cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Macular translocation--an innovative treatment for macular degenerative diseases.

BACKGROUND Age-related macular degeneration with subfoveal choroidal neovascularization (CNV) is difficult to handle with any treatment modality so far. Macular translocation is an innovative surgical approach to this disease. METHODS The "full" macular translocation comprises phacoemulsification, complete vitrectomy, artificial retinal detachment, 360 degrees retinotomy, removal of the CNV, translocation of the neurosensory retina, and endotamponade with silicone oil. The "limited" macular translocation is accomplished by partial retinal detachment and scleral imbrication. The CNV can be removed during the operation or ablated by a laser postoperatively. RESULTS Full macular translocation was performed on 3 eyes, and upward macular displacement was achieved from 10 to 45 degrees. Limited macular translocation was performed on 2 eyes, and downward macular displacement was achieved from 350 to 900 microns. One eye had visual improvement, 2 eyes remained stationary, and another 2 eyes had worse visual acuity postoperatively. No proliferative vitreoretinopathy occurred in any of these eyes. CONCLUSION Macular translocation can relocate the macula to a healthy adjacent retinal pigment epithelium-choroid bed and is a promising surgical treatment for macular degenerative disorders. Further trials are mandatory to evaluate its benefits.
Mannheimia haemolytica vegetative endocarditis in a Suffolk wether

A 12-week-old Suffolk wether was diagnosed with bacterial endocarditis associated with Mannheimia haemolytica. The wether had shown signs of lethargy, inappetance, fever, and a grade 5 of 6 holosystolic murmur. Mannheimia haemolytica was cultured from blood premortem and the valvular lesion postmortem.
Measuring the individual benefit of a medical or behavioral treatment using generalized linear mixed‐effects models

We propose statistical definitions of the individual benefit of a medical or behavioral treatment and of the severity of a chronic illness. These definitions are used to develop a graphical method that can be used by statisticians and clinicians in the data analysis of clinical trials from the perspective of personalized medicine. The method focuses on assessing and comparing individual effects of treatments rather than average effects and can be used with continuous and discrete responses, including dichotomous and count responses. The method is based on new developments in generalized linear mixed-effects models, which are introduced in this article. To illustrate, analyses of data from the Sequenced Treatment Alternatives to Relieve Depression clinical trial of sequences of treatments for depression and data from a clinical trial of respiratory treatments are presented. The estimation of individual benefits is also explained. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Assessment of USDA-NRCS rangeland conservation programs: recommendation for an evidence-based conservation platform

The Conservation Effects Assessment Project (CEAP) was created in response to a request from the Office of Management and Budget that the U.S. Department of Agriculture - Natural Resource Conservation Service (USDA – NRCS) document the societal benefits anticipated to accrue from a major increase in conservation funding authorized by the 2002 Farm Bill. A comprehensive evaluation of the efficacy of rangeland conservation practices cost-shared with private landowners was unable to evaluate conservation benefits because outcomes were seldom documented. Four interrelated suppositions are presented to examine the causes underlying minimal documentation of conservations outcomes. These suppositions are: 1) benefits of conservation practices are considered a certainty so that documentation in not required, 2) minimal knowledge exchange between the USDA-NRCS and research organizations, 3) a paucity of conservation-relevant science, and 4) inadequate technical support for land owners following implementation of conservation practices. We then follow with recommendations to overcome potential barriers to documentation of conservation outcomes identified for each supposition. Collectively, this assessment indicates that the existing conservation practice standards are insufficient to effectively administer large conservation investments on rangelands and that modification of these standards alone will not achieve the goals explicitly stated by CEAP. We recommend that USDA-NRCS modify its conservation programs around a more comprehensive and integrative platform that is capable of implementing evidence-based conservation. Collaborative monitoring organized around landowner-agency-scientist partnerships would represent the focal point of a Conservation Program Assessment Network (CPAN). The primary network objective would be to establish missing information feedback loops between conservation practices and their agricultural and environmental outcomes to promote learning, adaptive management and innovation. Network information would be archived and made available to guide other, related conservation programs in relevant ecoregions. Restructuring conservation programs as recommend above would: 1) provide site specific information, learning and accountability that has been requested by CEAP and, 2) further advance balanced delivery of agricultural production and environmental quality goals. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Mechanism of Single-Site Molecule-Like Catalytic Ethylene Dimerization in Ni-MFU-4l

A recently developed metal–organic framework (MOF) catalyst for the dimerization of ethylene has a combination of selectivity and activity that surpasses that of commercial homogeneous catalysts, which have dominated this important industrial process for nearly 50 years. The uniform catalytic sites available in MOFs provide a unique opportunity to directly study reaction mechanisms in heterogeneous catalysts, a problem typically intractable due to the multiplicity of coordination environments found in many solid catalysts. In this work, we use a combination of isotopic labeling studies, mechanistic probes, and DFT calculations to demonstrate that Ni-MFU-4l operates via the Cossee-Arlman mechanism, which has also been implicated in homogeneous late transition metal catalysts. These studies demonstrate that metal nodes in MOFs mimic homogeneous catalysts not just functionally, but also mechanistically. They provide a blueprint for the development of advanced heterogeneous catalysts with similar degrees of t...
Combined MEMS acoustic emission and strain sensors for on chip data fusion

