cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reliability Evaluation and Need Based Storage Assessment for Surety Microgrids

This paper presents a Monte Carlo simulation based approach to estimate the interruption duration distributions at the load buses in a micro grid for the determination of need based storage assessment. Energy limited nature of storage devices is considered for the reliability evaluation. Time variable load and generation profiles have also been incorporated in the method to obtain more practical distributions of interruption durations. The method is demonstrated on a ten bus test system and the results are explained.
Metastability in slow thin-film reactions.

Le phenomene de l'amorphisation lente durant la reaction des films fins a temperature et pression constantes est explique par un modele cinetique, en mettant l'accent sur la vitesse de transition. On suppose (considere) que cette reaction obeit a une variation avec le temps plutot qu'a une variation independante du temps, d'un changement negatif de l'energie libre de la reaction. Ce produit (resultat) persiste dans l'etat metastable, du a une barriere d'activation elevee vers cette derniere transition. On rapporte (sur) un alliage amorphe Ra-Si forme en faisant reagir thermiquement une couche mince cristalline de Rb et un monocristal de Si
Exploring the effects of seated whole body vibration exposure on repetitive asymmetric lifting tasks.

This study investigated changes in the physiological and behavioral responses to repetitive asymmetric lifting activity after exposure to whole body vibrations. Seventeen healthy volunteers repeatedly lifted a box (15% of lifter's capacity) positioned in front of them at ankle level to a location on their left side at waist level at the rate of 10 lifts/min for a period of 60 minutes. Prior to lifting, participants were seated on a vibrating platform for 60 minutes; in one of the two sessions the platform did not vibrate. Overall, the physiological responses assessed using near-infrared spectroscopy signals for the erector spinae muscles decreased significantly over time during the seating and the lifting tasks (p < 0.001). During repetitive asymmetric lifting, behavioral changes included increases in peak forward bending motion, twisting movement, and three-dimensional movement velocities of the spine. The lateral bending movement of the spine and the duration of each lift decreased significantly over th...
Positive solutions of elliptic problems involving both critical Sobolev nonlinearities on exterior regions

This paper is mainly devoted to the study of the existence of positive solutions to an elliptic problem that involves the Laplace operator and both critical Sobolev nonlinearities on an exterior region $$U$$ , one appearing in the equation and the other in the boundary terms. Some extensions to the $$p$$ -Laplacian problems are briefly discussed. To carry out our proofs, a space $$M^{q,p}(U)$$ that is a natural generalization of the standard Sobolev space $$W^{1,p}(U)$$ is described, and its associated (compact) (trace) embedding results are investigated.
Casimir forces without the vacuum radiation field

Although the electromagnetic Casimir forces are customarily explained in terms of the vacuum radiation field, they may also be understood in terms of radiation reaction, without explicit reference to the vacuum field. In particular, the Casimir forces may be obtained if one recognizes that the radiation reaction field of a dipole on itself depends on where the dipole is located, for this field is determined by the modal characteristics of the surrounding space. Only in infinite free space does the field of radiation reaction have a spatially invariant meaning. The fact that the Casimir forces may be understood in terms of either the vacuum electromagnetic field or the field of radiation reaction is an example of the general fluctuation-dissipation relation between the two concepts. These ideas are illustrated with derivations of several "vacuum-field effects," including the Casimir-Polder attraction of an atom to a conducting wall and the van der Waals force between two atoms.
SPONTANEOUS DISSECTION OF THE CAROTID ARTERY

Twenty-seven patients with spontaneous dissection have been managed between 1966 and 1982. Most presented with focal neurologic symptoms and 33% had had a completed stroke. Because of early failures of attempted operative repair, expectant management was adopted in 17 patients, none of whom had further neurologic events. The artery had re-expanded to a new normal caliber in 9 of 10 patients evaluated by angiography.
Intestinal absorption of two glucose analogues in rats of different ages

Intestinal absorption of nutrients and xenobiotics has been suggested to change during aging. Transport processes were examined using nonmetabolizable glucose analogues as markers in an in situ single pass intestinal perfusion procedure. Male Fischer 344 rats of 2, 4, 10, 16, and 27 months of age were used in this study. At least 7 rats were used per age group. Net active and passive transport were estimated using 0.85% NaCl solutions containing [14C]-3-O-methylglucose (3OMG) and [3H]-2-deoxy-D-glucose (2DG) and phenol red as a nonabsorbed volume marker. Rats were anesthetized and approximately 30 cm of jejunum was perfused for 30 min. Final glucose analogue concentrations were corrected for volume changes, and compared with initial concentrations. Changes in marker concentrations were normalized to the dry weight of the perfused intestinal segment. Concurrent exposure to both glucose analogues allowed simultaneous monitoring of active and passive components. Under these conditions, there was no significant change in the net transport of 2DG, a compound absorbed by nonspecific processes (range 17–33 μmoles/g/h). In the same animals, the rate of net 3OMG absorption, an actively transported compound, was generally an order of magnitude greater than 2DG. In addition, net 3OMG absorption was significantly (p < .05) decreased in the 16- and 27-month-old rats (237 and 181 μmoles/g/h) compared with the 2-, 4- and 10-month-old animals (325, 364 and 398 μmoles/g/h, respectively). There appears to be a gradual decrease in net active transport of glucose with age. The mechanism responsible for this age-related change remains to be explained.
Suppressing the white bears interacts with anxiety sensitivity in the prediction of mood and anxiety symptoms

