cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Encoding and Transport of Information in Molecular and Biomolecular Systems

We have proposed possible scenarios based on molecular electrostatic potentials and molecular vibrational modes that can be combined to process and encode information in nanosized circuits. These two intrinsic properties determine how molecules interact or communicate to each other and to themselves. These scenarios may provide the solution to satisfy the urgent need for exponential growth of computational performance and eventually to radically change the way how computation is performed. Presently, the increase in computational power is achieved by scaling down the size of devices. However, already at the nanometer scale, the process of scaling down is seriously limited by physical laws regardless of what materials are used. These limitations lead us to compromise the speed of electronic devices against heat removal, which is one of the consequences of scaling-down. The new scenarios would allow computing with molecules in a molecular friendly fashion and eventually in a way similar to those in biological systems. The molecular potentials and vibronics would indeed address the heating issues, which are the overarching killers at future technology nodes
Electron-electron interactions and broken symmetry in one dimension

Abstract A novel real-space approach to dimerization in a half-filled band is developed to investigate effects of electron-electron interactions on the Peierls instability. Dimerization is shown to be a result of imperfect resonance between pairs of electron configurations related to each other by a mirror plane symmetry passing through the longest diagonal of the infinite polygon. Coulomb interactions enhance the barrier to perfect resonance, so that dimerization itself is enhanced for moderate values of the correlation parameter. Recent experimental findings and the present theoretical work then suggest that explicit inclusion of Coulomb interactions between electrons may be necessary for an accurate description of ground and excited states in polyacetylene.
A robust, high-throughput assay to determine the phagocytic activity of clinical antibody samples

Phagocytosis can be induced via the engagement of Fcγ receptors by antibody-opsonized material. Furthermore, the efficiency of antibody-induced effector functions has been shown to be dramatically modulated by changes in antibody glycosylation. Because infection can modulate antibody glycans, which in turn modulate antibody functions, assays capable of determining the induction of effector functions rather than neutralization or titer provide a valuable opportunity to more fully characterize the quality of the adaptive immune response. Here we describe a robust and high-throughput flow cytometric assay to define the phagocytic activity of antigen-specific antibodies from clinical samples. This assay employs a monocytic cell line that expresses numerous Fc receptors: including inhibitory and activating, and high and low affinity receptors—allowing complex phenotypes to be studied. We demonstrate the adaptability of this high-throughput, flow-based assay to measure antigen-specific antibody-mediated phagocytosis against an array of viruses, including influenza, HIV, and dengue. The phagocytosis assay format further allows for simultaneous analysis of cytokine release, as well as determination of the role of specific Fcγ-receptor subtypes, making it a highly useful system for parsing differences in the ability of clinical and vaccine induced antibody samples to recruit this critical effector function.
A Galaxy at z = 6.545 and Constraints on the Epoch of Reionization

Wereportthe discoveryofaLy� -emittinggalaxy atredshiftz ¼ 6:545serendipitouslyidentifiedin thecourseof spectroscopic follow-up of hard X-ray sources on behalf of the Serendipitous Extragalactic X-Ray Source Iden- tification (SEXSI) survey. The line flux of the galaxy, 2:1 ; 10 � 17 ergs cm � 2 s � 1 , is similar to line fluxes probed by narrowband imaging surveys; the 5.2 arcmin 2 surveyed implies a surface density of z � 6: 5L yemitters somewhat higher than that inferred from narrowband surveys. This source marks the sixth Ly� -emitting galaxy identified at z � 6:5, a redshift putatively beyond the epoch of reionization when the damping wings of the neutral hydrogen of the intergalactic medium is capable of severely attenuating Lyemission. By comparing the Ly� luminosity functions at z � 5: 7a ndz � 6:5, we infer that the intergalactic medium may remain largely reionized from the local universe out to z � 6:5. Subject headingg cosmology: observations — early universe — galaxies: formation — galaxies: high-redshift
A Route to Azafluoranthene Natural Products Through Direct Arylation

Microwave-assisted direct arylation reactions were successfully employed in the synthesis of azafluoranthene alkaloids for the first time. Direct arylation reactions on a diverse set of phenyltetrahydroisoquinolines produces the indeno[1,2,3-ij]isoquinoline nucleus required towards a high-yielding azafluoranthene synthesis. The method was used as a key step in the efficient preparation of the natural products rufescine and triclisine. As demonstrated herein, this synthetic approach should be generally applicable to the preparation of natural and un-natural azafluoranthene alkaloids as well as azafluoranthene-like isoquinoline alkaloids.
Luck and Identity

