cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Programming and Integrating Behavior

Lacewing males, Chrysoperla downesi, sit among the branches of an evergreen tree, softly drumming their abdomens against terminal twigs and needles in a long, complex pattern of volleys that attracts females. Moths of the black cutworm, Agrotis ipsilon, fly by at recorded ground speeds of between 97 and113 km/h (60–70 mph). Foraging Cataglyphis ants scurry around upon the floor in the Sahara Desert at surface temperatures of up to 70°C (158°F), scavenging upon the corpses of insects and other arthropods that have succumbed to heat stress in this extreme environment.
The Paris Agreement and Climate Geoengineering Governance: The Need For a Human-rights Based Component

This paper argues that climate geoengineering should be governed using a human rights based approach under the Paris Agreement to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.
Umbilical Arterial Catheterization

⇓ Video. Click here to view the video. (Reproduced with permission of Akshaya Vachharajani, MD, and The Saigh Foundation Pediatric Simulation Center, St. Louis Children’s Hospital & Washington University School of Medicine. Copyright 2012.) The video shows the technique for placing an umbilical arterial catheter in a newborn. Based on the guidelines recommended by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), what is the ideal maximal length of time that an umbilical arterial catheter should be in place? 1. 5 days 2. 6 days 3. 7 days 4. 8 days 5. 10 days 1. The CDC guidelines recommend that umbilical arterial catheters should not be left in place for more than 5 days after insertion. The video depicts the most common method of inserting an umbilical artery catheter (UAC) in a newborn. An alternative method of inserting a catheter into the umbilical artery is also demonstrated. Various formulas are used to determine the length …
Magnetically Recoverable Pd/Fe3O4 Core-Shell Nanowire Clusters with Increased Hydrogenation Activity.

Core-shell nanostructures are promising candidates for the next generation of catalysts due to synergistic effects which can arise from having two active species in close contact, leading to increased activity. Likewise, catalysts displaying added functionality, such as a magnetic response, can have increased scientific and industrial potential. Here, Pd/Fe3 O4 core-shell nanowire clusters are synthesized and applied as hydrogenation catalysts for an industrially important hydrogenation reaction: the conversion of acetophenone to 1-phenylethanol. During synthesis, the palladium nanowires self-assemble into clusters which act as a high-surface-area framework for the growth of a magnetic iron oxide shell. This material demonstrates excellent catalytic activity due to the presence of palladium while the strong magnetic properties provided by the iron oxide shell enable facile catalyst recovery.
Measurement of health literacy to advance global health research: a study based on Demographic and Health Surveys in 14 sub-Saharan countries

Abstract Background Education and literacy are key determinants of health, but these do not ensure health literacy. A definition of health literacy from the US Institute of Medicine (IOM) is widely accepted, but there is no consensus on the traits by which health literacy can be measured. Some questions in Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) represent domains of health literacy as defined by the IOM (ie, the capacity to interpret, obtain, and understand health information; and the ability to make appropriate health decisions), and could be a valuable untapped resource for the measurement of health literacy. Building on pilot work in Zambia, we aimed to derive a measure of health literacy from information recorded in the DHS that aligned with the IOM definition. Methods We accessed data from surveys conducted between 2006 and 2015 in 14 sub-Saharan African countries: Cameroon, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia, Ghana, Guinea, Cote d'Ivoire, Lesotho, Rwanda, Niger, Namibia, Sierra Leone, Swaziland, Togo, and Zambia. Surveys were the same in all countries, but translated to local languages as appropriate. We used factor analysis to extract one measure of health literacy and assessed its reliability and validity. We reclassified the continuous measure into tertiles and collapsed observations in the lower two groups to derive a dichotomous indicator. We then used χ 2 tests to assess whether the prevalence of (high) health literacy varied by demographics and country, accounting for sample weights. Findings We included 259 684 survey respondents aged 15–49 years. We identified eight survey questions that corresponded to elements of the four domains of IOM-defined health literacy. The questions addressed school and reading comprehension (capacity to interpret); reading magazines or listening to the radio or TV (capacity to obtain); learning family planning information (capacity to understand); and knowledge of a place to get an HIV test or acquire condoms (make appropriate health decisions). The derived continuous measure of health literacy demonstrated internal consistency (Cronbach's α = 0·72), and good content validity. Using the dichotomous indicator, overall prevalence of health literacy was 35·2% (95%CI 34·9–36·6%). Health literacy varied by sex (women 34·1% vs men 39·2%, p Interpretation Our study derives a robust indicator of IOM-defined health literacy in a large population in sub-Saharan Africa. Researchers could use this indicator with DHS datasets to measure health literacy in other countries, and ultimately examine how health literacy relates to health behaviour and outcomes, including for HIV/AIDS and domestic violence. Funding None.
Adalimumab in the Treatment of Uveitis in Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis.

