cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Developing a Risk Assessment and Management Approach to Laboratory Biosecurity

A growing awareness in the microbiological research and policy communities centers on the need to increase the protection of dangerous biological agents from theft. However, existing security liter...
A randomized controlled trial of differing doses of postcesarean enoxaparin thromboprophylaxis in obese women.

A randomized controlled trial of differing doses of postcesarean enoxaparin thromboprophylaxis in obese women
Mobile learning using social media platforms: an empirical analysis of users' behaviours

Social media platforms have evolved into an integrated part of modern life as they help people stay connected and share information in a variety of forms. Billions of people are using social networking websites such as Facebook, Twitter and LinkedIn, and generating huge amount of data every hour. More focus on student-centred teaching, particularly in higher education, triggers the need to employ social media technologies in higher education institutions. Students can be linked to their institutions to have all time access to teaching material besides news and announcements. Analysing behaviours of the users on social media is a complex task. In this paper, we present an empirical analysis of some of the interesting aspects of learners' behaviour over social media platforms. This paper is part of a series of research work investigating the implementation of mobile learning using social media technologies in teaching and learning in higher education sector.
Multi-Conformation Monte Carlo: A Method for Introducing Flexibility in Efficient Simulations of Many-Protein Systems

We present a novel multi-conformation Monte Carlo simulation method that enables the modeling of protein–protein interactions and aggregation in crowded protein solutions. This approach is relevant to a molecular-scale description of realistic biological environments, including the cytoplasm and the extracellular matrix, which are characterized by high concentrations of biomolecular solutes (e.g., 300–400 mg/mL for proteins and nucleic acids in the cytoplasm of Escherichia coli). Simulation of such environments necessitates the inclusion of a large number of protein molecules. Therefore, computationally inexpensive methods, such as rigid-body Brownian dynamics (BD) or Monte Carlo simulations, can be particularly useful. However, as we demonstrate herein, the rigid-body representation typically employed in simulations of many-protein systems gives rise to certain artifacts in protein–protein interactions. Our approach allows us to incorporate molecular flexibility in Monte Carlo simulations at low computat...
Degradation of the acousto-electric current saturation behavior in c-axis fiber-textured polycrystalline zinc oxide films

Acoustic-electric current saturation has been observed in thin, polycrystalline Al-doped zinc oxide films grown on fused quartz. The films, grown by laser ablation, are c-axis textured with high angle grain boundaries between the grains. After annealing at 600 C in 0.1 mtorr oxygen, the films exhibit a current saturation at a current density of 2 10{sup 5} A/cm{sup 2} and electric fields of 5 10{sup 3} V/cm. However, under constant field the current density falls and the current saturation behavior is not maintained. Current saturation at the same current density can, however, be restored by increasing the electric field. Similarly, the appearance and disappearance of the current saturation behavior can be reversibly controlled by annealing in different oxygen partial pressures at 200 C. The degradation phenomena is attributed to the high acoustic flux enhancing the diffusion of oxygen along the grain boundaries where oxygen can alter the grain boundary potential barrier and hence the electric field in the grains.
Thermal Diffuse Scattering in Neutron Time-of-Flight Powder Patterns

Inelastic scattering from lattice phonons contributes a significant fraction of the observed Bragg intensity in time of flight neutron powder patterns of transition metal monoxides at elevated temperatures. Ignoring this thermal diffuse scattering (TDS) leads to errors in the site occupations of defects present in these materials. The intensity from one phonon TDS has been calculated as a function of time-of-flight and used to correct the measured intensities. The effect of this correction on the results of Rietveld profile refinement is discussed.
Access to Care and Stage at Diagnosis for Patients With Lung Cancer and Esophageal Cancer: Analysis of the Savannah River Region Information System Cancer Registry Data

AbstractBackground.Disparities have been observed in both the incidences of lung and esophageal cancers and the survival of those patients. Our goals were to determine if race was associated with stage of cancer at diagnosis, and to identify predictors of advanced-stage lung and esophageal cancers.M
Information technology to the rescue

Data management solutions are being tailored to the specific demands of large and small companies alike.
Early or Delayed Cholecystectomy in Acute Gallstone Pancreatitis

Introduction Acute biliary pancreatitis is one of the most common gastrointestinal illnesses necessitating inpatient hospital admission. With an increasing incidence of gallstone disease, in the setting of a changing healthcare landscape, surgical indications must be carefully examined. The principles of management, including common duct clearance, bowel rest, and interval cholecystectomy to avoid recurrent disease have not changed, however with the refinement of minimally invasive techniques, timing of intervention deserves re-examination. We seek to make evidence based recommendations on the timing of cholecystectomy following acute biliary pancreatitis.
From Victims to Agents: Rethinking Motherhood and Feminism

(2013). From Victims to Agents: Rethinking Motherhood and Feminism. Journal of the African Literature Association: Vol. 8, No. 1, pp. 24-38.
Self-organization and the Formation of Patterns in Plants

