cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sterile needles and the epidemic of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: issues for drug abuse treatment and public health.

The debate over the provision of sterile injection equipment to intravenous drug users, as a means of preventing the spread of the AIDS epidemic, has a number of political, ethical, and clinical implications. The issue has in some respects been inappropriately dichotomized as a conflict between public health agendas and the traditional priorities of drug treatment. The relevant issues include: (1) the existence of evidence for needle-sharing as a route of transmission of human immunodeficiency virus among intravenous drug users; (2) the role of needle scarcity as a factor promoting needle-sharing behavior, and evidence for the ability of drug users to change such behavior; (3) the possibility of increased needle availability leading to increased prevalence of intravenous drug abuse; (4) the possibility that the provision of sterile needles would compromise treatment efforts among drug abusers currently or potentially engaged in the treatment system. These issues are discussed in light of relevant existing...
Uptake of exogenous human papilloma virus L1 DNA by oocytes and detection by the polymerase chain reaction

The purpose of this study was to determine if oocytes were capable of taking up exogenous DNA such as human papillomaviral (HPV) DNA and evaluate the zona pellucida as a barrier to the entry of foreign DNA into the oocyte.
Photodissociation Spectra for Size-Selected Sr + (CH3OH)n and Sr + (CH3OD)n Clusters †

This study presents photodissociation data on the mass-selected clusters Sr + (CH 3 OH) n and Sr + (CH 3 OD) n , n = 1-4, in the wavelength range from 310 to 1500 nm. The parent ion clusters exhibit loss of hydrogen atoms by C-H bond cleavage in their ground electronic states, a channel that increases in magnitude with increasing cluster size. Electronic states of clusters based on excitation of metal-centered d, p ← s transitions are observed. The cluster spectra exhibit a size-dependent red shift that is consistent with increased metal-ligand repulsion with increasing size. The clusters decay by solvent evaporation, methyl radical loss to form the metal hydroxide cation, and loss of oxygen-bound hydrogen atoms to form the metal methoxide cation, SrOCH 3 +.
Tuning the MoS2 Edge-Site Activity for Hydrogen Evolution via Support Interactions

The hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) on supported MoS2 catalysts is investigated using periodic density functional theory, employing the new BEEF-vdW functional that explicitly takes long-range van der Waals (vdW) forces into account. We find that the support interactions involving vdW forces leads to significant changes in the hydrogen binding energy, resulting in several orders of magnitude difference in HER activity. It is generally seen for the Mo-edge that strong adhesion of the catalyst onto the support leads to weakening in the hydrogen binding. This presents a way to optimally tune the hydrogen binding on MoS2 and explains the lower than expected exchange current densities of supported MoS2 in electrochemical H2 evolution studies.
Adsorption Behavior of Bifunctional Molecules on Ge(100)-2 × 1: Comparison of Mercaptoethanol and Mercaptamine

The adsorption behavior of mercaptamine and mercaptoethanol at the Ge(100)-2 × 1 surface has been studied under ultrahigh vacuum conditions to elucidate the effect of a second functional group on selective attachment of bifunctional molecules with one common and one distinct functional group. Mercaptamine and meraptoethanol each consist of a thiol group separated by a two-carbon alkyl chain from amine and hydroxyl groups, respectively. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy and density functional theory results show that both mercaptamine and mercaptoethanol adsorb on Ge(100)-2 × 1 via S−H dissociation, with no S dative bonding observed. Whereas all mercaptoethanol adducts also react via O−H dissociation, most mercaptamine adducts do not undergo N−H dissociation. Rather, the major product of mercaptamine adsorption has a free amine group; the S−H dissociated, N dative-bonded adducts and dual S−H, N−H dissociated adducts comprise minor products. The results elucidate the importance of each...
Commentary on: What do patients want? Technical quality versus functional quality: a literature review for plastic surgeons.

Ms Smith, your patient of many years, is beaming as you walk into the examination room. After a brief exchange of pleasantries, she seamlessly transitions into a request for removal of some obviously benign skin lesions. As she talks, you struggle to listen, mesmerized by the bizarre face addressing you. A lateral sweep, tethered ear lobes, inexplicable scar placement, and malpositioned fat grafts seem to be only the start. “Oh, you’ve noticed I finally got that face-lift we’ve been discussing for years,” she exclaims through plethoric, distorted lips. “Isn’t it great?” She drones about the work of her “cosmetic surgeon, Dr Wannabee,” how nice the staff was, and the great price she was given (“Thousands less than you quoted me!”). You know that, in actuality, Dr Wannabee is not certified by any legitimate board, didn’t even finish residency (a nonsurgical one, at that), and operates in a noncertified office facility. Through the years, you have seen many poor results from Dr Wannabee, yet the practice seems to prosper, at least as evidenced by a perpetual barrage of advertising. Disappointed, you ask yourself why Ms Smith made what, to you, is such a poor choice, why she is seemingly happy with clearly inferior results, and—most personally distressing—why she did not select you to do her face-lift. Dr Fiala’s excellent article, “What Do Patients Want? Technical Quality Versus Functional Quality—A Literature Review for Plastic Surgeons,” provides us with keen insights into the potential origins of such a scenario.1 As surgeons, we have striven for years to develop, refine, and perfect our technical quality (TQ). However, as the author clearly illustrates, patients are generally poorly equipped to judge TQ. This is not particularly surprising, given that even highly skilled and experienced aesthetic surgeons may not always agree on TQ measures like aesthetic …
Differential Electrochemical Mass Spectrometer Cell Design for Online Quantification of Products Produced during Electrochemical Reduction of CO

