cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Two-/three-photon pumped ultraviolet nanorod lasers

With femtosecond-pulse excitation, two- and three-photon absorption induced ultraviolet lasing with spectral linewidth 0.2-1 nm have been realized under very low excitation threshold from ZnO nanorod arrays at both room and liquid nitrogen temperatures.
Clearance of penicillin G in the newborn calf

Sodium penicillin G was administered intravenously (4545 IU/kg) to calves on the day of birth (12-24 h old) and at 5, 10, and 15 days of age. Serum was collected at varying intervals for 120 min after injection and analysed for penicillin G. The mean total body clearance (ClB) of penicillin G on the day of birth was 2.98 ml/min/kg compared to 4.83 ml/min/kg at 5 days, 3.11 ml/min/kg at 10 days and 4.65 ml/min/kg at 15 days of age. Clearances at 5 and 15 days were significantly (P less than or equal to 0.05) higher than on the day of birth. The half-life (t1/2 beta), however, did not change significantly over the 15-day period of the study. These results indicate that the newborn calf has an appreciable ability to excrete penicillin G before it is 24 h old, and that total body clearance of the antibiotic increases rapidly in the immediate postnatal period.
15,000 Years of vegetation change in the Bonneville basin: the Blue Lake pollen record

Abstract This paper contributes to the emerging picture of late Pleistocene and Holocene environmental change in the Bonneville basin, western North America, through analysis of pollen and sediments from the Blue Lake marsh system, a major wetland area located on the western margin of the Great Salt Lake desert. Analyses of data obtained from the upper 4 m of the Blue Lake core suggest that during the latest Pleistocene, when Lake Bonneville covered the Blue Lake site, pine and sagebrush dominated terrestrial plant communities. These steppe-woodland taxa declined in abundance after ∼12 cal ka BP. Wetland plant communities developed at or nearby Blue Lake by ∼11.9 cal ka BP and bulrush-dominated marshes were established no later than 10.8 cal ka BP. The Blue Lake wetlands largely desiccated during a dry and warm early middle Holocene ∼8.3–6.5 cal ka BP. Climatic amelioration starting ∼6.5 cal ka BP is marked principally by a local return of marshes at the expense of playa and grass meadow communities, and a regional increase in sagebrush relative to other dryland shrubs. Singleleaf pinyon pine migrated into the nearby Goshute Mountains after ∼8 cal ka BP. Late Holocene fluctuations include cool intervals from ∼4.4 to 3.4 and ∼2.7 to 1.5 cal ka BP and warmer conditions from 3.4 to 2.7 cal BP and after 1.5 cal ka BP.
Selectivity of elementary molecular processes in molecule-surface collisions

Abstract Excitation of internal vibrational modes of molecules scattered from surfaces in which charge transfer between collision partners occurs is considered. A mechanism is proposed which should lead to controllable selectivity in the fragmentation distributions of scattered polyatomic molecules.
Three-Layered Reflection-Reducing Coatings

An analysis of the various factors involved in several typical three-layered reflection-reducing coatings has been made from both an experimental and a theoretical standpoint. By taking into account the approximate dispersions of the materials, reasonable agreement between the experimental and calculated reflection curves has been obtained.Interesting results were obtained on electron diffraction studies of the various coating materials. Thin films of titanium dioxide, the high index material used, were found to have crystalline patterns that varied with the coated material and that, in general, were not recognizable as titanium dioxide patterns. Thus it was considered impossible to assign any definite values to the refractive indices of such thin films without specifying the substrate.
SEISMIC RETROFITTING OF BRIDGES BY RESPONSE MODIFICATION TECHNIQUES BASED ON ALTERING BEARING FIXITIES

Feasibility of a proposed seismic retrofitting technique for typical bridges in the Central US has been studied. The retrofitting technique is based on modifying the fixity conditions of the bearings for response modification purposes to eliminate the need for costly retrofitting of substructures. For this purpose, a seismically vulnerable bridge, typical of those in the Central US was selected. Detailed seismic analyses of the bridge were then conducted. It was found that its bearings, wing-walls and pier foundations needed to be retrofitted. A conventional retrofitting strategy was developed and the cost of retrofit was estimated. Next, the abutment bearings were fixed longitudinally to modify the response of the bridge so as to alleviate the effect of seismic forces transferred to vulnerable pier foundations. It was observed that the proposed retrofitting technique effectively mitigated the seismic forces transferred to the pier foundations and eliminated the need for their costly retrofitting. Thus, t...
Microbial biofilms in intertidal systems: an overview

