cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Application of orthogonal eigenstructure control to flight control design

Orthogonal eigenstructure control is used for designing a control law that decouples the dynamic modes of a flying vehicle. Orthogonal eigenstructure control is a feedback control method for linear time invariant multi-input multi-output systems. This method has been recently developed by authors. The advantage of this control method over eigenstructure assignment methods is that there is no need for defining the closed-loop poles or shaping the closed-loop eigenvectors. This method eliminates the error due to the difference between achievable and desirable eigenvectors, by finding vectors orthogonal to the open-loop eigenvectors within the achievable eigenvectors set and replacing the open-loop eigenvectors with them. This method is also applicable to the systems with non-collocated actuators and sensors. Application of this method for designing a flight control law for the lateral directional dynamics of an F-18 HARV is presented, and compared to the results of an eigenstructure assignment method. In this case study, the actuators and sensors are not collocated. It is shown that the application of the orthogonal eigenstructure control results in a more significant dynamic modes decoupling in comparison to the application of the eigenstructure assignment technique.
The Strategic Weapon System Training Program

The Strategic Weapon System Training Program was designed and developed in order to serve the constant training needs of the U.S. Navy's Polaris, Poseidon and Trident submarine force. This training...
Hollow metallic micromachined needles with multiple output ports

In this paper, hollow metallic micromachined needles with multiple output ports are designed, fabricated, characterized, and packaged. The hollow metallic needles include design features such as tapered needle tips and multiple output ports on the bottom and top of each needle. The needle tip and shaft are formed by microelectroformed metal. The flow characteristics of the needles are currently being experimentally investigated and modeled using a finite element numerical model. The experimental results and theoretical models will be presented as part of this paper. The micromachined needles can be fabricated on a variety of substrates and can use micro-electroformed palladium as the structural material. The use of palladium as a structural material provides high mechanical strength and durability, as well as, biocompatibility for use in biomedical applications. The cross-sectional dimensions of individual needle tips begin at less than 10 micrometers in width and 15 micrometers in height and then taper to 200 micrometers in width and 60 micrometers in height. The significance of this work includes the development of hollow metallic micromachined needles for biomedical applications, as well as, a discussion of structural, fluidic, and packaging design considerations.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Productive Misunderstanding in the Early Reformation Revisited: The Case of Lazarus Spengler's A Consoling Christian Instruction and Medicine in All Adversities (1521)

AbstractThis article revisits Bernd Moeller's concept of ‘productive misunderstanding’ as a way of explaining the early appeal and success of the Reformation among some of Luther's most important supporters. It does so through a case study of a consolation pamphlet by the secretary of Nuremberg City Council, Lazarus Spengler, whom Luther credited with planting the evangelical faith in this prominent imperial city. Spengler was one of the Wittenberg reformer's most important lay supporters: he authored the earliest pro-Luther lay pamphlet and his name was subsequently appended to the papal bull Exsurge Domine. However, in his consolation pamphlet Spengler espoused a view of suffering that Luther had firmly rejected because it contradicted his evangelical soteriology. This important difference suggests that while Spengler did a great deal to promote Luther's cause, and at great personal risk, he acted on the basis of an incorrect understanding of the Wittenberg reformer's theology, at least in the late 1510...
The Effect of Antisecretory Therapy and Study Duration on Ambulatory Esophageal pH Monitoring

Background Conventional catheter-based and wireless pH monitoring continue to be widely used for the evaluation of GERD symptoms despite the emergence of pH-impedance monitoring.
Evaluation of Menisci Following a Compressive Tibiofemoral Load

Genetics, obesity, and mechanical loading conditions such as trauma can increase the risk of development of OA. Posttraumatic OA, or OA resulting from trauma, is thought to account for 12% of all patients exhibiting OA.1 A number of injuries can lead to posttraumatic OA, but it is most commonly seen following sports injuries where anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and meniscal injuries have occurred.2Copyright © 2013 by ASME
TU-C-230A-02: Error Analysis/reduction Philosophy/theory

