cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Methylcobalamin and methylcobalt complexes of vitamin B12 model compounds as substrates in nucleophilic displacement reactions

Methylcobalamin and methylcobalt derivatives of vitamin B12 model compounds, in particular, the methylcobalt derivative of BF2-substituted bisdimethylglyoximatocobalt complexes, react with a variety of strong nucleophiles in a manner typical of nucleophilic displacement reactions, i.e., according to the equation: where Y− denotes the attacking nucleophile and (Co) the parent cobalt chelate. Nucleophiles which react in this fashion include: RS−, Cl−, Br−, I−, CN−, P(n-C4H9)3, P(C4H5)3, Se−. Higher alkylcobalt derivatives also react with strong nucleophiles, but by way of olefin elimination rather than nucleophilic displacement.
Crowds and Leisure: Thinking Comparatively Across the 20th Century

Comparative studies of the uses and changes of free time have been relatively rare in social history, especially in the 20th century. By reflecting on some of the ideas and findings generated by a new study that John Walton and Gary Cross conducted concerning the changes in the meanings and behaviors of playful crowds in the U.S. and Britain across the 20th century at Coney Island, Blackpool, Disneyland, and the Beamish Museum, this paper raises some of the possibilities and difficulties of doing a comparative social history of 20th century pleasure crowds. National and other differences will be considered in explaining why the Blackpool resort area survived much social change in the 20th century and Coney Island did not, as well as how Disneyland and the heritage site of Beamish reflected differing adaptations to middle class crowd and aesthetic sensibilities.
The patient with hormone-refractory prostate cancer: determining who, when, and how to treat

Abstract Hormone-refractory prostate cancer (HRPC) encompasses a wide spectrum of patients, including patients with prostate-specific antigen (PSA)–only disease, those with increasing PSA levels yet stable metastatic disease, and those with increasing PSA levels and objective evidence of progressive metastases. Unfortunately, with the historical lack of effective therapy in this population, the oncologist is faced with few data with which to make difficult clinical decisions. Although our understanding of the biology of androgen independence continues to improve, and our fund of potential therapeutic agents has widened, multiple trial-specific and patient-specific obstacles have contributed to the difficulty in demonstrating clear benefit to therapy. Herein, we will review the biology of androgen-independent prostate cancer, the historical impediments to clinical trials in this population, and the reasons to treat, or not to treat, the patient with HRPC.
β-Adrenergic Receptor Control of Rat Pineal Hydroxyindole-O-Methyltransferase

The nature of the postsynaptic adrenergic receptor on rat pinealocytes which controls hydroxyindole-O-methyltransferase (HIOMT) activity was studied. This enzyme is involved in the synthesis of the pineal hormone melatonin. Adrenergic drugs were administered continuously for a 7-day period to rats in which neural stimulation of the pineal gland was blocked by either superior cervical ganglionectomy or exposure to constant light. l-Isoproterenol, a beta-adrenergic agonist, prevented the fall in enzyme activity that occurs when neural stimulation is interrupted; d-isoproterenol was ineffective. The potency order of different adrenergic agonists was d,l-isoproterenol greater than l-norepinephrine greater than l-epinephrine. Terbutaline, a selective beta 2-adrenergic agonist, was ineffective. The selective alpha 1-adrenergic agonists phenylephrine and methoxamine and the alpha 2-agonist clonidine were also ineffective. High doses of the beta-adrenergic blocker propranolol antagonized the effect of isoproterenol and caused a fall in HIOMT activity in normal rats housed under normal diurnal lighting. This in vivo evidence is consistent with the hypothesis that the neural control of pineal HIOMT is mediated via a beta-adrenergic receptor.
Invasion of the lyme disease vector ixodes scapularis: Implications for Borrelia burgdorferi endemicity

Lyme disease risk is increasing in the United States due in part to the spread of blacklegged ticks Ixodesscapularis, the principal vector of the spirochetal pathogen Borreliaburgdorferi. A 5-year study was undertaken to investigate hypothesized coinvasion of I. scapularis and B. burgdorferi in Lower Michigan. We tracked the spatial and temporal dynamics of the tick and spirochete using mammal, bird, and vegetation drag sampling at eight field sites along coastal and inland transects originating in a zone of recent I.scapularis establishment. We document northward invasion of these ticks along Michigan’s west coast during the study period; this pattern was most evident in ticks removed from rodents. B.burgdorferi infection prevalences in I.scapularis sampled from vegetation in the invasion zone were 9.3% and 36.6% in nymphs and adults, respectively, with the majority of infection (95.1%) found at the most endemic site. There was no evidence of I. scapularis invasion along the inland transect; however, low-prevalence B.burgdorferi infection was detected in other tick species and in wildlife at inland sites, and at northern coastal sites in years before the arrival of I.scapularis. These infections suggest that cryptic B.burgdorferi transmission by other vector-competent tick species is occurring in the absence of I.scapularis. Other Borrelia spirochetes, including those that group with B. miyamotoi and B. andersonii, were present at a low prevalence within invading ticks and local wildlife. Reports of Lyme disease have increased significantly in the invasion zone in recent years. This rapid blacklegged tick invasion—measurable within 5 years—in combination with cryptic pathogen maintenance suggests a complex ecology of Lyme disease emergence in which wildlife sentinels can provide an early warning of disease emergence.
Study of an Impurity Mode Using Specific-Heat Measurements

