cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A systematic literature review of the ethics of conducting research in the humanitarian setting

Research around humanitarian crises, aid delivery, and the impact of these crises on health and well-being has expanded dramatically. Ethical issues around these topics have recently received more attention. We conducted a systematic literature review to synthesize the lessons learned regarding the ethics of research in humanitarian crises. We conducted a systematic review using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis (PRISMA) guidelines to identify articles regarding the ethics of research in humanitarian contexts between January 1, 1997 and September 1, 2019. We analyzed the articles to extract key themes and develop an agenda for future research. We identified 52 articles that matched our inclusion criteria. We categorized the article data into five categories of analysis: 32 were expert statements, 18 were case studies, 11 contained original research, eight were literature reviews and three were book chapters. All included articles were published in English. Using a step-wise qualitative analysis, we identified 10 major themes that encompassed these concepts and points. These major themes were: ethics review process (21 articles, [40.38%]); community engagement (15 articles [28.85%]); the dual imperative, or necessity that research be both academically sound and policy driven, clinical trials in the humanitarian setting (13 articles for each, [25.0%)]; informed consent (10 articles [19.23%]); cultural considerations (6 articles, [11.54%]); risks to researchers (5 articles, [9.62%]); child participation (4 articles [7.69%]); and finally mental health, and data ownership (2 articles for each [3.85%]). Interest in the ethics of studying humanitarian crises has been dramatically increasing in recent years. While key concepts within all research settings such as beneficence, justice and respect for persons are crucially relevant, there are considerations unique to the humanitarian context. The particular vulnerabilities of conflict-affected populations, the contextual challenges of working in humanitarian settings, and the need for ensuring strong community engagement at all levels make this area of research particularly challenging. Humanitarian crises are prevalent throughout the globe, and studying them with the utmost ethical forethought is critical to maintaining sound research principles and ethical standards.
Worse balance is associated with larger perturbation-evoked cortical responses in healthy young adults.

Abstract Background Reactive balance recovery evokes a negative peak of cortical electroencephalography (EEG) activity (N1) that is simultaneous to brainstem-mediated automatic balance-correcting muscle activity. This study follows up on an observation from a previous study, in which N1 responses were larger in individuals who seemed to have greater difficulty responding to support-surface perturbations. Research Question We hypothesized that people engage more cortical activity when balance recovery is more challenging. We predicted that people with lower balance ability would exhibit larger cortical N1 responses during balance perturbations. Methods In 20 healthy young adults (11 female, ages 19–38) we measured the amplitude of the cortical N1 response evoked by 48 backward translational support-surface perturbations of unpredictable timing and amplitude. Perturbations included a Small (8 cm) perturbation that was identical across participants, as well as Medium (13−15 cm) and Large (18−22 cm) perturbations scaled to participant height to control for height-related differences in perturbation difficulty. To assess individual differences in balance ability, we measured the distance traversed on a narrow (0.5-inch wide) 12-foot beam across 6 trials. We tested whether the cortical N1 response amplitude was correlated to balance ability across participants. Results Cortical N1 amplitudes in response to standing balance perturbations (54 ± 18 μV) were inversely correlated to the distance traveled in the difficult beam-walking task (R2 = 0.20, p = 0.029). Further, there was a significant interaction between performance on the beam-walking task and the effect of perturbation magnitude on the cortical N1 response amplitude, whereby individuals who performed worse on the beam-walking task had greater increases in N1 amplitudes with increases in perturbation magnitude. Significance Cortical N1 response amplitudes may reflect greater cortical involvement in balance recovery when challenged. This increased cortical involvement may reflect cognitive processes such as greater perceived threat or attention to balance, which have the potential to influence subsequent motor control.
Automated and robust beam data validation of a preconfigured ring gantry linear accelerator using a 1D tank with synchronized beam delivery and couch motions

PURPOSE To develop an efficient and automated methodology for beam data validation for a preconfigured ring gantry linear accelerator using scripting and a one-dimensional (1D) tank with automated couch motions. MATERIALS AND METHODS Using an application programming interface, a program was developed to allow the user to choose a set of beam data to validate with measurement. Once selected the program generates a set of instructions for radiation delivery with synchronized couch motions for the linear accelerator in the form of an extensible markup language (XML) file to be delivered on the ring gantry linear accelerator. The user then delivers these beams while measuring with the 1D tank and data logging electrometer. The program also automatically calculates this set of beams on the measurement geometry within the treatment planning system (TPS) and extracts the corresponding calculated dosimetric data for comparison to measurement. Once completed the program then returns a comparison of the measurement to the predicted result from the TPS to the user and prints a report. In this work lateral, longitudinal, and diagonal profiles were taken for fields sizes of 6 × 6, 8 × 8, 10 × 10, 20 × 20, and 28 × 28 cm2 at depths of 1.3, 5, 10, 20, and 30 cm. Depth dose profiles were taken for all field sizes. RESULTS Using this methodology, the TPS was validated to agree with measurement. All compared points yielded a gamma value less than 1 for a 1.5%/1.5 mm criteria (100% passing rate). Off axis profiles had >98.5% of data points producing a gamma value <1 with a 1%/1 mm criteria. All depth profiles produced 100% of data points with a gamma value <1 with a 1%/1 mm criteria. All data points measured were within 1.5% or 2 mm distance to agreement. CONCLUSIONS This methodology allows for an increase in automation in the beam data validation process. Leveraging the application program interface allows the user to use a single system to create the measurement files, predict the result, and then compare to actual measurement increasing efficiency and reducing the chance for user input errors.
PC graphics for freshmen engineers

