cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
General Terms and Common Resemblances

Do all games have something in common? 'Don't say: "There must be something in common ... but look and see ..."' (PI, 66). When we look, we find only overlapping and criss-crossing similarities. Nevertheless, how can the term 'game' apply to baseball, bridge and chess but not to horse-racing and canoeing, given the overlapping and crisscrossing similarities between all these things? There is a gap, implicit even in Wittgenstein's words, between what we feel is needed to explain the accepted use of a general term, and what we find when we actually look. We can resolve this dilemma by distinguishing two questions. One concerns the basis for extending a general term distributively from one case to another. The other asks how a term can apply collectively to just these dissimilar things and not those, and still be a non-arbitrary use of language. A child asks: 'Why do we call solitaire a game?' His father answers: 'Because it uses cards and is fun.' He looks to one or two already accepted instances of games and shows that solitaire has some of their characteristics. This answer refers to individual resemblances leading from one case to another and explains a term's application to an individual case: it says why solitaire is called a game. But the child's words might have been meant to express a different question: 'How can something done for fun by one person be called by the same name as things done for fun by many?' Then the father might answer: 'Because even though some are done by one and the others by many, they are all still games.' These words, meant as an answer to this question, refer to the common property of 'being a game' to explain the ongoing practice of calling a certain restricted class of dissimilar things by that one name. What is the logic of this reference to a common property? We suggest it is explanatory, and that it is made only in answer to questions of our second type. It is only when some question has been raised about the application of the same word, 'red', to such different colours, creating a need to explain why we apply the word so variously, that it would be natural to refer to the property that is common, say, to vermilion, scarlet, the red of strawberries and the red of red hair. This is important, because if it is true that we refer to common properties primarily to explain why we apply a word to dissimilar things, then we ought to be able to clarify the nature of such properties by examining the logic of that explanation.
Functional Properties and Shelf Life of Fresh Surimi from Pacific Whiting

Total aerobic plate count (APC), shear stress, shear strain, and color of fresh Pacific whiting surimi stored at 5°C were determined at day 0, 1, 3, 5, and 7. Frozen surimi was prepared with four levels of cryoprotectams (0, 3, 6, and 9%) and was compared with fresh surimi for gelforming ability. Fresh Pacific whiting surimi had a shelf life of 5 days. The gel functionality remained unchanged throughout the storage time. Strain values of fresh surimi were not different from those of frozen surimi with 9% cryoprotectants, but stress values of fresh surimi were almost three times higher than those of frozen surimi.
Posteruptive phenomena in coronal mass ejections and substorms: Indicators of a universal process?

[1] We examine phenomena associated with eruptions in the two different regimes of the solar corona and the terrestrial magnetosphere. We find striking similarities between the speeds of shrinking magnetic field lines in the corona and dipolarization fronts traversing the magnetosphere. We also examine the similarities between supra-arcade downflows observed during solar flares and bursty bulk flows seen in the magnetotail and find that these phenomena have remarkably similar speeds, velocity profiles, and size scales. Thus we show manifest similarities in the magnetic reconfiguration in response to the ejection of coronal mass ejections in the corona and the ejection of plasmoids in the magnetotail. The subsequent return of loops to a quasi-potential state in the corona and field dipolarization in the magnetotail are physical analogs and trigger similar phenomena such as downflows, which provides key insights into the underlying drivers of the plasma dynamics.
AMYNA: A security generator framework

Security has always been an important concern in Computer Systems. In this paper we focus on zero-day, memory-based attacks, one of the top three most dangerous attacks according to the MITRE ranking, and propose AMYNA, a novel security generator framework/model., which can automatically create personalized optimum security solutions. Motivated by the most prevailing security methods, which target a limited set of attacks, but do so efficiently and effectively, we present the idea and architecture of AMYNA, which can automatically combine security methods represented in a high-level model in order to produce a security solution with elevated security coverage.
ARIA, a protein that stimulates acetylcholine receptor synthesis, is a member of the neu ligand family

Abstract Motor neurons stimulate their postsynaptic muscle targets to synthesize neurotransmitter receptors. Polypeptide signaling molecules may mediate this inductive interaction. Here we report the purification of ARIA, a protein that stimulates the synthesis of muscle acetylcholine receptors, and the isolation of ARIA cDNA. Recombinant ARIA increases acetylcholine receptor synthesis greater than 3-fold, and it induces tyrosine phosphorylation of a 185 kd muscle protein. The ARIA cDNA hybridizes with mRNAs that are expressed in the spinal cord from E4, a time prior to the onset of neuromuscular synapse formation, through adulthood. By E7, hybridizing mRNAs are concentrated in motor neurons. Chicken ARIA is homologous to the rat Neu differentiation factor and human heregulin, ligands for the receptor tyrosine kinase encoded by the neu (c- erbB2, HER2 ) proto-oncogene. Our data suggest that members of the ARIA protein family promote the formation and maintenance of chemical synapses and, furthermore, that receptor tyrosine kinases play important roles in this process.
Wave Optics Theory of Rotary Compensators

