cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Differentiation of apical, basal and mixed dendrites of fusiform cells in the cochlear nucleus

Many studies suggest that the details of morphogenesis (e.g. the length and number of dendrites) are determined by factors extrinsic to the cell, while the basic form of the neuron (e.g. the shape of the soma and the placement of the primary dendritic trunks) is determined by intrinsic factors. The following study describes the development of the dendrites of fusiform cells in the dorsal cochlear nucleus of the hamster using Golgi-stained brains from hamsters of various ages. Two basic types of dendrites are described--apical and basal--which emanate from opposite ends of the cell body and differ in their morphology. A third type of dendrite that exits the cell laterally can create a deflection in the perimeter of the cell body altering its shape. The morphology of these dendrites is described and compared to the apical and basal dendrites. Segments of laterally extending dendrites that are near apical dendrites are qualitatively and quantitatively identical to apical dendrites (that is they branch frequently and are spine-laden) and the converse is true of the segments near basal dendrites. The results suggest that during development, whether a dendritic will be apical-like or basal-like is determined by the location of its distal segment. Thus, extrinsic factors influence the overall form of these neurons.
Unofficial road building in the Brazilian Amazon: Dilemmas and models for road governance

Unofficial roads form dense networks in landscapes, generating a litany of negative ecological outcomes, but unofficial roads in frontier areas are also instrumental in local livelihoods and community development. This trade-off poses dilemmas for the governance of unofficial roads. Unofficial road building in frontier areas of the Brazilian Amazon illustrates the challenges of 'road governance.' Both state-based and community based governance models exhibit important liabilities for governing unofficial roads. Whereas state-based governance has experienced difficulties in adapting to specific local contexts and interacting effectively with local interest groups, community-based governance has a mixed record owing to social inequalities and conflicts among local interest groups. A state-community hybrid model may offer more effective governance of unofficial road building by combining the oversight capacity of the state with locally grounded community management via participatory decision-making.
Is there evidence that the gut contributes to mucosal immunity in humans

Background: Our understanding of the common mucosal immune system derives from animal studies. Antigen-sensitized lymphocytes in the gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) migrate via the blood to mucosal tissues to generate the mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT). In these sites, B cells differentiate into plasma cells and produce antigen-specific secretory IgA, the principal specific immune antiviral and antibacterial defense of moist mucosal surfaces. Responses to oral intake seem necessary to actively maintain this system in health. Experimentally, lack of enteral stimulation with parenteral feeding alters GALT and MALT size and function. These alterations disturb intestinal and extraintestinal mucosal immunity. Methods: This review is an overview of current and classical studies demonstrating the human mucosal immune system and interactions with nutrition. Results: Human evidence of the mucosal immune system exists, although most data are indirect. Gut stimulation after oral intake induces a gen...
A Method for Broadband Full-Duplex MIMO Radio

We present a time-domain transmit beamforming (TDTB) method for self-interference cancelation (SIC) at the radio frequency (RF) frontend of the receivers on broadband full-duplex MIMO radios. It is shown that the conventional frequency-domain transmit beamforming (FDTB) method along with the orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) framework does not generally perform SIC in the prefix region of a transmitted frame. A hardware based test of the TDTB method shows a 50 dB SIC over a bandwidth of 30 MHz.
Evidence for compensatory upregulation of expressed X-linked genes in mammals, Caenorhabditis elegans and Drosophila melanogaster

Many animal species use a chromosome-based mechanism of sex determination, which has led to the coordinate evolution of dosage-compensation systems. Dosage compensation not only corrects the imbalance in the number of X chromosomes between the sexes but also is hypothesized to correct dosage imbalance within cells that is due to monoallelic X-linked expression and biallelic autosomal expression, by upregulating X-linked genes twofold (termed 'Ohno's hypothesis'). Although this hypothesis is well supported by expression analyses of individual X-linked genes and by microarray-based transcriptome analyses, it was challenged by a recent study using RNA sequencing and proteomics. We obtained new, independent RNA-seq data, measured RNA polymerase distribution and reanalyzed published expression data in mammals, C. elegans and Drosophila. Our analyses, which take into account the skewed gene content of the X chromosome, support the hypothesis of upregulation of expressed X-linked genes to balance expression of the genome.
Responses of CA1 pyramidal neurons in rat hippocampus to transient forebrain ischemia: an in vivo intracellular recording study.

Abstract The electrophysiological responses of CA1 pyramidal neurons to 5 min forebrain ischemia were studied with intracellular recording and staining techniques in vivo. The baseline membrane potential rapidly depolarized to approximately −20 mV about 3 min after the onset of ischemia and began to repolarize 1–3 min after recirculation. The amplitude of this ischemic depolarization (ID) was related directly to the severity of ischemia and its latency of onset was inversely related to brain temperature. Spontaneous synaptic activity ceased shortly after ischemia onset while the evoke synaptic potentials lasted until shortly before the onset of ID. Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) disappeared earlier than excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) and the membrane input resistance of CA1 neurons increased after the onset of ischemia.
Carbon nanotubes with covalently linked porphyrin antennae: photoinduced electron transfer.

