cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reactivity in ion-neutral high density media

The recent development of hybrid traps technology has revolutionized the field of cold chemistry. Recently, new trap configurations have been built in order to explore more involve chemical processes, among them is the three-body recombination involving ions and neutrals. Different ion-neutral-neutral reactions at low collision energies: 0.1 mK - 10 mK, are studied by means of a very recent method for classical trajectory calculations in hyperspherical coordinates for treating three-body collisions [J. Perez-Rios, S. Ragole, J. Wang and C. H. Greene, J. Chem. Phys. 140 , 044307 (2014)]. On the other hand a classically derived threshold law is obtained and numerically confirmed. The derived threshold law predicts molecular ions should dominate over molecular neutrals as the most products formed.
Correction to “Learning to Rank Atlases for Multiple-Atlas Segmentation”

In the above paper (ibid., vol. 33, no. 10, pp. 1939-1953, Oct. 2014), Gerard Sanroma was incorrectly indicated as the corresponding author. Dinggang Shen should have been indicated as the corresponding author.
Asphyxiated Bacteria as a Vaccine in Tuberculosis

Many, if not all parasites in the moist warm state die out when their supply of a constituent element (oxygen) is persistently occluded.1 The following experiments demonstrate that tubercle bacilli so killed retain constituents of value for conferring protection against a tuberculous disease. As reported previously,1 glycerine agar cultures of human, bovine or avian tubercle become non-infectious when glass-sealed and incubated at 38 C. for 2 months, even though the air is not removed before the tubes are sealed. The bacilli in the sealed cultures gradually rarefy their supply of oxygen and accumulate carbon dioxide and other endproducts. When not sealed, such cultures remain infectious for many months or years. The loss of infectivity may also be produced in one month by incubation at 38-40 C. in glass-sealed tubes saturated with water vapor but containing no medium, and rigorously deprived of molecular oxygen. In this case, the organisms are rendered non-infectious by uncomplicated anaerobic metabolism. After incubation the tubes may be stored in a carbon dioxide ice chest. The non-infectious bacilli do not grow on various mediums, but are well preserved in the absence of appreciable oxygen and are indistinguishable from virulent bacilli by the Ziehl-Neelsen stain. The following experiment describes the extent of immunity already obtained with
Gloomy Terrors and Hidden Fires: The Mystery of John Colter and Yellowstone. By Ronald M. Anglin and Larry E. Morris.

Gloomy Terrors and Hidden Fires: The Mystery of John Colter and Yellowstone . By Ronald M. Anglin and Larry E. Morris. (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2014. xi + 243 pp. Illustrations, maps, appendices, notes, bibliography, index. $35.00, £21.95.) From the outset, Ronald M. Anglin and Larry E. Morris make two things undeniably clear about John Colter. The first is that although his life in the wilderness lasted but a few short years, Colter’s honored place in the popular imagination of the American West remains unshakeable two centuries later, and his legacy is one of enduring if not confounding historical fascination. Second, despite the fact that Colter left not a shred of personal documentation of his exploits, he more than earned his legendary position in western history and lore. As the authors point out, Colter was such a crucial member of the Lewis and Clark … cmagoc{at}mercyhurst.edu
Discovery of the Middle Jurassic Liostrea barrier reefs at Baqên County， northern Tibet

： Middle Jurassic Liostrea barrier reefs were first discovered in the Biqu Formation， Maru， Baqen County， northern Tibet.According to reef-building organisms， Liostrea barrier reefs and Cyanobacteria-Liostrea binding-barrier reefs may be distinguished.They are mostly bed-like or bedded in shape.Every single reef is 4 to 8 m thick， with a cumulative thickness of 20 to 25 m.Liostrea is a solitary oyster-shaped bivalve animal with the left and right valves.The left valve shell bulges strongly， while the right valve shell is flat.Because this kind of organism lived with their left valve fixed to a substrate， they form the Liostrea community and Cyanobacteria－Liostrea community， representing a warm， clean normal neritic environment．
Optimal Capital Structure, Capacity Choice and Product Market Competition

This paper develops a dynamic trade-off model to study the interaction between product market competition and capital structure. Firms make interdependent entry, investment, financing and default decisions. Trade-off between tax benefits, bankruptcy costs and strategic considerations in the product market determines optimal capital structure. The model delivers the following results that are consistent with empirical evidences: (1) Firms may have non-linear and non-monotonic reactions to their competitors' change of leverage, depending on their original levels of leverage; (2) The within-industry variation of leverage can be large, because incumbents and entrants use leverage strategically differently; (3) Entrants have higher leverage than incumbents in equilibrium, because the incumbents use lower leverage to gain strategic advantages over the entrants.
Liver Diseases and Liver Function Tests

Physiology of the liver and interpretation of liver function tests will be addressed at the beginning of this chapter. Causes, mechanisms, and approaches to diagnosis of the different subtypes of jaundice will be discussed. Liver disease and drugs, liver disease in pregnancy and in children will be considered briefly.
Reliability and accuracy of helmet-mounted and head-mounted devices used to measure head accelerations:

