cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Roadmap-based end-to-end traffic engineering for multi-hop wireless networks

End-to-end traffic engineering (E2E TE) in multi-hop wireless networks is hard since the nodes are dynamic and can fail or move. As the network size grows, the dynamism of the nodes prohibits E2E TE approaches using paths as well as network state defined using highly variant nodes and links. Thus, E2E TE over such dynamic networks require the capability of expressing E2E paths and network state in a manner independent of the nodes. We propose a roadmap-based trajectory planning scheme to perform E2E TE over multi-hop wireless networks. We illustrate how our roadmap-based approach can automate the process of planning/selecting the trajectories so that better balancing of the traffic is achieved. We compare our roadmap-based approach to its shortest-path routing counterpart, Greedy Parameter Stateless Routing (GPSR), and show that beneficial tradeoffs can be attained.
Interleukin-18 is up-regulated in infectious pleural effusions

Abstract The aim of this study was to investigate the pleural and systemic expression of interleukin-18 (IL-18) in patients with pleural effusions (PEs), and the effects of the cytokine in mouse pleural space. One hundred and sixty patients, 23 with pleural effusions (PEs) due to heart failure, 60 malignant, 25 parapneumonic/empyemas, 15 tuberculous and 37 with exudates of miscellaneous etiologies were included in the study. Pleural fluid (PF) and serum IL-18 content was determined using ELISA. IL-18 was injected intrapleurally in mice and pleural inflammation was assessed using pleural lavage. The highest PF IL-18 levels were observed in parapneumonic PEs and the lowest PF IL-18 levels in patients with exudates of miscellaneous aetiologies and transudates. PF IL-18 levels were significantly higher in patients with empyemas compared to those with uncomplicated ( p = 0.009) or complicated ( p = 0.028) parapneumonic effusions, while serum levels did not differ significantly among the three groups. Pleural IL-18 content was higher than that of blood only in patients with empyemas. In patients with pleural exudates of all etiologies and in those with parapneumonic PEs/empyema, PF IL-18 levels were correlated with markers of acute pleural inflammation such as the percentage of PF neutrophils, PF LDH and PF/serum LDH ratio, low PF glucose and PF/serum glucose ratio and low PF pH. In mice, intrapleural IL-18 caused neutrophil-predominant pleural inflammation. In conclusion, IL-18 is linked to the intensity of neutrophilic pleural inflammation in patients with PEs, it is up-regulated in the pleural space of patients with empyema and it stimulates the accumulation of neutrophils in mouse pleura.
On estimating distance-determined voting functions

Abstract The distance from one's home to a proposed project site is often the important factor determining an individual's opinion whether such a project should be built. This article first discusses why regression is inappropriate to analyze such preference functions at the individual level. It then examines alternative estimation techniques, concentrating on the utility and limitations of probit. Probit is particularly useful for spatial analysis because an indifference distance, i.e. the distance from a project at which an individual is indifferent to whether it is built, can be estimated and used to map such preferences.
Superelastic collisions [e+Mg*] following resonant, 2-photon ionization of Mg atoms

Photoelectron energy spectra of electrons extracted from Mg vapor illuminated with resonance radiation (Mg 1S→Mg 1P→Mg++e) show not only the expected 1.1 eV electrons from the (1+1) process. They also show two bands of faster electrons that have been produced by inelastic collisions of the second kind—up-conversion—of the 1.1 eV electrons with the excited 1P Mg atoms. One band, at 2.7 eV, appears to be due to transfer of energy to a free electron as a magnesium atom de-excites from the 1P to the 3P state. Faster electrons, at 5.5 eV, appear to be produced by a 3-photon ATI process, or by a superelastic collision process de-exciting the 1P magnesium atoms to their ground state or by both; which process or processes are involved is under investigation as this is written. Approximate cross sections will be reported.
Dryland Winter Wheat Response to Tillage and Nitrogen within an Annual Cropping System

Winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) can add diversity to dryland crop rotations in the northern Great Plains, but it is susceptible to winterkill in low surface residue environments. A 12-year study was conducted to determine the response of two winter wheat cultivars, Roughrider and Norstar, to tillage system (conventional-till, CT; minimum-till, MT: and no-till, NT) and N fertilizer rate (34, 67, and 101 kg N ha 1 ) in a dryland spring wheat-winter wheat-sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) rotation. Grain yields were greater with MT (1968 kg ha 1 ) and NT (2022 kg ha 1 ) than with CT (1801 kg ha 1 ), but tillage system effects on grain yield varied among years. Increasing N rate from 34 kg N ha 1 to 67 kg N ha 1 increased grain production from 1844 to 1953 kg ha 1 , but yield response to N rate varied among years. The greatest overall grain yield (2111 kg ha 1 ) was obtained with NT and application of 101 kg N ha 1 . Grain yields were lowest during years when plant-available water (PAW) was 400 mm PAW, leaf spot disease incidence was greatest. particularly at the lowest N rate with NT. Application of adequate N reduced the disease incidence in all tillage treatments. Cultivar differences were significant 3 out of 12 years, but not consistent. Winterkill was a factor for both cultivars in only I year in the CT and MT plots, Winter wheat performed well as a rotational crop in this cropping system when using MT and NT systems and adequate N fertility. Our long-term results indicate that producers in the northern Great Plains can use winter wheat successfully in annual cropping systems that do not include a fallow period, particularly if NT is used with adequate N fertilization.
High-yield fermentation of pentoses into lactic acid.

