cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A world-class archival achievement: the People’s Republic of China archivists’ success in opening the Ming-Qing central-government archives, 1949–1998

This article describes the first half century of the Communist government’s supervision and management of the central-government archives of the last two dynasties. Immediately with the Communist ascent to power in 1949, the new government took great interest in assembling and protecting the country’s archival documents, readying the Ming-Qing archives for access to scholars, and preparing for publication of selected materials. By the 1980s Beijing’s Number One Historical Archives, in charge of the largest holding of Ming-Qing documents, had become the first Chinese authority to complete a full sorting and preliminary catalogues for such a collection. Moreover, to facilitate searches, an attempt has recently begun to create a subject-heading system for these and other holdings in the country. In the first half century’s final decades, foreign researchers were admitted for the first time and tours and international exchanges began to take place.
Clean coal conversion processes – progress and challenges

Although the processing of coal is an ancient problem and has been practiced for centuries, the constraints posed on today's coal conversion processes are unprecedented, and utmost innovations are required for finding the solution to the problem.With a strong demand for an affordable energy supply which is compounded by the urgent need for a CO2 emission control, the clean and efficient utilization of coal presents both a challenge and an opportunity to the current global R&D efforts in this area. This paper provides a historical perspective on the utilization of coal as an energy source as well as describing the progress and challenges and the future prospect of clean coal conversion processes. It provides background on the historical utilization of coal as an energy source, along with particular emphasis on the constraints in current coal conversion technologies. It addresses the energy conversion efficiencies for current coal combustion and gasification processes and for the membrane and looping based novel processes which are currently under development at various stages of testing. The control technologies for pollutants including CO2 in flue gas or syngas are also discussed. The coal conversion process efficiencies under a CO2 constrained environment are illustrated based on data and ASPEN Plus® simulations. The challenges for future R&D efforts in novel coal conversion process development are also presented.
An initial investigation of test driven development in industry

Test Driven Development (TDD) is a software development practice in which unit test cases are incrementally written prior to code implementation. In our research, we ran a set of structured experiments with 24 professional pair programmers. One group developed code using TDD while the other a waterfall-like approach. Both groups developed a small Java program. We found that the TDD developers produced higher quality code, which passed 18% more functional black box test cases. However, TDD developer pairs took 16% more time for development. A moderate correlation between time spent and the resulting quality was established upon analysis. It is conjectured that the resulting high quality of code written using the TDD practice may be due to the granularity of TDD, which may encourage more frequent and tighter verification and validation. Lastly, the programmers which followed a waterfall-like process often did not write the required automated test cases after completing their code, which might be indicative of the tendency among practitioners toward inadequate testing. This observation supports that TDD has the potential of increasing the level of testing in the industry as testing as an integral part of code development.
Idiopathic carotid and coronary vasospasm: A case treated by carotid artery stenting.

Background We previously reported a case of cerebral infarction complicated by myocardial infarction. The pathogenesis of both infarctions was thought to be vasospasm; thus, we named this condition 'idiopathic carotid and coronary vasospasm'. Various medical treatments for the prevention of carotid vasospasm have been unsuccessfully tried. Thus, other effective treatments should be established for patients who frequently suffer cerebral ischemic attacks. Case description We treated the present case of 'idiopathic carotid and coronary vasospasm' by carotid artery stenting (CAS). The first stenting, of the carotid bifurcation, failed to prevent internal carotid artery (ICA) vasospasm. However, after an additional stent placement to the prepetrous portion, ischemic attacks were dramatically reduced. Conclusion The effect of CAS for extracranial ICA vasospasm was dramatic and control of the spasm at the prepetrous portion seems to be essential. Further validation of the effectiveness and safety of CAS for ICA vasospasm will be necessary.
Response of extreme storm tide levels to long-term sea level change

The occurrence of dangerously high or low water levels at coastal locations is an important public concern and is a significant factor in coastal hazard assessment, navigational safety, and ecosystem management. The monthly highest and lowest water levels at 117 NOAA/National Ocean Service water level stations show a clear response to local mean sea level trends. The extreme levels reached by hurricanes and extra-tropical storms of the past can be adjusted for sea level trend, so that unbiased comparisons can be made. A data set of the annual highest and lowest water levels is derived from the monthly data and used to determine the expected frequency of future storm tides rising above or falling below any given level. The same analysis is also applied to the data for each individual month in order to estimate the varying likelihood of extreme high or low levels by season. The results are a set of annual and monthly exceedance probability levels relative to the tidal datums for each station. This information should prove useful for identifying, in real time, when a rare event threshold has been crossed. The exceedance probability levels can be adjusted in the future to reflect newly-updated tidal datums.
The Cyber Worlds of Self-Injurers: Deviant Communities, Relationships, and Selves

