cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Clinician-in-the-Loop Annotation of ICU Bedside Alarm Data

In this work, we describe the state of clinical monitoring in the intensive care unit and operating room, where patients are at their most fragile and thus monitoring is most heightened. We describe how large amounts of data generated by monitoring patients' physiologic signals, along with the ubiquitous aspecific threshold alarms in use today, cause dangerous alarm fatigue for medical caregivers. In order to build more specific, more useful alarms, we gathered a novel data set that would allow us to assess the number, types, and utility of alarms currently in use in the intensive care unit. To do this, we developed a system to collect physiologic monitor data, alarms, and annotations of those alarms provided electronically by clinicians. We describe the collection process for this novel data set and provide a preliminary description of the data.
Foraging and navigations, fundamentally: developers' predictions of value and cost

Empirical studies have revealed that software developers spend 35%–50% of their time navigating through source code during development activities, yet fundamental questions remain: Are these percentages too high, or simply inherent in the nature of software development? Are there factors that somehow determine a lower bound on how effectively developers can navigate a given information space? Answering questions like these requires a theory that captures the core of developers' navigation decisions. Therefore, we use the central proposition of Information Foraging Theory to investigate developers' ability to predict the value and cost of their navigation decisions. Our results showed that over 50% of developers' navigation choices produced less value than they had predicted and nearly 40% cost more than they had predicted. We used those results to guide a literature analysis, to investigate the extent to which these challenges are met by current research efforts, revealing a new area of inquiry with a rich and crosscutting set of research challenges and open problems.
Principal component analysis-T1ρ voxel based relaxometry of the articular cartilage: a comparison of biochemical patterns in osteoarthritis and anterior cruciate ligament subjects.

BACKGROUND Quantitative MR, including T1ρ mapping, has been extensively used to probe early biochemical changes in knee articular cartilage of subjects with osteoarthritis (OA) and others at risk for cartilage degeneration, such as those with anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury and reconstruction. However, limited studies have been performed aimed to assess the spatial location and patterns of T1ρ. In this study we used a novel voxel-based relaxometry (VBR) technique coupled with principal component analysis (PCA) to extract relevant features so as to describe regional patterns and to investigate their similarities and differences in T1ρ maps in subjects with OA and subjects six months after ACL reconstruction (ACLR). METHODS T1ρ quantitative MRI images were collected for 180 subjects from two separate cohorts. The OA cohort included 93 osteoarthritic patients and 25 age-matched controls. The ACLR-6M cohort included 52 patients with unilateral ACL tears who were imaged 6 months after ACL reconstruction, and 10 age-matched controls. Non-rigid registration on a single template and local Z-score conversion were adopted for T1ρ spatial and intensity normalization of all the images in the dataset. PCA was used as a data dimensionality reduction to obtain a description of all subjects in a 10-dimensional feature space. Logistic linear regression was used to identify distinctive features of OA and ACL subjects. RESULTS Global prolongation of the Z-score was observed in both OA and ACL subjects compared to controls [higher values in 1st principal component (PC1); P=0.01]. In addition, relaxation time differences between superficial and deep cartilage layers of the lateral tibia and trochlea were observed to be significant distinctive features between OA and ACL subjects. OA subjects demonstrated similar values between the two cartilage layers [higher value in 2nd principal component (PC2); P=0.008], while ACL reconstructed subjects showed T1ρ prolongation specifically in the cartilage superficial layer (lower values in PC2; P<0.0001). T1ρ elevation located outside of the weight-bearing area, located in the posterior and anterior aspects of the lateral femoral compartment, was also observed to be a key feature in distinguishing OA subjects from controls [higher value in 6th principal component (PC6); P=0.007]. CONCLUSIONS This study is the first example of T1ρ local/regional pattern analysis and data-driven feature extraction in knees with cartilage degeneration. Our results revealed similarities and differences between OA and ACL relaxation patterns that could be potentially useful to better understand the pathogenesis of post-traumatic cartilage degeneration and the identification of imaging biomarkers for the early stratification of subjects at risk for developing post-traumatic OA.
A systematic review of cost-effective treatment of postoperative rotator cuff repairs

Objective The Bundled Payments for Care Improvement initiative combines payment of multiple services for episodes of care into 1 bundle. Rotator cuff repair is a likely candidate for future inclusion. The objective of this study was to determine cost-effective, high-quality postoperative rehabilitation dosing and cryotherapy for patients undergoing rotator cuff repair based on systematic review of the literature. Methods Systematic review of level I and level II articles was performed in PubMed, Cochrane Databases, and PEDro. Conference references and bibliographies were also reviewed. For postoperative therapy, keywords included rotator cuff, rotator cuff repair, exercise therapy, exercise, unsupervised, self-care, postoperative period, physical therapy, and physiotherapy; for cryotherapy, keywords included rotator cuff repair, shoulder, cryotherapy, and ice. Results Five studies compared postoperative outcomes in participants assigned to supervised therapy vs. unsupervised therapy. Three found no difference between groups. One found improved outcomes in supervised therapy. Limitations included that therapies were not consistently defined and significant methodologic issues were present, decreasing the applicability and validity of the results. Five articles examined cryotherapy outcomes in the postoperative shoulder. Two studies showed improved patient outcomes with cryotherapy vs. no cryotherapy; 2 studies showed no decrease in joint space temperatures at 90 minutes but decrease in temperature at 4 to 23 hours postoperatively. One study indicated that an ice bag and Ace bandage might be as effective as continuous, compressive cryotherapy units using patient-reported outcomes. Conclusion Further studies are needed to determine effective dosing of physical therapy after rotator cuff repair. Cryotherapy is favorable and cost-effective using simple methods for delivery.
Man/Machine Design Guidelines for the Use of Screen Display Terminals:

