cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Treatment of Synchronous Mantle Cell Lymphoma and Small Lymphocytic Lymphoma with Bendamustine and Rituximab

Herein, we describe a case of a female patient in whom B cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) were diagnosed simultaneously. She presented with anemia, thrombocytopen
CTLA-4 blockade synergizes with tumor-derived granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor for treatment of an experimental mammary carcinoma

Generation of a T cell-mediated antitumor response depends on T cell receptor engagement by major histocompatibility complex/antigen as well as CD28 ligation by B7. CTLA-4 is a second B7 receptor expressed by T cells upon activation that, unlike CD28, appears to deliver an inhibitory signal to T cells. Recently, we and others demonstrated that administration of an anti-CTLA-4 antibody was sufficient to promote regression of several murine tumors. However, certain tumors, such as the SM1 mammary carcinoma, remain refractory to this type of immunotherapy. In the present study, we report that the combination of both CTLA-4 blockade and a vaccine consisting of granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor-expressing SM1 cells resulted in regression of parental SM1 tumors, despite the ineffectiveness of either treatment alone. This synergistic therapy resulted in long-lasting immunity to SM1 and depended on both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Interestingly, synergy was not observed between CTLA-4 and a B7-expressing SM1 vaccine. Given that granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor promotes differentiation and activation of dendritic cells as well as enhances cross-priming of T cells to tumor-derived antigens and that SM1 is major histocompatibility complex class II-negative, our findings suggest that CTLA-4 blockade acts at the level of a host-derived antigen-presenting cell. In addition, these results also support the idea that the most effective and synergistic vaccine strategy targets treatments that enhance T cell priming at the level of host-derived antigen-presenting cells.
Biaxial flexural strength of poled lead zirconate titanate under high electric field with extended field range

Abstract In the present work, as-received poled lead zirconate titanate, or PZT, was examined using ball-on-ring (BoR) mechanical testing coupled with an electric field. Electric fields in the range of ±4 E C ( E C , coercive field) with controlled loading paths were applied, and mechanical tests at a substantial number of characteristic electric field levels were conducted. Commercial electronic liquid FC-40 was used to prevent the setup from dielectric breakdown under a high electric field. Weibull strength distribution was used to interpret the mechanical strength data. The data showed that the strength levels of the PZT tested under OC (open circuit) in air and in FC-40 were almost the same. It was further revealed that, for the studied cases, the effect of loading history on the biaxial flexural strength of the PZT was significant in − E C , but not in OC or zero field as well as 4 E C . An asymmetric “V” curve was observed for the characteristic strength-electric field graph, and the bottom of “V” curve was located near the negative coercive field. Microscopic analysis showed that surface-located volume-distributed flaws were the strength limiter and responsible for the failure of the tested PZT under electromechanical loadings.
BMPR1A mutations in juvenile polyposis affect cellular localization

Abstract Background Juvenile polyposis (JP) is characterized by the development of hamartomatous polyps of the gastrointestinal tract that collectively carry a significant risk of malignant transformation. Mutations in the bone morphogenetic protein receptor type 1A (BMPR1A) are known to predispose to JP. We set out to study the effect of such missense mutations on BMPR1A cellular localization. Methods We chose eight distinct mutations for analysis. We tagged a BMPR1A wild-type (WT) expression plasmid with green fluorescent protein on its C-terminus. Site-directed mutagenesis was used to recreate JP patient mutations from the WT–green fluorescent protein BMPR1A plasmid. We verified mutant expression vector sequences by direct sequencing. First, we transfected BMPR1A expression vectors into HEK-293T cells; then, we performed confocal microscopy to determine cellular localization. Four independent observers used a scoring system from 1 to 3 to categorize the degree of membrane versus cellular localization. Results Of the eight selected mutations, one was within the signaling peptide, four were within the extracellular domain, and three were within the intracellular domain. The WT BMPR1A vector had strong membrane staining, whereas all eight mutations had much less membrane and much more intracellular localization. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for BMPR1A demonstrated no significant differences in protein quantities between constructs, except for one affecting the start codon. Conclusions Bone morphogenetic protein receptor type 1A missense mutations occurring in patients with JP affected cellular localization in an in vitro model. These findings suggest a mechanism by which such mutations can lead to disease by altering downstream signaling through the bone morphogenetic protein pathway.
Behavioral applications of vehicle-dynamics simulation

The behavioral applications of vehicle-dynamics simulation are described. Modeling the dynamic properties and characteristics of the automobile and driving are emphasized.
Dying American or The Violence of Citizenship: Latinos in Iraq

Three of the first coalition soldiers to die in Iraq in 2003 were non-citizen Latinos who were given posthumous citizenship. This essay places the discursive contexts of the events against the backdrop of liberalism. The central argument is that giving posthumous citizenship to the soldiers was an illiberal practice because (1) it meant naturalizing the Latinos without their consent and (2) the debates obscured the illiberal ways in which the armed forces in America are staffed. These two illiberal elements were supported by ethnocentric discourses on citizenship and nationalism that assumed the soldiers desired naturalization and that reproduced the idea that the volunteer army equally targets all Americans as potential conscripts. Because of this, the honor of posthumous citizenship is reinterpreted as belonging to the American history of imperialism, class, and racial stratification.
Evidence for Oxidation of Ceria by CO2

