cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Characterization of bleomycin lung injury by nuclear magnetic resonance: correlation between NMR relaxation times and lung water and collagen content.

The response of the NMR relaxation times (T1, CPMG T2, and Hahn T2) to bleomycin-induced lung injury was studied in excised, unperfused rat lungs. NMR, histologic, and biochemical (collagen content measurement) analyses were performed 1, 2, 4, and 8 weeks after intratracheal instillation of saline (control lungs) or 10 U/kg bleomycin sulfate. The control lungs showed no important NMR, water content, histologic, or collagen content changes. The spin-spin relaxation times for the fast and intermediate components of the CPMG decay (T2f and T2i, respectively) increased 1 week after bleomycin injury (acute inflammatory stage) and then progressively decreased during the following 2–8 weeks (i.e., with the development of the chronic, fibrotic stage of the injury). The slow component (T2s) showed no significant changes. The response of T1 and the slow component of the Hahn T2 was, on the whole, similar to that of CPMG T2f and T2i. T1 changes were very small. Lung water content increased 1 week after injury. Histologic and biochemical assessment of collagen showed that collagen content was close to control at 1 week, but markedly increased at 2, 4, and 8 weeks. T1 and T2 data were directly correlated with lung water content and inversely correlated with collagen content. Our results indicate that NMR relaxation time measurements (particularly T2) reflect the structural changes associated with bleomycin injury. The prolonged T2 relaxation times observed in the acute stage are related to the presence of edema, whereas the subsequent decrease in these values marks the stage of the collagen deposition (fibrotic stage). CPMG-T2 and Hahn-T2 measurements can be valuable as a potentially noninvasive method for characterizing bleomycin-induced lung injury and pathologically related lung disorders. Magn Reson Med 47:246–256, 2002. © 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
“PROTECTION AND REAL WAGES”: THE HISTORY OF AN IDEA

Few economics articles have achieved the celebrity that still attaches to the paper, “Protection and Real Wages”, by Wolfgang Stolper and Paul Samuelson in (1941). In this paper I discuss how the Stolper-Samuelson theorem has been re-interpreted over subsequent decades, and how attempts to generalize the theorem to higher dimensions have met with qualified results. The theorem leads to a simple proposition in political economy: in competitive models any productive factor can have its real return increased by a non-transparent policy whereby relative commodity prices are altered if there are enough commodities and joint production, is not too severe.
High-gain n-p-n and p-n-p InGaAs/InAlAs double-heterojunction bipolar transistors with InAs cap layers by molecular-beam epitaxy

The vertical and lateral diffusion of the contact metal during thermal processing become increasingly critical as device dimensions shrink. To alleviate these problems while achieving low contact resistances, InAs contact layers have been used to facilitate the formation of nonalloyed ohmic contacts in n-p-n and p-n-p double-heterojunction bipolar transistors (DHBTs) grown by MBE on
The periodicity of female calling in the blueberry spanworm Itame argillacearia Pack. (Lepidoptera: Geometridae)

The calling of female blueberry spanworms occurs primarily during the first few hours of the photophase under controlled laboratory and field conditions. Peak calling occurred 2 h after lights-on at laboratory test temperatures of 20,15, and 10 °C under a light:dark regime of 16:8; duration of calling was prolonged at 10 °C. Under continuous scotophase, female calling activity free-runs at a natural periodicity of ca. 27 h. However, under continuous photophase the circadian rhythm is damped to a low level of activity but maintains a ca.24-h periodicity.
Effect of dietary vitamin E on expiration of pentane and ethane by the rat

An analytical method for the measurement of hydrocarbon gases in the breath of rats is described. The method was used to follow the expiration in rat breath of in vivo formed scission products of hydroperoxides. The major products are pentane from the linoleic acid family and ethane from the linolenic acid family. Rats were fed 0, 11 or 40 i.u. vitamin E acetate/kg diet for 7 wk starting at age 21 days. Data obtained by gas chromatographic analysis of breath samples were analyzed by the Mann-Whitney nonparametricU-test. This statistical analysis showed that pentane evolved by the group of rats not supplemented with vitamin E was significantly higher during the period 1–7 wk than that evolved by either of the two supplemented groups of rats. Ethane from the nonsupplemented group was significantly higher than that from the group supplemented with 40 i.u. vitamin E/kg of diet by 5 wk, and significantly higher than both supplemented groups by 6 wk. By 7 wk, pentane production was tenfold greater in the nonsupplemented group than in either supplemented group, and ethane was about twofold greater. There was no significant difference between the groups supplemented with 11 and 40 i.u. vitamin E/kg diet for either ethane or pentane. This new technique, which measures scission products from in vivo lipid peroxidation, promises to be useful for application to many experimental areas where lipid peroxidation is expected or known to occur.
Perceptions on the use of no-till farming in production agriculture in the United States: an analysis of survey results

Abstract A number of economic and environmental benefits are associated with the use of no-till in production agriculture in the United States. There are lower labor, energy, and machinery costs associated with no-till farming relative to conventional tillage systems and other types of conservation tillage. Reduced erosion and runoff associated with no-till also lead to a number of environmental benefits, including a reduction in water quality impairment. The objective of this study is to assess farmers’ perception of their actual use of no-till. An analysis of the Agricultural Resource Management Study survey data for 1996 shows that for soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.), winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), spring wheat, and durum wheat, farmers’ perceptions are consistent with reality. In the case of corn (Zea mays L.), however, nearly 18% of corn farmers believe they are using no-till, while in actuality, only slightly more than 12% are using this tillage system. In order to properly associate the benefits of no-till with its use, it is important that farmers’ perception of what constitutes no-till and their actual use of no-till be consistent.
Photodisruption of dense preretinal hemorrhage with Nd:YAG in a child with Terson's syndrome.

