cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Localization of the GABAA receptor in the rat brain with a monoclonal antibody to the 57,000 Mr peptide of the GABAA receptor/benzodiazepine receptor/Cl- channel complex.

The mAb 62–3G1 to the GABAA receptor/benzodiazepine receptor/Cl- channel complex was used with light-microscopy immunocytochemistry for studying the localization of the GABAA receptors (GABAR) in the rat brain. The results have shown a receptor distribution identical to the one obtained by others using 3H-muscimol binding in combination with autoradiographic techniques. The external plexiform layer of the olfactory bulb, cerebral cortex, granule cell layer of the cerebellum, hippocampus, dentate gyrus, substantia nigra, dorsolateral and medium geniculate nuclei, and the lateral posterior thalamic nucleus, among other areas, were rich in GABAA receptor immunoreactivity. In the cerebellum the granule cell layer had more immunoreactivity than did the molecular layer. In the hippocampus the receptor was most abundant in the stratum oriens and in the molecular layer of the dentate gyrus. The immunocytochemical techniques have also allowed us to study the distribution of the GABAA receptor with high-resolution light microscopy. These studies have shown that the GABAA receptors are localized in neuronal membranes and concentrated in structures rich in GABAergic synapses, such as the cerebellar and olfactory glomeruli and the external plexiform layer of the olfactory bulb, the deep cerebellar nuclei, and the substantia nigra. The mAb 62–3G1 was generated by immunizing mice with the affinity-purified GABAA receptor/benzodiazepine receptor (BZDR) complex. This mAb bound to the 57,000 Mr peptide but not to the benzodiazepine binding 51,000 Mr peptide. The distribution of the GABAR immunoreactivity in the rat brain colocalized better with 3H-muscimol than with 3H-benzodiazepine binding. Therefore, it is suggested that (1) the 57,000 Mr peptide that is recognized by the mAb 62–3G1 is the muscimol (GABAA receptor agonist) binding subunit of the receptor complex, (2) there is an important population of brain GABAA receptors that is not functionally coupled to the benzodiazepine receptors, and (3) both the BZDR-coupled and uncoupled forms of the GABAA receptor are immunologically similar, if not identical.
Alkane Kinetics Reduction Consistent with Turbulence Modeling using Large Eddy Simulation

A methodology for deriving a reduced kinetic mechanism for alkane oxidation is de- scribed, inspired by n-heptane oxidation. The model is based on partitioning the species of the skeletal kinetic mechanism into lights, defined as those having a carbon number smaller than 3, and heavies, which are the complement of the species ensemble. For mod- eling purposes, the heavy species are mathematically decomposed into constituents, which are similar but not identical to groups in the group additivity theory. From analysis of the n-heptane LLNL skeletal mechanism in conjunction with CHEMKIN II, it is shown that a similarity variable can be formed such that the appropriately non-dimensionalized global constituent molar density exhibits a self-similar behavior over a very wide range of equivalence ratios, initial pressures and initial temperatures that is of interest for predict- ing n-heptane oxidation. Furthermore, the oxygen and water molar densities are shown to display a quasi-linear behavior with respect to the similarity variable. The light species en- semble is partitioned into quasi-steady and unsteady species. The reduced model is based on concepts consistent with those of Large Eddy Simulation in which functional forms are used to replace the small scales eliminated through filtering of the governing equations; these small scales are unimportant as far as dynamic energy is concerned. Here, we remove the scales deemed unimportant for recovering the thermodynamic energy. The concept is tested by using tabular information from the n-heptane LLNL skeletal mechanism in con- junction with CHEMKIN II utilized as surrogate ideal functions replacing the necessary functional forms. The test reveals that the similarity concept is indeed justified and that the combustion temperature is well predicted, but that the ignition time is overpredicted, which is traced to neglecting a detailed description of the processes leading to the heavies chemical decomposition. To palliate this deficiency, functional modeling is incorporated into our conceptual reduction. This functional modeling includes the global constituent molar density, the enthalpy evolution of the heavies, the contribution to the reaction rate of the unsteady lights from other light species and from the heavies, the molar density evolution of oxygen and water, and the mole fractions of the quasi-steady light species. The model is compact in that there are only nine species-related progress variables. Re- sults are presented showing the performance of the model for predicting the temperature and species evolution for n-heptane. The model reproduces the ignition time over a wide range of equivalence ratios, initial pressure and initial temperature. Preliminary results for iso-octane using the full mechanism are also presented, showing encouragingly that the concept may be generalized to other alkanes. The utility of the model and possible improvements are discussed.
The first calibration of an aminiumyl radical ion clock: why N-cyclopropylanilines may be poor mechanistic probes for single electron transfer.

