cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
ALPHA-DEUTERON STRUCTURE OF THE 6Li GROUND STATE

Abstract We describe a simple pole model for the elastic scattering of α particles on 6Li. We assume that the ground state of 6Li consists of a deuteron weakly bound to an α particle. We calculate the angular distributions, and comparison with the experimental data yields a value for the coupling constant of the 6 Li −α− d vertex.
User needs and the design of user-oriented systems

Although many computing systems developed in the last few years have claimed to be 'user-oriented,' there is no consensus, beyond gratuitous generalizations and isolated examples, on what are user needs and what constitutes a user-oriented system.
Tectonic Controls on Late Paleozoic Sedimentation in Western West Virginia: ABSTRACT

Tectonic patterns had a significant influence on the late Paleozoic Berea, Loyalhanna, and Pittsburgh-Sewickley sandstone units in western West Virginia. The depocenter was in the southwest during Early Devonian Berea deposition, southeast when the Mississippian Loyalhanna (Big Injun) sands filled submarine valleys, and northwest during Late Pennsylvanian when the Pittsburgh and Sewickley (Monongahela Group) deltaic sandstones were deposited. Western West Virginia tectonically was on a relatively stable platform west of the Appalachian trough. Relative rates of supply and subsidence in the trough influenced the major changes in regional paleoslopes. Shallow downwarped axes on the platform oriented perpendicular to the trough also exerted a subordinate but important tectonic control on sedimentation. Characteristics of shallow-water deposition are shared by the Berea, Loyalhanna (Big Injun), and Monongahela sandstone units. However, the interpreted submarine valley-fill depositional environment of the Loyalhanna (Big Injun) is considerably different from the deltaic environment suggested for the Berea and Monongahela sandstones. End_of_Article - Last_Page 844------------
Characterization of recombinant alpha-galactosidase for use in seroconversion from blood group B to O of human erythrocytes.

Abstract α-Galactosidase (α-GAL) purified from green coffee bean cleaves the terminal galactose residues from the surface of group B erythrocytes, thereby converting these cells serologically to group O cells. Such enzymatically converted red cells have been transfused into group A and O recipients as part of the first phase of FDA-approved clinical trials. Recently we expressed the recombinant α-GAL (rα-GAL) in large quantities in a methylotrophic yeast strain Pichia pastoris and purified the protein to apparent homogeneity by chromatography on a macro prep S50 column. Purified rα-GAL, migrating as a single band of 41 kDa on a SDS–PAGE, appears to be identical to its native counterpart in specific activity (32 U/mg) and kinetic parameters ( K m = 0.363 m M and V max = 46.9 U/mg). Both enzymes demonstrate the same pH profile in the pH range from 2 to 9, with an optimal pH at 6.4 when tested with the substrate p -nitrophenol-α- D -galactopyranoside. Furthermore, as with its native counterpart, rα-GAL specifically cleaves α-linked terminal galactose residues from group B red cells without affecting other major antigens on the red cell surface. In addition, we developed a method for using RT-PCR to detect possible DNA contamination in the purified protein preparation, which is one of the concerns for in vivo studies. Thus, with a simple procedure for over-expression and purification of rα-GAL from P. pastoris cul- ture, one can readily obtain the enzyme needed for large-scale sero-conversion of red cells.
Ranpirnase (Onconase®), a cytotoxic amphibian ribonuclease, manipulates tumour physiological parameters as a selective killer and a potential enhancer for chemotherapy and radiation in cancer therapy

Background: Ranpirnase, a cytotoxic amphibian ribonuclease, is effective against cancer cells, inducing apoptosis independently of p53 protein. Onconase® (the smallest member of the RNase A superfamily) has moved into clinical testing in the US and Europe. Objective: The main focuses of this review are to examine the manipulation of tumour physiological parameters by ranpirnase and discuss its molecular, pharmacological and physiological roles in preclinical and clinical trials in terms of benefits and toxicity. Methods: Relevant literature, including the author's unpublished presentations at recent conferences, was examined. Results/conclusion: In animal studies, improvements in tumour physiology (i.e., increased blood flow, inhibited oxygen consumption, increased oxygenation and decreased tumour hypertension) and selectively enhanced radiation responses (i.e., increased radiation sensitivity and inhibited repair of sublethal and potentially lethal damage) were observed after ranpirnase treatment in prec...
Phase-space singularities in atomistic planar diffusive flow

Morriss (Phys. Rev. A 39, 4811 (1989)) recently published a stimulating study of a nonequilibrium Lorentz gas. He measured a multifractal spectrum of singularities'' {ital f}({ital a}) describing the coarse-grained'' phase space-representation of a time-reversible, two-body, space- and time-periodic shear flow. The measured function {ital f}({ital a}) is the Hausdorff dimension'' of attractor singularities whose local bin integrals vary as the {ital a}th power of the bin length. Morriss found a spectrum of singularities {ital f}({ital a}) very different from those familiar to nonlinear dynamical systems theory. Here we consider a closely related, but simpler, two-body time-reversible atomistic system. It is also a Lorentz-gas problem, a nonequilibrium diffusive flow, periodic in space but stationary in time. This system appears to be both mixing and ergodic, even far from equilibrium. We use the Chhabra-Jensen technique to show that the phase-space singularity spectrum {ital f}({ital a}) for this nonequilibrium flow more closely resembles those of dynamical systems theory.
Estimating In-Vehicle Concentration of and Exposure to Fine Particulate Matter: Near-Roadway Ambient Air Quality and Variability in Vehicle Operation

Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) exposure is associated with short-term and chronic respiratory effects. It is necessary to investigate human exposure to PM2.5 to support the assessment of the association between exposure and adverse health effects. The methodology used in the current version of Stochastic Exposure and Dose Simulation Model for Particulate Matter for in-vehicle PM2.5 concentration is reviewed. An alternative approach for estimating in-vehicle PM2.5 concentration, based on the use of a dispersion model to estimate near-road PM2.5 concentration and a mass balance model to estimate in-vehicle concentration, has been specified and applied. The objectives of this paper are to (a) demonstrate the application of the alternative approach to various scenarios, (b) analyze the sensitivity of the modeling results to the key inputs, and (c) evaluate this approach. Typical inputs for the alternative approach are reviewed. Sensitivities of these inputs to the modeling results and estimated human exposur...
Simulation of an information channel on the IBM 704 computer

Expressions for the probabilities of multiple error patterns in symbols consisting of N bits are needed to evaluate the effectiveness of applying error correcting codes to these information channels. For example, if a Hamming single error correcting code is applied to the information, the probabilities of all errors greater than one should be established. This will indicate the number of times the single error correcting code has failed.
Closed-Form Approximation of Revisit Rate for Low-Altitude Satellites

For many applications of low-altitude spacecraft, it is important to know how often the spacecraft revisits a given target. Average revisits per day can be calculated for a given scenario using astrodynamic software, but that approach can be tedious if a large number of cases are to be compared. This paper develops a closed-form, continuous, and piecewise differentiable function that gives average revisits per day as a function of orbit altitude, orbit inclination, target latitude, and minimum required elevation. The function is compared with the results of astrodynamic simulations and shown to be accurate to within 0.08 passes per day and 1% in almost all cases. It allows instant calculation of an excellent approximation of this important performance parameter and could be used as part of an optimization routine. The convenience and flexibility provided by this function are demonstrated in a series of charts showing passes per day as a function of one, two, and three variables. The function assumes a cir...
Oxidation of silicon carbide powders

A comparison of the oxidation of powders of green silicon carbide produced by different factories shows that the Zaporozh'e material has the greatest sensitivity to oxidation.
“Mostly male and American”: The reporting of women and crime scholarship in introductory criminology textbooks

Female scholars often criticize the field of criminology for being male‐dominated. We study this claim by examining if the dissemination of published research findings in criminology is affected by gender. A study of prominent women and crime scholars shows that recent criminology textbooks, when compared to women and crime publications, are more likely to cite and to discuss male researchers than females. Because textbook authors also largely ignore the contributions of women and crime scholars who reside outside the United States, we argue that the reporting of women and crime scholarship in the books is “mostly male and American.”
Studies of an unusual hemoglobin in patients with diabetes mellitus

Abstract The properties of an unusual hemoglobin found in patients with diabetes mellitus resembled those of hemoglobin A1c prepared from normal subjects. A two-fold increase of hemoglobin A1c was found in diabetic patients. Structural studies suggest the possibility that an amino sugar is bound to hemoglobin A1c in diabetic patients.
Classification and calculation of breast fibroglandular tissue volume on SPGR fat suppressed MRI

This paper presents an automatic method to classify and quantify breast fibroglandular tissues on T1 weighted spoiled gradient-echo (SPGR) fat suppressed MRI. The breast region is segmented from the image using mathematical morphology, region growing, and active contour models. The breast-air and breast-chest wall boundaries are located using smooth and continuous curves. Three tissue types are defined: fatty tissue, fibroglandular tissue, and skin. We then employ a fuzzy C-means (FCM) method for tissue classification. For each pixel inside the breast region, the normalized pixel intensity and normalized distance to the breast-air boundary are computed. These two values form a two-dimensional feature space. A fuzzy class is defined for each tissue type. The initial centroid for each class is obtained from training images. The pixel membership values indicate the possibility of a pixel belonging to a certain tissue class. Pixels with highest membership in the fibroglandular class are then classified as fibroglandular tissue. We have tested our method on 29 patients. We automatically segmented the breasts and computed the volume percentage of fibroglandular tissue for both left and right breasts. We then compared the calculated tissue classification with manually generated tissue classification by two experienced radiologists. The two results agreed on 94.95% of breast segmentation, and the average fibroglandular percentage difference is about 3%. This method is useful in research studies assessing breast cancer risk.
Liver lesions: manganese-enhanced MR and dual-phase helical CT for preoperative detection and characterization comparison with receiver operating characteristic analysis.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to compare, by means of receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis, dual-phase helical computed tomography (CT) and manganese-enhanced magnetic resonance (MR) imaging in the detection and characterization of hepatic lesions in patients prior to surgery. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-five patients known to have or suspected of having hepatic lesions who were eligible for surgery underwent dual-phase (ie, arterial and portal phase) helical CT and phased-array MR imaging (ie, unenhanced fast spin-echo T2-weighted imaging and gradient-echo T1-weighted imaging performed before and after administration of mangafodipir trisodium). All images were reviewed independently by three off-site blinded reviewers who separately reviewed the CT scans and MR images. The standard of reference was findings at surgery, intraoperative ultrasonography (US), and histopathologic examination. ROC curves were established to analyze the results for each reader and modality. RESULTS: Ninet...
Feature extraction for texture classification

