cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of filler loading on the mechanical properties of crosslinked 1,2,3‐triazole polymers

The effect of filler loading on the mechanical properties of crosslinked triazole polymers obtained by polymerization of E300 dipropiolate (1) with diazide (2) obtained from tetraethylene glycol using tetraacetylene functionalized crosslinker (3) was studied systematically. Aluminum (10–14 μm) was used as the primary filler during the formulations; the effect of secondary fillers such as aluminum (<75 μm), NaCl (45–50 and 83–105 μm) was studied with the increase in the total filler loading. The modulus of the aluminum-filled crosslinked triazole polymers increases with the increase in the filler content while using either particle sized aluminum powder. The use of Al (particle size <75 μm) and NaCl (particle size 45–50 μm and 83–105 μm) as secondary or additional fillers while using aluminum (10–14 μm) as the main filler, has a diminishing effect on the modulus and strain of the crosslinked triazole polymers. Triazole polymers described herein have the ability to wet and adhere to large quantities of these inorganic salts and thus maintain mechanical properties of the composite comparable to typical polyurethane elastomeric matrices, regardless of the chemistry of the particulate filler, which imparts an important and necessary binder characteristic for energetic composites. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Diagonal and off-diagonal density fluctuations in hot nuclear matter, and applications to neutrino transport in supernovae.

We calculate the effects of interactions on the density fluctuations of an $n$, $p$, $e$ plasma. The scattering of neutrinos arising from the Fermi part of the neutral current interactions with protons, under supernova conditions, is practically extinguished by Coulomb effects in the plasma. Charged-current reactions are discussed in terms of off-diagonal density fluctuations. Inclusion of the symmetry energy term in the nuclear interaction gives rise to a large reduction in the Fermi part of the cross section for $\ensuremath{\nu}+n\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}+p$.
Actions vs. Words: How We Can Learn Both

In three experiments we investigated the relation between observing responses and incidental language acquisition by children ages 3 to 5 with and without disabilities. In Experiment I, participants heard the name of an object while observing an accompanying action with the object. The participants consistently acquired the actions associated with the objects, but learned few names. Experiment II compare responses to stimuli presented with and without actions, with the results indicating that the presence of an action hindered rather than facilitated incidental acquisition of names. In Experiment III, we selected participants who acquired listener responses when actions were present, but did not readily acquire the speaker responses. Following a multiple exemplar intervention, participants acquired both speaker and listener responses along with the action responses for novel stimuli. The findings suggest that when children are provided with a specific instructional history, they can acquire multiple benefits from a single language exposure experience.
ACM bundles, quintic threefolds and counting problems

We review some facts about rank two arithmetically Cohen-Macaulay bundles on quintic threefolds. In particular, we separate them into seventeen natural classes, only fourteen of which can appear on a general quintic. We discuss some enumerative problems arising from these.
Temperature derivative of the electronic work function of copper at low temperatures

The temperature derivative of the electronic work function of oxidized polycrystalline copper has been measured in the temperature range 2.9-6.2 K in search of features associated with the surface shielding effect reported by Lockhart, Witteborn, and Fairbank. No anomalies that could be associated with a transition to surface shielding were observed. The temperature derivative of the work function is found to vary from -3 to -12 \ensuremath{\mu}V/K in the temperature range covered. The limitations of these measurements with respect to the detection of the surface shielding transition are discussed.
Estimation of external network equivalents from internal system data

The problem of estimating the admittance parameters of an external equivalent network using internal system operating data is considered. By utilizing information available from monitoring scheduled or forced internal system outages, together with static state estimator data, external network equivalents can be estimated. The algorithm for performing this type of parameter estimation is derived. Its effectiveness and Computer requirements are demonstrated by simulating a representative system. Application for this algorithm is foreseen to be in the off-line estimation and model validity assessment of network equivalent models which are used in several on-line applications.
Low frequency noise in short-channel MOSFET's degraded by Fowler-Nordheim and hot-carrier injection

Abstract Low frequency noise measurements have been performed on short channel MOSFET's degraded by Fowler-Nordheim (F-N) injection as well as by Hot-Carrier-Injection (HCI). The slow interface traps measured from low frequency noise correlates with the fast interface traps extracted from both charge pumping and subthreshold swing measurements, except in devices degraded by the negative gate F-N injection. It is shown that for the same peak transconductance degradation, the drain-avalanche-hot-carrier injection causes the largest low frequency noise.
Deriving Acceptable Biological Catch from the Overfishing Limit: Implications for Assessment Models

