cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Testing an Integration of Control Theories: The Role of Bonds and Self-Control in Decision Making

Since the redefinition of self-control (Hirschi, 2004) social bonding measures have been utilized as predictors or indicators of revised or decisional self-control. This approach departs from the prior literature which has hypothesized a selection effect of self-control on social bonds. To reconcile this discrepancy and explain the relationship among two self-control measures (attitudinal and revised self-control), an alternate model is proposed that explains the process of self-control on refrainment from offending at the situation level. Surveys using the vignette method for a hypothetical drunk-driving decision-making task were collected from large samples of young adults and inmates. Path analysis is used to model bonds and self-control as determinates of decisional self-control, thus indirectly influencing self-reported estimates of drunk-driving likelihood. Decisional self-control, attitudinal self-control and social bonds also directly affect intentions to drive drunk. Overall, the proposed model is supported. A strong direct effect of attitudinal self-control on drunk-driving likelihood remains while controlling for decisional self-control. There are relatively smaller indirect effects of social bonds and attitudinal self-control on drunk-driving likelihood, through their effects on decisional self-control. These findings support the need for the conceptual separation of bonds, attitudinal and decisional self-control as well as increased attention to differential effects of self-control.
A Meritorious Achievement: The Yearbook of Education 1949

(1950). A Meritorious Achievement: The Yearbook of Education 1949. The Journal of Higher Education: Vol. 21, No. 6, pp. 334-335.
Floodpath: The Deadliest Man-Made Disaster of the 20th Century and the Making of Modern Los Angeles. By Jon Wilkman

Floodpath: The Deadliest Man-Made Disaster of the 20th Century and the Making of Modern Los Angeles . By Jon Wilkman. (New York: Bloomsbury Press, 2016. viii + 327 pp. Illustrations, maps, charts, notes, bibliography, index. $28.00.) Minutes before midnight on March 12, 1928 the massive St. Francis Dam collapsed, releasing 12 billion gallons of water into the Santa Clara Valley of Southern California. By daybreak the torrent had killed some 400 people, victims of America’s worst civil engineering disaster of the 20th century. The ill-fated concrete dam had been built in 1924-26 under the direction of William Mulholland, the engineer responsible for the 233 mile long Los Angeles Aqueduct that, starting in 1913, brought a bountiful flow of Sierra Nevada snowmelt to the City of Angels. … jacksond{at}lafayette.edu
Praise, blame, and demandingness

Consequentialism has been challenged on the grounds that it is too demanding. I will respond to the problem of demandingness differently from previous accounts. In the first part of the paper, I argue that consequentialism requires us to distinguish the justification of an act \(\varphi\) from the justification of an act \(\psi\), where \(\psi\) is an act of praise or blame. In the second part of the paper, I confront the problem of demandingness. I do not attempt to rule out the objection; instead, I argue that if certain plausible empirical claims about moral motivation are true, we morally ought not to blame people for failing to meet certain very demanding obligations. With this theory, we create a space in consequentialism for intuitions questioning the plausibility of demanding obligations. I conclude the paper by showing that separate justifications for \(\varphi\) and \(\psi\) may also give us a theoretical niche for intuitions about supererogation.
Who Spoils and Why

This chapter demonstrates that a variety of actors—inside and outside the peace agreement—can resort to spoiling: the state, the military, paramilitary groups, other domestic opposition forces, rebels, and rebel factions. In addition, the objectives and capabilities of these actors can vary considerably across cases. The chapter defines two types of spoiling: “termination spoiling”—spoiling intended to terminate a peace agreement; and “modification spoiling”—spoiling aimed at forcing modifications to an agreement or its implementation. Using the new dataset, the chapter shows spoiling intended to modify an agreement is just as common as that intended to terminate an agreement, demonstrating that spoiling is a tactic used to achieve a wide range of goals, not just a behavior attributed to extremists who oppose peace.
Genetic variation and fitness in salmonids

Over the last quarter century, many studieshave attempted to clarify the relationshipbetween genetic variability and fitness, butfew of these have involved salmonid fishes. Examination of studies of salmonids revealsthat such a relationship varies both among andwithin species. A correlation between geneticvariability and fitness can be affected bygenetic background, environment, and age, andit also depends upon the genetic markers andphenotypes evaluated. The relationshipsbetween molecular genetic variation,quantitative genetic variation, and phenotypicvariation may be more relevant to conservationissues than those between genetic variation andaverage fitness or performance. Consequently,future work in salmonids should include moreintensive investigation of the correspondenceof molecular genetic variation within and amongpopulations to quantitative genetic andphenotypic variation for traits affectingfitness. In the absence of a more completeunderstanding of the relationship betweengenetic variation and fitness, maintenance ofgenetic and phenotypic variation within andamong conspecific populations should beconsidered a primary goal of conservingsalmonid fishes.
Characterization and Treatment of Actinide Contaminated Soils and Well Waters

