cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Heat, hydrogen peroxide, and UV resistance of Bacillus subtilis spores with increased core water content and with or without major DNA-binding proteins.

Spores of a Bacillus subtilis strain with an insertion mutation in the dacB gene, which codes for an enzyme involved in spore cortex biosynthesis, have a higher core water content than wild-type spores. Spores lacking the two major alpha/beta-type small, acid-soluble proteins (SASP) (termed alpha-beta- spores) have the same core water content as do wild-type spores, but alpha-beta- dacB spores had more core water than did dacB spores. The resistance of alpha-beta-, alpha-beta- dacB, dacB, and wild-type spores to dry and moist heat, hydrogen peroxide, and UV radiation has been determined, as has the role of DNA damage in spore killing by moist heat and hydrogen peroxide. These data (i) suggest that core water content has little if any role in spore UV resistance and are consistent with binding of alpha/beta-type SASP to DNA being the major mechanism providing protection to spores from UV radiation; (ii) suggest that binding of alpha/beta-type SASP to DNA is the major mechanism unique to spores providing protection from dry heat; (iii) suggest that spore resistance to moist heat and hydrogen peroxide is affected to a large degree by the core water content, as increased core water resulted in large decreases in spore resistance to these agents; and (iv) indicate that since this decreased resistance (i.e., in dacB spores) is not associated with increased spore killing by DNA damage, spore DNA must normally be extremely well protected against such damage, presumably by the saturation of spore DNA by alpha/beta-type SASP.
Familial lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase deficiency in four Norwegian Families. Evidence for low levels of a functionally defective enzyme.

ABSTRACT. Lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase (LCATase) mass was measured by radioimmunoassay in four Norwegian families with LCATase deficiency. LCATase activity was measured in some family members by the Glomset-Wright method (G-W method) and the Stokke-Norum radioassay technique (S-N method). It was also measured in one of the families by a sensitive common synthetic substrate method using apoprotein A–I-containing proteolipo-somes. The ten obligate heterozygotes had LCATase levels of 3.4±0.5 μg/ml (range 2.8–4.0), approximately 55–80% of the mean value of eight control subjects sampled at the same time (5.0±0.7 μg/ml, range 4.2–5.8). Six presumed heterozygotes deduced from the linkage of LCATase deficient gene with the α-haptoglobin gene, had LCATase levels of 3.2±0.6, approximately 50–80% of control values. The eight subjects with LCATase deficiency had LCATase mass of 1.0±0.2 μg/ml (range 0.5–1.3), approximately 10–25% of control levels. The single LCATase deficient subject whose enzyme activity was measured by the synthetic substrate method had LCATase activity of 3.6 nmol/(ml·h), less than 4% of the activity level of normal subjects, 100 nmol/(ml·h), whereas the three obligate heterozygotes had LCATase activities of 48, 54, and 64 nmol/(ml·h), approximately 50–60% of the normal level. LCATase activity measured in heterozygotes by the G-W method (mean 64, range 55–77 nmol/(ml·h), n = 6) or by the S-N method (mean 44, range 34–67, n = 11) was significantly lower than in 30 control subjects (G-W method: mean 120, range 91–163, S-N method: mean 64, range 47–93). Previous studies have indicated that the seven other LCATase-deficient subjects had no detectable LCATase activity. We conclude that familial LCATase deficiency in these four Norwegian kindreds is due to the presence of low levels of a functionally defective enzyme.
High resolution spectral measurements of Raman shifts in barium nitrate

High resolution spectral measurements of the first, second, and third Stokes shifts in barium nitrate are reported. The laser source for the experiment is a frequency-doubled, injection-seeded Nd:YAG laser. Spectra for both single-pass conversion and for a Raman oscillator are compared. Significant gain narrowing of the spectrum is observed.
Exceeding solar cell efficiency limit by thermal upconversion of low-energy photons

We present a conceptual design of a new thermo-photovoltaic solar power conversion system with directionally- and spectrally-selective properties that enables the Shockley-Queisser efficiency limit to be exceeded via thermal upconversion of below-bandgap photons.
Actinomycin D-induced phenocopies in Drosophila melanogaster and their relevance to the time of gene action.

Drosophila melanogaster larvae of a wild-type and a mutant stock, cultured in an axenic, chemically defined medium, were treated for one day with different concentrations of actinomycin D at different stages of development. Phenocopies affecting various organs of the adult occurred in different frequencies and in different patterns depending on the age at treatment. Assuming that the induced phenocopies were due primarily to the inhibition of DNA-dependent RNA synthesis by actinomycin D, the differential phenocopy effect indicates that: (1) Many genes which affect the differentiation of imaginal discs are activated in the third larval instar. (2) The developmental timing of gene activation in the third instar differs for various genes within a imaginal disc and in different imaginal discs.
Volumetry and topography of the human brain by magnetic resonance imaging

