cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
SPONTANEOUS EMISSION IN THE PRESENCE OF A PRESCRIBED CLASSICAL FIELD.

Abstract : The effect on the spectrum of spontaneous emission from a simple physical system of the application of a classical driving field is studied. The physical system consists of an ensemble of two level atoms interacting with a relaxation mechanism. The single Lorentzian line shape characteristic of the power spectrum of spontaneous emission for the undriven case, is split into components by the driving field. This splitting is associated with the establishment of definite phase relations between the corresponding components of the field spectrum. (Author)
Design, fabrication and assembly of a novel electrical and microfluidic I/Os for 3-D chip stack and silicon interposer

A novel chip I/O technology, which enables high-bandwidth signaling, embedded microfluidic cooling and power delivery for high-performance 2.5D (silicon interposer) and 3D integrated circuits is presented. It features annular-shaped fluidic microbumps with 150 μm inner diameter and 210 μm outer diameter and fine-pitch electrical microbumps with 25 μm diameter and 50 μm pitch. Silicon dice with the novel electrical and fluidic I/O interconnections and die-level embedded microfluidic cooling were successfully fabricated and assembled. Following assembly, the measured resistance of a single electrical microbump is 13.50 MΩ ± 1.82 MΩ. Fluidic testing was conducted by pumping DI water into the bonded dice at a flow rate of up to 50 mL. No leakage or pressure drop change occurred during testing, and thus, demonstrating the feasibility of the novel fluidic I/O interconnections. In addition, the impact of the number of power delivery microbumps and die thickness (as a result of embedded microfluidic cooling) on power supply noise is analyzed using a compact physical model.
A Quick Introduction to Tensors

The Introduction gives a brief overview of the modern component-free definition of tensors as multilinear maps, and then uses this definition to answer many of the questions students often have when seeing tensors for the first time. In particular, we discuss the meaning of components and the origin of the tensor transformation law (which is taken as the definition of a tensor in the old-fashioned formulation), as well as the difference between a second rank tensor and a matrix. We also demonstrate how second rank tensors are related to linear operators. We then make these considerations concrete by applying them to the moment of inertia tensor from classical mechanics. The discussion is neither totally complete nor precise but is meant to introduce the main ideas quickly, to give the reader a sense of where the next two chapters are heading.
An effective algorithm for the membership problem for extended regular expressions

By adding the complement operator (¬), extended regular expressions (ERE) can encode regular languages non-elementarily more succinctly than regular expressions. The ERE membership problem asks whether a word w of size n belongs to the language of an ERE R of size m. Unfortunately, the best known membership algorithms are either non-elementary in m or otherwise require space Ω(n2) and time Ω(n3); since in many practical applications n can be very large, these space and time requirements could be prohibitive. In this paper we present an ERE membership algorithm that runs in space O(nċ (log n+m) ċ2m) and time O(n2 ċ (log n + m) ċ 2m)ċ The presented algorithm outperforms the best known algorithms when n is exponentially larger than m.
Use of a Mesoscale Model to Forecast Severe Weather Associated with a Cold Front Aloft

Abstract A forecast of severe weather and the potential for tornadoes associated with a cyclone that developed in the lee of the Rocky Mountains on 19–21 June 2000 is evaluated. The forecasting methods used by the National Weather Service for this case, which focused on the position of a surface trough and the location of favorable quasigeostrophic jet dynamics, poorly predicted the extent and location of the severe weather. Application of a conceptual model for cyclones east of the Rockies, which highlights the importance of cold fronts aloft (CFA), shows that a CFA was an important trigger to convection in the 19–21 June 2000 cyclone. A simple forecasting method is demonstrated that emphasizes the importance of lifting for cases that involve CFA. This method is applied to the 19–21 June 2000 cyclone and is found to improve greatly the determination of where severe weather occurred.
gD-Independent Superinfection Exclusion of Alphaherpesviruses

