cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Assessing the Prevalence of Body Dysmorphic Disorder in an Ethnically Diverse Group of Adolescents

We investigated the prevalence of Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD) in an ethnically diverse sample of adolescents (N = 566) using the Body Image Rating Scale, a brief self-report measure for assessing body dissatisfaction. Results showed that adolescent girls were more dissatisfied with their bodies than adolescent boys, and that African-Americans of both genders were less dissatisfied with their bodies than Caucasians, Asians, and Hispanics. The interaction between gender and ethnicity was not significant. We found an overall prevalence for BDD of 2.2%. Although these are the first data on the prevalence of BDD in an ethnically diverse group of adolescents, they are consistent with the other study on the prevalence of BDD in a predominantly Caucasian group of college students.
Traversing Scales of Brain and Behavioral Organization I: Concepts and Experiments

In this paper, and the ones following, we will present an approach to understanding behavior, brain and the relation between them. The present contribution provides a sketch of the strategy we have adopted toward the brain-behavior relation, notes its main tenets and applies them to a new and very specific experiment that uses large scale SQuID arrays to determine how the human brain times individual actions to environmental events. A second paper (Fuchs, Jirsa and Kelso this volume) will describe in more detail the various methods we and others have used to analyze and visualize the spatiotemporal activity of the brain and to extract relevant features from experimental data. Finally, in a third paper (Jirsa, Kelso and Fuchs this volume) we will spell out a theory, grounded in the neuroanatomy and neurophysiology of the cerebral cortex, that serves to connect neural and behavioral levels of description for the paradigmatic case of bimanual coordination. Our collective goal in these three papers is to set the stage for a principled move from phenomenological laws at the behavioral level to the specific neural mechanisms that underlie them. With respect to the history of science our approach is entirely conventional. Fundamentally, it begins with the identification of the macroscopic behavior of a system and attempts to derive it from a level below. Even for physical systems, however, the derivation of the “macro” from the “micro” is nontrivial. Only in the 70’s, for example, was it first possible to derive the behavior of ferromagnets (as described by Landau’s mean field theory) from more fundamental grounds using the so-called renormalization group method that earned Kenneth Wilson the Nobel Prize in 1982. Likewise, it took the genius of Hermann Haken to derive the behavior of a far from equilibrium system like the laser from quantum mechanics (Haken 1970). Thus, some 70 years after atoms were discovered did it become possible to derive macroscopic properties of certain materials and optical devices from a more microscopic basis, and only then using rather sophisticated mathematical techniques.
Germplasm Acquisition, Maintenance, and Evaluation

Genetic resources are the foundation of any crop improvement program. Red clover has spread around the globe through contact of people from the Middle East and Eastern Europe with other countries in the Old World and the New World. It is thus difficult to identify the “area of origin” of red clover. Red clover is thought to have originated in Asia Minor and southeastern Europe, but it was already cultivated in Europe in the third and fourth century (Taylor 1973, 1985). Red clover was recorded in Italy by 1550, France by 1585, England by 1645, and the USA by 1663. The early spread of clover was likely primarily by seed on mature heads in hay and bedding. Piper (1924) believed that red clover had a greater influence on civilization than any other forage plant. As germplasm of red clover was introduced by settlers to new lands, natural selection has resulted in the development of numerous well adapted and highly productive ecotypes and farmer landraces.
Elastic Foundation Constants for Sandwich Composites

Elastic foundation models are often used in fracture mechanics applied to face/core debonds in sandwich composites or in face wrinkling studies. The elastic constants to be used in these models are the most important element in these formulations. This paper presents closed-form solutions for the determination of these constants based on 1) the extended high-order sandwich panel theory and 2) the elasticity theory. The extended high-order sandwich panel theory results in a system of seven algebraic equations, which can be directly solved for the seven real constants that enter into the formulas (all calculations are in real variables). The elasticity solution results in a system of 12 linear algebraic equations, which can be directly solved for the twelve complex constants that enter into the formulas, and it also involves the direct solution of three characteristic equations (for the 2 faces and the core). In the elasticity approach, the calculations are done in complex variables. Direct formulas are der...
Cryo‐neutron crystallographic data collection and preliminary refinement of left‐handed Z‐DNA d(CGCGCG)

