cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bering Trough: a Product of the Bering Glacier, Gulf of Alaska

The Gulf of Alaska area has experienced glaciation since Miocene time [Lagoe et al., 1993]. Large broad seavalleys that are incised in the continental shelf (Fig. 1) indicate that the extensive glaciers, which presently border the northeastern shore of the Gulf of Alaska, had lobes of ice that extended completely across the shelf [Carlson et al., 1982]. This chapter will concentrate on one of the glacially-carved seavalleys, the 25-km-wide Bering Trough (Fig. +1), that extends about 60 km across the shelf just seaward of the Bering Glacier, which recently re-advanced about 9 km between September, 1993 and September, 1994 [Molnia et al., 1994].
Magnetic Susceptibilities of SmP, SmAs, SmSb, SmBi, and their Solid Solutions with SmS

The study of the phenomenon of intermediate valence in rare earth compounds and alloys has become a very active field of research, and many unusual properties associated with intermediate valency have been investigated (l). The magnetic properties are perhaps the most interesting since they appear at present to be the most difficult to explain (2). The behavior of SmS under pressure is typical. At a pressure of 6.5 k bar, SmS undergoes a large isostructual volume decrease, a large increase in the electrical conductivity, and a change in color from black to gold. Various studies have shown that this transition involves a change in the electronic configuration of the Sm ion from the 4f6 configuration to a mixture of the 4f5 and 4f6 configurations. However, the magnetic susceptibility in the collapsed phase shows neither a low temperature Curie law divergence nor a transition to an ordered magnetic phase. Instead, the magnetic susceptibility saturates to a constant value as the temperature goes to zero. This behavior is not easy to reconcile with the fact that the 4f5 configuration has a magnetic ground state. The lowest level of the 4f5 configuration is 6H5 /2 in which the degeneracy is only partially lifted by the crystal field to give a Γ7 doublet and a Γ8 quartet where the doublet is lower in energy.
Chapter 20. Complement Inhibitors

Publisher Summary It is generally accepted that the treatment of certain diseases may be effected through the control of complement consumption by interrupting the generation of or the action of cellular stimuli attending inflammatory processes. Such stimuli include chemoattractants for polymorphonuclear leukocytes, inducements for noncytotoxic enzyme secretion, histamine releasing agents, and permeability factors. Three fenamic acids, flufenamic, mefanamic, and niflumic, block the classical pathway activity. Flufenamic acid was the most active of this group, showing significant inhibition at 0.05 mM with human complement. Aromatic amino acids represent another class of compounds that alter complement activity at more than a single reaction step. Aromatic amino acids possessing a phenolic hydroxyl group were shown to be especially active in inhibiting the generation of C4 sites (IIc). Certain peptides have been shown to interfere with complement function. Leupeptin (acetyl-leucyl-leucyl–arginal), a protease inhibitor derived from actinomycete fermentation, is an effective complement inhibitor. In vitro inhibition (50%) was effected at 0.5 mM. Polynucleotides, polyanionic substances, acids, phenols, amines, and other groups have also come under the discussion on complement inhibitors. The discussion on inorganics shows that the zinc cation was reported to reversibly inhibit the whole complement activity from 0.025 to 0.50 mM. The utilization of every complement component except C5 and C9 was inhibited (12%-55%) from 0.025-0.50 mM.
Mirtazapine : An antidepressant with noradrenergic and specific serotonergic effects

Mirtazapine is a unique antidepressant that refines the specificity of effects on noradrenergic and serotonergic systems. It is an antagonist of presynaptic alpha 2-adrenergic autoreceptors and heteroreceptors on both norepinephrine and serotonin (5-HT) presynaptic axons, plus is a potent antagonist of postsynaptic 5-HT2 and 5-HT3 receptors. The net outcome of these effects is increased noradrenergic activity together with specific increased serotonergic activity, especially at 5-HT1A receptors. This mechanism of action maintains equivalent antidepressant efficacy but minimizes many of the adverse effects common to both tricyclic antidepressants and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Mirtazapine has an onset of clinical effect in 2-4 weeks similar to other antidepressants, although sleep disturbances and anxiety symptoms may improve in the first week of treatment. It has minimal cardiovascular and anticholinergic effects, and essentially lacks serotonergic effects such as gastrointestinal symptoms, insomnia, and sexual dysfunction. Sedation, increased appetite, and weight gain are more common with mirtazapine than with placebo. An elimination half-life of 20-40 hours enables once-daily bedtime dosing. The recommended initial dosage is 15 mg once/day at bedtime, with an effective daily dosage range of 15-45 mg. Cases of overdose of up to 975 mg caused significant sedation but no cardiovascular or respiratory effects or seizures.
Mathematical Modeling: The Whewellian Influence on Maxwell’s Geometrical Analogies

A critical look at James ClerkÂ Maxwell's usage of mathematical modeling for his thoeretical style. Specific insight highlighted by exposing Maxwell's relationship to William Whewell. Conclusions drawn from works including Maxwell's "Paper of the Description of Oval Curves", "On Faraday's Lines of Force", "Analogies in Nature", The Theory of Molecules,Â and Whewell's "On Mathemataical Reasoning".Â
REDUCING WOMEN'S RISK OF HETEROSEXUAL TRANSMISSION OF HIV IN THE U.S.

