cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Commentary: The Critical Role of Measurement (and Space Elevators) in the Study of Child Development

A few years back I became friends with a research scientist who was a member of a molecular physics lab on campus. We mostly spent our time arguing about baseball (the pitcher should always bat), but occasionally we would talk about work. He was researching the development of a space elevator that consisted of a satellite placed in geosynchronous orbit while tethered to the ground, allowing an elevator to deliver payloads to space. He would talk about things like nanotubes, microfabrication, noncovalent intermolecular forces, and molecular assemblers, and then would ask about my own current projects. After hearing about his work, I would sheepishly tell him about how I was trying to develop a measurement model for childhood depression. I described how we had gathered binary data indicating the presence or absence of symptoms obtained from a sample of children followed over time and that we were trying to map the binary items onto a continuously distributed score to model trajectories of depression. I felt so sheepish because our empirical data were nothing more than a rectangle of zeros and ones, the underlying mathematics did not go much past high school calculus, and the requisite computer programming constituted a few dozen lines of code at best. Yet at the end of my description my friend laughed, shook his head, and said that he was glad that he had the easier problem on which to work; he had no desire to tackle something as challenging as trying to measure depression in children.
Post-colonization Reversal of Selection Pressure on Dispersal Behavior of the Brown Treesnake, Boiga irregularis, on Guam

Abstract It is plausible that introduced species in the beginning of an invasion would be subjected to selection pressure to disperse rapidly so as to access unexploited habitats, but be subjected to selection pressure for more sedentary behavior once the available habitat was fully colonized. Using a mix of previously-published and new data from the introduced Brown Treesnake (Boiga irregularis) population on Guam we evaluated this scenario and found that: 1) Brown Treesnakes accessed a food bonanza when colonizing Guam, and then depleted it; 2) during the irruption, high-dispersing Brown Treesnakes most-likely benefitted by accessing undepleted or less-depleted food areas; and 3) after the irruption, high-dispersing Brown Treesnakes probably wasted effort through superfluous movement, and Brown Treesnake activity areas on Guam decreased in size in the 1990s, possibly in response to selection pressure for reducing superfluous movement. Nonetheless, 4) confined Brown Treesnakes had better fitness measures...
Fast, simple, and informative patient-specific dose verification method for intensity modulated total marrow irradiation with helical tomotherapy

Patient-specific dose verification for treatment planning in helical tomotherapy is routinely performed using a homogeneous virtual water cylindrical phantom of 30 cm diameter and 18 cm length (Cheese phantom). Because of this small length, treatment with total marrow irradiation (TMI) requires multiple deliveries of the dose verification procedures to cover a wide range of the target volumes, which significantly prolongs the dose verification process. We propose a fast, simple, and informative patient-specific dose verification method which reduce dose verification time for TMI with helical tomotherapy. We constructed a two-step solid water slab phantom (length 110 cm, height 8 cm, and two-step width of 30 cm and 15 cm), termed the Whole Body Phantom (WB phantom). Three ionization chambers and three EDR-2 films can be inserted to cover extended field TMI treatment delivery. Three TMI treatment plans were conducted with a TomoTherapy HiArt Planning Station and verified using the WB phantom with ion chambers and films. Three regions simulating the head and neck, thorax, and pelvis were covered in a single treatment delivery. The results were compared to those with the cheese phantom supplied by Accuray, Inc. following three treatment deliveries to cover the body from head to pelvis. Use of the WB phantom provided point doses or dose distributions from head and neck to femur in a single treatment delivery of TMI. Patient-specific dose verification with the WB phantom was 62% faster than with the cheese phantom. The average pass rate in gamma analysis with the criteria of a 3-mm distance-to-agreement and 3% dose differences was 94% ± 2% for the three TMI treatment plans. The differences in pass rates between the WB and cheese phantoms at the upper thorax to abdomen regions were within 2%. The calculated dose agreed with the measured dose within 3% for all points in all five cases in both the WB and cheese phantoms. Our dose verification method with the WB phantom provides simple and rapid quality assurance without limiting dose verification information in total marrow irradiation with helical tomotherapy.
Influence of fatty acid composition on the tribological performance of two vegetable-based lubricants

In light of diminishing natural resources, global climatic change and increased environmental sensitivity, renewable-based lubricants are being considered potential alternatives to petroleum-based lubricants. Understanding the tribological performance of vegetable-based lubricants in relation to their chemical composition is essential for their industrial implementation. This study focuses on the friction and abrasion rate characteristics of soybean and sunflower oils in comparison to a base mineral oil under sliding wear at ambient conditions for various applied loads. It was found that the abrasion rate and friction were the least severe for the soybean, followed by the sunflower oil. The observed trends were attributed to differences in their fatty acid compositions, in particular, a lower percentage of linoleic and oleic acids within the soybean oil. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
What makes the Mueller a liar: A multiple-cue approach

