cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Initial Drug Regimens for the Treatment of Tuberculosis: Evaluation of Physician Prescribing Practices in New Jersey, 1994 to 1995

Study objective To evaluate physician prescribing practices for the initial therapy for tuberculosis (TB) according to the recommendations of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and American Thoracic Society (ATS). Design Cross-sectional study. Setting Statewide TB surveillance system in New Jersey, 1994 to 1995. Patients We studied 1,230 culture-positive TB patients who were alive at diagnosis and whose isolates were tested for isoniazid susceptibility. Results Almost all TB patients (98%) were reported from counties with an isoniazid-resistant proportion of 4% or more, which is the minimum level for implementation of an initial four-drug regimen recommended by CDC/ATS. Overall, 36% of the 1,230 patients were not initially treated with four or more drugs. Multivariate analyses found that non-Hispanic white patients were more likely to be treated with fewer than four drugs than were non-Hispanic black patients. Private practitioners and physicians at chest clinics were about five times more likely to prescribe fewer than four drugs initially than were physicians at the hospital where a national TB center is located. Conclusion A substantial proportion of physicians did not initially treat their TB patients according to the CDC/ATS recommendations. The results suggest that New Jersey physicians should be better informed about the recommendation and the high level of drug resistance in the communities they serve to assure that TB patients receive appropriate initial therapy.
Effect of enhancement and ageing on flavor and volatile compounds in various beef muscles.

Abstract To identify and quantify selected flavor-active volatile compounds and relate them to sensory characteristics, the gluteus medius (round), rectus femoris (round), vastus lateralis (round), vatsus medialis (round), teres major (chuck), infraspinatus (chuck), complexus (chuck), serratus ventralis (chuck), psoas major (loin) and longissimus dorsi (loin) were removed from heifer carcasses, enhanced, vacuum packaged, aged for 7 or 14 days, steaks were cut, vacuum packaged and frozen (48 h). Flavor-active volatiles affected by enhancement and ageing in the various muscles included nonanal, 2,3-octanedione, pentanal, 3-hydroxy-2-butanone, 2-pentyl furan, 1-octen-3-ol, butanoic acid, pentanal and hexanoic acid, compounds often associated with lipid oxidation. Enhancement decreased hexanal and hexanoic acid. Ageing decreased butanoic acid. Pentanal content varied among muscles depending on enhancement and ageing. Livery off-flavor was positively correlated with pentanal, hexanal, 3-hydroxy-2-butanone and hexanoic acid. Rancid off-flavor was correlated with pentanal and with 2-pentyl furan but not with hexanal.
Walk-time techniques: catalyst for architectural change

A quantum leap in a compiler's ability to automatically extract parallelism from code would have enormous ramifications for future architectures, although the issue of compatibility with legacy software also hinders architectural innovation. The author describes walk-time techniques-translation techniques that change code after it is distributed. He contends that these techniques will lead to families of very different, yet surprisingly compatible CPUs that are customized to specific application areas.
Medullary thyroid carcinoma, parathyroid adenoma, and bilateral pheochromocytoma. An unusual triad of endocrine tumors.

Abstract A case of thyroid carcinoma, parathyroid adenoma and bilateral pheochromocytoma is described. The interrelationships between these tumors and possible modes of etiology are discussed. Twenty-three cases of thyroid carcinoma and pheochromocytoma are reviewed. Five additional cases with associated parathyroid adenoma are summarized. Twenty of these 29 cases had medullary thyroid carcinoma, while in 22 instances bilateral pheochromocytoma was present.
Use of Home Videotapes to Confirm Parental Reports of Regression in Autism

The current study examined consistency between parental reports on early language development and behaviors in non-language domains and observer-coded videotapes of young children with and without autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and autistic regression. Data are reported on 56 children (84% male) with ASD (early onset or autistic regression) and 14 typically developing children (57% male) who had home videotapes. Unique to the current study is the independent identification of loss/no loss for each child by both parental report and observer-coded home videotapes and the examination of agreement between these two methods. Results indicate substantial concordance between parental report and observer codes for onset and loss of expressive language, but minimal concordance for loss in non-language domains, suggesting a need for supplementation of parental reports in these areas.
Two phase gossip: managing distributed event histories

Abstract We describe a distributed protocol that operates on replicated data objects—of arbitrary abstract types—represented in terms of the history of object events, rather than in terms of object values. In general, a site that stores a replica of an object has only partial knowledge of the object's event history. We call such a replica an object representative. The goal of the protocol is to limit the sizes of the histories by checkpointing and discarding old events. We treat separately the three functions of (1) propagating events to sites that do not know about them, (2) checkpointing, and (3) discarding old events. A site rolls forward its checkpoint state as far as it knows its local version of the object's history to be complete, but it discards old events only as far as it knows that all other sites know their local histories to be complete. Our protocol propagates events among sites in gossip messages exchanged in the background in a two phase manner. Each site maintains several timestamp vectors indicating the extent of its knowledge of other sites' knowledge of events. These timestamp vectors are included in gossip messages and used to decide the extent of global completeness of each site's local version of the event history. We formally define the correctness criteria for our protocol in terms of the completeness properties of histories. The protocol is fault-tolerant in that site and communication failures can only slow down its progress. The communication and processing required by our protocol are done in the background at times arbitrarily chosen by each site. Thus, the system need not quiesce for the activities of checkpointing and discarding old events to proceed.
Economic Effects On State Governors

