cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Energy harvesting for self-powered aerostructure actuation

This paper proposes and experimentally investigates applying piezoelectric energy harvesting devices driven by flow induced vibrations to create self-powered actuation of aerostructure surfaces such as tabs, flaps, spoilers, or morphing devices. Recently, we have investigated flow-induced vibrations and limit cycle oscillations due to aeroelastic flutter phenomena in piezoelectric structures as a mechanism to harvest energy from an ambient fluid flow. We will describe how our experimental investigations in a wind tunnel have demonstrated that this harvested energy can be stored and used on-demand to actuate a control surface such as a trailing edge flap in the airflow. This actuated control surface could take the form of a separate and discrete actuated flap, or could constitute rotating or deflecting the oscillating energy harvester itself to produce a non-zero mean angle of attack. Such a rotation of the energy harvester and the associated change in aerodynamic force is shown to influence the operating wind speed range of the device, its limit cycle oscillation (LCO) amplitude, and its harvested power output; hence creating a coupling between the device’s performance as an energy harvester and as a control surface. Finally, the induced changes in the lift, pitching moment, and drag acting on a wing model are quantified and compared for a control surface equipped with an oscillating energy harvester and a traditional, static control surface of the same geometry. The results show that when operated in small amplitude LCO the energy harvester adds negligible aerodynamic drag.
A Novel Multiwell Device to Study Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Responses Under Cyclic Strain

Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) are constantly exposed to cyclic stretch in the body, which makes it beneficial to study the effects of cyclic stretch on VSMCs. In this study, we developed a poly(dimethyl siloxane) (PDMS) compact six-well device that can be used to study the combined effect of cyclic strain and various growth factors on cultured VSMCs. Cell adhesion, alignment, and proliferation under 10% or 20% cyclic strain at 1 Hz were studied using this surface-enhanced PDMS device. The combined effects of cyclic strain with either transforming growth factor-β, vascular endothelial growth factor, fibroblast growth factor, or epidermal growth factor on VSMC proliferation was also examined. Results showed that VSMCs adhered well on the surface-enhanced multiwell device and they aligned perpendicularly to the direction of the cyclic strain. Cell proliferation was inhibited by 10% cyclic strain at 1 Hz compared with static control. The mitogenic effects of the growth factor were less potent under either 10% or 20% cyclic strain. With simple modification to accommodate more wells, this device could potentially be a useful tool for more economical, high throughput screening application.
Non-diffuse infrared emission from the lunar surface

Abstract This paper presents the results of calculations of the thermal radiation from the lunar surface incident onto a flat surface of unit area located a small distance above the Moon. The orientation and height of the flat surface vary. The thermal radiation from the Moon's surface is assumed to be non-diffuse. The calculations show that the thermal energy flux incident onto the flat surface can differ significantly for a lunar surface that emits radiation in a non-diffuse manner when compared to a lunar surface that emits in a diffuse manner.
A unified approach to the description of high Tc oxides: Major normal and superconducting parameters

Using the Fermi liquid approach, one can evaluate the major normal and superconducting parameters of the cuprate superconductors. The anisotropy of both the electronic and crystal structure and the small values of the both the Fermi energy and the Fermi velocity are the key features of these materials. A complete description of experimentally observed behavior can be constructed using this approach. Also, an unconventional method of determining the strength of the electron-phonon coupling based on an analysis of heat capacity and neutron spectroscopy data has been developed. The results of this analysis lead to the conclusion that the cuprates are described by strong coupling, e.g. for La1.85Sr0.15CuO4 the coupling parameter λ is approximately 2. Nevertheless, the observed high Tc values require an additional non-phonon mechanism. In this paper we will summarize many of the results we have obtained and published previously plus present some new results.
Vibrational frequencies of small selenium molecules

Abstract The geometries and vibrational frequencies of Sen clusters (n=2–8) are calculated using ab initio molecular orbital theory at various levels of approximation. The computed vibrational frequencies are in satisfactory agreement with the available experimental data on matrix isolated clusters and have small systematic deviations with IR and Raman spectra of crystalline Se6 (D3d) and Se8 (D4d). The calculations provide predictions for future experimental studies.
Identifying the components of mask image-size variation

As technology continues to advance in the semiconductor industry, the need has evolved for smaller and more complex images. The resulting tighter image size specifications have forced mask manufacturers to place increasing emphasis on process optimization to achieve control of image size variation. A key element of this optimization is the reduction of image size variation across a mask. As the within-mask variation specification tightens, it becomes increasingly important to identify all nonrandom sources of variability. These nonrandom, or systematic, sources of variation are those which are, theoretically, controllable and, therefore, candidates for elimination. If they can be identified as to type and amount of contribution, then the engineering community will have a better understanding of where to effectively focus its optimization efforts. This paper presents a simple yet powerful method of regression analysis for identifying both the type and amount of systematic sources of image size variation across a mask. The types of systematic variation discussed include radial, side-to-side, and axis (X-to- Y delta). Also presented are ways in which these sources of variation are identified and contributions quantified. Examples from simulation and actual product data are given.
Stress corrosion cracking of 2826 MB metglas