ABSTRACT Many viruses have the capacity to prevent a cell from being infected by a second virus, often termed superinfection exclusion. Alphaherpesviruses, including the human pathogen herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) and the animal herpesvirus pseudorabies virus (PRV), encode a membrane-bound glycoprotein, gD, that can interfere with subsequent virion entry. We sought to characterize the timing and mechanism of superinfection exclusion during HSV-1 and PRV infection. To this end, we utilized recombinant viruses expressing fluorescent protein (FP) markers of infection that allowed the visualization of viral infections by microscopy and flow cytometry as well as the differentiation of viral progeny. Our results demonstrated the majority of HSV-1- and PRV-infected cells establish superinfection exclusion by 2 h postinfection. The modification of viral infections by virion inactivation and phosphonoacetic acid, cycloheximide, and actinomycin D treatments indicated new protein synthesis is needed to establish superinfection exclusion. Primary infection with gene deletion PRV recombinants identified that new gD expression is not required to establish superinfection exclusion of a secondary viral inoculum. We also identified the timing of coinfection events during axon-to-cell spread, with most occurring within a 2-h window, suggesting a role for cellular superinfection exclusion during neuroinvasive spread of infection. In summary, we have characterized a gD-independent mechanism of superinfection exclusion established by two members of the alphaherpesvirus family and identified a potential role of exclusion during the pathogenic spread of infection. IMPORTANCE Superinfection exclusion is a widely observed phenomenon initiated by a primary viral infection to prevent further viruses from infecting the same cell. The capacity for alphaherpesviruses to infect the same cell impacts rates of interviral recombination and disease. Interviral recombination allows genome diversification, facilitating the development of resistance to antiviral therapeutics and evasion of vaccine-mediated immune responses. Our results demonstrate superinfection exclusion occurs early, through a gD-independent process, and is important in the directed spread of infection. Identifying when and where in an infected host viral genomes are more likely to coinfect the same cell and generate viral recombinants will enhance the development of effective antiviral therapies and interventions.
Health Insurance and Federalism-in-Fact

The constitutional legitimacy of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (“ACA”) received substantial attention. Less examined has been the legislation’s sub-constitutional effect on the regulatory power that states can and might exercise. Regarding a state's ability to promulgate "sickness rules," (those legal rules pertaining to the conditions or treatment an insurance policy covers) and "non-sickness" rules (those legal rules pertaining to insurance other than sickness rules), we scrutinize the ACA itself and contrast it with the other most significant statute governing private health insurance, the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (“ERISA”). The authors would like to thank the participants at the 2012 "Employee Benefits in an Era of Retrenchment" conference at Washington University for their comments and criticism.
On discontinuities of thermal, electric and diffusion fluxes at interfaces of different materials

Abstract At an interface of two materials that possess different thermal conductivities, the normal to the interface component of heat flux is continuous; however, the parallel to the interface components are generally discontinuous. This change of the flux direction is expressed in terms of discontinuities of the conductivities, in the general case of anisotropic conductivities. For electric current fluxes and diffusion fluxes, the same analysis applies. Note that in certain cases, boundary conditions at the interface may have to be formulated in such a way so as to account for “partial trapping” of the flux at the interface.
Identification of small for gestational age by population-based and customized growth charts in newborns of obese and normal-weight primiparous women

AbstractObjective: Our hypothesis was that newborns of obese mothers would be more likely to be classified as small for gestational age (SGA) by their customized growth curves than by the standard growth curves when compared to newborns of normal-weight mothers.Methods: This is a retrospective cohort of primiparous patients delivering between 1 July 2008 and 30 June 2012. Normal-weight was defined as BMI ≤25 kg/m2 and obese as BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2. Infant birth-weight was characterized as SGA or non-SGA from the Lubchenco curve, the Fenton Preterm Growth Chart, and the customized growth curve.Results: Infants were more likely to be classified as SGA on the customized curve compared with Lubchenco curve. Odds ratio was 2.8 (CI: 1.7–4.4; p = 0.001) for obese women and was 2.9 (CI: 1.7–5.1; p < 0.001) for normal-weight women. Infants were also more likely to be classified as SGA based on the customized curve compared with the Fenton Preterm Growth Curve. The odds ratio was 2.3 (CI: 1.4–3.8; p = 0.001) for obese wo...
Microcytosis associated with sickle cell anemia.

Sickle cell (Hb SS) anemia is considered a normochromic-normocytic hemolytic disorder. In 53 patients with Hb SS (mean reticulocyte values 16.8%), the authors observed that mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) was 29.8 ± 2.4 μμ g and mean corpuscular volume (MCV) was 88.1 ± 6.8 cu μ m. In contrast, patients in a comparable hemolytic- disease group unrelated to hemoglobinopathies (mean reticulocyte count = 15.7%) had a higher MCH (33.0 ± 1.8 μμ g) and larger MCV (97 ± 5.3 cu μ m). These data indicate that Hb SS disease is associated with “relative microcytosis,” presumably a consequence of reduced hemoglobin production.
Diels-Alder reactions of allene with benzene and butadiene: concerted, stepwise, and ambimodal transition states.

Multiconfigurational complete active space methods (CASSCF and CASPT2) have been used to investigate the (4 + 2) cycloadditions of allene with butadiene and with benzene. Both concerted and stepwise radical pathways were examined to determine the mechanism of the Diels–Alder reactions with an allene dienophile. Reaction with butadiene occurs via a single ambimodal transition state that can lead to either the concerted or stepwise trajectories along the potential energy surface, while reaction with benzene involves two separate transition states and favors the concerted mechanism relative to the stepwise mechanism via a diradical intermediate.
Experimental leptospira pomona infections in dogs.