Subjects made magnitude estimations of fins-in and fins-out Mueller Lyer stimuli. Shaft length, fin length, and fin angle were within-subjects variables, and the sitmuli could be either conventional solid drawings or dot forms, a between-subjects variable. The parametric effects of these variables were similar to results previously obtained. However, principal emphasis was given to lens model and related multivariate analyses of the subjects’ judgments. These analyses suggested that no single “critical” cue seemed to account for the illusion. Rather, various sets of cues could be formulated to simulate the subjects’ judgmental behavior equivalently. In addition, field-independent subjects showed better knowledge of the cue structure than field-dependent subjects. In the main, subjects in this experiment performed like subjects have in tasks not involving visual illusions with multiple sources of information varying in their relevance.
Muted neural response to distress among securely attached people

Neural processes that support individual differences in attachment security and affect regulation are currently unclear. Using electroencephalography, we examined whether securely attached individuals, compared with insecure individuals, would show a muted neural response to experimentally manipulated distress. Participants completed a reaction time task that elicits error commission and the error-related negativity (ERN)�a neural
THE ROOTS AND RATIONALE OF SOCIAL DEMOCRACY

Two related themes have dominated discussions about the Left in advanced industrial democracies in recent years. The first is that an increasingly integrated world economy is creating a fundamentally new situation for leaders and publics, imposing burdens and constraining choices. You can either opt out of the system and languish, or put on what New York Times columnist Thomas Friedman has called neoliberalism's “Golden Straightjacket”—at which point “two things tend to happen: your economy grows and your politics shrinks.” The second is that traditional social democracy has played itself out as a political ideology, creating a vacuum that can and should be filled by some new progressive movement with greater contemporary relevance. For example, Ralf Dahrendorf has argued that “socialism is dead, and … none of its variants can be revived,” while Anthony Giddens has written that reformist socialism has become “defensive” and perhaps even “moribund.”
Effect of electrical stimulation on survival of skin flaps in pigs.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of electrical stimulation on ischemia-induced tissue injury in skin flaps. Bipedicle skin flaps measuring 4 X 20 cm were created bilaterally on the flanks of 12 Yorkshire pigs. The ischemic central portions of the flaps were treated with 35 mA of electrical current at a frequency of 128 Hz for 30 minutes twice daily during the initial nine days following skin-flap elevation. The treatment schedule consisted of negative-electrode stimulation during the first three days, positive-electrode stimulation during the second three days, and negative-electrode stimulation during the seventh to ninth days. Five control pigs underwent either no treatment (n = 3) or sham treatment (n = 2). The mean area of the skin flaps exhibiting necrosis was 28.0% in the control animals and 13.2% in the stimulated animals. These areas were significantly different (p less than .001). The results indicate that pulsed electrical stimulation can improve the survival of skin flaps.
Environmental Factors Affecting Early Carcass Attendance by Four Species of Blow Flies (Diptera: Calliphoridae) in Texas

As the most common primary colonizer of carrion, adult blow flies (Diptera: Calliphoridae) play an important role in initiating arthropod-mediated breakdown of soft tissue; however, their timing is highly variable. This variability complicates the estimation of precolonization intervals or periods of insect activity by forensic entomologists. In this study, the size of the adult blow fly on swine carcasses was compared with various environmental conditions including time of day, temperature, wind speed, and light levels. Four trials were conducted: two in August and September 2008, one in January 2009, and one in February-March 2010. Of the measured variables, time of day was the only consistent factor explaining the population size of blow fly on a carcass, although precipitation and high winds affected winter-active Calliphora vicina Robineau-Desvoidy. Male flies were also collected, suggesting that carcasses may play additional roles in adult blow fly ecology beyond that of a simple oviposition site. For both sexes of flies, a strong diel pattern of behavior emerged, which could be useful in estimating precolonization intervals by considering the environmental conditions at a scene, and thus forensic entomologists may be better able to estimate the likelihood of adult activity at a carcass.
The Legal Framework of Human Resource Development: Overview, Mandates, Strictures, and Financial Implications:

The legal framework governing human resource development in organizations can be as important as other human resources laws, but it is seldom fully reviewed. Factors defining this framework are presented, followed by a model for identifying the domains of HRD for which laws and regulations can apply. Legal mandates for training, particularly in the areas of drugs, safety, and for certain occupational training, are examined. Rules governing apprenticeship programs are reviewed in this context, too. The features of intellectual property law, ethics, and privacy as they relate to the practice of human resource development are presented. Tax laws and regulations also impact human resource development; those rules are reviewed. Laws covering employee compensation are then examined. Finally, the regulations that govern training in employee benefits are discussed.
Methodology for minimizing far-end noise coupling between interconnects in high-speed ceramic modules