Using direct and indirect electrochemical methods, the rate constant for ring opening of the radical cation generated from N-cyclopropyl-N-methylaniline was found to be 4.1 × 104 s−1.
A case–control study of current psychological well-being and weight-teasing history in young adults with and without bowel conditions

AbstractBackground: The present study aimed to determine whether psychologicalwell-being and weight-teasing history of young adults with bowel conditions(i.e. coeliac disease, inﬂammatory bowel diseases and irritable bowel syn-drome) differed from those without bowel conditions.Methods: Young adults (aged 18–26 years) completed an online survey thatcollected demographic information and assessed psychological well-being(mentally and physically unhealthy days, self-esteem, and depression, anxietyand obsessive compulsive disorder severity) and weight-teasing history (Per-ception of Teasing Scale). Each bowel condition participant (cases = 135)was matched to four healthy participants (controls = 504) based on sex andbody mass index (BMI) ( 0.50 BMI units). Conditional logistic regressionanalyses were conducted and odds ratios (OR) and 95% conﬁdence intervals(CI) were presented for all measures and demographics.Results: Cases were signiﬁcantly more likely to have poorer overall psycho-logical well-being. Speciﬁcally, cases were signiﬁcantly (P ≤ 0.05) more likelyto have more mentally and physical unhealthy days, depression, anxiety,and obsessive compulsive disorder symptoms than controls. Cases were alsosigniﬁcantly more likely to recall being weight teased as a child (P = 0.02,OR = 1.26, 95% CI = 1.04–1.53) and being more upset from the weight-teasing insults (P = 0.006, OR = 1.19, 95% CI = 1.05–1.35) than controls.Cases were also more than 1.5 times more likely to be made fun of(P = 0.03, OR = 1.63, 95% CI = 1.09–2.43) or laughed at (P = 0.01,OR = 1.77, 95% CI = 1.15–2.73) because of their weight than controls.Conclusions: The ﬁndings of the present study suggest that healthcare pro-viders should monitor the psychological well-being of young adults withbowel conditions and incorporate opportunities for them to develop skillsand strategies for coping.IntroductionBowel conditions, such as coeliac disease, inﬂammatorybowel diseases (Crohn’s or ulcerative colitis) and irritablebowel syndrome, are most frequently diagnosed duringadolescence and young adulthood (Loftus & Sandborn,2002), representing a time when young people may bebeginning to live independently from their family of ori-gin, entering college or the job market and starting theirown families (Arnett, 2001). Coping with bowel condi-tions at any life stage, especially during adolescence toyoung adulthood, presents physical and mental challenges(Turkel & Pao, 2007). These conditions can be physicallypainful, disabling and difﬁcult to manage.
The Waking Up of a Sleeping Giant: Youth Education, Empowerment, and Democracy in Garissa County, Kenya

The youth are crucial in the social, cultural, economic development, and the democratic foundations of any country. How a society engages with its youth speaks volumes about the direction it intends to chart and its determination to shape its future destiny and aspirations. However, the engagement of this important segment of the society with the nation has been varied, at times wanting and contradictory especially on the African continent and Kenya in particular. Although the rhetoric in post-colonial African nation states has been that the youth are the leaders of tomorrow, these much hyped postulations have seldom come to fruition. Instead youth participation in the public sphere has been absent which has led to the creation of lost generations. Recent studies of the youth in Africas national discourse(s) from the 1990s point to a steady and increasing engagement in the socio-cultural, economic and political spheres. It is this latter development that this paper seeks to address especially in the context of Garissa County in Kenya. The paper sets to examine the following: Kenyas historical democratization process and the youth involvement in it; Kenyas democratic wave and the youth participation in the process from the 1990s to the present; challenges and future prospects.
A unified heuristic X-ray production model for thick and thin winds from single nonmagnetic hot stars

Abstract Observations of X-rays from WR6 and other dense winds require the presence of mechanisms that can produce hot gas at much larger radii than in lower density OB winds. But does this require some new mechanism in Wolf–Rayet winds, or could it simply be that the same hot-gas production is made more visible by denser winds? This article explores the latter perspective, and suggests a unified approach to the X-ray heating in all single nonmagnetic hot stars, as a kind of benchmark for observational testing. The results produce an X-ray generation efficiency that peaks as winds just become optically thick to X-ray reabsorption, but can still maintain detectable efficiencies at the large radii necessary in optically thick WR winds. A key element of the model is that fast terminal speeds serve to rapidly advect the gas being shocked out to large radii where some of the X-ray emission can emerge, even as X-rays emitted deeper down are copiously reabsorbed. An essential requirement is that the turbulence lengthscale increases with the wind acceleration lengthscale, as the latter is seen to be stretched out in Wolf–Rayet winds. Radiative efficiency is maintained at large radii by the high densities in the wind, allowing X-ray heating in an extended spatial “tail” of the normal OB-type emission to become observable. Hence in this scenario, the observation of dense winds serves as a complementary means of spatially resolving the nature of X-ray heating in nonmagnetic single hot-star winds.
How Consumers Generate Clickstreams through Web Sites

