cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Slip Correction Measurements of Certified PSL Nanoparticles Using a Nanometer Differential Mobility Analyzer (Nano-DMA) for Knudsen Number From 0.5 to 83

The slip correction factor has been investigated at reduced pressures and high Knudsen number using polystyrene latex (PSL) particles. Nano-differential mobility analyzers (NDMA) were used in determining the slip correction factor by measuring the electrical mobility of 100.7 nm, 269 nm, and 19.90 nm particles as a function of pressure. The aerosol was generated via electrospray to avoid multiplets for the 19.90 nm particles and to reduce the contaminant residue on the particle surface. System pressure was varied down to 8.27 kPa, enabling slip correction measurements for Knudsen numbers as large as 83. A condensation particle counter was modified for low pressure application. The slip correction factor obtained for the three particle sizes is fitted well by the equation: C = 1 + Kn (α + β exp(-γ/Kn)), with α = 1.165, β = 0.483, and γ = 0.997. The first quantitative uncertainty analysis for slip correction measurements was carried out. The expanded relative uncertainty (95 % confidence interval) in measuring slip correction factor was about 2 % for the 100.7 nm SRM particles, about 3 % for the 19.90 nm PSL particles, and about 2.5 % for the 269 nm SRM particles. The major sources of uncertainty are the diameter of particles, the geometric constant associated with NDMA, and the voltage.
Are College Cheating and Plagiarism Related to Academic Procrastination

A sample of 115 college undergraduates were given the Procrastination Assessment Scale for Students and a cheating and plagiarism questionnaire during separate testing sessions. On these self-report measures, scores for cheating on examinations and for plagiarism were positively correlated with self-ratings of procrastination and negatively correlated with self-reported grade point average. Students who scored high on procrastination had significantly higher scores for plagiarism than those who scored low on procrastination. The results suggest that procrastination may be one of many factors mediating academic dishonesty.
Event-Related Potentials, Spatial Orienting, and Reading Disabilities

Event-related potentials (ERPs) were used to investigate the effects of visual-spatial orienting on selective neural processing in boys with learning disabilities. Twenty-seven 8-12 year old boys were classified into four groups depending on whether or not they had a reading disability or attention deficit disorder. Event-related potentials were recorded over the left and right occipital, central, and frontal cortical regions. The behavioral task required the subjects 1) to rapidly switch their attention from the center to the periphery of the visual field (spatial component), and 2) to selectively respond to a target versus a nontarget flash when the target was presented in the relevant visual field (nonspatial component). The amplitude of two ERP components was enhanced in response to relevant as compared to irrelevant stimuli. The enhancement of an early negative occipital-central component, which peaked 180-200 ms following targets (N1), indicated that selective neural processing associated with spatial attention could be switched in 600 ms. This enhancement of N1 was greater in boys with than without a reading disability, which implies that reading disability is associated with enhanced spatial attention. The enhancement of a later positive component, which peaked 300-340 ms following targets (P3), suggested that nonspatial target selection was reduced in boys with a reading disability, particularly over the left occipital hemisphere. Target relevance and reading disability also influenced trial-to-trial variability in the ERP waveform. The effects of reading disability on event-related potentials did not vary as a function of attention deficit disorder, indicating that these two disorders are distinct.
Th1 and Th2 Cytokines in the Human Immune Response to Tuberculosis

Immune defenses against Mycobacterium tuberculosis are mediated primarily by T cells, and IFN-γ is essential for protective immunity. Investigators have studied cytokine production and mRNA expression in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and in lung tissue from patients with pulmonary tuberculosis, pleural fluid from those with tuberculous pleuritis, and lymph nodes from patients with tuberculous lymphadenitis. Most investigators have reported that peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of tuberculosis patients show decreased Mycobacterium tuberculosis induced IFN-γ production. Helminthic infections and tuberculosis are both common in developing nations, and current or prior helminthic infections can strongly bias mycobacterial antigen-elicited cytokine production toward a Th2 response. Dysregulation of the systemic Th1 and Th2 cytokine responses may be a secondary effect of tuberculosis, since tuberculosis commonly results in malnutrition, which in turn is associated with enhanced Th2 and reduced Th1 cytokine responses. Local administration of cytokines is theoretically more appealing than systemic therapy, since the former approach is likely to result in fewer side effects.
Modeling the world-wide airport network

Recently, we have presented the first exhaustive analysis of the world-wide airport network. Two important results of that study are that: (i) the world-wide airport network is a small-world network with power-law decaying degree and betweenness centrality distributions; (ii) the most connected cities (largest degree) are typically not the most central cities (largest betweenness centrality). This second finding is particularly significant because of results demonstrating that nodes with high betweenness tend to play a more important role in keeping networks connected than those with high degree. Here, we investigate if current network models can explain this finding and we show that they cannot. Thus, we propose a new model that explains this behavior in terms of the geo-political constraints that affect the growth of the airport network. We further hypothesize that in other infrastructures, affected by similar geo-political constraints, critical locations might not coincide with highly-connected hubs.
Valuation of potash reserves at the Waste Installation Pilot Plant

