cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Systematic Generation, Analysis, and Characterization of 3D Micro-architected Metamaterials.

Controlling the unit-cell topology of microlattice structures can enable the customization of effective anisotropic material properties. A wide range of properties can be obtained by varying connectivity within the unit cell, which then can be further used to optimize structures specific to applications. A methodology for a systematic generation of microlattice structures is presented that focuses on controlling discrete topology instead of average porosity (as is done in conventional porous media). An algorithm is developed to create valid lattice structures without redundancies from a given set of template nodes. A set of possible permutations of structures from an eight-node cubic octant of a unit cell are generated for evaluation of the degree of anisotropy. Generic models are developed to calculate the effective thermal and mechanical properties as an effect of topology and porosity of the micro-architected structure. The thermal and mechanical anisotropies are investigated for the effective properti...
Enhancing Integrated Communication Network Service Using a Queueing Model

This paper describes a strategy for efficiently constructing the demand servicing process of an Integrated Communication Network (ICN). Performance analysis, service problems, and relief action of ICNs are provided. End-to-end statistical performance parameters are first used to measure network compliance over a given fixed period. If any of the performance objectives are not satisfied, a servicing function determines the corrective action required to maintain service quality. The advantage of this network model is its efficiency and flexibility in handling a variety of services and applications. Enhanced network service and ICN traffic problems are solved using adaptive queuing models.
Syringo-Subarachnoid Shunt for the Treatment of Persistent Syringomyelia Following Decompression for Chiari Type I Malformation: Surgical Results.

Background Approximately 30% of patients treated with foramen magnum decompression (FMD) for Chiari I–associated syringomyelia will show persistence, recurrence, or progression of the syrinx. Objective This study evaluates the clinical and radiologic outcomes of syringo-subarachnoid shunt (SSS) as the treatment for persistent syringomyelia after FMD. Methods Data were collected retrospectively. The primary outcome measurement was neurologic function (assessed with the Modified Japanese Orthopedic Association [mJOA] scale). Secondary outcome measurements were surgical complications, reoperation rate, and syrinx status on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Results Twenty-one patients (14 females [66.7%]) underwent SSS, either concurrent to the FMD or at a later stage. Two minor surgical complications were seen: a wound dehiscence and postoperative kyphosis, both requiring revision surgery. No major complication or mortality occurred. The median change in the mJOA score was an improvement of 3 out of a possible 17 points on the scale (mean follow-up, 24.9 months). Expressed as a percentage, overall improvement was 11.8% (95% confidence interval [CI], 5.9–17.6; P P P = 0.05). Conclusion SSS for persistent, recurrent, or increasing syrinx following FMD for Chiari I malformation is a safe and effective surgical treatment when performed selectively by an experienced neurosurgeon.
Unternehmen und Märkte in einer Welt allgegenwärtiger Computer: Das Beispiel der Kfz-Versicherer

Angeregt durch eine Vielzahl von Beitragen zu Ubiquitous Computing wenden wir uns hier okonomischen Aspekten dieser Technologie zu. Im Vordergrund stehen Fragen nach den Auswirkungen auf einzelne Vertragsbeziehungen, auf die Organisation und das Verhalten von Unternehmen sowie auf die Eigenschaften und Struktur von Markten.
Factors controlling the stability of colloid-stabilized emulsions. IV. evaluating the effectiveness of demulsifiers

Abstract It is shown through measurements of interfacial rheology that the effectiveness of demulsifiers is directly correlated with short relaxation times (for viscoelastic interfaces) and lower dilational elasticities and viscosities of the oil-water interface. Short relaxation times imply that interfacial tension gradients that slow film thinning are suppressed. A reduction in interparticle interactions at the interface results in smaller dilational elasticities and viscosities as well as a decrease in the magnitude of steric hindrance.
Partial Resolution of the Enzymes Catalyzing Photophosphorylation

Abstract 1. Treatment of subchloroplast particles with silicotungstate (0.3%) damaged the activities of Photosystem II. Photosystem I activity measured as methylviologen mediated O2 uptake with ascorbate as electron donor retained 60 to 70% of activity after exposure to 0.8% silicotungstate. At this concentration, there was a complete loss of cyclic photophosphorylation which was associated with the removal of Coupling Factor 1 from the particles. Partial restoration of cyclic photophosphorylation (up to 30 µmoles of ATP per mg of chlorophyll per hour) was obtained by reconstitution with CF1. 2. The characteristic 90 A inner membrane spheres seen in electron micrographs of negatively stained preparations of subchloroplast particles were removed by treatment with silicotungstate. Reconstitution of the resolved particles with coupling factor resulted in the reappearance of the inner membrane spheres. 3. A Mg++-dependent ATPase activity which was induced by exposure of chloroplasts to light and to chymotrypsin-free preparations of trypsin was shown to be another expression of the catalytic function of Coupling Factor 1. Exposure of pure coupling factor, activated by dithiothreitol, to trypsin also gave rise to a Mg++-dependent ATPase activity. However, whereas the activity associated with the particles was sensitive to dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, that of the soluble coupling factor was not. Reconstitution of soluble, activated coupling factor with particles that had been treated with silicotungstate, followed by brief exposure of the reconstituted system to light, gave rise to an additional (about 3-fold) increase in Mg++-dependent ATPase activity. The activity acquired by recombination with the membrane was inhibited by dicyclohexylcarbodiimide. This assay can be used for the isolation of membrane components responsible for the changes in the properties.
Voltage and calcium-gated potassium channels: Functional expression and therapeutic potential in the vasculature