Abstract We address the problem of texture classification. Random walks are simulated for plane domains A bounded by absorbing boundaries Γ, and the absorption distributions are estimated. Measurements derived from the above distributions are the features used for texture classification. Experiments using such a model have been performed and the results showed a rate of accuracy of 89.7% for a data set consisting of one hundred and twenty-eight textured images equally distributed among thirty-two classes of textures.
Surgical pearl: hands-free tape retraction

A few anatomic sites in dermatologic surgery have small operative fields in which it is difficult to maneuver instruments. Traditional methods of retraction using skin hooks, suture, and manual retraction can be cumbersome, relatively expensive, and often ineffective in these areas. We have devised a method of retraction using adhesive wound dressing tape that addresses these issues, is simple, and inexpensive (on the basis of the current retail price of a 2-in 10-yd roll, the cost to generate 1 postauricular tape retractor as described is less than 1 cent). The postauricular, inframammary, and inguinal folds and the perineum, penis, and labia majora are a few areas where the tape retractor can be used effectively. It can be easily configured to meet the surgeon’s needs for each of these areas by varying the length and width. Although any type of adhesive tape can be used to make a hands-free retractor, those with an adhesive backing are easier to cut, shape, and apply. In particular, we have found that the adhesive properties, grid backing, and ability to autoclave Hypafix tape (BSN Medical GmbH & Co KG, Hamburg, Germany) make this brand an ideal choice. This sharpless and tissue-gentle method of retraction provides the surgeon with more room to maneuver while freeing the assistant’s hand or hands to help in other ways. To illustrate the concept of tape retraction, we describe its use for the postauricular area; retracting the pinna in an anterior direction. TECHNIQUE An effective design for the postauricular area has a septated end that is composed of 4 fingers. This requires a 12-cm long piece of 2.5-cm wide tape. The first step in construction involves cutting the backing of the tape across its width at the 6-cm mark. This should be done carefully to avoid cutting the adhesive tape. After this is done, the fingers are created with 3 evenly spaced, 6-cm longitudinal cuts at 1 end. Then, approximately 1 cm should be cut off the center fingers to fit the curve of the helical rim. This allows a more even retraction of the pinna. Finally, removing 2 cm of backing from the nonseptated end will expose enough adhesive for testing while leaving some backing in the middle for nonstick handling (Fig 1). A gentle acetone preparation may improve adhesion of the tape in patients who have particularly oily skin. The fingers of the retractor should be From the Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center. Funding sources: None. Conflicts of interest: None identified. Reprint requests: J. Michael Webb, MD, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232-5227. E-mail: tennriverderm@ pol.net. J Am Acad Dermatol 2003;49:288-9 Copyright © 2003 by the American Academy of Dermatology, Inc. 0190-9622/2003/$30.00 0 doi:10.1067/S0190-9622(03)01592-5 Fig 1. Postauricular tape retractor ready for application.
Interrelated Bernoulli Processes

Abstract If the joint prior distribution of the parameters and of two Bernoulli processes exhibits dependence, we will say the processes are “interrelated.” This article motivates and studies a family of closed-under-sampling prior distributions, called the Dirichlet-beta family, for interrelated Bernoulli processes. This family arises naturally from consideration of bivariate Bernoulli processes on which some observations are incomplete. Since Dirichlet-beta distributions are intractable, several Dirichlet approximations are proposed. The quality of one of these approximations is investigated and appears to be quite good. Several possible applications are suggested.
Differences in the fractional abundances of carbohydrates of natural and recombinant human tissue factor

Abstract Background Tissue factor (TF) is a single polypeptide integral membrane glycoprotein composed of 263 residues and is essential to life in its role as the initiator of blood coagulation. Previously we have shown that the activity of the natural placental TF (pTF) and the recombinant TF (rTF) from Sf9 insect cells is different (Krudysz-Amblo, J. et al (2010) J. Biol. Chem. 285, 3371–3382). Methods In this study, using mass spectrometry, we show by quantitative analysis that the extent of glycosylation varies on each protein. Results and conclusions Fractional abundance of each glycan composition at each of the three glycosylation sites reveals the most pronounced difference to be at asparagine (Asn) 11. This residue is located in the region of extensive TF-factor VIIa (FVIIa) interaction. Carbohydrate fractional abundance at Asn11 revealed that glycosylation in the natural placental TF is much more prevalent (~ 76%) than in the recombinant protein (~ 20%). The extent of glycosylation on Asn124 and Asn137 is similar in the two proteins, despite the pronounced differences in the carbohydrate composition. Additionally, 77% of rTF exists as TF des-1, 2 (missing the first two amino acids from the N-terminus). In contrast, only 31% of pTF is found in the des-1, 2 form. Conclusion These observations may attribute to the difference in the ability of TF–FVIIa complex to activate factor X (FX). General significance Structural and functional comparison of the recombinant and natural protein advances our understanding and knowledge on the biological activity of TF.
CIDNP in the radiolysis of aqueous methanol indication of methoxy radical involvement

