cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Adaptive service provisioning for enhanced energy efficiency and flexibility in wireless sensor networks

Energy constraints and high connectivity dynamics render Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) difficult to program and use. Software applications must be coordinated not only functionally, as is traditionally done, but also in terms of resource utilization and adaptation to a dynamic environment. This paper presents Adaptive Servilla, a middleware that provides adaptive service provisioning capabilities to coordinate the resources used by WSN applications. It demonstrates how adaptive service provisioning enables WSN applications to be more energy efficient while better able to adapt to the changing availability of network resources. This is achieved through novel service binding strategies that automatically adapt application behavior when opportunities for energy savings surface, and switching providers in response to changes in the network topology. The former is accomplished by providing limited information about a provider's energy efficiency, systematically exploiting opportunities for sharing service invocations, and exploiting the broadcast nature of wireless communication in WSNs. The latter is accomplished by monitoring provider availability, seamlessly switching providers when necessary, and judiciously searching for new providers. Adaptive Servilla was implemented on TinyOS and evaluated using two disparate WSN platforms, the TelosB and Imote2. Empirical results show that adaptive service provisioning enables energy-aware service binding decisions that result in increased energy efficiency and service availability, while imposing minimal additional burden on the application, service, and device developers. Two applications, medical patient monitoring and structural health monitoring, demonstrate the efficacy of Adaptive Servilla.
Service Learning in Light of Emmanuel Levinas

Emmanuel Levinas, a twentieth century French Continental philosopher, proposed an original understanding of ethics which has serious implications for the particular activities within higher education designated as service learning and community service. First I will define service learning and community service and briefly review the theoretical and philosophical justifications typically employed to substantiate and ground these activities within higher education. Next, I will explicate key aspects from Levinas’ ethical philosophy important for reconceptualizing service learning, and discuss their significance for related concerns in higher education about language and justice. Finally, in light of these considerations, I will suggest the profound implications of a Levinasian conception of service for higher education.
Molecular requirements of the human nucleoside transporters hCNT1, hCNT2, and hENT1.

Concentrative nucleoside transporters (CNTs) and equilibrative nucleoside transporters (ENTs) are important in physiological and pharmacological activity and disposition of nucleosides and nucleoside drugs. A better understanding of the structural requirements of inhibitors for these transporters will aid in designing therapeutic agents. To define the relative and unified structural requirements of nucleoside analogs for interaction with hCNT1, hCNT2, and hENT1, we applied an array of structure-activity techniques. Unique pharmacophore models for each respective nucleoside transporter were generated. These models reveal that hCNT2 affinity is dominated by hydrogen bonding features, whereas hCNT1 and hENT1 displayed mainly electrostatic and steric features. Hydrogen bond formation over 3′-OH is essential for all nucleoside transporters. Inhibition of nucleoside transporters by a series of uridine and adenosine analogs and a variety of drugs was analyzed by comparative molecular field analysis. Cross-validated r2 (q2) values were 0.65, 0.52, and 0.74 for hCNT1, hCNT2, and hENT1, respectively. The predictive quality of the models was further validated by successful prediction of the inhibition of a set of test compounds. Addition of a hydroxyl group around the 2-position of purine (or 3-position of pyrimidine) may increase inhibition to hCNT2 transporter; addition of hydroxyl group around the 2,7-position of purine (or the 3,5-position of pyrimidine) would increase the inhibition to hENT1 transporter. Utilization of these models should assist the design of high-affinity nucleoside transporter inhibitors and substrates for both anticancer and antiviral therapy.
Antiferromagnetically coupled magnetic recording media

Antiferromagnetically coupled (AFC) magnetic media is the current approach to extend the areal density of longitudinal recording media. The authors highlight recent measurements that characterize the write process and thermal stability of AFC media. In particular, they focus on determining the coupling and stability parameters of the individual layers and their contribution to the time scale of the write process.
Phenotypic plasticity and evolution by genetic assimilation

In addition to considerable debate in the recent evolutionary literature about the limits of the Modern Synthesis of the 1930s and 1940s, there has also been theoretical and empirical interest in a variety of new and not so new concepts such as phenotypic plasticity, genetic assimilation and phenotypic accommodation. Here we consider examples of the arguments and counter-arguments that have shaped this discussion. We suggest that much of the controversy hinges on several misunderstandings, including unwarranted fears of a general attempt at overthrowing the Modern Synthesis paradigm, and some fundamental conceptual confusion about the proper roles of phenotypic plasticity and natural selection within evolutionary theory.
Retroviral therapy and clinical trials for HIV-infected children