In this paper, we present a methodology for minimizing far-end (FE) noise coupling between interconnects in high-speed ceramic modules. The high FE noise coupling between signal interconnects in ceramic modules has been a serious bottleneck for high-performance systems. A methodology employing power/ground mesh planes with minimized orthogonal lines and a via-connected coplanar-type shield (VCS) structure has been developed to minimize FE noise coupling between signal lines in ceramic modules. Optimized interconnect structure based on this methodology has demonstrated that the saturated FE crosstalk of a typical interconnect structure in ceramic modules could be reduced significantly by 88.7 %.
The observation system of the Italian coastal zones

The study of the marine coastal areas is of great importance, for both the protection and management of the environment. Due to the always increasing anthropic pressure, the availability of real time and model data can be critical for decisions, expecially during emergencies In addition, the availability of time-series and of observation points is necessary for proper problem setting and tuning of models and knowledge-based systems. We present some experience of Real Time data transmission and handling from stations and platforms, aiming toward a better integration into an Observation System.
Nucleosomal DNA regulates the core-histone-binding subunit of the human Hat1 acetyltransferase

Abstract Background: In eukaryotic cells, newly synthesized histone H4 is acetylated at lysines 5 and 12, a transient modification erased by deacetylases shortly after deposition of histones into chromosomes. Genetic studies in Saccharomyces cerevisiae revealed that acetylation of newly synthesized histones H3 and H4 is likely to be important for maintaining cell viability; the precise biochemical function of this acetylation is not known, however. The identification of enzymes mediating site-specific acetylation of H4 at Lys5 and Lys12 may help explain the function of the acetylation of newly synthesized histones. Results: A cDNA encoding the catalytic subunit of the human Hat1 acetyltransferase was cloned and, using specific antibodies, the Hat1 holoenzyme was purified from human 293 cells. The human enzyme acetylates soluble but not nucleosomal H4 at Lys5 and Lys12 and acetylates histone H2A at Lys5. Unexpectedly, we found Hat1 in the nucleus of S-phase cells. Like its yeast counterpart, the human holoenzyme consists of two subunits: a catalytic subunit, Hat1, and a subunit that binds core histones, p46, which greatly stimulates the acetyltransferase activity of Hat1. Both p46 and the highly related p48 polypeptide (the small subunit of human chromatin assembly factor 1; CAF-1) bind directly to helix 1 of histone H4, a region that is not accessible when H4 is in chromatin. Conclusions: We suggest that p46 and p48 are core-histone-binding subunits that target chromatin assembly factors, chromatin remodeling factors, histone acetyltransferases and histone deacetylases to their histone substrates in a manner that is regulated by nucleosomal DNA.
Archiving the Semantics of Digital Engineering Artifacts in CIBER-U

This paper introduces the challenge of digital preservation in the area of engineering design and manufacturing and presents a methodology to apply knowledge representation and semantic techniques to develop Digital Engineering Archives. This work is part of an ongoing, multiuniversity, effort to create Cyber-Infrastructure-Based Engineering Repositories for Undergraduates (CIBER-U) to support engineering design education. The technical approach is to use knowledge representation techniques to create formal models of engineering data elements, workflows and processes. With these formal engineering knowledge and processes can be captured and preserved with some guarantee of long-term interpretability. The paper presents examples of how the techniques can be used to encode specific engineering information packages and workflows. These techniques are being integrated into a semantic Wiki that supports the CIBER-U engineering education activities across nine universities and involving over 3,500 students since 2006.
Modelling the Response of Force Transducers Under Sine-Sweep Calibration

In the dynamic calibration of force transducers using swept-sine excitation, the sensitivity (the output voltage divided by the applied force) of the transducer can start to decrease (or roll-off) at higher frequencies. It has been proposed that this roll-off originates from the finite stiffness and dissipation of the transducer. In other words, the roll-off is caused by a mechanical frequency response of the transducer, and the sensitivity is proportional to this frequency response function via a constant. The focus of this study is the origin of the observed roll-off in sensitivity. The findings of this study have application to the dynamic calibration and use of force transducers.
On reconstructing the modified base of Bantu verbs

In this paper I show that in each of four languages the Proto-Bantu form of the modified base can be reconstructed largely on internal grounds--one the deeper, underlying verb forms and an explicit order of the rules of phonology (synchronic or diachronic) are posited. I shall begin with a brief recapitulation of Givo?n's [1970a] analysis for Chibemba and then proceed with my own analysis of three other, fairly closely related languages of the interlacustrine region: Runyankore, Kirundi, and Luganda. Of course the distinction between historical and synchronic description must be borne in mind. Givo?n's rules for Chibemba are intended as synchronic, but I am making no claims here for synchrony in all the rules for the other three languages.
The determination of mode I stress-intensity factors by holographic interferometry: Discussion

from the work of Paris and Sih. 2 This expression is valid for plane stress and in the near field of the crack (normal ly taken as less than 5 percent of crack length) . However the authors have determined the stress-intensi ty factor from the l inear portion of their data that lies between 5 percent and 50 percent of the half crack length and specifically ignoring data wi thin the near field. Also the condition of plane stress cannot be met at the crack tip as was shown earl ier by one of the authors, I Theocaris z has approached the same problem from a different point of view. Using the same material, he determined the s tressintensi ty factor by invest igating the plastic zone surrounding the crack tip. The size of plastic zone was determined from the change in optical thickness, which is proport ional to the sum of the principal stresses. He found that the plastic zone extended 12 percent to 35 percent of the crack length for loads up to the crit ical value for the on-
Hemolytic anemia in rabbits following injection of bacterial endotoxin.

