cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Gender Differences in Ethics Research: The Importance of Controlling for the Social Desirability Response Bias

Gender is one of the most frequently studied variables within the ethics literature. In prior studies that find gender differences, females consistently report more ethical responses than males. However, prior research also indicates that females are more prone to responding in a socially desirable fashion. Consequently, it is uncertain whether gender differences in ethical decision-making exist because females are more ethical or perhaps because females are more prone to the social desirability response bias. Using a sample of 30 scenarios from prior studies that find gender differences, we examine whether these gender differences remain robust once social desirability is controlled for in the analysis. Our data suggest that the effect of gender on ethical decision-making is largely attenuated once social desirability is included in the analysis. In essence, the social desirability response bias appears to be driving a significant portion of the relationship between gender and ethical decision-making. We discuss several important research implications of this study.
Multi-level concurrency in a framework for integrated loosely coupled plasma simulations

The increasing availability of large scale computing capabilities has accellerated the development of high-fidelity coupled simulations. Such simulations typically involve the integration of models that implement various aspects of the complex phenomena under investigation. Coupled simulations are playing an integral role in fields such as climate modeling, earth systems modeling, rocket simulations, computational chemistry, and many other computational fields. Model coupling provides scientists with systematic ways to virtually explore the physical, mathematical, and computational aspects of the problem. Novel and flexible frameworks that facilitate the integration of the disparate models into a holistic simulation are used to perform this research, while making efficient use of the available computational resources. In this paper, we present one such framework, the Integrated Plasma Simulator (IPS) developed as part of the Center for Simulation of Radio Frequency Wave Interactions with Magnetohydrodynamics (SWIM). The IPS framework focuses on maximizing the ability of simulation creators to flexibly construct loosely coupled component-based simulations, by providing services for execution coordination, resource management, data management, and inter-component communication. This paper focuses on the implementation of the services that support the four levels of concurrency, allowing for maximum efficiency in resource utilization, while hiding the complexity involved in such a scheme from the developers of IPS components.
An Annual Zonally Averaged Hemispherical Climatic Model with Diffuse Cloudiness Feedback

Abstract An annual, zonally averaged, steady-state hemispherical climatic model is developed which incorporates the diffuse thin cloud tropospheric structure of Weare and Snell as a cloudiness feedback mechanism. The zones are 15° wide and the meridional energy transport is parameterized as that carried by the ocean and by tropospheric eddies, each using a single coefficient, and that carried by the mean annual circulation embodying four coefficients. The radiative transfer calculations through the atmosphere employ the Eddington approximation for the visible spectrum, using the appropriate annual averaged solar zenith angles and the Rodgers emissivity technique for the infrared. Ozone, above the troposphere, is assumed to act only as an absorber in the visible. In the infrared it is assumed to have a constant-hemispherical emissivity at the “tropopause” temperature (212 K). Surface reflectivities in terms of land and ocean are zonally set and land snow and ocean ice lines are calculated to occur at 273 a...
Market, hospital, and nursing unit characteristics as predictors of nursing unit skill mix: a contextual analysis.

The objective was to examine the relative contributions of market, hospital, and nursing unit characteristics to the prediction of nursing unit skill mix. The strongest predictors of nursing skill mix were found to be the technological sophistication of the hospital, the volume of services offered,
Varying the pre-discharge lithium wall coatings to alter the characteristics of the ELM-free H-mode pedestal in NSTX

A previous experiment in the National Spherical Torus Experiment (NSTX) showed pre-discharge lithium deposition gradually suppresed edge-localized modes (ELMs) and had nearly continuous relationships with reduced recycling and transport. In this paper, additional data filled gaps in the earlier experiment, and demonstrates that recycling, confinement, and pedestal structure continued to improve with additional lithium, even after ELMs were completely suppressed. New analysis shows that toroidal rotation and ion temperature also increased continuously with additional lithium. Besides its evolution with additional lithium, we also characterize the time evolution of the ELM-free H-mode pedestal as average density rose and impurities accumulated. We find that the pedestal structure, divertor heat flux and Dalpha profiles, and inferred recycling coefficient did not change significantly, at least until radiative losses become dominant. This suggests that the low-recycling properties of lithium were not significantly degraded over the duration of the discharge.
Diarrhea associated with lansoprazole.