Beloussov et al., the introductory article (IV.1 this Chapter), pointed out contrasting assumptions in positional information theory (PI) and in theory based on more epigenetic principles as expounded by Driesch. One key feature of PI theory, in addition to the mentioned use of privileged sites to establish a geometrical frame of reference for development, is that the relation between a control and the response to it need to be defined only by correlation. At any moment this gives PI theory enormous flexibility with regard to cause and effect. That is, a given positional value may be coupled to virtually any kind of activity. This feature can be considered a virtue because of the obvious versatility. This can also be considered a shortcoming because it places, at least temporarily, a black box between cause and effect. Control elements ideally have an explicit connection to the responding system. Also, what happens at one time needs to lead into what happens next. This normal behavior is hard to account for explicitly with a black box present in the causal chain. The theses in IV.1 thus makes plea for a rational explanation of the self-evolving and self-correcting properties of developing systems.
Variable Pulse Duration From a New Holmium:YAG Laser: The Effect on Stone Comminution, Fiber Tip Degradation, and Retropulsion in a Dusting Model.

Objective To more clearly define the efficiency and potential benefits of variable pulse-width laser technology for ureteroscopic lithotripsy, we performed comparative in vitro evaluations assessing stone comminution, laser fiber tip degradation, and stone retropulsion. Methods All experiments were conducted using a Swiss LaserClast Holmium:YAG laser (Electro Medical Systems, Nyon, Switzerland) with adjustable pulse duration (300 µs-1500 µs). To assess comminution efficiency and fiber tip degradation, a “dusting” model was employed; the laser fiber tip was moved by a 3-dimensional positioning system in a spiral motion across a flat BegoStone surface submerged in water. Comminution efficiency was measured as the loss of stone mass while fiber tip degradation was measured simultaneously. The same laser and fiber were used in a pendulum model to measure stone retropulsion with a high-speed resolution camera. Results In our dusting model, comminution was significantly greater at high energy (2 J/5 Hz). At the high energy setting, comminution was significantly greater with long pulse duration than short pulse, although this difference was not seen at the high frequency setting (1 J/10 Hz). Tip degradation was increased at high energy settings and was even more pronounced with short pulse duration than long pulse. Short pulse duration caused far more retropulsion than the long pulse setting. Conclusion In an in vitro dusting model, a longer laser pulse duration provides effective stone comminution with the advantage of reducing laser fiber tip degradation and stone retropulsion.
Orphan CpG islands define a novel class of highly active enhancers.

ABSTRACTCpG islands (CGI) are critical genomic regulatory elements that support transcriptional initiation and are associated with the promoters of most human genes. CGI are distinguished from the bulk genome by their high CpG density, lack of DNA methylation, and euchromatic features. While CGI are canonically known as strong promoters, thousands of ‘orphan’ CGI lie far from any known transcript, leaving their function an open question. We undertook a comprehensive analysis of the epigenetic state of orphan CGI across over 100 cell types. Here we show that most orphan CGI display the chromatin features of active enhancers (H3K4me1, H3K27Ac) in at least one cell type. Relative to classical enhancers, these enhancer CGI (ECGI) are stronger, as gauged by chromatin state and in functional assays, are more broadly expressed, and are more highly conserved. Likewise, ECGI engage in more genomic contacts and are enriched for transcription factor binding relative to classical enhancers. In human cancers, these ep...
Eyelid: Blepharoplasty, upper lid

Dermatochalasis, or the excess of skin of the upper eyelid, may cause obstruction of the visual axis or patient dissatisfaction with cosmesis. Prominence of the nasal orbital fat compartment and/or the pre-aponeurotic fat pad often accompanies these age-related cutaneous changes. Upper eyelid blepharoplasty may be performed to either improve the superior visual field or for cosmesis. Patients should be educated about the risks of the procedure, including alternatives. It is important to recognize when blepharoplasty alone is sufficient to address the patient’s complaints and when it is necessary to perform adjunctive procedures such as eyelid and brow ptosis repair to optimize surgical outcomes.
LH-binding inhibitors from the corpus luteum.

The initial observations of LH receptor binding inhibitor activity were quite serendipitous. A graduate student (Dr. Kuo-Pao Paul Yang) attempted to use some ovaries from psuedopregnant rats as a source of receptors for luteinizing hormone. These ovaries had been stored for quite some time at -20°. When Paul attempted to measure LH-binding in a crude homogenate of these ovaries no significant binding was observed. However, in the residuum after 1,2 or 3 washings there was significant specific binding for LH. Our first studies (Yang et al., 1976a) demonstrated that the binding inhibition resided in both a low molecular weight (dialyzable) and a high molecular weight (non-dializable) fraction. We were aware of the earlier studies of Bhalla and Reichert (1974) concerning an aqueous ethanol solubilized fraction from testicular tissue which interacted directly with gonadotropins as shown by physical properties. Reichert and Bhalla had suggested the material behaved as though it were a solubilized portion of the hormone receptor. We demonstrated, at least for the low molecular weight form of the LH.RBI, that such a direct interaction of our material with LH was not obtained.
Cartilage and Joint Lubrication: New Insights Into the Role of Hydrodynamics

