cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Transplanting the organizing seed: Seasoned activists’ political habitus and the transnational social field

This article examines the political habitus of “seasoned activists,” a group of individuals that capitalize on their long-standing activism and organizing experience gained in El Salvador to build community-based organizations in the Washington, DC metro area. Through in-depth and semi-structured interviews with 25 seasoned activists, I find that although they have transitioned to locally based community work, they have maintained an activist and committed political habitus, defined as the dispositions, thoughts, and actions that influence the political choices of an actor and come to underlie the political ethos that a change-agent uses. Nevertheless, the role of the Salvadoran government in expatriate communities and a changing DC context produce contentious conditions for seasoned activists to practice their organizing work. These findings add to the growing literature on Salvadoran transnational practices, both reaffirming some of the tensions embedded in the social field and elucidating how transnational actors challenge the very processes that subjugate them.
Disease Recurrence and Acute Cellular Rejection Episodes During the First Year After Lung Transplantation Among Patients With Sarcoidosis

IntroductionSarcoidosis is reported to recur after lung transplantation (LT). We sought to determine the frequency of recurrent disease after LT and predictors of recurrence. We also evaluated the incidence and severity of acute cellular rejection (ACR) episodes among these patients.MethodsThe datab
Simulation of Damage Progression on Wind Turbine Blades Subject to Particle Erosion

A time-marching code for predicting the evolving shape of wind turbine airfoils subject to erosion is discussed. The erosive damage to the blade surface was represented by sand grains colliding with the blade leading edge. The erosion rate was computed on the airfoil, and the damage depth was evaluated at each location. It was found that the locations of maximum erosion rate did not necessarily overlap with the locations of maximum eroded depth on the blade surface. In particular, the maximum damage depth was found very near the leading edge, and the results are in good agreement with photographic evidence. Three main phases were identified through the blade lifespan: an upper core breach, a lower core breach, and a leading edge core breach. A parametric study was performed in order to determine the most relevant drivers of the blade lifespan. In particular, the sand grain diameter was found to be the most significant driver, and the lifespan of the blade decreases parabolically as the grain diameter increases. Both the blade lift coefficient and the turbine hub height showed a direct relationship with blade lifespan. Large lift coefficients and large turbine hub heights are beneficial to increasing blade lifespan. It was also found that modern, large wind turbines are affected consistently less by sand erosion than small wind turbines. Such an effect is due to the increased influence of the blade flowfield toward a deviation of the incoming particles when large blade chord lengths are involved. Finally, a survey of various airfoil geometries allowed to identify the shape of the leading edge along with the airfoil aft camber as the primary drivers of blade section lifespan. The survey was performed by using the NREL S-airfoil family along with the tip-region airfoil DU 96-W-180. It was found that bulbous and round leading edges, coupled with moderately aft-cambered airfoils allowed for the longest blade lifespans, since they reduce the blade upper suction peak and offer steeper impact angles to the particles.
An unusual intraspinal connective tissue mass

The fine structure of a surgically excised intradural spinal mass is described. The mass was essentially composed of giant collagen fibers measuring up to 500 nm or more in diameter. In addition, small collections of collagen fibers with unusual cross banding pattern were occasionally observed. The precise nature of this apparently unique lesion simulating an intraspinal tumor remains undetermined.
Accelerated fractionated radiation by concomitant boost (AFX-CB) with concurrent cis-platinum (CDDP) for advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma

5540 Background: Recent data (RTOG 90–03 and RTOG 99–14) strongly suggest that concomitant boost radiation (AFX-CB) and concurrent chemoradiation offer a local control advantage in advanced head an...
Current amplification in an electrostatic trap by soot dendrite growth and fragmentation: Application to soot sensors

Abstract This paper examines the surprisingly large electrical current, nanoamps instead of picoamps, observed when sampling soot aerosol through an electrostatic trap. Aside from its fundamental interest, this phenomenon has potential practical application to motor vehicle on-board diagnostics of particulate matter emissions. The effect originates from the collection of electrically charged particles naturally present in flame produced soot onto the opposing polarity electrodes, but the measured current is ~10 3 times larger than carried by the soot. This amplified current is proportional to the flux of soot particles in steady state, but voltage and flow perturbations substantially magnify the effect. The amplification is not immediate; rather it follows a quiescent period, inversely proportional to soot concentration, which can last hundreds of seconds before climbing rapidly to tens of nanoamps. Concomitantly, large highly charged particles appear at the trap exit, of order 10 μm and carrying tens to hundreds of charges. In situ microscopy reveals that this coincides with the growth of dendritic structures aligned with the electric field, which collapse when it is turned off. As charged soot particles flow through the trap these structures exhibit vigorous apparent motion and detachment from one electrode and deposition onto the other. We present a kinetic model to explain this trap behavior. It is based on the assumption that the dendrites grow to a critical height at which the electric field force exceeds the binding force and the dendrites fragment. These highly charged fragments then deposit on the opposite electrode propagating a chain reaction of dendrite growth, fragmentation, and charge transport that produces the observed current amplification.
Prognostic analysis of neonatal indirect hyperbilirubinemia

