cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Resurrecting the Go-Between: A Study of the Revived Bawd’s Challenge to Blood Purity and Christian Doctrine in Feliciano de Silva’s Segunda comedia de la Celestina

En este articulo argumento que la resurreccion de la Celestina cuestiona la nocion de la pureza de sangre, asi como ciertos aspectos de la doctrina cristiana que la poblacion conversa se veia obligada a reconocer oficialmente. Comparo la secuela de Silva con las escenas de resurreccion en varias obras literarias medievales, asi como las de ciertos textos de contemporaneos suyos. Concluyo que Silva invierte el motivo de la resurreccion milagrosa, utilizandolo como punto de partida no solo para continuar el argumento de La Celestina, sino tambien para recoger varias posibles funciones de la Comedia de Calisto y Melibea y la Tragicomedia de Calisto y Melibea. Tras analizar los grabados en la edicion de Medina del Campo 1534, el lenguaje y el contexto historico, muestro que Segunda Celestina, a traves de la alcahueta resucitada, parece recoger la critica social y la interrogacion de varios paradigmas literarios, religiosos y culturales que parecen llevar a cabo la Comedia y Tragicomedia originales. Por ultimo, propongo que la secuela, leida de cierto modo al lado de La Celestina, nos ayuda a entender la recepcion de la alcahueta famosa y su vinculacion con cuestiones de la marginacion social.
Development and Validation of Wearable Inertial Sensor System for Postural Sway Analysis

Abstract Postural sway is a fall risk assessment tool traditionally measured using forceplates. However, it is expensive and lack portability to usage in clinical environments. In this study, a wearable low-cost MEMS inertial sensor was developed and validated for sway assessment. This study had two principal objectives (1) To develop and validate an Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) for sway analysis (2) To assess the feasibility of IMU in detecting slight balance impairments due to reduced proprioception or induced subthreshold vibrations on the feet. A total of 10 healthy young adults (five males and five females) participated in this study. We found that sway velocity, Root Mean Square (RMS), and sway path length could successfully differentiate postural changes due to varying proprioceptive and sub-threshold vibration conditions. We conclude that new cheap wearable sensors can be designed for accurate clinical postural sway assessments and have potential to diagnose postural impairments.
The role of central bank independence on optimal taxation and seigniorage

Abstract Should inflation be thought of as “just another tax?” The theoretical basis for doing so dates back to Phelps (1973) and has been greatly refined ever since. Since optimal taxation minimizes the deadweight loss by equalizing the marginal distortions of all available taxes, including the inflation tax, a key distinctive theoretical implication obtained by these models is that inflation and tax rates have a positive relationship. While theoretically appealing, empirical studies find virtually no support for this key implication. We show that, considering the role of central bank independence (CBI), it is possible to reconcile the main theoretical implications of models of optimal taxation and seigniorage with the empirical evidence. Different degrees of CBI capture the extent to which monetary policy is effectively controlled by the fiscal authority. Our model generates three testable implications: i) if CBI is low, the optimal relationship between inflation and tax rates is positive, ii) such relationship is a decreasing function of the degree of CBI, and iii) the relationship is negative for high levels of CBI. We show that these hypotheses hold for alternative measures of tax policy, seigniorage, and CBI as well as after controlling for several macroeconomic performance, ideology, political instability, governance, and economic structural/development factors.
Lack of Anonymity and Secondary Traumatic Stress in Rural Nurses

Purpose: The purpose was to determine the prevalence of lack of anonymity (LA) and secondary traumatic stress (STS) among nurses; determine if nurses’ LA and STS differ by population density and examine the relationship between lack of anonymity and STS. Design and Method: A descriptive correlational study examined LA and STS in a random sample of 271 nurses from counties with differing population densities (rural, micropolitan and metropolitan) of a Midwestern US State. A 3-group design was used to examine the relationship between LA and STS in nurses, living and working in these counties. Data on lack of anonymity, secondary trauma and demographics were collected through online questionnaires. Findings: Rural nurses had a higher prevalence of LA than micropolitan and metropolitan nurses. While the prevalence of STS among rural nurses was higher than either micropolitan or metropolitan nurses; there was no difference in STS among the three population groups. Lack of anonymity and STS were related; however, analysis revealed that LA and STS are inversely correlated, indicating that as LA increases, STS decreases. A majority of rural nurses (90%) reported living in a rural community prior to their 18th birthday. Conclusions: Rural nurses experience STS at similar rates as their metropolitan and micropolitan counterparts, indicating that population density may not be a factor related to the development of STS. LA appears to have a positive effect on reducing STS in rural nurses. Clinical Relevance: The study advanced the understanding of LA and STS among nurses who live and work in different population densities. The social support within rural health care facilities and communities may play a role in mitigating the effects of indirect stress. Keywords: rural, rural nursing, lack of anonymity, traumatic stressDOI: https://doi.org/10.14574/ojrnhc.v21i1.651
Repeated exposure to epigallocatechin gallate solution or water alters bitterness intensity and salivary protein profile.

