cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Impact of Hybrid Analog-Digital Techniques on the Analog-Computer Art

In a sense, many present-day analog computers exist in a gap left by the cost-speed characteristics of available digital computers. But even as digital computers improve, the all-parallel "live mathematical model" afforded by analog-type simulation remains indispensable to the system designer. As a result, new hybrid computing elements and systems combine analog and digital features, and analog computers are becoming faster. The techniques discussed include combination of conventional analog and digital computers, digital programming and checkout of analog computers, operational digital computing elements, new high-speed analog computers with memory and digital switching, true hybrid computing elements, and some hybrid computer systems.
Genomic Organization and Developmental Fate of Adjacent Repeated Sequences in a Foldback DNA Clone of Tetrahymena thermophila

DNA sequence elimination and rearrangement occurs during the development of somatic cell lineages of eukaryotes and was first discovered over a century ago. However, the significance and mechanism of chromatin elimination are not understood. DNA elimination also occurs during the development of the somatic macronucleus from the germinal micronucleus in unicellular ciliated protozoa such as Tetrahymena thermophila. In this study foldback DNA from the micronucleus was used as a probe to isolate ten clones. All of those tested (4/4) contained sequences that were repetitive in the micronucleus and rearranged in the macronucleus. The presence of inverted repeated sequences was clearly demonstrated in one of them by electron microscopy. DNA sequence analysis showed that the left portion of this clone contains three tandem, directly repeated copies of a 340-bp sequence, a 120-bp portion of which appears in inverted orientation at a 1.6-kb distance. This clone, pTtFB1, was subjected to a detailed analysis of its developmental fate. Subregions were subcloned and used as probes against Southern blots of micronuclear and macronuclear DNA. We found that all subregions defined repeated sequence families in the micronuclear genome. A minimum of four different families was defined, two of which are retained in the macronucleus and two of which are completely eliminated. The inverted repeat family is retained with little rearrangement. Two of the families, defined by subregions that do not contain parts of the inverted repeat, one in the "loop" and one in the "right flanking region," are totally eliminated during macronuclear development--and contain open reading frames. A fourth family occurs in the "loop" region and is rearranged extensively during development. The two gene families that are eliminated are stable in the micronuclear genome but are not clustered together as evidenced by experiments in which DNAs from nullisomic strains are used to map family members to specific micronuclear chromosomes. The inverted repeat family is also stable in the micronuclear genome and is dispersed among several chromosomes. The significance of retained inverted repeats to the process of elimination is discussed.
An evaluation of the social perspective in the development of technical requirements

Uses a qualitative methodology to examine how discourse norms and socialization processes affect the development of technical requirements. Our exploratory investigation of how government personnel develop and review technical requirements indicates that discourse norms and academic technical writing socialization processes affect the technical writing process. Technical writers perceived that requirements in work statements became less precise as more requirements were coordinated in team-based designs. In essence, we found that, in team-based designs, interpretation conflict and technical diffusion were important dimensions when writing and coordinating technical requirements. Our findings suggest that collaborative technical writing is a complex and difficult process in team-based designs where integration and persuasion skills dominate.
Clustering by genetic ancestry using genome-wide SNP data

Population stratification can cause spurious associations in a genome-wide association study (GWAS), and occurs when differences in allele frequencies of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are due to ancestral differences between cases and controls rather than the trait of interest. Principal components analysis (PCA) is the established approach to detect population substructure using genome-wide data and to adjust the genetic association for stratification by including the top principal components in the analysis. An alternative solution is genetic matching of cases and controls that requires, however, well defined population strata for appropriate selection of cases and controls. We developed a novel algorithm to cluster individuals into groups with similar ancestral backgrounds based on the principal components computed by PCA. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our algorithm in real and simulated data, and show that matching cases and controls using the clusters assigned by the algorithm substantially reduces population stratification bias. Through simulation we show that the power of our method is higher than adjustment for PCs in certain situations. In addition to reducing population stratification bias and improving power, matching creates a clean dataset free of population stratification which can then be used to build prediction models without including variables to adjust for ancestry. The cluster assignments also allow for the estimation of genetic heterogeneity by examining cluster specific effects.
Interval hash tree: an efficient index structure for searching object queries in large image databases

As image databases grow large in size, index structures for fast navigation become important. In particular, when the goal is to locate object queries in image databases under changes in pose, occlusions and spurious data, traditional index structures used in database become unsuitable. This paper presents a novel index structure called the interval hash tree, for locating multi-region object queries in image databases. The utility of the index structure is demonstrated for query localization in a large image database.
A Paradigmatic View of Contemporary Public Administration Research: An Empirical Test

