cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abstract 456: Vascular Delivery of Autologous Mononuclear Cells After Brief Culture is Associated with Worsening of Vessel Repair and Endothelial Function

Background. Local delivery of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) cultured toward an endothelial phenotype for 7–21 days is associated with significant improvement in endothelial function and vessel repair after arterial injury. In this study we have evaluated the effect of minimal culture modification of PBMCs in an effort to bring this treatment closer to clinical applicability. Methods and results. A rabbit model of carotid artery injury was used. PBMCs were harvested from 30 ml of peripheral blood and cultured for 24h in endothelial growth media, with (n=6) or without (n=6) addition of fetal bovine serum. On day 2, animals underwent balloon carotid injury followed by local delivery of PBMCs to one lumen (average 2.2x10 5 per artery, range 1.5–3.0x10 5 ) and vehicle (200 μl phosphate buffered saline) to the contralateral artery, with a 20min dwell time before restoration of flow. A significantly higher intima/media ratio was observed in PBMC-treated arteries harvested after 28 days (1.05±0.95 vs 0.62±0.61, p Conclusion. Local delivery of PBMCs following one day in culture is associated with worsening of vessel repair after arterial injury. These results are in sharp contrast with our previous findings of a beneficial effect of 7 and 21 day culture PBMCs in the same animal model, and suggest that culture modification of PBMC for longer duration is a necessary step. The effects may be related to downregulation of MCP-1 and IL-8 in culture conditions.
An Overview of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Gynecologic Cancers

Abstract Purpose The goal of this study was to compile a review of topics pertinent to the use of immune checkpoint inhibitors in gynecologic malignancies, including foundation for use, current agents available and trials in gynecologic cancers, special populations of interest, identification and management of toxicities, and considerations in predictive biomarkers and response assessment. Methods A literature review of selected topics in reference to immune checkpoint inhibitors and gynecologic cancers was conducted on PubMed and the US Food and Drug Administration drug search application. A review of current and ongoing clinical trials was performed in clinicaltrials.gov , and selected preliminary results reported in PubMed abstracts and through the American Society of Clinical Oncologists were compiled. Findings Although immunotherapy in gynecologic malignancy is relatively new, 7 agents are currently approved for use in other oncologic indications, and a multitude of trials in gynecologic cancer are ongoing. Immunotherapy has a specific set of drug toxicities that manifest and are managed unlike traditional cytotoxic therapies. Implications Application of the knowledge of immune checkpoint inhibitor use in gynecologic cancers will improve care for women with cancers of the female reproductive tract. As more complex and newer immunotherapies evolve, it will be vital to accurately characterize each specific drug class and management thereof.
Four New Species of the Genus Aloysia (Verbenaceae)

Abstract: Four new species of the genus Aloysia are described: A. arequipensis, A. coalcomana, A. cordata, and A. velutina. A key to the species and a brief discussion of each novelty is included along with a key to the New World genera of the tribe Lantaneae.
Development and use of a construct map framework to support teaching and assessment of noncovalent interactions in a biochemical context

Most chemistry educators agree that deep understanding of the nature of noncovalent interactions is essential for learning in chemistry. Yet decades of research have shown that students have persistent incorrect ideas about these interactions. We have worked in collaboration with a community of chemistry, biology, and biochemistry educators to develop a construct map to guide development of instructional and assessment resources related to the physical basis of noncovalent interactions in a biochemical context. This map was devised using data about student learning and expert perspectives on noncovalent interactions, resulting in a framework that provides a detailed roadmap for teaching and learning related to this essential concept. Here we describe the development of the construct map and our use of it to reform our biochemistry teaching practice. Because biochemistry relies on application of concepts learned in prerequisite courses, this construct map could be useful for wide range of courses including general chemistry, introductory biology, organic chemistry, and biochemistry.
Static Logic Circuits

Logic functions are implemented in CMOS circuits by using MOSFETs to switch current flow paths. The static circuits in this chapter are commonly used for random logic functions, and also provide the basis for more advanced dynamic circuits. Static logic gates are the most widely used CMOS circuit because they are straightforward to design, have controllable characteristics, and exhibit high noise immunity.
Prokinetic Agents for Gastroparesis

Prokinetic agents are used frequently in patients with gastroparesis. These agents are attractive in treating gastroparesis, as they target the underlying pathophysiology that defines this disorder. Symptom response to treatment with prokinetic agents may not parallel changes in gastric emptying. Only a few prokinetic agents are currently available, since several have been withdrawn. Newer agents, including ghrelin, motilin, and 5-HT4 receptor agonists, are being investigated, which, in preliminary studies, demonstrate efficacy and few side effects.
The Helping Hand: An Assistive Manipulation Framework Using Augmented Reality and Tongue-Drive Interfaces

