cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Beginning Science Teachers’ Use of Tools to Learn Ambitious Instruction

A lack of coherence about norms for instruction between preparation contexts often results in tensions for beginners about learning to teach. I wondered if planning tools created in a university setting, designed to support ambitious instruction, could act as boundary objects to help novices bring ambitious teaching into classrooms. As such, I examined how three participants used the tools to plan for ambitious instruction in ways that changed their own understanding of subject matter and pedagogy. Their mentor teachers, however, prompted the novices to use the tools and teach in ways that were inconsistent with the participants’ planning. I found that the tools prompted the novices to try out pieces of ambitious instruction, yet the tools alone do not encourage coherence or communication between beginning and mentor teachers.
Polymorph: a model for dynamic level generation

Players begin games at different skill levels and develop their skill at different rates—so that even the best-designed games are uninterestingly easy for some players and frustratingly difficult for others. A proposed answer to this challenge is Dynamic Difficulty Adjustment (DDA), a general category of approaches that alter games during play, in response to player performance. However, nearly all these techniques are focused on basic parameter tweaking, while the difficulty of many games is connected to aspects that are more challenging to adjust dynamically, such as level design. Further, most DDA techniques are based on designer intuition, which may not reflect actual play patterns. Responding to these challenges, we have created Polymorph, which employs techniques from level generation and machine learning to understand level difficulty and player skill, dynamically constructing levels for a 2D platformer game with continually-appropriate challenge. We present the results of the user study on which Polymorph's model of level difficulty is based, as well as a discussion of the unique features of the model. We believe Polymorph creates a play experience that is unique because the changes are both personalized and structural, while also providing an example of a new application of machine learning to aid game design.
Effects of l-NAME on cerebral metabolic, vasopressin, oxytocin, and blood pressure responses in hemorrhaged rats

N G-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME; 250 μg/5 μl), an inhibitor of NO synthase, or the vehicle artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF; 5 μl) was administered intracerebroventricularly to consci...
A Review of Supply Chain Data Mining Publications

The use of data mining in supply chains is growing, and covers almost all aspects of supply chain management. A framework of supply chain analytics is used to classify data mining publications reported in supply chain management academic literature. Scholarly articles were identified using SCOPUS and EBSCO Business search engines. Articles were classified by supply chain function. Additional papers reflecting technology, to include RFID use and text analysis were separately reviewed. The paper concludes with discussion of potential research issues and outlook for future development.
Introduction to the Nervous System

The brain is the part of the central nervous system that is housed in the cranium/skull. It consists of the brain stem, diencephalon, cerebellum, and cerebrum. At the foramen ­magnum, the highest cervical segment of the spinal cord is continuous with the lowest level of the medulla of the brain stem. The 12 cranial nerves attached to the brain form the upper part of the part of the peripheral nervous system and record general sensations of pain, temperature, touch, and pressure but in addition we now find the presence of the special senses of smell, vision, hearing, balance, and taste. The blood supply to the brain originates from the first major arterial branches from the heart insuring that over 20% of the entire supply of oxygenated blood flows directly into the brain.
Intranational Financial Integration: Evidence from the Canadian Banking Industry

Feldstein and Horioka (1980) argued that if international capital markets are fully integrated, then national savings rates and national investment will be uncorrelated. The basis for the argument is that financial integration allows borrowers and lenders to engage in financial transactions in any country. Hence, borrowing to finance investment in a nation does not rely on the saving behavior of the nation. They found that national saving and investment rates are highly correlated suggesting that there is not complete integration of international financial markets. Subsequent research pointed out ways that this correlation could occur even if there was complete integration of capital markets. For example, financial integration will be apparent only when there is a need for capital to flow across regions, which requires uncommon, or relative, shocks to each county’s saving and/or investment demand. With common shocks, there is no need for capital to flow across countries and so it will stay at home, which causes national saving and investment to be highly correlated even if there is complete capital market integration. Consequently, any test of financial integration must control for common shocks to the regions.
Keeping Tribal Business Partners Close – and Their Lawyers Closer

Tribes, in appropriate instances, should ensure that their non-Indian business partners have engaged attorneys that are familiar with the fundamental principles of Indian law. Although this strategy may seem counterintuitive, a tribal party should pause during the deal to consider the old adage that “bad facts make for bad law,” while also accepting that commercial disputes are inevitable, especially in modern economic times. The tribal party should also pause to consider that it is increasingly appropriate to litigate these disputes on the merits, rather than bank on seeking a quick dismissal on Indian jurisdictional grounds – a dismissal that will very likely result in appeal. There is great potential that the appellate courts will force an exception to a sovereignty-based affirmative defense – and that the exception could swallow the rule. This proverb is particularly true for commercially successful tribes, where the perception of big-business/small-entrepreneur inequality is even more likely to drive bad results in the courts, and in the court of public opinion. Accordingly, the parties and their lawyers should ensure clarity and understanding regarding the various issues of tribal jurisdiction and federal Indian law that are implicated in Indian Country commercial transactions.
Abstract 1328: p53 represses microRNAs let-7a and let-7b in response to ionizing radiation

