cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
COMMERCIAL ARBITRATION OR COURT APPLICATION OF COMMON LAW RULES OF MARKETING

Mr. Justice Holmes has referred to a "noble instinct of scientific curiosity to understand why we maintain what now is." "But," he adds, "most even of the enlightened reformers that I hear or read seem to me . . . to become rhetorical just where I want figures."2 It is the purpose of this paper, first: to raise the question why, in the light of facts and figures, we have certain common law rules that affect the activity of marketing goods, and second: to ascertain to what extent these rules are, and may continue to be, what Professor Commons3 calls actual "working rules" in the business community. Suppose a shipper consigns provisions to X, who receives them on a term-credit, but refuses to pay the agreed purchase price on the due date. If the shipper considers court action in New York he should be advised that he cannot have a trial of the issues before the first of 1929 if the case is docketed at once (extraordinary cases advanced on certificates of special importance excepted). On January I, I924, according to figures of Mr. Justice Guy of the New York Supreme Court,4 the trial calendars of the New York Supreme Court contained over 27,000 untried cases. With the judicial machinery operating at top speed, and counting outside settlements and discontinuances, somewhere between eight and ten thousand cases can be disposed of in a year.5 The I924 figures just quoted also show that the annual addition to the calendars is between ten and fifteen thousand new cases. This is the situation in New York while the taxpayers main-
Characterization of Alloy Electrocatalysts by Combined Low-Energy Ion Scattering Spectroscopy and Electrochemistry

A fuel cell can be thought of as a cold-combustion power source that generates electrical energy directly from (stored) chemical energy. Due to minimal heat transfers, it is unfettered by conversion-efficiency limitations characteristic of hot-combustion devices. Unlike batteries, but similar to internal combustion engines, a fuel cell is a continuous-flow system in which fuel and oxidant are externally supplied for operation. In a functional hydrogen-fuel cell, H2 gas is introduced through feed plates to the anode compartment. At the same time, but to the cathode in a separate chamber, O2 gas delivered.
EDUCATION ABOUT AGING: A RATIONALE

Based on a review of studies on children's and adolescents’ attitudes and conceptions about aging and older people and on studies analyzing media content such as children's literature, textbooks, and public television programs to determine how older persons are portrayed, a rationale is provided for systematic education about aging in the public schools of the United States.
Constraining variations in the fine-structure constant with the cosmic microwave background

Any time variation in the fine-structure constant alters the ionization history of the universe and therefore changes the pattern of cosmic microwave background fluctuations. We calculate the changes in the spectrum of these fluctuations as a function of the change in $\ensuremath{\alpha}$, and we find that these changes are dominated by the change in the redshift of recombination due to the shift in the binding energy of hydrogen. We estimate the accuracy with which the next generation of cosmic microwave background experiments might constrain any variation in $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ at $z\ensuremath{\sim}1000$. We find that such experiments could potentially be sensitive to $|\ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{\alpha}/\ensuremath{\alpha}|\ensuremath{\sim}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}2}\ensuremath{-}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$.
Primary prophylaxis of esophageal variceal bleeding: an endoscopic approach.

Recent guidelines recommend that patients diagnosed with cirrhosis have endoscopy to screen for varices. Beta-blocker therapy or endoscopic variceal ligation is recommended for those with moderate-large varices that have not bled. This paper reviews the evidence supporting the use of endoscopic ligation rather than beta-blockers for primary prophylaxis in these patients. Ligation is an effective treatment for the prevention of bleeding among patients with esophageal varices that have never bled. A metaanalysis of 5 randomized trials with mean follow-up of 23 months revealed a significant decrease in first variceal bleeding (RR = 0.36, 95% CI, 0.26–0.50; number-needed-to-treat (NNT) = 4) and mortality (RR = 0.55, 0.43–0.71; NNT = 5 )a s compared to no therapy[1]. Beta-blockers are also effective in decreasing first variceal bleeding (NNT = 11), with a trend to decreased mortality, compared to placebo or inactive therapy in meta-analysis of 11 randomized trials with median follow-up of 24 months [2]. Issues to consider in deciding whether to choose endoscopic ligation or beta-blocker therapy include efficacy, safety/tolerability, patient preference, and cost/cost-effectiveness.
Monte Carlo simulation of hydrodynamic drag and thermophoresis of fractal aggregates of spheres in the free-molecule flow regime

Abstract The hydrodynamic drag and thermophoretic properties of fractal-like aggregates of spheres in the free-molecular flow regime are examined using a Monte Carlo method. A modification of the sampling procedure that is used to assign velocities to the computational molecules is developed, and allows for a relatively fast and accurate determination of the particle transport properties for small-Mach number (i.e., slow-moving) conditions. Aggregate targets in the simulation are generated using an algorithm which mimics cluster–cluster aggregation, and simulations are performed on aggregates with a range of fractal dimensions and structure factors. The results indicate that for fractal dimensions in the range of D f = 1.7 –2.0, the hydrodynamic radius of the aggregate scales as a m ∼ aN S 0.47 , in which a is the sphere radius and N S is the number of spheres. Results also show that the thermophoretic velocity of a randomly-oriented aggregate will be slightly larger than that of the isolated spheres. The enhancement in velocity increases with N S , yet for relatively large-scale aggregates with N S = 3000 the increase is only around a factor of 1.08.
Stratification and Prestige Hierarchies in Graduate and Professional Education

