cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
K- AND L-SHELL ELECTRON SHAKE-OFF IN THE BETA DECAY OF $sup 204$Tl.

Electron shake-off has been investigated in the decay of $^{204}\mathrm{Tl}$ in a measurement of the relative intensities of the Hg and Pb $K$ and $L$ x rays. Values of (1.0 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 0.1) \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$% and (20.0 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 2.0) \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$% have been obtained for the $K$-shell and total $L$-shell electron shake-off probabilities, respectively. Approximations of individual $L$-subshell shake-off probabilities resulted in values of (2.0 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 0.6) \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$%, (9.3 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 0.6) \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$%, and (9.0 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 0.6) \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$% for the ${L}_{\mathrm{I}}$, ${L}_{\mathrm{II}}$, and ${L}_{\mathrm{III}}$ subshells, respectively. These values, in some cases, differ by as much as a factor of 3 from theoretical predictions.
Endogenous IL-10 leads to impaired bacterial clearance and reduced survival in a murine model of chronic peritonitis.

Abstract We previously observed insufficient neutrophil accumulation and a lack of TNF-α response at the site of infection until bacteria numbers >105 colony forming units in our model of chronic murine peritonitis, suggesting a defective host response after bacterial challenge with Klebsiella pneumoniae (Klebsiella). The aim of this study was to determine a potentially immunsuppressive effect of IL-10 in this model of chronic peritonitis. Balb/c animals were injected with 103 colony forming units Klebsiella intraperitoneally. Gentamicin (5 mg/kg/day BID) was given subcutaneously (s.c.) for two days and then withdrawn. Animals were treated with anti-IL-10 antibody or IgG isotype control (s.c.) before or after Klebsiella administration. Survival was determined over 14 days. Similarly treated animals were harvested after 48 h to obtain liver tissue, peritoneal fluid and blood. Bacteria and neutrophil counts were determined. TNF-α and IL-10 were measured by ELISA. Anti-IL-10 antibody significantly increased survival and bacterial clearance in the observed compartments. Anti-IL-10 administration did not lead to an increase in TNF-α concentrations or neutrophil accumulation at the site of infection at lower levels of Klebsiella. We conclude that endogenous IL-10 is detrimental for survival and bacterial clearance in this model of chronic peritonitis.
Supersymmetry generators of arbitrary spin

The infinitesimal generators of supersymmetry and translation form a solvable invariant subalgebra of the full graded Lie algebra. In O'Raifeartaigh's classification scheme this belongs to Case (iii). In general we may define the degree-$n$ supersymmetry generators by requiring their nth derived algebra to be equal to translations. In this paper we study degree-1 supersymmetries for which $[{S}_{i},{S}_{j}]=c{({\ensuremath{\alpha}}^{\ensuremath{\mu}}C)}_{\mathrm{ij}}{P}_{\ensuremath{\mu}}$, where a graded commutator is used. Supposing that ${S}_{i}$ belongs to some representation of the Lorentz group we study the conditions on ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}^{\ensuremath{\mu}}$ and $C$ which result from Jacobi identities and Hermitian conjugation. For the three-dimensional case the conditions are satisfied if ${({\ensuremath{\alpha}}^{k}C)}_{\mathrm{ij}}$ is chosen to be a Clebsch-Gordan coefficient. This allows $S$ to have any spin \ensuremath{\ne} 0 and also gives the correct spin-statistics connection (grading). In the four-dimensional case we show how the problem is related to that of finding Lagrangian densities ${L}_{k}=i\overline{\ensuremath{\psi}}{\ensuremath{\alpha}}^{\ensuremath{\mu}}{\ensuremath{\partial}}_{\ensuremath{\mu}}\ensuremath{\psi}$ and ${L}_{m}=\overline{\ensuremath{\psi}}\ensuremath{\psi}$, which are Hermitian scalars. There are an infinite number of possible representations to which ${S}_{i}$ can belong, including those of Bhabha type, for which the spin-statistics connection comes naturally from the representation. At the same time there can be supersymmetry generators of several different spins. The Volkov-Akulov nonlinear realization works in all cases and a supersymmetry-invariant Lagrangian can be constructed. Anticommutators seem to be important only in the sense that then we can have finite-dimensional linear realizations.
Substance Use Among Early Adolescent Girls: Risk and Protective Factors

Disquieting rates of alcohol and drug use among adolescent girls call for original research on gender-specific risk and protective factors for substance use. Particularly salient are data on theory-driven factors that can inform prevention programming. Surveying 781 adolescent girls and their mothers, we found relationships between girls' use of alcohol, prescription drugs, and inhalants and girls' after-school destinations, body images, depression, best friend's substance use, maternal drinking behavior, mother-daughter interactions, and family norms surrounding substance use. Study findings have implications for the design of responsive gender-specific prevention programs.
An Assessment of the Concentration of Acetic Acid and Propionic Acid Derivatives of 3,5,3’-Triiodothyronine in Human Serum*