Single- and multiwalled carbon nanotubes have been covalently functionalized with free-base porphyrin. The quantity of porphyrin linked to the surface was determined from thermogravimetric and UV−vis analysis. A reversible protonation equilibrium between the attached porphyrin and the residual acid groups of the carbon nanotubes has been identified. Steady-state fluorescence emission spectrum of the solutions of porphyrin-linked carbon nanotubes shows that the porphyrins act as energy absorbing and electron transferring antennae, and the carbon nanotubes act as efficient electron acceptors. The porphyrin-linked carbon nanotubes show 95−100% emission quenching, indicating a fast photoinduced electron transfer.
Nanoscale friction properties of graphene and graphene oxide

Abstract Achieving superlow friction and wear at the micro/nano-scales through the uses of solid and liquid lubricants may allow superior performance and long-lasting operations in a range of micromechanical system including micro-electro mechanical systems (MEMS). Previous studies have indicated that conventional solid lubricants such as highly ordered pyrolitic graphite (HOPG) can only afford low friction in humid environments at micro/macro scales; however, HOPG is not suitable for practical micro-scale applications. In this study, we explored the nano-scale frictional properties of multi-layered graphene films as a potential solid lubricant for such applications. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) measurements have revealed that for high-purity multilayered graphene (7–9 layers), the friction force is significantly lower than what can be achieved by the use of HOPG, regardless of the counterpart AFM tip material. We have demonstrated that the quality and purity of multilayered graphene plays an important role in reducing lateral forces, while oxidation of graphene results in dramatically increased friction values. Also, for the first time, we demonstrated the possibility of achieving ultralow friction for CVD grown single layer graphene on silicon dioxide. This confirms that the deposition process insures a stronger adhesion to substrate and hence enables superior tribological performance than the previously reported mechanical exfoliation processes.
Constitutive Extracellular Polysaccharide (EPS) Production by Specific Isolates of Crocosphaera watsonii

Unicellular dinitrogen (N2) fixing cyanobacteria have only recently been identified in the ocean and recognized as important contributors to global N2 fixation. The only cultivated representatives of the open ocean unicellular diazotrophs are multiple isolates of Crocosphaera watsonii. Although constituents of the genus are nearly genetically identical, isolates have been described in two size classes, large ~5µm and small ~3µm cell diameters. We show here that the large size class constitutively produces substantial amounts of extracellular polysaccharides (EPS) during exponential growth, up to 10 times more than is seen in the small size class, and does so under both N2¬ fixing and non-N2 fixing conditions. The EPS production exceeds the amount produced by larger phytoplankton such as diatoms and coccolithophores by one to two orders of magnitude, is ~22% of the total particulate organic C (POC) in the culture, and is depleted in N compared to cellular material. The large difference in observed EPS production may be accounted for by consistently higher photochemical efficiency of photosystem II in the large (0.5) versus small (~0.35) strains. While it is known that Crocosphaera plays an important role in driving the biological carbon (C) pump through the input of new nitrogen (N) to the open ocean, we hypothesize that this species may also contribute directly to the C cycle through the constitutive production of EPS. Indeed, at two stations in the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre, ~70% of large Crocosphaera cells observed were embedded in EPS. The evolutionary advantage of releasing such large amounts of fixed C is still unknown, but in regions where Crocosphaera can be abundant (i.e. the warm oligotrophic ocean) this material will likely have important biogeochemical consequences.
Total phenolics and antioxidant capacity of heat-treated peanut skins

Abstract Total phenolics and antioxidant capacities of heat-treated skins from Runner, Virginia and Spanish peanut types were evaluated. Peanut skin extracts were evaluated for total phenolics (TP), Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) and peroxyl-radical trapping capacity (PRTC) assay. Factors studied were temperature (90, 112, 135, 158 and 180 °C), time (5, 15 and 25 min) and peanut types. Runners significantly ( P
A Means to Accommodate Residual Limb Movement During Optical Scanning: A Technical Note

A technique is described for correcting for subject movement while imaging the residual limb of a person with a transtibial amputation. Small reflective markers were placed on the residual limb, and then their motions tracked during scanning using two stationary cameras. The marker position measurements were used to generate appropriate translational and rotational transformation matrices so that limb motion could be corrected for during the 1.5-s scan interval. Evaluation tests showed good performance for moderate (2-4 mm) to high (5-8 mm) motion cases. The difference in mean absolute cross-sectional area between the test scan and a stationary reference scan was reduced by approximately one half when motion correction was used compared with when motion correction was not used. The algorithm broke down for exaggerated motion (ges 9 mm) cases, particularly in areas outside the region encompassed by the markers. The developed method is useful in prosthetics research where high resolution shape measurement is needed, for example in cases where residual limb shape or volume change is of interest.
Ionic Mechanism of GABAA Biphasic Synaptic Potentials in Gustatory Nucleus of the Solitary Tracta

: Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is the principal neurotransmitter of synaptic inhibition in the gustatory nucleus of the solitary tract (rNST). High-frequency activation of GABA neurons in the rNST results in biphasic inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) that are initially hyperpolarizing but then became depolarizing. Our results indicate that high-frequency stimulation evokes redistribution of Cl− and K+ ions that shifts IPSP reversal potential in a more positive direction, which produces a biphasic or depolarizing IPSP.
Beyond the skin bag: on the moral responsibility of extended agencies

The growing prominence of computers in contemporary life, often seemingly with minds of their own, invites rethinking the question of moral responsibility. If the moral responsibility for an act lies with the subject that carried it out, it follows that different concepts of the subject generate different views of moral responsibility. Some recent theorists have argued that actions are produced by composite, fluid subjects understood as extended agencies (cyborgs, actor networks). This view of the subject contrasts with methodological individualism: the idea that actions are produced only by human individuals. This essay compares two views of responsibility: moral individualism (the ethical twin of methodological individualism), and joint responsibility (associated with extended agency theory). It develops a view of what joint responsibility might look like, and considers the advantages it might bring relative to moral individualism as well as the objections that are sure to be raised against it.
Climate change and control of the southeastern Bering Sea pelagic ecosystem

We propose a new hypothesis, the Oscillating Control Hypothesis (OCH), which predicts that pelagic ecosystem function in the southeastern Bering Sea will alternate between primarily bottom-up control in cold regimes and primarily top-down control in warm regimes. The timing of spring primary production is determined predominately by the timing of ice retreat. Late ice retreat (late March or later) leads to an early, ice-associated bloom in cold water (e.g., 1995, 1997, 1999), whereas no ice, or early ice retreat before mid-March, leads to an open-water bloom in May or June in warm water (e.g., 1996, 1998, 2000). Zooplankton populations are not closely coupled to the spring bloom, but are sensitive to water temperature. In years when the spring bloom occurs in cold water, low temperatures limit the production of zooplankton, the survival of larval/juvenile fish, and their recruitment into the populations of species of large piscivorous fish, such as walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma), Pacific cod (Gadus macrocephalus) and arrowtooth flounder (Atheresthes stomias). When continued over decadal scales, this will lead to bottom-up limitation and a decreased biomass of piscivorous fish. Alternatively, in periods when the bloom occurs in warm water, zooplankton populations should grow rapidly, providing plentiful prey for larval and juvenile fish. Abundant zooplankton will support strong recruitment of fish and will lead to abundant predatory fish that control forage fish, including, in the case of pollock, their own juveniles. Piscivorous marine birds and pinnipeds may achieve higher production of young and survival in cold regimes, when there is less competition from large piscivorous fish for coldwater forage fish such as capelin (Mallotus villosus). Piscivorous seabirds and pinnipeds also may be expected to have high productivity in periods of transition from cold regimes to warm regimes, when young of large predatory species of fish are numerous enough to provide forage. The OCH predicts that the ability of large predatory fish populations to sustain fishing pressure will vary between warm and cold regimes. The OCH points to the importance of the timing of ice retreat and water temperatures during the spring bloom for the productivity of zooplankton, and the degree and direction of coupling between zooplankton and forage fish. Forage fish (e.g., juvenile pollock, capelin, Pacific herring [Clupea pallasii]) are key prey for adult pollock and other apex predators. In the southeastern Bering Sea, important changes in the biota since the mid-1970s include a marked increase
Ocean wave energy overview and research at Oregon State University

The solutions to today's energy challenges need to be explored through alternative, renewable and clean energy sources to enable a diverse national energy resource plan. An extremely abundant and promising source of energy exists in the world's oceans. Ocean energy exists in the forms of wave, tidal, marine currents, thermal (temperature gradient) and salinity. Among these forms, significant opportunities and benefits have been identified in the area of ocean wave energy extraction, i.e., harnessing the motion of the ocean waves, and converting that motion into electrical energy. This paper presents the fundamentals of ocean wave energy, and also a summary of the wave energy research being conducted at Oregon State University. This paper is intended to serve as an introduction to wave energy for scientists and engineers, particularly those with a wind energy background.
Richard Neutra's Venetian lecture

Neutra's now forgotten Venetian lecture of 1949 reveals him as a polemicist with a sense of humour anxious to distance himself from Bruno Zevi's ‘Organic school of architecture of the United States’.
Oral Communication Skills in Senior Citizens: A Community Service Model