Abstract The unusual high-field polarization in ethylene glycol observed in the NMR spectra of irradiated aqueous methanol implies that an encounter of a hydroxymethyl radical with a radical having a higher g -factor precedes dimerization. Arguments are presented supporting identification of CH 3 O· as the glycol polarizing species. Participation of e − aq in the formation of CH 3 O· in a spur process is considered.
Measuring wireless network success: an analysis of a University in Ohio

With many colleges facing restricted financial support for technology investments, this study of a wireless network project at a university in Ohio provided results of acceptance and a method for measuring success of wireless networks on campus. This study included results that reinforce earlier research on how the intention to use a wireless network is influenced by conditions facilitating such use and by the users' trust in the wireless network.According to the Campus Computing Project's survey data for U.S. colleges and universities, there has been continued growth in wireless Ethernet network deployments since 2002. However, the literature lacks information relating to how universities can measure the usage and acceptance of their wireless networks to demonstrate project success.This study demonstrated that fewer than half of student participants used the wireless network on campus despite nearly all student participants suggesting they would use a wireless network if one were available. The field project results support differences among participants' intention to use wireless networks based on gender and year of study in higher education.
Automatic repair for multi-threaded programs with Deadlock/Livelock using maximum satisfiability

Deadlock-freedom is a major challenge in developing multi-threaded programs, as a deadlock cannot be resolved until one restarts the program (mostly by using manual intervention). To avoid the risk of blocking, a program may use the trylock operations rather than lock operations. In this case, if a thread fails to acquire a lock using trylock, since trylock is non-blocking, the thread can release acquired locks to avoid a deadlock after trylock returns. Although this approach avoids deadlocks, it may also introduce bugs such as livelock and deadlivelock. Moreover, when such bugs are identified in a program, revising the program manually is error-prone. With this motivation, in this paper, we propose an approach for avoiding deadlocks, livelocks and deadlivelocks in the given multi-threaded program. In our approach, we first identify cyclic lock dependencies that may lead to deadlocks, livelocks or deadlivelocks. Subsequently, we map the problem of ensuring freedom from deadlocks, livelocks and deadlivelocks to the weighted partial maximum satisfiability problem. To ensure that the repaired program preserves most of original design, our approach attempts to make minimal changes to the original program.
Crystallographic investigations of select cathinones: emerging illicit street drugs known as `bath salts'.

The name `bath salts', for an emerging class of synthetic cathinones, is derived from an attempt to evade prosecution and law enforcement. These are truly illicit drugs that have psychoactive CNS (central nervous system) stimulant effects and they have seen a rise in abuse as recreational drugs in the last few years since first having been seen in Japan in 2006. The ease of synthesis and modification of specific functional groups of the parent cathinone make these drugs particularly difficult to regulate. MDPV (3,4-methyl­ene­dioxy­pyrovalerone) is commonly encountered as its hydro­chloride salt (C16H21NO3·HCl), in either the hydrated or the anhydrous forms. This `bath salt' has various names in the US, e.g. `Super Coke', `Cloud Nine', and `Ivory Wave', to name just a few. We report here the structures of two forms of the HCl salt, one as a mixed bromide/chloride salt, C16H22NO3+·0.343Br−·0.657Cl− [systematic name: 1-(benzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-yl)-2-(pyrrolidin-1-ium-1-yl)pentan-1-one bromide/chloride (0.343/0.657)], and the other with the H7O3+ cation, as well as the HCl counter-ion [systematic name: hydroxonium 1-(benzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-yl)-2-(pyrrolidin-1-ium-1-yl)pentan-1-one dichloride, H7O3+·C16H22NO3+·2Cl−]. This is one of a very few structures (11 to be exact) in which we have a new example of a precisely determined hydroxonium cation. During the course of researching the clandestine manufacture of MDPV, we were surprised by the fact that a common precursor of this illicit stimulant is known to be the fragrant species piperonal, which is present in the fragrances of orchids, most particularly in the case of the vanilla orchid. We found that MDPV can be made by a Grignard reaction of this heliotropin. This may also explain the unexpected appearance of the bromide counter-ion in some of the salts we encountered (C16H21NO3·HBr), one of which is presented here [systematic name: 1-(benzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-yl)-2-(pyrrolidin-1-ium-1-yl)pentan-1-one bro­mide, C16H22NO3+·Br−]. Complexation of MDPV with a forensic crystallizing reagent, HAuCl4, yields the tetra­chlorido­aurate salt of this drug, (C16H22NO3)[AuCl4]. The heavy-metal complexing agent HAuCl4 has been used for over a century to identify common quarternary nitro­gen-containing drugs via microscopic identification. Another street drug, called ethyl­one (3,4-methyl­ene­dioxy­ethyl­cathinone), is regularly sold and abused as its hydro­chloride salt (C12H15NO3·HCl), and its structure is herein described (systematic name: N-{1-[(benzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-yl)carbon­yl]eth­yl}ethan­aminium chloride, C12H16NO3+·Cl−). Marketed and sold as a `bath salt', `plant feeder', or `cleaning product', this drug is nothing more than a slight chemical modification of the banned drug methyl­one (3,4-methyl­ene­dioxy­methcathinone). As with previously popular synthetic cathinones, the abuse of ethyl­one has seen a recent increase due to regulatory efforts on previous generations of cathinones that are now banned.
How Public is Scientific Knowledge