We explore how self-injurers, a group of deviants who primarily were loners, now use the Internet to form subcultural and collegial relations. Drawing on virtual participant-observation in cyber self-injury groups, over eighty face-to-face and telephone in-depth interviews, and over ten thousand e-mail postings to groups and bulletin boards, we describe and analyze the online subcultures of self-injurers. Via the Web, they have become cyber “colleagues,” simultaneously enacting two deviant organizational forms and challenging the idea that deviant loners can exist in a cyber society. We further analyze these individuals and their interactions to compare and contrast the venues that they use, the communities and relationships that they form, and their relation to real life. We contribute to symbolic interactionism through our social constructionist stance toward the creation of virtual communities and relationships, our focus on identity and stigma, our view of social organization as grounded in the panoply of human interpersonal relationships, our contrast of the competing reality claims posed by virtual as opposed to the solid world, and our discussion of the modern versus postmodern self.
The Roles of Livestock Inheritance and Formal Education in Intergenerational Wealth Transmission among Pastoralists in Samburu District, Kenya

Samburu pastoralists often express the belief that formal education may be an alternative route out of poverty for poor pastoralists. The roles of parental wealth, livestock inheritance, and education in household wealth and income are investigated for two communities. Parental wealth and primary education, but not amount of livestock inherited, are positively associated with household wealth. Educational attainment is not statistically significantly associated with income. While livestock inheritance does not translate directly into greater wealth, there are structural advantages to membership in a wealthier family. The trade-off between investments in inheritance and herd growth versus formal education is discussed.
Special purpose simulation template for workflow analysis in construction

Workflow analysis is an important component in the simulation of construction operations. It involves creating a specific number of work requests for a crew every time period, computing outputs such as work arrival rate for a downstream crew and plotting work in process (WIP). These outputs are not directly provided in many construction simulation software tools. Determining these outputs is generally considered a time consuming and tedious undertaking. Developing modeling constructs that automate the computation of these workflow outputs will be useful for construction modelers. This paper presents a special purpose simulation (SPS) template developed for workflow analysis. The SPS template consists of four modeling constructs that implement the workflow analysis functionalities mentioned above. The SPS template logic was verified using two simulation experiments. Use of this SPS template for analyzing different workflow based issues as well as to test the production management principles in construction is also highlighted.
Representations of Anthropology and History in Oceania

Nicholas Thomas In Oceania: Visions, Artifacts, Histories. Durham: Duke University Press, 1997. xvi. 269 pp.
Mercury deposition in Southern New Hampshire, 2006–2009

Abstract. The atmospheric deposition of mercury (Hg) occurs via several mechanisms including wet, dry, and occult processes. In an effort to understand the atmospheric cycling and seasonal depositional characteristics of Hg, event-based wet deposition samples and reactive gaseous Hg (RGM) measurements were collected for approximately 3 years at Thompson Farm (TF), a near-coastal rural site in Durham, NH, part of the University of New Hampshire AIRMAP Observing Network. Total aqueous mercury exhibited seasonal patterns in Hg wet deposition at TF. The lowest Hg wet deposition was measured in the winter with an average total seasonal deposition of 1.56 μg m−2 compared to the summer average of 4.71 μg m−2. Inter-annual differences in total wet deposition are generally linked with precipitation volume, with the greatest deposition occurring in the wettest year. Relationships between surface level RGM and Hg wet deposition were also investigated based on continuous RGM measurements at TF from November 2006 to September 2009. No correlations were observed between RGM mixing ratios and Hg wet deposition, however the ineffective scavenging of RGM during winter precipitation events was evidenced by the less frequent depletion of RGM below the detection level. Seasonal dry deposition of reactive gaseous Hg (RGM) was estimated using an order-of-magnitude approach. RGM mixing ratios and dry deposition estimates were greatest during the winter and spring. The seasonal ratios of Hg wet deposition to RGM dry deposition vary by up to a factor of 80.
Test factoring: focusing test suites for the task at hand

Frequent execution of a test suite during software maintenance can catch regression errors early, indicate whether progress is being made, and improve productivity. However, if the test suite takes a long time to produce feedback, the developer is slowed down, and the benefit of frequent testing is reduced. After a program is edited, ideally, only changed code would be tested. Any time spent executing previously tested, unchanged parts of the code is wasted. For a large test suite containing many small unit tests, test selection and prioritization can be effective. Test selection runs only those tests that are possibly affected by the most recent change, and test prioritization can run first the tests that are most likely to reveal a recently-introduced error.
Inhibition of Endoplasmic Reticulum-Associated Degradation in CHO Cells Resistant to Cholera Toxin, Pseudomonas aeruginosa Exotoxin A, and Ricin