Uveitis encompasses a collection of ocular diseases that are characterized by intraocular inflammation and categorized according to the anatomical location of the inflammation in the eye. In the United States, uveitis is estimated to be the fifth or sixth leading cause of blindness and affects a broad range of age groups, including children. As such, there is the potential for more years lost because of visual disability than from age-related ocular diseases that affect people much later in life.1,2 Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA)–associated uveitis is typically a chronic bilateral anterior uveitis and is among the most common forms of . . .
Fruit of divine mercy, mark of true faith: Luther on friendship in John 15:14–16:

My task is guided by a question relevant to the specific theme of this issue of Pacifica, yet also of wide ranging ecumenical importance: how may Luther contribute to a 21st-century discussion by Christian theologians on the question of friendship, and perhaps even point the way for us to deepen ecumenical friendships at this point in history when we have cause to reconsider – somewhat painfully – 500 years of western Christianity in schism? My goal is to offer some of Luther’s reflections on the passage in John’s Gospel in which Jesus addresses his disciples no longer as servants, but as friends. They occur in a sermonic commentary on the Johannine Farewell Discourse compiled in 1537. In expounding on friendship with Christ, with its concomitant duty to keep the command of love, Luther here expresses his deep conviction that faith in Christ is concretely indistinguishable from identification with the church-community. The Christ who elects his own and calls them his friends is essentially a totus Christus, that is, simultaneously object of saving faith and Spirit-filled, embodied sacramental community.
GAIA SCIENZA. GEOGRAFÍA INTERACTIVA, MAPA PERFORMATIVO: GEO DESPUÉS DE GIS

“La tierra es plana. La tierra no se mueve. La tierra no existe” En las tres paradojas de Giulio Macchi aparecen los caracteres esenciales de la Geografia, las dinamicas que la atraviesan y, en consecuencia, sus herramientas especificas. La geografia como teoria es relativamente joven, a pesar de la existencia de una practica anterior. Esta renueva constantemente el corpus de sus instrumentos y afecta tanto al cambio en su objeto - la tierra - y en sus interpretaciones. Experimenta doblemente los cambios del “mundo”. Incluiremos la investigacion en un parentesis (abierto) que genera la importante relacion entre Geografia y Proyecto. La cartografia es una practica, nucleo tematico en la geografia y, como un proceso selectivo y herramienta, “crea” paisajes. De tal manera que es posible deformar, a traves de ella, la relacion entre lectura-interpretacion como un proceso del proyecto. Las tres paradojas enucleadas amplian y ponen en el centro temas principales de esta ciencia, especialmente en relacion con la arquitectura como una ciencia del espacio: 1. caracter performativo del mapa 2. geocentrismo cientifico y los codigos de la relacion geografia-proyecto 3. transformacional como opuesto al caracter descriptivo del mapa Mediante el analisis de tres paradojas se deduce como cada uno de ellos arrastra otras condiciones dialecticas, ahora amplificadas por la exuberancia de la “ciencia” en cuanto a la representacion. ABSTRACT “The earth is flat. The earth does not move. The earth does not exist”4. In the three paradoxes of Giulio Macchi appear the essential characters of Geography, the dynamics that go through it and, consequently, its specific tools.Geography as theory is relatively young, despite the existence of an earlier practice5. It constantly renews the corpus of its instruments, affected both the change in its subject - the land - and in its interpretations. Experiencing doubly the “World” changes. We’ll enclose the research in (open) parentheses that generate the key relationships between Geography and Project. Mapping is a thematic core practice in geography and, as a selective process and tool, “creates” landscapes. Such that it’s possible to deform, through it, the relationship between reading-interpretation as a process of the project. The three enucleated paradoxes amplify and put at the center main issues of this science, especially in relation to architecture as a science of space: 1. the map’s performative character 2. scientific geocentrism and codes of the link geography-project 3. transformational as opposed to descriptive character of the map By analyzing three paradoxes we deduce as each of them drag other dialectical conditions, now amplified by the exuberance of “science” in regarding representation.
Mediated Pathways from Maternal Depression and Early Parenting to Children's Executive Function and Externalizing Behaviour Problems.

Structural equation models were used to examine pathways from maternal depression and early parenting to children's executive function (EF) and externalizing behaviours in the first nationally representative study to obtain direct assessments of children's kindergarten EF skills (i.e., the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study Kindergarten Class of 2010–2011). Preliminary analyses revealed that maternal depression was negatively related to children's EF and positively related to children's externalizing behaviour problems. However, the negative association between maternal depression and children's EF was completely mediated by maternal parenting practices (i.e., warmth and home learning stimulation). Furthermore, there was an indirect effect from maternal parenting practices to children's externalizing behaviour problems through EF, such that children with stronger EF skills had fewer externalizing behaviour problems. Findings provide support for a family process model in which warm, cognitively stimulating parenting supports children's EF, which in turn decreases externalizing behaviours. Highlights This study examined pathways from parent mental health to children's executive function (EF) and behaviour problems. Maternal depression was negatively related to children's EF and positively related to children's behaviour problems. The negative association between maternal depression and children's EF was completely mediated by maternal parenting. There was an indirect effect from maternal parenting to children's behaviour problems through EF.
Defining effective clinician roles in end-of-life care.

