cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Microwave emission and beam propagation measurements in a high-power relativistic electron beam-plasma system

Microwave emission was measured from a system consisting of an unmagnetized plasma and a propagating electron beam. A 93-cm/sup 2/ velvet cathode, with an anode-cathode gap of 5.9 cm, injects the electron current into the plasma through an aluminized Mylar anode. Measurements were made of the diode voltage and current in the 6- mu V water dielectric accelerator and net current through the beam-plasma system. The unmagnetized plasma is produced by a 90- mu s, 90-AA current pulse, emitted from a thermionic LaB/sub 6/ electron source, that preionizes argon fill in a 1-m-long, 15-cm-diameter Lucite tube. A microwave spectrometer detects the radio-frequency output in the 2-18, 18-26, and 26-47 GHz bands, filters, and then separates into narrower subbands. The emission takes place in two distinct phases. The 2-GHz output rises promptly with the current pulse and then decays. At 6-GHz and above, a low-level microwave prepulse appears simultaneously with the 2-6 GHz output. This output rises sharply 25 ns after the current pulse begins and includes frequencies out to and beyond 40 GHz. The radio-frequency output falls off before the current pulse ends. The microwave intensity decays monotonically with frequency. >
Management of elderly patients with primary breast cancer

From 1974 through 1983, three hundred forty-three patients aged 70 years or older at diagnosis received comprehensive post-operative radiation therapy for localized (Stage I-III) breast cancer following surgical procedures ranging from incisional biopsies to classical radical mastectomy. The 5- and 10-year overall survival rates for this series of elderly patients are 67% and 33%. The respective disease-free survival rates are 67% and 42%. Over one-half of these women were treated by less than total mastectomy. No differences were seen in survival, disease-free survival, or local regional control rates comparing similarly staged patients treated by radical mastectomy, modified radical mastectomy, or tylectomy. Complications were few and seen primarily in those patients subjected to axillary dissection prior to irradiation. Long term survival appears to be achievable in the majority of elderly patients with regionally confined disease at presentation and aggressive treatment with curative intent is warranted. These elderly patients are often poor candidates for radical surgery. In this patient population, conservative surgery with post-operative radiation therapy is well tolerated and provides equivalent results to more radical surgical procedures.
Out-of-hospital noninvasive ventilation: epidemiology, technology and equipment

Noninvasive ventilation has been utilized successfully in the pre- and out-of-hospital settings for a variety of disorders, including respiratory distress syndrome in neonates, neurologic and pulmonary diseases in infants and children, and heart failure as well as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in adults. A variety of interfaces as well as mechanical positive pressure devices have been used: simple continuous positive airway pressure devices are available which do not require sophisticated equipment, while a broad spectrum of ventilators have been used to provide bilevel positive airway pressure. Extensive training of transport teams may be important, particularly when utilizing bilevel positive airway pressure in infants and children.
The Association of the Rapid Assessment of Supervision Scale Score and Unintentional Childhood Injury

Supervisory neglect is often considered in medical settings when a child presents with an unintentional injury. The Rapid Assessment of Supervision Scale (RASS) is a clinical decision-making tool for the assessment of supervision of young children. As the next step in the development of the RASS, we assessed the association of RASS scores with unintentional injury. This study was a secondary analysis of data from a case-crossover study, which examined the association of parental supervision and unintentional injury in children. Data on supervision characteristics for 3 time periods for each child were available, that is, one injury scenario and two "control" time periods when no injury occurred. Blinded to injury status, four raters independently evaluated adequacy of supervision in 132 supervision scenarios using the RASS. The individual RASS scores of the four raters and the group (mean) RASS score of the four raters were evaluated for associations with injury status. Individual scores from three of the four raters demonstrated significant associations of increasing RASS scores with injury. Increasing group RASS scores (odds ratio = 2.8; 95% confidence interval [1.5, 5.1]) were associated with greater likelihood of injury. Further testing may result in a tool that aids medical personnel in the evaluation of adequacy of supervision. Language: en
The diffusive boundary layer of sediments: Oxygen microgradients over a microbial mat

Oxygen microelectrodes were used to analyze the distribution of the diffusive boundary layer (DBL) at the sediment-water interface in relation to surface topography and flow velocity. The sediment, collected from saline ponds, was covered by a microbial mat that had high oxygen consumption rate and well-defined surface structure. Diffusion through the DBL constituted an important rate limitation to the oxygen uptake of the sediment. The mean effective DBL thickness decreased from 0.59 to 0.16 mm as the flow velocity of the overlying water was increased from 0.3 to 7.7 cm s-1 (measured 1 cm above the mat). The oxygen uptake rate concurrently increased from 3.9 to 9.4 nmol cm-2 min-1. The effects of surface roughness and topography on the thickness and distribution of the DBL were studied by three-dimensional mapping of the sediment-water interface and the upper DBL boundary at 0.1-mm spatial resolution. The DBL boundary followed mat structures that had characteristic dimensions > 1/2 DBL thickness but the DBL had a dampened relief relative to the mat. The effective surface area of the sediment-water interface and of the upper DBL boundary were 31 and 14% larger, respectively, than a flat plane. Surface topography thereby increased the oxygen flux across the sediment-water interface by 49% relative to a one-dimensional diffusion flux calculated from the vertical oxygen microgradients.
Social Work in the Seventh Moment

