cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Transition metals redox: reviving an old plot for diabetic vascular disease.

Considerable effort over the past 25 years has focused on the role of oxidant stress in aging and in the pathogenesis of age-related diseases — diabetes, Alzheimer’s disease, end-stage renal disease, and atherosclerosis, among others. Research on redox signaling and the chemistry of the aging process has led to major insights, including the identification of oxidant stress–responsive transcription factors, such as NF-κB, which regulate tissue remodeling and therefore control the progression of pathological lesions; the role of mitochondria in generating reactive oxygen species and activating apoptotic pathways; the role of sulfhydryl homeostasis in redox signaling; and the development of mass spectrometry methods to identify and quantify protein damage in aging or stressed tissues. Because of the prevalence and the dire consequences of the diseases involved, the stakes in this field are high. However, despite the great interest in developing drugs that might block oxidant or carbonyl stress, clinical studies involving antioxidant or carbonyl-trapping agents have had mixed success, suggesting a greater degree of complexity than anticipated. Thus, in the diabetic rat, treatment with various antioxidants or carbonyl-trapping agents has had impressive effects in delaying, if not altogether preventing, complications of diabetes such as cataracts, retinopathy, nephropathy, vascular abnormalities, nerve conduction velocity, plasma lipid oxidation, and fetal malformations. In the diabetic human, conversely, while intra-arterial infusion of vitamin C improved endothelium-dependent vasodilation (1) and oral intake of vitamin E improved retinal blood flow and creatinine clearance (2), chronic treatment with vitamin E did not reduce cardiovascular risk (3). Similarly, the antioxidant α-lipoic acid decreased plasma hydroperoxides in diabetic subjects but had equivocal efficacy in polyneuropathy and cardiac autonomic neuropathy (4, 5). A similar “antioxidant paradox” has also been observed in other diseases associated with oxidant stress (6).
The physical anthropologist in the field

Douglas H. Ubelaker. Human Skeletal Remains, Excavation, Analysis and Interpretation. Chicago: Beresford Book Service, 1978. Manuals on Archaeology. 116 pp. $15.00, cloth.
Effects of process errors on the production of ethanol by Escherichia coli KO11

KO11 was previously constructed for the production of ethanol from both hexose and pentose sugars in hemicellulose hydrolysates by inserting the Zymomonas mobilis genes encoding pyruvate decarboxylase (pdc) and alcohol dehydrogenase (adhB). This biocatalyst appears relatively resistant to potential process errors during fermentation. Antibiotics were not required to maintain the maximum catabolic activity of KO11 even after deliberate contamination with up to 10% soil. Fermentations exposed to extremes of temperature (2 h at 5°C or 50°C) or pH (2 h at pH 3 or pH 10) recovered after re-adjustment to optimal fermentation conditions (35°C, pH6) although longer times were required for completion in most cases. Ethanol yields were not altered by exposure to extremes in temperature but were reduced by exposure to extremes in pH. Re-inoculation with 5% (by volume) from control fermentors reduced this delay after exposure to pH extremes.
Fall Meeting by the numbers

Visits to the Fall Meeting Web site: 650,000 Total participants at the meeting: 20,890 Abstracts submitted to the meeting: 20,087 Donors who attended and took advantage of donor lounges: 1835 Total attendance at Simon Winchester's Presidential Forum Lecture: 1200 Total attendance at the Honors Banquet: 905 Books sold at the AGU Marketplace: 671 Individuals registered for the Fun Run: 487 Students who participated in the Student Breakfast: 450 Individuals who crossed the finish line at the Fun Run: 384 Total attendees at Exploration Station: 307 Total booths sold in the Exhibit Hall: 304 Press registered for the meeting: 288 Membership transactions completed for renewing and registering members at AGU Marketplace: 156 Meeting attendees who were past Congressional Visits Day participants: 82 Editors, associate editors, and their student guests who visited the Editors Resource Center: 63 Copies of Navigating Graduate School and Beyond: A Career Guide for Graduate Students and a Must Read for Every Advisor sold during and after the talk and book signing by author Sundar A. Christopher: 50 Kegs of beer consumed during the Ice Breaker on Sunday, 4 December: 48 Hours of video footage shot at the meeting by the AGU videographer: 40 Potential geopress authors and editors who attended the daily “Come Publish With geopress” sessions in the AGU Marketplace: 31 Press conferences held at the meeting: 25 Average age of minors attending Exploration Station: 8.7 Educational seminars sponsored by AGU Publications: 2 (one on how to write a good scientific paper and the other on the rewards of reviewing) Watching three preschoolers in space suits waiting to meet astronaut Andrew Feustel after the Public Lecture: Priceless (with apologies to Mastercard®)
Initial Psychoeducational Assessment and Related Consultation

Criticism of current approaches to assessment indicates the need for effective alternatives. Given a general understanding of the criticism, the authors describe the bases for an alternative approach to initial assessment activity. Specifically, the discussion focuses on (1) a conceptualization of initial assessment and consultation, (2) the problem-solving paradigm as a framework for guiding this activity, and (3) a description of procedures and initial data from a demonstration program.
Innovative Uses of the FIRO‐B in Couple Counseling*

