cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Democracy and Compromise in Militarized Interstate Conflicts, 1816-1992:

Research has documented that democratic nations are about 30 times less likely to originate interstate wars and about 3 times less likely to originate militarized interstate disputes among themselves than other types of regimes. Compromise is a means for resolving conflict whereby disputants agree to mutual concessions. Many researchers contend that compromise is among the central defining features of democratic political culture. If a norm of compromise can explain the absence of wars between democratic nations, then one should expect to find a democratic inclination toward compromise in the path from the initial militarization of an interstate conflict to all-out war. An analysis of militarized interstate disputes originating as one-on-one confrontations occurring worldwide from 1816 to 1992 reveals robust support for the proposition. The results indicate that joint highly democratic dyads are about 3 times more likely than joint highly autocratic dyads to resolve their militarized conflicts with mutual...
Low‐Temperature Aging of t‐ZrO2 Polycrystals with 3 mol% Y2O3

A kinetic study of the aging behavior of tetragonal zirconia polycrystals (TZPs) from 100° to 500°C suggests that there exists a cricital grain size of 0.52 μm below which the tetragonal symmetry can be retained. Property degradation of TZPs at low temperatures is connected with transformation-induced microcracking. It is reported here that the temperature range of 100° to 400°C in which degradation occurs could be explained by an infinite incubation time for the lower limit and by the martensite starting temperature for the upper limit.
Non-parametric bootstrap ensembles for detection of tumor lesions

We propose and assess a set of non-parametric ensembles, including bagging and boosting schemes, to recognize tumors in digital mammograms. Different approaches were examined as candidates for the two major components of the bagging ensembles, three spatial resampling schemes (residuals, centers and standardized centers), and four combination criteria (at least one, majority vote, top 25% models, and false discovery rate). A conversion to a classification problem prior to aggregation was employed for the boosting ensemble. The ensembles were compared at the lesion level against a single expert, and to a set of Markov Random Field (MRF) models in real images using three different criteria. The performance of the ensembles depended on its components, particularly the combination, with at least one and top 25% models offering a greater detection power independently of the type of lesion, and of the booststrapping scheme in a lesser degree. The ensembles were comparable in performance to MRFs in the unsupervised recognition of patterns exhibiting spatial structure.
Relationship Between Triglyceride Tolerance, Body Mass Index, and Fat Depots in Hospitalized Patients Receiving Parenteral Nutrition

Background: Hypertriglyceridemia has been associated with adverse outcomes in patients receiving intravenous fat emulsions (IVFEs), but little is known about its prevalence and causes. Materials and Methods: The study investigated whether a relationship exists between body mass index (BMI) and triglyceride tolerance in parenterally fed patients. We conducted a retrospective analysis of 287 adults receiving parenteral nutrition to determine whether patients with very low BMI (VLBMI, <16 kg/m2) tolerate IVFEs better than do patients with low BMI (LBMI, 16–18.4 kg/m2), normal-weight patients (NBMI, 18.5–24.9 kg/m2), and overweight/obese patients (HBMI, ≥25 kg/m2). Results: The median triglyceride concentration during IVFE was significantly lower in VLBMI patients at 107 mg/dL compared with 124 mg/dL in non-VLBMI patients (P = .016), despite higher lipid infusion rates in the VLBMI group. There was a significant association between triglycerides and BMI in the aggregate cohort (R = 0.2375, P < .0001), with th...
Deposition of gold films and nanostructures from supercritical carbon dioxide

High-purity gold films were deposited onto metal, ceramic, and polymer substrates by the H2-assisted reduction of dimethyl(acetylacetonate)gold(III) in supercritical CO2 at temperatures between 60 and 125 °C. At 125 °C and 150 bar, Au deposition proceeded readily on all surfaces studied, including SiO2 and TiN films. By contrast, at 60 °C and 138 bar, deposition was highly selective for metal substrates including nickel and palladium films over nongrowth surfaces such as polymers or the native oxide of silicon. Low-temperature deposition on nongrowth surfaces was possible by seeding the substrate with Pt, Pd, or Ni clusters or films. In all cases, Au films deposited from CO2 were conformal. Excellent step coverage on Si wafers was achieved in features ranging from 0.1 to 1.0 Im wide by 1.0 Im deep. Continuous arrays of gold posts were prepared using etched Si wafers backfilled with SiO2 as templates. Following gold deposition at 125 °C, the arrays were released from the template by selective etching of the SiO2 layer with HF. The features of the substrate were accurately replicated in the gold film. Postdeposition analysis of the CO2 effluent stream by 1 H NMR revealed that ethane and 2,4-pentanedione were the only major ligand products of precursor reduction.
Epilogue: School-located Influenza Vaccination During the 2009–2010 Pandemic and Beyond

