cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Major depressive disorder and axis I diagnostic comorbidity.

Background Recognition of comorbid conditions in patients presenting for the treatment of depression is clinically important because the presence of other disorders can influence treatment planning. In the present study, we examined the frequency of diagnostic comorbidity in psychiatric outpatients presenting for treatment of nonbipolar major depressive disorder (MDD) and patients' desire for treatment for the comorbid disorders. Method Four hundred seventy-nine psychiatric outpatients with DSM-IV nonbipolar MDD were evaluated with a modified version of the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV. Results Excluding nicotine dependence, at the time of the evaluation 64.1% (N = 307) of the patients met criteria for at least 1 of the 23 specific Axis I disorders, and more than one third (36.7%, N = 176) had 2 or more disorders. Anxiety disorders, as a group, were the most frequent current comorbid disorders (56.8%), and social phobia was the most frequent individual disorder. Including subthreshold conditions, the percentage of patients with at least 1 disorder increased to 73.5%. When the scope of assessment was expanded to include nicotine dependence, nicotine dependence was the most frequent lifetime individual disorder (38.2%) and the second most frequent current disorder (27.3%). There was considerable variability among the disorders regarding desire for treatment of the comorbid condition. Conclusion The majority of nonbipolar depressed patients have a current comorbid disorder, especially an anxiety disorder, although the actual rate of comorbidity depends on the breadth of the assessment.
Measurements of thermal properties for human femora

In this study, density, specific heat, thermal conductivity, and thermal diffusivity were measured experimentally along the lengths of human cadaveric femora. Fresh and dry bone samples were selected from both male and female specimens, and for different age groups varying between 44 and 73 years old. Measured values for specific heat vary between 1.14 and 2.37 J/gm degrees C; for thermal conductivities the range is from 0.16 to 0.34 W/m degrees C; and for thermal diffusivities the range is from 0.10 to 0.23 cm2/sec, depending on whether the bone samples were fresh or dry, cancellous or cortical. The experimental results are presented in non-dimensional coordinates and are compared with the few other data available in the literature.
The role of innate immune responses in the outcome of interspecies competition for colonization of mucosal surfaces.

Since mucosal surfaces may be simultaneously colonized by multiple species, the success of an organism may be determined by its ability to compete with co-inhabitants of its niche. To explore the contribution of host factors to polymicrobial competition, a murine model was used to study the initiation of colonization by Haemophilus influenzae and Streptococcus pneumoniae. Both bacterial species, which occupy a similar microenvironment within the nasopharynx, persisted during colonization when given individually. Co-colonization, however, resulted in rapid clearance of S. pneumoniae from the upper respiratory tract, associated with increased recruitment of neutrophils into paranasal spaces. Systemic depletion of either neutrophil-like cells or complement was sufficient to eliminate this competitive effect, indicating that clearance was likely due to enhanced opsonophagocytic killing. The hypothesis that modulation of opsonophagocytic activity was responsible for host-mediated competition was tested using in vitro killing assays with elicited neutrophil-like cells. Components of H. influenzae (but not S. pneumoniae) stimulated complement-dependent phagocytic killing of S. pneumoniae. Thus, the recruitment and activation of neutrophils through selective microbial pattern recognition may underlie the H. influenzae–induced clearance of S. pneumoniae. This study demonstrates how innate immune responses may mediate competitive interactions between species and dictate the composition of the colonizing flora.
Inverse Estimation of the Front Surface Temperature of a 3-D Finite Slab Based on the Back Surface Temperature Measured at Coarse Grids

The accuracy of the solution of the inverse heat conduction problem (IHCP) can be improved by using fine grids, but measured temperature data on fine grids are usually not available due to limits imposed by the size and spacing of the temperature sensors. A new method is proposed to recover the front surface temperature of a finite slab using fine grids based on the back surface temperature measured with coarse grids. Effects of heat conduction in the sensor substrate and contact thermal rsesistance are also taken into account. The proposed method is applied to solve a three-dimensional IHCP with stainless steel and aluminum target slabs. The results show that the front surface temperature can be recovered with satisfactory accuracy. Both the distortion of the temperature distribution and the discrepancy from the exact solutions are reduced by using the new method.
Observations of solution transport, permeability, and leaching reactions in large, controlled, copper-bearing waste bodies

Abstract The leaching characteristics (waste-body temperature profiles, total daily oxygen consumption, and copper extraction as well as solution chemistry features) are compared for two vastly different, large (1.7 × 10 5 kg) low-grade, copper-bearing waste bodies. One column, a Kennecott-Santa Rita waste (0.36% total Cu) was primarily a chalcocite waste with little detectable acid consumption, requiring essentially no neutralization while the other column; a Duval-Sierrita waste (0.34% total Cu) was primarily a chalcopyrite waste with high acid consumers present in the host rock, and requiring a lengthy neutralization period. This latter column which measured 3.1 m in diameter, was appropriately scaled down with two smaller columns measuring 0.38 and 0.10 m in diameter, respectively. The initial permeability and drain-down characteristics are compared along with final permeabilities in the Kennecott-Santa Rita waste body (following the conclusion of leaching experiments). A post-leaching [Cl − ] tracer test conducted on the Kennecott-Santa Rita column suggests that, consistent with indications from permeability data, dead spaces occurred within the waste body and these features seem to have contributed to the leaching performance and characteristics. Scaling experiments were observed to accurately characterize and follow the neutralization of the Duval-Sierrita waste (as determined by monitoring effluent solution pH), but there was little correlation between copper extracted in the large Duval-Sierrita waste column (3.1 m diameter) and the smallest laboratory column (0.1 m diameter).
Alternative technologies and social studies textbooks

