cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Online Learning and Acoustic Feature Adaptation in Large-Margin Hidden Markov Models

We explore the use of sequential, mistake-driven updates for online learning and acoustic feature adaptation in large-margin hidden Markov models (HMMs). The updates are applied to the parameters of acoustic models after the decoding of individual training utterances. For large-margin training, the updates attempt to separate the log-likelihoods of correct and incorrect transcriptions by an amount proportional to their Hamming distance. For acoustic feature adaptation, the updates attempt to improve recognition by linearly transforming the features computed by the front end. We evaluate acoustic models trained in this way on the TIMIT speech database. We find that online updates for large-margin training not only converge faster than analogous batch optimizations, but also yield lower phone error rates than approaches that do not attempt to enforce a large margin. Finally, experimenting with different schemes for initialization and parameter-tying, we find that acoustic feature adaptation leads to further improvements beyond the already significant gains achieved by large-margin training.
A reanalysis of radioisotope measurements of the $^9$Be$(\gamma,n)^8$Be cross-section

The $^{9}\mathrm{Be}(\ensuremath{\gamma},n)^{8}\mathrm{Be}$ reaction is enhanced by a near-threshold $1/{2}^{+}$ state. Contradictions between existing measurements of this reaction cross section affect calculations of astrophysical $r$-process yields, dark matter detector calibrations, and the theory of the nuclear structure of $^{9}\mathrm{Be}$. Select well-documented radioisotope $^{9}\mathrm{Be}(\ensuremath{\gamma},n)$ source yield measurements have been reanalyzed, providing a set of high-accuracy independently measured cross sections without the large systematic errors from recent beamline experiments [Arnold, Clegg, Iliadis, Karwowski, Rich, Tompkins, and Howell, Phys. Rev. C 85, 044605 (2012); Utsunomiya, Katayama, Gheorghe, Imai, Yamaguchi, Kahl, Sakaguchi, Shima, Takahisa, and Miyamoto, Phys. Rev. C 92, 064323 (2015)]. A single-level Breit-Wigner fit of these corrected measurement yields are ${E}_{R}=1736.8(18)$ keV, ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Gamma}}}_{\ensuremath{\gamma}}=0.742(25)$ eV, and ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Gamma}}}_{n}=252(17)$ keV for the $1/{2}^{+}$ state, excluding a virtual state solution.
H2AX and EMT: deciphering beyond DNA repair.

The vast majority of deaths from cancer are due to metastatic disease.1 Cancer cells loose cell-to-cell adhesion and apicobasal polarity and gain invasive abilities.2 These changes are partly due t...
Protocol to ILO Convention No. 29: A Step Forward for International Labour Standards

In June 2014, a new Protocol to ILO Convention No. 29 on Forced Labour was adopted. The purpose was to overcome implementation gaps for Convention No. 29. The Protocol is significant because it recognizes that all forms of forced labor, not just those that relate to trafficking, must be eradicated. Toward this end, it focuses on prevention, victim assistance, and international cooperation. The Protocol may also point to a way that international labour standard setting can be reinvigorated. In practical terms there is also reason for optimism given US support for the protocol and its leading role in rebalancing the focus on forced labour more equally to encompass trafficking and non-trafficked forced labour. This article examines the new Protocol and concludes that because of all the above reasons it is possible that real progress can be made toward combating all forms of forced labour.
Tale of a twist: magnetic and optical switching in copper(II) semiquinone complexes.

An intermediate (C) that is observed in both phenol hydroxylation and catechol oxidation with the side-on peroxide species [Cu2O2(DBED)2]2+ (DBED = N1,N2-di-tert-butylethane-1,2-diamine) is identified as a copper(II) semiquinone species ([1]+) through independent synthesis and characterization. The reaction of the redox-active 3,5-di-tert-butylquinone ligand with [(DBED)CuI(MeCN)]+ yields a copper(II) semiquinone [1]+ complex with a singlet ground state and an intense purple chromophore (e580 ∼ 3500 M–1 cm–1). All other copper(II) semiquinone complexes characterized to date are paramagnetic and weakly colored (e800 ∼ 500 M–1 cm–1). Antiferromagnetic coupling between the CuII center and the semiquinone radical in [1]+ is characterized by paramagnetic 1H NMR and SQUID magnetometry. Comparative X-ray crystal structures along with density functional theory calculations correlate the geometric structures of copper(II) semiquinone complexes with their magnetic and optical properties. The unique observable prope...
Who Stayed in School? Social Structure and Academic Achievement in the Determination of Enrollment Patterns, Providence, Rhode Island, 1880–1925

