cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Security Choice and Corporate Governance

The most efficient corporate governance structure will vary by firm depending on the costs and benefits of different governance mechanisms. For IPO firms, warrants might act as a substitute for other governance mechanisms (Schultz, 1993). Alternatively, warrants might serve as a signal of high quality, and thus effectively governed, firms (Chemmanur and Fulghieri, 1997), in which case they would act as a complement to other governance mechanisms. We test these competing hypotheses by examining a sample of unit IPO firms (firms issuing warrants with shares) matched to a comparable sample of shares-only firms and show that warrants act as a substitute for other governance mechanisms. The research is also of interest because it shows an interaction between the financing decisions of firms and their corporate governance that has not been documented previously.
The H3/H4 Tetramer Blocks Transcript Elongation by RNA Polymerase II in Vitro

We have investigated transcript elongation efficiency by RNA polymerase II on chromatin templates in vitro. Circular plasmid DNAs bearing purified RNA polymerase II transcription complexes were assembled into nucleosomes using purified histones and transient exposure to high salt, followed by dilution and dialysis. This approach resulted in nucleosome assembly beginning immediately downstream of the transcription complexes. RNA polymerases on these nucleosomal templates could extend their 15- or 35-nucleotide nascent RNAs by only about 10 nucleotides in 15 min, even in the presence of elongation factors TFIIF and SII. Efficient transcript elongation did occur upon dissociation of nucleosomes with 1% sarkosyl, indicating that the RNA polymerases were not damaged by the high salt reconstitution procedure. Since the elongation complexes were released by sarkosyl but not by SII, these complexes apparently did not enter the arrested conformation when they encountered nucleosomes. Surprisingly, elongation was no more efficient on nucleosomal templates reconstituted only with H3/H4 tetramers, even in the presence of elongation factors and/or competitor DNA at high concentration. Thus, in a purified system lacking nucleosome remodeling factors, not only the core histone octamer but also the H3/H4 tetramer provide an nearly absolute block to transcript elongation by RNA polymerase II, even in the presence of elongation factors.
P-31 nuclear magnetic resonance spectral changes in obstructed or dehydrated kidney

P-31 nuclear magnetic resonance spectral changes in obstructed or dehydrated kidney. Rat kidneys subjected to urinary obstruction or dehydration in vivo both develop marked increases in the area under a peak resonating in the phosphodiester region on their P-31 nuclear magnetic resonance spectra. The chemical species responsible for these changes were assessed using physiologic manipulations which altered the concentration of phosphate in the urine or increased the urine pH. Obstructed kidneys of rats fed a normal diet had a 140 ± 50% increase in a peak resonating at 3.31 ± 0.05ppm after three hours of obstruction (P
Hybrid integration of a semiconductor optical amplifier for high throughput optical packet switched interconnection networks

Higher data throughput in optical packet switched interconnection networks can be achieved by minimizing the guard times through faster transition of the switching element. A hybrid integration of a semiconductor optical amplifier with its current driver is presented, which exhibits over 40% faster transition time compared to current commercial devices.
Characterization of Vanadia Sites in V-Silicalite, Vanadia-Silica Cogel, and Silica-Supported Vanadia Catalysts: X-Ray Powder Diffraction, Raman Spectroscopy, Solid-State51V NMR, Temperature-Programmed Reduction, and Methanol Oxidation Studies

Abstract The vanadia species in different silica environments (silicalite, cogel, and silica-supported) were characterized by XRD, Raman, solid state51V NMR, TPR, and methanol oxidation. Under dehydrated conditions, the dispersed vanadia species in all of the vanadia-silica systems possess an isolated and distorted VO4coordination with minor differences. The VO4species in the dehydrated 1% silica-supported vanadia catalyst contains a single terminal V=O bond and changes coordination from VO4to VO5or VO6upon hydration. The VO4species in the V-silicalite maintains its coordination upon hydration and essentially does not appear to possess a terminal V=O bond. A trace amount of crystalline V2O5and two types of dispersed VO4species are present in the 1% vanadia-silica cogel. One of the dispersed VO4species is a surface vanadia species on silica and changes coordination upon hydration. All of the dispersed vanadia species exhibit similar reducibility and catalytic properties for methanol oxidation because they possess very similar V-O-Si bridging bonds that are the critical functionalities for methanol oxidation.
Current evaluation of the tripropellant concept

An analytical study was conducted to determine the specific-impulse advantages of adding metals to conventional liquid-bipropellant systems. These tripropellant systems theoretically offer higher specific impulse and increased propellant density compared with bipropellant systems. Metals considered were Be, Li, and Al. Bipropellant systems were H2/O2, N2H4/N2O4, RP-1/O2, and H2/F2. Thermochemical calculations were performed for sea-level expansion from 6.895-MN/sq. m. (1000-psia) chamber pressure over a wide range of mixture ratios and propellant compositions. Three-dimensional plots characterize the specific impulse of each tripropellant system. Technology issues pertinent to metallized propellant systems are discussed.
Delegation of Authority, Interdependence, and Productivity: Managing Writing Response Groups through an Organizational Approach