Lansoprazole is a proton pump inhibitor widely prescribed for gastroesophageal reflux and benign peptic ulcer disease. According to the manufacturer's package insert (TAP Pharmaceuticals, Lake Forest, IL, USA), the most common side-effects are diarrhea, headache and abdominal pain, which occur in approximately 3% of patients and are reversible with drug discontinuation. An unusual case of microscopic colitis is reported in a previously asymptomatic patient who developed new-onset diarrhea after initiation of lansoprazole. The case is reviewed and possible mechanisms of diarrhea secondary to proton pump inhibitors are discussed.
Interaction of Growth Hormone-activated STATs with SH2-containing Phosphotyrosine Phosphatase SHP-1 and Nuclear JAK2 Tyrosine Kinase

Growth hormone (GH) rapidly stimulates tyrosine phosphorylation followed by serine/threonine phosphorylation of multiple cytoplasmic STAT transcription factors, including one, STAT5b, that is uniquely responsive to the temporal pattern of plasma GH stimulation in rat liver and is proposed to play a central role in the activation of male-expressed liver genes by GH pulses in vivo (Waxman, D. J., Ram, P. A., Park, S. H., and Choi, H. K. (1995) J. Biol. Chem. 270, 13262-13270). We now show that JAK2, the GH receptor-associated tyrosine kinase, is present both in the cytosol and in the nucleus in cultured liver cells and in rat liver in vivo and that GH-activated STAT3 but not STAT5b becomes associated with nuclear JAK2. GH is also shown to activate by 3-4-fold SHP-1, a phosphotyrosine phosphatase that contains two src homology 2 (SH2) domains. GH also induces nuclear translocation and binding of SHP-1 to tyrosine-phosphorylated STAT5b, suggesting that this GH-activated phosphatase may play a role in dephosphorylation leading to deactivation of nuclear STAT5b following the termination of a plasma GH pulse in male rat liver in vivo. No such association of SHP-1 with GH-activated STAT3 was detected, a finding that could help explain the marked desensitization of STAT3, but not STAT5b, to subsequent GH pulses following an initial GH activation event.
AlGaAs/GaAs HeteroJunction Bipolar Transistor Technology for Multi-Glga-Samples per Second ADCs

This paper reports a manufacturable AlGaAs/GaAs heterojunction bipolar (HBT) technology, and development of HBT circuits for analog to digital conversion. HBT voltage comparators operated well above 10 GSps. Sample and hold circuits worked at 2 GSps with less than ?40 dB distortion. Multi-GSps 4-bit quantizers and 6-bit ADCs were realized. Multi-GSps 8?bit ADCs as well as high-high-resolution sigma-delta ADCs, based on this HBT technology, are being developed.
Nursing Practice Competency of Accelerated Bachelor of Science in Nursing Program Students

The purposes of this study were to quantify the perception of nursing practice competency by students in an accelerated bachelor of science in nursing program at the beginning and the end of the program of study and to compare the student's perception of their competency at the end of the program of study with the unit-based nurses expert's perception of the students nursing practice competency. A quantitative pre-post intervention design was used to measure the perception of students at the beginning (T-1) and the end (T-2) of their program of study in nursing. Using Benner's domains of nursing practice, there was a significant difference in self-perception at the beginning and the end of the program. At the end of the program, the unit-based nurse expert rated the student's nursing practice higher on all domains, as compared to the student self-rating. The nursing practice competency of these students was quantified. It is interesting to note that self-rating at the end of the program of study were just below the midpoint of the scale. However, the scoring on a global item of how competent are you to begin practicing as a professional nurse was scored higher than any of the individual domains of practice.
Corynebacterium striatum: A Diphtheroid with Pathogenic Potential

Although nondiphtherial corynebacteria are ubiquitous in nature and commonly colonize the skin and mucous membranes of humans, they rarely account for clinical infection. Corynebacterium striatum has rarely been reported to be a pathogen, causing pleuropulmonary infections and bacteremia in only immunocompromised or anatomically altered patients. We noted C. striatum to be the infecting pathogen or copathogen in six patients. To our knowledge, this report describes the first cases of C. striatum causing infection of exist sites of central venous catheters, thrombophlebitis associated with central venous catheters, conjunctivitis, and chorioamnionitis as well as a possible pathogen contributing to peritonitis and pyogenic granuloma. Unlike Corynebacterium jeikeium, which is highly resistant to beta-lactam agents, aminoglycosides, and quinolones, all strains of C. striatum isolated from the patients described in this report were susceptible to vancomycin and aminoglycosides, and all strains except one were susceptible to penicillin G, imipenem, and ciprofloxacin. C. striatum should be recognized as a potential pathogen in both immunocompromised and normal hosts in the appropriate circumstances, and appropriate antimicrobial therapy can quickly lead to resolution of infection.
Expression of 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 Receptor in the Immune System☆

In addition to its role in calcium and skeletal homeostasis, there is increasing evidence that the hormonal form of vitamin D, 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3), appears to serve as a modulator of the immune system. We have determined the level of the 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) receptor (VDR) in resting and activated lymphocytes by immuno- and ligand-binding assays. As expected from previous work, the total T lymphocyte population contains VDR whose levels are increased when activated and treated with 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3). Surprisingly, the highest concentrations of VDR are found in CD8 lymphocytes, although significant amounts are also present in CD4 lymphocytes. Furthermore, B lymphocytes do not contain detectable amounts of VDR. Cells of the monocyte/macrophage lineage possess small amounts of VDR that are not affected by activation but are increased by treatment with 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3). These results suggest that CD8 lymphocytes may be a major site of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) action, while B lymphocytes are likely not directly regulated by 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3).
Aquatic fauna as indicators for Everglades restoration: Applying dynamic targets in assessments