Assuming no major scientific breakthrough in tools that protect against the sexual transmission of HIV in the near future, to prevent HIV infection among women in the United States, it will be necessary not only to promote changes that support the active role of women in prevention but also to promote change in the attitudes and behaviors of men. (Amaro 1995 445)
Constitutional Citizenship Through the Prism of Alienage

This Article addresses the question of how the increasing revival of interest in citizenship as a basis for rights in constitutional thought will affect aliens - people who lack citizenship by formal definition. Specifically, the article considers the question whether aliens will necessarily suffer in the wake of the recent citizenship turn in constitutional law and theory. Although there is a good case to be made that aliens will be disadvantaged, some constitutional commentary from the 1970's provocatively suggests that the position of aliens would not necessarily be undermined if we were to recast our conception of constitutional rights in the language and structures of citizenship. This Article contends that the prospect of citizenship for aliens, however paradoxical, is not impossible. This is because citizenship is, in our law and conventional understandings, a divided construct. The status of citizenship and the rights we associate with citizenship are not always coextensive. We conventionally talk about "second-class citizens": these are people who enjoy status citizenship but who nevertheless are denied the enjoyment of citizenship rights or "equal citizenship." Aliens may, conversely, be said to enjoy certain incidents of "equal citizenship" in our society by virtue of their possession of an important range of fundamental rights, notwithstanding their lack of status-citizenship. But while "alien citizenship" is not an entirely incoherent notion within the terms of conventional constitutional thought, this Article argues that the citizenship that noncitizens can aspire to remains limited in scope. This is because the constitutional ideal of equal citizenship is committed not only to universal rights (thereby including aliens) but also to an ethic of national solidarity and a practice of bounded national membership. It is by virtue of these latter commitments that aliens - so long as they remain aliens - can aspire to partial citizenship at best.
Electron mobility study of hot-wall CVD GaN and InN nanowires

The group III-nitrides and their alloys represent a promising system for semiconducting device applications, especially for photonic devices, because they are direct band gap semiconductors with potential light emission from ultraviolet to infrared. Growth of GaN and InN nanowires was reported by a number of groups employing mainly catalyzed vaporliquid-solid (VLS) or catalyst-free vapor-solid (VS) growths ([1], [2] and References therein). One simple, economical and very successful method to grow both types of nanowires is using hot-wall chemical vapor deposition. Understanding the electronic properties of the as-grown nanowires is a crucial step towards their implementation in useful devices. Here we summarize the electric properties of a large number of devices (field-effect transistors) that we built with nanowires grown using this simple process. Both indium nitride and gallium nitride nanowires exhibit high carrier concentrations, with mobilities limited by impurity scattering. In particular, the gallium nitride nanowires appear to grow heavily compensated, as inferred from our theoretical estimates and annealing experiments.
Experiments with Derris and Cubé Dusts for Pea Weevil Control.

Prior to the summer of 1934 insecticides were considered to be of little value in the control of the pea weevil, Bruchus pisorum (L.). In that year calcium arsenate was used to some extent in the Willamette Valley in Oregon, and Larson et. al. (1938) showed that when it was applied to Austrian Winter field peas, although weevil populations were not eliminated, the germination and weight of the peas were increased to the point where they would pass regulatory measures in these respects. Laboratory and field tests in the seed-pea areas near Moscow, Idaho, showed calcium arsenate to be ineffective, More recent experiments with several other insecticides, however, demonstrated that derris and cube dusts were effective, and these materials have since been used in the commercial control of the weevil.
Sealing the Mitochondrial Respirasome

The mitochondrial respiratory chain is organized within an array of supercomplexes that function to minimize the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) during electron transfer reactions. Structural models of supercomplexes are now known. Another recent advance is the discovery of non-OXPHOS complex proteins that appear to adhere to and seal the individual respiratory complexes to form stable assemblages that prevent electron leakage. This review highlights recent advances in our understanding of the structures of supercomplexes and the factors that mediate their stability.
The Evolution of Sex-Biased Dispersal in Lions