The complexity of the damage evolution in structures requires redundant measurements from different sensing methods in order to increase the reliability of the Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) outcome for real time damage detection. MicroElectro- Mechanical Systems (MEMS) allow designing multiple sensors on the same device due to the diversity in the materials and manufacturing methods. In this study, acoustic emission (AE) and strain sensors are combined on the same device. The passive nature of the AE method is ideal for real time damage detection and location triangulation for inaccessible areas on large scale structures. Unfortunately the AE method is highly influenced by background noise. The presence of the strain sensor on the same device can be utilized as trigger for AE sensing when the structure is loaded higher level, which is the expected initiation condition of damage. The MEMS AE sensors rely on the capacitance change of two electrodes made of doped polysilicon and nickel, and are manufactured using MetalMUMPs. The sensitivities of the MEMS AE sensors operating in the range of 50 kHz to 200 kHz are comparable with the similar frequency piezoelectric sensors. The MEMS strain sensors are based on the piezoresistive property of polysilicon, which nominally may lead to more than 70 times higher gauge factor (sensitivity) than conventional metal strain sensors. However, the substrate and insulation layers as well as any packaging and adhesive material reduce the strain level transferred to the sensing element which is compensated by the higher gauge factor. In this paper, the modeling, design and characterization of two sensor types are presented. The sensors are tested on an aluminum plate when the substrate is directly attached to the plate using an adhesive layer. The sensor responses to the simulated acoustic emission signals and the static strain through introducing deflection to the plate are compared with the conventional piezoelectric AE sensors and metal gauges. The obtained results illustrate the advantages of MEMS sensors over the conventional sensors.
A dual loop current control structure with improved disturbance rejection for grid connected converters in the synchronous rotating reference frame

The increase in renewable energy penetration in the past few years has led to grave power quality issues in the utility grid. This has ushered in the need for a robust and stable control system for reference tracking and disturbance rejection with respect to grid connected converters. Typically, a simple proportional integrator (PI) controller is used in the synchronous reference frame (dq) for current control of grid connected systems. However, the PI controller in itself may be insufficient for disturbance rejection, when the utility grid voltages contain other harmonics in addition to the fundamental component. This paper introduces and analyzes a dual loop current control structure which utilizes two independent controllers, one for reference tracking and the other for disturbance rejection in the dq frame. A small signal model of the dual loop current control has been presented and its robustness under grid inductance variation, examined. Simulation and experimental results are presented to validate the dual loop strategy for improved disturbance rejection capability and filtering action during the presence of grid voltage harmonics and unbalances, without compromising on the reference tracking performance.
PROLIFERATION AND ROLE OF NATURAL KILLER CELLS DURING VIRAL INFECTION

Publisher Summary The blastogenesis of a natural killer (NK) cell population is induced during infection, and a natural defense mechanism preferentially eliminates virus infected cells in vivo . This chapter discusses the proliferation and role of NK cells during viral infection Endogenous NK cells isolated from murine spleens and fractionated on the basis of size by centrifugal elutriation are contained within a limited class of small-to-medium size cells. To directly visualize killing by dividing cells, the single-cell assay of Grimm and Bonavida was combined with autoradiography using Kodak nuclear track emulsion. As it is possible to demonstrate killing by dividing cells, it is of interest to know if conditions that inhibit proliferation in vivo also inhibit the generation of the large NK cells during viral infection. The data indicate that the infection results in the activation of blast NK cells and suggests that this proliferation is tightly regulated.
More Than "Just Don't Say No": Taking Pediatric Decision Making Seriously.

In their effort to articulate an approach to “optimizing pediatric participation in medical decision making,” Olszewski and Goldkind (2018) draw parallels from the notion of assent as it is employe...
Energy Use per Worker-Hour: Evaluating the Contribution of Labor to Manufacturing Energy Use

Energy use is an important metric of environmental impact and manufacturing efficiency. However, a major component of energy analysis has yet to permeate life-cycle analysis methodology: the energy use associated with human labor. This paper presents a straightforward method of estimating the energy demands of an hour of industrial labor based on readily available national statistics. In the United States, this estimate yields 30 MJ of primary energy use per worker-hour (EPWH). These results can be applied to inform and expand the application of process-based and hybrid economic input-output life-cycle assessment.
Na+, K+ and water balance in young spontaneously hypertensive rats: relationship to blood pressure after high K+ treatment

These studies were designed to investigate the effects of high dietary K+ on electrolyte and water balance in young spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and to relate these effects to changes in blood pressure. The high K+ diet reduced blood pressure by approximately 10 mmHg during the development of hypertension. Blood pressure, however, plateaued at the same maximum level as control by age 13 weeks. Rats fed the high K+ diet showed a significant increase in water intake and urine volume throughout the treatment period but no change in plasma volume or extracellular fluid volume occurred. A slight natriuresis was also observed in rats on the high K+ diet, but this was not of sufficient magnitude to decrease total body Na+. These results confirm previous findings that K+ causes a diuresis and a natriuresis, but demonstrate that the diuretic action of K+ cannot explain its antihypertensive properties in young SHR.
Russell, Bertrand (1872–1970)

