cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Products of absolute retracts

We present here an example of a residually small variety ~/" and absolute retracts ~ , ~ in r such that 9~ x ~ is not an absolute retract in r Recall that 9.I is an absolute retract in r iff whenever 9~___~r there exists a homomorphism ~ ~ 9~ which is the identity on 9~. The variety r is residually small iff every 9.I~r can be embedded in an absolute retract in ~/', equivalently, iff r has, within isomorphism, only a set of subdirectly irreducible algebras. (For these and related facts and a general source of references, consult [3].) In studying the above mentioned equivalence, one notices that the proof would be simpler and more natural from a certain point of view if one could give a positive answer to the question, 'is every product of absolute retracts an absolute retract?" While the answer to this question is negative, as noted above, there are two frequently occurring conditions under which the answer is positive: (1) ~r has enough injectives (for then every absolute retract is injective) (consult [3, w and references given there); (2) direct sums and direct products coincide in 7V', i.e. each 9 ~ " has a one-element subalgebra 0 and a binary operation + such that the laws 0 + x = x and x + 0 = x hold in ~ (for this notion, studied by J6nsson, Lo~ and Tarski, among others, consult [2] and references given there). For our counterexample, we let ~ r = H S P ~, where ~ is the lattice with two designated constants a and b having the following diagram.
The CIM-OSA integrating infrastructure

In CIM-OSA the specific functions of each particular CIM system are captured in a CIM-OSA implementation description model whilst the general functions, common to all CIM systems, constitute the CIM-OSA integrating infrastructure.The objective of the CIM-OSA integrating infrastructure is to realise these general functions in a way that allows for the integration of the specific functions inherent in each particular CIM system. It also allows the use of the technological components and standards available for both general and specific functions.The CIM-OSA integrating infrastructure comprises four blocks of services: the business services aimed at the control of the execution of models describing specific business processes; the front-end services aimed at the management of the interfaces with the resources (humans, machines and application algorithms) which will execute the functionalities described in the models; the information services managing the information of the enterprise; and the communication services managing the liaison with communication subsystems and transparency mechanisms.
Validity of the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale-IV: Its use in young adults with mental retardation

The validity of the Stanford Binet-IV (SB-IV) was assessed. This test and the WAIS-R and WRAT-R were administered to 42 adults previously classified with mild to moderate mental retardation. Validity coefficients between scores on the SB-IV and the other two measures were significant. The mean IQ on the SB-IV (mean Test Composite = 43.26) was significantly lower than that on the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised--WAIS-R (mean Full-Scale IQ = 57.91). With regard to the internal validity of the SB-IV, the intersubtest relationships of each of the four Area scores correlated significantly with the Test Composite (range = .66 to .91). Verbal Reasoning earned the highest correlation (.91). Results support the SB-IV's concurrent, criterion-related, and internal validity for use with young adults who have mental retardation.
Predicting the concentration range of unmonitored chemicals in wastewater-dominated streams and in run-off from biosolids-amended soils.

Abstract Organic compounds such as sterols and hormones have been detected in surface waters at ecologically relevant concentrations with sources including effluent discharged from publicly owned treatment works (POTWs) as well as leachate and runoff from land amended with municipal sludge (biosolids). Greater than 20% of regulated effluents discharged into U.S. surface waters experience in-stream dilution of
Investigation of organosilanes as structure-directing agents in zeolite synthesis

Abstract MFI-type zeolites are synthesized with N -trimethoxysilylpropyl- N,N,N -trialkylammonium (TAASi) salts using the composition SiO 2 :0.1TAASiBr:0.25NaOH:40 H 2 O (molar ratios). Prehydrolysis of the organosilane precursor is necessary for zeolite formation. Quantitative NMR spectra show that the majority of the organsilicon carbon-silicon bonds are cleaved in the as-synthesized zeolite.
Correlated effective field approximation for the Ising model

Abstract We use a correlated effective field approximation to determine the critical temperatures for the spin 1 2 Ising model in zero external field. This approximation combines the exponential operator techniques of Honmura and Kaneyoshi with the correlated effective field theory of Lines. Unlike previous work using these methods which yield the same critical temperatures as those of the Bethe approximation, we use an equation which takes into account the influence of correlations more accurately. Our values of the critical temperature for more than three nearest neighbors improve on the Bethe approximation and vary from 0.1–11% from the exact, or series, results. The comparable variation for the Bethe approximation is 9–27%. Values of the correlation parameter at the critical point appear to exhibit anomalous behavior as the number of nearest neighbors increases from three to six.
Further Understanding Accountability in Public Organizations Actionable Knowledge and the Structure–Agency Duality

Accountability research in public organizations has made significant progress, but it remains unclear exactly how public managers deal with conflicting accountability pressures and how accountabili...
A Comparison of Sanctions in African American and White TANF Leavers