In this article, we describe a community service model developed by the Communication Disorders Program at Mercy College, Dobbs Ferry, New York. The model provides an additional clinical community ...
Multiuser Diversity in Wireless Ad Hoc Networks

This work studies the throughput scaling in the limit of large networks for a previously published two-hop opportunistic relaying protocol for more general fading conditions. In the Rayleigh fading environment, the throughput scaling was obtained directly from the closed-form throughput expression of the finite network. For other fading channels, unfortunately, the exact closed-form throughput analysis turns out to be intractable. Inspired by the multiuser diversity interpretation of the throughput scaling in the Rayleigh case, we introduce the conjecture that for general fading channels, the throughput scaling of the opportunistic scheme is of the same order as the multiuser diversity of the underlying fading model. While the rigorous proof of the conjecture is still ongoing, in this paper, we make two observations that shed additional light on the throughput of wireless networks.
Solid State 13C MAS NMR Investigations of Amorphous Carbon Thin Films

Thin films of hard amorphous carbon continue to gain importance in an increasing range of technologies and applications. Solid state 13C magic angle spinning (MAS) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy has proven to be a powerful tool in the investigation of the local structure in amorphous carbon films. The majority of these 13C MAS NMR investigations have focused on hydrogenated diamond-like carbon films.1–13 Investigations of natural and synthetic diamonds,14–17 as well as graphite and graphite intercalation compounds have also been reported.18, 19 Recently, more unusual carbon forms have been probed using 13C MAS NMR, including studies of pressure/temperature-treated C60,20 two-dimensional polymerized C60 phases,21 and nanodiamonds produced during explosive compression.22
The Artist, the Philosopher, and the Nazi: One Possible Meaning Behind the Mischievous Banality of the Banality of Evil

This article examines the painting “The Banality of the Banality of Evil” by graffiti artist, Banksy. I argue that his painting represents a current cultural phenomenon, the banality of the banality of evil, which takes Hannah Arendt’s notion of the banality of evil to a different meaning. I argue that the painting represents not only the Nazi’s, in this case Eichmann, unwillingness to confront his crimes, but people’s unwillingness to engage in political debate without confronting the significance and exclusivity of Nazism. Furthermore, I argue that instead of the banality of the Nazi as an ordinary man committing horrendous act, the increasing use of the accusation of ‘being a Nazi’ presents Nazism as the cliche and banal subject.
History of the USDA Cotton Insects Research Laboratory Tallulah, Louisiana, 1909–1973

On June 30, 1973, after 64 years of continuous operation, the USDA Cotton Insects Research Laboratory) Tallulah, Louisiana, closed. Since the Laboratory began in 1909, many prominent entomologists have been members of the staff. Their pioneering efforts in evaluating and developing chemical insecticides and application techniques for the control of pest insects in cotton are widely recognized. The Laboratory was the acknowledged leader in research on the boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis Boheman, for over half a century and provided an invaluable service to cotton growers when the boll weevil invaded the Mississippi Delta and spread to the East Coast.
Exploring Black Immigrants’ and Nonimmigrants’ Understanding of “Acting Black” and “Acting White”

Immigrant and nonimmigrant Black adolescents’ perceptions of “acting Black” and “acting White” were compared using a concurrent mixed-methods approach. Using the Maryland Adolescent Development in ...
Mentoring Excellence in the Kinesiology Academy

ABSTRACTThis article from the 35th Dudley Allen Sargent Lecture addresses the importance of senior faculty in kinesiology providing holistic guidance to tenure-track faculty to foster excellence in the field. The importance of holistic mentoring of all three faculty roles in higher education is illustrated using research on teaching and learning biomechanics, by evaluating the quality of evidence in research reports, and by the need for high-quality service in journal peer review and other professional service roles. Collective support, mentoring, and the recognition of excellence of faculty peers may promote the advancement of knowledge and elevate the recognition of kinesiology in the academy and the world.
Antarctic crustacean grazer assemblages exhibit resistance following exposure to decreased pH

Anthropogenic atmospheric CO2 concentrations are increasing rapidly, resulting in declining seawater pH (ocean acidification). The majority of ocean acidification research to date has focused on the effects of decreased pH in single-species experiments. To assess how decreased pH may influence natural macroalgal-grazer assemblages, we conducted a mesocosm experiment with the common, chemically defended Antarctic brown macroalga Desmarestia menziesii and natural densities of its associated grazer assemblage, predominantly amphipods. Grazer assemblages were collected from the immediate vicinity of Palmer Station (64°46′S, 64°03′W) in March 2013. Assemblages were exposed for 30 days to three levels of pH representing present-day mean summer ambient conditions (pH 8.0), predicted near-future conditions (2100, pH 7.7), and distant-future conditions (pH 7.3). A significant difference was observed in the composition of mesograzer assemblages in the lowest pH treatment (pH 7.3). The differences between assemblages exposed to pH 7.3 and those maintained in the other two treatments were driven primarily by decreases in the abundance of the amphipod Metaleptamphopus pectinatus with decreasing pH, reduced copepod abundance at pH 7.7, and elevated ostracod abundance at pH 7.7. Generally, the assemblages maintained at pH 7.7 were not significantly different from those at ambient pH, demonstrating resistance to short-term decreased pH. The relatively high prevalence of generalist amphipods may have contributed to a net stabilizing effect on the assemblages exposed to decreased pH. Overall, our results suggest that crustacean grazer assemblages associated with D. menziesii, the dominant brown macroalgal species of the western Antarctic Peninsula, may be resistant to short-term near-future decreases in seawater pH.
Asian American Studies and Ethnic Studies: About Kin Disciplines