Both science and the public can be harmed by premature or inaccurate publicity. Physicians' concern centers on the damaging effects of inaccuracy and sensationalism and on the hazards of invasion of privacy. Balancing these concerns is a legitimate desire by the public to know about scientific progress. Medicine has fairly specific ethical guidelines for physicians' conduct in this area; an analogous code for science writers might help to control the occasional abuses of trust by these writers. At the same time physicians must become more skillful in communicating information.
Improving Your Psychology Faculty Home Page: Results of a Student–Faculty Online Survey:

This article identifies student (N = 102) and faculty (N = 84) attitudes regarding desired content for a faculty Web page. The majority of students and faculty agreed that faculty should include the following on a Web page: an e-mail address, office hours, telephone number, course syllabi, courses offered, research interests, educational background, links both within and outside of the institution, professional experience, publications, academic advising information, professional memberships, and a picture of the faculty member. A random sample of faculty Web pages (N = 149) showed that most faculty sites, although containing valued information, fell short of faculty and student expectations. Psychology faculty can use these findings to develop more effective Web pages.
A multidisciplinary protocol improves electrolyte replacement and its effectiveness.

BACKGROUND: We implemented a multidisciplinary electrolyte replacement protocol in a tertiary referral center surgical intensive care unit. The purpose of this study was to evaluate its efficacy. METHODS: This was a retrospective study. The electrolyte replacement protocol was designed for the replacement of potassium, magnesium, and phosphorous and was nurse driven. Data evaluated included patient demographics and details specific to electrolyte replacement. Univariate analyses were performed by using the Student t test and the Fisher exact test. A P value of <.05 was considered significant. RESULTS: After implementation of the protocol, overall electrolyte replacement improved from 70% to 79% (P = .03), and its overall effectiveness increased from 50% to 65% (P = .01). Individual electrolyte replacement, effectiveness, and dosing varied. CONCLUSIONS: The implementation of a multidisciplinary electrolyte replacement protocol in a tertiary referral center surgical intensive care unit significantly improved both overall electrolyte replacement and its effectiveness.
Pre-resuscitation factors associated with mortality in 49,130 cases of in-hospital cardiac arrest: a report from the National Registry for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation.

Abstract Aim To evaluate key pre-arrest factors and their collective ability to predict post-cardiopulmonary arrest mortality. CPR is often initiated indiscriminately after in-hospital cardiopulmonary arrest. Improved understanding of pre-arrest factors associated with mortality may inform advance care planning. Methods A cohort of 49,130 adults who experienced pulseless cardiopulmonary arrest from January 2000 to September 2004 was obtained from 366 US hospitals participating in the National Registry for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (NRCPR). Logistic regression with bootstrapping was used to model in-hospital mortality, which included those discharged in unfavorable and severely worsened neurologic state (Cerebral Performance Category ≥3). Results Overall in-hospital mortality was 84.1%. Advanced age, black race, non-cardiac, non-surgical illness category, pre-existing malignancy, acute stroke, trauma, septicemia, hepatic insufficiency, general floor or Emergency Department location, and pre-arrest use of vasopressors or assisted/mechanical ventilation were independently predictive of in-hospital mortality. Retained peri-arrest factors including cardiac monitoring, and shockable initial pulseless rhythms, were strongly associated with survival. The validation model's AUROC curve (0.77) revealed fair performance. Conclusions Predictive pre-resuscitation factors may supplement patient-specific information available at bedside to assist in revising resuscitation plans during the patient's hospitalization.
Multiple Roles for the Active Zone Protein RIM1α in Late Stages of Neurotransmitter Release

Abstract The active zone protein RIM1α interacts with multiple active zone and synaptic vesicle proteins and is implicated in short- and long-term synaptic plasticity, but it is unclear how RIM1α's biochemical interactions translate into physiological functions. To address this question, we analyzed synaptic transmission in autaptic neurons cultured from RIM1α −/− mice. Deletion of RIM1α causes a large reduction in the readily releasable pool of vesicles, alters short-term plasticity, and changes the properties of evoked asynchronous release. Lack of RIM1α, however, had no effect on synapse formation, spontaneous release, overall Ca 2+ sensitivity of release, or synaptic vesicle recycling. These results suggest that RIM1α modulates sequential steps in synaptic vesicle exocytosis through serial protein-protein interactions and that this modulation is the basis for RIM1α's role in synaptic plasticity.
Disrupting the Life Cycle of the Urinary Catheter

of relapse prevention. They then restarted the program with ambitious implementation of various types of reminders about catheters; a reward system to motivate workers and provide peer pressure, patient education, and patient empowerment; and feedback systems to track progress for nurses, physicians, and hospital leadership. Finally, a dedicated ‘‘Foley nurse’’ served as the reinforcer to help sustain practice change. We applaud the efforts of this dedi
Broadly Decreasing Risk Aversion

