cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Modified Urey-Bradley Force Field for the Normal Coordinate Treatment of Oxonium Ions H 3 O + and D 3 O +

In a recent spectroscopic study we reported the normal coordinate treatment (NCT) of the oxonium ions, H3O+ and D3O+, accomplished for the first time using known distances and O—H—O angles determined by neutron diffraction in solid H3O+CH3C6H4SO3−2. Both the general valence force field (GVFF) and the Urey-Bradley force field (UBFF) were used as the potential energy fields in the NCT. The results using the GVFF compared very well with those from an unmodified UBFF. Realizing the possible limitations of the UBFF, we have determined the effect a modified Urey-Bradley force field (MUBFF) would have on the results. Using the GVFF, it is possible to evaluate all six force constants as has been done for ammonia. However, it was found that in the case of H3O+ and D3O+ a very high estimated dispersion resulted. Consequently, regression analysis was used to determine which of the six simple valence force constants were needed to obtain results with reasonable estimated dispersion. The final general [Table I & II] valence force constants chosen were fd, fdd, fα and fαα. The Urey-Bradley force field was consequently modified by adding fαα (borrowed from the GVFF) to the usual force field consisting of K, H, F. It was then possible to compare both fields term for term by transferring the Urey-Bradley constants to internal coordinate space. Both the force constant and g matrices were symmetrized using symmetry coordinates. Table I records a comparison of the theoretically calculated frequencies with the experimental values. Two solutions (set 1 and 2) to the secular equation corresponding to inverse assignments for the stretching modes (a1 and e) are observed to be equally reasonable. Tables IIA and IIB tabulate the force constants obtained for both fields. Table III presents the potential energy distribution (PED) matrix. The force constants and the PED, using the MUBFF, are insignificantly different from values obtained when the unmodified UBFF is used. Some improvement is noted in the percent deviation of the theoretically calculated frequencies from the experimental values when the MUBFF is used. However, the over-all conclusions determined from the unmodified UBFF for H3O + and D3O + are not changed by modifying the UBFF, and we conclude that in this case it may be proper to use an unmodified UBFF.
Are Academic Administrators Becoming More Accepting of Faculty With Online Doctoral Degrees

This study surveyed 208 deans and department or division chairs from universities and colleges across the southeastern United States regarding their perception of faculty who had earned their doctoral degrees online. Data revealed only a slightly negative perception of online learning; however, over three-fourths of the respondents would select a candidate with a traditional doctorate versus the candidate with an online degree when hiring a new faculty member.
Expected Returns on Stocks and Bonds

There is an ongoing shift in opinion about expected asset returns. Ex ante equity returns are less transparent and thus more open to question than ex ante bond returns. Long-term equity returns have traditionally been predicted from historical average market returns, but today they are increasingly predicted using dividend discount models. Realized average returns are misleading guides for the future when expected returns vary over time, and our recent bear market has made investors more aware of forward-looking expected return measures; the starting price matters. Neither of two types of “expected returns”—objectively feasible long-run returns and subjective (often hoped-for, extrapolative) return expectations—can be directly observed, but we can try to estimate them by analyzing historical returns, investor surveys, and market valuation indicators. Objectively feasible equity returns have been low for several years (5%–8%), but subjective return expectations have begun to moderate only recently. The divergence between objective and hoped-for returns was extraordinarily wide around 2000; while the gap has narrowed since, it may not have fully closed.
Potential cost savings of MR imaging obtained before arthroscopy of the knee: evaluation of 50 consecutive patients.

We attempted to determine the potential cost savings of prearthroscopic knee MR imaging examinations.This prospective study involved 50 consecutive patients. The patients met the surgical-indications-for-monitoring-appropriateness criteria for knee arthroscopy and underwent MR imaging of the knee before arthroscopy. For all patients, we compared MR imaging and arthroscopic findings. On the basis of a cost of $1000 for each MR imaging examination and $4000 for each diagnostic arthroscopy, we decided that cost-effective MR imaging would require 25% true negativity.The respective sensitivities and specificities of MR imaging of the knee were 100% and 90% for revealing anterior cruciate ligament interruption, 100% and 84% for revealing posterior cruciate ligament tears, 90% and 97% for revealing medial meniscal tears, 60% and 100% for revealing lateral meniscal tears, and 94% and 93% for revealing composite injury (one or more of these abnormalities). With MR imaging examinations obtained before surgery, we f...
Effects of chlorpromazine on neural tissue in culture.

L'activite acetylcholinesterasique de fragments de moelle d'embryon de poulet de 9 jours augmente lorsqu'ils sont maintenus en culture organotypique, apres addition de Chlorpromazine au milieu standard deEagle.
Effect of the substitution of S for Se on the structure of the glasses in the system Ge0.23Sb0.07S0.70−xSex

Abstract Glasses in the system Ge–Sb–S/Se, expected to have high nonlinear index, have been elaborated with different S/Se ratio in order to increase the nonlinear optical properties of these glasses. We report results of a systematic study examining the relationship of the physical properties to the structure of the glasses in the system Ge 0.23 Sb 0.07 S 0.70− x Se x with x =0, 0.05, 0.10, 0.20, 0.50 and 0.70 where the substitution of S for Se has been made. The decrease of the glass transition temperature and the increase of the density with the progressive substitution of S for Se have been correlated, in accordance with the red shift of the absorption band gap, to the progressive decrease of corner-sharing GeS 4/2 units for 0.05 x 4/2 units and Ge–Se–Ge when x >0.50.
Spermicides, hormonal contraception and congenital malformations.