In the Fall of 1983, the College of Engineering decided to modify the freshman mechanical drafting course, a required 3 hour course that is preceded by a course in FORTRAN programming. The modification involved replacing the mechanical drafting portion of the course with a combination of free-hand sketching and computer graphics, using IBM Personal Computers. The course was to introduce freshman engineering students to graphical communication and visualization in space. The Faculty believed that this new dual approach would not only enhance the student's ability to visualize objects from free-hand sketches but would also prepare him for the industrial workplace where microcomputers are common. In the Spring Semester, 1984, the course was offered for the first time and had an enrollment of 160 students. It was staffed with a course coordinator, five instructors, and five student graders. Each instructor was assigned a grader, who also served part-time as a student consultant as well as an equipment monitor for the PCs. Since the new course was experimental, i t was developed in stages determined during biweekly planning and discussion meetings held by the instructors and the course coordinator. Although the material was divided into 50% computer graphics and 50% sketching, integrating the free hand sketching and computer graphics was left to the instructor's discretion. After the intial offering during Spring Session, the course was structured into the following topics: A Introduction to IBM-PC, BASIC, and GRAPHICS B Graphics and plotting techniques C Two-dimensional graphics D Three-dimensional graphics This outline allowed the instructors to explore new pedagogical approaches while simultaneously guaranteeing that all students covered the same kind of topics in the same order. The same experimentations, however, could not be permitted in grading; so the instructors established the following uniform grading standards: A Quizzes 20% B Homework 20% C Programs 20% D Midterm 20% E Final 20% The course has now been offered twice and has been well accepted by both the students and the instructors. The students enjoy their exposure to personal computers and the faculty have been able to integrate the PCs into the learning process.
Evaluation of Sensorless Techniques for Surface Permanent-Magnet Integrated Motor Drive using Current-Source Inverter

Integrated motor drives (IMD) that combine power electronics and a motor into a single enclosure are attractive for a wide range of applications that extend from electric vehicle traction drives to pumps. The current-source inverter (CSI) is well-suited for development of compact and reliable IMDs since it reduces common-mode filters, eliminates dc-link capacitors, which are temperature-sensitive components, and provides higher fault tolerance than conventional voltage-source inverters with permanent magnet (PM) machines. However, the presence of an encoder compromises the reliability of an IMD and can hinder its high power density. Elimination of the encoder using rotor position estimation techniques is investigated for surface permanent magnets (SPM) machines excited by CSIs. Analytical results demonstrate that reliable motor drive operation at low speeds is possible in CSI-based IMDs without encoders.
Allergenicity, antioxidant activity and ACE-inhibitory activity of protease hydrolyzed peanut flour.

Abstract Regularly consuming peanuts has been reported to have many health benefits. Peanut flour, a by-product of peanut oil processing, has higher protein and dietary fiber contents than peanut kernels, but its application as protein source in foods and dietary supplement is limited due to the fear of peanut allergy. This study indicates that hydrolysis of peanut flour (12% lipid) up to 4 h with Alcalase lowered the immunoreactivity of both soluble and insoluble portions of peanut flour, generated peanut flour hydrolysate (PFH) with good in vitro antioxidant and ACE-inhibitory activities. Importantly, the fraction smaller than 5 kDa did not bind IgE of peanut allergic patients, but exhibited higher ACE-inhibitory activity than the crude PFH. Thus, peanut flour could be an inexpensive protein source of antioxidant and anti-hypertensive ingredient. These findings are important for the value added application of peanut flour. However, studies with food and animal/human models are needed to confirm the benefits.
COVID-19 related Attitudes and Risk Perceptions across Urban, Rural, and Suburban Areas in the United States

This study identifies differences in COVID-19 related attitudes and risk perceptions among urban, rural, and suburban populations in the US using data from an online, nationwide survey collected during April-October 2020. In general, rural respondents were found to be less concerned by the pandemic and a lower proportion of rural respondents support staying at home and shutting down businesses. While only about half of rural respondents are concerned about getting severe reactions themselves from COVID-19 (compared to ~60% for urban and suburban respondents), all place types respondents are concerned about friends or family members getting severe reactions (~75%).
A Logic of Military Justice