The use of the Fundamental Interpersonal Relationship Orientation-Behavior (FIRO-B)inventory in couple counseling is viewed as a cooperative counselor-client procedure that aids both counselor and client in conceptualizing interpersonal compatibility, specifying counseling goals, assessing behavior change, and facilitating an action oriented counseling process. Case histories are used to illustrate the use of the FIRO-B as an integral part of the counseling process.
An experimental approach to elucidating selective solid-state photochemistry induced by monochromatic X-rays

Abstract Experimental techniques are reported that facilitate studies of the primary chemistry induced by ionizing radiation in condensed phases. The approach incorporates in situ Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and mass spectrometry to monitor changes induced by atomic-site and final-state selective core-electron excitation using monochromatic soft X-rays.
Optimizing Phosphorus Fertilizer Management in Potato Production

Management of fertilizer phosphorus (P) is a critical component of potato production systems as potato has a relatively high P requirement and inefficiently uses soil P. Phosphorus promotes rapid canopy development, root cell division, tuber set, and starch synthesis. Adequate P is essential for optimizing tuber yield, solids content, nutritional quality, and resistance to some diseases. Although soil test P is the primary tool for assessing P fertilizer needs, in some areas petiole P analysis has been successfully utilized to guide in-season P applications. Potato has been shown in some studies to respond to fertilizer P at soil test levels considered very high for most other crops (100+ mg kg−1 Bray P1 or Mehlich I or III and 20+ mg kg−1 sodium bicarbonate) especially on medium- to finer-textured soils. Even on high-testing soils, fertilizer P rates for top yields sometimes exceed 150 kg P2O5 ha−1. In addition, many states/provinces continue to recommend half or more of the amount of P in the harvested portion of the crop irrespective of soil test P level. In most situations, few differences are expected among fertilizer P sources; however, high rates of diammonium phosphate (DAP) or urea-phosphate (UAP) should not be band-applied in contact or near the seed piece. Most research determined that fertilizer P was most efficiently used when band-applied at planting (e.g., 5 cm to each side of the seed piece); however, some western USA work on high-pH soils showed increased yields and petiole P levels with preplant broadcast applications. In-season applications with the irrigation water can be successful when the potato roots are sufficiently close to the soil surface; however, most research indicates that P applications are more effective when applied at planting or early in the season. Potato fertilizer phosphorus best management practices include: (1) apply the fertilizer P rate calibrated for local soils; (2) band-apply fertilizer P at least 5 cm from the seed piece, especially on very sandy soils or where DAP or UAP are used; (3) use petiole P tests to determine the need for in-season applications; (4) account for all P sources applied, including animal manures; and (5) utilize the best soil conservation practices to reduce P losses to surface waters.
An Examination of the Historical and Current Perceptions of Love in the Psychotherapeutic Dyad

Since the initial dialogues on the treatment relationship began, a hierarchical structure of our profession was set forth. This was largely created by Sigmund Freud, often considered the initiator of psychotherapy and psychoanalysis. Our profession was characterized by a neutral, distant practitioner who performed his work upon an unknowing patient. The reality of the multiple complexities of this relationship has become clearer over time. This paper seeks to examine the steps that have taken us from the initially distant and non-mutual psychotherapeutic relationship to the more egalitarian and co-created format that many clinicians are working in today. Love, in both its absence and presence, is examined as a central concept and tenet of psychotherapy.
Usefulness of the special q points in the study of rare-gas monolayers.

The special-point method is applied to the study of lattice dynamics in two dimensions within the self-consistent harmonic theory. It is seen that the use of a few special points yields better results than the ones from a dense rectangular mesh of q points in the irreducible section of the Brillouin zone. The method also converges quite rapidly, at a rate faster than the rate found in three dimensions. It fails, however, in the investigation of the floating transition in the case of physisorbed monolayers in registry with graphite. In order to study this transition using the special method, sets of order 11 and higher need to be implemented.
Increasing the Efficiency and Effectiveness of Environmental Decisions: Benefit-Cost Analysis and Effluent Fees Using Benefit-Cost Analysis for Better Environmental Policies

Abstract The 1991 A&WMA Critical Review was authored jointly by Howard Graenspecht of the Council of Economic Advisors, Executive Office of the President, Washington, D.C. and Lester Lave of Carnegie-Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Dr. Graenspecht presented the paper, entitled “Increasing the Efficiency and Effectiveness of Environmental Decisions: Benefit-Cost Analysis and Effluent Fees,” at the Critical Review session held during the 84th Air & Waste Management Association Annual Meeting in Vancouver, B.C. Prepared discussions presented during the session are published here, as well as closing remarks by Drs. Gruenspecht and Lave.
Clinical Evaluation and Comparison of 2 Topical Anesthetics for Pain Caused by Needle Sticks and Scaling and Root Planing