Class, race and ethnicity, gender, urban or rural life, religion-these aspects of social structure have been crucial to the work of American social historians. Much of that work explores the relationships between them and patterns of family life, residence, political involvement, schooling, social mobility, crime, and leisure. Clearly, however, there are also differences among individuals-in characteristics of intellect, personality, and values, for example-that are unrelated to position in the social structure and that also influence behavior. Since one cannot usually identify and generalize about the role of such personal chracteristics in the past with much confidence, social history focuses overwhelmingly on the positions of individuals in the social structure. Nevertheless, how much free play the personal qualities had and to what extent they were constrained by social structure are questions that can be asked about many aspects of social life. Here the concern is with schooling. And in connection with schooling the questions have been raised regularly, in one form or another, for at least a century and a half. They represent one way of asking how democratic American education has been. In recent work on the history of education, the effort to understand schools in terms of their relationship to the social structure has been especially strong in the work of historians loosely grouped together as "revisionists. " A range of perspectives exists within that loose grouping; the most influential and intellectually challenging historical work has been that of Michael B. Katz. The revisionism that characterizes those perspectives insists that an earlier view of educational institutions as evolving toward egalitarian and socially benevolent arrangements must be discarded as myth. Instead, American education "is, and was, universal, tax-supported, free, compulsory, bureaucratic, racist, and class-biased," in Katz's pithy summary of 1971. In order to explain how this situation came into being, most revisionists' work
Staying friends with an ex: Sex and dark personality traits predict motivations for post-relationship friendship

Abstract Compared to motivations for cross-sex friendship, little research has examined motivations for friendship between ex-partners after romantic relationship dissolution (i.e., post-relationship friendship; PRF). In Study 1, participants ( N = 348) act nominated reasons for why someone might remain friends with an ex-partner. In Study 2, participants ( N = 513) rated the importance of staying friends with an ex-partner for each reason given in Study 1 and completed the PID-5-BF and HEXACO to measure domains of clinically relevant and non-pathological personality. Principle component analysis identified seven categories of reasons for staying friends. Reasons that indicated that an ex-partner is reliable, trustworthy, and of sentimental value (i.e., reliability / sentimentality ) were given the highest importance ratings whereas reasons that indicated that continued friendship was practical (i.e., pragmatism ) were given the lowest ratings. Men rated pragmatism and sexual access reasons as more important than women did. Furthermore, antagonism scores on the PID-5-BF, and the Honesty–Humility and extraversion scores on the HEXACO predicted importance ratings for pragmatism and sexual access . Our findings are consistent with previous research and suggest that PRF may provide opportunity for ex-partners to exchange desirable resources (e.g., love, status, information, money, sex) after romantic relationship dissolution.
A California multidisciplinary juvenile court: serving sexually exploited and at-risk youth

Research suggests that 90% of youth in the juvenile justice system have experienced at least one traumatic event (Arroyo, ). One such traumatic event is the commercialized sexual exploitation of children and youth (CSEC). Over the past decade, governmental organizations and community agencies have recognized that the sexual exploitation of children is a significant problem in the United States. In California alone, human trafficking task forces have identified 1200 youth as victims of sexual exploitation from 2010 to 2012 (Walker, ). Youth who have experienced sexual exploitation often become involved in the juvenile justice system and present with unique challenges and needs. This article reviews recent public policy and community responses related to the needs of CSEC youth involved in the juvenile justice system. A case example from Sacramento, CA, is used to illustrate the key components, innovations, multidisciplinary collaborations, and challenges of creating a specialized court. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Converter Instantaneous Power Balance Theory Applied to Low Voltage Ride Through of Direct-driven Permanent Magnet Wind Turbine

In order to study low voltage ride through(LVRT)of Direct-driven wind turbine with Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator(D-PMSG),the paper establishes a mathematical model.Simulation model is built using PSCAD/EMTDC.The simulation of D-PMSG is made when the power grid voltage drop fault occurs.Using voltage drop equipment test on a D-PMSG in northeast China,comparing the measured data and simulation data,it verifies the correctness of proposed D-PMSG control strategy and simulation results.
Ultra-low power processor design using sub-threshold design techniques

Power consumption is becoming worse with every technology generation. While there has been much research in recent years proposing design methods addressing this issue, one of the most efficient approaches is to reduce supply voltage, which can help mitigate both dynamic and static power consumption. In our research, we found the optimal voltage (Vmin) for energy efficiency in CMOS technology. We analyzed the different factors affecting Vmin and find that Vmin usually lies in subthreshold voltage regime. The increased sensitivity of subthreshold switching current to process variation poses a significant design challenge. We investigated the impact of subthreshold variation on circuit performance and energy consumption in a statistical manner and proposed certain design guidelines to mitigate variation. To verify the high energy efficiency of subthreshold operation, we designed and fabricated two subthreshold processors in 0.13um technology, specifically, the Subliminal 1 and Subliminal 2 processors. Measurements confirm 2.60pJ per instruction efficiency for the Subliminal 1. However, we also found that the on-chip SRAM was the energy consumption bottleneck. Therefore, we designed the first sub-200mV compact 6-T SRAM. It was fabricated in a commercial 0.13um CMOS technology and silicon measurements shows that all 24 dies measured were fully functional and a typical die operates from 1.2V to 193mV. This could be further extended to sub-170mV with 2% bit redundancy. The downside of voltage scaling into subthreshold is the considerable performance loss. To address this issue, we proposed a novel micro-architecture that combines chip multi-processing and subthreshold techniques. By tuning the supply voltage and threshold voltage of the L1 cache and the processor core independently, we found that having multiple cores sharing one faster local L1 provides the best energy efficiency. In particular, SPLASH2 benchmarks show about a 53% energy improvement over the traditional CMP approach (about 70% over a single core machine).
Technique for the placement of the Sengstaken-Blakemore tube.