* Abbreviations: ACIP — : Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices CDC — : Centers for Disease Control and Prevention SLV — : school-located vaccination As the preceding articles indicate, school-located vaccination (SLV) shows great promise as a method to quickly and efficiently vaccinate large numbers of school-aged children against influenza. This approach can both relieve health care providers who lack sufficient capacity to effectively vaccinate their patients annually, in accordance with the 2008 recommendations of Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP),1 as well as provide a convenient option for parents and an opportunity for children without a medical home to be vaccinated. Importantly, SLV may be appropriate for routine vaccination against seasonal influenza, as well as during a public health emergency or pandemic. The utility of SLV was demonstrated on a large scale in response to the 2009–2010 H1N1 influenza pandemic. In July 2009, intense efforts were underway to procure H1N1 vaccine and prepare for implementing a large-scale national vaccination program. At that time, the ACIP published recommendations that defined the highest-priority target groups to receive vaccine when it first became available, which included school-aged children.2 Accordingly, public health units, educational institutions, and others in local communities joined together to hold SLV clinics throughout the United States, with several states implementing SLV statewide. Based on a National Association of County and City Health Officials survey of local health department officials that was conducted in the summer of 2010, an estimated 85% of local health departments held at least 1 H1N1 influenza SLV clinic in their jurisdiction (National Association of County and City Health Officials, unpublished data). The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s (CDC) National 2009 H1N1 Flu Survey is a nationally representative telephone-based survey designed to collect vaccination coverage from US … Address correspondence to Tara M. Vogt, PhD, MPH, 1600 Clifton Rd NE, MS A19, Atlanta, GA 30333. E-mail: tcv3{at}cdc.gov
Linear, Multivariable Robust Control With a μ Perspective

The structured singular value is a linear algebra tool developed to study a particular class of matrix perturbation problems arising in robust feedback control of multivariable systems. These perturbations are called linear fractional, and are a natural way to model many types of uncertainty in linear systems, including state-space parameter uncertainty, multiplicative and additive unmodeled dynamics uncertainty, and coprime factor and gap metric uncertainty. The structured singular value theory provides a natural extension of classical SISO robustness measures and concepts to MIMO systems. The structured singular value analysis, coupled with approximate synthesis methods, make it possible to study the tradeoff between performance and uncertainty that occurs in all feedback systems. In MIMO systems, the complexity of the spatial interactions in the loop gains make it difficult to heuristically quantify the tradeoffs that must occur. This paper examines the role played by the structured singular value (and its computable bounds) in answering these questions, as well as its role in the general robust, multivariable control analysis and design problem.
Insulin‐regulated expression of adiponectin receptors in muscle and fat cells

Adp (adiponectin), an adipocyte-secreted hormone, exerts its effect via its specific receptors, AdipoR1 and AdipoR2 (adiponectin receptors 1 and 2), on insulin-sensitive cells in muscle, liver and adipose tissues, and plays an important role in lipid and glucose metabolisms. The study has investigated the effect of insulin on AdipoRs expression in muscle and fat cells. Differentiated fat [3T3-L1 (mouse adipocytes)], L6 (skeletal muscle) and vascular smooth muscle (PAC1) cells were serum starved and exposed to 100 nM insulin for 1-24 h. AdipoR1 and AdipoR2 mRNAs expression was monitored by real-time PCR. The results demonstrate that insulin down-regulates both AdipoR1 and AdipoR2 mRNAs levels in a biphasic manner in L6 and PAC1 cells. Insulin had little or no effect in the regulation of AdipoR1 expression in 3T3-L1 cells, but significantly up-regulated AdipoR2 mRNA level in a biphasic manner. The fact that insulin differentially regulates the expression of AdipoR1 and AdipoR2 in muscle and fat cells suggests this is also dependent on the availability of the endogenous ligand, such as Adp for AdipoR1 and AdipoR2 in fat cells. The effects of globular Adp were also tested on insulin-regulated expression of AdipoRs in L6 cells, and found to up-regulate and counter insulin-mediated suppression of AdipoRs expression in L6 cells.
On the relationship between image intensity and velocity in a turbulent boundary layer seeded with smoke particles

Simultaneous particle image velocimetry (PIV) and flow visualization measurements were performed in a turbulent boundary layer in an effort to better quantify the relationship between the velocity field and the image intensity typically observed in a classical flow visualization experiment. The freestream flow was lightly seeded with smoke particles to facilitate PIV measurements, whereas the boundary layer was densely seeded with smoke through an upstream slit in the wall to facilitate both PIV and classical flow visualization measurements at Reynolds numbers, Re θ , ranging from 2,100 to 8,600. Measurements were taken with and without the slit covered as well as with and without smoke injection. The addition of a narrow slit in the wall produces a minor modification of the nominal turbulent boundary layer profile whose effect is reduced with downstream distance. The presence of dense smoke in the boundary layer had a minimal effect on the observed velocity field and the associated proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) modes. Analysis of instantaneous images shows that the edge of the turbulent boundary layer identified from flow visualization images generally matches the edge of the boundary layer determined from velocity and vorticity. The correlation between velocity deficit and smoke intensity was determined to be positive and relatively large (>0.7) indicating a moderate-to-strong relationship between the two. This notion was extended further through the use of a direct correlation approach and a complementary POD/linear stochastic estimation (LSE) approach to estimate the velocity field directly from flow visualization images. This exercise showed that, in many cases, velocity fields estimated from smoke intensity were similar to the actual velocity fields. The complementary POD/LSE approach proved better for these estimations, but not enough to suggest using this technique to approximate velocity measurements from a smoke intensity image. Instead, the correlations further validate the use of flow visualization techniques for determining the edge and large-scale shape of a turbulent boundary layer, specifically when quantitative velocity measurements, such as PIV, are not possible in a given experiment.
Focusing experiments in plasma coaxial railguns