In this study the authors explore racial disparities in the uses of sanctions and the different impact of sanctions on the economic well-being of African American and White TANF leavers. The study analyzed 907 African American and 1,336 White welfare leavers from the 1999 and 2002 data of the NSAF. Chi-square results show that sanctions are more significantly imposed to African Americans than Whites. On the other hand, regression results show that the impact of sanctions on the employment and family income of African Americans and Whites are comparable. Implications suggest that states need to have an appropriate sanction process, training programs for caseworkers, or other policy changes to reduce the racial disparities.
AUTOCORRELATED CASH FLOWS AND THE SELECTION OF A PORTFOLIO OF CAPITAL ASSETS

Capital budgeting models for analyzing real assets typically are based on a set of restrictive assumptions that influence financial managers' decisions and may prevent optimization of the firm's objectives. This research examines the common restrictive assumption that cash flows are intertemporally independent by first developing an economic state and simulation model based on a Markov process for including autocorrelated cash flows in the capital budgeting decision process and then demonstrating why managers should include autocorrelated cash flows in capital budgeting models by empirically testing the impact of assuming intertemporally independent cash flows on capital budgeting decisions. The results indicate that ignoring autocorrelated cash flows seriously limits the ability of capital budgeting models to provide optimal investment decisions. The model also is very attractive for practical application because it can be implemented with a minimum number of estimates and provides the set of input data required by a number of capital budgeting models. A discussion of the implementation of the model is included.
Natural history of cutaneous malignant melanoma.

The rising incidence of cutaneous malignant melanoma with the consequent increase in mortality from melanoma has intensified efforts to understand the factors that initiate the malignant transformation of melanocytes and to define those tumor-host interactions that play a relevant role in the clinical course of this disease. Increased exposure to solar radiation has been proposed as an explanation for the rising incidence of melanoma observed in light-skinned races. Because of the low incidence of melanoma in darkly pigmented races and its tendency in these individuals to develop in relatively nonpigmented areas, such as the sole of the foot, it is postulated that melanin, in addition to its well-known photoprotective effects, may protect against certain intrinsic carcinogenic agents. Developing cutaneous malignant melanomas progress through several cell types that have varying potentials for invasion and metastasis. This developmental process can be appreciated by examination of the various histologic types of melanomas. Early superficial spreading melanoma and lentigo maligna melanoma are characterized by cells that exhibit a prolonged intraepidermal growth phase, and most of these lesions can be diagnosed while they are still curable by simple surgical therapy. Subpopulations of more aggressive cells eventually develop, however. These cells also may characterize the initial stages of nodular melanoma in which the intraepidermal growth phase is absent and early invasion is common. Prognosis for survival depends on the depth of invasion of the primary tumor. Microstaging of the depth of invasion together with information as to mitotic index, sex, site, age, and histologic type will usually predict the natural history of the disease. With present-day management, the overall long-term, disease-free survival rate of patients with cutaneous melanoma is 60–70% and compares favorably with that of the more common cancers.
Observational Analysis of Tropical Cyclone Formation. Part I: Basic Description of Data Sets

Abstract Twelve composite data sets are constructed from rawinsonde data in the tropical northwest Pacific and tropical northwest Atlantic Oceans. Each data set is a composite average of approximately 80 individual disturbances. Four different types of non-developing oceanic tropical disturbance are composited. For comparison, disturbances in each ocean are composited at four different stages of intensification from pre-hurricane to hurricane and pre-typhoon to typhoon. In total, 912 different tropical weather systems go into the composites and approximately 40 000 rawinsonde observations are used. Details are presented on data density, number of individual weather systems averaged and mean position for each composite system. The basic thermodynamic and dynamic properties of the systems are discussed as well as regional differences between the Pacific and the Atlantic. The analyses presented here form a framework for Part II and subsequent papers which use these composite data sets to investigate the gene...
Relation modules of infinite groups, II

Let F n denote the free group of rank n and d(G) the minimal number of generators of the finitely generated group G. Suppose that R ↪ F m ↠ G and S ↪ F m ↠ G are presentations of G and let $$\bar R$$ and $$\bar S$$ denote the associated relation modules of G. It is well known that $$\bar R \oplus (\mathbb{Z}G)^{d(G)} \cong \bar S \oplus (\mathbb{Z}G)^{d(G)}$$ even though it is quite possible that . However, to the best of the author’s knowledge no examples have appeared in the literature with the property that . Our purpose here is to exhibit, for each integer k ≥ 1, a group G that has presentations as above such that . Our approach depends on the existence of nonfree stably free modules over certain commutative rings and, in particular, on the existence of certain Hurwitz-Radon systems of matrices with integer entries discovered by Geramita and Pullman. This approach was motivated by results of Adams concerning the number of orthonormal (continuous) vector fields on spheres.
Feminidad, masculinidad, androginidad y trastornos del hábito del comer

