cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Inflammation in virus infections

Abstract This review addresses general aspects of the nature of the cellular response in sites of viral pathology. The virus-induced inflammatory process reflects the operation of a broad spectrum of host defence mechanisms ranging, in the phylogenetic sense, from the most primitive (e.g. simple phagocytosis) to the specific immunity characteristic of the higher vertebrates. The pattern of cellular extravasation is also determined by the nature of the particular pathogen, being influenced by such factors as the extent of viral cytopathology and the spectrum of cytokine production. The presence of substantial numbers of activated T cells and macrophages in a particular tissue may have both beneficial and deleterious consequences. We now have a relatively clear concept of the factors governing the specificity of the CD4 + and CD8 + T lymphocytes that are a central component of the cellular immune response to viruses. Much remains to be learned about the biological events that influence and characterize the effector phase of these T cells in the in vivo situation, and the interactions between various host cell populations in the target organ.
Comparative pharmacokinetics of chlortetracycline in milk-fed versus conventionally fed calves.

Plasma and tissue concentration and pharmacokinetics of chlortetracycline (CTC) was determined in milk-fed and conventionally fed Holstein calves. A two-compartment open model was used after a single intravenous dose (11 mgn CTC/kg body weight). There were no significant differences between dietary treatments. The drug was rapidly distributed from plasma into the peripheral compartment but was slowly eliminated, with detectable concentration of CTC continuing for 72 h after dosing. A single-compartment model was used after a single oral dose (22 mg CTC/kg body weight). All but four of the kinetic parameters were significantly different for the two dietary treatments. Milk-fed calves had a larger area under the plasma level curve, a larger fraction of the dose absorbed, a smaller volume of distribution and a smaller overall body clearance rate. Estimated recovery of CTC in the urine of the milk-fed calves was greater, regardless of route of administration. The concentration of CTC in tissues following an oral dose was greatest in kidney, followed by liver, heart, skeletal muscle, spleen and brain. Tissue depletion of CTC closely paralleled the decline in plasma concentration.
Sodium Chloride Equivalents, Cryoscopic Properties, and Hemolytic Effects of Certain Medicinals in Aqueous Solution

A supplemental table of NaCl equivalents and freezing point depressions at various concentrations for 21 different medicinal substances in aqueous solution is presented. Also given in the table is the isosmotic concentration of each of the materials which can form such a solution. The degree of hemolysis of human erythrocytes was determined in 45 different isosmotic solutions and the data are presented in a table to supplement the previously published values. Freezing point depression graphs for five substances—bromodiphenhydramine HCl, dexchlorpheniramine maleate, hydroxyzine HCl, sodium nafcillin, and valethamate bromide—are presented because they showed one or more discontinuities caused by some type of association or aggregation in their solutions.
HIV-1 membrane fusion mechanism: structural studies of the interactions between biologically-active peptides from gp41.

Two synthetic peptides corresponding to sequences in HIV-1LAI gp41, T21 (aa 558−595) and T20 (aa 643−678), are strong inhibitors of HIV-1 viral fusion, having EC50 values of 1 μg/mL and 1 ng/mL, re...
Choking and Excelling Under Pressure

Decrements in performance on cognitive tasks resulting from pressure to perform (i.e., choking) are thought to be caused by interference with the ability to use explicit strategies (the distraction theory). This view suggests that pressure should improve performance on tasks for which explicit strategies hamper performance. This hypothesis was tested by giving subjects one of two nearly identical learning tasks, a task that required learning a rule or one that required using a holistic information-integration strategy. Explicit rule use would hurt performance in the latter task. As predicted by the distraction theory, pressure decreased performance on the rule-based task but enhanced performance on the information-integration task.
Web N.0: The next revolution in information systems is upon us

Sercel will describe the results of a recent study of our society's technology needs in the coming decades and will outline new technological directions the aerospace community must move in to remain vibrant and relevant in the 21st century. Analysis shows that eight specific overlapping technology trends are uniting in the free market to form an entirely new technological paradigm. This new paradigm is the much ballyhooed Web N, but it is not what the prognosticators think is Web N. Each of the 8 emerging trends will described and shown to enable truly transformational systems and increase productivity of aerospace engineers in this surprising presentation.
The Couples Enhancement Workshop: A Brief Approach for Group Work With Couples

The Couples Enhancement Workshop (CEW) offers a unique time-limited, group-oriented approach to strength building and relationship enhancement. The need for enhancement practices is established, followed by a review of the theoretical influences of the CEW. This includes a review of the Relationship Conflict and Restoration Model, the concept of relational grace, and narrative therapeutic principles. The CEW is then outlined in detail followed by a review of application, and research considerations are discussed.
Structure of the major oligosaccharide of cobra venom factor