Antiretroviral therapy in children has built on advances in the treatment of HIV-infected adults, in conjunction with an appreciation of the developmental impact of AIDS in children and the different clinical manifestations and altered pharmacokinetics of drugs in the pediatric population. The first effective drug for the treatment of AIDS is the dideoxynucleoside AZT. This drug's principal mode of action is to block HIV replication by inhibition of the DNA polymerase reverse transcriptase. 1 In a double-blind placebo-controlled study of adults with AIDS and advanced AIDS-related complex, patients treated with AZT had improved survival and decreased incidence of opportunistic infections2; this study led to approval by the Food and Drug Administration of the drug for use in the treatment of adults with AIDS. In this study, clinical status, T lymphocyte counts, and surrogate markers of viral activity also improved. However, therapeutic effects were offset against significant bone marrow toxicity, resulting in dose-limiting neutropenia and anemia that required transfusion) Treatment with AZT was introduced to pediatric patients with HIV infection on the basis of successful interventions in adults. Initial dose ranging, safety, and shortterm toxicity studies in children indicated a safety profile similar to that in adults. In a dose escalation study in children between the ages of 5 months and 13 years, neutropenia (defined as <750 cells/ram 3) occurred in 25%, and anemia requiring transfusion in 20%; this study included sequential intravenous and oral therapy. 4 Infectious complications of HIV-1 infection continued to occur despite therapy, and included 22 catheter-related infections in 13 patients, otitis media, sinusitis, impetigo, and localized cellulitis. However, only two of these infections were temporally related to neutropenia. Of note is that the frequency of viral isolation from individual patients did not change over the period of the study. In a limited number of patients for whom data were available, viral cultures from cerebrospinal fluid tended to become negative. This study also
Grain Topography in Perpendicular Thin-Film Media and Impact of Possible Surface Anisotropy

In this paper, we present a combined transmission electron microscopy study and micromagnetic modeling investigation of current granular-continuous-composite (CGC) perpendicular thin-film media. Our transmission electron microscopy-EELS elemental analysis on CoCrPt-TiOx layers found evident Cr segregation to the grain boundaries as well as in the middle of a grain where Co and Pt appears to be deficient. Similar localized Co and Pt deficiency is also found in CoCrPt-SiOx media, however, Cr segregation is much less evident. STEM-HAADF analysis reveals that the apparent non-uniform composition is the result of a ldquocavity-likerdquo topography of the magnetic grains. It is argued that the ldquocavityrdquo grain topography significantly enhances the grain boundary surface area. Micromagnetic modeling investigation was conducted to study the impact of possible surface anisotropy to the corresponding grain switching field. A systematic numerical analysis is presented.
Circuit performance variability reduction: principles, problems, and practical solutions

The authors present several novel results in the area of variability minimization. They develop a variability gradient formula, give the theoretical conditions for variability minimization, and outline the principles and practical solutions of factor screening for variability. A multistage procedure is described for on-target design, based on variability gradient information, dynamic screening, performance variance minimization, and separate on-target tuning. This methodology was successfully applied to the variability minimization of a practical CMOS delay circuit, after several direct methods of on-target oriented methods failed. >
Photoenzymatic Repair of Ultraviolet Damage in DNA : I. Kinetics of the reaction

As previously reported, ultraviolet-inactivated bacterial transforming DNA can be restored to activity by an enzyme-like agent from bakers' yeast which requires light for its activity. Kinetics of this reaction, in the presence and absence of inhibitors, are found consistent with the Michaelis-Menten reaction scheme, with the sites of ultraviolet damage on the DNA serving as substrate and the repaired structure as product. Kinetic studies with different light intensities suggest that the necessary illumination causes photolysis of the enzyme-substrate complex with concurrent repair of the DNA. Competitive inhibition of irradiated transforming DNA repair, which occurs when irradiated non-transforming DNA is present in the same reaction mixture, permits ultraviolet damage (of the kind capable of being photoreactivated) to be detected in any type of DNA.
Plasticity of the hippocampus: adaptation to chronic stress and allostatic load.

Abstract: The hippocampus is an important structure for declarative, spatial, and contextual memory and is implicated in the perception of chronic pain. The hippocampal formation is vulnerable to damage from seizures, ischemia, and head trauma and is particularly sensitive to the effects of adrenal glucocorticoids secreted during the diurnal rhythm and chronic stress. Adrenal steroids typically have adaptive effects in the short run, but promote pathophysiology when there is either repeated stress or dysregulation of the HPA axis. The damaging actions of glucocorticoids under such conditions have been termed “allostatic load”, referring to the cost to the body of adaptation to adverse conditions. Adrenal steroids display both protective and damaging effects in the hippocampus. They biphasically modulate excitability of hippocampal neurons, and high glucocorticoid levels and severe acute stress impair declarative memory in a reversible manner. The hippocampus also displays structural plasticity, involving ongoing neurogenesis of the dentate gyrus, synaptogenesis under control of estrogens in the CA1 region, and dendritic remodeling caused by repeated stress or elevated levels of exogenous glucocorticoids in the CA3 region. In all three forms of structural plasticity, excitatory amino acids participate along with circulating steroid hormones. Glucocorticoids and stressors suppress neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus. They also potentiate the damage produced by ischemia and seizures. Moreover, the aging rat hippocampus displays elevated and prolonged levels of excitatory amino acids released during acute stress. Our working hypothesis is that structural plasticity in response to repeated stress starts out as an adaptive and protective response, but ends up as damage if the imbalance in the regulation of the key mediators is not resolved. It is likely that morphological rearrangements in the hippocampus brought on by various types of allostatic load alter the manner in which the hippocampus participates in memory functions and it is conceivable that these may also have a role in chronic pain perception.
A geosynchronous orbit optical communications relay architecture