Background: Pain generated by needle sticks (Ns) for the delivery of local anesthetic and/or scaling and root planing (SRP) instrumentation is commonly addressed by the use of topical anesthetics, such as a benzocaine-gel preparation (BGP). Pain suppression following such use has been highly variable. Development of medicine-containing patches and adhesives for intraoral use have led to a new approach for topical anesthesia in the form of a transoral lidocaine delivery system (LDS). The purpose of this double-blind study was to evaluate the efficacy of the LDS and also to compare LDS with BGP for pain suppression to Ns and SRP. Methods: One group of 20 subjects randomly received in both maxillary and mandibular molar-bicuspid areas LDS or BGP on one side and non-anesthetic control on the other side. A second group of 20 subjects compared the effectiveness of LDS directly with BGP in molar-bicuspid areas of both arches. Random order determined the selection for each anesthetic tested between the arches and...
A study of crack closure in fatigue

Crack closure phenomenon in fatigue was studied by using a Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloy. The occurrence of crack closure was directly measured by an electrical-potential method, and indirectly by load-strain measurement. The experimental results showed that the onset of crack closure depends on both the stress ratio, and the maximum stress intensity factor. No crack closure was observed for stress ratio, greater than 0.3 in this alloy. A two-dimensional elastic model was used to explain the behavior of the recorded load-strain curves. Closure force was estimated by using this model. Yield level stress was found near the crack tip. Based on this estimated closure force, the crack opening displacement was calculated. This result showed that onset of crack closure detected by electrical-potential measurement and crack-opening-displacement measurement is the same. The implications of crack closure on fatigue crack are considered. The experimental results show that crack closure cannot fully account for the effect of stress ratio, on crack growth, and that it cannot be regarded as the sole cause for delay.
Matric Massey products

It has long been recognized that the homologies of differential algebras and of differential modules over differential algebras have not only products but also higher order operations, namely Massey products. These operations have largely been ignored because of the difficulty in computing them and because of their seeming lack of conceptual interest. We shall here introduce and study generalizations of these operations; the new operations will be defined on n-tuples of matrices rather than on n-tuples of elements. Of course, the generalization does nothing to simplify the computations, although the results on spectral sequences in this paper will have this effect. The larger class of operations does, however, have essential conceptual interest. There are a variety of situations
Drosophila Lipid Droplets Buffer the H2Av Supply to Protect Early Embryonic Development

Assembly of DNA into chromatin requires a delicate balancing act, as both dearth and excess of histones severely disrupt chromatin function [1-3]. In particular, cells need to carefully control histone stoichiometry: if different types of histones are incorporated into chromatin in an imbalanced manner, it can lead to altered gene expression, mitotic errors, and death [4-6]. Both the balance between individual core histones and the balance between core histones and histone variants are critical [5, 7]. Here, we find that in early Drosophila embryos, histone balance in the nuclei is regulated by lipid droplets, cytoplasmic fat-storage organelles [8]. Lipid droplets were previously known to function in long-term histone storage: newly laid embryos contain large amounts of excess histones generated during oogenesis [9], and the maternal supplies of core histone H2A and the histone variant H2Av are anchored to lipid droplets via the novel protein Jabba [3]. We find that in these embryos, synthesis of new H2A and H2Av is imbalanced, and that newly produced H2Av can be recruited to lipid droplets. When droplet sequestration is disrupted by mutating Jabba, embryos display an elevated H2Av/H2A ratio in nuclei as well as mitotic defects, reduced viability, and hypersensitivity to H2Av overexpression. We propose that in Drosophila embryos, lipid droplets serve as a histone buffer, not only storing maternal histones to support the early cell cycles but also transiently sequestering H2Av produced in excess and thus ensuring proper histone balance in the nucleus.
History of concepts of the comparative biochemistry of oxygenic and anoxygenic photosyntheses.

Experiments of Hans Molisch in 1907 demonstrated that purple bacteria do not evolve molecular oxygen during photosynthetic metabolism, and can use organic compounds as sources of cell carbon for anaerobic ‘photoheterotrophic’ growth. Molisch's conclusion that he discovered a new photosynthetic growth mode was not accepted for some 30 years because of the prevailing definition of photosynthesis as light-dependent conversion of carbon dioxide and inorganic reductants to cell materials. Meanwhile, during the decade of the 1930s, Cornelis van Niel formulated the ‘comparative biochemical watercleavage hypothesis’ of photosynthesis, which enjoyed great popularity for about 20 years. According to this concept, photolysis of water yielded ‘H’ and ‘OH’, the former acting as the hydrogen donor for CO2 reduction in all modes of photosynthesis. Oxygenic organisms were presumed to contain a unique biochemical system capable of converting ‘OH’ to water and O2. To explain the absence of O2 formation by purple and green photosynthetic bacteria, it was supposed that such organisms lacked the oxygen-forming system and, instead, ‘OH’ was disposed of by reduction with an inorganic H(e) donor (other than water) according to the general equation: $$2 'OH' + H_2 A \to 2 H_2 O + A ,$$ where H2A is H2 or an inorganic sulfur compound.
An exploratory hazard-based analysis of highway incident duration