Cobra venom factor (CVF), the complement-activating glycoprotein in cobra venom, contains three or possibly four N-linked oligosaccharide chains per molecule and is devoid of O-linked saccharides. Analysis by lectin-affinity staining revealed the presence of complex-type oligosaccharides containing non-reducing terminal alpha-galactosyl residues and fucose residues linked to the proximal N-acetylglucosamine. Sialic acid residues could not be detected. For their structural analysis, the oligosaccharides were released by hydrazinolysis and fractionated on Bio-Gel P-4. Approximately 80% of the eluted oligosaccharides have a size equivalent of 17 +/- 2 glucose units. The major oligosaccharide representing about 45% of the total carbohydrate present in CVF was purified to homogeneity by MicroPak AX-5 HPLC and its structure was analyzed by sequential exoglycosidase digestion. The positions of the glycosidic linkages of the sugar residues were established by methylation analysis of CVF-derived glycopeptides. The data of these analyses indicated that the major oligosaccharide has a symmetrical fucosylated biantennary complex-type structure terminating with unusual alpha-galactosyl residues.
Fast Compositional Queries in a Relational Grid Information Service

A Grid Information service (GIS) stores information about the resources of a distributed computing environment and answers questions about it. We have developed RGIS, a GIS system that, unlike previous efforts, is based on the relational data model. RGIS users can write SQL queries that search for complex compositions of resources that meet collective requirements. Executing these queries can be very expensive, however. In response, we have introduced three query techniques, nondeterminism, scoping, and approximation, that allow the user (and RGIS) to trade off between the query’s running time and the number of results. Herein we describe RGIS, our query techniques, and their implementation. Our evaluation shows that a meaningful tradeoff between query time and results returned is achievable, and that the tradeoff can be used to keep query time largely independent of query complexity. RGIS uses our techniques to bound query execution time. This strongly supports our general case for GIS systems based on the relational data model and RDBMSes.
Computable Strategies for Repeated Prisoner′s Dilemma

Abstract For undiscounted, infinitely repeated prisoner′s dilemma, examples are given of a computable strategy to which there is no best response, and a computable strategy to which there are best responses but no computable best responses. Journal of Economic Literature Classification Number: C72.
High-energy symmetries of string theory.

By means of a recent analysis of the high-energy limit of string scattering, linear relations between string scattering amplitudes are derived. These are shown to hold order by order in perturbation theory. If one assumes that they hold for the full theory, they suggest the existence of an enormous string-broken symmetry which is restored at high energies. Some speculations as to the nature of this symmetry are presented.
Electrical Resistivity of a Polymeric Insulator containing Segregated Metallic Particles

GURLAND1 has studied the decrease in electrical resistivity of an insulating polymeric material caused by inclusion of randomly distributed spherical particles of metal. It was shown that the resistivity of a phenolic polymer (“bakelite”) was little affected by inclusion of silver particles below a volume percentage of 35–37, but that beyond this level the resistivity decreased markedly. Evidence that the spherical particles of silver were randomly distributed was obtained by microscopic examination of polished sections of compacts. Comparison of the frequency of particle to particle contacts with probability theory and subsequently with percolation models2, suggested that the abrupt decrease in resistivity at 35–37% corresponded to the onset of the formation of infinitely long chains of connected metallic particles.
a Semiautomatic Microscopic Particle Size Analyzer Utilizing the Vickers Image Splitting EYEPIECE1

SUMMARY Microscopic size analysis is the most direct of all size analysis procedures and is frequently used as a calibration technique for other methods. The commonly used microscopic procedures, however, are laborious and the results are frequently inaccurate because of the small number of particles measured by most investigators. Using the Vickers Eyepiece, we have built an inexpensive (> $ 1,000), semiautomatic microscopic size analyzer with which particles are sized, sorted into sixteen classes, and counted, accurately and quickly. The instrument combines direct observation with speed, accuracy, and ease of measurement to make it a valuable tool for the size analysis of a wide range of materials.
Multi-robot perimeter-shaping through mediator-based swarm control

A swarm is a group of uninformed individuals that exhibit collective behaviors. The group without any information has limited ability to achieve complex goals. Human-swarm interaction methods often allow a human to influence these uninformed individuals through either leadership or predation as informed agents that directly interact with humans. These methods of influence have two main limitations: (1) although leaders sustain influence over nominal agents for a long period of time, they tend to cause all collective structures to turn in to flocks (negating the benefit of other swarm formations) and (2) predators tend to cause collective structures to fragment. In this paper, we present the use of mediators as a novel form for human-swarm influence and use mediators to shape the perimeter of a swarm. The mediator method uses special agents that operate from within the spatial center of a swarm. This approach allows a human operator to coordinate multiple mediators to modulate a rotating torus into various shapes while sustaining influence over the swarm, avoiding fragmentation, and maintaining the swarm's connectivity. The use of mediators allows a human to mold and adapt the torus' behavior and structure to a wide range of spatio-temporal tasks such as military protection and decontamination tasks. This paper also provides the results of the experiment concerned with decontamination task that compares previous informed agent methods to the mediator-based control with regard to manageability and performance.
Sexual and Racial Discrimination in Service-Seeking Interactions: A Field Study in Fast Food and Commercial Establishments

