cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Temporal deposition of copper and zinc in the sediments of metal removal constructed wetlands

The objective of this study was to explore the effects of time, seasons, and total carbon (TC) on Copper (Cu) and Zinc (Zn) deposition in the surface sediments. This study was performed at the H-02 constructed wetland on the Savannah River Site (Aiken, SC, USA). Covering both warm (April-September) and cool (October-March) seasons, several sediment cores were collected twice a year from the H-02 constructed wetland cells from 2007 to 2013. Total concentrations of Cu and Zn were measured in the sediments. Concentrations of Cu and Zn (mean ± standard deviation) in the surface sediments over 7 years of operation increased from 6.0 ± 2.8 and 14.6 ± 4.5 mg kg-1 to 139.6 ± 87.7 and 279.3 ± 202.9 mg kg-1 dry weight, respectively. The linear regression model explained the behavior and the variability of Cu deposition in the sediments. On the other hand, using the generalized least squares extension with the linear regression model allowed for unequal variance and thus produced a model that explained the variance properly, and as a result, was more successful in explaining the pattern of Zn deposition. Total carbon significantly affected both Cu (p = 0.047) and Zn (p < 0.001). Time effect on Cu deposition was statistically significant (p = 0.013), whereas Zn was significantly affected by the season (p = 0.009).
Genome size drives morphological evolution in organ-specific ways

Morphogenesis is an emergent property of biochemical and cellular interactions during development. Genome size and the correlated trait of cell size can influence these interactions through its effects on developmental rate and tissue geometry, ultimately driving the evolution of morphology. We tested the effects of genome size and body size evolution on heart and liver morphology using nine species of the salamander genus Plethodon (genome sizes 29.3-67 Gb). Our results show that whole organ size is determined by body size, whereas tissue structure changes dramatically with evolutionary increases in genome size. In the heart, increased genome size is correlated with a reduction of myocardia in the ventricle, yielding proportionally less force-producing mass and more empty space. In the liver, increased genome size is correlated with fewer and larger vascular structures, positioning hepatocytes farther from the circulatory vessels that transport key metabolites. Although these structural changes should have obvious impacts on organ function, their effects on organismal performance and fitness are likely negligible because low metabolic rates in salamanders relax selective pressure on key metabolic organ performance. Overall, this study reveals the effects of large genome and cell size on the developmental systems producing the heart and liver.
Continuous automatic control of carbonation in beer streams

(1970). Continuous Automatic Control of Carbonation in Beer Streams. Proceedings. Annual meeting - American Society of Brewing Chemists: Vol. 28, Proceedings of the Annual Meeting 1970, pp. 111-117.
ELECTROMETRIC pH DETERMINATIONS OF DIFFERENT AGAR MEDIA AT 25 AND 45 C

In all tests performed using antibiotic test medium No. 1, APHA standard reference, BBL standard methods, violet red bile, and desoxycholate lactose agars, the overall mean values of pH readings were significantly higher (p<0.01) when determined at 25 C than at 45 C. This difference varied between 0.14 and 0.38 pH unit. Whether this difference has practical significance in routine laboratory use of these media was not determined.
African American Mothers' and Daughters' Beliefs About Possible Selves and Their Strategies for Reaching the Adolescents' Future Academic and Career Goals

The current study combines qualitative and quantitative data to examine beliefs and strategies related to possible selves within a sample of 22 rural African American female adolescents and their mothers. Mother–daughter pairs responded to interview questions pertaining to the adolescents' desired possible selves. Pairs also completed a possible selves Q-sort focusing on the personal attributes, roles, and life circumstances that might be expected for an adolescent's future adulthood. Academic and occupational selves were the most prominent possible selves discussed during the interviews. A mother's exposure to college influenced her strategies for helping her daughter reach academic and career goals. Findings from the Q-sort data indicated two distinctive mother–daughter groups, with one group emphasizing daughter's personal attributes and the other group putting greatest weight on the daughter's future occupations and life circumstances. The relative importance of possible selves was related to the strategies that mothers and daughters used to help the adolescent reach her goals.
Does More Government Deficit Lead to a Higher Long-term Interest Rate? Application of an Extended Loanable Funds Model to Estonia

Applying and extending the open-economy loanable funds model, this article shows that more government borrowing or debt as a percent of GDP leads to a higher government bond yield, that a higher real money market rate, a higher expected inflation rate, a higher EU government bond yield, or depreciation of the Estonian kroon (EEK) would increase the Estonian government bond yield, and that the negative coefficient of the percent change in real GDP has an unexpected sign. When the conventional closed-economy or openeconomy loanable funds model is considered, the article finds that more government borrowing as a percent of GDP does not result in a higher government bond yield, that the positive coefficients of the real money market rate, the growth rate of real GDP, and the expected inflation are significant at the 1%, 5% or 10% level, and that the negative coefficient of the ratio of the net capital inflow to GDP in the conventional open-economy loanable funds model is significant at the 1% level.
Hypertension-causing Mutations in Cullin3 Protein Impair RhoA Protein Ubiquitination and Augment the Association with Substrate Adaptors.

