cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Examination of variable errors of measurement in a survey-based social indicator

The sample survey, involving the use of specially developed questionnaires and instruments, is an important source of data regarding individual experiences and social-psychological characteristics for use in social indicator research. Variable errors of measurement are often given only cursory attention in presentations of survey sampling and social indicator theory and in the analysis of such data. These errors may, however, result in reduced precision of estimates and may affect statistical inferences drawn from the data. Some procedures for assessing the extent of variable measurement error are described and examples of their use in evaluating a survey instrument and data collected are discussed.
Donor survey to assess facial flushing during automated red cell collections and medication use

Background: We conducted a donor survey to assess the occurrence of facial flushing and other symptoms during automated 2-U red cell collections (2RBC) and plateletpheresis (PLT) procedures and evaluated the possible association of the reactions with angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors or with the collection technology. Methods: An online survey was developed using Zoomerang to capture details of the donors' experience and medication use after 2RBC or PLT donations in regional blood centers of the American Red Cross. Results: Between 12/16/09 and 4/19/10, 1,299 donors in five American Red Cross blood center regions completed an online survey (739 2RBC, 4.2% total registrations; 560 PLT, 2.3% total registrations). Facial flushing was reported by 29 donors, and was more likely associated with 2RBC than PLT procedures (3.0% vs. 1.3%, P = 0.03). Facial flushing with 2RBC donation was reported by eight of 72 (11%) donors on ACE inhibitors; and 14 of 667 (2%) donors who were not taking ACE inhibitors (P = 0.001). The incidence of facial flushing reactions with PLT donation was less than 2% whether donors reported ACEI inhibitor use or not. More than 95% of the donors reported their intent to donate again, regardless of symptoms. Conclusion: Facial flushing was more often reported by 2RBC donors taking ACE inhibitors than other donors [11% vs. 2%; P = 0.001]; and was uncommon among PLT donors, irrespective of ACE inhibitor use (<2%). All blood donors should be informed of the potential for common, minor side effects of the collection procedure and the possible but rare occurrence of more medically serious complications. J. Clin. Apheresis, 2011. © 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Gout, Hyperuricemia, and Parkinson’s Disease: A Protective Effect?

Oxidative stress is potentially involved in the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease (PD). Serum uric acid, because of its antioxidant effect, might prevent the development of this neurodegenerative disorder. Indeed, a number of epidemiologic studies have consistently reported a strong inverse association between serum uric acid and the risk of PD. The risk of PD is also lower among individuals with gout. In addition, suggestive evidence from clinical studies shows high levels of uric acid as a marker of better prognosis in PD. Future research should determine the mechanisms underlying this association. This, in turn, could be used in the development of new preventive strategies and treatments for PD.
The NMR cross-relaxation operator connecting molecular species

Abstract A formulation is given of the nuclear magnetic resonance intermolecular relaxation operator which derives from dipole coupling between molecules. The result is quite general and applies to molecules even with strong coupling. The derivation applies to both molecules in a liquid environment or one molecule in a liquid environment and the other in a membrane. A discussion of the possible form of the relaxation for the latter form of a pairing is given.
Modal evolution of induced second-harmonic light in an optical fiber.

We show how the mode of the photoinduced second-harmonic light in an optical fiber changes with preparation time. We also discuss what type of nonlinear interaction can be causing the induced second-harmonic light and give experimental evidence that the initial second-harmonic light is a core–cladding interface effect.
Realization of improved metallization‐Ti/Al/Ti/W/Au ohmic contacts to n‐GaN for high temperature application

Tungsten metal layer was used for the first time as an effective diffusion barrier for the standard Ti/Al/Ti/Au ohmic metallization scheme to obtain thermally stable ohmic contact suitable for high temperature applications. Comparative studies were performed on three distinct metallization schemes: 1) standard GaN/Ti/Al/Ti/Au, 2) GaN/Ti/Al/W/Au, and 3) GaN/Ti/Al/Ti/W/Au. For the GaN with doping level of 5 × 1017 cm–3, the lowest specific contact resistance for the Ti/Al/Ti/W/Au metallization scheme annealed in argon at 750 °C for 30 sec was 5 × 10–6 Ω.cm2, which is comparable to the standard Ti/Al/Ti/Au scheme. X-ray diffractions (XRD), auger electron spectroscopy (AES) depth profiling, field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed that the Ti/Al/Ti/W/Au metallization has superior morphology and microstructural properties compared to standard Ti/Al/Ti/Au metallizations. Remarkably, this metallization was able to withstand thermal aging at 500 °C for 50 hrs with only marginal morphological and electrical deterioration. These studies revealed that the utilization of a compound diffusion barrier stack, as in the Ti/Al/Ti/W/Au metallization, yields electrically, structurally, and morphologically superior metallizations with exceptional thermal stability. (© 2005 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Cholesterol Metabolism in the Chicken

