cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Teaching natural user interaction using OpenNI and the Microsoft Kinect sensor

The launch of the Microsoft Kinect for Xbox (a real-time 3D imaging device) and supporting libraries spurred the development of various applications including those with natural user interfaces. We propose that using Kinect offers opportunities for novel approaches to classroom instruction on natural user interaction. A number of development frameworks has come up that can be used to facilitate this instruction. We evaluate the current state of this technology and present an overview of some of its development frameworks. We then present examples of how Kinect-assisted instruction can be used to achieve some of the learning outcomes in Human Computer Interaction (HCI) courses as outlined in IT2008. We have verified that OpenNI, with its accompanying libraries, can be used for these activities in multi-platform learning environments.
Organizational predictors of colonoscopy follow-up for positive fecal occult blood test results: an observational study

Background. This study assessed the contribution of organizational structures and processes identified from facility surveys to follow-up for positive Fecal Occult Blood Tests (FOBT+). Methods. We identified 74,104 patients with FOBT+ results from 98 Veterans Health Administration (VHA) facilities between 8/16/09-3/20/11 and followed them until 9/30/11 for completion of colonoscopy. We identified patient characteristics from VHA administrative records, and organizational factors from facility surveys completed by Primary Care and Gastroenterology Chiefs. We estimated predictors of colonoscopy completion within 60 days and 6 months using hierarchical logistic regression models. Results. 30% of patients with FOBT+ results received colonoscopy within 60 days and 49% within 6 months. Having Gastroenterology or Laboratory staff notify Gastroenterology providers directly about FOBT+ cases was a significant predictor of 60-day (odds ratio (OR)=1.85, p=0.01) and 6-month follow-up (OR 1.25, p=0.008). Additional predictors of 60-day follow-up included adequacy of colonoscopy appointment availability (OR 1.43, p=0.01) and frequent individual feedback to Primary Care providers about FOBT+ referral timeliness (OR 1.79, p=0.04). Additional predictors of 6-month follow-up included using guideline-concordant surveillance intervals for low-risk adenomas (OR 1.57, p=0.01) and using group appointments and combined verbal-written methods for colonoscopy preparation instruction (OR 1.48, p=0.0001). Conclusion. Directly notifying Gastroenterology providers about FOBT+ results, employing guideline-concordant adenoma surveillance intervals, and using colonoscopy preparations instruction methods that provide both verbal and written information may increase overall follow-up rates. Enhancing follow-up within 60-days may require increased colonoscopy capacity and feedback to Primary Care providers. Impact. These findings may inform organizational-level interventions to improve FOBT+ follow-up.
Field and aviary evaluation of low-level application rates of methiocarb for reducing bird damage to blueberries

Abstract In the United States, Mesurol 75% wettable powder (active ingredient methiocarb) was formerly registered as a bird repellent on blueberries and cherries. In part because of concerns over residue levels, this chemical is no longer registered for use on fruit. One approach to reducing residues is to lower the application rate. Methiocarb was evaluated on blueberries in an aviary trial at application rates of 0.6, 1.1 and 1.6 kg ha−1 and in the field at 1.1 and 1.6 kg ha−1. Inthe aviary trial, individually caged cedar waxwings (Bombycilla cedrorum) were not repelled by the application at 0.6 kg ha−1, but consumption of blueberries was reduced by 60% with the treatments at 1.1 and 1.6 kg ha−1. In the field trial at 1.1 kg ha−1, bird damage to blueberries in the treated plot was 57%, compared with 29.5% on the untreated plot. In the field trial at 1.6 kg ha−1, blueberry loss at 7 and 14 days post-treatment was 59% and 85% on the treated unit and 65% and 85% on the control, respectively. Methiocarb residues on blueberries decreased from 8.56 p.p.m. at 1 day post-treatment to 1.28 p.p.m. at 14 days post-treatment. The results of these trials (a) suggest that reduced methiocarb applications do not effectively control bird damage to blueberries and (b) do not support further pursuit of a new Mesurol registration for this use.
Sinus Node Artery Fistula

A 54-year-old asymptomatic white man had the chest radiographs and scan shown in Figures⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓ performed as part of an insurance physical examination. A decision was made with the patient to remove the fistula because of the risk of endocarditis, an increase in left-to-right shunt flow, and the risk of coronary steal. The patient tolerated the procedure extremely well and remained …
A randomized phase II of gemcitabine and sorafenib versus sorafenib alone in patients with metastatic pancreatic cancer

