cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hash Vine: A New Hash Structure for Scalable Generation of Hierarchical Hash Codes

In this paper, we present a new idea of multidimensional and multi-layered hash structure (Hash Vine) that can be used to fast generate the hierarchical hash codes for structures of arbitrary shape/size. The hash codes generated by Hash Vine can be used for many different purposes such as product/package authentication in the supply chain, identity/access right authentication of an individual in a hierarchical organization, and for the security of any multi-layered hierarchical big data. The Hash Vine can generate the hash codes very efficiently, yet effectively to make it simple and smooth to generate organic hash codes that can be used as seed codes for various hash chains at big scale. The computational results confirm that our algorithm can generate effective hash codes by showing that each generated hash code under the same root seed code can generate a significantly long hash chain with a negligible rate of collision between the hash codes under the same root seed code. The algorithmic analysis proves that our algorithm requires the minimal computational complexity.
Contemporary Management of Urinary Incontinence

Urinary incontinence is a highly prevalent condition resulting in a significant impact on quality of life. It can be stratified into urgency incontinence, stress incontinence and mixed incontinence. Over time, many treatment options have developed for management of these symptoms. The focus of this chapter is to briefly review the diagnosis, history of treatment and current contemporary treatment options for the management of urinary incontinence.
Adult sex estimation from cranial morphological traits

Abstract Although the pelvis is documented to be the most reliable skeletal region for sex estimation, most forensic and biological anthropologists will also rely on the examination of skull traits to supplement pelvic indicators or in cases where the pelvis may not be available for analysis or displays ambiguous signals. This chapter provides a brief history of sex estimation from cranial features. It then focuses on the five cranial traits proposed by Walker (2008) and what subsequent studies have found regarding the reliability in scoring those traits, as well as what factors may be influencing trait expressions. A summary of validation studies that tested Walker's (2008) sex estimation equations, as well as an overview of other published methods utilizing trait scores, is provided. Finally, proposed methods of quantifying cranial traits are presented and discussed in terms of advantages and disadvantages in the field at present.
An improved description of creep in dispersion-strengthened metals

Abstract An improved model based on thermally activated dislocation glide is proposed to describe the dislocation detachment-controlled creep of extruded and annealed GlidCop Al-15 and extruded GlidCop Al-60 at 973 K as well as the threshold behavior observed at lower stresses. Unlike the customary analysis using the Rosler-Arzt approach, both steady-state and strain-transient stress reduction creep tests were performed to obtain the activation energies and the obstacle strengths for creep. In contrast to pure copper, the constant-structure creep rates of GlidCop were greater than the subsequent steady-state creep rates in all tests. This result supports the concept that dislocation detachment from particles, rather than dislocation-dislocation interactions, is rate-controlling. In addition, the constant-structure creep rates at the same reduced stresses were found to be greater at higher initial stresses. This observation is interpreted as evidence that a forward internal stress arising from inter-dislocation interactions near the particles acts on the ready-to-detach dislocations and scales with the initial stress. This forward stress and an explicit treatment of the stress dependence of mobile dislocation density were incorporated in the improved model. Furthermore, the operational activation area for dislocation glide was determined at constant temperature and structure, and the values are consistent with the interparticle distances multiplied by the Burgers vector, which further supports the interpretation of detachment controlled glide. Finally, the true threshold stress for creep is modeled as originating from thermodynamic back jumps of just-detached dislocations due to the attractive nature of the particle/matrix interface.
Hierarchical Coded Gradient Aggregation for Learning at the Edge

Client devices at the edge are generating increasingly large amounts of rich data suitable for learning powerful statistical models. However, privacy concerns and heavy communication load make it infeasible to move the client data to a centralized location for training. In many distributed learning setups, client nodes carry out gradient computations on their local data while the central master server receives the local gradients and aggregates them to take the global model update step. To guarantee robustness against straggling communication links, we consider a hierarchical setup with n e clients and n h reliable helper nodes that are available to aid in gradient aggregation at the master. To achieve resiliency against straggling client-to-helpers links, we propose two approaches leveraging coded redundancy. First is the Aligned Repetition Coding (ARC) that repeats gradient components on the helper links, allowing significant partial aggregations at the helpers, resulting in a helpers-to-master communication load (C HM ) of ${\mathcal{O}}\left( {{n_h}} \right)$. ARC however results in a client-to-helpers communication load (C EH ) of Θ(n h ), which is prohibitive for client nodes due to limited and costly bandwidth. We thus propose Aligned Minimum Distance Separable Coding (AMC) that achieves optimal C EH of Θ(1) for a given resiliency threshold by using MDS code over the gradient components, while achieving a C HM of ${\mathcal{O}}\left( {{n_e}} \right)$.
Studies in Jewish Education: The Oral and the Textual in Jewish Tradition and Jewish Education: Jonathan Cohen (editor), Matt Goldish and Barry Holtz (co-editors), (Magnes Press, Jerusalem, Israel, 2019), 286 pp. ISBN 978-965-7008-23-2