The purpose of this presentation is to discuss the philosophy and theory of error analysis and reduction. This talk will be equal parts conveyance of technical information and provocation to action on the important issue of medical errors. Although a somewhat obvious connection, we begin by providing a sound framework that relates errors and quality assurance. The scope of technical information within this presentation will be an attempt to wade through the myriad of theories and philosophy related to errors and quality, much of which is new to our field. For example, the JCAHO Lexicon describes quality as, “Designing a product or service as well as controlling its production so well that quality is inevitable.” What does it actually mean to control a product or service? This will be described. The leadership of the AAPM has taken the ambitious step to change the emphasis of quality assurance from simply checking specifications to investigating processes via the new quality assurance task group (TG100). This is a significant and necessary paradigm shift in our approach to medical errors and quality that deserves a detailed discussion. An understanding of how to reduce errors and improve quality begins with an appreciation of two realities: 1) everything we do involves a process, and 2) every process has unavoidable variation. If one controls variation in a process, then one will reduce errors and improve quality. The implementation of process identification and control to clinical practice will be discussed in detail and by example where appropriate. Furthermore, there is a significant history of error reduction and quality research and this context will be maintained throughout the presentation. In addition to specific techniques of error analysis and reduction such as failure modes and effects analysis (FMEA), root cause analysis (RCA), pareto charts, fishbone diagrams and statistical process control (SPC) we will discuss the philosophies of define, measure, analyze, improve, control (DMAIC) and total quality management by the six‐sigma approach. Error analysis and reduction (and quality assurance in general) are built on a mature body of research from other fields. There is much work to do toward implementing these techniques in radiotherapy practices to minimize errors and optimize quality. There are no turn‐key solutions to quality. As will be described, the business world has become fanatical about quality to stay competitive. Why should the medical world be any different with our patients' well‐being at stake? Medical physicists, above anyone else in the typical department, have the analytical ability to understand and implement these techniques. We must accept the challenge and as a first step, future AAPM meetings should have a research session specific for quality, error analysis/reduction and cost analysis/reduction.
Allometry and resolution of bee eyes (Apoidea).

A sample of compound eyes from 15 species of female pollen foraging bees (apiform Apoidea) was morphometrically analyzed. These species were chosen for size differences, different social organization, and a wide geographic and taxonomic distribution (Apidae, Megachilidae, Andrenidae, Halictidae). The results demonstrate the following characteristics for the typical compound eye in female foraging bees: (1) the vertical diameter of the eye is about twice the horizontal diameter; (2) the eyes of diurnal foragers scale isometrically with body size; (3) the eyes of three species of nocturnal foragers have about 1.8 times the surface area as compared to diurnal foragers of matching size; (4) the number of ommatidia per eye range from about 1000 in Perdita minima to about 16 000 in Xylocopa latipes; and (5) the corresponding mean interommatidial angles range from 4.7 to 1.2 degrees . Body size, rather than species-specific ecological adaptation, is the major (97%) determinant of the number of ommatidia per eye in diurnal, as well as nocturnal foragers. The number of ommatidia per eye, and hence the visual resolution, is proportional to the square root of both body size and eye size across all species studied. The eye parameter (the product of the mean interommatidial angle and the mean lens diameter) increases slightly with decreasing body size. All this is taken as evidence that the features of the bees' visual macro-niche remained largely constant over the roughly 130 million years of their macro-evolution.
Effect of cefazolin and vancomycin on osteoblasts in vitro

The effect of cefazolin and vancomycin on osteoblast-like cells was studied. Cells from the MG-63 human osteosarcoma cell line were grown in antibiotic free media and exposed to concentrations of cefazolin and vancomycin at order of magnitude intervals between 0 and 10,000 microg/ml. For cefazolin, a second interval was performed between 100 and 1000 microg/ml to define toxic levels more accurately. Cell number and 3H-thymidine incorporation at 0, 24, and 72 hours were determined. The results of this study show that local levels of vancomycin of 1000 microg/ml and less have little or no effect on osteoblast replication, and concentrations of 10,000 microg/ml cause cell death. Concentrations of cefazolin of 100 microg/ml and less have little or no effect on osteoblast replication, 200 microg/ml significantly decrease cell replication, and 10,000 microg/ml cause cell death. The authors conclude that vancomycin is less toxic than is cefazolin to osteoblasts at higher concentrations and may be a better antibiotic for local administration in the treatment of similarly sensitive bacterial infections.
Autophagy in Immunity and Cell-Autonomous Defense Against Intracellular Microbes

Autophagy was viewed until very recently primarily as a metabolic and intracellular biomass and organelle quality and quantity control pathway. It has now been recognized that autophagy represents a bona fide immunologic process with a wide array of roles in immunity. The immunologic functions of autophagy, as we understand them now, span both innate and adaptive immunity. They range from unique and sometimes highly specialized immunologic effectors and regulatory functions (referred to here as type I immunophagy) to generic homeostatic influence on immune cells (type II immunophagy), akin to the effects on survival and homeostasis of other cell types in the body. As a concept-building tool for understanding why and how autophagy is intertwined with immunity, it is useful to consider that the presently complex picture has emerged in increments, starting in part from the realization that autophagy acts as an evolutionarily ancient microbial clearance mechanism defending eukaryotic cells against intracellular pathogens. In this review, we build a stepwise model of how the core axis of autophagy as a cell-autonomous immune defense against microbes evolved into a complex but orderly web of intersections with innate and adaptive immunity processes. The connections between autophagy and conventional immunity systems include Toll-like receptors, Nod-like receptors, RIG-I-like receptors, damage-associated molecular patterns such as HMGB1, other known innate and adaptive immunity receptors and cytokines, sequestasome (p62)-like receptors that act as autophagy adapters, immunity-related GTPase IRGM, innate and adaptive functions of macrophages and dendritic cells, and differential effects on development and homeostasis of T- and B-lymphocyte subsets. The disease contexts covered here include tuberculosis, infections with human immunodeficiency virus and other viruses, Salmonella, Listeria, Shigella, Toxoplasma, and inflammatory disorders such as Crohn's disease and multiple sclerosis.
The Art of Bridge Building: Providing for Gifted Children.