Most female lions remain in their natal pride for their entire lives, but about a third emigrate before they reach four yrs of age. Most emigrating females leave either when they are evicted by an incoming male coalition or when the adult females of their pride give birth to new cubs. One cohort of females left because they avoided mating with males of their father's coalition. Cohorts of dispersing females leave together and form a new pride whose range almost always includes at least part of their natal range. Females that leave their natal pride suffer reduced fitness: dispersing females in the Serengeti first breed at a later age than non-dispersing females and dispersing Ngorongoro females suffer higher mortality. Dispersal patterns of large and small cohorts are such that pride size rarely exceeds or goes below the range of sizes that confers the maximum reproductive success per female. Pride fissions have no consistent effect on the average levels of genetic relatedness within prides. All males leave their natal pride. Most leave at a male takeover, but one male cohort was evicted by their fathers whereas several others left voluntarily during their fathers' tenure. A greater number of large male cohorts leave their natal pride than expected from their competitive ability and males rarely show an interest in mating until they enter a new pride. Larger male coalitions are more likely than small ones to gain residence in a pride adjacent to their natal pride, and also gain their first pride at a younger age. However, not all large cohorts are so successful because most cohorts of 6-8 males permanently split up soon after emigrating from their natal pride. About half of the secondary dispersal shown by resident adult coalitions is voluntary. Such voluntary secondary movements occur in three contexts: the coalition (1) annexes an additional pride thereby gaining access to more females (2) abandons one of several simultaneously held prides to spend more time with prides in which their cubs are younger and hence more vulnerable to infanticide (3) abandons one pride for another pride. In the third case males only abandon small cubs when going to much larger numbers of females, but they may abandon more females for fewer when their daughters are reaching maturity in the former pride. Males rarely reside in prides once their daughters have matured, and rarely return to breed in their natal pride. Compared to the large Serengeti population, the small isolated Ngorongoro population has lower levels of dispersal, higher levels of homozygosity and some deleterious effects of inbreeding.
Special Section Guest Editorial: High-Speed 3-D Optical Metrology and Applications

Recent innovations in computational and electronic technologies have drastically enhanced the three-dimensional (3-D) optical metrology field in terms of measuring speed and accuracy, as well as expanded applications. High-speed 3-D optical metrology is a platform technology that could benefit numerous scientific studies and engineering concerns including but not limited to manufacturing, medical sciences, robotics, etc. Lately, a number of novel high-speed 3-D optical metrology methods have been developed, and these technologies have been applied to fields ranging from medicine, computer science, robotics, biometrics, homeland security, agriculture, and biology, to automotive, manufacturing, and entertainment industries. For example, Microsoft Kinect has penetrated 3-D optical metrology into our daily lives; real-time 3-D metrology techniques have permitted in situ inspection in the electronics industry; and high-speed 3-D sensing devices have enabled better robotic navigation. This special section assembles a good number of highspeed 3-D optical metrology technologies, as well as a few representative applications. Active high-speed 3-D shape measurement based on fringe projection requires generating
Putative radionuclide features of left ventricular hypertrophy

Distinctive changes in the left ventricular cavity seen with nuclear ventriculographic studies are described. These changes are postulated to be uniquely associated with left ventricular hypertrophy.
Miscelanea Structura Curiosa: The cross-currencies of Vitruvius Hibernicus

Abstract A fascinating collection of mid-eighteenth-century drawings of garden follies, fountains and architecture has recendy surfaced in the Earl of Rosse's library at Birr Castle.1 The folio, which is intriguingly entitled Miscelanea Structura Curiosa, was prepared by Samuel Chearnley and his patron, Sir Laurence Parsons, 3rd Bart. (a direct ancestor of the present Earl), and has waited for nearly 250 years to be re-introduced to Ireland's present-day community of architects and garden historians (figure 1).2 This hitherto unknown set of drawings (and its natural links to the demesne of Birr Castle) put eighteenth-century Ireland on the map as an important center of architectural, horticultural and scientific pursuits.
Proposal for a less cumbersome anesthesia workstation

With adaptation and implementation of these concepts, current problems with today's anesthesia workstations can be overcome. The problems of information management and workstation layout will be of less significance.
Regulation of runt transcription by Drosophila segmentation genes.

Abstract The runt gene plays an important role in the genetic hierarchy that generates the segmented body pattern during the early stages of Drosophila embryogenesis. We studied mRNA expression in mutant embryos in order to investigate the regulation of runt transcription during these stages. We used sensitive whole-mount in situ hybridization procedures to identify the earliest, and therefore most likely direct regulatory effects. There are several distinct phases of runt expression in the early embryo. We find that each phase depends on a different set of regulators. The first phase of expression is a broad-field of mRNA accumulation in the central regions of syncitial blastoderm stage embryos. This pattern is due to terminal repression by the anterior and terminal maternal systems. The effect of the terminal system, even at this early stage, is mediated by two zygotic gap genes, tailless and huckebein. A 7 stripe pattern of runt mRNA accumulation emerges during the process of cellurization. The initial formation of this pattern depends on position-specific repression by zygotic gap genes. Examination of the early RNA patterns of the pair-rule genes even-skipped, hairy, and fushi tarazu indicate that they are also regulated in a similar manner. Three pair-rule genes, hairy, even-skipped, and runt itself, also affect runt's 7 stripe pattern. The effects of runt are stripe specific; the effects of hairy are more uniform; and the patterns obtained in even-skipped mutant embryos show a combination of both stripe specific and uniform regulatory effects. A third distinct phase of expression occurs at the onset of gastrulation when runt becomes expressed in 14 stripes. fushi tarazu plays a negative regulatory role in generating this pattern, whereas the pair-rule genes paired and odd-paired are required for activating or maintaining runt expression during these stages.
Assortment overlap: its effect on shopping patterns in a retail market when the distributions of prices and goods are known

Abstract The majority of households divide their grocery shopping between two or more stores each week. This paper examines the merchandising factors affecting the sharing of customers between stores through a pairwise analysis of their assortment overlap, price differentiation, and interstore distance. Results from a study of a market of 27 stores show that assortment overlap and interstore distance are determinants of shared patronage. Results also support hypothesized relationships concerning the differentiation of assortments and price in a spatial market.
Binding of transcription termination protein nun to nascent RNA and template DNA.