OBJECTIVE: Our goal was to determine primary care clinician perceptions of what is important to the provision of quality end-of-life care. STUDY DESIGN: We used ethnography, a qualitative research method involving the use of open-ended semistructured interviews. POPULATION: We included 38 family practice residency faculty from 9 community residency programs of the Affiliated Family Practice Residency Network, Department of Family Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine. OUTCOMES MEASURED: The roles described by interviewees when discussing their best practices while delivering end-of-life care were compiled. RESULTS: Primary care clinicians organize their delivery of quality end-of-life care predominantly through their relationships with patients and families. They play 3 roles when providing end-of-life care. As consultants, clinicians provide expert medical advice and treatment. As collaborators, they seek to understand the patient and family experience. Seasoned clinicians act as guides, using their personal intuitive knowledge of patient and family to facilitate everyone's growth when providing end-of-life care. CONCLUSIONS: Shifting clinician focus from skills and knowledge toward relationship, meaning, and roles provides new opportunities to improve end-of-life care for patients, families, and clinicians.
One-Year Comparison of a Community-Based Exercise Program Versus a Day Hospital–Based Exercise Program on Quality of Life and Mental Health in Severely Burned Children

Abstract Objective To compare the effects of long-term psychosocial functioning and mental health of a "day hospital"–based exercise program (DAYEX) versus a community-based exercise program (COMBEX). Design A prospective design that consisted of 2 groups (DAYEX and COMBEX). Setting A children's hospital specialized in burn care. Participants Patients (N=18; DAYEX [n=9], COMBEX [n=9]) were assessed at intensive care unit discharge and up to 1 year postburn. Interventions The Child Health Questionnaires (CHQ–Child Form [CHQ-CF87] and CHQ–Parent Form [CHQ-PF28]) were used to assess changes in quality of life from discharge to 1 year postburn. Main Outcome Measures CHQ-PF28 and CHQ-CF87. Results Demographic characteristics and total body surface area burned were similar in both groups. Length of hospital stay was significant in the COMBEX group. CHQ-CF87 and CHQ-PF28 documented significant improvements in both groups between discharge and 1 year. Significance was evident in Physical Functioning, Bodily Pain, Self-Esteem, Change in Health, and Family Activities. CHQ-CF87 showed improvement in Family Cohesion in COMBEX more than DAYEX. CHQ-PF28 showed improvement in Role/Social Limitations–Emotional, Bodily Pain, and Family Activities in COMBEX more than DAYEX. Conclusions The proposed COMBEX program is feasible and beneficial physically, psychosocially, and mentally. The results show some improvements in the COMBEX group in optimizing function and health in severely burned children. The COMBEX group performed at least as well as the DAYEX group. Larger-scale studies are needed to validate current findings.
Metapopulation vicariance in the Pacific genus Coprosma (Rubiaceae) and its Gondwanan relatives

Coprosma is perhaps the most ubiquitous plant genus in New Zealand. It belongs to the tribe Anthospermeae, which is distinctive in the family Rubiaceae through its small, simple, wind-pollinated flowers and its southern hemisphere distribution. The tribe comprises four main clades found respectively in South Africa, Africa, Australia and the Pacific. The high level of allopatry among the four subtribes is attributed here to their origin by vicariance. The Pacific clade, subtribe Coprosminae, is widespread around the margins of the South Pacific and also occurs on most of the high islands. Distributions of the main clades in the subtribe are mapped here and are shown to be repeated in other groups. The distribution patterns also coincide with features of regional geology. Large-scale volcanism has persisted in the central Pacific region since at least the Jurassic. At that time, the oldest of the Pacific large igneous provinces, the Shatsky Rise, began to be erupted in the region now occupied by French Polynesia. Large-scale volcanism in the central Pacific continued through the Cretaceous and the Cenozoic. The sustained volcanism, along with details of the clade distributions, both suggest that the Coprosminae have persisted in the central Pacific by survival of metapopulations on individually ephemeral islands. It is also likely that vicariance of metapopulations has taken place, mediated by processes such as the subsidence of the Pacific seafloor by thousands of metres, and rifting of active arcs by transform faults. It is sometimes argued that a vicariance origin is unlikely for groups on young, oceanic islands that have never been connected by continuous land, but metapopulation vicariance does not require physical contact between islands.
Unicentric Castleman disease in the mediastinum

Abstract Castleman disease (CD) is a benign lymphoproliferative disorder that rarely occurs in the pediatric population. This entity arises as either unicentric CD or multicentric CD, and is histopathologically classified as hyaline vascular, plasma cell, or mixed variant. CD is frequently misdiagnosed because it is poorly understood and presents with a variety of symptoms. We present a case of a 15-year-old previously healthy girl with unicentric CD. She presented to an Emergency Department with acute onset of chest pain. Radiographic imaging demonstrated a large right-sided mediastinal mass. Biopsy of the mass demonstrated atypical lymphoid tissue with vascular proliferation and concentric layering of peripheral lymphocytes, consistent with CD, hyaline vascular variant. Following multidisciplinary team discussion, the patient underwent complete resection of the mass. She completely recovered with no evidence of residual or recurrent disease on postoperative imaging.
Ganglioglioma in children and young adults: single institution experience and review of the literature

