cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Predicting long-term graft survival in adult kidney transplant recipients.

The ability to accurately predict a population's long-term survival has important implications for quantifying the benefits of transplantation. To identify a model that can accurately predict a kidney transplant population's long-term graft survival, we retrospectively studied the United Network of Organ Sharing data from 13,111 kidney-only transplants completed in 1988- 1989. Nineteen-year death-censored graft survival (DCGS) projections were calculated and com­pared with the population's actual graft survival. The projection curves were created using a two-part estimation model that (1) fits a Kaplan-Meier survival curve immediately after transplant (Part A) and (2) uses truncated observational data to model a survival function for long-term projection (Part B). Projection curves were examined using varying amounts of time to fit both parts of the model. The accuracy of the projection curve was determined by examining whether predicted sur­vival fell within the 95% confidence interval for the 19-year Kaplan-Meier survival, and the sample size needed to detect the difference in projected versus observed survival in a clinical trial. The 19-year DCGS was 40.7% (39.8-41.6%). Excellent predictability (41.3%) can be achieved when Part A is fit for three years and Part B is projected using two additional years of data. Using less than five total years of data tended to overestimate the population's long-term survival, accurate prediction of long-term DCGS is possible, but requires attention to the quantity data used in the projection method.
Medullary thyroid carcinoma identified by cell-free translation of tumor messenger ribonucleic acid in a patient with a neck mass and the syndrome of ectopic adrenocorticotropin.

We report a patient who presented with a lateral neck mass and Cushing's syndrome secondary to the ectopic production of ACTH. The initial diagnosis was a nonchromaffin paraganglioma based on conventional light and electron microscopic studies. However, during this patient's hospital course, we determined that mRNA extracted from the tumor directed the translation of a calcitonin precursor in a cell-free system. This finding led to a consideration of the diagnosis of medullary thyroid carcinoma, which was then confirmed by further endocrine and histological evaluations. This is a report ofthe identification of a tumor type using techniques of molecular biology. (JClin Endocrinol Metab 52: 572, 1981)
Structural and optical emission characteristics of InGaN thin layers and the implications for growing high-quality quantum wells by MOCVD

Defect formation and In segregation in InGaN/GaN quantum wells grown at various temperatures and with various well thicknesses were studied using cathodoluminescence, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM). In 0.16 Ga 0.84 N quantum wells with In compositional nonuniformity and a small number of structural defects originating at the InGaN/GaN interface showed sharp and intense InGaN emission in cathodoluminescence (CL). Increasing the In composition caused surface roughness in the InGaN layer and the formation of stacking faults/dislocations originating at InGaN/GaN interface. This resulted in a reduction of the InGaN emission peak intensity. ( 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Missing Observations in Multivariate Statistics III: Large Sample Analysis of Simple Linear Regression

Abstract We derive the asymptotic distribution of several estimators for the parameters of the linear regression of y on x when some observations on y and on x are missing. Then, we compare estimators using a mean square error criterion. We find for example that a simple estimator of the linear regression function has asymptotic efficiency no worse than 0.95 compared with the maximum likelihood estimator (assuming bivariate normality) provided that no more than 30 per cent of the y's and 30 per cent of the x's are missing. This simple estimator is defined without assuming bivariate normality in Section 8.1.
The effects of operator position, pallet orientation, and palletizing condition on low back loads in manual bag palletizing operations.

Abstract Many mining commodities are packaged and shipped using bags. Small bags are typically loaded onto pallets for transport and require a significant amount of manual handling by workers. This specific task of manual bag handling has been associated with the development of musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs), especially low back disorders. This study evaluates the biomechanical demands of different work layouts when performing manual palletizing of small bags, and evaluates the biomechanical stresses associated with different stacking techniques. Results indicate that peak forward bending moments as well as spinal compression and shear forces are higher when the pallet is situated at the side of the conveyor as opposed to the end of the conveyor. At low levels of the pallet, controlled bag placement results in higher peak forward bending moments than stacking at higher levels and when dropping the bag to lower levels. The results of this study will be used to inform the development of an audit tool for bagging operations in the mining industry. Relevance to industry In many cases for workers loading small bags, compression forces exceed the NIOSH criterion of 3400 N. Orientation of the pallet has a significant impact on spinal compression, and positioning the pallet at the end of the conveyor reduces the estimated compressive loading on the lumbar spine by approximately 800 N.
An assessment of the efficacy and safety of orlistat for the long-term management of obesity