Abstract The recently revised Magnuson–Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act requires that U.S. fishery management councils avoid overfishing by setting annual catch limits (ACLs) not exceeding recommendations of the councils' scientific advisers. To meet that requirement, the scientific advisers will need to know the overfishing limit (OFL) estimated in each stock assessment, with OFL being the catch available from applying the limit fishing mortality rate to current or projected stock biomass. The advisers then will derive “acceptable biological catch” (ABC) from OFL by reducing OFL to allow for scientific uncertainty, and ABC becomes their recommendation to the council. We suggest methodology based on simple probability theory by which scientific advisers can compute ABC from OFL and the statistical distribution of OFL as estimated by a stock assessment. Our method includes approximations to the distribution of OFL if it is not known from the assessment; however, we find it preferable to have...
Response of sensitive behaviors to frequent measurement

We study the influence of frequent survey measurement on behavior. Widespread access to the Internet has made important breakthroughs in frequent measurement possible—potentially revolutionizing social science measurement of processes that change quickly over time. One key concern about using such frequent measurement is that it may influence the behavior being studied. We investigate this possibility using both a population-based experiment with random assignment to participation in a weekly journal for twelve months (versus no journal) and a large scale population-based journal-keeping study with weekly measurement for 30 months. Results reveal few of the measured behaviors are correlated with assignment to frequent measurement. Theoretical reasoning regarding the likely behavioral response to frequent measurement correctly predicts domains most vulnerable to this possibility. Overall, however, we found little evidence of behavioral response to frequent measurement.
The relationship of the olfactory EEG evoked by naturally-occurring stream waters to the homing behavior of sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka, Walbaum).

Abstract 1. Olfactory evoked EEG responses were recorded from the olfactory bulbs of adult sockeye salmon of two independent spawning populations captured at various points in the course of their spawning migration. 2. The relative EEG responses of each fish to several natural waters including the natal (home) stream water for each population and several other waters encountered during upstream migration were measured. 3. All stimulus waters were uncontaminated by the high concentrations of odorants associated with fish-rearing facilities. 4. No relationship was found between the relative EEG responses of the fish to the waters and the actual behavioral responses of the fish in the same waters during migration. 5. Within a single population of fish the relative EEG responses to the natural waters appeared to change during the course of the spawning migration.
Can children and adolescents run marathons

There are few data on youth marathon runners and the most commonly asked questions of "can children run marathons?" and "what are the health consequences?" remain unanswered. Expert opinion is split with regard to running this distance at a young age. There have been many thousands of finishers <18 years old at the Los Angeles Marathon in an organised programme for youth running and nearly 300 finishers in at the Twin Cities Marathon. The youngest child in these data sets was 7 years old. There has not been any significant medical injury at these events. Children who choose of their own accord to participate in marathon training should be allowed to do so as long as their social, academic, psychological and physiological development is not disrupted. Follow-up studies of these young runners would help evaluate the long-term health consequences of long distance running and shape future recommendations.
Remote sensing of atomic oxygen: Some observational difficulties in the use of the forbidden O Iλ1173‐Å and O Iλ1641‐Å transitions

Recent sounding rocket and satellite studies suggest that simultaneous measurements of the O I 989-A and 1304-A resonance lines and of the forbidden 1172.6-A and 1641.3-A transitions would form the basis of a useful remote sensing technique for measuring the O I density and optical opacity of a planetary or stellar atmosphere. Because the 1172.6-A and 1641.3-A emissions are weak lines and are emitted in a wavelength region rich in spectral features, it is important to determine whether typical flight instruments can make measurements with sufficient spectral purity so that the remote sensing observations will yield accurate results. A detailed, high-resolution study of the far UV emission features in the regions surrounding the atomic oxygen transitions at 1172.6 and 1641.3 A was made. These spectra, which were excited by electron impact on O2 and N2, are presented in an attempt to display some potential sources of interference in aeronomical measurements of these O I lines. Both atomic and molecular emissions are found, and the spectral resolution necessary to make unambiguous measurements is discussed.
Identification of Culex complex species using SNP markers based on high‐resolution melting analysis

Mosquitoes belonging to the Culex pipiens complex are primary vectors for diseases such as West Nile encephalitis, Eastern equine encephalitis, many arboviruses, as well as lymphatic filariases. Despite sharing physiological characteristics, each mosquito species within the Culex complex has unique behavioural and reproductive traits that necessitate a proper method of identification. Unfortunately, morphometric methods of distinguishing members of this complex have failed to yield consistent results, giving rise to the need for molecular methods of identification. In this study, we propose a novel identification method using high-resolution melting (HRM) analysis by examining single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the acetylcholinesterase-2 (ace-2) locus. Our method provides a high confidence for species determination among the three Culex complex mosquitoes.
A world of opportunity

The photonics industry is in excellent health, with more job opportunities than have been seen in a number of years. The key is to find a position that's right for you.
Adding new functions to organic semiconductor nanowires by assembling metal nanoparticles onto their surfaces