Objective To investigate long-term effect of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia. Methods Intelligence, nervous system and physical growth in 63 children at 1-8.5 years of age who had neonatal indirect hyperbilirubinemia were analyzed. Results 19 cases(30.2%) had intelligence retardation to different extent, 7 cases(11.1%) had neurological abnormalities, and 1 case(1.6%) had abnormal physical growth. There was no significant correlation between the long-term abnormal outcome and the serum bilirubin level. In about half of the cases who experienced unfavourable outcome, the serum bilirubin level was under 340?μmol·L -1. There were significant differences of frequency of abnormal intelligence and nervous system between the hemolytic and the non-hemolytic groups, which suggested that not only severe, but also slight and moderate hyperbilirubinemia, resulting from both hemolytic and non-hemolytic disease, exerted permanent neurotoxicity to new born infant resulting in abnormal psycho-neurological development.Conclusions Serum bilirubin level dose not precisely predict long-term outcome. Neonatal indirect hyperbilirubinemia, especially due to hemolytic disease should be prevented and treated more aggressively to minimize psycho-neurological sequellae.
Taxoids : Effective agents in anthracycline-resistant breast cancer

The results of recent clinical trials have shown that docetaxel (Taxotere; Rhone-Poulenc Rorer, Antony, France), like paclitaxel (Taxol; Bristol-Myers Squibb Oncology, Princeton, NJ), has high levels of activity in patients with anthracycline-resistant breast cancer. Agents that are at least partially non-cross-resistant with anthracyclines are especially promising for the treatment of breast cancer; the taxoids (docetaxel and paclitaxel) are such agents. Although preclinical evaluations shows clear instances of strong cross-resistance (particularly in cells lines expressing the P-glycoprotein, multidrug resistance), high response rates have been reported in patients with prior anthracycline exposure and/or anthracycline resistance. Phase I studies of anthracycline and taxoid combinations have been conducted. Excellent response rates have been noted in some of these studies. In some studies using regimens combining doxorubicin and paclitaxel, unanticipated toxicities have occurred, such as typhlitis, as well as congestive heart failure at lower than expected cumulative doses of doxorubicin. Phase II and III studies of regimens including both anthracyclines and taxoids have been initiated. Docetaxel and paclitaxel appear to be valuable agents for use in anthracycline-resistant breast cancer patients, and may find a place in anthracycline-containing combination regimens.
Stimuli-Responsive Fine Particles

New generations of advanced intelligent materials and technologies will use fine particles that are hierarchically organized, multifunctional, and well-defined by size and shape, capable of programmed and controlled responses to changes in their environment or to external signals. The major long-term goal of the current research programs in the area of fine particles for biological applications is the development of novel hybrid organic–inorganic particles as active complex functional materials for applications such as smart drug delivery capsules, miniaturized biosensors for in vivo diagnostics, scaffolds for cell culturing and tissue engineering, microprobes and sensors for monitoring the particle’s environment and smart materials for personal care and beauty.
A 12-m 2.5-Gb/s Lighting Compatible Integrated Receiver for OOK Visible Light Communication Links

This paper presents a visible light communication (VLC) system for indoor applications. The system employs a high-sensitivity integrated circuit (IC) receiver with detection levels in the microwatts range. The proposed link is a lighting compatible VLC system enabled by the low noise floor of the IC receiver and capable of establishing a VLC link in the gigabit-per-second range with only 250 lux illuminance or 600-μW transmitted optical power from a high-speed 680-nm laser diode source. Dedicated optics is used for light steering and for focusing the transmitted power toward the receiver to maximize the collected optical power. The receiver is implemented in AMS 0.35 μm CMOS technology with integrated photodiodes. An error-free VLC link with a bit error rate (BER) on–off -keying modulation over 12 m link distance. To our knowledge, this is the first reported IC receiver-based VLC link in the Gb/s range.
The gut takes a “Toll” on the lung

Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), or necrotic cell death of the intestinal mucosa, is a neonatal critical illness that is most common in prematurity. In severe cases, which can require surgery and are associated with a high mortality rate, NEC causes systemic inflammation and multiple organ
Offshore wind farm siting using a genetic algorithm

This study uses a genetic algorithm to optimize awind farm layout considering the engineering challenges and the ecosystem services as constraints to the turbine siting. Included is an analysis of how wake effects influence the power produced using a simple wake model called the WAsP model. The current study considers the location of the proposed Deep Water Wind Inc. Offshore Wind Farm Project, southeast of Block Island, Rhode Island. The proposed project consists of six, 6MW Siemens wind turbines located within the Rhode Island State waters that extend roughly 4.8 km off of the Block Island coast. The optimum solution produces turbine locations best conforming to areas of low technical, ecological, and social costs, while simultaneously distributing the turbines to minimize turbine wake interaction. Future model improvements will consist of more accurately describing wind conditions within the wind farm and incorporating turbine cable interconnection installation costs.
Monoclonal Immunoglobulins As Biomarkers Of Cancer

