cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An analytical model for rapid estimation of hurricane supergradient winds

Abstract The supergradient winds that may have severe implications on the wind design of high-rise buildings have been commonly observed in the hurricane boundary layer. However, the widely-used log-law or power-law wind profile excludes the supergradient-wind region in which the tangential winds are larger than the gradient winds. Although high-fidelity, nonlinear hurricane wind models may well capture the supergradient winds, high computational demand is needed for each simulation. Recently developed linear, height-resolving hurricane wind models, while can efficiently consider the existence of supergradient winds, significantly underestimate them due essentially to the ignorance of vertical advection term in the governing equations. A number of studies have actually demonstrated that the vertical advection is a major contributor to the transfer of horizontal momentum to the supergradient region. To this end, a refined analytical model that simultaneously integrates the horizontal advection, vertical advection and vertical diffusion terms into the governing equations is developed for accurately and efficiently estimating the hurricane supergradient winds. The important role of the vertical wind speed in determining the horizontal wind speeds (including supergradient winds) in the hurricane boundary layer is highlighted. Since the horizontal and vertical wind components are mutually dependent, the iteration technique is utilized to solve the proposed analytical model. The consideration of the vertical advection results in intensified supergradient winds that are consistent with the observations. Furthermore, a strong outflow region in the vicinity of the radius of maximum winds due to the supergradient winds can be obtained. Due to its simplicity and computational efficiency, the developed analytical model can be easily implemented in the Monte Carlo simulations for the rapid assessment of hurricane wind risk to coastal structures, especially to high-rise buildings.
Effects of Irradiation on Quality of Injected Fresh Pork Loins

A comparison of irradiation effects on the quality of injected and uninjected pork loins was conducted. Irradiation treatments resulted in greater lipid oxidation and production of volatile compounds.However, injection treatments did not alter any of the effects of irradiation on the quality parameters measured.
The Fragile X Mental Retardation Protein Regulates Striatal Medium Spiny Neuron Synapse Density and Dendritic Spine Morphology

The fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP), an RNA-binding protein that mediates the transport, stability, and translation of hundreds of brain RNAs, is critically involved in regulating synaptic function. Loss of FMRP, as in fragile X syndrome (FXS), is a leading monogenic cause of autism and results in altered structural and functional synaptic plasticity, widely described in the hippocampus and cortex. Though FXS is associated with hyperactivity, impaired social interaction, and the development of repetitive or stereotyped behaviors, all of which are influenced by striatal activity, few studies have investigated the function of FMRP here. Utilizing a cortical-striatal co-culture model, we find that striatal medium spiny neurons (MSNs) lacking FMRP fail to make normal increases in PSD95 expression over a short time period and have significant deficits in dendritic spine density and colocalized synaptic puncta at the later measured time point compared to wildtype (WT) MSNs. Acute expression of wtFMRP plasmid in Fmr1 KO co-cultures results in contrasting outcomes for these measures on MSNs at the more mature time point, reducing spine density across multiple spine types but making no significant changes in colocalized puncta. FMRP's KH2 and RGG RNA-binding domains are required for normal elimination of PSD95, and interruption of these domains slightly favors elimination of immature spine types. Further, KH2 is required for normal levels of colocalized puncta. Our data are largely consistent with a basal role for FMRP and its RNA-binding domains in striatal synapse stabilization on developing MSNs, and in light of previous findings, suggest distinct regional and/or cell type-specific roles for FMRP in regulating synapse structure.
Cohort profile: the ChicagO Multiethnic Prevention and Surveillance Study (COMPASS).

Purpose The ChicagO Multiethnic Prevention and Surveillance Study or ‘COMPASS’ is a population-based cohort study with a goal to examine the risk and determinants of cancer and chronic disease. COMPASS aims to address factors causing and/or exacerbating health disparities using a precision health approach by recruiting diverse participants in Chicago, with an emphasis on those historically underrepresented in biomedical research. Participants Nearly 8000 participants have been recruited from 72 of the 77 Chicago community areas. Enrolment entails the completion of a 1-hour long survey, consenting for past and future medical records from all sources, the collection of clinical and physical measurement data and the on-site collection of biological samples including blood, urine and saliva. Indoor air monitoring data and stool samples are being collected from a subset of participants. On collection, all biological samples are processed and aliquoted within 24 hours before long-term storage and subsequent analysis. Findings to date The cohort reported an average age of 53.7 years, while 80.5% identified as African-American, 5.7% as Hispanic and 47.8% as men. Over 50% reported earning less than US$15 000 yearly, 35% were obese and 47.8% were current smokers. Moreover, 38% self-reported having had a diagnosis of hypertension, while 66.4% were measured as hypertensive at enrolment. Future plans We plan to expand recruitment up to 100 000 participants from the Chicago metropolitan area in the next decade using a hybrid community and clinic-based recruitment framework that incorporates data collection through mobile medical units. Follow-up data collection from current cohort members will include serial samples, as well as longitudinal health, lifestyle and behavioural assessment. We will supplement self-reported data with electronic medical records, expand the collection of biometrics and biosamples to facilitate increasing digital epidemiological study designs and link to state and/or national level databases to ascertain outcomes. The results and findings will inform potential opportunities for precision disease prevention and mitigation in Chicago and other urban areas with a diverse population. Registration NA.
Gold nanoparticles to enhance ophthalmic imaging