The "projectile" being accelerated in a plasma coaxial railgun is a complex mixture: besides plasma, it contains solid particles of fuse, liquid and vapor metal. Materials accelerated are not limited to the fuse metal, the rail material through ablation also contributes to them. For such a situation "plasma focusing" is a simplified term, borrowed from electron beams in vacuum technology (and electron lenses) where the Busch's theorem describes the tendency of electrons to approach the axis (or to focus) in the presence of radial and axial components of magnetic fields and under the assumption that on the time scale of interest, the ions remain essentially motionless. The present work is the first in a series of papers trying to classify and to explain a larger spectrum of problems affecting a mixture of metals in different states (solid, liquid, and vapor) in which magnetic fields, transient diffusion, and other phenomena may be used to contain or focus a flowing stream under thermal expansion. The main variable used in experiments to affect the focusing was the topology of magnetic fields, temporal and spatial. Emphasis was given to the effects of penetration of magnetic field in the bulk of the "projectile" being accelerated. Experiments were conducted on a 0.5-m coaxial railgun with inner and outer coaxial radii of 0.25 and 0.31 in., respectively. The rails were constructed from stock sizes of copper pipe with a CVD tungsten coating on the inner rail surface to minimize arc damage during the shots. External magnetic fields were applied to a 3-mg metallic vapor arc accelerated with a 250 kA capacitive discharge. Plasma characteristics were measured with magnetic pick-up coils and langmuir probes. Confinement and focusing of the arc was examined with break screens and metal deposition analysis.
RENDERING ACCOUNT IN PUBLIC HEALTH.

T HE ACTIVITIES embraced within the scope of present-day public health work are so extensive and diversified that the health officer's task would be sufficiently difficult if he had only to organize and direct the work along lines already laid down defining its scope and distribution. This, however, is not all nor even the most difficult part of his duty, for he must first determine what activities he shall include, and what proportion of his limited resources he shall put into each. With respect to this part of his duty the health officer occupies the position of an agent to whom the public entrusts certain of its resources in public money and cooperation, to be so invested that they may yield the best returns in health; and in discharging the responsibilities of this position he is expected to follow the same general principles of procedure as would a fiscal agent under like circumstances. As various lines of activity are suggested to him by contemporary practice or' urged upon him by special propagandists it is his duty to consider what returns are to be expected from each one and to decide how much of his capital he will put into each one. Since his capital comes entirely from the public, it is reasonable to expect that he will be prepared to explain to the public his reasons for making each investment, and to give them some estimate of the returns which he expects. Nor can he consider it unreasonable if the public should wish to have an accounting
Evidence for linkage on 21q and 7q in a subset of autism characterized by developmental regression

Autism is a pervasive developmental disorder with a strong genetic component. While candidate regions of the genome have been identified, location of genes conferring susceptibility to autism has been hindered by the heterogeneity within this clinically defined disorder, and the likely contribution of many genes of weak effect. Subsetting samples on the basis of distinct, nondiagnostic clinical features has been recommended to decrease sample heterogeneity. In this study, linkage analysis was performed on a subset of families in the database of the Autism Genetic Resource Exchange (AGRE). This set of autism-affected relative pairs (n=34) was also concordant for a history of developmental regression as measured by the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised (ADI-R). In this sample, a maximum multipoint LOD score of 3.4 under the dominant mode of inheritance and an NPL score of 3.0 (P=1.3 x 10(-3)) were observed on chromosome 21 near D21S1437. On chromosome 7 near D7S483 a LOD score of 2.0 under the dominant mode of inheritance and an NPL score of 3.7 (P=7.9 x 10(-5)) were observed. Genetic elements in these regions of 21q and 7q are likely to confer susceptibility to autism or modify the disease presentation in a subgroup of children characterized by a history of developmental regression.
The dendritic morphology of pyramidal neurons in the rat hippocampal CA3 area. II. Effects of gender and the environment

Sex differences in the dendritic structure of hippocampal CA3 pyramidal neurons were studied in Golgi-stained tissue from hooded rats that had been raised in either a relatively complex or an isolated environment from weaning for one month. Pyramidal neurons were sampled from both the short-shaft and long-shaft neuron categories as described by Fitch et al. The pattern of sex differences varies in different parts of the apical dendritic tree. In the apical tree proximal to the soma, females had more dendritic material than males. This pattern was attributable to the sex differences in the short-shaft neurons of rats from the more complex environment. The direction of sex differences was reversed in the distal apical dendritic tree where males had more dendritic material than females. As in the proximal dendritic tree, this pattern of sex differences stemmed from the short-shaft neurons of rats from the more complex environment. There were no sex differences in the basilar dendritic tree. Thus sex differences in the pyramidal neurons of hippocampal area CA3 vary with the portion of the dendritic tree examined, the type of pyramidal neuron, and the rearing environment of the animal.
Scanning-deletion analysis of the extracellular domain of the TGF-beta receptor type II.