I take a close look at Bernard Williams’s paper "Moral Luck," which put this notion on the philosophical agenda. Williams’s focal example is the painter Paul Gauguin. According to Williams, Gauguin’s morally dubious decision to desert his family so as to pursue an artistic career can be redeemed only by his partially fortuitous success as a painter. This is shown by the consideration that a successful Gauguin would not be able to regret his decision, whereas failure would have prompted regret. I suggest that the best way to understand this claim is to see Gauguin’s decision to become an artist as a constitutive decision, which launches what for him proved to be a defining project. One cannot coherently regret the realization of such a project or the decision that gave rise to it because that would amount to wishing to be someone else: conditions of personal identity set the limits on the counterfactuals about ourselves that we can intelligibly entertain. However, not being able to regret the constitutive elements of one’s life is not the same as approving of these elements. So I disagree with Williams’s ultimate conclusion that the inability to regret a decision signals some justification for it, no matter how attenuated.
Methotrexate and Misoprostol vs Misoprostol Alone for Early Abortion: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Objective. —To compare the safety and efficacy of early abortion by administration of methotrexate and misoprostol vs administration of misoprostol alone. Design. —Randomized controlled trial. Setting. —San Francisco (Calif) General Hospital. Patients. —Pregnant women at 56 days' gestation or less seeking elective abortion. Sixty-three women volunteered for the trial; 61 completed the study and are included in the analysis. Intervention. —Intramuscular administration of 50 mg of methotrexate per square meter of body surface area followed 3 days later by vaginal administration of 800 μg of misoprostol (group 1) or the same dose of misoprostol given alone (group 2). The misoprostol dose was repeated 24 hours later if abortion had not occurred. Main Outcome Measures. —Successful abortion, duration of vaginal bleeding, side effects, and change in β—human chorionic gonadotropin β-hCG) level. An abortion was considered successful if the pregnancy ended without requiring a surgical procedure. Results. —Complete abortion occurred in 28 (90%) of 31 patients in group 1 and 14 (47%) of 30 patients in group 2 (P Conclusions. —Methotrexate and vaginal misoprostol are more effective than misoprostol alone. Both drugs are available throughout the United States, and both drugs are inexpensive. This combination may offer an alternative to the use of antiprogestin and prostaglandin for medical abortion. (JAMA. 1994;272:1190-1195)
The wealth effects of cross-border spinoffs

Abstract This paper examines the stock price reaction to cross-border spinoff announcements and investigates whether country characteristics (such as takeover market liquidity and investor protection) cause variation in the announcements’ wealth effects. We observe a positive and significant price response to cross-border spinoff announcements. The wealth effects are higher when subsidiaries are located in countries with more active takeover markets. This result implies that investors could expect the newly spun-off companies to become takeover targets. Abnormal returns are lower when subsidiaries are located in countries with weaker investor protection relative to the home country of the parent multinational. We infer that cross-border spinoffs that result in adverse changes in investor protection elicit lower wealth effects. The implications for managers are that spinning off units in foreign markets could generate wealth for parent shareholders, whereas the characteristics of the markets in which the units are spun-off matter to investors.
What does electrodermal activity tell us about prognosis in the schizophrenia spectrum

Various dysfunctions in electrodermal activity (EDA) have been found in schizophrenic patients. The present paper reviews evidence that the electrodermal dysfunctions may carry prognostic information regarding subsequent symptoms, as well as social and occupational outcome. Although the findings are not entirely consistent, heightened electrodermal activity as indicated by frequent orienting responses to innocuous stimuli, elevated skin conductance level (SCL), and frequent non-specific skin conductance responses (NS-SCR) is most often associated with poor symptomatic, social, and occupational outcome in schizophrenic patients. There have been no studies that have directly examined electrodermal prognostic indicators in schizotypal individuals. However, high-risk studies suggest that heightened electrodermal activity may be prognostic of poor outcome in schizotypals as well. Thus, abnormally high electrodermal arousal and reactivity is predictive of poor outcome in at least some patients. The theoretical implications of these findings and directions for further research are briefly discussed.
DYNAMICS OF ENTANGLEMENT FOR ONE-DIMENSIONAL SPIN SYSTEMS IN AN EXTERNAL TIME-DEPENDENT MAGNETIC FIELD

We study the dynamics of entanglement for the XY-model, one-dimensional spin systems coupled through the nearest neighbor exchange interaction and subject to an external time-dependent magnetic field. Using the two-site density matrix, we calculate the time-dependent entanglement of formation between nearest neighbor qubits. We investigate the effect of varying the temperature, the anisotropy parameter and the external time-dependent magnetic field on the entanglement. We have found that the entanglement can be localized between nearest neighbor qubits for certain values of the external time-dependent magnetic field. Moreover, as known for the magnetization of this model, the entanglement shows nonergodic behavior, it does not approach its equilibrium value at the infinite time limit.
Solving the Sextic by Iteration: A Study in Complex Geometry and Dynamics

We use the Valentiner action of A 6 on P2 to develop an iterative algorithm for the solution of the general sextic equation over , analogous to Doyle and McMullen's algorithm for the quintic.
The light curve epochs of supernovae explosions

A brief description of the current state of knowledge for Type II light curves is given, including discussion of some of the remaining problems. The use of supernovae of both types as independent distance indicators is outlined and difficulties are pointed out. A summary of new ideas regarding the origin of Type I light curves is presented.
Node-Based Optimal Power Control, Routing, and Congestion Control in Wireless Networks

In wireless networks, important network functionalities such as power control, rate allocation, routing, and congestion control must be optimized in a coherent and integrated manner. In this work, an interference-limited wireless network is considered, whereby power control and routing variables are chosen to minimize the sum of link costs which depend on both link capacities and link flow rates. The necessary conditions for optimality are established. These conditions are sufficient for optimality if link cost functions are jointly convex, and imply Pareto optimality if link costs are strictly quasi-convex. Network algorithms based on the scaled gradient projection method, where power control and routing are performed on a node-by-node basis, are presented. For these algorithms, explicit scaling matrices and stepsizes are found which lead to more distributed implementation, and which guarantee fast convergence to a network configuration satisfying the optimality conditions, starting from any initial configuration with finite cost. Refinements of the algorithms for more accurate link capacity models are presented, and the results are extended to wireless networks where the physical-layer rate region is given by an arbitrary convex set. Finally, it is shown that the power control and routing algorithms can naturally be extended to incorporate congestion control.
Objective, comparative assessment of the penetration depth of temporal-focusing microscopy for imaging various organs