Abstract Results of a stress corrosion study of Fe 40 Ni 38 Mo 4 B 19 metallic glass in H 2 SO 4 solutions are reported. The material was tested in the as-received condition in 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100% H 2 SO 4 . The fractographs of the as-received samples in 100% H 2 SO 4 showed that the metal suffered brittle failure during a 10-day test. In addition, some corrosion products were observed on the fracture surface, indicating that a combined action of stress and corrosion was the cause of the failure.
Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor Induces Proliferation of Human Airway Smooth Muscle Cells

Airway diseases such as asthma involve increased airway smooth muscle (ASM) contractility and remodelling via enhanced proliferation. Neurotrophins (NTs) such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), well-known in the nervous system, can regulate Ca2+ signalling, and interact with cytokines in contributing to airway hyperreactivity. In this study, we determined whether and how BDNF regulates human ASM cell proliferation in the presence of inflammation, thus testing its potential role in airway remodelling. Cells were treated with 10 nM BDNF, 25 ng/ml tumour necrosis factor (TNF-α) or interleukin-13 (IL-13), or 10 ng/ml platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF). Proliferation was measured using CyQuant dye, with immunoblotting of cell cycle proteins predicted to change with proliferation. Forty-eight hours of BDNF enhanced ASM proliferation to ∼50% of that by PDGF or cytokines. Transfection with small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) targeting high-affinity tropomyosin-related kinase B receptor abolished BDNF effects on proliferation, whereas low-affinity 75 kD neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR) siRNA had no effect. Systematic pharmacologic inhibition of different components of ERK1/2 and PI3K/Akt1 pathways blunted BDNF or TNF-α–induced proliferation. BDNF also induced IκB phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of p50 and p65 NF-κB subunits, with electron mobility shift assay confirmation of NF-κB binding to consensus DNA sequence. These results demonstrate that NTs such as BDNF can enhance human ASM cell proliferation by activating proliferation-specific signalling pathways and a versatile transcription factor such as NF-κB, which are common to cytokines and growth factors involved in asthma.
Possible Oseltamivir-Induced Angioedema in a Patient with Chronic Renal Failure:

ObjectiveTo report a case of angioedema possibly associated with oseltamivir administration in a patient with chronic renal failure.Case SummaryA 46-year-old female with an extensive allergy history and multiple co-morbidities, including chronic renal failure, was diagnosed with H1N1 influenza and given prescriptions for oseltamivir and methylprednisolone at an outside emergency department. She was sent home and took the first dose of both medications. The following day, the patient developed tongue swelling and left-sided edema. She discontinued methylprednisolone but continued oseltamivir. Her symptoms continued to worsen with the development of hivelike lesions and significant shortness of breath leading to hospitalization. Upon admission, oseltamivir was discontinued and the patient was started on dialysis. The patient's symptoms gradually improved, and she was discharged on hospital day 8.DiscussionOseltamivir was thought to be the causative agent due to the abrupt onset and resolution of symptoms as...
Scalability of the Nutch search engine

Nutch is an open source search engine that is gaining increasing popularity in the commercial world. The Nutch architecture leads itself to a wide range of parallelization techniques. Multiple backend servers can be used to both partition the corpus of search data, thus increasing the rate of queries serviced, and to increase the size of the search data while preserving the service rate. Alternatively, multiple search engines can operate in parallel, further increasing the query rate. In this paper, we analyze the performance and scalability of various configurations of Nutch. The configurations were implemented as part of the Commercial Scale Out project at IBM Research, and were used to investigate the applicability of scale-out architectures in commercial environments. We conclude that Nutch is highly scalable, with the different configurations behaving differently from a performance perspective.
Treatment of Helicobacter pylori Reduces the Rate of Rebleeding in Peptic Ulcer Disease

Background: We evaluated whether therapy designed to eradicate Helicobacter pylori infection resulted in a reduction in rebleeding in patients with peptic ulcer disease. Patients presenting because of major upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage from peptic ulcer and whose ulcers healed in a study in which they were randomized to receive ranitidine alone or triple therapy plus ranitidine were followed up regularly with endoscopy. No maintenance anti-ulcer therapy was given after ulcer healing. Methods: Patients Received ranitidine, 30(1 mg, or ranitidine plus triple therapy. Triple therapy consisted of tetracycline, 2g; metronidazole, 750 mg; and bismuth subsalicylate, 5 or 8 tablets (151 mg bismuth per tablet), and was administered for the first 2 weeks of treatment; ranitidine therapy was continued until the ulcer had healed or 16 weeks had elapsed. After ulcer healing, no maintenance antiulcer therapy was given. Development of ulcer recurrence with or without recurrent upper gastrointestinal bleeding was ev...
Late Quaternary lithofacies, provenance, and depositional environments (∼12–30 cal ka), north and south of the Denmark Strait