Crystals of left-handed Z-DNA [d(CGCGCG)]2 diffract X-rays to beyond 1 A resolution, feature a small unit cell (∼18 × 31 × 44 A) and are well hydrated, with around 90 water molecules surrounding the duplex in the asymmetric unit. The duplex shows regular hydration patterns in the narrow minor groove, on the convex surface and around sugar–phosphate backbones. Therefore, Z-DNA offers an ideal case to test the benefits of low-temperature neutron diffraction data collection to potentially determine the donor–acceptor patterns of first- and second-shell water molecules. Nucleic acid fragments pose challenges for neutron crystallography because water molecules are located on the surface rather than inside sequestered spaces such as protein active sites or channels. Water molecules can be expected to display dynamic behavior, particularly in cases where water is not part of an inner shell and directly coordinated to DNA atoms. Thus, nuclear density maps based on room-temperature diffraction data with a resolution of 1.6 A did not allow an unequivocal determination of the orientations of water molecules. Here, cryo-neutron diffraction data collection for a Z-DNA crystal on the Macromolecular Neutron Diffractometer at the Spallation Neutron Source at Oak Ridge National Laboratory and the outcome of an initial refinement of the structure are reported. A total of 12 diffraction images were recorded with an exposure time of 3.5 h per image, whereby the crystal was static for each diffraction image with a 10° φ rotation between images. Initial refinements using these neutron data indicated the positions and orientations of 30 water molecules within the first hydration shell of the DNA molecule. This experiment constitutes a state-of-the-art approach and is the first attempt to our knowledge to determine the low-temperature neutron structure of a DNA crystal.
Shorebased Processor Outcomes Under Catch Shares

Fishery management measures often aim to regulate harvesting behavior but can have downstream effects on fish processors, output markets, and consumers. Empirical analysis of these impacts is generally limited due to data availability. In this article, we utilize census costs and earnings data to examine operational characteristics and economic outcomes for shorebased processors before and after implementation of the West Coast Groundfish Trawl Catch Share Program. While the overall number of buyers of catch share species along the coast decreased and fish input prices generally increased, patterns in outcomes were different for processors with Pacific whiting operations compared to those that produce nonwhiting groundfish, including lengthened seasonal whiting operations but a decrease in the number of days receiving nonwhiting groundfish. These differences in outcomes illustrate the complexities involved in the management of multispecies fisheries with heterogeneous participants in both the harvest and post-harvest sectors. This review contributes to the fairly limited empirical work on the fish processing sector, which is an integral part of the seafood supply chain and important to the economic resilience of coastal fishing communities.
The gender affirmative lifespan approach (GALA): A framework for competent clinical care with nonbinary clients

Background: The limited research on nonbinary individuals suggests that this community experiences significant health disparities. Compared to binary transgender individuals, research suggests that nonbinary individuals are at elevated risk for discrimination and negative mental health outcomes, including depression, anxiety, traumatic stress, and suicidality. Even mental health providers who work with binary transgender individuals often lack knowledge of and training to work competently with nonbinary individuals. Methods: The authors of this conceptual article present the Gender Affirmative Lifespan Approach (GALA), a psychotherapy framework based in health disparities theory and research, which asserts that therapeutic interventions combating internalized oppression have the potential to improve mental health symptomatology resulting in improved overall health and well-being for gender diverse clients. GALA's therapeutic interventions are designed to promote positive gender identity development through five core components: (1) building resiliency; (2) developing gender literacy; (3) moving beyond the binary; 4) promoting positive sexuality; and (5) facilitating empowering connections to medical interventions (if desired). Results: The core components of the GALA model are individualized to each client's unique needs, while taking into consideration age and acknowledging developmental shifts in, or fluidity of, gender across the lifespan. This model represents an inclusive, trans-affirmative approach to competent clinical care with nonbinary individuals. Discussion: Application of the GALA model with nonbinary clients is discussed, including one clinical case vignette.
Single-Cell Omics in Metabolic Disorders

Abstract Cell-to-cell heterogeneity within a cell population having isogenic properties is a prevalent phenomenon that ascends from stochastic expression of genes, proteins, and metabolites. To broaden the understanding of the regulation of gene transcription, cohesive measurement and coanalysis of various types of biological molecules, such as DNA, RNA, and protein, at the level of a single-cell are required. Single-cell omics is a relatively new technology that aims to identify, quantify, and characterize genes, RNA transcripts, proteins, metabolites, and interactions in single-cells. This chapter gives insight into single-cell omics-based advances made in obesity and Type 2 diabetes mellitus research.
The Ups and Downs of Head Displacement

We propose a theory of head displacement that replaces traditional Head Movement and Lowering with a single syntactic operation of Generalized Head Movement. We argue that upward and downward head displacement have the same syntactic properties: cyclicity, Mirror Principle effects, feeding upward head displacement, and being blocked in the same syntactic configurations. We also study the interaction of head displacement and other syntactic operations, arguing that claimed differences between upward and downward displacement are either spurious or follow directly from our account. Finally, we show that our theory correctly predicts the attested crosslinguistic variation in verb and inflection doubling in predicate clefts.
2D materials in resistive memory and neuromorphic computing system applications

New materials, devices and computing architectures are being actively pursued to sustain continued logic and memory function scaling [1]. One such device is resistive random-access memory (RRAM), which are two-terminal elements with an inherent memory effect driven by internal ion distributions within a solid-state switching medium [2]. As a memory device, RRAM is currently being commercialized for embedded memory and stand-alone data storage applications. More over, RRAM crossbar networks are also widely considered as a promising candidate for future neuromorphic hardware systems due to their ability to simultaneously store weights and process information at the same physical locations [3].
Evaluation of Stratospheric Intrusions and Biomass Burning Plumes on the Vertical Distribution of Tropospheric Ozone Over the Midwestern United States