Temporal focusing is a technique for performing axially resolved widefield multiphoton microscopy with a large field of view. Despite significant advantages over conventional point-scanning multiphoton microscopy in terms of imaging speed, the need to collect the whole image simultaneously means that it is expected to achieve a lower penetration depth in common biological samples compared to point-scanning. We assess the penetration depth using a rigorous objective criterion based on the modulation transfer function, comparing it to point-scanning multiphoton microscopy. Measurements are performed in a variety of mouse organs in order to provide practical guidance as to the achievable penetration depth for both imaging techniques. It is found that two-photon scanning microscopy has approximately twice the penetration depth of temporal-focusing microscopy, and that penetration depth is organ-specific; the heart has the lowest penetration depth, followed by the liver, lungs, and kidneys, then the spleen, and finally white adipose tissue.
Reason and Experience in Alexander Hamilton’s Science of Politics

Alexander Hamilton is often described as an enterprising modernist who promoted forward-looking reforms that broke with established institutions and ideas. However, the scale and apparent novelty of his reforms have tended to obscure the extent to which those innovations were rooted in a belief that knowledge and practice must be guided by “experience.” This article argues that even Hamilton’s most far-reaching reforms were grounded in a Humean understanding of the limits of rationality in explaining and controlling the world. Hamilton’s agreement with David Hume on the epistemic authority of experience helps explain his positions on constitutional design, executive power, democratic politics, public opinion, and other important political issues. Moreover, the epistemological underpinnings of Hamilton’s political thought are significant because they suggest that a “science of politics” grounded in experience can avoid some of the dangers associated with more rationalistic approaches yet still be quite ope...
Oxidative catalysis of chlorinated hydrocarbons by metal-loaded acid catalysts

Complete catalytic oxidation of methylene chloride in air was studied over concentration and temperature ranges from 1000 to 2000 ppm and 300 to 475°C, respectively. Three different supported zeolite catalysts, HY, CrY, and CeY, were prepared and their activities and selectivities investigated for the above reaction. Conversions varied from 17 to 99%, with catalytic activity decreasing in the order: CrY > HY > CeY. The oxygen chemisorption and the acidity values of the catalysts showed similar trends. Differences in oxidizability to higher valence states (CrY > CeY) and cation sizes (Ce3+ > Cr3+). were probable reasons behind the higher activity of the CrY. A dual site mechanism for the oxidation process, involving adsorption of chlorocarbon at Bronsted sites and adsorption of oxygen at cationic sites, was found feasible. The presence of water (about 27,000 ppm) in the feed stream reduced conversion between 10 and 60%, depending upon catalyst and temperature, and appeared to temporarily deactivate the catalysts. The selectivity among the catalysts was quite similar, with HCl and CO being the only major products.
B-Type Natriuretic Peptide Single Nucleotide Polymorphism rs198389 and Survival in the General Community

Address: 1Cardiorenal Research Laboratory and Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic and Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA, 2Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic and Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA, 3Division of Epidemiology, Mayo Clinic and Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA, 4Division of Biostatistics, Mayo Clinic and Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA and 5Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Mayo Clinic and Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
Nucleon Correlation Effects in High-Energy Electron Scattering

By using Schiff's high-energy approximation, a sum rule is developed which relates the scattering of high-energy electrons from heavy nuclei to the two-particle correlation function for the nucleus. It is shown that correlations due to the Pauli principle give a large effect in the region of momentum transfer from 100 to 300 Mev/c, and that correlations with a range of less than ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}13}$ cm do not make appreciable contribution.
Synthesis, characterization, and bonding of indium clusters. Rb2In3, a zintl phase with layers of closo-indium octahedra†

