cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Low dimensional conditions for global asymptotic stability of M-D nonlinear digital filters

The problem of global asymptotic stability in nonlinear recursive digital m-D filters with a first hyper-quadrant causality structure is addressed. Necessary 1-D conditions, which are simple to check, are derived in the form of m 1-D nonlinear system equations. Generalizations to /spl nu/-dimensional (/spl nu/ >
QoS aware wireless bandwidth aggregation (QAWBA) by integrating cellular and ad-hoc networks

Some mobile devices are beginning to support both cellular and IEEE 802.11 based network interfaces. Although rates are increasing, current cellular networks provide relatively low bandwidth that do not meet the QoS requirements of many high-demanding multimedia applications. In this paper, we propose an integrated network architecture that utilizes both wireless interfaces to provide better QoS support by QoS aware wireless bandwidth aggregation (QAWBA). Via QAWBA, mobile nodes form a mobile ad hoc network (MANET) using their IEEE 802.11 interfaces to share their cellular link capacity. Some mobile nodes act as proxies to contribute their idle cellular links to support a QoS request that may exceed the available bandwidth of any individual mobile node. A K-path proxy discovery algorithm is proposed for fast and efficient proxy discovery. Simulation results show that QAWBA can significantly improve network utilization and the admission rate of QoS requests.
Fall of stringy de Sitter spacetime

Kachru, Kallosh, Linde, and Trivedi recently constructed a four-dimensional de Sitter compactification of type IIB string theory, which they showed to be metastable in agreement with general arguments about de Sitter spacetimes in quantum gravity. In this paper, we describe how discrete flux choices lead to a closely spaced set of vacua and explore various decay channels. We find that in many situations NS5-brane mediated decays which exchange NSNS 3-form flux for D3-branes are comparatively very fast.
Heligmosomoides polygyrus bakeri Induces Tolerogenic Dendritic Cells that Block Colitis and Prevent Antigen-Specific Gut T Cell Responses

Immunological diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are infrequent in less developed countries, possibly because helminths provide protection by modulating host immunity. In IBD murine models, the helminth Heligmosomoides polygyrus bakeri prevents colitis. It was determined whether H. polygyrus bakeri mediated IBD protection by altering dendritic cell (DC) function. We used a Rag IBD model where animals were reconstituted with IL10⁻/⁻ T cells, making them susceptible to IBD and with OVA Ag-responsive OT2 T cells, allowing study of a gut antigenic response. Intestinal DC from H. polygyrus bakeri-infected Rag mice added to lamina propria mononuclear cells (LPMC) isolated from colitic animals blocked OVA IFN-γ/IL-17 responses in vitro through direct contact with the inflammatory LPMC. DC from uninfected Rag mice displayed no regulatory activity. Transfer of DC from H. polygyrus bakeri-infected mice into Rag mice reconstituted with IL10⁻/⁻ T cells protected animals from IBD, and LPMC from these mice lost OVA responsiveness. After DC transfer, OT2 T cells populated the intestines normally. However, the OT2 T cells were rendered Ag nonresponsive through regulatory action of LPMC non-T cells. The process of regulation appeared to be regulatory T cell independent. Thus, H. polygyrus bakeri modulates intestinal DC function, rendering them tolerogenic. This appears to be an important mechanism through which H. polygyrus bakeri suppresses colitis. IFN-γ and IL-17 are colitogenic. The capacity of these DC to block a gut Ag-specific IFN-γ/IL-17 T cell response also is significant.
Independent association of extent of resection with survival in patients with malignant brain astrocytoma: Clinical article

Object With recent advances in the adjuvant treatment of malignant brain astrocytomas, it is increasingly debated whether extent of resection affects survival. In this study, the authors investigate this issue after primary and revision resection of these lesions. Methods The authors retrospectively reviewed the cases of 1215 patients who underwent surgery for malignant brain astrocytomas (World Health Organization [WHO] Grade III or IV) at a single institution from 1996 to 2006. Patients with deep-seated or unresectable lesions were excluded. Based on MR imaging results obtained < 48 hours after surgery, gross-total resection (GTR) was defined as no residual enhancement, near-total resection (NTR) as having thin rim enhancement of the resection cavity only, and subtotal resection (STR) as having residual nodular enhancement. The independent association of extent of resection and subsequent survival was assessed via a multivariate proportional hazards regression analysis. Results Magnetic resonance imagin...
Variability of drug self-administration in rats.

