cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Non-localization of the Kondo state in a Kondo superconductor

Abstract Specific heat measurements on Kondo alloys Ce x La 1− x in the superconducting state show the existence of a γ T term which is linear in Ce concentration for 0.0075⩾ x ⩾0.002. The magnitude of γ is in agreement with the prediction based on previous electron tunneling measurements. There is a critical concentration ( x ≈ 0.001) below which there is an energy gap; i.e., γ = 0. This implies that a single impurity cannot locally destroy the energy gap.
A unified model for metasearch, pooling, and system evaluation

We present a unified model which, given the ranked lists of documents returned by multiple retrieval systems in response to a given query, simultaneously solves the problems of (1) fusing the ranked lists of documents in order to obtain a high-quality combined list (metasearch); (2) generating document collections likely to contain large fractions of relevant documents (pooling); and (3) accurately evaluating the underlying retrieval systems with small numbers of relevance judgments (efficient system assessment). Our approach is based on the Hedge algorithm for on-line learning. In effect, our proposed system "learns" which documents are likely to be relevant from a sequence of on-line relevance judgments. In experiments using TREC data, our methodology is shown to outperform standard methods for metasearch, pooling, and system evaluation, often remarkably so.
Third-order approximation of the displacement of a caustic point due to a generalized bending

The motion of a caustic point for an axial object point is studied while the lens is perturbed by a generalized bending. It is shown that, to third order, the direction of motion is constant. The magnitude of the motion is proportional to the change in the third-order aberration coefficient. An application to the optical design process is indicated.
Approximation and visualization of large-scale motion of protein surfaces

Abstract We present a method for the approximation and real-time visualization of large-scale motion of protein surfaces. A molecular surface is represented by an expansion of spherical harmonic functions, and the motion of protein atoms around their equilibrium positions is computed by normal mode analysis. The motion of the surface is approximated by projecting the normal mode vectors of the solvent-accessible atoms to the spherical harmonic representation of the molecular surface. These surface motion vectors are represented by a separated spherical harmonic expansion. Representing the surface geometry and the surface motion vectors by spherical harmonic expansions allows variable-resolution analysis and real-time display of the large-scale surface motion. This technique has been applied to interactive visualization, interactive surface manipulation, and animation.
The Impact of Detention and Deportation on Latino Immigrant Children and Families: A Quantitative Exploration

Children of Latino immigrants, many of whom live in “mixed-status” families, are a rapidly growing group in the United States. It is widely accepted that their development is affected by multiple a...
Acceleration waves in a fluid mixture with compressible constituents

An analysis is presented for the problem of propagating acceleration waves in a binary, immiscible fluid mixture with compressible constituents. A purely mechanical theory is used to describe the behavior of the mixture, and the local volume fractions (concentrations) of the constituents appear among the independent variables in constitutive equations. These volume fractions are constrained by the condition that they sum to unity. The theory of singular surfaces is used to analyse the propagation of waves. A quartic equation is obtained whose solutions are the permissible wave speeds. Conditions for the growth or decay of the amplitude of the wave are also given.
META-ANALYTIC REVIEWS OF BOARD COMPOSITION, LEADERSHIP STRUCTURE, AND FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE

Careful review of extant research addressing the relationships between board composition, board leadership structure, and firm financial performance demonstrates little consistency in results. In general, neither board composition nor board leadership structure has been consistently linked to firm financial performance. In response to these findings, we provide metaanalyses of 54 empirical studies of board composition (159 samples, n = 40,160) and 31 empirical studies of board leadership structure (69 samples, n= 12,915) and their relationships to firm financial performance. These—and moderator analyses relying on firm size, the nature of the financial performance indicator, and various operationalizations of board composition— provide little evidence of systematic governance structure/financial performance relationships. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hydrothermal Synthesis and Characterization of (Me4N)[HgAsSe3], (Et4N)[HgAsSe3], and (Ph4P)2[Hg2As4Se11]:Novel 1-D Mercury Selenoarsenates ☆

Abstract Three new mercury thioarsenates, (Me4N)[HgAsSe3], (Et4N)[HgAsSe3], and (Ph4P)2[Hg2As4Se11], with one-dimensional structures were synthesized hydrothermally from mixtures of HgCl2/3K3AsSe3/4(Me4NCl, Et4NBr, Ph4PBr), respectively, in sealed Pyrex tubes. The structures were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. (Me4N)[HgAsSe3] and (Et4N)[HgAsSe3] both crystallize in the monoclinic space groupP21/n(No. 14) witha= 7.115(1) A,b= 17.464(5) A,c= 9.356(2) A, β = 91.34(1)o,Z= 4,V= 1162.2(7) A3for the former anda= 7.175(2) A,b= 18.907(4) A,c= 10.897(3) A, β = 99.56(2)o,Z= 4,V= 1457(1) A3for the latter. They have the same one-dimensional chain-like anionic framework with trigonal planar Hg2+and [AsSe3]3−units. (Ph4P)2[Hg2As4Se11] crystallizes in the triclinic space groupP-1 (No. 2) witha= 10.329(2) A,b= 17.017(3) A,c= 17.485(3) A, α = 92.70(1)o, β = 105.73(1)o, γ = 103.71(1)o,Z= 2,V= 2853(1) A3. [Hg2As4Se112n−nalso possess a one-dimensional chain-like structure consisting of both trigonal-planar and tetrahedral Hg2+ions. It contains a unique [As4Se11]6−ligand which binds to four Hg2+ions. The optical absorption and thermal properties of these compounds are reported.
Efficient orthogonalization in gas sensor arrays using reciprocal kernel support vector regression

