cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Contextually –relevant validation of peer play constructs with African American Head Start children: Penn Interactive Peer Play Scale

The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the construct and concurrent validity of a modified version of the Penn Interactive Peer Play Scale (PIPPS), a teacher-rating instrument of interactive play behaviors of preschool children. PIPPS were collected on 523 urban African American Head Start children. The PIPPS scales were confirmed, supporting the following constructs of peer play: Play Interaction, Play Disruption, and Play Disconnection. The 32-item PIPPS represented a significant improvement over the 36-item version. Scale validity was established using conceptually related indicators of social competence including teacher report, peer report, and direct play observation data. Children who evidenced high interactive play ratings received high social skill ratings from teachers, and were well liked by peers and engaged during play sessions. Children who were disruptive in play received ratings of low self-control and were more likely to be engaged in solitary play. Disconnection in play was associated with low acceptability by peers and lack of involvement in play sessions. Practical use of the PIPPS and further study of developmentally appropriate social competencies for African American Head Start children are discussed.
Relationship between the M42 antigen of mouse sperm and the acrosome reaction induced by ZP3

A murine monoclonal antibody, M42 mAb, directed against 200220 Kd protein of mouse sperm, has been employed to study the molecular events of gamete interaction. We have reported previously that M42 mAb blocks mouse fertilization in a zona-dependent manner; the reagent specifically inhibits physiologically induced (zonae), but not pharmacologically induced (A23187), acrosome reactions in mouse sperm. Using solubilized mouse zonae pellucidae and purified ZP3, we demonstrate that M42 mAb inhibits acrosome reactions (ARs) induced by ZP3 to the same extent as those induced by total zonae. We have also studied AR inhibition using the fluorescent antibiotic chlortetracycline (CTC), which permits visualization of three different acrosomal patterns during the AR. In the presence of M42 IgG, >70% of capacitated sperm treated with zonae are arrested in the acrosome-intact state (B-pattern), in contrast to the majority of sperm (60–70%) in the absence of M42 IgG, which progress through the intermediate phase (S-pattern) to the fully acrosome-reacted (AR-pattern) state. Incubation of sperm with zona proteins modified by incubating eggs with phorbol esters arrests sperm in the S-pattern (Y. Endo, R. M. Schultz, and G. S. Kopf, 1987, Dev. Biol. 119, 199–209). We show that once sperm have reached such a state, M42 mAb no longer exerts an inhibitory effect. The addition of unmodified ZP to S-pattern sperm permits the completion of the acrosome reaction. These results indicate that M42 mAb blocks an early step in the AR cascade and that M42 mAb is unable to prevent subsequent events of this cascade once it has been initiated.
Teaching Geography on Weekends and at Shopping Malls.

Abstract Two courses, ‘Weekend College’ and ‘Learn & Shop’, introduced in 1976 and 1979 respectively at Indiana University‐Purdue University at Indianapolis, extend the availability of higher education to a wider audience by being offered during weekends and at suburban shopping centres. The geography students who enrol in these programmes, in contrast with those in the traditional geography programme, generally are older, married, and female. Non‐white students enrol in greater numbers in the ‘Weekend College’ than in the traditional programme. Introductory geography courses are more frequently offered. In comparison with the students in the traditional programme, the older students in the ‘College’ are highly motivated and receive higher grades. The declining student enrolment trends of American universities are offset at IUPUI by Weekend College’ and ‘Learn & Shop’.
Performance of a variable-line-spaced master reflection grating for use in the reflection grating spectrometer on the x-ray multimirror mission

ABSTRACT The X-ray Multimirror Mission will include a spectrometer consisting of two arrays of variable line spaced reflection gratings for use in the 350eV to 2.5 keY energy range. Approximately 720 replica gratings will beneeded for two flight grating arrays and one spare. We have begunevaluation of potential master gratings to be used in the replication process.We report both reflectivity and scattering X-ray measurements for threemechanically ruled prototype master gratings. 1. Introduction The X-ray Multimirror Mission (XMM) is one of four "cornerstone"missions in the European Space Agency's Long-Term Program for Space Science1 . The mission utilizes three Wolter type I nested telescope arrays operating in the 0.1 to 10 keV energy band. Behind two of these telescopeswill sit arrays of reflection gratings designed to disperse light from 5A to35A in first order. These Reflection Grating Boxes (RGB) are part of theReflection Grating Spectrometer experiment described in detail by
Vertex-Disjoint Triangles in Claw-Free Graphs with Minimum Degree at Least Three

. Our main result is as follows: For any integer , if G is a claw-free graph of order at least and with minimum degree at least 3, then G contains k vertex-disjoint triangles unless G is of order and G belongs to a known class of graphs. We also construct a claw-free graph with minimum degree 3 on n vertices for each such that it does not contain k vertex-disjoint triangles. We put forward a conjecture on vertex-disjoint triangles in -free graphs.
Effect of prebreeding body weight or progestin exposure before breeding on beef heifer performance through the second breeding season.