The low-frequency impurity mode in KCl: Li first observed through thermal-conductivity measurements by Baumann has been studied by measuring the specific heat between 0.06 and 2.0\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K for lithium concentrations from 2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{17}$ to 8\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{18}$${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$. The specific-heat anomaly is of the Schottky type. In crystals doped with ${\mathrm{Li}}^{6}$Cl, the anomaly peaks at a temperature 40% higher than in crystals doped with ${\mathrm{Li}}^{7}$Cl. This large isotope effect proves the correctness of the model proposed by Lombardo and Pohl according to which this mode is caused by the tunneling of the substitutional ${\mathrm{Li}}^{+}$ ion between several equivalent off-center equilibrium sites. The influence of a static electric field on the specific-heat anomaly has also been studied. It can be explained through a polarization of the tunneling states. The analysis of our data is based on the calculations by Gomez, Bowen, and Krumhansl, and by Devonshire. We conclude that the zero-field tunnel splitting is ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$ eV (0.82 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$), that the potential minima between which the ion can tunnel are displaced by 1.2 \AA{} in the $〈111〉$ directions from the center of the potassium vacancy, and that the effective positive charge ${e}^{*}$ of the lithium ion is 0.5 of the electronic charge, with an error of \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}10%. At high concentrations the anomaly broadens. This is interpreted through a concentration-dependent stress broadening of the tunneling states. The data provide no evidence for a dipole-dipole interaction of a ferroelectric type. Contrary to the prediction by Quigley and Das, no tunneling states have been observed through specific-heat measurements in KBr: Li. Hence, it is concluded that the reason for the occurrence of a central instability of impurity ions is still not fully understood.
Empirical process modeling technique for signal validation

Abstract Some techniques for fault detection involve the comparison of measured process signals with independent estimates. The prediction of process variables can be achieved either by physical or empirical modeling of a plant subsystem. An automated procedure for generating empirical process models is developed here. Independent prediction of critical signals is required for consistency checking of instrument outputs, for their degradation monitoring and for isolating common-mode failures. The steady-state empirical models are developed using data from different steady-state conditions. Signal anomaly is identified by comparing the error between the model-based prediction and the actual measurement with a fuzzy function (curve) utilizing the signal tolerance as a threshold. In the event a signal is declared as failed, the predicted estimate is used as input to a control/safety system or for display to an operator. Application of the methodology to signal validation using operational data from a commercial PWR and the EBR-II is presented.
Structure of silane coupling agents adsorbed on silicon powder

The molecular structure of γ-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (γ-APS) coupling agent was studied on silicon powder by diffuse reflectance Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The coupling agents are chemically bound to the surface in two ways; (1) the Si-OH groups forming Si-O-Si bonds and (2) hydrogen bonding through the organofunctional groups of the coupling agent with surface S-OH groups. There are structural differences between the chemisorbed silane molecules (interacting directly with the substrate) and the physisorbed silane molecules. These differences can be summarized as follows: (1) the chemisorbed silanes are bound to the surface through Si-O-SiO 2 bonds, while the physisorbed layers are bound to each other through Si-O-Si bonds; (2) the chemisorbed layers are less condensed than the physisorbed layers; and (3) the amine groups of the chemisorbed layer are hydrogen-bonded to the surface in the NH 3 + form while in the physisorbed layers it is free NH 2 or in an aminebicarbonate salt form NH 3 + (HCO 3 ) − . The formation of the Si-O-SiO 2 bond is responsible for the hydrothermal stability of the γ-APS coupling agent.
Trickster, Hero, Helper: A Report on the Lawyer Image

This study presents evidence that there are three distinct images of lawyers that are held by both lawyers and the public. The lawyers' professional subculture and values are explored through examination of the three images and their interrelationships as seen from differing perspectives. Implications are drawn concerning issues of lawyer identity, social responsibility, lawyer-client relations, and the unity of the bar. The images are related to other symbolic structures, including the adversary system, the family, and Western myth.
Medication Associated with Hearing Loss: 25 Years of Medical Malpractice Cases in the United States

ObjectivesMany medications have the potential for ototoxicity. To potentiate management of this risk, this study examines malpractice litigation trends of lawsuits involving hearing loss associated with medication use. As experts in hearing loss, it may benefit otolaryngologists to be familiar with this information.Study DesignRetrospective review.SettingAll US civil trials.Subjects and MethodsCourt records of legal trials from 1987 to 2012 were obtained from 2 major computerized databases. Data were compiled on the demographics of the defendant and plaintiff, use of otolaryngologists as expert witnesses, medication used, legal allegations, verdicts, and judgments.ResultsForty-six unique cases met inclusion criteria and were selected for review. Antibiotics (72%), specifically aminoglycosides (47%), were the most common medications cited as causing hearing loss. Eleven (22%) cases were resolved through a settlement before a verdict was reached. Verdicts in favor of the plaintiffs (37%) were awarded an ave...
Calibration procedures for evaluation of in-flight radiometry performance of thermal infrared satellite sensors