This Article seeks to advance two conversations. First, a scholarly analysis of what ultimately justifies the United States operating a separate code of criminal law applicable to servicemembers at home and when deployed, whether “on duty” or off, for acts that may have nothing at all to do with military affairs, and in which a lay officer “in command” has discretionary authority to investigate, prosecute, and in some ways punish offenders – we might refer to this as jus in disciplina militaras. The second, a professional discussion that directly confronts the reality of increased Congressional and public skepticism about military justice procedures, directly acknowledges that Supreme Court precedent that has long defined and permitted this system’s departure from civilian norms and practices may be turning a corner, and that around the corner is a view of military justice that rejects the presumptive primary importance of that lay commanding officer. To spark both of those conversations, this Article must necessarily investigate the subject from a flank that has not been approached in any formally deliberate way to date. It will draw from the vast forest of military professionals, lawyers, scholars, and courts, describing parts or all of military justice, a sense of the underlying logic that has purported to justify, historically, the distinctive attributes that separate what it means to be under the criminal jurisdiction of the military from what it means to be under that of the civilian state government and local law enforcement authorities. Out of a host of explicit statements and implicit assumptions, this Article will construct what amounts to that logical defense. This Article will then qualify those statements, distinguishing the factually supported from the aspirational and normative; and it will identify how that logic seems contrary to contemporary public explanations of military justice’s animating purpose, in particular the U.S. Supreme Court’s most recent description of military justice in 2018. Lastly, it will explore how those arguments that seem to express confidence in military justice, placing it on the same moral and legal plane as “normal” civilian justice, ironically undermine the very justifications for keeping the most prominent characteristics of modern American military criminal law intact. I self-consciously position this Article as neutral on what could or should change as a consequence of this logic, for the framing and questions are more important at this early stage than recommendations.
Reexamining the Automobile’s Past: What Were the Critical Factors That Determined the Emergence of the Internal Combustion Engine as the Dominant Automotive Technology?:

At the end of the 19th-century three technologies had emerged as sources of motive power for the automobile: steam, internal combustion, and electric motors. In 1900, in the United States and aroun...
Divergent regulation of inflammatory cytokines by mTORC1 in THP-1–derived macrophages and intestinal epithelial Caco-2 cells

Abstract Aims The sustained activation of intestinal mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) brought about by repeated mucosal insult or injury has been linked to escalation of gut inflammatory response, which may progress to damage the epithelium if not controlled. This study investigated the role of mTORC1 in the response of macrophage and enterocyte to inflammatory stimuli. Materials and methods We genetically manipulated human THP-1 monocytes and epithelial intestinal Caco-2 cells to generate stable cell lines with baseline, low or high mTORC1 kinase activity. The effects of THP-1 macrophage secretions onto Caco-2 cells were investigated by means of conditioned media transfer experiments. Key findings The priming of mTORC1 for activation promoted lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-mediated THP-1 macrophage immune response as evidenced by the stimulation of inflammatory mediators (TNFα, IL-6, IL-8, IL-1β and IL-10). The treatment of THP-1 macrophages with LPS more than the manipulated level of mTORC1 activity of macrophages determined whether cytokine gene expression was induced in Caco-2 cells. LPS carry over was not responsible for the stimulation of Caco-2 cells' cytokine response. Knocking down Raptor in Caco-2 cells or treating Caco-2 cells with rapamycin enhanced Caco-2 TNFα gene expression revealing the anti-inflammatory role of a functional mTORC1 in intestinal epithelial cells exposed to macrophage-derived pro-inflammatory stimuli. Significance Taken together, mTORC1 differentially impacts the immune responses of THP-1–derived macrophages and Caco-2 epithelial cells when placed in a pro-inflammatory microenvironment.
Integrated vs nonintegrated treatment for perinatal opioid use disorder: retrospective cohort study

BACKGROUND Pregnant women with opioid use disorder and their infants often experience worse perinatal outcomes than women without opioid use disorder, including longer hospitalizations after delivery and a higher risk for preterm delivery. Integrated treatment models, which combine addiction treatment and maternity care, represent an innovative approach that is widely endorsed, however, limited studies have compared the outcomes between integrated and standard, nonintegrated programs from real-world programs. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to evaluate the perinatal and substance use outcomes for pregnant women with opioid use disorder receiving coordinated, colocated obstetrical care and opioid use disorder treatment (integrated treatment) and to compare it with those of women receiving obstetrical care and opioid use disorder treatment in distinct programs of care (nonintegrated treatment). STUDY DESIGN In this observational, retrospective cohort study, we abstracted the perinatal and opioid use disorder treatment data from the records of pregnant women with opioid use disorder (n=225) who delivered at a rural, academic medical center from 2015 to 2017. The women either received integrated (n=92) or nonintegrated (n=133) opioid use disorder treatment and obstetrical care. Using inverse probability weighted regression models to adjust for a potential covariate imbalance, we evaluated the impact of the treatment model on the risk for preterm delivery and positive meconium or umbilical cord toxicology screens. We explored whether the number of obstetrical visits mediated this relationship by using a quasi-Bayesian Monte Carlo algorithm. RESULTS Women receiving integrated treatment were less likely to deliver prematurely (11.8% vs 26.6%; P CONCLUSION Among a cohort of rural pregnant women with opioid use disorder, receiving integrated obstetrical care and opioid use disorder treatment was associated with a reduced risk for preterm birth, a lower risk for positive maternal urine toxicology screen at the time of delivery, and shorter infant hospitalization. This relationship was mediated by the number of obstetrical visits attended during pregnancy, suggesting that increased engagement with obstetrical care through integration of services may contribute to improved perinatal outcomes.
Uncovering how animals use combinations of magnetic field properties to navigate: a computational approach