We report a new class of organic–inorganic hybrid nanostructures prepared by decorating small-molecule single-crystal organic nanowires with gold, platinum, and palladium nanoparticles. We demonstrate that field-effect transistors can be fabricated from the hybrid nanostructures with a mobility and current on/off ratio of 0.01 cm2V−1 s−1 and ∼103, respectively. To further illustrate the applicability of the hybrid nanowires, we carried out simple hydrogenation reactions to demonstrate their catalytic properties. Combined, our results open the possibility of utilizing the hybrid nanomaterials for a multitude of applications in areas such as bio- and chemical sensing, catalysis, and nanoelectronics.
Ozone and Vitamin E

Vitamin E deficiency in rats is associated with a greater susceptibility to lethal levels of ozone. Exposure of rats to sublethal ozone concentrations produces an accelerated decline in serum vitamin E levels. These findings are consistent with the possibility that lipid peroxidation is a mechanism of ozone toxicity.
Low Pressure Chemical Vapor Deposition of In Situ-Doped n- and p-Type Si1 − x Ge x Films at 425 ° C

The deposition of in situ-doped n- and p-type polycrystalline Si 1-x Ge x (0 ≤ x < 0.5) films by low pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD) at low temperature (425°C) is characterized. The results demonstrate the dominance of surface reaction effects for low temperature deposition. For n-type films, Si 2 H 6 is required to avoid phosphorus (P) poisoning effects and to achieve controllable deposition. P incorporation increases with Ge concentration within the as-deposited films, likely due to P-P dimer suppression by GeH 4 . For p-type films, SiH 4 is the preferred Si precursor gas because it yields over one order of magnitude higher B concentration as compared with Si 2 H 6 . This difference is attributed to the differences in reactive sticking coefficient (RSC) and in the amount of Si produced by the precursor gas. B incorporation decreases with increasing Ge concentration within the as-deposited films, due to competition for adsorption sites during deposition. GeH 4 depletion was observed to affect the dependence of Ge composition on GeH 4 partial pressure, but not the deposition rate, which has a greater dependence on the RSC.
Performance analysis and visualization tools for cell/B.E. multicore environment

Code porting, optimizing and tuning has become a challenging task in multicore/many cores environment. It requires a different set of performance visualization tools to handle the complexity of the many cores and the size of performance data to find opportunities for optimization. This paper discusses performance visualization tools available for Cell/B.E. under the IBM Software Development Kit (SDK) for Multicore Acceleration Version 3.0. It also presents a methodology for porting, optimizing and tuning Cell applications by utilizing those tools. The paper starts with a simple scalar program example which can also be found in the IBM tutorial for the Cell programming, and then describes all the needed steps to make it fully tuned and scaled for the Cell Broadband Engine.
Synchronously amplified fluorescence image recovery (SAFIRe).

Fluorescence intermittency severely limits brightness in both single molecule and bulk fluorescence. Herein, we demonstrate that optical depopulation of organic fluorophore triplet states opens a path to significantly increased sensitivity by simultaneously increasing brightness and greatly reducing background through synchronously detected fluorescence modulation. Image recovery is achieved through selective fluorescence enhancement via modulating a secondary laser excitation at much lower energy than the observed emission in order to depopulate the long-lived triplet states. A series of xanthene dyes that exhibit efficient triplet-state formation demonstrate that this method of selective signal extraction can be achieved at moderate primary and secondary excitation intensities through tailoring dye photophysics and imaging conditions. Up to 5-fold increases in solution-based fluorescence over primary laser excitation alone was achieved upon secondary laser excitation, and dynamic control of signal modul...
Semi-Empirical Model for Reaction Progress in Nanothermite

Calculations of thermite reaction progress were made using the Cheetah thermochemistry package. Progress was modeled by fractionally substituting reactants with an inert species with identical thermodynamic properties. The results of this model have been used to create a semi-empirical model of regression rate. The acceptability of the D 2 particle regression law for nanothermite systems of a scale on the order of 10 nm has been demonstrated. Additionally a strong sensitivity to composition is demonstrated.
Bed Rest, Collapse, and Streptomycin in the Treatment of Pulmonary Tuberculosis: II. Toxicity Studies, and Observations on Streptomycin Sensitivity

1) The toxicity of streptomycin was investigated in 31 cases of pulmonary tuberculosis which received one gram of the drug daily for six weeks and was found to be negligible. 2) The in vitro determination of the streptomycin sensitivity of tubercle bacilli cultured from the sputum or gastric contents of 61 cases of pulmonary tuberculosis was determined after terminating a course of streptomycin. 3) A definite tendency for the bacilli to develop in vitro and probably in vivo resistance to the drug was noted regardless of the dosage or the duration of therapy. 4) The type of disease being treated and the response observed following streptomycin treatment has been shown to influence the tendency for streptomycin resistant strains of tubercle bacilli to emerge. 5) The decision to administer streptomycin to a case of tuberculosis should be made with due regard for the type of lesion being treated and with the realization that one course of therapy may deprive the patient of the beneficial effect of the durg at a later date.
Tissue specific hormonal regulation of the rat angiotensinogen gene expression