Naturally occurring ozone rich Stratosphere-to-Troposphere Transport (STT) intrusions and biomass burning (BB) plumes reaching the surface can contribute to exceedances of the U.S. National Ambient...
Membrane Env liposomes for immunization with HIV spikes

A key goal in HIV vaccine design remains to elicit broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) against the membrane-embedded envelope glycoprotein spike (mEnv). However, mEnv has lagged behind engineered soluble Envs in vaccine development due to low expression yields and the presence of extraneous proteins on particles. Here, we describe a mEnv vaccine platform that requires no extra proteins or protein engineering. MEnv trimers were fixed, purified and combined with liposomes in mild detergent. On removal of detergent, mEnvs were observed embedded in particles, designated mEnv liposomes (MELs), which were recognized by HIV bnAbs but not non-nAbs. Following sequential immunization in rabbits, MEL antisera neutralized select tier 2 HIV isolates. Variations between the Env immunogens, including a missing N-glycosylation site at position 197 near the CD4 binding site, provide insights into the specificities elicited and possible ways to improve immunogens. MELs can facilitate vaccine design to elicit HIV bnAbs using biochemically defined and multimerized mEnv.
Recurrent Home Flooding in Detroit, MI 2012–2020: Results of a Household Survey

Household flooding has wide ranging social, economic and public health impacts particularly for people in resource poor communities. The determinants and public health outcomes of recurrent home flooding in urban contexts, however, are not well understood. A household survey was used to assess neighborhood and household level determinants of recurrent home flooding in Detroit, MI. Survey activities were conducted from 2012 to 2020. Researchers collected information on past flooding, housing conditions and public health outcomes. Using the locations of homes, a “hot spot” analysis of flooding was performed to find areas of high and low risk. Survey data were linked to environmental and neighborhood data and associations were tested using regression methods. 4803 households participated in the survey. Flooding information was available for 3842 homes. Among these, 2085 (54.26%) reported experiencing pluvial flooding. Rental occupied units were more likely to report flooding than owner occupied homes (Odd ratio (OR) 1.72 [95% Confidence interval (CI) 1.49, 1.98]). Housing conditions such as poor roof quality and cracks in basement walls influenced home flooding risk. Homes located in census tracts with increased percentages of owner occupied units (vs. rentals) had a lower odds of flooding (OR 0.92 [95% (CI) 0.86, 0.98]). Household factors were found the be more predictive of flooding than neighborhood factors in both univariate and multivariate analyses. Flooding and housing conditions associated with home flooding were associated with asthma cases. Recurrent home flooding is far more prevalent than previously thought. Programs that support recovery and which focus on home improvement to prevent flooding, particularly by landlords, might benefit the public health. These results draw awareness and urgency to problems of urban flooding and public health in other areas of the country confronting the compounding challenges of aging infrastructure, disinvestment and climate change.
Constructing benchmark test sets for biological sequence analysis using independent set algorithms

Abstract Statistical inference and machine learning methods are benchmarked on test data independent of the data used to train the method. Biological sequence families are highly non-independent because they are related by evolution, so the strategy for splitting data into separate training and test sets is a nontrivial choice in benchmarking sequence analysis methods. A random split is insufficient because it will yield test sequences that are closely related or even identical to training sequences. Adapting ideas from independent set graph algorithms, we describe two new methods for splitting sequence data into dissimilar training and test sets. These algorithms input a sequence family and produce a split in which each test sequence is less than p% identical to any individual training sequence. These algorithms successfully split more families than a previous approach, enabling construction of more diverse benchmark datasets.
What's In a Name?: Epistemology, "Epistemology," and Science Education

“Epistemology” is a term encountered more and more frequently in the science educationliterature. Authors discuss “personal epistemology,” “practical epistemology,” “scientiﬁcepistemology,”“epistemicunderstanding,”“epistemicdiscourses,”“epistemologicalfram-ing,” etc. As a practicing epistemologist, I view this as a happy phenomenon, but also onein need of some care since the term itself admits of multiple understandings. What are theproper places of epistemology and “epistemology” in science education? Is there just onesuch place or several?“Epistemology” is the name of that branch of philosophy dedicated to the
Structural studies of polyethers, [-(CH2)m-O-]n. III1. Molecular and crystal structure of polytetrahydrofuran