Two experiments evaluated prebreeding target BW or progestin exposure for heifers developed lighter than traditional recommendations. Experiment 1 evaluated the effects of the system on heifer performance through subsequent calving and rebreeding over 3 yr. Heifers (229 kg) were assigned randomly to be developed to 55% of mature BW (299 kg) before a 45-d breeding season (intensive, INT; n = 119) or 50% of mature BW (272 kg) before a 60-d breeding season (relaxed, RLX; n = 142). Prebreeding and pregnancy diagnosis BW were greater (P 0.15) between systems. Cost per pregnant 2-yr-old cow was less for the RLX than the INT heifer development system. Of heifers that failed to become pregnant, a greater proportion (P = 0.07) of heifers in the RLX than in the INT system were prepubertal when the breeding season began. Therefore, a second 2-yr experiment evaluated melengestrol acetate (MGA, 0.5 mg/d) as a means of hastening puberty in heifers developed to 50% of mature BW. Heifers were assigned randomly to the control (n = 103) or MGA (n = 81) treatment for 14 d and were placed with bulls 13 d later for 45 d. Prebreeding and pregnancy diagnosis BW were similar (280 and 380 kg, respectively; P > 0.10) for heifers in the control and MGA treatments. The proportion of heifers pubertal before breeding (74%), pregnancy rate (90%), calving date, calf weaning weight, and second breeding season pregnancy rate (92%) were similar (P > 0.10) between treatments. Developing heifers to 50 or 55% of mature BW resulted in similar overall pregnancy rates, and supplementing the diets of heifers developed to 50% of mature BW with MGA before breeding did not improve reproductive performance.
Efficient execution of time-step computations with pipelined parallelism and inter-thread data locality optimizaitions

This paper presents a strategy that integrates a set of compiler optimizations and analysis techniques that enable the detection and transformation of time step loops for efficient execution on multicore platforms. Time-step computations, which appear frequently in scientific applications, are amenable to pipelined parallelism and exhibit a high degree of temporal locality. However, striking the right balance between data locality and parallelism often proves difficult, particularly for current multicore architectures where one or more levels of the memory hierarchy is shared among multiple processing units. Our proposed strategy addresses performance issues related to both data locality and parallelism. By carefully orchestrating a set of source-to-source transformations, our technique exposes fine-grain parallelism within a time-step loop, while improving its cache utilization and reducing its bandwidth requirements. Preliminary experiments with two time-step applications on three multicore platforms show that that the code variants generated by our strategy have significantly fewer misses in the shared caches and also achieve better execution times through reduced synchronization costs.
Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopic Investigation of Surface Adsorption of CMP Slurry Additives on Abrasive Particles

Additive-abrasive interactions in chemical-mechanical planarization (CMP) slurries are investigated using fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS). The FCS technique provides quantitative determinations of the interaction between additives and abrasive particles by characterizing the competitive adsorption of the additive and a fluorescent probe molecule by an abrasive particle. Adsorption of the CMP additives glycine and benzotriazole (BTA) on precipitated and sol-gel colloidal silica abrasives are characterized. Significant differences in the fluorescent probe’s adsorption to the different silica abrasives in the presence of the additives suggest surface chemistry differences between the different types of silica. Extensions of the analysis of FCS data are proposed for improving the quantitative determination of the competitive adsorption of fluorescent probe dyes and CMP additives on abrasive particles.
Témoignage and Responsibility in Photo/Graphic Narratives of Médecins Sans Frontières

This article analyzes photographic and graphic narratives of missions conducted by MSF in the Sahel (1984–1985), Afghanistan (1986), and Democratic Republic of the Congo (2005) for the ways in which the narratives construe the responsibility of their readers toward what they see as well as of MSF's missions toward those they serve, particularly in relation to MSF's official policy of temoignage or witnessing as advocacy. I read the chronotopes (space-time) within these books for how they represent suffering and position the reader as voyeur, philanthropist, or protester (Chouliaraki 2006). In their distinctive forms, these texts bridge the presence of immediate crisis and the larger historical framework through which it may be understood. As simultaneously visual and literary media, photo/graphic narratives work through the dual compulsions to show and to tell, both of which manifest through their formal manipulations of the structure of a humanitarian crisis. In their framing devices, these books play wi...
Air plasma for medical applications