Summary1. A mild hemolytic anemia secondary to intravenous injection of bacterial endotoxin into rabbits is described. The anemia is characterized by reticulocytosis, decreased hemoglobin levels in the blood, and decreased survival of red blood cells. 2. Single injections of endotoxin occasionally produce a mild hemolytic response in rabbits during second week after injection. Repeated injections of endotoxin lead to more striking hemolytic changes which also reach their peak during second week after first injection. The hemolytic process tends to abate despite repeated administration of endotoxin. 3. Evidence is presented to indicate that the hemolytic response is not due to demonstrable changes in the red cells of the animals receiving endotoxin. There is no change in osmotic or mechanical fragility of the red cells, no sensitization to appropriate anti-rabbit-protein antisera or to polyvinyl pyrrolidone, and no evidence of hemagglutination in vivo during the hemolytic episode. In addition, there is no ...
Diels-Alder chemistry of graphite and graphene: graphene as diene and dienophile.

The zero-band-gap electronic structure of graphene enables it to function as either the diene or the dienophile in the Diels−Alder reaction, and this versatile synthetic method offers a powerful strategy for the reversible modification of the electronic properties of graphene under very mild conditions.
Concomitant loss of SMARCA2 and SMARCA4 expression in small cell carcinoma of the ovary, hypercalcemic type.

Small cell carcinoma of the ovary, hypercalcemic type is an aggressive tumor generally affecting young women with limited treatment options. Mutations in SMARCA4, a catalytic subunit of the SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex, have recently been identified in nearly all small cell carcinoma of the ovary, hypercalcemic type cases and represent a signature molecular feature for this disease. Additional biological dependencies associated with small cell carcinoma of the ovary, hypercalcemic type have not been identified. SMARCA2, another catalytic subunit of the SWI/SNF complex mutually exclusive with SMARCA4, is thought to be post-translationally silenced in various cancer types. We analyzed 10 archival small cell carcinoma of the ovary, hypercalcemic type cases for SMARCA2 protein expression by immunohistochemistry and found that SMARCA2 expression was lost in all but one case. None of the 50 other tumors that primarily or secondarily involved the ovary demonstrated concomitant loss of SMARCA2 and SMARCA4. Deep sequencing revealed that this loss of SMARCA2 expression is not the result of mutational inactivation. In addition, we established a small cell carcinoma of the ovary, hypercalcemic type patient-derived xenograft and confirmed the loss of SMARCA2 in this in vitro model. This patient-derived xenograft model, established from a recurrent tumor, also had unexpected mutational features for this disease, including functional mutations in TP53 and POLE. Taken together, our data suggest that concomitant loss of SMARCA2 and SMARCA4 is another hallmark of small cell carcinoma of the ovary, hypercalcemic type—a finding that offers new opportunities for therapeutic interventions.
Bias and imprecision in analysis of real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction data

Monte Carlo simulations are used to examine the bias and loss of precision that result from experimental error and analysis procedures in real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR). In the limit of small copy numbers (N0), Poisson statistics govern the dispersion in estimates of the quantification cycle (Cq) for replicate experiments, permitting the estimation of N0 from the Cq variance, which is inversely proportional to N0. We derive corrections to expressions given previously for this determination. With increasing N0, the Poisson contribution decreases and other effects, like pipet volume uncertainty (typically >3%), dominate. Cycle-to-cycle variability in the amplification efficiency E produces scale dispersion similar to that for variability in the sensitivity of fluorescence detection. When this E variability is proportional to just the amplification (E - 1), there is insignificant effect on Cq if scale-independent definitions are used for this marker. Single-reaction analysis methods based on the exponential growth equation are inherently low-biased in E and high-biased in N0, and these biases can amount to factor-of-4 or greater error in N0. For estimating Cq, their greatest limitation is use of a constant absolute threshold, making them inefficient for data that exhibit scale variability.
The Common Market and the Social Contract (1970–79)

In the five years after the election defeat of June 1970, the Labour Party managed to avoid the fate that had befallen it after its earlier spell of power in the 1940s, of remaining in the wilderness for more than a decade. But it returned to office in March 1974 only as a minority government, and in the second election of October of that year it improved its position no more than marginally, so as to have an overall majority of just three seats—soon to be whittled away by lost by-elections and defections to a minority again.
Shapes of Narrative: A Whole of Parts