It is now some thirty-five years since the establishment of the first Asian American Studies program. The field of Asian American Studies has grown tremendously, particularly over the last fifteen years. It has produced new scholarship; books on the subject published during the 1960s doubled the output of Asian American books published since the mid-nineteenth century, but the 1970s doubled that number, and the 1980s and 1990s doubled that in turn. Established programs in Asian American Studies are growing rapidly, new programs are being added, and still students, from the West to the East Coast, are clamoring for more faculty, courses, and books. The Association for Asian American Studies has grown from less than 100 members during the 1970s to its present membership of over 700, and members derive not only from the United States, but also from Canada, Asia, and Europe.
Hygienic survey of food and tableware in Guilin City

Aim To understand the hygienic conditions of food,tableware in Guilin City.Methods In accordance with national hygiene standards,255 food,tableware and cooking utensil samples were randomly selected from 21 hotels in Guilin and detected.Results The detection rates of total bacterium,E.coli,carmine dye and benzoic acid in food and cooked meat samples were 49.49%,50.61%,6.06% and 68.70%.Positive rate of total coliform and coli group of tableware and cooking utensils were 20.23%and 34.78%.Conclusion There are problems of over use of food additives and bacterial contamination of food and tableware.
Critical Role of the Secondary Binding Pocket in Modulating the Enzymatic Activity of DUSP5 toward Phosphorylated ERKs.

DUSP5 is an inducible nuclear dual-specificity phosphatase that specifically interacts with and deactivates extracellular signal-regulated kinases ERK1 and ERK2, which are responsible for cell proliferation, differentiation, and survival. The phosphatase domain (PD) of DUSP5 has unique structural features absent from other nuclear DUSPs, such as the presence of a secondary anion-binding site in the proximity of the reaction center and a glutamic acid E264 positioned next to the catalytic cysteine C263, as well as a remote intramolecular disulfide linkage. The overall 400 ns molecular dynamics simulations indicate that the secondary binding site of DUSP5 PD acts as an allosteric regulator of the phosphatase activity of DUSP5. Our studies have identified E264 as a critical constituent of the dual binding pocket, which regulates the catalytic activity of DUSP5 by forming a salt bridge with arginine R269. Molecular dynamics studies showed that initial occupation of the secondary binding pocket leads to the br...
Situational Factors as Determinants of Community Pharmacists' Clinical Decision Making Behavior

Abstract Objective To examine the relative contribution of two work-related pressures, workload and perceived normative beliefs of significant others, to community pharmacists' clinical decision making behavior. Design Systematic random sample design. Setting A large southeastern city. Participants 450 independent and chain community pharmacists identified from the state board of pharmacy list of licensed community pharmacists. Interventions A mailed questionnaire asking about community pharmacists' workload pressures and the perceived beliefs of their patients and employers (significant others) approving or disapproving of them providing pharmaceutical care. Main Outcome Measures Clinical decision making behavior, as measured using a subset of the Behavioral Pharmaceutical Care Scale. Results Response rate was 31.8%. Workload was not significantly related to clinical decision making. After controlling for social desirability and workload, perceived normative beliefs of significant others was highly significant; it accounted for 7.6% of the variance associated with clinical decision making behavior. Conclusion Workload pressures did not appear to influence the provision of pharmaceutical care. Community pharmacists' perceived normative beliefs about their patients' and employer's approval or disapproval of the provision of pharmaceutical care should be further examined within the larger context of the pharmacy organization's climate.
Relationships Between MRI Breast Imaging-Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS) Lexicon Descriptors and Breast Cancer Molecular Subtypes: Internal Enhancement is Associated with Luminal B Subtype