Abstract There are three main types of receptors for TGF-β termed receptor type I, type II and type III. TGF-β receptor type II has a crucial role in the cell's responsiveness to TGF-β as it is mandatory for TGF-β binding to the signaling complex (receptor type I and type II). Here we have used a scanning-deletion mutagenesis approach to determine the core binding domain of the extracellular domain of receptor type II that is required for interaction with TGF-β. Deletions of three amino acids were systematically introduced at intervals of five amino acids in order to scan the N- and C-terminus of the extracellular domain of the receptor. We find that the N-terminal region which is devoid of cysteine residues is not critical for ligand binding. Similarly, the C-terminal region, i.e., the amino acids flanking the transmembrane domain, are dispensable for binding. These results suggest that the central 100 amino acid span that is rich in cysteine residues is the core binding domain for TGF-β.
Separation and sequence of the 3′ termini of M double-stranded RNA from killer yeast

Abstract Four subspecies of M double-stranded RNA from a killer strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were isolated. Each subspecies were susceptible to heat cleavage, presumably at an internal 190 base pair A,U-rich region, generating two discrete fragments corresponding to each side of the A, U-rich region. Enzymatic and chemical RNA sequence analysis defined the 3'-terminal 175 bases for the larger fragment (M-1) and 231 bases for the smaller fragment (M-2). All four subspecies of M have identical size and 3'-terminal sequences. Potential translation initiation codons are present on the corresponding 5' termini of both fragments, and a possible 18S ribosomal RNA binding site is also present on the 5' terminus of M-1. Stem and loop structures for the 5' and 3' termini of M-1 may function as recognition sites for replication, transcription, and translation.
Synchronous chemical vapor deposition of large-area hybrid graphene–carbon nanotube architectures

We report on the successful synthesis of a graphene–carbon nanotube (CNT) hybrid architecture by a parallel chemical vapor deposition (CVD) of the two carbon allotropes. The carbon hybrid is a three-dimensional (3D) nanostructure with tuneable architecture comprising vertically grown CNTs as pillars and a large-area graphene plane as the floor. The formation of CNTs and graphene occurs simultaneously in a single CVD growth that we describe as a synchronous synthesis method. Unique nature of the fabrication approach contributes significantly to the quality and composure of final nanohybrid. Detailed characterization elucidates the cohesive structure and robust contact between the graphene floor and the CNTs in the hybrid structure. The functionality of the synthesized graphene hybrid structure has been demonstrated by its incorporation into a supercapacitor cell. Our fabrication approach provides an attractive pathway for the fabrication of novel 3D hybrid nanostructures and efficient device integration.
Doppler quantitative measures by region to discriminate prostate cancer

This study was conducted to assess if sonographic discrimination between healthy and cancerous prostate tissue might be improved using regional analysis of ultrasound (US) Doppler measures. A total of 39 subjects underwent 3-D Doppler sonography before radical prostatectomy. Cancer locations were identified from hematoxylin and eosin (H&E)-stained slides. Three prostate data volumes consisting of a frequency shift and power-mode Doppler US and whole mount histology images were spatially registered for each prostate, then divided into entirely 1 mL-sized regions of cancerous or noncancerous tissue. Each prostate was visually divided into a peripheral and a periurethral region within which US Doppler measures were calculated. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) and simulated biopsy analyses within each prostate were performed. Mean speed in colored pixels (V), and speed-weighted pixel density (SWD) are good discriminators for prostate cancer in the periurethral and the peripheral regions, respectively. Using SWD in a simulated biopsy yields increased cancer detection in the peripheral region.
Noninvasive ambulatory assessment of cardiac function in healthy men exposed to carbon monoxide during upper and lower body exercise.

Very little is known about the cardiovascular responses of exercising individuals when exposed to carbon monoxide (CO). Sixteen healthy nonsmoking men aged 18–29 years participated in the study. Using a combination of exposures to CO by breathing from a bag or in an environmental chamber, subjects performed a randomized sequence of brief (5 min) multi-level treadmill and hand-crank exercises on different days at less than 2% carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) and after attaining target levels of 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% COHb. To assess cardiac function changes we employed noninvasive impedance cardiography (ICG) and three-lead electrocardiograms (ECG). The ICG was used to estimate cardiac output, stroke volume, heart rate, cardiac contractility, and time-to-peak ejection time. The ECG was used to assess myocardial irritability and ischemia, and changes in cardiac rhythm. The results showed that the cardiovascular system compensated for the reduced O2-carrying capacity of the blood by augmenting heart rate, cardiac contractility, and cardiac output for both upper-body and lower-body exercise. While this mechanism served well in submaximal exercise, the enhanced cardiovascular response to exercise was not without physiological costs because it began to fail at moderate levels of CO exposure and exercise. We concluded that young, apparently healthy men can perform submaximal upper and lower-body exercise without overt impairment of cardiovascular function after CO exposures attaining 20% COHb.
Conceptual Models and Applied Research: The Ongoing Contribution of the Transtheoretical Model