Abstract Pancreatic and gastric lipases hydrolyze dietary triglycerides into 2-monoacylglycerols and free fatty acids prior to systemic absorption. Orlistat, a potent gastrointestinal lipase inhibitor, is undergoing review by the Food and Drug Administration as a new treatment for obesity. When given with a fat-containing meal, orlistat 120 mg three times a day reduces fat absorption by approximately 30%, which equates to a decrease in caloric absorption of approximately 200 kcal/d. A 2 year European study found that 75% of obese subjects on low-fat, energy-deficient diets plus orlistat lost and maintained a modest but medically significant amount of weight. The loss was twice as high as that of subjects taking placebo. Side effects in individuals taking the drug, which were related to orlistat’s mechanism of action, included oily spotting, flatulence, and frequent loose stools. Patients did not experience frank diarrhea or intestinal malabsorption. Vitamin D and β-carotene levels decreased but remained within the normal range. In summary, orlistat is the first example of a new class of antiobesity drugs that interferes with dietary fat absorption, enhances weight loss and weight maintenance, has tolerable gastrointestinal side effects, and has no major drug toxicity. Orlistat may prove to be useful in clinical practice as an adjunct to nonpharmacological weight management interventions, particularly low-fat energy-deficient diets.
Arabic language planning in the age of globalization

Language planning is an issue of contemporary concern around the globe. Every sovereign nation wishes to preserve its national tongue and maintain its status as a preferred medium of communication. However, the phenomenon of globalization, coupled with the increasing hegemony of English, has motivated many nations to revisit their language planning policies with a view to ensuring and strengthening the pre-eminence of their own languages, not only within their national borders, but within their geographical and commercial reach as well. The Arabic-speaking countries, while recalling with pride their historical dominance in the medieval scientific arena, are now struggling to prevent the language from an inundation of modern foreign terminology. The Arabic language-planning agencies, whose efforts to date, despite their excellent intentions, have not exhibited stellar success, must closely examine the work of other planning organizations which have succeeded in achieving many of their goals. Efforts by linguistically and ethnically diverse Scandinavian countries to promote unified technical and scientific terminology deserve close examination by the Arab nations, along with adaptation of their flourishing endeavors to the problems that beset Arabic language planning.
Multiple Instantaneous Collisions in a Variational Framework

Variational integrators have become of interest to the controls community, particularly since in recent years they have been used in the context of optimal control. This paper discusses how to resolve simultaneous impacts in a variational context, assuming that all boundaries of the impacting bodies are differentiable. We demonstrate how this analysis works for arbitrary numbers of simultaneous impacts and derive discrete time algorithms for resolving these impacts numerically. We illustrate our results, both in the continuous and discrete domain, using Newton's cradle as an example.
Separating electroweak symmetry breaking from flavor physics in an almost-standard model

Abstract We introduce a model in which a scalar doublet breaks SU(2) × U(1) and helps generate the masses of ordinary fermions but is not responsible for flavor symmetry breaking. The latter is accomplished by heavy Dirac SU(2)-singlet fermions. The phenomenology of the model including effects on universality, K 0 K 0 mixing and the decay K → πν ν is discussed in detail. We also analyze the best means of searching for the heavy singlet fermions including direct production and effects at the Z-boson pole.
Spectral study of b cytochromes in yeast mitochondria and intact cells.

Abstract Three types of b cytochromes are demonstrated in Candida utilis mitochondria. One of these b cytochromes has a symmetrical α-band at 561.5 nm at room temperature. This b cytochrome is readily reduced either by anaerobiosis or by cyanide treatment in the presence of glycerol 1-phosphate or succinate both in coupled and uncoupled mitochondria. The second b cytochrome has a double α-band at 565 nm and 558 nm. This b cytochrome is readily reduced either by anaerobiosis or by cyanide treatment in the presence of glycerol 1-phosphate or succinate in coupled mitochondria, but in uncoupled mitochondria it is slowly reduced after anaerobiosis and this reduction rate is enhanced by antimycin A addition. Thus the oxidation-reduction state of this cytochrome is energy dependent. The first cytochrome is spectroscopically identified as cytochrome b K and the second as cytochrome b T . The third b cytochrome has an α-band around 563 nm ( b 563 ) and is reduced slowly after anaerobiosis in uncoupled mitochondria but faster than the b T . Further properties of this component are not known. Midpoint potentials of cytochromes b T , b 563 and b K are approximately −50 mV, +5 mV, and +65 mV, respectively. In intact cells, cytochrome b T is reduced immediately after anaerobiosis or cyanide treatment, and rapidly oxidized when uncoupler is added. Addition of antimycin A instead of uncoupler to the anaerobic cells causes oxidation of mainly cytochrome b T while addition of antimycin A to the aerobic cells results in a reduction of the cytochrome b T .
Collagen and other mesoglea protein from the coral lbophyllia crymbosa (anthozoa, scleractinla)

Abstract 1. 1. Mechanically isolated mesoglea fibres were partially gelatinized. Both gelatin and the insoluble residue were subjected to amino-acid analysis. 2. 2. The gelatin is a typical anthozoan collagen high in hydroxyproline, hydroxylysine, and total acidic amino-acids, but low in total imino-acids. 3. 3. A second protein is recognized in the insoluble residue. This protein is high in alanine, acidic, and basic amino-acids. It makes up 12 per cent of the residue.
Enzyme histochemical studies of membrane proteases in rat subfornical organ.