In order to determine the potential of alternative technologies in social studies education, we must understand the goals of such education, the capabilities of the technologies, and teachers’ and students’ responses to new technologies. The author suggests that the new technologies can contribute to the goals of learning about the past, learning about democratic life and institutions, and making students knowledgeable as consumers and producers of information. One major obstacle is a lack of time and money for teachers to experiment with the technologies.
Electron intersubband scattering in real quantum wires

Abstract The rates of electron intra- and intersubband scattering by surface optical (SO) and confined longitudinal optical (LO) phonons in quasi-one-dimensional GaAs/AlAs quantum wires (QWIs) are calculated. It is shown that electron-SO-phonon intersubband scattering can be resonant, so that the scattering rate tends to infinity when intersubband energy separation approaches SO phonon energy. The energy dependence of the total scattering rate in ideal QWIs exhibits multiple sharp peaks related to intersubband transitions. The scattering rates in the real QWIs with variable thickness are calculated. The results show that even small variation in thickness leads to the significant broadening of the very first peaks and complete washing-out of the peak-like structure at higher energies. Monte Carlo simulations of electron transport in the QWI have been performed. It is demonstrated that electron drift velocity in the QWI is considerably suppressed by electron intersubband scattering and is considerably lower than the bulk material values. The role of SO phonons in electron energy dissipation is discussed.
Orthogonal spline collocation methods for partial differential equations

Abstract This paper provides an overview of the formulation, analysis and implementation of orthogonal spline collocation (OSC), also known as spline collocation at Gauss points, for the numerical solution of partial differential equations in two space variables. Advances in the OSC theory for elliptic boundary value problems are discussed, and direct and iterative methods for the solution of the OSC equations examined. The use of OSC methods in the solution of initial–boundary value problems for parabolic, hyperbolic and Schrodinger-type systems is described, with emphasis on alternating direction implicit methods. The OSC solution of parabolic and hyperbolic partial integro-differential equations is also mentioned. Finally, recent applications of a second spline collocation method, modified spline collocation, are outlined.
Vehicle factors and outcomes associated with hand-out-window motor vehicle collisions.

BACKGROUND: Patients can experience devastating injuries when an upper extremity travels out of a window during a motor vehicle collision. These injuries are typically very severe and may even result in loss of the affected limb. The purposes of this retrospective study were to determine the clinical fate of these extremities and analyze for common factors during the collisions. METHODS: A retrospective chart review of 20 patients between 2003 and 2010, evaluating the patient's age, arm involvement, number and types of surgeries, as well as the Mangled Extremity Severity Score (MESS) was conducted. In addition, patients were contacted to survey them about accident and vehicle factors and to complete the Quick Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (quickDASH) survey. The data were then analyzed for common factors. RESULTS: The mean age of the 20 patients involved was 28.8 years. There were 11 men and 9 women. The mean MESS was 5.4. Two patients required amputation of some form. Fifteen patients were wearing a seatbelt at time of collision, four were not, and the restraint status of one patient is unknown. The closest extremity to the window was involved in 18 (90%) of 20 patients. Vehicle rollover was the most common mechanism of injury with 16 patients (80%) involved, while 4 patients (20%) were involved in head-on or side-impact type collisions. The average quickDASH score was 24 (range, 5-91). CONCLUSION: The hand-out-of-the-window phenomenon during motor vehicle crashes results in very serious injury to the affected extremity. Most patients were involved in rollover accidents, and most were wearing a seatbelt. The arm closest to the window was nearly always involved. The mean MESS is high in these patients but did not necessarily correlate with amputation. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic, level IV. Language: en
Dielectron production from nucleus-nucleus collisions

Abstract Dielectron pairs can be produced in nuclear reactions from many processes such as the proton-neutron bremsstrahlung, the delta decay, the annihilation of pions on nucleons, and the pion-pion annihilation. Based on the transport model, we calculate the dielectron-production cross section from nucleus-nucleus collisions and compare it to the available data.
BodyBeat: a mobile system for sensing non-speech body sounds

In this paper, we propose BodyBeat, a novel mobile sensing system for capturing and recognizing a diverse range of non-speech body sounds in real-life scenarios. Non-speech body sounds, such as sounds of food intake, breath, laughter, and cough contain invaluable information about our dietary behavior, respiratory physiology, and affect. The BodyBeat mobile sensing system consists of a custom-built piezoelectric microphone and a distributed computational framework that utilizes an ARM microcontroller and an Android smartphone. The custom-built microphone is designed to capture subtle body vibrations directly from the body surface without being perturbed by external sounds. The microphone is attached to a 3D printed neckpiece with a suspension mechanism. The ARM embedded system and the Android smartphone process the acoustic signal from the microphone and identify non-speech body sounds. We have extensively evaluated the BodyBeat mobile sensing system. Our results show that BodyBeat outperforms other existing solutions in capturing and recognizing different types of important non-speech body sounds.
Issues in smoking control.