Our conceptual models determine how problems are approached and people treated. The Transtheoretical Model of Intentional Behavior Change proposes several important dimensions of the change process that include stages or tasks of change, specific processes of change that interact with the stages, and a context of change that broadens the perspective on change to encompass other problems and resources in the life context. Although this model has been very helpful in generating research and interventions as can be viewed in this special issue, continued testing of the model is needed to confirm the utility of the model for understanding the phenomenon of intentional behavior change. The ongoing challenge for using the model and exploring the process of change is threefold: (1) proper understanding and assessment of the dimensions of the model; (2) sensitive application of these dimensions to appropriate problems and populations; (3) keeping the focus on the process of change and not confusing the dimensions...
An MT-style optical package for optical data transmission

An optical package for mounting Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Laser and PIN diodes for transmitting and receiving optical signals has been developed. The diodes couple to the fibers in a commercial MT connector. The package is quite compact with its physical size significantly smaller than that of the MT connector. This design simplifies the testing and assembly of the optical components because the MT connector with the long fibers attached can be remounted with ease while preserving good light coupling efficiency.
Phosphorus loadings associated with a park tourist attraction: limnological consequences of feeding the fish.

The Linesville spillway of Pymatuning State Park is one of the most visited tourist attractions in Pennsylvania, USA, averaging more than 450,000 visitors · year−1. Carp (Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus) and waterfowl congregate at the spillway where they are fed bread and other foods by park visitors. We hypothesized that the “breadthrowers” constitute a significant nutrient vector to the upper portion of Pymatuning Reservoir. In the summer of 2002, we estimated phosphorus loadings attributable to breadthrowers, and compared these values to background loadings from Linesville Creek, a major tributary to the upper reservoir. Items fed to fish included bread, donuts, bagels, canned corn, popcorn, corn chips, hot dogs, birthday cakes, and dog food. Phosphorus loading associated with park visitors feeding fish was estimated to be 3233 g day−1, and estimated P export from the Linesville Creek watershed was 2235 g·day−1. P loading attributable to breadthrowers exceeded that of the entire Linesville Creek watershed on 33 of the 35 days of study, with only a heavy rainfall event triggering watershed exports that exceeded spillway contributions. Averaged across 5 weeks, breadthrowers contributed 1.45-fold more P to Pymatuning Reservoir than the Linesville Creek watershed. If Linesville Creek P exports are extrapolated to the entire Sanctuary Lake watershed, spillway contributions of P added 48% to the non-point source watershed P entering the lake. Park visitors feeding fish at the Linesville Spillway are a significant source of nutrients entering Sanctuary Lake.
Time on Task: The Critical Role of Self-Regulating Behavior in College Student Academic Success and Personal Development

The average number of hours that college students study each week has been declining for decades (Babcock & Marks, 2011). This trend in student academic behavior raises serious concern about how mu...
Travel‐time tomography in the northern Coachella Valley using aftershocks of the 1986 ML 5.9 North Palm Springs Earthquake

Tomographic inversion is applied to delay times from aftershocks of the 1986 ML 5.9 North Palm Springs (NPS) earthquake to image 3-D velocity variations within the northern Coachella Valley. P-wave arrival times from 1074 earthquakes, with depths ranging from 3 to 20 km, were used as sources recorded by 12 portable and 4 permanent stations. Preliminary results show well-defined high- and low-velocity anomalies (2–7%) that correlate with the rupture distribution of the 1986 mainshock. At depths less than 8 km, a low-velocity anomaly predominates between the two NE-dipping Banning and Mission Creek faults. From 8 to 12 km in depth, where the NPS mainshock and most of the aftershocks occur, a high-velocity anomaly is observed. This high-velocity feature is interpreted as imaging the asperity responsible for the 1986 rupture; and suggests that velocity information may help to define important elements, such as asperities, that control fault rupture, and thus, may help to predict the location and size of future events.
On long‐range interpolation operators for aggressive coarsening

Algebraic multigrid (AMG) is a very efficient scalable preconditioner for solving sparse linear systems on unstructured grids. Currently, AMG solvers with good numerical scalability can still have larger than desired complexities, whereas variants with very low complexities exhibit decreased numerical scalability, which presents a problem for future high-performance computers with millions of cores and decreased memory per core. It is therefore necessary to design more sophisticated interpolation operators to improve numerical scalability while preserving low memory usage. Two new long-range interpolation operators to be used in combination with aggressive coarsening are presented. Their convergence and performance are examined and compared with multipass interpolation, the interpolation currently most commonly used with aggressive coarsening, and a higher complexity AMG variant. While the new interpolation operators require a more complex setup, leading to larger setup times, they exhibit better convergence than multipass interpolation, often resulting in better solve times. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The landscape Reynolds number and other dimensionless measures of Earth surface processes

