cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Perceptions of seasonal weather are linked to beliefs about global climate change: evidence from Norway

As climate change continues to alter local weather patterns, it is important to understand how people are experiencing such changes because personal experience may affect mitigation and adaptation policy preferences and behaviors. Local weather conditions are also an easily accessible source of information that, aggregated over time, may enable people to detect long-term climate trends and update their beliefs about global warming. However, motivated reasoning—the tendency to fit information to conclusions that correspond with a preexisting belief—may limit the accuracy of local weather perceptions. This paper focuses on perceptions of seasonal weather in Norway and examines evidence for motivated reasoning consistent with pre-existing beliefs about climate change, using a national panel survey combined with high-resolution seasonal climate observations. Respondents’ perceptions are sensitive to observed differences in both temperature and precipitation, but respondents are more likely to accurately perceive local precipitation than local temperature. Controlling for observed conditions, beliefs about global climate change had a large effect on perceptions of seasonal temperature, and smaller effects on perceptions of seasonal precipitation. These findings provide evidence that individual perceptions of seasonal weather are related to local conditions, but they are also likely to be motivated by beliefs about global climate change.
Oxygen Electrodes for Industrial Electrolysis and Electrochemical Power Generation

Electrochemistry is one of the technologies which can make important contributions toward solving the energy problem. A significant portion (~ 8%) of this nation’s electrical power is consumed for industrial electrolytic processes, most of which are carried out with relatively low energy efficiency. Improvements in the efficiencies of these processes will result in substantial power savings. Further, electrochemical energy conversion and storage systems using various fuel cells, batteries, and electrolysis cells offer substantial promise for stationary and vehicle applications.
MONOTONE APPROXIMATION BY SPLINE FUNCTIONS

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the monotone approximation by spline functions. It focuses on the approximation of monotone nondecreasing functions by monotone nondecreasing splines with knots governed by a diffeomorphism. The problem of degree of monotone approximation by polynomials was studied by Lorentz and Zeller. An analogous result in approximation by monotone spline functions with equally spaced knots was obtained by DeVore.
Life-With-Hope Sentencing: The Argument for Replacing Life-Without-Parole Sentences with Presumptive Life Sentences

The United States has over 41,000 people serving life-without-parole (LWOP) sentences. It is a phenomenon unparalleled in the history of the world. This rise is attributable to a strange confluence of (1) the increasing use of LWOP as an alternative to the death penalty, (2) abolition of parole by states as part of truth-in-sentencing reforms, and (3) the rise in mandatory minimum sentences, particularly related to sale and distribution of illegal drugs. Nowhere has a state or federal government examined the appropriateness of LWOP sentences or developed a framework to assess whether an offender warrants such a sentence.Given the historical thoughtlessness of determining who receives this serious punishment and the wild increase in such sentences, LWOP sentences clearly need reform. This Article attempts to address this epidemic by demonstrating the shortcomings of LWOP and proposing an alternative sentencing model for serious offenders.This Article, then, argues for the abolition of LWOP sentences. Specifically, the human rights implications of such sentences, the speculative nature of such sentences, and the presence of other sufficient alternatives provide justification for the abandoning of LWOP sentences. Instead, this Article advocates for the adoption of presumptive life sentences as an alternative to LWOP.In Part I, the Article describes the current LWOP crisis. Part II of this Article makes the case for abolishing LWOP sentences. Finally, in Part III, the Article proposes the adoption of presumptive life sentences as a feasible alternative to life without parole, and demonstrates how such sentences can replace LWOP and end the LWOP epidemic.
A multicenter pilot study of nivolumab (NIVO) with drug eluting bead transarterial chemoembolization (deb-TACE) in patients (pts) with liver limited hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).

TPS4146Background: Emerging preclinical and clinical data indicate that regional therapies impact the immune microenvironment, induce a peripheral immune response, and may augment the effects of im...
Atypical case of mucous membrane pemphigoid in a 26-year-old man

A 26-year-old Caucasian man with no previous history of chemical injury presenting with an inability to open his right eye was investigated for mucous membrane pemphigoid and treated. Examination was notable for symblepharon of the right eye and impetigo-like lesions on the face and neck. A biopsy with immunohistochemical analysis was significant for linear deposits of C3 and immunoglobulin G at the level of the epithelial basement membrane, confirming the diagnosis of mucous membrane pemphigoid. Although mucous membrane pemphigoid classically presents bilaterally in women in the sixth and seventh decades of life, our patient was a young man with unilateral cicatrising conjunctivitis who may have been easily misdiagnosed without a high index of suspicion. A biopsy is required in cases of cicatrising conjunctivitis so that even atypical cases such as the one presented herein can be appropriately managed.
Comments on “Solubility and thermodynamic properties of 5-nitrofurazone form γ in mono-solvents and binary solvent mixtures”

Abstract A polemic is given concerning the thermodynamic dissolution properties in the published paper by Li and coworkers [J. Mol. Liq. 275 (2019) 815–828]. The published numerical values do not obey the standard thermodynamic relationship given by ΔdissG = ΔdissH − T ΔdissS, where ΔdissG, ΔdissH and ΔdissS refer to the Gibbs energy, enthalpy and entropy of dissolution.
Evaluating Tradeoffs in the Response of Sora (Porzana carolina) and Waterfowl to the Timing of Early Autumn Wetland Inundation

