cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hygiene Status of Drinking Water in Urban and Rural Areas of New District of Zhenjiang

[Objective]To master the hygiene status of drinking water in urban and rural areas of new district of Zhenjiang,and provide evidence for ensuring the drinking water security.[Methods] Hygiene files of the 5 Waterworks that provided drinking water were set up,and the water quality was monitored and evaluated.[Results] The qualified rate of water from Zhenjiang Water Supply Company was 100%,that from township waterworks were 41.67%.Unqualified items were turbidity,aluminum,free residual chlorine,colony count and total coliform group,the difference of qualified rate between urban and rural areas was significant.[Conclusion] Water hygiene associates with source water quality,production technology,the use of the wading products,enterprise management,and water supply overloading.The difference of water hygiene exists in urban and rural water supply,and there are hidden dangers in rural water supply.It is suggested to implement regional water supply to ensure the hygienic quality of drinking water.
Direct TLR-2 Costimulation Unmasks the Proinflammatory Potential of Neonatal CD4 + T Cells

Neonatal CD4(+) T cells have traditionally been viewed as deficient in their capacity to produce Th1 cytokines in response to polyclonal or Ag-specific stimuli. Thus, defining unique aspects of CD4(+) T cell activation and development into Th1 effector cells in neonates is essential to the successful development of novel vaccines and immunotherapies to protect infants from intracellular pathogens. Using highly purified naive CD4(+) T cells derived from cord and adult peripheral blood, we compared the impact of anti-CD3 stimulation plus costimulation through TLR-2 performed in the absence of APC on CD4(+) T cell cytokine production, proliferation, and expression of activation markers. In both age groups, TLR-2 costimulation elicited activation of naive CD4(+) T cells, characterized by robust production of IL-2 as well as key Th1-type cytokines IFN-γ and TNF-α. TLR-2 costimulation also dramatically reduced naive T cell production of the immunosuppressive cytokine IL-10. We observed that neonatal naive CD4(+) T cells are uniquely sensitive to TLR-2-mediated costimulation, which enabled them to produce equivalent amounts of IFN-γ and more IL-2 when compared with adult responses. Thus, neonatal CD4(+) T cells have a distinctive propensity to use TLR-2-mediated costimulation for development into proinflammatory Th1 effectors, and interventions that target CD4(+) T cell TLR-2-mediated responses may be exploited to enhance neonatal adaptive immunity.
Using decentralized secondary controllers to improve transient stability of generators in lossy power networks

This paper uses a secondary controller to improve transient stability of generators that are connected to a power distribution network through a lossy link. Because of the lossy connection, the generator's response to faults will be asymmetric, thereby degrading the generator's transient stability. A secondary controller is used to improve the generator's transient stability by restoring symmetry in the system's response. The secondary controller is decentralized in that it only uses local measurements available at the generator's terminal. The paper uses analysis and simulation experiments to study the impact of the secondary controller on the generator's critical clearing time (CCT).
Meaning and motivation.

Publisher Summary The different meanings given to achievement situations by entity theorists versus incremental theorists are related to, yet distinct from, several constructs that have received attention in the past. Entity theorists believe in fixed intelligence and tend to see achievement tasks as having the power to measure this fixed intelligence. In contrast, incremental theorists believe in malleable, acquirable intelligence and see achievement tasks as either vehicles for increasing intellectual skills or as vehicles for assessing their present, task-specific skills. This chapter examines how the meaning that people assign to an achievement situation affects their motivation—how it affects the goals they pursue, the effectiveness with which they pursue them, and the interest and enjoyment that accompanies their pursuit. It begins by providing a brief history of the field of achievement motivation from a “meaning” perspective. It illustrates how this critical idea emerged but is now in danger of disappearing from current conceptions. Following this, the chapter describes how different people may imbue even the “same” goal with widely different meanings, resulting in widely different motivational patterns. Finally, it explains how this formulation integrates a number of prominent theories within the study of achievement motivation—namely, those theories involving goals, attributions, approach/avoidance motivation, and self-worth.
Direct Carbonation of Ca(OH)2 Using Liquid and Supercritical CO2: Implications for Carbon-Neutral Cementation

By invoking analogies to lime mortars of times past, this study examines the carbonation of portlandite (Ca(OH)2) by carbon dioxide (CO2) in the liquid and supercritical states as a potential route toward CO2-neutral cementation. Portlandite carbonation is noted to be rapid; e.g., >80% carbonation of Ca(OH)2 is achieved in 2 h upon contact with liquid CO2 at ambient temperatures, and it is only slightly sensitive to the effects of temperature, pressure, and the state of CO2 over the range of 6 MPa ≤ p ≤ 10 MPa and 8 °C ≤ T ≤ 42 °C. Additional studies suggest that the carbonation of anhydrous ordinary portland cement is slower and far less reliable than that of portlandite. Although cementation is not directly assessed, detailed scanning electron microscopy (SEM) examinations of carbonated microstructures indicate that the carbonation products formed encircle and embed sand grains similar to that observed in lime mortars. The outcomes suggest innovative directions for “carbon-neutral cementation.”
Off-hand remarks