Abstract Polyphenols, bitter and astringent compounds present in many healthy foods, induce varied sensory responses across individuals. These differences in liking and flavor intensity may be attributable, in part, to differences in saliva. In the current study, we tested the effect of repeated consumption of a bitter polyphenol (epigallocatechin gallate, EGCG) solution on perceived bitterness intensity and salivary protein composition. We hypothesized exposure to EGCG would cause an increase in concentrations of salivary proteins that inhibit bitterness of polyphenols. We also hypothesized that participants with higher habitual polyphenol, specifically the flavanols, intake would experience less bitterness from EGCG solutions than those with low habitual intake, and that the high flavanol consumers would be more resistant to salivary alterations. We also tested whether bovine milk casein, a food analog for salivary proteins that may suppress bitterness, would decrease bitterness intensity of the EGCG solution and mitigate effects of the intervention. Participants (N = 37) in our crossover intervention adhered to two-week periods of daily bitter (EGCG) or control (water) solution consumption. Bitterness intensity ratings and citric acid-stimulated saliva were collected at baseline and after each exposure period. Results indicate that bitterness intensity of the EGCG solution decreased after polyphenol (bitter EGCG) exposure compared to control (water) exposure. Casein addition also decreased bitterness intensity of the EGCG solution. While there was not a significant overall main effect of baseline flavanol intake on solution bitterness, there was an interaction between intervention week and baseline flavanol intake. Surprisingly, the higher flavanol intake group rated EGCG solutions as more bitter than the low and medium intake groups. Of proteins relevant to taste perception, several cystatins changed in saliva in response to the intervention. Interestingly, most of these protein alterations occurred more robustly after the control (water) exposure rather than the bitter (EGCG) exposure, suggesting that additional factors not quantified in this work may influence salivary proteins. Thus, we confirm in this study that exposure to bitterness suppresses ratings of bitterness over time, but more work needs to establish the causal factors of how diet influences salivary proteins.
Use of Ribosomal Accuracy Mutants to Probe Mechanisms of Programmed Translational Frameshifts in Escherichia coli

In recent years, a number of “programmed” translational frameshifts have been identified, in which ribosomes, to varying extents, shift their reading frame at specific sites while translating a message. This has been found in diverse species including eucaryotic viruses and bacteria, among others (reviewed in Atkins et al., 1990).
The Effects of White Flight and Urban Decay in Suburban Cook County

Chicago, like any major city, is extremely diverse racially as well as economically. However, these interesting qualities do not stop at the city limits. The estimated population of the Chicago suburbs located in Cook County, IL is 2.44 million. Not only is this population almost bigger than the city itself, but it also exhibits equal diversity. For example, the population of suburbs like Kenilworth are 97% white and others like Phoenix are 1% white. Other suburbs like Riverdale have demographically transformed with the minority composition increasing by 80% in only twenty years. Similarly, these suburbs are also extremely economically polarized as places like Winnetka have a median income of $235,000 and places like Ford Heights have a median income of $19,000. With that in mind, the Chicago suburbs have experienced an unusual pattern of change over the past thirty years. Many metropolitan areas have experienced out-migration of white residents away from the inner city to the suburbs, called ―white flight,‖ coupled with economic decline called ―urban decay.‖ However, Chicago is one of the few metropolitan areas to experience white flight and urban decay within the suburbs. Madden (2002) finds that Chicago and Boston are the only two major cities where the concentration of poverty grew at a faster rate in the suburbs than in the inner city from 1980 to 2000. Although a great deal of research has addressed the causes of white flight and urban decay in inner cities, few studies have addressed these issues in suburban areas. This study will build on previous literature and test whether white flight and urban decay have affected the Chicago suburbs in the same way they have affected inner cities. This article is available in The Park Place Economist: http://digitalcommons.iwu.edu/parkplace/vol18/iss1/9
Herpes simplex virus lower respiratory tract infection in patients with solid tumors