Abstract Smoking behaviors have been generally refractive to most current intervention strategies. This paper discusses issues related to both the control of smoking and the analysis of treatment results. In particular a model of assessment is proposed, including an analysis of stimulus situations preceding smoking, and of behavior occurring concomitently with smoking. Evaluation of treatment includes both comparison of treatment effectiveness and maintenance of effects. Issues related to treatment evaluation include the development of comprehensive treatment packages, drop-out rate, cost analysis and multiple effects of treatment. Finally, the control of smoking on a societal level with implications for prevention is considered.
Lead isotopic evidence for the origin of Paleo- and Mesoproterozoic rocks of the Colorado Province, U.S.A.

Abstract Lead isotopic ratios of K-feldspars and whole-rocks from 1.7- and 1.4-Ga plutonic rocks of the Colorado Province are relatively non-radiogenic for 207 Pb 204 Pb , plotting below the average crust model curve of Stacey and Kramers (1975), indicating that the terrane was derived primarily from juvenile, mantle material. Slightly more radiogenic ratios in the northern part of the terrane, near the Archean Wyoming Province, suggest minor inclusion of an older component. The data from 1.7-Ga plutons plot in a broad field suggesting two episodes of re-equilibration with whole-rock Pb, probably related to heating events in the Mesoproterozoic (1.4 Ga) and Cretaceous (70 Ma). Possible differences in calculated whole-rock Th U , coupled with slight Pb isotopic variations, along the north-south transect suggest either a terrane boundary through central Colorado (near Salida and Gunnison), or fundamental differences in source rocks (metasedimentary vs. metavolcanic). UPb analyses of multigrain splits of detrital zircons from quartzites throughout the Colorado Province have failed to identify Archean detritus. The oldest 207 Pb 206 Pb ages found (in two samples of quartzite from northern Colorado) are about 2.0 Ga (perhaps derived from rocks of the Trans-Hudson orogen), in contrast to 2.75-Ga detrital zircon in a Paleoproterozoic quartzite from the southern part of the Wyoming Province. While we are not yet able to discern if these ages are true provenance ages or mixtures of Archean and Paleoproterozoic components, the absence of easily recognizable Archean zircons supports other isotopic data and a conclusion that most of the Paleoproterozoic crust of the Colorado Province was ultimately derived from a juvenile (at 1.8 Ga) mantle reservoir.
Comparison of strain measurement from multimodality tissue tracking with strain-encoding MRI and harmonic phase MRI in pulmonary hypertension

Abstract Background Pixel-based multimodality tissue tracking (MTT) is a new noninvasive method for the quantification of cardiac deformation from cine image of MRI. The aim of this study is to validate bi-ventricular strain measurement by MTT compared to strain-encoding (SENC) MRI and harmonic phase (HARP) MRI in pulmonary hypertension (PH) patients. Methods In 45 subjects (30 PH patients and 15 normal subjects), RV and LV peak global longitudinal strains (Ell) were measured from long axis 4 chamber view using MTT. LV peak global circumferential strains (Ecc) by MTT were measured from short axis. For validation, RV and LV Ell by MTT were compared to measures by SENC-MRI from short axis, and LV Ecc by MTT was compared to measures by short axis tagged MRI analysis (HARP). Reproducibility of MTT was also determined. Results MTT quantified RV Ell correlated closely to those of SENC (r=0.72, p Conclusions We demonstrate that MTT is a reproducible tool for quantification of cardiac deformation using cine images in PH patients. Hence, it could serve as a new rapid and comprehensive technique for clinical assessment of regional cardiac function.
The (α‐4) Photoconjugates of 5‐Methylcytosine, 1,5‐Dimethylcytosine, 1‐Methylthymine and Thymidine

The pyrimidine nucleobases contained in DNA undergo a variety of photoinduced reactions in which two moieties become joined to form a product (e.g. formation of cyclobutane dimers and [6-4] adducts). Herein, we describe a new type of photoconjugation reaction that has been shown to occur for 5-methylcytosine (5-MeC), 1,5-dimethylcytosine (1,5-diMeC), 1-methylthymine and thymidine; in this reaction the 5-methyl group of one nucleobase (or nucleoside) becomes attached to the 4-position of the second moiety. For example, 5-MeC forms α-4'-(5'-methylpyrimidin-2'-one)-5-methylcytosine. The various (α-4) conjugates are produced upon irradiation of the parent compound in frozen aqueous solution at -78.5°C. The UV spectra of these compounds display a characteristic "double humped" profile, similar to that expected from overlaying the spectrum of parent nucleobase with that of a 2'-pyrimidone moiety. Preliminary results suggest that thymine and 5-methyl-2'-deoxycytidine (5-MedCyd) form analogous photoproducts. A variety of other previously unreported photoproducts are described as well for the 5-MeC, 1,5-diMeC and 5-MedCyd systems.
Intravenous Immunoglobulin for the Treatment of Acquired Myasthenia Gravis

