cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Song structure, not high-frequency song content, determines high-frequency auditory sensitivity in nine species of New World sparrows (Passeriformes: Emberizidae)

Summary The evolution of vocal signals can be constrained by a host of factors including habitat effects on sound propagation, morphology of sound-producing structures and phylogenetic relationships among species. Here, we asked whether auditory sensitivity over a broad range of frequencies correlates with the spectral content of conspecific vocalizations, or whether it is constrained by the overall structure of vocalizations, habitat effects on sound propagation or relatedness among species. We studied nine New World sparrows (Passeriformes: Emberizidae) including three open-habitat species, three scrub-like habitat species and three forest species. For each habitat, one species had pure-trilled songs, another had tonal songs and another had complex songs with tones, trills and amplitude-modulated buzzes. As predicted by the acoustic adaptation hypothesis, song spectral properties (specifically frequency and entropy) had the highest values in open-habitat species and the lowest values in forest species. Based on our results from song analyses, and the sender–receiver matching hypothesis, we predicted that open-habitat species would be more sensitive to high-frequency sounds compared to forest species. Contrary to this prediction, habitat and high-frequency song content had little effect on audiogram shape. Song type, however, had a strong effect, with species that produce complex songs showing higher sensitivity to high-frequency sounds than all other species. Our results suggest that the use of song frequency by receivers depends on song structure and not necessarily on song spectral content. Therefore, our current understanding of how signal-processing mechanisms should match signal properties appears to be too simple. When thinking about the evolution of signal-processing mechanisms, the multidimensionality of signals, and how the different dimensions can interact, should be considered.
Tectonic interpretation of Jabal Eghei area and its regional application to Tibesti orogenic belt, south central Libya (S.P.L.A.J.)

Abstract The super Tibestian magamatic series (>600 Ma) of the Jabal Eghei area developed on a destructive plate margin and includes calcalkalic gabbro to granite. These rocks are followed by the Eghei magmatic series (570-500 Ma). This series includes post-tectonic alkali granites, widespread in Jabal Eghei and south along the eastern and southern parts of the Tibesti massif, that apparently formed during a period of stress relaxation and were followed by diabasse dikes (500 Ma?) during an aborted rifting stage. Metamorphic rocks of the Jabal Eghei area are present in linear belts trending NNE. The degree of metamorphism increaseseastward from low greenschist facies to upper greenschist and almandine-amphibolite facies. The north-northeast strike of axial planes of isoclinal folds in the metamorphic rocks suggests a WNW maximum compressional stress, followed by late-stage open folding on northwest-southeast axes. The Tibesti massif evolved during Middle to Late Proterozoic as a result of complex subduction processes. It is composed of two orogenic belts, the eastern Tibesti (Eghei area and southward) and western Tibesti (Bin Ghanimah batholith), which were amalagamated during the Early to Middle Cambrian.
Quantum Optical Communication for Micro Robotic Explorer s

One way to improve the acquisi tion of planetary information from robotic landers is to use many smaller robotic explorers that can cover more ground than a single conventional rover , given that the existing launch capabilities constrain the mass of planetary robotic landers to a relati vely fixed value . In addressing this vision, NASA has been challenged in the National Nanotechnology Initiative to research the development of miniature robots built from nano -sized components. These robots have very significant challenges, such as mobil ity and communication, given the small size and limited power generation capability. The research presented here has been focused on developing a communications system that has the potential for provid ing ultra -low power communications for robots such as t hese. In this paper an optical communications technique that is based on quantum entangled photons is presented. This technique both minimizes radiated power and is appropriate for the size scale of the robot. Simulations of this system show that the rad iated power may be reduced to extremely low levels for line -of -sight communication over distances of several kilometers, even in the presence of ambient light. The immunity to background noise makes this technique very promising in comparison to classical optical communications for ultra -low power applications. The results of t his research will generate requirements definitions for transceiver components built from nanotechnology. Results from experiments demonstrating aspects of this communications techn ique are presented.
How High is Up? The Rise, Fall and Redemption of a Sam M. Walton SIFE Fellow

How High is Up? is a memoir that focuses on the academic career of Curtis (Curt) DeBerg, a Professor of Accounting at California State University Chico, more commonly known as Chico State. DeBerg, an early proponent of service-learning, also served as a SIFE Fellow from 1993-2005. SIFE stands for Students in Free Enterprise and is a club sponsored and administered by Walmart. SIFE’s mission is to teach college students about the virtues of free enterprise and to have these students educate the public on the merits of this economic philosophy. DO NOT USE AS ABSTRACT
Developing an integrated approach to biomass energy systems in the united states