A large body of research on the impact of economic conditions on elections has been amassed. Past research emphasized congressional and presidential elections. The present research extended the question of economic effects to the state level. Are governors held responsible for the economic conditions of their states? The existing studies at the state level all used aggregate data and concluded that states' economies do not affect the fortunes of the governors. The studies inferred that the national economy, not the state economy, affects governors. The present research was a direct test of the aggregate studies using micro-level data from statewide surveys. Strong state economic effects on gubernatorial approval were found in a multivariate model. Furthermore, evaluations of the national economy were almost insignificant in predicting gubernatorial approval.
Introduction to cochlear implants

Cochlear implants have been very successful in restoring partial hearing to profoundly deaf people. Many individuals with implants are now able to communicate and understand speech without lip-reading, and some are able to talk over the phone. Children with implants can develop spoken-language skills and attend normal schools (i.e., schools with normal-hearing children). The greatest benefits with cochlear implantation have occurred in patients who (1) acquired speech and language before their hearing loss, and (2) have shorter duration of deafness. Gradual, but steady, improvements in speech production and speech perception have also occurred in prelingually deafened adults or children.
Therapeutic Roles of Curcumin: Lessons Learned from Clinical Trials

Extensive research over the past half century has shown that curcumin (diferuloylmethane), a component of the golden spice turmeric (Curcuma longa), can modulate multiple cell signaling pathways. Extensive clinical trials over the past quarter century have addressed the pharmacokinetics, safety, and efficacy of this nutraceutical against numerous diseases in humans. Some promising effects have been observed in patients with various pro-inflammatory diseases including cancer, cardiovascular disease, arthritis, uveitis, ulcerative proctitis, Crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis, irritable bowel disease, tropical pancreatitis, peptic ulcer, gastric ulcer, idiopathic orbital inflammatory pseudotumor, oral lichen planus, gastric inflammation, vitiligo, psoriasis, acute coronary syndrome, atherosclerosis, diabetes, diabetic nephropathy, diabetic microangiopathy, lupus nephritis, renal conditions, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, β-thalassemia, biliary dyskinesia, Dejerine-Sottas disease, cholecystitis, and chronic bacterial prostatitis. Curcumin has also shown protection against hepatic conditions, chronic arsenic exposure, and alcohol intoxication. Dose-escalating studies have indicated the safety of curcumin at doses as high as 12 g/day over 3 months. Curcumin’s pleiotropic activities emanate from its ability to modulate numerous signaling molecules such as pro-inflammatory cytokines, apoptotic proteins, NF–κB, cyclooxygenase-2, 5-LOX, STAT3, C-reactive protein, prostaglandin E2, prostate-specific antigen, adhesion molecules, phosphorylase kinase, transforming growth factor-β, triglyceride, ET-1, creatinine, HO-1, AST, and ALT in human participants. In clinical trials, curcumin has been used either alone or in combination with other agents. Various formulations of curcumin, including nanoparticles, liposomal encapsulation, emulsions, capsules, tablets, and powder, have been examined. In this review, we discuss in detail the various human diseases in which the effect of curcumin has been investigated.
An Item-Level Examination of the Factorial Validity of NEO Five-Factor Inventory Scores.

The NEO Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI) is often used in field-based research and clinical studies as it is designed to measure the same personality dimensions as the longer NEO Personality Inventory in a shorter time frame. In this study, the authors examined the reliability and structural validity of the NEO-FFI scores at the item level in a large sample of Jamaican young adults (N = 1,021; ages 17-24 years). Across different factor estimation and rotation methods, many NEO-FFI items performed poorly. Likewise, the estimated reliability of the NEO-FFI scores was poor (except Conscientiousness) across different estimations of reliability. These items and scores were then compared with other studies of the NEO-FFI that reported item-level pattern/structure coefficients or reliability estimates. Similarities in item performance and low reliability estimates across studies suggest that the items, rather than cultural differences, account for much of the poor performance of the NEO-FFI scores, especially in ...
The Temporal Stability and Situational Contingency of Active-Empathic Listening

This article presents three studies furthering validity evidence for a self-report measure of active-empathic listening (AEL). Study 1 investigates the temporal stability of the AEL scale, revealing a statistically sound model with no decline in general fit over time, supporting the scale's measurement of an individual trait-like difference. Studies 2 and 3 investigate the contribution of trait-level AEL and various characteristics of situations to the utilization of AEL. A general discussion focuses on areas for future research with respect to how AEL might help (or hinder) the development and maintenance of close, personal relationships.
In vitro amino acid and glucose uptake rates across the gut wall of a surface deposit feeder

