cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Experimental and Numerical Collision Efficiencies for Submicron Particles Scavenged by Small Raindrops

Abstract Experimental scavenging efficiencies were measured for freely falling drops of 0.40–0.85 mm diameter and charges of 10−5–10−3 esu supported by the vertical airstream of the UCLA cloud tunnel. The particles in the airstream of 0.4 µm radius and 1.5 gm cm−3 density were produced from indium acetylacetonate using a La Mer generator. Collection efficiencies of 10−4 to 10−3 determined by neutron activation analysis were used to provide a test of an expanded theoretical model of Beard and Grover where collision efficiencies are based on a numerical description of axisymmetric, steady-state flow about rigid spheres up to Reynolds number 400. Scavenging mechanisms were examined in order to determine the important forces on the particle. The coulomb force between a charged drop and charged particle was included in the equation of motion of the particle which moved in a gravitational field with a Stokes-Cunningham resistance in the imperturbed flow of the drop. Numerically evaluated collision efficiencies ...
Managing diabetes: lessons from Type 1 diabetes mellitus

Glycaemic control is a key component of the successful management of Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Hypoglycaemia is the limiting factor in the management of diabetes because current glucose-lowering regimens are imperfect, defences against decreasing glucose levels in Type 1 and probably Type 2 diabetes are compromised, and low glucose levels have a devastating effect on the brain. Usually, hypoglycaemia precludes the maintenance of normal glucose levels. However, attempts to circumvent the barrier of hypoglycaemia safely are worthwhile because shifting glucose levels towards the non-diabetic range reduces the long-term complications of diabetes. Patient education and empowerment, appropriate self-monitoring of blood glucose, flexible drug regimens, individualized and prudent glycaemic goals, and ongoing professional support are fundamental. Iatrogenic hypoglycaemia is the result of the interplay between excess insulin and compromised glucose counter-regulation in Type 1 and probably Type 2 diabetes. Conventional and newly recognized risk factors must be addressed. Relative or absolute excess insulin occurs when: insulin (or insulin secretagogue) doses are excessive, ill-timed or of the wrong type; the influx of exogenous glucose, endogenous glucose production or insulin clearance are decreased; and insulin-independent glucose utilization or insulin sensitivity are increased. The drug regimen, food ingestion, exercise and alcohol use are under the direct control of the patient and the healthcare provider, and regimen adjustments can be used to address insulin sensitivity and clearance. Unfortunately, these conventional risk factors explain only a minority of episodes of severe hypoglycaemia and therefore the issue of compromised glucose counter-regulation must also be addressed. It is imperative to investigate the patient history for hypoglycaemia unawareness because short-term (e.g. 2 weeks) scrupulous avoidance of hypoglycaemia can restore awareness and improve defective glucose counter-regulation. Until methods of perfect insulin replacement or release are developed, improved regimens and pharmacological methods to minimize hypoglycaemia particularly during the night can be used safely to improve overall glycaemic control. Copyright © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Two approximations for the geometric model of signal amplification in an electron-multiplying charge-coupled device detector.

The extraction of information from images acquired under low light conditions represents a common task in diverse disciplines. In single molecule microscopy, for example, techniques for superresolution image reconstruction depend on the accurate estimation of the locations of individual particles from generally low light images. In order to estimate a quantity of interest with high accuracy, however, an appropriate model for the image data is needed. To this end, we previously introduced a data model for an image that is acquired using the electron-multiplying charge-coupled device (EMCCD) detector, a technology of choice for low light imaging due to its ability to amplify weak signals significantly above its readout noise floor. Specifically, we proposed the use of a geometrically multiplied branching process to model the EMCCD detector’s stochastic signal amplification. Geometric multiplication, however, can be computationally expensive and challenging to work with analytically. We therefore describe here two approximations for geometric multiplication that can be used instead. The high gain approximation is appropriate when a high level of signal amplification is used, a scenario which corresponds to the typical usage of an EMCCD detector. It is an accurate approximation that is computationally more efficient, and can be used to perform maximum likelihood estimation on EMCCD image data. In contrast, the Gaussian approximation is applicable at all levels of signal amplification, but is only accurate when the initial signal to be amplified is relatively large. As we demonstrate, it can importantly facilitate the analysis of an information-theoretic quantity called the noise coefficient.
Thermal solubilization of the trichocysts from Paramecium aurelia.