Wetland loss has increased the importance of multi-species management in remaining wetlands, which provide habitat for a multitude of wetland-dependent species. Many public wetlands across the mid-latitude United States are managed as moist soil impoundments with emphasis on migratory waterfowl. However, how the timing of these water management decisions affects rails is still uncertain. Wetland managers identified this as an area of uncertainty regarding timing of alternative water management strategies to benefit waterfowl and rails, which was addressed through a 3-year management experiment. Sora (Porzana carolina) and waterfowl were surveyed on 10 public wetland properties in Missouri, USA from 2014-2016, and their responses to early autumn inundation of managed palustrine wetlands were compared. A total of 558 Sora surveys detected 5,755 birds (20.6 birds/survey ± 30.8 SD), and 1,304 waterfowl surveys detected 1,411,779 birds (15,686.4 birds/survey ± 23,933.9 SD). Sora responded positively (birds/ha) to inundation of moist soil impoundments earlier in autumn migration (August). The top model for Sora included treatment, year and region of Missouri. There was no difference in waterfowl abundance between early or late inundation. Inundating wetlands earlier in autumn migration can provide habitat for migrating Sora without negative effects on waterfowl use of those wetlands, and wetland managers can incorporate this into their decision-making framework.
What Color Was It? A Psychophysical Paradigm for Tracking Subjective Progress in Continuous Tasks

When making a sequence of fixations, how does the timing of visual experience compare with the timing of fixation onsets? Previous studies have tracked shifts of attention or perceived gaze directi...
Identifying the principal factors influencing traffic safety on interstate highways

This study aims at identifying the principal factors influencing fatal, nonfatal injury and non-injury traffic crashes on urban and rural interstate highway segments using a statistical approach called principal component analysis. Initially, fourteen explanatory variables including segment length, annual average daily traffic (AADT), weekday/weekend, hour of the day, urban–rural designation of the segment, median type, pavement surface condition, roadway geometric characteristics, weather, number of lanes, and drivers’ age and gender, and the accident year were considered. Separate principal component analyses are performed for the three crash categories and the aggregate dataset. The results of the analyses show that, regardless of the crash categories used, seven principal components accounting for over 70% of the variances in the original datasets were retained. In addition to the overall dimensional reduction of the original dataset by 50%, the results suggest that the key variables contributing to the crashes across the categories of the accident types observed on the freeway segments are insignificant. The retained principal component loadings of the factors PC1, PC2, PC3, and PC5 revealed the fact that the number of lanes, the median type, and the AADT of the segments are highly correlated and represented by the first factor (PC1). Similarly, other interrelated factors such as the prevailing weather and the pavement surface condition (wet, dry, snow), the hour of the day and the lighting condition, the drivers’ age and gender are well represented by PC2, PC3, and PC5 respectively.
Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Subepithelial Myofibroblasts Increases the TGF-β1 Activity That Regulates Fibrosis in Crohn's Disease.

Background Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is an essential response of epithelial and immune cells to inflammation in Crohn's disease. The presence and mechanisms that might regulate the ER stress response in subepithelial myofibroblasts (SEMFs) and its role in the development of fibrosis in patients with Crohn's disease have not been examined. Methods Subepithelial myofibroblasts were isolated from the affected ileum and normal ileum of patients with each Montreal phenotype of Crohn's disease and from normal ileum in non-Crohn's subjects. Binding of GRP78 to latent TGF-β1 and its subcellular trafficking was examined using proximity ligation-hybridization assay (PLA). The effects of XBP1 and ATF6 on TGF-β1 expression were measured using DNA-ChIP and luciferase reporter assay. Endoplasmic reticulum stress components, TGF-β1, and collagen levels were analyzed in SEMF transfected with siRNA-mediated knockdown of DNMT1 and GRP78 or with DNMT1 inhibitor 5-Azacytidine or with overexpression of miR-199a-5p. Results In SEMF of strictured ileum from patients with B2 Crohn's disease, expression of ER stress sensors increased significantly. Tunicamycin elicited time-dependent increase in GRP78 protein levels, direct interaction with latent TGF-β1, and activated TGF-β1 signaling. The TGFB1 DNA-binding activity of ATF-6α and XBP1 were significantly increased and elicited increased TGFB1 transcription in SEMF-isolated from affected ileum. The levels of ER stress components, TGF-β1, and collagen expression in SEMF were significantly decreased following knockdown of DNMT1 or GRP78 by 5-Azacytidine treatment or overexpression of miR-199a-5p. Conclusions Endoplasmic reticulum stress is present in SEMF of patients susceptible to fibrostenotic Crohn's disease and can contribute to development of fibrosis. Targeting ER stress may represent a novel therapeutic target to prevent fibrosis in patients with fibrostenotic Crohn's disease.
Pseudoscleropodium Purum New to New Jersey

