cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A decoupling technique for compact antenna arrays in handheld terminals

A practical method for decoupling small-form two- and four-element antenna arrays is discussed. This method is generic in the sense that it works on any types of antenna elements as long as they are identical and symmetrically arranged. The basic principle is to use a passive multi-port network to separate out various orthogonal radiation modes of a highly-coupled array for transmission and reception. In other words, the array as a whole, rather than each element, is treated as a single radiation entity. As these mutually orthogonal modes are uncorrelated and have no real energy exchange among them, the network ports associated with these modes are well isolated from each other. Therefore, problems on impedance matching and signal correlation due to close spacing of elements in traditional compact arrays can be avoided. Experimental arrays of four-element with around 0.1λ element-to-element separation have been fabricated and tested to demonstrate the practicability of the idea. Measurement results are in good agreement with expectations, showing promising potential of the proposed approach for miniaturized arrays in handheld terminals.
Idiotypes of anti-phosphocholine antibodies: Structural correlates

Summary Phosphocholine-specific antibodies in mice are composed of three families of antibodies, the T15, the M603 and the M511, which are constructed by combinatorial association of a V H 4 H chain and one of three different L chains, V K 22, V K 8 and V K 24, respectively. Antiidiotypic antisera can be generated which (1) recognize all members of a family, i. e. anti-T15 IdX, anti-M603 IdX and anti-M511 IdX, (2) distinguish between members of a family, e. g. A/J anti-T15, or (3) recognize determinants on only a single anti-PC antibody. Consideration of protein sequences and L-chain polymorphisms and analysis of chain recombination experiments among Id-positive and -negative antibodies revealed that IdX are determined by the L chain. A similar approach demonstrated that the Id determinant defined by the A/J anti-T15 is dependent upon the L chain and the D region of the H chain.
Polylithium compounds: A new general high yield synthesis for 1,1-dilithio compounds

Abstract The synthesis of dilithio compounds such as 1,1-dilithioneopentane, (tri-methylsilyl)dilithiomethane and bis(trimethylsilyl)dilithiomethane are reported in 88, 97 and 95% yield, respectively. A new general synthesis by thermal rearrangement is developed in this manuscript. Additional characteristics of the reaction chemistry are discussed.
What will happen if China adopts a two-child policy?

China is edging closer to allowing all citizens to have two children instead of one. Is it too little, too late, wonders demographer Wang Feng
Abstract B74: Racial variation of adipocytokine levels in women with breast cancer

Background: The incidence of breast cancer is lower among African-American women than White women; however, African-American women have worse survival, represent a greater proportion of young women with breast cancer, and tend to have more aggressive tumors at diagnosis. A number of social factors contribute to the disparities; however, biologic differences are being explored. Obesity is a risk factor that has a significant effect in breast cancer disparities. Two cytokines produced by adipose tissue, leptin and adiponectin, have been shown to be active in breast cancer cell lines in vitro and to correlate with breast cancer risk and tumor characteristics in epidemiologic studies. Leptin has mitogenic effects on breast cancer cells in vitro and increases with obesity. Adiponectin has inhibitory effects on cancer growth and decreases with obesity. Data from studies of cardiovascular disease and metabolic syndrome suggest that levels of adipocytokines may differ by race, adjusted for body mass index (BMI). We measured levels of leptin and adiponectin in African-American and White women with breast cancer to test our hypothesis that serum levels differ by race. We hypothesized that African-American women would have higher levels of leptin and lower levels of adiponectin, adjusted for BMI. We also correlated tumor characteristics, including grade, age, stage, ER/PR and Her-2/neu status with levels of these adipocytokines to test the hypothesis that more aggressive tumor features would correlate with higher levels of leptin and lower levels of adiponectin. Methods: We performed a retrospective case-case study of 68 African-American and 59 White breast cancer patients. Adiponectin and leptin levels were measured in serum samples by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Medical records were abstracted for BMI, age, stage, tumor grade, ER/PR, and Her-2 neu status. Differences in leptin and adiponectin levels between races were assessed using the Kruskal-Wallis test. Linear regression was used to detect differences in levels after adjusting for BMI. Results: Mean levels of leptin and adiponectin were significantly higher in African-American women, compared to White women. Mean leptin levels were 57.8 ng/ml and 30.1 ng/ml in African-American and White women, respectively (p Conclusions: Our findings suggest that adipocytokine levels may differ by race in women with breast cancer, adjusted for BMI. There may also be a positive correlation between adipocytokine levels and higher tumor grade in women with breast cancer. Our study population was small, and we will validate the results in a larger sample size. If the results are demonstrated in further studies, differences in adipocytokine levels may prove to be a biologic cause of some of the observed racial disparities in women with breast cancer. Citation Information: Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2010;19(10 Suppl):B74.
Presentation discovery: building a better icon