The design and the electric and emission characteristics of two handheld air plasma spray generators are presented. The plasma is generated by 60 Hz periodic discharges between two concentrically cylindrical electrodes. A ring magnet is used to rotate arc discharges, which sprays outward by an air flow. The rotation of arc discharges keeps the generated plasma in non-equilibrium state and at relatively low temperature (<55°C). The plasma effluent yet contains high energy electrons which dissociate molecular oxygen into atomic oxygen. The emission spectroscopy of the plasma plume reveals that the plasma effluent, which carries abundant atomic oxygen, extends from the cap of the plasma spray by about 25 to 30 mm. Tests on blood droplets and smeared blood samples revealed the effectiveness and mechanism of low temperature air plasma on clotting blood. Tests on oral pathogens show that air plasma creates a zone of microbial growth inhibition in each of six treated samples, including those of grampositive bacteria and fungi, and on a cultivating biofilm sample of Streptococcus mutans UA159. The medical applications of the air plasma sprays for 1) bleeding control, 2) wound healing, and 3) dental disinfection, are then illustrated and discussed. As animal models, pigs were used in the tests of stopping wound bleeding and post-operative observation of wound healing by this air plasma spray. The results show that the bleeding from a cut to an ear artery is stopped swiftly; this air plasma spray also shortens wound healing time to about half (from 14 days to 8 days) after stopping the bleeding of a cross cut wound in the ham area. In-vitro tests demonstrate that the plasma effluent of the spray can prevent the formation of dental biofilms and further eliminate the mature biofilms.
Characterization of a Thermobifida fusca β-1,3-Glucanase (Lam81A) with a Potential Role in Plant Biomass Degradation†

Thermobifida fusca is a filamentous soil bacterium that plays a major role in the breakdown of plant biomass. In this paper, we report the cloning, expression, purification, and characterization of the T. fusca enzyme, Lam81A. The Carbohydrate Active Enzymes Database (http://afmb.cnrs-mrs.fr/CAZY/) indicates that Lam81A belongs to a relatively uncharacterized family of beta-1,3-glucanases, family GH-81 [Coutinho, P. M., and Henrissat, B. (1999) in Recent Advances in Carbohydrate Bioengineering (Gilbert, H. J., Davies, G., Henrissat, B., and Svensson, B., Eds.) pp 3-12, The Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, U.K.]. Microarray analysis suggests that Lam81A plays a role in biomass degradation, where its natural substrate may be the plant cell wall polysaccharide, callose, which is a polymer of beta-1,3-linked glucose. Characterization of Lam81A has shown that the enzyme is specific for beta-1,3-linked glucose polysaccharides, is endohydrolytic, and utilizes an inverting mechanism for substrate hydrolysis. In addition, the enzyme has a broad pH optimum from 5.5 to 10, a temperature optimum of 50 degrees C, and demonstrates substrate inhibition, as well as showing a high basal level of expression.
Movement patterns of yellow baboons (Papio cynocephalus): Central positioning of walking infants

According to DeVore and Washburn's protection theory of the spatial organization of moving baboon troops, walking infants, which are among the most vulnerable and least self-sufficient of all troop members, should tend to occupy the troop's center. The protection theory is an ultimate hypothesis from which persistently recurring behavior is expected. Two troops living in Mikumi National Park, Tanzania, were compared with troops studied at other locations. Walking infants tended to occupy the center of their troop and to be underrepresented primarily in the frontal portion of progressions and secondarily in the rear. The lead position of progressions was analyzed using 82 walking infants, 11 troops, three locations, two species, and three studies involving eight or more observers employing somewhat different procedures at the different study sites. Despite so many opportunities for variation, 1,317 observations from these 11 troops did not produce a single instance in which a walking infant led the troop and very few in which one was in the frontal twelfth.
Prevalence of “significant” hypertension in junior high school-aged children: The Children and Adolescent Blood Pressure Program

Blood pressure (BP) data obtained during a BP screening program were analyzed to determine the prevalence of “significant” hypertension, defined by the Second National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Task Force on Blood Pressure Control in Children—1987 as the level of BP above which medical evaluation and intervention are recommended. In 14,686 black and white St. Paul and Minneapolis schoolchildren aged 10 to 15 years, BP was measured twice during an initial screening examination. Children with systolic BP in the upper 30 percentiles of distribution after the initial screening had their BP remeasured two additional times at a rescreening examination. The prevalence of significant hypertension was determined according to BP criteria established by the Task Force report. After the two screening BP measurements were averaged, significant systolic hypertension was found in 1.0%, significant diastolic hypertension in 3.5%, and significant systolic or diastolic hypertension, or both, in 4.2% of the students. After the rescreening examination, the percentage of students remaining with significant hypertension was reduced to 0.3% for systolic, 0.8% for diastolic, and 1.1% for systolic or diastolic hypertension, or both. These results show that significant hypertension is uncommon in pre-high-school students and confirm the need for repeated BP measurements to make an accurate diagnosis of hypertension. However, the results should not detract from current recommendations to monitor BP in children on a yearly basis to detect longitudinal BP tracking patterns that may be consistent with early essential hypertension.
CD8+ T cells in intracellular bacterial infections of mice