With the impending launch of several new satellite sensors with thermal channels, there is a renewed interest in evaluating the in-flight calibration of these sensors using ground truth or under flight validation techniques. The relatively rapid temporal variation of surface temperatures, coupled with the increased calibration requirements levied by some of the science applications, place a considerable burden on the calibration team. This paper addresses procedures under development to ensure the rigorous in-flight calibration of satellite sensors in the thermal region. These efforts are directed at Landsat 7, but are intended for use with any thermal sensor and particularly address sensors with multiple spectral channels. The paper addresses laboratory calibration techniques for calibration of transfer radiometers, laboratory calibration of reference blackbodies for use in field or under flight applications, calibration of under flight instrumentation and under flight (vicarious) methods for calibration of space-based instrumentation. The methods are presented in the context of the more limited procedures that were used for under flight calibration of the HCMM and Landsat 4 and 5 sensors. A particular emphasis is placed on the importance of spectral structure in the calibration process which is critical for multi-wavelength or narrow wavelength sensors. The calibration facility at RIT for calibration of the modular imaging spectrometer instrument that will under fly Landsat 7 is described in detail, along with full calibration procedures. Issues associated with selection of target surfaces (size, emissivity, and temporal stability) for vicarious calibration also are discussed, along with our approach for addressing these issues to evaluate the in-flight performance of Landsat 7. Previous efforts have demonstrated that calibration using similar approaches could achieve expected errors of approximately 1 K. This paper addresses refinements designed to significantly reduce the residual errors in the calibration process.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The oxidation of dithiothreitol by peroxidases and oxygen

Abstract Horseradish peroxidase (1.11.1.7), lactoperoxidase (1.11.1.7), and the fragment of cytochrome c known as microperoxidase have been shown to catalyze the oxidation of reduced dithiothreitol in an oxygen-consuming reaction. Evidence for horseradish peroxidase intermediates compound III and compound II has been observed, although ferroperoxidase was not identified during the course of the reaction. The stoichiometry has been established as 1 : 1 for oxygen consumed to dithiothreitol oxidized. Cysteine and glutathione have also been shown to be substrates for horseradish peroxidase oxidase reaction.
In-line respeciation : an ion-exchange ion chromatographic method applied to the separation of degradation products of chemical warfare nerve agents in soil

The natural background of anions encountered when analyzing soil samples by ion chromatography (IC) present significant problems in the separation, detection and quantification of isopropyl methylphosphonic acid (IMPA) and methylphosphonic acid (MPA), the degradation products of sarin, a chemical warfare nerve agent. Using chemically-suppressed IC with conductivity detection, a commercially available ion-exchange column, and an isocratic binary eluent system, IMPA and MPA were determined in aqueous extracts of soil at sub-ppm (μg/g) concentrations without the need for gradient elution or organic solvent eluent modifiers. Common soil anions such as chloride, nitrate, sulfate and phosphate do not interfere with the analysis method due to the composition of the binary eluent allowing for greater mobilization of multivalent anions (e.g., MPA, carbonate, and sulfate) while monovalent anions (e.g., IMPA and nitrate) are relatively unaffected. Carbonate is selectively removed by in-line respeciation to bicarbonate.
Time-dependent tomography of heliospheric features using the three-dimensional reconstruction techniques developed for the solar mass ejection imager (SMEI)

Precise photometric images of the heliosphere are expected from the Air Force/NASA Solar Mass Ejection Imager (SMEI) now scheduled for launch in February 2003, and the all-sky cameras proposed for other NASA missions. To optimize the information available from these instruments, we are developing tomographic techniques for analyzing remote sensing observations of heliospheric density as observed in Thomson scattering (e.g. using the Helios photometer data) for eventual use with SMEI. We have refined the tomography program to enable us to analyze time-dependent phenomena, such as the evolution of corotating heliospheric structures and more discrete events such as coronal mass ejections. Both types of phenomena are discerned in our data, and are reconstructed in three dimensions. We use our tomography technique to study the interaction of these phenomena as they move outward from the Sun for several events that have been studied by multiple spacecraft in situ observations and other techniques.
Controller Design in a Fuel-Cell Powered Automobile

Abstract Abstract In this paper, the control problems that arise during dynamic operation of a fuel-cell powered automobile, are analyzed. In particular, it is shown that there are three distinct control problems that need to be solved when the power demand fluctuates. A logic-based switching controller is proposed that switches to the battery backup when the fuel cell is unable to provide the necessary power to the motor. An adaptive controller is developed based on a linear model that adjusts the hydrogen flow into the fuel cell in response to changing power demand. Finally, a thermal controller is developed based on a nonlinear model that regulates the temperature of the fuel cell. Interaction between these controllers is analyzed via simulations under realistic road conditions.
Reconsolidation: Does the Past Linger on?

