cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dolomitization of the Capitan Formation forereef facies (Permian, west Texas and New Mexico): seepage reflux revisited

Interpretation of seepage reflux dolomitization is commonly restricted to intervals containing evaporites even though several workers have modelled reflux of mesosaline brines. This study looked at the partially dolomitized forereef facies of the Capitan Formation to test the extent of reflux dolomitization and evaluate the possible role of the near-backreef mesosaline carbonate lagoon as an alternative source of dolomitizing fluids. The Capitan Formation forereef facies ranges from 10% to 90% dolomite. Most of the dolomite is fabric preserving and formed during early burial after marine cementation, before and/or during evaporite cementation and before stylolitization. Within the forereef facies, dolomite follows depositional units, with debris-flow and grain-flow deposits the most dolomitized and turbidity-current deposits the least. The amount of dolomite increases with stratigraphic age and decreases downslope. Within the reef facies, dolomite is restricted to haloes around fractures and primary cavities except where the reef facies lacks marine cements and, in contrast, is completely dolomitized. This dolomite distribution supports dolomitization by sinking fluids. Oxygen isotopic values for fabric-preserving dolomite (δ 1 8 O = 0.9 ′ 1.0‰, N = 101) support dolomitization by sea water to isotopically enriched sea water. These values are closer to the near-backreef dolomite (δ 1 8 O = 2.1 ′ 0.7‰, N = 48) than the hypersaline backreef dolomite (δ 1 8 O = 3.6 ′ 0.9‰, N = 11). Therefore, the fabric-preserving dolomite is consistent with dolomitization during seepage reflux of mainly mesosaline brines derived from the near-backreef carbonate lagoon. The occurrence of mesosaline brine reflux in the Capitan Formation has important implications for dolomitization in forereef facies and elsewhere. First, any area with a restricted carbonate lagoon may be dolomitized by refluxing brines even if there are no evaporite facies present. Secondly, such brines may travel significant distances vertically provided permeable pathways (such as fractures) are present. Therefore, the absence of immediately overlying evaporite or restricted facies is not sufficient cause to eliminate reflux dolomitization from consideration.
How research can improve practice: A case study

This case study of the Agricultural Extension Service shows how the implementation of research findings has affected one social‐process field. The author is associate professor of rural sociology at The Ohio State University.
Support Services for Students and Faculty

Distance learning is hardly a recent phenomenon. The recent growth of distance-education courses and programs, particularly those offered online, has been dramatic. Students enrolled in distance-education courses deserve the same quality and type of services that students taking courses on campus receive. The same is true of faculty teaching distance courses. Developing strong support services for both groups is an evolutionary process. This article discusses support services for both students and faculty involved in the rapidly expanding online distance-education landscape. Models for providing support to students and faculty are described, the development of these services is explained, and examples of support services are provided.
Pain in children: A review of the literature from a developmental perspective

Abstract This article presents a review of the current psychological literature about pediatric pain. Prevalence and types of pain problems encountered in children are considered briefly, followed by a developmental perspective on the experience of pain in children, encompassing physical, cognitive, social and behavioral factors. A discussion of the clinical significance of pain in children includes its use in differential diagnosis and the impact of pain on a developing child. Recommendations are made for assessing pain and factors relevant to managing its effects in children. The review concludes with an overview of clinical techniques for management, and recommendations for future research.
Multilevel Diversity Coding via Rateless Codes for Reliable and Scalable Video Multicasting

The delivery of high quality video to multiple viewers accessing the content from various devices and networks with varying conditions is a challenging task. Transferring the same content (often with large volume) to multiple viewers drives unicast transmission inefficient. Furthermore, traditional multicasting is not an optimal solution for heterogeneous networks since it either overwhelms slow receivers or starves the fast ones. Hence, new delivery solutions with the goal of reducing the output rate of the source and tailored to heterogeneous networks is necessary. In this paper, we present a novel scheme for layered video multicasting to viewers with the flexibility to access the content from various devices (in a heterogeneous network) and loss/erasure prone networks. In this scheme, the source node uses Scalable Video Coding (SVC) to obtain scalability together with modern elastic Forward Error Correction (FEC) for loss protection. There exists a non-trivial advantage in using elastic FEC in conjunction with SVC which enables us to introduce a new architecture that brings considerable savings in required source output bandwidth. Our solution adapts to the specific needs of viewers, shows resilience against packet loss, e.g. less than 5dB drop in Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR) for up to 30% loss rate, and especially, can reduce the source output rate by half for typical 3-layer SVC.
Individual Differences in Mediators and Reactions to a Personal Safety Threat Message