The attention given to brain injury has grown in recent years as its effects have become better understood. A desire to investigate the causal agents of head trauma in athletes has led to the devel...
Solid pseudopapillary tumor of pancreas: A lesser known entity-diagnosis and pitfalls: A case report

Solid pseudopapillary tumor (SPT) is a rare pancreatic neoplasm with a reported incidence of 0.1% to 2.7% of all pancreatic tumors. Because radiological presentation of pancreatic tumors is quite overlapping, distinctive features in fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) helps in its diagnosis preoperatively. Being a low-grade malignancy presenting predominantly in young females, correct preoperative diagnosis minimizes the need of extensive surgery. SPT carries good prognosis without any adjuvant chemotherapy/radiotherapy in most cases, even in the presence of metastatic disease. On the other hand, aggressive surgical resection is required for ductal adenocarcinoma which is more common pancreatic tumor (90%). We report here a case of a 49-year-old female diagnosed as SPT. The importance of the need for the radiologist, pathologist, and surgeon to be familiar with SPT is highlighted so that it is more often diagnosed as there are significant therapeutic and prognostic implications.
Menopausal Hormone Therapy, Age, and Chronic Diseases: Perspectives on Statistical Trends.

The release of the Women’s Health Initiative (WHI) study in 2002 was a shock to the medical community. Hormone therapy (HT) had generally been considered to be highly beneficial for postmenopausal women since it was the gold standard for relief of menopausal symptoms (hot flashes, night sweats, vaginal atrophy) and it was thought to protect women from osteoporosis, heart disease, and cognitive decline and to generally improve quality of life. However, WHI showed a statistically significant increase in a number of disease states, including breast cancer, cardiovascular disease, and stroke. One problem with the WHI study was that the average age of women in the study was 63, which is considerably older than the age at which most women enter menopause (about 51). The timing hypothesis attempts to rationalize the effect of age on response to HT and risk of various diseases. The data suggests that younger women (50–60) may be protected from heart disease with only a slight increase in breast cancer risk. In co...
Emergy and Network Analysis

In this article, we briefly review concepts and principles of ‘emergy’ and related quantities. The concept of energy quality is introduced and defined by unit emergy values (UEVs) called ‘transformity’ and ‘specific emergy’. We demonstrate the addition of concepts of emergy, specifically energy quality to network analysis using several case studies including the Florida Everglades food web. In several case studies, flow data are coupled with exogenous forcing energies (in emergy units) to compute UEVs for biotic and abiotic components. We also demonstrate the incorporation of transformity (quality correction) in energy flow analysis to avoid misrepresenting influence of individual components. The result is relative energetic contributions of each component within networks.
Pathways to Green(er) Pastures: Reward Bundles, Human Capital, and Turnover Decisions in a Semi-Profession

This study brings together turnover and job design research to investigate how reward bundling and job fit generate staying and leaving decisions among one particular group of “semi-professionals”: urban schoolteachers with different types of human capital. Using qualitative comparative analysis (QCA), I analyze survey and interview data from 40 middle and high school teachers in one urban school district: 20 stayers and 20 leavers. The analysis identifies combinations or “bundles” of intrinsic and extrinsic rewards that work together to motivate staying and leaving decisions. For all stayers, administrative support appears to serve as a compensating differential for the absence of other rewards. For all leavers, reward bundles simultaneously lacking student attachment and collegiality, or combining more stable teacher human capital resources in the school with the lack of administrative support, each promote leaving decisions. Further, results suggest that teachers with different types of human capital react to these bundles differently. This paper explores three of the fourteen bundles specific to teachers with selective college backgrounds, high SAT scores, or National Board Teaching Certification. The findings have implications for semi-professions in which workers carefully weigh their often contradictory set of working conditions and are prone to leave their workplace or occupation for any kind of “greener pasture.”
Overview of Human Narcolepsy

Narcolepsy research began at least 125 yr ago and has since been steadily advancing (Table 1). In the late 1800s, physicians first began to notice an unusual constellation of symptoms. In 1877, Westphal (1) was the first to describe an association between hypersomnia and episodic muscle weakness that was felt to be more than simply an “epileptoid” phenomenon. This is usually considered to be the initial documentation of narcolepsy, although a few years before, in 1862, Caffe (2) documented a severely sleepy patient with hallucinations. Fischer (3) described a similar case in 1878. In 1880, Gelineau (4) used the term narcolepsy, derived from the Greek narke (numbness, stupor) and lepsis (an attack, seizure), to describe patients with primary hypersomnia. Loewenfeld (5) emphasized the significance of cataplexy, and during the epidemic of encephalitis lethargica from 1917 to 1927, Von Economo (6) discussed the posterior hypothalamus as an important region for the promotion of wakefulness. In 1915, Redlich (7) noted the frequency of dreams during sleep attacks. In 1934, Daniels (8) wrote an important review of the current knowledge pertaining to narcolepsy, which helped to focus interest on the topic. By 1957, the clinical tetrad of hypersomnia, cataplexy, hypnagogic hallucinations, and sleep paralysis was described by Yoss and Daly (9). In 1960, Vogel (10) discovered that patients with narcolepsy had early onset of REM sleep on electroencephalography. The symptom of disturbed nocturnal sleep was recognized at the First International Symposium on Narcolepsy in 1975 (11).
Robust DOA estimation in the presence of mis-calibrated sensors