Observers at fast food restaurants and banks in New York City catalogued the sex and race of 492 customers and of the cashiers who were chosen by those customers. Data analysis showed that black customers preferred black cashiers while white customers preferred white cashiers. In contrast, female cashiers were preferred by both male and female customers, although the tendency was somewhat more pronounced for women. Also documented was an apparent bias of employing women rather than men in food-service positions. The findings are discussed in the general context of discrimination and stereotypy.
Modified Scoring Criteria for the RBANS Figures

Visual construction and memory tasks are routinely used in neuropsychological assessment, but their subjective scoring criteria can negatively affect the reliability of these instruments. The current study examined the standard scoring criteria for the Figure Copy and Recall subtests of the RBANS and compared them to a modified set of scoring criteria in two samples. In both a large community dwelling sample of older adults and in a mixed clinical sample, the original scoring criteria consistently led to lower scores than the modified criteria. Inter-rater reliability was high for the modified scoring criteria, and no age effects were found with the modified scoring criteria. In both samples, the modified scoring criteria led to Figure Copy scores that more closely approximated other performances on the RBANS compared to the standard criteria, whereas both scoring systems led to plausible Figure Recall scores. Despite these results, the present study cannot identify one scoring criterion as the "better," but only points out the significant differences between them. Such differences can have important clinical implications, and practitioners and researchers who utilize the RBANS with patient samples should be cautious when interpreting low scores on Figure Copy and Recall if the standard criteria are used.
Class I Chitinase and β-1,3-Glucanase Are Differentially Regulated by Wounding, Methyl Jasmonate, Ethylene, and Gibberellin in Tomato Seeds and Leaves

Class I chitinase (Chi9) and beta-1,3-glucanase (GluB) genes are expressed in the micropylar endosperm cap of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) seeds just before radicle emergence through this tissue to complete germination. In gibberellin (GA)-deficient mutant (gib-1) seeds, expression of Chi9 and GluB mRNA and protein is dependent upon GA. However, as expression occurs relatively late in the germination process, we investigated whether the genes are induced indirectly in response to tissue wounding associated with endosperm cap weakening and radicle protrusion. Wounding and methyl jasmonate (MeJA) induced Chi9 expression, whereas ethylene, abscisic acid, sodium salicylate, fusicoccin, or beta-aminobutyric acid were without effect. Chi9 expression occurred only in the micropylar tissues when seeds were exposed to MeJA or were wounded at the chalazal end of the seed. Expression of Chi9, but not GluB, mRNA was reduced in germinating seeds of the jasmonate-deficient defenseless1 tomato mutant and could be restored by MeJA treatment. Chi9 expression during germination may be associated with "wounding" from cell wall hydrolysis and weakening in the endosperm cap leading to radicle protrusion, and jasmonate is involved in the signaling pathway for this response. Among these treatments and chemicals (other than GA), only MeJA and wounding induced a low level of GluB expression in gib-1 seeds. However, MeJA, wounding, and particularly ethylene induced both genes in leaves, whereas GA induced only Chi9 in leaves. Although normally expressed simultaneously during tomato seed germination, Chi9 and GluB genes are regulated distinctly and tissue specifically by hormones and wounding.
Multiple Inference and Gender Differences in the Effects of Early Intervention: A Reevaluation of the Abecedarian, Perry Preschool, and Early Training Projects

The view that the returns to educational investments are highest for early childhood interventions is widely held and stems primarily from several influential randomized trials—Abecedarian, Perry, and the Early Training Project—that point to super-normal returns to early interventions. This article presents a de novo analysis of these experiments, focusing on two core issues that have received limited attention in previous analyses: treatment effect heterogeneity by gender and overrejection of the null hypothesis due to multiple inference. To address the latter issue, a statistical framework that combines summary index tests with familywise error rate and false discovery rate corrections is implemented. The first technique reduces the number of tests conducted; the latter two techniques adjust the p values for multiple inference. The primary finding of the reanalysis is that girls garnered substantial short- and long-term benefits from the interventions, but there were no significant long-term benefits fo...
Ecology and biology of chemoreception in polychaetes

Nervous system and sensory structure morphologies provide useful information for reconstructing phylogenetic relationships among the Polychaeta, Annelida, and Arthropoda. With the more common use of indirect immunocytochemistry and laser scanning confocal microscopy methods, the detailed information available from morphological studies has increased. Despite this wealth of information, developing an integrated understanding of the ecology, physiology, morphology, and molecular mechanisms of sensory systems in polychaetes remains a challenge. For many marine organisms, including polychaetes, chemical signals and chemoreception mediate numerous ecologically important behaviors including defense, reproduction, recruitment, and feeding, yet the mechanism of chemoreception in polychaetes has not been well described. This review summarizes research on the ecology and biology of polychaete chemoreception, particularly as it mediates reproduction, recruitment, and feeding, discusses the chemosensory structures of polychaetes, and describes recent advances in our understanding of chemoreception mechanisms in polychaetes.
Agent-based optimization of emulations of network server applications in honeypots