Intertidal marine systems are highly dynamic systems which are characterized by periodic #uctuations in environmental parameters. Microbial processes play critical roles in the remineralization of nutrients and primary production in intertidal systems. Many of the geochemical and biological processes which are mediated by microorganisms occur within microenvironments which can be measured over micrometer spatial scales. These processes are localized by cells within a matrix of extracellular polymeric secretions (EPS), collectively called a ‘microbial bio"lma. Recent examinations of intertidal systems by a range of investigators using new approaches show an abundance of bio"lm communities. The purpose of this overview is to examine recent information concerning the roles of microbial bio"lms in intertidal systems. The microbial bio"lm is a common adaptation of natural bacteria and other microorganisms. In the #uctuating environments of intertidal systems, bio"lms form protective microenvironments and may structure a range of microbial processes. The EPS matrix of bio"lm forms sticky coatings on individual sediment particles and detrital surfaces, which act as a stabilizing anchor to bu!er cells and their extracellular processes during the frequent physical stresses (e.g., changes in salinity and temperature, UV irradiation, dessication). EPS is an operational de"nition designed to encompass a range of large microbially-secreted molecules having widely varying physical and chemical properties, and a range of biological roles. Examinations of EPS using Raman and Fourier-transform infared spectroscopy, and atomicforce microscopy suggest that some EPS gels possess physical and chemical properties which may hasten the development of sharp geochemical gradients, and contribute a protective e!ect to cells. Bio"lm polymers act as a sorptive sponge which binds and concentrates organic molecules and ions close to cells. Concurrently, the EPS appear to localize extracellular enzyme activities of bacteria, and hence contribute to the e$cient biomineralization of organics. At larger spatial scales, the copious secretion of speci"c types of EPS by diatoms on the surfaces of
UNDERSTANDING THE EXPERIENCE OF MENTOR FAMILIES IN THERAPEUTIC YOUTH MENTORING

The fragility of youth-adult mentoring relationships requires innovative program components to support and sustain these relationships and enhance participant outcomes. The current study presents and explores the experience of a unique mentoring program component known as Mentor Families, in which three to four pairs of mentors and mentees engage in structured activities together. Grounded theory methods were utilized to explore the experiences of mentors (n = 212) and mentees (n = 87) involved in Mentor Families within a mentoring program for adolescents at risk for delinquency. Findings from the current study reveal that Mentor Families provides a place (a) for mentors to receive support and supervision, (b) for mentors and mentees to belong, and (c) for mentees to grow and learn. These findings suggest that Mentor Families warrants further investigation as to how they may positively affect mentoring relationships and programs.
Creating Human-Nonhuman Chimeras: Of Mice and Men

(2003). Creating Human-Nonhuman Chimeras: Of Mice and Men. The American Journal of Bioethics: Vol. 3, No. 3, pp. 3-5.
Does Comorbid Disease Interact With Cancer? An Epidemiologic Analysis of Mortality in a Cohort of Elderly Breast Cancer Patients

Background. Although widely believed that co-occuring chronic diseases in elderly persons do not act independently in causing death, there has been little empirical research assessing prognostic interrelationships between comorbidities. Methods. Nonconcurrent prospective follow-up of 3,549 Virginia-resident elderly women diagnosed with a first breast cancer and 2,114 elderly women with no breast cancer history admitted to Virginia hospitals with principal diagnoses of genital prolapse during 1986-1988 was conducted through linkage of cancer registry and Medicare administrative records. Aggregate comorbidity was measured from Medicare claims via the Charlson comorbidity index (CCI). Mortality rates and relative risks were estimated for the breast cancer and non-breast-cancer groups stratified by the presence and level of comorbidity. Proportional hazards models were used to estimate Rothman's synergy index (S) measure of additive interaction. Results. Over full follow-up, the excess mortality rate for women with breast cancer and other comorbidity was 17% greater than expected under the null hypothesis that risks were additive and independent (5 = 1.17, p = . 12). Stratified analyses revealed a pattern of 5 estimates across cancer stage subgroups that was biologically sensible, but this pattern was not supported by strong statistical evidence. Conclusions. This study provides the first empirical estimates of statistical interaction between breast cancer and other chronic comorbidity. 5 index values tended to be small, but these small effects would translate into substantial numbers of deaths attributable to interaction between cancer and comorbidity. Interactions between breast cancer and comorbid disease should be explored further in large studies that can estimate these effects with increased precision.
B7-H1 Is Expressed by Human Endothelial Cells and Suppresses T Cell Cytokine Synthesis

Human endothelial cells (ECs) provide costimulatory signals sufficient to activate resting memory T cells to produce IL-2 and IFN-γ, at least in part through CD58-CD2 interactions. Recently, the B7-like molecule, B7-H1 (PD-L1), was described and shown to regulate T cell activation; however, there are conflicting reports on whether it stimulates or inhibits T cell cytokine synthesis. B7-H1 is not expressed constitutively by ECs; however, it is rapidly induced by IFN-γ, and synergistically by IFN-γ and TNF. In inflamed skin, B7-H1 is expressed by a subset of microvessels, and by keratinocytes, but is barely detectable in normal skin. Blocking the interaction of EC-expressed B7-H1 with its T cell ligand, programmed death-1 (PD-1), using a PD-1-Fc fusion protein, or by blocking B7-H1 expression with morpholino antisense oligonucleotides, augments expression of IL-2 and IFN-γ, implicating B7-H1 as a negative regulator of cytokine synthesis. However, signaling through PD-1 does not affect induction of the activation markers CD25 or CD69 on T cells, suggesting that its effects are specific to cytokine synthesis. The suppressive effects of B7-H1 on cytokine expression are proportional to the strength of the primary stimulus, allowing for B7-H1 to determine the level of T cell activation in response to ECs. Our results demonstrate that B7-H1 negatively regulates cytokine synthesis in T cells activated by ECs.
Extending the Tamari Lattice to Some Compositions of Species