Abstract The oxidation and reduction of Pd/ceria and Pd/zirconia catalysts were investigated using pulse-reactor studies in which products were monitored following step changes in the reactant composition. The results demonstrate that both ceria and zirconia can be partially reduced by CO and partially reoxidized by CO2. Steady-state rates for methane reforming by CO2 were also measured on Pd/ceria, Pd/zirconia, and Pd/silica. The Pd/ceria catalyst was slightly more active than Pd/zirconia and ∼104 times as active as Pd/silica. The high activities of Pd/ceria and Pd/zirconia are explained as resulting from oxidation and reduction of the supports.
A New Roughness Parameter Including Hardness and Contact Frequency Effects on Lubricated Rolling/Sliding Wear

Surface roughness, roughness arrangement, film thickness, material hardness, and run-in process have significant effects on the lubricated rolling/sliding wear of mechanical components such as gears and bearings. In conventional analysis, a film thickness parameter is calculated by a geometric approach to study the wear resistance of a contact system without considering the effects of material hardness and run-in process. Although the conventional parameter is simple, it does not correlate with some experimental observations. In this work, a new roughness parameter is developed for the prediction of lubricated rolling/sliding wear. Surface roughness will be adjusted by its hardness and contact frequency. The calculation results are consistent with four groups of experimental data. It is proved that the conventional models can be derived as a special case of the new model when two contact surfaces have the same properties. The new model can be used in the optimal design and manufacturing of mechanical inte...
Visual Navigation By Tracking Of Environmental Points

An observer can facilitate the computation of Egomotion parameters by tracking a point in the environment. The optical flow field generated by the tracking motion is analyzed for a translating and rotating observer. It is assumed that the observer tracks accurately, without significant slippage. In this case the constraint on the egomotion parameters due to the optical flow field is much simpler than that for the non tracking case. A principal advantage of the proposed scheme is that the computational process does not need to know the tracking velocity. The present method provides a mathematical formulation for the problem, which was also addressed in a qualitative way by researchers such as Cutting. A simple algebraic analysis determines when the parameters of motion can be computed uniquely.
Rapid Genome Assembly and Comparison Decode Intrastrain Variation in Human Alphaherpesviruses

ABSTRACT Herpes simplex virus (HSV) is a widespread pathogen that causes epithelial lesions with recurrent disease that manifests over a lifetime. The lifelong aspect of infection results from latent viral infection of neurons, a reservoir from which the virus reactivates periodically. Recent work has demonstrated the breadth of genetic variation in globally distributed HSV strains. However, the amount of variation or capacity for mutation within one strain has not been well studied. Here we developed and applied a streamlined new approach for assembly and comparison of large DNA viral genomes such as HSV-1. This viral genome assembly (VirGA) workflow incorporates a combination of de novo assembly, alignment, and annotation strategies to automate the generation of draft genomes for large viruses. We applied this approach to quantify the amount of variation between clonal derivatives of a common parental virus stock. In addition, we examined the genetic basis for syncytial plaque phenotypes displayed by a subset of these strains. In each of the syncytial strains, we found an identical DNA change, affecting one residue in the gB (UL27) fusion protein. Since these identical mutations could have appeared after extensive in vitro passaging, we applied the VirGA sequencing and comparison approach to two clinical HSV-1 strains isolated from the same patient. One of these strains was syncytial upon first culturing; its sequence revealed the same gB mutation. These data provide insight into the extent and origin of genome-wide intrastrain HSV-1 variation and present useful methods for expansion to in vivo patient infection studies. IMPORTANCE Herpes simplex virus (HSV) infects more than 70% of adults worldwide, causing epithelial lesions and recurrent disease that manifests over a lifetime. Prior work has demonstrated that HSV strains vary from country to country and between individuals. However, the amount of variation within one strain has not been well studied. To address this, we developed a new approach for viral genome assembly (VirGA) and analysis. We used this approach to quantify the amount of variation between sister clones of a common parental virus stock and to determine the basis of a unique fusion phenotype displayed by several variants. These data revealed that while sister clones of one HSV stock are more than 98% identical, these variants harbor enough genetic differences to change their observed characteristics. Comparative genomics approaches will allow us to explore the impacts of viral inter- and intrastrain diversity on drug and vaccine efficacy.
Immunotherapy of Cancer: Immunospecific Rejection of Tumors in Recipients of Neuraminidase-Treated Tumor Cells Plus BCG