My intentions in this article are fourfold: (1) to show how the discourses of qualitative inquiry and cultural studies in the seventh moment can be put to critical advantage by social work research...
Spotlight on the Bashar al-Asad Era: The Television Drama Outpouring

The past decade has witnessed a burgeoning of Syrian expressive culture and of scholarship about it. Recent books and articles on cinema, music, theater and literature have added an exciting dimens...
Mechanical Behavior of Lithium Fluoride at High Temperatures

Single crystals of lithium fluoride were pulled in tension at high temperatures; the results of these tests are compared with data for magnesium oxide. Interpenetration of {110}〈110〉 slip systems does not occur in LiF as readily as in MgO. Because of this lack of interpenetrability, plastic instability and completely ductile fracture do not occur in LiF below 700°C (0.87 Tmp); the high-temperature tensile strength of LiF decreased very little from 300° to 700°C. This lack of interpenetrability of slip systems in LiF at high temperatures also had a profound effect on the deformation processes, the development of substructure, and the strain-hardening and fracture characteristics of the material. This work emphasizes the importance of interpenetration of slip not only in the high-temperature ductility and strain-hardening processes but also in the maximum tensile strength which ionic crystals develop before fracture.
Disparities by ethnicity, language, and immigrant status in occupational health experiences among Las Vegas hotel room cleaners.

Objective We examined disparities in workers’ occupational health experiences. Methods We surveyed 941 unionized Las Vegas hotel room cleaners about their experiences with work-related pain and with employers, physicians, and workers’ compensation. Data were analyzed for all workers and by ethnicity, language, and immigrant status. Results Hispanic and English as second language (ESL) workers were more likely than theircounterparts to report work-related pain and, along with immigrant workers, to miss work because of this pain. Hispanic, ESL, and immigrant workers were not consistently at a disadvantage with regard to their own responses to work-related pain but were so with respect to reported responses by workers’ compensation, physicians, and employers. Conclusions Thereareindicationsofdisparitiesinoccupationalhealthexperienceswithin thisjobtitle.Theuseofdifferentgroupclassifications,whileimplyingdifferentmechanisms, produced similar results. Am. J. Ind. Med. 53:960‐975, 2010. ! 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
On the validity of the optimum micelle size approach in the study of micellar solutions

Abstract Micellization behavior of a variety of nonionic, anionic, and cationic surfactants is analyzed using two different approaches. In one of them, the optimal micelle size approach, the contribution of only the most populous micelle size is considered in the calculation of the aggregation number, critical micelle concentration, etc. The second approach involves the size distribution of the micelles. Both approaches are found to be equally satisfactory in predicting the experimentally observed aggregation numbers and critical micelle concentrations of pure surfactants. In analyzing the effect of salt on the micellar size, both models predict that the aggregation number increases with increasing salt concentration. Assuming that the spheroidal—rod transition in the micellar shape occurs when the ratio of anisotropy of micellar aggregates equals 2.0, a threshold salt concentration for the above transition is calculated for both anionic and cationic surfactants. In agreement with the experimentally observed trends, it is shown that this threshold concentration decreases with the decreasing size of the head group and with the increasing degree of counterion binding to the micellar surface. However, the agreement is largely qualitative with either of the models. Additives such as medium- and longer-chain-length alcohols decrease the critical micelle concentration of a wide variety of surfactants and this depression is larger for longer alcohols. Again, the above predictions of both approaches are similar to those observed experimentally, and it is shown that either of the two models is equally satisfactory in providing quantitative agreement with the available experimental data. The size distribution model provides values that are, in general, somewhat lower than those of the experimental data, whereas the optimum size approach yields results that are, in general, slightly higher than the experimental ones.
Aerodynamic and Static Aeroelastic Characteristics of a Variable-Span Morphing Wing

The morphing concept for unmanned aerial vehicles is a topic of current research interest in aerospace engineering. One concept of morphing is to change the wing configuration during flight to allow for multiple flight regimes. A particular approach to planform morphing is a variable-span morphing wing to increase wingspan to reduce induced drag and increase range and endurance. The wing area and the aspect ratio of the variable-span morphing wing increase as the wingspan increases. This means that the total lift increases while the induced drag is reduced, whereas the wing-root bending moment increases, thus, requiring a larger bending stiffness of the wing structure. Therefore, a study of the variable-span morphing wing requires not only aerodynamic analysis but also an investigation of the aeroelastic characteristics of the wing. The aerodynamic characteristics of the variable-span morphing wing are investigated, and a static aeroelastic analysis is performed.
A shared dataspace model of concurrency-language and programming implications