Abstract This study of writing response groups in six high school English classrooms tested Cohen, Lotan, and Leechor's (1989) conceptualization of the delegation of authority in task groups. The study compared two treatments that differed in type of supervision of the groups and in type of interdependence within the groups: one treatment included full delegation of authority by the teacher and reciprocal interdependence, whereas the other treatment included partial delegation of authority and sequential interdependence. There was support for the hypothesis that with controls for untreated status problems and for teachers' rigor of implementation of the treatments, with full delegation of authority and reciprocal interdependence, the rate of high-quality talk about writing would be more strongly correlated with achievement in writing than under the condition of partial delegation of authority and sequential interdependence. Results supported the hypothesis that with controls for the rigor of implementatio...
OPTIMAL RADIUS OF CONVERGENCE OF INTERPOLATORY ITERATIONS FOR OPERATOR EQUATIONS

The convergence of the class of direct interpolatory iterationsIn for a simple zero of a non-linear operatorF in a Banach space of finite or infinite dimension is studied.
CXC-Chemokine Ligand 10 in Idiopathic Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Marker of Improved Survival

CXC-chemokine ligand 10 (CXCL10) inhibits angiogenesis and attracts activated T lymphocytes. Abnormal angiogenesis and lymphocytic infiltration participate in the pathobiology of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). We hypothesized that serum CXCL10 is elevated in idiopathic PAH and that it is associated with clinical outcomes. This was a cohort study that included 40 idiopathic PAH patients (age = 44 ± 14 years, 37 females) and 22 healthy controls (age = 35 ± 6 years, 18 females). It took place at the Pulmonary Vascular Program at the Cleveland Clinic. Serum CXCL10 levels were measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. A cutoff value of CXCL10 for best distinguishing alive and dead patients was obtained from a receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC). Survival and time to clinical worsening curves according to the appropriate CXCL10 level were derived by the Kaplan–Meier method and compared by means of the log-rank test. The prognostic value of CXCL10 and of other variables of interest was tested by Cox proportional hazards regression analysis. Serum CXCL10 levels were elevated in PAH subjects compared to controls [CXCL10 pg/ml (mean ± SEM) for PAH: 306 ± 73, and for controls: 92 ± 10; p < 0.0001]. CXCL10 levels higher than 111 pg/ml discriminated survivors from nonsurvivors with a sensitivity of 81% and a specificity of 75% (area under the ROC curve = 0.74). After a mean follow-up of 23.5 ± 13.5 months since the day of venous sampling, higher CXCL10 levels were associated with improved survival (hazard ratio for mortality = 0.10, 95% confidence interval = 0.01–0.97; p = 0.01). Serum CXCL10 is elevated in PAH and this is associated with improved survival.
Social Contracts and Marketing Ethics

In this article, the authors describe the need and the search to date for a normative moral foundation for marketing. Social contract theory appears promising because of its clear correspondence to...
Design of Experiment and statistical analysis of bond strength test of bi-layer concrete

This paper shows the applicability of Design of Experiment (DOE) and statistical analysis for bond strength test for specialised concrete/normal concrete bi-layer specimens. Four factors and different levels for each factor are considered in the DOE based on fractional factorial design to decrease the number of tests significantly. The prediction equation is successfully tested for model adequacy checking, Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), analysis of main effects, and estimation of model parameters step by step and, finally, verified with maximum and minimum values.
Relationship between large Y-chromosome and side-by-side pairing of the XY-bivalent observed in the Chinese hamster, Cricetus griseus.

1. In the Chinese hamster, a species of Eurasian Cricetinae, the Y-chromosome is almost as large as the X: both have long arms approximately equal in length. 2. During male meiosis when the major portion of the X and Y are heavily condensed, the distal two-thirds of the long arms of both the X and Y remain isopycnotic and serve as pairing segments which permit side-by-side association. Coincident with condensation of the sex chromosomes at first meiotic prophase, the smallest (tenth) autosomal bivalent also manifests positive heteropycnosis. 3. Matthey believes that the large Y seen in many species of Eurasian Cricetinae results from a translocation involving a small Y, a large X, and a homologous pair of autosomes. This hypothesis explains our present observations on the Chinese hamster. 4. Side-by-side pairing of the X and Y during male meiosis is limited to those very few mammalian species in which the unusually large Y diminishes the size difference between the sex chromosomes. Available evidence indicates that this rare situation results from a translocation with the autosomes.
Mechanism of inhibition of thrombin-induced platelet aggregation by pyridoxal phosphate