Summary Localization of membrane proteases glutamyl aminopeptidase (EAP), microsomal alanyl aminopeptidase (mAAP), dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP IV) and γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (γ-GTP) were studied in vessels of the rat subfornical organ (SFO), ependyma which cover the surface of the SFO, and adjacent brain structures. Results of enzyme histochemical reactions showed strong activity for EAP, mAAP, and γ-GTP, but absence of DPP IV in microvessels of SFO. The ependyma which cover the SFO was positive for γ-GTP, but negative for other studied proteases. Our results showed that the spectrum of enzymes in the majority of the vessels of SFO is similar to that of the microvessels of the adjacent brain tissue which were positive for EAP, mAAP, and γ-GTP, but negative for DPP IV. The relative intensity of the enzyme reactions in vessels varied from central to lateral locations in the SFO and the adjacent brain tissue. There was also a difference in the relative reaction intensity from one enzyme to the other. The presence and heterogeneous distribution of the enzymes are consistent with the hypothesis that membrane proteases of the microvascular endothelium constitute an enzyme-barrier between blood and parenchyma of the SFO and between blood and brain tissue, and may be involved in metabolism or modulation of various peptides when they contact the plasma membrane of the endothelial cells of the vessels
Fluid Flow Property Estimation From Seismic Scattering Data

All geophysical methods detect fractures indirectly [e.g. NAS/NRC, 1996]. Typically several levels of interpretation follow the collection of raw geophysical data. Field measurements must first be interpreted (for example from travel time to velocities or identification of the origin of seismic scattering features in the coda). Then the fracture properties must be deduced using models (from seismic attributes to fracture geometry). Finally, the fracture physics of interest such as fluid flow properties must be interpreted (from fracture geometry to fluid permeability). The latter two steps may be approached by beginning with rock physics models that relate flow and transport to fracture geometry and that relate elasticity to fracture geometry.
Skinner and Chomsky Thirty Years Later in North American Contributions to the History of Linguistics

SUMMARYThis paper offers a historiographic account of the fate of B.F. Skinner's famous 1957 book Verbal Behavior and N. Chomsky's more-famous review of it that appeared in Language in 1959. For the period from the late 1950s, four reasons are identified to explain the repression of Skinner's behaviorist approach to language with respect to Chomsky an generativism: i) cognitive taste; ii) the legacy of the 1960s; iii) the power of essentializing humanism, and iv) the discipline of linguistics as it conceived of itself through its textual tradition. The paper argues, furthermore, that changes in the same four categories have provided a more positive climate for behaviorism in the late 1980s. As a result of these recent changes, the paper proposes that Skinner's place in the historical record of linguistics be reconsidered, along with that of V.N. Voloinov whose approach to language is favorably compared to Skinner's.RESUMECet article propose une analyse historiographique de la fortune du livre renomme de B.F. Skinner, Verbal Behavior (1957), et du compte-rendu encore plus connu qu'en avait fait N. Chomsky dans Language (1959). Notre etude, en tenant compte de la periode de la fin des annees cinquante jusqu'au debut des annees quatre-vingt, identifie les quatre raisons suivan-tes pour expliquer la refutation du behaviorisme de Skinner vis-a-vis du ge-nerativisme de Chomsky: i) le gout cognitif; ii) l'heritage des annees soixan-te; iii) la dominance d'un humanisme essentialisant, et iv) la discipline de la linguistique circonscrite par sa propre histoire. En outre, nous remarquons nettement que des changements dans les quatre memes categories ont pro-duit un climat plus favorable au behaviorisme a la fin des annees quatre-vingt. Aussi reinterpretons-nous le statut de Skinner dans l'histoire de la linguistique, ce qui nous mene a comparer son approche aux problemes lan-gagiers a l'ceuvre importante de V.N. Voloinov.
Dynamic consolidation of rapidly solidified titanium alloy powders by explosives

Consolidation of rapidly solidified titanium alloy powders employing explosively generated shock pressures was carried out successfully. The cylindrical explosive consolidation technique was utilized, and compacts with densities in the range 97 to 100% were produced. Better consolidation (with more interparticle melting regions and less cracking) was achieved by using a double tube design in which the outer tube (flyer tube) was explosively accelerated, impacting the powder container. Optical and transmission electron microscopy observations were carried out to establish microstructural properties of the products. It was observed that consolidation is achieved by interparticle melting occurring during the process. The interior of the particles in Ti-17 alloy exhibited planar arrays of dislocations and twin-like features characteristic of shock loading. Two dominant types of microstructures (lath and equiaxed) were observed both in Ti-662 and Ti-6242 + 1% Er compacts, and very fine erbia (Er2O3) particles were seen in the latter alloy. The micro-indentation hardness of the consolidated products was found to be higher than that of the as-received powder material; and the yield and ultimate tensile strengths were found to be approximately the same as in the as-cast and forged conditions. The ductilities (as measured by the total elongation) of the shockcompacted materials were much lower than those of the cast or forged alloys. Hot isostatic pressing of the shock-consolidated alloys increased their ductility. This enhancement in ductility is thought to be due to the closure of existing cracks. These excellent mechanical properties are a consequence of strong interparticle bonding between individual powder particles. It was also established that scaling up the powder compacts in size is possible and compacts with 50, 75, and 100 mm diameter were successfully produced.
From theories to actions: a proposal for a new course on enterprise information systems integration