The impact of visual display terminals on man/machine communications is explored. The necessity of developing behaviorally valid guidelines for effective user performance is discussed, with emphasi...
Magnetic field remotely controlled selective biocatalysis

Many applications for medical therapy, biotechnology and biosensors rely on efficient delivery and release of active substances. Here, we demonstrate a platform that explores magnetic-field-responsive compartmentalization of biocatalytic reactions for well-controlled release of chemicals or biological materials on demand. This platform combines two different kinds of core–shell magnetic nanoparticle: one loaded with enzymes and another with substrate-bound therapeutic (bio)chemicals. Both cargos are shielded with a polymer brush structure of the nanoparticle shell, which prevents any enzyme–substrate interactions. The shield’s barrier is overcome when a relatively weak (a fraction of 1 T) external magnetic field is applied and the enzyme and the substrate are merged and forced to interact in the generated nanocompartment. The merged biocatalytic nanoparticles liberate the substrate-bound therapeutic drugs when the enzymes degrade the substrate. The developed platform provides a proof of concept for the remotely controlled release of drugs or (bio)chemicals using the energy of a non-invasive, weak magnetic field. Biocatalysis, if selective, offers great potential for the well-controlled release of drugs and other payloads. Here, Minko and co-workers separate enzymes and substrates by loading them onto individual, polymer-coated nanoparticles, and show that a magnetic field switches on the catalytic activity by merging the polymer shells.
Hydrophobic Ion Pairing of Peptide Antibiotics for Processing into Controlled Release Nanocarrier Formulations.

Nanoprecipitation of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) to form nanocarriers (NCs) is an attractive method of producing formulations with improved stability and biological efficacies. However, nanoprecipitation techniques have not been demonstrated for highly soluble peptide therapeutics. We here present a model and technique to encapsulate highly water-soluble biologic APIs by manipulating API salt forms. APIs are ion paired with hydrophobic counterions to produce new API salts that exhibit altered solubilities suitable for nanoprecipitation processing. The governing rules of ion pair identity and processing conditions required for successful encapsulation are experimentally determined and assessed with theoretical models. Successful NC formation for the antibiotic polymyxin B requires hydrophobicity of the ion pair acid to be greater than logP = 2 for strong acids and greater than logP = 8 for weak acids. Oleic acid with a logP = 8, and pKa = 5, appears to be a prime candidate as an ion pair agent...
Negative Coreference: Generalizing Quantification for Natural Language

I shall argue here that standard logic is not sufficiently rich to represent the means natural languages use to restrict the coreference of noun phrases. I will propose to extend standard logic by adding a class of reference restricting operators 1 which can represent the required properties of natural language.
Intimate partner violence and sexual assault among women with serious mental illness: A review of prevalence and risk factors:

SummaryAs compared with the general population, women with serious mental illness experience higher rates of intimate partner violence, sexual assault, and are at a greater risk of future victimiza...
Interrelations of patriarchal beliefs, gender, collectivism/individualism, and mental health

By using web-survey data from 236 US American adults, this study examined (a) the relations of cultural orientations and patriarchal beliefs and whether these relations varied by gender and (b) the...
Predation of top predators: cane toad consumption of bullet ants in a Panamanian lowland wet forest

Despite a clear consensus about the major roles that predators play in shaping ecological communities, descriptive studies of interactions between ecologically important top predator species are underreported. Native cane toad consumption of predatory bullet ant nests was verified through multiple, independent observations taken on Pipeline Road, Panama. Cane toad predation led to the extirpation of 42% of the nests within a 1.05 km2 area that is characterized as a late-successional wet forest. This predation pressure could be significant given the high rate of predation events and low bullet ant nest density observed here (0.12 nests ha−1). Implications of this interaction for the local bullet ant population, possible top-down effects and trophic cascades resulting from this top predator interaction are discussed.
Breathing and the Psychology of Emotion, Cognition, and Behavior

Breathing is the only vital function that is under direct voluntary control as well as reflexive control. As such, it is a behavior that is subject to the psychological principles of both instrumental (operant) and Pavlovian (respondent) conditioning. While traditional approaches to the psychological study of emotion, cognition, and behavior have occasionally focused on changes in breathing as a consequence of some experimental manipulation, far less attention has been paid to the extent to which emotions, thoughts, and behaviors can be influenced by changes in breathing. The purpose of the this chapter is to bring attention to breathing as a behavioral act and to discuss its interactive effects with emotion, cognition, and behavior.
Effects of microbial utilization of phenolic acids and their phenolic acid breakdown products on allelopathic interactions