Monte Carlo simulation was used in conjunction with several random walk price and cost models to value potash reserves at the Waste Installation Pilot Plant (WIPP) site new Carlsbad, New Mexico. Selection of market price and product processing cost models is the critical issue discussed in this paper. Key issues and inputs to the thirty five year simulation are briefly discussed. Results for one type of potash found in the WIPP region are presented. Present value distributions for revenues from potash operations and estimated cash flows to a single firm conducting potash extraction were generated using several price/cost model combinations. A simple Wiener process was selected for annual potash market prices, and processing costs were generated using random draws from a uniform distribution. The rationale for selection of this model combination is discussed.
Production Responses and Price Determination in the Florida Watermelon Industry

This article presents a model of the Florida watermelon industry that quantifies aggregate entry and exit decisions and the effect of interregional competition on prices received by Florida growers. The model development is presented first and is followed by estimation of the model's parameters. Policy implications from the model are then developed.
Numerical and Experimental Analysis of the Boundary Conditions Effects on the Dynamics of Wind Turbines

Conducting an experimental modal test on a wind turbine attached to a tower is very challenging due to the size of these structures, number of sensors required, accessibility to desired measurement locations, time required for testing, and cost. Therefore, having an insight into the effects of the coupled turbine/tower and correlating the dynamic characteristics of an assembled wind turbine to experimentally measured modes of an individual blade or modes of a turbine disconnected from the tower is desirable. In this paper, the effects of boundary conditions on the dynamic behavior of a wind turbine are numerically and experimentally studied. Furthermore, the mode contribution matrix of the wind turbine assembled to the tower is used to identify the contributions of the modal vectors of the tower and three-bladed turbine to the dynamic characteristics of the assembled wind turbine.
Editorial: Variability and Individual Differences in Early Social Perception and Social Cognition.

In this research topic, we showcase state-of-the-art research on the sources and meaning of variability and individual differences in early social perception and cognition. These papers demonstrate that such variability contributes to our understanding of early development, requires specific methodological toolboxes and skill sets to expand our developmental inventory, and relates to important abilities later in life.
Aspects of destructive and degenerative diseases of early life

The chronology of fetal and neonatal HIE In comparison to the relatively stereotypical consequences of noxious events in the mature brain, the pathology resulting from any insult, and particularly hypoxia-ischaemia, during the extended perinatal period is extraordinarily variable. This is a critical period for rapid developmental change and brain growth, with an 18-fold increase in brain weight and a multiplicity of organisational events, such as neuronal differentiation, gliogenesis and myelination occurring alongside maturational changes in tissue responses, including an optimal capacity for plasticity and repair. Against this rapidly changing background, the effects of any hypoxic-ischaemic insult are somewhat time-locked. In this overview, aspects of these pathological lesions will be considered in relation to developmental changes influencing their pathogenesis. Spinal muscular atrophy: more than the motor neuron Proximal recessively inherited spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), the second most frequently lethal genetic disorder in childhood, is characterised by progressive degeneration of bulbo-spinal lower motor neurons and concomitant skeletal muscle atrophy. The three clinical forms of childhood onset SMA [acute early onset severe type 1 Werdnig-Hoffman disease (WH), chronic intermediate type 2, and chronic mild type 3 or Kugelberg-Welander] are caused by abnormally low levels of the ubiquitous protein ‘survival of motor neuron’ (SMN) resulting from a combination of homozygous deletions or mutations of the telomeric copy of the gene SMN1 on chromosome 5q and the presence of one or more copies of SMN2, an almost identical but partially functional centromeric copy, unique to man, which may modulate the clinical phenotype. Now that we know the genetic basis, and have a genetically engineered mouse model, it is time to re-evaluate the pathology. Available morphological data in genetically proven cases is limited, but suggests that earlier pathological reports were accurate and show a wider spectrum of pathology than has generally been appreciated, particularly involving the thalamus and dorsal root ganglia. In the most severe fetal onset cases which have the lowest copy number of SMN2, neurodegenerative changes encompass many other regions suggesting differential thresholds to reduction in SMN protein level among different cell populations.
Visual Fast Mapping in School-Aged Children With Specific Language Impairment

Purpose:To determine whether children with specific language impairment (SLI) demonstrate impaired visual fast mapping skills compared with unimpaired peers and to test components of visual working memory that may contribute to a visual working memory deficit.Methods:Fifty children (25 SLI) played 2
Statinetherapie bij 80-plussers

