cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Systemic Humiliation in Families

A set of implicit shame-based rules governing family interactions, relationships, and expectations has evolved over time in our society. Family members tend to draw upon the norms of their upbringing from earlier generations. Even when problems break through the facade of healthy interactions among family members, parents tend to repeat the learned implicit rules that foster humiliation. In many families, shame and humiliation function as a tool for control and manipulation, particularly for parents who rely on authoritarian or permissive parenting styles.
Indications for Use of TIPS in Treating Portal Hypertension.

Indications, contraindications, risks, and benefits of treating portal hypertension with transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts (TIPS). Virtual Mentor is a monthly bioethics journal published by the American Medical Association.
The Logic of Evolution, and the Reduction of Holistic-Coherent Systems to Hierarchical-Feedback Systems

The distinction between holistic-coherent systems and hierarchical-feedback systems is best explained by means of examples. We will use examples of both natural systems and of man-made systems, such as philosophical systems and computing systems.
Regional Assessment of Virtual Battery Potential from Building Loads

Flexibility from building loads can be used for integrating renewable energy and providing different grid services. It is challenging to quantify and compare the flexibility from different classes of building loads due to their diversified characteristics and dynamics. Methodology has been proposed to model building loads as a virtual battery (VB), which is simple and general, yet able to capture physical characteristics of building loads, environmental parameters, human behavior, and other factors. This paper presents a regional assessment of VB technical potential and economic benefits from residential loads and commercial buildings. Housing, population, weather station, and climate zone information have been collected and used to estimate VB technical potential. Energy and ancillary service prices are then used for economic benefits assessment and analysis.
Neural Basis of Motor Control: An Overview

The human central nervous system, though very complex, is surprisingly able to withstand injury. In part, this is due to recovery of those cells that are injured. A greater part is due to other cells with related functions taking over the function of the dead cells.The greatest part is due to modification of individual behavior, using the functions of surviving brain parts to compensate for the lost functions. Knowing how the system works should help to improve rehabilitation and recovery.
Biodiversity and Abundance of Cultured Microfungi from the Permanently Ice-Covered Lake Fryxell, Antarctica

In this work, we explore the biodiversity of culturable microfungi from the water column of a permanently ice-covered lake in Taylor Valley, Antarctica from austral field seasons in 2003, 2008 and 2010, as well as from glacial stream input (2010). The results revealed that there was a sharp decline in total culturable fungal abundance between 9 and 11 m lake depth with a concurrent shift in diversity. A total of 29 species were identified from all three water sources with near even distribution between Ascomycota and Basidomycota (15 and 14 respectively). The most abundant taxa isolated from Lake Fryxell in 2008 were Glaciozyma watsonii (59%) followed by Penicillium spp. (10%), both of which were restricted to 9 m and above. Although seven species were found below the chemocline of 11 m in 2008, their abundance comprised only 10% of the total culturable fungi. The taxa of isolates collected from glacial source input streams had little overlap with those found in Lake Fryxell. The results highlight the spatial discontinuities of fungal populations that can occur within connected oligotrophic aquatic habitats.
Automatic Modeling and Parasitic Extraction of Differential Horseshoe-Shaped Transmission Lines for Millimeter-Wave Circuits

This work presents an automated approach to the modeling, simulation, and parasitic extraction of horseshoe-shaped transmission lines operating at millimeter-wave frequencies. Horseshoe-shaped lines offer several advantages over their rectangular counterparts, but are difficult to model quickly using the capabilities of electromagnetic (EM) simulators due to their combined orthogonal and radial dimensions. Modeling transmission lines is an integral part of microelectronic circuit design, as complete circuits cannot be designed without them. Unfortunately, characterizing interconnect is also an intensive and time-consuming portion of the design process due to the speed of EM solvers and the myriad possibilities of line geometries designers explore to identify the optimal lines for efficient circuit behavior. In this work, an automated approach is presented that allows 756 structures to be automatically drawn and simulated over the 90–160 GHz frequency range with minimal human involvement. After simulating each structure, the transmission line characteristics and parasitics are automatically extracted and exported into table and file format. The proposed approach allows for the creation of a complete database of horseshoe-shaped transmission line characteristics and facilitates analysis of the lines with less than a half hour of human interaction.
Strategies for Superliquiphobic/Philic Surfaces