Technique destinee aux cas ou la mise en place du tube est difficile, particulierement chez les malades avec tube endotracheal
Association of blood pressure variability and neurocognition in children with chronic kidney disease.

Children with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and hypertension have increased blood pressure variability (BPV), which has been associated with lower neurocognitive test scores in adults. Children with CKD are at risk for decreased neurocognitive function. Our objective was to determine whether children with CKD and increased BPV had worse performance on neurocognitive testing compared with children with CKD and lower BPV. This was a cross-sectional and longitudinal analysis of the relation between BPV and neurocognitive test performance in children ≥6 years enrolled in the Chronic Kidney Disease in Children (CKiD) study. Visit-to-visit BPV was assessed by the standard deviation of visit BPs (BPV-SD) and average real variability (ARV). Ambulatory BPV was assessed by SD of wake and sleep periods on 24-h ambulatory BP monitoring. We assessed 650 children with a mean follow-up period of 4.0 years. Children with systolic visit-to-visit BPV in the upper tertile had lower scores on Delis–Kaplan Executive Function System (D-KEFS) Verbal Category Switching than those with BPV in the lower tertile (BPV-SD, 8.3 vs. 9.5, p = 0.006; ARV, 8.5 vs. 9.6, p = 0.02). On multivariate analysis, the association between lower Category Switching score and increased BPV remained significant after controlling for mean BP, demographic characteristics, and disease-related variables [BPV-SD, β = −0.7, 95 % confidence interval (CI) −1.28 to −0.12; ARV, β = −0.54, CI −1.05 to −0.02). Ambulatory BPV was not independently associated with any cognitive measure. Higher systolic visit-to-visit BPV was independently associated with decreased D-KEFS Category Switching scores in children with mild-to-moderate CKD.
Magmatische Gesteine: Gesteine aus Schmelzen

Vor uber 2000 Jahren reiste der griechische Naturforscher und Geograph Strabo nach Sizilien, um dort die Ausbruche des Atnas zu beobachten. Strabo sah, dass die von diesem aktiven Vulkan ausgeschleuderte heise flussige Lava an der Erdoberflache innerhalb weniger Stunden abkuhlte und zu einem festen Gestein erstarrte. Gegen Ende des 18. Jahrhunderts begannen die Geologen zu begreifen, dass einige der Gesteinskorper, die offenbar andere Abfolgen durchziehen, ebenfalls durch Abkuhlung und Erstarrung einer Gesteinsschmelze entstanden waren. In diesen Fallen hatte sich das Magma langsam abgekuhlt, weil es tief in der Erdkruste erstarrt war.
Red blood cell long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LC-PUFA) levels in pregnant women predict length of gestation via effects on sleep quality and inflammation

Objective Mechanistic pathways linking maternal long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LC-PUFA) status with gestational length are poorly delineated. Key LC-PUFAs implicated in this association are the antiinflammatory omega-3 docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and proinflammatory omega-6 arachidonic acid (AA). We hypothesized that (1) lower red blood cell (RBC) DHA:AA ratios would predict shorter gestation and (2) this effect would be mediated by both inflammation and sleep quality. Methods Pregnant women (n = 135) provided blood and completed the Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index at 20–27 weeks gestation. RBC fatty acids were determined by gas chromatography and serum inflammatory markers (IL-6, IL-8, TNF- α , IL-1 β , CRP) were determined by high-sensitivity ELISA. Results Lower DHA:AA ratios predicted higher serum IL-8 (r = −0.20, p = 0.02) and poorer sleep quality (b = −13.8, p = 0.02). These relationships remained after adjusting for depressive symptoms, age, BMI, income, race, and smoking. Mediational analyses demonstrated indirect effects linking lower RBC DHA:AA with shorter gestation via higher IL-8 (95% CI = 0.10, 3.84) and poor sleep (95% CI = 0.35, 3.99). A significant race X DHA:AA interaction in predicting preterm birth (PTB) was observed (p = 0.049); among African Americans only, the odds of PTB decreased significantly as DHA:AA increased (OR for 0.1 unit increase = 0.25 (95% CI = 0.06, 0.99, p = 0.048). Discussion These data support both inflammatory pathways and sleep quality as significant mediators linking maternal DHA:AA status and length of gestation. African Americans may be at greater risk for PTB related to suboptimal DHA levels.
First-principles calculations of Na and K impurities in CuInSe 2 and their effect on Cd incorporation

Recent experimental work has revealed the distinct and beneficial role of K incorporation on the fabrication of increasingly efficient thin-film photovoltaic devices with Cu(In, Ga)Se 2 (CIGS) absorber layers. This has been attributed, in part, to improved CdS/CIGS heterojunction quality due to the enhanced diffusion of Cd into the near-interface region of CIGS. In this work, we try to distinguish the role of K compared to Na in enhancing Cd incorporation in CuInSe 2 (CIS) based on first-principles calculations. Using a canonical method for calculating defect concentrations as a function of temperature and material stoichiometry, we identify experimentally relevant conditions under which a simple model for Na and K kinetics can lead to such an effect. We argue that a sufficiently low migration barrier for K diffusion mediated by Cu vacancies can lead to Cu-depletion near the CdS interface, allowing Cd to occupy greater numbers of vacant Cu sites.
HOME HEALTHCARE AND REMOTE PATIENT MONITORING