For those of us immersed in Jewish education and Jewish communal life more generally, the phrase “Jewish texts” (or sometimes “Jewish text,” where the singular collective noun signifies a category ...
The Metabolic Syndrome

Metabolic syndrome is the designation given to a clustering of interrelated metabolic factors that increase the future risk of the development of diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease. Intraabdominal or visceral obesity appears to be the underlying component of the syndrome that leads to the development of an atherogenic dyslipidemia, endothelial dysfunction and hypertension, insulin resistance, a prothrombotic, and a proinflammatory state. The risk attributed to the metabolic syndrome is likely due to the sum of its individual components. As such, the designation of the metabolic syndrome is an easy and convenient way of characterizing individuals who may be at increased risk for developing diabetes and cardiovascular disease.
Equity Leadership for English Learners During COVID-19: Early Lessons

This article provides the findings of an exploratory, qualitative study on distance learning policies and practices from a purposeful sample of five California school districts and 25 district and school leaders with large numbers and/or larger percentages of current or former English Learners. To understand the extent to which leaders address English Learners’/Emergent Bilinguals’ (EL/EM) needs during the pandemic, we posed the following research question: What are leaders’ local policies and practices in designing and implementing distance learning to promote equity for English Learners? We gathered three key district policy documents across three moments during the pandemic: (1) COVID-19 Operations Written Reports (Spring 2020), (2) School Reopening Plans (Summer 2020), and (3) Learning Continuity and Attendance Plans (Fall 2020). We also conducted interviews and triangulated data sources using grounded theory to analyze and understand how equity is framed and implemented. Data triangulation and iterative rounds of coding allowed us to identify three inter-related findings: (1) leading in the crisis of connectivity and bridging the digital divide;(2) maximizing diverse ELs’ learning experiences;and, (3) building from collaborative leadership cultures to collaborative virtual leadership cultures. Using these key findings, we conceptualized the framework for equity leadership for English Learners to address the needs of this underserved population. We conclude with a call for further examination, in both leadership preparation as well as in policy implementation research. © Copyright © 2021 Lavadenz, Kaminski, Armas and Lopez.
The Language of Contention: Revolutions in Words, 1688–2012

This book examines the relations between the material and political bases of contentious politics and the construction, diffusion and endurance of contentious language. Beginning with the language of revolution developed from the seventeenth to the nineteenth centuries, it examines contentious language at work, in gender and race relations and in nationalist and ethnic movements. It closes with an examination of emotions in contentious politics, reflecting on the changes in political language since 9/11 and assessing the impact of religion and recent innovations in electronic communication on the language of politics.
Enhancement of adult dorsal root regeneration by embryonic spinal cord transplants.

Publisher Summary Regeneration appears to depend on an interaction between the injured axon's intrinsic capacity to regrow and the environment in which the regrowth must occur. This chapter describes and shows that regeneration occurs and that calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-containing axons are among those that regenerate. Exposed to the same type of graft, populations of neurons differ in their regenerative capacity, suggesting that some central neurons may be extremely limited in their ability to regrow or that the conditions necessary to elicit their growth are not provided by the usual grafts. The dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons are classified into subgroups based on criteria, such as size and immunocytochemical staining characteristics, and may differ in their capacity to regenerate, or in the vigor of their response to the conducive environment, or the stimulation provided by a transplant. The chapter shows using a marker specific for a population of small- and medium-sized DRG neurons that dorsal root cells immunoreactive for CGRP are among those, which regenerate into transplants.
Weak interactions of ultra heavy fermions (II)

Abstract We discuss the weak interactions of ultra heavy fermions at low and high energy in the SU(2)L × U(1) gauge theory. Using partial-wave unitarity at high energy we establish critical fermion mass values beyond which strong couplings occur in the theory and the perturbation expansion fails. The critical masses are ( 500 √N ) GeV for quarks and ( 1.0 √N ) TeV for leptons, where N is the number of nearly degenerate SU(2)L doublets of quarks and leptons respectively. At low energies, far below their production threshold, we show that ultra heavy fermions would induce large, observable one-loop radiative corrections. One of these corrections (obtained also by Veltman) implies, using present experimental data, an upper limit of ∼700 GeV for a heavy lepton in an SU(2)L doublet with a massless neutrino.
A role for anticipation in reactive systems that learn

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews the role of anticipation in reactive learning systems. Most work in intelligent robotics can be characterized as focusing either on rote behavior or thought behavior. During plan generation, the system reasons about the world to construct a plan that is followed during execution. Reactive systems focus on rote decisions and knowing what to do. Instead of relying on costly symbolic reasoning, reactive systems depend on precompiled knowledge about the way to behave in particular situations. Reactive systems rely on efficiently organized built in knowledge to obtain their performance. Plan-based controllers and reactive controllers represent endpoints on a spectrum, and for the most part, their respective architectures are quite dissimilar. More work is needed to explore the middle ground, and develop models capable of both reactive behavior and reasoning activity. Incremental learning systems in general, and systems using temporal difference methods in particular, are characterized by slow learning rates. Also, these systems typically learn by participating in their environments and receiving reinforcement commensurate with the appropriateness of their behavior.
Optimizing Queries with Object Updates