Abstract A major goal of the Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan (CERP) is to recover historical (pre-drainage) wading bird rookeries and reverse marked decreases in wading bird nesting success in Everglades National Park. To assess efforts to restore wading birds, a trophic hypothesis was developed that proposes seasonal concentrations of small-fish and crustaceans (i.e., wading bird prey) were a key factor to historical wading bird success. Drainage of the Everglades has diminished these seasonal concentrations, leading to a decline in wading bird nesting and displacing them from their historical nesting locations. The trophic hypothesis predicts that restoring historical hydrological patterns to pre-drainage conditions will recover the timing and location of seasonally concentrated prey, ultimately restoring wading bird nesting and foraging to the southern Everglades. We identified a set of indicators using small-fish and crustaceans that can be predicted from hydrological targets and used to assess management success in regaining suitable wading bird foraging habitat. Small-fish and crustaceans are key components of the Everglades food web and are sensitive to hydrological management, track hydrological history with little time lag, and can be studied at the landscape scale. The seasonal hydrological variation of the Everglades that creates prey concentrations presents a challenge to interpreting monitoring data. To account for the variable hydrology of the Everglades in our assessment, we developed dynamic hydrological targets that respond to changes in prevailing regional rainfall. We also derived statistical relationships between density and hydrological drivers for species representing four different life-history responses to drought. Finally, we use these statistical relationships and hydrological targets to set restoration targets for prey density. We also describe a report-card methodology to communicate the results of model-based assessments for communication to a broad audience.
Sexual differentiation of the vertebrate nervous system

The steps leading to masculinization of the body are remarkably consistent across mammals: the paternally contributed Y chromosome contains the sex-determining region of the Y (Sry) gene, which induces the undifferentiated gonads to form as testes (rather than ovaries). The testes then secrete hormones to masculinize the rest of the body. Two of these masculinizing testicular hormones are antimullerian hormone, a protein that suppresses female reproductive tract development, and testosterone, a steroid that promotes development of the male reproductive tract and masculine external genitalia. In masculinizing the body, testosterone first binds to the androgen receptor protein, and then this steroid-receptor complex binds to DNA, where it modulates gene expression and promotes differentiation as a male. If the Sry gene is absent (as in females, who receive an X chromosome from the father), the gonad develops as an ovary, and the body, unexposed to testicular hormones, forms a feminine configuration. The genitalia will only respond to testicular hormones during a particular time in development, which constitutes a sensitive period for hormone action: hormonal treatment of females in adulthood has negligible effects on genital morphology 1 . Of the two gonadal hormones that masculinize the body, it is testosterone that also masculinizes the brain. Scientists first demonstrated this by exposing female guinea pigs to testosterone in utero ,w hich permanently interfered with the animals’ tendency to show female reproductive behaviors in adulthood 2 .T reating adult females with testosterone had a transient effect, or none at all, on these behaviors. Early exposure to steroids such as testosterone also masculinizes brain structures. In this review, we will contrast the various mechanisms by which testosterone masculinizes the central nervous system, discuss the unknowns that remain and relate these findings to human behavior.
A Generalized Logistic Function with an Application to the Effect of Advertising

Abstract A generalization of the common logistic function is developed, incorporating a non-unit saturation level, a non-zero intercept, and a non-symmetric shape. The dependence of the three generalized characteristics on (estimated) parameter values is exhibited. The statistical properties of the function are developed for the case where the dependent variable is a relative frequency. An empirical application shows that the effect of advertising on market share is best depicted by a curve which is everywhere concave to the origin.
Effector-dependent acquisition of novel typing sequences.

In an earlier report we found that when pairs of letters were physically transposed on the keyboard and typists were required to type letters in their new location, the disruptions in typing were reduced when the transpositions involved mirror movements of homologous fingers of the two hands compared with transpositions involving the same hand. We hypothesized that acquisition may be facilitated when a new movement mirrors a previously learned movement. In order to test this hypothesis, in the present study we transposed various pairs of letters between the two hands. Experienced typists (n=6) typed phrases in which a key was physically transposed with another key on the keyboard and subjects typed the letters in their new location (for 200 trials). The pairs of transpositions involved: (1) similar movements of homologous fingers; (2) different movements of homologous fingers; (3) similar movements of non-homologous fingers; and (4) different movements of non-homologous fingers. After the transposition of keys, there were non-uniform prolongations in the typing intervals of words containing transposed keys, with the largest delay occurring directly before the transposition. Practice had a differential effect on these intervals; some key press intervals achieved control levels, while others did not improve at all. The disruptions in typing were dependent on the specific keys transposed. Transpositions involving non-homologous digits of the two hands were less disruptive than transpositions involving homologous digits. The results do not support our earlier hypothesis that acquisition may be facilitated when a new movement mirrors a previously learned one. These results provide some possible insights into how distinct levels of movement organization develop in typing as a result of practice. Furthermore, the non-uniformity of the typing intervals in the words containing transposed keys supports the notion that typing is organized at multiple levels, including the individual key press and word level.
Postoperative radiation therapy for osseous metastasis: Outcomes and predictors of local failure.