In order to assess, by RIA, the serum concentration of 3,3′5-triiodothyroacetic acid (Triac) and 3,3′,5-triiodothyropropionic acid (Triprop), antisera were prepared by immunization of rabbits with conjugates of these analogs with human serum albumin. RIA of both Triac and Triprop involved 1) extraction of Triac and Triprop from sera by methanol-2 N NH40H(99:1) and evaporation of extracts to dryness; 2) purification of iodothyronines in the residue using Sephadex (LH-20) column chromatography and subsequent concentration of the eluate; 3) descending paper chromatography in hexane-tertiary amyl alcohol-2 N NH40H (1:5:6) to separate Triac (and Triprop) from T3 and T4; 4) elution of chromatogram zones harboring Triac and Triprop with methanol-2 N NH40H, evaporation of methanol-NH4OH eluate and reconstitution in a convenient volume of assay buffer (0.075 M barbital buffer); 5) comparison with standards of the ability of the reconstituted extract of the unknowns to inhibit the binding of [131I]Triac or of [131I...
Securitization of Disease in the United States: Globalization, Public Policy, and Pandemics

Recent spread of the diseases SARS, Bird Flu, and H1N1 have raised questions about how the US government will address the implications of a major pandemic. One of the key issues is whether a disease can become part of the national security agenda. This paper examines recent government activities in response to diseases to determine whether any disease has actually become a national security issue and the conditions under which this might happen in the future.
The Preparation of Stem Sections of Woody Herbarium Specimens

A procedure is described for sectioning the stems of woody herbarium specimens by the paraffin method. The specimens are cut into convenient sizes; boiled for one-half to one hour in order to exclude air and soak up the cell walls and membranes; cooled and placed in 5% NaOH for 24 hours in order to expand the collapsed cells and remove excessive coloring matter; washed in running water for a few hours; placed in hydrofluoric acid until sufficiently softened to cut easily with a razor blade; washed in running water for 24 hours to remove the acid; dehydrated and embedded in paraffin of high melting point (56-58°C.) according to the n-butyl alcohol method; sectioned with the rotary microtome and completed by the ordinary method. Soaking the paraffin blocks in water for a period of several hours to a day or more before sectioning greatly improves the cutting and reduces electrification of the paraffin ribbon. The method proves satisfactory not only for herbarium material but for seeds and specimens of old ba...
Amorphous silicon 5 bit flash analog to digital converter

A 5-bit fully flash A/D converter (ADC) is built using only n-channel amorphous silicon hydride (a-Si:H) thin film transistors (TFT), metal resistors and capacitors. The circuit is built on silicon using a low temperature process, compatible with flexible plastic substrates. The circuit consumes a power of 13.6 mW running at a speed of 2 k samples/sec. The measurements show reasonably good characteristics, achieving a DNL of less than ±1 LSB and INL of less than ±1.8 LSB without calibration.
Optical Constants of Evaporated Barium in the Vacuum Ultraviolet

Optical properties of evaporated barium films investigated at various wavelengths, using ultrahigh vacuum reflectometer
Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Ubiquitylation Involves the Dynamic Regulation of Cbl-Spry2 by Intersectin 1 and the Shp2 Tyrosine Phosphatase

Ubiquitylation of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) regulates their trafficking and lysosomal degradation. The multidomain scaffolding protein intersectin 1 (ITSN1) is an important regulator of this process. ITSN1 stimulates ubiquitylation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) through enhancing the activity of the Cbl E3 ubiquitin ligase. However, the precise mechanism through which ITSN1 enhances Cbl activity is unclear. Here, we demonstrate that ITSN1 interacts with and recruits the Shp2 tyrosine phosphatase to Spry2 to enhance its dephosphorylation, thereby disrupting the inhibitory effect of Spry2 on Cbl and enhancing EGFR ubiquitylation. In contrast, expression of a catalytically inactive Shp2 mutant reversed the effect of ITSN1 on Spry2 dephosphorylation and decreased Cbl-mediated EGFR ubiquitylation. In addition, disruption of ITSN1 binding to Spry2 through point mutation of the Pro-rich ITSN1 binding site in Spry2 resulted in decreased Shp2-Spry2 interaction and enhanced Spry2 tyrosine phosphorylation. This study demonstrates that ITSN1 enhances Cbl activity, in part, by modulating the interaction of Cbl with Spry2 through recruitment of Shp2 phosphatase to the Cbl-Spry2 complex. These findings reveal a new level of complexity in the regulation of RTKs by Cbl through ITSN1 binding with Shp2 and Spry2.
A Physical Interpretation of Factorization and Factor Modification in Structural Analysis

Abstract The physical interpretation of LDL t factorization and Bennett's method for matrix factor modification applied to structural analysis are studied. The sparsity of the matrix factors and their effect on matrix modification are examined.
Aging of the high affinity GABA transporter in synaptosomes from the hypothalamus of the rat