Angiotensinogen is the precursor of the most potent pressor substance, angiotensin. Angiotensinogen levels are increased in some forms of human hypertension. Its levels are modulated by various factors including glucocorticoids, estrogens, and prostaglandins. We have recently reported the isolation of a human angiotensinogen cDNA clone and provided evidence for the presence of its mRNA in rat liver, brain, and heart. In this communication we report the effect of dexamethasone and estradiol on angiotensinogen mRNA levels in rat liver, brain, and heart. Our results indicate that angiotensinogen levels are increased to different extents in these three tissues as a result of glucocorticoid or estrogen administration.
The Three-Dimensional Analog of the Classical Two-Dimensional Truss System

The octet-truss lattice system of Fuller and examined hy Deshpande, Fleck and Ashby is here reasoned to be the most fundamental form for a three-dimensional truss system, placing it as the three-dimensional analog of the classical two-dimensional truss system. Useful applications may be possible from nanometer scales up to space station scales, in addition to the usual scales of interest in materials science.
Evaluation and Treatment of Sickle Cell Pain in the Emergency Department: Paths to a Better Future.

Pain is the hallmark of sickle cell disease in children and adolescents. Many children seek relief from their pain in the emergency department. These visits have historically been characterized by undertreatment, bias, and distrust. Through compassionate care, aggressive pain management, and the development of clinical pathways or care guidelines, better analgesia, and a better careexperience can be assured for the child with sickle cell disease in need of emergency services.
Intrafollicular control of oocyte maturation in the pig.

The mammalian oocyte becomes arrested at the diplotene stage of the first meiotic division during prenatal or early postnatal life. It remains arrested in meiosis until shortly before ovulation when the surge of gonadotropin induces resumption and completion of meiosis to the metaphase II stage. When oocytes are harvested from medium-sized or large follicles of pig and other species and cultured, they resume meiosis spontaneously indicating that the follicles exert an inhibitory influence on meiosis. To analyze the control of meiosis by follicular components, culture of isolated pig oocytes in the presence of follicular cells or follicular fluid (FF1) has been used as a model in this laboratory. An oocyte maturation inhibitor (OMI) has been isolated and partially purified by ultrafiltration and gel chromatography of FF1 and shown to be a polypetide with a molecular weight in the order of 2000 daltons. Physiological characterization has shown that the effect of OMI in vitro is reversible and that it can be overcome by luteinizing hormone (LH). The action of OMI requires the presence of cumulus cells surrounding the oocyte since it was found that denuded oocytes, stripped of cumulus cells, do not respond to OMI. Furthermore, when cumulus-enclosed oocytes were cultured, OMI inhibited the differentiation of the cumulus cells in terms of morphology and progesterone secretion in a dose-related manner. The inhibition of cumulus differentiation by OMI was reversible and could be overcome by LH. The results indicate that the effect of partially purified OMI upon meiosis may be mediated by the cumulus cells.
Bilateral Diaphragmatic Densities in a 72-Year-Old Woman

Chez une femme de 72 ans, hernie bilaterale des reins et de graisse perirenale a travers les orifices de Bockdalek
Magnetic properties of Ni-Fe films coupled with stripe-domain films

A study was made of the change in anisotropy field, coercivity, angular dispersion, and creep threshold of an ordinary Ni-Fe film when coupled with a stripe-domain film. It was found that the values of these properties all increased as a result of the coupling.
Application of model-based prognostics to a pneumatic valves testbed

Pneumatic-actuated valves play an important role in many applications, including cryogenic propellant loading for space operations. Model-based prognostics emphasizes the importance of a model that describes the nominal and faulty behavior of a system, and how faulty behavior progresses in time, causing the end of useful life of the system. We describe the construction of a testbed consisting of a pneumatic valve that allows the injection of faulty behavior and controllable fault progression. The valve opens discretely, and is controlled through a solenoid valve. Controllable leaks of pneumatic gas in the testbed are introduced through proportional valves, allowing the testing and validation of prognostics algorithms for pneumatic valves. A new valve prognostics approach is developed that estimates fault progression and predicts remaining life based only on valve timing measurements. Simulation experiments demonstrate and validate the approach.
“No One Cares, Apostolate” What Social Cheating Reveals

This piece examines the relationship between cheating, play, and work on the social news site Reddit.com. Using cheating as a point of rupture that reveals explicit and implicit game rules as well ...
AQUAFAC 1: Aqueous functional group activity coefficients; application to hydrocarbons

Abstract A simple group-contribution method for the estimation of aqueous activity coefficients is introduced. The AQUAFAC method derives group values directly from aqueous data. This work shows the fundamental background of how AQUAFAC group values (q-values) are generated. Group values for alkanes, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and alkyl aromatics are given. It is shown that aromatic alkyl substituents contribute differently to the aqueous activity coefficient than do corresponding aliphatic alkyl substituents.
H2S adsorption/oxidation on adsorbents obtained from pyrolysis of sewage-sludge-derived fertilizer using zinc chloride activation