Ganglioglioma (GG) is a rare mixed glial-neuronal neoplasm accounting for 0.5–5% of all pediatric central nervous system (CNS) tumors. Rarity of this tumor has precluded defining robust treatment guidelines. This retrospective study evaluates the prognostic factors and outcomes of this rare neoplasm. Retrospective analysis of 55 patients with GG was conducted to describe clinical findings, and outcomes. Kaplan–Meier survival and Cox-regression analyses were performed to assess the overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS). The mean age at diagnosis was 11.8 years (range 1–21 years) with a median follow-up period of 9.5 years. 53 patients (92.7%) had low grade GG and 2 patients had anaplastic GG. 25 patients had tumor progression, whose median PFS was 12 years. Six patients with low grade GG progressed to a higher grade, with median survival of 9.1 month after transformation. The 5 and 10 year PFS were 65 and 57%, respectively. The 5 and 10 year OS was 96 and 86% respectively. 8 of the 19 (42%) samples tested demonstrated positivity for the BRAF V600E mutation. Multivariate Cox regression analyses showed location and extent of resection were significant factors for PFS and presence of metastatsis attained significance for OS. This is the one of the largest retrospective study of pediatric GG. Identifying clinical variables, which could stratify these tumors into low- and high-risk groups might help to profile a risk-based therapeutic strategy. Collaborative multiinstitutional prospective studies are warranted to delineate treatment consensus and investigate prognostic factors.
Immediate Contact Allergy to Foods: Skin Test Based on Contact Urticaria and IgE Tests in Children with Atopic Dermatitis

The skin is often involved in the reaction pattern of food allergy (FA) [1]. Minor reactions in young children, suggesting contact urticaria (CU), consist of redness and urticaria around the mouth [2]. CU can be induced by immunological and nonimmunological mechanisms [3]. Immune-mediated CU to foods are common in children with atopic dermatitis (AD) and FA [4]. Based on this phenomenon, a test system (skin application food test) (SAFT) was applied to detect FA with the skin as the main target organ (dermal FA).
mycotoxin binding to bovine uterine steroid hormone receptors

Abstract The mycotoxins, aflatoxin B 1 , aflatoxin M 1 , aflatoxicol and zearalenone were tested for binding to bovine endometrial estrogen and progestin receptors. Radioinert estradiol-17β, estrone, testosterone, and cholesterol were evaluated for binding to the estrogen receptor. Zearalenone and aflatoxicol but not aflatoxins B 1 and M 1 competed with estradiol-17β for the estrogen receptor. The order of binding affinities for the estrogen receptor were zearalenone > estradiol-17β > estrone > aflatoxicol. The affinity of zearalenone for the estrogen receptor was 2–3 times that of estradiol-17β. Progesterone, cortisol, radioinert R 5020, and cholesterol were evaluated for binding to the progestin receptor. None of the tested compounds except R 5020 and progesterone competed for the progestin receptor. The significance of aflatoxicol binding to the estrogen receptor is unclear. It is proposed that aflatoxicol binding to the receptor may alter gene expression in target tissues or act at the level of the hypothalamus to inhibit gonadotropin secretion and ovulation. These effects could explain reports of reduced fertility in domestic animals following ingestion of aflatoxin contaminated feedstuffs. It is also suggested that the mechanism of adverse effects on fertility of chronic aflatoxin ingestion in cattle and other livestock should be more thoroughly investigated.
Separation, A Family Developmental Process of Midlife Years

Recently midlife years have come of age and received deserved and long-needed attention. The initial quotation is from Margaret Mead’s autobiography,1 in which she described some aspects of the midlife years in an enthusiastic and adaptive way. Contrast her statement with the following: Do the observations justify the assumption that normal climacterium represents a progressive psychological adaptation to a regressive biological process? No doubt, adaptation is necessary. There is no other period in life—except puberty—when internal changes of the organism put the individual’s capacity to master those changes to such a test; and while puberty may be difficult for many girls, even greater is the number of women who at the time of their climacteric show signs of stress, strain and emotional disturbances [italics added] of variable severity.2
Uncovering discrete synaptic proteomes to understand neurological disorders