Firmly established methylcholanthrene fibrosarcomas in syngeneic mice will totally disappear if the hosts are treated with living tumor cells that have been exposed to Vibrio cholerae neuraminidase in vitro. The effect is magnified by the simultanieous injection of a nonspecific immunostimulant, BCG. The rejection of the methylcholanthrene tumor is immunospecific and can be induced only with tumor cells, treated with Vibrio cholerae neuraminidase, identical in type with the growing tumor.
Characterization of ureteral stents by dual-energy computed tomography: Clinical implications

Dual-energy computed-tomography (DECT) has been suggested as the method of choice for imaging urinary calculi due to the modality’s high sensitivity for detecting stones and its capability of accurately differentiating between uric-acid (UA) and non-UA (predominantly calcium) stones. The clinical significance of the latter feature relates to the differences in management of UA vs non-UA calculi. Like calculi, ureteral stents are assigned color by the dual-energy post-processing algorithm, which may lead to improved or worsened stone visualization based on the resulting stent/stone contrast. Herein we depict the case of a nephrolithiasis patient with bilateral stents, each with different color, clearly displaying the effect of stent color on stone visualization. Further, three-dimensional reconstruction of the DECT images illustrates advantages of this enhancement compared to conventional two-dimensional computed tomography. The resulting stent/stone contrast produces an unanticipated potential advantage of DECT in patients with urolithiasis and stents and may promote improved management decision-making.
When psychiatry and bioethics disagree about patient decision making capacity (DMC)

The terms "competency" and "decision making capacity" (DMC) are often used interchangeably in the medical setting. Although competency is a legal determination made by judges, "competency" assessments are frequently requested of psychiatrists who are called to consult on hospitalised patients who refuse medical treatment. In these situations, the bioethicist is called to consult frequently as well, sometimes as a second opinion or "tie breaker". The psychiatric determination of competence, while a clinical phenomenon, is based primarily in legalism and can be quite different from the bioethics approach. This discrepancy highlights the difficulties that arise when a patient is found to be "competent" by psychiatry but lacking in DMC by bioethics. Using a case, this dilemma is explored and guidance for reconciling the opinions of two distinct clinical specialties is offered.
Promoting equity in health through research and understanding.

Developing strategies to reduce inequities in health requires an understanding of how inequities occur, determining the salient factors in their production, and deciding which ones are most amenable to change. The recognition of several principles regarding the manifestations and genesis of inequities can help to decide on strategies. In making decisions, it is important to consider whether the aim is to reduce disparities in the occurrence of ill health or to reduce disparities in the severity (including comorbidity, disability, dysfunction and fatality) of ill health. Evidence shows that the major impact on equity of health services, particularly regarding their potential to reduce severity, is attributable to the strength of primary care resources and services in communities and countries. Virtually every influence on the genesis of inequities is determined by the political context in which policy is made. The issue of health services is not different in this regard from other types of strategies. There is no longer any doubt about the pervasive influence of social factors on health. Almost two centuries of descriptive research provides convincing evidence of associations between social structures and relationships and health status in all countries and in all societies; if there is anything new from more recent research, it is that the association is not limited to differences between the lowest social strata and other social strata. Rather, the association is noted throughout the social spectrum. That is, there is a social gradient in health such that, for many if not most manifestations of ill health, the lower the social stratum, the worse the health. The challenge for the future is to understand why this is the case, to create a consensus that these inequalities are unnecessary and unacceptable, and to devise strategies that are both effective and possible. This paper will focus on the first of these aims, in a context that facilitates attention to the second and third aims.
nuScore: a web-interface for nucleosome positioning predictions

Sequence-directed mapping of nucleosome positions is of major biological interest. Here, we present a web-interface for estimation of the affinity of the histone core to DNA and prediction of nucleosome arrangement on a given sequence. Our approach is based on assessment of the energy cost of imposing the deformations required to wrap DNA around the histone surface. The interface allows the user to specify a number of options such as selecting from several structural templates for threading calculations and adding random sequences to the analysis.
A novel technique to remove inferior vena cava filters using a homemade snare device

The need to retrieve inferior vena cava filters is quite evident due to the long-term complications. We present a novel technique to remove inferior vena cava filters using a homemade snare created using a looped a 0.014-inch semistiff wire. Employing this technique, 18 consecutive retrievable filters were removed. All filters were easily snared on the very first attempt, and no complications occurred. Our novel technique to retrieve filters is efficient, safe, and cost-effective.
Failure Modes in GaAs Power FETs: Ohmic Contact Electromigration and Formation of Refractory Oxides

Failure modes have been identified for two commercially available microwave power GaAs FETs constructed with aluminum gates. MTTF data for Al gate power FETs and Al gate in combination with refractory link power FETs-indicates the presence of a failure mode with a well defined activation energy. The first set of power FETs (Set A) use AuGe/Au source and drain contacts and Al gates. The second set use an Al-TiPt gate with AuGe-TiPt-Au source, drain contacts. The devices from set A were tested at 200°C under rf drive. An MTTF of 2200 hrs was achieved and source-drain electromigration was identified as the primary failure mode. This newly identified failure mode for ohmic contacts has been confirmed by Auger electron spectroscopy, and the SEM. Gallium has been shown to outdiffuse in the contact system with subsequent Ga whisker growth and gate void formation caused by the AuAl couple at the gate. Sputter AES profiles indicated that interdiffusion in the source and drain contacts extends into the active channel region under the bias-stress tests. The analyzed devices from the second set of power FETs (Al-TiPt gate with AuGe-TiPt-Au ohmic contacts) can be separated into four types: A, B, C, D. Type A failed catastrophically, type B failed non-catastrophically type C was annealed in nitrogen at 200-210°C for 150 hours and type D were untested devices which exhibited a high forward gate resistance.
Detection of nandrolone, testosterone, and their esters in rat and human hair samples.