Liquid repellent surfaces can be used for self-cleaning and antifouling from organic and biological contaminants both in air and underwater applications and can reduce fluid drag (Bhushan 2009). As a model surface in living nature for a liquid repellent surface in air, the upper side of the lotus leaf surface repels water (superhydrophobic) and is useful for self-cleaning and low adhesion applications (Barthlott and Neinhuis 1997; Bhushan and Jung 2011). As discussed in Chap. 4, the superhydrophobic properties of the leaf surfaces are achieved due to the presence of a hierarchical structure created by a microstructure formed by papillose epidermal cells covered with three dimensional (3-D) epicuticular hydrophobic wax nanotubules, shown in Fig. 10.1a. The wax layer makes the surface hydrophobic and the hierarchical structure makes the surface superhydrophobic. This structure causes water droplets to roll off the leaf surface and take contaminants with them to keep the leaf clean. The lower side of the lotus leaf does not contain 3-D wax crystals (Neinhuis and Barthlott 1997), and consists of rather flat, tabular, and slightly convex papillae (Koch et al. 2009). Therefore, the bottom surface is hydrophilic, but superoleophobic in water, with a contact angle of 155° with n-hexane oil, Fig. 10.1b (Cheng et al. 2011). The lotus leaf exhibits a so-called “Janus interface” (named for the two-faced Roman god), with superhydrophobicity on the upper side, and superoleophobicity under water on the lower side (Cheng et al. 2011).
The impact of xanthine oxidase (XO) on hemolytic diseases.

Abstract Hemolytic diseases are associated with elevated levels of circulating free heme that can mediate endothelial dysfunction directly via redox reactions with biomolecules or indirectly by upregulating enzymatic sources of reactive species. A key enzymatic source of these reactive species is the purine catabolizing enzyme, xanthine oxidase (XO) as the oxidation of hypoxanthine to xanthine and subsequent oxidation of xanthine to uric acid generates superoxide (O2•-) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). While XO has been studied for over 120 years, much remains unknown regarding specific mechanistic roles for this enzyme in pathologic processes. This gap in knowledge stems from several interrelated issues including: 1) lethality of global XO deletion and the absence of tissue-specific XO knockout models have coalesced to relegate proof-of-principle experimentation to pharmacology; 2) XO is mobile and thus when upregulated locally can be secreted into the circulation and impact distal vascular beds by high-affinity association to the glycocalyx on the endothelium; and 3) endothelial-bound XO is significantly resistant (> 50%) to inhibition by allopurinol, the principle compound used for XO inhibition in the clinic as well as the laboratory. While it is known that circulating XO is elevated in hemolytic diseases including sickle cell, malaria and sepsis, little is understood regarding its role in these pathologies. As such, the aim of this review is to define our current understanding regarding the effect of hemolysis (free heme) on circulating XO levels as well as the subsequent impact of XO-derived oxidants in hemolytic disease processes.
Factors associated with provision of depot medroxyprogesterone acetate to adolescents by US health care providers.

Abstract Objective Identify factors associated with healthcare providers' frequency of depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) provision to adolescents. Study design We analyzed data from surveys mailed to a nationally representative sample of public-sector providers and office-based physicians (n=1984). We estimated adjusted odds ratios (aORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of factors associated with frequent DMPA provision to adolescents in the past year. Results Although most providers (>95%) considered DMPA safe for adolescents, fewer reported frequent provision (89% of public-sector providers; 64% of office-based physicians). Among public-sector providers, factors associated with lower odds of frequent provision included working in settings without Title X funding (aOR 0.44, 95% CI 0.30–0.64), reporting primary care as their primary clinical focus versus reproductive or adolescent health (aOR 0.42, 95% CI 0.28–0.61), and providing fewer patients with family planning services. Among office-based physicians, factors associated with lower odds of frequent provision included specializing in obstetrics/gynecology (aOR 0.50, 95% CI 0.27–0.91) and family medicine (aOR 0.21, 95% CI 0.09–0.47) versus adolescent medicine, completing training ≥15 versus Conclusions While most providers reported frequently providing DMPA to adolescents, training on evidence-based recommendations for contraception, focused on subgroups of providers with lower odds of frequent DMPA provision, may increase adolescents' access to contraception. Implications Although >95% of providers considered depot medroxyprogesterone (DMPA) a safe contraceptive for adolescents, only 89% of public-sector providers and 64% of office-based physicians reported frequently providing DMPA to adolescents. Provider training on evidence-based recommendations for contraception counseling and provision may increase adolescents' access to DMPA and all methods of contraception.
Sharing personal health record data elements in protective custody: youth and stakeholder perspectives.

