cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
CHEMICAL DETERMINATION OF OXIDATIVE DNA DAMAGE BY GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY-MASS SPECTROMETRY

Publisher Summary Oxidative DNA damage produced by free radicals or other DNA-damaging agents has been implicated to play a role in mutagenesis, carcinogenesis, reproductive cell death, and aging. Oxygen-derived species, such as superoxide radical (O 2 − ) and H 2 O 2 are generated in all aerobic cells. Excess generation of these species by endogenous sources or exogenous sources (for example, redox-cyclic drugs and ionizing radiation) may cause damage to cellular DNA by a variety of mechanisms. The gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC/MS) technique has been applied to a variety of in vitro and in vivo studies of oxidative DNA damage. The technique offers the sensitivity, selectivity, speed, and versatility to solve a wide range of important measurement problems in terms of DNA base and sugar damage and DNA-protein cross-links. It also allows studying enzymatic repair of DNA damage. It appears that the GC/MS technique will continue to find a major role in studies of oxidative DNA damage and its repair in the future.
A Short Treatise on Amateurism and Antitrust Law: Why the NCAA's 'No Pay' Rules Violate Section One of the Sherman Act

The National Collegiate Athletic Association (“NCAA”) oversees nearly every aspect of the $11 billion college sports industry. Its powers include scheduling championship events, determining eligibility rules, entering into commercial contracts, and punishing members that refuse to follow its authority. In recent years, some NCAA members have become increasingly wealthy – grossing annual revenues upwards of $100 million per year. However, the NCAA’s rules still deprive these members of the opportunity to share their wealth with student-athletes. This article explains why the NCAA’s “no pay” rules violate Section One of the Sherman Act. Part I of this article introduces the NCAA, its Principle of Amateurism, and its traditional enforcement mechanisms. Part II provides a brief overview of Section One of the Sherman Act – the “comprehensive charter of economic liberty” in American trade. Part III provides a detailed explanation about why the NCAA ‘no pay’ rules constitute both an illegal form of wage fixing and an illegal group boycott. Part IV then explores eight lower-court decisions that incorrectly find the NCAA eligibility rules to be non-commercial and thus exempt from antitrust scrutiny. Meanwhile, Part V analyzes four additional lower-court decisions that misconstrue the NCAA eligibility rules to be pro-competitive under a Rule of Reason review. Finally, Part VI concludes that even if a court were to find that competitive balance is a reasonable basis for upholding certain “no pay” rules, such rules still should not come from the NCAA, but rather from the individual conference level.
Defective Influenza Viral Ribonucleoproteins Cause Interference

Abstract Ribonucleoproteins (RNPs) isolated from infectious and defective interfering (DI) influenza virus (WSN) contained three major RNP peaks when analyzed in a glycerol gradient. Peak I RNP was predominant in infectious virus but was greatly reduced in DI virus preparations. Conversely, peak III RNP was elevated in DI virus, suggesting a large increase in DI RNA in this fraction. Labeled [32P]RNA was isolated from each RNP region and analyzed by electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gels. Peak I RNP contained primarily the polymerase and some HA genes, peak II contained some HA gene but mostly the NP and NA genes, and peak III contained the M and NS genes. In addition, peak III RNP from DI virus also contained the characteristic DI RNA segments. Interference activity of RNP fractions isolated from infectious and DI virus was tested using infectious center reduction assay. RNP peaks (I, II, and III) from infectious virus did not show any interference activity, whereas the peak III DI RNP caused a reduction in the number of infectious centers as compared to controls. Similar interference was not demonstrable with peak I RNP of DI virus nor with any RNP fractions from infectious virus alone. The interference activity of RNP fractions was RNase sensitive, suggesting that the DI RNA contained in DI RNPs was the interfering agent, and dilution experiments supported the conclusion that a single DI RNP could cause interference. The interfering RNPs were heterogeneous, and the majority migrated slower than viral RNPs containing M and NS genes. These results suggest that DI RNP (or DI RNA) is also responsible for interference in segmented, negative-stranded viruses.
Characteristics of Phosphoproteins (Phosvitins) from a Variety of Fish Roes

Abstract Phosvitins were isolated from ling, flounder, cod, shad, and salmon roes. A general isolation procedure is described which was used, with some modifications, for all the roes analyzed. Prepurified preparations were subjected in the final stage to fractionation on diethylaminoethyl cellulose with the use of a sodium chloride gradient for elution. This yielded distinct fractions in the case of ling, cod, and flounder with maxima between 0.08 and 0.25 M NaCl and increasing phosphate contents. The ling roe fractions were the most thoroughly analyzed; symmetrical peak fractions of ling containing 3.2, 5.7, 7.2, and 9.5% alkali-labile phosphorus eluted at 0.08, 0.125, 0.185, and 0.225 M sodium chloride. Amino acid analyses of these proteins showed essentially the same serine content and general composition. Cod and flounder phosvitins yielded similar discrete peaks. Salmon phosvitin, however, in analogous chromatography, yielded only one peak, containing approximately 10% phosphorus. In general, amino acid analysis showed a composition similar to hen phosvitin, i.e. deficient in sulfur-containing and low in aromatic amino acids, and histidine. Analysis of partial acid hydrolysates indicated a general similarity among phosvitins from various sources; on hydrolysis of ling phosvitin, strongly negatively charged fractions consisting of blocks of serine phosphate were obtained by high voltage electrophoresis. These results confirm the view that phosvitins are a class of analogously constituted phosphoproteins. The discrete phosphorylation levels of the same backbone structure found in several roe preparations seem to deserve attention.
A methodology for direct quantification of over-ranging length in helical computed tomography with real-time dosimetry