Radiation-induced free radicals damage cells resulting in a stress response that involves large scale changes in gene expression including microRNAs (miRNA). Specifically, decreased expression of the let-7 family of miRNA has been reported. let-7 regulates cell cycle and DNA repair proteins such as Ras, cyclin D1, Rad 18 and Rad 51, which can all effect the radiation response. However, the precise role of the let-7 family and the mechanisms regulating this repression has not been elucidated. In this study, we demonstrate a mechanism underlying the let-7a3 and let-7b response to radiation exposure. Using real time RT-PCR we demonstrate that let-7a and b expression decreases by 80-90% in response to 0.5-10 Gy doses of IR in cultured HCT116 colon cancer cells. This effect is also observed by RT-PCR in response to other sources of geneotoxic stress such as etoposide or UV irradiation suggesting that a reduction in let-7 is common among DNA damaging events. We also show that this decrease in expression of let-7a and b is dependent on p53 as the decrease is absent in HCT116 p53 knockout cells. Further analysis of the effect of p53 on let-7a3 and b expression by CHIP showed an association of p53 with a predicted binding site in the host gene promoter. After treatment of mice with radiation a decrease in let-7a and b expression is observed in radio sensitive tissues. However no decrease was observed in tissues collected from p53 KO mice. Transfection of additional let-7a or let-7b into HCT116 cells decreased survival after radiation treatment, but survival is unchanged by increased let-7 in HCT116 p53 knockout cells. These results suggest that p53 can directly repress let-7 expression. Also, let-7 may play an important role in the regulation and fine-tuning of the p53 cell stress response to radiation. Furthermore, therapeutics aimed at inducing over expression of let-7 may be useful as radiation sensitizers. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1328.
Holy and Unholy Alliances: The Politics of Catholicism in Revolutionary Nicaragua

In late August 1983 the Nicaraguan Episcopal Conference issued its "General Considerations on Military Service," which argued that the right to conscription does not apply if "a highly politicized army has been created as a defense of the govern ment's own ideology, and at the same time as a means to force people to receive political indoctrination."1 The document re peatedly refers directly and indirectly to the Sandinistas (FSLN) as "totalitarian," while advising conscientious objection for all who do not share Sandinista ideology. The document, which strongly reflects the views of Cardinal Obando y Bravo, was repudiated by several church groups who noted that it had not emerged from any dialogue within the Christian community as a whole, that it made no mention of the urgency of Nicaragua's military situation, and that it was really a political rather than a religious statement since it opposed not merely an unjust law but "the legitimacy of our Present Nicara guan state."2 The Association for the Development of Peoples, another church group, called the document "an open call to de sertion, mass disobedience, and rebellion against the revolution ary state, which it considers totalitarian, illegitimate, and unworthy of the respect of its citizens."3
Characterization of a novel biodegradable photoluminescent polymer for lifetime dependent thermometry in tissues

We have characterized the biodegradable photoluminescent polymer (BPLP) for lifetime dependent thermometry in tissues. Temperature sensitivity of the polymer has been tested through laboratory experiments and Monte Carlo (MC) simulations.
Disorders, Diseases, and Life on the Left

The published literature connecting left-handedness to an array of physical and psychological disorders spans nearly 150 years of research. Various theories attempt to explain why left-handedness is linked to pathology and these provide the guidance for the large numbers of studies in this area. The literature is riddled with inconsistent findings concerning a link between left-handedness and physical or psychological ill health. A more reliable association is between atypical handedness patterns, such as ambiguous handedness, and various clinical conditions. Ambiguous handedness is a situation where an individual uses either the right or the left hand at different times to perform the same activity. The typical form of mixed-handedness observed in nonclinical groups is a change of hand use across activities rather than within an activity. Two basic research paradigms have dominated the exploration of a link between left-handedness and pathology. Each paradigm has its inherent methodological problems and these most likely explain the chronic inconsistencies in the research literature. Researchers are moving toward new and more direct ways of investigating the relationship between handedness types and clinical disorders by using neural imaging techniques and genome scans.
Top 10% Admissions in the Borderlands Access and Success of Borderland Top Students at Texas Public Universities

This study focuses on Texas Borderland students admitted through the Texas Top 10% admissions policy, which assumes that Top 10% students are college ready for any public university and provides Top 10% high school graduates automatic admission to any 4-year public university in Texas. Using descriptive and inferential statistics, results indicated significant differences between top-tier and Borderland Universities in access and success by ethnicity, gender, family income, and college generation status.
Writing (& Producing) Singing Translations, from Russian to English

