cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Measuring imaging ability in children.

Abstract Introduction: Guided imagery has been suggested as an intervention to help children cope with noxious symptoms associated with medical care. A measure of imaging ability, that is, the ability to generate vivid mental images and to experience those images as if they were real, could be helpful in identifying children most likely to succeed in relieving symptoms with guided imagery. The purpose of this study was to test psychometric properties of a new instrument, the Kids Imaging Ability Questionnaire (KIAQ). Method: Three expert clinicians and researchers were asked to review the KIAQ to assess content validity. A convenience sample of 58 children were invited to complete the questionnaire twice to obtain data for tests of reliability and criterion-related validity. Results: Content validity, internal consistency (α =.75−.76), and test-retest reliability (r =.73) were acceptable. Criterion-related validity using the Singer Fantasy Proneness Interview as a standard was poor (ρ =.31−.46). Discussion: Some psychometric properties were acceptable; however, continued research will be necessary to test validity of the questionnaire and demonstrate a relationship between KIAQ score and success with imagery. With continued research, pediatric nurses may use the KIAQ in practice to identify children most likely to benefit from guided imagery. J Pediatr Health Care. (2000). 14, 297-303.
The clinical assessment of selected patients with bronchogenic carcinoma.

Abstract This paper describes the clinical management of patients with malignant cells in their sputum and a normal chest roentgenogram and those with asymptomatic peripheral pulmonary masses. The source of malignant cells in the sputum of patients with no roentgenographic abnormalities can be localized by tantalum bronchography and fiberoptic bronchoscopy. Peripheral pulmonary masses can be diagnosed preoperatively by needle biopsy or trans-bronchial fiberoptic bronchoscopy with little morbidity and no mortality. These procedures are not necessary, however, if there is firm clinical and roentgenographic evidence of malignancy. Bronchogenic carcinomas presenting as asymptomatic circumscribed peripheral pulmonary masses have a 25% incidence of occult mediastinal lymph node metastases. In view of this relatively high incidence of metastasis, we think mediastinoscopy should routinely be performed prior to thoracotomy in asymptomatic patients with a peripheral pulmonary mass and no roentgenographic evidence of mediastinal widening.
Systemic-Pulmonary Shunts in Neonates and Infants Using Microporous Expanded Polytetrafluoroethylene: Immediate and Late Results

Abstract Thirty infants with various types of cyanotic congenital heart disease underwent systemic-pulmonary artery shunts with a microporous polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) graft between May, 1976, and July, 1979. Sixteen of them were less than 1 month old, and the average age of the neonates was 5.3 days. There were no operative deaths and 5 hospital deaths, 2 related directly to the shunt. Five patients required early revision of the shunt. Relief from cyanosis was achieved in each patient. Twenty-five patients have been followed up to three and one-half years. There have been 2 late deaths and one late occlusion of the shunt. One patient outgrew the shunt and required secondary shunting procedures. Three of 30 patients have evidenced mild congestive heart failure, which has responded to digitalis. Because of the reliability and excellent late patency of the PTFE prosthesis, we consider it to be superior to a central or Potts shunt for relief from cyanosis in the neonate and infant, and as reliable as a Blalock-Taussig shunt.
The case for probabilistic forecasting in hydrology

Abstract That forecasts should be stated in probabilistic, rather than deterministic, terms has been argued from common sense and decision-theoretic perspectives for almost a century. Yet most operational hydrological forecasting systems produce deterministic forecasts and most research in operational hydrology has been devoted to finding the ‘best’ estimates rather than quantifying the predictive uncertainty. This essay presents a compendium of reasons for probabilistic forecasting of hydrological variates. Probabilistic forecasts are scientifically more honest, enable risk-based warnings of floods, enable rational decision making, and offer additional economic benefits. The growing demand for information about risk and the rising capability to quantify predictive uncertainties create an unparalleled opportunity for the hydrological profession to dramatically enhance the forecasting paradigm.
Arthroscopic bone peg fixation in the treatment of osteochondritis dissecans in the knee

An arthroscopic method for the treatment of osteochondritis dissecans lesions in the knee is described. The technique involves using autogenous bone pegs for arthroscopic transfixion of femoral osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) lesions. The method represents a simple biological alternative for arthroscopic fixation of OCD lesions.
Bystander transfer of functional human CD40 ligand from gene-modified fibroblasts to B-chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells

CD40 ligand (CD40L) is a good candidate molecule for the immunotherapy of B cell malignancies including B-chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL), because it may increase the capacity of the malignant cells to present tumor antigens. However, efforts to manipulate expression of the human CD40L (hCD40L) molecule have foundered on problems associated with lack of consistent gene transfer into the malignant target cells. We now describe a new, highly reproducible method for inducing hCD40L surface expression on malignant B cells, which is dependent on intercellular transfer of the hCD40L protein from donor gene-modified fibroblasts to patient tumor cells. Ten B-CLL samples were cocultured with MRC-5 fibroblasts (a human embryonic lung cell line) previously transduced with an adenoviral vector encoding the hCD40L gene. The malignant cells expressed high levels of surface hCD40L, B7-1, B7-2, and ICAM-1 after coculture. Upregulation of B7-1 and B7-2 was cycloheximide inhibitable and was a consequence of CD40 activation. However, inhibition of protein synthesis had no effect on the ability of B-CLL cells to acquire surface expression of hCD40L. hCD40L surface expression required cell-to-cell contact, but was independent of CD40 engagement. hCD40L transfer was not mediated by membrane fusion. The transferred hCD40L was functionally intact and B-CLL cells expressing this molecule induced increased interferon-gamma production from autologous peripheral blood T lymphocytes. This approach does not use any direct gene transfer to primary leukemia cells and can readily be scaled up for production of clinical B-CLL vaccines.
Discussing Nonsurgical Care With Parents of Newborns With Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome

Abstract Hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) is a devastating congenital cardiac defect. Currently, there are three management options for children with HLHS: the Norwood procedure, cardiac transplantation, and comfort care without surgery. In a recent publication, my colleagues and I discussed our findings that many physicians do not disclose all three management options with parents of affected neonates [Kon AA, Ackerson L, Lo B: How pediatricians counsel parents when no “best-choice” treatment exists: lessons to be learned from the hypoplastic left heart syndrome. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 158:436–441, 2004]. When I have presented this research at conferences, many audience members have debated the pros and cons of offering nonsurgical care to parents. There is clearly a group of practitioners who feel very strongly that comfort care without surgery should never be presented to parents. I, however, disagree. I believe that all parents must be presented with all three management options. In the following essay, I will first provide background on HLHS, describe the two surgical options and discuss the current published data on outcomes, outline the four arguments generally put forth by those who feel that nonsurgical care should not be offered to parents, and finally, rebut each of these arguments and explain why all parents of children with HLHS must be told about comfort care without surgery as a reasonable choice.
Synchrotron radiation as a probe of actinide magnetism (T7-Al `Magnetism')

Abstract Polarized beam experiments using synchrotron sources provide a direct measurement of both the orbital- and the spin-angular momentum densities. Similar information can be obtained by applying sum rules for the integral of the imaginary part of the forward-scattering amplitude over two spin-orbit split absorption edges to magnetic circular dichroism (MCD) measurements in ferri- and ferromagnetic materials. Large enhancements of the cross section for magnetic scattering at the M IV and M V absorption edges have led to studies of the weak critical scattering above magnetic phase transitions and of the order parameter in heavy fermion systems which have very small moments. These enhancements have also enabled studies of the modification of magnetic order in the near surface regions of crystals where the crystal symmetry is broken.
Serum adiponectin in non-cachectic heart failure patients

Karla M. Daniels , Alexandra Zavin , Kelly Allsup , Jacob Joseph , Ross Arena , Antonio A. Lazzari , P. Christian Schulze , Stewart H. Lecker , Jonathan Brown , Daniel E. Forman a,b,⁎ a Brigham and Women’s Hospital, United States b VA Boston Healthcare System, United States c University of New Mexico, United States d Boston University School of Medicine, United States e Columbia University Medical Center, United States f Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, United States g Harvard Medical School, United States
Sensitization of human melanoma cells to melphalan cytotoxicity by adriamycin and carmustine.

Exposure of cultured human melanoma cells from three different cell lines to Adriamycin and carmustine at non-cytotoxic (micromolar) concentrations results in a rapid, reversible depletion of cellular glutathione; maximal depletion is achieved within 1 h, and glutathione levels recover within 2–3 h. Glutathione depletion is accompanied by an enhancement of the cytotoxic effects of the alkylating agent melphalan, which ranges from 15-to 55-fold. These results suggest that the combination of Adriamycin and carmustine may provide a rational drug combination for the rapid depletion of glutathione from malignant melanoma, thereby sensitizing these tumor cells to alkylating agent cytotoxicity.
Utilizing web server middleware for development environments and student projects

Teaching and learning web development is challenging today because of multiple factors including complexity, scale and security. As these challenges have grown through the years of the web, educators have been required to keep up with them in order to provide web-development education that has fidelity with practice. At Southern Polytechnic, we have been trying to keep abreast with a convenient development environment that is suitable for student use. This poster identifies and analyzes the major factors involved in deciding on a platform and recommends some freely available middleware suitable for web development environments and student projects.
SU‐FF‐J‐97: Sensitivity of Proton and Photon Plans to the Intra‐ and Inter‐Fractional Changes in Patient's Anatomy