In this paper, we consider robust direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimation for an array that contains mis-calibrated sensors with unknown gain and phase uncertainties. We develop two robust DOA estimation algorithms based on the maximum correntropy criterion (MCC). In the first algorithm, adaptively optimized weighting factors are obtained and applied to each sensor to effectively mitigate the effect of calibration error and array manifold distortions, and the results are fed into sparse reconstruction methods for DOA estimation. In the second algorithm, we further estimate the gain and phase errors of the mis-calibrated sensors so that the entire array is fully calibrated for improved DOA estimation. The effectiveness of the proposed techniques is verified using simulation results.
Trees down, hazards abound: Observations and lessons from Hurricane Sandy.

BACKGROUND Given predictions that climate change will lead to an increase in severe storms, it is important to more fully understand the risks experienced by workers charged with the cleanup and removal of storm damaged trees. These hazards have received little attention in the occupational safety and health literature. METHODS This paper is based on semi-structured interviews with 23 stakeholders involved in the Hurricane Sandy cleanup effort. RESULTS Interview participants identified at risk sectors, gaps in training and preparedness, and raised particular concerns about storm downed trees, electrical hazards, and fatigue and suggested steps to reduce these hazards. CONCLUSIONS Stakeholders' observations about storm response suggest directions for improving the health and safety of this critical workforce.
Motion and color cognition

The relationships between the perceptions of color and visual motion are complex and intriguing. Evidence from patients with certain rare forms of damage to the cerebral cortex indicates that color and motion are to some extent processed separately within the visual system. This conclusion is buttressed by physiological evidence for separate neural pathways for the processing of color and motion and psychophysical evidence that the perception of motion in color displays is greatly reduced when the colors are isoluminant. However, experiments and demonstrations reveal that the perceptions of color and motion can interact. Motion can trigger the perception of color in achromatic stimuli and in uncolored regions of space. Color can determine the perceived direction of motion, and changes in color can trigger the perception of apparent motion. This article briefly reviews the evidence for separate processing of color and visual motion and for the ways they interact.
3DFacilities: Annotated 3D Reconstructions of Building Facilities

Scan-to-BIM is the process of converting 3D reconstructions into building information models (BIM). Currently, it involves manual tracing of point clouds by human users in BIM authoring tools, with some automation functionality available for walls, floors, windows, doors, and piping. Emerging semantic segmentation methods demonstrate a level of versatility that could extend the capabilities of automated Scan-to-BIM well past the limited existing object categories. The accuracy of supervised deep learning methods in the context of 3D scene segmentation has experienced rapid improvement over the past year due to the recent availability of large, annotated datasets of indoor spaces. Unfortunately, the semantic object categories in the available datasets do not cover many essential BIM object categories, such as heating, ventilation and air-conditioning (HVAC), and plumbing systems. In an effort to leverage the success of deep learning for Scan-to-BIM, we present 3DFacilities, an annotated dataset of 3D reconstructions of building facilities. The dataset contains over 11,000 individual RGB-D frames comprising 50 scene reconstructions annotated with 3D camera poses and per-vertex and per-pixel annotations. Our dataset is available at https://thomasczerniawski.com/3dfacilities/.
Characterization of Bacteria–Biomaterial Interactions, from a Single Cell to Biofilms

Abstract Bacterial adhesion to biomaterials is generally accepted to be the first step in the development of biomaterial-centred bacterial infections (BCBIs). A better understanding of how bacteria interact with biomaterials is essential to the development of surgical intervention strategies that can be used to reduce BCBIs and coatings capable of preventing bacterial adhesion to their surfaces. Bacterial adhesion to a surface is a multi-step process during which single bacterial cells first initiate attachment to the biomaterial, followed by biofilm formation. The first part of this chapter is devoted to an exploration of how the initial bacterial adhesion to biomaterials can be quantified while the second part focuses on how biofilms can be imaged and how such images can be processed to quantify biofilm structure. We have paid special attention to guiding future biomaterials scientists on the best practices currently used in quantifying bacterial interactions with biomaterials at the nano- and macroscales.
The Validation of the Transition-to-Work Inventory: A Job Placement System for Workers with Severe Disabilities