The theory conventionally used to describe the operation of Berek and Ehringhaus rotary compensators is based on geometrical optics and, hence, is not exact. When rotary compensators are analyzed within the framework of classical electromagnetic theory, exact solutions for the phase difference and amplitude ratio of the transmitted light can be determined. The approximate and exact solutions differ in some interesting ways which become of substantial importance in the examination of monochromatic plane waves of light. In particular, the discrepancies between exact and approximate solutions become more pronounced at high angles of incidence. Exact theory predicts the possibility of using a high-refractive index isotropic plate for measuring small phase differences at relatively long wavelengths.
Controlling factors in tensile deformation of nanocrystalline cobalt and nickel

In an effort to understand and enhance the tensile ductility of truly nanocrystalline metals, we have investigated and compared the mechanical behavior, especially the tensile behavior, of hexagonal close-packed (hcp) nanocrystalline cobalt (\ensuremath{\sim}20 nm) and face-centered cubic (fcc) nanocrystalline nickel (\ensuremath{\sim}28 nm). Although both materials exhibit obvious plasticity in tension, their uniform tensile ductility, tensile elongation-to-failure, and fracture behavior are drastically different. In-situ synchrotron x-ray diffraction and ultra-small angle x-ray scattering reveal distinct deformation disparity in terms of residual strain development, texture evolution, nanovoid formation, and subsequent strain-hardening and strain-rate-hardening behavior. The dependence of tensile property on the strain rate and temperature is examined and discussed. Factors that influence the strength and ductility of nanocrystalline metals are considered and prioritized according to the current findings. A new Hall-petch relationship is proposed for nanocrystalline nickel.
Metabolic engineering of Propionibacterium freudenreichii subsp. shermanii for enhanced propionic acid fermentation: Effects of overexpressing three biotin-dependent carboxylases

Abstract Bio-based propionic acid production by propionibacteria is increasingly attractive because of its potential to replace petroleum-based chemical synthesis processes. Metabolic engineering of Propionibacterium freudenreichii subsp. shermanii DSM 4902 for enhanced propionic acid fermentation is made possible by the recently available whole genome sequence and genetic engineering tools. Pyruvate carboxylase (PYC), methylmalonyl-CoA decarboxylase (MMD), and methylmalonyl-CoA carboxyltransferase (MMC) are three biotin-dependent carboxylases in the dicarboxylic acid pathway controlling the carbon flux in the Wood–Werkman cycle. These carboxylases were overexpressed in P. shermanii to study their effects on propionic acid fermentation in serum bottles with glucose and glycerol as substrates. Compared to the wild-type, the mutants overexpressing MMC and MMD showed a significant increase in the metabolic fluxes toward the biosynthesis of propionic acid, against acetic and succinic acids, with significantly increased yield (up to 14% increase) and productivity (up to 17% increase), especially in the co-fermentation of glycerol and glucose. On the other hand, the mutant overexpressing PYC grew slower, produced more succinate, and had a lower production of propionate (up to 12% decrease in productivity). This is the first study demonstrating enhanced propionic acid production by overexpressing MMC and MMD in propionibacteria.
Identification of a matrix effect in the MC-ICP-MS due to sample purification using ion exchange resin: An isotopic case study of molybdenum

Abstract Multiple-collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (MC-ICP-MS) has become the preferred method for precise and accurate measurements of the relative abundances of many radiogenic and stable isotopes in natural materials. Isotopic analyses by MC-ICP-MS require a correction for instrumental mass-dependent isotopic fractionation (“instrumental mass bias”). Two techniques have been used to correct for instrumental mass bias in the MC-ICP-MS: (1) standard-sample bracketing (SSB) or (2) double spiking. SSB is often cited as the preferred method, but it is more susceptible to matrix effects. Here we demonstrate that a matrix effect in the MC-ICP-MS may arise indirectly from the chemical separation and purification of molybdenum using anion exchange resin. The results of our experiments show that a Mo standard passed through a column of anion exchange resin or a Mo standard added to a Mo-free solution that had been collected from anion exchange resin appears to be isotopically lighter than expected from direct analysis of the same standard. Using amounts of Mo similar to what might be expected from most natural samples (∼3 μg per column cut), these offsets span a significant fraction (∼10–60%) of the total known range of mass-dependent Mo isotopic variation in nature. This “column matrix effect” appears to be caused by organic material stripped from the resin. All of our attempts to eliminate or control this column matrix effect have failed, making it difficult (if not impossible) to obtain accurate measurements of mass-dependent Mo isotopic variations in natural materials using the anion exchange resin procedure described in this study and SSB techniques to correct for instrumental mass bias in the MC-ICP-MS. It is currently unknown if this type of column matrix effect will affect measurements of other stable or radiogenic isotopes by MC-ICP-MS when SSB is used to correct for instrumental mass bias.
Morphology, ultrastructure, and paleoecology of Paxillitriletes vittatus sp. nov. From the mid‐cretaceous (Cenomanian) of Kansas