Purpose: To evaluate the sensitivity of proton and photon plans to anatomical variations. Method and Materials: One intensity‐modulated photon(IMRT) and four proton treatment plans were constructed using the end‐inspiration phase (T0) and the end‐expiration phase (T50) of the four dimensional computed tomography (4DCT) scan of the lung patient. One of the proton plans was a composite plan consisting of three beams and the other three were single beam proton plans. The IMRTphoton plan consisted of 9 beams. For each plan a dose volume histogram (DVH), a dose difference between T0 and T50 phases, and a distance‐to‐agreement (DTA) between the T0 and T50 dose were computed to quantify the impact of changes in the anatomy due to respiratory motion. Results: The average DTA for the photon plan significantly smaller then the corresponding distance for the proton plan. The three beam proton plan had smaller average DTA than single beams proton plans. Conclusion: The respiratory motion has a much stronger impact on the proton therapy dose variations as compared to the IMRT dose. Respiratory motion compensation has greater importance in protontreatment planning that in photontreatment planning. Using multiple beams in proton plans can potentially reduce the dose variations in proton treatment.
TRANSPORT OF LABELLED COMPOUNDS IN CONTROL AND CYSTIC-FIBROSIS CELLS IN VITRO

Abstract Saliva from patients with cystic fibrosis (C.F.) does not specifically inhibit transport of sugars and aminoacids. Fibroblasts from patients with C.F. take up glycine, deoxyglucose, and glucosamine at rates similar to control cell lines. Dialysed C.F. plasma does not inhibit glucose transport in control human fibroblasts.
National Trends in Outcomes for Esophageal Resection

Background Case-series reports from tertiary centers report improved outcomes for esophageal resection in recent years. The objective of the current study was to determine trends in short-term outcomes after esophageal resection in a representative sample of United States (US) hospitals. Methods Observational study of all adult patients in the Nationwide Inpatient Sample who underwent esophageal resection from 1988 to 2000 (N = 8,657). Temporal trends of in-hospital mortality and prolonged length of stay were determined. Analyses were performed for all hospitals after stratifying by hospital volume. The proportion of patients having surgery at high volume hospitals was used to assess changes in referral patterns. Results The overall mortality rate was 11.3% and revealed a modest but significant decline from 13.6% to 10.5% during the study period (p = 0.001). Low volume hospitals had markedly higher mortality rates and showed no improvement over time (15.3% vs 14.5%). In contrast, high volume hospitals indicated significant reduction in mortality over time (11.0% vs 7.5%, p = 0.003). Referral patterns changed over time with the proportion of esophageal resections performed at high volume hospitals increasing from 40% (1988 to 1991) to 57% (1997 to 2000). Conclusions The operative mortality rate for esophageal resection has declined over the past 13 years, particularly at high volume hospitals. Efforts should be made to understand the processes of care underlying this improvement.
Ovarian torsion: Clinical and imaging presentation in children

Ovarian torsion is uncommon and has a nonspecific clinical presentation. To determine the impact of imaging on clinical management, the authors reviewed their recent experience with 12 children who had a total of 13 episodes of ovarian torsion. Three children presented as neonates, six were premenarchal, and three were postmenarchal. Ultrasound was the imaging study of choice. In all three neonates, ultrasonography showed complex abdominopelvic cysts indicating the need for surgery. In five of 10 episodes in older patients, ultrasonography showed a solid mass with an appearance strongly suggestive of torsion. Same-day surgery was performed in three patients, and the involved ovary was salvaged in one. Another patient had a small piece of normal-appearing ovary left in situ. This low rate of ovarian salvage is attributable to the combination of delay in patient presentation and surgical delay owing to the often nonspecific clinical and imaging presentation of ovarian torsion. A high level of clinical suspicion, expeditious imaging, and familiarity with the varied clinical and imaging presentations of ovarian torsion should decrease the surgical delay and improve the likelihood of ovarian salvage.
SUR-8, a Conserved Ras-Binding Protein with Leucine-Rich Repeats, Positively Regulates Ras-Mediated Signaling in C. elegans

We describe the identification and characterization of a novel gene, sur-8, that positively regulates Ras-mediated signal transduction during C. elegans vulval development. Reduction of sur-8 function suppresses an activated ras mutation and dramatically enhances phenotypes of mpk-1 MAP kinase and ksr-1 mutations, while increase of sur-8 dosage enhances an activated ras mutation. sur-8 appears to act downstream of or in parallel to ras but upstream of raf. sur-8 encodes a conserved protein that is composed predominantly of leucine-rich repeats. The SUR-8 protein interacts directly with Ras but not with the Ras(P34G) mutant protein, suggesting that SUR-8 may mediate its effects through Ras binding. A structural and functional SUR-8 homolog in humans specifically binds K-Ras and N-Ras but not H-Ras in vitro.
Effects of legal mechanisms on perceived coercion and treatment adherence among persons with severe mental illness.