Object-oriented databases (OODBs) provide powerful data abstractions and modeling facilities but they usually lack a suitable framework for query processing and optimization. Even though there is an increasing number of recent proposals on OODB query optimization, only few of them are actually focused on query optimization in the presence of object identity and destructive updates, features often supported by most realistic OODB languages. This paper presents a formal framework for optimizing object-oriented queries in the presence of side effects. These queries may contain object updates at any place and in any form. We present a language extension to the monoid comprehension calculus to express these object-oriented features and we give a formal meaning to these extensions. Our method is based on denotational semantics, which is often used to give a formal meaning to imperative programming languages. The semantics of our language extensions is expressed in terms of our monoid calculus, without the need of any fundamental change to our basic framework. Our method not only maintains referential transparency, which allows us to do meaningful query optimization, but it is also practical for optimizing OODB queries since it allows the same optimization techniques applied to regular queries to be used with minimal changes for OODB queries with updates.
Privacy and proportionality

Over the past several years, the press, trade publications and academic literature have reported with increasing frequency on the social concerns caused by ubiquitous computing---Information Technology (IT) embedded in artifacts, infrastructure and environments of daily life. Designers and researchers of ubiquitous computing (ubicomp) technologies have spent considerable efforts to address these concerns, which include privacy and data protection issues, information security and personal safety. Yet, designing successful ubicomp applications is still an unreliable and expensive endeavor, in part due to imperfect understanding of how technology is appropriated, the lack of effective design tools and the challenges of prototyping these applications in realistic conditions. I introduce the concept of proportionality as a principle able to guide design of ubiquitous computing applications and specifically to attack privacy and security issues. Inspired by the principle, I propose a design process framework that assists the practitioner in making reasoned and documented design choices throughout the development process. I validate the design process framework through a quantitative design experiment vis-a-vis other design methods. Furthermore, I present several case studies and evaluations to demonstrate the design method's effectiveness and generality. I claim that the design method helps to identify some of the obstacles to the acceptance of ubiquitous computing applications and to translate security and privacy concerns into research questions in the design process. I further discuss some of the inquiry and validation techniques that are appropriate to answer these questions.
Book Review: Janaki Nair, Mysore Modern: Rethinking the Region under Princely Rule and Aya Ikegame, Princely India Re-imagined: A Historical Anthropology of Mysore from 1799 to the Present:

Janaki Nair, Mysore Modern: Rethinking the Region under Princely Rule, New Delhi: Orient BlackSwan, 2012, pp. 372.Aya Ikegame, Princely India Re-imagined: A Historical Anthropology of Mysore from 1799 to the Present, India: Routledge, 2013, pp. 232.
Use of a Torque-Range-of-Motion device for objective differentiation of diabetic from normal feet in adults.

Background: The ability of the foot and ankle complex to act as an energy absorber is reflected in its viscoelastic properties. The Torque-Range-of-Motion (TROM) device was designed to provide an e...
Perianal streptococcal cellulitis

REFERENCES I. Committee on Infectious Diseases: Pediatrics 1984;74:301302 2. Michaels RH, Norden CW: Phm'yngeal colonization with Haemophilus inftuenzae type b: a longitudinal study of families with a child with meningitis or epiglottitis due to H. influenzae type b. J Infect Dis 1977;136:222-228 3. Shapiro ED: Persistent pharyngeal colonization with Haemophilus influenzae type b after intravenous chloramphenicol therapy. Pediatrics 1981;67:435-437 4. Barton LL, Granoff DM, Barenkalnp S J: Nosocomial spread of Haemophilus influenzae type b infection documented by outer membrane protein subtype analysis. J PEDIATR 1983;102:820-824 5. Kilian M, Sorensen I, Frederiksen W: Biochemical characteristics of I30 recent isolates from Haemophilus influenzae meningitis. J Clin Microbiol 1979;9:409-412 6. Barenkamp S J, Munson RS, Granoff DM: Subtyping isolates of Haemophilus influenzae type b by outer membrane protein profiles. J Infect Dis 1981;143:668-676 7. Edmonson MB, Granoff DM, Barenkamp S J, Chesney P J: Outer membrane protein subtypes and investigation of recurrent Haemophilus influenzae type b disease. J PEDJATR 1982;100:202-208 8. Glode MP, Schiffer MS, Robbins JB, et al: An outbreak of ttaemophilus influenzae type b meningitis jn an enclosed hospital population. J PEDIATR 1976;88:36-40 9. Michaels RH, Poziviak CS, Stonebraker FE, Norden CW: Factors affecting pharyngeal Haemophilus influenza type b colonization rates in children. J Clin Microbiol 1976;4:413417
What Is Unique About Mechanochemical Reactions