This paper describes the lithofacies and chronology of cores from north and south of the Denmark Strait for a period when ice sheets flanked both sides of the strait. A wide range of sediments have been recovered indicating a complex of depositional processes. JM96-1229GGC1 (1047 m water depth) is from the base of the NW Iceland slope at the southern edge of the Blosseville Basin, whereas JM96-1226GGC4 retrieved sediments south of the sill in 1519 m of water. Additional information is based on JM96-1220GGC2 and 1221GGC2 which were recovered from the upper W. Iceland slope at ∼500 m water depth below the Latra Moraine, of possible Last Glacial Maximum age, and upslope of JM96-1226. AMS 14C dates indicate that JM96-1226 and -1229 span the last 10 to 27–32 ka BP whereas JM96-1220 and -1221 recovered sediments dated between ca. 8 and 18 ka BP. Closely-spaced radiocarbon dates on JM96-1229 indicate an erosional hiatus of ∼7 ky between 12 and 19 cal ka. Lithofacies descriptions are based on visual descriptions and X-radiographs. JM96-1229 consists of fine-grained sediments, sometimes graded, with scattered ice-rafted debris, whereas JM96-1226 consists largely of beds of matrix supported diamicton. Provenance indicators (mass magnetic susceptibility and geochemistry) for JM96-1229 support the delivery of sediments from NW Iceland, but there is a substantial difference in these properties between sediments from the W. Iceland upper slope and the sediments in JM96-1226 south of the Denmark Strait. This indicates that the diamictons on the floor of the strait did not derive entirely from the Iceland Ice Sheet and adjacent upper slope. The general absence of sediments <12 cal ka on the slopes and floor of the Denmark Strait indicates that Denmark Strait Overflow Waters inhibited sediment accumulation during the Holocene. Between ca. 12 and 30 cal ka, however, a combination of more proximal sediment sources (ice sheets) and reduced thermohaline activity resulted in the accumulation of sediments on the slopes and basin floors.
A low-temperature solution phase route for the synthesis of silicon nanoclusters

We report here a new solution phase synthesis for producing crystalline silicon nanoclusters at significantly lower temperatures than previously required. In addition, it is performed at ambient pressure and yields a particle surface that can be modified by chemical methods. This method has the potential to yield large amounts of silicon nanocrystals in addition to providing reliable control over size distribution and surface termination. In this synthesis we use the Zintl salt KSi as a starting reagent. KSi is synthesized by reacting excess K with silicon at 650{degree}C for three days and subliming off the excess K at 275{degree}C under vacuum. The purity of the air-sensitive, black solid is verified by powder X-ray diffraction. 23 refs., 1 fig.
A strongly conservative finite element method for the coupling of Stokes and Darcy flow

We consider a model of coupled free and porous media flow governed by Stokes and Darcy equations with the Beavers-Joseph-Saffman interface condition. This model is discretized using divergence-conforming finite elements for the velocities in the whole domain. Discontinuous Galerkin techniques and mixed methods are used in the Stokes and Darcy subdomains, respectively. This discretization is strongly conservative in H^d^i^v(@W) and we show convergence. Numerical results validate our findings and indicate optimal convergence orders.
A genetic epidemiologic study of self-report suspiciousness.

A 4-item suspiciousness scale was derived by factor analysis of the responses of 3.810 Australian twin pairs to the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire. levels of suspiciousness were significantly higher in males than in females. and in divorced or separated v married individuals. Suspiciousness scores were negatively correlated with age and education. positively correlated with neuroticism and alcohol consumption (males only) and uncorrelated with extraversion. A biometrical genetic analysis was most consistent with a simple model in which genes and individual specific environment affected liability to suspiciousness. with a heritability of 41%. However. sex-specific genetic or shared environmental effects on the liability to suspiciousness could not be ruled out. ~ 1987 by Grune & Stratton, Inc. A LTHOUGH THE TRAIT OF SUSPICIOUSNESS is a central feature of several psychiatric syndromes, particulary paranoid personality disorder, little is known about its epidemiology or genetics.' We are aware of four studies which have examined the prevalence of paranoid personality disorder in small samples of relatives of control probands, with results ranging from 0% to 4.3%.2.S Several studies have also suggested that the personality trait of suspiciousness may be influenced by familial or genetic factors. Two family2.4 and one adoption studyl have found an excess of paranoid personality disorder in relatives of schizophrenic v control probands. One family study found an excess of paranoid personality disorder in relatives of paranoid disorder v control probands.6 Fuller and Thompson1 review one twin study of Cattell's personality factor L (suspicious v trusting) and three of the paranoia scale of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI). All four studies suggest that genetic factors may influence this personality trait, but in only one of them is the result statistically significant.
High performance InGaAs/InGaP quantum dot infrared photodetector achieved through doping level optimization

We report an InGaAs/InGaP/GaAs quantum dot infrared photodetector grown by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition with detectivity of 1.3x1011 cmHz1/2/W at 77K and 1.2x1010 cmHz1/2/W at 120K. Modeling of the Quantum dot energy levels showed us that increased photoresponse could be obtained by doping the quantum dots to 4 electrons per dot instead of the usual 2 electrons per dot. This happens because the primary photocurrent transition is from the first excited state to a higher excited state. Increasing the quantum doping in our device yielded significant responsivity improvement and much higher detectivity as a result. This paper discusses the performance of this higher doping device and compares it to our previously reported device with lower doping.
Ecological and Evolutionary Determinants of the Species-Area Relation in Caribbean Anoline Lizards

