cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Oral antigen delivery of varying doses of soluble or particulate antigens in the presence of adjuvant selectively induces Th1 or Th2 responses in systemic and mucosal compartments

Abstract Rationale Oral antigen delivery with a nonreplicating immunogen has been thought to primarily induce a Th2 response, although high doses of intranasal or systemic antigen delivery with adjuvant create a Th2 response and low doses create a Th1 response. We hypothesized that a similar effect applies to oral antigen delivery. Methods C3H or BALB/c mice were orally immunized weekly for 3 weeks with 2.5 (n=6) or 250μg/dose (n=6) HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT) and 1μg cholera toxin (CT) adjuvant or 2, 20, or 200μg recombinant Norwalk virus-like particles (rNV VLP) and 1μg labile toxin LT(R192G) adjuvant, respectively. Mice were sacrificed after two weeks, splenic and mesenteric lymph node mononuclear cells were isolated and serum collected. Results Serum ELISA ratios of IgG1:IgG2a (Th2:Th1) were 1:27 and 1:2 for the 2.5 and 250μg/dose RT groups, respectively (p Conclusions Oral immunization with high or low antigen doses in the presence of adjuvant allows for the selective immunomodulation of Th1 or Th2 responses, respectively, in the systemic and mucosal compartments.
Expression and Function of Calcium-Activated Potassium Channels in Human Glioma Cells

Ca2+-activated K+ (KCa) channels are a unique family of ion channels because they are capable of directly communicating calcium signals to changes in cell membrane potential required for cellular processes including but not limited to cellular proliferation and migration. It is now possible to distinguish three families of KCa channels based on differences in their biophysical and pharmacological properties as well as genomic sequence. Using a combination of biochemical, molecular, and biophysical approaches, we show that human tumor cells of astrocytic origin, i.e. glioma cells, express transcripts for all three family members of KCa channels including BK, IK, and all three SK channel types (SK1, SK2, and SK3). The use of selective pharmacological inhibitors shows prominent expression of currents that are inhibited by the BK channel specific inhibitors iberiotoxin and paxilline. However, despite the presence of transcripts for IK and SK, neither clotrimazole, an inhibitor of IK channels, nor apamin, known to block most SK channels inhibited any current. The exclusive expression of functional BK channels was further substantiated by shRNA knockdown experiments, which selectively reduced iberiotoxin sensitive currents. Western blotting of patient biopsies with antibodies specific for all three KCa channel types further substantiated the exclusive expression of BK type KCa channels in vivo. This finding is in sharp contrast to other cancers that express primarily IK channels. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Fluid flow, metasomatism and amphibole deformation in an imbricated ophiolite, North Cascades, Washington

Abstract Metasomatic tremolite-rich mylonites are widespread in imbricate thrust slices of ultramafic rocks of the ophiolitic Ingalls Complex in Washington State. Protoliths for these amphibolite-facies mylonites were peridotite and serpentinite. Abundant syntectonic tremolite veins in the ultramafites record narrowly channelized flow of infiltrating fluids, whereas metasomatic mylonite zones record more pervasive flow. Fluids were probably released mainly by prograde devolatization reactions within serpentinite and mafic ophiolitic rocks that experienced earlier hydrothermal metamorphism. Olivine apparently deformed by dislocation creep in the mylonites. In the tremolite-rich rocks, locally preserved amphibole porphyroclasts deformed mainly by microfracturing. Acicular tremolites, which dominate the mylonites, form syntectonic overgrowths on porphyroclasts and probably record diffusive mass transfer which may have accompanied cataclasis. Acicular tremolites subsequently were folded and define both post-crystalline crenulations and polygonal arcs. Fluid flow, deformation and metamorphism were apparently complexly interrelated in the imbricate zone. Thrusts juxtaposed contrasting rock types that were sources and sinks for fluids, and shear zones focused fluid flow. Metamorphism probably facilitated deformation through the release of fluids during dehydration reactions. High fluid pressure may have led to hydraulic fracturing and may have controlled strain softening in the tremolitic mylonite zones as it favored microcracking and diffusive mass transfer over dislocation creep. Infiltrating metasomatic fluids probably play an important role in the evolution of shear zones in many ultramafic bodies during medium-grade metamorphism.
Retrieval of composition and size distribution of stratospheric aerosols with the SAGE II satellite experiment

The SAGE II satellite system was launched on October 5, 1984. It has seven radiometric channels and is beginning to provide water vapor, NO2, and O3 concentration profiles and aerosol extinction profiles at a minimum of three wavelengths. A simple, fast and operational method of retrieving characteristics of stratospheric aerosols from the water vapor and three-wavelength aerosol extinction profiles is proposed. Some examples are given to show the practicality of the scheme. Possible sources of error for the retrieved values and the limitation of the proposed method are discussed. This method may also prove applicable to the study of aerosol characteristics in other multispectral extinction measurements.
Density-functional theory calculation of the intermolecular exchange interaction in the magnetic Mn 4 dimer

