cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The human DNA-activated protein kinase phosphorylates simian virus 40 T antigen at amino- and carboxy-terminal sites.

Abstract Protein phosphorylation modulates the functions of simian virus 40 large T antigen (TAg) in productive and transforming infections. We recently described a DNA-activated protein kinase (DNA-PK) that efficiently phosphorylates TAg and several other nuclear, DNA-binding proteins in vitro (S.P. Lees-Miller, Y.-R. Chen, and C. W. Anderson, Mol. Cell. Biol. 10:6472-6481, 1990). In this report, we show by direct amino acid sequence analysis that DNA-PK phosphorylates TAg strongly at Ser-677, a residue known to be important for TAg interaction with origin site I and for transformation. We propose that DNA-PK may modulate the role of TAg in repressing early viral transcription and cell transformation, but a role for DNA-PK in regulating simian virus 40 DNA synthesis is not excluded. DNA-PK also phosphorylates Ser-665, and Ser-667, and one or more serines between amino acids 110 and 131. At least six serines, Ser-111, Ser-112, Ser-120, Ser-665, Ser-667, and Ser-677, are phosphorylated in TAg purified from baculovirus vector-infected insect cells.
Dimensional Analysis of Aortic Root Geometry During Diastole Using 3D Models Reconstructed from Clinical 64-Slice Computed Tomography Images

Accurate measurement of anatomical characteristics of the aortic root is needed for pre-procedural planning of many valve procedures and development of novel valve intervention devices. Dimensional measurement of the aortic root is currently performed on 2-dimensional (2D) images, rather than on a full 3-dimensional (3D) geometric model. In this study, full 3D aortic root geometric models, reconstructed from clinical multi-slice computed tomography (MSCT) scans during diastole, were used to perform dimensional analysis of the aortic root geometry of 94 patients. Thirty-two landmark points were placed on anatomic feature locations of each aortic root model for the measurement of aortic root dimensions. Diameters of the annulus, sinus of Valsalva (SOV), sino-tubular junction, and ascending aorta were compared with measurements obtained from 2D MSCT images in short axes. Additionally, the spatial distribution of the left coronary ostium (CO) within the left coronary sinus (LCS) was determined due to its significance in transcatheter aortic valve implantation. Aortic root dimensions measured by 3D models had good correlations with those measured by 2D MSCT images. The 3D perimeter-derived annulus and SOV diameters were larger than the direct measured diameters on short axis views. Additionally, this study indicated that the left CO is predominantly located in the upper right region of the LCS. Similar results could be obtained using the 3D models compared to 2D MSCT images. Since anatomical features of the aortic root can be easily identified on a full 3D geometric model, more complete information could be obtained.
Results of an attempt to generate a homogeneous turbulent shear flow

An approximately homogeneous turbulent shear flow is generated in an open-return wind tunnel test-section by a plane parallel-rod grid of uniform rod diameter and non-uniform rod spacing. The grid design is based upon an analysis by Owen & Zienkiewicz (1957). Hot-wire measurements taken in this flow include mean velocities, component turbulence intensities, shear and two-point space correlations, and energy spectra. In addition, microscales, obtained both from instantaneous time derivatives of the hot-wire signal and from two-point space correlations, and integral scales, calculated both from correlations and energy spectra, are reported.Based upon these results, it is concluded that, far enough away from the grid and the test-section wall boundary layers: The turbulence intensities are maintained at uniform values by the nearly constant mean shear.The turbulent shear stress approaches an asymptotic value.Measured two-point space correlation coefficients and one-dimensional energy spectra attain self-preserving forms.When distance downstream of the grid is measured in terms of the number of ‘local’ grid rod spacings, (see discussion of microscales obtained from time derivatives), the Taylor microscale defined by the correlation coefficient Ruu(rX, 0, 0) grows linearly with this ‘effective’ distance over most of the region measured.The limited number of integral scale determinations and experimental uncertainty allow only the statements that the magnitude of the longitudinal scale is roughly one-eighth the lateral dimension of the square test-section and tends to increase slightly with ‘effective’ distance from the grid.The lateral integral scales are approximately one-half the longitudinal scales and also increases with distance from the grid.The integral scale which characterizes the size of the eddy primarily responsible for momentum transfer is roughly one-tenth the test-section lateral dimension (measured at one point only).
National security, individual privacy and public access to government-held information: the need for changing perspectives in a global environment

Governments are often the largest collectors of data within their jurisdiction, and often that data collection and storage is financially supported with public taxes. How governments manage and make available that information when requested by non-government parties varies by country. As the data-sharing world finds new and multi-platform ways to network, variations in legal access to government-held information create both opportunities and challenges. In this article, recent research is reviewed on problems faced by legal systems trying to navigate conflicts between individual privacy, public access and national state security.
Predicting oligomeric assemblies: N-mers a primer.