Species-area relations were studied for anoline lizards on 147 islands in the Caribbean. The relative importance of ecological and evolutionary factors in determining species number varied with island size. On small islands, only ecological factors affect the species-area relation. Further, the importance of different ecological factors such as colonization, competition, and extinction, varied among different types of islands. On landbridge islands, differential extinction as a function of island area appears to play a key role in producing a species-area relation. By contrast, limited colonization success generally prevents ocean islands from accumulating more than two species. Among the larger islands, evolutionary factors are the primary determinant of species number. Detailed examination of several components of evolutionary diversification indicates that the species-area relation among the Greater Antilles primarily results because larger islands have increased number of habitat niches occupied and a greater number of closely related species that are ecologically similar and allopatrically distributed; increased subdivision of certain habitats plays a lesser role.
Evaluations of Competency to be Executed Legal Contours and Implications for Assessment

With the Supreme Court's decision in Ford v. Wainwright (1986), and the increasing numbers of persons sentenced to death, mental health professionals working in criminal settings can anticipate increased involvement in proceedings examining a condemned prisoner's competency to be executed. This article explores the legal context and clinical aspects of such evaluations. First, the substantive legal test and legal procedures surrounding an assessment of competency to be executed are presented. Salient elements of the legal process of determining competency are discussed. Next, assessment techniques are reviewed. Finally, the issue of mental health professionals answering the ultimate legal issue, as applied to competency to be executed evaluations, is addressed.
SMRT recruitment by PPARγ is mediated by specific residues located in its carboxy-terminal interacting domain

Abstract The silencing mediator of retinoid and thyroid hormone receptors (SMRT) has been shown to play an important role in adipogenesis and PPARγ transcriptional activity. SMRT contains two interacting domains that mediate interactions with nuclear receptors. Interestingly, SMRT is recruited to PPARγ via its C-terminal interacting domain, and mutation of the proximal interacting domain does not interfere with recruitment via PPARγ. To understand how the distal interacting domain mediates recruitment by PPARγ, we have now mutated residues in this domain to the corresponding amino acids found in the proximal domain. We show that specific residues in this distal domain are vital for interactions with PPARγ, but not for a related receptor, RARα. Furthermore, naturally occurring SMRT isoforms that differ in interacting domain sequences have different effects on PPARγ as opposed to RARα recruitment. These data suggest that PPARγ and RARα interact with SMRT via distinct mechanisms. These differences will be important as ligands are designed that lead to specific patterns of nuclear receptor recruitment of corepressors.
The deduced Vibrio cholerae RecA amino-acid sequence

The nucleotide sequence of the recA gene of Vibrio cholerae (Vc) has been determined. The amino acid (aa) sequence of the protein product is very similar to other known RecA aa sequences. However, this sequence does not agree with a previously reported Vc RecA aa sequence [Ghosh et al., Nucleic Acids Res. 20 (1992) 372].
Evaluation of atypical glandular cells of undetermined significance: is age important?

Abstract Objective: Our purpose was to assess the effect of age on the incidence of significant pathologic findings in patients with atypical glandular cells of undetermined significance. Study Design: This retrospective study evaluated nonreferred patients with Papanicolaou smears showing atypical glandular cells of undetermined significance over a 5-year period. Results: Two hundred eighty-one women (91%) with Papanicolaou smears showing atypical glandular cells of undetermined significance were available for follow-up. Significant abnormality was found in 90 subjects (32%), including 31 women (11%) with cancer. Older patients (≥50 years old) have lower odds of high-grade cervical dysplasia (odds ratio=0.21; 95% CI: 0.32-0.40) and higher odds of uterine cancer (odds ratio=12.88; 95% CI: 1.78-567.60) compared with younger patients. Conclusions: Women with Papanicolaou smears showing atypical glandular cells of undetermined significance have a 1 in 3 chance of having significant abnormality. Evaluation includes colposcopy, endocervical curettage, and appropriate cervical biopsies. Patients >45 years require endometrial biopsies. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 2001;184:1457-61.)
Control of metal ion size-based selectivity through chelate ring geometry. metal ion complexing properties of 2,2'-biimidazole.

