cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
COMPREHENSIVE APPRAISAL OF DROUGHT RESISTANCE OF DONGXIANG WILD RICE(Oryza rufipogon Griff.) BIL POPULATION AT BOOTING STAGE

Using a set of backcross inbred lines(BIL) population(BC1F12) derived from Xieqingzao B(Xqz B) / Dongxiang wild rice(Dwr)//Xqz B as materials,with the water stress and non-stress treatments,eleven morphological traits related to drought resistance were measured,including plant height(PH),effective tillers number per plant(ETNP),panicle length(PL),spikelets per panicle(SP),filled spikelets per panicle(FSP),panicle density(PD),seed setting rate(SSR),1000-grain weight(TGW),grain weight per plant(GWP),leaf relative water content(LRWC) and level for rolling leaf(LRL).Results showed that all yield component traits except for LP were sensitive to water stress at significance or extremely significance level based on ANOVA analysis.Lines 337,186,275,174,207,306,255,219,236 and 232 had strong drought resistance and high yield through principle component analysis,subordinate function analysis and comprehensive evaluation.Optimal regression equation was developed with relative value of single index as the independent variables and the comprehensive index as the dependent variable.The regression results showed that the relative values of SSR,GWP and LRWC,were significantly correlated with drought resistance,and feasible to predict the drought resistance in rice at booting stage.
Test of a spreading-ridge subduction model for the origin of granitoid plutons and metavolcanic complexes in the Palaeoproterozoic Pinal forearc/subduction complex of Southern Arizona, USA

ABSTRACTThe Pinal terrane of southern Arizona has been characterized as a Palaeoproterozoic forearc/subduction complex (Meijer 2014). It contains granitoid plutons and metavolcanic rocks with arc affinities that have a spatial distribution reminiscent of plutons and volcanic rocks that intruded into and erupted onto the early Cenozoic forearc/subduction complex of south-central Alaska (i.e. Chugach–Prince William terrane). The magmatic rocks that intruded into and erupted onto the Alaskan forearc/subduction complex are believed to have been produced largely as a result of a spreading-ridge subduction event (SRSE) during the early Cenozoic (Bradley et al. 2003). A characteristic of these rocks is that they were emplaced in a relatively short interval of time (10–30 million years) between the arc and associated trench. In the Pinal forearc/subduction complex of southern Arizona, there are numerous plutons and several metavolcanic complexes with arc affinities scattered over a distance of approximately 300 k...
Further correction: Low bandgap semiconducting polymers for polymeric photovoltaics

Further correction for ‘Low bandgap semiconducting polymers for polymeric photovoltaics’ by Chang Liu et al., Chem. Soc. Rev., 2016, DOI: 10.1039/c5cs00650c.
Intestinal Calcium Absorption and Skeletal Health After Bariatric Surgery

Because obesity has reached epidemic proportions, there has been escalating interest in surgical weight loss (bariatric surgery). Bariatric surgery produces durable weight loss, improves comorbidities, and decreases mortality. However, those who undergo bariatric surgery are at risk for long-term complications including nutritional deficiencies. Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, the most common bariatric procedure in the US in recent years, is known to have negative effects on bone health, with increases in bone turnover, substantial decreases in bone mineral density, and increased fracture incidence. This chapter reviews the effects of gastric bypass surgery on intestinal calcium absorption. It then describes the need for investigation about intestinal calcium absorption after other bariatric surgical procedures.
Growing pains? Examining preschool sport programs' developmental objectives

Preschool aged children are encouraged to accumulate at least three hours of physical activity (PA) daily (CSEP, 2012), yet there are contradictory reports as to how many preschoolers are meeting these recommendations (AHKC, 2010; CFLRI, 2015). Further, 35% of children in this age group are classified as overweight or obese (Shields &Tremblay, 2010). While many experts suggest free play as an optimal means for preschoolers to attain recommended PA levels (ParticipACTION Report Card, 2015), an interesting paradox is that organized preschool sport programs appear to be growing in popularity. The purpose of this study was to examine proposed developmental outcomes of preschooler sport programs in Toronto. Data was collection through two approaches: a) a systematic Google web search resulted in 90 programs of common organized preschooler sport activities (i.e., soccer, baseball, gymnastics, skating, martial arts, Fraser-Thomas & Safai, in press), and b) a systematic search through the Toronto Fun Guide (City of Toronto, 2016). Content analysis results suggest sport programmers claim extensive physical and psychosocial benefits for preschoolers. Preliminary results show some differences according to sport type (e.g., martial arts cite more psychosocial benefits than other sport types), and program type (e.g., greater promotion of benefits by for profit programs than by City of Toronto programs). The disconnect between proposed developmental outcomes and limited supporting research is discussed. Accordingly, future research is recommended to investigate if and how preschoolers may gain developmental benefits through organized sport.
Optimized phase field models in confinement: fast and accurate simulations of directed self-assembly