The molecular and crystal structure of polytetrahydrofuran has been determined by X-ray diffraction analysis. The unit cell dimensions are a = 5.48, b = 8.73, c (fiber axis) = 12.07 A., and β = 134.2°. The space group is C2/c—C. Two molecular chains pass through the unit cell. The skeleton of the molecular chain has a planar zig-zag conformation and the zig-zag plane is parallel to the (100)-plane. The infrared dichroism and pleochroism were measured, and the tentative assignments for the infrared absorption bands were given and discussed. Molekulare Struktur und Kristallstruktur von Polytetrahydrofuran wurden durch eine Rontgenbeugungsanalyse bestimmt. Die Elementarzelle besitzt die Abmessungen a = 5,48, b = 8,73, c (Faserachse) = 12,07 A und β = 134,2°. Die Raumgruppe ist C2/c—C62h. Zwei Molekulketten durchlaufen die Elementarzelle. Die Ketten liegen in einer ebenen Zick-zack-Konformation vor; die dadurch definierte Ebene fallt mit der kristallographischen (100)-Ebene zusammen. Der Infrarot-Dichroismus und -Pleochroismus wurden gemessen und eine versuchsweise Zuordnung der Absorptionsbanden angegeben und diskutiert.
Radioactive Materials — Determinants of Dose to the Respiratory Tract

The sections in this article are: 1 Dose Definition 2 Aerosol Characteristics 3 Dose Calculations 3.1 Critical Cells 4 Dose from Radon Daughters 4.1 Aerosol Characteristics 4.2 Deposition Models 4.3 Clearance 4.4 Critical Tissue 4.5 Depth-Dose Calculations 4.6 Relationship of Working-Level Month Exposure to Dose in Rads 4.7 Assumptions in Models 4.8 Research Needs 5 Concluding Remarks
Programming and the Theory of Automata1)

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the programming and the theory of automata. Two different types of computing units are discussed. First, a tape consisting of an indefinite number of squares, each capable of storing a single symbol. The second type of unit is a finite control automaton with a “tape head,” that is, a finite automaton, which can scan and read a square of the tape, erase that square or write in it, and at the next step scan the square to the left or the right of the square just scanned. A Turing machine consists of a finite-control automaton connected to a tape. A finite-control automaton is active and has the power to interpret a program, while a tape is passive and can do nothing by itself. The organization of the machine provides the basis for the structure of the machine language. The chapter reviews how one could use the proposed machine design language. It would be more effective when applied to a problem capable of analog treatment, that is, whose structure may be paralleled by the structure of a special-purpose. In such a case the mathematical equation describes the behavior of a physical model. To specify the solution of this equation the machine design language describes a special-purpose computer, which would operate analogously to the given physical model. The description of this special-purpose computer is supplied to a general- purpose computer, which translates it into its own machine language and then solves the problem.
Supreme Court Amicus Merits Brief of Law Professors in Support of Petitioners, Jones v. Harris Associates, No. 08-586

Amici curiae law professors filed this brief to urge the Court to reverse the Seventh Circuit and to apply a fiduciary standard under Section 36(b) of the Investment Company Act with modest scope but forceful effect to counterbalance the structural and behavioral vulnerabilities preventing market forces alone from imposing competitive discipline upon mutual fund advisory fees. The brief addresses the Seventh Circuit's decision to disavow the long-established Gartenberg precedent and to hold, instead, that so long as an adviser make[s] full disclosure and play[s] no tricks, a plaintiff cannot prevail in a Section 36(b) action. Amici argue that the Seventh Circuit's decision disregards Section 36(b)'s legislation, legislative history, and judicial precedent. With a greater appreciation for the unique structure and operation of mutual funds, the Supreme Court should emphasize comparisons between retail and institutional fees in the Section 36(b) fiduciary duty. Amici: Barbara Bader Aldave, William Birdthistle, Barbara Black, Douglas Branson, James Cox, Steven Davidoff, Lisa Fairfax, James Fanto, Jesse Fried, Theresa Gabaldon, Joan MacLeod Heminway, Donald Langevoort, David Millon, Lawrence Mitchell, Charles Murdock, Donna Nagy, Elizabeth Nowicki, Alan Palmiter, Frank Partnoy, Margaret V. Sachs, William Sjostrom, Marc Steinberg, Ahmed Taha, Steven Thel, Randall Thomas, Manning Warren
Long‐term survival and colony growth of Acropora palmata fragments transplanted by volunteers for restoration

Many branching corals are fragmented by storms, which can serve as a mechanism of asexual reproduction for species that are able to reattach themselves to the substratum and form new colonies. Fragments can also be manually reattached as a means of reef restoration. The growth and survival of 832 fragments of Elkhorn coral, Acropora palmata, that were transplanted for a restoration project in the British Virgin Islands was modelled. Mortality was higher in the first year after transplanting than in subsequent years, perhaps reflecting stress from handling or failure of the attachment method. Survival also varied with the year of transplantation (from 2005–2011), and was lowest in years with major storms (2007 and 2010). Fragment survival increased with increasing initial size, with the largest fragments (surface area roughly 1000 cm2) faring substantially better than the smallest (roughly 10 cm2) and average sized fragments (roughly 100 cm2). Colony size (surface area of live tissue) tended to decrease slightly in the first 3 months after being reattached, presumably due to stress from transplanting. Subsequently, the surface area of surviving colonies tended to progressively increase over time, with fragments typically reaching 3000 cm2 after 7 years. Colony growth was, however, extremely variable and largely independent of initial colony size. Despite initial reductions in growth and survival due to transplanting, long-term survival of transplanted fragments was roughly comparable with that of natural colonies. Transplanting fragments is thus a promising tool for grass-roots restoration projects. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
CURRENT STATUS OF DIAGNOSTIC AND THERAPEUTIC ENDOSCOPIC ULTRASONOGRAPHY

Endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) is a unique imaging modality that has changed dramatically the diagnostic approach to several common gastrointestinal disorders. Approximately 20 years ago, this technique was developed to address limitations of standard ultrasonographic and endoscopic imaging. 19 In particular, it was expected to overcome limitations of transabdominal ultrasound that were caused by intervening bone or air-filled structures. By placing the transducer within the body, these interfering structures would be eliminated. Also, because the transducer is placed in closer proximity to the area of interest, higher-frequency transducers could be used that would significantly improve spatial resolution. Over the past two decades, EUS has evolved from an intriguing technology into a highly useful clinical tool. Still, many clinicians remain unaware of the technical capabilities of this imaging modality. This is likely a manifestation of the difficulty and time required to become proficient with this technology and limited training facilities. During the past decade, more centers have acquired EUS capability and, as such, more trainees are becoming facile with this technology. In addition, the ability of EUS to impact patient care is being increasingly documented. As such, the use of EUS is expected to expand exponentially in the coming decade.
Electroencephalographic activity of the isolated hemicerebrum of the cat.

Abstract One hemisphere was surgically isolated by combining midline bisection with a rostral hemisection of the brain stem. The EEG records from the isolated hemisphere showed almost continuous synchronization, typical of sleep or coma. However, brief periods of desynchronization up to 20 min could be brought about by olfactory and nociceptive stimuli. Episodes of a spontaneous form of desynchronization also occurred mostly during behavioral sleep. Even a small bridge of extrareticular tissue left intact in the brain-stem hemisection served to restore a normal wake-sleep cycle in the isolated hemisphere.
How to build a fast and reliable 1024 node cluster with only one disk

In the last year LANL has constructed a 1408-node AMD Opteron cluster, a 1024-node Intel P4 Xeon cluster, a 256-node AMD Opteron cluster and two 128-node Intel P4 Xeon clusters. Each of these clusters is controlled by one front-end node, and each cluster needs only one disk in the front-end node for production operations. In this paper we describe the software architecture that boots and manages these clusters. This software architecture represents a clean break from the way that clusters have been set up for the last 14 years. We show the ways that this architecture has been used to greatly improve the operation of the nodes, with particular emphasis on improvements in boot-time performance, scalability, and reliability.
The evaluation of power spectra in molecular dynamics simulations of anharmonic solids and surfaces

Abstract Histories of a molecular dynamics simulation of a chain of fifty anharmonically coupled atoms (taken as a prototype for a solid or a surface) are examined to obtain power spectra corresponding to a given k value. Two methods for obtaining the power spectra from the atom velocities are studied: (1) the method which involves computing the appropriate velocity-velocity autocorrelation function (ACF) and then taking its Fourier transform and (2) the direct method which involves finding the absolute value squared of the Fourier transform of the appropriate velocity. The long (in time) simulations necessary to obtain reasonably reproducible power spectrum parameters are rationalized in terms of a previous theoretical study of autocorrelation functions by Zwanzig and Ailawadi. The method of choice for obtaining power spectra is the use of long trajectories coupled with truncation of the ACF prior to its Fourier transform in such a way that the tail of the ACT is disregarded.
Using rasch motor FIM individual growth curves to inform clinical decisions for persons with paraplegia

Using rasch motor FIM individual growth curves to inform clinical decisions for persons with paraplegia
Electron cyclotron resonance plasma etching of materials for magneto-resistive random access memory applications

Dry etching of multilayer magnetic thin film materials is necessary for the development of sensitive magnetic field sensors and memory devices. The use of high ion density electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) plasma etching for NiFe, NiFeCo, TaN, and CrSi in SF6/Ar, CH4/H2/Ar, and Cl2/Ar plasmas was investigated as a function of microwave source power, rf chuck power, and process pressure. All of the plasma chemistries are found to provide some enhancement in etch rates relative to pure Ar ion milling, while Cl2/Ar provided the fastest etch rate for all four materials. Typical etch rates of 3000A/min were found at high microwave source power. Etch rates of these metals were found to increase with rf chuck power and microwave source power, but to decrease with increasing pressure in SF6/Ar, CH4/H2/Ar, and Cl2/Ar. A significant issue with Cl2/Ar is that it produces significant metal-chlorine surface residues that lead to post-etch corrosion problems in NiFe and NiFeCo. However, the concentration of these residues may be significantly reduced by in-situ H2 or O2 plasma cleaning prior to removal of the samples from the etch reactor.
Assessing the effectiveness of international environmental institutions