Pseudoscleropodium purum, a species with a world-wide anthropogenic-driven distribution, is newly added to the moss flora of New Jersey on the basis of a collection made by Clyde F. Reed on 13 December, 1991. A species description, illustrations and a map of its world distribution are given. Pseudoscleropodium purum is often confused with Pleurozium schreberi; the two species are contrasted and their distinguishing feature outlined. The voucher specimen is deposited in MO.
A Survey on the Revamped Future of Transport

Transport, a movement activity from home to work, studyor market place is one of the basic needs like food, shelter clothes. Nowadays, sharing and adaptive transport services are in demand due to increased traffic and rush to public transport; contributing to saving fuel, fuel cost, and above all time. Transport sharing consists of car sharing, auto-sharing and also bike sharing. . Where in, two or more individuals targeting the same location opts to share transport system. The transport sharing model, especially taxi services also adds various adaptive facilities a one-way and two-way station-based sharing system. These services help individuals to reserve their onlineseats with bus and car-sharing. This paper reviews various existing shared and effective ways of transportation. The observations include different route matching and applied machine learning techniques used by the models which are placed in working using Google maps, APIs, sensors, and Smartphone applications to get and track thedestination.In addition, the manuscript also presents the assessment taken on the communal sphere to acquire various transport facilities adopted by people and the different challenges faced by them.
Parent-identified strengths of autistic youth:

There is a need for strengths-based intervention approaches for autistic youth during the transition to adulthood. In the current study, we explored parent perspectives about youth strengths during...
Mitigation of dust impacts on solar collectors by water-free cleaning with transparent electrodynamic films: Progress and challenges

Energy-yield loss caused by soiling of the PV modules and CSP mirrors in utility-scale power plants would result in unsustainable demands for fresh water needed for cleaning. This paper reviews the progress of the electrodynamic screen (EDS) film technology for frequent water-free cleaning with low energy requirements. EDS-based cleaning would maintain high optical efficiency ensuring long-term sustainability of TW-scale plants located in arid lands. Principles, modeling, construction, and lamination of the EDS films on modules and mirrors and experimental data showing power output restoration are presented. Current challenges in production and meeting outdoors durability of the EDS films are discussed.
Window into NV center kinetics via repeated annealing and spatial tracking of thousands of individual NV centers

Knowledge of the nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center formation kinetics in diamond is critical to engineering sensors and quantum information devices based on this defect. Here we utilize the longitudinal tracking of single NV centers to elucidate NV defect kinetics during high-temperature annealing from 800--1100 ${}^{\ensuremath{\circ}}\mathrm{C}$ in high-purity chemical-vapor-deposition diamond. We observe three phenomena which can coexist: NV formation, NV quenching, and NV orientation changes. Of relevance to NV-based applications, a 6- to 24-fold enhancement in the NV density, in the absence of sample irradiation, is observed by annealing at 980 ${}^{\ensuremath{\circ}}\mathrm{C}$, and NV orientation changes are observed at 1050 ${}^{\ensuremath{\circ}}\mathrm{C}$. With respect to the fundamental understanding of defect kinetics in ultrapure diamond, our results indicate a significant vacancy source can be activated for NV creation between 950--980 ${}^{\ensuremath{\circ}}\mathrm{C}$ and suggest that native hydrogen from ${\mathrm{NVH}}_{y}$ complexes plays a dominant role in NV quenching, supported by recent ab initio calculations. Finally, the direct observation of orientation changes allows us to estimate an NV diffusion barrier of 4.7 $\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}$ 0.9 eV.
Clinical utility of the AJCC eighth edition pT1 subclassification and impact on practice patterns in stage I seminoma.

377Background: The American Joint Committee on Cancer 8th edition staging guidelines for testicular cancer established a 3 cm cutoff to subclassify stage T1 seminomas (<3 cm = pT1a and ≥3 cm = pT1b...
Characterization of Black-Plastic THz-Low-Pass, IR-Blocking Filter: Observation of a Minimum THz Absorption

1.0-mm-thick black-polyethylene and-polypropylene plates are characterized as THz low-pass, near-IR blocking filters. The blocking at 1550 nm is found to be at least 75 dB, and the THz attenuation is very low, especially around an absorption minimum frequency of ~300 GHz.
Kuwamai: Historic Epidemics and Resilience of Cariban-Speaking Peoples, Northern Amazonia

How Amazonian Indigenous Peoples combatted emergent epidemic diseases in colonial times, and their innovative responses to epidemiological crises, has not received sufficient attention. This study outlines a clash of cultures and an entanglement of places and people related to pandemic diseases and epidemic death in the Eastern Guiana Highlands, northern Amazonia. By means of archival and historical sources, the article provides eyewitness insight into multiple waves of highly contagious epidemics that affected Cariban-speaking communities in Eastern Guiana – Suriname, French Guiana, and Brazilian Amapa – over the past 550 years. The paper commences with some general statements on illness and healing. Hitherto unpublished journal entries by the Governor of Suriname of an outbreak of the pox during the winter of 1743-1744 set the scene, these are followed by rare nineteenth and twentieth century historical accounts, and a novel interpretation of Wayana oral history – posited to be the first account of the spread of a viral disease in Amazonia in July 1542. The paper concludes with responses to the current COVID-19 pandemic from an indigenous etiology which demonstrates indigenous historical consciousness of the social present as related to events from the past.
Determination of LR-Sequences for Trapezoidal Curves