OBJECTIVE The study sought to develop the necessary elements for a personalized health record (PHR) for youth emancipating from child protective custody (eg, foster care) by collecting thoughts and ideas from current and former foster youth and community stakeholders who have a significant amount of experience working with emancipating young people. MATERIALS AND METHODS We employed a mixed methods, participatory research design using concept mapping to identify key features for PHR across stakeholders. RESULTS In the clusters, common themes for necessary elements for a PHR included health education, health tips, medication instructions, diagnoses including severity, and website resources that could be trusted to provide reliable information, and addressed data privacy issues such as the primary user being able to choose what diagnoses to share with their trusted adult and the ability to assign a trusted adult to view a part of the record. DISCUSSION By directly involving youth in the design of the PHR, we are able to ensure we included the necessary health and life skills elements that they require. As a PHR is created for foster youth, it is important to consider the multiple uses that the data may have for emancipated youth. CONCLUSION A PHR for foster youth needs to include an appropriate combination of information and education for a vulnerable population. In addition to providing some of their basic health and custody information, a PHR provides an opportunity to give them information that can be trusted to explain common diagnoses, medications, and family health history risks.
Use of three-dimensional printing and intraoperative navigation in the surgical resection of metastatic acetabular osteosarcoma

A 21-year-old man underwent a joint-preserving posterior acetabular resection of metastatic osteosarcoma using a three-dimensional (3D) printed model and intraoperative navigation. The combined application of these advanced technologies can allow for surgical planning of osteotomies involving complex anatomy and help guide resections intraoperatively. They can maximise the achievement of negative oncological margins, preservation of native hip stability and critical neurovascular structures, and optimal postoperative function in an effort to resect all clinically evident disease. For this particular patient, with secondary bony metastases, they allowed for a safe and well-tolerated procedure that ultimately afforded him palliative benefit, improved quality of life and, conceivably, prolonged survival in the setting of a devastating prognosis. Although he, sadly, has since passed away, he survived for over 2 years after initial metastasis with preserved hip stability and the ability to graduate college, stay active and maintain a quality of life that addressed his goals of care.
Matías García Gómez y “Fomento Social” (1962–1968)

In this ﬁrst part is presented the historical context –social and ecclesial– of the Center “Fomento Social”, founded by the Jesuits in Madrid in 1926, as the work of the House of writers of the Society of Jesus was born. In it, twenty years later, would be born the Revista de Fomento Social Revista de Fomento Social. The article is devoted to the action of the Jesuit Matias Garcia Gomez (1929–2013) who worked on the magazine as a collaborator, as well as in the aforementioned Centre, in two stages: 1962–1968 and 1975–1981. This ﬁrst part deals with the ﬁrst period, with special attention to the experience of Garcia Gomez in the Second Vatican Council and its reception by the Church Spanish during the Franco dictatorship. In addition presents the Garcia Gomez publications during this period, both those related to Vatican II, as in the Revista de Fomento Social articles and other publications.
Neighborhood socioeconomic deprivation, racial segregation, and organ donation across 5 states.

One in 10 people die awaiting transplantation from donor shortage. Only half of Americans register as organ donors. In this cross-sectional study, we evaluated population-level associations of neighborhood socioeconomic deprivation and racial segregation on organ donor registration rates. We analyzed state identification card demographic and organ donor registration data from 5 states to estimate the association between a neighborhood socioeconomic deprivation index (range [0, 1]; higher values indicate more deprivation) and a racial index of concentration at the extreme (ICE) (range [-1, 1]; lower values indicate predominantly black neighborhoods, higher values indicate predominantly white neighborhoods) on organ donor registration rates within a specified geography (census tract or ZIP code tabulation area [ZCTA]). Among 26 720 738 registrants, 32% of the sample were registered organ donors. At the census tract level, with each 0.1 decrease in the deprivation index, the organ donor registration rate increased by 6.8% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 6.6%, 7.0%). With each 0.1 increase in the racial ICE, the rate increased by 1.5% (95% CI: 1.5%, 1.6%). These associations held true at the ZCTA level. Areas with less socioeconomic deprivation and a higher concentration of white residents have higher organ donor registration rates. Public health initiatives should consider neighborhood context and novel data sources in designing optimal intervention strategies.
Characteristics of Early Work Experiences and Their Association with Future Employment

IntroductionEarly work experiences are a key predictor of future employment for transition-age youths with visual impairments. We investigated how specific characteristics of early work experiences...
Inhibitory Control of Lexical Selection in Adults who Stutter.

Abstract Purpose Based on previous evidence that lexical selection may operate differently in adults who stutter (AWS) versus typically-fluent adults (TFA), and that atypical attentional processing may be a contributing factor, the purpose of this study was to investigate inhibitory control of lexical selection in AWS. Method 12 AWS and 12 TFA completed two tasks. One was a picture naming task featuring High and Low Agreement object naming. Naming accuracy and reaction times (RT), and event-related potentials (ERPs) time-locked to picture onset, were recorded. Second was a flanker task featuring Congruent and Incongruent arrow arrays. Push-button accuracy and RTs, and ERPs time-locked to arrow array onset, were recorded. Results Low Agreement pictures were named less accurately and slower than High Agreement pictures in both Groups. The magnitude of the Agreement effect on naming RTs was larger in AWS versus TFA. Delta-plot analysis revealed that the Agreement effect was positively correlated with individual differences in inhibition in TFA but not in AWS. Moreover, Low Agreement pictures elicited negative-going ERP activity relative to High Agreement pictures in both Groups. However, the scalp topography of this effect was markedly reduced in AWS versus TFA. For the Flanker task, Congruency affected push-button accuracy and RTs, and N2 amplitudes, similarly between groups. Conclusions Results point to a selective deficit in inhibitory control of lexical selection in AWS. Potential pathways between diminished inhibitory control of lexical selection, speech motor control and stuttering are discussed.
Assessing preschool English learners’ receptive and expressive language ability to inform instruction