Soil and well water contaminated with actinides, such as uranium and plutonium, are an environmental concern at most U.S. Department of Energy sites, as well as other locations in the world. Remediation actions are on going at many sites, and plans for cleanup are underway at other locations. This paper will review work underway at Clemson University in the area of characterization and treatment of soil and water contaminated with actinide elements.
Insect Conservation and the Endangered Species Act: A History

As diverse as they are, the Karner Blue butterfly (Lycaeides melissa samuelis), American Burying Beetle (Nicrophorus americanus), Hines Emerald Dragonfly (Somatochlora hineana), and Delhi Sands Flower-loving Fly (Rhaphiomidas terminatus abdominalis) share one thing in common: their conservation status has been improved thanks to listing under the United States’ Endangered Species Act of 1973 (ESA). Since it first came into law, the ESA has been lauded and reviled in equal measure, and its merits have been debated vigorously.
Mechanisms regulating lineage diversity during mammalian cerebral cortical neurogenesis and gliogenesis.

During mammalian cerebral cortical development, neural stem cells (NSCs) present within periventricular generative zones give rise to successive waves of neurons and radial glia, followed by oligodendrocytes and astrocytes. The molecular and cellular mechanisms that orchestrate these precisely timed and progressive maturational events are still largely undefined. These developmental processes are likely to involve the dynamic interplay of environmental signals, cell-cell interactions and transcriptional regulatory events. The bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), an expanding subclass of the transforming growth factor β cytokine superfamily, may represent an important set of environmental cues for these progressive maturational events because of the broad profiles of developmental expression of the requisite BMP ligands, receptor subunits and intracellular transduction elements, and because of their versatile roles in promoting a spectrum of cellular processes intimately involved in progressive neural fate decisions. The BMPs also interact with complementary regional environmental signals such as the basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and sonic hedgehog (Shh) that promote earlier stages of NSC expansion, self-renewal, lineage restriction and incipient lineage commitment. The ability of these cytokines and trophic signals to act within specific neurodevelopmental contexts may, in turn, depend on the composite actions of cell-cell contact-associated signals, such as Notch-Hes-mediated lateral inhibitory pathways, and additional transcriptional modulatory events, such as those mediated by members of the inhibitor of differentiation (ID) gene family that encode a novel set of negative basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factors. In this chapter, we will examine the distinct roles of these different classes of developmental cues in defining the biological properties of an integrated cerebral cortical developmental signaling network. Ongoing studies in this exciting area of mammalian central nervous system (CNS) development will help to identify important molecular and cellular targets for evolving pharmacological, gene and stem cell therapeutic interventions to combat the pathological sequelae of a spectrum of acquired and genetic disorders of the central nervous system.
Effects of Interferon Alpha on Myeloma Cells: Mechanisms of Differential Responsiveness

Multiple myeloma is a progressive and fatal disease characterized by the accumulation of malignant plasma cells in the bone marrow. We have been interested in understanding the mechanisms of growth control in myeloma cells. By way of introduction, Figure 1 is a schematic depiction of the proposed progression from monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) into myeloma. The incidence of MGUS over the age of 60 has been shown to be approximately 1% and incidence increases to 3% in individuals over the age of 70 (reviewed in 1). Importantly, it has been shown that a significant proportion of MGUS patients will progress into myeloma over time (2). The key distinguishing features between MGUS and myeloma include the absence of lytic bone lesions (MGUS; 3) and differences in the proliferative index of the monoclonal plasma cell population. Thus, a well-documented change that occurs during the progression from MGUS to myeloma is an increase in the plasma cell labeling (proliferative index) of the plasma cell (LI; 4, 5). Because of the key differences between the growth properties displayed by benign (MGUS) and malignant (myeloma) plasma cells, we have had a keen interest in understanding the mechanisms of growth control. Figure 1 suggests that key changes that may occur during this progression include alterations in cytokine responsiveness, acquisition of autocrine growth factor expression, or alterations in cytokine receptor expression.
Rural development model and influence of endogenous power in Guangdong Province, China