An extension of the Tamari lattice to the multiplihedra is discussed, along with projections to the composihedra and the Boolean lattice. The multiplihedra and composihedra are sequences of polytopes that arose in algebraic topology and category theory. Here we describe them in terms of the composition of combinatorial species. We define lattice structures on their vertices, indexed by painted trees, which are extensions of the Tamari lattice and projections of the weak order on the permutations. The projections from the weak order to the Tamari lattice and the Boolean lattice are shown to be different from the classical ones. We review how lattice structures often interact with the Hopf algebra structures, following Aguiar and Sottile who discovered the applications of Mobius inversion on the Tamari lattice to the Loday-Ronco Hopf algebra.
Prostaglandin-Associated Periorbital Lipodystrophy in Cosmetic Eyelid Surgery: A Novel Cause of Facial Asymmetry

A 70-year-old woman presented to our practice with profound ptosis of the left upper eyelid and notable asymmetry of the periocular area. On examination, she was noted to have significant atrophy of the periocular tissues on the left side, with lower eyelid retraction. These features were present but less severe on the right side. Upon further questioning, she stated that she had cataract surgery on the left side that was complicated by a high intraocular pressure and required subsequent secondary surgery. She had taken a prostaglandin eyedrop for many months after her cataract surgery to keep the eye pressure low. Recently, a newly recognized adverse effect of prostaglandin eyedrops has been described in the ophthalmic literature in which patients develop periorbital lipodystrophy. This case emphasizes that this may occur unilaterally in patients taking the eyedrop in only one eye, and should be recognized prior to considering functional and aesthetic surgery of the periocular area.
Principles and lessons in packet communications

After nearly a decade of experience, we reflect on the principles and lessons which have emerged in the field of packet communications. We begin by identifying the need for efficient resource sharing and review the original and recurring difficulties we had in achieving this goal in packet networks. We then discuss various lessons learned in the areas of: deadlocks; degradations; distributed control; broadcost channels; and hierarchical design. The principles which we discuss have to do with: the efficiency of Large system; the switching computer; network constraints; distributed control; flow control; stale protocols; and designers not yet experienced in packet communications. Throughout the paper, we identify various open issues which remain to be solved in packet communications.
Making Gender Comparisons More Meaningful: A Call for More Attention to Social Context.

We challenge researchers to consider sex and gender as a marker for possible social contextual differences. Disappointed by both philosophical and empirical attempts to find coherence in research making gender comparisons, we selectively review studies showing both context-specific similarities between women and men where overall comparisons found differences as well as context-specific differences where general patterns of similarity existed. These examples cut across embedded levels of social context, ranging from those immediately proximal to the individual (interpersonal) to organizational and broad societal structures. They suggest that seemingly identical contexts can have sweepingly different impacts on women and men and that effective social interventions be gender-sensitive.
Intensive Management Affects Composition of Betaproteobacterial Ammonia Oxidizers in Turfgrass Systems

Turfgrass is a highly managed ecosystem subject to frequent fertilization, mowing, irrigation, and application of pesticides. Turf management practices may create a perturbed environment for ammonia oxidizers, a key microbial group responsible for nitrification. To elucidate the long-term effects of turf management on these bacteria, we assessed the composition of betaproteobacterial ammonia oxidizers in a chronosequence of turfgrass systems (i.e., 1, 6, 23, and 95 years old) and the adjacent native pines by using both 16S rRNA and amoA gene fragments specific to ammonia oxidizers. Based on the Shannon–Wiener diversity index of denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis patterns and the rarefaction curves of amoA clones, turf management did not change the relative diversity and richness of ammonia oxidizers in turf soils as compared to native pine soils. Ammonia oxidizers in turfgrass systems comprised a suite of phylogenetic clusters common to other terrestrial ecosystems. Nitrosospira clusters 0, 2, 3, and 4; Nitrosospira sp. Nsp65-like sequences; and Nitrosomonas clusters 6 and 7 were detected in the turfgrass chronosequence with Nitrosospira clusters 3 and 4 being dominant. However, both turf age and land change (pine to turf) effected minor changes in ammonia oxidizer composition. Nitrosospira cluster 0 was observed only in older turfgrass systems (i.e., 23 and 95 years old); fine-scale differences within Nitrosospira cluster 3 were seen between native pines and turf. Further investigations are needed to elucidate the ecological implications of the compositional differences.
Identification of two sources of carbon monoxide in comet Hale–Bopp

