cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Target Abundance-Constrained Subpixel Detection: Partially Constrained Least-Squares Methods

Subpixel target detection has received considerable interest in remote sensing image processing in recent years (Sabol et al., 1992). Due to significantly improved spectral resolution by recent advances of remote sensing instruments, imaging spectrometers such as AVIRIS and HYDICE sensors can now uncover and extract targets smaller than the pixel spatial resolution, in which case targets are generally embedded in a single pixel and cannot be detected spatially. As a result, traditional spatial-based image processing techniques are not directly applicable. In order to resolve this problem, we must rely on their spectral properties to detect these targets at subpixel level. In this chapter, linear spectral mixture analysis (LSMA) is investigated for subpixel target detection. In particular, we consider the target abundance-constrained subpixel detection that imposes different partial constraints on the abundance fractions of the target signatures used in the LSMA. Two partially abundance-constrained methods, referred to as sum-to-one constrained least-squares (SCLS) and nonnegatively constrained least-squares (NCLS), will be presented in this chapter. SCLS constrains on the abundance fractions of the target signatures summed to one with no constraint on nonnegativity of the abundance fractions. On the other hand, NCLS requires the abundance fractions of the target signatures to be nonnegative, but discards the abundance sum-to-one constraint.
Selfish Routing on Dynamic Flows

Selfish routing on dynamic flows over time is used to model scenarios that vary with time in which individual agents act in their best interest. In this paper we provide a survey of a particular dynamic model, the deterministic queuing model, and discuss how the model can be adjusted and applied to different real-life scenarios. We then examine how these adjustments affect the computability, optimality, and existence of selfish routings.
Efficient data center architectures using non-volatile memory and reliability techniques

The cost of running a data center is increasingly dominated by energy consumption, contributed by power provisioning, cooling and server components such as processors, memories and disk drives. Meanwhile, emerging classes of complex data center workloads place a heavier burden on processing and storage hardware, involving accesses to huge datasets for each operation. Fortunately, emerging technologies promise better performance and efficiency. Non-volatile (NV) memories for applications such as disk caches [7, 4, 2, 8] are proven ways to save energy, and in recent developments, byte-addressable persistent storage such as phase-change memory (PCM) or Memristors can serve as both main memory and permanent storage, reducing data transfers between layers of hierarchy. Further, 3D die-stacking provides a low-energy high-bandwidth means of connecting storage with computation hardware. The challenge lies in how to optimally combine and balance system elements when data-center workload demands vary significantly. Once combined, new, inherent drawbacks such as limited memory write endurance need to be countered. Further, as processors often dominate system power consumption, they become a critical target for energy optimization. Unfortunately, current CPU architectures cannot fully exploit voltage scaling due to the need for safety margins [9] as well as having large caches that fail at higher voltages than the logic circuits [10]. In this thesis, we address these challenges via the following novel techniques; We propose a distributed, energy-efficient data center architecture [11, 12], replacing hard disk drives and DRAM main memory with non-volatile Memristors or PCM. The system is composed of a network of uniform building blocks called Nanostores that combine processors with a permanent data store. To reduce unnecessary data movement, DRAM and disk layers are eliminated, resulting in a flattened memory hierarchy. Because NV memories wear out with the number of data writes, we propose novel wear-leveling solutions. First we propose distributed data center wear-leveling [13] to address SSD-based and future Nanostore based storage, with a 3.9x improvement in lifetime. Second, we propose server-level reliability improvements for Flash memory based disk caches [4] that provide 20x improvements in lifetime on average. We propose a novel on-chip cache fault tolerance scheme that allows more than a 30% improvement in energy efficiency [14, 15, 16]. *Please refer to dissertation for footnotes.
Cytoautoradiography Fe59 uptake by bone marrow cells. I. Normal human erythroblasts and young erythrocytes.

SummaryThe in vitro uptake of Fe59 by normal human erythrons is described. All the erythroblastic maturation stages and young erythrocytes in bone marrow as well as in circulating blood take up considerable amounts of radioiron. During the earlier phases of the experiment, the iron-uptake is maximal in the late basophilic and early polychromatic elements. Subsequently, the maximum is reached in the orthochromatic stage. Marrow reticulocytes and circulating young erythrocytes take up small quantities of isotope. Mature erythrocytes do not seem capable of so doing. Iron utilization for haemoglobin synthesis appears to be the main function of the erythron.
What Will We Do Now with the Super-Obese Patient Undergoing Total Hip Arthroplasty? Commentary on an article by Kimona Issa, MD, et al.: "Bariatric Orthopaedics: Total Hip Arthroplasty in Super-Obese Patients (Those with a BMI of ≥50 kg/m2)".