Bertrand Russell (1872–1970), an elitist, a pacifist, an atheist, a cynic, and a theoretician, received the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1950 but was better known for contributions to the philosophy of language and mathematics, especially the paradox named for him. His theory of types resonates with stratificational models and modern theories of abstraction.
Evaluation of Businesses, Divisions, Facilities, and Dealerships

One of the main reasons companies under perform is that they lose focus. It is rare when any two businesses, divisions, facilities, or dealerships are equally profitable; some are probably very profitable, and some unprofitable. The unprofitable, when averaged in with the profitable can make the overall company look bad. Identification and elimination of losing businesses and facilities can dramatically improve profitability and enhance a company’s chances for survival. One way to think of this is cutting out the cancer, the money losing, and the marginal.
Third-and Fourth-Harmonic Generation in Cascaded Periodically-Poled Lithium Niobate Ultracompact Waveguides on Silicon

Cascaded harmonic generation is demonstrated in submicron thin-film periodically poled lithium niobate nonlinear waveguides on a silicon substrate. Harmonics to the third and fourth order are produced through second-harmonic and sum-frequency generation. © 2019 The Author(s)
Mixed Signal Design Validation Using Reinforcement Learning Guided Stimulus Generation for Behavior Discovery

High operating speeds and use of aggressive fabrication technologies necessitate validation of mixed-signal electronic systems at every stage of top-down design: behavioral to netlist to physical design to silicon. At each step, design validation establishes the equivalence of lower level design descriptions against their higher level specifications. Prior research has leveraged state reachability analysis, nonconvex optimization, or performance specifications in order to generate tests. In contrast, we reformulate the systems under validation as a Markov decision process and examine the use of reinforcement-learning to provide a globally convergent solution, a means of “storing” the valuable information created during stimulus generation, and low-cost iterated generation. The integration of the proposed design validation methodology with deep-Q learning software and the suite of Cadence simulation tools is presented, validation results for selected design bugs in representative designs are analyzed, and the quality and efficiency of the proposed design validation methodology is discussed.
Extraction of Dairy Phospholipids Using Switchable Solvents: A Feasibility Study.

A tertiary amine (N,N-dimethylcyclohexylamine, CyNMe2) was used as a switchable hydrophilicity solvent (SHS) for extracting phospholipids (PLs) from raw cream (RC), buttermilk (BM), concentrated buttermilk (CBM), and beta-serum (BS). The SHS extractions were performed with varying solvent–sample weight ratio at room temperature. The extracted PLs using CyNMe2 were recovered by bubbling CO2 at atmospheric pressure, switching the CyNMe2 into its respective salt. For comparison, the PLs were also extracted using Folch (FE) and Mojonnier (ME) extraction. The extraction efficiency of SHS varied from 0.33% to 99%, depending on the type of byproduct. The SHS extracted up to 99% of the PLs directly from BM, while only 11.37% ± 0.57% and 2.66% ± 0.56% of the PLs were extracted with FE and ME, respectively. These results demonstrate the applicability of SHS for the extraction of PLs from dairy byproducts.
Impact of the Terms “Regular” or “Pasable” as Spanish Translation for “Fair” of the Self-Rated Health Question Among US Latinos: A Randomized Experiment

Objectives. To examine measurement comparability of a Spanish version of self-rated health (SRH) with pasable as an alternative to regular for the response category “fair” in the English version.Me...
Abstract 867: NAD+ Repletion Reverses HFpEF by Attenuating Myocardial Metabolic Dysfunction

Background: Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is a highly prevalent clinical condition associated with significant morbidity, mortality and health care expenses. Yet, no effect...
A Moderated Mediation Model of Maternal Perinatal Stress, Anxiety, Infant Perceptions and Breastfeeding

This study examined a moderated mediation model of relations among maternal perinatal stress/anxiety, breastfeeding difficulties (mediator), misperceptions of infant crying (moderator), and maternal breastfeeding duration to understand risk factors for early breastfeeding termination. It was hypothesized that more breastfeeding difficulties would mediate the relation between greater prenatal stress/anxiety and shorter breastfeeding duration, and that perceptions of response to infant crying as spoiling would moderate the relation between more breastfeeding difficulties and reduced breastfeeding duration. Additionally, it was hypothesized that participants who breastfed through 6 months would demonstrate less postnatal stress/anxiety and there would be a positive relation between fewer breastfeeding difficulties and less postnatal stress/anxiety through 6 months. Participants included 94 expectant mothers at 33–37 weeks gestation and 6 months (±2 weeks) postpartum. Greater prenatal anxiety was associated with shorter breastfeeding duration. Results presented are the first to document negative relations between prenatal (as opposed to postnatal) anxiety and breastfeeding duration (as opposed to frequency or other indicators) in a U.S. sample. Future studies should seek to replicate findings in a more diverse sample and compare findings from clinical and non-clinical samples. Studies may also wish to explore the effects of anxiety prevention/intervention on breastfeeding duration.
Evidence that God Attachment Makes a Unique Contribution to Psychological Well-Being