Immunoglobulins (Igs) are the paradigm of a cancer marker because of their diagnostic, prognostic, and ontologic significance. The recognition that Igs serve uniquely as biomarkers of the neoplastic transformation of a cellular system that is committed to the synthesis and secretion of antibody began over 100 years ago when scientists discovered that an unusual urinary protein—the Bence-Jones protein—was associated with a malignant cellular disease of the bone marrow—multiple myeloma. The importance of Igs as cancer markers was extended by the discovery of other types of unusual proteins—the myeloma proteins and Waldenstrom macroglobulins—in the serum of patients with plasma-cell and certain related B-cell lymphocytic neoplasms.
From guidelines to local realities: evaluation of oral rehydration therapy and zinc supplementation in Guatemala.

ABSTRACT Objective Diarrhea remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality for children in low- and middle-income countries throughout the Americas. The World Health Organization (WHO) has developed guidelines on incorporating zinc supplementation (ZS) with traditional oral rehydration therapy (ORT) in order to shorten the duration of diarrheal episodes and to reduce poor health outcomes. Guatemala adopted these guidelines in 2011, but they have not yet been fully implemented at the community level. The objectives of this study were: (1) to co-design an ORT/ZS training program for community members with local health promoters that is appropriate to the local context and (2) to understand how attitudes and behaviors of community members changed after receiving training from the study promoters. Methods In an observational study, community health promoters in rural Guatemala were trained according to WHO guidelines, and they worked collaboratively with the study team to develop a training curriculum to implement in their community. Community-based surveys, interviews, and focus group discussions were used to assess acceptability, accessibility, and availability of oral rehydration therapy and zinc supplementation. Results Use of ORT increased from 63% to 95% among community members following training by local health promoters. Satisfaction with the service offered by health promoters increased from 63% to 90% amongst community members trained by the study promoters. However, knowledge and use of zinc supplementation remained low, which was attributable to unavailability of zinc in the study community. Conclusions Use of trained community health promoters is an effective way to translate WHO guidelines to local contexts and overcome sociocultural barriers to care. However, the health system’s structure must support availability of essential medicines in order to effectively implement those guidelines.
Abstract IA04: The carcinogenic potential of bacterial biofilms

The colonic microbiome is hypothesized to contribute to CRC pathogenesis and to potentially act as an initiator of colon oncogenesis, in part via induction of specific mucosal pro-carcinogenic immune responses. Both we and others have presented data from experimental models implicating specific bacteria in colon carcinogenesis. Enterotoxigenic Bacteriodes fragilis (ETBF), Escherichia coli containing the pks island [E. coli (pks)] and Fusobacterium nucleatum represent colon carcinogenic bacteria strongly implicated to date in both experimental models and human disease. To further address the links between the microbiota and human colon cancer, we are prospectively studying the microbial associations of human CRC together with parameters of mucosal immunity. Paired surgical CRC samples and normal colon mucosa are studied along with colon biopsies (right and left) of healthy controls undergoing screening colonoscopy. We have presented data demonstrating that sporadic colon tumors located proximal to the hepatic flexure are characterized by invasive polymicrobial biofilms that extend to normal colon tissue far distant from the tumor. In contrast, biofilm formation is infrequent in colon tumors distal to the hepatic flexure and in the mucosa of colonoscopy controls. Biofilm formation in the human colon is associated with changes in E-cadherin, IL-6 induction, activation of pStat3, colonic epithelial cell proliferation as well as polyamine metabolism. These data suggest biofilm formation promotes pro-carcinogenic immune and epithelial signaling in the human colon. We have further tested our hypothesis that biofilm formation contributes to colon carcinogenesis by examining surgically-removed colons from individuals with Familial Adenomatous Polyposis (FAP) who are destined, as Apc+/- heterozygotes, to develop colon cancer. In contrast to sporadic CRC, early stage FAP patients display patchy biofilm formation throughout the colon and the bacterial composition of FAP-associated colon biofilms differs. Murine studies support synergistic induction of colon tumor formation by select biofilm bacterial members. Together our studies provide additional support for the hypothesis that the microbiota and, specifically, biofilms are an environmental contributor to CRC pathogenesis. Citation Format: Cynthia L. Sears. The carcinogenic potential of bacterial biofilms. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Colorectal Cancer: From Initiation to Outcomes; 2016 Sep 17-20; Tampa, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(3 Suppl):Abstract nr IA04.
The role of functional, social, and mobility dynamics in facilitating older African Americans participation in clinical research