This study explores how preschool educators could assess dual language learners’ (DLLs) English language abilities using formative instruments in school settings. It specifically examines (1) DLLs’...
Big data analysis of energy landscape dynamical sampling using elastic network model eigenvectors

Proteins are large complex biomolecules which have structural vibrations in the terahertz range. The vibrational spectrum is dependent on the protein structure, which fluctuates at biological temperatures. Recently it was shown that these fluctuations can be accounted for by massive sampling of the energy landscape to calculate the terahertz isotropic and anisotropic absorbance. The large number of vibrations contributing to the spectra however makes interpretation of resonant bands challenging. Here we examine how we can apply elastic network models to define fundamental vibrational displacements to analyze these massive data sets.
Increasing participation: Using the principles of universal design to create accessible conferences

The Americans with Disabilities Act (1990) mandates the inclusion of individuals with disabilities to a broad range of facilities and public buildings. One overlooked area is access to conferences....
Collaborative Collision Avoidance for CAVs in Unpredictable Scenarios

Modern connected and automated vehicles (CAV) are capable of making informed decisions in unexpected situations. CAVs can achieve this by collaborating with other CAVs using communication and sensing capabilities. This work discusses a partially-decentralized collaborative decision making approach for a coalition of CAVs in the presence of a misbehaving vehicle. A novel algorithm based on Monte Carlo Tree Search (MCTS) is presented for the CAV’s planning problem of deriving mitigation action plans. This algorithm reduces the size of the search tree exponentially to overcome the computational limitations of MCTS for large action-agent sets. V2V communication is used to ensure that mitigation action plans chosen by coalition members are conflict-free when possible. The proposed method is evaluated for several conflict scenarios showing that the system can effectively avoid collisions in diverse situations.
A Non-Parametric Analysis to Estimate Dose Distributions Associated With High-Risk vs. Low-Risk of Death in RTOG 0617.

Purpose/Objective(s) Analyses of locally-advanced non-small cell lung cancer (LA-NSCLC) series have identified radiation dose to the cardio-pulmonary system as a new key detriment for risk of death. However, spatial dose patterns are typically represented as one-dimensional dose metrics of pre-defined segmented structures. Here we introduce the use of a recently developed non-parametric approach based on an extended form of optimal mass transport (OMT), called unbalanced OMT distance. Thoracic dose distributions were ranked in relation to risk of death within RTOG 0617. This agnostic approach preserves the spatial dose information without pre-selection of specific thoracic sub-regions or normalization. Materials/Methods The 409 patients with evaluable data (CTs, dose, structures and overall survival status) were retrieved from The Cancer Imaging Archive. Patients were censored at 60 months. Data was split into a 70% training and a 30% validation data (n = 286 and 123). Dose distributions were deformably registered to randomly selected reference patients using multi-step B spline. The unbalanced OMT distance measures dose spread pattern and total amount of dose differences among patients. Using a newly proposed approximation of the unbalanced OMT distance via vector-valued OMT, the highly complicated distances between pairs of dose distributions were computed efficiently. The OMT distances were translated into risk scores represented by C-indices: small distances (low C-indices) represent high-risk; large distances (high C-indices) represent low-risk. Risk status in the validation data was measured as distances to the training reference patients. Lastly, two sub-regions were deduced: One high-risk region based on the 50 riskiest patients (overlap of at least 80% of distributions including the highest 80% dose relative to max dose) and one low-risk region based on the 50 least risky patients. The locations of the sub-regions were qualitatively compared to those of eight deep learning auto-segmented cardio-pulmonary substructures (aorta, atria, inferior and superior vena cava (SVC), pulmonary artery (PA), ventricles). Results The highest risk of death was identified in a region overlapping with the base of the heart, including the ascending aorta, PA and the superior part of the left atrium. In contrast, the ‘safe’ distributions associated with the lowest risk of death mostly avoided all cardio-pulmonary substructures with the exception of the SVC and right PA. Conclusion This non-parametric approach identified specific high-risk and low-risk regions associated with death in RTOG 0617. While there was no one-to-one correspondence between the identified high-risk region and the segmented cardio-pulmonary structures, this region focused on the base of the heart. The identified regions may direct further work on elucidating mechanisms and generalizability.
Information geometry for multiparameter models: New perspectives on the origin of simplicity.