Many plant and bacterial toxins act upon cytosolic targets and must therefore penetrate a membrane barrier to function. One such class of toxins enters the cytosol after delivery to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). These proteins, which include cholera toxin (CT), Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A (ETA), and ricin, move from the plasma membrane to the endosomes, pass through the Golgi apparatus, and travel to the ER. Translocation from the ER to the cytosol is hypothesized to involve the ER-associated degradation (ERAD) pathway. We developed a genetic strategy to assess the role of mammalian ERAD in toxin translocation. Populations of CHO cells were mutagenized and grown in the presence of two lethal toxins, ETA and ricin. Since these toxins bind to different surface receptors and attack distinct cytoplasmic targets, simultaneous acquisition of resistance to both would likely result from the disruption of a shared trafficking or translocation mechanism. Ten ETA- and ricin-resistant cell lines that displayed unselected resistance to CT and continued sensitivity to diphtheria toxin, which enters the cytosol directly from acidified endosomes, were screened for abnormalities in the processing of a known ERAD substrate, the Z form of α1-antitrypsin (α1AT-Z). Compared to the parental CHO cells, the rate of α1AT-Z degradation was decreased in two independent mutant cell lines. Both of these cell lines also exhibited, in comparison to the parental cells, decreased translocation and degradation of a recombinant CTA1 polypeptide. These findings demonstrated that decreased ERAD function was associated with increased cellular resistance to ER-translocating protein toxins in two independently derived mutant CHO cell lines.
Local Analysis of Long Range Dependence Based on Fractional Fourier Transform

The long range dependence (LRD) of stationary process is characterized by the Hurst parameter. In practice, previous methods for estimation of the Hurst parameter might have poor performance when processing the non-stationary time series or trying to distinguish the slight difference between very long stochastic processes. This paper explores the use of fractional Fourier transform (FrFT) for estimating the Hurst parameter. The time series was processed locally to achieve a reliable local estimation of the Hurst parameter. The biocorrosion signal which is very popular in biological engineering was studied as an example to show the long range dependence properties. After comparing with the commonly used wavelet based method and another method based on Matlab's polyfit, the new Hurst parameter estimator proposed in this paper is proved to be more robust for non-stationarity and can show the slight difference clearly between those very long sets of biocorrosion data.
Study of Local Mobility in Pentacene Field-Effect Transistors Using Spatially Resolved Photocurrent Measurement

In organic field-effect transistors (OFETs), mobility is carrier density dependent and varies across the transistor channel. Because the photogenerated charge is constant as a function of bias, spatially resolved photocurrent measurement locally measures the product of channel field and mobility. This product can be used to derive the local mobility across the channel. We applied this approach to demonstrate that, as expected, the mobility in the linear operation region is relatively constant across the channel, while in the saturation region, it decreases from the source contact to the drain one due to the decreased density of carriers on the drain side.
Electrophoretic Monomorphism in Six Biotypes and Two Populations of the Hessian Fly (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae)

Six biotype bulk populations and two geographic populations of the Hessian fly, Mayetiola destructor (Say), were analyzed at 15 presumptive genetic loci using starch gel electrophoresis. Fourteen of the 15 loci appeared monomorphic. One locus, Pgi, varied in biotypes B, E, and a population from Mason, Mich. The level of genetic variation among Hessian fly populations is among the lowest reported for insects. Genetic differentiation among Hessian fly biotypes and populations is also low, ranging from a Nei's D of 0.000 to 0.002. Protein electrophoresis does not appear to provide a quick procedure to identify Hessian fly biotypes.
Patterns of Growth and Soil-water Utilization in some Exotic Annuals and Native Perennial Bunchgrasses of California

Abstract In western California, exotic cool-season annuals appear to have widely replaced native perennial bunchgrasses as the herbaceous community dominants in grasslands, oak savannas, and oak woodlands. We argue that because these two herbaceous plant types possess very different life histories, this invasion may have correspondingly altered seasonal patterns of soil-water availability. To begin to assess this hypothesis, in this study we compared exotic cool-season annuals and native perennial bunchgrasses in terms of growth, biomass allocation, rooting distribution, root morphology, and soil-water utilization. Exotic cool-season annuals completed their life cycle early in the dry season through rapid growth apparently made possible by a high proportional allocation to shoots in combination with the efficient production of roots of high specific root length. Further, annuals tended to concentrate root growth and soil-water utilization in the upper soil profile. In contrast, native perennial bunchgrasses allocated a high proportion of their biomass to the production of a deep root system, which allowed them to continue soil-water utilization well into the dry season and contribute to the formation of a very dry soil profile. Taken together, these contrasting patterns suggest that the invasion of exotic cool-season annuals might have produced a corresponding increase in the amount of water present at depth in the soil profile during the dry season.
An Application of Operations Research Methods to Beach Renourishment Projects