NASA is planning to fly a Next Generation Tracking and Data Relay Satellite (TDRS) next decade. While the requirements and architecture for that satellite are unknown at this time, NASA is investing in communications technologies that could be deployed on the satellite to provide new communications services. One of those new technologies is optical communications. The Laser Communications Relay Demonstration (LCRD) project, scheduled for launch in December 2017 as a hosted payload on a commercial communications satellite, is a critical pathfinder towards NASA providing optical communications services on the Next Generation TDRS. While it is obvious that a small to medium sized optical communications terminal could be flown on a GEO satellite to provide support to Near Earth missions, it is also possible to deploy a large terminal on the satellite to support Deep Space missions. Onboard data processing and Delay Tolerant Networking (DTN) are two additional technologies that could be used to optimize optical communications link services and enable additional mission and network operations. This paper provides a possible architecture for the optical communications augmentation of a Next Generation TDRS and touches on the critical technology work currently being done at NASA. It will also describe the impact of clouds on such an architecture and possible mitigation techniques.
Numerical modeling of ultrawide-band dielectric horn antennas using FDTD

A detailed characterization of the input impedance of ultrawide-band (UWB) dielectric horn antennas is presented using the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) technique. The FDTD model is first validated by computing the characteristic impedance of two conical plate transmission lines (including planar bow-tie antennas) and comparing the results to analytical solutions. The FDTD model is next used to calculate the surge impedance of dielectric horn antennas using the conical plates as launchers. Design curves of the surge impedance for different choices of geometries and dielectric loadings are provided. The modeled antennas are particularly attractive for applications such as UWB ground penetrating radars (GPR) applications.
Shrinking ponds in subarctic Alaska based on 1950–2002 remotely sensed images

[1] Over the past 50 years, Alaska has experienced a warming climate with longer growing seasons, increased potential evapotranspiration, and permafrost warming. Research from the Seward Peninsula and Kenai Peninsula has demonstrated a substantial landscape-level trend in the reduction of surface water and number of closed-basin ponds. We investigated whether this drying trend occurred at nine other regions throughout Alaska. One study region was from the Arctic Coastal Plain where deep permafrost occurs continuously across the landscape. The other eight study regions were from the boreal forest regions where discontinuous permafrost occurs. Mean annual precipitation across the study regions ranged from 100 to over 700 mm yr−1. We used remotely sensed imagery from the 1950s to 2002 to inventory over 10,000 closed-basin ponds from at least three periods from this time span. We found a reduction in the area and number of shallow, closed-basin ponds for all boreal regions. In contrast, the Arctic Coastal Plain region had negligible change in the area of closed-basin ponds. Since the 1950s, surface water area of closed-basin ponds included in this analysis decreased by 31 to 4 percent, and the total number of closed-basin ponds surveyed within each study region decreased from 54 to 5 percent. There was a significant increasing trend in annual mean temperature and potential evapotranspiration since the 1950s for all study regions. There was no significant trend in annual precipitation during the same period. The regional trend of shrinking ponds may be due to increased drainage as permafrost warms, or increased evapotranspiration during a warmer and extended growing season.
Predicting crystal growth by spiral motion

We present a systematic modelling methodology using the spiral growth mechanism of Burton, Cabrera and Frank to predict the steady-state shape of organic molecular crystals grown from solution. This methodology has been developed to eliminate the need for special modifications for each new crystal system studied. Therefore, the mechanisms and choices for spiral shapes, edges and evolution are mathematically determined as governed by the underlying solid-state chemistry and physics. The power of the approach is demonstrated for several crystal systems: naphthalene grown from both ethanol and cyclohexane; anthracene grown from 2-propanol; and glycine grown from water. The predicted crystal shapes are in good agreement with experiment.
Interactive two and three dimensional display of CT and MRI data

Reconstruction algorithms implemented on a high-speed image processor to display computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging data in near real time and allow easy user interaction are discussed. The techniques involved in the generation of two- and three-dimensional data sets as well as their clinical application are examined. The data on over 1600 patients have been reconstructed in an attempt to improve patient management in terms of understanding the pathology present and making clinical decisions such as surgical approach and timing. >
Direct Learning in Auditory Perception: An Information-Space Analysis of Auditory Perceptual Learning of Object Length

The theory of direct learning characterizes perception of a given property as occupying a locus in an information space and characterizes perceptual learning as continuous movement in that information space toward a more optimal locus. Three experiments investigated whether such an information-based account of learning could be applied to perceptual learning in audition. The results of Experiment 1 showed that perception of length by audition could be characterized as occupying a locus in an information space consisting of inertial variables that constrain perception of length by dynamic or effortful touch. Experiments 2 and 3 showed that feedback about length led to predictable movements across the information space from less optimal to more optimal loci. Such results provide additional support for the theory of direct learning and suggest that convergence information may be modality independent.
Direct Experimental Evidence for Constituents in the Nucleon from Electromagnetic Scattering Experiments