Allegations that inadvertent pregnancies in contraceptive users are associated with congenital anomalies continue to be common. In 1985, a review by one of us concluded that there is little or no scientific basis for such claims [1]. Since then, additional data have substantiated this conclusion, particularly with respect to spermicides and hormonal contraception. The purpose of this review is to update information with respect to potential teratogenicity for these two contraceptive methods.
A model equation in combustion theory exhibiting an infinite number of secondary bifurcations

Abstract We investigate periodic solutions of a model equation arising in combustion theory. It is known that there is an infinite number of branches of solutions bifurcating from the trivial solution. In addition, it is shown that each of these primary branches exhibits an infinite number of secondary bifurcations. Both the primary and secondary branches can be given explicitly in terms of rational trigonometric functions.
The Effects of Neck Stiffness Properties on Brain Response Under Impact Loads

One primary concerns in computational modeling of brain under external loads is to defining the realistic boundary conditions and the head-neck junction stiffness. Neck is a complex structure with cervical spine, neck muscle and ligaments, when considered anatomically. The major mechanical function of the anatomical neck is to support the head through the cervical vertebrae. Few studies have focused on studying the response of head with neck and without neck. In this paper we examine the behavior of head under impact loadings with a simulated neck with elastic foundation-type stiffness. In this FE head–neck model, a three dimensional detailed head model is presented, while for neck, a simplified model of linear elastic springs is considered. The paramount interest is laid in modeling the mechanical functionality of the neck, rather than the modeling of the complete anatomical neck. Determining the exact stiffness properties for the springs, in order to (replicate) duplicate the neck functionality is the most complex aspect in this model. By considering the existing literature stiffness values of neck ligaments and cervical discs, four neck stiffness values ranging from zero stiffness to high stiffened neck have been chosen. A computational parametric examination of the varying the above considered neck stiffness properties are conducted to examine the impact of impact on the head model. Impact loading responses are examined against the Nahum’s cadaver experiments. Numerical intracranial coup and contre-coup pressure histories during impact loading show good correlation with the respective experimental results. Brain intracranial pressure, maximum shear stress and strain response under impact are presented. A significant effect on the magnitude and pattern of brain shear stress and strains can be detected in comparison with the intracranial coup pressure response, with varying neck stiffness properties. Biomechanical multiscale studies on brain reveal that distortional strain is one of the main causes for the axonal injury, and this shear strain pattern significantly varies with neck stiffness properties. Thereby, it the extent of the role of the stiffness of the neck in predicting axonal injury can be examined.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Debbie's dying: mercy killing and the good death.

MOST of the condemnatory response to "It's Over, Debbie" 1 has rightly claimed that what (apparently) transpired that night was unconscionable. One does not stumble angrily into the night and decide profound matters of life and death for another human being. This strange narrative does not tell us whether Debbie wanted simply to be relieved of pain or released from intolerable suffering; whether the family consented or what the nurses or chaplains on call advised; or whether the attending or primary physician, if one existed, authorized the action. The whole process, from beginning to end, was morally unacceptable. A deeper question, however, lies behind the widespread interest in this one reprehensible action—the question that troubles us all. As I lie dying, will I be offered humane care, will I be done in too soon by some expediency, or will I be subjected to terminal torture? Euthanasia does not refer to
Case Report: The Insidious Development of Symptomatic Secondary Hormone Syndromes in Patients with Malignant Endocrine Tumors

ABSTRACT Endocrine tumors may produce secondary or “ectopic” hormones that cause paraneoplastic syndromes. Such syndromes may be confused with more common complications related to a patient’s tumor, and thus escape detection and appropriate treatment. The secondary hormone secretion responsible for these syndromes often occurs late in the course of such diseases and presents in an insidious manner. Two patients are presented that illustrate these points. The first, a woman with medullary carcinoma of the thyroid (MCT), developed a syndrome secondary to ACTH secretion that was confused initially with the changes caused by the massive diarrhea that accompanies MCT, The second, a man with malignant glucagonoma, is the first with this disease to have developed symptomatic hyperinsulinemia as a late complication, We stress the clinical courses of these patients and note that treatment of these syndromes may improve the quality of patients’ lives.
Preconditioning-induced ischemic tolerance stimulates growth factor expression and neurogenesis in adult rat hippocampus.