The dual expression of voltage-gated K+ (KV) channels and high conductance Ca2+-activated K+ (BKCa) channels in vascular smooth muscle membranes provides a fundamental mechanism for regulating the membrane potential and tone of resistance arteries. The distribution of these channels appears to differ between vascular regions, and diverse channel phenotypes resulting from molecular heterogeneity may mediate distinct patterns of excitability and contraction in specific vascular beds. Under physiological conditions, KV and BKCa channels appear to act in concert to regulate the level of contraction in the cerebral, coronary and pulmonary circulations, and thereby maintain blood flow to vital tissues. However, during cardiovascular pathologies, this profile of K+ channel function may be disrupted in vascular smooth muscle membranes, and unique disease-specific patterns of KV and BKCa channel expression may emerge. Under these conditions, drug therapies designed to normalize K+ channel expression or target overexpressed channels in arterial smooth muscle membranes may have potential value for the treatment of vascular diseases.
Lipase Catalyzed Triglyceride Synthesis. The Role of Isomerization

The synthesis of triolein from oleic acid and glycerol catalyzed by an immobilized Mucor miehei lipase has been studied. The equilibrium constants for the synthesis of mono-, di- and triglycerides were determined. The rate of isomerization of 1,3-diolein and its dependence on oleic acid concentration has been measured. A kinetic study of the synthesis of triolein from 1,3-diolein and oleic acid showed that the isomerization to 1,2-diolein is the rate limiting step.
Availability and Accessibility of Emergency Contraception to Adolescent Callers in Pharmacies in Four Southwestern States.

Abstract Purpose To evaluate the availability and accessibility of emergency contraception (EC) to adolescents in U.S. pharmacies across four Southwestern states, 3 years after the federal Food and Drug Administration (FDA) removed age restrictions for over-the-counter sales of levonorgestrel-only pills. Methods Using a mystery-caller approach, we trained male and female data collectors to phone pharmacies posing as 16-year-olds who wanted to prevent a pregnancy after recent unprotected sex. From April to May 2016, they called 1,475 randomly selected retail pharmacies in Arizona, California, New Mexico, and Utah and completed an online survey about their experience. Caller data were analyzed by state and pharmacy type (i.e., national chains, regional outlets, and individually owned outlets). Results Of pharmacies contacted, 80.6% had EC available at the time of the call. Availability of EC varied by state (p Conclusions This study found that EC is still not sufficiently available or accessible to adolescents in Southwestern states. Differences in accessibility vary significantly by state and pharmacy type and may be a contributor to teen pregnancy rates.
Sex-related disparities in CKD progression

Background In the United States, incidence of ESRD is 1.5 times higher in men than in women, despite men’s lower prevalence of CKD. Prior studies, limited by inclusion of small percentages of minorities and other factors, suggested that men have more rapid CKD progression, but this finding has been inconsistent. Methods In our prospective investigation of sex differences in CKD progression, we used data from 3939 adults (1778 women and 2161 men) enrolled in the Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort Study, a large, diverse CKD cohort. We evaluated associations between sex (women versus men) and outcomes, specifically incident ESRD (defined as undergoing dialysis or a kidney transplant), 50% eGFR decline from baseline, incident CKD stage 5 (eGFR 2 ), eGFR slope, and all-cause death. Results Participants’ mean age was 58 years at study entry; 42% were non-Hispanic black, and 13% were Hispanic. During median follow-up of 6.9 years, 844 individuals developed ESRD, and 853 died. In multivariable regression models, compared with men, women had significantly lower risk of ESRD, 50% eGFR decline, progression to CKD stage 5, and death. The mean unadjusted eGFR slope was −1.09 ml/min per 1.73 m 2 per year in women and −1.43 ml/min per 1.73 m 2 per year in men, but this difference was not significant after multivariable adjustment. Conclusions In this CKD cohort, women had lower risk of CKD progression and death compared with men. Additional investigation is needed to identify biologic and psychosocial factors underlying these sex-related differences.
The preparation of intercalating isoxazoles via a nitrile oxide cycloaddition

Pyridinium chlorochromate oxidation of 9-methylacridine (2) affords the corresponding aldehyde 3 in good yield. Conversion of the aldehyde to the hydroximinoyl chloride 5a was accomplished via reaction of the corresponding oxime with N-chlorosuccinimide. Dipolar addition to the enamine of ethylacetoacetate provided the corresponding isoxazoles 1 in good yield.
Pneumomediastinum After Dental Filling: A Rare Case Presentation.