Abstract Initial velocity of GABA uptake in hypothalamic synaptosomes has been measured in aged animals as a function of both sodium and GABA concentration and compared to previous studies in young animals. The data give good fit to the model found previously to give minimal best fit to control data. Thus it appears that aging has not resulted in a change in fundamental mechanism by which carrier, sodium, and GABA interact in the process of transport. However, changes were found in the constants which quantitate the model. As a consequence, there is a reduction in transport capability in the aged animals which is particularly apparent at the higher sodium concentrations. The best fit constants were used along the rate equation from the model to calculate several kinetic parameters which are useful in comparing transport mechanisms. In the physiological range of sodium concentration, those kinetic parameters related to maximal transport capabilities declined with age, while apparent carrier affinities increased with age. Similar results were found in previous studies of GABA (Wheeler, 1982) and glutamic acid (Wheeler, 1980a) transport in cortical synaptosomes.
Cytokine Expression in Cardiac Allograft Tissue Using Mice Deficient in Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 (ICAM-1) as Transplant Donors or Recipients♦ 139

Cytokine Expression in Cardiac Allograft Tissue Using Mice Deficient in Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 (ICAM-1) as Transplant Donors or Recipients♦ 139
Old bone marrow cells inhibit skin wound vascularization

Local injection of hematopoietic stem cell–enriched cells, including mouse lin− cells, accelerates vascularization in animal injury models, apparently by release of angiogenic factors. Locally injected lin− cells from nondiabetic mice dramatically improve, but those from obese diabetic mice inhibit vascular growth in obese diabetic mouse skin wounds. Because of similarities between diabetes and aging and because autologous bone marrow–derived cells are currently being tested in clinical trials involving older patients, we investigated the effects of old lin− cells on skin wound vascularization in nondiabetic and obese diabetic mice. Treatment with old lin− bone marrow cells resulted in decreased vessel size and numerical density, leading to profoundly reduced vascular volume density in wounds of non-diabetic and diabetic mice. Our data suggest that bone marrow–derived cells may be poor candidates for therapeutic use in older patients and could actually harm them.
Review of Peter Bossaerts, The Paradox of Asset Pricing

By 'the paradox of asset pricing' Peter Bossaerts refers to his contention that, despite its apparent generality and sophistication, the theory of finance has largely been a failure empirically. Bossaerts reviews the major areas of finance: theory, empirical methods, empirical results and experiments. The explanatory variables for average asset returns suggested by theory - market beta and consumption beta - predict returns less successfully than variables for which the theoretical basis is weak. This reviewer agrees with Bossaerts' assessment. Bossaerts proposes weakening the hypothesis of market efficiency from full rational expectations to efficient learning: agents update priors optimally - that is, according to Bayes' rule - but start with possibly biased priors. He develops ingenious empirical implications of this specification. For example, he shows that under efficient learning, inverse asset returns are fair games going backward in time (under some additional assumptions). Empirical implementatio...
Detecting trace species in air using radar REMPI

Microwave scattering based REMPI is used to detect NO, CO, Xe, and Ar in pure form and in atmospheric air. The spectra, dynamics, and the detection limits of trace species in air are studied.
Altered cardiovascular/pain regulatory relationships in chronic pain.

In healthy individuals, there is an inverse relationship between resting blood pressure (BP) and pain sensitivity. This study examined possible dysregulation of this adaptive relation in chronic pain patients, and tested whether the extent of this dysregulation is a function of pain duration, Continuous resting BPs were assessed for 5 min after a 5-min rest period in 121 chronic benign pain patients. Unlike the inverse relationship observed previously in normals, mean resting diastolic BPs during the assessment period were correlated positively with ratings of pain severity. A Pain Duration x Systolic BP i nteraction emerged (p > .05) such that the magnitude of the BP-pain relation was greatest in patients with the longest duration of pain, r(38) = .50, p > .001. A hypothesized progressive alteration in endogenous pain regulatory systems in chronic pain patients was supported. A possible role of endogenous opioid dysfunction in accounting for these alterations is discussed.
MO‐D‐230A‐04: Dedicated PET‐CT and MR‐Simulators in a State‐Of‐The‐Art Radiation Treatment Facility

Purpose: To provide dedicated, integrated PET‐CT and MR simulation and imaging devices in the radiation treatment clinic for purposes of advanced oncologicimaging.Method and Materials: A planning team was established for design of radiationoncology facilities as part of a new comprehensive cancer center. Physicist input included emphasis on combined biological‐anatomical (termed “bioanatomic”™) imaging for a research program in Bioanatomic Imaging and Treatment (BAIT), provision of state‐of‐the‐art treatment devices for IMRT, radiosurgery, and HDR, and analyses of digital medical informatics. PET‐CT and MR simulator specifications were delineated at a time of rapid technology development for both modalities, and included capabilities for gated PETCT acquisition and high‐resolution MRspectroscopy.Results: Facility design includes dedicated rooms for Conventional, PET‐CT, and MR simulation. BAIT simulator devices selected are 8‐slice PET‐CT and 3.0T MR, each with “marking” lasers and virtual simulation tools. PET‐CT s“imulation includes respiratory gating. 3.0T MR simulation includes spectroscopic, diffusion, and perfusion imaging.Radiation safety aspects include shielding for ionizing radiation (PET‐CT) and radiofrequency and magnetic fields (3.0T MR). PET‐CT and MR simulators are centrally located to facilitate patient flow and physician access. PET‐CT and MR simulations are being performed under the auspices of multidisciplinary clinical and research oversight committees. Operators are paired as one imaging technologist (PET‐CT or MR) and one radiation therapist per simulator. Conclusion: Vision for the Bioanatomic Imaging and Treatment Program has been coupled with the opportunity for a new comprehensive cancer center facility to provide multi‐slice PET‐CT and 3.0T MR simulation in the radiation treatment clinic. Using a collaborative multidisciplinary approach, image‐based research protocols have been developed for specific disease sites, and experience is being gained with use of dedicated, integrated PET‐CT and MR simulation. Conflict of Interest: BAIT Program research partners include Varian Medical Systems and GE Healthcare.
Stimulus suffixes and visual presentation.