A language paradigm called shared dataspace is defined that causes computations to be performed using an anonymous, content-addressable communication medium acted upon by atomic transactions. To probe the essence of this paradigm, a relatively simple shared dataspace language called Swarm is defined. An overview is presented of the Swarm language. A formal operational model for the language is given and some of the programming implications and distinctive features of the model and language are discussed. Swarm programming strategies are examined using a series of related example programs. >
A feedback-based approach for evolving a blended class model for large enrollment, multiple section circuits courses

The development of a feedback-based method for evolving the blended class format for large, multiple section courses is presented with the application to two circuits courses taught at Georgia Tech: ECE 2040 is a circuits course for ECE majors and ECE 3710 is a circuits and electronics course for non-majors. These are both multi-section, high-enrollment courses, with a combined enrollment of over 600 students per term. The courses utilize two MOOCs that provide all of the online content. ECE 3710 was first offered in a flipped mode in the Summer of 2013 and has evolved over five semesters based on feedback from the student surveys, focus groups, instructor feedback, discussion forum questions, and performance on tests. ECE2040 has been offered two semesters in the blended mode using a modified version of the blended model developed for ECE3710.
COMPARATIVE STUDIES ON THE REGULATION OF TRYPTOPHAN SYNTHESIS

In vitro DNA recombination techniques have revolutionized the study of genetic control of biosynthetic pathways. Using examples drawn from the pathway of tryptophan synthesis, approaches to the deciphering of regulatory signals and response mechanisms through transposition of DNA segments and DNA sequence analysis will be presented. After reviewing the known chromosomal arrangements and regulatory patterns of trp genes in the bacterial groups studied so far, and describing the results of transferring all or part of the pathway's genes from one organism to a distantly related one, the use of this technique to analyze new organisms will be described. Along with some advantages over the conventional methods there are some pitfalls. Finally, since it is likely that events analogous to recombinant DNA experiments take place readily in nature, their consequences in studies of bacterial evolution will be conjectured.
How Well is US Intrafirm Trade Measured

Abstract Using two independent data sources—the intrafirm trade data from the US Bureau of Economic Analysis and the related party trade data from the US Census Bureau—I construct and compare measures of US intrafirm exports and imports. I find that, in general, the two datasets provide similar measures of US intrafirm trade, particularly for exports. Understanding the differences that do exist in measurement will likely require study of the confidential micro data at both the Bureau of Economic Analysis and the Census Bureau.
Explorations in ACT-R Based Cognitive Modeling - Chunks, Inheritance, Production Matching and Memory in Language Analysis

This paper explores the benefits and challenges of using the ACT-R cognitive architecture in the development of a largescale, functional, cognitively motivated language analysis model. The paper focuses on chunks, inheritance, production matching and memory, proposing extensions to ACT-R to support multiple inheritance and suggesting a mapping from the focus of attention, working memory and long-term memory to ACT-R buffers and declarative memory (DM).
Institutional Barriers Against Innovation Diffusion: From the Perspective of Digital Health Startups

Growth in the applications market for many industries has been rapid, but appears much slower for healthcare-related applications. The purpose of this pilot study was to determine whether: (1) the healthcare field was perceived to be a slower adopter of digital solutions than other industries, (2) if so, what barriers contributed to this, and (3) what might mitigate these barriers? We conducted an exploratory qualitative study by interviewing six startup CEOs and conducting an ethnographic study at a digital health startup to answer these questions. The CEOs contended that compared with their prior ventures in non-healthcare settings, healthcare providers were slower adopters of novel innovations. Another key preliminary finding was the asymmetric impact of regulatory pressures. Even if the startup's product met regulatory requirements, healthcare providers were reluctant and risk adverse adopters. A last barrier was the need for multidisciplinary buy-in from other stakeholders, including payers and incumbent HIT vendors.
The Changing US Media and Marketing Environment: Implications For Media Advertising Expenditures In The 1990s

This paper outlines and analyses several major trends in marketing, retail, media and consumer buying areas that have been structurally impacting advertising expenditures in mass media. Based on this analysis, the author provides a reasoned outlook on why media advertising expenditures are unlikely to witness any dramatic resurgence in the US even after the recession is over. The implications gleaned from analysing various trends is used to argue that the prognostications made by some advertising and media executives are overly optimistic and rely on linear ways to project media advertising expenditures in the future. In contrast, the author attempts to show how and why many trends (obvious in the 1980s) are impeding the growth of media advertising in the US and are likely to have a far greater impact in the 1990s.
Field performance and elite plant breeding of offsprings derived from cross between Oryza rufipogon Griff. and indica rice