Software, termed Morph©, is described for the morphometric analysis of magnetic resonance images of the human brain. Algorithms for objective contrast border recognition, surface feature classification, and surface feature contour unfolding are evaluated. Intraoperator and interoperator variabilities and errors were determined to be less than 2% over a group of operators (n = 6) for the known volume of a cerebral hemisphere obtained at autopsy. Volumetric errors were measured to be ± 3% for simulated objects and less than 1% for images of phantoms. Contours of brains of normal elderly subjects (n = 6) and patients with probable Alzheimer's disease (n = 6), segmented into sulcal and gyral features to determine gyrification indices, showed concordance with literature values. Flat maps or topograms were obtained of the convoluted cortex by unfolding the segmented contours. The areas of surface features were readily obtained. The activation of the frontal eye fields (FEF) defined by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) with an oculomotor control task was mapped onto a topogram of the precentral sulcus. This software provides accurate volumetric analysis with additional topographical tools for characterizing convoluted cortical features and for presenting three-dimensional fMRI activation patterns as two-dimensional maps. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Imaging Syst Technol 11, 198–208, 2000
Postcementation hypersensitivity: scientific data versus dentists' perceptions.

Purpose The purpose of this article was to obtain dentists’ opinions via an Internet survey as to the prevalence, causes, and prevention of postcementation sensitivity and compare their responses with published data on the problem. Materials and Methods Information as to respondents opinions of postcementation sensitivity was obtained from an Internet survey asking about their experience and for a ranking of the importance of each of 15 factors. Results A total of 466 valid responses were received. The incidence of postcementation sensitivity was estimated to be less than 2% by more than 2/3 of the dentists. The factors considered “very important” in reducing sensitivity by more than 50% of the respondents were desiccation, luting agent, occlusion, provisional, and water spray. Conclusions Comparing respondents’ opinions with published clinical studies, the incidence of postcementation sensitivity appears to be underestimated. There is little published evidence to support the importance of antimicrobials, desensitizing, or bonding agents, although these are considered effective by some dentists. Many respondents consider luting agent to be an important variable.
Ergonomic Models of the Human at Work

A COHF/NRC Workshop assessed the status of anthropometric, biomechanical, and human-machine interface models. Their development into an integrated model, or compatible modules, appears feasible and...
A mathematical programming tool for LCI-based product design and case study for a carpet product

Products are produced by a series of energy-intensive transformations of raw materials such as crude oil. The life cycle inventory (LCI) of mass and energy usage in these supply chains is one measure of overall environmental performance. In this paper, we present a methodology to examine the life cycle choices available for a product and optimize these choices based on criteria derived from mass and energy efficiency. A two-phase framework for production path construction followed by optimal path selection was developed. This framework can be applied to improve the overall LCI energy characteristic of a product when there are different production and recycling options for different product constituents. The scope of the life cycle is from raw material extraction through the production system and does not include the use and disposal phases. The approach is illustrated in a case study of the EcoWorx™ carpet system of Shaw Industries, which includes the inclusion of several recycled material options.
492. Assessment of delayed response in pediatric OCD patients

We have previously reported that pediatric OCD patients performed comparably to healthy controls on neuropsychological testing. In fact, OCD patients appeared to actually perform better than controls on an oculomotor delayed response task. The Digit Span subtest of the Weschler Intelligence Scale for Children—Revised, is believed to be associated with striatal circuit functioning, a circuit directly implicated in the pathophysiology of OCD, and may also assess delayed response. Digit Span tests were administered to 40 treatment-naive pediatric OCD patients (19 males, 21 females) and 29 controls (12 males, 17 females). Scores for Digit Span Forward (repetition of numbers) and Backward (reversal of numbers) were recorded separately; the combined score was recorded as a percentile score. Children with OCD performed significantly better than controls on Digit Span testing, measured as an overall percentile (67.11 6 31.6 vs. 47.38 6 33.4, p 5 0.015). Female OCD patients did significantly better than female controls on the percentile score (74.93 6 28.7 vs. 43.64 6 34.0, p 5 0.004), while no significant difference was noted between male OCD patients vs. male controls. In contrast, male OCD patients performed significantly worse than male controls on the Digit Span Forward score only (9.21 6 2.0 vs. 11.07 6 1.8, p 5 0.007), but not on the Digit Span Backward score. Our results suggest that female OCD patients may perform better on Digit Span testing of delayed response, while males may actually perform worse on the more repetitive Forward component of the Digit Span test. The potential implications of this will be discussed in the poster.
A language programme to increase the verbal production of a child dually diagnosed with Down syndrome and autism.