Certain animal species use the earth’s magnetic field (i.e., magnetoreception) in conjunction with other sensory modalities to navigate long distances. It is hypothesized that several animals use combinations of magnetic inclination and intensity as unique signatures for localization, potentially enabling migration without a pre-surveyed map. However, it is unknown how animals use magnetic signatures to generate guidance commands. While animal experiments have been invaluable in advancing this area, it is a difficult phenomenon to study in vivo or in situ. Modeling and simulation present a powerful complementary tool that can be used to investigate whether and how animals use magnetic signatures to navigate. This perspective article summarizes work we have conducted that systematically and mechanistically uses modeling and simulation to study the use of magnetic signatures. We have studied this phenomenon from simulated agents that navigate in simple and abstract environments, to physical devices that navigate in realistic environments. The results have consistently demonstrated that this is a plausible way in which animals might navigate, and provided early insights into the environmental and animal-specific factors that are most important to this navigation strategy.
A Model to Estimate the Palatability of Several Calf Starter Rations

Abstract A model for measuring the palatability of several feedstuffs available to calves in cafeteria-type experiments is discussed with examples.
Event-Based Materiality: An Exploratory Study in Response to Sarbanes-Oxley Section 409 and Regulation Fair Disclosure

Both Section 409 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (2002) and Regulation Fair Disclosure (2000) were created to significantly improve the timeliness of disclosures and help specify which events should be deemed material. We examine if nonprofessional investors can correctly discriminate-and subsequently assess-material events from immaterial events. We conduct a series of experimental asset markets where participants acting as investors are presented with sequential pieces of information regarding events that are either material or immaterial (as defined by the SEC). Our findings indicate that nonprofessional investors do not accurately discriminate between material and immaterial events as reflected by trading prices. Also, we find that subsequent disclosures increase investors' pre-disclosure knowledge base resulting in an increase in homogeneity of investors' beliefs at the end of a sequence relative to the beginning of the sequence. The increase in the homogeneity of beliefs results in relatively lower trading volume.
Multifactorial Mechanisms Associated with Broad Cross-Resistance of Ovarian Carcinoma Cells Selected by Cyanomorpholino Doxorubicin

The cyanomorpholino derivative of doxorubicin (MRA-CN) is a DNA intercalator and alkylator that is a highly potent cytotoxin, non-cross-resistant in multidrug-resistant cells, and noncardiotoxic in comparison with doxorubicin. To further examine mechanisms of action and resistance to MRA-CN, a cell line resistant to MRA-CN, ES-2R, was established by growing a human ovarian carcinoma cell line, ES-2, in increasing concentrations of the drug. The resistant subline was 4-fold resistant to MRA-CN and cross-resistant to other DNA cross-linking agents, cisplatin (7-fold) and carmustine (3-fold), as well as to the DNA strand-breaking agents etoposide (6-fold), doxorubicin (2-fold), bleomycin (5-fold), and ionizing radiation (2-fold). In contrast, ES-2R cells were not cross-resistant to vinblastine. Several months of additional growth of ES-2R cells in MRA-CN did not yield higher, stable levels of drug resistance. A low level of P-glycoprotein was detectable in the ES-2R cells. However, the extent of intracellular accumulation of [3H]MRA-CN by this resistant cell line was identical to that of the sensitive line. The number of DNA cross-links formed by cisplatin in ES-2R was only 50% of that of the ES-2 cells and was associated with a 50% increase in the rate of repair of these cross-links in the resistant cells. Ionizing radiation induced similar amounts of single- and double-strand breaks in the ES-2 line as well as in the ES-2R cells. There was no apparent difference between the two cell lines in the rate and extent of repair of these DNA breaks. Thus, enhanced DNA repair cannot explain the phenomenon of cross-resistance to radiation. Comparisons of glutathione (GSH) content and the enzymes involved in GSH homeostasis showed significant differences. Resistant cells contained 1.5-fold more GSH, a 2.2-fold increase in gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase activity, and a 2.4-fold increase in GSH reductase compared with ES-2 cells (all P less than 0.05). Total glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activity was 2.6-fold higher (P less than 0.01) in the ES-2R line. The pi-class GST subunit by Western blotting and GST activity toward ethacrynic acid were increased 2-fold in the resistant cells. Depletion of GSH levels in ES-2R cells by buthionine sulfoximine restored the sensitivity of ES-2R to MRA-CN. These findings implicate a role for GSH metabolism in the resistance phenotype of ES-2R cells. We have previously reported that these cells have an increased generation time and decreased topoisomerase II content. Thus, the ES-2R cell line exhibits a complex phenotype of broad cross-resistance, which is likely to involve multiple mechanisms, and includes enhanced DNA repair and increased GSH content and GST activity.
Virus reconstitution. II. Combination of protein and nucleic acid from different strains.