The amino-terminal arginine-rich motif of coliphage HK022 Nun binds phage λ nascent transcript, whereas the carboxyl-terminal domain interacts with RNA polymerase (RNAP) and blocks transcription elongation. RNA binding is inhibited by zinc (Zn2+) and stimulated by Escherichia coli NusA. To study these interactions, the Nun carboxyl terminus was extended by a cysteine residue conjugated to a photochemical cross-linker. The carboxyl terminus contacted NusA and made Zn2+-dependent intramolecular contacts. When Nun was added to a paused transcription elongation complex, it cross-linked to the DNA template. Nun may arrest transcription by anchoring RNAP to DNA.
Characterizing the geographic variation and risk factors of fatal prescription opioid poisoning in New Hampshire, 2003–2007

The state of New Hampshire has one of the highest national rates of fatal prescription opioid poisoning in the United States. The study objective was to identify spatial patterns and potential predictors of New Hampshire's fatal prescription opioid poisonings using a straightforward spatial methodology that could be adopted by public health practitioners. Death certificate data were collected from fatal prescription opioid poisoning cases in New Hampshire from 2003 to 2007. Deaths were aggregated to corresponding five-digit ZIP Code Tabulation Areas (ZCTAs), and age–sex standardized mortality rates were calculated per ZCTA. The demographic and socioeconomic characteristics of cases and ZCTAs were evaluated. A geographic information system-based weighted-average method smoothed rates and accounted for the small-number problem. The mean center and standard distance of annual rates illustrated spatiotemporal trends. An ordinary least squares regression evaluated the association between Gaussian-transformed r...
Abstract 1029: Identification of novel MEK1 inhibitors by computer docking and virtual screening

The mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1 (MEK1) signaling pathway is a major component of the RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK signaling axis that regulates tumorigenesis and cancer cell proliferation. MEK1 is frequently activated in various cancers, especially in tumors that have mutations in the KRAS and BRAF oncogenes. Therefore MEK1 is an important cancer therapy target and the discovery of novel MEK1 inhibitors is of great interest. We used the MEK1 protein crystal structure and supercomputer screening of chemical libraries combined with simulation modeling and in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo assays to identify novel inhibitors of MEK1. Herein, we report the discovery of threee novel MEK1 inhibitors, herein referred to as Compound #7, #9 and #12. All three were highly effective to suppress MEK1 activity in HCT116 and HCT15 colorectal cancer cells. Based on in vitro and ex vivo data, these compounds inhibited MEK1 activity and phosphorylation of ERK1/2 in a dose-dependent manner and were twice as effective than the known MEK1 inhibitor, U0126. The compounds completely inhibited anchorage-independent cell growth and proliferation of colon cancer cells. Overall these results suggest that these novel MEK1 inhibitors might be used for chemotherapy; and computer modeling and simulation could be very useful for finding additional MEK1 or other inhibitors for cancer therapy. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1029. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-1029
Computation of solutions of nonlinear boundary value problems

Abstract We develop an explicit method allowing efficient computation of solutions of nonlinear boundary value problems with nonlinear boundary conditions. We apply our results to the nonlinear beam equation, and to second order problems in the case when the growth of nonlinearities in the first derivative of the solution is not restricted, for which there are very few theoretical results.
ACHIEVING ACCEPTABLE AIR QUALITY: SOME REFLECTIONS ON CONTROLLING VEHICLE EMISSIONS

Motor vehicle emissions have been and are being controlled in an effort to abate urban air pollution. This article addresses the question: Will the vehicle exhaust emission control and fuel requirements in the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments and the California Air Resources Board regulations on vehicles and fuels have a significant impact? The effective control of in-use vehicle emissions is the key to a solution to the motor vehicle part of the urban air pollution problem for the next decade or so. It is not necessary, except perhaps in Southern California, to implement extremely low new car emission standards before the end of the 20th century. Some of the proposed gasoline volatility and composition changes in reformulated gasoline will produce significant reductions in vehicle emissions (for example, reduced vapor pressure, sulfur, and light olefin and improved high end volatility), whereas others (such as substantial oxygenate addition and aromatics reduction) will not.
Using semantic information measures to evaluate learning strategies