Abstract We used the everted-sleeve method (Karasov & Diamond, 1983) and dual radiolabelled substrates to measure carrier-mediated and diffusive fluxes of glucose and four amino acids (AA) across the gut wall of the mobile, surface deposit-feeding holothuroid Parastichopus californicus Stimpson. The relationship between substrate concentration and carrier-mediated uptake rate for d -glucose, l -aspartic acid, l -glutamic acid, l -methionine, and l -tyrosine was adequately described by the classic Michaelis-Menten equation. Passive uptake rates were controlled by substrate interaction with the hydrophobic gut membrane. For the hydrophilic compounds (glucose, methionine and aspartic and glutamic acids) passive uptake contributed 11% or less to total uptake but accounted for 21% of the total for the rare but hydrophobic AA l -tyrosine. Carrier-mediated uptake rates of hydrophilic (and lipophobic) AA were inversely proportional to the relative availability of substrate in sedimentary food. Balance in absorptive delivery was achieved by compensating for rarity in sedimentary food (low luminal concentration) and retarded cross-membrane diffusion with added carriers. Thus the relatively rare (in the food) and lipophobic AA l -methionine possessed the highest carrier-mediated maximal flux ( J max = 57 pM (mg wet mass of gut tissue) −1 min −1 ) as well as the highest apparent half-saturation concentration. Glucose, aspartic and glutamic acid, all relatively common sediment organic constituents with intermediate passive permeabilities, had intermediate J max values ranging from 6 to 26 pM · mg −1 · min −1 . The rare but lipophilic and thus highly permeant AA l -tyrosine had the lowest J max of 2.6 pM · mg −1 · min −1 , with passive diffusion accounting for substantial uptake. The distribution of nutrient uptake rates along the gut depends upon substrate carrier densities and luminal concentrations of the products of digestion. Rates interpolated at regional (fore-, mid- and hindgut) concentrations were high in the foregut and midgut but decreased in the hindgut for the rare AA methionine and tyrosine; conversely they were low in the foregut and high in both midgut and hindgut for the common AA glutamic and aspartic acid. Despite these varying patterns of AA flux along the gut, when integrated over the whole gut length to estimate total amount of AA absorbed, just as in the sediment food and animal tissue the acidic AA dominated while tyrosine was rare. The total amount of methionine absorbed far surpassed tissue requirements, however, suggesting that it is hyperessential. Our results indicate that AA compositional equality of uptake ratios with food and tissue composition ratios serves as a useful null hypothesis for identifying hyperessential nutrients. Karasov has used AA: sugar uptake ratios to classify vertebrates as herbivores, omnivores or carnivores. By this criterion Parastichopus californicus is clearly a herbivore, showing a very low ratio.
A Novel Approach for Measuring Absolute Rate Constants by Pulsed Electron Spin Resonance: Addition of Phosphinoyl and 2-Hydroxy-2-propyl Radicals to Several Alkenes †,‡

A time-resolved Fourier transform electron spin resonance (TR FT ESR) method for determining absolute rate constants of reactive, free radical reactions is described. The phase memory times TM of a family of reacting radicals were measured precisely by electron spin−echo (ESE) detection. In all cases the ESE signal decays show a simple pseudo-first-order behavior. Rate constants of the reactions were extracted from the linear relationship between the reciprocal of the TM values and the alkene concentrations. The validity of the method is demonstrated for the measurement of the rate constant for addition of different phosphinoyl and 2-hydroxy-2-propyl radicals to several acrylates, methyl methacrylate, and vinyl pivalate in organic solvents at room temperature. The results are in excellent agreement with those obtained by other kinetic investigations employing time-resolved steady-state electron spin resonance (TR CW ESR) and optical absorption spectroscopy. The technique is shown to be applicable to syste...
Skinfold thickness measurements in obese subjects

To determine the accuracy of skinfold thickness measurements in body composition assessment, skinfold thicknesses, bioelectrical impedance, body density by underwater weighing, and total body water by deuterium dilution were determined in 105 healthy adults who varied widely in body fatness. Body fat ranged from 2.9% to 61.2% of body weight and a substantial number of obese subjects was included. The correlation between body fat calculated from skinfold equations and body fat measured by underwater weighing was in the same range as that between body fat estimated from impedance and underwater weighing. However, body fat calculated both from skinfold equations and bioelectrical impedance tended to be underestimated compared with body fat calculated from underwater weighing and total body water in the most obese subjects. In obese subjects it was not possible to measure significant numbers of skinfold thicknesses because of the inadequate size of the calipers.
The tracking of boundaries in multidimensional medical images