This study takes preliminary steps to examine the effects of 2 legal mechanisms—outpatient commitment (OPC) and representative payeeship (rep payee)—on perceived coercion and treatment adherence in persons with severe mental illness (SMI). Data were collected in structured interviews from 258 involu
Near-Field Coherent Spectroscopy and Microscopy of a Quantum Dot System

We combined coherent nonlinear optical spectroscopy with nano-electron volt energy resolution and low-temperature near-field microscopy with subwavelength resolution (<lambda/2) to provide direct and local access to the excitonic dipole in a semiconductor nanostructure quantum system. Our technique allows the ability to address, excite, and probe single eigenstates of solid-state quantum systems with spectral and spatial selectivity while simultaneously providing a measurement of all the various time scales of the excitation including state relaxation and decoherence rates. In analogy to scanning tunneling microscopy measurements, we can now map the optical local density of states of a disordered nanostructure. These measurements lay the groundwork for studying and exploiting spatial and temporal coherence in the nanoscopic regime of solid-state systems.
Testing the equality of a large number of normal population means

It is challenging to consider the problem of testing the equality of normal population means when the number of populations is large compared to the sample sizes. In ANOVA with the assumption of homogeneous variance, the F-test is known as an exact test. When variances are heterogeneous, due to the complication, there are various tests with only approximate forms-either approximate chi-square or approximate F-test. Two types of tests are proposed with their asymptotic normality as the number of population increases. p-values from those tests are adjusted based on higher order asymptotics such as Edgeworth expansion so that the proposed tests can be considered even for moderate values of k. Numerical studies including simulations and real data examples are presented with comparison to existing tests.
Cross-talk between epidermal growth factor receptor and c-Met signal pathways in transformed cells.

In rat liver epithelial cells constitutively expressing transforming growth factor α (TGFα), c-Met is constitutively phosphorylated in the absence of its ligand, hepatocyte growth factor. We proposed that TGFα and the autocrine activation of its receptor, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), leads to phosphorylation and activation of c-Met. We found that there is constitutive c-Met phosphorylation in human hepatoma cell lines and the human epidermoid carcinoma cell line, A431 which express TGFα, but not in normal human hepatocytes. Constitutive c-Met phosphorylation in A431, HepG2, AKN-1, and HuH6 cells was inhibited by neutralizing antibodies against TGFα and/or EGFR. Exposure to exogenous TGFα or EGF increased the phosphorylation of c-Met in the human epidermoid carcinoma cell line, A431. The increase of c-Met phosphorylation by TGFα in A431 cells was inhibited by neutralizing antibodies against TGFα and/or EGFR and by the EGFR-specific inhibitor tyrphostin AG1478. These results indicate that constitutive c-Met phosphorylation, and the increase of c-Met phosphorylation by TGFα or EGF, in tumor cell lines is the result of the activation via EGFR. We found that c-Met in tumor cells co-immunoprecipitates with EGFR regardless of the existence of their ligands in tumor cells, but not in normal human hepatocytes. We conclude that c-Met associates with EGFR in tumor cells, and this association facilitates the phosphorylation of c-Met in the absence of hepatocyte growth factor. This cross-talk between c-Met and EGFR may have significant implications for altered growth control in tumorigenesis.
Art and Music in the Pestalozzian Tradition

This paper compared the relative impact of Pestalozzianism on art and music instruction in the early 19th century. Both methods departed from traditional rote methods through the use of exercises to measure space (drawing) and time (vocal music). Instruction was similarly organized around basic elements (rhythm, melody, and dynamics [music], and geometric lines and curves [drawing]). These were introduced in a simple-to-complex sequence in typical Pestalozzian fashion. Partly refuted is Ellis's claim that Lowell Mason's treatment of Pestalozzian music was in error. The argument suggests that Pestalozzianism had become a generic term for several similar methods by the 1820s and 1830s. The paper also suggested that music and art, though starting out on essentially the same foot, developed differently because of social forces that affected their respective roles in education.
Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty of tibial arteries for limb salvage.

Percutaneous transluminal balloon angioplasty (PTA) was performed in 17 tibial arteries with an average cross-sectional area stenosis of 92% (range 75–99%) in 13 patients (14 limbs) for limb salvage. In 4 of 14 lower extremities, PTA of femoropopliteal arteries was also performed. Technical success with 50% or less residual stenosis was achieved in all 17 tibial vessels. At approximately 2 months after PTA, clinical improvement had occurred in 10 of 14 limbs; no patient was made worse. Most recent follow-up (mean 19 months, range 8–34 months) revealed continued satisfactory clinical success with no further vascular intervention in 9 of these 10 limbs (one patient died). Short segmental stenoses, residual stenoses less than 40% following PTA, and absence of diabetes or gangrene appear to be predictors of favorable clinical outcomes. Our results suggest that PTA of focal tibial stenosis is an effective and safe treatment modality in properly selected patients and that wider use of PTA may be justified.
Alkylation epoxide rearrangement. Application to stereoselective synthesis of chiral pheromone epoxides.