Reversible sorption of phenolic acids by soils may provide some protection to phenolic acids from microbial degradation. In the absence of microbes, reversible sorption 35 days after addition of 0.5–3 μmol/g of ferulic acid or p-coumaric acid was 8–14% in Cecil Ap horizon and 31–38% in Cecil Bt, horizon soil materials. The reversibly sorbed/solution ratios (r/s) for ferulic acid or p-coumaric acid ranged from 0.12 to 0.25 in Ap and 0.65 to 0.85 in Bt horizon soil materials. When microbes were introduced, the r/s ratio for both the Ap and Bt horizon soil materials increased over time up to 5 and 2, respectively, thereby indicating a more rapid utilization of solution phenolic acids over reversibly sorbed phenolic acids. The increase in r/s ratio and the overall microbial utilization of ferulic acid and/or p-coumaric acid were much more rapid in Ap than in Bt horizon soil materials. Reversible sorption, however, provided protection of phenolic acids from microbial utilization for only very short periods of time. Differential soil fixation, microbial production of benzoic acids (e.g., vanillic acid and p-hydroxybenzoic acid) from cinnamic acids (e.g., ferulic acid and p-coumaric acid, respectively), and the subsequent differential utilization of cinnamic and benzoic acids by soil microbes indicated that these processes can substantially influence the magnitude and duration of the phytoxicity of individual phenolic acids.
Cost Competitiveness of Electrolytic Hydrogen

Summary Hydrogen is often considered an energy carrier of the future in part because of the costs to implement a hydrogen-based system. However, using 7,182 industrial and commercial US retail electric utility rates, this study dynamically simulates electrolyzer operations under different utility rate structures and shows that electrolysis units can already provide cost-competitive fuel in 20 states operating under 81 retail electricity rates. Our analysis shows that current hydrogen production costs range from US$2.6 to US$12.3 kg−1 and can be significantly reduced through flexible operation if dynamic tariffs are used. Hydrogen production costs for the 81 utility rates in 20 states are already less than US$4.0 kg−1 and competitive with the fuel cost of gasoline vehicles. Thus, under the right conditions, hydrogen fuel is already cost competitive in the US energy sector and has several interesting possible roles to play in future energy and transportation systems.
Alterations in the Geometry, Fiber Orientation, and Mechanical Behavior of the Lumbar Intervertebral Disc by Nucleus Swelling.

Soft tissues observed in clinical medical images are often prestrained in tension by internal pressure or tissue hydration. For a native disc, nucleus swelling occurs in equilibrium with osmotic pressure induced by the high concentration of proteoglycan in the nucleus. The objective of this computational study was to investigate the effects of nucleus swelling on disc geometry, fiber orientation, and mechanical behavior by comparing those of prestrained and zero-pressure (unswelled) discs. Thermoelastic analysis techniques were repurposed in order to determine the zero-pressure disc geometry which, when pressurized, matches the prestrained disc geometry observed in clinical images. The zero-pressure geometry was then used in simulations to approximately represent a degenerated disc, which loses the ability of nucleus swelling but has not undergone distinct soft tissue remodeling/disruption. Our simulation results demonstrated that the loss of nucleus swelling caused a slight change in the disc geometry and fiber orientation, but a distinct deterioration in the resistance to intervertebral rotations including sagittal bending, lateral bending, and axial torsion. Different from rotational loading, in compression (with a displacement of 0.45 mm applied), a much larger stiffness (3.02 KN/mm) and a greater intradiscal pressure (IDP) (0.61 MPa) were measured in the zero-pressure disc, compared to the prestrained disc (1.41 KN/mm and 0.52 MPa). This computational study could be useful to understand mechanisms of disc degeneration, and guide the future design of disc tissue engineering material and biomimic disc implants.
Politicalization or Professionalism? A Case Study of the Military’s Discourse in China:

After decades of military reform, how does the Chinese military justify its persistent role in politics and social life? This mixed-methods study examines the discursive strategies used by military...
Thermoresponsive, hollow, degradable core-shell nanoparticles for intra-articular delivery of anti-inflammatory peptide.

