cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Impact of blade mounting structures on cross-flow turbine performance

Cross-flow or vertical-axis turbines are flow energy conversion devices in which lift forces cause blades to rotate around an axis perpendicular to the flow. In marine currents, rivers, and some wind energy applications, cross-flow turbines are a promising alternative to more conventional axial-flow turbines. The performance implications of the choice of structure used to mount turbine blades to the central shaft are examined experimentally in a recirculating water flume. Turbine performance is found to be strongly dependent on the choice of the mounting structure. Power loss due to rotational drag on these structures is estimated experimentally by rotating the mounting structure without blades. Through a perturbation-theory approach, interactions between turbine blades and mounting structures are examined. Analytical models for the power loss due to mounting structure drag are introduced and shown to be consistent with experiments. To provide guidance for cross-flow turbine design, the models are re-formulated in terms of non-dimensional turbine geometric and operational parameters. Mounting blades solely at their mid-span is shown to decrease performance through multiple fluid effects. Using foil cross-section struts located at the turbine blade tips is found to result in the highest turbine performance.
The Evolution of Neutrally Buoyant Notothenioid Fishes: Their Specializations and Potential Interactions in the Antarctic Marine Food Web

Since all notothenioid fishes lack swim bladders, one would expect them to be confined to predominantly benthic habitats. There is, however, a trend towards the evolution of neutrally buoyant species which have become permanent members of the mid-water community. The absence of competition from other mid-water fishes, and trophic factors, have probably been responsible for this trend. Pleuragramma antarcticum, Aethotaxis mitopteryx and Dissostichus mawsoni are neutrally buoyant. Dissostichus mawsoni is the largest piscine predator in the mid-waters of the Southern Ocean. In McMurdo Sound, D. mawsoni eats predominantly’ fish and mysid shrimps. The recently described nototheniid Cryothenia peninsulae, a krill-eating species from West Antarctica, is not neutrally buoyant. Evolutionary alterations in buoyancy are reflected as morphological specializations in the following body systems: skeleton, integument, lipid storage, muscles and viscera.
Management of hyperkeratotic lesions in the elderly patient.

Many factors contribute in the development of hyperkeratotic lesions in the elderly patient. The internal and external causes render the elderly foot more susceptible to limited ambulation, increased incidence of infection, ulceration, and eventual loss of the limb. Once the lesion is classified and the causes identified, a beneficial treatment plan can evolve. Reduction of the lesion(s), appropriate padding, shielding, splinting, accommodative orthoses, insoles, emollients, and mild keratolytics on regular treatment intervals are helpful in maintaining comfort and allowing function of the elderly foot. If the bony abnormalities or abnormal position of the foot do not respond to conservative measures, then surgical intervention should be considered based on the medical and vascular status of the patient. The evaluation of the elderly patient's presenting footwear, and patient education on the need for proper shoe gear size, shape, and materials cannot be overemphasized. Proper footwear and fitting is essential for the elderly in managing hyperkeratotic lesions. When regular footwear is not beneficial special shoes should be considered to accommodate the foot and treatment plan (e.g., accommodative orthoses, and so forth). The Extra Depth Inlay Thermold, Ambulator, Bunion last and Keystone last are options. If special shoes are too heavy for the elderly patient, there is a wide variety of athletic shoes that are shock absorbent and lightweight. Success in management includes a proper identification of the problem, relief of the symptoms, regular follow-up care, and periodic review of footwear to ascertain the need for repair or modification.
Evaluating Accessibility through Computer-Aided Design

This chapter speculates on the use of rule-based software to analyze Computer-aided design (CAD) representations of buildings for physical accessibility. The possibility of creating such a model depends on the development of integrated databases to operate with CAD software, including three-dimensional representations. This would allow for “interference checking” between building code requirements and actual physical dimensions and would also allow checking between a human model and a building model for movement clearances.
The Transversus Abdominis Muscle Release (TAR) Procedure

The retromuscular repair described by Rives and Stoppa can frequently meet the goals of a hernia repair. Nevertheless, retrorectus-only repair offers restricted myofascial medial advancement and a limited area for mesh placement, which are critical in complex ventral hernias. During recent years, transversus abdominis muscle release (TAR) has gained popularity because it facilitates medial myofascial advancement without creation of large skin flaps or damage to the neurovascular supply of the rectus abdominis muscle and retromuscular reinforcement of the visceral sac.
Intra-Operative Experience using Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Based Patient Specific Cutting Guides during Total Knee Arthroplasty