A human-in-the-loop system is proposed to enable collaborative manipulation tasks for person with physical disabilities. Studies show that the cognitive burden of subject reduces with increased autonomy of assistive system. Our framework obtains high-level intent from the user to specify manipulation tasks. The system processes sensor input to interpret the user's environment. Augmented reality glasses provide ego-centric visual feedback of the interpretation and summarize robot affordances on a menu. A tongue drive system serves as the input modality for triggering a robotic arm to execute the tasks. Assistance experiments compare the system to Cartesian control and to state-of-the-art approaches. Our system achieves competitive results with faster completion time by simplifying manipulation tasks.
Overview of Financial Statements

Financial reporting plays a crucial role in supporting the efficient functioning of the capital markets. Sound financial reporting increases investors’ confidence, which in turn leads to better capital allocation decisions and economic growth. The International Accounting Standard Board, the European Union Financial Reporting Advisory Group, the Financial Accounting Standard Board, and many other standard-setters are continuously working to improve the financial reporting quality.
Thrombolysis Therapy in Specialized and Non-specialized Stroke Units

Background The benefits of a special stroke care unit (SSCU) over a non-specialized stroke care unit (NSSCU) is well documented in the literature. However, there are concerns that the benefits seen in the SSCU do not consider clinical risk factors that affect thrombolysis therapy. Method Retrospective data were collected from a stroke registry between January 1, 2010–June 30, 2016. Univariate analysis determined differences in exclusion criteria between the SSCU and NSSCU, while multivariable binary logistic regression adjusted for confounding variables. Result Of the 1,446 acute ischemic stroke patients eligible for rtPA, 34.0% of patients were admitted to the NSSCU, while 58.02% were admitted to the SSCU. For patients excluded from receiving rtPA in the SSCU: age >80 (OR = 1.024–1.037, p = 80 (OR = 1.026–1.046, p = 0.012), history of atrial fibrillation (OR = 2.494–4.629, p = 0.004), diabetes (OR = 2.377–5.576, p = 0.047) and previous stroke (OR = 2.782–4.785, p = Conclusion More patients are likely to be excluded from rtPA in the NSSCU if they present with history of atrial fibrillation, diabetes, and in the SSCU if they present with altered level of consciousness and are at risk of mortality. Improvement in the management of baseline clinical risk factors would improve thrombolysis use for better patient outcomes in specialized and non specialized stroke units.
Diabetes Mellitus and Cardiovascular Disease

Cardiovascular disease remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in people with types 1 or 2 diabetes mellitus. Although beneficial roles for strict control of hyperglycemia have been suggested, such a strategy is not without liabilities. Specifically, the risk of hypoglycemia and its consequences remain an omnipresent threat with such approaches. The advent of the CVOT (Cardiovascular Outcomes Trials) for new antidiabetes mellitus treatments has uncovered unexpected benefits of cardiovascular protection in some of the new classes of agents, such as the GLP-1 RAs (glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists) and the SGLT-2 (sodium-glucose cotransporter-2) inhibitors. Further, state-of-the-art approaches, such as antibodies to PCKSK9 (proprotein convertase subtilisin-kexin type 9); RNA therapeutics; agents targeting distinct components of the immune/inflammatory response; and novel small molecules that block the actions of RAGE (receptor for advanced glycation end products) signaling, also hold potential as new therapies for diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease. Finally, interventions such as weight loss, through bariatric surgery, may hold promise for benefit in diabetes and cardiovascular disease. In this Brief Review, some of the novel approaches and emerging targets for the treatment of diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease are discussed. Ultimately, identification of the optimal timing and combinations of such interventions, especially in the context of personalized approaches, together with emerging disease-modifying agents, holds great promise to reduce the burden that diabetes poses to the cardiovascular system.
Ho‘oponopono and the Kānaka Maoli: The Elusive Quest for Social Equity in the Hawaiian Islands

Kagan and Ronquillo explore social equity in the Hawaiian context, with a particular eye toward Native Hawaiians’ (kānaka maoli) struggle to maintain their unique culture and identity, and to reconcile it in a modern context as an American state. The chapter begins by describing social equity and Native Hawaiian beliefs, including the principle of ho‘oponopono—or correction and setting things in order. The chapter then examines the relationship between the United States government and Native Hawaiians and argues that the United States has consistently denied social equity to Native Hawaiians. Despite expressions of support for Native self-determination, the United States government continues to promote paternalistic policies that impede the restoration of equality and autonomy. The chapter concludes with a discussion of local efforts and current struggles facing Native Hawaiians.
Caribbean-Atlantic Discourses of Race, Equality, and Humanity in the Age of Revolution:

As geopolitical warfare intensified in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, free individuals of African heritage increasingly disputed European ideologies that condemned them as naturally inferi...
Hydration of cement — role of triethanolamine