Soon after Maurice Goldhaber arrived at the Brookhaven National Laboratory in 1950, he and his wife held a party at their on-site apartment to meet their new neigh-bours. As often happens at such social events, the warm plasma of intermingling people eventually precipitated into disciplinary clusters, and Goldhaber found himself amid a group of physicists swapping casual thoughts on research.
Structure and assembly model for the Trypanosoma cruzi 60S ribosomal subunit

Ribosomes of trypanosomatids, a family of protozoan parasites causing debilitating human diseases, possess multiply fragmented rRNAs that together are analogous to 28S rRNA, unusually large rRNA expansion segments, and r-protein variations compared with other eukaryotic ribosomes. To investigate the architecture of the trypanosomatid ribosomes, we determined the 2.5-A structure of the Trypanosoma cruzi ribosome large subunit by single-particle cryo-EM. Examination of this structure and comparative analysis of the yeast ribosomal assembly pathway allowed us to develop a stepwise assembly model for the eight pieces of the large subunit rRNAs and a number of ancillary "glue" proteins. This model can be applied to the characterization of Trypanosoma brucei and Leishmania spp. ribosomes as well. Together with other details, our atomic-level structure may provide a foundation for structure-based design of antitrypanosome drugs.
Studies of Channel-Plume Convection during Solidification

Convective plume flows and associated channels were examined in opaque metallic, and in transparent aqueous and organic systems, covering a range of Prandtl numbers from ~ 10−2 to ~ 30. Measurements have been made of plume-channel compositions and those of their surroundings, by direct sampling of transparent liquids and by electron microprobe analysis of fully solidified metallic alloys, after the events. Plume liquid temperatures were also measured in the transparent materials and flow rates were measured from video records of particle movements. The plume-channel widths and spacings are remarkably similar in all these materials despite their physical differences. Analysis shows that the flow rates for the transparent systems fit a Poiseuille relation, modified for slip at the plume boundaries. Extrapolation of this analysis, using measured channel compositions and estimated buoyancy terms, predicts plume flow velocities in metals to lie between 1.10−1 and 2.10−1 m. s−1. The factors that determine the pattern selection of the plume-channel dimensions, compositions and flow rates are discussed with reference to thermal equilibrium, the onset of turbulence and the restrictions to the liquid re-entrainment needed to sustain such flow.
Improvements in emotion regulation following mindfulness meditation: Effects on depressive symptoms and perceived stress in younger breast cancer survivors.

Objective Mindfulness meditation reduces psychological distress among individuals with cancer. However, mechanisms for intervention effects have not been fully determined. This study tested emotion regulation strategies as mediators of intervention effects in a sample of younger women treated for breast cancer, a group at risk for psychological distress. We focused on two distinct strategies targeted by the intervention-rumination and self-kindness-and further examined the broader construct of mindfulness as a potential mediator. Method Women (n = 71) with Stage 0-III breast cancer diagnosed at or before age 50 who had completed cancer treatment were randomly assigned to a 6-week mindfulness intervention or wait-list control group. Assessments occurred at study entry, postintervention, and a 3-month follow-up. Results In single mediator analyses, increases in self-kindness (CIB [-7.83, -1.93]), decreases in rumination (CIB [-5.05, -.31]), and increases in mindfulness (CIB [-6.58, -.82]) each mediated reductions in depressive symptoms from pre- to postintervention. Increases in self-kindness also mediated reductions in perceived stress (CIB [-5.37, -.62]) from pre- to postintervention, and increases in self-kindness (CIB [-5.67, -.22]) and in mindfulness (CIB [-5.51, -.16]) each mediated intervention effects on perceived stress from preintervention to 3-month follow-up. In multiple mediator analysis, only self-kindness mediated intervention effects on depressive symptoms from pre- to postintervention (CIB [-6.41, -.61]), and self-kindness and mindfulness together mediated intervention effects on perceived stress from preintervention to follow-up (CIB [-6.77, -.35]). Conclusions Self-kindness played a consistent role in reducing distress in younger women with breast cancer. The efficacy of this understudied emotion regulation strategy should be evaluated in other clinical populations. (PsycINFO Database Record
Effect of applied energy in renal sympathetic denervation with magnetic resonance guided focused ultrasound in a porcine model

