cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Estimating and eliminating junctional current in coupled cell populations by leak subtraction. A computational study.

The quantitative characterization of ion channel properties in pancreatic β-cells under typical patch clamp conditions can be questioned because of the unreconciled differences in experimental conditions and observed behavior between microelectrode recordings of membrane potential in intact islets of Langerhans and patch recordings of single cells. Complex bursting is reliably observed in islets but not in isolated cells under patch clamp conditions. E. Rojas et al. (J. Membrane Biol. 143:65–77, 1995) have attempted to circumvent these incompatibilities by measuring currents in β-cells in intact islets by voltage-clamping with intracellular microelectrodes (150–250 MΩ tip resistance). The major potential pitfall is that β-cells within the islet are electrically coupled, and contaminating coupling currents must be subtracted from current measurements, just as linear leak currents are typically subtracted. To characterize the conditions under which such coupling current subtraction is valid, we have conducted a computational study of a model islet. Assuming that the impaled cell is well clamped, we calculate the native and coupling components of the observed current. Our simulations illustrate that coupling can be reliably subtracted when neighbor cells' potentials are constant or vary only slowly (e.g., during their silent phases) but not when they vary rapidly (e.g., during their active phases). We also show how to estimate coupling conductances in the intact islet from measurements of coupling currents.
Juvenile hormone mimics: Structure-activity relationships for Oncopeltus fasciatus

Abstract Four series of compounds have been tested for juvenile hormone (JH) mimic activity with Oncopeltus fasciatus. (1) Derivatives of methyl benzoate showed that activity is limited to terpenoid side chains, although, surprisingly, a C5 homologue, the p-3,3-dimethylallyloxy derivative, is quite active. (2) Geraniol and simple esters which extend the chain up to C6 were inactive, as were several more complex esters and ethers. (3) Compounds derived from farnesol by one carbon chain extension did not greatly increase activity. However, considerable activity was still present when the chain was lengthened by 5 carbons to produce ethyl geranylgeranate. Rearrangement of the unsaturated double bonds removes activity. Formation of ethoxy ethers by addition of ethanol to the double bonds increases activity considerably. (4) Conjugation of farnesol with cholesterol increases the activity.
Small nuclear rnas from budding yeasts: phylogenetic comparisons reveal extensive size variation

Homologues of each of the five metazoan snRNAs required for pre-mRNA splicing have recently been identified in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae on the basis of shared structural elements and evidence of similar roles during splicing. However, the spliceosomal snRNAs in this yeast are up to six times larger than their mammalian counterparts, suggesting that they may perform additional, perhaps species-specific, functions in the pre-mRNA processing pathway. We have undertaken a survey of 23 other budding yeasts to determine whether increased snRNA size is unique to Sacch. cerevisiae and, if not, to look for common structural motifs among homologous snRNAs. Our studies reveal that the spliceosomal snRNAs exhibit a surprising degree of size variation among these species. Furthermore, partial sequence analysis has identified a specific domain in the U6 snRNA which accounts for the observed size polymorphisms.
Demonstration of electrical and anatomic connections between Marshall bundles and left atrium in dogs: implications on the generation of P waves on surface electrocardiogram.

Marshall Bundle and P Wave.Introduction: The muscle bundles within the ligament of Marshall (LOM) are electrically active. The importance of these muscle bundles (Marshall bundle [MB]) to atrial activation and the generation of the ECG P wave is unclear. Methods and Results: We used optical mapping techniques to study epicardial activation patterns in isolated perfused left atrium in four dogs. In another seven dogs, P waves were studied before and after in vivo radiofrequency (RF) ablation of the connection between coronary sinus (CS) and the LOM. Computerized mapping was performed before and after RF ablation. Optical mapping studies showed that CS pacing resulted in broad wavefronts propagating from the middle and distal LOM directly to the adjacent left atrium (LA). Serial sections showed direct connection between MB and LA near the orifice of the left superior pulmonary vein in two dogs. In vivo studies showed that MB potentials were recorded in three dogs. After ablation, the duration of P waves remained unchanged. In the other four dogs, MB potentials were not recorded. Computerized mapping showed that LA wavefronts propagated to the MB region via LA-MB connection and then excited the CS. After ablation, the activation of CS muscle sleeves is delayed, and P wave duration increased from 65.3 ± 14.9 msec to 70.5 ± 17.2 msec (P = 0.025). Conclusion: In about half of the normal dogs, MB provides an electrical conduit between LA free wall and CS. Severing MB alters the atrial activation and lengthens the P wave. MB contributes to generation of the P wave on surface ECG.
Radiative transfer in a diurnally insolated mechanically static grey atmosphere

Abstract A numerical analysis scheme is presented for a previously proposed theory of the temperature structure versus time of a diurnally insolated atmosphere of constant density wherein heat transfer occurs by both radiation and conduction. The approach is one of linearizing the difference equations corresponding to the analytical forms (rather than vice versa). Limitations of available computers and time there-on, coupled with an ill-conditioning characteristic of the one physical (lunar) situation attacked, limit the conclusions of the present paper to an affirmation of the method and an indication that a more approximate approach to the insolation of the lunar soil would be adequate. Explicit inclusion of the transfer equation, as done here, would be desirable for more rapidly rotating bodies such as asteroids, Galilean satellites and Saturn's rings.
Comme il Faut 2: a fully realized model for socially-oriented gameplay