The use of gold nanoparticles as diagnostic tools is burgeoning, especially in the cancer community with a focus on theranostic applications to both cancer diagnosis and treatment. Gold nanoparticles have also demonstrated great potential for use in diagnostic and therapeutic approaches in ophthalmology. Although many ophthalmic imaging modalities are available, there is still a considerable unmet need, in particular for ophthalmic molecular imaging for the early detection of eye disease before morphological changes are more grossly visible. An understanding of how gold nanoparticles are leveraged in other fields could inform new ways they could be utilized in ophthalmology. In this paper, we review current ophthalmic imaging techniques and then identify optical coherence tomography (OCT) and photoacoustic imaging (PAI) as the most promising technologies amenable to the use of gold nanoparticles for molecular imaging. Within this context, the development of gold nanoparticles as OCT and PAI contrast agents are reviewed, with the most recent developments described in detail.
Vertical Distribution of Denitrification Potential, Denitrifying Bacteria, and Benzoate Utilization in Intertidal Microbial Mat Communities.

Aspects of denitrification and benzoate degradation were studied in two estuarine microbial mat communities on the California coast by measuring the depth distributions of potential denitrification rates, genetic potential for denitrification, nitrate concentration, benzoate mineralization rates, total bacterial abundance, and abundance of a denitrifying strain (TBD-8b) isolated from one of the sites. Potential denitrification was detected in microbial mat cores from both Elkhorn Slough and Tomales Bay. Maximum denitrification rates were more than two orders of magnitude higher at Elkhorn Slough (3.14 mmol N m−2 d−1) than at Tomales Bay (0.02 mmol N m−2 d−1), and at both sites, the maximum rates occurred in the 0–2 mm depth interval. Ambient pore [NO3+NO2] was substantially higher at Elkhorn Slough than at Tomales Bay. Incorporation and mineralization of benzoate was maximal near the mat surface at Elkhorn Slough. The areal rate of benzoate utilization was 1045 nmol C m−2 d−1, which represented utilization of 70% of the added substrate in 24 h. Total bacterial and TBD-8b abundances were greatest near the surface at both Tomales Bay and Elkhorn Slough, and TBD-8b represented less than 0.2% of the total. Genetic potential for denitrification, quantified by hybridization with a nitrite reductase gene fragment, was present below the mat surface at average levels representing presence of the gene in approximately 10% of the total cells.
For-Profit Status & Industry Evolution in Health Care Market: Evidence from the Dialysis Industry

Over the last 25 years, for-profit facilities have supplanted non-profits as the modal providers of hemodialysis treatment to American sufferers of end-stage renal disease. To understand what may underpin this dramatic change in industry structure, this paper uses a dynamic equilibrium model to develop intuition about how variation in different economic primitives might affect the evolution of industry structure. Subsequently, the paper exploits a comprehensive 20 year panel dataset to examine entry, exit, and output patterns in relation to changes in demand and local market structure. Examining the empirical results in light of the model's comparative statics suggests that for-profit firms enjoy a significant advantage in static competition, perhaps as a result of lower marginal costs. By comparison, I find negligible evidence that for-profit facilities have lower entry costs. Interestingly, the data also suggest that competition among dialysis clinics may be differentiated.
Influence of biobased plasticizers on 3D printed polylactic acid composites filled with sustainable biofiller

Abstract Three-dimensional (3D) printing is extensively explored in scientific research and engineering applications; however, little is known about the feasibility of 3D printing multi-material composites. This paper investigates the effect of three different plasticizers including epoxidized soybean oil (ESO), polyethylene glycol (PEG), and glycerol on mechanical and thermal properties of PLA filled with distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) filaments for 3D printing. The composite filaments were extruded using a twin-screw extruder equipped with a collector to achieve uniform diameter. The eco-friendly PLA-DDGS-plasticizer based filaments were then used to print dog-bone and flexural samples. The results showed that the PLA-DDGS blends plasticized with ESO have improved elongation at break compared to pure PLA and those plasticized with glycerol and PEG. These results were evidenced by SEM micrographs showing PLA-plasticizers phase separations and formation of voids in fracture surface of PLA-DDGS plasticized by PEG and glycerol. DMA and FT-IR measurements confirmed the compatibility between PLA and ESO. PLA-DDGS blend containing 10 % ESO exhibited 6 % higher storage modulus in comparison with PLA samples, while the addition of 12.5 % ESO reduced storage modulus by 27 %. Storage modulus in 3D printed samples plasticized by PEG and glycerol showed a reduction of 32 % and 89 %, respectively. The same trend was observed in the mechanical properties of 3D printed composite filaments. Among all samples, PLA-DDGS blends plasticized by 15 % ESO exhibited higher elongation at the break while a significant reduction of 21 % was observed in ultimate tensile strength. The study confirmed that the types and amounts of plasticizer dictates the morphology and mechanical properties of PLA-DDGS composite.
SWAHILI NEWSPAPER FICTION IN KENYA: THE STORIES OF JAMES I. MWAGOJO

