cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Computer Machine Control Language Development

This paper presents the architecture, structure, and general development of a computer machine control language. A specific language development is presented for a general purpose educational robot. The machine control primitives are identified and defined. The necessary functional control of the robot is identified and the primitives are used to derive secondary control expressions at a higher level. The utility of the higher level language is used for support, control, sensing, and development, while the machine primitive manipulation is delegated to lower levels of the language hierarchy. This approach to developing the computer control software bridges the gap between the convenience and efficiency of the high level user support and the labor of manipulating the machine control and sensing primitives.
Exact Minimization of Multiple-Valued Functions for PLA Optimization

We present an algorithm for determining the minimum representation of an incompletely-specified, multiple-valued input, binary-valued output, function. The overall strategy is similar to the well-known Quine-McCluskey algorithm; however, the techniques used to solve each step are new. The advantages of the algorithm include a fast technique for detecting and eliminating from further consideration the essential prime implicants and the totally redundant prime implicants, and a fast technique for generating a reduced form of the prime implicant table. The minimum cover problem is solved with a branch and bound algorithm using a maximal independent set heuristic to control the selection of a branching variable and the bounding. Using this algorithm, we have derived minimum representations for several mathematical functions whose unsuccessful exact minimization has been previously reported in the literature. The exact algorithm has been used to determine the efficiency and solution quality provided by the heuristic minimize Espresso-MV [11] Also, a detailed comparison with McBoole [2] shows that the algorithm presented here is able to solve a larger percentage of the problems from a set of industrial examples within a fixed allocation of computer resources.
The Paradigm of Information Sciences

In this chapter the concepts of PARADIGM, SCHOOL-OF-THOUGHT, and METAPHOR, which help to identify the characteristics of a scientific discipline, are introduced and explained.
Competition and Cooperation Between Multiple Reinforcement Learning Systems

Abstract Most psychological research on reinforcement learning has depicted two systems locked in battle for control of behavior: a flexible but computationally expensive “model-based” system and an inflexible but cheap “model-free” system. However, the complete picture is more complex, with the two systems cooperating in myriad ways. We focus on two issues at the frontier of this research program. First, how is the conflict between these systems adjudicated? Second, how the systems can be combined to harness the relative strengths of each? This chapter reviews recent work on competition and cooperation between the two systems, highlighting the computational principles that govern different forms of interaction.
Tumor growth and calcification in evolving microenvironmental geometries.

Abstract In this paper, we apply the diffuse domain framework developed in Chen and Lowengrub (Tumor growth in complex, evolving microenvironmental geometries: A diffuse domain approach, J. Theor. Biol. 361 (2014) 14–30) to study the effects of a deformable basement membrane (BM) on the growth of a tumor in a confined, ductal geometry, such as ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). We use a continuum model of tumor microcalcification and investigate the tumor extent beyond the microcalcification. In order to solve the governing equations efficiently, we develop a stable nonlinear multigrid finite difference method. Two dimensional simulations are performed where the adhesion between tumor cells and the basement membrane is varied. Additional simulations considering the variation of duct radius and membrane stiffness are also conducted. The results demonstrate that enhanced membrane deformability promotes tumor growth and tumor calcification. When the duct radius is small, the cell-BM adhesion is weak or when the membrane is slightly deformed, the mammographic and pathologic tumor extents are linearly correlated, as predicted by Macklin et al. (J. Theor. Biol. 301 (2012) 122–140) using an agent-based model that does not account for the deformability of the basement membrane and the active forces that the membrane imparts on the tumor cells. Interestingly, we predict that when the duct radius is large, there is strong cell-BM adhesion or the membrane is highly deformed, the extents of the mammographic and pathologic tumors are instead quadratically correlated. The simulations can help surgeons to measure DCIS surgical margins while removing less non-cancerous tissue, and can improve targeting of intra- and post-operative radiotherapy.
LATE MITRACLIP SINGLE LEAFLET DETACHMENT: THIRD CLIP IS A CHARM

Single leaflet detachment (SLD) of the MitraClip device occurs in 5% of patients. It is a cause of recurrent mitral regurgitation (MR), usually within the first 30 days after implantation. 60-year-old male with remote coronary artery bypass surgery and severe MR status post 2 MitraClips at A2/P2
On the potential for nanoscale metal–organic frameworks for energy applications

The availability of diverse building blocks leading to highly tunable functionality has enabled metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) to have great success in myriad applications ranging from molecular recognition to catalysis. Moreover, combining the use of their porous nature with tailored reactivity at the metal struts and organic linkers provides valuable tools for energy-related applications. An exciting new research area that is expected to be highly beneficial for energy-related MOF use is the control of MOF morphology to develop nanosheets, nanorods and nanocrystals. Nanoscale MOFs offer larger external surface areas, easier access to functional groups, and close contact with other materials in hybrid structures that result in faster electron and ion transfer, in addition to ease of fabrication into thin films. This review provides an overview of the recent development of nanoscale MOFs as pristine materials or as a component in hybrid structures for solar energy conversion, supercapacitors, batteries and fuel cells.
Evaluation of Osseous Morphology of the Hip Using Zero Echo Time Magnetic Resonance Imaging.