The Rb-In system contains only RbIn4 (BaAl4 type) and Rb2In3 in the 0–80 at.% In region. The structure of Rb2In3 consists of rubidium ions between layers of closo-In6 clusters joined into sheets through exo bonds at four coplanar vertices (I4/mmm, a=6.8735 (4) A, c=15.899 (1) A, R(F)/Rw=3.2/3.5%). The phase is isostructural with Cs2In3 when a probable error in the earlier space group assignment is corrected. Rb2In3 is a poor conductor (P> 103 μohm · cm) with a temperature-independent magnetic susceptibility of (0 ± 4) x 10−6 emu/mol after core and orbital corrections. The corresponding Zintl phase (closed shell configuration) predicted on the basis of conventional electron counting for the cluster network is supported by extended-Huckel MO calculations. The structures of Rb4In6 and In4Rb show a close, inverse relationship in the same space group. Synthese, Charakterisierung und Bindung von Indium-Clustern. Rb2In3, eine Zintlphase mit Schichten von closo-Indium Oktaedern. Das System Rb—In enthalt im Bereich 0−80 at.% In nur RbIn4 (BaAl4-Typ) und Rb2In3. Die Struktur des Rb2In3 besteht aus Rubidium-Ionen zwischen Schichten von closo-In6-Clustern, welche uber vier coplanare exo-Bindungen verknupft sind (I4/mmm, a=6.8735(4) A, c=15.899(1) A, R(F)/Rw=3.2/3.5%). Die Phase ist mit Cs2In3 isostrukturell, wenn ein vermutlicher Fehler in der fruheren Raumgruppenzuordnung korrigiert wird. Rb2In3 ist ein schlechter Leiter (ρ > 103 μohm · cm) mit einer temperaturunabhangigen magnetischen Suszeptibilitat von (0 ± 4) × 10−6 emu/mol, nach Korrektur fur Kern- und Orbitalelektronen. Die entsprechende Zintlphase (abgeschlossene Elektronenschale), welche durch konventionelle Elektronenabzahlregeln fur das Cluster-Netzwerk vorhergesagt wird, wird durch extended-Huckel-MO-Berechnungen bestatigt. Die Strukturen von Rb4In6 und In4Rb zeigen eine enge, inverse Beziehung in der gleichen Raumgruppe.
The IceCube neutrino observatory: Status and initial results

Abstract The IceCube neutrino observatory, now completed with a total of 86 strings deployed, is the world’s largest high energy neutrino telescope. The detector instruments a cubic kilometer of Antarctic ice as a Cherenkov medium for the detection of neutrinos produced when cosmic rays interact with matter or radiation fields either near their acceleration sites or in the Earth’s atmosphere. The results of searches for neutrinos from astrophysical objects such as supernova remnants, active galactic nuclei, and gamma ray bursts, using data from the partially built detector, are presented.
An introduction to X-ray absorption spectroscopy and its in situ application to organometallic compounds and homogeneous catalysts

This is a short introduction of X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and its application to homogeneous transition metal compounds and catalysts. An XAS spectrum is composed of two regions, XANES and EXAFS, which provide element-specific information on formal oxidation state and local coordination environment, respectively. For molecules with similar environments, such as a common ligand set, the energy of the absorption edge can be calibrated from standards to obtain the formal oxidation state of unknown compounds. For structurally complex coordination environments, simulated EXAFS spectra obtained from XRD or DFT-modeled structures can be used to ascertain local structural information from an experimental EXAFS spectrum. With fast data acquisition at modern synchrotrons, it is also possible to follow the kinetic transformation of homogeneous compounds under realistic reaction conditions while gaining insight into the structural and electronic changes happening at the metal atom.
INCIDENT MANAGEMENT DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEM IMPLEMENTED USING JAVA

This paper presents a prototype incident management decision support system developed using Java development tools. The incident duration and delay estimation models and heuristic resource allocation rules used in the development of the prototype are based on the models used in the Wide-Area Incident Management Support System (WAIMSS) software developed at the Virginia Tech Center for Transportation Research. The Java based application present various advantages over the UNIX based WAIMSS due to its use of one of the common Web browsers as the user interface and object oriented nature of the Java language that allows the re-use of applets for developing the prototype. Although the prototype presented in this paper is not a full implementation of WAIMSS and lacks its Geographical Information Systems capabilities, it clearly demonstrates that Java and Internet will the natural choices for the development of similar real-time decision support systems in the future.
Antitumor antibiotics: bleomycin, enediynes, and mitomycin.

1. Introduction 7392. Bleomycin 7392.1. Discovery and Biological Activities 7392.2. Clinical Resistance 7402.2.1. Bleomycin Hydrolase 7412.2.2. Enhanced DNA Repair 7422.2.3. Bleomycin Binding Protein 7422.2.4. Other Mechanisms 7432.3. Resistance by the Producing Organisms 7432.3.1. Bleomycin N-Acetyltranferase (BlmB) 7432.3.2. Bleomycin Binding Protein (BlmA) 7432.3.3. Transport Proteins 7443. EnediynessNine-Membered Enediyne CoreSubfamily7443.1. Discovery and Biological Activities 7453.2. Resistance by the Producing Organisms 7463.2.1. Apo-Protein 7463.2.2. DNA Repair 7473.2.3. Transport 7474. EnediynessTen-Membered Enediyne CoreSubfamily7484.1. Discovery and Biological Activities 7484.2. Clinical Resistance 7504.3. Resistance by the Producing Organisms 7515. Mitomycin 7525.1. Discovery and Biological Activities 7525.2. Clinical Resistance 7545.3. Resistance by the Producing Organisms 7546. Perspective 7547. Abbreviations 7558. Acknowledgment 7559. References 755
A global search for stress shadows