The dimeric form of the single-molecule magnet $[{\mathrm{Mn}}_{4}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}{\mathrm{Cl}}_{4}({\mathrm{O}}_{2}\mathrm{CEt}{)}_{3}(\mathrm{py}{)}_{3}{]}_{2}$ recently revealed interesting phenomena: no quantum tunneling at zero field and tunneling before magnetic-field reversal. This is attributed to substantial antiferromagnetic exchange interaction between different monomers. The intermolecular exchange interaction, electronic structure, and magnetic properties of this molecular magnet are calculated using density-functional theory within generalized-gradient approximation. Calculations are in good agreement with experiment.
Biomimetic Synthesis of Lispro Insulin via a Chemically Synthesized Mini-Proinsulin Prepared by Oxime-Forming Ligation

Here we report a proof-of-principle study demonstrating the efficient folding, with concomitant formation of the correct disulfides, of an isolated polypeptide insulin precursor of defined covalent structure. We used oxime-forming chemical ligation to introduce a temporary "chemical tether" to link the N-terminal residue of the insulin A chain to the C-terminal residue of the insulin B chain; the tether enabled us to fold/form disulfides with high efficiency. Enzymatic removal of the temporary chemical tether gave mature, fully active insulin. This chemical tethering principle could form the basis of a practical, high yield total synthesis of insulin and analogues.
Preparation of Robust, Thin Zeolite Membrane Sheet for Molecular Separation

This paper reports a feasibility study on the preparation of zeolite membrane films on a thin, porous metal support sheet (50 μm thick). Zeolite sodium A (NaA) and silicalite zeolite frameworks are chosen to represent syntheses of respective hydrophilic-type and hydrophobic-type zeolite membranes on this new support. It is found that a dense, continuous intergrown zeolite crystal layer at a thickness less than 3 μm can be directly deposited on such a support by using direct and secondary growth techniques. The resulting membrane shows excellent adhesion on the metal sheet. Molecular-sieving functions of the prepared membranes are characterized with ethanol/water separation, CO2 separation, and air dehumidification. The results show great potential to make flexible metal-foil-like zeolite membranes for a range of energy conversion and environmental applications.
The beta-esterase gene cluster of drosophila melanogaster: is psiEst-6 a pseudogene, a functional gene, or both?

Pseudogenes have been defined as non-functional sequences of genomic DNA that are originally derived from functional genes, but exhibit degenerative features such as premature stop codons and frameshifts that prevent their expression. However, there is increasing evidence that pseudogenes are often evolutionarily conserved and may have retained some functional role or acquired new ones. Pseudogenes may exhibit non-functional features as well as functional ones. We investigate, as a model case, the β-esterase gene cluster of Drosophila melanogaster that includes the Est-6 gene and the ψEst-6 putative pseudogene. We study four samples derived from natural populations of east Africa (Zimbabwe), Europe (Spain), North America (California), and South America (Venezuela). The level of nucleotide diversity is higher in Africa than in the non-African populations. There is twice more nucleotide diversity in ψEst-6 than in Est-6. Linkage disequilibrium within the β-esterase gene cluster is strong in non-African samples, but much lower in Africa. The population recombination rate is the same for ψEst-6 and Est-6 in Africa, but significantly different in non-African samples. Intragenic gene conversion events are detected within Est-6 and, with much higher incidence, within ψEst-6; intergenic gene conversion events are rare. The extensive intragenic gene conversion within ψEst-6 can be explained by the invasion of retrotransposons that promote a form of homology-dependent gene conversion upon excision. Tests of neutrality with recombination are significant for the β-esterase gene cluster in the non-African populations but not in Africa. The Est-6 gene sequences exhibit a well-known allozyme dimorphic structure. The sequences of ψEst-6 are also dimorphic in North and South America, but they do not correspond at all (South America) or only imperfectly (North America) to the Est-6 allozyme dimorphism. Sequence dimorphism is less pronounced in the European and African samples. We suggest that demographic history (bottleneck and admixture of genetically differentiated populations) is the major factor shaping the nucleotide pattern in the β-esterase gene cluster. However, there are some clear indications of positive selection shaping the distribution of nucleotide polymorphism within the cluster. Intergenic epistatic selection may play an important role in the evolution of the β-esterase gene cluster, preserving ψEst-6 from degenerative destruction and reflecting its functional interaction with Est-6. The Est-6 gene cluster of D. melanogaster represents an example of a functionally interacting complex ('intergene') in which two components (Est-6 and ψEst-6) or more are required to perform the final function.
Combustion of a polydispersed solid using a particle population balance

Abstract The hydrodynamic equations for multiphase flow have been extended by including a local particle population balance to the standard equations of change. The approach has been illustrated by numerically solving a combustion problem in which a polydispersed solid is consumed. A simplified particle distribution containing only three particle size classes is used. The combustion kinetics are also simplified to a pressure-dependent surface regression mechanism. As a result of these simplifications, results are similar to those obtained for the single size class analysis. It is anticipated that the use of a Arrhenius reaction rate for the solid decomposition mechanism would yield different results.
The determinants of early fertility decline in Texas.