Although temporal patterns of drug self-administration in animals are known to be highly regular, this regularity has rarely been quantified or systematically compared across reinforcers. Over a range of unit doses, this study assessed: (1) the within-subject variability of inter-infusion intervals (latencies); (2) the estimated whole-body drug level at the time of self-infusion; (3) the within-subject variability of these drug levels; and (4) the statistical dependence between successive latencies, to determine whether regularity is maintained by compensatory, moment-to-moment adjustment of latencies. Rats were trained with cocaine (10–1000 μg/kg per infusion, IV), remifentanil (an ultra-short acting opioid; 0.25–32 μg/kg per infusion, IV), or food (20–180 mg/delivery). Within subjects, latencies were most consistent from infusion to infusion at unit doses on the descending limb of the dose-response curve. However, the drug level at the time an infusion was initiated was actually least consistent at these doses. Sequential latencies showed only a weak autocorrelation for both drugs. These results suggest that highly consistent response patterns are not simply a product of precise titration of drug levels. The weak autocorrelation between sequential latencies suggests that temporal regularity of responding is not maintained through compensatory adjustments of post-infusion pauses.
Expression, purification, and functional characterization of the carboxyl-terminal domain fragment of bacteriophage 434 repressor.

The repressor protein of bacteriophage 434 binds to DNA as a dimer of identical subunits. Its strong dimerization is mediated by the carboxyl-terminal domain. Cooperative interactions between the C-terminal domains of two repressor dimers bound at adjacent sites can stabilize protein-DNA complexes formed with low-affinity binding sites. We have constructed a plasmid, pCT1, which directs the overproduction of the carboxyl-terminal domain of 434 repressor. The protein encoded by this plasmid is called CT-1. Cells transformed with pCT1 are unable to be lysogenized by wild-type 434 phage, whereas control cells are lysogenized at an efficiency of 1 to 5%. The CT-1-mediated interference with lysogen formation presumably results from formation of heteromeric complexes between the phage-encoded repressor and the plasmid-encoded carboxyl-terminal domain fragment. These heteromers are unable to bind DNA and thereby inhibit the repressor9s activity in promoting lysogen formation. Two lines of evidence support this conclusion. First, DNase I footprinting experiments show that at a 2:1 ratio of CT-1 to intact 434 repressor, purified CT-1 protein prevents the formation of complexes between 434 repressor and its OR1 binding site. Second, cross-linking experiments reveal that only a specific heterodimeric complex forms between CT-1 and intact 434 repressor. This latter observation indicates that CT-1 interferes with 434 repressor-operator complex formation by preventing dimerization and not by altering the conformation of the DNA-bound repressor dimer. Our other evidence is also consistent with this suggestion. We have used deletion analysis in an attempt to define the region which mediates the 434 repressor-CT-1 interaction. CT-1 proteins which have more than the last 14 amino acids removed are unable to interfere with 434 repressor action in vivo. Images
Evolution of Monitoring over the Lifetime of a High Performance Computing Cluster

High Performance Computer (HPC) systems typically have lifetimes of four to six years. During this lifetime a system will undergo substantial changes in the system software stack and hardware configuration. Simultaneously, the physical environment around it will change as old systems are retired and new systems are brought in. This report focuses on our experience with Mustang, a 1600 node Linux cluster at LANL. Over the three years we have operated Mustang, the machine and environment have changed substantially, which has resulted in reliability and stability issues on the cluster. In this report we present our experiences with standard monitoring and analysis tools available on Mustang since its installation, and how recent advances in our tools and usage have improved our ability to troubleshoot these issues and perform timely root cause analysis. These advances have both improved our management of existing installations as well as informed our hardware and tooling requirements for future systems.
Narrative Reflection in the Philosophy of Teaching: Genealogies and Portraits

How has philosophical reflection contributed to the ways that we think about teaching? In this paper I explore two forms of narrative reflection on teaching—genealogies and portraits. Genealogies tell a story about the origins of teaching; portraits find expression in myths and other narrative forms. I explore two genealogies of teaching—one deriving from the sophist, Protagoras, in which teaching is viewed as a technical skill employing methods of instruction; the other, deriving from Plato, in which teaching is seen fundamentally in terms of a special relationship between teacher and pupil. The Platonic account of the origins of teaching that finds expression in the myth, recounted in the dialogue Phaedrus, gives rise to a tradition of pedagogic portraiture that views the teacher/pupil relationship as foundational and presents the teacher as a wounded healer. This paper explores the grounds of this image and suggests that a tradition of portraiture in which the teacher is represented as a wounded healer can be traced back from Plato to the myth of Chiron and forward to St Augustine, Rousseau, and Nietzsche.
The Fundamentals of Engineering: The Art of Engineering

This sequence of courses is a major component of Drexel's E4 experimental program which spans the freshman and sophomore years. It is based on the premise that there exists a central body of knowledge, methods and attitudes which constitute the “Art” of Engineering. Further, exposing students to this art at the very beginning of their education is an excellent way to introduce them to the profession. The subject matter emphasizes design as the critical professional essence, interdisciplinary and common fundamentals, the pivotal roles of the computer and experimentation, and the imperative for superior communications skills. The methodology is experiential, consisting of several practicums, experiments and projects. The achievement and growth of participating students has been impressive. Evaluations indicate that the program also generates considerable interest and enthusiasm among the students and a sense of pride in their accomplishments. It appears that most students begin to understand what it means to be an engineer and many begin to enjoy the practice of the profession.
Increasing protein stability by improving beta‐turns