In this paper support vector regression is presented, and it is used to model the responses of metal oxide gas sensors to combustion byproducts. A new version of the reciprocal kernel is presented for use in the regression, and it is tested in multiple dimensions. The orthogonality of the sensors is also calculated to determine if the sensors are suitable for use in arrays. A fast numerical approximation of the sensor orthogonality, which takes advantage of the reciprocal kernel, is presented as a way of quickly optimizing the effective response of large arrays. Comparison reveals advantages over standard approaches like principal component analysis.
Cross-linking chitosan nanofibers.

In the present study, we have electrospun various grades of chitosan and cross-linked them using a novel method involving glutaraldehyde (GA) vapor, utilizing a Schiff base imine functionality. Chemical, structural, and mechanical analyses have been conducted by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Kawabata microtensile testing, respectively. Additionally, the solubilities of the as-spun and cross-linked chitosan mats have been evaluated;solubility was greatly improved after cross-linking. SEM images displayed evidence that unfiltered low, medium, and high molecular weight chitosans, as well as practical-grade chitosan, can be electrospun into nanofibrous mats. The as-spun medium molecular weight chitosan nanofibers have a Young's modulus of 154.9 ± 40.0 MPa and display a pseudo-yield point that arose due to the transition from the pulling of a fibrous mat with high cohesive strength to the sliding and elongation of fibers. As-spun mats were highly solubl...
A New Look at Richardson Number Mixing Schemes for Equatorial Ocean Modeling

A reexamination of turbulence dissipation measurements from the equatorial Pacific shows that the turbulence diffusivities are not a simple function of the gradient Richardson number. A widely used mixing scheme,theK-profileparameterization,overpredictstheturbulentverticalheatfluxbyroughlyafactorof4in the stably stratified region between the surface mixed layer and the Equatorial Undercurrent (EUC). Additionally, the heat flux divergence is of the incorrect sign in the upper 80 m. An alternative class of parameterizations is examined that expresses the mixing coefficients in terms of the large-scale kinetic energy, shear, and Richardson number. These representations collapse the turbulence diffusivities above and below the Equatorial Undercurrent, and a tuned version is able to reproduce the vertical turbulence heatflux within the 50‐180-m depth range. Kinetic energy is not Galilean invariant, so the collapse of the data with the new parameterization suggests that oceanic turbulence responds to boundary forcing at depths well below the surface mixed layer.
High-rate through-mold electrodeposition of thick (>200 /spl mu/m) NiFe MEMS components with uniform composition

An electrodeposition process for achieving good uniformity, growth rate, and yield in NiFe microgears is described. Microgears are electrodeposited from a mixed nickel sulfanate/iron chloride electrolyte through a 230-/spl mu/m-thick poly methylmethacrylate mold patterned using synchrotron X-ray radiation. Despite the use of a plating cell with nearly ideal wafer-scale electrolyte mixing characteristics [the uniform injection cell (UIC)], a degree of compositional variation in the microgears can arise. The composition variation is shown to be due primarily to nonuniformities in microscopic electrolyte mixing patterns within the mold. To a lesser extent, nonuniformity in the local current distribution also contributes to feature-scale composition variation. Improved composition uniformity is achieved when the plating bath is formulated to reduce the sensitivity to electrolyte agitation. Electrodeposition of MEMS components from a low-flow sensitivity electrolyte using the UIC results in NiFe growth rates greater than 60 /spl mu/m/h, yields in excess of 90% and good compositional uniformity. Analysis of mechanical properties illustrates that NiFe parts made using this technique compare favorably to typical electrodeposited MEMS components made from nickel and copper.
Symmetry and nonexistence of positive solutions of elliptic equations and systems with Hardy terms

Abstract We prove some symmetry property for equations with Hardy terms in cones, without any assumption at infinity. We also show symmetry property and nonexistence of entire solutions of some elliptic systems with Hardy weights.
SimpleScalar: an infrastructure for computer system modeling

Designers can execute programs on software models to validate a proposed hardware design's performance and correctness, while programmers can use these models to develop and test software before the real hardware becomes available. Three critical requirements drive the implementation of a software model: performance, flexibility, and detail. Performance determines the amount of workload the model can exercise given the machine resources available for simulation. Flexibility indicates how well the model is structured to simplify modification, permitting design variants or even completely different designs to be modeled with ease. Detail defines the level of abstraction used to implement the model's components. The SimpleScalar tool set provides an infrastructure for simulation and architectural modeling. It can model a variety of platforms ranging from simple unpipelined processors to detailed dynamically scheduled microarchitectures with multiple-level memory hierarchies. SimpleScalar simulators reproduce computing device operations by executing all program instructions using an interpreter. The tool set's instruction interpreters also support several popular instruction sets, including Alpha, PPC, x86, and ARM.
The EcoSAR P-band Synthetic Aperture Radar

