cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of estrogen and sex difference on secretion of human growth hormone.

Human growth hormone (HGH) has been measured in the plasma of fasting subjects at the moment of awaking and 1–3 hr later after normal activity. Basal levels of men and women were not different and were usually less than 1 mμg/ml. A marked rise in the later (“ambulatory”) specimens occurred in women, to a mean level of 6.5 mμg/ml. This rise was not seen in men, whose basal and ambulatory values were indistinguishable. Administration of estrogen to men resulted in a reproduction of the normal female pattern of HGH increase after activity. Variations of ambulatory but not basal HGH were noted in women followed throughout the menstrual cycle, with a distinct luteal phase rise beginning shortly after ovulation. It is postulated (a) that estrogens act to enhance pituitary sensitivity, or that of higher centers, to the HGH-releasing effects of physical activity and possibly other stimuli; and (b) that this effect may be at least partly responsible for the differences in plasma HGH noted between men and women, an...
Relation of results of exercise stress tests in young women to phases of the menstrual cycle.

Abstract ST-segment depression that occurs in the course of exercise stress testing is considered a "positive" response for myocardial ischemia. Exercise testing results in significant ST segment shifts in 14% to 67% of women without angiographic evidence of coronary artery disease. 1 It has been suggested that the high frequency of false-positive ischemic ST segment shifts among women is related to relatively high estrogen levels. 2–4 A systematic study of that hypothesis has not been previously reported, and is the subject of this report.
Comparison of ISEE‐1 and ‐3 interplanetary magnetic field observations

Three hourly correlation coefficients and the lag at maximum correlation are computed using one minute averages of ISEE-1 and -3 magnetometer data during the period in which ISEE-3 moved from the earth to its halo orbit around the libration point. The maximum correlation coefficients are highly variable ranging from close to zero to almost unity. The lags, while on the average approximating the expected corotation delay, have very large departures from this value. These results suggest that the normals to the planes separating fields of differing orientation often make large angles to the ecliptic plane and/or that the interplanetary magnetic field has a significant amount of bending on a scale length the order of 200 earth radii. Furthermore, there often appears to be a significant amount of propagating structure in the IMF. Thus, ISEE-3 magnetic field measurements should be used with caution if precise timing of arrival at the earth or precise directions of the field upon arrival are important.
"Writing History Backwards: Meiji Japan Revisited"

In following the paths of historical development … the analyst finds himself … engaged in the rather thankless task of trying to derive known from unknown or, at least, better-known from less well-known facts. Would it not be much more efficient to reverse this procedure? By establishing the base of his operations, that is, the principal store of primary factual information in the present or a very recent past, and then moving on backward with the help of theoretical weapons step by step toward the more and more distant past, the analytical historian could make most effective use of the limited amount of direct factual information to which he usually has access.
Structural analysis of cysteine S-nitrosylation: a modified acid-based motif and the emerging role of trans-nitrosylation.

S-nitrosylation, the selective and reversible addition of nitric oxide (NO) moiety to cysteine (Cys) sulfur in proteins, regulates numerous cellular processes. In recent years, proteomic approaches have been developed that are capable of identifying nitrosylated Cys residues. However, the features underlying specificity of Cys modification with NO remain poorly defined. Previous studies suggested that S-nitrosylated Cys may be flanked by an acid-base motif or hydrophobic areas, and show high reactivity, low pKa and high sulfur atom exposure. In the current study, we prepared an extensive, manually curated dataset of proteins with S-nitrosothiols, accounting for a variety of biochemical functions, organisms of origin and physiological responses to NO. Analysis of this generic NO-Cys dataset revealed that proximal acid-base motif, Cys pKa, sulfur atom exposure, Cys conservation or hydrophobicity in the vicinity of the modified Cys do not define the specificity of S-nitrosylation. Instead, this analysis revealed a revised acid-base motif, which is located more distantly to the Cys and has its charged groups exposed. We hypothesize that, rather than being strictly employed for direct activation of Cys, the modified acid-base motif is engaged in protein-protein interactions whereby contributing to trans-nitrosylation as an important and widespread mechanism for reversible modification of Cys with NO moiety. For proteins lacking the revised motif, we discuss alternative mechanisms including a potential role of nitrosoglutathione as a transacting agent.
The emergence and policy implications of converging new technologies integrated from the nanoscale

Science based on the unified concepts on matter at the nanoscale provides a new foundation for knowledge creation, innovation, and technology integration. Convergent new technologies refers to the synergistic combination of nanotechnology, biotechnology, information technology and cognitive sciences (NBIC), each of which is currently progressing at a rapid rate, experiencing qualitative advancements, and interacting with the more established fields such as mathematics and environmental technologies (Roco & Bainbridge, 2002). It is expected that converging technologies will bring about tremendous improvements in transforming tools, new products and services, enable human personal abilities and social achievements, and reshape societal relationships.
Out of Bounds: Cultural Barriers to Female Sports Participation in Qatar