Abstract Preconditioning (PC) is a phenomenon in which a brief ischemic insult induces tolerance against a subsequent severe ischemic insult. Recent studies showed that cerebral ischemia in adult rat upregulates progenitor cell proliferation in the hippocampal dentate gyrus. We presently evaluated whether PC can also stimulate progenitor cell proliferation in rat brain. Middle cerebral artery was transiently occluded in spontaneously hypertensive rats for 10 min to induce PC and 1 h to induce focal ischemia. Progenitor cell proliferation (defined as BrdU+ cell number) significantly increased after focal ischemia (by 3.9-fold; p
Hydrogen-Bonding and Protonation Effects in Electrochemistry of Quinones in Aprotic Solvents

Hydrogen-bonding and protonation are fundamental factors controlling potentials and mechanisms in the reduction of quinones. These are studied systematically in benzonitrile, acetonitrile, and dimethylsulfoxide solutions by cyclic voltammetry of a series of quinones of increasing basicity (chloranil to duroquinone), in the presence of hydroxylic additives of increasing hydrogen-bonding power (tert-butyl alcohol to hexafluoro-2-propanol) or acidity (trifluoroacetic acid). Electrochemical effects are demonstrated over the complete interaction range, from hydrogen bonding of reduced dianions to protonation of unreduced quinones. With increasing concentrations of additives, three clearly different types of electrochemical behavior are observed for weakly (I), moderately (II), and strongly (III) interacting quinone-additive pairs, as follows: (I) Two well-separated reduction waves, corresponding to formation of quinone mono- and dianions, shift positively, with no loss of reversibility. The second wave is sma...
On the stabilization of nonstationary parametric main resonance of a laminated angle-ply column

The main resonance of a laminated angle-ply column subjected to nonstationary parametric excitations is studied using the asymptotic method. The nonstationary processes used are either linear or cyclic excitation frequency, i.e. Ω(t) = Ω0 + βt or Ω(t) = Ω0 + μ sin βt. The study includes the effects of geometrical nonlinearities, initial conditions and various sweep rates β. Effective and fast stabilization is observed. This is significant from the design and basic point of view. Separatrices (defined in the text) are also obtained for various sweep rates in the linear excitation frequency.
Postsilicon Oxide Etch Cleaning Process Using Integrated Ashing and an HF Vapor Process

A totally integrated dry cleaning process after silicon oxide etching in fluorocarbon gases was proposed and demonstrated on blanket silicon oxide film and patterned 4-in. wafers. Silicon oxide etching was performed using an inductively coupled plasma etcher using 100% CHF 3 gas. In situ oxygen plasma and HF vapor were used for cleaning fluorocarbon polymeric contamination formed during oxide etching. This process sequence was performed in a vacuum cluster system in our laboratory. With the apparatus, we have the ability to transfer samples between processing chambers and perform surface analysis at a base pressure in the 10 -9 Torr range. In this manner, we can mimic a clustered process, avoid ambient contamination, and obtain an accurate picture of the evolution of the wafer surface throughout the process sequence. We support our cleaning results with quasi-in situ angle-resolved X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. It was demonstrated that planar surfaces after silicon oxide etching could be cleaned, leaving less than one monolayer of oxygen, fluorine, and carbon on the surface. The proposed cleaning process was also successful in removing contamination from both sidewalls and trench bottom in line- and space-patterned samples. The measured contact resistance values after the cleaning process were close to the theoretical minimum.
Quantification of cutaneous mast cells using morphometric point counting and a conjugated avidin stain

Mast cells in normal human skin and in lesional cutaneous tissue from two patients with mastocytosis were quantified with the use of a morphometric point counting technic in combination with the mast cell-specific stain, conjugated avidin. Mast cells in normal human flank skin occupied a relatively small percentage of the dermal volume, with a mean value of 0.40% ( ± 0.14 SD), while a marked increase in mast cell content was demonstrated in cutaneous lesional tissue from two patients with the macular and nodular forms of mastocytosis (2.5% and 64.3%, respectively). In a comparative study with the use of morphometric analysis, conjugated avidin proved objectively to be as good as toluidine blue, and subjectively superior to this stain for mast cell identification in both human and murine skin. The combination of morphometric point counting and the conjugated avidin stain provides a useful tool for establishing the diagnosis of mastocytosis and is applicable to a variety of experimental systems.
Human-on-a-chip design strategies and principles for physiologically based pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics modeling.

Advances in maintaining multiple human tissues on microfluidic platforms has led to a growing interest in the development of microphysiological systems for drug development studies. Determination of the proper design principles and scaling rules for body-on-a-chip systems is critical for their strategic incorporation into physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK)/pharmacodynamic (PD) model-aided drug development. While the need for a functional design considering organ–organ interactions has been considered, robust design criteria and steps to build such systems have not yet been defined mathematically. In this paper, we first discuss strategies for incorporating body-on-a-chip technology into the current PBPK modeling-based drug discovery to provide a conceptual model. We propose two types of platforms that can be involved in the different stages of PBPK modeling and drug development; these are μOrgans-on-a-chip and μHuman-on-a-chip. Then we establish the design principles for both types of systems and develop parametric design equations that can be used to determine dimensions and operating conditions. In addition, we discuss the availability of the critical parameters required to satisfy the design criteria, consider possible limitations for estimating such parameter values and propose strategies to address such limitations. This paper is intended to be a useful guide to the researchers focused on the design of microphysiological platforms for PBPK/PD based drug discovery.
Serine transhydroxymethylase. Equilibrium binding of folate analogs as active site probes.