Sewage-sludge-derived fertilizer, Terrene, was used as a precursor of adsorbents tested for removal of hydrogen sulfide from moist air. The adsorbents were obtained by pyrolysis of zinc chloride-impregnated granular fertilizer at 400, 600, 800, and 950 °C in a nitrogen atmosphere. Subsamples of the materials obtained were washed with hydrochloric acid to remove the excess zinc chloride and other soluble chlorides. This treatment results in a significant increase in the sample porosity. The highest H2S removal capacity was obtained for the sample carbonized at 600 °C. This results from release of zinc chloride vapor during heat treatment, which acts to form micropores in the carbonaceous deposit. When inorganic oxides and salts are present in sufficient quantities, hydrogen sulfide undergoes surface reactions and is left on the surface in the form of nonvolatile sulfides and sulfates. The pores are gradually filled as the surface reaction proceeds. If catalytic metal oxides are removed, hydrogen sulfide is...
Changes in cation composition of aortic endothelial cells in culture

As a first step in the study of membrane transport characteristics of aortic endothelial cells the content of the two main cations, Na and K, was determined in cultured cells from bovine and porcine origins. The Na and K contents of cultured endothelial cells, dissociated by scraping or trypsin and collagenase treatment and subsequently separated through oil (25% dodecyl-, 75% dibutyl-phthalate), were more than 20-fold higher and five-fold lower, respectively, than those of undissociated cells. Based on daily determination of cell Na, K, and protein contents, the following findings were made. (1) Steady-state levels of Na and K were not reached in subconfluent, confluent or post-confluent monolayers. Instead, intracellular K content varied by up to two-fold, and intracellular Na by more than six-fold with marked 'peaks' after confluency. (2) Increasing the number of passages decreased cellular Na but not K content. (3) In cells cultured with 25 mM HEPES (4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid) the protein content was decreased by five-fold. (4) The K/Na ratio was dependent on the number of passages and buffers used and varied daily. (5) Cell Na decreased and K increased exponentially with the seeding density. These data not only reveal significant changes of ion transport parameters during manipulations of endothelial cell cultures, but moreover suggest unsynchronized development of ion transport systems and/or their intermittent activation and deactivation as reflected in the variations observed in cellular cation composition.
Obstacles to achieving adequate dialysis dose: compliance, education, transportation, and reimbursement.

Abstract There are numerous barriers to delivering the prescribed quantity of dialysis. Noncompliance in terms of shortening and skipping treatments is common and negatively impacts on delivered dialysis. A significant number of shortened treatments are caused by reasons within the patient's control, whereas others, such as transportation, can be influenced by others. This article will review the prevalence of patient noncompliance with the dose of dialysis and the relationship to process and outcome measures. Educational and quality improvement programs resulting in increasing the delivered dialytic dose will also be explored. (Am J Kidney Dis 1998 Dec;32(6 Suppl 4):S93-5)
Post World War II Trends in Tropical Pacific Surface Trades

Multidecadal time series of surface winds from central tropical Pacific islands are used to compute trends in the trade winds between the end of WWII and 1985. Over this period, averaged over the whole region, there is no statistically significant trend in speed or zonal or meridional wind (or pseudostress). However, there is some tendency, within a few degrees of the equator, toward weakening of the easterlies and increased meridional flow toward the equator. Anomalous conditions subsequent to the 1972-73 ENSO event make a considerable contribution to the long-term trends. The period 1974-80 has been noted previously to have been anomalous, and trends over that period are sharply greater than those over the longer records.
Urinary incontinence: selected current concepts.

Urinary incontinence (UI) is highly prevalent in older adults and associated with excess comorbidity and increased mortality. Intensive screening and comprehensive clinical examination of all elders enables prompt detection, accurate classification, and appropriate treatment. Overactive bladder (OAB) is the most common cause of persistent incontinence in the older adult. As with other types of UI, behavior modification is first-line treatment of OAB. Although antimuscarinic agents have been shown to be highly effective in the treatment of OAB, limited data are available regarding the safety and tolerability of these agents in older adults. Patients who fail to respond to noninvasive treatment or those in whom surgery may be appropriate should be referred to the urologist for evaluation and further management.
Synergistic Effect of Cyclic Mechanical Strain and Activated Macrophage Cells on Nitinol Corrosion