ABSTRACTWhen consumers navigate Web sites, they are said to generate a clickstream, i.e., engage in clicking from Web page to Web page. With respect to these clickstreams, hypertext, schema, and mapping theories provide a conceptual framework for their construction. To examine these perspectives, an interpretive study of 60 Internet consumers was conducted which revealed that they map very specific ideas of what they expect to encounter in interacting with various Web sites. In this regard, the results of this study suggest that the effective use of mapping, text and hypertext in generating a good navigational experience is an important way to help advertisers build a consumer Internet brand.
A CYTOLOGICAL EXAMINATION OF SPHAEROBOLUS STELLATUS FRUITING BODIES

Fruiting bodies of Sphaerobolus stellatus collected in the field and grown in Petri dish culture were examined by light and electron microscopy at near maturity and at maturity (both pre-glebal discharge and post-discharge). Basidiospores, gemmae, and "fat cells" which comprise the ejected glebal mass were studied. The parenchyma cell layer and its underlying hyphal mat which are collectively involved in glebal ejection are nearly indistinguishable before and after ejection except for the marked diminution of a-glycogen rosettes in the parenchyma cell layer after discharge. The fat cells of the collenchyma layer making up the glebal surface broke down near fruiting body maturity and became amorphous masses of cellular debris with interspersed fragments of cellular membranes, most noticeably sets of parenthesomes. Following ejection of the glebal mass, previously germinated gemmae continued to grow and additional gemmae germinated. These constitute the germinal cell population in cultured material. Basidiospores did not germinate under normal laboratory conditions. The stickiness of the discharged glebal masses was clearly due to material from degraded collenchyma cells.
Hg1-xCdxTe: Defect Structure Overview

Native point defects play an important role in HgCdTe. Here we discuss some of the relevant mass action equations, and use recently calculated defect formation energies to discuss relative defect concentrations. In agreement with experiment, the Hg vacancy is found to be the dominant native defect to accommodate excess tellurium. Preliminary estimates find the Hg antisite and the Hg interstitial to be of comparable densities. Our calculated defect formation energies are also consistent with measured diffusion activation energies, assuming the interstitial and vacancy migration energies are small.
An Intravascular Lesion in Poliomyelitis Induced by Feeding in Macacus Cynomolgus

Wickman1, 2 dwelt at some length upon the lesions of the central nervous system associated with acute poliomyelitis, and as a result of the accuracy of his original observations his descriptions of the changes encountered have been little altered in subsequent years. Wickman noted that the vascular lesions of acute poliomyelitis were more marked in the veins than in the arteries, and that the frequently encountered round cell infiltration was situated in the lymph channels of the vessel wall. It was also recognized, however, that the lymphocytic infiltration was often of sufficient intensity to extend beyond the adventitial limits of the vessels into the surrounding tissues. Flexner and Amoss3 pointed out that in cases of acute poliomyelitis induced by intravenous administration of virus the vascular lesions were more extensive than in instances of infection by other routes.The lesion described below was encountered in the meningeal vessels of a Macacus cynomolgus which developed acute poliomyelitis after...
Schiff Base Mediated Sol-Gel Polymerization

Formation of a Schiff base imine by reacting a primary amine with either an aldehyde or ketone was initiated by an aluminum compound acting as a Lewis acid catalyst. The water byproduct of the reaction then was used as an in situ reagent for subsequent hydrolysis and sol-gel condensation of the aluminum species. These reactions yielded a gel network containing the entrained Schiff base. Two examples of this synthetic approach are described with two different aluminum catalyst/reagents: a diethylaluminum diethylphosphate ester [(CH3CH2)2Al-O-P(O)(OCH2CH3)2] and triethyl aluminum [Al(CH3CH2)3]. Anhydrous ammonia and acetone were used as the Schiff base precursors.
Remote identification and quantification of industrial smokestack effluents via imaging Fourier-transform spectroscopy.

Industrial smokestack plume emissions were remotely measured with a midwave infrared (1800−3000 cm−1) imaging Fourier-transform spectrometer operating at moderate spatial (128 × 64 with 19.4 × 19.4 cm2 per pixel) and high spectral (0.25 cm−1) resolution over a 20 min period. Strong emissions from CO2, H2O, SO2, NO, HCl, and CO were observed. A single-layer plume radiative transfer model was used to estimate temperature T and effluent column densities qi for each pixel’s spectrum immediately above the smokestack exit. Across the stack, temperature was uniform with T = 396.3 ± 1.3 K (mean ± stdev), and each qi varied in accordance with the plume path length defined by its cylindrical geometry. Estimated CO2 and SO2 volume fractions of 8.6 ± 0.4% and 380 ± 23 ppmv, respectively, compared favorably with in situ measurements of 9.40 ± 0.03% and 383 ± 2 ppmv. Total in situ NOx concentration (NO + NO2) was reported at 120 ± 1 ppmv. While NO2 was not spectrally detected, NO was remotely observed with a concentrat...
Reform Scheme for Information Management System of Ertan Hydropower Station