The aim of this study was to determine the associations between breast MRI findings using the Breast Imaging-Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS) lexicon descriptors and breast cancer molecular subtypes. In this retrospective, IRB-approved, single institution study MRIs from 278 women with breast cancer were reviewed by one of six fellowship-trained breast imagers. Readers reported BI-RADS descriptors for breast masses (shape, margin, internal enhancement) and non-mass enhancement (distribution, internal enhancement). Pathology reports were reviewed for estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2). Surrogates were used to categorize tumors by molecular subtype: ER/PR+, HER2- (luminal A); ER/PR+, HER2+ (luminal B); ER/PR-, HER2+ (HER2); ER/PR/HER2- (basal). A univariate logistic regression model was developed to identify associations between BI-RADS descriptors and molecular subtypes. Internal enhancement for mass and non-mass enhancement was combined for analysis. There was an association between mass shape and basal subtype (p = 0.039), which was more frequently round (17.1%) than other subtypes (range: 0-8.3%). In addition, there was an association between mass margin and HER2 subtype (p = 0.040), as HER2 cancers more frequently had a smooth margin (33.3%) than other subtypes (range: 4.2-17.1%). Finally, there was an association between internal enhancement and luminal B subtype (p = 0.003), with no cases of luminal B cancer demonstrating homogeneous internal enhancement versus a range of 10.9-23.5% for other subtypes. There are associations between breast cancer molecular subtypes and lesion appearance on MRI using the BI-RADS lexicon.
Renal and colonic potassium transporters in the pregnant rat

Gestational potassium retention, most of which occurs during late pregnancy, is essential for fetal development. The purpose of this study was to examine mechanisms underlying changes in potassium ...
Managing Separation Costs, Stranded Costs, and Dis-synergies

Four fundamental questions help determine the business case of a divestiture: Why is the divestiture required? What is the potential benefit for the seller? What is the one-time and ongoing cost to the seller? What is required to attract the best possible valuation from a buyer?
Using a 3-D Printed Mechatronics Project to Simulate MEMS Design and Fabrication

Contribution: A semester-long project, geared towards a multidisciplinary group of undergraduate engineering students, to design and simulate a large-scale microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) 2-D optical scanner is presented. Background: MEMS component design and fabrication typically requires a cleanroom and costly high-vacuum equipment; these are not available at many small educational institutions. Conventionally, institutions without cleanroom access teach MEMS courses using lectures and videos, but this fails to engage and motivate students because of the absence of hands-on fabrication and design experience. Application Design: The mechatronics project has students use simple accessible tools, including 3-D printing, servomotors, a microcontroller, and mechanical simulation software to design and optimize a large-scale model of a MEMS optical scanner that simulates the 2-D motion of the actual device. Intended Outcomes: This project involves a hands-on approach designed to improve the participating students’ understanding of MEMS devices; its design and process constraints closely resemble aspects of the MEMS industry. Application Design: In addition to a detailed description of the various components of the project, this paper describes methods to assess student progress, and gives reflections on the project’s implementation. The effectiveness of the project is evaluated through assessment data obtained from a total of 65 students over three semesters. Findings: After introducing the project to the course, instructors saw a great increase in interest, and an improvement in performance. Students showed a significant improvement in their understanding of mask design and fabrication process description, as demonstrated by their final exam grades.
Public Health Approaches to Adolescent Health Beyond Disease and Illness

Two seminal events provide a frame for public health approaches to adolescent disease and illness: the formation of the United States Public Health Service and the establishment of the World Health Organization. Within this framework, this chapter addresses contemporary public health approaches for adolescents beyond disease and illness. Next, contemporary public health efforts in the United States, now guided by a comprehensive set of goals and objectives called Healthy People including adolescent-specific content, are explored. Adolescent health issues, the unique needs of adolescents to improve their health, and the importance of adolescent public health are then outlined. Within that context, practical issues in public health practice focused on adolescents are detailed. Emphasis is placed on positive youth development, a youth-oriented strategy involving active youth participation as a public health approach.
Thermodynamic Aspects of Iron in Metal Dusting

A theoretical analysis has been conducted into the thermodynamic role of iron and the dependence of possible metal-dusting occurrence on temperature, volumetric ratios of carburizing species CH4 and CO, and total pressure. The analysis indicates that the equilibrium carbon activity with cementite (a C(Fe 3 C/Fe )) decreases with increasing temperature, and becomes lower than unity in excess of approximately 1000°C. This critical temperature could be the upper-temperature limit for decomposition of cementite in metal dusting. The temperature regime for possible metal dusting in either CH4–H2 or CO–CO2 gas mixtures increases with increasing volumetric ratio of CH4 or CO. Increasing total pressure leads to a reduction of this temperature regime in CH4–H2 but an expansion in CO–CO2. Comparatively, this temperature regime in CO–CO2 is shifted more towards lower temperatures, and iron is likely more susceptible to metal-dusting attack in CO–CO2 due to the higher reverse carbon-activity gradient established.
Laboratory chemical analysis in ascites

