cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Unlike terrestrial hermit crabs, marine hermit crabs do not prefer shells previously used by conspecifics

Gastropod shells represent an essential resource for hermit crabs (Decapoda, Anomura). In many cases, hermit crabs acquire used shells from conspecifics who previously occupied the shell. Terrestrial hermit crabs (Coenobita compressus H. Milne Edwards, 1836) strongly prefer used shells. Here we test whether marine hermit crabs (Pagurus samuelis (Stimpson, 1857)) also exhibit a preference for used shells by providing them with matched pairs of (1) a used shell (previously occupied by either the choosing crab itself or by a conspecific) versus (2) a brand new shell (freshly derived from a predated gastropod). Unlike terrestrial hermit crabs, marine hermit crabs showed no preference for used shells (either their original shell or a shell from a conspecific). We suggest the divergent shell preferences of marine and terrestrial hermit crabs relate to the contrasting natural selection pressures in the sea versus on land. In particular, the used shells of terrestrial hermit crabs are architecturally remodeled by prior occupants and these remodeled shells represent a superior resource on land. In contrast, marine hermit crabs never remodel shells, and for them a used shell may be less protective than a new shell against the many specialized shell predators in the ocean.
Lower blepharoplasty is not about removing skin and fat.

FREEMAN 1 describes his experience with transconjunctival sub‐orbicularis oculi fat pad lift blepharoplasty in 64 patients during 18 months. Of 17 patients with 1-year follow-up, 8 showed long-term improvement in the tear trough deformity. Freeman points out concepts that, I believe, are now well accepted among eyelid aesthetic surgeons: Transcutaneous lower blepharoplasty with skin muscle flap has a high risk of lower eyelid retraction, canthal rounding, and change in the shape of the eyelid. Aging of the lower eyelid and midface is characterized by descent of the cheek fat and accentuation of the nasojugal fold or tear trough deformity. Skin problems are often related to overaction of the orbicularis muscle and loss of skin elasticity, conditions more effectively treated with botulinus toxin and skin rejuvenation techniques, such as laser resurfacing. The concept of the transconjunctival sub‐orbicularis oculi fat pad lift blepharoplasty is well accepted among the oculoplastic surgeons as a powerful technique to improve the contours of the lower eyelid and cheek. The technique described by Freeman is standard. More than one suture is often used to contour and evenly elevate the sub‐orbicularis oculi fat pad across the orbital rim. I have personally switched from a nonabsorbable to an absorbable suture for the bite from the sub‐orbicularis oculi fat pad to the inferior orbital rim periosteum because of the occasional patient who can palpate the sutures along the orbital rim. Also, I routinely use monopolar cautery with the precise microtitanium needle tip (Colorado Biomedical Inc, Evergreen), and I do not believe that carefully applied monopolar cautery places neurovascular or cutaneous structures at risk.
Blocking both signal 1 and signal 2 of T-cell activation prevents apoptosis of alloreactive T cells and induction of peripheral allograft tolerance

The alloimmune response against fully MHC-mismatched allografts, compared with immune responses to nominal antigens, entails an unusually large clonal size of alloreactive T cells. Thus, induction of peripheral allograft tolerance established in the absence of immune system ablation and reconstitution is a challenging task in transplantation. Here, we determined whether a reduction in the mass of alloreactive T cells due to apoptosis is an essential initial step for induction of stable allograft tolerance with non-lymphoablative therapy. Blocking both CD28-B7 and CD40-CD40 ligand interactions (co-stimulation blockade) inhibited proliferation of alloreactive T cells in vivo while allowing cell cycle-dependent T-cell apoptosis of proliferating T cells, with permanent engraftment of cardiac allografts but not skin allografts. Treatment with rapamycin plus co-stimulation blockade resulted in massive apoptosis of alloreactive T cells and produced stable skin allograft tolerance, a very stringent test of allograft tolerance. In contrast, treatment with cyclosporine A and co-stimulation blockade abolished T-cell proliferation and apoptosis, as well as the induction of stable allograft tolerance. Our data indicate that induction of T-cell apoptosis and peripheral allograft tolerance is prevented by blocking both signal 1 and signal 2 of T-cell activation.
Regions of parameter identifiability

A procedure for computing explicit regions in the parameter space in which the Gauss-Newton method will converge to a unique solution is developed. The computed convergence regions are applicable in any control systems applications using the Gauss-Newton method. The uniqueness result is of value by itself because it is independent of the Gauss-Newton procedure and gives explicit regions of parameter identifiability. The main feature is the computational aspect which makes use of interval analysis.
Comment on ‘ “Stringy” coherent states inspired by generalized uncertainty principle’ [Phys. Lett. B 711 (5) (2012) 423–427]