Debate continues regarding the relative proportion of earthquakes triggered by passing seismic waves versus static stress changes from a main shock. Static stress changes are expected to have long-term effects on earthquake probabilities, whereas dynamic stress changes due to the passing of seismic waves should not. Both mechanisms are expected to raise seismicity rates in some areas, but only static stress change calculations predict rate decrease shadows. Thus, identification of post-main-shock earthquake suppression is diagnostic of a static stress change process. We note that in principle, static stress change theory predicts suppression of particular earthquake mechanisms in a shadow zone rather than an overall rate reduction. A stress shadow can therefore be characterized by a change in the average earthquake focal mechanism before and after a main shock that results from suppression of a given mechanism type. We examined average mechanisms from ±2° radii and 5-year periods before and after 119 Ms ≥ 7 main shock earthquakes drawn from the Harvard Centroid Moment Tensor (CMT) catalog. Significant average mechanism changes caused by earthquake suppression were found in only two cases. However, by stacking the data, we were able to resolve statistically significant suppression of particular post-main-shock focal mechanisms. This indicates that, while static stress shadows are subtle, they are indeed present in the global catalog.
Thermodynamics of Aqueous Mixtures of Magnesium Chloride with Sodium Chloride from 298.15 to 573.15 K. New Measurements of the Enthalpies of Mixing and of Dilution

Heats of mixing of NaCl(aq) with MgCl2(aq) at 373.15, 423.15, 473.15, 523.15, and 573.15 K for ionic strengths 0.5−3.8 mol·kg-1 and heats of dilution of MgCl2(aq) at 523.15 and 573.15 K for ionic strengths 0.3−4.6 mol·kg-1 have been measured at a constant pressure of 20.5 MPa. These experimental data are combined with published heat of mixing data at 298 and 373 K to provide a comprehensive Pitzer ion-interaction treatment for the thermodynamic properties of the NaCl + MgCl2 + H2O system to 573 K. The treatment includes a general equation valid to 523 K, incorporating the published equations for NaCl(aq) and MgCl2(aq), and new equations for MgCl2(aq) and the mixed system at 573 K.
EMC/FDTD/MD simulation of carrier transport and electrodynamics in two-dimensional electron systems

We present the implementation and application of a multiphysics simulation technique to carrier dynamics under electromagnetic excitation in supported two-dimensional electronic systems. The technique combines ensemble Monte Carlo (EMC) for carrier transport with finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) for electrodynamics and molecular dynamics (MD) for short-range Coulomb interactions among particles. We demonstrate the use of this EMC/FDTD/MD technique by calculating the room-temperature dc and ac conductivity of graphene supported on SiO2.
The evaluation of thin film insulators

Abstract Due to the importance of thin film insulators for diffusion masking, crossover insulation, and for surface passivation of semiconductor devices, a great deal of interest in glass and oxide films has been generated. To evaluate and compare various glass films with regard to composition, structure, and water and chemical stability, a combination of optical and spectroscopic techniques have been used. No one technique in itself is sufficient for the evaluation of thin glass films, but from a combination of these techniques a great deal about the composition, structure, and stability of the films can be learned. The evaluations include the effect on the film properties of various treatments such as thermal annealing and densification, high humidity and temperature, etching, etc. The use of these techniques will be discussed in detail. Comparisons will be made among insulating films formed by r.f. sputtering, fusing sedimented glass, pyrolysis, electron-gun evaporation, and thermally grown silicon dioxide.
The Geminga X-ray counterpart and a blue optical identification

Based on optical photometry, the identification of the X-ray source 1E 0630+178 with a blue object inside the Einstein error circle is reported. The question of whether the X-rays could be thermal emission from the surface of a neutron star is addressed. The new optical data confirm that relative fluxes in the optical, X-ray, and gamma-ray bands closely match those of the Vela pulsar. The Vela pulsar is adopted as an 'observational model' for Geminga, whereby only the lack of radio emission from Geminga remains to be accounted for. Previous observational results and theoretical models for Geminga are reviewed in light of the new findings.
Testing the Massive Disk Scenario for IRAS 18089-1732

Investigating in more detail the previously suggested massive disk scenario for the high-mass protostellar object IRAS 18089-1732, we observed the source in the 860 μm band with the Submillimeter Array in various spectral lines and the submillimeter continuum emission at (sub-)arcsecond spatial resolution. Fifty spectral lines from 18 different species spanning upper-level energy states between 17 and 747 K were detected. One of the assumed best tracers for massive disks, CH3CN, is optically thick and does not allow a further disk investigation. However, the complex molecule HCOOCH3 appears optically thin and exhibits a velocity shift across the central core perpendicular to the emanating outflow. This signature is comparable to well-known low-mass disks and confirms the detection of a massive rotating structure likely associated with the central accretion disk. Assuming equilibrium between centrifugal and gravitational force, the estimated mass for this rotating structure is 16/ M☉ (where i is the unknown inclination angle), of the same order as the gas mass derived from the continuum emission. Therefore, in contrast to low-mass disks, a considerable amount of the central gas mass is associated with the rotation, implying that massive disks may not be Keplerian. A temperature estimate based on the CH3CN(19-18) K-ladder results in ~350 K; thus, a hot core has already formed in this region. An analysis of the submillimeter continuum emission reveals even at this high spatial resolution only one isolated massive dust core without any detectable companions down to mass limits between 0.2 and 3 M☉ (depending on the assumed temperature). Potential implications for the massive cluster formation are discussed. The radial intensity distribution of the core is highly nonsymmetric, outlining the difficulties of density structure investigations based on radial averaging.
Solidaric Work-Groups in Collective Settlements

The aim of this paper is to explain the wide differences in solidarity observed in work-groups on collective settlements (Kibbutzim) in Israel. These differences will be explained in terms of the structure of the Kibbutz and the position of different work groups in it, informal communication and control, as well as formal controls.
Porous-Media Momentum Equation for Highly Accelerated Flow