Complex models in physics, biology, economics, and engineering are often ill-determined or sloppy: parameter combinations can vary over wide ranges without significant changes in their predictions. This review uses information geometry to explore sloppiness and its deep relation to emergent theories. We introduce the model manifold of predictions, whose coordinates are the model parameters. Its hyperribbon structure explains why only a few parameter combinations matter for the behavior. We review recent rigorous results that connect the hierarchy of hyperribbon widths to approximation theory, and to the smoothness of model predictions under changes of the control variables. We discuss recent geodesic methods to find simpler models on nearby boundaries of the model manifold -- emergent theories with fewer parameters that explain the behavior equally well. We discuss a Bayesian prior which optimizes the mutual information between model parameters and experimental data, naturally favoring points on the emergent boundary theories and thus simpler models. We introduce a `projected maximum likelihood' prior that efficiently approximates this optimal prior, and contrast both to the poor behavior of the traditional Jeffreys prior. We discuss the way the renormalization group coarse-graining in statistical mechanics introduces a flow of the model manifold, and connect stiff and sloppy directions along the model manifold with relevant and irrelevant eigendirections of the renormalization group. Finally, we discuss recently developed `intensive' embedding methods, allowing one to visualize the predictions of arbitrary probabilistic models as low-dimensional projections of an isometric embedding, and illustrate our method by generating the model manifold of the Ising model.
Scaling Up, Scaling Down: Seven Years of Performance Assessment Development in the Nation's Second Largest School District

To provide an accurate reading of students' and schools' rates of progress, and to provide cues for instruction, assessment at every level should be connected to explicit learning goals and standards. To show how this requirement can be fulfilled, and how research-based assessment can effectively support learning and instruction, this article summarizes a 7-year performance assessment collaboration between assessment researchers and the nation's second largest school district. The project's success in scaling up empirically tested assessment design models and scoring procedures to a district assessment involving more than 300,000 students per year raises the possibility that high-quality learning-centered assessment may again be a practical option for large-scale assessment and accountability.
"GUERRA SENZA SANGUE" E L’AROMA DEI LUMI: LA CULTURA DEL CAFFÈ TRA POLITICA E COMMERCIO INTERNAZIONALE NELLA LOMBARDIA AUSTRIACA

Bloodless war and the scent of the Enlightenment: Il Caffe between politics and international trade in Austrian Lombardy. The historiography of political economy is currently undergoing a cultural turn, as abstract histories of economics on the model of Joseph A. Schumpeter’s History of Economic Analysis give way to more nuanced studies of economic ideas in their specific historical contexts. My essay contributes to this historiographical movement by contextualizing the economic theories and policies formulated by the members of the Accademia dei pugni in Austrian Lombardy in the 1760s and 70s. Particularly, it focuses on the practical exigencies of their Lombard context and the respective pulls of their disparate and sometimes conflicting patriotisms, whether religious, cultural, political, or economic. Austrian models of economic reform such as Philipp Ludwig Wenzel von Sinzendorf’s plan for an economic recovery influenced Milanese reformers much like a the reception of French, Spanish, and British economic ideas did, and the unique institutional context in which political economists such as Pietro Verri, Cesare Beccaria, and Sebastiano Franci operated goes a long way towards explaining their seemingly idiosyncratic contribution to the discipline, at once aware of how freer international trade was revolutionizing the world and eminently sensitive to the need for an active economic policy of tariffs and prohibitions to safeguard Lombardy in an age of ruthless economic competition. Though the Accademia dei pugni historiographically has been considered an incubator of both ‘mercantilism’ and ‘economic liberalism’, a more careful contextualization of the group’s work unveils a coherent political economy that, though hard to fit into historical stereotypes, was not simply torn between theory and practice, ‘laissezfaire’ and ‘protectionism’. In effect, they made one of the greatest contributions to political economy of their time.
Collision avoidance for UAVs using reachable sets

This paper presents a real-time path planning algorithm for UAVs to avoid collision with other aircraft. Reachable sets are used to represent the collection of possible trajectories of obstacle aircraft. It is used in collision prediction for UAVs in path planning. Once a collision is detected, a sampling-based method is used to generate a collision avoidance path. A second collision check is performed on the generated path with the updated UAV and aircraft' states. The path is re-planned if it leads to another collision. The algorithm is validated in Software-In-the-Loop simulation. ADS-B (Automatic Dependent Surveillance - Broadcast) data logged from commercial aircraft are used as the obstacle aircraft. The experiments show that reachable set improves the success rate for collision avoidance compared to the linear motion assumption for the obstacle aircraft.
The Effects of Chilling in the Light on Ribulose-1,5-Bisphosphate Carboxylase/Oxygenase Activation in Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.).