Cullin-Ring ubiquitin ligases regulate protein turnover by promoting the ubiquitination of substrate proteins, targeting them for proteasomal degradation. It has been shown previously that mutations in Cullin3 (Cul3) causing deletion of 57 amino acids encoded by exon 9 (Cul3Δ9) cause hypertension. Moreover, RhoA activity contributes to vascular constriction and hypertension. We show that ubiquitination and degradation of RhoA is dependent on Cul3 in HEK293T cells in which Cul3 expression is ablated by either siRNA or by CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing. The latter was used to generate a Cul3-null cell line (HEK293TCul3KO). When expressed in these cells, Cul3Δ9 supported reduced ubiquitin ligase activity toward RhoA compared with equivalent levels of wild-type Cul3 (Cul3WT). Consistent with its reduced activity, binding of Cul3Δ9 to the E3 ubiquitin ligase Rbx1 and neddylation of Cul3Δ9 were impaired significantly compared with Cul3WT. Conversely, Cul3Δ9 bound to substrate adaptor proteins more efficiently than Cul3WT. Cul3Δ9 also forms unstable dimers with Cul3WT, disrupting dimers of Cul3WT complexes that are required for efficient ubiquitination of some substrates. Indeed, coexpression of Cul3WT and Cul3Δ9 in HEK293TCul3KO cells resulted in a decrease in the active form of Cul3WT. We conclude that Cul3Δ9-associated ubiquitin ligase activity toward RhoA is impaired and suggest that Cul3Δ9 mutations may act dominantly by sequestering substrate adaptors and disrupting Cul3WT complexes.
Gay and Lesbian Literature Disrupting the Heteronormative Space of the High School English Classroom.

This paper offers insights into how the teaching of queer topics in English language arts classes can be reframed by bridging the goals, practices and conceptual tools of queer theory to literacy teaching. Drawing on an ethnographic classroom study, which explored a 13-week high school Gay and Lesbian Literature course, this paper discusses how teaching an English literature curriculum centred on the voices and stories of LGBTQI people constitutes a meaningful site for learning and teaching. In the process, I show how a queer-themed literature curriculum not only intervenes disruptively into the heteronormative space of school through its content but also through pedagogical practices that open up new lines of thinking for understanding diverse sexualities and genders. Through vignettes from the classroom, I illustrate how queer moments were enacted in this high school course as the class (a) deconstructed literary and media texts; (b) used moments of discomfort for learning; (c) produced counter-narrativ...
Politeness in Mexico and the United States

This book explores the issue of politeness phenomena and socially appropriate behavior in two societies, Mexico and the United States, in three different contexts: refusing invitations, requests, and suggestions. In addition to a state-of-the-art review of the speech act of refusals in numerous languages, the book provides a rigorous analysis of data collection methods utilized to examine speech act behavior at the production and perception levels. Many examples of native speaker interactions illustrate the similarities and differences observed in the realization patterns and the perception of refusals by Mexicans and Americans in formal and informal situations. The data are analyzed in terms of refusal sequences and pragmatic strategies which are strategically used to carry out relational work during the negotiation of face. The results of the quantitative and qualitative analyses are interpreted in light of the notions of face, politeness, and relational work in Mexico and the United States. This publication will be of interest to researchers and students in pragmatics and discourse analysis, cross-cultural communication, and sociology.
Marine Stock Enhancement Techniques

The United Nations estimates that as many as 75% of the world's fishery stocks are fully exploited, severely depleted, or overexploited and are therefore not eligible for further exploitation to meet growing demands for fishery products. Due to the pressure on fishery populations, several management techniques have been developed. Traditional fishery management seeks to limit the catch of wild fishery stocks. Aquaculture activities, increasing in number, aim to raise aquatic food organisms in captivity. Stock enhancement techniques have been developed to bolster population sizes in the wild, either by providing habitat for habitat-limited populations or by providing hatchery-raised juveniles for recruitment-limited populations. The latter form of stock enhancement has been controversial for a variety of reasons, including viability and health of hatchery-raised organisms. In addition, success of stock enhancement efforts is often difficult to quantify. Evaluation of this management technique requires laborious efforts to follow hatchery-raised organisms over time and develop knowledge about wild con-specifics. Despite the controversy and difficulty in assessing the success of stock enhancement programs, stock enhancement may be a required step in the management of species or stocks that are extremely depleted. Keywords: stock enhancement; fisheries; fishery management; aquaculture; mariculture; natural resources
Single-molecule enzymology: stochastic Michaelis-Menten kinetics.