Individual differences in processing information about a personal threat message about bisphenol A (BPA) risk were examined using the threat orientation model (Thompson & Schlehofer, 2008). Adults (N = 448) read a risk message concerning BPA in plastics. Threat orientations, intentions to protect oneself from BPA risk, and emotional and cognitive reactions to the message were measured. Individuals with different approaches to threat reached different conclusions about the message and used different information in that process. These findings suggest that consideration of individual differences could improve the predictive ability of existing theoretical models and the effectiveness of health and safety messages.
The influence of confidence on associations among personal attitudes, perceived injunctive norms, and alcohol consumption

Social norms theories hold that perceptions of the degree of approval for a behavior have a strong influence on one's private attitudes and public behavior. In particular, being more approving of drinking and perceiving peers as more approving of drinking, are strongly associated with one's own drinking. However, previous research has not considered that students may vary considerably in the confidence in their estimates of peer approval and in the confidence in their estimates of their own approval of drinking. The present research was designed to evaluate confidence as a moderator of associations among perceived injunctive norms, own attitudes, and drinking. We expected perceived injunctive norms and own attitudes would be more strongly associated with drinking among students who felt more confident in their estimates of peer approval and own attitudes. We were also interested in whether this might differ by gender. Injunctive norms and self-reported alcohol consumption were measured in a sample of 708 college students. Findings from negative binomial regression analyses supported moderation hypotheses for confidence and perceived injunction norms but not for personal attitudes. Thus, perceived injunctive norms were more strongly associated with own drinking among students who felt more confident in their estimates of friends' approval of drinking. A three-way interaction further revealed that this was primarily true among women. Implications for norms and peer influence theories as well as interventions are discussed.
A transplantable anaplastic oral cancer model.

Abstract A stable model has been developed for oral mucosal anaplastic epidermoid carcinoma. This model more closely resembles the biologic characteristics of human oral carcinoma than previous models, such as primary epidermoid carcinomas induced in hamster buccal pouches or tongue by chemical carcinogens. This anaplastic oral cancer model was developed by serial abdominal transplantation in neonatal hamsters of original DMBA-induced primary epidermoid carcinomas of hamster buccal pouch. After the second generation, the tumors became stable, maintained an anaplastic appearance histologically, and were biologically aggressive, with rapid growth and metastatic potential. The original DMBA-induced buccal pouch tumors from 42 adult hamsters were transplanted abdominally through five generations in 151 neonatal hamsters. Immunosuppression was crucial in the initial transplantation but became unnecessary in the later serial transplantation. This model can serve as the basis for a variety of future immunologic and biologic studies dealing with oral cancer.
Effects of Priming Social Goals on Personal Interest in Television News

Research indicates that personal interests drive news consumption, such that individuals neglect news items that are not of obvious personal relevance. This study tested whether an extrinsic social goal might increase personal interest in news through increased acquisition of, and perceived attention to news information, irrespective of pre-existing interest in the given topic. Results showed the prime increased information acquisition, as well as perceived attention to news. The prime also worked directly and indirectly through perceived attention to influence news interest in the predicted direction. Applications of findings for news teases and other promotional messages are considered.
Finite-size scaling analysis of percolation in three-dimensional correlated binary Markov chain random fields

Percolation and finite-size scaling properties in three-dimensional binary correlated Markov-chain random fields on a cubic lattice are computed by extensive Monte Carlo simulation. At short correlation scales, the percolation threshold in correlated random fields decreases as the correlation scale increases. The rate of decrease rapidly diminishes for correlation lengths larger than 2-3 lattice sites. At correlation scales of 4-6 lattice sites, the percolation threshold is found to be 0.126 +/- 0.001 for the Markov chain random fields, similar to that for sequential Gaussian and indicator random fields, which are evaluated for comparison. The average percolation threshold in finite-size lattices is a function of both, the correlation length and the finite lattice size. The universal scaling constants for mean cluster size and backbone fraction are found to be consistent with results on uncorrelated lattices. But prefactors of scaling relationships vary with correlation length. The squared radius of gyration of non-percolating clusters is found to scale with gamma/nu and its scaling prefactors are independent of the correlation scale. Prefactors are similar between the three random field generators evaluated. The percolation properties derived here are useful to account for finite-size effects on percolation in natural or man-made correlated systems.
TOP INCOMES IN THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA OVER THE TWENTIETH CENTURY

This paper presents top income shares series for the United States and Canada over the 20th century. In both countries, top income shares display a U-shaped pattern over the century, with a precipitous drop during World War II, with no recovery in the following decades. Since the late 1970s, however, top income shares have been increasing dramatically and the very top shares are now almost as high as in the prewar era. The drop in top income shares in the first part of the century is mainly a capital income phenomenon but the recent increase in top income shares is the consequence of a surge in top wages and salaries. The United States reduced significantly marginal tax rates for high incomes over the last 40 years but Canada did not. Therefore, the almost identical upward pattern of top income shares in both countries cannot be solely explained by changes in tax avoidance behavior. Mobility at the top of the income distribution has been very stable in Canada in spite of the surge in annual income concentration. Thus the increase in annual top income shares in Northern America will likely translate into an increase in permanent income concentration of similar magnitude. (JEL: H24, H31, N32)
Animal Locomotion Controllers From Scratch

