cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On the theory of the wind-driven ocean circulation

A surface distribution of stress is imposed on an ocean enclosed by two continental boundaries; the resulting transport circulation is studied between two latitudes of zero surface wind-stress curl, within which the curl reaches a single maximum. Under the assumption that turbulent transfer of relative vorticity has a minimum effect on the mean circulation, inviscid flow patterns are deduced in the limit of small transport Rossby number. Inertial currents, or naturally scaled regions of high relative vorticity, occur on both the eastern and the western continental coasts. Limits on the relative transports of the currents are obtained and found to depend on the direction of variation of the wind-stress curl with latitude, relative to that of the Coriolis accelerations. The most striking feature of the inviscid flow is a narrow inertial current the axis of which lies along the latitude of maximum wind-stress curl. All eastward flow occurs in this midlatitude jet.A feature of the flow which cannot remain essentially free of turbulent processes is the integrated vorticity relationship, since the imposed wind-stress distribution acts as a net source of vorticity for the ocean. Heuristic arguments are used together with this integral constraint to deduce the presence and strength of the turbulent diffusion which must occur in the region of the mid-latitude jet. It is further inferred that the turbulent meanders of the jet must effect a net meridional transport of relative vorticity.
The Nature, Antecedents and Consequences of Underemployment:

Despite the growth of underemployment in the United States, relatively little theoretical or empirical attention has been paid to this phenomenon. This article presents a multidimensional conceptualization of underemployment in terms of education, work duties, field of employment, wages, and permanence of the job. The article then presents testable propositions on both the hypothesized antecedents of underemployment (e.g., economic factors, job characteristics, career history, job search strategies, and demographics) and on the hypothesized consequences of underemployment (e.g., job attitudes, overall psychological well-being, career attitudes, job behaviors, and marital, family, and social relationships). Directions for future theory development, research methodology, and institutional assistance programs for the underemployed are discussed as well.
Quantitative evaluation of reconstruction algorithms for motion compensated PET

The objective of this work was to investigate the effects different reconstruction algorithms have on lesion detection and quantification in respiratory gated and motion corrected positron emission tomography (PET) images. The NCAT phantom was simulated with respiratory motion, and 10 mm lesions with a source to background ratio of 5 to 1 or 10 to 1 were placed at the apex, middle, and base of the right lung. The NCAT data were binned into 16 gates, filtered with a smoothing kernel to represent PET system resolution, and then forward projected to create sinograms. Data were reconstructed with four different algorithms: FBP, OSEM 2 iterations and 8 subsets, OSEM 4 iterations and 8 subsets, and OSEM 8 iterations and 8 subsets. In addition to gating, a motion correction method based on rigid image registration of the gated images was used on the data. The mean lesion signal, lesion noise, and lesion contrast to noise ratio (CNR) were evaluated.
Elimination of CFC's and the chemical waste with the use of no-clean solder in RF power module

The pursue of CFC use elimination in many industries has opened up an opportunity for the development of substitutes for CFCs. No clean solder is just one of the many examples developed in response this need. Besides the elimination of CFCs, this project was also set up to eliminate chemical waste disposal problems with such materials as Terpene, Ionox, flux residue etc. Through the ability of implementing the no clean solder, the authors have been able to eliminate these chemical wastes hence reducing the current existing problem. This report describes materials selection, method of paste application and the renew profile essential for achieving the no-clean process.
THE CONCEPTS OF BALANCE, CONGRUITY, AND DISSONANCE

Common to the concepts of balance, congruity, and dissonance is the notion that thoughts, beliefs, attitudes, and behavior tend to organize themselves in meaningful and sensible ways. These concepts have appeared in various forms in almost all sciences. The concept of consistency in man is, then, a special case of the concept of universal consistency. In a longitudinal study, considerably more convincing evidence was obtained in support of the strain-toward-symmetry hypothesis. Except for Newcomb's longitudinal study, the experimental situations dealt mostly with subjects who responded to hypothetical situations, and direct evidence is scarce. The principle of congruity, which is in fact a special case of balance, was advanced by C. E. Osgood and P. H. Tannenbaum in 1955. Osgood and Tannenbaum have formulated the principle of congruity in quantitative terms allowing for precise predictions regarding the extent and direction of attitude change–predictions which in their studies were fairly well confirmed.
Sodium channel gene expression in mosquitoes, Aedes albopictus (S.)