Nandrolone and testosterone are anabolic androgenic steroids occasionally abused by athletes. A sensitive, specific, and reproducible gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method for the quantitative determination of nandrolone, testosterone, and their esters in hair has been developed. The limits of quantitation of this method, based on 20 mg of hair, were 50 pg/mg for nandrolone and testosterone, 100 pg/mg for testosterone acetate, and 200 pg/mg for nandrolone-decanoate. Nandrolone-d3 and testosterone-d3 were used as internal standards. This method has been applied to the analysis of these compounds incorporated into rat and human hair. Male Long-Evans rats were given nandrolone decanoate 60 mg/kg intraperitoneally (i.p.) once daily for 10 days over a time period of 14 days. Two of the three rats contained nandrolone in the pigmented hair collected at day 21 at a concentration of 63 and 76 pg/mg, respectively. No drug was found in the corresponding nonpigmented hair. The rat hair samples that tested positive for nandrolone contained also nandrolone decanoate in concentrations of 0.9 and 1.2 ng/mg, respectively. In a separate experiment rats were given testosterone acetate 10 mg/kg i.p. once daily for five days. No testosterone or testosterone acetate was detected in the rat hair samples. Hair specimens were also obtained from four self-reported steroid users. The hair of two subjects were determined to be positive for testosterone in concentrations of 54 and 81 pg/mg. These data demonstrate that it is possible to detect the steroids nandrolone, testosterone, and nandrolone decanoate in hair after systemic administration.
Cell cycle-regulated proteolysis of mitotic target proteins.

The ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis of mitotic cyclin B, which is catalyzed by the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) and ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme H10 (UbcH10), begins around the time...
Functional redundancy of transcription factor-binding sites in the killer cell Ig-like receptor (KIR) gene promoter

Variegated expression of inhibitory killer cell Ig-like receptors (KIRs) for MHC class I molecules helps NK cells distinguish normal from aberrant self and avoid autoreactivity. Prior studies of KIR promoters have produced conflicting results and no cis-acting sites have been independently confirmed. We took a comprehensive linker-scanning mutagenesis approach and substituted 24 consecutive 10-bp segments in the human KIR3DL1 promoter. Our analysis revealed eight segments that activated and three segments that repressed KIR transcription. Site-directed mutagenesis and electrophoretic mobility shift assays indicated that optimal KIR transcription requires a proximal Ets site that binds several Ets family members, a cAMP response element (CRE), a Runx site and a site that mediates complex interactions between Ets family members, signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (STAT5) and YY1; Sp1 also contributes to KIR transcription. KIR transcription was greatly reduced by several compound mutations and was abrogated by a combination of mutations that affected the proximal Ets site, and the CRE, Runx, Sp1 and Ets/STAT sites. The many transcription factors that contribute to KIR transcription are partially redundant in the setting of transient transfection assays, helping to explain why only 0‐2 activating sites had been reported in each of three prior studies. We propose that the multiplicity of transcription factors enables NK cells to sustain continuous KIR expression in diverse cellular and cytokine milieus, thus preventing NK autoreactivity.
Staphylococcal Infections in Children: Part 2

1. Anjali Jain, MD* 2. Tamar Ben-Ami, MD* 3. Robert S. Daum, MD* 1. 2. *From the Departments of Pediatrics and Radiology, Section of Infectious Diseases, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL. After completing this article, readers should be able to: 1. Plan the strategy for investigation of a child who has putative osteomyelitis. 2. Describe the circumstances in which the finding of coagulase-negative staphylococcal bacteriuria may be of clinical importance. 3. Describe the clinical features that should prompt consideration of staphylococcal pneumonia in a child who has respiratory distress. 4. Plan the management of a child who has hematogenous osteomyelitis or osteochondritis of the foot due to a puncture wound. Staphylococcus aureus is the major cause of hematogenous osteomyelitis and accounts for about 90% of cases. It also is an important cause of osteomyelitis secondary to an adjacent focus, where organisms are either inoculated directly into bone (eg, by trauma) or gain access into bone through an adjacent infective focus. ### HEMATOGENOUS OSTEOMYELITIS #### Clinical Presentation In hematogenous osteomyelitis, the metaphyses of long, tubular bones are affected most frequently, although infection may occur in any bone. A child may be predisposed to infection by a previous minor trauma; the mechanism is probably the result of a subclinical minor vascular injury, with a small area of bony necrosis acting as a nidus for seeding during what otherwise would have been a subsequent asymptomatic bacteremia. The classic clinical picture includes fever, pain in the area where the bone is infected, decreased range of motion of the relevant bones, and local signs of inflammation. Because these symptoms and signs may be absent, diagnosis requires a high degree of suspicion. Prior to coming to medical attention, the duration of symptoms usually is 1 week or less, but occasionally it may be several months. #### Diagnosis Laboratory and radiologic investigations may help support the diagnosis of osteomyelitis, and a blood culture may reveal the causative organism. Bacteremia is detected in about 50% of patients. At the time of clinical presentation, the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and C-reactive protein …
De Novo Meningitis Caused by Propionibacterium acnes in a Patient with Metastatic Melanoma