To design processes that effectively use polymer directed self-assembly, we would like to have a complete picture of stable and defective polymer configurations. Field-theoretic simulations are an effective way to gain knowledge about these configurations and predict defect populations: we can easily vary design parameters such as prepattern dimensions, wetting conditions and polymer composition/architecture and observe their effects on pattern formation. We previously showed that an optimized phase field model, a modification of the Ohta-Kawasaki model, is more accurate at predicting domain spacing and defect formation in bulk systems. This accuracy is achieved by a systematic mapping procedure that optimizes parameters in the model using inexpensive, low-dimensional selfconsistent field theory (SCFT) calculations. We now make two improvements to the model. First, we implement a conjugate gradient method, a more efficient numerical solver for phase field models not available to SCFT, and characterize its performance. We find that an optimized phase field model simulation requires one to two orders of magnitude less computation time than an SCFT simulation of the same system. Second, we extend our model to confined templates and demonstrate that the new model does not suffer from the nonphysical behavior found in other phase field models in the presence of confining walls.
Cost-Effective Upgrade of PMU Networks for Fault-Tolerant Sensing

This paper considers robust allocation of additional phasor measurement units (PMUs) into a PMU network in order to meet a data availability profile in the face of random communication interruptions and transmission line faul-sarailoo-2756030ts. Synchrophasor availability ( $\boldsymbol{SA}$ ) at a bus is the fraction of time the time-synchronized current/voltage phasors are correctly present for real-time usage. An algorithm that achieves the above objectives is developed. The algorithm switches between a placement step solved via integer programming and an $\boldsymbol{SA}$ evaluation step that uses a bus-centric stochastic model to efficiently determine the need for another placement step with a tightened constraint. The algorithm is shown to subsume the phasor observability and is equally applicable PMU network upgrade and creation. Scalability and computational efficiency of the algorithm are analyzed. The results of tests of the algorithm applied to the IEEE 118-bus system are reported, which are performed under a variety of availability specifications and random event arrival rates associated with communication interruptions, equipment faults, and their removals. Superior accuracy and fault tolerance in state estimation are achieved by PMU networks meeting more stringent ${\boldsymbol{SA}}$ .
Organization-Based Self-Esteem and Meaningful Work Mediate Effects of Empowering Leadership on Employee Behaviors and Well-Being:

Based on the conservation of resources theory and intrinsic motivation principles, this study examined the effects of empowering leadership on employees’ positive and negative behaviors and well-being through two mediators, organization-based self-esteem, and meaningful work, over an 8-week period. With 347 full-time employees, results from structural equation modeling demonstrated that empowering leadership was positively associated with organization-based self-esteem and meaningful work. Organization-based self-esteem led to greater organizational citizenship behaviors and fewer deviant behaviors. Perceptions of meaningful work resulted in lower levels of emotional exhaustion and higher levels of life satisfaction. Together, these findings highlight the important roles of the two psychological states explaining why empowering leadership contributes to employees’ favorable work behaviors and psychological well-being.
Vertical-longitudinal coupling induced by wakefields at the Cornell Electron-Positron Storage Ring Test Accelerator

Transverse vertical wakefields can increase vertical emittance and distort the phase space of a bunch in a storage ring. Here we report recent measurements and simulations of these effects from wakefields from movable scrapers at the Cornell electron-positron storage ring test accelerator. Charge-dependent vertical beam size growth was observed with a single scraper inserted through the top of the storage ring vacuum chamber. No change in the beam size was observed with top and bottom scrapers inserted symmetrically. The apparent growth in the vertical beam size was due in large part to the $yz$ coupling (vertical crabbing) induced by the transverse monopole wake of the asymmetric scraper configuration. We explored this $yz$ coupling and thus the orientation at the observation point by varying the vertical betatron phase advance between the vertical beam size monitor and the scrapers. In addition, we found that existing residual, current-independent $yz$ coupling, perhaps due to nonzero vertical dispersion in the rf cavities, could be compensated by the scraper wake. Predictions from tracking simulations are in good agreement with the measurements. Moreover, the vertical beam size as a function of vertical displacement at narrow-gap chambers (closed scrapers and undulator chamber) was measured. We found the transverse wakefield produced by the off-axis beam could also introduce a $yz$ tilt as well as dilute the beam emittance.
Spin-Switching Transmetalation at Ni Diimine Catalysts

Transmetalation is a ubiquitous transformation used for synthesizing organic molecules. In catalyst-transfer polymerization (CTP), conjugated monomers are polymerized using transmetalation of Grignard reagents to make versatile organic semiconductors such as poly(3-hexylthiophene). This study presents the complete mechanistic viewpoint for this transmetalation reaction, taking into consideration the catalyst electronic states, steric environment, and realistic models of each reagent. These quantum chemical results reveal that singlet–triplet crossing is routine in these transmetalation reactions, and switching between low-spin square-planar and high-spin tetrahedral geometries naturally occurs during the catalytic cycle. In this cycle transmetalation preferentially occurs from a triplet state but forces the metal center back into a singlet state after monomer addition. Furthermore, the relative preference of singlet vs triplet state can be modulated by the ancillary ligand. This model therefore captures r...
Chemistry in the Family