Four hundred and eighty, sexed (White Leghorn) chicks were divided so that each sex was fed one of eight rations to determine the effect of sex, dietary cholesterol, and stearic, oleic, and/or linoleic acid on cholesterol deposition in blood, liver and aortic tissues. After 5 months on the dietary regimen, 3 cockerels from each of the rations were orally administered 100 mC. sodium-1-C14-acetate and 200 mC. cholesterol-1,2-H3 to determine whether body tissues contained cholesterol from endogenous or exogenous origin. After 5 months on the experimental rations it was observed that male birds had higher free cholesterol levels than did females. The addition of cholesterol (2%) and fatty acids (6%) to ration increased free cholesterol levels in liver and aorta. Cholesterol stored in livers and aortas occurs principally as free cholesterol while blood cholesterol was in esterified form. Cholesterol levels in both liver and aorta are primarily of endogenous origin.
Explaining changes in the racial digital divide in the United States from 1997 to 2007

This paper explores the dissemination of access to home Internet among Whites and Blacks in the US, the inequalities observed between the groups (known as the digital divide), the trends exhibited by the two groups in the acquisition of Internet access, and the factors contributing to these disparities. The study focuses on the large and growing digital divide observed among Whites and Blacks in the period 1997–2007. Both the standard and a variant of the Blinder–Oaxaca decomposition techniques are employed to identify and quantify the factors that contribute to this gap. In all decompositions, differences in education, family income, household composition, and access to the Internet outside the home are found to be the primary factors that explain the racial digital gap.
Leveraging Organizational Knowledge through Electronic Knowledge Repositories in Public Accounting Firms: An Empirical Investigation

ABSTRACT: We investigate one of the most widely used knowledge management tools in public accounting firms, electronic knowledge repositories (EKRs), using a research model theoretically grounded in the expectation-confirmation theory (ECT). The research model was tested with survey data collected from 230 employees from four large public accounting firms. The results indicate that perceived usefulness and subjective norms exhibit a sustained positive influence on individuals' EKR behavioral intention, while individual satisfaction has no significant impact on EKR behavioral intention. The supplementary group analyses on firm type, individual experience level, and individual usage level reveal that individual and firm characteristics affect individual EKR usage intention. We contribute to knowledge management research by being one of the first studies to explore the use of EKRs in public accounting firms. The results offer insights on the factors that impact individuals' attitude and intention to use EKRs...
GA4+7 plus benzyladenine reduce foliar chlorosis of Lilium longiflorum

Abstract The effectiveness of two commercial formulations of gibberellin (GA) and benzyladenine (BA) for reducing foliar chlorosis on Easter lily ( Lilium longiflorum Thunb.) was compared. On a per liter basis, plants were sprayed with 0, 100, 200, or 400 mg (BA equivalent) of Accel (GA 4+7 :BA of 1:10) or Promalin (GA 4+7 :BA of 1:1) when the crop leaf area index (LAI)=3. One group of plants was sprayed with 100 mg of Accel or Promalin (BA equivalent) per liter twice: once at LAI=3 and again 3 weeks later. Plants were harvested when the largest flower bud on each plant measured 13 cm in length, stored for 0 or 3 weeks at 2.5°C in the dark, and then moved into a post-harvest evaluation room at 21°C, where foliar chlorosis was monitored for 3 weeks. Senescence of some lower leaves on plants in every treatment was evident at harvest, and incidence of senescence increased during the 21 days of post-harvest evaluation. Cold storage increased the number of leaves senescing during the subsequent evaluation period. Application of Promalin or Accel significantly reduced leaf senescence compared to that of untreated plants. At harvest, 21% of the leaves on untreated plants were senescent, while plants treated with Promalin or Accel averaged 3 or 9% senescent leaves, respectively. Following 7 days of post-harvest evaluation, Promalin was more effective in preventing chlorosis than Accel at the 400 mg l −1 (BA equivalent) level. Following 14 or 21 days of post-harvest evaluation, Promalin was more effective than Accel for the 100 mg l −1 2× and 400 mg l −1 (BA equivalent) treatments. Plants in all Promalin and Accel treatments were taller than untreated plants 1 week after sprays were applied. At harvest, plants sprayed with Promalin were between 6 and 14 cm taller than untreated plants, but those treated with Accel were the same height as untreated plants. Neither Promalin nor Accel influenced the occurrence of malformed or aborted flowers in this study. However, cold storage significantly increased the number of plants with aborted buds and malformed flowers. Unstored plants averaged 0.16 aborted buds and 0.02 malformed flowers each, while those stored 3 weeks averaged 0.51 aborted buds and 0.18 malformed flowers each.
Opioids and clonidine modulate cytokine production and opioid receptor expression in neonatal immune cells