Divers onderzoek heeft aangetoond dat statines het risico op hart- en vaatziekten (HVZ) verminderen. In die onderzoeken zijn echter zelden 80-plussers opgenomen. In deze beschouwing bespreekt de auteur de voor en tegens van statinegebruik door 80-plussers. Statines kunnen bijwerkingen hebben, zoals leverfunctiestoornissen, een licht verhoogde kans op diabetes mellitus en soms ernstige spierklachten. Er is weinig bewijs dat statines zinvol zijn voor 80-plussers zonder HVZ in de voorgeschiedenis. Uitzondering zijn 80-plussers met diabetes: bij hen verminderen statines zowel de cardiovasculaire als de totale sterfte. Ook bij 80-plussers met HVZ in de voorgeschiedenis zijn statines bewezen effectief. Bij deze twee groepen kunnen we de NHG-Standaard Cardiovasculair risicomanagement onverkort volgen.
Effects of epinephrine on cardiac cyclic 3',5'-AMP, phosphorylase kinase, and phosphorylase.

The concentration of cyclic 3',5'-adenosine monophosphate (cyclic AMP) and the activities of phosphorylase kinase and phosphorylase were determined in biopsy samples from dog hearts and in whole rat hearts frozen in situ. Cyclic AMP was measured by the activation of muscle phosphorylase kinase employing a preincubation at 0° to improve the sensitivity of the assay. Dog heart phosphorylase kinase was measured on extracts of homogenates by comparing the activity of the enzyme at pH 6.0 to that at 8.2. Epinephrine markedly increased the activity at pH 6.0 at a dose that did not significantly elevate the percentage of phosphorylase α. The time course of the change in kinase activity was consistent with the hypothesis that activation of this enzyme was necessary for time formation of cardiac phosphorylase α. No significant increase in the concentration of cyclic AMP was demonstrable in the dog heart at a dose of epinephrine that produced a marked inotropic effect. The possibility of an artifact in the biopsy technique was suggested by the finding that a rapid increase in cyclic AMP occurred in rat hearts frozen in situ , but not when samples were excised and frozen. Phosphorylase kinase activity increased as rapidly as did the cyclic AMP concentration and before any change in the phosphorylase activity occurred. Pronethalol blocked the epinephrine-induced rise in the cyclic AMP concentration. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that the effect of catecholamines on cardiac phosphorylase is mediated through an action of cyclic AMP on phosphorylase kinase. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors wish to thank Mrs. Margaret Maltbie for her excellent technical assistance. This study was supported by Research Grant HE 04626 from the National Heart Institute, Career Development Award GM 6257 (S.E.M.), and the Interdepartmental Cardiovascular Training Program of Emory University School of Medicine sponsored by the National Heart Institute Training Grant 5T1 HE 5380.
Complement binding to Aspergillus conidia correlates with pathogenicity.

Abstract Complement has significant effects on the phagocytosis of Aspergillus organisms. We examined the amount and type of complement component C3 bound to the resting conidia of 29 isolates from nine Aspergillus species. The highly pathogenic species A. fumigatus and A. flavus bound fewer C3 molecules per unit of conidial surface area than did the less pathogenic species A. glaucus, A. nidulans, A. niger, A. ochraceus, A. terreus, A. versicolor , and A. wentii , as determined by quantitative flow cytometry. Immunoblot analysis of C3 fragments bound to conidia demonstrated that for all species most C3b was apparently converted to iC3b. For seven species, IC3b was clearly the major C3 product recognized by immunoblotting. However, A. niger and A. nidulans appear to promote further breakdown of opsonic C3 fragments to C3dg. We found significant variations in size and C3 binding among isolates within the same species. Intraspecies variation may contribute to seemingly discrepant results obtained in studies of Aspergillus phagocytosis.
LEARNING TO LAUGH: HUMOR AS THERAPY

Use of humor may indicate a person's mental health status, may reveal psychosocial problems and conflicts, and may indicate ability to cope with those problems and conflicts. Humor may also be one way of helping people more effectively cope with the stresses and strains of living in a complex world. Humor may be incorporated into psychotherapy, either as part of the therapist-client relationship or as a humor program. The humor used by the author in a humor program with chronically mentally ill clients is the laughing with, not the laughing at, type. It deals with problems of life and of people living life. The stories, jokes, comic strips, and songs selected show how people perceive and laugh at the ironies and absurdities in their predicaments and are able to cope with, and frequently transcend, them.
Error patterns in belief propagation decoding of polar codes and their mitigation methods

Belief propagation (BP) is a high-throughput decoding algorithm for polar codes, but it is known to underperform successive cancellation (SC) decoding and list decoding in error-correcting performance. In this work, we study the error patterns of BP decoding of polar codes to uncover the error mechanisms, as well as the influence of channel condition, code design, and decoder implementation. Based on the insights, we design new ways to detect, prevent and overcome BP decoding errors.
Ethical Research Protocols for Social Media Health Research