BACKGROUND: The clinical significance of herpes simplex virus (HSV) isolated in lower respiratory tract specimens (LRTS) of patients with solid tumors (ST) is unknown. In the current study, the authors attempted to determine the clinical relevance of this finding among ST patients. METHODS: The authors reviewed records of ST patients admitted to the study institution between April 2000 and April 2004 with clinical and radiologic evidence of pneumonia, and HSV identified in LRTS by culture alone or culture and cytology. Patients were categorized as having proven (HSV identified by culture and cytology from the LRTS), probable (HSV as the sole pathogen by culture alone), and possible (HSV along with copathogens identified by culture) HSV pneumonia. RESULTS: Forty-five ST patients with either proven (6 patients), probable (25 patients), or possible (14 patients) HSV pneumonia were identified. When compared with patients with probable or possible HSV pneumonia, more patients with proven infection were on mechanical ventilation (40% vs 50% vs 100%, respectively; P = .03), and had longer length of stay in the intensive care unit (12 days vs 13 days vs 26 days, respectively; P = .05). The overall mortality rate was 22% (10 patients). Four of 25 (16%) patients who received HSV-directed antiviral therapy died during their hospital stay versus 6 of 20 (30%) who were not treated (P = .3). None of the 6 patients with proven HSV pneumonia who were treated with acyclovir died. On univariate analysis, risk factors for mortality included underlying breast cancer, an Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) II score >15, admission to the intensive care unit, and use of mechanical ventilation and vasopressors (all P ≤ .05), with underlying breast cancer and APACHE II score >15 being found to be independent predictors of death by multiple logistic regression analysis (all P ≤ .05). CONCLUSIONS: Having a proven HSV pneumonia appears to be associated with high morbidity and with no increase in mortality in ST patients. This subset of patients appears to benefit from acyclovir therapy. Cancer 2009. © 2008 American Cancer Society.
A Review of “Bill Bright and Campus Crusade for Christ: The Renewal of Evangelicalism in Postwar America”

Some believers see their saintly leaders as holy, blameless, and beyond reproach; similarly, some unbelievers prefer their saints wholly devious, manipulative, and even villainous. Neither group wo...
Staying the Course: The Impact of Investment Style Consistency on Mutual Fund Performance

While a mutual fund's investment style influences the returns it generates, little is known about how a manager's execution of the style decision might affect performance. Using multivariate techniques for measuring the consistency of a portfolio's investment mandate, we demonstrate that more style-consistent funds tend to produce higher total and relative returns than less consistent funds, after controlling for past performance and portfolio turnover. These findings are robust across fund investment style classifications, the return measurement period, and the model used to calculate expected returns. We document a positive relationship between measures of fund style consistency and the persistence of its future performance, net of momentum and past performance effects. We conclude that the decision to maintain a consistent investment style is an important aspect of the portfolio management process.
SWAMI: a framework for collaborative filtering algorithm development and evaluation.

We present a Java-based framework, SWAMI (Shared Wisdom through the Amalgamation of Many Interpretations) for building and studying collaborative filtering systems. SWAMI consists of three components: a prediction engine, an evaluation system, and a visualization component. The prediction engine provides a common interface for implementing different prediction algorithms. The evaluation system provides a standardized testing methodology and metrics for analyzing the accuracy and run-time performance of prediction algorithms. The visualization component suggests how graphical representations can inform the development and analysis of prediction algorithms. We demonstrate SWAMI on the EachMovie data set by comparing three prediction algorithms: a traditional Pearson correlation-based method, support vector machines, and a new accurate and scalable correlation-based method based on clustering techniques.
On the Limits of Quantitative Genetics for the Study of Phenotypic Evolution

During the last two decades the role of quantitative genetics in evolutionary theory has expanded considerably. Quantitative genetic-based models addressing long term phenotypic evolution, evolution in multiple environments (phenotypic plasticity) and evolution of ontogenies (developmental trajectories) have been proposed. Yet, the mathematical foundations of quantitative genetics were laid with a very different set of problems in mind (mostly the prediction of short term responses to artificial selection), and at a time in which any details of the genetic machinery were virtually unknown. In this paper we discuss what a model is in population biology, and what kind of model we need in order to address the complexities of phenotypic evolution. We review the assumptions of quantitative genetics and its most recent accomplishments, together with the limitations that such assumptions impose on the modelling of some aspects of phenotypic evolution. We also discuss three alternative appr oaches to the theoretical description of evolutionary trajectories (nonlinear dynamics, complexity theory and optimization theory), and their respective advantages and limitations. We conclude by calling for a new theoretical synthesis, including quantitative genetics and not necessarily limited to the other approaches here discussed.
Use of Proteolytic Enzymes in the Treatment of Proteinaceous Esophageal Food Impaction.

Abstract Background Proteinaceous esophageal food impaction typically requires endoscopic intervention. An alternative approach is the use of proteolytic enzymes. Concerns regarding the use of proteolytic enzymes include the risk of perforation and aspiration pneumonitis. Objective We retrospectively reviewed our series of 69 patients treated with papain to determine the safety and efficacy of proteolytic enzymes. Methods Patients were retrospectively reviewed if treated for an esophageal food impaction from 1999 through 2008. Results Median age was 56 years (range 19–91 years), with 46 male and 23 female patients. In 27 patients (39%) this was their first presentation, in 14 (20%) it was the second, and 28 (41%) had multiple previous episodes. Meat was the cause in 49 (71%), chicken in 6 (9%), fish in 3 (4%), and unspecified in 11 (16%). All patients presented with dysphagia for solids, 56 (81%) could not tolerate liquids. Papain solution, 1 tsp in 8 oz of water, was given to patients in an unlimited quantity. Papain was successful in relieving the obstruction in 60 patients (87%). The remaining 9 patients (13%) underwent endoscopy with successful retrieval. No patient suffered a perforation, either with papain ingestion or endoscopy. There were no episodes of pneumonitis or pneumonia. Conclusions We have used proteolytic enzymes with a high success rate and with minimal complication. Further, if proteolytic enzymes fail, endoscopy can be performed safely and effectively. We recommend the use of proteolytic enzymes as the initial management in all patients with proteinaceous food impaction of the esophagus.
Repletion with (n-3) Fatty Acids Reverses Bone Structural Deficits in (n-3)–Deficient Rats