Acquired myasthenia gravis (MG) is an autoimmune disorder characterized by exertional fatigue and weakness that is made worse with activity and improved with rest, only to recur with the resumption of activity. The pathology results from an antibody-mediated attack to several different epitopes of the acetylcholine receptor (AChR) complex. The consensus of an expert panel is that intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) is effective in reversing myasthenic weakness. Although the mechanism of action is not known, it is likely that there is a downregulation of antibody production. IVIg appears to have a role as an acute treatment intervention in rapidly progressive weakness or as a chronic maintenance therapy when all other treatment modalities have failed. Its response is similar to but slower than the response of plasma exchange (PE), but it offers advantages when therapeutic apheresis is not available or when vascular access is problematic.
Bromodeoxyuridine-DNA interactions associated with arrest of rat odontogenesis in vitro.

Abstract To better characterize the molecular mechanism responsible for the bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU)-mediated arrest of mammalian odontogenesis in vitro , the nature of nuclear DNA-analogue interactions was determined. Bioactive doses of the radiolabelled analogue were added to the tissue culture medium of 16-day old embryonic rat incisor primordia. Control rudiments were similarly exposed to equimolar, radiolabelled thymidine. After 16–18 h, DNA was isolated and purified from the labelled organ cultures. Following sedimentation to equilibrium through neutral CsCl density gradients, [ 3 H]-BrdU-labelled DNA revealed a buoyant density indicative of a 12–15 per cent level of substitution in place of thymidine. Furthermore, similar centrifugation of DNA through alkaline density gradients suggested that the substitution was localized predominantly within a single-strand. DNA-DNA reassociation kinetics subsequently revealed that disproportionately more radiolabelled BrdU was concentrated within repetitive DNA nucleotide sequences in contrast to the more random distribution of [ 3 H]-thymidine moieties. Thus it is likely that BrdU exerts its inhibitory effects on odontogenic differentiation through a relatively small proportion of rat embryo nuclear DNA.
Estimation of the carbon dioxide (CO2) fertilization effect using growth rate anomalies of CO2 and crop yields since 1961

The effect of elevated carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) on crop yields is one of the most uncertain and influential parameters in models used to assess climate change impacts and adaptations. A primary reason for this uncertainty is the limited availability of experimental data on CO 2 responses for crops grown under typical field conditions. However, because of historical variations in CO 2 , each year farmers throughout the world perform uncontrolled yield 'experiments' under different levels of CO 2 . In this study, measurements of atmospheric CO 2 growth rates and crop yields for individual countries since 1961 were compared with empirically determine the average effect of a 1 ppm increase of CO 2 on yields of rice, wheat, and maize. Because the gradual increase in CO 2 is highly correlated with major changes in technology, management, and other yield controlling factors, we focused on first differences of CO 2 and yield time series. Estimates of CO 2 responses obtained from this approach were highly uncertain, reflecting the relatively small importance of year-to-year CO 2 changes for yield variability. Combining estimates from the top 20 countries for each crop resulted in estimates with substantially less uncertainty than from any individual country. The results indicate that while current datasets cannot reliably constrain estimates beyond previous experimental studies, an empirical approach supported by large amounts of data may provide a potentially valuable and independent assessment of this critical model parameter. For example, analysis of reliable yield records from hundreds of individual, independent locations (as opposed to national scale yield records with poorly defined errors) may result in empirical estimates with useful levels of uncertainty to complement estimates from experimental studies.
Inhibition of Phosphorylation of TrkB and TrkC and Their Signal Transduction by α2‐Macroglobulin

Monoamine-activated alpha2-macroglobulin (alpha2M) was shown to reduce the dopamine concentration in corpus striatum of adult rat brains and inhibit other neuronal functions in vivo and in vitro. As brain-derived neurotrophic factor, neurotrophin-4, and neurotrophin-3 are important neurotrophic factors for dopaminergic neurons, the effect of monoamine-activated alpha2M on signal transduction by trkB and trkC was investigated. The results show that monoamine-activated alpha2M binds to trkB and inhibits brain-derived neurotrophic factor/neurotrophin-4-promoted autophosphorylation of trkB in a dose-dependent manner in both trkB-expressing NIH3T3 (NIH3T3-trkB) and human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. Monoamine-activated alpha2M also blocks tyrosine phosphorylation of phospholipase C-gamma1 and extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK)-1, which are key intracellular proteins involved in trkB signal transduction. Similarly, monoamine-activated alpha2M inhibits tyrosine phosphorylation of neurotrophin-3-induced trkC and its signal transduction in a dose-dependent manner in NIH3T3 cells expressing trkC (NIH3T3-trkC). In contrast to monoamine-activated alpha2M, normal alpha2M has little or no significant inhibitory effect on the phosphorylation of trkB and trkC. In addition, the retinoic acid-promoted tyrosine phosphorylation of phospholipase C-gamma1, ERK-1, and/or ERK-2 in SH-SY5Y cells was unaffected by monoamine-activated alpha2M; this suggests that the inhibitory effect of activated alpha2M on the neurotrophin-stimulated phosphorylation of intracellular signalling proteins may be specific. Taken together, the data indicate that activated alpha2M is a pan-trk inhibitor, which by virtue of its binding to trk receptors may block trk-mediated signal transduction in dopaminergic neurons and lead to reduction of dopamine concentration in corpus striatum.
The Demand for Dairy Products: Structure, Prediction, and Decomposition