The EcoSAR instrument is a new concept in Synthetic Aperture Radar for the polarimetric and interferometric measurements of biomass and ecosystem structure. EcoSAR will employ a digital beamforming architecture, a highly capable digital wave-form generator and receiver system, and advanced dual-polarization array antennas with an interferometric baseline of 25 m on the NASA P3 aircraft.
Word-of-Mouth Communication in the Soviet Union

Although a large part of the contents carried by the unofficial word-ofmouth network is hostile or at least embarrassing to the regime, participation in this network, especially by the intelligentsia should not be interpreted as an index of disaffection. As a matter of fact, there is a strong tendency for the less anti-Soviet persons in the upper classes to be more active participants in word-of-mouth communications. For lower class Soviet citizens, especially peasants, however, there is a slight tendency for participation in this unofficial network to be related to anti-Soviet sentiment.
Incremental updates of inverted lists for text document retrieval

With the proliferation of the world's “information highways” a renewed interest in efficient document indexing techniques has come about. In this paper, the problem of incremental updates of inverted lists is addressed using a new dual-structure index. The index dynamically separates long and short inverted lists and optimizes retrieval, update, and storage of each type of list. To study the behavior of the index, a space of engineering trade-offs which range from optimizing update time to optimizing query performance is described. We quantitatively explore this space by using actual data and hardware in combination with a simulation of an information retrieval system. We then describe the best algorithm for a variety of criteria.
Isolating commodity hosted hypervisors with HyperLock

Hosted hypervisors (e.g., KVM) are being widely deployed. One key reason is that they can effectively take advantage of the mature features and broad user bases of commodity operating systems. However, they are not immune to exploitable software bugs. Particularly, due to the close integration with the host and the unique presence underneath guest virtual machines, a hosted hypervisor -- if compromised -- can also jeopardize the host system and completely take over all guests in the same physical machine.In this paper, we present HyperLock, a systematic approach to strictly isolate privileged, but potentially vulnerable, hosted hypervisors from compromising the host OSs. Specifically, we provide a secure hypervisor isolation runtime with its own separated address space and a restricted instruction set for safe execution. In addition, we propose another technique, i.e., hypervisor shadowing, to efficiently create a separate shadow hypervisor and pair it with each guest so that a compromised hypervisor can affect only the paired guest, not others. We have built a proof-of-concept HyperLock prototype to confine the popular KVM hypervisor on Linux. Our results show that HyperLock has a much smaller (12%) trusted computing base (TCB) than the original KVM. Moreover, our system completely removes QEMU, the companion user program of KVM (with >531K SLOC), from the TCB. The security experiments and performance measurements also demonstrated the practicality and effectiveness of our approach.
Recommendation in academia: a joint multi-relational model

In this paper, we target at four specific recommendation tasks in the academic environment: the recommendation for author coauthorships, paper citation recommendation for authors, paper citation recommendation for papers, and publishing venue recommendation for author-paper pairs. Different from previous work which tackles each of these tasks separately while neglecting their mutual effect and connection, we propose a joint multi-relational model that can exploit the latent correlation between relations and solve several tasks in a unified way. Moreover, for better ranking purpose, we extend the work maximizing MAP over one single tensor, and make it applicable to maximize MAP over multiple matrices and tensors. Experiments conducted over two real world data sets demonstrate the effectiveness of our model: 1) improved performance can be achieved with joint modeling over multiple relations; 2) our model can outperform three state-of-the art algorithms for several tasks.
Numerical Simulation of Aerodynamic Flow within a Strong Magnetic Field with Hall Current and Ion Slip

agneto-Fluid-Dynamics (MFD) offers a potential breakthrough in both hypersonic vehicle design and propulsion. Reductions in heat transfer to the vehicle, as well as strong flow control, appear possible. Magnetic fields may be important for enabling hypersonic vehicles to pass more efficiently and safely through the atmosphere. Drag reduction has also been cited. These potential benefits may or may not be realizable. This paper examines the drag and heat transfer at the nose of a hypersonic vehicle by numerically simulating the experiment reported by Ziemer 1 in 1959 for flow past a hemi-spherically nosed cylinder within an electromagnetic shock tube. Ziemer’s results, followed by a theoretical analysis by Bush 2 , indicated that heat transfer would be reduced if the body created a strong magnetic field about itself within the ionized flow. The bow shock standoff distance was observed to increase by a factor of 7.5 with the magnetic field turned on. The present results show that drag will be significantly increased, but there is good reason that heat transfer will be decreased.
Influence of mass transfer limitations on determination of the half saturation constant for hydrogen uptake in a mixed-culture CH4-producing enrichment