A recent alternative to the storage and retrieval interpretations of reconsolidation ([Nader, 2003][1]; [Millin et al., 2001][2]) posits that postreactivation amnesia may, in fact, reflect a disruption of processes activated during training and persist beyond the time windows classically ascribed to
Maltreatment of children born to teenage mothers: A comparison between the 1960s and 1980s†‡

Objective : To determine whether the rates or the reporting of maltreatment ofchildren born to teenage mothers changed from the 1960s to the 1980s. Design : Comparison of two cohorts. Setting : Ambulatory services of Yale-New Haven Hospital, New Haven, Conn. Patients : Consecutive children born to black teenage mothers; the "early" cohort comprised 148 children born from September 1967 through June 1969, and the "late" cohort, 159 children born from October 1979 through December 1981. Outcome measures : Each injury for which the child was medically evaluated from birth to 5 years of age was categorized by predefined criteria as follows: maltreatment (abuse, neglect, or sexual abuse), household violence, unintentional injury-neglect, unintentional injury, or insufficient information. Results : The rates of maltreatment in the early cohort and in the late cohort were similar: 12.8% versus 10.7% (relative risk (RR)=0.83; 95% confidence interval (CI)=0.45, 1.54). The rates of unintentional injury also were similar: 52% in the early cohort versus 60% in the late cohort (RR=1.17; 95% Cl=0.96,1.43). In contrast, 30% of the episodes of maltreatment were reported to the state protective service agency in the early cohort versus 65% of episodes in the late cohort (RR=2.14; 95% Cl=1.08, 4.26). Conclusion : Among children born to teenage, black, inner-city women, the rates of child maltreatment are similar from the late 1960s to the 1980s. The increased rates of reporting of maltreatment reflect increased rates of recognition by clinicians, rather than true increases in prevalence.
Factors Contributing to the Successful Implementation of a Community College Service Learning Program: Proactive Leadership, Program Infrastructure, Professional Development, and Program Evaluation

This case study will focus on the implementation of a community college service learning program with special emphasis placed upon four central factors. A major factor impacting the launch of this program was the presence of a proactive leadership. These leaders were well-versed in service learning methodology and philosophy, committed to securing campus-wide support, and acted as mentors/recruiters of promising service learning faculty members. Additionally, the leadership was actively engaged in the development of program infrastructure, which included the appointment of director, coordinator, and service learning council membership. Regarding professional development, it was imperative to provide opportunities to faculty who were involved with the service learning program in order to ensure curricular integrity, adherence to the service learning methodology, and commitment to the spirit of the service learning philosophy. Program evaluation was a crucial element in ascertaining both strengths and chall...
Software tools and test data for research and testing of page-reading OCR systems

We announce the availability of the UNLV/ISRI Analytic Tools for OCR Evaluation together with a large and diverse collection of scanned document images with the associated ground-truth text. This combination of tools and test data will allow anyone to conduct a meaningful test comparing the performance of competing page-reading algorithms. The value of this collection of software tools and test data is enhanced by knowledge of the past performance of several systems using exactly these tools and this data. These performance comparisons were published in previous ISRI Test Reports and are also provided. Another value is that the tools can be used to test the character accuracy of any page-reading OCR system for any language included in the Unicode standard. The paper concludes with a summary of the programs, test data, and documentation that is available and gives the URL where they can be located.
Parameterization in Life Cycle Assessment inventory data: review of current use and the representation of uncertainty

Purpose Parameterization refers to the practice of presenting Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) data using raw data and formulas instead of computed numbers in unit process datasets within databases. This paper reviews parameterization methods in the European Reference Life Cycle Data System (ELCD), ecoinvent v3, and the US Department of Agriculture's Digital Commons with the intent of providing a basis for continued methodological and coding advances.
A no-slip interface crack in a shear field

Abstract Solutions are given for an interface crack having no-slip zones near the crack tips and whose surfaces are loaded in pure shear and combined tension-shear. The interface crack is found to open at two places with part of the smooth region in contact, provided that the tension/shear ratio is small enough. The crack tip stress-intensity factors are related by the Dundurs' constant. Numerical calculations were performed with material constants which pertain to an example of the cancellous bone/PMMA interfaces.
The emergence of endothermy in the black-footed and Laysan albatrosses

Eggs with pip-holes of the black-footed (Diomedea nigripes) and Laysan (Diomedea immutabilis) albatrosses were exposed to various air temperatures in the range 20–35°C in order to detect signs of incipient endothermy in late embryos. No evidence of endothermy was found. In contrast, the O2 consumption of most hatchlings increased in response to cooling, the O2 consumption at an air temperature of 25° C exceeding that between 34 and 35°C by 40%. In a minority of hatchlings this response was not seen. It was suggested that endothermy may develop at some time during the 24 h after hatching.
The estimation of the pK∗HA of acids in seawater using the Pitzer equations