Abstract Cartilage is slippery when hydrated but it loses hydration and lubricity during loading. However, dehydrated cartilage regains lubricity during high-speed sliding in the stationary contact area; this result is often interpreted as experimental evidence of fluid film lubrication based on theoretical predictions that pre-equilibrated cartilage remains equilibrated during sliding in this testing configuration. In-situ compression measurements were made during variable speed stationary contact area experiments with fully and partially equilibrated osteochondral cores under saline lubrication to test this prediction. Reduced friction coefficients and compression were observed during high speed sliding, at near-physiological speeds. The results suggest that the marked friction reductions observed during high-speed sliding following equilibration were likely consequences of interstitial fluid recovery, a mechanism we term tribological rehydration, rather than the formation of a hydrodynamic fluid film. The results also suggest that hydrodynamic pressurization was the likely driving force underlying the tribological rehydration phenomenon. We propose that external hydrodynamic pressures in the convergent wedge near the leading edge of contact pushed fluid into the porous surface to restore hydration, thickness, mechanical stiffness, and lubrication following periods of static exudation.
Minimal residual disease by either flow cytometry or cytogenetics prior to an allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant is associated with poor outcome in acute myeloid leukemia.

Relapsed acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a significant challenge after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplant (HCT). Multiparameter flow cytometry (MFC), conventional cytogenetics (CG), and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) are routinely performed on bone marrow specimens prior to HCT to assess disease status. We questioned the extent by which pre-HCT evidence of minimal residual disease (MRD) detected by these standard assays, corresponded with post-HCT relapse. We conducted a single center, retrospective study of 166 AML patients who underwent HCT. Thirty-eight of one hundred sixty-six (23%) patients in complete remission (CR) or CR with incomplete count recovery (CRi) had MRD detectable by MFC, CG, or FISH. MRD was more frequently seen in patients with poor risk karyotype at diagnosis (P = 0.011). MRD-negative patients (MRDneg) had significantly longer overall survival (OS) and relapse-free survival than patients who were MRD positive (MRDpos) (P = 0.002 and 0.013, respectively). In patients with MRDpos prior to HCT, the presence of acute graft vs. host disease (GVHD) (grade ≥ 2) or chronic GVHD significantly improved progression free survival (PFS) (hazard ratio (HR) = 0.053 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.01–0.279), P = 0.0005) and OS (HR = 0.211 (95% CI: 0.081–0.547), P = 0.0014).
Early Tracheostomy in Patients With Traumatic Cervical Spinal Cord Injury Appears Safe and May Improve Outcomes.

Study Design.Retrospective case series.Objective.To characterize outcomes associated with tracheostomy timing following traumatic cervical spinal cord injury (CSCI).Summary of Background Data.The morbidity associated with cervical spine trauma is substantially increased in the setting of concomitant
Political Elites, Crime, and Trust in the Police in Latin America:

This article examines the effect of crime on support for criminal justice systems in Latin America. Scholars empirically demonstrate a strong negative effect of crime on support for institutions an...
Assessing the Electrochemical Behavior of Microcontact-Printed Silver Nanogrids

This paper describes a laboratory exercise used to address the ongoing need for nanotechnology-related, hands-on laboratory experiences for undergraduate students. Determination of the electrochemical behavior of student-fabricated silver nanogrids is reported. Students successfully used cyclic voltammetry to analyze silver nanogrids printed using microcontact printing and subsequent metallization. The silver nanogrids exhibit electrochemical behavior similar to that of electrodes manufactured in industry. Additionally, optical microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy were used to assess nanogrid quality and dimensions.
Sexual Dimorphism and Sex Differences in Caenorhabditis Elegans Neuronal Development and Behavior

As fundamental features of nearly all animal species, sexual dimorphisms and sex differences have particular relevance for the development and function of the nervous system. The unique advantages of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans have allowed the neurobiology of sex to be studied at unprecedented scale, linking ultrastructure, molecular genetics, cell biology, development, neural circuit function, and behavior. Sex differences in the C. elegans nervous system encompass prominent anatomical dimorphisms as well as differences in physiology and connectivity. The influence of sex on behavior is just as diverse, with biological sex programming innate sex-specific behaviors and modifying many other aspects of neural circuit function. The study of these differences has provided important insights into mechanisms of neurogenesis, cell fate specification, and differentiation; synaptogenesis and connectivity; principles of circuit function, plasticity, and behavior; social communication; and many other areas of modern neurobiology.
Site-level risk predictors of peri-implantitis: A retrospective analysis.

AIM The goal of the present investigation was to identify site-level factors that might allow prognostication of individual implants in partially dentate patients with multiple non-splinted restorations. METHODS We analysed clinical and radiographic characteristics of 222 non-splinted single implants in function for at least 5 years in 86 partially dentate individuals at the time of functional loading and at follow-up, with the outcome variable being peri-implantitis. Principal component analysis identified factors contributing to greatest variability and linear discriminant analysis coupled with Random Forest Classifier used to identify risk predictors. RESULTS After controlling for patient-level factors, the following characteristics were associated with significantly increased risk for peri-implantitis: Periodontal disease on adjoining teeth at the time of restoration (Odds Ratio (OR): 8.0), implant placement at a depth of 6 mm or more in relation to the CEJ of adjacent tooth (OR: 8.5), asymmetric prosthesis (OR: 4.3), history of tooth loss due to periodontitis (OR: 2.4) and a mean baseline plaque index of 1.6 or more (OR: 7.9). CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that a system that incorporates both subject level and implant-level factors is required to effectively prognosticate the success of individual implants.
Development and quantification of measures for risky and delayed food and monetary outcome choices.