Icons have become an inseparable part of Graphical User Interfaces. There is well-developed literature describing novel applications of icons and methods for evaluating existing icons. However, there has been comparatively little research into the processes necessary to design effective new icons. This paper will introduce a novel design methodology for developing graphical interface components, including icons, called Presentation Discovery. The method is grounded in Semiotics and Personal Construct Theory, and adapts Knowledge Acquisition approaches to the graphical domain. A pilot study applying Presentation Discovery in a biomedical domain is presented.
Precision high-current computer power supplies

THE increasing size and complexity of analogue and digital computers has resulted in an ascending demand for expanding quantities of well-regulated and filtered d-c power. As the machines have grown in size the regulated power demands have gone from milliamperes to amperes, to tens of amperes, and now to hundreds of amperes. These increased loads have been supplied by various methods, most of which offered compromises with desired performance.
Experimental demonstration of fast response spectral power equalizer for reconfigurable WDM optical networks

A fast spectral power equalizer was designed and tested in a reconfigurable optical network testbed. Its response time is ∼100 μs. Dynamic power fluctuation caused by add/drop switching in reconfigurable optical networks can be compensated by this technology.
Semantics and Runtime Monitoring of TLCharts: Statechart Automata with Temporal Logic Conditioned Transitions

This paper describes the semi-formal semantics and a run-time monitoring technique for TLCharts, a visual specification language that combines the visual and intuitive appeal of non-deterministic Harel Statecharts with formal specifications written in Linear-time (Metric) Temporal Logic (LTL and MTL). We describe an automata-theoretic semantics for non-deterministic statecharts with negation and state overlapping and extend it to cater for temporally annotated transitions, thereby providing a simple automata theoretic semantics for TLCharts. We also describe a run-time monitoring technique for TLCharts.
Prognostic value of cardiopulmonary exercise testing using percent achieved of predicted peak oxygen uptake for patients with ischemic and dilated cardiomyopathy

Objectives. We tested the hypothesis that percent achieved of predicted peak oxygen uptake (predicted V02max) improves the prognostic accuracy of identifying high risk ambulatory patients with congestive heart failure considered for heart transplantation compared with absolute peak oxygen uptake (V02max) in 181 patients with ischemic or dilated cardiomyopathy. Background. Peak oxygen uptake during exercise has been shown to be a useful prognostic measurement to risk stratify patients with heart failure. The prognostic value of percent predicted Vo2max has not been assessed in these patients. Methods. We retrospectively studied 181 ambulatory patients referred to the Saint Louis University Heart Failure Unit. Clinical, hemodynamic (137 patients) and coronary angiographic (145 patients) data were recorded, and all patients underwent symptom-limited cardiopulmonary exercise. Results. During a mean follow-up period of 12 ± 6 months, 26 patients died, and 18 were listtd as Status 1 priority for heart transplantation. The actuarial 1- and 2-year survival of the 89 patients who achieved ≤50% predicted V02max was 74% and 43%, respectively, compared with 98% and 90% in the 92 who achieved >50% predicted Vo2max (p = 0.001). Multivariable analysis selected ≤50% predicted V02max as the most significant predictor of cardiac death (p = 0.007) and cardiac death or Status 1 priority (p = 0.0005). Conclusions. Percent achieved of predicted V02max provides important information that can be used te risk stratify ambulatory patients with heart failure with ischemic or dilated etiology that exceeds that provided by measurement of Vo2max alone. Patients who achieve >50% predicted V02max have as excellent short-term prognosis when treated medically O bestir transplantation can be safely deferred.
Couple Therapy and Reiki: A Holistic Therapeutic Integration

Traditional psychotherapy currently tends to advocate for the exclusion of physical touch in the therapeutic context, as an attempt to address the issue of physical and emotional safety for the cli...
Evaluation of NR-LU-10 with the Neoprobe Gamma Detector in a Mouse Model

Abstract The Neoprobe Model 1000 hand-held gamma detector, in combination with the murine monoclonal antibody (MAb) B72.3 can successfully intraoperatively target both primary and recurrent colorectal cancer. Because of the shortcomings of this system (length of time needed to clear unbound MAb and heterogeneous staining of cancer cells), new MAbs are under investigation. NR-LU-10 IgG and its FAB fragment were evaluated with the Neoprobe gamma detector in a nude mouse model. NR-LU-10 is a pancarcinoma IgG 2b antibody that recognizes an oncofetal glycoprotein antigen that is expressed by most carcinomas. Animals were injected intraperitoneally with 125 I-labeled IgG, 125 I, or technetium 99m ( 99m Tc)-labeled Fab fragment. The Neoprobe gamma detector and standard gamma well counts provided biodistribution and pharmacokinetic data. The Fab fragment achieved a 5:1 tumor to blood-pool background (BPB) ratio in only 66 hr, whereas the whole MAb required 14 days. Technetium did not appear to be an adequate isotope for this system because of its short half-life. Autoradiographs performed for both the 125 I-labeled NR-LU-10 IgG and its 125 I-labeled Fab fragment (but not 99m Tc-labeled Fab) localized well in this model and gave adequate tumor to BPB and tissue ratios. Use of the 125 I-labeled Fab significantly decreased the time required for clearance of the MAb radionuclide complex from the blood and tissue background, thus providing earlier tumor localization in the Radioimmunoguided Surgery (RIGS) system.
Amplitude modulator-demodulator system for recording electroencephalographic signals with a standard 14 inch magnetic tape deck