Abstract 1. 1. A method of preparation of native protein from TMV and other strains has been described. 2. 2. The reconstitution of virus particles from protein and nucleic acid of different strains has yielded very active preparations, one of which showed higher infectivity than one of its parent strains. 3. 3. The nature of the disease provoked by mixed virus preparations resembled in each case that characteristic of the virus supplying the nucleic acid. 4. 4. The chemical nature of the progeny of mixed virus preparations also closely resembled that of the virus supplying the nucleic acid, although the significance of minor differences in amino acid composition has not yet been established. 5. 5. In contrast to these properties the serological characteristics of mixed virus preparations were those of the virus supplying the protein. 6. 6. The dual nature of the activity of reconstituted virus particles has thus been clearly demonstrated. 7. 7. Variants or mutants of different biological and chemical properties have occurred randomly in the course of this work, and are regarded as indications of a labilisation of the genetic material through chemical manipulation.
Security Issues and Solutions in Distributed Heterogeneous Mobile Database Systems

Security continues to be a fundamental requirement of modern computer systems. As more information is stored electronically, users become more concerned with the security of their information. Designing secure systems is a difficult problem, complicated by the distributed nature of modern systems—communication links are now both wired and wireless and information is shared among autonomous and heterogeneous sources. Once the system is deployed, security threats and attacks must be evaluated and handled throughout its life cycle, as attackers discover and exploit vulnerabilities. This chapter considers the security problem within the context of centralized databases and multidatabases as well as mobile systems. The techniques employed to create a secure centralized database system can be extended to meet the security needs of multidatabase systems. This extension is not trivial, however. Many issues must be considered so that the needs of each component are met. When wireless communication links and mobility are introduced, adapting existing methods may not provide a satisfactory solution. Generally, security is expensive in terms of communication, processing, and storage overhead, which translates into increased power consumption. This overhead is unacceptable in mobile systems because mobile devices are already resource-poor. Therefore, new techniques, which draw from existing technologies and the lessons learned from their deployment, must be designed to handle the constraints introduced by mobile systems.
The 'sensory story'. A multi-sensory training procedure for toddlers. 1. Effect on motor function of hemiplegic hand in cerebral palsied children.

SUMMARY A method has been developed to incorporate disparate sensory stimuli in the form of a story appropriate to the level of young children. Application of this procedure resulted in a significant increase in the spontaneous use of the affected hand in young hemiplegic children during training sessions and there appeared to be a carry over into play activities at other times. Further trial of the technique is recommended. RESUME L'histoire sensorielle On a developpe une methode incorporant des stimuli sensoriels disparates dans une histoire adaptee au niveau de jeunes enfants. L'application de ce procede a eu pour resultat une augmentation significative de l'usage spontane de la main affectee chez de jeunes enfants hemiplegiques pendant les seances d'entrainement, et ceci semble se transmettre aux activites de jeux a d'autres moments de la journee. Des essaus ulterieurs de cette methode sont recommendes. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Die Sensory Story Es wird liber eine neue Methode berichtet, die disparate sensorische Stimuli einbaut in eine dem Niveau kleiner Kinder angepasste Erzahlung. Durch dieses Vorgehen wird wahrend der Uebungen bei hemiplegischen klein Kindern ein signifikant besserer spontaner Gebrauch der betroffenen Hand erreicht, der sich auf die Spielaktivitat der ubrigen Zeit zu ubertragen scheint. Es wird empfohlen, diese Methode weiterhin auszuprobieren. RESUMEN El Cuento Sensorial Se ha elaborado un metodo de incluir estimulos sensoriales distintos en un cuento adaptado a ninos pequenos. El empleo de este metodo produjo un aumento significante en el uso espontaneo de la mano afecta en ninos hemiplejicos durante los periodos de entrenamiento, y parecia que los ninos continuaron despues de servirse de esta mano al jugar. Se recomiendan otras pruebas de la tecnica.
Effect of Different Nutritional Conditions on the Synthesis of Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle Enzymes