A mosquito strain of Aedes albopictus, HAmAalG0, from Huntsville, Alabama, USA, showed a normal susceptibility and low tolerance to permethrin and resmethrin (pyrethroid insecticides) compared to a susceptible Ikaken strain, even though these pyrethroid insecticides have been used in the field for a long period of time in Alabama. Recently, we treated HAmAalG0 in the laboratory with permethrin for five generations and detected no significant change in the level of resistance to permethrin in the selected mosquitoes, HAmAalG5, compared with the parental strain HAmAalG0. We then examined the allelic expression at the L-to-F kdr site of the sodium channel gene in the Aedes mosquitoes to address our hypothesis that the L-to-F kdr mutation was not present in HAmAalG0 and HAmAalG5 mosquitoes. We found that every tested individual in Ikaken, HAmAalG0, and HAmAalG5 populations expressed a codon of CTA at the L-to-F kdr site encoding Leu, strongly corresponding to their susceptibility to insecticides.
Analysis and design of numerically controlled oscillators based on linear time-variant systems

It is shown that numerically controlled oscillators (NCO) can be modeled using a linear periodically time-variant system. This new description allows a complete analysis and a generalization of NCO. An example demonstrates that a generalized NCO can efficiently achieve high spectral purity.
An elastomeric ionic hydrogel sensor for large strains

An elastomeric hydrogel membrane made of an epoxy-amine network is demonstrated to be a linear strain sensor for large strains up to 20%. Sodium chloride is added in the gel to maintain conductivity at a relatively dry state. The elastic and electrical response are both shown to be linear. Water loss from the hydrogel due to evaporation from the surface is slow. This results in a trend in the impedance of the sensor which can be easily corrected by simple signal processing. A prototype sleeve that uses these sensors for proprioceptive sensing of joint angle motion on a robotic arm is demonstrated as a potential application.
Prevalence and characteristics of Blastocystis hominis infection in children.

Blastocystis hominis, a protozoan whose pathogenicity has been questioned, is sometimes found in the human gastrointestinal tract. We sought to determine the prevalence of Blastocystis in stool and to characterize clinical features of infection with Blastocystis in children. Forty-six (3%) of 1,736 patients undergoing fecal microscopy at Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh between January 1, 1985, and December 31, 1988, harbored Blastocystis. Of these 46 children, 75% had exposure to well water or had been in developing countries. Thirty-nine of the 46 (85%) experienced gastrointestinal symptoms, such as abdominal pain, diarrhea, vomiting, and weight loss. Blastocystis was the only parasite found in 35 of those 39 symptomatic children. Symptoms resolved within one month in 90% of patients receiving antiparasitic pharmacotherapy, but in only 58% (P <.04) of those receiving no therapy. We conclude that children infected with Blastocystis often experience gastrointestinal symptoms and that treatment increases ...
The expanding role of aerosols in systemic drug delivery, gene therapy and vaccination: an update

Until the late 1990s, aerosol therapy consisted of beta2-adrenergic agonists, anti-cholinergics, steroidal and non-steroidal agents, mucolytics and antibiotics that were used to treat patients with asthma, COPD and cystic fibrosis. Since then, inhalation therapy has matured to include drugs that: (1) are designed to treat diseases outside the lung and whose target is the systemic circulation (systemic drug delivery); (2) deliver nucleic acids that lead to permanent expression of a gene construct, or protein coding sequence, in a population of cells (gene therapy); and (3) provide needle-free immunization against disease (aerosolized vaccination). During the evolution of these advanced applications, it was also necessary to develop new devices that provided increased dosing efficiency and less loss during delivery. This review will present an update on the success of each of these new applications and their devices. The early promise of aerosolized systemic drug delivery and its outlook for future success will be highlighted. In addition, the challenges to aerosolized gene therapy and the need for appropriate gene vectors will be discussed. Finally, progress in the development of aerosolized vaccination will be presented. The continued expansion of the role of aerosol therapy in the future will depend on: (1) improving the bioavailability of systemically delivered drugs; (2) developing gene therapy vectors that can efficiently penetrate the mucus barrier and cell membrane, navigate the cell cytoplasm and efficiently transfer DNA material to the cell nucleus; (3) improving delivery of gene vectors and vaccines to infants; and (4) developing formulations that are safe for acute and chronic administrations.
On multiple classifier systems for pattern recognition

Difficult pattern recognition problems involving large class sets and noisy input can be solved by a multiple classifier system, which allows simultaneous use of arbitrary feature descriptors and classification procedures. Independent decisions by each classifier can be combined by methods of the highest rank, Borda count, and logistic regression, resulting in substantial improvement in overall correctness. >
Culturally-Appropriate Assessment of PTSD in Native American Veterans: A Poster Presentation