Seven experiments studied whether irrelevant visual stimuli (stimulus suffixes) would interfere with immediate serial recall of supraspan lists of digits presented visually. Across experiments a wide number of conditions were run, varying in method of presentation (sequential or simultaneous), rate of list presentation, and presence or absence of articulatory suppression. In no condition did a visual suffix have a significant detrimental effect on recall. These results stand in marked contrast to those found when auditory lists and suffixes have been used.
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy of size-segregated aerosol deposits on foil substrates

A method based on Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) double-pass transmittance spectroscopy was developed for determining functional group loading in size-segregated ambient aerosol deposits. The impactor employed for sample collection utilized rotating stages, which produced uniform particulate matter (PM) deposits on standard Al foil substrates. Each sample was analyzed without extraction using an FTIR spectrometer equipped with a reflectometer accessory. The use of the reflectometer obviated the need for infrared window materials as substrates. (NH(4))(2)SO(4) aerosol generated under laboratory conditions were used to calibrate deposit mass to the band strength of the relatively isolated nu(4) bending mode of SO(2-)(4) centered near 620 cm(-1). Atmospheric PM was sampled during the summer of 2004 in Huntsville, Ala. Sulfate concentrations determined in this initial study correlated well with measurements made by collocated EPA air samplers.
The mediating effects of intrinsic motivation, ease of use and usefulness perceptions on performance in first-time and subsequent computer users

Abstract This study examines how certain software interfaces and prior exposure to other interfaces lead to effective learning. In particular, it studies the roles of the interaction style and the learner's prior exposure to other interaction styles mediated by the engagement of the learning environment, users' perceptions of the usefulness of the software, and users' perceptions of their ability to use the software successfully. In the experimental paradigm, two groups that learned a menu-driven or command-driven word processors after prior exposureto the assimilative context of a direct manipulation interaction style were compared to groups that learned those same interaction styles with no prior exposure to the assimilative context of the direct manipulation style software. The results confirm the importance of directness in the interaction style and of a prior assimilative context for learning. However, they also indicate that engagement has a strong effect on performance via its effect on perceived ease of use (PEU). This suggests that software designers should not only give special attention to creating software that promotes interface directness, but that also promotes engagement. Our results also suggest that it may be difficult to create engaging learning environments for learners who do not possess a relevant assimilative context to support software learning.
On the use of judgment in probabilistic risk analysis

Abstract The extensive use of judgment in risk studies creates several issues related to the perception of probabilities and the value of formal theories for uncertainty analysis. The direct assessment of probability distributions may lead to biased curves that do not represent the state of knowledge of the assessors. The use of formal methods and the calibration of the analysts help alleviate some of these biases. Case studies involving the assessment of probability distributions for human error rates and for failure rates of components exemplify the importance of the careful use of expert opinions in risk studies.
The Use of MODIS-NDVI Data for Mapping Cropland across the Great Lakes Basin, USA

The goal of this work is to use the MODIS Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) time-series data for cropland mapping of Great Lakes Basin (GLB). Three classification algorithms were examined to support cropland mapping, including a maximum likelihood, decision tree, and multi-layer perceptron neural network classifiers. The classification results were compared to the agricultural statistics from the NASS to assess relative performance. Results indicated that the neural network classifier produced best overall performance (SE = -2.46 and RMSE = 77.70), however, there were large variations in performances across the study region. A stratification of the GLB by ecoregion was used to improve the cropland classification performance.
Teicoplanin and daptomycin bactericidal activities in the presence of albumin or serum under controlled conditions of pH and ionized calcium.

Teicoplanin and daptomycin bactericidal rates (BRs) were measured from standard kill curves in supplemented Mueller-Hinton broth (B), B with 3 g of albumin per dl (BA), B with 50% pooled human serum (BS), and in broth to simulate free concentrations (BF) under controlled physiologic conditions of pH (7.4) and ionized calcium (1.15 to 1.17 mM) against two clinical Staphylococcus aureus strains. Total concentrations of teicoplanin and daptomycin, respectively, were 45 and 12.5 micrograms/ml in B, BA, and BS and 4.5 and 1.25 micrograms/ml in BF. All BRs are reported as log10 CFU per milliliter per hour. There was a trend for the teicoplanin BR to be inhibited by serum for strain 67 (BR in B was -0.26 +/- 0.08 versus a BR in BS of -0.19 +/- 0.08 [P > 0.05]). The teicoplanin BRs for strain 135 were unaffected by the type of medium used (range, -0.17 to -0.20). For both strains, daptomycin BRs were adversely affected by lower concentrations, albumin, and serum. The BR of daptomycin was significantly faster in B (-4.53 +/- 1.92) (P 0.05). Against strain 135, daptomycin again produced the highest BR in B; however, the BRs in BF, BA, and BS were almost identical, indicating that only free daptomycin was active. After correcting for the influence of protein binding, pH, and ionized calcium, teicoplanin appeared to be inhibited by serum, and daptomycin demonstrated enhanced BRs against different S. aureus strains in the presence of albumin or serum.
Measurement of the interface tensile strength at elevated temperatures