Abstract We argue that the expectation values and dispersions of various operators for coherent states of generalized harmonic oscillator, presented in Ghosh and Roy (2012) [1] , are incorrect. Therefore, the conclusions based on these results are misleading and need to be corrected.
MO-D-T-6E-02: Dose-Response Explorer: An Open-Source-Code Matlab-Based Tool for Modeling Treatment Outcome as a Function of Predictive Factors

Purpose:Radiotherapy treatment outcome models are a complicated function of treatment parameters and/or clinical factors. Our objective is to provide clinicians and scientists with an accurate, flexible, and user‐friendly tool to explore radiotherapy outcome models with different factors leading to tumorcontrol or normal tissue complications. We refer to this tool as the dose response explorer (DREX). Method and Materials: DREX, based on Matlab named‐field structures, provides tools for multi‐term logistic regression modeling, correlation calculations, and graphical comparisons between model predictions and observations. A GUI‐driven interface was constructed using Matlab tools. Named‐field structures in Matlab support development of very human‐readable databasesResults: The DREX tool provides the NTCP or TCP analyst with multiple features which include: (1) Combination of multiple dose‐volume variables (mean dose, max dose, Vx (percentage volume receiving × Gy), Dx (dose to × percentage volume), EUD (equivalent uniform dose), etc) and clinical factors (age, gender, ethnicity, etc), (2) Modelanalysis using logistic regression, (3) Performance assessment using Spearman's rank correlation and receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curves, and (4) Graphical capability to visualize NTCP or TCP prediction versus selected variable model using contour and histogram plots. DREX has been in constant use in our research group for the last nine months. Conclusion: We developed user‐friendly software to explore and modelradiotherapydose‐response correlations. DREX facilitates convenient study of different treatment and clinical factors which may correlate with complication or control. We believe that the DREX software combined with CERR archiving would provide the clinical researcher with convenient tools to accrue and modelradiotherapy outcomes data. DREX will be freely distributed via the web. We expect to continue developing DREX, including adding methods to automatically select model terms, find the optimal model size, and estimate parameter uncertainties.
Quantization-based probabilistic feature modeling for kernel design in content-based image retrieval

In this paper, a quantization-based probabilistic feature modeling approach is proposed for relevance feedback in content-based image retrieval. We demonstrate its performance by using the resulting models within a support vector machine (SVM) based technique. Each feature component is quantized and mapped to probabilistic quantities representing the likelihood of the image being relevant (and irrelevant). These probabilistic quantities are then used to derive an information divergence-based kernel function for SVM classification which we introduced in earlier work. We show that the proposed method leads to the optimal maximum likelihood solution as the knowledge of the actual underlying probability model improves (i.e.,as the feature space is partitioned into arbitrarily small "regions "and accurate models are known for all regions). vWe investigate several practical quantization designs for feature modeling specifically in relevance feedback applications,where the scarcity of the data and high dimensionality prevent usage of vector quantization and parametric modeling approaches.Our proposed framework naturally takes into account the statistics of the data that is available during relevance feedback for the purpose of discriminating between relevant and irrelevant images.Experiments with the Corel dataset show that quantizers specifically designed for this application achieve gains over simple uniform quantizers (e.g.,5% to 10% in retrieval accuracy) when combined with our information divergence kernel. This kernel achieves gains (e.g.,17% in retrieval accuracy after first relevance feedback)as compared to the standard radial basis function (RBF) kernel used for SVM-based relevance feedback.
Using Performance Tasks in the Identification of Economically Disadvantaged and Minority Gifted Learners: Findings From Project STAR

This paper discusses the rationale for developing performance assessment tasks to augment the identification of more economically disadvantaged and minority students for gifted programs in one stat...
The Cache and Codec Model for Storing and Manipulating Data

This article describes an analytical model of systems that store and manipulate data. The cache and codec model captures the interplay between two central aspects of such systems: information representation and data processing efficiency. In this article, the authors describe the model and use it to explore the design options for the encryption and compression of data. In each case study, they raise several research implications and directions for future research.
Effects of petroleum hydrocarbons on length of incubation and hatching success in the Japanese medaka.

The effect of crude oil and its water-solube fraction (WSF) on fish eggs range from direct mortality to the retardation or acceleration of growth of embryos, to the development of morphogenic abnormalities in newly hatched larvae. The specific effect depends, in part, on the concentration of crude oil and the age of the embryos at time of exposure. While testing different crude oils on various life stages of Japanese medaka, Oryzias latipes, a significant decrease in length of the egg incubation period and an increase in the opercular movement of unhatched embryos was noted.
Motion detection and analysis of matching graphs of intermediate-level primitives

Introduces a new primitive, the half-chunk, for encoding boundary, region, and surface information in graph form. General graph matching is discussed and a specific graph matching system based on half-chunk graphs is presented. Following matching, bindings are interpreted as object component motion or depth. The half-chunk graph allows scale and coordinate system independent object models to be represented. Half-chunk graphs may encode 2-D or 3-D structure equally well.
Computer aided design of a neutron detector for neutrino measurements