The discovery of electrocatalysts that can efficiently reduce CO2 to fuels with high selectivity is a subject of contemporary interest. Currently, the available analytical methods for characterizing the products of CO2 reduction require tens of hours to obtain the dependence of product distribution on applied potential. As a consequence, there is a need to develop novel analytical approaches that can reduce this analysis time down to about an hour. We report here the design, construction, and operation of a novel differential electrochemical mass spectrometer (DEMS) cell geometry that enables the partial current densities of volatile electrochemical reaction products to be quantified in real time. The capabilities of the novel DEMS cell design are demonstrated by carrying out the electrochemical reduction of CO2 over polycrystalline copper. The reaction products are quantified in real time as a function of the applied potential during linear sweep voltammetry, enabling the product spectrum produced by a given electrocatalyst to be determined as a function of applied potential on a time scale of roughly 1 h.
The communicative process of resilience for marginalized family members

This study aims to understand how people living at the edge of their familial group as marginalized members (i.e., “black sheep”) enact resilience. Inductive analysis of interviews with 30 marginal...
Predictive modeling of respiratory tumor motion for real-time prediction of baseline shifts.

Baseline shifts in respiratory patterns can result in significant spatiotemporal changes in patient anatomy (compared to that captured during simulation), in turn, causing geometric and dosimetric errors in the administration of thoracic and abdominal radiotherapy. We propose predictive modeling of the tumor motion trajectories for predicting a baseline shift ahead of its occurrence. The key idea is to use the features of the tumor motion trajectory over a 1 min window, and predict the occurrence of a baseline shift in the 5 s that immediately follow (lookahead window). In this study, we explored a preliminary trend-based analysis with multi-class annotations as well as a more focused binary classification analysis. In both analyses, a number of different inter-fraction and intra-fraction training strategies were studied, both offline as well as online, along with data sufficiency and skew compensation for class imbalances. The performance of different training strategies were compared across multiple machine learning classification algorithms, including nearest neighbor, Naive Bayes, linear discriminant and ensemble Adaboost. The prediction performance is evaluated using metrics such as accuracy, precision, recall and the area under the curve (AUC) for repeater operating characteristics curve. The key results of the trend-based analysis indicate that (i) intra-fraction training strategies achieve highest prediction accuracies (90.5-91.4%); (ii) the predictive modeling yields lowest accuracies (50-60%) when the training data does not include any information from the test patient; (iii) the prediction latencies are as low as a few hundred milliseconds, and thus conducive for real-time prediction. The binary classification performance is promising, indicated by high AUCs (0.96-0.98). It also confirms the utility of prior data from previous patients, and also the necessity of training the classifier on some initial data from the new patient for reasonable prediction performance. The ability to predict a baseline shift with a sufficient look-ahead window will enable clinical systems or even human users to hold the treatment beam in such situations, thereby reducing the probability of serious geometric and dosimetric errors.
The emergency department record

Fifty emergency department records were evaluated against certain criteria developed within the Medical College of Pennsylvania and Hospital. From the criteria, a model record was designed to meet physicians' needs and those of administration within emergency medicine.
Improving Educational Assessment: Multivariate Statistical Methods:

This review presents two case studies that illustrate how multivariate statistical modeling applies to the specific goal of improving educational assessment. The first case study involves the devel...
Impact of center volume and the adoption of laparoscopic donor nephrectomy on outcomes in pediatric kidney transplantation.

Reports for pediatric kidney transplant recipients suggested better outcomes for ODN compared to LDN. Contemporary outcomes stratified by donor type and center volume have not been evaluated in a national dataset. UNOS data (2000-2014) were analyzed for pediatric living donor kidney transplant recipients. The primary outcome was GF; secondary outcomes were DGF, rejection, and patient survival. Live donor nephrectomies for pediatric recipients decreased 30% and transitioned from ODN to LDN. GF rates did not differ for ODN vs LDN (P = .24). GF was lowest at high volume centers (P < .01). Donor operative approach did not contribute to GF. LDN was associated with less rejection than ODN (OR 0.66, CI 0.5-0.87, P < .01). Analysis of the 0- to 5-yr recipient group showed no effect of ODN vs LDN on GF or rejection. For the contemporary era, there was no association between DGF and LDN in the 0- to 5-yr group (OR 1.12, CI 0.67-1.89, P = .67). Outcomes of kidney transplants in pediatric recipients following LDN have improved since its introduction and LDN should be the approach for live donor nephrectomy regardless of recipient age. The association between case volume and improved outcomes highlights future challenges in organ transplantation.
MRI quantification of human fetal O2 delivery rate in the second and third trimesters of pregnancy.