This paper presents a proposal for a new senior/gradates level courses concentrating on enterprise information systems/applications integration. The course will include introduction to different enterprise integration models and enterprise systems architectures, current and upcoming trends of technology, and design and implementation strategy. In addition to traditional class lectures, techniques such as problem-based learning (PBL) and case method are the essential approaches to delivery the course effectively. Emphasis is upon active rather than passive learning.
Approximate wave functions for the F+-centers in LiNbO3 and LiTaO3

The improved hydrogen-like wave function is used as a trial wave function of the 1s-state to calculate the energy levels of F+-centers in lithium niobate and lithium tantalate. The point-ion model is employed. The Schrodinger equation is solved variationally. The transition energies agree within 6.4% and 13.4% with the observed peaks in the absorption spectra for LiNbO3 and LiTaO3, respectively. In comparison with previous work along this line the results obtained here are much better in the case of LiTaO3, and are rather compatible in the case of LiNbO3. Furthermore, in order to save computer time various groups of ions out of the “lattice” of 810 ions are examinated to find the minimum numbers of ions needed to guarantee an essential physics of the systems. The advantages of using this more accurate one-parameter wave function are discussed. Die verbesserte wasserstoffahnliche Wellenfunktion wird als Testwellenfunktion fur den 1s-Zustand zur Berechnung der Energieniveaus der F+-Zentren in Lithiumniobat und Lithiumtantalat benutzt. Dabei wird das Punktionenmodell verwendet und die Schrodingergleichung mit einem Variationsansatz gelost. Die Ubergangsenergien stimmen innerhalb 6,4% und 13,4% mit den beobachteten Maxima der Absorptionsspektren fur LiNbO3 bzw. LiTaO3 uberein. Im Vergleich zu einer fruheren Arbeit auf diesem Gebiet sind die hier erzielten Ergebnisse fur den Fall von LiTaO3 viel besser, und fur den Fall von LiNbO3 eher kompatibel. Daruberhinaus werden zur Einsparung von Rechenzeit verschiedene Gruppen von Ionen aus dem „Gitter” von 810 Ionen untersucht, um die minimale Zahl von Ionen zu finden, die benotigt werden, um die wesentlichen physikalischen Eigenschaften des Systems zu garantieren. Die Vorteile dieser exakten Ein-Parameter-Wellenfunktion werden diskutiert.
The effect of a short region of concave curvature on a supersonic turbulent boundary layer

Mean flow measurements have been made in a supersonic turbulent boundary layer experiencing a short region of concave curvature and an adverse pressure gradient. The incoming boundary layer had a Mach number of 2.87 and a unit Reynolds number of 6.3 x 10 to the 7th/m. Flow over constant radii curvatures of delta (0)/R = 0.10 and 0.02 with a fixed turning angle of 8 deg were investigated. Results indicate that both flows remain two-dimensional; length scales increase over their equilibrium values; the mean flow behaves similarly to subsonic flows experiencing concave curvature and lateral divergence; and boundary layer behavior is strongly similar to a corresponding 8 deg ramp flow.
How College Freshmen View Plagiarism

College freshmen (75 men and 75 women) at Indiana University completed a questionnaire designed to elicit their reasoning about, and attitudes toward, plagiarism. Students wrote their own explanations of why it is wrong to plagiarize, rated five standard explanations that were based on different ethical orientations, and responded to a series of statements about the seriousness and consequences of plagiarizing. Analyses revealed that these students took the matter of plagiarism rather seriously, and that they tended to construe plagiarism in terms of three major issues: fairness to authors and other students, the responsibility of students to do independent work, and respect for ownership rights.
Opioid mediation of starch and sugar preference in the rat