Suppression is a commonly used strategy to manage unwanted thoughts by attempting to actively remove them from awareness. However, research has shown that this cognitive strategy often results in the paradoxical effect of increasing the frequency of unwanted thoughts. While the association between thought suppression and mood and anxiety symptoms has been repeatedly demonstrated, relations between this cognitive strategy and other anxiety risk factors such as anxiety sensitivity (AS) are unexplored. Using a nonclinical sample of young adults (N = 414), the current investigation sought to more thoroughly investigate the association between AS and thought suppression as well as explore their synergistic effect on anxiety symptomatology. As hypothesized, thought suppression and AS were positively associated. Moreover, AS and thought suppression interacted to predict elevated levels of panic and obsessive compulsive symptomatology.
Acculturation and Pap smear screening practices among college-aged Vietnamese women in the United States

The purposes of this study were both to gather information on the prevalence of Pap smear screening among college-aged Vietnamese women and to identify predictive factors that influence Vietnamese women to engage in early cervical cancer detection behavior. This study also examines the role of acculturation in explaining cervical cancer screening behavior. Data were collected through mail and telephone surveys. Of those respondents (n = 207), approximately one-third (36.8%) reported having had a Pap smear. More than one-third (39.3%) of sexually active respondents reported never having had a Pap smear. Acculturated women were more likely to be sexually active and to be obtaining regular Pap smears. In the logistic regression model, marital status, sexual activity, and a belief that only married women should have a Pap smear were important predictors of prior reported Pap smear experience. These study findings suggest that less-acculturated women appear to have the belief that cervical cancer screening is more important for married women than for unmarried women, regardless of their sexual activity. The existence of such misconceptions underscores the importance of offering culturally relevant cancer education that addresses related misconceptions.
The effective elastic properties of a solid with crazes

Abstract The effective elastic properties of an elastic solid with a craze array are discussed. The effective elastic properties of a crazed material with a low density craze array are obtained by nonlinear analysis of a craze. For the high density craze array case, the effective elastic properties are obtained by a simple beam model. Results of effective elastic properties for all cases depend on a dimensionless parameter which represents the rigidity of fibrils inside the craze.
Activity of monomeric, dimeric, and trimeric flavonoids on NO production, TNF‐α secretion, and NF‐κB‐dependent gene expression in RAW 264.7 macrophages

Abstract Flavonoids are potent antioxidants and have been associated with lowering the risk of cardiovascular diseases. In this study, the effect of flavonoids (monomers, dimers and a trimer) as well as French maritime pine bark extract, Pycnogenol, on NO production, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) secretion and nuclear factor (NF)-κB activity was compared. Monomers and dimers repressed NO production, TNF-α secretion and NF-κB-dependent gene expression induced by interferon γ, whereas the trimeric procyanidin C2 and Pycnogenol enhanced these parameters. In addition, in unstimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages, both procyanidin C2 and Pycnogenol increased TNF-α secretion in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. These results demonstrate that procyanidins act as modulators of the immune response in macrophages.
Strong opposition: frame‐based resistance to collaboration

While many studies of collaboration have relied on processual factors to explain outcomes of conflicts among the stakeholders, the failure of collaboration can also be explained by the divergence of stakeholders' frames about the issues. Research on environmental conflicts has shown that the ways in which the stakeholders frame the issues and the conflict itself explain collaborative success or failure. When stakeholders' frames about the issues, the process of their interaction, and about each other are vastly different, collaboration to find an agreeable solution becomes exceedingly difficult. In this article I present a case study of a protracted conflict over Voyageurs National Park in northern Minnesota (USA) to show how frames impeded the stakeholders from finding a collaborative solution to the conflict despite an 18-month mediation effort. How the stakeholders construed their own identities in the conflict, how they constructed the problems or opportunities that linked them, as well as the frames they held about how the conflict should be resolved, all worked to prevent collaboration. Consequently, stakeholders' frames and processes for promoting reframing are critical to understanding how collaborative partnerships evolve and whether they will eventually succeed or fail. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Studies of Pacific Island Plants, XXIV. The genus Terminalia (Combretaceae) in Fiji, Samoa, and Tonga

Eleven species ofTerminalia are indigenous in Fiji, Samoa, and Tonga ; the taxonomy is reviewed, with descriptions, keys, and distributional notes. Nine of the species occur in Fiji, and four of these,T. simulans,T. strigillosa,T. capitanea, andT. crebrifolia, are described as new.
Robust CNS regeneration after complete spinal cord transection using aligned poly-L-lactic acid microfibers.