The statistical analysis of highway incident duration has become an increasingly import research topic due to the impact that highway incidents (vehicle accidents and disablements) have on traffic congestion. In addition, there is a growing need to evaluate incident management programs that seek to reduce incident duration and incident-induced traffic congestion. We apply hazard-based duration models to statistically evaluate the time it takes detect/report, respond to, and clear incidents. Two-year data from Washington State's incident response team program were used to estimate the hazard models. The model estimation results show that a wide variety of factors significantly affect incident times (i.e. detection/reporting, response, and clearance times), and that different distributional assumptions for the hazard function are appropriate for the different incident times being considered. It was also found that the estimated coefficients were not stable between the two years of data used in model estimation. The findings of this paper provide an important demonstration of method and an empirical basis to assess incident management programs.
Differential regulation of cytoskeletal gene expression in hamster facial motoneurons: effects of axotomy and testosterone treatment.

We have previously demonstrated that systemic administration of testosterone increases the rate of axonal regeneration following facial nerve crush in adult male hamsters. In the present study, the molecular mechanisms by which androgens could enhance axonal regeneration were examined at a cellular level. Specifically, the following question was addressed using quantitative in situ hybridization with cDNA probes complementary to betaII, and alpha1 tubulin mRNAs: Does exogenous testosterone augment axotomy-induced changes in tubulin mRNA expression in hamster facial motoneurons (FMN)? Castrated adult male hamsters were subjected to right facial nerve severance, with the left side serving as internal control. One-half of the animals received testosterone replacement in the form of subcutaneously implanted silastic capsules containing crystalline testosterone propionate, and the other half were implanted with blank capsules immediately following the axotomy. Postoperative survival times from 2-14 days were examined. Axotomy alone resulted in a significant increase in the levels of both betaII and alpha1 tubulin mRNAs in facial motor neurons between 2-14 days after injury. Administration of testosterone selectively augmented the axotomy-induced increases in betaII-tubulin, but not alpha1 tubulin, mRNA, levels at 7 and 14 days post axotomy. These results demonstrating an effect of testosterone in altering the neuronal cytoskeletal response to axotomy suggest that testosterone may enhance the regenerative properties of motor neurons via molecular mechanisms that involve selective alterations of the neuronal cytoskeleton.
Cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors in colorectal cancer.

Cyclooxygenase (COX) enzyme-dependent arachidonic acid metabolites occupy key positions in important physiologic processes such as immunity, reproduction, and vascular integrity. Large retrospective and prospective population-based studies have shown that the use of both nonselective, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and selective COX-2 inhibitors are associated with decreased colorectal cancer incidence and mortality rate. A majority of animal studies provide strong evidence that prevention of intestinal tumors is more efficiently accomplished by COX-2 selective inhibition rather than by COX-1 suppression. The inducible COX-2 isoform is overexpressed in colorectal tissues and is associated with critical events of tumorigenesis. COX-2 expression correlates with expression of angiogenic factors and new blood vessel formation. Inhibition of COX-2 favors apoptosis and causes a dose-dependent decline of tumor growth and metastasis in these models. These data, together with the fact that COX-2 inhibitors cause less toxic side effects compared with nonselective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, render these new compounds promising candidates in chemoprevention and treatment of colorectal cancer. Results from initial clinical trials suggest that COX-2 inhibitors may be able to reduce the polyp burden in patients with familial polyposis coli. However, further clinical studies are needed to evaluate whether COX-2 inhibition will be effective in all types of colorectal tumor tissues. This is especially true for neoplastic lesions that express COX-2 at a lower level (eg, hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer) and for colorectal tumors of patients with inflammatory bowel disease. In summary, COX-2 inhibitors represent a new and very promising group of chemotherapeutic agents with great potential for both colorectal cancer prevention and treatment.
Ensuring sweetness and light over the festive season

Purpose – The paper aims to examine the allocation of holidays.Design/methodology/approach – The paper discusses the allocation of holidays.Findings – Of course, employers should always be fair and reasonable and take employees' personal circumstances into account when allocating leave. But this should be done on a case‐by‐case basis, and not as part of a blanket policy that favors one group of workers over another.Originality/value – The paper provides useful advice on the allocation of holidays.
Feminist-Informed Medical Family Therapy Principles and Techniques Across Biopsychosocial Systems Levels for Younger Women with Breast Cancer and their Partners

ABSTRACT Nearly one fourth of women diagnosed with breast cancer are aged 50 and younger. Little is known about the impact of diagnosis or treatment on younger women and their relationships with their spouse or partner. The purpose of this paper is to (a) describe the issues younger women with breast cancer face, (b) identify how these issues impact the relationship between younger women with breast cancer and their spouse or partner, and (c) present an integrated feminist-informed medical family therapy model to assist younger women with breast cancer and their partners during diagnosis, treatment, and transition to survivorship.
Neutrino physics in MACRO at Gran Sasso

Abstract The MACRO detector has significant abilities in Neutrino Physics. In this presentation, I concentrate on two areas: the detection of supernova neutrinos and neutrinos from WIMP annihilation in the earth.
Transition rate prefactors for systems of many degrees of freedom