Background: There are marked gender differences in the attitudes towards eating behaviors. Aim: To compare gender identity traits among females with eating disorders and subjects of both sexes without eating disorders. Material and Methods: An structured clinical interview based on the DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for eating disorders, the Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-40), the Eating Disorders Inventory (EDI) and the Bem Sex Role Inventory (BSRI) were administered to 119 female patients that fulfilled the DSM-IV criteria for anorexia nervosa and/or bulimia nervosa and/or eating disorders not otherwise specified (FCT group), 89 males (MST group) and 63 females (FST group) without eating disorders. Results: The FCT group ranked significantly higher than the FST group on the EAT-40 and EDI and all its items (p <0.001). There were no significant differences between FST and MST groups. The FST group ranked significantly higher than the MST group on the Drive for thinness (p= 0.003) and Body dissatisfaction (p= 0.009). The MST group scored significantly higher than the FST group on Perfectionism (p= 0.020) and Interpersonal distrust (p= 0.008). The FCT group was significantly identified with Feminine and Masculine categories and the FST group with Androgynous and Undifferentiated categories on the BSRI (p= 0.001). Comparatively, the MST group was significantly identified with Masculine category and the FST group with Feminine category on the IBRS (p= <0.001). All groups rejected and approved feminine, masculine and neutral qualities. The higher correlations were observed among feminine quality on the BSRI with the total score on the EAT-40 (r=0.46). Drive for thinness (r=0.51) and Body dissatisfaction (r=0.41). Discussion: Femininity emerged as the main trait of gender identity in patients with eating disorders, in contrast to androgyny showed by male and female subjects without eating disorders. Females without eating disorders were more motivated to achieve thinness and displayed more body dissatisfaction than males (Rev Med Chile 2002; 130: 964-75).
Replica Exchange Molecular Dynamics Simulations Provide Insight into Substrate Recognition by Small Heat Shock Proteins

The small heat shock proteins (sHSPs) are a virtually ubiquitous and diverse group of molecular chaperones that can bind and protect unfolding proteins from irreversible aggregation. It has been suggested that intrinsic disorder of the N-terminal arm (NTA) of sHSPs is important for substrate recognition. To investigate conformations of the NTA that could recognize substrates we performed replica exchange molecular dynamics simulations. Behavior at normal and stress temperatures of the dimeric building blocks of dodecameric HSPs from wheat (Ta16.9) and pea (Ps18.1) were compared because they display high sequence similarity, but Ps18.1 is more efficient in binding specific substrates. In our simulations, the NTAs of the dimer are flexible and dynamic; however, rather than exhibiting highly extended conformations they retain considerable α-helical character and contacts with the conserved α-crystallin domain (ACD). Network analysis and clustering methods reveal that there are two major conformational forms designated either “open” or “closed” based on the relative position of the two NTAs and their hydrophobic solvent accessible surface area. The equilibrium constant for the closed to open transition is significantly different for Ta16.9 and Ps18.1, with the latter showing more open conformations at elevated temperature correlated with its more effective chaperone activity. In addition, the Ps18.1 NTAs have more hydrophobic solvent accessible surface than those of Ta16.9. NTA hydrophobic patches are comparable in size to the area buried in many protein-protein interactions, which would enable sHSPs to bind early unfolding intermediates. Reduced interactions of the Ps18.1 NTAs with each other and with the ACD contribute to the differences in dynamics and hydrophobic surface area of the two sHSPs. These data support a major role for the conformational equilibrium of the NTA in substrate binding and indicate features of the NTA that contribute to sHSP chaperone efficiency.
Temperature of amorphous chalcogenide films during growth by physical vapor deposition

Abstract Contributions to the growth temperature of amorphous semiconducting films prepared by physical vapor deposition have been identified and explained both theoretically and emprically. Temperature measurements have been made with the aid of thin film thermocouples deposited on the substrate prior to the deposition of a chalcogenide glass (As 2 Se 3 ). These measurements show the importance of substrate bonding to an isothermal reservoir in maintaining low temperature rises and further indicate that, for the particular source used, the heat released by condensation of the evaporant is a significant contributor to the total heat flux incident on the film.
Pretexts and US foreign policy: the war on terrorism in historical perspective

This article analyzes the way that US foreign policy elites have used pretexts to manage public opinion. Policymakers, it is argued, often seize upon threatening external events, and use these events to create a favorable political climate in which to “sell” policies of militarization and external expansion to the public. The article argues that the Bush administration has used the threat of terrorism as a pretext to implement a wide range of policies that had been decided upon in advance of the 9/11 attacks. It also argues that the recent uses of pretexts by the Bush administration have strong historical precedents: extended case studies of pretexts are presented for the events surrounding the Korea crisis of 1950 and the Afghanistan crisis of 1979–1980, as well as the more recent War on Terrorism.
An index of specific behaviors in the moral domain.