Abstract Biomass feedstocks could become the major renewable energy resource for power generation in the U.S.A. during the next two decades. Wood and agricultural residues sufficient to power 5000 to 10,000 MW of new capacity are available. Furthermore, 18 million ha of set-aside or under-utilized lands could be planted in energy crops. Development of biomass production on this scale will result in a major shift in land use throughout rural America, with significant socio-economic implications and environmental effects. The National Biofuels Roundtable was formed in 1992 to develop consensus among representatives of government and industry, environmentalists, and researchers from universities and research institutes. The roundtable's principles will reflect the current understandings of landscape ecology and agricultural economics and will foster decreased dependence on agricultural subsidies. Large-scale use of biomass will depend on establishment of reliable infrastructures which will link production of feedstock with its use in power generation. These infrastructures will: (1) provide crops planning and management, (2) supply equipment and materials, (3) handle maintenance and service, (4) carry out technology transfer and public education, and (5) secure financing. Pilot projects involving thousands of acres of plantings for either existing or new generation facilities are being planned by the Electric Power Research Institute, the U.S. Department of Energy, and the U.S. Department of Agriculture. These pilots will define characteristics of production systems and infrastructures in different regions of the country, identify opportunities to decrease costs, and validate the principles being promulgated by the National Biofuels Roundtable.
Evidence for Mitochondrial K+ Channels and Their Role in Cardioprotection

Twenty years after the discovery of sarcolemmal ATP-sensitive K + channels and 12 years after the discovery of mitochondrial K ATP (mitoK ATP ) channels, progress has been remarkable, but many questions remain. In the case of the former, detailed structural information is available, and it is well accepted that the channel couples bioenergetics to cellular electrical excitability; however, in the heart, a clear physiological or pathophysiological role has yet to be defined. For mitoK ATP , structural information is lacking, but there is abundant evidence linking the opening of the channel to protection against ischemia-reperfusion injury or apoptosis. This review updates recent progress in understanding the physiological role of mitoK ATP and highlights outstanding questions and controversies, with the intent of stimulating additional investigation on this topic.
Design methodology for semi custom processor cores

We describe a semi-custom design methodology for embedded processor cores that was prototyped through the development of a low power high performance DSP core. When compared to the standard ASIC design flow, this methodology enables significant improvement in the speed and power; such benefits are obtained without compromising the generality and flexibility that characterizes the ASIC-based design techniques. Our methodology achieves fast turn-around time in the process from RTL description to post-PD timing results, and exhibits stable convergence on timing; these characteristics enable the application of optimizations spanning multiple levels of the design hierarchy. Such optimizations proved to be much more effective than those that focus only on a single design stage.
Synthesis of aspartic acid derivatives useful for the preparation of misacylated transfer RNAs

Several derivatives of aspartic acid were protected on Nα as their NVOC derivatives, and on the side chain carboxylates as nitroveratryl esters. Following activation as the cyanomethyl esters, thes...
Industrial Self-Management and Political Attitudes

The purpose of this article is to test the widely shared view that the experience of industrial democracy, the experience of direct decision making at places of work, necessarily leads to the enhancement of cooperative and egalitarian orientations among participants. Based on data collected through indepth interviews and questionnaires in Pacific-Northwest plywood cooperatives, the article argues that in market societies, such experiments in industrial democracy do not have the hypothesized results. Indeed, they seem to encourage the development of values most closely identified with classical liberalism or what MacPherson terms “possessive individualism.”
How to market titanium: Lower the cost

Titanium continues to be referred to as the “wonder metal,” with an image as untarnished as the metal itself; however, cost remains the barrier to greatly expanded use. Titanium is used when it is the only material that will do the job. For example, approximately 45% of the Advanced Tactical Fighter F-22 Raptor is constructed from titanium. It’s also the most effi cient material for construction of other items such as golf club heads. However, with its bright and positive image, titanium also sees use in higherquality consumable items such as watches, bicycles, jewelry, hammers, and knives (Figure 1). State-of-the-art titanium science, technology, and applications were showcased at the Tenth International Titanium Conference in Hamburg, Germany, 13–18 July 2003. Skillfully chaired by Gerd Lutjering, the conference outdid all previous conferences in this series with more than 730 attendees and in excess of 450 papers. All of the major titanium-producing countries were represented at the conference—United States, Commonwealth of Independent States, Japan, United Kingdom, France, China, and Germany. An interesting development here was the high quality of the presentation aids used by all participants—quite a contrast from the hand-drawn slides used by representatives from China and the Commonwealth of Independent States in the past. It was also apparent that the participants from these countries were cognizant of what it takes to market titanium to the West—quality, consistency, strategic alliances—oh, and cost. The cost theme permeated the conference, both in the formal papers and in hallway discussions. Aerospace was no exception here, with the big commercial guys such as Boeing and AirBus turning to titanium castings to reduce cost and in the military arena, U.S. Air Force programs such as the Metals Affordability Initiative and Forging Supplier Initiative aiming at cost-affordability. The high cost of titanium compared to metals such as steel and aluminum comes from the high extraction and processing/fabrication costs for the wonder metal. Papers at the conference addressed both areas of concern. For example, new extraction processes have benefi ted from the infl ux of multimillions of dollars from the Defense Advanced Research Project Agency for techniques such as the Fray-FarthingChen reverse electrolysis approach. In processing, single-melt methods were discussed as well as near-net-shape processes including casting, powder metallurgy (P/M), precision forging, and extrusions. Following the pioneering work by T. Saito in incorporating titanium P/M valves into the Toyota Altezza family automobile fi ve years ago, work in this area appears to be expanding with a greater urgency in Japan and Europe (where gasoline is 3–3.5 times the price it is in the United States). For an update on what’s new in titanium, read the articles featured in this issue of JOM. You’ll note that the papers range from research work on titanium components to dental use of titanium. The articles on titanium in the family automobile and powder metallurgy titanium review the cost issue.
A simple extrapolation of thermodynamic perturbation theory to infinite order