Abstract Following addition of 0.1, 0.25, 0.35, 0.5 and 1.0 per cent triethanolamine, studies have been made of the hydration and hardening characteristics of (a) tricalcium aluminate, (b) tricalcium aluminate + gypsum, (c) tricalcium silicate, (d) dicalcium silicate, and (e) portland cement. Triethanolamine (TEA) accelerated the hydration of 3CaO.Al2O3 and 3CaO.Al2O3-CaSO4.2H2O systems and extended the induction period of the hydration of 3CaO.SiO2. In portland cement paste TEA decreased the strength at all ages and setting characteristics were drastically altered, especially at higher TEA contents. Evidence was obtained also of the formation of a complex of TEA with the hydrating silicate phase.
Measuring light transport properties using speckle patterns as structured illumination

The measurement of light absorption and scattering properties of biological materials has several diagnostic and therapeutic applications. We can measure these properties for skin without contact using structured illumination and imaging. However, building simple handheld devices remains challenging due to motion artefacts and moving targets. To overcome this limitation, we project random speckle patterns instead of discrete spatial frequencies on the target. Since random patterns are spatially broadband, they capture more information per image, enabling frame-by-frame analysis. In this paper, we describe the statistics of objective speckles and demonstrate how the optical system is designed for spatially bandlimited illumination. Next, we use a diverse set of liquid tissue phantom to validate the method. We successfully demonstrate that a calibrated instrument can independently predict the two primary light transport properties of a homogeneous turbid system. This work is a starting point for analysing skin and other heterogeneous biological media in the future.
Optimal State Tracking Control for Linear Discrete-time Systems Via Value Iteration

In this paper, the data-based solution for state tracking control problem of linear discrete-time systems is proposed by value iteration, in which only the system state and control information are required. Instead of directly constructing the error system, the Bellman equation is obtained via constructing an augmentation system. Different from previous researches on state tracking control problem, the Q-learning based on value iteration is used to solve the augmented Bellman equation of state tracking control, which does not require initial allowable control. Finally, the feasibility of proposed algorithm is verified by simulation.
Federalism And The ACA: Lessons For The 2020 Health Policy Debate.

Establishing a balance of power between states and the federal government has defined the American Republic since its inception. This conflict has played out in sharp relief with the implementation...
Progesterone treatment following traumatic brain injury in the 11-day-old rat attenuates cognitive deficits and neuronal hyperexcitability in adolescence.

Abstract Traumatic brain injury (TBI) in children younger than 4 years old results in cognitive and psychosocial deficits in adolescence and adulthood. At 4 weeks following closed head injury on postnatal day 11, male and female rats exhibited impairment in novel object recognition memory (NOR) along with an increase in open arm time in the elevated plus maze (EPM), suggestive of risk-taking behaviors. This was accompanied by an increase in intrinsic excitability and frequency of spontaneous excitatory post-synaptic currents (EPSCs), and a decrease in the frequency of spontaneous inhibitory post-synaptic currents in layer 2/3 neurons within the medial prefrontal cortex (PFC), a region that is implicated in both object recognition and risk-taking behaviors. Treatment with progesterone for the first week after brain injury improved NOR memory at the 4-week time point in both sham and brain-injured rats and additionally attenuated the injury-induced increase in the excitability of neurons and the frequency of spontaneous EPSCs. The effect of progesterone on cellular excitability changes after injury may be related to its ability to decrease the mRNA expression of the β3 subunit of the voltage-gated sodium channel and increase the expression of the neuronal excitatory amino acid transporter 3 in the medial PFC in sham- and brain-injured animals and also increase glutamic acid decarboxylase mRNA expression in sham- but not brain-injured animals. Progesterone treatment did not affect injury-induced changes in the EPM test. These results demonstrate that administration of progesterone immediately after TBI in 11-day-old rats reduces cognitive deficits in adolescence, which may be mediated by progesterone-mediated regulation of excitatory signaling mechanisms within the medial PFC.
Glycans on the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Control the Receptor Binding Domain Conformation

The glycan shield of the beta-coronavirus (beta-CoV) Spike (S) glycoprotein provides protection from host immune responses, acting as a steric block to potentially neutralizing antibody responses The conformationally dynamic S-protein is the primary immunogenic target of vaccine design owing to its role in host-cell fusion, displaying multiple receptor binding domain (RBD) 'up' and 'down' state configurations Here, we investigated the potential for RBD adjacent, N-terminal domain (NTD) glycans to influence the conformational equilibrium of these RBD states Using a combination of antigenic screens and high-resolution cryo-EM structure determination, we show that an N-glycan deletion at position 234 results in a dramatically reduced population of the 'up' state RBD position Conversely, glycan deletion at position N165 results in a discernable increase in 'up' state RBDs This indicates the glycan shield acts not only as a passive hinderance to antibody meditated immunity but also as a conformational control element Together, our results demonstrate this highly dynamic conformational machine is responsive to glycan modification with implications in viral escape and vaccine design
Generational Change in Religion and Religious Practice: A Review Essay