Past catheter-based and focused ultrasound renal denervation studies have indicated that procedure efficacy is related to the number of ablations performed or the amount of energy used for the ablation. This study extends those prior results and investigates energy level effects on the efficacy of MR guided focused ultrasound renal denervation performed in a porcine model. Twenty-four normotensive pigs underwent unilateral denervation at three intensity levels. The applied intensity level was retrospectively de-rated to account for variability in animal size. Efficacy was assessed through evaluating the norepinephrine present in the kidney medulla and through histological analysis. The treatment was performed under MRI guidance including pre- and post-procedure T1-weighted and quantitative T1 and T2 imaging. During treatment, the temperature in the near field of the ultrasound beam was monitored in real time with MR temperature imaging. Energy delivery in the regions surrounding the renal artery was independently confirmed through an invasive fiberoptic temperature probe placed in the right renal artery. Animals that underwent denervation at a de-rated acoustic intensity of greater than 1.2 kW/cm2 had a significantly lower norepinephrine concentration in the kidney indicating successful denervation. Images obtained during the treatment indicated no tissue changes in the kidneys as a function of the procedure but there were significant T1 changes present in the right lumbar muscles, although only one animal had indication of muscle damage at the time of necropsy. While MR guided focused ultrasound renal denervation was found to be safe and effective in this normotensive animal model, the results indicated the need to incorporate patient-specific details in the treatment planning of MRgFUS renal denervation procedure.
Marine Engine Room Monitoring and Control System for Simulating Real Processes on a Ship

Abstract Correct preparation of the crew for work can be obtained via long-lasting apprenticeships at sea, or training at simulators. The presented concept and the first phase of realisation of the system for simulated steering and control of power devices have proved that realisation of the assumed didactic task is possible, preserving the conditions close to those observed in real training in automatics system maintenance, according to STCW'95. A new element, of significant importance, introduced to the presented simulation system is the use of steering, controlling, and measuring systems being in operation on real ships. Using of real marine systems will guarantee broader range of training, including manual operation of real devices.
Cranial Neuropathies and Neuromuscular Weakness: A Case of Mistaken Identity

We describe a case of wound botulism initially thought to represent Miller-Fisher variant Guillain-Barre syndrome (MFS). Botulism classically presents with the so-called "four D's" (diplopia, dysarthria, dysphagia, dry mouth) with symmetric, descending weakness. MFS presents with a triad of limb-ataxia, areflexia, and ophthalmoplegia, with variable cranial nerve and extremity involvement. The distinction can be difficult but is important as early initiation of botulinum antitoxin is associated with improved patient outcomes in cases of botulism. Furthermore, it is important to recognize intravenous drug use as a risk factor in the development of botulism, especially given an increase in injection drug use.
Carcinoma in Situ of the Urethra Associated with Bladder Carcinoma: The Role of Urethrectomy

AbstractCarcinoma in situ of the urethral margin was demonstrated in 12 men who underwent radical cystectomy for bladder cancer. Six of the 7 patients who underwent simultaneous urethrectomy are free of the tumor but 4 of the 5 who did not undergo urethrectomy died of the disease. This dismal survival rate for patients with carcinoma in situ in the retained urethra indicates the necessity for clear-cut guide lines for the performance of urethrectomy. Frozen section of the urethral margin, as well as of both distal ureters, should be obtained at the time of operation, and urethrectomy, either simultaneous or during the same hospitalization, should be considered strongly for those with carcinoma in situ of the bladder neck or of the urethra.
Linear Parameter-varying Approach for Modeling and Control of Rapid Thermal Processes

In the present paper, a new approach is presented to model and control single wafer rapid thermal processing (RTP) systems. In the past decade, RTP has achieved acceptance as the mainstream technology for semiconductor manufacturing. Thermal processing is one of the most efficient ways to control the phase-structure properties. Moreover, the time duration of RTP systems reduces the so-called thermal budget significantly compared to the traditional methods. RTP implementation is based on the use of light from heating lamps to provide a heat flux. This process is highly nonlinear due to the radiative heat transfer and material properties. By invoking the first principles-based models, we develop in this paper a linear parameter-varying (LPV) model to directly account for the nonlinearities within the system. The model is then discretized into a high-order LPV model; thereafter, principal component analysis (PCA) method is utilized to reduce the number of LPV model’s scheduling variables, followed by the use of proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) for model order reduction. Using the reduced order model, we then design a gain-scheduled controller to satisfy an induced L2 gain performance for tracking of a temperature profile and show improvement over other controller design methods suggested in the literature.
The Role of Capillary Hysteresis and Pore-Scale Heterogeneity in Limiting the Migration of Buoyant Immiscible Fluids in Porous Media

Author(s): Cihan, A; Wang, S; Tokunaga, TK; Birkholzer, JT | Abstract: Understanding the main mechanisms affecting long-term migration and redistribution of injected CO2 in geological carbon storage is needed for developing predictive models to assess environmental risks and designing monitoring schemes. Preparation of a postinjection site care plan is required for CO2 injection wells, including monitoring of pressure changes and injected CO2 plume. Knowledge gaps exist regarding assessment of postinjection monitoring timeframes for the CO2 plume because the processes driving long-term CO2 plume migration and trapping are not fully understood. In the postinjection stage of geological carbon storage, redistribution of CO2 occurs mainly due to buoyancy and capillary forces. This work presents experimental and modeling studies to investigate processes contributing to postinjection plume distribution and stabilization. We conducted a flow cell experiments (0.5nmn×n0.05nmn×n0.01nm) with two immiscible fluid phases in a glass bead porous medium to study postinjection plume behavior. We employed a hysteretic macroscopic two-phase flow model to interpret the experimental results and to understand main processes leading to plume stabilization. Our findings show that capillary pressure hysteresis explains the experimentally observed plume shape and redistribution at early postinjection stages; however, the long-term plume migration and eventual plume stabilization can only be represented when in addition microscale heterogeneity is accounted for. Results also show that plume stabilization can be extremely slow and that the migration of the plume front can occur through multiple intermittent bursts over long times. Further studies are needed to understand implications of the results for more realistic porous media and large-scale storage reservoirs.
In vivo and in vitro Control of Acid-Base Regulation of Brain Cells During Ischemic and Selective Acidic Exposure