For the past 20 years, female athletic participation in the Middle East has been increasing. In the conservative Gulf region, female athleticism has been met with a degree of ambivalence, as questions arise over the appropriate role for women in society. While female sports have been studied in Gulf countries such as Kuwait and Bahrain, the region's burgeoning superpower, Qatar, remains underexamined. The present research fills this gap by exploring issues for female athletes in Doha, the nation's capital and most populous city. Female athletes in Qatar encounter numerous barriers to participation, including issues related to religion, family and changing gender dynamics. While female athletic participation is on the upswing in Qatar, overall rates of involvement remain somewhat low. This article examines the cultural barriers that inhibit female sports participation in Qatar.
Magnetically keyed, phase-sensitive demodulators

THE purpose of this paper is to present several keyed, phase-sensitive demodulator circuits in which saturable reactors, transistors, and silicon diodes are used in place of vacuum, tubes to obtain increased reliability and ruggedness, small physical size (see Fig. 1), and low noise level.
Synthesis, purification and characterization of rat histone H2A (1-53)-NH2

Abstract Synthetic peptides (up to 40 residues in length) are routinely purified and characterized by reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RP-LC). However, as the peptide size is further increased, this technique becomes less efficient in separating micro-heterogeneities despite the extensive use of columns or buffer systems known to exhibit different selectivities. As a result, alternative analytical and preparative methodologies were sought for the purification and characterization of synthetic histone H2A (1–53)-NH 2 . This 53-peptide was synthesized on a 2,4-dimethoxybenzhydrylamine resin using the fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl strategy. Interestingly, the crude histone, after trifluoroacetic acid cleavage from the resin and deprotection, appeared to be remarkably pure. This result being unexpected, this sample was also analyzed by cation-exchange chromatography using a recently developed narrow-bore Pharmacia Mono S Precision Column 1.6/5 and an organic modifier (acetonitrile) in the buffer. Under the experimental conditions that were used, the presence of the desired peptide was determined by mass spectrometry and accounted for ca. 7% of the total absorbance at 214 nm. Scale-up studies allowed the isolation of significant amounts of highly purified histone H2A (1–53)-NH 2 . This preparation was characterized using RP-LC, capillary zone electrophoresis, amino acid analysis, mass spectrometry and sequence analysis using automated Edman degradation.
Development of a versatile organophosphorous-hydrolase-based assay for organophosphate pesticides

We report a rapid and versatile organophosphorus hydrolase (OPH)-based method for measurement of organophosphate pesticides. This assay is based on a substrate-dependant change in pH near the active site of the enzyme. The pH change is monitored using fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) which is covalently immobilized to the enzyme. This method employs FITC-labeled enzyme adsorbed to polymethylmethacrylate beads. Analytes were measured using a microbead fluorescence analyzer. The dynamic concentration range for the assay extends from 25 (mu) M to 400 (mu) M for paraoxon with a detection limit of 8 (mu) M. This assay compared favorably to an HPLC method for monitoring the concentration of coumaphos in bioremediation filtrate samples.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Electrophysiologic actions of BRB-I-28 in ischemically injured canine myocardium.

We examined the electrophysiologic actions of BRB-I-28 using two in vivo and two in vitro models of myocardial ischemic injury. In intact canine heart studied 4 days after anterior descending coronary artery occlusion, BRB-I-28 (3 and 6 mg/kg, i.v.) prolonged refractoriness in ischemically injured epicardium to an extent similar to that caused by lidocaine (3 and 6 mg/kg i.v.). BRB-I-28 produced less rate-dependent epicardial delay and, unlike lidocaine, failed to facilitate reentrant arrhythmia formation. Lidocaine and BRB-I-28 (3 and 6 mg/kg i.v.) produced similar rate-dependent prolongation of HV intervals in the normal His-Purkinje system, and produced both tonic and use-dependent conduction block in the ischemically injured His-Purkinje system studied 2 h after anteroseptal coronary artery ligation. In isolated superfused ventricular epicardium studied 1-4 days after anterior descending coronary artery ligation, BRB-I-28 reduced action potential amplitude (APA) and maximum phase 0 upstroke (Vmax) in normal (3.2 mg/L) and ischemically injured (1 and 3.2 mg/L) tissue, with marked tonic and use-dependent conduction block (3.2 mg/L). AP potential duration (APD) was unaltered. In isolated, superfused, ischemically injured canine endocardium studied 24 h after anterior descending coronary artery occlusion, BRB-I-28 (3.2 and 10 ml/L) reduced APA and Vmax and prolonged refractoriness and conduction times in ischemically injured tissue without altering APD. Tonic block was more prominent, and use-dependent block was observed at lower drug concentrations in ischemically injured tissue. The data demonstrate selective conduction depression and prolongation of refractoriness for BRB-I-28 in ischemically injured tissues. Both use-dependent and tonic conduction block contribute to the decrease in conduction observed with BRB-I-28 in ischemically injured myocardium, with more prominent tonic conduction block present in ischemically injured epicardium and His-Purkinje tissue at 2-24 h after coronary artery occlusion than in ischemically injured left ventricular (LV) epicardium studied 4 days after coronary artery occlusion.
Overnight Sleep Enhances Hippocampus-Dependent Aspects of Spatial Memory