Opioids and clonidine, used in for sedation, analgesia and control of opioid withdrawal in neonates, directly or indirectly activate opioid receptors (OPRs) expressed in immune cells. Therefore, our objective is to study how clinically relevant concentrations of different opioids and clonidine change cytokine levels in cultured whole blood from preterm and full-term infants. Using blood from preterm (⩽ 30 weeks gestational age (GA), n=7) and full-term (⩾37 weeks GA, n=19) infants, we investigated the changes in cytokine profile (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12p70 and TNF-α), cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels and μ-, δ- and κ- opioid receptor (OPR) gene and protein expression, following in-vitro exposure to morphine, methadone, fentanyl or clonidine at increasing concentrations ranging from 0 to 1 mM. Following lipopolysaccharide activation, IL-10 levels were 146-fold greater in cultured blood from full-term than from preterm infants. Morphine and methadone, but not fentanyl, at >10–5 M decreased all tested cytokines except IL-8. In contrast, clonidine at 10–5 M increased IL-1β and decreased TNF-α levels. All cytokine changes followed the same patterns in preterm and full-term infant cultured blood and matched increases in cAMP levels. All three μ-, δ- and κ-OPR genes were expressed in mononuclear cells (MNC) from preterm and full-term infants. Morphine, methadone and clonidine, but not fentanyl, at >10–5M decreased the expression of μ-OPR, but not δ- or κ-OPRs. Generalized cytokine suppression along with downregulation of μ-OPR expression observed in neonatal MNC exposed to morphine and methadone at clinically relevant concentrations contrast with the modest effects observed with fentanyl and clonidine. Therefore, we speculate that fentanyl and clonidine may be safer therapeutic choices for sedation and control of opioid withdrawal and pain in neonates.
Sensory input during postasphyxial rigidity.

Abstract Two periods of postasphyxial rigidity can be distinguished both of which have been shown to be due to myotatic reflex activity. The “secondary” tone develops some hours to 1 day after 30- to 60-min cord asphyxiation. The “late” tone is observed only after about 30 min of asphyxiation and develops 7–10 days after the O 2 deprivation. Fibers in strands of the dorsal root of S1 were identified as spindle afferents from the gastrocnemius muscle by their activation during flexion of the ankle, and the arrest of the impulses during contraction of the extrafusal fibers of the muscle. Most of the fibers examined belonged according to their conduction velocity to the IA group. Both during secondary and late tone these fibers discharged, often at a relatively high rate, even when the muscle was relaxed by extension of the ankle, in contrast to spindles in acute spinal control preparations, many of which were silent under these conditions. The discharge in rigid preparations was often irregular which may be due to the clonus present in many of these animals. The continuous input through the IA fibers during secondary and late tone is probably an important factor in the reflex mechanism resulting in rigidity. The spontaneous discharge during secondary tone was decreased in rate or even silenced by d -tubocurarine, which indicates that γ efferent activity causing contraction of intrafusal fibers is involved in this spindle discharge. The spindle activity during the late tone was enhanced by d -tubocurarine. This may be due to the relaxation of the extrafusal fibers resulting in increased loading of the spindles. The difference in the response to d -tubocurarine supports the concept that the secondary and late tone are based on different mechanisms.
Atmospheric absorption model from 0.01 to 10 wave numbers

The Applied Physics Laboratory has developed a physical optics electromagnetic propagation computer code at radar frequencies that features long path length representation of atmospheric waveguides or ducts. Thus, an accurate tropospheric absorption model, emphasizing water vapor and oxygen effects, is required for a realistic code. The HITRAN database now provides a comprehensive characterization of spectral lines from 0 to 10 cm-1. A theoretical local line shape is used with this database, which improves the traditional models. Also, a new semiempirical water vapor continuum model has been developed based on the theoretical work of Birnbaum and the most recent experimental data. The result is an improved model for low-altitude, long path calculations of atmospheric absorption at radar and millimeter wavelengths.
Categorizing common behavioural antecedents as expressed in everyday language

In an effort to explore the meaning of action-relevant constructs and to uncoverphenom- enological similarities and differences among commonly hypothesized antecedents of people's actions, 222 subjects in two studies categorized a variety of statements expressing motivations for doing things (e.g. I'd like to do it, I will do it, I'll try to do it). Cluster and principal-components analyses yielded an interpretable structural representation consisting of seven different behavioural antecedents: attitudinal determinants of behaviour, social-normative pressures, self-efficacy considerations, weak motivational incentives to act, behavioural attempts to reach a goal, intentional influences on behaviour, and volitional considerations reflective of a determination to act. The results are related to previous attempts at specifying distinct antecedents of action, and implications are drawn for future research on the aetiology of human behaviour.
MMPI SHORT FORMS: A CLINICAL PERSPECTIVE

Although numerous studies have compared Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) short-form scores with scores obtained from the standard MMPI, recent (1980) reports by Butcher, Kendall, and Hoffman and Newmark, Woody, Ziff, and Finch suggest that a substantial interest in such comparisons may remain. It is questionable, however, whether further studies of this nature are warranted. In fan, such studies have only limited clinical significance and may, at times, lead to inaccurate conclusions about available short forms. The purpose herein is to demonstrate the limited utility of research in which short forms are evaluated purely in terms of their prediction of standard form results. Further, a number of more clinically significant questions in regard to MMPI short forms are presented hopefully as a catalyst for future research.
A phylogenetic analysis of large-subunit (26S) ribosome DNA sequences suggests that the Corsiaceae are polyphyletic