We provide a stochastic analysis of single-molecule enzymatic reactions that follow Michaelis-Menten kinetics. We show that this system can exhibit oscillatory behavior in the non-equilibrium steady-state at appropriate substrate concentrations. The stochastic model includes both enzyme dynamics and substrate turnover kinetics. The relationship between the probability of substrate survival and the time-correlation of enzyme conformation trajectories is discussed. Deterministic kinetics at large substrate concentrations are obtained as a limit of the stochastic model. We suggest that in addition to fluctuating enzyme conformation, the stochastic nature of substrate concentration fluctuations is another possible source of the complex behavior of single-molecule enzyme kinetics.
The Determination of Non-Oxidizable Species Using Electrochemical Detection in Ion Chromatography

Abstract The use of an electrochemical detector for the ion chromatographic detection of non-oxidizable anions such as F−, PO4 −3, NO3 −, and SO4 −2 is described. The electrochemical detector is placed in line after a fiber suppressor and responds to eluent pH changes as the dissociated acids pass through the detector. The intensity of the signal is dependent on the applied potential at the cell with 0.3V being an optimum. Minimum detection limits with a 0.10 mL sample injection volume are below 0.5 ppm for F−, Cl−, PO4 −3, NO3 −, and SO4 −2. No adverse effects on the silver working electrode have been observed.
Optical phased-array ladar

We demonstrate a ladar with 0.5 m class range resolution obtained by integrating a continuous-wave optical phased-array transmitter with a Geiger-mode avalanche photodiode receiver array. In contrast with conventional ladar systems, an array of continuous-wave sources is used to effectively pulse illuminate a target by electro-optically steering far-field fringes. From the reference frame of a point in the far field, a steered fringe appears as a pulse. Range information is thus obtained by measuring the arrival time of a pulse return from a target to a receiver pixel. This ladar system offers a number of benefits, including broad spectral coverage, high efficiency, small size, power scalability, and versatility.
Direct fabrication of highly nanoporous polystyrene fibers via electrospinning.

A direct approach for fabricating nanoporous polymer fibers via electrospinning has been demonstrated. Polystyrene (PS) fibers with micro- and nanoporous structures both in the core and/or on the fiber surfaces were electrospun in a single process by varying solvent compositions and solution concentrations of the PS solutions. The porous structures of the fibrous mats were characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy and Brunauer−Emmett−Teller measurements to confirm that they could be accurately controlled by tuning vapor pressure of tetrahydrofuran (THF) and N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) solvent mixtures and PS concentrations in the solutions. As the solution concentration decreased, the average fiber diameter decreased, whereas the bead density increased dramatically to show a beads-on-string morphology. Both the specific surface area and pore volume of the fibrous mats showed a unimodal distributions centered at 1/3 THF /DMF mix ratio. Fibers formed from 5 wt % PS in the 1/3 THF and DMF ...
Two-Photon Photoemission of Ultrathin Film PTCDA Morphologies on Ag(111)

Morphology- and layer-dependent electronic structure and dynamics at the PTCDA/Ag(111) interface have been studied with angle-resolved two-photon photoemission. In Stranski-Krastanov growth modes, the exposed wetting layer inhibited the evolution of the vacuum level and valence band to bulk values. For layer-by-layer growth, we observed the transition of electron structure from monolayer to bulk values within eight monolayers. Effective masses and lifetimes of the conduction band and the n = 1 image potential state were measured to be larger for disordered layers. The effective mass was interpreted in the context of charge mobility measurements.
The Bioactive Compounds α-Chaconine and Gallic Acid in Potato Extracts Decrease Survival and Induce Apoptosis in LNCaP and PC3 Prostate Cancer Cells

We recently reported that colored potato extracts and an anthocyanin rich fraction suppressed lymph-node carcinoma of the prostate (LNCaP) and prostate cancer-3 (PC-3) prostate cancer cell proliferation and induced apoptosis via caspase-dependent and caspase-independent pathways. Chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, gallic acid, catechin, malvidin, and glycoalkaloids (alpha-chaconine and solanine) have now been identified as the major bioactive components of potato, and their effects on LNCaP and PC-3 cell proliferation and apoptosis have been investigated. alpha-chaconine (5 microg/ml) and gallic acid (15 microg/ml) exhibited potent antiproliferative properties and increased cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27 levels in both cell lines. Both alpha-chaconine and gallic acid induced poly [adenosine diphosphate (ADP)] ribose polymerase cleavage and caspase-dependent apoptosis in LNCaP cells; however, caspase-independent apoptosis through nuclear translocation of endonuclease G was observed in both LNCaP and PC-3 cells. alpha-chaconine and gallic acid activated c-Jun N-terminal protein kinase (JNK), and this response played a major role in induction of caspase-dependent apoptosis in LNCaP cells; whereas modulation of JNK and mitogen-activated protein kinase did not affect alpha-chaconine- and gallic acid-induced caspase-independent apoptosis. These results suggest that apoptosis induced by whole potato extracts in prostate cancer cell lines may be in part due to alpha-chaconine and gallic acid.
Metabolic reserves associated with pupal diapause in the flesh fly Sarcophaga crassipalpis