Abstract Trichocysts from the ciliated protozoan Paramecium aurelia have been solubilized in aqueous solution at neutral pH by heating to temperatures of 70 °C for 10 min. The product of such solubilization appears identical to that achieved by the previous method using trichocysts solubilized in sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) when examined by SDS polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis. While the solubilization of the trichocyst is virtually total in distilled water, no more than 20% of the total protein solubilizes in the presence of salts even in amounts as low as 0.05 M. Heat solubilized trichocysts show two principal components when run on standard 10% polyacrylamide disc gels and two bands when run on SDS polyacrylamide disc gels. The relationship between the two bands seen on standard gels and the two bands seen on SDS gels is unknown at this time. These results represent the first successful solubilization of this organelle in aqueous solution at neutral pH as opposed to previous reports requiring strong denaturants such as SDS, guanidine hydrochloride, and pH extremes. While the solubilization of trichocysts by heat most probably results in denaturation of the constituent proteins, it does occur in aqueous solution without the use of strong denaturants or pH extremes allowing the use of standard analytical procedures not possible in the presence of these reagents.
Period Changes in the SX Phoenicis Star DY Pegasi

We report 69 new times of maximum light for the SX Phoenicis star DY Pegasi. Combining these new times with previous published maxima, we found the data to be well modeled with a triple linear fit. However, we also determined a refined constant period change of –6.00 × 10-12 days day–1. From both spectroscopic and photometric measurements, we determined –0.8 < [Fe/H] < –0.6. Using phase-averaged indices, we found Teff = 7660 and log g = 3.89. From evolutionary models, a mass of M = 1.5 M⊙ and an age of 1.7 Gyr were determined.
ABUNDANT NATURE'S LONG-TERM OPENNESS TO HUMANE BIOCULTURAL DESIGNS

. Not by Genes Alone excellently explains Peter J. Richerson and Robert Boyd's important ideas about human gene-culture co-evolution to a broader audience but remains short of a larger vision of civilization. Several decades ago Ralph Burhoe had seen that fertile possibility in Richerson and Boyd's work. I suggest getting past present reductionistic customs to a scientific perspective having an integral place for virtue. Subsystem agency is part of this view, as is the driving role of abundance, whose ultimate origins are in the mysterious, quintessentially energetic Big Bang. The free-rider problem may not impede higher social organization as inexorably as Richerson and Boyd believe; “the tragedy” of enervating leakage from “the commons” may often be less influential than an invigorating flow of externalities to the commons. Eukaryotic origins mark the origin of inevitable wider sharing as higher living systems evolve. I use a metaphor of flesh and spirit in drawing a parallel between that turning point and the wide sharing that occurs in civilization. This helps solve the enigma of the demographic transition. Why do so many productive participants in first-world societies severely restrict their selfish-gene reproduction to below replacement birth rate? It is not because culture is maladaptive but because civilization's brain and womb have become partially differentiated in distinct populations. Considerations of social boundaries, myths of sacrifice, and human creativity help in understanding how human social evolution taps potentials present in reality. Human beings' diverse vigorous activities—the organized ones and the inadvertent ones, the wise and the foolish, the good and the bad, the carefully thoughtful and the merely playful—provide the ground of being, or primordial soup, for cultural entities that transcend our intentions. If we have it right for the most part and are fortunate, we will continue to emerge at higher levels.
Optimizing inter-nest data locality

By examining data reuse patterns of four array-intensive embedded applications, we found that these codes exhibit a significant amount of inter-nest reuse (i. e., the data reuse that occurs between different nests). While traditional compiler techniques that target array-intensive applications can exploit intra-nest data reuse, there has not been much success in the past in taking advantage of internest data reuse. In this paper, we present a compiler strategy that optimizes inter-nest reuse using loop (iteration space) transformations. Our approach captures the impact of execution of a nest on cache contents using an abstraction called footprint vector. Then, it transforms a given nest such that the new (transformed) access pattern reuses the data left in cache by the previous nest in the code. In optimizing inter-nest locality, our approach also tries to achieve good intra-nest locality. Our simulation results indicate large performance improvements. In particular, inter-nest loop optimization generates competitive results with intra-nest loop and data optimizations.
Update on neuroanesthesia

El cerebro es nuestro organo mas preciado, el que define quienes somos. Su importancia se destaca por el hecho de que en muchos paises la perdida de las funciones vitales del cerebro es una definicion de muerte. En la practica cotidiana de la anestesiologia, nosotros manipulamos farmacologicamente la funcion cerebral para lograr la anestesia, y con frecuencia no pensamos especificamente en lo que esta ocurriendo con el cerebro y como interactua con nuestros medicamentos. La neuroanestesia es una situacion totalmente distinta. En este caso el cerebro es el organo operado y es fundamental entender nuestras acciones con relacion al cerebro para un resultado exitoso. Este suplemento especial de la Revista Colombiana de Anestesiologiabrinda al clinico, independientemente de si es un neuroanestesiologo a tiempo completo u ocasional, una actualizacion sobre los desarrollos importantes en el area. El objetivo es tener una serie de articulos relativamente cortos, clinicamente pertinentes, para poner al anestesiologo en ejercicio al dia sobre los avances. El presente suplemento informa al lector acerca de los cambios que se estan produciendo en la practica neuroquirurgica, pero desde la perspectiva del anestesiologo. Dos areas en las que ha habido mayores avances son los procedimientos minimamente invasivos y la craneotomia con el paciente despierto. La craneotomia con el paciente despierto para el tratamiento de tumores es desafiante para todo el equipo, pero ha ganado popularidad porque los desenlaces quirurgicos son mejores y los nuevos agentes anestesicos han permitido considerar idoneos a un mayor numero de pacientes y a pacientes
Quantitative impedance analysis of nanowires and cancer cells