Abstract In the pages of this column we have tried to explore the various ways in which the term institution can be defined and interpreted in light of the contemporary social challenge of global environmental change. International regimes are one important type of international institution whose purpose is to coordinate the activities of states and other actors. Scholars of international relations regard regimes as sets of rules, norms, procedures and programmes which prescribe appropriate forms of behaviour and promote the achievement of collective goals. As Marc Levy demonstrates in the analysis which follows, regimes are now sufficiently varied in topic and practice that good comparative studies can be undertaken to assess just what type and format are likely to be best for a fairer and more efficacious international environmental agreement. Given the relative recency of major regimes and the huge variety of circumstances in which they are expected to work, this research effort has been impressive and timely. But an effective regime is only as good as the willingness of the parties to make it so. Up to a point, that willingness can be engendered by the regime creation process itself. But only up to a point. Effective international environmental governance still relies on compliant states and far-seeking stakeholders who hold the trump cards.
Who are the guardians in product counterfeiting? A theoretical application of routine activities theory

Product counterfeiting, as an emerging problem, has seen limited scholarly attention. Although there has been an increase in the scholarly work in this area, much more remains to be done. This article is an attempt to address one considerable gap in the product counterfeiting literature – the application of criminological theory. At this time, no research on product counterfeiting has attempted to apply a theoretical perspective to understand the product counterfeiting phenomenon. This article involves a systematic attempt to view product counterfeiting through a routine activities theory lens. More specifically, this is an exercise in applying the theoretical construct of ‘guardianship’ to the study of product counterfeiting. Implications for prevention and policy are discussed.
Model-based parameter estimation and related methods as model abstraction techniques in computational electromagnetics

It is demonstrated that the technique of Model Based Parameter Estimation, specifically Cauchy's Method, can be used in the frequency domain to extrapolate/interpolate a narrowband set of system data or information to a broadband set of data or information. The information can be either computed or measured data over a frequency band. For computed data the sampled values of the function and a few derivative values can be used to reconstruct the function. For measured data only sampled values of the function are used as derivative values are too noisy. Cauchy's method is based on applying the principle of analytic continuation to a complex, hard to specify function, analytic except at isolated poles, that represents the frequency domain property of interest. Such a function can be represented by a ratio of two polynomials, a reduced order model, which can be considered to be a variant of model abstraction. A procedure is outlined for determining the order of the polynomials and their coefficients using the methods of Singular Value Decomposition and Total Least Squares. The method is applied to a selected set of frequency domain problems to illustrate the accuracy and versatility of the method.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Thermalization effects in a one-dimensional self-gravitating system

Computer program for thermalization effects for small number of stars system using one dimensional sheet model
Optimization Of Grey Scale Clinical Imaging

The medical diagnostician can advise instrument engineers on the optimal display of a given pathologic entity. The introduction of artifacts may sometimes be diagnostically useful and paradoxically, the loss of data may improve accuracy by accentuating small differences between normal and malignant tissues. Clinical ultrasound requires application of techniques for image enhancement which are becoming available.© (1976) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Establishment of Clonal MIN-O Transplant Lines for Molecular Imaging via Lentiviral Transduction & In Vitro Culture

As the field of molecular imaging evolves and increasingly is asked to fill the discovery and validation space between basic science and clinical applications, careful consideration should be given to the models in which studies are conducted. The MIN-O mouse model series is an established in vivo model of human mammary precancer ductal carcinoma in situ with progression to invasive carcinoma. This series of transplant lines is propagated in vivo and experiments utilizing this model can be completed in non-engineered immune intact FVB/n wild type mice thereby modeling the tumor microenvironment with biological relevance superior to traditional tumor cell xenografts. Unfortunately, the same qualities that make this and many other transplant lines more biologically relevant than standard cell lines for molecular imaging studies present a significant obstacle as somatic genetic re-engineering modifications common to many imaging applications can be technically challenging. Here, we describe a protocol for the efficient lentiviral transduction of cell slurries derived from precancerous MIN-O lesions, in vitro culture of “MIN-O-spheres” derived from single cell clones, and the subsequent transplantation of these spheres to produce transduced sublines suitable for optical imaging applications. These lines retain the physiologic and pathologic properties, including multilineage differentiation, and complex microanatomic interaction with the host stroma characteristic of the MIN-O model. We also present the in vivo imaging and immunohistochemical analysis of serial transplantation of one such subline and detail the progressive multifocal loss of the transgene in successive generations.
Divisions of Labor in School and in the Workplace: Comparing Computer and Paper-Supported Activities Across Settings