We describe a case of a 14-year-old boy with Terson’s syndrome who developed a large preretinal hemorrhage covering the macula in association with a subdural hematoma. Pulsed Nd:YAG laser was used to drain the premacular hemorrhage into the vitreous cavity. Clinical and photographic evidence of rapid resolution of the preretinal hemorrhage and improvement of visual acuity is presented. In selected cases, Nd:YAG laser is a safe alternative for treatment of pediatric patients with dense preretinal hemorrhage in the macular area. Dense preretinal hemorrhage occurs in a variety of clinical settings. The common underlying etiologies include proliferative diabetic retinopathy, ruptured macroaneurysm, valsalva retinopathy, and Terson’s syndrome. While many of these entities are diseases of the adult population, Terson’s syndrome, in which the intraocular hemorrhage is associated with an intracranial hemorrhage, can be seen in pediatric populations. In the majority of cases of Terson’s syndrome, the intraocular hemorrhage resolves spontaneously. However, sometimes a dense hemorrhage can cause severe decreased visual acuity for months with possible complications such as epiretinal membrane formation. Furthermore, a dense macular hemorrhage may act as an amblyogenic factor in a susceptible patient. We describe a young patient with Terson’s syndrome and a dense premacular hematoma who underwent Nd:YAG laser drainage of the hemorrhage, a technique described for adult patients, with rapid restoration of vision.
Identifying Practice Gaps to Optimize Medical Care for Patients with Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a leading cause of chronic liver disease. Primary care providers (PCPs), in contrast to gastroenterology/hepatology (GI/Hep) providers, are the first medical contact for the majority of patients with, or at risk for, NAFLD. PCP awareness of and facility with NAFLD is critical for management of these patients. The purpose of this study was to assess understanding and practice patterns of PCPs and non-GI/Hep subspecialty providers with respect to the diagnosis and management of NAFLD. We administered an online, 61-question survey to 479 providers in internal medicine, family medicine, endocrinology, cardiology, and obstetrics and gynecology (ObGyn) across three health systems: academic medical center, safety-net health system and managed care health system. There were 246 respondents (51 %), with the majority (87 %) being PCPs (internal medicine, family medicine, ObGyn). Only 31 % of providers identified NAFLD as a clinically important diagnosis in their practice. Although 65 % of providers reported some degree of facility in diagnosing NAFLD, less than half (47 %) were comfortable managing NAFLD. Only 33 % refer patients with suspected NAFLD to GI/Hep. Subspecialists in endocrinology and cardiology reported greater clinical concern over NAFLD and were more likely (67 %) to refer patients with suspected NAFLD to GI/Hep. The majority of providers do not identify NAFLD as a clinically important diagnosis and do not refer to GI/Hep. However, 83 % expressed a need for education on NAFLD. Our data reveal practice gaps within NAFLD care and identify opportunities for targeted education to guide PCPs in the evaluation and management of NAFLD.
Edge coloring planar graphs with two outerplanar subgraphs

The standard problem of edge coloring a graph with k colors is equivalent to partitioning the edge set of the graph into k matchings. Here edge coloring is generalized by replacing matchings with outerplanar graphs. We give a polynomial-time algorithm that edge colors any planar graph with two outerplanar subgraphs. Two is clearly minimal for the class of planar graphs.
Discussion of "Flammable vapor ignition initiated by hot rotor surfaces within an induction motor: reality or not?"

The author argues that the original paper's authors (Hamer et al., see ibid., vol. 34, no. 1, p. 100-11, 1999) have made a positive contribution to the knowledge of operating electrical equipment in hazardous atmospheres by demonstrating that the published autoignition temperatures (AITs) for the tested gases are very conservative. He believes that further testing possibly should be performed to better define these AITs; however, the results of these tests indicate to him that there is no reason to consider changing any practices concerning the use of three-phase squirrel-cage motors in Class I, Division 2 locations.
Carbon, nitrogen, and gaseous profiles in a humid, temperate region, maize field soil under No-tillage