Consider the k x k triangular array Δk(α) defined for each k ≥ 1 and α = (α0, α1, …, αk) e Ρ by $${\alpha _0} - {\alpha _1}{\text{ }}{\alpha _1} - {\alpha _2}{\text{ }}.{\text{ }}{\text{. }}{\text{. }}{\alpha _{k - 2}} - {\alpha _{k - 1}}{\text{ }}{\alpha _{k - 1}} - {\alpha _k} \hfill \\ {\text{ }}{\alpha _0} - {\alpha _2}{\text{ }}{\alpha _1} - {\alpha _3}{\text{ }}{\text{. }}{\text{. }}{\text{. }}{\alpha _{k - 2}} - {\alpha _k} \hfill \\ {\Delta _k}(\alpha ) = {\text{ }} \vdots {\text{ }} \vdots {\text{ }} {\mathinner{\mkern2mu\raise1pt\hbox{.}\mkern2mu\raise4pt\hbox{.}\mkern2mu\raise7pt\hbox{.}\mkern1mu}} \hfill \\ {\text{ }}{\alpha_0} {\alpha _{k - 1}}{\text{ }}{\alpha _1} - {\alpha _k} \hfill \\ {\text{ }}{\alpha _0} - {\alpha _k} \hfill \\$$ (7.1) .
Characterization study of the growth and electromechanical properties of 67PMN-33PT single crystals

A modified Bridgman approach, developed at the Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (SICCAS), has been used to grow ferroelectric relaxor PMN-PT single crystals. A series of technological barriers on the growth of ferroelectric relaxor PMN-PT single crystals, such as making seeds, seeded-orientation control, size-enlargement, uniformity of the grown single crystals, and crucible leakage, have been progressively overcome. After poling, the electromechanical properties of the grown PMN-PT single crystals are; weak-field permittivity max (/spl epsiv//sub max/) /spl sim/ 29,000 at 162/spl deg/C, 1 kHz and 1 V/sub rms/, dielectric loss (tan /spl delta/) 2,000 pC/N; mechanical-electric coupling factors, k/sub 33/ /spl sim/ 0.92-0.94 and k/sub t/ /spl sim/ 0.61-0.62, respectively. The electromechanical properties of the 67PMN-33PT single crystal composition are measured as a function of temperature. This analysis reveals the effects of the diffuse phase transition on the electromechanical properties as piezoelectricity in the material develops.
Selection of Voltage Thresholds for Delay Measurement

Since all physical devices have a finite non-zero response time, the notion of delay between the input and output logic signals arises naturally once digital abstraction is done. This delay should be positive and non-zero, since a physical device takes a finite amount of time to respond to the input. Defining a strictly positive delay is not a problem in the abstract domain of logic signals, since input and output ’’events‘‘ are precisely defined. However, when the signal non-idealities are accounted for, the notion of events is blurred and it is not obvious how to define delay such that it reflects the causal relationship between the input and the output. By necessity, we define the start and end points of these events by determining the time instants when the signals cross some appropriate voltage thresholds. The selection of these voltage thresholds for logic gates as well as simple interconnect wires, is the subject of this paper. We begin by a discussion of what we mean by signal delay and how it arises in a logic gate. With this background, starting from ideal inputs to ideal inverters and concluding with physical inputs to physical inverters, we examine the problem of threshold selection for inverters through a logical sequence of model refinement, using a combination of analytical and experimental techniques. Based on the insight gained through this analysis, we examine the problem for multi-input (both static and dynamic) gates as well as point-to-point interconnect wires. We show that thresholds derived from the gate‘s DC voltage transfer characteristic removes the anomalies, such as negative delay and large sensitivity to input waveshape effects, that can arise with the widely used 50% and 10%–90% thresholds. Despite its fundamental nature, however, we note that the problem of threshold selection has received scant attention in the literature. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first detailed study of this problem.
Non-concurrent Error Detection and Correction in Switched Linear Controllers

In this paper, we consider protection schemes for linear time-invariant (LTI) controllers in switched systems. These controllers are often digital in nature and, as such, are subject to internal hardware malfunctions (faults). A discrete-time (DT) LTI system is usually protected against faults by embedding the state-space of the original system into the state-space of a higher dimensional redundant system. These embeddings preserve the state evolution of the original system in some encoded form, but enable error detection and correction through concurrent parity checks (i.e., parity checks that are performed at the end of each time step). In this paper, we present a systematic method of constructing linear embeddings for protecting switched DT LTI controllers. These methodologies allow an external mechanism to detect and identify transient state-transition faults through non-concurrent (e.g., periodic) parity checks. The resulting error detection and correction procedures can then be performed periodically, thereby relaxing the requirements on the reliability of the checking mechanism.
Using SOM for tool integration

IBM's System Object Model (SOM) is an object-oriented programming interface for building binary class libraries. When changes are made to a SOM class, client programs that use the SOM class will not need to be recompiled. The SOM Toolkit provides a set of frameworks for building object-oriented applications. These include Distributed SOM, the Persistence Framework, the Replication Framework, and the Emitter Framework. In this paper, we discuss our experience using SOM to handle the control aspects of tool integration.
High Spatial Resolution Observations of the Solar Transition Region: Spicules and Microflares