There exists a large body of research devoted to creating real time interactive locomotion controllers which are targeted at some specific class of character, most often humanoid bipeds. Relatively little work, however, has been done on approaches which are applicable to creatures with a wide range of different forms ‐ partially due to the lack of easily obtainable motion-capture data for animals and fictional creatures. We show how a locomotion controller can be created despite this dearth of data by synthesizing it from scratch. Our method only requires as input a description of the shape of the animal, the gaits which it can perform, and a model of the task or tasks for which the controller will be used. From this a sequence of motion clips are automatically synthesized and assembled into a motion graph which defines a physically realistic controller capable of performing the specified tasks. The method attempts to minimize the computational time required to generate this controller and we show its effectiveness at creating interactive controllers for a range of tasks for bipeds, tripeds, and quadrupeds.
From the Editor: Changes in Interfaces Editorial Board

Iam pleased to announce that we have a number of new editorial board members joining our team with this issue. Alexandra Newman of the Colorado School of Mines will serve as an editor-at-large and will handle papers in optimization. Rich Metters of Emory University will be an associate editor of operations management, with a focus on service operations. You will also notice in this issue that Mohan Sodhi is now the guest editor for the Edelman issue. He will serve in that role for three years. Thanks to all of these folks for agreeing to serve Interfaces and to all of the continuing board members for their dedicated service.
Nurses' job satisfaction: A longitudinal analysis

A causal model of nurses' job satisfaction was tested using longitudinal analysis of 13 causal determinants and five correlates measured at Time 1, and job satisfaction measured at Time 2. Data were collected from 370 registered nurses at five hospitals using questionnaires mailed eight months apart. Four different models were analyzed using the LISREL maximum likelihood procedure to estimate the path coefficients. Variables reaching statistically significant levels included, in order of importance, routinization, promotional opportunity, distributive justice, age, day shift, workload, kinship responsibility, and opportunity for jobs outside the employing hospital. With the prior level of job satisfaction controlled, only the effects of day shift remained significant.
Computer aided design of large-format prefabricated cranial plates.

The authors' objective in this project was to replace current state-of-the-art manual methods for preoperative production (i.e., prefabrication) of large-format (>100 cm2) cranioplasties with a system for computer-aided design and direct computer-aided manufacture of the implant's shape. This system
Methodologies for Estimating Housing Subsidy Benefits

The traditional subsidy program benefit measurement techniques for a composite commodity ("housing services") model are reviewed and extended for use in the increasingly popular hedonic price framework in which housing is decomposed into a vector of characteristics, Since recent work has suggested that observed hedonic prices may not reflect market phenomena, a generalized approach is suggested which uses housing characteristics but is free of hedonic prices.
Digital videofluorography for direct digital spot filming of gastrointestinal studies.

Digital videofluorography (DVF) refers to a new computer-aided televised fluoroscopy technique that uses short (10–20 ms) intense pulses of radiation to produce a motion-free latent image, which is then transferred into digital storage. Because gastrointestinal imaging has lagged behind other body systems in the evaluation of digital acquisition, we investigated the potential utility of this technique for direct digital fluoroscopic spot filming of gastrointestinal examinations. In order to assess the level of clinical image quality achieved by this technique, we conducted an observer performance comparison study of digitally acquired and conventional analog 100 mm spot films. Sequentially acquired spot films and digital radiographs of 111 anatomic regions in 60 patients undergoing routine barium and cholangiographic examinations were compared. Evaluation was made of on-line interactive performance as well as side-by-side analysis of digital and analog hard copy images. Parameters evaluated include detection of normal and pathologic features, image contrast, image resolution, and image sharpness. Direct digital and analog spot films were of comparable diagnostic quality in all parameters studied. Added benefits of the digital mode included postprocessing to enhance detail in regions of low contrast and accommodation of a large field of view (14 inch) image intensifier format.
Been there, done that: A very personal introduction to the special issue on augmentative and alternative communication and acquired disorders

(2001). Been there, done that: A very personal introduction to the special issue on augmentative and alternative communication and acquired disorders. Augmentative and Alternative Communication: Vol. 17, No. 3, pp. 138-140.
A method for determining the pH stability range of gallium radiopharmaceuticals.