Abstract Inflammation following joint trauma contributes to cartilage degradation and progression of post traumatic osteoarthritis (PTOA). Therefore, drug delivery vehicles that deliver effective anti-inflammatory treatments have the potential to prevent PTOA. We have developed solid and hollow, thermoresponsive nanoparticles for the controlled release of our anti-inflammatory MK2-inhibiting (MK2i) peptide for intra-articular injection to halt inflammation that contributes to the advancement of PTOA. This system exploits the thermosensitive characteristic of N-isopropyl acrylamide (NIPAm) to transition phases when passing through its lower critical solution temperature (LCST). The nanoparticles (NPs) swell below the LCST and constrict above it. Non-crosslinked poly(NIPAm) (pNIPAm), held above its LCST, formed hydrophobic cores around which shells composed of NIPAm, degradable crosslinker N, N′-bis (acryloyl) cystamine (BAC), sulfated 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid (AMPS), and acrylic acid (AAc) were polymerized. Removal of the non-crosslinked pNIPAm cores via diffusion produced thermosensitive, degradable nanoparticles with low density, or hollow, cores. The data presented here revealed low-density, termed hollow, nanoparticles (hNPs) load and release significantly more MK2i than solid nanoparticles (sNPs). Furthermore, drug loading below the LCST of NIPAm results in roughly 2.5 times more therapeutic encapsulation compared to loading particles in their constricted state. Hollow nanoparticles increase drug loading compared to solid nanoparticles, are taken up into chondrocytes within 24 h, cleared from the cells within 6 days, significantly decrease the secretion of the proinflammatory cytokine IL-6, and, via intra-articular injection, are successfully delivered into the joint space of rats. The peptide loaded nanoparticles provide a reproducible platform for intra-articular delivery of therapeutics.
Development and testing of implanted carbon electrodes for electromagnetic field mapping during neuromodulation.

Purpose Deep brain stimulation electrodes composed of carbon fibers were tested as a means of administering and imaging magnetic resonance electrical impedance tomography (MREIT) currents. Artifacts and heating properties of custom carbon-fiber deep brain stimulation (DBS) electrodes were compared with those produced with standard DBS electrodes. Methods Electrodes were constructed from multiple strands of 7-μm carbon-fiber stock. The insulated carbon electrodes were matched to DBS electrode diameter and contact areas. Images of DBS and carbon electrodes were collected with and without current flow and were compared in terms of artifact and thermal effects in phantoms or tissue samples in 7T imaging conditions. Effects on magnetic flux density and current density distributions were also assessed. Results Carbon electrodes produced magnitude artifacts with smaller FWHM values compared to the magnitude artifacts around DBS electrodes in spin echo and gradient echo imaging protocols. DBS electrodes appeared 269% larger than actual size in gradient echo images, in sharp contrast to the negligible artifact observed in diameter-matched carbon electrodes. As expected, larger temperature changes were observed near DBS electrodes during extended RF excitations compared with carbon electrodes in the same phantom. Magnitudes and distribution of magnetic flux density and current density reconstructions were comparable for carbon and DBS electrodes. Conclusion Carbon electrodes may offer a safer, MR-compatible method for administering neuromodulation currents. Use of carbon-fiber electrodes should allow imaging of structures close to electrodes, potentially allowing better targeting, electrode position revision, and the facilitation of functional imaging near electrodes during neuromodulation.
Prepared to Respond? Exploring Personal Disaster Preparedness and Nursing Staff Response to Disasters.

Objectives This pilot study explored personal disaster preparedness of nursing staff and their ability and willingness to respond following a disaster. Methods All nurses from a single hospital were invited to participate; 91 completed an online survey asking them to rate their ability and willingness to report to work following the disaster scenarios and to indicate whether they had pursued various preparedness activities. Data were analyzed by descriptive and inferential statistics using Minitab 17 Statistical Software. Results Participants reflected a cross-section of major acute care units and nursing specialties. The majority of participants indicated being able and willing to report to work following the disaster scenarios. Personal disaster preparedness varied, with few activities pursued by the majority. Few scenarios produced a relationship between preparedness activities and ability or willingness to report to work. Conclusions Despite the majority of participants indicating they would be able and willing to report to work during a disaster, they acknowledged barriers affecting them. Most disaster scenarios showed no statistically significant relationship with preparedness activities. Nurses should consider barriers that affect their own availability for work following a disaster and identify potential solutions. Future research related to mitigation of possible barriers to surge capacity would be useful.
Maintaining a Balanced Diet While Gluten-Free: Treatment Options

The goal of this review is to address the different reasons individuals adopt a gluten-free diet (GFD), including, but not limited to, celiac disease (CD), gluten ataxia (GA), and dermatitis herpetiformis (DH) and non-celiac gluten sensitivity (NCGS). The perceived health benefits and confusion surrounding gluten and gluten-free (GF) options will be addressed. The benefits and challenges of the diet will be discussed. There will be a specific emphasis on how to avoid and correct potential nutritional deficiencies which are commonly seen in patients on a GFD. Several studies have addressed challenges with the GFD including availability, nutrient quality of GF foods, and cost. Data has shown that nutritional deficiencies are common in patients following a GFD. More patients are starting the GFD for symptoms and conditions. It is important to be aware of the nutritional inadequacies of the diet. Counseling by a registered dietitian for individuals following a GFD with or without a gluten-related diagnosis is essential to achieve best outcomes.
Manufacturing and characterization of continuous fiber-reinforced thermoplastic tape overmolded long fiber thermoplastic