In helical computed tomography (CT), reconstruction information from volumes adjacent to the clinical volume of interest (VOI) is required for proper reconstruction. Previous studies have relied upon either operator console readings or indirect extrapolation of measurements in order to determine the over-ranging length of a scan.(1-5) This paper presents a methodology for the direct quantification of over-ranging dose contributions using real-time dosimetry. A Siemens SOMATOM Sensation 16 multislice helical CT scanner is used with a novel real-time "point" fiber-optic dosimeter system with 10 ms temporal resolution to measure over-ranging length, which is also expressed in dose-length-product (DLP).(6) Film was used to benchmark the exact length of over-ranging. Over-ranging length varied from 4.38 cm at pitch of 0.5 to 6.72 cm at a pitch of 1.5, which corresponds to DLP of 131 to 202 mGy-cm. The dose-extrapolation method of Van der Molen et al. yielded results within 3%, while the console reading method of Tzedakis et al.(2,4) yielded consistently larger over-ranging lengths. From film measurements, it was determined that Tzedakis et al.(2,4) overestimated over-ranging lengths by one-half of beam collimation width. Over-ranging length measured as a function of reconstruction slice thicknesses produced two linear regions similar to previous publications.(1-4) Over-ranging is quantified with both absolute length and DLP, which contributes about 60 mGy-cm or about 10% of DLP for a routine abdominal scan. This paper presents a direct physical measurement of over-ranging length within 10% of previous methodologies.(1-4) Current uncertainties are less than 1%, in comparison with 5% in other methodologies. Clinical implantation can be increased by using only one dosimeter if codependence with console readings is acceptable, with an uncertainty of 1.1% This methodology will be applied to different vendors, models, and postprocessing methods - which have been shown to produce over-ranging lengths differing by 125%.(4)
Identifying Spam Web Pages Based on Content Similarity

The Web provides its users with abundant information. Unfortunately, when a Web search is performed, both users and search engines are faced with an annoying problem: the presence of misleading Web pages, i.e., spamWeb pages, that are ranked among legitimate Web pages. The mixed results downgrade the performance of search engines and frustrate users who are required to filter out useless information. In order to improve the quality of Web searches, the number of spam pages on the Web must be reduced, if they cannot be eradicated entirely. In this paper, we present a novel approach for identifying spam Web pages that have mismatched titles and bodies and/or low percentage of hidden content. By considering the content of Web pages, we develop a spam-detection tool that is (i) reliable, since we can accurately detect 94% of spam/legitimate Web pages, and (ii) computational inexpensive, since the word-correlation factors used for content analysis are precomputed. We have verified that our spam-detection approach outperforms existing anti-spam methods by an average of 10% in terms of F-measure.
Mitral stenosis and left to right shunt at the atrial level. A broadened concept of the Lutembacher syndrome.

Abstract It has been proposed that the concept of Lutembacher's syndrome be broadened by grouping several lesions with similar pathophysiology under the eponym of “Lutembacher physiology.” Four cases are presented: The first was an instance of mitral stenosis and secundum type of interatrial septal defect, which represents the classic lesion. The second case was one of mitral stenosis and an “acquired” interatrial septal defect which was probably created by the stretching of the margins of a patent foramen ovale by an enlarging left atrium. There was a pressure gradient between the two atria and a continuous murmur due to turbulent flow across the defect. Case 3 was one of mitral and tricuspid stenosis with a left to right shunt at the atrial level through a patent foramen ovale. In the fourth case there was mitral stenosis and partial anomalous pulmonary venous drainage. The distinctive clinical findings in each of these cases are discussed in detail. The basic pathophysiology, decompression of a left atrium (whose outlet is obstructed) by a left to right shunt at the atrial level, was similar in all 4 cases.
Institutional Change and M&A in Japan: Diversity Through Deals

This Article offers new perspectives on the market for corporate control, the convergence debate, and Japanese corporate governance. We begin by applying in the corporate governance setting two related insights from other fields: from economics, the theory that there is no universally efficient organizational model; from organizational behavior, evidence that diverse groups outperform homogeneous ones. We then consider the potential for convergence toward a particular governance technology - the market for corporate control - to increase the desirable trait of diversity within economic systems. Takeovers, we argue, are not exclusively a disciplinary device, but also an engine of managerial and legal innovation. We apply these insights to Japan through a detailed examination of previously unexplored data on Japanese M&A. We first link the historically low level of Japanese M&A activity to a thick institutional environment much more complex than the conventional focus on cross-shareholding suggests. Among the more startling findings is the existence of negative control premiums in Japanese tender offers and the role of legal shareholder protections in dampening the market for corporate control. Next, we show how the dearth of takeovers is inextricably linked to the lack of diversity in Japanese corporate practices. We then explore how recent changes in "institutions for deals" in Japan correlate with increased takeover activity, which in turn is linked to the creation of a broader range of governance practices, managerial innovations, and structural shifts in corporate lawmaking processes. The Article concludes by analyzing the implications of our findings for two academic debates: the role of functional substitutes in comparative corporate governance theory, and the impact of legal investor protections on corporate governance patterns.
Normal varieties of combinators