Abstract For the study of the energy reaction 2 H ( ν , n ) 1 H + ν a computer aided design of a coaxial, multi-medium, liquid scintillation detector, based on the reaction 6Li(n, α)3He is desired. Different detector setups are computer simulated. The simulation of the first prototype detector roughly illustrates the dimensional requirements for the prototype detector and timing requirements for the event signature. In order to study the symmetrical and constructional considerations and to determine the effect of the neutron leakage loss, change of detection efficiency, end and side losses, and effects of actual walls, voids, etc., several models were simulated. Extraction and analysis of the results permit evaluation of the optimum design for the detector.
Repetition priming in oral text reading: A therapeutic strategy for phonologic text alexia

BACKGROUND: Phonologic text alexia (PhTA) is a reading disorder in which reading of pseudowords is impaired, but reading of real words is impaired only when reading text. Oral reading accuracy remains well preserved when words are presented individually, but when presented in text the part-of-speech effect that is often seen in phonologic alexia (PhA) emerges. AIMS: To determine whether repetition priming could strengthen and/or maintain the activation of words during text reading. METHODS #ENTITYSTARTX00026; PROCEDURES: We trained NYR, a patient with PhTA, to use a strategy, Sentence Building, designed to improve accuracy of reading words in text. The strategy required NYR to first read the initial word, and then build up the sentence by adding on sequential words, in a step-wise manner, utilizing the benefits of repetition priming to enhance accuracy. OUTCOMES #ENTITYSTARTX00026; RESULTS: When using the strategy, NYR displayed improved accuracy not only for sentences she practiced using the strategy, but unpracticed sentences as well. Additionally, NYR performed better on a test of comprehension when using the strategy, as compared to without the strategy. CONCLUSIONS: In light of research linking repetition priming to increased neural processing efficiency, our results suggest that use of this compensatory strategy improves reading accuracy and comprehension by temporarily boosting phonologic activation levels.
Draft Genome Sequences of Nine Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli Strains from Kenya

ABSTRACT We report here the draft genome sequences of nine enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) strains isolated from children in Kenya who died during hospitalization with diarrhea. Each of the isolates possess the EPEC adherence factor (EAF) plasmid encoding the bundle-forming pilus, which is characteristic of EPEC. These isolates represent diverse serogroups and EPEC phylogenomic lineages.
Calcium-dependent phosphorylation of the amphibian oocyte plasma membrane: An early event in initiating the meiotic divisions

Plasma membranes isolated from Rana oocytes showed a 7–10 fold increase in the Ca2+-dependent phosphorylation of endogenous protein following exposure to meiotic stimuli (progesterone, insulin) either in vivo or in-vitro. Exogenous phosphatidylmonomethylethanolamine (PME) was effective in stimulating Ca2+-dependent membrane phosphorylation and also induced meiosis. Induction of phosphorylation was blocked by the protease inhibitor leupeptin, as are all other responses to meiotic stimuli. Phosphatidylserine was inactive when added to intact oocytes, but stimulated membrane phosphorylation nearly 15-fold when added to isolated membranes. The results indicate a link between phospholipid methylation and protein kinase C activation.
The Dynamics of Reference Librarianship

The reference environment is constantly changing and hence there is a growing concern for improving the quality of service. Job specific training is an important and viable option for improving these services. This training should be organized and continuing. Basic steps for such a program include (1) providing a positive environment for learning (2) initiating a good orientation program, (3) undertaking a needs assessment, (4) selecting approriate training methods, (5) selecting trainers, (6) selecting those to be trained, and (7) continuously evaluating the results of the program. Examples of topics for training include traditional reference sources. However, the tremendous impact of computer technology on librarianship has necessitated the need for technical training on a multitude of computer systems.
Laterally-biased quantum dot infrared photodetector

Abstract At the Air Force Research Laboratory, Space Vehicles Directorate, we are interested in improving the performance of or modifying the capabilities of infrared detectors in order to locate and identify dim and/or distant objects in space. One characteristic we are very interested in is multicolor detection. To this end, we have turned to a novel detector design that we have come to call a Lateral Quantum Dot Infrared Photodetector (LQDIP). In this design, InAs quantum dots are buried in a GaAs quantum well, which in turn is tunnel-coupled to another GaAs quantum well. Photoexcited electrons from the quantum dots tunnel over to the second well and are then swept out via a lateral (perpendicular to the growth direction) bias voltage. This architecture should exhibit the ability to tune to select infrared frequencies with reduced dark current and unity gain. The lateral photocurrent is directed by a vertical (parallel to the growth direction) gate voltage. We will discuss this detector architecture and the LQDIP operating principles and conditions, and we will present some preliminary results of current–voltage, photocurrent, differential conductance, and spectral measurements.
Decreased risk for atopic disorder associated with highly hyperreactive tuberculin skin test reaction in children and adolescents.