If your advocacy efforts are in need of revitalization and direction, this case study is required reading. The state organization that is ready to truly make a difference in the way children are educated can take lessons from the initiatives and accomplishments recorded here. Understanding the dedication and detail necessary, reaping the benefits of this state's learning curve, and borrowing the strategies found to be successful will help your own organization's efforts. The analogy of bridge building makes concrete the less-tangible phases of getting a mandate for gifted education. This case study gives the blueprints for preparing those who will construct the mandate. Phase 1 entails educating all about the legislative process, building relationships and affiliate groups, getting technical help, and setting goals and making commitments. Phase 2 encompasses gaining recognition, keeping up the commitment, and learning how to compromise. Phase 3 follows a victory by publicizing the benefits, saying thanks,...
Accuracy of the ftne structure constant

At present the fine structure constant /spl alpha/ can be determined with a precision of better than few parts in 10/sup 7/ in four independent ways. They are based on the ac Josephson effect, the quantized Hall effect, the muonium hfs, and the anomalous magnetic.moment of the electron. Further improvements of these results and their implications to physics and metrology will be discussed.
Metabolic consequences of reduced frequency breathing during submaximal exercise at moderate altitude.

The intention of this study was to determine the metabolic consequences of reduced frequency breathing (RFB) at total lung capacity (TLC) in competitive cyclists during submaximal exercise at moderate altitude (1520 m; barometric pressure, PB=84.6 kPa; 635 mm Hg). Nine trained males performed an RFB exercise test (10 breaths · min −1) and a normal breathing exercise test at 75–85% of the ventilatory threshold intensity for 6 min on separate days. RFB exercise induced significant (P<0.05) decreases in ventilation (VE), carbon dioxide production (VCO2), respiratory exchange ratio. (RER), ventilatory equivalent for O2 consumption (VE/VO2), arterial O2 saturation and increases in heart rate and venous lactate concentration, while maintaining a similar OZ consumption (VO2). During recovery from RFB exercise (spontaneous breathing) a significant (P< 0.05) decrease in blood pH was detected along with increases in VE, VO2, VCO2, RER, and venous partial pressure of carbon dioxide. The results indicate that voluntary hypoventilation at TLC, during submaximal cycling exercise at moderate altitude, elicits systemic hypercapnia, arterial hypoxemia, tissue hypoxia and acidosis. These data suggest that RFB exercise at moderate altitude causes an increase in energy production from glycolytic pathways above that which occurs with normal breathing.
Hydrolysis of Zirconium and Hafnium Siloxide Complexes. Isolation and Characterization of the Intermediate Aqua Complexes M[OSi(OtBu)3]4(H2O)n (M = Zr, Hf; n = 1, 2)

Hydrolysis of the tris(tert-butoxy)siloxy complexes M[OSi(OtBu)3]4 (1, M = Zr; 2, M = Hf) was studied. Careful addition of 1 or 2 equiv of water to THF solutions of 1 and 2 produced the isolable aq...
A new approach to prepare highly loaded aqueous alumina suspensions with temperature sensitive rheological properties

Abstract Poly(acrylic acid) (PAA)-free alumina suspensions with temperature sensitive rheological properties have been successfully produced using the combination of tri-ammonium citrate and magnesium citrate powders with slurry loading up to 60 vol.%. A new approach using the DLVO concept is proposed to design the suspension composition. Both the shear viscosity and the shear modulus of the suspensions start to increase when the suspension temperature is above a critical value. The flocculation of the suspensions is controlled by the dissolution of the magnesium citrate that increases the ionic strength in the suspensions. The dissolution is controlled by the pH of the suspensions, which decreases with increasing temperature. Compared with the same solid loading suspensions containing PAA, the suspension shear viscosity of 25 °C can be reduced, which is useful in developing new near net shape forming technologies.
PRELIMINARY OPTIMAL DESIGN OF CABLE-STAYED BRIDGES

A methodology for preliminary design of cable-stayed bridges using optimization techniques is presented. A simple model of the bridge, comprising beam elements for the longitudinal deck girder and lower and truss elements for stay cables, is used. The computer program SADDLE is used for optimization. Constraints are placed on stresses, displacements and member sizes under multiple loading conditions. The methodology enables the designer to vary the arrangement and size of stay cables and cross-sectional dimensions of the longitudinal deck girder. Consequently an aesthetically pleasing as well as an economical and feasible design of a cable-stayed bridge can be obtained quickly and efficiently.
Autonomous Learning Approach for Automatic Target Recognition Processor