We review recent observations from the solar transition region, obtained with high spatial resolution, of spicules and of high velocity explosive events which may be a candidate for microflares. Microflares are a proposed mechanism for heating the transition region and corona from a large number of small spatial scale events with a rapid energy release.
Nonmast-cell histamine kinetics—II: Effect of histidine decarboxylase inhibitors on rates of decline of tissue 3H-histamine in the female rat☆

Abstract Inhibition of histamine synthesis in vivo was examined in terms of effects on the kinetics of decline of exogenous 3 H-histamine in various tissues of the female rat. Inhibition of tissue histidine decarboxylase activity by dietary pyridoxine deficiency coupled with semicarbazide administration greatly reduced rates of decline in vivo of labeled amine. On the assumption that exogenous 3 H-histamine equilibrates with endogenous amine in nonmast-cell pools, estimated rates of turnover of loosely bound histamine were reduced 30–75 per cent. The histidine decarboxylase inhibitor, NSD-1055 (4-bromo-3-hydroxybenzyloxyamine) was ineffective in reducing endogenous histamine levels and did not affect the kinetics of decline of 3 H-histamine. It is suggested that the kinetics of 3 H-histamine in vivo decline and the tissue histidine decarboxylase activity in vitro may reflect the same biochemical phenomenon—presumably the synthesis and catabolism of loosely bound nonmast-cell histamine in dynamic endogenous pools.
Intergranular Corrosion Fatigue Fracture Surface Analysis of Nickel Alloy

Abstract The paper presents a systematic investigation of the effects of a corrosive condition on grain boundary corrosion and other deleterious phenomena in a nickel alloys commonly used in nuclear waste containers, chemical refining plants and steam generator tubes. Grain boundary corrosion is investigated with the aid of microscopy. The results show that a concentrated corrosive condition greatly increases the susceptibility to crack initiation and crack propagation along grain boundaries, i.e. intergranular fracture.
Potential Benefits of Superconductivity to Transportation in the United States

Research in U.S. transportation applications of superconductors is strongly motivated by a number of potential national benefits. These include the reduction of dependence on petroleum-based fuels, energy savings, substantially reduced air and noise pollution, increased customer convenience, and reduced maintenance costs. Current transportation technology offers little flexibility to switch to alternative fuels, and efforts to achieve the other benefits are confounded by growing congestion at airports and on urban roadways. A program has been undertaken to identify possible applications of the emerging superconducting applications to transportation and to evaluate potential national benefits. The current phase of the program will select the most promising applications for a more detailed subsequent study. Transportation modes being examined include highway and industrial vehicles, as well as rail, sea, and air transport and pipelines. Three strategies are being considered: (1) replacing present components with those employing superconductors, (2) substituting new combinations of components or systems for present systems, and (3) developing completely new technologies. Distinctions are made between low-, medium-, and near-room-temperature superconductors. The most promising applications include magnetically levitated passenger and freight vehicles; replacement of drive systems in locomotives, self-propelled rail cars, and ships; and electric vehicles inductively coupled to electrified roadways.
Suppression of Amber Mutations of Bacteriophage T4 Gene 43 (DNA Polymerase) by Translational Ambiguity

The growth properties of twelve different amber (am) mutants of bacteriophage T4 gene 43 (DNA polymerase) were examined by using nonpermissive (su(-)) as well as permissive (su(+)) Escherichia coli hosts. It was found that most of these mutants were measurably suppressed in su(-) hosts by translational ambiguity (misreading of codons during protein synthesis). The ability of these mutants to grow in response to this form of weak suppression probably means that the T4 gene 43 DNA polymerase can be effective in supporting productive DNA replication when it is supplied in small amounts. By similar criteria, studies with other phage mutants suggested that the products of T4 genes 62 (uncharacterized), 44 (uncharacterized), 42 (dCMP-hydroxymethylase), and 56 (dCTPase) are also effective in small amounts. Some T4 gene products, such as the product of gene 41 (uncharacterized), seem to be partially dispensable for phage growth since am mutants of such genes do propagate, although weakly, in streptomycin-resistant su(-) hosts which appear to have lost the capacity to suppress am mutations by ambiguity.
SALARIES OR PIECE RATES: ON THE ENDOGENOUS MATCHING OF HARVEST WORKERS AND CROPS

The objective of this paper is to determine whether the choice of payment schemes (hourly vs. piece rates) is systematically related to the workers' risk aversion and ability. We derive the equilibrium relationship between agents' risk aversion and ability and the power of incentives (payment scheme) in a market where many heterogeneous principals and agents are endogenously matched. The equilibrium matching between principals and agents depends on the traits and is critical in determining the contract choice. Using confidential data from the National Agricultural Workers Survey (NAWS), we find evidence of matching between agricultural workers and the riskiness of their jobs (crops they harvest) based on workers' risk aversion and no matching based on ability. When controlling for matching, we find strong evidence that high risk-averse workers choose hourly rates and low risk-averse workers choose piece rates. We also found that high ability types choose piece rates and low ability types choose hourly rates but the evidence is weaker. (JEL J33, D82, Q12)
Correlation of scanning and transmission electron microscopy of human dentinal tubules