【Objective】The present research was conducted to investigate the field performance of offsprings derived from cross between Oryza rufipogon Griff. and indica rice, and screen elite plants in order to provide references for wild rice utilization in rice breeding. 【Method】Wild rice accession DP3 was crossed with indica rice cultivar 93-11 to produce F1 generation. F3 and F4generations were derived from self-inbred of F1. The yield and other agronomic traits of self-inbred generations derived from elite plants of F4 population were investigated at mature stage of rice. 【Result】As compared to parents DP3 and 93-11, the plant height, filled grains, abortive grains and yield of F1 plants showed stronger transgressive segregation, and F2 plants also presented more variation in agronomic traits. As to F3 population plants, the abortive grains per plant had the largest coefficient of variation with 78.36%, followed by yield(71.98%). The filled grains, grains per panicle, effective panicles per plant and seed setting rate had moderate coefficient of variation, with 67.49%, 47.38%,46.66% and 35.45%, respectively. The coefficient of variation of 1000-grain weight, plant height and panicle length was lower with 18.36%, 13.09% and 11.79%, respectively. The 3 elite plants screened showed higher yield per plant with29.5, 31.0 and 34.9 g as compared to the parents, and their other traits such as panicle length, filled grains and grains per panicle also presented better. 【Conclusion】For most of agronomic traits, there was transgressive segregation in the offsprings derived from cross between Oryza rufipogon Griff. and indica rice. And it is feasible to select elite individuals from the offsprings derived from cross between Oryza rufipogon Griff. and indica rice by taking method of low generation selection with large population.
The City and the Coming Climate: Prologue: La Canicule

The unseasonably warm weather throughout Great Britain in the spring of 2003 was embraced by a population accustomed to the persistently overcast and damp conditions of a Northern European winter. Although still cold, February and March of that year had yielded an unusual number of sunny days, with relatively few rainstorms and periods of overcast skies. In April, Britons flocked to beach communities for the Easter holiday, taking advantage of temperatures reaching into the 70s, a generous 10 degrees above normal for that month. As one media report noted at the time, “An unexpected glimpse of sunshine could brighten the weekend for millions of people in southern England” [1]. Another concluded that not even Miami, Florida, could muster the same tropical conditions experienced in Northern Europe at times that year. Mother Nature, it seemed, was smiling on the island kingdom. The explanation for Britain's good fortune was to be found in the presence of a stationary high-pressure weather system centered over Scandinavia, which was drawing in warmer air from farther afield and elevating temperatures across Europe. The warm weather that Easter weekend was enjoyed in several European capitals, where long-shut windows were opened to blue skies and winter layers removed. In the spring of most years, momentary glimpses of the Sun over Northern Europe are to be celebrated; this year, however, the Sun was here to stay.
Can E&P Cut Costs Grow Stronger?

The E&P sector faces the seemingly conflicting imperatives, to cut costs in response to the supply glut and low natural gas and liquids prices, but also, to invest to meet the world's longer term needs for roughly 40 MMb/d of new liquids production by 2030. Moreover, some of this growth must come from higher-cost resources, such as deep-water projects, oil sands, and difficult international frontiers. A cost transformation that is premised on an appropriate capabilities-driven strategy can resolve the seemingly conflicting imperatives - to cut costs, and to invest in growth.
Controls on Ecosystem Structure and Function

This chapter discusses controls over ecosystem structure and function, which is a complicated topic, and offers some general observations about ecosystem controls that can be used in both scientific studies and management contexts. Control is defined, and several reasons why this topic occupies a central position in ecosystem science is discussed. Also, a few of the more important conclusions that ecosystem scientists have reached about how ecosystems are controlled are covered.
MICROBIAL BETA-GALACTOSIDASE: A SURVEY FOR NEUTRAL pH OPTIMUM ENZYMES

Pure cultures of yeast, molds, and bacteria were screened for neutral pH optimum β-galactosidases (lactases) that would be suitable in dairy products applications. Only 2 of 125 identified and 10 of 250 unidentified cultures warranted further study. These cultures produced high levels of β-galactosidase with moderate galactose product inhibition. Characterization of the partially purified enzymes from unidentified cultures revealed that all required either Na+, K+ or Mg++ cation activation, were inhibited by Cu+ +, Mn+ +, and Fe+ + +, were most active around pH 6.8, and were unstable during storage (at either – 196 C or 4 C) except in the presence of 0.5 m ammonium sulfate. Most of the enzymes compared favorably in performance with a commercially available β-galactosidase when tested in skim milk.
Subtle but critical errors in deriving cancer signatures and markers from high-throughput molecular data: Two high-profile case studies