Pneumomediastinum and subcutaneous emphysema is an uncommon potentially life-threatening complication of dental procedures. Common causes of pneumomediastinum after dental procedures include tooth extraction, preparation, restorative treatment, endodontic treatment, and subgingival curettage that are associated with the use of handpieces and high-pressure air/water syringes. Herein, we present a case of pneumomediastinum with subcutaneous emphysema in a 40-year-old female who underwent two dental fillings and presented to our hospital with chief complain of facial swelling and odynophagia. The patient was managed conservatively, had an uneventful hospital course, and fully recovered. This case underlines the need for prompt diagnosis and management because of the risk of airway compromise, air embolism, and infection. The mechanism, clinical presentation, differential diagnosis, and complications are also reviewed.
Stalled Federal Efforts to End Surprise Billing — The Role of Private Equity

Stalled Federal Efforts to End Surprise Billing Though U.S. legislation targeting the problem of surprise medical bills advanced out of key congressional committees in 2019 with support from leader...
Toward Vasculature in Skeletal Muscle-on-a-Chip through Thermo-Responsive Sacrificial Templates

Developing new approaches for vascularizing synthetic tissue systems will have a tremendous impact in diverse areas. One area where this is particularly important is developing new skeletal muscle tissue systems, which could be utilized in physiological model studies and tissue regeneration. To develop vascularized approaches a microfluidic on-chip design for creating channels in polymer systems can be pursued. Current microfluidic tissue engineering methods include soft lithography, rapid prototyping, and cell printing; however, these have limitations such as having their scaffolding being inorganic, less desirable planar vasculature geometry, low fabrication efficiency, and limited resolution. Here we successfully developed a circular microfluidic channel embedded in a 3D extracellular matrix scaffolding with 3D myogenesis. We used a thermo-responsive polymer approach with micromilling-molding and designed a mixture of polyester wax and paraffin wax to fabricate the sacrificial template for microfluidic channel generation in the scaffolding. These findings will impact a number of fields including biomaterials, biomimetic structures, and personalized medicine in the future.
Sample times for surveillance of S. aureus transmission to monitor effectiveness and provide feedback on intraoperative infection control

Abstract Background Reductions in perioperative surgical site infections are obtained by a multifaceted approach including patient decolonization, vascular care, hand hygiene, and environmental cleaning. Associated surveillance of S. aureus transmission quantifies the effectiveness of these basic measures to prevent transmission of pathogenic bacteria and viruses to patients and clinicians, including Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). To measure transmission, the observational units are pairs of successive surgical cases in the same operating room on the same day. In this prospective cohort study, we measured sampling times for inexperienced and experienced personnel. Methods OR PathTrac kits included 6 samples collected before the start of surgery and 7 after surgery. The time for consent also was recorded. We obtained 1677 measurements of time among 132 cases. Results Sampling times were not significantly affected by technician's experience, type of anesthetic, or patient's American Society of Anesthesiologists’ Physical Status. Sampling times before the start of surgery averaged less than 5 min (3.39 min [SE 0.23], P Conclusions For routine use of monitoring S. aureus transmission, when done by personnel already present in the operating rooms of the cases, the personnel time budget can be 10 min per case.
Fill in the Blanks: Empirical Analysis of the Privacy Threats of Browser Form Autofill

Providing functionality that streamlines the more tedious aspects of website interaction is of paramount importance to browsers as it can significantly improve the overall user experience. Browsers' autofill functionality exemplifies this goal, as it alleviates the burden of repetitively typing the same information across websites. At the same time, however, it also presents a significant privacy risk due to the inherent disparity between the browser's interpretation of a given web page and what users can visually perceive. In this paper we present the first, to our knowledge, comprehensive exploration of the privacy threats of autofill functionality. We first develop a series of new techniques for concealing the presence of form elements that allow us to obtain sensitive user information while bypassing existing browser defenses. Alarmingly, our large-scale study in the Alexa top 100K reveals the widespread use of such deceptive techniques for stealthily obtaining user-identifying information, as they are present in at least 5.8% of the forms that are autofilled by Chrome. Subsequently, our in-depth investigation of browsers' autofill functionality reveals a series of flaws and idiosyncrasies, which we exploit through a series of novel attack vectors that target specific aspects of browsers' behavior. By chaining these together we are able to demonstrate a novel invasive side-channel attack that exploits browser's autofill preview functionality for inferring sensitive information even when users choose to not utilize autofill. This attack affects all major Chromium-based browsers and allows attackers to probe users' autofill profiles for over a hundred thousand candidate values (e.g., credit card and phone numbers). Overall, while the preview mode is intended as a protective measure for enabling more informed decisions, ultimately it creates a new avenue of exposure that circumvents a user's choice to not divulge their information. In light of our findings, we have disclosed our techniques to the affected vendors, and have also created a Chrome extension that can prevent our attacks and mitigate this threat until our countermeasures are incorporated into browsers.
The Pharmacological Treatment of the Acute Intoxication and Detoxification of Alcohol and Drugs of Abuse and Addiction