Recent analyses of the third and fourth order perturbation contributions to the equations of state for square well spheres and Lennard-Jones chains show trends that persist across orders and molecular models. In particular, the ratio between orders (e.g., A3/A2, where A(i) is the ith order perturbation contribution) exhibits a peak when plotted with respect to density. The trend resembles a Gaussian curve with the peak near the critical density. This observation can form the basis for a simple recursion and extrapolation from the highest available order to infinite order. The resulting extrapolation is analytic and therefore cannot fully characterize the critical region, but it remarkably improves accuracy, especially for the binodal curve. Whereas a second order theory is typically accurate for the binodal at temperatures within 90% of the critical temperature, the extrapolated result is accurate to within 99% of the critical temperature. In addition to square well spheres and Lennard-Jones chains, we demonstrate how the method can be applied semi-empirically to the Perturbed Chain - Statistical Associating Fluid Theory (PC-SAFT).
Improving access to digital music through content‐based analysis

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to report recent advances on a collaborative project that aims to develop content‐based methods for music information retrieval (MIR) as an alternative to standard text‐based modes of access to digital music libraries.Design/methodology/approach – The paper describes current practices and ongoing research, and it discusses potential applications for future use.Findings – Content‐based MIR approaches can extend and enhance the capabilities of traditional text‐based discovery and delivery systems and thus support the work of expert users such as musicians and musicologists. Examples of technologies developed in the context of the project include novel methods for automatic chord identification, motif finding, the visualization of musical structure, and retrieval of musical variations using harmonic and structural information.Practical implications – The paper looks at new, non‐verbal modes of interaction with digital music archives based on musically substantive featur...
Collection and analysis of synthetic organic pesticides from surface and ground water.

The use of synthetic organic chemicals for pest control poses a potential hazard to the well being of animal life. Drainage water from treated croplands, forests, and marshes may on occasion contain trace amounts of pesticides. In a number of water courses pesticides have been found to have a profound effect upon aquatic inhabitants and terrestrial life according to Anonymous (1960), Bridge et al. (1961), Frey (1961), Grzenda et al. (1962), Hunt et al. (1960), Ide (1961), Mulla et al. (1963), and Warner (1962). Because of conjecture about the effect of pesticides upon man and his environment the public is greatly concerned. The conjecture is due in part to the meager information concerning the distribution of pesticides in surface and subsurface waters, which in turn results from a lack of microanalytical methods for the detection of pesticides singly or in combination in water and stream sediments.
Nondestructive testing using nonlinear optically based smart-pixel processors

Summary form only given. There is an on-going need in the commercial sector to rapidly and nondestructively inspect components, in situ and in situ, under harsh in-factory and field-testing conditions. To motivate this need, we cite below three such examples in rather diverse industrial applications. This will be followed by how optics and, more specifically, how so-called "smart-pixel processors", can augment existing inspection systems-all with the goal of enhancing the performance of the diagnostic. By smart-pixel processors, we imply that multi-pixelated information can be processed in parallel, with differential phase information preserved amongst the pixels. Typically, such processors can be realized via architectures involving phase-conjugate mirrors, either isolated, or in conjunction with spatial light modulators. These systems can, hopefully, lead to more robust and flexible manufacturing diagnostics, resulting in video frame-rate, automated inspection capabilities, with the potential for closed-loop control of the manufacturing process. >
The Economic Performance of Regions

P ORTER M. E. (2003) The economic performance of regions, Reg. Studies 37 , 549-578. This paper examines the basic facts about the regional economic performance, the composition of regional economies and the role of clusters in the US economy over period of 1990 to 2000. The performance of regional economies varies markedly in terms of wage, wage growth, employment growth and patenting rate. Based on the distribution of economic activity across geography, we classify US industries into traded, local and resource-dependent. Traded industries account for only about one-third of employment but register much higher wages, far higher rates of innovation and influence local wages. We delineate clusters of traded industries using co-location patterns across US regions. The mix of clusters differs markedly across regions. The performance of regional economies is strongly influenced by the strength of local clusters and the vitality and plurality of innovation. Regional wage differences are dominated by the relati...
Global regulator Anr represses PlcH phospholipase activity in Pseudomonas aeruginosa when oxygen is limiting.