Abstract Light-weight construction, design freedom, integration of functions, and compelling cost element are desired by Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs) and their suppliers. The emergence of overmolding of continuous-discontinuous reinforcement enables design freedom and ability to tailor stiffness, strength, and damage tolerance for structural applications. In this work, long fiber thermoplastics (LFT) are overmolded with continuous fiber-reinforced thermoplastic (CFRTP) tape are combined using extrusion compression molding process to evaluate the structural performance. The CFRTP tape overmolded LFT samples were characterized using nondestructive and destructive techniques to track fiber alignment, fiber distribution, manufacturing defects, interfacial bonding of the tape – LFT and effect of CFRTP tape on LFT. Mode 1 fracture toughness, G1c for tape overmolded LFT was higher by 25–30% compared to literature reported G1c. This response was attributed to excellent fiber distribution, good fiber wetting, and absence of voids at the interface. Three-point bend test indicated that CFRTP tape overmolded LFT composites were better able to resist damage under the bending load compared to constituent LFT composite. Flexural strength of the overmolded composite was higher by 119–142%, and modulus higher by 77–65% compared to constituent LFT composite. Simulated flexural results accurately represents the mechanical behavior of composites. The penetration energy of tape overmolded LFT composites determined by LVI test was in the range of 27.66–30.15 J, which is significantly higher than constituent LFT composite, 7.76 J. CFRTP tape overmolded LFT composite exhibits progressive fiber fracture, matrix cracking, and interfacial debonding failure, whereas, constituent LFT composite showed catastrophic fiber fracture.
Managerial entrenchment and corporate social responsibility engagement: the role of economic policy uncertainty

The behavioral theory of corporate governance is employed to investigate the relationship between managerial entrenchment and corporate social responsibility (CSR) engagement. Effective corporate governance is argued to reduce managerial entrenchment, thereby increasing CSR engagement. The role of economic policy uncertainty (EPU) is investigated as a moderating variable in this relationship, such that high levels of EPU will increase the impact of entrenchment on CSR engagement. These arguments are supported using a panel of 386 US firms from 2011 to 2018 representing 3,088 firm-year observations in a variety of industries. In supplementary analysis, the CSR measure is disaggregated in order to provide further insight regarding these relationships as they pertain to the individual CSR dimensions under study. Findings inform research regarding the entrenchment-CSR link in particular environmental contexts. Practical implications include potential governance guidelines for boards of directors; stakeholder management given the policy environment; and the impact of government decisions as they affect policy uncertainty, firm actions, and CSR engagement.
What Now in Philosophy of Technology? Ethics, Time, and Poiêsis in Crisis Thinking

This paper challenges that Ihde’s and Stiegler’s approaches stand in radical opposition. It argues that ethos is prior to law, exposes a Heideggerian rift between technoscience and technics, and rejects separation of theory from practice in favor of logics of poiesis.
Leveraging Deep CNN and Transfer Learning for Side-Channel Attack

The adoption of deep neural networks for profiled side-channel attacks provides powerful options for leakage detection and key retrieval of secure products. Although deep learning is being widely adopted for computer vision, less research has been prominent in template-based profiling power SCA attacks. In addition, most of the existing works fall into a one-dimensional (1-D) CNN technique rather than two-dimensional (2-D) CNN methods. Training a deep 2-D CNN from scratch is computationally expensive and requires a large amount of training data. To overcome these challenges, we adopt deep 2-D CNNs, GoogLeNet, InceptionV3, VGG16, and MobileNetV2 pre-trained to identify all possible AES key bytes. In order to use 2-D CNN and transfer learning, we also propose a novel multi-scale continuous wavelet transform of the power traces and generate scalograms from the wavelet coefficients. Moreover, we propose ResNet 1-D CNN architecture using power traces signal to break AES-128 implementation. To evaluate our proposed work, a key rank metric with the ASCAD dataset is utilized. Our proposed deep CNN framework achieves $\geq 99$ accuracy when key rank is less than 10.
A Cooperative Game Theory-based Approach to Under-frequency Load Shedding Control

This paper proposes a cooperative game theory-based under-frequency load shedding (UFLS) approach for frequency stability and control in power systems. UFLS is a crucial factor for frequency stability and control especially in power grids with high penetration of renewable energy sources and restructured power systems. Conventional UFLS methods, most of which are off-line, usually shed fixed amounts of predetermined loads based on a predetermined schedule which can lead to over or under curtailment of load. This paper presents a co-operative game theory-based two-stage strategy to effectively and precisely determine locations and amounts of loads to be shed for UFLS control. In the first stage, the total amount of loads to be shed, also referred to as deficit in generation or the disturbance power, is computed using the initial rate of change of frequency (ROCOF) referred to the equivalent inertial center. In the second stage, the Shapley value, one of the solution concepts of cooperative game theory, is used to determine load shedding amounts and locations. The proposed method is implemented on the reduced 9-bus 3-machine Western Electricity Coordinating Council (WECC) system and simulated on Real-time Digital Simulators (RTDS). The results show that the proposed UFLS approach can effectively return the system to normal state after disturbances.
Urachal carcinoma

Urachal carcinoma is a rare tumor that often does not manifest clinically until late in its course. Several radiographic features are helpful in suggesting the diagnosis preoperatively. We present a case of urachal carcinoma in which preoperative evaluation included magnetic resonance imaging. This technique was helpful not only in suggesting the diagnosis preoperatively, but also, and more importantly, in the preoperative staging of the neoplasm.
An Ergogenic Medical Education: Building Curricula to Optimize Performance and Decrease Burnout.