Abstract Probability discounting (PD) measures risky choice patterns between smaller, more certain vs. larger, less certain outcomes. PD is associated with obesity as well as higher intake of foods high in fat and sugar. We developed and validated a brief PD task specifically for food-related choices–the Probabilistic Food Choice Questionnaire (PFCQ). We also validated a brief, existing PD monetary measure, the Probabilistic Monetary Choice Questionnaire (PMCQ) by comparing it to a titrating PD task. Participants (N = 110) were randomly assigned to either a food or money condition. Those assigned to the food condition completed the PFCQ and a more established, adjusting-amount PD task for hypothetical food outcomes. Those assigned to the money condition completed the PMCQ and a more established, adjusting-amount PD task. Participants also completed delay discounting (DD) tasks for the same outcome commodity. The PFCQ and adjusting-amount PD tasks strongly correlated across three magnitudes suggesting that the PFCQ may be a satisfactory and briefer measure for risky food choice. The PMCQ also showed significant correlations with the adjusting-amount monetary PD task, supporting its use for a brief measure of monetary discounting. For DD, the choice questionnaires demonstrated significant correlations with the adjusting-amount DD procedures, replicating previous research.
The impact of gender and quality opposition on the relative assessment of candidate competency

Abstract Extant women & politics literature suggests males are perceived to be better leaders than females. Men are more likely than women to be perceived as competent, decisive, and capable of handling crises--all important qualities for elected officials. This research suggests, on average, female elected officials are viewed as less competent than their male colleagues. Yet, extant literature typically examines perceived competency of elected officials in a vacuum. Notably, the research does not take in to account how the gender and quality of opposing candidates may influence the perceived competency of an elected official. In this research note, we address this limitation by examining evaluations of members of the U.S. House (henceforth MC) relative to the evaluations of their challenger. We find gender differences are larger and more pronounced when we compare male and female MCs competing against quality challengers.
Trends and Variation in Oral Anticoagulant Choice in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation, 2010–2017

OBJECTIVE Since 2010, several non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants (NOACs) have been brought to the U.S. market, yet little is known regarding their evolving adoption for prophylaxis of atrial fibrillation (AF)-related stroke. We examined temporal trends in choice of oral anticoagulants (OACs) among incident OAC users with AF and its association with patient demographic and clinical characteristics. METHODS We conducted a serial cross-sectional analysis of medical and pharmacy claims for commercial and Medicare Advantage enrollees in a large, private, U.S. health plan. We identified 112,187 adults with nonvalvular AF starting OACs between October 2010 and March 2017. Multivariable logistic regression was used to examine the associations of patient characteristics with prescription of NOACs versus warfarin. Multinomial logistic regression was used to test the associations of patient characteristics with choice among NOACs. RESULTS The prescription of NOACs has increased dramatically since their introduction in October 2010. In the first quarter of 2017 (2017Q1), 7502 patients started OACs, of whom 78.9% used NOACs and 21.1% warfarin. For NOACs, 3.8% used dabigatran, 25.0% rivaroxaban, and 50.1% apixaban. In multivariable analyses, factors associated with choice of NOACs versus warfarin included younger age, lower stroke or bleeding risk, fewer comorbidities, higher education level or household net worth, and prescription by cardiologists (all p<0.001). There was no sex difference in likelihood of filling NOACs versus warfarin in 2010Q4-2012, but women had higher odds of starting NOACs (odds ratio = 1.19; 95% confidence interval = 1.14-1.25) in 2015-2017Q1. Among NOAC users, the odds of apixaban prescription increased with age, female sex, stroke or bleeding risk, and comorbidities (all p<0.05). CONCLUSION NOAC prescriptions have increased substantially among incident OAC users with nonvalvular AF, predominantly driven by increased prescription of apixaban. Warfarin and apixaban were generally preferred for elderly patients, patients with higher stroke or bleeding risk, and patients with more comorbidities.
Scanning N Uniform Distributed Points: Exact Results

Let X1, X2, ... , X N , be independent and identically distributed (i.i.d.) random variables, with common density f(x)=1, 0≤x≤1, f(x)=0, elsewhere. Let Y t (w) denote the number of X’s in the interval t, t+w).
Response of Bat Diversity to Forest Disturbance in Southeast Asia: Insights from Long-Term Research in Malaysia