Narrative is a time-bound linear form that can be heard, watched, or read. Each of these circumstances for narrative’s reception has its own effects on the length, shapes, and subdivisions of narrative, and each makes different demands on our time, attention, memory, patience, and physical endurance. Experience tells us that narrative takes a great variety of shapes, from the 30-second advertisement to the immense novel sequence. This chapter focuses on the most common shapes of prose fiction, only briefly noting oral, verse, and film forms. While ‘narrative’ conveys what all these storytelling shapes have in common, ‘narrative literature’ is comprised of a wide array of forms each with its own distinct literary history. The chapter defines these forms briefly and discusses narrative’s most typical subdivisions, units such as chapters, sections, or volumes, which are so familiar as not to be noticed by a reader. The traits of genres and the expectations generated by conventions that play such an important role in the reader’s experience of narrative are treated at the end of the book, in Chapter 11. Though this chapter suggests some relationships between genres and shapes of narrative, its central concern is the lengths, subdivisions, and labels that mark out the units of the reading experience.
The State, Official-Language Education, and Minorities: Estonian-Language Instruction for Estonia’s Russian-Speakers and the Võro

This chapter examines the promotion of Estonian-language education targeting minority communities in Estonian schools, highlights some of the challenges involved in the policy of “acceptable difference”, and concludes with prospects for Estonian-language education.
Marrow Makes Thyroid but Not Adrenal Tissues in Humans.

Human marrow has shown potential to contribute to organ various organs. We previously demonstrated marrow contribution to the brain in humans, without evidence for fusion. Given the observations of marrow contributing to the other end-organs, we questioned whether marrow also repair endocrine glands like the thyroid and adrenal glands. To address this question, we identified thyroid (n=3) and adrenal tissues (n=3) obtained from women who received hematopoietic cell transplantation from male donors. Thyroid tissues were stained for thyroid peroxidase (TPO), CD45, and XY FISH. Adrenal tissues were stained for synaptophysin, CD45, and XY FISH. Analysis of 450 thyroid follicles (150 per patient) found 2% to 5% of follicles containing a male/marrow-derived thyroid follicle demonstrating follicular orientation, TPO expression, lacking CD45, and containing a Y chromosome. The median number of male/marrow-derived cells in follicles was 1. None of the male/marrow-derived cells demonstrated a fusion karyotype (XXY or XXXY). In contrast, adrenal tissues analyzed in the women demonstrated no male cells throughout all layers. In conclusion, our results show that human marrow can contribute to thyroid follicles and express thyroid proteins, however at a modest level. Furthermore, adrenal tissues in these women demonstrated no evidence of marrow contribution. These results expose a potential strategy of thyroid repair by illuminating the potential of marrow contribution to thyroid epithelia.
A Sociotechnical Approach to Electronic Health Record Related Safety

Abstract Electronic health records (EHRs) have greatly improved the safety and quality of healthcare delivery by increasing access to information, reducing illegibility, and enabling closer oversight of clinical care processes. EHR implementation involves developing and connecting a complex set of electromechanical devices designed to collect, store, and transmit information, at speed, within an existing complex adaptive sociotechnical system. The sociotechnical system consists of all the hardware and software required to run the EHR along with the interactions between the people, their clinical and administrative workflows and communication processes, and the internal organizational structures, culture and the physical environment in which the clinical work takes place. Recent EHR implementations have resulted in many unintended and unanticipated consequences, including new types of patient safety concerns and adverse events. The goal of this chapter is to introduce readers to some of the key theoretical models, conceptual approaches, tools, and strategies to help understand and address the complex sociotechnical context within which these devices are implemented and adopted. A sociotechnical foundation is essential to the safety of the EHR-enabled healthcare delivery system.
What Big Data Tell Us About Trees and the Sky in the Cities

Since Google Street View (GSV) was launched in 2007, its cars have been collecting millions of photographs in hundreds of cities around the world. In New York City alone, there are about 100,000 sampling points, with six photographs captured in each of them, totaling 600,000 images. In London, this number reaches 1 million images. The GSV fleet now also includes bicycles, trolleys (for indoor spaces), snowmobiles, and “trekkers” (for areas inaccessible by other modes). Using the images to fly over the Grand Canyon, visit historic landmarks in Egypt, discover national parks in Uganda, or circulate through the streets of Moscow, although great experiences, explore only the most immediate and visual aspects of the images. Such an overwhelming abundance of images becomes much more interesting when we consider them as a rich source of urban information.
Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography of Two Choroidal Nevi Variants

Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCT-A) is a recently established noninvasive technology for evaluation of the retinal and choroidal vasculature. The literature regarding the findings in choroidal nevi is scarce. We report the OCT-A findings associated with two different variants. Subject one had decreased vascular flow signal in the choroidal, choriocapillaris, deep retinal, and superficial retinal layers. Subject two had decreased vascular flow signal in the choroidal, choriocapillaris, and deep retinal layers with a normal vascular flow signal in the superficial retinal layer. To our knowledge, these patterns of decreased vascular flow signals have not been previously reported using OCT-A. This may be due to blockage from the choroidal nevus, true diminished blood flow (ischemia), or other factors.
Measurement tools to assess relationship abuse and sexual assault prevention program effectiveness among youth