STUDY OBJECTIVES Several studies have now demonstrated that spatial information is processed during sleep, and that posttraining sleep is beneficial for human navigation. However, it remains unclear whether the effects of sleep are primarily due to consolidation of cognitive maps, or alternatively, whether sleep might also affect nonhippocampal aspects of navigation (e.g., speed of motion) involved in moving through a virtual environment. DESIGN Participants were trained on a virtual maze navigation task (VMT) and then given a memory test following either a day of wakefulness or a night of sleep. Subjects reported to the laboratory for training at either 10:00am or 10:00pm, depending on randomly assigned condition, and were tested 11 h later. Overnight subjects slept in the laboratory with polysomnography. SETTING A hospital-based academic sleep laboratory. PATIENTS OR PARTICIPANTS Thirty healthy college student volunteers. INTERVENTIONS N/A. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS Point-by-point position data were collected from the VMT. Analysis of the movement data revealed a sleep-dependent improvement in maze completion time (P < 0.001) due to improved spatial understanding of the maze layout, which led to a shortening of path from start to finish (P = 0.01) rather than faster exploration speed through the maze (P = 0.7). CONCLUSIONS We found that overnight sleep benefitted performance, not because subjects moved faster through the maze, but because they were more accurate in navigating to the goal. These findings suggest that sleep enhances participants' knowledge of the spatial layout of the maze, contributing to the consolidation of hippocampus-dependent spatial information. CITATION Nguyen ND; Tucker MA; Stickgold R; Wamsley EJ. Overnight sleep enhances hippocampus-dependent aspects of spatial memory. SLEEP 2013;36(7):1051-1057.
In an Imperfect World, Men with Small Penises are Unforgiven The Representation of the Penis/Phallus in American Films of the 1990s

Unforgiven and A Perfect World have a strong connection in their representation of masculinity—both films represent the “normal” penis as critical to the formation of “good” masculinity and the “abnormal” and usually small penis as being at the center of “bad” masculinity. In Unforgiven, the entire narrative is set in motion when a prostitute laughs at a cowboy for having a small penis. In A Perfect World, the prisoner who escapes with the Kevin Costner character tells the boy they kidnap that his penis is too small, although Costner later assures him otherwise. This foregrounding of the penis in the formation of masculinity in these Eastwood-directed films relates to other recent films such as True Lies, in which a pathetic used-car salesman pretends to be a secret agent so that he can seduce women, desperately explaining that he does so because he has a “little dick.”
Phosphorus nuclear magnetic resonance studies of the pyrophosphate backbone of pyridine coenzymes

Phosphorus nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of pyridine coenzymes show that the reduced and the oxidized coenzymes exhibit different spectral patterns and chemical shifts. The 31P{1H} NMR spectrum of β-TPN taken as a function pH indicates that the pKa value for the 2′ phosphate group is 6·0. It was further found that in β-TPN, the protonation of the 2′ phosphate group selectively perturbs one 31P resonance of the pyrophosphate backbone.
Analysis of source location errors for a magnetic dipole buried in a laterally inhomogeneous conducting earth

A numerical model is used to simulate a vertical magnetic dipole (VMD), with time harmonic excitation, buried under a segmented overburden. Results are presented in terms of readily measured field quantities. Of special interest are the ellipticities of the magnetic field in the vertical and horizontal planes. These turn out to be very sensitive to the lateral variation of the conductivity structure. Other parameters, such as the vertical magnetic field on the surface, are much less influenced. It is suggested that the combination of such measurements should lead to an optimum system for source location in application to mine rescue operations.
HORMONAL CONTRIBUTIONS TO SEXUALLY DIMORPHIC BEHAVIORAL DEVELOPMENT IN HUMANS

Abstract Nineteen studies on the behavioral effects of prenatal exposure to hormones administered for the treatment of at-risk human pregnancy are reviewed. Because the role of prenatal exposure to hormones in the development of human behavioral sex differences is potentially confounded by society's differential treatment of the sexes, comparisons between exposed and unexposed subjects were evaluated and summarized separately for male and female subjects. Therefore, this review focuses on data for individuals whose prenatal hormone environments were atypical relative to what is normal for their own sex. Overall, it appears that prenatal exposure to androgen-based synthetic progestin exerted a masculinizing and/or defeminizing influence on human behavioral development, whereas prenatal exposure to natural progesterone and progesterone-based synthetic progestin had a feminizing and/or demasculinizing influence, particularly among female subjects. The data on prenatal exposure to synthetic estrogen derive primarily from subjects exposed to diethylstilbestrol (DES). DES-exposed male subjects appeared to be feminized and/or demasculinized, and there is some evidence that exposed female subjects were masculinized. These findings are discussed in the context of prenatal hormonal contributions to sexually dimorphic behavioral development both within and between the sexes. Recommendations for the conduct of future research in developmental behavioral endocrinology are presented.
Measurement of Absolute Propagation and Termination Rate Constants for Alkylperoxyls in Solution by the Hydroperoxide Method