Abstract This work presents an innovative approach to understanding the effect of nanowires on breast cancer cells both qualitatively and quantitatively through impedance spectroscopy. Unlike previous studies that have used qualitative, endpoint assays, such as the Alamar blue viability assay, this technique enables observations in real-time. Preliminary results have established that different concentrations of nanowires (0, 1, 50, and 100 μ g / mL ) in culture solution can be differentiated using this technique. This paper studies the effect of nanowire concentrations on cancer cell morphology, spreading, and adhesion.
Collaborative Theater/Collective Artist: An Evolving Systems Case Study in Social Creativity

Theater production is a collaborative creative activity. Social creativity recognizes the relationships between creative groups and the contexts in which creativity emerges. It also suggests that the interactive processes between the collaborators and their work form a center, which in turn becomes a kind of creative entity itself. An evolving systems case study of production practices at the Oregon Shakespeare Festival illuminates this process and illustrates the differences between seeing an aggregate creative activity and the more holistic view, in which the artwork functions like another person, a creature in dialogue with the personality of the creative system.
Urethral catheter insertion forces: a comparison of experience and training

Purpose: This study was undertaken to evaluate the insertion forces utilized during simulated placement of a urethral catheter by healthcare individuals with a variety of catheter experience. Materials and Methods: A 21F urethral catheter was mounted to a metal spring. Participants were asked to press the tubing spring against a force gauge and stop when they met a level of resistance that would typically make them terminate a catheter placement. Simulated catheter insertion was repeated fives times, and peak compression forces were recorded. Healthcare professionals were divided into six groups according to their title: urology staff, non-urology staff, urology resident/ fellow, non-urology resident/ fellow, medical student, and registered nurse. Results: A total of fifty-seven healthcare professionals participated in the study. Urology staff (n = 6) had the lowest average insertion force for any group at 6.8 ± 2.0 Newtons (N). Medical students (n = 10) had the least amount of experience (1 ± 0 years) and the highest average insertion force range of 10.1 ± 3.7 N. Health care workers with greater than 25 years experience used significantly less force during catheter insertions (4.9 ± 1.8 N) compared to all groups (p < 0.01). Conclusions: We propose the maximum force that should be utilized during urethral catheter insertion is 5 Newtons. This force deserves validation in a larger population and should be considered when designing urethral catheters or creating catheter simulators. Understanding urethral catheter insertion forces may also aid in establishing competency parameters for health care professionals in training.
Inhibition of the adaptive response of human lymphocytes to very low doses of ionizing radiation by the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide

Abstract When human lymphocytes are preirradiated with 1 cGy of X-rays, the cells become less sensitive to subsequent exposures to high doses of about 150 cGy in that approximately one-half as many chromatid aberrations are induced as expected. This adaptation has been attributed to the induction of repair enzymes (proteins) some 4–6 after the initial low-dose exposure. Experiments have now been carried out showing that application of the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide at this time, but not earlier, prevents the adaptive response.
Degradation of [14C]tebupirimphos under anaerobic aquatic conditions

An anaerobic aquatic metabolism study with [pyrimidinyl-2-14C]tebupirimphos at a concentration of 2 ppm was conducted using a sandy loam flooded with pond water at a constant 22 °C. Over the course of the study, extractable residues from water decreased from 56.9% at day 0 to 42.6% of the applied radioactivity at day 127. Extractable residues from soil decreased from 38.3% at day 0 to 30.7% at day 127. Nonextractable residues in water and soil at the end of day 127 were 22.3% and 7.4%, respectively. Volatile residues never exceeded 0.1% of the applied radioactivity during the entire period of incubation. The parent concentration declined from 93.5% at day 0 to 51.1% at day 127. The half-life of tebupirimphos under anaerobic aquatic conditions was calculated to be 194 days. The degradates formed were desisopropyltebupirimphos, desethyltebupirimphos, tert-butylhydroxypyrimidine, and the S-ethyl isomer of isopropyltebupirimphos. Desisopropyltebupirimphos and tert-butylhydroxypyrimidine were the major product...
Is antibiotic prophylaxis necessary for midurethral sling procedures? A series of 174 cases without preoperative antibiotics

Introduction and hypothesis Despite the lack of evidence, antibiotic prophylaxis has been recommended for midurethral sling procedures. The goal of this study was to evaluate the rate of infectious complications in women undergoing midurethral sling procedures without antibiotic prophylaxis.
From NIMBY to NIABY: regional mobilization against liquefied natural gas in the United States