Abstract Thrombin and ADP-induced platelet aggregation are reversibly inhibited by pyridoxal phosphate. Sodium borohydride converts Schiff bases formed between pyridoxal phosphate and amino groups to covalent bonds. When platelets treated with sodium borohydride and pyridoxal phosphate are resuspended in fresh platelet-poor plasma, they recover their response to thrombin, but not to ADP. Thus Schiff base formation between pyridoxal phosphate and platelet surface amino groups does not block thrombin aggregation. The loss of thrombin potency as an aggregating agent is due to interaction between pyridoxal phosphate and thrombin. This is evidenced by spectrophometric determination of adduct formation and loss of hydrolytic action on p-tosyl-L-arginine methyl ester.
Undergraduates, Energy, and Culture

The introductory course in cultural anthropology at the University of Massachusetts at Amherst emphasizes the impact of the interrelationships of people and their cultures on the local and global environment. Students learn to apply the holistic anthropological approach to environmental problems anywhere on earth.
Histopathologic changes occurring in the prostate following transurethral laser prostatectomy

Serial changes occurring in the canine prostate were studied at 1 and 3 hours; 1, 2, 4, and 7 days; and 2, 3, 5, 7, and 20 weeks following transurethral laser prostatectomy using the Neodymium:YAG (Nd:YAG) laser which delivered 60 watts (W) of power for 60 seconds at 4 positions (2, 5,8, and 11 o'clock) through a Lateralase' 2.5-mmfiber. A well-demarcated sphere of thermal necrosis measuring 2.7 cm in diameter was present immediately which, within 24 hours, had begun liquefaction and was showing multiple areas of cavitation. At 1 week, the area of cavitation had coalesced to form a central cavity and within 5weeks, the ectatic cavity had been lined by transitional epithelium. These observations confirm our previous surgical and clinical impression of being able to satisfactorily perform an effective transurethral laser prostatectomy with reproducible and consistent results without using sophisticated monitoring devices.
The Impact of Consumer Perceptions of, and Attitudes Toward Mail-in Rebates on Effectiveness of Rebates

Rebates remain a popular promotional tool ($6 billion annually) despite many consumer complaints. Approximately 40% of rebates go unredeemed each year. Manufacturers and/or retailers can count on this low redemption rate to help reduce their promotional costs. Earlier studies on rebates tend to focus on factors impacting rebate redemption. We chose to examine the factors that influence mail-in rebate effectiveness. We found rebate amount, perceived price of item with the rebate offer, and the wait time for rebate checks have strong impact on the effectiveness of a rebate campaign. Managerial implications of these findings were discussed.
Imaging and autocorrelation of ultrafast infrared laser pulses in the 3–11-μm range with silicon CCD cameras and photodiodes

Standard silicon photodiodes and CCD cameras are convenient and inexpensive alternatives to cryogenically cooled diodes or arrays for autocorrelation and imaging of ultrafast IR laser pulses in the wavelength range 3–11 μm. The response of these Si devices to IR pulses of duration ∼100 fs is proportional to En, where E is the pulse energy and n is approximately the Si electronic bandgap divided by the photon energy.
Physical map of the bacteriophage P22 genome

Abstract P22 mutations have been located relative to restriction endonuclease cleavage sites on the P22 chromosome by rescue of genetic markers from cloned DNA fragments. These data, in combination with prior genetic and physical mapping data, have allowed the construction of a detailed composite physical and genetic map.
The outcome of macrosomic infants weighing at least 4500 grams: Los Angeles County + University of Southern California experience

Objective To describe the maternal and neonatal outcome of macrosomic infants weighing at least 4500 g. Methods Maternal and neonatal records of infants with birth weights of at least 4500 g were identified during 1991. Outcome variables included the mode of delivery and incidence of maternal and perinatal complications. Results The study sample consisted of 227 infant and mother pairs. Mean (± standard deviation) birth weight was 4706 ± 219 g. A trial of labor was allowed in 192 women, and elective cesarean delivery was performed in 35 patients. The overall cesarean rate, including elective cesarean delivery and failed trial of labor, was 30.8% (70 of 227). Of those undergoing a trial of labor, 82% (157) delivered vaginally. Shoulder dystocia occurred 29 times, for an incidence of 18.5% in vaginal deliveries for macrosomia. There were seven cases each of Erb palsy and clavicular fracture, and one humeral fracture. By 2 months of age, all affected infants were without permanent sequelae. There was no birth asphyxia or perinatal mortality related to delivery for macrosomia. Maternal complications included increased risk of lacerations requiring repair (especially third- or fourth-degree lacerations) when vaginal delivery was complicated by shoulder dystocia (relative risk [RR] 5.4, 95% confidence interval [CI] 3.1–9.4). There was no statistically significant difference with respect to hemorrhage or hospital stay for women who had a vaginal delivery (with or without shoulder dystocia) compared with women who had a cesarean delivery. However, infectious morbidity increased significantly in those patients who underwent a cesarean after a trial of labor compared with women who had a vaginal delivery (RR 7.1, 95% CI 3.9–13.1) or elective cesarean birth (RR 5.4, 95% CI 3.1–9.4). Ninety-one percent of patients undergoing elective cesarean delivery had no complications. Conclusion Vaginal delivery is a reasonable alternative to elective cesarean for infants with estimated birth weights of at least 4500 g, and a trial of labor can be offered.
War, Rivalry, and State Building in the Middle East