The effects of drug and alcohol may be caused by the stimulation or inhibition of different neurotransmitters, chiefly gamma-aminobutyric acid, acetylcholine, norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin, and beta-endorphin. The biopsychiatric model focuses on putative neurotransmitter activity to diagnose and treat overdose and addiction. This model explains how different drugs exert their effects and provides a rationale for specific pharmacological intervention in the drug-dependent patient.
Privatization in the Human Services: Implications for Direct Practice

Human service agencies and front line practitioners are well known for the quality of services they provide to individuals, families, and communities. The last three decades of austerity-driven public policies—especially privatization—have restructured the human services in ways that have dramatically affected agencies, practitioners and clients. Yet we know very little about how this policy affects the practice experience of front line workers. Based on a literature review and preliminary qualitative results from a survey of human service workers in the public and non-profits sectors in New York City this paper (1) briefly reviews the functions of the welfare state; (2) depicts three overlapping historical stages of privatization in the human services; (3) describes the operationalization and implementation of privatization on the front lines; (4) explores the impact of privatization on service delivery and direct practice from the perspective of the practitioner; (5) summarizes the implications of this important policy trend for direct practice, the profession, and communities served by social workers; and (6) suggests steps social worker can take to address the sea change in the profession.
Changes in gene expression of Prymnesium parvum induced by nitrogen and phosphorus limitation

Prymnesium parvum is a globally distributed prymnesiophyte alga commonly found in brackish water marine ecosystems and lakes. It possesses a suite of toxins with ichthyotoxic, cytotoxic and hemolytic effects which, along with its mixotrophic nutritional capabilities, allows it to form massive Ecosystem Disruptive Algal Blooms (EDABs). While blooms of high abundance coincide with high levels of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P), reports of field and laboratory studies have noted that P. parvum toxicity appears to be augmented at high N:P ratios or P-limiting conditions. Here we present the results of a comparative analysis of P. parvum RNA-Seq transcriptomes under nutrient replete conditions, and N or P deficiency to understand how this organism responds at the transcriptional level to varying nutrient conditions. In nutrient limited conditions we found diverse transcriptional responses for genes involved in nutrient uptake, protein synthesis and degradation, photosynthesis, and toxin production. As anticipated, when either N or P was limiting, transcription levels of genes encoding transporters for the respective nutrient were higher than those under replete condition. Ribosomal and lysosomal protein genes were expressed at higher levels under either nutrient-limited condition compared to the replete condition. Photosynthesis genes and polyketide synthase genes were more highly expressed under P-limitation but not under N-limitation. These results highlight the ability of P. parvum to mount a coordinated and varied cellular and physiological response to nutrient limitation. Results also provide potential marker genes for further evaluating the physiological response and toxin production of P. parvum populations during bloom formation or to changing environmental conditions.
Technology Adoption in Organizations: Use of Incentives and Standards for Control and Coordination

Technology adoption has become an important management issue in today's decentralized organizations. Disparate systems and the attendant incompatibility costs between users and departments within an organization can create inefficiencies and reduce productivity. Fortunately,the managers of the organization have a rich tool-set - incentives and standards that they can use to manage technology adoption. We show that simple incentive plans, even ones that only provide bonuses for selection of standard technology or only provide penalties for non-standard selections suffice. Further, it is even possible to devise incentive plans which have zero expected costs to users and organizations and yet induce the users to pick common systems. We also examine technology adoption with communication between managers and users.
DELAR: device/energy/load aware relaying in heterogeneous wireless ad hoc networks

Energy conservation is of great importance for mobile ad hoc networks in which most nodes are equipped with limited energy sources. In this paper, we propose a novel device/energy/load aware relaying scheme (DELAR) for heterogeneous mobile ad hoc networks, where some nodes, called P-nodes, are powered by powerful external or renewable energy sources. In DELAR the heterogeneity of nodal energy capabilities or device types, nodal residue energy information, and nodal load status are nicely incorporated into established routing protocols with the aim of prolonging the network lifetime as much as possible. In addition, we also resolve the rather challenging issue of how to support the MAC-layer acknowledgements in the presence of unidirectional links caused by asymmetrical power capabilities. Unlike other schemes that resort to outband channels or higher layer solutions when facing this problem, we propose an asymmetric MAC (A-MAC) as an elegant solution. Taking full advantage of P-nodes, DELAR can significantly prolong the network lifetime; meanwhile, it strikes a good balance between power efficiency and the overall system performance. Moreover, our scheme operates in a distributed manner and is easy to implement. Detailed simulation study is carried out to justify and validate the effectiveness and efficiency of our scheme.
Duality in designing stabilizing control of uncertain linear systems