Since the earliest high-energy electron scattering experiments carried out at Stanford by Hofstadter and others,1 we have seen nearly three decades of experimental and theoretical work on the structure of the nucleon. I am sure you have all heard the subject discussed many times, so it’s going to be hard for me to find something new to say about it. Let’s try to look at the data from a new point of view, though. The usual approach goes like this. You take your favorite theory — involving quarks, gluons, asymptotic freedom, QCD if you’re in the mainstream nowadays — and adjust it to see if you can fit the latest data. I’m going to ask you to forget all that for now, and start out fresh by looking at just the experimental results and trying to see, with a minimum of theoretical prejudice, what the data directly imply about the constituents of the nucleon. And because of the constraints imposed on this talk, we’re going to consider just the electron and muon scattering data.
The struggle for black freedom in Miami: civil rights and America's tourist paradise, 1896-1968

Chanelle N. Rose's The Struggle for Black Freedom in Miami provides a well-written and engaging history of several important but lesser studied social movement organizations. The text centres on or...
Orexin/hypocretin in the paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus mediates cocaine-seeking behavior in rats

Aims:Growing evidence implicates a role for orexin/hypocretin (Orx/Hcrt) neurons that originate in the lateral hypothalamus (LH) and project to the paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus (PVT) in drug addiction. Our working hypothesis is that cocaine-induced dysregulation of the Orx/Hcrt systemmodifies Orx/Hcrt-PVT transmission, an effect that is long-lasting. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of cocaine access on Orx/Hcrt-induced cocaine seeking and compare it with behavior motivated toward a highly palatable conventional reinforcer, sweetened condensed milk (SCM). Methods: One hundred fifty-six male Wistar rats were trained to self-administer short-access cocaine (ShA; 2h/day), long-access cocaine (LgA; 6h/day), or SCM (30min/day) and then subjected to daily extinction (2h/day) training. The day after, the rats received intra-PVTmicroinjections of Orx-A/Hcrt-1 (0, 0.25, 0.5, 1, and 2 ffJg) and then placed into operant chambers under extinction conditions. Results: The effects of Orx-A/Hcrt-1-induced reinstatement on cocaine seeking in the ShA groupwere characterized by an inverted U-shaped dose-effect function, with low doses but not high doses eliciting reinstatement. In contrast, Orx-A/Hcrt-1 induced reinstatement in the SCM group at high but not low doses. A leftward shift in the Orx-A/Hcrt-1 dose-effect function was observed for the reinstatement of ShA cocaine seeking compared with SCM seeking. Additionally, Orx-A/Hcrt-1-induced reinstatement in the LgA group produced a left-upward shift of the dose-response function comparedwith SCM group and an upward shift comparedwith the ShA group. Conclusions: These findings suggest that a history of cocaine dependence leads to neuroadaptive changes at the level of the PVT, resulting in “sensitization” of LH-PVT-Orx/Hcrt transmission, reflected by increased sensitivity (i.e., a leftward shift) and exacerbated behavioral responses (i.e., an upward shift) to the to the effects of Orx-A/Hcrt-1. Financial support: Supported by: NIH/NIDADA08467 (FW) and DA033344 (RMF).
The Iodine Values of “Physiological” or “Synthetic” Rat Fat.

Male albino rats taken at weaning when 21 days of age were fasted for 2 days in order that a partial depletion of the stored fat might ensue, thereby lessening its influence on the later resulting “synthetic” fat. The rats were then fed a diet consisting of 18% casein (extracted with alcohol and ether), 77% sucrose, and 5% salt mixture (Osborne and Mendel), supplemented daily by the following: a hot water extract of pig's liver (0.4 gm. dried liver), 100 mgm. of yeast concentrate (Harris), 20 mgm. of a non-saponifiable fraction of cod liver oil (a pasty material, Oscodal†—Iodine Number 110), and 0.016 mgm. of irradiated ergosterol (dissolved in alcohol). Four other groups of rats (5 or more in a group) were fed this “fat free” diet modified so that the first group received an addition of 20 mgm. of peanut oil (Iodine Number 84); the second had the non-saponifiable fraction of cod liver oil substituted by 20 mgm. of cod liver oil (Iodine Number 160); the third received the same diet as the second group wit...
Cancer in American Indian and Alaska Native populations continues to threaten an aging population: The need for tribal, state, and federal action

2 University of Oklahoma College of Medicine/ Troy and Dolly Smith Cancer Center, Integris Baptist Medical Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. A Brief History of Cancer Data in American Indians and Alaska Natives The risk for cancer has increased for American Indian and Alaska Native (AI/AN) populations since the beginning of the 20th century. This population is smaller in size and is younger than other racial/ ethnic groups, having survived the extermination policy of the US government in the 19th century and the decimation of the indigenous population by disease brought by the Europeans. Cancer statistics have not been easily obtained, nor accurate, for this special population. Tribal recognition, self-identification, and sporadic data collection concerning AI/AN populations have been fragmented. Only recently have improved data been prioritized by state health departments and hospital and central cancer registries.
Informal peer critique and the negotiation of habitus in a design studio