Kinetic and product studies of liquid phase autoxidations in the presence of high concentrations of alkyl hydroperoxides have enabled absolute propagation and termination rate constants for alkylperoxyls to be measured. A large number of rate constants and activation parameters have been accumulated over the past few years by this technique and the highlights of this work are presented in this review.
Agribusiness talent assessment through team evaluation

Talent assessment is a critical element in agribusiness success. Unless the correct people are identified and rewarded with promotion and other organizational rewards, organizational motivation and leadership will wane. A new efficient and effective talent assessment method called Team Evaluation has been developed by leading agribusiness firms and provides advantages not available with traditional procedures. The Team Evaluation process enhances the firm's information about people. When added to the existing supervisory assessment procedures. Management Systems (MS), the combination of the TE + MS upgrades the quality of human resource decisions, improves rewards equity and the link between pay and performance.
A Field-Tested Task Analysis for Creating Single-Subject Graphs Using Microsoft r Office Excel

Creating single-subject (SS) graphs is challenging for many researchers and practitioners because it is a complex task with many steps. Although several authors have introduced guidelines for creating SS graphs, many users continue to experience frustration. The purpose of this article is to minimize these frustrations by providing a field-tested task analysis for creating SS graphs using Microsoft® Office Excel. Results from the field test are presented and the task analysis, which includes steps for creating a variety of SS graphs, is provided. The article includes various illustrations, a list of prerequisite skills, tips, and troubleshooting items.
Syntheses and cellular studies of water soluble porphyrin-peptide conjugates

ABSTRACT Conjugates of meso -tetraphenylporphyrin to the cell targeted NLS SV40 and HIV-1 Tat 48-60 peptide sequences were synthesized on solid-phase using optimized conjugation protocols. Polar groups were introduced at the periphery of the prophyrin macrocycle, and their effect on the in vitro biological performance of th e conjugates was evaluated. In vitro biological studies using the new porphyrin conjugates in human HEp2 cells showed that the conjugates bearing the HIV-1 Tat sequence were the most effici ently delivered within cells. The cellular uptake was also dependent on the nature of the substituents at the periphery of the porphyrin macrocycle. On the other hand, the conjugates containing the NLS SV40 peptide sequence and/or hydrophobic groups at the porphyrin periphery were the most phototoxic. The subcellular distribution of the conjugates depended significantly on the nature of the peptide sequence and the overall molecule charge. The conjugates delivered into the more sensitive ER were more phototoxic to the HEp2 cells than those that localized mainly in the lysosomes. Keywords: PDT, peptide, porphyrin, conjugation, NLS, SV40, HIV-1 Tat 48-60, solid-phase synthesis
Observation of growth modes during metal-organic chemical vapor deposition of GaN

We present real-time surface x-ray scattering measurements during homoepitaxial growth of GaN by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition. We observed intensity oscillations corresponding to the completion of each monolayer during layer-by-layer growth. The growth rate was found to be temperature independent and Ga-transport limited. Transitions between step-flow, layer-by-layer, and three-dimensional growth modes were determined as a function of temperature and growth rate.
p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibits calcium-dependent chloride secretion in T84 colonic epithelial cells

We have previously shown that Ca(2+)-dependent Cl(-) secretion across intestinal epithelial cells is limited by a signaling pathway involving transactivation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and activation of ERK mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). Here, we have investigated a possible role for p38 MAPK in regulation of Ca(2+)-dependent Cl(-) secretion. Western blot analysis of T(84) colonic epithelial cells revealed that the muscarinic agonist carbachol (CCh; 100 microM) stimulated phosphorylation and activation of p38 MAPK. The p38 inhibitor SB-203580 (10 microM) potentiated and prolonged short-circuit current (I(sc)) responses to CCh across voltage-clamped T(84) cells to 157.4 +/- 6.9% of those in control cells (n = 21; P < 0.001). CCh-induced p38 phosphorylation was attenuated by the EGFR inhibitor tyrphostin AG-1478 (0.1 nM-10 microM) and by the Src family kinase inhibitor PP2 (20 nM-2 microM). The effects of CCh on p38 phosphorylation were mimicked by thapsigargin (TG; 2 microM), which specifically elevates intracellular Ca(2+), and were abolished by the Ca(2+) chelator BAPTA-AM (20 microM), implying a role for intracellular Ca(2+) in mediating p38 activation. SB-203580 (10 microM) potentiated I(sc) responses to TG to 172.4 +/- 18.1% of those in control cells (n = 18; P < 0.001). When cells were pretreated with SB-203580 and PD-98059 to simultaneously inhibit p38 and ERK MAPKs, respectively, I(sc) responses to TG and CCh were significantly greater than those observed with either inhibitor alone. We conclude that Ca(2+)-dependent agonists stimulate p38 MAPK in T(84) cells by a mechanism involving intracellular Ca(2+), Src family kinases, and the EGFR. CCh-stimulated p38 activation constitutes a similar, but distinct and complementary, antisecretory signaling pathway to that of ERK MAPK.
On "Trust and Being True": Toward a Genealogy of Morals