Purpose Patients with metastatic pancreatic cancer have limited therapeutic options. The role of the Ras-Raf-MAPK pathway and of vascular endothelial growth factor in pancreatic carcinogenesis provided the rational to evaluate the efficacy of sorafenib with or without gemcitabine in a randomized phase II study. Methods Patients with metastatic pancreatic cancer were randomized to sorafenib alone (arm A) or sorafenib with gemcitabine (arm B). Results Arm A was closed to accrual at interim analysis due to the lack of objective response. Median PFS and OS were 2.3 and 4.3 months respectively. There was one partial response among the 37 patients in arm B. Median PFS and OS were 2.9 and 6.5 months respectively. There were more grade 3 and 4 toxicities in arm B with the most common being neutropenia (17%), thrombocytopenia (8%), alkaline phosphatase elevation (14%), venous thromboembolism (8%), diarrhea, hypokalemia and ALT elevation (5%) each. Several associations were noted between single nucleotide polymorphisms in ribonucleotide reductase, Cox-2, vascular endothelial growth factor and survival in patients treated with gemcitabine and sorafenib. Conclusions Neither sorafenib alone or sorafenib in combination with gemcitabine manifested promising activity in metastatic pancreatic cancer.
Forster energy transfer in chlorosomes of green photosynthetic bacteria

Energy transfer properties of whole cells and chlorosome antenna complexes isolated from the green sulfur bacteria Chlorobium limicola (containing bacteriochlorophyll c), Chlorobium vibrioforme (containing bacteriochlorophyll d) and Pelodictyon phaeoclathratiforme (containing bacteriochlorophyll e) were measured. The spectral overlap of the major chlorosome pigment (bacteriochlorophyll c, d or, e) with the bacteriochlorophyll a B795 chlorosome baseplate pigment is greatest for bacteriochlorophyll c and smallest for bacteriochlorophyll e. The absorbance and fluorescence spectra of isolated chlorosomes were measured, fitted to gaussian curves and the overlap factors with B795 calculated. Energy transfer times from the bacteriochlorophyll c, d or e to B795 were measured in whole cells and the results interpreted in terms of the Forster theory of energy transfer.
DUI-arrest characteristics among white and Mexican-American DUI offenders mandated for treatment.

OBJECTIVE: To report cross-ethnic differences among white and Mexican-American DUI offenders on the characteristics of an arrest (index) that brought subjects to treatment. METHOD: Subjects are 250 (223 male) whites and 249 (187 male) Mexican Americans consecutively admitted to five DUI offender programs in a Northern California county. Interviews averaged 1 hour in length and were conducted in the programs by trained interviewers. The response rate was 71% for whites and 84% for Mexican Americans. RESULTS: At the time of the arrest, Mexican Americans were driving cars older than those driven by whites. A higher proportion of Mexican Americans than whites reported having consumed 10 or more drinks before the arrest. The most frequent locale for drinking before the arrest was "home or friends' home" for Mexican Americans and a "bar/tavern/club" for whites. CONCLUSIONS: Cross-ethnic differences related to the circumstance of the arrest (car year) do not fully explain the higher rates of DUI arrest among Mexican Americans, compared with whites. Differences in drinking locale before arrest suggest that server intervention efforts may not be as effective in preventing DUI for Mexican Americans as they are for whites. Prevention interventions with Mexican Americans should center on the family, as a means to minimize drinking at home and decrease the large number of drinks consumed on a particular occasion by Mexican Americans.
Transient postnatal fluoxetine leads to decreased brain arachidonic acid metabolism and cytochrome P450 4A in adult mice

Fetal and perinatal exposure to selective serotonin (5-HT) reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) has been reported to alter childhood behavior, while transient early exposure in rodents is reported to alter their behavior and decrease brain extracellular 5-HT in adulthood. Since 5-HT2A/2C receptor-mediated neurotransmission can involve G-protein coupled activation of cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2), releasing arachidonic acid (ARA) from synaptic membrane phospholipid, we hypothesized that transient postnatal exposure to fluoxetine would alter brain ARA metabolism in adult mice. Brain ARA incorporation coefficients k* and rates Jin were quantitatively imaged following intravenous [1-(14)C]ARA infusion of unanesthetized adult mice that had been injected daily with fluoxetine (10mg/kg i.p.) or saline during postnatal days P4-P21. Expression of brain ARA metabolic enzymes and other relevant markers also was measured. On neuroimaging, k* and Jin was decreased widely in early fluoxetine- compared to saline-treated adult mice. Of the enzymes measured, cPLA2 activity was unchanged, while Ca(2+)-independent iPLA2 activity was increased. There was a significant 74% reduced protein level of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 4A, which can convert ARA to 20-HETE. Reduced brain ARA metabolism in adult mice transiently exposed to postnatal fluoxetine, and a 74% reduction in CYP4A protein, suggest long-term effects independent of drug presence in brain ARA metabolism, and in CYP4A metabolites. These changes might contribute to reported altered behavior following early SSRI in rodents.
Thru-life impacts of driver aggression, climate, cabin thermal management, and battery thermal management on battery electric vehicle utility