Multi-protein complexes play key roles in many biological processes. However, since the structures of these assemblies are hard to resolve experimentally, the detailed mechanism of how they work cooperatively in the cell has remained elusive. Similarly, recent advances on in silico prediction of protein–protein interactions have so far avoided this difficult problem. In this paper, we present a general algorithm to predict molecular assemblies of homo-oligomers. Given the number of N-mers and the 3D structure of one monomer, the method samples all the possible symmetries that N-mers can be assembled. Based on a scoring function that clusters the low free energy structures at each binding interface, the algorithm predicts the complex structure as well as the symmetry of the protein assembly. The method is quite general and does not involve any free parameters. The algorithm has been implemented as a public server and integrated to the protein–protein complex prediction server ClusPro. Using this application, we validated predictions for trimers, tetramers (discriminating between dimer of dimers and 4-fold symmetry structures), pentamers and hexamers (discriminating between trimer of dimers, dimer of trimers, and 6-fold symmetry structures), for a total of 107 assemblies. For 85% of
Diet and body composition as determinants of basal lipolysis in humans

Determinants of basal lipolysis were investigated in a group of 23 volunteers of both sexes. Body composition was measured by underwater weighing and resting metabolic rate with indirect calorimetry. Insulin sensitivity was determined by using the minimal model of Bergman. The rate of appearance of palmitic acid in the blood was measured with 14C-1-palmitate as the tracer administered as a nonprimed constant infusion. Simple and stepwise-regression analyses were performed to determine correlations and to generate a multivariate model to examine the determinants of basal lipolysis. Fat intake (as a percent of total energy intake) was correlated with basal lipolysis (r = 0.57, P < 0.005) as well as protein intake (as a percent of energy intake) (r = -0.46, P = 0.03) in univariate analysis. Body weight (r = 0.56, P = 0.005) explained a greater portion of the variance in lipolysis than fat-free mass (r = 0.44, P < 0.05) or fat mass (NS). Independent predictors of basal lipolysis were determined by stepwise regression. The best model generated included fat intake, fat-free mass, carbohydrate intake, and daily energy intake as significant determinants of lipolysis (r = 0.89, P < 0.001). The insulin sensitivity index and sex were not independent predictors of basal lipolysis. Thus, our data support either body weight or fat-free mass as more appropriate indexes than fat mass to normalize basal rates of lipolysis in humans. Furthermore, the macronutrient composition of the diet is an important determinant of lipolysis and thus should be considered in future experimental designs.
Photosynthetic enhancement and conductance to water vapor of field-grown Solanum tuberosum (L.) in response to CO2 enrichment

The photosynthetic responses of potato [Solanum tuberosum(L.)] to CO2 enrichment were studied in open-topped field chambers. Plants were raised in 2.4 m 2 plastic enclosures over three growing seasons from 1996 to 1998. Plots were continuously fertilized with 1, 1.5 and 2 times ambient daytime CO2. These were the low (L), medium (M) and high (H) CO2 treatments, respectively. Tuber dry matter yields were increased 9 and 40%, respectively, in the M and H treatments compared to the L CO2 treatment. Net photosynthesis (Pn) and conductance to water vapor (gs) of upper canopy leaves were measured at 1 or 2-week intervals at the growth CO2 partial pressure and then Pn of plants in the L treatment was determined at 70 Pa CO2 (L70). Leaflet P n rates averaged over all measurement dates were 28, 49 and 84% greater, respectively, in the M, H and L70 CO2 treatments, compared to plants in the L treatment. Changes of Pn in response to the L, M and H CO2 treatments were proportional to increases of internal CO2 (Ci) and at low leaf-to-air vapor pressure deficits mid-day gs was inversely related to growth CO2. The ratio of Pn at H compared to L70 was 0.81 when averaged over all measurement dates. Leaf soluble protein, Rubisco protein and chlorophyll ( a+b ) levels were unaffected by CO2 treatment. Total Rubisco activity was decreased by CO2 enrichment in 1998, but percent activation was similar in the L, M and H plots. Leaf starch was increased but sucrose, glucose and fructose were unaffected by CO2 treatment. The above findings indicated that a down regulation of Pn in response to elevated CO2 was consistently observed in field-grown potato. This was attributed to a decrease of total Rubisco activity that was potentially due to the presence of inhibitory compounds bound to the active site of the enzyme. The amount of photosynthetic acclimation observed here did not preclude a persistent enhancement of Pn under the elevated CO2 growth conditions.
Characterization of a Series of Nitrogen‐Rich Molecules using Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

A series of nitrogen-rich molecules, such as 5-aminotetrazolium nitrate (HAT-NO3) and hydrazinebistetrazole (HBT), bis(2,2,2-trinitroethyl)-hydrazodicarboxylate (BTHC), cyclotrimethylene trinitramine (RDX), trinitrotoluene (TNT), melamine, sucrose, and L-glutamine were studied using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS). The atomic emission intensities and intensity ratios of the constituent elements from the LIBS spectrum were shown to correlate with the mole fractions and stoichiometries of the molecules. In addition, the amount of oxygen present in the molecule influenced the emission intensities of molecular fragments such as C2. Finally, we used principal components analysis to analyze the data from the LIBS spectra and separate the different organic molecules based on the atomic emission intensities and ratios.
Breakdown of large-N quenched reduction in SU(N) lattice gauge theories