Purpose The purpose of this study was to estimate fetal O2 delivery rate in vivo across a range of gestational ages (GA). Toward this, a calibration equation for T2-based oximetry was derived. Methods Umbilical cord blood of varying hematocrit (Hct) and oxygen saturation (HbO2) levels was prepared and T2 measured using a T2-prepared balanced steady-state free precession (T2-bSSFP) sequence at 1.5T. The relationship between blood R2=1/T2, HbO2 and Hct was established based on the model R2 = (1 − Hct)R2,plasma + Hct R2,RBC + k · Hct · (1 − Hct) · (1 − HbO2)2. Experimental R2, HbO2 and Hct levels were fit to the model yielding values of k, R2,plasma and R2,RBC (R2 of plasma and erythrocytes). Umbilical vein (UV) T2 measured in vivo was then converted to HbO2 yielding, together with blood flow rate (BFR), fetal O2 delivery rate in 22 pregnancies (GA 30±3 weeks). Results Constants derived from the fit (R2 = 0.94) were: k=83.1s−1, R2,plasma = 1.1s−1, R2,RBC = 12.9s−1. R2,RBC and k were found to be larger than those obtained for adult blood, likely due to differences in dominant hemoglobin type. Data suggest that the use of adult blood calibration could entail errors up 10% in fetal blood HbO2. Average UV BFR (89.5±17.2 mL/min/kg), HbO2 (84±7%,) and fetal O2 delivery rate (15.1±3.8 mL O2/min/kg) were independent of GA. Fetal O2 delivery rate agreed well with results obtained with invasive methods at term. Conclusion The present work describes strategies for measuring UV BFR and HbO2 in vivo and estimates fetal O2 delivery rate noninvasively with quantitative MRI during the second and third trimesters of pregnancy.
Nutrigenetics: The Relevance of Polymorphisms

1. Nutrigenetics has been defined as “an integrated framework that simultaneously examines genetics and associated polymorphisms with diet-related diseases” and may lead to a better understanding of how diet may influence cancer risk.
Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: Basics

In this chapter, the basic principles and procedures of proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), with emphasis on clinical and experimental work in humans, are illustrated. An in-depth understanding of the laws of physics and chemistry that make MRS (and MRI) possible is outside the scope.
Linking artifact assemblages to household cycles: An example from the Gibbs site

In this essay, a new quantitative method called time sequence analysis is introduced. The method is used to link artifact distributions to family cycles, allowing reconstruction of consumption dynamics across several generations. Information for the study was recovered from excavations conducted at the Gibbs site, a 19th-century farm near Knoxville, Tennessee. Four generations of the Gibbs family occupied the site between 1792 and 1913. The relationship between household cycles and material consumption is measured statistically with correlation tests using time sequence analysis. The analysis results indicate that, given optimum excavation and documentary contexts, artifact assemblages can be linked directly to successive household cycles.
KINETICS OF THE POTENTIATION OF DNA SYNTHESIS BY “LYMPHOCYTE ACTIVATING FACTOR”

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses mononuclear phagocytes that produce soluble mediators capable of activating lymphocyte responses in vitro nonspecifically. In a study described in the chapter, L-isoproterenol, which activates adenyl cyclase, completely inhibited PHA-stimulated DNA synthesis in non-LAF-containing cultures if added within the first 24 h and, even as late as 32 h, reduced the PHA response by <50%. LAF appears to act on some target event associated with late G1 or the early phase of DNA synthesis in PHA-stimulated cells, possibly an event insensitive to cAMP levels. This behavior seems to be almost a mirror image of that of IDS inhibitor of DNA synthesis, a nonspecific mediator released by suppressor T cells, which has been shown to act by activating adenylate cyclase of PHA-stimulated LNC in late G1.
Photosynthesis and Photo-Stability of Nucleic Acids in Prebiotic Extraterrestrial Environments