The reliability and validity of the Transition-to-Work Inventory (TWI; Friedman et al., 1996), which is designed to diagnose worker/job fit problems for individuals with severe disabilities, was assessed. Worker/job analyses were conducted using the TWI for 64 workers with severe disabilities, in 35 jobs at 11 different organizations. These analyses were performed by supported employment staff members and other job-content experts. Worker's capabilities (as determined by the worker analysis) and the job's requirements (as determined by the job analysis) were directly compared to each other to determine potential “target item” problems for the worker (i.e., items designating activities that the worker may have difficulties performing). Once target items had been determined, their importance to task performance was rated, and correlations between the items' importance to tasks and actual performance were computed. Results indicated that TWI ratings of both worker capabilities and job requirements were reliable. In addition, the TWI was determined to have predictive validity. The more important the worker's target items were rated for task performance, the greater were the decreases in the worker's performance appraisal ratings. Results indicate that specific problems for worker performance can be assessed using this instrumentation.
Visualizing Coastal Change

Scientific visualization provides a means for effective analysis and communication of complex information that may be otherwise difficult to explain and explore. This particularly applies to coastal geomorphology, where 3D spatial and temporal patterns and relationships are critical for capturing landscape features and their dynamics. In this chapter we present GIS-based techniques for visualizing dynamic coastal landscapes using 2D maps, 3D perspective views, animations, and the space-time cube approach.
Prevalence of Granulomas in Patients With Primary Immunodeficiency Disorders, United States: Data From National Health Care Claims and the US Immunodeficiency Network Registry.

Granulomas are a potentially severe condition that can last for several years in persons with primary immunodeficiency disorders (PIDD). We assessed the prevalence of granulomas in patients with PIDD. We used the Truven Health MarketScan® 2005–2015 Commercial Claims and Encounters and 2006–2015 Medicaid databases and the US Immunodeficiency Network (USIDNET) PIDD registry (a program of the Immune Deficiency Foundation). Our study population consisted of persons age < 65 years with PIDD, defined as persons with ≥ 2 claims with a diagnostic code for PIDD in MarketScan databases, or patients enrolled in USIDNET. Granulomas were identified using diagnostic codes in MarketScan or provider report in USIDNET. We calculated annual prevalence of PIDD and of granulomas among PIDD patients. We identified 247,474 and 40,395 persons with PIDD among commercially and Medicaid-insured persons, respectively. PIDD prevalence was 6.0/10,000 in 2005 and 11.7/10,000 in 2015 among commercially insured persons and 5.5/10,000 in 2006 and 9.6/10,000 in 2015 among Medicaid-insured persons. The prevalence of granulomas among PIDD patients was 1.2 and 1.5% among commercially and Medicaid-insured persons, respectively. In USIDNET, prevalence of granulomas was 4.4% (177/4021). The proportion with granulomas was similar across age groups in MarketScan, but varied from 2 to 9% in USIDNET. The reported prevalence of granulomas differed depending on PIDD condition: 1–2% in the MarketScan data and 0–13% in USIDNET. Granuloma prevalence in PIDD patients was 1–4%. Our study provides an estimate of the proportion of PIDD patients and suggests that granulomas are an uncommon occurrence among patients with PIDD.
Feeling your joy helps me to bear feeling your pain: Examining associations between empathy for others' positive versus negative emotions and burnout

Abstract Working with others experiencing negative emotions is an emotionally draining experience that can lead to a variety of negative outcomes. Foremost among these is burnout, a serious problem among those who work in helping professions. Burnout negatively impacts the work quality, job commitment, and health of those who suffer from it, and can result in poorer outcomes for those with whom they work. Given these many deleterious effects of burnout, it is critical to understand the factors that contribute to burnout as well as those that can protect against it and help create more satisfying professional lives for caregivers. Drawing on recent scholarship highlighting the distinction between empathy for others' negative vs. positive emotions, the present work proposes that whereas strong and repeated connection with others' negative emotions can place individuals at greater risk for burnout, connecting with others' positive emotions may help protect against burnout and increase job satisfaction. These issues were examined in two different high-stress professions, front line mental health providers and teachers. Consistent with predictions, results showed that whereas individuals' dispositional levels of negative empathy were associated with greater burnout and lowered job satisfaction, dispositional positive empathy was associated with decreased burnout and greater satisfaction.
Emotional Intelligence Growth Through Volunteering with Language Teaching Associations

As language teaching professionals, we often have opportunities to volunteer with professional associations in our field. This chapter explores the idea that in addition to giving to their organizations, volunteers also gain through such service—by serving on committees, task forces, and association boards. Such benefits include the development of leadership skills that people may not have the opportunity to hone at their own institutions, and the excitement of working with like-minded individuals from around the nation or world. Using Goleman’s (1998) model of emotional intelligence, some research literature, and examples from our own experience, we discuss the development of emotional intelligence through volunteer service in language teacher associations. This model includes three intrapersonal components (self-awareness, self-regulation, and motivation) and two interpersonal components (empathy and social skills). Through both research and personal experience, we posit that volunteer service in language teacher associations (LTAs) fosters the development of emotional intelligence, which in turn, creates more efficient and more effective leaders.
Association between seasonal influenza vaccination with pre- and postnatal outcomes.