This dissertation focuses on Swahili newspaper fiction,a concentrating particularly on the critical analysis of a single story. It didn't start out to be this; maybe recounting the story of the journey toward what it eventually became can illuminate the eventual result. In studying Swahili as a foreign language, first as an undergraduate at the University of Texas under Ali Farsy, a exile from Zanzibar, almost from the outset I was exposed to literary works, specifically Muhammed Said Abdulla's first two novels, Mzimu wa Watu wa Kale (Shrine of the Ancestors). and Kisima cha Gfningi (The Giningi Well). Later in my Swahili studies at Texas, under the direction of Dr. Edgar Polome, I was to undertake a more linguistic training, but the seed was sown Then, as a beginning graduate student at the University of Wisconsin, with Dr. Patrick Bennett as my first Swahili teacher there, I had my first experience of Swahili newspaper fiction. Now the seed took root. In the years since, I never lost my interest in the possibilities of studying Swahili fiction from the point of view of investigating the nature of its popular or mass audience forms. These newspaper stories I translated in the process of learning the language were proof enough to me that such a thing as Swahili fiction available to a large reading public in a leisure reading context existed. In further Swahili study with Dr. Bennett, and then later with Dr. Lyndon Harries, I received a much more complete education in the study of both classical and modern Swahili literature. I still had a predilection for fictional narrative; now I was beginning to find out how much more was available in the Swahili fiction scene as a whole. Newspaper narratives took a back seat to reading academically esteemed writers like Shaaban Robert, Ebrahim Hussein, and Euphrase Kezilahabi; the journeymen like Faraji Katalambulla and J.M.S. Simbamwene; not to mention the classical poetry and narrative-studies by Harries, J.W.T. Allen, Jan Knappert, and Edward Steere. Newspaper and magazine fiction was for me now one current in the stream of modern Swahili print narrative publishing.
Effect of atropine on oral clearance of a radiolabeled sulfur colloid

Physical clearance is an important oral defense mechanism against gram-negative rods. The authors describe a simple technique that uses commercially available technetium-99m sulfur colloid to measure oral clearance. Technetium-99m sulfur colloid was sprayed into the mouth, and clearance was measured as the percent decrease in radiolabel counts over 2 hours using a radioisotope camera. Results using this technique compared favorably with clearance data using Tc-99m radiolabeled Escherichia coli. Atropine significantly decreased oral clearance rates of the colloid. Decreased clearance may be an important risk factor in the development of gram-negative rod colonization in hospitalized patients. 15 references, 3 figures.
Automatic Prediction of Conversion from Mild Cognitive Impairment to Probable Alzheimer's Disease using Structural Magnetic Resonance Imaging.

Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) is thought to be a precursor to the development of early Alzheimer’s disease (AD). For early diagnosis of AD, the development of a model that is able to predict the conversion of amnestic MCI to AD is challenging. Using automatic whole-brain MRI analysis techniques and pattern classification methods, we developed a model to differentiate AD from healthy controls (HC), and then applied it to the prediction of MCI conversion to AD. Classification was performed using support vector machines (SVMs) together with a SVM-based feature selection method, which selected a set of most discriminating predictors for optimizing prediction accuracy. We obtained 90.5% cross-validation accuracy for classifying AD and HC, and 72.3% accuracy for predicting MCI conversion to AD. These analyses suggest that a classifier trained to separate HC vs. AD has substantial potential for predicting MCI conversion to AD.
Unusual Benign Tumors of the Breast

The purpose of this article is to describe the imaging characteristics of a variety of benign breast tumors that may be encountered in daily practice, in order to formulate an appropriate differential diagnosis and to establish concordance between the imaging and the pathologic findings, and to assist the clinician with appropriate management.
Governance of Public Lands, Public Agencies, and Natural Resources

Climate change presents serious challenges to the agencies that manage the federal public lands. These changes require new management strategies that may be difficult to design and implement because of internal agency resistance to altering traditional ways of doing business. In addition, there is likely to be a lack of fit between some of the laws from which the agencies derive their management authority and the problems posed by climate change, which differ from those Congress envisioned when it adopted those laws and which undermine some of the key assumptions underpinning those laws. This chapter describes the manner in which climate change will affect public lands and resources. It analyzes the statutory authority of the federal land management agencies to adapt to climate change, highlighting the obstacles and opportunities these laws present to adaptation efforts. The chapter then evaluates ongoing and planned agency adaptation programs. It concludes with recommendations for administrative and statutory changes to enhance the ability of resource managers to promote resilience that allows federal lands and resources to withstand climate change shocks.
Mutagenesis of Cerebratulus lacteus neurotoxin B-IV identifies NH2-terminal sequences important for biological activity