Abstract The effect of four consecutive years of tillage method [conventional tillage (CT) or no‐tillage (NT)] and fertilizer N rate (84, 168, 336 kg N·ha‐1·yr) on soil carbon, nitrogen and and gaseous profiles was examined in a Wharton‐Cookport (Aquic Hapludults‐Aquic Fragiudults) silt loam soil in West Virginia cropped to continuous maize (Zea mays L.). At midseason (July) of the last cropping year, soil mineral N profile differences were generally discernible only at the high N (336 kg·ha‐1) rate in the topsoil (0‐ to 30‐cm layer). Ammonium (NH4 +‐N) levels at this time were significantly (p ≤ 0.05) higher under CT, while NO3 ‐‐N levels were the same under both tillage methods. However, after silage harvest in September NH4 +‐N levels were the same under both tillage systems, while NO3 ‐‐N levels were significantly higher under CT. Although no significant (p ≥ 0.05) tillage effects were found for TC, the level was increased by ∼16% under NT in the surface soil (0 to 15‐cm) layer at the low N (84 kg·ha‐...
High-Mg andesites from the Gila Bend Mountains, southwestern Arizona: Evidence for hydrous melting of lithosphere during Miocene extension

Miocene andesites and basaltic andesites from the eastern Gila Bend Mountains have high Mg# values (most 66–72), high concentrations of Ni and Cr, and olivine phenocrysts as Mg rich as Fo90. Cores of euhedral olivine phenocrysts in some andesites are in equilibrium with the whole-rock Mg# values, and the compositions of chromian spinel inclusions in olivine phenocrysts are similar to those from boninites and other primitive magnesian silicic volcanic rocks. The Gila Bend lavas are interpreted to have evolved from a variety of primary mantle-derived melts, some as silicic as approximately 56% SiO2. All the lavas have strong lithospheric geochemical characteristics: Ba/Nb ratios range from 60 to 170, initial 87Sr/86Sr is from 0.7063 to 0.7073, and ϵNd is from −5 to −8. Previous experimental studies have established that the generation of primary andesitic magmas from mantle peridotite requires low-pressure (<15 kbar), hydrous conditions, and a refractory source. The high-Mg andesites erupted near the end of Miocene extension in the Gila Bend region. Because of their primitive nature and tectonic setting, the Gila Bend lavas can be used to test three general types of models that have been proposed recently to relate magmatism, extension, and lithospheric geochemical character of mid-Cenozoic volcanic rocks of the Basin and Range. Models that require crustal contamination of the magmas or that produce the magmas by melting of basaltic material within mantle lithosphere are unsuitable for the origin of the Gila Bend lavas. However, some elements of a model involving hydrous melting of mantle lithosphere during extension are consistent with the chemistry and tectonic setting of the lavas. The high-Mg andesites are interpreted to reflect hydrous melting of harzburgite near the base of mantle lithosphere at unusually low pressure. The low pressure was the result of tectonic thinning of the lithosphere during extension, and the source of the volatiles was most likely contemporaneous subduction. Although the Nd isotopic composition of the Gila Bend lavas originated from Proterozoic mantle lithosphere, the Pb isotope ratios mainly reflect the influence of Mesozoic and Cenozoic subduction.
Simulated estimation of hydrological loads from GRACE

Four different basin functions are developed to estimate water storage variations within individual river basins from time variations in the Stokes coefficients now available from the GRACE mission. The four basin functions are evaluated using simulated data. Basin functions differ in how they minimize effects of three major error sources: measurement error; leakage of signal from one region to another; and errors in the atmospheric pressure field removed during GRACE data processing. Three of the basin functions are constant in time, while the fourth changes monthly using information about the signal (hydrologic and oceanic load variations). To test basin functions’ performance, Stokes coefficient variations from land and ocean models are synthesized, and error levels 50 and 100 times greater than pre-launch GRACE error estimate are used to corrupt them. Errors at 50 times pre-launch estimates approximately simulate current GRACE data. GRACE recovery of water storage variations is attempted for five different river basins (Amazon, Mississippi, Lena, Huang He and Oranje), representing a variety of sizes, locations, and signal variance. In the large basins (Amazon, Mississippi and Lena), water storage variations are recovered successfully at both error levels. As the error level increases from 50 to 100 times, basin functions change their shape, yielding less atmospheric pressure error and more leakage error. Amplitude spectra of measurement and atmospheric pressure errors have different shapes, but the best results are obtained when both are used in basin function design. When high-quality information about the signal is available, for example from climate and ocean models, changing the basin function each month can reduce leakage error and improve estimates of time variable water storage within basins.
Insulin-like growth factor I messenger ribonucleic acids with alternative 5'-untranslated regions are differentially expressed during development of the rat.

Solution hybridization/RNase protection assays were used to study the developmental expression of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) mRNA levels in rats. In liver, heart, and kidney, total IGF-I mRNA levels were low at birth and increased during the 50-day postnatal period, with liver levels increasing by over 100-fold. In contrast, stomach, muscle, and testicular IGF-I mRNA levels were highest at the earliest stages examined (late fetal or early neonatal) and declined thereafter to the levels observed in 50-day-old rats. In brain, IGF-I mRNA levels rose 2-fold during the first week of life and declined over the next 6-7 weeks. Lung IGF-I mRNA levels were highest in 20-day-old fetuses and exhibited some fluctuation during the postnatal period. Alternative splicing in the 5'-untranslated region of the primary rat IGF-I transcript gives rise to three transcripts, classes A,B, and C, which have divergent 5'-untranslated region sequences associated with a common region that encodes the mature IGF-I peptide....
Structure of colchioside. X-ray analysis of thiocolchicoside, the sulfur analogue of the glucoside of colchicine

Abstract Thiocolchicoside, the sulfur analogue of the β-D-glucoside of colchicine forms orthormhombic crystals, space group P2 1 2 1 2 1 with a = 9.854, b = 12.137, c = 28.255 A . There are 4 formula weights, C 27 H 23 NO 10 S·H 2 O·2C 2 H 5 OH, per unit cell. The molecular shape is like that of colchicine with extensive hydrogenbonding determining the crystal structure.
Acetolactate synthase, mechanism of action and its herbicide binding site.