A veteran’s cultural background is relevant to and intertwined with the veteran’s PTSD symptomatology. Researchers at the National Center for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder have discovered ethnocultural variations in the way veterans communicate symptoms of PTSD and other anxiety and depressive disorders in a clinical setting. See Anthony J. Marsella, Claude Chemtob & Roger Hamada, Ethnocultural Aspects of PTSD in Vietnam War Veterans, 1 NCP (Nat’l Ctr. for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder), Fall 1990, at 3 (noting research showing “individuals from non-Western cultural traditions often fail to present classical symptoms of [anxiety and depressive disorders]” and, as a result, that “it is quite possible that ethnocultural minority veterans suffering from PTSD and related disorders may be wrongly diagnosed and inappropriately treated”). Researchers have long urged Compensation and Pension examiners in the VA to use culturally-sensitive clinical assessment procedures that fully explore potential cultural aspects of PTSD in a minority veteran. See id. (“Many questions used in clinical tests and interviews . . . are inappropriate in content for assessing ethnocultural minorities and thus do not accurately index problems that may be present.”); see also Terence M. Kean, Danny G. Kaloupek & Frank W. Weathers, Ethnocultural Considerations in the Assessment of PTSD, in ETHNOCULTURAL ASPECTS OF POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER: ISSUES, RESEARCH, AND CLINICAL APPLICATIONS 183 (Anthony J. Marsella ed., Am. Psych. Assoc. 1st ed. 1996) (rejecting a single-instrument approach to diagnosing and assessing PTSD across different cultures). Published clinical assessments have demonstrated the kind of complex cultural issues that interact with PTSD and illustrated the kind of comprehensive assessment necessary to fully understand the multifaceted mental health issues of Native American Veterans suffering from PTSD. See, e.g., Jay H. Shore & Spero M. Manson, The American Indian Veteran and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Telehealth Assessment and Formulation, 4 FOCUS 99 (2006). My research is exploring the extent to which the VA is actually implementing culturally-appropriate clinical assessment procedures to assess the severity of PTSD in Native American Veterans for purposes of service-connected disability compensation. Without system-wide implementation of culturally-appropriate assessment procedures, Native American Veterans are likely receiving inaccurate disability ratings, and thus inappropriate disability compensation.
Hereditary abelian model categories

We discuss some recent developments in the theory of abelian model categories. The emphasis is on the hereditary condition and applications to homotopy categories of chain complexes and stable module categories.
Optimum Spatially Constrained Turns for Agile Micro Aerial Vehicles

The objective of this paper is to derive a rapid turn-around maneuver for micro aerial vehicles flying in densely cluttered environments, in the form of variable altitude turns optimized for spatial constraints. The design results in a motion primitive which can be implemented on miniature aircraft at large. The primitive is tested on an MAV equipped with just yaw control and no roll control. The maneuver design not only yields a motion primitive for a turn-around maneuver, but also sheds light on the aircraft design features that enable such a maneuver to be accomplished given some information about the obstacle field.
Cell and stack design, fabrication and performance

A solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) single cell is a fully functional unit composed of an oxide electrolyte sandwiched between an anode and a cathode. SOFC single cells are stacked and connected in electrical series (via interconnects) to build voltage. A multi-cell stack is thus the fundamental building block of any practical fuel cell-based power systems. The key features of SOFC cell and stack technology are its solid-state construction (ceramics and metals) and high operating temperature (typically 600–1000 °C). The combination of these features leads to a number of advantages for the technology including cell and stack design flexibility, multiple fabrication options, multi-fuel capability and operating temperature choices. This chapter provides an overview of SOFC cell and stack requirements, designs and fabrication processes and discusses key design factors and operating parameters impacting cell and stack performance.
Comparisons of Adult Emergence Periods and Generations of the Pine Tip Moths, Rhyacionia frustrana and R. rigidana,

The life cycles of the Nantucket pine tip moth, Rhyacionia frustrana , and the pitch pine tip moth, R. rigidana , in the Georgia Piedmont were compared. Except for simultaneous appearance of pupae in the fall and adult emergence from overwintering pupae in the spring, R. frustrana and R. rigidana have asynchronous life cycles. R. frustrana has 3 generations annually and R. rigidana has 2. Therefore, overwintering pupae represent different generations. The asynchronous life cycles could be important in any attempts to control tip moths where mixed populations of R. frustrana and R. rigidana occur.
Improved Breakdown Strength and Energy Density in Thin-Film Polyimide Nanocomposites with Small Barium Strontium Titanate Nanocrystal Fillers

Improved dielectric constant, breakdown strength, and energy density are reported for polyimide/sub-10 nm Ba0.7Sr0.3TiO3 (BST) nanocomposites up to the percolation threshold. Homogeneous nanocomposites were prepared via an in situ polymerization technique, whereby a suspension of BST is blended with 1,3-bis(4-aminophenoxy)benzene (BAPB) and pyromellitic dianhydride (PMDA) monomers prior to spin-casting and thermal imidization. The dielectric properties the PMDA-BAPB/BST nanocomposites were measured as a function of BST loading and displayed a 24% increase in breakdown strength and calculated energy densities more than twice that of the pure polymer at 10 vol % BST. The PMDA-BAPB/BST nanocomposites also display improved permittivities (er = 6.2 at 18 vol % and 1 MHz) and low dielectric loss (tan δ <0.04 for all loadings up to 1 MHz) and are thermally stable above 450 °C in air and 500 °C in nitrogen. The results highlight the benefit of employing extremely small and highly dispersed nanocrystals in capacit...
Notch signaling protects animals from nucleotide deficiency.