Earlier research indicates that the “academic hierarchy” encourages and reflects both meritocratic standards and long-standing status distinctions. Using a nationwide survey of graduate and professional students, this study considers the relative and independent influence of students' social class, sex, race, undergraduate achievement, and rank of undergraduate institution attended on rank of graduate or professional school they attend. Students in the total group, universities and colleges, as well as public and private institutions are examined. Analysis of covariance results suggest that undergraduate rank is the strongest predictor of rank of institution attended. Attendance at highly ranked undergraduate institutions predicts appropriate location at prestigious graduate and professional schools. Level of undergraduate achievement also has independent effects. Higher achievement predicts attendance at both highly ranked and slightly lower ranked institutions. Social class influences location in the academic hierarchy, but in an unexpected direction. Working class students often attend higher ranked schools than their upper middle and middle class counterparts. Findings show that men and women attend similarly ranked institutions, and female students attend higher ranked schools than males. The independent effects of race also indicate that racial groups attend different as well as similarly ranked institutions. Finally, limited interactions of three independent variables show that expected merit, social class, and sex advantages do not persist for all students.
Synaptology of three peptidergic neuron types in the central nucleus of the rat amygdala

The synaptology of neurotensin (NT)-, somatostatin (SS)- and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP)-immunoreactive neurons was studied in the central nucleus of the rat amygdala (CNA). Three types of axon terminals formed synaptic contacts with peptide-immunoreactive neurons in the CNA: Type A terminals containing many round or oval vesicles; Type B terminals containing many pleomorphic vesicles; and Type C terminals containing fewer, pleomorphic vesicles. Peptide-immunoreactive terminals were type A. All three types of terminals formed symmetrical axosomatic and asymmetrical axodendritic contacts. However, type B and peptide-immunoreactive terminals frequently formed symmetrical axodendritic synaptic contacts. VIP-immunoreactive terminals also formed asymmetrical axodendritic contacts. SS- and NT-immunoreactive terminals commonly formed symmetrical contacts on SS- and NT-immunoreactive cell bodies, respectively. VIP-immunoreactive axon terminals were postsynaptic to nonreactive terminals. Type B terminals appeared more frequently on VIP neurons than on NT or SS neurons.
Development of ELISA on microplate for serum C-reactive protein and establishment of age-dependent normal reference range.

Background: C-reactive protein (CRP), a marker of systemic inflammation, has been proposed to predict outcome in patients with unstable angina; and elevated levels of CRP were found to be associated with an increased risk of coronary events. Methods: Two enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) of different sensitivities were developed on microplate for CRP. Both ELISA established used Dako polyclonal anti-CRP antibody for coating and Dako horse radish peroxidase (HRP)-conjugated polyclonal anti-CRP antibody for detection. Results: The sensitivity of the high and regular sensitivity ELISA was 0.16 and 0.6 mg/l, respectively. Our assays demonstrated an excellent correlation with commercial CRP assays performed on a Behring Nephelometer Analyzer II (BNII) at both regular and ultrasensitive levels, with both correlation coefficients above 0.98 and slopes of approximately 1. Using our microplate assays, we established normal reference value for serum CRP. Based on ANOVA statistical test, we found that the mean±S.D. was 1.3±1.27 mg/l (n=202) for normal individuals of 50–80 years and 0.43±0.42 mg/l (n=148) for the group of 20–50 years. Conclusions: The normal serum CRP mean concentrations for two age groups were distinctively different (p value<0.001). Our study suggests two different normal cutoffs of serum CRP to be employed for individuals in different age groups.
99mTc HMPAO SPECT prediction of conversion from mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer's disease

D. P. Devanand, M.D., Ronald L. Van Heertum, M.D., Lawrence S. Kegeles, M.D., Ph.D., Xinhua Liu, Ph.D., Zong Hao Jin, Gnanavalli Pradhaban, M.B.B.S., Henry Rusinek, Ph.D., Mali Pratap, M.B.B.S., Gregory H. Pelton, M.D., Isak Prohovnik, Ph.D., Yaakov Stern, Ph.D., J. John Mann, M.D., and Ramin Parsey, M.D., Ph.D. Divisions of Geriatric Psychiatry and Molecular Imaging, New York State Psychiatric Institute, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University; the Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center and the Departments of Neurology and Radiology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University and the Taub Institute for Research in Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York; Department of Biostatistics, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York; New York University Medical Center, New York; and the Departments of Psychiatry and Radiology, Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, NY
Quantum efficiency enhancement in CsI/metal photocathodes