Abstract Corsiaceae is a small family of mycoheterotrophic herbs composed of the genera Arachnitis, Corsia, and Corsiopsis. Due to a lack of DNA sequence data, previous molecular‐based phylogenetic studies have not addressed adequately the position or circumscription of the family. Because mycoheterotrophy results in extreme vegetative reduction that may contribute to homoplasy in the form of character convergence, morphological‐based studies that have addressed these issues may be misleading. Traditionally, Corsiaceae have been grouped with Burmanniaceae and Thismiaceae. However, other than mycoheterotrophy, there are few characters that support this relationship. Additionally, the monophyly of Arachnitis, Corsia, and Corsiopsis has been questioned. The present phylogenetic study, inferred from large‐subunit (26S) ribosome DNA sequences, suggests that Corsiaceae are polyphyletic. Specifically, Corsia clusters with the order Liliales and Arachnitis appears as sister to Thismia (Thismiaceae) in a larger cl...
What we need to know about intervention and interventionists.

I fervently hope that this special issue of the American Journal of Community Psychology will bring in its wake further publications about the processes by which interventions are conceptualized, become a possibility for concrete action, and inform the reader how that possibility became manifested in the arena of action. Not all intervention efforts reach the stage of realization in that arena; they are aborted for reasons we never know; their story is never published. We may categorize them as “failed” efforts but I have long believed that they have much to teach us about why interventions that reach the stage of action vary in degree of success in achieving predicted outcomes. When we do consider the interventions that make their way to publication—the successes— their write-ups do not tell us what made it possible to get the intervention off the ground, what problems were encountered, how those problems were overcome, what compromises were necessary, and what sustained the intervention. At best we get part of the story; at worst we are given the impression that it had an uncomplicated birth despite the fact that the ecological context of that birth was very complex, ever changing, and containing diverse variables (=agendas) held by diverse people varying in age, experience, status, power, interpersonal style, resources, background, and time perspective. How were these variables coalesced to allow the intervention to proceed and what relationship did such coalescence have to the course of the intervention? If that relationship is discussed or, more frequently, ignored or just alluded to, how can such an intervention ever be a basis for replication? In the realm of human affairs replication is never exact but that is no excuse for
Small transcriptome analysis indicates that the enzyme RppH influences both the quality and quantity of sRNAs in Neisseria gonorrhoeae

Prokaryotic mRNA turnover can be initiated by the removal of pyrophosphate from the 5' end of a transcript using the RNA pyrophosphohydrolase enzyme RppH. Following the initial dephosphorylation step, RNaseE then degrades the message into small oligonucleotide segments. This study assessed the small RNA transcriptome of Neisseria gonorrhoeae strain MS11 in two genetic backgrounds; using wild type cells as well as cells carrying a rppH insertional mutation. It was found that the presence of the RppH enzyme affected both the quantity and length of small RNAs (sRNAs) in various chromosomal locations and involved sense transcripts (seRNAs), transcripts originating from the opposite strand (asRNAs) as well as inter-genic-derived RNAs (IGRs). In comparing the two transcriptomes, we found that not all small RNAs were expressed in both genetic backgrounds, suggesting that RppH apparently targets only a subset of transcripts. Overall, this study shows that small RNAs can be detected from the majority of genes within the chromosome, as well as from inter-genic regions, and that more sRNA transcripts are detected in the absence of the RppH enzyme.
Genitourinary cancer in the elderly

Genitourinary malignancy comprises nearly half of the cancers diagnosed in men, and the incidence of this group of cancers increases with age. The key to successful management is to define appropriate goals (cure v palliation) based on the natural history and extent of disease, physiology and life expectancy of the patients, and cost-benefit ratio of treatment options. Of particular importance, the chance for cure should not be sacrificed because of age-based considerations in early-stage cancers of the prostate or kidney nor in the early stage of locally advanced urothelial malignancy.
Structure-specific nuclease activity in yeast nucleotide excision repair protein Rad2

Abstract Saccharomyces cerevisiae Rad2 protein functions in the incision step of the nucleotide excision repair of DNA damaged by ultraviolet light. Rad2 was previously shown to act endonucleolytically on circular single-stranded M13 DNA and also to have a 5′ 3′ exonuclease activity (Habraken, Y., Sung, P., Prakash, L., and Prakash, S.(1993) Nature 366, 365-368; Habraken, Y., Sung, P., Prakash, L., and Prakash, S.(1994) J. Biol. Chem. 269, 31342-31345). Using two different branched DNA structures, pseudo Y and flap, we have determined that Rad2 specifically cleaves the 5′-overhanging single strand in these DNAs. Rad2 nuclease is more active on the flap structure than on the pseudo Y structure. Rad2 also acts on a bubble structure that contains an unpaired region of 14 nucleotides, but with a lower efficiency than on the pseudo Y or flap structure. The incision points occur at and around the single strand-duplex junction in the three classes of DNA structures.
Assessing effects of alternative food subsidy reform in Iran