We examine how war and rivalry affect state building in the Middle East. We argue that wars and rivalries promote state capacity, defined as the ability of a government to penetrate society for the purposes of resource extraction. Using cross-national time-series data for eighteen Middle Eastern countries from 1960 to 2003, we find that the structural pressure caused by the presence of international and domestic rivals augments extractive capacity. Conversely, both international and civil wars jeopardize state building in the Middle East. Furthermore, the negative effects of war upon state capacity are far greater than the constructive effects of rivalry.
Rictor/mTORC2 facilitates central regulation of energy and glucose homeostasis

Insulin signaling in the central nervous system (CNS) regulates energy balance and peripheral glucose homeostasis. Rictor is a key regulatory/structural subunit of the mTORC2 complex and is required for hydrophobic motif site phosphorylation of Akt at serine 473. To examine the contribution of neuronal Rictor/mTORC2 signaling to CNS regulation of energy and glucose homeostasis, we utilized Cre-LoxP technology to generate mice lacking Rictor in all neurons, or in either POMC or AgRP expressing neurons. Rictor deletion in all neurons led to increased fat mass and adiposity, glucose intolerance and behavioral leptin resistance. Disrupting Rictor in POMC neurons also caused obesity and hyperphagia, fasting hyperglycemia and pronounced glucose intolerance. AgRP neuron specific deletion did not impact energy balance but led to mild glucose intolerance. Collectively, we show that Rictor/mTORC2 signaling, especially in POMC-expressing neurons, is important for central regulation of energy and glucose homeostasis.
Lumping Analysis for Sorption of Neutral Organic Compounds in Mixtures to Simulated Aquifer Sorbents

The concept of using lumping analysis to reduce the complexity associated with the sorption of 12 neutral organic compounds (NOCs) comprising complex mixtures to simulated aquifer sorbents was evaluated. The sorbates covered a wide range of octanol-water partitioning coefficients, Kow (i.e., � 0:24 ≤ logKow ≤ 4:23), and the sorbents included different types of mineral surfaces and humic acid- mineral complexes with different fractions of organic carbon, f oc (i.e., 0:006% ≤ f oc ≤ 0:221%). Both a priori lumping criteria (i.e., the aqueous activity coefficient at saturation γ sat , and the organic carbon partitioning coefficient, Koc) and experimentally derived lumping criteria (i.e., Freundlich sorption parameters) were evaluated as potential lumping criteria. The results indicated that the sorption behavior of the 12 NOCs contained in mixtures could be approximated reasonably well by lumping them into a fewer number of pseudocompounds (four to six) with similar sorption behaviors based on Freundlich sorption parameters, and that both γ sat and Koc could be used as viable a priori lumping criteria. However, the number and compositions of the pseudocompounds were a complex function of the hydrophobicity (i.e., γ sat and Koc) of the NOCs and varied as a function of the type of mineral surface (e.g., uncoated, α-FeOOH-coated, and Al2O3-coated sands) and the f oc of the sorbent. DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)EE.1943-7870.0000498. © 2012 American Society of Civil Engineers. CE Database subject headings: Organic carbon; Organic compounds; Organic matter; Pollutants; Soil pollution; Sorption; Subsurface environment. Author keywords: Lumping analysis; Mixtures; Neutral organic compounds; Pseudocompounds; Simulated aquifer sorbent; Sorption.
Conversions of Ruthenium(III) Alkyl Complexes to Ruthenium(II) through Ru-Calkyl Bond Homolysis

Single-electron oxidation of the Ru(II) complexes TpRu(L)(L‘)(R) (L = CO, L‘ = NCMe, and R = CH3 or CH2CH2Ph; L = L‘ = PMe3 and R = CH3) with AgOTf leads to alkyl elimination reactions that produce...
Hypermedia in Science and Mathematics: Applications in Teacher Education, Problem Solving and Student Testing

A review of selected hypermedia applications in teacher education, problem solving, and student testing is presented. In science teacher education, hypermedia provides opportunities for preservice teachers to gain an indepth view of classroom episodes, analyze models of instruction such as discovery learning, and contrast effective and ineffective instructional strategies. Reported outcomes include significant differences in student-centered instruction, mostly in favor of the video groups among student teachers, and in favor of the baseline groups among practicum students. Also, significant improvements were reported for student teachers over practicum students in most paired observation ratings. In mathematics problem solving, hypermedia provides an environment for anchoring instruction in video-based macrocontexts for students to gain control over the problem situation, and helps to improve student ability to solve complex problems. In student testing, the role of the hypermedia is only emerging. The h...
Step-Response Analysis of Chemotaxis in Caenorhabditis elegans