A new porous-media momentum (capillary-orifice model) equation has been developed to account for unsteady flow through porous media. The equation contains not only the familiar permeability and non-Darcy factor terms but also momentum flux and acceleration terms. An analysis of the order of magnitude of these terms indicates when they are important.
Enantioselective Synthesis of (E)-δ-Stannyl Homoallylic Alcohols via Aldehyde Allylboration Using α-Stannylallylboranes Generated by Allene Hydroboration Followed by a Highly Diastereoselective 1,3-Boratropic Shift

A highly enantioselective synthesis of (E)-δ-stannyl homoallylic alcohols 4 via aldehyde allylboration reactions of the double-chiral allylborane reagent 2a is reported. Allylborane 2a was generated from the hydroboration of commercially available allenylstannane 1 with (dIpc)2BH at −40 to −20 °C followed by a kinetically controlled and highly diastereoselective 1,3-boratropic shift in intermediate 3a.
Degenerate Solutions of General Relativity from Topological Field Theory

Working in the Palatini formalism, we describe a procedure for constructing degenerate solutions of general relativity on 4-manifold M from certain solutions of 2-dimensional $BF$ theory on any framed surface Σ embedded in M. In these solutions the cotetrad field e (and thus the metric) vanishes outside a neighborhood of Σ, while inside this neighborhood the connection A and the field \(\) satisfy the equations of 4-dimensional BF theory. Our construction works in any signature and with any value of the cosmological constant. If \(\) for some 3-manifold S, at fixed time our solutions typically describe “flux tubes of area”: the 3-metric vanishes outside a collection of thickened links embedded in S, while inside these thickened links it is nondegenerate only in the two transverse directions. We comment on the quantization of the theory of solutions of this form and its relation to the loop representation of quantum gravity.
Gynecologic Concerns in the Treatment of Teenagers With Cloaca

Abstract Background/Purpose: Gynecologic anomalies are common in patients with persistent cloaca, but, except for hydrocolpos, these patients remain asymptomatic in the neonatal period. Anatomic abnormalities may become manifest in puberty when menses occurs. The authors sought to describe the sequelae of these anatomic defects in the teenage cloaca patient and to determine recommendations for prevention and treatment in the neonatal period. Methods: From a series of 198 patients operated on for persistent cloaca, the authors report a group of 22 patients who have reached puberty. Results: Seven patients are menstruating normally. Six patients have primary amenorrhea because of absent or atretic uteri. Nine patients presented with abdominal pain and cystic abdominal masses and required surgical resection of inflamed collections of old blood in uteri, hemiuteri, tubes, blind vaginas, hemivaginas, or in the peritoneum. The common denominator of this last group was an obstruction of one or more Mullerian structure that interfered with the drainage of menstrual blood. Asymmetric gynecologic anatomy or a vaginal atresia in the neonatal period seemed to correlate with future obstruction to menstrual flow. Conclusions: To prevent future problems, the management of the neonatal cloaca must include the early clarification of the gynecologic anatomy, specifically the patency of Mullerian structures. Unilateral atretic structures and tubes connected to atretic uteri should be resected. Also, clinicians must be suspicious of menstrual problems in teenagers operated on early in life for persistent cloaca.
Stability issues for dynamic traffic assignment

Abstract This paper explores stability issues for operational route guidance control strategies for vehicular traffic networks equipped with advanced information systems, and develops a general procedure for the stability analysis of the associated dynamic traffic assignment (DTA) problems. The route guidance control strategies are modeled as dynamical systems, and the associated solution procedure enables computational tractability for real-time deployment. An important study insight is that the Lyapunov functions for the route guidance control models are their corresponding objective functions under DTA. This overcomes the key difficulty of constructing meaningful Lyapunov functions for DTA problems.
Acceleration of the Morita-Baylis-Hillman reaction by a simple mixed catalyst system

By using a catalytic amount of 4-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP) as a nucleophile in the presence of an equal amount of tetramethylethylenediamine (TMEDA) and MgI2, Morita−Baylis−Hillman adducts can be obtained in good to excellent yields from various aromatic and aliphatic aldehydes and cyclic enones/enoates at room temperature after convenient reaction times.
Synthesis and biological activity of l-tyrosine-based PPARγ agonists with reduced molecular weight

A series of PPARgamma agonists were synthesized from L-tyrosine that incorporated low molecular weight N-substituents. The most potent analogue, pyrrole (4e), demonstrated a K(i) of 6.9nM and an EC(50) of 4.7nM in PPARgamma binding and functional assays, respectively. Pyrrole (4e), which is readily synthesized from L-tyrosine methyl ester in four steps, also demonstrated in vivo activity in a rodent model of Type 2 diabetes.
Palladium-catalyzed alkylation of sp2 and sp3 C-H bonds with methylboroxine and alkylboronic acids: two distinct C-H activation pathways.