This article presents an analysis of the demand for dairy products. First, the structure of dairy product demand is estimated using the Household Food Consumption Survey data. Under the assumption of a two-stage budgeting procedure, a complete demand system for food incorporating demographic effects is estimated. Next, using the demand relations estimated from cross-section data, prediction interval tests utilizing time-series data are performed for milk and butter. Last, factors affecting consumption are classified into economic and demographic effects and a decomposition of the causes of changes in demand over time is performed.
Attaching high charge density metal ions to surfaces and biomolecules. Reaction chemistry of hypodentate cobalt diamine complexes.

Hypodentate diamine cobalt(III) pentammine complexes [Co(NH3)5(NH2(CH2)nNH3)](ClO4)4 (8: a: n = 3; b: n = 4; c: n = 6; d: n = 8) have been synthesized via the reaction of [Co(NH3)5(OTf)](OTf)2 (TfOH = CF3SO3H) with the corresponding diamines. The analogous t-boc protected diamine complexes [Co(NH3)5(NH2(CH2)nNHt-boc)](ClO4)3 (7a–d) were prepared in 4–26% yield. Low yields for the formation of 7a–d are due to competing side reactions which also gave [Co(NH3)6]3+. Complexes 7a–d were deprotected using trifluoroacetic acid to give the corresponding hypodentate diamine complexes [Co(NH3)5(NH2(CH2)nNH3)](CF3CO2)0.5(ClO4)3.5 (9a–d). HBTU coupling of 8c with N-(t-boc)-L-phenylalanine gave an amino acid functionalized cobalt pentammine complex [Co(NH3)5(NH2(CH2)6NHt-boc)-L-phenylalanine)](ClO4)3 (10). All new complexes were characterized using UV-vis and 1H NMR spectroscopy, and elemental analysis. Grafting of 8c onto 2.4 mm poly(ethylene-co-acrylic acid) (PEAA) beads was achieved via amide coupling. Complex 8c was coupled to thioctic acid via amide coupling and the resulting cobalt disulfide complex [Co(NH3)5(N-(6-aminohexyl)-5-(1,2-dithiolan-3-yl)pentanamide)](ClO4)3 (11) was attached to 10 nm Au nanoparticles. The amount of cobalt loading onto PEAA beads and Au nanoparticles was determined using ICP-MS and EDX.
Producer Prices in Cotton Markets: Evaluation of Reported Price Information Accuracy

ofAgriculture~ Daily Spot Cotton Quotatiom; (DSCQ) in reporting producer prices in the Texas-Oklahoma cotton production regiom;. Analysis of price levels and movements suggests that the DSCQ tend to overstate estimated producer prices for base qualit), overstate quality discounts, and understate producer quality premiums in relation to hedonic measurement of prices. The DSCQ also did not move with the hedonic prices on a daily basis, but tended to lag the hedonic prices over longer periods. These lead-lag relatiom;hips did
Compactification of moduli space of harmonic mappings

We introduce the notion of harmonic nodal maps from the stratified Riemann surfaces into any compact Riemannian manifolds and prove that the space of the energy minimizing nodal maps is sequentially compact. We also give an existence result for the energy minimizing nodal maps. As an application, we obtain a general existence theorem for minimal surfaces with arbitrary genus in any compact Riemannian manifolds.
Comparison of normal and buffered saline solution for fluid replacement following tourniquet shock.

Summary1. Simultaneous comparison was made of therapeutic effectiveness of isotonic NaCl and saline-bicarbonate solutions when used in treatment of an otherwise lethal tourniquet trauma. The method of treatment allowed slow constant intravenous infusion of therapeutic solutions over period of greatest loss of fluid from circulating volume into traumatized extremities. The solutions were equally effective in increasing survival rate over that of untreated, traumatized controls. 2. Both solutions produced the same alteration in serum electrolyte concentration, i.e., elevation of serum Cl values. The lowered CO2 combining power of untreated control was not appreciably altered in the treatment groups.
Reversible binding of nitric oxide by a salivary heme protein from a bloodsucking insect