Summary In the normal course of an immune response, both CD4 + and CD8 + T cells respond to each of the bacterial pathogens we have discussed and both responses may be required for the most potent immunity to infection. In this discussion, we have focused on the ability of these organisms to prime CD8 + T-cell responses in vivo and the ability of CD8 + T cells as sole mediators of acquired immunity, to protect against infection. It is clear that the vacuolar location of bacterial pathogens such as Salmonella or Mycobacteria does not prevent in vivo priming of CD8 + T-cell responses to these pathogens. However, vacuolar localization may affect the potency of CD8 + T-cell responses under experimental conditions that assess the capacity of CD8 + T cells as the sole mediators of acquired immunity. In the case of cytoplasmic L. monocytogenes , clear evidence exists that antigen-specific CD8 + T cells, in the absence of immune CD4 + T cells, can provide substantial acquired immunity to naive mice. Similar clear experimental results with Salmonella and Mycobacteria are lacking. Such results would provide stronger support for vaccines that elicit CD8 + T-cell responses to these vacuolar pathogens. Although our discussion has focused on only three specific organisms, we suggest that detection of an in vivo CD8 + T-cell response to a bacterial antigen does not ensure that the response will be protective against infection in a vaccine setting. In the case of Salmonella and Mycobacteria , this issue remains unresolved.
Mechanism of augmented exercise hyperpnea in chronic heart failure and dead space loading

Patients with chronic heart failure (CHF) suffer increased alveolar VD/VT (dead-space-to-tidal-volume ratio), yet they demonstrate augmented pulmonary ventilation such that arterial [Formula: see text] ( [Formula: see text] ) remains remarkably normal from rest to moderate exercise. This paradoxical effect suggests that the control law governing exercise hyperpnea is not merely determined by metabolic CO2 production ( [Formula: see text] ) per se but is responsive to an apparent (real-feel) metabolic CO2 load ( [Formula: see text] ) that also incorporates the adverse effect of physiological VD/VT on pulmonary CO2 elimination. By contrast, healthy individuals subjected to dead space loading also experience augmented ventilation at rest and during exercise as with increased alveolar VD/VT in CHF, but the resultant response is hypercapnic instead of eucapnic, as with CO2 breathing. The ventilatory effects of dead space loading are therefore similar to those of increased alveolar VD/VT and CO2 breathing combined. These observations are consistent with the hypothesis that the increased series VD/VT in dead space loading adds to [Formula: see text] as with increased alveolar VD/VT in CHF, but this is through rebreathing of CO2 in dead space gas thus creating a virtual (illusory) airway CO2 load within each inspiration, as opposed to a true airway CO2 load during CO2 breathing that clogs the mechanism for CO2 elimination through pulmonary ventilation. Thus, the chemosensing mechanism at the respiratory controller may be responsive to putative drive signals mediated by within-breath [Formula: see text] oscillations independent of breath-to-breath fluctuations of the mean [Formula: see text] level. Skeletal muscle afferents feedback, while important for early-phase exercise cardioventilatory dynamics, appears inconsequential for late-phase exercise hyperpnea.
Efficacy of Eye Movement Desensitization in the treatment of cognitive intrusions related to a past stressful event.

Much of the Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) efficacy research has been widely criticized, limiting scientific understanding of its therapeutic components. The present investigation of Eye Movement Desensitization (EMD) effectiveness included undergraduate students reporting current intrusive cognitions concerning a traumatic event. Forty-five participants received a single treatment session of either: (a) EMD, as described by Shapiro [J. Behav. Ther. Exp. Psychiatry 20 (1989b) 211], (b) an identical procedure which employed eye fixation on a stationary target, or (c) non-directive counseling. Standardized self-report, subjective rating, Daily Diary, and intrusive thought sampling measures were collected before and after treatment. Results indicated that participants in the eye fixation group reported marginally (p<.052) fewer cognitive intrusions than the non-directive group 1 week following treatment. No significant differences between the EMD and non-directive conditions or between the EMD and eye fixation conditions on this measure were found. During the treatment session, both desensitization groups were superior to the non-directive group in reducing reported vividness of the mental image of the original event. However, the non-directive group improved to the level of the two other groups by the following week. Rapid saccadic eye movements were therefore unrelated to immediate treatment effects for this sub-clinical sample, and non-directive treatment largely yielded eventual outcomes equivalent to the two desensitization conditions.
Simulations in a Plankton Model

A technique for analyzing the stability of a zooplankton, phytoplankton, nutrient interaction model is described. This is an extension of a two-dimensional predator-prey model, incorporating a nutrient food source. In this study difference equations, rather than differential equations, are used to simulate the system since the systems are more easily studied in this formulation. Using only a few reasonable constraints on the system, a remarkable stability is obtained.
Touring Ancient Times: The Present and Presented Past in Contemporary Peru

Peru offers important perspectives for understanding the presence of the past, particularly as expressed on various landscapes of national and local identity, social and political power, and economic development. As Peru's archaeological past is converted into a vast tourist project, contradictory, negotiated, and contested relationships are played out in a constantly changing drama, with ruins, indigenous people, ordinary city residents, foreign tourists, the Peruvian government, and the private sector as the actors. Concerned with how representations of the past are created and received differently by various groups in Peru, particularly in Cusco and Nazca, I show the importance of concentrating attention on the local context in which the pragmatics and poetics of archaeological tourism are orchestrated, demonstrating the insufficiency of studies focused exclusively on the role of nationalism/nationalist discourse in contemporary constructions of the past. [Keywords: Peru, tourism, authenticity, archaeological heritage, identity]
Identification of closely related citrus cultivars with inter-simple sequence repeat markers

Inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers generated by 22 primers were tested for their ability to distinguish among samples from 94 trees of 68 citrus cultivars. Within each of the six cultivar groups studied, most of these cultivars are so closely related that they are difficult to distinguish by other molecular-marker techniques. ISSR markers involve PCR amplification of DNA using a single primer composed of a microsatellite sequence anchored at the 3′ or 5′ end by 2–4 arbitrary, often degenerate, nucleotides. The amplification products were separated on non-denaturing polyacrylamide gels and detected by silver staining. ISSR banding profiles were very repeatable on duplicate samples. Different citrus species had very different fingerprint patterns. Within Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck and C. paradisi Macf., in which all cultivars have originated by the selection of mutants, ISSR markers distinguished 14 of 33 sweet orange and 1 of 7 grapefruit cultivars. Five of six lemon cultivars were discriminated by ISSR markers. Many differences were found among mandarin cultivars; however, all five satsuma cultivars analyzed had identical ISSR fingerprints. Four of five citrange cultivars were distinguishable, but ‘Troyer’ and ‘Carrizo’ had identical ISSR fingerprints. ‘Kuharske Carrizo’ citrange, which has better citrus nematode resistance than other ‘Carrizo’ citrange accessions, had unique ISSR fingerprints. Three ISSR markers that differentiated certain sweet orange cultivars were hybridized to Southern blots of sweet orange DNA digested with different restriction endonucleases. The sweet orange cultivars tested could be distinguished by these ISSR-derived RFLP markers. Moreover, one ISSR marker unique to ‘Ruby’ blood orange was observed in its progeny trees.
Numerical simulation of vortex unsteadiness on a slender body at high incidence

Numerical results obtained with the present3D thin-layer Navier-Stokes solver are shown to qualitatively follow experimental results. They also indicate the existence of at least two main frequencies on an ogive cylinder at 40 and 60 deg angles-of-attack: (1) a low frequency associated with fluctuations of the primary vortices, and leads to vortex shedding, and (2) a high frequency associated with shear-layer fluctuations that are concentrated in several small areas above the leeward side of the body's cylindrical portion.
Hybrid preconditioning for iterative diagonalization of ill-conditioned generalized eigenvalue problems in electronic structure calculations

The iterative diagonalization of a sequence of large ill-conditioned generalized eigenvalue problems is a computational bottleneck in quantum mechanical methods employing a nonorthogonal basis for ab initio electronic structure calculations. We propose a hybrid preconditioning scheme to effectively combine global and locally accelerated preconditioners for rapid iterative diagonalization of such eigenvalue problems. In partition-of-unity finite-element (PUFE) pseudopotential density-functional calculations, employing a nonorthogonal basis, we show that the hybrid preconditioned block steepest descent method is a cost-effective eigensolver, outperforming current state-of-the-art global preconditioning schemes, and comparably efficient for the ill-conditioned generalized eigenvalue problems produced by PUFE as the locally optimal block preconditioned conjugate-gradient method for the well-conditioned standard eigenvalue problems produced by planewave methods.
Reconstitution of KCNE1 into Lipid Bilayers: Comparing the Structural, Dynamic, and Activity Differences in Micelle and Vesicle Environments

KCNE1 (minK), found in the human heart and cochlea, is a transmembrane protein that modulates the voltage-gated potassium KCNQ1 channel. While KCNE1 has previously been the subject of extensive structural studies in lyso-phospholipid detergent micelles, key observations have yet to be confirmed and refined in lipid bilayers. In this study, a reliable method for reconstituting KCNE1 into lipid bilayer vesicles composed of 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (POPC) and 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho(1'-rac-glycerol) (sodium salt) (POPG) was developed. Microinjection of the proteoliposomes into Xenopus oocytes expressing the human KCNQ1 (K(V)7.1) voltage-gated potassium channel led to nativelike modulation of the channel. Circular dichroism spectroscopy demonstrated that the percent helicity of KCNE1 is significantly higher for the protein reconstituted in lipid vesicles than for the previously described structure in 1.0% 1-myristoyl-2-hydroxy-sn-glycero-3-phospho(1'-rac-glycerol) (sodium salt) (LMPG) micelles. SDSL electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopic techniques were used to probe the local structure and environment of Ser28, Phe54, Phe57, Leu59, and Ser64 of KCNE1 in both POPC/POPG vesicles and LMPG micelles. Spin-labeled KCNE1 cysteine mutants at Phe54, Phe57, Leu59, and Ser64 were found to be located inside POPC/POPG vesicles, whereas Ser28 was found to be located outside the membrane. Ser64 was shown to be water inaccessible in vesicles but found to be water accessible in LMPG micelle solutions. These results suggest that key components of the micelle-derived structure of KCNE1 extend to the structure of this protein in lipid bilayers but also demonstrate the need to refine this structure using data derived from the bilayer-reconstituted protein to more accurately define its native structure. This work establishes the basis for such future studies.
Heat and mass transfer scale-up issues during freeze-drying, I: Atypical radiation and the edge vial effect