Abstract Objective Influenza vaccination during pregnancy is known to prevent severe influenza illness but its effects on other outcomes and the extent to which its safety is affected by timing of vaccination, maternal race/ethnicity and the type of vaccine is less clear. Therefore, we examined this in a large retrospective cohort. Methods We analyzed medical and vaccination records from the Kaiser Permanente Southern California (KPSC) records and from the Kaiser Immunization Tracking System (2008–2016). The study included women who were pregnant with singletons during the influenza season. Odds ratios (OR) and their 95% confidence intervals (CI) were used to quantify the associations between immunization status during pregnancy and prenatal and postnatal outcomes after adjusting for confounders. Results Of the 247,036 women in these analyses, 53% were vaccinated during their pregnancy. No association between influenza vaccination during pregnancy and adverse prenatal and neonatal outcomes were observed. Influenza vaccination is associated with reduced risk of influenza (OR: 0.49, 95% CI: 0.39–0.62), maternal fever (OR: 0.40, 95% CI: 0.35–0.45), preeclampsia (OR: 0.93, 95% CI: 0.90–0.96), placental abruption (OR: 0.89, 95% CI: 0.82–0.96), stillbirth (OR: 0.88, 95% CI: 0.78–0.99), and NICU admission (OR: 0.89, 95% CI: 0.87–0.92). Both active and inactive vaccines were found to be safe in vaccinated pregnant women regardless of timing of vaccination. Conclusions This study found no evidence of adverse maternal and infant outcomes associated with seasonal influenza vaccine during pregnancy. On the contrary, vaccinated women were less likely to have adverse outcomes than unvaccinated women. The lack of increased adverse outcomes associated with influenza vaccination suggests that the benefits of vaccination during pregnancy to the woman and her child far outweigh any risk, if there is one, from the vaccination.
Use of the Palliative Performance Scale to estimate survival among home hospice patients with heart failure

Aims Estimating survival is challenging in the terminal phase of advanced heart failure. Patients, families, and health-care organizations would benefit from more reliable prognostic tools. The Palliative Performance Scale Version 2 (PPSv2) is a reliable and validated tool used to measure functional performance; higher scores indicate higher functionality. It has been widely used to estimate survival in patients with cancer but rarely used in patients with heart failure. The aim of this study was to identify prognostic cut-points of the PPSv2 for predicting survival among patients with heart failure receiving home hospice care. Methods and results This retrospective cohort study included 1114 adult patients with a primary diagnosis of heart failure from a not-for-profit hospice agency between January 2013 and May 2017. The primary outcome was survival time. A Cox proportional-hazards model and sensitivity analyses were used to examine the association between PPSv2 scores and survival time, controlling for demographic and clinical variables. Receiver operating characteristic curves were plotted to quantify the diagnostic performance of PPSv2 scores by survival time. Lower PPSv2 scores on admission to hospice were associated with decreased median (interquartile range, IQR) survival time [PPSv2 10 = 2 IQR: 1-5 days; PPSv2 20 = 3 IQR: 2-8 days] IQR: 55-207. The discrimination of the PPSv2 at baseline for predicting death was highest at 7 days [area under the curve (AUC) = 0.802], followed by an AUC of 0.774 at 14 days, an AUC of 0.736 at 30 days, and an AUC of 0.705 at 90 days. Conclusions The PPSv2 tool can be used by health-care providers for prognostication of hospice-enrolled patients with heart failure who are at high risk of near-term death. It has the greatest utility in patients who have the most functional impairment.
199) Pain Acceptance Partially Mediates the Relationship between Perceived Injustice and Chronic Pain Outcomes over Three Months

Pain-related injustice perception is a potentially important determinant of chronic pain outcomes, with recent research suggesting that injustice perception may negatively affect pain outcomes by lowering pain acceptance. Specifically, a cross-sectional analysis of a chronic pain sample demonstrated that pain acceptance mediated the relationship between perceived injustice and physical function as well as opioid use status; and, partially mediated the relationship between perceived injustice and pain intensity. To further test this relationship, we analyzed data from a prospective study to examine the potential mediating role of pain acceptance on a variety of pain-related outcomes three months after an acute episode of low back pain. Using Amazon Mechanical Turk, we recruited 341 participants who experienced an episode of back pain in the past two weeks. Participants completed a survey including psychosocial measures as well as measures of pain and quality of life at recruitment, one month later, and three months later. Path analyses were used to examine if acceptance at month 1 mediated the relationship between baseline pain and perceived injustice at recruitment and pain intensity, disability, depressive symptoms, and opioid use at month 3. Perceived injustice had significant direct effects on opioid use (OR = 1.026, s = .157, se =.077, p =.042), pain intensity (s = .249, se =.061, p
Sister, Sister: Ependymal Cells and Adult Neural Stem Cells Are Separated at Birth by Geminin Family Members

The adult subventricular zone (SVZ) stem cell niche is comprised of multi-ciliated ependymal cells that line the brain ventricular system and adult stem cells. Papers in Neuron (Ortiz-Alvarez et al., 2019) and Cell Reports (Redmond et al., 2019) report that these cell types share a common precursor. Ortiz-Alvarez et al. further show that Geminin family members modulate the fate of daughter cells.
Dimyristoylated peptides incorporated into liposomes are polyvalent fertilin beta mimics.