Animals can evaluate the quality and availability of food in their environment and adjust their development and reproductivity to better accommodate changes. Extensive previous studies have provide...
Study on Establishing Forecasting-warning System of Occupational Disease Hazards and Posoning Incidents in HeFei

Objective To study the establishment and application of work platform on occupational disease hazard survey,forecasting and poisoning control,so as to improve the survey quality of occupational disease and the capability of poisoning control.Methods The research was conducted based on field survey,analysis on the former data of occupational disease hazards and poisoning control,the system disease monitoring and reporting,the capability of toxicant test of hefei CDC.Results Among the 575 enterprises,there were 165 occupational hazards.The status of occupational disease hazard Administration in Hefei was poor.Ooccupational disease and emergency poisoning accidents usually took place.It was effective to establish and apply occupational disease survey and forecasting system,make professional poisoning emergency response and technology plan,make the valid examination in usually the occupation disease monitor and poisoned events.Conclusion The establishment and application of the occupational disease survey and forecasting system could improve the survey quality of occupational disease and the capability of poisoning control.
Breeding of the CMS Line Fanyuan A with Good Aroma Quality and Fine Blast Resistance in Rice

Fanyuan A, derived from the cross and backcross of Lefeng A//(Changfeng B/Lefeng B) F4, is a WAtype indica CMS line with the characteristics of stable sterility, high combining ability, high outcrossing rate, good resistance to rice blast, good quality, fine aroma. Fanyuan A was certified in Fujian Province in 2013. The process of breeding Fanyuan A, its characteristics and breeding technology were reported in the paper.
A Survey for Theoretical Issues about FEA of Automotive Rubber Mount

Finite element analysis(FEA) is an advanced method for development and design of automotive rubber components.The theoretical difficulties and the corresponding methods to overcome these difficulties are discussed systematically,including the issues such as the geometric nonlinearities,the incompressible or nearly incompressible rubber constitutive laws,the material test methods and test data fitting,the mixed u-p formulation elements based on constraint variation principle,the stress relaxation test for visco-hypoelasticity material model,the selection of the element types and the solution control for highly nonlinear problem.The results given in this paper will be helpful for FEA of automotive rubber mount.
Stilbene disulfonate blockade of colonic secretory Cl- channels in planar lipid bilayers.

We studied blockade by 4,4'-dinitrostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid (DNDS) of a secretory Cl- channel from colonic enterocyte plasma membrane vesicles incorporated into planar lipid bilayer membranes. Except for intermittent long-lived closed periods (100 ms to several min), the control channel open probability (Po) was greater than 90%. DNDS, added to the cis or vesicle-containing side, which corresponds to the outer membrane side of the channel, caused a dramatic increase in the number of current transitions from the open-to-closed state. DNDS caused a concentration-dependent decrease in Po with a maximum inhibition of 95 +/- 2.0% and a half-maximal inhibitory concentration of 3.3 +/- 1.4 microM. DNDS added to the trans side of the channel had no effect on either the single-channel conductance or kinetic behavior of the channel. Kinetic analysis revealed that DNDS blockade from the cis side could be explained by a linear, closed-open-blocked, kinetic scheme. The estimated DNDS block rate constants were kon...
Mesenchymal tumour of the inferior vena cava.

Abstract The aim of this work was to study the associations between weather conditions and the occurrence of type B acute aortic dissections (ABAD). This study was a retrospective review of all ABAD cases between January 1st, 2006 and December 31st, 2015. Using a time-series design and distributed lag non-linear models (DLNM), we estimated the relative risk (RR) of ABAD presentation associated with mean daily temperatures, including cumulative RR for a 28-day period, and RR for individual daily lags through 28 days. A total of 213 patients were admitted with ABAD. A significant association was found between the daily maximal temperature and the number of hospital admissions for ABAD. The lower the maximal temperature, the higher the incidence of ABAD (P = 0.044). Furthermore, the onset of ABAD was higher in winter than in summer and autumn (P = 0.009 and P = 0.001). Based on a time-series analysis, this study showed that the associations between mean daily temperature and ABAD presentation were not monotonic. Compared to the centered temperature at 8°C, the cumulative 28-day (lag 0 to lag 27) RR was significantly elevated at - 20 °C and - 19 °C for ABAD (RR = 1.39; 95%CI: 1.02, 1.98 and RR = 1.36; 95%CI: 1.02, 1.98). At the extreme low temperature (- 17.7 °C) in Shenyang, the cumulative 14-day (lag 0 to 13 day) and 21-day (lag 0 to 20 day) RR were remarkably increased for ABAD (RRlag14-day = 1.34; 95%CI: 1.08, 1.40 and RRlag21-day = 1.06; 95%CI: 1.06, 1.23). For the extreme high temperature, however, no particular finding was detected regarding acute and prolonged effects on ABAD. In general, low ambient temperature was significantly associated with ABAD presentations in comparison with high temperature. The effects of cold were delayed by two weeks and persisted for a few days.
Electroweak Unification and the Appraisal of Theories