Numerous studies have been done of the religious affiliations, beliefs, and practices of the Millennial generation (North Americans born between 1980 and 1995). Many of these studies assume that their findings will be useful to denominations and congregations wishing to attract more young people. But at least one influential social theory would imply the opposite: that religious decline is inevitable as societies modernize and secularize. The current essay suggests a useful addition to the religious decline theory, the work of Karl Mannheim and his followers on the sociology of generations, and applies it to the major studies of generational change and continuity in religious practice among young adults in present-day North America. In total, 35 academic books, 43 articles in refereed journals, and 22 denominational research reports are included in the analysis. Only works studying the religious beliefs, practices, and affiliations of the Millennial generation in the United States and Canada, and based on data collected through approved social science research methods are included. The essay first summarizes the findings of the studies, noting similarities and differences in religious decline across the various social locations of race, gender, and country. Next, it summarizes the causes that the various studies have postulated for this decline, relating them to Mannheim’s argument that the “fresh encounter” with one’s childhood religious worldview which occurs in young adulthood is a key determinant of whether a person accepts or rejects his/her childhood religious socialization. A final section evaluates the effectiveness of the suggestions that some of the studies make for stemming or reversing religious decline in young adulthood, in the light of Mannheim’s theory. A key determinant of religious affiliation, belief, and practice in adulthood is the fresh encounter that young adults have with the culture and worldview transmitted to them in childhood. The lifecycle stage of emerging adulthood poses a challenge to denominations and congregations since it is often the age group that is least connected with organized religion. The essay concludes with suggestions for further research.
Effects and economic implications of metaphylactic treatment of feeder cattle with two different dosages of tilmicosin on the incidence of bovine respiratory disease (BRD)

Two studies were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of tilmicosin for metaphylactic treatment of bovine respiratory disease (BRD), and subsequent effects on calf performance, in newly received, high-risk feedlot cattle. Calves in each study were randomly assigned to one of three treatment groups: negative control; 4.55 mg/lb body weight (BW) (10 mg/kg BW) tilmicosin (TIL10); or 9.1 mg/lb BW (20 mg/kg BW) tilmicosin (TIL20). In Study I, calves receiving tilmicosin had lower BRD morbidity (P<0.01) and mortality rates (P=0.02) compared to controls. Furthermore, BRD morbidity was lower (P≤0.05) in the TIL20 (16.8%) compared to the TIL10 (24.3%) group. Average daily gain was improved (P<0.01) in both tilmicosin metaphylaxis treatment groups compared to controls when deads and removals were not included in the final calculations (2.9 lb and 3.0 lb vs 2.8 lb or 1.32 kg and 1.36 kg vs 1.27 kg), as well as when deads and removals were included in the evaluation (2.7 lb and 2.8 lb vs 2.4 lb or 1.23 kg and 1.27 kg vs 1.09 kg, respectively). Calves treated metaphylactically with tilmicosin had greater economic return per pen (P<0.01) than did controls. In Study II, calves in both TIL10 and TIL20 treatment groups had lower (P≤0.05) morbidity compared to controls (68.5, 49.9, and 44.0% for control, TIL10, and TIL20, respectively). No significant differences in performance were observed between treatment groups.
Partitioning gene-mediated disease heritability without eQTLs

Unknown SNP-to-gene regulatory architecture complicates efforts to link noncoding GWAS associations with genes implicated by sequencing or functional studies. eQTLs are used to link SNPs to genes, but expression in bulk tissue explains a small fraction of disease heritability. A simple but successful approach has been to link SNPs with nearby genes, but the fraction of heritability mediated by these genes is unclear, and gene-proximal (vs. gene-mediated) heritability enrichments are attenuated accordingly. We propose the Abstract Mediation Model (AMM) to estimate (1) the fraction of heritability mediated by the closest or kth-closest gene to each SNP and (2) the mediated heritability enrichment of a gene set (e.g. genes with rare-variant associations). AMM jointly estimates these quantities by matching the decay in SNP enrichment with distance from genes in the gene set. Across 47 complex traits and diseases, we estimate that the closest gene to each SNP mediates 27% (SE: 6%) of heritability, and that a substantial fraction is mediated by genes outside the ten closest. Mendelian disease genes are strongly enriched for common-variant heritability; for example, just 21 dyslipidemia genes mediate 25% of LDL heritability (211x enrichment, P = 0.01). Among brain-related traits, genes involved in neurodevelopmental disorders are only about 4x enriched, but gene expression patterns are highly informative, with detectable differences in per-gene heritability even among weakly brain-expressed genes.
Neoplasms in Man after Irradiation in Infancy

In this paper, we present the results of the third follow-up survey of a series of approximately 3,000 persons treated with X-rays in infancy for thymic enlargement. This epidemiologic study of the relationship between radiation exposure and the subsequent development of neoplastic disease has been conducted at the University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry during the past 12 years (Simpson et al. 1955; Simpson and Hempelmann, 1957; Pifer et al. 1963; Toyooka et al. 1963 a, b). The names of the irradiated subjects were abstracted from the records of all hospitals and radiologists’ offices in Rochester, New York; X-ray treatments were given during the period, 1926–1957. During this time, it was common medical practice in the United States to treat infants with X-rays for enlargement of the thymus gland. The majority of the subjects were irradiated during the first six months of life — many, a few days after birth. The data on tumor incidence in this irradiated population was collected in 1963 by mail questionnaire sent to the subjects, or to their parents. Eighty-four per cent of the total group responded to the questionnaire. All indications of neoplastic disease or other serious illness were verified by consulting medical records. Histological sections of all excised tumors were reviewed, when possible, by one of the University pathologists (Roger Terry, M. D.).
Rotator Interval and Stiffness