We have previously demonstrated that a synthetic gene encoding Cerebratulus lacteus neurotoxin B-IV can be expressed in bacteria, and the recombinant toxin purified and refolded (Howell, M. L., and Blumenthal, K. M. (1989) J. Biol. Chem. 264, 15268-15273). This toxin, which contains an NH2-terminal methionine residue not present in authentic B-IV, has a specific toxicity 35-40% that of the naturally occurring form. Deletion of the codon for the NH2-terminal methionine allows expression of fully active recombinant B-IV, demonstrating that hydroxylation of Pro-10 is not important for biological activity. Site-directed mutagenesis of the des-Met(-1) form has been employed to analyze the contribution of NH2-terminal sequences of this toxin to its activity. We have emphasized replacement of helix-favoring residues by helix-destabilizing ones which are otherwise sterically similar. When Ala-3 or Ala-8 is replaced by serine, little or no effect on specific toxicity is observed. However, the double mutant in which both alanines are substituted with serine is more than twice as active as natural B-IV, although the secondary structures and conformational stabilities of the wild-type and mutant forms are the same. When Ala-3 and 8 are simultaneously replaced with glycine, the resulting toxin displays an activity similar to that of the wild-type form. The conformational properties of this mutant are unchanged from that of either wild-type or the serine double mutant. These data indicate that insertion into the NH2-terminal region of toxin B-IV of residues which can participate in hydrogen bond formation enhances biological activity of the protein.
Recent progress in exobiology and planetary biology

Recent work in the fields of exobiology, the study of the possible characteristics of extraterrestrial life, and planetary biology, the study of life forms as a function of planetary conditions, is reviewed. Searches conducted for life on Mars by the Viking Landers and on Titan by Voyager 1 are considered, and the origin of life on earth is considered in relation to the question of the inorganic trace elements in living systems that are required for life. The question of the origin of terrestrial life from spores carried through the interstellar medium is examined, and the unlikelihood of the survival of such spores except within meteorites or dust particles is pointed out. Studies of organic molecules present in the interstellar medium are indicated as evidence that the conditions necessary for the formation of life can exist in various locations throughout the universe. Investigations of the molecular evolution of life on earth and of life under extreme conditions of heat, cold, drought and ultraviolet radiation, and of the organic compounds found in meteorites and comets are also discussed. The importance of a mechanism of heredity, such as terrestrial DNA, to the evolution of terrestrial and possible extraterrestrial life is pointed out.
Dysautonomia in an Infant with Secondary Hyperammonemia Due to Propionyl Coenzyme A Carboxylase Deficiency

A male infant who had vomiting and coma in the absence of ketoacidosis was initially thought to have dysautonomia because of abnormal responses to methacholine and histamine, as well as abnormal urinary catecholamine excretion. Following an episode of hyperammonemia, a liver biopsy was performed which revealed a partial deficiency of carbamyl phosphate synthetase activity. The patient was treated with a protein-restricted diet supplemented with a mixture of ketoacid analogues of the essential amino acids, which precipitated ketosis and acidosis. A primary deficiency of propionyl coenzyme A (CoA) carboxylase was subsequently demonstrated. Because disorders of propionate metabolism may not initially present with ketoacidosis, we recommend examination of both plasma and urine for metabolites of this pathway, as well as direct measurement of propionyl CoA carboxylase activity in peripheral blood leukocytes, before performing a liver biopsy to evaluate urea cycle enzyme activities, and particularly before adding keto acid/amino acid mixtures to a protein-restricted diet.
Recognition strategies for 3-D objects in occluded environments

Two different types of approaches will be discussed: one for a model-driven system and the other for generic shape recognition. The model-driven system, called 3D-POLY, has a computational complexity of only O(n 2 ) for single object recognition, where n is the number of surfaces on the model object. This system achieves its computational efficiency by associating a special a priori defined attribute with each object feature and then organizing the object features with respect to this attribute. The generic shape recognition system, called INGEN, is intended for domains where precise models of the objects involved are not available, such as the postal domain; objects in these domains are categorized by their overall shapes with considerable latitude regarding the metrical parameters involved. A unique feature of INGEN, which sets it apart from 3D-POLY, is that object hypotheses are tested by their volumetric consistency, meaning that the hypothesized objects must not violate conditions not only over the space that is visible to the sensor but also over space that may not be visible to the sensor due to occlusions. In other words, while 3D-POLY forms and verifies object hypotheses on the basis of only what is visible to the sensor, INGEN also reasons over the space that is occluded. 3D-POLY is by design limited to drawing all its inferences from the visible data, even in the presence of occlusions, since industrial objects can possess highly complex shape that preclude the kind of volumetric analysis carried out in INGEN.
No Exit: Aboriginal Australians and the Historicizing of Interpretation and Theory