Fertilin β is an integral membrane sperm protein that is involved in sperm binding to the egg plasma membrane. We synthesized a dimyristoylated fertilin β peptide and incorporated it into POPC liposomes at 1 mol %. The concentration of fertilin β peptide required for 50% inhibition is reduced 100-fold to 5.2 ± 1.6 μM relative to a monomeric control. Moreover, in contrast to the inhibition observed with monomeric peptides, we obtain complete inhibition with the peptidic liposomes.
Women participation in open source software communities

Gender diversity in open source is an area of concern due to underrepresentation and unfair treatment of women. This paper presents results from research into the experiences of women who participate in open source software (OSS), their advice to newcomer women and the role that the online communities can play in creating a welcoming collaborative environment for women. The results of an online survey (58 women) and follow up interviews (11) where we asked women about their experiences and their recommendations for OSS online communities are presented in this paper.
Large benefits to youth-focused HIV treatment-as-prevention efforts in generalized heterosexual populations: An agent-based simulation model

Predominantly heterosexual HIV-1 epidemics like those in sub-Saharan Africa continue to have high HIV incidence in young people. We used a stochastic, agent-based model for age-disparate networks to test the hypothesis that focusing uptake and retention of ART among youth could enhance the efficiency of treatment as prevention (TasP) campaigns. We used the model to identify strategies that reduce incidence to negligible levels (i.e., < 0.1 cases/100 person-years) 20-25 years after initiation of a targeted TasP campaign. The model was parameterized using behavioral, demographic, and clinical data from published papers and national reports. To keep a focus on the underlying age effects we model a generalized heterosexual population with average risks (i.e., no MSM, no PWIDs, no sex workers) and no entry of HIV+ people from other regions. The model assumes that most people (default 95%, range in variant simulations 60-95%) are "linkable"; i.e., could get linked to effective care given sufficient resources. To simplify the accounting, we assume a rapid jump in the number of people receiving treatment at the start of the TasP campaign, followed by a 2% annual increase that continues until all linkable HIV+ people have been treated. Under historical scenarios of CD4-based targeted ART allocation and current policies of untargeted (random) ART allocation, our model predicts that viral replication would need to be suppressed in 60-85% of infected people at the start of the TasP campaign to drive incidence to negligible levels. Under age-based strategies, by contrast, this percentage dropped by 18-54%, depending on the strength of the epidemic and the age target. For our baseline model, targeting those under age 30 halved the number of people who need to be treated. Age-based targeting also minimized total and time-discounted AIDS deaths over 25 years. Age-based targeting yielded benefits without being highly exclusive; in a model in which 60% of infected people were treated, ~87% and ~58% of those initiating therapy during a campaign targeting those <25 and <30 years, respectively, fell outside the target group. Sensitivity analyses revealed that youth-focused TasP is beneficial due to age-related risk factors (e.g. shorter relationship durations), and an age-specific herd immunity (ASHI) effect that protects uninfected adolescents entering the sexually active population. As testing rates increase in response to UNAIDS 90-90-90 goals, efforts to link all young people to care and treatment could contribute enormously to ending the HIV epidemic.
Catalyzing community-led solar development by enabling cooperative behavior: Insights from an experimental game in the United States

Abstract This work presents an empirically tested method to initiate community solar development by enabling cooperative behavior among groups of stakeholders. Shared solar represents only a fraction of distributed photovoltaic generation despite advantages over other distributed solar models. A framework that addresses the inherent characteristics of community solar would increase development. In this work, a non-cooperative game modeled stakeholders’ codependent decision between models of solar development, and it served as the control experiment with unfacilitated communication. An experimental “catalyst” for onboarding community solar tested the influence of facilitated cooperation on project development. In the experiment, stakeholders were engaged through demonstrated practices that lead to cooperative behavior. Interviews conducted with project leads from subsequent community-led solar projects qualitatively assessed the catalyst, and a cooperative game model measured the influence of the catalyst quantitatively. The control game revealed a rational agent preferred a low-utility independent-solar strategy to a higher-utility cooperative-solar strategy in the locale (20% difference in welfare). This result emphasized the need for an intra-active force (i.e., the proposed catalyst) to reach the most economically efficient outcomes. Efforts to facilitate cooperative behavior catalyzed two community-led solar projects in a locale previously void of community solar. The experimental catalyst was the dominant player for onboarding community solar, responsible for 53% of the effective onboarding in the region. Additionally, the catalyzed solar projects experienced an increase in onboarding effectiveness by a factor of two-to-three. The community solar catalyst can be applied in other locales to overcome barriers inhibiting shared solar development.
Chapter 15 – Conducting the Cross-Cultural Clinical Interview