In our prior studies, administration of the opioid receptor antagonist naltrexone did not block conditioned preferences for a flavor paired with a preferred sugar solution over a flavor paired with saccharin. This may be because both training solutions were sweet, and their attractiveness was reduced by naltrexone. The present study compared the effects of naltrexone on preferences for flavors paired with sugar or starch drinks that have distinctive tastes to rats. Experiment 1 assessed naltrexone's effect on the preference for unflavored 8% cornstarch and 8% sucrose aqueous solutions/suspensions. The food-restricted rats displayed a significant sucrose preference which increased following systemic treatment with naltrexone (1 or 3mg/kg) even though total intake of both solutions declined. In Experiment 2, rats were trained to drink flavored (cherry or grape) starch and sucrose solutions in separate one-bottle sessions. In a two-bottle choice test with both flavors presented in a sucrose-starch mixture, the rats significantly preferred the starch-paired flavor. Naltrexone treatment blocked the expression of this starch-conditioned preference. In Experiment 3, rats were treated with saline or naltrexone throughout one-bottle training with flavored sucrose and starch solutions. In a subsequent choice test, both the saline and naltrexone groups displayed significant preferences for the starch-paired flavor, indicating that opioid antagonism failed to alter the acquisition of this conditioned preference. In summary, novel outcomes of this study included the increased rather than the predicted decrease in sucrose preference produced by naltrexone. Also, starch unexpectedly conditioned the stronger flavor preference, although this can be explained by the differential post-oral reinforcing actions of starch and sucrose, and naltrexone blocked the expression, but not the acquisition, of this preference. These findings suggest that the reward value of starch in liquid form is more dependent upon opioid signaling than is that of sugar.
Diversification of rabbit VH genes by gene‐conversion‐like and hypermutation mechanisms

Summary: Where, when and how does Vu diversification occur in the rabbit? Early diversification by gene-conversion and somatic hypermutation in rabbit appendix and chicken bursa of Fabricius are similar processes; the chicken bursa and the rabbit appendix have homologous functions. However, diversification in bursa starts during embryonic development whereas it starts in rabbit appendix about 2 weeks after birth in the presence of antigens and superantigens that ma) contribute to positive and negative selection, affect B-cell expansion and mold the repertoire. The biochemical steps leading to diversification by gene conversion are unknown. However elevated levels of RAD51 mRNA in both chicken bursa and young rabbit appendix suggest that repair of double stand breaks may be involved. The base changes found in expressed rabbit VH sequences derived from rearrangement of known germline VH genes followed by one or more gene conversions occur with frequencies similar to those found in analyses of somatic hypermutation. The Ser codons in CDR1 and CDR2 of rabbit VHl I genes are all AGY rather than TCN, suggesting that they may represent intrinsic hotspots for hypermutation comparable to those described in human and mouse VHr. Somatic hypermutation may further refine antibody affinities in rabbit germinal centers.
Genetics of Biological Rhythms in Drosophila

GENETICS OF THE PER LOCUS 228 NEUROB IOLOGY OF PER MUTANTS 229 MOLECULAR STUDIES 231 Cloning and Sequencing of Wild-Type and Mutant per DNA ......... , ...... 231 Reversal of the Arrhythmic Phenotype by Transformation.. . . . 232 The Pe�VMutation 234 FUTUR E PROSP ECTS 234
Using a social networking site for experiential learning: Appropriating, lurking, modeling and community building

Abstract With social networking sites playing an increasingly important role in today's society, educators are exploring how they can be used as a teaching and learning tool. This article reports the findings of a qualitative case study about the integration of Ning into a blended course. The study draws on the perspectives of the students, the instructor and an outside observer to explore the intended and unintended outcomes of Ning use. As intended by the instructor, the site effectively served as an information repository and the blogs and discussion forums promoted reflection and review of each other's work. Unintended outcomes included community building and modeling, both of which are types of vicarious interaction that fall into the category of pedagogical lurking.
Q Fever is Underestimated in the United States: A Comparison of Fatal Q Fever Cases from Two National Reporting Systems

Two national surveillance systems capturing reports of fatal Q fever were compared with obtained estimates of Q fever underreporting in the United States using capture–recapture methods. During 2000–2011, a total of 33 unique fatal Q fever cases were reported through case report forms submitted to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and through U.S. death certificate data. A single case matched between both data sets, yielding an estimated 129 fatal cases (95% confidence interval [CI] = 62–1,250) during 2000–2011. Fatal cases of Q fever were underreported through case report forms by an estimated factor of 14 and through death certificates by an estimated factor of 5.2.
Traditional and Alert Hypnotic Phenomena: Development Through Anteriorization

Modern research techniques show that hypnotic induction involves behavioral and cognitive inhibition as components of many hypnotic phenomena. One standard laboratory technique for measuring cognitive inhibition is the Go/NoGo procedure. The procedure moves the average, or centroid, of electroencephalography signals toward the frontal, or anterior, part of the brain. This process, called anteriorization, produces a shift in the emotional and cognitive signals from the anterior cingulate cortex. This has implications for both the scientific understanding and clinical use of hypnosis.
Analytical Fluid Flow Models for Tape Casting

The details of fluid flow in tape casting of a Newtonian slurry with a parallel blade are analyzed in terms of the relative magnitudes of the driving forces (wall shear and pressure gradient) and the resulting tape thickness. Prior studies are limited to describe the flow under the blade and within the reservoir. Consideration of the flow after the blade exit indicates that the existence of a zero-shear plane might have a negative effect on particle alignment in the tape. The more common case of a beveled blade is also analyzed using the one-dimensional flow model, which is shown to be valid for blade angles up to about 45°. The beveled and parallel blades are compared in terms of productivity, minimum thickness, and potential influence on particle alignment.
Field demonstration of polarotaxis in the fish Zenarchopterus