Innovating the rural reform, development path and stimulating the endogenous of rural development are conducive to solving the problems lying in "agriculture, rural areas and farmers" comprehensively in the aspects of theoretical innovation and practical guidance. In this study, the research paradigm of "literature review + empirical analysis of investigation cases + theoretical framework analysis + countermeasures and suggestions" is used for analysing Guangdong rural development models and the influencing factors of the endogenous power of rural development. Firstly, the domestic and foreign studies on rural development models and endogenous power are summarized. Secondly, the current situation of Guangdong rural development is statistically analysed from the aspects of new rural construction, rural social service system, comprehensive rural reform and income increase of farmers. Thirdly, five Guangdong rural development models are classified and sorted out through the investigation by the research team for more than 1 year, and 9 typical cases in Guangdong selected from the investigated materials are empirically analysed. Fourthly, efforts are made to analyse the internal logical relations among rural property right system reform, modern agricultural management system and mechanism, and rural grass root governance innovation and to analyse their influencing factors by establishing the theoretical model and paradigm of "supporting foundation - key factors - guarantee mechanism". Finally, several countermeasures and suggestions are proposed for promoting rural development and accelerating agricultural modernization by integrating abovementioned factors from aspects of early and pilot implementation and expansion of the promotion of practical achievements.
Is perception of excessive weight gain in a woman's last pregnancy associated with less weight gain in her current pregnancy?

Gestational weight gain (GWG) within the ranges recommended by the Institute of Medicine (IOM) is associated with optimised maternal and child health outcomes, yet many women gain more than recomme...
Moral talk and indirect reciprocity: direct observation enables the evolution of ‘moral signals’

A prominent explanation of the evolution of altruism is ‘indirect reciprocity’ where the tracking of reputations in a population promotes altruistic outcomes. This paper investigates the conditions under which the meaning of reputation-tracking signals can co-evolve with altruistic behaviours. Previous work on this question suggests that such a co-evolution is unlikely. In our model, we introduce a mixture of direct and indirect information: individuals directly observe the actions and signals of others with some probability, rather than individuals always relying only upon information conveyed through signals. In this context, we see the co-evolution of altruism and the kind of ‘moral signals’ required for individuals to track reputation. Our interpretation of this model is that, although individuals can sometimes observe the behaviour of their fellows directly, they cannot always do so, and signals evolve to fill this gap. Although ‘can’ does not imply ‘must’—that our model can produce this co-evolution does not establish that we have found the only possible mechanism—we nonetheless consider this an interesting possibility result worthy of further investigation.
Paradoxical gastrointestinal reactions in patients taking tumor necrosis factor inhibitors: a rare event that broadens the histologic spectrum of medication–associated injury

Summary Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors are widely used in the therapy of certain autoimmune disorders. Paradoxical immunologic reactions manifesting as new-onset autoimmune disease or exacerbation of the underlying condition have been reported in association with these drugs. In this study, we reviewed gastrointestinal biopsies and clinical findings in patients with rheumatologic disease on TNF inhibitor therapy and compared to patients with rheumatologic disease not on TNF inhibitors. Eighteen biopsies from 9 patients treated with TNF inhibitor therapy and 249 biopsies from 120 control patients not treated with TNF inhibitors were included. Among patients taking a TNF inhibitor, 55.6% were female, and the median age was 47 (range, 30-67 years). Four (44.4%) patients were taking etanercept, 4 (44.4%) adalimumab, and 1 (11.1%) certolizumab pegol. Of the 120 control patients, 75 (62.5%) were female and the median age was 62 (range, 26-85 years). Paradoxical reactions were observed in 3 (33.3%) of 9 patients on TNF inhibitors, including 2 (22.2%) with inflammatory bowel disease–like changes and 1 (11.1%) with sarcoid-like granulomas. All 3 patients showed symptomatic and histologic improvement or resolution after discontinuation of therapy. These reactions were not observed in any of the control patients (P = .0002). Our results indicate that among patients with rheumatologic disease, paradoxical reactions of the gastrointestinal tract are associated with TNF inhibitor therapy. Knowledge of this association is important because symptoms and histologic features may improve following medication switch.
COMPARISON OF NANOSTIM AND MICRA TRANSCATHETER LEADLESS PACEMAKER (LP) EXTRACTIONS: A MULTICENTER EXPERIENCE

LP extractions is a relatively new field with limited operator experience. We compared the Nanostim (NS) vs Micra transcatheter (MT) LP. Pertinent details of retrieval such as indication, days post implantation, complications and post procedure device management was obtained from the database
Case Study Experiment: A Toolkit to Drive Cultural Change

Abstract Both private and public sectors are ready for a new management model that engages the workforce. Necessitated by the baby boomer retirements rates, lower unemployment, an increased demand for skilled and unskilled labor, and the newest generation in the employment pool, companies have a need to create cultures that attract and retain talent like never before. As a result, a variety of new books, articles, and theories have been introduced to the body of knowledge, including concepts to attempt to change the organizational culture. This case study demonstrates an experiment conducted in a Fortune 500 company, integrating theories and practices from a variety of domains to improve the team culture and ultimately business performance. The tools and techniques are offered for replication.
Overview of the ASPIRE Project's Supersonic Flight Tests of a Strengthened DGB Parachute