Abstract Circuit diagrams and sample oscilloscopic tracings are provided for a simple modulator-demodulator system which permits the recording of low frequency bioelectric phenomena with an entertainment type tape recorder. The system is economical and easy to use. Several of the systems have been used successfully in routine laboratory applications for more than a year.
Observations on spermatogenesis in rats

THE DISCOVERY by Walsh, Cuyler and McCullagh (i) that androgens will maintain spermatogenesis in hypophysectomizgd rats has been adequately confirmed (2–5). It has also been shown that male hormones will maintain the seminiferous tubules in hypophysectomized mice (6) and in hypophysectomized rabbits (7). No maintenance effects have been observed in hypophysectomized guinea pigs (8) or in hypophysectomized monkeys (9) injected with androgens. The maintenance of spermatogenesis by androgens in hypophysectomized animals has been interpreted as an indirect and a direct response to the male hormones. Cutuly et al. (i. 5) suggested that the tubular maintenance was not necessarily due to a direct action of male hormone on the germinal cells. These investigators pointed out the possibility that spermatogenesis might occur in hypophysectomized animals injected with androgens simply because the androgens stimulate the scrotum, and that maintenance of this organ would provide the gametes with a favorable environment...
Modulation of retinal endothelial cell behaviour by insulin-like growth factor 1 and somatostatin analogues: Implications for diabetic retinopathy

Evidence suggests the involvement of growth hormone (GH), insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) and somatostatin in the pathology associated with diabetic retinopathy. We examined the effect of IGF-I on human retinal endothelial cell (HREC) survival following high glucose exposure and serum starvation, examined the signalling pathways mediating the protective effect of IGF-I on HREC, and characterized somatostatin receptor-induced retinal endothelial cell death. IGF-I (10 ng/ml) protected HREC from apoptosis induced by high glucose and serum starvation. Wortmannin, a specific inhibitor of phosphotidylinositol-3-kinase, blocks the ability of IGF-I to protect HREC from apoptosis. Incubation of HREC in serum-free medium caused a time-dependent increase in c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) activity, and continuous culture of HREC in the presence of IGF-I or vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) prevented JNK activation and arrested apoptosis. Activation of tyrosine kinase receptors results in extracellular signal-related kinase (ERK) activation and activation of ERK is required for proliferation. Both IGF-I and VEGF produced a time- and concentration-dependent increase in the activation of ERK. Type 2 and type 3 somatostatin receptors have been implicated in cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis. Activation of the type 3 receptor in HREC resulted in cell death. These studies suggest that IGF-I is critical for HREC survival, and that somatostatin analogues acting through the type 3 receptor have direct effects on retinal endothelial cells. Furthermore, it appears that the therapeutic efficacy of somatostatin analogues lies not only in systemic inhibition of GH, but also in modulating local growth factor effects.
The foundations of numerical thinking in a brain without numbers

Clearly, much more work needs to be done to establish firmly the neural substrates of quantification processing in visuospatial circuitry, but it already looks like a promising enterprise. Dehaene et al. have presented data that provide strong new evidence for the dichotomy between perceptually and conceptually based quantitative competence. However, the findings pose new questions about which common cultural experiences are necessary to stimulate our brains to organize themselves in such a way as to add these, initially unspecified, functional capabilities. The fact that societies still exist without requirements to go beyond a number system of three items19xYanomamo: The Last Days of Eden. Chagnon, N.A. See all References19, indicates that Dehaene et al.’s findings characterize a pattern of ontogenetic brain organization that has responded to ecological demands. Questions of how environmental stimulation transforms cognitive competence from one level to another are central to the field of developmental cognitive science. Unfortunately, these are not the kinds of investigations that many of us are experienced at tackling. With the powerful new tools of brain imaging to add to our experimental methods we have reached the point where we should be able to discover how mathematical thinking arises from a brain without numbers. These new findings of Dehaene et al. and Sathian et al. should stimulate us to do so with renewed zeal.
ANTIDIURETIC POTENCY OF THE NEUROHYPOPHYSIS OF THE CAT FOLLOWING PITUITARY STALK SECTION

DIABETES INSIPIDUS is generally considered to be the result of a disturbance in the production or release of an antidiuretic hormone by the pars nervosa of the pituitary gland. The condition may be produced experimentally in the following ways: (1) destruction of the supraoptic nuclei of the hypothalamus by electrolytic lesions, (2) transection of the pituitary stalk, which interrupts the nerve supply to the posterior lobe, and (3) removal of the pars nervosa. The polyuria begins immediately after this last procedure and usually continues throughout the life of the subject. The onset of the permanent polyuria after the first and second procedure is more complex. The normal course of events following interruption of the supraoptico hypophysial tract may be divided into three characteristic phases (Fisher, Ingram and Ranson, 1938): (1) Transient phase which begins soon after the operation and lasts 1 to 7 days.
Phase diagram of the frustrated spin-1/2 Heisenberg antiferromagnet in 2 dimensions.