Studies on attribution in the moral domain often involve the use of specific behavior examples. To make valid comparisons across trait dimensions (such as honesty and friendliness), it is important to equate the intensities of the specific behaviors used. Pretesting specific behaviors can be a costly effort, but it is often necessary for research in social psychology. Our study provides a rich source of such pretested behaviors. Positive and negative examples of behaviors in the categories of honesty, loyalty, friendliness, charitableness, and cooperativeness were solicited from participants and then rated on the relevant trait dimension by an independent group. The result is data representing rankings, raw scores, andz-scores in an index of 500 behaviors across 10 trait categories that can be used by researchers to study moral and immoral behaviors. The full index of behaviors is available at www .psychonomic.org/archive/.
Directed cartesian-product graphs have unique factorizations that can be computed in polynomial time

The cartesian product of directed, simple graphs D1 = (V1, A1) and D2 = (V2, A2) is a digraph D with V(D) = V1 × V2 and A(D) = {(ν1, ν2) → (w1, w2): ν1 = w1 and ν2 → w2 ϵA2 or ν2 = w2 and ν1 → w1ϵA1}. In this paper, we prove that directed graphs have unique prime factorizations under cartesian multiplication and that we can find the prime factorizations of weakly connected digraphs in polynomial time. This work extends recent work by Feigenbaum, Hershberger, Schaffer, and Winkler on cartesian factoring of undirected graphs.
COPPER(I) ISOCYANIDE COMPLEXES OF HIGHLY FLUORINATED POLY(PYRAZOLYL)BORATES

Treatment of a mixture of CuOTf and ButNC with [HB(3,5-(CF3)2Pz)3]K·DMAC or [H2B(3,5-(CF3)2Pz)2]K in thf affords [HB(3,5-(CF3)2Pz)3]CuCNBut, 1, or {[H2B(3,5-(CF3)2Pz)2]CuCNBut}2, 2; compound 2 show...
Frequency and clinical significance of ischemic preconditioning during percutaneous coronary intervention

OBJECTIVES We sought to examine the short- and long-term clinical consequences of ischemic preconditioning (IP) during percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). BACKGROUND Ischemic preconditioning has been demonstrated in animal models to significantly diminish the extent of myocardial necrosis consequent to coronary occlusion. Surrogate markers of ischemic injury (ST segment shift, lactate release, creatine kinase release) in humans have been shown to be similarly diminished with IP elicited during PCI. There are no studies of the frequency of inducibility of IP during PCI, nor are there longer-term data on the clinical relevance of IP. METHODS A total of 382 patients underwent elective PCI employing a previously validated protocol to elicit IP. Procedural, in-hospital, and one-year outcomes were recorded. RESULTS Ischemic preconditioning was elicited in 80% of patients and was associated with a significant reduction in the likelihood of in-hospital adverse cardiac events (IP group, 12.1%; non-IP group, 44.1%; p < 0.0001). Women and diabetic patients were less likely to exhibit IP. By one year, patients failing to manifest IP were at significantly greater risk of post-discharge death or non-fatal myocardial infarction (MI) (non-IP group, 25.9%; IP group, 11.1%; p < 0.002). Failure to manifest IP was significantly and independently associated with an increased risk of death or non-fatal MI by one year. CONCLUSIONS Clinically relevant short- and long-term cardioprotection can be found in association with IP during PCI. In-hospital adverse ischemic events are significantly diminished in patients with IP, as are the risks of death or non-fatal MI at one year. Failure to elicit IP during PCI serves as an independent marker of increased risk of future ischemic events.
Health-related quality of life in children with specific learning disability: children's self-reports versus parents' proxy reports

Dear Editor, I read with great interest the timely review article by Eiser and Varni and agree that it is necessary to evaluate both children's self-reports and parents' proxy reports to determine the healthrelated quality of life (HRQOL) of children [1]. However, it may not be possible to follow their dictum that both child and parent HRQOL instruments should necessarily measure the same constructs with parallel items in order to make comparisons between self and proxy reports more meaningful [1]. To explain this, I would like to share my team's experience while documenting the HRQOL of children with newly diagnosed specific learning disability (SpLD). In the years 2005–2006, we documented the HRQOL of these children using the Child Health Questionnaire-Parent Form 50 [5]. These parents' proxy reports revealed that their HRQOL was significantly compromised in several psychosocial (role/social limitations as a result of emotional–behavioural problems, general behaviour, and mental health) and physical (physical functioning, role/social limitations as a result of physical health and general health perceptions) domains of health; and in both summary scores with psychosocial > physical [4]. However, we were unable to simultaneously document these children's self-reports as the equivalent child version, namely, the Child Health QuestionnaireChild Form 87 was designed to be completed without interviewer assistance [5], and was too difficult for them to complete, due to their limited reading ability. Subsequently, in the year 2008, with a different study sample, we were able to document the self-reported HRQOL of children with newly diagnosed SpLD by using the selfreport long version of the DISABKIDS chronic generic module instrument, namely the DCGM-37-S [2, 6]. This was possible as the developers of the DCGM-37-S permit the interviewer to offer assistance to read out the question and explain before a child marks his/her response [6]. Their selfreported HRQOL revealed that they perceive their psychosocial, physical, and overall HRQOL to be significantly compromised (social exclusion > emotion > limitation > treatment > independence > social inclusion) [2]. Although we utilised instruments with different constructs, these data helped identify specific domains which guided us to develop counselling strategies to help improve their HRQOL [2, 4]. Lastly, I would like to add to the review by Eiser and Varni [1] by mentioning that evaluating both children's self-reports and parents' proxy reports can reveal contradictory but useful perceptions of the impact of comorbidity. Contrary to parent proxy reports [4], children with newly diagnosed SpLD having comorbid “untreated” attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) did not perceive their comorbidity to further adversely affect their HRQOL [3]. This information was utilised by us to allay the anxieties of parents who otherwise get overwhelmed coping up when their child has such a dual diagnosis, namely, SpLD + ADHD [3].
Meteorological and Astronomical Influences on Radar Reflectivity in the Convective Boundary Layer