Abstract Background: It is speculated that the exposure to Mycobacterium tuberculosis, either by infection or by Bacillus Calmette-Guerin vaccination, may inhibit the onsetof atopy by the modification of immune profiles leading to a shift of TH1/TH2 balanceto the TH1 side. Objective: 186 patients hyperreactive at tuberculin skin test (TST) were examined in order to investigate the prevalence of atopic disorder, particularly referring to the association between the size of the TST induration and the prevalence of sensitization and manifest atopic disorder. Methods: The study consisted of a family history record, patients’ 23 medical history assessment and clinical examination, skin prick test (SPT), serum total and allergen-specific IgE (sIgE) measurement and eosinophil count. Results: Atopic disorder was present in 49 (26.3%) patients tested. No significant difference between the groups based on the TST induration size (15-24 mm vs. ≥ 25mm) was found for gender distribution, family atopy history, total IgE measurement, eosinophil count, positive SPT and the presence of sIgE. A significant difference was found for the age median (14.0 yrs vs. 13.0 yrs), childhood atopy record, and manifest atopic disorder. No association between the size of the TST induration and the incidence of allergic sensitization was demonstrated. However, a significant inverse association between the size of the TST induration and manifest atopic disorder was demonstrated. Conclusion: In patients highly hyperreactive at TST, the size of the induration is inversely associated with manifest atopic disorder. Clinical implications In children and adolescents a highly hyperreactive tuberculin skin test reaction is associated with a decreased risk for manifest atopic disorder. Capsule summary In patients highly hyperreactive at tuberculin skin test, the size of the induration is inversely associated with manifest atopic disorder
Uniform symbolic topologies and finite extensions

We study the behavior of rings with uniform symbolic topologies with respect to finite extensions
Laterality of body focus and digital skin temperature in patients with Raynaud's disease.

The purpose of the present study was to assess the relationship between lateralization of body image and right versus left vasomotor activity. Fifteen right-handed female patients suffering from idiopathic Raynaud's disease demonstrated a relationship between the extent of right lateralization of body image and bilateral digital skin temperature during a controlled temperature stress test. In addition, subjects showing a reliable right side awareness demonstrated more unilateral vasospastic attacks in their right hand than their left hand white subjects showing no clear right lateralization by body image reported more left hand attacks than right hand attacks. These results were taken as consistent with previous work on the relationship between skin conductance and lateralization of body image.
Dyslipidemia and lipoprotein profiles in patients with inflammatory bowel disease

Background Dyslipidemia is a major risk factor for developing coronary artery disease. An increase in inflammatory cytokines may result in a decrease in lipoprotein lipase (LPL) enzyme activity, leading to a characteristic lipoprotein profile with increased triglycerides and decreased high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels as seen in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Similar to SLE, patients with IBD have high circulatory levels of inflammatory cytokines. However, in these patients characteristic lipoprotein profiles have not been reported. Objectives The purpose of this study is to identify and describe dyslipidemia and lipoprotein profiles in an IBD patient population. Methods Medical records of patients diagnosed with IBD (Crohn's disease [CD] and ulcerative colitis [UC]) at an academic medical center between 2000 and 2007 were retrospectively reviewed for lipoprotein lipid measurements, serum albumin levels, risk factors, and treatment to modify lipoprotein concentrations. The lipoprotein guidelines and risk factors are based on the Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults. Only patients with documented IBD diagnosis and lipoprotein profiles are included in the study. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2005–2006 population database was used for control values. Results A total of 393 patients (152 men and 241 women) diagnosed with IBD (188 CD and 205 UC) who were not on statins qualified for the study. Patients were grouped on the basis of gender (male and female) and IBD disease type (CD and UC). Compared with the male NHANES samples (with similar mean age and body mass index), total cholesterol and HDL-C were significantly lower and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and triglycerides were significantly greater in male patients with IBD. In female patients with IBD, the mean values for total cholesterol, HDL-C, and triglycerides were significantly lower and LDL-C significantly greater compared with the female NHANES samples. Conclusion Given low levels of HDL-C and increased levels of LDL-C, a more aggressive approach in profiling and treating dyslipidemia seems warranted in patients with IBD.
POSTOPERATIVE TROPONIN ELEVATION AFTER VASCULAR SURGERY IN PATIENTS WITHOUT MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA

A preoperative myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) test without myocardial ischemia prior to high-risk vascular surgery predicts a low risk of postoperative clinical events at 30-days. Most of the studies assessing the role of MPI prior to vascular surgery were conducted prior to the era of
Constitutional Growth Delay and Learning Problems