Abstract High quantum efficiency enhancement is found for hybrid metal-insulator photocathodes consisting of thin films of CsI deposited on Cu(1 0 0), Ag(1 0 0), Au(1 1 1) and Au films irradiated by 266 nm laser pulses. Low work functions (near or below 2 eV) are observed following ultraviolet laser activation. Work functions are reduced by roughly 3 eV from that of clean metal surfaces. We discuss various mechanisms of quantum efficiency enhancement for alkali halide/metal photocathode systems and conclude that the large change in work function, due to Cs accumulation of Cs metal at the metal–alkali halide interface, is the dominant mechanism for quantum efficiency enhancement.
In Situ Characterization of the Nitridation of Dysprosium during Mechanochemical Processing

Processing of advanced nitride ceramics traditionally requires long durations at high temperatures and, in some cases, in hazardous atmospheres. In this study, dysprosium mononitride (DyN) was rapidly formed from elemental dysprosium in a closed system at ambient temperatures. An experimental procedure was developed to quantify the progress of the nitridation reaction during mechanochemical processing in a high energy planetary ball mill (HEBM) as a function of milling time and intensity using in situ temperature and pressure measurements, SEM, XRD, and particle size analysis. No intermediate phases were formed. It was found that the creation of fresh dysprosium surfaces dictates the rate of the nitridation reaction, which is a function of milling intensity and the number of milling media. These results show clearly that high purity nitrides can be synthesized with short processing times at low temperatures in a closed system requiring a relatively small processing footprint.
Identification of the hypothalamic site through which locus coeruleus axons decussate to reach and stimulate contralateral LH-RH neurons

Recently we reported that locus coeruleus (LC) electrical stimulation (ES) amplifies the quantity of LH released after prior medial preoptic nucleus (MPN)-electrochemical stimulation (ECS). In these studies we also observed that amplification of LH release occurred only when we activated those LC neurons whose cell bodies reside contralateral to the site of MPN-ECS. Seemingly, stimulatory LC axons decussate to reach contralateral hypothalamic regions which contain LH-RH neurons. The purpose of the present study was to identify the site(s) at which such decussation(s) occur. To accomplish this we used a special knife blade to make gross transsections in hypothalamic regions previously described by others as regions where LC decussations occur. Transection 1 (T1) interrupted axons coursing through the medial forebrain bundle (MFB) in the region of the posterior lateral hypothalamus. This transection was placed ipsilateral to the side of LC-ES and it had no effect on LH patterns or concentrations which were released by MPN-ECS. However, T1 completely blocked the amplifying effects of LC stimulation on LH secretion after MPN-ECS. Transection 2 (T2) was placed in the region of the MPN, parallel to the superior sagittal sinus. The knife blade was lowered in midline to the top of the 3rd ventricle and transected all fibers which cross midline within and around the anterior commissure. LH release following MPN-ECS was not appreciably affected in these rats nor did T2 alter the amplifying effects of LC-ES on LH. However, while plasma LH peaked between 60 and 75 min and then declined towards baseline in MPN + LC-stimulated rats, it remained significantly elevated throughout the remainder of the blood collection periods (180 min) in rats receiving combined MPN + LC and T2. Transection 3 (T3) also was placed in the MPN region and differed from T2 only in that we lowered the knife to the base of the sphenoid bone. Thus, T3 disrupted all fibers which cross midline in the AC region and dorsal to the optic chiasm (dorsal supraoptic decussation of LC axons). This transection did not affect LH release evoked by MPN-ECS but completely eliminated the amplifying effects of LC stimulation after MPN-ECS on LH secretion. These data indicate that stimulatory LC axons which affect LH-RH neuronal activity enter the hypothalamus ipsilateral to the site of LC-ES and then project rostrally in the MFB to the lateral preoptic area.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
A Review of Fire Interactions and Mass Fires

The character of a wildland fire can change dramatically in the presence of another nearby fire. Understanding and predicting the changes in behavior due to fire-fire interactions cannot only be life-saving to those on the ground, but also be used to better control a prescribed fire to meet objectives. In discontinuous fuel types, such interactions may elicit fire spread where none otherwise existed. Fire-fire interactions occur naturally when spot fires start ahead of the main fire and when separate fire events converge in one location. Interactions can be created intentionally during prescribed fires by using spatial ignition patterns. Mass fires are among the most extreme examples of interactive behavior. This paper presents a review of the detailed effects of fire-fire interaction in terms of merging or coalescence criteria, burning rates, flame dimensions, flame temperature, indraft velocity, pulsation, and convection column dynamics. Though relevant in many situations, these changes in fire behavior have yet to be included in any operational-fire models or decision support systems.
The cell life cycle during early embryogenesis of the mouse elfriede