Abstract The equations of Pitzer have been used to calculate the stoichiometric ionization constants, pK∗HA, for acids in NaCl media at 25°C. The calculated results for the ionization of HAc, H2O, B(OH)3, H2CO−3, H3PO4, H2PO−4, HPO2−4, H3AsO4, H2AsO−4 and HAsO2−4 are in good agreement with the measured values, providing higher order interaction terms (θ and ψ) are used. The pK∗HA measurements of these acids in NaCl media containing Mg2+ and Ca2+ were used to determine Pitzer specific interaction parameters at I = 0.7. With these Pitzer coefficients, it was possible to make reliable estimates for the activity coefficients of anions in seawater (S = 35) that form strong interactions with Mg2+ and Ca2+. The calculated activity coefficients yield reliable estimates for the pK∗HA of acids in seawater.
α1-Fetoprotein: Separation of two molecular variants by affinity chromatography with concanavalin A-agarose

Abstract α1-Fetoprotein present in fetal/newborn rat serum and in hepatoma-bearing human serum has been resolved into two molecular variants by concanavalin A-agarose affinity chromatography. The concanavalin A-reactive variant has been purified by gel filtration column chromatography, preparative block electrophoresis and immunoadsorption affinity chromatography.
Preoperative radiation therapy. A plan for combined therapy by the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group and the Central Oncology Group.

Cancer of the rectum and sigmoid colon ranks second to lung cancer as the major cause of death in man. Radical surgical treatment has shown no significant improvement in the last 20 years. Radiation therapy was first utilized in the treatment as early as 1914 and has been explored by numerous investigators, either as an adjuvant to surgical resection or for palliation. There is a sound radiobiologic basis for the combined use of preoperative radiation therapy and surgery in the treatment of resectable carcinoma of the rectum. This program of management must be of the highest quality in planning and delivery, with proper attention to the limits of tolerance of the gastrointestinal viscera. The Veterans Administration Surgical Adjuvant Cancer Study Group reported a significant reduction in the finding of positive lymph nodes in patients pre-operatively irradiated (27%) compared with the control treated by surgery alone (40%). The 5-year survival for the preoperatively irradiated group was 40% vs. 27.5% for the surgical group. These data have been confirmed by other investigators. The Radiation Therapy Oncology Group and the Central Oncology Group have initiated a national joint program to evaluate preoperative radiation therapy in patients with carcinoma of the rectum and rectosigmoid. The objectives are to determine the efficacy of preoperative adjuvant radiation therapy, the rate of recurrence, the time of recurrence, and survival in patients treated surgically for this disease.
Letter to the editor: comments on "supersolvable frame-matroid and graphic-lift lattices" by T. Zaslavsky [European journal of combinatorics 22 (2001) 119]

To characterize supersolvable frame matroids, Zaslavsky, in his 2001 paper "Supersolvable frame-matroid and graphic-lift lattices", utilizes a classification of their modular copoints. Unfortunately, one type of modular copoint is missing in the classification. We correct the modular copoint theorem and show that the supersolvability theorem is not affected, while giving a simpler proof.
Optimal Feedback Flow Rates for Pedestrian Evacuation in a Network of Corridors

This paper presents a methodology for the computation of optimal feedback flow rates (flow velocities and flow discharges) for pedestrian evacuation from a network of corridors using network-wide pedestrian congestion data. The pedestrian flow is defined in a macroscopic sense, wherein ordinary differential equations (ODEs) for each corridor and node are obtained using the conservation of pedestrian mass. The effect of congestion on the flow velocities and discharges in the corridor and the corridor intersections is explicitly modeled. Collectively, these corridor and node equations define the state-space model of the pedestrian flow in the network. The state variables signify the congestion in a corridor or an intersection, whereas the control variables directly affect the flow velocities and the flow discharges. For this model, an optimization-based control algorithm is developed to ensure a maximum total instantaneous input discharge that is subject to tracking the optimal congestion state and boundedness of the control variables. A comparison of the simulation results in the controlled and uncontrolled scenarios shows superior performance in the controlled case due to convergence to the optimal congestion state and consistently high network input and exit discharges.
Ungoverned space? Examining the FARC's interactions with local populations in Northern Ecuador

The Ecuadorian state has long been absent from the regions along its northern border with Colombia. I argue that this lack of state presence has allowed non-state armed groups and criminal organizations space to not only operate from these areas, but also, to challenge and change the relationship between local populations and the Ecuadorian state. After reviewing theoretical approaches to concepts of changing security paradigms and ungoverned space, the article details the conditions that have allowed armed groups, specifically the FARC, to take advantage of the lack of state presence along Ecuador's northern border.
Ontogeny of sleep and wake states in the rabbit.

