cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Expertise in unexpected places: Children's acceptance of information from gender counter-stereotypical experts.

The current study examined children’s willingness to accept novel information from expert informants with nontraditional gender role interests. Four- to 8-year-olds heard conflicting information about traditionally feminine or masculine domains from a gender counter-stereotypical expert (e.g., a boy with expertise in ballet) and a layperson of the other gender (e.g., a girl with little knowledge about ballet). Participants were asked which informant was correct, who they would prefer to learn from in the future, and to rate their liking of each informant. Overall, participants selected the gender counter-stereotypical expert as correct. Four- to 5-year-olds reported a preference to learn from same-gender participants in the future irrespective of expertise, whereas 6- to 8-year-olds reported wanting to learn from counter-stereotypical experts. Boys showed relatively greater acceptance of information from a male counter-stereotypical expert than from a female counter-stereotypical expert. Although participants reported greater liking of same-gender informants, liking evaluations were largely positive irrespective of gender norm deviations. Implications for children’s acceptance of gender nonconforming activities are discussed.
Software freedom, open software and the undergraduate computer science curriculum

The early history of computing records the sharing of computer software in source form. The sharing took place between programmers, and users of programs throughout the computing industry. Later software vendors became rather proprietary with software, using copyright, patent and trade-secret law to restrict the use of programs. In the 1980's, Richard Stallman led a small group of people who were interested in reclaiming the early software freedom enjoyed by programmers and users. These efforts have grown into what is now known as the Open Source Revolution and produced such remarkable products as Emacs, gcc and Linux. The relationship of software freedom, open sources and the undergraduate computer science curriculum are presented.
The Youngest Case of Rapunzel Syndrome

Rapunzel syndrome is a rare cause of intestinal obstruction caused by a trichobezoar. There have been fewer than 40 cases reported and only one case was reported to occur in a male to date. We present the youngest patient in the literature and only the second male case.
THE FEMORAL DIAPHYSEAL MEDULLARY VENOUS SYSTEM AS A VENOUS COLLATERAL CHANNEL IN THE DOG.

Collateral circulation via the venous channels of the canine femur was investigated by means of roentgenographic and tracer techniques. In approximately 50 per cent of extremities with acute venous obstruction, collateral circulation was demonstrated as reversal of blood flow through small tributaries of the femoral vein entering the distal femoral metaphysis, following the central medullary venous system, and draining through the normal channels from the proximal end of the femur. This retrograde flow was rarely visualized without venous obstruction at mid-thigh and was demonstrated with increased frequency if the femoral vein had been ligated sixteen to thirty-eight days previously.
Frozen light in periodic stacks of anisotropic layers

We consider a plane electromagnetic wave incident on a periodic stack of dielectric layers. One of the alternating layers has an anisotropic refractive index with an oblique orientation of the principal axis relative to the normal to the layers. It was shown recently that an obliquely incident light, upon entering such a periodic stack, can be converted into an abnormal axially frozen mode with drastically enhanced amplitude and zero normal component of the group velocity. The stack reflectivity at this point can be very low, implying nearly total conversion of the incident light into the frozen mode with huge energy density, compared to that of the incident light. Supposedly, the frozen mode regime requires strong birefringence in the anisotropic layers--by an order of magnitude stronger than that available in common anisotropic dielectric materials. In this paper we show how to overcome the above problem by exploiting higher frequency bands of the photonic spectrum. We prove that a robust frozen mode regime at optical wavelengths can be realized in stacks composed of common anisotropic materials, such as YVO(4), LiNbO(3), CaCO(3), and the like.
The Theory of the Infinitely Wide, Perfectly Flexible, Self-Acting Foil Bearing

Abstract : The differential equations applicable to the film thickness beneath an infinitely wide, perfectly flexible self-acting tape are derived in the paper. Accurate numerical solutions are obtained for the film thickness in both the entrance and exit regions. These solutions have general applicability to situations where the entrance and exit regions are separated by a third region of uniform thickness. (Author)
Probing depth of the low energy cascade electrons from a transition metal

A surface probing depth of only ∼ 2 layers for low energy cascade electrons excited with a 3.2 keV primary electron beam is clearly demonstrated by model experiments with non-magnetic overlayers of Ta on magnetic substrates of Fe/Ni80Fe20. This result establishes a short probing depth of low energy electrons in transition metals generalizing the previously observed short magnetic probing depth for spin-polarized electrons in ferromagnets. The short probing depth sheds new light on a number of spectroscopic observations on ferromagnetic transition metals, and has important implications concerning surface magnetic properties and scattering processes of hot electrons in transition metals.
General Burnside and His Orders for the Battle of Fredericksburg: Lessons in How Not to Communicate:

Communicating plans to subordinates is not an easy task. It requires that the writer be adept in accurately using the language of his/her discipline and takes care in considering the unique charact...
Effects of bacterial superantigens on behavior of mice in the elevated plus maze and light-dark box