The Internet of Healthcare Things is the theme for Connected Health Symposium 2015 for Internet of Things (IoT) in Healthcare. The application of IoT in the Healthcare can be classified as follows: critical care; follow‐up care; preemptive care; monitoring; diagnosing; and treating. The IoT application varies from monitoring patient, to biotest sample tracking, to nurse practitioner spending time with patients. This chapter presents a case study on IoT patient tracking system and lists the participated members in the case. The IoT sensor devices are worn on patient's wrist during the therapy period. The devices will constantly emit message to base station about the location of patients. The Network operator‐provided Base station will establish an Ultra Narrow Bandwidth that is dedicated for IoT devices. So the patient wearing IoT devices on boot‐up will communicate with network pre‐programmed frequency and message.
Problem Drinking and Psychosocial Development in Adolescence

Problem Behavior Theory is a social-psychological framework which helps to explain the nature and development of alcohol abuse, drug misuse and other problem behaviors. The aims of this paper are to present a brief overview of the theory, to review some of the research that has been generated and to appraise the usefulness of the theory when applied to drinking and problem drinking among young people.
SOARING BIRDS OF MT. EVEREST

Mountaineering literature on the Mt. Everest region of the Himalaya mountains of Nepal and Tibet occasionally contains observations of soaring birds.This paper describes the soaring birds observed in the Everest region and estimates the choughs gliding characteristics. It is shown that the birds most likely soared to the extreme altitudes in the airflows caused by Everest. The choughs appear to be the surrogate soaring "pilots" of Everest.
Association between atopic dermatitis and squamous cell carcinoma: a case-control study

Background Conflicting data have been published on whether an association exists between atopic dermatitis (AD) and nonmelanoma skin cancer. This study aimed to determine whether individuals with AD had an increased risk of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) development. Methods We conducted a retrospective, case–control study of patients residing in Olmsted County, Minnesota. Cases were selected from patients seen at Mayo Clinic (Rochester, Minnesota) who had an initial SCC diagnosis (either invasive SCC or SCC in situ) from January 1, 1996, through December 23, 2010. Age- and sex-matched controls were selected from patients seen at Mayo Clinic with no history of SCC before the case event date. Results Three hundred ninety-nine individuals with a documented history of SCC were identified and matched with 780 controls who did not have a history of SCC. After adjusting for race, smoking history, ionizing radiation exposure, corticosteroid and cyclosporine use, and non-SCC skin cancers, the odds ratio for SCC development between patients with history of AD versus patients without history of AD was 1.75 (95% CI, 1.05–2.93). Conclusions Our findings support an increased risk of SCC development in the setting of AD.
The effect of different salts of sodium and potassium on the accumulation of glycinebetaine in Atriplex prostrata

Atriplex prostrata was grown for one month in nutrient solutions with NaCl, KCl, Na2SO4, and K2SO4 (at osmotic potentials of 0, −0.75, −1.00, and −1.50 MPa). Plants treated with K2SO4 had less glycinebetaine at −1.0 and −1.50 MPa than those treated with Na+ salts, probably due to the inhibitory effects of K+ on glycinebetaine accumulation.
Stock Identification of Marine Populations

This chapter is intended to introduce researchers to an application of morphometric analysis that examines population structure of marine species. The approach has been effective for identifying the appropriate spatial scale for resource management units that reflect the underlying spatial patterns in the population. Several examples of stock identification of fishery resources are provided.
The impact of radical loading and oxidation on the conformation of organic radical polymers by small angle neutron scattering

Electrodes comprised of organic polymeric materials containing stable radicals have become attractive for incorporation into organic radical batteries. Specifically, the radical polymer poly(2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinyloxy-4-yl methacrylate) (PTMA) exhibits extremely rapid electron charge transport rates, comparable to traditional transition metal ions. However, the structural reorganization that the polymer undergoes during charging is not well understood. Using small angle neutron scattering, we have investigated the structural changes the PTMA polymer exhibits with variation of radical concentration or oxidation. The results indicate that as the radical concentration is increased, the polymer becomes more inflexible and begins to aggregate with neighboring polymer chains as the radicals on the polymer align with neighboring solvated chains. Additional studies monitor the conformational changes of the PTMA copolymers with oxidation to mimic the structural changes that the polymer undergoes during charging. These results show that polymers with low radical densities are more susceptible to reorientation with charging than a polymer that is fully saturated with radical moieties. This study therefore provides seminal fundamental information that identifies the relationship between radical density and molecular structure providing crucial insight that is needed to improve the performance of organic radical batteries.
Effects of homogenizing methods on accuracy and precision of equine strongylid egg counts.