We adopt for the most part the terminology and notation of [1]. A combinator is a term with no free variables. A set of combinators which is both recursively enumerable and closed under s conversion is said to be Visseral ([5]). Given combinators F and G, the variety defined by Fx = Gx is the set of all combinators M such that FM = GM. Such a variety is said to be normal if both F and G are normal. In this note we shall be principally concerned with normal varieties.
A highly scalable massively parallel fast marching method for the Eikonal equation

Abstract The fast marching method is a widely used numerical method for solving the Eikonal equation arising from a variety of scientific and engineering fields. It is long deemed inherently sequential and an efficient parallel algorithm applicable to large-scale practical applications is not available in the literature. In this study, we present a highly scalable massively parallel implementation of the fast marching method using a domain decomposition approach. Central to this algorithm is a novel restarted narrow band approach that coordinates the frequency of communications and the amount of computations extra to a sequential run for achieving an unprecedented parallel performance. Within each restart, the narrow band fast marching method is executed; simple synchronous local exchanges and global reductions are adopted for communicating updated data in the overlapping regions between neighboring subdomains and getting the latest front status, respectively. The independence of front characteristics is exploited through special data structures and augmented status tags to extract the masked parallelism within the fast marching method. The efficiency, flexibility, and applicability of the parallel algorithm are demonstrated through several examples. These problems are extensively tested on six grids with up to 1 billion points using different numbers of processes ranging from 1 to 65536. Remarkable parallel speedups are achieved using tens of thousands of processes. Detailed pseudo-codes for both the sequential and parallel algorithms are provided to illustrate the simplicity of the parallel implementation and its similarity to the sequential narrow band fast marching algorithm.
Is there a relationship between posttraumatic stress and growth after a lymphoma diagnosis

Author(s): Smith, Sophia K; Samsa, Greg; Ganz, Patricia A; Zimmerman, Sheryl | Abstract: ObjectiveThere are conflicting empirical data regarding the relationship between posttraumatic stress (PTS) and growth (PTG) observed in cancer survivors. Clarification of this association could inform evidence-based therapeutic recommendations to promote adjustment in survivors following a cancer diagnosis.MethodsThis cross-sectional study employed standardized measures to examine the association between PTS and PTG in a sample of long-term lymphoma survivors. In addition, associations between PTG and demographic, clinical and psychosocial variables were identified to inform clinical recommendations.ResultsLong-term survivors of non-Hodgkin lymphoma provided informed consent (n = 886; 74% response rate). Subjects averaged 10.2 years post-diagnosis and 62.9 years of age. No significant association was found between the PTS and PTG summary scores. Several demographic and clinical variables (e.g., female gender and greater social support) were independently associated with greater PTG.ConclusionsClinicians are advised to be attentive to psychosocial needs throughout the post-cancer diagnosis adjustment period by screening for PTS symptomatology and recognizing that survivors who report growth may also be highly distressed.
THE ACTION OF NETHALIDE UPON EXPERIMENTALLY INDUCED CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS

Nethalide, a beta adrenergic inhibitor devoid of intrinsic sympathomimetic activity, has been demonstrated to possess antiarrhythmic properties when tested against ouabain or acetylstro-phanthidin-induced arrhythmias. Studies employing the acetylstrophanthidin titration procedure have shown that previous administration of nethalide alters the ability of the myocardium to develop automatic foci. Cardiac arrest or slow ventricular rhythms are more prominent after cardiotoxic doses of acetylstrophanthidin in the animal pretreated with nethalide. That the antiarrhythmic action of nethalide cannot be explained entirely by its ability to produce beta adrenergic blockade has been demonstrated. Although this action may aid in producing antiarrhythmic effects, particularly in adrenergically-induced arrhythmias, it is suggested that nethalide possesses an additional pharmacologic effect to account for its antiarrhythmic action.
Toward the Rational Design of Superoxide Dismutase Mimics: Mechanistic Studies for the Elucidation of Substituent Effects on the Catalytic Activity of Macrocyclic Manganese(II) Complexes