: Mathematical models have been widely used in business to minimize cost and maximize profit. In this paper such models are used to help determine the optimum strategy for a beach renourishment project including the initial and subsequent fill quantities and the length of a complete renourishment cycle. The importance of considering economic factors is emphasized, and the sensitivity of the optimal values to changes in the basic parameters of the models are discussed. The possible extensions and limitations of the models are considered.
Issues surrounding supervisory control of batch manufacturing systems

From a control perspective, a batch manufacturing system is no different than mass or continuous production systems. The system has to be monitored and controlled in different but communicating levels, e.g., machine or process level, coordination level, and production management level. Each level has its own specific control functions and its own sensory data which have to be collected. There are, however, differences in regard to how various control functions have to be structured and implemented. More specifically, the supervisory controller in a batch manufacturing system must be capable of handling different control functions for different production batches. The authors discuss this and briefly describe some existing formal models for the specification and verification of supervisory controllers. They also discuss the specifics for the batch manufacturing systems, and present an example. >
Preventing sexual risk behaviors and pregnancy among teenagers: linking research and programs.

Recent trends in adolescent sexual behavior offer mixed messages. It is very encouraging that teenagers’ overall rates of sexual activity, pregnancy and childbearing are decreasing, and that their rates of contraceptive and condom use are increasing. 1 However, the proportion of young people who have had sex at an early age has increased. 2 Moreover, while adolescent females’ contraceptive use at first sex is rising, their use at most recent sex is falling. 3 There is general consensus that the proportion of teenagers who engage in behaviors that put them at risk of pregnancy and of HIV and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs) remains too high. Each year, approximately one million young women aged 15–19—or one-fifth of all sexually active females in this age-group—become pregnant; the vast majority of these pregnancies are unplanned. 4 In the United States, the risk of acquiring an STI is higher among teenagers than among adults. 5 Moreover, rates of unprotected sexual activity, STIs, pregnancy and childbearing continue to be substantially higher among U.S. adolescents than among young people in comparable industrialized countries. 6 Research has also begun to highlight an alarmingly high rate of involuntary sex among young people. In the 1995 National Survey of Family Growth, 13% of 15–19-year-old females reported that they had been forced to have sex. 7 When asked about their first sexual experience, 22% of 15–44-year-old women for whom it occurred before age 15 reported that the act was involuntary, as did 16% of those who first had sex before age 16. Involuntary sexual activity is typically unprotected and thus puts its victims at very high risk of pregnancy and STIs. Finally, recent research and clinical observations suggest that a substantial proportion of teenagers, including those who report having never had vaginal sex, are engaging in oral sex. 8 This trend has negative implications for teenagers’ sexual health because many seem unaware that STIs can be acquired through unprotected oral sex.
Medication Adherence in Elderly Patients Receiving Home Health Services following Hospital Discharge

medication. In a multivariate model, underadherence was predicted by poor cognition (OR 2.5; 95% CI 1.02 to 6.10) and higher medication use (OR 1.16; 95% CI 1.03 to 1.31, for each 1-unit increase in number of medications). Both poor cognition and low education were significantly associated with overadherence in univariate analysis; however, neither variable was significant once included in the multivariate model. CONCLUSIONS: Under- and overadherence to medications is common after hospital discharge. Poor cognition and a greater number of medications were associated with underadherence. Poor cognition and lower education were markers for overadherence; however, further study is needed to determine whether these are independent predictors. Patients who have impaired cognition or are taking a greater number of medications after hospitalization may benefit from targeted interventions to monitor and improve medication compliance.
Application of Cydia pomonella expressed sequence tags: Identification and expression of three general odorant binding proteins in codling moth

The codling moth, Cydia pomonella, is one of the most important pests of pome fruits in the world, yet the molecular genetics and the physiology of this insect remain poorly understood. A combined assembly of 8 341 expressed sequence tags was generated from Roche 454 GS-FLX sequencing of eight tissue-specific cDNA libraries. Putative chemosensory proteins (12) and odorant binding proteins (OBPs) (18) were annotated, which included three putative general OBP (GOBP), one more than typically reported for other Lepidoptera. To further characterize CpomGOBPs, we cloned cDNA copies of their transcripts and determined their expression patterns in various tissues. Cloning and sequencing of the 698 nt transcript for CpomGOBP1 resulted in the prediction of a 163 amino acid coding region, and subsequent RT-PCR indicated that the transcripts were mainly expressed in antennae and mouthparts. The 1 289 nt (160 amino acid) CpomGOBP2 and the novel 702 nt (169 amino acid) CpomGOBP3 transcripts are mainly expressed in antennae, mouthparts, and female abdomen tips. These results indicate that next generation sequencing is useful for the identification of novel transcripts of interest, and that codling moth expresses a transcript encoding for a new member of the GOBP subfamily.
The premature separation of the normally implanted placenta