(n-3) PUFA deficiency and repletion effects on bone mechanical properties have not been examined. The primary research aim was to evaluate whether changes in the fatty acid composition of bone tissue compartments previously reported to influence bone formation rates would affect bone modeling and mechanical properties. In this investigation, three groups of rats were studied, second generation (n-3)-deficient, (n-3)-repleted, and a control (n-3)-adequate. The (n-3)-adequate diet contained α-linolenic acid [LNA, 18:3(n-3), 2.6% of total fatty acids] and docosahexaenoic acid [DHA, 22:6(n-3), 1.3% of total fatty acids]. Fatty acid composition of the hindlimb tissues (bone and muscle) of chronically (n-3)-deficient rats revealed a marked increase in (n-6) PUFA [20:4(n-6), 22:4(n-6), and 22:5(n-6)] and a corresponding decrease in (n-3) PUFA [18:3(n-3), 20:5(n-3), 22:5(n-3) and 22:6(n-3)]. Measurement of bone mechanical properties (energy to peak load) of tibiae showed that (n-3) deficiency diminished structural integrity. Rats repleted with (n-3) fatty acids demonstrated accelerated bone modeling (cross-sectional geometry) and an improved second moment in tibiae compared with control (n-3)-adequate rats after 28 d of dietary treatment. This study showed that repletion with dietary (n-3) fatty acids restored the ratio of (n-6)/(n-3) PUFA in bone compartments and reversed compromised bone modeling in (n-3)-deficient rats. J. Nutr.
Emergency Power Supply

The sections in this article are 1 Reliability Issues 2 Constructing Emergency and Standby Power Systems 3 Reliability Analysis of Power Systems
Renewable biomass energy

This paper discusses biomass as a renewable energy source. The paper defines the resources as well as the ways biomass energy is converted into electricity, technologies involved in extracting power from biomass as well as the advantages and the disadvantages of using of biomass as a source of energy. The paper also reviews a few biomass projects in the United States and some other parts of world and discusses the future of biomass.
Thromboprophylaxis for caesarean section—how can uptake and coverage be improved?

The objective of this study was to determine the proportion of patients requiring thromboprophylaxis and evaluate adherence to local protocols on thromboprophylaxis after caesarean section. This was a retrospective audit of 200 consecutive patients undergoing caesarean section between January and March 2002. The study was carried out at two obstetric units in Hull. We evaluated the proportion of patients requiring prophylaxis, appropriate and inappropriate treatment given and those omitted from receiving prophylaxis. Adherence to a risk assessment protocol was also assessed. The majority of women (84.5%) had at least one risk factor for thromboembolism. Use of a checklist did not increase the appropriate use of thromboprophylaxis and did not reduce inappropriate use. The checklist was used appropriately in only 54% of cases. Thromboprophylaxis has not been associated with problems if given after operation, thus the inappropriate administration is probably not a serious mistake. Universal prophylaxis with low molecular weight heparin would prevent at-risk women being missed and should be considered.
Resistor Networks based on Symmetrical Polytopes

This paper shows how a method developed by Van Steenwijk can be generalized to calculate the resistance between any two vertices of a symmetrical polytope all of whose edges are identical resistors. The method is applied to a number of cases that have not been studied earlier such as the Archimedean polyhedra and their duals in three dimensions, the regular polytopes in four dimensions and the hypercube in any number of dimensions.
Duration of QRS Disturbances After Severe Tricyclic Antidepressant Intoxication

While the clinical toxicity of tricyclic antidepressants, particularly the development of seizures and arrhythmias, has been strongly correlated with a QRS interval of ≥ 100 msec on electrocardiography, the resolution pattern of QRS abnormalities remains poorly defined. We prospectively monitored 22 consecutive patients who were referred to a regional poison center after a tricyclic antidepressant ingestion associated with a QRS interval of > 100 msec. An ECG was obtained every 6–8 h in all patients until the QRS interval was < 100 msec. Among enrolled patients the mean maximal QRS interval was 145 msec. Ten patients (45.5%) developed seizures while 6 (27%) developed cardiac arrhythmias. The time from ingestion to the last ECG demonstrating a widened QRS interval was a median 12.3 h (range 1–70 h); the time from ingestion to the first ECG with a QRS < 100 msec was a median 19.3 h (range 3–78 h). No patients developed seizures or life-threatening cardiac arrhythmias after the QRS interval was < 100 msec. T...
Still Searching (Systematically)1 for Entrepreneurial Discoveries