Lactobacillus species capable of fermenting glucose are generally incapable of utilizing xylose for growth or fermentation. In this study, a novel aspect of a well-known Lactobacillus strain, L. casei subsp. rhamnous (ATCC 10863), was uncovered: it can ferment xylose as efficiently as glucose. This strain is a registered organism, extremely stable on long-term operation. Fermentation by this strain is characterized by an initial lag phase lasting 24-72 h before xylose consumption takes place. The yield (grams/gram) of lactic acid from xylose is in excess of 80% with initial volumetric productivity of 0.38 g/(L.h). Acetic acid is the primary byproduct formed at the level of about 10% of the lactic acid. In addition to xylose, it can ferment all other minor sugars in hemicellulose except arabinose. Subjected to mixed sugar fermentation, this strain consumes glucose first, then mannose, followed by almost simultaneous utilization of xylose and galactose. It shows high tolerance for lactic acid as well as extraneous toxins. It can ferment the mixed sugars present in acid-treated hydrolysate of softwood, giving yields similar to that of pure sugar but at a slower rate.
Elasticity of natural majorite and ringwoodite from the catherwood meteorite

Sound velocities and elastic moduli of natural polycrystalline majorite (Mg0.78Fe0.21Ca0.01)SiO3, and ringwoodite (Mg0.75Fe0.25)2SiO4 from the Catherwood meteorite were measured by Brillouin spectroscopy. These are the first acoustic measurements for such natural high-pressure phases with Fe contents comparable to that of the Earth's mantle. The adiabatic bulk modulus of majorite is Ks=164(4) GPa, and the shear modulus is μ=87(2) GPa, which are typical values for garnet-structured silicates. Both the elastic moduli and the sound velocities of natural cubic majorite are slightly lower than values for aluminosilicate garnets with comparable Fe contents. Moreover, the bulk and shear moduli of natural majorite are indistinguishable from those of pure Mg majorite, and the dependence of these moduli on Fe content is small. In contrast, ringwoodite (Ks=193(3), μ=113(2)) exhibits a pronounced change in the aggregate elastic moduli and sound velocities with increasing Fe content. The addition of 10% Fe to γ-phase changes the velocity by an amount comparable to the velocity change across the β→γ transition in Mg2SiO4. It is therefore necessary to account for the effect of Fe in constructing mineralogical models of the transition zone.
Random-pattern coverage enhancement and diagnosis for LSSD logic self-test

Embedded linear feedback shift registers can be used for logic component self-test. The issue of test coverage is addressed by circuit modification, where necessary, of random-pattern-resistant fault nodes. Also given is a procedure that supports net-level diagnosis for structured logic in the presence of random test-pattern generation and signature analysis.
The Importance of Ethnicity in the Development of Identity of Black Adolescents

Summary.-Ego-identity status was examined in 20 male and 20 female black junior and senior high school students. Ego-identity was assessed by a semistructured interview measuring questioning and commitment in the traditional areas of occupation, ideology (religion and politics), sexual-interpersonal attitudes and behavior, and the newly added area of ethnicity. The greatest questioning and commitment occurred in the area of ethnicity. Ethnicity was most predictive of over-all identity-status and was seen as most important to self-definition. The other area of central importance was occuparion. While the ideological and sexual-interpersonal areas have been found in previous research to have central importance for white adolescents, they were found in this sample of black adolescents to show rhe lowest concordance with overall identity and to be cited as having least importance in self-definition. The lowest amount of questioning and commitment occurred in these areas. The achievement of ego identity has been described by Erikson (1968) as the process of moving beyond childhood identifications, sorting through and synthesizing them to form a new and unique configuration. Identity development takes place throughout the life course but has its normative crisis at adolescence. At this stage commitments are made which provide a sense of continuity with the past yet construct a pathway toward the future. While ego-identity is a clinical construct that is difficult to delimit and define with precision, it has been successfully operationalized by Marcia (1966). Marcia (1966) developed a semistructured interview to place individuals in one of four identity-statuses or modes of deahng with the issue of identity. Marcia's Identity Status Interview has been widely used to study development of identity at adolescence, and it has been found to be both a reliable and vahd measure of ego-identity; see review by Marcia (1980). Marcia used two dmensions to assess an individual's identity status (1) the presence or absence of a "crisis" or period of questioning and exploration and (2) the presence or absence of a commitment to or investment in a course of action in the areas of occupation and ideology (politics and religion). Individuals are categorized as identity achieved if they have undergone a period of questioning and decision-making and have made occupational and ideological commitments. Individuals are categorized as identity foreclosed if they have made commitments to an occupation and ideology, but their values and goals are reflections of those endorsed by parents or parent surrogates and have never undergone a period of questioning. Indviduals
Dinnertime stories: connecting family practices with relationship beliefs and child adjustment.