Our goal was to gain a better understanding of how protein stability can be increased by improving β-turns. We studied 22 β-turns in nine proteins with 66 to 370 residues by replacing other residues with proline and glycine and measuring the stability. These two residues are statistically preferred in some β-turn positions. We studied: Cold shock protein B (CspB), Histidine-containing phosphocarrier protein (HPr), Ubiquitin, Ribonucleases Sa2, Sa3, T1, and HI, Tryptophan synthetase α-subunit (TSα), and Maltose binding protein (MBP). Of the fifteen single proline mutations, 11increased stability (Average = 0.8 ± 0.3; Range = 0.3 – 1.5 kcal/mol), and the stabilizing effect of double proline mutants was additive. Based on this and our previous work, we conclude that proteins can generally be stabilized by replacing non-proline residues with proline residues at the i + 1 position of Type I and II β-turns and at the i position in Type II β-turns. Other turn positions can sometimes be used if the φ angle is near −60° for the residue replaced. It is important that the side chain of the residue replaced is less than 50% buried. Identical substitutions in β-turns in related proteins give similar results. Proline substitutions increase stability mainly by decreasing the entropy of the denatured state. In contrast, the large, diverse group of proteins considered here had almost no residues in β-turns that could be replaced by Gly to increase protein stability. Improving β-turns by substituting Pro residues is a generally useful way of increasing protein stability.
Artificial aging of phenanthrene in porous silicas using supercritical carbon dioxide.

Expedited artificial aging is described and demonstrated using a novel system that circulates a solution of supercritical carbon dioxide and a hydrophobic organic sorbate (phenanthrene) through a closed loop containing a porous substrate. Unlike traditional methods used to simulate the natural aging process, our approach allows for real-time monitoring of sorption equilibria, and the process is highly accelerated due to the unique physical properties of supercritcal carbon dioxide. The effectiveness of the system to simulate aging was demonstrated with a series of experiments in which three silicas with varying particle and pore sizes were loaded with phenanthrene. Batch aqueous desorption experiments were used to evaluate the extent of the aging process. For the two types of particles containing the largest pores (i.e., mean diameters of 202 and 66 A), 95% and 86%, respectively, of the phenanthrene was released to the aqueous fraction within 3 h. In contrast, only 16% of the phenanthrene was released from particles having a mean pore diameter of 21 A after 24 h. These results were confirmed by the results from an aqueous column desorption experiment. Confounding factors that might contribute to slow aqueous desorption such as the hydration state of the particles' surfaces, the chemical form of the loaded phenanthrene, and the organic carbon content were investigated and/or normalized for all three particle types. Consequently, we were able to attribute the slow desorption behavior and the presence of the resistant fraction in the 21 A silica to pore effects. With properly designed experiments, the results of this study suggest that the supercritical fluid system could be extended to the study of contaminant aging and bioavailability in natural soils and sediments.
Extraocular photoentrainment of the circadian locomotor rhythm of the garden slug Limax

Garden slugs (Limax maximus and Limax flavus) exhibit a circadian locomotor rhythm which persists in constant darkness or light and in constant temperature with a period of approximately 24 hours, entrains to lightdark cycles (LD 12:12 or LD 16:8), and can be phase shifted by changes in the LD cycle. Results of experiments comparing the locomotor activity of blinded slugs and unoperated control animals indicate that the eyes are not necessary for either maintenance of rhythmicity or for LD entrainment. In DD, locomotor activity of blinded and control animals is robust, and the active period in a freerun projects back to the dark phase of the previous light-dark cycle. Blinded animals remain entrainable to white-light LD cycles and are able to follow a 6 or 12 hour phase shift. However, eyeless animals do not entrain to LD cycles of wavelengths greater than about 600 nm, whereas intact animals entrain without difficulty. In additon, there is an approximately 2-hour increase in the phase angle difference of blinded animals compared to either sham or unoperated controls. These observations suggest that the eyes provide photic input to the slug circadian system, even though they are not essential components of the circadian oscillator that controls locomotor activity.
Deregulation, competition, and antitrust implications in the US airline industry

Abstract Current problems in the US airline industry such as increasing industry consolidation, fortress hub dominance, predatory behavior, and high fare “pockets of pain” have their roots in the flaws of the theories that supported airline deregulation in 1978. Contrary to pre-deregulation expectations, the industry is characterized by large economies of scale, large barriers to entry, and a lack of contestability in airline markets. These inexorable economic forces are producing increased levels of monopoly and oligopoly control over city-pair markets resulting in a larger share of travelers paying higher fares. Additional mergers and acquisitions will exacerbate the problem. As these trends continue, the US Congress and the US Departments of Transportation and Justice will be under increasing pressure to take serious corrective actions.
Determining the publication impact of a digital library