Southeast Asia is home to over 25 % of the world’s bat fauna, but rapid rates of deforestation and habitat degradation threaten species across the region. Ecological bat research in Southeast Asia, which has hitherto lagged far behind that of Neotropical countries, is now gaining momentum with burgeoning efforts to assess the response of bat diversity to anthropogenic habitat modification. Central to interpretation of diversity patterns in disturbed landscapes is an understanding of assemblage composition and dynamics in relatively unmodified habitats. Fifteen years of research in a Malaysian primary rainforest has provided some understanding of bat assemblage structure and spatiotemporal variability in old-growth forests and has generated predictions of ensemble vulnerability that have largely been supported by empirical studies in the surrounding fragmented landscape and other parts of Southeast Asia. The forest-interior insectivorous ensemble, members of the Rhinolophidae, Hipposideridae, Kerivoulinae, and Murininae, is particularly vulnerable to forest loss and degradation, and this group can be further subdivided by their roosting ecology. By virtue of their greater vagility, cave-roosting forest-interior species are somewhat more resilient to fragmentation and degradation than species that depend on forest structures for roosts (cavities, foliage). However, as disturbance intensifies, cave-roosting species are also lost from assemblages and are further imperiled by cave disturbance. I advocate that future research focuses on testing the generality of the findings and predictions from the Malaysian landscape in other parts of Southeast Asia and on determining differential vulnerability within the other Southeast Asian bat ensembles.
THE ARACHIDONIC ACID SIGNAL SYSTEM IN THE THYROID: REGULATION BY THYROTROPIN AND INSULIN/IGF-I

Previous reports (1–11) have defined the importance of the Ca/phosphoinositide/arachidonic acid signal system to both the function and growth of FRTL-5 rat thyroid cells and to the action of both thyrotropin (TSH) and alpha-1 adrenergic agents in these cells. Thus evidence has been presented that norepinephrine and TSH could increase degradation of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) (1) with the concomitant formation of diacyiglycerol and IP3 (2). This action was accompanied by increases in cytosolic Ca++ (3), arachidonic acid release from the cells (4, 5) and the action of arachidonic acid metabolites in processes important to thyroid hormone formation and growth (4–11).
An Imprecise Mouse Gesture for the Fast Activation of Controls.

A common task in graphical user interfaces is selecting or activating a single control from a small group of plausible candidates. This task ordinarily requires the same precise movements as any other; if we could reduce the precision needed, however, we might also reduce the target acquisition and activation time. This paper describes the flick gesture, designed for this purpose. Our experimental results demonstrate that the gesture performs well with regard to speed, accuracy, and variability, compared to conventional gestures in a laboratory setting. We also describe a testbed we have implemented in Microsoft Windows that lets us explore and evaluate the use of such gestures in settings with more ecological validity.
ALFRED SCHUTZ'S CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF HUSSERL'S TRANSCENDENTAL PHENOMENOLOGY

Alfred Schutz applied Husserlian phenomenology to the study of the social world. And although many applied studies appeared in Husserl’s Jahrbuch, the journal for phenomenological research, Schutz engaged in a sustained and exhaustive study that pioneered social phenomenology. Husserl highly approved of Schutz’s application, and Schutz looked to Husserl to continue developing phenomenology at deeper levels concerning which Schutz did not plan to venture. Schutz’s phenomenological application to interpretive sociology relies on Husserlian transcendental phenomenology in fundamental ways and so Husserl’s successes and failures would have direct consequences for the founded level of Schutz’s work. It is the purpose of this paper to exhibit the changing relationship involving the two phenomenologies as Schutz presents it and the developments in his interpretation concerning Husserl’s attempt to ground intersubjectivity through the transcendental reduction. It is not necessary to articulate every component of Schutz’s arguments; I only choose passages that are pivotal in Schutz’s continual attention to the problem of intersubjectivity. In addition, I assess Schutz’s redevelopment of the problem concerning the foundation for social phenomenology, and I shall be critical of his solution to the problems posed by transcendental phenomenology. Finally I make suggestions concerning the direction that can be taken in light of Schutz’s later orientation. In his first important phenomenological work, Der sinnhafte Auf bau der sozialen Welt (1932), Schutz is concerned with providing a phenomenological clarification of Max Weber’s interpretive sociology. Schutz maintains that without a phenomenological understanding of consciousness, sociology cannot adequately distinguish and account for various fundamental aspects of verstehen, such as the point of view of the actor versus the point of view of the observer and the nature of human action. In his preface to the work Schutz writes, ‘‘In this work I have attempted to trace the roots of the problem of the social sciences directly back to the fundamental facts of conscious life.’’1 And then in the first chapter: ‘‘Whoever, then, wishes to analyze the basic concepts of the social sciences must be willing to embark on a laborious journey, for the meaningstructure of the social world can only be deduced from the most primitive
Environmental protection in Chinese foreign policy

The environmental aspect of Chinese foreign policy has been neglected in the study of Chinese foreign relations. Yet it has become increasingly important since the late 1980s. Beijing’s increased interest in environmental diplomacy is closely linked with its security, economic, environmental and foreign policy interests. Recognizing the seriousness of its deteriorating domestic environment, the growing international attention on the ecological threats, and the need to improve China’s image and international status, Beijing has begun to pay special attention to environmental diplomacy. Yet China’s priority of economic development, its limited resources, its concerns about sovereign infringement, and trade barriers determine the features of China’s practice in this area.
Second-harmonic generation from silicon nanocrystais embedded in SiO2