Abstract The autoradiographic labeling patterns for DNA synthesis after a 15 min pulse of 3H-thymidine show that the cell life cycles for mouse embryos between the two- and 16-cell stages lack a G1 period. During morulae and blastocyst stages 80 % of the cells are labeled by a 15 min pulse of 3H-thymidine, demonstrating that the GI period is very short and possibly absent during these later stages of development. Subsequent to the two-cell stage, the G2 period is very short.
Expression of the differentiation antigen F7D6 in tumorous tissues of Drosophila

The 63-kDa antigen recognized by the monoclonal antibody F7D6 is present in all Drosophila embryonic cells and disappears from most tissues as each one reaches its final, differentiated state. Larval tissues lose the antigen around the time of hatching, imaginal tissues lose it during metamorphosis, and germ cells lose it during gametogenesis (Bedian et al: Devel Biol 115:105-118, 1986). The nervous system and spontaneously contracting musculature of the gut and gonads are exceptions and remain antigen positive at all stages. The F7D6 antigen appears to be associated with dividing, undifferentiated cells and electrogenic cells. This prompted us to test tumors for antigen presence. We tested four different recessive mutants that give rise to four different types of tumorous transformation: the embryonic tumor Notch, several larval melanotic tumors, the imaginal disc tumor 1(2)gl, and three alleles of the ovarian tumor otu. In all cases, tumorous tissues in homozygotes contained the F7D6 antigen. The electrophoretic mobility of the antigen appeared to be unaltered in tumorous tissues compared to normal cells, but the antigen is expressed at higher levels. The antigen is found on the cytoplasmic surface of plasma membranes and appears to be a marker of undifferentiated normal and tumorous cells. Similarities and differences between the F7D6 antigen and Drosophila c-src protein are discussed.
Progesterone values in monkeys near term

The serum progesterone of peripheral, ovarian, uterine and umbilical blood from six Macaca mulatta and two M. fascicularis was determined by radioimmunoassay in late pregnancy. Peripheral progesterone values fell to lower levels the day after delivery, a decrease indicating placental progesterone secretion. The concentration of progesterone in the ovarian vein associated with the presence of a corpus luteum was greater than that in the contralateral vein, a difference denoting active progesterone secretion by the corpus luteum. In most cases the uterine vein on the side associated with the placement of the primary and secondary placentae contained more progesterone than its opposite counterpart, a condition that suggests some synthesis of progesterone by the placenta. The umbilical vein/artery progesterone ratio showed fetal metabolism of this steroid and also greater metabolism of progesterone by the female fetus. The progesterone concentration in the ovarian vein associated with the corpus luteum in mothers who bore female fetuses was greater than that of the same vein in those mothers who bore male fetuses. Peripheral progesterone levels were high the day before cesarean section and fell to lower levels the day after delivery. The decline was more rapid in mothers who bore male fetuses.
Dissecting the Process of Knowledge Filtering in Electronic Networks of Practice

Electronic networks of practice (ENPs) have become an important mechanism for knowledge exchange among loosely connected individuals who share common knowledge interests. While prior research has explored factors that influence knowledge contribution in such networks, less is understood about knowledge evaluation. This study examines the process of knowledge filtering in online ENP forums. Drawing from dual process and information search theories, we hypothesize that performance on a knowledge filtering task will be influenced by the constancy and directionality of search patterns employed by knowledge seekers. Hypotheses are tested in an experiment that utilized an eye tracker to record gaze data from professional software developers using an experimental ENP forum. Results provide general support for the hypotheses, showing that higher filtering accuracy is associated with constant evaluation of solution content and intra-attribute (cross-solution) attentional switching. Implications for research and practice are discussed.
Narrow-spectrum chemoreceptor cells in the walking legs of the lobsterHomarus americanus: Taste specialists

1. The chemoreceptors in the legs of lobsters function in the localization and handling of food (Derby and Atema 1982b). Multi-unit neurophysiological analysis of these receptors has demonstrated that certain amino acids and amines are highly excitatory stimuli, some peptides and proteins are moderately excitatory, whereas carbohydrates, alcohols, nucleosides, and nucleotides are in general only slightly excitatory (Derby and Atema 1982a). By single-unit extracellular recording techniques, the specificity of single primary chemoreceptor cells is described here in detail. 2. In contrast to what is known in vertebrates, narrow-spectrum chemoreceptors of several different types were found, each type responding with maximal sensitivity to only one of the following compounds: L-glutamate, L-glutamine, L-arginine, taurine, betaine, and ammonium chloride. Narrow-spectrum cells responsive to glutathione, hydroxy-L-proline, L-aspartate, glycine, and γ-aminobutyrate (GABA) were searched for but were not found. 3. The most extensively studied type of receptor — thel-glutamate sensitive cell group — responded with less than 8% of thel-glutamate response to 25 other compounds at equimolar concentrations. 4. Ammonium chloride sensitive cells were also highly specific. The most effective stimuli for these cells, other than ammonium chloride, werel-ornithine andl-citrulline; however, even at 3.5×10−4 M, these compounds were only 11.6% and 6.2%, respectively, as effective as 3.5×10−6 M ammonium chloride. 5. The other groups of narrow-spectrum cells -l-arginine,l-glutamine, taurine, and betaine sensitive chemoreceptors — showed equally strong specificity. There is also evidence for a protein-best cell, which responded to hemoglobin but not to its enzymatically-digested components. 6. There was one cell that did not fit the narrow-specificity response pattern. It responded to at least 7 of 15 compounds tested at 3.5×10−4 M, 4 of 15 at 3.5×10−5 M, and 3 of 15 at 3.5×10−6 M. 7. These results indicate that the peripheral coding system in the legs of lobsters is based largely but perhaps not exclusively on narrow-spectrum chemoreceptor cells.
A survey of dynamic programming computational procedures