We attempt to assess the publicatin impact of a digital library (DL) of aerospace scientific and technical information (STI). The Langley Technical Report Server (LTRS) is a digital library of over 1,400 electronic publications authored by NASA Langley Research Center personnel or contractors and has been available in its current World Wide Web (WWW) form since 1994. In this study, we examine calendar year 1997 usage statistics of LTRS and the Center for AeroSpace Information (CASI), a facility that archives and distributes hard copies of NASA and aerospace information. We also perform a citation analysis on some of the top publications distributed by LTRS. We find that although LTRS distributes over 71,000 copies of publications (compared with an estimated 24,000 copies from CASI), citation analysis indicates that LTRS has almost no measurable publication impact. We discuss the caveats of our investigation, speculate on possible different models of usage facilitated by DLs, and suggest "retrieval analysis" as a complementary metric to citation analysis. While our investigation failed to establish a relationship between LTRS and increased citations and raises at least as many questions as it answers, we hope it will serve as a invitation to, and guide for, further research in the use of DLs.
Clostridial-induced type I polyagglutinability with associated intravascular hemolysis.

The term ‘polyagglutinability’ refers to abnormal erythrocytes which clump when mixed with any normal adult serum. A well-recognized cause of polyagglutination is activation of the latent T-receptor which is present on all human erythrocytes. Many species of bacteria, as well as viruses of the influenza group, produce neuraminidases capable of activating the normally latent T-receptor in vitro and in vivo. All normal sera, except those from newborn infants, contain anti-T hemagglutinins which react with T-activated erythrocytes. We recently studied a patient with septicemia whose cells typed as AB but whose serum contained anti-B. She was initially suspected of having acquired a B antigen, but in vivo T-activation was demonstrated to be the basis for the discrepancy between the forward and reverse grouping. An organism capable of causing T-activation in vitro was cultured from her blood at the time her cells were polyagglutinable ; furthermore, it is likely that anti-T in donor plasma caused hemolysis. The classification of polyagglutinability used in this report is that which we recently derived [l].
Computer-assisted life stories

Abstract A pilot project was undertaken to test an emerging technology with a view to examine the feasibility of assisting older participants in the telling of their life stories. With the use of a digital recorder and voice-to-text software, 10 older persons were freed from the labor of creating a formal record of their life stories, either through typing, writing or manual transcription of audio tape. On a hand-held recorder, and in a one-on-one interview format, each participant's voice was converted to digital form as the narration proceeded. This digital recording was then transcribed electronically into a computer, which subsequently converted the digital voice record into text. The resultant text was corrected to mirror the audible story, and a printed copy was given to each participant. Adapting this emerging technology to a one-on-one interview process presented many challenges, the most significant of which was correcting the machine-generated text to mirror the audio recording. The technique of assisted life stories has potential for more widespread usage when software programs are developed that more adequately address the unique requirements of an interview format and require a shorter training period.
A refined index of model performance

In this paper, we develop, present and evaluate a refined, statistical index of model performance. This ‘new’ measure (dr) is a reformulation of Willmott's index of agreement, which was developed in the 1980s. It (dr) is dimensionless, bounded by − 1.0 and 1.0 and, in general, more rationally related to model accuracy than are other existing indices. It also is quite flexible, making it applicable to a wide range of model-performance problems. The two main published versions of Willmott's index as well as four other comparable dimensionless indices—proposed by Nash and Sutcliffe in 1970, Watterson in 1996, Legates and McCabe in 1999 and Mielke and Berry in 2001—are compared with the new index. Of the six, Legates and McCabe's measure is most similar to dr. Repeated calculations of all six indices, from intensive random resamplings of predicted and observed spaces, are used to show the covariation and differences between the various indices, as well as their relative efficacies. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society
The Hidden and Potent Effects of Television Advertising

Jean L. Wiecha, PhD; Karen E. Peterson, ScD, RD; David S. Ludwig, MD, PhD; Juhee Kim, ScD; Arthur Sobol, MA; Steven L. Gortmaker, PhDObjectives: To test whether increased television viewing is associated with increased total energy intake and with increased consumption of foods commonly advertised on television, and to test whether increased consumption of these foods mediates the relationship between television viewing and total energy intake.Design: Prospective observational study with baseline (fall 1995) and follow-up (spring 1997) measures of youth diet, physical activity, and television viewing. We used food advertising data to identify 6 food groups for study (sweet baked snacks, candy, fried potatoes, main courses commonly served as fast food, salty snacks, and sugar-sweetened beverages).Setting and Participants: Five public schools in 4 communities near Boston. The sample included 548 students (mean age at baseline, 11.70 years; 48.4% female; and 63.5% white).Main Outcome Measures: Change in total energy intake and intake of foods commonly advertised on television from baseline to follow-up.Results: After adjusting for baseline covariates, each hour increase in television viewing was associated with an additional 167 kcal/d (95% confidence interval, 136-198 kcal/d; P < .001) and with increases in the consumption of foods commonly advertised on television. Including changes in intakes of these foods in regression models provided evidence of their mediating role, diminishing or rendering nonsignificant the associations between change in television viewing and change in total energy intake.Conclusions: Increases in television viewing are associated with increased calorie intake among youth. This association is mediated by increasing consumption of calorie-dense low-nutrient foods frequently advertised on television.
Does obesity affect outcomes of adult burn patients