Social games---common patterns of character interactions that modify the social environment of the story world---provide a useful abstraction when authoring a story composed of interactive characters, making it possible to create games with deep possibility spaces that are about social interaction (which would be intractable if hand-authoring all the options). In this paper, we detail the workings of a major new version of our social artificial intelligence system, Comme il Faut, that enables social game play in interactive media experiences. The workings of Comme il Faut 2 are shown, with running examples, from both knowledge representation and process perspectives. Finally, the paper concludes with a plan for evaluating and demonstrating Comme il Faut 2 through an implementation of an interactive media experience that consists of a playable social space.
Politically Driven Regulations and Enforcement: Monitoring Kurd and Fundamentalist Broadcasts in Turkey

This article examines the policy of monitoring private broadcast contents in Turkey from 1993 to 2002. In general, the policy aimed to regulate the growing number of private stations that operated almost free of government control and to protect the public from the negative effects of private broadcasts. Implementation nonetheless attempted to prevent and reduce Kurd separatist and Muslim fundamentalist broadcasts. These broadcasts were often found in violation of national unity and the secular constitutional order of the state. The article sheds light on specific bureaucratic mechanisms that enabled politically driven regulation and enforcement in monitoring broadcast contents.
Near-Infrared Spectroscopic Analyses of Poly(Ether Urethane Urea) Block Copolymers. Part I: Bulk Composition:

The ability of near-infrared (NIR) diffuse reflectance spectroscopy to perform rapid bulk composition analyses of poly(ether urethane urea) (PEUU) block copolymers is demonstrated. Six polymer samples with known elemental compositions were used to construct calibration models using the method of classical least-squares (CLS). Results indicate that NIR diffuse reflectance spectroscopy can determine hard-segment and soft-segment contents of the bulk polymers within 2.6% mass over a range of 31% mass. Errors in the calibrations were caused by nonrepresentative NIR sampling of the polymers and by the presence of side products in the polymers. NIR spectra of model hard- and soft-segment materials are used to assign NIR bands to specific functional groups in the polymers.
Edge detection by 2D recursive least squares and Markov random fields

Summary form only given, as follows. An algorithm is presented for smoothing and segmenting images with regions characterized by constant intensity levels and/or textures. It is based on a doubly stochastic model of the data, where the local behavior is modeled by autoregressive equations with piecewise constant parameters, while the regions are modeled by a Markov random field (MRF). The edges of the image, in terms of boundaries between regions, are associated with the reinitialization of the covariance matrix of the recursive-least-squares (RLS) estimator. With this approach it is shown that for any given set of edges gamma a likelihood function P( gamma mod gamma ) can be computed, with gamma denoting the noisy observations. Using this fact, a suboptimal algorithm for edge detection is devised which locally maximizes the likelihood function by operating sequentially on the observations. The main Advantage seems to be that the algorithm is robust with respect to the observation noise, in the sense that the edges of very small regions (unlikely in the MRF model) are not detected. >
A technology survey and regulatory gap analysis of UAS technologies for C3

This paper presents a technology survey and regulatory gap analysis for command, control, and communication (C3) technologies for unmanned aircraft systems. The safe integration of UAS into the United States National Airspace System (NAS) presents many challenges to the aviation industry and its regulators. Modifying the existing regulatory framework toward UAS is both time consuming and costly. To aide the airworthiness certification process, regulators need a means of evaluating UAS toward the existing regulation and/or provide guidance toward the demonstration of an equivalent level of safety. UAS manufacturer and their potential customers also desire quick access to the NAS in order to take advantage of the opportunities that UAS provide. This paper presents research to aide regulators by analyzing current regulations to identify issues that must be addressed by identifying gaps between the regulations and current technology.
High-density EEG and independent component analysis mixture models distinguish knee contractions from ankle contractions

Decoding human motor tasks from single trial electroencephalography (EEG) signals can help scientists better understand cortical neurophysiology and may lead to brain computer interfaces (BCI) for motor augmentation. Spatial characteristics of EEG have been used to distinguish left from right hand motor imagery and motor action. We used independent component analysis (ICA) of EEG to distinguish right knee action from right ankle action. We recorded 264-channel EEG while 5 subjects performed a variety of knee and ankle exercises. An adaptive mixture independent component analysis (ICA) algorithm generated two distinct mixture models from a merged set of EEG signals (including both knee and ankle actions) without prior knowledge of the underlying exercise. The ICA mixture models parsed EEG signals into maximally independent component (IC) processes representing electrocortical sources, muscle sources, and artifacts. We calculated a spatially fixed equivalent current dipole for each IC using an inverse modeling approach. The fit of the models to the single trial EEG signals distinguished knee exercises from ankle exercise with 90% accuracy. For 3 of 5 subjects, accuracy was 100%. Electrocortical current dipole locations revealed significant differences in the knee and ankle mixture models that were consistent with the somatotopy of the tasks. These data demonstrate that EEG mixture models can distinguish motor tasks that have different somatotopic arrangements, even within the same brain hemisphere.
Lysosomal Adaptation: How the Lysosome Responds to External Cues