Oriented responses to linearly polarized light have been quantitatively confirmed in the marine teleost Zenarchopterus studied in underwater field experiments with the aid of SCUBA. During six successive mornings 2485 heading measurements were made on 36 untrained fish. With natural illumination spontaneous azimuth orientation is mutiply dependent on the sun's bearing and apparently on the natural polarized light of blue sky or water as well as the direction of the interisland channel where the fish were collected. When a dichroic filter is placed over the fish polarotaxis is manifest as directional preferences mainly perpendicular and less strongly, parallel to the plane of polarization. This response is most intense when the imposed e-vector differs maximally (by 60°–90°) from that predominant in the natural illumination (90° to the sun's bearing). When the sun's disc is partly or wholly obscured by clouds polarotaxis is significantly weakened even though the polarization pattern visible to the fish through the dichroic filter would be virtually unchanged. More than moderate angular turning rates by the fish swimming in the experimental vessel also weaken their response to the e-vector. Individual fishes show different reactions: about one-third of those in full sunlight oriented strongly parallel and perpendicular to the imposed e-vector, another smaller group appears to orient obliquely to the polarization plane while the remainder respond weakly to the e-vector if at all. Continuing work is required to demonstrate the physiological mechanism and ecological significance of these behavioral patterns.
Fundamentals of Distance Protection

In this paper we have reviewed some basic principles of distance protection. This includes fundamentals of measuring distance to fault based on electrical signals from one end of the circuit; the principles of amplitude and phase comparators to implement a distance relay; and various technologies used to build distance relays. A number of application aspects have been discussed including shaping of the impedance characteristic, the impact of fault resistance, different methods of polarizing distance functions, the need for phase selection, switchable vs. non-switchable schemes, distance function looking through power transformers or series compensated lines.
Tobramycin (nebramycin factor 6): in vitro activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Tobramycin (factor 6 of the nebramycin complex) is a new aminoglycoside antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces tenebrarius which is active against S. aureus, Enterobacteriaceae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Susceptibility to tobramycin of 96 strains of P. aeruginosa, including 45 recent isolates from blood, was studied by using agar and broth dilution methods. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for 83 of 96 strains was 3.12 μg/ml or lower in Mueller Hinton agar; MIC values were two to eight times lower in Mueller Hinton broth tests. Agar dilution MIC values were generally lower than those obtained in parallel tests with gentamicin. Killing curves obtained from serial sampling of broth cultures showed a 100- to 10,000-fold decline in viability of log-phase organisms within 30 min of exposure to the drug. Two-dimensional agar dilution tests with carbenicillin and tobramycin with 79 strains showed additive or synergistic effects; no antagonism was documented. Seventy-eight of 79 strains were inhibited by a combination of 50 μg of carbenicillin per ml and 1.56 μg of tobramycin per ml, blood levels which seem attainable in man. Tobramycin appears to be a potent, rapidly bactericidal antibiotic against P. aeruginosa and merits clinical evaluation.
Why Common Cause Opposed the Bork Nomination

When President Reagan announced on July 1 his nomination of Judge Robert Bork of the U.S. Court of Appeals to replace Justice Lewis Powell on the Supreme Court, the quick response from a wide array of interest groups, senators, and administration officials signaled that the confirmation would be a hard fought battle of competing ideologies. The controversy surrounding Bork came as no surprise, as court appointments at all levels by the Reagan administration have demonstrated what some call an "ideological litmus test" to determine the fitness of candidates for the bench. In fact, the administration has made it very clear that it wants to leave office with the legacy of a strong, conservative federal judiciary (over 40% of whom will have been Reagan appointees by the end of his second term). The inclusion of Bork on
Comparison of Enhanced-PSO and Classical Optimization Methods: A Case Study for STATCOM Placement

This paper validates the effectiveness of an enhanced particle swarm optimizer (Enhanced-PSO) method in solving the problem of optimal allocation of FACTS devices in a power system. The performance of the Enhanced-PSO method is compared with classical optimization approaches using a simple but realistic case study of optimal allocation of STATCOM devices, considering steady state and economic criteria. This paper also discusses the concepts and details about the optimization process that tend to be overlooked in the literature since the selection of an optimization algorithm highly depends on them.
Controls on chlorophyll-a in nutrient-rich agricultural streams in Illinois, USA