Background:Femoroacetabular impingement syndrome (FAIS) is a common disorder of the hip resulting in groin pain and ultimately osteoarthritis. Radiologic assessment of FAI morphologies, which may p...
Novopelmus Shepard (Coleoptera: Byrrhoidea: Dryopidae), a New Genus from Hispaniola, Greater Antilles

Novopelmus, new genus, is described and Novopelmus insularis (Grouvelle, 1896), new combination, is proposed for Pelonomus insularisGrouvelle, 1896. An updated key to the adults of the Neotropical genera of aquatic and semiaquatic Dryopidae is presented. Three different groups of dryopid genera, as evidenced by adult morphology, ecology and behavior, are discussed.
Sexual violence as founding narrative: Edna Gertrude Beasley’s My First Thirty Years

This essay argues that Gertrude Beasley's little-known memoir My First Thirty Years (Contact Editions, 1925) makes important contributions to the history of sexuality. Beasley's focus on sexual vio...
TABS: Transformer Based Seizure Detection

In this paper, we develop and submit a novel model to the Neureka 2020 challenge11https://neureka-challenge.com/ that can predict seizures from an EEG signal. This challenge places emphasis on limiting the number of false positives, or reducing the places in which background signal is erroneously labeled as a seizure. As a result, our model is intended to act as a tool to aid neurologists as opposed to supplanting them completely. The goal is to allow a doctor to move more quickly through EEG data, enabling the doctor to treat more patients and devote more time toward treatment. Our model is a transformer based neural network architecture. We call it TABS, after Transformer Based Seizure detector. TABS scored a sensitivity of 9.03% and a false alarm rate of 31.21 per 24 hours when evaluated using the Time-Aligned Event Score.
The Many Faces of Acute Idiopathic Blind Spot Enlargement

This is a literature review and retrospective case series of acute idiopathic blind spot enlargement of 2 Caucasian females and 1 Hispanic male. Hallmark findings include unilateral photopsia, an enlarged blind spot, loss of the ellipsoid and interdigitation zones on OCT, and an abnormal multifocal electroretinography. This condition is an outer retinal disease that shares common traits with the AZOOR complex, which can confound the diagnosis. Autofluorescent imaging may aid in differentiating the conditions. Disseminating more case reports detailing different presentations of this rare outer retinal disorder help advance the clinical understanding of these conditions.
Sexually transmissible infections and sexual risk behaviour among deployed, ship-assigned USA Navy and Marine Corps personnel.

Background Data show sexually transmissible infection (STI) diagnoses in USA military personnel engaging in unprotected sex are higher during deployment than before or after. We examined sexual risk behaviour, same-sex contact, mixed sex partnerships (both casual and committed partners) and STIs among ship-assigned USA Navy and Marine Corps personnel to assess increased risk. Methods: Data on sexual risk behaviour, partner type, gender, and healthcare provider-diagnosed STIs were collected longitudinally (2012–14) among sexually active personnel during deployment. Descriptive and bivariate data stratified by sex, STIs, and partner types were analysed using χ2 and t-tests, with statistical significance defined as P < 0.05. Results: The final sample (n = 634) included 452 men (71%) and 182 women (29%). STI prevalence among males was 8% (n = 36); men who have sex with men (MSM) accounted for 25% of total STIs, and 43% of MSM reported an STI. Among all reporting STIs, 29% reported occasional partners, service member partners (15%) and non-condom use (16%). The highest proportions of non-condom use (71%), alcohol before sex (82%), and same-sex partners (67%) were reported by participants with mixed sex partners; 69% of these reported service member partners. Conclusions: Personnel with mixed partners reported high proportions of sexual risk behaviour. MSM accounted for 9% of the total population, but 25% of all STIs. As the majority of those with mixed partners and MSM also reported service member sex partners, safer sex education and prompt STI identification/treatment among these groups could reduce STI transmission among military personnel.
Stromal disruption facilitating invasion of a 'nano-arsenal' into the solid tumor

Owing to the indispensable role of nanotechnology in cancer therapy, it is imperative to comprehend every aspect limiting its therapeutic potential. Several preclinical reports have demonstrated the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR)-mediated preferential tumor uptake of nanoparticles. However, the therapeutic outcome of nanotherapeutics is severely compromised by heterogeneous drug distribution and insufficient penetration of nanomedicine in a solid tumor owing to the dense tumor extracellular matrix (ECM). Herein, we elaborate on various preclinically investigated tumor stromal disrupting strategies, which we call 'cannons', to compromise the impenetrable 'fortress-like' solid tumor microenvironment. We have described and summarized major approaches to enhance the penetration of a 'nano-arsenal' in solid tumors. ECM remodeling strategies could be very beneficial in enhancing the therapeutic efficacy of monoclonal antibodies and translational nanomedicine.
Immunohistochemical Study of Phenotypes of Dendritic Cells in Dental Pulps from Non-Carious and Carious Teeth

IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL STUDY OF PHENOTYPES OF DENDRITIC CELLS IN DENTAL PULPS FROM NON-CARIOUS AND CARIOUS TEETH By Melissa A. Harmon, DDS A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Dentistry at Virginia Commonwealth University. Virginia Commonwealth University, 2007 Major Director: Karan J. Replogle, DDS, MS Chair, Department of Endodontics Mature dendritic cells (DCs) in inflamed tissues may promote inflammation but the status of DCs in pulpitis is not known. We hypothesized that DC maturation would correlate with carious lesion depth and that CD4+ cells would be found in association with mature DCs. Pulps were collected from teeth exhibiting: (I) no caries (n=9), (II) shallow dentinal caries (n=5), and (III) deep caries (n=9). Pulpal tissues were cryo-sectioned and positive cells were examined with immunohistochemistry, Mature DCs (CD83+) were almost exclusively restricted to pulps from deep caries. Furthermore, CD209+ DCs in deep
Building a Foundation for the Next PVM: Petascale Virtual Machines

High performance computing is on the verge of another major jump in scale and now is the time for us to begin creating super-scalable applications and systems software if we are to exploit the coming machines. In the early 1990s there was a major jump in scalability from a few hundred to a few thousand processors. Throughout the 1990s the size of the largest machines remained around this scale and PVM and MPI were key to making these machines useable. Now we are seeing changes such as SETI@home and IBM's Blue Gene systems that suddenly jump the scale of machines to 100,000 processors or more. Our software environment and applications are unprepared for this jump. This talk looks at the common software needs between these very different ways to get to this scale. The talk will argue that software may need to fundamentally change to allow us to exploit machines that approacha petascale. Interspersed withth is discussion will be results from researchgoing on today to increase the scalability, fault tolerance, and adaptability of MPI and systems software.
The Universal Engineer Tractor: A High Speed Tracked Vehicle with Low Speed, High Drawbar Performance

Abstract : The U. S. Army is presently developing an unusual tracked vehicle--the Universal Engineer Tractor. It is suitable for use as a bulldozer, scraper, rough grader, prime mover, dump truck, cargo carrier, and armor-protected personnel carrier. Its design features a hydropneumatic suspension system, a high speed-high drawbar track, a special broad range transmission system, the use of lightweight materisls, a front scraper bowl with positive type ejection, and a flat track suspension with rear drive sprockets. This paper describes the requirement, background, operations, and components of the Universal Engineer Tractor.
Characterization of the late-gene regulatory region of phage 21.

A segment of Escherichia coli bacteriophage 21 DNA encoding the late-gene regulator, Q21, and the late-gene leader RNA segment was sequenced; its structure is similar to those of the related phages lambda and 82. The leader RNA is about 45 nucleotides long and consists essentially entirely of sequences encoding the p-independent terminator that is the putative target of the antitermination activity of Q21. Like the corresponding regions of lambda and 82, the 21 late-gene promoter segment encodes an early transcription pause in vitro, at about nucleotide 18, during which Q21 presumably acts to modify RNA polymerase. The 21 Q gene, cloned in isolation, is active on the late-gene leader segment in trans, and its purified product is active as an antiterminator in vitro; Q21 represents a third late-gene antiterminator, in addition to those of lambda and 82. There is little evident similarity in the primary sequences of the three Q genes. Images
Human γ-glutamyl transpeptidase 1: Structures of the free enzyme, inhibitor-bound tetrahedral transition states, and glutamate-bound enzyme reveal novel movement within the active site during catalysis

γ-Glutamyl transpeptidase 1 (GGT1) is a cell surface, N-terminal nucleophile hydrolase that cleaves glutathione and other γ-glutamyl compounds. GGT1 expression is essential in cysteine homeostasis, and its induction has been implicated in the pathology of asthma, reperfusion injury, and cancer. In this study, we report four new crystal structures of human GGT1 (hGGT1) that show conformational changes within the active site as the enzyme progresses from the free enzyme to inhibitor-bound tetrahedral transition states and finally to the glutamate-bound structure prior to the release of this final product of the reaction. The structure of the apoenzyme shows flexibility within the active site. The serine-borate-bound hGGT1 crystal structure demonstrates that serine-borate occupies the active site of the enzyme, resulting in an enzyme-inhibitor complex that replicates the enzyme's tetrahedral intermediate/transition state. The structure of GGsTop-bound hGGT1 reveals its interactions with the enzyme and why neutral phosphonate diesters are more potent inhibitors than monoanionic phosphonates. These structures are the first structures for any eukaryotic GGT that include a molecule in the active site covalently bound to the catalytic Thr-381. The glutamate-bound structure shows the conformation of the enzyme prior to release of the final product and reveals novel information regarding the displacement of the main chain atoms that form the oxyanion hole and movement of the lid loop region when the active site is occupied. These data provide new insights into the mechanism of hGGT1-catalyzed reactions and will be invaluable in the development of new classes of hGGT1 inhibitors for therapeutic use.
Mutual fund investment performance

Abstract A pooled cross-section/time series analysis is used to assess the long-run relationship between risk-adjusted performance of equity mutual funds and asset size, expense ratios, portfolio turnover, and load/no-load status. The data base consists of investment results of 151 equity mutual funds in continual operation over the 20-year period from 1971 to 1990. Variations of the cross-section/time series model are employed to explore the interactions among the nature of the funds (load or no-load) with asset size and expense ratios. Investment performance is not related to asset size, turnover rate, or load/no-load status, and higher expenses are associated with higher returns.
Sleep apnea with unusual EEG changes in Jakob-Creutzfeldt disease.