Abstract Formation of a quinoid-like structure within the glycyl-pyridoxal phosphate moiety of serine transhydroxymethylase (5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate : glycine hydroxymethyltransferase, EC 2.1.2.1) is dependent upon the dissociation of the 2-S hydrogen of glycine which in turn requires the presence of tetrahydrofolate or analogs thereof. Equilibrium binding studies with the series folate, dihydrofolate, and tetrahydrofolate showed that reduction of the pteridine ring enhances both quinoid formation and binding. A 5,8-deazafolate series showed that modifications in the 4 position, 10 position and the glutamyl position yield interrelated alterations of quinoid formation which could not be correlated with binding.
An Examination of Officer Stress: Should Police Departments Implement Mandatory Counseling?

This study suggests that police departments who promote counseling benefit from officer stress reduction. Officers from sixteen municipal police departments (n = 1,114) across the state of Alabama possessed moderate stress, but were influenced significantly by organizational demographics (including counseling opportunities). A majority of officers believed that stress signs were not predictive of police suitability but remained reluctant to share fears and anxieties with fellow colleagues, suggesting that officers feared the stigma associated with the need for stress counseling. Officers working in supportive counseling climates had significantly less stress, a reduced need for counseling, and a greater willingness to use counseling. Officers who engaged in counseling (at least occasionally) also reported more stress, indicating an awareness of their need for counseling. The authors concluded that police departments should consider requiring mandatory and periodic counseling for all officers, a procedural tactic that camouflages counseling need while concurrently treating the source of officer stress.
The conditional influence of term spread and pattern changes on future equity returns

We extend previous research examining the relation between interest rates and equity returns using a multivariate analysis of covariance model with a dynamic yield curve and conditioned term spread. We find yield pattern changes predict economic equity returns; that the long end-of-yield curve is a strong determinant factor; and, in contrast to previous research, we find no relation between a decrease in the short rate and equity returns. However, the conditional term spread captures a significant positive return indicating that the degree of decline in the short rate relative to the long rate is of more importance than the term spread alone.
PHOTOSENSITIZATION TISSUE MODEL

Photosensitization in a light scattering matrix was investigated with a tissue model consisting of polystyrene microsphere scattering particles, in the presence of a Photofrin II as a photosensitizing agent, and subtilisin Carlsberg as an enzyme target. The photodynamic rate constant for irradiation at 435 nm, 545 nm, and red light was measured at different microsphere concentrations. The reaction rate was almost independent of the microspheres, ruling out a significant effect of light scattering on the integrated photosensitization efficiency. Modeling with the one-dimensional diffusion approximation showed that increasing scatterer concentrations led to lower transmission and higher diffuse reflection, such that the fractional absorption was almost constant. The quantum efficiency of enzyme inactivation in the light-scattering systems was 0.0014 +/- 0.0003. In terms of incident dose, red and green light had approximately the same effectiveness and blue light was two-fold more efficient.
Pancreatic Diabetes and Hypophysectomy in the Rat

SummaryBy the methods which have been successfully used in a study of the etiology of other diseases a streptococcus of low general virulence, having characteristic cataphoretic velocity, has been found constantly associated with cases of myasthenia gravis. The living and heat-killed streptococcus and its toxins have specific affinity for muscles. The progressive weakness, fatigability, and the pathologic lesions of myasthenia gravis have been reproduced in monkeys and rabbits.
Assessment of energy content of low-solubles corn distillers dried grains and effects on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and pork fat quality in growing-finishing pigs

Two studies were conducted to assess the energy content of low-solubles distillers dried grains (LS-DDG) and their effects on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and pork fat quality in grow-finish pigs. In Exp. 1, 24 barrows (Yorkshire-Landrace × Duroc; 80 to 90 d of age) in 2 successive periods were assigned to 1 of 6 dietary treatments. In individual metabolism stalls, pigs were fed a corn-soybean meal diet (control); control replaced by 30, 40, or 50% LS-DDG; or control replaced by 30 or 40% distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) at 3% of their initial BW for 12 d. All diets contained 0.25% CrO(2). During the 5-d collection period, feces and urine were collected from each pig. Feed, feces, and urine were analyzed for DM, GE, and N concentrations, and feed and feces were analyzed for Cr content. The ME content of LS-DDG (2,959 ± 100 kcal/kg of DM) was similar to that determined for DDGS (2,964 ± 81 kcal/kg of DM). In Exp. 2, 216 Yorkshire-Landrace × Duroc pigs were blocked by initial BW (18.8 ± 0.76 kg) and assigned to 1 of 24 pens (9 pigs/pen). Pens within block were allotted to 1 of 3 dietary treatments (8 pens/treatment) in a 4-phase feeding program: a corn-soybean meal control (control), control containing 20% LS-DDG, or control containing 20% DDGS. Treatment had no effect on final BW, ADG, ADFI, or HCW. Pigs fed LS-DDG had similar G:F (0.367) compared with pigs fed DDGS (0.370), but tended (P = 0.09) to have decreased G:F compared with pigs fed the control (0.380; pooled SEM = 0.004). Dressing percent was less (P < 0.01) for pigs fed LS-DDG (72.8%) and DDGS (72.8%) compared with the control (73.8%; pooled SEM = 0.22). Pigs fed LS-DDG (54.8%) had greater (P = 0.02) carcass lean compared with pigs fed DDGS (53.4%), but were similar to pigs fed control (54.1%; pooled SEM = 0.33). Bellies from pigs fed DDGS (12.9°) were softer (P < 0.01) than those from pigs fed control (17.7°; pooled SEM = 1.07) as determined by the belly flop angle test. Feeding LS-DDG (14.1°) tended (P < 0.10) to create softer bellies compared with control-fed pigs. The PUFA content of belly fat was reduced (P < 0.01) by LS-DDG (14.0%) compared with DDGS (15.4%), but was increased (P < 0.05) compared with pigs fed the control (9.4%; pooled SEM = 0.34). In conclusion, LS-DDG and DDGS had similar ME values and inclusion of 20% LS-DDG in diets for growing-finishing pigs supports ADG and ADFI similar to that of diets containing 20% DDGS, and may reduce negative effects on pork fat compared with DDGS.
A tool designed to facilitate structured programming