a predominant titer for Lept. autumnalis, the agent isolated was shown by agglutinin-absorption procedures to be Lept. pomona. Isolations of Lept. pomona from naturally infected dogs have been few. Several workers, however, have found antibodies present in canine serums during the course of serological surveys for the leptospiroses. Morse et al3 reported a serum titer of 1:1000 for this serotype in a farm dog known to have mingled with and consumed aborted materials and milk from infected cattle. Hamsters
Analysis and Optimal Placement of Particle Dampers Based on Discrete Element Simulation

Particle damper is formed by granular particles enclosed in a container which is attached to or embedded in a vibrating structure. The energy dissipation mechanism of a particle damper is highly nonlinear, and derived from a combination of collision/impact and friction among particles and between particles and the enclosure. Meanwhile, the coupling between particle dampers and the host structure and among multiple dampers further increases the difficulty to analyze the particle damping performance. In this paper, a new coupling method is developed to integrate the continuous host system with multiple particle dampers to analyze the energy transfer between the host structure and the dampers. The discrete element method (DEM) is employed to describe and analyze the particle motion inside each damper, which accurately accounts for various energy dissipation mechanisms of the particle damping system. In order to enhance the computational efficiency, a Verlet table combined with LC method is also used to improve the contact detection since the long time simulation is needed to perform damping analysis under a wide range of frequencies. The damping effect under different arrangements of particle dampers on a clamped-free beam is analyzed, and the results indicate that the optimal positions of dampers not only rely on the mode shape of the system, but also are dependent upon the excitation level.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
The Case for Selecting Cases That Are Deviant or Extreme on the Independent Variable

Qualitative and multimethod scholars face a wide and often confusing array of alternatives for case selection using the results of a prior regression analysis. Methodologists have recommended alternatives including selection of typical cases, deviant cases, extreme cases on the independent variable, extreme cases on the dependent variable, influential cases, most similar cases, most different cases, pathway cases, and randomly sampled cases, among others. Yet this literature leaves it substantially unclear which of these approaches is best for any particular goal. Via statistical modeling and simulation, I argue that the rarely considered approach of selecting cases with extreme values on the main independent variable, as well as the more commonly discussed deviant case design, are the best alternatives for a broad range of discovery-related goals. By contrast, the widely discussed and advocated typical case, extreme-on-Y, and most similar cases approaches to case selection are much less valuable than sch...
Children: Victims or Villains of Armed Conflicts?

Children are no doubt the future of humanity. There is hardly any tradition or culture that does not value children. Children are very vulnerable. They are impressionistic and therefore malleable in the hands of elders. It is therefore true that the advancement of any legal system can be measured by an examination of the protective guarantees provided to vulnerable groups in the society like children. Despite the premium placed on children, the grim reality is that human communities have in history always deployed children in wars and armed conflicts thereby putting them in harm’s way. This was done without a whimper by way of objection or normative prohibition. However in modern times it has come to be perceived as one of the most heinous malady facing humanity. The problem is widespread and despite the convergence of opinion amongst scholars and global policy makers it has refused to disappear. In this work we hope to articulate the state of the malaise, the legal instruments prohibiting it and how international criminal law can help in solving this problem of humanity. This is very significant because unless this problem is solved, the future of humanity is in great jeopardy. This cannot be over emphasized in the face of rising extreme militia groups and belligerency around the world. Indeed the trend of terrorism and suicide bombing wherein these radical groups unconscionably deploy children in Africa, Asia, Middle East. Latin America and other parts of the world makes the work highly imperative. The work is of four parts. Part one will deal with general introduction, part two the basic legal instruments prohibiting child soldiering. Part three will discuss enforcement and remedial measures, while part four will conclude and make some recommendations as to solutions to this problem. It is our view that only a multi-level approach including but not limited to diplomatic interventions, public advocacy, international criminal prosecutions, education and rehabilitation can defeat this monster. We hope in the end that we would have contributed in addressing the problem and finding lasting solutions to the evil of use of children in armed conflicts.
Effect of intravenous folic acid on the cholinesterase activity of the blood and the folic acid blood levels.

Abstract 1.1. The intravenous administration of either 3.75 or 15.0 mg. of folic acid does not alter significantly the plasma or erythrocyte cholinesterase activity in the blood of healthy subjects or of patients ill with cirrhosis, essential hypertension, or pernicious anemia during therapy. 2.2. The administration of these amounts of folic acid produces substantial elevations in the blood levels of folic acid which were at a maximum when first measured one-half to one hour after injection. 3.3. The relationship of these results to changes in erythrocyte and plasma cholinesterase activity observed in patients suffering with pernicious anemia during therapy with folic acid or liver extract is discussed.
Quantifying the effects of tempering on individual phase properties of DP980 steel with nanoindentation

Abstract Tempering treatment is conducted on a commercial dual phase (DP) 980 steel at 250 °C and 400 °C for 60 min each. Ferrite and martensite grains are distinguished using electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) and scanning probe microscopy (SPM), and the martensite volume fractions (MVF) are determined based on the image quality (IQ) map. Indentation tests combined with a newly developed inverse method are used to obtain the individual phase flow properties in each sample. The results show that, i) tempering significantly reduces martensite yield strength, while it slightly reduces the ferrite yield strength; ii) tempering temperature has a more significant influence on the work hardening exponent of ferrite than that of martensite. As a validation, a simple rule-of-mixtures is used to verify the above-predicted individual phase flow stresses with the experimentally obtained overall true stress vs. true strain curves.
Mesoscale Modeling Reveals Hierarchical Looping of Chromatin Fibers Near Gene Regulatory Elements.