A new experimental procedure to measure the tensile strength of thin film interfaces. in iii, at elevated temperatures is presented. In this experiment, the substrate with coating of interest is placed inside a quartz furnace tube evacuated to 10 -3 torr and heated under a continuous flow of argon. A Nd:YAG laser pulse is then focussed on the back surface of the substrate, which due to surface melting and rapid cooling generates a compressive stress wave directed towards the test coating interface. The compressive stress wave reflects as a tensile wave from the free surface of the coating and leads to its spallation (complete removal) at a sufficiently high wave amplitude The coating's free surface velocity during interface decohesion is measured using an optical interferometer and used to calculate the peak interfacial tensile stress. The technique is quite general and applicable to interlaces between polymeric metallic and ceramic coatings and engineering substrates. Here, it is demonstrated on a model Nb/sapphire interface system, for which an average tensile strength of 400 MPa at 1100°C was obtained. This value is remarkably different than the value of 1.9 GPa obtained under ambient conditions. This large difference suggests the importance of this research because interfaces in tribology, multilayer devices. and composite materials undergo local temperature excursion during service and their design should consider the possibility of such strength degradations.
On inversion for mass distribution from global (time-variable) gravity field

Abstract The well-known non-uniqueness of the gravitational inverse problem states that the external gravity field, even if completely and exactly known, cannot uniquely determine the density distribution of the body that produces the gravity field. In this paper, we provide conceptual insight by examining the problem in terms of spherical harmonic expansion of the global gravity field. By comparing the multipoles and the moments of the density function, we show that in 3-D the degree of knowledge deficiency in trying to inversely recover the density distribution from an external gravity field solution is (n + 1)(n + 2)/2 − (2n + 1) = n(n − 1)/2 for each harmonic degree n. On the other hand, on a 2-D spherical shell we show via a simple relationship that the inverse solution of the surface density distribution is unique. The latter applies quite readily in the inversion of time-variable gravity signals (such as those observed by the GRACE space mission) where the sources largely come from the Earth's surface over a wide range of timescales.
Institutional research and external reporting: The major data seekers

External reporting responsibilities generally fall under the domain of the Institutional Research office, including mandatory data submissions as well as voluntary surveys.
The evolution of federal agricultural land use policy in the United States

Abstract The United States government has a long history of involvement in the planning and management of rural land resources. During the American Civil War, the basic institutions concerned with agricultural land use were established. The conservation responsibilities of the agricultural establishment were greatly expanded during the New Deal. Broader resource concerns and new non-agricultural federal institutions were introduced during the 1970s. From 1981 to the present, there has been an attempt to withdraw federal involvement in traditional agricultural land use activities. Nevertheless, new conservation measures were adopted by the U.S. Congress in 1985 during the 50th anniversary year of the Soil Conservation Service. This paper provides a review of the evolution of activity in agricultural land use and soil conservation by the federal government of the United States.
Investigation of Lateral Stress Relief Using Finite Elements and Fracture Mechanics: Case History Study of the Saxon Pit

AbstractA published case history on the performance of a 29-m-deep excavation that occurred in stiff Oxford clay provides direct field evidence that lateral stress relief can produce shear planes. A finite-element model was developed to investigate the impact of lateral stress relief on this slope. The finite-element model utilized published site characterization data and incorporated shear-strength reductions along closed failure planes. Lateral stress relief resulted in an outward slope face movement that produced sufficient differential shear strain to develop and propagate a horizontal crack at the base of the slope. Analyses indicate excellent agreement with observed lateral and vertical slope face movements. The finite-element model suggests that the slope essentially behaved as a shear model. Recognizing the behavior of this slope, the principles of linear elastic fracture mechanics are expanded to consider closed crack propagation under shear loading conditions. Analyses indicate that a closed cra...
Estrogen Receptor in Deciduoma Cells Separated by Velocity Sedimentation

Nuclear estrogen receptor levels were measured in fractions of dispersed deciduoma cells separated according to size by velocity sedimentation at unit gravity. Previous studies demonstrated that velocity sedimentation separated larger fully differentiated polyploid deciduoma cells from smaller diploid cells. Since levels of estrogen receptor measured in homogenates of deciduomal tissue decreased during the growth and differentiation of the deciduoma, lower levels of estrogen receptor per cell were anticipated in polyploid deciduoma cells. Although levels of estrogen receptor decreased slightly in all fractions of deciduoma cells from days 7-8 of pseudopregnancy, the larger polyploid cells had higher levels of estrogen receptor than smaller cells on both days. These results indicate that differentiation of endometrial stromal cells during decidualization involves a decrease in receptor levels in all deciduomal cell types rather than a specific decrease in the receptor levels of only fully differentiated de...
Comment on the role of intragranular dislocations in superplastic yttria-stabilized zirconia