The Advanced Supersonic Parachute Inflation Research Experiments (ASPIRE) project is aimed at developing and exercising a capability for testing supersonic parachutes at Mars-relevant conditions. The initial flights for ASPIRE were targeted as a risk-reduction activity for NASA's upcoming Mars2020 mission. For this effort, two candidate Disk-Gap-Band (DGB) parachute designs were tested at Mach number and dynamic pressure conditions relevant to Mars2020. The two parachutes under investigation were a build-to-print version of the DGB used by the Mars Science Laboratory and a strengthened version of this parachute that has the same geometry but differs in materials and construction. The first flight test (SR01) of the build-to-print parachute took place on October 4, 2017, followed by the first test of the strengthened parachute during flight SR02 on March 31, 2018. A second test of the strengthened parachute with a higher target load, SR03, took place on September 7, 2018. During the SR02 test, a Terrier-Black Brant sounding rocket delivered a payload containing the packed 21.5-m parachute, the deployment mortar, and the ASPIRE instrumentation suite to a peak altitude of 54.8 km. As the payload descended back towards the Atlantic Ocean the strengthened parachute was mortar-deployed at a Mach number of 1.97 and a dynamic pressure of 670 Pa, and produced a peak load of 55.8 klbf. During the SR03 flight, the strengthened parachute was deployed from an identical test platform at a Mach number of 1.85 and a dynamic pressure of 932 Pa, and produced a peak force of 67.4 klbf. This paper describes ASPIRE's two sounding rocket flight tests of the strengthened parachute: SR02 and SR03. It provides an overview of flight operations, test conditions, the data acquired during testing, the techniques used for post-flight reconstruction, and the reconstructed performance of the test vehicle and parachute system for each flight.
Fatigue Life Prediction at Cold Expanded Fastener Holes with ForceMate Bushings

ForceMate high interference fit expanded bushings, made by Fatigue Technology Inc. (FTI), are used by aircraft designers and maintainers to improve the fatigue and wear resistance of holes. While the fatigue life improvement (LIF) resulting from the installation of ForceMate bushings has been demonstrated experimentally, no analytical methods have been officially approved yet to take full benefit from the beneficial state of interference and residual stress resulting from this technology. To address this gap, a methodology was developed to analytically determine the LIF resulting from the installation of ForceMate bushings by explicitly taking into account the residual stresses and the effect of high interference fit bushings. To achieve this, a three-dimensional residual stress field is obtained from finite element process modelling of the ForceMate installation; fatigue crack nucleation lives are calculated; crack propagation analyses are conducted to calculate the resulting crack shapes and stress intensity factors, and the crack growth predictions are performed. This methodology was demonstrated on a CF–188 bulkhead at the holes attaching the main landing gear uplock mechanism. Based on this analytical study, a LIF of 6.6 was predicted for crack nucleation and 4.9 for crack growth from a 0.254 mm quarter-circular crack to a through-the thickness crack. While there are several aspects of this analytical study that need to be validated experimentally, the calculated LIF correlates well with the LIF typically obtained with the ForceMate system.
A Survey of Geologic Resources

This chapter focuses on the resources available from the Moon itself: regolith, geologically concentrated materials, and lunar physical features that will enable habitation and generation of power on the surface. This chapter briefly covers the formation of the Moon and thus the formation of the crust of the Moon, as well as the evolution of the regolith. The characteristics of the regolith are provided in some detail, including its mineralogy and lithology. The location of high concentrations of specific minerals or rocks is noted. Other ideal locations for in situ resource utilization technology and lunar habitation are presented.
Feeding ecology of fish larvae from Chilean Patagonia during austral winter

Feeding habits of the ichthyoplankton from Chilean Patagonia (44-46°30’S) were studied during June-July 2012 (austral winter). Ichthyoplankton assemblage was composed by 10 species, with low abundance (3.8 to 16.73 ind. 1000 m -3 ). Most abundant larvae were Maurolicus parvipinnis , Leptonotus blainvilleanus and Sprattus fuegensis . These three species fed mainly on calanoid copepodites, Paracalanus indicus and Calanus sp. copepodites, and cyphonautes. Trophic overlap among dominant fish larvae was high (Schoener’s D > 0.69) and no significant differences were detected in prey composition and size. Therefore, no resource partitioning occurred in planktonic fish larvae during winter 2012 in Chilean Patagonia.
General Anesthetic Exposure During Early Adolescence Persistently Alters Ethanol Responses.