Haemolytic phospholipase C (PlcH) is a potent virulence and colonization factor that is expressed at high levels by Pseudomonas aeruginosa within the mammalian host. The phosphorylcholine liberated from phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin by PlcH is further catabolized into molecules that both support growth and further induce plcH expression. We have shown previously that the catabolism of PlcH-released choline leads to increased activity of Anr, a global transcriptional regulator that promotes biofilm formation and virulence. Here, we demonstrated the presence of a negative feedback loop in which Anr repressed plcH transcription and we proposed that this regulation allowed for PlcH levels to be maintained in a way that promotes productive host–pathogen interactions. Evidence for Anr-mediated regulation of PlcH came from data showing that growth at low oxygen (1 %) repressed PlcH abundance and plcH transcription in the WT, and that plcH transcription was enhanced in an Δanr mutant. The plcH promoter featured an Anr consensus sequence that was conserved across all P. aeruginosa genomes and mutation of conserved nucleotides within the Anr consensus sequence increased plcH expression under hypoxic conditions. The Anr-regulated transcription factor Dnr was not required for this effect. The loss of Anr was not sufficient to completely derepress plcH transcription as GbdR, a positive regulator of plcH, was required for expression. Overexpression of Anr was sufficient to repress plcH transcription even at 21 % oxygen. Anr repressed plcH expression and phospholipase C activity in a cell culture model for P. aeruginosa–epithelial cell interactions.
Control of an hybrid multilevel inverter for current waveform improvement

The use of multilevel converters is widespread in medium voltage applications due to their inherent voltage sharing among the devices. Also, the multilevel offers advantages regarding the waveform quality due to the multiple steps of the output voltage waveform. This advantage is specially true for cascaded H-bridge inverters that can produce a large number of levels due to their modular structure. Nevertheless, this advantage comes at the cost of multiple dc-links that are normally supplied by independent rectifiers coupled though a multipulse input transformer. This multiple dc sources complicates the implementation of converters with high number of levels. The alternative of using the lower voltage cells with floating dc-links to supply only reactive power, compensating for voltage distortion, has been proposed in literature. In this work, this idea is applied to an neutral point clamped (NPC) inverter operating at low switching frequency. Here, the analogy between the floating dc-link converters and series active filters is used to develop a novel control strategy for these dc-links and the three phase output voltage.
Trench infiltration for managed aquifer recharge to permeable bedrock

Managed aquifer recharge to permeable bedrock is increasingly being utilized to enhance resources and maintain sustainable groundwater development practices. One such target is the Navajo Sandstone, an extensive regional aquifer located throughout the Colorado Plateau of the western United States. Spreading-basin and bank-filtration projects along the sandstone outcrop’s western edge in southwestern Utah have recently been implemented to meet growth-related water demands. This paper reports on a new cost-effective surface-infiltration technique utilizing trenches for enhancing managed aquifer recharge to permeable bedrock. A 48-day infiltration trench experiment on outcropping Navajo Sandstone was conducted to evaluate this alternative surface-spreading artificial recharge method. Final infiltration rates through the bottom of the trench were about 0Ð 5m /day. These infiltration rates were an order of magnitude higher than rates from a previous surface-spreading experiment at the same site. The higher rates were likely caused by a combination of factors including the removal of lower permeability soil and surficial caliche deposits, access to open vertical sandstone fractures, a reduction in physical clogging associated with silt and biofilm layers, minimizing viscosity effects by maintaining isothermal conditions, minimizing chemical clogging caused by carbonate mineral precipitation associated with algal photosynthesis, and diminished gas clogging associated with trapped air and biogenic gases. This pilot study illustrates the viability of trench infiltration for enhancing surface spreading of managed aquifer recharge to permeable bedrock. Published in 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Genetically determined mitochondrial preservation and cardioprotection against myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury in a consomic rat model

Cardioprotection may be genome dependent. One example is the increased tolerance to cardiac ischemia-reperfusion (IR) in Brown Norway (BN) compared with Dahl salt-sensitive (SS) rats. By narrowing ...
Modeling and System Identification of Residential Air Conditioning Load