B55 Objectives: Molecular high throughput data offers unprecedented opportunities for discovery including new diagnostics and personalized treatments in a wide range of cancers. Given the novel nature of such data, standard analysis principles either do not apply or are not sufficient. On the other hand, recent high-throughput analysis guidelines are not standardized, they have not been independently validated, and there is no consensus regarding best practices. The present study illustrates these problems in two recent cancer studies by identifying subtle yet critical errors that jeopardize the studies9 findings and conclusions. Methods to avoid such errors are proposed. Methods: We examine the methodological validity and identify subtle errors in the highly-cited studies of [1] and [2] We test the impact of the above errors on study conclusions by re-analyzing the original and simulated data using protocols where the identified errors are systematically removed. Results: Changes in the error metric, the methods employed for its estimation and statistical testing, and the classifier, allow previously undetected predictive signals to be identified in 6 out of 7 datasets of [1]. This refutes the original study conclusions that microarray data may not predict cancer outcomes and that studies require thousands of patients for the purpose of outcome prediction. Changes in the statistical tests for SNP selection and signature error estimation reveal that all SNPs identified by [2] are not, in fact, statistically significant at the chosen level and that the original study classifier does not perform better than chance. Conclusions: Critical to fulfilling the promise of "omics" cancer research is the sound analysis of high-throughput data. The field is in dire need for validated protocols and standardized best practices in order to protect researchers from critical errors and to allow them to use their data effectively and their resources efficiently. References: 1. Michiels S, Koscielny S, Hill C. Prediction of cancer outcome with microarrays: a multiple random validation strategy. Lancet 2005;365(9458):488-92. 2. Hu N, Wang C, Hu Y, Yang HH, Giffen C, Tang ZZ, et al. Genome-wide association study in esophageal cancer using GeneChip mapping 10K array. Cancer Res 2005 Apr 1;65(7):2542-6.
Gastrointestinal Brachytherapy: Esophageal Cancer

High-dose rate (HDR) endoluminal brachytherapy is a safe, effective and well-tolerated option for the treatment of patients with medically inoperable primary and recurrent esophageal tumors. Optimal endoluminal esophageal HDR technique uses a large diameter applicator that allows delivery of adequate dose at prescription depth while limiting the mucosal dose to tolerable levels. Dose is prescribed to a depth from the surface of the catheter, with prescription depth determined on the basis of clinical assessment of tumor thickness. Maximum tolerated dose is currently being determined in the setting of a phase I clinical trial. Several imaging modalities are employed in treatment planning, delivery, and follow-up of endoluminal brachytherapy including CT, MRI, fluoroscopy, X-ray markers, and endoscopy. An overview of the technical aspects of the procedure as well as issues regarding treatment planning, delivery, and follow-up after endoluminal brachytherapy are discussed in this chapter.
ME-143 Is Superior to Genistein in Suppression of WNT Signaling in Colon Cancer Cells.

BACKGROUND This study tested the effect of the soy isoflavones genistein and ME-143, and two chemotherapeutic agents, 5-fluorouracil (5FU) and oxaliplatin, on WNT signaling. MATERIALS AND METHODS Colon cancer cell lines RKO (hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer type) and DLD1 (most common colorectal cancer type driven by a mutation in WNT pathway) were utilized. WNT throughput was measured using a β-catenin-responsive SuperTopFlash luciferase assay. A stabilized β-catenin construct was employed to test β-catenin involvement in the mechanism of drug activity. RESULTS ME-143 was a more than 10-fold potent inhibitor of DLD1 proliferation than genistein at 3.125 μM. Genistein alone did not inhibit WNT signaling in either cell line. In RKO cells, oxaliplatin and its combination with 5FU significantly inhibited WNT throughput. Neither 5FU, oxaliplatin nor their combination inhibited WNT signaling in DLD1 cells. In both the RKO and DLD1 cell lines, ME-143 significantly reduced WNT throughput by 65-75%. The introduction of stabilized β-catenin attenuated the ME-143-dependent inhibition of the WNT/β-catenin pathway. CONCLUSION ME-143 alone and in combination with 5FU and oxaliplatin effectively inhibits the WNT/β-catenin pathway in colorectal cancer cells of diverse genetic background. β-Catenin is directly involved in the mechanism of inhibition, and clinical studies are warranted.
A Culturally Sensitive Approach to Substance Use Counseling on Campus

This article presents an integrated approach for counselors providing substance use counseling to college students with sensitivity to the students' gender, culture, development, and readiness and motivation to change. Incorporating the use of relational–cultural therapy and motivational interviewing, the author organizes these complementary modalities along the Transtheoretical Model of behavior change and discusses practical implications for counselors to reduce harm in the context of the college environment. A case illustration is included.
Market Approach to Value

This chapter examines the market approach to value, also known as the sales comparison approach. The market approach determines the value of an asset based on the selling price of comparable assets, in keeping with the economic principle of substitution. This chapter discusses the conceptual logic of the market approach and reviews three potentially acceptable ways to value the assembled workforce through the market approach. The primary method reviewed is the residual market value technique, which allocates the acquisition price of a business to its different components. The two additional techniques considered are a value extraction method that compares sales that are similar in substantive ways with the exception of the assembled workforce in place, and the direct sale of an assembled workforce by itself.
'Because the Ego Started to Grow Bigger than the Project Itself': A Case Study of Founder's Syndrome on an Educational Community of Practise.