Abstract Larvae of Sarcophaga crassipalpis destined for pupal diapause (light:dark 12:12, 20°C) contain nearly twice as much lipid and twice the haemolymph protein concentration as larvae that will not enter diapause (light:dark 15:9, 20°C). This conspicuous difference in metabolic reserves provides the earliest indication of the developmental fate of the larva. Lipid reserves are utilized rapidly during the first half of diapause and then remain stable until adult eclosion. In contrast, residual dry weight changes very little early in diapause but drops sharply late in diapause, thus implying a transition from lipid utilization to protein or carbohydrate utilization in mid-diapause. We suggest that this metabolic transition marks the end of the “fixed latency period”: pupae readily respond to environmental or hormonal stimulation after this point. Diapause-destined larvae did not accumulate more glycogen than nondiapause-destined larvae, but an 80% decrease in glycogen at the onset of diapause and its elevation at the end of diapause suggests the utilization of glycerol or related compounds as cryoprotectants during diapause. Profiles of water content are very similar in short-day and long-day flies, thus suggesting that dehydration is not a mechanism exploited by the flesh fly to achieve cold hardiness. Adult flies that have experienced pupal diapause emerge from the puparium with lipid, glycogen, and water content nearly identical to flies that have not experienced diapause, but the residual dry weight is much lower. The severe depletion of protein may account for the reduced fecundity of flies that have experienced diapause.
Relativistic transport theory

Abstract A general-relativistic form of the Boltzmann transport equation is developed for particles or radiation interacting with an external medium. Thus generalized, the equations can be used to study radiative transfer in strong, time-varying gravitational fields. In particular, they are applied to the problem of neutrino transport in a massive spherically-symmetric star undergoing gravitational collapse. In an appendix the mathematical basis of relativistic transport theory is clarified, in terms of intrinsic geometric structures in the tangent bundle over the space-time manifold.
A Method Of Calculating Optimal Sensor Resolution For Robotic Applications

A method for calculating sensor resolution for a variety of robotic applications is presented. This method is based on mapping resolution requirements specified in the "task space" into the "sensor space." In general, a solution is not unique, and a criterion must be applied to solve for the sensor resolution. Two criteria are of particular interest: (1) the minimization of the maximum sensor resolution for all sensors and (2) uniform sensor resolution in the task space. This method, which is very general and may be applied to many other types of problems, is described by means of two example problems: (1) selecting joint sensors for a 2 degree of freedom (dof) lightweight robot, and (2) selecting linear position sensors for the positioning of planar polygonal parts.
Measuring cognitive and psychological engagement: Validation of the Student Engagement Instrument

Abstract A review of relevant literatures led to the construction of a self-report instrument designed to measure two subtypes of student engagement with school: cognitive and psychological engagement. The psychometric properties of this measure, the Student Engagement Instrument (SEI), were assessed based on responses of an ethnically and economically diverse urban sample of 1931 ninth grade students. Factor structures were obtained using exploratory factor analyses (EFAs) on half of the dataset, with model fit examined using confirmatory factor analyses (CFAs) on the other half of the dataset. The model displaying the best empirical fit consisted of six factors, and these factors correlated with expected educational outcomes. Further research is suggested in the iterative process of developing the SEI, and the implications of these findings are discussed.
Adaptive and Resilient Circuits for Dynamic Variation Tolerance

This paper focuses on techniques to build more effective circuits for dynamic variation tolerance. Three main approaches are presented based on adaptive circuits, error detection and recovery techniques, and adaptive clock distribution. The tradeoffs in effectiveness and overhead of these different solutions are discussed.
Semiempirical vibrational and electronic structures of C60 and C70

The electronic and vibrational structures of C60 and C70 have been calculated at the PM3 semiempirical level. C60 has a partially delocalized structure, while C70 has both a localized set and a delocalized set of MOs. As with AM1 and MNDO, PM3 predicts the heat of formation of C70 to be greater than that of C60, and that C70 is the thermodynamically more stable species. Calculation of the normal modes was accelerated over 40 times by limited use of symmetry theory.
Synthesis of Climate Change Policy in Judicial, Executive, and Legislative Branches of U.S. Government

In recent years, the United States has struggled to develop a comprehensive policy for climate change and concomitant greenhouse gas emissions that addresses the current scientific thinking on the topic. The absence of any clear legislative or executive approach dominated national discussions and the court system was used to litigate a variety of issues associated with global warming. This paper synthesizes actions taken in the three branches of government prior to and immediately following the Obama election. In the Judicial branch, several branches of law have been used to force government and private parties to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Based on the historic greenhouse gas lawsuit, Massachusetts et al. v. the United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA), and under the direction of the Obama administration, the U.S. EPA has taken significant action to regulate greenhouse gases. In the legislative branch, a comprehensive energy and climate bill passed the House of Representatives and comparable and alternate energy and climate bills were debated in the Senate indicating hope for legislation in the 111th Congress. However, these bills proved to be unsuccessful, therefore leaving the U.S. EPA and the courts the only options for national climate policy in the near future.
Chalones and the Control of Normal, Regenerative, and Neoplastic Growth of the Skin