This article offers an empirical articulation of paradigmatic views that guide research in contemporary public administration. Based on the findings, the authors argue that the debate on whether there is an intellectual core in public administration is becoming less relevant. What is more important from this point on is public administration scholars’ self-consciousness and better articulation of these existing paradigms. A self-aware normal science practice in public administration offers us a clearer research focus, a sharper sensitivity for recognizing anomalies, and thus a better chance for advancing public administration theories.
Automatically building research reading lists

All new researchers face the daunting task of familiarizing themselves with the existing body of research literature in their respective fields. Recommender algorithms could aid in preparing these lists, but most current algorithms do not understand how to rate the importance of a paper within the literature, which might limit their effectiveness in this domain. We explore several methods for augmenting existing collaborative and content-based filtering algorithms with measures of the influence of a paper within the web of citations. We measure influence using well-known algorithms, such as HITS and PageRank, for measuring a node's importance in a graph. Among these augmentation methods is a novel method for using importance scores to influence collaborative filtering. We present a task-centered evaluation, including both an offline analysis and a user study, of the performance of the algorithms. Results from these studies indicate that collaborative filtering outperforms content-based approaches for generating introductory reading lists.
A Service Provider's Approach for Improving Performance of Aggregate Voice-over-IP Traffic

The emerging popularity and interest in Voice-over-IP (VoIP) has been accompanied by customer concerns about voice quality over these networks. The lack of an appropriate real-time capable infrastructure in packet networks along with the threats of denial-of service (DoS) attacks can deteriorate the service that these voice calls receive. Traditionally, each voice call employs its own end-to-end forward-error-correction (FEC) mechanisms. In this paper, we show that when VoIP calls are aggregated over a network link or path, the provider can employ a suitable linear-time encoding for the aggregated voice traffic, resulting in considerable quality improvement with little redundancy. We show that it is possible to achieve rates closer to link capacity as more calls are combined with very small output loss rates even in the presence of significant packet loss rates in the network. The advantages of the proposed scheme exceed similar or other techniques applied to individual voice calls.
Water droplet vaporization in humid atmospheres

Droplet vaporization histories are computed from a semiempirical quasi-steady model, including natural convection, and compared with the experimental results of Houghton on suspended droplets in the size range of 500 — 1000 μm. This model explains the curvature in the data, and the agreement between theory and experiment is good in most cases, and indicates further, that natural convection effects around water droplets should be negligible for diameters less than a few hundred microns. However, the same model, modified to include the best available form for the forced ventilation factor, consistently under predicts the Duguid and Stampfer observations on 6 — 18 μm, freely falling droplets. It is suggested that this lack of agreement may be due to incipient Brownian motion on the part of these small droplets, which disrupts the surrounding transport film. Additional data in the size range of a few microns are required in order to test and to quantify this hypothesis. On calcule les facteurs qui entourent la vaporisation des gouttelettes (y compris la convection naturelle) au moyen d'un modele semi-empirique et quasi stable; on compare les donnees obtenues avec les resultats experimentaux d'Houghton sur des gouttelettes en suspension dot l'echelle de dimensions varie entre 500 et 1000 μm. Ledit modele explique la courbature dans les donnees, et la concordance entre les donnees theoriques et les calculs experimentaux est bonne dans la plupart des cas; il indique aussi que les effets de la convection naturelle autour des gouttelettes d'eau doivent ětre negligeables dans le cas des diametres inferieurs a quelques centaines de microns. Toutefois, lorsqu'on modifie le měme modele pour inclure la meilleure forme disponible relativement au facteur de ventilation forcee, il fournit constamment des previsions trop faibles pour les observations de Duguid et Stampfer, faites sur des gouttelettes de 6 a 18 μm qui tombent librement. II semblerait que la cause de la discordance en question soit le mouvement brownien qui se developpe chez lesdites petites gouttelettes et brise la pellicule de transport qui les entoure. On a besoin de donnees additionnelles dans l'echelle de dimensions de quelques microns pour va rifier et quantifier l'hypothese mentionnee.
Correlation, Regression, and Density Dependence

Several examples are given to illustrate the dangers of inferring the existence of density—dependent population regulation on the basis of correlation analyses. Alternate models based on a series of random number (or random selections from some other frequency distribution) have expected correlation coefficients very close to those cited as demonstrating density dependence. A "Morris plot" can also be generated from a series of random numbers.
Substrate Integrated Evanescent-Mode Cavity Filter With a 3.5 to 1 Tuning Ratio

In this letter, the design and RF packaging of substrate integrated widely tunable filter is presented. The filter consists of two heavily loaded evanescent-mode cavities embedded into the substrate. The filter is actuated using two piezoelectric discs, which move thin, flexible membranes that form the top of the cavities. To demonstrate the wide tuning a filter is fabricated and measured to cover a very wide frequency range from 0.98 to 3.48 GHz (tuning ratio-3.55:1). The measured insertion loss is less than 3.57 dB for a 1.1% fractional bandwidth filter.
Measurement of Dielectric and Magnetic Characteristics of Nickel Ferrite and Strontium Ferrite Composite from 4.5 to 26.5 GHz Frequency Range