A reform scheme for Ertan information management system(IMS) based on NC 2000 platform is proposed to overcome shortcomings of the original IMS.The design principle,system structure,system function and realization of the rebuilt IMS are presented.And emphasis is put on the functional characteristics and implementation mode of data acquisition,history database,curve analysis,alarm analysis,report,data export,web service,Oncall and so on.The idea and the method for system optimization design are also introduced.The rebuilt IMS has been put into operation and shows excellent result.
Expression and Evidence, Advances in Architecture Studio Pedagogy☆

Abstract Energy simulation software has been available for several years, increasingly affordable and accessible by both architecture offices and the academy. The most prominent barrier to truly synthesizing and reconciling architectural design studio education methods with energy consumption literacy and calculation has been the complexity of software and often associated technical knowledge requirements. While the singularly gifted student may be able to navigate complex modeling software and complete architectural design studies concurrently, we observe that it is more often the case that modeling typically drives students toward two divergent outcomes. On the one hand, students find the modeling so compelling that their architectural design outcomes fail to be particularly culturally compelling or beautiful but are simulated to perform well. On the other hand, students become frustrated with the modeling parameters and limitations and ignore the modeling system in favor of design expression. Some pedagogical breakthroughs have been realized in our experience by using schematic design level energy simulation software in architecture design education. This paper develops a compelling thesis for architecture design education pedagogy that fuses the competing design agenda of expression and simulated energy consumption modeling, supported by examples of student work.
Pharmacokinetics of theophylline. Application to adjustment of the clinical dose of aminophylline.

On a multiple-dose schedule of oral aminophylline (200 to 300 mg. every 6 hours) “trough” levels of serum theophylline in 83 patients ranged from 2.9 to 32.6 µg per milliliter. Levels usually remained in the same range for each individual. Kinetic studies demonstrate dependence of the mean serum level during multiple dosing on the intravenous theophylline half-life. Theophylline renal clearances are small and constant. Thus, wide variations in metabolism appear to be chiefly responsible. Specific studies are needed to document this and to assess the contribution of absorption variables. Persistent nausea, vomiting, or anorexia were common with trough levels over 20 flg per milliliter but were not seen when trough levels were under 13 µg per milliliter. This suggests that these gastrointestinal side effects usually arise by some mechanism mediated through serum theophylline levels rather than from direct irritation of the gastric mucosa. Serial airway resistances in 7 asthmatic patients following a large single oral dose of aminophylline indicated that the minimum theophylline level required for maximum bronchodilator effect ranged between eight and 20 µg per milliliter. To achieve trough concentrations of 10 to 20 µg per milliliter, final dosage adjustments ranged from 400 to 3,200 mg. of aminophylline per 24 hours, averaging 1,200 mg. General guidelines are offered for aminophylline dose adjustment.
Unfinishedness: Striving for a Viable Partnership between TFA and Its University Partner.

Background/ContextTeach For America (TFA) affiliates with universities in most of its 40 regions nationally; however, few researchers intentionally study the content and processes of a partnership ...
Guidelines for the Monitoring of Vancomycin, Aminoglycosides and Certain Antibiotics

Historically, therapeutic drug monitoring of antibiotic concentration in serum, plasma or other body fluids has been performed to assess optimal therapy, toxicity and patient compliance. Bacteriocidal agents, such as vancomycin and aminoglycosides, have been the most commonly monitored because of their narrow therapeutic index and serious risks of toxicity to the host. However, recent guidelines have changed clinical practice and reduced the need for close monitoring, especially with short-term therapy. Currently these drugs are most commonly analyzed using commercially available immunoassays, with chromatographic methods being largely reserved for special measurements in matrices (body fluids and tissues) where immunoassays may not be appropriate. In contrast, most other antibiotics, especially those antibiotics that show time-dependent killing and typically have wide therapeutic indices, do not require routine monitoring. Nevertheless, measurement of other classes of antibiotics in serum or plasma (or, rarely, other body fluids such as CSF and urine) may be indicated and beneficial under certain clinical circumstances (e.g., compromised renal clearance). Some of these drugs require more complex chromatographic analyses usually only available through specialized reference laboratories and, as such, are infrequently ordered.
Nutritional evaluation of conventional and increased-protein, reduced-fiber canola meal fed to broiler chickens.