Purpose Older African Americans experience disproportionately higher incidence of morbidity and mortality related to chronic and infectious diseases, yet are significantly underrepresented in clinical research compared to other racial and ethnic groups. This study aimed to understand the extent to which social support, transportation access, and physical impediments function as barriers or facilitators to clinical trial recruitment of older African Americans. Methods Participants (N=221) were recruited from six African American churches in Atlanta and surveyed on various influences on clinical trial participation. Results Logistic regression models demonstrated that greater transportation mobility (odds ratio [OR]=2.10; p=0.007) and social ability (OR=1.77; p=0.02) were associated with increased intentions of joining a clinical trial, as was greater basic daily living ability (OR=3.25; p=0.03), though only among single participants. Among adults age ≥65 years, those with lower levels of support during personal crises were more likely to join clinical trials (OR=0.57; p=0.04). Conclusion To facilitate clinical trial entry, recruitment efforts need to consider the physical limitations of their potential participants, particularly basic physical abilities and disabilities. Crisis support measures may be acting as a proxy for personal health issues among those aged >65 years, who would then be more likely to seek clinical trials for the personal health benefits. Outreach to assisted living homes, hospitals, and other communities is a promising avenue for improved clinical trial recruitment of older African Americans.
Correlation of rapid point-of-care vs send-out fecal calprotectin monitoring in pediatric inflammatory bowel disease.

Correlation of rapid point-of-care vs send-out fecal calprotectin monitoring in pediatric inflammatory bowel disease
Shale gas monetization – A review of downstream processing to chemicals and fuels

Abstract With the recent abundant discoveries of shale gas, there are tremendous opportunities and challenges for the creation of value-added shale gas supply chains. The paper provides an overview of shale gas monetization with focus on downstream processing. First, a background is given on shale gas reserves, production, and characteristics. Then, an overall monetization map is discussed by outlining the primary intermediates and products that can be manufactured from the main hydrocarbon components in shale gas and the common conversion technologies. Next, attention is given to five key products: methanol, liquid transportation fuels, ethylene, propylene, and butadiene. For each product, the markets, chemical pathways, conversion technologies, derivatives, and common uses are given. The paper also provides statistics, challenges, opportunities, and insights related to the main factors impacting shale gas usage in the production of value-added chemicals and products.
A Typology of Integration

Puerto Ricans living on the mainland vary on the two dimensions of acculturation and traditionalism. These reflect different degrees of integration into mainstream (Anglo) culture. What can we learn from the construction of representative types based on different lifestyles of integration? What are the main demographic characteristics of those persons categorized into each of these types? How do these types relate to the substance misuse and abuse outcomes?
The Battle for the Catholic Past in Germany, 1945–1980

Were Pope Pius XII and the Catholic Church in Germany unduly singled out after 1945 for their conduct during the National Socialist era? Mark Edward Ruff explores the bitter controversies that broke out in the Federal Republic of Germany from 1945 to 1980 over the Catholic Church's relationship to the Nazis. He explores why these cultural wars consumed such energy, dominated headlines, triggered lawsuits and required the intervention of foreign ministries. He argues that the controversies over the church's relationship to National Socialism were frequently surrogates for conflicts over how the church was to position itself in modern society - in politics, international relations and the media. More often than not, these exchanges centered on problems perceived as arising from the postwar political ascendancy of Roman Catholics and the integration of Catholic citizens into the societal mainstream.
FIELD OBSERVATIONS OF PREDATION BY PHIDIPPUS AUDAX (ARANEAE: SALTICIDAE) ON ARTHROPODS ASSOCIATED WITH COTTON

Evidence of 58 predation events by Phidippus audax (Hentz) was obtained during 17–31 October 1986 from a 0.1 ha old field site that included cotton in the Delta of Mississippi. Three crop pest spec...
Induction of autophagy by PI3K/MTOR and PI3K/MTOR/BRD4 inhibitors suppresses HIV-1 replication

In this study, we investigated the effects of the dual phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/mechanistic target of rapamycin (PI3K/MTOR) inhibitor dactolisib (NVP-BEZ235), the PI3K/MTOR/bromodomain-containing protein 4 (BRD4) inhibitor SF2523, and the bromodomain and extra terminal domain inhibitor JQ1 on the productive infection of primary macrophages with human immunodeficiency type-1 (HIV). These inhibitors did not alter the initial susceptibility of macrophages to HIV infection. However, dactolisib, JQ1, and SF2523 all decreased HIV replication in macrophages in a dose-dependent manner via degradation of intracellular HIV through autophagy. Macrophages treated with dactolisib, JQ1, or SF2523 displayed an increase in LC3B lipidation combined with SQSTM1 degradation without inducing increased cell death. LC3B-II levels were further increased in the presence of pepstatin A suggesting that these inhibitors induce autophagic flux. RNA interference for ATG5 and ATG7 and pharmacological inhibitors of autophagosome–lysosome fusion and of lysosomal hydrolases all blocked the inhibition of HIV. Thus, we demonstrate that the mechanism of PI3K/MTOR and PI3K/MTOR/BRD4 inhibitor suppression of HIV requires the formation of autophagosomes, as well as their subsequent maturation into autolysosomes. These data provide further evidence in support of a role for autophagy in the control of HIV infection and open new avenues for the use of this class of drugs in HIV therapy.
Freed Slaves and Roman Imperial Culture: Social Integration and the Transformation of Values