Critique is considered to be a central feature of design education, serving as both a structural mechanism that provides regular feedback, and a high stakes assessment tool. This study utilizes informal peer critique as a natural extension of this existing form, engaging the practice community in reflection-in-action due to the natural physical co-location of the studio environment. The purpose of this study is to gain greater understanding of the pedagogical role of informal critique in shaping design thinking and judgment, as seen through the framing of Bourdieu's habitus. The methodology of this study is informed by a critical theory perspective, and uses a combination of interview, observation, and stimulated recall in the process of data collection. Divergent viewpoints on the role of informal v. formal spaces, objectivity v. subjectivity of critique, and differences between professor and peer feedback are addressed. Additionally, beliefs about critique on the individual and group level are analysed as critical elements of an evolving habitus, supported by or developed in response to the culture inscribed by the pedagogy and design studio. This form of critique reveals tacit design thinking and conceptions of design, and outlines the co- construction of habitus by individual students and the design pedagogy.
Photoinduced monolayer patterning for the creation of complex protein patterns.

This work investigates self-assembled monolayers that were formed from a glycol-terminated thiol monomer and were patterned using photoinduced monolayer desorption. Utilizing direct-write photolith...
The Theory of Everything: the extraordinary and the ordinary

As a physician who specializes in the care of individuals with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), I was reluctant to see The Theory of Everything , a movie about the life of Stephen Hawking. I generally do not like to spend my leisure time immersed in the subject that dominates my days. However, after reading about the Academy Award nominations and hearing about the movie from friends, I settled down in front of the TV, rented the movie, took a deep breath, and plunged in.
Low-Level DNA and Complex Mixtures

Abstract Complex mixtures, which are defined here as biological samples containing DNA with three or more contributors, exhibit several significant challenges. First, allele sharing will occur at many of the loci tested, making it challenging to unambiguously discern the full genotypes of the mixture contributors. Second, complex mixtures are likely to contain low-template DNA (LTDNA) for one or more of the contributors since PCR reactions are usually run with 1 ng or less of total DNA. Each additional contributor to a mixture means a dilution of one or more of the contributors into the stochastic danger zone where allele drop-out is more likely. Concepts developed by two-person mixtures like stochastic thresholds will not always be applicable with mixtures containing three or more contributors, largely because of the possibility of allele sharing.
Granulosa Cell Tumors of the Testis

Granulosa cell tumors (GCTs) of the testis are rare testicular neoplasms and are clinically divided into two subgroups, adult-type (AGCT) and juvenile-type (JGCT). AGCTs typically occur in the mid-fifth decade of life, while JGCTs almost always occur in males less than one year of age. A painless scrotal mass is the most common presentation, but testicular torsion and retroperitoneal lymphadenopathy is encountered in up to 20% of AGCT cases. Some JGCT cases have presented in patients with X/XY mosaicism and ambiguous genitalia. Surgical resection is the mainstay of therapy, and the majority of patients have a good prognosis. The role of chemotherapy and radiation therapy in metastatic patients remains unclear.
Role of ARX Gene in Infantile Spasms and Dystonia

The role of ARX gene in a syndrome of infantile spasms with generalized dystonia was investigated in 6 boys from 4 families at the University of Florence, Italy, and other centers in Italy, Japan, and USA.
Belling the Cat: The Story of Vieth V. Jubelier (Introduction)

Vieth v. Jubelirer is the story of a compelling claim in search of a workable standard. Through study of this blockbuster opinion, this chapter explores the history, implications, and future of political gerrymandering. It reveals that the history of political gerrymandering in the United States is long, rich, and notorious — and characterized throughout by a deep analytical struggle. On the one hand, nearly everyone agrees that some reliance on political considerations in redistricting is both constitutionally permissible and practically unavoidable. On the other hand, nearly everyone agrees that reliance on political considerations, at an extreme, goes too far and poses serious constitutional concerns. The quandary that emerges relates to the Constitution’s dividing line — how to identify it, and how to apply it — and this quandary is what so utterly befuddled the Supreme Court in Vieth. The opinion that emerged was arguably unprecedented in its refusal either to identify a judicial standard or to foreclose the possibility of one, and it remains of great significance as a newly composed Supreme Court is asked to consider evolving claims in this vitally important area of the law.
Follicular thyroid carcinoma metastasis to the facial skeleton: a systematic review