A Lanczos technique is used to study the frustrated spin-1/2 Heisenberg model on square lattices of 16 and 20 sites. Frustration is introduced by an interaction along the diagonals of the plaquettes with coupling J2 greater than or equal to 0. For large J2, the ground state breaks (spontaneously) the lattice rotational symmetry. For intermediate values of J2, the squares of order parameters associated with spin-Peierls and 'twisted'states have a peak, while a similar quantity for a chiral state shows no interesting structure.
Evidence for protein self-association induced by excluded volume. Myoglobin in the presence of globular proteins.

Abstract The fluorescence polarization of fluorescent derivatives of hemoglobin and myoglobin was measured as a function of the concentration of added polymers (PEG-6 000, PEG-20 000) and globular proteins (lysozyme, ribonuclease A, β-lactoglobulin). The results indicated that the effective size and shape of 1-anilino-9-naphthalene sulfonate myoglobin are unaltered in the presence of up to 25 g/dl poly(ethylene glycol), whereas they are significantly altered in the presence of comparable concentrations of other proteins. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that in the presence of high concentrations of added protein, 1-anilino-9-naphthalene sulfonate myoglobin self-associates to form a dimer similar in size and shape to 1-anilino-9-naphthalene sulfonate hemoglobin.
Production of macrophage inhibition factor by rat lymphocytes following exposure to isologous liver subcellular membranes.

Abstract Direct inhibition of marcophage migration occurred when rat peritoneal exudate cells obtained from syngeneic Lewis rats were incubated with isologous rat liver membranous subcellular constituents. Subcellular membranes also induced the release of a migration inhibition factor (MIF) from isologous lymph node cells. Mitogenic activity was not detected upon incubation of lymph node cells with subcellular membranes. However, both the mitochondria-induced direct inhibition of macrophage migration and the production of MIF by lymph node cells were shown to be thymic dependent.
Accelerating Ground-Test Cycle Time: The Six-Minute Model Change and Other Visions for the 21st Century

The advantage of managing organizations to minimize product development cycle time has been well established. This paper provides an overview of the wind tunnel testing cycle time reduction activities at Langley Research Center (LaRC) and gives the status of several improvements in the wind tunnel productivity and cost reductions that have been examined and optimized. Metric data from monitoring processes provides guidance for investments in advanced technologies. The most promising technologies under implementation today include the use of formally designed experiments, a diverse array of quick disconnect technology and the judicious use of advanced electronic and information technologies.
LEVELS OF RULES AND HART'S CONCEPT OF LAW

In his note 'Levels of Rules and Hart's Concept of Law' (Mind, vol. lxxxi, January, I972) Professor D. Gerber argues against Hart's view that in the union of primary and secondary rules can be found the key to the science of jurisprudence. Gerber asks us to imagine that all of the rules of adjudication in a community are changed in 'non-systematic' ways-that is, in ways not provided for by the rules of change of the system (e.g. by mistake in transcription), and that these changes are accepted by the officials and citizens of the community. In such a case, Gerber maintains, Hart has a dilemma: he must hold either (i) that the new rule is a rule of the system and hence that a legal system exists, which is false; or (2) that the new rule is prevented from being a rule of the system by the existence of some tertiary rule, and hence that there is a hierarchy of higher levels of rules whose existence must be inferred or assumed, which Hart denies. In either case, Gerber concludes, 'Hart is wrong in thinking that he can account for the existence of a legal system in terms of primary and secondary rules alone'
The direct effects of biological response modifiers on epidermal cells.

Biological response modifiers are agents which alter physiological processes and include growth factors, tumour promoters and pharmacological agents. This laboratory has been studying the mechanisms through which such agents alter epidermal homeostasis by using both in vivo systems and in vitro cell cultures.
Hypothermic and antipyretic effects of centrally administered ACTH (1–24) and α-melanotropin

ACTH (1--24) and alpha-melanotropin (alpha-MSH), peptides previously shown to influence body temperature when administered centrally and to occur naturally in brain regions important to temperature control, were injected intracerebroventricularly (ICV) in rabbits. The peptides in doses of 1.25, 2.5 and 5.0 micrograms produced dose-related hypothermias in a 23 degrees C environment, and greater decreases in body temperature when the experiments were repeated in the cold (10 degrees C), but the largest dose had no effect on temperature in the heat (30 degrees C). These results indicate that the peptides do not reduce the central set-point of temperature control. Rather, they appear to selectively inhibit heat conservation and production responses. Five microgram of ACTH reversed vasoconstriction and inhibited rises in temperature caused by leukocytic pyrogen (LP) given IV and ICV. The same dose of alpha-MSH also reduced fever produced by IV and ICV LP, but the reduction was not as great as after ACTH. Both peptides (5 micrograms) also reduced temperature rises and vasoconstriction caused by ICV PGE2. ACTH reduced d-amphetamine-induced hyperthermia without altering vasoconstriction which suggests that this peptide can reduce temperature rises by inhibiting heat production alone. One of the most important findings was that the peptides are antipyretic in that they reduce fever at doses (0.25 microgram, ICV) that do not affect normal temperature. The powerful effects of these peptides on resting body temperature, hyperthermia and fever, together with their presence in brain tissue important to temperature control, suggest that the endogenous central peptides participate in thermoregulation, perhaps by limiting fever and influencing normal temperature.
Review of Guidance for Health Care Ethics Committees.