The period from 1970 to 1973 was one of very intense and productive activity in theoretical and experimental research in high energy physics (HEP). In particular in the area of weak-interaction physics enormous strides were taken and one of the major results was the unification of the electromagnetic and the weak interaction, the so-called electroweak unification. The community of HEP researchers working in this area was sufficiently small and clearly identified so that the complete historical and scientific reconstruction of what occurred during that period was possible. Such reconstructions have been given both by historians and physicists alike.1 Thus, this episode offers a very fruitful as well as a contemporary case study to which one can apply and test the many philosophical theses associated with theory appraisal.
An event-recording system for monitoring small earthquakes

abstract To monitor small earthquakes on the ocean bottom or in remote areas on land, a seismic recording system should operate at low power for extended periods of time, should reproduce three components of ground motion with a large dynamic range, and should preferably be small and inexpensive. We describe such a system based on an event detector, which continuously surveys the background noise, sets a threshold, and triggers an inexpensive digital tape recorder when a seismic signal exceeds that threshold. Event recording offers the advantages over conventional continuous recording of more efficient use of storage capacity and easier later interpretation. A key element of the system is a continuously updated semiconductor buffer memory, which assures that first arrivals are included. Average power consumption is about a watt. The system design is easily adaptable to monitoring other types of rare events of unpredictable occurrence.
Town and Country Made: The Custom Dress Designs of Ethel Wallace, 1930-1955

Ethel Wallace (1885-1968) was a twentieth century artist who achieved great success with textiles and paintings. New information has emerged regarding Wallace's mid career in New Hope, PA via the acquisition of her personal papers.2 This cache of primary data allowed for the reconstruction of previously missing details regarding Wallace's mid life/career and has been mostly unavailable for research since her death in 1968.
Clonorchis sinensis (Loos 1907)

Clonorchis sinensis infections are endemic in Japan, Korea, Vietnam, and China. In addition to infecting humans, Clonorchis can also infect dogs and cats. Opisthorchis felineus, a closely related species of trematode that infects various carnivores including humans, occurs throughout the Philippines, India, Japan, Vietnam, and eastern Europe, particularly Poland and western Russia. O. viverini is found in northern Thailand1 and in Laos.2 The biology, pathogenesis, and clinical disease of all three species are so similar that only C. sinensis is discussed here.
Introduction: The Russian challenge to the security environment in Europe

In this introduction, entitled ‘The Russian Challenge to the Security Environment in Europe’, Roger E. Kanet notes the collapse of the positive expectations of the early 1990s that Russia would enter the Western community of states and poses the question ‘why’? He points to the qualifications of the diverse group of analysts assembled here to provide at least partial answers to the question, although they differ, sometimes significantly, in their overall assessments of factors of central importance. Several themes cut across the chapters: (1) the substantial responsibility of the West for the deterioration in relations; (2) the restraint exercised in Russian-US relations; (3) the importance of ‘great power identity’ in driving Russian policy; (4) the hypocrisy of the West, especially the EU, in demanding exclusivity in relations with Eastern partners; and (5) the inherently weak position from which Moscow is pursuing its challenge of the West.
Food addiction among sexual minorities

Abstract Although sexual minorities represent a small proportion of the general population, this group has been observed to be at an increased risk of developing various pathologies, including substance use and eating disorders. Research suggests that foods high in added fat and refined carbohydrates may trigger an addictive response, especially in at-risk individuals. Consequently, food addiction is associated with elevated risk for obesity, diet-related disease, and psychological distress. However, there is limited research on whether food addiction, like substance use, may be elevated among sexual minorities, and whether self-compassion may be a protective factor. Thus, the current study aims to test whether food addiction is elevated in sexual minorities (relative to heterosexuals) and if discrimination and self-compassion may be related to food addiction among sexual minorities. In a community sample of 356 participants (43.3% sexual minority), sexual minorities had almost twice the prevalence of food addiction (16.9%) as heterosexuals (8.9%). Also, sexual minorities on average experienced more food addiction symptoms (M = 2.73, SD = 1.76) than heterosexuals (M = 1.95, SD = 1.59). For sexual minorities, heterosexist harassment was associated with increased food addiction, while self-compassion appeared to be a protective factor. Further research needs to examine between-group differences among sexual minorities for better treatment and interventions for food addiction.
Internal gravity, self-energy, and disruption of comets and asteroids

Abstract The internal gravity and self-gravitational energy of a comet, asteroid, or small moon have applications to their geophysics, including their formation, evolution, cratering, and disruption, the stresses and strains inside such objects, sample return, eventual asteroid mining, and planetary defense strategies for potentially hazardous objects. This paper describes the relation of an object’s self-energy to its collisional disruption energy, and shows how to determine an object’s self-energy from its internal gravitational potential. Any solid object can be approximated to any desired accuracy by a polyhedron of sufficient complexity. An analytic formula is known for the gravitational potential of any homogeneous polyhedron, but it is widely believed that this formula applies only on the surface or outside of the object. Here we show instead that this formula applies equally well inside the object. We have used these formulae to develop a numerical code which evaluates the self-energy of any homogeneous polyhedron, along with the gravitational potential and attraction both inside and outside of the object, as well as the slope of its surface. Then we use our code to find the internal, external, and surface gravitational fields of the Platonic solids, asteroid (216) Kleopatra, and comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko, as well as their surface slopes and their self-gravitational energies. We also present simple spherical, ellipsoidal, cuboidal, and duplex models of Kleopatra and comet 67P, and show how to generalize our methods to inhomogeneous objects and magnetic fields. At present, only the self-energies of spheres, ellipsoids, and cuboids (boxes) are known analytically (or semi-analytically). The Supplementary Material contours the central potential and self-energy of homogeneous ellipsoids and cuboids of all aspect ratios, and also analytically the self-gravitational energy of a “duplex” consisting of two coupled spheres. The duplex is a good model for “contact binary” comets and asteroids; in fact, most comets seem to be bilobate, and might be described better as “dirty snowmen” than as “dirty snowballs”.
Correction to: Understanding the Black Teacher Through Metaphor