Автор рассказывает о том, как у него возник интерес к переводу русской литературы на английский язык для того, чтобы вокальная музыка, написанная на русские тексты, могла быть исполнена на обоих языках. Рассматриваемые автором тексты и написанная на них музыка включают в себя антивоенное стихотворение Е. Евтушенко, положенное на музыку Э. Колмановским в 1961 году и переведённое на английский автором в 1966 году; сочинение самого Леонарда Лермана, написанное в 1970 году на стихи В. Маяковского 1922 года. Сюда также относятся оперы М. Мусоргского, М. Глинки и А. Даргомыжского в их первых исполнениях на английском языке, оперы Лермана на тексты Давида Айзмана, Михаила Шолохова и Антона Чехова, а также его вокальная музыка на стихи Александра Блока, Афанасия Фета, Ивана Крылова, Гавриила Державина, Ве- лемира Хлебникова, Александра Пушкина и Галины Лейбович. Ключевые слова: английский перевод, русская опера, Мусоргский, Глинка, Даргомыжский, Чехов, Шоло- хов, Евтушенко, Маяковский, Колмановский, Кэрил Эмерсон, Джоэл Мандельбаум, опера «Русалка», Вильям Остин, Джордж Гибиан, Лорел Е. Фэй, Эли Зигмайстер, Эйбел Меерополь, Джулиус и Этель Розенберг, Джон Рид.
Mineral nitrogen input decreases microbial biomass in soils under grasslands but not annual crops

Abstract Anthropogenic inputs of reactive nitrogen (N) to terrestrial ecosystems have increased considerably over the past several decades. Soil microorganisms provide numerous ecosystem services and are closely linked to the global carbon cycle through decomposition of organic material. The objectives of this study were to quantify the long- and short-term effects of mineral N input (ammonium, nitrate or urea) on soil microorganisms in permanent grassland and annual cropping systems. Conducting a meta -analysis, we found that in grassland studies (n = 54), soil microbial biomass (SMB) decreased significantly by 12% with N addition, while SMB increased significantly by 13.6% in annual crops (n = 150). Pronounced shifts among major microbial groups from N additions were not evident in our analysis, even though individual studies sometimes found significant effects of N input on PLFA profiles. We found the best support for the hypothesis that higher crop productivity in annual cropping systems brought on by fertilization increases plant residue inputs, which in turn increases SMB in the long term. In the short term, N inputs may also increase primary production in permanent grassland. However, N inputs gradually reduce grassland plant species richness which likely leads to the observed decrease in SMB. Over time, the effect of plant species richness on SMB becomes more pronounced. Our analysis reveals that management is an important consideration in predicting how ecosystems respond to environmental change and highlights the complexity and diversity of plant-microbial interactions, and underscores the immense value of long-term field trials.
Reports of Obamacare's Demise Are Greatly Exaggerated.

Recent developments have once again prompted some to declare that the insurance marketplaces developed as part of the Affordable Care Act (ACA) are unsustainable and collapsing. And once again, these reports are overstated. What has prompted this latest round of recriminations is the report that UnitedHealthcare, the nation’s largest health insurance company, will be pulling out of the ACA’s marketplaces except in a “handful of states” in 2017 (http://bit.ly/1NRi5ab). The company cites financial losses in its plans sold to individuals as the impetus for its withdrawal. The insurer is still quite profitable overall, earning $3 billion in operating profits in the first quarter of 2016 (http://bit.ly/1SJ1ucR).
Doublesex Regulates the Connectivity of a Neural Circuit Controlling Drosophila Male Courtship Song

It is unclear how regulatory genes establish neural circuits that compose sex-specific behaviors. The Drosophila melanogaster male courtship song provides a powerful model to study this problem. Courting males vibrate a wing to sing bouts of pulses and hums, called pulse and sine song, respectively. We report the discovery of male-specific thoracic interneurons-the TN1A neurons-that are required specifically for sine song. The TN1A neurons can drive the activity of a sex-non-specific wing motoneuron, hg1, which is also required for sine song. The male-specific connection between the TN1A neurons and the hg1 motoneuron is regulated by the sexual differentiation gene doublesex. We find that doublesex is required in the TN1A neurons during development to increase the density of the TN1A arbors that interact with dendrites of the hg1 motoneuron. Our findings demonstrate how a sexual differentiation gene can build a sex-specific circuit motif by modulating neuronal arborization.
Theory of Landau level mixing in heavily graded graphene p -n junctions

We demonstrate the use of a quantum transport model to study heavily graded graphene $p\text{\ensuremath{-}}n$ junctions in the quantum Hall regime. A combination of $p\text{\ensuremath{-}}n$ interface roughness and delta function disorder potential allows us to compare experimental results on different devices from the literature. We find that wide $p\text{\ensuremath{-}}n$ junctions suppress mixing of $n\ensuremath{\ne}0$ Landau levels. Our simulations spatially resolve carrier transport in the device, revealing separation of higher order Landau levels in strongly graded junctions, which suppresses mixing.
Buyer cartels and private enforcement of antitrust policy