Carnap (1) proposed measures for assigning probabilities as degrees of conformation to sentences in a formal language previously. This development in inductive logic permitted Carnap and Bar-Hillel (2) to outline semantic information measures (SIM) utilizing logical probabilities. Stapleton, Siegmann, and Coulter (3) demonstrated that certain learning experiments in both artificial intelligence and cognitive psychology can be characterized within the framework of languages specified by Carnap and Bar-Hillel. These experiments are called "dialogue experiments". The SIM can be employed to monitor information transfer during the experiment. This formalization also allows a dynamic representation of the problem space within the language.This research is extended here by a proof that specifies the relative efficiences of members of a class of learning strategies in dialogue experiments. These experiments concern the rote learning of associations among randomly matched predicates and individuals. The proof reveals a hierarchy of strategies that are ranked by rates of expected information gain relative to the SIM.
Uric Acid, Hypertension, and Cardiovascular and Renal Complications

Over the last decade, the biologic interference of uric acid with the cardiovascular (CV) system and the kidney has been intensively investigated, and several experimental studies in animal models and in vitro documented that hyperuricemia may trigger hypertension and incite endothelial dysfunction, vascular damage and renal disease. A substantial proportion of epidemiological studies are compatible with the hypothesis that hyperuricemia may be noxious to the CV system and the kidney as well. However, there are still no well-powered trials testing whether uric acid–lowering interventions may reduce BP or attenuate the risk for adverse CV and renal outcomes. Evidence still remains largely insufficient to recommend changes in the current policy of not prescribing uric acid–lowering drugs to individuals with asymptomatic hyperuricemia.
MPTP toxicity in the mouse brain and vitamin E

1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) caused transient alterations in vitamin E levels in every brain region examined. However, vitamin E returned to normal levels within a few hours in all brain regions but the substantia nigra, where at 2 days vitamin E levels first rose above normal levels. Vitamin E deficient mice were much more susceptible to MPTP toxicity than controls, in terms of lethality and DOPAC depletion in the substantia nigra. However, in the same vitamin E deficient mice, the striatum was partially protected from neurotransmitter and metabolite depletion by MPTP. The mechanism of toxicity of MPTP may differ in the striatum and the midbrain.
Nomograms for Solving Equations in Multilayer and Dipping Layer CASES

Nomograms for solving equations in multilayer and dipping layer cases are presented. The nomograms constructed are used to solve the following equations: I. Intercept-time formula. 2. Critical distance formula. 3. Critical angle formula. 4. Critical angle and dip angle formula. 5. Vertical depth formula.
Health Care Utilization Patterns and Costs for Patients With Hidradenitis Suppurativa

Importance Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a chronic cutaneous disease with acutely painful flares that require appropriate and timely treatment. Objective To assess how individuals with HS utilize medical care, especially emergency department (ED) care, a high-cost setting, and to describe the health care costs for this group. Design, Setting, and Participants Cohort cost-identification study of 150 493 individuals with claims from the MarketScan medical claims database. Patients with claims for HS and psoriasis (16 736 and 110 266, respectively) and a control group with neither condition (23 491) during the study period, January 2008 to December 2010, were included. Exposures An HS cohort was formed from all the patients who had 2 or more claims for HS ( International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision [ ICD-9 ] code 705.83) during the 3-year period. A psoriasis cohort was used as a comparison group, since it is another chronic inflammatory condition with prominent skin findings. This group included randomly selected patients who had 2 or more claims for psoriasis ( ICD-9 code 696.1) during the 3-year period. A second control group included randomly selected patients who had no claims for either condition during the 3-year period. From these cohorts only patients that were continuously enrolled for the 3-year period were included. Main Outcomes and Measures Health care utilization measures including inpatient length of stay, emergency department and outpatient visits, and number of days supplied of prescription medication were investigated. Cost variables were also investigated and included inpatient, outpatient, emergency department, prescription drug, and total all-cause health care expenditures, which were adjusted for inflation and reported in 2010 US dollars. Results The largest component of the total 3-year cost for the HS group was inpatient cost (37.4%). In contrast, for the psoriasis group this was drug costs (46.5%) and for the control group, inpatient costs (40.9%). The proportion of people who were hospitalized in the HS cohort (15.8%) was higher than the psoriasis (10.8%) or control (8.6%) groups ( P P P P .001) and psoriasis ( P = .02) cohorts. Conclusions and Relevance Hidradenitis suppurativa affects a younger, predominantly female population of patients. High-cost settings, such as ED and inpatient care, are used more frequently for patients with HS. Both patients and clinicians should be aware of this finding, and further research is needed to investigate the impact of health care utilization on patient outcomes.
Reflex sympathetic dystrophy: The clinician's perspective

Theories on the etiology of reflex sympathetic dystrophy (RSD) are reviewed and presented in three categories: peripheral, spinal, and supraspinal. The peripheral pathophysiology involves a prolonged inflammatory, response to injury due to the axon reflex with release of vasoactive neuropeptides and sensitized nociceptors. The spinal component of RSD genesis involves nociceptive spinal cord neurons with lowered thresholds due to chronic pain input. These sensitized spinal neurons respond in turn by signaling pain reflexes through the sympathetic system. A physical-emotional diathesis may predispose individuals to respond to stress through autonomic arousal. Autonomic arousal, coupled with injury, signals the supraspinal influence on this syndrome. Since the puzzle of RSD remains to be solved, measurement and treatment strategies are suggested to provide intervention at each level. Measurement techniques should include a battery of static tests and stress tests. Static tests are used to quantify a physiological parameter at one point in time. Stress tests access physiological response to various neuro-vaso-motor challenges. A "hands off" treatment regime is presented that includes pain control, methods to reset sensory thresholds, vasomotor challenges, and an active motion program.
Inotropic action of hydroxylated chlorpromazine metabolites and related compounds.