JPL is developing a comprehensive Automatic Target Recognition (ATR) system that consists of an innovative anomaly detection preprocessing module and an automatic training target recognition module. The anomaly detection module is trained with an imaging data feature retrieved from an imaging sensor suite that represents the states of the normalcy model. The normalcy model is then trained from a self-organizing learning system over a period of time and fed into the anomaly detection module for scene anomaly monitoring and detection. The "abnormal" event detection will be sent to a human operator for further investigation responses. The target recognition will be continuously updated with the "normal' input sensor data. The combination of the anomaly detection preprocessing module to the re-trainable target recognition processor will result in a dynamic ATR system that is capable of automatic detection of anomaly event and provide an early warning to a human operator for in-time warning and response.
Association Between Early Prenatal Care and Mother’s Intention of and Desire for the Pregnancy

Objective To examine the associations between having planned to become pregnant and valuing an unintended pregnancy with seeking early prenatal care. Design This historical cohort study, using data from the National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG), Cycle V (1995), examined separately the associations of having a planned pregnancy (timing of pregnancy) and valuing an unintended pregnancy (feelings about the pregnancy) with timing of initiation of prenatal care. Participants The NSFG was based on a national probability sample of women ages 15 to 44 (N = 1,989). Design Outcome Measure: Timing of initiation of prenatal care (early or late/no). Early prenatal care was defined as care sought within the first 13 weeks of pregnancy. It was hypothesized that unwanted and unintended pregnancies were predictors of late or no prenatal care. Results In agreement with previous research using logistic regression, unwanted pregnancy was found to be a predictor of late/no prenatal care. Black ethnicity also was found to be a predictor of late/no prenatal care. Conclusions Interventions that are sensitive to culture and involve patient education regarding family planning are needed. JOGNN, 30, 275–282; 2001.
Hidden spin polarization in inversion-symmetric bulk crystals

Spin polarization due to spin–orbit coupling requires broken inversion symmetry. Now, calculations show that the effect arises from local site-asymmetry rather than global space-group asymmetry, and that a hitherto overlooked form of spin polarization should also exist in centrosymmetric structures.
The ISM and Stellar Distributions Near Sgr A

HST-NICMOS imaging in the 1.87μmPα line and 1.90μm continuum and OVRO interferometry of the 3mm HCN line provide maps of the ionized and molecular gas at 0.2 and 3″ resolution, respectively. Comparison of the observed Pα emission with the 6-cm radio continuum yields a map of the foreground extinction. High apparent extinction is seen along the periphery of the ionized disk and is well-correlated with the molecular torus. The median extinction is AV = 31.1 mag. This extinction distribution is then used to correct the observed Pα emission map to yield an ‘extinction-corrected’ image of the ionized gas at 0.2″ resolution. The stellar distribution near Sgr A* is also analyzed from the 1.9μm continuum image – indicating a drop in the surface brightness distribution of star light within 1″ radius of SgrA*. This could be the result of stellar collisions which deplete giant stars within this radius or indicate the presence of a secondary lower mass black hole.
Critical support for upper division Transfer Students in engineering and computer science

A Motivated Engineering Transfer Students (METS) Program at Arizona State University (ASU) was established to aid the transition, retention, and graduation of engineering and computer science community college transfer students. The METS Program provides critical support in the form of an Academic Success and Professional Development (ASAP) Class and a METS Center to help provide academic and social support, as well as scholarships. In this paper, we look specifically at the impact of the METS Center for transfer students and the impact on transfer students of the $4K per year scholarship funded by NSF grants.
A Theoretical Study on Growth Patterns of Ni-Doped Germanium Clusters

Ni-doped germanium clusters have been systematically investigated by using the density functional approach. The growth-pattern behaviors, stabilities, charge transfer, and polarities of these clusters are discussed in detail. Obviously different growth patterns appear between small-sized Ni-doped germanium clusters and middle- or larger-sized Ni-doped germanium clusters. The Ni-convex or substituted Gen frames for small-sized clusters as well as Ni-concaved or encapsulated Gen frames for middle- or large-sized clusters are dominant growth patterns. The calculated fragmentation energies manifest that the magic numbers of stabilities are 5, 8, 10, and 13 for Ni-doped germanium clusters; the obtained relative stabilities exhibit that the Ni-encapsulated Ge10 cluster is the most stable species of all different-sized clusters, which is in good agreement with available experimental observations of CoGe10-. Natural population analysis shows that different charge-transfer phenomena depend on the sizes of the Ni-d...
Modified Emory Functional Ambulation Profile An Outcome Measure for the Rehabilitation of Poststroke Gait Dysfunction