Nitrogen and phosphorus are the primary nutrients that affect water quality in streams in the midwestern USA and high concentrations of these nutrients tend to increase algal biomass. However, how nutrients interact with physical controls in regulating algal biomass is not well known in agricultural streams. Eighteen streams in east-central Illinois (USA) were sampled during June and September 2003 to analyze factors possibly regulating algal biomass. Additionally, two shaded and two non-shaded sites in the Embarras River in east-central Illinois were sampled intensively from June to December 2003. Both sestonic and periphytic chlorophyll-a (chl-a) were analyzed, and periphytic chl-a was assessed on natural substrata and unglazed ceramic tiles. Although high concentrations of nutrients were found in these streams (mean total P=0.09–0.122 mg l )1 and mean NO3-N=4.4–8.4 mg l )1 ), concentrations of sestonic chl-a were low among all sites and both sampling periods (<18 mg m )3 , median values of 5 and 3 in June and September, respectively). Filamentous algae were an important component of the algal communities in streams with stable substrata. Periphytic chl-a was generally not related to the concentration of N or P in the water column, and in non-shaded streams periphyton appeared at times to be light-limited due to turbid water. Turbidity was found to be an important factor controlling chl-a on ceramic tiles across the 18 sites and for the Embarras River sites; chl-a decreased exponentially in concentration (132–0 mg m )2 ) as turbidity increased from 4 to 39 NTU (r 2 =0.80). In general, the interaction between hydrology and light (turbidity) likely controlled algal biomass in these nutrient-rich, agricultural streams.
Mean and Turbulent Velocities for Plane Jet

Expressions for the lateral mean velocity, stream function, mean vorticity, and Reynolds stress in the zone of established flow of a two-dimensional jet have been obtained, based on a Gaussian, axial, mean velocity distribution. Mean and turbulent velocity measurements in a water jet have been carried out using Pitot tube and electromagnetic induction (Magnetohydrodynamic MHD) probes. Based upon the experimental evidence, the following conclusions are made: (1) The mean and turbulent velocity distributions are the same for air and water jets at the same Reynolds number and relative locations; (2) turbulence measurements, using the MHD method, yield the correct velocity distribution; however, the magnitudes must be corrected for the effects of current density terms; (3) the autocorrelation and spectral density functions exhibit two regions of differing character, corresponding to macro and micro turbulent, eddy scales; and (4) the macro length scale increases linearly and the microscale increases in a nonlinear manner with distance from the slot discharge.
Tuning microenvironment modulus and biochemical composition promotes human mesenchymal stem cell tenogenic differentiation

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are promising for the regeneration of tendon and ligament tissues. Toward realizing this potential, microenvironment conditions are needed for promoting robust lineage-specific differentiation into tenocytes/ligament fibroblasts. Here, we utilized a statistical design of experiments approach to examine combinations of matrix modulus, composition, and soluble factors in human MSC tenogenic/ligamentogenic differentiation. Specifically, well-defined poly(ethylene glycol)-based hydrogels were synthesized using thiol-ene chemistry providing a bioinert base for probing cell response to extracellular matrix cues. Monomer concentrations were varied to achieve a range of matrix moduli (E ∼ 10-90 kPa), and different ratios of integrin-binding peptides were incorporated (GFOGER and RGDS for collagen and fibronectin, respectively), mimicking aspects of developing tendon/ligament tissue. A face-centered central composite response surface design was utilized to understand the contributions of these cues to human MSC differentiation in the presence of soluble factors identified to promote tenogenesis/ligamentogenesis (BMP-13 and ascorbic acid). Increasing modulus and collagen mimetic peptide content increased relevant gene expression and protein production or retention (scleraxis, collagen I, tenascin-C). These findings could inform the design of materials for tendon/ligament regeneration. More broadly, the design of experiments enabled efficient data acquisition and analysis, requiring fewer replicates than if each factor had been varied one at a time. This approach can be combined with other stimuli (for example, mechanical stimulation) toward a better mechanistic understanding of differentiation down these challenging lineages.
Effect of hypoxic exposure on Na+/H+ antiport activity, isoform expression, and localization in endothelial cells.

Little is known about the effects of prolonged hypoxic exposure on membrane ion transport activity. The Na+/H+antiport is an ion transport site that regulates intracellular pH in mammalian cells. W...
The perceived moral reprehensibility of strategic mortgage default

Abstract Defaulting on a mortgage is widely viewed as being immoral, but no prior study has examined the intervening roles of financial outcome and default intent. We find that the public is significantly more accepting of a defaulting borrower who earns a zero or negative return on his investment than one who earns a positive return. This moral viewpoint changes significantly when the default is strategic in nature. Defaulters are judged significantly less harshly by those who more so blame the lender for the current financial crisis, those who have previously strategically defaulted, and males. When asked to suggest a “morally appropriate” settlement offer to lenders to resolve the distressed debt, beyond the financial outcome and default intent remaining significant, we further find that those who more so blame the lender, those who view their home as more of an investment rather than a consumption good, those who have previously strategically defaulted, those with lower income levels, and minorities suggest significantly lower settlement offers.
Chemically active reduced graphene oxide with tunable C/O ratios.