Collusion among buyers leads to social welfare losses, which provide the economic rationale for public enforcement of the antitrust law. This conduct also imposes losses on the victimized sellers, which provide the foundation for private enforcement through private damage actions. In this paper, we present a rigorous economic analysis of buyer cartels. This effort includes both full participation and partial conspiracies. We review the antitrust treatment of collusive monopsony in the United States, the European Union, and Asia, offer a measure of antitrust damages, and examine the necessary precision of the damage estimate. We also suggest that the proper use of modern econometrics should allay judicial concerns with speculation.
Possible devil's staircase in the Kondo lattice CeSbSe

The temperature- ($T$) magnetic-field ($H$) phase diagram for the tetragonal layered compound CeSbSe is determined from magnetization, specific heat, and electrical resistivity measurements. This system exhibits complex magnetic ordering at ${T}_{\mathrm{M}}=3\phantom{\rule{0.28em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$ and the application of a magnetic field results in a cascade of magnetically ordered states for $H\ensuremath{\lesssim}1.8\phantom{\rule{0.28em}{0ex}}\mathrm{T}$ which are characterized by fractional integer size steps: i.e., a possible devil's staircase is observed. Electrical transport measurements show a weak temperature dependence and large residual resistivity which suggest a small charge-carrier density and strong scattering from the $f$ moments. These features reveal Kondo lattice behavior where the $f$ moments are screened incompletely, resulting in a fine balanced magnetic interaction between different Ce neighbors that is mediated by the Ruderman-Kittel-Kasuya-Yosida interaction. This produces the nearly degenerate magnetically ordered states that are accessed under an applied magnetic field.
Randomized Decoding for Selection-and-Ordering Problems

The task of selecting and ordering information appears in multiple contexts in text generation and summarization. For instance, methods for title generation construct a headline by selecting and ordering words from the input text. In this paper, we investigate decoding methods that simultaneously optimize selection and ordering preferences. We formalize decoding as a task of nding an acyclic path in a directed weighted graph. Since the problem is NP-hard, nding an exact solution is challenging. We describe a novel decoding method based on a randomized color-coding algorithm. We prove bounds on the number of color-coding iterations necessary to guarantee any desired likelihood of nding the correct solution. Our experiments show that the randomized decoder is an appealing alternative to a range of decoding algorithms for selection-andordering problems, including beam search and Integer Linear Programming.
Glaucoma after Lens-Sparing Vitrectomy for Advanced Retinopathy of Prematurity

Purpose To report the incidence of, and factors related to, glaucoma after lens-sparing vitrectomy (LSV) surgery in advanced retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). Design Retrospective case series at a single tertiary referral pediatric vitreoretinal practice. Participants Four hundred and one eyes from 270 patients were included. Methods The medical records of patients who underwent LSV for stage 4A, 4B, and 5 ROP were retrospectively reviewed. Data were collected from patient charts including gender, gestational age at birth, birthweight, stage of ROP at presentation, prior treatment (laser or cryotherapy), subsequent retinal surgeries, presence of glaucoma, time to glaucoma (interval between LSV and the onset of glaucoma), date of lensectomy (if performed), and retinal attachment status at last visit. Lensectomy was considered as a time-dependent covariate in the analysis. Main Outcome Measures Incidence of glaucoma and potential risk factors for time to glaucoma. Results Among 401 eyes with advanced ROP, 40 eyes (10.0%) had glaucoma during a mean of 3.06±4.11 years of follow-up. The incidence of glaucoma was 6.9% (17/247) in stage 4A, 12.0% (16/133) in stage 4B, and 33.3% (7/21) in stage 5 ROP. Twenty-one percent of eyes (87/401) required lensectomy at a mean of 1.23±2.19 years after LSV. In univariate analysis, having stage 5 ROP (vs. stage 4 ROP) and presence of lensectomy were found to be significantly associated with time to glaucoma (hazard ratio = 6.76, 95% confidence interval = 2.19–20.88, P = 0.001; hazard ratio = 3.06, 95% confidence interval = 1.56–6.0, P = 0.001, respectively). In multivariate analysis, lensectomy was the only significant independent factor associated with time to glaucoma (hazard ratio = 2.76, 95% confidence interval = 1.371–5.581, P = 0.004). Conclusions Patients with more severe ROP had a higher incidence of glaucoma after lens-sparing vitrectomy. If a patient required lensectomy owing to progression of ROP and/or presence of lens opacity, then the hazard of having glaucoma significantly increased compared with those without lensectomy.
Convolutional neural network based side attack explosive hazard detection in three dimensional voxel radar

The identification followed by avoidance or removal of explosive hazards in past and/or present conflict zones is a serious threat for both civilian and military personnel. This is a challenging task as variability exists with respect to the objects, their environment and emplacement context, to name a few factors. A goal is the development of automatic or human-in-the-loop sensor technologies that leverage signal processing, data fusion and machine learning. Herein, we explore the detection of side attack explosive hazards (SAEHs) in three dimensional voxel space radar via different shallow and deep convolutional neural network (CNN) architectures. Dimensionality reduction is performed by using multiple projected images versus the raw three dimensional voxel data, which leads to noteworthy savings in input size and associated network hyperparameters. Last, we explore the accuracy and interpretation of solutions learned via random versus intelligent network weight initialization. Experiments are provided on a U.S. Army data set collected over different times, weather conditions, target types and concealments. Preliminary results indicate that deep learning can perform as good as, if not better, than a skilled domain expert, even in light of limited training data with a class imbalance.
X-ray tomography of extended objects: A comparison of data acquisition approaches