Some metal ion complexing properties of 2,2′-biimidazole (BIM) are presented. The ligand BIM forms minimum steric strain complexes with hypothetical metal ions with M−N (metal−nitrogen) bond lengths of 4.2 A, in contrast to more usual ligands such as bipy (2,2′-bipyridyl) that prefer metal ions with M−N bond lengths of 2.51 A. This metal ion size-based preference of BIM suggests that ligands with such architecture could be used to produce selectivity (differences in log K1) for very large metal ions. To test this hypothesis, the crystal structure of [Pb(BIM)2(ClO4)2]2 (1) was determined as the first example of a complex of BIM with a large metal ion. In addition, formation constants (log K1) for BIM with metal ions ranging from the very small Cu(II) to the very large Ba(II) ion were determined to examine the effect of the architecture of BIM on metal ion selectivity. The structure of 1 gave: Triclinic, P1, a = 8.314(2) A, b = 8.677(2) A, c = 14.181(3) (A), α = 91.143(3)°, β = 104.066(2)°, γ = 106.044(3)°...
The Articulation of High School and College Foreign Language Study

M Y discussion' of this topic does not presume to include a solution of the problem. Indeed, it is my intention only to "open the problem"-as if it were a festering sore that needs lancing. The services of a council of surgeons will be required to bring about the cure of a difficulty so complicated and dangerous for the success of our language program. My task will be to define and delimit the problem in such a way that the full light of information will fall squarely on the sore spots. The proling will be concluded with the suggestion of some instruments which may be used to effect an ultimate cure.
PHASE TRANSFORMATION CHARACTERISTICS OF FERROELECTRIC-PARAELECTRIC BILAYERS

ABSTRACT A thermodynamic analysis is presented to demonstrate that ferroelectric multilayers interact through internal elastic, electrical, and electromechanical fields and the “strength” of the coupling can be quantitatively described using Landau theory of phase transformations, theory of elasticity, and principles of electrostatics. The theoretical analysis indicates that there is a strong electrostatic coupling between the layers that may lead to the modification of the phase transformation characteristics of ferroelectric superlattices and multilayer heterostructures. It also results in the suppression of ferroelectricity at a critical paraelectric layer thickness for ferroelectric-paraelectric bilayers.
Fusion products detection system in migmacell II

Abstract To observe the p+t branch of the D+d and d+d fusion reaction at E d = 0.55 MeV in Migmacell II, three 50 mm 2 Si surface barrier detectors were installed at 120°, −60° and −90° relative to the incoming D 2 + beam. Results of an experiment where the background D 2 gas pressure was controlled at around 1.2×10 −5 torr are presented. A computer simulation program has been developed to understand the shapes of the observed spectra. Proton counting rates obtained yield a migma number of 6×10 8 trapped ions in the cell.
Fluorocarbon combustion studies V—trifluorochloromethane- and trifluorobromomethane-fluorine flames

Abstract Burning velocities in a flat flame deflagration tube were measured, and the behaviour of flames was observed in CF 3 Cl F 2 mixtures and in CF 3 Br F 2 mixtures diluted with Ar and He. Rich CF 3 Cl F 2 flames tend to become cellular. The cellular flames can propagate through a tube which quenches flat flames. The rich limit is near the region of maximum adiabatic equilibrium flame temperature. CF 3 Br F 2 mixtures are highly reactive at room temperature. Lean mixtures explode spontaneously. Very rich mixtures propagate unusual dendritic flames. The burning velocities observed with highly diluted CF 3 Br F 2 flames are proportional to the square roots of the thermal conductivities of the diluents.
The cerebellar cognitive affective syndrome: clinical correlations of the dysmetria of thought hypothesis

The description of deficits in higher order behaviors in patients with focal cerebellar lesions has provided pivotal clinical corroboration of a cerebellar role in cognition and emotion. This paper...
Perception of Density: Individual Differences?

Research on human density has indicated that how people perceive a high-density situation strongly influences their behavior, and that density itself rarely has a direct unmediated effect on human ...
ON THE “RESIDUAL” INTERPRETATION OF COASTAL FLORAS IN THE APPALACHIAN UPLANDS OF EASTERN UNITED STATES

PR E S E N T I N G a discussion on coastal species in the Appalachian Uplands requires a survey of the work of Braun (I937a), Carr (I938a), Fernald (I93I, I937), Harshberger (I903), and Kearney (I900). In viewing the problem from aphytogeographical and ecological standpoint, these authors have sought to correlate the occurrence of coastal species in the uplands with the physiographic history of the province concerned. Such correlations combined with the disjunct ranges of the species have led to the residual interpretation. Geological evidence indicates that during late Cretaceous and early Tertiary the Appalachian Uplands were essentially reduced to a peneplane status, affording ideal conditions for a mesophytic plant growth. At this period the tropical groups were widespread in the North as shown by fossil record. Here the Coastal genera Stenophyllus, Xyria, Eriocaulon, Sarracenia, HIelonias, and Utricularia, etc., prevailed along the low meandering streams and in the swampy areas, until an uplift of the Schooley peneplane (Cretaceous) altered the conditions, in turn initiating a recession of the mesophytic and hydrophytic types to the available coastal strip. Mesophytes gave way to the developing xerophytes. However, relics of this flora still persist in segregated colonies in the Appalachian Uplands where ponds, bogs, and grassy meadows prevail. Braun (I937a) reports such relics as UJniola laxa (L.) B.S.P., Panicum longifolium Torr, Cleistes divaricata (L.) R.Br., Bartonia paniculata (Michx.) Robinson, Lobelia 2Vuttallii R. & S., and Orontium aquaticum L. from the Cumberland Plateau in Kentucky. All of these plants are to-day primarily confined to a narrow strip along the Atlantic Coast of Eastern United States, and show marked affinity with tropical groups. Of great interest is the report of Cleistes from the standpoint of extreme antiquity. To-day it shows a local distribution in the uplands, and has retreated only slightly to the Coastal Plain. Fernald (I937) comments on its slight occurrence in south-eastern Virginia in a region contributing such local plants as Xyris Curtissi Malme, Burmannia bifJlora L., and UJtricularia virgatula Barnhart. Its extreme antiquity is indicated by its scattered and disjunct range. It shares equal rank on thle relic list with ilelonias bullata L. which holds a similar, local distribution with slight intrusion in the coastal region. Following Fenneman (I928), Braun concludes that the Cumberland peneplane represents only the eroded and reduced Schooley peneplane (Cretaceous). Braun (I937 a) writes: "rThe present known distribution of most of the coastal plain plants in the Cumberland Plateau coincides with the undissected remnants of the Schooley
Resolvability of adair constants from oxygenation curves measured at low hemoglobin concentration