Abstract Experiments were conducted to evaluate conventional canola meal (Conv CM) and a new increased-protein reduced-fiber CM (Test CM). The Test CM contained higher levels of all digestible amino acids than the Conv CM as determined in 2 precision-fed rooster assays wherein Single Comb White Leghorn roosters were fasted for 24 h and then tube-fed 30 g of Conv CM or Test CM. Excreta were then quantitatively collected for 48 hours. All diets in 2 broiler experiments then were formulated to be equal in AMEn and digestible amino acids based on values from precision-fed rooster assays. In Experiment 1, diets were corn and soybean meal based and contained zero, 10, 20, 30 or 40% Conv CM from 2 to 21 d of age and zero, 10, 20 or 30% Conv CM from 21 to 37 d of age. In the starter phase of Experiment 1 (2 to 21 d), there was a significant negative effect (P
Exposure to Low-Dose X-Ray Radiation Alters Bone Progenitor Cells and Bone Microarchitecture

Exposure to high-dose ionizing radiation during medical treatment exerts well-documented deleterious effects on bone health, reducing bone density and contributing to bone growth retardation in young patients and spontaneous fracture in postmenopausal women. However, the majority of human radiation exposures occur in a much lower dose range than that used in the radiation oncology clinic. Furthermore, very few studies have examined the effects of low-dose ionizing radiation on bone integrity and results have been inconsistent. In this study, mice were irradiated with a total-body dose of 0.17, 0.5 or 1 Gy to quantify the early (day 3 postirradiation) and delayed (day 21 postirradiation) effects of radiation on bone microarchitecture and bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs). Female BALBc mice (4 months old) were divided into four groups: irradiated (0.17, 0.5 and 1 Gy) and sham-irradiated controls (0 Gy). Micro-computed tomography analysis of distal femur trabecular bone from animals at day 21 after exposure ...
A novel dominant CRX mutation causes adult-onset macular dystrophy.

Background To present the ophthalmological findings of a mother and son initially diagnosed with benign concentric annular macular dystrophy (BCAMD) and later discovered to carry a novel nonsense mutation in the cone-rod homeobox (CRX) gene (19q13.3). Materials and methods Patients received ophthalmic examinations and diagnostic testing. The proband underwent sequencing of 131 retinal dystrophy genes. His mother had targeted testing of the identified sequence variations in CRX and BBS12 (4q27). Results The proband (Case I) presented at age 35 years for routine care. He had several male and female relatives with adult-onset retinal degeneration. Over 11 years, visual acuity (VA) dropped from 20/20 OU to 20/25 OD and 20/50 OS. Ophthalmoscopy showed bull's eye macular lesions OU. The proband's mother (Case II) presented at age 57 years with unilateral, progressive vision loss. Over 5 years, VA fluctuated 20/80-20/400 OD and remained 20/25 OS. Ophthalmoscopy showed similar findings to Case I. A clinical diagnosis of BCAMD was given because of the characteristic retinal lesion, preserved VA, and presumed autosomal dominant inheritance. Genetic testing identified a novel nonsense mutation in CRX (c.766C>T; p.Gln256Ter) in both patients. The son was also heterozygous for a missense mutation in BBS12 (c.1859A>G; p.Gln620Arg), which was absent in Case II. Conclusions CRX mutations are associated with a variety of clinical phenotypes, including an adult-onset macular dystrophy that simulates BCAMD with a bull's eye macular lesion and fairly well preserved VA.
Factorization of second order difference equations and its application to orthogonal polynomials

It is shown that a second order recurrence expression with coefficients having bounded variation, written as a second degree polynomial of the forward shift operator, can be factored as the product of two first order expressions. This result is used to obtain asymptotics over the complex plane for a class of polynomials orthonormal over the real line.
Mislabeling of an Invasive Vine (Celastrus orbiculatus) as a Native Congener (C. scandens) in Horticulture

The horticultural industry is an important source of invasive ornamental plant species, which is part of the motivation for an increased emphasis on using native alternatives. We were interested in the possibility that plants marketed in the midwestern United States as the native Celastrus scandens, or American bittersweet, were actually the difficult-to-distinguish invasive Celastrus orbiculatus (oriental bittersweet) or hybrids of the two species. We used nuclear microsatellite DNA loci to compare the genetic identities of 34 plants from 11 vendors with reference plants from wild populations of known species identity. We found that 18 samples (53%) were mislabeled, and 7 of the 11 vendors sold mislabeled plants. Mislabeled plants were more likely to be purchased through Internet or phone order shipments and were significantly less expensive than accurately labeled plants. Vendors marketed mislabeled plants under five different cultivar names, as well as unnamed strains. Additionally, the most common native cultivar, ‘Autumn Revolution,’ displays reproductive characteristics that diverge from the typical C. scandens, which could be of some concern. The lower price and abundance of mislabeled invasive plants introduces incentives for consumers to unknowingly contribute to the spread of C. orbiculatus. Revealing the potential sources of C. orbiculatus is critical for controlling further spread of the invasive vine and limiting its impact on C. scandens populations.Nomenclature American bittersweet, Celastrus scandens L. oriental bittersweet, Celastrus orbiculatus Thunb
Effects of polycaprolactone on alendronate drug release from Mg-doped hydroxyapatite coating on titanium.