Abstract Large numbers of a new species of megaspore, Paxillitriletes vittatus, have been recovered through bulk maceration of a sample from the Dakota Formation (Cenomanian) of Kansas. Transmission electron microscopy has revealed a spore wall ultrastructure similar to both modern and fossil lycopod mega‐spores, consisting of a spongy reticulum of sporopollenin threads which are more compact towards the interior. The wall structure is similar to that of modern Isoetes, as well as another Mesozoic genus, Minerisporites, which has been found in situ in Isoetites megafossils. Monolete microspores, similar to those of Isoetes, were found entangled in the capilli of P. vittatus. The Paxillitriletes megaspores were found in great abundance in a dark brown, organic‐rich clay which has been interpreted sedimento‐logically as a marshy lake‐margin deposit. This abundance of a single species of megaspore suggests that the parent plants were a conspicuous part of this marsh community, similar to the habitat occupied...
Application of non-thermal atmospheric pressure ac plasmas to the carbon dioxide reforming of methane

Methane conversions of 11.9%, yields of hydrogen as high as 23.3% and energy yields of 1.0 mol H2/kWh have been achieved from CO2 reforming of CH4 in non-thermal, atmospheric pressure plasma reactors with Pt coated electrodes. Two reactors have been studied. A novel fan type reactor consisting of a movable rotor and immobile stator produced the highest yields in contrast to a tube type (silent discharge) reactor with a glass dielectric barrier. Conversions, yields of hydrogen and energy yields (expressed as mol H2/kWh) were studied for CO2/CH4 concentrations of 1.1% and 5.0% in He as a function of flow rate and input voltage. Hydrogen yields are observed to increase as the input voltage is increased from 411 V to 911 V and the flow rate is decreased from 100 cc/min to 30 cc/min. Energy yields vary only slightly with input voltage and flow rate. Hydrogen yields show little dependence on CO2/CH4 concentrations, but energy yields are approximately five times greater for the 5.0% mixture than the 1.1% mixture. Selectivities to H2, CO, coke, and low molecular weight hydrocarbons were also evaluated and compared to data obtained without CO2 in the feed. Hydrogen selectivities of nearly 100% were obtained, with small amounts of ethane and propane as the only observed side products and the selectivites were approximately the same whether CO2 was present or absent in the mixture. However, the reaction proceeds much more cleanly when CO2 is present, producing CO. The syngas product has an H2 : CO ratio of 1.5 with the fan type reactor and 0.67 with the tubular reactor. In the absence of CO2, coke is the main carbonaceous product. Under all conditions studied the fan type reactor demonstrated higher methane conversions (up to 11.9%) and selectivities to hydrogen.
Midfacial volumetric and upper lip soft tissue changes after le Fort i advancement of the cleft maxilla

Purpose To analyze, using 3-dimensional photogrammetric data, midfacial soft tissue and volumetric changes in the cleft maxilla after 1- or 2-piece Le Fort I (LF1) advancement. Materials and Methods This was a retrospective study of patients with cleft and maxillary hypoplasia who underwent LF1 advancement. The primary predictor variable was the type of advancement (1 piece vs 2 pieces). Outcome measurements were changes in soft tissue linear measurements (subnasale [Sn], labium superius [LS], and stomion [SO]) and midfacial volume after maxillary advancement. Results Eleven patients (7 male, 4 female) underwent LF1 advancements (4 underwent 2-piece advancement). The mean maxillary advancement was 6.2 ± 1.7 mm. Soft tissue changes at the Sn, LS, and SO were 5.2 ± 2.0, 5.8 ± 2.5, and 5.2 ± 1.8 mm, respectively. The average volume change was 12.2 ± 5.7 cm 3 . The mean ratios of soft tissue change to the amount of maxillary advancement (millimeters per millimeter) at the Sn, LS, and SO were 0.89 ± 0.49, 0.97 ± 0.44, and 0.89 ± 0.34, respectively. Volume increased by 2.1 ± 1.3 cm 3 /mm. Patients undergoing 1-piece advancement had greater mean advancement and greater soft tissue changes at the LS and SO ( P P Conclusions Midface advancement at the LF1 level in patients with cleft consistently expands upper lip soft tissue and midfacial volume. Greater changes at the LS and SO were seen with 1-piece than with 2-piece osteotomy.
The stress intensity factors of tensile-shear spot welds

Abstract The Displacement Match technique was successful in determining the stress intensity factors for the complex tensile-shear specimen subjected to a mixed mode of deformation. The effects of the different specimen dimensions were determined. While both the KI and KII values decreased with the increase of the sheet thickness and the specimen width, the nugget diameter had almost no effect on KI; however, KII increased with the increase of the nugget diameter. Among the studied specimen dimensions, the specimen free length was found to possess the least effect on the stress intensity factors. The parametric study has also demonstrated the inadequacy of the sheet cross-sectional area, the D t ratio and W D ratio as unique parameters influencing the KI and KII values; thus it is advisable to consider each of the sheet thickness, nugget diameter and specimen width individually as independent parameters. Radaj's structural stress formulae for the stress intensity factors of tensile-shear specimens were also compared to the finite element results obtained in this study; Radaj's formulae were found to be highly dependent on the location at which the stresses are being determined and produced lower KI values.
The sources and sinks of CO2 in caves under mixed woodland and grassland vegetation