One of the most pervasive myths in our culture today is the belief that training increases performance. When, in fact, training decreases performance. The current structure of training programs and educational curriculums provide the evidence regarding the acceptance of this belief. Intense focus is placed on the quantity of training time with little regard for additional factors. In pursuit of excellence, maximizing training opportunity and learning exposure insists upon the sacrifice of recovery time. However, recovery is the necessary training period to increase performance. In athletics, training without recovery leads to overtraining syndrome. Burnout is the non-athletic equivalency seen in under-recovered learners and workers. As demonstrated by the climbing burnout rates, the current structure of educational programs, epitomized by medical residency, perpetuates the myth that more training equals better performance. The purpose of the article does not revolve around the presentation of novel research discoveries, but it insists upon the implementation of previously established performance data in curricula development beyond athletics. The inflection and deflection points along the growth and adaptation curves can be explicitly utilized to meet the educational and professional standards set forth by educational institutions. When tracking performance as the metric, initial training stimuli creates a descending slope, e.g., "training decreases performance." The concept that training creates a negative deflection is a neglected concept in academics. By incorporating this feature into learning environments, training can transition from surviving training redundancy to thriving with an optimal work:recovery ratio.
Data-Driven Geographic Diversification for Pandemic Resilient Supply Chain Network

Manufacturing and service industries across the world are discovering the vulnerabilities in their supply chain network design and strategic and operations policies during the global COVID-19 pandemic. Both industries are struggling to manage unforeseen fluctuation in both demand and supply. This unpreparedness is attributable to the insufficient consideration for building resiliency while designing supply chains and developing strategic and operations policies. Historical data suggests that a pandemic with the severity and scale like COVID-19, SARS, and MERS starts from the one epicenter, which can be replaced by another epicenter or appended by multiple epicenters across the world as infected people travel to and from different locations and act as carriers. Evidence shows that there is a time lag in the range of months before a shift or a new appearance of epicenter occurs. Moreover, all regions do not experience the same level of severity or the same length of time to recover. Therefore, incorporating geographic diversification in supplier selection models is necessary for making supply chains resilient against events like COVID-19 pandemic. The state-of-the-art models for supplier selection or strategic-level supply chain network design often include geographic diversity into consideration to a limited degree, e.g. as expert ratings or as supplier-plant distance metrics. However, inclusion of such form of geo-diversification measures are not sufficient to develop supply chains decision in achieving resilience capacity to withstand disruptions during events like COVID-19 pandemic. In this research, therefore, we intend to design a data-driven robust decision framework for developing a resilient supply chain configuration considering the uncertainty in the trajectory of pandemic spread and the recovery pattern.
Studies on 5-Fluorouracil-containing Ribonucleic Acid III. GREATLY REDUCED LEVEL OF 5,6-DIHYDROURIDINE IN FLUOROURACIL-CONTAINING TRANSFER RIBONUCLEIC ACID FROM ESCHERICHIA COLI

Abstract When Escherichia coli B is grown with 5-fluorouracil in the medium, 5-fluorouridine replaces about 85% of the uridine in transfer RNA. Also, the level of dihydropyrimidine is only 18% of the level found in normal tRNA. Since the remaining dihydropyrimidine in fluorouracil-containing tRNA is in the same proportion to uridine as in normal tRNA, 5-fluoro-5,6-dihydrouridine is probably not present in fluorouracil-containing tRNA. Since fluorouracil-containing tRNA still functions in accepting amino acids, dihydrouridine probably does not have a direct role in amino acyl-RNA synthetase recognition or amino acylation of tRNA.
The strategic role of relational bonding in interorganizational collaborations

Abstract This article proposes that relational bonding, a concept that measures the strength of a collaborative relationship, mediates between ex-ante alliance variables, namely compatibility, role clarity, resource interdependence, and termination costs and collaborative behavioral processes. The authors theorize bonding to be manifest through two underlying dimensions, namely trust and commitment, and empirically substantiate this assertion.
Structural diversity in schiff base complexes of Ga(III), In(III), Pb(II), and Zn(II): Precursors and model systems for conducting metallopolymers

A variety of Schiff base ligands have been synthesized in an effort to study the coordination chemistry of these ligands when reacted with various metal salts. By varying the structural features of the ligand as well as the synthetic route used to make the corresponding metal complexes, a number of different structural motifs have been observed. Schiff base ligands were chosen due to their ease of synthesis as well as their ability to bind a variety of metal salts. These complexes serve as model systems for and precursors to monomers for the preparation of conducting metallopolymers. Further functionalization of the Schiff base ligand with bithiophene end groups has resulted in electropolymerizable monomers. When polymerized these monomers give conducting metallopolymers which can then be used for a variety of applications. The products were characterized by multinuclear NMR, UV-Vis, and IR spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry. Solid-state structures were determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction studies. Electropolymerization yielded novel conducting polymers with embedded metals.
Clustering Distributed Homogeneous Datasets

In this paper we present an elegant and effective algorithm for measuring the similarity between homogeneous datasets to enable clustering. Once similar datasets are clustered, each cluster can be independently mined to generate the appropriate rules for a given cluster. The algorithm presented is efficient in storage and scale, has the ability to adjust to time constraints, and can provide the user with likely causes of similarity or dis-similarity. The proposed similarity measure is evaluated and validated on real datasets from the Census Bureau, Reuters, and synthetic datasets from IBM.
A Long-Lived Luminal Subpopulation Enriched with Alveolar Progenitors Serves as Cellular Origin of Heterogeneous Mammary Tumors.