Abstract Behavioural state organization in the rabbit from birth to 30 days is described. Rabbits were observed individually and judgment of the predominant state and occurrence of specific behaviours were recorded every 10 s. The following states were defined: active waking, quiet waking, drowse, active sleep without REM, REM-active sleep, quiet sleep, indefinite, Q-state, and freeze stare. A second study obtained a quantitative description of behavioural state development. Wake time increases with age are associated with an increase in duration of waking episodes; sleep remains relatively constant in duration, while the number of episodes decreases. Active sleep decreases with age, but the percentage of active sleep that is REM-active sleep increases with age. Sleep states are asymptotic by the third week. These findings confirm and extend those derived from electrophysiological recordings.
Photosynthesis and seed production under water-deficit conditions in transgenic tobacco plants that overexpress an Arabidopsis ascorbate peroxidase gene

An underlying mechanism for reductions in crop yield under stress conditions is excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that can damage lipids, nucleic adds, and proteins, leading to disruption of physiological processes. The aim of this study was to determine whether overexpression of the gene for a peroxisomal antioxidant enzyme, ascorbate peroxidase 3 (APX3), could provide protection of photosynthesis during drought when the potential rises for excessive photorespiratory H 2 O 2 production. Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) plants were transformed to constitutively overexpress the Arabidopsis thaliana gene for APX3. Following repeated water-deficit cycles, fruit number and seed mass of transgenic plants were significantly higher than those of control plants. In another experiment, water deficit was developed gradually by reducing, in stages, the extent to which water lost was replenished. Genotypic differences in gas-exchange parameters were observed at the 25% replenishment stage and at 5 h after severely stressed plants were rewatered. At these times, transgenic plants exhibited greater rates of CO 2 assimilation (A), stomatal conductance (g 8 ), and internal CO 2 (C ? ) to atmospheric CO 2 (C a ) concentration than control plants, suggesting that differences in A were controlled by differences in g, Although these data did not support the idea that overexpression of the gene for APX3 enhances protection of the photosynthetic apparatus during water deficit, overexpression of APX3 may affect other cellular metabolisms that result in higher A under moderate water-deficit conditions and therefore higher seed mass after repeated water-deficit treatments.
The rate and manner of seawater ingestion by a marine teleost and corresponding seawater modification by the gut

Abstract 1. 1. The drinking rate (DR) and behavior of a marine teleost and gut modification of ingested seawater (SW) were examined. 2. 2. DR varied within and among experimental groups. 3. 3. DR appeared to increase with the animals' capture duration suggesting that the water permeability of the animal was changing after capture. 4. 4. The volume, resident duration and physico-chemical modification of SW in the upper and lower gut were consistent over the broad range of DRs. The animals appeared to have an intermittent drinking behavior. 5. 5. A non-passive, desalting process was evidenced in the upper gut.
Scanning calorimetry of complex biological structures

Abstract Scanning calorimetry, a method long used in polymer chemistry and more recently in membrane studies, is now gaining increased use in biochemical studies on the stability, conformations and interactions of complex structures of proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates and lipids.
Evaluation of the air quality in seven urban areas

Abstract CAMP data on air pollutants for 1966 through 1974 and data from selected cities over the same period were analyzed and used in an air quality index based on the root‐mean‐square of the normalized pollutant values. Trends in urban air quality over this period were evaluated and the primary pollutants in each city identified. Only sulfur dioxide (SO2), oxidants, nitrogen oxides (NO), and carbon monoxide (CO) were included in the index because these were the only gaseous pollutants for which sufficient data were widely available. Particulates were omitted despite abundant data because of a lack of standards for particle size composition and distribution with respect to health severity factors. In general, the air quality as here, identified, of the seven cities tested is not changing. The air quality is cyclic yearly and seasonly with the worst air quality severity (highest index value) occurring during the winter season. NOx and CO are responsible for most of the pollution occurring in the winter s...
A Risk-Aware Decision Model for Service Sourcing (Short Paper)

With cloud computing becoming more than a buzz word and other modern IT service solutions catching on in enterprise environments, decision support models lag behind. Modern IT service landscapes with their loosely coupled services, short-term contracting and on-demand service provisioning have added an additional layer of complexity in service sourcing decision processes and thus require a new form of risk management and decision support for service sourcing. The necessity to determine the right service and provider combination for any given situation in a timely fashion has become even more eminent. The contribution of this research is a decision model for service sourcing that integrates risk and cost information of innovative software services into the decision rationale.
How do coral reefs recover

A key challenge for ecologists is to understand why ecosystems are being degraded and how to restore their natural structure and function. On page 892 of this issue, Dixson et al. ( 1 ) use an impressive series of experiments to determine whether chemical signals in seawater from corals and seaweeds affect the behavior and settlement choices of juvenile corals and fish. The results reveal the surprising ability of dispersing reef larvae to detect habitat quality under well-controlled conditions. However, differences with previous research suggest that we are a long way from understanding where this ability fits into the complex settlement process and what it means for reef restoration and recovery.
Political entrepreneurship: Jefferson, Bayard, and the election of 1800

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate that an implication of Holcombe’s (2002) model is a “revolution trap.” This paper extends Holcombe’s model adding Klein’s concept of entrepreneurship as judgment concerning the use of heterogeneous political capital. The authors use the case of the USA presidential election of 1800 to demonstrate the utility of the extension, and to discuss how political entrepreneurship served to prevent a revolution trap. The political entrepreneurship of 1800 established the precedent of peaceful transition of power in the USA, which opened the door to the rapid economic development of the early nineteenth century. Design/methodology/approach – This is a historical case study using letters, newspapers, pamphlets, and other pieces of empirical evidence to highlight an important moment of political entrepreneurship. Findings – Many contemporary observers predicted that the USA would devolve into continuous revolution, which the authors argue Holcombe’s (2002) model pr...
Mitochondrial biochemical events in a synchronized mammalian cell population.