The composition of ices in comets may reflect that of the molecular cloud in which the Sun formed, or it may show evidence of chemical processing in the pre-planetary accretion disk around the proto-Sun. As carbon monoxide (CO) is ubiquitous in molecular clouds, its abundance with respect to water could help to determine the degree to which pre-cometary material was processed, although variations in CO abundance may also be influenced by the distance from the Sun at which comets formed. Observations have not hitherto provided an unambiguous measure of CO in the cometary ice (native CO). Evidence for an extended source of CO associated with comet Halley was provided by the Giotto spacecraft, but alternative interpretations exist. Here we report observations of comet Hale-Bopp which show that about half of the CO in the comet comes directly from ice stored in the nucleus. The abundance of this CO with respect to water (12 per cent) is smaller than in quiescent regions of molecular clouds, but is consistent with that measured in proto-stellar envelopes, suggesting that the ices underwent some processing before their inclusion into Hale-Bopp. The remaining CO arises in the coma, probably through thermal destruction of more complex molecules.
Compartmentalization of decay associated with Heterobasidion annosum in roots of Pinus resinosa

Decay associated with Heterobasidion annosum was compartmentalized in roots of Pinus resinosa.
Homologs of Drosophila appendage genes in the patterning of arthropod limbs.

Studies of the genes involved in patterning the appendages of Drosophila melanogaster have revealed a system of signaling and transcriptional regulation that is responsible for specifying the proximo-distal limb axis. Here we report the expression patterns of presumptive homologs of the Drosophila genes extradenticle, dachshund, nubbin, ventral veins lacking (a.k.a. Cf1-a), and Dll in the limbs of the woodlouse Porcellio scaber and the spider Steatoda triangulosa. Although the expression domains of the appendage genes roughly correspond to those of Drosophila, their relative positions and segmental affiliation are distinct. In addition, the expression patterns of the appendage genes allows a resolution of the segmental composition of different appendages within crustacean and spider embryos. We conclude that certain limb types, e.g., mouthparts, appear to be derived from a leg-like ground-plan via the elimination/fusion of the intermediate and distal podomeres. Moreover, we observe just such a modification during the transformation of the anterior legs into mouthparts in P. scaber. Although our data do not unequivocally resolve the question of homology of the arthropod leg segments, they do provide evidence for a single conserved proximo-distal patterning system in the development of noninsect arthropod limbs.
Stabilization of feedback amplifiers

A MPLIFIERS and other dynamic systems can be classified as stable or unstable depending on the nature of their transient response. The stabilization problem for a feedback amplifier arises in the first place because of the presence of one or more of the roots of the characteristic equation in the right half of the complex frequency plane. It is useful, therefore, to consider the solution of the stabilization problem directly in terms of the transient response, rather than in terms of frequency response data such as gain and phase margins.
Promoting mobility and reducing length of stay in hospitalized general medicine patients: A quality‐improvement project

OBJECTIVE To determine whether a multidisciplinary mobility promotion quality-improvement (QI) project would increase patient mobility and reduce hospital length of stay (LOS). PATIENTS AND METHODS Implemented using a structured QI model, the project took place between March 1, 2013 and March 1, 2014 on 2 general medicine units in a large academic medical center. There were 3352 patients admitted during the QI project period. The Johns Hopkins Highest Level of Mobility (JH-HLM) scale, an 8-point ordinal scale ranging from bed rest (score = 1) to ambulating ≥250 feet (score = 8), was used to quantify mobility. Changes in JH-HLM scores were compared for the first 4 months of the project (ramp-up phase) versus 4 months after project completion (post-QI phase) using generalized estimating equations. We compared the relative change in median LOS for the project months versus 12 months prior among the QI units, using multivariable linear regression analysis adjusting for 7 demographic and clinically relevant variables. RESULTS Comparing the ramp-up versus post-QI phases, patients reaching JH-HLM's ambulation status increased from 43% to 70% (P 7 days), were associated with a significantly greater adjusted median reduction in LOS of 1.11 (95% CI: −1.53 to −0.65, P < 0.001) days. Increased mobility was not associated with an increase in injurious falls compared to 12 months prior on the QI units (P = 0.73). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Active prevention of a decline in physical function that commonly occurs during hospitalization may be achieved with a structured QI approach. In an adult medicine population, our QI project was associated with improved mobility, and this may have contributed to a reduction in LOS, particularly for more complex patients with longer expected hospital stay. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2016. © 2016 Society of Hospital Medicine
A Consideration of the Pyridine Test for Chloroform.

A method for the quantitative measurement of minute amounts of chloroform has been described by Cole.1 An attempt was made to use this test to determine the amount of chloroform in sea water, in which small marine organisms were being anesthetized. Certain difficulties were encountered, many of which arose from the fact that the accuracy of the test was not known. This led to the study of the accuracy of the test discussed below.A series of 105 tests were made upon a given concentration of chloroform in sea water. The test consists of mixing 2 cc. of 20% NaOH in distilled water, 1 cc. of pyridine and 1 cc. of the chloroform solution in a test tube and placing the latter in a water bath at 100° C., a red or pink color appearing in the mixture at this time. Precautions are taken to eliminate errors due to evaporation. When the chloroform is in sea water a precipitate forms; this is thrown down with a hand centrifuge. When distilled water is used no precipitate is formed. The tube is then cooled to about 18°...
Reflections: The Fountain of Life