In 2010 I worked at Green Shoots, a nonprofit service-learning urban farming school started by John Browne. Despite an openly egalitarian community of practise ethic, Browne used his leadership to ...
Results from the IMB Detector the Irvine-Michigan-Brookhaven Collaboration

Results are presented from the first 80 days of the IMB detector, with 69 observed interactions in a 3300 metric ton fiducial volume. The 69 events are consistent with atmospheric neutrinos. Limits are set at the 90% CL for the lifetime/branching ratio τ/B for p → e+π° at 6.5 × 1031 years and p → μ+K° at 1.4 × 1031 years. For n → n, in oxygen, the lifetime is τ > 7 × 1030 years. Limits on monopole catalysis of nucleon decay up to a flux of 10−14/cm2 sec sr are described.
From Politics to Protest: African American Voting in Virginia in the Pre-Civil Rights Movement Era, 1940-1954

This article uses a political developmental approach to examine African American poll-tax registration and voting in Virginia from 1940 to 1954. Using the concept of multiple orders, the article traces how changes in the state's political system of managed race relations created an opening for African American political mobilization. The Virginia Voters League (VVL), in alliance with other African American political, civic, and social organizations, conducted voter education and poll-tax payment campaigns in order foster political efficacy among the state's disenfranchised black voters. The VVL met with mixed success, affected by past political mobilizations, the impact of NAACP mobilization, and local and statewide political competition between the state's main political machine and insurgents. The VVL campaign was successful in achieving short-term victories, including the election of a few African Americans to local office. By 1954, the VVL's internal weakness coupled with the emergence of “massive resistance” stymied further black electoral mobilization through politics and made protest a more viable option for achieving political and civil rights for black Virginians. By tracing the path from politics to protest, this article shows how a political developmental approach can be successfully used to develop a nuanced understanding of the emergence of the civil rights movement and Southern politics in the pre–Brown v. Board of Education era.
Optimizing Caffeine Use and Risk of Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia in Preterm Infants: A Systematic Review, Meta-analysis, and Application of Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation Methodology.

Caffeine reduces the risk of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). Optimizing caffeine use could increase therapeutic benefit. We performed a systematic-review and random-effects meta-analysis of studies comparing different timing of initiation and dose of caffeine on the risk of BPD. Earlier initiation, compared to later, was associated with a decreased risk of BPD (5 observational studies; n = 63,049, adjusted OR 0.69; 95% CI 0.64–0.75, GRADE: low quality). High-dose caffeine, compared to standard-dose, was associated with a decreased risk of BPD (3 randomized trials, n = 432, OR 0.65; 95% CI 0.43–0.97; GRADE: low quality). Higher quality evidence is needed to guide optimal caffeine use.
Energy: Resources and Utilization

It is almost impossible to pick up a newspaper or magazine today without being reminded of our present energy situation which by many is referred to as a “crisis”.Paper published with permission.Compilation Copyright © 2018 ASME
Revisiting the Photon-Drag Effect in Thin Metal Films

We demonstrate that the sign of the photon-drag effect in smooth gold films is crucially dependent on the surface environment and contrary to the prevailing intuitive model of direct momentum transfer to free electrons.
Pressure-driven flow of lignocellulosic biomass: A compressible Bingham fluid

Experimental data for the pressure-driven flow of concentrated lignocellulosic biomass (corn stover) in a circular pipe are presented. A positive curvature was observed in the pressure profile at steady state, both when the biomass was flowing, and for several minutes after the flow had stopped. After the flow into the pipe was stopped, biomass continued to be expelled for at least five minutes, suggesting that the material is compressible. Occasionally, the pressure and outlet flow rate exhibited rapid, transient fluctuations. The fluctuations would cease when dryer-than-average heterogeneities exited the pipe. A mathematical model is developed to treat the biomass as a compressible Bingham fluid with a density-dependent yield stress. This model quantitatively reproduces steady-state pressure profiles for both flowing and nonflowing states, and captures the transition between the two states after the inlet flow rate is set to zero. Our model cannot predict the rapid pressure fluctuations that appear to be associated with heterogeneities in composition.Experimental data for the pressure-driven flow of concentrated lignocellulosic biomass (corn stover) in a circular pipe are presented. A positive curvature was observed in the pressure profile at steady state, both when the biomass was flowing, and for several minutes after the flow had stopped. After the flow into the pipe was stopped, biomass continued to be expelled for at least five minutes, suggesting that the material is compressible. Occasionally, the pressure and outlet flow rate exhibited rapid, transient fluctuations. The fluctuations would cease when dryer-than-average heterogeneities exited the pipe. A mathematical model is developed to treat the biomass as a compressible Bingham fluid with a density-dependent yield stress. This model quantitatively reproduces steady-state pressure profiles for both flowing and nonflowing states, and captures the transition between the two states after the inlet flow rate is set to zero. Our model cannot predict the rapid pressure fluctuations that appear to b...
Radiation therapy in primary testicular lymphoma: does practice match the standard of care?