The three-compartment model of brain acid-base regulation postulates that under circumstances of changing function or disease, hydrogen ion concentrations may differ considerably in the interstitial space (ISS), the neurons and the glial cells. During hyperglycemia plus profound ischemia, for example, direct measurements by microelectrodes followed by intracellular HRP staining show that intraglial pH can fall transiently as low as 3.9, although more often the nadir drops to the 4.5–5.5 range. Concurrently, ISS-pH and, by calculation, neuronal pH falls to and remains constant (but not necessarily the same) at pH 6.2. By contrast, during spreading depression, ISS and intraglial pH at first move rapidly and transiently in opposite directions, ISS [H+] rising, intraglial falling. These two then gradually stabilize, whereas neuronal pH remains substantially more steady and near normal, shifting only minimally from resting baseline levels over several minutes’ time. Similar but less pronounced effects follow direct electrical stimulation. The net change represents complex biophysical transmembrane and buffering mechanisms that appear to guard neuronal homeostasis.
Layered Nested Markov Chain Monte Carlo

A configurational sampling algorithm based on nested layerings of Markov chains (Layered Nested Markov Chain Monte Carlo or L-NMCMC) is presented for simulations of systems characterized by rugged free energy landscapes. The layerings are generated using a set of auxiliary potential energy surfaces. The implementation of the method is demonstrated in the context of a rugged, two-dimensional potential energy surface. The versatility of the algorithm is next demonstrated on a simple, many-body system, namely, a canonical Lennard-Jones fluid in the liquid state. In that example, different layering schemes and auxiliary potentials are used, including variable cutoff distances and excluded-volume tempering. In addition to calculating a variety of properties of the system, it is also shown that L-NMCMC, when combined with a free-energy perturbation formalism, provides a straightforward means to construct approximate free-energy surfaces at no additional computational cost using the sampling distributions of each auxiliary Markov chain. The proposed L-NMCMC scheme is general in that it could be complementary to any number of methods that rely on sampling from a target distribution or methods that exploit a hierarchy of time scales and/or length scales through decomposition of the potential energy.
Naturgeschehen Und Wahrscheinlichkeit

Wir haben als eine charakteristische Eigenschaft der durch die Differentialgleichungen formulierten Naturgesetze ihre Unabhangigkeit von Ort und Zeit festgestellt. Diese Unabhangigkeit wurde aber gar nicht zur Geltung kommen, wenn sich nicht in der Natur Wiederholungen und Ahnlichkeiten vorfanden. Ohne diese konnten wir niemals zur Auffindung jener Gesetze gelangen. Die physikalische Forschung geht ja aus von der Aufstellung empirischer Gesetze (wie z. B. der Keplerschen Gesetze der Planetenbewegung), welche an Hand von Beobachtungen gefunden werden, und fur diese Beobachtungen bildet die Wiederkehr gleichartiger Verhaltnisse (also beim Fall der Planetenbewegung die Wiederkehr des gleichartigen Umlaufes bei den verschiedenen Planeten) ein wesentliches Erfordernis.
Labor and Employment

For most of us, there is no aspect of economics more important than the study of employment, wages and the conditions of work—for the simple reason that most of us participate in the economy as workers or plan to participate that way in the future. As we saw in Chap. 4, the perspective of economics puts consumption at the center, but for almost everyone work is what makes consumption possible, and useful and interesting work is valuable in its own right. In this chapter we will survey the concepts economists employ when they try to explain or predict wages and job opportunities.
Clinical Features of Idiopathic Preretinal Macular Fibrosis: Schoenberg Lecture

Of 150 consecutive cases of preretinal macular fibrosis that occurred predominantly in older subjects, 118 cases involved only one eye while 32 occurred binocularly. The ratio of women to men was 3:2. Visual acuity was usually 20/50 or better, and only four of 178 eyes had acuity below 20/200. The vast majority of lesions involved the macula and few extended outside the macular zone. The characteristic clinical finding on ophthalmoscopy was a glinting reflex probably due to a layer of connective tissue cells lying on the internal limiting membrane. Small white exudates, venous abnormalities, and occasional hemorrhages may also be part of prepretinal macular fibrosis. Amsler grid testing usually demonstrated irregularity and distortion of some part of the grid. Fluorescein angiography revealed a characteristic tortuosity of the small macular vessels. Most eyes had previous posterior vitreous detachments but, except for one possible case, there were no cases where the posterior vitreous body was adherent to either the retinal membrane or the macular region. There was no significant systemic disease related to preretinal macular fibrosis. In most instances, preretinal macular fibrosis either was stationary or slowly progressive. The etiology and treatment of the condition remains obscure.
Collaboration Between Two Schools of Nursing: Emotional Intelligence Education for Prelicensure Students