Mechanochemical reactions can provide compounds, phases, and microstructures that are essentially di erent from the products of ordinary reactions. In this paper, the origin of this uniqueness is discussed in light of the recent advances of the eld. It is claimed that the local availability of large batches of energy, well above kT , is the key feature of mechanochemical reactions. As a consequence, reactions that cannot occur thermally become possible, similarly to the reactions induced by the energy of photons in photochemistry. However, the situation is more complex, as macroscopic deformation a ects many defect sites simultaneously. The direction of the mechanical load relative to the orientation of a molecule or the crystallographic axes of a solid can be important. Many mechanochemical reactions of organic compounds take place at low milling energy that is not su cient to break primary bonds, but the gentle mechanical grinding can in uence the relative position of macromolecules, leading to the formation of unique cocrystals and compounds. In inorganic systems, unusual products form due to forced mixing and the high defect density generated by intense milling.
SYNTHESIS OF SOME 3-HYDROXY-5-PYRIDYLPYRROLE DERIVATIVES

Ethyl sarcosinate adds to 2, −3- and 4-pyridylmethylidenemalonates to produce the Michael adducts, which can be conveniently cyclized to oxopyrrolidine diesters under Dieckmann conditions. Mild oxidation converted the crude adducts to the isomeric 1-methyl-3-hydroxy-5-pyridylpyrrole-2,4-dicarboxylates. Addition of ethyl glycinate to ethyl picolinoylacetate or ethyl nicotinoylacetate produced the corresponding enaminoesters, but these azadiesters were not cyclized under the usual Dieckmann conditions.
Chronic haloperidol-induced spatial memory deficits accompany the upregulation of D1 and D2 receptors in the caudate putamen of C57BL/6 mouse

Abstract Aims Haloperidol (HAL) is an antipsychotic drug that has high affinities to the dopamine D 2 , but low affinities to D 1 receptors in the brain. Of brain regions, caudate putamen (CP) has the highest levels of the D 1 and D 2 receptors. In this study we evaluated the spatial memory of C57BL/6 mice following chronic administration of HAL and measured levels of D 1 and D 2 receptors in specific brain regions, with the hypothesis that the D 1 and D 2 receptors in CP are important players in spatial memory function of the brain. Main methods C57BL/6 mice received daily intraperitoneal injections of saline or HAL at 1.0 or 2.0 mg/kg/day for 3 or 6 weeks. Two days after the last injection, spontaneous alternation of mice in a Y-maze was evaluated to measure their exploratory behavior and spatial working memory. The Morris water maze test was performed to measure their spatial learning and memory. D 1 and D 2 receptors in specific brain regions were measured by Western-blot analysis. Key findings HAL treatment for 6 weeks decreased the spontaneous alternation of mice in Y-maze, altered the acquisition process and impaired spatial memory in Morris water maze. The same treatment increased levels of D 1 and D 2 receptors in CP and up-regulated D 2 receptors in the hippocampus, but did not change the receptors in the prefrontal cortex. Significance These results suggest that the D 1 and D 2 receptors in CP are among the main targets of HAL and the receptors in CP play an important role in spatial learning and memory.
Automated test for milk phosphatase.

Abstract A testing procedure for alkaline phosphatase activity in milk was devised with the primary purpose of subjecting to automatic analysis the process of evaluating adequacy of pasteurization. An additional benefit was derived with this test in that measurable phosphatase activity now encompasses the full range from zero to that represented by raw milk. As a consequence, it is now possible to detect with accuracy addition of heated milk to raw milk for the illegal purpose of reducing the overall bacterial count. The test is based upon the principle of measuring phenol released from a substrate by enzyme activity at pH 10.0. Measurement of phenol is accomplished with 4-aminoantipyrine reagent, a standard procedure for phenol in water but has not been used in analyses of milk. Automation is achieved by use of a Technicon AutoAnalyzer. The system measures enzyme activity in 3-ml samples of milk sequentially at the rate of 20 per hour. Processing time for each sample is approximately 35 minutes. Comparison between the results of the automatic method and a manual American Public Health Association standard method is presented.
System of Systems Approach to Maritime Transportation Governance

A systems engineering approach is applied to redefine the maritime transportation system through a holistic perspective. The view presented in this paper allows the identification of constituents of the maritime transportation network along with external factors and constraints that affect the network's operation. The maritime network is considered at a system-of-systems level of abstraction, and a maritime transportation system of systems is defined. On the basis of characteristics of the system of systems and network management theory, a model for governing the maritime transportation system of systems is presented that addresses four key questions of effective governance: (a) What can be influenced? (b) Why is the influence needed? (c) How should the influence be exerted? (d) When is the purpose of influencing served? The model presented serves as a systems foundation for a new paradigm of maritime transportation governance.
Experimental Production of Gastric and Duodenal Ulcers in Dogs in Cinchophen Poisoning

Summary and ConclusionThese experiments have allowed us to inject the drug into the gastro-intestinal tract without passing through the stomach, and should rule out any local toxic effect of cinchophen in the stomach. No ulcers developed in the mucosa of the intestine.Gastric ulcers that are produced in dogs by the injection of cinchophen are not due to a local toxic action on the gastric mucosa.
Photoionization Cross Section of Helium in the 100- to 250-Å Region

The absolute $K$-photoionization cross section of helium has been measured in the region extending from 100 to 250 \AA{} to a precision of 5% or better. Above 250 \AA{}, where the present results overlap with earlier work performed in this laboratory, there is satisfactory agreement and the data have been combined so as to extend the range of measurements by about 8 Ry above the ionization threshold. It has been possible to join these results with a previous observation made at a higher energy (20.3 Ry) so that helium is the only gas other than Ne for which the cross section is known over a large energy range with comparable precision. This information, combined with the outcome of theoretical calculations and with estimates of discrete oscillator strengths, has led to the evaluation of four sum rules. The calculations attest to the reliability of the observations.
Effects of storage on measurements of potential microbial activities in stream fine benthic organic matter.