Abstract Background Obesity negatively affects outcomes after trauma and surgery; results after burns are more limited and controversial. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of obesity on clinical and economic outcomes after thermal injury. Methods The National Inpatient Sample was queried for adults from 2005–2009 with International Classification of Diseases-9 codes for burn injury. Demographics and clinical outcomes of obese and nonobese cohorts were compared. Univariate and multivariate analysis using logistic regression models were performed. Data are expressed as median (interquartile range) or mean ± standard deviation and compared at P Results In 14,602 patients, 3.3% were obese (body mass index ≥30 kg/m2). The rate of obesity increased significantly by year (P Conclusions Obesity is an independent predictor of adverse events after burn injury; however, obesity is associated with decreased mortality. Our findings highlight the potential clinical and economic impact of the obesity epidemic on burn patients nationwide.
Chromosomal Variation and Evolutionary Relationships of Vespertilionid Bats

Intergeneric evolutionary relationships were studied in vespertilionid bats using G- and C-band data. In most cases, chromosomal variation can be explained by Robertsonian changes, centric fusions being by far the most numerous. There appear to be three karyotypic, evolutionary trends among vespertilionids. The first is to remain karyotypically primitive by retaining a high diploid number with many acrocentric chromosomes. The second is to become karyotypically specialized by a process of centric fusion leading to lower diploid numbers with many biarmed chromosomes. The third is to reduce greatly the diploid number by centric fusions and translocations. The latter is seen only in Lasionycteris (2n = 20), which evolved from an ancestor with a karyotype like that of Myotis (2n = 44). A phylogenetic sequence is proposed based on banding patterns. A Myotis -like group including Myotis, Pipistrellus, Lasiurus, Plecotus, Idionycteris , and Lasionycteris evolved from an ancestor with the Myotis karyotype. An Eptesicus -like group including Eptesicus, Rhogeessa, Antrozous , and Nycticeius evolved from an ancestor with a karyotype like that of Eptesicus. Miniopterus represents a karyological intermediate between the two groups. The ancestral karyotype for the family is hypothesized to have been similar to that of Myotis .
The 1.08 and 2.10 MeV levels of 18F

Abstract In the reaction 16 O( 3 He, p γ ) 18 F at 3 He energies of 3.58 and 4.0 MeV, directional p γ correlations of five transitions involving the 1.08 and 2.10 MeV levels of 18 F have been measured. From these the spin of the 2.10 MeV level is deduced to be 2 and that of the 1.08 MeV level to be 0. These two levels have like parities, and their parity is probably negative. Branching ratios and multipole mixtures have also been measured.
Observed Hostility and Dominance as Mediators of the Relationship Between Husbands' Gender Role Conflict and Wives' Outcomes.

Sixty married couples participated in a study of the effects of husbands' gender role conflict on outcomes for wives. Hypothesized relationships between husbands' gender role conflict and wives' marital adjustment and depressive symptoms were supported. Hostile and dominant behaviors were recorded by outside raters viewing videotaped segments of marital interactions. Husbands who evidenced gender role conflict were more likely to engage in hostile behaviors, but not dominant behaviors, during these marital interactions. Husbands' observed hostility mediated the relationship between husbands' gender role conflict and wives' marital adjustment.
Technology and layout-related testing of static random-access memories

Static random-access memories (SRAMs) exhibit faults that are electrical in nature. Functional and electrical testing are performed to diagnose faulty operation. These tests are usually designed from simple fault models that describe the chip interface behavior without a thorough analysis of the chip layout and technology. However, there are certaintechnology and layout-related defects that are internal to the chip and are mostly time-dependent in nature. The resulting failures may or may not seriously degrade the input/output interface behavior. They may show up as electrical faults (such as a slow access fault) and/or functional faults (such as a pattern sensitive fault). However, these faults cannot be described properly with the functional fault models because these models do not take timing into account. Also, electrical fault models that describe merely the input/output interface behavior are inadequate to characterize every possible defect in the basic SRAM cell. Examples of faults produced by these defects are: (a) static data loss, (b) abnormally high currents drawn from the power supply, etc. Generating tests for such faults often requires a thorough understanding and analysis of the circuit technology and layout. In this article, we shall examine ways to characterize and test such faults. We shall divide such faults into two categories depending on the types of SRAMs they effect—silicon SRAMs and GaAs SRAMs.
Magnetization reversal in ferrite magnets

Abstract The effect of particle size on the magnetization reversal in ferrite magnets has been examined by correlating the hard magnetic properties with the microstructure. Initial magnetization curves, field and temperature dependence of coercivity and the remanence curves were obtained and compared with the predictions of theoretical models. The coercivity of bulk samples can be explained by the nucleation model. In ultrafine particles the coercivity is very close to the value predicted for single domain particles while the larger particles show a behavior which is a mixture of both the bulk magnets and ultrafine particles behavior.
The high-pressure melting temperature of hexagonal close-packed iron determined from thermal physics