Complex permittivity and permeability measurement plays an important role in microwave technology since knowing properties of material is the first step in all kind of design when the material is used. In this paper, we study these dielectric and magnetic properties of one nickel ferrite ceramic sample and two custom made strontium ferrite composite ceramic samples in microwave frequency from 4.5 to 26.5 GHz in demagnetized state. Cavity perturbation and waveguide transmission line technique were used to carry out the measurement tasks.
Energy Driven Design Flow

The most critical aspect of energy-efficient design is to be energy conscious throughout the entire design flow. A typical design flow treats energy consumption as an afterthought, and is not thoroughly analyzed until the design has reached the transistor schematic stage. This is too late in the design process for radical modifications that can lead to a more energy-efficient implementation. Therefore, much as performance is analyzed at the initial high-level specification of the design, so must energy consumption be analyzed, as well. The primary goal of this design flow is to evaluate energy consumption early on so that the largest energy reductions can be attained.
Infrared reflectance measurements of zeolite film thickness, refractive index and other characteristics

We present a method for the non-destructive measurement of zeolite membrane characteristics by means of infrared (IR) reflectance measurements in the non-absorbing frequency range. A rigorous expression for the IR reflectivity of an isotropic layered structure is combined with a polynomial expansion for the refractive index function, to interpret reflectance measurements from zeolite MFI membranes grown on α-alumina substrates by the seeded growth technique. The optical refractive index function, the membrane thickness, and the RMS roughness of the membrane surface can be extracted from non-linear least squares fitting of the measurement model. The method can also be used to detect the loading of organic species by measuring changes in the optical characteristics. The utility of the method in studying adsorption and transport in zeolite membranes is discussed.
The online case-crossover study is a novel approach to study triggers for recurrent disease flares

Abstract Objectives To evaluate the feasibility of conducting an online case-crossover study of triggers for recurrent disease flares. Methods We conducted an online case-crossover study of triggers for recurrent flares using gout as a paradigm. We constructed a Web site and recruited individuals with history of gout via the Internet. We confirmed gout diagnosis by reviewing each subject's medical records. We collected via the Internet exposure information during the intercritical period using a scheduled Control-period Questionnaire, and prior to recurrent gout attacks using a Hazard-period Questionnaire. Results Over 10 months we recruited 197 subjects with a history of gout from 41 states and the District of Columbia. We obtained medical records from 172 subjects. All participants had experienced at least one recurrent attack and filled out required questionnaires. The median time between the date of an attack and the date of logging on to the Web site was 2 days. The incidence rate of recurrent gout attacks was 1.03 per person-year. Longer disease duration and presence of comorbidities appeared to increase the risk of recurrent flares. Conclusion The results of this study demonstrate that a case-crossover study can be successfully conducted through the Internet. This approach has broad applicability to other diseases typified by recurrent attacks.
Forensic identification: From a faith-based "Science" to a scientific science.

This article reviews the fundamental assumptions of forensic identification (‘‘individualization’’) science and notes the lack of empirical evidence or theory supporting its typical strong claims. The article then discusses three general research strategies for placing these fields on firmer scientific ground. It concludes by suggesting what forensic identification science experts can do while awaiting that scientific foundation.
Assessment of a radiotherapy patient cranial immobilization device using daily on-board kilovoltage imaging.

The purpose of this study was to utilize state-of-the-art on-board digital kilovoltage (kV) imaging to determine the systematic and random set-up errors of an immobilization device designed for canine and feline cranial radiotherapy treatments. The immobilization device is comprised of a custom made support bridge, bite block, vacuum-based foam mold and a modified thermoplastic mask attached to a commercially available head rest designed for human radiotherapy treatments. The immobilization device was indexed to a Varian exact couch-top designed for image guided radiation therapy (IGRT). Daily orthogonal kV images were compared to Eclipse treatment planning digitally reconstructed radiographs (DRRs). The orthogonal kV images and DRRs were directly compared online utilizing the Varian on-board imaging (OBI) system with set-up corrections immediately and remotely transferred to the treatment couch prior to treatment delivery. Off-line review of 124 patient treatments indicates systematic errors consisting of +0.18 mm vertical, +0.39 mm longitudinal and −0.08 mm lateral. The random errors corresponding to 2 standard deviations (95% CI) consist of 4.02 mm vertical, 2.97 mm longitudinal and 2.53 mm lateral and represent conservative CTV to PTV margins if kV OBI is not available. Use of daily kV OBI along with the cranial immobilization device permits reduction of the CTV to PTV margins to approximately 2.0 mm.
Laparoscopic gastric bypass surgery in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients.