Abstract We measured concentrations and stable carbon isotope compositions of carbon dioxide in the atmospheres of three caves in central Texas and one cave in southern Arizona in order to identify CO 2 sources and sinks. The vegetation above the caves studied is either savannah (two caves, above which vegetation has been minimally disturbed) or discrete patches of grassland and woodland (two caves, above which vegetation has been highly disturbed). We tested two hypotheses concerning CO 2 in the cave atmospheres: (1) cave ventilation by tropospheric air is the primary sink for CO 2 and (2) CO 2 is primarily derived from the deepest rooting plants growing above the caves. Within caves, we monitored CO 2 at individual locations on monthly and daily time-scales and measured CO 2 along transects with increasing distance from the cave entrances. We also measured CO 2 in the pore spaces of soils under grasses and trees above each of the caves. We calculated δ 13 C values of respired CO 2 ( δ 13 C r ) for all gas samples using measured δ 13 C values and CO 2 concentrations. We then identified the sources of cave CO 2 by comparing cave-air and soil CO 2 δ 13 C r values. At all locations in each Texas cave, CO 2 concentrations were highest (lowest) and δ 13 C values were lowest (highest) during the summer (winter). Cave-air CO 2 concentrations consistently increased and δ 13 C values consistently decreased with distance from the cave entrances. Similar but smaller magnitude seasonal variations in CO 2 concentrations occurred in the Arizona cave and no seasonal or spatial variation in the δ 13 C of cave-air CO 2 was observed. The mean δ 13 C r values of CO 2 in soils under grass were 3.5–4.5‰ higher than the δ 13 C r values of CO 2 in soils under trees. In the caves under savannah, mean δ 13 C r values of cave-air CO 2 (−24‰ in both caves) were within 1‰ of the mean δ 13 C r values of CO 2 in soils under trees. In caves covered by large, contiguous areas of grassland, the δ 13 C r values of cave-air CO 2 were similar to grassland soil values during the summer and were intermediate between grassland and woodland soil values during the winter. The observed spatial and temporal variations in cave-air CO 2 are consistent with density-driven ventilation controlled by seasonal surface temperature changes as the primary sink for CO 2 in the Texas caves. The consistent agreement between soil and cave δ 13 C r values indicate that the same mixing and diffusion equations that are used to calculate δ 13 C r values of soil CO 2 also apply to cave-air CO 2 . Our results suggest that the majority of CO 2 advects or diffuses into these caves from soils as a gas rather than being transported in aqueous solution. Measured δ 13 C r values and numerical production-diffusion modeling supports our hypothesis that the majority of gaseous CO 2 in these caves is derived from deeply rooted vegetation. The carbon isotope composition of groundwater and speleothem calcite used for paleoclimate records are therefore likely biased toward deeply rooted plants, even if sparsely present.
The praxiology of perception: Visual orientations and practical action

A range of arguments are presented to demonstrate that (1) human visual orientations are conceptually constituted (concept‐bound); (2) the concept‐boundedness of visual orientations does not require a cognitivist account according to which a mental process of ‘inference’ or of ‘interpretation’ must be postulated to accompany a purely ‘optical’ registration of ‘wavelengths of light’, ‘photons’, or contentless ‘information'; (3) concept‐bound visual orientations are not all instances of ‘seeing as’, contrary to some currently prominent cognitivist accounts; (4) the dispute between cognitivist and realist accounts about the phenomenon of ‘seeing as’ is spurious, and is based upon a confusion about the fundamental analytical distinction made by Wittgenstein between ‘seeing’ and ‘seeing as'; (5) ‘perceiving’, ‘seeing’, and ‘seeing as’ are but three of a large array of verbs of human visual orientation, and are not ‘master categories’ under which one can subsume these other modalities; (6) one cannot deduce a c...
Chemistry of Perfluorodiethyl Ether and Diethyl Ether on the TiO2 Surface

The adsorption and thermal decomposition of a perfluorinated ether and an alkyl ether have been studied on the TiO2 surface using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. It has been found that the...
An Instrument for the Measurement of Rapid Reaction Kinetics

Two versions of an inexpensive mixing device capable of measuring reaction kinetics with millisecond resolution are described. The instruments deliver reactants via microsyringes controlled by nitrogen pressure at time intervals that are either mechanically or software controlled. In addition, an optical system for calibration of the time required to deliver the reactants as well as the intervals between syringe firing is given. Data illustrating the effect of variations in volume and syringe size on the accuracy and reproducibility of these time measurements as well as the volume of fluid delivered are presented. Examples of kinetic measurements of several reactions illustrating the capabilities of the instrument are also presented.
Reaction matrix elements for closed-shell nuclei using realistic forces