The design of stabilizing linear output feedback control of uncertain systems is a computationally demanding optimization problem as local minima may exist which are distinct from the global minimum. However, in some special cases, quasi-convexity can be proven through a simple redefinition of variables and/or a reformulation of the problem in the dual form. Such special cases include state feedback control for both discrete and continuous time systems. >
The TET2 interactors and their links to hematological malignancies

Ten-eleven translocation (TET) family proteins are dioxygenases that oxidize 5-methylcytosine to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine, 5-formylcytosine, and 5-carboxylcytosine in DNA, early steps of active DNA demethylation. TET2, the second member of TET protein family, is frequently mutated in patients with hematological malignancies, leading to aberrant DNA methylation profiling and decreased 5hmC levels. Located in the nucleus and acting as a DNA-modifying enzyme, TET2 is thought to exert its function via TET2-containing protein complexes. Identifying the interactome network of TET2 likely holds the key to uncover the mechanisms by which TET2 exerts its function in cells. Here, we review recent literature on TET2 interactors and discuss their possible roles in TET2 loss-mediated dysregulation of hematopoiesis and pathogenesis of hematological malignancies.
Variability of circulation and Sahel rainfall in the twentieth century

Variations of rainfall in the West African Sahel and circulation in the tropical Atlantic sector in the course of 1901–2010 are documented in recent data sources. From rainfall index series published for 1901–1984 and 1941–2010, an index series of Sahel rainfall, SHL, was reconstructed for 1901–2010. Consistent with circulation diagnostics, SHL has strong positive correlation with latitude position of the intertropical wind confluence, LAT, and southerly wind component off the coast of West Africa, V, which came with steeper northward pressure and southward temperature gradients. Over the century, SHL experienced a drying trend, accompanying southward shift of LAT and weakening V, which came with weaker northward pressure and southward temperature gradients. The greater temperature rise in the South may be related to greater longwave-induced warming in the region with less cloudiness. Over the twentieth century rains were most abundant in the 1950s, scarcest in the 1980s, and they have still not recovered in the first decade of the new century.
Poverty, productivity and production environment:: a review of the evidence

Abstract This paper reviews the state of knowledge about the key issues needing to be understood to satisfactorily resolve a long-standing debate within the Consultative Group for International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) system. The debate revolves around the effects on various populations (particularly the poor) of different allocations of research effort between marginal and favoured production environments. This paper specifically focuses on what is known about the geographical distribution of the rural poor, across agro-ecological zones and over time. Variations in the income-generating activities—including non-agricultural activities—engaged in by the poor are examined and the ways in which specific technology packages affect the economic well-being of different types of households, both directly and indirectly.
Strengthening mechanisms and deformation behavior of cryomilled Al–Cu–Mg–Ag alloy

Abstract In the last decade, the commercially available heat-treatable aluminum alloy (AA) 2139 (Al–Cu–Mg–Ag) has generated interest within the aerospace and defense communities because of its high strength and damage tolerance as compared to those of other AA 2XXX alloys. In this work we investigate the possibility of enhancing the performance of AA 2139 via a nanostructuring approach involving the consolidation of cryomilled powders. For comparison purposes, two types of feedstock powders (cryomilled and unmilled, gas-atomized powder), were consolidated via dual mode dynamic forging. Our results show that, following heat treatment (HT), the strength of the cryomilled material increases in the range of ∼25% to ∼200% relative to that of the unmilled counterparts, depending on specific processing parameters. We present microstructural data, including grain size and precipitate chemistry, to provide insight into the underlying strengthening mechanisms. Vickers microhardess tests are used to evaluate peak heat treatments, and tensile testing is performed to characterize mechanical behavior. The kinetics of precipitation, strengthening mechanisms and deformation behavior are discussed. It is proposed that the combination of elemental segregation with the presence of oxides along grain boundaries, both facilitated by enhanced diffusion paths, are responsible for the observed change in HT kinetics in the cryomilled material.
Probiotics function mechanistically as delivery vehicles for neuroactive compounds: Microbial endocrinology in the design and use of probiotics.