This paper considers decision-making in the presence of two additive risk sources, with no restrictions on the relation between the two risks. A utility function is said to exhibit broad DARA if and only if a rise in wealth always decreases the magnitude of the risk premium for one of the risks vis-a-vis the other. A condition on utility functions giving this property is derived: utility must be of the linear plus exponential form. It is shown that certain problems involving portfolios and risk-averse firms give unambiguous comparative statics if and only if utility exhibits broad DARA.
Evidence-Based Audit

Authorization logics provide a principled and flexible approach to specifying access control policies. One of their compelling benefits is that a proof in the logic is evidence that an access-control decision has been made in accordance with policy. Using such proofs for auditing reduces the trusted computing base and enables the ability to detect flaws in complex authorization policies. Moreover, the proof structure is itself useful, because proof normalization can yield information about the relevance of policy statements. Untrusted, but well-typed, applications that access resources through an appropriate interface must obey the access control policy and create proofs useful for audit. This paper presents AURA_0, an authorization logic based on a dependently-typed variant of DCC and proves the metatheoretic properties of subject-reduction and normalization. It shows the utility of proof-based auditing in a number of examples and discusses several pragmatic issues that must be addressed in this context.
Artificial maturation, fertilization, and early development of the American eel (Anguilla rostrata)

Spawning for the American eel (Anguilla rostrata (Le Sueur, 1817)) takes place in secretive locations within the Sargasso Sea, which has thus far prevented investigations of gametogenesis and early...
LIPASE‐CATALYZED ACYLATION OF MENTHOL WITH VINYL ACETATE IN ORGANIC MEDIA

Menthyl acetate was prepared using vinyl acetate with lipase PS-30 from Pseudomonas sp. as biocatalyst in organic media. Immobilization of the lipase by adsorption onto 0.5 mm diameter glass beads and the presence of molecular sieves improved the yield of menthyl acetate from 24 to 50%. Approximately 40% yield of menthyl acetate was achieved after 48 h incubation with the immobilized lipase. Equimolar ratio of substrates gave higher yields of product compared to higher mole ratios. Synthesis of menthyl acetate increased as the reaction temperature increased from 20 to 60C. An acceptable yield of menthyl acetate was achieved with 400 units of immobilized lipase PS. Less polar solvents appeared to be better than polar solvents for the enzymatic synthesis of menthyl acetate by transesterification.
Soil Nematodes and Desiccation Survival in the Extreme Arid Environment of the Antarctic Dry Valleys

Abstract Soil nematodes are capable of employing an anhydrobiotic survival strategy in response to adverse environmental conditions. The McMurdo Dry Valleys of Antarctica represent a unique environment for the study of anhydrobiosis because extremes of cold, salinity, and aridity combine to limit biological water availability. We studied nematode anhydrobiosis in Taylor Valley, Antarctica, using natural variation in soil properties. The coiled morphology of nematodes extracted from dry valley soils suggests that they employ anhydrobiosis, and these coiled nematodes showed enhanced revival when re-hydrated in water as compared to vermiform nematodes. Nematode coiling was correlated with soil moisture content, salinity, and water potential. In the driest soils studied (gravimetric water content <2%), 20–80% of nematodes were coiled. Soil water potential measurements also showed a high degree of variability. These measurements reflect microsite variation in soil properties that occurs at the scale of the nem...
An observational study of salt fluxes in Delaware Bay

An observational study was conducted in Delaware Bay during the summer of 2011 aiming to quantify the different mechanisms driving the salt flux in this system. Seven moorings, equipped with bottom-mounted ADCPs and CT sensors at difference depths, were deployed across a section of the estuary. The total area-averaged and tidal-averaged salt flux was decomposed in three different contributions: the advective salt flux that represents the flux caused by river input and meteorological-induced flows, the steady shear dispersion that is the salt flux driven by the estuarine exchange flow, and the tidal oscillatory salt flux that is induced by the tidal currents. The advective salt flux dominated over the steady shear dispersion and tidal oscillatory salt flux, because it was driven mainly by changes in sea surface height associated with wind-driven setup and setdown. The steady shear dispersion was always positive and presented a spring/neap variability that was consistent with a two-layer exchange flow. On the other hand, the tidal oscillatory salt flux fluctuated between positive and negative values, but increased around a strong neap tide and decreased on the following spring tide. This variability is contrary to previous parameterizations, whereby the tidal salt flux is proportional to the amplitude of the tidal currents. The observational estimate was compared to a parameterization that relates tidal salt flux as proportional to tidal current amplitude and stratification. The observational estimate agreed with this new parameterization when the river discharge was relatively constant.
Effect of treadmill exercise on transmural distribution of blood flow in hypertrophied left ventricle

Pressure-overload left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy (LVH) is associated with increased vulnerability to subendocardial hypoperfusion during exercise. Abnormal perfusion could be the result of failu...
Sustaining food self-sufficiency of a nation: The case of Sri Lankan rice production and related water and fertilizer demands