Adjustment Author(s): Barbara H. Fiese and Kathleen A. T. Marjinsky Reviewed work(s): Source: Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, Vol. 64, No. 2, The Stories That Families Tell: Narrative Coherence, Narrative Interaction, and Relationship Beliefs (1999), pp. 52-68 Published by: Blackwell Publishing on behalf of the Society for Research in Child Development Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3181520 . Accessed: 24/12/2011 02:55
Recombinant human interferon-γ modulates rift valley fever virus infection in the rhesus monkey

Prophylactic treatment of rhesus macaques with 104-106 U/kg of recombinant human interferon-γ (rHuIFN-γ) modulated Rift Valley fever (RVF) virus infection. IFN was given intramuscularly at 24 h prior to infection and daily thereafter for a total of five doses. After infection, treated monkeys showed no evidence of clinical disease; some had no detectable viremia; when viremia was observed, peak virus titers were decreased compared to control infected monkeys; and only minor and transient perturbations in hematologic and clinical chemistry values were seen. Untreated infected control monkeys developed high-titered viremia, mild to severe clinical disease, and moderate to severe changes in hemostatic parameters and clinical laboratory measurements. No evidence of synergism was noted when RVF virus-infected monkeys were treated prophylactically with combined low doses of rHuIFN-γ and rHuIFN-αA.
Structures of care in the clinics of the HIV Research Network.

Abstract As the HIV epidemic has evolved to become a chronic, treatable condition the focus of HIV care has shifted from the inpatient to the outpatient arena. The optimal structure of HIV care in the outpatient setting is unknown. Using the HIV Research Network (HIVRN), a federally sponsored consortium of 21 sites that provide care to HIV-infected individuals, this study attempted to: (1) document key features of the organization of care in HIVRN adult clinics and (2) estimate variability among clinics in these parameters. A cross-sectional survey of adult clinic directors regarding patient volume, follow-up care, provider characteristics, acute patient care issues, wait times, patient safety procedures, and prophylaxis practices was conducted from July to December 2007. All 15 adult HIVRN clinic sites responded: 9 academic and 6 community-based. The results demonstrate variability in key practice parameters. Median (range) of selected practice characteristics were: (1) annual patient panel size, 1300 (3...
Relationship between the structure and enantioselectivity in the asymmetric reduction of 2′,6′-disubstituted acetophenones with DIP-ChlorideTM. An ab initio study

Using computational and chemical studies, a relationship between the % ee achieved and the dihedral angles between the plane of the aromatic ring and the plane containing the carbonyl group has been established for asymmetric reductions with B-chlorodiisopinocampheylborane.
Roughness induced in plane uniaxial anisotropy in ultrathin Fe films

Abstract We have studied roughness induced in plane anisotropy, for ultrathin Fe films grown on MgO(1 0 0). When the films are grown, the deposition beam is directed toward the substrate at non-normal incidence, to produce a rough outer surface, with anisotropic roughness. We measure the roughness induced in plane anisotropy fields for several samples with SMOKE, and we also perform STM measurements of the actual surface profile. This allows us to calculate the roughness induced in plane anisotropy produced by the dipolar mechanism, with no adjustable parameters, using the theory of Arias and Mills. Comparison between theory and experiment shows that anisotropy of dipolar origin is a major source of extrinsic in plane anisotropy.
Low-energy electron collision processes in NF3.

The results of close-coupling calculations are reported for low-energy electron collision processes involving NF{sub 3}. We have used the complex Kohn variational method to calculate the elastic differential and momentum-transfer cross sections, as well as cross sections for (dissociative) excitation of the lowest singlet and triplet electronically excited states. Comparison is made between the results of this study and the limited body of experimental results available for this system.
SuperBiHelix method for predicting the pleiotropic ensemble of G-protein-coupled receptor conformations.

There is overwhelming evidence that G-protein–coupled receptors (GPCRs) exhibit several distinct low-energy conformations, each of which might favor binding to different ligands and/or lead to different downstream functions. Understanding the function of such proteins requires knowledge of the ensemble of low-energy configurations that might play a role in this pleiotropic functionality. We earlier reported the BiHelix method for efficiently sampling the (12)7 = 35 million conformations resulting from 30° rotations about the axis (η) of all seven transmembrane helices (TMHs), showing that the experimental structure is reliably selected as the best conformation from this ensemble. However, various GPCRs differ sufficiently in the tilts of the TMHs that this method need not predict the optimum conformation starting from any other template. In this paper, we introduce the SuperBiHelix method in which the tilt angles (θ, φ) are optimized simultaneously with rotations (η) efficiently enough that it is practical and sufficient to sample (5 × 3 × 5)7 = 13 trillion configurations. This method can correctly identify the optimum structure of a GPCR starting with the template from a different GPCR. We have validated this method by predicting known crystal structure conformations starting from the template of a different protein structure. We find that the SuperBiHelix conformational ensemble includes the higher energy conformations associated with the active protein in addition to those associated with the more stable inactive protein. This methodology was then applied to design and experimentally confirm structures of three mutants of the CB1 cannabinoid receptor associated with different functions.
A Simple Card Trick: Teaching Qualitative Data Analysis Using a Deck of Playing Cards