Propionibacterium acnes is a known cause of postneurosurgical meningitis; however, it is rarely implicated in de novo meningitis. Herein we report a case of a 49-year-old male with de novo meningitis caused by P. acnes with metastatic melanoma as the only identified risk factor for his infection.
History and Current Status of Divorce in the United States

This article explores the remarkable shift in marriage and divorce practices that has occurred in the last third of this century in the United States. Initially, information is presented on trends in divorce and remarriage; commonalities and differences between family patterns in the United States and in other industrialized nations are discussed. The author then identifies some of the factors that have transformed marriage practices in the United States and describes how changes in these practices have altered the family experiences of children. Finally, the author suggests trends in family patterns that might occur in the near future and discusses various policy initiatives and how they may influence the future of the family.
Aortic stenosis and angiodysplastic gastrointestinal bleeding: Heyde's disease

Obscure gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding can be a perplexing and difficult problem in elderly patients, especially if they are hemodynamically unstable. If aortic stenosis is also present, the cause of the GI bleeding may be explained. We present a 66-year-old man with a medical history of coronary artery disease who presented with acute GI bleeding. During his hospital course, the patient had a colonoscopy showing diffuse angiodysplasia and an echocardiogram showing severe aortic stenosis. This combination of angiodysplasia and aortic stenosis is known as Heyde's syndrome. It has been hypothesized that the aortic stenosis causes an acquired von Willebrand factor deficiency that leads to GI bleeding. Aortic valve replacement, when possible, can prevent recurrent GI bleeding in these cases, but medical decisions in these cases are complex and difficult.
Impacts of Updraft Size and Dimensionality on the Perturbation Pressure and Vertical Velocity in Cumulus Convection. Part I: Simple, Generalized Analytic Solutions

AbstractThis study investigates relationships between vertical velocity, perturbation pressure, updraft size, and dimensionality for cumulus convection. Generalized theoretical expressions are derived from approximate analytic solutions of the governing momentum and mass continuity equations for both two-dimensional (2D) and axisymmetric quasi-three-dimensional (3D) steady-state updrafts. These expressions relate perturbation pressure and vertical velocity to updraft radius R, height H, and thermal buoyancy. They suggest that the vertical velocity at the level of neutral buoyancy is reduced from perturbation pressure effects by factors of and in 2D and 3D, respectively, where is a nondimensional length, with somewhat different scalings lower in the updraft (α is a parameter equal to the ratio of vertical velocity horizontally averaged across the updraft to that at the updraft center). They also indicate that updrafts are weaker in 2D than 3D, all else being equal, with a difference of up to a factor of 2 ...
Gene transfer therapy for neurodegenerative disorders

Recent advances in gene transfer technology have led to promising new therapies for neurodegenerative disorders. This article will review methods of gene transfer therapy and applications of these techniques to both genetic and sporadic neurodegenerative illnesses. The article will focus on Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and Alzheimer's disease. Several promising gene therapy approaches to these diseases are being pursued both in animal models and in early human trials. Initial safety-tolerability results from these trials appear promising. It is therefore likely that the number of human trials of gene therapy for neurodegenerative disorders will increase over the coming years.
Retaining hardcopy papers still important in digital age

Preservation librarian Randy Silverman makes the case for preserving hardcopy newspapers in the digital age. He faults the U.S. Newspaper Program that resulted in copying and destroying original hi...
The I/O transform of a chemical sensor

A number of sensing technologies, using a variety of transduction principles, have been proposed for non-invasive chemical sensing. A fundamental problem common to all these sensing technologies is determining what features of the transducer's signal constitute a chemical fingerprint that allows for precise analyte recognition. Of particular importance is the need to extract features that are robust with respect to the sensor's age or stimulus intensity. Here, using pulsed stimulus delivery, we show that a sensor's operation can be modeled as a linear input-output (I/O) transform. The I/O transform is unique for each analyte and can be used to precisely predict a temperature-programmed chemiresistor's response to the analyte given the recent stimulus history (i.e. state of an analyte delivery valve being open or closed). We show that the analyte specific I/O transforms are to a certain degree stimulus intensity invariant and can remain consistent even when the sensor has undergone considerable aging. Significantly, the I/O transforms for a given analyte are highly conserved across sensors of equal manufacture, thereby allowing training data obtained from one sensor to be used for recognition of the same set of chemical species with another sensor. Hence, this proposed approach facilitates decoupling of the signal processing algorithms from the chemical transducer, a key advance necessary for achieving long-term, non-invasive chemical sensing.
Transport-Based Quantitative Photoacoustic Tomography