When a minimum on the potential energy surface is surrounded by multiple saddle points with similar energy barriers, the transition pathways with greater prefactors are more important than those that have similar energy barriers but smaller prefactors. In this paper, we present a theoretical formulation for the prefactors, computing the probabilities for transition paths from a minimum to its surrounding saddle points. We apply this formulation to a system of 2 degrees of freedom and a system of 14 degrees of freedom. The first is Brownian motion in a two-dimensional potential whose global anharmonicities play a dominant role in determining the transition rates. The second is a Lennard-Jones (LJ) cluster of seven particles in two dimensions. Low lying transition states of the LJ cluster, which can be reached directly from a minimum without passing through another minimum, are identified without any presumption of their characteristics nor of the product states they lead to. The probabilities are computed for paths going from an equilibrium ensemble of states near a given minimum to the surrounding transition states. These probabilities are directly related to the prefactors in the rate formula. This determination of the rate prefactors includes all anharmonicities, near or far from transition states, which are pertinent in the very sophisticated energy landscape of LJ clusters and in many other complex systems.
Community-based treatment of venous thromboembolism with a low-molecular-weight heparin and warfarin

This multicenter, prospective, open label, observational study evaluated practice patterns of physicians using tinzaparin, a low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH), and warfarin for the treatment of deep venous thrombosis (DVT) with or without pulmonary embolism (PE). Short-term recurrence of venous thromboembolism (VTE) and safety were also evaluated.
3D imaging of porous media using laser scanning confocal microscopy with application to microscale transport processes

We present advances in the application of laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM) to image, reconstruct, and characterize statistically the microgeometry of porous geologic and engineering materials. We discuss technical and practical aspects of this imaging technique, including both its advantages and limitations. Confocal imaging can be used to optically section a material, with sub-micron resolution possible in the lateral and axial planes. The resultant volumetric image data, consisting of fluorescence intensities for typically {approximately}50 million voxels in XYZ space, can be used to reconstruct the three-dimensional structure of the two-phase medium. We present several examples of this application, including studying pore geometry in sandstone, characterizing brittle failure processes in low-porosity rock deformed under triaxial loading conditions in the laboratory, and analyzing the microstructure of porous ceramic insulations. We then describe approaches to extract statistical microgeometric descriptions from volumetric image data, and present results derived from confocal volumetric data sets. Finally, we develop the use of confocal image data to automatically generate a three-dimensional mesh for numerical pore-scale flow simulations.
Normative study of oral and non-oral structures using vibrotactile stimuli.

An investigation to establish vibrotactile thresholds on oral and non-oral structures of 10 normal adults was conducted. Thresholds obtained on the lip and tongue were compared with those obtained on the palmar surface. Threshold frequencies within the range of 60 to 600 Hz were used. Results reported in microns showed statistically significant threshold differences among frequencies which are not apparent when the data were reported in dB.
Response of isolated white fat cells to anti-malarial drugs

Abstract The anti-malarial drugs, chloroquine, quinacrine and quinidine, were examined for their effects on isolated rat white fat cells and on isolated rat white fat cell ghosts. Quinidine, 0·1 to 1·0 mM, antagonized the lipolytic activity of theophylline but either enhanced, antagonized or had no effect on the lipolytic activity due to dibutyryl cyclic AMP depending upon the experimental conditions. Quinidine (0·5 mM) inhibited glucose oxidation to CO 2 by more than 60 per cent, and similar effects were seen with quinacrine. Chloroquine and quinacrine at all concentrations tested inhibited lipolysis induced by dibutyryl cyclic AMP, norepinephrine and theophylline. Quinacrine and quinidine (0·1−1·0 mM) inhibited the activation of adenylate cyclase activity in fat cell ghosts due to glucagon or epinephrine. These drugs had a lesser effect on the increase in adenylate cyclase activity due to fluoride. Quinidine (0·2−1·0 mM) decreased cyclic AMP accumulation in intact fat cells.
Control of Environmental Lighting and Its Effects on Behaviors of the Alzheimer's Type

The study investigates environmental lighting interventions designed to control the natural daylight effects of the setting sun and resultant behavior change. The purpose of this study was to determine if the frequency of disruptive behaviors of the Alzheimer's type that are defined across the literature to include wandering, anxiousness, combativeness, negative verbalizations, pilfering/hoarding, inappropriate sexual behavior, inappropriate emotional behavior, attention seeking, repetitive statements, and behaviors that are apparently precipitated and/or intensified by the effects of the setting sun i.e., changes in color, angles, and intensity of daylight, can be altered by environmental lighting interventions designed to control the daylight effects of the setting sun. This learning/practice partnership brought together the diverse expertise of research team members and provided new ways of examining research questions. Subjects were evaluated by medical practitioners to determine the probable presence of Alzheimer's disease. Disruptive behaviors were identified by trained observers reviewing 100 hours of videotaped observation, and videotaped observations of the subjects continued as subjects rotated monthly for four months between two apparently identical environments–one controlled and one experimental using environmental lighting interventions. Trained observers made double blind observation of subjects and recorded the frequency of disruptive behaviors on behavior observation checksheets. Tabulations of the disruptive behaviors were made, and percentage of change was calculated. A drop of 41% in the disruptive behaviors of subjects, while in the experimental environment, was demonstrated in the first rotation cycle, and an 11 % drop in disruptive behaviors was found in a second cycle. Inter-rater reliability across all tapes was 70%. Individuals exhibiting the highest frequencies of disruptive behaviors also demonstrated the most dramatic decreases in these behaviors while in the experimental environment. Environmental lighting interventions designed for this study appear to lessen the detrimental behavioral| effects of the setting sun on the behaviors of individuals with Alzheimer's disease.
The association of uranium with organic matter in Holocene peat: An experimental leaching study