Organic dispersions of graphene oxide can be thermally reduced in polar organic solvents under reflux conditions to afford electrically conductive, chemically active reduced graphene oxide (CARGO) with tunable C/O ratios, dependent on the boiling point of the solvent. The reductions are achieved after only 1 h of reflux, and the corresponding C/O ratios do not change upon further thermal treatment. Hydroxyl and carboxyl groups can be removed when the reflux is carried out above 155 °C, while epoxides are removable only when the temperature is higher than 200 °C. The increasing hydrophobic nature of CARGO, as its C/O ratio increases, improves the dispersibility of the nanosheets in a polystyrene matrix, in contrast to the aggregates formed with CARGO having lower C/O ratios. The excellent processability of the obtained CARGO dispersions is demonstrated via free-standing CARGO papers that exhibit tunable electrical conductivity/chemical activity and can be used as lithium-ion battery anodes with enhanced Co...
CagA, A Master Regulator of Host Protein Phosphorylation Events

loop regulating CagA phosphorylation status and activity [18]. The second mechanism of host protein dephosphorylation was defined by the ability of activated CagAp-Tyr to bind to the SH2domain of Shp-2 tyrosine phosphatase [19], which triggered the dephosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK)and as a consequence of FAK substrates like Paxillin [20]. In gastric epithelial cells reduced FAK activity leads to a reduction of focal adhesion sites and contributes to cell detachment and increased cell motility.
Molecular Dynamics Applied in Drug Discovery: The Case of HIV-1 Protease

Molecular dynamics (MD) is a way to computationally simulate the movement of particles and it is widely used to provide a dynamic perspective on biomolecules. Nowadays, the ever-growing computer power and the improvement in methodology further strengthen the role of MD in drug discovery. In this chapter, an overview of MD's application in drug discovery will be given first, using HIV-1 protease as an example. Then, the underlying theories of MD will be briefly outlined. The second half of this chapter will provide a practical protocol on how to simulate a soluble protein in solvent. All-atom simulation with either implicit solvent or explicit solvent will be covered. The former samples global conformational change more efficiently, and post-processing including angle/distance measurement, structural deviation measurement, Ramachandran plot, and secondary structure analysis will be introduced. The latter is more realistic/expensive and is generally used to finely examine local conformational rearrangement and water-mediated interactions. Post-processing including water density analysis will be described.
Liana’s learning in a democratized classroom

ABSTRACTIn usual understandings of learning, youths’ development in classrooms is portrayed as a move from being a novice to an expert. However, findings of the present anthropologically framed study support us to argue that learning, rather, can be characterized as youths’ simultaneous occupation of novice and expert roles. We refer to this simultaneous occupation as “mutual reliance”. We make this assertion within the context of a multilingual, transnational classroom, where the presence of heightened diversity led teachers to put in place a structure (“autonomous learning groups”) that supported youth to rely on one another to learn. In a video-based case study that tracks one group of students over 33 hours and engages micro-ethnographic analysis of a student named Liana, we found that autonomous learning groups created a democratization of the learning space – everyone contributed from his or her knowledge base because no single person, including the teachers, could ever be an expert.
Metabolic Factors that Contribute to Lupus Pathogenesis

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease in which organ damage is mediated by pathogenic autoantibodies directed against nucleic acids and protein complexes. Studies in SLE patients and in mouse models of lupus have implicated virtually every cell type in the immune system in the induction or amplification of the autoimmune response as well as the promotion of an inflammatory environment that aggravates tissue injury. Here, we review the contribution of CD4+ T cells, B cells, and myeloid cells to lupus pathogenesis and then discuss alterations in the metabolism of these cells that may contribute to disease, given the recent advances in the field of immunometabolism.
A complex adaptive systems perspective of forest policy in China

Abstract The world's forests have historically been managed as systems in which environmental health is compromised for the sake of economic efficiency and growth. China's forest policy framework has generally followed this paradigm as large-scale deforestation over the 20th century led to landscapes that, while economically productive, were made vulnerable to natural disturbances. However, in recent decades China has experienced substantial forest reforms that aim to protect important forested lands while simultaneously increasing timber outputs from plantations. Multiple green growth oriented programs have been in place to attain these objectives with the anticipation that rural poverty can be alleviated and the vulnerability towards natural disasters can be avoided. A growing body of research demonstrates the success of these reforms for improving the lives of landowners while also increasing the country's forest cover. However, these reforms have brought upon substantial change to the relationship within and between social, economic and ecological properties of the nation's forest system, and consequentially its ability to respond and adapt to change in the future. The objective of this paper is to describe the relationship between forest policy and environmental change in China during the last century using a complex adaptive systems framework. This approach demonstrates the coupled nature of policies and forest dynamics that need to be considered in future policy development. China's green growth directed policies and practices must embrace a perspective of constant change and the inevitability of perturbations and disturbances. In this way, China can begin to consider how to build resilience into its policies and management strategies so that the overall system maintains a level of flexibility that allows it to adapt to unforeseen economic and ecological change.