Abstract Disruption of the periodic pattern in the EEG was observed in a patient with Jakob-Creutzfeldt disease. Periods of apnea (during ‘sleep’) were associated with abrupt cessation of the periodic complexes and their replacement by 7–9 c/sec waves which persisted throughout the apneic episode. The periodic complexes reappeared on termination of the apnea. This close temporal association between disruption of the periodicity and apneic episodes suggests proximity of respiratory neurons and the deep subcortical pacemaker.
Isolation and characterization of six embryo-lethal mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana.

Abstract Mature seeds of Arabidopsis thaliana strain “Columbia” were soaked for 7.5 hr in an aqueous solution of the chemical mutagen ethyl methanesulfonate (0.05, 0.10, or 0.50%, v/v). Embryo-lethal mutants were identified in the resulting M-1 chimeral plants by screening the first five siliques of each plant and noting the frequency of aborted seeds. Three hundred sixty seeds were treated at each mutagen dose; the frequency of embryo-lethal mutants ranged from 1–3% of the M-1 plants grown from seeds exposed to 0.05% EMS, to 20–30% of the M-1 plants at the highest mutagen dose. Six embryo-lethal mutants identified through screening of M-1 plants were chosen for detailed studies in subsequent generations. All six mutants segregate as nonallelic, Mendelian recessive lethals, and are maintained as heterozygotes since homozygotes die as embryos. Fruits of heterozygous plants contain 25% aborted seeds and 75% phenotypically normal seeds ( 2 3 heterozygotes and 1 3 wild type). Segregation ratios are not temperature sensitive; the same frequency of aborted seeds is found in plants grown at 18, 25, and 32°C. Embryo arrest and eventual lethality in each mutant occur at a characteristic stage of early embryo development: globular-heart, globular, early globular, or preglobular. Arrested embryos from five of the six mutants resemble normal embryos at early stages of development. Developmental arrest of the embryo proper in the remaining mutant is followed by abnormal growth of the suspensor, an embryonic structure that attaches the embryo proper to the maternal tissue.
Halichondramide, an antifungal macrolide from the sponge halichondria sp.

Abstract The structure of halichondramide (2), an antifungal macrolide from the Pacific sponge Halichondria sp., was elucidated by interpretation of spectral data.
Role of fructose 2,6-bisphosphate in the regulation of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis in chicken liver☆

Glucagon and dibutyryl cyclic AMP inhibited glucose utilization and lowered fructose 2,6-bisphosphate levels of hepatocytes prepared from fed chickens. Partially purified preparations of chicken liver 6-phosphofructo-1-kinase and fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase were activated and inhibited by fructose 2,6-bisphosphate, respectively. The sensitivities of these enzymes and the changes observed in fructose 2,6-bisphosphate levels are consistent with an important role for this allosteric effector in hormonal regulation of carbohydrate metabolism in chicken liver. In contrast, oleate inhibition of glucose utilization by chicken hepatocytes occurred without change in fructose, 2,6-bisphosphate levels. Likewise, pyruvate inhibition of lactate gluconeogenesis in chicken hepatocytes cannot be explained by changes in fructose 2,6-bisphosphate levels. Exogenous glucose caused a marked increase in fructose 2,6-bisphosphate content of hepatocytes from fasted but not fed birds. Both glucagon and lactate prevented this glucose effect. Fasted chicken hepatocytes responded to lower glucose concentrations than fasted rat hepatocytes, perhaps reflecting the species difference in hexokinase isozymes.
Leslie White's Materialism: A Comment on Barrett

Barrett's analysis of the theories of Leslie White (AA 91:986-999, 1989) is a useful and provocative account of White's work, and it can be strengthened further with an additional point. Barrett supports his thesis about the priority of culturology over materialism in White's thought with several very good arguments, including his suggestion that it was the materialist elements that had to adjust to the culturological, not vice versa (p. 993). Equally telling is his argument that the reason White never embraced a cultural ecological approach in developing his utilitarianism was the strength of his views about the sui generis nature of culture (p. 997). The "vector" of White's culturology was greater than that of his materialism.
Reovirus Infection in Chickens Primes Splenic Adherent Macrophages to Produce Nitric Oxide in Response to T Cell-Produced Factors