Although dynamic programming has long provided a powerful approach to optimization problems, its applicability has been somewhat limited because of the large computational requirements of the standard computational algorithm. In recent years a number of new procedures with greatly reduced computational requirements have been developed. The purpose of this paper is to survey a number of the more promising of those techniques. A review of the theory of dynamic programming and the standard computational algorithm is included. Several applications of the new techniques are discussed.
Incorporating zosteric acid into silicone coatings to achieve its slow release while reducing fresh water bacterial attachment

Abstract Biofouling has posed serious problems in maritime industry including increased fuel consumptions, economic loss from ship-hull maintenances, contamination of drinking water, and serious corrosion for mechanical instruments. Minimizing the attachment of bacteria and formation of biofilm could be advantageous in reducing the early stages of biofouling. Zosteric acid, a natural product present in eelgrass, was found to have ability for preventing the attachment of some bacteria and barnacles. In this study, the antifouling ability of zosteric acid during the early stages of fouling was evaluated using attachment studies of fresh water bacteria. Simultaneously, various methods were sought for incorporating zosteric acid into silicone to prolong the release of the compound. The main results from this study were that zosteric acid exhibited anti-bacterial attachment regardless of whether it dispersed in water or incorporated into a coating. In addition, the release rate of zosteric acid from the incorporated coatings, particularly those where zosteric acid was uniformly dispersed with aggregates size of 4 μm or less, was orders of magnitude slower than those of previous reports. The release results indicate that the service life of our coatings could be far extended even with a small amount of zosteric acid incorporated.
What’s new in particle therapy accelerator technology

Abstract Recently, particle therapy has entered a new age. The number of facilities opening and under construction is at an all time high. We are now at an interesting time in the cycle of product development and ‘consumer’ interest, where; on the one hand, the interest in the technique has encouraged some groups who are working on new ideas; but on the other hand, existing product production, to reduce costs and improve procurement, installation and commissioning time tends to reduce the degree of change that can be considered in a system. This paper summarizes some of the current requirements and directions in particle therapy accelerator technology.
Microwave measurements of stub tuners in two-dimensional photonic crystal waveguides

The transmission spectra of photonic crystal stub-tuned waveguides created in the microwave region are measured. The photonic crystal is a two-dimensional square lattice of dielectric rods. The waveguides are formed by removing rods along a line or by creating a line of coupled cavities. Additional stub-tuning cavities are formed by removing rods or by replacing them with different diameter rods to stub tune the transmission properties of the waveguides. Depending on the cavity geometry, certain wavelengths can be reflected from the stub tuner creating a notch in the waveguide transmission with measured quality factors as high as 488.
A binary-constraint search algorithm for minimizing hardware during hardware/software partitioning

Partitioning a system ‘3 functionality among interacting hardware and software components is an important part of system design. We introduce a new partitioning approach that caters to the main objective of the hardware/software partitioningproblem, i.e., minimizing hardware ,for given performance constraints. We demonstrate results superior to those of previously published algorithms intendedjor hardware/software partitioning. The approach may be genera&able to problems in which one metric must be minimized while other metrics must merely satisfy constraints.
Transcriptional Responses of Human Aortic Endothelial Cells to Nanoconstructs Used in Biomedical Applications

Understanding the potential toxicities of manufactured nanoconstructs used for drug delivery and biomedical applications may help improve their safety. We sought to determine if surface modified silica nanoparticles and poly(amido amine) dendrimers elicit genotoxic responses on vascular endothelial cells. The nanoconstructs utilized in this study had distinct geometry (spheres vs. worms) and surface charge, which were used to evaluate the contributions of these parameters to any potential adverse effects of these materials. Time-dependent cytotoxicity was found for surfaced-functionalized but geometrically distinct silica materials while amine-terminated dendrimers displayed time-independent cytotoxicity and carboxylated dendrimers were nontoxic in our assays. Transcriptomic evaluation of HAEC responses indicated time-dependent gene induction following silica exposure, consisting of cell cycle gene repression and pro-inflammatory gene induction. However, the dendrimers did not induce genomic toxicity, despite displaying general cytotoxicity.
Book Reviews in Psychology and Related Fields

Book reviews are no longer the main source of information for collection management, particularly in the sciences, but they still provide an important backup to other selection tools. Research libraries use them to fill in titles that may have been missed in the initial round of purchasing. Smaller libraries can use them to select items of quality, though certain biases in book reviewing must be taken into account. All librarians can benefit from reading reviews to keep up in their fields. A list of book review sources in psychology and related fields is appended.
Cancellation exponent and multifractal structure in two-dimensional magnetohydrodynamics: direct numerical simulations and Lagrangian averaged modeling.

