cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of Additives on Shape Evolution during Electrodeposition I. Multiscale Simulation with Dynamically Coupled Kinetic Monte Carlo and Moving-Boundry Finite-Volume Codes

A multiscale simulation model was developed to simulate shape evolution during copper electrodeposition in the presence of additives. The model dynamically coupled a kinetic Monte Carlo KMC model for surface chemistry and roughness evolution with a finite volume FV model for transport and chemical reactions in the electrolyte and a level-set code for tracking macroscopic movement of the metal/electrolyte interface. The KMC code was coarse-grained and used a multisite mesoparticle approach to account for the adsorption of large molecules. A multilevel grid approach was used to achieve numerical efficiency and accurate interface tracking. The model was demonstrated for an application involving in-fill of two-dimensional trenches by copper electrodeposition with additives bis3-sulfopropyldisulfide, polyethylene glycol, chloride, and l-2-hydroxyethyl-2imidazolidinethione. Demonstration calculations were carried out with use of initial estimates for the physicochemical parameters associated with a proposed reaction mechanism. The approach was found to be feasible for computing stable, dynamic behavior during macroscopic shape evolution over extended periods of time while simultaneously tracking microscopic roughness evolution associated with nearly molecular scale events at the surface. Numerical results include predictions of the surface concentration distributions as a function of time and distance for each reactant, product, and intermediate species associated with the proposed reaction mechanism.
Abuse of Coricidin HBP cough & cold tablets: episodes recorded by a poison center

Cases involving ingestion of a dextromethorphan-containing product recorded at a poison control center were studied. A retrospective review of all consultations involving the ingestion of Coricidin HBP Cough & Cold tablets recorded by the California Poison Control System was conducted for the period from January 1 to October 1, 2000. Computerized charts on the consultations were reviewed to obtain data on patient age and sex, number of tablets taken, reason for tablet ingestion, symptoms, treatment, disposition, and outcome. A total of 92 charts (for 92 patients) documenting Coricidin HBP Cough & Cold tablet ingestion were reviewed. The reason for tablet ingestion was classified as abuse in 65 patients (71%), a suicide attempt in 8 (9%), misuse in 1 (1%), malicious administration in 1 (1%), and normal use (but with an adverse drug reaction) in 1 (1%); 16 patients (17%) consumed the tablets for an unknown reason. The 92 patients comprised 42 males and 50 females. Among all patients, 78 (85%) were 13-17 years old, and among those classified as having abusive intent, 58 (89%) were in the same age range. The most commonly reported signs and symptoms associated with ingestion were tachycardia (50 patients), hypertension (29), lethargy (40), mydriasis (20), agitation (15), ataxia or dizziness (20), and vomiting (9). Sixty-one patients (66%) had some alteration in mental status. Fifty-six (61%) were treated in the emergency department; 11 (12%) were admitted. All patients recovered completely. Information on the ingestion of Coricidin HBP Cough & Cold tablets recorded at a poison control center indicated a high rate of abuse of the product among teenagers.
Retrograde Signaling in the Development and Modification of Synapses

Fitzsimonds, Reiko Maki, and Mu-ming Poo. Retrograde Signaling in the Development and Modification of Synapses. Physiol. Rev. 78: 143–170, 1998. — Retrograde signaling from the postsynaptic cell to...
Correlates of School Violence

Olweus (1993) defined bullying as aggressive behavior that is repeated, intentional, and typically involves a disparity in power between the bully and the victim. Daniels et al. (2007) suggested that school violence, including bullying, could have harmful effects on the individual, school environment, and the surrounding community. The Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance report (2012) found that 20.1 % of the students had been bullied on school property in the 12 months preceding their involvement in the survey—an alarming prevalence rate indicating the importance of this topic in our American school systems today.
Sleights of the Invisible Hand: Economists' Interventions in Political Theory

S. M. Amadae, Rationalizing Capitalist Democracy: The Cold War Origins of Rational Choice Liberalism (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2003), pp. 408, hardcover $59, ISBN 0226016536; paper...
The antioxidant properties of gallic acid and allied compounds

The differences between animal fats and common vegetable oils as regards their protection by antioxidants are briefly reviewed; in general, the former can be stabilized by di- and poly-phenolic inhibitors and by inhibitols, the latter by acid-type inhibitors such as tartaric, phosphoric and other acids; these acids reinforce the action of the inhibitols which occur naturally in vegetable oils or which may be added to animal fats.
To Screen or Not to Screen: Vertebral Artery Injuries in Blunt Cervical Spine Trauma