A method based on the radiative transfer equation (RTE) coupled with the photoacoustic equation is presented. It provides quantitatively and significantly improved image reconstruction for the cases where the photon diffusion approximation may fail.
Medición de la desproporcionalidad electoral: una crítica a los Mínimos Cuadrados (Measurement of Electoral Disproportionality: A Criticism of Square Minimums

This article is based on the assumption that political science has never satisfactory resolved the question of how disproportionality should be measured. Different alternatives are reviewed, the use of the simplest and most intuitive index of all is proposed, and a certain empty and counterproductive abuse of mathematical science is criticized. This content downloaded from 157.55.39.112 on Wed, 29 Jun 2016 05:12:00 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms MEDICION DE LA DESPROPORCIONALIDAD ELECTORAL
India's Nuclear and Space Programs: Defense or Development?

Are the Indian nuclear and space programs driven primarily by defense or development motives? What are India's economic and technological capabilities in these fields?Defense motives are strong, but are offset by the potential consequences of programs of nuclear weapons and delivery systems that could produce less rather than more security by provoking counter-reactions in Pakistan and China. The underlying development motives are equally strong, but the programs may not be cost-efficient in the short run. Ultimately, the justification for these programs is based on a dual argument: strategic circumstances justify the maintenance of the nuclear weapons option through development of civilian nuclear energy and space programs irrespective of cost or efficiency, while civilian needs in nuclear energy and space-based telecommunications and meteorological systems provide the defense sector with nuclear weapons and delivery systems options. Although at present neither may seem economically justifiable independently of the other, together they provide a reinforcing defense-development justification.
Science of Art and Analysis: A Mixture for Undergraduate Non-Specialists

At Cornell University we are in the third year of teaching an interdisciplinary, undergraduate course on the physical properties and structures of works of Art, and the modern analytical methods used to investigate them: Art, Isotopes, and Analysis. The challenge is to explain concepts familiar to museum scientists and conservators to a group of 150 undergraduate students with a background that ranges from Art History to Computer Science. Painting techniques (Fresco, Tempera, Oil, etc.) are demonstrated to the class. The analytical techniques involve the interactions of electrons, photons, ions and neutrons with pigments and other materials. This instructional approach serves as an introduction to published analyses of works of art.
High resolution cytogenetics - uses and difficulties

High resolution banding (HRB) in cytogenetics is essential in the diagnosis of micro-deletion syndromes. Individually these syndromes are rare, but collectively they accounted for 10% of cytogenetic referrals in post-natal cases to the Children’s Hospital, Sydney, over the last 12 months. The commonest are the Prader-Willi and Angelman’s Syndrome (Δ), in which the deletions are in the proximal long arm of chromosome 15. Others include Miller Diecker, Alagille, Smith Magenis, Langer Gedion Δ, Wilms tumour and Retinoblastoma, each with deletions at different loci. To produce HRB of metaphase chromosomes the following is required:- a) a block to the mitotic cycle is introduced at a known point in time before S phase; b) the block is released and the cell cycle is allowed to progress; c) a decondensing agent is added prior to metaphase arrest; and d) metaphase arrest is short. Banding is subsequently applied by the standard procedures. The chromosomes may then be scored according to the number of bands i.e. 550-1000 band stage of resolution. This type of cytogenetic analysis is considerably labour intensive. Difficulties encountered are mostly concerned with interpreting differences in length and banding pattern between homologous regions of chromosomes. The ideogram (ISCN 1978)) is only a guide as differential decondensation occurs. Furthermore certain chromosome regions are relatively resistant to these techniques e.g. the Prader-Willi Chromosome Region (PWCR) 15q11-13, because of the DNA composition of repeat sequence heterochromatin found here. Objective standards must be applied to account for the inherent mitotic variability between homologues. The best resolution achieved overall needs to be considered as well as the band stage of resolution for the particular chromosomal region of interest.
Field AC Voltage Withstand Test of UHV Shunt Reactors

AC voltage withstand test is the most direct and effective method to judge the Insulation Performance of Electrical Equipments.In this paper,an AC voltage withstand test of ultra high voltage(UHV for short) shunt reactors at 1 000 kV AC Nanyang switch-gear station was conducted.The test frequency could be limited within 45 ～65 Hz by adopting serial resonance method and properly combining compensating capacitors and reactors.This test needs less test devices and lower power supply capacity,thus to be suitable for field AC voltage withstand test of UHV Shunt Reactors.
Corporate Restructuring, Downsizing, and the Middle Class: The Process and Meaning of Worker Displacement in the “New” Economy