Recent evidence indicates that the importance of the lysosome in cell metabolism and organism physiology goes far beyond the simple disposal of cellular garbage. This dynamic organelle is situated at the crossroad of the most important cellular pathways and is involved in sensing, signaling, and transcriptional mechanisms that respond to environmental cues, such as nutrients. Two main mediators of these lysosomal adaptation mechanisms are the mTORC1 kinase complex and the transcription factor EB (TFEB). These two factors are linked in a lysosome-to-nucleus signaling pathway that provides the lysosome with the ability to adapt to extracellular cues and control its own biogenesis. Modulation of lysosomal function by acting on TFEB has a profound impact on cellular clearance and energy metabolism and is a promising therapeutic target for a large variety of disease conditions.
DNA Methylation and Activity of the Maize Spm Transposable Element

Maize transposons were the first plant genes known to undergo reversible heritable inactivation. Early in the study of the Suppressor-mutator (Spm) trans-posable element McClintock recognized that certain isolates of the element either cycled between inactive and active phases during development or underwent an inactivation event of longer duration and sufficient stability to be heritable, but which was nonetheless occasionally reversed (McClintock 1957, 1958). In subsequent studies, McClintock developed a deeper understanding of the ways in which the Spm element alternated between active and inactive phases (McClintock 1959, 1961, 1962, 1971). She later reported that theActivator element is also subject to a similar type of reversible inactivation, although the she did not study the Activator element’s inactivation mechanism in as great detail as that of Spm (McClintock 1964, 1965a,b).
Tracking down the origin of arc plasma Science-II. Early continuous discharges

Continuous discharges could only be obtained after enduring energy sources became available, namely in the form of a battery of electrochemical cells, invented by Volta in late 1799. Humphry Davy is often credited with the discovery of the arc discharge, which later led to the development of the carbon arc lamp. Indeed, as early as 1800, he obtained short pulsed arcs with his Voltaic pile. Independently, and earlier than Davy in the sense of continuous discharges, the Russian Vasilii Petrov of St. Petersburg made carbon arcs in 1802. Petrov used a pile of 4200 electrochemical cells to drive what was the most powerful discharge at that time. Petrov's publication of 1803 appeared only in Russian, and his work was ignored and forgotten for over a century. Davy pursued highly successful electrochemical experiments and was unaware of Petrov's work. He increased the size of his battery in several steps, which led to increasingly powerful discharges, most likely an undesired side effect. After 1808, using the new battery of the Royal Institution, Davy demonstrated continuous arc discharges. The exact dates and circumstances of early arc demonstrations around 1810 are still the subject of research, but later arc experiments such as those at the London Institution of 1821 are well documented. While Petrov could claim priority for continuous carbon arcs, it was Davy who made a lasting impact on further development.
A Role for the JAK-STAT1 Pathway in Blocking Replication of HSV-1 in Dendritic Cells and Macrophages

Macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs) play key roles in host defense against HSV-1 infection. Although macrophages and DCs can be infected by herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), both cell types are resistant to HSV-1 replication. The aim of our study was to determine factor (s) that are involved in the resistance of DCs and macrophages to productive HSV-1 infection. We report here that, in contrast to bone marrow-derived DCs and macrophages from wild type mice, DCs and macrophages isolated from signal transducers and activators of transcription-1 deficient (STAT1-/-) mice were susceptible to HSV-1 replication and the production of viral mRNAs and DNA. There were differences in expression of immediate early, early, and late gene transcripts between STAT1+/+ and STAT1-/- infected APCs. These results suggest for the first time that the JAK-STAT1 pathway is involved in blocking replication of HSV-1 in DCs and macrophages.
Una investigación transnacional sobre la disponibilidad de armas de fuego y la violencia letal

La comunidad mundial muestra gran interes por el abuso de las armas de fuego y su regulacion. Sin embargo, antes de 1997, existian pocas bases de datos disponibles a nivel internacional que permitieran a los investigadores profundizar en la importancia, en caso de que tuviese alguna, que la posibilidad de disponer de un arma de fuego tenia en las conductas violentas. Como repuesta, se llevo a cabo una recomendacion en el marco de la Cuarta Sesion de la Comision para la Prevencion del Crimen y la Justicia Criminal (Viena, Austria, del 30 de mayo al 9 de junio de 1995) a fin de que se estudiase este problema a nivel internacional. Basado en dicha recomendacion, el Congreso Economico y Social adopto una resolucion (ECOSOC Resolution 1995/27, Section IV, A., Parrafos 7 y 8) con el objetivo de fundar el ISFR (the United Nations International Study on Firearm Regulation) conocido como “Estudio Internacional sobre la Regulacion de las armas de fuego de las Naciones Unidas”. Este estudio recogia, entre otros, datos de variables similares a aquellos utilizadas en investigaciones previas que se habian llevado a cabo en otros paises (Killias 1993, Lester 1996).
Comparison of the native CCMV virion with in vitro assembled CCMV virions by cryoelectron microscopy and image reconstruction.