Please note that in the 3rd paragraph under the heading “Black Teacher as Role Model”, there is a sentence that needs correction.
Social Learning for Water Sector Resilience

Resilient water systems function at the triple junction of scientific discovery, decision support, and public engagement. New scientific knowledge about non-stationary environmental systems (including scientific and societal uncertainties) informs management decision-making, warns of the need to change course, and supports exploration of future conditions via scenario analysis. Public participation in the water sector builds capacity into institutions and organizations for knowledge that is inclusive, accountable, evolving, and reflective of diverse viewpoints. Decision-making processes in this ideal world are both evidence-based and reflective of human beliefs, attitudes, and values. Social learning across groups improves the capacity to manage complex system dynamics and resolve value-based controversies.
Music, Sports, and the Sound of Writing

Coming from a disciplinary background in ethnomusicology, I wanted to create an assignment outside of the norm in writing studies; rather than having the students understand sound as a text to be read, I wanted them to be able to read and respond to sound with sound. The majority of students in my “Music and Sports” course were journalism or music industry students who were fulfilling an elective requirement on the way to careers in sports broadcasting or news reporting. I wanted the students to experiment and enact our departmental goals of writing ethnographically about music and culture through well-constructed and well-referenced narratives that also would result in an interactive “real world” application beyond standard response papers or blogs. To this end, students had to respond to fairly open-ended prompts by recording three minutes of audio that included three citations to class readings and three audio clips of their choosing. The students grew dramatically in their ability to choose and contextualize the sound clips as effectively as article quotes in advancing their analyses. With technological developments like recording apps and free editing software, students can use sound itself as a primary source to propel their arguments. This assignment demonstrates how instead of describing sounds, we can now weave them into spoken narratives and then allow readers to hear them to support our arguments. We can now write with music.
TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF STEREOPROJECTION FOR ELECTRON MICROSCOPY

Publisher Summary Stereo techniques that create an illusion of depth in conventional micrographs are being developed for use in electron microscopy. The underlying principles of stereoscopy are simple, but their application to electron microscopy could be complex. This chapter discusses certain workable approaches that should be useful to the electron microscopists who are interested in developing skill in stereo techniques. These techniques include obtaining, mounting, and presenting stereo pairs for stereo projection or journal publication. Three dimensional perception of stereo pairs of slightly disparate images is familiar in various forms: 3-D movies, stereo-atlases, children's toys, and the old fashioned stereopticon of Victorian days. The stereopticon is the most familiar method and can serve as a straightforward and understandable expression of the basic principles of stereo techniques. Comparable stereo perception can be obtained from the preparations that are routinely used in electron microscopy, provided three dimensions are amenable to visualization.
Continuous Fuzzy Random Variables

This Chapter is based on [1]. New material includes the applications in Section 8.5. We consider the fuzzy uniform in Section 8.2, the fuzzy normal is in Section 8.3, followed by the fuzzy negative exponential in Section 8.4. In each case of a fuzzy density function we first discuss how they are used to compute fuzzy probabilities and then we find their fuzzy mean and their fuzzy variance. We always substitute fuzzy numbers for the parameters in these probability density functions, justified by Section 2.8, to produce fuzzy probability density functions.
Ions Regulate Spore Attachment, Germination, and Fungal Growth

In this chapter, the role of ions in growth and development in both the Eumycota and Oomycota is discussed. We have focused this review on the role of exogenous ions and their effects on cells and have left a discussion of the role of Ca2+ ion in signal transduction to other reviews. Cations play a pivotal role in determining the efficiency of attachment of fungal spores to the substratum and thus the presence of cation in part, determines whether a germinating spore will successfully colonize a given substrate. For example, conidia of the grape pathogen Phyllosticta ampelicida do not germinate unless attached to their substratum and this attachment is greatly enhanced by the presence of ion. The development of appressoria, a specialized infection structure, is also enhanced by the availability of cation in P. ampelicida and other fungi. The influence of ion on fruit body formation in also discussed.
Egg consumption may improve factors associated with glycemic control and insulin sensitivity in adults with pre- and type II diabetes.