We study the validity of the large-N equivalence between four-dimensional SU(N) lattice gauge theory and its momentum quenched version--the quenched Eguchi-Kawai (QEK) model. We find that the assumptions needed for the proofs of equivalence do not automatically follow from the quenching prescription. We use weak-coupling arguments to show that large-N equivalence is in fact likely to break down in the QEK model, and that this is due to dynamically generated correlations between different Euclidean components of the gauge fields. We then use Monte Carlo simulations at intermediate couplings with 20{<=}N{<=}200 to provide strong evidence for the presence of these correlations and for the consequent breakdown of reduction. This evidence includes a large discrepancy between the transition coupling of the bulk transition in lattice gauge theories and the coupling at which the QEK model goes through a strongly first-order transition. To accurately measure this discrepancy we adapt the recently introduced Wang-Landau algorithm to gauge theories.
AIDS-dementia-complex: pathology, pathogenesis and future directions.

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), first described in 1981 [8,9], is produced by infection with a retrovirus of the lentivirus family, now called human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) [5,23]. While, initially, the disease was almost exclusively seen in homosexual men, it has become apparent that numerous other categories of people are at risk, i.e., drug addicts who share dirty needles, hemophiliacs and haitians [26, 37, 38, 43, 48, 52, 61, 65, 68, 75]. In addition, epidemiological data from the industrialized nations clearly indicate that eterosexual contact is becoming an important source of viral transmission, as it has been known to occur in several african nations for many years [23, 65, 67].
Guided test generation for isolation and detection of embedded trojans in ics

Testing the genuineness of a manufactured chip is an important step in an IC product life cycle. This becomes more prominent with the outsourcing of the manufacturing process, since the manufacturer may tamper the internal circuit behavior using Trojan circuits in the original design. Traditional testing methods cannot detect these stealthy Trojans because the triggering scenario, which activates it, is unknown. Recently, approaches based on side-channel analysis have shown promising results in detecting Trojans. In this paper, we propose a novel test generation technique that aims at magnifying the disparity between side-channel signal waveforms of tampered and genuine circuits to indicate the possibility of internal tampering. Experimental results indicate that our approach could magnify the likelihood of Trojans 4 to 20 times more than existing side-channel analysis based approaches.
Scanning electron microscope imaging in liquids - some data on electron interactions in water.

Summary The electron backscattering coefficient of liquid water has been determined for electrons in the energy range 15–30 keV using QuantomixTM capsules. Values of the mean atomic number for water estimated from a fit to the backscatter yield, the mean ionization potential of water and from Monte Carlo simulations, show that the scattering behaviour of water is not anomalous despite the effects of hydrogen bonding. Computations of the electron range, and of the mean depth for backscattering, in water as a function of incident beam energy show that water and vitreous ice are good media for imaging purposes.
The Ultrastructure of the Human Stria Vascularis. PART I

The human stria vascularis contains three types of cells (marginal, intermediate and basal) which are remarkably similar to those found in the smaller animals. The narginal cells are rich in a homo...
Identifying Preferential Associates to Initiate Restoration Plantings

Ecological restoration typically aims to re-establish dominant plant species and their native associates, despite the lack of guidance on which associates to introduce initially. Analysis of naturally occurring plant communities can provide criteria to shorten the list of species that are associated with dominants, in order to focus revegetation efforts on species likely to establish. Using the example of sedge meadows, we evaluated wetland vegetation data from Laurentian Great Lakes wetlands to identify “preferential associates,” that is, species that co-occur more frequently than expected based on their overall abundance. A total of 176 taxa occurred within the two hundred and thirty-nine 1 × 1m 2 plots in 48 wetlands that contained Carex stricta, a widespread tussock-forming sedge. Of 58 species that co-occurred with C. stricta where it was dominant (≥50% plot cover), we identified 26 associates using Bray–Curtis similarities and we determined that 12 of the 26 were preferential using an electivity index. The electivity index identified preferential associates even when they occurred infrequently or had low mean cover per plot. We provide guidance on how to initiate restoration with preferential associates.
School Endotoxin Exposure and Asthma Morbidity in Inner-city Children

BACKGROUND: Endotoxin exposure is associated with airway inflammation. Children spend 6 to 8 h/d in school, yet the effect of school-specific endotoxin exposure on asthma morbidity is not well understood. METHODS: In this longitudinal cohort study, 248 students with asthma, from 38 inner-city schools, underwent baseline phenotyping and follow-up. Clinical outcomes were evaluated throughout the academic school year and linked to classroom-specific dust and air endotoxin levels as well as home dust endotoxin levels. The primary outcome was maximum asthma symptom-days per 2-week period. RESULTS: Classrooms had higher settled dust endotoxin levels compared with homes (14.3 endotoxin unit/mg vs 11.3 endotoxin unit/mg; P = .02). Airborne endotoxin levels exceeding recommended occupational exposure limits for adults were recorded in 22.0% of classrooms. Classroom air endotoxin levels were independently associated with increased maximum symptom-days in children with nonatopic asthma, but not in those with atopic asthma (interaction P = .03). Adjusting for home exposures, classroom endotoxin exposure was independently associated with a dose-dependent increase in asthma symptom-days for children with nonatopic asthma (adjusted incidence rate ratio, 1.16 [95% CI, 1.03-1.31]; P = .02). In these subjects, maximum symptom-days increased by 1.3 days for each 14-day period when comparing students in classrooms with the lowest endotoxin levels compared with average measured levels. CONCLUSIONS: Inner-city children with asthma are exposed to high levels of airborne endotoxin at school, resulting in increased asthma symptoms in children with nonatopic asthma. Mitigation of school-related exposures may represent a strategy to decrease asthma morbidity in this population. TRIAL REGISTRY: ClinicalTrials.gov; No.: NCT01756391; URL: www.clinicaltrials.gov
A homochiral diamond framework constructed from Fe(III) and Mn(II) oxo-clusters supported by Sb(III) tartrate scaffolds.