Abstract An approach is described for the stereospecific conversion of threo and erythro 1,2-epoxy-3-alkanol tosylates to cis and trans internal epoxides, respectively. The method is illustrated by the synthesis of chiral epoxides, including insect pheromones.
Foraminal and extraforaminal lumbar disk herniations

Thirteen patients with foraminal or extraforaminal lumbar disk herniation were treated during a 32-month period. Myelography and magnetic resonance imaging proved to be ineffective in identifying the lesion in most patients. High-resolution computed tomography demonstrated the lesions in all patients, and the findings were subsequently confirmed at surgery. Surgical treatment consisting of disk fragment removal and nerve root decompression was effective in relieving radicular pain.
Image estimation accounting for point-spread function depth cariation in three-dimensional fluorescence microscopy

An approximate model for optical-sectioning microscopy describing depth-varying imaging is developed. The model incorporates changes in the point-spread function due to refractive index mismatch between the immersion medium and the specimen, which causes spherical aberration that worsens with increasing depth under the coverslip. Comparison of model predictions to measured images from a bead phantom shows that the approximate model captures the main features in the data. The model presented in this paper is the first step towards depth-variant image estimation for optical-sectioning microscopy. An expectation maximization algorithm for maximum-likelihood restoration based on this model is also presented.
Kinetics and thermochemistry of the gas phase reaction of methyl ethyl ketone with iodine. II. The heat of formation and unimolecular decomposition of 2-iodo-3-butanone†

Equilibrium constants for the reaction CH3COCH2CH3 + I2 ⇌ CH3COCHICH3 + HI have been computed to fit the kinetics of the reaction of iodine atoms with methyl ethyl ketone. From a calculated value of S(CH3COCHICH3) = 93.9 ± 1.0 gibbs/mole and the experimental equilibrium constants, ΔH(CH3COCHICH3) is found to be −38.2 ± 0.6 kcal/mole. The Δ(ΔH) value on substitution of a hydrogen atom by an iodine atom in the title compound is compared with that for isopropyl iodide. The relative instability of 2-iodo-3-butanone (3.4 kcal/mole) is presented as further evidence for intramolecular coulombic interaction between partial charges in polar molecules. The unimolecular decomposition of 2-iodo-3-butanone to methyl vinyl ketone and hydrogen iodide was also measured in the same system. This reaction is relatively slow compared to the formation of the above equilibrium. Rate constants for the reaction over the temperature range 281°–355°C fit the Arrhenius equation: where θ = 2.303RT kcal/mole. The stability of both the ground and transition states is discussed in comparing this activation energy with that reported for the unimolecular elimination of hydrogen iodide from other secondary iodides. The kinetics of the reaction of hydrogen iodide with methyl vinyl ketone were also measured. The addition of HI to the double bond is not rate controlling, but it may be shown that the rate of formation of 1-iodo-3-butanone is more rapid than that for 2-iodo-3-butanone. Both four- and six-center transition complexes and iodine atom-catalyzed addition are discussed in analyzing the relative rates.
Minor planets and related objects. XVII - Five-color photometry of four asteroids

Asteroids (6), (14), (39), and (51) were observed at the Leiden Southern Station. Only (39) Laetitia seems to show some variation in color (3% in visual-ultraviolet) correlated to the light curve. If a similar effect is present for (6) Hebe, it should only be present at small phase angles. The light curves of (14) Irene and (39) Laetitia show light variations of a few percent of the rotational period indicating probable surface macrostructure.
Antihypertensive Drug Class and Adherence: An Electronic Monitoring Study

BACKGROUND Medication adherence is essential to optimizing blood pressure (BP) control. Prior research has demonstrated differences in pharmacy refill patterns according to antihypertensive drug class. No prior study has assessed the association between drug class and day-to-day adherence.
Casework, issues and voting in state legislative elections: a district analysis

Congressional research has addressed questions regarding the electoral consequences of service and policy responsiveness, as well as whether service responsiveness eliminates the need for policy responsiveness. However, less is known about the criteria by which constituents reward their state representatives. Part of the problem with resolving these questions at the state level has been the absence of data, since individual-level data on state legislative districts are hard to find and are unlikely to combine measures of both kinds of responsiveness. This study utilises data gathered in a particular state legislator's district (both data on actual member–constituent contacts and survey data) to discern more explicitly whether ombudsman service and constituent issue proximity to the incumbent affects vote choice. Our findings support the proposition that like their counterparts in Congress, state representatives prosper when paying attention to both service and policy responsiveness; however, we find convi...
Survivability Is More Fundamental Than Evolvability

For a lineage to survive over long time periods, it must sometimes change. This has given rise to the term evolvability, meaning the tendency to produce adaptive variation. One lineage may be superior to another in terms of its current standing variation, or it may tend to produce more adaptive variation. However, evolutionary outcomes depend on more than standing variation and produced adaptive variation: deleterious variation also matters. Evolvability, as most commonly interpreted, is not predictive of evolutionary outcomes. Here, we define a predictive measure of the evolutionary success of a lineage that we call the k-survivability, defined as the probability that the lineage avoids extinction for k generations. We estimate the k-survivability using multiple experimental replicates. Because we measure evolutionary outcomes, the initial standing variation, the full spectrum of generated variation, and the heritability of that variation are all incorporated. Survivability also accounts for the decreased joint likelihood of extinction of sub-lineages when they 1) disperse in space, or 2) diversify in lifestyle. We illustrate measurement of survivability with in silico models, and suggest that it may also be measured in vivo using multiple longitudinal replicates. The k-survivability is a metric that enables the quantitative study of, for example, the evolution of 1) mutation rates, 2) dispersal mechanisms, 3) the genotype-phenotype map, and 4) sexual reproduction, in temporally and spatially fluctuating environments. Although these disparate phenomena evolve by well-understood microevolutionary rules, they are also subject to the macroevolutionary constraint of long-term survivability.
A Search for Neutral Atomic Hydrogen in Globular Clusters