Abstract A method employing paper chromatography has been used to assess the stability of several Ga-68 labeled radiopharmaceuticals in basic, neutral and acidic solutions. Ascending paper chromatography with a pyridine, ethanol, water solvent was shown to be capable of resolving the decomposition products of gallium complexes, namely gallium hydroxide and gallate, from that of the complexes themselves. The stability of gallium-labeled citrate, pyrophosphate, EDTA, and ethylenediaminetetramethylene phosphonate (EDTMP) were each investigated by paper chromatographic analysis in which the solvent was adjusted to seven pH values in the range 2.5–9.6. The acidity of the solvent was therefore relied upon to alter the chemical environment of the compound under study. At the concentration of complexing agents used in this study, no decomposition products for Ga-EDTA and Ga-EDTMP were observed throughout the entire pH range. Gallium citrate was found to be stable in the pH range from about 2–7. As the pH is raised above 7, the degree of Ga-citrate dissociation increases with the formation of increasing concentrations of gallium hydroxide and gallate. Gallium pyrophosphate was found to be stable only in acid solutions of pH less than about 5. This latter compound was found in our laboratory to be unsuitable as a bone imaging agent due to poor bone localization accompanied by excessive liver accumulation. This unfavorable in vivo result may be expected since the complex has now been shown to be unstable at the pH of blood.
Melting curve of3He droplets in phase-separated3He-4He mixtures

The melting pressure of3He droplets, following phase separation of a mixture of 0.6%3He in4He confined in a silver sinter, has been studied in the temperature range 1–150 mK, below the phase-separation temperatureTps. An elevation of the melting pressure relative to pure3He of up to 60 kPa was observed. Hysteresis between the freezing and melting temperatures was found, similar to that in pure3He in small pores.
Tourists' adoption of self-service technologies at resort hotels

Abstract This study proposes and tests a model of travelers' self-service technology adoption to explain why travelers choose self-service technologies over service staff. Desire for interaction with service staff serves as a countervailing construct against technology-related perceptions and a subsequent technology adoption decision. Based on a resort hotel industry and data from a national sample, the proposed model provides cogent explanations for the two service transaction options' counteracting nature (self-service technologies vs. the service staff) toward the traveler's technology adoption in business transaction situations. The study shows the differently conceptualized role of the customer's desire for interaction. The proposed model allows service providers to examine the customer's willingness to adopt or avoid using self-service technologies and to determine a proper combination of technology and staff deployment.
Equation of state of InP to 19 GPa

X-ray diffraction experiments have been carried out on InP at room temperature to pressures of 19 GPa. The compression curve for the zinc-blende phase (I) was found to fit the Murnaghan equation up to 10.8 GPa where a transformation to the rocksalt structure was observed. Values for the bulk modulus, ${B}_{\mathrm{I}0}$ and its pressure derivative, ${B}_{\mathrm{I}0{}^{\mathcal{'}}}$, at P=0 obtained by a best-fit procedure to the Murnaghan equation were ${B}_{\mathrm{I}0=76\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}4}$ GPa and ${B}_{\mathrm{I}0{}^{\mathcal{'}}=4\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.2}$. These values are similar to those obtained from precision elastic constant measurements. Analogous parameters for the rocksalt phase (II) were obtained with reference to the transition pressure ${B}_{\mathrm{II}\mathit{t}=130\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}10}$ GPa, ${B}_{\mathrm{II}\mathit{t}=1.6\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.1}$. At 19 GPa a further transformation was observed to a phase which was tentatively identified as \ensuremath{\beta}-Sn-like. Data for these three phases are given and discussed in terms of models for the transitions.
Religion and Civic Engagement in Muslim Countries

Previous studies of religion on civic and political participation focus primarily on Western Christian societies. Studies of Muslim societies concentrate on Islamic religiosity's effect on attitudes toward democracy, not on how Muslim religious participation carries over into social and political arenas. This article examines the relationship between religion and civic engagement in nine Muslim-majority countries using data from the World Values Surveys. I find that active participation in Muslim organizations is associated with greater civic engagement, while religious service attendance is not. In a subset of countries, daily prayer is associated with less civic engagement. The main area in which Muslim societies differ from Western ones is in the lack of association between civic engagement, trust, and tolerance. Religious participation is a more significant predictor of secular engagement than commonly used “social capital” measures, suggesting a need to adapt measures of religiosity to account for differences in religious expression across non-Christian faiths.
THE CHEMISTRY OF TEXTURE IN FRUITS AND VEGETABLES

This review is concerned with the chemistry of the major primary cell wall components, pectins, hemicelluloses and cellulose, under conditions found during the normal handling of fruits and vegetables. These polymeric components are considered separately, then their combined changes during maturation, storage and processing are covered. The effects of tissue conditions, pH, enzymes and salt concentrations on the rate and degree of change are discussed. A large part of the review deals with the important texture-affecting reactions of pectic materials including glycosidic hydrolysis, β-elimination type depolymerization, demethoxylation, and complex formation.
Changes in ice front position on Greenland's outlet glaciers from 1992 to 2007