The increasing body weights of our patients and the growing responsibility to avoid postoperative adverse events have put a new urgency into expanding our knowledge of the impact of comorbidities such obesity on our patients and health-care system. Thirty years ago in my own practice, performing a total hip replacement on a patient with a body mass index (BMI) of >40 kg/m2 was unusual. Higher complication rates were expected and were addressed as necessary. Now even heavier patients are appearing in our clinics, putting more pressure on surgeons and hospitals. The implementation of bundled payment requiring that hospitals cover any postoperative complication or need for readmission within ninety days will further increase these pressures. Not surprisingly, there is …
Sebaceous Lymphadenoma of the Parotid Gland: A Case Report

A case of sebaceous lymphadenoma which was erroneously diagnosed as mucoepidermoid carcinoma is presented. The misdiagnosis led to total parotidectomy and loss of the inferior branch of the facial nerve. The histopathologic picture of this benign but rare lesion of the parotid gland is described again to acquaint more pathologists with this entity.
Amnesia and animosity: an assessment of soccer in the States

The twentieth FIFA World Cup Finals, hosted by Brazil in 2014, provides perspective on the game’s global growth since the inaugural tournament held in Uruguay in 1930. The fifth such tournament sin...
Prediction of crosslink density of solid propellant binders

A quantitative theory is outlined which allows calculation of crosslink density of solid propellant binders from a small number of predetermined parameters such as the binder composition, the functionality distributions of the ingredients, and the extent of the curing reaction. The parameter which is partly dependent on process conditions is the extent of reaction. The proposed theoretical model is verified by independent measurement of effective chain concentration and sol and gel fractions in simple compositions prepared from model compounds. The model is shown to correlate tensile data with composition in the case of urethane-cured polyether and certain solid propellants. A formula for the branching coefficient is provided according to which if one knows the functionality distributions of the ingredients and the corresponding equivalent weights and can measure or predict the extent of reaction, he can calculate the branching coefficient of such a system for any desired composition.
Effect of PAI-1 levels on the molar concentrations of active tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) and t-PA/PAI-1 complex in plasma.

We determined the in vivo molar concentrations of active tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA), active plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1), and t-PA/PAI-1 complex. t-PA activity was measured in plasma stabilized by immediate acidification. PAI-1 activity and t- PA/PAI-1 complex antigen were measured in citrated plasma; these measurements were corrected for the loss in PAI-1 activity and increase in complex that occurs in unacidified plasma samples due to the continued reaction between t-PA and PAI-1 after the sample was drawn. To convert t-PA and PAI-1 activity measurements into molar concentrations we determined the specific molar activity of t-PA and PAI-1 in vivo: 4.48 x 10(13) IU/mol. Of 72 subjects studied, 13 had less than 150 pmol/L active PAI-1; in these individuals 33% +/- 21% of their t-PA was active and the molar ratio of active t-PA to active PAI- 1 was 0.20 +/- 0.13. In the 11 subjects with greater than 500 pmol/L active PAI-1, 1.5% = 1.1% of the t-PA was active and the molar ratio of active t-PA to active PAI-1 was 0.0043 +/- 0.0036. Overall, the fraction of active t-PA declined exponentially as a function of the active PAI-1 concentration. During the day, the percentage of total t- PA that was active increased from 12% at 8:00 AM to 31% at 8:00 PM, while the molar ratio of active t-PA to active PAI-1 increased from 0.05 to 0.22 from morning to evening (n = 12).
A Tentative Exploration On MODS in the Digital Environment

The MARC has been used as a metadata of resource description for a long time in libraries.But the fast growing of the electronic resources made the digital environment become more complex.To deal with the demand of the description of digital resources,and considering the interoperability of the data and the simplification of the resource's description items,the Library of Congress in America has developed a metadata called "MODS".The article firstly has an elaboration on the features of MODS,such as semantics and syntax.Then the article makes a comparison between MODS and MARC.Lastly the article has a summary on the using of the MODS in foreign libraries.
Systematic Exploration to Directing Innovative Practice of Undergraduates

To solve the problem of positioning the status and roles of directors in educating creative undergraduates, we propose that directors should positively carry the directive function in undergraduates' innovative practice, and introduce our specific deeds from innovative ideology, innovative spirit, innovative ability and innovative personality.
Service Area and Route Selection Choice Model for Flexible Feeder Transit with Special Demands

Given the fleet size and passenger demand,a network-based mixed integer linear programming(MILP) model was developed to simultaneously optimize the service area and route planning for the irregular-shaped residential communities and the irregular road networks that were typical of many Chinese cities.The proposed model features a two-level structure with the upperlevel to maximize the number of served passengers by the feeder transit system and the lower-level to minimize the operational cost for transit operators.Moreover,a heuristic approach was developed to yield acceptable solutions of the model within a reasonable amount of time.The case studies have validated the effectiveness of the proposed model as well as the algorithm,whose results reveal that the range between the near-optimal solution by the heuristic algorithm and the optimal solution is around 15% and the difference of the operational cost for each passenger is less than 10%.
The Molybdenum Cofactor Common to Nitrate Reductase, Xanthine Dehydrogenase and Sulfite Oxidase