Social media have transformed data-driven research in political science, the social sciences, health, and medicine. Since health research often touches on sensitive topics that relate to ethics of treatment and patient privacy, similar ethical considerations should be acknowledged when using social media data in health research. While much has been said regarding the ethical considerations of social media research, health research leads to an additional set of concerns. We provide practical suggestions in the form of guidelines for researchers working with social media data in health research. These guidelines can inform an IRB proposal for researchers new to social media health research.
Future Trends in Equipment

Regional anesthesia is a technical field and as such depends on constant innovation in equipment. In particular, design improvements in ultrasound machines have driven the widespread adoption of ultrasound-guided regional anesthesia and made it a de facto standard of care. In looking at the most recent developments in technology related to nerve blocks, we may predict trends in equipment for the near future. One such trend is the miniaturization of ultrasound machines so that they can be carried in a pocket and activated whenever a point-of-care diagnostic or therapeutic intervention is required. Equally likely are improvements in needle guidance technology such as three-dimensional “GPS” needle navigation. Finally, alternatives to local anesthetic-based regional anesthesia are likely to gain traction, particularly percutaneous peripheral nerve stimulation via a small wire lead placed under ultrasound guidance by an anesthesiologist.
NON-INVASIVE CARDIAC OUTPUT ESTIMATION BASED UPON AN ANALOG MODEL OF THE AORTA; COMPARISON WITH THERMO-DILUTION METHOD IN 13 PATIENTS

Abstract Cardiac output was calculated for 13 patients using a non-invasive pulse transmission method and then compared with the cardiac output measured simultaneously using a thermo-dilution method. The non-invasive pulse transmission method is based upon a parameter optimization technique using an analog model of the aorta (1) . The optimal parameters of the model (taper coefficient, hoop elasticity) are determined from a minimization criterion obtained from the difference between the measured and the model-based transfer function of the fundamental component magnitude of the pressure pulse. This pulse is propagated from proximal (carotid artery) to distal points (femoral or abdominal artery), and the pulses are measured using a piezo-resistive pulse microphone. The aorta diameter is measured using an ultrasonic technique. In the 16 measurements with 13 patients, the linear regression between cardiac output measured by thermo-dilution, Q ¯ T , and the calculated cardiac output by the non-invasive pulse transmission method, Q ¯ p , was related by Q ¯ p = 0.78 Q ¯ T + 0.75 with a correlation coefficient of 0.89.
Promoting growth in renewables

Renewable portfolio standards in the United States are widely recognized as a significant state-level instrument to catalyse growth in renewables. Comprehensive analysis now shows that the effectiveness of these standards depends on their stringency, with more demanding standards leading to higher renewable penetration.
Villous Adenoma Arising in the Native Bladder Mucosa and the Upper Urinary Tract With Coexisting Neuroendocrine Carcinoma Following Augmentation Cystoplasty

Villous adenomas arising in the bladder following augmentation cystoplasty procedures are exceedingly rare. Even rarer is their occurrence in the native bladder mucosa and the upper urinary tract. ...
Nutrition in Perioperative Patients with Kidney Failure

The nutritional status of perioperative patients with acute kidney injury (AKI) is often impaired and an important determinant of morbidity and mortality. In addition to well-described imbalances in electrolyte, acid-base, and volume status, AKI also induces alterations in protein, carbohydrate, and lipid metabolism. Hospitalization, especially when associated with critical illness, also reduces appetite and impairs adequate nutrient intake. This adverse combination predisposes patients to serious nutritional deficits, muscle wasting, weakness, and delayed recovery. Adequately designed and powered studies examining the optimal approach to metabolic and nutritional support in perioperative patients with AKI are scarce, and current guidelines for nutritional support are based on expert opinion. The following chapter will provide an overview of the key perturbations observed in substrate and energy metabolism, the underlying pathophysiologic mechanisms, and the debates surrounding the provision of nutritional and metabolic support in perioperative patients with AKI.
Unraveling the Internal Magnetic Field Structure of the Earth-directed Interplanetary Coronal Mass Ejections During 1995 – 2015