A fairly detailed physically-based model of the residential air condit$ oning system is presented. It has been shown that the paramstors of tho model can be identified by making a sequenco of measuremonts of on/off cycles of the air conditioner and the onvironment variables. A scheme to determine aggregate demand of the air conditionors using duty factors is presented. The effect on energy consumption and poak duty fa9tor of change in model parameters is determined. Also, the effect of reduction in the supply voltage is studied using this model and it has been found that the steady state air conditioning load is insonsitivo to voltage reduction.
Loop-Cancellation Technique: A Novel Nonlinear Feedback to Overcome the Destabilizing Effect of Constant-Power Loads

Tightly regulated closed-loop converters are problematic when used as a load since they tend to draw constant power and exhibit negative incremental resistance. This negative resistance causes stability problems for the feeder system, whether it is an input filter or another converter. In multiconverter power electronic systems, which exist in different land, sea, air, and space vehicles, including electric, hybrid, plug-in hybrid, and fuel-cell vehicles, there are many converters loaded by other converters. Therefore, the destabilizing effect of the load converters, which are called constant-power loads, is a major issue. In this paper, a novel nonlinear feedback, which is called loop cancellation, is introduced. This technique is used to cancel the destabilizing effect of the constant-power loads. Theoretically, any amount of constant-power load can be compensated by this technique, and it can identically be implemented on different types of converters. The effectiveness of the proposed technique has been verified by PSpice simulations and experimental results.
Ab initio lapw linear response method for ferroelectrics

Abstract The linear response approach to density-functional electronic structure calculations is an efficient way of studying excitations of arbitrary wavevector. It also allows for the investigation of crystals under the influence of a macroscopic electric field, which is not possible with traditional electronic structure calculations. Until recently, the linear response method has been applied only within the plane wave pseudopotential method. We have now derived and implemented the linear response method for the LAPW method, and its accuracy is demonstrated by calculations on GaAs, GaSb. We present the first ab initio calculations of the vibrational frequencies, effective charges, and dielectric constant of CuCl, attaining a level of agreement with experiment that is comparable to that in simpler materials.
Transformation of Human Erythrocyte Shape by Endotoxic Lipopolysaccharide

Human erythrocytes were observed to undergo a discocyte to echinocyte to spheroechinocyte shape transformation during brief incubation with endotoxic lipopolysaccharide. It was concluded that lipopolysaccharide-membrane interactions alter the curvature of erythrocyte membranes.
Neoproterozoic Carbonate Shrubs: Interplay of Microbial Activity and Unusual Environmental Conditions in Post-Snowball Earth Oceans

Abstract A previously undescribed carbonate-shrub facies has been discovered in the lower member of the Noonday Dolomite—a Neoproterozoic post-glacial cap carbonate. This unusual facies consists of centimeter-scale structures composed of micrite and encased in early-marine cement, and exhibits an overall clotted, mottled appearance. Shrub architecture is characterized by occurrence of a central stalk with diverging branches that are composed of micrite leaves. A combination of biological, environmental, and diagenetic influences contributed to the growth and present appearance of Noonday Dolomite carbonate shrubs. Comparison with modern and ancient known abiogenic and biogenic shrub-like structures indicates that microbial communities were most likely responsible for at least localizing and initiating calcium carbonate growth in the Noonday Dolomite shrubs, although no undisputable microbial fossils have yet been discovered. Diagenetic processes may have obliterated Noonday Dolomite shrub microstructure a...
Moving From Intermediaries To Apomediaries: A Study Of The Ongoing Changes In Marketing Channels

As we get to be more comfortable with incorporating our daily routines with interactive options available on the Internet, we get to influence the shapes of the businesses we deal with and the way they operate. It is no surprise that today we feel more comfortable in placing orders online than placing them on the phone. Accordingly, recognizing this trend, many businesses are now offering online options. While some may have thought that this was good enough for those businesses, some have been noticing that most of those businesses have begun to participate in social network sites such as Facebook and other product and/or industry specific blogs. Apparently, having a simple presence on the Internet was not good enough considering the ongoing trends in the marketplace. The purpose of this paper is to examine some of those trends and explore the driving force behind some of those recent online practices. It is hoped that these issues are understood properly so that one can predict the upcoming changes in consumers’ routines and the business practices to cater to them.
Shareholder Lawsuits: Where is the Line between Legitimate and Frivolous?