Abstract Recommendations for control of equine strongylid parasites are based on regular determination of fecal egg counts to identify high strongylid shedders and to evaluate treatment efficacy. The McMaster technique has long been used as the standard egg counting technique in equine veterinary practice in most parts of the world, but recent work has found the Mini-FLOTAC technique to perform with significantly better accuracy and precision. The Mini-FLOTAC system comes with a homogenizing device, termed the Fill-FLOTAC, and it has been hypothesized that this device might have a significant impact on accuracy and precision. The aim of the present study was to investigate the impact of the Fill-FLOTAC homogenizer in comparison with the classical McMaster approach, where samples are suspended in flotation medium by stirring with tongue depressor in a plastic cup. The study compared the McMaster and Mini-FLOTAC techniques, but also included cross-over versions where the Fill-FLOTAC was used with the McMaster chamber, and the tongue depressor and plastic cup homogenizing method was used with the Mini-FLOTAC counting disc. Fecal samples were collected from horses naturally infected with mixed strongylid species. Five samples were included from each of the following egg count levels: 0–500, 501–1000, and >1000 eggs per gram (EPG). Each sample was then analyzed with all four set-ups with three subsamples collected from the same suspension, and three repeated counts determined on each subsample. Both the Fill-FLOTAC homogenizer (p = 0.0098) and the McMaster counting chamber (p = 0.0298) were significantly associated with higher strongylid egg counts, whereas the Mini-FLOTAC chamber was associated with a lower coefficient of variation (p
486 QUANTIFYING WYOMING'S PRIMARY CARE PHYSICIAN SHORTAGE.

Background This study assessed the primary care physician shortage relative to population in Wyoming based on comparison with national levels of primary care physicians. Study Design and Methods All primary care (family practice, general internal medicine, and pediatric) physicians practicing in Wyoming, or their office managers, were interviewed by telephone. Physicians/office managers identified the county the physician practiced in, physician9s specialty, and average weekly hours each physician offered direct patient care in the clinic (ambulatory care). Thirty-four hours of ambulatory care provided per week were defined as one full-time equivalent (FTE). Total FTEs for the three specialties were calculated for each of Wyoming9s 23 counties by dividing the number of ambulatory hours per county per week by 34. “Expected” weekly FTEs were calculated by dividing each county9s population by the national population-to-physician ratio of the three respective specialties. Using 2005 AMA masterfile data, these ratios were identified as 1,985.07 to 1 in family practice, 1,817.21 to 1 in internal medicine, and 3,385.49 to 1 in pediatrics. FTE shortage was calculated by subtracting the expected weekly FTEs for each county from the number of actual weekly FTEs. Results Wyoming9s total primary care FTEs comprised only 37.83% of expected primary care FTEs. This indicated a total shortage of 426.13 ambulatory primary care FTEs each week. Nineteen of 23 counties showed family-practice FTE shortages. Statewide family practice FTEs were 76.14% of the expected FTEs with a shortage of 103.19 ambulatory family practice FTEs each week. All 23 counties showed internal medicine FTE shortages. Statewide internal medicine FTEs were 20.42% of the expected internal medicine FTEs, with a shortage of 207.73 internal medicine FTEs each week. AllAllAll 23 counties showed pediatric FTE shortages. Statewide pediatric FTEs were 17.84% of the expected pediatric FTEs, with a shortage of 115.2 pediatric FTEs each week. Conclusion There is a major shortage of family practice, general internal medicine, and pediatric physicians across Wyoming. Wyoming must consider the implications of this shortage on the current and future health care needs of its citizens.
Evolution of Microstructure in Directionally Solidified Cast Iron Treated with Cerium and Magnesium

Cast iron is a eutectic alloy consisting primarily of iron, carbon, and silicon. Depending on the composition and solidification conditions, the carbon can solidify either as cementite or graphite with a variety of morphologies. Because the microstructure directly influences the mechanical properties and the performance of the macroscopic part, a deeper understanding of the solidification behavior of the material is required. In this work, the solidification velocity and composition were independently and systematically varied in a well-controlled environment. Near-eutectic samples with varying amounts of Mg, Ce, and Si were directionally solidified with velocities from 10 to 30 $$ \frac{{\mu {\text{m}}}}{{\text{s}}} $$ in a Bridgman furnace. White cast iron was used as a starting material, which effectively suppressed flotation of graphite, so that a uniform composition and microstructure along the length of the samples was achieved. A range of morphologies were observed, including spheroidal austenite–graphite colonies, austenite–cementite eutectic, nodular graphite, and two distinct types of austenite dendrites. These structures were qualitatively and quantitatively assessed, and compared with a recently published schema describing the solid/liquid interface behavior of cast iron as a function of cooling rate and nodularizing elements.
Transient Analysis for Shallow Cooling Ponds

A transient model, based on the concept of equilibrium temperature T E , and surface heat transfer coefficient K, is used to explore the transient response of shallow cooling ponds subject to fluctuating meteorology. The model can be viewed as quasi-steady in that steady state pond temperatures are computed as a function of exponentially filtered meteorology. For linear heat transfer, K is constant while values of T E are filtered. For nonlinear heat transfer both K and T E are filtered. Comparison with results from a numerical model with fully nonlinear heat loss suggests that the linear model provides acceptable results and errors on the conservative side of overpredicting extreme temperatures, while somewhat greater accuracy can be obtained with the nonlinear model. Use of a steady state model with averaged meteorology is also discussed. These models are suggested for use at the preliminary design stage where many potential ponds must be evaluated.
Meaningful measurements of maneuvers: People with incomplete spinal cord injury ‘step up’ to the challenges of altered stability requirements