Abstract Uraniferous peat was sampled from surface layers of a Holocene U deposit in northeastern Washington State. Dried, sized, and homogenized peat that contained5980 ±307 ppm U was subjected to a variety of leaching conditions to determine the nature and strength of U-organic bonding in recently accumulated organic matter. The results complement previous experimental studies of U uptake on peat and suggest some natural or anthropogenic disturbances that are favorable for remobilizing U. The fraction of U leached in 24 h experiments at 25°C ranged from 0 to 95%. The most effective leach solutions contained anions capable of forming stable dissolved complexes with uranyl (UO 2 +2 ) cation. These included H 2 SO 4 ( pH = 1.5) and concentrated (0.01M) solutions of sodium bicarbonate-carbonate ( pH = 7.0–10.0), or sodium pyrophosphate ( pH = 10). Effective leaching by carbonate and pyrophosphate in the absence of added oxidant, and the insignificant effect of added oxidant (as pressurized O 2 ) strongly suggest that U is initially fixed on organic matter as an oxidized U(VI) species. Uranium is more strongly bound than some other polyvalent cations, based on its resistance to exchange in the presence of large excesses of dissolved Ca 2+ and Cu 2+ . Measurements of the rate of U leaching indicate faster rates in acid solution compared to carbonate solution, and are consisten with simultaneous attack of sites with different affinities for U. Sulfuric acid appears a good choice for commercial extraction of U from mined peat. In situ disturbances such as overliming of peat soils, addition of fertilizers containing pyrophosphate, or incursions of natural carbonate-rich waters could produce significant remobilization of U, and possibly compromise the quality of local domestic water supplies.
Beyond the Gender Binary: A Case Study of Two Transgender Students at a Midwestern Research University

ABSTRACT Few non-pathologizing models of transgender identity development currently exist. This study uses an adaptation of the D'Augelli (1994) lifespan model of sexual orientation identity development to consider the lives of transgender college students. Interviews with two transgender-identified students find that they have developmental experiences in each process of D'Augelli's framework. In addition to demonstrating the need for more research on transgender identity development, this study suggests that the binary construction of gender that pervades United States culture and college campuses, in particular, must be examined and challenged.
Profile cone penetrometer data used to distinguish between soil materials

In young glaciated landscapes the variability of soil materials imparts a major control on crop growth and yield and environmental quality associated with production agriculture. Two common soil materials found on these glaciated landscapes are glacial till and reworked loess. Soil materials can be characterized by a combination of physical and morphological soil attributes. We hypothesized that penetration resistance is the response signal to a complex of multiple soil attributes and can be used as an integrating indicator to map soil materials. Our objective was to test the ability of a profile cone penetrometer to map soil materials at landscape-scale. The study site was located in southern Wisconsin, USA, on soils developed in reworked loess material overlying glacial till, which are classified as Typic or Mollic Hapludalfs and Typic Argiudolls. We collected a dense data set of cone index profiles from a 2.73 ha area on a 10 m grid up to depths of 1.3 m. Additionally, we collected soil cores randomly at 21 penetration locations and analyzed these by layer for texture, bulk density, and water content. We utilized point elevation data collected with a differential global positioning system to create a digital elevation model and derive slope and compound topographic index to subdivide the study area into landform element classes. We used expert knowledge to characterize soil materials and subsequently measured soil attributes to identify soil materials. A hierarchical cluster analysis was used to group cone index profiles. Combining the sparse soil material data with the dense cone index and landform element data resulted in soil material information covering the entire study area. The spatial distribution of soil materials was visualized using a three-dimensional soil layer model. The proposed method is associated with large uncertainties in some areas and can be recommended only for coarse mapping of contrasting soil materials such as glacial till and reworked loess at landscape-scale, when used in combination with landform element data.
Behaviour of the larvae of Arrenurus fissicornis Marshall, a water mite parasitic on dragonflies