While it is well-recognized that chromatin loops play an important role in gene regulation, structural details regarding higher order chromatin loops are only emerging. Here we present a systematic study of restrained chromatin loops ranging from 25 to 427 nucleosomes (fibers of 5–80 Kb DNA in length), mimicking gene elements studied by 3C contact data. We find that hierarchical looping represents a stable configuration that can effectively bring distant regions of the GATA-4 gene together, satisfying connections reported by 3C experiments. Additionally, we find that restrained chromatin fibers larger than 100 nucleosomes (∼20Kb) form closed plectonemes, whereas fibers shorter than 100 nucleosomes form simple hairpin loops. By studying the dependence of loop structures on internal parameters, we show that loop features are sensitive to linker histone concentration, loop length, divalent ions, and DNA linker length. Specifically, increasing loop length, linker histone concentration, and divalent ion concen...
Brief Announcement: The Small World of Curious Beings

We present a strategic model of network creation that satisfies all known theoretically verifiable properties of the small-world phenomenon. We consider a population that is uniformly distributed in a low-dimensional space, and show that in such a society if each individual follows the status of a subset of others by investing attention in order to satisfy curiosity, then small-world properties appear naturally as a side effect.
Sinonasal Extranodal Sinus Histocytosis with Massive Lymphadenopathy Mimicking Malignant Sarcomas

Objectives: Sinus histocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy, aka Rosai-Dorfman disease (RDD) is rare, nonhereditary, benign histiocytic proliferative disorder, usually involving lymph nodes but occasionally occurring in extranodal sites. We report 2 cases where initial mass morphology resembled malignant sarcomas. Immunohistochemistry was useful to determine the nature of masses. These two rare sinonasal presentations …
Fertility-Sparing Options for Early Cervical Cancer: Optimism for Oncologic and Obstetric Outcomes

Purpose of Review It is well established that in carefully selected patients with early cervical cancer, fertility-sparing procedures are equally safe in terms of recurrence and mortality to the standard treatment with radical hysterectomy. This review highlights the evolution in fertility-sparing management options, with long-term evidence on oncologic and obstetrical outcomes presented.
CSANG: Continuous scale anisotropic gaussians for robust linear structure extraction

Robust estimation of linear structures such as edges and junction features in digital images is an important problem. In this paper, we use an adaptive robust structure tensor (ARST) method where the local adaptation process uses spatially varying adaptive Gaussian kernel that is initialized using the total least-squares structure tensor solution. An iterative scheme is designed with size, orientation, and weights of the Gaussian kernel adaptively changed at each iteration step. Such an adaptation and continuous scale anisotropic Gaussian kernel change for local orientation estimation helps us obtain robust edge and junction features. We consider an efficient graphical processing unit (GPU) implementation which obtained 30x speed improvement over traditional central processing unit (CPU) based implementations. Experimental results on noisy synthetic and natural images indicate that we obtain robust edge detections and further comparison with other edge detectors shows that our approach obtains better localization and accuracy under noisy conditions.
Impact of thermal spectrum small modular reactors on performance of once-through nuclear fuel cycles with low-enriched uranium

Abstract Small modular reactors (SMRs) may offer potential benefits relative to large light water reactors, such as enhanced flexibility in deployment and operation. However, it is vital to understand the holistic impact of SMRs on nuclear fuel cycle performance. The focus of this paper is the fuel cycle impacts of light water SMRs in a once-through fuel cycle with low-enriched uranium fuel. A key objective of this paper is to describe preliminary neutronics and fuel cycle analyses conducted in support of the US Department of Energy, Office of Nuclear Energy, Fuel Cycle Options Campaign. The hypothetical light water SMR example case considered in these preliminary scoping studies is a “cartridge type” one-batch core with slightly less than 5.0% enrichment. The high-level issues identified and preliminary scoping calculations in this paper are intended to inform decision makers regarding potential fuel cycle impacts of one-batch thermal-spectrum SMRs. In particular, this paper highlights the impact of increased neutron leakage and a reduced number of batches on the achievable burnup of the reactor. Fuel cycle performance metrics for the simplified example SMR analyzed herein are compared with those for a conventional three-batch light water reactor (LWR) in the following areas: nuclear waste management, environmental impact, and resource utilization. The metrics performance for such an SMR is degraded for the mass of spent nuclear fuel and high-level waste disposed of per energy generated, mass of depleted uranium disposed of per energy generated, land use per energy generated, and carbon emissions per energy generated. Finally, it is noted that the features of some SMR designs impact three main aspects of fuel cycle performance: (1) small cores, which mean high leakage (there is a radial and an axial component); (2) a heterogeneous core and extensive use of control rods and burnable poisons; and (3) single-batch cores. But not all SMR designs have all of these traits. The approach used in this study is an example bounding case, and not all SMRs may be impacted to the same extent.
Effectiveness of Police Social Media Use