The penetration power of x rays allows one to image large objects, while their short wavelength allows for high spatial resolution. As a result, with synchrotron sources, one has the potential to obtain tomographic images of centimeter-sized specimens with sub-micrometer pixel sizes. However, limitations on beam and detector size make it difficult to acquire such data of this sort in a single take, necessitating strategies for combining data from multiple regions. One strategy is to acquire a tiled set of local tomograms by rotating the specimen around each of the local tomogram center positions. Another strategy, sinogram oriented acquisition, involves the collection of projections at multiple offset positions from the rotation axis followed by data merging and reconstruction. We have carried out a simulation study to compare these two approaches in terms of radiation dose applied to the specimen, and reconstructed image quality. Local tomography acquisition involves an easier data alignment problem, and immediate viewing of subregions before the entire dataset has been acquired. Sinogram oriented acquisition involves a more difficult data assembly and alignment procedure, and it is more sensitive to accumulative registration error. However, sinogram oriented acquisition is more dose efficient, involves fewer translation motions of the object, and avoids certain artifacts of local tomography.
Reproduction of Poxviruses

The poxviruses are distinguished principally by their unusual morphology, large DNA genome, and cytoplasmic site of replication. Smallpox, which is caused by variola virus, was recognized many centuries ago as a distinct disease entity because of its striking symptoms and high mortality. Elimination of the disease from most parts of the world stemmed in large measure from the classic report of Jenner in 1798 on smallpox vaccination. Approximately 80 years have passed since poxvirions were observed by microscopy, and it is about 35 years since vaccinia was obtained in a purified state for chemical characterization. Studies with poxviruses have been greatly facilitated by their cytoplasmic site of replication, which is unusual for a DNA virus, and the ability of some members of the group to rapidly terminate host macromolecular synthesis. Biosynthetic events are temporally regulated, and an ordered sequence of development begins with the apparent de novo formation of viral membranes. Further development proceeds with morphopoietic processes that in their complexity resemble cell or organelle differentiation. The resulting virions contain, in addition to their large DNA genomes, many proteins, some of which have enzymatic functions, lipids, and small amounts of carbohydrate. Several reviews describing the state of knowledge regarding poxvirus replication as of 1966–1968 have been published (Joklik, 1966, 1968; Fenner, 1968; Woodson, 1968; McAuslan, 1969a). This chapter, although intended as a comprehensive review, emphasizes biochemical aspects of poxvirus reproduction under active investigation during the past five years.
Whose Literacy Is It, Anyway? Strengths-Based Guidelines for Transforming the Developmental Environments of Deaf Children and Adolescents

In this chapter, the literature on resilience is discussed in relation to the results of phenomenological research on a cohort of deaf children and adolescents sharing their perspectives on their lifeworlds (Sheridan, Inner lives of deaf children: Interviews and analysis, Gallaudet University Press, Washington, DC, 2001; Sheridan, Deaf adolescents: Inner lives and lifeworld development, Gallaudet University Press, Washington, DC, 2008). Internal and external protective factors and dispositional attributes of resilience are discussed. Guidelines emerging from the research which were designed to optimize the developmental environments of deaf children and adolescents through multisystemic collaborations with the youth (Sheridan, 2008) are shown to be consistent with a resilience building framework. Through a transcendent, empowering process in collaboration with deaf youth, professionals and parents are challenged to recognize and utilize the existing strengths and talents that deaf children and adolescents possess while simultaneously cultivating their own deaf – literacies and deaf – literate formative environments.
Simultaneous treatment of intractable pain and spasticity: observations of combined intrathecal baclofen-morphine therapy over a 10-year clinical experience.

AIM Intrathecal therapy has separate indications for refractory pain and spasticity. Both entities have a relatively high prevalence in neurologic diseases. This study examines the potential efficacy of utilizing additive intrathecal morphine (ITM) therapy to a group of patients who had previously stabilized on intrathecal baclofen (ITB) therapy. METHODS Pain intensity was assessed via VASPI; 183 individuals participated in ITB therapy from January 1998 to December 2007. Forty-seven individuals elected to add ITM to their intrathecal therapy regimen. Three patients were intolerant to ITM/ITB combination therapy. No significant demographic differences between the two groups existed with respect to gender and race. Non-traumatic and traumatic spinal cord injury patients were more likely to participate in combination therapy compared to other diagnoses. The average stabilized ITB dose for the monotherapy group was not statistically different for the combination therapy group. RESULTS The average stabilized ITM for the combination therapy group was 1 730 μg/day (range 27-10 500, SD 2 350). The average decrement in VASPI was 35%. Thirty out of 47 patients experienced a decrease greater than 30% in VASPI while 13 of the 47 patients experienced a decrease greater than 50% in Visual Analogue Scale of Pain Intensity (VASPI). There was no significant relationship between percent improvement in VASPI and morphine dosing. Eight of 47 combination patients experienced adverse events attributable to intrathecal morphine but were capable to utilize the combination therapy for a least one year. CONCLUSION Reduction is pain intensity with combined therapy was variable. Intrathecal morphine can be a safe and effective adjunct pain therapy to patients utilizing intrathecal baclofen for spasticity.
Does this title bug (Hemiptera) you? How to write a title that increases your citations