In this study, we examined the mechanisms by which avian reovirus infection of chickens depresses in vitro proliferative responses of spleen cells to T cell mitogens. We showed an enhanced production of nitric oxide (NO) by phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-stimulated spleen cells from reovirus-infected birds but not from virus-free birds. Since macrophages are a primary source of NO, we compared splenic adherent macrophages from virus-free and virus-exposed chickens. There was a fourfold increase in the number of adherent macrophages from the spleens of virus-exposed chickens. Production of NO by macrophages from virus-exposed chickens required T-cell-produced factors and was not due to direct stimulation of macrophages by PHA. Although T cell products were needed for NO production by macrophages, in an apparent paradox, we found significantly reduced levels of NO-inducing activity in the supernatants of PHA-stimulated spleen cells from virus-exposed chickens than in supernatants from PHA-stimulated normal spleen cells. Cocultures of adherent cells from infected chickens with normal spleen cells indicated that although macrophages secreted NO following PHA stimulation, macrophages ultimately suppressed the continued production of NO-inducing factors by normal spleen cells. We further showed in experiments utilizing NG-monomethyl-L-arginine, an NO synthesis inhibitor, that NO was not responsible for the mitogenic inhibition of spleen cells from virus-exposed chickens. In summary, our results indicated that following reovirus infection, macrophages are primed in vivo and activated in vitro by T-cell-produced factors. Despite the requirement of T cell cytokines for NO production, T cells did not proliferate to mitogenic stimuli, which indicated that the early events (i.e., cytokine secretion) but not the late events (i.e., proliferation) of the T cell activation cascade were functional. Macrophage priming following reovirus infection may have important implications for impaired T cell responsiveness.
Simplified one color dithizone method for lead in urine.

Abstract By substitution of alpha naphtholphthalein as the indicator instead of phenol red and the use of a single Mojonnier extraction tube or Jacobs-Singer separatory flask instead of multiple separatory funnels, the manipulative steps of the one color dithizone method for lead are simplified and improved.
Direct Coupling of Ion Chromatography with Suppressed Conductometric Capillary Electrophoresis

Two approaches to interfacing a suppressed ion chromatography (IC) system with a suppressed conductometric capillary electrophoresis (CE) separation system are described. The first interface uses a six-port loop valve which allows selective introduction of any segment of an IC eluite band into the CE system. This arrangement is also suitable as a sample delivery system, especially with CE systems using relatively short capillaries and high electric fields. In the second interface, a small fraction of the IC effluent passes through a length of Nafion tube immersed in a solution of saturated Na2B4O7. Thus, sufficient borax is introduced by Donnan penetration to increase the ionic strength of the flowing stream to an extent appropriate for carrying out CE separations. This valveless design allows the continuous injection of all IC eluite bands into the CE system without additional electrolyte preparation for CE. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Micro Sep8: 561–568, 1996
Do states upgrading to primary enforcement of safety belt laws experience increased daytime and nighttime belt use

As of 1 January 2007, 26 states and the District of Columbia have enacted primary enforcement of their safety belt laws, which allows law enforcement to stop motorists and cite them solely when they observe a vehicle occupant who is not wearing a safety belt. Interrupted time series analyses were used to determine whether six states which upgraded to primary enforcement laws experienced changes in nighttime (9:00 p.m. to 4:59 a.m.) and daytime (5:00 a.m. to 8:59 p.m.) safety belt use based on proxy estimates from fatal crash-involved vehicle occupants. Nighttime and daytime safety belt use increased in five of the six states after the primary enforcement laws were enacted. Because the methods used in these analyses reduced the likelihood that these increases resulted from preexisting secular trends towards increased belt use, the results provide strong support that upgrading from secondary to primary enforcement increases occupant safety belt use during both daytime and nighttime periods.
In Situ Analysis of Agrochemical Residues on Fruit Using Ambient Ionization on a Handheld Mass Spectrometer

We describe a rapid in situ method for detecting agrochemicals on the surface or in the tissue of fruit using a portable mass spectrometer equipped with an ambient ionization source. Two such ionization methods, low temperature plasma (LTP) and paper spray (PS), were employed in experiments performed at a local grocery store. LTP was used to detect diphenylamine (DPA) directly from the skin of apples in the store and those treated after harvest with DPA were recognized by MS and MS/MS. These data therefore allowed ready distinction between organic and non-organic apples. DPA was also found within the internal tissue of purchased apples and its distribution was mapped using LTP. Similarly, thiabendazole residues were detected on the skin of treated oranges in a grocery store experiment in which paper spray was performed by wiping the orange surface with a moist commercial lens wipe and then applying a high voltage to ionize the chemicals directly from the wipe. The handheld mass spectrometer used in these measurements is capable of performing several stages of tandem mass spectrometry (up to MS5); the compounds on the fruit were identified by their MS/MS fragmentation patterns. Protonated DPA (m/z 170) produced a characteristic MS2 fragment ion at m/z 92, while thiabendazole was identified by MS3 using precursor to fragment ion transitions m/z 202 → m/z 175 →m/z 131. These particular examples exemplify the power of in situ analysis of complex samples using ambient ionization and handheld mass spectrometers.
Plantwide Control of Continuous Multiproduct Processes: Three-Product Process