Background and Purpose—The modified Emory Functional Ambulation Profile (mEFAP) is an easily administered test that measures the time to ambulate through 5 common environmental terrains with or without an assistive device or manual assistance. The mEFAP was evaluated for its interrater reliability, test-retest reliability, concurrent validity, and sensitivity to change during outpatient rehabilitation for poststroke gait dysfunction. Methods—Twenty-six poststroke patients were followed up prospectively in a rehabilitation day-treatment program. The mEFAP, Berg Balance Test (BBT), and 7-item mobility subsection of the Functional Independence Measure + Functional Assessment Measure (FAMm) were completed at admission and discharge. Results—mEFAP interrater reliability (intraclass coefficient [ICC] 0.999) and test-retest reliability (ICC 0.998) were high. The BBT demonstrated high interrater (ICC 0.992) but poor test-retest (ICC 0.605) reliability. Initial and final scores comparing the mEFAP with the BBT (r=...
Unamplified direct detection sensor for passive millimeter wave imaging

We have demonstrated a high efficiency package for zero bias Sb-based backward tunnel diodes developed for passive millimeter wave imaging. Flip-chip mounting of detector MMICs onto quartz substrates permit placement of the detector directly within the WR-10 waveguide feeds for diagonal horn antennas. This arrangement minimizes the losses between the detectors and antennas while providing an impedance match over a majority of W band. A 2x2 array of radiometers was fabricated, assembled, and measured using coherent measurement techniques. The resulting noise equivalent temperature difference, calculated assuming a 30 Hz frame rate is 10 degrees K.
Timelike surfaces of constant mean curvature ±1 in anti-de Sitter 3-space ℍ31(−1)

It is shown that timelike surfaces of constant mean curvature ± in anti-de Sitter 3-space ℍ3 1(−1) can be constructed from a pair of Lorentz holomorphic and Lorentz antiholomorphic null curves in ℙSL2ℝ via Bryant type representation formulae. These Bryant type representation formulae are used to investigate an explicit one-to-one correspondence, the so-called Lawson–Guichard correspondence, between timelike surfaces of constant mean curvature ± 1 and timelike minimal surfaces in Minkowski 3-space E 3 1. The hyperbolic Gaus map of timelike surfaces in ℍ3 1(−1), which is a close analogue of the classical Gaus map is considered. It is discussed that the hyperbolic Gaus map plays an important role in the study of timelike surfaces of constant mean curvature ± 1 in ℍ3 1(−1). In particular, the relationship between the Lorentz holomorphicity of the hyperbolic Gaus map and timelike surface of constant mean curvature ± 1 in ℍ3 1(−1) is studied.
Spatial extent of capillary condensation avalanches

Studies of hysteretic capillary condensation of4He in Nuclepore show that the initial draining of the pores occurs over a narrow range of decreasing chemical potential. We observe avalanches as groups of pores drain simultaneously. Measurements of the spatial extent of these avalanches show them to be distributed widely over the sample; they are not local events.
Comparison of the prognostic value of left ventricular hypertrophy in African-American men versus women

Echocardiographically determined left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy may be a stronger risk factor of cardiovascular disease (CVD) for women than for men, although it is unclear whether reported gender differences are real or attributable to confounding. We evaluated echocardiographic LV hypertrophy (defined as LV mass/height(2.7) >/=51 g/m(2.7)) collected from the African-American population of the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study. Incident CVD events (57 in men, 62 in women) were determined during a median follow-up of 4.9 years (interquartile range 4.3 to 5.6) and included nonfatal myocardial infarction, cardiac death, coronary revascularization, and stroke. We conducted 2 analyses. First, we created matched samples of 340 men and 812 women who had LV hypertrophy based on propensity score and estimated the gender-specific incidence rate ratios and population-attributable risks. Second, we evaluated the complete cohort (604 men and 1,113 women) with Poisson's regression after adjusting for age, body mass index, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, ratio of total cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, current smoking, and education level. LV hypertrophy was significantly predictive of incident CVD, and the association shown by analyses of matched propensity scores was similar in men and women (incidence rate ratio 1.88 vs 1.92, p = 0.97 for men, population-attributable risk 0.22 vs 0.26, p <0.07 for women). In the multivariate analysis, we found comparable effect estimates for LV hypertrophy (incidence rate ratio 1.66 vs 2.09, p = 0.55 for men; population-attributable risk 0.24 vs 0.32, p <0.07 for women). Thus, LV hypertrophy is a strong predictor of CVD in African-Americans, and the effect of LV hypertrophy on CVD is similar in men and women.
A methodology to assess open pond, phototrophic, algae production potential: A Hawaii case study

Abstract Geographic information system (GIS) analysis was used to identify lands suitable for open pond production of phototrophic microalgae in the state of Hawaii where rainfall is less than 1.0 m y −1 , solar insolation is at least 4.65 kWh m −2 d −1 , slope is ≤5%, zoning is non-residential, and contiguous area is at least 0.2 km 2 ( Base Case ). Eight sensitivity analyses were performed that varied these criteria and considered an added criterion stipulating a maximum distance from power plants that could serve as CO 2 sources. Results were overlaid with GIS layers for agricultural lands of importance to the State of Hawaii and land serviced by freshwater irrigation infrastructure. Base Case conditions were identified on 476 km 2 , 2.9% of State land area. 60% of Base Case lands are important agricultural lands and of these, half are serviced by irrigation infrastructure. Assumed algae oil productivity of 1.87 dm 3 m −2 y −1 would yield 0.9 hm 3 y −1 , equivalent to 30% of the combined total consumption of distillate and jet fuel in the State in 2011.
Industrial ecology and LCM: Chicken and egg?