During the transition from Republic to Empire, the Roman aristocracy adapted traditional values to accommodate the advent of monarchy. Freed Slaves and Roman Imperial Culture examines the ways in which members of the elite appropriated strategies from freed slaves to negotiate their relationship to the princeps and to redefine measures of individual progress. Primarily through the medium of inscribed burial monuments, Roman freedmen entered a broader conversation about power, honor, virtue, memory, and the nature of the human life course. Through this process, former slaves exerted a profound influence on the transformation of aristocratic values at a critical moment in Roman history.
The Alternative to Assuming 'Rational' Use of Financial Information within Small Firms

Since emerging as a separate domain, research concerned with financial management in small firms has proceeded on a foundation of assumptions, primarily influenced by economics, which do not appear to be in accord with reality. Two fundamental assumptions are reviewed in this paper and the validity of each is questioned. These are that the small firm owner/manager is a rational economic decision maker and must have access to financial information to properly engage in decision making activities. Alternative interpretations, associated with the purposive action assumptions of the Austrian school of economic thought, are proposed as a more appropriate foundation for the development of theories of small firm financial management.
Physics in Everyday Life: A Review of Newtonian Mechanics

Having surveyed the current state of black hole engine observations, our task in the second part of the book is to gather the tools that we will need to analyze these black hole engines. This will, of course, require that we gain a knowledge of relativistic physics and astrophysics, including Einsteins theory of gravity. Nevertheless, from time to time we will need Newtons classical theory of gravity, either as a stepping stone to Einsteins or, on its own, to calculate some astrophysical phenomena that do not require the accuracy of Einsteins full set of equations. This brief chapter collects together those aspects of Newtonian mechanics that are necessary to discuss Einsteins theory in the next few chapters.1 Furthermore, most of these aspects will be repeated in Chapters 6, 7, and 8 in their full relativistic forms. Finally, the remaining physics that will be needed to understand black hole formation, fueling, accretion, and outflows will be presented in Chapter 9, after we have spent a fair amount of time discussing relativity.
Turbulent Mixing Studies in a Chemical Reactor

A great deal of work has been done on mixing from a chemical engineering viewpoint, starting, I believe, in 1953 with Dankwerts’ (1953) work; he first defined mixing in terms of intensity of segregation. This is a useful measure which would be unity for two unmixed streams and zero for totally mixed. Nothing was done with this until Wilhelm at Princeton started in the late ‘50’s to do experimental work, and Toor (1962) started the theoretical work on second order chemical kinetics of isothermal dilute systems. There is now information on both liquids and gases that can be used for modeling checks; this is mainly the work of Toor and his student [see Mao and Toor (1971)].
MDCK Cells Under Severely Hypoosmotic Conditions

The literature on animal cells exposed to anisosmotic solutions is truly massive as one may appreciate from a few selected recent reviews on the subject (Gilles et al. 1987; Macknight, 1988; Chamberlin and Strange, 1989; Kleinzeller and Ziyadeh, 1990; Beyenbach, 1990). No attempt will be made here to review this research, but a few introductory comments on hypoosmotic exposure are in order. The extent to which osmolarity of the surrounding medium has been reduced varies widely, according to the intentions of the investigators, but commonly amounts to reductions of 50 percent or less. A huge effort has gone into the means by which such cells restore their volumes (if they do so). Occasional reference has also been made to the remarkable ability of certain animal cells to survive exposure to, “essentially”, distilled water (see, for example, Kleinzeller and Ziyadeh, 1990; Macknight, 1987). However, to my knowledge these reports are anecdotal, and no detailed account of this extreme situation seems to have been published. Study of the behavior of cells in such dilute solutions might provide insight into the potential involvement of cell ultrastructure in cell swelling. In addition, some interesting questions arise about their metabolic status. For these reasons we carried out a series of experiments using Madin-Darby canine kidney cells (MDCK). This cell type was selected because it is a stable, well-established epithelial line, and widely used in studies involving volume changes (see Roy and Sauve 1987; Helig et al. 1990; Mills, 1987). Moreover, the cytomatrix of MDCK cells has been described in reasonable detail (see Fey and Penman, 1986; Mitchell, 1990). As we shall see, their response to extremely dilute solutions is impressive.
Risk factors for mortality after endovascular repair for blunt thoracic aortic injury