Several new structurally diverse classes of herbicide, including the sulfonylurea herbicides, act by inhibiting acetolactate synthase, the first common enzyme of branched-chain amino acid biosynthesis. The interaction of acetolactate synthase isozyme II (ALSII) from Salmonella typhimurium with sulfometuron methyl (SM), a sulfonylurea herbicide, has been used as a paradigm in elucidating the mode of action of these herbicides at the molecular level. A number of different studies have collectively suggested that SM binds to ALSII near thiamine pyrophosphate and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), with its binding site overlapping the second pyruvate (or ketobutyrate) substrate site. Most of SM, however, must be accommodated on ALSII at a site that is not equivalent to substrate or co-factor binding sites. The identity of this herbicide-specific site has recently been suggested by the discovery that poxB, the gene for pyruvate oxidase, shares substantial sequence homology with ilvB, ilvG and ilvI, the genes for the large subunits of ALSI, ALSII, and ALSIII, respectively. Unlike ALSII, pyruvate oxidase uses its FAD for normal redox chemistry, and binds one additional co-factor in vivo, ubiquinone-40. The latter co-factor binds to pyruvate oxidase in a spatially and kinetically equivalent way to SM with ALSII, suggesting that the herbicide binding site of ALSII has a common evolutionary heritage with the ubiquinone site of pyruvate oxidase.
Short-term and working memory differences in language/learning disabled and normal adults

Fifteen adults who reported a childhood history of speech-language and/or learning disability (L/LD) were tested on two verbal memory tasks. Their performance on sentence repetition and reading span measures was compared with that of a matched control group who reported no childhood history of L/LD. Results indicated statistically significant group performance differences on both short-term and working memory tasks. This suggests that verbal memory difficulties may be a longterm component of L/LD.
Marketing Know-How Transfers by Multinationals: A Case Study in Turkey

This research examines the transfer of marketing know-how by multinational companies to their subsidiaries in Turkey. The nature and extent of the marketing know-how transferred is analyzed, and the mechanisms used for and the variables which appeared to affect such transfers are identified.
Operator experience and sample quality in genetic amniocentesis.

Objective We sought to relate the frequency of maternal cell contamination in amniotic fluid samples that were submitted to a single laboratory for cytogenetic analysis to the experience and training of the physician who performed the amniocentesis. Study design We reviewed the database of a single cytogenetics laboratory to compare the number of amniocenteses that were performed annually per physician to the rate of maternal cell contamination in genetic amniocentesis samples. Only samples that resulted in a 46 XY male karyotype were studied so that maternal cell contamination could be identified as having occurred when the karyotype revealed ≥1 cell with 2 X chromosomes. Samples were categorized as being submitted by a physician who submitted ≥50 or more samples annually versus Results Between 2000 and 2004, the laboratory received 6332 mid-trimester amniotic fluid samples that generated a male karyotype result. Fourteen of 2081 samples (0.67%) that were submitted by physicians who submitted P = .0021). Conclusion Maternal cell contamination occurs more frequently in genetic amniocentesis samples that are obtained by physicians who perform
Energetic ion mass analysis using a radio‐frequency quadrupole filter

In conventional applications of the radio-frequency quadrupole mass analyzer, the ion injection energy is usually limited to less than the order of 100 eV due to constraints on the dimensions and power supply of the device. However, requirements often arise, for example in fusion plasma ion diagnostics, for mass analysis of much more energetic ions. A technique easily adaptable to any conventional quadrupole analyzer which circumvents the limitation on injection energy is documented in this paper. Briefly, a retarding potential applied to the pole assembly is shown to facilitate mass analysis of multikiloelectron volt ions without altering the salient characteristics of either the quadrupole filter or the ion beam.
Tall fescue endophyte effects on tolerance to water-deficit stress.

Background: The endophytic fungus, Neotyphodium coenophialum, can enhance drought tolerance of its host grass, tall fescue. To investigate endophyte effects on plant responses to acute water deficit stress, we did comprehensive profiling of plant metabolite levels in both shoot and root tissues of genetically identical clone pairs of tall fescue with endophyte (E+) and without endophyte (E-) in response to direct water deficit stress. The E- clones were generated by treating E+ plants with fungicide and selectively propagating single tillers. In time course studies on the E+ and E- clones, water was withheld from 0 to 5 days, during which levels of free sugars, sugar alcohols, and amino acids were determined, as were levels of some major fungal metabolites. Results: After 2–3 days of withholding water, survival and tillering of re-watered plants was significantly greater for E+ than E- clones. Within two to three days of withholding water, significant endophyte effects on metabolites manifested as higher levels of free glucose, fructose, trehalose, sugar alcohols, proline and glutamic acid in shoots and roots. The fungal metabolites, mannitol and loline alkaloids, also significantly increased with water deficit. Conclusions: Our results suggest that symbiotic N. coenophialum aids in survival and recovery of tall fescue plants from water deficit, and acts in part by inducing rapid accumulation of these compatible solutes soon after imposition of stress.
On Hardy–Rellich type inequalities in RN