[1] Previous studies in Greenland show that retreat of tidewater glaciers may be linked to recent increases in ice loss, raising Greenland's contribution to sea level rise. We examined ice front changes of 203 tidewater glaciers, land-terminating glaciers, and glaciers terminating with ice shelves to understand Greenland glacier behavior over three periods: 1992–2000, 2000–2006, and 2006–2007. We observed synchronous, ice sheet–wide increases in tidewater retreat during 2000–2006 relative to 1992–2000, coinciding with a 1.1°C increase in mean summer temperature at coastal weather stations. Rates of retreat for the southeast and east slowed during 2006–2007 when temperatures were slightly cooler than the 2000–2006 average. Our work suggests that regional Greenland tidewater retreat responds strongly to climate change, with higher temperatures corresponding to increasing retreat, and helps confirm a link between ice thickness, velocity, and ice front position.
Microstructures of Rapidly Solidified Fe-Al-Zr Alloys

Rapidly quenched short fibers of Fe-8A1 and Fe-8Al-XZr (X = 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, and 1) alloys were produced by the Pendant Drop Melt Extraction Process, (PDME) to explore the feasibility of producing intermediate temperature, oxidation resistant iron base alloys. The fibers had a diameter of 20 to 50 µm and ranged in length from 2–5 mm. The cooling rate was insufficient to retain zirconium in solution in the Zr-containing alloys, resulting in precipitates of the type Fex(Zr, Al) having differing compositions at the grain boundaries and within the matrix. No precipitates were observed in the FeAl alloys. The precipitates were uniform in distribution and size (nominally 0.1 to 0. 3 µm diameter). Grain boundary precipitation and precipitate size both decreased with decreasing Zr contents.
Use of Mental Health Services and Barriers to Care for Individuals on Probation or Parole

Prior research with incarcerated populations and individuals on parole or probation suggests that significant rates of mental health problems and histories of traumatic events exist among these groups. However, limited research has explored mental health treatment-seeking and barriers to accessing mental health care for individuals on parole or probation. The current study assessed mental health symptoms, mental health services use in the past year, and barriers to service access for a sample of individuals on probation and parole (N = 100). The most commonly reported concerns were depression, anxiety, and substance abuse. Slightly more than half of the sample reported seeking mental health care in the past year. For those who felt they needed care, but did not seek these services, not having health insurance and not being able to afford treatment were the most commonly cited reasons. Implications of these findings are discussed.
Low temperature heat capacity study of Ba2TiSi2O8 and Sr2TiSi2O8

Abstract The heat capacities of powdered Ba2TiSi2O8 and Sr2TiSi2O8 have been measured over the temperature range from (2 to 300) K using a Quantum Design Physical Property Measurement System (PPMS). These two compounds have similar heat capacity values over the experimental temperature range because of their analogous structures. However, the heat capacities do display a crossover at T = 112.6 K, below which the heat capacity of Ba2TiSi2O8 becomes larger than that of Sr2TiSi2O8. The experimental data have been fitted to a series of theoretical functions from which the thermodynamic functions have been calculated. The standard molar entropies at T = 298.15 K have been determined to be (254.67 ± 2.55) and (252.61 ± 2.78) J · K−1 · mol−1 for Ba2TiSi2O8 and Sr2TiSi2O8, respectively.
ROLE OF INTERLEUKIN-8 (IL-8) AND INTERCELLULAR ADHESION MOLECULE-1 (ICAM-1) IN POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTE (PMN) MIGRATION THROUGH RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUS (RSV)-INFECTED EPITHELIAL CELLS. ▴ 1066

ROLE OF INTERLEUKIN-8 (IL-8) AND INTERCELLULAR ADHESION MOLECULE-1 (ICAM-1) IN POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTE (PMN) MIGRATION THROUGH RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUS (RSV)-INFECTED EPITHELIAL CELLS. ▴ 1066
Effects of Biofilm Growth on Plasmid Copy Number and Expression of Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Enterococcus faecalis

Biofilm growth causes increased average plasmid copy number as well as increased copy number heterogeneity in Enterococcus faecalis cells carrying plasmid pCF10. In this study, we examined whether biofilm growth affected the copy number and expression of antibiotic resistance determinants for several plasmids with diverse replication systems. Four different E. faecalis plasmids, unrelated to pCF10, demonstrated increased copy number in biofilm cells. In biofilm cells, we also observed increased transcription of antibiotic resistance genes present on these plasmids. The increase in plasmid copy number correlated with increased plating efficiency on high concentrations of antibiotics. Single-cell analysis of strains carrying two different plasmids suggested that the increase in plasmid copy number associated with biofilm growth was restricted to a subpopulation of biofilm cells. Regrowth of harvested biofilm cells in liquid culture resulted in a rapid reduction of plasmid copy number to that observed in the planktonic state. These results suggest a possible mechanism by which biofilm growth could reduce susceptibility to antibiotics in clinical settings.
Mouse dominant lethal and bone marrow micronucleus studies on methyl vinyl sulfone and divinyl sulfone.