Abstract Observations are presented of time-varying radar reflectivity during a partial solar eclipse in Oklahoma. The measurements from a radar of 10-cm wavelength, were obtained in the clear-air boundary layer. The reflectivity changes closely follow the variation in solar radiation associated with the eclipse. Possible mechanisms for the change in reflectivity are reviewed, in particular the effect of surface fluxes of heat and mositure. A formula is derived that relates radar reflectivity to surface fluxes of sensible and latent heat. Other evidence of a relationship between these fluxes and sensible and latent heat. Other evidence of a relationship between these fluxes and radar reflectivity is presented, namely the effect of local cloud cover on reduced insolation and variations in surface wetness.
A social ethic for fish and wildlife management

Fifty years after Leopold penned those words, the human component of fish and wildlife science is “so new and intricate” that the path of social expediency is, indeed, “not discernible.” The authors suggest that a definable ethic is the “mode of guidance” for effectively meeting the social dimension of fish and wildlife resource decision-making of the future. Expanding the philosophy of Leopold's land ethic, the authors define universal principles of being fair, open and honest that underlie the apparent success or failure of current public/natural resource interactions. Drawing on their extensive public process experience, the authors contend that if fish and wildlife professionals, as a community, embrace the fair open and honest philosophy as the cornerstone of public process, then, Leopold's “mode of guidance” will have been defined for the coming century.
Strategies for rapid and accurate DNA sequencing

In an effort to increase the amount of accurate final sequence data, we now report our latest template DNA isolation procedure, fluorescent and radiolabeled DNA sequencing reactions, physical modifications to the ABI 373A fluorescent-based DNA sequencer, and the development of a new fluorescent data analysis program that results in manually interpretable sequence data in excess of 750 nucleotides from the priming site in a single reaction. In addition, a sequencing strategy that combines these isolation and sequencing methods with initial shotgun cloning followed by a short oligonucleotide primer walking approach for both contig joining and proofreading is described. When combined, these methods and strategies significantly increase the rate and ease of DNA sequence data acquisition, as well as improve the extent and accuracy of the sequence data.
Magnetohydrodynamic modelling of interplanetary disturbances between the sun and earth

A time-dependent, nonplanar, two-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic computer model is used to simulate a series, separately examined, of solar flare-generated shock waves and their subsequent disturbances in interplanetary space between the sun and the earth's magnetosphere. The 'canonical' or ansatz series of shock waves include initial velocities near the sun over the range 500 to 3500 km/s. The ambient solar wind, through which they propagate, is taken to be a steady state homogeneous plasma (that is, independent of heliolongitude) with a representative set of plasma and magnetic field parameters. Complete sets of solar wind plasma and magnetic field parameters are presented and discussed. Particular attention is addressed to the MHD model's ability to address fundamental operational questions vis-a-vis the long-range forecasting of geomagnetic disturbances. These questions are: (1) will a disturbance (such as the present canonical series of solar flare shock waves) produce a magnetospheric and ionospheric disturbance, and, if so, (2) when will it start, (3) how severe will it be, and (4) how long will it last? The model's output is used to compute various solar wind indices of current interest as a demonstration of the model's potential for providing 'answers' to these questions.
Windows into Children’s Thinking: A Guide to Storytelling and Dramatization

Telling and dramatizing stories is an increasingly popular addition to the preschool curriculum, largely due to the attention this activity has received through the writings of Vivian Paley (Bad guys don’t have birthdays: fantasy play at four. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1988; The boy who would be a helicopter: the uses of storytelling in the kindergarten. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, 1990; A child’s work: the importance of fantasy play. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 2004). While the writings of Paley and others (Cooper, When stories come to school: telling, writing, and performing stories in the early childhood classroom. Teachers & Writers Collaborative, New York, 1993; Engel 1999) focus on the social and cognitive outcomes children experience as a result of storytelling, less has been written about the process of writing and dramatizing stories with young children. This article discusses procedures and considerations that enhance storytelling with preschool children, including effective prompts for encouraging children’s creativity, potential trouble spots such as aggression in stories, and ways that storytelling can enhance home-school relationships.
It Takes Two to Tango

Regulatory T (Treg) cells are essential for maintaining immune tolerance. In this issue of Immunity, Haribhai et al. (2011) demonstrate that both subsets of Treg cells, natural and induced, are necessary to achieve tolerance, probably because of their nonoverlapping T cell receptor repertoires.
Tobramycin and Gentamicin Concentrations in the Serum of Normal and Anephric Patients