Areas of human dentine were examined first with the scanning electron microscope (SEM) and subsequently with the transmission electron microscope (TEM). Structures observed in dentinal tubules from outer dentine by SEM were identified by TEM as electron-dense structures lining the tubules and not as odontoblast processes. These structures, termed lamina limitans, correspond to the previously described inner hypomineralized lining of dentinal tubules.
Long range Coulomb effects in the cuprates: a possible alternative route to D-wave superconductivity

Abstract Under assumption that high T c superconductivity is driven by Coulomb interactions in some form, we are motivated to study the screening of this long range interaction and its implications for superconducting symmetry. Essential to our calculations are tight binding bandstructure effects which give rise to structure in the dielectric constant sufficient to produce a d x 2 − y 2 state with moderate coupling constant. Our results suggest that Coulomb interactions, and, therefore, superconductivity, may be more complex than can be deduced from a simple Hubbard model, which is generally associated with pairing in the “spin channel”.
ELECTRON MICROSCOPY OF ORAL CELLS IN VITRO: I. Annulate Lamellae Observed in Strain KB Cells

Two special areas involving membranous components in strain KB cells were studied by electron microscopy. The first area described is that of the subsurface regions of two apposing cells in which flattened cisternae (one cisternae in each subsurface region) with membranes spaced 110–230 A apart were found in a confrontation alignment. The long dimension of the profiles of these cisternae ranges from 0.5 to 2 µ. At these intercellular contact areas, each cisterna is closely applied to the adjacent plasma membrane; the intervening space is 60–100 A. We have named the cisternae in these roughly symmetrical areas of cell contact the subsurface confronting cisternae . Communications between these cisternae and those of the rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum also were observed. The second area described is that of the intracytoplasmic confronting cisternae . These cisternae were observed as oval or round images about 0.3–1.4 µ in diameter, each image being composed of a pair of concentrically arranged confronting cisternae with membranes spaced 200–400 A apart. The apposing membranes of the two confronting cisternae are electron opaque, smooth, and free of ribosomes, whereas the unapposed membranes are less dense, scalloped, and associated with ribosomes. The spacing between the two intracytoplasmic confronting cisternae is 70–110 A.
Processes controlling colloid composition in a fractured and karstic aquifer in eastern Tennessee, USA

Abstract Groundwater was sampled from a number of wells along recharge pathways between fractured shale and karstic formations to evaluate the chemical and hydrologic mechanisms controlling the nature and abundance of groundwater colloids. The colloids recovered using low flow rate purging and sampling exhibited a composition and abundance consistent with lithology, flow paths, and effects of hydrology and aqueous chemistry on colloid mobilization and stability. In general, the larger-size colloids and Ca-containing colloids were more abundant in the karstic lithologies, while Na-containing colloids were more important in the shales. The composition of the colloids reflected recharge pathways from the fractured shale and dolomite formations on the ridges into the limestone in the valley floor. The Mg-colloids in the limestone reflect the possible contributions from the dolamite, while the Na, K, and Si reflect possible contributions from the shale. However, it was not possible to use the colloid composition as a signature to demonstrate colloid transport from one lithology to another. Mixing of recharge water from the shale with groundwater within the limestone formation and precipitation/dissolution reactions could account for the colloids present in the limestone without invoking transport of specific shale-derived colloids into the limestone formation. The abundance of colloids in groundwater appears to be controlled by both chemical factors affecting colloid stability, as well as physical factors related to hydrology (storm-driven recharge and water velocities). In general, colloids were more abundant in wells with low ionic strength, such as shallow wells in water table aquifers near sources of recharge at the top of the ridges. Increases in cation concentrations due to dissolution reactions along flow paths were associated with decreases in colloid abundance. However, in spite of elevated ionic strength, colloid concentrations tended to be unexpectedly high in karstic wells that were completed in cavities or water-bearing fractures. The higher levels of colloids appear to be related to storm-driven changes in chemistry or flow rates that causes resuspension of colloids settled within cavities and fractures.
Great Lake basins (U.S.A.-Canada) runoff modeling

Abstract Large-scale watershed models are required in order to estimate basin runoff to the Great Lakes for use in routing determinations and operational hydrology studies. Data limitations, large-basin applicability and economic efficiency preclude the use of existing large-watershed models. This paper describes an interdependent tank-cascade model that uses a mass balance coupled with linear reservoir concepts. It is physically based and uses climatological considerations not possible for small watersheds; it employs analytical solutions to bypass numerical inaccuracies. Snowmelt and net-supply computations are separable from the mass-balance determinations and are based on a simple heat balance. Partial-area concepts are used to determine infiltration and surface runoff. Losses are determined from joint consideration of available energy for evapotranspiration and of available moisture in the soil horizons by using climatologic concepts. Also described are heuristic calibration procedures that give insight into the use of the model. The model is applied, for a 30-day computation interval, to the Genesee River Basin in New York State and compared with past 6-hr. computation interval applications of the Streamflow Synthesis and Reservoir Regulation (SSARR) and National Weather Service Hydrologic (NWSH) models to the same data set.
Equine encephalomyelitis (western type) in children