Photosynthesis rate, ribulsoe-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) activation state, and ribulose bisphosphate concentration were reduced after exposing tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) plants to light at 4[deg]C for 6 h. Analysis of lysed and reconsituted chloroplasts showed that activity of the thylakoid membrane was inhibited and that Rubisco, Rubisco activase, and other soluble factors were not affected. Leaf photosynthesis rates and the ability of chilled thylakoid membranes to promote Rubisco activation recovered after 24 h at 25[deg]C. Thylakoid membranes from control tomato plants were as effective as spinach thylakoids in activating spinach Rubisco in the presence of spinach Rubisco activase. This observation is in sharp contrast to the poor ability of spinach Rubisco activase to activate tomato Rubisco (Z.-Y. Wang, G.W. Snyder, B.D. Esau, A.R. Portis, and W.L. Ogren [1992] Plant Physiol 100: 1858-1862). The ability of thylakoids from chilled tomato plants to activate Rubisco in the assay system was greatly inhibited compared to control plants. These experiments indicate that chilling tomato plants at 4[deg]C interferes with photosynthetic carbon metabolism at two sites, thioredoxin/ferredoxin reduction (G.F. Sassenrath, D.R. Ort, and A.R. Portis, Jr. [1990] Arch Biochem Biophys 282: 302-308), which limits bisphosphatase activity, and Rubisco activase, which reduces Rubisco activation state.
The internationalization of law and legal education

Preface.- Notes on Contributors.- 1. The Internationalization of Law and Legal Education Mortimer Sellers.- 2. Reflections on Globalization and University Life Jan Klabbers.- 3. Building the World Community Through Legal Education Claudio Grossman.- 4. Integrating Practical Training and Professional Legal Education James Maxeiner.- 5. Internationalizing the American Law School Curriculum (in Light of the Carnegie Foundation's Report) Larry Cata Backer.- 6. Resolving Multicultural Legal Cases: A Bottom Up Perspective on the Internationalization of Law Wibo Van Rossum.- 7. Maternity Leave Laws in the United States in the Light of European Legislation Candace Kovacic-Fleisher.- 8. Convergence and Mutual Recognition in European Asylum Law Ida Staffans.- 9. Copyright Protection for Works of Foreign Origin Tyler Ochoa.- 10. The Internationalization of Internet Law Paul Przemyslaw Polanski.- Index.
Turbulence modeling for hypersonic flows

Turbulence modeling for high-speed compressible flows is described and discussed. Starting with the compressible Navier-Stokes equations, methods of statistical averaging are described by means of which the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations are developed. Unknown averages in these equations are approximated using various closure concepts. Zero-, one-, and two-equation eddy viscosity models, algebraic stress models, and Reynolds stress transport models are discussed. Computations of supersonic and hypersonic flows obtained using several of the models are discussed and compared with experimental results. Specific examples include attached boundary-layer flows, shock-wave boundary-layer interactions, and compressible shear layers. From these examples, conclusions regarding the status of modeling and recommendations for future studies are discussed.
Analyzing qualitative data : log-linear analysis for behavioral research

Preface Qualitative Data and Statistical Techniques Statistical Foundations Traditional Applications of Chi-Square Log-Linear Analysis of Two-Dimensional Tables The Analysis of Three-Dimensional Tables Following Up Asymmetrical Analyses Tables of High Dimensionality Additional Applications and Concerns An Introduction to Configural Frequency Analysis Appendix A: A SAS Program for Configural Frequency Analyses Appendix B: Critical Values for Chi-Square Statistics References Name Index Subject Index
Discrete fracture modeling using Centroidal Voronoi grid for simulation of shale gas plays with coupled nonlinear physics

Abstract It is critical to develop numerical simulators that can robustly and efficiently predict production from unconventional reservoirs. In this paper, we describe in detail the formulation, flexibility and simulation results of our recently developed shale gas simulator. The first component of this work includes Discrete Fracture Modeling (DFM) of hydraulic fractures. To capture the flow transients near fracture stages and horizontal well, we develop a gridding algorithm based on Centroidal Voronoi Tessellation (CVT). To represent the hydraulic fractures, we populate nodes around fracture stages based on the refinement that is required by the user. The populated nodes are viewed as constraints and are kept stationary during the subsequent iterations. For matrix region we use a two-step algorithm to generate the mesh. In the first step, we tessellate the domain by minimizing the forces along the bars between adjacent nodes, analogues to mass-spring or truss systems. In the next step, we perform an iterative gird optimization to generate Centroidal Voronoi Tessellation. The second component of the paper targets representation of a wide range of physical phenomena including gas slippage, gas adsorption/desorption, and high velocity non-Darcy flow of gas. Our formulation is fully implicit and allows for flow of up to two phases (water and gas). To avoid manual calculation of the Jacobian corresponding to the coupled nonlinear system of equations, we utilize Automatic Differentiation (AD), allowing us to readily incorporate the nonlinear governing equations at nearly no extra cost. We perform sensitivity studies to investigate the effect of different parameters on production from shale gas plays as well as on computational efficiency of the simulator.
Developmental aspects of secondary palate formation