Abstract In this note we introduce a new class of Hardy–Rellich type inequalities and explicitly obtain their corresponding sharp constants. Our approach suggests definitions of new Sobolev spaces and embedding results.
A sharp form of the Sobolev trace theorems

Abstract Trace theorems for Besov spaces are proved using piecewise polynomial approximation theory and the K-method of interpolating Banach spaces. These theorems are limiting cases of standard embedding results.
Production of extracellular enzymes and cyclosporin byTolypocladium inflatum and morphologically related fungi

Tolypocladium inflatum, the producer of cyclosporins, and morphologically related fungi from the generaTolypocladium, Beauveria, Fusarium andNeocosmospora produced different levels of cyclosporin A and of extracellular lipase and chitinase. However, entomopathogenically important protease activity was not detected.
The age of the crust beneath the Gulf of Mexico

Abstract The early development of the Gulf of Mexico region is related to proto-Atlantic (Paleozoic) sea-floor spreading. This proposal provides an explanation for apparent Paleozoic oceanic crust beneath the Gulf and also uniquely accounts for geological relationships between the Gulf, Ouachita—Appalachian orogenic belt, and proto-Atlantic Ocean.
Optimizing Single-Molecule Conductivity of Conjugated Organic Oligomers with Carbodithioate Linkers

In molecular electronics, the linker group, which attaches the functional molecular core to the electrode, plays a crucial role in determining the overall conductivity of the molecular junction. While much focus has been placed on optimizing molecular core conductivity, there have been relatively few attempts at designing optimal linker groups to metallic or semiconducting electrodes. The vast majority of molecular electronic studies use thiol linker groups; work probing alternative amine linker systems has only recently been explored. Here, we probe single-molecule conductances in phenylene−ethynylene molecules terminated with thiol and carbodithioate linkers, experimentally using STM break-junction methods and theoretically using a nonequilibrium Green’s function approach. Experimental studies demonstrate that the carbodithioate linker augments electronic coupling to the metal electrode and lowers the effective barrier for charge transport relative to the conventional thiol linker, thus enhancing the co...
Nonlinear System Identification of Frictional Connections in a Bolted Beam Assembly

In modern structures, mechanical joints are ubiquitous, significantly influencing a structure’s dynamics. Frictional connections contained in a joint provide coupling of forces and moments between assembled components as well as localized nonlinear energy dissipation. Certain aspects of the mechanics of these friction connections are yet to be fully understood and characterized in a dynamical systems framework. This work applies a nonlinear system identification (NSI) technique to characterize the influence of frictional connections on the dynamics of a bolted beam assembly. The methodology utilized in this work combines experimental measurements with slow-flow dynamic analysis and empirical mode decomposition, and reconstructs the dynamics through reduced-order models. These are in the form of single-degree-of-freedom linear oscillators (termed intrinsic modal oscillators — IMOs) with forcing terms derived directly from the experimental measurements through slow-flow analysis. The derived reduced order models are capable of reproducing the measured dynamics, whereas the forcing terms provide important information about nonlinear damping effects. The NSI methodology is applied to model nonlinear friction effects in a bolted beam assembly. A ‘monolithic’ beam with identical geometric and material properties is also tested for comparison. Three different forcing (energy) levels are considered in the tests in order to study the energy-dependencies of the damping nonlinearities induced in the beam from the bolted joint. In all cases, the NSI technique employed is successful in identifying the damping nonlinearities, their spatial distributions and their effects on the vibration modes of the structural component.© 2012 ASME
Welcome to the Seventh International Conference on Pediatric Mechanical Circulatory Support Systems and Pediatric Cardiopulmonary Perfusion

The Seventh International Conference on Pediatric Mechanical Circulatory Support Systems and Pediatric Cardiopulmonary Perfusion will be held at the Hall of Flags at the University of Pennsylvania and Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia in Philadelphia, PA, USA, May 5–7, 2011. Chitra Ravishankar, MD, will be the scientific chair of the conference. The scientific co-chairs of the pediatric event will be Larry D. Baer, CCP, Joseph Brian Clark, MD, William J. Gaynor, MD, John L. Myers, MD, Akif Undar, PhD, and Gil Wernowsky, MD. This year’s meeting will commence with registration on Wednesday, May 4, 2011. Formal presentations including a Key Note Lecture, Invited Lectures, and slide and poster presentations will begin on Thursday morning, May 5, 2011, and continue through Saturday evening, May 7, 2011. This year, conference participants will have the distinct pleasure of hearing Dr. Leonard L. Bailey, Surgeon-inChief, Loma Linda University Children’s Hospital, deliver the Key Note Lecture. Platform presentations will take place in 2-h blocks during the morning and afternoon sessions on Thursday, Friday, and Saturday. Additional slide and poster presentations will be chosen from submitted abstracts. Plenary sessions will be held throughout the conference focusing on key topics, including Pediatric VAD support: Unique features and outcomes (led by Co-Chairs Nancy Ghanayem, MD and Chitra Ravishankar, MD), Anticoagulation: Challenges in neonates and children (led by Co-Chairs David R. Jobes, MD and Leslie Raffini, MD), E-CPR (led by Vinay M. Nadkarni, MD), Challenges at the bedside with ECMO and VAD (led by Sarah Tabbutt, MD, PhD and James T. Connelly, MD), Outcomes of pediatric cardiac surgery (led by John L. Myers, MD), Pediatric perfusion (led by Talya Frey, CCP and Larry Baer, CCP), and Bioengineering approaches in pediatric cardiovascular medicine (led by Akif Undar, PhD). Two additional special sessions on Friday afternoon at the Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia will be added to this year’s program:
Clovoxamine kinetics in an early clinical trial.