Summary Two cases of equine encephalomyelitis (western strain) in infants are reported. Specific antiviral substance was demonstrated in the blood in both. Both cases presented permanent nervous sequelae as a result of the infection. These consisted of cerebral atrophy with overlapping of the cranial bones, mental deterioration, and apparent blindness and deafness in the first patient; mental deterioration with partial hemiplegia and speech defect in the second. Reports of other cases in the literature are reviewed and tabulated.
Synthesis, structure, and magnetism of Tb4PdGa12 and Tb4PtGa12

Abstract Single crystals of Tb4MGa12 (M=Pd, Pt) have been synthesized. The isostructural compounds crystallize in the cubic space group Im 3 ¯ m , with Z = 2 and lattice parameters: a=8.5940(5) and 8.5850(3) A for Tb4PdGa12 and Tb4PtGa12, respectively. The crystal structure consists of corner-sharing MGa6 octahedra and TbGa3 cuboctahedra. Magnetic measurements suggest that Tb4PdGa12 is an antiferromagnetic metamagnet with a Neel temperature of 16 K, while the Pt analog orders at T N = 12 K.
Assessing the quality of a wavefunction using quantum monte carlo

A procedure is proposed in the framework of the quantum Monte Carlo method whereby the root mean square deviation σ of a local energy distribution P(E) serves as a measure for assessing quantitatively the quality of a trial ground state wavefunction. In particular it is shown that σ goes to zero for the exact wavefunction. A sample computation on the helium atom is presented to provide a working example and to show that P(E) can be obtained analytically in some cases.
Navy Self-Paced Computer-Based Courses: Practical Implications of Saving Time Under Instruction (UI)

Previous research has shown that converting courses to computerized self-paced format usually decreases average time under instruction (UI). This study addressed three different Navy A-School cours...
Matrix isolation study of the vibrational spectrum and structure of HC2

Abstract Detailed isotopic studies of the infrared absorptions characteristic of the products of the decomposition of C 2 H 2 in a mild discharge through argon trapped at 14 K indicate that HC 2 is an important product and that an absorption at 3612 cm −1 can be assigned to the carbon-hydrogen stretching fundamental of this species. The data suffice for determination of the stretching and stretching-interaction force constants of HC 2 , which, in turn, have permitted estimates of the bond lengths. The carbon-hydrogen bond is found to be exceptionally strong, and the carbon-carbon bond is intermediate between that characteristic of ground-state C 2 and that of C 2 H 2 . The estimated rotational spacing is in excellent agreement with that found for HC 2 in recent observations of the interstellar medium.
Panel-Structure Response to Acoustic Forcing by a Nearly Sonic Jet

A model of a high subsonic jet with a nearby array ofexible, aircraft-type panels is studied numerically in two dimensions. The jet is excited by a limited duration, spatially localized starter pulse in the potential core. The long time evolution of unsteady disturbances in the jet, the responses of the panels, and the ensuing radiation are computed and compared with those of a lower Mach number jet. The results show that, for high subsonic Mach numbers, the spectral response of both the jet (near and far ® eld) and of the panels is concentrated in a relatively narrow frequency band centered at a Strouhal number (based on jet exit velocity) of approximately 0.25 and associated harmonics. Thisbehaviorof thejet and the panelsiscaused by nearly periodic vortex shedding from the nozzlelip.In contrast, forlowerMach numbersvortex sheddingisverymuch weakerand thepanelsactasnarrow- band ® lters emphasizing the natural frequencies of the panels. Radiation from the panels is weakest in upstream directions and exhibits zones of silence due to destructive interference of radiation from the different panels. HIS paper describes the results of a numerical simulation of jet noise in the presence of fourexible aircraft-type panels in a panel-stringer assembly. The simulation is based on a model that fully couples theuid dynamics of the jetow to the panel mo- tion and the resulting acoustic radiation. The primary objective is to determine the role played by near sonic jet exit conditions on instal- lation effects (i.e., the mounting of the jet near aexible structure) and on the response and the acoustic radiation from the structure. Thelongtimeevolutionofunsteadydisturbancesinanearlysonic jet exiting from a converging nozzle, together with panel responses and ensuing radiation from the panels, is considered in this paper. In previous work, jet acoustics, panel response, and radiation have been considered for lower-speed jets exiting from straight pipes, bothatrest 1 andinforwardmotion. 2 The presentresults showquali- tativelydifferentbehaviorforhighsubsonicjets,namely,arelatively narrow-bandjet and panel responseconcentratedata Strouhal num- ber of approximately 0.25. The mechanism driving this behavior is vortex shedding from the nozzle lip, which dominates jet and panel behavior for high subsonic Mach number jets. In contrast, for lower Mach number jets as considered in Ref. 1, there is a low-frequency jetresponsewithoutpronouncedspectralpeaks.In thiscasethepan- els actasnarrow-band® ltersconverting the relativelybroadband in- cident pressure into selected low-frequency bands associated with the natural frequencies of the panels, whereas the vortex shedding frequency is considerably less evident. In previous analyses, the exact sources of jet noise have been identi® ed from the basic equations ofuid dynamics. 3±6 Generally,
MOSFET drain breakdown voltage

The grounded-gate or gate-assisted drain breakdown voltage of n-channel MOSFET's has been characterized for wide ranges of oxide thickness and substrate doping concentration. Two distinct regimes, one being channel-doping limited and the other being oxide-thickness limited, have been identified. We propose that these two regimes reflect two possible locations of breakdown-at the n+-p junction and in the deep-depletion layer in the n+ drain. They can be separated by their different breakdown voltage dependences on V g and require different approaches to process improvement.
Exploring trade-offs between VMAT dose quality and delivery efficiency using a network optimization approach.