This study uses the concept of division of labor to investigate the comparative uses of media in 2 organizational settings (a middle school classroom and a professional architecture firm). In both settings, participants used both computer and paper-based media in architectural project work. This study found that, in both settings, collaborative labor was divided between designers who worked on paper and draftspersons who worked with computers. The analysis compares the origins of these divisions of labor and finds important similarities in the reasons for the divisions of labor and important differences in the implications of the divisions of labor for participants. The analysis links the similarities to the comparative affordances of different media for supporting collaboration and links the differences to how the 2 environments differently evaluated its participants as individuals and as members of a group.
A Paddlefish Entrained by the 2011 Mississippi River Flood: Rescue, Recapture, and Inferred Swim Speed

Abstract We observed a large adult Paddlefish entrained from the Mississippi River through the Bonnet Carre spillway, south Louisiana, which was injured and underweight. We captured, measured (23 metrics), and tagged the fish. After it had spent a week at large on the floodway, we recaptured and released it back into the Mississippi River. The specimen was re-captured eight months later in northern Mississippi, 627 km upriver from where it was released. Distance traveled and water velocities in the river indicate that the fish was traveling at least 90–197 cm/s for prolonged periods, equivalent to gross speeds of 77–170 km/d. This incident suggests that a large entrained fish, trapped for several days in a hyperthermic and hypoxic habitat, can be viable when returned to the river. It also demonstrated that rescue efforts could reduce impacts of spillway operations to fish populations, and that comprehensive field assessment of fish morphology can be benign t o fish.
The narrative worlds of what is and what if

Abstract This paper advances the hypothesis that young children use narrative play and stories to construct two types of fiction, the worlds of what is and what if . Heinz Werner's conceptualization of children's spheres of reality, in which actions, symbols, and events are constructed in particular ways, is used as a theoretical framework for understanding children's play and stories. Drawing on examples of children's spontaneous pretend play and story telling, the paper argues that, beginning in their second year, children use pretend play to differentiate the worlds of everyday-lived reality from an alternative pretend sphere; the world of as if . By their third year, children engage in play which hangs on a narrative framework. Such pretend play offers children further options: the fictional world of plausible make believe which simulates everyday life, what is , and the fictional world of more fantastic possibilities, what if. While the child's use of a narrative framework in her pretend play expands her range of psychological worlds, the developmental shift to purely verbal stories, sometimes during the child's third year, significantly adds to her ability to explore such worlds. An examination of the language young children use to accompany their narrative play and to tell stories demonstrates the ways in which children exploit the narrative form to contrast, compare, and traverse the constructed worlds of what is and what if.
Efficacy of methotrexate in ulcerative colitis: failure or promise.

Methotrexate, which was initially developed in 1948 for the treatment of leukemia, has been used clinically for nearly 60 years as low- and high-dose therapy in other diseases including certain lymphomas, Wegeners’ disease, psoriasis, and rheumatoid arthritis. In inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) methotrexate’s clinical efficacy has been established for steroid-dependent Crohn’s disease (CD) in adults and also in children refractory or intolerant to thiopurine therapy.1–5 The effectiveness of intramuscularly (i.m.) administered methotrexate 25 mg once weekly in steroid-dependent CD is well documented. In the North American Crohn’s Study Group’s landmark trial, 39.4% of the patients receiving methotrexate (25 mg, i.m./week) were in clinical remission as defined by the Crohn’s Disease Activity Index (CDAI) <150 points and the discontinuation of prednisone, compared with 19.1% of the patients in the placebo group, at 16 weeks.6 Similarly, Feagan et al7 demonstrated the efficacy of methotrexate treatment (15 mg/i.m./once weekly) in maintaining steroid-free remission in CD patients (after 40 weeks 65% remission in the methotrexate group versus 39% in the placebo group). Of note is that 2 smaller placebo-controlled studies in CD patients with orally administered methotrexate, given at lower doses than used in the trial of Feagan et al,6 did not demonstrate a statistically significant differences in response or remission rates compared to placebo, suggesting that the route of administration and the dose of methotrexate play important roles in the treatment of IBD.8,9 Proven effective medications for patients with steroid-dependent CD patients include azathioprine or 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP), methotrexate, infliximab, adalimumab, certolizumab, and natalizumab. In comparison, therapeutic choices for steroid-dependent ulcerative colitis (UC) patients are currently limited only to azathioprine or 6-MP and infliximab. In addition, proctocolectomy with or without construction of an ileal pouch anal anastomosis (IPAA) is an option for patients who do not tolerate azathioprine and fail infliximab; however, UC patients with mildly to moderately active steroid dependency might not experience an improved quality of life after IPAA. IPAA is associated with a number of complications that may adversely affect the long-term outcome of these patients, such as antibiotic-dependent or antibiotic-refractory pouchitis, cuffitis, CD of the pouch, and infertility of female patients.10–12 Therefore, there is a clear need for further exploration of new therapies with a calculable risk profile for this patient group. We performed a systematic review to explore the efficacy of methotrexate in patients with UC and discuss the data in the context of current knowledge of effects, adverse events, and pharmacokinetics of methotrexate therapy in patients with other inflammatory conditions.
Finding everland: Flight fantasies and the desire to transcend mortality