Follicular thyroid carcinoma (FTC) metastasis to the facial skeleton is exceedingly rare. A case of FTC metastasizing to the mandible is presented and a systematic review of the literature describing thyroid metastasis to the facial skeleton is performed. A 73-year-old female presented with metastatic FTC to the mandible and underwent total thyroidectomy, segmental mandibulectomy, bone impacted fibular free flap reconstruction, and adjuvant radioactive iodine treatment. The PubMed database was searched for literature describing thyroid cancer with facial skeleton metastasis using the key words “thyroid,” “cancer,” “carcinoma,” “metastasis,” and “malignancy” with “oral cavity,” “maxilla,” “mandible,” “sinus,” “paranasal,” and “orbit.” Reports that only involved the soft tissues were excluded. Systematic review revealed 59 cases of well-differentiated thyroid cancer with facial skeleton metastasis: 35 mandibular metastases (21 = FTC), 6 maxilla metastases (2 = FTC), 9 orbital metastases (4 = FTC), and 11 paranasal sinus metastases (7 = FTC). Treatment included surgery, RAI, external beam radiotherapy (XRT), or a combination of these modalities. The one, two, and five-year survival rates were 100%, 79%, and 16%, respectively. Facial skeleton metastasis of FTC is a rare clinical challenge. Optimal treatment appears to include total thyroidectomy and resection of involved structures with or without adjuvant treatment.
From the Dynamics of Conscience to Contract Psychology

At the outset I should explain how the rather strange sounding expression, “the dynamics of conscience,” will be used in this paper. I shall use it, first of all, to convey the essential aspects of Sigmund Freud’s views concerning the relationship between what he called the superego and the id, ego, and external reality. Then, retaining the same psychic topography as Freud, I shall suggest another, and more fruitful, conception of personality functioning and malfunctioning. Finally, I shall indicate how a further advance can be made, not by entirely rejecting this second conceptual scheme, but by extensively supplementing it with—indeed, one might say, transposing it into—the theory and pragmatics of social contracts, agreements, promises, commitments, explicit or implicit. We then discover that we have here an ethic that is not only without serious scientific or, for that matter, theological, objection in our own culture; once fully understood, it is a social or cultural universal.
Hydration effects on the photoionization energy of 2′-deoxyguanosine 5′-phosphate and activation barriers for guanine methylation by carcinogenic methane diazonium ions

Abstract Results from DFT calculations indicate that states originating from gas-phase ionization of the phosphate and the base are degenerate in syn -5′-dGMP – and that bulk hydration lowers the base-localized ionization energy by N 2 transition states of the methylation reactions of guanine with methane diazonium ions are lower at the N7 than at the O 6 sites and they are influenced by local ionization energy and steric interference.
Cohomological invariants for quadratic forms over local rings

Let A be local ring in which 2 is invertible and let n be a non-negative integer. We show that the nth cohomological invariant of quadratic forms is a well-defined homomorphism from the nth power of the fundamental ideal in the Witt ring of A to the degree n etale cohomology of A with mod 2 coefficients, which is surjective and has kernel the ( $$\hbox {n}+1$$ )th power of the fundamental ideal. This is obtained by proving the Gersten conjecture for Witt groups in an important mixed-characteristic case.
Chemical and Morphological Effects on Solute Diffusion Through Block Copolymer Membranes

The rate of aqueous diffusion of a solute through Cuprophane and other cellulosic membranes is controlled primarily on the basis of its molecular size, with the chemical structure of the solute having little influence on the diffusion rate. Stretching or chemical etching of cellulosic membranes can increase their permeabilities to solutes (1–3), but only at the expense of decreasing the limited selectivity of the transport of the smaller solutes (3). A study of block copolymer membranes was undertaken as a possible route to develop membranes which might show selectivity for both the molecular size and chemical structure of the diffusing solute. These block copolymer systems would be composed of suitable hydrophilic blocks to influence the aqueous permeability properties, and hydrophobic blocks to give the necessary mechanical strength to the membranes. Since solute diffusion would be through an aqueous solution of the hydrophilic block rather than just through water, one would expect that the interactions between the solute, water, and hydrophilic block would influence the rate of diffusion.
CROWDSOURCING CONTESTS: A DYNAMIC STRUCTURAL MODEL OF THE IMPACT OF INCENTIVE STRUCTURE ON SOLUTION QUALITY

A key challenge faced by firms that undertake crowdsourcing-contests to get solutions from crowds to their problems is to design an incentive structure which helps attract high quality solutions. We develop a structural model of user participation in crowdsourcing-contests and present empirical evidence on how incentive structure could affect the quality of solutions. Using data from Threadless.com, we find that participants exert less effort as competition for the reward increases. This indicates that increasing the reward may adversely affect the quality of the solutions produced as it will increase the competition. However, counter-intuitively the policy simulations indicate that increasing the reward increases both the quantity and quality of submitted solutions. This is because under the new policy of higher reward, individual equilibrium behavior is different. When the firm increases the reward, the additional utility from increase in the reward offsets the reduction in probability of winning due to intensified competition.
Wittgenstein and ‘The Universal Language’ of Painting

A year ago, we argued that in the later Wittgenstein one has to distinguish primary from secondary language-games when he discusses our language of mental experiences.1 Primary language games establish the basic links between language and our experiences; secondary ones build on them and at the same time modify them. It is only by means of secondary language-games that we bring such notions as knowledge, certainty, evidence, and justification to bear on our talk about mental experiences, for instance sensations.
Interactive effects of advertising platform credibility and partisanship on advertising evaluation and recall

ABSTRACTThis research examined how partisan media as a campaign ad platform affect voters, focusing on partisanship, ad platforms, and ad platform credibility. In a 3 (conservative party supporters...
Biomimetic Micromotor Enables Active Delivery of Antigens for Oral Vaccination.