Abstract Effects of several hydroxylated chlorpromazine metabolites and related compounds on cardiac contractile force were studied using electrically stimulated left atrial preparations of guinea pig hearts. 7,8-Dihydroxychlorpromazine and 7,8-dioxochlorpromazine produced marked positive inotropic effects in μM concentrations. 7,8-Dihydroxyperphenazine and 7-hydroxychlorpromazine had relatively weak inotropic actions. 2-Hydroxydesmethylimipramine also had a weak inotropic action. Other compounds, such as chlorpromazine, 8-hydroxychlorpromazine, 2-hydroxy- or 3-hydroxy-promazine, and 2-hydroxyimipramine, failed to significantly alter cardiac contractile force. The positive inotropic effects of 7,8-dihydroxychlorpromazine or 7,8-dioxochlorpromazine were markedly reduced by pretreatment with (±)-propranolol, indicating the involvement of β-adrenergic mechanisms in the inotropic action of these agents.
Unbounded expected utility and continuity

Abstract This paper develops an axiom system for expected utility in a setting wherepreferences are defined directly on probability distributions of outcomes. The axioms do not imply boundedness of the utility function. The approach is topological, and conditions for continuity of the utility function are brought out.
Stifling the Imagination: A Critique of Anthropological and Religious Normalization of Witchcraft in Africa

AbstractRecent anthropological and religious, especially Christian, discourses on African witchcraft normalize the witchcraft imagination on the continent by failing to show how damaging the imagination has been to Africa’s move toward modernization. While anthropologists normalize it by studying the phenomenon ahistorically and by rationalizing and reinterpreting it, scholars and preachers of African Christianity see it as the context necessary for the growth of Christianity on the continent. However, this normalization of the witchcraft imagination stifles the African imagination because it does not encourage Africans to think in scientific ways that may be more helpful in the transformation of the continent in our modern world. This article is an attempt to liberate the African imagination by critiquing the witchcraft imagination from a rational and theological perspective. It also proposes policies that need to be taken in order to overcome this ruinous imagination and facilitate Africa’s dignified participation in the modern world.
Heat transfer and pressure drop results for one- and two-row arrays of finned tubes

Abstract Experiments were performed to measure Nusselt numbers and pressure loss coefficients for annular-finned tubes deployed in either a one-row array or in an in-line or a staggered two-row array. The apparatus was electrically heated and air was the convective heat transfer medium. The transverse and longitudinal pitches were varied parametrically and, for each configuration, the freestream Reynolds number ranged from 7500 to 32,000. For the one-row arrays, both the Nusselt number and the pressure loss coefficient were highly sensitive to the transverse pitch. The Nusselt numbers for the first row of a two-row array did not deviate appreciably from those of the corresponding one-row array, with the greatest deviations occurring for staggered arrays having intermediate values of the longitudinal pitch. For the tubes of the second row, the Nusselt numbers for the staggered arrays generally exceeded those for the in-line arrays and were also less sensitive to the longitudinal pitch. The overall pressure drops for the two-row, staggered arrays were also quite insensitive to the pitch, with values that were about twice those for the corresponding one-row array. On the other hand, the pressure drops for the in-line arrays were always less than twice the one-row values, with a tendency to increase with increasing longitudinal pitch.
Content Categorization of API Discussions

Text categorization, automatically labeling natural language text with pre-defined semantic categories, is an essential task for managing the abundant online data. An example of such data in Software Engineering is the large, ever-growing volume of forum discussions on how to use particular APIs. We have conducted a study to explore the question as to how well machine learning algorithms can be applied to categorize API discussions based on their content. Our goal is two-fold: (1) Can a relatively straightforward algorithm such as Naive Bayes work sufficiently well for this task? (2) If yes, how can we control its performance? We have achieved the best test accuracy mean (TAM) of 94.1% with our largest training data set for the AWT/Swing API, which consists of 833 forum discussions distributed over eight categories/topics. We have also investigated factors that impact classification accuracy, with the most important two being the size of the training set and multi-label documents (the phenomenon that some discussions involve more than one category).
An Experimental Investigation of Fracture Criteria for Combined Extension and Bending

Experiments were performed on cracked plates loaded in combined extension and approximately cylindrical bending. A fracture criterion was developed from the Sih-Hartranft bending theory, which, when modified to account for precatastrophic crack extension, agreed well with the experiments in regions where the crack remained open at fracture and appeared to provide a lower bound in the region where crack closure occurred.
Modified technique using perfused isolated guinea pig lung to determine effect of an aerosol constituent on pulmonary dynamics