The author points to an important distinction between constitutional growth delay and familial short stature. The familially short attain milestones at normal times while the constitutionally delayed reach full height and development milestones at a later age. The author suggests distinguishing the two syndromes since different intervention strategies are indicated. — G.M.S.Records of children admitted to a growth clinic and follow-up questionnaires were examined to determine the incidence of learning problems in children with constitutional growth delay and those with familial short statute. Reported learning problems were significantly greater in the group with constitutional growth delay. Because of the high correlation, it is suggested that the relationship between physical and cognitive development level be considered when selecting educational interventions. Children who are slow learners or have learning problems and are slow in physical development may not need remediation per se, but may require ...
Science and technology as evolving flow architectures

This essay traces the evolution of thermodynamics from its origins to ad hoc applications of thermodynamic optimization (entropy generation minimization) and the principle-based generation of flow configuration in nonequilibrium systems (constructal theory). Geophysical and biological flow systems evolve in one direction, toward configurations that flow more easily. This evolutionary process is like an animated movie in which existing flow designs are replaced by designs that offer greater flow access. This paradigm fuels a new attitude toward globalization and sustainability: the natural way to bring the less advanced areas into the flow of things is to allow the vascular systems of goods, people and ideas to bathe the whole earth more and more freely. Constructal theory shows that freedom is good for design, and that the future belongs to vascularized architectures with increased svelteness and optimal distribution of imperfection. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of source of carbohydrate and frequency of feeding on rumen parameters in dairy steers.

Abstract Four rumen-fistulated, Holstein steers (358 kg) were fed two diets at two frequencies (2 and 8 times/d) in a 4 × 4 Latin square design with 28-d periods. The two diets consisted of corn silage and a concentrate mixture in a ratio of 40:60 on a dry matter basis. The two concentrate mixtures (control and dried whole whey) contained, as a percentage: ground shelled corn, 87.85, 19.05; soybean meal, 9.4, 5.9; dicalcium phosphate, 1.7, 0; trace mineralized salt, 1.0, 1.0; vitamin A and D premix, .05, .05; and dried whole whey, 0, 74.0, respectively. Rumen fluid samples were taken at hourly intervals for 24 h and analyzed for pH, volatile fatty acids, lactate, ammonia nitrogen, and protozoal numbers. Total concentration of volatile fatty acids in the rumen were not affected by treatments. Feeding the control diet resulted in significantly higher ruminal acetate and isovalerate but lower butyrate and valerate expressed as a molar percentage. Increasing the feeding frequency from 2 to 8 times/d resulted in an increase in the molar percentage of acetate and a decrease in the concentration of lactate in ruminal fluid. Numbers of protozoa varied considerably with time after feeding and tended to be higher on the whey diet.
Bringing a generalist approach to the problems of older patients.

This issue of JGIM has three articles dealing with issues principally affecting the care of older patients: functional decline after hospitalization, end-of-life decision making, and reporting of impaired drivers.1–3 It may seem unusual that a journal for general internists would have so much geriatrics content. However, it is appropriate that general internists view geriatrics as part of our domain. In fact, leaders in geriatrics are increasingly recognizing that geriatrics is fundamentally different from the traditional subspecialties of internal medicine, and is part and parcel of primary care.4–6
Emo Gay Boys and Subculture: Postpunk Queer Youth and (Re)thinking Images of Masculinity.

This is an exploration of gay youth subculture and emo boys. The study is a mesh of findings and related theoretical understandings about gay emo subculture, masculinities, style, and alternative gay youth. This study looks at gay male teenagers who identify with emo, a movement that stems from music and aesthetics creating a particular visual for these young people. The study is concerned with the larger ramifications of desire, gender, and queer life for young people who associate with emo. The analyses will move through a lexicology of what gay emo can be, an understanding of the aesthetics of gay emo youth subculture, and a reconsideration of notions of marginality within mainstream gay community. The piece will position youth and difference in a very pivotal way to explore the problematic hegemonies of fictionalized/fetishized masculinity within the gay community. The result will be an exploration of alternative queer youth as a cornerstone for contemporary gay “identities.”
A finite element approach to three-dimensional singular stress states in anisotropic multi-material wedges and junctions

Abstract A finite element formulation is developed to determine the order and angular variation of singular stress states due to material and geometric discontinuities in anisotropic materials. The formulation applies to any two-dimensional geometry that is prismatic in the third direction and has three-dimensional displacement fields. In some special cases the three-dimensional fields become uncoupled antiplane and inplane fields and this formulation yields the uncoupled results. The formulation provides for the determination of the asymptotic stress and displacement fields present at interior singular points of three-dimensional structures. The displacement field of the sectorial finite element is quadratic in the angular coordinate direction and asymptotic in the radial direction measured from the singular point. The formulation of Yamada and Okumura [(1983) Hybrid and Mixed Finite Element Methods , pp. 325–343. Wiley, Chichester] for inplane problems is adapted for this purpose. The simplicity and accuracy of the formulation are demonstrated by comparison with several analytical solutions for both isotropic and anisotropic multi-material wedges and junctions. The nature and speed of convergence associated with the element suggests that it could be employed in developing two-dimensional and three-dimensional enriched elements for use along with standard elements to yield accurate and computationally efficient solutions to problems having complex global geometries leading to singular stress states.
Contributions of the zero frequency mode in the quantization of solitons

Abstract We present a simple way to find the contributions of the zero frequency modes in a general scattering amplitude in the one-soliton sector.
Phenotypic mixing in the avian tumor virus group.