The magnetic field configurations associated with interplanetary coronal mass ejections (ICMEs) are the in situ manifestations of the entrained magnetic structure associated with coronal mass ejections (CMEs). We present a comprehensive study of the internal magnetic field configurations of ICMEs observed at 1 AU by the Wind mission during 1995 – 2015. The goal is to unravel the internal magnetic structure associated with the ICMEs and establish the signatures that validate a flux-rope structure. We examine the expected magnetic field signatures by simulating spacecraft trajectories within a simple flux rope, i.e., with circular–cylindrical (CC) helical magnetic field geometry. By comparing the synthetic configurations with the 353 ICME in situ observations, we find that only 152 events ( $F_{r}$ ) display the clear signatures of an expected axial-symmetric flux rope. Two more populations exhibit possible signatures of flux rope; 58 cases ( $F^{-}$ ) display a small rotation ( ${<}\,90^{\circ}$ ) of the magnetic field direction, interpreted as a large separation of the spacecraft from the center, and, 62 cases ( $F^{+}$ ) exhibit larger rotations, possibly arising from more complex configuration. The categories, $C_{x}$ (14%) and $E$ events (9%), reveal signatures of complexity possibly related with evolutionary processes. We then reconstruct the flux ropes assuming CC geometry. We examine the orientation and geometrical properties during the solar activity levels at the end of Solar Cycle 22 (SC22), SC23 and part of SC24. The orientation exhibits solar cycle trends and follow the heliospheric current sheet orientation. We confirm previous studies that found a Hale cycle dependence of the poloidal field reversal. By comparing our results with the occurrence of CMEs with large angular width ( $\mbox{AW}>60^{\circ}$ ) we find a broad correlation suggesting that such events are highly inclined CMEs. The solar cycle distribution of bipolar vs. unipolar $B_{z}$ configuration confirms that the CMEs may remove solar cycle magnetic field and helicity.
Simulation and Experimental Validation of Equivalent Circuit Parameters and Core Loss in a Tubular Permanent Magnet Linear Generator for Free Piston Engine Applications

Conventional generators in general refer to rotary generators. Linear generators on the other hand uses linear motion to convert it to electricity. This linear motion is available in different processes such as free piston engines, and sea waves. Any electrical machine deals with losses and it's important to study the different losses in the system. Lot of research has gone about in developing an accurate model of core losses in a rotary electrical machine. Linear machine losses haven't been discussed or studied in detail by the researchers. This paper attempts to model and simulate the core losses in a linear generator used in free piston engine systems. Modelling of core loss has been done in FEMM. Furthermore, the equivalent circuit parameters of the linear machine have been determined by FEMM and validated by experiments. Experimental technique to determine core losses in a linear generator has been proposed. The results are analyzed and the method to determine the core losses in a linear generator have been presented.
The culinary crescent, a history of Middle Eastern cuisine

Peter Heine is an Islamic scholar and has written “The Culinary Crescent, A History of Middle Eastern Cuisine” during his retirement. First published in his native German in 2016, it has been trans...
Comparative study of networked communities, crisis communication, and technology: rhetoric of disaster in Nepal earthquake and hurricane Maria

In April and May 2015, Nepal suffered two massive earthquakes of 7.5 and 6.5 magnitudes in the Richter scale, killing 8856 and injuring 22,309. Two years later in September 2017, Puerto Rico underwent category five hurricane Maria, killing an estimate of 800 to 8000 people and displacing hundreds of thousands of Puerto Ricans [1]. This poster presents preliminary results from a comparative study of Nepal's and Puerto Rico's networked communities who used crisis communication practices to address the havoc created by the disaster. This mixed methods research uses assemblage theory and comparative rhetorics to argue that disasters create situations where networked communities emerge with innovative digital composition practices.
Is a Dialogue-Based Tutoring System that Emulates Helpful Co-constructed Relations During Human Tutoring Effective?

We present an initial field evaluation of Rimac, a natural-language tutoring system which implements decision rules that simulate the highly interactive nature of human tutoring. We compared this rule-driven version of the tutor with a non-rule-driven control in high school physics classes. Although students learned from both versions of the system, the experimental group outperformed the control group. A particularly interesting finding is that the experimental version was especially beneficial for female students.
The Long-Term Socialization Goals of Chinese and Korean Immigrant Mothers in the United States.

The socialization goals of immigrant parents in the United States for their children reflect the childrearing priorities of both their culture of origin and the mainstream culture. These goals, which guide parenting, likely have shared and unique characteristics with other immigrant groups from the same geographical region of origin. The current study aimed to explore and compare the socialization goals of Chinese and Korean immigrant mothers in the United States; the role of child gender in mothers’ socialization goals was also investigated. Ninety-six Chinese (Mage = 37.60) and 97 Korean immigrant mothers (Mage = 35.87) with preschool-age children living in the United States were interviewed regarding their socialization goals. The qualitative interview transcripts were coded by trained research assistants. The interviews revealed seven socialization goals (Self-maximization, Lovingness, Personal Integrity, Proper Demeanor, Religious Values, Self-control, and No High Expectations) across both groups. Findings demonstrated that Chinese and Korean immigrant mothers were similar on their endorsement of five socialization goals. However, group differences were found for goals of Religious Values and No High Expectations, which further differed across child gender. These findings highlighted the common socialization priorities of Chinese and Korean immigrant mothers of young children in urban contexts, but also the need to examine sub-ethnic groups separately to understand their shared and unique parenting experiences. These findings have meaningful implications for clinicians and other professionals towards providing more effective services to Asian immigrant families in the U.S.
ON INTERGENERATIONAL IMMOBILITY: EVIDENCE THAT ADULT CREDIT HEALTH REFLECTS THE CHILDHOOD ENVIRONMENT

Using a novel dataset that links socioeconomic background to future credit, postsecondary education, and federal student loan and grant records, we document that, even though it is not and cannot be used by credit agencies in assigning risk, background is a strong predictor of adult credit health. A relationship remains upon inclusion of achievement, attainment, and debt management metrics. These findings reveal a new dimension along which childhood circumstances persist into adulthood and imply that the many important contexts in which credit scores are relied upon to evaluate individuals (e.g., lending, insurance, employment) may be helping to preserve inherited inequities.
Optimism despite profound uncertainty: school and social relationships in adolescents with single ventricle heart disease.