The sensorimotor transformation underlying Caenorhabditis elegans chemotaxis has been difficult to measure directly under normal assay conditions. Thus, key features of this transformation remain obscure, such as its time course and dependence on stimulus amplitude. Here, we present a comprehensive characterization of the transformation as obtained by inducing stepwise temporal changes in attractant concentration within the substrate as the worm crawls across it. We found that the step response is complex, with multiple phases and a nonlinear dependence on the sign and amplitude of the stimulus. Nevertheless, the step response could be reduced to a simple kinetic model that predicted the results of chemotaxis assays. Analysis of the model showed that chemotaxis results from the combined effects of approach and avoidance responses to concentration increases and decreases, respectively. Surprisingly, ablation of the ASE chemosensory neurons, known to be necessary for chemotaxis in chemical gradient assays, eliminated avoidance responses but left approach responses intact. These results indicate that the transformation can be dissected into components to which identified neurons can be assigned.
Preliminary report: Brain blood flow using PET in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder and substance-abuse histories

Abstract Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is defined by DSM-III-R as an anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent distressing and intrusive remembrances of a traumatic event (American Psychiatric Association 1987). Some physiological abnormalities have been found in PTSD, notably for cardiac (Blanchard et al 1991) and neuroendocrine measures (Friedman 1991), but no studies to date have directly measured regional brain function changes in PTSD using positron emission tomography (PET). This preliminary study compares PTSD patients who have histories of substance abuse (Keane et al 1983, 1988) with normal controls who did not have a history of substance abuse. PET studies of anxiety disorders (Baxter et al 1987; Nordahl et al 1989, 1990; Reiman et al 1986), and acute (London et al 1990) and recent (Volkow et al 1991) substance abuse suggested hypotheses of increased orbital frontal cortex (OFC) blood flow and decreased left/right hippocampal ratios in PTSD patients with histories of substance abuse (PTSD-SA) compared to normal control subjects.
Fair watermarking techniques

Many intellectual property protection (IPP) techniques have been proposed. Their primary objectives are providing convincible proof of authorship with least degradation of the quality of the intellectual property (IF), and achieving robustness against attacks. These are also well accepted as the most important criteria to evaluate different IPP techniques. The essence of such techniques is to limit the solution space by embedding signatures as constraints. One key issue that should be addressed but has not been discussed is the fairness of the techniques: what is the quality of the solution subspace for different signatures, that is, how large the solution subspace is (uniqueness), and how difficulty it is to get a solution from such subspace (hardness). In this paper we introduce fairness as one of the metrics for good IPP techniques and post the challenge problem. of how to design fair water-marking techniques. We claim that all fair techniques have to be instance-oriented and due to the complexity of the problem itself we propose an approach that utilizes the statistical information of the problem instance. We use the satisfiability (SAT) problem as an example to illustrate how fairness could be achieved. We make the observation that the unfairness of the previous watermarking techniques comes from the global embedding of the signature and propose fair watermarking techniques. We test the uniqueness and hardness on a model with full knowledge of the solution and real life benchmarks as well. The experimental results show fairness can be achieved.
Performance debugging in the large via mining millions of stack traces

Given limited resource and time before software release, development-site testing and debugging become more and more insufficient to ensure satisfactory software performance. As a counterpart for debugging in the large pioneered by the Microsoft Windows Error Reporting (WER) system focusing on crashing/hanging bugs, performance debugging in the large has emerged thanks to available infrastructure support to collect execution traces with performance issues from a huge number of users at the deployment sites. However, performance debugging against these numerous and complex traces remains a significant challenge for performance analysts. In this paper, to enable performance debugging in the large in practice, we propose a novel approach, called StackMine, that mines callstack traces to help performance analysts effectively discover highly impactful performance bugs (e.g., bugs impacting many users with long response delay). As a successful technology-transfer effort, since December 2010, StackMine has been applied in performance-debugging activities at a Microsoft team for performance analysis, especially for a large number of execution traces. Based on real-adoption experiences of StackMine in practice, we conducted an evaluation of StackMine on performance debugging in the large for Microsoft Windows 7. We also conducted another evaluation on a third-party application. The results highlight substantial benefits offered by StackMine in performance debugging in the large for large-scale software systems.
Nanoparticles for imaging and treating brain cancer

Brain cancer tumors cause disruption of the selective properties of vascular endothelia, even causing disruptions in the very selective blood–brain barrier, which are collectively referred to as the blood–brain–tumor barrier. Nanoparticles (NPs) have previously shown great promise in taking advantage of this increased vascular permeability in other cancers, which results in increased accumulation in these cancers over time due to the accompanying loss of an effective lymph system. NPs have therefore attracted increased attention for treating brain cancer. While this research is just beginning, there have been many successes demonstrated thus far in both the laboratory and clinical setting. This review serves to present the reader with an overview of NPs for treating brain cancer and to provide an outlook on what may come in the future. For NPs, just like the blood–brain–tumor barrier, the future is wide open.
Translational Control of Viral Gene Expression in Eukaryotes