Yet today, despite recent welcome additions, relatively little is written about teaching qualitative research. Why is that? This article reports out a relatively simple, yet appealing, pedagogical ...
The University of Michigan Medical School, 1850-2000: An Example Worthy of Imitation

The 150th anniversary of the University of Michigan Medical School affords occasion for both celebration and reflection, not just in Ann Arbor but throughout the world, as we consider its contributions to medical education, research, and health care over the past century and a half. This article explores the medical school's origins as a frontier medical outpost and describes the vital reforms in medical education implemented in Ann Arbor long before the landmark Flexner Report on Medical Education of 1910. It also depicts how and why the medical school developed as it did and what features are distinctive or typical about the school during this period.
Hannah Arendt and the Crisis of the Humanities

(2014). Hannah Arendt and the Crisis of the Humanities? Political Theology: Vol. 15, No. 4, pp. 287-289.
Kinetic Probes of the Mechanism of Polyoxometalate-Mediated Photocatalytic Oxidation of Chlorinated Organics

The present study reports the development of kinetic probes to determine the possible role of hydroxyl radicalsin the polyoxometalate-mediated photocatalytic oxidation of aqueous chlorinated organic compounds.Photocatalytic oxidation of the model chloroaromatic 1,2-dichlorobenzene (DCB) was carried out in oxygenated,illuminated solutions of three contrasting polyoxometalates (POMs), H
STILL FEELING PROUD TO BE WORKING FOR YOUR EMPLOYER? LONGITUDINAL CHANGES IN WHITE COLLAR EMPLOYEES' MORALE IN A TIME OF ORGANIZATIONAL RESTRUCTURING

Using two panels of employer-employee matched datasets, this study investigates the changes in work morale for white-collar employees—managerial, professional, and technical (MPT) workers—and how such changes are related to organizational restructuring. Findings suggest little changes in work morale of white-collar workers—more MPT workers in the 2002 data strongly agreed that they “feel proud to be working for their employers” than did their counterparts in 1991, but fewer of them agreed to the statement. Moreover, managerial employees have been increasingly akin to the tall organizational hierarchy, but display some resentment toward teamwork. In contrast, work morale of professional/technical workers is not related to the changes in organizational hierarchy and teamwork, but their positive reaction to internal labor markets has significantly declined from 1991 to 2002. The conclusion section summarizes major findings and discusses implications for future studies on this subject.
Arizona's Elementary Foreign Language Mandate, Phase I: Now That We Have It, What Shall We Do?*

This article describes the Elementary Foreign Language Task Force's efforts once the Arizona State Board of Education passed a mandate requiring that all elementary schools teach a foreign language. The Task Force identified the essential components of an effective program: 1) coordination; 2) commitment; 3) integration of foreign language with other subjects; 4) goals; 5) staffing; 6) materials; 7) instructional principles; 8) examples of delivery systems; 9) articulation; 10) grades involved; 11) languages to be taught; 12) funding and legislation; 13) evaluation plan; 14) methods of implementation. The Arizona Task Force reviewed several existing programs with national prominence. These preliminary review effortsle d to a proposed model in which Arizona's school districts were to decide the target language of instruction once they identified curricular and personnel resources. In response, Northern Arizona University launched a strong teacher-training effort during the summer of 1992. As a result, many of Arizona's children currently benefit from foreign language instruction.
Proton affinity of methyl peroxynitrate.

The equilibrium structures, harmonic vibrational frequencies of methyl peroxynitrate, and structures of protonated methyl peroxynitrate have been investigated using ab initio methods. The methods include the single- and double-excitation quadratic configuration (QCISD) methods and the QCISD(T) method, which incorporates a perturbational estimate of the effects of corrected triple excitation. The lowest-energy gas-phase form of protonated methyl peroxynitrate is a complex between CH3OOH and NO2+. The CH3OOH·NO2+ complex is bound by 22 ± 2 kcal/mol. The estimated proton affinity of methyl peroxynitrate is 178.8 ± 3 kcal/mol. A general trend for the proton affinity of ROO−NO2 (peroxynitrates) compounds is discussed.
Robot assisted laparoscopic nephrectomy.

Purpose: The feasibility and safety of remote laparoscopic surgery using a surgical telemanipulator have been demonstrated in laboratory experience and recently in clinical practice. To our knowledge we report the first robot assisted, laparoscopic nephrectomy in a human.Materials and Methods: A 77-year-old woman was diagnosed with a nonfunctioning hydronephrotic right kidney due to ureteropelvic junction obstruction. Robot assisted, transperitoneal right laparoscopic nephrectomy was performed.Results: Complete dissection was successfully performed with the robot. The renal pedicle was dissected without any problem, and the artery and vein were individually ligated. Operative time was 200 minutes, anesthesia time was 245 minutes and blood loss was less than 100 ml. Convalescence was uneventful. Histological examination confirmed the preoperative diagnosis.Conclusions: We report the technical feasibility of robot assisted laparoscopic nephrectomy in humans. Current technology needs further improvement and ...
Structure, Mechanics and Failure of Stochastic Fibrous Networks: Part II—Network Simulations and Application