Background: Survivors of single ventricle heart disease must cope with the physical, neurodevelopmental, and psychosocial sequelae of their cardiac disease, which may also affect academic achievement and social relationships. The purpose of this study was to qualitatively examine the experiences of school and social relationships in adolescents with single ventricle heart disease. Methods: A descriptive phenomenological methodology was employed, utilising semi-structured interviews. Demographic and clinical characteristics were obtained via chart review. Results: Fourteen adolescents (aged 14 to 19 years) with single ventricle heart disease participated. Interviews ranged from 25 to 80 minutes in duration. Four themes emerged from the interviews, including “Don’t assume”: Pervasive ableism; “The elephant in the room”: Uncertain future; “Everyone finds something to pick on”: Bullying at school; “They know what I have been through”: Social support. The overall essence generated from the data was “optimism despite profound uncertainty.” Conclusions: Adolescents with single ventricle heart disease identified physical limitations and school challenges in the face of an uncertain health-related future. Despite physical and psychosocial limitations, most remained optimistic for the future and found activities that were congruent with their abilities. These experiences reflect “optimism despite profound uncertainty.”
Psychological Distress and COVID-19-Related Stressors Reported in a Longitudinal Cohort of US Adults in April and July 2020.

This study uses national survey data to compare self-reported psychological distress among US adults in April and July 2020 by demographic and stressor type subgroups.
Manifesto of Old Men and Simple Preachers

Over time a man, if he is perceptive, comes to certain conclusions. The most startling is that the greatest truths were spoken to him throughout his life by ordinary men, simple preachers, old men sitting around drinking soda and eating peanuts, his father. These men, if beneficiaries of a culture and community that embraces common-sense as a virtue, know truths that philosophers for centuries have tried in various ways to express. Common-sense is something all men should know; common-sense informs us of certain natural laws.
Teaching Interventions for Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs): A Systematic Review

Background: Understanding the impact of ACEs on lifelong health and morbidity is critical, but it is and provision of trauma-informed care (TIC). Objective: To conduct a systematic review to assess teaching interventions being used to teach TIC to medical trainees and medical staff. Design/Methods: We searched Pubmed, Embase, Web of Science, CINAHL, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and PsychInfo. …
Extraction of Preisach Model Parameters for Fluorite-Structure Ferroelectrics and Antiferroelectrics

Flourite-structure ferroelectrics (FEs) and antiferroelectrics (AFEs) such as HfO2 and its variants have gained copious attention from the semiconductor community, because they enable complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS)-compatible platforms for high-density, high-performance non-volatile and volatile memory technologies. While many individual experiments have been conducted to characterize and understand fluorite-structure FEs and AFEs, there has been little effort to aggregate the information needed to benchmark and provide insights into their properties. We present a fast and robust modeling framework that automatically fits the Preisach model to the experimental polarization ( $$Q_{FE}$$ ) versus electric field ( $$E_{FE}$$ ) hysteresis characterizations of fluorite-structure FEs. The modifications to the original Preisach model allow the double hysteresis loops in fluorite-structure antiferroelectrics to be captured as well. By fitting the measured data reported in the literature, we observe that ferroelectric polarization and dielectric constant decrease as the coercive field rises in general.
Individual Responsibility, Large-Scale Harms, and Radical Uncertainty

Some consequentialists argue that ordinary individuals are obligated to act in specific, concrete ways to address large-scale harms. For example, they argue that we should each refrain from meat-eating and avoid buying sweatshop-made clothing. The case they advance for such prescriptions can seem intuitive and compelling: by acting in those ways, a person might help prevent serious harms from being produced at little or no personal cost, and so one should act in those ways. But I argue that such reasoning often relies on an overly simplistic assessment of the costs and benefits of those prescriptions, one that misconstrues or neglects important issues. Indeed, a closer look at those costs and benefits reveals just how little we often know about a number of real-world matters that bear on the expected consequences of the prescribed individual actions. Our predicament is one of radical uncertainty: we currently lack a sound basis for concluding that the relevant actions are more likely to do good than to backfire. I distinguish this empirically grounded objection from others, which are not convincing—including one based on the mere conceivability of the actions in question backfiring and another based on the supposition that such actions cannot make a difference in addressing the massive problems at issue. The upshot is that, at least for now, consequentialist arguments for many specific individual actions aimed at addressing large-scale harms are inconclusive.
P18 A Test of Social Cognitive Theory on Fruit and Vegetable Intake in Indiana High School Students