Abstract Methyl vinyl sulfone and divinyl sulfone were tested for the induction of dominant lethal mutations and micronucleated bone-marrow erythrocytes in male mice. These chemicals were chosen for study because of their similarities in structure and chemical reactivity to acrylamide which is known to induce both effects. Following administration of the test compounds by intraperitoneal injection at the maximum tolerated doses, no evidence of induced dominant lethal mutations or micronucleayed bone-marrow cells was observed for either chemical. It is concluded that structures and Michael reactivities similar to acrylamide are not sufficient to impart similar in vivo genetic toxicity to MVS and DVS.
Question of a nutrient effect on the bio-optical properties of phytoplankton

Although nutrient-limited growth of phytoplankton in the laboratory produces well-defined responses in the absorption coefficient, pigmentation, and quantum yield of photosynthesis, natural populations show only weak or inconclusive effects. Further analysis of the data from Biowatt-II, a seasonal study in the NW Atlantic in 1987, suggests two things. First, the phytoplankton absorption coefficient changes as a function of chlorophyll (alpha) , although photoprotectant accessory pigments are important in summer. Second, with the exception of one cruise, the data suggest that an estimated maximum quantum yield varies by less than 20%. Resolution of the issue of a nutrient effect may come with detailed measurements in a tropical region, in an ocean province without seasonally varying irradiance but having a strong seasonal signal in nutrient concentrations.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Smoking Behavior: A Critical Review of Research

The understanding, prediction, and control of smoking behavior Department of is a problem of major significance for the behavioral sciences. Counseling and In the United States alone, over $8 billion is spent each year Behavioral Studies on tobacco, and consumption is continually rising (Weaver, Unisersity of 1962). Over half of the adult male population and one out of Wisconsin every four females habitually smoke tobacco. Each year over one and one-half million young people start smoking. Smoking as a prominent behavioral characteristic challenges the behavioral scientist for explanation.
Urinary Tract Obstruction in Children

AbstractPurpose: Perinatal identification of children with congenital urinary obstruction has challenged our understanding of the pathophysiology and clinical treatment of many children with hydronephrosis.Materials and Methods: A critical review of recent reports relating to congenital urinary obstruction in children was performed in an attempt to integrate clinical and experimental information.Results: Several themes emerged from the many reports relating to congenital urinary obstruction that have not been previously emphasized. Congenital obstruction begins and evolves in a developing fetal kidney, indicating the importance of the effect of obstruction on renal growth and development, which is distinct from the postnatal renal response to obstruction. Variation in the ability of the developing kidney to compensate for obstruction may be an important factor in explaining variability in clinical and experimental reports. Clinical data show an unpredictable outcome of congenital hydronephrosis. Nonoperat...
Serum prolactin and cortisol levels in evaluation of pseudoepileptic seizures

In 6 patients with epilepsy, a twofold increase in serum prolactin levels followed true epileptic seizures, but no significant change followed pseudoepileptic attacks in 6 other patients. Serum prolactin concentration is a useful biochemical marker to distinguish between epileptic and pseudoepileptic seizures. Serum cortisol levels also increased after epileptic seizures, but diurnal and individual variations render the cortisol level a less reliable indicator of such attacks.
Effects of situational cues on prism-induced aftereffects

A test was made of the hypothesis that external stimuli present during exposure to lateral displacement of the visual field can serve as situational cues whose presence or absence will influence the magnitude of aftereffects manifested subsequent to adaptation resulting from the exposure. The results indicated that the relative aftereffects were significantly greater when thenondisplacing goggles were worn during the periods in which aftereffect measurements were taken than was the case when they were removed during these test periods. The finding that manipulation of certain cues, i.e., the restriction of the visual field, weight, etc., of the goggles, associated with the adaptation period can in part determine the size of observed aftereffects provides evidence in support of the notion that aftereffects can be conditioned to precisely given constellations of stimuli In addition, the need for caution in conceptualizing aftereffects as simply the persistence of adaptive shifts once visual displacement has been terminated is suggested.
Fracture mechanics approach to the design of glass aircraft windows: a case study

Basic concepts of statistically distributed flaws and moisture-enhanced growth of cracks under stress are used in a nonparametric bootstrap analysis to assess the reliability of dual-pane glass aircraft windows. Statistical distributions of window strengths, evaluated by rapid loading in an inert environment, are analyzed as three-parameter Weibull distributions using a maximum likelihood procedure. Strength distributions for a variety of pane surface conditions are evaluated, for example, as-ground and polished surfaces, which are typical of a `protected' inner window pane, and outer pane surfaces with various types of simulated in-service `damage,' e.g., airborne dust impact, windblown sand, and cleaning/handling scratches. The crack growth parameters needed to assess the time-dependent crack growth behavior are determined at room temperature in a water environment via dynamic fatigue, or constant stressing rate tests on indented specimens. Predicted lifetimes at a 95% confidence level are ascertained for various window scenarios at a 99% survival probability via a Monte Carlo simulation using a nonparametric bootstrap procedure.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Epithelioid variant of malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor (malignant schwannoma) of the urinary bladder