A wealth of research links both adult attachment and God attachment to psychological well-being. The purpose of the studies presented here was to examine whether God attachment is uniquely related ...
8 – The Playbook

Publisher Summary The Canadian law-enforcement authorities were so anxious to learn what had gone wrong in the Bernardo case that they launched a top to bottom review of the entire case to make recommendations that would improve the joint investigative process. What they learned would turn out to support, in a large measure, what the English learned from their review of major cases. They learned that there was no standardized guide or model for a homicide investigation which could form the framework that process investigators needed to follow no matter how complicated the cases were. A playbook was developed, and this standard was to be a basic field set of instructions that would supersede the local guidelines, so that cases in different parts of the country could touch off the same requirements. The model focused on a technology-based research procedure rather than a pure reliance upon the investigator's previous experience. It was suggested that interactive computer support would yield results quicker allowing for a more thorough investigation, rather than relying on traditional sources.
Redefining refugee: white Christian nationalism in state politics and beyond

Although immigration is the domain of the federal government, recently there has been a movement to introduce anti-refugee legislation in state legislatures across the country. In 2017 and 2018 the...
168. Factors associated with the failure to meet 90-day estimated survival after the surgical treatment of spinal metastases

BACKGROUND CONTEXT Many prognostic scoring systems have been developed and provide estimated prognosis for surgical decision making in the treatment of vertebral metastatic disease. External validation studies have confirmed the diagnostic ability of these scoring systems to discriminate between various disease states and relative survival. However, analysis of the individual patient factors associated with misprognostication has not been completed and provides important insight into the failure of patients to meet an estimated prognosis. PURPOSE N/A STUDY DESIGN/SETTING N/A PATIENT SAMPLE N/A OUTCOME MEASURES N/A METHODS Preoperative prognostic scores were calculated for 90 patients undergoing operative treatment of metastatic spine disease using nine prevalent scoring systems including the Skeletal Oncology Research Group (SORG) Classic Algorithm, SORG Nomogram, original Tokuhashi, revised Tokuhashi, Tomita, original Bauer, modified Bauer, Katagiri, and van der Linden. The diagnostic accuracy of each scoring system at 90 days was evaluated using a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) model and the scoring system that demonstrated the highest accuracy was used to calculate an estimated 90-day survival for each individual patient. The actual survival of each patient was compared to estimated survival and the accuracy of each individual prognosis estimation was evaluated for correctness using a cutoff point of 0.5, which represents a 50% probability of survival at 90 days. The factors associated with incorrect estimated prognosis were then identified using a binary logistic regression model. RESULTS Among all scoring systems, the SORG nomogram demonstrated the highest accuracy at predicting 90-day survival with an AUC of 0.702. In 13 records, 90-day survival was overestimated (incorrectly classified records from probability 0.5-1.0) in which patients lived less than the estimated 90 days. Most misclassifications were optimistic, with a median estimated probability of 0.75 (total range 0.46-0.85). Both postoperative Karnofsky Performance Scale Index (KPS) and return to preoperative KPS level at 30 days post-operatively were found to be significant predictors of failure to meet 90-day predicted survival with an odds ratio of 51.3 (95% CI: 10.0-262.1, p: CONCLUSIONS Prognostic scoring systems provide clinicians with a preoperative estimation of a patients expected survival at various time points. It is shown here that failure to reach a functional status that allows for basic selfcare within 30 days of surgery, as evidenced by a KPS level greater than 40, is a significant predictor of failure to meet estimated survival. Clinicians should be aware of this and resources should be directed at maximizing physical rehabilitation and function specifically within the first 30 days after surgery, patients should be counseled accordingly, and further treatment decisions should also take this into account. FDA DEVICE/DRUG STATUS This abstract does not discuss or include any applicable devices or drugs.
High-Resolution Muography Using a Prototype Portable Muon Telescope

We report on our continued development of a portable muon telescope with excellent angular resolution capable of imaging large archaeological structures in detail. The first prototype (Phase I) consists of four trays of scintillator bars, Winston cones, silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs), readout electronics, and a network of Arduinos to handle data acquisition. Finally, we developed a reconstruction algorithm to create the final image. The cosmic muons produce scintillation photons as they pass through the scintillator bars; these photons are transported by the Winston cones to the SiPMs where they are converted into electrical signals. The electrical signals are then digitized and transmitted to an offline computer for reconstruction. The entire system is mounted on a wheeled cart and can be pointed to target different objects of interest. With Phase I, we are able to reconstruct large objects in two-dimensional space with an angular resolution of 20 mrad with an operating efficiency of 89%.
Duality Symmetries for N=2 Supersymmetric QCD with Vanishing beta-Functions

We construct the duality groups for N=2 Supersymmetric QCD with gauge group SU(2n+1) and N_f=4n+2 hypermultiplets in the fundamental representation. The groups are generated by two elements $S$ and $T$ that satisfy a relation $(STS^{-1}T)^{2n+1}=1$. Thus, the groups are not subgroups of $SL(2,Z)$. We also construct automorphic functions that map the fundamental region of the group generated by $T$ and $STS$ to the Riemann sphere. These automorphic functions faithfully represent the duality symmetry in the Seiberg-Witten curve.
The destruction of Juukan Gorge: lessons for planners and local governments

In May 2020, Rio Tinto, one of Australia’s largest mining companies, destroyed two rock shelters in the Hammersley Ranges in the Pilbara. Juukan Gorge, evidence of 46,000 years of continual human o...
Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Retinal Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT).