This article conceptualizes, describes, and analyzes the phenomenon of corporate downsizing and the experience of worker displacement as a process of work and employment change that occurs within the context of structural changes in the economy, large firms and labor markets. The research is based on a case study of displaced IBM computer and Link aerospace workers in Binghamton, New York. Research participants encountered a process of displacement that began before job loss, as the firms abandoned longstanding paternalistic work relations and altered their internal labor market structures. Following job loss, displaced workers negotiated a job search in a declining Binghamton economy and a competitive local labor market. In subsequent employment, the majority of those in the study experienced significant work and employment change associated with downward mobility. The findings suggest that in the new economy, the concept of worker “displacement” should be thought of in more expansive terms than the more narrow and conventional definition that is often associated with it. Workers' experiences of downsizing, displacement and employment change were not simply, or even primarily, associated with job loss, but were characterized by significant departure from objective conditions and subjective meanings of work and of being workers.
Two-Dimensional Cochlear Micromechanics Measured In Vivo Demonstrate Radial Tuning within the Mouse Organ of Corti

The exquisite sensitivity and frequency discrimination of mammalian hearing underlie the ability to understand complex speech in noise. This requires force generation by cochlear outer hair cells (OHCs) to amplify the basilar membrane traveling wave; however, it is unclear how amplification is achieved with sharp frequency tuning. Here we investigated the origin of tuning by measuring sound-induced 2-D vibrations within the mouse organ of Corti in vivo . Our goal was to determine the transfer function relating the radial shear between the structures that deflect the OHC bundle, the tectorial membrane and reticular lamina, to the transverse motion of the basilar membrane. We found that, after normalizing their responses to the vibration of the basilar membrane, the radial vibrations of the tectorial membrane and reticular lamina were tuned. The radial tuning peaked at a higher frequency than transverse basilar membrane tuning in the passive, postmortem condition. The radial tuning was similar in dead mice, indicating that this reflected passive, not active, mechanics. These findings were exaggerated in TectaC1509G/C1509G mice, where the tectorial membrane is detached from OHC stereocilia, arguing that the tuning of radial vibrations within the hair cell epithelium is distinct from tectorial membrane tuning. Together, these results reveal a passive, frequency-dependent contribution to cochlear filtering that is independent of basilar membrane filtering. These data argue that passive mechanics within the organ of Corti sharpen frequency selectivity by defining which OHCs enhance the vibration of the basilar membrane, thereby tuning the gain of cochlear amplification. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Outer hair cells amplify the traveling wave within the mammalian cochlea. The resultant gain and frequency sharpening are necessary for speech discrimination, particularly in the presence of background noise. Here we measured the 2-D motion of the organ of Corti in mice and found that the structures that stimulate the outer hair cell stereocilia, the tectorial membrane and reticular lamina, were sharply tuned in the radial direction. Radial tuning was similar in dead mice and in mice lacking a tectorial membrane. This suggests that radial tuning comes from passive mechanics within the hair cell epithelium, and that these mechanics, at least in part, may tune the gain of cochlear amplification.
Hexavalent Chromium Generation within Naturally Structured Soils and Sediments.

Chromium(VI) produced from the oxidation of indigenous Cr(III) minerals is increasingly being recognized as a threat to groundwater quality. A critical determinant of Cr(VI) generation within soils and sediments is the necessary interaction of two low-solubility phases—Cr(III) silicates or (hydr)oxides and Mn(III/IV) oxides—that lead to its production. Here we investigate the potential for Cr(III) oxidation by Mn oxides within fixed solid matrices common to soils and sediments. Artificial aggregates were constructed from Cr(OH)3- and Cr0.25Fe0.75(OH)3-coated quartz grains and either mixed with synthetic birnessite or inoculated with the Mn(II)-oxidizing bacterium Leptothrix cholodnii. In aggregates simulating low organic carbon environments, we observe Cr(VI) concentrations within advecting solutes at levels more than twenty-times the California drinking water standard. Chromium(VI) production is highly dependent on Cr-mineral solubility; increasing Fe-substitution (x = 0 to x = 0.75) decreases the solubi...
Maternal Meta-Emotion Philosophy Moderates Effect of Maternal Symptomatology on Preschoolers Exposed to Domestic Violence

Exposure to domestic violence in the preschool years is consistently associated with children’s heightened risk for developing behavior problems. Maternal meta-emotion philosophy (awareness, acceptance, and coaching of children’s emotions) has been identified as an important protective factor in children’s development of internalizing and externalizing behaviors following exposure to domestic violence. However, mothers who are victims of domestic violence often experience symptoms of depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress, which may undermine their capacity to respond to their children’s negative emotions. The present study examines the protective role of maternal meta-emotion philosophy among mothers and preschool-aged children exposed to domestic violence. Participants were 95 mothers (mean age = 31.78) and their preschool-aged children (mean age = 4.11) who had witnessed domestic violence involving their mothers. Multiple regression analyses, controlling for family socioeconomic status and child exposure to interpersonal violence in the family, indicated that maternal symptomatology was positively associated with children’s internalizing problems. In addition, maternal awareness and coaching of children’s negative emotions was found to moderate relations between maternal symptomatology and children’s internalizing behaviors, and maternal awareness of children’s negative emotions was found to moderate relations between maternal symptomatology and children’s externalizing behaviors. These findings expand our understanding of maternal meta-emotion philosophy as a protective factor for preschoolers who have witnessed domestic violence.
Transdisciplinary sea level rise risk communication and outreach strategies from stakeholder focus groups