Cryoelectron microscopy and three-dimensional image reconstruction analysis has been used to determine the structure of native andin vitroassembled cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (CCMV) virions and capsids to 25-A resolution. Purified CCMV coat protein was used in conjunction within vitrotranscribed viral RNAs to assemble RNA 1 only, RNA 2 only, RNA 3/4 only, and empty (RNA lacking) virions. The image reconstructions demonstrate that thein vitroassembled CCMV virions are morphologically indistinguishable from native virions purified from infected plants. The viral RNA (vRNA) is packaged similarly within the different types of virions. The centers of all assembled particles are generally devoid of density and the vRNA packs against the interior surface of the virion shell. The vRNA appears to adopt an ordered conformation at each of the quasi-threefold axes.
Microscale ion chromatography for sample‐limited systems

The miniaturization of an ion chromatograph would prove useful. The advantage of microscale chromatography is the reduction in injection volume while maintaining efficiency and sensitivity
Rapid computer solution for steady-state operation of predefined DC-to-DC power converter topologies

A method of analyzing the steady-state operation of DC-to-DC power converters by computer is presented which incorporates the stray power losses present in the circuit. Tailoring the solution to specific converter topologies and solving directly for steady-state operation permits rapid determination of circuit operating characteristics. The method is more accurate than can be practically obtained by hand calculations but faster than can be obtained by a general-purpose circuit-simulation program. The circuit modeling is described, the solution for the steady-state initial conditions is obtained, and the calculation of the circuit operating characteristics is briefly examined. >
Web services and workflow automation for the Air Force

The synchronized air power management (SAPM) initiative is a collaborative USAF, government, and industry effort. XML Web services were employed to integrate Air Force battle management command, control, and communications (BMC3) systems regardless of their operating environments (J2EE, Windows .NET) and hardware platforms (Unix, Microsoft Windows), and to integrate BMC3 systems with enterprise workflow engines. SAPM enhances visibility into the process of planning, scheduling, and executing missions, and streamlines BMC3 operations, demonstrating a drastic reduction in the time it takes to plan, evaluate, and execute decisions, as well as a reduction in associated manpower needs.
Stereochemical and pharmacological differences between naturally occurring p-synephrine and synthetic p-synephrine

p-Synephrine, the primary protoalkaloid in Citrus aurantium (bitter orange) and some other Citrus species, exists in nature in the l- or [R-(−)]-enantiomeric form, whereas synthetic p-synephrine is a racemic mixture of the l- and d-enantiomeric forms. Based on receptor binding, the synthetic form is believed to exert approximately half the pharmacological activity of the naturally occurring protoalkaloid. This difference occurs because the d- or [S-(+)]-form provides little or no binding to adrenergic receptors in contrast to the l-form. Receptor binding studies also provide an explanation for the differences in pharmacological effects between the isomers p-synephrine and m-synephrine.
The Impact of Customer Relationship Characteristics on Profitable Lifetime Duration

Abstract The authors develop a framework that incorporates projected profitability of customers in the computation of lifetime duration. Furthermore, the authors identify factors under a manager’s control that explain the variation in the profitable lifetime duration. They also compare other frameworks with the traditional methods such as the recency, frequency, and monetary value framework and past customer value and illustrate the superiority of the proposed framework. Finally, the authors develop several key implications that can be of value to decision makers in managing customer relationships.
Accelerator mass spectrometry for assaying irreversible covalent modification of an enzyme by acetoacetic ester

Protein modification (sometimes known as crosslinking) often requires two or more steps to affix a small molecule irreversibly. Two-step reductive alkylation of the enzyme rabbit muscle aldolase with ethyl 3- 14 C-acetoacetate and sodium cyanoborohydride attaches less radioactivity than with cyanoborohydride omitted. The 14 C level incorporated into aldolase corresponds to only about 15‐30 modified protein molecules per million. Accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) provides the only technique currently available for investigating the shorter chains from CNBr-cleavage of modified aldolase. Examination of individual fragments reveals that reductive alkylation of the active site lysine in the presence of cyanoborohydride (1BH3CN) is negligible when compared with the extent of covalent modification in the absence of cyanoborohydride (2BH3CN). Labeling by ethyl acetoacetate cannot result from simple acetoacetylation, because dialysis with hydroxylamine does not wash it out. The amount of 14 C incorporated from ethyl 3- 14 C-acetoacetate without cyanoborohydride is roughly proportional to the number of tyrosine residues in each CNBr-fragment, and we surmise that ethyl acetoacetate attaches irreversibly via a reaction specific to that amino acid. Cyanoborohydride inhibits this reaction, but appears to diminish the susceptibility of the active site tyrosine (which is close to a lysine in the tertiary structure of aldolase) less than other tyrosine residues. (Int J Mass Spectrom 179/180 (1998) 185‐193) © 1998 Elsevier Science B.V.
A Sequential Technique For 3D Object Recognition