Ophthalmology has been at the forefront of medical specialties adopting artificial intelligence. This is primarily due to the "image-centric" nature of the field. Thanks to the abundance of patients' OCT scans, analysis of OCT imaging has greatly benefited from artificial intelligence to expand patient screening and facilitate clinical decision-making.In this review, we define the concepts of artificial intelligence, machine learning, and deep learning and how different artificial intelligence algorithms have been applied in OCT image analysis for disease screening, diagnosis, management, and prognosis.Finally, we address some of the challenges and limitations that might affect the incorporation of artificial intelligence in ophthalmology. These limitations mainly revolve around the quality and accuracy of datasets used in the algorithms and their generalizability, false negatives, and the cultural challenges around the adoption of the technology.
Stoss therapy is safe for treatment of vitamin D deficiency in pediatric patients undergoing HSCT.

Vitamin D deficiency remains common among pediatric patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) despite both aggressive and standard of care strategies. This study examined the safety and efficacy of single high-dose oral vitamin D therapy (Stoss therapy) for treatment of vitamin D deficiency in HSCT recipients. Patients ages 1–21 years presenting for HSCT were randomized to receive either Stoss regimen plus weekly/daily supplementation or standard of care, per US Endocrine Society guidelines. Among the total 48 subjects, 22 (46%) were randomized to Stoss and 26 (54%) to control arms. Baseline 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OHD) levels were insufficient/deficient in total of 34 (71%) patients, without difference between treatment groups. The Stoss regimen was well tolerated and no toxicity was observed. At Day +30, mean 25-OHD levels were significantly higher (P = 0.04) with Stoss (42.3 ± 12 μg/l) compared to controls (35.6 ± 14.3 μg/l), and a higher proportion of Stoss patients had adequate vitamin D levels than controls (85% vs 65%). Stoss therapy is a safe and efficacious treatment option for vitamin D deficiency in children undergoing HSCT and may achieve sufficient levels more rapidly than standard of care. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03176849.
Janus solutions in three-dimensional N $$ \mathcal{N} $$ = 8 gauged supergravity

Janus solutions are constructed in d = 3, $$ \mathcal{N} $$ = 8 gauged supergravity. We find explicit half-BPS solutions where two scalars in the SO(1, 8)/SO(8) coset have a nontrivial profile. These solutions correspond on the CFT side to an interface with a position-dependent expectation value for a relevant operator and a source which jumps across the interface for a marginal operator.
Trajectory of COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy Over Time and Association of Initial Vaccine Hesitancy With Subsequent Vaccination.

Vaccine hesitancy is a critical barrier to achieving high COVID-19 vaccine coverage.1,2 The stability of hesitancy over time is unclear, as is the association between hesitancy and eventual vaccine receipt. Moreover, despite widespread use, the validity of self-reported COVID-19 vaccine receipt has not been established. Using a population-based, serosurvey cohort in the US, we assessed the association between baseline vaccine hesitancy and vaccine receipt at study follow-up and explored the validity of vaccine self-report.
Characterization of Tachykinin Receptors

The mammalian tachykinin peptides are a family of neuropeptides characterized by a common C-terminal amino acid sequence of the form Phe-X-Gly-Leu-Met-NH2, where X is either Phe or Val. Tachykinin peptides have various biological activities, including excitation of both peripheral and central neurons, stimulation of smooth muscle contraction, stimulation of exocrine and endocrine gland secretion, and involvement in immune and inflammatory responses. This unit presents basic methods for the characterization of tachykinin receptors by radioligand binding assay. The protocols detail methods for three major classes of tachykinin receptors and techniques for the generation of high specific activity iodinated radioligands.
The Functional Significance of Phospho-Rab GTPases (LB194)

Intracellular membrane trafficking is an essential and conserved process throughout eukaryotes. To preserve organelle identity in a complex cellular system, control mechanisms must exist to oversee...
The Equations of Radiation Hydrodynamics

The purpose of this paper is to give an overview of the role of radiation in the transport of energy and momentum in a combined matter-radiation fluid. The transport equation for a moving radiating fluid is presented in both a fully Eulerian and a fully Lagrangean formulation, along with conservation equations describing the dynamics of the fluid. Special attention is paid to the problem of deriving equations that are mutually consistent in each frame, and between frames, to 0(v/c). A detailed analysis is made to show that in situations of broad interest, terms that are formally of 0(v/c) actually dominate the solution, demonstrating that it is essential 1) to pay scrupulous attention to the question of the frame dependence in formulating the equations, and 2) to solve the equations to 0(v/c) in quite general circumstances.
The use of liquefaction features in paleoseismology: Lessons learned in the New Madrid seismic zone, central United States