(1931). Reflections: The Fountain of Life. The Journal of Higher Education: Vol. 2, No. 9, pp. 523-524.
Heating Hot Spots near the End of Laminar-Turbulent Transition

Hot spots in calculated heating rates occur when the turbulent heating rates near the end of transition are higher than those calculated assuming a turbulent boundary with an origin at the beginning of the surface. One way of calculating hot spots is to determine a virtual origin for the turbulent boundary layer at transition and beyond. Two methods have been proposed for locating the virtual origin. One was to assume the boundary layer thickness is continuous across the transition point and the other was to assume continuity of the momentum thickness across the transition point. By using the integral form of the momentum equation it is proven that the continuity of momentum thickness at the transition point is the correct method. Results for a flat plate show that increases in heating rates of about 19% is realized at the hot spot for Mach 5 on a cold wall and about 12% for a hot wall with a transition Reynolds number of 5 x 10.
The Diagnosis of Curable Unilateral Renal Hypertension by Ureteral Catheterization

A new concept in the diagnosis of curable renovascular hypertension is presented, based on comparative measurement of re-absorption of water in the two kidneys.The requisite conditions for measuring maximal reabsorption of water in the presence of renal ischemia and the technic for obtaining meaningful data by ureteral catheterization are presented in detail.With the method described, diagnosis as well as treatment of curable renovascular hypertension is specific.Aortography, with its attendant artefacts, risks and equivocation concerning the functional significance of an anatomic lesion, is rarely necessary in the treatment of these patients.
Categorizing renal oncocytic neoplasms on core needle biopsy: a morphologic and immunophenotypic study of 144 cases with clinical follow-up

There is limited literature on renal oncocytic neoplasms diagnosed on core biopsy. All renal oncocytic neoplasm core biopsies from 2006 to 2013 were retrospectively reviewed. Morphologic features and an immunohistochemical panel of CK7, c-KIT, and S100A1 were assessed. Concordance with resection diagnosis, statistical analysis including a random forest classification, and follow-up were recorded. The post-immunohistochemical diagnoses of 144 renal oncocytic core biopsies were favor oncocytoma (67%), favor renal cell carcinoma (RCC) (12%), and cannot exclude RCC (21%). Diagnosis was revised following immunohistochemistry in 7% of cases. The most common features for oncocytoma (excluding dense granular cytoplasm) were nested architecture, edematous stroma, binucleation and tubular architecture; the most common features for favor RCC were sheet-like architecture, nuclear pleomorphism, papillary architecture, and prominent cell borders. High nuclear grade, necrosis, extensive papillary architecture, raisinoid nuclei, and frequent mitoses were not seen in oncocytomas. Comparing the pathologist and random forest classification, the overall out-of-bag estimate of classification error dropped from 23% to 13% when favor RCC and cannot exclude RCC were combined into 1 category. Resection was performed in 19% (28 cases) with a 94% concordance (100% of favor RCC biopsies and 90% of cannot exclude RCC biopsies confirmed as RCC; 83% of favor oncocytomas confirmed); ablation in 23%; and surveillance in 46%. Follow-up was available in 92% (median follow-up, 33months) with no adverse outcomes. Renal oncocytic neoplasms comprise a significant subset (16%) of all core biopsies, and the majority (78%) can be classified as favor oncocytoma or favor RCC.
Automatic SF_6 leakage detection based on Gaussian mixture background model

A method,based on the infrared gas imaging,was proposed for automatic continuous monitoring and detecting the leak of SF6gas. This new method was developed by integrating three technologies,including visualizing the invisible SF6gas cloud as a standard video image on TV monitor through the backscatter absorption gas imaging; subtracting background noise signals using Gaussian mixture model,and removing small spots in the image by an algorithms of mathematical morphology. A SF6gas detecting system was designed based on this method,and analysis of the images collected by this system in a field test revealed that this new method enable to detect leaked SF6gas and locate the leaking spots effectively with no interference from light and other environment factors.
Composite fermions and the field-tuned superconductor-insulator transition

In several two-dimensional films that exhibit a magnetic field-tuned superconductor to insulator transition (SIT), stable metallic phases have been observed. Building on the `dirty boson' description of the SIT, we suggest that the metallic region is analogous to the composite Fermi liquid observed about half-filled Landau levels of the two-dimensional electron gas. The composite fermions here are mobile vortices attached to one flux quantum of an emergent gauge field. The composite vortex liquid is a 2D non-Fermi liquid metal, which we argue is stable to weak quenched disorder. We describe several experimental consequences of the emergent composite vortex liquid.
Filtering algorithm of speed for PMSM based on incremental Kalman filter

Aiming at removing measurement noise caused by quantization errors of low-precision shaft encoder,an incremental Kalman filtering algorithm of rotor speed was proposed for permanent magnet synchronous motor. The item of load torque was eliminated by subtracting two adjacent discrete motion equations. According to the principle of Kalman filter,the incremental Kalman filtering algorithm of rotor speed for permanent magnet synchronous motor was derived,and compared with the effect of low pass filter. Research shows that the proposed filtering algorithm can effectively realize the aim of filtering out the measurement noise of rotor speed without bringing in additional delay,and then,improve the performance of the system. Besides,it offers the advantages of a little calculation burden required and low dependence on motor parameters. Simulation and experimental results verify the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.
Augmented noncanonical BMP type II receptor signaling mediates the synaptic abnormality of fragile X syndrome