Abstract It is shown by analysis, including through the incorporation of dislocation pile-ups, that the intragranular movement of dislocations plays little or no significant role in the deformation of high purity yttria-stabilized zirconia when testing at 1673 K at stresses below ∼100 MPa. It is proposed instead that deformation occurs through interface-controlled Coble diffusion creep.
Role of the Phonocardiogram in Evaluation of the Severity of Mitral Stenosis and Detection of Associated Valvular Lesions

The phonocardiogram was correlated with hemodynamic measurements and with the results of surgical exploration in 141 patients with pure or dominant mitral stenosis. The study revealed the following results: 1. A diastolic murmur at the apex was absent in only two of 141 patients. [see figure in the PDf file] 2. The opening snap (OS) was absent in 29% of all patients and in 10% of patients with pure mitral stenosis and noncalcified mitral valve. The most important single factor contributing to the absence of an OS was calcification of the mitral valve. Other factors included young age and associated aortic stenosis or mitral insufficiency. 3. There was no significant correlation between the (Q-1)-(2-OS) interval (PCG index) and the diastolic pressure gradient across mitral valve at rest. The correlation between the PCG index and the calculated mitral valve area (MVA), and the diastolic pressure gradient across the mitral valve during exercise was significant (P <0.05). 4. The PCG index correctly predicted ...
UNIX - A Solution to the Conpatibility Problem

The UNIX operating system (TM Bell Laboratories) has achieved a high degree of popularity in recent years. It is rapidly becoming a defacto standard as the operating system for 16 and 32 bit microcomputers. The adoption of this operating system by the physics community offers several substantial advantages; a portable software environment (editors, file system, etc.), freedom to choose among a variety of higher-level languages for software applications, and computer hardware vendor independence.
Pottery from Spanish Shipwrecks, 1500-1800

With this comprehensive analysis of Spanish pottery, a large collection of securely dated examples recovered from shipwrecks appears in print for the first time. Because wrecks provide solid dates and a quantity of artifacts that far exceeds the number normally found on land sites, significant new generalisations now can be made about the role of pottery in the period of the Spanish empire. Marken focuses on olive jars and tableware, the common pottery of the seaman and the everyday colonist. Illustrated with drawings and photographs, this book should help create more accurate typologies and terminologies for these wares. Without condoning the practice of treasure hunting, Marken decided to incorporate finds from legally salvaged wrecks: "There is no question that scientific, archaeological investigation of shipwrecks brings us closer to answering the real questions about people," he writes. "Ignoring the legally recovered artifacts has left archaeologists years behind in better understanding certain aspects of Spanish material culture. It is within this framework of 'rescue archaeology' that my work was undertaken, in the firm belief that much of the material I was able to record would be unavailable for study a generation hence." Marken analyses collections from 18 shipwrecks that were primarily engaged in trade with the New World or were ships of the Spanish Armada. He discusses the origins of the ships, shipwreck sites and events surrounding each wreck.
Richard Owen and the sea-serpent

The well known naturalist, Richard Owen, had a career long engagement with monstrous creatures. In the 1830s he famously christened large fossil reptiles, Dinosauria. He investigated fossil marine reptiles as well as the giant moa. He also looked into the sea-serpents and sea monsters then drawing wide public attention. 1 He actively collected letters and analyzed correspondence on the topic, consulted with the admiralty on reports of Royal Navy encounters and sightings, and commented in the public press. He concluded that such reports were based upon misidentifications of whales and other large marine mammals, and not run-ins with mythological creatures. His work on the sea-serpent shows that rather than discount the idea out of hand, a number of high profile naturalists were intrigued by monsters and attempted to understand what they were. His work is key to understanding the skepticism over monsters held by modern mainstream science. This skepticism opened the field to later amateur investigators. 2
Typological Assessment of Reconstruction: Did Indo-European Have Inclusive and Exclusive First Person Plural Personal Pronouns?

Kenneth Shields, Jr. Typological Assessment of Reconstruction: Did Indo-European Have Inclusive and Exclusive First Person Plural Personal Pronouns? Lingua Posnaniensis, vol. LI/2009. The Poznan Society for the Advancement of the Arts and Sciences. PL ISSN 0079-4740, ISBN 978-83- 7654-080-1, pp. 57-63 This brief article attempts to apply current typological theory about the structure of person-marking paradigms to reconstructions of early Indo-European personal pronoun declension and early Indo-Eu- ropean verbal conjugation in order to determine whether or not such application can shed light on the traditional debate about whether or not an inclusive/exclusive opposition can be ascribed to the proto- language. Despite the demonstrated positive value of typology in assessing the plausibility of recon- structions, the conclusion reached here is that current typological theory is very limited in its ability to resolve this particular issue of historical/comparative Indo-European linguistics.
Low pH Environmental Stress Inhibits LPS and LTA-Stimulated Proinflammatory Cytokine Production in Rat Alveolar Macrophages