Abstract The melting temperature, T m , of hexagonal close-packed (hcp) iron at pressures corresponding to the Earth's core is derived using two thermal physics methods. The first, Gilvarry's rule, follows from the assumption that melting occurs when the root mean square amplitude of atomic vibration is a certain fraction of the interatomic distance. The second, the Stacey–Irvine formula, follows from assuming that the Gibbs free energy of both solid and liquid phases are equal in value. A crucial pressure is 330 GPa, the pressure at which Earth's solid inner core is in thermal equilibrium with its liquid outer core. We find melting temperatures at 330 GPa of 5905 or 6050 K when the Gilvarry and the Stacey–Irvine formulae, respectively, are used. These calculations are made possible by the recent experimental determination of the vibrational Gruneisen parameter, γ vib , and the thermal expansivity, α , up to 360 GPa, at 300 K. These T m (330 GPa) values are in near agreement with the value of 5995 K for hcp iron determined using the dislocation-mediated method. The average result of the three approaches used here indicates that T m (330 GPa )=5980±70 K for hcp iron. This result is consistent with the value of 6000 K for hcp iron sometimes assumed in studies of Earth's core.
Crystal structure of N-[(2S,5R)-4-oxo-2,3-diphenyl-1,3-thia­zinan-5-yl]acetamide 0.375-hydrate

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, C18H18N2O2S.0.375H2O, has two independent organic mol­ecules (A and B) and 3/4 of a water mol­ecule distributed over three sites. In mol­ecule A, the 1,3-thia­zine ring is in a boat conformation, with the C atoms at the 2- and 5-positions out of the plane. The angle between the two phenyl rings is 51.70 (12)°. In mol­ecule B, the thia­zine ring is in a half-chair conformation, with the S atom forming the back of the half-chair. The angle between the two phenyl rings is 84.44 (14)°. The A mol­ecule features an intra­molecular N—H⋯O hydrogen bond, which closes an S(5) ring motif. In the crystal, the corresponding N—H grouping of the B mol­ecule participates in an inter­molecular hydrogen bond to the A mol­ecule. The A mol­ecule participates in a C—H⋯O inter­action back to the B mol­ecule, whilst the B mol­ecule features an intra­molecular C—H⋯O link, which generates an S(10) loop.
Contextualizing Public Opinion on Consumer Racial Profiling: A Marxist Approach

Using a Marxist foundation, this article sought to contextualize public opinion related to consumer racial profiling (CRP). CRP is when customers are profiled as shoplifters because of their race or ethnicity. This study tested 2 hypotheses related to those who classified themselves as “haves” and “have-nots.” More specifically, it was hypothesized that those identifying themselves as haves will more likely support the practice of CRP and also believe that the practice of CRP was widespread. Although only 1 of the 2 hypotheses was supported, the research did uncover other important variables for understanding public opinion on CRP.
Recovery of isolated rat atrial function related to ATP under different anoxic conditions.

Abstract Spontaneously beating isolated rat atria were subjected to 1 h of anoxia at 37 °C in various cardioplegic solutions. Contraction continued for different times upon initiation of anoxia, depending on the nature of the cardioplegic solution. Two hundred micromolar P 1 ,P 5 -di(adenosine-5′)pentaphosphate (Ap5A) stopped atrial function in less than 30 s of anoxia in contrast to 50 s in the case of Hearse's cardioplegic solution (16 m m MgCl 2 , 16 m m KCl, 1 m m Procaine), and 20 min in the case of controls. The stopping time was also prolonged from 30 to approximately 50–55 seconds if a lower concentration of Ap5A (100 μM) was used. Function, adenine nucleotides (AN), and phosphocreatine (PCr) were then measured 20 min after reoxygenation. The recovery of both function and AN was most rapid and complete with 200 μM Ap5A (97% recovery in ATP and 100% in function) and least complete in control (50% recovery in ATP and 78% in function). A positive correlation between recovery of ATP, or total adenine nucleotides, and recovery of function was observed in all cases. The higher the level of ATP remaining at the end of 1 h of anoxia and the more recovered after 20 min of reoxygenation, the more complete the recovery of function. The PCr returned to normal or even higher than normal values in all cases, even though function returned only in proportion to ATP. Since PCr is mitochondrial in origin, it appears that loss of a portion of the AN localized at the energyutilizing sites occurred before serious mitochondrial damage and was responsible for the incomplete postanoxic functional recovery.
Learning Hidden Markov Models Using Nonnegative Matrix Factorization