Abstract The scientific objective of this study was to understand the influence of PCL coating on alendronate drug release kinetics in vitro. Our hypothesis was PCL coating would minimize burst release of alendronate from plasma sprayed Mg-doped hydroxyapatite (HA) coated commercially pure titanium (CpTi) samples. In the US alone, over 44 million women and men aged 50 and older are affected by osteoporosis which can lead to replacement and/or revision surgeries. Alendronate is a widely-used drug for treating osteoporosis and would be an ideal drug to be loaded and released from these replacement systems. Initial burst release is a common phenomenon for the most drug loaded devices. To modulate the release kinetics, a biodegradable polymer, polycaprolactone (PCL), coating with slow degradable kinetics was employed. Samples with 2 and 4 wt% PCL showed about 34% and 26% release of alendronate within the first 24 h, respectively, compared to 75% burst release without any PCL coating. With the addition of a PCL coating, a controlled release kinetics of alendronate was achieved from HA coated titanium implants, which can potentially impact millions of patients worldwide having compromised bone due to osteoporosis.
FDI Experience Location and Subsidiary Mortality Differences in National Culture and the Expansion of Korean MNEs

Purpose: This study examines the relationship between an MNE’s experience with foreign direct investments (FDI) and subsidiary mortality when considering learning limitations that an MNE are susceptible to under the influence of national cultural differences. Methods: We apply event history analysis on a sample of subsidiaries of Korean MNEs during 1990–2006. Results: We find that subsidiary mortality has a negative relationship with FDI experience from countries culturally similar to both the MNE’s home country and the focal host country; an inverse U-shaped relationship with both experience from countries culturally similar to the home country but different from the focal host country, and experience from countries culturally different from the home country but similar to the focal host country. Experience from countries culturally dissimilar to both the focal host country and the home country has a negative effect when a subsidiary is located in countries dissimilar to the home country, and an insignificant effect when a subsidiary is located in countries similar to the home country. Conclusions: Our findings show that prior experience has different effects depending on where it is accumulated and that MNEs are susceptible to limitations both when drawing inferences from their FDI experiences and when applying these experiences toward subsequent FDIs.
Molecular Aspects of the Release of Luteinizing Hormone Releasing Hormone (LHRH) from Hypothalamic Neurons

LHRH, which is stored in granule-like particles within hypothalamic neurons (Goldsmith and Ganong, 1975; Barnea et al., 1978a,b), is released into the hypophysial portal blood under various physiological conditions. Since LHRH is a peptide, and since it has been established that peptides and polypeptides are released from secretory cells by exocytosis, it is conceivable that release of LHRH also occurs by exocytosis. In spite of the large body of information collected, thus far, regarding the identity of some substances which may regulate the secretion of LHRH from the hypothalamic neurons, little is known of the intracellular processes which underlie this release mechanism.
Practical design of intelligent agent systems

Intelligent agents trace their roots to the artificial intelligence community. Unfortunately, many early customers were ‘burned’ by their experience with artificial intelligence, and are standoffish when hearing about so-called ‘intelligent agents.’ Yet several market studies (Janca, 1996) include interviews with successful adopters. These early adopters do have to live with constraints, but universally report that the agent systems save them time and/or money. It is interesting to note that not one of the interviewed early adopters would even consider removing the functioning system.
Interplay between Rapid Diagnostic Tests and Antimicrobial Stewardship Programs among Patients with Bloodstream and Other Severe Infections.

Background: Antimicrobial stewardship programs (ASPs) aim to provide optimal antimicrobial therapy to patients quickly to improve the likelihood of overcoming infection while reducing the risk of adverse effects. Rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) for infectious diseases have become an integral tool for ASPs to achieve these aims. Content: This review explored the demonstrated clinical value of longer-standing technologies and implications of newer RDTs from an antimicrobial stewardship perspective. Based on available literature, the focus was on the use of RDTs in bloodstream infections (BSIs), particularly those that perform organism identification and genotypic resistance detection, phenotypic susceptibility testing, and direct specimen testing. Clinical implications of rapid testing among respiratory, central nervous system, and gastrointestinal infections are also reviewed. Summary: Coupling RDTs with ASPs facilitates the appropriate and timely use of test results, translating into improved patient outcomes through optimization of antimicrobial use. These benefits are best demonstrated in the use of RDT in BSIs. Rapid phenotypic susceptibility testing offers the potential for early pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic optimization, and direct specimen testing on blood may allow ASPs to initiate appropriate therapy and/or tailor empiric therapy even sooner than other RDTs. RDTs for respiratory, central nervous system, and gastrointestinal illnesses have also shown significant promise, although more outcome studies are needed to evaluate their full impact.
Philadelphia: Finding the hidden city, by Joseph E. B. Elliott, Nathaniel Popkin, and Peter Woodall

The “hidden city” in the title of this book refers both to the physical remains of Philadelphia’s industrial past—namely, the “hundreds of architecturally impressive mills and factories, schools, t...
Electron emission and ultraviolet electroluminescence from valence-band states and defect conduction bands of electroformed Al-Al2O3-Ag diodes