Si nanocrystais (nc's) embedded in SiO2 are an essential ingredient of a new class of flash memory devices,1 and show promise as a nonlinear optical material for photonic device applications.2 We report an optical second-harmonic generation (SHG) study of nc-Si/SiO2 nanocomposites.
Reduced Tolerance and Asymmetrical Crosstolerance to Effects of the Indole Quinuclidinone Analog PNR-4-20, a G Protein–Biased Cannabinoid 1 Receptor Agonist in Mice: Comparisons with Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol and JWH-018

Most cannabinoid 1 receptor (CB1R) agonists will signal through both G protein-dependent and -independent pathways in an unbiased manner. Recruitment of β-arrestin 2 desensitizes and internalizes receptors, producing tolerance that limits therapeutic utility of cannabinoids for chronic conditions. We developed the indole quinuclidinone (IQD) analog (Z)-2-((1-(4-fluorobenzyl)-1H-indol-3-yl)methylene)quinuclidin-3-one (PNR-4-20) as a novel G protein-biased agonist at CB1Rs, and the present studies determine if repeated administration of PNR-4-20 produces lesser tolerance to in vivo effects compared with unbiased CB1R agonists Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) and 1-pentyl-3-(1-naphthoyl)indole (JWH-018). Adult male National Institutes of Health Swiss mice were administered comparable doses of PNR-4-20 (100 mg/kg), Δ9-THC (30 mg/kg), or JWH-018 (3 mg/kg) once per day for five consecutive days to determine tolerance development to hypothermic, antinociceptive, and cataleptic effects. Persistence of tolerance was then determined after a drug abstinence period. We found that unbiased CB1R agonists Δ9-THC and JWH-018 produced similar tolerance to these effects, but lesser tolerance was observed with PNR-4-20 for hypothermic and cataleptic effects. Tolerance to the effects of PNR-4-20 completely recovered after drug abstinence, while residual tolerance was always observed with unbiased CB1R agonists. Repeated treatment with PNR-4-20 and Δ9-THC produced asymmetric crosstolerance to hypothermic effects. Importantly, binding studies suggest PNR-4-20 produced significantly less downregulation of CB1Rs relative to Δ9-THC in hypothalamus and thalamus of chronically treated mice. These studies suggest that the G protein-biased CB1R agonist PNR-4-20 produces significantly less tolerance than unbiased cannabinoid agonists, and that the IQD analogs should be investigated further as a novel molecular scaffold for development of new therapeutics.
Crop Wild Relatives of Grape (Vitis vinifera L.) Throughout North America

Although cultivated grapevines (Vitis vinifera L.) were domesticated from their closest relative in Central Asia, grape wild relatives from North America are vital due to their use as grafted rootstocks. Rootstocks derived from North American Vitis species are critical to the global wine, table, and raisin grape industries for resistance to the root pest phylloxera (Daktulosphaira vitifoliae). These rootstocks can also provide other benefits such as cold and drought tolerance, nematode and disease resistance, and control over vigor and phenology. Phylogenetic studies of the many Vitis species native to North America often disagree on the number of species and their boundaries, specifically in the Southwestern United States and Mexico. The wild vines are all dioecious and, with the exception of subgenus Muscadinia Planchon, interfertile – allowing for interspecific hybridization wherever ranges overlap. A better understanding of the relationships between North American Vitis species is needed to identify gaps in the current ex situ germplasm collections. Additionally, efforts must be made to safeguard dwindling populations of some species in their native environments. Conservation of these valuable genetic resources will ensure that grape breeders throughout the world have the necessary diversity to adapt to a changing environment.
The Emergence of Copper-Based Metallurgy in the Maltese Archipelago: an archaeometric perspective

The amount of prehistoric metal items discovered in the Maltese archipelago during the BronzeAge very limited in number. The majority of the artifacts are traditionally considered Aegean imports fr...
Prognostication of uveal melanoma is simple and highly predictive using The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) classification: A review.

Purpose: The cancer genome atlas (TCGA) is a comprehensive project supported by the National Cancer Institute (NCI) in the United States to explore molecular alterations in cancer, including uveal melanoma (UM). This led to TCGA classification for UM. In this report, we review the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) classification and TCGA classification for UM from the NCI's Center for Cancer Genomics (NCI CCG) (based on enucleation specimens [n = 80 eyes]) and from Wills Eye Hospital (WEH) (based on fine needle aspiration biopsy [FNAB] specimens [n = 658 eyes]). We then compare accuracy and predictability of AJCC versus (vs.) TCGA. Methods: Review of published reports on AJCC and TCGA classification for UM was performed. Outcomes based on AJCC 7th and 8th editions were assessed. For TCGA, UM was classified based on chromosomes 3 and 8 findings including disomy 3 (D3), monosomy 3 (M3), disomy 8 (D8), 8q gain (8qG), or 8q gain multiple (8qGm) and combined into four classes including Class A (D3/D8), Class B (D3/8qG), Class C (M3/8qG), and Class D (M3/8qGm). Outcomes of metastasis and death were explored and a comparison (AJCC vs. TCGA) was performed. Results: In the NCI CCG study, there were 80 eyes with UM sampled by enucleation (n = 77), resection (n = 2), or orbitotomy (n = 1) and analysis revealed four distinct genetic classes. Metastasis and death outcomes were subsequently evaluated per class in the WEH study. The WEH study reviewed 658 eyes with UM, sampled by FNAB, and found Class A (n = 342, 52%), B (n = 91, 14%), C (n = 118, 18%), and D (n = 107, 16%). Comparison by increasing class (A vs. B vs. C vs. D) revealed older mean patient age (P
Experimental stabilization of carbonate sediments to calcite: Insights into the depositional and diagenetic controls on calcite microcrystal texture