Background The incidence of children dually diagnosed with Down syndrome and autism is estimated to be as high as 11%. There is a paucity of research investigating linguistic treatment interventions for such children. This single-subject experiment examined a programme designed to increase the language production and verbal behaviour of a 9-year-old dually diagnosed boy who had been receiving a 15-h/week home-based applied behaviour analysis (ABA) programme. Methods Training principles were derived from previously empirically validated research in discrete trail learning and natural environment teaching, as well as modified incidental teaching procedures. The crux of the language programme involved withholding reinforcement until a spoken request was made. Results Language production noticeably increased for each target area after the introduction of the language programme and was maintained at a 9-month follow-up session. Conclusions A combined treatment approach incorporating direct instruction, natural environment teaching and incidental teaching can be effective in increasing and maintaining responsive and spontaneous speech in a child with Down syndrome diagnosed with autism. Replication studies are needed with such multiple dually diagnosed children to further evaluate the effectiveness and generalizability of this combined language programme.
Life prediction of metals undergoing fatigue load based on temperature evolution

Abstract Fatigue failure of metals undergoing cyclic load is evaluated based on the evolution of surface temperature. Aluminum Alloy 6061 and Stainless Steel 304 are selected as testing materials and specimens are subjected to completely reversed torsion load. A thermographic technique is used to measure the temperature increase of the specimen due to hysteresis heating during the fatigue testing. Experimental results indicate that the initial rate of temperature rise as a function of time can be utilized as an index for prediction of fatigue life. An empirical correlation of the form N f = c 1 R θ c 2 with constants c1 and c2 is derived that relates the rate of temperature rise, Rθ, at the beginning of the test to the number of cycles to failure, Nf. It is shown that c1 is dependent upon the material properties and stress state whilst c2 is a constant. Experimental results are consolidated into a single curve which gives the time to failure as a function of initial slope of temperature rise, thereby enabling fast prediction of fatigue failure.
Mediastinal Tumors and Cysts

Abstract A review of 164 patients with primary mediastinal tumors or cysts emphasizes the importance of these lesions. The clinical and pathological behavior of the individual tumors comprises a wide variety of patterns. Proper utilization of the many diagnostic tests available can accurately characterize the tumor. The exact histological diagnosis, however, is rarely made prior to operation. One-third of these tumors are malignant. For this reason and because the benign lesions often produce significant symptoms, it is recommended that all patients with a tumor or cyst of the mediastinum have excision or biopsy of the lesion, with appropriate chemotherapy or irradiation when indicated. The relief of symptoms in patients with benign lesions and the survival rate in patients with malignant lesions in our series justify this approach.
Hydrogen effects on the character of dislocations in high-purity aluminum

The effect of hydrogen in solid solution on the edge/screw character of dislocations has been investigated by deforming samples of high-purity aluminum in a gaseous hydrogen environment in situ in a controlled environment transmission electron microscope. Solute hydrogen was found to stabilize edge segments of dislocations, which inhibited, and in some cases stopped dislocations from cross-slipping. Removal of hydrogen from the sample allowed the cross-slip process to continue. These observations provide an explanation for the macroscopic observation that hydrogen in solid solution can promote slip planarity.
SU‐C‐18A‐02: Image‐Based Camera Tracking: Towards Registration of Endoscopic Video to CT

Purpose: Endoscopic examinations are routinely performed on head and neck and esophageal cancer patients. However, these images are underutilized for radiation therapy because there is currently no way to register them to a CT of the patient. The purpose of this work is to develop a method to track the motion of an endoscope within a structure using images from standard clinical equipment. This method will be incorporated into a broader endoscopy/CT registration framework. Methods: We developed a software algorithm to track the motion of an endoscope within an arbitrary structure. We computed frame-to-frame rotation and translation of the camera by tracking surface points across the video sequence and utilizing two-camera epipolar geometry. The resulting 3D camera path was used to recover the surrounding structure via triangulation methods. We tested this algorithm on a rigid cylindrical phantom with a pattern spray-painted on the inside. We did not constrain the motion of the endoscope while recording, and we did not constrain our measurements using the known structure of the phantom. Results: Our software algorithm can successfully track the general motion of the endoscope as it moves through the phantom. However, our preliminary data do not show a high degree of accuracymore » in the triangulation of 3D point locations. More rigorous data will be presented at the annual meeting. Conclusion: Image-based camera tracking is a promising method for endoscopy/CT image registration, and it requires only standard clinical equipment. It is one of two major components needed to achieve endoscopy/CT registration, the second of which is tying the camera path to absolute patient geometry. In addition to this second component, future work will focus on validating our camera tracking algorithm in the presence of clinical imaging features such as patient motion, erratic camera motion, and dynamic scene illumination.« less
The simple genetic algorithm and the walsh transform: Part i, theory

This paper is the first part of a two-part series. It proves a number of direct relationships between the Fourier transform and the simple genetic algorithm. (For a binary representation, the Walsh transform is the Fourier transform.) The results are of a theoretical nature and are based on the analysis of mutation and crossover. The Fourier transform of the mixing matrix is shown to be sparse. An explicit formula is given for the spectrum of the differential of the mixing transformation. By using the Fourier representation and the fast Fourier transform, one generation of the infinite population simple genetic algorithm can be computed in time O(cl log2 3), where c is arity of the alphabet and l is the string length. This is in contrast to the time of O(c3l) for the algorithm as represented in the standard basis. There are two orthogonal decompositions of population space that are invariant under mixing. The sequel to this paper will apply the basic theoretical results obtained here to inverse problems and asymptotic behavior.
Dynamic aspects of trypsin-giemsa banding