Abstract Purpose To evaluate patterns and predictors of local failure in patients undergoing postoperative radiation therapy (RT) for osseous metastases. Methods and materials Patients undergoing postoperative RT for bone metastases between June 2008 and January 2012 were retrospectively reviewed. Patterns of local failure were assessed, and Fine and Gray's univariable and multivariable analyses (MVA) were used to evaluate factors associated with local progression, including dose intensity of RT (biological equivalent dose, BED, Gy 10 ) and percent coverage of the surgical hardware by the RT fields. Additional predictors were similarly assessed, including patient (eg, age, performance status), disease (eg, tumor type, metastasis site), and treatment (eg, interval from surgery to RT) characteristics. Results A total of 82 cases were followed for a median of 4.3 months (11.5 months among living patients) after treatment completion. Median BED was 39 Gy 10 (range, 14-60), and RT fields covered an average of 71% (standard deviation, 26%) of the hardware. Fourteen cases (17%) experienced local progression. Although most (71%) failures occurred within the RT fields, 29% occurred marginally or out of field, but adjacent to surgical hardware. Increasing coverage of the surgical hardware by RT fields was associated with a reduced risk of local failure in MVA (hazard ratio [HR], 0.10; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.012-0.82; P = .03), whereas a greater risk of failure was seen with increasing time between surgery and RT (HR, 1.03; 95% CI, 1.01-1.06; P = .01). Extremity rather than spinal site trended toward a greater risk of failure but did not reach significance (HR, 3.79; 95% CI, 0.96-14.89; P = .057). BED ≥39 Gy 10 did not predict local failure ( P = .51) in MVA. Conclusions Current strategies achieve good outcomes after postoperative RT for osseous metastases. Greater coverage of the surgical hardware with RT fields and avoiding delays between surgery and postoperative RT should be considered to reduce recurrence risk for patients with bone metastases requiring surgical stabilization.
The application of the boundary-integral equation method to the solution of engineering stress analysis and fracture mechanics problems

Abstract A boundary-intergral equation (BIE) method, as employed by a computer program called PESTIE (plane elastic solution technique of integral equations), is described for application to engineering stress and fracture mechanics problems of interest to the electric power generating industry. The paper describes a unique combination of several numerical analysis capabilities and user-oriented features that produce significant advantages over finite element programs and earlier BIE programs. These advantages are demonstrated by comparing numerical results and performance of PESTIE with those of other programs for a series of stress concentration and stress intensity factor problems. The examples include the effect of closely spaced notches (e.g. as encountered in the rim area of a turbine rotor spindle), and the stress intensity factor of a shallow wide crack (e.g. a longitudinal crack in a large diameter pipe).
The Clinical Significance of Positive Blood Cultures: A Comprehensive Analysis of 500 Episodes of Bacteremia and Fungemia in Adults. I. Laboratory and Epidemiologic Observations

Five hundred episodes of septicemia were reviewed, with emphasis on laboratory and epidemiologic findings. The isolation of facultative and anaerobic gram-negative bacilli, fungi, and gram-positive cocci (except viridans streptococci and Staphylococcus epidermidis) almost always indicated true bacteremia, whereas the isolation of aerobic and anaerobic gram-positive bacilli, including Clostridium species, often represented contamination. More than 99% of all episodes were detected when two samples of blood (a total of 30 ml) were cultured. The five most common isolates were Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The incidence of septicemia was highest among medical patients and lowest among obstetric-gynecologic patients. Two-thirds of all episodes were nosocomial; S. aureus, enterococci, facultative gram-negative bacilli, and fungi were especially common nosocomial pathogens. The microorganisms isolated varied with the hospital service; polymicrobial episodes were especially common among surgical patients and transplant recipients. The most common sources of bacteremia were the respiratory, genitourinary, and gastrointestinal tracts; however, the source was unknown in nearly one-third of episodes. Microorganisms causing septicemia in neutropenic and nonneutropenic patients were not different; however, polymicrobial infections were more frequent in the presence of neutropenia. After antimicrobial susceptibility data became available, therapy was appropriate greater than 90% of the time.
Cognitive Behavioral Group Therapy for Mood Management in Individuals with Intellectual Disabilities: A Pilot Study.