Low-interaction honeypots can provide a cost-effective security mechanism for a wide range of computer systems. A central challenge in the development of low-interaction honeypots is the development of emulation programs that mimic the action of server applications on the target platform. The emulation programs must be of high enough fidelity to fool attackers. However, the manual development of these emulations is extremely time-consuming. This paper describes an agent-based optimization system that can automate the generation of emulation programs for honeypots. The system is evaluated in its ability to emulate a mail server. In this evaluation, the system produced correct responses to more than 99% of test data queries.
Optical and Structural Properties of Single Phase Epitaxial p‐Type Transparent Oxide Thin Films

Transparent conductive oxides (TCOs) are widely used in optoelectronic devices. For example, Sn-doped In2O3 (indium tin oxide, ITO), Al-doped ZnO, and F- or Sb-doped SnO2 have been practically adopted as transparent electrodes in flat panel displays, solar cells, and organic light-emitting diodes. [1] As these materials are all electron doped, the electrical conductivity of these materials is controlled by the conduction of electrons. In other words, they are n-type TCOs. In order to fully explore the potential applications of TCOs in transparent electronics, the development of p-type TCOs is critical as well. [2] For instance, the formation of active devices such as p–n junctions based on TCOs can lead to functional windows, where the junction not only transmits visible light but also generates electricity by the absorption of the ultraviolet (UV) radiation. [2] Since the discovery of p-type electrical conduction in the transparent CuAlO2 thin film, a class of delafossite AMO2 materials (A= Cu or Ag, M = Al, Ga, Fe, or In) has been extensively investigated in the last several years. [2–5] The crystal structure of delafossite CuAlO2 consists of an alternating stack of Cu ion layers and AlO2 octahedron layers. Each Cu atom is linearly coordinated with two oxygen atoms to form an O-Cu-O dumbbell unit placed parallel to the c-axis. O-atoms of O-Cu-O dumbbell link all Cu layers with the AlO2 layers. [2] Synthesizing thin film of this material is complicated due to the variety of possible Cu-Al-O phases. [6] A few attempts have been made to prepare CuAlO2 films using techniques such as pulsed laser deposition (PLD), DC- and rfsputtering, chemical vapor deposition (CVD), ion-exchange reactions, spray, and sol-gel methods. [2,5–18] The chemical solu
A comparison of H1N1 influenza among pediatric inpatients in the pandemic and post pandemic era.

Abstract Background The novel influenza A H1N1 (A[H1N1]pdm09) strain emerged in 2009, contributing to significant morbidity and mortality. It is not known whether illness associated with A(H1N1) pdm09 in the post-pandemic era exhibits a similar disease profile. Objective The objectives of this study were to compare the burden of disease of A(H1N1) pdm09 influenza from the 2009 pandemic year to the post-pandemic years (2010–2014), and to explore potential reasons for any differences. Study design We conducted a retrospective cohort study of inpatients admitted to Children’s Hospital Colorado with a positive respiratory specimen for influenza from May–December, 2009 and December, 2010–April, 2014. Univariate and multivariate analyses were conducted to compare the demographics and clinical characteristics of patients with H1N1 during the two periods. Results There were 388 inpatients with influenza A(H1N1) pdm09 in 2009, and 117 during the post-pandemic years. Ninety-four percent of all H1N1 during the post-pandemic era was observed during the 2013–2014 influenza season. Patients with A(H1N1) pdm09 during the post-pandemic year were less likely to have an underlying medical condition ( P P = 0.01) and a lower proportion of patients were intubated, had mental status changes, and ARDS compared with the pandemic years, ( P P = 0.02). Conclusion Patients with influenza A(H1N1) pdm09 during the post-pandemic years appeared to have less severe disease than patients with A(H1N1) pdm09 during the pandemic year. The reasons for this difference are likely multifactorial.
MATCHED PAIR TRUE‐FALSE SCORING: EFFECT ON RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY1

The matched pair technique for writing and scoring true-false items was designed to compensate for the acquiescence response set of primary grade children. The claim that this technique increases reliability to an appreciable extent over traditional true-false scoring was investigated by comparing alpha internal consistency coefficients computed for the matched pair true-false, traditional true-false, and three other scoring schemes. Both the total sample coefficients and individual classroom coefficients were computed from the standardization sample of a primary grade economics achievement test (Primary Test of Economic Understanding). Classroom reliability coefficients computed from the matched pair scores were found to be higher than those from scores computed by the other methods. Total sample coefficients obtained from four of the five methods were nearly equal. Evidence of the effects of each scoring technique on concurrent validity is also presented. Contrary to expectations, the correlations of traditional and matched pair scores with Iowa Test of Basic Skills (ITBS) subtests (when adjusted for differing reliabilities) were approximately equal.
Id proteins in development, cell cycle and cancer

Id proteins are important parts of signaling pathways involved in development, cell cycle and tumorigenesis. They were first shown to act as dominant negative antagonists of the basic helix–loop–helix family of transcription factors, which positively regulate differentiation in many cell lineages. The Id proteins do this by associating with the ubiquitous E proteins and preventing them from binding DNA or other transcription factors. Id proteins also associate with Ets transcription factors and the Rb family of tumor suppressor proteins, and are downstream targets of transforming growth factor β and bone morphogenic protein signaling. Thus, the Id proteins have become important molecules for understanding basic biological processes as well as targets for potential therapeutic intervention in human disease.
THE SOLUBLE SPECIFIC SUBSTANCE OF PNEUMOCOCCUS: IV. ON THE NATURE OF THE SPECIFIC POLYSACCHARIDE OF TYPE III PNEUMOCOCCUS