Laboratory experiments have shown that the UV photo-irradiation of low-temperature ices of astrophysical interest leads to the formation of organic molecules, including molecules important for biology such as amino acids, quinones, and amphiphiles. When pyrimidine is introduced into these ices, the products of irradiation include the nucleobases uracil, cytosine, and thymine, the informational sub-units of DNA and RNA, as well as some of their isomers. The formation of these compounds, which has been studied both experimentally and theoretically, requires a succession of additions of OH, NH2, and CH3 groups to pyrimidine. Results show that H2O ice plays key roles in the formation of the nucleobases, as an oxidant, as a matrix in which reactions can take place, and as a catalyst that assists proton abstraction from intermediate compounds. As H2O is also the most abundant icy component in most cold astrophysical environments, it probably plays the same roles in space in the formation of biologically relevant compounds. Results also show that although the formation of uracil and cytosine from pyrimidine in ices is fairly straightforward, the formation of thymine is not. This is mostly due to the fact that methylation is a limiting step for its formation, particularly in H2O-rich ices, where methylation must compete with oxidation. The relative inefficiency of the abiotic formation of thymine to that of uracil and cytosine, together with the fact that thymine has not been detected in meteorites, are not inconsistent with the RNA world hypothesis. Indeed, a lack of abiotically produced thymine delivered to the early Earth may have forced the choice for an RNA world, in which only uracil and cytosine are needed, but not thymine.
Dysphagia Requiring Nasogastric Feeding Following Orthognathic Surgery: An Unusual Complication, Case Report, Literature Review, and Recommendations.

Purpose To report on dysphagia following orthognathic surgery, to review the literature on this topic, and to make recommendations for the management of this highly unusual problem. Patients and Methods Two cases of dysphagia requiring nasogastric feeding tubes following two-jaw surgery are presented adding to the two already reported in the English language. Similarities and possible causes are discussed and the management of this entity is proposed. Results Both of our patients required nasogastric feeding tubes be placed to facilitate enteral nutrition. Similar to cases reported in the literature, none of the patients had neurological deficits other than to the second and third division of the trigeminal nerve. All patients recovered the ability to swallow. Conclusions While less than 2% of patients undergoing orthognathic surgery may report difficulty with swallowing following jaw surgery, most will recover in a short period of time. For those with prolonged dysphagia, a neurologic examination, a swallow study, and a nasogastric feeding may be required until normal swallowing returns.
In-situ measurements of strain in soft body armor with FBG sensors during ballistic impacts

The strain on a single FBG sensor, integrated into a single layer of Kevlar mounted behind a Kevlar soft body armor coupon, is measured throughout a ballistic impact event. The strain is collected through high-speed, full-spectral interrogation of the FBG during the event. The use of the wavelength shift and spectral distortion of the FBG provides a description of the strain profile and interaction between the optical fiber and Kevlar fabric. The measurements are correlated to high-speed camera images taken from the rear and side of the armor coupon. In future testing, this information can be applied to identify the sequence of energy dissipation mechanisms enacted within the armor to resist the ballistic impact.
Three-dimensional explicit finite element formulation for shear localization with global tracking of embedded weak discontinuities

Abstract Shear localization is a damage mechanism characterized by the concentration of plastic deformation within thin bands of materials, often observed as a precursor to failure in metals. In this paper, we present a three-dimensional explicit finite element formulation with embedded weak discontinuities for the treatment of shear localization under dynamic loading conditions. In this formulation, the onset of localization is detected via a material stability analysis suitable for rate-sensitive materials, and the continuity of propagating shear bands is ensured using a global tracking strategy involving a heat-conduction type boundary value problem, solved for a scalar level set function over the global domain of the problem. In addition, we propose a modified quadrature rule that is used to compute the contribution of an individual element to the global finite element arrays, taking into account the position of the embedded shear band within that element. The mechanical threshold stress (MTS) model, modified to account for dynamic recrystallization, is adopted as the constitutive model for rate- and temperature-sensitive metallic materials, and the constitutive equations are formulated in a corotational setting. The algorithmic implementation of the integrated finite element framework, including the global tracking strategy, is described in detail. Subsequently, a simple example problem involving shear band formation under uni-axial tension is presented, to illustrate the advantages of the proposed computational framework over conventional finite element techniques, in terms of convergence and mesh insensitivity of their numerical results. In addition, to demonstrate the capabilities of the proposed computational framework in more realistic problems, numerical results are compared to data from split-Hopkinson pressure bar dynamic experiments, conducted on two stainless steel samples with different geometric designs. In each problem presented, we study the effect of the mesh size on the numerical solution, including global results such as the load–displacement response, and local quantities such as material state variables at individual quadrature points. These numerical studies show that the geometry and total volume of the fully-developed embedded shear band are independent of the mesh size.
Defense Against the Dark Arts: Justice Jackson, Justice Kennedy and the No-Compelled-Speech Doctrine