Abstract The food subsidy programs and its long-term effects have emerged as major developmental issues in many developing countries. The programs might increase social welfare to individuals but they pose both an unnecessary burden on the public budget and are economically inefficient because their benefits are often not received by the poor. Furthermore, due to improper targeting, a large part of food subsidies is “leaked” to high-income people. This study aims to investigate the effects of alternative food subsidy reforms on households’ welfare and government expenditure in Iran. For this purpose, computable general equilibrium (CGE) model was applied. The scenarios consist of, gradual omission of subsidy during 3 and 5 years period and instant complete omission of food subsidy. The results indicated that in these polices government expenditure decreases by 5.8%, and resulting to decrease in import and export of agricultural and non-agricultural goods, but decreases in import exceeds the export reduction. In addition, results showed that the welfare of households’ decreases for all scenarios, since decreases in urban households is greater than as rural households. Furthermore, between quintiles groups, decreases among welfare in high income quintiles are greater than the lower income ones groups. Based on the result, it is recommended to implement the food subsidy reform in 5 years period and targeted to lower income segments of the society. The most important policy implication of this study is the reallocation of food subsidy gradually among lower income quintiles groups.
Ultrasonic treatment of tumors-III high intensity, low frequency exposures

Abstract Hamster fibrosarcomas were exposed to 1.06 MHz ultrasound at intensities of 90 W/cm 2 in a pulse mode (0.1 sec on, 0.9 sec off) to avoid excessive heating. Tumor temperatures ranged from 19 to 30°C during these exposures. The treatment had no apparent effect on the rate of growth of the primary tumor or on the rate of metastasis.
Celiac disease serum markers and recurrent pregnancy loss

Celiac disease has been associated with numerous unfavorable health outcomes, including pregnancy complications such as infertility, preterm birth, and preeclampsia. However, the association between celiac disease and recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) remains uncertain. Our purpose was to compare serum markers of celiac disease in women with and without RPL. Therefore, we performed a case-control study of 116 women with unexplained recurrent pregnancy loss and 116 age-matched controls. Maternal sera were analyzed for immunoglobulin A (IgA) and immunoglobulin G (IgG) tissue transglutaminase (tTG) antibodies and endomysial (EM) antibodies. Groups were similar with regard to age, race and ethnicity, and BMI. One case and one control tested positive (≥20 Units) for IgA tTG antibodies and mean levels of IgA tTG antibodies were similar in cases and controls (5.5±2.86 versus 6.0±12.45; p=0.16). No cases or controls were positive for IgG tTG antibodies. However, cases had higher levels of IgG tTG antibody compared with controls (4.0±2.40 versus 3.3±1.30; p=0.0064). One subject (a control) tested positive for IgA EM antibodies and no subjects tested positive for IgG EM antibodies. In conclusion, positive results for tTG and EM antibodies were similar in women with and without RPL. Given these results, testing for occult celiac disease is not recommended in the evaluation of women with idiopathic RPL.
Effects of turgor potential on 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid uptake into the vacuolar compartment and ethylene production in tomato pericarp slices

While solute transport and ethylene production by plant tissue are sensitiveto the osmotic concentration of the solution hathing the tissue, the influence of tissue water relations and specifically tissue turgor potential on the kinetics of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) uptake into the vacuolar compartment and ethylene production have not been examined. 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid transport and ethylene production were examined in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentumMill. cv. Liberty) pericarp slices incubated in solutions having a range of mannitol, polyethylene glycol 3350) osmotica were used
Detection of shocked atomic gas in the Kleinmann-Low nebula

The 63 micrometer (3)p(1)-(3)P(2) fine structure line emission of neutral atomic oxygen at the center of the Orion nebula with a resolution of 30" is presented. There are three main emission peaks. One is associated with the region of strongest thermal radio continuum radiation close to the Trapezium cluster, and probably arises at the interface between the HII region and the dense Orion molecular cloud. The other two line emission peaks, associated with the Kleinmann Low nebula, are similar in both distribution and velocity to those of the 2 micrometer S(1) line of molecular hydrogen and of the high velocity wings of rotational CO emission. The OI emission from the KL nebula can be produced in the shocked gas associated with the mass outflows in this region and is an important coolant of the shocked gas.
Route-following assistance for travelers with cognitive impairments: A comparison of four prompt modes