The mammalian nervous system is an immensely heterogeneous organ composed of a diverse collection of neuronal types that interconnect in complex patterns. Synapses are highly specialized neuronal cell-cell junctions with common and distinct functional characteristics that are governed by their protein composition or synaptic proteomes. Even a single neuron can possess a wide-range of different synapse types and each synapse contains hundreds or even thousands of proteins. Many neurological disorders and diseases are caused by synaptic dysfunction within discrete neuronal populations. Mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomic analysis has emerged as a powerful strategy to characterize synaptic proteomes and potentially identify disease driving synaptic alterations. However, most traditional synaptic proteomic analyses have been limited by molecular averaging of proteins from multiple types of neurons and synapses. Recently, several new strategies have emerged to tackle the ‘averaging problem’. In this review, we summarize recent advancements in our ability to characterize neuron-type specific and synapse-type specific proteomes and discuss strengths and limitations of these emerging analysis strategies.
Accurate Calculation of Equilibrium Reduced Density Matrix for the System-Bath Model: a Multilayer Multiconfiguration Time-Dependent Hartree Approach and its Comparison to a Multi-Electronic-State Path Integral Molecular Dynamics Approach †

An efficient and accurate method for computing the equilibrium reduced density matrix is presented for treating open quantum systems characterized by the system-bath model. The method employs the multilayer multiconfiguration time-dependent Hartree theory for imaginary time propagation and an importance sampling procedure for calculating the quantum mechanical trace. The method is applied to the spin-boson Hamiltonian, which leads to accurate results in agreement with those produced by the multi-electronic-state path integral molecular dynamics method.
A Clinical Description of Parent-Child Interaction Therapy

Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) was originally developed by Dr. Sheila Eyberg to address early childhood behavior problems and promote pro-social and emotional development in young children. PCIT is a two-stage, behavioral parent training program which guides caregivers to develop authoritative parenting skills that balance a warm relationship with the child and effective limit setting. PCIT targets patterns of parent-child interaction rather than focusing on specific target behaviors by having a therapist actively coach a caregiver during real-time interactions with the child. PCIT was designed to provide a developmentally sensitive treatment format for young children, featuring play-based learning opportunities as the primary medium to facilitate behavior change. PCIT has an extensive evidence base for a range of early childhood problems, and PCIT repeatedly receives the highest rankings among reviews of evidence-based treatments. This chapter is designed to provide information on the theoretical and historical underpinnings of PCIT, review the core features, describe the format of treatment, and illustrate how PCIT has been utilized in different settings to meet the needs of children and families.
Collagen Allografts Compared With Autologous Tissue in Tympanoplasty.

Objective There are no direct comparisons between the success of collagen allografts versus traditional autografts for tympanic membrane (TM) repair. We sought to compare success rates in a large series of patients undergoing tympanoplasty using collagen allografts versus autologous tissues. Study design Retrospective review. Setting Academic medical center. Subjects and methods Single institution retrospective chart review was performed for adult subjects with TM perforation undergoing tympanoplasty. Demographic, clinical, and surgical data were collected. Statistical analysis was completed using Rstudio. Each factor was examined to assess effect on graft success rate using logistic regression. Results Two hundred sixty-five surgeries met criteria with four main grafting materials or combinations thereof. The overall graft success rate was 81.1% with failure rate of 18.9%. There was no significant association between failure rates and: age, sex, perforation cause, size, and location, primary or revision status, middle ear status (wet or dry), concomitant procedures (mastoidectomy or ossiculoplasty), presence of active cholesteatoma, or surgical technique. Although not statistically significant, the odds of success for perichondrium + cartilage were 7.5 times higher than collagen allografts (p = 0.07, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.81-69.6). The odds of success for the postauricular (odds ratio [OR] = 6.4) and transcanal approaches (OR = 24.8) were significantly greater than for endaural (p = 0.007 and p = 0.008, respectively). Conclusion In tympanoplasty surgeries performed on patients with TM perforation, we found no statistically significant difference in graft failure rates between collagen allograft and other grafting materials or combinations, though the higher odds ratio of success with cartilage + perichondrium may be clinically relevant.
Using the BRAVO Risk Engine to Predict Cardiovascular Outcomes in Clinical Trials With Sodium–Glucose Transporter 2 Inhibitors

OBJECTIVE This study evaluated the ability of the Building, Relating, Assessing, and Validating Outcomes (BRAVO) risk engine to accurately project cardiovascular outcomes in three major clinical trials—BI 10773 (Empagliflozin) Cardiovascular Outcome Event Trial in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients (EMPA-REG OUTCOME), Canagliflozin Cardiovascular Assessment Study (CANVAS), and Dapagliflozin Effect on Cardiovascular Events–Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (DECLARE-TIMI 58) trial—on sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2is) to treat patients with type 2 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Baseline data from the publications of the three trials were obtained and entered into the BRAVO model to predict cardiovascular outcomes. Projected benefits of reducing risk factors of interest (A1C, systolic blood pressure [SBP], LDL, or BMI) on cardiovascular events were evaluated, and simulated outcomes were compared with those observed in each trial. RESULTS BRAVO achieved the best prediction accuracy when simulating outcomes of the CANVAS and DECLARE-TIMI 58 trials. For the EMPA-REG OUTCOME trial, a mild bias was observed (∼20%) in the prediction of mortality and angina. The effect of risk reduction on outcomes in treatment versus placebo groups predicted by the BRAVO model strongly correlated with the observed effect of risk reduction on the trial outcomes as published. Finally, the BRAVO engine revealed that most of the clinical benefits associated with SGLT2i treatment are through A1C control, although reductions in SBP and BMI explain a proportion of the observed decline in cardiovascular events. CONCLUSIONS The BRAVO risk engine was effective in predicting the benefits of SGLT2is on cardiovascular health through improvements in commonly measured risk factors, including A1C, SBP, and BMI. Since these benefits are individually small, the use of the complex, dynamic BRAVO model is ideal to explain the cardiovascular outcome trial results.
Mass spectrometric analyses of high performance polymers to assess their radiopurity as ultra low background materials for rare event physics detectors