Abstract 1. The premature separation of normally implanted placenta is more frequent than is commonly believed. 2. Complete separation of the placenta is a grave condition calling for both skill and good judgment on the part of the attending obstetrician. 3. Etiologically classified, there seem to be two main groups of cases, (a) a small indefinite group which for the want of a better name may be called the “traumatic group”; (b) the “toxic group” so named because the patients usually show varying degrees of toxemia, which is so considerable that it could not be merely termed mild but may always be spoken of as moderate or severe. 4. Mild toxemias may act slowly and be responsible for the partially separated placentae or even those which separate almost entirely with all the warning that is given by days of moderate bleeding and other symptoms. These placentae show more or less infarction which apparently seems to be the result of attempted connective tissue repair of the end vessels after the irritative toxic effects. 5. The causes of abruptio placentae or placental apoplexy show the same process raised to the {ce:italic}n{/ce:italic}th degree. The process is fulminating because the toxin is rapidly formed and poisonous. Its action may be compared to that of snake venoms or the toxins of violent septicemias. There is apparently a corrosive action on the endothelial blood vessels, the coagulability of the blood is disturbed and hemorrhages are still further favored by the sudden rise of blood pressure. Hemorrhages occur not only in the uterus but also in all other organs containing vessels of the endothelial type. 6. The treatment is expectant if the disturbance is only moderate, whereas the patient should be delivered promptly if the condition is at all serious. A method of delivery should be chosen which seems to offer the patient the greatest security, cesarean section usually being given the preference in fulminating cases where one suspects an unresponsive uterus because it not only gives a speedy method of delivery but because it gives more information regarding the prospects of the patient and permits hysterectomy if necessary. (Since the preparation of this paper we have seen seven more cases all of which fall under the toxic group, three of which were fulminating in character and the four of the slow infarcting type. The histories in each case together with the findings add additional weight to the view presented in this paper.)
Inner Crises: Globalization and the Development of Africa

In this era of increased globalization, Africa seems to the continent that gets left behind. Rich in natural resources but poor in terms of infrastructure and stable institutions, it represents a region that is both intriguing to and toxic for potential investors. While it is a vast region peopled by many tribes and clans, scholars tend to attempt to paint the area with a single brush. This paper seeks to determine both the effects of and the potential for globalization by presenting three states, South Africa, Somalia and Zambia as microcosmic of African nations in three different stages of development.
Molecular Weight Distribution of Network Chains and Swelling Pressure of Vulcanizates

Abstract Calculations and experimental results both indicated that effects of a molecular weight distribution of network chains may become evident in swelling pressure curves under favorable circumstances. More precise experiments are required to establish this definitely. The calculations assume that a simple integration such as is used for a continuous medium may be applied to molecular units of structure deduced from the kinetic theory of rubber elasticity. The validity of this can only be determined by further comparisons with experience. Refinement of the theory might take into account interactions of the units.
Development of a microemulsion formulation for antimicrobial SecA inhibitors

In our previous study, we have identified five antimicrobial small molecules via structure based design, which inhibit SecA of Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (Las). SecA is a critical protein translocase ATPase subunit and is involved in pre-protein translocation across and integration into the cellular membrane in bacteria. In this study, eleven compounds were identified using similarity search method based on the five lead SecA inhibitors identified previously. The identified SecA inhibitors have poor aqueous solubility. Thus a microemulsion master mix (MMX) was developed to address the solubility issue and for application of the antimicrobials. MMX consists of N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone and dimethyl sulfoxide as solvent and co-solvent, as well as polyoxyethylated castor oil, polyalkylene glycol, and polyoxyethylene tridecyl ether phosphate as surfactants. MMX has significantly improved the solubility of SecA inhibitors and has no or little phytotoxic effects at concentrations less than 5.0% (v/v). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of the SecA inhibitors and streptomycin against eight bacteria including Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Liberibacter crescens, Rhizobium etli, Bradyrhizobium japonicum, Mesorhizobium loti, and Sinorhizobium meliloti phylogenetically related to Las were determined using the broth microdilution method. MIC and MBC results showed that the 16 SecA inhibitors have antibacterial activities comparable to that of streptomycin. Overall, we have identified 11 potent SecA inhibitors using similarity search method. We have developed a microemulsion formulation for SecA inhibitors which improved the antimicrobial activities of SecA inhibitors.
Usefulness of 2D PC MRA of the Circle of Willis in the Evaluation of Acute Cere b ral Infarction