Background Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory (SCT) is commonly used to inform nutrition interventions in adolescents, yet relatively few studies have tested the structural paths of the constructs that guide behavior. It is important to test theoretical models, so theory can better inform the design of useful interventions. Objective To test the structural paths of SCT on self-reported consumption of fruits and vegetables in adolescents. Study Design, Setting, Participants Cross-sectional survey data was collected from 1,104 high school Family and Consumer Sciences students in Indiana. Measurable Outcome/Analysis Participants completed a 40-item questionnaire with 3 items about intake of fruits and vegetables and 37 items from validated SCT scales that assessed nutrition-related self-efficacy, intentions, behavioral strategies, outcome expectations, outcome expectancies, situation, and social support. Structural equation modeling was used to test relationships between constructs in SCT and eating fruits and vegetables. Results There were 707 (64.1%) girls and 397 (35.9%) boys that completed the survey. There were 896 students who self-identified as White (81.2%), 66 as Black (6%), 45 as Asian (4.1%), and 98 as other (8.9%). Fit was good for the model (Comparative Fit Index = 0.90; Root Mean Square Error of Approximation = 0.06). Intentions (β = 0.32; P Conclusion Behavioral strategies and intentions directly influenced consumption of fruits and vegetables. These findings suggest that interventions aimed at high school students will be more successful if they focus on directly targeting behavioral strategies and focus indirectly on improving intentions by increasing self-efficacy.
A ‘smart’ aptamer-functionalized continuous label-free cell catch–transport–release system

Label-free cell sorting devices are of great significance for biomedical research and clinical therapeutics. However, current platforms for label-free cell sorting cannot achieve continuity and selectivity simultaneously, resulting in complex steps and limited reliability. Here, an immunoaffinity-based cell catch–transport–release thermo-chemo-mechanical coupling hydrogel (iCatch) device is reported. It contains a temperature-responsive hydrogel that can generate spatial movement synergically with the reversible binding of affinity handle modified. The functionalized hydrogel is embedded inside a biphasic microfluidic platform to enable cell transportation between the flows. The cell sorting capability and biocompatibility of the iCatch device were validated with CCRF-CEM cells as a proof-of-concept, and CCRF-CEM-specific aptamers with thermo-responsive affinity as well as a hydrogel with temperature-dependent volume were employed accordingly. A cell catching efficiency of ∼40% and a recovery rate of ∼70% were achieved. The iCatch device provides a high-throughput (∼900 cells mm−1 s−1) platform for cell sorting and is ultimately valuable for downstream biomedical applications.
Statistical analysis of GC-biased gene conversion and recombination hotspots in eukaryotic genomes: a phylogenetic hidden Markov model-based approach

Genetic recombination in eukaryotes can occur with or without crossover, where the latter event is referred to as gene conversion. New discoveries in the genomic and post-genomic era have shed new light into the complex interplay between recombination and other evolutionary processes such as point mutations. In particular, G/C content of genomic regions can increase over evolutionary time due to recombination in the form of gene conversion - a phenomenon known as GC-biased gene conversion (gBGC) - and gBGC is increasingly appreciated as serving an important role in genome evolution throughout the eukaryotic Tree of life. These findings have largely relied on computational advances for analyzing recombinant sequences for indirect signatures of gBGC. However, deeper insights into the functional and evolutionary significance of gBGC require a unified framework that accounts for variable-across-sites recombination and point mutation processes. In this study, we introduce PHYNCH (or "PHYlogeNetiC-HMM for analyzing gBGC and recombination hotspots"). PHYNCH utilizes a statistical model that combines a hidden Markov model to capture local genealogical variation due to recombination and gene conversion with a finite-sites model of sequence evolution along a local genealogy. Inference and learning under the new model is used to detect and analyze local patterns of gBGC and recombination hotspots within genomic sequences. We validate the performance of PHYNCH using simulated benchmarking data. Furthermore, we use PHYNCH to create a new genomic map of gBGC and recombination in rice.
pyNIROM—A suite of python modules for non-intrusive reduced order modeling of time-dependent problems

Abstract Modern reduced order models (ROMs) have widespread applicability in computational science and engineering as they allow accurate simulation of complex, nonlinear problems with minimal computational cost. In this paper, we introduce a Python-based implementation of a suite of data-driven ROM techniques for dynamical systems governed by time-dependent, nonlinear partial differential equations (PDEs). The versatility and accuracy of the presented ROM frameworks have been demonstrated with various numerical experiments in multiple publications. Therefore, this module is suitable not only as a tool for users in the industry, but it also provides a framework for researchers in academia to pursue further development.
A Space Physicist’s Perspective on Energy Transformations and Some Implications for Teaching About Energy Conservation at All Levels