Battery electric vehicles (BEVs) offer the potential to reduce both oil imports and greenhouse gas emissions, but have a limited utility that is affected by driver aggression and effects of climate—both directly on battery temperature and indirectly through the loads of cabin and battery thermal management systems. Utility is further affected as the battery wears through life in response to travel patterns, climate, and other factors. In this paper we apply the National Renewable Energy Laboratory's Battery Lifetime Analysis and Simulation Tool for Vehicles (BLAST-V) to examine the sensitivity of BEV utility to driver aggression and climate effects over the life of the vehicle. We find the primary challenge to cold-climate BEV operation to be inefficient cabin heating systems, and to hot-climate BEV operation to be high peak on-road battery temperatures and excessive battery degradation. Active cooling systems appear necessary to manage peak battery temperatures of aggressive, hot-climate drivers, which can then be employed to maximize thru-life vehicle utility.
Field analysis of operation and design of single-point urban interchanges

Michigan is considering the much needed rehabilitation and upgrading of many of the freeway interchanges located in urban environments. The single-point urban interchange (SPUI) has been suggested as an alternative to designs presently used, in particular the Michigan urban diamond interchange. To evaluate the appropriateness of the SPUI, a literature review was conducted, along with an e-mail and telephone survey of other state departments of transportation experience with the SPUI. Then, a field review of selected SPUIs was conducted to collect observations about the geometric design, signal operation, pedestrian control, pavement markings, and land use and landscaping of SPUIs. A SPUI with the crossroad going over the freeway was found to be a preferred design. In addition, the smaller designs were observed to function the best. However, the use of continuous frontage roads is believed to counteract the advantages of the design. Currently, progression of the crossroad is not a problem, although the impact of the SPUI on intersections downstream must be considered. Additionally, the need for pavement markings in large SPUIs is paramount. However, these pavement markings overlap and cause driver confusion. Several other observations were also made: most SPUIs reviewed were not able to adequately provide for pedestrians, controlled access near the SPUI is suggested, and landscaping dramatically increases the aesthetics of the interchange. The SPUI is a good design and has a place. However, some of the newer and enhanced designs with the resulting increase in size may be counterproductive.
Comparison of the Effect of Azithromycin Versus Erythromycin on Antroduodenal Pressure Profiles of Patients with Chronic Functional Gastrointestinal Pain and Gastroparesis

Current pharmacologic treatments for gastroparesis have been disappointing due to the limited options available. Erythromycin ethylsuccinate is a potent prokinetic agent that stimulates gastric emptying. Recently, erythromycin has been linked to the occurrences of sudden cardiac death due to QT prolongation. Azithromycin is similar to erythromycin in structure but does not have significant drug–drug interactions as seen with erythromycin. This study aims to determine whether azithromycin stimulates antral activity in patients with chronic gastrointestinal pain and refractory gastroparesis. Small bowel manometric data on 30 patients undergoing clinical evaluation for chronic digestive problems or documented refractory gastroparesis were reviewed. Antral activity was measured after infusion of erythromycin 250 mg intravenous and azithromycin (500 or 250 mg intravenous) given at different intervals during the small bowel manometry. The parameters measured included the total duration of effect, mean amplitude of antral contractions, duration of the highest antral contraction phase, number of cycles per minute, and the motility index. Comparison of erythromycin and azithromycin at similar doses showed a similar positive effect on antral activity. However, comparison of erythromycin and azithromycin at the higher dose of 500 mg showed that the mean amplitude, duration of antral activity, and motility index were significantly increased with azithromycin (P < 0.05). Azithromycin stimulates antral activity similar to erythromycin and moreover has a longer duration of effect. However, unlike erythromycin, azithromycin does not have significant drug–drug interactions and may be a potential new medication for the treatment of gastroparesis and gastrointestinal dysmotility.
Cyclic wet drying of an epoxy coating using an ionic liquid

The barrier protection of an organic coating for a metallic substrate is compromised by the transport of water, oxygen and ions from the environment to the metal/coating interface. Metallic outdoor structures are exposed to the weather and undergo cyclic wetting and drying conditions. In the absence of holidays, the transport of water is diffusion limited. The diffusion coefficients associated with water ingress Din and egress Dout are indicators of the wetting and drying rates, respectively, of the coating. Gravimetric and capacitance methods are used for the measurement of Din whereas Dout measurement has been limited to the gravimetric method. The objective of this paper is to demonstrate the application of a recently reported method that employed a hydrophilic room temperature ionic liquid to monitor the capacitance changes associated with the egress of water from which Dout was calculated. Experimental results associated with cyclic dilute NaCl wetting and ionic liquid drying are presented for an epoxy coating on an AA 2024-T3 substrate that was subjected to 50 cycles. The Din and Dout values were calculated using a short-time approximate solution and a series solution to Fick's second law. Presented electrochemical impedance spectra associated with the ends of wet and dry stages of the cycles were analyzed using an equivalent circuit model that separated the bulk coating and metal/coating characteristics.
Electron Capture Gas Chromatographic Analysis of the Amine Metabolites of Pesticides: Derivatization of Anilines