Abstract A method for calculating the reaction matrix elements of closed-shell nuclei is discussed. An improved treatment of the Pauli projection operator is proposed, and accurate solutions of the Bethe-Goldstone equation are obtained for the 16 O nucleus using the Hamada-Johnston potential. Solutions for the coupled and uncoupled integro-differential equations are used to obtain the first-order binding energy of the 16 O nucleus. The reaction matrix is examined as a function of the single-particle energies. It is found that the 3 S 1 states are very sensitive to the choice of single-particle energies; whereas, the 1 S 0 states are relatively insensitive to this choice. Calculated singularities of the reaction matrix are also reported for both the 1 S 0 and 3 S 1 states.
On the radial structure of Saturn's B ring

Voyager observations have revealed that the Saturnian B ring is much more structured than previously anticipated. Some of these structures occur on radial scale lengths of less than 15 km. In the visible the ring an optical depth minimum at a small distance outside of synchronous orbit. It is suggested in this paper that the electromagnetically induced radial transport of angular momentum associated with radial transport of charged submicron-size dust particles may explain these features. This mechanism induces an instability which produces, over geological times, significant radial structuring of the ring. Mass contained in particles less than about 1 cm in size is transported away from the synchronous orbit. This produces the optical depth minimum there. A simulation, starting with a radially uniform mass and number density, yields a radial optical depth profile which is similar to what is observed. It is found that it takes about 400-800 million yr to produce the observed structure. This estimate for the age of B ring agrees with some other independent estimates.
The New Meaning of Ms.: Single, But too Old for Miss:

We examined understanding of the title Ms., in college students and individuals surveyed via the Internet. Participants were asked to define Ms. and other titles, and rate the likely marital status and age of those using the titles. While some participants indicated that Ms. was a title for women of any marital status, a common alternative definition of Ms. was a title for unmarried women. Younger participants (those under 20) were significantly more likely to use this definition. We also asked what title women preferred for themselves. Older unmarried women were more likely to prefer Ms. as their own title than were younger unmarried women, while married women overwhelmingly preferred the use of Mrs. Perhaps this is why many younger people assume that Ms. is a title for unmarried women too old to use Miss.
Quantum magnetotransport in a two-dimensional square array of scatterers

Abstract The longitudinal (ρ xx ) and Hall (ρ xy ) resistivities are calculated for a two-dimensional square array of scatterers, which are simulated by an array of positive delta-functions. We find that when the potential is strong, ρ xy can be negative and quenched and ρ xx shows commensurate oscillations. Similar features have been observed experimentally for antidots in both the quasiclassical and the quantum regimes. The quenching of ρ xy is explained by the collimated states formed by electrons scattering resonantly off the lattice sites in a magnetic field when the magnetic translational period and reciprocal lattice vector become commensurate. Impurities do not qualitatively change ρ xy but they can quantitatively change ρ xx . Numerical results are presented to show how the lattice, impurity scattering, and the electron density affect the quenching of the Hall effect and the commensurate oscillations.
Endochondral bone growth during early pregnancy compared with pseudopregnancy in rats.

There are physiological and skeletal changes that occur during pregnancy to accommodate the increased calcium needs of late pregnancy and lactation in the rat. Endochondral bone growth is accelerated during early to midpregnancy, but the endocrine basis of this is not clear. The purpose of this study was to define the role, if any, of placental factors in changes in endochondral growth by comparing changes that occur during pregnancy with pseudopregnancy in the rat. Many hormones change during pseudopregnancy, except placental hormones (e.g., placental lactogens) because a placenta is lacking. Rates of endochondral growth were increased during pregnancy and pseudopregnancy compared to age-matched, unmated controls. There were also increases in body weight in both pregnant and pseudopregnant animals. Since the observed changes occur in both pregnant and pseudopregnant animals, this indicates that endocrine factors other than those secreted by the placenta are involved in increased growth during early pregnancy.
A common framework for the unification of neural, chemometric and statistical modeling methods

Extraction of empirical models from measured data is essential for several chemometric and engineering tasks. Selection of an appropriate method for a given task requires deep understanding of the characteristics of a variety of empirical modeling methods that have been derived from diverse fields such as statistics, chemometrics, and artificial intelligence. Unfortunately, the necessary insight into the plethora of empirical modeling methods is not easily available, making the selection process subjective and heuristic, often resulting in inferior empirical models. Furthermore, the properties of various methods are complementary, and combining these methods can result in better models. This paper presents a common framework for understanding the similarities and differences between various empirical modeling methods, and for developing hybrid techniques that combine the best properties of existing methods. The framework is based on representing all empirical modeling methods as a weighted sum of basis functions, and comparing various methods depending on decisions about the nature of the input transformation, type of activation functions, and optimization criteria. All empirical modeling methods transform the inputs by projection on a linear or nonlinear hypersurface or by selecting a subset of variables. The activation functions are of fixed or adaptive shape, and the optimization criteria for determining the model parameters are based on either the input space only, or both input and output space. An overview of several popular methods and an illustrative example are presented to enhance the insight into empirical modeling methods provided by the common framework.
Numerical simulation of the head-on collision of two equal-sized drops with van der Waals forces