Abstract An analogy between turbulent fluid systems and landscape drainage systems [Parker, G., Haff, P.K., Murray, A.B., 2001, EOS, Transactions of the American Geophysical Union, 82, pp. F564.] is suggested by the observation that transport in both systems can be approximated by diffusion with size-proportional effective diffusivities, with a cross-over at small scales to Fickian diffusion. The “landscape” Reynolds number of a typical fluvial landscape is estimated to be of order Re L ∼ 10 6 to 10 9 , these large values reflecting the relative efficiency of fluvial transport compared to creep. Re L is the ratio of the large-scale effective diffusivity of rivers to the small-scale diffusivity of creep processes on hillslopes. The spatial dependence of the effective diffusivity produces rivers with logarithmic long-profiles, similar to the profiles of many rivers in nature, and analogous to the logarithmic dependence of mean fluid velocity on distance from a wall in turbulent flow. The landscape example suggests how other generalized “Reynolds numbers” can be constructed as ratios of large-scale to small-scale diffusivities to measure the efficiencies of complex processes that affect the surface. As an example, the global airline transportation network is estimated to have an efficacy relative to that of direct human mechanisms for transport of similar goods and materials of about 10 8 as measured by a corresponding “technology” Reynolds number. The appearance of such large dimensionless numbers, pertaining to the consequences of human invention and design, reflects the emergence of the technosphere as an increasingly efficient overlay on the historical domain of biology and surficial geology.
Structural Fluctuations of a Cryptophane Host: A Molecular Dynamics Simulation

Cryptophanes are aromatic hosts which bind a variety of guests. Here, we describe a 20 ns molecular dynamics simulation of a particular cryptophane in water. This cryptophane features three pores w...
Survivors’ Perspectives of Organizational Downsizing on Knowledge Sharing in a Downsized Environment

Organizational workforce reductions can negatively affect a company’s ability to preserve its knowledge base. The problem researched in this study was the perceived effect of downsizing on knowledge sharing among surviving employees. The purpose of this study was to determine the perceived effect of downsizing on knowledge sharing. Survivors’ knowledge sharing behavior was examined in relation to 1) survivor syndrome, 2) attitude towards knowledge sharing, and 3) perceived loss of knowledge power. A quantitative correlation research design was used to investigate the relationship between downsizing and knowledge sharing. A web-based survey was used to collect data. The convenience sample consisted of 37 management employees in the Texas region of a management consultant organization. Three sets of variables were examined: 1) survivor syndrome and actual knowledge sharing behavior, 2) survivors’ attitudes toward knowledge sharing and actual knowledge sharing behavior, and 3) perceived loss of knowledge power and actual knowledge sharing behavior. Findings from a Spearman rank order correlation revealed a statistically significant positive correlation between perceived loss of knowledge power and actual knowledge sharing behavior. Understanding survivors’ reactions can assist with planning for future reductions, and lead to the development of training programs to counter the challenges.
Precision Measurements of Millimeter and Submillimeter Wave Spectra: DCl, DBr, and DI

Precision frequency measurements have been made on the $J=0\ensuremath{\rightarrow}1$ transitions of the deuterium halides DCl, DBr, and DI. The molecular constants derived from these measurements are The constants ${D}_{0}$ and $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ from infrared data were employed in the calculation of the $B$ and $r$ values.
Optimal Noise Filtering for the Ionospheric Correction of GPS Radio Occultation Signals

Abstract GPS radio occultation remote sensing of the neutral atmosphere requires ionospheric correction of L1 and L2 signals. The ionosphere-corrected variables derived from radio occultation signals—such as the phase, Doppler, and bending angle—are affected by small-scale ionospheric effects that are not completely eliminated by the ionospheric correction. They are also affected by noise from mainly the L2 signal. This paper introduces a simple method for optimal filtering of the L4 = L1 − L2 signal used to correct the L1 signal, which minimizes the combined effects of both the small-scale ionospheric residual effects and L2 noise on the ionosphere-corrected variables. Statistical comparisons to high-resolution numerical weather models from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) validate that this increases the accuracy of radio occultation inversions in the stratosphere.
Experimental inducement of nitrogen saturation at the watershed scale

In some streams and lakes of the mid-Appalachian, New York, and Pennsylvania regions of the United States, NO; concentrations are now elevated for much of the year (12,13). In southern Norway, lake surveys conducted 10 years apart demonstrated widespread increases in NO3-, presumably due to continued atmospheric loading of ni- trogen
Experimental realization of a localized one-photon state.