A recent study in the New Madrid seismic zone demonstrates that large uncertainties, often involved but rarely expressed, in paleoliquefaction studies can be reduced by conducting detailed investigations at the most promising sites for dating liquefaction features. During the site investigations, care must be taken to collect samples that will provide close maximum and minimum dates for liquefaction features. It is advisable to use two-sigma calibrated dates, rather than one-sigma calibrated dates or radiocarbon ages, when estimating ages of liquefaction features. Well-constrained ages of individual liquefaction features should provide the basis for estimating the timing of paleoearthquakes and correlating features across a region. As uncertainty in ages of liquefaction features decreases, confidence in estimates of timing, source areas and magnitudes of paleoearthquakes increases. The New Madrid study also shows that modern or historic earthquakes that induced liquefaction in the same region and whose locations and magnitudes are fairly well know can serve as calibration events for paleoearthquakes. Future efforts that could further improve the usefulness of liquefaction feature in paleoseismology include (1) the development of new techniques for dating liquefaction features directly, (2) case studies of modern earthquakes that focus on the site and spatial distributions of liquefaction feature as well as geotechnical properties of liquefaction sites and (3) more rigorous quantification of uncertainties associated with estimates of timing, source areas and magnitudes of paleoearthquakes.
Femtosecond laser-assisted microstructuring of silicon for novel detector, sensing and display technologies

Summary form only given. Arrays of sharp, conical microstructures are obtained by texturing the surface of a silicon wafer using femtosecond laser-assisted chemical etching. The one step, maskless texturing process drastically changes the optical, material and electronic properties of the original silicon wafer. These properties make microstructured silicon viable for use in a wide range of commercial devices including solar cells, infrared photodetectors, chemical and biological sensors, and field emission devices. We describe the unique optical and electronic properties of microstructured silicon, discuss the formation process of the conical microstructures, and review the chemical and structural make-up of the surface that are responsible for the novel optoelectronic properties. We also deal with future directions for this technique including structuring of new materials, incorporation of new ambient gases, and better control over the position and density of the microstructures themselves.
A low temperature cluster condensation approach to CdS nanocrystals: oxidative aggregation of [Cd10S4Br4(SR)12]4− with sulfur

The cluster salt [N(C2H5)4]4[Cd10S4Br4(Sp-Tol)12] reacts with six equivalents of sulfur in dimethylformamide at 140 °C to produce polycrystalline (wurtzite type) CdS nanoparticles of 5.8 nm mean diameter, which on their surface are ligated with p-tolylthiolate ligands, dimethylformamide and water; UV/vis, PL, 1H- and 113Cd-NMR spectra recorded during various stages of the synthesis indicate that the CdS nanoparticles are formed by a cluster condensation process.
Maternal aerobic exercise and vitamin B-6 status

Effects of an aerobic walking program during gestational weeks 22-30 on vitamin B-6 status and birth outcome were studied in 28 healthy pregnant women, aged 21-36 y, receiving vitamin-mineral supplements. Mean daily vitamin B-6 intake, excluding a 10-mg supplement, was 1.81 mg. Subjects in the walking (n = 18) and nonwalking (n = 10) groups had similar microbiologically assessed plasma total vitamin B-6 levels and radioenzymatically assessed plasma pyridoxal phosphate concentrations. One walker at 22 wk and at 30 wk and a second walker at 30 wk had plasma total vitamin B-6 concentrations in the low-normal range; the same was true for plasma pyridoxal phosphate levels except that the 30-wk value for the walker who was low at 22 wk was missing. Birth-outcome measurements were similar for both groups. Participation in the walking program slightly improved aerobic fitness without affecting vitamin B-6 status or birth outcome in pregnant women taking vitamin-mineral supplements.
Cholesteryl glucoside in Candida bogoriensis

Abstract Extraction of lipids with CHCl 3 /CH 3 OH/1 M HCl from fresh and frozen cells of Candida bogoriensis showed the presence of a steryl glucoside. The product was purified and identified as a β-cholesteryl glucoside. It hydrolyzes in methanolic HCl and therefore it is a steryl glucoside. The quantitation of the extracted cholesteryl glucoside was pursued with high-pressure liquid chromatography. The chemical ionization mass spectra of the isolated and the synthesized β-cholesteryl glucosides were compared and found identical. The cell wall of Candida bogoriensis was weakened with enzyme glusulase) and after homogenisation and sucrose density gradient centrifugation, five layers separated. Only the pellets of one layer showed the presence of cholesteryl glucoside in thin-layer chromatography after extraction with solvents. In the same layer, the activity of sterol glucosyl transferase was found.
Recurrence of wilms tumor — twenty-three years later

A case of Wilms tumor recurrent twenty-three years after the initial nephrectomy and subsequent radiotherapy is presented. Late recurrence of Wilms tumor is rare, and one must postulate a breakdown in the host's immune surveillance system to explain such an unusual event.
Feeding reduction and recovery in cunner Tautogolabrus adspersus following exposure to crude oil.