It has been shown that the mammary luminal lineage could be maintained by luminal stem cells or long-lived progenitors, but their identity and role in breast cancer remain largely elusive. By lineage analysis using Wap-Cre mice, we found that, in nulliparous females, mammary epithelial cells (MECs) genetically marked by Wap-Cre represented a subpopulation of CD61+ luminal progenitors independent of ovarian hormones for their maintenance. Using a pulse-chase lineage-tracing approach based on Wap-Cre adenovirus (Ad-Wap-Cre), we found that Ad-Wap-Cre-marked nulliparous MECs were enriched with CD61+ alveolar progenitors (APs) that gave rise to CD61− alveolar luminal cells during pregnancy/lactation and could maintain themselves long term. When transformed by different oncogenes, they could serve as cells of origin of heterogeneous mammary tumors. Thus, our study revealed a type of long-lived AP within the luminal lineage that may serve as the cellular origin of multiple breast cancer subtypes.
Mapping of a Temperate Bacteriophage Active on Bacillus subtilis

Bacteriophage φ105 is a temperate bacteriophage for Bacillus subtilis 168. Temperature-sensitive and plaque mutants of φ105 were isolated. The results of two- and three-factor crosses with these mutants suggest the vegetative map of φ105 to be circular. The location of prophage φ105 between bacterial markers phe-1 and ilvA1 was shown by means of PBS1 transduction. Five markers in the prophage were linearly ordered with respect to the bacterial markers. Linkage between bacterial and prophage markers was demonstrated in transformation experiments with deoxyribonucleic acid extracted from lysogenic bacteria. The data demonstrate that prophage φ105 is linearly inserted into the bacterial chromosome.
Proprioception, kinesthesia, and balance after total knee arthroplasty with cruciate-retaining and posterior stabilized prostheses.

Background: The effect of total knee arthroplasty on proprioception, kinesthesia, and postural control remains controversial. It is argued that retaining the posterior cruciate ligament may help to preserve these sensorimotor functions and improve the longevity of the prosthesis and the functional outcome. We performed a prospective, randomized study to assess proprioception, kinesthesia, and balance following total knee arthroplasty with cruciate-retaining and posterior stabilized prostheses. Methods: Twenty patients scheduled to undergo total knee arthroplasty were randomly assigned to receive either a cruciate-retaining or a posterior stabilized prosthesis. Joint-position sense, the threshold to detect joint motion, and the subject's ability to balance on an unstable platform were assessed prior to and at least six months after the operation. Paired two-tailed t tests (with a level of significance of p < 0.05) were used to assess the effect of the arthroplasty on the preoperative measures for all subjects. Analysis of covariance was performed to identify the effects of prosthetic design. Results: Following total knee arthroplasty, patients detected motion significantly faster and reproduced joint position with less error. The balance index also improved significantly from the preoperative to the postoperative evaluation. The group treated with the posterior stabilized prosthesis more accurately reproduced joint position when the knee was extended from a flexed position. Conclusions: Total knee arthroplasty results in mild improvements in proprioception, kinesthesia, and balance. These changes may result from the retensioned capsuloligamentous structures and reduced pain and inflammation. Retention of the posterior cruciate ligament does not appear to significantly improve proprioception and balance compared with those functions in patients with a posterior stabilized total knee design. Level of Evidence: Therapeutic study, Level I-1a (randomized controlled trial [significant difference]). See Instructions to Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Evaluation of Continuing Education for Long-Term Care Personnel: Impact upon Attitudes and Knowledge*

Nursing assistants (aides) and licensed practical nurses (LPNs) from three proprietary nursing homes participated in a continuing education program designed to enhance knowledge and attitudes about the elderly in long-term care. The program covered six weeks for the initial 115 aides and one full-day seminar for the 83 LPNs. The content covered knowledge and human anatomy, the physiology of normal aging, physical and psychosocial problems of the elderly and, for the nurses, problems associated with cardiovascular accidents. The final participants (29 aides and 52 LPNs) consisted of those who were tested before and after their training with respect to knowledge, life satisfaction, and attitudes toward the elderly. Results indicated overall favorable changes for both aides and LPNs, particularly in the areas of increased knowledge and more positive attitudes. The data suggest that continuing education is an effective means of influencing the knowledge and attitudes of personnel in long-term care facilities, and it should be a first step toward improving the quality of care for elderly residents.
Exhaustion Functions and Cohomology Vanishing Theorems for Open Orbits on Complex Flag Manifolds