This study examines the determinants of fertility control in a frontier population made up largely of German-Americans during the years from 1850 to 1910. The analysis employs a complex register of population constructed from census enumerations, civil and ecclesiastical vital registration, and tax assessment rolls. The article begins with a series of bivariate analyses with cohort of mother’s birth, religion, ethnicity, and husband’s occupation determining marital fertility. The second half of the paper presents a multivariate model of the determinants of fertility using these and other demographic characteristics as independent variables. The conclusions emphasize the importance of the overall trend toward fertility decline in the United States, as well as the role of religion and of occupational differences, in determining changes in fertility behavior in the population of Gillespie County, Texas.
The Mechanism of Filler Reinforcement from addition of neutral polymeric bonding agents to energetic polar propellants

It has been demonstrated that addition of small amounts of the newly developed neutral polymeric bonding agents (NPBA's) to energetic propellants such as HMX/PEG/NG composites causes strong filler reinforcement. The mechanism of this reinforcement occurs through interfacial effects, and not because of an overall increase in the crosslink density of the binder. It has been demonstrated directly that the NPBA's have a favorable relative affinity for HMX and concentrate at the solid surface during mixing. All the experimental evidence supports the theory that highly crosslinked polymeric shells form around the HMX particles and chemically bond to the binder matrix during the cure, thus causing an increase in the initial modulus. Furthermore, these shells appear to eliminate the weak, soft layers around the particles, and hence filler reinforcement persists up to much higher elongation than without addition of NPBA. Based on the filler reinforcement observed, the simple one-step procedure of incorporating our NPBA is almost as effective as the more costly process of precoating the particles.
IRON CLUSTER AND MICROSTRUCTURE FORMATION IN METAL-CENTERED STAR BLOCK COPOLYMERS: AMPHIPHILIC IRON TRIS(BIPYRIDINE)-CENTERED POLYOXAZOLINES

The microstructure of a metal-centered six-arm star block copolymer, amphiphilic iron tris(bipyridine)-centered poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline)-b-poly(2-undecyl-2-oxazoline), [Fe{bpy-(PEOX-PUOX) 2 } 3 ] 2+ , was investigated with small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Cylindrical PEOX microdomains were observed in a matrix of PUOX. A similar cylindrical morphology was noted for bpy(PEOX-PUOX) 2 , the metal-free macroligand subunit of which the Fe star is comprised. Thin films simple-cast from chloroform solution onto carbon substrates annealed at 160 °C for 2 days revealed in both TEM and AFM the formation of nanoscale iron clusters (20-40-nm diameter) distributed randomly across the surface of the film. No clusters were evident in as-cast films subjected to TEM analysis without the annealing step, suggesting the importance of thermal treatment for nanocrystal formation. For bulk films, larger micrometer-scale (1-2 μm) iron aggregates formed and segregated to the surface of the film after thermal treatment for 1 week. A liquid crystal-like mesophase due to undecyl alkyl side chain ordering was evidenced by SAXS and WAXS in the bulk sample.
Research strategies at the interface of medicine and psychiatry.

Abstract The rapid growth of the neurosciences in the past decade has served to blur the differences and enhance the similarities between research in medicine and in psychiatry. As the number of relevant biological variables and the questions asked in relation to them has expanded, so has the number of medical disorders of inierest to the clinical researcher in psychiatry. In addition to these new areas of common interest, consultation-liaison psychiatry and clinical psychiatric research share a common conceptual foundation based upon model development and testing. It is proposed, therefore, that research at the interface between medicine and psychiatry represents a new frontier for both consultation-liaison psychiatry and clinical psychiatric research. Goals and strategies for research at the interface are discussed with specific reference to current research efforts at the National Institutes of Health.
Risk Reduction When Society Uses the Environment

The importance of a society, conceived at all levels – individual, family, neighborhood, organizational (bureaucracy, business), and community – knowledgeable about natural hazard risk, motivated to incorporate actions and (self) informed about important actions to take, and working together to reduce such risk, is an ideal towards which we all must strive. These papers make an important contribution to these goals. However, the papers vary in their recognition of the importance of community dynamics as a key factor in achieving these risk reduction goals. The most important actions that humans can take to achieve risk reduction from natural hazards are: to undertake a serious, systematic assessment of the risk from natural hazards that development of a locale will have on what is placed there, and
Alkaline phosphatase: does it have a role in predicting hepatocellular carcinoma recurrence?