An algorithmic language interpreter is presented which provides users of various technical backgrounds a convenient way to describe algorithms and simultaneously focus on problem-solving concepts: problem analysis, algorithm development, and the computer implementation of the algorithm. The interpreter permits the use of decision tables as a means of expressing complex logic.In view of the significance of structured programming in today's environment (and that of the future), the language processor allows three logical constructs: sequential, IF... THEN...ELSE..., and the DO WHILE construct. The use of GO TOs is only allowed to transfer control from one table to another. Hence, several tables/subtables (each may contain 1 decision table) may be required for the description of an algorithm. Examples are presented to illustrate how the language interpreter enhances programming organization and thereby facilitates structured programming.
Cirrus cloud detection from Airborne Imaging Spectrometer data using the 1.38 µm water vapor band

Using special images acquired by the Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) at 20 km altitude, we show that wavelengths close to the center of the strong 1.38 micron water vapor band are useful for detecting thin cirrus clouds. The detection makes use of the fact that cirrus clouds are located above almost all the atmospheric water vapor. Because of the strong water vapor absorption in the lower atmosphere, AVIRIS channels near 1.38 micron receive little scattered solar radiance from the surface of low level clouds. When cirrus clouds are present, however, these channels receive large amounts of scattered solar radiance from the cirrus clouds. Our ability to determine cirrus cloud cover using space-based remote sensing will be improved if channels near the center of the 1.38 micron water vapor band are added to future satellites.
Relaxin receptors in the myometrium and cervix of the pig.

The binding of I2uI relaxin to particulate membrane preparations of myometrium and cervix from the pig has been characterized and investigated in different physiological and experimental states. Binding properties were very similar for the two tissues: binding was rapid, exhibited a limited steady.state, and had comparable rates of dissociation at 27#{176}C; divalent cations in the order 2* > Ca2 enhanced I2SI relaxin binding. Scatchard analysis yielded curvilinear plots compatible with the presence of two classes of binding sites. The high affinity binding sites in fractions from both tissues exhibited similar affinity constants Ka (in the order of l0’#{176} M ) although with differing binding capacities. Unlabeled relaxin had the greatest inhibitory action on the binding of labeled relaxin to both tissues whereas NGF > proinsulin > insulin were less effective in this respect. Myometrial and cervical fractions from PMSG-hCG-treated cyclic and prepubertal pigs exhibited high affinity binding sites. PMSG-hCG-treated prepubertal pigs exhibited slightly more binding in the myometrium than cervix which was unchanged 24 h after ovariedtomy. Similar animals examined 10 days after ovariectomy had a significantly decreased number of myometrial binding sites (P<0.01) which decreased to undetectable levels at 16 days postovariectomy. Cervical fractions, on the other hand, showed complete lack of binding by 10 days postovariectomy. Similar ovariectomized animals, treated with estrogen daily for 7 days, showed recovery of relaxin receptors in the myometrial fractions comparable in number to those of control animals; cervical receptors remained undetectable however. The data suggest a different hormonal control of the myometrium and cervix with regard to their sensitivity to relaxin as expressed by receptor concentration. It is suggested that this may have biological significance in view of the differential time scale for the need of relaxin action on uterine quiescence and cervical dilatation during pregnancy.
The Phase Inversion-based Coal-CO2 Slurry (PHICCOS) feeding system: Technoeconomic assessment using coupled multiscale analysis