Guidance for Healthcare Ethics Committees edited by D. Micah Hester and Toby Schonfeld (2012) is a comprehensive guide for members of ethics committees. The book is designed to address the three essential missions of healthcare ethics committees (HECs): (1) Consultation, (2) Policy Writing, and (3) Education. Although there is already significant literature devoted to ethics consultation, the policy writing and education functions of ethics committees get relatively little attention in the literature. It is valuable to have a source that combines all components of the HEC duties. The book addresses a wide range of topics within each area, with the greatest focus on consultation. Guidance for Healthcare Ethics Committees is divided into four parts. The first is an introductory section that gives a broad overview of ethical theories, legal issues affecting ethics committees, and cultural and religious issues that often impact the work of ethics committees. The latter three sections each tackle the three aforementioned missions of HECs. A different expert authors each chapter, although the book is unified in structure. All chapters begin with a set of learning objectives and one or more case discussions. For the most part, the case discussions successfully demonstrate how the more theoretical concepts discussed in the chapters can be applied to the work of ethics committees. Following the main content of the chapter, three questions are presented for discussion. In each chapter the three questions are framed as conceptual, pragmatic, and strategic. Overall, this structure succeeds in making the book cohesive; however, in some chapters, the questions felt shoehorned into their categories. It has been more than twenty years since the Joint Commission on Hospital Accreditation required that every accredited hospital have a mechanism to handle
Assay of Sulfur in Organic Liquids Using a Mercury Displacement Method

Abstract A method for the assay of sulfur in organic liquids is presented. The method utilizes an oxidative combustion process coupled with a piezoelectric crystal detector. The sulfur dioxide evolved upon combustion of the organic liquid is bubbled through a mercurous nitrate solution. The mercury vapor produced is detected by a piezoelectric crystal due to the formation of a mercury amalgam.
Re-examination of metabolic fluxes in Escherichia coli during anaerobic fermentation of glucose using 13C labeling experiments and 2-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy

Improved design of metabolic flux estimation using mixed label 13C labeling experiments and identifiability analysis motivated re-examination of metabolic fluxes during anaerobic fermentation in the Escherichia coli. Comprehensive metabolic flux maps were determined by using a mixture of differently labeled glucose and compared to conventional flux maps obtained using extracellular measurements and comprehensive metabolic flux maps obtained using only U-13C glucose as the substrate. As expected, conventional flux analysis performs poorly in comparison to 13C-MFA, especially in the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas (EMP) and pentose phosphate (PP) pathways. Identifiability analysis indicated and experiments confirmed that a mixture of 10% U-l3C glucose, 25% 1-13C glucose, and 65% naturally labeled glucose significantly improved the statistical quality of all calculated fluxes in the PP pathway, the EMP pathway, the anaplerotic reactions, and the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Modifying the network topology for the presence and absence of the Entner-Doudoroff pathway and the glyoxylate shunt did not affect the value or quality of estimated fluxes significantly. Extracellular measurement of formate production was necessary for the accurate estimation of the fluxes around the formate node.
Thylamys pallidior (Didelphimorphia: Didelphidae)

Abstract Thylamys pallidior (O. Thomas, 1902) is a didelphid marsupial commonly called the white-bellied fat-tailed mouse opossum. A small mouse opossum, with tricolored pelage and a white venter, it has a seasonally incrassated tail, where fat deposits, primarily at the tail base, function in food storage. It is the most widely distributed species in the genus occurring from southwestern Peru and northern Chile southward along the eastern slopes of the Andes to southern Argentina. This species is found primarily in arid and semiarid habitats at elevations from sea level to about 4,500 m. It is not of special conservation status but may be uncommon in some areas.
Lifetime testing of metallized thin film capacitors for inverter applications

In order to understand the degradation mechanisms and failure precursors of metallized thin film capacitors (MTFC) used in photovoltaic (PV) inverters, we have carried out accelerated testing on MTFCs. By understanding the degradation mechanisms and precursors of imminent catastrophic failure, implementation of a prognostics and health management (PHM) plan can be used to optimize PV array operations and maintenance (O&M), decreasing cost per watt towards the US Department of Energy goals.
Insect Enemies of Aquatic Weeds