w r c Obesity has been associated with a protective effect in uman immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection [1–3]. In 000, Shor-Posner et al. [1] reported that mild to moderate besity might confer a survival advantage and be important n maintaining immune functional status. Rapid weight loss uch as that seen after bariatric surgery has been associated ith decreased serum concentrations of antiretroviral medcations. Razonable et al. [4] reported subtherapeutic conentrations of nelfinavir and its metabolite M8 in a patient ho had undergone gastric bypass and lost 100 lb. For these easons, bariatric surgery in the HIV -infected population emains controversial. However, obesity is more prevalent han wasting among HIV patients [5,6]. In 2001, Shuter t al. [5] showed that being overweight was more than twice s common as being underweight in their sample of HIVnfected patients, even among those who had acquired imunodeficiency syndrome. In addition, treatment with ighly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has been asociated with weight gain, as well as multiple metabolic roblems, such as dyslipidemia, lipodystrophy, and insulin esistance, and an increased risk of coronary artery disease 6–8]. Long-term complications related to diet and obesity have ained new importance. In 2005, Flancbaum et al. [9] reorted the first series of HIV-infected patients who had ndergone bariatric surgery. Their study included 6 moridly obese patients with asymptomatic, stable HIV infec-
Evolving New Skeletal Traits by cis-Regulatory Changes in Bone Morphogenetic Proteins

Changes in bone size and shape are defining features of many vertebrates. Here we use genetic crosses and comparative genomics to identify specific regulatory DNA alterations controlling skeletal evolution. Armor bone-size differences in sticklebacks map to a major effect locus overlapping BMP family member GDF6. Freshwater fish express more GDF6 due in part to a transposon insertion, and transgenic overexpression of GDF6 phenocopies evolutionary changes in armor-plate size. The human GDF6 locus also has undergone distinctive regulatory evolution, including complete loss of an enhancer that is otherwise highly conserved between chimps and other mammals. Functional tests show that the ancestral enhancer drives expression in hindlimbs but not forelimbs, in locations that have been specifically modified during the human transition to bipedalism. Both gain and loss of regulatory elements can localize BMP changes to specific anatomical locations, providing a flexible regulatory basis for evolving species-specific changes in skeletal form.
The Adult Functional Adaptive Behavior Scale (AFABS) and Psychiatric Inpatients: Indices of Reliability and Validity

The reliability and validity of Adult Functional Adaptive Behavior Scale (AFABS) data was examined for a group of 91 male inpatients of a state-operated psychiatric hospital. Item analyses document...
Soapbox: Class matters in parenting interventions:

Class and income level influence parenting styles and values, yet are rarely discussed in treatment approaches and parenting interventions with families. In this soapbox article, I argue that discrepancies in outcome, retention, and participation could be fruitfully addressed through a fuller understanding of the needs, realities, and parenting goals of families struggling with financial disadvantage. I compare and contrast ethnographic studies of parenting in low socioeconomic environments with the types of strategies and interventions commonly advanced in parent training programs and suggest that clinicians must become more aware of the cultural and socioeconomic overtones of those interventions in determining whether, how, and when to use them with families.
A Unified Asymptotic Theory of Transonic Stability and Separation (invited)

The high Reynolds number triple-deck approach is known to have the same scaling in subsonic range of velocities independent of flow physics under consideration. This is primarily dictated by the fact that the outer, inviscid part of the velocity field obeys the Laplace equation in normalized variables. For a supersonic oncoming stream, the wave equation in spatial coordinates comes in place of the Laplace equation even if weak shocks are involved in a problem. The classical triple-deck pattern relies on the same scaling as the subsonic scheme does but is incapable of predicting the boundary-layer instability. This long-standing paradox of asymptotic approach founds its resolution in different scaling for two types of disparate phenomena when the oncoming stream velocity passes through the speed of sound. The new similarity parameter varies linearly with the surface curvature, the role of which strongly increases in the spectral range of Gortler vortices. The boundarylayer equations by Prandtl are to be integrated simultaneously with the upper-deck potential equation, using the interaction law to specify the pressure variations in terms of the displacement thickness. They include one more similarity parameter that can be identified with the vortex spacing. The consequences from the multi-parameter approach developed are discussed and exemplified.
Manualtherapeutische Wirkmechanismen: Ein bekanntes Konzept neu betrachtet

MANUELLE THERAPIE WIRKT MECHANISCH: Sie dehnt periartikulare Strukturen und verbessert akzessorische und physiologische Gelenkbewegungen. Doch wie beeinflusst sie neurophysiologische Mechanismen? Die wissenschaftlichen Ergebnisse dazu uberschlagen sich. Die Forschungsfragen unserer Autorin sind: Wie wirkt Manuelle Therapie auf die Nozizeption und wie wahlt man die besten Techniken aus? Zum Beispiel fur Patienten mit chronischen Knieschmerzen
Transient monosomy 7 in a chronic myelogenous leukemia patient during nilotinib therapy: a case report