As part of a larger transdisciplinary sea level rise (SLR) research project, six face-to-face, repeated focus groups with stakeholders (coastal resource managers and environmental communications professionals) were conducted in three states (Alabama, Florida, Mississippi) in the northern Gulf of Mexico. The purpose was to collect input on development of the project’s scientific research and models and gather future project outreach recommendations. This paper reports on the outreach-related results, which synergistically grew to encompass not only project-specific outreach but also broader concerns of stakeholders pertaining to risk communication. Participants believed outreach on SLR preparation was urgently needed and could be facilitated with a multifaceted targeted approach despite various challenges. Analysis revealed five target audience recommendations, six message content and format recommendations, and eight message delivery recommendations. Overall, the study provides empirical support for the perceived value and added benefits of social science, particularly qualitative methods, to foment transdisciplinary projects and for effective SLR communication. The paper concludes with a discussion of connections to the transdisciplinary research and risk communication literature followed by practical and future research implications.
A Cross-Sectional Review of Cervical Cancer Messages on Twitter During Cervical Cancer Awareness Month.

Objectives The objectives of this study were to quantify personal stories about cervical cancer and to determine the proportion and sentiment (positive vs negative) of messages ("tweets") that discussed cervical cancer prevention strategies on Twitter. Methods This study was a cross-sectional Twitter review of English-language top tweets about cervical cancer during the Cervical Cancer Awareness month, January 2016. Theme categories were identified, and tweets were independently coded by 2 reviewers; discrepancies in coding were resolved by a third reviewer. Descriptive statistical analyses were performed. Results During January 2016, approximately 348 top tweets about cervical cancer were identified. Professional health organizations produced 20.7% of tweets, and individuals identifying themselves as health-care professionals contributed an additional 4%. In addition to the tweet, 45.1% attached a photo or video; 54.6% included links to a larger article. Only 11.2% of tweets included personal stories from cervical cancer patients. Among the top tweets, 70.3% were focused on prevention through screening and/or HPV vaccination, with 97.4% recommending such practices. A substantial proportion of the Twitter traffic (24.7%) referenced the #SmearForSmear campaign by the patient-advocate organization Jo's Cervical Cancer Trust, based in the United Kingdom. Conclusions Analysis of top tweets during the cervical cancer awareness month showed that, although personal stories about cervical cancer were rare, cervical cancer prevention was a popular topic during the cervical cancer awareness month. This was largely driven by a picture-based twitter campaign from a single advocacy organization.
Adrenal steroids, membranes and neoplasia.

Neoplastic cells show qualitative differences from normal cells in their overall patterns of gene expression (1); in particular, malignant transformation has been shown to involve a number of structural and functional alterations in the cell membrane (2–8). The plasma membrane may play a vital role in the regulation of cell division by affecting the transport of essential nutrients into the cell, and by acting as the transmitter and transducer of signals arising from cell-cell interactions. Uncontrolled growth could result from abnormalities in transport regulation, or in aberrant sensitivity to external signals which normally regulate cell division (2,8).
Eocene Anthropoid Postcrania from the Eayum, Egypt

The anthropoids from the Fayum Province, Egypt, represent the best-preserved and most diverse assemblage of early anthropoids found anywhere in the world. However, the best known of the Fayum primates—Aegyptopithecus zeuxis, Propliopithecus chirabates, Apidium phiomense, and Parapithecus grangeri— occur near the top of the 340m-deep Jebel Qatrani Formation (Simons, 1965, 1967, 1974, 1987; Kay, 1977; Fleagle and Simons, 1978, 1982a,b; Gebo and Simons, 1987; Kay et al., 1981; Fleagle and Kay, 1983, 1985, 1987). Fossil primates millions of years older have been found at lower stratigraphic levels, and these older species differ appreciably from the primates of the uppermost quarries, reflecting significant evolutionary changes that took place during the time represented by the deposition of the Jebel Qatrani Formation (Simons, 1962; Simons and Kay, 1983; Rasmussen and Simons, 1988). The oldest primates yet found in the Fayum have been described recently on the basis of dental and cranial specimens found at quarry L-41, which lies near the base of the Jebel Qatrani Formation (Simons, 1989, 1990, 1992; Rasmussen and Simons, 1992). These L-41 primates are among the most ancient and structurally most primitive anthropoids found anywhere in the world.