Individuals with intellectual disabilities (ID) often display mental health symptoms that may benefit from psychotherapy. In this pilot study, a newly designed cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) group treatment targeting mood difficulties was provided to 8 adults with mild-borderline ID. Assessment occurred at pretreatment, posttreatment, and 4 month follow-up using the Symptom Checklist 90-Revised. The findings suggest a significant within-group effect between the therapeutic intervention and 6 symptom dimensions from pretreatment to posttreatment; however, no significant effects were maintained at follow-up. Findings suggest individuals with mild-moderate ID may benefit from CBT for mood management. Implications for future research are discussed.
Proppant scheduling and calculation of fluid lost during fracturing

When a well is to be fractured, it is helpful to have a quick accurate method to determine the amount of frac fluid needed without wasteful overdesign, and to establish an efficient proppant schedule which simultaneously provides high fracture conductivity, long propped lengths and low odds of a screenout. An approach to this type of frac design is presented.
Organizational Ethics Research: A Systematic Review of Methods and Analytical Techniques

Ethics are of interest to business scholars because they influence decisions, behaviors, and outcomes. While scholars have increasingly shown interest in business ethics as a research topic, there are a mounting number of studies that examine ethical issues at the organizational level of analysis. This manuscript reports the results of a systematic review of empirical research on organizational ethics published in a broad sample of business journals over a 33-year period (1980–2012). A total of 184 articles are analyzed to reveal gaps in the literature and, subsequently, lead to suggestions for future research; this is done in an effort to stimulate and perpetuate high quality research that more broadly impacts business scholars and practitioners.
Stress analysis of annular sandwich plates of linearly varying thickness

Abstract A small deflection theory is presented for stresses and deformations in variable thickness elastic annular sandwich plates that are symmetric about a middle surface. Both the energy expression and the differential equations are developed. In this analysis, the face sheets are treated as membranes, the core is assumed to be inextensible in the thickness direction, to carry only transverse shear stress on its cross sections normal to middle surface, and to be deformable in transverse shear. The theory takes into account the contribution of the face sheet membrane forces (by virtue of their slopes) to the transverse shear.
Extensions of Bowman's Theory on Managerial Decision-Making

Bowman has developed a theory which claims that a manager makes good decisions on the average but that he may exhibit a high variance in his behavior. This paper proposes three general criteria which must be satisfied for this theory to have validity. These tests are then used to evaluate a production planning model for an electronics firm where the rules are based on “average” past behavior. Several interesting results emerge when comparing the production plans based on an “average” rule with the actual plans for the company. When the manager has limited information regarding future sales, as when he develops his initial production estimates, then a plan based on average behavior performs considerably better than actual initial plans. However, when environmental cues provide reliable information on future sales of specific items as when revisions are made then actual decisions are clearly superior to those suggested by an average rule. This case study offers insight into the potential usefulness as well as the limitations of Bowman's hypothesis. Suggestions for future research in this general area conclude the discussion.
Nucleation and crystal growth in sheared poly(1‐butene) melts

The nucleation and growth behavior of a poly(1-butene) melt has been measured as a function of undercooling and shear rate. Experiments were conducted using a parallel-plate rotary shearing device with polarized light microscopy as the measuring technique. An exponential increase of nuclei with time at constant undercooling and shear rate was found. Growth rates of the crystalline bodies showed no significant change in a shear field. Nucleation and growth rate data were analyzed using expressions of the form I = I0 exp [-ΔE/RT - UTm/TΔT] G = G0 exp [-ΔE/RT - UTm/TΔT] where ΔT is the undercooling, Tm is the equilibrium melting temperature, and U contains lateral s and end-surface se free energies. The value of sse calculated from U for crystallization under shear differed from that calculated for the quiescent case by a factor of two. This difference is tentatively explained in terms of an entropy loss in the sheared system.
Anorexia, weight loss and increased plasma interleukin-6 caused by chronic intracerebroventricular infusion of interleukin-1 β in the rat

Abstract Pro-inflammatory cytokines produced in the central nervous system (CNS) have been suggested to have a role in the anorexia and cachexia of disease. In the present study, the effects of chronic exposure of the CNS to interleukin-1 β (IL-1 β) on several indicators of cachexia were studied. Rats were prepared with an intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) cannula and an osmotic minipump that delivered vehicle or 1.56 ng/h recombinant murine IL-1 β for 4 days. Food intake and body weight were determined daily during the 4-day infusion period and plasma IL-6 and corticosterone concentrations were determined from plasma collected postinfusion. Chronic i.c.v. infusion of IL-1β resulted in a chronic reduction in food intake. Rats infused i.c.v. with IL-1β ate less food each day compared to vehicle controls and, at the end of the 4-day infusion period, consumed an average of 17.2 g less. Intracerebroventricular infusion of IL-1β also caused an immediate and substantial loss of body weight that was sustained throughout the infusion period. In addition, rats infused with IL-1β had plasma levels of IL-6 double those of vehicle controls (401 pg/ml vs. 185 pg/ml). Plasma corticosterone concentrations were similar between treatments. These results suggest that chronic exposure of the CNS to cytokines such as IL-1β may be sufficient to induce anorexia and cachexia.
Engaging Undergraduates in Science Research: Not Just About Faculty Willingness.