Sarcoma represents less than 2% of all neoplasms diagnosed or recognized in effusions. Epithelioid peripheral nerve sheath tumor is a rare tumor that is difficult to differentiate from other epithelioid tumors without the use of ancillary studies. A 39-year-old paraplegic man presented with hematuria and a bladder mass that extended to involve the pelvic peritoneum. Light microscopy using hematoxylineosin, Papanicolaou, and immunohistochemical stains as well as transmission electron microscopy showed features of epithelioid malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor with rhabdoid features and an accompanying eosinophilic infiltrate. Cytologic smears confirmed the similarities between the primary tumor in the bladder and the cells in the pelvic fluid and excluded the possibility of reactive changes related to postsurgical radiation. Ancillary studies were critical in narrowing the differential diagnoses and reaching the final conclusion.
Comparison of warfarin versus aspirin for the prevention of recurrent stroke or death: subgroup analyses from the Warfarin-Aspirin Recurrent Stroke Study.

Background and Purpose: We performed a combination of prespecified and exploratory subgroup analyses to detect any treatment differences among various baseline subgroups in the Warf
Family economic stress and adjustment of early adolescent girls.

A family process model is proposed that links economic stress in family life to prosocial and problematic adolescent adjustment. With a sample of 220 7th-grade girls living in intact families in the rural Midwest, the theoretical constructs in the model were measured using both trained observer and family member reports. In general, results were consistent with the proposed model. Economic pressures led to depression and demoralization for both parents, the result of which was greater marital conflict and disruptions in skillful parenting. The emotions and behaviors of both mothers and fathers were almost equally affected by financial difficulties, and disruptions in eac parent's child-rearing behaviors had adverse consequences for adolescent development. Parents' depressed mood and disrupted child-rearing practices both directly affected girls' adjustment
Directed submucosal tunneling permits in-line endoscope positioning for transgastric natural orifice translumenal endoscopic surgery (NOTES)

Submucosal dissection is demonstrated to be a technically feasible, safe means of obtaining peroral transgastric peritoneal access for natural orifice translumenal endoscopic surgery (NOTES). The authors hypothesized that their previously described self-approximating translumenal access technique (STAT) could be used to create directed gastric submucosal tunnels permitting in-line endoscope positioning with predetermined abdominal locations that might otherwise be difficult to access. In this study, 14 domestic farm swine underwent peroral transgastric peritoneoscopy. Under direct endoscopic visualization, a submucosal tunnel was created by dissecting between the mucosal and muscular layers of the stomach. Each tunnel was created with one of four intraabdominal locations (right upper quadrant, left upper quadrant, lesser sac, and pelvis) as the final target for in-line endoscope positioning. Once peritoneal access had been achieved, in-line positioning was assessed and peritoneoscopy was performed. The submucosal tunnels were closed with endoscopically placed clips. The animals were killed 2 weeks after the procedure, and necropsy was performed. Submucosal tunnels were successfully directed at predetermined intraabdominal targets in 12 of the 14 animals. The mean dissection time required to create the tunnel was 51 ± 32 min. All the transgastric tunnels were successfully closed with endoscopically placed clips (mean, 3.2 ± 1.1), and at necropsy showed no evidence of gastrotomy leak in any of the animals. One animal experienced a duodenal perforation unrelated to the transgastric tunneling and was killed on postoperative day 2. The remaining animals recovered and gained weight (mean, 5.5 ± 1.2 kg) in the 2-week survival period. Directed submucosal dissection is technically feasible in a porcine model and permits in-line endoscope positioning with predetermined abdominal target locations. The STAT approach provides safe peritoneal access, allows for a simple reliable endoclip closure, and has an excellent short-term survival rate. This method of achieving transgastric access may be an enabling technique for future NOTES procedures.
Significance of HLA DR4 in type 1 autoimmune hepatitis

Abstract Background: HLA DR3 and DR4 have been recognized as independent risk factors for autoimmune hepatitis. We compared the clinical features and prognosis of patients with HLA DR4 to those with HLA DR3 and other phenotypes to determine if subclassification by HLA is a valid consideration. Methods: Forty-four patients with HLA DR4; 41 patienfs with HLA DR3; and 16 patients with neither allele were studied. Ninety patients were treated with corticosteroids. Results: Patients with HLA DR4 were older (51 ± 2 years vs. 38 ± 3 years, P = 0.0001) and more commonly women (89% vs. 68%, P = 0.04) than counterparts with HLA DR3. Additionally, these patients had higher serum immunoglobulin G levels (3300 ± 216 mg/dL vs. 2732 ± 192 mg/dL, P = 0.05) and a greater frequency of concurrent immunologie diseases (59% vs. 27%, P = 0.005). Similar differences in clinical presentation distinguished the patients with HLA DR4 from those with other phenotypes. Remission duringcorticosteroid therapy (85% vs. 63%, P = 0.05) occurred more commonly in the patients with HLA DR4 than in those with HLA DR3 and treatment failure (10% vs. 32%, P = 0.03) occurred less frequently. Conclusions: Patients with HLA DR4 have a different clinical profile than counterparts with other phenotypes, and they have a better response to corticosteroid therapy than patients with HLA DR3. Subclassification of patients by HLA DR phenotype may have clinical and prognostic value.
Hunger amidst plenty: farmworker food insecurity and coping strategies in California