Following spinal cord injury, axons fail to regenerate without exogenous intervention. In this study we report that aligned microfiber-based grafts foster robust regeneration of vascularized CNS tissue. Film, random, and aligned microfiber-based conduits were grafted into a 3 mm thoracic rat spinal cord gap created by complete transection. Over the course of 4 weeks, microtopography presented by aligned or random poly-l-lactic acid microfibers facilitated infiltration of host tissue, and the initial 3 mm gap was closed by endogenous cell populations. This bulk tissue response was composed of regenerating axons accompanied by morphologically aligned astrocytes. Aligned fibers promoted long distance (2055 ± 150 μm), rostrocaudal axonal regeneration, significantly greater than random fiber (1162 ± 87 μm) and film (413 ± 199 μm) controls. Retrograde tracing indicated that regenerating axons originated from propriospinal neurons of the rostral spinal cord, and supraspinal neurons of the reticular formation, red nucleus, raphe and vestibular nuclei. Our findings outline a form of regeneration within the central nervous system that holds important implications for regeneration biology.
Realistic constitutive relations for metal plasticity

Abstract The process of establishing quantitative constitutive relations is illustrated on the example of strain hardening: a phenomenological analysis in parallel with the derivation of physics-based combinations of variables; both followed by the use a sufficient set of experimental data to firm up unknown parameters or even unknown functions; and the eventual return to an assessment of the more detailed physical mechanisms that are suggested by the observed behavior. It is emphasized that a physics-based algebraic expansion around an accessible standard state is more reliable than a grand overall equation.
Late Wisconsinan-early Holocene riparian paleoenvironment in southeastern Iowa

The lithostratigraphy, radiocarbon ages, and pollen and plant macrofossil assemblages in a low terrace on the Iowa River beyond the Wisconsinan glacial boundary reveal regional alluvial relationships and indicate that valleys were important corridors during vegetational change in the Midwest. Basal pebbly sands probably represent a valley train from a central Iowa glacial advance ∼25,000 to ∼21,000 yr B.P. Overlying organic silts indicate low energy conditions from ∼21,000 to ∼15,000 yr B.P. Pebbly sands of an upper valley train were deposited from ∼14,000 yr B.P. until 10,000 yr B.P., about 1,500 yr after the Des Moines Lobe had retreated out of the Iowa River Basin. Pollen and plant macrofossils from the top of the upper pebbly sands indicate that the area was covered by mixed conifer-hardwood forest taxa whose pollen percentages do not match those predicted by models of vegetational change in eastern North America. Boreal elements with general distribution over 500 km to the north at 10,000 yr B.P. persisted in peatland habitats. The valley environment contained a variety of edaphic and microctimatic conditions that supported diverse plant communities. During glacial-interglacial transitions, medium to large valleys served as migration corridors for plant taxa and harbored riparian communities without modern analogs.
Determining Atmospheric Pressure with a Eudiometer and Glycerol

We consider a volume of air trapped over a glycerol column in a eudiometer. We demonstrate that there is an approximately linear relationship between the volume of trapped air and the height of the glycerol column. Simply by moving the eudiometer up and down, we cause the glycerol-column height and trapped-air volume to vary. The plot of volume versus height has a slope that depends on atmospheric pressure. We show how to determine atmospheric pressure from the plot of trapped-air volume versus glycerol-column height. This exercise allows students to use a familiar instrument in an unfamiliar way, while improving their understanding of pressure measurements and Boyle’s law.
Surface Orientation From Binocular Stereo Orientational Disparity

Consider a binocular stereo system observing a textured surface patch that is oriented in depth. Due to the geometry of the situation, a given texture element on the surface will appear with differing orientations in the binocular projections. The differential image orientation of corresponding elements in binocular projections is referred to as orientational disparity. An analysis of stereoscopic projection is presented that explicitly relates three-dimensional surface orientation to orientational disparity. This analysis allows for the specification of relations for recovering three-dimensional surface orientation from local measures of binocular stereo disparity.
Tight closure in non-excellent rings

Abstract Some examples are constructed to demonstrate that tight closure need not satisfy several key properties when the ring is not excellent. In particular, there are counterexamples to colon-capturing and persistence. A consequence is that R + need not be Cohen–Macaulay when R is a local ring of characteristic p even when R is universally catenarian. A new closure operation for non-excellent local rings of characteristic p is introduced and it is seen to have most of the properties associated with tight closure.
Older women's reflections on eminence: Obstacles and opportunities

This article presents the results of a research study of 12 older women who achieved eminence in their respective fields after the age of 50. Qualitative methodology was used to investigate the lives of these women and to develop a model of talent realization in women which includes the following factors: abilities, personality traits, environmental factors, and the perceived social importance of their talent, merged into a combined belief in self and the desire to develop their talent. The model is presented in this article as are three case studies that illustrate the factors.
Measurement of fat/water ratios in rat liver using 3D three-point dixon MRI