Bacterial superantigens, such as staphylococcal enteroxins A and B (SEA/SEB) stimulate T cells to produce high levels of cytokines in blood. Previously it had been shown that these toxins were capable of stimulating increased neuroendocrine activity and enhanced behavioral reactivity to novel gustatory and non-gustatory stimuli. Therefore, it was suggested that these superantigens may promote anxiety-like behavior. In the current set of experiments, BALB/cByJ and C57BL/6J male mice were challenged with either SEB (50 microg) or SEA (5 or 10 microg) and tested for behavior in the elevated plus maze (EPM). Results suggested an absence of increased anxiety-like behavior, with exploration of the open arms being enhanced by SEA or SEB treatment. In another test of anxiety, the light-dark box, SEB challenge of BALB/cByJ mice 90 min prior to testing, did not alter exit latency, activity nor time spent in the dark. However, in a second experiment, it was found that if animals were first tested for consumption, followed by testing in the light-dark box, SEB challenged animals displayed increased exit latency and reduced exploration. These studies suggest that in standard tests of rodent anxiety-like behavior, evidence for the induction of anxiety-like processes subsequent to challenge with SEA or SEB is not patently discernable. However, neurobiological events induced by immunological challenge might synergize with reactivity to psychogenic and/or gustatory stimuli, thereby resulting in increased anxiety-like behavior that could be unmasked by standard behavioral tests such as the light-dark box or EPM.
Isolation of a myoglobin molten globule by selective cobalt(III)-induced unfolding.

Reaction of the Schiff-base complex [Co(acetylacetonate-ethylenediimine)(NH3)2]+ with metmyoglobin at pH 6.5 yields a partially folded protein containing six Co(III) complexes. Although half of its α-helical secondary structure is retained, absorption and CD spectra indicate that the tertiary structure in both B-F and AGH domains is disrupted in the partially folded protein. In analogy to proton-induced unfolding, it is likely that the loss of tertiary structure is triggered by metal-ion binding to histidines. Cobalt(III)-induced unfolding of myoglobin is unique in its selectivity (other proteins are unaffected) and in allowing the isolation of the partially folded macromolecule (the protein does not refold or aggregate upon removal of free denaturant).
Are central pattern generators understandable

Most rhythmic behaviors are produced by a specialized ensemble of neurons found in the central nervous system. These central pattern generators (CPGs) have become a cornerstone of neuronal circuit analysis. Studying simple invertebrate nervous systems may reveal the interactions of the neurons involved in the production of rhythmic motor output. There has recently been progress in this area, but due to certain intrinsic features of CPGs it is unlikely that present techniques will ever yield a complete understanding of any but the simplest of them. The chief impediment seems to be our inability to identify and characterize the total interneuronal pool making up a CPG. In addition, our general analytic strategy relies on a descriptive, reductionist approach, with no analytical constructs beyond phenomenological modeling. Detailed descriptive data are usually not of sufficient depth for specific model testing, giving rise instead to ad hoc explanations of mechanisms which usually turn out to be incorrect. Because they make too many assumptions, modeling studies have not added much to our understanding of CPCs; this is due not so much to inadequate simulations as to the poor quality and incomplete nature of the data provided by experimentalists.A basic strategy that would provide sufficient information for neural modeling would include: (1) identifying and characterizing each element in the CPG network; (2) specifying the synaptic connectivity between the elements; and (3) analyzing nonlinear synaptic properties and interactions by means of the connectivity matrix. Limitations based on our present technical capabilities are also discussed.
Antibacterial Activity of Carvacrol, Citral, and Geraniol against Salmonella typhimurium in Culture Medium and on Fish Cubes

Carvacrol, citral and geraniol showed potent antibacterial activity against Salmonella typhimurium and its rifampicin-resistant (RifR) strain as determined in txyptic soy broth and by zone of inhibition on agar-based medium. Carvacrol had the most potent bactericidal activity, with minimum inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations (MIC and MBC) of 250 μg/mL for both tester strains. When tested at 0.5, 1.5 and 3.0% in 1% Tween 20 for bactericidal activity against RifR-S. typhimurium inoculated on fish cubes, carvacrol at 3.0% completely killed the inoculated bacteria, while geraniol killed most of the bacteria, and citral killed the least. Carvacrol and geranial showed potent antibacterial activity at 1.5%. Bactericidal activity became more evident as storage of fish cubes at 4°C lengthened. The comparable inhibition of these strains of Salmonella and species of Gram-negative bacteria by carvacrol and geraniol support their application as potential antibacterial agents in food systems.
Competitive swelling forces and interpolymer complexation in pH- and temperature-sensitive interpenetrating network hydrogels

Interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) hydrogels composed of a pH-sensitive poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) network and a temperature-sensitive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAm) network were prepared via sequential, UV-initiated polymerization. The molecular interactions and responsive behavior of these hydrogels were investigated using swelling studies under various conditions of pH and temperature. Results indicate the existence of hydrogen-bonded complexation between the two polymer networks, which competes with polymer–water interactions, resulting in lower water content. The effect is most significant in hydrogels with an equimolar ratio of the polymer components. We have also found that ionization of the PAA network creates a swelling force that opposes heat-induced deswelling of the PNIPAAm network. We have shown that the use of ternary contour plots is an efficient way of analyzing the swelling behavior of these complex materials.
Expressive vocabulary development in children from bilingual and monolingual homes: A longitudinal study from two to four years

The early course of language development among children from bilingual homes varies in ways that are not well described and as a result of influences that are not well understood. Here, we describe trajectories of relative change in expressive vocabulary from 22 to 48 months and vocabulary achievement at 48 months in two groups of children from bilingual homes (children with one and children with two native Spanish-speaking parents [ns = 15 and 11]) and in an SES-equivalent group of children from monolingual English homes (n = 31). The two groups from bilingual homes differed in their mean levels of English and Spanish skills, in their developmental trajectories during this period, and in the relation between language use at home and their vocabulary development. Children with two native Spanish-speaking parents showed steepest gains in total vocabulary and were more nearly balanced bilinguals at 48 months. Children with one native Spanish- and one native English-speaking parent showed trajectories of relative decline in Spanish vocabulary. At 48 months, mean levels of English skill among the bilingual children were comparable to monolingual norms, but children with two native Spanish-speaking parents had lower English scores than the SES-equivalent monolingual group. Use of English at home was a significant positive predictor of English vocabulary scores only among children with a native English-speaking parent. These findings argue that efforts to optimize school readiness among children from immigrant families should facilitate their access to native speakers of the community language, and efforts to support heritage language maintenance should include encouraging heritage language use by native speakers in the home.
Rat Liver Arginase: Kinetic Mechanism, Alternate Substrates, and Inhibitors

The activity of guanidino compounds as alternate substrates for rat liver arginase is critically dependent on the length of the amino acid side chain and the substituents about C-alpha. In addition to L-arginine, the enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of L-argininamide, L-canavanine, L-homoarginine, L-argininic acid, and agmatine. The kcat values for these substrates are 15- to 5000-fold slower than the kcat for L-arginine. Guanidobutyrate, D-arginine, and NG-methyl-L-arginine are not substrates. Competitive inhibition by the products L-ornithine and urea indicates a rapid-equilibrium random mechanism for the enzyme. Despite the requirement for added divalent cations in the activation of the enzyme, metal chelators such as EDTA and citrate do not inhibit the enzyme. These results suggest that the metal site is not readily accessible to solvent. Multiple inhibition experiments with the noncompetitive inhibitor borate demonstrate that borate and urea bind in a mutually exclusive manner, while L-ornithine and borate can bind simultaneously to the enzyme. Borate inhibition is proposed to arise from chelation of Mn(II) in the binuclear Mn(II) center, thus displacing a metal-bound water molecule that is responsible for nucleophilic attack on the guanidium carbon.
Neutron detector based on lithiated sol–gel glass

Abstract A neutron detector technology is demonstrated based on 6 Li/ 10 B doped sol–gel glass. The detector is a sol–gel glass film coated silicon surface barrier detector (SBD). The ionized charged particles from ( n , α) reactions in the sol–gel film enter the SBD and are counted. Data showing that gamma-ray pulse amplitudes interfere with identifying charged particles that exit the film layer with energies below the gamma-ray energy is presented. Experiments were performed showing the effect of 137 Cs and 60 Co gamma rays on the SBD detector. The reaction product energies of the triton and alpha particles from 6 Li are significantly greater than the energies of the Compton electrons from high-energy gamma rays, allowing the measurement of neutrons in a high gamma background. The sol–gel radiation detection technology may be applicable to the characterization of transuranic waste, spent nuclear fuel and to the monitoring of stored plutonium.
The Role of Syntax in Reading Disability

This study examined the hypothesis that poor readers are deficient in syntactic comprehension and this contributes to their reading comprehension deficit. A total of 95 fourth graders who were good readers and 27 fourth graders who were poor readers were given a test of syntactic competence, as well as a vocabulary test and tests of auditory and reading comprehension. Scores on the auditory and reading comprehension tests were significantly correlated. The poor readers performed significantly poorer on the syntactic test, though the difference was small. Furthermore, when vocabulary level was controlled, there was no correlation between syntactic competence and either reading or aural comprehension for good or poor readers. The results provided no evidence for the syntactic hypothesis.
Police department size and agency structure