Farmworkers are often overlooked as producers and consumers of food; although farmworkers in California labour in some of the most productive agricultural regions in the world, they are largely food insecure. This paper investigates approaches to relieving farmworker food insecurity in one of the most productive agricultural regions in North America, California's Northern Central Coast. I explore the structural causes for farmworker food insecurity, looking at how farmworker food insecurity is linked to international trade and immigration policies, as well as the systematic exploitation of workers in California agriculture. Investigating the various ways that farmworkers cope with food insecurity, I compare two different approaches, food assistance programmes and farmworker gardens. I discuss the linkages between farmworkers' place in the food system as both producers and consumers, as they simultaneously are exploited for their labour and create their own coping mechanisms utilising their embodied agricu...
On the role of the degradation rates for the dominance of the fittest in Eigen's quasispecies model

The existence of an error threshold of the mutation rate in Eigen's quasispecies model has been computationally demonstrated exclusively in the case when the degradation rates of all model genotypes are equal. Here we explore the case with different degradation rates and demonstrate examples for which the type that has highest fitness in the absence of mutation can preserve its dominance independently of the value of the mutation rate. The examples are formulated based on analysis of the equilibria at the two extreme mutation rate values and suggest absence of an error threshold in a number of cases, most prominently when the degradation rate of the wild type is much smaller that the degradation rates of the mutants.
Complementing lattice-ordered groups: The finite-valued case

A complementedl-groupG is one in which to eacha eG there exists ab eG so that¦a¦ λ ¦b¦=0, while¦a¦ ∀ ¦b¦ is a unit ofG. IfG is anl-subgroup ofH, and the latter is complemented, then we say thatH is a complementation ofG ifGc, the convex hull ofG inH, is a strongly rigid extension ofG andGc is az-subgroup ofH. This article presents necessary and sufficient conditions for a finite-valuedl-subgroup to admit a complementation.
News and views: at long last, an animal model of Graves' orbitopathy.

Patients with Graves' disease (GD) are classically hyperthyroid due to excess production of thyroid hormones. They often have a goiter and may experience weight loss, sensitivity to heat, tremor, and nervousness. Some 30% to 60% of these patients also have signs and symptoms of Graves' orbitopathy (GO; also termed Graves' ophthalmopathy or thyroid eye disease). Although the majority experience only mild eye irritation and redness, some 3% to 5% of GO patients suffer from more severe disease that presents variably as painful soft tissue swelling and redness of the eyes and lids, forward protrusion of the globes (proptosis), and/or debilitating double vision. Some patients risk sight loss due to compressive optic neuropathy or breakdown of the cornea. Orbital imaging generally shows extraocular muscle enlargement and, in some patients, increased orbital fat volume. The former is caused by deposition of hydrophilic glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) between the muscle fibers, and the latter develops as a result of de novo adipogenesis within the orbit. Also evident on histologic examination is an infiltration of mononuclear cells including predominately CD4+ T cells with occasional populations of CD8+ cells, B cells, and macrophages (1).
Multicomponent Source Equalization

Source equalization is necessary when source behavior changes with location within a given survey. Conventional robust methods characterize source differences as pure amplitude variations, assuming identical source time functions. Here I extend this idea to vector wave fields, with the aim of preparing the data to be useful in elastic parameter determination (not just imaging). The method I employ estimates source-location and source-component-consistent differences in the data. Those differences are parameterized as short 1-D filters in time and consequently correct the data to an average isotropic response. This is a meant to be a step toward the goal of determining absolute radiation patterns. The source equalization solves a least-squares problem in a way that is consistent in regard to source location and source component without trying to shape the wavelet as done in surface-consistent deconvolution. Results from a 9component land data set show that this procedure equalizes the data mostly by doing differential rotations and slight modifications of the source time function. Multi-component source equalization is especially interesting in regard to diminishing biases introduced in inversion results and AVO, but even effects such as uneven stacks can be caused by unequal radiation patterns. I seek to equalize radiation patterns within a given survey in a component-consistent and source-location-consistent manner (Karrenbach and Muir, 1989; Karrenbach, 1991). Such an equalization can be carried out in various ways. In this thesis I am merely considering equalization to quasi-isotropic patterns by using no subsurface information whatsoever. This equalization technique has the advantage of being purely a preprocessing step. The filtering technique is closely related to prediction error filtering, but should not be confused with surface consistent deconvolution (Levin, 1987).