We present direct numerical simulations and Lagrangian averaged (also known as $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ model) simulations of forced and free decaying magnetohydrodynamic turbulence in two dimensions. The statistics of sign cancellations of the current at small scales is studied using both the cancellation exponent and the fractal dimension of the structures. The $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ model is found to have the same scaling behavior between positive and negative contributions as the direct numerical simulations. The $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ model is also able to reproduce the time evolution of these quantities in free decaying turbulence. At large Reynolds numbers, an independence of the cancellation exponent with the Reynolds numbers is observed.
Heat transfer on the base surface of threedimensional protruding elements

Abstract Five basic geometries (cylinder, cube, diamond, pyramid and hemisphere) are comparatively examined at a Reynolds number of 1.7 × 104 to determine the effect of a single roughness element on surface heat (mass) transfer. Local mass transfer measurements obtained using the naphthalene sublimation technique are substantiated by flow visualization. Results show that the upstream horseshoe vortex system and the inverted arch-shaped vortex immediately behind the elements are the dominating effects in elementendwall interaction. Based on information concerning the extent of spanwise influence of each element, an inter-element spacing may be proposed for array configurations to achieve optimal heat transfer performance.
Nuclear data sheets update for A = 243*

Abstract The available nuclear structure information for all nuclei with mass number A=243 is presented. Various decay and reaction data are evaluated and compared. Adopted data, levels, and spin and state assignments are given.
An Analysis of Infrastructure Provision and Local Economic Development Policy

While the provision of infrastructure has been a traditional role for local (state and city) government, it is shown that the commitment to such infrastructure provision has waned as a result, in part, of recent political and economic events. Given the current political economy, infrastructure investments may have to be justified on the basis of their ability to stimulate local economic development and create jobs–even though many direct economic development policies have been implemented based on their plausibility rather than on their proven efficacy. To establish the relationship between infrastructure and economic growth during the 1962-to-1982 time period, a policy evaluation model is specified and tested for a sample of cities. The results suggest that infrastructure does, in fact, stimulate job growth. Thus, a more comprehensive analysis of the economic development process is called for so that infrastructure and more-direct job-creation policies can be compared. It would seem that the recent dimin...
Smooth quasiregular mappings with branching

We give an example of a \(\mathcal{C}^{3-\epsilon}\)-smooth quasiregular mapping in 3-space with nonempty branch set. Moreover, we show that the branch set of an arbitrary quasiregular mapping in n-space has Hausdorff dimension quantitatively bounded away from n. By using the second result, we establish a new, qualitatively sharp relation between smoothness and branching.
Adaptation and diversification on islands

Charles Darwin's travels on HMS Beagle taught him that islands are an important source of evidence for evolution. Because many islands are young and have relatively few species, evolutionary adaptation and species proliferation are obvious and easy to study. In addition, the geographical isolation of many islands has allowed evolution to take its own course, free of influence from other areas, resulting in unusual faunas and floras, often unlike those found anywhere else. For these reasons, island research provides valuable insights into speciation and adaptive radiation, and into the relative importance of contingency and determinism in evolutionary diversification.
PM10 air pollution exposure during pregnancy and term low birth weight in Allegheny County, PA, 1994–2000

Low birth weight has been associated with increased risks of mortality and/or morbidity in childhood and adulthood. Epidemiological studies suggest that maternal exposure to air pollution, especially particulate matter during pregnancy, is associated with an increased risk of delivering a low birth weight infant. The aim of this study is to explore the association between exposure to particulate matter (PM10) during pregnancy and term low birth weight (LBW: birth weight <2,500 g and gestation age ≥ 37 weeks). Birth data from the Allegheny County Health Department, Pittsburgh, PA, USA and PM10 air data generated with inverse-distance interpolation by RAND’s Center for Population Health and Health Disparities, were obtained. The study population consisted of all term singleton live births (gestational age ≥ 37 weeks) born between January 1, 1994 to December 31, 2000. Infants with birth weight <2,500 g were classified as LBW. Logistic regression with robust variance estimation was performed to estimate the odds ratios of LBW per inter-quartile range increase in PM10. The results showed that the odds ratios of term LBW per inter-quartile range increase in PM10 were 1.13 (95% CI: 1.02–1.25) during the first trimester and 1.10 (95% CI: 1.00–1.22) during the second trimester after adjustment for other important covariates, respectively. The findings of the study support the hypothesis that exposure to PM10 is associated with increased levels of term LBW. Further studies are warranted to corroborate these findings.
Attraction ofCarpophilus Spp. (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae) to volatile compounds present in figs