Background. The incidence of malalignment in total knee arthroplasty(TKA) using conventional instrument has beenreported as high as 25%. A relatively new TKA system involvesthe use of a preoperative magnetic resonance image(MRI) to obtain accurate implant placement more consistently.For broad acceptance of this new technique, it iscrucial to analyze the initial intra-operative experience. Thespecific aim of this study was to evaluate the initial intra-operativeexperience of a single surgeon using this new technique. Methods. A total of 15 knees (12 patients: 6 female and 6male) were reviewed from TKA procedures using the selectedmanufacturer’s patient specific cutting guides between January2011 and April 2013 at a single institution. Patient demographicand specific parameters and intra-operative alterationsof component positioning were recorded and evaluated.Results. The preoperative plan was able to predict correctly thesize of the implanted femoral component in 87% (n = 13) andtibial component in 80% (n = 12) of the cases. However, 60% (n= 9) of cases required additional intra-operative corrections onfemoral resection, and 73% (n = 11) required an additional 2 - 4mm correction on the tibial proximal resection. Twenty percent(n = 3) required additional tibial varus/valgus correction, butthere were no tibial slope corrections for any of the 15 cases. Conclusions. The initial intra-operative experience of a singlesurgeon using current patient specific cutting guides for a selectedmanufacturer to align femoral and tibial components duringTKA has raised some concerns. We agreed with previous studiesthat caution should be taken when using patient specific cuttingguides without supportive data. The findings of this study providedadditional evidence to contest the accuracy of patient specificcutting guides with respect to the initial experience of an orthopaedicsurgeon who is trained in total joint replacement. Theresults provided more evidence to assist orthopaedic surgeonsin the decision of whether to use these patient specific systemsversus conventional TKA methods. KS J Med 2016;9(2):22-26.
iPrayer: Catholic Prayer Apps and Twenty-First-Century Catholic Subjectivities

In this chapter, Dugan investigates what happens when mobile technology mediates Catholic prayer. How does the experience of prayer shift when mediated through mobile technology? In what ways does the technology affect the formation of Catholic subjectivities? Drawing on ethnographic work among app developers and users, this chapter examines three Catholic prayer apps. These apps instruct Catholics in correct performance of prayer and attune Catholics to daily requirements of religious practice. Prayer apps contribute to twenty-first-century Catholic subjectivity by drawing Catholics into contested spaces between the laity and hierarchy, rote and spontaneous prayer, and between the sacred and profane. These apps participate in prayer-based Catholic discipline in—and for—the iPhone era.
4-2-4 Laminate hotspot identification and joule heating effect assessment via thermoelectrical simulation

Abstract Laminates or sequential build-up (SBU) laminate comprised of dielectric materials, metal traces, and metal vias not only serve as the mechanical support for the silicon integrated circuits...
Dunn, Christopher. Contracultura: Alternative Arts and Social Transformation in Authoritarian Brazil. The U of North Carolina P, 2016

Contracultura: Alternative Arts and Social Transformation in Authoritarian Brazil (2016), de Christopher Dunn, analisa o papel da juventude brasileira e suas estrategias politico-culturais em resposta ao regime militar que se estabeleceu no Brasil entre os anos de 1964 e 1985.
Parents Matter: Examination of Family Presence in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit.

Objective The aim of this study is to examine presence trends for parents and family members during an infant's Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) hospitalization. Study Design We conducted a review of 386 infants hospitalized in a Level IV NICU in the Northwestern United States between June 2013 and April 2014 to quantitatively examine presence trends. Results Infants were visited by multiple family members. The father was the most common first family member at the bedside after admission. Parents were present over half of the days their infants were in the NICU (medians: mothers 75% and fathers 59%), but a relatively small percentage of the total hospitalization time (medians: 10% mothers and 5% fathers). Fathers', grandmothers', and grandfathers' presence with their infants in the NICU were negatively correlated with infants' total length of stay in the NICU. This finding was not replicated for mothers. Female family members were present in the NICU more than male family members. Conclusion Parents are present a small percent of the time their infants are hospitalized in the NICU. NICU based methods to improve family presence may lead to improved patient and family centered care. Key Points
Resonant-Column Testing—Problems and Solutions

The resonant-column test is a relatively nondestructive test employing wave propagation in cylindrical specimens of soil and rock. Test results are usually quite accurate, but in some cases insufficient coupling exists between specimen and apparatus or specimens are too stiff for a given apparatus, or both. A criterion is given to evaluate whether a coupling problem exists and solutions are suggested. Procedures for evaluating limiting specimen stiffness and maximum strain amplitude capabilities are given. Solutions for reducing air migration problems during long-term tests are presented. Finally, a simple method for estimating strain amplitudes during a test is demonstrated for both shear and axial compression.
Making Sense of The Business Roundtable’s Reversal on Corporate Purpose

In August 2019, the Business Roundtable (BRT) issued a statement on the purpose of the corporation in which it reversed a longstanding position. Since 1978, the BRT has periodically issued statements on Principles of Corporate Governance, which purport to summarize law and best practice in this area. Since 1997, all versions of those statements had embraced the view that corporations exist primarily to serve their shareholders. In contrast, the 2019 version contains a much broader conception of corporate purpose, which posits that corporations should “commit to deliver[ing] value to all of” the corporation’s stakeholders. Obviously, the BRT cannot unilaterally change the law. As this article explains, the law of corporate purpose remains that directors have an obligation to put shareholder interests ahead of those of other stakeholders and maximize profits for those shareholders. What people do matters more than what they say. To date, the evidence is most BRT members remain committed to shareholder value maximization, despite their recent rhetoric to the contrary. This should not be surprising. The incentive structure faced by directors and managers still skews in favor of shareholders. Why then did the BRT shift position? This article suggests two possibilities. First, the members may be engaged in puffery intended to attract certain stakeholders for the long-term benefit of the shareholders. Specifically, they may be looking to lower the company’s cost of labor by responding to perceived shifts in labor, lower the cost of capital by attracting certain investors, and increase sales by responding to perceived shifts in consumer market sentiment. They may also be trying to fend off regulation by progressive politicians. Second, some BRT members may crave a return to the days of imperial CEOS. This article is a response to Jeffrey M. Lipshaw, The False Dichotomy of Corporate Governance Platitudes, Journal of Corporation Law (forthcoming).
Constructing a geophysical test site for a coastal community's research and education activities