A number of amines have been shown to result from metabolism of various pesticides. From an epidemiological standpoint, it may be possible to monitor human exposure to these pesticides through the excretion of their corresponding amines in urine. An investigation has been initiated to develop and apply methods of analysis of amines in human urine. The results of a survey of derivatization techniques involving several substituted anilines are presented. These include conditions for derivatization, utilizing a number of halo- and nitro- substituted reagents; electron capture and gas chromatographic properties of the derivatives; and stability of the derivatives to extraction and column chromatography for purposes of separation and cleanup. The recoveries of anilines from spiked water and urine samples at the 1.0 ppm and 0.1 ppm levels were between 85 and 90%. The advantages and disadvantages of the various derivatives and techniques are discussed and a rationale is presented for the preliminary selection of a particular derivative for application of the analysis of aniline metabolites in urine.
Phosphatidyl Carnitine: a Possible Intermediate in the Biosynthesis of Phosphatidyl β-Methylcholine in Phormia regina (Meigen)

CARNITINE can replace the dietary choline, otherwise essential, when Phormia regina larvae are reared on a chemically defined diet1,2. When this substitution is made, β-methyl-choline almost completely replaces choline in the lecithin of the larva3,4. Similar results have been obtained with the house fly, Musca domestica Linnaeus5. γ-Butyrobetaine can also substitute for choline in the diet2, giving rise to phosphatidyl β-methylcholine6. Recent investigations by Hodgson and Dauterman7 have demonstrated that trimethyl-(3-hydroxypropyl) ammonium acetate (TMAA) inhibits the growth of P. regina larvae when the choline of the diet is replaced by carnitine or γ-butyrobetaine but does not when choline is present. Thus, it would appear to inhibit one of the metabolic reactions between carnitine or γ-butyrobetaine and the β-methylcholine moiety of phosphatidyl β-methylcholine.
Real-time study of kinetics of 180° domains in congruent LiTaO3 under an external field

Abstract The growth of ferroelectric 180° domains in congruent LiTaO3 under an external field has been studied using light microscopy at room temperature. The wall velocity shows an exponential behavior with external field. The estimated wall energy is 35 mJ/m2 at room temperature.
Cerebrovascular Transforming Growth Factor-β Contributes to Inflammation in the Alzheimer’s Disease Brain

Inflammatory mechanisms are thought to contribute to lesion pathogenesis and neuronal cell death in Alzheimer's disease. Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) plays a central role in the response of the brain to injury, and is increased in the brain in Alzheimer's disease. In this study we determine whether expression of TGF-beta is abnormal in the microvasculature in Alzheimer's disease and whether TGF-beta affects vascular production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, interleukin (IL)-1 beta, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha. Microvessels isolated from the cortices of Alzheimer's disease patients and age-matched controls are analyzed for microvessel-associated and released TGF-beta. Results from Western blot analysis and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay indicate a higher level of TGF-beta in Alzheimer's disease vessels compared to controls. To determine whether TGF-beta affects vascular release of inflammatory factors, cultured brain endothelial cells are treated with TGF-beta and levels of IL-1 beta and TNF-alpha determined. Both enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Western blot analyses show that untreated endothelial cells express little IL-1 beta or TNF-alpha, but incubation with TGF-beta results in robust expression of these factors by brain endothelial cells. Our results suggest that vessel-derived TGF-beta contributes to inflammatory processes in the Alzheimer brain.
Multiple objective facility layout: a heuristic to generate efficient alternatives

SUMMARY Most multiple-objective approaches to solving the facility layout problem generate different layouts by varying the weights of the objectives using heuristic methods. It is possible, however, to generate the same layout using different weights. It is also possible that many efficient layouts will not be generated because it is not clear which weights would generate them. Furthermore, there may be some efficient layouts that cannot be generated regardless of what weights are used. In this paper we propose a heuristic algorithm for generating efficient layouts through pairwise interchange of departments. We show that if the decision maker's preferences for the selection of the best layout cannot be expressed as a linear utility function, it is essential to use other techniques such as the one developed in this paper, rather than weighting techniques, to generate efficient layouts. An example and some experiments are discussed.
Oxidation of nickel(II) bis(salicylaldimine) complexes: Solvent control of the ultimate redox site

Abstract The oxidation of nickel(II) bis(salicylaldimine) complexes has been examined by cyclic voltammetry. The complexes are reversibly oxidized in strong donor solvents, but in weak donor solvents, they are oxidatively polymerized at the electrode surface. A ligand-radical coupling mechanism involving the phenolic portion of the salicylaldimine chelate is proposed, and the solvent dependence is explained in terms of the solvent's ability to stabilize the nickel(III) oxidation state relative to ligand-localized oxidation.
Race and Sex in the Perception of Emotion

A factorial design was utilized to investigate the effects of race of expresser (black or white), sex of expresser, race of perceiver (black or white), and sex of perceiver on the perception of emotion (POE), employing seven emotions (anger, happiness, surprise, fear, disgust, pain, and sadness). Overall results indicate significant main effects: for race of expresser (whites were more accurately perceived), for sex of expresser (females were more accurately perceived), for race of perceiver (blacks were more accurately perceived). There was no significant effect associated with sex of perceiver.
Ritalin, Benzedrine and Dexedrine Do Not Transform F 1706 Rat Cells