Rising human demand and climatic variability have created greater uncertainty regarding global food trade and its effects on the food security of nations. To reduce reliance on imported food, many countries have focused on increasing their domestic food production in recent years. With clear goals for the complete self-sufficiency of rice production, Sri Lanka provides an ideal case study for examining the projected growth in domestic rice supply, how this compares to future national demand, and what the associated impacts from water and fertilizer demands may be. Using national rice statistics and estimates of intensification, this study finds that improvements in rice production can feed 25.3 million Sri Lankans (compared to a projected population of 23.8 million people) by 2050. However, to achieve this growth, consumptive water use and nitrogen fertilizer application may need to increase by as much as 69 and 23 %, respectively. This assessment demonstrates that targets for maintaining self-sufficiency should better incorporate avenues for improving resource use efficiency.
Cytochrome P450 and Oxidative Stress as Possible Pathways for Alcohol- and Tobacco-Mediated HIV Pathogenesis and NeuroAIDS

Abstract Substance abuse, especially alcohol drinking and tobacco smoking, is highly prevalent in the HIV-infected population. HIV medication using antiretroviral therapy (ART) has led to an increase in the life span of HIV patients. The increased life span of HIV-positive patients, concurrent with increased use of alcohol and tobacco, has resulted in the development of neuroAIDS. In the past few years there has been increasing interest in investigating the interactions among alcohol, tobacco, HIV, and ART to achieve better treatment strategies for HIV-infected alcohol drinkers and tobacco smokers. Among other hypotheses, the involvement of cytochrome P450 (CYP) and oxidative stress pathways leading to exacerbated neuroAIDS has received much attention. This chapter covers the impact of alcohol and tobacco on neuroAIDS and advancements in the understanding of the involvement of CYP and oxidative stress pathways in alcohol- and tobacco-mediated neuroAIDS.
Where We Die

After a decades-long trend toward dying in the hospital, a movement toward palliative care, hospice, and dying at home began in the 1980s. But even as increasing numbers of Americans choose to die at home, ICU stays toward the end of life have increased.
Transplanting a Microbial Organ: the Good, the Bad, and the Unknown

Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) has received increased attention as a therapy for correcting intestinal dysbiosis and restoring a state of health in patients suffering from either recalcitrant infection by Clostridium difficile or more complex disease states, such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The "gut microbial organ" from the donor that is used in these transplants may serve to transfer genetic material between donor and recipient via virus-like particles, specifically bacteriophages, that infect the bacterial component of the microbiota. The recently published study by Chehoud et al. provides evidence for not only the transfer of bacteriophages during FMT but also the transfer of multiple populations of bacteriophages to recipients from the donor microbiota used (C. Chehoud et al., mBio 7:e00322-16, 2016, http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mBio.00322-16). While the clinical significance of these findings remains unclear, nothing short of a diligent and persistent effort is needed to define the intended and unintended consequences of FMT.
298 EXERCISE CAPACITY IS ABNORMAL IN YOUTH WITH TYPE 2 DIABETES.

Purpose Despite the knowledge that exercise increases longevity and is beneficial for people with type 2 diabetes (T2D), adults with T2D do not exercise sufficiently. One explanation is that adults with T2D have a reduced maximal exercise capacity (VO2max), making exercise more difficult. T2D is now increasingly common in the pediatric population, but it is unknown whether exercise dysfunction is already present in youth since they lack the other comorbidities often seen in adults with long-standing T2D. Pediatric subjects are especially important to study as exercise dysfunction at such an early age predicts poor outcomes. We hypothesized that adolescents with T2D would have a reduced VO2max, which can be partly explained by insulin resistance, endothelial function, and inflammation. Methods Thirty adolescents, 10 with T2D, 10 with obesity (similar BMI), and 10 lean controls, were matched for age, sex, Tanner stage, and physical activity level. All subjects underwent anthropomorphic measurements, fasting blood draw, autonomic function testing and assessment of VO2max by cycle ergometer, blood flow by venous plethysmography, body composition by DEXA scan, and insulin sensitivity by hyperinsulinemic (80 mU/m2) euglycemic clamp (mg/kg/min). Results VO2max (21.9 ± 4.2 vs 28.7 ± 5.2 mL/kg/min, p = .04) and workload (145 ± 32 vs 186 ± 40 watts, p = .036) were significantly lower in T2D subjects versus obese subjects and significantly lower in T2D and obese subject versus lean subjects (41.2 ± 10.2 mL/kg/min, 204 watts, p Conclusion Of concern, VO2max and workload are already significantly reduced in adolescents with T2D, not explainable by body weight or inactivity. As predicted, VO2max correlates with markers of insulin sensitivity, endothelial function, and inflammation. Unlike studies in adults, VO2max in adolescents also correlates with glycemia. Future intervention studies should target these potentially modifiable determinants of exercise function to decrease morbidity and mortality in youth with T2D.
Effects of Inhaled Nitric Oxide on Pulmonary Function and Ultrastructure during Cardiopulmonary Bypass in Infants