As a girl with no brothers growing up in the 1960s, I got to participate in both traditional boy and girl chores and activities: mow the lawn and weed the garden, clean and cook the fish from a fishing expedition, and play with Barbies® and with Lego®. My father worked as a synthetic chemist and frequently came home smelling like organic chemicals, or more frighteningly now, the diborane gas that was piped into one of his labs for research on rocket fuel formulations. He sometimes took me to work with him on weekends. I delighted in one display of brightly colored inorganic compounds and another of the more pastel hues of the displayed rare earth compounds. By the time I was in high school, I was often one of just a few girls in my chemistry, physics, and advanced math classes. Yet not one person told me that the study of science was not for girls. So when I enrolled in college, I selected biochemistry as my major at Oklahoma State University.
Protein Structure Prediction by Fusion,Bayesian Methods

Prediction of protein secondary structure (alpha-helix, beta-sheet, coil) from primary sequence of amino acids is a very challenging and difficult task, and the problem has been approached from several angles. A protein is a sequence of amino acid residues and can thus be considered as a one dimensional chain of ‘beads’ where each bead correspond to one of the 20 different amino acid residues known to occur in proteins. The length of most protein sequence ranges from 50 residues to about 1000 residues but longer proteins are also known, e.g. myosin, the major protein of muscle fibers, consists of 1800 residues (Altschul et al. 1997). Many techniques were used many researchers to predict the protein secondary structure, but the most commonly used technique for protein secondary structure prediction is the neural network (Qian et al. 1988). This chapter discusses a new method combining profile-based neural networks (Rost et al. 1993b), Simulated Annealing (SA) (Akkaladevi et al. 2005; Simons et al. 1997), Genetic algorithm (GA) (Akkaladevi et al. 2005) and the decision fusion algorithms (Akkaladevi et al. 2005). Researchers used the neural network (Hopfield 1982) combined with GA and SA algorithms, and then applied the two decision fusion methods; committee method and the correlation methods and obtained improved results on the prediction accuracy (Akkaladevi et al. 2005). Sequence profiles of amino acids are fed as input to the profile-based neural network. The two decision fusion methods improved the prediction accuracy, but noticeably one method worked better in some cases and the other method for some other sequence profiles of amino acids as input (Akkaladevi et al. 2005). Instead of compromising on some of the good solutions that could have generated from either approach, a combination of these two approaches is used for obtaining better prediction accuracy. This criterion is the basis for the Bayesian inference method (Anandalingam et al. 1989; Schmidler et al. 2000; Simons et al. 1997). The results obtained show that the prediction accuracy improves by more than 2% using the combination of the decision fusion approach and the Bayesian inference method.
A Tribute to Herman Mark, Mr. Polymer Science

Herman Francis Mark--pioneer of polymer science--is 80 years young. Born in Vienna on May 3, 1895, he received his education there and was awarded his Ph.D. summa cum laude from the University of Vienna in 1921. Dr. Mark became an instructor at the University of Berlin and then a research associate of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute near Berlin. In 1927, he joined the Central Laboratory of the I. G. Farben Co. in Ludwigshafen.
Expression of a restrictive receptor for interleukin 13 is associated with glial transformation.

We have previously documented that the vast majority of high-grade gliomas over-express binding sites for interleukin 13 (IL13) in situ. We now extend this analysis to evaluate the distribution of the binding of IL13 among other brain tumors. Tumor specimens from patients with low-grade gliomas, oligodendrogliomas, ependymomas, pilocytic astrocytomas, gliosarcomas, medulloblastomas, meningiomas, and metastases to the brain were analyzed and compared to a new series of gioblastoma multiforme (GBM) samples. Serial tumor tissue sections were incubated with 125I-labeled (i) IL13, (ii) antibody against transferrin (Tf) receptor, and (iii) epidermal growth factor (EGF). Most (17/18) GBMs stained specifically for IL13 binding sites while sections from 3/11 low-grade gliomas, 5/5 high-grade gliomas (grade III), 3/5 oligodendrogliomas (all three were anaplastic), and 1/2 gliosarcomas also showed specific binding for IL13. We did not detect IL13 binding sites in medulloblastomas (0/4) and found them only in 2/20 meningiomas. Metastases to the brain (4/12, i.e., lung adenocarcinomas and renal cell carcinoma) showed some binding of 125I-IL13. The presence of receptors for Tf was ubiquitous among all studied tumors while EGF receptor expression was much more variable. Since it appears that primarily the least differentiated forms of gliomas possess IL13 binding sites in abundance, it is plausible that IL13 receptor expressed in low-grade gliomas might be a prognostically significant marker associated with their progression to high-grade gliomas. Finally, we demonstrate that the glioma-associated IL13 receptor is truly more restrictive in nature also due to its selective representation among brain tumors of glial origin.
Promoting Mathematical Understanding

It is a paradoxical phenomenon that a seemingly unfavorable learning environment, such as the large-size classrooms dominated with traditional lecture-oriented instruction in China, produces high-achieving students in school mathematics (Fan & Zhu, 2004; Stevenson, Chen, & Lee, 1993). Some researchers have thus examined how Chinese students learn mathematics (Fan, Wong, Cai, & Li, 2004), and what Chinese mathematics classrooms look like (Huang, 2006; Huang & Leung, 2004; Huang & Li, 2009; Li & Huang, 2012; Lopez-Real, Mok, Leung, & Marton, 2004; Stevenson & Lee, 1995).
Broadband transparent and CMOS-compatible flat optics with silicon nitride metasurfaces [Invited]