Several previous studies have documented that self-expanding (SE) Nitinol stents implanted in highly mobile peripheral arteries exhibit a fracture rate as high as 30%. The hypothesis of this study is that repetitive mechanical stresses interact synergistically with the atherosclerotic lesion environment to induce corrosive events that ultimately lead to nitinol stent material failure. Using a novel in vitro chamber, electro-polished nitinol coupons were subjected to cyclic defined stress regimens in the presence or absence of adherent acetylated lipoprotein-activated macrophage-like (THP-1) cells over a 5 day period. Nitinol surface corrosion was monitored in real time using open circuit potential (OCP) measurements. Changes in surface chemistry and topography were measured post-stress exposure using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The combination of defined bending in the presence of adherent activated macrophages resulted in a significant increase in nitinol surface corrosion as compared to nitinol subjected to either treatment or media exposure alone. Further, a deterioration of the protective oxide layer and an increase in the surface roughness were observed in nitinol specimens exposed to the combined influence of surface-adherent macrophages and repetitive loading. These results demonstrate a significant interaction between the biological and mechanical environment relative to nitinol corrosion potential and provide a basis for design of future studies to improve the long-term performance of peripheral nitinol stents.
Interpretation of Scattering by Charged Particles and Photons

Abstract In principle, Coulomb scattering by charged particles may be described by contributions from n -photon terms, corresponding to the n th order terms in the Born expansion for charged particles. Consequently, one may relate scattering by charged particles to scattering by photons. Thus Raman scattering, second-order Compton scattering, the Auger effect, and two electron transitions in high velocity collisions with charged particles are examples of processes that in principle are inter-related. The probability amplitude second order in the interaction with the incoming charged particle or photon may generally be separated into a real and an imaginary part. The real part contains an energy-conserving propagator and may be regarded classically, while the imaginary part does not conserve energy (in accord with the Uncertainty Principle) and disappears in the limit as h → 0 . These two terms are related by a dispersion relation. The energy non-conserving part is the same as the time ordering effect which is a measure of correlation in time. We analyze observations of the ratio of double to single ionization of helium by impact of photons and charged particles.
Voltage-dependent imaging of antimony on the GaAs(110) surface

SUMMARY Using a scanning tunnelling microscope, voltage-dependent imaging of antimony on the GaAs(110) surface has been performed. For negative sample voltages, the images reflect surface dangling bonds. Depending on the magnitude of the voltage, either one or both of the Sb atoms in the surface unit cell are seen. At positive voltage the density of surface-states is observed to be greatly reduced compared to negative voltages. The results are analysed within the context of a simple tight-binding model for a one-dimensional biatomic chain.
Sound pressure enhances the hearing sensitivity of Chaetodon butterflyfishes on noisy coral reefs

Butterflyfishes are conspicuous members of coral reefs that communicate with acoustic signals during social interactions with mates and other conspecifics. Members of the genus Chaetodon have a laterophysic connection (LC), a unique association of anterior swim bladder horns and the cranial lateral line, but the action of the LC system on auditory sensitivity was previously unexplored. Baseline auditory evoked potential threshold experiments show that Forcipiger flavissimus (which lacks swim bladder horns and LC) is sensitive to sound tones from 100 Hz up to 1000 Hz, and that thresholds for three species of Chaetodon were 10-15 dB lower with extended hearing ranges up to 1700-2000 Hz. The relatively high thresholds to sound pressure and low pass response near 500 Hz for all four species is consistent with a primary sensitivity to hydrodynamic particle acceleration rather than sound pressure. Deflation of the swim bladder in Forcipiger had no measurable effect on auditory sensitivity. In contrast, displacement of gas from the swim bladder horns in C. multicinctus and C. auriga increased thresholds (decreased sensitivity) by approximately 10 dB with the greatest effect at 600 Hz. The evolution of swim bladder horns associated with the LC system in Chaetodon has increased hearing sensitivity through sound pressure transduction in the frequency bands used for social acoustic communication. The close affiliative behaviors that are common in Chaetodon and other butterflyfish species facilitate sound perception and acoustic communication at close distances relative to the high background noise levels found in their natural reef environment.
Results of a combined adjustable recession and posterior fixation suture of the same vertical rectus muscle for incomitant vertical strabismus

Abstract Purpose: The posterior fixation suture (fadenoperation) is an effective treatment for complicated incomitant vertical strabismus. Traditional operative methods do not permit the simultaneous use of an adjustable recession of the same muscle. Methods: Seven patients with incomitant vertical strabismus and diplopia were treated with a combined adjustable recession and posterior fixation suture of the same vertical rectus muscle. Preoperative vertical misalignments in the primary position ranged from 4 to 10 prism diopters. Vertical incomitance from the primary position into the field of action of the recessed vertical rectus muscle ranged from 6 to 30 prism diopters (mean, 17 prism diopters). This was the sole operation in five patients and was combined with other vertical muscle surgery in two others. Results: All seven patients experienced improvement in their diplopia. Five of 7 patients (71%) required postoperative adjustments to achieve orthophoria in the primary position. This combined procedure reduced large deviations in the field of action of the recessed vertical muscle in all cases. Six of 7 patients (86%) did not require prismatic correction after this operation. One patient required prism only in his reading glasses. Conclusions: A combined adjustable recession and posterior fixation suture of the same vertical rectus muscle was effective in reducing or eliminating vertical incomitant strabismus.
Asymptomatic/pauci-symptomatic creatine kinase elevations (hyperckemia)