As obligate intracellular parasites, viruses rely exclusively on the translational machinery of the host cell for the synthesis of viral proteins. This relationship has imposed numerous challenges on both the infecting virus and the host cell. Importantly, viruses must compete with the endogenous transcripts of the host cell for the translation of viral mRNA. Eukaryotic viruses have thus evolved diverse mechanisms to ensure translational efficiency of viral mRNA above and beyond that of cellular mRNA. Mechanisms that facilitate the efficient and selective translation of viral mRNA may be inherent in the structure of the viral nucleic acid itself and can involve the recruitment and/or modification of specific host factors. These processes serve to redirect the translation apparatus to favor viral transcripts, and they often come at the expense of the host cell. Accordingly, eukaryotic cells have developed antiviral countermeasures to target the translational machinery and disrupt protein synthesis during the course of virus infection. Not to be outdone, many viruses have answered these countermeasures with their own mechanisms to disrupt cellular antiviral pathways, thereby ensuring the uncompromised translation of virion proteins. Here we review the varied and complex translational programs employed by eukaryotic viruses. We discuss how these translational strategies have been incorporated into the virus life cycle and examine how such programming contributes to the pathogenesis of the host cell.
Thioredoxin-interacting protein mediates sustained VEGFR2 signaling in endothelial cells required for angiogenesis.

Objective— Thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP) is an α-arrestin protein whose function is important for the regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2) signaling and endothelial cell survival. Because VEGFR2 is critical for angiogenesis, we explored the role of TXNIP in VEGF-induced angiogenesis. Approach and Results— TXNIP knockdown inhibited VEGF-induced endothelial cell tube formation and proliferation in cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cell. To elucidate the mechanism by which TXNIP altered VEGFR2 signaling in human umbilical vein endothelial cell, we studied phosphorylation of VEGFR2, phospholipase C gamma-1 (PLCγ1), endothelial NO synthase, and Akt (known as protein kinase B). TXNIP knockdown significantly decreased phosphorylation of VEGFR2 and PLCγ1 at times >5 minutes, but phosphorylation was unchanged at 2 minutes, as was Akt and endothelial NO synthase phosphorylation. Cell-surface biotinylation assay showed that TXNIP knockdown significantly attenuated VEGFR2 internalization. These results suggested that TXNIP was required for sustained VEGFR2 signaling, which is mediated largely by internalized VEGFR2. Rab5 knockdown to inhibit the trafficking and fusion of early endosomes significantly blocked VEGF-induced VEGFR2 internalization and phosphorylation of VEGFR2 and PLCγ1. Immunofluorescence and coimmunoprecipitation showed that TXNIP was part of a complex that included Rab5 and VEGFR2. Finally, TXNIP knockdown prevented the association of VEGFR2 and Rab5. Conclusions— Our results show that TXNIP is essential for VEGFR2 internalization in Rab5 positive endosomes, which is required for endothelial cell growth and angiogenesis. # Significance {#article-title-35}
A Review of “Paper to Digital: Documents in the Information Age”

With the Google book settlement in the news, print-on-demand systems being installed in bookstores and libraries, and the Kindle generating the kind of buzz libraries dream of, I picked up Paper to...
The rate of convergence for a pseudospectral optimal control method

Over the last decade, pseudospectral (PS) methods have emerged as a popular computational solution for the problem of nonlinear constrained optimal control. They have been applied to many industrial-strength problems, notably the recent zero-propellant-maneuvering of the International Space Station performed by NASA. In this paper, we prove a theorem on the rate of convergence for the approximate optimal cost computed using PS methods. This paper contains several essential differences from existing papers on PS optimal control as well as some other direct computational methods. First, the proofs do not use necessary conditions of optimal control. Secondly, we do not make coercivity type of assumptions. As a result, the theory does not require the local uniqueness of optimal solutions. The proof is not build on the bases of consistency approximation theory. Thus, we can remove some restrictive assumptions in the previous results on PS optimal control methods.
Exclusive Committee Assignments and Party Pressure in the U.S. House of Representatives

Most studies of committee agency in the U.S. House of Representatives consider the ideological location of the committee's median with respect to some agent. Little studied, however, is the effect committee agency may have on legislators seeking committee assign- ments. I show that when committees are agents to the party, legislators feel pressure to select ideological positions more proximate to the party. They respond to this pressure by exhibiting voting behavior more similar to the preferences of the party median. Committee assignments, then, are a means by which parties can influence the voting behavior of their members.
Cefepime-Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is one of the most common gram-negative bacterial causes of health care–acquired infections (1–3). These infections result in high morbidity and mortality rates (4,5). When serious P. aeruginosa infections are suspected, early and appropriate antimicrobial drug therapy is crucial because inadequate drug selection has been associated with increased mortality rates (6,7). Complicating the empiric selection of adequate therapy is the increasing prevalence of antimicrobial drug resistance among P. aeruginosa (8–10). Even in initially susceptible strains, resistance can rapidly develop during treatment (11–13). Cefepime, a fourth-generation cephalosphorin, is one of the few agents remaining that has reliable activity against P. aeruginosa. However, increased prevalence of resistance to cefepime among these organisms has been noted (14–18). As such, elucidating the epidemiology of cefepime-resistant P. aeruginosa is crucial to ensure that this agent remains a viable therapeutic option. Our goals were to identify risk factors for cefepime-resistant P. aeruginosa infections in the hospital setting and to describe the clinical effects of these infections.
The Inevitable Trend Toward Universally Recognized Signals of Property Claims: An Essay for Carol Rose