Hepatic steatosis, or fatty liver, is commonly observed during the animal phase of drug safety studies. A noninvasive three-dimensional (3D) three-point Dixon method was used to quantitatively evaluate the fatty livers of rats induced by an experimental microsomal transfer protein (MTP) inhibitor, in an effort to develop a safety biomarker that could be translated to human studies. The method was implemented at 2.0 T for in vivo studies, and at 7.1 T for higher-resolution magnetic resonance (MR) histologic studies. In three separate protocols to study dose response and longitudinal evolution, intrahepatic fatty accumulation was detected by this method and confirmed by chemical and histologic assessments. Consistent with the pathologic changes, the fat/water ratios estimated by the MR technique increased significantly at doses of 1 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg of MTP inhibitor after 14 days of continuous administration. Among the more important findings were: 1) with the 3D three-point Dixon method, in vivo longitudinal studies of liver fat distribution can be conducted at significantly higher resolution than has previously been reported; 2) MR histology allows delineation of distribution at the microscopic scale of 0.0024 mm3 resolution; and 3) the 3D three-point Dixon technique provides relative estimates of liver fat content and distribution at a high confidence level. This technique will be applicable in future studies in which fatty liver is a potential safety issue. Magn Reson Med 51:697–702, 2004. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Analysis of coastal ice cover using ERS-I SAR data

Abstract An applications demonstration of the use of Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data in an operational selling is being conducted by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) CoastWatch Program. In the development phase of this demonstration, case studies were conducted to assess the utility of SAR data for monitoring coastal ice in the Bering Sea, icebergs from calving glaciers in Prince William Sound, and lake ice in the Great Lakes. ERS-l SAR data was used in these studies. Results showed that depending on size and sea state icebergs could be detected from background and computer enhanced in the imagery, thaI SAR data can supplement and enhance the utility of satellite visible and infrared data sources for coastal ice monitoring, and that Greal Lakes ice cover can be classified by ice type and mapped in the SAR data using image processing techniques. Cloud cover was a common problem. Based on the further development of automated analysis algorithms and the increase in frequency of ...
The pH-dependent Dissociation of β-Casein from Human Milk Micelles: Role of Electrostatic Interactions

Evidence has been reported that supports the role of hydrophobic interactions in the association of the monomers and in the dissociation of different phosphorylation levels of β-casein (CN) from human casein micelles. Here, the role of electrostatic interactions in the formation and structure of human casein micelles was examined by determining the β-CN composition of micelle pellets from milk samples adjusted in the range from pH 5 to 10. As the pH was decreased from normal (∼pH 7.5) at 37°C, the proteins remained associated with the micelle, and the relative amounts of all of the phosphorylated forms remained essentially constant. As the pH was increased from normal, protein was lost from the micelles to the supernate. When the relative micelle compositions were corrected for the loss, all of the phosphorylated forms decreased in total amount: the largest decrease for both the nonphosphorylated and singly phosphorylated forms (∼95%), a sizeable decrease for the doubly phosphorylated form (∼70%), and only about a 25% decrease for the triply, quadruply, and fully phosphorylated forms. Laser light scattering measurements on micelle pellets resuspended in simulated milk ultrafiltrate at 37°C yielded mean particle radii of ∼63 nm at pH 7.5 and ∼35 nm near pH 6. These results suggest that micelle stabilization depends not only on the net charge on the negatively charged organic phosphate esters and the inorganic orthophosphate, which vary with pH and calcium binding, but also on the positively charged amino groups of basic amino acid residues in the proteins.
Inflammatory markers and bariatric surgery: a meta-analysis

Obesity is a state of chronic low grade inflammation with increased levels of inflammatory markers such as C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) α. The changes of some of the above markers after bariatric surgery are not consistent across studies. The objective of this study is to confirm the changes in blood levels of CRP, IL-6 and TNFα after bariatric surgery. A Pubmed and EMBASE search was performed for studies measuring the above cytokines in blood before and after bariatric surgery. A meta-analysis was performed for the changes in CRP, TNFα and IL-6 for the maximum follow-up time in each study as well as for discrete follow-up times. Only observational studies could be retrieved. Bariatric surgery produces about 66 and 27 % reduction in CRP and IL-6 levels, respectively. The change in TNFα after bariatric surgery did not approach statistical significance. Bariatric surgery decreases the low grade inflammation associated with obesity as measured by CRP and IL-6 levels. The change of TNFα after bariatric surgery should be further investigated with randomized trials.
Effects of morphology on the electrical and optical properties of thin bismuth films