Abstract Faculty and nurse administrators have a duty to provide future nurses both educational development and the professional expectations of nurses in health care settings to sustain the quality of care outcomes for members of the community. The purpose of this collaborative project between 2 schools of nursing was to provide emotional intelligence education to prelicensure nursing students while cultivating relationships with local community partners.
Clone-Slicer: Detecting Domain Specific Binary Code Clones through Program Slicing

In this paper, we presented a novel framework, Clone-Slicer, a domain-specific code clone detector for binary executables, that integrates program slicing and a deep learning based binary code clone modeling framework to improve the number of code clone detected. In particular, we chose pointer analysis for memory safety as our example domain to demonstrate the usefulness of our approach. We evaluated our approach using real-world applications from SPEC 2006 benchmark suite. Our results show Clone-Slicer is able to detect up to 43.64% code clones compared to prior work and further cut the time-to-solution (the time spent to verify memory bound safety) for Clone-Slicer by 32.96% compared to Clone-Hunter. As future work, we plan to apply Clone-Slicer to different domains and tasks, such as vulnerable program path discovery, and further improve the capability for code clone detection through advanced clustering algorithms. We will also study the cost-benefit tradeoffs of using such advanced algorithms.
Light-Sensitive Gas Sensors Based on Thiol-Functionalized N-Isopropylacrylamide Polymer–Gold Nanoparticle Composite Films

Random and block N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAM)/cysteamine copolymers and a thiol-terminated NIPAM homopolymer have been synthesized, characterized, and covalently linked to gold nanoparticles. Elec...
A national dataset of 30 m annual urban extent dynamics (1985-2015) in the conterminous United States

Abstract. Dynamics of the urban extent at fine spatial and temporal resolutions over large areas are crucial for developing urban growth models and achieving sustainable development goals. However, there are limited practices of mapping urban dynamics with these two merits combined. In this study, we proposed a new method to map urban dynamics from Landsat time series data using the Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform and developed a national dataset of annual urban extent (1985–2015) at a fine spatial resolution (30 m) in the conterminous United States (US). First, we derived the change information of urbanized years in four periods that were determined from the National Land Cover Database (NLCD), using a temporal segmentation approach. Then, we classified urban extents in the beginning (1985) and ending (2015) years at the cluster level through the implementation of a change vector analysis (CVA)-based approach. We also developed a hierarchical strategy to apply the CVA-based approach due to the spatially explicit urban sprawl over large areas. The overall accuracy of mapped urbanized years is around 90 % with the 1-year tolerance strategy. The mapped urbanized areas in the beginning and ending years are reliable, with overall accuracies of 96 % and 88 %, respectively. Our results reveal that the total urban area increased by about 20 % during the period of 1985–2015 in the US, and the annual urban area growth is not linear over the years. Overall, the growth pattern of urban extent in most coastal states is plateaued over the past three decades while the states in the Midwestern US show an accelerated growth pattern. The derived annual urban extents are of great use for relevant urban studies such as urban area projection and urban sprawl modeling over large areas. Moreover, the proposed mapping framework is transferable for developing annual dynamics of urban extent in other regions and even globally. The data are available at https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.8190920.v2 (Li et al., 2019c).
Role of B1 and B2 lymphocytes in placental ischemia-induced hypertension.

The adaptive and innate immune systems are implicated in hypertension, including the pregnancy-specific hypertensive condition preeclampsia. However, the mechanism of immune system dysfunction lead...
Some aspects of linear independence schemas

In this study, I examined seven first-year linear algebra students’ linear independence schemas. Data came from participants’ interview responses to a set of nine questions. The analysis focused on the identification of concepts and connections pertaining to plans and activations. Overall, the findings revealed the existence of routinized plans, each containing one of six most frequently expressed connections. Moreover, I observed some participants activating these plans as fixed plans, and other participants activating them as ready-to-hand plans. Some activations were task specific. In short, I found participants’ linear independence schemas to be populated by three main routinized plans, each with varying characteristics.
Novel Suture Technique for Slide Tracheoplasty for the Treatment of Long-Segment Tracheal Stenosis.