Abstract L5178Y cells were synchronized and protein, glycoprotein, DNA and RNA synthesis in the mitochondria were measured. Mitochondrial synthesis in vivo in the intact L5178Y cell, and in vitro in isolated mitochondria from synchronous L5178Y cells was measured. In vivo mitochondrial protein synthesis occurred primarily in G1 and G2; in vitro the synthesis by the isolated mitochondria of protein occurred only in G1. Mitochondrial DNA synthesis in vivo occurred in S and G2; in vitro DNA synthesis was greatest in the G2 period. RNA synthesis in vivo occurred with three peaks of activity, two in S and one in G2; in vitro only the G2 synthesis was prominent. Glycoprotein synthesis in the L5178Y cell mitochondria in vivo occurred in G1, S, G2; in vitro the major synthesis was confined to G1. Two mitochondrial enzymes, succinic dehydrogenase and monoamine oxidase were found to be S peak enzymes in the synchronized L5178Y cells.
Diagnostic model processor: Using deep knowledge for process fault diagnosis

Many recent attempts to use expert systems for process fault diagnosis have included information derived from deep knowledge. This information is generally implemented as a rule-based expert system. Drawbacks of this architecture are a lack of generality, poor handling of novel situations, and a lack of transparency. An algorithm called the diagnostic model processor is introduced; it uses the satisfaction of model equations from process plants to arrive at the most likely fault condition. The method is generalized by the process model and diagnostic methodology being separated. The architecture addresses each of the shortcomings discussed. Experiments show that the methodology is capable of correctly identifying fault situations. Furthermore, information is derived from an a priori analysis technique, which is used to show the degree to which different faults can be discriminated based on the model equations available. The results of this analysis add further insight into the diagnoses provided by the diagnostic model processor.
Solving Certain Nonconvex Quadratic Minimization Problems by Ranking the Extreme Points

Certain types of quadratic programs with linear constraints have the property that an extreme point of the convex set of feasible solutions is an optimal solution. This paper presents a procedure for solving these problems, it involves determining a related linear program having the same constraints, the extreme-point-ranking approach of Murty is then applied to this linear program to obtain an optimum solution to the quadratic program.
MIDWIFERY AS A MODEL FOR ECOLOGICAL ETHICS: EXPANDING ARTHUR PEACOCKE'S MODELS OF “MAN‐IN‐CREATION”

. In Creation and the World of Science (1979) scientist-theologian Arthur Peacocke asks what the role of humanity might be in relation to creation if conceived within the scientific perspective that favors the theological paradigm of the panentheistic God-world relationship. Deeming roles such as dominion and steward as liable to distortion toward a hierarchical understanding of humanity's relation to the rest of creation, Peacocke proposes seven other roles to express the proper relationship of humanity to the cosmos in panentheistic relation to its Creator. Although each of these models has merit within a panentheistic paradigm, Peacocke and the paradigm itself suggest that the panentheistic model of God in relation to an evolving cosmos may be most effectively imaged through a model of female procreativity. In keeping with this proposal, I develop the understanding of humanity's ecologically ethical role in relation to the evolving cosmos in terms of the midwife to the process of procreation. I evaluate the efficacy of the midwife as a paradigm for ecological ethics by means of several criteria, including the propositions of the Earth Charter, “a declaration of fundamental principles for building a just, sustainable, and peaceful global society in the 21st century” (Earth Initiative 2000).
The Coming Wave: Multicomputers

For some time now, information specialists have felt that networking is the solution to the problem of information exchange; however, due to the cost, acquiring this ability has been impractical for most of the small to medium sized information centers. These information centers have been "locked out" of the technology of the day and "chained" to the world of paper (Fig. 1). With the advent of the "multicomputer," information specialists now have the multi-user tool needed for automating information banks and making them available to anyone, anywhere, at anytime. This will revolutionize the information flow and make available to the end user massive amounts of information. Information centers can now provide online access to their files and, if desired, downloading capabilities.
COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT POSTMORTEM TEMPERATURES AND DISSECTION PROCEDURES ON SHEAR VALUES OF UNAGED AND AGED AVIAN AND OVINE MUSCLES