There is strong evidence in the literature supporting the existence of significant mass transfer limitations on the kinetics of exogenous H2 consumption by methanogens. The half saturation constant for H 2 uptake by a mixed-culture, CH4 producing enrichment was measured using an experimental protocol that avoided internal mass transfer limitations. The value obtained was two orders of magnitude smaller than any other previously reported. A mathematical model for acetogenic syntrophic associations was developed to check the capacity of H2 as electron transporter between syntrophic partners. It was found that H2 diffusion could account for the rate of transport of electrons between the syntrophic microorganisms and that formate is not a necessary intermediate. The possibility that formate may be an intermediate in this system was not ruled out. A Monod-type kinetic equation was modified to include the observed H2 threshold effect. This modified equation was used to predict the CH4-production rate in a batch-fed digester. The results show that the external and internal H2 pools are kinetically coupled. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
INFLUENCE OF REVEGETATION EFFORTS ON HYDROLOGIC RESPONSE AND EROSION, KAHO'OLAWE ISLAND, HAWAI'I

Measurements of soil physical and hydrological properties provide the first evaluation of the success of revegetation eAorts in reducing surface runoA and accelerated erosion on the largely barren plateau region of Kaho‘olawe Island, Hawai‘i. Saturated hydraulic conductivity and sorptivity data, collected within four of the largest restoration sites, suggest revegetated areas have significantly higher infiltration capacities compared with those of the bare areas surrounding the project sites. Furthermore, comparison of modeled steady-state infiltration capacity to one-min rainfall intensities demonstrate erosion-producing Horton overland flow is very rare on the vegetated areas compared with the barren landscape. Thus, recently, established vegetation forms zones of high infiltration capable of absorbing both rainwater and surface flow exported from upslope areas. However, the current areal extent and spatial arrangement of vegetation is not suAcient to significantly reduce watershed-scale runoA and erosion. #1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cyclic aggradation and downcutting, fluvial response to volcanic activity, and calibration of soil-carbonate stages in the western Grand Canyon, Arizona

Abstract In the western Grand Canyon, fluvial terraces and pediment surfaces, both associated with a Pleistocene basalt flow, document Quaternary aggradation and downcutting by the Colorado River, illuminate the river's response to overload and the end of overload, and allow calibration of soil-carbonate stages and determination of downcutting rates. Four downcutting–aggradation cycles are present. Each begins with erosion of older deposits to form a new river channel in which a characteristic suite of deposits is laid down. The current cycle (I) started ∼700 yr B.P. The oldest (IV) includes the 603,000 ± 8000 to 524,000 ± 7000 yr Black Ledge basalt flow, emplaced when the river channel was ∼30 m higher than it is now. The flow is overlain by basalt–cobble gravel and basalt sand. Soils reach the stage V level of carbonate development. Calibrated ages for soil stages are Stage V, ∼525,000 yr; stage IV,
Common Clinical Conditions in Long-Term Care

The management of medical conditions in the frail elderly who reside in post-acute (PA) and long-term care facilities (LTC) can be challenging. This chapter will review some of the common clinical conditions that are frequently encountered in patients in post-acute and residents in the LTC continuum. The treatment and treatment goals for these conditions often differ from those of patients in other settings, and thus require an approach that evaluates the risk/benefit of treatment guided by discussion with the resident or surrogate decision-maker. The conditions to be reviewed are:
Analysis of humic acid fouling during microfiltration using a pore blockage-cake filtration model

Abstract Fouling by natural organic matter, such as humic substances, is a major factor limiting the use of microfiltration for water purification. The objective of this study was to develop a fundamental understanding of the underlying mechanisms governing humic acid fouling during microfiltration using a combined pore blockage–cake filtration model. Data were obtained over a range of humic acid concentrations, transmembrane pressures, and stirring speeds. The initial flux decline was due to pore blockage caused by the deposition of large humic acid aggregates on the membrane surface, with a humic acid deposit developing over those regions of the membrane that have first been blocked by an aggregate. The rate of cake growth approaches zero at a finite filtrate flux, similar to the critical flux concept developed for colloidal filtration. The data were in good agreement with model calculations, with the parameter values providing important insights into the mechanisms governing humic acid fouling during microfiltration. In addition, the basic approach provides a framework that can be used to analyze humic acid fouling under different conditions.
Ultrafast three-dimensional contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography and imaging in the diagnosis of partial anomalous pulmonary venous drainage

OBJECTIVES The purpose of our study was to evaluate patients with suspected anomalous pulmonary veins (APVs) and atrial septal defects (ASDs) using fast cine magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and ultrafast three-dimensional magnetic resonance angiography (MRA). BACKGROUND Precise anatomic definition of anomalous pulmonary and systemic veins, and the atrial septum are prerequisites for surgical correction of ASDs. Cardiac catheterization and transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) are currently used to diagnose APVs, but did not provide complete information in our patients. METHODS Twenty consecutive patients with suspected APVs were studied by MRA after inconclusive assessment by catheterization, TEE or both. The MRI images were acquired with a fast cine sequence and a novel ultrafast three-dimensional sequence before and after contrast injection. RESULTS Partial anomalous pulmonary venous drainage was demonstrated in 16 of 20 patients and was excluded in four patients. Magnetic resonance imaging correctly diagnosed APVs and ASDs in all patients (100%) who underwent surgery. For the diagnosis of APVs, the MRI and catheterization results agreed in 74% of patients and the MRI and TEE agreed in 75% of patients. For ASDs, MRI agreed with catheterization and TEE in 53% and 83% of patients, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Fast cine MRI with three-dimensional contrast-enhanced MRA provides rapid and comprehensive anatomic definition of APVs and ASDs in patients with adult congenital heart disease in a single examination.
Multiantenna adaptive modulation with beamforming based on bandwidth-constrained feedback