A homochiral diamond framework was obtained by using a secondary building unit (SBU) comprising an oxo-cluster containing 4Fe(III) and 3Mn(II) ions supported by Sb3O tartrate scaffolds. A fully protonated tetratopic cation, tetrakis(4-pyridyloxymethylene)methane (TPOM), acts as a template to arrange the clusters on a diamond lattice.
TRADING TIME EFFECTS IN FINANCIAL AND COMMODITY FUTURES MARKETS

Through the examination of one commodity contract, soybeans, and one financial contract, U.S. Treasury bonds, the authors test to determine (1) whether mean rates of return during trading times differ from mean rates of return during nontrading times; (2) whether mean returns during trading times and nontrading times differ by day of the week; (3) whether trading time returns differ significantly from previous nontrading time returns; and (4) the extent to which trading and previous nontrading returns are correlated. In addition, the authors empirically examine a possible explanation for the results obtained.
Gross and Microscopic Lesions of Naturally Occurring Tuberculosis in a Captive Herd of Wapiti (Cervus Elaphus Nelsoni) in Colorado

A Mycobacterium bovis-infected herd of captive wapiti (Cervus elaphus nelsoni) in Colorado was depopulated after lesions of bovine tuberculosis were confirmed in 8 of 10 tuberculin skin test reactors. Of the 43 animals > 1 year of age, 26 had gross lesions suggestive of tuberculosis, 24 had microscopic lesions of tuberculosis, and 23 had acid-fast bacilli associated with the lesions. Lungs and retropharyngeal lymph nodes were the most frequently affected sites. Most lesions grossly and microscopically resembled tuberculosis in cattle; however, some lesions resembled abscesses or ovine caseous lymphadenitis lesions. Special stains and immunohistochemical techniques labeled few to numerous mycobacteria associated with the lesions.
Demonstration of a second-harmonic powder laser

We demonstrate second-harmonic generation in a mixture of powders of laser [Nd0.5La0.5Al3(BO3)4] and frequency-doubling (2-methyl-4-nitroaniline) (MNA) materials. We quantitatively describe short-spike 1.06-μm stimulated emission and its second harmonic with the model accounting for the population inversion and the energy density of 1.06-μm and 0.53-μm radiation in the pumped volume. The experimental results are in a good agreement with the model predictions. The optimum MNA concentration was shown to be dependent on the pumping energy. The determined optimum nonlinear coefficient in (pulverized) nonlinear material was shown to be 102–103 times larger than that in MNA.
Uric Acid Metabolism and Uric Acid Stones

Uric acid nephrolithiasis comprises 8–10% of patients with kidney stone disease. However, this prevalence is higher in particular ethnic populations and in certain regions of the world. The major pathophysiologic mechanism for uric acid nephrolithiasis is unduly acidic urine. At a urinary pH below 5.5, the concentration of sparingly soluble uric acid increases and promotes the formation of uric acid stones. Unduly acidic urine is likely due to defective renal ammoniagenesis. Moreover, emerging studies suggest that increased endogenous acid production, in addition to defective urinary ammonium buffering, may also be responsible for the abnormally acidic urine in this population. The underlying mechanism of low urinary ammonium and increased endogenous acid production has been linked to the metabolic syndrome and may also be associated with renal fat accumulation in the kidney. Although low urinary pH is necessary, it alone is not sufficient for uric acid crystal precipitation. This implies the potential role of inhibitors and/or promoters of uric acid crystallization.
ATYPICAL METAPLASIA AND INCIDENCE OF BRONCHOGENIC CARCINOMA

The prognostic implication of atypical squamous metaplasia of the respiratory tract has been uncertain, especially for mild atypia. The relation between degree of severity of atypical metaplasia as detected by sputum cytology and incidence of bronchogenic carcinoma was assessed among 14,414 men aged 45 years or older who smoked one or more packs of cigarettes per day. Trial participants underwent sputum cytologic evaluations every 4 months for an average of 7.4 years as part of the Cooperative Early Lung Cancer Detection Program of the National Cancer Institute and were followed for the development of lung cancer between 1971 and 1983 at three institutions: The Johns Hopkins University, the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, and the Mayo Clinic. Analysis with logistic regression controlling for age, race, occupational exposures to lung carcinogens, average number of cytology records per year, and smoking habits revealed that the estimate of the relative rate (RR) of developing bronchogenic carcinoma was greater among men who had mild atypia as compared with men who had negative cytology readings, but there were marked differences among institutions (RR = 1.1, 95% confidence interval (Cl) 0.8-1.5 at The Johns Hopkins University; RR = 1.6, 95% Cl 1.1-2.5 at the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center; and RR = 2.5, 95% Cl 1.6-4.0 at the Mayo Clinic). Results suggest that mild atypia as detected by cytologic evaluation of sputum is an indicator of a modest elevation in risk of bronchogenic carcinoma.
Diminished effort on a progressive ratio task in both unipolar and bipolar depression