Pre-rigor dissected turkey muscles when heated in the rigor state had higher shear values than similarly heated rigor dissected controls. This difference was eliminated by aging. There was no difference in shear values between unaged and aged muscles which were dissected after rigor mortis. Chilling or freezing-thawing either pre-rigor or rigor dissected turkey muscles caused no increase in shear values. Aging these muscles produced no significant change in shear values. Turkey semi-tendinosus muscle which entered rigor after pre-rigor dissection had significantly higher shear values than the contralateral muscles which entered rigor in a stretched position. Aging for 7 days removed these differences in shear values. Shear values increased on heating unaged or aged (3 days) turkey pectoralis muscle between 50 and 100°C. The appearance of the curves for the unaged and aged muscles was similar. The effect of aging ovine muscles did not produce the same pronounced change in shear values that was obtained on the turkey muscles.
Estimators of Severity Factors in a Multiplicative Poisson Model

Abstract Let Yij (i=1, …, li i=1, …, J) be independent Poisson random variables, with expectations λ= αiβji where Σαi = l. Such a model is called σ multiplicative Poisson; its factor parameters αi, are called severity factors, and β, are called intensity factors. The article concentrates on the problem of estimating the severity factors αi. Two types of estimators of αi are derived, Bayes and least-squares-maximum-likelihood. The expectations and mean square errors of these estimators are given and their relative efficiency is tabulated. The intensity factors β; are estimated from Ti = Σ Ii=1 yij, which are independent and have Poisson distributions with expectations θj = lβj, according to the common procedures.
BCL2 Suppresses PARP1 Function and Nonapoptotic Cell Death

BCL2 suppresses apoptosis by binding the BH3 domain of proapoptotic factors and thereby regulating outer mitochondrial membrane permeabilization. Many tumor types, including B-cell lymphomas and chronic lymphocytic leukemia, are dependent on BCL2 for survival but become resistant to apoptosis after treatment. Here, we identified a direct interaction between the antiapoptotic protein BCL2 and the enzyme PARP1, which suppresses PARP1 enzymatic activity and inhibits PARP1-dependent DNA repair in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma cells. The BH3 mimetic ABT-737 displaced PARP1 from BCL2 in a dose-dependent manner, reestablishing PARP1 activity and DNA repair and promoting nonapoptotic cell death. This form of cell death was unaffected by resistance to single-agent ABT-737 that results from upregulation of antiapoptotic BCL2 family members. On the basis of the ability of BCL2 to suppress PARP1 function, we hypothesized that ectopic BCL2 expression would kill PARP inhibitor-sensitive cells. Strikingly, BCL2 expression reduced the survival of PARP inhibitor-sensitive breast cancer and lung cancer cells by 90% to 100%, and these effects were reversed by ABT-737. Taken together, our findings show that a novel interaction between BCL2 and PARP1 blocks PARP1 enzymatic activity and suppresses PARP1-dependent repair. Targeted disruption of the BCL2-PARP1 interaction therefore may represent a potential therapeutic approach for BCL2-expressing tumors resistant to apoptosis.
Predator—Prey Relationships on Apiaceae at an Organic Farm

Orius insidiosus (Say) and O. pumilio (Champion) were confirmed to be sympatric in north central Florida as the major predators of the Florida flower thrips, Frankliniella bispinosa (Morgan), on flowers of Queen Anne's lace, Daucus carota L. and false Queen Anne's lace, Ammi majus L. F. bispinosa was the predominant thrips observed on both flowers but colonized D. carota to a greater extent and earlier in the season than A. majus. Despite differences in the abundance of F. bispinosa on the two plants, neither Orius species showed host plant affinities. Population profiles for the thrips and Orius spp. followed a density dependent response of prey to predator with a large initial prey population followed by a rapid decline as the predator populations increased. The temporal increases in Orius spp. populations during the flowering season suggest that they were based on reproductive activity. As observed in a previous study, O. insidiosus had a larger population than O. pumilio and also had a predominantly male population on the flowers. By examining carcasses of the prey, there appeared to be no sexual preference of the thrips as prey by the Orius spp. as the prey pattern followed the demographics of the thrips sex ratio. Few immatures of either thrips or Orius spp. were observed on D. carota or A. majus, which suggests that oviposition and nymphal development occurred elsewhere. Based on these findings, D. carota and A. majus could serve as a banker plant system for Orius spp.
A content-based image retrieval system for fish taxonomy

It is estimated that less than ten percent of the world's species have been discovered and described. The main reason for the slow pace of new species description is that the science of taxonomy, as traditionally practiced, can be very laborious: taxonomists have to manually gather and analyze data from large numbers of specimens, often from broad geographic areas, and identify the smallest subset of external body characters that uniquely diagnoses the new species as distinct from all its known relatives. The pace of data gathering and analysis in taxonomy can be greatly increased by the development of information technology. The Internet is being used to link taxonomists,taxonomic literature and specimen databases in different parts of the globe, and hence enables the development of tools for remote study of specimens archived as digital images. In this paper, we propose a content-based image retrieval system for taxonomic research. The system has a learning component that can identify representative body shape characters of known species based on digitized landmarks. The system can also provide statistical clues for assisting taxonomists to identify new species or subspecies. The experiments on a taxonomic problem involving species of suckers in the genera Carpiodes demonstrate promising results.