I hypothesize here that the ability of probiotics to synthesize neuroactive compounds provides a unifying microbial endocrinology-based mechanism to explain the hitherto incompletely understood action of commensal microbiota that affect the host's gastrointestinal and psychological health. Once ingested, probiotics enter an interactive environment encompassing microbiological, immunological, and neurophysiological components. By utilizing a trans-disciplinary framework known as microbial endocrinology, mechanisms that would otherwise not be considered become apparent since any candidate would need to be shared among all three components. The range of neurochemicals produced by probiotics includes neurochemicals for which receptor-based targets on immune and neuronal elements (intestinal and extra-intestinal) have been well characterized. Production of neurochemicals by probiotics therefore allows for their consideration as delivery vehicles for neuroactive compounds. This unifying microbial endocrinology-based hypothesis, which may facilitate the selection and design of probiotics for clinical use, also highlights the largely unrecognized role of neuroscience in understanding how microbes may influence health. Editor's suggested further reading in BioEssays Harvesting the biological potential of the human gut microbiomeAbstract
Phenomenological Research in Schizophrenia: From Philosophical Anthropology to Empirical Science

The subjective experience of schizophrenia, its cause, and its course have been consistent topics of interest within the phenomenological tradition since its inception. After 80 years of study and the efforts of many investigators, however, phenomenological contributions have so far had only a modest impact on current understandings of this disorder. In this article, the author reviews the methodological and theoretical issues involved in the development of a phenomenological approach to understanding schizophrenia. Drawing examples from his own empirical research, the author illustrates the three steps of description, understanding, and explanation required by an application of the phenomenological method to this empirical domain. He then considers obstacles to the acceptance of insights generated through this method by the mainstream psychiatric community. In conclusion, he suggests that the promise offered by a phenomenological approach will most likely be fulfilled when investigators appeal to the phenomenological conviction in intentionality to provide the guidelines for an empirical science of subjective life.
Electron exchange processes of scattered and recoiled particles with a LiCu surface as a function of surface composition

Abstract The scattered Ne+ and Ar+ and recoiled Li+ and Cu+ ion fractions resulting from scattering of 2–10 keV Ne+ and Ar+ ions from a LiCu alloy surface are reported. Time-of-flight scattering and recoiling spectrometry (TOF-SARS) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) have been used to determine the surface composition. A pure Li layer was generated by annealing to > 400 ° C and a LiCu layer was generated by Ar+ sputtering. The ion fractions are very sensitive to the primary ion energy and surface composition. Scattered Ne+ ion fractions are highest (up to 40%) on the pure Li surface while recoiled Li+ ion fractions are highest (up to 32%) on the LiCu surface. These results are discussed in terms of electron promotion in the close atomic encounter and resonant and Auger electron transitions along the ion trajectories.
Binary Weighted Averaging of an Ensemble of Coherently Collected Image Frames

Recent interest in the collection of remote laser radar imagery has motivated novel systems that process temporally contiguous frames of collected imagery to produce an average image that reduces laser speckle, increases image SNR, decreases the deleterious effects of atmospheric distortion, and enhances image detail. This research seeks an algorithm based on Bayesian estimation theory to select those frames from an ensemble that increases spatial resolution compared to simple unweighted averaging of all frames. The resulting binary weighted motion-compensated frame average is compared to the unweighted average using simulated and experimental data collected from a fielded laser vision system. Image resolution is significantly enhanced as quantified by the estimation of the atmospheric seeing parameter through which the average image was formed
Binding and Release Kinetics of Glycosaminoglycans and Collagen in Engineered Cartilage Under TGF-β Supplementation

Cartilage tissue engineering (CTE) is a strategy of great interest and promise for the replacement of osteoarthritic (OA) cartilage. In CTE, chondrocytes are used to synthesize cartilage matrix products (predominantly glycosaminoglycans (GAG) and type II collagen). The aim for CTE is to develop engineered constructs with mechanical properties and biochemical composition comparable to native tissue, to reproduce its functional properties.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Sol-gel monolithic columns with reversed electroosmotic flow for capillary electrochromatography

Sol-gel chemistry was used to prepare porous monolithic columns for capillary electrochromatography. The developed sol-gel approach proved invaluable and generates monolithic columns in a simple and rapid manner. Practically any desired column length ranging from a few tens of centimeters to a few meters may be readily obtained. The incorporation of the sol-gel precursor, N-octadecyldimethyl[3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl]ammonium chloride, into the sol solution proved to be critical as this reagent possesses an octadecyl moiety that allows for chromatographic interactions of analytes with the monolithic stationary phase. Additionally, this reagent served to yield a positively charged surface, thereby providing the relatively strong reversed electroosmotic flow (EOF) in capillary electrochromatography. The enhanced permeability of the monolithic capillaries allowed for the use of such columns without the need for modifications to the commercial CE instrument. There was no need to pressurize both capillary ends during operation or to use high pressures for column rinsing. With the developed procedure, no bubble formation was detected during analysis with the monolithic capillaries when using electric field strengths of up to 300 V cm(-1). The EOF in the monolith columns was found to be dependent on the percentage of organic modifier present in the mobile phase. Separation efficiencies of up to 1.75 x 10(5) plates/m (87,300 plates/column) were achieved on a 50 cm x 50 microm i.d. column using polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and aromatic aldehydes and ketones as test solutes.
Fractures about the knee in thegeriatric patient: fix them or replace them?