Two new isomeric bis(trans-fused cyclohexano) substituted 1,4,7,10,13-pentaazacyclopentadecane ligands and their Mn(II) complexes, 3 and 4, have been synthesized, and their activity as superoxide dismutase (SOD) catalysts has been studied. Complex 3 is an excellent SOD catalyst with a second-order rate constant at pH = 7.4 of 1.2 × 10+8 M-1 s-1. In contrast, the isomeric complex 4 has virtually no detectable catalytic SOD activity, implying the need to understand the effect that the position, number, and stereochemistry of substituents exert on the catalytic rate. The crystal structure of the complex 4 was determined and reveals that the Mn(II) ion is coordinated in a pentagonal bipyramid array of the five nitrogens of the macrocyclic ligand and capped by two trans-chloro ligands. Crystal data for MnC18H37Cl2N5 are as follows: triclinic at 20 °C, space group P1--Ci2 (no. 2); a = 9.746(3) A, b = 12.631(6) A, c = 11.311(5) A; α = 73.14(4)°, β = 76.39(3)°, γ = 79.98(3)°, V = 1287(1) A3, and Z = 2 (ρcalc = 1....
Effects of acidic deposition on the erosion of carbonate stone — experimental results from the U.S. National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program (NAPAP)

Abstract One of the goals of NAPAP-sponsored research on the effects of acidic deposition on carbonate stone has been to quantify the incremental effects of wet and dry deposition of hydrogen ion, sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides on stone erosion. Test briquettes and slabs of freshly quarried Indiana limestone and Vermont marble have been exposed to ambient environmental conditions in a long-term exposure program. Physical measurements of the recession of test stones exposed to ambient conditions at an angle of 30° to horizontal at the five NAPAP materials exposure sites range from ∼ 15 to ∼ 30 μm yr−1 for marble, and from ∼ 25 to ∼ 45 μm yr−1 for limestone, and are approximately double the recession estimates based on the observed calcium content of run-off solutions from test slabs. The difference between the physical and chemical recession measurements is attributed to the loss of mineral grains from the stone surfaces that are not measured in the run-off experiments. The erosion due to grain loss does not appear to be influenced by rainfall acidity, however, preliminary evidence suggests that grain loss may be influenced by dry deposition of sulfur dioxide between rainfall events. Chemical analyses of the run-off solutions and associated rainfall blanks suggest that ∼ 30% of erosion by dissolution can be attributed to the wet deposition of hydrogen ion and the dry deposition of sulfur dioxide and nitric acid between rain events. The remaining ∼ 70% of erosion by dissolution is accounted for by the solubility of carbonate stone in rain that is in equilibrium with atmospheric carbon dioxide (“clean rain”). These results are for marble and limestone slabs exposed at an angle of 30° from horizontal. The relative contribution of sulfur dioxide to chemical erosion is significantly enhanced for stone slabs having an inclination of 60° or 85°. The dry deposition of alkaline particulate material has a mitigating effect at the two urban field exposure sites at Washington, DC, and Steubenville, OH.
Understanding and reducing work-family conflict in the hospitality industry.

Due the nature of the industry, hospitality workers often face work-family conflict (WFC) issues. If not managed properly, WFC can produce many detrimental consequences, including decreased employee performance, job dissatisfaction, lateness, absenteeism, and high turnover. This article synthesizes pertinent WFC literature and explicates a series of measures for reducing WFC in hospitality firms. Future research directions are also identified.
Caveat emptor: rank transform methods and interaction

When distributional assumptions for analysis of variance are suspect, and nonparametric methods are unavailable, ecologists frequently employ rank transformation (RT) methods. The technique replaces observations by their ranks, which are then analysed using standard parametric tests. RT methods are widely recommended in statistics texts and in manuals for packages like SAS and IMSL. They are robust and powerful for the analysis of additive factorial designs. Recently, however, RT methods have been found to be grossly inappropriate for use with non-additive models. This severe limitation remains largely unreported outside of the theoretical statistics literature. Our goal is to explain this shortcoming of RT methods.
Scalar irradiance estimation from downward and upward plane irradiance measurements

anisotropic angular scattering behavior is known, which is not a bad approximation sincePetzold5 has shown that the angular shape of the scattering function is reasonably similarfor different open ocean waters.The objective of this investigation is to use the asymptotic two-stream radiative transferequations to develop an implicit (i.e., iterative) method for estimating the scalar irradianceand a second parameter. One possibility for the second parameter is a source, in which case
Combustion and material characterization of porous silicon nanoenergetics

Certain porous silicon (PS) structures have demonstrated energetic characteristics when mixed with an appropriate oxidizer [1-4]. However, limited studies on the effect of PS structure on its combustion have been performed. This work investigates how various material properties of PS films; surface area, porosity and pore size, affect the combustion process. With pore sizes in the range of 2.6-5.2 nm and surface area reaching over 900 m2/g, these materials are capable of considerably fast reactions. Combustion characterization is performed through high speed imaging at a rate of 930,000 frames per second. Propagation speeds in the current study range from 300-1950 m/s, and some relationships between the pore characteristics and the propagation velocity are observed.
Thyrotropic activity in the serum of euthyroid, treated hyperthyroid and postoperative hypothyroid patients.