Carol Rose has identified the study of the communication of property claims as her central scholarly project. In this tribute to her distinguished career, I discuss whether a method of communicating a property claim - for example, the building of a fence around cultivated land - tends to be universal or to vary from one interpretative community to another. On account of increasing urbanization and long-distance travel, a property claimant in a given cultural setting must anticipate that some passersby will be total strangers. I contend that this reality prompts claimants to favor furnishing nonverbal visual cues, such as fences, that people of all backgrounds should be able to recognize.
Beyond Home: Forging the Domestic in Shared Housing

ABSTRACTThis article examines how connections between intimacy and the realm of the domestic are propelled by conditions of shared residence. Informed by research among low-income families in Buenos Aires who organize to attain collectively owned housing, I depict how the propinquity provided by common social activism and co-residence creates both a political and an affective community. The groups in question organize their cohabitation and everyday life according to a set of explicit and collectively sanctioned rules and regulations concerning distribution and uses of space, maintenance, etc. However, living together also implies embracing a myriad of norms regarding aspects of intimacy and the body—particularly those related to sexuality—which, although alluded to by written rules, can only gain voice in the more nuanced, semi-public idioms of gossip and rumor. The article explores these assertions by considering several instances where rules and gossip intersected in deliberations about (im)proper atti...
COERCIVE AND NONCOERCIVE ABORTION DETERRENCE POLICIES: A Comparative State Analysis

The Supreme Courts decision in Roe vs. Wade (1973) limited the authority of states to prohibit abortions during the 1st trimester of pregnancy. Although they can no longer prohibit abortions state legislatures have adopted a variety of coercive and noncoercive policies that might operate to alter the utilities associated with having or providing abortions. This article analyzes the relative impact of these policies on 2 measures of abortion behavior: state abortion rates in 1976 and trends in states abortion rates from 1973 to 1976. Multiple regression analysis reveals that neither coercive nor noncoercive policies are strongly related to these aggregate measures of abortion behavior. (Authors)
Normal Dimensions of Multiple Personality without Amnesia

A survey for distinguishing the normal and pathological dimensions of multiple personality—the Personal Situations Survey (PSS)—was developed by the authors and tested on 209 college students. Scal...
“Model-based strategies for biomedical image analysis”

The development of methods to accurately and reproducibly recover useful quantitative information from medical images is often hampered by uncertainties in handling the data related to: image acquisition parameters, the variability of normal human anatomy and physiology, the presence of disease or other abnormal conditions, and a variety of other factors. This talk will review image analysis strategies that make use of models based on geometrical and physical/biomechanical information to help constrain the range of possible solutions in the presence of such uncertainty. The discussion will be focused by looking primarily at several problem areas in the realms of neuroanatomical structure analysis and cardiac function analysis, along with some work in cellular image analysis, with an emphasis on image segmentation and motion/deformation tracking. The presentation will include a description of the problem areas and visual examples of the image datasets being used, an overview of the mathematical techniques involved and a presentation of results obtained when analyzing actual patient image data using these methods. Emphasis will be placed on how image-derived information and appropriate modeling can be used together to address the image analysis and processing problems noted above.
Gravitational effects on microstructural development in liquid phase sintered materials

Abstract In this review I have tried to place in perspective differing viewpoints concerning the effect of gravity in LPS. Gravity induced settling can be roughly separated into two stages; free settling of isolated particles and skeletal settling of a connected solid structure. There is disagreement over the solid phase volume fraction needed to establish a skeletal structure. I noted that such a criterion can only be determined by examination of structures sintered for times less than that at which skeletal settling commences. If this protocol is not followed, the measured critical volume fraction is greater than the one at which a skeleton first forms. I have reviewed two mechanisms for skeletal settling. While the process is complicated, previous work (2) strongly suggests that particles are, more-or-less, extricated from the skeleton one at a time. They then settle a distance comparable to the interparticle spacing. Repetition leads to the slow slumping observed, for example, in heavy metals. Conversely, extrication in Fe-Cu alloys leads to “floating” of Fe particles. Details of the extrication process have not yet been clarified, and continued work in this area might be fruitful. I have also noted that a recent model (1) put forth to describe skeletal settling in LPS systems seems physically unrealistic. In addition, the physics underlying the model do not apply to a system in which the solid has a lesser density than the liquid.
WICSA Wiki WAN Party: capturing experience in software architecture best practices