A previous paper (Kapilakarn, K.; Luyben, W. L. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2003, 42, 1890−1904) explored the design and plantwide control of a continuous process in which two reversible reactions produced two desired products M and D. Because chemical equilibrium established the amounts of the products leaving the reactor, the use of product recycle was required to operate over a range of product ratios M/(M + D). This paper extends the previous work to consider the more complex system in which there are three reactions producing components M, D, and T. Desired product ratios can span the entire ternary distribution space (M/D/T), depending on market conditions. Both steady-state design and dynamic control are explored for this three-product process, which features one reactor, four distillation columns, and two recycle streams. Several conventional control structures are studied in which the flow rates of the fresh feed streams are fixed or manipulated by level or composition/temperature controllers and the pr...
Persistent near-bottom aggregations of mesopelagic animals along the North Carolina and Virginia continental slopes

Submersible observations during four missions over the North Carolina and Virginia continental slopes (184–900 m) documented the occurrence of large aggregations of mesopelagic fishes and macronektonic invertebrates near or on the bottom. Aggregated mesopelagics formed a layer up to tens of meters deep positioned from a few centimeters to 20 m, usually <10 m, above the substrate. Aggregations were numerically dominated by microvores, notably the myctophid fish Ceratoscopelus maderensis and the penaeid shrimp Sergestes arcticus. Consistently present but in relatively lower numbers, were mesopelagic predators, including the paralepidids Notolepis rissoi and Lestidium atlanticum, the eel Nemichthys scolopaceus, the stomiid fishes Chauliodus sloani and Stomias boa ferox, and squids Illex spp. Near-bottom aggregations do not appear to be an artifact due to attraction to the submersible. Based on submersible observations in three areas in 4 years spanning a decade, near-bottom aggregations of midwater organisms appear to be a geographically widespread and persistent phenomenon along the continental slope of the southeastern US Aggregations may exploit areas of enhanced food resources at the bottom.
Transpiration dynamics support resource partitioning in African savanna trees and grasses

It is still far from clear whether and to what extent trees and grasses partition soil moisture in tropical savannas. A major reason for this is that we don't know how snapshot data on rooting differences translate into ecologically relevant patterns of water use at seasonal scales. We used stable isotopes in soil and stem water to quantify functional rooting profiles in grasses and two tree species in a South African savanna. Concurrently, we measured tree sap-flow velocity, grass canopy temperature (a transpiration correlate), and soil moisture content at multiple depths over the course of a growing season. We used lasso regression to identify the dominant soil moisture layers driving daily variation in tree and grass water-use metrics while controlling for weather variables. We found clear rooting depth differences between grasses (shallow) and trees (deep) from the isotopic data, and these patterns were strongly supported by the water-use data, which showed that grasses and trees predominantly respond...
National Surveillance For Respiratory Syncytial Virus, United States, 1985–1990

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) causes pneumonia and bronchiolitis in infants and young children and serious disease in the elderly and persons with compromised immune systems. To determine the temporal and geographic patterns of RSV outbreaks in the United States, monthly reports from 74 laboratories were analyzed for July 1985 through June 1990. RSV outbreaks were identified in 197 (93%) of the 211 laboratory years analyzed, with widespread activity beginning each fall, peaking in winter, and returning to baseline in April or May. Each year, the timing of outbreaks did not differ significantly between most regions; the few differences were small, and no region consistently had early or late outbreaks. These findings are consistent with RSV transmission within communities rather than between communities or regions. Health care personnel should consider the possibility of RSV infection in their treatment and prevention efforts from November through April each year in the United States.
Preparation of a luteinizing hormone releasing factor from sheep hypothalamus.

Un materiel provoquant la liberation d'hormone luteinisante (LH) d'hypophyse de rats femelles (impuberes ou mures), aussi bien que d'hypophyse d'oiseaux femelles (Steganura paradisea), a ete obtenu par la precipitation a l'acetone d'extraits acides de l'hypothalamus de mouton. L'evidence que l'activite de ces extraits n'est pas due a la contamination LH a ete obtenue grâce a une methode serologique. L'antiserum prepare contre l'extrait d'hypophyse de mouton inhibe la capacite de l'LH de mouton d'epusier l'acide ascorbique de l'ovaire, mais pas celle de l'extrait hypothalamique.
Ethical Principles Guiding Research on Child and Adolescent Subjects

Understanding the ethical principles that should guide research with child and adolescent participants is an essential task for researchers. Principles do not always yield final or uncontroversial answers, but they do serve to clarify and justify decisions, and their use makes individual decisions and research policies more public and open to examination. The principles of scientific importance, scientific soundness, respect for autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence, utility, and justice are described herein. The embodiment of these principles in the federal guidelines governing research is discussed, with attention to the differences between wronging and harming subjects and the meaning of informed consent.
Superheating fields of superconductors: Asymptotic analysis and numerical results.