Sample storage can significantly influence measured microbial activities in stream fine benthic organic matter (FBOM), possibly confounding effects of sample variability and short-term changes in activity. Denitrification potential, acetylene reduction and respiration rates, mineralizable N and extractable ammonium concentrations, and β-glucosidase and phosphatase enzyme activities of FBOM from first-order mountain streams in the western Oregon Cascade Mountains were assayed at various times after collection to determine potential storage effects. Denitrification potential, phosphatase activity, and extractable ammonium remained stable over a minimum of 11 h of storage at 5°C. Mineralizable N concentrations, respiration rates, and β-glucosidase activity all decreased within 12 h of collection. Results varied for acetylene reduction. Once assay conditions were established, denitrification potential and respiration rates were linear with incubation time. Based on paired t-tests, measures of acetylene reduction, denitrification potential, respiration rate, β-glucosidase activity, and phosphatase activity were generally similar at a 1-wk interval within the same stream reaches.
Chronic Pressure Overload Cardiac Hypertrophy and Failure in Guinea Pigs: I. Regional Hemodynamics and Myocyte Remodeling

A chronic pressure overload animal model was created in young guinea pigs by surgical constriction of the descending thoracic aorta. Hemodynamics, echocardiography and myocyte size characterization demonstrated compensated pressure overloaded left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy at 4 weeks (4 wk), and congestive left heart failure 6 months (6 mo) after aortic constriction. Compared to age-matched sham-surgery control groups, the cell length and length/width ratio of isolated LV myocytes were significantly increased at 6 mo but not at 4 wk. LV myocyte lengthening was statistically correlated to an increase in LV chamber dimension and diastolic wall stress at 6 mo. These data demonstrate that myocyte lengthening occurs in mechanical overload-induced congestive heart failure, contributes to LV chamber dilatation, and is associated with increased end-diastolic wall stress. Myocytes of the other three chambers remained morphometrically normal at 4 wk. Hypertrophy of left atrial (LA) and right ventricular and atrial myocytes was evident at 6 mo. Increases in both cell length and cross-sectional area contributed significantly to the hypertrophy in the three chambers. More than 85% of LV myocytes were binucleate and the binucleation remained unchanged in the sham-surgery group from the tested 4 wk to 6 mo time point. LV hypertrophy and failure showed no significant effects on the binucleation of LV myocytes. By contrast, over 96% of LA myocytes were mononucleate. The mononucleate percent of LA myocytes was not appreciably altered during either normal growth or hypertrophy induced by secondary hemodynamic overload due to LV failure.
The mode of inheritance of a defect in lamination in the hippocampus of BALB/c mice.

In BALB/c mice the lamination of the pyramidal cell layer of area CA3c of the hippocampus is abnormal in that early-generated neurons are superficial and late-generated neurons are deep. To determine the mode of inheritance of this strain difference, the laminar distribution of mossy fibers and hippocampal pyramidal cells was examined using the Timm's sulfide silver method in BALB/c C57BL/6 Fl and F2 hybrids, in BALB/cByJ and C57BL/6J mice which were fostered to females of the other strain before receiving their first meal, and in the CXB series of recombinant inbred strains (originally derived using BALB/c and C57BL/6 as progenitor strains). The pattern of hippocampal lamination was classified as “BALB/c-like” if pyramidal cells were present below an iwrapyramidal mossy fiber layer or as “B6-like” if only an infra-pyramidal mossy fiber layer was present. In both male and female CB6F1 and B6CF1 hybrids the distribution of mossy fibers is BALB/c-Iike. In 7 of 9 F2 hybrids the distribution was BALB/c-like a...
Athermal Robotic Technique of prostatectomy in patients with large prostate glands (>75 g): technique and initial results.