Backgrounds Surgical resection remains the first line of treatment for earlier stages of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and it offers the best prognosis for long-term survival. Nevertheless, the recurrence rates after resection are still high in reports. Therefore, it is still essential to explore any potential prognostic factors to attain relatively longer-term survival of HCC patients.
Distant bow shock observations by Explorer 33

Locations, orientations and magnetic field changes are given for 135 bow shock crossings at distances downstream from Earth between 84 and 117 Earth radii. The shock locations bracket those calculated for the hypersonic analogue by Dryer and Heckman for a Mach number of 3.8. The shock normal vectors have been calculated using magnetic coplanarity. The average normal vectors have a greater inclination by ∼17±5 deg from the symmetry axis than the Dryer and Heckman shock orientations for a 3.8 Mach number. Over a range of downstream distances from 60 to 115 Earth radii, the median magnetic field magnitude jump across the shock changes from 1.90 to 1.70 times.
Efficiently learning mixtures of two Gaussians

Given data drawn from a mixture of multivariate Gaussians, a basic problem is to accurately estimate the mixture parameters. We provide a polynomial-time algorithm for this problem for the case of two Gaussians in $n$ dimensions (even if they overlap), with provably minimal assumptions on the Gaussians, and polynomial data requirements. In statistical terms, our estimator converges at an inverse polynomial rate, and no such estimator (even exponential time) was known for this problem (even in one dimension). Our algorithm reduces the n-dimensional problem to the one-dimensional problem, where the method of moments is applied. One technical challenge is proving that noisy estimates of the first six moments of a univariate mixture suffice to recover accurate estimates of the mixture parameters, as conjectured by Pearson (1894), and in fact these estimates converge at an inverse polynomial rate.As a corollary, we can efficiently perform near-optimal clustering: in the case where the overlap between the Gaussians is small, one can accurately cluster the data, and when the Gaussians have partial overlap, one can still accurately cluster those data points which are not in the overlap region. A second consequence is a polynomial-time density estimation algorithm for arbitrary mixtures of two Gaussians, generalizing previous work on axis-aligned Gaussians (Feldman {\em et al}, 2006).
An Exploratory Study of the Psychological Impact and Clinical Care of Perinatal Loss

Perinatal loss is a unique and potentially traumatizing experience that can leave bereaved parents struggling with a host of mental health difficulties. In this exploratory study of the predictors and mental health outcomes associated with perinatal loss, we examined a cohort of women who experienced a perinatal loss within the previous 5 years. Results suggest perinatal loss is associated with considerable distress and impairment for some women, with greater severity primarily predicted by maladaptive coping skills, low social support, and intense emotionality following the loss. The majority of women in this sample were satisfied with the care they received in the hospital after their loss, including their engagement in reportedly contentious bereavement rituals in the medical setting. Limitations of this research are noted, and suggestions for future research and clinical care are provided.
Race and Socioeconomic Status Differences in Study Abroad Participation: The Role of Habitus, Social Networks, and Cultural Capital

This study examines how race and socioeconomic status contribute to disparities in study abroad participation. Our mixed methods approach provides a broad overview of the selection process into study abroad using national data. It also provides a nuanced understanding of the mechanisms that perpetuate inequality among Black and lower class students. Both quantitative and qualitative results show that students’ habitus, social networks, and cultural capital shape their study abroad experiences. We find that students with a positive predisposition toward internationalization (having foreign-born parents and/or experiencing different cultures overseas) were more likely to study abroad. Whites and high socioeconomic status students were also more likely to have family and friends who valued study abroad than were lower socioeconomic status and Black students. These advantaged students were better able to acquire and use cultural capital when accessing information from institutional agents. They were also more likely to possess the knowledge and background that complied with institutional standards. These factors contributed significantly to the race and class disparities in study abroad participation. This study contributes to the scant literature on study abroad by revealing mechanisms through which the reproduction of inequality is shaped in the university setting. We argue that patterns found to apply to this process are likely to take place in other processes in higher education as well.
Assessment of the immune responsiveness of mice exposed to a 1.5‐Tesla stationary magnetic field

Humoral and cell-mediated immune responses were assayed following a 6-day exposure of LAF1/J mice to a 1.50 Tesla (1 T . 10(4) Gauss) stationary magnetic field. In tests of the immune response to sheep erythrocytes, the number of Jerne plaques formed by spleen lymphocytes and the level of serum IgM were not significantly different for the exposed mice in comparison with control animals. Tests for mitogen-induced lymphocyte proliferation also demonstrated no significant differences in the response of spleen lymphocytes from exposed and control groups of mice.
Manufacturing and Service Supply Chain Performance: A Comparative Analysis

SUMMARY As the economy evolves from manufacturing to services, it is important to understand whether the lessons learned in the manufacturing sector can be directly extrapolated to service supply chains. Unfortunately, the majority of existing supply chain research focuses exclusively on the manufacturing sector. To address this deficiency, this article compares the effect of traditional manufacturing-oriented supply chain strategies on the operational and financial performance of firms in both service and manufacturing sectors. The results highlight similarities and differences between the two sectors — demonstrating that effective supply chain strategies in one sector may not be appropriate in the other sector. This suggests that practicing managers should identify appropriate benchmarks and competitive priorities before pursuing specific supply chain strategies. The insights provided by this research should help guide companies toward strategies that may positively affect their specific organization's operational and financial performance.
Altering Beliefs About the Importance of Strategy: An Attributional Intervention1

The study reported in this paper describes an attributional intervention designed to change maladaptive beliefs for failure from uncontrollable causes to a lack of strategy attribution. Rather than an academic setting, the context for this research was the heath field and subjects were 52 physical therapists experiencing role strain (failure) in their professional interactions with physicians. Half of these health professionals were randomly assigned to a 3-week intervention where they were trained to attribute their failures to poor choice of strategy, rather than to uncontrollable factors such as low ability or physician bias. Relative to a control group, subjects who participated in the attribution retraining program were more likely to endorse strategy attributions and expected greater success in their interactions with physicians at the conclusion of the intervention. At a 6-month follow-up, trained subjects also received more actual job promotions. These findings have implications for attribution retraining to strategy in a variety of domains.
A nail found within a hen's egg.