Titles from entomology and ecology journals were analysed, testing the effect of Latin and common names, functional groups, geographic location, question marks, humour, and title length on citation rate. Using the Latin names of study organisms in a title decreases a paper's citation rate. There was no effect of the use of common names, question marks, humour, or title length on citation rate. Effects of functional group and geographic location were variable.
Knowing When to Keep Quiet: Weingarten and the Limitations on Representative Participation

The rules regulating investigatory interviews in the labor context require a delicate balance between the employee’s need for assistance and council and the employer’s need to maintain safety and control in the workplace. The system for maintaining this balance was first established by the National Labor Relations Board (“Board”) in Quality Manufacturing Co. and later adopted by the Supreme Court in NLRB v. J. Weingarten, Inc. In Weingarten, the Court held that while section 7 of the National Labor Relations Act (“NLRA”) entitles an employee to union representation during an investigatory interview, such representation is limited by the employer’s right to conduct the interview. The Court’s analytical framework, which requires the union
A Case Study Comparing Running Metrics Determined from Unshod and Various Shod Running Events

Running is a popular form of cardiovascular exercise. Unfortunately, it can also lead to musculoskeletal injuries of the lower extremities. The epidemiology of such injuries remains in question as injury rates have remained relatively constant despite changes in shoe types, shoe mechanics, and gait methods. Wearables and networking technology have enabled real-world data collection that may be used to assess various gait parameters for the purposes of improving safety and performance. This study used a commercially available device to measure key gait metrics from a single user during unshod and shod running events. Shod running included different types of shoes. The results suggest the metrics may be invariant under the running conditions examined.
Care Models Preventing Readmission.

Abstract Objectives This article aims to identify the steps necessary to evaluate the clinical need for innovative coverage models within the oncology setting to help prevent hospital readmissions. Data Sources Multiple published studies suggest alternative methods for patient care delivery that are safe and cost effective. Conclusion Improving care transitions for the oncology patient is necessary to be able to provide low-cost, high-quality, and patient-centered care. Many of the review studies in this article suggest that emergency room visits and subsequent readmission could be decreased with the use of innovative care models. Implications for Nursing Practice Nurses are critical to the care of medically fragile patients. Nurse-led activities such as telephone triage, post discharge phone calls, or telehealth visits can reduce patient emergency department utilization and readmissions through early recognition of symptoms and oncologic emergencies by prompting timely referrals/consultations and quick interventions.
Nonoperative Management of Hallux Limitus Using a Novel Forefoot Orthosis

Hallux limitus is among the most common arthritides of the foot and ankle, with increasing incidence in the aging population. Despite its prevalence and disease burden, treatment of the condition remains poorly understood. Many patients will fail initial conservative management, whereas controversy exists surrounding indications for and outcomes of surgery. The present study sought to examine the impact of a novel forefoot orthosis on foot function, pain, and plantar pressure distributions in patients with symptomatic hallux limitus. Nineteen adult patients completed a questionnaire consisting of the 23-item Foot Function Index and a 10-point visual analogue scale measuring pain. Standing pedobarographic maps were generated using a foot scanning system. Participants were instructed to wear the orthosis in athletic shoes for 4 weeks. Eighteen participants (94.7%) experienced improvements in foot function and pain, with 12 (63.2%) reporting complete resolution of pain at the end of the 4-week trial. Mean Foot Function Index scores improved significantly from 43.0% at baseline to 11.0% with the orthosis (p < .001). Similarly, mean visual analogue scale pain scores decreased significantly from 4.87 to 1.18 (p < .001). Pedobarographic analysis while wearing the orthosis demonstrated increased ability of participants to bear weight on the arthritic hallux metatarsophalangeal joint and restoration of physiologic stance. Compared to existing products, the device was well tolerated and did not require footwear modifications or impede normal gait. Overall, the orthosis offers an appealing solution to patients dissatisfied with existing treatment options as well as those who may be averse to or ineligible for surgery.
Disparities in the usage of maternity leave according to occupation, race/ethnicity, and education.