Abstract Objective Despite high use of endovascular repair, blunt thoracic aortic injury (BTAI) leads to significant mortality. We sought to identify risk factors and create a predictive model for mortality after thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR) based on available preoperative clinical data. Methods We queried the Vascular Quality Initiative TEVAR dataset from April 2011 to November 2017 to identify patients with BTAI as the indication for repair. Patient characteristics, injury grade, timing of repair, and technical aspects including left subclavian artery (LSCA) involvement and coverage were evaluated. Logistic regression was used to identify univariable predictors of the primary outcome of in-hospital mortality. A multivariable model was constructed to predict in-hospital mortality after TEVAR for traumatic aortic injury. The model was tested as a prediction tool, internally validated using 10-fold cross-validation approach, externally validated using early and late split samples, and finally simplified into a scoring system. Results We identified 633 TEVAR cases performed for blunt trauma. The majority of patients were male (73.9%) with median age of 39 years (interquartile range, 27-56 years). Although 18.6% documented zone 2 or proximal involvement, 28.1% documented involvement or treatment of the LSCA. 8.9% of repairs were performed for a grade 1 injury, with an increase from 6.4% in 2014 to 16.7% in 2017 (P = .04). The overall in-hospital mortality rate was 7.3%. Independent predictors of mortality were age 60 year or greater (odds ratio [OR], 11.33; 95% confidence interval [CI], 5.30-24.23; P Conclusions TEVAR for BTAI is associated with a 7.3% in-hospital mortality in the Vascular Quality Initiative. Treatment of grade 1 injuries has increased significantly in recent years. Factors most strongly associated with mortality include age, male gender, renal impairment, LSCA involvement, and high ISS score. A simple point score model based on these variables robustly predicts in-hospital mortality and may assist in appropriate patient selection and risk stratification.
Taking an Early Step in Ethnobiological Research: A Proposal for Obtaining Prior and Informed Consent from Indigenous Peoples

Based on my own experiences from the field, in this paper I reflect on my work in Bolivia and Guatemala, collaborating with the Tsimane’ and Q’eqchi’ peoples, respectively. The aim of this reflection is to propose a set of guidelines for an early step in ethnobiological research. I understand an early step of research to be obtaining prior, informed consent of the peoples with whom we collaborate; a step I argue should be formalized and included as part of research proposals and documents (publications) resulting from the research. This guideline is offered simply as a reference for encouraging researchers to engage with the collaborating communities in a proper, ethical, and respectful way as a first step in our fieldwork. This proposed guideline, while motivating researchers to engage in this process, also encourages them to adapt and modify the guideline to the particular local situation where the planned research will take place. The proposal responds to local customs and traditions, while also following critical ethical guidelines for ethnobiological research, as well as national and international policy relevant to our field of research. It is therefore relevant to any region and community of collaborators where research takes place.
Two- vs one-hour glucose tolerance testing: Predicting prediabetes in adolescent girls with obesity.

BACKGROUND During an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), morphological features of the glucose curve (monophasic curve, glucose peak >30 minutes and 1-hour glucose ≥ 155 mg/dL) maybe associated with higher prediabetes risk, but their reproducibility and predictive ability in adolescents with obesity are unknown. METHODS Nondiabetic adolescent girls with obesity underwent a multiple-sample OGTT at baseline (n = 93), 6 weeks (n = 83), and 1 year (n = 72). Short-term reproducibility (baseline to 6 weeks) and the predictive ability for prediabetes (baseline to 1 year) for each feature were compared with standard fasting and 2-hour OGTT diagnostic criteria. RESULTS There was fair/moderate short-term reproducibility (κ 30 minutes, 1 hour ≥155 mg/dL or a combination of the two criteria were comparable (all P > 0.05), but the monophasic curve had the lowest ROC-AUC (P 30 minutes and/or glucose ≥155 mg/dL had similar reproducibility and 1-year predictive ability for prediabetes compared with standard OGTT criteria. The shortened 1-hour OGTT may provide diagnostic equivalence for prediabetes risk with the additional advantage of a less time-consuming risk assessment.
Evidence Analysis of Sympathetic Blocks for Visceral Pain

This paper aims to review common sympathetic nerve blocks to treat visceral pain. Extensive reviews exist exploring the approach to care for those with visceral pain due to malignancy. These often include interventional pain procedures. Research demonstrates these procedures may reduce opioid use. Research is ongoing to assess the efficacy when treating non-malignant source of visceral pain. Recently, several case reports and small-scale studies demonstrate benefits for non-painful entities, such as improved cardiac function after such procedures. The management of visceral algesia is complex. The approach to visceral pain should recognize the benefit of early discussions for the use of sympathetic blocks. Additionally, since most procedures have multiple techniques, analgesia can be achieved even in the setting of distorted anatomy due to tumor mass effects or post-radiation fibrosis, among other etiologies.
Persuasion, Rhetoric and Roman Poetry

Previous studies on the relationship between rhetorical theory and Roman poetry have generally taken the form of lists enumerating elements of style and arrangement that poets are said to have 'borrowed' from rhetorical critics. This book examines, and ultimately questions, this entrenched theoretical model and the very notion of rhetorical influence on which this paradigm is built. Tracing key moments in the poetic and the rhetorical traditions, in the context of which the problematic relationship of difference and similarity between rhetorical and poetic discourse is discussed, the book focuses on the cultural relevance of this intellectual divide in Roman literary culture. The study of rhetorical sources, such as Cicero, Seneca the Elder and Quintilian, and of select responses in Roman poetry, sheds light on long-standing scholarly assumptions about classical poetry as artless language and about the role of rhetoric in the construction of the decline of post-classical cultures.
Insights into Malware Detection via Behavioral Frequency Analysis Using Machine Learning