Neuromuscular clinicians are frequently asked to evaluate patients referred for asymptomatic elevations in creatine kinase (CK), a catalytic enzyme that combines creatine and ATP to form phosphocreatine and ADP. This reaction is crucial for cellular energy generation and metabolism. This laboratory finding, often referred to in simplified lexicon as asymptomatic hyperCKemia, continues to generate controversy at several levels, including definition, the extent of evaluation, and the yield of diagnostic testing. In this review, we summarize the literature based on series of patients with asymptomatic hyperCKemia and provide a rational clinical approach to reveal identifiable underlying causes.
Aerodynamic Measurements: Normative Data for Children Ages 6:0 to 10:11 Years

Normative measures of open quotient, speed quotient, maximum flow declination rate (MFDR), and subglottal pressure were determined for 75 children between the ages of 6 years 0 months and 10 years 11 months. The participants produced a sustained /a/ at low, comfort, and high pitches for a minimum of 5 seconds, and five to seven repetitions of /pa/ at low, comfort, and high pitches. No statistically significant differences were found in the mean measures of any aerodynamic variables (open quotient, speed quotient, maximum flow declination rate, subglottal pressure) between the frequency levels (low, comfort, high pitches). Also, no strong evidence (P > .05) exists that age or sex effect differed between the frequency levels (low, comfort, high) for any of the aerodynamic measures. For /a/ response tasks, mean open quotient measures increased slightly from low to comfort frequency and from comfort to high frequency. Mean speed quotient measures showed minimal differences between low and comfort frequency, with decreased mean measures for high frequency. Mean MFDR measures increased from low to comfort frequency and from comfort to high frequency. Mean subglottal pressure measures increased slightly from low to comfort frequency and from comfort to high frequency.
Factors Influencing Quality in Pork A. Histological Observationsa,b

SUMMARY Seventy-eight carcasses of pigs, 4–42 months old, provided loins of varied intramuscular fat content. Developed experimental methods indicated that the fixation time and the staining processes of the longissimus dorsi muscle were dependent upon its structure and chemical properties. With an increase in maximum muscle fiber diameter, there was a decrease in the taste-panel tenderness scores on the cooked longissimus dorsi muscles. There were no significant relations between tenderness measurements and total amount of connective tissue; however, the coarseness of the collagenic connective tissue strands was inversely related to the tenderness of the longissimus dorsi muscle.
Nutrition support teams--alive, well, and still growing. Results of a 1991 A.S.P.E.N. survey.

This report summarizes data collected from 1680 hospitals that responded to the American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition (A.S.P.E.N.) Nutrition Support Team Survey. The survey was conducted primarily to determine the prevalence, composition, and funding of existing and planned Nutrition Support Teams. Results tend to verify the importance of the Nutrition Support Team within the hospital's organizational structure. In addition, A.S.P.E.N. hoped to develop a national directory of Nutrition Support Teams as a byproduct of the survey. Details about the Nutrition Support Team Directory appear at the conclusion of this report.
The electrical properties of metal microelectrodes

The electrical properties of metal microelectrodes for single-unit recording are reviewed. An equivalent circuit is presented, the elements of which are discussed. The most important element is the electrolytic capacitor formed by the metal-electrolyte interface. Its value is about 0.2 pF/µ2at 1 kHz. The effects of exposed metallic area at the tip and platinization are described, and some consideration is given to problems peculiar to the operation of these electrodes in neural tissue.
Structural models for the mediation of salience effects on attribution

Abstract Previous research has demonstrated that salient information is overrepresented in causal attributions. Two experiments were conducted to investigate potential mediators for this effect and to make a case for the use of structural models in explanations of process. Two mediators were considered: enhanced visual recall of salient stimuli and exaggerated schema-relevant recall of salient stimuli. Although analyses of variance supported the visual recall model, structural analyses demonstrated its implausibility. Analyses of variance and structural models revealed that schema-relevant recall, that is, information seen as representative of causal influence, is a plausible mediator; this was particularly true of relevant visual information. Results suggest that salience effects ( S. E. Taylor & S. T. Fiske in L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 11). New York: Academic Press, 1978 ) are due to: (a) the attentional advantage of inherently salient visual events and (b) the influence of stored visual and nonvisual schema-relevant information on causal judgments.
Community and social interaction in the wireless city: wi-fi use in public and semi-public spaces