Metasurface optics is a promising candidate for realizing the next generation of miniaturized optical components. Unlike refractive optics, these devices modify light over a wavelength-scale thickness, changing the phase, amplitude, and polarization. This review details recent developments and state-of-the-art metasurfaces realized using silicon nitride. We emphasize this material as to date it has the lowest refractive index with which metasurfaces have been experimentally demonstrated. The wide band gap of silicon nitride enables reduced absorption over a broad wavelength range relative to its higher index counterparts, providing a CMOS-compatible platform for producing a variety of high efficiency metasurface elements and systems.
Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery lobectomy: transitions in practice.

Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) is widely accepted as a standard approach for the surgical treatment of stages I and II non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC) (1). Two meta-analyses (2,3), four large United States database studies (4-7), and several retrospective single-institution studies (8-13) have demonstrated that VATS lobectomy is associated with fewer complications (pulmonary, atrial fibrillation), transfusion rate, pain, and length of hospital stay without compromising oncologic outcomes when matched for stage. Despite the benefits of VATS compared to thoracotomy, the adoption of this technique has progressed slowly, with only 44% of lobectomies being performed by VATS in the U.S. in 2014 (14) and only 27% in Europe (15).
Obesity and adult asthma: diagnostic and management challenges

Purpose of reviewDespite advances in our understanding of the obese asthma phenotype, heterogeneity and large gaps in knowledge have hindered significant advances in directed interventions.Recent findingsObesity is associated with poorer asthma-related outcomes and increased risk of progression to s
Treating Patients As People: What Do Hospital Patients Want Clinicians to Know About Them As a Person?:

Background:There is little understanding or focus on the patient’s personal communicative perspective during their experience of clinical treatment. An exploratory study and a follow-up study were ...
Two fast finite difference schemes for elliptic Dirichlet boundary control problems

In this paper, we propose and analyze two standard finite difference schemes (called Scheme I and Scheme II) for discretizing the first-order necessary optimality systems, which characterize the optimal solutions of Dirichlet boundary control problems governed by elliptic equations. We proved that the proposed schemes are uniformly stable on a uniform mesh, which implies a second-order and first-order convergence of the Scheme I and Scheme II, respectively, provided the optimal solutions have the required regularity. The resulting symmetric indefinite sparse linear systems are solved by the preconditioned GMRES iterative solver with a fast (FFT-based) constraint preconditioner, which numerically shows a mesh-independent convergence rate. Numerical examples, including the case with less regular solutions, are presented to validate our theoretical analysis and demonstrate the promising approximation accuracy and computational efficiency of our proposed schemes and preconditioned iterative solver, respectively. Our developed fast finite difference schemes achieve a comparable order of convergence as the other available schemes in the literature.
A More Intuitive Formula for PEG Ratio

In this note, I derive a new formula for PEG ratio, utilizing the insight from Farina’s (1969) original equation and Lynch’s (1989) assertion that for a stock to be fairly valued, the PEG and earnings growth rate has to be the same. After deriving the new formula, I demonstrate how the new formula connects with the existing formula. The new formula allows for more flexibility for growth rate assumptions, is more intuitive, and easier to implement and can be used to make predictions about future price and earnings growth.
Dynamic Model of Firm Valuation: A New Methodology and its Empirical Validity

This study derives a dynamic version of the dividend discount model and assesses its empirical validity. The valuation method we propose can be easily implemented and uses widely available …nancial data. We …nd that our model produces equity value estimates that are, on average, very close to market prices, and explains a large proportion of the variation observed in
Stromal cell derived factor-1α and macrophages increased invasive potential of breast cancer cells expressing CXCR4

4694 Chemokines are involved in the regulation of cellular processes including those in migration, invasion and angiogenesis. CXCR4/Stromal-cell derived factor-1α (SDF-1α) interactions have been demonstrated to play pivotal roles in metastasis and chemotaxis. Increasing evidence suggests that tumor associated macrophages may contribute to cancer progression by altering the tumor microenvironment through the release of angiogenic, proteolytic and epidermal growth factors. Metastatic breast cancer cells may undergo a series of morphological changes, including cell polarization and extension of invadopodia, followed by migration from the primary tumor site and the induction of neovascularization. Many of these changes are associated with dynamic actin rearrangement and activation of signaling pathways through transmembrane receptors, including G-protein-coupled receptors and chemokine receptors. In association with cell adhesion molecules located on the cell membrane, the cytoskeleton affects the quality of cell-to-cell and cell-to-substrate interactions mediated by integrins that are associated with extracellular matrix proteins. In the present study, we report that MDA-MB-231 breast adenocarcinoma cells polarize and migrate in the presence of SDF-1α and macrophages. Cells were cultured in a BD Matrigel™ basement membrane matrix (4.8 mg/ml protein content), with or without SDF-1α (100 ng/ml). U937 monocytic cells were differentiated into macrophages following a 12-hour treatment with 10 ng/ml of phorbol myristate acetate and co-cultured with MDA-MB-231 cells. Cell invasion, migration and membrane extensions were analyzed by confocal microscopy and the FLUOview FV300 analysis software. Polarization, migration and dynamic morphological changes were observed following exposure to SDF-1α, macrophages or in the presence of both. Cell polarization and invasion XY scan and Z scan images were acquired and migration was quantified in the x, y and z-axis. MDA-MB-231 control cells migrated approximately 5 μm, while MDA-MB-231, in the presence of macrophages, showed a two-fold increase in migration. SDF-1α containing matrigel showed the greatest increase in migration at 20.5 μm. The results show that MDA-MB-231 breast adenocarcinoma cells polarize and migrate in the presence of macrophages and enhance further migration in the presence of SDF-1α. Other breast adenocarcinoma cells expressing high and low levels of CXCR4 are currently under investigation.
A finite analogue of the ring of algebraic numbers