The bloodsucking bug Rhodnius prolixus has a salivary vasodilator, previously characterized as a nitrovasodilator, with salivary smooth muscle-relaxing and antiplatelet activity. Rhodnius salivary glands are bright red owing to the abundance of heme proteins. Electron paramagnetic resonance and optical spectroscopic experiments indicated that the salivary vasodilator is a nitrosylheme protein with an Fe(III) heme that binds nitric oxide (NO) reversibly. Dilution of the protein in neutral pH promoted NO release. This protein thus appears to be the NO carrier that helps R. prolixus to feed on blood.
The emotional world of health online communities

This article presents a preliminary study on the emotional world of health online communities. Using sentiment analysis and natural language processing techniques, this study aims to (1) examine the strength of various kinds of emotions (positivity, optimism, negativity, anxiety, anger, and sadness) in online health forum discussions, and (2) compare the emotional status and expression of forum participants under different roles, such as askers and answerers, men and women, and caregivers and patients. This study is expected to improve the understanding of the emotional communication in online health communities.
Comparison of alternative stochastic ground motion models for seismic risk characterization

Abstract Stochastic ground motion models facilitate a versatile description of earthquake acceleration time-histories by modulating a stochastic sequence (for example, white noise sequence) through functions that address spectral and temporal properties of the excitation. This is established by relating the parameters of these functions to earthquake and site characteristics though appropriate predictive relationships. For evaluating the effect of these relationships and of the white noise itself on the resultant seismic risk the authors recently presented a sensitivity analysis framework for an efficient identification of the importance of the different risk-factors, interpreted here to correspond to the various uncertain model-characteristics. This paper extends this work to comparison between two alternative ground motion models, one ‘source-based’ and one ‘record-based’, in terms of both linear and nonlinear structural behavior. The comparison is primarily based on the way their model characteristics impact seismic risk and is facilitated through the aforementioned sensitivity analysis. Different performance quantifications are considered for describing seismic risk, including both peak response quantities as well as cumulative structural-damage indicators. To establish a direct comparison between the different ground motion models considered, the framework is also extended to identification of the importance of resultant quantities describing the seismic hazard (such as peak ground acceleration or maximum incremental velocity), beyond the primary risk factors related to each model. The discussions reveal the importance of the parameters for each model but also provide insight on the differences between these two models in the way they ultimately characterize seismic hazard.
The MerR heavy metal receptor mediates positive activation in a topologically novel transcription complex.

Abstract Several physical and chemical signals from the extracellular environment are known to be transduced into changes in gene expression through multiple step pathways; however, mechanisms for triggering cellular responses to heavy metal stress have yet to be elucidated. We demonstrate here one such mechanism that employs a single heavy metal receptor protein, MerR, to directly activate transcription of the bacterial mercuric ion resistance operon. The mercuric ion-MerR complex and E. coli RNA polymerase holoenzyme synergistically bind to the metal responsive promoter in an unprecedented spatial relationship to form transcriptionally competent complexes. The activator binds adjacent to and overlaps with the polymerase molecule between the consensus −35 and −10 promoter regions. Our results support a model for transcriptional activation that includes both effector-induced protein-protein interactions and activator-induced alteration in DNA structure.
Hemodynamic benefits of verapamil after aortic reconstruction.

Abstract Because of the high incidence of coronary artery disease (CAD) in patients undergoing aortic surgery, and because myocardial oxygen consumption is proportional to blood pressure × heart rate (HR) (pressure-rate product), it is important to prevent increases in these parameters postoperatively. The effect of verapamil, a calcium channel antagonist, on these parameters was evaluated in 30 patients undergoing abdominal aortic reconstruction. Postoperatively HR increased 27% in 19 patients without CAD and 47% in 11 patients with CAD. Pressure-rate product (blood pressure × HR) increased 17% and 31% in these two groups, respectively. Verapamil was able to reduce postoperative HR by 3% in patients without CAD and by 13% in patients with CAD. Verapamil reduced pressure-rate product 8% and 18%, respectively, in the two groups. These reductions were statistically significant in patients with CAD and occurred without reductions in cardiac output or left ventricular ejection fraction. Thus the postoperative increases in myocardial oxygen demand appeared to be primarily related to increased HR after aortic surgery, and these were reduced by verapamil without impairing blood flow or cardiac function. (J Vasc Surg 1989;9:806–11.)
Models of reduction and categories of reductionism

A classification of models of reduction into three categories — theory reductionism, explanatory reductionism, and constitutive reductionism — is presented. It is shown that this classification helps clarify the relations between various explications of reduction that have been offered in the past, especially if a distinction is maintained between the various epistemological and ontological issues that arise. A relatively new model of explanatory reduction, one that emphasizes that reduction is the explanation of a whole in terms of its parts is also presented in detail. Finally, the classification is used to clarify the debate over reductionism in molecular biology. It is argued there that while no model from the category of theory reduction might be applicable in that case, models of explanatory reduction might yet capture the structure of the relevant explanations.
Time Resolved X-Ray Spectroscopy Of Symmetrically Imploded Targets