Tyrosine kinase inhibitor treated chronic myelogenous leukemia patients with monosomy 7 arising in Philadelphia chromosome negative (Ph-) cells tend to evolve into MDS/AML. However, monosomy 7 in Ph- cells can be a transient finding, and it is not an absolute indication of the emergence of a new myeloid malignancy.
Observations on Africanized Honey Bees Reported to South and Central American Government Agencies

Africanized honey bees are moving rapidly into new areas in northern South America where they could well cause problems for the public and for beekeepers. In March 1978 we visited French Guiana, Trinidad, Venezuela, Colombia, Panama, Costa Rica and Mexico to discuss the problems associated with the africanized bees with government officials and beekeepers. The purpose of our discussions was to communicate many of the things we have learned as a result of our research over the last 3½ yr and to provide recommendations on how government and beekeepers might proceed to minimize problems that might be caused by these bees. It was also our intent to learn what steps the respective governments had taken or would take to prepare for the arrival of the bees. In the course of these discussions we learned about the beekeeping industry in each country and about the support provided to the industry by their governments. We also developed a better appreciation of the geographic scale of the spread of africanized bees and of the problems faced by each government in protecting the public and providing advice or assistance to their beekeepers.
Pre- and postnatal normal mouse blood cell counts.

Summary and ConclusionsA study of 17 day fetal mouse blood revealed that almost all cell types were much lower than even in the newborn (2-3 days later) with the exception of the nucleated erythrocytes which constituted about 50% in both the males and females. The graphs of blood counts represent the averages of 25 mice for each age up to 9 weeks, and at 12 months there were no less than 20 mice, and at 24 months no less than 13 mice examined. Females tended to show a higher red cell and hemoglobin count than did males of the same age, and the males after 2 weeks had the higher leukocytes counts and after 5 weeks showed higher platelet counts. With respect to the neutrophils and lymphocytes there was little difference between the sexes.Red cell production is progressively increased in male and female mice from birth until a plateau is reached at 8-9 weeks of age, while the hemoglobin shows a drop from birth through 3 weeks. Thereafter the hemoglobin values parallel those of the red cells possibly because ...
A Navajo Legacy: The Life and Teachings of John Holiday

Born in 1919, Holiday is a practicing traditional Navajo medicine man living in Monument Valley, Utah. Drawing on extensive interviews with Holiday, McPherson (College of Eastern Utah) presents a detailed account of Holiday's life, from his early training with his grandfather and other family members living in the high country desert of the Colorad
High-resolution optical hole burning and double resonance of holmium centers in CaF 2

Optical-hole burning and associated double-resonance techniques give unsurpassed resolution to the frequency-domain spectroscopy of solids. The present work not only is a demonstration of the strength of the technique in simplifying a complicated spectrum, Ho3+ in CaF2, but it also gives fundamental information about this system in great detail.
Population genetics of four species of Ordovician bryozoans: stereology and jackknifed analysis of variance

Collections of four Ordovician bryozoan species from habitats of differing levels of taxonomic diversity were examined in order to assess the effect of environmental conditions on intraspecific and interspecific morphologic patterns. Up to 20 morphometric characteristics were measured for each species from populations in both high-diversity and low-diversity settings. Character means and the levels of character variability differ between populations in different diversity zones. Across species, mean character values differ significantly in 41 percent of the total comparisons, permitting intraspecific and interspecific multivariate discrimination of populations from the two diversity zones. The partitioning of clonal morphologic variability into within-colony (nonheritable) and among-colony (potentially heritable) components reveals that habitat conditions favoring high diversities appear to promote a greater proportion of potentially heritable genetic variation both within- and among-species than do low-diversity settings wherein a larger percentage of variation is ecophenotypic, or nonheritable, plasticity. Although the actual percentages vary from species to species, this pattern is obtained for representatives of four different trepostome bryozoan families and therefore is robust. Variability of this sort, if unrecognized, could lead to taxonomic oversplitting along ecologic gradients. These local, facultative adjustments to environmental conditions may be indicative of processes involved in the reactions of populations to selective pressures. Analyses such as this, coupled with examinations of character covariances, may permit the recognition not only of environmentally-induced morphologic plasticity and the proportions of potentially heritable and nonheritable variability, but also provide evidence for intraspecific changes in the rates and timing of developmental events (i.e., across-population or facultative heterochrony).
VALUING OPEN SPACE IN A MARSHLAND ENVIRONMENT: DEVELOPMENT ALTERNATIVES FOR COASTAL GEORGIA

In a coastal environment, open space can exist as land set aside by a real estate developer or as tidal marshland. In this article, we determine the relative values of both types of open spaces in a coastal county in Georgia using a spatial hedonic price framework. Results indicate that (1) there is a price premium associated with the marshlands and (2) developers have market incentives to incorporate more open space into their designs of residential subdivisions. Regarding marshlands, we also find that accessibility is an important variable that adds much more value to a property than just the proximity.
Potassium diode pumped alkali laser performance study using He, Ar, CH4 and C2H6 as buffer gas (Conference Presentation)