Elimination kinetics of the new antidepressant clovoxamine were determined in a preliminary clinical trial in 10 depressed patients. When final oral doses of 50 mg clovoxamine fumarate were given, the mean peak steady-state plasma concentration was about 60 ng/ml after 3 hr. Clovoxamine elimination proceeded by an apparent single-phasic, first-order decline with a mean t½ of 9.5 ± 2.8 hr. One subject had an unusually long t½ (31.5 hr) and had correspondingly high clovoxamine plasma concentrations. The mean apparent volume of distribution (Vd) calculated from oral dosage was 19.5 ± 6 l/kg, but one atypical subject had an apparent Vd of 96 l/kg. The mean apparent oral clearance was 25.5 ± 12.5 ml/min/kg. These parameters should be of assistance in planning dosage regimens and monitoring therapeutic blood levels according to kinetic principles. Atypical clovoxamine kinetics can be associated with abnormally high or low blood levels and could therefore lead to variability in clinical response. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (1983) 34, 266–271; doi:10.1038/clpt.1983.164
Antisocial computing: exploring design risks in social computing systems

Social media has become globally ubiquitous, transforming how people are networked and mobilized. This forum explores research and applications of these new networked publics at individual, organizational, and societal levels. ---Shelly Farnham, Editor
Computational structural mechanics methods research using an evolving framework

Advanced structural analysis and computational methods that exploit high-performance computers are being developed in a computational structural mechanics research activity sponsored by the NASA Langley Research Center. These new methods are developed in an evolving framework and applied to representative complex structural analysis problems from the aerospace industry. An overview of the methods development environment is presented, and methods research areas are described. Selected application studies are also summarized.
Relation of All-Night Light to Egg Quality in Turkeys

Abstract ALL-NIGHT lights bring turkey hens into production a little earlier than morning lights that extend the day to 14 hours, but there may be unfavorable effects on reproduction such as reduced hatchability (Scott, 1937; Davis, 1948; Asmundson and Moses, 1950). A test was set up which would provide some information about (1) the effectiveness of dim all-night lights, (2) the effect of changing all-night light to a 14 hour day after the birds started laying, and (3) the value of adding vitamin A, vitamin D, and riboflavin to a presumably adequate ration. The housing and management of the birds was similar to that reported earlier (Asmundson, Lorenz and Moses 1946; Asmundson and Moses 1950). The birds in pen 40 were given a ration containing more of vitamins A and D by doubling the fish oil; the riboflavin was increased by feeding 1 percent more of a fermentation product containing 250 . . .
Autosomal-Dominant Progressive Sensorineural Hearing Loss in a Large North American Family

Forty-nine members of a family with autosomal-dominant progressive sensorineural hearing loss were evaluated by audiologists, otologists, and geneticists. The results presented here show a nonsyndr...
An oblique effect of chromatic gratings measured by color-mixture thresholds.

Contrast sensitivity is lower for obliquely oriented achromatic gratings than for vertical or horizontal gratings at high spatial and low temporal frequencies. Although this response is suggestive of mediation by P-pathway cortical correlates, no clear sensory (ie class 1) oblique effect has been demonstrated with isoluminant chromatic stimuli. In the present experiment, a two-alternative forced-choice detection task was used to measure observers' sensitivity to spatio-temporal sinusoids varying in orientation and color contrast. A maximum-likelihood method fit ellipses to the thresholds, with the length of each ellipse taken as a measure of chromatic contrast sensitivity at isoluminance, and the width as luminance contrast threshold. A chromatic oblique effect was observed at about 3 cycles deg−1 suggesting an orientation bias within the cortical stream conveying P-cell activity.
Value analysis of digital breast tomosynthesis for breast cancer screening in a commercially-insured US population