OBJECTIVE To report our experience with robotic radical prostatectomy (rRP) for prostate glands of >75 g, as this technique is developing rapidly. PATIENTS AND METHODS Between January 2005 and November 2005, 30 men with prostates of >75 g had rRP. Their clinicopathological and operative data were reviewed. Technical considerations for successful rRP in patients with large glands are discussed, including the importance of surgical exposure and multiple traction sutures. RESULTS The mean (range) specimen weight was 116.1 (75.3–346.0) g, the patient age 65.0 (56–72) years, the body mass index 28.4 (21–41) kg/m2, the preoperative International Prostate Symptom Score 10 (0–32), and the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level 7.54 (1.9–20.1) ng/mL. The clinical stage was T1c in 26 men and T2a in four. The biopsy Gleason scores were 3 + 3 = 6 in 25 men, 3 + 4 = 7 in four and 4 + 3 = 7 in one. The mean (range) estimated blood loss was 208 (100–600) mL and the operative duration 193 (150–270) min. The cancer was organ-confined in all patients and all surgical margins were negative. The mean (range) duration of indwelling catheterization was 12.7 (11–14) days. There were no complications during or after rRP, and the PSA level was undetectable in all patients after surgery. CONCLUSIONS RP for patients with large prostates is technically challenging. The robotic approach does not appear to compromise oncological control. We show the feasibility of rRP for men with large glands.
Uranium-series nuclides in the Golden fault, Colorado, U.S.A.: dating latest fault displacement and measuring recent uptake of radionuclides by fault-zone materials

Abstract Concentrations and isotopic ratios of U, Th and Ra were measured in a fault zone near Golden, Colorado where major displacement occurred between about 190 and 615 ka. Faulting created new surfaces for leaching and provided the pathways for U-rich ground water. Uranium and230Th, the latter produced by the decay of dissolved234U, are adsorbed by fault gouge, hematite-stained sand and brecciated sand- and claystones. The observed U enrichment is as much as six times baseline value and the simultaneous enrichment of230Th is estimated at about ninefold relative to238U. The adsorption of radionuclides chemically analogous to Th, such as Pu (IV) and Np, and237Np decay products, on fault-zone materials would contribute to the immobilization of high-level radioactive waste in the vicinity of a repository in the event of leakage from engineered barriers into fractured rock-mass.
Psychosocial processes of recovery among alcoholics and their families: Implications for clinicians and program evaluations☆

This paper provides an overview of a program of research that has focused on the role of extratreatment factors in the process of recovery and relapse among treated alcoholic patients and their families. Consistent with a systems perspective, patients who controlled their drinking showed improvements in nondrinking aspects of their functioning and members of their families showed improved adjustment as well. Moreover, the posttreatment functioning of these recovered families was comparable to that of a matched nonalcoholic community group. In contrast, relapsed alcoholics and their family members suffered from multidimensional impairments. Extratreatment factors such as environmental stressors, coping responses, and social resources had as much influence on the recovery process as did patients' treatment experiences. New procedures to assess these extratreatment factors are described and methods by which clinicians and researchers can use the resulting information to improve treatment outcome and the specificity of program evaluations are discussed.
Digital frame averaging and dark mapping for a video-based underwater imaging spectrometer system

A solid-state video camera is used as the focal plane detector in an underwater spectrometer system to acquire multiple spectra simultaneously within the water column. Signal-to-noise enhancement of the spectra is accomplished by use of a combination of frame averaging and dark field mapping so that the dynamic range of the individual frame can be increased from ∼7 bits to >13.5 bits. This method also removes the need for shuttering to determine the dark background or device cooling to reduce the dark current noise. The dark mapping algorithm is shown to be valid over a range of device temperatures so that the detector can vary freely with the ambient water temperature without loss in mapping accuracy. Despite observation times that can be up to an order of magnitude greater than cooled devices, the use of frame averaging and dark mapping eliminates the need for additional detector cooldown time and can provide a smaller, simpler, more power efficient, and robust design.
Moyamoya-induced paroxysmal dyskinesia.

Moyamoya disease (MMD) is an uncommon intracranial vasculopathy that typically presents with ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke. Persistent choreoathetosis has been identified as a rare early manifestation of MMD. We present 2 patients with paroxysmal dyskinesia as the initial symptom of MMD, one resembling paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia (PKD) and the other paroxysmal non-kinesigenic dyskinesia (PNKD). We also review the cases of moyamoya-induced chorea reported previously, none of which resembled PKD or PNKD. We hypothesize that both hormonal and ischemic factors may be implicated in the pathogenesis of these abnormal involuntary movements. These cases suggest that MMD should be included in the differential diagnosis of PKD and PNKD.
Sex‐ratio variation among Arisaema species with different patterns of gender diphasy

Arisaema species exhibit gender diphasy, or sex change, where individual plants produce either male, monoecious or female inflorescences depending on their size. Three basic sex-change patterns have been described in Arisaema. Type I species change between male and monoecious phases, type II species change between male, monoecious and female phases, while type III species change between male and female phases. Theoretical models suggest that sex ratios should be biased toward males, the sex with the lowest cost of reproduction. The goal of this study was to examine sex-ratio variation among Arisaema species that differ in sex-change patterns. Data from an extensive literature review, consisting of all available studies reporting Arisaema sex ratios, were combined with data from extensive field surveys of Arisaema dracontium and Arisaema triphyllum in southern Indiana, USA. This data set contains nearly 30 000 plants from 12 species. All species conformed to either the type I or type III pattern of sex change. There was little evidence for a distinct type II pattern of sex change, given that plants with monoecious inflorescences were rare relative to plants with pistillate inflorescences. The mean sex ratio in type I species (79.9% male) was significantly greater than in type III species (63.7% male). The data are consistent with the prediction that type I species are likely to have greater costs associated with female reproduction. We suggest that all Arisaema species have similar patterns of floral development, but differ in their ontogenetic patterns for male and female flowering.
Interocular transfer and type of motivation.