We examine how entrepreneurs can search deliberately for discoveries. We use consideration sets to impose constraints on how and where they search. A consideration set is a promising set of information channels, which entrepreneurs can select and search based on prior knowledge. To decide how to search the channels in a consideration set, we apply existing mathematical formalism to illustrate a maximal search sequence. Because there is some probability that a search sequence could continue indefinitely, we determine stopping rules. We argue that entrepreneurial search is more feasible within a consideration set than it is in the rest of the world.
Power and power

The State and Nuclear Power: Conflict and Control in the Western World. By J.A. Camilleri. Harvester Press/University of Washington Press: 1984. Pp. 347. £25, $25.
Role of rare earth substituted for Y in high-Tc Y1Ba2Cu3O7−δ superconductor: polarizing of fluctuations from antiferromagnetism; breakdown of cooper pairing at close proximity

Abstract It is shown herein that in the new high- T c superconducting oxides of the form (RE) 3+ 1 Ba 2+ 2 Cu 3 O 7−δ the paramagnetic central ion has the dual and counter effects of breaking down Cooper pairs in the vicinity ( 2+ fluctuations from antiferromagnetism (AFM) that exist at some chain copper sites when stoichiometry is reduced below O 7 . These polarizations seem to be part of a mixed system having antiferromagnetic correlation and spin density waves. It is also shown that for the highest J c single crystalline films the Cooper pair concentration is of the order 10 19 pairs/cm 3 . Under idealized space filling condition the maximum concentration of Cooper pairs is of the order 10 20 pairs/cm 3 , as compared to the experimental dominant carrier concentration of 10 21 holes/cm 3 at a few degrees above T c . Furthermore we indicate that quantized flux trapping gives rise to vortice lines of about 25 A radius. Hall effect studies have shown an increase in + R H with decreasing temperature near T c in the range where resistance vs. temperature deviates from linearity. At this temperature we also observe the commencing of small oscillations in resistance vs. time, these oscillations continuing into the zero resistance state.
Nonlinear optical phenomena in oxides and application to a tunable coherent spectrometer

Abstract The material requirements for nonlinear interactions in crystal are reviewed with emphasis on the oxide crystals ADP, LiIO3 and LiNbO3. The nonlinearity, transparency, and phasematching properties of these three crystals allows efficient nonlinear interactions over a wide 0.22–4 μm spectral range. The advantages of nonlinear processes for generating tunable coherent radiation are illustrated by a tunable coherent spectrometer based on a 1.06 μm Nd: YAG pumped angle tuned LiNbO3 parametric oscillator. The 1.4–4 μm parametric oscillator tuning range is extended by second harmonic generation in LiNbO3, LiIO3 and sum generation in ADP to 0.22 μm and by mixing in AgGaSe2 and CdSe to 25 μm. The high energy computer controlled coherent spectrometer is now under construction.
The Validity of Credentialing Examinations.

Job relevance, along with adverse impact, are major validity concerns relative to credentialing examinations. Although it is generally recognized that job relevance is facilitated by utilizing a job analysis in developing the examination blueprint, test developers typically are not clear about the legal expectations of this approach and the specific procedures that must be followed to ensure job relatedness in developing and scoring examinations. This article recommends that examination blueprints utilize a competency model based on three dimensions: the job functions assigned, the level of expertise expected given the content and resources typically available, and the specific context or situation in which the job must be performed. It also presents the critical scenario technique for generating items for examinations and discusses weighted scoring and error-pattern scaling techniques for reporting results. It is argued that a credentialing examination based on a competency model, which in turn is derive...
The performance of a magnetohydro-dynamic re-entry vehicle channel

The performance of a magneto-hydrodynamic (MHD) channel is discussed. Solutions of the MHD equations are evaluated through the channel as a function of inlet Mach number, voltage parameter, magnetic-interaction parameter, and channel aspect ratio. The over-all performance of a re-entry vehicle channel throughout the trajectory is described for various vehicle applications as a function of the trajectory, the channel, and the vehicle geometry. Various design aspects are discussed including the coil channel, electrodes, seeding requirements, Hall and ion slip effects. A typical MHD channel and coil design is included.
New Pressure-Decay Techniques to Study Gas Sorption and Diffusion in Polymers at Elevated Pressures

Two new volumetric sorption techniques have been developed to measure thermodynamic and mass-transport properties in polymer−solvent systems at elevated pressures. They are both variations of the pressure-decay technique and differ in how the initial gas density is measured. In the first and simplest variation, the initial density is measured by extrapolation of the mass uptake curve from the region of usable data to the experiment starting time. In the second variation, the initial density is measured gravimetrically using a small titanium capsule. Concern has been voiced as to whether the extrapolation-type experiment is capable of measuring the initial gas density as accurately as a dual-chamber technique. To evaluate the accuracy of the extrapolation technique, solubility and diffusion data were collected for carbon dioxide, ethylene, and nitrogen in low-density polyethylene (LDPE) using both methods. The results indicate that the simpler extrapolation method produces the same diffusivity and solubili...
Price convergence in an online virtual world