Abstract This paper examines the relationship between police agency size and police agency structure, using Peter Blau's formal theory of differentiation in organizations as a referent. The analysis brings two data sets that describe police departments to bear on the relations between agency size and spatial, hierarchical, occupational, and functional differentiation and between agency size and administrative overhead. The analysis generally supports the Blau thesis, but, with the exception of the relation between size and spatial differentiation, the relations appear too weak for agency size to significantly constrain structural options.
The Study of Torture: Why It Persists, Why Perceptions of It are Malleable, and Why It is Difficult to Eradicate

Why does torture persist despite its prohibition? Scholars, policymakers, and the public have heavily debated this topic in the past decade. Yet, many puzzles remain about the practice of torture. Scholarship on torture spans academic disciplines, which adds diversity in perspectives brought to these questions but also can lead to redundancy and stunted progress in research on the issue as a whole. This article assesses the state of the multidisciplinary literature on torture in counterterrorism with specific focus on why democracies torture despite prohibiting it, how public perception of torture is malleable, and why so few countries are able to move from commitment to compliance in the prohibition of torture. In each section, the article also identifies underexplored areas in the research and suggests avenues for future investigation.
Measurement circuits for silicon-diode and solar-cell lifetime and surface recombination velocity by electrical short-circuit current decay

Two improved switching circuits for transient electrical short-circuit decay are presented that allow more accurate determination of base-region minority-carrier lifetime and back-surface recombination velocity of silicon p-n junction solar cells and diodes. In one circuit, metal-oxide-semiconductor transistors replace the bipolar switching circuit used in the original implementation of the method as described by T.W. Jung, et al. (ibid., vol.ED-31, p.588, 1984). In the other circuit, a pulse generator directly excites the device under study. Comparison of the two circuits by illustrative measurements shows that, in comparison to the original implementation of the method, these versions allow measurement of shorter effective lifetimes, such as those characteristic of low-resistivity (about 0.1 Omega -cm) silicon solar cells. >
Congruent Voronoi tessellations from equiangular lines

Abstract It is proven that the Voronoi tessellations of the real projective space generated by equiangular lines are congruent. Two implications of this result are mentioned—an equiangular set of lines forms the best N-point representation of an isotropically distributed one-dimensional subspace in terms of mutual information and a subspace quantizer defined by equiangular lines provides equal partial distortion.
Doing FLIPS: flexible interactive presentation synchronization

Multimedia presentation technology has enormous potential for a myriad of applications including academic classrooms, industrial training, and business presentations. As presentation technology advances, it is possible to incorporate a wider range of media including variable duration media such as simulations and animations. At the same time, users are able to take more control over presentations by controlling the rate and selection of media being played. To make full use of these advances, multimedia systems must support flexible presentations that incorporate many variations in the way they are played. This paper identifies three requirements for flexible presentations and derives four requirements for synchronization of flexible presentations. The paper presents flexible interactive presentation synchronization (FLIPS), a model for specifying coarse synchronization for flexible presentations. FLIPS supports a wide range of temporal synchronization specifications. It also provides algorithms for attaining a consistent and coherent presentation state in response to user interaction (e.g. skipping to a different slide or selection) and other state-changing events. Applications of the FLIPS model are discussed.
Preschool enrichment and learning

This paper discusses some of the basic cognitive units and processes involved in intellective functioning. It suggests that the basic units, consist of schemata, images, symbols, concepts, and rules and that motor action does not have to be an accompaniment to the acquisition of some of these cognitive structures. Comprehension, memory, generation of solution hypotheses, evaluation, and implementation are offered as the basic cognitive processes and some suggestions are made that may be helpful to the teacher. It is argued that the concept of intelligence has no explanatory meaning and that the components that are selected to characterize the intelligent child will change over culture and history. It is urged that communities and educators adopt a relativistic attitude toward the familial or educational experiences that promote optimal growth, for it is not possible to specify the correct set of experiences unless one simultaneously notes the cultural demands the child will encounter.
Atmospheric transport of iron and its deposition in the ocean

The atmospheric transport of continental weathering products is responsible for much of the mineral material and Fe entering the open ocean and is probably the dominant source of nutrient Fe in the photic zone. In regions where other nutrients are present in high concentrations, the flux of Fe from the atmosphere may be a limiting factor in primary productivity. Due to the larger source regions for dust north of the equator, ∼8 times more atmospheric Fe is deposited in the northern hemisphere than in the southern hemisphere. The mineral aerosol and Fe transport and deposition are highly variable due to the episodic nature of dust generation and its transport and deposition processes. Between 10 and 50% of the total atmospheric Fe entering the world ocean appears to dissolve (i.e. it will pass through a 0.4-µm pore-size filter) rapidly when the mineral matter enters the ocean. Much of the atmospheric Fe is present as Fe(II), apparently produced as a result of photochemical reduction reactions taking place during atmospheric transport. This readily soluble Fe(II) should be available immediately for use as a nutrient by phytoplankton. Atmospheric transport from the continents is estimated to supply ∼3 times as much dissolved Fe to the oceans as that delivered via rivers.
Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection

AbstractBecause of the improvement in survival rates of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients after the introduction of combined antiretroviral therapy, pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) has become an important cause of morbidity. As the awareness of PAH has increased, it is more likely that this condition will be diagnosed more frequently and earlier in the course of the disease and HIV infection. The etiopathogenesis is not clear; no evidence of direct infection of the pulmonary vascular tree has been found and the current evidence seems to favor a role of dysregulated cytokine response to HIV infection. The pathological changes of plexiform arteriopathy are indistinguishable from the pathological changes of idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (IPAH). Dyspnea is the most common presenting symptom. Echocardiography, though always not accurate in diagnosing PAH and estimating its severity, remains the main screening tool. Right heart catheterization is the gold standard investiga...
Contemporary Capacitive Energy Storage Systems

Capacitive energy storage is one of the oldest forms of energy storage for pulsed power requirements. Most energy storage capacitors are made of Kraft paper and aluminum foil and impregnated with castor oil. A typical capacitor stores ~ 3000 joules at voltage ratings of 5 kV - 100 kV. Two types of switches are used for capacitor bank switching, ignitrons and pressurized spark gaps. Ignitrons are commercially available, have a wide voltage operating range and are easy to trigger. However, they are limited to ~ 20 kV for most applications and they will prefire. Spark gaps can be designed for reliable operation at almost any voltage level but they are rarely commercially available. Most spark gaps do not operate satisfactorily below 50% of their design voltage and they require a more complicated trigger system than ignitrons. Low inductance coaxial cable has been developed for capacitor bank transmission systems. It is relatively inexpensive and commercially available. Parallel plate transmission lines can be designed to accumulate large amounts of current and conduct it to a concentrated load but careful attention must be given to the containment of the magnetic forces involved. Large numbers of ignitrons can be triggered with a simple trigger circuit that will be described. A circuit is also given to automatically trigger a crowbar ignitron. A pulse forming network circuit is presented which uses inductive voltage addition to generate an 800 kA pulse rising in 100 nsec with a pulse length of 500 nsec.
A SIMPLIFIED TISSUE CULTURE TUBE NEUTRALIZATION TEST FOR ROUS SARCOMA VIRUS ANTIBODIES.

SummaryA simplified tube neutralization test for assay of antibodies to Rous sarcoma virus and related avian leucosis viruses was described which appears to be suitable for differentiating serotypes and for surveys for naturally occurring antibodies against these viruses. The test was used in preliminary surveys for antibodies to Rous virus in sera of various species. Most hens in 3 commercial flocks of laying chickens were found to be positive for antibody. One of 3 hens without detectable antibodies was found to have RIF viremia. No antibodies were found in limited numbers of sera from turkeys, Japanese quail, pigeons or in sera from human subjects with or without leukemia.
Celebrating the Past, Looking to the Future

The editor in chief reaffirms Computer's continuing commitment to provide timely information about diverse topics in computer science, technology, and applications and outlines plans for editorial coverage during the Computer Society's 60th anniversary year.
A reexamination of tax-deductible IRAs, Roth IRAs, and 401(k) investments

Abstract Choosing among various tax preferred investment vehicles for retirement planning requires individuals or financial planners to make assumptions about how potential tax savings are to be invested. This paper extends the work of previous studies that assume tax savings are invested in vehicles that are either tax-deferred or taxed each year as ordinary income. We assume tax savings are invested in a typical taxable mutual fund that contains implicit tax-deferral characteristics and find that the results are sensitive to these assumptions. We also extend the analysis to examine employer-sponsored 401(k) plans that match some or all of an employee’s contributions and find that only modest employer contributions are necessary for 401(k)s to dominate Roth IRAs.
Transport between a drifting and a non-drifting gas near the edge of a separating wall

Abstract Transport between a drifting and a non-drifting gas near the edge of a thin separating wall is investigated. Monte Carlo simulations show that net transport of particles takes place predominantly near the edge of the wall. The effects of drift velocity, proximity to the edge, Maxwellian speed distribution, and roughness of the wall are considered.
A note on pairs of solutions of a nonlinear sturm-liouville problem

Earlier qualitative theorems are used to study the structure of the set of solutions of a family of ordinary differential equations. In particular lower bounds for the number of solutions having different numbers of nodes is obtained.
The Logic of Simulation in Jury Research

For both substantive and methodological reasons, laboratory research into the functioning of mock jurors and juries may not be a useful foundation for the practical understanding of actual jury functioning. Data are provided to demonstrate that changes in the structural verisimilitude ("realism") of a simulated trial can produce systematic changes in juror response. However, the modal verdict in the most realistic simulation was not the verdict in the actual trial upon which the simulation was based. In general, we conclude that researchers should make all efforts to maximize the applicability of their findings by tailoring their methods and means of subject selection more closely to the realities of courtroom practice.
The REMATCH trial: rationale, design, and end points