The most common defenses against malware threats involves the use of signatures derived from instances of known malware. However, the constant evolution of the malware threat landscape necessitates defense against unknown malware, making a signature catalog of known threats insufficient to prevent zero-day vulnerabilities from being exploited. Recent research has applied machine learning approaches to identify malware through artifacts of malicious activity as observed through dynamic behavioral analysis. We have seen that these approaches mimic common malware defenses by simply offering a method of detecting known malware. We contribute a new method of identifying software as malicious or benign through analysis of the frequency of Windows API system function calls. We show that this is a powerful technique for malware detection because it generates learning models which understand the difference between malicious and benign software, rather than producing a malware signature classifier. We contribute a method of systematically comparing machine learning models against different datasets to determine their efficacy in accurately distinguishing the difference between malicious and benign software.
Pulsed Electric Fields for Pasteurization: Food Safety and Shelf Life

Pulsed electric field (PEF) processing is a non-thermal method of food preservation that uses short bursts of electricity to inactivate microbial populations in foods and causes minimal or no detrimental effect on food quality attributes since it preserves foods using minimal heat or without heat. PEF processing involves treating foods placed between electrodes by high voltage pulses in the order of 20–80 kV for microseconds. The applied high electric field results in microbial inactivation. PEF treatment has lethal effects on various species of vegetative bacteria, molds, and yeasts. A series of short, high-voltage pulses breaks the cell membranes of vegetative microorganisms in liquid media, allowing for the formation of new pores and/or the expansion of existing pores (electroporation) in microbial cell membranes. Pore formation is reversible or irreversible depending on factors such as the electric field intensity, the pulse duration, and number of pulses. As a result of pore formation, the membranes of PEF-treated cells become permeable to small molecules; permeation causes swelling and eventual rupture of the cell membrane. A typical continuous PEF processing system for food pasteurization is composed of four major components: pulse generator, PEF treatment chamber, fluid handling system, and control and monitoring devices. There are multiple processing conditions associated with each of these components to be selected or controlled to achieve a desirable reduction in microbial populations. Application of PEF technology has been successfully demonstrated for the pasteurization of foods such as juices, milk, yogurt, soups, and liquid eggs. This chapter introduces various PEF systems, processing parameters, and theory of microbial inactivation; discusses PEF applications for food safety and shelf life; and concludes with main challenges and future trends.
Survival After Heart Transplantation in Patients with Adriamycin Associated Cardiomyopathy - An Updated UNOS Analysis

Introduction The purpose of this analysis is to provide up to date, summary data around post cardiac transplant survival in patients with Adriamycin associated cardiomyopathy (ACM). Hypothesis Post cardiac transplant survival of ACM patients will be the same as other cardiomyopathy subtypes. Methods Adults (≥18 years) who underwent first-time, single organ heart transplantation were identified from the United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) between October 18, 2008 and October 18, 2018 (continuous flow LVAD era, prior to UNOS allocation system change). Cardiomyopathy subtypes that could have been supported with an LVAD (ACM, dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), ischemic cardiomyopathy (ICM)) were included in the analysis. To test the association between cardiomyopathy subtype and post cardiac transplant survival, a multivariate cox regression analysis was performed. Results The analysis included 18,270 patients (357 ACM, 10,662 DCM, 7,251 ICM). ACM heart transplant recipients were younger, had a higher percentage of women, and had higher pulmonary vascular resistance at listing (Table).While rates of bridge to transplant LVAD increased during this time period, the ACM group had a lower percentage of durable LVADs at the time of transplant (Table). Compared with DCM (reference group), patients with ACM did not experience an increase in post cardiac transplant mortality (adjusted HR 1.05, 95% CI 0.8 to 1.4, p = 0.76) or ICM (adjusted HR 1.2, 95% CI 0.9 to 1.6, p = 0.3). Causes of death after cardiac transplantation were not statistically different between groups. Conclusions Adriamycin associated cardiomyopathy patients who were transplanted during this 10 year period had similar post- transplant survival to those with dilated and ischemic cardiomyopathy. Bridge to transplant LVAD use remains lower than other cardiomyopathy subtypes.
In-situ real-space imaging of single crystal surface reconstructions via electron microscopy

Here, we report a high temperature in-situ atomic resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) study of single crystal surface structure dynamics. With the approach, we gain direct insight into a double layer reconstruction that occurs on the polar SrTiO3 (110) surface. We find that structural details of this reconstruction can be directly attributed to charge redistribution and the thermal mismatch between the surface and the bulk material. Periodic surface defects, similar to dislocations, are found, which act to relieve stress as the temperature is lowered. Combining STEM observations, electron energy loss spectroscopy, and density functional theory, we highlight the combined role of lattice misfit and charge compensation to determine the structure and chemistry of the observed polar surface reconstruction.
Disclosure Incentives and Effects on Cost of Capitol Around the World