Throughout the 1920s the scientific community remained skeptical of Avery and Heidelberger's work on the unique antigenic polysaccharides in type II and type III pneumococcus. Echoing prevailing beliefs among scientists that only proteins could act as antigens, critics contended that Heidelberger and Avery's polysaccharide solutions had been contaminated by proteins, and that these, not the polysaccharides, were causing the antigenic reactions. As a result, the two approached Walther Goebel, an organic chemist, in order to more specifically determine the nature of these polysaccharides and their antigenic properties. This article details their findings as to the structure and composition of the polysaccharide capsule of type III pneumococcus.
Reexamining Carnegie Research Institutions: Evidence from IPEDS Data.

Officials at the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching changed the system that had been used to classify institutions of higher education in 2000. Part of the redesign was a change in the criteria for placement of doctoral degree granting institutions. Especially noteworthy was the removal of specific levels of research funding as a distinguishing feature of commitment to research. Do the new criteria accurately capture differences in priorities as measured by expenditures across all educational categories? Are there significant differences in overall patterns of spending that distinguish the types of graduate programs categorized by the new instrument? This research effort is an attempt to address these questions by examining expenditures in three major categories of university operations-research, instruction, and public service.
Chrysomyinae (Diptera: Calliphoridae) is monophyletic: a molecular systematic analysis

The subfamily Chrysomyinae includes blowflies of considerable ecological and applied importance. Previous extensive morphological investigations have affirmed chrysomyine monophyly, but did not support the monophyly of traditional chrysomyine tribes. Conversely, molecular systematic analyses suggested a para- or polyphyletic Chrysomyinae. Conflicting hypotheses have been proposed about the tribe-level classification, and about the relationships of the obligate bird parasites Protocalliphora Hough and Trypocalliphora Peus. To understand chrysomyine evolution better, we reconstructed phylogenies of the Chrysomyinae based on 2285 bp of combined data from mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase c subunit 1 (COI )a nd nuclear carbamoylphosphate synthetase (CPS) genes. Maximum parsimony (MP), maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian analysis (BA) strongly supported the monophyly of Chrysomyinae and the paraphyly of the tribe Chrysomyini. BA and ML yielded a monophyletic tribe Phormiini, but this was unresolved by MP. A sister-group relationship between Trypocalliphora and Protocalliphora indicates that obligate bird parasitism evolved once within the Calliphoridae. For the first time all Neotropical genera (Cochliomyia Townsend, Compsomyiops Townsend, Paralucilia Brauer and Bergenstamm, Hemilucilia Brauer and Chloroprocta Wulp) were found to comprise a single lineage, and Chrysomya Robineau-Desvoidy, traditionally a member of Chrysomyini, was found to be closer to the Phormiini. Similarly, Hemilucilia + Chloroprocta was a monophyletic group. Every genus for which we examined more than one species was monophyletic.
The Relationship between Religious Activities and Blood Pressure in Older Adults

Objective:To examine the relationship between religious activities and blood pressure in community-dwelling older adults.Method:Blood pressure and religious activities were assessed in a probability sample of 3,963 persons age sixty-five years or older participating in the Duke EPESE survey. Participants were asked if their doctor had ever informed them that they had high blood pressure and if they were currently taking medication for high blood pressure. After the interview, systolic and diastolic blood pressures were measured following a standardized protocol. Data were available for three waves of the survey (1986, 1989–90, and 1993–94). Analyses were stratified by age (65–74 vs. over 75) and by race (Whites vs. Blacks) and were controlled for age, race, gender, education, physical functioning, body mass index, and, in longitudinal analyses, blood pressure from the previous wave.Results:Cross-sectional analyses revealed small (1–4 mm Hg) but consistent differences in measured systolic and diastolic blo...
DustDoctor: A self-healing sensor data collection system

This demonstration presents a tool, called DustDoctor, for troubleshooting sensor data fusion systems in which data is combined from multiple heterogeneous sources to compute actionable information. Application examples include target detection, critical infrastructure monitoring, and participatory sensing. In such systems, the correctness of end results may become compromised for a variety of possible reasons, such as node malfunction, bugs, environmental conditions unfavorable to certain sensors, or assumption mismatches (such as use of incompatible units on different nodes of the same distributed computation). DustDoctor adapts algorithms borrowed from previous discriminative mining literature to analyze data fusion flow graphs, called provenance graphs, and isolate sources and conditions correlated with anomalous results. This information is subsequently used to isolate malfunctioning components or filter out erroneous reports. We demonstrate our approach on MicaZ motes, running a simple data collection application, where users are allowed to inject a variety of different emulated faults, leaving it to DustDoctor to find and isolate them to prevent contamination of fusion results.
Methylated Mercury in Brook Trout (Salvelinus fontinalis): Absence of an in vivo Methylating Process