Abstract Displaced fractures of the distal femur are conventionally treated with open reduction and internal fixation to restore joint congruity, regain alignment, establish bony support, and retain limb function. Successful treatment with this approach preserves bone and maintains the native cartilage-bearing joint. However, fractures of the distal femur in the geriatric population are associated with a high incidence of postoperative complications and poor results. Nonunion, loss of fixation, and malunion of these fractures occur with many types of treatment. Many patients have preexisting osteoarthritis, which, even with successful fracture healing guarantees poor functional results. In addition, the postoperative management of these patients demands a lengthy period of limitation of weight bearing, which can increase the rate of many medical complications and overall loss of independence. Experience with these challenging fractures has led to an alternative approach utilizing a primary distal femur replacement total knee arthroplasty. These prosthesis, originally designed for tumor reconstruction, offer many advantages over open reduction of these fractures, including elimination of fracture healing issues, early mobilization, and immediate weight bearing. Potential disadvantages include concerns over longevity and cost of hardware, and surgeon inexperience with these implants.
Occupational Therapy Knowledge: From Practice to Theory

This paper discusses the place of occupational therapy technology in practice and the growth of scientific technology. It is suggested that practice is an important source for the development of technological theory. A historical review of the treatment of hand dysfunction in cerebral palsy is presented as an illustration of the development of a specific occupational therapy technology.
Promoting Entrepreneurship among Inner-City High School Students Does it Improve Student Outcomes?

This article presents findings from an evaluation of an entrepreneurship and community economic development initiative implemented in three Chicago public high schools. Assistance in program implem...
The Dipolar Broadening of Magnetic Resonance Lines in Crystals

In regular crystals, the width of the absorption lines arising from the magnetic moment of the electron or nucleus is caused primarily by the interaction between the magnetic dipoles. It is prohibitively difficult to determine the precise shape of the absorption line theoretically, but the invariance of the diagonal sum in quantum mechanics permits the calculation of the second moment of the frequency deviation, and hence the r.m.s. line breadth. The latter agrees excellently with the observations of Pake and Purcell on the magnetic absorption of the F nucleus in Ca${\mathrm{F}}_{2}$, both in absolute magnitude, and in the dependence on the direction between the magnetic field and the principal cubic axes. The fourth moment was also computed to examine how good an approximation is the conventional assumption of a Gaussian shape. As long as no exchange is present (the nuclear case) the Gaussian model is moderately good. For the 100 direction in a cubic crystal, the theoretical ratio of root mean fourth to root mean square breadth is 1.25. Pake and Purcell's measurements yield 1.24. A Gaussian model would require 1.32. The theory is extended to include crystals with two kinds of spin moments (two types of nuclei, or simultaneous nuclear and electronic spin). Coupling between unlike moments is less effective (by a factor ⅔ in the r.m.s. width) than that between like in broadening the lines.In the paramagnetic absorption caused by electronic spin, it is imperative to include the effect of exchange coupling. This interaction does not contribute to the second moment, but greatly increases the fourth. As a result, the lines are peaked much more sharply than one would compute from the second moment with the Gaussian model for line shape. This "exchange narrowing" explains why microwave paramagnetic absorption lines are much narrower than one first conjectures from the amount of dipolar coupling.The theoretical calculations are given in Sections II-IV. The final sections V-VI give the comparison with the experiments of Pake and Purcell, and with the model of Bloembergen, Purcell, and Pound, for r-f absorption in liquids.
A room-based diagnostic imaging system for measurement of patient setup

A room-based diagnostic x-ray imaging system for routine measurement of radiotherapy patient orientation has been developed. The system consists of a pair of room-mounted x-ray tubes and a portable imager consisting of an orthogonal pair of phosphor screens, a mirror/lens system, a CCD camera, and computer software for comparing images of the patient to reference images. Orthogonal pairs of images can be acquired quickly and with relatively little exposure, allowing correction of patient setup on a daily basis. This could limit patient setup error to the uncertainty in the measurement and repositioning processes, a potentially significant improvement over the present standard.
On the network model of molecules and solids

Abstract We consider the network model of molecules and solids, in which atoms are at fixed sites and electrons are allowed to move along one-dimensional bond paths between the atoms. We derive a difference equation which describes the model. There is a class of networks for which the shape of the constant energy surfaces is determined by the topology of the network alone, while the potential on the sites and along the bond paths determines the value of the energy attached to each surface. We discuss a necessary and sufficient condition for this to occur and examine in detail the energy band spectrum and dispersion curves. We also display a procedure for obtaining the secular equation for any periodic lattice. Explicit calculations of the dispersion curve for the cubic lattice are done in the WKB approximation and are compared with the exact results for a special potential.
Operation at the tokamak equilibrium poloidal beta limit in TFTR

High poloidal beta (βp approximately 5) discharges produced with nearly balanced tangential neutral beam injection into low current discharges in the TFTR tokamak are described. As βp exceeds approximately 1.2 times the aspect ratio, a separatrix with an inside poloidal field null is observed to limit the outer boundary of the plasma. Since the curvature of TFTR's applied vertical field is constant, the appearance of the poloidal field null corresponds to the equilibrium poloidal beta limit
Children with special health care needs: the canary in the health care reform coal mine.