Abstract Background Amotivation, or decisional anhedonia, is a prominent and disabling feature of depression. However, this aspect of depression remains understudied, and no prior work has applied objective laboratory tests of motivation in both unipolar and bipolar depression. Methods We assessed motivation deficits using a Progressive Ratio Task (PRT) that indexes willingness to exert effort for monetary reward. The PRT was administered to 96 adults ages 18–60 including 25 participants with a current episode of unipolar depression, 28 with bipolar disorder (current episode depressed), and 43 controls without any Axis I psychiatric disorders. Results Depressed participants exhibited significantly lower motivation than control participants as objectively defined by progressive ratio breakpoints. Both the unipolar and bipolar groups were lower than controls but did not differ from each other. Limitations Medication use differed across groups, and we did not have a separate control task to measure psychomotor activity; however neither medication effects or psychomotor slowing are likely to explain our findings. Conclusions Our study fills an important gap in the literature by providing evidence that diminished effort on the PRT is present across depressed patients who experience either unipolar or bipolar depression. This adds to growing evidence for shared mechanisms of reward and motivation dysfunction, and highlights the importance of improving the assessment and treatment of motivation deficits across the mood disorders spectrum.
An exercise trial to reduce cancer related fatigue in African American breast cancer patients undergoing radiation therapy: Design, rationale, and methods ☆

Abstract Background Cancer related fatigue (CRF) is a common and debilitating side-effect of radiotherapy in breast cancer patients. Physical activity interventions can attenuate CRF but evidence in African–American women with breast cancer is lacking. Methods/design The “Pedlar” Study is a prospective, 8-week structured moderate-intensity exercise intervention, delivered concurrently with radiotherapy, to reduce CRF and improve health-related quality of life among African American breast cancer patients. Forty African American women with breast cancer scheduled to receive radiation therapy at MedStar Washington Hospital Center will be randomized to one of the two trial arms: 1) a facility-based aerobic exercise utilizing a portable stationary pedal exerciser; and 2) a control group. Intervention arm participants will exercise at the hospital either before or after their radiation treatment. Assessments will be conducted at baseline, 4, and 8 weeks. The outcome variables are CRF, biomarkers of inflammation, and health-related quality of life. Discussion The Pedlar Study will provide preliminary evidence on whether a short-term moderate-intensity exercise intervention might be effective in reducing CRF in African American women undergoing radiotherapy for breast cancer, and whether this effect is mediated by inflammation.
Vertical Integration and the Monopoly Problem

T HE problems of monopoly arise because a single enterprise or a group of associated enterprises possesses disproportionate power in its dealings with suppliers, competitors, or customers, and because this power is used or is likely to be used in ways that injure these outsiders for the benefit of the possessor of the power. A discussion of monopoly, therefore, has to do with the external relations of the monopolist-with the interaction between a monopolistic concern or group and its environment. Vertical integration, like specialization and diversification, is a term that describes the internal structure of a busi-
Respondents’ Attitudes toward Legitimate Surveys in Four Cities:

Market and opinion survey researchers are increasingly troubled because some door-to-door salesmen ask for an interview as a sales presentation door-opener. It is widely felt that this gambit is making it increasingly difficult for legitimate survey interviewers to obtain interviews and is damaging the profession's public relations. This problem was the topic of a 1964 symposium sponsored by the American Association for Public Opinion Research [7]. Similar solicitations by telephone are also a problem [4]. Baxter [2] using 1963 data reported that 31 percent of respondents in cities over 100,000 reported such sales approaches, of which 47 percent were in person. Biel [3] recently reported the startling figure that 60 percent of respondents in a Chicago sample said they had been approached at least once, 52 percent twice or more, by telephone or in person with a request for an interview that later proved to be a sales attempt. No doubt partly because of this practice and other frequent door-to-door commercial canvassing more direct in sales approach, many communities have imposed legal controls over interviewing activity ranging from interviewer registration with the police to prohibitions on any door-to-door calling. Arnold [1] reported that 250 communities in 34 states imposed a variety of controls on interviewing activity. The prevalence of such controls has likely been caused by response to rising complaints to police, better business bureaus, and chambers of commerce about abuses in commerical
Review of a Fluid Resuscitation Protocol“Fluid Creep” Is Not Due to Nursing Error