T t D a p t n i T a h s t o t b n I n the accompanying article “Clinical Outcome after Vertebral Artery Injury following Blunt Cervical Spine Trauma,” we are presented with results of a retrospective study from the arrow Neurological Institute examining their patient population ith blunt cervical spine trauma, selecting those considered at igh risk for vertebral artery (VA) injury, and radiographically tudying their VAs. The authors have found a lack of concordance etween abnormalities of the VA found on imaging and clinical utcomes, and thus rightly question the need for routine screenng studies in this population, while still acknowledging the otentially devastating outcomes that can be associated with issed VA injuries.
Exact mapping between classical and topological orders in two-dimensional spin systems

Motivated by the duality between site-centered spin and bond-centered spin in one-dimensional system, which connects two different constructions of fermions from the same set of Majorana fermions, we show that two-dimensional models with topological orders can be constructed from certain well-known models with classical orders characterized by symmetry breaking. Topology-dependent ground state degeneracy, vanishing two-point correlation functions, and unpaired Majorana fermions on boundaries emerge naturally from such construction. The approach opens a different way to construct and characterize topological orders.
Global perspectives for secondary reference materials for analysis of food and related biological samples

Primary, secondary and tertiary reference materials (RM) play an important role in quality controls of analytical measurements. Logistics of preparation and proper use of primary and secondary RMs are presented. Tertiary (i.e. in-house) control materials are useful as substitutes in the absence of recognized primary or secondary RMs. The lack of interdisciplinary interaction during development of RMs (e.g. in specific areas such as foods), has an important impact on limiting the usefulness of certain types of RMs. The abundance of RMs in some countries and regions appears to have little effect on the existing paucity in RMs in other regions, and the underlying causes are outlined. The ability of a laboratory to produce good quality in-house RMs traceable to recognized primary or secondary RMs is a direct measure of its quest for reliable analytical data. Therefore many laboratories should be encouraged to engage in secondary and tertiary RM activities designed to answer specific measurement problems. In this context, assistance (e.g. practical training opportunities) in identifying simple methods of analyses for their efficacy in determining specific analytes is a source of help that can be extended to countries experiencing limitations in laboratory instrumentation.
Media interventions to promote responsible sexual behavior

While the media have been used effectively to promote sexual responsibility in other countries for decades, few such opportunities have been seized in the United States. Mass media may be especiall...
The existence of Sylow 2-subloops in finite Moufang loops

Abstract Here we prove that if L is a finite Moufang loop then every 2-subloop of L is contained in some Sylow 2-subloop of L . Moreover, the number of Sylow 2-subloops of L is congruent to one modulo two. We will also show that if p is any prime congruent to one modulo four then there exist finite Moufang loops that do not contain any Sylow p -subloops.
Foods eaten outside the home: nutrient contribution to total diet.

The National Food Survey provides a valuable supply of information on the intake of food and nutrients in the British diet (Derry and Buss, 1984), but is confined to food brought into the home. The present study examined nutrient contribution from foods eaten outside the home to the overall diet. Seventy subjects (35 males and 35 females), were selected from a local health centre register, using age and sex as criteria, and asked to keep a written record of everything consumed for three days. There was a very high percentage of all subjects eating out over the three days, but most of this food could be classed as 'casual', or of the 'non-meal' category i.e. snacks. Employment was a significant determinant of frequency of eating out. The food groups contributing more highly to nutrient intake away from home were meats, sugars and preserves, alcoholic beverages, fish and chips. Energy from sugar, measured as sugar density, was significantly higher in 'away' foods, but fibre density and protein as a percentage of energy was higher in foods eaten at home. The percentage energy from nutrients to total energy did not differ greatly when alcoholic beverages were excluded from the data, apart from redistribution of the energy from alcohol between the other nutrients. The results show that foods eaten outside the home are potentially significant contributors to total nutrient intake, and future research on 'out of home' eating habits would benefit from inclusion of nutritional analysis.
Theoretical Derivation of Stable and Nonisotopic Approaches for Assessing Soil Organic Carbon Turnover