This Nietzschesque “genealogy of morals” presents the Confucian virtue of xin (trust and true) so basic to friendship as a civic virtue rooted among social equals. Among non-equals, a servant has to prove his trustworthiness but not yet vice versa. The script 信 (xin) tells of living up to one’s words. Yanxing 言行 (speech and action) describes actively keeping a verbal promise. The Agrarian school endorses xin as the primary virtue in its utopia of virtual equals. It knew oral trust and had no use for written covenants. In debating Mencius, Gaozi kept to that earlier primacy granted public speech as tied to one’s social reputation. Mencius turned inward and elevated mind as the inner good of moral intent instead. In the Doctrine of the Mean, inner xin would expand outward into becoming the ultimate truth, the sincerity of Heaven and Earth. The essay ends on an aside on the case of the Cretan Liar.
Specializing network analysis to detect anomalous insider actions

Collaborative information systems (CIS) enable users to coordinate efficiently over shared tasks in complex distributed environments. For flexibility, they provide users with broad access privileges, which, as a side-effect, leave such systems vulnerable to various attacks. Some of the more damaging malicious activities stem from internal misuse, where users are authorized to access system resources. A promising class of insider threat detection models for CIS focuses on mining access patterns from audit logs, however, current models are limited in that they assume organizations have significant resources to generate label cases for training classifiers or assume the user has committed a large number of actions that deviate from "normal" behavior. In lieu of the previous assumptions, we introduce an approach that detects when specific actions of an insider deviate from expectation in the context of collaborative behavior. Specifically, in this paper, we introduce a specialized network anomaly detection model, or SNAD, to detect such events. This approach assesses the extent to which a user influences the similarity of the group of users that access a particular record in the CIS. From a theoretical perspective, we show that the proposed model is appropriate for detecting insider actions in dynamic collaborative systems. From an empirical perspective, we perform an extensive evaluation of SNAD with the access logs of two distinct environments: the patient record access logs a large electronic health record system (6,015 users, 130,457 patients and 1,327,500 accesses) and the editing logs of Wikipedia (2,394,385 revisors, 55,200 articles and 6,482,780 revisions). We compare our model with several competing methods and demonstrate SNAD is significantly more effective: on average it achieves 20-30% greater area under an ROC curve.
Cross-layer rate optimization for proportional fairness in multihop wireless networks with random access

In this paper, we address the rate control problem in a multihop random access wireless network, with the objective of achieving proportional fairness amongst the end-to-end sessions. The problem is considered in the framework of nonlinear optimization. Compared with its counterpart in a wired network where link capacities are fixed, rate control in a multihop random access network is much more complex and requires joint optimization at both the transport and link layers. This is due to the fact that the attainable throughput on each link in the network is "elastic" and is typically a nonconvex and nonseparable function of the transmission attempt rates. Two cross-layer algorithms, a dual-based algorithm and a penalty-based algorithm, are proposed in this paper to solve the rate control problem in a multihop random access network. Both algorithms can be implemented in a distributed manner, and work at the link layer to adjust link attempt probabilities and at the transport layer to adjust session rates. We prove rigorously that the two proposed algorithms converge to the globally optimal solutions. Simulation results are provided in support of our conclusions
Eating their way to the top? Mechanisms underlying the success of invasive insect generalist predators

Insect generalist predators have been introduced outside of their native range intentionally to improve biological control, or accidentally during commerce, and can subsequently become invasive. Invasive insect generalist predators (IIGP) have widespread impacts on invaded communities because they consume both herbivores and other predators. Also, they often reach higher densities than and displace similar native species. Reflecting the complexity of their ecological roles, a wide variety of mechanisms might contribute to invasive success by IIGP. These species often drive resources to lower levels than do natives, leading to intense resource competition and sometimes competitive exclusion of other predators. The broader range of resources used by many IIGP can heighten their competitive advantage, particularly when IIGP exploit modified habitats. In either case, IIGP improve herbivore suppression by depressing prey densities below pre-invasion levels. Coexistence among native and invasive generalists is fostered when species differ substantially in their niche requirements. In this case, a larger proportion of the total prey population is subject to attack post- than pre-invasion, which strengthens prey suppression. On the other hand, some IIGP feed heavily on other predators, at times leading to a weakening of prey suppression. Future research should continue to explore the roles of competition and niche partitioning on larger spatial scales, and in both the native and invasive ranges of IIGP. Additionally, combining data from empirical studies with theory might be an effective way to predict the spread and community impacts of IIGP invasions.
Hemoglobinopathies and sleep – The road less traveled