Space physics is primarily focused on the study of plasmas and electromagnetic fields in space, principally the plasma physics processes that give rise to the solar wind and the interaction of that wind with planetary magnetospheres. And the key to understanding space physics interactions is the transfer of energy from one part of the system to another, such as the sudden transfer of energy from stressed magnetic fields to the plasma during magnetic reconnection. Over the years, I have observed that graduate and undergraduate students are conceptually unprepared to create a coherent conceptual framework for understanding space physics because they do not have a firm grasp of the meaning of energy and the role of energy in interactions, or the role of fields in energy transfer. These difficulties are rooted in their precollege education, and are not well addressed in university education. In this paper I will outline some aspects of how the concept of energy is used in space plasma physics. I will also discuss some difficulties that students have with applying the concept of energy in two specific cases. In this context, I will discuss ideas around the teaching of energy that have applicability to the problem at all academic levels.
Potential problems with increasing serving sizes on the Nutrition Facts label.

Abstract The United States Food and Drug Administration recently announced that the serving sizes on the Nutrition Facts labels for many products will be increased, but the effect of these increases remains unclear. The present research examined consumers' interpretation of the meaning of serving size information (study 1) and tested whether exposing consumers to the increased serving sizes of the proposed Nutrition Facts label leads consumers to serve and purchase more food for themselves and others (studies 2–4). Study 1 (N = 101; 44.7% female) tested what consumers believe the serving sizes on Nutrition Facts labels refer to, and the majority of participants (over 78%) incorrectly believed that the serving sizes refer to how much food can or should be consumed in one sitting as part of a healthy diet. Study 2 (N = 51; 41.2% female) tested how exposure to the current versus proposed Nutrition Facts label influences the amount of food that consumers serve themselves, and studies 3 (N = 60; 46.7% female) and 4 (N = 61; 48.2% female) assessed how exposure to the current versus proposed label influences the amount of food that people serve and purchase for others. In studies 2–4, the proposed label (vs. the current label) led consumers to serve themselves 41% more cookies (study 2); serve 27% more cheese crackers to another person (study 3); and buy 43% more lasagnas for others and divide a lasagna into 22% larger slices (study 4). The results suggest that the proposed Nutrition Facts label's increased serving sizes may lead people who use this information as a reference to serve more food to themselves and others.
Understanding Ethnic Violence: AN EMOTION-BASED APPROACH TO ETHNIC CONFLICT

Although theories of ethnic conflict are rarely emotion based, most of them implicitly utilize some conception of emotion to answer the question of individual motivation. Convincing theories of ethnic conflict must provide some answer to the puzzling question of why any individual would go out and beat, humiliate, or discriminate against another human being. In Eastern Europe, the substantive basis of this work, neighbors have engaged in grotesque acts of violence against their ethnically different neighbors. Why? As Donald Horowitz has argued, explaining the motivation for such action must go beyond ambition to antipathy, past incentives to passion. Defining Emotion Emotion is a mechanism that triggers action to satisfy a pressing concern . An emotion operates to meet situational challenges in two ways: (1) An emotion raises the saliency of one desire/concern over others; in other words, emotion helps select among competing desires. (2) An emotion heightens both cognitive and physical capabilities necessary to respond to the situational challenge. Consider the following example. A man desiring safety, wealth, and self-esteem is walking in a dark wood. All of a sudden, he hears a strange animal noise and becomes afraid. The emotion of fear sweeps over him. Fear pumps adrenalin into his body or produces an instinctive threatening pose that serves to frighten the animal off. Fear (the emotion) acted as a mechanism (an individual level, recognizable pattern) to cause action (fight/flight) to meet a pressing concern (safety).
Layered range multicast for video on demand

Focuses on the problem of providing quality-of-service guarantee, scalability, and on-demand property to video streaming systems. We propose a solution called layered range multicast (LRM). LRM allows transmitting a range of data to a multicast group's members, which helps clients who request for service at different times join a same multicast efficiently without additional server bandwidth allocation. This is more advanced than the conventional multicast in which a late client joining an existing multicast, without bandwidth support from the server, must miss a certain portion of the video requested. Another advantage of LRM is its capability to support clients requesting various levels of service quality. In addition, LRM does not assume the existence of IP Multicast and therefore it can be implemented on the current Internet without degrading the very inefficient centralized approach. Our performance study results confirm the above benefits.
Honeywell's missiles universal test set: an automated, Windows/spl trade/-based, test station providing simultaneous system testing capability

The missiles universal test set (MUTS) was developed by Honeywell test equipment engineers as the solution to the high costs associated with designing test sets customized to individual program needs. By assembling the most common test set features into a generic hardware baseline, and incorporating test software that was modular and not device specific, the resulting test set is applicable to many of the product lines at the Clearwater Defense facility, including systems for missiles, military aircraft and land navigation applications.