The Baum-Welch algorithm together with its derivatives and variations has been the main technique for learning hidden Markov models (HMMs) from observational data. We present an HMM learning algorithm based on the nonnegative matrix factorization (NMF) of higher order Markovian statistics that is structurally different from the Baum-Welch and its associated approaches. The described algorithm supports estimation of the number of recurrent states of an HMM and iterates the NMF algorithm to improve the learned HMM parameters. Numerical examples are provided as well.
Exploring semantic web technologies for product family modeling

By sharing product design information across a family of products, companies can increase the flexibility and responsiveness of their product realization process while shortening lead-times and reducing cost. This paper describes a preliminary attempt at using semantic web paradigm, especially the Web Ontology Language (OWL), for product family information management. An overview of the ongoing work with Semantic Web is also presented. Formal product representation using OWL can not only store the structure of the product family but also help in capturing the evolution of different components of the product family. As an illustration, a group of single-use cameras, containing several products from the Kodak single-use camera family, is represented in OWL format. The methodology of ontology development that can support product family design is discussed in detail. Product family design representation using OWL promotes better learning across products and reduced development time, system complexity, and product design lead-time.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Gradients in the Health Status and Developmental Risks of Young Children: The Combined Influences of Multiple Social Risk Factors

Objectives: To analyze child vulnerability as a profile of multiple risk factors for poorer health based on race/ethnicity, social class (maternal education and family poverty status), child health insurance coverage, and maternal mental health. Profiles are examined in relation to disparities in the health status and developmental risks of young children. Data Sources: Cross-sectional data on 2,068 children ages 4–35 months from the 2000 National Survey of Early Childhood Health. Study Design: Multiple logistic regression models are used to examine risk profiles in relation to child health status and developmental risk (based on parent concerns about development). The profiles are also examined in relation to three measures of basic access to health care: telephone contact with a physician, well-child visit in the past year, and missed or delayed needed care. Principal Findings: About one-third of (or 3.1 million) young children in the United States have two or more risk factors (RF) for poor health. Controlling for other family factors, having more RFs is associated with poorer health status (i.e., percent reported “good/fair/poor” vs. “excellent/very good”) and being higher risk for developmental delays. For example, the likelihood of having either poorer health or higher developmental risk increases with each RF (vs. zero): 1 RF (OR = 1.70, CI: 1.20–2.38), 2 RFs (OR = 3.28, CI: 2.27–4.73), 3 RFs (OR = 4.69, CI: 2.84–7.73), 4 RFs (OR = 14.58, CI: 4.98–42.64). Higher RFs were also associated with poorer health care access. Conclusions: This study demonstrates a dose–response relationship of higher risk profiles with poorer child health status and higher developmental risk. Because children with higher profiles of risk are also more likely to lack access to care, this suggests that children who most need care have the greatest difficulty obtaining it. Addressing health gradients for vulnerable children will require explicit attention to these multiple, overlapping risk factors.
Image Classification Using Correlation Tensor Analysis

Images, as high-dimensional data, usually embody large variabilities. To classify images for versatile applications, an effective algorithm is necessarily designed by systematically considering the data structure, similarity metric, discriminant subspace, and classifier. In this paper, we provide evidence that, besides the Fisher criterion, graph embedding, and tensorization used in many existing methods, the correlation-based similarity metric embodied in supervised multilinear discriminant subspace learning can additionally improve the classification performance. In particular, a novel discriminant subspace learning algorithm, called correlation tensor analysis (CTA), is designed to incorporate both graph-embedded correlational mapping and discriminant analysis in a Fisher type of learning manner. The correlation metric can estimate intrinsic angles and distances for the locally isometric embedding, which can deal with the case when Euclidean metric is incapable of capturing the intrinsic similarities between data points. CTA learns multiple interrelated subspaces to obtain a low-dimensional data representation reflecting both class label information and intrinsic geometric structure of the data distribution. Extensive comparisons with most popular subspace learning methods on face recognition evaluation demonstrate the effectiveness and superiority of CTA. Parameter analysis also reveals its robustness.
Anesthesia for Patients Requiring Advanced Ventilatory Support

The critically ill patient who requires anesthesia is frequently a concern for the anesthesiologist. In addition to having potential hemodynamic lability and coagulopathy, the critically ill patient frequently experiences profound respiratory failure. The approach to the patient requiring advanced ventilatory support requires an understanding of respiratory failure, the pathophysiology causing respiratory failure and hypoxia, the physiology of mechanical ventilation and the advanced modes of ventilation available in the intensive care unit (ICU). This article discusses the basic definitions of hypoxia and common pathologic states, reviews the physiology of mechanical ventilation and advanced forms of ventilation available in the ICU, and concludes with recommendations for the management of patients with severe respiratory failure when they are taken to the operating room.
Neurobiological advances identify novel antidepressant targets

It has been over fifty years since the development of monoamine reuptake inhibitor antidepressants, that are widely prescribed and are the medication of choice for the treatment of depressive disorders. Although these agents have been useful, they also have significant limitations, including slow onset of action (weeks to months) and low rates of efficacy (approximately one third of patients respond to initial treatments). Thus, there is a significant unmet need for more effective, rapid-acting agents that have novel mechanisms. Here we discuss a few selected new areas of drug development and targets that are based on the combination of neurobiological research and clinical findings. This work holds promise for the development of new rapid-acting agents that may enhance the pharmacological armament for the treatment of depression.
Independent motile microplast formation correlates with glioma cell invasiveness.