Sickle cell disease and thalassemia are common hereditary blood disorders associated with increased systemic inflammation, tissue hypoxia, endothelial dysfunction and end-organ damage, the latter accounting for the substantial morbidity and abbreviated lifespan associated with these conditions. Sleep perturbations in general, and sleep-disordered breathing in particular are also highly prevalent conditions and the mechanisms underlying their widespread end-organ morbidities markedly and intriguingly overlap with the very same pathways implicated in the hemoglobinopathies. However, little attention has been given to date to the potential contributing role of sleep disorders to sickle cell disease manifestations. Here, we comprehensively review the pathophysiological mechanisms and clinical manifestations linking disturbed sleep and hemoglobinopathies, with special emphasis on sickle cell disease. In addition to a broad summary of the available evidence, we identify many of the research gaps that require attention and future investigation, and provide the scientific contextual setting that should enable opportunities to investigate the intertwined pathophysiological mechanisms and clinical outcomes of sleep disorders and hemoglobinopathies.
Smoking-related correlates of depressive symptom dimensions in treatment-seeking smokers.

Introduction: The symptomatic heterogeneity of depression poses a barrier to understanding the smoking–depression relationship. Different types of depressive symptoms have evidenced disparate relations to smoking. Yet, depression measures employed in past depression–smoking research yield symptom subdimensions, which may not be sufficiently comprehensive or distinct. The Inventory of Depression and Anxiety Symptoms (IDAS; Watson, D., O’Hara, M. W., Chmielewski, M., McDade-Montez, E. A., Koffel, E., Naragon, K., et al. (2008). Further validation of the IDAS: Evidence of convergent, discriminant, criterion, and incremental validity. Psychological Assessment, 20, 248–259. doi:10.1037/a0012570) produce 8 distinguishable depressive symptom dimensions: dysphoria (anhedonia, sadness, psychomotor disturbance, worthlessness, worry, and cognitive difficulty), lassitude (anergia and hypersomnia), suicidality (self-harm thoughts/behaviors), ill temper (anger), well-being (positive thinking), appetite loss, appetite gain, and insomnia. The present study examined common and unique relations of IDAS depression subdimensions to (a) smoking rate (cigarettes perday), (b) tobacco dependence, and (c) smoking motivation.
An economic theory of choice and its implications for suicide

An economic model of decision making was examined for its implications for suicide. The model would focus on what permits the suicidal impulse to become manifest rather than what motivates a person to commit suicide. Language: en
On generalized adaptive neural filters with application to enhancing EKG signals

A class of nonlinear adaptive filters called generalized adaptive neural filters (GANFs) developed to generalize stack filters to a larger class of nonlinear filters and to outperform stack filters is discussed. They are based on the theory of stack filters and neural networks. It is shown that GANFs have better noise suppression performance than stack filters. The implementation of GANFs is discussed, and the theoretical analysis in regards to the performance of GANFs on EKG signal processing is also presented. >
Fait et valeur dans le concept de trouble mental : le trouble en tant que dysfonction préjudiciable

Les critiques actuelles des diagnostics psychiatriques, qu’elles viennent des antipsychiatres, des behavioristes, des constructionnistes sociaux, des szasziens et des foucaldiens, rejettent generalement l’idee que le concept de trouble mental est legitime du point de vue medical, ne laissant donc aucun argument solide a partir duquel il soit possible de mener une critique constructive et d’etablir un dialogue avec la psychiatrie. Ces positions ne reussissent egalement pas a expliquer les fortes intuitions populaires qui permettent aux gens de distinguer les troubles psychologiques des autres conditions psychologiques negatives. Selon l’analyse de la dysfonction prejudiciable (DP) presentee dans cet article, un trouble mental est une condition : 1) prejudiciable, un concept evaluatif base sur des valeurs sociales ; et 2) causee par une dysfonction psychologique, un concept factuel se rapportant a un mecanisme psychologique qui accomplit une fonction pour laquelle il a ete biologiquement concu (c’est-a-dire etablie par la selection naturelle). L’analyse DP est ainsi une position hybride qui requiert a la fois que des criteres evaluatifs et factuels soient satisfaits pour garantir l’attribution d’un trouble. Nous argumentons que l’analyse DP reussit admirablement a expliquer les jugements intuitifs quant a ce qui est un trouble et a ce qui en n’est pas. La composante factuelle permet egalement de critiquer le critere diagnostique du DSM, ce que nous ferons a l’aide de plusieurs exemples (depression, troubles du comportement). Ces critiques determinent ou le DSM a devie de ses propres hypotheses et ainsi considere comme des troubles ce qui n’en est pas. Elles expliquent egalement pourquoi les tentatives du DSM de remedier au probleme en introduisant le critere du « cliniquement significatif » echouent.
Modeling study of isolated read-back pulses from keepered longitudinal thin film media using the boundary element method