Analyses of low concentration oxygenation curves for apparent Adair constants in which the effects of dimers is ignored have been explored using recently determined values of the overall energy coupling parameters. For high affinity systems and favorable energy distributions, it is found that the errors in estimated binding free energies may be less than one kcal provided the measurement errors are strictly random and of small magnitude. These errors are nevertheless quite substantial as compared with the differences between values for the successive binding steps.
Glucose Metabolism in the Fetus in Utero: The Effect of Maternal Fasting and Glucose Loading in the Rat

Glucose Metabolism in the Fetus in Utero: The Effect of Maternal Fasting and Glucose Loading in the Rat
Sources of Mesoscale Variability of Gravity Waves. Part I: Topographic Excitation

Abstract Aircraft measurements of winds and temperatures collected during the GASP program are used to study the effects of topography as a source of mesoscale variability. Variances of fluctuations at the mesoscale over rough terrain are enhanced up to nearly two orders of magnitude compared to nonsource regions in some cases and are frequently enhanced by an order of magnitude. The implications of these episodic enhancements of variances for the vertical transports of energy and momentum are considered in the framework of gravity wave theory. The observed flight data are used to estimate the momentum flux u′w′ on several flight segments. Results show that the flux is generally negative with mean value −0.26 m2 s−2 and with magnitudes ranging up to −1.5 m2 s−2. Spectral analysis shows that the largest contributions to the net flux come from horizontal scales of ∼25 < λx <60 km. Finally, the observed momentum fluxes are used to infer the anisotropy factor of gravity waves over rough terrain, which is foun...
Peritoneal lavage in blunt abdominal trauma

The detection and treatment of significant intra-abdominal injury following blunt trauma is fraught with problems. The search for signs of hemoperitoneum by paracentesis is unrellable, additional delays for observation or anglography increase morbidity and mortality, while early cellotomy may yleld negative findings in one patient in five. Peritoneal lavage provides a solution to these problems with an accurate, sensitive, rapid, and safe diagnostic test for the presence or absence of hemoperitoneum. It should be performed at the time of emergency department evaluation on all patients suffering blunt trauma with possible intra-abdominal injury. A peritoneal dialysis catheter is piaced through a small stab wound and 20 ml/kg lactated Ringer's solution infused and subsequently dralned. A 20 ml blood return correlates with significant injury in 98% of patients. A weakly positive result (less than 20 ml of blood) occurs in one third of patients with injury requiring surgery. Patients with this finding, if stable, are subjected to anglography and further observation before cellotomy is contemplated. A qualitative method for determining the amount of blood is based on turbidity of the returned lavage fluid in the infusion tubing. Printed material cannot be read through the fluid when more than 20 ml of blood is present. Complications of the procedure are a rarity. It has permitted a 50% reduction in time of preoperative evaluation, a limitation on the need for angiographic studies and a sharp reduction in unnecessary surgery.
Global dinucleotide signatures and analysis of genomic heterogeneity.

Abstract Early biochemical experiments measuring nearest neighbor frequencies established that the set of dinucleotide relative abundance values (dinucleotide biases) is a remarkably stable property of the DNA of an organism. Analyses of currently available genomic sequence data have extended these earlier results, showing that the dinucleotide biases evaluated for successive 50 kb segments of a genome are significantly more similar to each other than to those of sequences from more distant organisms. From this perspective, the set of dinucleotide biases constitutes a ‘genomic signature’ that can discriminate sequences from different organisms. The dinucleotide biases appear to reflect species-specific properties of DNA stacking energies, modification, replication, and repair mechanisms. The genomic signature is useful for detecting pathogenicity islands in bacterial genomes.
The Korean textile industry: still competitive, after all these years?