GLOBULAR clusters can be expected to contain interstellar matter if, as is currently believed, all stars in their evolutionary processes end up as white dwarfs. Theory predicts that a star evolving to the white dwarf stage will shed material if its initial mass is greater than about 1.2 M⊙, where M⊙ is the mass of the sun. Loss of mass need not stop when the star reaches this limit. That it may indeed continue is suggested by the low mean mass of about 0.6 M⊙ found for white dwarfs1. In a globular cluster, the amount of matter thus ejected from evolving stars will be a significant fraction of the total mass of the cluster. However, it is likely that during the lifetime of the cluster most of this matter will be removed by (1) passages through the plane of the galaxy which would sweep out the dust and gas, and (2) presumably by the establishment of equipartition of energy between the stars and intraglobular matter.
“It’d be nice if someone asked me how I was doing. Like, ‘cause I will have an answer”: exploring support needs of young carers of a parent with Huntington’s disease

This study explores the support needs of an isolated and little known caregiver population: children and adolescents aged 12–20, who provide care to a parent with Huntington’s disease (HD), often referred to as “young carers.” Stigmatizing symptoms of HD, including depression, personality change, psychosis, and involuntary movements, often leave family caregivers isolated with little support. Increasing attention is paid to the support of adult caregivers, yet little attention has been given to young carers in the family, including support needs they describe as important. Individual interviews were conducted with 40 young carers from 18 states, recruited through the Huntington’s Disease Society of America. Participants were asked two open-ended questions: (1) what things can people do to help you care for your mom/dad? (2) what things do you need to help you care for your mom/dad that you do not currently have? Content analysis was used to analyze the interview transcripts. Data analysis elicited three m...
Periadventitial atRA citrate-based polyester membranes reduce neointimal hyperplasia and restenosis after carotid injury in rats

Oral all-trans retinoic acid (atRA) has been shown to reduce the formation of neointimal hyperplasia; however, the dose required was 30 times the chemotherapeutic dose, which already has reported s...
Intrathecal morphine during thoracotomy, part II: Effect on postoperative meperidine requirements and pulmonary function tests

Abstract The ability of intrathecal morphine (ITM) to reduce post-thoracotomy pain and meperidine requirements was investigated. Thirty adult patients scheduled for thoracic surgery were studied. Following induction with thiamylal sodium and succinylcholine, anesthesia was maintained with 100 μg of fentanyl, vecuronium, and enflurane. Prior to skin incision, 16 patients received intrathecal morphine, 12 μg/kg, injected at the L3–4 or L4–5 level. The other 14 patients were controls. Postoperatively, patients were evaluated for pain scores and the total doses of meperidine required over 24 hours. The patients in the ITM group required significantly less meperidine compared to the control group (59 ± 68 v 167 ± 97 mg, respectively) and had lower pain scores (1.4 ± 1.1 v 2.4 ± 0.9 mg, respectively). There were no serious side effects attributable to ITM. It is concluded that ITM is an effective adjunctive treatment for control of post-thoracotomy pain.
Preferential nucleosome placement on pBR322 restriction fragments

Abstract Two restriction fragments of DNA containing the regulatory feature GTG CAC were experimentally associated with core hsitones. The reconstituted DNA-histone complexes consisted of different forms of mononucleosomes. Lambda exonuclease and Fnu4HI were used to probe the structure of each distinct nucleoprotein complex. For each of the DNA fragments, one form of particle was produced that showed preferred placement of the core octamer on the DNA. The GTG CAC base triplets may play some role in determining the final histone core positions in these reconstitutes.
Potential for combination of dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 inhibitors and sodium‐glucose co‐transporter‐2 inhibitors for the treatment of type 2 diabetes

In individuals with advanced type 2 diabetes (T2DM), combination therapy is often unavoidable to maintain glycaemic control. Currently metformin is considered the first line of defence, but many patients experience gastrointestinal adverse events, necessitating an alternative treatment approach. Established therapeutic classes, such as sulphonylureas and thiazolidinediones, have some properties undesirable in individuals with T2DM, such as hypoglycaemia risk, weight gain and fluid retention, highlighting the need for newer agents with more favourable safety profiles that can be combined and used at all stages of T2DM. New treatment strategies have focused on both dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP)-4 inhibitors, which improve hyperglycaemia by stimulating insulin secretion in a glucose-dependent fashion and suppressing glucagon secretion, and sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, which reduce renal glucose reabsorption and induce urinary glucose excretion, thereby lowering plasma glucose. The potential complimentary mechanism of action and good tolerance profile of these two classes of agents make them attractive treatment options for combination therapy with any of the existing glucose-lowering agents, including insulin. Together, the DPP-4 and SGLT2 inhibitors fulfill a need for treatments with mechanisms of action that can be used in combination with a low risk of adverse events, such as hypoglycaemia or weight gain.
An Access Path Specification Language for restructuring network databases