Objective This article describes the adaptation, development, and psychometric properties of survey instruments to assess outcomes of bystander-focused violence prevention efforts among high school students, including media literacy, rape myths, bystander readiness, bystander barriers and facilitators of bystander action, bystander intentions, perceptions of school personnel helping, perceptions of peer helping, and victim empathy. Method The study was based on data collected from 3,172 high school students across 25 schools in northern New England. Results Overall, the measures demonstrated acceptable fit indices in multilevel exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. Whereas most measures and subscales had adequate reliability, several measures had less than ideal internal consistency, likely because of the limited number of items. Conclusion Although additional measurement work is needed, these measures provide researchers and practitioners with foundational tools for basic research and program evaluation.
Developmental Programming: Impact of Prenatal Testosterone Excess on Steroidal Machinery and Cell Differentiation Markers in Visceral Adipocytes of Female Sheep.

Prenatal testosterone (T)-treated female sheep manifest reduced adipocyte size and peripheral insulin resistance. The small adipocyte phenotype may reflect defects in adipogenesis and its steroidal...
Real time corrosion detection of rebar using embeddable fiber optic ultrasound sensor

Ultrasonic corrosion detection has been developed and widely applied in non-invasive tests in civil engineering. This paper demonstrates real time fiber optic ultrasonic corrosion detection on reinforcing rebar based on photoacoustic (PA) principle in non-invasive tests in civil engineering. The optical acoustic sensors are fabricated to monitoring the corrosion of rebar in concrete. This paper explores an approach to make an assessment for the level of rebar corrosion as well. From the experimental results, the trend of central frequency had a shift to lower based on the development of corrosion. Since the sensor can measure the rebar corrosion timely, it will have a significant step on structural health monitoring.
Estimating the Health and Economic Impacts of Changes in Local Air Quality.

Objectives. To demonstrate the benefits-mapping software Environmental Benefits Mapping and Analysis Program-Community Edition (BenMAP-CE), which integrates local air quality data with previously published concentration–response and health–economic valuation functions to estimate the health effects of changes in air pollution levels and their economic consequences.Methods. We illustrate a local health impact assessment of ozone changes in the 10-county nonattainment area of the Dallas–Fort Worth region of Texas, estimating the short-term effects on mortality predicted by 2 scenarios for 3 years (2008, 2011, and 2013): an incremental rollback of the daily 8-hour maximum ozone levels of all area monitors by 10 parts per billion and a rollback-to-a-standard ambient level of 65 parts per billion at only monitors above that level.Results. Estimates of preventable premature deaths attributable to ozone air pollution obtained by the incremental rollback method varied little by year, whereas those obtained by the...
Subcortical hyperintensities on brain magnetic resonance imaging: A comparison of normal and bipolar subjects

Bipolar disorder has been reported to occur frequently in a number of subcortical diseases. This suggests that subcortical structures may be involved in the etiology of bipolar disorder in some patients. With the advent of brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), in vivo visualization of the subcortical white and gray matter is now possible, allowing the examination of these structures. The authors report a higher occurrence of deep white matter lesions in bipolar patients (44%) compared with age-matched controls (6%). The neuroanatomic and clinical correlates of these lesions will be discussed, along with their potential pathophysiologic significance.
Neurocircuit regulation of the hypothalamo–pituitary–adrenocortical stress response – an overview

Abstract: Central integration of the hypothalamo–pituitary–adrenocortical (HPA) axis stress response is controlled by neurosecretory neurons in the medial parvocellular paraventricular nucleus (PVN). Activation of the PVN is a complex process regulated by both direct and indirect neuronal connections, as well as communication with blood-borne messengers. Ascending brainstem pathways from the nucleus of the solitary tract (both catecholaminergic and noncatecholaminergic systems) and serotonergic midbrain raphe nuclei provide direct neuronal excitation of PVN neurons. Stimulation of the HPA axis is also mediated by transsynaptic inputs from the medial and central amygdaloid nuclei, which disinhibit the PVN by way of GABAergic relay neurons in the hypothalamus and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BST), and perhaps enhance excitatory input from the brainstem. Inhibition of the HPA axis is controlled by PVN-projecting GABA neurons in the hypothalamus and BST, which are driven in part by descending stimulatory inputs from ventral subiculum and infralimbic cortex. The PVN is profoundly affected by blood-borne factors (including peptides and cytokines); these messengers communicate with the PVN through interactions with circumventricular organs or by induction of perivascular prostaglandin synthesis. Finally, glucocorticoids can directly inhibit PVN neurons, by diffusion from the dense vascular beds localized in this region. Thus, activation of the HPA axis is controlled by a wide variety of signals from both brain and periphery, which are thence effectively integrated into a net secretory signal at the level of the hypophysiotrophic PVN neuron.
An empirical Evaluation of a General Purpose Automated Order Accumulation and Sortation System used in Batch Picking