Specifically, this study was an examination of the role of social media for and by Arkansas sheriff offices with respect to community relations efforts and the solving of crimes. A review of the literature led to an examination of the relationship between predictor variables frequency and quality of social media communication, while using county population density and county social economic status (SES) as control variables. A hierarchical multiple linear regression model was used to evaluate the data that had been collected via a phone and online survey. All statistical requirements to use this regression model were met. Careful adherence to ethical standards was practiced. The relatively small sample resulting from the small population was cited as a concern. However, responses from 52 of the 75 Arkansas county sheriff offices provided sufficient data for the study. The predictor variable, frequency, accounted for a significant degree of variation in both dependent variables. The predictor variable, quality or variety of social media sources, was not significant, so the null hypothesis was not rejected. However, more social media sources increase the significance of the frequency. Overall, Arkansas sheriff offices surveyed supported the use of social media for both community relations and crime solving. The social media platforms identified as being used by one or more sheriff office or individual sheriff to connect with residents in their community included, a Basic Website, Electronic Newsletters, FaceBook, Twitter, Instagram, and YouTube.
Abstract MP016: Glycated Albumin and Fructosamine May Not Overcome Limitations of HbA1c in the Setting of Chronic Kidney Disease

Introduction: Alterations in red blood cell turnover in the setting of chronic kidney disease (CKD) may limit the interpretability of hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) as a measure of diabetic glucose control...
Learning a Privacy Incidents Database

A repository of privacy incidents is essential for understanding the attributes of products and policies that lead to privacy incidents. We describe our vision for a novel privacy incidents database and our progress toward building a prototype. Key challenges in gathering such a database include bootstrapping and sustainability. We propose a semi-automated framework that can recognize privacy incidents and related information from various online sources such as news, blogs, and social media. The crux of our framework is an incident classifier that identifies whether a piece of text in natural language is related to a privacy incident or not. We curate a dataset consisting of 1324 news articles of which 543 articles are about one or more privacy incidents. We train the incident classifier on this dataset, considering a variety of feature engineering, feature selection, and classification techniques. We find that our incident classifier yields an F1 measure of 93.1%, which is about 12% higher than the keyword search-based baselines we adopt.
Who Moved My Cheese? Automatic Annotation of Rodent Behaviors with Convolutional Neural Networks

In neuroscience, understanding animal behaviors is key to studying their memory patterns. Meanwhile, this is also the most time-consuming and difficult process because it relies heavily on humans to manually annotate the videos recording the animals. In this paper, we present a visual recognition system to automatically annotate animal behaviors to save human annotation costs. By treating the annotation task as a per-frame action classification problem, we can fine-tune a powerful pre-trained convolutional neural network (CNN) for this task. Through extensive experiments, we demonstrate our model not only provides more accurate annotations than alternate automatic methods, but also provides reliable annotations that can replace human annotations for neuroscience experiments.
What your PI forgot to tell you: why you actually might want a job running a research lab

A PhD in biomedical science and the critical thinking skills that it provides can open the door to many different careers. The current popular scientific press and blogosphere too often portray the job of a research-intensive faculty member and principal investigator (PI) as both unattainable and undesirable. We want to make sure our trainees include our own career path among their options, as for each of us it has been a fantastic, family-friendly, and highly impactful career.
How best to evangelize to nonbelievers: Cultural persuasion in American and Chinese Indonesian evangelical Christian discourse on relational evangelism

ABSTRACTIn this analysis, I present a cross-cultural comparison of U.S. mainstream evangelical and Chinese Indonesian Evangelical Christian (CIEC) discourse on best ways to implement a popular evangelical Christian practice known as “relational evangelism.” My aim in conducting this comparison is two-fold: (a) to demonstrate how religion and ethnicity intersect in the communicative act of persuasion and (b) to unveil how these persuasive acts reflect differing cultural premises of personhood and relations. As each group attempts to persuade their members to share their faith with non-Christians in their lives, they reveal culture-specific limits of what counts as reasonable action.
Hybrid Organic-2D Material Interfaces for Optoelectronic Devices

High emission-absorption spectral overlap between organic j-aggregates and monolayer molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) aid to study the energy transfer process across such hybrid interfaces that can help design next generation optoelectronic devices.
Fundamental Physical Scaling Laws of Nanophotonics

We show that nanophotonic device performance scales non-monotonically with critical length and define the metric [Speed / (Energy/bit x Footprint)] to assess the quality of optoelectronic link performance based-on both optical and electrical tradeoffs.
Telepsychotherapy and the Therapeutic Relationship: Principles, Advantages, and Case Examples.