Adaptive modulation has the potential to increase system throughput considerably by adapting transmission parameters to the time-varying channel characteristics. Crucial to adaptive systems is the requirement of a feedback channel, that is often capable of carrying only a limited number of bits. Under such a bandwidth-constrained feedback link, we aim to optimize a multiantenna system based on transmit beamforming and adaptive modulation, where the transmit power, the signal constellation, the beamforming direction, and the feedback strategy, are designed jointly. Our proposed nested iterative approach leads to an approximate, yet practical, solution. Simulation results demonstrate considerable improvement in transmission rate, as the number of feedback bits increases.
Violence in the Road: The Crime of Vehicular Homicide:

While social scientists have devoted considerable attention to the study of inter-personal violence, little is known about the patterns of imper sonal violence represented by vehicular homicides. This report presents a descriptive analysis of 119 vehicular homicides occurring in a large mid western city during a three-year period. In analyzing vehicular homicides from a criminological perspective an attempt was made to identify the ecological, demographic, social, and prior offense patterns of this form of violent death. The findings indicate that the sociological characteristics of vehicular homicide are nearly identical to those of other urban crimes of violence, that individuals with a prior history of criminal aggressivity constitute a significant proportion of vehicular homicide offenders, and that there is a strong positive relationship between traffic offenses and a history of criminal aggressivity. It is concluded that these findings sup port the hypothesis that the tendency toward aggressive beha...
Computation of steady nozzle flow by a time-dependent method

The equations of motion governing steady, inviscid flow are of a mixed type, that is, hyperbolic in the supersonic region and elliptic in the subsonic region. These mathematical difficulties may be removed by using the so-called time-dependent method, where the governing equations become hyperbolic everywhere. The steady-state solution may be obtained as the asymptotic solution for large time. The object of this research was to develop a production type computer program capable of solving converging, converging-diverging, and plug two-dimensional nozzle flows in computational times of 1 min or less on a CDC 6600 computer.
Correlates of Medical Nutrition Therapy and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Youth With Type 1 Diabetes

Abstract Objectives To examine whether the types of medical nutrition therapies (MNTs) taught to and used by youth with type 1 diabetes (T1D) vary by sociodemographic characteristics and cardiovascular (CVD) risk factors. Design Cross-sectional study. Setting The SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth study is a population-based cohort of individuals with clinical diagnosed diabetes. Participants A total of 1,191 individuals with T1D. Main Outcome Measures Types of MNTs and frequency of use. Analysis Bivariate analysis and multivariate linear regression ( P Results More race/ethnic minorities (vs whites), individuals with parents with less than a high school education (vs high school or higher education), and overweight/obese (vs underweight/normal weight) were taught additional MNTs. For underweight/normal weight individuals exclusively taught carbohydrate counting, those who used this approach “often” had lower hemoglobin A1c (8.6% vs 8.9%) and triglycerides (73.5 vs 84.1 mg/dL) than those who used it “sometimes/never.” “Often” use of additional MNTs beyond carbohydrate counting was not associated with better mean values for CVD risk factors. Conclusions and Implications In individuals with T1D, race/ethnic minorities, individuals with parents with less than a high school education, and overweight/obese individuals are taught more MNTs. Further research is needed to understand the effectiveness of the various MNTs on CVD risk factors, and to identify how to translate nutrition knowledge to behavior and metabolic status.
Benefits and privacy concerns of a home equipped with a visual sensing system: a perspective from older adults

Monitoring technology has the potential to allow older adults to remain in their homes longer than may otherwise be possible. However, often this monitoring technology captures images which may cause privacy concerns, especially when these images are captured in a home environment. We used Likert scales within a structured interview to investigate privacy concerns in an aware or smart home environment. Specifically, we were interested in how the type of image that was captured and the level of functioning of the person being monitored affected privacy concerns in a home environment. The data suggest that both device type as well as level of functioning affect privacy concerns in a variety of situations, providing the first evidence that certain privacy concerns are not independent of situation variables.
Cumulus Cloud Field Morphology and Spatial Patterns Derived from High Spatial Resolution Landsat Imagery

Using high-spatial-resolution Landsat MSS imagery, the cumulus cloud morphology, cloud nearest-neighbor distributions, and cloud clumping scales were investigated. It is shown that the cloud-size distribution can be represented by a mixture of two power laws; clouds of diameters less than 1 km have power-law slope range of 1.4-2.3, while larger clouds have slopes from 2.1 to 4.75. The break in power-law slope occurs at the cloud size that makes the largest contribution to cloud cover. Results suggest that larger clouds grow at the expense of smaller clouds. It was also found that the cloud inhomogeneities have significant impact on radiative fluxes.
Trabecular barriers (FRENULAE) of the extracapsular clefts (38563).