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the molybdenum cofactor common to nitrate reductase, xanthine dehydrogenase, and sulfite oxidase. Both nitrate reductase and xanthine dehydrogenase share a common molybdenum cofactor, the synthesis of which is controlled by five independent genetic loci. The molybdenum cofactor present in nitrogenase is unique, while the molybdenum containing component of other molybdoenzymes is of a more universal nature as originally hypothesized. Although considerable effort has been applied to the determination of the structural elements of the nitrogenase molybdenum cofactor and of the molybdenum-containing cofactor of other molybdoenzymes, the information presently available is limited. Cofactor sources can be divided into two major categories: those that supply cofactor in a form that can reconstitute demolybdoenzymes directly and those that have latent cofactor activity, as part of an intact molybdenum enzyme. In the latter case, rather drastic pretreatment such as acidification is required to release the cofactor from the donor molybdoenzyme and make it available to the acceptor molecule. One major disadvantage to the use of the various inactive nitrate reductases as substrates for assay of molybdenum cofactor is that the apoenzyme molecules are particularly labile and are rapidly inactivated under many in vitro conditions.
Enhancement of retinal recovery by conjugated deferoxamine after ischemia-reperfusion.

PURPOSE Although toxic to the retina in its native form, the iron chelator deferoxamine (DFO) shows no apparent retinal toxicity when bound to hydroxyethyl-starch (HES). Conjugation of DFO does not alter its iron binding properties. Once bound, iron is no longer active in the production of toxic oxygen intermediates. This investigation seeks to determine whether HES-conjugated DFO (HES-DFO) protects against ischemia-reperfusion injury in the retina. METHODS Retinal ischemia was induced in cats, pretreated with HES-DFO, using both the vascular ligation and the increased intraocular pressure models. Retinal recovery was monitored by electroretinography. Fundal fluorescein angiography was performed in treated and untreated animals after ischemia-reperfusion. RESULTS Our results indicate that pretreatment with an intravenous bolus of HES-DFO, significantly enhances recovery of the postischemic b-wave and decreases fluorescein leakage after ischemia-reperfusion. CONCLUSIONS HES-DFO improves recovery of the neural retina after ischemia-reperfusion. It also maintains the integrity of the blood-retinal barrier. The protective effect of HES-DFO on the blood-retinal barrier is consistent with its intravascular confinement. That HES-DFO results in protection of the neural retina underscores the importance of the blood-retinal barrier as a mediator of ischemia-reperfusion injury. HES-DFO may have a role in the early management of ischemic retinal disease both as an iron chelator and as a blood-retinal barrier protector.
Kinetics of Isovalent (Cd2+) and Aliovalent (In3+) Cation Exchange in Cd1–xMnxSe Nanocrystals

Ion exchange, in which an in-diffusing ion replaces a lattice ion, has been widely exploited as a synthetic tool for semiconductor doping and solid-to-solid chemical transformations, both in bulk and at the nanoscale. Here, we present a systematic investigation of cation-exchange reactions that involve the displacement of Mn2+ from CdSe nanocrystals by Cd2+ or In3+. For both incoming cations, Mn2+ displacement is spontaneous but thermally activated, following Arrhenius behavior over a broad experimental temperature range. At any given temperature, cation exchange by In3+ is approximately 2 orders of magnitude faster than that by Cd2+, illustrating a critical dependence on the incoming cation. Quantitative analysis of the kinetics data within a Fick’s-law diffusion model yields diffusion barriers (ED) and limiting diffusivities (D0) for both incoming ions. Despite their very different kinetics, indistinguishable diffusion barriers of ED ≈ 1.1 eV are found for both reactions (In3+ and Cd2+). A dramatically ...
Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 and risk of incident peripheral arterial disease in a multi-ethnic cohort: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis.

Prospective studies supporting a relationship between elevated lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2) and incident peripheral arterial disease (PAD) are limited. We evaluated the association of Lp-PLA2 with incident PAD in a multi-ethnic cohort without clinical cardiovascular disease. A total of 4622 participants with measurement of Lp-PLA2 mass and Lp-PLA2 activity and an ankle–brachial index (ABI) between 0.9 and 1.4 were followed for the development of PAD (median follow-up = 9.3 years), defined as an ABI ⩽0.9 and decline from baseline ⩾0.15. There were 158 incident PAD events during follow-up. In adjusted logistic regression models, each higher standard deviation of both Lp-PLA2 activity and mass did not confer an increased risk of developing PAD [odds ratios, (95% confidence intervals)]: 0.92 (0.66–1.27) for Lp-PLA2 activity and 1.06 (0.85–1.34) for mass. Additionally, no significant interaction was found according to ethnicity: p=0.43 for Lp-PLA2 activity and p=0.55 for Lp-PLA2 mass. We f...
Nausea and Vomiting Related to Non-esophageal and Non-Gastric Diseases of the Gastrointestinal Tract

Nausea and vomiting related to non-esophageal and gastric diseases of the gastrointestinal tract has a broad differential diagnosis. This can include infectious causes, mechanical obstruction of the small or large intestine, organic gastrointestinal diseases, such as acute pancreatitis, or systemic disorders, including systemic lupus erythematosus and systemic scleroderma. Motility disorders, including enteric dysmotility and chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction, as well as functional GI disorders, such as irritable bowel syndrome, may also commonly present with nausea and vomiting. This chapter will focus on the different causes of nausea and vomiting, their underlying pathogenesis, clinical presentation, and diagnostic possibilities. As nausea and vomiting are commonly encountered in clinical practice, the reader will hopefully gain a framework to conceptualize and organize all of the diagnostic possibilities in the gastrointestinal tract outside of the esophagus and stomach that may lead to these symptoms.
Pediatric idiopathic transverse myelitis presenting as an anterior cord syndrome: a case report.