Abstract We construct an analogue of the ring of algebraic numbers, living in a quotient of the product of all finite fields of prime order. We use this ring to deduce some results about linear recurrent sequences.
Patient Possession of Excess Medication Supply in the VA: A Retrospective Database Study.

Background Medication overlap leading to medication excess is a form of therapeutic duplication, itself a type of potentially inappropriate prescribing. Objective To determine the prevalence of potential medication excess in the Veterans Health Administration (VHA) and identify associated medication-level, patient-level, and system-level factors. Research design A retrospective database study. Subjects All veterans who received ≥1 prescription dispensed by a VHA pharmacy in fiscal year 2014. Measures The primary outcome of "medication excess" was defined for each patient as the number of excess days' worth of medications for all overlap episodes (concurrently dispensed medications with the same name for >10 d). Predictors included medication-level, patient-level, and system-level factors. Multivariable negative binomial regression analyses estimated the rate ratio of each predictor with medication excess. Results Among 4,687,453 veterans, 64% had ≥1 medication overlap episodes. Patients were prescribed a median of 7 [interquartile range (IQR), 3-12] unique medications, had a median of 2 (IQR, 0-5) overlap episodes, and a median of 27 (IQR, 0-96) days of medication excess. In adjusted regression models, factors associated with greater risk of medication excess included having more comorbidities, multiple prescribers, a combination of filling locations (consolidated mail-order pharmacy vs. local pharmacy), and multiple prescription durations (≥90 d vs. less). Conclusions Medication excess was high among VHA users, with nearly two-thirds of patients experiencing at least 1 duplicative medication. As systems such as mail-order pharmacies and 90-day supply are increasingly implemented to reduce costs and improve medication adherence, it is important to recognize the potential for systems-level inefficiencies and potentially inappropriate prescribing.
Humanistic medicine in anaesthesiology: development and assessment of a curriculum in humanism for postgraduate anaesthesiology trainees.

Abstract Background An unintended consequence of medical technologies is loss of personal interactions and humanism between patients and their healthcare providers, leading to depersonalisation of medicine. As humanism is not integrated as part of formal postgraduate anaesthesiology education curricula, our goal was to design, introduce, and evaluate a comprehensive humanism curriculum into anaesthesiology training. Methods Subject-matter experts developed and delivered the humanism curriculum, which included interactive workshops, simulation sessions, formal feedback, and patient immersion experience. The effectiveness of the programme was evaluated using pre- and post-curriculum assessments in first-year postgraduate trainee doctors (residents). Results The anaesthesiology residents reported high satisfaction scores. Pre-/post-Jefferson Scale of Patient Perceptions of Physician Empathy showed an increase in empathy ratings with a median improvement of 12 points (range; P=0.013). After training, patients rated the residents as more empathetic (31 [4] vs 22 [5]; P Conclusions Implementation of a humanism curriculum during postgraduate anaesthesiology training was well accepted, and can result in increased physician empathy and professionalism. This may improve patient pain, anxiety, and overall satisfaction with perioperative care.
Impact of performance status on response and survival among patients receiving checkpoint inhibitors for advanced solid tumors.

12028Background: Clinical trials leading to the approval of immune checkpoint inhibition (ICI) have almost exclusively been performed in patients with good performance status (ECOG PS of 0-1). Howe...
Historical Gun Laws Targeting 'Dangerous' Groups and Outsiders