Abstract The mass concentrations of 232Th and 238U in several strong, unfilled, high performance polymers are reported as measures of their radiopurity. Highly radiopure polymers are required as dielectric materials in the construction of rare event physics detectors, in order to minimize background signals arising from the detector materials themselves. New data are reported for carefully sourced samples of polyetheretherketone (PEEK), polyetherketoneketone (PEKK), a polyamide imide (PAI, branded as Torlon) and polybenzimidazole (PBI). Data for solid polyetherimide (PEI) are also discussed and new data for PEI in the form of a commercial 3D printing filament stock are reported. Strong high performance polymers PEKK, PBI, PAI and PEI were found with levels for 232Th and 238U that are below one mBq/kg, including the PEI 3D printing filament. Specifically, for 232Th and 238U respectively, in μ Bq/kg (emphasis “micro”Bq/kg), we found values of 149 and 184 for Arkema Kepstan PEKK 6002 flake; 69 and 2250 for Solvay Ketaspire PEEK flake; 346 and 291 for PBI Performance Products low metals grade 100 mesh PBI powder; 66 and 105 for Drake Plastics PAI Torlon T-4200 pellets; 401 and 285 for Drake Plastics cured PAI rod; 32 and 41 for Ensinger PEI Ultem 1000 solid; and 15 and 85 μ Bq/kg, for ThermaX PEI Ultem 1010 filament material. These results were all obtained using a novel dry ashing method in crucibles constructed of ultra low background (ULB) electroformed copper. Samples were spiked with 229Th and 233U as internal standards prior to ashing and determinations were made by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Radiopurity is displayed graphically relative to numerical measures of mechanical strength for these and several other polymers.
A 112-dB SFDR 89-dB SNDR VCO-Based Sensor Front-End Enabled by Background-Calibrated Differential Pulse Code Modulation

This article presents a high-dynamic-range (DR) voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO)-based front end for sensor readout applications. Unlike conventional VCO-based quantizers, which suffer from large voltage-to-frequency non-linearities, the proposed design leverages differential pulse-code modulation (DPCM) from compression theory to substantially reduce the amplitude of the signal incident to the VCO quantizer, thereby achieving an ultra-low total harmonic distortion (THD) of −112 dB. In addition, background digital gain calibration is employed to overcome gain deviation of the VCO, thus ensuring a robust design. Together with dynamic element matching (DEM), the techniques enable a high DR using only the first-order noise shaping inherent in VCO-based quantizers and a moderate $32\times $ oversampling ratio. Fabricated in 65 nm, the sensor front end consumes 3.2- $\mu \text{W}$ power and achieves an SNDR of 89 dB and a DR of 94 dB in 500 Hz of bandwidth. Together with a 1.18- $\mu \text{V}~_{\text {rms}}$ integrated input-referred noise, it achieves a noise efficiency factor (NEF) of 4 and a Schreier FoM of 171 dB.
Aggregate Consumer Satisfaction: The Telos of Marketing: The Telos of Marketing

The purpose of this article is to propose a general theory of marketing grounded in consumer satisfaction. The article reviews past definitions of marketing and key concepts applicable to the definition of marketing. It suggests that marketing is a discipline that has as its telos the sustainable optimization of aggregate consumer satisfaction.
Providing Effective Mental Health Support for Oncology Health-Care Workers in the COVID-19 Era: Responding Quickly but Carefully

Oncology health-care workers (HCWs) are facing substantial stressors during the current coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, resulting in a wide range of acute stress responses. To appropriately meet the growing mental health needs of HCWs, it is imperative to differentiate expectable stress responses from posttraumatic stress disorder and mental illness, because traditional mental health interventions may pathologize healthy stress reactions and risk retraumatizing HCWs under acute duress. Further, HCWs are experiencing protracted forms of acute stress as the pandemic continues, including moral injury, and require mental health interventions that are flexible and can adapt as the acuity of stressors changes. Previously developed frameworks to support people experiencing acute stress, such as Psychological First Aid, are particularly relevant for HCWs in the ongoing pandemic. Acute stress interventions like Psychological First Aid are guided by the Stress Continuum Model, which conceptualizes stress reactions on a continuum, from a zone of normal readiness and expectable consequences to a zone of more persistent and extreme reactions such as posttraumatic stress disorder and major depression. Key principles of the Stress Continuum Model include the expectation that emotional reactivity does not lead to psychiatric problems, that interventions need to be appropriately targeted to symptoms along the stress continuum, and that people will return to normal recovery. Various core actions to reduce acute stress include delivering practical assistance, reducing arousal, mobilizing support, and providing targeted collaborative services. This nonpathologizing approach offers a valuable framework for delivering both individual and organizational-level interventions during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic.
Mine, yours, ours: archival custody from transaction to narrative