The extraction of planar surfaces in range imagery is essential in many object recognition schemes where 3D objects are assumed to be composed mainly of such surfaces. In this paper a novel hierarchical technique is presented for the extraction of planar surfaces which has the potential of being both efficient and robust in the presence of noise. The planar surfaces are extracted by means of an hierarchical 3D Hough transform. The levels of quantization of the 3D Hough space vary from coarse to fine depending on their position in the hierarchy. The technique has many advantages in terms of efficiency, storage requirements, and immunity to noise.
Flower Size Preferences of the Honeybee (Apis mellifera) Foraging on Mimulus guttatus (Scrophulariaceae)

For pollinators to exert selection on floral traits, they must be able to detect and respond to differences in floral morphologies. I examined foraging preferences by the bee Apis mellifera (Apidae) visiting naturally occurring flowers of Mimulus guttatus (Scrophulariaceae). The results indicate that A. mellifera preferentially selects larger M. guttatus flowers in their foraging bouts. Since differences in flower size in M. guttatus have previously been shown to have a significant heritable component, I suggest that A. mellifera has the potential to be an important selective force in the floral morphology of M. guttatus.
Persisting effects on adult brain monoamines of neonatal distress and carbon monoxide exposure.

Abstract Perinatal factors causing distress or trauma to the neonate are often linked to behavioral abnormalities in development and later life; however, little is known of the long-term effects of these experiences on neurotransmitter systems. This study used carbon monoxide exposure to produce a slow onset and recovery hypoxic episode of two hours in 5-day-old rat pups. This required placement of the pups in a hypothermie environment (air exposure) isolated from the dam so the effects of this distressing experience were also studied. When the brains of these animals were assayed at adulthood, air exposure was found to have increased dopamine and reduced 5-hydroxytryptamine levels in the frontal cortex. Norepinephrine levels were reduced in both midbrain and pons-medulla but the 5-hydroxytryptamine level was increased in midbrain. Hypoxia, induced with carbon monoxide, prevented changes in 5-hydroxytryptamine levels in cortex and brain stem and modified effects on norepinephrine. However, hypoxia resulted in significant decreases in striatal dopamine levels accompanied in females by increased norepinephrine and 5-hydroxytryptamine levels. The data reported here indicate that neonatal distress can have considerable impact on developing neurotransmitter systems. Furthermore, brain region and sex influence the outcome. Carbon monoxideinduced hypoxia, under the same conditions, produced a different pattern of change with particular predeliction for the striatum. Again there were regional and sex differences in the neurotransmitter effects. It is concluded that this hypoxic model may be valuable in the study of developmental disorders.
Protein hydrolysates and associated bacterial contaminants as oviposition attractants for the mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus

Six protein or protein hydrolysate solutions were tested for activity as attractants for ovipositing Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes in the laboratory. Four of these solutions (egg albumin, lactalbumin hydrolysate, casein hydrolysate and yeast hydrolysate) were attractive to ovipositing females at varying concentrations, when compared to distilled water controls. Soy hydrolysate was repellent at 1%, but not significantly attractive or repellent at lower concentrations. 'Nulure', a tephritid fly bait containing protein hydrolysate, also had no significant effect on oviposition behaviour. Gravid females mostly oviposited within the first 4 h of the scotophase, regardless of the presence or absence of an oviposition attractant. Lactalbumin hydrolysate 1% solution, with or without 0.1% neomycin antibiotic, was attractive to Cx quinquefasciatus. This effect was reduced by the presence of neomycin which, alone, had no effect on oviposition. Hence both lactalbumin hydrolysate and bacterial contaminants were shown to be attractive to gravid Cx quinquefasciatus.
Particulate matter emissions and smoke opacity from in‐use heavy‐duty vehicles

Abstract Numerous pollution control agencies around the world are attempting to implement smoke opacity tests in efforts to lower ambient fine particulate matter levels. However, this approach is valid only if lower smoke opacity levels do result in lower mass emissions rates and lower number count of particulate matter emissions. This paper is limited to measurements of mass emission rates of particulate matter and smoke opacity. Particle size distributions and concentrations are not discussed. In this study in‐use emissions were measured from eighteen transit buses powered by electronic controlled six‐cylinder, turbo‐charged, after‐cooled engines. Eleven of these were fueled with diesel no. 1 while the remaining were running on bio‐diesel. Vehicle exhaust smoke opacity measurements were made using the Snap‐Acceleration Test procedure using a partial flow smoke meter, Bosch RTT 100 Diesel Smoke Opacimeter. Raw smoke opacity data was analyzed using the running half‐second average and the second order Bess...
Supporting exploratory data analysis with live programming