Epigenetic silencing of fragile X mental retardation 1 (FMR1) causes fragile X syndrome (FXS), a common inherited form of intellectual disability and autism. FXS correlates with abnormal synapse and dendritic spine development, but the molecular link between the absence of the FMR1 product FMRP, an RNA binding protein, and the neuropathology is unclear. We found that the messenger RNA encoding bone morphogenetic protein type II receptor (BMPR2) is a target of FMRP. Depletion of FMRP increased BMPR2 abundance, especially that of the full-length isoform that bound and activated LIM domain kinase 1 (LIMK1), a component of the noncanonical BMP signal transduction pathway that stimulates actin reorganization to promote neurite outgrowth and synapse formation. Heterozygosity for BMPR2 rescued the morphological abnormalities in neurons both in Drosophila and in mouse models of FXS, as did the postnatal pharmacological inhibition of LIMK1 activity. Compared with postmortem prefrontal cortex tissue from healthy subjects, the amount of full-length BMPR2 and of a marker of LIMK1 activity was increased in this brain region from FXS patients. These findings suggest that increased BMPR2 signal transduction is linked to FXS and that the BMPR2-LIMK1 pathway is a putative therapeutic target in patients with FXS and possibly other forms of autism.
Osteogenic differentiation associated with x-ray therapy for adenocarcinoma of the prostate gland

A case of osteogenic differentiation in a prostate gland associated with high-dose x-irradiation for adenocarcinoma is reported. Heterologous cancerous elements in adults are extremely unusual in the prostate and their occurrence after treatment has rarely been documented. The relationship of this lesion to the primary glandular neoplasm is discussed.
Silver-Impregnated Dressings for Sternotomy Incisions to Prevent Surgical Site Infections in Children

Background The consequences of surgical site infections can be severe and range from short-term delays in discharge from the hospital to life-threatening infections such as mediastinitis. Objectives To evaluate the effectiveness of silver-impregnated dressings in decreasing surgical site infections in children after cardiac surgery. Methods A randomized, controlled trial was used to compare silver-impregnated dressings (59 participants) with standard dressings (58 participants). The study team supervised all dressing changes after a sternotomy and ensured adherence with the hospital's bundle for reduction of surgical site infections. The ASEPSIS tool was used to evaluate sternal wounds for evidence of infection. Results The 2 groups had comparable Risk Adjustment for Congenital Heart Surgery scores, age, sex, weight, height, operating room characteristics, and number of chest tubes and/or pacemaker wires. No surgical site infections occurred in any study participant. Infections did occur, however, during the same period, in cardiac surgical patients who were not enrolled in the study. Conclusions The evidence did not support the superiority of silver-impregnated dressings for prevention of surgical site infections in children after cardiac surgery. Adherence to a bundle for prevention of surgical site infections may have decreased the incidence of such infections in the study population during the study period.
HAYSTAC axion search analysis procedure

We describe in detail the analysis procedure used to derive the first limits from the Haloscope at Yale Sensitive to Axion CDM (HAYSTAC), a microwave cavity search for cold dark matter (CDM) axions with masses above $20\text{ }\text{ }\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{eV}$. We have introduced several significant innovations to the axion search analysis pioneered by the Axion Dark Matter eXperiment (ADMX), including optimal filtering of the individual power spectra that constitute the axion search data set and a consistent maximum likelihood procedure for combining and rebinning these spectra. These innovations enable us to obtain the axion-photon coupling $|{g}_{\ensuremath{\gamma}}|$ excluded at any desired confidence level directly from the statistics of the combined data.
Design and Optimization of a Novel Dual-Rotor Hybrid PM Machine for Traction Application

The objective of this paper is to investigate the design and optimization of a novel dual-rotor hybrid permanent magnet machine for traction application. The proposed dual-rotor hybrid synchronous PM machine synthesizes the synchronous reluctance and surface permanent magnet rotors into a single machine with the common shaft by using “inner-out” configuration. One feature of this hybrid machine is to explicitly separate the magnet torque and reluctance torque components so that the two rotors can be designed individually with more flexibility. Instead of using expensive rare-earth magnets, the hybrid machine is demonstrated to achieve similar performance as the Toyota Prius motor with only ferrite magnets arranged in a Halbach array structure. Design principles including structure configuration, sizing equation, and alternative topologies using N-N and N-S types are elaborated. Multi-objective optimization is implemented in the electromagnetic finite element analysis for the traction motor design, and Pareto line of the results is identified. Structural analysis is also used to validate the mechanical integrity at high-speed conditions. The optimized machine demonstrates almost the same torque profile as the Prius motor.
A perspective on quantum integrability in many-body-localized and Yang-Baxter systems.