The head-on collision of two equal-sized drops in a hyperbolic flow is investigated numerically. An axisymmetric volume-of-fluid (VOF) method is used to simulate the motion of each drop toward a symmetry plane where it interacts and possibly coalesces with its mirror image. The volume-fraction boundary condition on the symmetry plane is manipulated to numerically control coalescence. Two new numerical methods have been developed to incorporate the van der Waals forces in the Navier–Stokes equations. One method employs a body force computed as the negative gradient of the van der Waals potential. The second method employs the van der Waals forces in terms of a disjoining pressure in the film depending on the film thickness. Results are compared to theory of thin-film rupture. Comparisons of the results obtained by the two methods at various values of the Hamaker constant show that the van der Waals forces calculated from the two methods have qualitatively similar effects on coalescence. A study of the influence of the van der Waals forces on the evolution and rupture of the film separating the drops reveals that the film thins faster under stronger van der Waals forces. Strong van der Waals forces lead to nose rupture, and small van der Waals forces lead to rim rupture. Increasing the Reynolds number causes a greater drop deformation and faster film drainage. Increasing the viscosity ratio slows film drainage, although the effect is small for small viscosity ratio.
Calcium does not mediate the shape change that follows ATP depletion in human erythrocytes.

Crenation, the shape change that follows ATP depletion in human erythrocytes, also follows ionphore-mediated Ca2+-loading. Experiments desinged to test whether Ca2+ mediates metabolic crenation showed that: (1) an influx of extracellular Ca2+ is not required for metabolic crenation; (2) metabolic crenation is accompanied by a 70% increase in 86Rb+ permeability, a change much smaller than the increase expected if crenating concentrations of Ca2+ were released from bound intracellular pools; (3) A23187 plus EGTA, a treatment that depletes intracellular Ca2+ and stops Ca2+ crenation, does not affect metabolic crenation; (4) calmodulin inhibitors do not slow metabolic crenation. We conclude that Ca2+ does not mediate metabolic crenation. Albumin washes reverse Ca2+ crenation and partially reverse the early stages of metabolic crenation. We suggest that both Ca2+ crenation and metabolic crenation involve the accumulation of some amphiphilic species (e.g., lysolipid or diacylglycerol) in the cell membrane outer monolayer, and that ATP depletion induces a second crenating process which might be a reorganization of the cytoskeleton.
Vibrational modulation effects of diatomics in rare gas matrices

Abstract A simple theory is presented which accounts for the line width of isolated diatomics in rare gas matrices . It is shown that for such systems vibrational relaxation (VR) is unimportant and that dephasing broadening (DB) plays the dominant role in the line width expression.
Teaching Global Tourism Geography using the Internet: a case study of the paradigm shift in educational technology.

Abstract A paradigmatic shift is taking place from using technology as a presentation tool to integrating technology as a processing center of interactive teaching and learning unconstrained by time and place. This research was conducted as a case study in enhancing a travel and tourism class, Global Tourism Geography, by applying the new technological paradigm, especially the Internet. A survey of students in the class was conducted and yielded a favorable response to the incorporation of the Internet. However, it was concluded that the most effective instruction resulted from the combination of the Internet with other instructional delivery methods.
Effects of canopy modification and accumulated sediment on stream communities.

Abstract Small streams differing in sediment composition were compared in logged and forested reaches to determine effects of accumulated fine sediment on stream communities under different trophic conditions. Three stages of forest community succession were studied in the Cascade Mountains: Recently clear-cut areas without forest canopy (5–10 years after logging); second-growth forest with deciduous canopy (30–40 years after logging); and old-growth coniferous forest (>450 years old). One stream with mostly coarse sediment (56–76% cobble) and one with more fine sediment (5–14% sand and 23–53% gravel) were contrasted for each successional stage. In general, streams traversing open clear-cuts had greater rates of microbial respiration, and greater densities or biomasses of aufwuchs, benthos, drift, salamanders, and trout than did the shaded, forested sites regardless of sediment composition. We conclude that for these small Cascade Range streams, changes in trophic status and increased primary productivity...
Other–Regarding Epistemic Virtues

Epistemologists often assume that an agent’s epistemic goal is simply to acquire as much knowledge as possible for herself. Drawing on an analogy with ethics and other practices, I argue that being situated in an epistemic community introduces a range of epistemic virtues (and goals) which fall outside of those typically recognized by both individualistic and social epistemologists. Candidate virtues include such traits as honesty, integrity (including an unwillingness to misuse one’s status as an expert), patience, and creativity. We can understand such traits to be epistemic virtues insofar as they tend to produce knowledge – not for the agent alone, but for her community. Recognition of such ‘other–regarding epistemic virtues’ both broadens the area of inquiry of epistemology, and introduces new standards for the evaluation of epistemic agents.
Effects of an Execution on Homicides in California