Batch picking of orders can yield higher productivity in high volume situations, but necessarily requires subsequent accumulation and sortation. What is the relative performance of the various approaches ?
Behavioral Group Therapy with Heterogeneous Clients

Previous reviews of the status of behavioral group therapy (Flowers, 1979a; Upper & Ross, 1977) concentrated in part on the distinction between behavior therapy done in a group, such as massed desensitization (Paul, 1966) or massed assertion training (Booraem & Flowers, 1977) and behavior therapy done by a group, in which the group interaction is a crucial part of the therapeutic process (Flowers, 1979a). Subsequent work in the field of behavioral group therapy (Upper & Ross, 1979, 1980, 1981) has clearly demonstrated that there are in fact four types of behavioral group therapy in present use. These groups can be differentiated by two variables: (a) the variety of behavioral techniques employed (singular vs. multiple); and (b) the degree to which the members share similar problems (homogeneity vs. heterogeneity). Although heterogeneity in this context has been primarily defined in terms of the presenting problem, the term heterogeneity in this chapter also means variance in terms of such associated variables as sex, socioeconomic status, previous experience in therapy, and the like.
The role of self-reports in the study of news production:

For decades, scholars have known that much of journalistic practice is motivated by habits that lie beyond the conscious reflection of journalists. Yet, when studying news production, scholars ofte...
Parallel genomic and immune profiling of relapsed and metastatic osteosarcoma to reveal bases of low immunogenicity.

10520Background: Despite the high levels of point mutations, rearrangements, and other genomic instability events such as kataegis and chromothripsis, immune checkpoint inhibitors have shown limite...
North American Supercell Environments in Atmospheric Reanalyses and RUC-2

AbstractA suite of modern atmospheric reanalyses is analyzed to determine how they represent North American supercell environments. This analysis is performed by comparing a database of Rapid Updat...
From Docks to Doctor Offices After 9/11: Refusing to Work Under

Section 502 of the Labor-Management Relations Act (LMRA) allows employees to stop working if they face "abnormally dangerous conditions," and a rule under the Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) Act creates an employee right to refuse work because of "apprehension of death or injury." Using a hypothetical scenario, I show that neither law would assist emergency workers who lack protective gear while responding to a terror attack. I propose an NLRB rule to strengthen Section 502, a 1947 law that is dormant but appropriate for these abnormal workplace dangers. Although part of my proposal draws on the experiences of 9/11, it is mainly founded on fundamental changes in job duties and government employment regulations that recognize a permanent threat to domestic security. The growing list of affected occupations includes dockworkers and doctors, subway and airport workers, power plant and postal employees, and more. However, my proposal excludes police, firefighters, and most paramedics. They perform immediate lifesaving services, and in any event, are excluded from the NLRB's jurisdiction because they are public employees. My proposal draws from the fruitless experience of appellate court decisions on Section 502. This caselaw is conflicted because courts disagree as to whether an employee must present proof in fact of an extreme risk, or be motivated by good faith belief. My proposal is also based on the intent of the drafters of Section 502. The two sponsors of this law were Republican senators who strongly opposed union interests. However, when proposing this law in the midst of enacting strike controls, they said "it would be very unfair and very unjust to employees in any industry to penalize them, if, because of abnormal or unusually dangerous conditions, they should refrain from working." Using evidence from recent GAO reports and other studies, I show that new types of emergency workers are poorly trained and equipped. For the few who train for a cataclysmic attack, their simulations are unrealistic. These employees who, in their routine jobs do little or no life-threatening work are not trained for their own fear and panic. Thus, there is too little attention to the possibility that these essential workers will refuse orders when their lives are endangered. By breathing life into Section 502, the NLRB would join the large circle of federal and state agencies that are currently immersed in this emergency planning. The purpose of my Article is not to spare a few careers that might otherwise be lost in a poor response to an attack. If these newly designated or de facto emergency workers are not extended a work refusal right, their employers will continue to be lax in improving protective equipment, communication systems, bio-terror inoculations, and work procedures. In the final analysis, proper training and protection of these new emergency workers is essential to deter, prevent, respond to, and mitigate an attack.
Thinking with Race-Conscious Perspectives: Critically Selecting Children’s Picture Books Depicting Slavery

The challenges of selecting and reading children’s literature about slavery have implications for the kinds of slavery narratives students internalize. Guiding principles for teachers’ critical selection of literature depicting slavery remain increasingly necessary as needed critical discussions of children’s literature with depictions of slavery grow and as broader scholarship of integrating diverse literature expands. In this article, we contribute guiding principles for teachers’ thoughtful selection of children’s slavery literature to support theirs and students’ critical readings of these texts.
Understanding Soil-Contaminant Interactions: A Key to Improved Groundwater Quality