Without appropriate interventions, prediabetes is typically followed by type II diabetes. Eggs are a rich source of important nutrients including protein, vitamins, minerals, carotenoids and lecithin. In this 12-week, parallel, randomized controlled trial, 42 overweight or obese individuals between the ages of 40 and 75 years with pre- and type II-diabetes were included. Participants were randomly assigned to receive either one large egg per day or an equivalent amount of egg substitute for 12 weeks. Blood samples were obtained to analyze lipid profile and biomarkers associated with glycemic control at all time points. Regular egg consumption resulted in improvements of fasting blood glucose, which was significantly (P = 0.05) reduced by 4.4% at the final visit in the egg group. Participants in the egg group had significantly (P = 0.01) lower levels of homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) at all visits. In the egg group, ATP-binding cassette protein family A1 (ABCA1) was significantly higher at the 6-week visit (0.78 ± 0.21 vs. 0.28 ± 0.05 mg dL−1, P < 0.001) and tended to be higher at the final visit (0.62 ± 0.11 vs. 0.55 ± 0.18 mg dL−1, P = 0.1). The mean apolipoprotein A1 (apo A1) level was also significantly higher at the final visit in the egg group compared to the control (147.43 ± 5.34 vs. 142.81 ± 5.09 mg dL−1, P = 0.01). There were no significant changes in total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels. Daily consumption of one large egg may reduce the risk of diabetes without having any adverse effects on lipid profiles in individuals with pre- and type II diabetes.
Profitability of abrasive weeding in organic grain and vegetable crops

Weed competition, especially within the crop row, limits the productivity and profitability of organic crop production. Abrasive weeding, a mechanical alternative to hand weeding, uses air-propelled grits to control small weed seedlings growing within the crop row. Recent research has demonstrated the successful use of abrasive weeding to reduce weed competition and increase yields in organic maize (Zea mays), tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and green and red pepper crops (Capsicum annuum), but the profitability of this weed control tactic has not been assessed. Our objective was to determine the profitability of abrasive weeding using empirical yield data from three previously published studies, a range of crop prices and revenues, and a range of costs for wages, grit applicator ownership, tractor use, abrasive grits, and fuel. Results suggest that abrasive weeding was not profitable in organic maize production, and may reduce net income by US$12,251–33,265 ha−1. However, abrasive weeding was not 100% effective and hand weeding for weed-free conditions was always the most profitable approach to in-row weed management in vegetable crops. The profit potential of the hand-weeded, weed-free treatments demonstrates the importance of weed control in high-value specialty crops–even those grown in plastic mulch film. Despite the profit potential for hand weeding observed here, labor is increasingly difficult to source, retain and afford, and abrasive weeding offers a mechanical alternative with 66% less labor required. Further research is needed to improve the efficacy of abrasive weeding and to reduce the cost of abrasive grits and application.
Intimate Partner Violence Victimization among Heterosexual, Gay, Lesbian and Bisexual College Students: The Role of Pro-Abuse Peer Support

ABSTRACTMost studies of peer support for intimate partner violence (IPV) at U.S. institutions of higher learning focused solely on male assaults on heterosexual women. As well, the bulk of this wor...
Accelerated Estimation of Long-timescale Kinetics by Combining Weighted Ensemble Simulation with Markov Model “Microstates” using Non-Markovian Theory

The weighted ensemble (WE) simulation strategy provides unbiased sampling of non-equilibrium processes, such as molecular folding or binding, but the extraction of rate constants relies on characterizing steady state behavior. Unfortunately, WE simulations of sufficiently complex systems will not relax to steady state on observed simulation times. Here we show that a post-simulation clustering of molecular configurations into "microbins" using methods developed in the Markov State Model (MSM) community, can yield unbiased kinetics from WE data before steady-state convergence of the WE simulation itself. Because WE trajectories are directional and not equilibrium-distributed, the history-augmented MSM (haMSM) formulation can be used, which yields the mean first-passage time (MFPT) without bias for arbitrarily small lag times. Accurate kinetics can be obtained while bypassing the often prohibitive convergence requirements of the non-equilibrium weighted ensemble. We validate the method in a simple diffusive process on a 2D random energy landscape, and then analyze atomistic protein folding simulations using WE molecular dynamics. We report significant progress towards the unbiased estimation of protein folding times and pathways, though key challenges remain.
Is immunohistochemistry-based screening for Lynch syndrome in endometrial cancer effective? The consent's the thing.

Abstract Purpose To investigate the plausible failure rate of the immunohistochemistry (IHC)-based screening protocol to identify Lynch syndrome (LS) index cases among endometrial cancer (EC) patients. Methods We developed a simulation model of the IHC protocol in this context. The model was populated from systematic and focused reviews, augmented with local data and expert opinion. The virtual cohort represents the number of women expected to be diagnosed with EC in the U.S. in 2018. The outcomes include protocol failure rates and LS cases missed in a variety of hypothetical scenarios. Results The best estimate of failure rate of the IHC protocol is 58%; minimum and maximum estimates are 33% and 80%, respectively. These failure rates are driven primarily by the high rates of failure to obtain consent from patients for sequencing (25% to 80%). The multiple imperfect tests and potential failure points in this protocol, collectively, make up 7% to 20% of the total failure rate. When consent for sequencing was fixed in the model at 25%, 50%, and 80%; the expected ranges for index case identification failure are 78%–82%, 57%–64%, and 29%–42%, respectively. Conclusion The primary driver of failure to identify index cases remains consent for sequencing. Consent rates have shown little improvement since LS screening programs were instituted in the U.S., leaving us to conclude these high failure rates are resistant to substantial improvement. These missed opportunities will be magnified because cascade screening for carrier status among family members will not be pursued.
COMPLIANCE WITH HAND HYGIENE AMONG HEALTH CARE PROVIDERS: EFFECTS OF A SIX SIGMA IMPROVEMENT PROJECT