The effect of various nutritional conditions on the levels of Krebs cycle enzymes in Bacillus subtilis, B. licheniformis, and Escherichia coli was determined. The addition of glutamate, alpha-ketoglutarate, or compounds capable of being catabolized to glutamate, to a minimal glucose medium resulted in complete repression of aconitase in B. subtilis and B. licheniformis. The synthesis of fumarase, succinic dehydrogenase, malic dehydrogenase, and isocitric dehydrogenase was not repressed by these compounds. It is postulated that glutamate or alpha-ketoglutarate is the true corepressor for the repression of aconitase. A rapidly catabolizable carbon source and alpha-ketoglutarate or glutamate must be simultaneously present for complete repression of the formation of aconitase. Conditions which repress the synthesis of aconitase in B. subtilis restrict the flow of carbon in the sequence of reactions leading to alpha-ketoglutarate but do not prevent glutamate oxidation in vivo. The data indicate that separate and independent mechanisms regulate the activity of the anabolic and catabolic reactions of the Krebs cycle in B. subtilis and B. licheniformis. The addition of glutamate to the minimal glucose medium results in the repression of aconitase, isocitric dehydrogenase, and fumarase, but not malic dehydrogenase in E. coli K-38.
X-Ray Luminous White Dwarf Binaries in Globular Clusters

An x-ray survey of galactic globular clusters has been conducted. An apparently distinct class of x-ray sources has been discovered. They are identified as accreting white dwarfs in close binaries. Implications concern the binary formation rate in globular clusters and the number of compact objects present.
International Courts: Uneven Judicialization in Global Order

‘Law without courts’ seemed to Hugo Grotius an entirely coherent approach to the juridification of international relations. The first edition of his Law of War and Peace (1625) reflects an intense commitment to framing claims and rules for conduct outside the state in terms of legal rights and duties, but not to judicialization, even though arbitration between sovereigns was addressed in earlier works he had read, such as Alberico Gentili’s Law of War (1598). Yet in modern times international judicialization – the creation and use of international courts and tribunals – has been not only a significant component of liberal approaches to international order, but for some thinkers an indispensable concomitant of juridification. Section I of this chapter provides an overview of the waves, and accretion, in the formation of what are now ten basic types of international courts. Section II offers some balance to the tendencies (implicit in the approach taken in Section I) to acclaim each flourishing legal institution as an achievement and to study only what exists, by considering the marked unevenness in the issues, and in the ranges of states, currently subject to juridification through international courts and tribunals. Section III addresses the question whether the density and importance of the judicially-focused juridification that now exists has implications for politics, law, and justice that are truly significant and qualitatively different from what has gone before. This is explored by examining some of the main roles and functions of international courts, considered not simply as a menu but as a complex aggregate. Section IV concludes.
Transcatheter closure of postmyocardial infarction, iatrogenic, and postoperative ventricular septal defects: The Mayo Clinic experience.

Objectives To determine event-free survival after transcatheter closure of ventricular septal defect (VSD), and to identify predictors of adverse events (AE) in post myocardial infarction VSD (post-MI VSD) subgroup. Background There are limited data on mid-term follow-up after transcatheter VSD closure. Methods Retrospective review of 27 cases of transcatheter VSD closure (post-MI = 18 and non-ischemic = 9) performed from 1999 to 2013. We defined AE as death, device embolization, hemolysis requiring blood transfusion, heart block and reintervention. Results In the post-MI VSD subgroup, mean age and follow-up was 69 ± 11 and 7.3 ± 7 years, respectively. AE occurred in 8 (44%) patients (death-3, device embolization-1, hemolysis-1, surgical VSD closure-2, reintervention-1). Event-free survival was 56% at 1 month and 5 years, and all AE occurred in the periprocedural period. Cardiogenic shock (HR: 3.21, CI: 1.82–5.41, P = 0.002), and VSD closure in acute phase (HR: 2.14, CI: 1.12–4.31, P = 0.004) were independent predictors of AE. In the non-ischemic VSD subgroup, mean age and follow-up was 49 ± 15 and 8.7 ± 8 years, respectively. AE occurred in 3 (33%) patients (late death-1, surgical VSD closure-2). For the entire cohort, freedom from death was 89% and 85% at 1 month and 5 years, and event-free survival was 70% and 61% at 1 month and 5 years. Conclusions Transcatheter closure of post-MI VSD carries a moderate risk of periprocedural complications but low event rates afterwards. By comparison, device closure of non-ischemic VSD has lower periprocedural morbidity but some patients continued to experience AE during follow-up. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Medical Anthropology against War