This paper tests for the existence of price convergence using a unique data set from the largest online game, World of Warcraft. It provides a controlled setting without the usual obstacles that make testing price convergence difficult. These difficulties include trade barriers, transportation costs, imperfections and restrictions in capital markets, and differences in productivity growth. The data set consists of eight structurally identical copies, or worlds, of a virtual macroeconomy. We use the non-linear convergence test developed by Phillips and Sul (Econometrica 75(6):1771–1855, 2007), and find price convergence in all eight worlds. We further develop our own simple band of inaction test for price convergence, and under reasonable parameters find price convergence in all eight worlds.
Atomistic Modeling of Grain Boundaries and Dislocation Processes in Metallic Polycrystalline Materials

The objective of this review article is to provide a concise discussion of atomistic modeling efforts aimed at understanding the nanoscale behavior and the role of grain boundaries in plasticity of metallic polycrystalline materials. Atomistic simulations of grain boundary behavior during plastic deformation have focused mainly on three distinct configurations: (i) bicrystal models, (ii) columnar nanocrystalline models, and (iii) 3D nanocrystalline models. Bicrystal models facilitate the isolation of specific mechanisms that occur at the grain boundary during plastic deformation, whereas columnar and 3D nanocrystalline models allow for an evaluation of triple junctions and complex stress states characteristic of polycrystalline microstructures. Ultimately, both sets of calculations have merits and are necessary to determine the role of grain boundary structure on material properties. Future directions in grain boundary modeling are discussed, including studies focused on the role of grain boundary impurities and issues related to linking grain boundary mechanisms observed via atomistic simulation with continuum models of grain boundary plasticity.
Justice Presumed and Assistance Denied: The Yugoslav Tribunal as Obstruction to Economic Recovery

The value of the ICTY for stabilizing the Balkans is rarely questioned, but the Tribunal is unpopular with the majority of people there. More international funding is spent on the Tribunal than on improving health and other services in Bosnia, while “conditionality” based on cooperation with the Tribunal impedes the economic and democratic development of the region. Can a court that tries to keep the memory of massacres fresh for 20 years, that is overwhelmingly mistrusted by the very people to whom it claims to bring justice, and that has called for economic sanctions on a devastated region, really be a force for reconciliation and the building of stable political relations in the Balkans?
Continuous cooling transformation kinetics versus isothermal transformation kinetics of steels: a phenomenological rationalization of experimental observations

Abstract The existing literature has been examined and rationalized to test the general validity of a number of generally accepted concepts concerning the overall transformation kinetics of ferrous alloys. Considerable confusion exists because of the mixup of the continuous cooling kinetics with the isothermal transformation kinetics. Therefore, these two topics are discussed separately. For the continuous cooling process, the following topics are examined: (1) the suppressibility of the martensite transformation at high cooling rates; (2) the cooling rate dependence of M s (martensite transformation-start temperature) and B s (bainite transformation-start temperature); (3) the formation conditions of lath martensite and twinned martensite; and (4) the various features of continuous cooling transformation (CCT) diagrams. For the isothermal transformation process, the following issues are examined: (1) the isothermal transformation kinetics of martensite; (2) the relationship between athermal transformation of martensite and isothermal transformation of martensite; (3) the general features of time-temperature-transformation (TTT) diagrams; (4) the validity of the “isothermal martensite” concept; and (5) the definition of M s and B s for isothermal transformations. Among the main conclusions are: (1) twinned martensite can be formed in all steels, even in pure iron and low-carbon and/or low-alloy steels; (2) isothermal transformation of martensite always follows C-curve kinetics; and (3) B s and M s for isothermal transformations are different from those obtained from cooling transformations. Comparison of literature results with the present assessment of isothermal B s and M s is made and good agreement is observed. The weakness of using TTT diagrams to analyze the continuous cooling kinetics is also discussed. Moreover, (metastable) product diagrams for austenite decomposition are established for both the continuous cooling process and the isothermal transformation process in order to develop a clearer paradigm for both processes.
The Effect of Transpiration on Discrete Injection for Film Cooling