Vaccination represents one of the most effective means of preventing infectious disease. In order to maximize the utility of vaccines, highly potent formulations that are easy to administer and promote high patient compliance are desired. In the present work, a biomimetic self-propelling micromotor formulation is developed for use as an oral antivirulence vaccine. The propulsion is provided by a magnesium-based core, and a biomimetic cell membrane coating is used to detain and neutralize a toxic antigenic payload. The resulting motor toxoids leverage their propulsion properties in order to more effectively elicit mucosal immune responses. After demonstrating the successful fabrication of the motor toxoids, their uptake properties are shown in vitro. When delivered to mice via an oral route, it is then confirmed that the propulsion greatly improves retention and uptake of the antigenic material in the small intestine in vivo. Ultimately, this translates into markedly elevated generation of antibody titers ...
The Association between Long-Term Air Pollution and Urinary Catecholamines: Evidence from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis.

Background: Autonomic nervous system effects have been hypothesized as a mechanism of air pollutant health effects, though scant prior epidemiologic research has examined the association between ai...
Immunohistochemistry in the workup of bladder biopsies: Frequency, variation and utility of use at an academic center

Abstract Introduction Flat urothelial lesions fall into one of four diagnostic categories including urothelial carcinoma in-situ (CIS). There is morphologic overlap between the categories leading to immunohistochemistry (IHC) utilization in difficult cases. The purpose of this study was to examine the frequency, variation and utility of IHC use in bladder biopsy specimens over a 17 year period. Methods A search of “CD44”, “p53”, and “CK20” keywords was conducted from the pathology files (1/1/2003 to 12/31/2017) on bladder biopsy specimens at our institution. Atypical (AUS), dysplastic (UD) and CIS rates were calculated. Results A total of 4597 cases were identified. IHC was performed on 345 specimens (7.5%, 345/4597). For cases without IHC (H&E only), the AUS rate was 4.8% (206/4252), UD rate was 9.4% (399/4252), and the CIS rate was 8.4% (359/4252). For IHC cases, the AUS rate was 5.2% (18/345), the UD rate was 8.1% (28/345), and the CIS rate was 11.3% (39/345). There was no statistical difference between the H&E only or IHC rates ( p > 0.05). The absolute number IHC orders per year increased until 2011 (60 cases) but drastically declined over the last five years (5 total cases in 2017). The CIS rates have remained relatively constant. Conclusion We found the AUS, UD and CIS rates were similar regardless of IHC use. Our institution was an early adopter of IHC and it quickly fell out of favor. We agree with the ISUP in that IHC has limited clinical utility for flat urothelial lesions and morphology remains the gold standard.
First-Principles Characterization of the Elusive I Fluorescent State and the Structural Evolution of Retinal Protonated Schiff Base in Bacteriorhodopsin.

The conversion of light energy into work is essential to life on earth. Bacteriorhodopsin (bR), a light-activated proton pump in Archae, has served for many years as a model system for the study of...
Multi-Itinerary Optimization as Cloud Service (Industrial Paper)

In this paper, we describe Multi-Itinerary Optimization (MIO) - a novel Bing maps service that automates the process of building itineraries for multiple agents while optimizing their routes to save travel time or distance. MIO can be used by organizations with a fleet of vehicles and drivers, mobile salesforce, or a team of personnel in the field in order to maximize workforce efficiency. MIO accounts for service time windows, duration, and priority, as well as traffic conditions between locations, resulting in challenging algorithmic problems at multiple levels (e.g., calculating travel-time distance matrices at scale, scheduling services for multiple agents). To support an end-to-end cloud service with turnaround times of a few seconds, our algorithm design targets a sweet spot between accuracy and performance. Towards that end, we build a scalable solution based on the ALNS meta-heuristic. Our experiments show that accounting for traffic significantly improves solution quality: MIO not only avoids violating time-window constraints, but also completes up to 17% more services compared to traffic-agnostic mechanisms. Further, our solution generates itineraries with better accuracy than both a cutting-edge heuristic (LKH3) and an Integer-Programming based algorithm, with twice and orders-of-magnitude faster running times, respectively.
Correction to: The Scientific Basis for Modern Physical Therapy:

The names of the guest editors of the issue on Rehabilitation and Musculoskeletal Health (October 2019) were omitted. Editor-in-Chief Charles N. Cornell, MD, wishes to acknowledge the contributions of Sherry Backus.
Study of Acute Leukemia Pattern by Flow Cytometric Analysis: An Experience from Eastern India