In my 2006 presidential address on “Medical Anthropology at the Intersections,” I attempted to convey all of my high hopes for medical anthropology in the new millennium (Inhorn 2007). We are nearly 50 years old as a discipline, and we are on the verge of numerous, exciting intersections with multiple fields. At the 2007 meeting, I announced our plans for the first independent Society for Medical Anthropology (SMA) conference in 20 years, entitled “Medical Anthropology at the Intersections: Celebrating 50 Years of Interdisciplinarity,” to be held at Yale University, Sept. 24–27, 2009. Although our Friday night SMA event is mostly a time for celebration, I felt compelled to end my SMA presidency on a more serious note. I am both a medical anthropologist and an area studies scholar. For most of the period since September 11, 2001, I have been involved in directing various centers for Middle Eastern and North African Studies, and I have spent much of 2007 on research leave in the Middle East, a region that is currently wracked with violence. Thus, I wanted to speak that evening on the theme “Medical Anthropology against War,” sharing with you my ruminations over the deeply troubling, violent state of world affairs, as well as my chagrin over medical anthropology’s relative apathy in the face of so much danger.
Polyatomic SCF calculations with numerical orbitals. 11. Methods to reduce integration and truncation error

Abstract We discuss an improved technique for handling the Coulomb singularity in the momentum space Hartree-Fock equations. This method improves the quality of numerical orbitals by significantly reducing the integration error. We also examine a number of ways of reducing truncation error in these calculations.
Words for the World: Creating Critical Environmental Literacy for Adults.

Strategies for developing critical and active environmental literacy in adults are discussed in the context of developing and participating in the social practices likely to change the way our societies think about and act on ecological issues.
Medical student opinion of methods used to teach child and adolescent psychiatry.

Summary. Medical student opinion of the various methods used to teach child and adolescent psychiatry at Westminster Medical School, London was determined with reference to four general teaching objectives Their ratings and comments concerning the different methods were used to evaluate the various techniques and make suggestions concerning the planning of undergraduate teaching programmes in child and adolescent psychiatry.
What to Expect from a Virtual University

VU leaders stress the importance of strategic planning and understanding online learning as a business.
A compact sandwiched structure Si-wire polarization splitter

A compact sandwiched structure polarization splitter is proposed. The birefringence of the sandwiched waveguide introduces large beat length difference for TE and TM polarizations. The splitter demonstrated good polarization extinction ratio (~13 dB) and low excess loss (< 0.3 dB).
Impact of choice of alkane deposition solvent on 4-fluorobenzoic acid layers adsorbed on silver nanostructures

Surface-enhanced infrared absorption (SEIRA) experiments revealed that the chain length and evaporation rate of alkane deposition solvents altered 4-fluorobenzoic acid (4FBA) adsorption. 4FBA did not dissociate in the multilayer with the fast-evaporating n-pentane deposition solvent. However, with n-hexane and heavier solvents, the evaporation rate was slow enough to allow significant formation of 4-fluorobenzoate ions (4FBI) in the multilayer. Strong intermolecular attractions were present with heavier deposition solvents as evidenced by the incorporation of n-heptane into the 4FBI multilayer. This work will apply to many synthetic, biological, and environmental areas involving the interaction of metal nanostructures with oxygenated or halogenated hydrocarbons.
PRETREATMENT SYMPTOM DISTRESS IN WOMEN NEWLY DIAGNOSED WITH BREAST CANCER

Although the initial phase of illness is recognized as important in the overall process of adjustment after a diagnosis of breast cancer, little is known about pretreatment patterns of symptom distress. Seventy-four women ages 25 to 79 years and newly diagnosed with breast cancer were studied to determine physical, cognitive, and affective distress in the pretreatment period. Severity of distress was assessed about 11 days before primary surgery using the Symptom Distress Scale (SDS), Attentional Function Index (AFI), and Profile of Mood States (POMS). Higher levels of distress (SDS) were related to a triad of symptoms, insomnia, fatigue, and loss of concentration. Also, lowered effectiveness in cognitive function (AFI) and significant disturbances in mood state (POMS) were observed. Overall, a greater number of symptoms was associated with lowered cognitive function (r = -0.47; p < 0.01) and greater mood disturbance (r = 0.65; p < 0.01). Younger women younger than 55 years of age (n = 25) reported significantly (p = 0.02) greater overall symptom distress (SDS) than older women (n = 49). Interestingly, severity of distress did not differ in groups anticipating breast-conserving surgery (n = 35) instead of mastectomy (n = 39). The findings showed a discernible pattern of symptom distress before any treatment in women newly diagnosed with breast cancer, indicating a need for early intervention to promote the initial process of adjustment.
Racial differences in emergency department use persist despite allergist visits and prescriptions filled for antiinflammatory medications

Abstract Background: African-American children use the emergency department (ED) for asthma care more than their Caucasian counterparts. Objective: We sought to compare ED utilization for asthma care by race, adjusting for prescriptions filled for antiinflammatory medications, type of index visit (specialist vs nonspecialist), and demographic variables. Methods: An index asthma visit was identified for a cohort of managed care enrollees aged 4 to 11 years. Information on asthma encounters and drug claims data was evaluated during a prospective observation period of 12 months. Results: African-American race was associated with one or more ED visits during the observation period (relative risk [RR] = 1.8, 95% CI = 1.3 to 2.5, p p = 0.05). Additional findings included an inverse relationship between African-American race and antiinflammatory medications among children with nonspecialist index visits (RR = 0.5, 95%CI = 0.3 to 0.9, p = 0.02) and a positive relationship between African-American race and hospitalization after an ED visit for asthma care (RR = 10.2, 95% CI = 1.4 to 74.8, p Conclusion: African-American children were more likely to use ED asthma care even after adjusting for the type of index visit, prescriptions filled for antiinflammatory medications, and selected demographic variables. Racial differences in ED utilization for asthma care could be caused by a higher prevalence of uncontrolled or undertreated disease among African-American children not receiving specialty care. (J Allergy Clin Immunol 1998;101:484-90.
American News Consumption during Times of National Crisis