Arguments about Aborigines: Australia and the Evolution of Social Anthropology, L. R. Hiatt Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996. 225 pp. What the Bones Say: Tasmanian Aborigines, Science, and Domination. John J. Cove. Ottawa, Canada: Carleton University Press, 1995. 221 pp.
The Closeness-Turnout Hypothesis a Reconsideration

According to the durable “closeness-turnout hypothesis,” a close election will generate high interest in a campaign and appear to invest the individual vote with unusual significance, thus stimulating high participation rates. But from the competing perspective of “selective information flow,” the perception of a close election will reach only the voters who already maintain substantial interest in politics and strong participatory orientations, leaving turnout largely unaffected. These competing perspectives are tested with data from the 1980 National Election Study. In a path model of the closeness-turnout hypothesis perceived closeness in the preelection survey neither encouraged strong interest in the campaign nor contributed directly to participation rates. On the other hand, a model incorporating the assumptions of selective information flow justified the treatment of perceived closeness as the end product of political interest and attentiveness, a factor that did not contribute to turnout independe...
Knowledge and practices of Ohio nurse practitioners regarding food access of patients.

Purposes: To assess the self-identified food security knowledge and practices of nurse practitioners (NPs) in Ohio and the relationships of food security knowledge and practices to NP characteristics. Data sources: This study utilized a survey approach for data collection. Participants were licensed NPs with prescriptive authority in Ohio who were randomly selected from the Ohio licensure list and responded to a questionnaire (n= 288) with demographic and food security–related questions. Conclusions: Less than one third of respondents agreed or strongly agreed that they were knowledgeable about the topic of food security. Education of NPs about food insecurity and about incorporation of food security principles into the healthcare process is needed. Implications for practice: Food insecurity can negatively impact compliance to prescribed treatments. NPs should address food security issues in order to provide specialized, individualized care to patients in order to achieve positive outcomes. Through evaluation of patients’ food access, and factors that are related to food insecurity, this can be achieved.
Resources on reading

What journals publish research on reading? What books provide systematic introductions to the area?
Review article: The medical management of Crohn's disease

The choice of medical therapies for Crohn's disease continues to grow. Although our understanding of the mechanisms of the disease is incomplete, increasing knowledge of the pathogenesis of inflammation in general and Crohn's disease in particular allows targeting of therapies at various points in the immunoinflammatory cascade. In addition, the division of Crohn's disease into subtypes by location, aggressiveness, and the presence or absence of perianal and fistulizing disease allows the tailoring of medical therapy to the individual patient. For those patients with moderate to severe symptoms or frequent flares of disease activity, and those who have required surgical resection, maintenance therapy can substantially reduce the rate of recurrence. Despite these advances, available medical therapies for Crohn's disease remain imperfect, as evidenced by their sometimes substantial toxicities and the continued frequent need for surgery.
Developing Tests for Measuring Bloom's Learning Outcomes

The purpose of this project was to develop tests to measure the six facets of Bloom's Taxonomy of Educational Objectives for the Cognitive Domain. Eight short stories with different themes were written, and tests were developed to measure Bloom's six different levels. After revisions of the items and stories, 487 college students read all 8 stories and answered multiple-choice items and vocabulary quizzes for each story. Factor and reliability analyses yielded inconclusive results regarding Bloom's taxonomy.
Bimatroids and invariants

A bimatroid B between the sets S and T incorporates the combinatorial exchange properties of relative invariants of the special linear group acting on a vector space and its dual, or equivalently, when S and T are finite, the exchange properties fo nonsingular minors of a matrix whose columns and rows are indexed by S and T. A rather simple idea, basically that of adjoining an identity matrix, yields a construction which produces, from the bimatroid B, a matroid R on the disjoint union S ∪ T which encodes all the structure of B. This gives a method of translating matroidal concepts and results into the language of bimatroids. We also define an analog of matrix multiplication for bimatroids: This operation generalizes matroid induction and affords another combinatorial interpretation of a linear transformation.
OPPOSITE SHIFTS IN SIZE AT METAMORPHOSIS IN RESPONSE TO LARVAL AND METAMORPH PREDATORS

Predation risk can cause organisms to alter the timing of life history switch points. Theory suggests that increased risk in an early life stage should select for switching earlier and smaller, while increased risk in the subsequent stage should select for switching later and larger. This framework has frequently been applied to metamorphosis in amphibians, with mixed results. Few studies examining the effect of larval predation risk on metamorphosis have observed the predicted pattern, and no studies, to our knowledge, have examined the effect of increased risk during and after metamorphosis on the timing of this switch point. Here we examine the effect of larval and post-metamorphic predation risk on metamorphosis in the red-eyed treefrog, Agalychnis callidryas. We raised tadpoles in the presence or absence of cues from caged water bugs fed larvae and cues from spiders fed emerging metamorphs. Water bugs are effective larval predators, while spiders are poor larval predators but prey on metamorphs. Furthermore, since spiders forage on the water surface it is possible that tadpoles could assess future risk from this predator. Predators induced opposite shifts in life history. Tadpoles emerged smaller and less developed in response to water bugs, but later and larger in response to spiders. Interestingly, predator effects on larval duration were not independent; tadpoles delayed emerging in response to spiders, but only in the absence of water bugs.
Psychiatric diagnosis, dimensions of dysfunction, and child behavior therapy +