Purpose : To evaluate the usefulness of axial 2-D PC MRA of the circle of Willis in the evaluation of acute cere-bral infarction Materials and Methods : We evaluated 42 patients with acute cerebral infarction who had undergone T2 weighted and diffusion weighted MR imaging (T2WI, DWI) and 2-D PC MRA of the circle of Willis within 72 hours of the onset of symptoms. In conjunction with high-signal lesions on DWI, the findings of 2-D PC MRA were classified as normal, stenotic, or indicative of arterial occlusion; negative 2-D PC MRA was not consid-ered useful. In addition, the signal intensity of T2WI and DWI was compared. Results : (The findings of 2-D PC MRA showed that 15 cases (35.7%) were normal, 13(31%) were stenotic, and that in 14 (33.3 %), occlusion was present). Thus, 2-D PC MRA detected vascular abnormality in 27 cases ( 6 4 .3 %). On T2WI, six cases (14.3 %) showed no signal change and 36 (85.7 in one of these patients MRA findings were normal, one had stenosis, and in four, occlusion was noted. Conclusion : 2-D PC MRA is a useful modality for the detection of vascular abnormality in patients with acute cerebral infarct.
Sf-Stk kinase activity and the Grb2 binding site are required for Epo-independent growth of primary erythroblasts infected with Friend virus

Sf-Stk kinase activity and the Grb2 binding site are required for Epo-independent growth of primary erythroblasts infected with Friend virus
Engineering Geology and Military Operations: An Overview with Examples of Current Missions

Geological investigations in support of military ground operations are intelligence functions which may be categorized as either combat or engineer , and which are related to either tactical or construction operations. Combat intelligence includes the evaluation of geological terrain data such as slope, relief, and soil/rock type, whereas engineer intelligence involves mobility and countermobility operations, sources of construction materials, water supply, camouflage and deception, and siting of facilities. In tactical situations, these intelligence functions are performed cooperatively by troops of two separate U.S. Army Branches, Military Intelligence (MI) and Corps of Engineer (EN) troops at the command echelon of Theater Army, and at its subordinate commands, Corps, and Division. Military Intelligence units have the capability to evaluate remote imagery such as panchromatic aerial photography, multispectral scanner, thermal infrared, and side-looking airborne radar, as well as data derived from passive battlefield geophysical sensors. These evaluations are generally directed toward locating enemy troop and weapons concentrations, as opposed to the analysis of geological data for construction purposes. Most geological information pertinent to both combat and engineer intelligence is collected and evaluated by Engineer troops in Terrain Teams which are part of Topographic Battalions. Engineer intelligence is generally presented to Engineer units in technical report format; combat intelligence, on the other hand, is delivered to tactical commanders in the semi-technical formats of map or photomosaic overlays. Most of the applied geoscience research activities are conducted at Corps of Engineer laboratories and include underground construction, tunnel detection, tactical hydrology, ground-water exploration, hazardous-waste site mitigation, and mobility and countermobility evaluations. All of these activities have civilian applications. As applied military research, the general goal is to increase the mobility and survivability of friendly forces and to decrease the effectiveness of numerically superior enemy forces. Considerable potential defensive advantages have been developed through innovative applied geoscience research. These advantages are largely untested during wartime conditions, but they remain in current American national defense strategy, and will continue so throughout the final quarter of the Twentieth Century.
25-Hydroxyvitamin-D and Bone Turnover Marker Levels in Patients with Distal Radial Fracture.

Background: Fragility fractures are a major public health issue with substantial socioeconomic cost. Vitamin-D deficiency and increased bone turnover are associated with higher rates of bone loss and an increased risk of fracture. We hypothesized that patients with a distal radial fracture would have lower levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) and increased levels of serum bone turnover markers than controls without a fracture. Methods: Postmenopausal women with a recent distal radial fracture (fracture group, n = 105) were prospectively recruited and were compared with individuals without a fracture (control group, n = 150). Outcome variables included serum levels of 25(OH)D and markers of bone formation, including N-terminal extension propeptide of type-I collagen (P1NP), parathyroid hormone (PTH), bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (BSAP), and osteocalcin, as well as a marker of resorption (C-terminal telopeptide of type-I collagen [CTX-1]). Bone mineral density was measured with dual x-ray absorptiometry. Results: The fracture group was slightly older than the control group (mean and standard deviation [SD], 66.8 ± 10.8 years versus 63.3 ± 9.0 years, p = 0.008), had a lower body mass index (26.4 ± 5.9 kg/m2 versus 28.0 ± 6.2 kg/m2, p = 0.05), and more commonly had had a prior fracture (52% versus 31%, p < 0.001). Bone mineral density at the hip was lower in the fracture group than in the control group (0.831 ± 0.130 g/cm2 versus 0.917 ± 0.139 g/cm2, p < 0.001). The mean 25(OH)D levels were similar in the fracture and control groups (44.4 ± 14.6 ng/mL versus 41.3 ± 14.5 ng/mL, p = 0.08). Levels of serum markers of bone formation were significantly higher in the fracture group than in the control group (P1NP: 70.4 ± 33.2 ng/mL versus 53.2 ± 25.6 ng/mL, p < 0.001; osteocalcin: 22.3 ± 9.9 ng/mL versus 20.2 ± 9.2 ng/mL, p = 0.017). Levels of BSAP, PTH, and CTX-1 were similar in the two groups. Multivariable logistic regression showed independent associations between a distal radial fracture and low total hip bone mineral density (odds ratio [OR] = 2.02 for each decrease of 1 SD, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.38 to 3.01, p < 0.001) and a high P1NP level (OR = 2.17 for each 1-SD increase, 95% CI = 1.52 to 3.06, p < 0.001). Conclusions: In this cohort, 25(OH)D levels were not associated with distal radial fracture and do not appear to affect the risk assessment for distal radial fracture in postmenopausal women. Patients with a distal radial fracture, however, had increased bone turnover as evidenced by high P1NP and osteocalcin levels. Women with both a high P1NP level and low bone mineral density were at particularly high risk for fracture. Level of Evidence: Prognostic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Did the American Dream Kill the Social Safety Net? Evidence from a Survey Experiment