Palladium-catalyzed alkylations of sp2 and sp3 C−H bonds with either methylboroxine or alkylboronic acids were developed. Ag2O or AgCO3 is used as a crucial oxidant and promoter for the transmetalation step. Ether, ester, alcohol, and alkene functional groups are tolerated. A new C−H activation pathway differing from the cyclometalation process is elucidated using methylboroxine as the coupling partner.
Online geometric reconstruction

We investigate a new class of geometric problems based on the idea of online error correction. Suppose one is given access to a large geometric dataset though a query mechanism; for example, the dataset could be a terrain and a query might ask for the coordinates of a particular vertex or for the edges incident to it. Suppose, in addition, that the dataset satisfies some known structural property P (for example, monotonicity or convexity) but that, because of errors and noise, the queries occasionally provide answers that violate P. Can one design a filter that modifies the query's answers so that (i) the output satisfies P; (ii) the amount of data modification is minimizedq We provide upper and lower bounds on the complexity of online reconstruction for convexity in 2D and 3D.
Magnetism and Negative Magnetoresistance of Two Magnetically Ordering, Rare-Earth-Containing Zintl phases with a New Structure Type: EuGa2Pn2 (Pn = P, As)

Single crystals of EuGa2Pn2 (Pn = P, As) were grown from a molten Ga flux and characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction at 100(1) K. They are isostructural and crystallize in a new structure type (monoclinic, P2/m, a = 9.2822(9) A, b = 3.8967(4) A, c = 12.0777(11) A, β = 95.5220(10)°, R1 = 0.0148, wR2 = 0.0325 (EuGa2P2) and a = 9.4953(7) A, b = 4.0294(3) A, c = 12.4237(9) A, β = 95.3040(10)°, R1 = 0.0155, wR2 = 0.0315 (EuGa2As2)). The structures consist of alternating layers of two-dimensional Ga2Pn2 anions and Eu cations. The anion layers are composed of Ga2Pn6 staggered, ethane-like moieties having a rare Ga−Ga bonding motif; these moieties are connected in a complex fashion by means of shared Pn atoms. Both structures show small residual electron densities that can be modeled by adding a Eu atom and removing two bonded Ga atoms, resulting in structures (<2%) where most of the atoms are the same, but there is a difference in bonding that leads to one-dimensional ribbons of parallel Ga2Pn6 stagge...
A Convenient Preparation of 2-Benzyloxyacetaldehyde

Abstract Two new and convenient routes to 2-benzyloxyacetaldehyde (4) that involve oxidative cleavage of (Z)-1,4-dibenzyloxy-2-butene (2) are described.
Density functional theory-based prediction of some aqueous-phase chemistry of superheavy element 111. Roentgenium(I) is the "softest" metal ion.

A previous approach (Hancock, R. D.; Bartolotti, L. J. Inorg. Chem. 2005, 44, 7175) using DFT calculations to predict log K1 (formation constant) values for complexes of NH3 in aqueous solution was used to examine the solution chemistry of Rg(I) (element 111), which is a congener of Cu(I), Ag(I), and Au(I) in Group 1B. Rg(I) has as its most stable presently known isotope a t1/2 of 3.6 s, so that its solution chemistry is not easily accessible. LFER (Linear free energy relationships) were established between ΔE(g) calculated by DFT for the formation of monoammine complexes from the aquo ions in the gas phase, and ΔG(aq) for the formation of the corresponding complexes in aqueous solution. For M2+, M3+, and M4+ ions, the gas-phase reaction was [M(H2O)6]n+(g) + NH3(g) = [M(H2O)5NH3]n+(g) + H2O(g) (1), while for M+ ions, the reaction was [M(H2O)2]+(g) + NH3(g) = [M(H2O)NH3]+(g) + H2O(g) (2). A value for ΔG(aq) and for ΔE for the formation of M = Cu2+ in reaction 1, not obtained previously, was calculated by D...
Molecular Hydrogen in Diffuse Interstellar Clouds of Arbitrary Three-dimensional Geometry

We have constructed three-dimensional models for the equilibrium abundance of molecular hydrogen in diffuse interstellar clouds of arbitrary geometry that are illuminated by ultraviolet radiation. The position-dependent photodissociation rate of H2 in such clouds was computed with a 26 ray approximation to model the attenuation of the incident ultraviolet radiation field by dust and by H2 line absorption. We have applied our modeling technique to the isolated diffuse cloud G236+39, assuming that the cloud has a constant density and that the thickness of the cloud along the line of sight is at every point proportional to the 100 micron continuum intensity measured by IRAS. We find that our model can successfully account for observed variations in the ratio of 100 micron continuum intensity to H I column density, with larger values of that ratio occurring along lines of sight in which the molecular hydrogen fraction is expected to be the largest. Using a standard chi square analysis to assess the goodness of fit of our models, we find (at the 60 a level) that a three-dimensional model is more successful in matching the observational data than a one-dimensional model in which the geometrical extent of the cloud along the line of sight is assumed to be much smaller than its extent in the plane of the sky. If D is the distance to G236 + 39, and given standard assumptions about the rate of grain-catalyzed H2 formation, we find that the cloud has an extent along the line of sight that is 0.9 +/- 0.1 times its mean extent projected onto the plane of the sky and a gas density of 53 +/- 8 (100 pc/D) H nuclei/cc and is illuminated by a radiation field of 1.1 +/- 0.2 (100 pc/D) times the mean interstellar radiation field. The derived 100 micron emissivity per nucleon is 1.13 +/- 0.06 x 10(exp -20) MJy/sr sq cm.
Structures and reactions of radical cations of some bicycloalkanes and their related alkenes as studied by 4 k matrix esr