Fantasies and dreams of flight are ubiquitous across cultures and throughout history and often linked to immortality. A perspective derived from terror management theory holds that flight fantasies are appealing because they suggest transcendence of the limitations of creatureliness and mortality. Five studies established the link between mortality concerns and flight fantasy. In Study 1, participants showed greater desire to fly after contemplating death compared to a control topic. In Study 2, participants showed greater desire to fly, but not to engage in other supernatural acts, after contemplating death compared to a control topic. In Studies 3 and 4, participants who engaged in flight fantasy did not subsequently demonstrate defensive reactions to a death reminder observed in nonflight conditions. Study 5 showed that flight fantasy, but not other pleasurable or empowering fantasies, decreased death thought accessibility after mortality salience, and this effect was uniquely mediated by a feeling of freedom from bodily limits.
A chloroquine-resistant Swiss 3T3 cell line with a defect in late endocytic acidification

To investigate the role of acidification in cell proliferation, several cell lines resistant to chloroquine were isolated with the expectation that some would express altered endocytic acidification. The preliminary characterization of one of these lines, CHL60-64, is described. In contrast to endocytic mutants described previously, the initial phase of endocytic acidification, as measured by transferrin acidification, is normal in this cell line. However, a difference in subsequent endocytic acidification was observed in CHL60-64. In the parental cells, internalized dextran was fully acidified to approximately pH 5.5 within 1 h. In CHL60-64, the pH in the endocytic compartment was only 6.1 after 1 h and remained as high as 5.8 for at least 4 h. After an 8-h incubation, the pH decreased to 5.5, indicating that the second phase of acidification is only slowed in CHL60-64, and not blocked. Consistent with this retarded acidification, ATP-dependent acidification in vitro (as measured by acridine orange accumulation) was reduced in both the lysosomal fraction and the endosomal fraction isolated from CHL60-64. A decrease in the in vivo rate of acridine orange accumulation after perturbation with amine was also observed. In addition to amine resistance and defective acidification, CHL60-64 was found to be resistant to vacuolation in the presence of chloroquine and ammonium chloride, and was resistant to ouabain. Further studies on this new class of endocytosis mutant, in combination with existing mutants, should help to clarify the mechanisms responsible for the regulation of endocytic acidification.
Noninvasive Positive Pressure Ventilation in the Emergency Department

Noninvasive positive pressure ventilation (NPPV) is becoming more commonplace, both in the ICU and also in the Emergency Department. This article addresses the rationale and mechanism of action for NPPV. A review of the indications for using NPPV and a discussion detailing the initiation of NPPV follows. NPPV has been shown to decrease length of hospital stay and the need for intubation in patients who have chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and acute cardiogenic pulmonary edema. NPPV should be considered for most patients who have respiratory distress who are being considered for intubation. After NPPV is initiated, very close monitoring and follow-up must be employed to identify those patients who are at risk for treatment failure.
Eigenstate selection in open quantum dot systems: using the Landauer formalism as a spectroscopic probe

We show that transport in open quantum dots can be mediated by single eigenstates, even when the leads allow several propagating modes. The broadening of these states can be virtually independent of lead width. While sets of completely broadened states contribute to the background conductance, the states that remain resolved tend to yield periodic conductance fluctuations that are observable in experiment.
Dose-limiting complications from upper half body irradiation in C3H mice

Abstract This investigation evaluates the usefulness of an experimental technique in mice that has been used to study lung tolerance as a major dose-limiting tissue in clinical radiotherapy. The pathological sequalae of upper half body irradiation using a range of single and fractionated (2 Gy per fraction once or twice daily) doses was characterized in C3H/HeJ mice. Four phases of potentially lethal syndromes were revealed starting with the very acute effects of oral inflammation within 1 month. Incisor damage occurred between 1 and 3 months when the supplying of powdered food appeared to prevent lethality from starvation. Single radiation doses then produced a predictable incidence of pneumonitis (3 to 6 months) followed by pleural effusions (6 to 12 months). These later two syndromes were absent in mice that survived the acute effects of fractionated UHBI. In accordance with other rapidly proliferating tissues, the estimated αβ ratios for oral epithelial and incisor damage were notably larger than that previously reported for lung. This denotes the smaller capacity of the acute responding target cells to repair sublethal damage. The consequent predominance of acute reactions in the fractionated courses therefore confined the maximal tolerated dose to that which produced an unmeasurable level of pulmonary injury. Our discussion of these results warn against the simple extrapolation of fractionated or low dose rate UHBI lethality data from mouse to man without due consideration of extrapulmonary radiation effects.