We became interested in the problems associated with boundary tracking in multidimensional spaces due to our involvement in medical imaging. We give as background our motivation from medicine. We define objects and their surfaces in discrete three-dimensional space and the state of the art in three-dimensional boundary tracking. Discussed are generalizations, conjectures, and open problems. Finally, we discuss what seems to us a suitable mathematical framework for future research in this area.
MEMS and Nano Technology for the Handheld, Portable Electronic and the Automotive Markets

Large consumer markets, such as the market for handheld, portable electronic devices and the market for automobiles, rely on new technologies to meet more demanding goals for cost, performance, size, weight and power. The role of both MEMS and nano technology in these large markets will be described. MEMS technology is already a mature technology in the automotive field, but new MEMS devices, as well as new nano sensors show promise to revolutionize automotive technology by making possible the measurement of new physical quantities that have never been directly measured in the automotive field before. For automotive applications, the primary factors are cost and performance. For handheld, portable electronic devices, both MEMS and nano technology will be used for increasing the functionality of the wireless communication, but then be applied to providing additional functionality. For these electronic applications, the primary factors are performance, size and power. A wide variety of examples will be given as the overall trends in these markets are described and illustrated.
Modeling of on-state MOSFET operation and derivation of maximum channel field

A novel approach to modeling MOSFET operation in the threshold region is proposed. A two-dimensional Poisson equation is solved analytically and the current continuity equation is solved iteratively in a self-consistent feedback scheme. The I-V characteristics and the profiles of channel field and mobile charge sheet are found over the entire region of device operation. The boundary between linear and saturation regions of device operation is inherently nonexistent in the model. The physical mechanism underlying the high values of maximum channel field E/sub L/ beyond channel pinch-off is highlighted. A simple analytical E/sub L/ model is derived. A comparison of this E/sub L/ model with previous models is made in the context of the experimental data. >
Tenosynovial Giant Cell Tumor: Case Report and Review

Tenosynovial giant cell tumors are a group of generally benign intra-articular and soft tissue tumors with common histologic features. They can be roughly divided into localized and diffuse types. Localized types include giant cell tumors of tendon sheath and localized pigmented villonodular synovitis, whereas diffuse types encompass conventional pigmented villonodular synovitis and diffuse-type giant cell tumor. Localized tumors are generally indolent, whereas diffuse tumors are locally aggressive. Recent developments indicate that tenosynovial giant cell tumors are clonal neoplastic tumors driven by overexpression of CSF1. Herein, I report a case of intra-articular, localized tenosynovial giant cell tumor (or localized pigmented villonodular synovitis) and review the classification, histopathology, and recent developments regarding its pathogenesis.
VOLATILE LIQUID PRECURSORS FOR THE CHEMICAL VAPOR DEPOSITION (CVD) OF THIN FILMS CONTAINING TUNGSTEN

A new CVD process is described for depositing conformal layers containing tungsten, tungsten nitride or tungsten oxide. A film of tungsten metal is deposited by vaporizing liquid tungsten(0) pentacarbonyl 1-methylbutylisonitrile and passing the vapors over a surface heated to 400 to 500 °C. This process can be used to form gate electrodes compatible with ultrathin dielectric layers. Tungsten nitride films are deposited by combining ammonia gas with this tungsten-containing vapor and using substrates at temperatures of 250 to 400 °C. Tungsten nitride can act as a barrier to diffusion of copper in microelectronic circuits. Tungsten oxide films are deposited by adding oxygen gas to the tungsten-containing vapor and using substrates at temperatures of 200 to 300 °C. These tungsten oxide films can be used as part of electrochromic windows, mirrors or displays. Physical properties of several related liquid tungsten compounds are described. These low-viscosity liquids are stable to air and water. These new compounds have a number of advantages over tungsten-containing CVD precursors used previously.
Beginning at Nosek and Bar-Anan's End: Let's Put Open Evaluation First

Brian A. Nosek and Yoav Bar-Anan's (this issue) target article offers an exceptionally clear, insightful, and ambitious vision of a future in which scientists no longer have to worry very much abou...
Cardiac nuclear medicine: an overview.

The dramatic growth in cardiac nuclear medicine that has occurred over the past decade has resulted because of profound technological advances and the need for accurate noninvasive techniques to assess coronary artery perfusion and ventricular performance. With the development of high resolution scintillation cameras and highly sophisticated minicomputers, radionuclide techniques have taken their place alongside electrophysiologic and biochemical methodologies for the routine day-to-day assessment of patients with known and suspected cardiac disease.
Cycle-Resolved NO Measurements in a Two-Stroke Large-Bore Natural Gas Engine