Abstract Mixed infection of chick embryo fibroblasts with avian tumor viruses of subgroups A and B yields progeny virus in which properties of both parental subgroups are combined. Such combination forms of avian tumor virus have an expanded host range on genetically resistant chicken cells. This allows virus particles with a subgroup A genome to enter into C A cells from which subgroup A virus is otherwise excluded. Likewise, mixedly grown virus particles with a subgroup B genome can be shown to replicate in C B cells which are insusceptible to pure subgroup B stocks. The ability of combination forms to overcome host range barriers appears to result from the presence of subgroup A and B envelope antigens in individual virus particles. Neutralization experiments with antibody also indicate that the envelope of many mixedly grown avian tumor virus particles contains a mosaic of A and B antigens. Chicken serum specific against subgroup A envelope antigen prevents subgroup B genomes in mixedly grown virus from entering C B cells. Conversely, anti B serum neutralizes infectivity of subgroup A genomes on C A cells. The combination of subgroup A and B characteristics in particles of mixedly grown avian tumor virus preparations is genetically unstable at low multiplicities of infection. Most of the combination forms appear to be caused by phenotypic mixing but the occurrence of heterozygotes or of a small percentage of recombinants cannot be excluded.
Nuclear data for production of 117mSn for biomedical application

Abstract The 117mSn(4+)DTPA has been shown to have high uptake in cortical bone with negligible soft-tissue deposition. The long half-life (14 d) of 117mSn and its emission of abundant short-range Auger and conversion electrons, make 117mSn(4+)DTPA an attractive therapeutic agent for bone tumors. The necessary nuclear data for production of clinical quantities of 117mSn using Sb(p,2pxn) reactions at BLIP was obtained. The excitation functions for 121Sb(p,2p3n) and 123Sb(p,2p5n) reactions in the regions of 43 ≤Ep≤60 MeV were measured and compared with predicted values obtained from semi-empirical formulae given by Silberberg and Tsao. 117mSn is routinely produced at ORNL by thermal neutron activation of 116Sn. We have investigated the possibility of improving the specific activity of the reactor-produced 117mSn by irradiating enriched 116Sn and 117Sn in the core of the HFBR. Our results indicate that, due to a strong absorption resonance at En110 eV, better specific activity for reactor-produced 117mSn can...
Taxonomies for automated question triage in digital reference

This study identifies (1) several taxonomies of questions at different levels of linguistic analysis, according to which questions received by digital reference services are classified, and (2) a simple categorization of triage recipients. The utility of these taxonomies and categorizations of triage recipients is discussed as the basis for systems for automating triage and other steps in the digital reference process.
3D segmentation of rodent brains using deformable models and variational methods

3D functional segmentation of brain images is important in understating the relationships between anatomy and mental diseases in brains. Volumetric analysis of various brain structures such as the cerebellum plays a critical role in studying the structural changes in brain regions as a function of development, trauma, or neurodegeneration. Although various segmentation methods in clinical studies have been proposed, many of them require a priori knowledge about the locations of the structures of interest, which prevents the fully automatic segmentation. Besides, the topological changes of structures are difficult to detect. In this paper, we present a novel method for detecting and locating the brain structures of interest that can be used for the fully automatic 3D functional segmentation of rodent brain MR images. The presented method is based on active shape model (ASM), Metamorph models and variational techniques. It focuses on detecting the topological changes of brain structures based on a novel volume ratio criteria. The mean successful rate of the topological change detection shows 86.6% accuracy compared to the expert identified ground truth.
A Case Study of the Identity Development of an Adolescent Male with Emotional Disturbance and 48, XYYY Karyotype in an Institutional Setting

The goal of this study was to utilize a phenomenological case study design to investigate the individual and social identity development of an adolescent male who had been placed in a high-security group home setting. The participant had been identified with emotional disturbance (ED), and 48, XYYY karyotype. The participant described his social and emotional development as being impacted by his environment, his level of personal control, and his view of the future. Key Words: Identity Development, Social and Emotional Development, 48, XYYY Karyotype, Phenomenology, Institutionalization. The goal of this study was to utilize a single case study design to investigate the identity development of an adolescent male, Kevin (pseudonym), who had been placed in a high-security group home setting. Kevin had been identified with the special education classification of emotional disturbance (ED). He also had an extremely rare genetic code: 48, XYYY karyotype, or triple male chromosomes. This study was designed to investigate the participant’s perspective of the social and emotional impacts on his identity development. 48, XYYY Karyotype
Mitochondrial heterosis in maize.