The superheated Meissner state in type-I superconductors is studied both analytically and numerically within the framework of Ginzburg-Landau theory. Using the method of matched asymptotic expansions we have developed a systematic expansion for the solutions of the Ginzburg-Landau equations in the limit of small \ensuremath{\kappa}, and have determined the maximum superheating field ${\mathit{H}}_{\mathrm{sh}}$ for the existence of the metastable, superheated Meissner state as an expansion in powers of ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\kappa}}}^{1/2}$. Our numerical solutions of these equations agree quite well with the asymptotic solutions for \ensuremath{\kappa}0.5. The same asymptotic methods are also used to study the stability of the solutions, as well as a modified version of the Ginzburg-Landau equations which incorporates nonlocal electrodynamics. Finally, we compare our numerical results for the superheating field for large \ensuremath{\kappa} against recent asymptotic results for large \ensuremath{\kappa}, and again find a close agreement. Our results demonstrate the efficacy of the method of matched asymptotic expansions for dealing with problems in inhomogeneous superconductivity involving boundary layers. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
Serum hyaluronan and its association with unfavorable histology and aggressiveness of heterotransplanted Wilms' tumor.

Abstract Background/Purpose: The sera and urine of children with Wilms' tumor (WT) often contain increased concentrations of hyaluronan (HA). The authors developed a heterotransplant model to investigate whether serum HA concentrations could predict the histology and progression of WT. Methods: Random portions of 8 human WT specimens (7 favorable and 1 unfavorable histology findings) were heterotransplanted into the flanks of severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice. After 6 to 20 weeks of observation, animals were killed, and serum HA concentrations, tumor histology, and local invasion were determined. Results: Sera of mice supporting tumor growth had a median HA concentration of 9,379 μg/L (range, 459 to 3,206,176 μg/L) compared with a median HA concentration of 416 μg/L (range, 204 to 782 μg/L) in animals not supporting tumor growth. The highest serum HA concentrations were detected in animals harboring unfavorable histology blastemal-predominant tumors, whereas animals supporting favorable histology epithelial- and stromal-predominant tumors had the lowest serum HA concentrations. In association with markedly increased serum HA, undifferentiated blastemal tumors showed significantly greater growth rates than the more differentiated epithelial or stromal tumors. Additionally, serum HA concentrations were greater in mice with invasive as compared with noninvasive tumors for each histological type. Complete resection of established tumors also resulted in the return of serum HA to preheterotransplant concentrations. Identification of tumor progression was further tested in SCID mice receiving subcutaneous flank injections of the human WT cell line, SK-NEP-1. Significantly greater serum HA concentrations again corresponded with more rapid growth rates and invasiveness. Conclusions: Serum HA concentrations predict the growth, invasion, and unfavorable histology findings of WT in a heterotransplant model. The authors further speculate that HA may foster an environment conducive to WT aggressiveness. J Pediatr Surg 35:1070-1078. Copyright © 2000 by W.B. Saunders Company.
An acute atraumatic stereotaxic headholder for cat

Abstract An atraumatic headholder for paralyzed cats is described. The holder keeps the animal stereotaxically centered and is atraumatic allowing the use of an unanesthetized cat in the stereotaxic device.
Systolic time intervals as measures of the contractile state of the left ventricular myocardium in man.

Previous studies relating systolic time intervals and measures of cardiac performance have suggested that the time intervals may be useful indices of myocardial contractility. To explore this possibility, systolic times and left ventricular (LV) performance and contractility were measured nearly simultaneously in 14 normal subjects and 56 patients with cardiac disease. Preejection period (PEP) and the ratio of PEP to LV ejection time (LVET) changed significantly with acute inotropic influences (exercise and isoproterenol), were normal in patients with right or left ventricular overloads in whom cardiac index and ejection fraction were depressed but contractile element velocity at peak dP/dt and the Frank-Levinson contractility index were normal, and were significantly abnormal in patients with either clinically evident or occult LV decompensation in whom the measures of contractility were reduced. Correlations of PEP and PEP/LVET with measures of both performance and contractility were insignificant for p...
CHANGED CONCEPTS OF BRAIN AND CONSCIOUSNESS: SOME VALUE IMPLICATIONS

. Prospects for uniting religion and science are brightened by recently changed views of consciousness and mind-brain interaction. Mental, vital, and spiritual forces, long excluded and denounced by materialist philosophy, are reinstated in nonmystical form. A revised scientific cosmology emerges in which reductive materialist interpretations emphasizing causal control from below upward are replaced by revised concepts that emphasize the reciprocal control exerted by higher emergent forces from above downward. Scientific views of ourselves and the world and the kinds of values upheld by scientific belief undergo basic transformations, making them more compatible with religious motivation and moral responsibility.
Detectability of Lunar Libration Clouds at Small Phase Angles

THE existence of “trapped” interplanetary particles in the libration centres of the Earth–Moon system was reported by Kordilewski1 in 1961. He observed two very faint clouds close to the Lagrangian point L5 and a large one at L4.
A new elastomer for construction and building