Recent reviews of burn resuscitation have included the suggestion that "fluid creep" may be influenced by practitioner error. Our center uses a nursing-driven resuscitation protocol that permits titration of fluid based on hourly urine output, including the addition of colloid when patients fail to respond appropriately. The purpose of this study was to examine protocol compliance. We reviewed 140 patients (26 children) with burns of ≥20% TBSA who received protocol-directed resuscitation from 2005 to 2010. We compared each patient's actual hourly fluid infusion with that predicted by the protocol. Sixty-seven patients (48%) completed resuscitation using crystalloid alone, whereas 73 patients required colloid supplementation. Groups did not differ in age, gender, weight, or time from injury to admission. Patients requiring colloid had larger median total burns (33.0 vs 23.5% TBSA) and full-thickness burns (15.5 vs 4.5% TBSA) and more inhalation injuries (60.3 vs 28.4%; P < .001) than those who resuscitated with crystalloid alone. Because we included basic maintenance fluids in their regimen, patients had median predicted requirements of 5.4 ml/kg/%TBSA. Crystalloid-only patients required fluid volumes close to Parkland predictions (4.7 ml/kg/%TBSA), whereas patients who received colloid required more fluid than the predicted volume (7.5 ml/kg/%TBSA). However, the hourly difference between the predicted and received fluids was a median of only 1.0% (interquartile range: -6.1 to 11.1%) and did not differ between groups. Pediatric patients had greater calculated differences than adults. Crystalloid patients exhibited higher urine outputs than colloid patients until colloid was started, suggesting that early over-resuscitation did not contribute to fluid creep. Adherence to our protocol for burn shock resuscitation was excellent overall. Fluid creep exhibited by more seriously injured patients was not due to nurses' failure to follow the protocol. This review has illuminated some opportunities for practice improvement, possibly using a computerized decision support system.
Vibroseis recording techniques and data reduction from the Jemez Tomography Experiment

Abstract The Jemez Tomography Experiment (JTEX) is a multidisciplinary study focused on the Valles Caldera and the Jemez Mountains, New Mexico. The objectives of the project are to create a high resolution crustal model of the subsurface structure of this silicic volcanic system and to develop an interpretation of its volcanic evolution. Use of Vibroseis sources in the acquisition of refraction/wide-angle reflection seismic data provided challenges beyond conventional explosive-source data. Processing of the JTEX Vibroseis data is an involved procedure consisting of sorting, cross-correlating, filtering, and stacking numerous individual seismograms in the production of final record sections. However, excellent results (high signal-to-noise seismograms at relatively small spacings) are obtainable with coherent arrivals at source-receiver distances of more than 60 km. The primary drawback in this approach lies in the massive volume of data that is necessary to produce record sections. One benefit of the Vibroseis source used during JTEX was a method to decrease effective seismogram spacing. This technique, dubbed a “source-offset” technique, provides smaller overall seismograph station spacing by moving the Vibroseis sources during acquisition and leaving deployed seismographs stationary. After station corrections, this method effectively decreases station spacings and increases detail in resulting record sections. Various shallow crustal heterogeneities create travel-time advances and delays that affect the source-offset data differently than single-source data. Synthetic modeling demonstrates small travel-time discrepancies associated with the source-offset technique. However, the addition of traces with smaller station intervals clarifies secondary arrivals within record sections and aids in interpretation of these arrivals with a minimum amount of field effort required.
207 DOES AN ADOLESCENT MEDICINE WORKSHOP USING STANDARDIZED PATIENTS INCREASE KNOWLEDGE AND IMPROVE SKILLS

Background Medical students rarely have the opportunity to learn and practice tactful history-taking and delicate counseling skills critical to adolescent health. The purpose of this study is to determine the impact of an adolescent medicine (AM) workshop (WS) using standardized patients (SP) on knowledge and skills of third-year medical students. Methods A 4-hour AM WS was developed as part of a new curriculum for a required third-year medical school 4-week primary care internal medicine clerkship and randomized for delivery to half of the rotational groups. The WS incorporates four SP cases representing different clinical challenges (sexual history, depression/suicide, risky behavior, and smoking cessation). A faculty preceptor facilitates group discussion of sensitive approaches to the problems. Participating students are also provided with a 26-page AM reference. All students in every rotation group are assigned AM readings. At the end of the 4 weeks, all students take a 100-item written exam (six AM questions) and nine-station SP exam (one AM station) including a post-SP encounter open-ended written exercise. Scores on the written exam AM questions, AM SP checklist items, and AM open-ended written exercise of workshop participants and nonparticipants were analyzed with simple means, standard deviations, and multiple regression approaches solving for a preventive medicine SP station and USMLE Step 1. Results The AM WS was delivered to 6 of the 12 rotation groups during the 2004-2005 academic year. Forty-nine students participated in the workshop and 48 did not. Workshop participants performed significantly better than nonparticipants on the AM SP checklist (90.5% 6 4.7 vs 85.5% 6 5.5, F = 22.6, p = .000) and the post-encounter written exercise (86.2% 6 4.1 vs 83.9% 6 4.1, F = 6.6, p = .011). Unadjusted for USMLE, participators performed significantly better on the six written exam AM items (4.8 6 0.9 vs 4.3 6 1.2%, F = 5.1, p = .027) and displayed a trend after adjustment (4.72 6 0.9 vs 4.31 6 1.2, F = 3.6, p = .06). Conclusions Students participating in a 4-hour SP workshop display superior AM clinical skills as assessed by a SP clinical exam, open-ended written exercise, and AM-specific items on a written examination. Simulation with SPs appears to be an ideal medium for teaching clinical skills. These findings support the theory that the unique aspects of adolescent patient care would be better taught using an interactive pedagogy.
Investigating the Role of TNF-α and IFN-γ Activation on the Dynamics of iNOS Gene Expression in LPS Stimulated Macrophages