MANY hybrids between genetic pure lines in maize exhibit heterosis. The search for the genetic basis of heterosis has been carried on for many years and by many workers. Despite these efforts, an adequate, specific biochemical explanation of heterosis has not been presented. JONES (1952) has noted the interaction of nuclear genes and cytoplasm, as evidenced by differences in reciprocal crosses of corn and other species. WILKIE (1 964) has discussed the physiological complementation of cytoplasms (mitochondria) in producing heterokaryon vigor in micro-organisms. Work with heterotic interspecific hybrids of primrose species has revealed a striking difference between reciprocal hybrids which indicated a cytoplasmic influence on hybrid vigor in this case (OEHLKERS 1964). It has been shown that mitochondria from maize exhibit heterosis in terms of nitrogen content (HANSON, HAGEMAN and FISHER 1960). We demonstrated mitochondrial heterosis in terms of biochemical activity ( MCDANIEL and SARKISSIAN 1966b). Further study showed the mitochondria of a maize hybrid were polymorphic ( SARKISSIAN and MCDANIEL 1967). The combination of mitochondria isolated from the parents of hybrids was found to yield a mitochondrial mixture which showed complementation and approached the activity of mitochondria from the hybrid ( MCDANIEL and SARKISSIAN 1966b; SARKISSIAN and SRIVASTAVA 1967). As mitochondria are of great importance in cellular metabolism, the relation of these subcellular, cytoplasmic organelles to heterosis deserves further study. The oxidation of carbolhydrates, fatty acids and amino acids by the KREBS tricarboxylic acid cycle of the mitochondrion provides much of the ATP needed by the organism for energy-requiring reactions, as well as reduced cofactors and carbon skeletons for syinthetic reactions. Heterosis has been shown to be a phenomenon of growth, being expressed as more rapid growth rates exhibited by heterotic hybrids. As growth is dependent on the production of available energy and utilization of carbon skeletons, and other biochemical products, the rate and efficiency with which the energy captured by photosynthesis can be liberated and used, could be a limiting factor in the growth process. 'This study represents a portion of the dissertation submitted by R. G. NI. to West Virginia University in partial
Automation and dynamic allocation: engineering issues and approaches

The issues of cockpit automation, types of automation, and task allocation (including dynamic allocation) are discussed in regard to the near future of the single-seat tactical aircraft. The application of these considerations to the development of a prototype 'electronic crewmember' is described. Examples of the formal steps taken in the task-analysis process that directed subsequent hardware and software engineering are included. Some of the more significant tradeoffs required by the incorporation of dynamic allocation into the capabilities of the electronic crewmember are addressed. >
Fast algorithms for time series mining

In this paper, we present fast algorithms on mining coevolving time series, with or with out missing values. Our algorithms could mine meaningful patterns effectively and efficiently. With those patterns, our algorithms can do forecasting, compression, and segmentation. Furthermore, we apply our algorithm to solve practical problems including occlusions in motion capture, and generating natural human motions by stitching low-effort motions. We also propose a parallel learning algorithm for LDS to fully utilize the power of multicore/multiprocessors, which will serve as corner stone of many applications and algorithms for time series.
Overview of United States Rocket Propulsion Technology and Associated Space Transportation Systems

U.S. share of the world launch market fell to 20% by 2002. During that period, only two new booster engines have been developed and flight certified in this country. Only limited progress has been made in reducing engine costs or increasing performance although these factors are not necessarily directly related. Upper-stage and in-space propulsion in the United States have not fared much better in the world market. On the other hand, space-faring nations in Europe, the Middle East, Asia, and the former Soviet Union are believed to have developed 40–50 new, high-performance engines over the same period. This trend will have to be reversed to enable future exploration missions. The intent of this paper is to summarize past propulsion-system development, assess the current status of U.S. space propulsion, survey future options, evaluate potential impact of ultra low-cost, small launch-vehicle programs, and discuss some future propulsion needs for space exploration.
Improving Service Restoration of Power Distribution Systems Through Load Curtailment of In-Service Customers

Load curtailment programs including direct load control and demand response allow system operators to directly and/or indirectly reduce a portion of total customer demand. One system application which can be improved by implementation of load curtailment is service restoration. As such, this work presents a problem formulation, solution algorithm, and simulation results for service restoration of power distribution systems incorporating load curtailment of in-service customers via direct load control. It is shown that the addition of load curtailment allows for one or more of the following: a reduction of the total number of switch operations required, an increase to the number of customers served, and/or an increase to the total amount of load restored. These improvements are demonstrated through simulation results from a 416-bus multiphase distribution system.
Refinements and multi-dimensional separation of concerns