Only sometimes do environmental protests that begin as not-in-my-backyard (NIMBY) objections to proposed facilities become translated into more universal not-in-anyone's-backyard (NIABY) mobilizations. An examination of opposition to liquefied natural gas (LNG) receiving terminals in the United States shows evidence of regional mobilization in the Gulf and West Coasts, but not in the Northeast. Opposition to LNG facilities in the United States thus provides an opportunity to study often overlooked regional mobilization. A narrative of events in each region is provided, with special attention to the key mechanisms of frame bridging, relational diffusion, brokerage and certification. In the case of the Northeast, two contextual factors also appear to have impeded the development of more coordinated opposition to LNG.
Causal Characteristics for Ecoepidemiology

ABSTRACT We suggest that there are six fundamental characteristics of causation: time order, co-occurrence, preceding causation, sufficiency, interaction, and alteration. The cause precedes the effect (time order). The cause co-occurs with the unaffected entity in space and time (co-occurrence). Causes and their effects are the result of a web of causation (preceding causation). The intensity, frequency, and duration of the cause are adequate and the susceptible entity can exhibit the type and magnitude of the effect (sufficiency). The cause effectively interacts with the entity in a way that induces the effect (interaction). And, the entity is changed by the interactions with the cause (alteration). In contrast to Hill's criteria, the causal characteristics are distinct from the: (1) evidence that is used to document causal characteristics, (2) sources of information used to develop the evidence, and (3) qualities used to evaluate evidence of causal characteristics and body of evidence for the causal rel...
Creep and fatigue interaction in the PWA1484 single crystal nickel-base alloy

Abstract While methods for modeling creep behavior of single crystal turbine airfoils are generally well developed, constant load creep does not fully represent the loading conditions present in a jet engine due to cyclic loading caused by the mission profile and throttle movements. As the aerospace industry seeks to become more accurate in physics-based modeling of materials that are used in turbine blades, creep–fatigue interaction must be incorporated into characterization of turbine blade materials. PWA1484, a second generation single crystal nickel-base superalloy that is used for turbine blades in many of today's high performance jet engines was tested in a creep–fatigue environment that is meant to simulate some conditions of the service environment of a jet engine. This research explores the behavior and microstructural evolution of samples of PWA1484 tested in a creep–fatigue environment at 871 °C in air. It was found that specimens subjected to prior fatigue loading exhibit a smaller region of primary creep that is proportional to the number of prior fatigue cycles, and an accelerated transition to a tertiary creep regime. However, specimens that are subject to a static load and allowed to creep to 2.5% creep strain exhibited an un-affected fatigue behavior. Post-test microstructural analysis revealed a coarsening of the gamma prime (γ′) precipitates that was dependent on loading condition and time spent at elevated temperature.
Atomic Structure of a {110} Zr/ZrN Interface

Investigation of the atomic structure of a micrometer-level faceted (011) Zr/ZrN interface by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), diffraction contrast imaging, and near-coincidence-site (NCS) atomic modeling shows that it is a type-3 incoherent interface (i.e., it has a high-index orientation relationship with a low-index interface plane in only one phase). The HRTEM images show that the interface is rougher than similar type-3 incoherent {111}ZrN interfaces previously analyzed, indicating that there may be both atomically faceted and rough type-3 incoherent interfaces. Nanofacets form at the interface even though the NCS matching is not good, suggesting that micrometer-level faceting (including nanofaceting) might be the dominant factor in determining the interface plane of an atomically rough, type-3 incoherent interface, and not NCS matching. Electron energy-loss spectrometry and energy-filtered TEM images show that the composition changes abruptly at the {110}ZrN interface, in accord with the structural transformation.
Fifteen Years of Nexus—A 21 st Century Retrospective

(2002). Fifteen Years of Nexus—A 21 st Century Retrospective. Hospital Topics: Vol. 80, No. 2, pp. 31-33.
The evolution of communication design: a brief history of the acm sigdoc

This paper provides an abbreviated history of the Association for Computing Machinery's Special Interest Group for the Design of Communication (ACM SIGDOC). The ACM SIGDOC has a relatively short history as special interest groups go (1975 to the present), but not in terms of the brief history and explosive growth of computer science, interface design, and the design of systems that support computer users. Indeed, interest in forming a special group focusing on systems documentation began to develop in the early 1970s. At the time, few technical writers (or few computer professionals who recognized themselves as technical writers) existed. Most systems documentation was being developed for military applications and large mainframe computer systems (such as those developed by IBM Corporation). Similar to the history of ACM SIGDOC, the field of communication design has burgeoned while simultaneously allowing increased fragmentation and distributed research initiatives across other developing fields.
Pro's and con's of the early use of insulin in the management of type 2 diabetes: a clinical evaluation.