Various volatile compounds present in ripening figs were attractive toCarpophilus hemipterus, C. mutilatus, C.freemani, andC. lugubris. Field tests demonstrated that traps baited with a mixture of acetaldehyde, ethyl alcohol, and ethyl acetate caught more adultC. hemipterus than those baited with (1) other mixtures involving various combinations of 19 compounds, (2) with 16 single compounds, or (3) with fig paste.
Sterilization with gaseous ethylene oxide: A review of chemical and physical factors

Although the basic parameters for ethylene oxide sterilization are established, it is sometimes difficult to attain in practice where the principal limiting factor is moisture availability. There are situations which can limit or enhance the dynamics of sterilization. Such factors, if overlooked, could upset experiments and lead to erroneous conclusions, or defeat the sterilization process entirety. Such are, namely: stratification effects, diffusion barriers, moisture-reducing effects, polymerization, and temperature distribution gradients.
Gender, Development, and Neoliberalism: HIV/ AIDS in Cambodia

Thanks to the anti-HIV/AIDS measures of international and non-governmental organizations, Cambodia has been considered a successful case in preventing the transmission of the virus. Declaration of such a victory for the Cambodian case is premature, however, given that HIV prevalence continues to rise among women and, according to Cambodian health officials, another wave of epidemic could occur soon. This study discusses how the implementation of neoliberal economic policies without counterbalancing social policy measures undermines the sustainability and effectiveness of such short-term measures by creating a risky environment for the epidemic. Trade liberalization policies have exacerbated poverty, mobility, and gender inequality, making women more susceptible and vulnerable to HIV/AIDS.JEL classification: I18, F13, O19
Continuous Wavelet Transforms of Instantaneous Wall Pressure in Slug and Churn Upward Gas-Liquid Flow

Continuous wavelet transforms are employed to determine the time-localized frequency content (scalogram) of instantaneous wall pressure signals in upward gas-liquid flow. The flow conditions correspond to well-defined slug flow, well-defined churn flow, and flows near the transition from slug-to-churn flow. Scalograms demonstrate that the frequency content of the pressure signals is time-dependent, and visual observations of the flow conditions suggest that the time-dependent frequencies are related to identifiable physical behaviors of the flow. In well-defined slug flow, the scalograms are characterized by the presence of a dominant frequency throughout the duration of the signal and by frequency shifting events. Scalograms representing well-defined churn flow contain intermittent frequencies, and the energy density in churn flow is spread over a wider range of frequencies than in slug flow. The present results provide evidence that flows near transition alternately display characteristics of both well-defined slug and well-defined churn flows. @DOI: 10.1115/1.1490376#
The spectrum of HeAr

Abstract Two band groups near 1450 A, first observed by Tanaka, Yoshino, and Freeman (J. Chem. Phys. 62, 4484–4496 (1975)) in discharges through mixtures of helium and argon and assigned by them to the HeAr+ ion, were studied under high resolution. Like the similar spectrum of HeNe+ previously investigated, the spectrum of HeAr+ is a charge transfer spectrum. The upper state B2Σ+ of both band groups is derived from He + ( 2 S) + Ar ( 1 S) while the two lower states A 2 2 Π 1 2 and X2Σ+ are derived from He ( 1 S) + Ar + ( 2 P) . All three states are very weakly bound, the two lower states even more weakly than the upper state. Unlike HeNe+ most of the HeAr+ bands are violet shaded. In the longward band group each band shows only three branches while in the shortward group there are four. The former observation shows that the A 2 2 Π 1 2 state behaves like a 2Σ− state with γv ≈ 0. The B, D, γ, p, and ΔG values of all states were evaluated. While the Bv values of upper and lower states are nearly equal, the Dv values are quite different and this difference accounts for the violet shading of most of the bands even when B′v is slightly smaller than B″v; it also accounts for some of the extraheads and linelike features in the rotational structure. As in HeNe+ the 2 Π 3 2 component of 2Π was not observed.
Electron paramagnetic resonance evidence that cellular oxygen toxicity is caused by the generation of superoxide and hydroxyl free radicals