Background. Because left ventricular assist devices have recently been approved by the Food and Drug Administration to support the circulation of patients with end-stage heart failure awaiting cardiac transplantation, these devices are increasingly being considered as a potential alternative to biologic cardiac replacement. The Randomized Evaluation of Mechanical Assistance for the Treatment of Congestive Heart Failure (REMATCH) trial is a multicenter study supported by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute to compare long-term implantation of left ventricular assist devices with optimal medical management for patients with end-stage heart failure who require, but do not qualify to receive cardiac transplantation. Methods. We discuss the rationale for conducting REMATCH, the obstacles to designing this and other randomized surgical trials, the lessons learned in conducting the multicenter pilot study, and the features of the REMATCH study design (objectives, target population, treatments, end points, analysis, and trial organization). Conclusions. We consider what will be learned from REMATCH, expectations for expanding the use of left ventricular assist devices, and future directions for assessing clinical procedures.
Inhibition of rat citrate synthase by acetoacetyl CoA and NADH.

Abstract Citrate synthases from rat tissues are inhibited by acetoacetyl CoA and NADH but not by NAD+. The inhibition is competitive with acetyl CoA. These interactions are discussed in relation to the binding of acetyl CoA to the enzyme and also in relation to possible regulatory significance.
A prospective study of a focused, surgeon-performed ultrasound examination for the detection of occult common femoral vein thrombosis in critically ill patients.

Hypothesis A focused, surgeon-performed ultrasound examination of the common femoral veins is an accurate screening tool for the detection of common femoral vein thrombosis in high-risk, critically ill patients. Design A prospective study using a focused ultrasound examination for findings consistent with deep vein thrombosis of the common femoral veins. The results of these examinations were compared with those of duplex imaging or computed tomographic venography studies. Setting Surgical intensive care unit. Patients All critically ill patients who were admitted to the surgical intensive care unit and considered to be at high risk for the development of deep vein thrombosis. Main Outcome Measure Presence of deep vein thrombosis in the common femoral veins. Results During a 16-month period, surgeons performed 306 ultrasound examinations on 220 critically ill surgical patients. The results included 295 true negative, 9 true positive, 1 false negative, and 1 false positive, yielding a 90.0% sensitivity, 99.6% specificity, and 99.3% accuracy. Conclusion A focused, surgeon-performed ultrasound examination is a rapid and accurate screening method to detect common femoral vein thrombosis in critically ill patients as well as to examine those patients in whom pulmonary embolism is strongly suspected.
Myocardial cytokine IL-8 and nitric oxide synthase activity during and after resuscitation: preliminary observations in regards to post-resuscitation myocardial dysfunction

Summary Aim Increases in serum cytokines have been reported after successful resuscitation from prolonged ventricular fibrillation (VF). Pro-inflammatory cytokines can stimulate inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) to produce excessive levels of nitric oxide (NO). High levels of both myocardial inflammatory cytokines and nitric oxide levels can depress myocardial contractile function. We hypothesized that myocardial pro-inflammatory cytokines and iNOS activity would increase following successful resuscitation from prolonged ventricular fibrillation cardiac arrest, and that such increases would parallel the development of post-resuscitation myocardial dysfunction. Methods Ventricular fibrillation cardiac arrest was induced in seven domestic swine (25 ± 5 kg). After 10 min of untreated VF, the animals were defibrillated and resuscitated. Left ventricular (LV) systolic and diastolic function measurements, serum samples (arterial and coronary sinus) for IL-8 cytokine quantification, and LV myocardial biopsies were collected before, during, and after resuscitation. Quantification of myocardial endothelial (eNOS) and inducible (iNOS) nitric oxide synthase protein levels were determined using immunoblot analyses and protein localization was examined using immunohistochemistry. Results Post-resuscitation LV systolic and diastolic functions were depressed while increases in both coronary sinus IL-8 levels and myocardial iNOS activity were found. Compared to pre-arrest baseline, levels of iNOS protein increased during VF ( p ≤ 0.05) and continued to increase throughout the post-resuscitation study period of 6 h ( p ≤ 0.05). Conclusions Myocardial inflammatory cytokines and iNOS activity increase during and after prolonged cardiac arrest and successful resuscitation. These increases correspond to the well described decrease in LV function post-resuscitation.
Investigating the Nature of Formal Reasoning in Chemistry: Testing Lawson's Multiple Hypothesis Theory.