Many people with incomplete spinal cord injury (iSCI) have the ability to maneuver while walking. However, neuromuscular impairments create challenges to maintain stability. How people with iSCI maintain stability during walking maneuvers is poorly understood. Thus, this study compares maneuver performance in varying external conditions between persons with and without iSCI to better understand maneuver stabilization strategies in people with iSCI. Participants with and without iSCI walked on a wide treadmill and were prompted to perform lateral maneuvers between bouts of straight walking. Lateral force fields applied to the participants’ center of mass amplified or attenuated the participants’ movements, thereby increasing the capability of the study to capture behavior at varied levels of challenge to stability. By examining metrics of stability, step width, and center of mass dynamics, distinct strategies emerged following iSCI. The minimum margin of stability (MOSmin) on each step during maneuvers indicated persons with iSCI generally adapted to amplified and attenuated force fields with increased stability compared to persons without iSCI, particularly using increased step width and reduced center of mass excursion on maneuver initiation. In the amplified field, however, persons with iSCI had a reduced MOSmin when terminating a maneuver, likely due to the challenge of the force field opposing the necessary lateral braking. Persons without iSCI were more likely to rely on or oppose the force field when appropriate for movement execution. Compared to persons with iSCI, they reduced their MOSmin to initiate maneuvers in the attenuated and amplified fields and increased their MOSmin to arrest maneuvers in the amplified field. The different force fields were successful in identifying relatively subtle strategy differences between persons with and without iSCI. Specifically, persons with iSCI adopted increased step width and reduction in center of mass excursion to increase maneuver stability in the amplified field. The amplified field may provoke practice of stable and efficient initiation and arrest of walking maneuvers. Overall, this work allows better framing of the stability mechanisms used following iSCI to perform walking maneuvers.
Unidirectional Curved Surface Plasmon Polariton in a Radially Magnetized System

Dynamic manipulation of the surface plasmon polariton (SPP) and wave steering are important in plasmonic applications. In this work, we excite a curved SPP in topological continua by applying a radial magnetic bias. We believe that it is a new technique to create a unidirectional SPP traveling along a curved trajectory. We also derive a Greens function model for radially-biased plasma, applicable to curved SPPs. We compare the properties of unidirectional curved SPPs with the usual case when an axial bias is applied.
Common Clinical Conditions of the Foot and Ankle

Accurate workup of foot and ankle pathologies should include a history, physical examination, appropriate use of imaging, and a combination of nonoperative and operative management as indicated. In this chapter, we provide a basic approach to the exam, use of imaging, and various treatment modalities for common foot and ankle pathologies likely to be encountered in an outpatient practice setting.
Garlic Capital of the World: Gilroy, Garlic, and the Making of a Festive Foodscape

Reviewed Medium: book Authors: Pauline Adema Year: 2009 Pages: 192 Publisher: University Press of Mississippi ISBN: 9781604731200 (hard cover). Prices: $55.00 USD(hard cover).
Real-time trajectory generation for the cooperative path planning of multi-vehicle systems

This paper discusses a cooperative path planning (CPP) design methodology for multi-vehicle systems and a nonlinear trajectory generation (NTG) algorithm. Three scenarios of multi-vehicle tasking are proposed at the CPP framework. The NTG algorithm is then used to generate a real time trajectory for desired vehicle activities. Given system dynamics and constraints, the NTG algorithm first finds trajectory curves in a lower dimensional space and then parameterizes the curves by the B-spline basis. The coefficients of the B-splines are further solved by the sequential quadratic programming to satisfy the optimization objectives and constraints. The NTG algorithm has been implemented to generate real-time trajectories for a group of cooperative vehicles in the presence of changing missions and constraints.
It‘s Still the Proper Place

In the sixteen years that have elapsed since this paper was written, little has happened to change the overall assessment we should make of the proper place of humans and machines in language translation. The Eurotra project began shortly after that writing as a massive attempt to build a practical fully automatic translation system incorporating the best linguistic technology of the day. It ended lamely attempting to justify the expenditure of close to a hundred million ECU on the grounds that researchers even in the poorest European nations had learnt something of computational linguistics. As always, translation was treated as an entirely linguistic problem, and the parts of the project read like the chapters of an elementary linguistics textbook. In 1992, the German Federal Ministry for Research and Technology, presumably encouraged by recent achievements in translation and speech recognition, initiated the Verbmobil project, a program of research that would depend on major advances in both of these fields. The first of the two phases planned for this project, involving some 1 30 researchers from Germany and abroad, is just coming to an end and the second phase, involving only 100 researchers, is about to begin. At a cost of some 60 million marks, the project has reached the point where it can interpret a small number of short sentences chosen from a predetermined corpus. The design of the project is essentially identical to that of its predecessors and it would be truly remarkable if it produced interestingly different results. Government and bureaucracy do indeed appear to be imbued with a sad fatalism that forces upon them a future that repeats the follies of the past. Verbmobil is especially disheartening for the great opportunities that it offers but that are not being pursued. The aim is to provide interpretation services for the participants in a face-to-face conversation so that the originators of the material it must translate can be assumed to be available to help clarify their intentions. However, only a vanishingly small proportion of the enormous resources of the project are devoted to designing ways in which this might be achieved. While the differences between past and present translation projects are minuscule relative to what would be required to affect substantially the value of the resulting system, it is of course by no means the case that they all start on an even footing. Computers are faster; the art of programming advances; storage is cheaper; largexorpora of text are more readily available; new algorithms are constantly
Extracellular Enzyme Secretion by Pseudomonas lemoignei