Data scientists often conduct exploratory data analysis in scripting environments with a read-eval-print loop (REPL), like R, IPython or MATLAB. This user experience requires diligent management of execution and generates lengthy histories of unwanted command responses. This paper explores the alternative of live programming, a user experience in which the user's edits immediately and automatically update the script results—a “ripple” effect familiar from spreadsheets. Which user experience provides better support for exploratory data analysis, REPL or ripple? We conducted a controlled lab study with 15 data-experienced professionals. Each participant explored four datasets, two in each experience. The REPL sessions left histories with both significantly more data results and significantly more errors than the live sessions. However, both experiences produced comparable numbers of data results that participants self-rated as insightful. Participants largely preferred the live experience for its responsiveness and ability to keep the script content clean, but missed the visible history that a REPL provides.
Frequency, Nature, and Correlates of Hate Crime Victimization Experiences in an Urban Sample of Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Community Members

The present study examines two central research questions. First, we sought to add to current knowledge on the frequency and types of hate crime experiences in an urban sample. Also, drawing on existing frameworks for sexual minority specific (SMS) stress, we examined internalized SMS stress (defined by internalized homophobia and acceptance concerns regarding one's minority status) as a mediator of the association between hate crime victimization (i.e., objective or social SMS stress) and mental health symptoms (i.e., symptoms of depression, anxiety, and general stress). Participants were 336 self-identified lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) community members who elected to participate in research at a community health agency in an urban southwestern United States jurisdiction. Results suggested (a) approximately one third of the sample reported lifetime hate crime victimization, with the most common types characterized by interpersonal, as opposed to property, crimes; (b) approximately half of participants reported their most recent victimization to law enforcement; and (c) internalized SMS stress mediated the relation between hate crime victimization and overall mental health symptoms. Findings are discussed with respect to implications of the unique nature of hate crimes in an urban setting, as well as theoretical and practical implications of SMS stress findings.
The Issue of 'Air Time' is an Opportunity for Leadership

A student comes to you to complain that she had her hand up to be recognized at several points in recent classes, and was ignored by you. She believes that she missed, therefore, a number of opportunities to contribute to the discussion. Your course gives a material part of the final grade to class participation. Thus, the student wants an opportunity to show what she can do. The tone and words of her comments suggest that you are unfair in your calling patterns. She wants "air time." How should you respond? This column offers some suggestions.
The Pot Calling the Kettle Black: Depression in Chronic Disease:

Depression and chronic disease are often related in that where one finds the one the other may also be present. The consensus is that the relationship is bidirectional. That consensus is about the general case and indicates that, for example, depression leads to diabetes and that diabetes also leads to depression. The explanation for this conundrum in a number of chronic diseases has yet to be elucidated. Labeling the phenomenon as depression may contribute to the confusion. It is the contention of this author that what is being observed following diagnosis with a life-limiting and/or activity-restricting condition is grief. This article explores the evidence about the relationship between depression and chronic disease and proposes an alternative explanation.
Effect of Glow Discharge Current on Composition of Y-Ba-Cu-0 Films by High Pressure Dc Sputtering Process

The Y-Ba-Cu-0 (YBCO) films were grown on (100)Mg0 substrate by the high pressure DC diode sputtering process. The targets were YBCO compounds made by solid-state reaction. The sputtering gas was Ar-50%02, and total pressure was 1.5 torr. As-deposited superconducting YBCO films can be prepared at low substrate temperature at high discharge current. For Y1Ba2Cu30x target, the atomic ratio Ba/Y in the films almost remains constant (Ba/Y = 1.7) and Cu content monotonically increases with increasing discharge current. The Cu content in the film approaches to that of the target at low discharge current. Concentrations of 0 and 02+ in plasma markedly increase during increase of discharge current. High Cu content at large discharge current may be caused by action of electrical field on Ba+ and Y+.
Photochemical Transfer of the Nicotinamide Moiety of NAD to a Specific Residue in the Catalytic Center of Diphtheria Toxin Fragment A

Photolabeling with enzyme substrates, effectors, or photolabile analogs thereof is one of the most useful means of identifying active site residues within the primary structures of enzymes. We have recently applied this method to the study of the NAD-binding sites of two mono(ADP-ribosyl) transferases, diphtheria toxin (DT) and exotoxin A (PT) from Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Both toxins (after appropriate activation steps) transfer ADP-ribose from NAD to elongation factor 2, and as a side reaction, catalyze the hydrolysis of NAD to ADP-ribose, nicotinamide, and a proton.
A study of information on genetic mutations in novel influenza A (H1N1) virus in the Wuxi area from 2009-2013

Objective To ascertain mutations in the hemagglutinin(HA)gene and neuraminidase(NA)gene of novel influenza A(H1N1)virus in Wuxi from 2009-2013. Methods Strains of novel influenza A(H1N1)virus isolated from sentinel hospitals from 2009 to 2013 were selected and nucleotide sequences of HA and NA were identified.These sequences were phylogenetically characterized using Bioedit and MEGA version 4.0 analytical software. Results The sequence of the HA gene of novel influenza A(H1N1)virus had similarity of 98.9%-99.5%among isolates from Wuxi from 2009-2013.Amino acid sequencing indicated that isolates from Wuxi had an amino acid substitution of S for T at position 203 compared to other domestic strains and typical international strains.Like other domestic strains,isolates from Wuxi had an amino acid substitution of S for P and V for I at positions 83 and 321 in contrast to typical international strains.The sequence of the NA gene had a similarity of 99.2% ~99.8% to other domestic strains and typical international strains.Like other domestic strains,isolates from Wuxi had an amino acid substitution of R for Q and D for G at positions 87 and 349 in contrast to typical international strains. Conclusion Sequencing of the HA and NA genes of novel influenza A(H1N1)virus isolated from Wuxi revealed that Wuxi isolates from 2009-2013 were highly homologous to other domestic strains and typical international strains.This indicates that a pandemic of novel influenza A(H1N1)virus should not strike Wuxi in the near future.
Determination of 25-hydroxy-vitamin D3 and Vitamin A in Human Serum by HPLC