Objectives Describe the case of an Anterior Cord Syndrome secondary to transverse myelitis. ANTERIOR CORD SYNDROME: Anterior Cord syndrome (ACS) is characterized by a lesion that affects the anterior two thirds of the spinal cord while preserving the posterior columns. TRANSVERSE MYELITIS: Transverse myelitis (TM) is an inflammatory disorder with a heterogeneous pathogenesis affecting the spinal cord at one or more segments, resulting in motor, sensory, and autonomic dysfunction in the absence of a preexisting neurological disease or spinal cord compression. Treatment The patient was treated with methylprednisolone, IV Antibiotics, acyclovir, and inpatient rehabilitation. Rehabilitation The patient significantly improved her function throughout inpatient rehabilitation and was discharged after achieving modified independent level with ambulation and all activities of daily living. The patient also gained independence with an intermittent catheterization program and a nightly bowel program, which included suppository and digital stimulation. Conclusions This case illustrates the first documented pediatric patient with a unique case of Anterior Cord Syndrome caused by idiopathic transverse myelitis.
Biopsychosocial Evaluation of Sexual Dysfunctions

Assessing and treating sexual problems requires an understanding of the biopsychosocial model. This model demonstrates that rarely is there one single factor that will be enough to explain sexual dysfunction in most patients. For effective assessment and treatment it is important to understand the multiple factors that can impact sexual function from the biological or physical, to the psychological, to the religious and sociocultural impacts. This chapter breaks down and summarizes the main components of the biopsychosocial model for assessing sexual dysfunction. It guides the practitioner to the areas that need to be explored to assess and understand the root causes of the sexual dysfunction in patients.
Impact of an electronic sepsis initiative on antibiotic use and health care facility-onset Clostridium difficile infection rates.

Background Although integrated, electronic sepsis screening and treatment protocols are thought to improve patient outcomes, less is known about their unintended consequences. We aimed to determine if the introduction of a sepsis initiative coincided with increases in broad-spectrum antibiotic use and health care facility–onset (HCFO) Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) rates. Methods We used interrupted time series data from a large, tertiary, urban academic medical center including all adult inpatients on 4 medicine wards (June 2011-July 2014). The main exposure was implementation of the sepsis screening program; the main outcomes were the use of broad-spectrum antibiotics (including 3 that were part of an order set designed for the sepsis initiative) and HCFO CDI rates. Segmented regression analyses compared outcomes in 3 time segments: before (11 months), during (14 months), and after (12 months) implementation of a sepsis initiative. Results Antibiotic use and HFCO CDI rates increased during the period of implementation and the period after implementation compared with baseline; these increases were highest in the period after implementation (level change, 50.4 days of therapy per 1,000 patient days for overall antibiotic use and 10.8 HCFO CDIs per 10,000 patient days; P Conclusions The implementation of an electronic sepsis screening and treatment protocol coincided with increased broad-spectrum antibiotic use and HCFO CDIs. Because these protocols are increasingly used, further study of their unintended consequences is warranted.
Efficient MU-MIMO via Switched-beam Antennas

The demand for wireless bandwidth is rising to unprecedented levels. The industry has responded with the inclusion of advanced PHY techniques, most notably multi-user (MU) MIMO, in the most recent WiFi and LTE standards. However, despite the theoretical promise for large multiplexing gains, in practice the rate gains are modest due to a combination of large overhead to collect channel state information and not-so-well-conditioned channel matrices. In this paper we propose to replace omni-directional antennas with inexpensive switched-beam antennas to produce well-conditioned channel matrices for MU-MIMO purposes with very low overhead. Remarkably, experimental results with both software defined radios and commercial WiFi chipsets show that, when appropriate antenna modes are used, this leads to a 3.5x-5x average throughput improvement in indoor environments. What is more, our backward compatible protocol extension coupled with an efficient algorithm to select appropriate antenna modes, achieve the aforementioned gains with almost zero overhead.
Neoliberal eclipse: Donald Trump, corporate monopolism, and the changing face of work