Sechzer (1) found that considerable interocular transfer occurred in split-brained cats under shock but not hunger-motivation. In contrast, Sheridan (2) found little or no interocular transfer in callosum-sectioned albino rats under shock motivation. There appear to be no studies of interocular transfer in rodents using both types of motivation. In the present experiment, 27 male Sprague-Dawley albino tars were given sectioning of the corpus callosum, then tested for interocular transfer of a discrimination of horizontal vs vertical stripes. The method was essentially that of Sheridan (2). Subjects were divided into three groups. Five subjects were trained under minimal shock, 6 were fooddeprived and trained with the largest amount of incentive of wet mash compatible with comp!etion of 12 trials per day, and 6 were run with the smallest incentive of wet mash compatible with completion of the trials. Overlap across groups in various measures of interocular transfer was virtually complete. For example, means and SDs of percentages correct for the first day of the second-eye training were as follows: Shock = 66.2. 15.8; Large Food = 67.8, 14.3; Small Food = 69.3, 15.4. Similar degrees of overlap were found for the measures of trials to criterion, errors to criterion, and percentage transfer. Since differences between groups were unreliable, scores for the groups were pooled and tests made for completeness of interocular transfer. These indicated that transfer was incomplete, though some savings occurred. For example, reliably more errors were taken to reach criterion with the second eye than ro reach the second criterion via the first eye (binomial p = ,002, two-tailed), whereas reliably fewer errors were den to reach criterion via the second eye than on original acquisition (binomial p = .006, two-tailed). These findings are consistent with previous reports on interocular transfer in rats (Z), and their reliability suggests that failure to detect influence of motivational type was not due to insensitivity of the procedure. It appears that the influence of type of motivation reported by Sechzer for cats is not found in rats.
Experimental and Modeling Studies of Permanent Strains of Subgrade Soils

Mechanistic-empirical pavement design guide for flexible pavements as per the AASHTO design guide requires characterization of subgrade soils using the resilient modulus ( MR ) property. This prope...
Radiation Response of "Clonogenic" Tumor Cell Release from NFSA2ALM1 Tumors

A newly developed "clonogenic" tumor cell release assay was applied to a transplantable spontaneous mouse fibrosarcoma, NFSA2ALM1, growing in the leg. The tumors 32 days after transplantation ( $3400\ {\rm mm}^{3}$ ) released 36 "clonogenic" tumor cells per hour into the blood circulation. After irradiation of the leg tumors, the "clonogenic" tumor cell release rate declined in 1 day to a minimum, and remained low during the following several days. The dose-response curve for the "clonogenic" tumor cell release determined 1 day after local irradiation of the tumors showed a D0 of 3.8 Gy.
Effects of nitro-functionalization on the gas adsorption properties of isoreticular metal-organic framework-eight (IRMOF-8)

Abstract A study was done to determine the effects of nitro-functionalization on the gas sorption properties of IRMOF-8. The IRMOF-8 and IRMOF-8-NO 2 were prepared by a rapid solvothermal method. BET isotherm analysis showed that nitro-functionalization of IRMOF-8 caused the surface area to decrease from 1599 to 832 m 2 /g while the pore volume decreased from 0.639 to 0.322 cm 3 /g. However, these large decreases in surface area and pore volume did not result in a proportionate decrease in gas sorption capability. For example, the IRMOF-8 adsorbed 3.2 wt% hydrogen while IRMOF-8-NO 2 adsorbed 2.2 wt% hydrogen. This is a relatively small reduction in hydrogen adsorption (∼30%) compared to the large decrease in surface areas (∼50%). The amounts of methane and carbon dioxide adsorbed by the IRMOF-8-NO 2 were also disproportionately high. A sticking factor (defined as the percent gas adsorbed per m 2 of surface area per gram) was determined for the adsorption of each gas on the two MOFs at various temperatures. In all cases, the sticking factors for gases adsorbed on the IRMOF-8-NO 2 were greater than those for gas adsorbed on the IRMOF-8. Enthalpies were also measured for the adsorption of each gas on the two MOFs at various temperatures. It was found that, in all cases, the enthalpies for gas adsorption on IRMOF-8-NO 2 were greater than those for IRMOF-8. Thus it appears that nitro-functionalization strengthens the bonding of the gases to the surface thus resulting in greater sticking efficiency and larger than expected gas adsorption.
Acute Myocarditis and Left Ventricular Aneurysm as Presentations of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