Time resolved spectroscopy has been used to examine the history of x-ray emission from a variety of spherical targets symmetrically and directly imploded using the 24 beam OMEGA laser system. In this paper, we describe recent results obtained using an x-ray transmission grating-streak spectrograph and a filter foil streak spectrometer, which analyze the line and continuum x-ray radiation from imploding gas-filled spherical shell targets. The time history of this emission in conjunction with data from other spectrally and spatially resolving instruments can then be used to aid the understanding of the implosion physics.© (1983) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
In Vivo Expression of a Light-Activatable Potassium Channel Using Unnatural Amino Acids

Summary Optical control of protein function provides excellent spatial-temporal resolution for studying proteins in situ. Although light-sensitive exogenous proteins and ligands have been used to manipulate neuronal activity, a method for optical control of neuronal proteins using unnatural amino acids (Uaa) in vivo is lacking. Here, we describe the genetic incorporation of a photoreactive Uaa into the pore of an inwardly rectifying potassium channel Kir2.1. The Uaa occluded the pore, rendering the channel nonconducting, and, on brief light illumination, was released to permit outward K + current. Expression of this photoinducible inwardly rectifying potassium (PIRK) channel in rat hippocampal neurons created a light-activatable PIRK switch for suppressing neuronal firing. We also expanded the genetic code of mammals to express PIRK channels in embryonic mouse neocortex in vivo and demonstrated a light-activated PIRK current in cortical neurons. These principles could be generally expanded to other proteins expressed in the brain to enable optical regulation.
Cognitive impairment and increased Aβ levels induced by paraquat exposure are attenuated by enhanced removal of mitochondrial H2O2

Pesticide exposure is a risk factor of Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, little is known about how pesticide exposure may promote AD pathogenesis. In this study, we investigated the effects of paraquat pesticide exposure on β-amyloid (Aβ) levels and cognition using wild-type (WT) mice and β-amyloid precursor protein (APP) transgenic mice. Our results showed that wild-type mice and APP transgenic mice after paraquat exposure had increased oxidative damage specifically in mitochondria of cerebral cortex and exhibited mitochondrial dysfunction. Moreover, the elevated mitochondrial damage was directly correlated with impaired associative learning and memory and increased Aβ levels in APP transgenic mice exposed to paraquat. Furthermore, overexpression of peroxiredoxin 3, a mitochondrial antioxidant defense enzyme important for H(2)O(2) removal, protected against paraquat-induced mitochondrial damage and concomitantly improved cognition and decreased Aβ levels in APP transgenic mice. Therefore, our results demonstrate that mitochondrial damage is a key mechanism underlying cognitive impairment and elevated amyloidogenesis induced by paraquat and that enhanced removal of mitochondrial H(2)O(2) could be an effective strategy to ameliorate AD pathogenesis induced by pesticide exposure.
The Bildungsroman after McDowell: Mind, World, and Moral Education

In Mind and World and subsequent essays, John McDowell has articulated a compelling account of thought's answerability to the world.1 This account, Idealist in orientation if not in detail, has won considerable acclaim and has had farreaching effects in epistemology and the philosophy of action. My claim in this essay is that McDowell's work also presents a philosophical challenge to readers of the novelor, more specifically, to readers of the Bildungsroman , the "novel of education." That is, his work intimates something like a philosophical program for reading the Bildungsromanwhat questions to ask of it and what forms of attention to bring to it. This is not to say that the Bildungsroman has lacked philosophical attention. Franco Moretti and Richard Eldridge, to name just two, have traced with great sensitivity the genre's encounter with the central questions of the Idealist tradition.2 The guiding philosophical question for both Moretti and Eldridge is what we might call the "question of freedom"how a developing subject finds freedom in the world, how that subject's freedom depends on the freedom (or subjugation) of others, and how that freedom gives rise to and is constituted by expressive action. McDowell's encounter with the Bildungsroman , by contrast, is much more oblique. He makes no mention of it in Mind and World , and in the copious discussions the book has engendered, the question of its relationship to the Bildungsroman has never been broached. But McDowell's project has important implications for our reading of the genre. And, conversely, the genre might well solve some of the most persistent criticisms of Mind and World. The illumination, then, works in both directions-from McDowell to the Bildungsroman and from the Bildungsroman to McDowell. I will be most concerned with the former and hope to make clear how McDowell, by assigning Bildung such a tremendous philosophical task in his projectthe task of accounting for thought's answerability to the world and the human being's responsiveness to reasonsinvites us to return to the genre anew. My central focus in this article will not be on particular novels but rather on the philosophical forms of attention that McDowell's Idealism invites us to bring to the genre. Sections IIVIII of the article take up the form of McDowell's argument and important criticisms of it. Remarks about the Bildungsroman in these sections will be somewhat vague. But I fully concede that no claims about Bildung or the Bildungsroman can be established without scrupulous examination of particular texts. And so in Section IX, I turn to one Bildungsroman , Pride and Prejudice , and articulate, if briefly, what questions a proper, McDowell-inspired Idealism would press on it. Sections II-VIII, then, are something like a "philosophical prologue" to the reading of the Bildungsroman , a reading I adumbrate in the final section.
SYSTEMIC PEDAGOGY: ACTIVATING SOCIOLOGICAL THINKING INSIDE AND OUTSIDE THE CLASSROOM