In an actual oil spill situation exposure is usually short and at low hydrocarbon concentrations. Except for study organisms from an oil spill area very little work has been published on the effects of recovery time for feeding in oil-exposed fish. This study was initiated to determine the time course of the onset of feeding reduction and recovery under environmentally realistic conditions experienced during an oil spill.
α2-Adrenoceptor-mediated vasoconstriction requires a tyrosine kinase

Abstract α2-adrenoceptor-mediated contractions of the rabbit saphenous vein were previously found to be inhibited by wortmannin, a protein kinase inhibitor which blocks receptor-dependent phospholipase D activation. Since other studies have indicated that receptor-dependent phospholipase D activation required activity of a tyrosine kinase, we examined the influence of several tyrosine kinase inhibitors on both α2-adrenoceptor-mediated contractions of rabbit saphenous vein and α1-adrenoceptor-mediated contractions of rabbit aorta. Methyl 2,5-dihydroxycinnamate, genistein and erbstatin each caused non-competitive inhibition of rabbit saphenous vein contractions elicited by the α2-adrenoceptor-selective agonist 5-bromo-6-[2-imidazolin-2-yl-amino]-quinoxaline (UK14304), yielding complete inhibition at 100 μM and IC50 values of 15, 35 and 40 μM respectively. By contrast, phenylephrine-induced dose-response curves in rabbit aorta were largely unaffected by tyrosine kinase inhibitors at 50 μM. In a separate analysis of intracellular Ca2+-dependent and extracellular Ca2+-dependent α1-adrenoceptor responses of rabbit aorta, genistein (50 μM) did partially reduce the initial intracellular Ca2+-dependent response, but did not reduce maximal response. Methyl 2,5-dihydroxycinnamate (25 μM) had no effect on intracellular or extracellular Ca2+ responses in rabbit aorta. High K+-induced contractions of both rabbit saphenous vein and aorta were unaffected by up to 100 μM of the tyrosine kinase inhibitors. These results indicate an obligatory requirement for tyrosine kinase activity in α2-adrenoceptor-mediated but not α1-adrenoceptor-mediated vasoconstriction.
Fail-safe I/O to control RESET# pin of DDR3 SDRAM and achieve ultra-low system power

This paper explains a fail-safe I/O circuit to control the RESET# pin of DDR3 SDRAM to achieve ultra-low power system operation. Conventional Fail-safe I/O circuits withstand conditions like hot plug, hot-insertion, hot-swapping and ensure IC reliability by limiting the current flowing into the I/O pin. However they do not guarantee the functionality during supply-ramp cycles where the I/O supply is turned off while its output is pulled high externally. In case of RESET#, a small glitch on I/O pin can reset the DRAM chip. The fail-safe I/O circuit explained in this paper ensures smooth transition between ultra-low power suspension mode, where full chip supply is turned off, and normal operation mode.
ODE: a tool for distributing object-oriented applications

Object-oriented applications are increasingly being deployed in distributed computing environments. Technologies, such as Java RMI, and architectures, such as CORBA, DCOM, and Enterprise Java Beans, are facilitating and enhancing this trend. The performance and eventual success of these applications is dependent on distribution decisions made by the application designer. This decision is a complex one, involving a large number of alternatives and multiple conflicting criteria. Rigorous approaches for effective distribution of object-oriented applications are still lacking. This paper describes the implementation of a practical and effective approach for distributing object-oriented applications. A prototype decision support system-- object distribution environment (ODE)--that implements the approach in the form of a user-friendly tool for the design of distributed object-oriented applications is described. ODE has been successfully used in the distribution of a real world distributed object-oriented system.
Evaluation of the Dietary Iron Requirement of Penaeus vannamei

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the dietary iron requirement of juvenile Penaeus vunnamei. Prior to initiation of 28 day (Experiment I) and 35 day (Experiment II) feeding trials, 17–20day-old postlarvae were fed the basal diet lacking iron supplementation but containing 12 mg Fe/kg for seven days. After conditioning, juvenile shrimp (mean weight: 0.038 g Experiment I, 0.047 g Experiment II) were fed one of four diets supplemented with 0, 20, 40 or 80 mg Fe/kg from ferrous sulfate heptahydrate. Final weight gain of shrimp ranged from 1.03 to 1.28 g in Experiment I and 1.62 to 1.94 g in Experiment II. Although percent weight gain was in excess of 2700% in Experiment I and 3400% in Experiment II, there were no significant differences in growth or survival of shrimp fed the different levels of iron. Iron levels of the hepatopancreas and carapace increased linearly with dietary iron; however, there were no significant differences in the iron content of muscle tissue. Based on these results, the iron content of the basal diet appeared to satisfy physiological needs of the shrimp. Therefore, practical diets containing protein sources of animal origin which are rich in iron should not require iron supplementation.
Competitive finite value prices: A complete characterization

The observation that the future has no natural termination date suggests the need of an infinite horizon in economic analysis. One of the recurrent questions in this general setting is: Under what conditions can efficient allocations be attained by a price-mechanism in decentralized systems, achieving economy of information and utilizing individual incentives?
The product of dpsC confers starter unit fidelity upon the daunorubicin polyketide synthase of Streptomyces sp. strain C5.