Abstract A geophysical test site (GTS) contains subsurface targets of known materials, orientations, and depths. GTSs offer unique opportunities for geophysical research, training, and educational ...
Cancer Stem Cells

Cancer is a group of diseases characterized by uncontrolled cell growth, invasion of adjacent normal tissue, and metastasis to distant organs. The cancerous cells have their origin in normal cells, and they contain genetic changes causing increased cell proliferation and decreased cell apoptosis. Multiple therapeutic strategies, including surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy, have been used for treatment which often achieve control of the primary cancer. However, cancer recurrence and metastasis often occur. At this stage, the tumor cells are often more aggressive and do not respond to treatment as well, leading to death. A major question in cancer therapy is why the apparently effective treatment cannot get rid of all the tumor cells. Recent studies have indicated the presence of cancer stem cells (CSCs) that can generate tumors and are resistant to treatments. It is hypothesized that tumors arise from a single CSC, but the resulting tumor contains many cell types with various proliferation and differentiation capacities. This tumor heterogeneity led to the cancer cell hierarchy theory, with cancer stem cells sitting at the apex giving rise to progenitor cells and ultimately mature and differentiated tumor cells. Similar to normal stem cells, CSCs are resistant to chemotherapy and radiation. As a result, CSCs that survive treatment can cause relapse by repopulating the tumor. With mounting evidences suggesting the existence of CSCs in many human tumors, it is important to identify them by specific markers and understand the signaling pathways contributing to their unique biological properties and their function in tumor initiation, metastasis, and recurrence. It is believed that cancer cure can be achieved only if CSCs can be targeted.
ROI value calculation methods for automated quantitation of mouse PET studies

647 Objectives ROI value calculation methods that could compensate for errors/imperfections in ROI definition obtained by automated image warping procedures have been investigated. Methods Seven normal mice (C57BL/6; male; 26.0–31.5 g) and seven fasted mice (C57BL/6; male; 23.1–26.8 g) were scanned for FDG PET and CT images. Using CT image as a guide for warping to the common space, each PET study was registered to the Digimouse atlas by SPM. Digimouse ROI template was applied to the warped PET images. The following four different automated calculation methods were used to obtained the ROI values in 6 major organs (liver, right kidney, heart, lung, brain) and were compared to those based on the manually drawn ROIs. MN: mean of pixels within ROIs; MG: mean of pixels within organ boundary determined by max gradient in ROI; MH: mean ofpixels within ROI according to histogram of pixel value; MD: median of all pixel values within ROI. Last, all ROI values were converted to standard uptake values (SUV). Results SUV of one or more of the evaluated methods on the Digimouse template of the six organs matched well with those based on manually drawn ROIs in all 14 mouse PET studies. For brain, lung, and liver, method MN had the best agreement with bias of less than 7%, and r-square between 0.84 and 0.94; for heart, kidney, and bladder, method MG had the best agreement with bias of less than 6% and r-square between 0.94 and 0.99. Conclusions Coupling of appropriate ROI calculation methods with Digimouse ROI templates and mouse PET images warped to the common space (Digimouse) can ensure reliability of the ROI value determinations and will allow the quantitative analysis of mouse PET images to be automated.
Proof and Computation in Geometry

We consider the relationships between algebra, geometry, computation, and proof. Computers have been used to verify geometrical facts by reducing them to algebraic computations. But this does not produce computer-checkable first-order proofs in geometry. We might try to produce such proofs directly, or we might try to develop a “back-translation” from algebra to geometry, following Descartes but with computer in hand. This paper discusses the relations between the two approaches, the attempts that have been made, and the obstacles remaining. On the theoretical side we give a new first-order theory of “vector geometry”, suitable for formalizing geometry and algebra and the relations between them. On the practical side we report on some experiments in automated deduction in these areas.
Radiation protection by shielding in packages for radioactive materials

Abstract Radioactive materials emit radiation, which can be from different types—particularly gamma or neutron radiations, which are penetrant radiations. Systems to transport or store radioactive material include a shielding material, which is interposed between the source of radiation and persons or environment, in order to absorb radiation and thereby reduce radiation exposure. After explaining the regulatory dose rate limits, this chapter presents the basis of shielding design and safety analysis, some typical shielding materials used by the industry, and the methods used to justify shielding performance in the long term in the case of extended storage periods.
Dynamic responses of Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron during growth on glycan mixtures.