We examined the performance of potassium diode pumped alkali laser (K DPAL) using He, Ar, Methane (CH4), Ethane (C2H6) and a mixture of He and CH4 as a buffer gas to provide spin-orbit mixing of the 4P3/2 and 4P1/2 states of Potassium atoms. We found that pure helium as an efficient buffer gas for K DPAL with a static gain medium can be used only for pulsed operation with up to 50 µs pulse durations. The performance degradation of K DPAL with pure helium for longer pulses can be explained by ionization, which causes an effective reduction in neutral alkali atoms number density. Using a flowing system for the K DPAL allows improving its operation in continuous wave (CW) mode, but for efficient lasing with pure He buffer gas, a considerable flow speed of about 100 m/s is required. In contrast, using a small amount of methane or ethane (10-20 Torr) mixed with helium at total pressure of about 1 atm, an efficient continuous wave lasing can be achieved with very moderate flow speeds of about 1 m/s. Argon buffer gas was also tested in this experiments, but it did not support lasing neither in pulsed nor in CW mode of K DPAL operation.
Review of Control and Estimation Theory

The purpose of this chapter is to provide a review of control and estimation theory. It is expected that the reader has some basic knowledge of dynamical systems and probability theory. Several of the concepts shown in this chapter are used throughout the text. First a basic review of system modeling using differential equations is shown. This is followed by linear and nonlinear control theory. Then estimation concepts, such as maximum likelihood and the Kalman filter, are reviewed. The reader is encouraged to read the several cited texts in this chapter for further information.
Potential Effects of Differential Day-Night Warming in Global Climate Change on Crop Production

Recent studies on the nature of global warming indicate the likelihood of an asymmetric change in temperature, where night-time minimum temperature increases more rapidly than the day-time maximum temperature. We used a physically based scenario of asymmetric warming combined with climate change scenarios from General Circulation Models (GCMs) outputs and the EPIC (Erosion Productivity Impact Calculator) plant process model to examine the effects of asymmetric temperature change on crop productivity. Our results indicated that the potential effects of global change on crop productivity may be less severe with asymmetric day-night warming than with equal day-night warming.
Metal Induced Recombination Parameter Extraction using High Resolution Photoluminescence Imaging for Silicon Solar Cells

Metal induced recombination (i.e., contact recombination) is a significant loss mechanism for homojunction crystalline silicon solar cells. In this work, a method is proposed to extract the metal induced recombination parameters using high- resolution photoluminescence PL imaging. By calculating the voltage distribution profile between fingers, the total current flow from the semiconductor to the finger, per area, can be obtained. The total recombination current at the semiconductor area and the metal contact area are then calculated and used to calculate the reverse saturation current for each region. The metal induced reverse saturation current $(j_{0m})$ is then obtained. This measurement allows the extraction of $j_{0m}$ on finished solar cells without the need to make special metal test structures. This is a big advantage over existing methods.
A cell-based high-throughput screen identifies tyrphostin AG 879 as an inhibitor of animal cell phospholipid and fatty acid biosynthesis.

Abstract Inhibition of animal cell phospholipid biosynthesis has been proposed for anticancer and antiviral therapies. Using CHO K1 derived cell lines, we have developed and used a cell-based high-throughput procedure to screen a 1280 compound, small molecule library for inhibitors of phospholipid biosynthesis. We identified tyrphostin AG 879 (AG879), which inhibited phospholipid biosynthesis by 85–90% at a concentration of 10 μM, displaying an IC50 of 1–3 μM. The synthesis of all phospholipid head group classes was heavily affected. Fatty acid biosynthesis was also dramatically inhibited (90%). AG879 inhibited phospholipid biosynthesis in all additional cell lines tested, including MDCK, HUH7, Vero, and HeLa cell lines. In CHO cells, AG879 was cytostatic; cells survived for at least four days during exposure and were able to divide following its removal. AG879 is an inhibitor of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK) and inhibitors of signaling pathways known to be activated by RTK's also inhibited phospholipid biosynthesis. We speculate that inhibition of RTK by AG879 results in an inhibition of fatty acid biosynthesis with a resulting decrease in phospholipid biosynthesis and that AG879's effect on fatty acid synthesis and/or phospholipid biosynthesis may contribute to its known capacity as an effective antiviral/anticancer agent.
Variation across Hospitals in Network Program Participation

Throughout this book we have emphasized the influence of the environment on the development of the individual head and neck network demonstration projects. We demonstrated in Chapter 3 how hospitals in these networks established agendas and how their participation was influenced by these agendas. Two types of participating hospitals were identified. Academic medical centers sought new sources of patients for research and training and to estbablish themselves as regional cancer centers. Community medical centers sought to establish oncology programs that would attract young oncologists and their patients.
Los vínculos de la «Perinola» (la palabra, el objeto y el opúsculo quevediano) con la América virreinal