SummaryFerrocyanide was perfused through the vascular system of the isolated legs of 10 dogs. Ferric ion was then injected intramuscularly (not intravascularly) into the leg. The injected materials spread along the trabeculae of the tissues, rupturing the sheets of connective tissues which bind adjacent capsules together.Precipitation of ferri-ferrocyanide on specific barriers in the extracapsular clefts in positions showed that sheets of fibrous connective tissue (frenulae) impeded the movement of materials in the trabeculae. The barriers consist of sheets of connective tissue which insert on adjacent fibrous capsules. The capsules enclose each cluster of muscle, glandular or other cells. These barriers appear to function in conjunction with the lymphatic drainage system.
Systemics for Control of the Clearwinged Cottonwood Leaf Aphid in Southeast Wyoming

Of several systemic insecticides tested for their effectiveness in controlling the clearwinged cottonwood leaf aphid, Chaitophorus populellus Gillette and Palmer, Meta-Systox- R® (S-2- (ethylsulfinyl) ethyl O,O -dimethyl phosphorothioate) appeared to be the most effective material tested, when injected into the tree both through the root and trunk. Bayer 39007 ( o -isopropoxyphenyl methylcarbamate) and dimethoate, when mixed with 5 gal of water and applied as a soil drench, exhibited marked toxicity to the grass surrounding the trees, but Meta-Systox-R, fenthion, and Nellite (phenyl N,N -dimethylphosphorodiamidate) did not. Use of Mauget Implant Injectors® proved to be a much simpler, cleaner, and less hazardous method of treating trees than either soil drenches or root injection with hypodermic syringes.
Curative effect of adenosine A_(2B) receptor agonist Bay60-6583 on septic mice

Objective To investigate the curative effect of adenosine A2 Breceptor agonist Bay60-6583 on septic mice.Methods Mouse model of sepsis was established by injecting i.p. with live Staphylococcus aureus at a dosage of 108 CFU,on which the curative effect of Bay60-6583(2 mg / kg)ceftriaxone(25 mg / kg)alone or in combination was observed,using normal mice and model mice untreated as controls. The contents of inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α,IL-1β and IL-6in sera of mice were determined by ELISA,while the leukocytes in peritoneal lavage fluid were counted by blood cell counting plate. Results The mortality rate of septic mice was decreased by treatment with Bay60-6583 or ceftriaxone alone. However,the mortality of septic mice was almost eliminated by combined treatment with Bay60-6583 and ceftriaxone,which showed significant difference with those untreated or treated with Bay60-6583 or ceftriaxone alone(P 0. 05). Bay60-6583 alone or in combination with ceftriaxone decreased the serum inflammatory cytokine level significantly(P 0. 05),while showed no effect on the leukocyte count in peritoneal lavage fluid(P 0. 05). However,ceftriaxone alone slightly decreased the TNF-α,IL-1β and IL-6 contents in sera(P 0. 05). Conclusion Bay60-6583 exerts its therapeutic effect on septic mice by inhibiting the expression of inflammatory cytokines. The combined treatment of Bay60-6583 and ceftriaxone is a rationale therapeutic strategy on sepsis.
LPLRFamide exerts short-term anorexigenic effects that coincide with magnocellular division of the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus activation.

Abstract LPLRFamide is a member of the RFamide peptide family that elicits an anorexigenic effect when centrally injected in chicks although the mechanism mediating this response is poorly understood. Therefore, the purpose of this experiment was to elucidate the hypothalamic mechanism of short-term anorexia after central administration of LPLRFamide in chicks. In Experiment 1 chicks centrally injected with LPLRFamide decreased food intake at 15 min but not 30 min following administration compared to vehicle-injected chicks. For Experiment 2, c-Fos immunoreactivity was quantified in several appetite-associated hypothalamic nuclei and in LPLRF-injected chicks, compared to vehicle-injected chicks, there was an increase in the number of reactive cells in the magnocellular division of the paraventricular nucleus. Lastly in Experiment 3, real time-PCR was performed and hypothalamic proopiomelanocortin (POMC) mRNA abundance was increased in LPRLFamide-injected chicks compared to vehicle-injected chicks. Thus, following central injection of LPLRFamide there is activation of the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus and increased expression of hypothalamic POMC mRNA in chicks.
Comparative phylogeography clarifies the complexity and problems of continental distribution that drove A. R. Wallace to favor islands