Step-wise refinement (SWR) asserts that complex programs can be derived from simple programs by progressively adding features. The length of a program specification is the number of features that the program has. Critical to the scalability of SWR are multi-dimensional models that separate orthogonal feature sets. Let n be the dimensionality of a model and k be the number of features along a dimension. We show program specifications that could be O(kn) features long have short and easy-to-understand specifications of length O(kn) when multi-dimensional models are used. We present new examples of multidimensional models: a micro example of a product-line (whose programs are 30 lines of code) and isomorphic macro examples (whose programs exceed 30K lines of code). Our work provides strong evidence that SWR scales to synthesis of large systems.
A Third Incubation Tactic: Delayed Incubation by American Robins (Turdus Migratorius)

Abstract.— Birds generally begin incubation either before laying the last egg of a clutch or when the last egg is laid. We report a third incubation tactic, in which incubation onset is delayed beyond the laying of the last egg. In an Illinois population of American Robins (Turdus migratorius), ∼20% of females delayed the onset of incubation ≤4 days beyond clutch completion. Females that delayed incubation nested earlier and took longer to hatch their young than those that initiated incubation before or on the clutch completion date. Using a cost-beneft approach, we propose that predictably low levels of predation at the study site may have reduced the costs associated with delaying incubation. Females do not appear to pay any fitness costs associated with delaying incubation and may benefit by replenishing food reserves early in the season, when the energetic demands of incubation are higher. Alternatively, females may benefit by delaying incubation as a means of timing the hatching of young with availab...
Sequential classification of spherical acoustic objects in motion

An important problem in active sonar is the classification of objects from their returned scattered acoustic pressure field. Since in active sonar the insonifying waveform is usually broadband the received pressure is processed by matched filtering. After matched filtering an object's spectrum often contains sufficient information for classification. However, when objects are similar motion modifies their spectra enough so that the probability of false classification increases. In this paper the object's motion is first extracted and then sequential classification proceeds based on its measured fourth-order cumulant spectrum for each active sonar return and known fourth-order cumulant spectra of objects with similar velocity. The fourth-order cumulant spectrum is used because of its unique properties of noise suppression and feature extraction. >
EFFICACY OF ECOQUEST RADIANT CATALYTIC IONIZATION CELL AND BREEZE AT OZONE GENERATOR AT REDUCING MICROBIAL POPULATIONS ON STAINLESS STEEL SURFACES

ABSTRACT The improvement of disinfection technology for contact surfaces in health care, food processing, schools and residential environments is critical for the control and prevention of disease-causing microorganisms. Historically, both ozone- and peroxide-based technologies have been used as disinfectants in numerous applications. This study determined the potential use of oxidative gases, including ozone and peroxide, generated by the EcoQuest Radiant Catalytic Ionization (RCI) cell for the inactivation of Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus globigii, Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans and Stachybotrys chartarum on stainless steel surfaces. In addition, the EcoQuest Breeze AT ozone generator was evaluated for the inactivation of C. albicans and S. chartarum on stainless steel surfaces at diverse contact times in a controlled airflow cabinet. Results showed that oxidative gases produced by the RCI cell reduced all microorganisms tested by at least 90% after a 24 h exposure on stainless steel surfaces. The RCI cell was more effective at reducing microbial counts for shorter exposure times than was the Breeze AT ozone generator. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS The purpose of this study was to give an accurate evaluation of the Radiant Catalytic Ionization technology for disinfection of environmental contact surfaces. When used properly and safely, this technology can provide a cost-effective means for eliminating environmental microorganisms such as Bacillus globigii, Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans, Stachybotrys chartarum, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Listeria monocytogenes in industries such as food processing and health care.
HMW1 Is Required for Stability and Localization of HMW2 to the Attachment Organelle of Mycoplasma pneumoniae

The cytoskeletal proteins HMW1 and HMW2 are components of the terminal organelle of the cell wall-less bacterium Mycoplasma pneumoniae. HMW1 is required for a tapered, filamentous morphology but exhibits accelerated turnover in the absence of HMW2. Here, we report that a reciprocal dependency exists between HMW1 and HMW2, with HMW2 subject to accelerated turnover with the loss of HMW1. Furthermore, the instability of HMW2 correlated with its failure to localize to the attachment organelle. The C-terminal domain of HMW1 is essential for both function and its accelerated turnover in the absence of HMW2. We constructed HMW1 deletion derivatives lacking portions of this domain and examined each for stability and function. The C-terminal 41 residues were particularly important for proper localization and function in cell morphology and P1 localization, but the entire C-terminal domain was required to stabilize HMW2. The significance of these findings in the context of attachment organelle assembly is considered.