Then-Judge Amy Coney Barrett opened her dissent in Kanter v. Barr by identifying a historical principle underlying modern gun regulation: “History is consistent with common sense: it demonstrates that legislatures have the power to prohibit dangerous people from possessing guns.” She went on to suggest that dangerousness is the Second Amendment’s exclusive limiting principle, such that “legislatures disqualified categories of people from the right to bear arms only when they judged that doing so was necessary to protect the public safety.” This is a historically contestable position — many scholars and judges conclude that dangerousness was not the exclusive basis for disarmament, and that the Founding generation also denied guns to those thought to be unvirtuous, disloyal, incompetent, and so on. But if “dangerousness” is the operative principle for historically-informed Second Amendment interpretation, how broadly does it sweep? In Barrett’s terms, what do “history and tradition” tell us about the “scope of the legislature’s power to take [the right to keep and bear arms] away?” Answering that question means considering, in her words, “a category simultaneously broader and narrower than ‘felons’ — it includes dangerous people who have not been convicted of felonies but not felons lacking indicia of dangerousness.” In her Kanter dissent (which argued that the federal felon prohibitor was unconstitutional as applied to a non-violent felon), Judge Barrett focused on the latter — felons who might not be dangerous. But it is also important to consider the former: non-felon groups disarmed because they were thought to be dangerous. Through that frame, the historical evidence demonstrates that the “scope of the legislature’s power” was quite broad, notwithstanding the fact that the founding generations applied that power to very different groups than law does today — both more narrowly (for example, by not disarming domestic abusers) and more broadly. In this essay, we analyze two sets of historical gun laws that seem historically distant, but which the “dangerousness” approach makes relevant: laws regulating Native Americans and laws regulating those “disaffected to the cause of America.” These groups — much more so than felons, drug users, domestic abusers, and other groups targeted by contemporary restrictions — were subject to gun regulation by the Founding generations, apparently based on the perceived threat they posed. Relying largely on the Repository of Historical Gun Laws, the first part of the essay provides a historical overview of these laws, which have not received the same level of scholarly attention as some other historical prohibitions, such as those involving public carry or certain classes of arms.
Sample Mounting Methods for Precision Delayering of 130 nm Integrated Circuit Devices

This paper reviews different methods for mounting and integrated circuit (IC) for delayering. In this work, several 130nm technology devices are observed during the delayering process as a means of evaluating the advantages and disadvantages of various mounting techniques. Suitability for chemical mechanical polishing, wet etching, and dry etching is considered.
Measuring everyday creativity: A Rasch model analysis of the Biographical Inventory of Creative Behaviors (BICB) scale

Abstract Research on everyday creativity—the “little c” creative activities people do in their everyday lives—commonly uses self-report scales to assess people’s engagement in different activities. The present research presents a detailed psychometric analysis of the Biographical Inventory of Creative Behaviors (BICB), a 34-item yes/no checklist of common creative activities that has become one of the most popular self-report measures of everyday creative behaviors. Based on a sample of 2,359 adults, the reliability, dimensionality, item fit, item difficulty, and test information were evaluated from a Rasch model perspective. Overall, the BICB shows good evidence for score reliability and appears essentially unidimensional; a small cluster of misfitting and locally dependent items were flagged for impairing unidimensionality. The items’ difficulty level was generally moderate and suitable for the scale’s intended populations and purposes. Differential item functioning (DIF) based on gender and age, estimated via Rasch tree recursive partitioning methods, found notable gender-based DIF (generally reflecting culturally gendered qualities of some creative activities) but little age-based DIF. Taken together, the BICB has many psychometric strengths. Some opportunities for future scale refinement are discussed.
A fourth order L-stable method for the Black-Scholes model with barrier options

In this paper we develop a fourth order L-stable method for solving the Black-Scholes equation with barrier options. The method is based on a rational approximation to the matrix exponential function possessing real and distinct poles which allows the implementation of the algorithm as Backward Euler-like solves on concurrent processors. Due to barriers or nonsmooth payoffs which cause discontinuities in the solution, standard A-stable methods, such as Crank-Nicolson, are prone to produce large and spurious oscillations in the numerical solution which would lead to poor estimates of options. The proposed higher order method does not suffer these drawbacks due to its strong stability properties at infinity.
Effect of food on the pharmacokinetics of multiple-dose oral voriconazole

Aims Voriconazole is a new triazole antifungal agent with activity against a range of clinically important and emerging pathogens. This study determined the effect of food on the pharmacokinetics of voriconazole in healthy volunteers. Methods This was an open, randomized, two-way crossover, multiple-dose study in male volunteers. Twelve subjects received voriconazole 200 mg twice daily for 6.5 days. Each dose was administered either with food or in the fasted state, i.e. not within 2 h of food. Treatment periods were separated by a minimum 7-day washout period. Plasma samples were taken for the estimation of voriconazole plasma concentrations on days 1 and 7. Safety and toleration were assessed by monitoring of both laboratory safety tests and adverse events. Results Administering voriconazole with food significantly decreased both day 7 AUCτ and Cmax by approximately 35% (9598–7520 ng·h ml−1; P = 0.003) and 22% (2038–1332 ng ml−1; P = 0.008), respectively. Administering voriconazole with food statistically significantly delayed absorption, evident from tmax values; the mean difference for tmax on day 7 was 1.1 h. The terminal phase rate constant was unchanged by administering voriconazole with food. The fasted terminal phase half-life was 7.3 h compared with 6.6 h for the fed state. Visual inspection of Cmin values suggests that steady state was achieved after 5 days in both dietary states. Voriconazole accumulation, as assessed by ratios of Cmax and AUCτ on days 1 and 7, was statistically significantly greater when administered with food (Cmax, P = 0.010, AUCτ, P = 0.006). Mean Cmax accumulation in the fasted state was 2.1-fold compared with 3.5-fold in the fed state. AUCτ accumulation in the fasted state was 3.1-fold compared with 4.2-fold in the fed state. There were no discontinuations due to adverse events or laboratory abnormalities. Treatment-related mild-to-moderate visual disturbances were experienced by six out of 12 subjects. Conclusions The bioavailability of twice-daily 200 mg voriconazole is reduced by approximately 22% as measured by AUCτ after multiple dosing when taken with food, compared with fasting.
Black hole chromosphere at the CERN LHC