Abstract Larvae of Arrenurus fissicornis become active and move on to the emerging dragonfly host only after five minutes of emerging time has elapsed and the membranes they must encounter first are those of the terminal abdominal segments. Larvae attach to these membranes. If the emergence of the host is stopped (by manipulation) thirty seconds or more after host emergence begins the entire sequence of normal mite activity is unaltered; earlier manipulation causes larvae to abandon the host. Larvae will attach to any host membrane they are placed upon. Thus, it appears that timing alone is responsible for site specificity and that the stimulus evoking the behaviour of mite larva during host emergence is perceived during the first thirty seconds of host emergence. The lack of strong orientation among larva before they encounter the naiad, when they cluster on the cervical membranes of the naiad, or when they transfer from the naiad to the imago suggest that distance perception is not involved. Random movements and touch perception can adequately explain most of the observed behaviour of the mite larvae.
Developmental expression patterns of CCR5 and CXCR4 in the rhesus macaque brain

Emerging data indicate that chemokine receptors on neurons and glia in the central nervous system (CNS) play a role in normal CNS development, intercellular communication, and the neuropathogenesis of AIDS. To further understand chemokine receptors in the brain and explore their potential role in HIV neuropathogenesis, particularly in pediatrics, we examined the regional and cellular distribution of CCR5 and CXCR4 in normal fetal, neonatal, and adult rhesus macaques. CCR5 and CXCR4 were detected by immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence within the cytoplasm of subpopulations of neurons in the neocortex, hippocampus, basal nuclei, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum and by flow cytometry on the surface of neurons and glia. Interestingly, expression of CCR5 and CXCR4 increased significantly (p<0.05) from birth to 9 months of age. We further characterize this dynamic developmental pattern of CCR5 and CXCR4 expression in resident cells of the CNS.
The Critical Role of Vocabulary Development for English Language Learners

English language learners (ELLs) who experience slow vocabulary development are less able to comprehend text at grade level than their English-only peers. Such students are likely to perform poorly on assessments in these areas and are at risk of being diagnosed as learning disabled. In this article, we review the research on methods to develop the vocabulary knowledge of ELLs and present lessons learned from the research concerning effective instructional practices for ELLs. The review suggests that several strategies are especially valuable for ELLs, including taking advantage of students' first language if the language shares cognates with English; ensuring that ELLs know the meaning of basic words, and providing sufficient review and reinforcement. Finally, we discuss challenges in designing effective vocabulary instruction for ELLs. Important issues are determining which words to teach, taking into account the large deficits in second-language vocabulary of ELLs, and working with the limited time that is typically available for direct instruction in vocabulary.
A Probabilistic Representation of Fish Diet Compositions from Multiple Data Sources: A Gulf of Mexico Case Study

Trophic ecosystem models are interactive tools that allow decision makers to analyze how a management decision can impact an ecosystem on a multi-species level, and are increasingly being used as a supplement to the current single species approach to fisheries management. The functionality of such a model is dependent upon an accurate representation of the trophic interactions occurring within a study area. Typical methods for developing a diet matrix to be used in ecosystem models often fail to account for uncertainty associated with sampling; this is especially relevant when dealing with small diet data sets. In this case study of the Gulf of Mexico ecosystem, we have conducted a laboratory diet analysis to define predator–prey interactions for non-commercially important predator species resident to the study area, and then expounded on this laboratory data by assimilating two, more robust data sets. By applying a maximum likelihood estimation method, we combine these data sets and produce maximum likelihood estimates (MLEs) and associated error ranges, which describe the likely diet contribution that a given prey item contributes to a predator's diet. We use the resultant mode values to develop a preliminary food web diagram, depicting the trophic interactions occurring between aggregated groups of species within our model study area. These results will be used to parameterize the availabilities (diet) matrix of an Atlantis ecosystem model of the Gulf of Mexico.
Validation of the Fear of Intimacy Scale with a Lesbian and Gay Male Population

The present study investigated the validity of the Fear of Intimacy Scale (FIS) with lesbians and gay men. In addition, the relationship between fear of intimacy and adult attachment style was explored. The sample consisted of 40 lesbians and 57 gay men. The FIS evidenced high internal consistency. As with primarily heterosexual populations, fear of intimacy was shown to be negatively related to self-disclosure, comfort with emotional closeness, and relationship satisfaction; the FIS was positively related to loneliness and trait anxiety. In addition, fear of intimacy was significantly related to measures of adult attachment style. Overall, the FIS was shown to be a valid, reliable, and useful measure of fear of intimacy with lesbians and gay men.
Robust Equilibrated Residual Error Estimator for Diffusion Problems: Conforming Elements

This paper analyzes an equilibrated residual a posteriori error estimator for the diffusion problem. The estimator, which is a modification of those in [D. Braess and J. Schoberl, Math. Comput., 77 (2008), pp. 651-672; R. Verfurth, SIAM J. Numer. Anal., 47 (2009), pp. 3180-3194], is based on the Prager-Synge identity and on a local recovery of an equilibrated flux. Numerical results for an interface test problem show that the modification is necessary for the robustness of the estimator. When the distribution of diffusion coefficients is local quasi-monotone, it is shown theoretically that the estimator is robust with respect to the size of jumps.
Acute Inhibition of Selected Membrane-Proximal Mouse T Cell Receptor Signaling by Mitochondrial Antagonists