Long-segment tracheal stenosis is a rare, life-threatening condition. Slide tracheoplasty is the surgical treatment of choice but is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. We examined our institutional outcomes utilizing a running, everting horizontal mattress suture technique. From August 2012 to January 2019, 7 infants and children underwent slide tracheoplasty with a single surgeon utilizing a running, everting horizontal mattress suture technique. Demographics and patient clinical data were obtained through chart review, and a retrospective analysis was performed. Median age was 7 months (range, 4 days–19 months) and median weight was 5.5 kg (range, 2.8–9.4). All patients underwent slide tracheoplasty using a running, everting horizontal mattress suture technique. One patient died on postoperative day 45 of multisystem organ failure, unrelated to his patent airway. Length of postoperative ventilation in survivors was 7 days (range, 0–20 days). Average follow-up was 3 years. There were no instances of significant postoperative airway stenosis, anastomotic leak, granulation tissue formation, or figure-of eight deformity. A running, everting horizontal mattress suture technique is safe and efficacious for slide tracheoplasty, prevents figure-of-eight deformity, and may decrease the incidence of tracheal stenosis, airway granulation tissue formation, and anastomotic leak.
Reproductive physiology of poultry

Abstract The two types of commercial chickens that contribute meat and eggs to the American diet are broiler chickens and laying strains of chickens. In spite of the fact that most birds have only one ovary, commercial poultry species are prolific ovulators, with particularly high levels of productivity observed in the laying hen. Reproductive efficiency is a significant and important economic factor in the poultry industry. Although remarkable gains have been made, there is room for improvement, most notably in broiler strains of chickens. Laying hens have a well-defined follicular hierarchy and nearly daily egg production at peak levels. These strains may be used as a reproductive model for broiler chickens that have been selected for fast growth and high feed conversion. The cause of ovarian overgrowth due to feeding level is unknown and the resulting negative impact on broiler breeder productivity is an important commercial challenge. Increased understanding of the mechanism of ovarian follicle growth and selection has the potential to enhance the sustainability of commercial poultry production.
Acculturation and Well-Being Among International Students: Challenges and Opportunities

In this chapter, we first review how acculturation, socioeconomic, and sociopolitical factors influence international students’ different health behaviors; then we discuss practices and strategies that colleges and universities may adopt to facilitate health behaviors and well-being of their international student population. While transitioning from high school to college, all college students have to go through the process of adapting to new educational and social environments. This process is particularly stressful for international students due to different backgrounds in terms of cultural values, languages, academic preparations, and study habits. With limited internal and external resources, those challenges may pose risks to international students’ health and well-being. For instance, research has shown that international students gained stress, body weight, increased consumption of unhealthy diet, and used drinking to cope with stress after they came to the U.S. In addition, international students’ well-being has been closely influenced by the political climate related to immigration policies, which will also be discussed in this chapter
Experience with discrimination, perceptions of difference, and the importance of gender conformity on support for transgender rights

Analyzing data from the Pew Research Center’s American Trends Panel (N = 4573; August–September 2017), the study considers the influence of experience with gender discrimination, perceptions of gen...
Artificial Intelligence in Intracoronary Imaging

This paper investigates present uses and future potential of artificial intelligence (AI) applied to intracoronary imaging technologies. Advances in data analytics and digitized medical imaging have enabled clinical application of AI to improve patient outcomes and reduce costs through better diagnosis and enhanced workflow. Applications of AI to IVUS and IVOCT have produced improvements in image segmentation, plaque analysis, and stent evaluation. Machine learning algorithms are able to predict future coronary events through the use of imaging results, clinical evaluations, laboratory tests, and demographics. The application of AI to intracoronary imaging holds significant promise for improved understanding and treatment of coronary heart disease. Even in these early stages, AI has demonstrated the ability to improve the prediction of cardiac events. Large curated data sets and databases are needed to speed the development of AI and enable testing and comparison among algorithms.
The Effects of Perceived Stress and Cortisol Concentration on Antiretroviral Adherence When Mediated by Psychological Flexibility Among Southern Black Men Living with HIV.

This pilot study investigates the correlation between psychological stress and antiretroviral therapy (ART) adherence and plasma HIV RNA (viral load) as mediated by psychological flexibility among Black men in the south. Data were collected from 48 HIV-positive, low income Black men. Results indicate a strong positive correlation between perceived stress and psychological inflexibility (adjusted for age and income rs = 0.67; p < 0.001), a negative correlation between psychological inflexibility and ART adherence (adjusted rs = − 0.32; p = 0.03), a negative correlation between perceived stress and ART adherence (adjusted rs = − 0.45; p = 0.006), and a negative correlation between ART adherence and viral load (adjusted rs = − 0.37; p = 0.04). Our findings suggest stress decreases adherence to ART and viral suppression among Black men living with HIV. However, psychological flexibility did not mediate the relationship between stress and treatment adherence. Hair cortisol concentrations were high (mean of 34.2 pg/mg), but uncorrelated with adherence.
Social Class and the Construction of International Mindedness: A Comparative Study of International Baccalaureate Schools in Ecuador.