Navigational skills, which are fundamental to community travel and hence, personal independence, are often disrupted in people with cognitive impairments. Assistive technology, in the form of navigation devices, are being developed that can support community navigation by delivering directional information. Selecting an effective mode to provide route-prompts is a critical design issue. This study evaluated the differential effects on pedestrian route following using different modes of prompting delivered via an electronic device for travelers with severe cognitive impairments. The research design used was a within subject comparison to evaluate potential differences in route-following performance when travelers received directions using four different prompt modes: (1) aerial map image, (2) point of view map image, (3) audio direction/no image and (4) text-based instructions/no image. Twenty travelers with severe cognitive impairments due to acquired brain injury walked four equivalent routes using four different prompting modes delivered via a wrist-worn navigation device. Navigation scores were computed that captured accuracy and confidence during navigation. Results of the repeated measures analysis of variance suggested that participants performed best when given prompts via speech-based audio directions. The majority of the participants also preferred this prompting mode. Findings are interpreted in the context of cognitive resource allocation theory.
And still one more proof of the Radon-Nikodym theorem

4. T.W. Gamelin and D. Khavinson, The isoperimetric inequality and rational approximation, this MONTHLY 96 (1989) 18-30. 5. G. H. Hardy and J.E. Littlewood, Some properties of fractional integrals, II, Math. Z. 34 (1932) 403-439. 6. H. Hedenmalm, B. Korenblum, and K. Zhu, Theory ofBergman Spaces, Springer-Verlag, New York, 2000. 7. M. Mateljevid and M. Pavlovik, New proofs of the isoperimetric inequality and some generalizations, J. Math. Anal. Appl. 98 (1984) 25-30.
Nucleoside triphosphate phosphotransferase. A new enzyme activity of oncogenic and non-oncogenic "budding" viruses.

Abstract A new enzyme activity of viruses which have cell membrane components is described. The activity is phosphotransferase activity exchanging the γ-phosphates of ribonucleoside triphosphates (preferring purines). It is stimulated by the nonionic detergent Triton N101. The enzyme activity was found in vesicular stomatitis virus, avian myeloblastosis virus, influenza and Rauscher leukemia virus but not in polio virus. A comparison with the NTPase activity of these viruses was made.
Three-dimensional Characterization of Resorption Cavity Size and Location in Human Vertebral Trabecular Bone

Abstract The number and size of resorption cavities in cancellous bone are believed to influence rates of bone loss, local tissue stress and strain and potentially whole bone strength. Traditional two-dimensional approaches to measuring resorption cavities in cancellous bone report the percent of the bone surface covered by cavities or osteoclasts, but cannot measure cavity number or size. Here we use three-dimensional imaging (voxel size 0.7 × 0.7 × 5.0 μm) to characterize resorption cavity location, number and size in human vertebral cancellous bone from nine elderly donors (7 male, 2 female, ages 47–80 years). Cavities were 30.10 ± 8.56 μm in maximum depth, 80.60 ± 22.23 ∗ 10 3 μm 2 in surface area and 614.16 ± 311.93 ∗ 10 3 μm 3 in volume (mean ± SD). The average number of cavities per unit tissue volume (N.Cv/TV) was 1.25 ± 0.77 mm − 3 . The ratio of maximum cavity depth to local trabecular thickness was 30.46 ± 7.03% and maximum cavity depth was greater on thicker trabeculae (p 2 = 0.14). Half of the resorption cavities were located entirely on nodes (the intersection of two or more trabeculae) within the trabecular structure. Cavities that were not entirely on nodes were predominately on plate-like trabeculae oriented in the cranial–caudal (longitudinal) direction. Cavities on plate-like trabeculae were larger in maximum cavity depth, cavity surface area and cavity volume than cavities on rod-like trabeculae (p
Characterization of colicinogenic factor E1 from a non-induced and a mitomycin C-induced Proteus strain

Colicinogenic factor E 1 ( colE 1 ) was transferred by conjugation from Escherichia coli K30 to a non-colicinogenic Proteus mirabilis strain. Colicin E 1 produced by the Proteus E 1 + strain has a host range specificity identical to that of the colicin E 1 synthesized by E. coli E 1 + strains. DNA was extracted from the Proteus E 1 + strain and examined by equilibrium centrifugation in a CsCl density gradient. Band profiles of this unfractionated DNA indicated a single DNA species with a buoyant density of 1·700 ± 0·001 g/cm 3 . Fractionation of this DNA on methylated albumin columns, however, revealed in the early fractions an additional DNA with a buoyant density of 1·710·0·002 g/cm 3 . This satellite material amounted to about 0·3% of the total cellular DNA. The minor DNA component was not observed in the DNA of the parental non-colicinogenic Proteus strain or in a non-colicinogenic variant of Proteus E 1 + . The conclusion that this new DNA detected in the Proteus E 1 + strain represents colicinogenic factor E 1 is also supported by the apparent single labeling of this factor with tritium when the colicinogenic and non-colicinogenic Proteus strains were labeled with [ 3 H]thymine and [ 14 C]thymine, respectively. Colicin E 1 production was induced by treatment of the colicinogenic Proteus strain with mitomycin C. Under these conditions, the buoyant density of the satellite DNA is not altered, but there is a considerable increase in the amount of this minor DNA component. Furthermore, under conditions which lead to different levels of colicin production, the increase in the colE 1 DNA is approximately proportional to the magnitude of increase in colicin production.
Note on the blood supply of the ducts of the rabbit pancreas