Se estudian los vinculos con la America virreinal de la palabra perinola, el juguete que designa y la obra La Perinola (1632) de Quevedo. Tanto la palabra como el objeto se documentan por primera vez en textos del Peru virreinal en el transito del XVI al XVII, donde se vincula el juguete espanol con la «pisca» de los incas. Un rastreo del termino en los registros de la lengua sugiere que la perinola era una novedad a principios del XVII en Espana, lo que aprovechan algunos escritores para incorporarla a sus textos y jugar con sus posibilidades metaforicas, como hace notablemente Quevedo en su obra homonima. Frente al auge de la perinola en la primera mitad del XVII, palabra y juguete parecen entrar en un ocaso en Espana desde entonces hasta el dia de hoy, lo cual contrasta, por ejemplo, con la vitalidad de la «pirinola» hoy en Mexico. Se concluye con una reflexion sobre el papel que la temprana aparicion en la America virreinal de copias manuscritas de La Perinola de Quevedo pudo tener en la preservacion del texto quevediano.
Value of Preoperative Pectoral Muscle Index as a Predictor of Outcomes after LVAD Implantation

Purpose Cardiac cachexia with associated sarcopenia and frailty has been associated with adverse outcomes after placement of a durable left ventricular assist device (LVAD). The purpose of this study is to examine whether the pectoralis muscle index (PMI) measured from preoperative CT scans of the chest will predict outcomes after LVAD implantation. Methods We retrospectively reviewed preop CT scans of the chest on 76 LVAD patients implanted between 1/2017 and 8/2018. The axial CT slice with the greatest pectoralis area at or near the level of the sternoclavicular joint was identified, and PMI was calculated by dividing the measured pectoralis area in cm by the patient's height in m2. Kruskal-Wallis test was used to compare length of stay, Fisher's Exact test to assess mortality and readmission rates. The overall survival was by Kaplan-Meier estimate, and the Log-Rank test was used to compare the survival curves. Results A total of 76 LVAD patients were included. Subjects were divided into low, medium, and high PMI terciles (Table 1). 30/60/90 day mortality, length of stay, and 30-day readmission rate trended higher in patients with the lowest PMI, although the differences did not reach statistical significance. Overall mortality (Figure 1) also clearly trended by PMI tercile but did not reach statistical significance in this population. Conclusion Preoperative PMI may be a predictor of outcomes post LVAD implant independently, and value in our center might be better defined with a larger sample size. The value of PMI could potentially be enhanced by combination with other assessments of sarcopenia, such as psoas muscle area.
Islamic Constitutionalism Before Sovereignty: Two Defenses of the Tunisian Constitution of 1861

This article focuses on the Tunisian constitutional moment of 1857-1861. Its goal is to explore an important moment in Islamic modernity for the purposes of drawing a contrast with twentieth-century, post-caliphal Islamist thought. The primary themes visible in nineteenth-century Islamic constitutional thought are a “descending” conception of sovereign constituent power with a strong emphasis on the pre-political existence of a divine law that is both binding and guiding but not necessarily the exclusive source of lawmaking. The debates of the 1860s and Ottoman constitutionalism more generally do not lead directly to a non-sovereigntist political vision. But they are representative of a pre-colonial (and thus, to a certain extent, pre-apologetic) Islamic thought that centralizes the public interest, the varieties of political judgment, and the compatibility of distinct kinds of expertise with a desacralized centralized authority. This period may hold relevance for our present moment when twentieth-century ideals of both divine and popular sovereignty seem to no longer dominate Islamic (and Islamist) approaches to political life.
Structural dynamics of pentapeptide repeat proteins.

Pentapeptide repeat proteins (PRPs) represent a large superfamily with more than 38 000 sequences in nearly 3500 species, the majority belonging to cyanobacteria but represented among all branches of life. PRPs contain at least eight consecutive pentapeptide repeats with the consensus (A/C/S/V/T/L/I)(D/N/S/K/E/I/R)(L/F)(S/T/R/E/Q/K/V/D)(G/D/E/N/R/Q/K). PRPs fold into right-handed quadrilateral β helices, also known as repeat-five-residue (Rfr)-folds, with four consecutive pentapeptide repeats comprising a single coil, the ~90° change in polypeptide direction in square-shaped coils achieved by type I, II and IV β turns, and hydrogen bonds between coils establishing β ladders on each Rfr-fold face. PRPs are broadly categorized into group 1 and 2 involved in antibiotic resistance and group 3 currently having unknown functions. Motivated by their intriguing structures, we are investigating PRP biophysical characteristics, including Rfr-fold thermal stability, β turn and β ladder hydrogen bond amide exchange rates and backbone dynamics. Here, we present analysis of 20 ns molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and all atom normal mode analysis (aaNMA) calculations for four group 1 and group 2 and four group 3 PRPs whose structures have been determined by X-ray crystallography. The MD cross-correlation matrices and aaNMA indicated strong correlated motion between adjacent coils and weak coupled motion between coils separated by one or more intervening coils. Slow anticorrelated motions were detected between adjacent coils in aaNMA modes that we hypothesize are requisite to access exchange-competent states necessary to permit solvent exchange of amide hydrogens involved in β-ladder and β-turns hydrogen bonds, which can have lifetimes on the order of months.
General Public's Information-Seeking Patterns of Topics Related to Obesity: Google Trends Analysis.