The present article discusses psychiatric diagnosis in relation to child behavior therapy. The development, background, characteristics, and underlying conceptualization of clinical disorders of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM III) are highlighted. The different levels of analyses of presenting problems and sensitivity to a variety of dimensions of dysfunction of clinical disorders are critical features of psychiatric diagnosis. Child behavior therapy generally neglects such dimensions of dysfunction as severity, breadth, chronicity, onset, and contextual factors of childhood problems. By restricting the focus to narrowly defined target behaviors, the characteristics of the populations who are treated and the appropriate focus of treatment are often unclear. The article argues for expanded assessment to include diagnosis and, more importantly, dimensions of dysfunctions that elaborate clinical problems and factors associated with their response to treatment.
Multiplicity of hepatic cytochrome P-450 in intact microsomes: Effect of phenobarbital induction☆

Abstract 1. 1. Induction of hepatic microsomal cytochrome P-450 by phenobarbital causes distinct qualitative changes in the total cytochrome P-450, including a significant increase in the type I binding per unit of cytochrome. 2. 2. In mice, two distinct populations of cytochrome P-450 can be separated, each characteristic of microsomes of different density. 3. 3. Phenobarbital induction also causes changes in the density distribution of microsomal subfractions.
A comprehensive mitigation assessment process (COMAP) for the evaluation of forestry mitigation options

Abstract Carbon emissions from land-use change in the tropics contribute significantly to global greenhouse gas emissions. The evaluation of carbon flows from land-use change and the associated socioeconomic impacts are just beginning for the tropical countries. This paper presents a comprehensive mitigation assessment process (COMAP) for the evaluation of forest sector mitigation options. COMAP is a bottom-up methodological framework which was used in the assessment of carbon sequestration potential by the F7 countries and is recommended in the IPCC 1995 Working Group II chapter. COMAP helps to account for carbon and monetary flows, and to develop scenarios and cost-effectiveness indicators of alternative mitigation options. The COMAP calculation method is coded in a spreadsheet format.
Emergence of Adverse Events Following Discontinuation of Treatment With Extended-Release Venlafaxine

OBJECTIVE: The rate of adverse events following discontinuation of treatment with extended-release venlafaxine was compared with the rate associated with discontinuation of placebo administration. METHOD: The subjects were 20 outpatients with major depressive disorder who had participated in a multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the efficacy of the new extended-release formulation of venlafaxine. RESULTS: During the 3 days after discontinuation of treatment with the study drug, seven (78%) of the nine venlafaxine-treated subjects and two (22%) of the nine placebo-treated patients reported the emergence of adverse events, a statistically significant difference. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that clinicians discontinuing venlafaxine treatment should consider tapering the medication dose gradually. (Am J Psychiatry 1997; 154:1760–1762)
Imaging modalities in the follow-up of non-iodine avid thyroid carcinoma.

Abstract Introduction: The treatment of primary thyroid cancer requires protracted follow-up because of to the possibility of the development of recurrent metastases many years after the initial diagnosis. Often such follow-up involves imaging at regular intervals with diagnostic I-131 studies. However, not all thyroid cancer concentrates I-131. The purpose of this article is to review the efficacy of alternative diagnostic imaging modalities for follow-up of thyroid carcinomas that do not concentrate radioiodine. Materials and Methods: These procedures include the use of nuclear medicine imaging with thallium-201 (Tl-201), Tc-99m-sestamibi, Tc-99m pentavalent dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA), radiolabeled anti-carcinoembryonic antigen antibodies, and radioiodinated-131 meta-iodobenzyl guanidine, as well as computerized x-ray tomography, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and ultrasound (US). Results and Conclusion: Thallium-201, MRI, and pentavalent DMSA provide adequate sensitivity for follow-up of selected patients with suspected recurrent noniodine concentrating thyroid carcinoma.
A COMPARISON OF THE PROPERTIES OF RNA-SYNTHESIZING SYSTEMS IN CELL-FREE EXTRACTS OF HEALTHY AND TMV-INFECTED TOBACCO LEAVES.