For some three decades, concerns about environment and, more recently sustainability, have spawned new ideas, policies and strategies, tools, and technologies. Observers of changes in these categories note several important trends, for example, a move from command-and control of production to a marketbased system. Another trend is a broadening of focus from the production side only to include product systems under the policy makers' or designers' microscope. This move is just one aspect of a more fundamental shift a broadening of boundaries towards a larger systems context. LCA and LCM represent steps along the path to such a systems view. At the same time that these two concepts developed, so did another systems-oriented idea, industrial ecology, taking its basic framework for analysis and design from natural ecological systems. Its evolution has roots in several fields and disciplines including economics, biology, engineering, thermodynamics, and more. The strongly interdisciplinary character of industrial ecology creates overlaps with these related fields and with distinctive methodological areas, such as LCA or LCM. To get the most out of work in any of these, it is very important to promote communication and collaboration among researchers and practitioners. Joint meetings, like the one organized in Barcelona in December 2002 by SETAC and the International Society for Industrial Ecology 1, can facilitate productive overlap and cross-talk, and help prevent the formation of hard boundaries.
Abstract 1255: Protein kinase C epsilon (PKCε) as a target for lung cancer treatment: Essential role of PKCε in tumor growth and metastatic dissemination of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells

Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC Protein Kinase C epsilon (PKCe), a member of the PKC family of phorbol ester/diacylglycerol receptors, has been recently shown to be highly overexpressed in non-small cell lung carcinomas (NSCLCs) compared to normal lung epithelium. The fact that several of the most common genetic alterations in lung cancer, such as EGFR, K-Ras, or PI3K mutations, could signal through PKCs, led us to hypothesize that PKCe may contribute to lung tumorigenesis. We found that the expression of PKCe was markedly up-regulated in NSCLC cell lines (H358, H441, H322, H1299, and A459) relative to immortalized non-tumorigenic cells (HBEC-3). Stable knockdown of PKCe in NSCLC cells using shRNA lentiviruses impaired cell survival in response to serum starvation, as well as it increased the sensitivity to senescence induction by phorbol esters. Moreover, anchorage-dependent and -independent growth were markedly reduced in PKCe-depleted NSCLC cells. Notably, silencing of PKCe-expression in NSCLC impaired motility in response to PMA, FBS or TGFα. Treatment of NSCLC cells with PMA led to a significant enhancement in cell motility as well as it promoted ruffle formation. Both ruffle formation and migration were mediated by PKCe. Moreover, PMA caused a marked enhancement in Rac1-GTP levels in NSCLC cells, but this effect was lost when PKCe was knocked down using RNAi. To address the relevance of our findings in an in vivo setting, we examined the requirement of PKCe in tumorigenesis and metastasis. Remarkably, PKCe-depleted H358 cells have impaired tumorigenic potential when inoculated into nude mice. At early time points during tumor formation (6-15 days) we observed a significant increase in apoptotic cells in PKCe-depleted H358 xenografts compared to controls, as determined by TUNEL. These in vivo results were validated pharmacologically by means of a specific inhibitor of PKCe translocation/activation. Indeed, delivery of the specific PKCe inhibitor eV1-2 by osmotic minipumps greatly reduced the rate of tumor growth in nude mice. Finally, we sought to study whether PKCe is implicated in tumor dissemination. Using a tail vein injection assay, we found that stable depletion of PKCe essentially impaired the appearance of lung metastatic foci in nude mice. In summary, our results established PKCe as a key mediator of lung tumorigenesis and provided strong evidence that elevated PKCe levels in NSCLC cells play a key role in metastatic dissemination. We speculate that PKCe is an attractive pharmacological target for lung cancer treatment. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1255.
Response of small mammals to aerial applications of the nucleopolyhedrosis virus of the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar

Resident populations of white-footed mice, Peromyscus leucopus Rafinesque, red-backed voles, Clethrionomys gapperi Vigers, opossums, Didelphis marsupialis L., chipmunks, Tamias striatus L., and raccoons, Procyon lotor L., were evaluated to detect any short term effects from aerial applications of the nucleopolyhedrosis virus (NPV) of the gypsy moth. NPV in 2 formulations was sprayed on woodland plots in central Pennsylvania at the rate of 2.5 x 1012 polyhedral Inclusion bodies (PIB)/ha. Comparisons of prespray and postspray censuses of whIte-footed mIce and red-backed voles in control and treated plots revealed no changes in populations or body weight that could be attributed to NPV treatments. Data from 47 caged and 250 free-living mammals showed no significant differences in organ and tissue weights, hematological values or necropsy and histopathological rankings between control and treated mammals when sample sizes were large and mean total weIght between groups similar. It was concluded that aerial applications of NPV at 2.5 x 1012 PIB/ha caused no short term adverse effects to those mammals that either contacted NPV during it's application or subsequently fed on NPV infected gypsy moths or other NPV-contaminated food sources.
Curriculum 2001: interim report from the ACM/IEEE-CS task force