Abstract Objective: As the use of technology continues to expand within our mental healthcare system, there has been an increasing interest in conducting psychotherapy online using videoconferencin...
Cerebrospinal Fluid and Hydrocephalus: Physiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment:

Background Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is found around and inside the brain and vertebral column. CSF plays a crucial role in the protection and homeostasis of neural tissue. Methods Key points on the physiology of CSF as well as the diagnostic and treatment options for hydrocephalus are discussed. Results Understanding the fundamentals of the production, absorption, dynamics, and pathophysiology of CSF is crucial for addressing hydrocephalus. Shunts and endoscopic third ventriculostomy have changed the therapeutic landscape of hydrocephalus. Conclusions The treatment of hydrocephalus in adults and children represents a large part of everyday practice for the neurologist, both in benign cases and cancer-related diagnoses.
Engaging Public Ecologies

This chapter argues that most current research in public engagement has weak ecological validity. Surveys fail to capture how publics encounter, utilize, synthesize, or otherwise engage with information. Media studies often infer characteristics of a public, when what they actually capture is the ecology of journalistic practices. Oral, curatorial, and digital engagements are more suited for engagement research, yet current research on these spaces either focuses on narrow spaces or timeframes, or is primarily concerned with the number of participants. Deliberative engagements are by far the most popular, novel, and widely researched sites for understanding public engagement; however, these events usually utilize artificially constructed spaces of engagement and therefore studies that infer public opinions or beliefs from these events have weak ecological validity.
Erratum: Corrigendum: Advance directives and knowledge of future selves

Correction to: Palgrave Communications (2017) 3, Article number: 17077 doi: 10.1057/palcomms.2017.77; Published 22 Aug 2017; Updated 10 Oct 2017 The previous title was ‘Advanced directives and knowledge of future selves’. This has been updated to ‘Advance directives and knowledge of future selves’. Two instances on page 2 and one instance on page 3 of ‘advanced directive’ have been corrected to ‘advance directive’.
Optimal control of an invasive species using a reaction-diffusion model and linear programming

Managing an invasive species is particularly challenging as little is generally known about the species’ biological characteristics in its new habitat. In practice, removal of individuals often starts before the species is studied to provide the information that will later improve control. Therefore, the locations and the amount of control have to be determined in the face of great uncertainty about the species characteristics and with a limited amount of resources. We propose framing spatial control as a linear programming optimization problem. This formulation, paired with a discrete reaction-diffusion model, permits calculation of an optimal control strategy that minimizes the remaining number of invaders for a fixed cost or that minimizes the control cost for containment or protecting specific areas from invasion. We propose computing the optimal strategy for a range of possible model parameters, representing current uncertainty on the possible invasion scenarios. Then, a best strategy can be identified depending on the risk attitude of the decision-maker. We use this framework to study the spatial control of the Argentine black and white tegus (Salvator merianae) in South Florida. There is uncertainty about tegu demography and we considered several combinations of model parameters, exhibiting various dynamics of invasion. For a fixed one-year budget, we show that the risk-averse strategy, which optimizes the worst-case scenario of tegus’ dynamics, and the risk-neutral strategy, which optimizes the expected scenario, both concentrated control close to the point of introduction. A risk-seeking strategy, which optimizes the best-case scenario, focuses more on models where eradication of the species in a cell is possible and consists of spreading control as much as possible. For the establishment of a containment area, assuming an exponential growth we show that with current control methods it might not be possible to implement such a strategy for some of the models that we considered. Including different possible models allows an examination of how the strategy is expected to perform in different scenarios. Then, a strategy that accounts for the risk attitude of the decision-maker can be designed.
ST CHANGES IN ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHIC LEADS V4-V6 IN PATIENTS WITH INFERIOR MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION PREDICT EXTENT AND DISTRIBUTION OF ISCHEMIC INJURY AS EVALUATED BY CARDIAC MAGNETIC RESONANCE: ANALYSIS FROM THE MITOCARE STUDY

ST changes in leads V4-V6 have been associated with more extensive coronary artery disease and worse outcomes in patients with inferior ST elevation myocardial infarction (iSTEMI). Correlation of electrocardiographic (ECG) findings to myocardial injury, assessed by cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR)
Bayer feature map approximations through spatial pyramid convolution

Feature extraction is a key element of object detection and recognition. In Convolutional Neural Networks, feature maps are used to successively refine candidate features to ultimately determine classification results. When using raw bayer data, we show that efficient feature extraction can be achieved with just bayer data samples that are collected as green, red and blue samples arranged in a RGGB 2×2 pattern. Moreover, we show that spatial pyramid sampling using raw bayer sensor data can improve the efficiency for object classification in images.
Liquid Metal Fast Breeder Reactor (LMFBR) Risk Assessment