Abstract The localization and properties of RNA-synthesizing systems in cell-free extracts from healthy and TMV-infected tobacco leaves have been compared. The healthy leaf extracts contain a DNA-dependent system, associated with the 1000 g fraction, which accounts for most of the RNA-synthesizing capacity of the whole extract. Infected leaves have been examined under a wide range of conditions with respect to age of leaf, age of infection, and nature of infection, and in no instance has a significant difference from the characteristics of the RNA-synthesizing system in healthy leaves been detected. Thus, the subcellular localization, the sensitivity to DNase and actinomycin D, and the nature of the RNA product are essentially the same in both healthy and infected leaf extracts. No evidence could be found for the association of an RNA-dependent, RNA-synthesizing system with TMV-infected leaves. It is concluded that either TMV RNA is formed via a DNA-dependent system similar to that found in healthy leaves, or that any newly formed RNA-dependent system is extremely labile or of low relative activity and not detected under our conditions.
Deep-tissue Fluorescence Imaging using Ultrasound-encoded Digitally Time-reversed Light

Biological tissues significantly scatter light, preventing fluorescence imaging beyond 1 mm deep. By digitally time-reversing ultrasound-encoded light, we achieve high resolution fluorescence imaging at an unprecedented depth of 2.5 mm in scattering biological tissues.
Group Cohesion in Experiential Growth Groups.

This article explores the effect of web-based journaling on changes in group cohesion within experiential growth groups. Master’s students were divided into 2 groups. Both used a web-based platform to journal after each session; however, only 1 of the groups was able to read each other’s journals. Quantitative data collected before and after the group experience revealed that group cohesion decreased from pre- to posttreatment for both groups. Qualitative data revealed that sharing individual web-based journals with other group members might intensify group dynamics in the early stages of group formation. Implications for the training of group counselors are discussed.
Use of herbal medications among 200 psychiatric outpatients: prevalence, patterns of use, and potential dangers.

Abstract We documented the use rates of herbal medication among a population of psychiatric outpatients to identify patients at risk for drug-herb interactions. Data were collected on 200 patients who, as part of their routine evaluation, provided information regarding their use of herbs. Fifteen percent of patients were currently taking herbs, the majority for treatment of psychiatric symptoms. There were no significant differences in use patterns across gender or between age groups. None of the current users charts, including the “high risk” patients, indicated that treating physicians were aware of potentially dangerous drug-herb combinations. Use of herbal medication was common among this sample of psychiatric outpatients. These data are consistent with reports from other patient populations. It is important for psychiatrists to ask all patients about their use of herbs and provide education about potentially dangerous drug-herb interactions.
Interaction of MAD2 with the Carboxyl Terminus of the Insulin Receptor but Not with the IGFIR EVIDENCE FOR RELEASE FROM THE INSULIN RECEPTOR AFTER ACTIVATION

We have utilized the yeast two-hybrid system to identify proteins that interact with the cytoplasmic domain of the insulin receptor (IR). We identified a human cDNA encoding a protein that appears to be the human homolog of the yeast MAD2 protein, which we term hMAD2. The yeast MAD2 protein was first identified in a genetic screen to identify cell cycle checkpoint regulatory proteins, yet the mechanism by which MAD2 functions in cell cycle control is currently unclear. Here we show that hMAD2 requires the COOH-terminal 30 amino acids of the IR for interaction and that hMAD2 does not interact with the related insulin-like growth factor I receptor. Interestingly, hMAD2 does not require IR tyrosine autophosphorylation for interaction because it interacts with a kinase-dead IR in the yeast two-hybrid system. In support of this finding, hMAD2-GST fusions were found to interact strongly in vitro with receptors derived from noninsulin-stimulated cells. Furthermore, using two independent in vitro assays, IR activation was found to significantly reduce the interaction of hMAD2 with the IR. Lastly, we show that hMAD2 can be coimmunoprecipitated with the IR from Chinese hamster ovary IR cell lysates, suggesting that this interaction occurs in vivo in cells of mammalian origin. Our results suggest that hMAD2 represents a novel class of proteins that is specific for interaction with the IR as compared with the insulin-like growth factor I receptor and that interacts best with the inactive IR and is released upon receptor autophosphorylation. The function of hMAD2 and its potential role in insulin signaling remain to be elucidated.
Quasi-static and dynamic response of explosively consolidated metal–aluminum powder mixtures

Abstract Nearly fully dense (>96% theoretical maximum density) powder mixture compacts with combinations of Nb, Ni, Mo, W, and Ta, with Al, were produced by explosive consolidation. The quasi-static and dynamic behavior and failure mechanisms were investigated experimentally and computationally. For two mixtures (Ni + Al, W + Al) the Al phase was continuous, while for the other three mixtures (Nb + Al, Ta + Al, Mo + Al), the Al phase was discontinuous. It was found that the continuous phase significantly influenced the mechanical response (in compression) and determined the fracture morphology of the compacts. Accordingly, the mixtures with continuous Al phases had the lowest compressive strength. Two distinct failure mechanisms, axial splitting and shear failure, were observed. Axial splitting occurred when the Al phase was continuous (Ni + Al, W + Al); shear failure was primarily associated with extensive deformation of the Nb, Ta and Mo continuous phases. Finite element simulations provide valuable help in interpreting the experimental results and predicting mechanical strength and failure mechanisms akin to those observed. The interfacial bonding strength is shown to be an important parameter in determining the mechanical response of the compacts.
Secondary formation of organic aerosol in the Los Angeles basin: A descriptive analysis of organic and elemental carbon concentrations