The trypsin-Giemsa banding procedure was adapted so that chromosomes could be observed through the microscope during treatment and staining. Trypsin treatment resulted only in a swelling of the chromatids. Chromosome bands which appear as raised structures with interference contrast optics emerged only after staining with Giemsa. These structures remain after Giemsa destaining, suggesting that an irreversable change in chromosome structure is induced by Giemsa. Observations of the stain flow indicate that the positioning of the chromosomes has an effect on the quality of band production. These studies also revealed that bands appear in a reproducible sequence on individual chromosomes, which suggests that alterations take place at different rates along the length of the chromosomes.
Improving Selection for Psychomotor Skills in Dentistry

A program of research using touch-sensitive monitors and computerized testing of psychomotor abilities is described, along with paper and pencil tests of perceptual speed abilities, to predict first-year grades in a professional School of Dentistry program. Touch-sensitive monitors allow for assessment of fine motor performance, hands-on spatial visualization, and dexterity aptitudes in a manner previously unavailable in off-the-shelf computer equipment. Many of the previous impediments to psychomotor testing were predicated on the use of expensive electromechanical apparatuses. The current experiment was designed to examine whether these impediments for large-scale assessment may be eliminated by the use of relatively inexpensive and flexible computerized systems. Results were supportive of the raw and incremental validity of the new touch-panel based psychomotor ability tests in predicting individual differences in dental-school grades. In this research, the computerized tests of psychomotor abilities p...
Prevalence of colorectal neoplasia in smokers

Abstract Objectives Smoking has been linked with colorectal neoplasia. Previous colonoscopy screening studies have omitted smoking and have examined only gender, age, and family history. Our aim was to use a screening population to measure the prevalence of neoplasia in smokers, the anatomic location of these lesions, and the strength of this association relative to other risk factors. Methods Data collected from the charts of 1988 screening colonoscopy patients included colonic findings, histology, risk factors for colorectal neoplasia, and smoking pattern. Current smokers were defined as those who had smoked more than 10 pack-years and were currently smoking or who had quit within the past 10 yr. Our outcomes were any adenomatous lesion and significant colonic neoplasia, which included adenocarcinoma, high grade dysplasia, villous tissue, large (>1 cm) adenomas, and multiple (more than two) adenomas. Results Multivariate analysis revealed that current smokers were more likely to have any adenomatous lesion (odds ratio [OR] = 1.89; 95% CI = 1.42–2.51; p 0.05). Conclusions Smoking is a significant risk factor for colorectal neoplasia in a screening population, especially for significant left-sided lesions. In our sample population, smoking posed a greater risk than family history of colorectal cancer.
Transneuronal Degeneration in the Spread of Alzheimer's Disease Pathology: Immunohistochemical Evidence for the Transmission of Tau Hyperphosphorylation ☆

Abstract Neurofibrillary tangles and dystrophic neurites appear to develop in a highly characteristic spatial and temporal sequence in AD. In order to examine the nature of the cellular progression we have studied the trisynaptic entorhinal, dentate gyrus, CA3/4 circuit, using an antibody to hyperphosphorylated tau which is a biochemical marker for tangle formation. In early AD cases, we found numerous AT8-stained boutons in the outer molecular layer of the dentate gyrus, the termination field of neurons from the entorhinal cortex. These AT8-stained boutons colabeled with synaptophysin, indicating that they represent synaptic boutons in an early state of degeneration. Since the labeled boutons were apposed to or clustered around dendrites or soma that lacked or had less intense staining for AT8 or PHF-1, it appeared that presynaptic events preceeded postsynaptic neurofibrillary tangle formation. Furthermore, as a function of disease progression, the pattern of degeneration moved through the circuit. In this progression tau, which is normally localized to axons, becomes redistributed into dendrites and hyperphosphorylated. These observations support the hypothesis that the presynaptic terminal changes may promote the formation of initial neurofibrillary pathology in the postsynaptic neurons via anterograde transneuronal mechanisms and that this initiates a breakdown of routing and sorting mechanisms for the cytoskeletal protein tau.
Photoionization of fine structure levels of Ne IV

Abstract Study of characteristic features in photoionization of a large number of excited levels of Ne IV, (h ν + Ne IV → Ne V + e), using ab initio Breit–Pauli R-matrix (BPRM) method, is presented. This is the second large atomic system, after Fe XVII, for which BPRM method has been used for a full scale computation of photoionization cross sections for a large number of bound levels ( N ⩽ 10 ). The study include features, such as, of Seaton resonances due to photo-excitation-of-core and new near threshold resonant features. Coupling of fine structure channels due to relativistic effects is found to introduce low energy resonances near threshold, not allowed in LS coupling approximation. These resonances play crucial role for low temperature recombination rates. Photoionization cross sections ( σ PI ) for the largest set of levels of Ne IV, a total of 868, with n ⩽ 10 and l ⩽ 9 are presented. A wave function expansion optimized with 24 configurations with orbitals going up to 4p of core Ne V was used. Resonances due to Rydberg series of autoionizing states belonging to various core excited core levels are resolved with fine energy mesh. Details of resonant structures and enhanced background due to Seaton resonances are elaborated in this first study of the ion with relativistic effects.
Criminal responsibility, intervening causation and the right to die.