Background Adolescent alcohol abuse can lead to behavioral dysfunction and chronic, relapsing alcohol use disorder (AUD) in adulthood. However, not all adolescents that consume alcohol will develop an AUD; therefore, it is critical to identify neural and environmental risk factors that contribute to increases in susceptibility to AUDs following adolescent alcohol (ethanol [EtOH]) exposure. We previously found that adolescent anesthetic exposure led to strikingly similar behavioral and neural effects as adolescent alcohol exposure. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that general anesthetic exposure during early adolescence would alter EtOH responses consistent with an exacerbation of the adolescent alcohol phenotype. Methods To test this hypothesis, early-adolescent male Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed for a short duration to the general anesthetic isoflurane and tested on multiple EtOH-induced behaviors in mid-late adolescence or adulthood. Results Adolescent rats exposed to isoflurane exhibited decreases in sensitivity to negative properties of EtOH such as its aversive, hypnotic, and socially suppressive effects, as well as increases in voluntary EtOH intake and cognitive impairment. Select behaviors were noted to persist into adulthood following adolescent isoflurane exposure. Similar exposure in adults had no effects on EtOH sensitivity. Conclusions This study demonstrates for the first time that early-adolescent isoflurane exposure alters EtOH sensitivity in a manner consistent with an exacerbation of adolescent-typical alcohol responding. These findings suggest that general anesthetic exposure during adolescence may be an environmental risk factor contributing to an enhanced susceptibility to developing AUDs in an already vulnerable population.
Libraries and Archives in the Anthropocene: An Introduction

In this editors' note, guest editors Eira Tansey and Robert Montoya introduce the special issue for libraries and archives in the Anthropocene.
Impacts of Natural Disasters on Subjective Vulnerability to Climate Change: A Study of Puerto Rican Fishers’ Perceptions after Hurricanes Irma & Maria

Investigating people’s levels of subjective vulnerability to change can help elucidate important aspects of adaptive capacity to impacts. This is particularly relevant in coastal communities with h...
Pretreatment screening and counseling on prolonged erections for patients prescribed trazodone.

PURPOSE We examined whether patients are appropriately screened for previous prolonged erections or priapism and counseled about trazodone complications, specifically prolonged erections and priapism, prior to trazodone treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS We identified patients under the age of 50 on trazodone as of February 27, 2019 at the VA New Jersey Health Care System. Patients were asked about information provided to them prior to medication initiation, occurrence of prolonged erections/priapism, and reporting rate of side effects. RESULTS Two hundred and twenty nine out of five hundred and twenty four male patients agreed to participate in the study. Forty three out of two hundred and twenty nine of patients were informed about the side effects of prolonged erections and 37/229 of patients were informed of risk of priapism prior to treatment. Only 17/229 of patients were asked if they had had any episodes of prolonged erection or priapism in the past. Eighteen patients developed prolonged erection while taking trazodone. Only 5/18 patients who had developed prolonged erections informed their physicians. CONCLUSIONS Only a fraction of patients were properly screened for previous prolonged erections or priapism and properly informed about the side effects of trazodone. Urologist should better educate trazodone prescribers, such as family medicine and psychiatric colleagues, regarding the side effects of trazodone. It is imperative that prescribing physicians appropriately screen and educate patients prior to trazodone initiation and instruct patients to report any treatment side effects to avoid potential long-term adverse outcomes.
Minimax Estimation of Divergences Between Discrete Distributions

We study the minimax estimation of $\alpha $ -divergences between discrete distributions for integer $\alpha \ge 1$ , which include the Kullback–Leibler divergence and the $\chi ^{2}$ -divergences as special examples. Dropping the usual theoretical tricks to acquire independence, we construct the first minimax rate-optimal estimator which does not require any Poissonization, sample splitting, or explicit construction of approximating polynomials. The estimator uses a hybrid approach which solves a problem-independent linear program based on moment matching in the non-smooth regime, and applies a problem-dependent bias-corrected plug-in estimator in the smooth regime, with a soft decision boundary between these regimes.
Visualization and ecohydrologic models: Opening the box

Earth system models synthesize the science of interactions amongst multiple biophysical and, increasingly, human processes across a wide range of scales. Ecohydrologic models are a subset of earth system models that focus particularly on the complex interactions between ecosystem processes and the storage and flux of water. Ecohydrologic models often focus at scales where direct observations occur: plots, hillslopes, streams, and watersheds, as well as where land and resource management decisions are implemented. These models complement field‐based and data‐driven science by combining theory, empirical relationships derived from observation and new data to create virtual laboratories. Ecohydrologic models are tools that managers can use to ask “what if” questions and domain scientists can use to explore the implications of new theory or measurements. Recent decades have seen substantial advances in ecohydrologic models, building on both new domain science and advances in software engineering and data availability. The increasing sophistication of ecohydrologic models however, presents a barrier to their widespread use and credibility. Their complexity, often encoding 100s of relationships, means that they are effectively “black boxes,” at least for most users, sometimes even to the teams of researchers that contribute to their design. This opacity complicates the interpretation of model results. For models to effectively advance our understanding of how plants and water interact, we must improve how we visualize not only model outputs, but also the underlying theories that are encoded within the models. In this paper, we outline a framework for increasing the usefulness of ecohydrologic models through better visualization. We outline four complementary approaches, ranging from simple best practices that leverage existing technologies, to ideas that would engage novel software engineering and cutting edge human–computer interface design. Our goal is to open the ecohydrologic model black box in ways that will engage multiple audiences, from novices to model developers, and support learning, new discovery, and environmental problem solving.
Effect of dew and rain on photovoltaic solar cell performances