Ritalin (methylphenidate hydrochloride), Benzedrine (amphetamine sulfate), and Dexedrine (dextroamphetamine sulfate) were examined for oncogenicity using a serial line of Fischer rat embryo cells, which was previously shown to be a sensitive and accurate indicator of chemicals carcinogenic for rodents. At the concentrations tested, none of the 3 drugs induced transformation in Fischer rat embryo cells.
Harmonic Oscillator Wave Functions in Nuclear Spectroscopy

Pairing energy calculations are generally carried out assuming the nucleon wave functions are those of an harmonic oscillator. The two-body interaction is assumed to be some function of ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{1}$, ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{2}$ and ${\mathbf{r}}_{1}$-${\mathbf{r}}_{2}$. Since the coordinates appear only in the form ${\mathbf{r}}_{1}$-${\mathbf{r}}_{2}$, it is convenient to write the two-body wave function in terms of the relative coordinate, r=${\mathbf{r}}_{1}$-${\mathbf{r}}_{2}$, and the center-of-mass coordinate, 2R=${\mathbf{r}}_{1}$+${\mathbf{r}}_{2}$. The eigenfunction in the new coordinates can be determined by noting that if the two particles are in the same oscillator level, then $\ensuremath{\psi}({\mathrm{r}}_{1}, {\mathrm{r}}_{2})$, which is an eigenfunction of ${H}_{1}+{H}_{2}$, is also an eigenfunction of ${H}_{1}$ alone. Transforming ${H}_{1}$ to relative and center-of-mass coordinates implies that the operator $\mathrm{p}\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}\mathrm{P}+mk\mathrm{r}\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}\mathrm{R}$ (where $m$ is the mass of the particle and $k$ is the spring constant of the oscillator) must give zero when operating on the wave function. This condition plus certain requirements arising from the radial form of the oscillator eigenfunctions is sufficient to determine the wave function in the new coordinate system.
A comparison of neural network performance for seismic phase identification

Abstract Traditional techniques of analysis and interpretation of seismic events involve a series of complex steps involving sophisticated signal processing as well as many manual tasks. Automating each of these steps is an important goal of this ongoing research. The paper discusses the use of neural networks in performing phase identification, namely the discrimination of distinct seismic waves within a seismogram. The scope is further restricted to the identification of only two of the regional principal phases, Pg and Lg, among the signals collected in the western United States. Using a database of 75 earthquakes and 75 underground nuclear explosions, the performance of several types of neural networks was compared. The performance of probabilistic neural network (PNN), radial basis function (RBF) network and learning vector quantization (LVQ) network is compared with a back-propagation network that combines the conjugate-gradient method with a weight-elimination strategy. The results indicate that the latter outperformed all other methods tested.
Young's modulus as a function of composition for an n-type lead–antimony–silver–telluride (LAST) thermoelectric material

For 17 cast lead–antimony–silver–telluride (LAST) thermoelectric specimens (representing 14 different chemical compositions), a combination of Vickers and Knoop microindentation techniques were used to determine the composition-dependent Young's modulus, E, which ranged from 24 to 68 GPa. Following microindentation, independent nanoindentation measurements were also performed on 10 of the 17 specimens. In the literature, for pseudobinary joins in ternary or quaternary compounds (with the compositions A x B1– x C or A x B1– x CD, respectively), changes in the Young's modulus have been expressed as quadratic functions of the compositional parameter x. In this study, we extend the quadratic functional form to a paraboloid in four composition variables to describe composition-dependent changes in E for the LAST compounds. Also, the composition-dependent changes in LAST are compared to the trends observed in the literature for E and bulk modulus for systems described by a single compositional variable.
Prevalence, Lesions, and Differential Diagnosis of Ollulanus Tricuspis Infection in Cats

Ollulanus tricuspis were found in the stomachs of 26 of 201 cats which were mainly from Washington and Idaho. Twenty-four of the cats were from research or commercial breeding colonies (catteries) and two were pets. Twenty-seven percent of colony cats were infected with O. tricuspis, whereas only 2% of the pet cats were infected. No consistent clinical signs were seen. Histologically there was a significant increase in fibrous connective tissue in the lamina propria and in the number of lymphoid follicles and globule leukocytes in the gastric mucosa of infected cats. Histologic examination revealed no parasites in 13 of the 26 infected cats. The 26 infected cats were identified by examination of stomach washings. An additional 21 cats had larvae of other nematodes in their stomachs. These nematode larvae need to be differentiated from O. tricuspis.
Effects of Complex Alloy Additions on Electromigration in Aluminum Thin Films