Purpose of review Recently, there have been increasing calls for insulin to be used as the initial treatment of type 2 diabetes, and if not then, soon after its onset. The underlying reason given is that insulin will slow down the apoptosis of pancreatic beta-cells, which is increased in type 2 diabetes. This review will examine the clinical evidence supporting this recommendation. Recent findings Several observational studies in which newly diagnosed type 2 diabetic patients are intensively treated for a short time with insulin, which is then stopped, have shown that approximately half of these patients retain good control without pharmacological therapy for up to a year. However, HbA1c levels in patients who have to be started on oral antidiabetic drugs are similar to the values in those who do not. HbA1c levels are similar in patients randomized to initial therapy with insulin or oral antidiabetic drug. There is no clinical evidence yet for an effect of insulin on beta-cell apoptosis. Summary The primary goal is to achieve and maintain HbA1c levels of less than 7.0%. Given the extra demands on both patients and physicians when starting insulin compared with oral antidiabetic drug and the many subsequent years in which patients have diabetes, the arguments for using insulin initially, or in patients who have achieved the target HbA1c level, are not convincing. However, as soon as oral antidiabetic drug therapy cannot meet this goal, insulin must be introduced.
Propagation of nonparaxial partially coherent fields across interfaces using generalized radiometry

A radiometric framework is described for modeling the propagation of nonparaxial scalar fields of any degree of coherence past planar boundaries (or composite interfaces) between homogeneous, isotropic nonabsorptive media in three dimensions. The transformation is shown to be, to lowest order, that predicted by classical radiometry but potentially including a Goos-Hanchen shift. Higher-order corrections take the form of coefficients multiplied by derivatives of the basic estimate. The accuracy of the radiometric term, along with second-order derivative corrections, are examined for Gaussian Schell-model fields of varying width and states of coherence. This technique is found to work well for most such fields but to fail in reflection for fields with significant total-internally-reflected components.
Real-time control for Keck Observatory next-generation adaptive optics

The next generation adaptive optics systems for large telescopes will be complex systems far larger, more complex, and with higher performance than any currently installed. This requires adopting new algorithms, technologies, and architectures. The Keck next generation adaptive optics (NGAO) system requires real-time wavefront reconstruction and tomography given input from 7 laser and 3 natural guide stars. Requirements include 2 KHz atmospheric sampling, tomographic atmosphere estimation, and control for 5 deformable mirrors. We take advantage of the algorithms' massive parallelism and realize it on a massive array of FPGAs, GPUs, and multi-core CPUs. This paper presents the current design and analysis of the NGAO system.
‘All that Glitters is not Gold’: The Role of Impression Management in Data Breach Notification

Data breaches have become a seemingly unavoidable aspect of the information age for both consumers and organizations. Breaches have tangible consequences, including the increased possibility of identity theft for consumers who see their personally identifiable information (PII) compromised. Organizations also face particular issues from data breaches, including damage to organizational reputation. In the United States, organizations are required to notify consumers in the event of a data breach. These notifications feature some aspects that are mandated by the state. However, organizations could control many aspects through the use of perspectives such as speech act theory and impression management techniques. In this article two studies examined the performance of language in letters sent to notify consumers whose PII had been affected by a security breach. Study 1, using a theoretical framework consisting of speech act theory, conditions of felicity, and visual presentation, analyzed 212 letters for spe...
THE ROLE OF NEUTRAL PROTEINASE AND CATHEPSIN D IN TURPENTINE-INDUCED INFLAMMATION

Intradermal injection of turpentine in peanut of results in massive infiltration of skin by granulocytes within 24hr. Acute inflammatory cells disappear over the next 4 days and by day 9 there is epithelial hyperplasia, round cell infiltration, and new vessel formation. There is a biphasic increase in cathepsin D and neutral proteinase activities coincident with granulocyte infiltration at day 2 and the granulomatous response at day 9. The sources of the elevation in neutral proteinase activity appear to be circulating inflammatory cells which have migrated to the skin, as well as the skin itself. Elevation of proteinase levels coincides with evidence of resorption of connective tissue macromolecules, suggest that cathepsin D and neutral proteinase may play a role in dermal connective tissue catabolism.
Correction to “Separation-of-Powers Games in the Positive Theory of Congress and Courts”

In my article, “Separation-of-Power Games in the Positive Theory of Congress and Courts” (Segal 1997) I compared the theoretical and empirical validity of the separation-of-powers model and the judicial attitudinal model as applied to U.S. Supreme Court decision making. I found that the preferences of the justices often fell inside the set of irreversible decisions, and that even when the preferences fell outside the set, the justices, with the exception of Earl Warren, showed little evidence of constraint. I concluded, consistent with the attitudinal model, that the justices overwhelmingly engaged in rationally sincere behavior. Tim Groseclose and Sara Schiavoni (1998), whom I thank for their efforts, have alerted me to two errors in my calculation of the set of irreversible decisions. First, I used the formula 2CC-G (where CC = the conference committee and G = the gatekeeper) for calculating indifference points in the constraint set rather than 2G-CC. Second, I implicitly allowed Congress to pass legislation that would be vetoed and could not be overridden. Correcting this error changes the optimal behavior of the conference committee, which will not propose legislation that can be vetoed but cannot be overriden, and the gatekeepers, who must consider the conference committee's actions. In this note I replicate the study using the corrected data and find first that the sets of irreversible decisions are a bit broader than I had originally found. This means that fewer justices could be constrained by Congress than I had originally concluded.
Effects of angiotensin II receptor blockade versus angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibition on ventricular remodelling following myocardial infarction in the mouse.