A risk assessment has been performed for the potential future LMFBR fuel cycle, based on the results of several recent environmental reviews of the LMFBR program and of the Clinch River Breeder Reactor Plant (CRBRP), as well as applicable Light Water Reactor (LWR) data. The LMFBR fuel cycle consists of fuel fabrication, reactor operation, spent fuel reprocessing and associated waste management and transportation. No mining, milling, or enrichment of uranium will be required because the depleted uranium tails (0.2%, U-235) already in existence will be sufficient for many, many years.
The Release of 5-Fluorouracil from Polycaprolactone Matrices

The release of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) from monolithic dispersions in poly(caproiactone), [FUPC], was studied and compared with the release of 5-FU from the copolymers of 1-(N-2-ethylmethacryIcarbamoyl)-5-fluorouracil, [EMCF], with methyl methacrylate, [MMA]. Whereas the EMCF:MMA copolymers always exhibited zero-order release of the 5-FU (i.e., constant level of drug released with time), the [FUPC] systems did not. Up to about 25% 5-FU, the [FUPC] systems exhibited a profile in which the 5-FU release was dependent on the square root of time. On the other hand, the EMCF:MMA copolymers showed a constant release of the 5-FU regardless of whether the sample was in a powdered or a pellet form. The release rates were also slower for the copolymer systems than for the monolithic FUPC systems, and much higher concentrations of the drug could be incorporated into the copolymer systems. These differences in the release profiles are caused by differences in the basic nature of the two kinds of systems and the mechanisms of the release of the 5-FU from each. These differences and the mechanisms of the release are discussed in detail.
SIMPLE CLASSICAL MODEL FOR THE SCATTERING OF GAS ATOMS FROM A SOLID SURFACE: III. ANALYSES FOR MONOENERGETIC BEAMS AND LOCK-IN DETECTOR SIGNALS*

Various properties of the “hard-cube” model are considered. A closed-form analytical expression for the scattering of a monoenergetic molecular beam is examined and compared with the corresponding expression for a Maxwellian beam. The assumption that each incident molecule experiences only one collision with a single, independent lattice atom is studied, as is the assumption that the collision does not change the tangential velocity component of the gas molecule. A recent analysis of lock-in detection of scattered molecular beams is employed to illustrate the dependence of the amplitude and phase of the output signal on the experimental parameters and on the collision model.
Microbial Endocrinology and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis

Microbial endocrinology is defined as the study of the ability of microorganisms to both produce and recognize neurochemicals that originate either within the microorganisms themselves or within the host they inhabit. As such, microbial endocrinology represents the intersection of the fields of microbiology and neurobiology. The acquisition of neurochemical-based cell-to-cell signaling mechanisms in eukaryotic organisms is believed to have been acquired due to late horizontal gene transfer from prokaryotic microorganisms. When considered in the context of the microbiota’s ability to influence host behavior, microbial endocrinology with its theoretical basis rooted in shared neuroendocrine signaling mechanisms provides for testable experiments with which to understand the role of the microbiota in host behavior and as importantly the ability of the host to influence the microbiota through neuroendocrine-based mechanisms.
Validation of Neck-Shaft Angle Correction After Cephalomedullary Nail Fixation.

Objectives To validate a neck-shaft angle (NSA) correction formula using the known angle between the medullary nail and lag screw of an indwelling cephalomedullary nail (CMN). Methods Pertrochanteric femur fractures were created in 7 synthetic femurs and reconstructed with a CMN. Anteroposterior x-rays were taken with the proximal femur in 0, 15, 30, and 45 degrees of internal/external rotation and 10 and 20 degrees of flexion with neutral rotation. The femoral NSA and the nail angle were measured on anteroposterior x-rays. The corrected NSA was obtained by multiplying the known nail angle by the quotient of the measured NSA over the measured nail angle. Results With increasing degrees of internal or external rotation, the difference between the actual and the measured NSA increased. After correction using the known angle of the nail, the measured NSA was reduced to within 3 degrees of the actual NSA over all degrees of rotation. At neutral rotation, 15 degrees of external rotation, and 10 and 20 degrees of hip flexion, there was minimal difference between the actual NSA and the measured NSA, negating the effect of the correction formula. Conclusions The measured NSA after CMN of intertrochanteric fractures is altered by hip rotation. This study validates the correction formula, which determines this difference by using the known angle between the lag screw and the nail.
Epigenetic down-regulation of BKCa channel by miR-181a contributes to the fetal and neonatal nicotine-mediated exaggerated coronary vascular tone in adult life.