The Access Path Specification Language (APSL) is a high-level essentially nonprocedural language for specifying restructuring transformations of network databases. It does so in terms of application-oriented concepts such as access strategies and selection criteria. APSL's approach to restructuring emphasizes description of the source structures from which target data is to be retrieved, rather than the operations needed to convert source constructs to target constructs. The latter approach is used by most current systems to restructure hierarchical data.APSL is based on the Relational Interface Model (RIM) of data, which permits a suitably restricted network database to be viewed simultaneously as a relational database in first normal form. Any restructuring of a RIM database which can be performed by the relational algebra operations Join, Select, Project, and Union can be described in APSL.APSL has been implemented as the restructuring specifications language in the Michigan Data Translator.
THE SYNTHESIS OF A TRIS(1,4-BUTANEDIYLDITHIOETHYLENE-1,2-DITHIOLATE) COMPLEX OF VANADIUM. STRUCTURE AND ELECTRONIC PROPERTIES

Abstract A monoanionic vanadium complex has been isolated from the reaction of vanadium(III) chloride and the dipotassium salt of the dithiolene, 1,4-butanediyldithioethylene-1,2-dithiolate (BDDT). The complex, isolated as the tetraethylammonium salt and recrystallized from acetone, produced dark blue crystals suitable for an X-ray structural study. The material crystallizes in the monoclinic system, space group P21/c, with a = 10.798(11) A, b = 19.244(30) A, c = 36.370(42) A, β = 92.23(7)°, V = 7552(12) A3, z = 8, and R = 0.1106. Extended Huckel molecular orbital calculations suggest that this is best described as a V(V) complex. In contrast, however, a comparison of the MO calculation with the tris-vanadium complex of 1,2-ethanediyldithioethylene-1,2-dithiolate (DDDT) suggests this latter system is more appropriately described as a lower oxidation state of vanadium with a partially oxidized ligand. The structural data also suggest this interpretation.
The original function of MHC antigens as the general plasma membrane anchorage site of organogenesis-directing proteins.

Immunogenicity and tolerogenicity of two epitopes (alpha 1-6 and FITC) on the same dextran B 512 carrier were investigated. The following conclusions were made: (1) Both epitopes were thymus-independent and immunogenic and tolerogenic as well. (2) The marked dose differences between the two epitopes with regard to tolerance induction were found to be a consequence of the affinity and the heterogeneity of the responding B cells as well as the epitope density employed for detecting the PFC in a predictable way. (3) The alpha 1-6 response, in contrast to the anti-FITC response, was homogeneous and of low affinity and the number of precursor B cells was low. (4) Different mouse strains were found to be high-, low- or non-responders to alpha 1-6, but all the strains tested responded to the FITC epitope coupled to dextran. (5) Dextran and FITC-dextran were polyclonal B cell activators in the strains tested, irrespective of their ability to respond to the alpha 1-6 epitope. The findings indicate that epitope density and mol. wt of the immunogen as well as Ig receptor affinity for the epitope on the B cells are variables which markedly influence the binding of the immunogen to the specific B cells and therefore affect the delivery of the non-specific triggering signal.
Performance of bottom emitting isolated LWIR LED devices for IR scene projection

We report a significant increase in electroluminescence from GaSb based Long-wave infrared (LWIR) inter band cascade (IC) LED device by substrate thinning and isolating pixel from each other. We use bottom emitting LWIR LED array for isolating each pixel by chemical etching. We observed 300% increase in light emission power of etched device. We fabricated an IC LED device with thirty cascade active/injection layers with InAs/Ga1-xInxSb/InAs quantum well (QW) active region.© (2012) COPYRIGHT Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE). Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Gender schema theory and its implications for child development: Raising gender-aschematic children in a gender-schematic society.

As every parent, teacher, and developmental psychologist knows, male and female children become "masculine" and "feminine," respectively, at a very early age. By the time they are four or five, for example, girls and boys have typically come to prefer activities defined by the culture as appropriate for their sex and also to prefer same-sex peers. The acquisition of sex-appropriate preferences, skills, personality attributes, behaviors, and self-concepts is typically referred to within psychology as the process of sex typing. The universality and importance of this process is reflected in the prominence it has received in psychological theories of development, which seek to elucidate how the developing child comes to match the template defined as sex appropriate by his or her culture. Three theories of sex typing have been especially influential: psychoanalytic theory, social learning theory, and cognitive-developmental theory. More recently, a fourth theory of sex typing has been introduced into the psychological literature-gender schema theory. This article is designed to introduce gender schema theory to feminist scholars outside the discipline of psychology. In order to provide a background for the conceptual issues that have given rise to gender schema theory, I will begin with a discussion of the three theories of sex typing that have been dominant within psychology to date.
Predicting Pregnancy from Pregnancy Intentions: Prospective Findings from the Central Pennsylvania Women's Health Study (CePAWHS)