Two of the most active areas in quantum many-particle dynamics involve systems with an unusually large number of conservation laws. Many-body-localized systems generalize ideas of Anderson localization by disorder to interacting systems. While localization still exists with interactions and inhibits thermalization, the interactions between conserved quantities lead to some dramatic differences from the Anderson case. Quantum integrable models such as the XXZ spin chain or Bose gas with delta-function interactions also have infinite sets of conservation laws, again leading to modifications of conventional thermalization. A practical way to treat the hydrodynamic evolution from local equilibrium to global equilibrium in such models is discussed. This paper expands upon a presentation at a discussion meeting of the Royal Society on 7 February 2017. The work described was carried out with a number of collaborators, including Jens Bardarson, Vir Bulchandani, Roni Ilan, Christoph Karrasch, Siddharth Parameswaran, Frank Pollmann and Romain Vasseur. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Breakdown of ergodicity in quantum systems: from solids to synthetic matter’.
Spatiotemporal Event Forecasting from Incomplete Hyper-local Price Data

Hyper-local pricing data, e.g., about foods and commodities, exhibit subtle spatiotemporal variations that can be useful as crucial precursors of future events. Three major challenges in modeling such pricing data include: i) temporal dependencies underlying features; ii) spatiotemporal missing values; and iii) constraints underlying economic phenomena. These challenges hinder traditional event forecasting models from being applied effectively. This paper proposes a novel spatiotemporal event forecasting model that concurrently addresses the above challenges. Specifically, given continuous price data, a new soft time-lagged model is designed to select temporally dependent features. To handle missing values, we propose a data tensor completion method based on price domain knowledge. The parameters of the new model are optimized using a novel algorithm based on the Alternative Direction Methods of Multipliers (ADMM). Extensive experimental evaluations on multiple datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed approach.
On simple scaling laws for pumping fluids with electrically-charged particles

Abstract As 3D printing has matured, the use of more complex materials has increased. In particular, particle-functionalized inks are now relatively wide-spread. Because of the desire to have faster throughput for industrial-scale printing, electrically-driven flow of such materials is being pursued. In many cases, such fluids consist of an electrically-neutral base solvent with embedded charged particles. As one increases the volume fraction of particles, two effects effects arise: (1) an increase in effective overall viscosity fluid and (2) an increase in the induced electrical force that can be applied. In the present analysis, the governing equations for the required pressure gradient in a pipe to move the fluid with a constant flow rate are derived. A key nondimensional scaling ratio governing the relative contribution of electrical and viscous fluid forces to the system behavior is also identified. Numerical examples are provided to illustrate the results.
Confidence Limits for the Range of a Search Radar

The determination of confidence limits for the percentage points of a normal distribution is a problem with an exact, but somewhat troublesome, solution. In this article Mr Stevens describes a fairly simple approximate solution, which was found to be sufficiently accurate.
Electrophysiological Mechanisms in Neurotoxicity of Organophosphates and Carbamates

Publisher Summary The chapter focuses on the mechanism of action of organophosphate (OP) and carbamate (CM) insecticides as studied by electrophysiological techniques that are expected to provide the functional aspect of the toxic action. Organophosphate (OP) and carbamate (CM) insecticides inhibit cholinesterase (ChE) and that this action is an important mechanism by which neurotoxicity is produced. The simplest notion of the ChE theory states that the accumulation of acetylcholine (ACh) at synaptic junctions as a result of ChE inhibition causes excess stimulation, thereby causing toxicity. Electrophysiology is the most direct to characterize changes in the function of the nervous system. The electrophysiological effects could be because of the direct action on the receptor or the indirect action via the sustained presence of ACh in the synaptic left as a result of ChE inhibition. The effects vary greatly depending on the kind of OPs/CMs, the dose, and the method of administration. There have been many descriptive or phenomenological studies of the effects of OPs/CMs on action potential conduction and synaptic transmission. Some studies that do not contribute to the knowledge of the mechanism of action are not included in this chapter. OPs and CMs stimulate, and then suppress synaptic and neuromuscular transmission. The effects are partly because of the inhibition of ChE and partly because of the direct effect on the ACh receptors. The degree and time course of these effects varied considerably depending on the kind of Ops/CMs, dose, methods of administration, and the species of animals. However, the basic mechanism of action on mammals and insects appears to be the same.
Evaluation of seprase activity

Seprase is a serine protease that is integral to the plasma membrane and is overexpressed by invasive tumor cells (Pineiro-Sanchez et al., J Biol Chem 1997; 272: 7595-601; Monsky et al., Cancer Res 1994; 54: 5702-10). Seprase activity is most often assessed by zymography, which is not a quantitative assay. This study establishes a relatively simple and quantitative method for determining seprase activity. The degradation of a 3H-gelatin substrate is measured in the presence of 5 mM EDTA which inhibits matrix metalloproteinases but not seprase. The quantitative character of the assay was demonstrated using partially purified seprase from chicken embryos, a preparation that lacks detectable matrix metalloproteinase activity. In this assay, release of 3H-gelatin fragments is linear over time for 1.5 microg/assay seprase concentration as well as for preparations concentrated or diluted by five fold (7.5 microg/assay and 0.3 microg/assay respectively). Additional experiments were performed to validate the quantification of seprase activity using the radiographic assay by comparing the results to zymography. Exposure to 22 or 37 degrees C results in maximal seprase activity while exposure to 80 or 100 degrees C completely abolishes seprase activity in both zymography and the radiographic assay. Exposure to 60 degrees C abolished seprase activity as judged by zymography, but about 50% gelatinase activity was observed using the 3H-gelatin substrate. Immunopreciptiation with seprase-specific antibody specifically removed seprase and lowered the seprase activity remaining in the extracts as judged by both assays. Investigation of the seprase that was partially purified from human breast cancer tissue revealed that its specific activity (cpm gelatin fragments released/{mg protein x h}) is five times greater than that of seprase purified from chicken embryos. This assay will be useful for determining the seprase activity in extracts of tumor tissues and cells as well as for identifying inhibitors of seprase.
Localizing multiple targets with a single particle velocity sensor