This essay explores the archival principle of custody focusing on its evolution beyond post-custodialism. It argues that custody, while its outer trappings and shape may change, remains firmly rooted in the bedrock upon which archival theory and practice has been built. Considering many aspects of custody including stewardship and participatory custody, it introduces the concept of the 3Cs—custody, care and control—as a working model and advocates a new model going forward.
A comparative study of multiple instance learning methods for cancer detection using T-cell receptor sequences

As a branch of machine learning, multiple instance learning (MIL) learns from a collection of labeled bags, each containing a set of instances. The learning process is weakly supervised due to ambiguous instance labels. Since its emergence, MIL has been applied to solve various problems including content-based image retrieval, object tracking/detection, and computer-aided diagnosis. In biomedical research, the use of MIL has been focused on medical image analysis and molecule activity prediction. We review and apply 16 methods to investigate the applicability of MIL to a novel biomedical application, cancer detection using T-cell receptor (TCR) sequences. This important application can be a viable approach for large-scale cancer screening, as TCRs can be easily profiled from a subject's peripheral blood. We consider two feasible data-generating mechanisms, and for the purpose of performance evaluation, we simulate data under each mechanism, where we vary potentially important factors to mimic realistic situations. We also apply the methods to sequencing data of ten cancer types from The Cancer Genome Atlas, as an early proof of concept for distinguishing tumor patients from healthy individuals via TCR sequencing of peripheral blood. We find that given an appropriate MIL method is used, satisfactory performance with Area Under the Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve above 80% can be achieved for five in the ten cancers. Based on our numerical results, we make suggestions about selection of a proper method and avoidance of any method with poor performance. We further point out directions of future research as well as identify a pressing need of new MIL methodologies for improved performance (for some cancer types) and more explainable outcomes.
Moderating impact of narcissism on the link between contextual variables and perceptions of fairness

Abstract The present study explores how the personality variable, grandiose narcissism, moderates an individual's fairness perceptions when presented with situations involving different contextual variables (outcome severity and target knowledge). In two studies, individuals were presented with scenarios common to everyday life and asked to rate their perception of the outcome. Results indicate that fairness perceptions for individuals who score higher on the Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPI) are lower when the outcome was severe and when the referent involved had knowledge of the situation. However, lower fairness perceptions were not seen for these outcomes for individuals who score lower on the NPI. The consequences of how narcissism may moderate perceptions of fairness in specific contextual situations are discussed with suggestions for future studies.
P92 Needs Assessment for a Mobile Text Messaging Intervention for SNAP-Eligible Adults

Background Mobile text messaging intervention is a promising method for improving health promotion and behavior change. Little is known about feasibility and strategies for text messaging interventions targeted to low-income adults. Objective The objective of this study was to explore opinions about feasibility, tone, and content for the development of a texting campaign for Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program Education (SNAP-Ed) eligible adults to encourage drinking more water and drinking less sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs). Study Design, Setting, Participants A qualitative research design was used to elicit the opinions of SNAP-Ed eligible individuals living in the state of Georgia. Using a convenience sample, 13 former SNAP-Ed direct education participants (84.6% female, 69.2% African American) were recruited by text message and email and participated in 4 focus groups and 1 in-depth interview through Zoom. Interviews focused on participants’ texting behavior, current beverage consumption, and proposed content of text messages. Measurable Outcome/ Analysis Focus group interviews were digitally recorded, transcribed verbatim, and coded to establish emergent themes using constant comparative method and Atlas.ti. Results Participants indicated text messaging would be an affordable, desirable, and comfortable way to receive information about nutrition and health. Participants expressed a desire to increase water consumption for themselves due to existing health concerns and wanted to reduce the number of SSBs they drank per day, despite currently drinking SSBs daily. The price and taste of water and unsweetened beverages were reported as the most common barriers to making healthier drink choices. Participants preferred content relevant to their lives (including health issues and abilities), and desired opportunities to build upon their previous knowledge with action-oriented, interactive, and engaging text messages. Conclusion Text messaging is a feasible method to provide nutrition education to SNAP-Ed eligible adults. The findings from this study will inform and guide a new University of Georgia SNAP-Ed text messaging intervention
Orphan Genes Find a Home: Interspecific Competition and Gene Network Evolution.