Abstract The possibility of in vivo conversion of inorganic mercury to MeHg in brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) was tested by chronically exposing fish to mercury (from Hg(NO3 )2) at a concentration of 1 ng/ml, for 56 days, and then maintaining them at background levels for 294 days. The concentrations of inorganic and methylated mercury (MeHg) in several organs of control and test fish were periodically measured over this 50-wk period. The inorganic mercury levels in test fish increased rapidly during exposure. The MeHg concentrations in both control and test fish increased slowly and at the same rate, with final 350-day concentrations comparable to levels found in wild brook trout from an uncontaminated area. This information indicates that fish do not methylate inorganic mercury in vivo, and that approximately one-half of the MeHg body burdens in the fish was acquired via the food.
The effect of Si planar doping on DX centers in Al0.26Ga0.74As

Abstract The effect of Si planar doping on the DX center in AlGaAs is investigated using deep level transient spectroscopy and Hall measurements. We observe an increase of approximately six orders of magnitude in the DX center capture cross section in Al 0.26 Ga 0.74 As with a Si sheet concentration of 2 × 10 12 cm -2 as compared to homogeneously doped Al 0.26 Ga 0.74 As. A model is suggested to explain the increase in capture cross sections based on a Si-induced biaxial stress state in the lattice. Hall measurements show that the ratio of deep donors to shallow donors is significantly decreased between the homogeneous sample and the planar doped sample suggesting planar doping may be superior for devices operating at variable temperatures.
Emergency department protocol for the diagnosis and evaluation of geriatric abuse

As the number of elderly persons in the United States continues to increase, geriatric abuse has become the most recent manifestation of domestic violence seen in the emergency department. Recent data suggest that 1 million elderly persons are battered, neglected, or exploited each year by family members or caretakers. This maltreatment may be more difficult to identify than child or spouse abuse because of the relative isolation of the victims and their reluctance to report abuse. Many of these cases involve only subtle signs and have a great potential to pass undetected. We summarize the current literature on geriatric abuse and describe an ED protocol for identifying and reporting suspected victims. We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 36 elderly patients hospitalized with documented abuse or neglect. Physical maltreatment was evident in 29 patients (80%), and 16 of the cases (44%) involved psychological abuse. Key points in the history, physical examination, and psychosocial evaluation were analyzed to identify specific criteria used in the development of the protocol. This framework will aid the emergency physician in the crucial first steps of identifying abuse, obtaining evidence, and providing immediate treatment and crisis intervention. Awareness that the problem exists and improved detection and intervention procedures are needed to prevent abuse of elderly persons from becoming more widespread.
Obstacle avoidance while bottom following for the remus autonomous underwater vehicle

Abstract Future Naval operations necessitate the incorporation of autonomous underwater vehicles into a collaborative network. In future complex missions, a forward look capability will also be required to map and avoid obstacles such as sunken ships and reefs. Following previous work on steering control, this work examines collision avoidance behaviors in bottom following using a hypothetical forward-looking sonar for the autonomous underwater vehicle REMUS. Hydrodynamic coefficients are used to develop diving equations that model REMUS behaviors. A two-dimensional forward-looking sonar model with a 20° vertical scan and a 40 meter radial range is modeled for obstacle detection. Sonar mappings from geographic range-bearing coordinates are developed for implementation in MATLAB simulations. REMUS is a highly responsive vehicle and care has taken to balance pitch and heave response to keep the obstacle to be avoided in sight during the response behavior.
Emerging Behavior as Binary Search Trees Are Symmetrically Updated

When repeated updates are made to a binary search tree, the expected search cost tends to improve, as observed by Knott. For the case in which the updates use an asymmetric deletion algorithm, the Knott effect is swamped by the behavior discovered by Eppinger. The Knott effect applies also to updates using symmetric deletion algorithms, and it remains unexplained, along with several other trends in the tree distribution. It is believed that updates using symmetric deletion do not cause search cost to deteriorate, but the evidence is all experimental. The contribution of this paper is to model separately several different trends which may contribute to or detract from the Knott effect.
Shaping an epithelial cell: the role of cell adhesion molecules in the reorganization of the membrane cytoskeleton

The generation of order from seeming chaos in biological systems is a central problem in developmental biology. A striking example of this is found in the formation of a polarized epithelium from unpolarized precursors during development. Polarized epithelia have a high degree of order at their cell surface that is characterized by the segregation of proteins into structurally and functionally distinct apical and basal—lateral membrane domains (Figure 2.1). The apical domain, which faces the topological outside of the organism, is specialized for protection, secretion, and the regulation of nutrient and fluid uptake. The basal—lateral domain is apposed to the circulatory system and is involved in communication with other parts of the body; hormone receptors and the machinery of the signal transduction pathway are located in this domain. Other proteins such as Na+,K+-ATPase, which are involved in the generation of ionic gradients, are also localized to the basal—lateral domain.
The ρ-meson electromagnetic mass splitting

In this paper we apply perturbation techniques to theS-matrix dynamical equations specifying the ρ-meson state, thereby calculating the ρ electromagnetic mass splitting. Approximate solutions to theN/D equations (for theJπ=1− partial wave) are employed in two models;a) ππ inelastic scattering with ρ exchange and photon exchange « driving » force;b)SU3 octet-octet scattering of pseudoscalars. The numerical results areMρ0—Mρ±≈+13 MeV.
Studies on dihydrofolic reductase. 3. Activation of the chicken liver enzyme by urea and thiourea.