Applications for porous fibrous materials range from electrochemical substrates to web reinforcement in polymeric composite materials. The details of local load transfer are studied in a class of cost-effective, stochastic fibrous networks used in battery applications. The connectivity of these materials is quantitatively related to modulus and strength, and detailed results of different simulations approaches in approximating material construction are discussed. In Part II, we focus on the consequences of various microscale assumptions concerning bonding, beam type, failure mode and simulation scale on effective moduli and peak loads. We show that the effects of scale are important even in a tight range of window sizes (one-tenth to ten times the staple length), especially as compared to the relative insensitivity of conductivity to scale, when only bulk conduction is considered. We also discuss issues of connectivity at the scale of the porous material rather than element-by-element. This work points toward use of simple constructions to model complex behavior, and may ultimately provide insight into modeling of a large class of porous materials.
International Factor Price Equalization in a limited-substitutability technology framework

Abstract This paper generalizes the Heckscher–Ohlin trade theory summarized in Samuelson's [Samuelson, P.A., 1949, International Factor Price Equalization Once Again, The Economic Journal 59, 181–197.] calculus treatment to the domain of non-differentiable technologies characterized by discrete alternative Leontief–Sraffa techniques. Demonstrated here is how the close qualitative parallelisms between limited-substitutability technologies and neoclassical marginal-productivity models permit the validity of the theorems of international factor price equalization and their well-known extensions even when smooth marginal productivities cannot obtain.
Corneal oedema in ocular hypotony

We describe the pattern of corneal oedema observed in five patients with chronic hypotony. The patients had marked stromal oedema from presumed endothelial dysfunction, but no epithelial oedema. These observations corroborate the concept that the intraocular pressure is the driving force in the generation of epithelial oedema.
Beyond 10 Gb/in/sup 2/: Using a merged notched head (FIB-defined writer and GMR reader) on advanced low noise media

We demonstrated recording performance at greater than 10 Gb/in/sup 2/ with data rates up to 25 MB/s, using a single combined write and read head (Merge Notched head).
DEA-based hypothesis tests for comparing two groups of decision making units

In this paper, we develop five statistical tests to compare the efficiencies of different groups of DMUs. We consider a data generating process (DGP) that models the deviation of the output from the best practice frontier as the sum of two components, a one-sided inefficiency term and a two-sided random noise term. We use simulation to evaluate the performance of the five tests against the Banker tests (Banker, 1993) that were designed for DGPs containing a single one-sided error term. It is found that while the Banker tests are very effective when efficiency dominates noise, the tests developed in this paper perform better than the Banker tests when noise levels are significant.
Converging evidence from microstimulation, architecture, and connections for multiple motor areas in the frontal and cingulate cortex of prosimian primates.

In the present study, somatotopic organization, architectonic features, and patterns of connections were used to define motor areas in the frontal and cingulate cortex of the prosimian primate Galago garnetti. Sites throughout portions of the motor cortex were electrically stimulated with microelectrodes at the approximate depth of layer V. In some of the same animals, injections in primary motor cortex (M1), and in the spinal cord, revealed patterns of connections with physiologically identified motor areas. Results were related to cortical architecture in brain sections processed for Nissl, myelin, cytochrome oxidase, acetylcholinesterase, or neurofilaments. Evidence was obtained for a number of fields previously identified in simian primates, including M1, dorsal premotor field with caudal (PMDc) and rostral (PMDr) divisions, ventral premotor area (PMV), supplementary motor area (SMA), presupplementary motor area (pre-SMA), frontal eye field (FEF), and cingulate motor areas, CMAr and CMAc located rostrally and caudally, respectively. In addition, we distinguished area 6Ds of Preuss and Goldman-Rakic (1991a) between PMV and PMDc, and a more posterior cingulate sensorimotor area (CSMA) with motor connections that may correspond to the supplementary sensory area of monkeys. Areas M1, SMA, PMDc, PMV, CMAr, CMAc, and CSMA projected to the spinal cord, while all of these areas and 6Ds projected to M1. Although area M1 had the lowest stimulation thresholds for evoked movements, movements were also evoked from the other motor areas, as well as from somatosensory areas 3a and 3b. These results indicate that prosimian galagos have a complex of motor areas that closely resembles that in monkeys and suggest that at least 10 motor fields emerged early in primate evolution. J. Comp. Neurol. 423:140 ‐177, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc. Indexing terms: premotor cortex; corticospinal connections; cortical connections, galago, evolution
Hormonal regulation of hepatic amino acid transport.