Objective To explore the effects of inhaled nitric oxide(NO) on pulmonary function and ultrastructure during cardiopulmonary bypass(CPB)in infants. Methods Thirty infants with ventricular septal defect were randomly divided into two groups: control group(n=15) and NO group(n=15).The cases of NO group kept inhaling 40×10-6mg/L NO until the sternum closure.Before CPB and 0～1 h,1～2 h,3～4 h before postoperative extubation,the mean pulmonary airway pressure,fraction of inspired oxygen(FiO2),end-tidal CO2(ET-CO2),arterial blood gas,value of volume of dead air space/ tidal volume(VD/VT),alveolar-arterial PO2 difference [P(A-a)O2],arterial blood oxygen content(CaO2),and oxygenation index(OI)were detected to evaluate pulmonary function.The time of mechanical ventilation was recorded,and pulmonary tissue cut to observe the changes ultrastructural. Results The VD/VT,,P(A-a)O2 and OI in control group were much higher than those in NO group after reperfusion while the CaO2 was lower than that in NO group.Ultrastructural changes indicated that pulmonary edema in NO group was less severe than that in control group. Conclusion Cardiopulmonary bypass in infants leads to obvious lung injury with sub-clinical manifestations.Inhaled 40×10-6mg/L NO has protective effects on lung function during CPB for infants.
Primary CNS Lymphoma Complicating Long-Standing Multiple Sclerosis: A Case Report

Primary central nervous system lymphoma (NHL-CNS) is an uncommon variant of extranodal non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), accounting for about 6% of all intracerebral tumors and 1%-2% of all lymphomas. Sentinel inflammatory demyelinating lesions preceding NHL-CNS have …
Revitalizing human virtue by restoring organic morality

AbstractMost of human history and prehistory was lived in economic poverty but with social and ecological wealth, both of which are diminishing as commodification takes over most everything. Human moral wealth has also deteriorated. Because humans are biosocially, dynamically, and epigenetically shaped, early experience is key for developing one’s moral capital. When early experience is species-atypical, meaning that it falls outside the evolved developmental niche (EDN), which is often the case in modern societies, biopsychosocial moral development is undermined, shifting one’s nature and worldview to self-protectionism. Individuals develop into self-regarding shadows of their potential selves, exhibiting threat-reactive moral mindsets that promote unjust treatment of other humans and nonhumans. Humanity’s moral wealth can be re-cultivated by taking up what indigenous people all over the world know: that a good life, a virtuous life, is a one that is led by a well-cultivated heart, embodied in action tha...
The Double Mandibular Osteotomy for Vascular and Tumor Surgery of the Parapharyngeal Space.

Purpose The purposes of this study are to describe our experience using a double mandibular osteotomy for access to the parapharyngeal space in vascular and tumor surgery and to report on the outcomes and complications of this procedure. Patients and Methods We designed and implemented a case series to review the medical records of all patients treated with a double mandibular osteotomy for parapharyngeal space access from 1994 to 2016. Patient demographic characteristics, indications for the procedure, outcomes, and complications were recorded. Results A total of 17 patients underwent a double mandibular osteotomy procedure for access to the parapharyngeal space during the study period. There were 7 men (41%) and 10 women (59%) comprising the cohort. The average age was 57 years (range, 29 to 75 years). The follow-up period ranged from 6 to 98 months (mean, 40 months), and 7 patients (41%) were tobacco users at the time of surgery. The most common indication was high internal carotid artery stenosis (n = 6) followed by carotid body paraganglioma (n = 3). Average blood loss was 186 mL, and there were no deaths during the study period. Eight postoperative complications were noted in 7 patients (41%). No procedures were aborted or compromised because of inadequate parapharyngeal space access. All patients showed clinical and radiographic signs of healing of the osteotomy sites. Conclusion The double mandibular osteotomy provides adequate access to the parapharyngeal space for effective tumor removal and high carotid surgical intervention with acceptable patient morbidity and complications.
Emergency treatment and nursing of children with severe pneumonia complicated by heart failure and respiratory failure: 10 case reports

Pneumonia refers to lung inflammation caused by different pathogens or other factors, and is a common pediatric disease occurring in infants and young children. It is closely related to the anatomical and physiological characteristics of infants and young children and is more frequent during winter and spring, or sudden changes in temperature. Pneumonia is a serious disease that poses a threat to children's health and its morbidity and mortality rank first, accounting for 24.5-65.2% of pediatric inpatients. Due to juvenile age, severe illness and rapid changes, children often suffer acute heart failure, respiratory failure and even toxic encephalopathy at the same time. The concurrence in different stages of the process of emergency treatment tends to relapse, which directly places the lives of these children at risk. Severe pneumonia constitutes one of the main causes of infant mortality. In the process of nursing children with severe pneumonia, intensive care was provided, including condition assessment and diagnosis, close observation of disease, keeping the airway unblocked, rational oxygen therapy, prevention and treatment of respiratory and circulatory failure, support of vital organs, complications, and health education. The inflammatory response was proactively controlled, to prevent suffocation and reduce mortality. In summary, positive and effective nursing can promote the rehabilitation of children patients, which can be reinforced with adequate communication with the parents and/or caretakers.