Abstract The Agricultural Research Service of the USDA has been actively engaged in research on the biological control of aquatic weeds since 1959. Research emphasis until 1967 was on alligatorweed, Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb. As a result of this research, three species of insects from Argentina were released in the southeastern United States. Alligatorweed control with these natural enemies has been variable; but indications are that control will be substantial over most of the range of the weed. One species of weevil, Neochetina eichhorniae Warner, has been released against water hyacinth, Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms, in the USA as a result of research in Argentina. A second closely related species, N. bruchi Hustache, is presently undergoing final clearance procedures. Several other arthropods are being studied in Argentina as possible biological control agents of water hyacinth. A USA sponsored programme in Yugoslavia under the direction of Dr M Lekic resulted in the discovery o...
The superblock: an effective technique for VLIW and superscalar compilation

A compiler for VLIW and superscalar processors must expose sufficient instruction-level parallelism (ILP) to effectively utilize the parallel hardware. However, ILP within basic blocks is extremely limited for control-intensive programs. We have developed a set of techniques for exploiting ILP across basic block boundaries. These techniques are based on a novel structure called the superblock. The superblock enables the optimizer and scheduler to extract more ILP along the important execution paths by systematically removing constraints due to the unimportant paths. Superblock optimization and scheduling have been implemented in the IMPACT-I compiler. This implementation gives us a unique opportunity to fully understand the issues involved in incorporating these techniques into a real compiler. Superblock optimizations and scheduling are shown to be useful while taking into account a variety of architectural features.
High bit rate communication systems using non-linear effects

Abstract Calculations are presented on the non-linear Schrodinger equation in the presence of loss. This equation describes the propagation of optical pulses in a non-linear waveguide in the anomalous dispersion regime. The calculations are performed for realistic fibre parameters over 15 km. The results indicate that it is necessary to generate higher order solitons in order to obtain any advantage from the non-linear effects in the material. We also show that including loss as a perturbation is only valid for short fibre lengths or very low losses and that the conclusions of Hasegawa and Kodama (1981) are not necessarily appropriate for all fibre systems.
Radiative emission from the simulated shock layer of the Huygens probe

An investigation has been conducted to determine the effect of nonequilibrium flow on the shock-layer radiation and radiative heat flux to the surface of the Huygens probe. The Huygens probe will enter the Titan atmosphere at a speed of 6 km/s in the spring of 2003. The shock-tube facility at Stanford University was used to generate high-temperature gas behind strong shocks advancing into a simulated Titan atmosphere. Conditions behind the shock approximate those in the Huygens forebody shock layer. Spectroscopic techniques have been used to measure thermophysical quantities of the high-temperature gas. A numerical code has been developed using a three-temperature model to generate one-dimensional flowfield solutions for comparison with these data. Agreement between the two methods has led to further confidence in the predicted radiative heat transfer magnitude in the probe stagnation region.
The bubble fossil record: insight into boiling nucleation using nanofluid pool-boiling

Subcooled pool boiling of Al2O3/water nanofluid (0.1 vol%) was investigated. Scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy were used to observe surface features of the wire heater where nanoparticles had deposited. A layer of aggregated alumina particles collected on the heated surface, where evidence of fluid shear associated with bubble nucleation and departure was “fossilized” in the fluidized nano-porous surface coating. These structures contain evidence of the fluid forces present in the microlayer prior to departure and provide a unique understanding of boiling phenomena. A unique mode of heat transfer was identified in nanofluid pool boiling.
Boundary Slope Interrelation Method for Determination of Tie Lines in Ternary Isothermal Sections

A new method for interpolation of tie lines in ternary isothermal sections has been developed. This method and a previously reported method have been analyzed for a ternary isothermal section of the Al-Mg-Zn system. The technique is well suited for use in computer-based phase diagram storage and retrieval systems. An application of the present interpolation method for equilibrium crystallization path determination is discussed.
Intraoperative fluoroscopic dose assessment in prostate brachytherapy patients.

Purpose: To evaluate a fluoroscopy-based intraoperative dosimetry system to guide placement of additional sources to underdosed areas, and perform computed tomography (CT) verification. Methods and Materials: Twenty-six patients with prostate carcinoma treated with either I-125 or Pd-103 brachytherapy at the Puget Sound VA using intraoperative postimplant dosimetry were analyzed. Implants were performed by standard techniques. After completion of the initial planned brachytherapy procedure, the initial fluoroscopic intraoperative dose reconstruction analysis (I-FL) was performed with three fluoroscopic images acquired at 0 (AP), +15, and −15 degrees. Automatic seed identification was performed and the three-dimensional (3D) seed coordinates were computed and imported into VariSeed for dose visualization. Based on a 3D assessment of the isodose patterns additional seeds were implanted, and the final fluoroscopic intraoperative dose reconstruction was performed (FL). A postimplant computed tomography (CT) scan was obtained after the procedure and dosimetric parameters and isodose patterns were analyzed and compared. Results: An average of 4.7 additional seeds were implanted after intraoperative analysis of the dose coverage (I-FL), and a median of 5 seeds. After implantation of additional seeds the mean V100 increased from 89% (I-FL) to 92% (FL) ( p p = 0.01), and 87% to 93% ( p = 0.001) was seen for Pd-103. The D90 increased from 105% (I-FL) to 122% (FL) ( p p = 0.008) for Pd-103. A minimal change occurred in the R100 from a mean of 0.32 mL (I-FL) to 0.6 mL (FL) ( p = 0.19). No statistical difference was noted in the R100 (rectal volume receiving 100% of the prescribed dose) between the two techniques. The rate of adverse isodose patterns decreased between I-FL and FL from 42% to 8%, respectively. The I-125 patients demonstrated a complete resolution of adverse isodose patterns after the initial isodose reconstruction (I-FL). The Pd-103 patients demonstrated a final rate of 8% gaps, 0% islands, and 0% holes on corrected isodose reconstruction. Conclusion: The use of intraoperative fluoroscopy-based dose assessment can accurately guide in the implantation of additional sources to supplement inadequately dosed areas within the prostate gland. Additionally, guided implantation of additional source, can significantly improve V100s and D90s, without significantly increasing rectal doses.
Feminism and Psychological Autonomy: A Study in Decision Making