The ability of succinate to repress the secretion of Pseudomonas lemoignei poly-β-hydroxybutyrate depolymerase was a function of pH. Repression only occurred when the pH of the medium was 7.0 or less. At a higher pH, lack of sensitivity to succinate concentration may have been due to a limited ability to transport succinate. Actively secreting cultures (at pH 7.4) continued to secrete enzyme for approximately 30 min after the pH was rapidly decreased to pH 6.8, even though sufficient succinate was present to repress enzyme synthesis. Similarly, after the addition of rifampin to secreting cultures, there was a 30-min delay before secretion was inhibited. Evidence is presented which suggests that continued secretion may be the result of depolymerase messenger ribonucleic acid accumulation within the cells. Studies with chloramphenicol indicated that de novo protein synthesis is necessary for the secretion of poly-β-hydroxybutyrate depolymerase and that exoenzyme is not released from a preformed pool. Studies with various inhibitors of protein synthesis indicated that synthesis of exoenzyme is 5 to 10 times more susceptible to inhibition than is the synthesis of cell-associated proteins.
Rabbit Muscle Phosphofructokinase: Studies on the Polymerization: THE BEHAVIOR OF THE ENZYME AT pH 8, pH 6, AND INTERMEDIATE pH VALUES

The mode of polymerization of rabbit muscle phosphofructokinase has been investigated at 10° over a protein concentration range of 0.4 to 20 mg per ml in phosphate buffer at pH 6 and pH 8 and at a single concentration of 5 mg per ml in the region of pH 6 to 8. At pH 8 the data suggest that there are several forms of the active enzyme of molecular weight about 360,000 which differ markedly in their mode of polymerization. At least two of these forms have been separated on this basis. One form polymerizes rapidly and reversibly to higher molecular weight forms in what may be an indefinite manner. A second form may polymerize to a dimer of the active enzyme while a third form appears not to undergo any polymerization. At pH 6 and at the lowest protein concentrations studied here the enzyme exists as an inactive form of about 160,000 molecular weight. This species can also polymerize, although in a very different manner than the enzyme at pH 8. At very high enzyme concentrations, the pH 6 material, which presumably represents a protonated species of the enzyme, polymerizes to an active enzyme of which the molecular weight is 360,000 or greater. Between pH 6 and 8 the sedimentation behavior reflects the distribution of enzyme in the protonated (pH 6) and the deprotonated (pH 8) forms.
Identification of the Low‐Mass X‐Ray Binary and Faint X‐Ray Sources in NGC 6652

We have detected three new X-ray point sources, in addition to the known low-mass X-ray binary (LMXB) X1832-330, in the globular cluster NGC 6652 with a Chandra 1.6 ks HRC-I exposure. Star 49 (MV ~ 4.7), suggested by Deutsch and coworkers as the optical candidate for the LMXB, is identified (<03) not with the LMXB, but with another, newly detected source (B). Using archival Hubble Space Telescope (HST) images, we identify (<03) the LMXB (A) and one of the remaining new sources (C) with blue variable optical counterparts at MV ~ 3.7 and 5.3, respectively. The other new source (D) remains unidentified in the crowded cluster core. In the 0.5-2.5 keV range, assuming a 5 keV thermal bremsstrahlung spectrum and NH = 5.5 × 1020, source A has intrinsic luminosity LX ~ 5.3 × 1035 ergs s-1. Assuming a 1 keV thermal bremsstrahlung spectrum, B has LX ~ 4.1 × 1033 ergs s-1, while C and D have LX ~ 8 × 1032 ergs s-1. Source B is probably a quiescent LMXB, while source C may be either a luminous cataclysmic variable or a quiescent LMXB.
Carbon isotopic discrimination and control of nighttime canopy δ18O‐CO2 in a pine forest in the southeastern United States

[i] Canopy and soil CO 2 concentration and isotopic measurements were conducted in a slash pine forest during a progressive drought in the southeastern United States (1) to determine and compare variations in δ 13 C of foliage (δCf), soil (δCs), and ecosystem-respired CO 2 (δCr) and (2) to evaluate the usefulness of a two end-member oxygen isotope ratio (δ 18 O of CO 2 ) approach to partition nighttime ecosystem respiration into soil and plant components at different heights within the canopy. The δCf was enriched by 2.2 ± 0.3 (standard error) %o during the extreme drought in May relative to September when precipitation was above normal. The enrichment in δCf exceeded changes in δCr and δCs for the same time period (1.6 ± 0.5 and 1.0 ± 0.4‰, respectively). Lower variations in the 13 C of soil-respired CO 2 relative to the variations of the autotrophic component can buffer changes in δCr, which integrates the 13 C signature of canopy and soil respired CO 2 . Application of a two end-member model to canopy δ 18 O-CO 2 indicated that soil CO 2 contribution to nighttime CO 2 buildup within the canopy decreased from 100% at the soil surface to 0% within the canopy in September. In May, during the extreme drought period, soil respiration rate was 2.7 times lower than the rate in September despite similar soil temperatures (23° in May versus 19°C in September). Soil and aboveground respiration equally contributed to the nocturnal CO 2 buildup within the canopy in May. Our model was limited in that it produced an upper limit value for soil respiration and neglected respiration by woody tissue.
BRYOLOGIA NOVO GRANATENSIS. ESTUDIOS DE LOS MUSGOS DE COLOMBIA IV. CATALOGO NUEVO DE LOS MUSGOS DE COLOMBIA