The acoustic velocity sensor (AVS) measures the direction of a propagating plane wave by measuring instantaneously the particle velocity over a small volume in space. When multiple sound sources are present, the AVS no longer reports the correct directions as the sound intensity vectors (the product of pressure and velocity vector) get mixed up nonlinearly. A few methods have been proposed to extract the individual components from just one sensor by assuming, for example, spectral separability or nongaussianity. This paper shows it is in fact possible to extract the components without making such assumptions. The approach here is to constrain the signal with the acoustic impedance equation for multiple superposing plane waves and, applying various techniques, such as sparsity decomposition, to solve the derived least squares problem.
Palmer Amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) and Velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti) Control in No-Tillage Conventional (Non–genetically engineered) Soybean Using Overlapping Residual Herbicide Programs

Due to depressed corn and soybean prices over the last few years in the United States, growers in Nebraska are showing interest in no-tillage (hereafter referred to as no-till) conventional (non–genetically engineered [non-GE]) soybean production. Due to the increasing number of herbicide-resistant weeds in the United States, weed control in no-till non-GE soybean using POST herbicides is a challenge. The objectives of this study were to compare PRE-only, PRE followed by (fb) POST, and PRE fb POST with residual (POST-WR) herbicide programs for Palmer amaranth and velvetleaf control and soybean injury and yield, as well as to estimate the gross profit margins and benefit–cost ratio of herbicide programs. A field experiment was conducted in 2016 and 2017 at Clay Center, NE. The PRE herbicides tested in this study resulted in ≥95% Palmer amaranth and velvetleaf control at 28 d after PRE (DAPRE). Averaged across the programs, the PRE-only program controlled Palmer amaranth 66%, whereas 86% and 97% control was obtained with the PRE fb POST and PRE fb POST-WR programs, respectively, at 28 d after POST (DAPOST). At 28 DAPOST, the PRE fb POST herbicide programs controlled velvetleaf 94%, whereas the PRE-only program resulted in 85% control. Mixing soil-residual herbicides with foliar-active POST programs did not improve velvetleaf control. Averaged across herbicide programs, PRE fb POST programs increased soybean yield by 10% and 41% in 2016 and 2017, respectively, over the PRE-only programs. Moreover, PRE fb POST-WR programs produced 7% and 40% higher soybean yield in 2016 and 2017, respectively, compared with the PRE fb POST programs. The gross profit margin (US$1,184.3 ha−1) was highest under flumioxazin/pyroxasulfone (PRE) fb fluthiacet-methyl plus S-metolachlor/fomesafen (POST-WR) treatment; however, the benefit–cost ratio was highest (6.1) with the PRE-only program of flumioxazin/chlorimuron-ethyl.
Economic Benefit Comparison of D-FACTS and FACTS in Transmission Networks with Uncertainties

Distributed flexible AC transmission systems (D-FACTS) has become increasingly popular in recent years. Among all types of D-FACTS devices, variable-impedance D-FACTS is the most cost-effective. However, integration of these devices within an optimal power flow problem introduces nonlinearities that are computationally challenging. In this study, a computationally efficient stochastic optimization model is proposed to optimally allocate variable-impedance D-FACTS considering the randomness of wind power output and load variation. The optimal locations and economic benefits of D-FACTS are compared with those of conventional FACTS. The results show that D-FACTS devices are more cost-effective than conventional FACTS, considering complex operation conditions in a transmission network. The economic benefits will increase if periodical redeployment of D-FACTS is allowed.
Treaty Shopping and Unintended Consequences: BRICS in the International System

Countries around the world have signed a multitude of bilateral investment treaties (BITs), many of which leaves the parties vulnerable to legal action through Investor-State Dispute Settlement (ISDS). But unbeknownst to many of these countries at the time of signing, these BITs are also subject to abuse through a practice known as "treaty shopping," through which firms can sue other states via subsidiaries in a third country. This chapter examines several prominent cases of treaty shopping and strategies used by developing countries to insulate themselves.
Are All Immigrant Families Created Equal? The Acculturation and Social Integration of Mixed-Nativity Families:

A large proportion of the children of immigrants are in mixed-nativity families, with one immigrant and one native-born parent. Despite their significant presence, the theoretical and empirical und...