L'A. examine le cas juridique d'aggressions qui entrainent le maintien artificiel en vie de la victime, que la famille decide par la suite d'interrompre, soulevant le probleme de la responsabilite du deces de la victime: euthanasie ou meurtre?
Analysis of chromosome breakage in the Prader-Labhart-Willi syndrome.

Analysis of chromosome breakage with mitomycin C (MMC) and folate-deficient culture conditions was undertaken on 18 Prader-Labhart-Willi syndrome (PLWS) patients (10 with 15q12 deletion [5 females, 5 males; x age = 17.9 yr, range of 0.3 to 40 yr] and 8 without deletion [2 females, 6 males; x age = 18.6 yr, range of 7 to 26 yr]), 21 PLWS parents with an average age of 39.2 yr and a range of 25 to 70 yr (12 fathers [8 fathers of PLWS children with the 15q12 deletion and 4 fathers of PLWS children with normal chromosomes] and 9 mothers [4 mothers of PLWS children with the 15q12 deletion and 5 mothers of PLWS children with normal chromosomes]), and age-matched control individuals. There was no difference between PLWS patients and control individuals in the number of chromosome and chromatid aberrations in cells grown at 48 and/or 96 hr in either 20 ng/ml or 50 ng/ml of MMC or between the PLWS parents and control individuals in cells grown in 50 ng/ml MMC for 96 hr, although a small increase (P < 0.05) in chromosome breakage was found in cells from the total PLWS parental group compared with control individuals exposed for 48 hr in 50 ng/ml MMC. There was also no significant difference in chromosome fragile site frequency in cells grown in folate-deficient culture conditions in PLWS patients, their parents, or controls. The average sister chromatid exchange (SCE) frequencies observed in PLWS subgroups (deletion vs. nondeletion), their parents or control individuals were not significantly different. No clustering of chromosome/chromatid breaks or SCEs identified in the proximal long arm was found when compared with the middle or distal long arm regions of the D group chromosomes.
Calcium and Potassium Cyclotron Resonance Curves and Harmonics in Diatoms (A. Coeffeaformis)

Our previous findings provide strong evidence that transport of a given ionic species through a cell membrane can be precisely controlled by tuning externally applied magnetic fields to the ion cyclotron resonance (CR) gyrofrequency for the ion in question. Experiment and theory have shown that certain odd harmonics of the fundamental resonance frequency are also effective. In the present experiment we again used the model of Ca-dependent motility of benthic diatoms, extending our harmonic studies through N = 17, for both Ca2+ and K+ fundamentals. Eight separate Ca2+ fundamental frequencies: 8, 12, 16, 23, 31, 32, 46, 64 Hz were attempted and each was found to obey the CR condition. We also report two observations: (1) tuning to K+ results in inhibition of motility, directly opposite to the enhancement that occurs when tuning for Ca2+; (2) both the K+ inhibition and Ca2+ enhancement are independently observed at exactly the same harmonics: N = 1, 3, 5, 15. This strongly suggests that despite differences i...
Analytical Expressions for the Heat Capacities of Alkali Silicate Liquids

The available thermochemical data for silicate liquids and glasses indicate that the customary assumption of heat-capacity additivity is not valid, particularly for liquid silicates near 1000 K. Estimates are obtained for the heat capacities of KO/sub 0/ /sub 5/-SiO/sub 2/, NaO/sub 0/ /sub 5/-SiO/sub 2/, and CaO-SiO/sub 2/ liquids. The excess heat capacity of mixing of alkali silicates at 1000 K is: C/sub p//sup e/ = 8.0X/sub KO0.5/X/sub SiO2/ + 6.8X/sub NaO0.5/X/sub SiO2/ in units of cal mol/sup -1/ K/sup -1/. Analytical expressions are given for C/sub p//sup e/ for KO/sub 0/ /sub 5/-NaO/sub 0/ /sub 5/-SiO/sub 2/ and NaO/sub 0/ /sub 5/-CaO-SiO/sub 2/ liquids at 900 to 1800 K.
Optimal waveform representation of shape and texture features for image classification

The problem of image feature extraction for classification is difficult because of the high dimensionality inherent in image data. By extracting only relevant image features we reduce the dimensionality of the problem and improve classification accuracy. We further enhance classification performance by finding an optimal representation of the extracted image features which maximizes separability distance among classes. The principal tools used are Fourier series, wavelet packets, local discriminant basis analysis, and neural networks.
Proton pump inhibitors increase the incidence of bone fractures in hepatitis C patients.