Abstract This study investigates experimentally the impact of droplets on the performance of solar photovoltaic (PV) cells due to dropwise condensation or rain falling on their cover. Dew formation occurs frequently in various climates including in semi-arid regions suitable to PV cell deployment. Then, droplets present on the cover of solar cells can negatively affect the cell power generation and efficiency due to optical effects. Here, semi-transparent glass covers were prepared without or with surface treatments and covered with acrylic droplets with contact angle ranging between 25° and 77° and surface area coverage between 19% and 49%. The current vs. voltage curves of commercial polycrystalline silicon solar cells with dry and droplet-covered glass covers were measured under simulated solar irradiation at incidence angle varying between 0° and 85°. For incident angles θi ≤ 30°, the droplets did not affect the performance of the PV cells. However, for incident angles θi > 30°, the presence of droplets caused the maximum power and energy conversion efficiency of the PV cells to decrease significantly, particularly for large droplet contact angle and/or surface area coverage. Such performance degradation was attributed to the fact that the incident light was back-scattered through the droplets instead of being trapped by total internal reflection at the cover/air interface before being eventually absorbed by the solar cell. The study also shows that the hourly energy production of PV cells can decrease significantly with dew formation, based on actual weather conditions. These results highlight the importance of selecting durable hydrophilic solar cell cover.
Healthcare spending and utilization for pediatric Irritable Bowel Syndrome in a commercially insured population.

Background Pediatric Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) is common and can be associated with disabling gastrointestinal symptoms. Comprehensive data regarding utilization and cost of pediatric IBS are lacking. Our aim was to determine the annual all-cause spending and healthcare utilization in pediatric IBS. Methods Cross-sectional cohort study using a national claims database of commercially insured individuals. 932,592 members, age 8-18 years, were included. Members were selected based on PheWas codes and continuous enrollment in 2014. Linear and binomial regression models were used to calculate healthcare spending and compare comorbidities between IBS subjects and controls. Key results 1215 members with claims for IBS (68.4% female) and 931,377 controls (55.7% female) were included. Mean age was 15.03 ± 2.83 (median 16) years in the IBS group and 13.14 ± 3.12 (median 13) years in controls. Mental health and chronic pain comorbidities were more prevalent in the IBS cohort. Healthcare spending: The mean annual all-cause incremental spending of members with IBS was $6,364.60 compared to controls when adjusting for age and gender. Healthcare utilization: Members with IBS had increased healthcare utilization including higher rates of inpatient, outpatient, and emergency room visits, and higher rates of health service utilization including medical care, radiology/laboratory services, surgery, anesthesia, mental health, and physical therapy. General pediatrics was more frequently consulted by controls. All subspecialty consultations, with the exception of dental medicine and endocrinology, were sought more frequently by IBS patients. Conclusion Patients with IBS incur significant annual spending through increased healthcare utilization.
Flexible and high-accuracy method for uni-directional structured light system calibration

Abstract This paper presents a novel method that can accurately calibrate structured light system requiring only one directional structured patterns. This method leverages the existing flexible camera calibration to extract each calibration pose for three-dimensional coordinate determination for each pixel, and then establish pixel-wise relationship between each coordinate and phase. The phase artifacts caused by high-contrast calibration target was addressed to eliminate its impact on the calibration. Comparing with the traditional structured light system calibration method that requires two directional fringe patterns, our method requires only one single directional fringe patterns yet achieves 6.6 times higher accuracy for flat surface measurements.
The Intellectual Property of Nations: Sociological and Historical Perspectives on a Modern Legal Institution

Drawing on macro-historical sociological theories, this book traces the development of intellectual property as a new type of legal property in the modern nation-state system. In its current form, intellectual property is considered part of an infrastructure of state power that incentivizes innovation, creativity, and scientific development, all engines of economic growth. To show how this infrastructure of power emerged, Laura Ford follows macro-historical social theorists, including Michael Mann and Max Weber, back to antiquity, revealing that legal instruments very similar to modern intellectual property have existed for a long time and have also been deployed for similar purposes. Using comparative and historical evidence, this groundbreaking work reflects on the role of intellectual property in our contemporary political communities and societies; on the close relationship between law and religion; and on the extent to which law's obliging force depends on ancient, written traditions.
A Conservative Point Mutation in a Dynamic Antigen-binding Loop of Human Immunoglobulin λ6 Light Chain Promotes Pathologic Amyloid Formation.