SYNOPSIS Chalones,inhibitors of cell dmsion have been isolated and studied from a number of mammalian tissues, most notably, the epidermis The epidermal rhalone is a glycoprotein It exhibits considerable, but not complete specificity The epidermal chalone decreases mitotic activity by inhibiting cells in the G 2 phase of the cell cycle from entering mitosis, and probably also by inhibiting ceils in the G 1 phase of the cell cycle from entering mitosis To inhibit cells in G 2 from entering mitosis the chilone requnes adrenalin, and for maximal activity hydrocortisone It is not known if idrenalin and hydrocortisone are required for chalone inhibition of cells in G 1 In addition to inhibiting cell division in normal epidermal cells the epidermal chalone can inhibit cell division in regenerating epidermal cells induced to proliferate by chemical damage The phase of the cell cycle in which the chalone inhibits legenerating epidermal cells from entering mitosis is not known Epidermal tumors contain a decreased amount of chalone Mitosis in epidermal tumors is inhibited by treatment with epidermal chalone Tumor cells are inhibitedfrom entering mitosis from either the G 1 or G 2 phases of the cell cycle Chalones are said to inhibit mitosis by a negative feedback mechanism However, experiments which presumably result in a decrease in chalone concentration do not result in an increase in mitotic activity It is suggested that if chalones are physiologi cal controllers of cell division they do not act by a simple negative feedback mechanism but require the action of a substance to decrease their concentration
Intestinal Motility as Influenced Through Extrinsic Nerves as a Result of Central Stimulation by Bulbocapnine

Conclusions1. Although bulbocapnine acts centrally and stimulates both sympathetic and parasympathetic mechanisms, in dogs it showed qualitative and quantitative differences between its effects upon the level of blood sugar and upon intestinal activity. 2. In normal dogs under bulbocapnine either mechanism may predominate in respect to blood sugar levels. Sympathetic effects were most important for intestinal motility. Amplitude of contraction was diminished. 3. In vagotomized dogs loops of intestine placed just below the duodenum showed augmented amplitude of contraction after bulbocapnine, those placed just above the ileo-cecal valve were inhibited. Blood sugar was elevated in most cases. 4. In splanchnicotomized dogs the vagus mechanism is activated by bulbocapnine in respect to amplitude of intestinal contractions but not for blood sugar levels. 5. Bulbocapnine does not change the rate of intestinal contractions.
EFFECTS of HIGH-PRESSURE APPLICATION ON SUBSEQUENT ATMOSPHERIC SOAKING of CORN

Atmospheric-soaking tests were performed on two varieties of corn samples subjected to a pretreatment of high-pressure soaking at 10.5, 21, and 35 MPa. Soaking tests were also conducted with samples without any pretreatment at different soaking temperatures of 20, 40, 60, and 100C. Increased duration of initial high-pressure soaking was found to reduce the rate of moisture absorption during the subsequent atmospheric soaking. Predicted soaking times required for the samples to reach 45% moisture content increased with increase in applied pressure and with increase in the duration of high-pressure application. Therefore, initial high-pressure application should be limited to a low pressure level and only for a short duration. Compared with the results of the high-temperature soaking tests, initial high-pressure application does help to shorten the steeping time required at atmospheric conditions but not to the extent to compensate for the effect of high temperatures.
Detection of occult carcinoma in the apparently benign breast biopsy through specimen radiography

A pathologic and radiographic study of operative breast specimens revealed calcifications in 54% of carcinomas and 23% of apparently benign breast biopsies. Microscopic examination of tissue containing calcifications in biopsies deemed benign after usual gross and histologic evaluation led to the discovery of 11 occult carcinomas (5 duct, 6 lobular). Nine of these 11 patients had simultaneous bilateral biopsies, and, in 6, there was carcinoma in the opposite breast. This group represents one fifth of the patients in this series with one primary operable breast cancer who underwent contralateral biopsy and were found to have simultaneous bilateral cancer. These findings indicate an important role for specimen radiography in evaluating the apparently benign breast biopsy, particularly when the opposite breast contains cancer. Suspicious clinical mammographic findings, bulky specimens, atypia, or noninvasive carcinoma in routine sections are other indications for specimen radiography.
Latino/a popular culture

1 Talking Back: Spanish Media and U.S. Latinidad 2 Barbie's Hair: Selling Out Puerto Rican Identity in the Global Market 3 The Buena Vista Social Club: The Racial Politics of Nostalgia 4 "Lemme Stay, I Want to Watch": Ambivalence in Borderlands Cinema 5 Encrucijadas: Ruben Blades at the Transnational Crossroads 6 "The Sun Never Sets on MTV": Tijuana NO! and the Border of Music Video 7 Bidi Bidi Bom Bom: Selena and Tejano Music in the Making of Tejas 8 Hip Hop and New York Puerto Ricans 9 Paul Simon's The Capeman: The Staging of Puerto Rican National Identity as Spectacle and Commodity on Broadway 10 Gender Bending in Latino Theater 11 "Don't Call Us Hispanic": Popular Latino Theater in Vancouver 12 A Decidedly "Mexican" and "American" Semi[er]otic Transference 13 Performing Multiple Identities: Guillermo Gomez-Pena and His "Dangerous Border Crossings" 14 Learning America's Other Game: Baseball, Race, and the Study of Latinos 15 Futbol Nation: U.S. Latinos and the Goal of a Homeland 16 Boxing and Masculinity: The History and (Her)story of Oscar de la Hoya
Validation of logistic regression models used in the assessment of prognosis and the need for surgery in equine colic patients