The transport of 2-aminoisobutyric acid (AIB) into liver tissue was increased by both insulin and glucagon. We have now shown that these hormones do not stimulate the same transport system. Glucagon, possibly via cAMP, increased the hepatic uptake of AIB by a mechanism which resembled system A. This glucagon-sensitive system could be monitored by the use of the model amino acid MeAIB. In contrast, the insulin-stimulated system exhibited little or no affinity for MeAIB and will be referred to as system B. On the basis of other reports that the hepatic transport of AIB is almost entirely Na+ dependent and the present finding that the uptake of 2-aminobicyclo [2,2,1] heptane-2-carboxylic acid (BCH) was not stimulated by either hormone, we conclude that system B is Na+ dependent. Furthermore, insulin added to the perfusate of livers from glucagon-pretreated donors suppressed the increase in AIB or MeAIB uptake. Depending upon the specificities of systems A and B, both of which are unknown for liver tissue, the insulin/glucagon ratio may alter the composition of the intracellular pool of amino acids.
Organ Analysis and Classification using Principal Component and Linear Discriminant Analysis

Texture analysis and classification of soft tissues in Computed Tomography (CT) images recently advanced with a new approach that disambiguates the checkboard problem where two distinctly different patterns produce identical co-occurrence matrices, but this method quadruples the size of the feature space. The feature space size problem is exacerbated by the use of varying sized texture operators for improving boundary segmentation. Dimensionality reduction motivates this investigation into systematic analysis of the power of feature categories (Haralick descriptors, distance, and direction) to differentiate between soft tissues. The within-organ variance explained by the individual components of feature categories offers a ranking of their potential power for between-organ discrimination. This paper introduces a technique for combining the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) results to compare and visualize the explanatory power of features with varying window sizes. We found that 1) the two Haralick features Cluster Tendency and Contrast contribute the most; 2) as distance increases, its contribution to overall variance decreases; and 3) direction is unimportant. We also evaluated the proposed technique with respect to its classification power. Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) and Decision Tree (DT) were used to produce two classification models based on the reduced data set. We found that using PCA either fails to improve or markedly degrades the classification performance of LDA as well as of the DT model. Though feature extraction for classification shows no promise, the proposed technique offers a systematic mechanism to compare feature reduction strategies for varying window sizes as well as other measurement techniques.
Dynamical disorder of spin-induced Jahn-Teller orbitals with the insulator-metal transition in cobaltites.

Using elastic and inelastic neutron scattering, we investigated the evolution of the local atomic structure and lattice dynamics of ${\mathrm{L}\mathrm{a}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{S}\mathrm{r}}_{x}{\mathrm{C}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ ($x=0--0.5$) as it crosses over with $x$ from an insulator to a ferromagnetic metal (FMM). Our pair density function analysis indicates that, in the paramagnetic insulating phase for all $x$, spin activation of ${\mathrm{C}\mathrm{o}}^{3+}$ ions induces local static Jahn-Teller (JT) distortions. The size of the JT lattice increases almost linearly with $x$. However, in the FMM phase, static JT distortions are absent for $x\ensuremath{\le}30%$. This coincides with narrowing of $\ensuremath{\hbar}\ensuremath{\omega}=22$ and 24 meV modes in the phonon spectrum which we argue is due to localized dynamical JT fluctuations. For $xg30%$, static JT distortions reappear along with broadening of the phonon modes because of weakened charge-lattice interactions.
Effects of growth stages, respiration, and microbial degradation of phytoplankton on cellular lipids and their compound-specific stable carbon isotopic compositions

A series of laboratory experiments were conducted to examine effects of biochemical processes on phytoplankton lipids and their stable carbon isotopic compositions. Thalassiosira weissflogii and Emiliania huxleyi were axenically cultivated in batch cultures through exponential growth (phase I) and stationary period (phase II), followed by dark respiration (phase III) and subsequent microbial degradation (phase IV). The results indicated that the bulk parameters, lipid contents and associated isotopic compositions of two phytoplankton species varied differently during different cell growth stages, cell respiration and microbial degradation processes. T. weissflogii continuously produced neutral lipids and fatty acids at similar rates between phase I and phase II. By contrast, E. huxleyi produced neutral lipids at faster rates in phase II than in phase I although the production rates of fatty acids were still similar between the two phases. The lipid isotopic compositions of these two phytoplankton species varied in a similar pattern through cell growth: remarkably positive shift in phase I but relatively small negative shift or little change in phase II. During cell respiration (phase III), two phytoplanktons lost their lipids by varying percentages but the isotopic compositions of all compounds remained relatively constant. With degradation of lipids in phase IV, their isotopic compositions varied in three different ways: positive shift for most fatty acids; little change for sterols and alkenones; and a negative shift for 20:5 fatty acid of T. weissflogii. This experimental study implies: (1) isotopic compositions of phytoplankton lipids are heterogeneously generated through different cell growth phases, likely dependent on cell physiological states, medium conditions, and relative proportions of intracellular components; and (2) microbial degradation plays a more important role in altering isotopic compositions of lipid compounds than cell respiration, probably related to different labilities of lipids between different cellular components.
The risk factors, incidence, and prognosis of ARDS following septicemia.

Adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is frequently associated with septicemia. However, the incidence, risk factors, and prognosis are poorly defined. Therefore, during a nine-month period, 116 consecutive patients with septicemia were analyzed. ARDS occurred in 21 of 116 (18 percent) of septicemic patients. Shock preceded all cases of ARDS but occurred in only 15 percent of patients without ARDS (p
Hematoma of the interatrial septum with heart block secondary to dissecting aneurysm of the aorta. A clinicopathologic entity.