Electromigration failure times in thin film aluminum conducting stripes, such as those used in planar semiconductor devices and integrated circuits, have in the past been shown to increase with certain binary alloy additions. While the addition of copper has been the object of many studies, other additives increase the failure time as much as or even more than copper. These additions, however, also increase the electrical resistivity of the stripes, which is often undesirable. Magnesium additions, for example, may give a failure time which is ten times that of comparable stripes with copper additions but the increase in resistivity is about 100%. Investigations were carried out with ternary and quaternary alloy additions. The additive elements selected were individually known to be effective against electromigration failures. Typical examples of such ternary and quaternary alloys would be Al-Cu-Mg and Al-Cu-Ni-Mg. It has been found possible to obtain large improvements in failure times combined with relatively low resistivity increments through the use of ternary and quaternary alloy additions.
The Emotive Impact of Orthopedic Words

Research has shown that effective communication skills are paramount for delivering efficient and quality health care. More recently, research has started to show that in addition to how the medical information is delivered, the words used by health care providers are important factors in how patients cope with illness and their reports of pain intensity and disability. In this article, we discuss the emotional impact of words used by hand specialists, the impact of the nomenclature chosen to describe orthopedic diagnosis and procedures, and provide recommendations consistent with evidence-based practice.
Lossy Lempel-Ziv on subband coding of images

The use of a lossy Lempel-Ziv (LLZ) algorithm as the data compression stratagem on image subband coders (SBC) is discussed. Two LLZ schemes, namely LLZ/s and LLZ/d are proposed. The idea is to replace in the usual SBC, the bank of quantizers followed by Huffman encoder which are used to compress the image components at the output of the several quadrature mirror filters (QMF) or, alternatively, to replace the vector quantizer, by an LLZ. Design complexities inherent to the SBC/QH such as statistical modeling of the filters outputs and bit allocations or the vector quantizer design can be superseded by the SBC/LLZ scheme which dispenses with the knowledge of statistics of the subband being compressed. Simulation analysis of these preliminaries SBC/LLZ schemes have shown that an adequate performance, as compared to other schemes, can be obtained. The two LLZ versions proposed are described and some image compression performance rates are examined. >
What Friendship Entails: An Empirical Analysis of Graduate Students’ Social Networks

This article uses network analysis to explore interpersonal relationships among three cohorts of sociology graduate students. We examine the content of graduate student relationships to consider questions of friendship formation among adults in a naturally bounded university setting. Drawing on existing research on friendship formation, we also analyze the extent to which tendencies toward race and gender homophily persist among graduate students. We find that graduate students’ friendships tend to be at low levels of intimacy and gender and race homophilous. We discuss these findings in the context of recent research showing that American adults have fewer intimate relationships, and discuss the implications of race and gender based exclusionary friendship networks for the discipline of sociology as well as within broader organizational contexts.
A 3D tele-immersion streaming approach using skeleton-based prediction

3D collaborative Tele-Immersive environments allow reconstruction of real world 3D scenes in the virtual world across multiple physical locations. This kind of reconstruction results in a lot of 3D data being transmitted over the internet in real time. The current systems allow for transmission at low frame rates due to the large volume of data and network bandwidth restrictions. In this paper we propose a prediction based approach that generates future frames by animating the live model based on few skeleton points. By doing so the magnitude of data transmitted is reduced to few hundred bytes. The prediction errors are corrected when an entire frame is received. This approach allows minimal amounts (few bytes) of data to be transmitted per frame, thus allowing for high frame rates and still maintain an acceptable visual quality of reconstruction at the receiver side.
Interior Stokes flows with stick-slip boundary conditions

Abstract Two-dimensional Stokes flows generated by line singularities inside a circular cylinder are studied in the presence of stick-slip boundary conditions. For simplicity, line singularities are assumed to be parallel to the cylinder axis, all axes in the same plane. The interior boundary value problem associated with these flows is solved in terms of a stream function. Analytic solutions are obtained for flows induced by a rotlet, a potential-source and Stokeslets with axes radial (normal) or tangential to the cylinder by the Fourier expansion method. These solutions are used to plot streamline topologies of these flows and the flow patterns are studied as the slip parameter and the locations of the singularities are varied. Eddies of various sizes and shapes appear as the slip parameter is varied. Interesting flow patterns are observed in flows generated by a pair of rotlets. In this case, streamline patterns reveal interesting flow topologies. Some of the flow patterns observed here are similar to that of vortex mixing flows. Interior saddle points are found in these flows for certain values of the slip parameter and locations of the rotlets. The flows induced by a source and a sink and a pair of Stokeslets also exhibit interesting features. The plots of the fluid velocity on the surface of the cylinder show the locations of surface stagnation points, if they exist. A study of the movement of surface stagnation points as the slip parameter and the locations of the singularities are varied shed some light on the qualitative features of the flow patterns. The results presented may be relevant for a variety of applications including vortex mixing and journal bearing flows.
Emergence in evolution