Despite the many benefits of involving undergraduates in research and the growing number of undergraduate research programs, few scholars have investigated the factors that affect faculty members’ decisions to involve undergraduates in their research projects. We investigated the individual factors and institutional contexts that predict faculty members’ likelihood of engaging undergraduates in their research project(s). Using data from the Higher Education Research Institute’s 2007–2008 Faculty Survey, we employ hierarchical generalized linear modeling to analyze data from 4,832 science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) faculty across 194 institutions to examine how organizational citizenship behavior theory and social exchange theory relate to mentoring students in research. Key findings show that faculty who work in the life sciences and those who receive government funding for their research are more likely to involve undergraduates in their research project(s). In addition, faculty at liberal arts or historically Black colleges are significantly more likely to involve undergraduate students in research. Implications for advancing undergraduate research opportunities are discussed.
Aortocameral fistula: a rare complication of aortic dissection.

Abstract The false channel of an aortic dissection only rarely ruptures into a cardiac chamber producing an aortocameral fistula. Reports of 20 cases have been published, and two distinct clinical patterns have emerged. In nine patients, severe cardiac decompensation associated with chest pain developed abruptly months to years after r coronary bypass graft surgery or aortic valve replacement. Continuous murmurs were observed infrequently. In 11 patients, progressive chronic or subacute congestive heart failure developed in patients with aortic dissection known or suspected to have occurred months to years previously. A continuous murmur was almost always present. The frequency with which aortocameral fistula occurred in patients who had undergone cardiac surgery suggests a pathogenetic mechanism. It seems probable that postoperative adhesions favor fistula over free rupture.
Transport of D-allose by isolated fat-cells: an effect of adenosine triphosphate on insulin stimulated transport.

D-allose, a glucose analogue, is not metabolized by isolated fatcells and its distribution space at equilibrium in the cells is the same as that of tritiated water. Uptake of allose is inhibited by glucose and 3-0-methylglucose, stimulated by insulin and virtually eliminated by cytochalasin B. Counter transport of allose out of fat-cells against a concentration gradient can be induced by exogenous glucose but not by pyruvate. It is concluded that allose is transported into fat-cells by the same carrier mediated transport system as glucose and that it is a suitable analogue with which to study the glucose transport system. Insulin stimulated allose transport, into or out of the cell, but not basal transport, is inhibited by a brief exposure of isolated fat-cells to exogenous ATP or ADP (but not AMP or AMP-PNP). The antilipolytic effect of insulin is not affected. The ATP inhibition is slowly reversible. It is suggested that ATP phosphorylates a membrane component and thereby blocks transmission of signal from the insulin receptor to the carrier system. Indirect evidence suggests that ATP does not alter the affinity of the insulin or glucose binding sites. Insulin decreases the Km of glucose metabolism to CO2 and lipid in isolated fat-cells and increases the Vmax. However, the hormone has no effect on the Ki of glucose as an inhibitor of allose transport. The glucose analogue, 3-0-methylglucose, also inhibits both glucose metabolism and allose transport. The Ki for both these processes is similar and is not affected by insulin. These results support the view that the effect of insulin on glucose transport is to raise the Vmax without a change in the Km. It appears further that sugar transport is not the major rate limiting step in metabolism at high glucose concentrations in the absence of insulin, or at most glucose concentrations in the presence of the hormone.
Substrate for atomic chain electronics

A substrate for future atomic chain electronics, where adatoms are placed at designated positions and form atomically precise device components, is studied theoretically. The substrate has to serve as a two-dimensional template for adatom mounting with a reasonable confinement barrier and also provide electronic isolation, preventing unwanted coupling between independent adatom structures. However, the two requirements conflict. For excellent electronic isolation, we may seek adatom confinement via van der Waals interaction without chemical bonding to the substrate atoms, but the confinement turns out to be very weak and hence unsatisfactory. An alternative chemical bonding scheme with excellent structural strength is examined, but even fundamental adatom chain properties such as whether chains are semiconducting or metallic are strongly influenced by the nature of the chemical bonding, and electronic isolation is not always achieved. Conditions for obtaining semiconducting chains with well-localized surface-modes, leading to good isolation, are clarified and discussed.
The Effect of Study Techniques, Study Preferences, and Familiarity on Later Recall