Four patients with a hematoma of the interatrial septum secondary to acute dissecting aneurysm of the aorta are described. Hematoma of the interatrial septum presents with clinical features of acute dissecting aneurysm of the aorta and partial or complete heart block. Anatomically, the hematoma traverses the aortoatrial space to involve the A-V node and the bundle of His. Early operation is indicated.
Cell death in Clarke's column after spinal cord transection.

The death of embryonic central nervous system (CNS) neurons deprived of a target is well established. In adult rats, similar cell death of corticospinal and rubrospinal motor neurons occurs as a delayed response to spinal cord transection. We document the loss of neurons in Clarke's column, secondary ascending spino-cerebellar neurons in adult rats, after complete spinal cord transection at T-9. Twenty-five weeks after spinal cord transection, horseradish peroxidase (HRP) studies showed a dramatic loss of labeled cells in rats with transected spinal cords as compared to matched control rats. Cresyl echt violet-stained sections failed to support the hypothesis that unlabeled cells persist in a shrunken, inactive state; instead we found far fewer identifiable neurons in Clarke's column. Although we saw little gliosis in the area of cell loss, gliosis was evident in the adjacent corticospinal tract which was severed in the original surgical injury. Amputation of the right hind limb resulted in a paradoxical increase in labeled Clarke's column cells on the right. Total cells stained with cresyl echt violet in amputated animals were not different from right to left. The increase in labeled cells on the amputated side may have been caused by an increase in metabolic activity of these deafferentated neurons which resulted in more effective axoplasmic transport of the HRP label.
SINGULARITIES OF HADRONIC AMPLITUDES IN QUANTUM CHROMODYNAMICS

Singularities of hadronic amplitudes are discussed within the framework of QCD as formulated on the basis of the BRST algebra. Only non-perturbative QCD is considered. Local, composite fields are introduced for hadrons. Given confinement, it is shown that hadronic amplitudes have no thresholds or structure singularities (anomalous thresholds) which are directly related to the underlying quark-gluon structure. In contrast, general amplitudes of QCD must have singularities in channels with nonzero color quantum number, which can be related to unphysical states.
Raman Slow Light in Fibers and on Chip

We demonstrate all-optical tunable delays using stimulated Raman scattering in an optical fiber and in a silicon-on-insulator waveguide. These results represent a step towards implementing optically tunable dispersion in ultra-high bandwidth telecommunication systems.
Biofilms as complex fluids

Bacterial biofilms are interface-associated colonies of bacteria embedded in an extracellular matrix that is composed primarily of polymers and proteins. They can be viewed in the context of soft matter physics: the rigid bacteria are analogous to colloids, and the extracellular matrix is a cross-linked polymer gel. This perspective is beneficial for understanding the structure, mechanics, and dynamics of the biofilm. Bacteria regulate the water content of the biofilm by controlling the composition of the extracellular matrix, and thereby controlling the mechanical properties. The mechanics of well-defined soft materials can provide insight into the mechanics of biofilms and, in particular, the viscoelasticity. Furthermore, spatial heterogeneities in gene expression create heterogeneities in polymer and surfactant production. The resulting concentration gradients generate forces within the biofilm that are relevant for biofilm spreading and survival.
Quality control: putting protein aggregates in a bind

Asymmetric inheritance of protein aggregates in budding yeast is a fascinating yet controversial area of aging research. A recent study demonstrates that unfolded protein aggregates are confined to the mother by tethering to organelles rather than retrograde transport.
Towards in vivo biosensors for low-cost protein sensing

In vivo biosensing requires stable transistor operation in high-salt concentration bodily fluids while exhibiting impermeability to mobile alkali ions that would otherwise render the metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) threshold voltage to drift. Metal oxide semiconductor capacitor structures using Al 2 O 3 as the gate dielectric were soaked in a sterile physiological buffer solution (PBS) up to 24 hours and for thicknesses from 100 to 10 nm. The triangular voltage sweep technique characterised alkali ion penetration, and measured no detectable alkali ions for the Al 2 O 3 capacitors. By contrast, the dose of alkali ions in silicon dioxide MOS capacitors steadily increased with increasing soak times in the PBS solution.
Silver, not sterling: a comment on Mayhew's velocity

Monetary history is little loved and often finds few suitors, so it may perhaps seem churlish to call attention to a disagreement with a fellow practitioner. Mayhew graciously cited several of my articles on sixteenthcentury monetary matters in his recent article' in this journal. At the risk of appearing ungrateful, I am impelled to offer some clarification of my views and methods while not disagreeing directly with his results. He is quite correct in observing that, in comparing bullion supplies, bullion prices, the velocity of circulation of bullion, and the level of transactions during some years of the fourteenth and sixteenth centuries, I concluded that the V term (velocity in the Fisher equation MV = PT) had increased in the latter century and that in the absence of such an increase, bullion prices would have fallen rather than risen during the so-called price revolution. My precise words were as follows:
Case study: severe rainfall events in northwestern Peru (visualization of scattered meteorological data)

The ordinarily arid climate of coastal Peru is disturbed every few years by a phenomenon called El Nino, characterized by a warming in the Pacific Ocean. Severe rainstorms are one of the consequences of El Nino, which cause great damage. An examination of daily data from 66 rainfall stations in the Chiura-Piura region of north-western Peru from late 1982 through mid-1983 (associated with an El Nino episode) yields information on the mesoscale structure of these storms. These observational data are typical of a class that are scattered at irregular locations in two dimensions. The use of continuous realization techniques for qualitative visualization (e.g., surface deformation or contouring) requires an intermediate step to define a topological relationship between the locations of data to form a mesh structure. Several common methods are considered, and the results of their application to the study of the rainfall events are analyzed.
Deference or Respect? Status Management Practices among Prison Inmates.