Recent years have seen rapid growth in the availability of wireless broadband Internet access in public spaces. Providers and points of access take the form of municipal Wi-Fi networks (Muni Wi-Fi), such as those that have operated in Philadelphia and Toronto, community wireless networks, such as New York Wireless or Ile Sans Fil in Montreal, advanced mobile phone networks (e.g., 3G), and Wi-Fi cafes, restaurants, bookstores, and related spaces (hereafter abbreviated as “Wi-Fi”). While there is a significant body of research addressing whether fixed Internet use increases, decreases, or supplements the ways in which people engage in residential (Hampton, 2007; Hampton and Wellman, 2003) and workplace settings (Quan-Haase and Wellman, 2006), few studies have addressed how the use of wireless broadband in public and semi-public spaces influences social life. Ubiquitous Wi-Fi adds a new dimension to the debate over how the Internet may influence the structure of community—the network of supportive ties that exist between individuals. It is unclear whether wireless Internet use in public spaces will facilitate greater engagement with people in public spaces or encourage a form of “public privatism.”
Marine barite: Recorder of variations in ocean export productivity

Marine barite (BaSO4) is produced in the water column in association with decaying organic matter; its distribution in the water column and in core-top sediments closely corresponds with the organic carbon flux from the surface ocean to the deep ocean (export production). Barite preservation in non-sulfate-reducing sediments is high, compared to other proxies used to reconstruct both export carbon fluxes (export production) and carbon burial rates. Thus the accumulation rate of marine barite is one of the most promising methods (or proxy variables) for export production and has been used to understand and reconstruct past biogeochemical processes in the ocean, including export productivity. Like any other paleoceanographic proxy, there are assumptions and complications associated with the application of barite accumulation rates in reconstructing export production. Specifically, because barite constitutes only a small fraction of the total sediment (o1%), computing precise barite accumulation rates depends on accurate estimates of bulk sediment mass accumulation rates which are hard to determine, particularly at high temporal resolution. Moreover, the significance of variable barite preservation depends on seawater saturation levels with respect to barite and sedimentation rates, which have not yet been fully investigated. Several studies have demonstrated the utility of this proxy, and if used wisely, marine barite accumulation rates in marine sediments can provide valuable information about changes in carbon export to depth and the response of the carbon cycle to climate perturbations in the geological record. Ideally, to achieve higher confidence in paleo-reconstructions of export production, several independent proxies should be applied simultaneously at any given site or time interval. r 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Testing common assumptions in studies of songbird nest success

We studied Ovenbird Seiurus aurocapilla and Golden-winged Warbler Vermivorachrysoptera populations in northern Minnesota, USA, to test two common assumptions instudies of songbird nest success: (1) that the condition of an empty nest on or near itsexpected ﬂedge date is an indicator of nest fate; and (2) that the presence of a ﬂedgling orfamily group within a territory conﬁrms a successful nest in that territory. We monitoredthe condition of nests and used radiotelemetry to monitor juveniles through the expectedﬂedging date and early post-ﬂedging period. Of nests that contained nestlings 1–2 daysbefore the expected ﬂedge date, fates were misidentiﬁed using nest condition alone for9.5% of Ovenbird nests, but those misidentiﬁcations were made in both directions (suc-ceeded or failed), yielding only a small bias in estimated nest success. However, 20% ofGolden-winged Warbler nests were misidentiﬁed as successful using nest condition duringthe ﬁnal visit interval, biasing the nest success estimate upward by 21–28% depending onthe treatment of uncertain nest fates. Fledgling Ovenbirds from 58% of nests travelledbeyond their natal territory within 24 h, rising to 98% after 5 days, and those ﬂedglingstravelled up to 390 m from nests within 10 days of ﬂedging. Fledgling Golden-wingedWarblers from 13% of nests travelled beyond their natal territory within 24 h, rising to85% after 5 days, and those ﬂedglings travelled up to 510 m from nests within 10 days ofﬂedging. We conclude that nest condition and ﬂedgling presence can be misleading indica-tors of nest fate, probably commonly biasing nest success estimates upward, and we rec-ommend that these assumptions should be tested in additional species.Keywords: ﬂedgling, Golden-winged Warbler, Ovenbird, Seiurus aurocapilla, telemetry,Vermivora chrysoptera.Estimates of songbird reproductive success, typi-cally limited to nest data, are used to assess habitatquality (e.g. Weinberg & Roth 1998), model pop-ulation dynamics (e.g. Podolski et al. 2007), iden-tify source and sink populations (e.g. Donovan etal. 1995), and inform conservation and manage-ment plans (e.g. Woodworth 1999). Althoughsongbird population growth may be generally moresensitive to adult annual survival and ﬂedgling sur-vival (Donovan & Thompson 2001, Streby &Andersen 2011), population growth is also sensi-tive to variation in nest success (Donovan et al.1995), and nest success is the only directly esti-mated parameter in most studies of songbirdreproductive success (Anders et al. 1997). Manypopulation models account for re-nesting (birdsnesting again after initial failure) and estimates ofnest productivity (number of young produced persuccessful nest). All such studies require accurateﬁeld identiﬁcation of whether each monitored nestsucceeded or failed in producing young. However,observational studies of songbird nests often