The bio-assay technique for thyrotropin (TSH) described by Adams and Purves and modified by MeKenzie was found to have a sensitivity of 0.02 milliunit of TSH (with an injection volume of 0.5 ml.) and an average index of precision of 0.247. With this technique, TSH was detected in the sera of 16 out of 20 euthyroid subjects (0.084–0.175 mu. per ml.). The daily variation of the serum TSH level in 4 euthyroid subjects was only slight over a period of five days. Most of the thyrotropic activity (bovine TSH) added in vitro was recovered from the sera of euthyroid subjects and patients with Graves' disease. A rise in serum TSH concentration was noted at two and four hours after the intramuscular injection of heterologous TSH (10 USP units), with a return to the original level six hours after the injection. The maximal increase in TSH concentration was twofold. In 9 of 10 patients with Graves' disease, thyroidectomy had little effect on the serum TSH level at twenty-four and forty-eight hours after operation, bu...
Reinforcement Mechanism of Nanofilled Polymer Melts As Elucidated by Nonlinear Viscoelastic Behavior

Nonlinear viscoelastic properties are reported for composites of fumed silica with various surface treatments and matrices of poly(vinyl acetate) of different molecular weights as well as a copolymer matrix of vinyl acetate and vinyl alcohol. Data above the glass transition temperature are reported here. The increase in the composite storage and loss moduli measured at low strains, and their relative rates of decrease with strain, are found to depend on filler surface treatment. The nonlinear behavior of the loss factor with strain is dramatically altered by filler treatment and quite revealing as to the likely mechanism causing the nonlinearity. In addition, the relative reinforcement and the degree of nonlinearity are found to be the highest for the lowest molecular weight matrices. The effect of copolymer substitution for the homopolymer matrix is equivalent to an increase in molecular weight. The primary underlying mechanism for reinforcement and nonlinear behavior appears to be the filler−matrix inte...
A probabilistic model for the MRMC method, part 2: validation and applications.

Rationale and Objectives We have previously described a probabilistic model for the multiple-reader, multiple-case paradigm for receiver operating characteristic analysis. When the figure of merit is the Wilcoxon statistic, this model returns a seven-term expansion for the variance of this statistic as a function of the numbers of cases and readers. This probabilistic model also provides expressions for the coefficients in the seven-term expansion in terms of expectations over the internal noise, readers, and cases. Finally, this probabilistic model sets bounds on both the overall variance of the Wilcoxon statistic and the individual coefficients. Materials and Methods In this article, we will first validate the probabilistic model by comparing variances determined by direct computation of the expansion coefficients to empirical estimates of the variance using independent sampling. Validation of the probabilistic model will enable us to use the direct estimates of the expansion coefficients as a gold standard to compare other coefficient-estimation techniques. Next, we develop a coefficient-estimation technique that employs bootstrapping to estimate the Wilcoxon statistic variance for different numbers of readers and cases. We then employ constrained, least-squares fitting techniques to estimate the expansion coefficients. The constraints used in this fitting are derived directly from the probabilistic model. Results Using two different simulation studies, we show that the novel (and practical) bootstrapping/fitting technique returns estimates of the coefficients that are consistent with the gold standard. Conclusion The results presented also serve to validate the seven-term expansion for the variance of the Wilcoxon statistic.
Factors influencing the effectiveness of local versus national protection of migratory species: a case study of lake sturgeon in the Great Lakes, North America

Abstract As political administrations change, the focus on state versus federal management of endangered species can also shift. I present a case study evaluating the effectiveness of state protection of a migratory species in the absence of federal protection. The lake sturgeon, Acipenser fulvescens, in the Great Lakes Basin (North America), migrates across state, tribal, and international boundaries. The legislation, as well as its implementation, for the protection of endangered species in each state bordering the Great Lakes is evaluated and compared to the federal Endangered Species Act. The impact of state versus federal protection on tribal and international jurisdictions is assessed. Consistency in regulations among the states and countries varies. Of the eight states examined in this analysis, four extend protection to the level of species, two to subspecies, and two to populations. Many of the states have not explicitly included the destruction of habitat as a form of take. Citizen suits are permitted in three of the states examined, permitting citizen oversight of endangered species management. State endangered species legislation appears to be weaker than federal legislation. Despite this apparent weakness, state management of the lake sturgeon has been successful. Jurisdictional coordination through the Great Lakes Fishery Commission and voluntary management efforts have helped facilitate this success.
Influence of viral infection in the murine orthotopic tracheal transplantation model in the development of Obliterative Airway Disease (OAD)

chamber size, and a leftward shift of both systolic and diastolic force-length relationships. Computer-assisted volume reduction led to optimized ventricular reshaping and increased systolic force-length relationships (apex: 60 7%, middle: 70 9%, basis 64 8%, p 0.05). Thus, computer modelling allowed the optimization of preoperative planning and maximalizing force-length relationships intraopratively. Furthermore, free wall plication can be performed without cardiopulmonary bypass and thereby provides a less invasive approach for ventricular reconstruction.
The orientation of amorphous chains in spherulites

A theory for amorphous orientation in spherulitic polymers is presented based upon a consideration of conformational changes in the chains, loops, and cilia located between crystalline lamellae within a spherulite which is assumed to undergo an affine deformation. Chain statistics are worked out on the basis of (a) an analytical method involving random walks on a cubic lattice between barriers following a technique proposed by DiMarzio and Rubin and (b) a Monte Carlo computer simulation on a tetrahedral lattice. The latter method is considered more appropriate in view of the chain constraints such that lattice geometry becomes important. Values of the amorphous orientation are calculated as a function of the degree of crystallinity, initial lamellar separation, mole fraction of bonds in amorphous chains of each type, and chain lengths of each type of amorphous chain. It is found that tie chains are the principal contributor to amorphous orientation and the amount increases with increasing fraction and decreasing length of these. Results are compared with measurements of amorphous orientation by the birefringence x-ray and the infrared dichroism technique. It is concluded that the tie chains must be initially quite highly elongated and that the assumed affineness of spherulite deformation is not closely obeyed.
One-step lithography for various size patterns with a hybrid mask-mold