The rotator interval is a triangular space located between the subscapularis and supraspinatus tendons in the anterosuperior region of the shoulder. Within its borders lie the superior glenohumeral and coracohumeral ligaments, the long head of biceps tendon, and capsule. From a biomechanical standpoint, the rotator interval contributes to shoulder stability and maintains normal glenohumeral translation, and helps maintain stability of the long head of the biceps. Multiple studies have described various surgical closure techniques and the associated outcomes on overall function; still the optimal surgical technique is a source of debate. The primary objectives of this chapter are to review the anatomy and biomechanics of the rotator interval, its components and their function, and surgical treatment of the rotator interval as related to stiffness.
The financial literacy of university students: A comparison of graduating seniors' financial literacy and debt level.

The level of university students‟ financial literacy has been discussed in Congress, opinion pieces in the media and the increasing level of student debt has been used to suggest their financial illiteracy. This study investigated the financial literacy of graduating university seniors by comparing their financial literacy level with their debt level. The difference in financial literacy levels of business majors, minors and nonbusiness majors was assessed. The relationship between graduating university seniors‟ financial literacy level and their credit card and student loan debt was also reviewed. Gender, employment status, ethnicity, family income and college major were similarly examined to see if they were predictors of financial literacy levels and debt levels. Although financial literacy is frequently discussed in the national arena there is no clear definition of financial literacy; this ambiguity has led to multiple definitions. In this study, financial literacy was defined as “an individual‟s ability to obtain, understand, and evaluate the relevant information necessary to make decisions with an awareness of the likely financial consequences” (Mason & Wilson, 2000).
Numerical solution of the compressible Navier-Stokes equations using density gradients as additional dependent variables

Numerical solution of two dimensional, time dependent, compressible viscous Navier-Stokes equations about arbitrary bodies was treated using density gradients as additional dependent variables. Thus, six dependent variables were computed with the SOR iteration method. Besides formulation for pressure gradient terms, a formulation for computing the body density was presented. To approximate the governing equations, an implicit finite difference method was employed. In computing the solution for the flow about a circular cylinder, a problem arose near the wall at both stagnation points. Thus, computations with various conditions were tried to examine the problem. Also, computations with and without formulations are compared. The flow variables were computed on 37 by 40 field first, then on an 81 by 40 field.
THE ELECTRICAL ACTIVITY OF A PRIMARY SENSORY CORTEX: ANALYSIS OF EEG WAVES.

Publisher Summary The chapter describes the electrical activity of one cortical area of the cat brain and its relation to behavior. The primary olfactory (prepyriform) cortex is appropriate for an elementary review, owing to the relative simplicity of its anatomical, electrical, and functional properties. Electrical activity recorded from electrodes in a nucleus or area of cortex is generated by that structure. The amplitude of spontaneous electrical activity reflects primarily the magnitude neither of the cortical primary input or output, but rather the degree of synchrony in that input and the level of cortical excitability determined by subsidiary inputs. Changes in amplitude reflect cortical operations rather than informational content, these being variable intensification (related to motivation), selective filtering (related to attention), and variable delay (related to decision-making based on exteroceptive cues). A linear second-order equation is used to describe cortical function in terms of input, output, and waveform of spontaneous and evoked potentials. The potential usefulness of this equation lies in the possibility that it can be tested as a special case in the Hodgkin- Huxley or Eccles systems and that it can be used in the context of cybernetics.
Human engineering the keyboard.

The standard typewriter keyboard serves as a model for keyboards of teletypewriters, desk calculators, consoles, computer keysets, cash registers, etc. This man-machine interface should be designed...
Onboard processing of orbital hyperspectral thermal infrared images

We have devised an on-board processing system for hyperspectral thermal infrared (TIR) images, to be acquired from a spacecraft in low-Earth orbit. The onboard thermal infrared spectrometer (OTIS) system is capable of in-scene atmospheric compensation, temperature-emissivity separation and image analysis with a choice of algorithms. OTIS is written in C using the message-passing interface (MPI) libraries that allow parallel processing for improved performance and fault tolerance. OTIS is implemented for testing on an 8-node Beowulf cluster of Intel-based PCs running Linux, as well as a series of multi-processor testbeds at JPL. OTIS functioning has been tested using airborne TIR imaging spectrometer images, as well as spaceborne multispectral TIR data from the currently operational Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) instrument on NASA's Earth Observing System Terra (formerly EOS-AM1) spacecraft.
Economic Issues in Child-Care Policy