While proton pump inhibitors (PPI) may increase the risk of bone fractures, the incidence of new bone fractures in a chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infected cohort, with or without PPI exposure, has not been explored. A retrospective cohort study of the incidence of bone fractures over 10 years in 9,437 HCV antibody positive patients in the Dallas VA Hepatitis C Registry was performed. The study endpoint was the incidence of verified new bone fractures per patient-years (pt-yrs) in PPI users compared to non-PPI users. PPI use was defined as those taking a PPI for ≥360 days. Pt-yrs of exposure for PPI users began on the first PPI prescription date, and pt-yrs of exposure for non-PPI users began with first date of any non-PPI prescription. For both HCV groups, the final date of patients’ study duration was defined by end of PPI exposure, bone fracture occurrence, death or end of study evaluation period. Exclusion criteria included use of bone health modifying medications ≥30 days. Statistical differences in fracture incidence between groups were determined by multivariate regression analysis. Among the total study population analyzed (n = 2,573), 109 bone fractures occurred. Unadjusted bone fracture incidences were 13.99/1,000 pt-yrs vs. 5.86/1,000 pt-yrs in PPI and non-PPI users, respectively. The adjusted hazard ratio for new bone fractures was 3.87 (95 % CI 2.46–6.08) (p 1 year increased the risk of new bone fractures by more than threefold.
Regional Income Inequality and Welfare in China: A Dominance Analysis

Inference-based dominance analysis is applied to micro data containing comprehensive measures of rural and urban incomes in seven major regions of China. Ordinal inequality rankings are estimated for Lorenz curves of household income, per capita household income and square root equivalences scale adjusted income. Regional inequality is shown to be sensitive to the treatment of household size. The lack of reliable regional cost of living measures leads us to propose that entire food expenditure share quantile distributions be used as indicators of differences in well-being within and across regions. The results indicate that statistical rankings of Lorenz dominance and food share dominance are very different indicators of regional disparities in income and welfare in China. One urban region is shown to have been in the unenviable position in 1988 of being at the bottom of the Lorenz dominance ranking and tied for last in terms of food share dominance.
Upper DSL approximates and nonsmooth optimization

For a tangent cone A, an extended-real-valued function f is said to admit an “A upper DSL approximate” at x if its “A directional derivative” at x is majorized by a difference of lower semicontinuous sublinear functions. By means of such approximates we establish necessary optimality conditions of Fritz John and Kuhn-Tucker type for a nonsmooth, inequality-constrained mathematical program. Optimality conditions involving the quasidifferentials of Demyanov, the upper convex approximates of Pshenichnyi, and the upper DSL approximates of A, Shapiro are among the special cases of these general optimality conditions.
Iron incorporation into isolated rat hepatocytes.

Abstract Isolated rat hepatocytes incorporated ferrous iron by a simple diffusion process, whereas the incorporation of ferric iron (complexed with citrate) and transferrin-bound iron followed Michaelis-Menten kinetics. Ferrous iron was incorporated at a rate 2–3 times that of ferric citrate, and 4 times that of transferrin-bound iron. When the hepatocytes were prepared using the soybean trypsin inhibitor in the perfusion medium, the rate of transferrin-bound iron incorporation was increased 3-fold. It is concluded that rat hepatocyte membranes contain an iron-transferrin receptor, which functions as part of the mechanism for iron uptake by the liver.
Intensity measurements in the v4-fundamental of methane☆

Abstract The absolute intensities of all the J -multiplets between R (13) at 1375cm -1 and P (12) at 1225 cm -1 , in the v 4 -fundamental of 12 CH 4 , have been measured at 300°K. Our values are consistent with published band-intensity measurements and also with the theoretical line strength tabulation by Fox. Spectral transmittance computation using a Lorentz line shape with a hydrogen-broadened half-width of 0.075 cm -1 atm -1 at 300°K for all the lines in the band is in excellent agreement with our experimental data measured with a spectral resolution of 0.2 cm -1 . Our best estimate for the absolute intensity of the band is 145±8 cm -2 atm -1 at STP.
Use of dynamical diffraction effects on x-ray fluorescence to determine the polarity of GaP single crystals