Understanding the speciation of metal contaminants and their interactions with soils, sediments, and hazardous waste is critical both to predicting their mobility in the subsurface and to devising successful remediation approaches. Experimental-spectroscopic techniques and geochemical modeling can be coupled toward the study of metal interactions. This chapter will discuss contributions of infrared and X-ray-based techniques to study of the speciation of hexavalent chromium in two media: a Cr(VI)-contaminated soil from a plating facility and pure iron oxides—minerals that are abundant in natural soil environments, including the plating facility. The use of these techniques to inform treatment design and fate and transport models will be highlighted.
Abstract 2389: Role of Midkine in molecular targeted therapy to TIP1 for lung cancer treatment

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) ranks among the highest cancer-related mortalities world-wide. Targeted therapy has been a growing topic of investigation to improve therapeutic efficacy for NSCLC. A few targeted therapies that exploit aberrant protein expression profiles have been approved for NSCLC. However, marginal improvement in efficacy observed with these therapeutic approaches highlights the need for discovery of additional therapeutic targets. We identified Tax interacting protein 1 (TIP1) which is overexpressed in various cancers as a molecular targets. We focused on antibody-based targeting of the chaperone protein TIP1. The functional domain of TIP1 (PDZ domain) caps the C-terminus of many cellular proteins that regulate important cellular functions. Knocking down TIP1 revealed that it plays an important role in cell signaling, cancer development, and progression. Comparing antibodies targeting different epitopes of TIP1, we found that antibodies against the PDZ domain of TIP1 were most effective in inducing cytotoxicity of lung cancer cells but not normal cells. Anti-PDZ/TIP1 antibodies injected into mice bearing lung cancer bind specifically to cancer and substantially enhance tumor control. A mass spectrometry-based approach identified Midkine (MDK) as a putative protein that modulates this cytotoxicity by anti-TIP1 antibodies. Additional studies suggested that the β-catenin/Wnt signaling may be involved in induction of MDK after blocking of TIP1. These studies led to the hypothesis that MDK is upregulated by the anti-PDZ/TIP1 antibody via the β-catenin/Wnt signaling pathway, which subsequently modulates downstream signaling mechanisms. This project will systematically characterize the mechanisms of cytotoxicity by the anti-PDZ/TIP1 antibodies. To achieve this, a number of novel methodologies including genome-wide CRISPR knockout, proteomics and mass cytometry to characterize the link between TIP1 and MDK will be applied. The project will guide development of combination therapies to optimize efficacy of NSCLC treatment. One strategy proposed, is dual-targeting of TIP1 and MDK for enhanced efficacy. This project will lead to identification of novel molecular targets for NSCLC treatment that have never been considered before. Citation Format: Vaishali Kapoor, Abhay K. Singh, Dinesh Thotala, Dennis Hallahan. Role of Midkine in molecular targeted therapy to TIP1 for lung cancer treatment [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 2389.
Characterization of cxorf21 Provides Molecular Insight Into Female-Bias Immune Response in SLE Pathogenesis.

Background: Ninety percent of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients are women. X chromosome-dosage increases susceptibility to SLE and primary Sjogren's syndrome (pSS). Chromosome X open reading frame 21 (CXorf21) escapes X-inactivation and is an SLE risk gene of previously unknown function. We undertook the present study to delineate the function of CXorf21 in the immune system as well as investigate a potential role in the sex bias of SLE and pSS. Methods: Western blot protein analysis, qPCR, BioPlex cytokine immunoassay, pHrodo™ assays, as well as in vitro CRISPR-Cas9 knockdown experiments were employed to delineate the role of CXorf21 in relevant immunocytes. Results: Expressed in monocytes and B cells, CXorf21 basal Mrna, and protein expression levels are elevated in female primary monocytes, B cells, and EBV-transformed B cells compared to male cells. We also found CXorf21 mRNA and protein expression is higher in both male and female cells from SLE patients compared to control subjects. TLR7 ligation increased CXorf21 protein expression and CXorf21 knockdown abrogated TLR7-driven increased IFNA1 mRNA expression, and reduced secretion of both TNF-alpha and IL-6 in healthy female monocytes. Similarly, we found increased pH in the lysosomes of CXorf21-deficient female monocytes. Conclusion: CXorf21 is more highly expressed in female compared to male cells and is involved in a sexually dimorphic response to TLR7 activation. In addition, CXorf21 expression regulates lysosomal pH in a sexually dimorphic manner. Thus, sexually dimorphic expression of CXorf21 skews cellular immune responses in manner consistent with expected properties of a mediator of the X chromosome dose risk in SLE and pSS.
All in One Room: A History of Country Schools in Johnson County, Iowa

Review of: All in One Room: A History of Country Schools in Johnson County, Iowa, by Franklin L. Yoder.