A segment of permeable wall is installed near a row of cylindrical film holes, parallel to the flow and inclined at 35 degrees. Coolant is forced through both the permeable wall and the film holes resulting in a downstream film composed of both transpired and discretely injected coolant. The permeable wall extends 1.5 cylindrical hole diameters in the flow direction. The effects on the aerodynamic performance and cooling downstream of the row of cylindrical holes in the presence of transpiration is studied numerically with a procedure validated by hot-wire anemometer and temperature sensitive paint measurements. The hydrodynamic boundary layer in the presence of film and adiabatic film cooling effectiveness downstream of single and coupled film sources are compared with numerical predictions. The performance of the coolant film is predicted in order to understand the sensitivity of cooling and aerodynamic losses on the relative positioning of the two sources at each blowing ratio. The results indicate that a coupling of the two sources allows a more efficient use of coolant by generating a more uniform initial film. With careful optimization the discrete holes can be placed farther apart laterally and operate at a lower blowing ratio with a transpiration segment making the large deficits in cooling effectiveness mid-pitch less severe, overall minimizing coolant usage. Comparisons of linear superposition predictions of the two independent sources with the corresponding coupled scenario indicate the two films positively influence one another and surpass additive predictions of cooling. All relative placements have an overall beneficial effect on the cooling seen by the protected wall. Some cases show an increase in area-averaged film cooling effectiveness of 300% along with a 50% increase in aerodynamic loss coefficient by injecting an additional 10% coolant. In this study the downstream transpiration placement is found to perform best of the three geometries tested while considering cooling, aerodynamic losses, local uniformity and manufacturing feasibility. With further study and optimization this technique can potentially provide more effective thermal protection at a lower cost of aerodynamic losses and spent coolant.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
The Differing Realms of the Law

ANTHROPOLOGY, including legal anthropology, is faced with a problem that may be unique in social science: in order to present the results of our field research without seriously warping the ideas, we must undertake a second job of research, on the homologous institutions of our own society, and in the scientific disciplines that have investigated those institutions. This paper is an exercise in the anthropological investigation of jurisprudence. It investigates three things: (1) definitions that jurisprudence has used, and the anthropological usefulness of such definitions, (2) the "double institutionalization" of norms and customs that comprises all legal systems, and (3) some of the problems of the association between legal institutions and certain types of political organization.
Analysis and screening of combinatorial libraries using mass spectrometry

Mass spectrometry is a highly selective and high throughput analytical technique that is ideally suited for the identification and purity determination of large numbers of compounds prepared using combinatorial chemistry or for the dereplication of natural products. Compounds may be characterized based on molecular weight, elemental composition and structural features based on fragmentation patterns. When coupled to a separation technique such as high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) or capillary electrophoresis, mass spectrometric applications may be expanded to include analysis of complex mixtures. However, the slower speed of the separation step reduces the throughput of the analysis. This review concerns the application of mass spectrometry to the characterization of combinatorial libraries and the screening of library and natural product mixtures. Strategies to enhance the throughput of LC-MS are discussed including fast HPLC and parallel LC-MS. Also, mass spectrometry-based screening methods are described including frontal affinity chromatography-mass spectrometry, gel permeation chromatography LC-MS, direct electrospray mass spectrometry of receptor-ligand complexes, affinity chromatography-mass spectrometry, and pulsed ultrafiltration mass spectrometry.
Dichromacy in the Ground Squirrel

IN studying vision it has often proved informative to use situations in which less than the total visual system is operative. One way of achieving this for colour vision is by examining systems in which cones are the sole visual receptors. This is so rare in humans as to be effectively unavailable, but several other animals normally possess pure-cone retinas, and of these the ground squirrels have been of particular interest. Recent investigations1 have indicated that at least some ground squirrels possess colour vision which is likely to be dichromatic. We have made measurements on two common species of ground squirrels that confirm these suggestions.
The effect of protonation on [Mn(IV)(μ2-O)] 2 complexes.

The series of complexes [Mn(IV)(X-SALPN)(μ2-O)]2, 1: X=5-OCH3; 2: X=H; 3: X=5-Cl; 4: X=3,5-diCl; 5: X=5-NO2, contain [Mn2O2](4+) cores with Mn-Mn separations of 2.7 A. These molecules can be protonated to form [Mn(IV)(X-SALPN)(μ2-O,OH)]2 (+) in which a bridging oxide is protonated. The pKa values for the series of [Mn(IV)(X-SALPN)(μ2-O,OH)]2 (+) track linearly versus the shift in redox potential with a slope of 84 mV/pKa. This observation suggests that the [Mn2O2](4+) core can be considered as a unit in which the free energy of protonation is directly related to the ability to reduce the Mn(IV) ion. The marked sensitivity of the reduction potential to the presence of protons presents a mechanism in which an enzyme can control the oxidizing capacity of an oxo manganese cluster by the degree and timing of oxo bridge protonation.
Calibration and validation of DRAINMOD to design subsurface drainage systems for Iowa's tile landscapes