A revised moss checklist for Colombia recognizes 877 species distributed among 242 genera and 65 families. Departmental distribution is provided for all species. This paper is based on the previous checklist by Florschutz-de Waard & Florschutz (1979), publications since that time, on the extensive holdings of the New York Botanical Garden, the Institute of Systematic Botany, Utrecht, and other herbaria, and on recent field work. Included in this list are a number of the collections made by Aguirre C., Cleef, Griffin, Killip, Schultes, Steere, van der Hammen and van Reenen, among others, which have not previously been incorporated into the Colombian moss literature. Comparison of the number of species reported for each of the departments based on the 1979 and the present checklist both suggest that over half of the departments are poorly known. Forty new additions to Colombia are provided in this catalogue: Amblystegium serpens , Anoectangium aestivum , Astomiopsis amblycalyx , Breutelia brevifolia , Brymela parkeriana , Bryohaplocladium praelongum, Bryum coloratum , B. perlimbatum , Chorisodontium setaceum , Dicranum peruvianum , Drepanocladus uncinatus , Encalypta asperifolia , Entodon hampeanus , Epipterygium immarginatum , Fissidens allionii , F. diplodus , F. intermedius , Groutiella obtusa , Gymnostomum recurvirostrum , Hymenodon reggaeus , Leiomela ecuadorensis , Lepidopilum affine , L. cuspidans, L. cubense , Leptodontium stellaticuspis , Leskea plumaria , Leskeadelphus bolivianus , Neckera urnigera , Potamium deceptivum , P. pacimonense , Pseudotaxiphyllum distichaceum , Rhegmatodon polycarpa , Schistidium apocarpum , S. rivulare ssp. latifolium , Scorpidium scorpioides , Syrrhopodon steyermarkii , Tortula caroliniana , Zygodon ehrenbergii , Z. fragilis , Z. stenocarpus . Approximately 560 new departmental records are included. Several new combinations are made: Calyptrochaeta deflexa (C. Muell.) comb. nov., C. nutans (Hampe) comb. nov., Pleuridium subenervis (Hampe) comb. nov., Rhodobryum perspinidens (Broth.) comb. nov., R. roseodens (C. Muell.) comb. nov., Schizymenium brevicaulis (Hornsch.) comb. nov., S. dolichothecum (Herz.) comb. nov., S. pectinatum (C. Muell.) comb. nov., S. subobliquum (Hampe) comb. nov., Sematophyllum sticticola (C. Muell.) comb. nov. and, S. turgidulum (Herz.) comb. nov. Several further species are reduced to synonymy: Aulacomnium venezuelanum Mitt. (= A. palustre ), Grimmia bogotense (Hampe) Jaeg. (= G. longirostris ), Mielichhoferia elegans Herz. (= Schizymenium bogotense ), Pohlia integridens (C. Muell.) Broth. (= P. elongata ), and P. paucifolia (Jaeg.) Broth. (= P. elongata ).
Inductive simplicity in special cases

A special inductive problem, the problem of curve-fitting, has often been taken to demonstrate that considerations of simplicity are necessarily involved in any sound inductive inference. In this special case, experi mental observations on the (assumed) functional relationship of two scientific variables are plotted as points on a real plane, and the hypotheses which may be said to explain them are represented as curves drawn in the plane which pass, or nearly pass, through the plotted points. The inductive methodological cliche is that the scientist accepts the hypothesis represented by the simplest curve which passes, or nearly passes, through the plotted points. Precise explications of the relevant notion of simplicity involved, explications which do not accept the notion of the simplest curve involved as an intuitively obvious one, are infrequent in the liter ature. An important attempt at such explication has been made by John G. Kemeny in his article 'The Use of Simplicity in Induction'.1 Kemeny's article relativizes the notion of inductive simplicity in the sense that no "absolute" comparative predicate "x is a simpler hypothesis than y" is introduced. Instead, Kemeny offers a partial definition for the predicate "x is a simpler hypothesis than y for the explanation of z". An attempt is made in this connection to discuss the nature of a simplicity ordering among hypotheses with reference to special problems, in par ticular to the curve-fitting problem. Since Kemeny's approach is programmatic, and no specific simplicity orderings are offered (although a few judgments of simplicity are made), it is possible to construe his remarks as quite empty, constituting a tautol ogy to the effect that if certain specified measure functions, etc., are given, then a suitable simplicity ordering can be obtained; but no existence proof for the appropriate measure functions is proffered. Construed in this way, any ordering meeting Kemeny's conditions (which he admits are in complete) may be thought to be related to simplicity in an entirely ad hoc fashion. A criticism of this kind has been made by Jerrold Katz, who contends that conflicting orderings (which he calls zimplicity, ximplicity,