In the fall of 1998, the ACM Education Board and the Educational Activities Board of the IEEE Computer Society appointed representatives to a joint task force to prepare Curriculum 2001, the next installment in a series of reports on the undergraduate Computer Science curriculum that began in 1968 and was then updated in 1978 and 1991. The purpose of this panel is to present an overview of the early work of the task force and to generate discussion in the SIGCSE membership about the directions and plans for the new curriculum.
Forward Modeling of Active Region Coronal Emissions. I. Methods and Testing

We present a method for simulating coronal emissions from solar active regions using observed photospheric magnetograms and an assumption about the coronal heating mechanism as input. The method invokes a quasi-force-free (minimized Lorentz force) coronal magnetic solution and a steady state energy balance model solved along field lines. Coronal heating is included using parameterized approximations relating the heat deposited to properties of the magnetic field. We use calculated temperatures and densities to predict emissions and compare to observations from the Yohkoh Soft X-ray satellite. We use NOAA active region 8210 to test the model's sensitivities. We find predicted intensities and emission morphologies change little with different assumptions for the coronal magnetic field. We test methods for calculating the proportionality constant in a heating scale relationship and find filling factors of ~ -->(1?5) ? 10?2 are needed to match temperature in the cases considered. We investigate the effect of heating scale height, finding that loop-top heating improves temperature predictions but decreases success of the emission morphology prediction. Footpoint heating has the opposite effect. Overall, our model produces relatively robust results for a wide range of assumptions. Yet the results are highly sensitive to the input coronal heating parameterization, making our method a powerful approach for discriminating between heating mechanisms. Nevertheless, we find substantial discrepancies between our synthetic emissions and observed emissions. We investigate sources of discrepancy and suggest that improved magnetic field extrapolations and dynamic heating are necessary to improve simulations.
Human placental alkaline phosphatase differs from that of other species.

AT LEAST three gene loci seem to be involved in determining the various forms of human alkaline phosphatase (ALP)—one coding for the placental form of the enzyme, at least one coding for the intestinal forms, and at least one for the liver, bone and kidney forms1,2. These three classes of human alkaline phosphatase can be distinguished from one another by their behaviour with certain inhibitors, their thermostabilities and their electrophoretic and immunological characteristics. Recent studies have shown that in the dog, the ALP present in placenta closely resembles that in liver, and that these enzymes are very similar to the ALP present in human liver but different from the ALP present in human placenta3,4. It has also been reported that human placental ALP differs from other mammalian placental ALPs in certain respects (for example, sensitivity to L-phenyl-alanine inhibition)5,6. In view of these results we have examined some of the characteristics known to distinguish human placental and human liver ALPs, in the liver and placental ALPs from a series of mammalian species. The species from which both tissues were obtained included rodents, carnivores, ungulates and one primate (rhesus). We report here that the properties of human placental ALP differ from those of human liver ALP, whereas in the other species studied, placental and liver ALPs show similar properties.
Effect of a Tongue-Holding Maneuver on Posterior Pharyngeal Wall Movement During Deglutition

Effects of a tongue-holding maneuver on anterior bulging of the posterior pharyngeal wall (PPW) during swallowing were investigated in 10 young adult normal subjects. Videofluorographic images of 3...
Methods Used in Investigating Corona Loss By Means of the Cathode Ray Oscillograph

Methods of employing the cathode ray oscillograph for investigation of corona loss are described. By deflecting the ray of cathode particles (electrons) in one direction within the tube by a voltage proportional to the applied voltage, and in a transverse direction by a voltage proportional to the current, a closed figure representative of the loss, is thrown upon the screen. Methods of obtaining photographic records of these figures and of calculating, therefrom, accurate values of the power expended are given. The instrument used is well adapted for this work. Powver measurements of 0.1 watt can be measured with an accuracy of 1 percent. From the volt-ampere cyclogramns the characteristics of the positive and negative loss on the a-c. wave are readily observed. The instantaneous voltage at which the loss starts and the instantanteous values of the conmbined corona and capacity currents can be accurately determined. Measurements of the corona starting point and loss on various conductors check the laws of corona established by Mr. Peek in 1910. The formulas of ``critical disruptive gradients'' and ``visual disruptive gradients'' were closely checked. The loss was found to follow a quadratic above the visual critical corona voltage, e v . For cables and roughened conductors the excess loss below e v due to surface irregularities approximately follows the probability law. For smooth, polished conductors the loss suddenly jumps front zero to a definite value at e v , and then follows the quadratic.
Substance Use Among Adolescents with Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis • 1979