The serum half-life of tobramycin was found to be the same as that of gentamicin in patients with similar renal function. The values ranged from 2 hr in normal volunteers to 53.4 hr in anephric patients. Both drugs were readily removed from the serum by the Kiil artificial kidney, with a 70% reduction in serum concentrations during a 12-hr dialysis period.
Toward Qualitative Understandings of Health Phenomena or a Pedagogical Epiphany from a Long-Time Medical Humanities Professor Who Thought She was on the Right Track

This is the story of one medical educator’s attempt to combine literary and epistemological inquiry in a 4th-year elective called Women’s Health: Views from Literature, Communities, and Clinical Medicine. The assumption fueling this attempt was that medical students’ thinking rarely moves outside rationalist constructs, and because of this, they often confuse the nature or distinguishing features of something or someone—its quality—with what the numbers tell them. Thus, the class content and experiences were purposely developed to engage the students with knowledge from a variety of qualitative domains and would be, as such, an epistemological experience. This article details how the class worked and how it did not.
Nonspatial Saccade-Specific Activation in area LIP of Monkey Parietal Cortex

We present evidence that neurons in the lateral intraparietal area (LIP) of monkey posterior parietal cortex (PPC) are activated by the instruction to make an eye movement, even in the complete absence of a spatial target. This study employed a visually guided motor task that dissociated the type of movement to make (saccade or reach) from the location where the movement was to be made. Using this task, animals were instructed to prepare a specific type of movement prior to knowing the spatial location of the movement target. We found that 25% of the LIP neurons recorded in two animals were activated significantly more by the instruction to prepare a saccade than by the instruction to prepare a reach. This finding indicates that LIP is involved in more than merely spatial attention and provides further evidence for nonspatial effector-specific signal processing in the dorsal stream.
Significance of benign endometrial cells in papanicolaou tests from women aged ≥ 40 years†

BACKGROUND The 2001 Bethesda System recommends reporting benign endometrial cells (BECs) in women aged ≥ 40 years and considers these women at risk for endometrial pathology. The current study examines the relative risk of hyperplasia or malignancy conferred by the presence versus the absence of BECs in Papanicolaou (Pap) tests of women aged ≥ 40 years. METHODS Women aged ≥ 40 years represented 29,177 (46.2%) of 63,202 Pap tests obtained over 1 year from a largely suburban screened population. Of these, 866 Pap tests (3%) showed BECs. Over the same 1 year period, 789 women aged ≥ 40 years had endometrial histologic evaluations between 14 days and 6 months following a Pap test. The Pap tests of 159 women had BECs, and 33 had atypical (n = 32) or malignant (n = 1) endometrial cells. The 597 remaining women, who had Pap tests without endometrial cells but who had endometrial sampling for other reasons, served as controls. RESULTS There were nine endometrial hyperplasias (5.7%) and no adenocarcinomas in the BECs group, whereas 34 hyperplasias (5.7%) and 6 adenocarcinomas (1%) were diagnosed in the controls. These differences were not statistically significant, even after restricting the analysis to women aged ≥ 50 years or to women known to be postmenopausal. CONCLUSIONS The current study found that women aged ≥ 40 years with BECs in their Pap tests did not have more endometrial hyperplasias or malignancies when compared with women who had endometrial sampling for reasons other than the presence of endometrial cells in a Pap test. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
A comparative study of the defect point physics and luminescence of the kesterites Cu 2 ZnSnS 4 and Cu 2 ZnSnSe 4 and chalcopyrite Cu(In,Ga)Se 2

In this contribution, we present a comparative study of the luminescence of the kesterites Cu 2 ZnSnS 4 (CZTS) and Cu 2 ZnSnSe 4 (CZTSe) and their related chalcopyrite Cu(In,Ga)Se 2 (CIGSe). Luminescence spectroscopy suggests that the electronic properties of Zn-rich, Cu-poor kesterites (both CZTS and CZTSe) and Cu-poor CIGSe are dictated by fluctuations of the electrostatic and chemical potentials. The large redshift in the luminescence of grain boundaries in CIGSe, associated with the formation of a neutral barrier is clearly observed in CZTSe, and, to some extent, in CZTS. Kesterites can therefore replicate the fundamental electronic properties of CIGSe.
Frequency discrimination in the sense of flutter: psychophysical measurements correlated with postcentral events in behaving monkeys