An independent validation study was performed to assess the predictive performance of two multivariable logistic regression models which had been developed to evaluate both prognosis and the need for surgery in equine colic patients. The validation study prospectively collected 730 equine colic cases at 16 different locations over a 15-month period. Bayes' theorem was used to generate post-test (posterior) probabilities for each outcome. Likelihood ratios (LR) for death and the need for surgery were calculated for each horse using the two logistic regression equations. The proportion of surgical patients and the case fatality rate of colic cases seen at each institution were used to estimate the pre-test odds of the need for surgery and the pre-test odds of death, respectively. The post-test odds then were generated by calculating the product of the pre-test odds and the LR (test-odds). The post-test odds than were simply converted to the more intuitive post-test or posterior probabilities. Hosmer Lemeshow goodness-of-fit chi square statistics (GOFCS) were calculated using equal-sized deciles of risk for both models. The prognosis model fit the validation data well (χ2 = 11.2, df = 10, 0.3 < P < 0.4), while the need-for-surgery model fit the validation data poorly (χ2 = 39.0, df = 10, P = < 0.001). An additional validation procedure was used in which the post-test probabilities were ranked and then grouped into ten increments based on the following cut-points of post-test probability: 0−<0.1; 0.1 −<0.2−<0.3;…; 0.9–1.0. The observed proportion of deaths and the observed proportion of surgical cases were compared with the expected proportions (i.e. predicted by the logistic regression models) for each increment. The prognosis model again fit the data well, while the surgery model tended to overestimate the need for surgery within each increment. Procedures for the practical implementation of this methodology to clinical environments are being pursued.
Creating collaborative developmental communities: A pipeline to Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) education

Creating real change in the number and demographic proportions of students pursuing careers in science, technology, engineering & mathematics (STEM) careers is a task that requires a community effort. It requires the active support and involvement of school systems, industries, governmental agencies like NASA, local communities, institutions of higher education as well as potential employers to create an environment that welcomes the best and the brightest students, regardless of gender, ethnicity, religion, or disability. By joining forces with local schools, communities, and institutions of higher education, we can develop and maintain effective and seamless pipelines through which students who wish to pursue careers in STEM fields can have a clearly defined and well supported path to success. We can become the support network that students from populations that do not traditionally pursue these careers lack. In short, we are combining forces to collectively 'inspire the next generation". This paper presents the early partnership results between NASA-UMES summer internship program (NUSIP), a university program and the science technical and engineering pipeline for underserved populations (STEP UP), a high school program. It presents the highlights of the interaction and collaborative efforts of the programs.
DIFFRACTIVE LENSES CREATE NEW OPPORTUNITIES

FAKLIS PROVIDES AN OVERVIEW OF DIFFRACTIVE OPTICS INCLUDING CHARACTERISTIC PROPERTIES AND FABRICATION METHODS. HE ALSO CITES KEY APPLICATION AREAS AND DESCRIBES SEVERAL CHALLENGES CURRENTLY FACING DIFFRACTIVE LENS MANUFACTURERS.
Numerical Analysis of Fire Gas Toxicity: Mathematical Predictions and Experimental Results

Equations were developed to predict the time required before a toxic effect is observed in a living body exposed to air containing a toxic gas or a mixture of toxic gases. Values for the constants in the equations for CO and HCN were calculated from data on animal experiments found in literature. The predicted times were compared with times from experiments where the concentration of toxic gases was varied with time.
An effect of eyestalk ablation on antennular function in the spiny lobster, Panulirus argus

1. Unilateral removal of the eyestalk (optic ganglia and medulla terminalis) in the Bermuda spiny lobster, Panulirus argus, disrupts normal initiation of feeding activity via chemo-tactile stimulation of the antennule on the side of the ablation. This deficit may be permanent for it has lasted without apparent remission for over five months and two molts. 2. Unilateral eyestalk ablation also produces a temporary increase in antennular cleaning activity directed toward the antennule on the side of the ablation. This effect seems to last for less than 16 days. 3. Unilateral eyestalk ablation does not appreciably disturb spontaneous antennular movements or responses to mechanical stimulation of the antennule on either side. Nor does it destroy the ability of the lobster to give differential responses to mechanical and chemo-tactile stimuli. 4. Most lobsters recover normal sensory and motor functions in antennules that regenerate after amputation of the distal segment and sensory flagellae. In about 1/3 of the animals, however, some form of sensory or motor abnormality is evident in the regenerated antennule. These deficits are ascribed to occasional failure of regenerating neurons to reform appropriate central connections. They do not resemble the deficits following eyestalk ablation. 5. The medulla terminalis is tentatively proposed as the portion of the nervous system critical for normal antennular function that is removed by eyestalk ablation. There seem to be similarities between the effects of eyestalk ablation in the Crustacea as described here and the effects following destruction of portions of the corpora pedunculata in insects.
Visualization of He II forced flow around a cylinder