Management of primary testicular lymphoma (PTL), a rare disease accounting for less than 2% of non-Hodgkin lymphomas, poses unique challenges [1]. PTL arises from an immune-privileged anatomic site...
Protein/DNA architecture of the DNase I hypersensitive region of the Drosophila hsp26 promoter

Genomic footprinting on the Drosophila hsp26 promoter in isolated nuclei has shown that a TATA box binding factor is present before and after induction by heat shock, while three of the seven heat shock consensus sequences 5' of the gene are occupied (presumably by heat shock factor, HSF) specifically on heat shock. The sites of HSF interaction are separated by greater than 200 bp of which approximately 150 bp are bound to the surface of a nucleosome. The juxtaposition of these various macromolecules on the DNA suggests a basis for the major DNase I hypersensitive site 5' of hsp26 and a novel tertiary structure for the promoter complex.
The Impact of Family Religiosity for Latina/o Youth: Building a Case for Personal and Academic Enhancement through Faith

This chapter presents two overarching themes. First, it describes the dual role of religiosity and its impact on academic achievement according to the experiences of ten poor Puerto Rican students schooled in a large comprehensive urban high school in the United States. These students’ theorizing regarding the impact of their religiosity on their high academic achievement is especially important because, unlike the large majority of studies that have examined the effects of religiosity on academic achievement through quantitative analyses, this study focuses on the lived experiences and voices of urban high school youth of color. Second, we discuss the implications of these findings in relation to families in the hopes that they can encourage schools to seriously look to faith communities and places of worship as important partners in the educative process. Faith based communities have the vast potential to encourage their youth to remain engaged in them in order to reduce their likelihood of making problematic decisions that could hinder their academic achievement. Likewise, the expectation is that schools will also work like places of faith, as they strive to being intimately connected to the education of urban youth of color.
Calculator programs for handheld computers: Crunching the numbers made easy

puters include the numerous medical calculators currently available. They range in complexity from simple programs designed for calculating one type of problem (i.e., ABG Pro for blood gas analysis) to fully programmable calculators that can calculate anything from the fractional excretion of sodium for acute renal failure to pediatric weight-based dosing of commonly prescribed medications. Although Palm Powered computers currently have an advantage in the number of programs available, many of the same programs will be available on Pocket PC units in the near future (Table 6.1). We cover readymade calculators in this chapter and leave the programmable types for Chapter 16. The many different programs and types of calculations are designed to appeal to a wide variety of specialists and primary care providers. Just about any medical calculation can be found between the preprogrammed and programmable calculators currently available. Of course, these calculators are not designed to replace good clinical judgment, a thorough history and physical examination, or experience solving problems using the original formulas. However, they can augment these basic principles of medicine, and may actually enhance the learning process by having the formulas available at the point of care, where questions often arise.
THE OCCURRENCE AND SOLUTION OF BOUNDARY VALUE REACTION SYSTEMS

Publisher Summary This chapter presents the occurrence and solution of boundary value reaction systems. Boundary value systems can occur in a wide variety of physical situations wherein chemical reaction is coupled with flow, diffusion, and temperature fields. The chapter highlights a selected number of such systems and describes certain methods used for their numerical solutions. Optimal control systems always lead to boundary value problems. This follows directly from the necessary conditions of the maximum (minimum) principle. In an isothermal chemical reaction, the isothermal rate is merely a power function in concentrations. In flow tubular reactors, the shooting method and quasilinearization seems to work quite well although this is a function of the magnitude of Pe as it influences the stability bound of the integration method. However, it is important to determine the magnitude of these gradients and their influence on the reaction rate.
New Connections Between the Entropy Power Inequality and Geometric Inequalities

The entropy power inequality (EPI) has a fundamental role in Information Theory, and has deep connections with famous geometric inequalities. In particular, it is often compared to the Brunn-Minkowski inequality in convex geometry. In this article, we further strengthen the relationships between the EPI and geometric inequalities. Specifically, we establish an equivalence between a strong form of reverse EPI and the hyperplane conjecture, which is a long-standing conjecture in high-dimensional convex geometry. We also provide a simple proof of the hyperplane conjecture for a certain class of distributions, as a straightforward consequence of the EPI.
Preconception cold-induced epigenetic inheritance.