The dynamical theory of x-ray diffraction, which predicts a highly structured internal field intensity during symmetric Bragg reflection from large single crystals, was applied to the \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} (111) and \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} (222) Bragg reflections from noncentrosymmetric GaP crystals. It was shown that theory predicts an internal field intensity with maximal and minimal surfaces. At the low-angle side of the region of total reflection, the surface of maximal field intensity is positioned to sense the least amount of charge density. The field intensity moves into the crystal during the scan of the total reflection range until it senses the maximum amount of charge density at the high-angle limit of total reflection. During scans of the (111) and (\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{} 1 \ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{} 1 \ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{} 1) reflections, the field intensity moves across the atomic planes in different sequences so that the polarity of the crystal may be determined by monitoring the x-ray fluorescence from the phosphorus or gallium atoms. This polarity determination does not reguire an anomalously scattered component in the diffracted beam as have all previous determinations. Experimental phosphorus fluorescence profiles were obtained during diffraction of $\mathrm{Cu} K\ensuremath{\alpha}$ radiation from the \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} (111) and \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} (222) reflections. The long-wavelength phosphorus $K\ensuremath{\alpha}$ radiation provided distinct advantages in detecting the internal field motion, and the \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} (222) reflection profiles provided internal checks on the \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} (111) results. The experimental profiles agreed with theoretical predictions and determined the GaP crystal polarity. The polarity was also determined by the traditional anomalous dispersion method using $\mathrm{Mo} K\ensuremath{\alpha}$ radiation. The two methods gave consistent results providing experimental confirmation of the predictions of dynamical and kinematic theories of x-ray diffraction. The fluorescence technique also provides a means for determining the arrangement of atoms in crystals in a new and direct way.
Quantifying uncertainties in land surface temperature and emissivity retrievals from ASTER and MODIS thermal infrared data

[1] Land surface temperature and emissivity (LST&E) data are essential for a wide variety of surface-atmosphere studies, from calculating the evapotranspiration of the Earth's land surface to retrieving atmospheric water vapor. LST&E products are generated from thermal infrared data acquired from sensors such as ASTER and MODIS on NASA's EOS platforms. NASA has identified a major need to develop long-term, consistent products valid across multiple missions, with well-defined uncertainty statistics addressing specific Earth science questions. These products are termed Earth System Data Records (ESDRs) and LST&E have been identified as an important ESDR. Currently a lack of understanding in LST&E uncertainties limits their usefulness in land surface and climate models. To address this issue, a LST&E uncertainty simulator has been developed to quantify and model uncertainties for a variety of TIR sensors and LST algorithms. Using the simulator, uncertainties were estimated for the MODIS and ASTER TES algorithm, including water vapor scaling (WVS). These uncertainties were parameterized according to view angle and estimated total column water vapor for application to real data. The standard ASTER TES algorithm had a RMSE of 3.1 K (1.2 K with WVS), while the MODIS TES algorithm had a RMSE of 4.5 K (1.5 K with WVS). Accuracies in retrieved spectral emissivity for both sensors degraded with higher atmospheric water content, however, with WVS the emissivity uncertainties were reduced to <0.015. Accurately quantifying uncertainties in LST&E products not only improves their utility and understanding but will also enable the data to be fused into long-term, well characterized ESDRs.
APPROPRIATENESS OF STRESS ECHOCARDIOGRAMS: A COMPARISON OF NEW AND OLD APPROPRIATE USE CRITERIA FOR PATIENTS PRESENTING WITH ACUTE CHEST PAIN

Many protocols have been established to rule out acute coronary syndrome in low- to intermediate-risk patients presenting with chest pain to emergency departments. Our tertiary care hospital developed an observation-stay chest pain service, run by cardiology fellows and teaching faculty, to provide
A 200 CENTIMETER FOCAL SPOT‐FILM DISTANCE (FFD) TECHNIQUE FOR EQUINE THORACIC RADIOGRAPHY

The construction of a variable kVp, variable mA radiographic technique chart for the equine thorax using linear regression analysis is described. The independent variables in the analysis were body weight (pounds) and thoracic girth (inches) and the dependent variables were the radiographic exposure techniques (mAs, kV.p). Four areas (lateral views only) of each horse's thorax were radiographed using a focal spot-film distance (FFD) of 200 cm with the animal standing. The four views were craniodorsal, cranioventral, caudodorsal and caudoventral. For comparison, an additional caudodorsal view was made at 100 cm FFD to quantitate the decrease in exposure, the increased magnification and the decreased area of the lung exposed on the x-ray tube side of the horse compared with 200 cm FFD technique. Body weight was a satisfactory means to determine radiographic technique factors for thoracic radiographs in the horse. Thoracic girth (inches) was also measured and used to determine radiographic technique factors but was less exacting and less convenient than body weight.
Computer Program for Maximizing Income above Feed Cost from Dairy Cattle

Abstract This paper extends computerized least-cost feed formulation for dairy cattle to the next logical step of profit maximization. The linear programming model presented simultaneously selects the concentrate and roughage components of the ration, the roughage-concentrate ratio, level of feeding per cow, and quantity of milk production maximizing income above feed costs. The nutritional and economic aspects of the model are presented in mathematical form, followed by two illustrations. Nutritional specifications include body maintenance requirements and the milk production response curve associated with alternative levels of energy and protein fed, a maximum voluntary feed intake relationship, calcium, phosphorus, and crude fiber requirements, and palatability restrictions on individual feeds. Economic specifications include prices and availabilities of feeds, and the prices and contract terms of milk sales. Nutritional relationships form the most critical portions of the model. In particular, the model can be improved over time by research designed to define more precisely the milk production response relationships for cows of different ability, size, breed, stage of lactation, and other important determinants.
The Neuronal Organization of the Retina