We report an experimental investigation of He II forced flow over a cylindrical obstacle by a flow visualization technique that uses micron scale solid hydrogen particles. It was found in the range of Reynolds numbers studied, 1500 < Red < 11 500, that the flow pattern has a tendency to form a wake with a dynamic separation point similar to that in classical fluids. Furthermore, we did not confirm the existence of large-scale turbulent structures both upstream and downstream of the cylinder as have been observed in He II thermal counterflow across the cylinder at the same range of Reynolds numbers.
Changes in morphology and abundance of Stylophora pistillata and Acropora variabilis (anthozoa, hexactiniaria) with respect to depth at Elat, Red Sea

Entire colonies of Stylophora pistillata and Acropora variabilis were collected along a depth transect 100 m south of the Marine Biological Laboratory of Hebrew University Elat, Israel. The branch height of Acropora variabilis decreases significantly with respect to depth, and this species is equitably distributed from 5 to 30 m. Stylophora pistillata demonstrated no decrease in branch height with respect to depth and its distribution is limited to shallow water. The changes in morphology and distribution enhance the credibility of a suggestion made by Roos (1967) that corals common at all depths would show changes in morphology that minimized self-shading. Stylophora pistillata demonstrated an increase in branch density with respect to depth. A hypothesis, based upon the occurrence of Lithophaga cumingiana and water turbulence, is presented to explain the increase in branch density with respect to depth of Stylophora pistillata.
Role of computerized tomography in assessment of the mediastinum in patients with lung carcinoma

Over a 28 months period, 75 patients with pathologically confirmed lung carcinoma had computerized tomographic scanning of the mediastinum as a staging procedure. The scan had a sensitivity of 85 percent and a specificity of 89 percent for mediastinal lymph node metastases, making routine mediastinoscopy unnecessary. Tissue confirmation of most positive scans is advisable since false-positive results can deny some patients potentially curative resection. Invasive staging should also be employed in the face of negative scans in selected patients. Computerized tomographic scanning provides anatomic information that is helpful in directing these invasive staging procedures.
High Temperature Thrmocouples in the Rover Program

Tungsten/tungsten-rhenium thermocouples have been successfully used for various hydrogen gas temperature measurements in the Kiwi-A reactors of the Rover nuclear propulsion program. The most useful combination for these thermocouples has been tungsten coupled with a tungsten-25 weight percent rhenium alloy. This alloy exhibits a solidus temperature slightly over 3100°C., has considerably more room temperature ductility than tungsten, and yields an electromotive force of about 40 millivolts against tungsten at 2300°C. In one design 60 mil W and W-Re wires are pressed and swaged into a tungsten block. The wires are passed through an insulated pressure seal. The time response of the thermocouple is in the one second range. These thermocouples may be used in an automatic exit gas temperature control system in some subsequent Rover tests.
A computer program for many-beam image simulation of amplitude-contrast images.

A computer program for the simulation of amplitude-contrast electron micrographs is described. The program is based on the n-beam dynamical theory of diffraction contrast as described by Howie and Whelan (see Howie, A., and Whelan, M.J. (1961) Proc. R. Soc. Lond. [Biol]). The displacement fields associated with crystal lattice defects are calculated using linear anisotropic elasticity. The program can be used to simulate images of crystals containing line or planar defects or combinations of these defects. The line defects can be oriented freely within the foil, and are not restricted to being mutually parallel, but must be straight. Different techniques available for solving the diffraction problem, with or without the column approximation, are discussed.
ELECTROPHORETIC SEPARATION OF THE PHENOLASES FROM POTATO TUBERS.

EARLY investigations of the properties of polyphenol oxidase from plants showed that most preparations catalysed the oxidation of several polyphenolic substrates. In the past few years it has been demonstrated that crude polyphenol oxidase preparations actually are mixtures of several phenol oxidase proteins, each exhibiting unique catalytic and physical properties. Smith and Krueger2 used a column of hydroxyl apatite and chromatographically separated crude extracts of mushrooms into a series of purified fractions. These contained several enzyme types, including the classical catecholase and cresolase enzymes. Sisler and Evans3 showed that chlorogenic acid was a better substrate for the crude polyphenol oxidase from tobacco than for a comparable preparation from mushrooms. The ratios of rates of oxidation of chlorogenic acid to rates of oxidation of catechol as catalysed by each of a series of purified extracts from tobacco varied widely, indicating the presence of more than one type of polyphenol oxidase enzyme. Uritani4 used starch-gel electrophoresis and separated crude extracts of sweet potato roots into three distinct bands each showing a capacity to catalyse the oxidation of chlorogenic acid. From these experiments it seems clear that organisms contain several types of polyphenol oxidase enzymes.
Eustatic sea-level curve based on a stable frame of reference: Preliminary results