Background Unlike almost all other countries, the United States does not mandate paid maternity leave for mothers. Lack of access to maternity leave may be a risk factor for adverse maternal and child health outcomes. This study sought to assess disparities in the usage of maternity leave according to maternal occupation, race/ethnicity, and education, and to explore the relationships between these factors. Methods We used data from the Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System from the years 2016 and 2017. We calculated the prevalence of usage of maternity leave and paid maternity leave according to the mother's age, race/ethnicity, education, state, and occupation. We constructed regression models to explore the bivariate and mutually adjusted associations between these factors and usage of maternal leave. Results Usage of maternity leave and paid maternity leave were estimated at 89.3% and 49.0%, respectively. Usage of paid maternity leave was lower in younger mothers, in Black and Hispanic mothers, and in mothers with fewer years of education. Workers in several occupations, including building and grounds cleaning and maintenance, personal care, and food preparation and serving, used maternity leave at rates significantly lower than the average of all workers. Adjustment for education and occupation reduced, but did not obviate, racial/ethnic differentials in usage of paid maternity leave. Conclusions There are substantial differentials in usage of maternity leave. Further research could examine whether these differences contribute to disparities in maternal and child health outcomes.
Cover crop effects on maize drought stress and yield

Abstract Cover crops have been proposed as a tool for adapting cropping systems to drought stress caused by climate change. However, little research has directly evaluated whether cover crops reduce drought stress in the following cash crop. We grew maize in both ambient and imposed drought conditions following four functionally diverse cover crops and a fallow control in a two-site-year study. We looked for evidence that cover crops reduced drought stress by improving cash crop water access or nitrogen (N) status. The study was embedded in an organic cropping systems trial in Pennsylvania, USA. Cover crops and manure fertilizer were incorporated with full inversion tillage. Overall, cover crops neither ameliorated nor exacerbated drought stress in the following maize crop. There was no interaction between cover crop and moisture treatment in a mixed model ANOVA predicting maize kernel yield in either year. Drought reduced yield by 33 % in 2014 and 17 % in 2015. Cereal rye (Secale cereale L. cv. Aroostook) reduced yield relative to cover crop treatments that contained legumes by up to 43 %. There were no other yield differences among cover crop treatments, including the fallow control. Our results are likely influenced by the short legacy of cover cropping (only one or two preceding cover crops) and the use of full inversion tillage. Cover crops may have greater potential to reduce maize drought stress after long-term use, in systems with less soil disturbance, and when residues are retained on the soil surface. Further research is needed to assess the potential for cover crops and other soil-building practices to reduce drought stress by increasing infiltration rates, improving soil water-holding capacity, enhancing cash crop root exploration, and reducing evaporation from the soil surface. Multiple lines of evidence in this study lead to a new hypothesis: cropping systems that rely on cover crops and other organic amendments for N supply may be at risk for N limitation under drought. First, drought reduced mineralization of N from cover crop residues, especially cereal rye. Second, drought reduced maize N status when topsoil drying was more severe. Since cover crop residues and manure were concentrated in the plow layer (top 20 cm) and maize roots extended into the subsoil, topsoil drying may have reduced N mineralization more than crop water uptake. Further research is needed to determine whether and under what circumstances the hypothesized effect meaningfully reduces crop yield.
The Varieties of Counterspeech and Censorship on Social Media

The year 2020 was without a doubt a remarkable and unprecedented one, on many accounts and for many reasons. Among other reasons, it was a year in which the major social media platforms extensively experimented with the adoption of a variety of new tools and practices to address grave problems resulting from harmful speech on their platforms — notably, the vast amounts of misinformation associated with the COVID-19 pandemic and with the 2020 presidential election and its aftermath. By and large — consistent with First Amendment values of combatting bad speech with good speech — the platforms sought to respond to harmful online speech by resorting to different types of flagging, fact-checking, labeling, and other forms of counterspeech. Only when confronting the most egregiously harmful types of speech did the major platforms implement policies of censorship or removal — or the most extreme response of deplatforming speakers entirely. In this Article, I examine the major social media platforms’ experimentation with a variety of approaches to address the problems of political and election- related misinformation on their platforms — and the extent to which these approaches are consistent with First Amendment values. In particular, I examine what the major social media platforms have done and are doing to facilitate, develop, and enhance counterspeech mechanisms on their platforms in the context of major elections, how closely these efforts align with First Amendment values, and measures that the platforms are taking, and should be taking, to combat the problems posed by filter bubbles in the context of the microtargeting of political advertisements. This Article begins with an overview of the marketplace of ideas theory of First Amendment jurisprudence and the crucial role played by counterspeech within that theory. I then analyze the variety of types of counterspeech on social media platforms — by users and by the platforms themselves — with a special focus on the platforms’ counterspeech policies on elections, political speech, and misinformation in political/campaign speech specifically. I examine in particular the platforms’ prioritization of labeling, fact-checking, and referring users to authoritative sources over the use of censorship, removal, and deplatforming (which the platforms tend to reserve for the most harmful speech in the political sphere and which they ultimately wielded in the extraordinary context of the speech surrounding the January 2021 insurrection). I also examine the efforts that certain platforms have taken to address issues surrounding the microtargeting of political advertising, issues which are exacerbated by the filter bubbles made possible by segmentation and fractionation of audiences in social media platforms.
Orocutaneous Fistula After Oral Cavity Resection and Reconstruction: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Objective:Orocutaneous fistula (OCF) after reconstruction for oral cavity resection can lead to prolonged hospitalization and adjuvant treatment delay. Few studies have examined factors leading to ...
Genetic variation within the human papillomavirus type 16 genome is associated with oropharyngeal cancer prognosis