Cycle-resolved NO data were acquired from a Cooper-Bessemer GMV 4TF two-stroke engine to better understand and quantify large bore natural gas engine NO x emission. The cycle resolved NO data were extracted separately from the engine's cylinder two and four exhaust ports and taken simultaneously with cycle resolved pressure traces, conventional steady-state emission measurements and a variety of additional performance and diagnostic data. The test variables were intake manifold boost pressure, ignition method and ignition timing. Relationships between individual cycle pressure traces and the NO produced by that cycle were investigated. Furthermore, mass-averaged NO values were calculated and integrated in order to compare with average exhaust emissions from a steady-state analyzer and combustion pressure characteristics. The steady measurements revealed that NO and NO 2 emissions respond differently to the test variables. The mass averaged cycle-resolved NO values compare well with the steady exhaust emission measurements and exhibit strong correlations with peak pressure and crank angle location of peak pressure.
Timed state space exploration using POSETs

This paper presents a new timing analysis algorithm for efficient state space exploration during the synthesis of timed circuits or the verification of timed systems. The source of the computational complexity in the synthesis or verification of a timed system is in finding the reachable timed state space. We introduce a new algorithm which utilizes geometric regions to represent the timed state space and partially ordered sets (POSET's) to minimize the number of regions necessary. This algorithm operates on specifications sufficiently general to describe practical circuits, as well as other timed systems. The algorithm is applied to several examples showing significant improvement in runtime and memory usage.
Symposium on Bubbles

The papers in this symposium represent the divergent views of economists on an important issue: the extent to which prices of assets represent "fundamental" values. If asset prices do not reflect fundamentals well, and if these skewed asset prices have an important effect on resource allocations, then the confidence of economists in the efficiency of market allocations of investment resources is, to say the least, weakened. The problem of determining the fundamental value of an asset to be held for an extended period of time has three parts: first, the problem of estimating the returns received over time (the rent on the land, the dividends on the stock); second, the problem of estimating the terminal value the asset will have at the end of the period; and third, the problem of deciding upon the discount rates to be used for translating future returns into current values. If the expectations of investors change in such a way that they believe they will be able to sell an asset for a higher price in the future than they had been expecting, then the current price of the asset will rise. While the papers in the symposium present different formal definitions of what a bubble is, the basic intuition is straightforward: if the reason that the price is high today is only because investors believe that the selling price will be high tomorrow—when "fundamental" factors do not seem to justify such a price—then a bubble exists. At least in the short run, the high price of the asset is merited, because it yields a return (capital gain plus dividend) equal to that on alternative assets. In the 1960s, the golden years of growth theory, several economists asked whether market forces could ensure that bubbles do not arise, or that every bubble must eventually be broken. Focusing on models where individuals had "rational expecta-
Introduction to the Interfaces Special Issue on Operations Research in Freight Transportation and Logistics

This special issue on operations research in freight transportation and logistics presents a survey and numerous applications in freight transportation and logistics. The issue opens with a comprehensive survey on the state of the practice in oceanic, rail, truck, and air freight transportation. The survey is followed by applications in rail, trucking, logistics, and ocean freight.
Methods of reactive power compensation and suppression of load-generated harmonics

Some results of a comparative study on methods of reactive power compensation and suppression of load-generated harmonics are presented. The effectiveness of various compensating and filtering (Co-Fi) circuits for reactive power compensation and for reducing harmonic distortion and the harmonic interference index is compared. The comparison is made under the assumption that the Co-Fi circuits are used for suppression harmonics generated by a 6 and 12-pulse, 3-phase, controlled AC/DC converter. >
Exotic Plant Species Diversity: Influence of Roads and Prescribed Fire in Arizona Ponderosa Pine Forests

Many studies have investigated the ecological effects of roads and roadsides as both habitat and dispersal corridors for exotic plant species. Several of these compared roadside exotic species richness and abundance with adjacent interior habitats, but we found no studies of individual exotic species’ abundance between the two habitats in the context of prescribed fire. We measured exotic species richness and individual species’ abundance along roadsides and in adjacent interior habitat (. 150 m) before and after prescribed fire at three ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Douglas ex Lawson & C. Lawson) sites in northern Arizona. Eighteen of the 20 exotic plant species found in this study have been and continue to be intentionally introduced or are known agricultural seed contaminants. Roadsides had significantly higher exotic species richness than adjacent forest interior habitats, but only one site showed a significant (decreasing) fire effect on species richness. Four exotic plant species had significantly higher densities along roadsides at two of the three sites, and four species had no significant difference in abundance between habitats at any site supporting an individualistic species response hypothesis. Most exotic species showed no significant change in density post-prescribed fire suggesting that low-intensity prescribed fire may have minimal effect on exotic species diversity. Variability in total exotic species richness, composition, species’ constancies, and species’ densities between the three regionally similar sites suggests differing degrees and effectiveness of past management practices and policies such as intentional seeding.
Detergent Effects of Sodium Deoxycholate Are a Major Feature of an Injectable Phosphatidylcholine Formulation Used for Localized Fat Dissolution