Left ventricular (LV) remodelling following myocardial infarction (MI) is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Previous data suggest that angiotensin II (Ang II) plays a central role in the molecular events contributing to LV remodelling. We explored the effects of angiotensin-converting-enzyme (ACE) inhibition versus Ang II (AT 1 ) receptor blockade on LV remodelling in mice post-MI. Mice underwent sham procedure or left coronary artery ligation, and received placebo, the AT 1 receptor antagonist, losartan or the ACE inhibitor, enalapril. At 6 weeks, echocardiography and haemodynamic studies were performed. Infarct size and interstitial collagen content were determined. Expression of genes encoding atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), collagen type I, AT 1a and AT 1b receptors were measured. The placebo MI group showed increased LV end-diastolic diameter, LV end-systolic diameter with depressed fractional shortening ( P P P P P 1a receptor gene expression. Neither losartan or enalapril prevented LV dilation or improved fractional shortening. Both similarly lowered systolic blood pressure ( P P P P 1a receptor gene expression were higher than shams ( P 1b receptor gene expression was much lower than that for AT 1a receptor and similar in all groups. Thus, in this model, AT 1 receptor antagonism and ACE inhibition have equivalent inhibitory effects on myocardial hypertrophy and fibrosis. These results serve as an important basis for planned investigations to evaluate the anti-remodelling effects of these agents on mice in which genetic manipulations are used to disrupt components of the Ang II signalling system.
The functional relevance of affect recognition errors in schizophrenia.

To evaluate the clinical and ecological validity of affect recognition (AR) measures in a sample of community-dwelling schizophrenic outpatients (N = 40), we analyzed the relation of facial and vocal AR to intellectual, symptomatic, and quality-of-life criteria. Facial and vocal AR showed virtually identical patterns of association with these criteria, suggesting that both modalities of AR draw on the same underlying heteromodal capacity. Specifically, AR was correlated with a subset of intellectual abilities (verbal–semantic, executive–attentional), but was unrelated to age, education, or neuroleptic dose. In terms of clinical and ecological criteria, AR errors correlated with more severe psychotic symptoms (positive and disorganized) and with lower quality of life (relationships, community participation, and richness of intrapsychic experience). Even after controlling for subjects' intellectual abilities and illness severity, inaccurate AR was associated with bizarre behaviors (involving sociosexual interactions, clothing, appearance) and with impoverished interpersonal relations. Thus, while difficulty identifying basic affective cues is related to general cognitive and illness-severity factors, it appears to have specific functional implications that do not depend on generalized impairment. Assessment of AR may identify a subgroup of schizophrenic patients who have a central defect in the heteromodal monitoring of emotional-social displays, associated with dysregulation of social behaviors and disruption of interpersonal relations. (JINS, 2000, 6, 649–658.)
Algebraically closed commutative rings

A commutative ring A is said to be algebraically closed if every finite system of polynomial equations and inequations in one or more variables with coefficients in A which has a solution in some (commutative) extension of A already has a solution in A . Abraham Robinson's study of model-theoretic forcing has provided powerful new tools for the study of algebraically closed structures in general, and will be applied here to the study of algebraically closed commutative rings. Familiarity with the model-theoretic notions connected with the study of algebraically closed structures is assumed; for background consult [1], [2], and [3]. Our main results are the following: 1. The theory of commutative rings with identity has no model companion in the sense of Robinson. 2. The Hilbert Nullstellensatz, suitably formulated for the class of algebraically closed commutative rings, holds for finitely generated polynomial ideals but fails for certain infinitely generated polynomial ideals. 3. If A is algebraically closed, then A /rad A need not be algebraically closed as a semiprime ring: If A is finitely generic then A /rad A is algebraically closed as a semiprime ring, but if A is infinitely generic then A /rad A is not algebraically closed as a semiprime ring.
The structuring of process optimization

The efficiency of process optimization by mathematical programming can be increased by tearing, that is, rearranging the design equations so as to reduce the number of equality constraints. The structure of a system of equations may be depicted as an undirected bipartite graph; algorithm I-T utilizes this graph to determine an order of solution for the equations which requires no tears. If this is impossible, then algorithm II-T uses indexing in conjunction with algorithm I-T to produce an order which minimizes the number of torn equations. This procedure is extended to the problem of minimum recycle parameters, and the two-way interaction between tearing and algebraic simplification is illustrated.
The T-cell receptor Vβ6 gene usage in alloreactive T-cell responses