Chemical analysis of ascitic fluid may be helpful in determining the underlying disease. We discuss the diagnostic accuracy of the common and newer chemical parameters (protein, LDH, lactate, glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, phospholipids, fibronectin, albumin gradient [value of serum minus value of ascites], ferritin, tumor markers, immunomodulators, leukocytes, bacterial and cytologic examinations). We also review the pathogenesis and clinical findings of the most frequent ascites forms (benign hepatic, infective, malignant ascites, ascites associated with liver metastases or hepatocellular carcinoma, cardiac and pancreatic ascites) and the most important diagnosis criteria. In the malignant ascites a high cholesterol, a narrow albumin gradient or a high ferritin value have high diagnostic accuracy, but diagnosis is by the finding of malignant cells. For the diagnosis of infective ascites, bacteriology is mandatory even though the results are negative in most cases, particularly in spontaneous bacterial peritonitis where diagnosis has to be established clinically, by a low pH or by a high leukocyte count. Benign hepatic ascites is diagnosed by demonstrating an underlying chronic liver disease and laboratory examinations of the peritoneal fluid to exclude other causes. The laboratory tests in ascites associated with liver metastases or with hepatocellular carcinoma were similar to those in benign hepatic ascites and the two ascites forms must be separated by other clinical and technical findings. Pancreatic ascites can easily be distinguished from the other forms by the high amylase and lipase content.
Electrophysiological properties of gap junction channels.

Cells communicate with one another and with the extracellular environment through channels in their membranes. Characteristics that distinguish among the many types of channels in biological membranes include location and tissue distribution (whether channels are concentrated at membrane specializations), morphological features of the channels (as visualized with ultrastructural techniques), biochemical and molecular composition of proteins that form the channels and functional features (which ions and molecules pass through the channels and how this permeation is regulated).
Basin-Scale Statistical Method for Probable Maximum Precipitation with Uncertainty Analysis

AbstractProbable maximum precipitation (PMP) is used for computing probable maximum flood (PMF), which is then used to design large hydraulic structures. A basin-scale model, based on the Hershfiel...
Timed-sequential therapy with mibefradil and temozolomide in patients with recurrent high-grade gliomas: A phase I Adult Brain Tumor Consortium study.

2033 Background: Mibefradil (MIB) is a selective T-type calcium channel blocker that had previously been approved for treatment of hypertension. MIB has shown significant preclinical activity in ma...
Teaching Rounds: Speaking Up, Getting Involved, and Learning to Accept Uncertainty

Teaching rounds can be an intensive and highly productive learning experience for medical students. Participating in care discussions, asking questions, and engaging enthusiastically in Socratic dialogues with the attending are excellent ways for students to get involved in rounds and enhance learning for all. Teaching rounds is where students learn to treat pain and anxiety, advocate for their patients, discuss the big picture, and generally begin to understand the art of medicine. Because they are inexperienced and prone to be cautious, medical students often struggle with clinical decision-making. Intolerance of uncertainty and need for cognitive closure can increase stress and make decisions more difficult for both students and physicians. Explicit discussion on rounds of the need for decisiveness in the face of diagnostic uncertainty can help students to understand and accept the probabilistic nature of clinical decision-making.
Nonlinear transport in two-dimensional electron gas exhibiting colossal negative magnetoresistance

We report on nonlinear transport measurements in a GaAs/AlGaAs quantum well exhibiting a colossal negative magnetoresistance effect. Under applied dc bias, the magnetoresistance becomes nonmonotonic, exhibiting distinct extrema that move to higher magnetic fields with increasing current. In the range of magnetic fields corresponding to the resistivity minimum at zero bias, the resistivity increases linearly with current and the rate of this increase scales with the inverse magnetic field. The latter observation is consistent with the theory, proposed more than 35 years ago, considering classical memory effects in the presence of strong, dilute scatterers.
Holding strength of T-nuts in solid wood and wood composites

T-nuts, Figure 1, are widely used in furniture construction, particularly in those applications where the nut must be anchored to the furniture structure or where the nut will be inaccessible once the furniture is covered, e.g., with upholstery. Despite their widespread use, information is lacking concerning both the static and dynamic holding strength of T-nuts. Since such information is essential for the rational product engineering of furniture, a brief study was undertaken to obtain preliminary estimates of the static holding strengths of representative types of T-nuts in a variety of woods and wood composites. In general, the study was limited in scope and was intended to provide empirical estimates of T-nut holding strength rather than definitive design factors. Results are given in the report which follows.
Laparoscopic Versus Open Cholecystectomy in Pediatric Patients: A Propensity Score-Matched Analysis

Background: As minimally invasive pediatric surgery becomes standard approach to many surgical solutions, access has become an important point for improvement. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) is ...
Mitral valve repair using adjustable posterior leaflet neochords.