Abstract The σ radical cations of most typical bicycloalkanes such as norbornane and bicyclo[2,2,2]octane are radiolytically produced at 4 K in halogenocarbon matrices and are studied by ESR spectroscopy. Their electronic and geometrical structures as well as their dynamical behaviors have been elucidated from the hyperfine structures and their temperature changes. The semi occupied molecular orbital (SOMO) of the former cation is 4a 2 , in which the unpaired electron delocalizes over the four exo C-H bonds giving large hyperfine coupling. The latter is a Jahn-Teller active species and exhibits static distortion from D 3h to C 2v at 4 K in CFCl 3 , and the SOMO is likely to be 6b 2 , in which the unpaired electron delocalizes over the four endo C-H bonds giving large proton coupling, although a dynamically averaged structure with 12 equivalent methylene protons is observed in C-C 6 F 12 as well as in CFCl 2 CF 2 Cl matrices at 77 K. The unpaired electron distribution in bicycloalkane radical cations is similar to that in cycloalkane radical cations previously studied. Upon warming both the cations undergo deprotonation to give 2-yl alkyl radicals from the exo or endo C-H bond, at which the higher unpaired electron density is populated. In addition to these radical cations, the structures and reactions of the radical cations of the related bicycloalkenes such as norbornadiene, quadricyclane, and bicyclo[2,2,2]octene have also been studied. The hydride ion transfer to an olefinic radical cation to form an alkyl radical is observed for the bicyclo[2,2,2]octene radical cation as the first example observed by ESR.
Relational access control with bivalent permissions in a social Web/collaboration architecture

We describe an access control model that has been implemented in the web content management framework “Deme” (which rhymes with “team”). Access control in Deme is an example of what we call “bivalent relation object access control” (BROAC). This model builds on recent work by Giunchiglia et al. on relation-based access control (RelBAC), as well as other work on relational, flexible, fine-grained, and XML access control models. We describe Deme's architecture and review access control models, motivating our approach. BROAC allows for both positive and negative permissions, which may conflict with each other. We argue for the usefulness of defining access control rules as objects in the target database, and for the necessity of resolving permission conflicts in a social Web/collaboration architecture. After describing how Deme access control works, including the precedence relations between different permission types in Deme, we provide several examples of realistic scenarios in which permission conflicts arise, and show how Deme resolves them. Initial performance tests indicate that permission checking scales linearly in time on a practical Deme website.
MEMs-based speckle spectrometer

We describe a new concept for a MEMS-based active spatial filter for astronomical spectroscopy. The goal of this device is to allow the use of a diffraction-limited spectrometer on a seeing limited observation at improved throughput over a comparable seeing-limited spectrometer, thus reducing the size and cost of the spectrometer by a factor proportional to r 0 /D (For the case of a 10 meter telescope this size reduction will be approximately a factor of 25 to 50). We use a fiber-based integral field unit (IFU) that incorporates an active MEMS mirror array to feed an astronomical spectrograph. A fast camera is used in parallel to sense speckle images at a spatial resolution of λ/D and at a temporal frequency greater than that of atmospheric fluctuations. The MEMS mirror-array is used as an active shutter to feed speckle images above a preset intensity threshold to the spectrometer, thereby increasing the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the spectrogram. Preliminary calculations suggests an SNR improvement of a factor of about 1.4. Computer simulations have shown an SNR improvement of 1.1, but have not yet fully explored the parameter space.
Effective electromagnetic lagrangian at finite temperature and density in the electroweak model

Using the exact propagators in a constant magnetic field, the effective electromagnetic lagrangian at finite temperature and density is calculated to all orders in the field strength B within the framework of the complete electroweak model, in the weak coupling limit. The partition function and free energy are obtained explicitly and the finite temperature effective coupling is derived in closed form. Some implications of this result, potentially interesting to astrophysics and cosmology, are discussed.
A COMPENDIUM OF FAR-INFRARED LINE AND CONTINUUM EMISSION FOR 227 GALAXIES OBSERVED BY THE INFRARED SPACE OBSERVATORY

Far-infrared line and continuum fluxes are presented for a sample of 227 galaxies observed with the Long Wavelength Spectrometer on the Infrared Space Observatory. The galaxy sample includes normal star-forming systems, starbursts, and active galactic nuclei covering a wide range of colors and morphologies. The data set spans some 1300 line fluxes, 600 line upper limits, and 800 continuum fluxes. Several fine-structure emission lines are detected that arise in either photodissociation or H II regions: [O III] 52 μm, [N III] 57 μm, [O I] 63 μm, [O III] 88 μm, [N II] 122 μm, [O I] 145 μm, and [C II] 158 μm. Molecular lines such as OH at 53, 79, 84, 119, and 163 μm, and H2O at 58, 66, 75, 101, and 108 μm are also detected in some galaxies. In addition to those lines emitted by the target galaxies, serendipitous detections of Milky Way [C II] 158 μm and an unidentified line near 74 μm in NGC 1068 are also reported. Finally, continuum fluxes at 52, 57, 63, 88, 122, 145, 158, and 170 μm are derived for a subset of galaxies in which the far-infrared emission is contained within the ~75" ISO LWS beam. The statistics of this large database of continuum and line fluxes, including trends in line ratios with the far-infrared color and infrared-to-optical ratio, are explored.