Shareholders of public companies are not responsible for designing executive compensation packages. Still, a shareholder vote on compensation is required in two circumstances: when a company wants to establish an equity-based compensation plan, and annually as part of the Dodd Frank requirement shareholders have an advisory “say on pay.” In deciding how to vote, shareholders rely on information provided in the annual proxy.Recently, shareholder groups have sued companies for inadequate disclosure. They allege that the companies provide insufficient disclosure to determine how they should vote on these matters.We explore this issue in closer detail and ask: How much disclosure is too much disclosure? If a company follows SEC guidelines, why is this not sufficient? When do lawsuits cross the line from legitimate to frivolous? If disclosure litigation is successful, what other board decisions would be subject to potential lawsuits?Topics, Issues and Controversies in Corporate Governance and Leadership: The Closer Look series is a collection of short case studies through which we explore topics, issues, and controversies in corporate governance. In each study, we take a targeted look at a specific issue that is relevant to the current debate on governance and explain why it is so important. Larcker and Tayan are co-authors of the book Corporate Governance Matters, and A Real Look at Real World Corporate Governance.
The Burger Court: Once More in Transition

This chapter overviews the Burger Court and situates it in the political and legal context of the collapse of the New Deal-Great Society political coalition and ideological framework and the emergence of the new conservatism. The Burger Court marked a transition between the liberal activism of the Warren Court and the conservatism of the Rehnquist Court. Through accident of the appointment process and political and ideological proclivities of the major players, the Burger Court moved in a clearly conservative direction in very few areas, most notably criminal justice. In other areas of the law, the Burger Court either extended the activist legacy of the Warren Court or fractured into multiple competing visions of the constitutional future.
Nitrogen additions mobilize soil base cations in two tropical forests

Rates of atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition are increasing rapidly in tropical regions, which are projected to receive some of the greatest deposition levels globally in the coming decades. Tropical forests on highly weathered soils generally have high N availability, so added N is not likely to stimulate plant growth. Instead, N addition to these soils may rapidly alter the availability of other scarcer nutrients like base cations, via displacement from soil exchange sites and mobilization into solution. We hypothesized that: (1.) Addition of mineral N to highly weathered tropical soils rapidly mobilizes base cations into solution, with increasing fertilization effects over time. (2.) Nitrogen fertilization reduces cation availability on soil exchange sites, because of increased mobilization and loss down the soil profile. We assessed the short-term (1–2 year) and mid-term (4–5 year) effects of N fertilization on base cation mobilization to 40 cm depths in two distinct tropical forests. Over the first 5 years of the experiment, fertilization significantly increased calcium, magnesium, and potassium concentrations in soil solution, as well as all dissolved N chemical species. There was an increasing fertilization effect over time for all solutes across soil depths, suggestive of downward leaching. Comparing the two forests, there was no difference in the magnitude or timing of the fertilization effect on base cation mobilization, although dissolved N concentrations increased most rapidly in the upper elevation forest, where background dissolved N was also higher. Surprisingly, salt-extractable base cations also increased for fertilized versus control soils. Our results suggest that addition of mineral N to tropical forests on highly weathered soils is highly likely to mobilize base cations into solution, with subsequent leaching down the soil profile. These results imply that N deposition in tropical forests on highly weathered soils may exacerbate cation scarcity in these ecosystems, and could negatively affect long-term plant growth.
Bilirubin, Bromsulfalein, Bile Acids, Alkaline Phosphatase and Cholesterol of Thoracic Duct Lymph in Experimental Regurgitation Jaundice:

SummaryThe present results support the belief that, following common duct ligation, bile “regurgitates” into the lymph, and thence, via the thoracic duct into the blood. The appearance of bile acids and bilirubin in the thoracic duct lymph, as previously reported, is confirmed. The present study also reveals that the bilirubin of the lymph, under these circumstances, is mainly of the prompt reacting type, a finding in accord with the concept of a regurgitation of bile into the lymph.During the early phase of biliary obstruction, the injected bromsulfalein quickly appeared in the lymph. After 36 hours, however, it was not removed from the blood and did not appear in the lymph in appreciable amount.The cholesterol, on the contrary, did not increase significantly in the lymph within 24 hours, while the alkaline phosphatase behaved in an intermediary manner.
Isomer Effect on the Structure and Chemical Reactivity of Diruthenium Complexes. Synthesis and Characterization of the (4,0), (3,1), and (2,2) Trans Isomers of Ru2(F5ap)4Cl and Ru2(F5ap)4(C⋮CC6H5)2 Where F5ap Is the 2-(2,3,4,5,6-Pentafluoroanilino)pyridinate Anion

The syntheses and characterization of the (4,0), (3,1), and (2,2) trans isomers of Ru2(F5ap)4Cl and Ru2(F5ap)4(C⋮CC6H5)2 are reported where F5ap is the 2-(2,3,4,5,6-pentafluoroanilino)pyridinate an...
Synthesis of Filibuvir. Part III. Development of a Process for the Reductive Coupling of an Aldehyde and a β-Keto-lactone

Development of a reductive coupling of a β-keto-lactone and an aldehyde is described, in which the Hantzsch ester serves as an inexpensive and convenient reducing agent. Structural features in the β-keto-lactone rendered standard reductive coupling conditions ineffective, requiring development of a specific addition and temperature protocol. Identification of one of the reactants as Ames positive required a single-digit parts per million control strategy for this impurity in the final active pharmaceutical ingredient (API).
Normal versus abnormal cell proliferation. A unitary and analytical overview.