To formulate and solve the fluence-map merging procedure of the recently-published VMAT treatment-plan optimization method, called vmerge, as a bi-criteria optimization problem. Using an exact merging method rather than the previously-used heuristic, we are able to better characterize the trade-off between the delivery efficiency and dose quality. vmerge begins with a solution of the fluence-map optimization problem with 180 equi-spaced beams that yields the ?ideal? dose distribution. Neighboring fluence maps are then successively merged, meaning that they are added together and delivered as a single map. The merging process improves the delivery efficiency at the expense of deviating from the initial high-quality dose distribution. We replace the original merging heuristic by considering the merging problem as a discrete bi-criteria optimization problem with the objectives of maximizing the treatment efficiency and minimizing the deviation from the ideal dose. We formulate this using a network-flow model that represents the merging problem. Since the problem is discrete and thus non-convex, we employ a customized box algorithm to characterize the Pareto frontier. The Pareto frontier is then used as a benchmark to evaluate the performance of the standard vmerge algorithm as well as two other similar heuristics. We test the exact and heuristic merging approaches on a pancreas and a prostate cancer case. For both cases, the shape of the Pareto frontier suggests that starting from a high-quality plan, we can obtain efficient VMAT plans through merging neighboring fluence maps without substantially deviating from the initial dose distribution. The trade-off curves obtained by the various heuristics are contrasted and shown to all be equally capable of initial plan simplifications, but to deviate in quality for more drastic efficiency improvements. This work presents a network optimization approach to the merging problem. Contrasting the trade-off curves of the merging heuristics against the Pareto approximation validates that heuristic approaches are capable of achieving high-quality merged plans that lie close to the Pareto frontier.
Ethics and moral leadership: Quality linkages1

This paper attempts to explore the link between ethics and moral leadership and the successful improvement of quality in organisations. Organisations need a culture of ethics to truly make their quality initiatives work. Ethical excellence should be incorporated by design into the continuous improvement process in order to sustain the quality journey over time. Moral leadership is the most important and the most critical variable for long-term business success.
The Martensitic Transformation and Strain-Hardening Behavior of Austenitic Steels During Fatigue and Tensile Loading

The tensile and low-cycle fatigue deformation and α′-martensitic transformation behavior of three austenitic steels with varied silicon, aluminum, and nickel levels were characterized using mechanical testing and transmission electron microscopy. Silicon alloying promoted deformation twinning and high work-hardening rates in tension by lowering the stacking fault energy (SFE). Deformation twins and their intersections served as martensite nucleation sites in tension. Martensitic transformation was maximized in the alloy with a low SFE, which increased the alloy capacity to form strain-induced nucleation sites, and low nickel content, which increased the thermodynamic driving force for martensite formation. In fatigue loading, martensite nucleation occurred on localized austenite shear bands composed of dissociated dislocations that form in the cyclically stabilized portion of the fatigue life. The shear bands occurred in all materials irrespective of the SFE. The extent of martensitic transformation in fatigue is apparently dictated more by thermodynamic driving force for transformation and not by SFE. In both tension and fatigue, martensite formation led to strain hardening.
Crime in the Suburbs A Structural Model

Structural models of suburban violent and property crime rates are developed, utilizing elements of both ecological and criminological theory. The analysis of the models is based on data for 645 su...
Subsolidus Phase Relationships in the ZnO–In2O3–SnO2 System

The subsolidus phase relationships in the ZnO–InO1.5–SnO2 system were investigated at 1275°C using X-ray diffraction. Each of the end members of the ternary diagram is a transparent conducting oxide. There are two substantial solid solutions in the ternary phase space, the bixbyite solid solution In2−2xZnxSnxO3 (x=0–0.40), and the indium substituted zinc stannate spinel, Zn(2−x)Sn(1−x)In2xO4 (x=0–0.45). The bixbyite solid solution is an outstanding TCO, whereas the spinel is only moderately conducting. Along the ZnO–InO1.5 binary, there is a series of transparent conducting homologous compounds (ZnO)k·In2O3 (where k=3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 11). Within ternary phase space, these homologous compounds were found to exhibit negligible Sn solubility, and were always found to be compatible with the spinel. Equilibrium was difficult to achieve in the phase space between the homologous series compounds and the spinel, owing to sluggish kinetics. A procedure involving mixtures of prereacted spinel and the Zn11In2O14 (k=11) compound was developed, which allowed for more rapid approach to thermodynamic equilibrium, thereby allowing for the establishment of phase relationships near the ZnO corner of the phase diagram.