This paper introduces systemic pedagogy as a strategy for teaching sociology at all levels and for addressing social issues as they manifest in and around undergraduate institutions. The application of systemic pedagogy to the development of a research and programming initiative at a small four‐year teaching college is discussed, highlighting the “real world” situations which permeate campus life. This approach to teaching sociology engages the intersection of social issues, institutions, and community and shifts the locus of learning to incorporate a multiplicity of sites and methodologies.
TIME-ON-TASK EFFECTS WITHIN A PROBABILISTIC TASK ENVIRONMENT '

Summary.-The emergence of complex automated systems in the workplace has been viewed by many as shifting the kind of work people are asked to perform. This shift has tended to be toward more cognitively-oriented tasks, such as those associated with inferential decision making. In addition, it is very likely the future workplace will require that people perform cognitive tasks for continuous periods of time. The present findings indicate that statistically significant decrements in accuracy of performance on a mdticue-judgment task were evident over the course of a continuously performed 4-hr. computerized work experiment. In contrast, performance accuracy on two analytical tasks remained high during the experiment. These results are evaluated in the context of the fatigue explanation for decrements found in research on continuous performance. The duration of human task performance has been shown to influence the sensitivity of cognitive tasks to performance impairment during continu
Modeling sensitization of Al–Mg alloys via β-phase precipitation kinetics

Sensitization of marine grade Al–Mg alloys originates from grain boundary precipitation of the intermetallic β-phase and is typically assessed by destructive nitric acid mass loss testing (NAMLT). This paper presents a simple model based upon β-phase precipitation kinetics that can predict the NAMLT values of Al–Mg alloys as a function of isothermal aging temperature and time, directly relating β-phase grain boundary coverage to industry standards and providing a pathway for non-destructive sensitization measurement.
A Major Difference? Fields of Study and Male–Female Pay Differences in Federal Employment

Men's greater tendency to study such high-paying fields as engineering, computer science, and business may account for half of the pay gap between male and female college graduates in the general economy, and women's mobility into traditionally male fields may explain the closing of the gender pay gap in recent decades. Do similar patterns hold for the federal civil service? Using 1% samples of college graduates in 1983, 1993, and 2003, we find that most of women's average pay rose from 72% to 89% of men's, largely because women's seniority levels rose and pay differences between seemingly comparable male and female college graduates fell. Women's concentration in lower paying fields of study explains another 3% or 4% of the pay disparity, but women's migration into fields traditionally dominated by men has not contributed much to the narrowing of the pay gap.
The semilunar coronally repositioned flap combined with a frenectomy to obtain root coverage over the maxillary central incisors.

Background: This case report describes a method for coronally repositioning gingiva for root coverage over the maxillary central incisors while simultaneously performing a frenectomy.Methods: The patient was a healthy 43-year-old Brazilian female. Her chief complaint pertained to the unesthetic appearance of the gingival recession involving both maxillary central incisors. Intraoral examination revealed a thick biotype with an adequate band of keratinized gingiva, Miller Class I mucogingival defects, and a broad frenum extending beyond the mucogingival junction. The surgical technique used to treat the areas of recession involved making semilunar incisions over the maxillary central incisors that blended into a frenectomy.Results: Complete root coverage was achieved over the maxillary central incisors that initially presented with 2 mm of recession on the facial surface. The residual frenum no longer attached at a point coronal to the mucogingival margin. Small white scars were detectable at the mucogingi...
Molecular Enumeration of an Ecologically Important Cyanophage in a Laurentian Great Lake

Considerable research has shown that cyanobacteria and the viruses that infect them (cyanophage) are pervasive and diverse in global lake populations. Few studies have seasonally analyzed freshwater systems, and little is known about the bacterial and viral communities that coexist during the harsh winters of the Laurentian Great Lakes. Here, we employed quantitative PCR to estimate the abundance of cyanomyoviruses in this system, using the portal vertex g20 gene as a proxy for cyanophage abundance and to determine the potential ecological relevance of these viruses. Cyanomyoviruses were abundant in both the summer and the winter observations, with up to 3.1 × 10(6) copies of g20 genes ml(-1) found at several stations and depths in both seasons, representing up to 4.6% of the total virus community. Lake Erie was productive during both our observations, with high chlorophyll a concentrations in the summer (up to 10.3 μg liter(-1)) and winter (up to 5.2 μg liter(-1)). Both bacterial and viral abundances were significantly higher during the summer than during the winter (P < 0.05). Summer bacterial abundances ranged from 3.3 × 10(6) to 1.6 × 10(7) ml(-1) while winter abundances ranged between ∼3.4 × 10(5) and 1.2 × 10(6) ml(-1). Total virus abundances were high during both months, with summer abundances significantly higher at most stations, ranging from 6.5 × 10(7) to 8.8 × 10(7) ml(-1), and with winter abundances ranging from 3.4 × 10(7) to 6.6 × 10(7) ml(-1). This work confirms that putative cyanomyoviruses are ubiquitous in both summer and winter months in this large freshwater lake system and that they are an abundant component of the virioplankton group.