Conservation of gene and protein sequence, and, therefore, conservation of the resulting molecular interactions that mediate biological processes, is foundational to our understanding of biology. This conservation allows discovery in one organism, such as worms or mice, to inform our understanding of the biology in another organism, such as humans. However, there is emerging recognition that many biological processes involve important non-conserved elements, and that de novo gene birth provides an important mechanism for functional evolution [1–3]. Understanding how these novel elements incorporate into gene regulatory networks and alter the network architecture is an important area for theoretical research [4–5], but few experimental examples have been described.
Schrodinger Eigenmaps for spectral target detection

Spectral imagery such as multispectral and hyperspectral data could be seen as a set of panchromatic images stacked as a 3d cube, with two spatial dimensions and one spectral. For hyperspectral imagery, the spectral dimension is highly sampled, which implies redundant information and a high spectral dimensionality. Therefore, it is necessary to use transformations on the data not only to reduce processing costs, but also to reveal some features or characteristics of the data that were hidden in the original space. Schrodinger Eigenmaps (SE) is a novel mathematical method for non-linear representation of a data set that attempts to preserve the local structure while the spectral dimension is reduced. SE could be seen as an extension of Laplacian Eigenmaps (LE), where the diffusion process could be steered in certain directions determined by a potential term. SE was initially introduced as a semi supervised classification technique and most recently, it has been applied to target detection showing promising performance. In target detection, only the barrier potential has been used, so different forms to define barrier potentials and its influence on the data embedding are studied here. In this way, an experiment to assess the target detection vs. how strong the influence of potentials is and how many eigenmaps are used in the detection, is proposed. The target detection is performed using a hyperspectral data set, where several targets with different complexity are presented in the same scene.
An adaptive instructional architecture for training and education

Office of Naval Research (ONR) initiatives such as Human Performance Training and Education (HPT&E) as well as Virtual Technologies and Environments (VIRTE) have primarily focused on developing the strategies and technologies for creating multimodal reality or simulation based content. Resulting state-of-the-art training and education prototype simulators still rely heavily on instructors to interpret performance data, and adapt instruction via scenario generation, mitigations, feedback and after action review tools. Further research is required to fully close the loop and provide automated, adaptive instruction in these learning environments. To meet this goal, an ONR funded initiative focusing on the Training and Education arm of the HPT&E program will address the processes and components required to deliver these capabilities in the form of an Adaptive Instructional Architecture (AIA). An overview of the AIA as it applies to Marine Corps Warfighter training protocols is given as well as the theoretical foundations supporting it.
Social Transformations and West African Forms of Slavery

In Benedetta Rossi’s Reconfiguring Slavery: West African Trajectories, “trajectories” reconfiguring slavery refers to the ways in which traditional forms of slavery have left their imprint on the present and does not include completely new forms of subjugation, exploitation, or enslavement, such as child labor, prostitution, elite capture, or international domination by states or corporations. This stimulating collection for West African scholars provides an abundance of examples of the transformations in traditional forms of slavery covering the range of possibilities, from formerly subjugated groups that now have the upper hand over their former masters to situations where traditional forms of symbolic and financial domination still prevail. Rossi defines the book’s focus as categorical slavery in contradistinction to metaphorical slavery, the latter being the extension of the general idea of a hierarchical and exploitative relation to other situations lacking any historical roots in traditional categories of master and slave. Nevertheless, one chapter (by Alice Bellagamba) provides an interesting look at modern metaphors of slavery (e.g., a discourse on civil servants as slaves in the Gambia) and another (by Tom McCaskie) deals with African American claims to pan-African cultural ties to the Egyptian concept of Maat. Reconfiguring Slavery has an introduction and chapter by Rossi, as well as chapters by eight other authors: Martin A. Klein, McCaskie, Bellagamba, Jean Schmitz, Christine Hardung, Olivier Leservoisier, Eric Hahonou, and Philip Burnham. It examines historical trajectories in West Africa in general (Klein), Ghana (McCaskie), Gambia (Bellagamba), the Senegal River Valley and Dakar (Schmitz), Benin (Hardung), Mauritania Halpulaaren society (Leservoisier), Niger and Benin (Hohonou), Niger (Rossi), and Cameroon and Trinidad (Burnham). Rossi notes that slavery is both many things to many people and problematic to define, yet she opts, nevertheless, for a definition based on the lowest common denominator: “Slavery refers to the individual or communal ownership of an-
Homocitric acid accumulation by a lysine-requiring yeast mutant.

Abstract The accumulation of β-carboxy-β-hydroxyadipic acid (homocitric acid) in the culture medium of the lysine-requiring yeast mutant, Ly4, grown on limiting amounts of lysine, has been demonstrated. Identity of the biologically formed acid with synthetic homocitric acid was established by comparison of infrared spectra, Rf values from paper chromatograms, optical rotations, and melting points. Radioactively labeled homocitric acid was obtained from the mutant grown on uniformly labeled 14C-glucose, as well as by incubation of a cell-free extract of the organism with 1-14C-acetate and α-ketoglutarate. Radioactive lysine was obtained from the hydrolysate of wild-type yeast grown in the presence of 14C-labeled homocitrate. The excretion of homocitric acid by a lysine-requiring yeast mutant and its conversion into lysine convincingly establish the biosynthesis of lysine in yeast via the previously proposed scheme involving homologues of the citric acid cycle.