Abstract Immunoglobulin light chain (LC) amyloidosis (AL) is a life-threatening human disease wherein free mono-clonal LCs deposit in vital organs. To determine what makes some LCs amyloidogenic, we explored patient-based amyloidogenic and non-amyloidogenic recombinant LCs from the λ6 subtype prevalent in AL. Hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry, structural stability, proteolysis, and amyloid growth studies revealed that the antigen-binding CDR1 loop is the least protected part in the variable domain of λ6 LC, particularly in the AL variant. N32T substitution in CRD1 is identified as a driver of amyloid formation. Substitution N32T increased the amyloidogenic propensity of CDR1 loop, decreased its protection in the native structure, and accelerated amyloid growth in the context of other AL substitutions. The destabilizing effects of N32T propagated across the molecule increasing its dynamics in regions ∼30 A away from the substitution site. Such striking long-range effects of a conservative point substitution in a dynamic surface loop may be relevant to Ig function. Comparison of patient-derived and engineered proteins showed that N32T interactions with other substitution sites must contribute to amyloidosis. The results suggest that CDR1 is critical in amyloid formation by other λ6 LCs.
Using multiple pumps to study energy-transfer pathways in Er3+:Y2O3 ceramics

Abstract Erbium ions in inorganic, insulating gain media show a wide variety emission wavelengths – including ultra-violet, visible (red, green and blue), near-IR (∼800 nm, ∼980 nm, ∼1550 nm) and mid-IR (∼3000 nm). Erbium is an interesting ion providing multiple paths to emit multiple wavelengths. The energy levels corresponding to these wavelengths can be populated by converting lower-energy photons into higher energy photons by various energy-transfer mechanisms. Different energy-transfer mechanisms may be present at different concentrations of erbium in the insulating host matrix. Some of these mechanisms are difficult to prove experimentally. We present a novel approach to study utilizing a dual-pump scheme to elucidate some of the energy-transfer mechanisms/pathways in erbium-doped ceramic yttria. By dynamically changing the populations in intermediate energy-levels, we could track the energy-transfer paths, yielding information on the dynamic nature of energy-transfer in RE-doped materials. The parameters controlled in this study were the concentration of the active ion, the pump wavelengths and pump power.
THE TECHNOLOGY OF LARGE MULTI-FUNCTION COMMUNICATION SATELLITES IN THE POST INTELSAT V ERA

In the post Intelsat V era - in the 1990's and into the 21st century - communication satellite systems and technology will arise from a broadening of the user-base of requirements upon which telecommunications is based. By the 1990's, the giant satellites of the Intelsat V variety will be an accomplished fact and both international and domestic satellite communications will be matured systems which will be the fountainheads of new and innovative uses of satellite communications to benefit man and his environment. It is in this era that the giant multifunction satellite will be developed and placed in geosynchronous orbit using either Ariane or using Space Shuttle with EVA (extravehicular activity techniques). In the years following the 1980's, more and more functions will be required of communication satellites and these satellites will become complexes of antennas and communication transponders and switching centers to not only provide for the increasing telephone, television and computer data traffic, which is growing in magnitude with each year, but also to serve new functions and services such as maritime and aeronautical services, meteorology and navigation, business and government networks teleconferencing, library and health services, personal communications and satellite-to-satellite communications. In addition, providing a multiplicity of functions into one satellite will avoid the crowdiag of the geosynchronous arc with many single function satellites, providing instead multiple complexes of communication transponders at points in this arc which can provide the services required without introducing the interference which could inhibit this valuable natural resource. This paper will review and discuss the present day and new technologies which are required to implement these giant satellites. The various concepts relating to the future giant satellites as published in 1977 will be reviewed relative to the structures, functions, and technology associated with these satellites. These concepts of giant satellites will include the Cuccia (present author) national satellite, the Edelson-Morgan (Comsat) Orbiting Antenna Farm (OAF), the Beckey (U.S. Aerospace) satellite for personal communications wrist-radio, the Morrow (Lincoln Labs) packet-switching system, the Reudink-Yeh (Bell Labs) scan beam satellite, the Jaffe-Fordyce (NASA) switchboard in the sky, the Rosen-Jones (Hughes) giant spinner, and the Koelle (MBB) giant platform. These satellites will be discussed in terms of commonality and modularity of payload and antenna requirements, and the techniques required to construct and launch the giant satellites into geosynchronous orbit including the use of the Space Shuttle to lift a bay full of satellite parts into low earth orbit where the satellite is constructed in space, checked out, and then sent into geosynchronous orbit.
Interdisciplinary Social Work and Law: A Model Domestic Violence Curriculum