Lawson (1992) posited the multiple hypothesis theory to explain the essence of scientific reasoning. According to this theory, the essence of scientific reasoning is “the ability to initiate reasoning with more than one antecedent condition.” The present study tests the assumptions of this theory with high school students in general experience areas and in chemistry. The findings are generally in support of the theory's assumptions. This article also contains a theoretical discussion which points out how the theory needs to be extended before it can justifiably “constitute the core of a viable alternative theory of reasoning.” © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 34: 1067–1081, 1997.
FIRE AND GRAZING IMPACTS ON PLANT DIVERSITY AND ALIEN PLANT INVASIONS IN THE SOUTHERN SIERRA NEVADA

Patterns of native and alien plant diversity in response to disturbance were examined along an elevational gradient in blue oak savanna, chaparral, and coniferous forests. Total species richness, alien species richness, and alien cover declined with elevation, at scales from 1 to 1000 m2. We found no support for the hypothesis that community diversity inhibits alien invasion. At the 1-m2 point scale, where we would expect competitive interactions between the largely herbaceous flora to be most intense, alien species richness as well as alien cover increased with increasing native species richness in all communities. This suggests that aliens are limited not by the number of native competitors, but by resources that affect establishment of both natives and aliens. Blue oak savannas were heavily dominated by alien species and consistently had more alien than native species at the 1-m2 scale. All of these aliens are annuals, and it is widely thought that they have displaced native bunchgrasses. If true, this...
Three problems regarding medical triage

This paper presents preliminary solutions to three conceptual problems posed by the use of triage to sort candidates for scarce medical resources: (1) By what criteria are the candidates grouped? (2) To what extent can triage be justified? (3) Under what conditions are different versions of triage equivalent? Four explicit methods of applying triage are described and compared, with the aid of examples. The extent to which they either maximize expected utility or show cost-benefit dominance is discussed. And cases in which one triage method reduces to another are contrasted with others where no such reduction occurs.
Co-Publication—What You Always Wanted to Know but Have Been Afraid to Ask!

346 Astute readers will have noted already that this issue of the Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography (JASE) contains two very large documents, and a smaller than usual number of original investigations or other types of articles. In general, the editors of JASE prefer to include only one long guideline document, or expert consensus statement, in a given issue. Therefore, it would fair for readers to ask ‘‘Why two large articles in the same issue? How will I find the time to read both of these long papers?’’ A fewwords of explanation seemwarranted. The answer has to do with ‘‘co-publication’’. Without getting too technical, I will try to explain the relevant issues that pertain when a given article is published jointly in two or more different journals (which is often termed ‘‘co-publication’’). Why would two journals want to publish the same paper? Consider, for example, the article entitled ‘‘ACCF/ASE/AHA/ASNC/ HFSA/HRS/SCAI/SCCM/SCCT/SCMR 2011 Appropriate Use Criteria for Echocardiography’’, by Douglas et al, in this issue of JASE. This document reflects an update, extension, and synthesis of two prior publications that discussed a number of clinical scenarios in which transthoracic, transesophageal, or stress echocardiography studies might be ordered. Using a process initially developed under the guidance of the American College of Cardiology (ACC), a panel representing broad clinical expertise rated each vignette, categorizing the use of echocardiography in that situation generally ‘‘appropriate’’, or ‘‘uncertain’’, or ‘‘inappropriate’’. The current article was developed with the support of a number of professional organizations that represent providers of diagnostic imaging as well as other specialists who often order diagnostic imaging studies. Similar documents have been, or are being, developed for other imaging modalities besides echocardiography. The relevant processes are described clearly in the document itself. It seems self-evident that cardiac sonographers and echocardiographers would have a high level of interest in whether echocardiography procedures were deemed appropriate, inappropriate, or of uncertain value in specific clinical circumstances. Hence, while the article by Douglas et al was developed for publication in the Journal of the American College of Cardiology (JACC), the editors of JASE thought it important to publish this document jointly in JASE. It is important to note that while more than one journal may co-publish a given paper, in general only one journal (or the organization that owns that journal) can hold the copyright to that article. Optimally, who will own the copyright is decided when an article that might be of interest to different groups is developed jointly. In the case of Douglas et al, the copyright belongs toACC, and for this reason the responsibility for developing the final version of the paper falls to JACCand its
A magnetic method for determining the geometry of hydraulic fractures

We propose a method that may be used to determine the spatial orientation of the fracture plane developed during hydraulic fracture. In the method, magnetic particles are injected into the crack with the fracturing fluid so as to generate a sheet of magnetized material. Since the magnetization of a body with extreme dimension ratios, such as a crack, exceeds that of an equidimensional body and since this magnetization is sensitive both to orientation and geometry, this could be used to obtain information about the crack. By measuring the vertical and horizontal components of the magnetic field and field gradients at the earth's surface surrounding the injection well with superconducting magnetometers having 10−4 gamma sensitivity and also by measuring field direction within the well itself, it should be possible to calculate the orientation and perhaps infer the approximate geometry of the fracture surface. Experiments on electric field potential operated in conjunction with this experiment could further constrain estimates of shape and orientation.
Intercalary regeneration of symmetrical thighs in the axolotl, Ambystoma mexicanum.