Background: Obesity is a major public health challenge, and recent literature sheds light on the concept of “normalization” of obesity. Objective: We aimed to study the worldwide pattern of web-based information seeking by public on obesity and on its related terms and topics using Google Trends. Methods: We compared the relative frequency of obesity-related search terms and topics between 2004 and 2019 on Google Trends. The mean relative interest scores for these terms over the 4-year quartiles were compared. Results: The mean relative interest score of the search term “obesity” consistently decreased with time in all four quartiles (2004-2019), whereas the relative interest scores of the search topics “weight loss” and “abdominal obesity” increased. The topic “weight loss” was popular during the month of January, and its median relative interest score for January was higher than that for other months for the entire study period (P<.001). The relative interest score for the search term “obese” decreased over time, whereas those scores for the terms “body positivity” and “self-love” increased after 2013. Conclusions: Despite a worldwide increase in the prevalence of obesity, its popularity as an internet search term diminished over time. The reason for peaks in months should be explored and applied to the awareness campaigns for better effectiveness. These patterns suggest normalization of obesity in society and a rise of public curiosity about image-related obesity rather than its medical implications and harm.
Juan Goytisolo y la narración testimonial contemporánea

La obra de Juan Goytisolo presenta un proyecto intelectual y literario considerablemente distintivo dentro de su grupo generacional. Ese proyecto responde a un paradigma general del concepto de la literatura como una posicion de resistencia al statu quo politico, social y cultural y una asercion de integridad etica frente a el. El proyecto se materializa a traves de una vision inicial del texto literario como un testimonio critico del medio local mas inmediato y progresivamente de toda la historia de la cultura nacional. En la fase de madurez de la obra de Goytisolo, dosreferentes centrales emergen en sus textos: la lengua como la unica patria legitima del escritor y la identificacion con el marginado social y cultural.
A Qualitative Assessment of Patient Satisfaction with Radical Cystectomy for Bladder Cancer at a Single Institution: How Can We Improve?

Purpose To evaluate patient satisfaction (with emphasis on preoperative education) with radical cystectomy for bladder cancer at our institution, the University of Missouri Hospital, qualitatively in order to identify specific areas where improvements can be made. Materials and methods We developed a patient survey that used open-ended questions to identify positive and negative experiences that contributed to patient satisfaction. We administered the survey to radical cystectomy patients who met inclusion criteria and agreed to participate. We recorded, transcribed and qualitatively coded the responses. We identified four themes under which both positive and negative responses were placed, and constructed two diagrams to better illustrate contributors to patient experience and satisfaction. Results We identified 25 patients who met inclusion criteria. Of those, 13 participated in the survey. Regarding overall experience, 92.3% of patients rated their care as excellent or good. Regarding preoperative education, 76.9% of patients reported they definitely or somewhat received enough information on what to expect after surgery, and 76.9% definitely received enough guidance on how to care for themselves after surgery. From qualitative coding of patient responses to open-ended questions, we identified preoperative preparation, delivery of care, caregiver availability, and patient-centered care as themes that contributed positively and negatively to patient experience. Conclusion Although the overall patient satisfaction could be perceived as high (92.3%), qualitative analysis revealed several areas where improvements can be made to improve patient experience with radical cystectomy at our institution. As previously expected, preoperative preparation was a contributor.
Homophily in risk and behavior complicate understanding the COVID-19 epidemic curve

New COVID-19 diagnoses have dropped faster than expected in the United States. Interpretations of the decrease have focused on changing factors (e.g. mask-wearing, vaccines, etc.), but predictive models largely ignore heterogeneity in behaviorally-driven exposure risks among distinct groups. We present a simplified compartmental model with differential mixing in two behaviorally distinct groups. We show how homophily in behavior, risk, and exposure can lead to early peaks and rapid declines that critically do not signal the end of the outbreak. Instead, higher exposure risk groups may more rapidly exhaust available susceptibles while the lower risk group are still in a (slower) growth phase of their outbreak curve. This simplified model demonstrates that complex incidence curves, such as those currently seen in the US, can be generated without changes to fundamental drivers of disease dynamics. Correct interpretation of incidence curves will be critical for policy decisions to effectively manage the pandemic.