Summary Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron (Bt) is a human colonic symbiont that degrades many different complex carbohydrates (glycans), the identities and amounts of which are likely to change frequently and abruptly from meal-to-meal. To understand how this organism reacts to dynamic growth conditions, we challenged it with a series of different glycan mixtures and measured responses involved in glycan catabolism. Our results demonstrate that individual Bt cells can simultaneously respond to multiple glycans and that responses to new glycans are extremely rapid. The presence of alternative carbohydrates does not alter response kinetics, but reduces expression of some glycan utilization genes as well as the cell's sensitivity to glycans that are present in lower concentration. Growth in a mixture containing 12 different glycans revealed that Bt preferentially uses some before others. This metabolic hierarchy is not changed by prior exposure to lower priority glycans because re-introducing high priority substrates late in culture re-initiates repression of genes involved in degrading those with lower priority. At least some carbohydrate prioritization effects occur at the level of monosaccharide recognition. Our results provide insight into how a bacterial glycan generalist modifies its responses in dynamic glycan environments and provide essential knowledge to interpret related metabolic behaviour in vivo.
Politics and pellagra: the epidemic of pellagra in the U.S. in the early twentieth century.

Abstract The epidemic of pellagra in the first half of this century at its peak produced at least 250,000 cases and caused 7,000 deaths a year for several decades in 15 southern states. It also filled hospital wards in other states, which had a similar incidence but refused to report their cases. Political influences interfered, not only with surveillance of the disease, but also in its study, recognition of its cause, and the institution of preventive measures when they became known. Politicians and the general public felt that it was more acceptable for pellagra to be infectious than for it to be a form of malnutrition, a result of poverty and thus an embarrassing social problem. Retrospectively, a change in the method of milling cornmeal, degermination, which began shortly after 1900, probably accounted for the appearance of the epidemic; such a process was suggested at the time, but the suggestion was ignored.
Conhecimento sobre hipertensão em escolares do ensino médio

A hipertensao arterial sistemica e um problema de saude publica com alta prevalencia e associada a multiplos fatores de risco. Um dos grandes desafios da saude e a incorporacao de estilo de vida e habitos saudaveis para o combate a hipertensao. A prevencao por meio do processo educativo e parte integrante da promocao da saude. O objetivo deste estudo e avaliar o nivel de conhecimento sobre pressao arterial em escolares de ensino medio. Fizeram parte da amostra escolares do ensino medio do magisterio. Aplicou-se um questionario sobre o conhecimento em hipertensao alem de medidas antropometricas. A partir dos resultados, acredita-se na proposta de escola promotora de saude por meio da educacao para a saude. Palavras-chave: Hipertensao. Escolares. Conhecimento. Promocao da saude. Abstract Hypertension is a problem of public health associated to multiple risk factors. One of the challenges of health is the incorporation of life styleand healthy habits as non-pharmacologic measures for fighting against hypertension. Prevention by educative process aiming at clinic outcome is an integrant part of health promotion. There fore, the purpose of this articleis to evaluate the level of knowledge of high school students about arterial pressure. Students of the Teaching High School Course were constituents of the indication. A questionnaire was applied about the social economic situation and the knowledge in systemic arterial hypertension, beside santhropometric measures. The results have shown the validity of proposing a model of school that promotes health through health education. Keywords: Hypertension. Students. Knowledge. Health promotion.
Postural and Anticonvulsant Effects of Inhibition of the Rat Subthalamic Nucleus

The subthalamic nucleus (STN) plays a crucial role as a regulator of basal ganglia outflow by providing excitatory glutamatergic input into the two output nuclei of the basal ganglia, substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNpr), and entopeduncular nucleus. This study examined the effects of suppressing activity in the STN of the awake, behaving rat. Specifically, we evaluated the effects of unilateral and bilateral focal inhibition of STN on posture, locomotion, and susceptibility to limbic motor seizures. Unilateral microinjection of a GABA A receptor agonist (muscimol, 200 pmol) into STN produced a site-dependent contralaterally directed postural asymmetry without locomotor activation. This effect differed from responses produced by the same dose of muscimol placed into SNpr, which included locomotor activation in addition to contralaterally directed postural asymmetry. Locomotor activation and postural asymmetry were obtained also after blockade of glutamate transmission in SNpr by the unilateral application of kynurenate (100 nmol). Our observation that STN inhibition did not induce the locomotor activation characteristic of SNpr inhibition suggests that there are glutamatergic inputs to SNpr, other than those from STN, that are responsible for controlling locomotion. Bilateral, but not unilateral, injection of muscimol (200 pmol) into STN protected against limbic motor seizures evoked either by intravenous bicuculline or by focal application of bicuculline into anterior piriform cortex (area tempestas). These results demonstrate that focal inhibition of STN reproduces the postural asymmetry and anticonvulsant actions that are obtained with the inhibition of SNpr. This provides behavioral support for the concept that STN contributes a crucial tonic excitatory (glutamatergic) drive to the rat SNpr.
Integrating WS1S with PVS