Research on development of the secondary palate has, in the past, dealt primarily with morphological aspects of shelf elevation and fusion. The many factors thought to be involved in palatal elevation, such as fetal neuromuscular activity and growth of the cranial base and mandible, as well as production of extracellular matrix and contractile elements in the palate, are mostly based on gross, light microscopic, morphometric or histochemical observations. Recently, more biochemical procedures have been utilized to described palatal shelf elevation. Although these studies strongly suggest that palatal extracellular matrix plays a major role in shelf movement, interpretation of these data remains difficult owing to the complexity of tissue interactions involved in craniofacial development. Shelf elevation does not appear to involve a single motive factor, but rather a coordinated interaction of all of the abovementioned developmental events. Further analysis of mechanisms of shelf elevation requires development of new, and refinement of existing, in vitro procedures. A system that enables one to examine shelf elevation in vitro would allow more meaningful analysis of the relative importance of the various components in shelf movement. Much more is known about fusion of the palatal shelves, owing in large part to in vitro studies. Fusion of the apposing shelves, both in vivo and in vitro, is dependent upon adhesion and cell dealth of the midline epithelial cells. Adhesion betweeen apposing epithelial surfaces appears to involve epithelial cell surface macromolecules. Further analysis of palatal epithelial adhesion should be directed towards characterization of those cell surface components responsible for this adhesive interaction. Midline epithelial cells cease DNA synthesis 24-36 h before shelf elevation and contact, become active in the synthesis of cell surface glycoproteins, and subsequently manifest morphological signs of necrosis. Death of the midline epithelial cells is thought to involve a programmed, lysosomal-mediated autolysis...
Decreasing maintenance fluids in normotensive trauma patients may reduce intensive care unit stay and ventilator days

Abstract Purpose The purpose of the study is to determine if excessive fluid administration is associated with a prolonged hospital course and worse outcomes. Materials and methods In July 2013, all normotensive trauma patients admitted to the surgical intensive care unit (ICU) were administered crystalloids at 30 mL/h (“to keep open [TKO]”) and were compared to patients admitted during the preceding 6 months who were placed on a rate between 125 mL/h to 150 mL/h (non-TKO). The primary outcomes were ICU, hospital, and ventilator days. Results A total of 101 trauma patients met inclusion criteria: 56 (55.4%) in the TKO and 45 (44.6%) in the non-TKO group. Overall, the 2 groups were similar in regard to age, Injury Severity Score, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation IV scores, and the need for mechanical ventilation. TKO had no effect on renal function compared to non-TKO with similarities in maximum hospital creatinine. TKO patients had lower ICU stay (2.7 ± 1.5 vs 4.1 ± 4.6 days; P = .03) and ventilator days (1.4 ± 0.5 vs 5.5 ± 4.8 days; P Conclusions A protocol that encourages admission basal fluid rate of TKO or 30 mL/h in normotensive trauma patients is safe, reduces fluid intake, and may be associated with a shorter intensive care unit course and fewer ventilator days.
Evolutionary transgenomics: prospects and challenges

Abstract Many advances in our understanding of the genetic basis of species differences have arisen from transformation experiments, which allow us to study the effect of genes from one species (the donor) when placed in the genetic background of another species (the recipient). Such interspecies transformation experiments are usually focused on candidate genes – genes that, based on work in model systems, are suspected to be responsible for certain phenotypic differences between the donor and recipient species. We suggest that the high efficiency of transformation in a few plant species, most notably Arabidopsis thaliana, combined with the small size of typical plant genes and their cis-regulatory regions allow implementation of a screening strategy that does not depend upon a priori candidate gene identification. This approach, transgenomics, entails moving many large genomic inserts of a donor species into the wild type background of a recipient species and then screening for dominant phenotypic effects. As a proof of concept, we recently conducted a transgenomic screen that analyzed more than 1100 random, large genomic inserts of the Alabama gladecress Leavenworthia alabamica for dominant phenotypic effects in the A. thaliana background. This screen identified one insert that shortens fruit and decreases A. thaliana fertility. In this paper we discuss the principles of transgenomic screens and suggest methods to help minimize the frequencies of false positive and false negative results. We argue that, because transgenomics avoids committing in advance to candidate genes it has the potential to help us identify truly novel genes or cryptic functions of known genes. Given the valuable knowledge that is likely to be gained, we believe the time is ripe for the plant evolutionary community to invest in transgenomic screens, at least in the mustard family Brassicaceae Burnett where many species are amenable to efficient transformation.
Skylight Polarization Patterns and the Orientation of Migratory Birds