The mammalian retina consists of neurons of >60 distinct types, each playing a specific role in processing visual images. They are arranged in three main stages. The first decomposes the outputs of the rod and cone photoreceptors into ∼12 parallel information streams. The second connects these streams to specific types of retinal ganglion cells. The third combines bipolar and amacrine cell activity to create the diverse encodings of the visual world--roughly 20 of them--that the retina transmits to the brain. New transformations of the visual input continue to be found: at least half of the encodings sent to the brain (ganglion cell response selectivities) remain to be discovered. This diversity of the retina's outputs has yet to be incorporated into our understanding of higher visual function.
DEAR1, a Novel Tumor Suppressor that Regulates Cell Polarity and Epithelial Plasticity

Elucidation of the regulatory controls on epithelial plasticity is pivotal not only to better understand the nature of metastasis but also for the design of targeted therapies to prevent the earliest steps in migration and invasion from the primary tumor. This review will highlight the role of the novel TRIM protein DEAR1 (annotated as TRIM62) in the regulation of apical–basal polarity and acinar morphogenesis as well as its function as a chromosome 1p35 tumor suppressor and negative regulator of TGFβ-driven epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT). DEAR1 binds to and promotes the ubiquitination of SMAD3, the major effector of TGFβ-mediated EMT, as well as downregulates SMAD3 targets SNAIL1/2, master transcriptional regulators of EMT. Cumulative results suggest a novel paradigm for DEAR1 in the regulation of the breast tumor microenvironment, polarity, and EMT. Because DEAR1 undergoes loss-of-function mutations, homozygous deletion, as well as copy-number losses in multiple epithelial cancers, including breast cancer, DEAR1 has clinical use as a predictive and prognostic biomarker as well as for stratifying breast cancers and potentially other epithelial tumor types for targeted therapies aimed at the pathways regulated by DEAR1. Cancer Res; 74(20); 5683–9. ©2014 AACR .
Guiding students to discover CS concepts and develop process skills using POGIL (abstract only)

This workshop is for anyone who teaches CS, and introduces process-oriented guided inquiry learning (POGIL) in computer science. POGIL is based on learning science, and shares characteristics with other forms of active, discovery, and inquiry learning. In a POGIL classroom, teams of 3-5 learners work on instructor-facilitated activities. Through scripted inquiry and investigation, learners discover concepts and construct their own knowledge. Using assigned team roles and meta-cognition, learners develop process skills and individual responsibility. Studies show that POGIL can significantly improve student performance. POGIL has particular potential for CS education. Software development is largely a team-based problem-solving activity, and POGIL helps students to learn from each other and develop problem-solving abilities as well as important team process skills. POGIL has been developed and validated over the last 15 years in a range of STEM disciplines. The workshop consists primarily of hands-on team activities. Workshop participants will experience POGIL activities, learn core practices, and draft activity pieces. POGIL materials for a variety of CS concepts will be shared. More information and materials are available at http://cspogil.org and http://pogil.org, including sample activities for CS1, CS2, and other courses. Laptops optional. This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under grant DUE-1044679.
Studies on the reduction and reoxidation of the disulfide bonds of the alpha and beta subunits of human choriogonadotropin.

Abstract Reoxidation of the disulfide bonds of the α-subunit of human choriogonadotropin after their complete reduction yields a product which is indistinguishable from the native subunit in its electrophoretic pattern in polyacrylamide gel and in its ability to recombine with the β subunit of bovine lutropin. The circular dichroism of reoxidized human choriogonadotropin-α is essentially identical to that of the native α-subunit, except for slightly more negative ellipticity in the region of 240 nm. Hybrid hormone preparations obtained by recombination of reoxidized or native human choriogonadotropin-α with native lutropin-β exhibit identical electrophoretic patterns in polyacrylamide gels, elution profiles in gel filtration, receptor binding activities, and CD spectra. However, reoxidation of human choriogonadotropin-β under the same conditions does not yield a product which resembles the native β subunit in its electrophoretic pattern on gels, its CD spectrum, or its ability to recombine with the α subunit.
Training for a Patient With Shoulder Disarticulation

This patient received 26 outpatient occupational therapy sessions for a total of 32.5 hr during an 18-week period. All treatment goals were achieved with the exception of psychosocial adjustment issues, which are ongoing. He made significant gains in right upper quadrant muscle isolation and demonstrated control and strength of the upper, middle, and lower trapezius fibers adequate for a myoelectric prosthetic. He also made improvement with left manual dexterity and unilateral coordination with regard to activities of daily living. He was discharged from outpatient occupational therapy services and referred to another medical center for prosthetic evaluation. Twenty weeks after discharge from our facility, he returned for a follow-up visit. He had been fitted with a shoulder cap and his tolerance for wearing it was approximately 10 hr per day. Thirteen weeks after the follow-up visit he resumed outpatient occupational therapy. We are evaluating his tolerance to the placement of a passive arm to the shoulder cap.