Abstract Background Fetal origin of adult cardiovascular disease is one of the most pressing public concerns and economic problem in modern life. Maternal cigarette smoking/nicotine abuse increases the risk of cardiovascular disease in offspring. However, the underlying mechanisms and theranostics remain unclear. We hypothesized that fetal and neonatal nicotine exposure enhances microRNA-181a (miR-181a) which targets large-conductance Ca 2+ -activated K + (BK Ca ) channels, resulting in increased coronary vascular tone in adult offspring. Methods Nicotine or saline was administered to pregnant rats via subcutaneous osmotic minipumps from gestational day 4 until postnatal day 10. Experiments were conducted in adult (~6 month old) male offspring. Results Nicotine enhanced pressure-induced coronary vascular tone, which was abrogated by BK Ca channel blocker. Nicotine selectively attenuated coronary BK Ca β1 but not α subunit expression. Functionally, nicotine suppressed BK Ca current density and inhibited BK Ca activator NS1619-induced coronary relaxations. Furthermore, activation of BK Ca increased coronary flow and improved heart ischemia/reperfusion-induced infarction. Nicotine selectively enhanced miR-181a expression. MiR-181a mimic inhibited BK Ca β1 expression/channel current and decreased NS1619-induced coronary relaxation. Antioxidant eliminated the difference of BK Ca current density between the saline and nicotine-treated groups and partially restored NS1619-induced relaxation in nicotine group. MiR-181a antisense decreased vascular tone and eliminated the differences between nicotine exposed and control groups. Conclusion Fetal and neonatal nicotine exposure-mediated miR-181a overexpression plays an important role in nicotine-enhanced coronary vascular tone via epigenetic down-regulation of BK ca channel mechanism, which provides a potentially novel therapeutic molecular target of miR-181a/BK ca channels for the treatment of coronary heart ischemic disease.
Gender-based discrimination is prevalent in the integrated vascular trainee experience and serves as a predictor of burnout.

Abstract Objective Trainee burnout is on the rise and negative training environments may contribute. In addition, as the proportion of women entering vascular surgery increases, identifying factors that challenge recruitment and retention is vital as we grow our workforce to meet demand. This study sought to characterize the learning environment of vascular residents and to determine how gender-based discrimination and bias (GBDB) affect the clinical experience. Methods A survey was developed to evaluate the trainee experience; demographics and a two-item burnout index were also included. The instrument was sent electronically to all integrated (0 + 5) vascular surgery residents in the United States. Univariate analyses were performed and predictors of burnout identified. Results A total of 284 integrated vascular residents were invited to participate and 212 (75%) completed the survey. Participants were predominantly male (64%) and white (56%), with a median age of 30 years (interquartile range, 28-32 years). Seventy-nine percent of respondents endorsed some form of negative workplace experience and 30% met high-risk criteria for burnout. More than a third (38%) of residents endorsed personally experiencing GBDB, with a significant difference between men and women (14% vs 80%; P P = .003). Patients and nurses were the most frequently cited sources of GBDB (80% and 64%, respectively), with vascular surgery attendings cited by 41% of trainees. One in four female resident respondents indicated being sexually harassed during the course of training; this was significantly higher than for male residents (25% vs 1%; P P = .04), as were longer work hours (>80 h/wk; odds ratio, 2.8; 95% confidence interval, 1.1-7.1; P = .03). Conclusions GBDB was experienced by 38% of integrated trainees, with women significantly more affected than men. GBDB is predictive of burnout, and this has significant implications for our specialty in the recruitment and retention of female physicians. Resources addressing these issues are needed to maintain a diverse workforce and to promote physician well-being.
Industrial Robot Trajectory Tracking Using Multi-Layer Neural Networks Trained by Iterative Learning Control

Fast and precise robot motion is needed in certain applications such as electronic manufacturing, additive manufacturing and assembly. Most industrial robot motion controllers allow externally commanded motion profile, but the trajectory tracking performance is affected by the robot dynamics and joint servo controllers which users have no direct access and little information. The performance is further compromised by time delays in transmitting the external command as a setpoint to the inner control loop. This paper presents an approach of combining neural networks and iterative learning control to improve the trajectory tracking performance for a multi-axis articulated industrial robot. For a given desired trajectory, the external command is iteratively refined using a high fidelity dynamical simulator to compensate for the robot inner loop dynamics. These desired trajectories and the corresponding refined input trajectories are then used to train multi-layer neural networks to emulate the dynamical inverse of the nonlinear inner loop dynamics. We show that with a sufficiently rich training set, the trained neural networks can generalize well to trajectories beyond the training set. In applying the trained neural networks to the physical robot, the tracking performance still improves but not as much as in the simulator. We show that transfer learning can effectively bridge the gap between simulation and the physical robot. In the end, we test the trained neural networks on other robot models in simulation and demonstrate the possibility of a general purpose network. Development and evaluation of this methodology is based on the ABB IRB6640-180 industrial robot and ABB RobotStudio software packages.