Abstract Coal-CO 2 slurry feed is being examined as a way to efficiently feed coal into high-pressure reactors, such as gasifiers, in carbon capture-enabled plants. The preparation of a slurry of coal in liquid carbon dioxide is not trivial and the cost of solutions involving lock hoppers and cryogenic cooling is expected to be high. A novel method for preparing and feeding coal-CO 2 slurry has recently been proposed: the Phase Inversion-based Coal-CO 2 Slurry (PHICCOS) feeding system operates at ambient temperature, does not require lock hoppers, and inherently reduces the moisture and ash content in the feedstock. This work examines the technoeconomics of the PHICCOS feeding system for high and low-rank coal and compares them with those of commercial technologies. Coupled multiscale analysis, which integrates system-level modeling and component-level modeling, is used here to conduct, for the first time, an integral assessment of the PHICCOS feeding system. The analysis, which uses an Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle power plant as an example application, accounts for multiple aspects of the process that had only been considered individually in the past. Results show that the PHICCOS feeding system is competitive with coal-water slurry feed for bituminous coal gasification and is cheaper than dry feed for low-rank coal. Overall, PHICCOS is the most economic option across coal ranks and offers unique operational advantages, when compared to dry feeding systems, related to high-pressure operation and capability to process high-ash, and high-moisture coal.
Stereoscopic PIV for Crossplane Vorticity Measurement of a Supersonic Jet in Subsonic Compressible Crossflow

A stereoscopic particle image velocimetry (PIV) instrument has been constructed for a transonic wind tunnel to study the interaction created by a supersonic axisymmetric jet exhausting from a flat plate into a subsonic compressible crossflow. Data have been acquired in the crossplane of the interaction at a single station in the farfield, in which the bulk particle motion is aligned with the out-of-plane velocity component. The resulting vector fields distinctly show the strength and location of the induced counter-rotating vortex pair as well as the remnant of the horseshoe vortex that wraps around the jet plume as it first exhausts from the nozzle. Data taken for four different values of the jet-to-freestream dynamic pressure ratio reveal the resulting change in vortex strength, size, and position. Vorticity fields were derived from the in-plane velocity data, but limited convergence of the present small data sets prevented any conclusions about the symmetry of the flowfield. Comparison of the present data is made with two-dimensional PIV data previously acquired in the streamwise plane.
Permanent slide preparations of T lymphocyte-sheep red blood cell rosettes.

Abstract Rosette formation between sheep erythrocytes (SRBC) and human thymus-derived lymphocytes (T cells) is used to monitor T cells in various human diseases. Rosettes are usually counted in a hemacytometer immediately after preparation. This paper reports a technique for permanently fixing and staining rosettes for sereial and comparative studies, a procedure which has probably been less well standardized, less reproducibly performed, and less widely used than many investigators appreciate. The technique described has the advantages of providing distinct morphological identification of the rosette-forming cell and it produces a permanent mount for future reference.
Model for the thermo-optic behavior of sodium borate and sodium aluminosilicate glasses

The thermo-optic coefficients (dn/dT) of Na2O B2O3 and 25Na2O−xAl2O3−(75 − x)SiO2 glasses have been measured. The effect of glass composition on the dn/dT of these two sets of glasses is similar to the effects of composition on other glass properties. Prod'homme's theory for thermal change of refractive index is sufficient to explain the effects of composition on the dn/dT in terms of the relative contributions of the thermal expansion coefficient and the temperature coefficient of the electronic polarizability. However, the temperature coefficient of the electronic polarizability is not proportional to the activation energy for viscous flow as suggested by Prod'homme. A model is proposed which explains the effect of composition on the temperature coefficient electronic polarizability in terms of the relative volume occupied by various types of bridging and non-bridging oxygen ions in the glass. This relationship is the result of the dependence of the electronic polarizability coefficient of various types of oxygen on the bonding associated with each oxygen ion species.
Umbilical Cord Length as an Index of Fetal Activity: Experimental Study and Clinical Implications

Summary: Umbilical cord length varies considerably and the factors controlling cord length are unknown. Experiments in rat fetuses indicate that (1) restriction of fetal movements by oligohydramnios leads to short cord. The umbilical cords were significantly shorter in proportion to the duration or time of onset of the oligohydramnios. The mean cord length represented 65% of littermate control values when persistent oligohydramnios was induced on day 15, 71% for day 16 and 78% for day 17 (term day 21). (2) Suppression of fetal movements by curarization from day 18 on leads to short cords, irrespective of amniotic fluid volume. The paralyzed fetuses with polyhydramnios had a mean cord length representing 85% of sham operated controls, and those with oligohydramnios and paralysis had a similar mean cord length, 86% of controls. (3) Extra-uterine pregnancies with the fetuses free in the maternal abdominal cavity, yet attached to their umbilical cords, led to cords measuring 147% of littermate controls. (4) In contrast, when the extra-uterine fetuses were fixed to the uterine horn, close to the placental implantation site, with little or no stretch applied to the cord, the mean cord length was 90% of littermate controls. These results indicate that tensile forces on the cord secondary to fetal movements are important determinants of cord length. Speculation: The umbilical cord length of the newborn infant might be a reflection of past fetal activity, given adequate space for movement. Cord length could become a useful diagnostic tool since extremes in length may point to unrecognized developmental anomalies.
Novel epoxides formed during the liver cytochrome P-450 oxidation of arachidonic acid

Abstract Arachidonic acid is enzymatically oxidized by the rat liver microsomal mixed-function oxidase system, in the presence of NADPH and oxygen, to a wide variety of products. We report here, the identification of the major organic-soluble metabolites. They are the 5,6-,8,9-,11,12-, and 14,15-epoxy-eicosatrienoic acid derivatives of arachidonic acid.
Protein C inhibitor: Purification and proteinase reactivity