Abstract Intercalary regeneration of stylopodial and zeugopodial skeletal elements takes place in axolotl limbs composed of normal wrist blastemas autografted or homografted to double half-anterior or half-posterior thighs. Analysis of the morphological pattern of the skeleton and, in homografts, of pigmentation pattern, shows that the intercalated elements are derived from the host double half-thigh. Intercalary regeneration from double half-posterior thighs is expected since they normally can undergo complete proximal-distal regeneration, but is not necessarily expected from double half-anterior thighs, since they normally do not regenerate more distal segments. These results demonstrate that (1) cells of double half-anterior thighs are not inherently incapable of undergoing distal transformation, (2) cells of a distal blastema grafted to a more proximal level do not form patterns proximal to their level of origin, and (3) there is an inhibitory interaction between blastema cells derived from double half-anterior thighs that is expressed after simple amputation, but not when these cells are in contact with a more distal, normal blastema. Using these and other data, a three-dimensional boundary model of limb regeneration is proposed.
Randomized geometric algorithms and pseudorandom generators

It is shown that the bounds on the expected running times of most of the randomized incremental algorithms in computational geometry do not change by more than a constant factor when they are made pseudorandom using a very simple scheme. This reduces the number of random bits used by these algorithms from Ω(nlogn) toO(logn).
A multiple-observation approach in knowledge acquisition for expert systems. A case study

This article describes (i) the elicitation component of knowledge acquisition (KA) in the domain of cartographic cataloging of single-sheet maps produced by three U.S. map-making agencies; and (ii) the performance evaluation insults that demonstrate the effectiveness of the elicitation method. A multiple-observation approach was used to elicit knowledge that human experts use when solving descriptive cataloging problems. The use of the elicitation techniques is discussed in view of problem identification goals and their applicability for this study
Neurogenic bladder dysfunction due to myelomeningocele: neonatal versus childhood treatment.

AbstractPurpose: We sought to determine whether the neonatal institution of treatment of neurogenic bladder dysfunction in myelomeningocele patients at high risk of urinary tract deterioration improves renal and bladder outcome.Materials and Methods: We reviewed the records of patients with bladder dysfunction believed to be at high risk for renal deterioration based on urodynamic studies. All patients were treated with clean intermittent catheterization. We compared rates of urinary infection, hydronephrosis, reflux, continence and surgical intervention in 46 patients in whom treatment was started in year 1 of life and 52 treated after age 4 years.Results: Renal outcome was similar in both groups with persistent hydronephrosis in 6 of 46 patients (13%) and 7 of 52 (14%), respectively. However, significantly fewer bladder augmentation procedures were required in patients started on treatment during year 1 of life (5 of 46, 11% versus 14 of 52, 27%, p <0.05).Conclusions: In addition to any psychological be...
Ultraslow dissociation of the H2+ molecular ion via two-color ultrafast laser pulses

We report a mode of dissociative ionization in an intense two-color laser field. When bond softened by the superposition of 800 and 400 nm ultrafast laser pulses in a narrow intensity range, $\text{H}_{2}{}^{+}$ molecular ions experience ultraslow dissociation. This near-zero kinetic-energy release is supported by theoretical simulations and two-color field-dressed adiabatic potential curves. Furthermore, we show that the shift to lower energy of a known bond-softened peak can be explained by the influence of a two-color field-induced potential well. Such ultraslow dissociation can facilitate ultrafast time-resolved spectroscopy of molecules.
In Vivo Egress of an Alphaherpesvirus from Axons

Many alphaherpesviruses establish a latent infection in the peripheral nervous systems of their hosts. This life cycle requires the virus to move long distances in axons toward the neuron's cell body during infection and away from the cell body during reactivation. While the events underlying entry of the virion into neurons during infection are understood in principle, no such consensus exists regarding viral egress from neurons after reactivation. In this study, we challenged two different models of viral egress from neurons by using pseudorabies virus (PRV) infection of the rat retina: does PRV egress solely from axon terminals, or can the virus egress from axon shafts as well as axon terminals? We took advantage of PRV gD mutants that are not infectious as extracellular particles but are capable of spreading by cell-cell contact. We observed that both wild-type virus and a PRV gD null mutant are capable of spreading from axons to closely apposed nonneuronal cells within the rat optic nerve after intravitreal infection. However, infection does not spread from these infected nonneuronal cells. We suggest that viral egress can occur sporadically along the length of infected axons and is not confined solely to axon terminals. Moreover, it is likely that extracellular particles are not involved in nonneuronal cell infections. Taking these together with previous data, we suggest a model of viral egress from neurons that unifies previous apparently contradictory data.
High-power fiber laser studies at the Polaroid Corporation

Current work on the Polaroid double-clad fiber laser is discussed. Experiments towards testing the upper power limits of fiber lasers are described. Models for the laser output in the rate-equation approximation, for the laser polarization state, and for the axial-mode-beating noise are presented and compared to experiment.