Objective:To establish an HPLC method for the determination of 25-hydroxy-vitamin D 3and vitamin A in human serum.Methods:Proteins were precipitated with methanol.Vitamin A and 25-hydroxy-vitamin D 3in human serum were extracted with n-hexane and determined with HPLC.Results:The linear ranges for the 25-hydroxy-vitamin D 3 and vitamin A were 6.7～335.5 nmol/L and 0.13～6.64μmol/L,respectively.The relative recovery averaged was between 90%～110%,the absolute recovery was more than 70%,the mean inter-and intra-assay coefficients variation was less than 6%.Conclusions:The method is sensitive,accurate and quick.Results of determination can provide a reference for relevant clinical diagnosis of the disease.
Gastric secretory effect of amino acids given enterally and parenterally in dogs.

To investigate the possible role of absorbed amino acids in the "intestinal phase" of gastric secretion, experiments were carried out in 5 mongrel dogs with Heidenhain pouches, gastrostomies, and Roux en-Y jejunostomies. A 3% solution of mixed amino acids was infused at a constant rate of 120 ml per hr throughout a 2-hr period either intravenously or intrajejunally, and the secretory response of the pouches was compared to that obtained during similar infusions of 0.9% NaCl. Intravenous administration of saline did not stimulate gastric secretion. The mean secretory responses (/jl Eq per 2 hr) were: intrajejunal saline 37, intravenous amino acids 330, and intrajejunal amino acids 301. These results suggest that amino acids, absorbed from the gut, may play a role in the stimulation of gastric secretion which occurs when food passes through the intestine.
Persistenz und Abbaubarkeit

Ausgehend von einer funktionalen Definition der Umwelt werden die Kriterien Persistenz und Abbaubarkeit definiert und erlautert. Es wird gezeigt, das die Persistenz das zentrale Kriterium bei der Bewertung des Umweltverhaltens von Chemikalien ist. Daraus folgt die Forderung nach Abbaubarkeit (vorzugsweise bis zur Mineralisierung) fur alle Stoffe, die in die Umwelt gelangen konnen. Als Beispiele fur persistente Stoffe werden die polychlorierten Biphenyle (PCB), die Fluorchlorkohlenwasserstoffe (FCKW), Di-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalat (DEHP) und 2,3,7, 8-Tetrachlordibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) diskutiert. Das Problem der Substitutionsprodukte wird an zwei Beispielen (PCB und FCKW) behandelt. Zum Schlus wird ein Vorschlag fur die Quantifizierung der Persistenz dargestellt.
Estimating Exceptionally Rare Germline and Somatic Mutation Frequencies via Next Generation Sequencing.

We used targeted next generation deep-sequencing (Safe Sequencing System) to measure ultra-rare de novo mutation frequencies in the human male germline by attaching a unique identifier code to each target DNA molecule. Segments from three different human genes (FGFR3, MECP2 and PTPN11) were studied. Regardless of the gene segment, the particular testis donor or the 73 different testis pieces used, the frequencies for any one of the six different mutation types were consistent. Averaging over the C>T/G>A and G>T/C>A mutation types the background mutation frequency was 2.6x10-5 per base pair, while for the four other mutation types the average background frequency was lower at 1.5x10-6 per base pair. These rates far exceed the well documented human genome average frequency per base pair (~10−8) suggesting a non-biological explanation for our data. By computational modeling and a new experimental procedure to distinguish between pre-mutagenic lesion base mismatches and a fully mutated base pair in the original DNA molecule, we argue that most of the base-dependent variation in background frequency is due to a mixture of deamination and oxidation during the first two PCR cycles. Finally, we looked at a previously studied disease mutation in the PTPN11 gene and could easily distinguish true mutations from the SSS background. We also discuss the limits and possibilities of this and other methods to measure exceptionally rare mutation frequencies, and we present calculations for other scientists seeking to design their own such experiments.
Librarianship and information science in Nigeria 1966-1999 authors A-M: subject headings national and government archives to withdrawals an annotated bibliography