Patterns of polarized light present in the clear dusk sky provide directional information relevant to the orientation behaviour of migratory birds. Experiments performed with white-throated sparrows ( Zonotrichia albicollis ) and American tree sparrows ( Spizella arborea ), North American night migrants, examined migratory orientation between the time of sunset and the first appearance of stars under several manipulations of skylight polarization patterns. Under clear skies, birds tested in Emlen funnel orientation cages oriented their hopping basically parallel to the E-vector of polarized light, with a bias towards the brightest part of the sky (sunset direction). Under solid, thick overcast conditions (no polarized light from the natural sky), birds showed axially bimodal hopping orientation parallel to an imposed E-vector. When birds were tested in cages covered with depolarizing material under a clear sky, their hopping orientation was seasonally appropriate and indistinguishable from controls viewing an unaltered clear sky. Skylight polarization patterns are not necessary for the occurrence of migratory orientation, but birds respond strongly to manipulations of the E-vector direction. The results reported here support the hypothesis that the relevant stimulus is the E-vector orientation rather than other parameters of skylight, e.g. intensity or colour patterns, degree of polarization. It appears that these night migrants are using skylight polarization at dusk as one of a set of multiple compass capabilities. Because of the necessarily artificial nature of the polarized light stimuli used in the experimental manipulations, it has not been possible to establish the relationship between this orientation cue and other known mechanisms (magnetic, sun and star compasses).
The Women's Studies Experience: Impetus for Feminist Activism:

The impact of women's studies courses on students' feminist activism and related behaviors was assessed through quantitative and qualitative methods. At pretesting, women's studies students (10 classes: 161 women and 18 men) did not report significantly more activism than nonwomen's studies students taught by women's studies faculty (9 classes: 73 women and 48 men) or nonwomen's studies students taught by nonwomen's studies faculty (12 classes: 107 women and 47 men). At posttesting, women's studies students, relative to the comparison students, reported more activism during the semester of evaluation, stronger intentions to engage in future feminist activism, and more important and more positive course-related influences on their personal lives (p < .0001).
Biologic outcome of implant-supported restorations in the treatment of partial edentulism. part I: a longitudinal clinical evaluation.

The purpose of this study was to predict the outcome of implant restorations in the treatment of partial edentulism, taking into account implant interdependency and the effect of several confounding variables. Between December 1982 and June 1998, 1956 Branemark system implants (1212 and 744 in the maxilla and mandible, respectively, 846 distal to first premolars) were installed in 660 patients (248 males) at the Department of Periodontology of the University Hospitals of the Catholic University of Leuven. Of the 810 restorations installed at the Department of Prosthetic Dentistry of the same hospital, 235 were single crowns, 166 were supported by implants and teeth and 409 were free-standing fixed partial prostheses. An additional 87 restorations was placed in private dental offices and were not included. The patients were followed from implant installation until June 1999. The estimated cumulative survival rates were 91.4% for all implants and 95.8% for all restorations over a period of 16 years. Estimated cumulative survival rates from loading for implant-tooth connected and free-standing implants were, respectively, 93.6% and 97.2%. Neither jaw site nor implant position (anterior-posterior) had any significant effect on the outcome. Short implant length, high number of implants per patient, low number of implants per prosthesis, implants loaded by acrylic-veneered restorations and implants combined with bone grafting present a higher risk hazard for implant failure. The idea of not splinting the implants in a fixed partial prosthesis is promising but needs replication before accepting it.
“Practice What You Preach”: Teachers’ Perceptions of Emotional Competence and Emotionally Supportive Classroom Practices

Research Findings: The connections between parents’ emotional competence (emotion expression, regulation, and knowledge) and children’s social–emotional learning (SEL) have been well studied; however, the associations among teachers’ emotional competencies and children’s SEL remain widely understudied. In the present study, private preschool and Head Start teachers (N = 32) were observed using the Classroom Assessment Scoring System. Participating teachers from each center also participated in focus group discussions about emotional competence in preschool classrooms. For analyses, teachers were divided into Moderately and Highly Supportive groups based on observed emotional support quality. Teachers’ focus group responses were compared. Practice or Policy: Comparison groups differed with regard to their discussions of emotion regulation and emotion knowledge. These differences elucidate ways in which intervention programs and in-service training can be developed to help teachers better meet the SEL needs...
preparative liquid chromatography: History and trends-supplemental remarks

Supplementing the paper of Geeraert and Verzele published in the November 1978 issue of this journal, the controversy between Tswett and Willstatter on preparative liquid chromatography, as well as the pilotscale applications for the isolation of rare earths and pure hydrocarbons are discussed.