At the core of his political rhetoric, Donald Trump speaks about work: the experience of laboring, the agonies of the labor market, and the future of employment. This article considers how the anthropology of work can contribute to an analysis of the political moment. Many commentators, including Trump himself, have interpreted a vote for Trump as an act of labor nostalgia, a gesture of yearning for an industrial past. Such commentary describes Trump voters by describing the jobs that many of them once did—manufacturing jobs. But what if, instead, we considered the jobs that many Trump voters now do, that is, service jobs? What if Trump’s discourse, with its themes of domination and submission, offers an incisive response to the intimacies of power as lived by restaurant workers and customer service representatives? Could the election come into focus as an uprising in the service sector? This article takes two steps. First, it engages with literature from sociology and economics in order to point towards a crucial transformation in the US workplace since the 2008 financial crisis: the ascendancy of monopolistic corporations that defy the neoliberal model. Second, the article explores new developments in the service sector by assessing the work experience of Uber drivers. Trump’s rhetoric can be interpreted as a response to the 2008 crisis and the novel modes of service work that the crisis made possible—including Uber. As it faces the political consequences of today’s toil, the anthropology of work gains a new research agenda.
Angiotensin receptor blockade: a novel approach for symptomatic radiation necrosis after stereotactic radiosurgery

Preclinical evidence suggests angiotensin blockade therapy (ABT) decreases late radiation toxicities. This study aims to investigate the association between ABT and symptomatic radiation necrosis (SRN) following stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS). Resected brain metastases (rBM) and arteriovenous malformation (AVM) patients treated with SRS from 2002 to 2015 were identified. Patients in the ABT cohort were on therapy during SRS and at 1-month follow up. Kaplan Meier method and cumulative incidence model were used to analyze overall survival (OS) and intracranial outcomes. 228 consecutive patients were treated with SRS: 111 with rBM and 117 with AVM. Overall, 51 (22.4%) patients were in the ABT group: 32 (28.8%) in the rBM and 19 (16.2%) in AVM cohorts. Baseline characteristics were similar, except for higher Graded Prognostic Analysis (3–4) in the rBM (ABT: 25.0% vs. non-ABT: 49.0%, p = 0.033) and median age in the AVM (ABT: 51.4 vs. non-ABT: 35.4, p < 0.001) cohorts. In both populations, OS and intracranial efficacy (rBM—local control; AVM—obliteration rates) were statistically similar between the cohorts. ABT was associated with lower 1-year SRN rates in both populations: rBM, 3.1 versus 25.3% (p = 0.003); AVM, 6.7 vs. 14.6% (p = 0.063). On multivariate analysis, ABT was a significant predictive factor for rBM (HR: 0.17; 95% CI 0.03–0.88, p = 0.035), but did not reach statistical significance for AVM (HR: 0.36; 95% CI 0.09–1.52, p = 0.165). ABT use appears to be associated with a reduced risk of SRN following SRS, without detriment to OS or intracranial efficacy. A prospective trial to validate these findings is warranted.
I, You, or He: Examining the Impact of Point of View on Narrative Persuasion

Narratives can be used to persuade individuals to change their attitudes and behaviors, and can be especially effective is in changing attitudes toward individuals that are stigmatized or otherwise labeled as outgroup members. One feature that can influence a story’s persuasive effectiveness is the story’s point of view (POV). This study experimentally investigated the relative impacts of 1st-, 2nd-, and 3rd-person POVs on attitudes toward, and beliefs about, gay people. Results showed that participants who read the 3rd-person story had significantly more positive attitudes toward gay people than those who read the 1st-person story. In all cases, POV appeared to have no impact upon narrative transportation or identification.
Oxidatively Damaged Mitochondrial DNA Induces Inflammation in Lung Epithelial Cells

Pulmonary epithelial cells are key effectors and targets in the pathogenesis of inflammatory lung diseases such as asthma, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, among others. Oxidative stress has been implicated at the earliest step in development of lung inflammation, but the molecular mechanisms of how oxidative injury to epithelial cells develops inflammatory response remain unclear. While investigating the mechanisms responsible for activating inflammation in response to prolonged, low-level oxidative stress, we identified a role for an active and selective cellular extrusion of damaged mitochondrial DNA, that did not affect cellular viability. Selective release of damaged mitochondrial DNA, first into the cytoplasm where it binds to intracellular DNA sensor and subsequently into the extracellular space, triggers autocrine and paracrine modes of the inflammatory response. In vivo, intratracheal administration of the isolated mtDNA induces production of pro-inflammatory mediators in lungs of naive mice without tissue injury. Extrusion of mtDNA also occurs in vivo into the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of mice subjected to cigarette smoke injury. We proposed that inflammation triggered by mtDNA-specific damage contribute to development of inflammatory lung diseases.
Energy compensation after sprint- and high-intensity interval training.