There is a growing trend to integrate theorem proving systems with specialized decision procedures and model checking systems. The proving capabilities of the PVS theorem prover, for example, have been improved considerably by extending it with new proof tactics based on a BDD package, a μ-calculus model-checker [4], and a polyhedral library. In this way, a theorem proving system like PVS provides a common front-end and specification language for a variety of specialized tools. This makes it possible to use a whole arsenal of verification and validation methods in a seamless way, combine them using a strategy language, and provide development chain analysis.
Finger interaction during multi-finger tasks involving finger addition and removal

The purpose of this study was to investigate changes in finger forces and their interactions in one-hand multi-finger force production tasks involving finger addition and removal. Eight male subjects were instructed to produce maximal (MVC) forces with explicitly instructed ('master') fingers. After reaching maximal force with a set of master fingers, the subjects added/removed one master finger while continuing to produce the MVC with the new group of master fingers. The non-instructed ('slave') fingers also produced forces (enslaving). Finger addition/removal led to changes in the forces of individual master fingers expected from earlier studies of maximal force production by different finger groups acting synchronously. A significant increase in the forces of remaining master fingers was observed after finger removal and a close-to-significant drop in the forces of previously recruited master fingers was observed after finger addition. These effects were larger when subjects started the task with a smaller number of explicitly involved fingers. The enslaving effects increased after finger addition while they did not change after finger removal. Forces produced by the same group of master fingers acting in different tasks showed no history-dependent effects. However, significant effects of history were seen in enslaving. These observations speak against hypotheses of more independent behaviour of effectors during their asynchronous involvement. They show that finger interaction may show effects of the history of finger involvement in a task.
GLUON RADIATION PATTERNS IN HARD SCATTERING EVENTS

The radiation pattern of relatively soft gluons in hard scattering events is sensitive to the underlying color structure. As an example I consider heavy Higgs production via weak boson fusion at the LHC. A minijet veto, which makes use of the different patterns for signal and backgrounds, provides an effective Higgs search tool. Talk presented at the Conference on Physics {\it Beyond the Standard Model IV}, Lake Tahoe, California, December 14--18, 1994.
PREACHES-portable recovery and checkpointing in heterogeneous systems

Checkpointing in a homogeneous environment, where both checkpointing and recovery are performed on the same type of machine and operating system, has been studied extensively. As heterogeneous distributed systems become pervasive, it is desirable to extend the capability of checkpointing to non-homogeneous environments. This paper describes a prototype, PREACHES, that achieves portable checkpointing of single process applications in heterogeneous systems using checkpoint propagation. The checkpoint propagation technique generates machine-dependent checkpoints for each different architecture in the heterogeneous environment. When failure occurs, the failed process can be restarted on a specified machine with the checkpoint that is appropriate for the architecture. An implementation of PREACHES on a heterogeneous network of workstations has been successfully developed based on TCP/IP communication. PREACHES also provides automatic and fast recovery for single process programs.
Role of Amino Acids and Vitamins in Nutrition of Mesophilic Methanococcus spp.

In this study we found that autotrophic methanococci similar to Methanococcus maripaludis obtained up to 57% of their cellular carbon from exogenous amino acids. About 85% of the incorporation was into protein. Primarily nonpolar and basic amino acids and glycine were incorporated; only small amounts of acidic and some polar amino acids were taken up. An additional 10% of the incorporation was into the nucleic acid fraction. Because little 14CO2 was formed from the 14C-amino acids, little metabolism of the amino acids occurred. Therefore the growth stimulation by amino acids was probably due to the sparing of anabolic energy requirements. Of the amino acids incorporated, only alanine was also a sole nitrogen source for these methanococci. In contrast, Methanococcus vannielii and “Methanococcus aeolicus” are autotrophic methanococci which did not incorporate amino acids and did not utilize alanine as a sole nitrogen source. Although glutamine served as a sole nitrogen source for the autotrophic methanococci and Methanococcus voltae, a heterotrophic methanococcus, growth was due to chemical deamination in the medium. M. voltae requires leucine and isoleucine for growth. However, these amino acids were not significant nitrogen sources, and alanine was not a sole nitrogen source for the growth of M. voltae. The branched-chain amino acids were not extensively metabolized by M. voltae. Pantoyl lactone and pantoic acid were readily incorporated by M. voltae. The intact vitamin pantothenate was neither stimulatory to growth nor incorporated. In conclusion, although amino acids and vitamins are nutritionally important to both autotrophic and heterotrophic methanococci, generally they are not subject to extensive catabolism.
Community-Led Sanitation in Simoonga, Zambia

This paper describes a sustainable sanitation project conducted by students from the University of Virginia and the University of Georgia. The team partnered with village council members and local experts in the village of Simoonga, Zambia, to design and build communal latrines using appropriate technologies and to create a village sanitation committee. The authors present the process of project development, including project topic, team dynamics, evaluation of alternatives, and the decision to build a Ventilated Improved Pit latrine. In preparation for arrival in Zambia, the team designed, developed and implemented a prototype in Charlottesville. The authors then describe community engagement in Simoonga and the iterative construction process of two Ventilated Improved Pit latrines over six weeks. The paper concludes with a discussion of project challenges, resolutions, results and lessons learned.
Ethnicity and gender in Zambia: What kind of a relationship?