Nanoimprint lithography (NIL) has been successfully employed in nanoscale patterning, however, it is known to have limitations in replicating large-scale (hundreds of microns and larger) and nanoscale patterns simultaneously. In this letter, we present a novel lithographic technique that integrates photolithography into the NIL patterning process. This technique uses a hybrid mask-mold that has large metal pads embedded in a transparent NIL mold. Such a hybrid mold allows both large-and nanoscale patterns to be replicated in one step by a combination of imprinting and photolithography. In addition, this new technique offers the advantages of simplifying residual layer distribution and avoiding NIL failures resulting from insufficient polymer flow.
Generation and graphical analysis of Mandelbrot and Julia sets in more than four dimensions

Abstract A method to define and generate Mandelbrot and Julia sets in more than four dimensions is presented. A doubling process is used to create from the set of real numbers a hypercomplex number system of arbitrary dimension. Since the new number system is closed under addition and multiplication, it can be used to generate Mandelbrot and Julia sets of corresponding dimension. Generation of these sets in more than four dimensions is discussed. A graphical analysis manifests the sets are fractal in these higher dimensions. Symmetrical properties of Mandelbrot and Julia sets are observed and reported.
An analytic framework for developing inherently-manufacturable pop-up laminate devices

Spurred by advances in manufacturing technologies developed around layered manufacturing technologies such as PC-MEMS, SCM, and printable robotics, we propose a new analytic framework for capturing the geometry of folded composite laminate devices and the mechanical processes used to manufacture them. These processes can be represented by combining a small set of geometric operations which are general enough to encompass many different manufacturing paradigms. Furthermore, such a formulation permits one to construct a variety of geometric tools which can be used to analyze common manufacturability concepts, such as tool access, part removability, and device support. In order to increase the speed of development, reduce the occurrence of manufacturing problems inherent with current design methods, and reduce the level of expertise required to develop new devices, the framework has been implemented in a new design tool called popupCAD, which is suited for the design and development of complex folded laminate devices. We conclude with a demonstration of utility of the tools by creating a folded leg mechanism.
Testosterone-"regulon" in the mouse kidney.

Proximal tubule cells of the mouse kidney (metanephros) are normally extremely responsive to testosterone and its intracellular metabolites. The X-linked Tfm mutation recovered by Lyon and Hawkes seems to represent an is (repressor noninducible) mutation of the regulatory locus.
Effects of halothane, enflurane, and isoflurane on laryngeal receptors in dogs

Abstract The effects of halothane, enflurane, and isoflurane on laryngeal receptors were investigated in 6 anethetized dogs breathing spontaneously through a tracheostomy. Single unit actiion potentials were recorded from the peripheral cut end of the superior laryngeal nerve (SLN) while different concentrations of volatile anesthetics (1.25, 2.5., 5.0%) were administered in the expiratory direction at a constant air-flow (6 1/min) for 1 min through the functionally isolated upper airway. A total of 21 respiratory-modulated mechanoreceptors, 18 “irritant” receptors, and 7 cold receptors were studied. The overall results obtained from the 16 respiratory-modulated mechanoreceptors challenged with the 3 anesthetic gases disclosed a prevalent inhibitory effect and halothane proved to be the most effective of the 3 gases. The activity during both the inspiratory and expiratory phase was significantly reduced only by halothane (inspiratory phase, P
Activity, stability and hydrocarbon deactivation of Fe/Beta catalyst for SCR of NO with ammonia

Abstract The catalytic activities of Fe/Beta (i.e., by incipient wetness impregnation) zeolite catalysts with various Fe loadings were investigated for the selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of nitric oxide by ammonia. Their stabilities and deactivation behavior were studied via hydrothermal aging and hydrocarbon coking. The results showed that NO conversion over 2.5 wt% Fe/Beta catalyst could reach 97.0% in the temperature range of 300–500 °C at a high space velocity (1.9 × 10 5 h −1 ). The Fe/Beta catalyst showed stability up to a hydrothermal aging temperature of 750 °C. XRD results showed that the structure of Fe/Beta was altered by hydrothermal aging over 750 °C, with significant de-alumination as well as a decrease of lattice constants at 900 °C. The catalysts after deactivation by the presence of propylene could be fully regenerated by burning off the coke in the reactants over 450 °C or in air at 550 °C. It was found that the deposition of carbon species on Fe/Beta decreased its activity for forming NO 2 as evidenced by FTIR. XPS results showed that the introduction of C 3 H 6 in the reactants resulted in partial reduction of Fe 2+ thereby decreased the activity of Fe/Beta for NO SCR.
Results and Complications of Limbal Trephination and Subscleral Trephination (Trabeculectomy)