The activity of chicken liver dihydrofolic reductase, which catalyzes the reduced pyridine nucleotide-dependent reduction of folate or dihydrofolate to tetrahydrofolate, is stimulated approximately 4-fold by 4 m urea and 8-fold by 1.6 m thiourea when TPNH and dihydrofolate serve as substrates. When folic acid and TPNH are the substrates, relatively slight stimulation of activity is observed with concentrations of urea or thiourea less than 1 m . At higher concentrations, these reagents are inhibitory. On the other hand, both urea and thiourea are markedly inhibitory when DPNH and dihydrofolate are used as substrates. With increasing concentrations of urea, the double pH-activity profile (optima at pH 4 and pH 7.4) of the enzyme is shifted to a profile exhibiting a single pH optimum, at approximately 6.5, when TPNH and dihydrofolate serve as substrates. No significant changes are observed when folate and TPNH or dihydrofolate and DPNH are used as substrates. As the concentration of urea or thiourea is increased to the optimum concentration for stimulation, the Vmax increases approximately 4- to 10-fold with respect to TPNH or dihydrofolate, whereas as the apparent Km for dihydrofolate increases approximately 80-fold the Km for TPNH increases only about 4-fold. Under similar conditions, no significant changes in the Km values for folate or DPNH are evident. The enthalpy of activation also increases with increasing concentration of the activating reagents, from +12.6 to +15.4 kcal per mole. At optimum stimulatory concentrations of urea or thiourea, the first order half-life for enzyme activity is markedly decreased (1½ min at 30°). This half-life increases to 22 min in the presence of 0.1 m m TPNH. Significant stabilization of the stimulated enzyme is observed also in the presence of similar concentrations of folate, dihydrofolate, TPN, or 20% glycerol. This loss of enzyme activity in 4 m urea is reversible on dilution, whereas the loss in 1.4 m thiourea appears to be irreversible. These observations are consistant with an activation of dihydrofolic reductase resulting from a conformational change in the enzyme protein induced by the presence of high concentrations of urea or thiourea concomitant with the binding of TPNH.
Optimization of gadolinium-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography using an automated bolus-detection algorithm (MR SmartPrep). Original investigation.

Gadolinium (Gd)-enhanced three-dimensional (3D) magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) is a quick method for performing noninvasive diagnostic angiography. A major technical obstacle to the successful implementation of this technique, however, is the proper coordination of the data acquisition with th
Toward an multidisciplinary curriculum in cyberscience

This conference presentation describes a process for developing a multidisciplinary curriculum in cyberscience. The process presented is a broad-based approach designed to support a four-year undergraduate cyberscience curriculum applicable to diverse institutions of higher learning.
Weighing the Benefits and Costs of HPV Vaccination of Young Men

New data suggest that a human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine prevents anal intraepithelial neoplasia in men, particularly in men who have sex with men. As the FDA reviews this new evidence, the debate over routine HPV vaccination of boys and men is likely to be reignited.
Selective Catalytic Synthesis of Unsymmetrical Ethers from the Dehydrative Etherification of Two Different Alcohols

The cationic ruthenium–hydride complex [(C6H6)(PCy3)(CO)RuH]+BF4– catalyzes selective etherification of two different alcohols to form unsymmetrically substituted ethers. The catalytic method exhibits a broad substrate scope while tolerating a range of heteroatom functional groups in forming unsymmetrical ethers, and it is successfully used to directly synthesize a number of highly functionalized chiral nonracemic ethers.
COMPUTATIONAL AND EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES OF AN ACTIVE SKIN FOR TURBULENT DRAG REDUCTION

Capitalizing on recent developments in Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS) studies on turbulent drag reduction techniques, an active or a “smart” skin has been developed to achieve turbulent drag reduction in realistic flight conditions. The active skin is deformed to take the shape a traveling wave profile through active material actuation. Its operating principle is based on computational evidence that indicates that a transverse traveling wave of certain amplitude, wavelength and frequency can result in significant turbulent drag reduction. The dynamic response of the active skin to actuation at high frequencies is studied using finite element analysis to evaluate the feasibility of the design. For preliminary testing and validation of the DNS results, a mechanically actuated prototype skin based on cam action has been manufactured using a rapid prototyping machine. Cam action was found to introduce circular oscillations on the surface of the skin and modifications have been made to the design to eliminate these oscillations.
Gluteal Myokymia, a Proximal Counterpart of Painless Legs, Moving Toes (P04.039)