(1994). Ethnicity and gender in Zambia: What kind of a relationship? The European Journal of Development Research: Vol. 6, Ethnicity, Gender and the Subversion of Nationalism, pp. 45-51.
Correlation effects in hopping transport

Abstract The effects of intersite Coulomb interactions on transport in a system of localized states is examined. Correlation effects are seen to inhibit the DC conduction but to enhance the AC conduction. It is shown that the interactions lead to a Coulomb gap in the one-electron excitation spectrum for DC conduction of width E g ∝ E c (E c /W) 1 2 , where E c is the average intersite Coulomb energy and W is the random potential. The need to excite across the Coulomb gap can be alleviated by multi-electron hopping, which can lead to a non-activated T − 1 4 -like behavior as transport becomes collective in nature. Examples of systems where correlations effects have been observed are given. The possibility of a many-electron delocalization is also discussed.
The Kinetics of Anodic Dissolution and Repassivation on Stainless Steel 304L in Solutions Containing Nitrate

In this paper we investigate the influence of nitrate (NO ― 3 ) on the dissolution and repassivation kinetics of freshly bared stainless steel 304L surfaces generated during scratch tests. To differentiate anodic dissolution from film formation during early decay times, t < 20 ms, we have developed a mathematical expression for fitting this portion of the transient. The expression assumes the total current owes to dissolution plus film formation where the oxide coverage is derived from Avrami growth kinetics. In this manner the approach allows the investigator to separate the film formation and dissolution currents from the decay transient and analyze them individually. It is shown that film formation in 0.9 M NO ― 3 occurs more rapidly as compared to 0.1 M chloride (Cl ― ). In addition, NO ― 3 was characterized by thinner films (< 0.6 nm) and higher electric field strengths (1.1 x 10 7 V/cm) at early times. Correspondingly, increasing Cl ― concentration from 0.1 to 0.9 M resulted in thicker passive films (0.6―2.2 nm) and lower electric field strengths (3.7 x 10 6 V/cm).
The bipolar outflow toward G5.89-0.39

We present high-resolution observations of G5.89-0.39 in CO(1 → 0), 13CO(1 → 0), C18O(1 → 0), and HCO+(1 → 0). We characterize the G5.89-0.39 outflow using the 13CO emission. The outflow is found to be young, massive, and powerful. We conclude that (1) the outflow is nearly along the line of sight, (2) there is dynamical evidence for entrainment of ambient interstellar material into the outflow, (3) the mass entrainment rate is ~4 × 10-3 M☉ yr-1, (4) in the blue lobe, only ~27% of the outflow mass is due to entrainment, and (5) expansion of the outflow lobes perpendicular to the flow axis is occurring at ~1-10 vsound. A neutral and ionized outflow tracer are compared. Watson and coworkers predicted that if entrainment through the Kelvin-Helmholtz shear instability adds significantly to the outflow mass, a difference in the turbulent velocity widths of neutral and ionized outflow tracers could be measurable. We cannot conclude that the Kelvin-Helmholtz shear instability is the physical process causing this entrainment, but it may operate at a level below our detection limit.
Local microstructure and the cuprate spin gap puzzle

Abstract Here we propose that the spin gap properties of the underdoped cuprates may be associated with a local inhomogeneous structure in the CuO2 planes. Experimental evidence for such structure is discussed along with suggestions regarding how such local structure might give rise to a spin gap.
NONPARAMETRIC TESTS FOR SERIAL DEPENDENCE

Abstract. A nonparametric test statistic based on the distance between the joint and marginal densities is developed to test for the serial dependence for a given sequence of time series data. The key idea lies in observing that, under the null hypothesis of independence, the joint density of the observations is equal to the product of their individual marginals. Histograms are used in constructing such a statistic which is nonparametric and consistent. It possesses high power in capturing subtle or diffuse dependence structure. A bilinear time series model is used to illustrate its performance with the classical correlation approach.
Physical characteristics and microstructure of reduced-fat frankfurters as affected by salt and emulsified fats stabilized with nonmeat proteins.