* Abbreviations: ACA — : Affordable Care Act CSHCN — : children with special health care needs OOP — : out of pocket An article entitled “Massachusetts Health Reform and Access for Children With Special Health Care Needs” by Smith and Chien1 appears in this month’s issue of Pediatrics . The investigators used parent-reported data from the 2005/2006 and 2009/2010 National Survey of Children With Special Health Care Needs to compare findings in Massachusetts before and after the implementation of health care reform. In addition, they compared these findings over the same time period with similar data from other states. Because children with special health care needs (CSHCN) are the most vulnerable to problems in the implementation of health care reform, assessing this population provides a window into how well a state is implementing the Affordable Care Act (ACA). Therefore, CSHCN are the proverbial “canary” in the health care reform “coal mine.” In 2006, Massachusetts passed health care reforms that were subsequently included in the national ACA.2 However, it is unclear whether the Massachusetts health care reform experience will be replicated in other states. Before its reforms were implemented in 2006, Massachusetts already had a very generous Medicaid program with children’s coverage to 200% of the federal poverty level. Unlike most states,3–5 … Address correspondence to Stephen Berman, MD, FAAP, Center for Global Health, Mail Stop A090, 13199 East Montview Blvd, Suite 310, Aurora, CO 80045. E-mail: stephen.berman{at}childrenscolorado.org
Vitamin E in the primary prevention of rheumatoid arthritis: The women's health study

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is the most common inflammatory arthritis, affecting approximately 1% of the population.1, 2 Its etiology is unknown but it is presumed to be an immunologic disease with genetic3–7, hormonal8–10 and environmental risk factors such as cigarette smoking.11–13 Oxidative damage has been implicated in the pathogenesis of RA, and free radicals have been found within the rheumatoid synovium14–17 and in the plasma of patients with RA.18 Such molecules may induce endothelial cell damage and promote the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and adhesion molecules, thereby contributing to the ongoing inflammatory response in RA. Dietary antioxidant micronutrients act as scavengers of reactive oxygen radicals and may protect against free radical mediated tissue damage in an inflamed joint.19–21 Antioxidants may also protect against the development of RA.22 Vitamin E (α-tocopherol) is the major lipid soluble, chain-breaking antioxidant found in biological membranes. Lipids are important constituents of normal synovial fluid, and alterations in synovial lipids can occur in RA.23 Low levels of vitamin E may therefore have a detrimental effect in inflammatory arthritis. The mean synovial fluid concentrations of α-tocopherol in patients with inflammatory arthritis is significantly lower than that found in controls24–26 suggesting that α-tocopherol is consumed within the inflamed joint. Chronic inflammation can affect serum antioxidant vitamin levels in RA patients,27 with some studies showing that RA patients and children with chronic arthritis have lower serum vitamin E levels than healthy subjects.28–30 Observational case-control and cohort studies suggest an inverse relation between vitamin E and the risk of developing RA,31–37 but the data are inconsistent. No data from randomized trials are available; therefore, to provide further information, we examined the association of vitamin E supplementation and risk of developing RA in the Women’s Health Study randomized trial.
Edge-sharing motifs in structural DNA nanotechnology

Abstract Structural DNA nanotechnology is a system whereby it is possible to construct objects, nanomechanical devices and patterned periodic arrays from unusual DNA components. These components are motifs based on DNA molecules that contain branching at the secondary structure level. The construction of these targets has entailed the covalent or non-covalent cohesion of individual units to build up larger constructs. The intermolecular interactions have in all cases been mediated directly or indirectly by sticky-ended cohesion between two double helices. From a structural standpoint, sticky-ended cohesion is equivalent to a corner-sharing mode of interaction. Here, we have explored the DNA equivalent of an edge-sharing interaction. We have used a DNA double crossover motif for this purpose. We demonstrate that it is possible to assemble edge-sharing DNA constructs containing two or three fused triangles, and to characterize them by restriction analysis. We have produced one-dimensional arrays of these molecules and have characterized them by atomic force microscopy.
Fatal cross infection by carbapenem resistant Klebsiella in two liver transplant recipients

Members of the family Enterobacteriaceae including Klebsiella have re-emerged as major pathogens in solid organ transplantation. The recent appearance and dissemination of carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae in Europe and the northeastern United States represents a major challenge to the treatment of enteric gram-negative bacterial infections in immunocompromised patients; however, few reports have detailed the outcomes of such infections. Here we report 2 cases of Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase (KPC)-producing Klebsiella infections in orthotopic liver transplant recipients, which were the index case and initial secondary case for an outbreak of KPC-producing Enterobacteriaceae in our institution. In both instances, the pathogens were initially misidentified as being carbapenem sensitive, the infections recurred after cessation of directed therapy, and the patients ultimately succumbed to their infections.