If the scale of quantum gravity is near a TeV, black holes will be copiously produced at the CERN LHC. In this work we study the main properties of the light descendants of these black holes. We show that the emitted partons are closely spaced outside the horizon, and hence they do not fragment into hadrons in vacuum but more likely into a kind of quark-gluon plasma. Consequently, the thermal emission occurs far from the horizon, at a temperature characteristic of the QCD scale. We analyze the energy spectrum of the particles emerging from the ``chromosphere,'' and find that the hard hadronic jets are almost entirely suppressed. They are replaced by an isotropic distribution of soft photons and hadrons, with hundreds of particles in the GeV range. This provides a new distinctive signature for black hole events at LHC.
Cannabinoids Reveal the Necessity of Hippocampal Neural Encoding for Short-Term Memory in Rats

The memory-disruptive effects of Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (Delta(9)-THC) and the synthetic cannabinoid WIN 55,212-2 (WIN-2) were assessed in rats exposed to varying doses of each drug (Delta(9)-THC, 0.5-2.0 mg/kg; WIN-2, 0.25-0.75 mg/kg) during performance of a delayed nonmatch to sample (DNMS) task. Cannabinoids affected performance in a dose x delay-dependent manner, with WIN-2 showing a potency more than four times that of Delta(9)-THC. These effects on DNMS performance were eliminated if the cannabinoid CB1 receptor antagonist SR141617A (Sanofi Research Inc.) was preadministered, but doses of the antagonist alone had no effect on performance. Simultaneous recording from ensembles of hippocampal neurons revealed that both WIN-2 and Delta(9)-THC produced dose-dependent reductions in the frequency (i.e., "strength") of ensemble firing during the sample phase of the task to the extent that performance was at risk for errors on >70% of trials as a function of delay. This decrease in ensemble firing in the Sample phase resulted from selective interference with the activity of differentiated hippocampal functional cell types, which conjunctively encoded different combinations of task events. A reduction in ensemble firing strength did not occur in the nonmatch phase of the task. The findings indicate that activation of CB1 receptors renders animals at risk for retention of item-specific information in much the same manner as hippocampal removal.
A multiplication in cyclic homology

We define a multiplication on the cyclic homology of a commutative, cocommutative bialgebra H with “superproduct.” In the case when H is a field of characteristic zero the cyclic homology becomes a polynomial algebra in one generator. (The Loday-Quillen multiplication is trivial in that case.) In this paper we define an associative multiplication on the cyclic homology of certain commutative algebras H . The definition is based on the Cartesian product of sets instead of the shuffle product as in the case of [LQ] and [Ga]. When H contains Q our product is compatible with the Hodge decomposition of HC∗(H) so it has the form: HC n (H)⊗HC(j) m (H) → HC n+m (H). The existence of this multiplication in the case H = K is classical since it is just given by the tensor product of complex line bundle. However its significance came to our attention in joint work with John Klein as a consequence of our study of fiberwise Morse theory on circle bundles [IK] and in other joint works with R. Penner and R. Hain. By doing Morse theory on circles John Klein and I realized that there was a rationally nontrivial associative multiplication on the cyclic homology of the integral group ring on any cyclic group and that it had important consequences for pseudoisotopy theory. This will be explained in a later paper. In this paper we show that this multiplication in cyclic homotopy is defined first in the case when the algebra is H = KM = K[M ] where M is the underlying additive group of a ring, then in the case when H is a Hopf algebra with “superproduct” in the sense of Gaucher [Ga] and finally in the more general case of any “μ-algebra” (Example 12.4). In fact we do not need additive inverses in M nor do we need an antipode for H so we can take M to be a monoid and H to be a bialgebra. When H = K, i.e. M = 1, the cyclic homology becomes a divided power algebra which is of course isomorphic to a polynomial algebra in one generator if K is a field of characteristic zero. We assume throughout the paper that K is a commutative ring with 1 and that all tensor products are taken over K. This includes those tensor products which appear in the definition of cyclic homology. We also use Connes’ original definition that a cyclic object in a category C is a covariant functor Λ → C where Λ is Connes’ cyclic category. Since Λ ≈ Λ this is the same as a contravariant functor Λ → C. An outline of the paper is as follows. In the first section we give a topological definition of the multiplication in HC∗(KM). The construction is so elementary that Received by the editors April 14, 1994. 1991 Mathematics Subject Classification. Primary 18G60; Secondary 16W30. This research was supported by NSF grant no. DMS 90 02512. c ©1999 American Mathematical Society
The RHIC polarized H$^−$ ion source