Abstract The study presents the potential use of existing common data sources such as a soil database, and techniques such as a pedotransfer function and a non-linear parameter estimator to calibrate and validate a hydrologic model to design subsurface drainage systems for Iowa's tile landscapes. A field scale deterministic hydrological model, DRAINMOD has been calibrated and validated for two soils: Webster soil cultivated with continuous corn (WEBS_CC) and Canisteo soil cultivated with corn–soybean rotation (CANI_CS). The cumulative subsurface drainage over the calibration and validation years from 1990 to 2003 was predicted 2% higher than the observed subsurface drainage for WEBS_CC (coefficient of mass residual CRM = 0.02) and 10% lower for CANI_CS (CRM = −0.10). The overall values of index of agreement IoA and model efficiency EF were higher than 0.85 for both WEBS_CC and CANI_CS, and showed a close agreement between the predicted and observed subsurface drainage. The calibrated and validated DRAINMOD was further used to simulate impacts of varying designs of subsurface drainage system for WEBS_CC over the 14 (1990–2003) years of weather record in Iowa's tile landscapes. Simulation results suggest that a drainage system designed for a drainage intensity of 0.46 cm day −1 with a drain depth of 1.05 m and drain spacing of 25 m is sufficient enough to maximize crop production (average relative yield ≈98%) while minimizing subsurface drainage and its associated nitrate-nitrogen (NO 3 -N) loss. Though the results are based on the simulations with simple and approximate methods to represent the real system, they indicate that installing the drains at shallower depth (
Women's Financial Planning for Retirement: The Impact of Disruptive Life Events

ABSTRACT Providing care for an aged parent has immediate financial, emotional, psychological, and physical consequences for the primary caregiver. This pilot study of 138 middle aged and older females analyzes the long term financial consequences of providing care to aged relatives for female caregivers. The impact of this disruptive life event (e.g., caring for an aged relative) on retirement planning among middle aged and older adult women was analyzed using quantitative data collected from women residing in the Midwest region of the United States.
Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and contrast-induced nephropathy.

The available data on the use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, and the associated risks for contrast-induced nephropathy are sparse and conflicting. Nevertheless, it is a common practice to hold angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors before contrast media administration. The reduction of renal blood flow that occurs following the administration of contrast media may be due to the renin-angiotensin–aldosterone system causing constriction of the afferent arterioles. The influence of angiotensin–converting enzyme inhibitor administration on the development of contrast-induced nephropathy was discussed in this letter.
Employment, privatization, and managerial choice: Does contracting out reduce public sector employment?

We examine the effects of governments' use of alternative service provision on public employment using panel data from a nationally representative sample of local governments. We model the effects of alternative service provision on the size of the public workforce and hypothesize that alternative provision jointly impacts both full- and part-time employment. We find evidence of an inter-relationship between these employment types. Our results from seemingly unrelated and 3SLS regressions indicate that full-time employment in the public sector declines when additional services are provided by for-profit providers, while part-time employment increases. The net employment effect in the public sector is negative when government services are moved to the for-profit sector. These combined effects result in a compositional shift toward more part-time public sector employment. © 2006 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management
Understanding Entrepreneurial Intent in Late Adolescence: The Role of Intentional Self-Regulation and Innovation

Entrepreneurship represents a form of adaptive developmental regulation through which both entrepreneurs and their ecologies benefit. We describe entrepreneurship from the perspective of relational developmental systems theory, and examine the joint role of personal attributes, contextual attributes, and characteristics of person-context relationships in predicting entrepreneurial intent in a sample 3,461 college students enrolled in colleges and universities in the United States (60 % female; 61 % European American). Specifically, we tested whether personal characteristics (i.e., gender, intentional self-regulation skills, innovation orientation) and contextual factors (i.e., entrepreneurial parents) predicted college students’ intentions to pursue an entrepreneurial career. Our findings suggest that self-regulation, innovation orientation, and having entrepreneurial role models (i.e., parents) predict entrepreneurial intent. Limitations and future directions for the study of youth entrepreneurship are discussed.
Differences between dementia caregivers who are users and nonusers of community services.

Objectives To examine differences between users and non-users of community services in caregivers of persons with dementia (PWD). A profile of who used services versus did not use services was developed. Design and Sample Existing cross-sectional data from the NINR funded National Caregiver Training Project (data collected 1995–1997) were used. The sample (N = 241) of caucasian, well-educated caregivers reflected a mix of spouse and adult caregivers with a mean age of 64.8 years. Measures Variables measured included caregiver social support, burden, and depression as well as problem behavior of PWD. Results The majority of caregivers did not attend support groups (73%) or use respite services (79%). Among caregivers who did not use services, 78% lived with the recipient and 77% were spouses. The profile of non-users compared to users revealed that non-users were significantly older, more depressed, and received less social support. On the other hand, non-users provided fewer hours of care per week to recipients who had less cognitive and functional deterioration and fewer behavior problems. Conclusions These findings provide public health nurses with knowledge about service use in caregivers of PWD. Recommendations regarding caregiver needs for assistance and increased use of services before a crisis ensues are presented.
Why does the brain prefer opium to broccoli

(1994). Why Does the Brain Prefer Opium to Broccoli? Harvard Review of Psychiatry: Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 43-46.