The magnetic effects of a saturable magnetic keeper layer on the peak amplitude and shape of isolated read-back pulses from longitudinal thin film media were modeled as 2-dimensional magnetostatic field interactions using the boundary element method. The model assumes a standard thin film head and fly height of a 50% slider, a saturable NiFe keeper, and a perfectly sharp recorded transition in high-capacity longitudinal thin film media. Isolated pulses calculated from the model show that the keeper increases the peak amplitude (55%), decreases the half-height pulse width (46%), introduces pulse shape asymmetry, and eliminates undershoots from pole edges. The pulse shape is found to be very sensitive to changes in both the head-bias current and the head-disk spacing. >
Interactive Fluorophore and Quencher Pairs for Labeling Fluorescent Nucleic Acid Hybridization Probes

The use of fluorescent nucleic acid hybridization probes that generate a fluorescence signal only when they bind to their target enables real-time monitoring of nucleic acid amplification assays. Real-time nucleic acid amplification assays markedly improves the ability to obtain qualitative and quantitative results. Furthermore, these assays can be carried out in sealed tubes, eliminating carryover contamination. Fluorescent nucleic acid hybridization probes are available in a wide range of different fluorophore and quencher pairs. Multiple hybridization probes, each designed for the detection of a different nucleic acid sequence and each labeled with a differently colored fluorophore, can be added to the same nucleic acid amplification reaction, enabling the development of high-throughput multiplex assays. In order to develop robust, highly sensitive and specific real-time nucleic acid amplification assays it is important to carefully select the fluorophore and quencher labels of hybridization probes. Selection criteria are based on the type of hybridization probe used in the assay, the number of targets to be detected, and the type of apparatus available to perform the assay. This article provides an overview of different aspects of choosing appropriate labels for the different types of fluorescent hybridization probes used with different types of spectrofluorometric thermal cyclers currently available.
Use of Video Modeling and Video Prompting Interventions for Teaching Daily Living Skills to Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Review

Identifying methods to increase the independent functioning of individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) is vital in enhancing their quality of life; teaching students with ASD daily living ...
Borrowing, Character Weighting, and Preliminary Cluster Analysis in a Phylogenetic Analysis of the Ancient Greek Dialects

Phylogenetic systematics is an increasingly popular tool in historical linguistics for reconstructing the evolutionary histories of groups of languages. One problem in applying phylogenetic methods to languages is that phylogenetic methods assume evolution takes place strictly by descent with modification, whereas borrowing between languages is common. This paper tests two different methods for addressing borrowing in phylogenetic analysis of language on a dataset representing the dialects of ancient Greek: character weighting and preliminary cluster analysis. Both methods show promise; they correctly recovered the subgrouping of the Greek dialects and were able to improve the resolution of the tree compared to the preliminary analysis. However, they recovered conflicting subgroupings of the West Greek dialects. This result is most likely due to a circular dialect continuum within West Greek. Using phylogenetic methods in situations which match their assumptions is crucial; for the West Greek dialects, phylogenetic network methods would be more appropriate.
The Attention Economy: Measuring the Value of Free Digital Services on the Internet

Over the past decade, there has been an explosion of digital services on the Internet, from Google and Wikipedia to Facebook and YouTube. However, the value of these innovations is difficult to quantify, because consumers pay nothing to use them. We develop a new framework to measure the value of free services using the insight that even when people do not pay cash, they must still pay “attention,” or time. Using our model, we estimate the increase in consumer surplus created by free internet services to be over $100 billion per year in the U.S. alone. Our analysis implies that most of welfare gain from digital services on the Internet would be overlooked by traditional approaches that rely only on the direct expenditures of money. Considering the time spent on consumption, as we do, makes it possible to assess the full value of these digital innovations.
On Hilbert C *-module-valued Random Variables

In this paper random variables that take their values from a Hilbert C -module are defined and three definitions for the mean, covariance operator, and Gaussian distribution of these random variables are given and it is shown that these definitions are equivalent. Furthermore, the concept of covariance of two real valued random variables and its properties are extended to two Hilbert C -module valued random variables. These lead us to the generalization of Rao-Blackwell theorem for this type of random variables. Finally, in a special case, it is proved that the finiteness of second moment of the norm of such a random variable is a sufficient condition for the central limit theorem to be true.
Hydrodynamic schooling of flapping swimmers

Fish schools and bird flocks are fascinating examples of collective behaviours in which many individuals generate and interact with complex flows. Motivated by animal groups on the move, here we explore how the locomotion of many bodies emerges from their flow-mediated interactions. Through experiments and simulations of arrays of flapping wings that propel within a collective wake, we discover distinct modes characterized by the group swimming speed and the spatial phase shift between trajectories of neighbouring wings. For identical flapping motions, slow and fast modes coexist and correspond to constructive and destructive wing–wake interactions. Simulations show that swimming in a group can enhance speed and save power, and we capture the key phenomena in a mathematical model based on memory or the storage and recollection of information in the flow field. These results also show that fluid dynamic interactions alone are sufficient to generate coherent collective locomotion, and thus might suggest new ways to characterize the role of flows in animal groups.
Improved survival time trends in Hodgkin's lymphoma.