: Functional properties and microstructure of frankfurters containing 1.5% or 2.5% salt and 15% pre-emulsified fat (PEF) stabilized with 2% pea protein, soy protein, or sodium caseinate were studied. With the exception of frankfurters with pea protein and 1.5% NaCl, all the others made with PEF” had greater (p < 0.01) thermal stability than all-meat frankfurters. Frankfurters containing soy protein or sodium caseinate had greater (p < 0.01) shear force than those with pea protein. Reducing NaCl in the frankfurters containing PEF did not influence the shear force. Microstructure examination revealed that many fat globules were entrapped physically within soy protein or sodium caseinate, which stabilized the meat emulsions and contributed to a firmer texture. Key Words: emulsified fat, reduced-fat, low-salt, microstructure, frankfurters
Extending the continuum of molecular weight distributions based on the generalized exponential (Gex) distributions

Literature data on the average molecular weights Mn, MW, Mz, and/or Mv for several polymers indicated that they fell outside the continuum originally proposed to model molecular weight distribution (MWD), where the log-normal (LN) distribution, or positively valued Gex parameters m and k, define the continuum. Following the papers of Kubin, it is possible to embrace these polymers in an extended continuum by including these parameters, both negatively valued, in it. To the extent that m ≥ −1 and k < −5, the extended continuum models average molecular weights through Mz+2. The correspondence of Gex models of MWD of a polymer obtained from data on its Mn, Mw, and Mz with that obtained from data on its Mn, Mv, and Mw is indicated, using published data. The numerical value of the m parameter in a Gex model is of use in polymerization kinetics; when m values are obtained for each analysis from multiple analyses upon a given polymer, their consistency indicates the concordance of the three average molecular weights from each test run. The Gex parameters based upon Mn, Mw, and Mv or Mz can be used to estimate values for higher average molecular weights of linear, unimodal homopolymers. This is of use in interpreting rheological data on such polymers.
The ACODAC ambient noise system

The ACOustic DAta Capsule (ACODAC) system was designed to obtain long term, unattended measurements of the ambient acoustic noise in the deep ocean. The instrument consists of a 40" diameter pressure vessel containing a 7-channel low speed analog tape recorder, a time code generator, automatic gain ranging data amplifiers and an acoustic telemetry system. An associated vertical array of six hydrophones spaced at various depths along an electromechanical cable extends from near the surface to the sea floor. Simultaneous recordings over the frequency range 10-400 Hz can be made from all hydrophones for periods of up to 30 days in water depths to 18,000 feet. The instrument has been deployed sixteen times during the past two years by the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution with a total accmulation of approximately 850 hydrophone days of data. A brief description of the associated data reduction system is included along with some examples of the 1/3 octave and narrow band spectrum analysis performed on data from one deployment.
Stray light performance of the long range reconnaissance imager (LORRI) on the New Horizons Mission

The LOng-Range Reconnaissance Imager (LORRI) is a high resolution imaging instrument on the New Horizons spacecraft. New Horizons will collect data during a fly-by of Pluto and its satellites in 2015, and may continue on to collect data at another Kuiper Belt Object in an extended mission phase. New Horizons launched on January 19, 2006, the first mission of NASA's New Frontiers program. LORRI is a narrow field of view (0.29°), Ritchey-Chretien telescope with a 20.8 cm diameter primary mirror. The telescope has an effective focal length of 262 cm and has a three lens field flattener near the focal plane. The focal plane unit consists of a 1024 × 1024 pixel charge-coupled device detector operating in frame transfer mode. LORRI provides panchromatic imaging over a bandpass that extends approximately from 350 nm to 850 nm. The instrument operates in an extreme thermal environment, viewing space from within the warm spacecraft. For this reason, LORRI has a silicon carbide optical system with passive thermal control, designed to maintain focus without adjustment over a wide temperature range from -100 C to +50 C. LORRI has been successfully operated through initial commissioning, a fly-by of Jupiter, and two annual checkout periods. We describe the in-flight testing and measured performance of LORRI, and provide comparisons to pre-launch performance predictions. We also detail plans under consideration for changing LORRI's flight software to accommodate autonomous detection of targets within the instrument's field of view.
Mapping the SF-12 to the EuroQol EQ-5D Index in a National US Sample:

Background. Preference scores for the Medical Outcomes Study (MOS) SF-12 would enable its use in cost-effectiveness analyses. Previous mapping studies of MOS instruments to preference-based instrum...
Factors regulating insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-3 binding, processing, and potentiation of insulin-like growth factor action

In this study, we investigated the effects of various biochemical and pharmacological agents on insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) cell binding and action in cultured bovine fibroblasts. When cells were preincubated for 48 h with 50 nM recombinant human (rh) IGFBP-3, IGF-I-stimulated [3H]aminoisobutyric acid ([125H]AIB) uptake was enhanced 2- to 3-fold. The addition of cytoskeletal disrupting agents during the preincubation with rhIGFBP-3 did not affect IGFBP-3 potentiation of IGF-I action, nor did a variety of serine, aspartate, and metalloproteinase inhibitors. On the other hand, ammonium chloride and chloroquine, weak bases that neutralize the pH of acidic cell compartments, blocked IGFBP-3 potentiation of IGF-I-stimulated [3H]AIB uptake. Chloroquine and ammonium chloride had no effect alone and did not inhibit IGF-I receptor binding or action in the absence of rhIGFBP-3. Bafilomycin A, a specific inhibitor of ATP-dependent hydrogen ion pumps, also inhibited IGFBP-3 potentiati...
Protective effect of vitamin E on genotoxicity of methylmercury