“Much as I dislike the idea of ages, I think a good case can be made that science has now moved from an Age of Reductionism to an Age of Emergence, a time when the search for ultimate causes of things shifts from the behavior of parts to the behavior of the collective” (Laughlin 2005, p. 208). This quotation by Nobel laureate in physics, Robert B. Laughlin, in his recent book, A Different Universe, raises interesting scientific and philosophical issues. Bench chemists continue successfully to synthesize new compounds and report results through quantitative and structural analyses of constitutive elements. The whole continues to be understood by analysis of the parts. The relatively recent science of emergence comes with a different perspective: how to explain novel, irreducible, and unpredictable appearances in cosmic evolution? New wholes seem to be more that the sum of their parts. How do these wholes come to exist? Do classical concepts of matter satisfy the science of emergence? Descriptions of nature’s phenomena that challenge classical interpretations of the “Age of Reductionism” are presented to stimulate possible new scientific and philosophical concepts for an age of reductionism and emergence.
Complete Genome Sequence of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Strain USA/Colorado/2013 from the United States

Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is newly emerging in the United States. PEDV strain USA/Colorado/2013 (CO/13) was obtained from a 7-day-old piglet with severe diarrhea, and the complete genome was sequenced to further study the PEDV outbreak in the United States.
Improved cyclability of a lithium–sulfur battery using POP–Sulfur composite materials

The microporous nature of the porous organic polymer (POP) successfully limits the crystallization of sulfur and hence restrains the dissolution and diffusion of lithium polysulfides formed during the repeated charge and discharge process of lithium–sulfur batteries. In this study, we demonstrated for the first time that a POP–sulfur nanocomposite can lead to high coulombic efficiency and superior reversibility in lithium–sulfur batteries.
Modularity, Theory of Mind, and Autism Spectrum Disorder

The theory of mind (ToM) deficit associated with autism spectrum disorder has been a central topic in the debate about the modularity of the mind. In a series of papers, Philip Gerrans and Valerie Stone argue that positing a ToM module does not best explain the deficits exhibited by individuals with autism. In this article, I first criticize Gerrans and Stone’s account. Second, I discuss various studies of individuals with autism and argue that they are best explained by positing a higher-level, domain-specific ToM module.
Drug-induced post-repolarization refractoriness as an antiarrhythmic principle and its underlying mechanism.

Aims We hypothesized that amiodarone (AM), unlike d-sotalol (DS) (a ‘pure’ Class III agent), not only prolongs the action potential duration (APD) but also causes post-repolarization refractoriness (PRR), thereby preventing premature excitation and providing superior antiarrhythmic efficacy. Methods and results We tested this hypothesis in 31 patients with inducible ventricular tachycardia (VT) during programmed stimulation with the use of the ‘Franz’ monophasic action potential (MAP) catheter with simultaneous pacing capability. We determined the effective refractory period (ERP) for each of three extrastimuli (S2–S4) and the corresponding MAP duration at 90% repolarization (APD90), both during baseline and on randomized therapy with either DS ( n = 15) or AM ( n = 16). We defined ERP > APD90 as PRR and ERP < APD90 as ‘encroachment’ on repolarization. A revised computer action potential model was developed to help explain the mechanisms of these in-vivo human-heart phenomena. Encroachment but not PRR was present in all patients at baseline and during DS treatment (NS vs. baseline), and VT was non-inducible in only 2 of 15 DS patients. In contrast, in 12 of 16 AM patients PRR was present ( P < 0.001 vs. baseline), and VT was no longer inducible. Our model (with revised sodium channel kinetics) reproduced encroachment and drug-induced PRR. Conclusion Both, AM and DS, prolonged APD90 but only AM produced PRR and prevented encroachment of premature extrastimuli. Our computer simulations suggest that PRR is due to altered kinetics of the slow inactivation of the rapid sodium current. This may contribute to the high antiarrhythmic efficacy of AM.
Evolution of a Pathway to Novel Long-Chain Carotenoids

Using methods of laboratory evolution to force the C30 carotenoid synthase CrtM to function as a C40 synthase, followed by further mutagenesis at functionally important amino acid residues, we have discovered that synthase specificity is controlled at the second (rearrangement) step of the two-step reaction. We used this information to engineer CrtM variants that can synthesize previously unknown C45 and C50 carotenoid backbones (mono- and diisopentenylphytoenes) from the appropriate isoprenyldiphosphate precursors. With this ability to produce new backbones in Escherichia coli comes the potential to generate whole series of novel carotenoids by using carotenoid-modifying enzymes, including desaturases, cyclases, hydroxylases, and dioxygenases, from naturally occurring pathways.
Bringing representational practice from log to light

People implicitly negotiate use of representations during learning, even in distributed online settings, but due to the temporally and spatially distributed nature of interaction, special analytic tools are required to uncover the development of representational practices in such settings. In this paper we show how logs of online activity can be analyzed to recognize patterns in use of representations and show how negotiated representational practices affect how learners collaborate and influence each other.
Macroeconomic impacts of reducing greenhouse gas emissions from Canadian agriculture