ON the morning of January 1, 1957, we sat down together for breakfast; one of us (G. T. K.) removed the shell from the blunt end of her four-and-one-half-minute egg, and added salt and pepper to the exposed albumin. A moment later my wife and I looked with amazement at an object which she had removed from her mouth under the impression that it was a bit of shell. This object was a sharp, clean nail of the type frequently known as a brad about 1.5 cm. long. While it is not possible to state precisely in which layer of albumin the nail occurred, it undoubtedly lay in the chalaza fairly close to the shell membrane.
Quantitative determination of sulfur compounds in FCC gasolines by AED. A study of the effect of catalyst type and catalytic conditions on sulfur distribution

The identification and quantification of sulfur-containing compounds in gasoline has become an area of interest because of impending legislation regulating total sulfur levels in these fuels. To study the effects of catalyst type and catalytic conditions on gasoline sulfur distribution, a method has been developed employing both the compound-independent and element-specific response of the atomic emission detector (AED). Calibration and quantification can be accomplished even where standards are not available, owing to the nature of the AED response. Compounds were separated on a thick film polydimethylsiloxane column. An external calibration curve was applied to the area responses of individual sulfur components in the sulfur chromatogram, and the concentrations of each were calculated. Summation of these sulfur concentrations over the gasoline range yields the total sulfur content of the gasoline. The method is applicable to the determination of these compounds in raw crude oils, finished gasolines, fluid cracking catalyst (FCC) unit gasolines, and fluid catalytic cracking “model” compound studies. A prefractionating column was employed to remove heavy (>C13) materials; prefractionation is not, however, necessary for distilled or commercial gasoline samples. Detection limits, linearity, detector stability, and accuracy are discussed.
Denying deception: A reply to Terry Price

L'A. repond a l'article de T. Price «Counterexamples and Prophylactics», en rejetant le contre-exemple qu'il apporte a sa theorie de la connaissance fondee sur l'acceptation justifiee de verites, au nom de la vraisemblance et de l'honnetete du sujet connaissant envers ce qu'il accepte et reconnait comme vrai
Sustained response and prevention of damage progression in patients with neonatal-onset multisystem inflammatory disease treated with anakinra: a cohort study to determine three- and five-year outcomes

Neonatal-onset multisystem inflammatory disease (NOMID; also known as chronic infantile neurologic, cutaneous, articular syndrome) (MIM 607115) is the most severe clinical phenotype of a spectrum of autoinflammatory disorders caused by autosomal dominant mutations in CIAS1 or NLRP3 (also called NALP3 or PYPAF1), termed cryopyrin-associated periodic syndromes (CAPS) (1,2). Most patients with milder forms of CAPS (familial cold autoinflammatory syndrome and Muckle-Wells syndrome [MWS]) and NOMID patients present around birth with systemic inflammation, including fever and elevation of acute-phase reactants, conjunctivitis, and an urticaria-like rash. Hearing loss is seen in MWS patients but presents later in life than in NOMID patients. The severe organ-specific manifestations involving the eye, the severe manifestations in the central nervous system (CNS), with aseptic meningitis and ventriculomegaly, and the damage in the bone, with benign, tumor-like lesions, are seen only in NOMID patients (3). Before interleukin-1 (IL-1)–blocking therapy, disease-related progressive organ damage and treatment-related complications resulted in progressive hearing and vision loss, cognitive impairment, physical disability, and infections in NOMID patients and an estimated mortality of up to 20% before adulthood (4). The discovery that NLRP3 is a critical component of an IL-1–activating and secreting complex termed the NLRP3 inflammasome (5–7) suggested IL-1 as a therapeutic target. The pivotal role of IL-1 in causing the clinical manifestations of CAPS was indeed confirmed by clinical studies, initially using the short-acting IL-1 receptor antagonist anakinra (8–10) and, more recently, with 2 long-acting IL-1 inhibitors (11–13). While the short-term effects of IL-1–blocking agents on clinical symptoms and measures of systemic inflammation in the milder forms of CAPS are established, data on the effects of long-term IL-1 suppression on sustained clinical responses with regard to the organ-specific manifestations in NOMID are only recently emerging (14). In this open-label, long-term followup study, we evaluated the efficacy and safety of 36 and 60 months of IL-1–blocking therapy with the IL-1 receptor antagonist anakinra in controlling systemic and organ-specific inflammation and in preventing the progression of organ damage.
Meningococcal meningitis: an emerging infectious disease