Diffuse brain invasion co ntributes to the poor prognosis for patients with gliomas. Analyzing glioma cell migration in vitro, we have demonstrated the spontaneous shedding of anucleate cell fragments that separate from glioma cell bodies and maintain viability from hours to days. Unlike previously described cell fragments that are released from cells as diffusible vectors, glioma cell fragments are independently motile. We used computerized time-lapse microscopy to characterize the formation of these independent motile microplasts (IMMPs) in human cell cultures derived from the most highly invasive glial tumor, glioblastoma. IMMPs were larger than previously described cell fragments, ranging in size from approximately 2% to nearly half of the area of their parent cells. Complex cell-like behaviors—including establishment of polarity, extension of lamellipodia and filopodia, and change in direction of movement—remained intact in IMMPs. The average direction and velocity of the IMMPs were indistinguishable from those of their parent cells. IMMPs formed at a significantly higher rate in glioma cell lines rendered more invasive by overexpression of invasion-related genes than in vector-transfected controls. The correlation with cell invasiveness indicates that IMMP formation may be related to the cell-invasive phenotype. Further investigation will determine whether IMMPs represent a novel addition to the growing list of viable cell fragments with biological relevance.
Enhanced preference for perceptual novelty in the monkey after section of the fornix but not after ablation of the hippocampus

Previously uncovered discrepancies between the behavioral effects of fornix sections and hippocampal ablations in the monkey suggested that damage to the fornix but not that to the hippocampus may result in a motivational post-operative change. To test this notion, control monkeys and those with damage to either hippocampus or fornix were given an opportunity to choose freely between presentations of novel or repetitive stimuli in two modalities. In the visual mode, the choice was between viewing color slides which changed on every trial or repeated presentations of a geometric pattern (experiments 1 and 1a). In the auditory mode, the choice was between trains of identical clicks and different sound patterns (experiments 2 and 2a). Monkeys with sections of the fornix, but not those with ablations of hippocampus, showed an abnormally marked preference for novel stimuli in both modalities, even when perceptual novelty was designed to compete unfavorably with food reward (experiments 1b and 2b). These findings (a) provide another instance of functional dissociation between the effects of fornix and hippocampal damage and caution against assuming safely that data obtained with sections of the fornix will always mirror the behavioral consequences of hippocampal ablations; and (b) suggest that the hippocampus of primates may participate in the mediation of cognitive-motivational aspects of behavior which should be taken into account when the role of the hippocampus in memory processes is considered.
Sex manipulation within broods of house wrens? A second look

Most reports of adaptive manipulation of offspring sex in birds have come from single-year studies with relatively small sample sizes. Calls have thus gone out for repeat, multiple-year studies to confirm positive results. In a study of a Wyoming population of house wrens, Troglodytes aedon , Albrecht (2000, Animal Behaviour , 59 , 1227) asked whether embryos from last-laid eggs of clutches were predominantly female. Last-laid eggs typically hatch 36–48 h after most other eggs in the clutch. This puts offspring from last eggs at a competitive disadvantage and these offspring are often in poor physical condition at fledging. Albrecht argued that being in poor condition should negatively affect male fitness more than female fitness because males must compete for limited nest sites. Moreover, males that secure multiple sites have the potential to pair polygynously. Albrecht found a strong female bias among offspring from last-laid eggs (27 of 34 individuals) during the 1997 breeding season. We repeated Albrecht's study using the same population over three seasons, 2002–2004. We found no sex bias among offspring from last-laid eggs in any year; overall, 42 of 86 individuals (48.8%) were female. We also found no sex bias among offspring from second-to-last eggs, which also hatch late, or among offspring from the first two eggs. Why our findings differ from those of the original study is unclear. Nevertheless, we argue that whether (or when) house wrens adaptively manipulate the sex of offspring within broods must be considered an open question.
Busulfan versus hydroxyurea in long-term therapy of chronic myelogenous leukemia

Survival of patients with chronic myeloid leukemia seen in the University of Colorado Leukemia Clinic were reviewed with respect to therapy. A total of 55 patients seen consecutively through mid 1980 were included in this study. Of these patients 30 were treated with busulfan, 14 were treated with hydroxyurea and 11 received under modalities. Busulfan treated patients who are now deceased, have had a median survival of 35 months (range, 13-108) and actuarial analysis shows the total busulfan treated population to have an expected median survival of 48 months. Hydroxyurea treated patients who are still alive have been followed for a median period of 69 months (range, 25-136 months) and a projected median survival for periods of 56 and 90 months, respectively. These data suggest that hydroxyurea may be an important treatment modality in the treatment of chronic myelogeous leukemia.