Prior research predicts that firms reliant on external financing are more likely to undertake a higher level of disclosure, and a higher disclosure level should in turn lead to a lower cost of external financing. This paper tests these predictions outside the United States where alternative legal and financial systems could mitigate the effectiveness of such disclosures, and comprehensively examines both disclosure incentives and disclosure consequences on cost of capital for a common set of firms. Using a sample from 34 countries, we find that firms in industries with greater external financing needs have higher voluntary disclosure levels, and that an expanded disclosure policy for these firms leads to a lower cost of both debt and equity capital. Cross-country differences in legal and financial systems affect observed disclosure levels in predicted ways. However, a surprising result in the study is that voluntary disclosure incentives appear to operate independently of country-level factors, which suggests the effectiveness of voluntary disclosure in gaining access to lower cost external financing around the world.
Achondroplasia is associated with increased occurrence of apparent life-threatening events.

Aim To assess the clinical picture underlying apparent life-threatening events (ALTEs) occurring in infants with achondroplasia and provide guidance for evaluation after an event. Methods A population of 477 individuals with achondroplasia was retrospectively reviewed, and information regarding possible ALTEs was recorded in a REDCap database. Results ALTEs occurred in the first year of life in 18 of 477 individuals (3.8%). Most (14/18, 78%) occurred in the first 6 months of life and presented as episodes of apnoea and/or seizures. Of affected infants, 8/18 (44%) had more than one episode. Many of the initial ALTEs arose while infants were in car seats (11/18, 61%). Assessment following ALTEs most often demonstrated either craniocervical junction concerns and/or seizures, with 12/18 (67%) patients undergoing cervicomedullary decompression and 5/18 (28%) starting on anti-epileptic medications after the event. Conclusion Although this study is limited in size and was retrospective, it shows that infants with achondroplasia appear to be at high risk for ALTEs. Evaluation after an event should include neuroimaging of the foramen magnum, inpatient hospital observation including respiratory monitoring and electroencephalography, and a car seat challenge.
Topical treatments for early-stage mycosis fungoides using Grading Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) criteria: A systematic review.

Background Mycosis fungoides (MF) is a cutaneous lymphoma; most patients present with early, skin-limited disease and are managed by dermatologists. Objective The purpose of this study was to systematically review and assess the evidence on topical treatments for early-stage (IA, IB, IIA) MF. Methods We performed a literature search via MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane databases. Grading Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) criteria were used to assess the certainty of the data. Results Two searches yielded 1252 references; 26 met the inclusion criteria and included literature on nitrogen mustard, retinoids, corticosteroids, carmustine, fluorouracil, methotrexate-laurocapram, hexadecylphosphocholine, peldesine, ingenol mebutate, topical methotrexate with oxygen flow-assisted LP3 carrier, and resiquimod. Most studies were single intervention, observational series. Nitrogen mustard, with the most published reports, was effective with 12%-82% early-stage MF patients (total n > 1000) achieving complete remission (CR) (low certainty evidence). Clinical CR was achieved among 10%-60% treated with topical retinoids (low certainty evidence). Two moderate-sized retrospective case series on topical steroids had 18%-63% CR (low certainty evidence). Only single studies were available for the other therapies. Conclusions For most outcomes of interest, the GRADE certainty for topical therapies for early-stage MF was low. Further randomized controlled trials and inclusion of quality of life indicators are needed.
Developmental Screening and Monitoring are Associated with Increased Preschool Special Education Receipt

To appropriately route children with developmental disabilities to appropriate early interventions, those children must first be identified via developmental screening and/or developmental monitoring. Most early identification research emphasizes the relationship between developmental screening and Part C early intervention (EI) receipt for children birth to two. The relationship between developmental monitoring and service receipt is understudied, particularly for 3 to 5-year-old children are routed to Part B (619) early childhood special education services. Thus, this study used data from the National Surveys of Children’s Health (2007, 2012) to investigate the relationship between community-based health care providers (HCP) developmental screening and/or monitoring and the odds of early childhood special education receipt for preschool aged children (3 to 5). Across years, children whose HCP provided both developmental screening and monitoring, or developmental monitoring alone, had substantially greater odds of receiving special education compared to those who did not receive screening or monitoring. Receipt of developmental screening alone was associated with special education receipt in 2012, but not 2007. Developmental monitoring is understudied compared to developmental screening. Data presented here indicate that monitoring is associated with Part B 619 special education receipt and warrants further investigation to better understand how, with developmental screening, developmental monitoring might improve the identification of young children in need of 619 services. In particular, longitudinal analyses capturing data across systems, from screening and monitoring to assessment and service receipt, is needed to understand the effectiveness of monitoring for early identification and appropriate routing of children to relevant care systems.