Macrophage produced inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) is known to play a critical role in the proinflammatory response against intracellular pathogens by promoting the generation of bactericidal reactive nitrogen species. Robust and timely production of nitric oxide (NO) by iNOS and analogous production of reactive oxygen species are critical components of an effective immune response. In addition to pathogen associated lipopolysaccharides (LPS), iNOS gene expression is dependent on numerous proinflammatory cytokines in the cellular microenvironment of the macrophage, two of which include interferon gamma (IFN-γ) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α). To understand the synergistic effect of IFN-γ and TNF-α activation, and LPS stimulation on iNOS expression dynamics and NO production, we developed a systems biology based mathematical model. Using our model, we investigated the impact of pre-infection cytokine exposure, or priming, on the system. We explored the essentiality of IFN-γ priming to the robustness of initial proinflammatory response with respect to the ability of macrophages to produce reactive species needed for pathogen clearance. Results from our theoretical studies indicated that IFN-γ and subsequent activation of IRF1 are essential in consequential production of iNOS upon LPS stimulation. We showed that IFN-γ priming at low concentrations greatly increases the effector response of macrophages against intracellular pathogens. Ultimately the model demonstrated that although TNF-α contributed towards a more rapid response time, measured as time to reach maximum iNOS production, IFN-γ stimulation was significantly more significant in terms of the maximum expression of iNOS and the concentration of NO produced.
Effects of Anti-Lipid a Human Monoclonal Antibody on Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Toxicity to the Kidney

AbstractStudies were done to evaluate the effects of the human monoclonal anti-lipid A IgM antibody A6(H4C5) on several components of the hemodynamic and renal toxicity of the cell wall lipopolysaccharide of E. coli 0111:B4. Antibody (0.25 to four mg./kg. BW) was administered 0.5 hour before, or premixed for one hour with, lipopolysaccharide (0.05mg./kg., a 14 to 18% lethal dose), and the following measurements made over 0.5 to 3.5 hours of study: systemic arterial blood pressure, renal plasma flow, and glomerular filtration. The proximal tubular cell cytotoxicity of 90mg./kg. of the cephalosporin cephaloridine was also quantified in similarly treated animals sacrificed 48hours later. While one mg./kg. of antibody prevented the reduction by the lipopolysaccharide of renal plasma flow, it did not prevent the nephrotoxic synergy with cephaloridine, and four times the antibody dose did not prevent lipopolysaccharide-induced hypotension or reduced glomerular filtration. These amounts of this antibody protect ...
Development of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria in CALR-positive myeloproliferative neoplasm

Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH), a disease characterized by intravascular hemolysis, thrombosis, and bone marrow failure, is associated with mutations in the PIG-A gene, resulting in a deficiency of glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins. Many hypotheses have been posed as to whether PNH and PIG-A mutations result in an intrinsic survival benefit of CD55(-)/CD59(-) cells or an extrinsic permissive environment that allows for their clonal expansion within the bone marrow compartment. Recent data have identified the concurrence of PIG-A mutations with additional genetic mutations associated with myeloproliferative disorders, suggesting that some presentations of PNH are the result of a stepwise progression of genetic mutations similar to other myelodysplastic or myeloproliferative syndromes. We report for the first time in the literature the development of clinically significant PNH in a patient with JAK2V617F-negative, CALR-positive essential thrombocythemia, providing further support to the hypothesis that the development of PNH is associated with the accumulation of multiple genetic mutations that create an intrinsic survival benefit for clonal expansion. This case study additionally highlights the utility of genomic testing in diagnosis and the understanding of disease progression in the clinical setting.
Tetralogy of fallot with complete atrioventricular canal

Tetralogy of Fallot associated with complete atrioventricular canal (TC) is a relatively rare form of conotruncal anomaly. The indications for a systemico-pulmonary shunt are few today. We favor a two patch technique. Most of the time, the VSD patch closure is performed through the right atrium only; however a ventriculotomy is used when needed.
The Sexed and Gendered Brain

Publisher Summary Gender-specific medicine is medicine guided by the science of how normal function and disease are influenced by factors that are associated with gender. As evidenced by a survey of over 30 million academic articles; however, gender is often used as a synonym for sex. Thus, gender-specific medicine is often reduced to medical practice guided by the study of sex differences. This chapter uses a broad definition of gender, which brings all aspects of sex differences and psychosexual differentiation under the umbrella of gender and thus within the purview of gender-specific medicine. It primarily aims to review our current understanding of potential neurobiological contributions to the differentiation of sexual orientation and gender identity. Much is known about sexual differentiation of the rodent brain, particularly with regard to the substrates that mediate sexual behaviors. The current chapter addresses parallel human research. First, the terminology necessary for a discussion of psychosexual differentiation will be reviewed. Neuroendocrine research relevant to psychosexual differentiation is then explored and questions for future research are presented.
Livy’s Empire of Laws