The capacities of humans and monkeys to discriminate between the frequencies of mechanical sinusoids delivered to the glabrous skin of the hand have been measured in psychophysical experiments. The 2 primates have similar capacities; they make discriminations with Weber fractions that change little over the frequency range from 20 to 200 Hz. The discriminatory capacities are similar whether stimuli are received passively or acquired actively. Combined experiments have been made in monkeys in which the electrical signs of the activity of quickly adapting (QA) and slowly adapting (SA) neurons of postcentral areas 3b and 1 were recorded, both in the working state as the animal made discriminations and in the irrelevant state in which the stimuli did not guide behavior. The neuronal responses were analyzed in terms of discharge rates, periodicities in the neuronal discharges, and harmonic contents. It was shown that discriminatory capacity depends upon the period lengths in the sets of periodically entrained activity evoked by stimuli readily discriminated, and not upon the small differences in rates of discharge evoked by those stimuli. The periodicities were shown by harmonic analysis to be sharply limited to stimulus frequencies. Low-frequency stimuli evoke periodicities at the second and third harmonics in some neurons, in addition to strongly periodic signals at the fundamental frequency of the stimuli. Their presence does not appear to interfere with frequency discrimination. Neuronal responses recorded in the stimulus-irrelevant state were not distinguishable from those recorded as monkeys made discriminations. The responses of SA neurons, recorded under similar conditions, resembled those of QA neurons in almost every feature, but reasons are given for concluding that the SA system plays no role in frequency discrimination in the sense of flutter.
Escalation of Expectations over Past Performance

The principle of escalation of expectations describes the idea that customers value innovation to the extent that it surpasses their performance benchmarks, which were in turn created by the accumulation of past innovations. However, this is not a simple linear relationship in which the outcome is proportionate to the input effort. Instead, the result of innovation firm’s efforts is quite nonlinear, often behaving much like the proverbial single straw that breaks the camel’s back. The escalation of expectations is the mechanism that allows small changes, for instance, a small request made by a random customer demographic, the passage of a new law, or perhaps the wishes of a CEO, to become astronomically amplified in its impact throughout the innovation system. The escalation of expectations sets entire firms along a particular path of innovation, in which targets get set, ideas emerge, alternatives are searched for, and chances are taken. Out of this process, firms build up deeper reserves of know-how, and customer expectations ratchet forever upward (and sometimes, as we will see, even sideways).
The study of amorphous phase separation in a model polymer phase-separating system using raman microscopy and a low-temperature stage: Effect of cooling rate and nucleation temperature

The freezing process is a source of product instability in many freeze-dried pharmaceuticals. During freezing, the solute is concentrated in the interstitial spaces between ice crystals, and phase separation may occur, with likely negative stability implications. Phase separation may involve crystallization but may also occur in completely amorphous systems even though there is little direct evidence to support this speculation in protein formulation applications. Previous work in our laboratory focused on the application of a novel Raman mapping technique to the study of amorphous phase separation in freeze-dried polymer systems. We report here the application of a similar Raman mapping technique to frozen systems, using a low-temperature stage. We study the impact of nucleation temperature and thermal history on phase separation using a model 1:1 polyvinylpyrrolidone:dextran phase separating system. Although cooling rate and nucleation temperature had a small effect on the extent of phase separation, it was clear that the large latent heat of crystallization controls the thermal history and propensity for phase separation in practical applications. The results suggest that phase separation can be somewhat controlled by minimizing fill depth and controlling nucleation temperature.
Salt-Soluble Proteins of Poultry Meat 1. Composition and Emulsifying Capacit

Abstract POULTRY meat in such emulsion-type products as chicken franks, bologna, and chunk rolls is finding a place in the food industry. That has been made feasible by recent U.S.D.A. regulation permitting up to 15% poultry meat in processed convenience foods; also efficient deboning machines have become available in the past few years. Several workers (Swift et al., 1961; Hanson, 1960; Helmer and Saffle, 1963; Hudspeth and May, 1969) have reported that salt-soluble proteins (SSP) play an important role in the emulsifying capacity of meat emulsions, seemingly being more efficient than water-soluble proteins. Although SSP have been cited as the main emulsifier and binder of meat, no direct correlation exists between amount of total protein or SSP and emulsifying capacity. Hudspeth and May (1967) and Parkes and May (1968) found that emulsifying capacity of SSP from light meat of poultry was less than that from dark meat, even though total protein…
Desert Anuran Occurrence and Detection in Artificial Breeding Habitats

Abstract: One-third of known amphibian populations have become extinct, with habitat loss and degradation being the leading causes in the United States. Site occupancy has been suggested as one of the most effective state variables in describing population declines. The objectives of this study were to determine occupancy estimates of five southwestern desert anurans, accounting for imperfect detection, and to determine the main factors impacting detection. We conducted call and visual surveys on three consecutive nights after rain events at 21 breeding sites for Mexican Spadefoot (Spea multiplicata), Plains Spadefoot (Spea bombifrons), Couch's Spadefoot (Scaphiopus couchii), Great Plains Toad (Anaxyrus cognatus), and Green Toad (Anaxyrus debilis). We used occupancy modeling to estimate the proportion of sites occupied for all species detected during the sampling period. Spea multiplicata and A. debilis were most prevalent, followed by A. cognatus, Sp. bombifrons, and Sc. couchii, respectively. In additi...
Thermal Management for 3D Processors via Task Scheduling