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on cross-cultural clinical interview. Clinical interview is a dynamic process, individually tailored to each patient and the need of evaluating information, while conducting the interview, is an important part of the clinical interview. The cultural competence in conducting a clinical interview, or in any other aspect of the delivery of mental health services, is not a place but a developmental process. The fundamental basis of developing this competency lies in respect for others, their ways of life, their religious practices, their worldviews, and their individual autonomy. There are several things to keep in mind when initiating a cross-cultural clinical interview, irrespective of whether the interview is for diagnostic, assessment, psychotherapy, pharmacological management, or any other purpose. The first factor is to determine the language in which the interview is to be conducted, assuming that the clinician knows more than one language. Repetition and clarification, effective techniques in traditional psychotherapy, are usually necessary when trying to communicate with less than optimal common language facility. Most of the techniques recommended for conducting a sound general clinical interview such as empathic listening, a nonjudgmental attitude, sensitive interventions, nondirectiveness versus judicious directiveness, are equally applicable to a cross-cultural setting. The essentials of the cultural formulation require the interviewer to be aware of the cultural identity of the individual, any cultural explanations the individual may have of their illness, cultural factors related to psychosocial functioning, the differences between the clinician and the individual with respect to social class and culture, and possible confounds in assessment and treatment stemming from the individual's cultural background.
Introduction to Deviance, The Undead: Contemporary Deviancy and Social Movements, A Special Issue

The sociology of deviance refuses to die, despite decades-long critiques. In the 1970s, Scheff, Gove, and Chauncey treated the pages of the American Sociological Review to debates about labeling th...
Establishment of a real-time PCR assay for detection of the activity of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase

Objective To reconstruct the initiative procedure of HIV-1 reverse transcription in vitro and establish a methodology of assessing activity of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT) with real-time PCR Methods The tRNALys-3 gene was amplified from genome in healthy individuals through polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and then T7 transcription promoter was added in 5'-terminal of the tRNALys-3. The tRNA[Lys-3 cRNA product was obtained by applying T7 RNA polymerase through a transcription reaction. The 5'-LTR-PBS DNA was also obtained by transcription reaction from the HIV-1 infectious clone and inserted into pGEM-T easy vectors. 5'-LTR-PBS cRNA was obtained by applying SP6 RNA polymerase whose combining site was located in pGEM-T easy vectors. Then the two RNA samples was catalyzed by two kinds of standard reverse transcriptases (SuperScript Ⅲ and HIV-1 standard reverse transcriptase, respectively) and the cDNA was synthesised. The relative activity of RT was determined with the real-time PCR. Results The tRNALys-3 primer and the SP6-5'-LTR-PBS RNA were procured accurately, whose length were 93bp and 872 bp, respectively. After the following serial dilution of Super Script Ⅲ and HIV-1 standard reverse transeriptase:1 : 10, 1: 100, 1:1 000, 1:10 000, each step of reverse transcription process worked successfully. Real-time PCR results showed that Ct values of the two groups were 13.9, 18. 3, 20. 9, 24. 9 and 20. 4, 25. 5, 28. 7, 32. 5 respectively. Conclusion A novel real-time PCR method is developed to assay the RT activity directly through reconstructing the initiation of HIV reproduction, which may be helpful for clinical management, screening of new antiretroviral drugs, and drug resistance test. Key words: HIV-1; HIV reverse transcriptase; Polymerase chain reaction
DSP-based current source for electrical impedance tomography.

Objective EIT systems, particularly those that use a parallel, multiple source architecture, require current sources with very high output impedance. To meet this requirement, sources often use complex analog circuits and require manual or electronically-controlled adjustments. The goal is to implement a current source with simple, adjustment-free analog electronics with high effective output impedance even with significant stray impedance at its output. Approach The excitation provided to the voltage-to-current converter is adjusted to accommodate the current lost in the finite output and stray impedances. The adaptive algorithm uses the measured voltage and the previously-measured output and stray impedance to determine the needed current adjustment. Main results The structure of the source is presented along with an implementation, and experimental results that show the effectiveness of the approach for frequencies up to 1 MHz. The measured output impedance with and without the adaptive compensation are presented as well as measurements of resistive and complex loads. Significance The new current source has low analog complexity, operates over a wide range of frequencies, and can compensate for a significant stray shunt impedance. It can be used to implement improved parallel or serial EIT systems.
Paradise from Cataclysm: Zion Canyon’s Sentinel Landslide