A novel polarization technique had been successfully implemented for the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) polarized H− ion source upgrade to higher intensity and polarization. In this technique, a proton beam inside the high magnetic field solenoid is produced by ionization of the atomic hydrogen beam (from external source) in the He-gaseous ionizer cell. Further proton polarization is produced in the process of polarized electron capture from the optically pumped Rb vapor. The use of high-brightness primary beam and large cross sections of charge-exchange cross sections resulted in production of high intensity H− ion beam of 85% polarization. The source very reliably delivered polarized beam in the RHIC Run-2013 and Run-2015. High beam current, brightness, and polarization resulted in 75% polarization at 23 GeV out of Alternating Gradient Synchrotron (AGS) and 60%-65% beam polarization at 100-250 GeV colliding beams in RHIC.
The mutational landscape of hepatocellular carcinoma

The development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a complex process, and HCC arises from the accumulation of multiple genetic alterations leading to changes in the genomic landscape. Current advances in genomic technologies have revolutionized the search for genetic alterations in cancer genomes. Recent studies in which all coding exons in HCC were sequenced have shed new light on the genomic landscape of this malignant disease. Catalogues of these somatic mutations and systematic analysis of catalogued mutations will lead us to uncover candidate HCC driver genes, although further functional validation is needed to determine whether these genes play a causal role in the development of HCC. This review provides an overview of previously known oncogenes and new oncogene candidates in HCC that were uncovered from recent exome or whole-genome sequencing studies. This knowledge provides direction for future personalized treatment approaches for patients with HCC.
Corrigenda: A revision of infrageneric classification in Astelia Banks & Sol. ex R.Br. (Asteliaceae).

In Birch (2015), Astelia banksii A.Cunn. was incorrectly stated as present in New Caledonia within the “Included species and distribution” section for Astelia sect. Isoneuron Skottsb. (page 112). The correct distribution of Astelia banksii A.Cunn. is New Zealand. The Astelia sect. Isoneuron Skottsb. “Included species and distribution” section should read: Included species and distribution. New Caledonia: Astelia neocaledonica Schltr. New Zealand: Astelia banksii A.Cunn. Additionally, the designation of the Astelia microsperma Colenso pro parte type was incorrectly stated (page 113) as being made by Skottsberg on page 81 (1934). This type designation was made by Skottsberg on page 87 (1934). The designation of the Astelia microsperma type should correctly read: Astelia microsperma Colenso pro parte, Trans. & Proc. New Zealand Inst. 17: 251. 1885 (description of fruit only). Type: NEW ZEALAND. North Island. Seventy-mile Bush, between Norsewood and Dannevirke, County of Waipawa. 1884, W. Colenso s.n. (Lectotype: K [000524879, digital image!], fruiting material in packet, designated by Skottsberg, 1934, 87).
Inhibition of Gastric Emptying in Humans by Secretin, the Octapeptide of Cholecystokinin, and Intraduodenal Fat

Intraduodenal fat is a potent inhibitor of gastric emptying. Neural and hormonal mechanisms are probably involved. Secretin and cholecystokinin are among the hormones known to be released by fat in the intestine. In this study we investigated the effect of the octapeptide of cholecystokinin, secretin, and intraduodenal oleate on the inhibition of gastric emptying of liquids in humans. On different days the gastric emptying of a 250-ml saline meal was studied in 6 healthy volunteers under the following conditions: (a) during graded doses of the cholecystokinin-octapeptide alone; (b) during graded doses of secretin; (c) during graded doses of secretin with a background of the cholecystokinin-octapeptide; and (d) during intraduodenal oleate perfusion. All the subjects were also studied for pancreatic enzyme secretion in response to the hormones and intraduodenal oieate. With a secretin background, the octapeptide of cholecystokinin was a potent stimulant of pancreatic secretion; while alone, only the highest dose significantly delayed gastric emptying. Secretin at doses of 2.5 pmol kg -1 · h -1 and higher significantly inhibited gastric emptying (p
The Durga Temple at Aihole: A Historiographical Study

This first ever book-length study of the Durga Temple, one of India's most celebrated and intriguing Hindu temples, combines a detailed study, copious illustrations, and an original investigation of the temple's career in the literature of art history.
A flexible bioluminescent-quantitative polymerase chain reaction assay for analysis of competitive PCR amplicons.

Aequorin-based flash-type bioluminescent methods can detect nucleic acid molecules in the attomolar range (10–18) enabling improved monitoring of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) at cycles previously considered too low for product detection. The high sensitivity of bioluminescence (BL) was used to examine the efficiency of the PCR and to assess the effect of substrate variation during the linear phase of amplification. Primer efficiency was dependent on initial template concentration, in a manner indicative of a two-component reaction. However, the rate of amplicon formation was significantly impaired at low template levels and could not be overcome by excess primer. The PCR was directly dependent upon nucleotide concentration, which was independent of template concentration. Conditions were identified for optimal linear amplification and detection using BL. Accurate quantitative analysis was performed using competitive coamplification of a specific target standard sequence containing identical target primer recognition sites and novel internal sequences. Quantitation was most accurate when target molecule was similar in concentration to the internal standard. The Bioluminescent Quantitative-PCR (BLQ-PCR) assay has the potential to eliminate processing variability. We demonstrated high quantitative potential with a broad dynamic range. Overall, the BLQ-PCR assay is flexible and a viable alternative to contemporary Q-PCR techniques. J. Clin. Lab. Anal. 13:40–47, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.