Abstract Aragonite and high-magnesium calcite are abundant constituents of modern shallow marine carbonate sediments, but are rare in ancient carbonate rocks. Because these minerals are metastable, they tend to stabilize to microcrystalline calcite which is ubiquitous in most Phanerozoic marine and lacustrine limestones. Calcite microcrystals exhibit a range of textures that have been classified in terms of crystal size, morphology, and contact geometry. These textures have the potential to reveal information about the precursor sediments as well as the diagenetic conditions of stabilization, and thus may serve as a proxy for paleoenvironmental conditions. However, despite their ubiquity and importance, the origin of these textures is controversial. Hypotheses regarding the origin of calcite microcrystal textures typically involve inferences regarding the precursor depositional sediments, diagenetic conditions of stabilization, or diagenetic processes. Here, hundreds of laboratory experiments were conducted in which metastable carbonate sediments were stabilized to calcite. The goal of these experiments was to investigate the depositional and diagenetic controls on calcite microcrystal textures. The depositional variables investigated were precursor mineralogy, type, and size, and the diagenetic variables were temperature, fluid chemical composition, and fluid:solid ratio. Our results show that experimental stabilization of carbonate sediments produces calcite with a wide variety of textures depending on the various depositional and diagenetic parameters. These textures are remarkably similar to those commonly observed in the rock record. Calcite microcrystal morphology is controlled by fluid chemistry, fluid:solid ratio, and reactant type. Calcite microcrystal size is controlled by temperature, fluid chemistry, fluid:solid ratio, and reactant size. The degree to which calcite microcrystals are fitted together is controlled by reactant size and reactant microstructure. Our findings challenge most of the existing hypotheses regarding the origin of calcite microcrystal textures. We specifically show that textures that have been interpreted to indicate late diagenetic processes such as dissolution and cementation, may be the result of the early diagenetic processes of stabilization.
Gamification of ChemDraw during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Investigating How a Serious, Educational-Game Tournament (Molecule Madness) Impacts Student Wellness and Organic Chemistry Skills while Distance Learning

Social distancing during the COVID-19 pandemic presents mental health and academic obstacles for students. As mental health can strongly influence academic performance, addressing the loss of community by transitioning to distance education, midsemester, is imperative. This work draws upon the community and wellness benefits associated with online gaming and applies it to ChemDraw. The goal is to improve the class’ wellness and social community while teaching valuable organic chemistry skills. In this paper, a molecule, speed-drawing tournament (Molecule Madness) is presented along with reflections describing the impacts on student wellness and organic chemistry skills. Gamification of ChemDraw is achieved by (1) treating at-home practice as video-game training and (2) using video-conferencing software as a medium for multiplayer gameplay. As the primary focus is placed on education rather than entertainment, ChemDraw is subclassified as a serious educational game. Community is developed by in-game, online chat: observers, announcers, and competitors all interact with each other in real time. The tournament provided students an event to look forward to, helped maintain/improve class community, and developed organic chemistry skills (molecular drawing, history of molecules, and conversational IUPAC) in addition to increased appreciation for IUPAC nomenclature. Although an online community cannot substitute for in-person classroom experiences, this activity supplements the loss of community associated with social distancing and could be extended to enhance community within a face-to-face environment. Additionally, ideas are presented that illustrate how other chemistry classes and topics can be gamified in computer environments (both single- and multiplayer) by drawing upon well-established gaming modes (story mode, maker mode, and speed runs). Overall, this work highlights the supplemental role that chemistry video games can play in learning chemistry: by engaging students in an alternative, yet familiar to many format, classroom community and student confidence are maintained/strengthened.
An electrodiagnostic grading system for ulnar neuropathy at the elbow.

INTRODUCTION Ulnar neuropathy at the elbow (UNE) is the second most common entrapment neuropathy. Our goal was to create and analyze a grading system for UNE electrodiagnostic severity. METHODS We retrospectively analyzed EMG reports with UNE. We then classified 112 limbs as having mild, moderate, or severe grade UNE based on electrodiagnostic findings. The association between presenting symptoms and signs, EMG findings, treatment type, and electrodiagnostic grade was statistically analyzed. RESULTS Seventeen limbs (15.2%) had mild, 80 (71.4%) had moderate, and 15 (13.4%) had severe UNE. Symptoms (P = .016), exam findings (P < .001), and treatment type (P = .043) were significantly associated with electrodiagnostic grade. DISCUSSION Our UNE grading system was significantly related to symptoms, physical exam, and treatment selection and may be useful to measure electrodiagnostic severity.
COVID-19: a roadmap to neurology recovery