For most American households, owning a home is an essential part of the American Dream. But homeownership represents more than just the fulfillment of an aspiration; it is also a form of private protection. Housing wealth can help individuals and their families to maintain standards of living during periods of unemployment, illness, or in old age. Existing research theorizes that because home equity serves as self-insurance, an appreciation in home values reduces the demand for social insurance as a means of protection against adverse economic shocks. Call this claim the housing wealth hypothesis. Empirical tests of the housing wealth hypothesis that draw upon observational data are vulnerable to worries about unobserved confounders, especially since house prices are endogenous. I provide a test of the housing wealth hypothesis using an original survey experiment that manipulates respondents' expectations of future house price appreciation. I find neither intent-to-treat effects nor, using an instrumental variables approach, local average treatment effects of expected house price appreciation on support for social insurance. Further analysis that examines effect heterogeneity by respondents' party identification is inconclusive but suggests homeowners that identify as Democrats or Independents may become less supportive of social insurance as expected house price appreciation increases. The results are consistent with arguments that narrow economic self-interests only shape support for public policies when the effect of a policy on an individual's self-interest is direct, immediate, large, and tangible.
Diagnosis of Vibration Problem of Generator Rotor in Zhuhai Power Plant

The abnormal increase in shaft vibration amplitude of No.8 and 9 bearing bushes of Generator 2 in Zhuhai Power Plant was studied.Through tests on the shaft vibration,excitation current,active power and reactive power,etc.of Generator 2 rotor,it was preliminarily concluded that locally temporary hot bending of rotor during change of generator excitation current gave rise to thermal imbalance,and causal investigation was made into the hot bending.Repetitive surge oscillograph(RSO) test of rotor,static AC impedance test,polar balance test,voltage distribution test between polar windings were performed during shutdown of unit to confirm the turn-to-turn short circuit problem of the generator rotor.
Personal Autonomy: Towards a New Taxonomy for Privacy Law

In 1965 the Supreme Court in Griswold v. Connecticut protected the right of married couples to receive contraceptives as a right of privacy. Since that time, scholarship in the area of privacy law has coalesced around two main themes: First, commentators have classified privacy cases to present a unified concept broad enough to encompass many contexts — from tort, to Fourth and Fifth Amendment search and seizure, to decisional autonomy case law. Second, there is vigorous debate whether decisional autonomy is properly sourced in privacy law. These inquiries leave unanswered an important question: What, if anything, has been the lasting effect of the Court squaring decisional autonomy with the law of privacy? In this article, Personal Autonomy: Towards a New Taxonomy for Privacy Law, I argue that the case law heretofore referred to as decisional autonomy should be uncoupled from privacy law and reclassified in an entirely separate but existing line of cases. To better articulate this law, it should be given a new name: the law of personal autonomy. When the Court originally characterized decisional autonomy as privacy, it limited the scope and power of this important right, stunted its growth, and left it vulnerable to criticism and erosion by the courts. Strictly speaking, the Court has been slowly moving away from decisional autonomy as privacy. Despite this trend, however, the Court continues to conceptualize decisional autonomy in spatial and informational privacy terms, still referring to a “zone free from governmental interference.” This article offers a new taxonomy, not merely for classifying this wide-ranging area of law, but to illustrate how the Supreme Court’s understanding of decisional autonomy cases continues to be shaped and limited by spatial and informational privacy case law. By aligning the right of reproductive autonomy with unrelated rights of privacy, the Supreme Court has effectively limited the protection of women’s reproductive autonomy and devalued the importance of the right at stake. Re-ordering of privacy law is both necessary and timely: It will allow this area of law to be better articulated, grow more naturally, and confront new challenges, such as those posed by new so-called woman-protective legislation. When we re-conceptualize reproductive rights as personal autonomy, we elevate them from rights derived from spatial concepts to a right related to bodily integrity.
Metamorphosis of the Motor System During the Development of Moths