In the process of spontaneous parametric down-conversion a signal and an idler photon are created simultaneously. By use of the photoelectric detection of the signal photon as a gate, a good approximation to the ideal localized one-photon state can be achieved. This has been confirmed by direct photon-counting measurements.
Self-evaluation as an Attribute of Formative Assessment of Students' Achievements in Maritime Studies

Assessment of students’ achievements in higher education didactics and in maritime studies is considered as a problematic part of study process. Especially it is difficult to use assessment practically in order to improve students’ learning, for formative purposes. The role of formative assessment in the learning educational paradigm is essential. One of main attributes of formative assessment ‐ self‐evaluation of students ‐ has been chosen as the object of the research. For the empirical research, a case of full‐time studies of Marine Engineering was decided upon. An originally created questionnaire was used for the research. The characteristics of self‐evaluation, such as its frequency, forms, and content were analysed with the aim of finding out their influence on the improvement of students’ learning and effectiveness of maritime studies.
Team Play with a Powerful and Independent Agent: A Full-Mission Simulation Study:

One major problem with pilot-automation interaction on modern flight decks is a lack of mode awareness; that is, a lack of knowledge and understanding of the current and future status and behavior of the automation. A lack of mode awareness is not simply a pilot problem; rather, it is a symptom of a coordination breakdown between humans and machines. Recent changes in automation design can therefore be expected to have an impact on the nature of problems related to mode awareness. To examine how new automation properties might affect pilot-automation coordination, we performed a full-mission simulation study on one of the most advanced automated aircraft, the Airbus A-320. The results of this work indicate that mode errors and "automation surprises" still occur on these advanced aircraft. However, there appear to be more opportunities for delayed or missing interventions with undesirable system activities, possibly because of higher system autonomy and coupling.
A review of Nearctic Clytocerus (Diptera: Psychodidae: Psychodinae)

Larvae, pupae, and adult males and females of Clytocerus (Boreoclytocerus) americanus (Kincaid), as well as adult males and females of Clytocerus (Boreoclytocerus) microlimnetessp. nov. were collected during various biodiversity surveys in the southeastern United States. Clytocerus (B.) americanus is redescribed, C. (B.) microlimnetes is described, and the natural history and relationships of Nearctic species of Clytocerus are discussed.
Resin-bound models of the [FeFe]-hydrogenase enzyme active site and studies of their reactivity

The immobilization of synthetic analogues of the [FeFe]-hydrogenase, [FeFe]H2ase, enzyme active site on polyethyleneglycol-rich polystyrene beads is described. Using the reactivity of the amine termini of the PEG chains with carboxylates incorporated into (μ-SRS)[Fe(CO)3]2 or (μ-SR)2[Fe(CO)3]2 derivative, ν(CO)IR signatures can be used to interrogate the structure and properties of the diiron carbonyl complexes once incorporated into the PEG environment of the polymer beads. Alternatively, the SRS dithiolate was first attached to the resin and the diiron unit assembled via an in situ process on the bead.
Evidence of Spontaneous Multilayer Formation for Disperse Red-1 at a Fused-Silica/2-Propanol Interface

The film structure of a nonlinear optical azo dye (Disperse Red-1, DR-1) was probed by a combination of spectroscopic and microscopic techniques. Second harmonic generation (SHG) and linear dichroism provided evidence for the spontaneous formation of DR-1 multilayers at a 2-propanol/fused-silica interface under equilibrium conditions. Specifically, the adsorption isotherm measured by SHG exhibited two distinct adsorption regimes; the second regime (>10-3 M) being indicative of multilayer formation in which some degree of polar order was retained. The trend in apparent tilt angle measured by linear dichroism was consistent with multilayer formation at solution-phase concentrations above 10-3 M. Multilayer formation was directly observed, on a dip-coated substrate, by atomic force microscopy and further confirmed by ellipsometry. The significance of spontaneous multilayer formation with z-axis polar order in higher layers is the potential for growth of molecular multilayer systems without the need for coval...
Plasma membrane proton ATPase from human kidney

Distal urinary acidification is thought to be mediated by a proton ATPase (H+-ATPase). We isolated a plasma membrane fraction from human kidney cortex and medulla which contained H+-ATPase activity. In both the cortex and medulla the plasma membrane fraction was enriched in alkaline phosphatase, maltase, Na+,K+-ATPase and devoid of mitochondrial and lysosomal contamination. In the presence of oligomycin (to inhibit mitochondrial ATPase) in the presence of ouabain (to inhibit Na+,K+-ATPase) and in the absence of Ca (to inhibit Ca2+-ATPase) this plasma membrane fraction showed ATPase activity which was sensitive to dicyclohexylcarbodiimide and N-ethylmaleimide. This ATPase activity was also inhibited by vanadate, 4,4′-diisothiocyano-2,2′-disulfonic stilbene and ZnSO4. In the presence of ATP, but not GTP or UTP, the plasma membrane fraction of both cortex and medulla was capable of quenching of acridine orange fluorescence, which could be dissipated by nigericin indicating acidification of the interior of the vesicles. The acidification was not affected by presence of oligomycin or ouabain indicating that it was not due to mitochondrial ATPase or Na+,K+-ATPase, respectively. Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide and N-ethylmaleimide completely abolished the acidification by this plasma membrane fraction. In the presence of valinomycin and an outward-directed K gradient, there was increased quenching of acridine orange, indicating that the H+-ATPase is electrogenic. Acidification was not altered by replacement of Na by K, but was critically dependent on the presence of chloride. In summary, the plasma membrane fraction of the human kidney cortex and medulla contains a H+-ATPase, which is similar to the H+-ATPase described in other species, and we postulate that this H+-ATPase may be involved in urinary acidification.
Collisional broadening of infra-red absorption lines