Meningococcal meningitis is a potentially fatal disease which can affect many 15- to 24-year-olds and those that are affected could have been protected from the disease if they had received the vaccination. The number of reported cases has increased during the past decade and account for many preventable deaths. Adolescents and young adults account for nearly 30 percent of all cases of meningitis in the United States. According to the American College Health Association, approximately 100 to 125 cases of meningococcal disease occur on college campuses each year and at least 60% of these cases are potentially preventable by vaccination. Therefore, it is important to understand the disease process, surveillance and diagnosis of the disease, and the need for vaccination as a form of prevention.
Pathologie mammaire de l’adolescente et de la jeune fille

Resume Les masses palpables chez l’adolescente sont inhabituelles. Un examen clinique soigneux et repete et une echographie de premiere intention en cas de persistance de l’anomalie clinique sont souvent suffisants au diagnostic. La pathologie est benigne dans la tres grande majorite des cas, mais la prise en charge doit etre rigoureuse lors de situations particulieres : masse d’evolution rapide, images ambigues qui peuvent correspondre a des lesions benignes rares (papillome sclerosant ou papillomatose juvenile, radial scar, adenome).
Deregulation, Correspondent Banking, and the Role of the Federal Reserve

Abstract Intrastate branching deregulation allowed correspondent banks to enter downstream retail deposit markets. Integrated correspondent banks may engage in vertical foreclosure, raising prices to downstream rivals or extracting valuable competitive information. The Federal Reserve would then tend to gain market share from private correspondent banks. Deregulation of restrictions on the formation of multibank holding companies, in contrast, allowed other correspondents to enter, increasing competition. We test these hypotheses using a panel data set of respondent account balances. We find that the Federal Reserve became a more important supplier of correspondent services following branching deregulation and that market power in the correspondent market declined following multibank holding company deregulation. Journal of Economic Literature Classification Numbers: D43, G21, G28, L11.
Low Dark Count Rate and High Single Photon Detection Efficiency Avalanche Photodiode in Geiger-mode Operation

An In Ga As-InP avalanche photodiode with very low dark current (0.15 pA at 95% breakdown voltage, 200 K) has been characterized in gated mode for single-photon detection. The temperature dependence of dark current and dark count yields activation energy of 0.4 eV from 240 K to 297 K. High single-photon detection efficiency (SPDE) at telecom wavelengths with very low dark count rate (DCR) (e.g., DCR kHz at SPDE at 1.31 m and 200 K) was achieved. Index Terms—Avalanche photodiodes (APDs), dark count rate (DCR), single-photon avalanche photodiodes, single-photon detection efficiency (SPDE).
The war for South Viet Nam, 1954-1975

Preface: The Challenge of Viet Nam Viet Nam Before 1945 The Viet Minh The First Indochina War 1946-1954 After the Partition The Viet Cong Fighting Guerrillas The Overthrow of President Diem The ARVN from Dien Bien Phu to Tet The Great Tet Offensive Vietnamization: From the Parrot's Beak to the Easter Offensive The United States in Viet Nam: Some Reflections South Viet Nam on Its Own: 1973-1975 The Last Days of South Viet Nam Conclusion: Viet Nam and the Future Epilogue 2001: South Viet Nam's Defeat Revisited Selected Bibliography Index
Effects of the duper mutation on circadian responses to light.

The circadian mutation duper in Syrian hamsters shortens the free-running circadian period (τDD) by 2 hours when expressed on a tau mutant (τss) background and by 1 hour on a wild-type background. We have examined the effects of this mutation on phase response curves and entrainment. In contrast to wild types, duper hamsters entrained to 14L:10D with a positive phase angle. Super duper hamsters (expressing duper on a τss background) showed weak entrainment, while τss animals either completely failed to entrain or showed sporadic entrainment with episodes of relative coordination. As previously reported, wild-type and τss hamsters show low amplitude resetting in response to 15-minute light pulses after short-term (10 days) exposure to DD. In contrast, super duper hamsters show high amplitude resetting. This effect is attributable to the duper allele, as hamsters carrying duper on a wild-type background also show large phase shifts. Duper mutants that were born and raised in DD also showed high amplitude re...
Microcomputers as a productivity tool at a satellite campus

Many College and University computing centers are taxed to their limits when it comes to providing quality service within constrained budgets. This paper discusses a project taking place at a branch campus which is designed to increase student productivity by off-loading some of the work, which had normally required the use of the main computer system, to existing microcomputer systems. A discussion of the advantages, disadvantages, and success of the project is presented.
Marshalling Social Support: A "Care-Getting" Model for Persons Living with Cancer.