Background Many individuals lose less weight than expected in response to exercise interventions when considering the increased energy expenditure of exercise (ExEE). This is due to energy compensation in response to ExEE, which may include increases in energy intake (EI) and decreases in non-exercise physical activity (NEPA). We examined the degree of energy compensation in healthy young men and women in response to interval training. Methods Data were examined from a prior study in which 24 participants (mean age, BMI, & VO2max = 28 yrs, 27.7 kg•m-2, and 32 mL∙kg-1∙min-1) completed either 4 weeks of sprint-interval training or high-intensity interval training. Energy compensation was calculated from changes in body composition (air displacement plethysmography) and exercise energy expenditure was calculated from mean heart rate based on the heart rate-VO2 relationship. Differences between high (≥ 100%) and low (< 100%) levels of energy compensation were assessed. Linear regressions were utilized to determine associations between energy compensation and ΔVO2max, ΔEI, ΔNEPA, and Δresting metabolic rate. Results Very large individual differences in energy compensation were noted. In comparison to individuals with low levels of compensation, individuals with high levels of energy compensation gained fat mass, lost fat-free mass, and had lower change scores for VO2max and NEPA. Linear regression results indicated that lower levels of energy compensation were associated with increases in ΔVO2max (p < 0.001) and ΔNEPA (p < 0.001). Conclusions Considerable variation exists in response to short-term, low dose interval training. In agreement with prior work, increases in ΔVO2max and ΔNEPA were associated with lower energy compensation. Future studies should focus on identifying if a dose-response relationship for energy compensation exists in response to interval training, and what underlying mechanisms and participant traits contribute to the large variation between individuals.
Parent perceptions of dentists' role in HPV vaccination.

Abstract Introduction Offering HPV vaccine in settings beyond the traditional medical home holds promise for increasing the currently low levels of coverage. As adolescents frequently visit dentists, dental practices may be one such alternative vaccination setting. This study assessed parent attitudes about the roles dental providers could play in HPV prevention, including vaccine provision. Methods In September 2016, we conducted an online survey using a national sample ( n = 1209) of U.S. parents of adolescent children aged 11–17. Adolescents’ mean age was 14; 53% were male and 62% were non-Hispanic white. We identified correlates of parents’ comfort with dentists as HPV vaccinators using multivariable logistic regression. Results Overall, 23% of parents reported that they would feel comfortable with their child receiving HPV vaccine from a dentist. In multivariable analyses, parents had greater odds of being comfortable if they had higher trust in their child’s primary care provider (OR = 1.27, 95% CI: 0.96–1.68) and lower odds if their child was female (OR = 0.65, 95% CI: 0.50–0.86). Convenience (20%) and oral health expertise (20%) were the most commonly cited benefits of dentists administering the vaccine. Wanting their child’s regular provider to administer and track vaccinations (61% and 58%, respectively), and lack of insurance coverage (30%) were the most commonly cited concerns. Parents expressed somewhat greater comfort with roles dentists might play in promoting HPV vaccination other than vaccine delivery, such as providing education. Conclusions Parents in this sample had low comfort with dentists as HPV vaccinators. Findings from this study highlight potential concerns to be addressed before dental practices consider offering HPV vaccination in the future. Further research should assess dentists’ perspectives and explore alternative roles for dental providers in HPV prevention efforts.
Impact of Serum Phosphate in Mechanically Ventilated Patients With Severe Sepsis and Septic Shock.

Background:Hypo- and hyperphosphatemia are common in severe sepsis and septic shock. Published outcome data in patients with phosphate derangements primarily focus on hypophosphatemia and the gener...
Technology Without Modern Science

Our species, in addition to exhibiting many other remarkable attributes, particularly the capacity to develop very complex languages and social systems, is a maker of tools and a designer of systems of tools. Our primary equipment for this task consists of manual dexterity, stereoscopic vision, sufficient intelligence to carry through a degree of logical reasoning, sufficient patience to become involved in trial and error enterprises, well-developed means of communicating with one another, and the ability to transmit a degree of acquired knowledge from one generation to the next. We emerged on the scene with these aptitudes in fairly developed form about fifty thousand years ago and by using them have essentially taken possession of the planet in the intervening period. Our ancestral hominid species possessed some of these aptitudes but none to the degree exhibited by homo sapiens. Some time in the next century we could, if we chose, take possession of the solar system. That, however, will depend upon social, psychological and economic factors.
USE OF THE GOLDEN SYRIAN HAMSTER IN THE STUDY OF SCRAPIE VIRUS

Various considerations may guide the choice of an animal species in which to study scrapie virus infection. The use of larger animals, for example, may be required for ease of surgical manipulation, or the examination of small organs or body fluids such as blood and cerebrospinal fluid. Characteristics of immunologic development, or biologic closeness to man, also may be important determinants in the choice of animal. When such considerations are not relevant, however, economy can be the major criterion, and of the many animal species now known to be susceptible to experimental infection by scrapie virus, the golden Syrian hamster offers the greatest economies of space, time, and money. This is obviously true in comparison to studies in primates, sheep and goats, mink, ferrets, cats, or guinea pigs. It is less obvious that the hamster would show an overall economy greater than is possible in the mouse.
Responses of Selected Reactive and Nonreactive Volunteers to Ozone Exposure in High and Low Pollution Seasons

Abstract We measured reactivity to 0.18 ppm ozone (2-hour exposure including heavy exercise and heat stress) in 59 volunteer Los Angeles residents in spring 1986, before the ambient oxidant pollution season. We restudied reactive and non-reactive subgroups, selected on the basis of lung function response, in autumn 1986 (late in high-oxidant season), winter 1987 (low oxidant season), and spring 1987 (1 year after original study). Nonreactors showed little lung function response in any exposure. Reactors showed seasonal variation, with little response in autumn or winter, but a substantial function loss in spring 1987 similar to that in spring 1986. Individual responses ware strongly correlated from spring to spring, but less so in intervening seasons. Reactors showed more allergies, greater airway reactivity to nethacholine, and greater self-reported sensitivity to air pollution than did nonreactors.
A Hands-on Tutorial for Building Agent Models in Soar.