According to Justice Anthony M. Kennedy, “The right to think is the beginning of freedom, and speech must be protected from the government because speech is the beginning of thought." If this is so, and I believe it is, then the greatest threat to freedom, the darkest of the dark arts of government, occurs when the law compels persons to speak and thus commandeers their intellectual autonomy. And only a vibrant First Amendment is an adequate defense against this darkest of the dark arts. The purpose of this Article is to trace the Supreme Court's First Amendment jurisprudence protecting speaker autonomy and the "right not to speak" from its origins in the flag salute cases to the present. In particular, I will focus on two magnificent judicial opinions defending this fundamental free speech right, the majority opinion of Justice Jackson in West Virginia State Bd. Of Educ. v. Barnette, and the concurring opinion of Justice Kennedy in Nat 'I Inst. Of Family & Life Advocates v. Becerra (NIFLA). These two eloquent and powerful opinions are true landmarks of liberty, strong shields against authoritarian government and its tyrannical attempts to coerce ideological orthodoxy by compelling individuals to say things they wish not to say. In Justice Kennedy's case, his concurring opinion in NIFLA was issued near the end of his final Term on the Supreme Court, and thus it represents an exclamation point on his wonderful legacy of protecting freedom of thought and freedom of speech. Although these opinions are separated by seventy-five years, they share a common understanding of the importance of the First Amendment for the protection of intellectual autonomy from authoritarian officials and compelled ideological conformity.
Inclusion of a Visual Servoing Project into an Undergraduate Robotic Course

This paper describes the inclusion of a visual servoing project into an undergraduate robotic course. The robotic platform is a vision-enhanced VEX robot, constructed by integrating the commercially-available VEX robot with the Raspberry PI single-board computer (plus its camera module). This project allows students to go through several key steps in a vision-based control task, including camera calibration, depth recovery, image processing, communication, and basic robot control. Vision-based control, which was once a graduate-level subject, is now exposed to undergraduate students. This project will strengthen students' understanding of relevant topics, expose them to more complex robotic systems, provide them opportunities to program and design in multi-disciplinary areas, and prepare them with a more complete set of knowledge, skills, and hands-on experience to benefit other activities they do at school and beyond. Students' feedback confirms that this project is effective in enhancing their learning. The usage of commercially-available robotic kits & components allows this project to be easily produced at other institutions.
Progress in diagnosis and treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease in children

Gastroesophageal reflux disease(GERD) is a common upper gastrointestinal tract dysfunctional disease in paediatrics, which has specifical clinical manifestations due to reflux. GERD can be diagnosed by clinical symptoms associated with related examinations. The treatment of GERD involves general treatment,medication, surgery. Proton pump inhibitor is the most frequently used drug. Key words: Gastroesophageal reflux disease; Proton pump inhibitor; Diagnosis; Treatment
The Forever Exponential? Moore's Law: Past, Present and Future

Moore's Law has governed the semiconductor industry for over five decades and the resulting technologies have fundamentally changed the world. How has Moore's law evolved historically and what is its future? Gordon Moore himself said that “No exponential is forever,” but innovation has kept it going far longer than many had prognosticated. While the number of components on a chip has increased steadily over this time horizon, the way in which this has been achieved has evolved many times. Bipolar transistors gave way to MOS transistors, planar transistors to FinFETs, aluminum wires to copper wires. What does the future of Moore's Law hold? What innovations will power it over the next decade and beyond? Topics to be discussed include transistor scaling, interconnect scaling and heterogeneous integration.
Leftover narcotic analgesics among emergency department patients and methods of disposal

Objective Given the increase in narcotic addiction and diversion, understanding how patients use their opioid prescriptions and store or dispose of any remainders is important. We set out to determine the frequency in which patients had leftover opioid quantities from prescriptions received in the emergency department (ED). In addition, we sought to describe patients' reasons for taking or not taking all of their prescribed medications and their strategies to manage and/or dispose of any excess or leftovers. Methods This cross-sectional study took place at an academic center in an urban environment in mid-Missouri with an annual emergency department volume of 55,000 patients. Potential participants were identified using a patient discharge prescription log and consisted of adult patients who received opioid prescriptions. A single researcher recruited participants via phone and invited them to participate in the study by completing a short phone survey. Results The discharge log included 301 patient encounters; of those, 170 potential participants were successfully contacted by phone and 89 agreed to participate in the survey. A majority of the participants indicated that they did not take the full prescription amount. Only 4.1% of participants disposed of their leftover opioids according to U.S. Food and Drug Administration recommendations. Those who did not dispose of their leftover opioids most frequently stored their remaining medication in a medicine cabinet or box, and a majority (77%) indicated that this storage location was unlocked. Conclusions A majority of patients discharged from the emergency department have leftover opioids, and almost all of these leftover medications were not disposed of or stored in compliance with US Food and Drug Administration recommendations. Future research to determine what interventions could increase proper storage and disposal of leftover opioids is recommended.
P107 Grocery Goes Online: Food Marketing in the Digital Age