An in situ carbon analyzer measured particulate organic and elemental carbon with 2 h time resolution during the Southern California Air Quality Study in 1987. Organic and elemental carbon concentrations showed strong diurnal variations. Peak concentrations occured during the daylight hours in the summer and at night in the fall. The maximum concentrations observed in the fall (maximum total carbon = 88 μmCm−3) were two to three times higher than the summer maxima (maximum total carbon = 36 μgCm−3). Two periods were examined in detail: 25–31 August and 17–19 November. Between 25 and 31 August the correlation (R2) between organic and elemental carbon decreased from 89% to 0% and then increased to 28%. Comparison of the diurnal profiles of organic carbon with those of elemental carbon and ozone provided evidence for considerable secondary formation of organic aerosol during this period. Three other periods of high secondary formation were identified: 22–28 June, 11–13 July and 25–29 July.
Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Gas Diffusion in Metal -- Organic Frameworks: Argon in CuBTC

The class of coordination polymers known as metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) has three-dimensional porous structures that are considered as a promising alternative to zeolites and other nanoporous materials for catalysis, gas adsorption, and gas separation applications. In this paper, we present the first study of gas diffusion inside an MOF and compare the observed diffusion to known behaviors in zeolites. Using grand canonical Monte Carlo and equilibrium molecular dynamics, we calculate the adsorption isotherm and self-, corrected, and transport diffusivities for argon in the CuBTC metal-organic framework. Our results indicate that diffusion of Ar in CuBTC is very similar to Ar diffusion in silica zeolites in magnitude, concentration, and temperature dependence. This conclusion appears to apply to a broad range of MOF structures.
Immunochemical staining of the rat adenohypophysis in organ culture

Rat anterior pituitaries were cytologically studied following cultivation in organ culture, with and without the addition of hypothalamic and cortical extracts. Although five distinct cell types could be identified with classical stains in the uncultivated glands, the peroxidase-labeled antibody technique (using antibodies against STH, LTH, FSH, LH and TSH) showed that not all of the immune-specific cell types were being identified with the classical stains. This discrepancy was magnified following culture as chromophilic cells seen with classic stains decreased in number with an increase in culture time. The peroxidase technique, however, revealed that all cells remained constant in type and number regardless of time in culture. While the addition of either hypothalamic or cortical extract to the culture medium produced cytological alterations demonstrated by the classical dyes, the antibody technique showed no such alterations. Such a comparison of staining techniques emphasizes the hazards of relying solely on histological procedures to reveal the hormonal activity of the pituitary gland.
Using RRT-PCR analysis and virus isolation to determine the prevalence of avian influenza virus infections in ducks at Minto Flats State Game Refuge, Alaska, during August 2005

This study describes surveillance for avian influenza viruses (AIV) in the Minto Flats State Game Refuge, high-density waterfowl breeding grounds in Alaska. Five hundred paired cloacal samples from dabbling ducks (Northern Pintail, Mallard, Green Wing Teal, and Widgeon) were placed into ethanol and viral transport medium (VTM). Additional ethanol-preserved samples were taken. Of the ethanol-preserved samples, 25.6% were AIV RNA-positive by real-time RT-PCR. The hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) subtypes were determined for 38 of the first-passage isolates, and four first-passage isolates could not be definitively subtyped. Five influenza A virus HA-NA combinations were identified: H3N6, H3N8, H4N6, H8N4, and H12N5. Differences in the prevalence of AIV infections by sex and by age classes of Northern Pintail and Mallard ducks were detected, but the significance of these differences is undefined. In the 500 paired samples, molecular screening detected positive birds at a higher rate than viral isolation (chi(2) = 8.35, p = 0.0035, df = 1); however, 20 AIV isolates were recovered from PCR-negative ducks. Further research is warranted to compare the two screening protocols' potential for estimating true prevalence in wild birds. Our success during 2005 indicates Minto Flats will be a valuable study site for a longitudinal research project designed to gain further insight into the natural history, evolution, and ecology of AIV in wild birds.
An Econometric Analysis of U.S. Antidumping Sunset Review Decisions

This paper is the first comprehensive analysis of the U.S. antidumping sunset review process required under WTO commitments. The econometric models study determinants of decisions by three U.S. actors: the petitioning industry, the Department of Commerce (DOC), and the International Trade Commission (ITC). Domestic industries facing potential vigorous competition seem to use sunset reviews to maintain current high domestic profits. U.S. governmental institutions use criteria broadly consistent with their legal obligations. Exports involving Chinese firms may face negative bias in the ITC process.