Thin films of bismuth were evaporated onto polished Si(100) substrates at substrate growth temperatures which varied between 25 and 100° C. The variations in film morphology observed using the scanning electron microscope and atomic force microscope were compared to changes in the optical and electrical properties of the thin Bi films. The optical properties could be modeled using an effective medium approximation, which suggested that the roughness of the films changed with substrate growth temperature. The film roughness appeared to decrease with substrate temperature from room temperature deposition to a minimum roughness at temperatures of ∼70 °C. Higher temperatures again resulted in an increased roughness, which correlated with a change in morphology observed by SEM. The electrical resistance of the samples was not sensitive to roughness changes in the film, but did change abruptly for the higher temperature samples where the morphology was substantially different. The transverse magnetoresistance was sensitive to film structure, increasing with substrate growth temperature up to a maximum substrate temperature of 70 °C before decreasing again at higher temperatures.
Decrease in the Intensity of Hydrogen Lines in the Solar Chromosphere

ROUSE1,2 has recently tried to explain the decreasing intensities of the high Balmer and Paschen lines in the solar atmosphere with his theory for the hydrogen atom which includes a complete screened Coulomb potential. Rouse's theory takes into account the fact that the volume occupied by a hydrogen atom (and thus the maximum possible value of the principal quantum number n) is limited by the presence of nearby atoms. He has cited observations of the highest lines visible in the photosphere and chromosphere and statements by Ivanov-Kholodnyi and Nikol'skii3 that “in prominence and chromospheric spectra, it has been found that near the series limit the lines do not merge because of their broadening and convergence, but instead they disappear because of a rapid fall in intensity” and “the problem of the drop in line intensity toward the series limit has not been solved so far”. The parts of the quoted statements relating to the chromosphere are ultimately based on the 1952 eclipse data of Athay et al.4. Although the theory of Rouse concerning the limiting value of n is certainly expected to apply to the chromosphere, my purpose here is to question whether present chromospheric observations confirm the theoretical limit on n and whether the variation of the high chromospheric hydrogen lines is anomalous.
Fair value accounting: Effects on banks' earnings volatility, regulatory capital, and value of contractual cash flows

Abstract We investigate fair value accounting critics' assertions by restating earnings and regulatory capital to reflect banks' disclosed investment securities fair values. We find: (1) Fair value-based earnings are more volatile than historical cost earnings, but share prices do not reflect the incremental volatility. (2) Banks violate regulatory capital requirements more frequently under under fair value than historical cost accounting. Fair value-based violations help predict regulatory capital violations, but share prices do not reflect this potential increased regulatory risk. Only historical cost violations are market information events. (3) Share prices reflect interest rates changes, even though investment securities' contractual cash flows are fixed.
Isolation and Isotope Labeling of Cysteine- and Methionine-containing Tryptic Peptides Application to the Study of Cell Surface Proteolysis

Inexpensive methods were developed for isolating and isotopically labeling tryptic peptides that contain either cysteine or methionine. After covalently capturing cysteine-containing peptides with pyridyl disulfide reactive groups on agarose beads, extensive wash steps were applied, and the attached peptides were released using a reducing agent. This approach results in less nonspecifically bound peptides and eliminates the possibility of generating avidin peptide background ions that can arise when using methods based on biotin and avidin (e.g. isotope-coded affinity tag). The thiols were alkylated using either N-ethyl- or N-D5-ethyl-iodoacetamide, both of which can be synthesized in a single step using inexpensive reagents. This isotopic labeling does not greatly increase the peptide mass, nor does it affect the peptide ion charge state in electrospray ionization. In addition, methionine-containing peptides were captured using commercially available methionine-reactive beads, and relative quantitation of peptides was achieved by isotopic labeling of amino groups using activated esters of either nicotinic acid or D4-nicotinic acid. These methods were used to study the metalloprotease-mediated shedding of cell surface proteins from a mouse monocyte cell line that had been treated with a phorbol ester and lipopolysaccharide. In addition to the identification of proteins previously determined to be inducibly shed, three new shed proteins were identified: CD18, ICOS ligand, and tumor endothelial marker 7-related protein.
Comparison of the effect of 3- and 5-day hypothermic perfusion of dog kidneys on metabolism of tissue slices.