Abstract To analyze the role of TCR Vβ gene elements in allorecognition, we have determined frequencies of the TCR Vβ6 elements expressed by allospecific T cells as compared to randomly activated T cells. Limiting dilution analysis was applied to estimate the usage of TCR Vβ elements in CD4 T cells polyclonally stimulated by immobilized anti-CD3 or specifically activated with HLA-DR disparate allotargets. In a focused alloresponse of HLA-DRB1 ∗ 0401 + responders to HLA-DRB1 ∗ 0404 + stimulator cells, Vβ6 + T cells were preferentially recruited. To map the functional domain of allogeneic HLA-DR molecules involved in the recruitment of Vβ6 + T-cell specificities, CD4 + T cells from HLA-DRB1∗0401 + donors were activated with allogeneic stimulators sharing either the first and second or the third HVR of the HLA-DRB1 gene. Stimulation with allotargets sharing the sequence of the HVR3 caused a twofold to fourfold enrichment of Vβ6 + CD4 + T cells, while sequence variations in the HVR3 was sufficient to abrogate the preferential usage of Vβ6 T cells. These data suggest that sequence variations mapped to the ot-helical loop of the HLA-DRβ chain impose structural constraints that shape the alloreactive TCR Vβ repertoire.
Analyses of thermodynamic data for concentrated hemoglobin solutions using scaled particle theory: implications for a simple two-state model of water in thermodynamic analyses of crowding in vitro and in vivo

Quantitative description of the thermodynamic consequences of macromolecular crowding (excluded volume nonideality) is an important component of analyses of the thermodynamics and kinetics of noncovalent interactions of biopolymers in vivo and in concentrated polymer solutions in vitro. By analyzing previously published thermodynamic data, we have investigated extensively the comparative applicability of two forms of scaled particle theory (SPT). In both forms, macromolecules are treated as hard spheres, but MSPT, introduced by Ross and Minton, treats the solvent as a structureless continuum, whereas bulk water molecules are included explicitly as hard spheres in BSPT, an approach developed by Berg. Here we use both MSPT and BSPT to calculate the excluded volume component of the macromolecular activity coefficient of hemoglobin (Hb) at concentrations up to 509 mg/ml by fitting osmotic pressure data for Hb and sedimentation equilibrium data for Hb and sickle-cell Hb (HbS). Both forms of SPT also are used here to analyze the effects of other globular proteins (BSA and Hb) on the solubility of HbS. In applying MSPT and BSPT to analyze macromolecular crowding, the extent of hydration delta Hb (in gH2O/gprotein) is introduced as an adjustable parameter to specify the effective (hard sphere) radius of hydrated Hb. In our nonlinear least-squares fittings based on BSPT, the hard sphere radius of bulk water molecules is either fixed at 1.375 A or floated. Although both forms of SPT yield good fittings (with different values of delta Hb) at Hb concentrations up to 350 mg/ml, only BSPT gives good fittings of all available Hb osmotic pressure data as well as of the sedimentation equilibrium and solubility data. Only BSPT predicts values for delta Hb (approximately 0.5–0.6 g/g) in the range obtained for Hb from hydrodynamic measurements (approximately 0.36–0.78 g/g). These findings indicate the applicability, at least in the context of BSPT, of a simple two-state classification of water (bulk water and water of macromolecular hydration) as a basis for interpreting excluded volume nonideality in concentrated solutions of globular proteins.
Perception of stimuli presented as photographic slides in cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fascicularis)

The present study was designed to assess a monkey's perception of specific visual stimuli by measuring both the behavioral responses and duration of attention to the presentation of photographic slides. Five adult male cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fascicularis) were placed individually in an open field apparatus and presented a series of slides consisting of apples, a gorilla mask, a collage of colors, a human being, and a plain field. The slide of the gorilla mask followed by that of the human being received the most attention while the plain field received the least. In addition, the gorilla mask and human being elicited a range of behavioral responses with the higher ranking animals displaying a greater number of aggressive responses and the lower ranking animals displaying a greater number of submissive gestures. Taken together, these data would suggest that the slides of the gorilla mask and the human being were perceived by the monkeys as threatening. These results are consistent with a continuing theme observed among a number of studies of primate social perception — namely, that potentially threatening stimuli are a significant determinant of visual observing.
Software Defect Process and Product Model for High Assurance Applications

One reason we are motivated to do this research is to suggest that it is not necessary to wait until software is fielded before recording and analyzing defects. Assuming there is an effective data collection process in place, we can record actual defects and predict future defects for all software development phases. Our contribution to defect analysis research is the modeling of the process attributes and the product reliability needed for safety critical systems in NASA, using a queuing process approach that we believe is the first of its kind.We feel this approach is important because defect process attributes, such as the time required to correct defects, have a direct bearing on product attributes, such as the number of old defects that remain unrepaired. The model has the capability of computing probabilities of defect prediction and repair, and repair timesThis feature allows unrepaired defects to be fed back into the model queue input, along with the new defects. The result provides a comprehensive template of defect processing that the software engineer can use to assess both the efficacy of defectprocessingandthereliabilityoftheproductthatistheoutcomeoftheprocess.Amajor result was that the module with the highest probability of defect detection corresponds to the modulewiththelowestvaluesofdefectcount,sourcelinesofcode,andcyclomaticcomplexity. Conversely,themodulewiththelowestprobabilitycorrespondstothemodulewiththehighest values of these attributes. Thus, the engineer would be encouraged by these results to use these relationships as a guide to predicting the probability of detection of defects on other softwaresystemswithsimilarattributes.Aremainingchallengeinthisresearch,anissuethat requires resolution, is that a coherent and comprehensive NASA defect and metrics database should be developed to support research.While the individual data items in the NASA IV&V Facility Metrics Data Program data repository are valuable, the defect data is not adequately correlated to the metrics data.
Women, Gender, and the Histories of American Geography