College students were assigned to various study and review conditions in order to determine the effect of using a preferred or non-preferred study technique and of being familiar or unfamiliar with an assigned reading topic. When an individual preferred reading as a study technique and was familiar with the topic, reading produced the best performance on the posttest. The least effective performance was produced by reading when a person preferred to read but was unfamiliar with the topic. The findings are discussed in terms of their practical implications for students and their instructors.
Synthetic Studies of Biomimetic Diels–Alder Processes toward the Helicterin Family of Natural Products

Although the [2.2.2]-bicyclooctene core of the helicterin, helisorin, and helisterculin class of neolignan natural products could conceivably arise in Nature via Diels–Alder reactions, synthetic explorations have revealed that only under very non-biomimetic conditions can such cycloadditions be performed. In this article, we provide a personal account of explorations towards this natural product family, sharing some additional unpublished synthetic work to test the viability of an alternate, Diels–Alder-based, biogenetic hypothesis for the generation of this unique collection of secondary metabolites.
Teaching Leadership for a Diverse Society: Strategies, Challenges, and Recommendations:

This article reports on a project entitled "Teaching Leadership for a Diverse Society." This project, which was funded by the Dwight D. Eisenhower Leadership Development Program, focused on preparing college undergraduates for leadership roles in an increasingly diverse society through the development of course materials, teaching methods, and activities for incorporation into a required introductory course in the leadership studies major. As suggested by the title, this article is an attempt to share recommendations about the strategies which can be used to meet the challenges of this type of endeavor.
An Experimental Study of the Effects of Automation on Pilot Situational Awareness in the Datalink ATC Environment

An experiment to study how automation, when used in conjunction with datalink for the delivery of air traffic control (ATC) clearance amendments, affects the situational awareness of aircrews was conducted. The study was focused on the relationship of situational awareness to automated Flight Management System (FMS) programming and the readback of ATC clearances. Situational awareness was tested by issuing nominally unacceptable ATC clearances and measuring whether the error was detected by the subject pilots. The experiment also varied the mode of clearance delivery: Verbal, Textual, and Graphical. The error detection performance and pilot preference results indicate that the automated programming of the FMS may be superior to manual programming. It is believed that automated FMS programming may relieve some of the cognitive load, allowing pilots to concentrate on the strategic implications of a clearance amendment. Also, readback appears to have value, but the small sample size precludes a definite conclusion. Furthermore, because textual and graphical modes of delivery offer different but complementary advantages for cognitive processing, a combination of these modes of delivery may be advantageous in a datalink presentation.
A low composite scale preon model with complementarity

We have constructed the first “realistic candidate” preon model with low composite scale satisfying complementarity between the Higgs and confining phases. The model is based onSU(4) metacolor and predicts four generations of ordinary quarks and leptons together with heavy neutrinos at the level of the standard gauge groupSU(3)c×SU(2)L×U(1)Y. There are no exotic massless fermions. The global family group isSU(2)×U(1).
A COMPARISON OF OPEN-ENDED AND MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTION FORMATS FOR THE QUANTITATIVE SECTION OF THE GRADUATE RECORD EXAMINATIONS GENERAL TEST

Free-response counterparts to a set of items from the quantitative section of the Graduate Record Examinations General Test were developed. Examinees responded to these items by gridding numerical answers on a machine-readable answer sheet in essentially the same way social security numbers are now gridded. In addition, the answer grid included special symbols for a negative sign (-), a decimal point (.), a division sign (/), and a variable (k). The test section with the special answer sheet was administered at the end of a regular GRE administration. Test forms were spiraled so that random groups received either the grid-in questions or the same questions in a multiple-choice format. Because the amount of extra time required to grid in responses was unknown, both a long and a short form were developed, with students randomly receiving one or the other. Sample size for these comparisons was 12,465. In a separate data collection effort, 364 paid volunteers who had recently taken the General Test used a computer keyboard to enter answers to the same set of questions. Correct and incorrect answers chosen in the multiple-choice format were compared with the answers generated in the free-response format. Three-parameter item characteristic curves were compared, as were correlational patterns with other test scores and undergraduate grade point average. Format by gender and format by ethnicity (Asian American, Black, Hispanic, and White) interactions were explored with analyses of covariance. Despite the format differences noted for individual items, total scores for the multiple-choice and free-response tests demonstrated remarkably similar correlational patterns, and there were no significant interactions of test format with either gender or ethnicity.
An Empirical Assessment of the Communication Components Inventory

This article attempts to demonstrate the psychometric properties and evidence of validity for a measure recently proposed in this journal, the Communication Components Inventory (CCI). Across two s...
HACCP – a work in progress