ABSTRACT Background: Good hand hygiene (HH) is of vast importance in mitigating the spread of hospital-acquired infections in hospitals, which are associated with higher morbidity and mortality rates and a greater cost of treatment. Good HH alone can significantly reduce the transmission of infection; however, adherence to recommended HH practices remains unacceptably low in most hospitals. Materials and Methods: The present study comprised one group in a pretest–posttest preexperimental design. All staff at the Prince Sultan Cardiac Centre were included and 520 observations were randomly obtained from these individuals before and after interactions with patients, with a similar number of observations collected after the implementation of the HH Six Sigma improvement program. Results: Half of the total observations were collected regarding nurses; the majority of the involved staff were 30 years to 39 years of age, and more than half of them were female. HH was performed in 65.4% of the occasions prior to contacting patients and in 82.3% of the occasions after contacting patients. After adding reminding posters, implementing educational programs, and affixing alcohol dispensers on the doors of patient rooms, HH compliance improved significantly and was performed by 90% of staff before contacting patients and by 93.5% of them after contacting patients. Females as compared with males and nurses as compared with technicians demonstrated significantly more HH compliance before contacting their patients. Conclusion: HH compliance improved significantly after implementing the quality improvement program. Our study results can be utilized as a backbone for any HH improvement program in hospitals. The completion of randomized longitudinal studies is recommended to ensure the sustainability of the improvement program effect on HH. Keywords: Hand hygiene, Compliance, Hospital-acquired infections, Six Sigma.
An Approach to Community Facilitation Using Mediation Techniques: Skills for the Sociological Practitioner

Current community organization literature calls for a focus on the identification of community assets, not community deficits. This includes building relationships in the community to identify and solve community problems. In addition, the asset approach to community development redefines the role of the outside expert as one who is concerned with the process of community development, instead of the content of what needs to be changed. The shift to an asset-based approach calls for a new set of practice skills to be employed by the sociological practitioner. The authors suggest integrating specific skills from the mediation literature with the current community organization model as a first step in developing the practice skills necessary to being an effective community facilitator.
Genome-wide Association of Endophenotypes for Schizophrenia From the Consortium on the Genetics of Schizophrenia (COGS) Study.

Importance The Consortium on the Genetics of Schizophrenia (COGS) uses quantitative neurophysiological and neurocognitive endophenotypes with demonstrated deficits in schizophrenia as a platform from which to explore the underlying neural circuitry and genetic architecture. Many of these endophenotypes are associated with poor functional outcome in schizophrenia. Some are also endorsed as potential treatment targets by the US Food and Drug Administration. Objective To build on prior assessments of heritability, association, and linkage in the COGS phase 1 (COGS-1) families by reporting a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of 11 schizophrenia-related endophenotypes in the independent phase 2 (COGS-2) cohort of patients with schizophrenia and healthy comparison participants (HCPs). Design, Setting, and Participants A total of 1789 patients with schizophrenia and HCPs of self-reported European or Latino ancestry were recruited through a collaborative effort across the COGS sites and genotyped using the PsychChip. Standard quality control filters were applied, and more than 6.2 million variants with a genotyping call rate of greater than 0.99 were available after imputation. Association was performed for data sets stratified by diagnosis and ancestry using linear regression and adjusting for age, sex, and 5 principal components, with results combined through weighted meta-analysis. Data for COGS-1 were collected from January 6, 2003, to August 6, 2008; data for COGS-2, from June 30, 2010, to February 14, 2014. Data were analyzed from October 28, 2016, to May 4, 2018. Main Outcomes and Measures A genome-wide association study was performed to evaluate association for 11 neurophysiological and neurocognitive endophenotypes targeting key domains of schizophrenia related to inhibition, attention, vigilance, learning, working memory, executive function, episodic memory, and social cognition. Results The final sample of 1533 participants included 861 male participants (56.2%), and the mean (SD) age was 41.8 (13.6) years. In total, 7 genome-wide significant regions (P Conclusions and Relevance These analyses identified several genomic regions of interest that require further exploration and validation. These data seem to demonstrate the utility of endophenotypes for resolving the genetic architecture of schizophrenia and characterizing the underlying biological dysfunctions. Understanding the molecular basis of these endophenotypes may help to identify novel treatment targets and pave the way for precision-based medicine in schizophrenia and related psychotic disorders.