Background USDA allows SNAP participants in select states to purchase groceries online. As grocery sales migrate online, marketing may also migrate, influencing shoppers’ purchases. Objective To identify marketing strategies that online retailers employ, and assess the healthfulness of groceries they promote. Study Design, Setting, Partiicpants We assessed the promotional, pricing, placement, and delivery practices of 6 retailers in the Washington, DC area between February and April 2019. Promotions: On retailers’ home and 5 search results pages, we recorded promotions for food and beverages. One month later, we recorded emails with food and beverage promotions. After ordering, we also noted targeted promotions on the homepage linked to previous purchases or address. For each, we saved a screenshot, noting whether the product was produce, a sugar-sweetened beverage, or a salty/sweet snack. Price: We collected base and price promotion data for unhealthy and healthy market baskets using USDA's Foods Typically Purchased by SNAP Households. Placement: From the same USDA resource, we developed a list of staple items with healthy and less-healthy versions. We recorded top search results for these items, saving a screenshot to later analyze the placement of healthy items. Delivery: We adapted the SNAP-Ed Communities of Excellence in Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Obesity Prevention (CX3) Toolkit to assess quality of produce delivered. Measurable Outcome/Analysis Promotions: We assessed nutritional quality of homepage, search page, email, and targeted promotions using the National Alliance for Nutrition and Activity Vending Standards. Price: We calculated the percentage discount for healthy products and compared to the discount for unhealthy products. Placement: We assessed the nutritional quality of products featured prominently in search results. Delivery: We used the CX3 Toolkit to assess produce firmness, freshness, and color. Results A majority of homepage, search page, email, and targeted promotions were unhealthy. Price data is inconclusive. A majority of items featured prominently in search results for staple foods were unhealthy. Produce quality was typically good. Conclusions Retailers should promote, competitively price, and prominently place healthy items online.
Surgical Management of Small Bowel Lymphoma

Primary small bowel non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma is a rare disease representing 2% of small intestine malignancies. There is limited data delineating the optimal treatment for these heterogeneous tumors. We aim to examine relationships between different treatment modalities and surgical outcomes in patients with small bowel lymphoma. Patients diagnosed with stage I–III small bowel lymphoma in 2004–2015 who underwent surgery were identified in the National Cancer Database. Two cohorts were created based on systemic chemotherapy treatment status. The primary outcome was overall survival. An adjusted Cox proportional hazards model was used to evaluate the impact of treatment strategy on survival. 2283 patients met inclusion criteria Of these patients, 826 patients (36%) underwent surgical resection alone, and 1457 patients (64%) underwent resection with systemic chemotherapy. Chemotherapy was associated with improved overall survival in unadjusted (5-year overall survival, 55% versus 70%) and adjusted analysis (HR 0.54, 95% CI 0.47–0.63, p < 0.001). Patients with small bowel lymphoma have a low five-year overall survival after surgery. Chemotherapy is associated with improved survival, although one third of patients do not receive this therapy. Several other clinical factors are identified that are also associated with overall survival, including histology subtype, margin status, age, and medical comorbidities. This information can help with prognostication and potentially aid in treatment decision-making.
Compliant or Biased? Comparing Central Line Maintenance Bundle Compliance Data Between Unit-based and Non-unit Based Observers in an Academic Hospital

Background Appropriate maintenance of central lines (CL) is important to prevent central line-associated bloodstream infections (CLABSI). Daily assessment of CL maintenance with feedback was instituted as a CLABSI prevention effort. The objective of this study was to determine if observer bias influenced CL maintenance bundle observation compliance data. Methods We developed and implemented a maintenance bundle based on CLABSI prevention guidelines at a 1266-bed academic hospital. Observers were trained to audit CL for compliance with maintenance bundle components, including: alcohol-impregnated disinfection caps on unused CL ports and infusion tubing, dressings clean and dry, no oozing at insertion site greater than the size of a quarter, dressings occlusive and intact, transparent dressing change recorded within 7-day timeframe, and within 48 hours for gauze dressings. Observations were performed by unit based observers and non-unit based nurse observers house-wide. Bundle compliance between unit based observer and non-unit based observer was compared using Mantel-Haenszel chi-square analysis. Results Between 8/1/2018 and 11/1/2019 there were 91,068 CL observations [63,945 (70.2%) by unit-based and 27,123 (29.8%) by non-unit based observers]. Overall, 9,455 (10.4%) CL observations were non-compliant with 1 or more bundle components. 3,019 (3.3%) (14.11%)]. Unit-based observers were less likely to report CL observations that were non-compliant with 1 or more bundle components compared to non-unit based observers [3,808 (6%) vs. 5,647 (20.8%), p Conclusions Observer bias may impact reported compliance from unit-based observations, compared to trained external observer data. Unit-based observers may be less likely to report non-compliance with bundle components. The use of external observers should be considered to reduce potential bias, and increase confidence in the accuracy of compliance data.
Using Patient Voice to Personalize the Opioid Epidemic: An Evaluation of 2 Educational Interventions:

Despite rising opioid fatalities, attitudes remain indifferent toward those with opioid use disorder (OUD). Utilizing patient voice may be one way to move providers to action. We included persons with OUD in 2 educational sessions as an important tool of attitude change. Post-session surveys demonstrate increased compassion, deeper understanding of challenges, and positive change in attitude. Inclusion of patient voice was identified as the most useful feature of both educational sessions. Four themes emerged: value of patient voice; change in attitude; barriers to change; and enhanced provider role. Future educational sessions should include the voice of persons living with OUD.
Reliability Analysis of Vacuum Circuit Breakers with Multiple Failure Modes

The reliability of critical components within large test facilities, such as the Unitary Plan Wind Tunnel, is a paramount concern, due to the significant impact of component failures which result in facility downtime and subsequent schedule increases. Testing is on the critical path of multiple aircraft and spacecraft development projects, therefore, a component failure affects not only the test facility but also many development programs which require testing prior to attaining key milestones in order to stay on schedule. Vacuum circuit breakers, which actuate electrical power during wind tunnel operations, are critical single point of failure components. The breakers have several failure mechanisms and associated repair processes. This paper models the recurrent failure and subsequent maintenance events throughout the operation life of vacuum circuit breakers as a trend renewal process. The power law function is used as the trend function while the Weibull distribution is used as the model’s renewal distribution. The model parameters are estimated using the maximum likelihood method.
The sensitivity of stellar feedback to IMF averaging versus IMF sampling in galaxy formation simulations

Galaxy formation simulations frequently use Initial Mass Function (IMF) averaged feedback prescriptions, where star particles are assumed to represent single stellar populations that fully sample the IMF. This approximation breaks down at high mass resolution, where stochastic variations in stellar populations become important. We discuss various schemes to populate star particles with stellar masses explicitly sampled from the IMF. We use Monte Carlo numerical experiments to examine the ability of the schemes to reproduce an input IMF in an unbiased manner while conserving mass. We present our preferred scheme which can easily be added to pre-existing star formation prescriptions. We then carry out a series of high resolution isolated simulations of dwarf galaxies with supernovae, photoionization and photoelectric heating to compare the differences between using IMF averaged feedback and explicitly sampling the IMF. We find that if supernovae are the only form of feedback, triggering individual supernovae from IMF averaged rates gives identical results to IMF sampling. However, we find that photoionization is more effective at regulating star formation when IMF averaged rates are used, creating more, smaller H II regions than the rare, bright sources produced by IMF sampling. We note that the increased efficiency of the IMF averaged feedback versus IMF sampling is not necessarily a general trend and may be reversed depending on feedback channel, resolution and other details. However, IMF sampling is always the more physically motivated approach. We conservatively suggest that it should be used for star particles less massive than $\sim500\,\mathrm{M_\odot}$.
Confirming Scripture through Eyewitness Testimony (2 Peter 1.19a): Resolving a Crux Interpretum:

Responding to objections raised against the parousia, the author of 2 Peter seeks to defend the validity of Jesus’ return by pointing to the experience of the apostles at the Transfiguration (1.16-...
Basic Introduction to Statistics in Medicine, Part 2: Comparing Data

Background: Comparison of parameters between two or more groups forms the basis of hypothesis testing. Statistical tests (and statistical significance) are designed to report the likelihood the observed results are caused by chance alone, given that the null hypothesis is true. Methods: To demonstrate the concepts described, we utilized the Nationwide Inpatient Sample for patients admitted for emergency general surgery (EGS) and those admitted with non-EGS diagnoses. Depending on the type and distribution of individual variables, appropriate statistical tests were applied. Results: Comparison of numerical variables between two groups is begun with a simple correlation, depicted graphically in a scatterplot, and assessed statistically with either a Pearson or Spearman correlation coefficient. Normality of numerical variables is then assessed and in the case of normality, a t-test is applied when comparing two groups, and an analysis of variance (ANOVA) when comparing three or more groups. For data that are not distributed normally, a Wilcoxon rank sum (Mann-Whitney U) test may be used. For categorical variables, the χ2 test is used, unless cell counts are less than five, in which case the Fisher exact test is used. Importantly, both the ANOVA and χ2 test are used to assess for overall differences between two or more groups. Individual pair comparison tests, as well as adjusting for multiple comparisons must be used to identify differences between two specific groups when there are more than two groups. Conclusion: A basic understanding of statistical significance, and the type and distribution of variables is necessary to select the appropriate statistical test to compare data. Failure to understand these concepts may result in spurious conclusions.
The nature and origins of impactful research in marketing

This article (1) explores the nature and origins of “high impact” (i.e., highly cited) articles in marketing, (2) argues that a major factor is that highly cited articles frequently are the result ...
Recovering the camera parameters from a transformation matrix