A case of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) associated with fever, heart failure, and left ventricular (LV) aneurysm is reported. A diagnosis of SLE was suspected owing to the presence of active lymphocytic myocarditis and fibrinous endocarditis at LV endomyocardial biopsy and was confirmed by identification of 4 of the 11 criteria proposed by the American Rheumatism Association for the definition of SLE. A 2-month period of steroid therapy was followed by a remarkable recovery of LV function and progression of endomyocarditis to a healed phase at control LV biopsy. The LV aneurysm disappeared, likely because thrombosis occurred as a result of the hypercoagulable state accompanying the presence of anticardiolipin antibodies. This is the first reported case of LV aneurysm induced by SLE and is a rare clinicohistologic documentation of the effectiveness of steroid treatment on lupus endomyocarditis.
Problems in formal temporal reasoning

Abstract Ever since its introduction by McCarthy and Hayes in 1969, the so-called frame problem has been the object of much fascination and debate. Although it was defined in the narrow context of the situation calculus, a specific temporal formalism, it was clear from the start that it is in fact a manifestation of some fundamental problem in temporal reasoning. Our aim in this informal paper is to identify the general form of certain classes of problems that arise in formal temporal reasoning. We argue that problems such as the frame problem arise from the conflicting desires to reason both rigorously and efficiently about the future. This conflict does not depend on the particular underlying temporal formalism. In particular, we identify two formalism-independent problems, called the qualification problem and the extended prediction problem, which subsume the frame problem. To illustrate the fact that these problems are indeed inherent to the prediction task and not to a particular formalism, we show that they arise in two distinct frameworks: classical mechanics, and Hayes' histories notation.
Immunochemical analysis of myosin heavy chains in the developing chicken heart

Monoclonal antibodies (McAb) against myosin from the pectoralis muscle of the adult chicken have been generated and shown to react specifically with the myosin heavy chain (MHC). The reactivities of two such McAbs with myosin from adult chicken atrial and ventricular myocardium were further analysed by immunoautoradiography, radioimmunoassay, and immunofluorescence microscopy. Monoclonal antibody MF 20 was found to bind both atrial and ventricular MHC and stain all striated muscle cells of the adult chicken heart. In contrast, McAb B1 bound specifically to atrial myocytes in immunofluorescence studies, while immunoautoradiography and radioimmunoassay demonstrated the specificity of this antibody for the atrial MHC. Upon reacting these McAbs with myosin isolated from embryonic hearts where definitive atria and ventricles were present, the same specificity of antibody binding was observed. Immunofluorescence studies demonstrated that all striated muscle cells of the embryonic heart contained MHCs recognized by MF 20, while only atrial muscle cells were bound by B1. When extracts of presumptive atrial and ventricular tissue were reacted with MF 20 and B1, significant reactivity of MF 20 was first observed at stage 10 in the presumptive ventricle and thereafter this McAb reacted with all regions of the developing myocardium. Binding of B1 was detected approximately 1 day later at stage 15 and was confined to atrial-forming tissues. These data demonstrate antigenic similarity between adult and embryonic MHC isolated from atrial myocardium and suggest the expression of an atrial-specific MHC early in the regional differentiation of the heart.
Relationships between Peer Harassment and Adolescent Problem Behaviors.

Concurrent and predictive relationships between peer harassment and problem behavior were examined for middle and high school students as well as gender differences in these relationships. Students...
Growth of Labor Organization in the United States, 1897–1914

I. Lack of adequate statistics of trade-union membership in the United States; American Federation of Labor reports, 779. — New York Department of Labor, 780. — II. Plan of present compilation, 781. — Defects in the tables, 782. — III. Movement of membership from 1897 to 1914, 784. — IV. Increase of membership compared with increase in number of gainfully occupied, 789. — Compared with increase of wage-earners, 790. — V. Increase of membership by groups, 792.
Numerical solution of wetting fluid spread into porous media

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to develop a general numerical solution for the wetting fluid spread into porous media that can be used in solving of droplet spread into soils, printing applications, fuel cells, composite processing.Design/methodology/approach – A discrete capillary network model based on micro‐force balance is numerically implemented and the flow for an arbitrary capillary number can be solved. At the fluid interface, the boundary condition that accounts for the capillary pressure jump is used.Findings – The wetting fluid spread into porous medium starts as a single‐phase flow, and after some particular number of the porous medium characteristic length scales, the multi‐phase flow pattern occurs. Hence, in the principal flow direction, the phase content (saturation) decreases, and in the lower limit for the capillary number sufficiently small, the saturation should become constant. This qualitative saturation behavior is observed irrespective of the flow dimensionality, whereas th...
3D reconstructions from spherically averaged Fourier transform magnitude and solution x-ray scattering experiments

Measuring the scattering of a beam of x-rays off a solution of identical particles gives data that is the spherically averaged magnitude of the Fourier transform of the electron number density in the particle. Although the 1-D data provides only limited information for a 3-D reconstruction of the particle, this approach is still attractive because it does not require that the particle be crystallized for x-ray crystallography or frozen for cryo electron microscopy. We describe ongoing work using two mathematical models of the particle, a piecewise constant model and an orthonormal expansion model, and a variety of specialized optimization tools to determine the 3-D reconstruction of the particle from a weighted nonlinear least squares problem.