The aim of this study is to determine whether radiation heat transfer is responsible for the position dependence of heat transfer known as the edge vial effect. Freeze drying was performed on a laboratory-scale freeze dryer using pure water with vials that were fully stoppered but had precision cut metal tubes inserted in them to ensure uniformity in resistance to vapor flow. Sublimation rates were determined gravimetrically. Vials were sputter-coated with gold and placed at selected positions on the shelf. Average sublimation rates were determined for vials located at the front, side, and center of an array of vials. Sublimation rates were also determined with and without the use of aluminum foil as a radiation shield. The effect of the guardrail material and its contribution to the edge vial effect by conduction heat transfer was studied by replacing the stainless steel band with a low-thermal conductivity material (styrofoam). The emissivities (e) of relevant surfaces were measured using an infrared thermometer. Sublimation rate experiments were also conducted with vials suspended off the shelf to study the role of convection heat transfer. It was found that sublimation rates were significantly higher for vials located in the front compared to vials in the center. Additional radiation shields in the form of aluminum foil on the inside door resulted in a decrease in sublimation rates for the front vials and to a lesser extent, the center vials. There was a significant decrease in sublimation rate for goldcoated vials (e≈0.4) placed at the front of an array when compared to that of clear vials (e≈0.9). In the case of experiments with vials suspended off the shelf, the heat transfer coefficient was found to be independent of chamber pressure, indicating that pure convection plays no significant role in heat transfer. Higher sublimation rates were observed when the steel band was used instead of Styrofoam while the highest sublimation rates were obtained in the absence of the guardrail, indicating that the metal band can act as a thermal shield but also transmits some heat from the shelf via conduction and radiation. Atypical radiation heat transfer is responsible for higher sublimation rates for vials located at the front and side of an array. However, the guardrail contributes a little to heat transfer by conduction.
A realistic theory for the “normal state” and pairing mechanism in the high-tc cuprates

The electronic structure of the high-T{sub c} cuprates is studied on the basis of {open_quotes}large-U{close_quotes} and {open_quotes}small-U{close_quotes}. Two types of charge carriers are predicted: (i) spinless polarons with a very small bandwidth; (ii) anomalous carriers of both charge and spin. The results are consistent with many anomalous properties of the cuprates. The spinless polarons undergo a CDW transition, and transitions between pair states of the two types of carriers provide the pairing mechanism.
Rapid differentiation of glomerular and tubular proteinuria by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis

Abstract Serum and urine protein samples were incubated with sodium dodecyl sulfate and subjected to polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. There was a linear relationship between the logarithm of the molecular weight of the protein and its distance of migration ( R F ) on the gel. This relationship held over a molecular weight range from at least 160000 to 12000, i.e. , over a range particularly useful for serum proteins and urine proteins. This system was then applied to the analysis of both serum and urine proteins. Glomerular proteinuria (characterized by the presence of albumin and plasma proteins of a molecular size larger than albumin) and tubular proteinuria (characterized by the presence of albumin and proteins of molecular size smaller than albumin) were readily distinguished. The results were similar to those obtained on the same samples with Sephadex G-200 and Sephadex G-75 columns. The SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic method resolved the proteins of varying molecular weights better than did Sephadex. It was simple to use, and very much more rapid; thus, it was suitable for the examination of large numbers of samples.
Chief liberal arts academic officers: The limits of power and authority

ABSTRACT The careers and administrative behaviour of chief liberal arts academic officers are examined based on a national survey conducted during 1984. The paper is based on the conviction that the quality of teaching in higher education is significantly influenced by the administrative behaviour of department chairs, deans, and chief academic officers. Specifically, the study describes grants administration, evaluation mechanisms, satisfactions and frustrations, and career success of chief liberal arts academic officers.
Equilibrium distribution of actinide and lanthanide elements between molten fluoride salts and liquid bismuth solutions

Abstract The equilibrium distributions of several actinide and lanthanide elements between liquid bismuth solutions and a variety of LiF-containing molten fluoride salts were determined between 500 and 700°C. At each temperature, the distribution coefficients (mole fraction in bismuth phase divided by mole fraction in salt) obeyed the relationship D = ( D Li n ) K ′, in which n is the valence of the element in the salt phase. Over the range of conditions investigated, Th, Pa, and Zr existed as tetravalent species in the salt; U, Np, Pu, Am, Cm, Cf, La, and Nd were trivalent; and, Eu was divalent. The distribution behavior of each element was affected by salt composition and temperature. Values of log K ′ increased regularly with decreasing temperature. With LiFBeF 2 ThF 4 (72-16-12 mole %) as the salt phase, the values of log K ′ at 600°C for the trivalent actinide elements varied systematically with atomic number, and passed through a minimum near Z = 96(Cm).
Endotoxin-Induced Neutrophilic Alveolitis and Macrophage Chemotaxin Production in Sheep