The purpose of this paper is to examine how students inhabiting distinctive social spaces and experiencing considerably different material realities define, value and problematize the concept of in...
Outcomes and Healthcare Provider Perceptions of Real-Time Continuous Glucose Monitoring (rtCGM) in Patients With Diabetes and COVID-19 Admitted to the ICU.

Objective:We assessed the clinical utility and accuracy of real-time continuous glucose monitoring (rtCGM) (Dexcom G6) in managing diabetes patients with severe COVID-19 infection following admissi...
Professor Mom: The Pandemic's Disruption of the Personal-Professional Divide in Legal Academia

Lecturing on the art of oral advocacy while wedged onto my daughter’s bottom bunk, surrounded by her stuffed animals and proudly displayed soccer medals, pretty much epitomizes how the Coronavirus pandemic upended my professional life this spring. And while yes, I did consider using a virtual background to conceal my whereabouts, it seemed too blatant a lie at that point. I was barely holding the pieces of my life together, and I was fairly sure my students could tell. If you can’t relate to this story, you’re probably not a working mom. This personal essay explores the ways the pandemic has disproportionately and negatively impacted working mothers, and suggests the recognition and use of vulnerability as a preliminary path forward.
Temperature Dependent Damping in Additively Manufactured Polymer Structures

Temperature effects are predominantly ignored when computing the dynamic response of structures. Yet, in applications where large changes in temperature occur, the dynamic response can drastically change. This is particularly true for polymers. While the temperature effects on modulus and loss factor are often available for most polymers, this change is not addressed or corrected for. Meanwhile, the recent research on additively manufactured polymer metastructures has yet to consider the effects of temperature change on their ability to suppress vibrations. In order to fill this gap, the study presented in this paper focuses on the effects of temperature change on additively manufactured structures.
Yet Another Deep Learning Approach for Road Damage Detection using Ensemble Learning

For efficient road maintenance, an automated monitoring system is required to avoid laboriously and time-consuming manual inspection by road administration crews. One potential solution is to utilize image processing-based technologies, especially, as various sources of images have readily been available, e.g., surveillance cameras, in-vehicle cameras, or smartphones. Such image-based solutions enable detecting and classifying road damages. This paper introduces deep learning-based image analysis for road damage detection and classification. Our ensemble learning approaches with test time augmentation were thoroughly evaluated using the 2020 IEEE Big Data Global Road Damage Detection Challenge Dataset. Experimental results show that our approaches achieved an F1 score of up to 0.67, allowing us to win the Challenge.
Missing in the Middle: A Review of Equatorially Disjunct Marine Taxa

Disjunct distributions of flora and fauna have intrigued biogeographers for centuries and have been central to debates over the roles that dispersal and vicariance have in speciation and evolutionary biology. One of the most notable disjunct distributions is when a single species or closely related taxa are present in temperate or polar regions of both hemispheres, but absent near the equator. Generally referred to as an anti-tropical distribution, this pattern in prevalent in marine taxa, occurring across the Tree of Life from single-celled bacteria and radiolarians, to algae, many invertebrates, fishes and marine mammals. The abundance of different species that exhibit this distribution pattern has led to a large number of theories on how it is formed and maintained. Here, seven central hypotheses that recur throughout the literature regarding the mechanisms responsible for this pattern are described and discussed in light of both historic and contemporary data. Recent advances in paleo-climate modelling and phylogenetic approaches have revealed that three of these hypotheses lack support. However, these data also highlight that a single driver of anti-tropicality is unlikely and that multiple mechanisms are responsible for this observed distribution pattern. The importance of using a multifaceted approach in future studies that incorporates phylogenetic, physiological, life history and ecological data is discussed, as there is a gap in our knowledge regarding adult and larval behaviour, as well as thermal tolerances of many anti-tropical species. While recent studies have helped reveal some commonalities between anti-tropical groups, only by using an integrative approach will we be able to more fully understand which mechanisms are most prevalent in driving this pattern across the oceans.
Quality of Care and Outcomes Among a Diverse Group of Long-Term Care Residents With Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Dementias:

ObjectivesThis article assessed whether disparities among ADRD Medicare beneficiaries existed in five different long-stay quality measures. Methods: We linked individual-level data and facility-level characteristics. The main quality outcomes included whether residents: 1) were assessed/appropriately given the seasonal influenza vaccine; 2) received an antipsychotic medication; 3) experienced one/more falls with major injury; 4) were physically restrained; and 5) lost too much weight. Results: In 2016, there were 1,005,781 Medicare Advantage and fee-for-service long-term residents. About 78% were White, 13% Black, 2% Asian/Pacific Islander (Asian/PI), 6% Hispanic, and 0.4% American Indian/Alaska Native (AI/AN). Whites reported higher use of antipsychotic medications along with Hispanics and AI/AN (28%, 28%, and 27%, respectively). Similarly, Whites and AIs/ANs reported having one/more falls compared to the other groups (9% and 8%, respectively). Discussion: Efforts to understand disparities in access and quality of care among American Indians/Alaska Natives are needed, especially post-pandemic.
Neuromorphic adaptive control