Abstract The adventitia of the pancreatic ducts contains extensive vascular plexuses. Microscopic examination of rabbit pancreases injected with various materials (silicone latex, India ink, hematoxylin, microspheres) has led to the following conclusion: The blood entering the plexuses is venous blood draining from the acini, and the blood leaving the plexuses drains into the extralobular pancreatic veins. A possibly unique feature of the pancreatic circulation is that a significant fraction of pancreatic blood flows through four vascular exchange beds in series before returning to the heart: islets of Langerhans → acinar capillaries → ductal plexuses → hepatic sinusoids.
The logistic regression analysis of psychiatric data

Logistic regression is presented as the statistical method of choice for analyzing the effects of independent variables on a binary dependent variable in terms of the probability of being in one of its two categories vs the other. The method, which must be applied by computer, is illustrated on data from the DSM-III field trials. The dependent variable is treatment with behaviourally-oriented psychotherapy vs treatment with psychoanalytically-oriented psychotherapy, and the independent variables are several patient and clinician characteristics. Like ordinary multiple regression, the method is shown capable of analyzing categorical as well as continuous independent variables. Unlike ordinary multiple regression when applied to binary data, logistic regression analysis necessarily yields estimated probabilities that lie between 0 and 1. The measure of association derived from logistic regression analysis, the odds ratio, is defined. Methods for making inferences about it are presented and illustrated.
Isotopic Constraints on the Fate of Petroleum Residues Sequestered in Salt Marsh Sediments

To provide a new perspective on the fate of petroleum in the marine environment, we utilized variations in the natural abundance of radiocarbon (14C) to detect and quantify petroleum residues that have persisted in Wild Harbor sediments, West Falmouth, MA, for more than 30 years. The 5730-yr half-life of 14C makes this isotope ideal for the detection of fossil-fuel-derived contaminants (14C free) within different fractions of natural organic matter (modern 14C content) in environmental matrixes. Samples of both contaminated and uncontaminated sediments were sequentially treated, first by solvent extraction, followed by saponification, and then acid hydrolysis. Radiocarbon analysis of the sediment residues and select extracts was performed to probe for the presence of fossil fuel contaminants and/or their metabolites in different pools of sedimentary organic matter. Our results indicate that the majority of fossil carbon is solvent-extractable and has not been incorporated in the insoluble organic matter i...
Polarization-Induced pn Diodes in Wide-Band-Gap Nanowires with Ultraviolet Electroluminescence

Almost all electronic devices utilize a pn junction formed by random doping of donor and acceptor impurity atoms. We developed a fundamentally new type of pn junction not formed by impurity-doping, but rather by grading the composition of a semiconductor nanowire resulting in alternating p and n conducting regions due to polarization charge. By linearly grading AlGaN nanowires from 0% to 100% and back to 0% Al, we show the formation of a polarization-induced pn junction even in the absence of any impurity doping. Since electrons and holes are injected from AlN barriers into quantum disk active regions, graded nanowires allow deep ultraviolet LEDs across the AlGaN band-gap range with electroluminescence observed from 3.4 to 5 eV. Polarization-induced p-type conductivity in nanowires is shown to be possible even without supplemental acceptor doping, demonstrating the advantage of polarization engineering in nanowires compared with planar films and providing a strategy for improving conductivity in wide-band...
DRD2 genotypes and substance use in adolescent children of alcoholics

Research has identified children of alcoholics (COAs) as a population at increased risk for developing substance use problems. Genetic studies support the Al allele of the D2 dopamine receptor gene (DRD2) as a risk marker for alcoholism and substance use disorders. In this study, substance use was assessed in 48 adolescent boys of alcoholics with the DRDR A1(+) allele (A1A1/A1A2 genotypes) or the A1(-) allele (A2A2 genotype). The results revealed that boys with the A1(+) allele tried (p=0.0001) and got intoxicated on alcohol more often (p=0.009) than boys with the A1(-) allele. Boys with the A1(+) allele tried more (p=0.004) and used more substances overall (p=0.008) than boys with the A1(-) allele. Boys with the A1(+) allele developed a tobacco habit more often (p=0.03) and experienced marijuana high at an earlier age (p=0.001) than boys with the A1(-) allele. The best predictors of substance use severity in boys with the A1(+) allele were Psychoticism (p=0.01) and Negative Affect (p=0.04). The results provide support for the DRD2 A1 allele as a marker identifying a subgroup of COAs at high risk for developing substance use problems.
Adrenal Imaging: Why, When, What, and How? Part 2. What Technique?