Cells require molecular oxygen for the generation of energy through mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation; however, high concentrations of oxygen are toxic and can cause cell death. A number of different mechanisms have been proposed to cause cellular oxygen toxicity. One hypothesis is that reactive oxygen free radicals may be generated; however free radical generation in hyperoxic cells has never been directly measured and the mechanism of this radical generation is unknown. In order to determine if cellular oxygen toxicity is free radical mediated, we applied electron paramagnetic resonance, EPR, spectroscopy using the spin trap 5,5′-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-N-oxide, DMPO, to measure free radical generation in hyperoxic pulmonary endothelial cells. Cells in air did not give rise to any detectable signal. However, cells exposed to 100% O2 for 30 min exhibited a prominent signal of trapped hydroxyl radical, DMPO-OH, while cell free buffer did not give rise to any detectable radical generation. This cellular radical generation was demonstrated to be derived from the superoxide radical since the observed signal was totally quenched by superoxide dismutase, but not by equal concentrations of the denatured enzyme. It was confirmed that the hydroxyl radical was generated since in the presence of ethanol the CH3·CH(OH) radical was formed. Loss of cell viability as measured by uptake of trypan blue dye was observed paralleling the measured free radical generation. Thus, superoxide and hydroxyl radicals are generated in hyperoxic pulmonary endothelial cells and this appears to be an important mechanism of cellular oxygen toxicity.
Signal Quality Estimation With Multichannel Adaptive Filtering in Intensive Care Settings

A signal quality estimate of a physiological waveform can be an important initial step for automated processing of real-world data. This paper presents a new generic point-by-point signal quality index (SQI) based on adaptive multichannel prediction that does not rely on ad hoc morphological feature extraction from the target waveform. An application of this new SQI to photoplethysmograms (PPG), arterial blood pressure (ABP) measurements, and ECG showed that the SQI is monotonically related to signal-to-noise ratio (simulated by adding white Gaussian noise) and to subjective human quality assessment of 1361 multichannel waveform epochs. A receiver-operating-characteristic (ROC) curve analysis, with the human “bad” quality label as positive and the “good” quality label as negative, yielded areas under the ROC curve of 0.86 (PPG), 0.82 (ABP), and 0.68 (ECG).
Study of Family History among Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Of 838 patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) treated at The Cleveland Clinic between 1955 and 1974, 37% had family histories positive for IBD. This high familial prevalence may relfect that the study was deliberately undertaken once the disease was established in the proband.
Excretion of metabolites of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in rat bile☆

Abstract Bile is the major excretory route for 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and its metabolites. The amount of radioactivity as a percentage of the total dose found in either urine or combined feces and intestinal contents of bile duct-cannulated rats does not vary with the dose of 1α,25-dihydroxy-[3α-3H]vitamin D3 whereas the percentage of the dose found in bile (24-h collection) increases with increasing dose. When rats were administered 1α,25-dihydroxy-[3α-3H]vitamin D3 and 1α,25-dihydroxy-[26,27-14C]vitamin D3, metabolites with low 14 C 3 H (indicative of side chain-cleaved metabolites) were detected in bile, but not in either the urine or combined feces and intestinal contents. Bile had the lowest 14 C 3 H ratio 8–12 h after the dose.
The generalized triphasic correspondence principle for simultaneous determination of the mechanical properties and proteoglycan content of articular cartilage by indentation

The triphasic mixture theory has been used to describe the mechanical and physicochemical behaviors of articular cartilage under some specialized loading conditions. However, the mathematical complexities of this theory have limited its applications for theoretical analyses of experimental studies and models for predicting cartilage and other biological tissues' deformational behaviors. A generalized correspondence principle has been established in the present study, and this principle shows that the equilibrium deformational behavior of a charged-hydrated material under loading is identical to that of an elastic medium without charge. A set of explicit formulas has been derived to correlate the mechanical properties of an equivalent material with the intrinsic elastic moduli, fixed charge density and free-ion concentration within the cartilage tissue. The validity of these formulas is independent of the deformation state of the elastic solid matrix under an infinitesimal strain. Therefore they can be employed for any loading conditions, such as confined or unconfined compression, tension, and indentation tests, etc. In the current study, the fixed charge density of bovine cartilage is determined from the indentation creep data using this generalized correspondence principle. The proteoglycan content results were then compared with those from biochemical assay, yielding a linear regression slope of 1.034. Additionally a correspondence principle within a framework of cubic symmetry and a bilinear response in tension-compression (the conewise linear elasticity model) has also been developed to demonstrate the potential application of current methodology for inhomogeneous, anisotropic and nonlinear situations.
Preparation and properties of CuInSe/sub 2/ solar cells with a ZnSe intermediate layer

CuInSe/sub 2/-based solar cells were prepared by thermal evaporation using CdS and In/sub 2/O/sub 3/ as window layers, with a thin ZnSe layer between the window layer and the CuInSe/sub 2/. The effects of ZnSe with thicknesses between 200 AA and 2000 AA and ZnSe deposition temperatures between 100 degrees C and 200 degrees C were investigated. For the CdS:In/CdS/ZnSe/CuInSe/sub 2/ cells, as the ZnSe thickness increases, J/sub 0/ decreases and/or the diode factor A increases. For the In/sub 2/O/sub 3//ZnSe/CuInSe/sub 2/ cells the change of J/sub 0/ is much less and there is an increase in the diode factor for increasing ZnSe thickness. Under illumination, the V/sub oc/ of the cell is the same with and without ZnSe and the cells with ZnSe layers thicker than 400 AA show strong photosuppression. >