This paper offers a stress theory based conceptual framework for understanding proactive options for care-getting for patients living with cancer that is also relevant to patients living with other chronic or life threatening illnesses. Barriers and facilitators to active efforts for obtaining responsive care from both informal and formal sources are discussed. This “Care-Getting” model explores benefits of proactive care-getting for diminishing physical discomfort/suffering, burden of illness and disability, and psychological distress. We highlight unique issues in care-getting that patients face at different stages of the life course. Implications of prior research related to the model for practice and intervention are discussed.
Some Oceanographic Applications of Recent Determinations of the Solubility of Oxygen in Sea Water1

The solubility of oxygen in fresh and sea water has recently been redetermined by Truesdale, Downing, and Lowden (1955), who found that the data of Fox (1909), long considered definitive, are in substantial error. The old and new data are compared, and the new are used to recompute the percentage saturation in the surface layer of the South Atlantic and equatorial North Atlantic Oceans from the METEOR observations. It is shown that most of the surface waters are in equilibrium with the atmosphere. The effects of the error on computations of oxygen consumption and of oxygen tension are discussed. A new nomogram relating the equilibrium oxygen concentration, the temperature, and the salt content of the water is presented.
Interfacial areas of liquid-liquid dispersions from light transmission measurements

A mathematical model simulating light transmission through liquid-liquid dispersions has been developed. Numerical solutions of the model for various drop size distributions show that the fraction of parallel light which passes through a dispersion is a unique function of a dimensionless group, here named the Transmission Number, regardless of the drop size distribution. The results, which were verified by actual light transmission experiments, show that the interfacial area of a liquid-liquid dispersion can be calculated from a light reading provided that the light detector receives only parallel light. Application of the results to other two-phase dispersions is indicated.
Mesmer minus magic: hypnosis and modern medicine.

Abstract The implications and effects of the French commission that passed judgment on Mesmer's work is examined in light of the pioneering role of hypnosis as the first Western conception of a psychotherapy, the ancient philosophical debate between idealism and empiricism, and the conflict in modern medicine between biotechnological emphasis on cure and the need for care as many previously terminal illnesses are converted to chronic diseases. The panel's report is interpreted as negative about the literal theory of animal magnetism but actually supportive of the potential therapeutic power of suggestion and “positive thinking.” This aspect of hypnosis is described as a forerunner of modern cognitive therapies of depression and other illnesses. The panel exerted a constructive effect in applying scientific method and rigorous evaluation to hypnotic treatment, an application of Enlightenment philosophy that presaged the Flexner era in modern medicine. Both hypnosis and medicine ultimately benefited.
Tumor necrosis factor α and transforming growth factor β upregulate astrocyte expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1

Abstract Astrocytes participate in the pathophysiology of central nervous system (CNS) inflammatory disease. Astrocyte expression of adhesion molecules, cytokines, and major histocompatibility complex antigens may contribute to these inflammatory processes. In addition, recent data suggested that astrocytes may be a source of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1). MCP-1 is a member of the chemokine family of small cytokines and functions both as a chemoattractant as well as a stimulator of monocytes. To further characterize the role of astrocytes in CNS inflammation, we examined the effect of inflammatory cytokines on MCP-1 expression by astrocytes. Results of these studies demonstrate that the pro-inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFa) upregulates MCP-1 message and protein expression. The pleiotropic cytokine transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) also stimulated MCP-1 expression. When astrocytes were exposed to both cytokines simultaneously, an additive effect on MCP-1 message, but not MCP-1 protein expression, was observed. These data suggest that TNFa and TGFβ, each present during CNS inflammatory disease, may upregulate the expression of MCP-1 which, in turn, may function to both recruit monocytes to the site of inflammation as well as to activate those monocytes already present in an inflammatory lesion.
Developing New Systems of Data to Advance a Culture of Health

Introduction: The system dynamics that are driving changes in health and health care in the United States are not well captured by standard data collection activities. We need systems of data that can inform policy and program development and reflect the increasing recognition that all aspects of people’s lives—their work, families, and communities and not just formal health and health care services—support active and healthy living. Culture of Health Action Areas: Within the Culture of Health Framework, there are four action areas that are farther upstream in the sequence of change and point to additional need for more nuanced approach to data collection: building a shared value of health; fostering collaboration to improve well-being; creating health more equitable community environments; and transforming health and health care systems. These action areas define the Culture of Health framework that we hope will spur research and strategies across sectors to improve health. Conclusion: The action framework for advancing a culture of health will guide the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation’s grant-making and strategic collaborations. The hope is that it will also catalyze changes in how researchers and organizations collect health related data at all levels.
HYPERVIRIAL THEOREMS FOR VARIATIONAL WAVE FUNCTIONS

It is shown that a sufficient condition for an optimal energy variational wave function ${\ensuremath{\psi}}_{0}$ to satisfy the hypervirial relation $({\ensuremath{\psi}}_{0}, [H, W]{\ensuremath{\psi}}_{0})=0$ is for the trial function $\ensuremath{\psi}$ to admit variations of the form $\frac{\ensuremath{\partial}\ensuremath{\psi}}{\ensuremath{\partial}a}=(\frac{i}{\ensuremath{\hbar}})W\ensuremath{\psi}$. Here $H$ is the Hamiltonian, $W$ is a Hermitian operator, and $a$ is a variational parameter. Explicit forms of such trial functions are exhibited for several $W'\mathrm{s}$. The case in which $W$ generates a point transformation of the coordinates is discussed in detail. Conditions are given for the existence of simultaneous hypervirial theorems.
Effect of surface treatment on the hydrolytic stability of E-glass fiber bundle tensile strength