Abstract Protein C inhibitor was purified from human plasma by a modification of a published procedure (Suzuki, K., Nishioka, J., and Hashimoto, S. J. Biol. Chem. 258, 163–168, 1983). Approximately 1 mg of pure protein was obtained from 1 L plasma, a yield of about 17%. The protein C inhibitor preparation did not lose activity over 4 weeks at 4°C. Second order rate constants were measured for the inhibition of activated protein C, thrombin, and urokinase, and bimolecular complexes of protein C inhibitor with activated protein C and thrombin were visualized by denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Heparin accelerated the inhibition of the three proteinases in a manner consistent with a template mechanism. Plasma or pure protein C inhibitor (at the same concentration) showed the same effect of heparin on activated protein C inhibition, indicating that protein C inhibitor accounts for all the heparin-dependent inhibition of activated protein C in vivo.
P04.33. A review of existing methods to specify condition specific prevalence and experience of CAM use in US children: toward a strategic data plan

Methods Qualitative (structured interviews; focus groups; concept and best practice methods mapping) and quantitative methods were used to evaluate the National Health Interview Survey’s Children’s CAM Supplement (2007), the Medical Expenditures Panel Survey (2008) and the National Survey of Children with Special Health Care Needs (2009/10), and to compare findings and specify strengths and weaknesses of each.
A New Species of Rhabdias (Nematoda: Rhabdiasidae) in Calotes versicolor (Squamata: Agamidae) from Singapore

abstract: Rhabdias singaporensis n. sp. (Rhabditida: Rhabdiasidae) from the lungs of Calotes versicolor (Squamata: Agamidae) from Singapore is described and illustrated. Rhabdias singaporensis n. sp. represents the 77th species assigned to the genus, the eighth of the Asian region, and the second from Singapore. The distinguishing characteristic of the new species is the location of the excretory pore. In all species of Rhabdias for which excretory pore location data are available, the excretory pore is situated just posterior to the level of the nerve ring; in R. singaporensis, it lies near the esophageointestinal junction.
Understanding Motivations of Sector Switchers

The motivation of “sector switchers”—individuals who move from one employment sector to another over the course of their careers—is under-researched. This exploratory study is a qualitative study of sector switchers. It uses interviews wit1h 50 such individuals to add depth to an understanding of motivation to work in government as well as other prosocial realms. Tentative conclusions include the identification of tensions between positive abstract ideas of service and neutral or negative views about government service, self-sacrifice, and working in a helping profession.
Gated radionuclide ventriculography in the evaluation of cardiac function in Duchenne's muscular dystrophy.

Left ventricular ejection fractions were determined in 38 patients with Duchenne's muscular dystrophy. No significant correlation between the severity of respiratory dysfunction or age and cardiac function was seen. We suggest that the cardiac status of each patient should be evaluated separately from his respiratory status, particularly when long-term assisted ventilation is being considered. (Chest 1988; 94:1245-48)
Structural Reliability Analysis of Pipes Subjected to Multiple Strain Cycles: Application to Reeling Process

The reeling process is one of the most important methods for offshore installations of linepipes. Pipe segments are welded onshore and subsequently bent over a cylindrical rigid surface (reel) in a laying vessel. The pipe is significantly cyclically strained. Due to the high loading condition, the high costs of operations and the severe failure consequences, it is necessary to guarantee the integrity of the components during the process. Conventional defect assessment procedures are not explicitly developed for situations with large cyclic plastic strains. In previous work, a fracture mechanics based methodology was developed to obtain an appropriate specific method to assess the structural reliability of reeled pipes. A description of the material resistance toughness and the crack driving force evolution through strain cycles was proposed. This methodology was experimentally verified. In order to expand this model, in this work the case where several reeling cycles are applied is considered. In addition to the fracture mechanics methodology previously developed, a fatigue crack growth (FCG) formulation controlled by ΔJ parameter was developed. This formulation accounts for the crack growth produced during subsequent reeling cycles. Several fatigue laws and methods to calculate ΔJ were evaluated. An experimental program was carried out. Girth welded joints from two different seamless steel pipes were analyzed. Monotonic and cyclic fracture mechanics tests were performed using single edge notch tension (SENT) specimens. Cyclic tests were used to determine experimentally the cyclic crack growth. Experimental measurements were compared to predicted fatigue crack growths for different ΔJ calculation methods and fatigue laws. Comparison between theoretical and experimental results led to the selection of the most realistic fatigue law. A methodology to assess the reliability of pipes during multiple reeling cycles, based on fracture and elastic-plastic fatigue crack growth, was developed. A particular case of interest was presented, tolerable defect sizes were determined for different number of applied reeling cycles. The proposed methodology seems to be an accurate method to assess cases where multiple plastic cycles are taken into account.© 2006 ASME
Antimatter, strangeness and exotic objects at RHIC

Abstract We investigate the production of multiply strange composite objects and their antiparticles in collisions at the relativistic heavy ion collider RHIC.
MO‐FF‐A2‐04: An Accurate Mechanical Quality Assurance Procedure for a New High Performance Linac