Purpose: A significant barrier to adoption of de-escalated treatment protocols for human papillomavirus-driven oropharyngeal cancer (HPV-OPC) is that few predictors of poor prognosis exist. We conducted the first large whole-genome sequencing (WGS) study to characterize the genetic variation of the HPV16 genome and to evaluate its association with HPV-OPC patient survival. Patients and Methods: 460 OPCs from 2 large US medical centers (1980-2017) underwent HPV16 WGS. Site-specific variable positions (SNPs) across the HPV16 genome were identified. Cox proportional hazards models estimated hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for overall survival by HPV16 SNPs. Harrell C-index and time-dependent positive predictive value (PPV) curves and areas under the PPV curves were used to evaluate the predictive accuracy of HPV16 SNPs for overall survival. Results: 384 OPCs (83.48%) passed quality control filters with sufficient depth and coverage of HPV16 genome sequencing to be analyzed. 284 HPV16 SNPs with a minor allele frequency >1% were identified. Eight HPV16 SNPs were significantly associated with worse survival after false discovery rate (FDR) correction (individual prevalence:1.0%-5.5%; combined prevalence: 15.10%); E1 gene position 1053 (HR for overall survival [HRos]:3.75,95%CI:1.77-7.95;Pfdr=0.0099); L2 gene positions 4410 (HRos:5.32,95%CI:1.91-14.81;Pfdr=0.0120), 4539 (HRos:6.54,95%CI:2.03-21.08;Pfdr=0.0117); 5050 (HRos:6.53,95%CI:2.34-18.24;Pfdr=0.0030) and 5254 (HRos:7.76,95%CI:2.41-24.98;Pfdr=0.0030); and L1 gene positions 5962 (HRos:4.40,95%CI:1.88-10.31;Pfdr=0.0110) and 6025 (HRos:5.71,95%CI:2.43-13.41;Pfdr=0.0008) and position 7173 within the upstream regulatory region (HRos:9.90,95%CI:3.05-32.12;Pfdr=0.0007). Median survival time for patients with ≥1 high-risk HPV16 SNPs was 3.96 years compared to 18.67 years for patients without a high-risk SNP; log-rank test P<0.001. HPV16 SNPs significantly improved the predictive accuracy for overall survival above traditional factors (age, smoking, stage, treatment): increase in C-index was 0.069 (95% CI: 0.019-0.119, P <0.001); increase in area under the PPV curve for predicting 5-year survival was 0.068 (95%CI: 0.015-0.111, P =0.008). Conclusions: HPV16 genetic variation is associated with HPV-OPC prognosis and can improve prognostic accuracy.
Capturing readiness to learn and collaboration as explored with an interprofessional simulation scenario: A mixed-methods research study.

Summary Background Didactic lecture does not lend itself to teaching interprofessional collaboration. High-fidelity human patient simulation with a focus on clinical situations/scenarios is highly conducive to interprofessional education. Consequently, a need for research supporting the incorporation of interprofessional education with high-fidelity patient simulation based technology exists. Objectives The purpose of this study was to explore readiness for interprofessional learning and collaboration among pre-licensure health professions students participating in an interprofessional education human patient simulation experience. Methods Using a mixed methods convergent parallel design, a sample of 53 pre-licensure health professions students enrolled in nursing, respiratory therapy, health administration, and physical therapy programs within a college of health professions participated in high-fidelity human patient simulation experiences. Perceptions of interprofessional learning and collaboration were measured with the revised Readiness for Interprofessional Learning Scale (RIPLS) and the Health Professional Collaboration Scale (HPCS). Focus groups were conducted during the simulation post-briefing to obtain qualitative data. Statistical analysis included non-parametric, inferential statistics. Qualitative data were analyzed using a phenomenological approach. Results Pre- and post-RIPLS demonstrated pre-licensure health professions students reported significantly more positive attitudes about readiness for interprofessional learning post-simulation in the areas of team work and collaboration, negative professional identity, and positive professional identity. Post-simulation HPCS revealed pre-licensure nursing and health administration groups reported greater health collaboration during simulation than physical therapy students. Qualitative analysis yielded three themes: "exposure to experiential learning," "acquisition of interactional relationships," and "presence of chronology in role preparation." Quantitative and qualitative data converged around the finding that physical therapy students had less positive perceptions of the experience because they viewed physical therapy practice as occurring one-on-one rather than in groups. Conclusion Findings support that pre-licensure students are ready to engage in interprofessional education through exposure to an experiential format such as high-fidelity human patient simulation.