The mechanism(s) responsible for endotoxin-induced pulmonary leukostasis has not yet been elucidated. We studied ten unanesthetized sheep by performing serial bronchoalveolar lavages (BAL) before and after infusing Escherichia coli endotoxin to determine whether or not neutrophils appeared in the airways and whether or not endotoxemia stimulated alveolar macrophages to produce neutrophil chemotactic activity. The absolute number and percentage of neutrophils recoverable by BAL increased significantly at 24 hours after infusion of endotoxin. Alveolar macrophages isolated from the BAL of sheep after endotoxemia produced a substance that is chemotactic for neutrophils, a response that is also maximal 24 hours after endotoxin infusion. We conclude that endotoxemia causes migration of neutrophils into lung air spaces and that this response may result from in vivo production of a chemotactic factor(s) by activated alveolar macrophages.
A grouping genetic algorithm for the microcell sectorization problem

The number of wireless users has steadily increased over the last decade, leading to the need for methods that efficiently use the limited bandwidth available. Reducing the size of the cells in a cellular network increases the rate of frequency reuse or channel reuse, thus increasing the network capacity. The drawback of this approach is increased costs associated with installation and coordination of the additional base stations. A code-division multiple-access network where the base stations are connected to the central station by fiber has been proposed to reduce the installation costs. To reduce the coordination costs and the number of handoffs, sectorization (grouping) of the cells is suggested. We propose a dynamic sectorization of the cells, depending on the current sectorization and the time-varying traffic. A grouping genetic algorithm is proposed to find a solution which minimizes costs. The computational results demonstrate the effectiveness of the algorithm across a wide range of problems. The GGA is shown to be a useful tool to efficiently allocate the limited number of channels available.
When does "no" really mean "yes"? A case study in unilateral visual neglect.

Abstract A patient with unilateral visual neglect indicated whether a dot was or was not present in a display. When present, the dot appeared equally often in the left and right visual fields. Although he typically denied having seen dots in his left visual field, he was able to make this judgement much more quickly than when no dot was in fact present. The mean response times when the dot was present (1135 and 1004 msec, for left and right) were almost twice as fast as the response times when no dot was present (2025 msec). This result suggests that the patient searched the visual fields individually, and in fact generated a “No” response based on detecting the dot in his neglected field. Thus, the mechanisms used to detect stimuli apparently are not rigidly linked to those used to classify them or to produce a response.
Eocene dry climate and woodland vegetation in tropical Africa reconstructed from fossil leaves from northern Tanzania

We thank the Tanzanian Antiquities Unit, the National Museums of Tanzania, Dar es Salaam, and the Singida District Executive Director and his colleagues for their cooperation and support. We thank Gregg Gunnell, Jason Head, Beth Kowalski, Ferdinand Mizambwa, Charles Msuya, and Kent Newman for their collaborative support. We are grateful to the Manonga–Wembere project and Terry Harrison for their help and our introduction to Mahenge. Statistical advice from Rudy Guerra is gratefully acknowledged, but authors take responsibility for any errors. We thank Louis Jacobs, Kathleen Pig, Alisa Winkler, and Dale Winkler for their comments. We thank Aaron Pan for photography of plant fossils. This research was supported by National Science Foundation grant EAR-9909494 (BFJ).
Treatment of Osteomyelitis in the Diabetic Foot with Systemic and Locally Injected Antibiotics and the End-distolic Pneumatic Compression Boot—Case Studies

The treatment of 35 patients for 42 episodes of osteomyelitis in the distal lower extremity is summarized and the long-term courses of 3 patients are illustrated in detail. Systemic antibiotics were used both to help control infection in the foot and to prevent septic emboli. The systemic antibiotics were given by the oral route alone (16 episodes), by the parenteral route alone (4 episodes), or by both oral and parenteral routes (22 episodes). Local foot treatments included injections of antibiotics into the infected areas of the foot, multielectrolyte-antibiotic foot soaks, and the end-diastolic pneumatic compression boot. X-ray evidence of osteomyelitis was found one to four weeks after it was clinically suspected and was associated with an improvement in the clinical status of the foot. Osteomyelitis was not considered an indication for amputation. The osteomyelitis lesions healed and foot structure and function were maintained.
Compromise designs in heteroscedastic linear models

Abstract We consider heteroscedastic linear models in which the variance of a response is an exponential or a power function of its mean. Such models have earlier been considered in Bickel (1978), Carroll and Ruppert (1982) etc. Classical as well as Bayes optimal experimental design is considered. We specifically address the problem of ‘compromise design’ where the experimenter is simultaneously interested in many estimation problems and wants to find a design that has an efficiency of at least 1/(1+e) in each problem. For specific models we work out the smallest e for which such a design exists. This is done for classical as well as Bayes problems. The effect of the variance function on the value of the smallest e is examined. The maximin efficient design is then compared to the usual A-optimal design. Some general comments are made.
Peptidoglycan architecture of Gram-positive bacteria by solid-state NMR.