Abstract Hypothermic perfusion effectively preserves the viability of kidneys for 3 days. Long-term preservation (5 days or greater) has not been consistently obtained. In this study, the differences between kidneys perfused for 3 and 5 days were compared by determining the “integrated-metabolic” capabilities of tissue slices incubated in vitro at 30 °C. The “integrated-metabolic” parameters determined include (1) respiration rates, (2) cell volume regulation [total tissue water (TTW) and saccharide permeable space], (3) rate of reaccumulation of K + and pumping of Na + , (4) maintenance of ATP concentrations, and (5) mitochondrial functions. Conditions that result in high and low concentrations of ATP following perfusion of kidneys for 5 days were also compared for effects on tissue slice metabolism. The results indicate that energy metabolism in tissue slices is well preserved under all conditions and times of perfusion of kidneys. This includes average respiration rates (315 ± 50, 275 ± 35, and 255 ± 45 μmol O 2 /hr/g dry wt at 0, 3, and 5 days, respectively, mitochondrial function [respiratory control ratio (RCR) = 4.6, 4.0, and 4.1 for 0, 3, and 5 days, respectively], and steadystate concentration of ATP in slices after incubation (4.0 ± 1.45, 3.9 ± 1.28, and 3.3 ± 0.81 μmol/g/ dry wt, for 0, 3, and 5 days, respectively). The primary differences between 3- and 5-day perfused kidneys were the capability of the slices to regulate cell volume and reaccumulate K + . Slices from kidneys perfused for 3 days maintained the TTW at 3.8 kg/kg dry wt, a value similar to that of control tissue slices. However, slices from 5-day perfused kidneys remained swollen (TTW = 4.6 kg/kg dry wt). Also, slices from the 5-day perfused kidney pumped K + at less than one-half the rate found in slices from control or 3-day preserved kidneys. No significant differences were apparent in the permeability properties of the tissue slices from kidneys perfused for 3 and 5 days to radiolabeled saccharides. The defects in membrane-linked transport functions, resulting from long-term kidney perfusion, were reduced in kidneys containing a high concentration of ATP. The results suggest that one factor which may limit successful preservation of kidneys is the increased membrane permeability (to electrolytes) which is partially prevented by maintaining elevated concentrations of tissue ATP during perfusion.
871 MEASUREMENT OF DNA BREAKAGE AND REPAIR IN ACUTE LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (ALL) CELLS

Cytogenetic techniques have been used to look at structural and functional chromosome abnormalities in leukemic cells. One method, unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS), which measures DNA repair in non-dividing cells, has been reported to be elevated in peripheral lymphoblasts and fibroblasts from acute myelogenous leukemia patients when exposed in vitro to DNA damaging agents compared to lymphocytes or fibroblasts from normal individuals. We postulated that karyotype abnormalities may correlate with increases in DNA damage and repair. Bone marrow aspirates from 8 children with ALL and 4 children who had aspirates done for reasons other than malignancy were processed for karyotyping. Samples were evaluated for UDS by treatment with hydroxyurea to stop normal DNA synthesis. Tritiated-thymidine was then added for 22 hours. Cells were harvested and prepared for autoradiography. Grain counts per nucleus averaged 0.86±0.09 for ALL samples with abnormal (structurally or numerically) karyotypes (n=4); 0.51±0.13 for ALL samples with normal diploid karyotypes (n=4); and 0.40±0.09 for aspirates from non-leukemic samples with normal karyotypes (n=4). Comparisons of UDS for ALL with abnormal karyotypes to each of the other groups with normal karyotypes was statistically significant (p<0.05). These results suggest that leukemic cells with karyotype abnormalities may have a propensity toward increased DNA breakage and repair.
Testing the Hapke photometric model: Improved inversion and the porosity correction

Abstract In conjunction with a companion paper (Shepard, M.K., Helfenstein, P. [2011]. Icarus, submitted for publication), we derive, test, and apply a detailed approach for visualizing the phase angle dependence of light scattering in particulate soils from both whole-disk and disk-resolved observations. To reduce the number of model parameters and provide stronger constraints on model fits, we combine Hapke’s (Hapke, B. [2008]. Icarus 195, 918–926) recent correction for effects of porosity with his (Hapke, B. [1986]. Icarus 67, 264–280) model of the shadow hiding opposition effect. We further develop our method as a tool for least-squares fitting of Hapke’s model to photometric data. Finally, we present an improved method for estimating uncertainties in retrieved values of Hapke model parameters. We perform a preliminary test of the model on spectrogoniometric measurements from three selected laboratory samples from Shepard and Helfenstein (Shepard, M.K., Helfenstein, P. [2007]. J. Geophys. Res. 112 (E03001), 17). Our preliminary suite of test samples is too small and selective to permit the drawing of general conclusions. However, our results suggest that Hapke’s porosity correction improves the fidelity of fits to samples composed of low- and moderate-albedo particles and may allow for more reliable retrieval of porosity estimates in these materials. However, we find preliminary evidence that in high-albedo surfaces, the effects of porosity may be difficult to detect.
Child Sexual Abuse

Anthropological evidence suggests that child sexual abuse has been a persistent and widespread problem for thousands of years. Historically, however, attempts to raise public awareness concerning this problem have been met with disbelief and public disdain. Most notable was Sigmund Freud’s attempt to enlighten his colleagues at the Vienna Society for Psychiatry and Neurology in 1896 with his presentation of the “Etiology of Hysteria.” This paper outlined the seduction theory, in which he linked childhood sexual assault to adult mental illness. Not surprisingly, the paper was not well received, and Freud himself abandoned the theory in an apparent effort to avoid alienation by his skeptical and disapproving colleagues. Later, he developed a theory that seemed to be a more palatable and acceptable explanation for his patients’ descriptions of childhood sexual assaults. Freud’s Oedipus-complex theory not only gained wide acceptance but became the foundation for what would become a dominant force in Western psychology: psychoanalysis (Summit, 1989).
A spectral alternative for continuous families of self-adjoint operators