Objective: To determine the prevalence of substance use among adolescents with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis and to assess available opportunities for physicians to identify those at high risk by describing the adolescents' sources and frequency of health care contacts.
Magnetic Fields around the Torso: Production by Electrical Activity of the Human Heart

A search was made outside the torso for fluctuating magnetic fields produced by the heart. Detector and subject were housed in a highly shielded enclosure. Magnetic signals with amplitudes of 10(-8) to 10(-7) gauss were detected synchronously with the electrocardiogram, confirming previous reports. A magnetocardiographic chest map, consisting of the magnetic field plotted against time at various spatial positions, shows genteral QRS and T-wave structure, as in the electrocardiogram; this structure varies with spatial position.
Is Theory for Demographers

periphery expansions and contractions will occur, depending on many variables. Sometimes these changes in the fringe areas follow a certain pattern, as Siegfried has shown for some regions of France. Areas of agrarian unrest naturally expand in times of agricultural depression and contract in times of prosperity. The unrest may disappear entirely for some time, only to revive at the next drought or depression in the very same areas. The same is true of areas of labor unrest in cities. Other changes in the boundaries of political ecological areas may be caused by changes in population; migrants into an area may bring with them political attitudes characteristic of their region of origin. Changes in the political ecology can thus be due to changes in the social stratification or to changes in the over-all economic and political situation. It has been suggested by Nilson that, as a rule, those areas which are the typical breeding grounds of extremist or radical movements are also areas of high instability of political attitudes. There is not sufficient space to discuss in this paper the influence of religious cleavages and of ethnic differences on voting. These and some other factors should be given careful and circumspect consideration. The very essence of political ecology or sociography consists in the avoidance of monocausal explanations. Political attitudes and tendencies are part of the entire personality of an individual, an expression of his view of society, of his way of life. They can be understood only through an integration of specialized knowledge obtained in the various social sciences. I believe that the kind of studies which we have been discussing in this paper lend themselves especially well to the practice of integration. This observation leads to a more general consideration concerning the present situation in sociology with which I want to conclude my remarks. The rising interest in political sociology is more than a fashion or fad. Contrary to a popular opinion which identifies sociology with the practical discipline of social welfare, our science had an eminently political origin. Today it is almost forgotten that Saint Simon, Auguste Comte, and Lorenz Stein conceived the new science of society as an antidote against the poison of social disintegration which, in their opinion, had taken effect since the turn of the eighteenth century, if not much earlier. We in our generation have made great strides towards an objective, detached approach to social facts. Sometimes it seemed as if over this endeavor we had forgotten the raison d'gtre of our discipline. If in these days we see many of our colleagues turn towards the study of power and authority, of social stratification and social movements and related political phenomena we welcome these endeavors not only as steps towards the recapture of a lost tradition but also as an advance towards the re-integration of the social sciences.
Low-Dose Isotretinoin Versus β-Carotene to Prevent Oral Carcinogenesis: Long-term Follow-up

26) of the patients are alive in the b-carotene and isotretinoin maintenance groups, respectively. Both patients who developed carcinoma during maintenance therapy were receiving b-carotene. The similar longer-term rates of cancer development in the two groups indicate that the retinoid becomes less effective over time after treatment. Multiple primary squamous cell carcinomas developed in four patients treated with b-carotene and in one patient treated with low-dose isotretinoin (Table 1). In all, there were 20 invasive squamous cell carcinomas, mostly stage I and II: six cancers developed in four isotretinoin-treated patients and 14 cancers in seven b-carotene-treated patients. In situ carcinoma developed in two patients in each arm. The difference in oral premalignant lesion progression rates (during maintenance) for patients who developed cancer and for those who did not was statistically significant: oral premalignant lesion progression in 10 (67%) of 15 patients who developed cancer versus eight (18%) of 44 patients who did not (P<.001). Malignant transformation of the original oral premalignancy site occurred in 21 cases, and that of a different head and neck site was observed in three.
Accuracy of the in situ determination of the CdZnTe temperature by ellipsometry before the growth of HgCdTe by MBE

Abstract We examine the effects of surface preparation and window birefringence on the determination of Cd 965 Zn 035 Te temperatures, prior to the deposition of Hg 1− x Cd x Te alloys by molecular beam epitaxy. We find that the different surface morphologies and chemical statuses induced by the substrate preparation recipe are responsible for the large run-to-run changes in the measured temperature. We speculate on the nature of the overlayers produced on the sample surface and obtain the optical constants of Hg chemisorbed on the Te-rich CdZnTe surface. We also investigate the possibility of using a critical point model for the CZT dielectric function in order to decrease the sensitivity of spectroscopic ellipsometry to the presence of overlayers. We prove by a simulation that an instrument capable of measuring at least 400 wavelengths in the range between 2.5 and 4.0 eV is needed to achieve good results with this method. Such instruments are available. Finally, we find that variations in window birefringence due to window baking occur in our system and can be detrimental to the run-to-run accuracy if not taken into account.