Gastric aspiration increases the risks for developing secondary bacterial pneumonia. Cytokine elaboration through pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs) is an important mechanism in initiating innate immune host response. Effects of low pH stress, a critical component of aspiration pathogenesis, on the PRR pathways were examined, specifically toll-like receptor-2 (TLR2) and TLR4, using isolated rat alveolar macrophages (aMOs). We assessed the ability of aMOs after brief exposure to acidified saline to elaborate proinflammatory cytokines in response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and lipoteichoic acid (LTA) stimulation, known ligands of TLR4 and TLR2, respectively. Low pH stress reduced LPS- and LTA-mediated cytokine release (CINC-1, MIP-2, TNF-α, MCP-1, and IFN-β). LPS and LTA increased intracellular Ca²⁺ concentrations while Ca²⁺ chelation by BAPTA decreased LPS- and LTA-mediated cytokine responses. BAPTA blocked the effects of low pH stress on most of LPS-stimulated cytokines but not of LTA-stimulated responses. In vivo mouse model demonstrates suppressed E. coli and S. pneumoniae clearance following acid aspiration. In conclusion, low pH stress inhibits antibacterial cytokine response of aMOs due to impaired TLR2 (MyD88 pathway) and TLR4 signaling (MyD88 and TRIF pathways). The role of Ca²⁺ in low pH stress-induced signaling is complex but appears to be distinct between LPS- and LTA-mediated responses.
Relationship between the present‐day stress field and plate boundary forces in the Pacific Northwest

The relationship between plate boundary forces and the observed stress field in the Pacific Northwest is established using numerical models of continental deformation. Because the orientation of the greatest horizontal principal stress throughout the Pacific Northwest differs considerably from the direction of convergence between the Juan de Fuca and North American plates, the relationship between the stress field and forces acting along the subduction zone has been unclear. To address this relationship, a two-dimensional finite element model developed by Bird [1989] is used that incorporates critical aspects of continental deformation such as a stratified rheology and interaction between thermal and mechanical components of deformation. Boundary conditions are specified in terms of either velocity or shear traction, depending on whether the computed shear stress at the plate boundary is less than or exceeds, respectively, a prescribed limit. Shear-stress limits on the subduction and transform plate boundaries are independently varied to determine the relative effect of forces along these boundaries on intraplate deformation. Results from this study indicate that the shear stress limit of both subduction and transform boundaries is low, and that the intraplate stress field is attributed, in part, to the normal component of relative plate motion along the transform boundaries. However, the models also indicate that although the subduction zone fault is weak, a minimum shear strength (≥ 10 MPa) for the fault is necessary to explain the observed stress field. The balance among forces along the tectonic boundaries of North America results in a surprising degree of variation in the present-day stress field.
Eicosanoids in regulation of arterial smooth muscle cell phenotype, proliferative capacity, and cholesterol metabolism.

E icosanoids, particularly prostacyclin (PGI2) and thromboxane A2 (TxA2), have been implicated in the regulation of vascular homeostasis from the point of view of platelet-vessel wall interactions and in the regulation of blood vessel tone and hemostasis (for reviews, see references 1 and 2). However, subsequent investigations have revealed that PGI2 and other eicosanoids may also have an important role in the regulation of arterial smooth muscle cell phenotype and cellular cholesterol metabolism. The purpose of this review is to summarize recent findings on the role of eicosanoids in the regulation of smooth muscle cell proliferative capacity and cellular cholesterol content under normal physiological conditions and in an "atherogenic" environment.
SYNTHETIC ANALOGS OF THE ACTIVE SITES OF OXIDIZED AND REDUCED RUBREDOXIN

The bischelate monoanion (Fe((SCH2)2C6H4)2)1_ contains an unconstrained, near-tetrahedral Fe(III)-S4 coordination unit (similar to the Fe-SU coordination unit occurring in rubredoxin proteins) and exhibits the Fe(III)/Fe(II) redox couple. Mossbauer parameters at 77 K are isomer shift S = 0.13 mm/s (relative to iron metal) and electric quadrupole splitting AZIQ = 0.57 mm/s. Application of an external magnetic field parallel to the direction of observa­ tion at 4.2 K induces a saturation magnetic hyperfine field of — 380 kOe. Upon reduction to the dianion (Fe((SCH2)2C6H.t)2)2- the isomer shift changes to S = 0.61 mm/s and the quadrupole splitting at 4.2 K to A£Q = 3.34 mm/s. From the temperature dependence of AEQ for 1.4 K < T < 295 K we infer the splitting of the ground orbital doublet, e(dz2, dX2-yi), to be A s 900 cm-1. External magnetic fields up to 80 kOe reveal the sign of Vzz to be negative indicating that the ground orbital has dz% symmetry and induce a magnetic hyperfine interaction of negative sign. For H0 = 60 kOe, Hm = — 128 kOe. |HM | increases with increasing H0, showing that saturation has not been reached up to Ho = 80 kOe, and implying a zero field splitting of several cm -1 of the electronic ground state. These results as well as magnetic moment measurements for the unconstrained model compounds are comparable to measurements in oxidized and reduced rubredoxin and imply that an « entatic state » description of rubredoxin is not valid.
Near Diffraction-Limited, 811W, Single-Frequency Photonic Crystal Fiber Amplifier

An acoustic and gain tailored Yb-doped polarization-maintaining photonic crystal fiber is used to demonstrate 811W single-frequency output power with near diffraction-limited beam quality; the highest power ever reported from a near diffraction-limited single-frequency fiber laser.
Food-motivated behavior in three species of macaques.