The NHS is currently drawing up a ‘roadmap’ to recovery; likewise, neuroscience nurses need to look to the future to see how services will relaunch. Sue Thomas outlines the next stages, highlightin...
Chronic inflammation in ulcerative colitis causes long term changes in gobletcell function

ABSTRACT Objective One of the features of ulcerative colitis (UC) is a defect in the protective mucus layer. This has been attributed to a reduced number of goblet cells (GC). However, it is not known whether abnormal GC mucus secretion also contributes to the reduced mucus layer. Our aims were to test the hypothesis that GC secretion was abnormal in UC with the changes persistent in colonoids even in the absence of immune cells. Design Colonoids were established from intestinal stem cells of healthy subjects (HS) and from patients with UC (inactive and active sites). Colonoids were maintained as undifferentiated (UD) or induced to differentiate (DF) and studied as 3D or monolayers on Transwell filters. Total RNA was extracted for quantitative real-time PCR analysis. Carbachol and PGE2 mediated stimulation followed by examination of mucus layer by MUC2 IF/confocal microscopy and TEM were performed. Results Colonoids derived from patients with UC can be propagated over many passages; however, they exhibit a reduced rate of growth and TEER compared with colonoids from HS. Differentiated UC colonoid monolayers form a thin and non-continuous mucus layer. UC colonoids have increased expression of secretory lineage markers: ATOH1 and SPDEF, including MUC2 positive GCs and ChgA positive enteroendocrine cells but failed to secrete mucin when exposed to the cholinergic agonist carbachol and PGE2, which caused increased secretion in HS. Exposure to TNF-α (5days), reduced the number of GC with a greater percentage decrease in UC colonoids compared to HS. Conclusions Abnormal mucus layer in UC is due to long term changes in epithelial cells that lead to abnormal mucus secretion as well as effects of the inflammatory environment to reduce the number of GC. This continued defect in GC mucus secretion may be involved in UC recurrence.
Dissection of haplotype-specific drug response phenotypes in multiclonal malaria isolates.

Natural infections of Plasmodium falciparum, the parasite responsible for the deadliest form of human malaria, often comprise multiple parasite lineages (haplotypes). Multiclonal parasite isolates may exhibit variable phenotypes including different drug susceptibility profiles over time due to the presence of multiple haplotypes. To test this hypothesis, three P. falciparum Cambodian isolates IPC_3445 (MRA-1236), IPC_5202 (MRA-1240) and IPC_6403 (MRA-1285) suspected to be multiclonal were cloned by limiting dilution, and the resulting clones genotyped at 24 highly polymorphic single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Isolates harbored up to three constituent haplotypes, and exhibited significant variability (p < 0.05) in susceptibility to chloroquine, mefloquine, artemisinin and piperaquine as measured by half maximal drug inhibitory concentration (IC50) assays and parasite survival assays, which measure viability following exposure to pharmacologically relevant concentrations of antimalarial drugs. The IC50 of the most abundant haplotype frequently reflected that of the uncloned parental isolate, suggesting that a single haplotype dominates the antimalarial susceptibility profile and masks the effect of minor frequency haplotypes. These results indicate that phenotypic variability in parasite isolates is often due to the presence of multiple haplotypes. Depending on intended end-use, clinical isolates should be cloned to yield single parasite lineages with well-defined phenotypes and genotypes. The availability of such standardized clonal parasite lineages through NIAID's BEI Resources program will aid research directed towards the development of diagnostics and interventions including drugs against malaria.
High-Throughput Phenotypic Assay for Compounds That Influence Mitochondrial Health Using iPSC-Derived Human Neurons:

There is a critical need to develop high-throughput assays to identify compounds that offer therapy for individuals suffering from neurodegenerative diseases. Most brain disorders, including neurod...
The Impact of the Presence on Social Media Channels on Brand Recognition and Growth of Software Startups

This paper finalizes the current research in Social Media Marketing domain, closely examining the topic of utilizing social media for advertising purposes in software industry field and aims to identify the mechanisms behind consumers’ desire to purchase software products and services and the methods suitable for advertising of these products and services on social media channels.
Interventions for Oppositional Defiant Disorder and Conduct Disorder in the Schools

The clinical categories of Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) and Conduct Disorder (CD) are of relatively minor importance to educators who see a significant increase in the number of students, with and without formal diagnoses, who are exhibiting Disruptive Behavior Disorders (DBD) in the schools.* In general, DBD is marked by aggression, hostility, rule breaking, defiance of authority, and violation of social norms. (See Chapter 1, this volume, for an extended discussion.)
Global Stabilization with Almost Disturbance Decoupling of Single-Input-Single-Output Uncertain Nonlinear Systems using Output Feedback

In this paper we study global stabilisation, using output feedback, of single-input-single-output nonlinear uncertain systems while decoupling the output from external disturbances to any specified degree of accuracy. The nominal systems are assumed to be smooth, have a certain strong relative degree and be of minimum-phase. Model uncertainties are dealt with either by restricting them to be structured or/and by treating a family of plants P.