The strong senates, bicameral legislatures and independent judiciaries that protected the rule of law in the new American republics reflected a new confidence that well-ordered constitutions could secure liberty and create a virtuous citizenry.3 But Liberty, Justice and Virtue remained the emblems and purpose of republican government in practice as much as on the currency and public icons.4 The elaborate forms of government Americans borrowed from the Roman and English republics existed to create republican attitudes without which true happiness was thought to be impossible. John Adams suggested that even highwaymen might become good republicans, given the right institutions.5 The ‘manners’ and ‘principles’ which marked a successful republic, reflected more than excellent political institutions; they also followed the stirring ‘examples’ of previous generations6 Republican frames of government existed to protect ‘liberty’ and the republican way of life. Social mores could serve the same purpose, and were equally important to effective republican government.
Equilibrium relationships between thermal barrier oxides and silicate melts

Abstract The phase equilibria between thermal barrier coating (TBC) materials and calcium–magnesium–aluminosilicate melts (CMAS, representing deposits formed when siliceous debris is ingested into modern turbine engines), were investigated at 1300 °C. The primary goal was to understand the influence of the deposit and thermal barrier oxide compositions on the melt solubility limits and reaction product constitution. Model deposit compositions with SiO 2 to CaO ratios from 1.4 to 4.7 and with or without MgO were reacted with yttria- and gadolinia-zirconia thermal barrier oxides ranging from pure ZrO 2 to the pure yttria and gadolinia. The reactions formed various crystalline silicate phases; rare earth–calcium–silicate apatite and zircon (ZrSiO 4 ) were observed most frequently. Following the reactions, the residual melts were depleted in SiO 2 and generally enriched in CaO, MgO, and Al 2 O 3 . The implications of the anticipated changes in the melt viscosity and the cation partitioning between the melt and various solid solution phases on the efficacy of degradation-mitigating crystallization reactions are discussed.
Kinetically Controlled Site-Specific Substitutions in Higher-Order Heterostructures

Targeted substitutions in extended solids have been historically challenging, limited by high temperature and the synthetic routes traditionally used. Here, we report the synthesis of new compounds in the (PbxSn1–xSe)1+δTiSe2 intergrowth family from designed amorphous precursors. By controlling local composition and using low reaction temperatures, the metastable quaternary compounds can be synthesized over the entire range of 0 ≤ x ≤ 1 as crystallographically aligned thin films. X-ray diffraction and electron microscopy confirm the formation of a solid solution in the PbxSn1–xSe layer, with the overall and constituent structure both changing as a function of composition as predicted by Vegard’s law. Charge transfer between constituents and subsequent conduction in the TiSe2 describes the observed transport properties. The mobility of the charge carriers is increased in compounds with the alloyed PbxSn1–xSe layer, providing direct evidence that charge transport occurs predominantly in the dichalcogenide l...
Frontal Mucocele following Previous Facial Trauma with Hardware Reconstruction

Mucoceles are cysts that can develop after facial bone fractures, especially those involving the frontal sinuses. Despite being rare, mucoceles can result in serious delayed sequelae. We present a case of a frontal mucocele that developed two years after extensive facial trauma following a motor vehicle crash (MVC) and review the emergency department (ED) evaluation and treatment of mucocele. Early recognition, appropriate imaging, and an interdisciplinary approach are essential for managing these rare sequelae of facial trauma.
Piketty’s Capital in the 21 st Century and modern finance: The other [r − g] relationship

Abstract In this study we look at one wheel in the machinery of modern finance that may help evaluate Piketty’s contributions in his best-seller Capital in the 21st Century (C21C): the constant-growth equity model, also known as Gordon’s model. We first briefly review Piketty’s text, and highlight two theories advanced by Piketty: one about the relationship between return on capital and economic growth (r − g) associated with the ratio between two variables (k/y), and another theory in which the same (k/y) relationship is associated with a ratio between the growth rate of savings-to-economic growth (i.e., k/y = s/g). Piketty uses these two devices, s/g and r > g to warn readers about a possible future of secular stagnation (a continued age of very low or even negative g’s), in which the inequality r > g may create inequality levels not seen since the XIX century, or worse. The constant growth model, however, provides what Piketty’s analysis does not include: transitional dynamics, the adjustments agents would make in such dire low growth scenario and system responses. Furthermore, the constant growth model shows why r > g, r − g > 0 is both a logical and a computational condition valid for all times. In sum, we show that Piketty’s theoretical devices cannot support his contentions.
Macrocognition in the Healthcare Built Environment (mHCBE): A Focused Ethnographic Study of "Neighborhoods" in a Pediatric Intensive Care Unit.

Objectives:The objectives of this research were to describe the interactions (formal and informal), in which macrocognitive functions occur and their location on a pediatric intensive care unit, to...