The food-motivated performances of rhesus, stumptail, and cynomolgus macaques were compared using an intra-session progressive fixed-ratio technique. During each test session, the number of panel-presses required for reinforcement was progressively increased until each animal failed to meet a performance criterion. The number of reinforcements obtained by each animal and its speed of responding were measured. The results indicated that, when an easily learned instrumental task involves progressively increasing effort to obtain food, the three species of macaques tested do not perform in a significantly different manner.
Effect of flow rate and the extracellular fluid volume on proximal urate and water absorption

Effect of flow rate and the extracellular fluid volume on proximal urate and water absorption. The in vivo microperfusion technique was used to examine the effect of variations in tubular flow rate and the extracellular fluid volume on [2-14C]-urate and water absorption in the proximal tubule of the rat. In nondiuretic animals, fractional urate absorption was highest at the lowest perfusion rate examined and decreased as the rate of perfusion was increased. Increasing the initial concentration of urate in the perfusion solution had no effect on the fractional absorption of urate. Fractional water absorption was also inversely related to the rate of perfusion. Expansion of the extracellular fluid volume with isotonic saline resulted in rates of urate absorption similar to control values at any given microperfusion rate. Fractional water absorption showed the same flow rate dependency pattern observed in control animals, but at a significantly lower rate of absorption. These studies indicate that fractional urate absorption is dependent upon some parameter of tubular flow rate and that the relationship between urate absorption and perfusion rate is not related to the delivered load of urate per se and is not affected by the state of hydration of the extracellular fluid. Effet du debit tubulaire et du volume des liquides extra-cellulaires sur la reabsorption proximale d'urate et d'eau. La microperfusion in vivo a ete utilisee pour etudier l'effet des variations du debit tubulaire et du volume extra-cellulaire sur la reabsorption d'urate 2-14C et d'eau dans le tube proximal du rat. Chez les animaux non diuretiques, la reabsorption fractionnelle d'urate est la plus grande aux debits de perfusion les plus faibles utilises et diminue quand le debit de perfusion est augmente. L'augmentation de la concentration initiale d'urate dans la solution perfusee n'a pas d'effet sur la reabsorption fractionnelle. La reabsorption fractionnelle d'eau est aussi en fonction inverse du debit de perfusion. L'expansion du volume des liquides extracellulaires avec du chlorure de sodium isotonique a pour effet des debits de reabsorption d'urate semblables aux valeurs controles a tous les debits de microperfusion. La reabsorption fractionnelle d'eau reste dependante du debit de perfusion, comme chez les animaux temoins, mais a des niveaux inferieurs de reabsorption. Ces resultats indiquent que la reabsorption fractionnelle d'urate est dependante d'un parametre lie au debit tubulaire et que la relation entre la reabsorption d'urate et le debit de perfusion n'est pas due au debit d'urate delivre et n'est pas modifiee par l'etat d'hydratation du liquide extracellulaire.
Congenital short esophagus in the newborn

A 29-day-old newborn presented with semiprojectile vomiting, failure to thrive, and roentgenographic evidence for a congenital short esophagus with partial thoracic stomach. Anatomic findings confirmed the presence of a congenital short esophagus with partial thoracic stomach in the absence of stricture or hiatal hernia. The finding of squamous metaplasia involving mucus-secreting glandular epithelium with conversion to normal esophageal-type mucosa was reported. The possible significance of this morphologic change lies in the fact that it removes a potential source of protective mucus and provides a surface of esophageal-like mucosa in a partial thoracic stomach that could lead to ulceration and stricture formation.
Sedimentation in Breton Sound and Effects of Mississippi River-Gulf Outlet: ABSTRACT

The Mississippi River-Gulf outlet is a channel 36 ft deep and 500 ft wide extending from a point south of Michoud, Louisiana, southeastward across the marshes and Breton Sound into the Gulf of Mexico. The outlet was constructed by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers to provide additional access to the Port of New Orleans and thereby ease traffic on the Mississippi River. The channel crosses a delta lobe constructed when the Mississippi River flowed down a course east of its present course. The sedimentary environments and the features formed by the destruction of the now abandoned and subsiding lobe have a great influence on sedimentation in the outlet and, conversely, the outlet has had a profound effect on the environments on which it has been superimposed. The outlet has ncountered an excessive amount of shoaling in its Breton Sound reach. In an effort to determine the cause(s) of the shoaling and the source(s) of the shoal material, a study was made of the factors influencing sediment distribution in the Breton Sound area (e.g., tides, winds, spoil, and sediment distribution, salinity, current directions, and velocities). The principal source of the shoal material was determined to be the spoil dredged from the outlet itself which returns to the channel by density flow rather than by normal deposition of suspended material. End_of_Article - Last_Page 1827------------