Women seeking to realize the feminist goal of autonomy, defined as self-interested decision making, encounter conflict and anxiety. This study reports a group experience that used life-space drawings and force-field analyses to reduce anxiety and foster autonomous decision making. The 15 women participants in the yearlong study reported at least one action in the area originally designated for decision making. Among the components in the process, participants cited identification with, and support and information from, other group members. The results suggest that for the women in this study, group participation enhanced individual autonomy. Autonomy for me is believing in my own ability to do what I want to do, … then taking productive, creative steps toward fulfilling my own goals. … Autonomy for me is a personal thing, an internal thing, feeling that I have power.*
Ten Years of Net Work

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to provide a perspective on the emergence of social media and their adoption as a critical element in knowledge management strategy. Social media are defined as the collection of software tools and web‐based applications that are personalized, that is, that communications identify individuals by name and enable the development of human relationships. Specific tools and software applications include blogging, wikis, microblogging, social networking services, tagging, subscribing, and so on.Design/methodology/approach – The paper uses 1999 as a pivotal year, describing how research in social network theory preceded and then co‐evolved with the development of applications during the dot. com boom and coincided with the emergence of a third phase in knowledge management, a phase in which the emphasis has been on enabling social networks as a primary focus for KM work.Findings – The paper presents a model for understanding how social media have augmented communication and...
Physical Chemical Approach to the Formulation of Pharmaceutical Suspensions

The general physicochemical principles applicable to caking and flocculation in pharmaceutical systems are reviewed and are related to practical formulations problems.
Recovery from Shared Risk Link Group Failures Using IP Fast Reroute

Failure recovery in IP networks is critical to high- quality service provisioning. In IP over wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) networks, a fiber carries multiple IP logical links. When a fiber fails, all the logical links it carries are disconnected simultaneously. This is called a shared risk link group (SRLG) failure. Recovery from SRLG failures using route recalculation could lead to long service disruption. In this paper, we present a scheme called multi-section shortest path first (MSSPF) that achieves ultra fast recovery from SRLG failures. MSSPF performs all the recovery related calculations in advance. On the detection of an SRLG failure, the affected IP packets are detoured to their destinations through pre-calculated paths to avoid failed links. We prove that MSSPF guarantees 100% recovery from SRLG failures and causes no permanent loops. In particular, the scheme has low complexity and can be implemented in today's networks running link-state routing protocols, e.g., open shortest path first (OSPF). The performance of our scheme is validated with a variety of practical and randomly generated topologies. Index Terms—routing, failure recovery, shared risk link group (SRLG), fast reroute.
Pixel-based image analysis of HSP70 GADD45 and MAP2 mRNA expression after focal cerebral ischemia : hemodynamic and histological correlates

Gene expression studies with in situ hybridization after focal brain ischemia indicate a variety of distinct anatomical patterns. An important question is to what extent such reactive gene expression correlates with neuronal damage or survival. To study these questions, we focused on two stressed-induced genes, heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) and growth-arrest and DNA damage-inducible gene (GADD) 45 mRNA, and we compared reactive changes in mRNA to loss of the constitutive signal for microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2) mRNA. A pixel-based image analysis of mRNA signals was carried out using a highly reproducible model of focal brain ischemia. A poly-l-lysine coated filament was used to occlude the origin of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) for 2 h in ventilated, normothermic rats. Brains were collected after 0, 1, 3 and 6 h, and 1, 3 and 7 days. In situ hybridization analysis was carried out for HSP70 mRNA, GADD45 mRNA and MAP2 mRNA. Autoradiographic data sets were averaged and co-mapped into a common template of the rat brain. These data sets were then compared on a pixel-by-pixel basis with previously acquired image data sets derived from quantitative studies of local cerebral blood flow (LCBF) (obtained at the end of 2-h ischemia) of and infarctive histopathology (obtained at 3 days) in the same focal ischemia model. HSP70 mRNA and GADD45 mRNA were grossly elevated in the hemisphere subjected to ischemia during the first day. Pixel-based analysis showed a strong correlation between HSP70 mRNA signals, the degree of early blood-flow reduction and the probability of histological infarction. GADD45 mRNA was expressed in a more variable fashion. Decreases in MAP2 mRNA signals at 1, 3 and 7 days correlated strongly with histological infarction. These co-mapping procedures allow us to conclude that HSP70 mRNA is a robust indicator of ischemic stress and histological outcome after 2 h of focal brain ischemia. The topographic features of GADD45 expression suggest its possible role in conferring resistance to ischemic injury. Finally, our results indicate that local decreases in constitutive MAP2 expression at 1 day and beyond may be used as a robust marker of tissue regions having a high probability of focal infarction.
Large-scale eddies measured with large scale particle image velocimetry