Electroforming of metal-insulator-metal (MIM) diodes is a soft dielectric breakdown which results in the formation of a conducting filament through the diode. It is a critical step in the development of conducting states between which switching can occur in resistive switching memories. Conduction, electron emission into vacuum (EM), and electroluminescence (EL) have been studied in two groups of electroformed Al-Al2O3-Ag diodes with amorphous anodic Al2O3 thicknesses between 20 nm and 49 nm. EM and EL appear simultaneously with the abrupt current increase that characterizes electroforming of Al-Al2O3-metal diodes. There is voltage-controlled differential negative resistance in the current-voltage (I-V) characteristics after electroforming. There is a temperature-independent voltage threshold for EM, VEM ≅ 2.2 V. Three EM regions occur. In region I, VEM UEM. Both groups exhibit EM from valence band states of amorphous Al2O3. The difference in UEM and USP of the two groups of electroformed Al-Al2O3-Ag diodes is attributed to the presence or absence of a defect conduction band formed from the ground state of F0- or F+-centers, oxygen vacancies in amorphous Al2O3. The observation of exponentially increasing EM or EL in the low conductivity state of electroformed Al-Al2O3-metal diodes is not consistent with switching mechanisms of MIM diodes that involve rupture of the conducting filament since rupture that affects diode current, if it occurs, should also cut off EM and EL.
EBA: Good Idea but Is It Feasible?

The use of evidence-based assessment practices seems to be a straightforward process to endorse. Having evidence that ties a practice to prediction, prescription, or process has the potential to advance overall practice in School Psychology in ways that have already been seen in medicine and, to a lesser degree, clinical psychology. However, the transition to an EBA focus would require substantial changes in how measures are created and validated, how new practitioners are taught to perform assessments and how current practitioners are educated into a new process, how interventions are conceptualized and tested, and how the progress of individuals receiving those interventions is monitored.
Endocytic Trafficking of DMP1 and GRP78 Complex Facilitates Osteogenic Differentiation of Human Periodontal Ligament Stem Cells

Periodontal ligament contains periodontal ligament stem cells that maintain tissue homeostasis. Targeting hPDLSCs (human periodontal ligament cells) is a promising strategy for repair and regeneration of bone tissue destroyed by periodontal diseases. However, the mechanisms by which PDLSCs differentiate into osteoblasts to form a mineralized matrix is unclear. In this study, we demonstrate for the first time the molecular events that contribute to osteogenic differentiation of PDLSCs. Dentin matrix protein 1 (DMP1) and its receptor, Glucose regulated protein-78 (GRP78), are localized in the progenitor cells of the PDL. Our overall goal is to demonstrate the formation of DMP1-GRP78 complex at the plasma membrane and subsequent protein trafficking and nuclear localization to promote osteogenic differentiation. To study the internalization and routing of the complex, we mimic an in vivo differentiation scenario by stimulating cells with DMP1 and culturing them in the presence of osteogenic differentiation conditions. We first demonstrate the translocation of the ER chaperone protein GRP78 to the plasma membrane during the differentiation process. Total internal reflection microscopy imaging demonstrates the formation and internalization of the receptor- ligand (GRP78-DMP1) complex. Confocal microscopy results show the internalization of the GRP78-DMP1 complex specifically through the caveolin pathway and trafficked through the cell with various endocytic markers such as Rab5 and 7 GTPases to early and late endosomes respectively. DMP1 is ultimately transported to the nucleus where it functions to promote osteogenic differentiation as demonstrated by quantitative Real-Time PCR. This observation is the first report that suggests DMP1 and GRP78 can interact at the plasma membrane, then packaged in vesicles and ultimately DMP1 is routed to the nucleus where it aids in osteogenic differentiation of PDLSCs. Characterizing the osteogenic potential of PDLSCs would favor the development of therapeutic strategies for reconstruction of mineralized tissues destroyed by periodontal diseases.
Evidence-based management of the second stage of labor

Abstract The second stage of labor is defined as the time from complete dilation of the cervix to delivery of the fetus. The objective of this seminar is to provide a contemporary, evidence-based approach to management of the second stage of labor. This seminar reviews background maternal and fetal characteristics that impact the duration of the second stage of labor, the recommended evidence-based management (e.g. immediate pushing, manual rotation, operative vaginal delivery), and the maternal/neonatal morbidity clinicians must consider when deciding between operative delivery and a prolonged second stage of labor.
Leveraging Industry Benchmarks to Teach Database Concepts