The most recent findings on the molecular and cellular characterization of normal and abnormal cell proliferation are summarized. They include molecular spectroscopy, nucleic acid conformation, protein modifications, premature chromosome condensation, nuceoli changes, nuclear and cell morphometry, image analysis, flow microfluorimetry, and time-lapse cinematography. Biophysical and biochemical evidence in favor or against two cycles of chromatin condensation, followed by two abrupt random decondensations, per cell cycle are presented. Other biphasic changes at the molecular and cellular levels that favor the existence of two random transitions, or restriction points, per cell cycle are discussed. A comprehensive unitary model of the cell cycle is then outlined; this model is able to explain most findings on continuously dividing cells and on quiescent cells induced to proliferate. Within this analytical framework the physical-chemical and biological properties are given, in either normal or tumor cells, for the various types of “noncycling” cells that are here viewed as necessary steps in mammalian cell growth rather than separate states. The implications of the coupling of higher-order chromatin structure with cell geometry and growth, high in fibroblast-like cells but low in transformed cells, are also discussed. Molecular mechanisms likely responsible for the chromatin conformational changes occurring at the G0→G1, G1→S, G2→M transitions are finally discussed in terms of polyelectrolyte theory.
Exercise and hypertension. Maximizing the benefits in patients receiving drug therapy.

PreviewThe benefits of exercise in reducing blood pressure and improving cardiovascular health have long been recognized. However, the interrelationships between exercise, hypertension, and antihypertensive drug therapy are still being clarified. What are the benefits of exercise in hypertensive patients? Which antihypertensive drugs have the most favorable effects in physically active patients? Dr Houston addresses these questions and provides guidelines for appropriate treatment.
Sex chromosome mosaicism in 3 sibs

Two sisters and a brother, all exhibiting sex chromosome mosaicism, were studied. An estrogen-producing gonadoblastoma was resected from one sister and there was presumptive evidence that a similar tumor had been removed from the other sister. Surgical exploration of the brother revealed the presence of a testis, a uterus, and a vagina. The importance of cytogenic investigation of various gynecologic disorders is stressed.
Visual Information Retrieval: The State of the Art

Rich visual information is becoming increasingly important in today's Web, as evidenced by the popularity of social networks, the extensive use of video as a medium, and the compelling graphics and visual effects in movies and games. Here, the author examines the process of searching and retrieving images using a visual query--otherwise known as content-based image retrieval (CBIR).
Two Independent Recognition Sites for the Initiation of Histamine Release from Mast Cells

Publisher Summary A number of humoral and cellular mediator molecules can initiate the noncytotoxic release of vasoactive amines from basophilic leukocytes and mast cells. Important among those mediators are the IgE class of immunoglobulin, which when bound to the cellular surface of mast cells and basophils can react with specific antigen to initiate the release response. This chapter illustrates the response of rat peritoneal mast cells to a number of the noncytotoxic activator molecules. Mast cell activator molecules combine with specific receptor molecules on the cell membrane. That interaction results in the generation of an activated state. Subsequent biochemical information transfer, involving ATP, divalent cations, and cyclic nucleotides results in a noncytotoxic cellular response and the release of biologically active amines. In addition, the interaction between specific stimulus and receptor also results in a specific desensitization of the cell to any further stimulation by that particular activator. BSA interferes with the capacity of mast cells, stimulated by type 2 activators, to release histamine and serotonin at a step in the cellular response, which is subsequent to the interaction of stimulus and receptor, leading to the generation of an activated state. Rat peritoneal mast cells recognize at least two distinct classes of activator molecules. In addition to that selective recognition, at least a portion of the biochemical information transfer sequence—subsequent to the initial interaction of stimulus with cell membrane receptor—is probably not shared by the two classes of activator molecules.
La Logistique : Une Activité Créatrice De Valeur

Ce texte est la traduction de la presentation faite par M. Ljungdahl lors duVIeme colloque I.S.L.I. du 27 mai 1994. A ce titre les transparents presentes ont ete conserves en anglais
Forming response of retained austenite in a C‐Si‐Mn high strength TRIP sheet steel