Limbal trephinations on 395 eyes were followed postoperatively for six months to 19 years. Excellent results were obtained in patients over the age of 35, particularly those in the 50 and older age group, with chronic open-angle and chronic angle-closure glaucoma. Results were poor in younger age groups and in those with secondary glaucoma, particularly where it was associated with inflammatory disease. A review of 78 limbal trephinations in individuals over 55 and 77 trabeculectomies (67 under age 55 and ten over age 55) indicated that in younger age groups the overall results were nearly the same with trabeculectomies as with limbal trephination but that the subscleral operation is probably safer, especially in younger people with longer life expectancy, and permits freer use of contact lenses postoperatively.
Social Discount Rates from Stratospheric Ozone Control

We develop a model of optimal project timing to infer the discount rate US residents attach to investments in stratospheric ozone preservation. In this model, the calendar date at which preservation-related benefits offset costs is shown to be an increasing function of the real social rate of time preference. Estimates of US costs and benefits associated with the original (1987) Montreal Protocol are used to determine a range of discount rates from the US control of stratospheric ozone depletion. From this example the range is about 3.0 to 8.77 per cent.
Evidence for a stress-induced incommensurate-to-commensurate charge-density-wave transition in TaS3.

We have measured the nonlinear conductivity, the thermopower, and the narrow-band noise in ${\mathrm{TaS}}_{3}$ as a function of elastic strain \ensuremath{\varepsilon} along the chain axis. Both the thermopower and the charge-density-wave (CDW) conductivity are dependent on the temperature and \ensuremath{\varepsilon} history of the sample. There are indications that the CDW becomes commensurate at \ensuremath{\varepsilon}\ensuremath{\approxeq}0.5%, where (at most temperatures) (1) there is a maximum in the threshold field for nonlinear conductivity, (2) there are anomalies in the thermopower and resistance, and (3) the narrow-band noise disappears.
Estimated confidence procedures for multivariate normal means

Abstract In estimation of a p -variate normal mean with identify covariance matrix, confidence sets recentered at Stein-type estimators have larger coverage probability then the usual confidence ellipsoids (see Hwang and Casella (1982)). However, the minimum coverage probability (say 1 − α) of these improved sets is identical to that of the usual sets, so that only 1 − α can be actually reported. Data dependent estimated confidence coefficients, 1 − Ĝa( X ), can be found which (I) have frequentist validity, (II) are always larger than 1 − α, and (III) dominate the report of 1 − α via quadratic scoring.
A fast integral equation method for simulating high-field radio frequency coil arrays in magnetic resonance imaging

A fast full-wave numerical approach was developed for simulating high-field multi-channel radio-frequency (RF) receive coil arrays in magnetic resonance imaging. To improve the efficiency, the impedance matrix was compressed by a multilevel adaptive cross approximation method. Furthermore, careful organization of multiple coil simulations was applied so that the impedance matrix associated with biological subjects is constructed and pre-conditioned only once. Numerical examples demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed approach for RF coil simulations.
Himalayan T Waves in the Congenital Long-QT Syndrome

A 26-year-old woman with congenital deafness and a lifelong “seizure disorder” presented to the emergency department with 15 episodes of syncope. She was 1 week postpartum. The ECG showed normal sinus rhythm, markedly prolonged QT …
Evaluation of a Carbonic Anhydrase Mimic for Industrial Carbon Capture

Zinc(II) cyclen, a small molecule mimic of the enzyme carbonic anhydrase, was evaluated under rigorous conditions resembling those in an industrial carbon capture process: high pH (>12), nearly saturated salt concentrations (45% K2CO3) and elevated temperatures (100–130 °C). We found that the catalytic activity of zinc cyclen increased with increasing temperature and pH and was retained after exposure to a 45% w/w K2CO3 solution at 130 °C for 6 days. However, high bicarbonate concentrations markedly reduced the activity of the catalyst. Our results establish a benchmark level of stability and provide qualitative insights for the design of improved small-molecule carbon capture catalysts.
The modified decomposition method applied to unsteady flow of gas through a porous medium

In this paper, an analytic solution for the unsteady flow of gas through a porous medium is constructed. Our approach rests on the recently developed modification of the Adomian decomposition method. The diagonal Pade approximants are effectively used in the analysis to capture the essential behavior of y(x) and to determine the initial slope y^'(0). The proposed scheme avoids the complexity provided by using perturbation techniques.
Bargaining and regulation with asymmetric information about demand and supply

Abstract Rate regulation is studied as a bargaining process in which consumers and the firm negotiate output and payments under asymmetric information. The feasible set of transactions given incentive compatibility and individual rationality constraints is characterized. The set of interim incentive efficient mechanisms for the direct revelation game is also characterized. Sufficient conditions are given for efficient mechanisms to be full information efficient. Efficient mechanisms are identified which correspond to nonlinear monopoly pricing, monosony compensation schedules, and the Baron-Myerson regulation model.
A Case Study in Monitoring Hospital-Associated Infections with Count Control Charts