Objective: The objective of this abstract is to present a unique patient with involuntary movements of gluteus maximus muscles in whom onset, evolution of symproms and electromyographic pattern resembled that of painful legs, moveing toes except it involved the proximal muscles. Background Involuntary ,myokymic movememnts has been described in foot and hand muscles as painful (or painless ) legs moving toes (PLMT) and painful(or painless) moving hands. These myokymic movemnts often arise from injury to peripheral nerves or nerve roots. To our knowledge a myokymic movement with unilatral onset evolving into bilateral movements has not be described before in the gutei muscles. Design/Methods: A 52 year-old female was evaluated for poor balance associated with movements of buttocks for the past 10 years. The movements started in the left side and then became bilateral. She had a history of extensive pelvic endometriosis which required surgical intervention. On examination, involuntary movements were noted in both buttocks involving the gluteus maximus muscles. Results: Electromyography demonstrated ongoing myokymic movements with characteristic periodic pattern . ry sounds. The discharges occured synchronously in both glutei. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of lumbosacral area demonstrated narrowing of L5-S1 foramen with commpression of corresponding nerve root. Cervical and thoracic MRI disclosed no spinal cord pathology. Treatment with onabotulinum toxin -A reduced the movemnts significantly. Conclusions: A syndrome similar to painful legs, moving toes exists in proximal leg muscles. In the case of our patient ,the movements started in one gluteus maximus and then spread to the other side(videotape) suggesting developemt of a spinal loop (as PLMT). Like PLMT, EMG of glutei muscles showed myokymia (videotape). We suggest that root compression on the side of firsr affected gluteus muscle caused the myokymic movements of that muscle. Disclosure: Dr. Sorokin has nothing to disclose. Dr. DiCapua has nothing to disclose. Dr. Mittal has nothing to disclose. Dr. Jabbari has nothing to disclose.
Saturation of the Two-Plasmon Decay Instability in Long-Scale-Length Plasmas Relevant to Direct-Drive Inertial Confinement Fusion

Measurements of the hot-electron generation by the two-plasmon-decay instability are made in plasmas relevant to direct-drive inertial confinement fusion. Density-scale lengths of 400 {micro}m at n{sub cr}/4 in planar CH targets allowed the two-plasmon-decay instability to be driven to saturation for vacuum intensities above ~3.5 x 10{sup 14} W cm{sup -2}. In the saturated regime, ~1% of the laser energy is converted to hot electrons. The hot-electron temperature is measured to increase rapidly from 25 to 90 keV as the laser beam intensity is increased from 2 to 7 x 10{sup 14} W cm{sup -2}. This increase in the hot-electron temperature is compared with predictions from nonlinear Zakharov models.
The importance of self-defense training for sexual violence prevention:

Women’s self-defense training has been excluded from sexual violence prevention efforts for a variety of reasons, including concerns that it is ineffective, encourages victim blaming, neglects acqu...
Research on expression of PtWRKY14 in transgenic tobacco and resistance to TMV

PtWRKY14 is a WRKY gene from Populus tomentosa. The study was conducted to investigate the effects of PtWRKY14 on plant disease resistance. The gene PtWRKY14 was constructed into binary vector pBI121 and transformed into tobacco plants by Agrobacterium-mediated leaf disc transformation. Transgenic tobaccos were identified by PCR and Southern hybridization. The results of tobacco mosaic virus(TMV) infection test showed that transgenic tobacco possessed certain resistance to TMV infection. The expression of PtWRKY14, superoxide Dismutase(SOD), peroxidase(POD) and catalase(CAT) were analyzed by real-time PCR. The result showed PtWRKY14 was up-regulated expression by TMV treatment. While the expressions of SOD, POD and CAT in transgenic tobacco were more than in blank control tobacco. These results suggested that PtWRKY14 might be up-regulate expression of SOD, POD and CAT, leading to enhanced plant disease resistance.
A Public Choice Analysis of the Political Economy of International Sanctions

The notion that the causes and effects of international economic sanctions are channelled through domestic politics in both the sanctioning and target countries is certainly nothing new to the international relations literature. In identifying expressive as opposed to instrumental impacts, Galtung (1967) suggested that economic sanctions might be usefully viewed as political signaling devices. Lindsay (1986) discussed the symbolism of sanctions both in regard to domestic and international constituencies. More recently, Morgan and Schwebach (1996) have used a spatial bargaining model to show that sanctions can be successful in attaining their political objectives in the target country under certain circumstances if the sanctions impose significant costs on politically powerful segments of the target society.
Picosecond Imaging of Photoexcited-Carrier Transport in GaAs/AlGaAs Multiple Quantum Wells

Spatial and time-resolved induced bleaching at the heavy-hole exciton in a multiple quantum well structure is used to study ambipolar diffusive transport of a quasi-2D electron-hole plasma. The diffusivity is found to depend on excess carrier energy, lattice temperature, and carrier density. We attribute the density dependence to effects of screening and degeneracy at high density.
Introduction: On Influence

Don DeLillo's works have been mapped through various networks of influence throughout their prolific reception history. This special issue addresses these aspects of influence on the 45th anniversary of the publication of Americana.