Purpose T o establish QA procedures for the mechanical systems of a new linac that has been developed to deliver radiation, using image‐guidance, to the target with improved spatial accuracy. The procedures are required to be able to detect mechanical errors of much less than 1 mm, be independent of the linac's own readouts and calibration procedures, and be fast enough for the physicist to perform on a monthly or more frequent schedule. Method and Materials In image guided delivery, mechanical properties that will affect the spatial accuracy with which dose is delivered include: • radiation isocenter ‐imaging origin displacement, • position errors of the jaws and MLC leaves, • accuracy with which the patient support couch can respond to a change in position request. To measure these quantities, we use the machine's kV, MV, and infra‐red imaging systems. We report on the techniques used, and the estimates of their accuracy. Results The preliminary estimate of the measurement uncertainty of the radiation isocenter — imaging origin offset is ± 0.3 mm. The observed offset is within the measurement error. The accuracy of the field size seen in the MV images is ± 0.2mm. Couch accuracy for shifts of up to 2 cm, the magnitudes expected using image guidance, was found to be within the measurement error. The ability to control the machine using scripts allows gantry and collimator positioning, couch positioning, beam delivery and imaging in all modes, to be sequenced and performed automatically. Thus the time required for a complete mechanical QA procedure is greatly shortened. Conclusion The imaging components of a new linac can be positioned with sufficient reproducibility and accuracy to allow their use in a mechanical QA program that can achieve the sub‐mm accuracy needed for this machine. Research supported by Varian Medical Systems
PD-1+ T cells: exhausted and premature?

PD-1 up-regulation is correlated with the exhaustion of virus-specific CD8 T cells in people chronically infected with HIV-1. Zhang and colleagues report that PD-1 is up-regulated on HIV-specific CD8 T cells in typical disease progressors (TPs) but not in long-term nonprogressor (LTNP) patients, and
Extracellular hypothalamic serotonin levels after dorsal raphe nuclei stimulation of lean (Fa/Fa) and obese (fa/fa) Zucker rats.

Serotonin (5-HT), acting in the medial hypothalamus (MH), is involved in appetite/satiety and sympathetic stimulation of thermogenesis. This study tested the hypothesis that the enhanced energetic efficiency of obese Zucker rats is associated with a reduced capacity of activated dorsal raphe (DR) neurons to release 5-HT in the MH. We used microdialysis and HPLC-EC to measure dynamic changes in extracellular 5-HT levels in the MH of urethane-anesthetized, 10-14 week old male lean and obese Zucker rats. These concentrations did not differ significantly between the two genotypes prior to stimulation (mean+/-S.E.M.=3.8+/-0.5 fmol/microl, lean; 3.6+/-1.0 fmol/microl, obese) or following DR stimulation at 25 Hz (200 microA). The latter elicited initial net increases of 0.54+/-0.15 fmol/microl in lean and 0.58+/-0.20 fmol/microl in obese rats; and 20 min post-stimulus, 5-HT values were still elevated and comparable in the two genotypes. Although a 50-Hz (200 microA) stimulus evoked initial increases that were similar in lean (1.37+/-0.23 fmol/microl) and obese (0.95+/-0.24 fmol/microl,) rats, the net increase in 5-HT concentration during the next 20-40 min period was higher in the lean (2.03+/-0.55 fmol/microl vs. 1.18+/-0.24 fmol/microl in the obese animals). Also, in the lean, but not obese rats, extracellular 5-HT levels were significantly greater at 50 vs. 25 Hz. These results support the hypothesis that the capacity of midbrain serotonergic neurons to release 5-HT at the MH is reduced in obese Zucker rats, consistent with their blunted responsiveness to dietary stimuli and greater energetic efficiency.
The gut supports neurogenic differentiation of periocular mesenchyme, a chondrogenic neural crest-derived cell population

Periocular mesenchyme (PM) is a mesencephalic neural crest derived cell population which as a result of an interaction with the retinal pigment epithelium forms the scleral cartilage of the avian eye. Enteric neurons are derived from vagal crest cells which invade the gut. To study factors which regulate neuronal differentiation, we investigated whether the gut could direct neurogenesis in PM, a cell population that does not produce neurons in vivo. We report here that PM cultured in the presence of aneural chick hindgut on the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM), invaded the gut and formed large numbers of neurons. These were localized in enteric ganglia and contained neurofilament immunoreactivity, vasoactive intestinal peptide immunoreactivity, and somatostatin immunoreactivity. In the control PM cultured alone on the CAM, a small number of cells contained neurofilament immunoreactivity but lacked the appearance of mature neurons.
High-Order Cyclo-Difference Techniques

The summation-by-parts energy norm is used to establish a new class of high-order finite-difference techniques referred to here as "cyclo-difference" techniques. These techniques are constructed cyclically from stable subelements and require no special numerical procedures near the boundaries; when coupled with the simultaneous approximation term (SAT) boundary treatment, they are time asymptotically stable for an arbitrary hyperbolic system. These techniques are similar to spectral multi-domain techniques and are ideally suited for parallel implementation, but they do not require special collocation points. The principal focus of this work is on methods of sixth-order formal accuracy or less; however, these methods could be extended in principle to any arbitrary order of accuracy.