Deciphering the geographic context of diversification and distributional dynamics in continental biotas has long been an interest of biogeographers, ecologists, and evolutionary biologists. Thirty years ago, the approach now known as comparative phylogeography was introduced in a landmark study of a continental biota. Here, I use a set of 455 studies to explore the current scope of continental comparative phylogeography, including geographic, conceptual, temporal, ecological, and genomic attributes. Geographically, studies are more frequent in the northern hemisphere, but the south is catching up. Most studies focus on a Quaternary timeframe, but the Neogene is well represented. As such, explanations for geographic structure and history include geological and climatic events in Earth history, and responses include vicariance, dispersal, and range contraction-expansion into and out of refugia. Focal taxa are biased toward terrestrial or semiterrestrial vertebrates, although plants and invertebrates are well represented in some regions. The use of various kinds of nuclear DNA markers is increasing, as are multiple locus studies, but use of organelle DNA is not decreasing. Species distribution models are not yet widely incorporated into studies. In the future, continental comparative phylogeographers will continue to contribute to erosion of the simple vicariance vs. dispersal paradigm, including exposure of the widespread nature of temporal pseudocongruence and its implications for models of diversification; provide new templates for addressing a variety of ecological and evolutionary traits; and develop closer working relationships with earth scientists and biologists in a variety of disciplines.
Investigating the Apocalyptic Texture of Paul’s Martial Imagery in 2 Corinthians 4–6:

This article argues for the presence and importance of Paul’s warfare terminology in 2 Corinthians 4–6. It provides a sample of Greco-Roman sources which utilize the same martial imagery that Paul employs in these chapters and asserts that the apostle weaves a martial motif in the early chapters of this epistle to depict a cosmic and apocalyptic contest. Although Paul borrows military language from the human arena, he employs it to portray a supernatural conﬂict and to provide a glimpse into his apostolic role and identity which are shaped by the existence of this cosmic combat.
Vapor-Liquid-Solid Growth of Semiconductor Nanowires

Abstract The vapor-liquid-solid (VLS) growth technique has advanced significantly over the past several decades. This technique has progressed from an interesting method for whisker growth to a viable approach for semiconductor nanowire fabrication for applications in nanoscale electronics, optoelectronics, sensing, and energy conversion. This chapter reviews fundamental aspects of VLS growth with an emphasis on synthesis within a chemical vapor deposition environment. The first half of the chapter is focused on Si nanowire growth, and reviews diameter-dependent growth rate and orientation effects, metal catalysts, intentional doping, and the growth of Si1−xGex nanowires and axial heterostructures. The second half is devoted to a review of III–V nanowire growth with an emphasis on GaAs and InAs nanowires. The growth of vertical and planar III–V nanowires is initially discussed, followed by doping and the synthesis of nanowire axial and radial (core–shell) heterostructures.
Dual use anthropology and the politics of history

Response to HAU Book Symposium on Price, David. 2016. Cold War anthropology: The CIA, the Pentagon, and the growth of dual use anthropology . Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
Stochastic Approach to Control and Identification of Smart Structures

To fully exploit new technologies for response mitigation and structural health monitoring, improved design methodologies are desirable. In this paper, a stochastic framework is presented for robust control and identification of structural systems under dynamical loads, such as those induced by wind or earthquakes. A reliability-based stochastic robust control approach is used to design the controller for an active or semi-active control system. Feedback of the incomplete response at earlier time steps is used, without the need for any state estimation. The optimal controller is chosen by minimizing the robust failure probability over a set of possible models for the system. Here, failure means excessive levels of one or more response quantities representative of the performance of the structure and the control devices. When calculating the robust failure probability, the plausibility of each model as a representation of the system's dynamic behavior is quantified by a probability distribution over the set of possible models; this distribution is initially based on engineering judgment but it can be updated using Bayes' Theorem if dynamic data become available from the structure. For this purpose, a probabilistic system identification technique is presented for model updating using incomplete noisy measurements only. This method allows for updating of the uncertainties associated with the values of the parameters controlling the dynamic behavior of the structure by using only one set of stationary or nonstationary response data. This updated probabilistic description of the system can be used to modify the controller for improved performance of the system. It can also be used for structural health monitoring. An example is presented to illustrate the proposed stochastic framework for identification and control of smart structures.
Radical Cage Effects: The Prediction of Radical Cage Pair Recombination Efficiencies Using Microviscosity Across a Range of Solvent Types

This study reports a method for correlating the radical recombination efficiencies (FcP) of geminate radical cage pairs to the properties of the solvent. Although bulk viscosity (macroviscosity) is typically used to predict or interpret radical recombination efficiencies, the work reported here shows that microviscosity is a much better parameter. The use of microviscosity is valid over a range of different solvent system types, including nonpolar, aromatic, polar, and hydrogen bonding solvents. In addition, the relationship of FcP to microviscosity holds for solvent systems containing mixtures of these solvent types. The microviscosities of the solvent systems were straightforwardly determined by measuring the diffusion coefficient of an appropriate probe by NMR DOSY spectroscopy. By using solvent mixtures, selective solvation was shown to not affect the correlation between FcP and microviscosity. In addition, neither solvent polarity nor radical rotation affects the correlation between FcP and the microviscosity.
1005 Reducing ed revisits among copd patients managed in ed observation unit: reliable implementation of copd care-bundle using improvement science