Purpose The objective of this study was to conduct a value analysis of digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) for breast cancer screening among women enrolled in US commercial health insurance plans to assess the potential budget impact associated with the clinical benefits of DBT. Methods An economic model was developed to estimate the system-wide financial impact of DBT as a breast cancer screening modality within a hypothetical US managed care plan with one million members. Two scenarios were considered for women in the health plan who undergo annual screening mammography, ie, full field digital mammography (FFDM) and combined FFDM + DBT. The model focused on two main drivers of DBT value, ie, the capacity for DBT to reduce the number of women recalled for additional follow-up imaging and diagnostic services and the capacity of DBT to facilitate earlier diagnosis of cancer at less invasive stages where treatment costs are lower. Model inputs were derived from published sources and from analyses of the Truven Health MarketScan(®) Research Databases (2010-2012). Comparative clinical and economic outcomes were simulated for one year following screening and compared on an incremental basis. Results Base-case analysis results show that 4,523 women in the hypothetical million member health plan who are screened using DBT avoid the use of follow-up services. The overall benefit of DBT was calculated at $78.53 per woman screened. Adjusting for a hypothetical $50 incremental cost of the DBT examination, this translates to $28.53 savings per woman screened, or $0.20 savings per member per month across the plan population and an overall cost savings to the plan of $2.4 million per year. Conclusion The results of this study demonstrate clinical and economic favorability of DBT for breast cancer screening among commercially-insured US women. Wider adoption of DBT mammography presents an opportunity to deliver value-based care in the US health care system.
Coverage dependent effects on metal surfaces: O, S, F, and Cl on Ni

The c(2 x 2) and p(2 x 2) vibrational frequencies for a rigid Ni lattice are computed for O, S, F, and Cl on Ni(100). It is found that only O/Ni(100) shows a large difference in rigid lattice vibrational frequency. A large shift in rigid lattice vibrational frequency is also found for O/Ni(111) between 0.25 and 0.5 monolayer coverages. Also associated with the change in coverage, is a change in the height above the surface R(perpendicular). This varies from a 0.11 A reduction for O/Ni(100), to an expansion of 0.06 A for F/Ni(100).
A flexible experimental workcell for efficient and reliable wafer-level 3D micro-assembly

This paper reports on an experimental micro-assembly workcell developed for efficient and reliable 3D assembly of large numbers of micro-machined thin metal parts into micromachined holes in 4 inch silicon wafers. The major objective is to integrate techniques of micro-gripper design, microscopic imaging and high precision motion control to build a prototype system for industrial applications. The workcell consists of a multiple-view imaging system, a 4-DOF micromanipulator with high resolution rotation control, a large working space 4-DOF precision positioning system, a flexible micro-gripper, and a control software system. A piezoelectric force sensing unit is developed to be integrated with the manipulator system to enhance pickup reliability. Operations are partially guided by a human operator through a graphical user interface. This system provides a highly flexible testbed for wafer-level 3D microassembly.
Improved Knockout Methodology Reveals That Frog Virus 3 Mutants Lacking either the 18K Immediate-Early Gene or the Truncated vIF-2 Gene Are Defective for Replication and Growth In Vivo

To better assess the roles of frog virus 3 (FV3; genus Ranavirus, family Iridoviridae) genes in virulence and immune evasion, we have developed a reliable and efficient method to systematically knock out (KO) putative virulence genes by site-specific integration into the FV3 genome. Our approach utilizes a dual selection marker consisting of the puromycin resistance gene fused in frame with the enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) reporter (Puro-EGFP cassette) under the control of the FV3 immediate-early (IE) 18K promoter. By successive rounds of selection for puromycin resistance and GFP expression, we have successfully constructed three recombinant viruses. In one, a “knock-in” mutant was created by inserting the Puro-EGFP cassette into a noncoding region of the FV3 genome (FV3-Puro/GFP). In the remaining two, KO mutants were constructed by replacement of the truncated viral homolog of eIF-2 (FV3-vIF-2 )o r the18K IE gene (FV3-18K) with the Puro-EGFP cassette. The specificity of recombination and the clonality of each mutant were confirmed by PCR, sequencing, and immunofluorescence microscopy. Viral replication of each recombinant in cell culture was similar to that of parental FV3; however, infection in Xenopus laevis tadpoles revealed that FV3-vIF-2 and FV3-18K replicated less and resulted in lower mortality than did GFP-FV3 and wild-type FV3. Our results suggest that 18K, which is conserved in all ranaviruses, and the truncated vIF-2 gene contribute to virulence. In addition, our study describes a powerful methodology that lays the foundation for the discovery of potentially new ranaviral genes involved in virulence and immune escape.
Accelerating motor adaptation by influencing neural computations

When people learn to reach or step in a novel dynamic environment, they initially exhibit a large trajectory error, which they gradually reduce with practice. The error evolution is well modeled by a process in which the motor command on the next movement is adjusted in proportion to the previous movement's trajectory error. We hypothesized that we could accelerate motor adaptation by transiently increasing trajectory error. We tested this hypothesis by quantifying adaptation to a viscous force field applied during the swing phase of stepping in two conditions. In the first condition, we applied then removed the field for 75 steps each, for four iterations. Subjects adapted to each field exposure with a mean time constant of 3.4 steps. In the second condition, we repeated this experiment, but increased the strength of the field for only the first step in each field exposure. We predicted the field strength increase needed by solving a finite difference equation that described the error evolution. Adaptation was significantly faster when the field was transiently amplified (mean time constant = 2 trials). These results demonstrate that it is possible to increase the rate of adaptation to a novel dynamic environment based on knowledge of the computational mechanisms that underlie adaptation.
Monoclonal antibodies reactive with immunorecessive epitopes of glucuronoxylomannan, the major capsular polysaccharide of Cryptococcus neoformans