This work is an annotated bibliography that consists of articles, books, conference papers, dissertations, reports, etc., published in various library and information science forums on the subject of librarianship in Nigeria. The goal of preparing this work is to provide a list of citations with abstracts that librarians, library students, and library scholars can use to perform research within this subject area to further the body of knowledge. The research methodology that was used to find these citations involved searching the database versions of ERIC, Dissertations Abstracts Online, and Library Literature within the online public access catalog of the Auburn University library system. It also involved searching the online databases of Library and Information Science Abstracts (LISA), British Education Index, and Education Abstracts within the DIALOG database as well as the respective print copies of these resources. Although this work is by no means an exhaustive analysis of the entire Nigerian library literature, it does strive to be comprehensive in terms of its treatment of this nation. All works cited in this text are alphabetically arranged based on the author's last name from the letter N to the letter Z and divided among a set of broad subject headings ranging from National and Government Archives to Withdrawals. The subject headings that are used are the Broad Subject Headings that are presently in use by Library and Information Science Abstracts (LISA). In providing a citation for a non-English language work, the English equivalent of the title of that work will be given next to the non-English title.
IPM Packages for Tropical Vegetable Crops

This chapter describes the contrasting differences in the evolution of integrated pest management in developed and developing countries and the current status of IPM in developed countries relative to that of the developing countries. IPM in developed countries that has evolved over the past 50 years has digressed and now emphasizes control with the application of pesticides and pesticide resistance management. In contrast, IPM in developing countries emphasizes avoidance via cultural control, physical control, host plant resistance, botanical pesticides, biopesticides, behavioral manipulation, landscape management, conservation of natural enemies and biological control. The IPM packages consisting of the above technologies are detailed. The effective IPM technology transfer approach as developed by the IPM Innovation Lab is explained.
Environment, susceptibility windows, development, and child health.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW To illustrate the role of the exposome in child health while highlighting unique aspects of this research pertinent to children, such as the time dependency of environmental exposures on fetal programming, as well as the time-dependent nature of child behavior, diet, and motor function, which alter the probability of exposure to different compounds. Future environmental health research will be more hypothesis generating but will also need to heed lessons learned from other 'omic' sciences. The NIH Child Health Environmental Analysis Resource (CHEAR) is a major step toward providing the infrastructure needed to study the exposome and child health. RECENT FINDINGS Environmental exposures have overlapping mechanisms such as endocrine disruption and oxidative stress, among others. The nature of the long-term health impact of an exposure is dependent not only on dose, but also on the timing of exposure. Advances in exposure science, toxicology, and biostatistics will create new opportunities to identify and better define windows of susceptibility to environmental exposures. SUMMARY As exposure science matures, we will better understand the role of environment on health. Linking the exposome with genomics will unlock the root origins of multiple complex diseases.
Modified method for proximate analysis of biochars

Abstract Proximate analysis is widely used to determine moisture, volatile matter (VM), fixed carbon (FC) and ash content of biochars. The original ASTM D1762-84 method was developed to assess quality of hardwood charcoal for use as fuel. We have developed a modified proximate analysis method to assess quality of diverse biochars for use as soil amendments. We determined that a N 2 purge is necessary during both moisture and VM determination to avoid errors associated with sample oxidation. We assessed a range of boundary temperatures (350–950 °C) for separating VM and FC, and determined that 800 °C is the minimum temperature required to distinguish between VM and FC in biochars. Furthermore, correlation between VM/FC and molar H/C org ratios suggests that VM/FC ratios are a useful measure of biochar stability. Use of the proposed modified method is encouraged to reduce variance in analytical results among studies.
Abstract A17: Probing a translational switch involved in tumor angiogenesis

As a tumor proliferates, it rapidly outgrows its blood supply, creating an oxygen-starved environment. Low oxygenation (hypoxia) suppresses the canonical biochemical pathway through which the translation of messenger RNAs (mRNAs) into proteins by the ribosome is typically initiated. Despite shutting down this general mechanism for initiating protein synthesis, the tumor can continue to initiate translation of a subset of mRNAs that are involved in angiogenesis and tumor survival. To explain this observation, it has been proposed that, in addition to the eukaryotic mRNA-specific 7-methyl guanosine cap at the 59 end, these pro-angiogenic mRNAs, of which Fibroblast Growth Factor-9 (FGF9) and Hypoxia Inducible Factor 1α (HIF1α) are prototypical members, contain highly stable structures in their 59 untranslated regions. These structures, also referred to as Cap Independent Translation Enhancers (CITEs), form part of a switch that activates a non-canonical pathway for initiating translation, presumably by binding directly to eukaryotic initiation factor 4G (eIF4G), thereby recruiting ribosomes in a manner distinct from the canonical 59 cap-dependent mechanism. To test this hypothesis, here we report the binding affinities of pro-angiogenic mRNAs, as well as control mRNAs lacking CITEs, to eIF4G as a measure of their ability to initiate translation in the hypoxic environment of a tumor. Understanding the dynamics of eIF4G-CITE interactions can inform the design and development of novel angiogenesis inhibitors that function by targeting these interactions. Citation Format: Maya Ramachandran, Somdeb Mitra, Ruben L. Gonzalez, Jr. Probing a translational switch involved in tumor angiogenesis. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Translational Control of Cancer: A New Frontier in Cancer Biology and Therapy; 2016 Oct 27-30; San Francisco, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(6 Suppl):Abstract nr A17.