T cells absorb nanometric membrane vesicles, prepared from plasma membrane of antigen presenting cells, via dual receptor/ligand interactions of T cell receptor (TCR) with cognate peptide/major histocompatibility complex (MHC) plus lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1 (LFA-1) with intercellular adhesion molecule 1. TCR-mediated signaling for LFA-1 activation is also required for the vesicle absorption. Exploiting those findings, we had established a high throughput screening (HTS) platform and screened a library for isolation of small molecules inhibiting the vesicle absorption. Follow-up studies confirmed that treatments (1 hour) with various mitochondrial antagonists, including a class of anti-diabetic drugs (i.e., Metformin and Phenformin), resulted in ubiquitous inhibition of the vesicle absorption without compromising viability of T cells. Further studies revealed that the mitochondrial drug treatments caused impairment of specific membrane-proximal TCR signaling event(s). Thus, activation of Akt and PLC-γ1 and entry of extracellular Ca2+ following TCR stimulation were attenuated while polymerization of monomeric actins upon TCR triggering progressed normally after the treatments. Dynamic F-actin rearrangement concurring with the vesicle absorption was also found to be impaired by the drug treatments, implying that the inhibition by the drug treatments of downstream signaling events (and the vesicle absorption) could result from lack of directional relocation of signaling and cell surface molecules. We also assessed the potential application of mitochondrial antagonists as immune modulators by probing effects of the long-term drug treatments (24 hours) on viability of resting primary T cells and cell cycle progression of antigen-stimulated T cells. This study unveils a novel regulatory mechanism for T cell immunity in response to environmental factors having effects on mitochondrial function.
Use of Sb spray for improved performance of InAs/GaAs quantum dots for novel photovoltaic structures

Abstract Photoluminescence output from InAs/GaAs quantum dots has been improved by a Sb treatment immediately prior to capping with GaAs. Spectra taken at 300 and 80 K show a significant increase in output intensity when the quantum dots are exposed for 15 s under a Sb flux of approximately 0.1 monolayers per second, but this improvement is lost when the Sb exposure is extended to 30 s. There is no significant shift in the emission energies between samples indicating strain relief due to the cap layer is not responsible for the improvement. Analysis of temperature dependent photoluminescence taken between 80 and 300 K show increased activation energies at lower temperatures when an Sb spray is used, suggesting passivation of deep defect levels. For the higher temperature activation energy, corresponding to carrier escape from the QD to the barrier, whilst a 15 s Sb spray gives a substantial increase, the longer 30 s Sb spray sees the activation energy decrease, a result deduced to be due to Sb segregation providing shallow defect levels. A band structure including a very thin GaAsSb layer adjacent to the quantum dots is used to explain these results, with the 30 s Sb spray leading to shallow Sb segregation related defects and a lower activation energy. Depth dependent X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy data support the band structure proposed to explain the photoluminescence results and also reveals the highest concentration of Sb at the sample surface suggesting a ‘floating layer’ of Sb during growth of the GaAs cap. Some of the implications of these results, for growth of quantum dot samples and for two novel solar cell proposals, the intermediate band and hot carrier solar cells, are discussed.
Rheological characteristics of milkfat and milkfat-blend sucrose polyesters

Abstract Sucrose polyesters (SPE) are non-absorbable, non-caloric potential fat substitutes in foods. Since SPE will be substituted for fats in foods, it is important to determine and compare the rheological properties of SPE with natural fats. The viscous and viscoelastic properties of milkfat were compared to those of milkfat SPE and SPE synthesized from mixtures of 75% milkfat and 25% fatty acids from tallow, myristate, or coconut oil. Liquid viscosities of milkfat and SPE at 50°C were Newtonian. Viscosities of milkfat, milkfat SPE and milkfat-blend SPE were significantly different (P≤0·05). Milkfat was the least viscous of the samples. The viscoelastic behavior of the fats was characterized at 20°C by oscillatory tests. SPE storage and loss moduli (G′ and G″) were frequency-dependent while the values for milkfat were not. The magnitudes of the storage and loss moduli of the SPE were different. Milkfat was more elastic at 20°C as revealed by a smaller loss tangent (tan δ = G″ G′ ). The viscous and viscoelastic properties of milkfat SPE can be adjusted by the addition of small amounts of other fatty acids during synthesis. The rheological properties of milkfat and milkfat-blend SPE were different from those of milkfat.
A PDE-Constrained Optimization Approach to Optical Tomography

We report on the first formulation of the inverse problem in optical tomography within the framework of PDE-constrained optimization and combine Newton’s method and Krylov subspace solvers, which reduce memory requirements and increase convergence speed.
Adab al-Tabib

This is an excerpt from Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, Vol 57, Part 3, 1967. "Medical Ethics of Medieval Islam with Special Reference to Al-Ruhawi's Practical Ethics of the Physician," translated by Martin Levey. Ishaq ibn Ali al-Ruhawi lived around 1200 AD and was born in Ruha, a city in northwestern Iraq, today known as Urfa. His book Adab al-Tabib is a classic in the annals of medical ethics. http:/dx.doi.org/10.5915/13-3-6541