﻿Hospital-associated infections are a major concern in the medical community, but traditional methods of analysis are often inadequate. It is shown here how the cumulative sum (CUSUM) chart for counted data and the g-type chart may be applied to infecti..
‘Structure’ in Educational Theory

(The author takes up the point reached in Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 15–3 1, in which he considered A: How Philosophy of Curriculum Construes The Structure of inquiry, and went on to discuss certain aspects of B: The Problem of Selecting from the Structure of the Disciplines for Creating the School Curriculum. Now the author completes his discussion of B, and proceeds to C: How This Selection is Structured for Purposes of Teaching and Learning. -Ed.)
Assessment Of Technologies For Stray Light Control And Evaluation

The importance and description of the control and suppression of stray light has been discussed and reviewed in several articles. The two basic methods of reducing stray light are by directional control and suppression through absorption. The added complexity of advanced optical systems due to more strigent requirements and longer lifetimes require an evaluation of the effectiveness of these methods. The type and accuracy of Bi-directional Reflectance Distribution Function (BRDF) databases will be addressed. Extra-polation of data to other wavelength regions will require credible scattering theories and scaling relations. An assessment of the type and need of facilities for stray light measurements at both the component and system level will be made. Contamination criteria are becoming increasingly important with longer lifetimes and will be discussed with respect to cryodeposition and outgassing of materials defined by system design. Approaches of evaluation of the stray light rejection characteristics of a total optical system will be compared and assessed. Tradeoffs and advantages of experimental measurements will be made. Trends in computer simulations will be identified.
In vivo lens density measurements using the IntraOptics opacity lensmeter.

Abstract We evaluated 589 eyes using the IntraOptics opacity lensmeter 701. Twenty-one eyes contained poly(methyl methacrylate) intraocular lenses. The patients in the phakic group (578 eyes), who had no ocular pathology other than refractive error or cataracts, averaged 60.3 years of age, had an average visual acuity of 20/30, and displayed an average lens density as measured with the opacity lensmeter of 22.09. The data were analyzed for the effect of age upon density using various regression models. The best fit was obtained with an exponential model: Density = 6.2 x e ( 0.02 x Age ), with a correlation coefficient of 0.759. The average density for the pseudophakic group (mean age = 68.5) was 9.23. Neither cortical nor posterior suhcapsular cataracts were well recorded. Our results indicate that the IntraOptics opacity lensmeter is a rapid and accurate instrument for documenting nuclear cataract changes. The opacity lensmeter may prove useful not only as a clinical tool for monitoring cataract progression but also as an “electronic” second opinion.
Performance of different tench, Tinca tinca (L.), groups under semi-intensive pond conditions: it is worth establishing a coordinated breeding program

Two trials of the performance (growth, survival, dress out) of a number of different tench breeds/groups were conducted to elucidate the implications for the establishment of a coordinated breeding program. The first trial with a top-crossing scheme had to be concluded after 1st wintering. Age 1 + hybrids of Romanian-R breed with Tabor-T, Vodnany-V and Hungarian-H breeds displayed significantly better performance in weight and/or survival when compared to pure Romanian population (e.g., weight in R × T = 27.7 ± 11.1 g vs. R × R = 21.9 ± 8.6 g; or survival in R × V = 92.3% vs. R × R = 47.7%). The second trial with Czech breeds (Vodnany-V; Hluboka-HL; Velke Mezirici-VM and Tabor-T) revealed a very good growth in Hluboka breed. Weight of HL breed compared to Vodnany breed, representing the lowest growth, was 95.7, 103.3, and 40.5% higher after the 2nd growing season, the 2nd wintering and the 3rd growing season, respectively. Performance in survival and dress out at market size differed significantly between breeds as well, even if not corresponding always with growth performance. In conclusion the establishment of a coordinated breeding program, taking into account the origin of tench, might be useful tool for the improvement of tench production.
Teaching a “mooc:” Experiences from the front line

The course Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering was recast for an massively open online course (MOOC) environment and taught beginning in January 2013 using the Coursera platform. Enrollment grew throughout the course's twelve week duration, ending up at over 34,000 registrants. Of these about 4,000 were watching videos at the course's end and 500 were working the problem sets. Recasting the course for the MOOC teaching scenario is estimated to have taken about 500 man-hours and supporting the course while it was active is estimated to have consumed another 400 hours. While preparing video lectures took most of this time, the aspect of the course requiring the most inventiveness was composing problems for the homework because of issues related to computerized grading, necessary because of the massive number of students.
Stars of bosons with non-minimal energy-momentum tensor

Abstract We obtain spherically symmetric solutions for scalar fields with a non-minimal coupling ξ|o|2R to gravity. We find, for zero-node fields of mass m, maximum masses and number of particles of order M max ∼0.73ξ 1 2 M 2 Planck /m , and N max ∼0.88 ξ 1 2 × M 2 Planck /m 2 respectively, for large positive ξ. For large negative ξ we find M max ∼0.66|ξ| 1 2 M 2 Planck /m , and N max ∼0.72|ξ| 1 2 × M 2 /m 2 Planck . We also calculate the critical mass and particle number for higher radial nodes of the scalar field and find that both quantities grow approximately linearly for large node number n.