Preconception cold–induced alterations of sperm DNA methylation result in offspring with altered brown adipose tissue and improved adaptation to overnutrition and hypothermia.
RegData 2.2: a panel dataset on US federal regulations

How much regulation exists? Can short- and long-term growth trends in regulation be identified? Which agencies produce the most regulation? Are some sectors of the economy more regulated than others, and how big are the differences? RegData 2.2, a recent panel dataset from the RegData Project at George Mason University’s Mercatus Center, offers answers to these questions and more. RegData 2.2 quantifies various aspects of US federal regulations by industry, by agency, and over time. The resulting datasets include metrics on volumes, restrictiveness, and relevance of federal regulations to different economic sectors and industries. RegData datasets are publicly released at http://quantgov.org . We explain the features of and methodology underlying RegData 2.2.
Nanosecond Laser Anneal for BEOL Performance Boost in Advanced FinFETs

Nanosecond laser-induced grain growth in Cu interconnects is demonstrated for the first time using 14nm FinFET technology. We achieved a 35% reduction in Cu interconnect resistance, which delivers a 15% improvement in RC and a gain of 2 – 5% in I Dsat . Additionally, reliability was enhanced with an improvement in dielectric VBD and Cu EM performance without impacting the ULK mechanical integrity. Our results demonstrate a path to extending Cu interconnects for performance boost in 14nm FinFETs and beyond.
Structure-property relationships of aramid fibers via X-ray scattering and atomic force microscopy

Real-space methods of characterizing high-performance fibers’ inherent morphologies will greatly enhance our understanding of the key structural features within fibers and their impacts on mechanical performance. Here, we report on structure–property correlations of two new classes of commercial DuPont Kevlar fibers, termed “K29 sample test” and “K49 sample test,” as well as conventional K29 and K49 fibers.* Through multifrequency atomic force microscope scans of internal fiber surfaces prepared by a focused ion beam notch technique, we directly capture nano- and microstructural features that define the inherent structures of these fibers. Integrating these findings with X-ray scattering experiments, we relate crystallographic and real-space measurements to each other, highlighting how multiscale structural motifs manifest within fibers. By carrying out tensile tests on single fibers drawn from the same tows, we also glean new insights into the structure–property relationships that dictate the mechanical behavior of these fibers.
Prefrontal cortex in the driving seat of epileptic networks in Lennox-Gastaut syndrome

Lennox-Gastaut syndrome (LGS) is a severe epileptic encephalopathy characterized by multiple drug-resistant seizure types, bursts of diffuse slow spike-waves (1.5–2.5 Hz), and generalized paroxysmal fast activity (GPFA) on EEG, as well as intellectual disability.1 Despite diverse underlying etiologies, and regardless of the presence or absence of a brain lesion, the electroclinical phenotype of LGS is stereotypical, suggesting the involvement of a common epileptic brain network. Indeed, LGS has been conceptualized as a secondary network epilepsy, where the clinical and electrophysiologic manifestations reflect the activated network while often not revealing the specific initiating process or site.2 Imaging and electrophysiologic studies pointed to widely distributed network components residing in multilobar cortical regions, brainstem, and thalamus. The fact that surgical resection of a cortical lesion can alleviate seizures in some patients with LGS3 strongly supports the key role of cortex in LGS-associated epilepsy. However, conventional methodologies did not allow the identification of brain structures initiating epileptic activity, and the exact origin of LGS-related seizures remains enigmatic.
Adaptation, phylogeny, and covariance in milk macronutrient composition.

Background Milk is a complicated chemical mixture often studied through macronutrient concentrations of fat, protein, and sugar. There is a long-standing natural history tradition describing interspecific diversity in these concentrations. However, recent work has shown little influence of ecological or life history variables on them, aside from maternal diet effects, along with a strong phylogenetic signal. Methods I used multivariate phylogenetic comparative methods to revisit the ecological and life history correlates of milk macronutrient composition and elaborate on the nature of the phylogenetic signal using the phylogenetic mixed model. I also identified clades with distinctive milks through nonparametric tests (KSI) and PhylogeneticEM evolutionary modeling. Results In addition to the previously reported diet effects, I found increasingly aquatic mammals have milk that this is lower in sugar and higher in fat. Phylogenteic heritabilities for each concentration were high and phylogenetic correlations were moderate to strong indicating coevolution among the concentrations. Primates and pinnipeds had the most outstanding milks according to KSI and PhylogeneticEM, with perissodactyls and marsupials as other noteworthy clades with distinct selection regimes. Discussion Mammalian milks are diverse but often characteristic of certain higher taxa. This complicates identifying the ecological and life history correlates of milk composition using common phylogenetic comparative methods because those traits are also conservative and clade-specific. Novel methods, careful assessment of data quality and hypotheses, and a "phylogenetic natural history" perspective provide alternatives to these traditional tools.
Efficient Sampling for Nearfield Acoustic Holography

The purpose of this investigation was to determine an efficient means of sampling and windowing data for the digital signal processing that is required for nearfield acoustic holography (NAH). In particular, a method for choosing the best grid spacing for data in the hologram plane was considered.