W1 homogeneous, and smooth walled [1]. A dynamic contrast-enhanced CT cannot, on its own, characterize most of these lesions. On the other hand, it has been known for almost two decades that unenhanced CT can prove very useful in differentiating benign from malignant disease. Lee et al. [2] were the first to notice that most benign adenomatous lesions show a relatively low density on unenhanced CT because of the abundant presence of intracellular fat, whereas most malignant lesions are lipid-poor and show higher attenuation values. It is possible to choose an attenuation threshold that effectively differentiates most adenomas from malignant adrenal lesions [2]. An adrenal lesion measuring ≤ 10 HU will almost always be benign [3] (Fig. 2). Unfortunately, only 70% of adenomas are lipid-rich, 30% being lipid poor, meaning that many lesions cannot be differentiated from metastases by this test [1] (Fig. 3). Still, the ability to differentiate most lipid-rich benign lesions from indeterminate lipid-poor lesions has stood the test of time. Therefore, assuming no prior imaging is available (as discussed in part 1), then the next suitable test is unenhanced CT [3]. It should be noted that placement of the region of interest (ROI) for density measurement is crucial for accurate adrenal characterization. The ROI should be at least one half to two thirds of the adrenal surface area, otherwise noise effects from small ROIs will render the measurement inaccurate (Fig. 4).
Short-distance dispersal in a fouling community amphipod crustacean, Jassa marmorata Holmes

Amphipod crustaceans lack a larval dispersal stage and their means of dispersal has not been studied adequately. We investigated short-distance dispersal in the fouling community amphipod Jassa marmorata Holmes, utilizing artificial collectors in the form of replicated tufts of polypropylene rope wired into the fouling crust. Collectors were replaced at 2-wk intervals for 1 yr. The population in the fouling crust was assayed by means of monthly scrape samples removed from the habitat adjacent to collectors. Recruitment into collectors was limited almost entirely to a period from May through July. Dispersing individuals were mostly juveniles < 1.5 mm (newly released from brood pouches). Adult recruits (primarily, gravid females and nonthumbed males) were most prevalent in May and were, on average, smaller than adults in the crust population at that time. Small adults may be less competitive for tube sites and mates and, thus, more likely to disperse. Recruitment into collectors closely paralleled abundance patterns in the crust, with a major decline occurring in August. Recruitment of 1-mm juveniles was significantly correlated with the number of adults in the crust, suggesting that juvenile recruitment is density-dependent. In a species with overlapping summer cohorts, active juvenile recruitment may be a means of reducing competition with conspecifics and efficiently exploiting a continuously changing environment.
The effect of gravity-induced gradients on coexistence curve measurements in binary mixtures

Abstract An analysis is made of the effect of gravity-induced gradients on the measurement of coexistence curves for binary mixtures near the critical solution temperature. Results are obtained for a classical model and for a scaled equation of state. It is shown that gradients cause experimental artifacts that affect the determination of the critical temperature and the value of the critical exponent β.
Water ice nucleation characteristics of JSC Mars-1 regolith simulant under simulated Martian atmospheric conditions

[1] Water ice clouds in the Martian atmosphere are governed by parameters such as number density and particle size distribution that in turn affect how they influence the climate. With some of the underlying properties of cloud formation well known only for Earth, extrapolations to Mars are potentially misleading. We report here continued laboratory experiments to identify critical onset conditions for water ice formation under Martian cloud forming temperatures and water partial pressures (155–182 K, 7.6 × 10−5 to 7.7 × 10−3 Pa H2O). By observing the 3 μm infrared band to monitor nucleation and growth, we observe significant temperature dependence in the nucleation of ice on JSC Mars-1 regolith simulant, with critical saturation ratios, Scrit, as high as 3.8 at 155 K. At temperatures below ∼180 K, ice nucleation on JSC Mars-1 requires significant supersaturation, potentially impacting the Martian hydrological cycle.
The lymphocyte as a dosimeter: Comparison of somatic chromosome aberrations in 522 newborn infants and 602 mothers

The frequency of somatic chromosomal aberrations was studied in 522 newborn infants and 602 mothers. Both the rates of aberrations on a per cell basis and the frequency of individuals with varying rates of aberrations were determined. All types of aberrations were more frequent in maternal cells, and the total chromosome break rate in mothers was three times higher than in neonates. Only 2 of the infants had structural rearrangements when 10 cells/newborn were analyzed, compared to 8, or more than 1%, of the mothers. In view of the relative rarity of chromosome aberrations in the neonatal cells, lymphocytes can be utilized as a convenient biological dosimeter for the surveillance of human populations from birth onwards.
Wittgenstein: A Way of Seeing

In Wittgenstein's Way of Seeing, Judith Genova provides a an illuminating introduction to two surprisingly neglected aspects of his work: his conception of philosophy and his search for a style to embody his revolutionary practice. Genova examines the nuances, contours, and texture of logical twists of language. She elucidates Wittgenstein's reliance on the work of Kant and Freud, and presents how words are acts for Wittgenstein.
Sleep and Wakefulness in Children with Brain Tumors

Sleep problems are important causes of morbidity in children who have brain tumors and can often be corrected if they are identified and treated appropriately. Sleep problems are most often associated with tumors involving the hypothalamus and brain stem, and with cranial radiation. This article summarizes the more common and important sleep problems that are seen in children who have brain tumors, discusses the factors that contribute to the sleep disturbance, and describes a clinical approach to solving these problems.