Abstract Large-scale eddies are turbulent features of open channels that advect along the direction of the mean flow in a streamwise rolling motion and comprise the entire flow depth. In order to advance the understanding of large-scale eddies, it is increasingly important to make measurements on a large scale test section or in a river reach. The objective of this research was to measure characteristics of large-scale eddies using large scale particle image velocimetry (LSPIV) for the first time. A gravel-bed flume was chosen in order that the LSPIV technology could be applied for an environment where the eddies were known to exist. LSPIV was used to make free-surface velocity measurements in the flume for quasi-steady, uniform flow. After removing erroneous LSPIV measurements due to light reflections and inadequate seed concentrations, turbulence decomposition via the triple decomposition theorem was used to isolate the large-scale eddies from the small-scale bursting derived eddies. Visual inspection of the decomposed data, coupled with quantitative analyses of the statistical moments of the decomposed velocity and evaluation of the velocity spectrum, were used to objectively choose a decomposition time-step. The decomposed data was visualized and characteristics of the large-scale eddies were measured. LSPIV data showed that the eddy length of the large-scale eddies was approximately 4 H , agreeing with past research. The large-scale eddies were not fully organized within the flow. The eddies propagated downstream as long-lived stable structures throughout the test section. Future research of the large-scale eddies is needed under a wide range of conditions, and LSPIV is expected to help serve this need in both large scale laboratory investigations and in the field under a range of bed conditions and flow conditions.
Effects of Maximal Exercise on Natural Killer (NK) Cell Cytotoxicity and Responsiveness to Interferon-α in the Young and Old

We investigated the effects of a graded maximal exercise treadmill test on natural killer (NK) cell number, activity, and responsiveness to interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha) in young (22+/-0.7 yrs) and elderly (65+/-0.8 yrs) sedentary subjects. NK cell cytotoxicity (NKCC) was determined using Ficoll purified peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) by a 51Cr release assay against NK-sensitive (K562) and NK-insensitive (Daudi) target cells at various effector:target (E:T) ratios before and immediately after exercise. PBMCs were incubated with rhu IFN-alpha (125 and 250u/10(6) PBMCs) or without for 2 hrs before addition to the 51Cr release assay. There were no differences in unstimulated NKCC against K562 or Daudi targets between the old and the young despite significantly (p=.01) higher percentages of CD56+ NK cells (21.1+/-2.3% in old vs 12.5+/-2.5% in young, pre-exercise). IFN-alpha increased NKCC versus both targets, and NK cells from old subjects were hyporesponsive to IFN-alpha stimulation; this was especially evident at low E:T ratios versus Daudi cells. Maximal exercise significantly increased (50-200%) unstimulated NKCC versus K562 and Daudi targets similarly in both young and old and increased the percentage of CD56+ cells in the PBMC fraction to 33.3+/-3.7% and 23.3+/-3.6% in old and young, respectively. We found a significant correlation between %CD56+ and basal NKCC versus K562s and Daudi cells in the young (i.e., r=.55; p=.02 vs K562s), but not the old (i.e., r=.20; p=.29 vs K562s) subjects. This indicates that, in the young, part of the exercise-induced increase in NKCC is due to an increase in NK cell number. Maximal exercise did not affect unstimulated per cell killing of K562s, but tended to increase per cell killing of Daudis. These results indicate that CD56+ cells from old subjects have an intrinsic defect in their ability to perform cytolysis and respond to IFN-alpha. Furthermore, a single bout of maximal exercise increases NKCC and CD56+ cell number similarly in both young and old subjects regardless of the target cell used.
Sketch of J. R. Kantor’s Psychological Interbehavioral Field Theory

We provide a sketch of J. R. Kantor’s (1959, 1971) psychological interbehavioral field (IBF) theory by identifying 9 essential points and briefly discussing each. The main emphasis of this sketch is on the foundation of Kantor’s thinking, the IBF. Suggestions for further study are provided.
Neural network techniques for modeling sensor data

Some possible approaches to the use of neural networks for interpreting sensor, and particular spectral type, data are sketched. It is demonstrated how the structure of the neural network can be chosen to provide the capacity to fall back to the linear case when appropriate. An approach to the problem of underdetermined systems, based on adding random Gaussian noise to prevent the neural network from being locked into a local minimum, is presented. >