were pooled. This pool was then used to study the platelet activation responses of human and primate platelets in the HIT platelet aggregation assay, a flow cytometry assay, and a variation of the aggregation assay in which glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors were supplemented. In the plasmapheresis fluid from three patients, the most significant AHPF4 immunoglobulin isotype present (based on optical density readings) was IgG, with less IgM (p 0.05). Three glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor inhibitors were used to evaluate the similarities in platelet activation. Eptifibatide was found to be a strong inhibitor of both species' platelet types at concentrations greater than 0.01 microg/ml. This was not the case with tirofiban which inhibited both human and monkey platelets at concentrations greater than 0.025 microg/ml. Abciximab inhibited aggregation at concentrations greater than 6.25 microg/ml. These data indicate that phylogenetic similarities in platelets of humans and primates may be used to further characterize the pathophysiology of HIT syndrome.
Latest Holocene evolution and human disturbance of a channel segment in the Hudson River Estuary

Abstract The latest Holocene sedimentary record of a cohesive channel and subtidal shoal in the lower Hudson River Estuary was examined to elucidate natural (sea-level rise, sediment transport) and anthropogenic (bulkheading, dredging) influences on the recent morphodynamic evolution of the system. To characterize the seafloor and shallow subbottom, ∼ 100 km of high-resolution seismic reflection profiles (chirp) were collected within a 20-km reach of the estuary and correlated with sediment lithologies provided by eight vibracores recovered along seismic lines. Sediment geochronology with 137Cs and 14C was used to estimate intermediate and long-term sedimentation rates, respectively, and historical bathymetric data were analyzed to identify regional patterns of accretion and erosion, and to quantify changes in channel geometry and sediment volume. The shoal lithosome originated around 4 ka presumably with decelerating eustatic sea level rise during the latest Holocene. Long-term sedimentation rates on the shoal (2.3–2.6 mm/yr) are higher than in the channel (2 mm/yr) owing to hydrodynamic conditions that preferentially sequester suspended sediment on the western side of the estuary. As a result, the shoal accretes oblique to the principal axis of tidal transport, and more rapidly than the channel to produce an asymmetric cross-section. Shoal deposits consist of tidally bedded muds and are stratified by minor erosion surfaces that seismic profiles reveal to extend for 10s of meters to kilometers. The frequency and continuity of these surfaces suggest that the surficial shoal is catastrophically stripped on decadal-centennial time scales by elevated tidal flows; tidal erosion maintains the shoal at a uniform depth below sea level and prevents it from transitioning to an intertidal environment. Consequently, the long-term sedimentation rate approximates the rate of sea-level rise in the lower estuary (1–3 mm/yr). After the mid 1800s, the natural geometry of the lower Hudson River Estuary changed rapidly in response to engineering works that forced the channel to self-deepen. Analysis of historical bathymetric data indicates that the channel lost an estimated 3 × 106 tons of sediment between ca. 1939 and 2002 (50,000 tons/yr average) by subaqueous erosion, increasing in depth by as much as 4 m in places. Erosion appears to have been concurrent with systematic bulkheading of the shoreline after ca. 1865, which decreased the estuary surface area by ∼ 19% overall. Evidently, self-deepening of the channel is a morphodynamic adjustment to reestablish equilibrium cross-sectional area, yet the state of this change locally and elsewhere in the estuary is unknown. Subaqueous erosion documented in this study is a significant source of sediment with implications to the sediment budget and environmental quality of the Hudson River Estuary.
Homeostasis in Infected Epithelia: Stem Cells Take the Lead

To maintain tissue homeostasis and avoid disease, epithelial cells damaged by pathogens need to be readily replenished, and this is mainly achieved by the activation of stem cells. In this Short Review, we discuss recent developments in the exciting field of host epithelia-pathogen interaction in Drosophila as well as in mammals.
Changing Media and Changing Political Organization: Delegation, Representation and News

This article examines the ways that new communications technologies change the organization of politics as well as the content of news. Changes in the media lead to changes in the mediators, the persons who choose and interpret the news for the public. When new mediators convey different news stories or offer different interpretations from the previous regime, they redistribute control of politics and culture. As media get cheaper, faster and harder to control, state regulation of content becomes less effective. This provides new opportunities for citizens to monitor their leaders and alters the ways that leaders – whether they are democratic or authoritarian – demonstrate accountability. Political leaders are always trying to control the agenda by limiting information available to the public and convincing the public that they know more and know best. New forms of media, such as the commercial television, cable and satellite television, and the internet change political competition by providing new opportunities for insurgent politicians to challenge their elders. I consider these changes within the context of past innovations, including the rise of the printing press, the telegraph, the newspaper, and radio.