We consider a continuous family of self-adjoint operators As in a separable Hilbert space, the parameter s being a point of a complete metric space S. It is well known that isolated simple eigenvalues (assuming that the operators are bounded and the mapping s 7→ As is continuous in the norm sense) behave “well”: under small changes of the parameter they do not disappear and change continuously. Unlike this, the eigenvalues embedded in the essential spectrum can display a “very bad” behavior. It turns out, nevertheless, that if the set of eigenvalues is non-empty for a topologically rich (e.g., open) set of values of the parameter, then the (multi-valued) eigenvalue function has continuous branches. One application is as follows. Suppose a one-dimensional quasiperiodic Schrodinger operator has Cantor spectrum; then a Baire generic operator in its hull does not have eigenvalues. 2010 Mathematics Subject Classification: 47B25
Perineural invasion is a marker for pathologically advanced disease in localized prostate cancer.

Purpose: To determine if perineural invasion (PNI) should be included in addition to prostate-specific antigen (PSA), biopsy Gleason score, and clinical T-stage for risk-stratification of patients with localized prostate cancer. Methods and Materials: We analyzed prostatectomy findings for 1550 patients, from a prospectively collected institutional database, to determine whether PNI was a significant predictor for upgrading of Gleason score or pathologic T3 disease after patients were stratified into low-, intermediate-, and high-risk groups (on the basis of PSA, biopsy Gleason score, and clinical T-stage). Results: For the overall population, PNI was associated with a significantly increased frequency of upgrading and of pathologic T3 disease. After stratification, PNI was still associated with significantly increased odds of pathologic T3 disease within each risk group. In particular, for low-risk patients, there was a markedly increased risk of extraprostatic extension (23% vs. 7%), comparable to that of intermediate-risk patients. Among high-risk patients, PNI was associated with an increased risk of seminal vesicle invasion and lymph node involvement. Furthermore, over 80% of high-risk patients with PNI were noted to have an indication for postoperative radiation. Conclusions: Perineural invasion may be useful for risk-stratification of prostate cancer. Our data suggest that low-risk patients with PNI on biopsy may benefit from treatment typically reserved for those with intermediate-risk disease. In addition, men with high-risk disease and PNI, who are contemplating surgery, should be informed of the high likelihood of having an indication for postoperative radiation therapy.
Real-time dynamic range and signal to noise enhancement in beam-scanning microscopy by integration of sensor characteristics, data acquisition hardware, and statistical methods

Despite the ubiquitous use of multi-photon and confocal microscopy measurements in biology, the core techniques typically suffer from fundamental compromises between signal to noise (S/N) and linear dynamic range (LDR). In this study, direct synchronous digitization of voltage transients coupled with statistical analysis is shown to allow S/N approaching the theoretical maximum throughout an LDR spanning more than 8 decades, limited only by the dark counts of the detector on the low end and by the intrinsic nonlinearities of the photomultiplier tube (PMT) detector on the high end. Synchronous digitization of each voltage transient represents a fundamental departure from established methods in confocal/multi-photon imaging, which are currently based on either photon counting or signal averaging. High information-density data acquisition (up to 3.2 GB/s of raw data) enables the smooth transition between the two modalities on a pixel-by-pixel basis and the ultimate writing of much smaller files (few kB/s). Modeling of the PMT response allows extraction of key sensor parameters from the histogram of voltage peak-heights. Applications in second harmonic generation (SHG) microscopy are described demonstrating S/N approaching the shot-noise limit of the detector over large dynamic ranges.
Desktop as a service proof of concept

Desktop as a Service is an idea that has taken root in enterprises today, but has not reached consumers. In order to show this, a proof of concept lab was constructed. The proof of concept lab that the authors devised shows that this idea is viable. The lab uses a virtual desktop infrastructure environment. The environment uses VMWare's View solution on top of their hypervisor and virtualization management server. These solutions provide the backbone of the environment that is used to access desktops from mobile devices anywhere and anytime. The desktops provided are persistent which allows users to keep their settings and data in a single location.
Generalizations of the rotating flame effect

A basic fluid state of vertical thickness h , static stability s and rotation rate f /2) is perturbed by an arbitrary distribution of heat sources and sinks which propagate in the azimuthal direction with relative frequency ?. If ( f 2 ? ? 2 ) (? 2 ? g s) ?1 > 0 the forced azimuthal perturbations pump kinetic energy and ?-directed angular momentum to infinite radii. At the mean radius of the heat sources there is a compensating “torque” which causes a mean spin of the air in the opposite sense to ?. In this generalization of the “rotating flame effect” quasi-linear theory is used but viscosity is neglected. It is suggested that the condensation-evaporation heating in a developing cloud acts in a similar manner to these heat sources. An application to the problem of Tornadogenesis is suggested. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1971.tb00554.x
An improved dead-beat rectifier regulator using a neural net predictor