TRIP sheet steels typically consist of ferrite, bainite, retained austenite, and martensite. The retained austenite is of particular importance because its deformation-induced transformation to martensite contributes to excellent combinations of strength and ductility. While information is available regarding austenite response in uniaxial tension, less information is available for TRIP steels with respect to the forming response of retained austenite in complex strain states. Therefore, the purpose of this work was to study the austenite transformation behaviour in different strain paths by determining the amount of retained austenite before and after forming. Forming experiments were performed on a high strength 0.19C-1.63Si-1.59Mn TRIP sheet steel 1.2 mm in thickness in two different strain conditions, uniaxial tension (e 1 = -2e 2 ) and balanced biaxial stretching (e 1 = e 2 ). Specimens were formed to strains ranging from zero to approximately 0.2 effective (von Mises) strain. Specimens were tested both longitudinally and transverse to the rolling direction in uniaxial tension, and subtle mechanical property differences were found. The volume fraction of austenite, determined with X-ray diffraction subsequent to forming, was found to decrease with increasing strain for both forming modes. Some modification in the crystallographic texture of the ferrite was observed with increasing strain, in specimens tested in the balanced biaxial stretch condition. This trend was not evident in the uniaxial tensile test results. Slight differences were found in the transformation behaviour of the austenite when formed in different strain conditions. More austenite transformed in specimens tested parallel to the rolling direction than transverse to the rolling direction in uniaxial tension. The amount of austenite transformed during biaxial stretching was determined to be greater than the amount transformed in uniaxial tension for specimens tested transverse to the rolling direction at an equivalent von Mises strain. The amount of austenite that transformed in biaxial tension, however, was comparable to the amount of austenite that transformed in specimens tested longitudinal to the rolling direction in uniaxial tension.
Microbial Processes Forming Marine Stromatolites

Research in the burgeoning field of geomicrobiology reveals an “intimate juxtaposition and interdependence” of microbes and minerals that we are only beginning to appreciate (Skinner 1997, p. 1). Future studies of microbe-mineral interactions are likely to lead to major advances in our understanding of such fundamental issues as the dynamics of sedimentation, the flow of energy and matter through the biosphere, and the evolution of life on Earth (Nealson 2000, Nealson and Stahl 1997, Hazen 2001)
Scandate cathode fundamentals: interactions of Ba, O and Sc on W

Current developmental efforts on scandate cathodes are concentrated on improving uniformity in the emission and robustness in the performance. These endeavors require a good understanding of fundamental issues such as the emission mechanism and the Sc-replenishment mechanism associated with the cathodes. In order to help achieve this understanding, it is essential to unravel the complex chemical interactions on the scandate cathode surface, on which Ba, O, Sc and W are present. Our approach to investigate the complex interactions is to study first the interactions within the subsets, such as Ba and O on W and Sc and O on W. Aided with the knowledge gained, we then study the complete set of interactions.
Extended abstract: Workshop — Developing fundable research proposals in engineering communication

This workshop will focus on helping researchers develop project proposals for submission to internal funding pools as well as external agencies such as the National Science Foundation, the Spencer Foundation, the Engineering Information Foundation, and similar relevant organizations.
Modification of the medical exclusion criterion in DSM-5 social anxiety disorder: Comorbid obesity as an example.

Abstract Background The DSM 5 modified the medical exclusion criterion from DSM-IV, which now allows for a diagnosis of social anxiety disorder (SAD) to be given if the fears are related only to the medical condition (e.g., obesity) yet cause significant impairment or distress. Methods To examine this modification, the current study compared bariatric surgery candidates with DSM-IV SAD ( n =135), modified SAD (clinically significant social fears related to obesity only; n =40), and no history of Axis I disorders ( n =616) on variables related to pre-surgical problematic eating behaviors, body image dissatisfaction, functional impairment, and other characteristics related to bariatric surgery. Participants were referred by their surgeon for a psychiatric evaluation as part of the clearance process, and completed a comprehensive, semi-structured diagnostic interview and self-report measures. Results There were several differences between those with DSM-IV SAD and modified SAD compared to those with no disorder (e.g., on binge and emotional eating), but the two SAD groups did not differ from each other on any of the comparisons. Limitations Results may not generalize to individuals suffering from obesity in the general population or those seeking other types of weight loss treatment. Because they were seeking psychiatric clearance, they also may have underreported symptoms/problems for fear that they would not get cleared. Conclusions Overall, the modified SAD group more closely resembled the DSM-IV SAD group rather than the no disorder group, providing further support for diagnosing SAD even when the social fears are related to obesity only.
“And Serve the Cause of Freedom”: American Food Conservation in the First World War

AbstractThis article argues that the United States Food Administration (USFA) employed contradictory imagery and rhetoric to motivate Americans to conserve wheat, beef, sugar, pork, and other essential foods during the First World War. While USFA posters emphasized patriotism, solidarity, and euphoric national loyalty, they simultaneously employed dystopian portrayals of hunger, chaos, and madness. Yet neither uplifting nationalism nor overt fearmongering significantly altered the food choices of many Americans. While USFA efforts did adjust food consumption in some categories, in the aggregate, Americans ate more restricted foods during the war as compared to prewar levels. America played a role in alleviating food shortages in the 1910s as a result of increased farm production, not decreased consumption.