There are four important, interrelated issues in child-care policy, on which economists can make contributions. One is the adequacy of the supply of "affordable" child care. A second is the proper role of government, if any, in providing or paying for child care. A third is whether the public could afford to have the government provide child care, assuming that such provision was deemed appropriate and desirable. A fourth is the standards of quality that should be mandated by the government for federal or private-sector child-care facilities. The standard literature tends to be scant on all of these topics.1,2 Economists are seldom unanimous in their opinions, and they certainly do not agree on child-care issues. The now-sizeable school of economists led by Milton Friedman, whose members have staffed the administrations of the last two US presidents, believe that, with very few exceptions, government interventions into the economic functioning of the citizens and their businesses are pernicious. Economists faithful to this tradition argue that parents should buy child care out of their own incomes from nongovernmental providers and that those providers should be regulated minimally if at all. An opposing point of view is that child care is different in important ways from such commodities as shoes and strawberries. Children are the direct consumers of child care, and government intervention in protection of their interests is justified because they lack abilities that can be assumed to reside in the usual participants in the economy. Further, child care provided by or subsidized by government is an indispensable ingredient of any program aimed at bringing about the rescue of the 20% of American children who are officially designated as poor, who are living in conditions that should not be tolerated by a rich and civilized country.1
Interference by ethanol in the oxidation of CoA esters

Abstract It has been shown that certain conditions may arise during the investigation of the oxidation of CoA esters when the presence of ethanol and alcohol dehydrogenase interfere with the detection of specific CoA ester dehydrogenases. These conditions include 1) the presence of alcohol dehydrogenase and the specific dehydrogenase under investigation in the same crude extract or protein fraction; 2) the presence of ethanol in the assay system, and 3) the requirement of the specific dehydrogenase being assayed for NAD. Obviously, all of these factors must exist for the interference to be expressed. A simple, but effective, way to exclude ethanol when synthesizing CoA esters is to use MCF in preparing the mixed anhydrides. The data presented indicate that ECF is fully replaceable by MCF.
Preliminary observations on the feeding behavior of Pan paniscus in the lomako forest of central Zaïre

The feeding behavior and ecology ofPan paniscus was studied over a seven-month period in Equateur, Republic of Zaire, during 1974–1975. Additional data were gathered during four weeks in 1979.Pan paniscus was found to be primarily frugivorous but bonobo foods also consist of leaves, flowers, pith, invertebrates and small mammals.
Effect of Edge-to-Edge-Repair on Annulus Tension of Prolapsed Mitral Valve

The edge-to-edge repair (ETER) technique is a mitral valve (MV) repair procedure. It approximates the leading edges of the mitral leaflets by use of sutures, exhibits promising predictable repair results and offers the advantage of being performed pericutaneously without the need for open heart surgery. The technique is becoming a popular surgical procedure to correct MV prolapse caused by abnormal chordal elongation. MV prolapse leads to mitral regurgitation (MR). Generally the ETER technique is performed as a secondary procedure to ring annuloplasty. Although some groups have performed ETER without the ring annuloplasty, recent studies have shown that ETER technique alone leads to substandard results [1]. It is necessary to define the MV annulus mechanics in ETER condition during valve closure or mid-systole as it directly affects the annulus tension (AT) in the annulus plane. AT in the annulus plane is an important force component which balances the myocardium force and contributes to maintaining the annulus shape and size. This AT change caused by the ETER can lead to annulus dilation, reoccurrence of MR and impact reintervention. The objective of the current study is to understand this AT change in the MV annulus tension during the mid-systole in the ETER condition in order to improve the long term efficacy of the ETER procedure on MV annulus tension, after the technique has been applied with both anterior leaflet prolapse and posterior leaflet prolapse.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Usefulness of the pulmonary arterial systolic pressure to predict pulmonary arterial wedge pressure in patients with normal left ventricular systolic function.

Tissue Doppler imaging combined with transmitral Doppler permits estimation of pulmonary artery wedge pressure (PAWP) in many, but not all, patients, whereas pulmonary artery systolic pressure (PASP) and cardiac output (time-velocity integral method) are routinely measured. It was hypothesized that simple Doppler echocardiographic measurements could be used to estimate PAWP in many patients by rearranging the equation for pulmonary vascular resistance ([mean pulmonary artery pressure - (left atrial pressure/cardiac output)] x 80). Data from 69 patients (mean age 59 +/- 15 years) were reviewed, including cardiac output, transmitral mitral E wave velocity, and lateral tissue Doppler imaging mitral annular early diastolic velocity. PAWP was determined in the 2 ways of (1) measured (PAWPm) using the regression equation PAWPm = 1.91 + (1.24 * transmitral mitral E wave velocity/mitral annular early diastolic velocity) developed and validated by Nagueh, and (2) using a nomogram that we developed to predict PAWP when cardiac output and PASP were known. Moderately strong correlation was found between PASP and PAWPm (r = 0.73), and this correlation improved when excluding patients with pulmonary or liver disease and restricting cardiac output to 3.5 to 6.0 L/min (physiologic range; r = 0.81). Furthermore, the relation between PAWPm and PASP allowed for discrimination of high versus low PAWP: 36 of 37 patients with PASP or =40 mm Hg had PAWPm > or =12 mm Hg (sensitivity 100%, specificity 70%). Predicted PAWP correlated well with PAWPm (r = 0.63) and improved when patients with liver or pulmonary disease were excluded (r = 0.83). In conclusion, PASP strongly correlated with PAWP, and this principle can be exploited to rapidly detect patients with low or high PAWP.
Social Ecology, Genomics, and African American Health: A Nonlinear Dynamical Perspective