Researchers, practitioners, educators, and students of software architecture would benefit from having online access to quality information about the state of research and practice of software architecture. In recent years, Wiki technology has enabled distributed and collaborative editing of content using only a Web browser. To explore whether Wiki technology would be effective in facilitating the ongoing discussion and evolution of ideas on software architecture, we hosted the WICSA Wiki WAN Party (WWWP) during the 4th Working IEEE/IFIP Conference on Software Architecture (WICSA 2004). We used a history tool developed at IBM Research to monitor site activity and provide daily feedback to conference participants. This report recounts experience hosting this Wiki site and summarizes the site activity.
Conceptions of Family-Centered Medical Decisionmaking and Their Difficulties

Over the past decade or so, the predominant patient-centered ethos in American bioethics has come under attack by critics who claim that it is morally deficient in certain respects, particularly when viewed in the context of acute-care decisionmaking. One line of criticism has been that the current ethic of patient autonomy gives an individual competent patient far too much decisional authority over the terms of his own treatment so that the patient is at complete liberty to neglect the ways in which his medical decisions can drastically and negatively affect the lives of other family members. Given that family members must help shoulder the financial, emotional, and rehabilitative burdens involved in the patient's care, it has been argued that they too have a legitimate interest in choosing what sort of medical treatment the patient eventually receives. Another closely related line of criticism is that the prevailing focus on patient autonomy gives short shrift to the moral significance of the family as a genuine community. Echoing a view of the person advanced by most communitarian political theorists, some commentators have argued that the patient comes to the clinic so thoroughly embedded in a complex web of familial relationships and obligations that it does not make sense to identify him as the only person in the family to make decisions about treatment.
Virtuous Ways and Beautiful Customs: The Role of Alternative Dispute Resolution in Japan

In 1919, Prime Minister Kei Hara announced the formation of a commission that would recommend changes to Japan's imported civil code to conform with Japan's "virtuous ways and beautiful customs." One of the recommendations was for the establishment of conciliation procedures for family disputes. The commission argued that litigation was ill-suited to the preservation of Japanese family values; the honoring of peace and respect for others based on one's position within the family and society. The push for alternative dispute resolution failed, but was later revisited. By the beginning of World War II, Japanese law required that most civil complaints be settled by conciliation rather than litigation. In what was an increasingly totalitarian society, it was perhaps logical to expect some impairment of judicial process. However, in this case, the judicial process was replaced by an informal means of resolving internal disputes. Much like the "didactic conciliation" of medieval Japan, informal dispute resolution allowed the pre-World War II ruling elite to inculcate the social values necessary to the state, i.e., acceptance of a social hierarchy, duty, and obedience. The end of World War II, the occupation, and the adoption of a new Constitution based heavily on Anglo-American notions of individual rights and an independent judiciary would suggest a change. This article argues that despite reform efforts, the various means of alternative dispute resolution (ADR) in Japan continue to function so as to enforce a hierarchical view of society no longer in terms of class, but rather in terms of relative rights. The system fosters the idea that not all people are equal under the law, albeit without the draconian measures of the Tokugawa regimes or the mandatory provisions of the pre-World War II Japanese code. Instead, modem Japanese ADR encourages and protects "social rights," which include duties one individual owes to another. ADR neither encourages nor protects individual rights, those rights secured to the individual irrespective of relationships, to the same degree. This article explores the continuing impact of the values embodied in "virtuous ways and beautiful customs" on the form and substance of Japanese ADR.
Feasibility of web-based treatment delivery for cocaine use disorder: Profile of Internet access by active cocaine users

Drug and Alcohol Dependence 156 (2015) e183–e245 e233 distinctive phenotype; (3) absence of dependence observed at long ETFL might give clues for resilience research; (4) to the extent that drug availability fosters longer ETFL and does not alter these estimates, one result of increased availability might be upturning numbers of dependence cases perhaps observable as soon as ∼7.5 months after regime change. Financial support: Supported by NIDA T32DA021129 (OAV); K05DA015799 (JCA). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.07.626 Feasibility of web-based treatment delivery for cocaine use disorder: Profile of Internet access by active cocaine users Frances P. Wagner1,∗, Justin C. Strickland2, William W. Stoops1,2,3, Craig R. Rush1,2,3 1 Behavioral Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States 2 Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States 3 Psychiatry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY,
Conquering Complexity

In safety-critical systems, the potential impact of each separate failure is normally studied in detail and remedied by adding backups. Failure combinations, though, are rarely studied exhaustively; there are just too many of them, and most have a low probability of occurrence. Defect detection in software development is usually understood to be a best effort at rigorous testing just before deployment. But defects can be introduced in all phases of software design, not just in the final coding phase. Defect detection therefore shouldn't be limited to the end of the process, but practiced from the very beginning. In a rigorous model-based engineering process, each phase is based on the construction of verifiable models that capture the main decisions.