The basic motor patterns for locomotion in insects are well known, and in locust flight and cockroach walking there has been significant progress in understanding the central nervous mechanisms producing the motor output (Burrows; Fourtner; Pearson; this volume). A wealth of information about adult patterns provides the necessary background for investigations of the development of the motor system (Young, 1973; Altman, 1975; Kammer and Rheuben, 1976). Large Lepidoptera provide particularly favorable material for such investigations. This communication summarizes the results of studies on adults, larvae, and pupae of a hawkmoth, Manduca sexta.
A new method of superbias construction for NIRCam

We explore a new method to generate superbias files for the NIRCam detectors. Using data from Cryo-Vacuum 2 (CV2) testing, we subtract 1/f noise from NIRCam integrations before averaging the data to produce superbias maps. Our analysis shows that for a given dataset, using this method we are able to produce superbias images with significantly lower noise levels than those produced using the more traditional approach to superbias generation. We also find that we can produce a superbias which minimizes the noise in a superbias-subtracted file by using only the first 10 readouts from each of 15-20 dark current integrations. Our testing reveals that this method is successful for data from both the shortwave and longwave detectors on NIRCam.
Towards Autonomic Intrusion Response Systems

Intrusion Response Systems (IRSs) have been a major research topic in the last decade. At the core of an IRS is the response selection algorithm, which selects the best response action to counter the currently detected attack. This work advances the state of the art by proposing a meta-model based on Multi-Agent Markov Decision Processes which can be used to model a system and to plan for multi-objective, optimal, long-term, eventually proactive response policies. Experimental results show that long-term policies always outperform short-term ones and a thorough performance assessment shows that the proposed approach can be adopted to secure large systems.
Analytical decomposition of power delivery network response for ramp loads

Minimizing power supply voltage noise is critical for high performance microprocessors. This paper uses time domain analysis to explore dependencies between design parameters, voltage response and impedance profile for ramp type loads that are common to compute logic blocks. It is shown that the conventional impedance profile based design is not sufficient. In addition the analysis clarifies non-intuitive behaviors of the voltage response, and leads to guidelines for design space exploration.
Mobile management of network files

Common opinion holds that a precise definition of the concept of middleware is elusive because it is highly dependent on one's design perspective regarding application environments and system architectures. The approach to the mobile management of network files discussed in this paper, which involves issues of process mobility and architecture/OS independent execution, represents one such a perspective. Our previous work in the area of logistical networking has focused on the Internet Backplane Protocol (IBP), a technology for shared network storage that can scale in terms of the size of the user community, the aggregate quantity of storage that can be allocated, and the breadth of distribution of service nodes across network borders. To achieve this end we have followed a layered, bottom-up design philosophy that draws on the engineering principles well known from the design of the Multics operating system, RISC microprocessors, and most especially the Internet protocol stack. In this paper we introduce the exNode, a data structure intended to provide the basis for reliable and efficient implementation of a file abstraction on top of the primitive storage service defined by IBP and discuss its application in network-based file management.
DHA-supplemented diet increases the survival of rats following asphyxia-induced cardiac arrest and cardiopulmonary bypass resuscitation

Accumulating evidence illustrates the beneficial effects of dietary docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) on cardiovascular diseases. However, its effects on cardiac arrest (CA) remain controversial in epidemiological studies and have not been reported in controlled animal studies. Here, we examined whether dietary DHA can improve survival, the most important endpoint in CA. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized into two groups and received either a control diet or a DHA-supplemented diet for 7–8 weeks. Rats were then subjected to 20 min asphyxia-induced cardiac arrest followed by 30 min cardiopulmonary bypass resuscitation. Rat survival was monitored for additional 3.5 h following resuscitation. In the control group, 1 of 9 rats survived for 4 h, whereas 6 of 9 rats survived in the DHA-treated group. Surviving rats in the DHA-treated group displayed moderately improved hemodynamics compared to rats in the control group 1 h after the start of resuscitation. Rats in the control group showed no sign of brain function whereas rats in the DHA-treated group had recurrent seizures and spontaneous respiration, suggesting dietary DHA also protects the brain. Overall, our study shows that dietary DHA significantly improves rat survival following 20 min of severe CA.
Interactive Tutorial of Normal Lymph Node Histology for Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Residents and Medical Students

Abstract Introduction Computer-based e-learning modules have been shown to be an effective learning tool in medical education. However, readily available, interactive, computer-based modules specif...