Zion Canyon hosts millions of visitors each year, yet few are aware of the massive prehistoric landslide that played an important role in shaping the iconic landscape. South of the Sand Bench trailhead and bridge, a large hill encroaches on the canyon bottom around which the North Fork Virgin River flows. North of the bridge, Zion Canyon’s fl at bottom stretches into the distance. The hill is part of an enormous rock avalanche deposit known as the Sentinel slide that is nearly 2 miles (3.2 km) long and more than 650 feet (200 m) thick. After failure, the Sentinel rock avalanche dammed the North Fork Virgin River creating a lake (known as Sentinel Lake) which persisted for approximately 700 years (Grater, 1945; Hamilton, 1976; Castleton and others, 2016). Over the course of the lake’s lifetime, sediment settled at the bottom of the lake to create thick deposits of mud, clay, and sand. Sediment eventually fi lled in the canyon bottom behind the landslide dam, and the lake ceased to exist. Th ese sediment layers are still visible today and are responsible for the remarkably fl at fl oor of upper Zion Canyon (Grater, 1945; Hamilton, 2014; Castleton and others, 2016).
Hierarchical model form uncertainty quantification for turbulent combustion modeling

Abstract All models invoke assumptions that result in model errors. The objective of model form uncertainty quantification is to translate these assumptions into mathematical statements of uncertainty. If each assumption in a model can be isolated, then the uncertainties associated with each assumption can be independently assessed. In situations where a series of assumptions leads to a hierarchy of models with nested assumptions, physical principles from a higher-fidelity model can be used to directly estimate a physics-based uncertainty in a lower-fidelity model. Turbulent nonpremixed combustion models fall into a natural hierarchy from the full governing equations to Conditional Moment Closure to flamelet-like models to thermodynamic equilibrium, and, at each stage of the hierarchy, a single assumption can be isolated. In this work, estimates are developed for the uncertainties associated with each assumption in the hierarchy. The general method identifies a trigger parameter that can be obtained with information only from the lower-fidelity model that is used to estimate the error in the lower-fidelity model using only physical principles from the higher-fidelity model. Starting from the lowest fidelity model, the trigger parameters identified in this work are the product of a chemical time scale and the scalar dissipation rate for the equilibrium chemistry model, which characterizes the errors associated with neglecting finite-rate chemistry and transport; the reciprocal of the product of a generalized Lagrangian flow time and the scalar dissipation rate for the steady flamelet model, which characterizes the errors associated with neglecting flow history effects; and the relative magnitude of the conditional fluctuations for Conditional Moment Closure. The approach is applied in LES to a turbulent nonpremixed simple jet flame to quantify the errors associated with the equilibrium chemistry model and the steady flamelet model. The results indicate that errors associated with neglecting finite-rate chemistry and transport in the equilibrium chemistry model are dominant upstream while errors associated with neglecting flow history in the steady flamelet model become more important downstream.
A three-dimensional, p-version BEM: High-order refinement leveraged through regularization

Abstract Numerical results for polynomial (p-version) refinement in the three-dimensional boundary element method are presented. Results are based on a weakly singular form of the gradient boundary element formulation in potential theory. The weakly singular formulation facilitates direct application of numerical quadrature, completely removing the need for closed-form integration. The new results, which include interpolations as high as tenth order, show the efficiency of the approach while confirming a previous assertion that whole-body regularization in conjunction with only linear or quadratic elements will lead to extremely poor results.
A Deep Q-Network for the Beer Game: Deep Reinforcement Learning for Inventory Optimization

Problem definition: The beer game is widely used in supply chain management classes to demonstrate the bullwhip effect and the importance of supply chain coordination. The game is a decentralized, ...
Localizing the SDGs in Baltimore: Challenges and Opportunities of the USA Sustainable Cities Initiative

As one of the oldest cities in the USA, Baltimore is a vibrant and diverse community that nevertheless faces significant development challenges, such as depopulation, inequality, poverty, unemployment, and infrastructure degradation. In the same year that the member countries of the United Nations adopted the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), the city of Baltimore was in the grips of civil and racial unrest at a level not seen in many US cities since 1968. With this backdrop, when the UN Sustainable Development Solutions Network (SDSN) selected Baltimore as one of the first three cities to participate in the launch of the USA Sustainable Cities Initiative (USA-SCI) to localize the SDGs, it was clear that there would be many challenges to overcome to take advantage of a yet-unknown set of potential benefits. One of the key partners for the localization effort was the Baltimore Neighborhood Indicators Alliance (BNIA) at the University of Baltimore, and having the local community indicators project be a part of the localization process became critical to ensuring Baltimore saw the effort to fruition. Over the course of a year, the USA-SCI effort in Baltimore yielded a wealth of insights and ideas for furthering inclusive, coordinated sustainable development efforts for other cities. Key lessons include the need for leadership at all levels of government, the focus on raising awareness in the USA about the benefits of SDG localization among local civil society stakeholders engaged in sustainability efforts, and the value of local data integration to track progress toward the global goals.