Abstract. Let G 0 bearealsemisimpleLiegroup,let R beaparabolicsubgroupofthecomplexiﬁcation G of G 0 , let D beanopen G 0 -orbitinthe complex ﬂag manifold X = G/R , andlet Y be a maximal compactlinearsubvarietyof D . First,anexplicitparabolicsubgroup Q ⊂ R ⊂ G isconstructedsothattheopen G 0 -orbitson W = G/Q aremeasurableandonesuchorbit D = G 0 ( w ) ⊂ W mapsonto D withaﬃneﬁbre. Second,itisshownthat D is( s +1)-completeinthesenseofAndreottiandGrauert, s =dim C Y ;thuscohomologies H q ( D ; F )=0for q>s whenever F→D isacoherentanalyticsheaf. Thiswasknown[7]forthecaseofmeasurableopenorbits,andtheproofusesthatresulton D . Third,itisshownthatthespace M D ofcompactlinearsubvarietiesof D isaSteinmanifold. Forthat,astrictlyplurisubharmonicexhaustionfunctionisconstructedasintheargument[9]forthecaseofmeasurableopenorbits. 1. BackgroundandstatementofresultsLet G 0 beaconnectedreductiverealLiegroup,g 0 itsrealLiealgebra,andg =g 0 ⊗ R C thecomplexiﬁcation.Asusual,Int(g)denotesthecomplexconnectedsemisimpleLiegroupofallinnerautomorphismsofg,consistingoftheAd(
Improved bolus localization for videodensitometry

Videodensitometric measurement of blood flow requires injection of spatially varying contrast density with minimal perturbation of the flow. Constant injection does not yield sufficient spatial gradients for flow measurement during peak flow and diastole, whereas pulsed injection superposes a time- varying perturbation on the measured flow. In order to avoid these drawbacks, we propose to pre-load the catheter injection tubing with spatially varying contrast density. This allows us to generate spatially localized contrast profiles in phantoms and to inject temporally varying contrast profiles in vivo without pulsatile injection. In phantom experiments we obtain better spatial localization of bolus using pre-loading than by pulsed injection of pure contrast material. Preliminary results indicate improvement in accuracy of blood flow measurements using pre-loaded bolus.
Evidence of a cosmological Strömgren surface and of significant neutral hydrogen surrounding the Quasar SDSS J1030+0524

A bright quasar residing in a dense and largely neutral intergalactic medium at high redshifts (z 6) will be surrounded by a large cosmological Stromgren sphere. The quasar's spectrum will then show a sharp increase in resonant Lyman line absorption at wavelengths approaching and shorter than that corresponding to the Stromgren sphere's boundary along the line of sight. We show here that simultaneously considering the measured absorption in two or more hydrogen Lyman lines can provide the dynamical range required to detect this feature. We model broad and robust features of the Lyα and Lyβ regions of the spectrum of the z = 6.28 quasar SDSS J1030+0524, using a hydrodynamical simulation. From the steep wavelength dependence of the inferred absorption opacity, we detect the boundary of the Stromgren sphere at a proper distance of 6.0 ± 0.2 Mpc away from the source redshift. From the spectrum alone, we also find that beyond this distance, cosmic hydrogen turns nearly neutral, with a neutral fraction of x 0.2, and that the ionizing luminosity of this quasar is in the range of (5.2 ± 2.5) × 1056 photons s-1. The method presented here, when applied to future quasars, can probe the complex topology of overlapping ionized regions and can be used to study the details of the reionization process.
MOBILITIES OF CESIUM IONS IN CESIUM

Measurements have been made of the mobilities of cesium ions using a pulsed-discharge technique. In the present studies two ionic species were observed; however, over the entire $\frac{E}{{p}_{0}}$ and ${p}_{0}$ range investigated the "fast" ion type was dominant. The present values are compared with the available theoretical values and also previous experimental results. From the comparison we tentatively identify the dominant ion as being ${\mathrm{Cs}}_{2}^{+}$; the less frequently observed ion is believed to be ${\mathrm{Cs}}^{+}$. The normalized mobility values corresponding to a gas density of 2.69\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{19}$ atoms/cc for ${\mathrm{Cs}}^{+}$ and ${\mathrm{Cs}}_{2}^{+}$ are 0.075 and 0.21 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$/V sec, respectively, over the temperature range of approximately 579-679\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K.
Lexical decision task performance in blood-fearful and spider-fearful individuals

University undergraduates were pre-screened for blood fearfulness (fear of blood, n = 25), spider fearfulness (fear of spiders, n = 30), or non-fearfulness (n = 23) and presented with blood, spider, neutral, positive, and pseudoword (pronouncable nonword, like flirp) stimuli in a lexical decision task (LDT). Use of the LDT in phobic individuals may provide insight about how these individuals process, store, and ultimately use information and, in turn, how processing this information affects their day-to-day activities. Words were responded to faster than pseudowords. No group main or interaction effects emerged, and all groups responded faster and more accurately to spider words then blood words and neutral words. Results suggest that the single-word lexical decision task may not be sensitive in detecting lexical processing biases toward threat in these groups. Results also suggest that paradigms that are based on high-level, semantic-conceptual information processing (like lexical decision) are not sensitive enough to detect group differences in blood and spider phobias. Any array of perceptual and conceptual tasks taken together may be needed to detect these differences.