Collaboration between social workers and lawyers has been of particular interest to schools of social work due to the increasing frequency with which social workers intervene with clients involved in the legal system. This article presents an educational model specifically designed to teach the interdisciplinary knowledge and skills necessary to work effectively with domestic violence. The model provides training in collaborative practice between social workers and lawyers while integrating domestic violence content with the relevant legal regulations and procedures and social work interventions. The article describes course content, teaching techniques, and student assessment, and discusses special challenges of interdisciplinary collaboration.
Auroral processes in the solar system

Studies of the aurora constitute a fundamental component of geophysical research. The observational, theoretical, and modeling advances achieved in understanding terrestrial auroral activity mark a high point in space science and, in particular, in defining linkages between energetics, dynamics, and coupling within the solar wind-magnetospheric-atmospheric system. One of the major achievements of space age technology has been the detection of auroral emissions on other solar system bodies. While the mechanisms responsible for auroral structure on other worlds involve the same basic physics operating on Earth, the settings are of vastly different scale and with sources often unique to each site. Defining an aurora as any optical manifestation of the interaction of extra-atmospheric energetic electrons, ions, and neutrals with an atmosphere, we review the observational inventory of aurora in the solar system and discuss the different steps used for modeling auroral processes. Aurora offers us a unique and extremely valuable remote sensing of magnetic field configuration and is a tracer of plasma interactions. It is an indicator of the atmospheric composition and energy source and can be used for remote sensing of the characteristics of the incident energetic particles. The diversity of magnetic field geometries, plasma interactions, energy sources, and atmospheric constituents, all make comparative auroral studies a rich field, which should lead us to further understanding of interactions taking place at different solar system bodies.
Country wise classification of human names

Person names in a country follow a particular statistical trend and names of a large set of individuals in a country are derived from a set of names having smaller cardinality. The frequency distribution of person names of different countries varies from each other. The intuitive ability of humans to guess the country of origin of a person from his name is based on these facts. It is possible to design a data mining approach for deciding the country of origin of a person from his name-using the first name and second name as the only independent parameters-and such a tool has wide range of applications. But this is an unexplored problem, complexity and lack of information about human names across different countries may be the reason. In this paper we try to tackle this problem with two data mining algorithms. Firstly, we try a k-nearest neighbor classification for first names and second names, followed by a rule based decision making. The algorithm is trained and tested on person names from nine countries. This method shows accuracy up to 73% for a set of ten countries. Secondly, we try an unsupervised method to improve the knowledge base of the system at runtime. This algorithm can effectively handle the scenarios of 1) a small training set. 2) Apriori probabilities of working set are unknown at training time. The method shows accuracy up to 64% for nine countries.
Barrier-mediated pulsatile release

Abstract A membrane-based approach to pulsatile delivery, termed here as Barrier-Mediated Pulsatile Release (BMPR), sequesters each chemical dose into its own stimuli-sensitive reservoir film, each covered by a stimulant barrier membrane to delay triggering for a prescribed period time. These barrier/depot pairs are then stacked sequentially, with the delay time for the next barrier commencing with the stimulation of the previous depot, assuring a controlled period between each pulse. This paper introduces the first generalized BMPR system, using hydrogel depots that can be adapted to a variety of stimulants, coupled with barriers that rely on sacrificial stimulant scavengers to provide controlled delay times spanning orders of magnitude. Poly(methyl methacrylate-co-dimethylamino ethyl methacrylate) hydrogels are used to demonstrate pulsatile release of multiple solutes triggered by buffered citric acid. Zinc oxide nanoparticles loaded in poly(vinyl alcohol) hydrogel barriers delay acid permeation to each depot. Depot thickness, pH, and buffer strength are each shown to affect the stimulant permeation, swelling, and solute diffusion rates from the depots, with different processes becoming rate-limiting under different conditions. The delay time for each barrier varies linearly with ZnO scavenger loading, scavenger center-of-mass, and the square of the barrier thickness, providing multiple pathways for tuning delay time over a wide range. BMPR devices releasing up to 10 pulses are demonstrated, with no inherent limit on the number of pulses possible.
Pressure, compressibility, and contact of the two-dimensional attractive fermi gas.

Using ab initio lattice methods, we calculate the finite temperature thermodynamics of homogeneous two-dimensional spin-1/2 fermions with attractive short-range interactions. We present results for the density, pressure, compressibility, and quantum anomaly (i.e., Tan's contact) for a wide range of temperatures (mostly above the superfluid phase, including the pseudogap regime) and coupling strengths, focusing on the unpolarized case. Within our statistical and systematic uncertainties, our prediction for the density equation of state differs quantitatively from the prediction by Luttinger-Ward theory in the strongly coupled region of parameter space, but otherwise agrees well with it. We also compare our calculations with the second- and third-order virial expansion, with which they are in excellent agreement in the low-fugacity regime.