Although a vital part of the economy, the Korean textile industry has been challenged by the recent reduction of international trade barriers, particularly as this industry was fully integrated into General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) in 2005. The textile industries in Japan and many other countries have also faced difficulties. This study examines future prospects for the Korean industry by investigating the presence of economies of scale and relationships among the inputs of domestic capital, labour and intermediate goods, as well as foreign intermediate goods. The findings are consistent with constant returns to scale and a substitutes relationship among all input pairs except for domestic capital and foreign intermediate goods. Thus, there appear to be no further cost reductions available through increased output and economies of scale. However, some reduction in industry output may not result in increased unit costs either. A reduction in the price of foreign intermediate goods will not onl...
Two-point constraint approximation in structural optimization

The use of constraint approximations is recognized as a primary means of achieving computational efficiency in structural optimization. Existing approximation methods are based upon the value of the constraint function and its derivatives at a single point. The present paper explores the use of approximations based upon the value of the constraint and its derivative at two points. Several candidate approximations are suggested and tested for randomly generated rational constraint functions* Several of the approximations prove to be superior to the single point approximations.
Theory of the anomalous electromagnetic generation of ultrasound in aluminum

Anomalies observed in electromagnetic generation of ultrasound in aluminum are explained on the basis of known Fermi-surface geometry. At large values of ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{c} \ensuremath{\tau}$ the topology of the second-zone hole sheet permits only holelike cyclotron orbits, while for small values of ${\ensuremath{\omega}}_{c} \ensuremath{\tau}$ the local curvature of the hole sheet is mostly electronlike. If follows that the effective number of electronlike and holelike carriers must be allowed to vary with magnetic field. These features, together with the Bragg-reflection force (caused by accelerating holes), are incorporated into the theory of electromagnetic generation. The observed anomalies are explained without using any adjustable parameter.
Study of switchable liquid crystal polymer grating by finite-difference time-domain calculation

A polymer wall confined transmissive switchable liquid crystal grating is proposed and investigated by two-dimensional finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) optical calculation and liquid crystal director calculation for the first time. The results show how to get optimized conditions for high diffraction efficiency by adjusting liquid crystal parameters, grating geometric structure and applied voltage. The light propagation direction and efficiency can be accurately calculated as well as visualized at the same time.
Nonlinear Effects in Holography

The ideal photographic material in holography would have a linear relationship between amplitude transmittance and exposure. Here we study the case where this relationship can be described instead by a polynomial. This nonlinearity in reconstruction gives rise to some extra images, autocorrelations, autoconvolutions, and ambiguity functions of the object, which may be found superposed on normal images, or spatially separated both laterally and in depth.
Prognostic implications of hepatic adhesion invasion and metastases at diagnosis of wilms' tumor

In the Third National Wilms' Tumor Study, (NWTS-3), 190 patients with Favorable Histology (FH) Wilms' tumor (WT) were identified as having tumor adherent to, directly invading, or metastatic to the liver at diagnosis. Analyses of the 3-year relapse-free survival and survival of these patients show that adhesion to the liver surface, direct invasion of the liver, and liver metastases have no additional detrimental effect on prognosis stage-for-stage. The authors conclude that hepatic involvement, when present at the time of diagnosis, should not be regarded as different from other patterns of the disease. Treatment policies should follow those appropriate for stage.
Individuals' personal network characteristics and patterns of Facebook use: A social network approach

Using the theoretical framework of ego-centric networks, this study examines the associations between the characteristics of both Facebook-specific and pre-existing personal networks and patterns of Facebook use. With data from an ego-network survey of college students, the study discovered that various dimensions of Facebook-specific network characteristics, such as multiplexity, proximity, density, and heterogeneity in race, were positively associated with usage patterns, including time spent on Facebook, posting messages, posting photos, and lurking. In contrast, network characteristics of pre-existing relationships, such as density and heterogeneity in race, were negatively associated with Facebook usage patterns. Theoretical implications and limitations were discussed.
Suppression of splenic accessory cell function in mice exposed to gallium arsenide.

Acute exposure of mice to a single intratracheal dose of gallium arsenide (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg) depresses the primary IgM antibody response to the T-dependent antigen sheep red blood cells (SRBC) through alterations in the function of splenic accessory cells. To determine the mechanism by which GaAs exposure influences splenic accessory cells, the cells were isolated by adherence and their functional capability investigated 24 hr following GaAs exposure in the animal. Splenic adherent cells from GaAs-exposed mice were greatly impaired in their ability to process and present the particulate antigen SRBC to a SRBC-primed T-cell population. However, GaAs exposure did not inhibit phagocytosis of fluorescent covaspheres by these cells, nor did it inhibit in vivo phagocytosis of 51Cr-labeled SRBC, indicating that the findings reported here were not due to decreased uptake of antigen by the accessory cells. Furthermore, production of Il-1 by these cells from exposed mice was not different from control and addition of exogenous IL-1 to cultures did not reverse GaAs-induced inhibition of the primary antibody response. GaAs exposure did not affect the percentage of Ia positive macrophages (F480 positive cells), but the amount of cell surface IAk molecules expressed was significantly decreased as measured by flow cytometry. In contrast to the SRBC response, GaAs did not suppress the ability of adherent splenocytes to process and present the antigen pigeon cytochrome c to the helper/inducer T cell clone F1.A.2 or the antigen KLH (keyhole limpet hemocyanin) to KLH-primed T cells. Therefore, GaAs exposure interferes with the capacity of splenic macrophages to process and/or present the particulate antigen SRBC, but not the soluble protein antigens pigeon cytochrome c or KLH.
Electrocorticographic correlates of overt articulation of 44 English phonemes: Intracranial recording in children with focal epilepsy