The transformation of the three-dimensional coordinates of a point to the two-dimensional coordinates of its image can be expressed compactly as a 4 × 4 homogeneous coordinate transformation matrix in accordance with a particular imaging geometry. The matrix can either be derived analytically from knowledge about the camera and the geometry of image formation, or it can be computed empirically from the coordinates of a small number of three-dimensional points and their corresponding image points. Despite the utility of the matrix in image understanding, motion tracking, and autonomous navigation, very little is understood about the inverse problem of recovering the projection parameters from its coefficients. Previous attempts have produced solutions that require iteration or the solution of a set of simultaneous nonlinear equations. This paper shows how the location and orientation of the camera, as well as the other parameters of the image-formation process can easily be computed from the homogeneous coordinate transformation matrix. The problem is formulated as a simple exercise in constructive geometry and the solution is both noniterative and intuitively understandable.
More Honored in the Breach: A Historical Perspective of the Permeable IRS Prohibition on Campaigning by Churches

Since 1954, there has been a prohibition on certain forms of intervention in political campaigns by entities exempt frOm taxation under section 501(c) (3) of the Internal Revenue Code—including most. churches. This Article provides a historical perspective on the genesis of this prohibition—the 1954 U.S. Senate campaign of its sponsor, Lyndon Baines Johnson, and the involvement of religious entities and other 501 (c) (3) organizations in his political campaign. Although Johnson was not opposed to using churches to advance his own political interests, lie (lid seek to prevent ideological, tax-exempt organizations from funding McCarthyite candidates including his opponent in the Democratic primary, Dudley Dougherty. The illumination of these motivations is done through the extensive use of President Johnson's personal papers and provides a more complete understanding of the contours of the prohibition. Churches are exempt from federal income tax pursuant to the terms of section 501(c) (3) of the Internal Revenue Code, and the regulations promulgated thereunder. The Code provides that such an organization must be organized and operated exclusively for charitable purposes and contains an absolute prohibition specifying that such an organization may "not participate in, or intervene in (including the publishing or distributing of statements), any political campaign on behalf of (or in opposition to) any candidate for public office."1 This Article begins with examples illuminating the current state of affairs and how the prohibition is ignored in spirit and in substance. The Article will then describe the political context for enacting the prohibition in 1954—a change that was single-handedly * Patrick L. CYDaniel is a sharelmkler with the late firm of jenkens & Gilchrist. and an Adjunct Professor at the University of Texas School of Law. The author is grateful for die crintribtnions of Mike Cook, who Patiently listened and commented on the ideas expressed in this ;Ode, and Wendy Lyon and Noe Barrios for their research assist ',ince. I.R.C. § 50 (c) (3) ( 11180). This provision will he generally referred to throughout this Article as "the prohibition."
Identification of an electromagnetic actuator

We apply time-domain system identification techniques to an electromagnetic actuator. This actuator is part of the vibration isolation testbed at the University of Michigan.
Economic Concerns, Beleaguered Corporations, and Women in Corporate Boardrooms

Some say that the Unites States of America is in a recession or even a depression. Large, publicly-held American corporations have struggled in recent months, with many publicly-held corporations losing more than 50% of their market value. Many corporations are reporting impaired or negative earnings and performance numbers, and reports of corporate layoffs, downsizing, and bankruptcies abound. As large corporations are impacted, this has, in turn, impacted smaller businesses that rely on larger corporations as customers, suppliers, producers of inputs, and business partners. Municipalities are also collaterally damaged by corporate struggles, given that floundering corporations often close factories and move to cheaper locations, invest less in local development and non-profit endeavors, and otherwise become less generous corporate citizens. On an individual level, the recent economic challenges faced by large corporations have had dramatic and direct ramifications for many Americans. An overwhelming number of corporate employees have lost their jobs, those who invest in American corporations have experienced huge declines in portfolio values, soon-to-be retirees who are depending on stock investments to fund retirement have had to reconsider the viability of retiring in the short term, and parents who intended to use stock accounts in the near future to fund a child’s college education are considering other alternatives. Corporate financial struggles have become personal financial struggles. Therefore, recent research showing that Fortune 500 corporations that have more women directors achieve, on average, stronger financial performance than corporations without such women leaders should merit close attention. In these difficult financial times, strong corporate performance has particular significance.
Turnover of Phospholipids in an Unsaturated Fatty Acid Auxotroph of Escherichia coli

The membrane phospholipids of an unsaturated fatty acid auxotroph of Escherichia coli were found to undergo turnover. These phospholipids were excreted into the culture medium, and were replaced in the cell with newly synthesized phospholipids. Phospholipids of growing cells supplemented with elaidic acid underwent rapid turnover, while those of cells supplemented with oleate, or cis -vaccenate plus palmitoleate, underwent slow turnover. Starvation for required amino acids stimulated this turnover in the latter two cases. Protein was also lost from growing cells. However, after amino acid starvation this loss ceased while phospholipid turnover continued. Electron micrographs of growing cells indicated that large pieces of membrane-like material were separating from the cell surface. Images