The cytogenetic effects of methylmercury (MeHg) producing chromosomal breakages, C‐mitosis, and sister chromatid exchange are well documented. The present investigation was to determine whether vitamin E, which has been shown to exert a certain protective measure on the nervous system of animals exposed to methylmercury, also will diminish the genotoxicity of MeHg. Adult hamsters were given a daily injection (ip) of methylmercury chloride at a dosage of 2.0 mg/kg body weight (kg b.w.) and/or with 2.0 mg/kg b.w. vitamin E for 3 wk. All animals were sacrificed 5 d after the last day of MeHg exposure. Fibroblast cultures were established with cells obtained from skins of these animals. Chromosome preparations were made from these cultures and evaluated, using a double‐blind system, for incidences of chromosomal breakage. It was found that all the fibroblast cultures grew well except from those animals treated with MeHg. Furthermore, while the saline control and vitamin E alone cultures showed no significant ...
Comparison of Bone Density Measurement Techniques: DXA and Archimedes' Principle

The standard method for determination of density (g/cm3) of bones from small animals has been the application of Archimedes' principle. A recent development has been software for the determination of “density” (g/cm2) of small animal bones with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). We compared Archimedes' principle and DXA (Hologic QDR-2000) in the measurement of the densities of whole and hollowed femurs of 5- to 6-month-old retired female breeder rats. In an attempt to ensure detectable treatment differences, rats were used from a low-vitamin D Holtzman and a supplemental-vitamin D Sprague-Dawley colony. Whole femur densities were higher for supplemental-vitamin D colony rats than for low vitamin D rats using both techniques (Archimedes' principle, p < 0.002; DXA, p < 0.005), and the densities from the two techniques were highly correlated (r = 0.82, p < 0.0001). Actual density values were higher for Archimedes' principle than for DXA. Other variables such as femur ash weight and calcium content were also highly correlated to densities with both techniques. Hollowed femur density values were higher than whole femur values with Archimedes' principle but lower with DXA. Colony effects for hollowed femur densities were diminished with Archimedes' principle (p < 0.03) and eliminated with DXA (p < 0.53). Investigation of whole bones is more biologically relevant, and both techniques were effective in detecting differences between whole femurs from low-vitamin D and supplemental-vitamin D colony rats.
The novel low temperature synthesis of nanocrystalline MgAl2O4 spinel using “gel” precursors

Abstract Nanocrystalline MgA12O4 was synthesized by pyrolysis of the homogeneous spinel precursor, Mg(C4H5O2)2·(H2O):Al2(OH)3(C3H3O2)3·(H2O)2:NH4(C3H3O2)·(H2O). The spinel precursor gel is composed of a mixture of magnesium and aluminum acrylate salts dissolved in an ammonium acrylate gel. The reaction of acrylic acid with magnesium hydroxide in water produced magnesium methacrylate, and a similar reaction of basic aluminum acetate produced the aluminum salt of acrylic acid. The reaction of acrylic acid with ammonium hydroxide produced the ammonium acrylate gel. Ammonium acrylate gel was found to absorb many times its own weight of water. Although similar properties have been identified in PMMA and in the polymer of sodium acrylate, only the ammonium acrylate gel exists as an unpolymerized monomer. The spinel precursor gel is a pre-ceramic material that yields an amorphous oxide phase at 425°C that begins to crystallize to the MgAl2O4 spinel at 600°C and is fully crysta1line at 1030°C with a uniform particle size of 7–100 nm. The spinel precursor gel and the nanocrystalline MgA12O4 spinel were characterized by XRD and TEM.
Ahead of Her Time: Eva Kolinsky and the Limits of German Gender Quotas

As German political parties began to implement gender quotas, Eva Kolinsky was sceptical whether such quotas could succeed in increasing women's presence in German legislatures. She predicted that women's unequal share of home and family responsibilities and their dislike of traditional political structures would limit the quotas' success. This article, written over a decade after Kolinsky's work, assesses the accuracy of her predictions. It finds her scepticism of gender quotas' ability to overcome women's perpetual political under-representation partially warranted. While quotas have had a positive effect on German women's political representation, they have not been quite as successful as initial observers had hoped. Kolinsky's concerns about the hindrances to women's political representation posed by their unequal share of household responsibilities and the male nature of German politics continue to explain this pattern. Although quotas alone have not been enough to ensure that German women hold an eq...
The missing link: how the inflammasome senses oxidative stress

found that thio-redoxin (TRX)-interacting protein (TXNIP)can bind to NLRP3, the key inﬂammasomecomponent in a reactive oxygen species(ROS)-responsive manner, thus elucidatingthelinkbetweenROSproductionandinﬂam-masome activation.The NOD-like receptors (NLRs) are a largefamily of cytosolic pattern recognition recep-tors (34 members in mice, 23 in human),which are abletorecognizevarious pathogen-associated molecular patterns and danger-associated molecular patterns and therebyinitiate innate immune response towardinvading pathogens and cellular damage.
A method of generating integral representations

The objective of this paper was to present a unified method of generating integral representations in special function theory using the idea of simultaneous separability of∇2U+ΦU=0 in orthogonal curvilinear coordinate systems. The main results of this paper are formulas (8), (9) and (10) with formula (11) as a special case of (10).