There have been dramatic changes in the staging and treatment of Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL) over the past 30 years. We undertook this study to determine if a stage migration had occurred and also examined if treatment associated with later years has improved survival. Patients with stage I-IV HL between 1983 and 2011 were selected from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database. Multivariable analysis (MVA) was performed using Cox proportional hazards modeling. The study cohort included 35,680 patients. The stage breakdown in 1983 according to A and B symptoms was follows: 18%, 21%, 12%, and 5% for stage IA, IIA, IIIA, and IVA disease, respectively, and 6%, 11%, 12%, and 15% for stage IB, IIB, IIIB, and IVB disease. The stage breakdown in 2011 according to A and B symptoms was follows: 9%, 29%, 10%, and 6% for stage IA, IIA, IIIA, and IVA disease, respectively, and 4%, 16%, 12%, and 13% for stage IB, IIB, IIIB, and IVB disease. The median follow-up for the entire cohort is 6.1 years. On MVA, the HR for mortality of patients diagnosed in 2006 was 0.60 (95% Confidence Interval (CI): 0.52-0.70) compared to 1983. For stage I and II patients diagnosed in 2006 the HR was 0.62 (95% CI: 0.44-0.87) and 0.40 (95% CI: 0.30-0.55), respectively, compared to patients diagnosed in 1983. For stage III and IV patients diagnosed in 2006 the HR was 0.72 (95% CI: 0.53-0.98) and 0.74 (95% CI: 0.56-0.99), respectively, compared to patients diagnosed in 1983. This is the first study to demonstrate a significant stage migration in early stage Hodgkin's lymphoma. Furthermore, these results demonstrate an improvement in survival over time for patients with Hodgkin's lymphoma which was particularly notable for those with early stage disease.
Parasitism in Hymenochaete Agglutinans

Probably every one in the eastern United States who is interested in the fungi knows Hymenochaete agglutinans Ellis, at least by sight. The writer had been acquainted with it for many years before he knew its name, but, when its identity was once revealed, the aptness of its name made it unforgetable. During the month of July, I914, cases of disease directly due to the action of this fungus were observed, and the results of the investigation of these cases form the subject of the present paper. While carrying on some experimental work in the woods at Mt. Carmel, Connecticut, the writer's attention was atracted by a small bush or tree which appeared to have been suddenly killed. The leaves, although still a dark-green, were withered and dry, and hung downward, presenting a sharp contrast to the surrounding healthy foliage. Thus, from a little distance, the symptoms were those of a sudden girdling of the plant, as, for example, from the work of an insect, or possibly as a result of mechanical injury. (Plate 145, figure i.) On examination, the plant was found to be a large spice bush [Benzoin aestivale (L.) Nees], with several main stems. One of these, the diseased shoot in question, was firmly bound to a dead trunk of alder [Alnus incana (L.) Moench.], which lay in an approximately horizontal position. The binding material was furnished by the fungus, Hymenochaete agglutinans, which, with the dead alder trunk as its source, had completely surrounded the spice bush stem and cemented it closely to the alder. Above this point of contact, with the exception of one short branch, the spice bush was entirely dead. (Plate I45, figures I and 4.) Further inspection revealed a young red maple (Acer rubrum L.) attached to the same dead alder in a similar manner, and also killed above the
Pedagogical Theories and Strategies in Education for Materials Research: A Hierarchical Approach

The topic of education optimized for materials research is treated In sequence at four hierarchical levels starting with the most general. Materials Research is the earliest and best developed example within the physical sciences and engineering of an integrative field (discipline?). Yet very little thought and no research (including the relevant cognitive science) has addressed the subject of how best one can educate a cadre of materials researchers. The author will adduce Inductive and anecdotal data to point some fruitful directions in reorganizing the approach to education in integrative knowledge fields. The first important thesis of this paper is that we have failed to analyze correctly the appropriate hierarchical relationships among individual scientific disciplines, engineering departments, and technological research groupings. The second major point is that education for materials research is done is several departments (materials science, physics, electrical engineering, chemical engineering, etc.) and Indeed that some mix of disciplinary roots is desirable for the materials research cadre. Improvements will be proposed in four areas: (1) Optimum content of MSE curriculum, (2) the widespread introduction of MSE minors, (3) under-representation of electronic materials, pol ymers, ceramics. The third aspect deals with the modularization of the content and teaching materials to allow adaptation to local needs in a field like materials research. The international materials community has done rather well by establishing the Materials Education Council and the Journal of Materials Education, for producing and disseminating print media. The status and usage of JME will be described.