Abstract Objective We determined the temporal–spatial patterns of electrocorticography (ECoG) signal modulation during overt articulation of 44 American English phonemes. Methods We studied two children with focal epilepsy who underwent extraoperative ECoG recording. Using animation movies, we delineated ‘when’ and ‘where’ gamma- (70–110 Hz) and low-frequency-band activities (10–30 Hz) were modulated during self-paced articulation. Results Regardless of the classes of phoneme articulated, gamma-augmentation initially involved a common site within the left inferior Rolandic area. Subsequently, gamma-augmentation and/or attenuation involved distinct sites within the left oral-sensorimotor area with a timing variable across phonemes. Finally, gamma-augmentation in a larynx-sensorimotor area took place uniformly at the onset of sound generation, and effectively distinguished voiced and voiceless phonemes. Gamma-attenuation involved the left inferior-frontal and superior-temporal regions simultaneously during articulation. Low-frequency band attenuation involved widespread regions including the frontal, temporal, and parietal regions. Conclusions Our preliminary results support the notion that articulation of distinct phonemes recruits specific sensorimotor activation and deactivation. Gamma attenuation in the left inferior-frontal and superior-temporal regions may reflect transient functional suppression in these cortical regions during automatic, self-paced vocalization of phonemes containing no semantic or syntactic information. Significance Further studies are warranted to determine if measurement of event-related modulations of gamma-band activity, compared to that of the low-frequency-band, is more useful for decoding the underlying articulatory functions.
Image analysis for water surface and subsurface feature detection in shallow waters

Carefully collected airborne imagery demonstrates the ability to see water surface features as well as shallow bottom features such as submerged vegetation and manmade targets. Traditional photogrammetric imagery and airborne digital imagery both suffer from a loss in image clarity due to a number of factors, including capillary and small gravity waves, the water column or in-situ constituents. The use of submerged as well as surface man-made calibration targets deployed during airborne or in-situ subsurface image acquisitions forms a preliminary basis for correcting imagery in order to improve subsurface and surface features and their detection. Methods presented as well as imagery at 490 nm, 532 nm and 698-700 nm clearly show subsurface features in shallow waters. The techniques utilized include the use of large frame cameras with photogrammetric films in combination of special filters, such as a Wratten # 70, in order to provide narrower spectral features near the vegetative "red edge" to be used to improve interpretation of hyperspectral push broom imagery. Combined imagery from several sensors and platforms, including autonomous underwater vehicles, form the basis of data fusion for surface and subsurface automatic feature extraction. Data presented from a new hyperspectral imaging system demonstrates the utility of sub-meter hyperspectral imagery for use in subsurface feature detection.
Phosphorylation of the Src substrate Sam68 by Cdc2 during mitosis

Sam68 (Src-associated in mitosis) is an SH3 (Src-homology 3), SH2 (Src-homology 2), and RNA binding protein which associates with and is tyrosine phosphorylated by wild-type and activated forms of c-Src in a mitosis-specific manner. We now show that Sam68 immunoprecipitated from either HeLa S3 or NIH3T3 cells is phosphorylated on threonine residues exclusively during mitosis as well as on serine residues during both interphase and mitosis. Recombinant Sam68, expressed as a glutathione S-transferase (GST) fusion protein, was phosphorylated on threonine and serine residues after incubation with mitotic lysates several-fold more extensively than after incubation with unsynchronized lysates. Cdc2 was identified as the kinase responsible for the mitotic threonine phosphorylation by (1) immunodepletion of the mitotic Sam68 kinase from cell lysates with anti-Cdc2 antibodies, (2) inhibition of Sam68 phosphorylation in vitro and in vivo by the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor olomoucine and (3) phosphorylation of Sam68 by purified Cdc2. These data demonstrate that Sam68 is a direct target of Cdc2 and may therefore mediate some of its biological effects during mitosis.
A Comparison of Auditor's Self-Reported Industry Expertise and Alternative Measures of Industry Specialization

Auditing research requiring measures of auditor industry expertise have relied largely on proxies for industry expertise based on the market shares of auditors. These studies have yielded different results for the audit market outcomes examined. This study systematically documents differences in the proxies for each of the Big 6 and a subset of non-Big 6 auditors. Next, it examines two alternative measures, one based on market shares in large and small client segments, and the other on the industry's share in the auditor's portfolio. Finally, it examines whether the alternative measures are likely to be better proxies for auditor industry expertise. The market shares-based measures and the alternative measures are compared with an independent outside indicator of auditors' industry expertise, the audit firms' postings of their industry specialization in their home pages on the World Wide Web. The numbers indicate that the auditors' self-reported specializations are not correlated with market shares for most auditors. However, the self-reported specializations are more closely associated with one of the alternative measures, the industry's share in the auditor's portfolio. The findings suggest first, that the market share based measures may not be adequate proxies for industry expertise, and second, that future studies should consider alternative measures of specialization in studies of audit market outcomes.