Interpersonal and intergroup contention is endemic to the social environment of California prisons. Data from in-depth interviews (N = 74) with prison inmates highlights a conceptual difference between the status behavior understood as signaling “deference” versus those signaling “respect.” Deference behavior signifies ordinal rank distinctions between actors in a power and prestige order. Respectful behavior signifies nominal distinctions rooted in perceived similarities and differences between actors. A theoretical model and typology of respect relations based on the correspondence between an actor's subjective belief and normative expectations is presented. The horizontal, intergroup structure found in the California prison system increases the profile of status behavior as marking nominal distinctions. I propose that the meaning of a given status behavior reflects the instrumentality of social situations and the objectivity or subjectivity of standards actors use in their evaluations of others.
Literal meaning and figurative language

Scholars in many areas of cognitive science adhere to the belief that sentences have well‐defined literal meanings. However, there are at least five ideas as to what constitutes the literal meaning of a sentence. These ideas include viewing literal meaning as conventional meaning, subject‐matter meaning, nonmetaphorical meaning, truth‐conditional meaning, and context‐free meaning. These varying definitions of literal meaning contribute to the cluster of beliefs that researchers often assume without comment when they describe theories of linguistic understanding. The present studies assessed people's intuitions about the literal meanings of figurative language. Two experiments examined people's judgments of literality for different kinds of figurative discourse given different definitions of literal meaning. We found that people see figurative language in general as having different degrees of literality depending on their understanding of what constitutes literal meaning. Moreover, different kinds of figu...
The variable stimulus arc: logic-driven light-emitting diodes for instantaneous stimulation of saccadic refixational eye movements.

The mechanical features, electronics, and functional capabilities of the variable-stimulus arc are presented. The arc is a useful tool for studying saccadic refixational eye movements under a variety of experimental conditions.
O22 Performance of the BD max™ CT/GC/TV assay for detection of chlamydia, gonorrhoea and trichomonas

Background Chlamydia, gonorrhoea and trichomonas infections remain highly prevalent with annual WHO estimates of 106, 107 and 276 million cases respectively. Screening for all 3 infections in a single assay could improve control efforts. Aim This study assessed the performance of the BD MAX ™ CT/GC/TV (BD MAX) for detection of chlamydia, gonorrhoea and trichomonas DNA compared to routine diagnostic methods. Methods Urine, patient-collected vaginal and endocervical specimens were obtained from 1854 women. BD MAX assay results were compared to TV culture (InPouch), TV wet mount, Aptima AC2 and TV assays and the BD Viper ™ CTQ x /GCQ x assays. Results Prevalence for chlamydia, gonorrhoea and trichomonas was 7.3, 2.3 and 14.7%, respectively. Sensitivity estimates ranged from 92.2–99.2, 94.9–95.1 and 92.9–96.1 for chlamydia, gonorrhoea and trichomonas, respectively. Specificity estimates for each test were ≥98.6. Of the 128 out of 1758 (7.3%) women with chlamydia infections, concomitant gonococcal and trichomonal infections were present in 11.7 and 12.5%, respectively. The sensitivity of the assay for chlamydia when co-infections were present ranged from 92.6–96.1%. Similarly the sensitivity of the gonorrhoea and trichomonas detection was not affected by the presence of concomitant chlamydial infections with estimates ranging from 93.8–100% and 89.5–100%, respectively. Discussion The performance of the BD MAX assay was similar to that of other molecular diagnostic assays. A substantial proportion of women with chlamydia are co-infected with gonorrhoea and/or trichomonas. Trichomonas was more prevalent than chlamydia and gonorrhoea combined. Detection of all three infections in a single assay may improve identification and treatment of these STI.
Steric Field-Flow Fractionation: A New Method for Separating I to 100 μm Particles

Abstract Steric field-flow fractionation (steric FFF) is described as a high field limit of normal FFF that separates particles according to their diameter or radius. Retention equations are used to describe the phenomenon; these equations lead to the suggestion that steric FFF is applicable to particles from 1 to 100 μm as a minimum range. Conditions that control resolution are discussed, and fundamental similarities and differences between steric FFF on one hand and normal FFF and hydrodynamic chromatography on the other hand are noted. Optimum flow conditions are discussed and the complication of describing the migration of irregular particles is noted. Preliminary experiments with glass beads of 10 to 30 μm diameter demonstrate the existence of fractionation.