The tutorial provides participants with an understanding of the details of Soar so that they can create simple Soar programs. This is a full-day tutorial, with an emphasis in the morning on understanding the syntax and structure of the architecture (the memories and processes), and an emphasis in the afternoon on agent development. In the morning, participants will learn to run, modify, and debug small demonstration programs that illustrate the various parts of Soar's structure. They will also be introduced to Soar’s editing, debugging, and runtime tools. In the afternoon, we will work on simple agents that interact with a dynamic simulated environment. The students will build their own complete agents that navigate and compete in a simple maze world. The class will culminate with a competition among the agents designed by students.
A-15 COMPOUNDS AND THEIR AMORPHOUS COUNTERPARTS

Publisher Summary A15 compounds are known to favor the occurrence of high temperature superconductivity. The amorphous (or higher disordered) state of A15 compounds can be achieved by one of the following techniques: (1) sputtering or co-evaporation onto substrates that are held at relatively low temperatures, (2) by particle irradiation, and (3) by ion mixing. The A15 phase can be recovered from the amorphous or highly disordered state by appropriate thermal annealing. Comparative study of A15 state may lead to a better understanding of superconductivity in the crystalline and the amorphous phases. The irradiation damage of energetic particles in A15 high transition temperature superconductors such as Nb3Ge and Nb3Sn can result in a highly disordered state, which is characterized by a variety of structural defects. Many high transition temperature A15 superconductors such as Nb3Ge and Nb3Sn are characterized by a strong electron–phonon coupling.
Fractional Dynamics of Individuals in Complex Networks

The dependence of the behavior of a single individual on the global dynamics of the social network to which it belongs is an open problem in sociology. We demonstrate that for a dynamical network belonging to the Ising universality class this problem can be approached analytically through a subordination procedure. The analysis leads to a linear fractional differential equation of motion for the average trajectory of the individual, whose analytic solution for the probability of changing states is a Mittag-Leffler function. Consequently, the analysis provides a linear description of the average dynamics of an individual, without linearization of the complex network dynamics.
A Place to Play: The (Dis)Abled Embodied Experience for Autistic Children in Online Spaces

Play is the work of children-but access to play is not equal from child to child. Having access to a place to play is a challenge for marginalized children, such as children with disabilities. For autistic children, playing with other children in the physical world may be uncomfortable or even painful. Yet, having practice in the social skills play provides is essential for childhood development. In this ethnographic work, I explore how one community uses the sense of place and the digital embodied experience in a virtual world specifically to give autistic children access to play with their peers. The contribution of this work is twofold. First, I demonstrate how various physical and virtual spaces work together to make play possible. Second, I demonstrate these spaces, though some of them are digital, are no more or less "real" than the physical spaces making up a schoolyard or playground.
Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) Render “Coercion as Subjection” Implausible

Millum and Garnett’s target article (2019) asserts that payment for research participation can be coercive, placing potential research participants in a position in which they have no choice but to...
Data-driven queries between medications and spontaneous preterm birth among 2.5 million pregnancies.

BACKGROUND Our goal was to develop an approach that can systematically identify potential associations between medication prescribed in pregnancy and spontaneous preterm birth (sPTB) by mining large administrative "claims" databases containing hundreds of medications. One such association that we illustrate emerged with antiviral medications used for herpes treatment. METHODS IBM MarketScan® databases (2007-2016) were used. A pregnancy cohort was established using International Classification of Diseases (ICD-9/10) codes. Multiple hypothesis testing and the Benjamini-Hochberg procedure that limited false discovery rate at 5% revealed, among 863 medications, five that showed odds ratios (ORs) <1. The statistically strongest was an association between antivirals and sPTB that we illustrate as a real example of our approach, specifically for treatment of genital herpes (GH). Three groups of women were identified based on diagnosis of GH and treatment during the first 36 weeks of pregnancy: (a) GH without treatment; (b) GH treated with antivirals; (c) no GH or treatment. RESULTS We identified 2,538,255 deliveries. 0.98% women had a diagnosis of GH. Among them, 60.0% received antiviral treatment. Women with treated GH had OR < 1, (OR [95% CI] = 0.91 [0.85, 0.98]). In contrast, women with untreated GH had a small increased risk of sPTB (OR [95% CI] =1.22 [1.14, 1.32]). CONCLUSIONS Data-driven approaches can effectively generate new hypotheses on associations between medications and sPTB. This analysis led us to examine the association with GH treatment. While unknown confounders may impact these findings, our results indicate that women with untreated GH have a modest increased risk of sPTB.
Selection of Optimal Closure Relationships for Multiphase Flow using a Genetic Algorithm