The tensile strength of glass fiber bundles is highly dependent on flaw nucleation and growth from contact abrasion and hydrolytic degradation. The effect of fiber surface treatment on the hydrolytic stability of tensile strength is investigated for E-glass fiber bundles with four commercial sizings. Acoustic emission (AE) generated by individual fiber fracture events provides a means to determine a Weibull distribution of fiber strengths. Fiber bundles with starch, starch and silane, starch and wax, and epoxy surface treatments are tested following exposure to 10%, 40%, 80% relative humidity and immersion in water. The tensile break strength, number of breaks at peak load, and Weibull moduli of the glass fiber bundles are strongly dependent on the humidity level. The different surface treatments considered in this investigation strongly alter the absolute mechanical properties and the effect of exposure to humidity.
The epistemology of “addictive disease”: Gambling as predicament

This research examines the relative perception of “gambling” as a disease in the context of drug use/abuse, and other excessive behavior patterns, for example, workaholism. A sample of 144 adults provided subjective perceptions of disease status of 80 representative items drawn from the literature. A subset of these items represented the class of addictive diseases. These items were subjected to principal components analysis to reveal the presence of clusters or constellations of perceptually similar entities. Gambling was perceived to beless of a predicament (i.e., a potentially dangerous situation; Shaffer, 1987) than substance abuse or substance dependence, particularly if the substance was illicit, such as cocaine or heroin. Gambling was not perceived to be characterized by the underlying construct of dependence, a dimension associated with the abuse of illicit substances. Another analysis revealed that when gambling and substance abuse and dependence were perceived against ause of substances background, licit and illicit, gambling was more likely perceived as a permissible “activity” than a predicament which might lead to abuse and/or dependence. This same result characterizes the perceptions of alcohol use, cocaine use, chemical use, and heroin use. While individuals may recognize the potential danger of drug abuse, illicit drug use per se is not perceived to lead to drug abuse, dependence, or addiction as often portrayed by the government and media. Against a background of excessive behaviors, for example, workaholism, gambling emerged as more similar to these behaviors than abuse or use. The implications of these findings are discussed. The clinical implications of an epistemology of addictive “disease” were also discussed.
The SNAKE ring a feasibility study of a small predamping ring for the positron source of SLC

Abstract In order to reduce the large emittances of the positron beam, as well as the large energy spread, a radiation damping time of the order of 10 ms is required. By use of a specially designed “SNAKE”-wiggler with a field of 2 T one can obtain this short damping time at a beam energy of 100 MeV. Because of the strong bending field of the wiggler, the optics of the small model predamping ring presented here, in particular the chromaticity, is mainly determined by the edge focusing at the entrance and exit of each wiggler section. In order to get a uniform damping partition the dispersion function has to have a particular shape which defines the most important optical constraint.
Conservation of the red panda Ailurus fulgens

Abstract The red panda Ailurus fulgens is a species of special interest because it is taxonomically distinct (probably a monotypic subfamily) and may be threatened with extinction, at least in the Himalayan portion of its range. During a two-year study in Langtang National Park, Nepal, red pandas were habitat specialists that preferred fir-jhapra bamboo forests between 2800 and 3900 m (92% of radio locations of three males and three females). A GIS analysis estimated that this forest type comprises only 6% of the park and thus, given an estimated ecological density of 1 adult/2·9 km2, there were probably fewer than 40 adult pandas in the park, isolated into four or more populations. The pandas had low fecundity (typically one cub/female/year) and high mortality. Among 12–13 cubs recorded, only three survived beyond six months; four of nine known adults died during the study. Most deaths from known causes (57%) were human-related, and probably connected to the presence of cattle herders and dogs in the area during the monsoon birth season. Leaves of a single bamboo species, jhapra (probably Himalaya-calamus falconeri), comprised 54–100% of the diet seasonally, with bamboo shoots, Sorbus fruits and mushrooms comprising the balance. This low-quality diet may explain why red pandas were active throughout the day and night, 56% of the time overall. Food competition between livestock and pandas may not be important: chauri (yak-cattle hybrids) consumed bamboo leaves at a lower height on the plants than pandas, but may have depressed bamboo abundance by trampling. Given the vulnerable state of Langtang's red
Memory for metaphors

Three experiments examined memory for metaphorical sentences. No differences between metaphors and nonmetaphorical equivalents (e.g.,The ivy cuddled up to the window vs.The ivy grew up to the window) in the number of correct recalls or recognitions were found. There was, however, a significant trend for recall errors that were meaning-preseving to be less metaphorical than the input sentence. The results supported hypotheses that metaphors and nonmetaphors are equally easy to remember and that the stored memory representation does not distinguish whether its antecedent linguistic input was metaphorical or not.