Canada's commitment under the Kyoto Protocol is to reduce its greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 6% of its 1990 levels. Each industrial sector is investigating alternative technologies, production and management practices that can decrease their GHG emissions. The macroeconomic impacts of four mitigation strategies to reduce GHG emissions from Canada's agriculture sectors were measured using an input-output model. The size of the GHG reduction from each mitigation strategy depended on whether agricultural soils were included as a carbon (C) sink. Including agricultural soils as a C sink impacts on the absolute amount of GHG emissions that must be reduced and the relative importance of the various mitigation strategies. This will be a key factor in policy development. Only one strategy, improving forage quality by 15%, had positive macroeconomic impacts in all situations. It was projected that this strategy would increase industrial output by $392.17 M and employment by 6155 jobs. The strategy decreased GHG emissions by 1.73% below the BAU situation.
Voices from the Field: Defining Moments in Counselor and Therapist Development

Trotter-Mathison, Koch, Sanger, and Skovholt (Eds) have gathered a compelling collection of narratives that portray moments in the lives of counselors and therapists that are expressed as defining ...
Glutamate Mediates an Excitatory Influence of the Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus on the Dorsal Motor Nucleus of the Vagus

Data have shown that the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN) and the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMNV) play important roles in the regulation of gastrointestinal function and e...
Measuring the potential role of frailty in apparent declining efficacy of HIV interventions.

Objective:In recent HIV intervention trials, intervention efficacies appear to decline over time. Researchers have attributed this to “waning,” or a loss of intervention efficacy. Another possible reason is heterogeneity in infection risk or “frailty.” We propose an approach to assessing the impact of frailty and waning on measures of intervention efficacy and statistical power in randomized-controlled trials.Methods:Using multiplicative risk reduction, we developed a mathematical formulation for computing disease incidence and the incidence rate ratio (IRR) as a function of frailty and waning. We designed study scenarios, which held study-related factors constant, varied waning and frailty parameters and measured the change in disease incidence, IRR, and statistical power.Results:We found that frailty alone can impact disease incidence over time. However, frailty has minimal impact on the IRR. The factor that has the greatest influence on the IRR is intervention efficacy and the degree to which it is pro...
Justifying Group Intellectual Property: Applying Western Normative Principles to Justify Intangible Cultural Property

In this paper I argue for the recognition of a group Intellectual Property Right. I specifically deal with the protection of Intangible Cultural Property of Indigenous peoples, by placing reliance on the normative views of John Locke, Immanuel Kant and John Rawls. I further go on to show how under the existing IP regime itself, there are cracks and crevices which if smartly manipulated with, can be used to grant robust IP rights for Indigenous Peoples, and other works created by groups in general.
Biology and Habits of the Oak Branch Borer (Goes debilis)

In central Mississippi, the oak branch borer (Goes debilis) (Cerambycidae) can have a life cycle of either 3 or 4 years. Adults emerge during May and early June and females oviposit on stems ranging from 9-38 mm in diameter. The larvae construct galleries ranging from 30-75 mm long and 4-6 mm in diameter. The insect attacks lateral branches far more often than terminals, usually near crooks, branch crotches, and other stem irregularities. After the 1st year or so of larval tunneling, infested stems become swollen and gall-like and often break or die back. Woodpeckers are the most important natural enemies, capturing about two-thirds of the larvae.
The Turkish healthcare system. Can the United States learn from the Ottoman legacy

Can the United States, in its continuing search for means to improve patient care while decreasing costs, learn from Turkey's healthcare system? There is a strong emphasis on preventive healthcare in Turkey that makes the system there worth examining.
The comparative study of public economies

Editor’s IntroductionOriginally published in Volume 42, Number 1, Spring 1998, pages 3-17. Eleven years before she was recognized with the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences, Elinor Ostrom (1933-2012) published this paper in The American Economist. Originally trained in political science, Professor Ostrom’s life work centered on understanding how the collective action of groups organized and managed common pool resources. The various ways that human societies solve the “problem of the commons” was a central theme of much of Professor Ostrom’s research in public economics. In this paper, Professor Ostrom examines the study of institutions developed to provide for the collective consumption of public goods. She uses the example of providing policing functions within metropolitan areas. The questions raised about optimal size, scope, and institutional organization remain topical for the twenty-first century. To date, Professor Ostrom remains the only woman to be awarded the Nobel Prize in economics.
Improving Corporate Marketing Communication through Annual Reports

Considerable resources are expended by corporate America on the creation and distribution of company annual reports. Business Week magazine estimated that companies spent over $4 billion on annual reports in 1987 [13]. Annual reports serve two major functions. Financial information included in annual reports fulfill the SEC's financial disclosure requirements. The other important function is in the area of marketing [1,2,3,4,5,6,9,11]. Through effective communication of information on a company's products, management, and operations, annual reports serve to create a favorable corporate image, and build confidence in the company among its key publics--shareholders, investment professionals, current and potential customers, employees, and suppliers. Some marketing communications experts have suggested that annual reports should be approached with as much care as corporate advertising programs [3]. Effective design of annual reports can be facilitated through a better understanding of key publics' information needs and attitudes and perceptions in relation to annual reports. Although earlier research studies focused on the subject [6,7], none, to our knowledge, have been conducted after the 1987 stock market crash.