Contemporary research on the effects of executions on homicides has turned up two different results. Research examining short-term effects of an execution has sometimes found decreases in homicides after executions (a deterrent effect), whereas research examining long-term effects has sometimes found that homicides increase following executions (a brutalization effect). This study employed a quasi-experimental before-and-after analysis coupled with a disaggregation strategy to examine the short- and long-term effects of executions on different types of homicides in Los Angeles, California in the aftermath of the 1992 execution of Robert Alton Harris. Findings indicate that there were both short-term deterrent and long-term brutalization effects of the execution on different types of homicides, but the net effects included increases in overall homicides and most disaggregated types of homicides consistent with the brutalization theory.
Variable-speed wind generation control for frequency regulation in the Eastern Interconnection (EI)

The United States Eastern Interconnection (EI) might go through some profound changes due to the increasing penetration of wind power in this bulk grid, including the worsening of the frequency response. However, the fast response speed of electronic converter devices makes it possible that the kinetic energy stored and/or wind power reserve (if it exists) in variable-speed wind generation could be injected into the power grid in a fast manner. This portion of fast, injected active power could contribute to frequency regulation of the EI significantly if implemented with appropriate control schemes. This paper introduces the basic theories of fast active power control techniques of variable-speed wind generation. This paper then describes a user-defined wind electrical control model with fast active power controllers built in PSS/E. Based on the 16,000-bus EI system dynamic model, a dynamic case with realistic penetration of wind power is created. Taking advantage of the user-defined wind electrical control model, the potential contribution of variable-speed wind generation to the EI system frequency regulation is evaluated. Simulation results demonstrate that current and future wind generation sources are promising in providing frequency regulation in EI system.
Extension and Enhancement of the Allen–Eggers Analytical Ballistic Entry Trajectory Solution

The closed-form analytical solution to the equations of motion for ballistic entry developed by Allen and Eggers is presented using modern nomenclature and is extended and enhanced through several new developments. A method of choosing an appropriate constant flight-path angle is identified. Analytical limits are proposed that bound the domain of applicability of the approximation. Closed-form expressions for range and time are developed that are consistent with the assumptions in the Allen–Eggers approximation. Collectively, the improvements address key weaknesses in the original approximate solution. Assessment of the accuracy of the approximate solution relative to the planar equations of motion shows that the extended and enhanced Allen–Eggers solution provides good accuracy across a wide range of ballistic coefficients at Earth with initial flight-path angles steeper than about −7 deg. In some instances, the expression developed for range-to-go may be accurate enough for use in onboard real-time gui...
Intraoperative localization after stereotactic breast biopsy without a needle

Abstract Background: Needle localization breast biopsy (NLBB) is the standard for the removal of breast lesions after vacuum-assisted breast biopsy (VABB). Disadvantages include a miss rate of 0% to 22%, risk of vasovagal reactions, and scheduling difficulties. We hypothesized that the hematoma resulting from VABB could be used to localize the VABB site with intraoperative ultrasonography (US) for excision. Methods: Twenty patients had VABB followed by intraoperative US-guided excision. Results: The previous VABB site in 19 patients was successfully visualized with intraoperative US and excised at surgery. One patient had successful removal of the targeted area under US guidance, but failed to show removal of the clip on initial specimen mammogram. Conclusion: This study demonstrates the effectiveness of US in identifying hematomas after VABB for excision. This technique, which can be performed weeks after VABB, improves patient comfort and allows easier scheduling.
Convergecast with aggregatable data classes

Data-gathering or convergecast problems have traditionally been studied in two combinations of settings: one-shot scheduling of data items with no aggregation, and periodic scheduling of data items with full aggregation meaning that any number of unit-size data items can, if available, be aggregated into a single (unit-size) data item (e.g., by summing or averaging values). In this paper, we extend beyond these problem settings in two ways. First, we study a) one-shot throughput maximization in settings with aggregation and b) periodic scheduling in settings without aggregation. Second, we generalize the notion of aggregatability in both one-shot and periodic scheduling beyond the binary choice of either all sets of items being aggregatable or none being so. Modeling the presence of multiple semantic data types (e.g., target counts to be summed and temperature readings to be averaged), we partition data items into classes, whereby items are aggregatable if they belong to the same class, in both periodic and non-periodic settings. For these two problems we provide guaranteed approximations and heuristics, for a variety of general and special cases. We then evaluate the algorithms in a systematic simulation study, both under the conditions in which our provable guarantees apply and in more general settings, where we find the algorithms continue to perform well on typical problem inputs.
Private Acts/Public Policy: Alfred Kinsey, the American Law Institute and the Privatization of American Sexual Morality