Peptidoglycan is an essential component of cell wall in Gram-positive bacteria with unknown architecture. In this review, we summarize solid-state NMR approaches to address some of the unknowns in the Gram-positive bacteria peptidoglycan architecture: 1) peptidoglycan backbone conformation, 2) PG-lattice structure, 3) variations in the peptidoglycan architecture and composition, 4) the effects of peptidoglycan bridge-length on the peptidoglycan architecture in Fem mutants, 5) the orientation of glycan strands with respect to the membrane, and 6) the relationship between the peptidoglycan structure and the glycopeptide antibiotic mode of action. Solid-state NMR analyses of Staphylococcus aureus cell wall show that peptidoglycan chains are surprisingly ordered and densely packed. The peptidoglycan disaccharide backbone adopts 4-fold screw helical symmetry with the disaccharide unit periodicity of 40A. Peptidoglycan lattice in the S. aureus cell wall is formed by cross-linked PG stems that have parallel orientations. The structural characterization of Fem-mutants of S. aureus with varying lengths of bridge structures suggests that the PG-bridge length is an important determining factor for the PG architecture.
Ethics of Land Use in Nebraska: Farmer and Consumer Opinions in Washington County

ABSTRACT Agricultural land is rapidly being converted to other uses, as city boundaries expand and acreage and rural residential developments increase. Building on a review of the history of environmental ethics, agroecological principles, Aldo Leopold's concept of the land ethic, and sociological research regarding environmental and agricultural paradigms, this study explored the attitudes of farmers and consumers in Washington County near Omaha, Nebraska, about land ethics relating to agriculture and land use. The objectives of the study were to (1) construct a set of items for measuring land ethics based on previous studies and scales, (2) determine if farmers and consumers in Washington County had positive land ethics, and (3) test for differences in land ethics between farmers and consumers, as well as differences in land ethics based on demographic and farm-related factors. Self-administered mail questionnaires were sent in August 2003 to all Washington County farmers registered with the Farm Servic...
Incommensurate phase of the organic Spin-Peierls compound (TMTTF)2PF6

Abstract The magnetic field/temperature phase of (TMTTF) 2 PF 6 is established using 13 C NMR and cantilever magnetic force measurements. At low temperatures and above a critical field B c ≈19T, spectral broadening occurs signalling the onset of the incommensurate phase of the Spin-Peierls state. There is well-defined structure in the high-field 13 C lineshapes which is not included in the standard soliton lattice description for the high-field phase.
Time Synchronization and Controlled Asynchronization of Remote Analog Signals with sub nanosecond resolution

This paper describes recent advances in resolution of the Time Synchronization and Controlled Asynchronization of Remote Analog Signals (TSCA). Measurements using a pair of cables of different lengths, ∼150m and ∼300m are synchronized with sub nanosecond resolution. In addition, output signals from these cables were asynchronized with the same resolution, to target values ranging from −3000ns to +3000ns. This synchronization and asynchronization was accomplished by controlling the relative delay of these two signals, when generated by a dual channel Arbitrary Function Generator. The advancement in resolution was achieved using a highly enhanced resolution Time Domain Reflectometer (e-TDR), having the capability to accurately control the speed of the e-TDR signal in the cables. This advance in resolution was obtained because a recently discovered signal, that has the property of distortionless propagation in lossy cables, was used as the e-TDR pulse. The system was implemented as a Virtual Instrument (VI) in LabVIEW, using a two channel Arbitrary Waveform Generator (ARB) and a Digital Phosphor Oscilloscope (DPO). The resulting errors were less than +/− 0.26ns.
Transcriptional activation of adipogenesis.

Abstract Studies from the past several years have revealed that adipogenesis is controlled by an interplay of transcription factors, including members of the CCAAT/enhancer binding protein family and peroxisome proliferator activated receptor γ. In addition to providing a new understanding of this aspect of the energy balance systems, these factors provide potential new targets for therapeutic intervention in metabolic diseases, such as obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Enhancing the Note taking Skills of Students with Mild Disabilities

Teachers can improve the note-taking skills of students with mild disabilities by either modifying their presentation during lectures or teaching students how to use note-taking techniques. This article begins with a vignette and then describes how teachers can modify their lectures and how they can teach note-taking techniques to students. The two note-taking techniques described are strategic note taking and guided notes.
Method of Preparing Thin Films of Alloys Suitable for Optical Studies

An experimental procedure is described for producing thin films of binary alloys by evaporation and condensation in a vacuum. The components of the desired alloy are evaporated successively and the alloy is then produced by diffusion. A feature of the method is the use of a rotating modulator located between the vapor source and the substrate which controls the relative thickness of the deposit. During the first evaporation a uniform gradient of one metal is deposited. The substrate is then rotated 180° in its own plane and a gradient of another material is superposed. This results in a sample of approximately uniform thickness with pure metal components at the ends and with a composition gradient in between. The procedure is easily extended to permit the production in one evaporation of several samples having different thicknesses. An annealing treatment is usually helpful in promoting diffusion. Representative results on several alloys are described.