ABSTRACT Introduction These lymphocytes (acute lymphocytic leukemia [ALL]) or myeloid cells (acute myelocytic leukemia [AML]) proliferate abnormally. Leukemia is the most common cancer among children, with ALL accounting for 78% of all childhood leukemia's. The most common type of leukemia in adults is AML, followed by CLL, CML & ALL (Clonal disease). Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) may be distinguished from other malignant lymphoid disorders by the immunophenotype of the cells, which is similar to B or T precursor cells. Objective The main purpose of our study is to detect the characteristics of immunophenotypes of ALL patients in Eastern India and to analyze the frequency of typical immunophenotypes responsible for ALL. The study also investigates the nature of blast cell population in samples of bone marrow as well as peripheral blood of patients, explores the case history and correlates the immunophenotyping data with clinical treatment for better diagnostic approach. Materials and methods 96 pediatric leukemia patients of 1 to 17 years of age (median 9 years) were studied during a period from January, 2009 to December, 2010. Cells were analyzed with four-colour flow cytometry. Non lineage specific markers used were CD34, HLA-DR, CD117; B-lineage specific markers were CD19, CD22, CD10 and T-lineage specific markers were CD5, CD7, CD2, CD3, CD4, CD33. Immunophenotypes were compared at diagnosis. Results The data showing average % of specific positive markers were tabulated below. Positive markers Total (%) CD19 95.23 (Male 71.24, Female 23.08) CD22 80.95 (Male 61.90, Female 19.04) CD10 66.66 (Male 52.38, Female 19.04) CD34 38.09 (Male 23.80, Female 14.28) HLA-DR 23.80 CD2 9.52 CD7 19.04 (Male 14.28) Other markers present were CD33, CD13, CD117, CD3 and CD4, at an average of 4.76%. Conclusion Pattern of ALL follows B-cell-lineage origin with mostly pre B-cell and CD19 positive cases in Eastern India. This is the first reported data from Eastern India which is showing the prevalence of B-ALL as Northern and Western India; whereas the southern part of India reveals the prevalence of T-ALL Disclosure All authors have declared no conflicts of interest.
Towards active processes for teaching and learning

We discuss parallels between students and teachers in the process of pedagogical reform. Reform aims for students to develop their own process for becoming independent learners, and to gain personal ownership. Likewise teachers can develop their own personally owned reform process if they have the encouragement and freedom to take individual initiative. We argue that tools, such as text materials, technology, etc., are merely objects that should be kept in perspective as secondary within an overarching ever ongoing process. And we discuss how melding teacher freedom with collaboration can foster far-reaching change.
Quixote's soldiers: A local history of the Chicano movement, 1966–1981, D. Montejano. University of Texas Press, Austin (2010), 344

An old radio and television program used to begin with “let us return to those thrilling days of yesteryear.” On one level, David Montejano's examination of the Chicano movement in San Antonio, Tex...
c-di-AMP Accumulation Impairs Muropeptide Synthesis in Listeria monocytogenes.

ABSTRACT Cyclic di-AMP (c-di-AMP) is an essential and ubiquitous second messenger among bacteria. c-di-AMP regulates many cellular pathways through direct binding to several molecular targets in bacterial cells. c-di-AMP depletion is well known to destabilize the bacterial cell wall, resulting in increased bacteriolysis and enhanced susceptibility to cell wall targeting antibiotics. Using the human pathogen Listeria monocytogenes as a model, we found that c-di-AMP accumulation also impaired cell envelope integrity. An L. monocytogenes mutant deleted for c-di-AMP phosphodiesterases (pdeA pgpH mutant) exhibited a 4-fold increase in c-di-AMP levels and several cell wall defects. For instance, the pdeA pgpH mutant was defective for the synthesis of peptidoglycan muropeptides and was susceptible to cell wall-targeting antimicrobials. Among different muropeptide precursors, we found that the pdeA pgpH strain was particularly impaired in the synthesis of d-Ala–d-Ala, which is required to complete the pentapeptide stem associated with UDP–N-acetylmuramic acid (MurNAc). This was consistent with an increased sensitivity to d-cycloserine, which inhibits the d-alanine branch of peptidoglycan synthesis. Finally, upon examining d-Ala:d-Ala ligase (Ddl), which catalyzes the conversion of d-Ala to d-Ala–d-Ala, we found that its activity was activated by K+. Based on previous reports that c-di-AMP inhibits K+ uptake, we propose that c-di-AMP accumulation impairs peptidoglycan synthesis, partially through the deprivation of cytoplasmic K+ levels, which are required for cell wall-synthetic enzymes. IMPORTANCE The bacterial second messenger c-di-AMP is produced by a large number of bacteria and conditionally essential to many species. Conversely, c-di-AMP accumulation is also toxic to bacterial physiology and pathogenesis, but its mechanisms are largely undefined. We found that in Listeria monocytogenes, elevated c-di-AMP levels diminished muropeptide synthesis and increased susceptibility to cell wall-targeting antimicrobials. Cell wall defects might be an important mechanism for attenuated virulence in bacteria with high c-di-AMP levels.
Electronic Cigarettes for Smoking Cessation.

e-Cigarettes with nicotine can be used to encourage smoking cessation, but continued use after cessation may be a risk factor for relapse.