Background Phosphatidylcholine injections are becoming an increasingly popular technique to treat localized fat accumulation. This formula is composed primarily of phosphatidylcholine and sodium deoxycholate, a bile salt used to solubilize the natural phospholipid in water. The mechanism through which this injectable phosphatidylcholine formulation causes localized fat reduction is unknown. Objective To investigate the active component and mechanism of action of an injectable phosphatidylcholine formulation in clinical use. Methods Cell viability and cell membrane lysis assays were performed on cell cultures and porcine skin after treatment with the phosphatidylcholine formula, isolated sodium deoxycholate, or common laboratory detergents Triton-X 100 and Empigen BB. In addition, we described the histologic changes after injection of these substances into porcine tissue. Results A significant and comparable loss of cell viability, cell membrane lysis, and disruption of fat and muscle architecture was seen in cell cultures and tissue specimens treated with the phosphatidylcholine formula and isolated sodium deoxycholate. These findings were similar to the effects produced after treatment with laboratory detergents. Conclusions The phosphatidylcholine formula popularly used in subcutaneous injections for fat dissolution works primarily as a detergent causing nonspecific lysis of cell membranes. Our findings suggest that sodium deoxycholate is the major active component responsible for cell lysis. Detergent substances may have a role in eliminating unwanted adipose tissue. It is advised that physicians use caution until adequate safety data are available.
The infra-red sensitivity of superconducting bolometers.

Columbium nitride superconducting bolometers have been studied for sensitivity when irradiated with a wide band of modulated infra-red radiation of about 0.1 microwatt/mm2 intensity. The bolometer response was amplified by means of a matching input transformer and wide-band amplifier. Time constants for different bolometers ranging from 0.7 to 17.0 milliseconds were observed. Comparisons are given between these superconducting bolometers and other infra-red detectors described in the literature on the basis of reference conditions suggested by Jones (reference 1). Of the 25 superconducting bolometers studied in detail the 9 most sensitive had figures of merit ranging from 14.0 to 1.3.
Editorial Response: Discordance between Virological, Immunologic, and Clinical Outcomes of Therapy with Protease Inhibitors among Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Patients

1lymphocyte counts were !50 cells/mL and their mean virus load was 4.9 log10 HIV RNA copies/mL. All patients had extensive prior treatment with nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors but had not previously received protease inhibitors. Sustained virological and immunologic responses, defined as decreases in plasma virus load by 11.0 log10 and increases in CD4 1 cell counts of 150 cells/mL, were observed in 29 patients (group I). Thirty-two other patients had only an immunologic response (group II), and 10 patients had neither immunologic nor virological responses (group III). Six patients were lost to follow-up.
Patient Positioning, Immobilization Devices, and Fiducial Markers in Positron Emission Tomography-Computed Tomgraphy Scanner-Based Radiation Therapy Simulation

Positron emission tomography-computed tomography (PET-CT)-based radiation therapy (RT) treatment planning has become widely available in many RT practices. This broad acceptance has been facilitated by the RT specific features which are now commonly available on practically all modern PET-CT scanners. The quality and usability of PET-CT studies for RT treatment planning purposes strongly depends on patient positioning and immobilization during image acquisition. A well-developed clinical process and understanding of special needs for this type of imaging is crucial for successful use of PET-CT in radiation therapy planning and treatment. This article describes some of the important considerations in this process and provides several observations based on clinical experience with use of PET-CT imaging in radiation therapy planning and treatment. The use of fiducial markers in this process is also discussed.
Provably passive second order model order reduction for package parasitics using spectral zeros

In this paper, we developed an accurate and provably passive second order method for the model order reduction of passive circuit models in high performance integrated circuits. The method dynamically selects interpolation points from the system's spectral zeros and provides an automated means to simultaneously guarantee stability and passivity while generating low order models that are accurate across a specified range of frequencies. The results demonstrate that our approach provides more accurate reduced order models than second-order Krylov subspace methods.
Long-period reflected and converted upper-mantle phases

abstract Record sections of long-period seismograms from shallow-focus events at distances between 80° and 120° commonly display significant amounts of spatially coherent energy between the arrivals of P and PP . While individual quality varies, the majority of observations share two characteristics: coherent arrivals have apparent ray parameters and amplitude attenuation rates more comparable to P than PP . The ray-kinematic restraints imposed by these statements suggest wave interactions in the upper mantle near the source or receiver. The dynamics of these phases are investigated by construction of synthetic seismograms for radially symmetric media by contour integration in the complex ray-parameter plane. The generated records containing contributions from waves reflected or converted at upper mantle discontinuities are found to be compatible with observations. The largest of these coda phases on vertical records are near-source-shear converted compressional waves of the types sdP and sdpP . Conjugate near-receiver phases are of less importance than near-source phases on vertical records but they can be expected to dominate on the horizontal component. The effect of transition zone thickness on these phases is determined by direct integration of the equations of motion. For a 10-km-thick transition, reflected amplitudes become negligibly small for waves with periods less than 3 sec. Transmitted converted waves, on the other hand, have significant amplitudes to periods as small as 1 sec. In the long-period passband, peaked near 15 sec, the transition behaves as a sharp interface. These signals are found to be highly sensitive to localized upper mantle structure. Further observations of these phases will provide a direct means of assessing the physical and regional extent of the discontinuities throughout the Earth.
Assessment of the Risks of Treatment with Human Growth Hormone