Polyethylene glycol 400, a commonly used plasticizer in many cosmetic aerosol hair sprays, was tested to determine its effect on perfusion pressure, perfusion vascular flow rate, and tidal volume in the perfused isolated guinea pig lung. Negative pressure was maintained within the chamber housing the intact lungs, and initial perfusion of the pulmonary vasculature was accomplished via the right side of the heart in situ after guinea pigs were sacrificed by decapitation. Polyethylene glycol 400 was injected into the pulmonary arterial system in doses of 0.01-30 microgram/ml after pretreatment with isoproterenol (1 microgram/ml). Isoproterenol was then readministered, followed by nebulized doses of the cosmetic chemical into the trachea at 0.3, 3, and 30% concentrations. Nebulized polyethylene glycol 400 was also administered in 50, 70, and 90% concentrations. Polyethylene glycol 400 significantly increased perfusion pressure and flow rate after injection into the pulmonary arterial system of the isolated lung. In addition, nebulized administration in concentrations of 0.3-30% significantly increased the perfusion flow rate; following the 50-90% nebulized doses, a significant increase in both perfusion pressure and flow rate was observed. Tidal volume decreased, regardless of the route of administration, as increasing doses of the cosmetic constituent were delivered to the isolated lung.
Integral equation solutions to surface irrigation

Abstract The existing equations for computation of flow in border irrigation were modified for application to furrow irrigation, and common equations for computation of flow in surface irrigation (borders and furrows) with slope greater than 0·1 percent were derived. The solutions were discussed in terms of integral equations, and the performance of the model in estimating advance and recession was compared with field data and found to be acceptable.
Localized 15N NMR spectroscopy of rat brain by ISIS.

Three-dimensional image-selected in vivo spectroscopy (ISIS), combined with proton-decoupled nuclear-Overhauser-enhanced 15 N nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), was used to localize [ 15 N]metabolites, observed by a head coil, to the brain in rats. In spontaneously breathing anesthetized rats given intravenous [ 15 N]ammonium acetate infusion, brain [5- 15 N]glutamine was observed in the localized spectrum with a V 1/2 of 5 Hz in 19-28 min at 4.7 T, while the signal from blood [ 15 N]urea was eliminated by the localization process. In rats given [ 15 N]leucine infusion, the peak representing predominantly (89%) brain [ 15 N]glutamate was observed, with elimination of the signal from muscle [ 15 N]alanine. In vivo peak areas of the brain [ 15 N]metabolites in the localized spectra were proportional to their concentrations. The advantages and limitations of localization by ISIS using a volume coil with a homogeneous B 1 field are compared with those of localization by a surface coil for in vivo 15 N NMR study of neurotransmitters in the brain.
Translational rat model of arteriovenous fistula for the study of the pathophysiology and molecular imaging of dialysis access stenosis and development of endovascular therapies

Poster: "ECR 2015 / C-2022 / Translational rat model of arteriovenous fistula for the study of the pathophysiology and molecular imaging of dialysis access stenosis and development of endovascular therapies" by: "C. Weber, S. Hunt, B. Ge, T. Gade, G. Nadolski; Philadelphia, PA/US"
Turbidity related to shrimp size in tanks with soil substrate

Abstract Water turbidity was monitored daily during a 63-day growth trial with juvenile Penaeus vannamei in indoor laboratory tanks. The tanks contained a 2.5 cm layer of soil substrate collected from 14 ponds representing five shrimp farms in Texas. A linear regression model relating turbidity to estimated shrimp length accounted for 49–83% of the total variation in turbidity for the 14 soil groups. For averages of daily turbidity and shrimp length over the 14 soil groups, the linear regression model yielded an r2 = 0.92. Turbidity increased with shrimp length (75–135 mm), apparently because the elevated locomotory or feeding activity of the larger shrimp increased the suspension of soil particles. These results suggest the potential of using water turbidity as a tool for estimating shrimp biomass in ponds.
Dynamic information release

This note discusses the desirability of dynamic information releases. It is argued that such releases are socially valuable because theycreate insurance opportunities that do not exist without them. These new insurance opportunities occur because new public information causes prices to change which in turn allows traders to improve the spanning ability of existing securities by dynamic trading. This argument contrasts the static argument pioneered by Hirshleifer (1971) that public information oftendestroys insurance opportunities and is therefore not socially valuable.
The 1980s: A patient-specific therapeutic approach in hypertension