This article looks at changes in the size of American news audiences during the 1990–91 Persian Gulf Crisis and the more recent period surrounding the 9/11 attacks. Like the current situation, the Persian Gulf crisis started suddenly, when Iraq launched a surprise invasion of Kuwait on August 2, 1990. Since there are clear starting points for both national crises, comparing the percentage of adults watching television news broadcasts before and after each precipitating event should show whether the respective crises prompted changes in levels of popular attention to the news.
Reduced Use of Antibiotic Growth Promoters in Diets Fed to Weanling Pigs: Dietary Tools, Part 1

Antibiotics improve health and productive performance of pigs. There is increasing evidence that other dietary ingredients may provide similar, but probably not identical, benefits. A properly prepared immune egg product, spray-dried plasma, or a high level of dietary zinc can provide protection against enteric infection in young pigs. Spray-dried plasma also increases growth rate dramatically, and zinc increases it substantially. The evidence in refereed publications also indicates that organic acids increase growth rate substantially, but does not clearly identify the most effective acid or combination of acids. Whey proteins, lactose, mannan oligosaccharide, or a high level of dietary copper provides a modest but useful increase in growth rate. It is not clear whether conventional egg products or other milk proteins may be beneficial. There are many other feed ingredients commercially available that may improve health and productive performance of pigs.
Salvage stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) for local failure after primary lung SBRT

Purpose Local failure after definitive stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) for early-stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is uncommon. We report the safety and efficacy of SBRT for salvage of local failure after previous SBRT with a biologically effective dose (BED) of ≥100 Gy 10 . Methods and Materials Using an institutional review board–approved lung SBRT registry, we identified all patients initially treated for early-stage NSCLC between August 2004 and January 2012 who received salvage SBRT for isolated local failure. Failure was defined radiographically and confirmed histologically unless contraindicated. All patients were treated on a Novalis/BrainLAB system using ExacTrac for image guidance, and received a BED of ≥100 Gy 10 for each SBRT course. Tumor motion control involved a Bodyfix vacuum system for immobilization along with abdominal compression. Results Of 436 patients treated from August 2004 through January 2012, we identified 22 patients with isolated local failure, 10 of whom received SBRT for salvage. The median length of follow-up was 13.8 months from salvage SBRT (range 5.3-43.5 months). Median tumor size was 3.4 cm (range 1.7-4.8 cm). Two of the 10 lesions were "central" by proximity to the mediastinum, but were outside the zone of the proximal bronchial tree. Since completing salvage, 3 patients are alive and without evidence of disease. A fourth patient died of medical comorbidities without recurrence 13.0 months after salvage SBRT. Two patients developed distant disease only. Four patients had local failure. Toxicity included grade 1-2 fatigue (3 patients) and grade 1-2 chest wall pain (5 patients). There was no grade 3-5 toxicity. Conclusions Repeat SBRT with a BED of ≥100 Gy 10 after local failure in patients with early-stage medically inoperable NSCLC was well tolerated in this series and may represent a viable salvage strategy in select patients with peripheral tumors ≤5 cm.
Culture: The Missing Concept in Organization Studies.

? 1996 by Cornell University. 0001-8392/96/41 02-0229/$1 .00. Inattention to social systems in organizations has led researchers to underestimate the importance of culture-shared norms, values, and assumptions-in how organizations function. Concepts for understanding culture in organizations have value only when they derive from observation of real behavior in organizations, when they make sense of organizational data, and when they are definable enough to generate further study. The attempt to explain what happened to "brainwashed" American prisoners of war in the Korean conflict points up the need to take both individual traits and culture into account to understand organizational phenomena. For example, the failure of organizational learning can be understood more readily by examining the typical responses to change by members of several broad occupational cultures in an organization. The implication is that culture needs to be observed, more than measured, if organization studies is to advance.
Free-flowing granular materials with two-way solid coupling

We present a novel continuum-based model that enables efficient simulation of granular materials. Our approach fully solves the internal pressure and frictional stresses in a granular material, thereby allows visually noticeable behaviors of granular materials to be reproduced, including freely dispersing splashes without cohesion, and a global coupling between friction and pressure. The full treatment of internal forces in the material also enables two-way interaction with solid bodies. Our method achieves these results at only a very small fraction of computational costs of the comparable particle-based models for granular flows.