Human growth hormone (GH) has an unusual history as a drug, having been used therapeutically for 30 years, but having its distribution limited to relatively few patients, most of whom were GH deficient. Although GH has had remarkably few observable side effects and is accepted as safe when used as replacement therapy (1), this experience provides little insight into the risks of using GH therapeutically in patients who are not GH deficient. Because we now accept that injections of pituitary GH place patients at risk for infection with the agent causing Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (2), it is likely that GH used therapeutically in the future will be obtained through recombinant DNA techniques. In this presentation, I will draw on data derived from studies of pituitary GH and try to assess the risks of using recombinant GH to treat conditions other than GH deficiency.
SEVEN MYTHS OF RACE AND THE YOUNG CHILD

Racism reproduces through children. Racial bias is acquired early, and like many early-acquired predilections it is tenaciously resistant to counterevidence. Much of the institutional struggle against racism focuses on children, working to change their attitudes and judgments by addressing what children supposedly have come to know and believe about race. Yet much of what lay folk and educators alike imagine about children's knowledge of race and how they have come to acquire it is inaccurate. This essay is concerned to identify these inaccuracies, present evidence that challenges them, and briefly consider why they—like racialist thinking itself—are so tenaciously held and resistant to counterevidence.
A Monte Carlo Simulation for Evaluating Airborne Collision Risk in Intersecting Runways

The Intersecting Operations simulation model was developed to derive a set of separation standards for converging or intersecting runway operations to statistically mitigate airborne collision risk. This simulation incorporates synthetic trajectory models that capture both the variability of observed flight trajectories and the effects of environmental parameters. Through repeated Monte Carlo trials, the simulation derives the relationship between a given spacing metric and the relative likelihood of an airborne collision. An analyst may use this method to develop a strategy that mitigates unacceptable risk by ensuring that aircraft avoid situations more likely to result in a midair collision.
The Production of Potent Antipneumococcic Serum in Rabbits

The cultivation of pneumococci in artificial mediums is not comparable to conditions as they exist in the tissues of an infected host. The in vitro growth may result in alterations in structure of the bacteria, or in the formation of bacterial metabolic products which may interfere with their antigenic properties. In order to circumvent this possibility an antigen was prepared by extracting the tissues of animals infected with pneumococci. Ross 1 has demonstrated that an active immunity can be produced in rats by feeding them tissues of animals dead from pneumococcic infection. He was of the opinion that such tissues contained a toxin, which when fed to a healthy animal might result in the production of an antitoxin. However, Ross found later that the feeding of live pneumococci from an artificial culture gave almost as good an immunity. Zinsser and Grinnell 2 attempted the immunization of horses by means of the blood-clot method. Their purpose was to obtain a localized growth of pneumococci within the animal body. It was thought that, by this method, a serum might be obtained which would have antitoxic properties, rather than purely antibacterial effects. The procedure described below combines some of the theoretical advantages of both the above methods. In the following experiments, rabbits were immunized by the inoculation of infected animal tissues, which had been previously ground, extracted, and treated with various antiseptics, in order to kill or attenuate the pneumococci present. The blood of the rabbits was finally tested for protective action against pneumococcic infection in white mice. The inoculation, rather than the feeding, of infected tissue extracts has a double advantage: it is a more favorable method, in general, for the production of immune bodies; it also precludes the possibility of the destruction of any toxin in the intestinal tract.
No Quick Fixes: A Mixed Methods Feasibility Study of an Urban Community Health Worker Outreach Program for Intimate Partner Violence

Community health workers (CHWs) provide peer support in diverse health care settings, but few studies have evaluated CHW interventions for intimate partner violence (IPV). We assessed the feasibility, acceptability, and safety of CHW outreach in four urban community health clinics and characterized the experiences and barriers to providing safe and effective services for women experiencing IPV. CHWs successfully enrolled and engaged IPV victims, who indicated satisfaction and increased safety with program participation. However, complex psychosocial barriers prevented many from achieving safety and security. More work is needed to assess the impact of well-integrated IPV-trained CHWs in primary care medical homes.
Distribution and time-space characteristics of coalbed gas composition in China

The gas content measurements in main coal mining areas are performed,while the gas samples are tested for gas compositions.Based on test results the geochemistry of gas compositions with the time-space changes is discussed,understanding the distribution characteristics of coalbed gas composition in horizontal and vertical directions.
The Effect of Ecological Changes in the Three Gorges Reservoir Areas on the Prevalence of Schistosomiasis