This article offers a model that clarifies the degree of interdependence between social ecology and genomic processes. Drawing on principles from nonlinear dynamics, the model delineates major lines of bifurcation involving people's habitat, their family health history, and collective catastrophes experienced by their community. It shows how mechanisms of resource acquisition, depletion, and preservation can lead to disruptions in basic metabolism and in the activity of cytokines, neurotransmitters, and protein kinases, thus giving impetus to epigenetic changes. The hypotheses generated from the model are discussed throughout the article for their relevance to health problems among African Americans. Where appropriate, they are examined in light of data from the National Vital Statistics System. Multiple health outcomes are considered. For any one of them, the model makes clear the unique and converging contributions of multiple antecedent factors.
Separation of Some Hydroxyanthraquinones by Filter Paper Electrophoresis

A method has been developed for the separation of fourteen hydroxyanthraquinones by a hanging strip technique of filter paper electrophoresis. The separation has been applied to chloroform extracts of aloe, cascara, and senna. The method of hydrolysis used converts both anthrone- and anthraquinone-glycosides to hydroxyanthraquinones.
Preparation and physical properties of lanthanum-modified Srl-xBaxNb2O6, ferroelectric crystals

The growth parameters and some physical properties of lanthanum-modified strontium barium niobate crystals, grown by the Czochralski method, have been investigated. Crystals were grown from melts having lanthana, La2O3 concentrations ranging from 0.01 to 1.50% (by weight;, the Sr to Ba ratio was one. Knoop microhardness was measured as a function of La content and the hardness was found to decrease with increasing La content. Room temperature compressive strength measurements were also made. None of the samples tested exhibited yielding. Fracture stresses did not change in a sensible manner as a function of La content. Lattice parameter measurements were made using x-ray diffraction and showed that the ‘c’ parameter decreased while the ‘a’ parameter increased slightly with increasing La content.
Are children with one parent at psychological risk? A methodological review.

Is the child reared by one parent at risk for psychological maladjustment? Four decades of research have not provided conclusive information. Design errors include poor control over extraneous natural covariates of family type, particularly socioeconomic status; unrepresentative samples; and invalid dependent measures. Conceptual blind spots include equation of conventional with healthy behavior and failure to anticipate either developmental lag or beneficial effects among children reared by one parent. Should findings of no difference attributable to number of parents and cause qf parent absence continue to result from well-controlled studies, the hypothesis of risk among children with one parent will have to be judged without empirical support.
ANFIS-based diagnosis and location of stator interturn faults in PM brushless DC motors

An automatic scheme for fault diagnosis and location of stator-winding interturns in permanent-magnet brushless dc motors is presented. System performances under healthy and faulty operation are obtained via a discrete-time model. Waveform of the electromagnetic torque is monitored and processed using discrete Fourier transform and short-time Fourier transform to derive proper diagnostic indices. Two adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference systems (ANFIS) are developed to automate the fault diagnosis process. Test results show an acceptable performance for ANFIS in detecting the fault.
P02.11: Conservative management of a complicated heterotopic triplet pregnancy with a cornual monochorionic twin pair

A 29 year old G5 P0040 presented for evaluation of a multifetal gestation at 8 postmenstrual weeks. The patient had an extensive obstetrical history significant for prior right tubal pregnancy and right salpingectomy, two 1st trimester miscarriages, and a subsequent IVF pregnancy resulting in a simultaneous bilateral, ovarian heterotopic pregnancy, which was managed by laparoscopic resections and left salpingectomy. The index pregnancy was assisted by IVF/ET. Two frozen embryos were transferred. Ultrasound detected a heterotopic triplet gestation. 2D ultrasound and 3D reconstruction were instrumental in depicting the location of the three embryos. This was significant for an intrauterine singleton, and a right cornual monochorionic diamniotic twin pair. Extensive counseling was performed regarding the different management options. Given that this was a highly desired pregnancy and that a normally implanted intrauterine singleton was seen, selective reduction of the cornual twin pair was performed by transcervical ultrasound guided KCl injection. Following the procedure, serial clinical and sonographic evaluation were performed. This surveillance revealed increased amount of fluid accumulating in the cul-de-sac, suggesting bleeding from the cornual pregnancy. The patient therefore, underwent laparotomy in which evacuation of the hemiperitoneum and cornual pregnancy were followed by closure of the cornual gestations’ bed. During the surgery, caution was exercised using gentle handling of the uterus to maintain the intrauterine singleton embryo intact. Ultrasound demonstrated a reasonably large distance from it to the affected cornua which was interpreted as a positive prognostic factor. After recovery, outpatient surveillance confirmed an otherwise uncomplicated prenatal course. Scheduled cesarean delivery was performed at 37 weeks. This unusual case highlights the efforts to conservatively manage this extremely rare and complicated heterotopic pregnancy.
Thermoregulation: An Orphan Receptor Finds Its Way in the Cold