Structured Abstract Objectives We sought to develop a method for posterior leaflet remodeling using an adjustable neochord. The method is designed to preserve posterior leaflet function and to improve reliability and precision of the procedure. Methods From December 2016 through August 2018 22 patients underwent mitral valve repair with the adjustable posterior neochords at Yale New Haven Hospital. Pre-operative, intraoperative, and post-operative echocardiographic assessment of the mitral valve were collected and analyzed. Follow-up information was obtained from data collected at postoperative clinic visits and via written correspondence from local physicians. Results 77% of cases were performed through a minimally invasive approach where full sternotomy was reserved for patients with a contraindication to peripheral CBP or in those who required concomitant procedures. A total of 36 procedures were performed in a cohort of 22 patients. The most common concurrent procedure was MAZE (22%) followed by left atrial appendage ligation (18%) All attempts at mitral valve repair were successful and several adjunctive techniques used in addition to the placement of adjustable neochords to the posterior leaflet and are listed in table 1. Post procedurally 72% of patients had no detectable MR and the remaining patients had a grade of mild or less. There were no re-operations in the study period and no patients developed systolic anterior motion (SAM). Conclusions We report on a novel technique for implantation of neochordae and demonstrate excellent safety and efficacy in a series of 22 patients treated with this technique.
Child Protection: A Child Rights Approach for Schools

This chapter describes how child protection – protecting children from abuse and neglect and promoting their well-being – is conceptualized in a child-rights informed school psychology practice framework. The goal of such practice is to prevent violence and neglect before it occurs by valuing all children and creating school environments and communities that promote their full development. This approach focuses on promotion and prevention by raising consciousness about human and child rights, creating open dialogue, teaching skills (including how to protect oneself from abuse and speak up if it occurs), building stronger relationships, implementing and evaluating effective policy, increasing child participation, and embracing advocacy – all of which improve school climates. When maltreatment does occur, the goal is to respond in a way that both protects and supports the child and the family. The chapter describes effective child protection practice from an international perspective, recommends country and local goal setting for monitoring progress relevant to child protection, lists resources organized by student age and tier in a multitier framework from universal prevention (i.e., tier 1) to targeted intensive intervention (i.e., tier 3), presents a case study to illustrate aspects of the framework, and calls for school psychologists to participate in integrated developmental and intervention science and advocacy as part of global efforts focused on child rights and children’s well-being.
Prevalence and Characterization of Interaction of Retrievable Inferior Vena Cava Filters with the Spine in Patients Undergoing Complex Filter Removal.

PURPOSE To examine spinal interaction types and prevalence of inferior vena cava (IVC) filters in patients presenting for complex filter removal. MATERIALS AND METHODS The records of 447 patients presenting for complex removal of IVC filters were reviewed, including patient demographics, IVC filter dwell time, filter fracture status, and computed tomography (CT) evidence of filter interaction with the spine. Spinal interaction was defined as a filter strut touching or penetrating into the vertebral body or disc. Patients with evidence of filter penetration and spinal interaction had abdominal CT that preceded filter removal assessed by 2 interventional radiologists to categorize the type of spinal interaction, including bony reaction and osteophyte formation. RESULTS CT evidence of spinal interaction by the filter was found in 18% of patients (80/447). Interaction with the spine was more common in single point of fixation filters than filters with rails (P = .007) and was more likely in filters with round wires than flat wires (P = .0007). Patients with interaction had longer dwell times (mean [SD] 5.7 [4.46] y) compared with patients without interaction (mean [SD] 3.2 [3.85] y); this relationship was significant (P < .0001). Women were more likely than men to experience filter/spine interaction (P = .04). Filters with spinal interaction were more likely to be fractured (P = .001). Filter interaction was found in 38% (30/78) of patients with symptoms, including chest and back pain, compared with 14% (50/369) of patients without symptoms (P < .0001, odds ratio 3.99). CONCLUSIONS Retrievable IVC filters may interact with the spine. These interactions are associated with longer filter dwell times, female sex, and round wire filter construction.
Comparing bulk-Si FinFET and gate-all-around FETs for the 5 nm technology node

Abstract In this paper, bulk CMOS finFET, horizontal gate-all-around (GAA) nanowire and nanosheet field-effect transistors are compared for the 5 ​nm technology node. The performance of these transistors and the circuits comprising them is assessed through 3-D technology computer-aided design (TCAD) simulations and circuit level SPICE simulations of BSIM compact models calibrated to the TCAD results, respectively. Full parasitic extraction is used on standard cell and static random access (SRAM) memory cell layouts to ensure accurate delays. The target of this work is a 5 ​nm technology node follow-on to an existing 7 ​nm predictive process design kit (PDK) in common academic use. Subthreshold slope, drain induced barrier lowering, gate-induced drain leakage and subthreshold current are compared for different gate lengths. Transistor performance is also compared for various raised source/drain lengths and low-k gate spacer widths. The gate-all-around field-effect transistors show better electrostatic performance as expected. However, the simulation results show that finFET devices will be adequate at the 5 ​nm node, should the GAA devices prove to be difficult to produce in high volume manufacturing.