Objective To study the impact of the ecological changes in the three Gorges Reservoir areas on schistosomiasis prevalence and provide the science basis for preventing schistosomiasis. Method The 2 points that are in the middle segment (160 m altitude) and in the end segment (180 m altitude) were chosen. The Hubei oncomelanias and Sichuan oncomelanias were put into the irrigation area and sullage area that simulated the Reservoir after finish with the construction. The growth and propagation of oncomelanias were observed every month for 1 year. Individuals of the floating population in and out of the epidemic areas as the potential infection source of schistosomiasis were diagnosed for the schistosome infection by HIA and egg examination of feces. The livestock were investigated. The history of epidemic situation of Chongqing and schistosomiasis cases in the Three Gorges Hospital and the First Hospital of the Medical University of Chongqing were studied. The impact factors of imported snails were investigated. Result The survival rate was lower than 50% in few mouths and higher than 80% in most of the mouths. The mating rate of oncomelanias was low, but was relatively higher in March-June. The living young oncomelanias were found. 1075 people of the floating population from endemic areas of schistosomiasis were investigated. 1.77% of their serum samples were sero-positive for schistosome. 1030 people returning from endemic areas were investigated. 1.03% of their serum samples were sero-positive for schistosome. The 14 cases of schistosomiasis were diagnosed in the hospitals of Chongqing from 1989 to 2006. Large quantity of paper making material, flower, grass, and tree were imported into the Reservoir area. Conclusion There is the potential danger of increasing the schistosomiasis prevalence when the ecological environments are changed after the construction of the Three Gorges Reservoir.
Rice Seedling Liquid Agent on the Growth of Seedling

The experiments showed that seeding at the appropriate concentration of rice seedlings liquid agent-could promote the growth of rice seedlings ground and stems and leaves underground at the root of Health,of which 100 mL·m-2 spraying concentrations of treatment,from the Ruqi and milk from seven The two-day measurement of the height seedlings are the highest(16.38 cm),the fastest growth rate(0.65 cm /d),and rooting at the most,relative Each plant control of the multi-generation 2~4.
Incidence of Pneumothorax in Patients With Lymphangioleiomyomatosis Undergoing Pulmonary Function and Exercise Testing

Because pneumothorax is frequent in lymphangioleiomyomatosis, patients have expressed concerns regarding the risk of pneumothorax associated with pulmonary function or exercise testing. Indeed, pneumothorax has been reported in patients with lung disease after both of these tests. The aim of this study was to determine the incidence of pneumothorax in patients with lymphangioleiomyomatosis during admissions to the National Institutes of Health Clinical Research Center between 1995 and 2015. Medical records were reviewed to identify patients who had a pneumothorax during their stay at the National Institutes of Health. A total of 691 patients underwent 4,523 pulmonary function tests and 1,900 exercise tests. Three patients developed pneumothorax after pulmonary function tests and/or exercise tests. The incidence of pneumothorax associated with lung function testing was 0.14 to 0.29 of 100 patients or 0.02 to 0.04 of 100 tests. The incidence of pneumothorax in patients undergoing exercise testing was 0.14 to 0.28 of 100 patients or 0.05 to 0.10 of 100 tests. The risk of pneumothorax associated with pulmonary function or exercise testing in patients with lymphangioleiomyomatosis is low.
Regulation of paxillin-p130-PI3K-AKT signaling axis by Src and PTPRT impacts colon tumorigenesis

Protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor T (PTPRT) is frequently mutated in a variety of human cancers including colorectal cancer. Here we report that PTPRT knockout increases the size of mouse colon tumors in the Apcmin+/- genetic background, suggesting that inactivation of PTPRT promotes tumor progression. We previously demonstrated that PTPRT dephosphorylates paxillin at tyrosine-Y88 residue. Consistently, phosphorylation of Y88 paxillin (pY88) is up-regulated in colon tumors derived from Apcmin+/- Ptprt-/- mice. An important downstream effector of pY88 paxillin is the oncogene Akt. Here, we show that pY88 paxillin impacts the Akt pathway by regulating the interaction between p130cas and the p85 regulatory subunit of PI3-Kinase. Additionally, while pY88 paxillin is a substrate of the tumor suppressor phosphatase PTPRT, the corresponding kinase has not been previously identified. In this study, we demonstrate that the oncogenic kinase Src directly phosphorylates paxillin at Y88. Moreover, colorectal cancer cells that express high levels of pY88 paxillin are sensitive to dasatinib treatment, suggesting that pY88 paxillin may serve as a predictive biomarker for Src family kinase inhibitors.
Environmental Reviews and Case Studies: The National Park Service Visual Resource Inventory: Capturing the Historic and Cultural Values of Scenic Views

Several United States (US) federal agencies have developed visual resource inventory (VRI) and management systems that reflect specific agency missions and visual resource management objectives. Th...