Numerous errors have crept into previous ecstatic curves because they have relied on unstable reference frames such as passive margins. A stable frame of reference is found in the Russian platform and allows a eustatic curve to be constructed without the subsidence corrections needed for subsiding margins. The stability of the Russian platform is indicated by flat-lying Mesozoic-Cenozoic sedimentary strata that have remained undeformed and untilted since deposition. These strata are no thicker than 200 m throughout the Russian platform. Individual lithofacies are continuous over large distances, suggesting a very flat hypsometry in which facies types were particularly sensitive to changes in sea level. The tectonic stability of the Russian platform allows ecstatic curves to be constructed through two complementary methods. The first method, the results of which we present here, uses backstripping to calculate sea-level changes from stage to stage. The second method uses the elevation of former shoreline deposits to calculate the net sea-level change from a former sea level to present sea level. Preliminary results suggest an unsteady 110-m rise in sea level from Bajocian to Albian time.
Phosphorus Fate, Management, and Modeling in Artificially Drained Systems

Phosphorus (P) losses in agricultural drainage waters, both surface and subsurface, are among the most difficult form of nonpoint source pollution to mitigate. This special collection of papers on P in drainage waters documents the range of field conditions leading to P loss in drainage water, the potential for drainage and nutrient management practices to control drainage losses of P, and the ability of models to represent P loss to drainage systems. A review of P in tile drainage and case studies from North America, Europe, and New Zealand highlight the potential for artificial drainage to exacerbate watershed loads of dissolved and particulate P via rapid, bypass flow and shorter flow path distances. Trade-offs are identified in association with drainage intensification, tillage, cover crops, and manure management. While P in drainage waters tends to be tied to surface sources of P (soil, amendments or vegetation) that are in highest concentration, legacy sources of P may occur at deeper depths or other points along drainage flow paths. Most startling, none of the major fate-and-transport models used to predict management impacts on watershed P losses simulate the dominant processes of P loss to drainage waters. Because P losses to drainage waters can be so difficult to manage and to model, major investment are needed (i) in systems that can provide necessary drainage for agronomic production while detaining peak flows and promoting P retention and (ii) in models that can adequately describe P loss to drainage waters.
GENOMIC ANALYSIS OF AVIAN INFLUENZA VIRUSES FROM WATERFOWL IN WESTERN ALASKA, USA

The Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta (Y-K Delta) in western Alaska is an immense and important breeding ground for waterfowl. Migratory birds from the Pacific Americas, Central Pacific, and East Asian-Australasian flyways converge in this region, providing opportunities for intermixing of North American- and Eurasian-origin hosts and infectious agents, such as avian influenza virus (AIV). We characterized the genomes of 90 low pathogenic (LP) AIV isolates from 11 species of waterfowl sampled on the Y-K Delta between 2006 and 2009 as part of an interagency surveillance program for the detection of the H5N1 highly pathogenic (HP) strain of AIV. We found evidence for subtype and genetic differences between viruses from swans and geese, dabbling ducks, and sea ducks. At least one gene segment in 39% of all isolates was Eurasian in origin. Target species (those ranked as having a relatively high potential to introduce HP H5N1 AIV to North America) were no more likely than nontarget species to carry viruses with genes of Eurasian origin. These findings provide evidence that the frequency at which viral gene segments of Eurasian origin are detected does not result from a strong species effect, but rather we suspect it is linked to the geographic location of the Y-K Delta in western Alaska where flyways from different continents overlap. This study provides support for retaining the Y-K Delta as a high priority region for the surveillance of Asian avian pathogens such as HP H5N1 AIV.
Prediction of remission in adult acute leukemia. Development and testing of predictive models

Logistic regression methods were applied to derive a set of models relating achievement of CR to prognostic characteristics in a group of 300 adult acute leukemia patients treated with cytosine arabinoside, vincristine, and prednisone combined with adriamycin (ADOAP) or rubidazone (ROAP). These models were tested prospectively in an independent group of 107 subsequent patients treated with ADOAP or ROAP therapy, by comparing observed outcomes to predictions of response based on the models. Several models were able to identify subgroups of patients with good, intermediate, and poor prognoses. A model regarded as clinically useful and which provided a good fit to both the population from which it was derived and the test population included the pretreatment factors age, history of an antecedent hematologic disorder, temperature, blood urea nitrogen, hemoglobin, and liver size.
PHYLOGENETICALLY CONSERVED SEQUENCES IN THE PROMOTER OF THE RABBIT SODIUM-HYDROGEN EXCHANGER ISOFORM 1 GENE (NHE1/SLC9A1)

NHE1 (gene symbol SLC9A1) encodes an isoform of the amiloride-sensitive Na+-H+ exchanger that is present in many cells and the basolateral membrane of renal epithelia. Expression of NHE1 is modulated in response to chronic metabolic acidosis, growth factors, and phorbol esters. To begin examining the molecular basis for this regulation, a rabbit genomic clone that contained 6 kb of 5' flanking region, the first exon, and a portion of the first intervening sequence of NHE1 was obtained. The principal transcription start site in native rabbit tissues was located 798 bp 5' to the initiation codon. The sequence of the proximal 5' flanking region of rabbit NHE1 was similar to the human sequence and contained a TATA-box, (G + C)-boxes, homopyrimidine direct repeats, and a putative AP-1 site. When ligated to luciferase and transfected into porcine renal epithelial cells (LLC-PK1), 708 bp of proximal 5' flanking region exhibited orientation-dependent promoter activity.