Objective We examined whether adult women's intention for future pregnancy predicted actual pregnancies occurring in a 2-year follow-up study. Methods Data are from the Central Pennsylvania Women's Health Study population-based longitudinal survey of women ages 18–45 ( n = 1,420). The analytic sample consists of 889 nonpregnant women who had reproductive capacity. Intention for future pregnancy was ascertained at baseline, and women were re-interviewed 2 years later to document interval pregnancies. The impact of pregnancy intention on subsequent pregnancy was analyzed using multiple logistic regression adjusting for relevant covariates. Results At baseline, 46% of women were considering a future pregnancy. One hundred thirty-seven women became pregnant during the 2-year study; of these pregnancies, 83% were intended (occurring in women considering a future pregnancy at baseline) and 17% were unintended (occurring in women not considering a future pregnancy at baseline). Pregnancies occurred in 28% of women who at baseline were considering future pregnancy and 5% of women not considering pregnancy. In adjusted analysis, baseline pregnancy intention was predictive of with pregnancy occurrence in women ages 25–34 (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 4.19; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.20–7.97) and ages 35–45 (adjusted OR, 26.89; 95% CI, 9.05–79.93), but not in women ages 18–24. Conclusions In this prospective study, pregnancy intention was strongly associated with pregnancy incidence over a 2-year follow-up period among women ages 25 and older, suggesting that pregnancy intentions could be used to identify women at greater risk of pregnancy. Future investigation is needed to confirm these findings and to explore the reasons why pregnancy intentions were not predictive for women ages 18–24.
Characterization of a FBG strain gage array embedded in composite structure

Abstract In recent researches, fiber Bragg grating (FBG) is proven the most promising fiber optic strain sensor upon its elaborate strain sensibility. Numerous efforts have been done in realizing practical FBG strain gage systems, either mounted on the surface, or integrated within the structure. Fiber reinforced composite materials are always regarded as the nominated candidate to embed FBG sensors upon the fact that, fiber reinforced filamentary topology enables the integration and effectively protects sensors from hostile attack, therefore a fiber optic smart structure is achievable. However, one must recognize that embedded FBG fibers are foreign entities to host structures, mechanical mismatches may eventually lead to alteration on sensors’ responsive behaviours, and measurand interpretation becomes complicated. This work reports a set of experiments on an orthogonal FBG array embedded in graphite/epoxy composite structures. Recurring to corresponding surface mounted resistance strain gages, the authors tend to provide a comprehensive investigation on strain-optic behaviours of embedded FBG sensors, and a quantitative discussion on inevitable deviations of the sensors when used as buried strain gages.
Development and characterization of microsatellite loci for eastern red and hoary bats (Lasiurus borealis and L. cinereus)

We developed ten dinucleotide and four tetranucleotide microsatellite markers for two species of tree bats from the family Vespertilionidae that are experiencing high mortality at wind energy facilities. Eleven of these loci were polymorphic in eastern red bats (Lasiurus borealis), whereas nine loci were polymorphic in hoary bats (Lasiurus cinereus). The number of alleles per locus ranged from 2 to 29 (mean = 14 alleles) and observed heterozygosity was generally high (mean 0.754, range 0.125–0.979). This set of microsatellite markers will be useful for studying population structure of these bats as part of a larger effort to understand the potential impacts of wind energy development on their populations.
Semantic coherence and fallacies in estimating joint probabilities.

In three experiments on joint probability estimation, gist representations were manipulated with analogies, and the suboptimal strategy of ignoring relevant denominators was counteracted with training in using 2 × 2 tables to clarify joint probability estimates. The estimated probabilities of two events, as well as their conjunctive and disjunctive probabilities, were assessed against two benchmarks, logical fallacies and semantic coherence—a constellation of estimates consistent with the relationship among sets. Fuzzy-trace theory (FTT) predicts that analogies will increase semantic coherence, and a table intervention affecting denominator neglect will both increase semantic coherence and reduce fallacies. In all three experiments, analogies increased semantic coherence. In both experiments training participants to use 2 × 2 tables, such tables reduced fallacies and increased semantic coherence. As the relations among sets in the problem materials progressed in cognitive complexity from identical sets, mutually exclusive sets, and subsets to overlapping sets, fallacies generally increased, and semantic coherence generally decreased. These findings indicate that denominator neglect is pervasive, but that it can be remedied with a straightforward intervention that clarifies relations among sets. Further, intuitive gist-based probability estimation can be improved through the use of simple analogies. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Selective cost-reducing innovation

In the short run, capital-saving technological change may reduce fixed cost whereas labor-saving innovation reduces variable costs. It is shown that risk averse firms prefer the former type of innovation when facing random demand. Deterministic incentives for competitive firms are also discussed.