Abstract A new melt-processable elastomer has recently been introduced into Europe. Its unique combination of rubber-like properties and the ease with which it can be fabricated into extrusions and mouldings, using the techniques of either the rubber or the plastic industries, have already led to a number of developments of interest in construction and building. A brief review of rubber technology is followed by a description of the key properties of the new elastomer which are of interest to the construction industry. An explanation is given of some of the difficulties that can arise through the misunderstanding of the practical significance of the tests used by rubber technologists. The importance of stress relaxation measurements for the design of seals and gaskets and the desirability of simulated service tests are then discussed. An independent test programme of a window/door gasket made from the new elastomer, which was undertaken by the Norwegian Building Research Institute in the summer of 1987, is considered in detail. The results are of great practical significance because many of the tests simulate actual working conditions. The article continues by reporting comparative weather resistance tests, which show that the new elastomer is very nearly as good as chlorosulphonated polyethylene. It is also unaffected by wood preservatives and is compatible with silicone sealants. In conclusion, two interesting and unusual applications for the new elastomer are described. The first is a revoluntionary method of fixing the facade on the new “Grande Arche” in Paris, where 40, 000 small mouldings are used to overcome the stresses induced by strong gusts of wind. The second is the use of elastomeric mouldings to protect the threads in a novel range of couplers used to connect the reinforcing bars used in concrete.
Titania–germanium nanocomposite as a thermoelectric material

Abstract Titania–germanium (TiO 2 –Ge) is a super lattice nanocomposite semiconductor. In TiO 2 –Ge nanocomposites, Ge nanodots are dispersed in the matrix of TiO 2 . Tailoring of the size and density of Ge nanodots one can alter the thermal and electrical conductivities of the nanocomposites in a wide scale. It has been accomplished the highest electrical conductivity of 1.62 × 10 − 02 S cm − 1 which is little higher than that of Ge film, and the lowest thermal conductivity of 0.011 W cm − 1 K − 1 which is one order lower than that of TiO 2 film. The promising phonon-blocking and electron-transmitting properties of TiO 2 –Ge super lattices strengthen its potential to be the cutting-edge thermoelectric material.
The generalized concept of five multiply separated positions in coplanar motion

Abstract The theory of five multiply separated positions is developed for the seven distinct combinations of infinitesimally separated and finitely separated positions of the moving plane relative to some fixed plane. It is shown that beyond the statement of a distinct constraint function for each combination, the form of the analytics is invariant and results in a quartic solution for the four circular Burmester points. The case of five finitely separated positions is used to illustrate the application of the analytical results.
Differential Effects of Sex and Status on Evaluation of Coaching Ability

Abstract The present study tested whether sex bias favoring males exists in the evaluation of basketball coaching ability for male and female coaches varying in professional status (defined by won/loss records and coaching honors). Subjects were male (n = 80) and female (n = 80) high school basketball athletes. Subjects evaluated written coaching philosophy statements from a hypothetical male and female coach described as having either high or low professional status based upon won/loss record and coaching honors. The coaches were evaluated with semantic differential scales which assessed knowledge of coaching, ability to motivate, player's desire to play for, and predicted future success. A forced preference procedure in which subjects had to select which of the two coaches they would prefer to play for was also employed. A sex of athlete by sex of coach interaction effect on the four unforced dependent variables indicated strong sex bias favoring males. Overall, male and female subjects rated the male c...
Increased Use of β-Agonists Leading to Non-ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction in a Patient With Hemodynamically Significant Myocardial Bridging

Myocardial bridging is not uncommon. However, hemodynamic instability in the setting of myocardial bridging is rare. We describe an unusual case of a 47-year-old woman whose increased use of inhaled albuterol led to a non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction and unmasking of hemodynamically significant myocardial bridging. We detail its diagnosis through myocardial perfusion imaging and coronary angiography. To our knowledge, this is the first time previously undiagnosed myocardial bridging has led to a myocardial infarction in the setting of inhaled albuterol use.
Isoflurane anesthesia interferes with the expression of cocaine-induced sensitization in female rats.

Abstract Repeated cocaine administration results in a progressive sensitization of behavior which typically occurs more readily in female rats than in males. Our recent studies of rats undergoing surgical procedures revealed that following anesthesia, females sensitized less than males receiving identical repeated cocaine injections. Since isoflurane acts primarily by increasing the effects of the inhibitory neurotransmitter γ-amino butyric acid (GABA) and reducing the effects of the excitatory amino acid glutamate, these amino acids may play more prominent roles in sensitization to cocaine in females than previously understood. In order to examine the effects of isoflurane on cocaine-sensitization, we administered cocaine (15 mg/kg i.p) or saline to adult male and female Sprague–Dawley rats for 9 days; on day 10, half of the rats were subjected to isoflurane anesthesia and the other half did not receive anesthesia. On day 11, rats were given their last dose of either cocaine or saline. We recorded behaviors for 1 h on days 1, 9 and 11. Locomotor activity and stereotyped behaviors were quantified using photo beam monitors and the scoring of video tapes, respectively. Results indicated that a single exposure to isoflurane significantly dampens the stereotypic behavior associated with repeated cocaine administration in females but not in males. They further suggest that either GABA or glutamate play more prominent roles in cocaine-sensitization behavior in females than in males.