A national policy and regulatory framework has guided the Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) as it has developed a comprehensive food safety strategy. The framework involves establishing a National Public Health Goal, Microbiological Food Safety Objectives, and for the plant environment, Food Safety Performance Standards, mandatory Sanitation Standard Operating Procedures, and mandatory Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP). In 1996, FSIS published its final rule on Pathogen Reduction and HACCP Systems, which established new requirements for slaughter and processing establishments that are consistent with this framework. FSIS' food safety initiatives remain a work in progress. FSIS has begun a public process to determine what improvements are needed to improve the quality of industry food safety programs and to improve FSIS' own role as a regulatory public health agency.
Stochastic approximation with discontinuous dynamics and state dependent noise: W. P. 1 convergence

Stochastic approximations of the form Xn+1 = Xn + anh(Xn, ?n) are treated where h(? , ?) might not be continuous and the noise sequence {?n} might depend on {Xn}. An 'averaging' and an 'ordinary differential equation' method are combined to get w.p.1 convergence for both the above algorithm and for the case where the iterates are projected back onto a bounded set G if they ever leave it. Two examples are developed, the first being an automata problem where the dynamics are not smooth and the noise is state dependent, and the second a Robbins-Monro process with observation averaging (which causes the noise to be state dependent). Each example is typical of a larger class.
Partitioning of renal zinc between metallothionein and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) after treatment of rats with Ca(Na)2EDTA

Abstract Calcium disodium edtate (EDTA) is a widely used chelator in the treatment of lead poisoning, although it also mobilizes other trace metals such as zinc. We have found that daily injection of 400 mg EDTA/kg body wt ip to rats results in an increase in the concentration of zinc (Zn) in the kidney when measured by atomic absorption spectroscopy. This increase is not associated with an induction of metallothionein (MT), a protein normally involved in the homeostasis of zinc. In fact, separation of kidney homogenate on a column of Sephadex G-75 demonstrates that virtually no Zn-MT remains in the kidney 24 hr after an EDTA injection, although after 3 days, Zn-MT levels appear to return to normal. Instead, increased renal Zn is found associated with residual EDTA. False high measurements of MT can be obtained from the Cd-saturation/hemoglobin assay due to the presence of residual EDTA in the kidney. Although nearly all of an injected dose of radiolabeled EDTA is rapidly excreted, O.2 to 0.1% is retained in the kidney 1 day later; this is sufficient to account for the additional Zn. We propose that the small proportion of EDTA incorporated by pinocytosis into lysosomes in the renal cortical cells binds with all free Zn and subsequently depletes the MT concentration. Although the concentration of Zn measured in the kidney is elevated, there is actually less available for Zn-dependent activity.
The Morgan Site: An Important Coles Creek Mound Complex on the Chenier Plain of Southwest Louisiana:

The chenier plain of southwest Louisiana supported a relatively dense population in the Coles Creek period. The Morgan site, located on the Pecan Island chenier, was a major center for the local inhabitants in Middle and Late Coles Creek times (c. AD 800–1000). Recent excavations at this site by the Lower Mississippi Survey resulted in the delimitation of the site, revealing areas of intensive occupation. A rich midden was tested to work out temporal changes in the local ceramics of the Coles Creek period. The excavation techniques employed enabled us to distinguish micro-evolutionary changes within the Baytown Plain rim mode assemblage recovered at Morgan. Determining such changes within the ceramics of the Coles Creek period has contributed to the relative dating of the Morgan mounds. The excavation methods presented here provide a means for ascertaining which Coles Creek components in the region were occupied contemporaneously. This information is fundamental to further studies on settlement and subsis...
What Does it Mean to Use Someone as "A Means Only": Rereading Kant

Debates about commodification in bioethics frequently appeal to Kant's famous second formulation of the categorical imperative, the formula requiring us to treat the rational (human) being as "an end in itself" and "never as a means only." In the course of her own treatment of commodification, Margaret Jane Radin observes that Kant's application of this formula "does not generate noncontroversial particular consequences." This is so, I argue, because Kant offers three different--and largely incompatible--interpretations of the formula. One focuses on the obligation to preserve rational willing; the second stresses respect for human (physical) dignity and integrity; the third views respect for others as "ends in themselves" as primarily involving a willingness to govern one's conduct by a procedure of impartial co-legislation. Only the third of these interpretations, I conclude, offers a reasonable and coherent approach to moral judgment about the limits of commodification.
Relationship theories and relationship violence Is it beneficial to believe in soulmates

Franiuk and colleagues (2002) distinguished between two implicit theories of relationships (ITRs)—a soulmate theory and a work-it-out theory. The soulmate theory reflects beliefs that finding the right person is important for relationship success while the work-it-out theory reflects beliefs that relationships take effort to be successful. The current research explores the association between the ITRs and relationship violence. Surveying an older sample than a traditional college sample (N = 143), the ITRs interacted with partner fit and relationship length to predict relationship violence. As predicted, for those with poor partner fit, the soulmate theory was associated with low violence early in relationships, but the soulmate theory lost some of its protective benefits in longer relationships.