Background COPD exacerbations (eCOPD) deleteriously effects patient outcomes and healthcare spending. Emergency Department observation units (ED-Obs) provide short-term acute care in order to reduce resource utilisation, however successful COPD-specific programs in ED-Obs are lacking. Objectives Achieve 90% reliable implementation of COPD care-bundle among eCOPD patients discharged from ED-Obs by April 2017. The overall goal is to reduce 30 day all-cause ED revisits for eCOPD patients discharged from ED-Obs from the baseline rate of 49%. Methods Setting: An 800-bed academic hospital with 700 eCOPD ED encounters/year, out of which 20% triage to ED-Obs. All patients triaged to ED-Obs with eCOPD diagnosis were included. A five-element COPD bundle designed to mitigate system-level failures, was adopted from in-patient setting. The bundle components were: appropriate inhaler regimen, 30 day inhaler supply, personalised inhaler education, standardised discharge instructions and follow-up in 15 days. A multidisciplinary team was formed to support bundle implementation within the 24 hours ED-Obs stay using Model for Improvement. Bundle component adherence and 30 day ED revisit rates were monitored using SPC p-charts. Hospitalisation rate from ED-Obs was used as balancing measure. Results The patient characteristics were similar in baseline and post-bundle period. Multiple PDSA cycles were performed to achieve a final process (Figure 1). The adherence to COPD care bundle components has maintained >90% from 4/2017–8/2017 (Figure 2). The 30 day all-cause ED revisit rate reduced from 49% to 28% with a pending system-shift on SPC (Figure 3). Hospitalisation rate remained unchanged. Conclusions Improving care at discharge transition of eCOPD patients from ED-Obs to home through reliable adherence to COPD care-bundle reduces 30 day all-cause ED revisits.
Early Exposure to Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) and Cardiac Toxicity in a Species (Xenopus laevis) with Low Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor (AHR) Responsiveness

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous, persistent environmental contaminants, of which 16 are EPA-designated priority pollutants. Cardiotoxicity is observed in fish with developmental exposures to certain PAHs; however, the mechanism of toxicity can differ. Phenanthrene (PHE) and benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) are both cardiotoxic to fish, but PHE acts independently of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) activation while BaP-associated cardiotoxicity is AHR-dependent. To further understanding of mechanisms of toxicity, we compared the effects of early exposure to the priority PAHs pyrene (PYR), fluoranthene (FLA), PHE and BaP on cardiac function and cytochrome P450 type 1A (cyp1a) mRNA expression, an indicator of AHR activation, in a model system with lower AHR sensitivity than that of fish, the embryos and larvae of Xenopus laevis. Exposure to PYR, PHE, and FLA (0.25-25 M) caused ventricular tachycardia early in heart development, but bradycardia and atrioventricular (AV) block in later stages. Elevated cyp1a mRNA levels indicate that FLA and BaP, but not PHE or PYR, are AHR agonists. The finding of FLA-induced cardiotoxicity and cyp1a expression (35-fold) is particularly surprising as FLA inhibits CYP1A activity in fish and, as a single compound, is not cardiotoxic. Our results suggest that early exposure to PHE, PYR, and FLA, but not to BaP, compromises cardiac function by altering normal pacemaker activity and conduction in Xenopus, effects associated with increased mortality. Our findings also reveal a considerable degree of species specificity between fish and frog regarding cardiac sensitivity to developmental PAH exposures and have implications for the cardiovascular health of PAH-exposed humans and wild amphibians.
Fossil Fuel Industries

This chapter focuses on methane emissions from the coal and natural gas industries. The petroleum industry is not addressed due to the lack of related quality data. Emission points are identified for each industry, and a discussion of factors affecting emissions is presented. A summary and discussion of available global and country-specific emission estimates are also provided. Where possible, assessments of data quality are offered.
Now and Future Practice

In the past 11 chapters, we have visited some heroes, diseases, and treatments that are part of the heritage of the healing professions, we have discussed some of the language of medicine and some thoughts of our most erudite predecessors, and we have examined some instances of clinical practice, including a few times when what happened was not what we today would have wished. I hope that the 231 pages that we have traveled together so far have convinced you of the rich and (usually) honorable traditions of medicine. The tales are sometimes epic, at times tragic, sporadically triumphant, and occasionally lamentable. This last chapter suggests some ways that you, as a health professional or informed consumer, will now—I hope—learn more about medicine’s history and lore.
Authenticated Key Exchange Provably Secure Against the Man-in-the-Middle Attack

The standard Diffie--Hellman key exchange is suseptible to an attack known as the man-in-the-middle attack. Lack of authentication in the protocol makes this attack possible. Adding separate authentication to the protocol solves the problem but adds extra transmission and computation costs. Protocols which combine the authentication with the key exchange (an authenticated key exchange) are more efficient but until now none were provably secure against the man-in-the-middle attack. This paper describes an authenticated key exchange based on the difficulty of the q th-root problem, a problem believed to be equivalent to the discrete logarithm problem over groups of order q2 (where q is a large prime) and parallel to the square-root problem over the ring modulo N , where N is a strong two prime composite integer. We show that mounting a man-in-the-middle attack for our protocol is equivalent to breaking the Diffie--Hellman problem in the group.