The biosynthesis of daunorubicin and its precursors proceeds via the condensation of nine C-2 units derived from malonyl-CoA onto a propionyl starter moiety. The daunorubicin polyketide biosynthesis gene cluster of Streptomyces sp. strain C5 has two unique open reading frames, dpsC and dpsD, encoding, respectively, a fatty acid ketoacyl synthase (KAS) III homologue that is lacking an active-site cysteine and a proposed acyl-CoA:acyl carrier protein acyltransferase. The two genes are positioned directly downstream of dpsA and dpsB which encode the alpha and beta components of the type II KAS, respectively. Expression of the dpsABCDEFGdauGI genes in Streptomyces lividans resulted in the formation of aklanonic acid, the first stable chromophore of the daunorubicin biosynthesis pathway. Deletion of dpsC, but not dpsD, from this gene set resulted in the formation of desmethylaklanonic acid, derived from an acetyl-CoA starter unit, and aklanonic acid, derived from propionyl-CoA, in a 60:40 ratio. Thus, DpsC contributes to the selection of propionyl-CoA as the starter unit but does not alone dictate it. A dpsCD deletion mutant of Streptomyces sp. strain C5 (C5VR5) still produced daunorubicin but, more significantly, anthracycline and anthracyclinone derivatives resulting from the use of acetyl-CoA as an alternative starter moiety. Expression of dpsC, but not dpsD, in mutant C5VR5 restored the wild-type phenotype. Among the new compounds was the new biosynthesis product feudomycin D. These results suggest that in the absence of DpsC, the daunorubicin PKS complex behaves promiscuously, utilizing both acetyl-CoA (ca. 60% of the time) and propionyl-CoA (ca. 40%) as starter units. The fact that DpsC is not required for initiation with propionyl-CoA is significant, as the information must then lie in other components of the PKS complex. We propose to call DpsC the propionyl starter unit "fidelity factor."
Open label trial of the tolerability and efficacy of zonisamide in the treatment of alcohol dependence.

Objectives: The objectives of this study are to assess the tolerability and efficacy of the anticonvulsant zonisamide in an open label trial of the treatment of alcohol dependence. Methods: In this trial, zonisamide (400-mg daily) was administered to alcohol-dependent subjects (ADS) (n = 16) over 13 weeks. The mean daily consumption of standard alcoholic drinks and performance on a verbal fluency task, the COWAT, and on a measure of attention and visuomotor speed, the DSMT were assessed, and the occurrence of adverse events was monitored weekly. Results: The mean number of drinks consumed daily was significantly reduced from baseline levels during the treatment period. Performances on the COWAT and on the DSMT were not significantly reduced by zonisamide treatment. Overall, zonisamide was well tolerated by the study subjects. Conclusion: These results indicate that zonisamide administration may not impair verbal fluency in ADS, and are consistent with other studies that found zonisamide administration may reduce alcohol intake.
A ligand-activated nuclear localization signal in cellular retinoic acid binding protein-II.

Summary Primary sequences of proteins often contain motifs that serve as "signatures" for subcellular targeting, such as a nuclear localization signal (NLS). However, many nuclear proteins do not harbor a recognizable NLS, and the pathways that mediate their nuclear translocation are unknown. This work focuses on CRABP-II, a cytosolic protein that moves to the nucleus upon binding of retinoic acid. While CRABP-II does not contain an NLS in its primary sequence, such a motif could be recognized in the protein's tertiary structure. We map the retinoic acid-induced structural rearrangements that result in the presence of this NLS in holo- but not apo-CRABP-II. The signal, whose three-dimensional configuration aligns strikingly well with a "classical" NLS, mediates ligand-induced association of CRABP-II with importin α and is critical for nuclear localization of the protein. The ligand-controlled NLS "switch" of CRABP-II may represent a general mechanism for posttranslational regulation of the subcellular distribution of a protein.
Sexual Assault Experience in Adulthood and Prior Victimization Experiences: A Prospective Analysis

Several retrospective investigations of sexual assault have assessed the extent to which a sexual victimization experience early in life is a risk factor for a subsequent victimization experience. The present investigation was an attempt to extend previous work by conducting a prospective analysis of sexual assault in a sample of 857 college women to assess the pathways through which victimization experiences become linked. The design was such that both victims’and nonvictims’history of child and adolescent sexual victimization experiences were assessed prior to their most recent assault experience. Psychological functioning was also assessed utilizing standardized measures of depression and anxiety. After the assault experience, psychological functioning of victims was reassessed, and nonvictims were reassessed after a comparable period of time. Results of the path analysis indicated that a sexual victimization early in life is a risk factor for an adult victimization experience. Furthermore, the results revealed a link between psychological functioning and victimization experiences. The discussion emphasizes clinical implications of these findings and suggested avenues for future research.