Abstract Histories of American geography have tended to concentrate on geographic thought and on the men who have been seen as major figures in research. In contrast, I examine the careers of women geographers and of professional practices in American geography in the 20th century. My approach reflects thinking in feminist studies and the social studies of science, which acknowledge the existence of multiple histories and the importance of paying attention to contexts. Before 1950, values linking prestige and masculinity resulted in the exclusion of women geographers from university professorships though they found opportunities in teacher education and outside academia. In the post-World War II era, even as higher education expanded rapidly, women's representation in the profession declined substantially, influenced by the social climate that promoted women's domesticity and priorities for recruiting men. Academic practices and the consciousness of the few women graduate students reflected this gendered ...
HUX: handling updates in XML

We demonstrate HUX (Handling Updates in XML) which provides a reliable and efficient solution for the XML view update problem. Given an update over an XML view, our U-Filter subsytem first determines whether the update is translatable or not by examining potential conflicts in both schema and data. If an update is determined to be translatable, our U-Translator subsystem searches potential translations and finds a "good" one. Our demonstration illustrates the working, as well as the performance, of the two sub-systems within HUX for different application scenarios.
Resisting Overzealous Transfer: Coordinating Previously Successful Routines With Needs for New Learning

Many approaches to instruction focus on helping people learn to recognize “the old in the new”—to turn what would otherwise be novel problems into familiar patterns that can be solved efficiently through the reuse of prior learning. Instruction that leads to efficient transfer is important, but it can also promote what we call “overzealous” transfer (OZT), where people focus primarily on seeing the old in the new because old routines have been successful before. As a result, OZT can hinder opportunities for new learning, and this can further diminish adaptive transfer later on. We relate OZT to “negative transfer,” provide experimental examples of OZT, discuss how a number of professions have developed procedures for avoiding OZT, argue that many common approaches to instruction and assessment may inadvertently produce OZT, and suggest some implications for future research.
Sharpness of the D'' discontinuity beneath the Cocos Plate: Implications for the perovskite to post-perovskite phase transition

[1] The depth extent, or sharpness, of the D″ seismic velocity discontinuity is determined by modeling distance-dependence of reflected S-wave signals sampling the lowermost mantle beneath the Cocos Plate. The data, spanning distances from 64° to 83° and grouped in two small turning-point bins from 5° to 10°N and 10° to 15°N, are compatible with a sharp 1 to 2% shear velocity increase near 300 km above the core-mantle boundary, but not with reflection from a transition zone extending more than ∼30 km in depth. Interpretation of the velocity structure as the result of magnesium-silicate perovskite undergoing a phase transition to post-perovskite requires limited presence of Al and Fe, which will broaden the phase transition. Current experiments indicate that the phase transition may occur over ∼5 GPa (90 km) in pyrolitic material, requiring either distinct chemistry or dynamical mechanisms to sharpen the phase transition for this high-velocity sub-circum-Pacific region.
Directed cardiomyocyte differentiation from human pluripotent stem cells by modulating Wnt/β-catenin signaling under fully defined conditions

The protocol described here efficiently directs human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) to functional cardiomyocytes in a completely defined, growth factor- and serum-free system by temporal modulation of regulators of canonical Wnt signaling. Appropriate temporal application of a glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) inhibitor combined with the expression of β-catenin shRNA or a chemical Wnt inhibitor is sufficient to produce a high yield (0.8-1.3 million cardiomyocytes per cm(2)) of virtually pure (80-98%) functional cardiomyocytes in 14 d from multiple hPSC lines without cell sorting or selection. Qualitative (immunostaining) and quantitative (flow cytometry) characterization of differentiated cells is described to assess the expression of cardiac transcription factors and myofilament proteins. Flow cytometry of BrdU incorporation or Ki67 expression in conjunction with cardiac sarcomere myosin protein expression can be used to determine the proliferative capacity of hPSC-derived cardiomyocytes. Functional human cardiomyocytes differentiated via these protocols may constitute a potential cell source for heart disease modeling, drug screening and cell-based therapeutic applications.
The enthalpy of precipitation of univalent cations with tetraphenylborate by titration calorimetry

Abstract The enthalpy of precipitation of six common univalent cations with the tetraphenylborate anion has been measured at 25.0°C. Reaction entropies range from −8.24kcal/mole for ammonium to −19.7 kcal/mole for silver(I). The entropy of reaction was computed from the above measurements and the corresponding Gibbs free energy changes. A linear relationship exists between ΔF°′ and ΔH°′. The entropy of precipitation of ammonium ions was +5.0 e.u., an unusually large positive value.