Cryptococcus neoformans is surrounded by an antiphagocytic capsule whose primary constituent is glucuronoxylomannan (GXM). An epitope shared by GXM serotypes A, B, C, and D is immunodominant when mice are immunized with serotype A GXM. In contrast, an epitope shared only by serotypes A and D is immunodominant when mice are immunized with serotype D. Hybridomas secreting antibodies reactive with subdominant epitopes were identified through a positive-negative screening procedure in which antibody-secreting colonies were characterized by reactivity with both the immunizing polysaccharide and GXMs from each of the four major serotypes. In this manner, a monoclonal antibody (MAb) that was reactive with an epitope shared only by serotypes A and B was identified and designated F10F5. Such an epitope has not been described previously. Immunization of mice with de-O-acetylated serotype A GXM generated a hybridoma that secreted an antibody, designated F12D2, that was reactive with all four serotypes. Unlike previously described monoclonal and polyclonal panspecific antibodies, the reactivity of MAb F12D2 was not altered by de-O-acetylation of GXM. These results indicate that there are at least two panspecific GXM epitopes; one epitope is dependent on O acetylation for antibody reactivity, and the other is independent of O acetylation. This study identifies strategies for production of MAbs that are reactive with subdominant or cryptic GXM epitopes and provides new information regarding the antigenic makeup and the humoral immune response to GXM, an essential virulence factor that is a target for active and passive immunization.
Information theoretic modeling of intelligent robotic systems, Part I: The organization level

Intelligent Robotic Systems when modeled based on the constraints imposed by the Theory of Intelligent Controls, follow a three interactive level hierarchical structure, namely: organization, coordination and execution [17]. Generalized N-Dimensional Information Theory has been utilized to describe quantitatively the overall flow of knowledge (information) within the three interactive levels, and also within the organization level of such systems. This is accomplished by deriving a Generalized Partition Law of Information Rates to describe analytically the laws of information which govern the performance of an Intelligent Robotic System as a whole and within the organization level. The law considers the possible trade-offs between the noise, the internal control procedures, the feedback mechanisms, possible coordination and memory exchange procedures generated during the operation of such systems.
Continuing Medical Education Effect on Physician Knowledge Application and Psychomotor Skills: Effectiveness of Continuing Medical Education: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Educational Guidelines

Background Recommendations for optimizing continuing medical education (CME) effectiveness in improving physician application of knowledge and psychomotor skills are needed to guide the development of processes that effect physician change and improve patient care. Methods The guideline panel reviewed evidence tables and a comprehensive review of the effectiveness of CME developed by The Johns Hopkins Evidence-based Practice Center for the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ Evidence Report). The panel considered studies relevant to the effect of CME on physician knowledge application and psychomotor skill development. From the 136 studies identified in the systematic review, 15 articles, 12 addressing physician application of knowledge and 3 addressing psychomotor skills, were identified and reviewed. Recommendations for optimizing CME were developed using the American College of Chest Physicians guideline grading system. Results The preponderance of evidence demonstrated improvement in physician application of knowledge with CME. The quality of evidence did not allow specific recommendations regarding optimal media or educational techniques or the effectiveness of CME in improving psychomotor skills. Conclusions CME is effective in improving physician application of knowledge. Multiple exposures and longer durations of CME are recommended to optimize educational outcomes.
Attenuation of incident light in Galax urceolata (Diapensiaceae): concerted influence of adaxial and abaxial anthocyanic layers on photoprotection.

Although anthocyanin coloration in lower (abaxial) leaf cells has been documented for numerous species, the functional significance of this character has not been comprehensively investigated according to habitat or leaf orientation. Here, we demonstrate that abaxial anthocyanin may function as a photoprotectant, similarly to its purported role in upper (adaxial) cells, in leaves vulnerable to high irradiance incident on abaxial surfaces. Spectral scans were derived for Galax urceolata leaves with the following phenotypes: abaxial or adaxial anthocyanin only, abaxial and adaxial anthocyanin, and no anthocyanin. To determine whether anthocyanins conferred protection from photoinhibition, maximum photosystem II efficiencies of red (anthocyanic) and green (acyanic) surfaces were compared during and after exposure to photoinhibitory conditions. Leaves were either positioned with their adaxial surfaces facing the light source or inverted to expose abaxial surfaces. Spectral scans showed increased absorptance of 500–600 nm wavelengths by red surfaces (consistent with the absorbance spectrum of anthocyanin), regardless of whether that surface was abaxial or adaxial. Leaves with anthocyanin in either illuminated surface were also photoinhibited less than leaves lacking anthocyanin in that surface. These results suggest that anthocyanic layers reduce absorbed sunlight in the mesophyll not only for adaxial surfaces, but also for the abaxial. Adaxial/abaxial anthocyanin plasticity may therefore be adaptive in high-light environments or during light-sensitive developmental stages where leaf orientation and/or substrate albedo are variable.