A neuromorphic computing architecture for adaptive control of a class of nonlinear systems is presented. Starting with some prior assumptions about stabilizability of the plants, a stable unsupervised architecture is obtained. It is a parallel distributed architecture, and it is shown that it provides bounded tracking and asymptotic regulation, following a class of teacher models. The feasibility of the method is demonstrated for a robotic manipulator. >
When Cumulative Causation Conflicts with Relative Economic Opportunity: Recent Change in the Hispanic Population of the United States

The theory of cumulative causation, originated by Gunnar Myrdal and elaborated by Douglas Massey, implies that a given migration stream normally increases over time. Nevertheless, both Myrdal and Massey recognized that a process of cumulative causation could not continue indefinitely. To explain how this process might cease, I advance a two-part hypothesis applying to a group with little education or English fluency, such as Hispanic immigrants to the United States, which is thereby eligible to fill only a limited subset of jobs. First, the higher the percentage of Hispanics in a population in a given destination, the lower the relative economic opportunity in that area. Second, the lower the relative economic opportunity in a given area, the lower the subsequent rate of population growth for Hispanic immigrants in that area. The results of the quantitative analysis suggest that relative economic opportunity did have a major influence in counteracting the effects associated with the theory of cumulative causation.
The role of red blood cell organic phosphates in adaptation to congenital heart disease.

The role of red blood cell (RBC) 2,3- Diphosphoglycerate (DPG) as a prime regulator of oxygen release by hemoglobin in congenital heart disease (CHD) was evaluated in 73 catheterized children. Although a decrease in arterial oxygen tension (Pao2) was associated with an increase in RBC DPG and P 50 (oxygen tension at 50% hemoglobin saturation), there was a great variability in the DPG concentration at any given Pao2. This variability may in part be related to the apparent influence of congestive heart failure (Pao2 > 60 mm Hg) and systemic oxygen transport (systemic blood flow times arterial oxygen content) on RBC DPG. Cardiac surgery, palliative or corrective, as well as noncardiac surgery (one patient) resulted in an unexplained, paradoxical rise in RBC DPG in the immediate postoperative period (3 to 14 days) despite normal or improved Pao2. RBC DPG and P 50 values returned to normal levels within a month after surgery in patients with successful cardiac repair, but remained elevated in those with palliative surgery. These observations suggest that in addition to a low Pao2, an increase in RBC DPG and consequent rightward shift of the oxygen hemoglobin dissociation curve in CHD may occur as a response to congestive heart failure, reduced systemic oxygen transport, and a major surgical procedure. The reversibility of this adaptive mechanism was demonstrated following successful surgical correction of cyanotic CHD.
“A Games” and Their Relationship to T and E Games

In this essay, I revisit my claims about game structures and amend them by adding achievement-regulated games to previously analyzed time- and event-structured activities. In describing achievement formats, I discuss their heavy reliance on the world of work, their strong dependency on Suits’ lusory attitude, and their relative independence from constitutive rules. I argue that achievement-structured games carry disadvantages not shared by time- and event-regulated activities. I speculate that achievement gaming came first in our evolutionary history, but show that it still holds value for modern players and spectators.
The association between states' texting regulations and the prevalence of texting while driving among U.S. high school students

Abstract Purpose To determine which distracted driving laws were associated with decreased texting while driving among U.S. teenage drivers. Methods Data from the 2013 Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System survey were merged with states' distracted driving legislation. The prevalence of texting while driving was assessed for different laws using log-binomial regression. Results Approximately 39.0% of students reported texting while driving at least once in the 30 days before survey. Compared to states with universal texting bans along with young driver all cellphone bans, the adjusted ratio of texting while driving was 0.94 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.77–1.16) in states with no bans, 1.33 (95% CI, 1.11–1.58) for young driver bans only, 1.24 (95% CI, 1.00–1.52) in states with bans for young drivers but no young driver all cellphone bans, and 0.89 (95% CI, 0.66–1.19) in states with universal texting bans. The prevalence of texting was 28% less in states with delays of full licensure for texting offenses (prevalence ratio = 0.72; 95% CI, 0.59–0.88). Conclusions Universal texting bans along with young driver all cellphone bans may be more effective in reducing texting while driving. Delays of full licensure may dissuade young drivers from texting and driving.
Memory: Errors, Constructive Processes, and Conscious Retrieval

Memory can be explicit, in the form of actual thoughts and images, or implicit, in the form of largely unconscious skills. Autobiographical memory is a form of explicit memory that encodes the events of our lives from our points of view. We now have a basic understanding of the neural underpinnings of autobiographical memory. Two disorders of autobiographical memory are Korsakoff’s syndrome, and aneurysm of the anterior communicating artery. They cause patients to confabulate, that is, to confidently report as memories events that did not happen to them. Normal people and children can also report false memories on occasion. Contemporary theories of confabulation posit two stages of malfunction. First, a false memory appears in consciousness, and second, the brain’s frontal executive processes fail to correct it.