This paper proposes a new input current reference prediction scheme for the deadbeat control of a three-phase rectifier used in AC/DC/AC power converters. The inherent lag in the deadbeat control is compensated by using reference prediction resulting in better performance. The proposed predictor consists of a neural net which is trained online and predicts the slow varying and periodic trends of the current reference and a linear first order predictor which predicts the fast variations of the current reference time signal. A CRITIC decides if the neural net training is sufficient and therefore whether or not to use the prediction in the control loop. The learning rule used allows neural net weights to be trained whenever a parameter change causes an increased prediction error. This predictive-regulator is shown to result in improved performance in steady state, in the presence of input voltage imbalance or load variations over the normal deadbeat regulator. >
The Bean Plataspid, Megacopta cribraria (Hemiptera: Plataspidae), a New Invader in Florida

The bean plataspid, Megacopta cribraria (F.) (Hemiptera: Plataspidae), is reported in Florida for the first time. It was found during Mar-Oct 2012 in kudzu patches (Pueraria montana Lour (Merr.) (Fabales: Fabaceae) in 16 Florida counties. Its host range includes kudzu, soybean (Glycine max Merrill; Fabales: Fabaceae), and other legume crops (Medal et al. unpublished data). El chinche asiatico conocido como ‘Bean Plataspid’, Megacopta cribraria (F.) (Hemiptera: Plataspidae), es reportado por primera vez en la Florida. Fue encontrado durante marzo a octubre del 2012 en campos de kudzu (Pueraria montana Lour (Merr.) (Fabales: Fabaceae) en 16 condados de Florida, El rango de plantas hospederas incluye soya (Glycine max Merrill; Fabales: Fabaceae), y otros cultivos de leguminosas (Medal el al., datos no publicados). View this article in BioOne
What is the taxonomic identity of Minnesota wolves

The taxonomic identity of the historical and current wolf (Canis lupus L., 1758 or Canis lycaon Schreber, 1775 or their hybrids) population in Minnesota (MN) and the Great Lakes region has been, and continues to be, controversial. So too does its legal status under the U.S. Endangered Species Act. This review summarizes the morphological and genetic information about that population and concludes that historically the MN population consisted of a gray wolf (C. lupus) in the west and an eastern type (Canis lupus lycaon or C. lycaon) in the east with intergrades or hybrids between the two in most of the state. After extirpation in much of its original MN range, the now-recovered population was infused with gray wolves from Ontario but still consists of hybrid lycaon × gray wolves, probably with higher content gray wolves in the west and higher content lycaon in the east but with most wolves morphologically appearing to be gray wolves. Because the current Wisconsin and Michigan wolf population was derived fr...
Renal vasoconstriction is augmented during exercise in patients with peripheral arterial disease

Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) patients have augmented blood pressure increases during exercise, heightening their cardiovascular risk. However, it is unknown whether patients have exaggerated renal vasoconstriction during exercise and if oxidative stress contributes to this response. Eleven PAD patients and 10 controls (CON) performed 4-min mild, rhythmic, plantar flexion exercise of increasing intensity (0.5–2 kg) with each leg (most and least affected in PAD). Eight patients also exercised with their most affected leg during ascorbic acid (AA) infusion. Renal blood flow velocity (RBFV; Doppler ultrasound), mean arterial blood pressure (MAP; Finometer), and heart rate (HR; electrocardiogram [ECG]) were measured. Renal vascular resistance (RVR), an index of renal vasoconstriction, was calculated as MAP/ RBFV. Baseline RVR and MAP were similar while HR was higher in PAD than CON (2.08 0.23 vs. 1.87 0.20 au, 94 3 vs. 93 3 mmHg, and 72 3 vs. 59 3 bpm [P < 0.05] for PAD and CON, respectively). PAD had greater RVR increases during exercise than CON, specifically during the first minute (PAD most: 26 5% and PAD least: 17 5% vs. CON: 3 3%; P < 0.05). AA did not alter baseline RVR, MAP, or HR. AA attenuated the augmented RVR increase in PAD during the first minute of exercise (PAD most: 33 4% vs. PAD most with AA: 21 4%; P < 0.05). In conclusion, these findings suggest that PAD patients have augmented renal vasoconstriction during exercise, with oxidative stress contributing to this response.
Expectation Maximization and Posterior Constraints

The expectation maximization (EM) algorithm is a widely used maximum likelihood estimation procedure for statistical models when the values of some of the variables in the model are not observed. Very often, however, our aim is primarily to find a model that assigns values to the latent variables that have intended meaning for our data and maximizing expected likelihood only sometimes accomplishes this. Unfortunately, it is typically difficult to add even simple a-priori information about latent variables in graphical models without making the models overly complex or intractable. In this paper, we present an efficient, principled way to inject rich constraints on the posteriors of latent variables into the EM algorithm. Our method can be used to learn tractable graphical models that satisfy additional, otherwise intractable constraints. Focusing on clustering and the alignment problem for statistical machine translation, we show that simple, intuitive posterior constraints can greatly improve the performance over standard baselines and be competitive with more complex, intractable models.