Databases have been a part of core curriculum in computer science for decades. Courses exist at both introductory and advanced levels and topics include data modeling and design, query optimization, and studying features of specific database platforms such as MySQL. Concepts such as normalization in relational databases, OLTP/OLAP are taught using assignments that are based on short synthetic examples. In this talk, we propose the use of open use industry benchmark kits (HammerDB), the Wisconsin benchmark, and/or TPC-defined industry benchmark to create "close to real-world" and engaging course modules. The use of benchmarks will not only offer new ways of teaching the existing topics but also allow extending the scope of current database courses to contemporary data management systems and big data technologies. Students will be exposed to a breadth of areas including database internals, performance optimization, schema design (real world schemas with "large" datasets), an insight into the underlying system and its performance, and exposure to -what's possible" with current hardware all under one course. The three benchmarks we discuss cover three different data management scenarios. TPC-[C/E] serves OLTP use-case, TPC-[H/DS] addresses OLAP while TPCx-BB supports a mix of OLAP and Big Data. We experimented with this idea by organizing two guest lectures on database benchmarks to a class of computer science students at Portland State University; and it was very well-received as evident from students' feedback. Through this proposal, we hope to invite interested faculty for further discussions so that it may develop into a multi-institutional endeavor.
Coronal Plane Spine Twisting Composes Shape To Adjust the Energy Landscape for Grounded Reorientation

Despite substantial evidence for the crucial role played by an active backbone or spine in animal locomotion, its adoption in legged robots remains limited because the added mechanical complexity and resulting dynamical challenges pose daunting obstacles to characterizing even a partial range of potential performance benefits. This paper takes a next step toward such a characterization by exploring the quasistatic terrestrial self-righting mechanics of a model system with coronal plane spine twisting (CPST). Reduction from a full 3D kinematic model of CPST to a two parameter, two degree of freedom coronal plane representation of body shape affordance predicts a substantial benefit to ground righting by lowering the barrier between stable potential energy basins. The reduced model predicts the most advantageous twist angle for several cross-sectional geometries, reducing the required righting torque by up to an order of magnitude depending on constituent shapes. Experiments with a three actuated degree of freedom physical mechanism corroborate the kinematic model predictions using two different quasistatic reorientation maneuvers for both elliptical and rectangular shaped bodies with a range of eccentricities or aspect ratios. More speculative experiments make intuitive use of the kinematic model in a highly dynamic maneuver to suggest still greater benefits of CPST achievable by coordinating kinetic as well as potential energy, for example as in a future multi-appendage system interacting with a contact-rich 3D environment.
The Obesity Paradox: Body Mass Index Complication Rates Vary by Gender and Age Among Primary Total Hip Arthroplasty Patients

Abstract Background High body mass index (BMI) has long been recognized as a risk factor for postoperative complication among total hip arthroplasty (THA) patients. However, recent studies showed mixed results in the effect of high BMI on surgical outcomes. Our study is to examine the association of preoperative BMI with complication incidence, stratified by age and gender. Methods We queried the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Project database to identify patients who underwent elective primary THA between 2012 and 2016. We examined the associations between BMI as a continuous and a categorical variable and risk of 30-day postoperative complication, using 2 multiple polynomial logistic regression models. We also created predictive plots to graphically assess the relationship between BMI and complication by gender and age. Results In total, 117,567 eligible patients were included in the analyses. The predictive probability of all-type postoperative complications showed a U-shaped relationship with continuous BMI values (range 10-65 kg/m2). The lowest complication risks occurred in patients with BMI between 35 and 40. Females had higher complication rate than males across all BMI values. This U-shaped relationship was only observed among patients younger than 60 years old, while the associations appear to be inversely linear among patients aged greater than 60 years. Conclusion Our results suggest that the current theory of a linear association between BMI and complication risk may not apply to elective primary THA. Strict BMI cutoffs may not minimize risk, especially among patients over 60 years old. Orthopedic surgeons should factor in patient-specific variables of age and gender when determining acceptable surgical risk given a particular BMI value.
A novel design to investigate the impacts of UV exposure on marine biofouling

Abstract Ultraviolet light (UV) is currently under investigation as an environmentally friendly alternative for antifouling prevention in the marine environment. A novel apparatus based on a Nautilus shell was designed, to test UV exposure on multiple surfaces with varying distances from a lamp source. Several proof of concept tests were conducted in-situ to determine if the Nautilus design would indeed be an effective method for studying UV in the marine environment. Specifically, the in-situ tests studied the effect of UVC (λ = 254 nm) exposure (continuous and one minute per day) on biofouling settlement at distances ranging from 25 mm to 275 mm. Continuous UV exposure resulted in minimal (≤5% total coverage) settlement, which consisted of biofilms. UV exposure of one minute per day had a greater biofouling settlement with trends observed in the community composition related to distance from the lamp. The coverage of soft fouling organisms decreased with increased distance from the lamp; meanwhile, hard fouling abundance increased with increasing distance. In order to investigate how UV impacts already established fouling, continuous exposure was then applied to a fully developed biofouling community. This resulted in a decrease in total fouling coverage across all distances and live barnacles were only present on surfaces at distances ≥200 mm from the lamp. Overall, the Nautilus design presented a viable option for studying UV in the marine environment and allowing for the identification of UV tolerances within fouling communities.