A genetic algorithm is used to help determine the best set of closure relationships to model multiphase flow behavior in pipes. This modeling is typically done through a mechanistic approach that uses conservation equations of mass and momentum. In addition, a set of closure relationships are required to complete the system of equations which are developed based on experimental data. Owing to a large number of possible closures, the size of the search space suffers from a combinatorial explosion problem and subject matter experts are often used to select the best solution. This paper presents a genetic algorithm, implemented in R, that is used to automate the process. Preliminary results show that it has the ability to select combinations as good as or better than those of a human expert in a reasonable amount of time.
The Infant Simulator Paradigm with Non-Parents: Attitudes, Physiology, and Observed Caregiving

This study aimed to identify factors, namely adult attachment and childhood parenting experiences, to investigate individual differences in parenting behavior using an infant simulator paradigm. One hundred and eighteen college-aged females completed questionnaires about adult attachment, how their parents responded to negative emotions, and attitudes about infant crying. Participants then interacted with a distressed infant simulator, while their behavior with the simulator and physiology were recorded. Attachment avoidance was associated with less infant-oriented beliefs and more parent-oriented beliefs about infant crying. Adult attachment avoidance was also associated with greater physiological reactivity during the task, more physiological regulation, and increased caregiving behaviors. Attachment anxiety was related to a decrease in heart rate during the task. Remembered nonsupportive parental reactions were associated with more parent-oriented beliefs about infant crying as well as more caregiving during the task. However, caregiving quality was not related to any variables of interest in the study. Implications addressing potential intervention programs using the infant simulator and targeting at-risk populations to understand individual differences in parenting are discussed.
Swine Disease Models for Optimal Vascular Engineering

Swine disease models are essential for mimicry of human metabolic and vascular pathophysiology, thereby enabling high-fidelity translation to human medicine. The worldwide epidemic of obesity, meta...
Correction to: Genetic diversity and evolutionary history of Korean isolates of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus from 2013-2016.

Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) is caused by SFTS virus (SFTSV). Although SFTS originated in China, it is an emerging infectious disease with prevalence confirmed in Japan, Korea, and Vietnam. The full-length genomes of 51 Korean SFTSV isolates from 2013 to 2016 were sequenced, and the sequences were deposited into a public database (GenBank) and analyzed to elucidate the phylogeny and evolution of the virus. Although most of the Korean SFTSV isolates were closely related to previously reported Japanese isolates, some were closely related to previously reported Chinese isolates. We identified one Korean strain that appears to have resulted from multiple inter-lineage reassortments. Several nucleotide and amino acid variations specific to the Korean isolates were identified. Future studies should focus on how these variations affect virus pathogenicity and evolution.
The Evolving Impact of COVID-19 on Medical Student Orthopedic Education: Perspectives From Medical Students in Different Phases of the Curriculum.

Introduction:The world-wide lockdown caused by Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has upended the trajectories of lives everywhere. The medical profession has been on the front lines of this rapid...
Etiology of community-acquired pneumonia in adults: a systematic review

The etiology of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) has evolved since the beginning of the antibiotic era. Recent guidelines encourage immediate empiric antibiotic treatment once a diagnosis of CAP is made. Concerns about treatment recommendations, on the one hand, and antibiotic stewardship, on the other, motivated this review of the medical literature on the etiology of CAP. We conducted a systematic review of English-language literature on the etiology of CAP using methods defined by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. We searched PubMed using a combination of the keywords ‘pneumonia’, ‘CAP’, ‘etiology’, ‘microbiology’, ‘bacteriology’, and ‘pathogen’. We examined articles on antibiotics that were develop to treat pneumonia. We reviewed all ‘related articles’ as well as studies referenced by those that came up in the search. After we excluded articles that did not give sufficient microbiological data or failed to meet other predetermined criteria, 146 studies remained. Data were stratified into diagnostic categories according to the microbiologic studies that were done; results are presented as the percentage in each category of all cases in which an etiology was established. Streptococcus pneumoniae remains the most common cause of CAP although declining in incidence; this decline has been greater in the US than elsewhere. Haemophilus influenzae is the second most common cause of CAP, followed by Staphylococcus aureus and Gram negative bacilli. The incidence of all bacteria as causes of CAP has declined because, with routine use of PCR for viruses, the denominator, cases with an established etiology, has increased. Viruses were reported on average in about 10% of cases, but recent PCR-based studies identified a respiratory virus in about 30% of cases of CAP, with substantial rates of viral/bacterial coinfection. The results of this study justify current guidelines for initial empiric treatment of CAP. With pneumococcus and Haemophilus continuing to predominate, efforts at antibiotic stewardship might be enhanced by greater attention to the routine use of sputum Gram stain and culture. Because viral/bacterial coinfection is relatively common, the identification of a virus by PCR does not, by itself, allow for discontinuation of the antibiotic therapy.