The hypometabolic state of torpor is a widely utilized and well-orchestrated response to food shortage. A new study shows that the melatonin-related orphan receptor GPR50 plays an important function in metabolic regulation for entry into torpor.
Classical limit and generalizations of the homogeneous quasipotential equation for scalar interactions

The classical limit of Todorov's relativistic Schr\"odinger equation for scalar interactions is presented in a Hamiltonian context. The consequences of limitations on the coupling-constant size that exist in this quantum equation for bound states appear as orbital limitations in the classical case. A systematic method of generalizing the classical equations which removes these orbital restrictions is developed. The corresponding quantum equations do not display any limitations on the coupling-constant size. An exactly soluble example is given that displays very deep binding. In this example the total center-of-mass energy of two equal-mass bound particles goes to zero as the coupling constant goes to infinity.
Joan Bybee (2001). Phonology and language use. (Cambridge Studies in Linguistics 94.) Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Pp. xviii +238.

The functionalist viewpoint in linguistics can take different forms. A caricature of functionalist thinking is the notion that the structure of language is optimised, or nearly so, for its function as a means of human communication. This notion has met with widespread scepticism because of its lack of predictiveness in the face of typological variation. Either it leads to the prediction that all languages are en route to some single ‘Utopian’ (even if they have not quite achieved it) or it leads one to posit so many contradictory functional goods that the nature of possible languages is not effectively restricted. A second, and far more sophisticated, understanding of functionalism is the claim that there are regular relations between the way language is represented in the mind and the way that it is processed during speech production and perception. These relations arise because language is acquired from experiences of use, and because even in adults patterns of use affect cognitive representations. The effects of individual instances of language use are local, incremental and context-dependent. Language use and competence in a language are thus two aspects of a single system. Multiple system configurations are possible for the same reason that multiple ecosystems are possible; like the products of biological evolution, human languages are merely good enough, and not globally or absolutely optimised. This understanding of linguistic functionalism has proved fruitful for at least two decades and is now coming into its own. Its rise constitutes part of the rise of scientific research on complex systems and emergent structures generally, in areas ranging from geophysics and granular media to population biology.
Paravertebral malignant rhabdoid tumor in infancy. In vitro studies of a familial tumor.

Two female siblings died within three months after presenting with paravertebral tumors in the first year of life. The pathology of the two tumors was identical and characteristic of a malignant rhabdoid tumor. There were no identifiable tumor patterns within the kindred which have been associated with any hereditary cancer or precancer syndromes. Fibroblasts were cultured from skin biopsies obtained from the second patient and both parents. Assays of growth kinetics associated with cellular transformation revealed that fibroblasts from the affected sibling can be distinguished from those of the parents and age-matched controls by increased in vitro occurrence of tetraploidy. Such evidence suggests that increased in vitro tetraploidy occurring spontaneously in cultured fibroblasts is an expression of a cancer-prone gene. Increased in vitro tetraploidy has previously been demonstrated in some kindreds with heritable colon cancer syndromes, and may extend our understanding of the genetic etiology of some childhood cancers. Cancer 52:290-296, 1983.
Dedicated two-stent technique in complex bifurcation percutaneous coronary intervention with use of everolimus-eluting stents: The EES-bifurcation study

Abstract Objectives To compare the outcomes of initial one-stent (1S) versus dedicated two-stent (2S) strategies in complex bifurcation percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) using everolimus-eluting stents (EES). Background PCI of true bifurcation lesions is technically challenging and historically associated with reduced procedural success and increased restenosis. Prior studies comparing initial one-stent (1S) versus dedicated two-stent (2S) strategies using first-generation drug-eluting stents have shown no reduction in ischemic events and more complications with a 2S strategy. Methods We performed a retrospective study of 319 consecutive patients undergoing PCI at a single referral center with EES for true bifurcation lesions, defined by involvement of both the main vessel (MV) and side branch (SB). Baseline, procedural characteristics, quantitative coronary angiography and clinical outcomes in-hospital and at one year were compared for patients undergoing 1S (n=175) and 2S (n=144) strategies. Results Baseline characteristics were well-matched. 2S strategy was associated with greater SB acute gain (0.65±0.41mm vs. 1.11±0.47mm, p Conclusion In this study of patients undergoing PCI for true coronary bifurcation lesions using EES, 2S strategy was associated with superior SB angiographic outcomes without excess complications or ischemic events at one year.