Collisional broadening of IR absorption lines in vibration-rotation bands of carbon monoxide and hydrochloric acid
High-Dose Interleukin-2 (HD IL-2) Therapy Should Be Considered for Treatment of Patients with Melanoma Brain Metastases

A retrospective review was performed on patients with stable melanoma brain metastases treated with HD IL-2 therapy (720,000 IU/kg per dose intravenously; 14 doses, 2 cycles per course, maximum 2 courses) from January 1999 to June 2011 at Saint Louis University. There were 5 men and 3 women; median age was 52.2 years (26.8–61.1 years). One patient started treatment with lung lesions only (after resection of melanoma brain disease) and experienced partial response. Seven patients had brain metastases at treatment initiation. Median overall survival (mOS) for entire cohort () was 8.7 months (2.1 to 19.0 months). All patients with brain metastases at first dose () showed progressive disease; mOS was 6.7 months (range 2.1–18.2 months) for this group. Patients received radiosurgery and whole brain radiation before and after HD IL-2 therapy. One patient had symptoms suggestive of neurotoxicity. A history of alcohol abuse was revealed during admission. The patient's symptoms improved with initiation of an alcohol withdrawal protocol. In this analysis, patients with melanoma brain metastases received HD IL-2 without treatment-related mortality. We think that HD IL-2 should be considered as a treatment option in patients with melanoma brain metastases who are otherwise eligible for therapy.
Sedimentation behavior of activated human granulocytes. Aggregation and volume effects.

Human peripheral blood granulocytes (PMNs) obtained from normal adults were studied by an analytical gravity sedimentation system. Exposure of PMNs to endotoxin-activated serum (EAS) in a Ficoll density gradient containing Hank’s balanced salt solution with calcium and magnesium produced significantly different sedimentation patterns compared to those from granulocytes exposed to normal serum under the same conditions. Experiments were performed to determine whether changes in granulocyte density, volume, shape, or aggregation were responsible for the sedimentation pattern of granulocytes exposed to EAS. The altered gravity sedimentation behavior of endotoxin-activated granulocytes was abolished when calcium and magnesium were not present in the Ficoll density gradient. Granulocyte aggregation was inhibited by the absence of calcium and magnesium in the medium during granulocyte stimulation, whereas the changes in granulocyte shape and volume associated with granulocyte stimulation were not affected. The data indicate that the altered granulocyte sedimentation pattern in the presence of EAS and calcium and magnesium was produced by granulocyte aggregation and not by changes in granulocyte volume or shape.
Epitope mapping of the immunodominant invariable region of Borrelia burgdorferi VlsE in three host species.

VlsE, the variable surface antigen of Borrelia burgdorferi, contains a 26-amino-acid-long immunodominant invariable region, IR6. In the present study, three overlapping 14-mer peptides reproducing the sequence of IR6 were used as peptide-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay antigens to map this invariable region in infected monkeys, mice, and human Lyme disease patients. Antibodies of the two primate species appeared to recognize IR6 as a single antigenic determinant, while mouse antibodies recognized multiple epitopes within this region.
An anomalous ESR signal from rapidly frozen liver microsomes

Rapidly frozen rabbit liver microsomes showed an ESR signal of several components near g=2, which disappeared upon warming to −60 °C. The signal could not be related to superoxide anion, but parts of it may have arisen from autoxidatively produced lipid peroxyl or protein-bound thio radical or from flavin semiquinone participating in a temperature-dependent equilibrium. Attempts to show reduction of cytochrome P-450 by superoxide anion in presence or absence of substrate have failed.
Assessing Intervention Timing in Computer-Based Education Using Machine Learning Algorithms

The use of computer-based and online education systems has made new data available that can describe the temporal and process-level progression of learning. To date, machine learning research has not considered the impacts of these properties on the machine learning prediction task in educational settings. Machine learning algorithms may have applications in supporting targeted intervention approaches. The goals of this paper are to: 1) determine the impact of process-level information on machine learning prediction results and 2) establish the effect of type of machine learning algorithm used on prediction results. Data were collected from a university level course in human factors engineering (n=35), which included both traditional classroom assessment and computer-based assessment methods. A set of common regression and classification algorithms were applied to the data to predict final course score. The overall prediction accuracy as well as the chronological progression of prediction accuracy was analyzed for each algorithm. Simple machine learning algorithms (linear regression, logistic regression) had comparable performance with more complex methods (support vector machines, artificial neural networks). Process-level information was not useful in post-hoc predictions, but contributed significantly to allowing for accurate predictions to be made earlier in the course. Process level information provides useful prediction features for development of targeted intervention techniques, as it allows more accurate predictions to be made earlier in the course. For small course data sets, the prediction accuracy and simplicity of linear regression and logistic regression make these methods preferable to more complex algorithms.