Abstract The conventional “stepped-care” approach to the treatment of hypertension deserves revision. Rational therapy considers a variety of factors to obtain maximum efficacy, safety, tolerability, compliance, and neutralization of neural tone for the prevention of sudden death. The patient's age, gender, race, behavior profile, hemodynamic and neurohumoral status (plasma renin activity, norepinephrine/epinephrine ratio), and quality of life will help determine the choice of antihypertensive agent. Concomitant risk factors (smoking, obesity, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia), the presence of sequelae (left ventricular hypertrophy and/or failure, renal failure), and the existence of other disorders (mitral valve prolapse, depression, anxiety) must also be considered when initiating treatment. In addition, the cost of anciliary expenses (laboratory tests, hospitalizations, and emergency room visits) must be weighed against the potential benefits of therapy. Beta blockers are effective, well tolerated, and versatile for the treatment of concomitant cardiovascular disorders and as behavior modifiers. Calcium channel blockers and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors also show promise and merit consideration as therapy for specific groups of hypertensive patients.
Enhancement of buoyant separations between DNAs in preparative CsCl gradients containing distamycin A or netropsin

Abstract The buoyant separation in CsCl gradients between DNAs of various base composition has been studied in the presence of the polypeptide antibiotics, distamycin A and netropsin. The DNAs covered a range between 39,8 and 72% guanine + cytosine. The antibiotics, which bind preferentially to adenine-thymine-rich sequences, enhanced the separation between DNAs by an average factor of 3.5 for distamycin and 2.7 for netropsin over that found in their absence. The absolute separation for a pair of DNAs is a linear function of the base compositional difference between them.
Serotonin has both excitatory and inhibitory modulatory effects on feeding muscles in Aplysia

Serotonin (10(-8) M) produced opposite long-lasting (up to 10 min) effects on acetylcholine-elicited contractions of different buccal mass muscles of Aplysia. Contractions of the dorsal extrinsic muscle and accessory radula closer muscle were enhanced by serotonin; whereas contractions of the ventral extrinsic muscle were inhibited by serotonin. The effect of higher concentrations of serotonin on dorsal and ventral extrinsic muscles was in the same direction as at 10(-8) M but was greater in both magnitude and duration. The phase of feeding-protraction or retraction--during which a muscle is active--is not correlated with the direction of modulation produced by serotonin.
ASSESSING THE IMPACTS OF THE SURFACE MINING CONTROL AND RECLAMATION ACT

Even a dozen years since the passage of the Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act (SMCRA) there is little agreement on how well it has worked. The paper attempts to assess the impacts of SMCRA in six major surface coal producing states. Although it is not possible to make an unqualified overall national assessment, the evidence presented in the paper indicates that in many (but by no means all) cases, surface coal mining is now carried out in environmentally less destructive ways then before the Act. However, the accomplishments have fallen far short of expectations. The situation in some states has gotten worse than before the Act. Overall, the impact of the Act on the ground has been mixed and has depended on the rigor with which the Act has been implemented in individual coal states.
Familial pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas

Pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas are neural crest cell tumors of the adrenal medulla and parasympathetic/sympathetic ganglia, respectively, that are often associated with catecholamine production. Genetic research over the years has led to our current understanding of the association 13 susceptibility genes with the development of these tumors. Most of the susceptibility genes are now associated with specific clinical presentations, biochemical makeup, tumor location, and associated neoplasms. Recent scientific advances have highlighted the role of somatic mutations in the development of pheochromocytoma/paraganglioma as well as the usefulness of immunohistochemistry in triaging genetic testing. We can now approach genetic testing in pheochromocytoma/paraganglioma patients in a very organized scientific way allowing for the reduction of both the financial and emotional burden on the patient. The discovery of genetic predispositions to the development of pheochromocytoma/paraganglioma not only facilitates better understanding of these tumors but will also lead to improved diagnosis and treatment of this disease.
Induction of a laminin isoform and α3β1-integrin in renal ischemic injury and repair in vivo

Ischemic injury to the kidney, a major cause of acute renal failure, leads to the detachment and loss of numerous tubular epithelial cells. Integrin-laminin interactions may promote regeneration of...
Persons, Situations, Interactions: The History of a Controversy and a Discussion of Theoretical Models

The history of the person-situation controversy is reviewed. Although this controversy is not new, and most psychologists now see themselves as interactionists, they disagree about the kinds of person, situation, and interaction process units that should be emphasized. Two models, a social intelligence model and a goals model, for analyzing person-situation interaction and the question of person-environment congruence are considered.
Some Observations of Vertical Velocity Skewness in the Convective Planetary Boundary Layer

Abstract Previously published profiles of vertical velocity (w) skewness observed in the convective atmospheric boundary layer show deficits in the upper part of the layer, relative to large eddy simulations designed to apply to highly convective cloudless planetary boundary layers. Thus, we examine w-skewness profiles from data collected in other experiments. We find that skewness profiles in the three highly convective cases with the fewest and smallest clouds agree better with the large eddy simulation results than other profiles presented here and previously; however the deficit at the top of the boundary layer—though smaller—remains. We hypothesize that the remaining deficit for these three cases results from the presence of ∼10-km wavelength quasi two-dimensional sinusoidal structures, which have near-zero skewness. The small domain and periodic boundary conditions of a large eddy simulation may not allow such structures to develop fully. Removal of the effects of these structures by counting only f...