Alfred Kinsey has long been recognized for his crucial role in the history of American sexual science. Kinsey's massive studies of American sexual behavior changed the way social scientists studied sexuality by breaking from the accepted social hygienic, psychoanalytic, psychiatric and physiological approaches. Scholars have noted that Kinsey's efforts paved the way for the work of Masters and Johnson and contributed to a postwar climate of “openness” about sexual behavior. In effect, Kinsey's studies signaled the final triumph of scientific candor over the nineteenth century “conspiracy of silence.” Furthermore, Kinsey's quantitative approach advanced what Paul Robinson has called the “modernization of sex,” and Kinsey's discussion of homosexuality inspired both the homophile movement of the 1950's and the anti-homosexual moral panic of the same decade. Yet for all of Kinsey's significance, his part in shaping the social policies of the 1950's and the “sexual revolution” of the 1960's has received surprisingly little historical analysis.
Determination of the range of lattice distortion in AIN sintered body by higher order laue zone pattern

To analyse the magnitude and range of lattice distortion which is responsible for the low thermal conductivity in aluminium nitride (AIN) crystal grains, the higher order laue zone (HOLZ) pattern of transmission electron microscopy was used. The HOLZ patterns obtained from various positions in the AIN crystal grain show that the AIN crystal lattice is distorted in the vicinity of the grain-boundary phase, and the magnitude of lattice distortion becomes large as it approaches the grain-boundary phase. Also, the range of distortion extends to approximately 300 nm from the grain-boundary phase.
Archie: a speculative replicated transactional system

We present Archie, a high performance fault-tolerant transactional system. Archie complies with the State Machine Approach, where the transactional state is fully replicated and total ordered transactions are executed on the replicas. Archie avoids the serial execution after transactions get ordered, which is the typical bottleneck of those protocols, by anticipating the work and using speculation to process transactions in parallel, enforcing a predefined order. The key feature of Archie is to avoid any non-trivial operation to perform post total order's notification, in case the sequencer node remains stable (only a single timestamp increment is needed for committing a transaction). This approach significantly shortens the transaction's critical path. The contention of speculative execution is always kept limited by activating a fixed number of transactions at a time. A comprehensive evaluation, using three competitors and three well known benchmarks, shows that Archie outperforms competitors in all medium/high contention scenarios.
Reexamination of generation of baryon and lepton number asymmetries in the early Universe by heavy particle decay.

It is shown that wave-function renormalization can introduce an important contribution to the generation of baryon and lepton number asymmetries by heavy particle decay. These terms, omitted in previous analyses, are of the same order of magnitude as the standard terms.
The development of flight simulation database using handling quality studies

Abstract A flight handling quality is a composite measure of performance used to assess how well a pilot responds to flight conditions. Considering the complexity of the aircraft and the human operator model, flight handling parameters as well as the variables can be complex. For many years; however, there a exist a large body of actual flight and simulated test reports on the handling quality measures of various model airplanes from subsonic to supersonic. In order to replicate flight simulation experiments in aircrafts modeled at the hypersonic speed, it would be of advantage to use a data of previous flight handling qualities. Among other things, this procedure will save time in data collection and help to extrapolate the existing knowledge into a new flight condition. In the presentation, we discuss a new object-oriented data base development from a hierarchy of interacting objects. The data structures are divided into functional nets based on the level of human operator models, the aircraft state space, and the environmental state vectors. Different aircraft models with their data structures are used to cluster the information into domain sets which can later be abstracted to generate test data for a flight simulation experiment.
The Use of English in Advertising in Mexican Print Media

This article is an analysis of the use of English in advertising in Mexican newspapers (both classified as well as non-classified advertising in Monterrey's El Norte) and in seven magazines published in the Mexico City. A distinction is made early in the article between the use in advertisements of English borrowings that are an established part of the lexicon of Mexican Spanish as opposed to the use of English as language display (Eastman and Stein 1993). The electronic database of Monterrey's El Norte newspaper is utilized to verify the borrowing frequencies. English as language display in advertisements is analyzed according to the framework of English found in a signature line (product name), attention-getter, slogan, body copy, standing details or illustration (Bhatia 1992, Pillar 2003). As many other studies have shown, this study too shows that advertisers in Mexico use English, which now serves as a worldwide lingua franca, as language display in most structural parts of the advertisements.
Re-evaluating the role of energy efficiency standards: : A behavioral economics approach

Abstract The economic models that prescribe Pigovian taxation as the first-best means of reducing energy-related externalities are typically based on the neoclassical model of rational consumer choice. Yet, consumer behavior in markets for energy-using durables is generally thought to be far from efficient, giving rise to the concept of the “energy-efficiency gap.” This paper presents a welfare analysis of energy policies that is based on a behavioral model of temptation and self-control, introduced by Gul and Pesendorfer [23] , [24] . We find that, in the presence of temptation, (i) Pigovian taxes alone do not yield a first-best outcome, (ii) when viewed as substitutes, energy efficiency standards can dominate Pigovian taxes, and (iii) a policy combining standards with a Pigovian tax can yield higher social welfare than a Pigovian tax alone, implying that the two instruments should be viewed as complements rather than substitutes.