A rising horizon in chip fabrication is the 3D integration technology. It stacks two or more dies vertically with a dense, high-speed interface to increase the device density and reduce the delay of interconnects across the dies. However, a major challenge in 3D technology is the increased power density which brings the concern of heat dissipation within the processor. High temperatures trigger voltage and frequency throttlings in hardware which degrade the chip performance. Moreover, high temperatures impair the processorpsilas reliability and reduce its lifetime. To alleviate this problem, we propose in this paper an OS-level scheduling algorithm that performs thermal-aware task scheduling on a 3D chip. Our algorithm leverages the inherent thermal variations within and across different tasks, and schedules them to keep the chip temperature low. We observed that vertically adjacent dies have strong thermal correlations, and the scheduler should consider them jointly. Our proposed algorithm can remove on average 54% of hardware DTMs and result in 7.2% performance improvement over the base case.
Plaque Characterization of Atherosclerotic Coronary Arteries by Intravascular Ultrasound

Intravascular ultrasound provides cross-sectional images of arteries and enables accurate delineation of lumen dimensions and wall structure. Moreover, ultrasound characterization of atherosclerotic plaque subtypes may have important implications in determining the natural history and the clinical outcome of patients with coronary artery disease. The reliability of intravascular ultrasound to differentiate plaque morphology subtypes was studied in 60 coronary segments excised from 33 coronary arteries obtained from 17 patients at necropsy. Ultrasound was performed with a 25-MHz transducer mounted on the distal end of a rigid probe that was rotated manually inside the lumen artery. Plane film radiography was also performed to establish the presence of calcific deposits. A total of 82 histologic transverse sections corresponding to 82 ultrasound imaging sites were studied from the 60 coronary segments. Of the first 54 images, 36 were fibrous plaques and yielded dense homogenous echo reflections, 6 had discrete areas of lipid that were less echogenic and 12 had calcific deposits that cast echo-free shadows beyond areas of intense echo reflections. The predictive accuracy of evaluating plaque composition in the remaining 28 ultrasound imaging sites was 96%. Thus, anatomical structure of coronary arteries and composition of atherosclerotic lesions can be assessed accurately with intravascular ultrasound and may have potential for better understanding of the atherosclerotic process and provide guidance to interventional procedures.
The phenomenological theory of martensite crystallography: Interrelationships

The phenomenological theory of martensite crystallography is based on the observation that the habit plane is an invariant plane in which all lines in it are neither distorted nor rotated by the displacement vector of the invariant plane strain. The structural change is effected by a Bain deformation which follows intuitively from the orientation relationship and through which atomic interchanges do not occur. A lattice invariant deformation is also incorporated to insure that the martensite-parent interface is semicoherent and glissile. These factors and the orientation relationship as well are uniquely interrelated within the theoretical framework and must be so for any transformation alleged to follow the theory.
Translating surveys to surveillance on social media: methodological challenges & solutions

Passive surveillance of preferences, opinions and behaviors on social media is becoming increasingly common. The general goal is to make inferences from observations collected from the numerous posts publicly available in blogs, microblogs, and other social forums. A traditional approach for collecting observations is by querying a random (or convenience) sample of individuals with surveys. A wide variety of well respected survey instruments have been developed over many decades especially in social sciences.The question addressed here is: how does one `translate' a survey of interest into surveillance strategies on social media? Specifically, how does one find the posts that could be interpreted as valid responses to the survey? Developing a general methodology for translating a survey into social medial surveillance might further the inclusion of social media research into traditional social science research. We propose a translation methodology using a well-reputed survey (the Satisfaction with Life Scale) as an example. A second methodological contribution that goes beyond the survey translation focus is a crowdsourcing approach, which we claim with reasonable confidence, finds close to \ul{all} the relevant items in a dataset. This is different from the standard approach of asking workers to annotate all items in a small dataset. Our method supports more accurate evaluations (i.e., more precise recall calculations) as well as the development of larger training datasets. Finally the resulting surveillance method derived from the life satisfaction survey achieves recall, precision and F scores between 0.59 and 0.65. This is considerably better than standard methods using lexicons (precision around 0.16) or classifiers (precision, recall and F scores between 0.32 and 0.38).
Band Bending and Photoemission-Induced Surface Photovoltages on Clean n- and p-GaN (0001) Surfaces

Photoelectron spectroscopy (PES) has been used to measure the dependence of core-level shifts on temperature T and source intensity for the clean (0001) surfaces of p- and n-GaN grown by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition. In the dark, the Fermi level at the surface occurs 2.55 eV above the valence band maximum for both carrier types. The surface photovoltage (SPV) induced by laboratory PES sources exceeds 1 eV on p-GaN at room temperature (RT). Hence PES at RT may prove impractical for determining Schottky barrier heights for optically thin metal films on p-GaN. The source-induced SPV falls rapidly with increasing T, persisting only to \ensuremath{\sim}150 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C with a standard ultraviolet PES source. This strong T dependence cannot be explained quantitatively by standard SPV models. Band bending is relatively immune to pyroelectric and piezoelectric polarization but is sensitive to chemisorbed oxygen; thermal conversion of the chemisorbed layer to an ``oxide'' reduces the effect of the contaminant.