Techniques for measuring soil organic C (SOC) turnover in production fields are needed. The objectives of this study were to propose and test nonisotopic and 13 C stable isotopic techniques for assessing SOC turnover. Based on SOC equilibrium and mass balance relationships, an equation was derived: NHC/SOCinitial 5 [1/(SOC 3 kNHC)] (dSOC/dt) 1 kSOC/kNHC, where dSOC/dt is the annual change in SOC, NHC is nonharvested C returned to soil, kSOC is the annual mineralization rate of SOC, and kNHC is the annual mineralization rate of NHC. This equation was used to calculate maintenance rates. An isotopic approach based on simultaneously solving the equations
High School Students' Knowledge, Attitudes, and Levels of Enjoyment of an Environmental Education Unit on Nonnative Plants

The authors applied constructivist learning theory to environmental education to explore knowledge gains, student attitudes, and engagement among high school students exposed to a week-long unit on nonnative plant species. The authors compared constructivist and traditional teaching methods. Each class was given a pretest and a posttest. The constructivist group significantly increased knowledge scores and attitudes, whereas the traditional group did not. The 2 groups did not differ significantly on engagement.
Growth models of cultures with two liquid phases. I. Substrate dissolved in dispersed phase

Mathematical models which can be used to describe batch growth in fermentations with two liquid phases are developed for systems in which the growth limiting substrate is dissolved the dispersed liquid phase. In the models, the possibilities of growth occurring at the surface of the dispersed phase and in the continuous phase are considered. It is assumed that the composition of the dispersed phase is such that substrate utilization from it causes little of no change, in interfacial area. Three special cases are examined. In the first, it is assumed that all growth occurs at the surface of the dispersed phase. In the second and third, it is assumed that growth occurs both at the interface and in the continuous phase. The second case assumes that substrate equilibrium is continuously established between the two phases while the third assumes substrate consumption in the continuous phase is limited by rate of transport of substrate to that phase. Comparison of the first model with available experimental data shows good agreement between model and data.
SINGLE-NUCLEOTIDE PATCH BASE EXCISION REPAIR OF URACIL IN DNA BY MITOCHONDRIAL PROTEIN EXTRACTS

Mammalian mitochondria contain several 16.5 kb circular DNAs (mtDNA) encoding electron transport chain proteins. Reactive oxygen species formed as byproducts from oxidative phosphorylation in these organelles can cause oxidative deamination of cytosine and lead to uracil in mtDNA. Upon mtDNA replication, these lesions, if unrepaired, can lead to mutations. Until recently, it was thought that there was no DNA repair in mitochondria, but lately there is evidence that some lesions are efficiently repaired in these organelles. In the study of nuclear DNA repair, the in vitro repair measurements in cell extracts have provided major insights into the mechanisms. The use of whole-cell extract based DNA repair methods has revealed that mammalian nuclear base excision repair (BER) diverges into two pathways: the single-nucleotide replacement and long patch repair mechanisms. Similar in vitro methods have not been available for the study of mitochondrial BER. We have established an in vitro DNA repair system supported by rat liver mitochondrial protein extract and DNA substrates containing a single uracil opposite to a guanine. Using this approach, we examined the repair pathways and the identity of the DNA polymerase involved in mitochondrial BER (mtBER). Employing restriction analysis of in vitro repaired DNA to map the repair patch size, we demonstrate that only one nucleotide is incorporated during the repair process. Thus, in contrast to BER in the nucleus, mtBER of uracil in DNA is solely accomplished by single-nucleotide replacement.
Economics of exploration for petroleum and other minerals

Abstract Exploration is only one of the several methods of increasing mineral supply, which all compete for scarce capital funds. This substitution makes a mineral industry stable. The basic paradox of mineral economics: at every moment, the limited stock of minerals dwindles, and cost of extracting what is left increases. But over time, the price, the only valid measure of scarcity, tends for most minerals to fall, not rise. Fears of impending or growing mineral scarcity are based on an incomplete knowledge of the in-ground stock. “Reserves” are only the visible tip of the iceberg, which is mineral-in-place, usually several or many times as large. Depletion of the stock is offset regularly by development, which impounds mineral-in-place into reserves, and improved technology usually more than offsets the tendency to rising cost. Better methods and new mineral deposits are two alternative kinds of new knowledge and of new investment, and are guided by prospective profit. Exploration is a search not for new minerals, but rather for new cheaper deposits whose total finding-plus-development-plus-extraction costs will be lower than long-run incremental development-plus-extraction costs on existing deposits, which are a ceiling, or Maximum Economic Finding Costs (M.E.F.C.). Unfortunately, very little is known about mineral investment, profits, and rates of return. The valid way of reckoning exploration cost is as a probability of finding new deposits of a given extraction cost. This is the present frontier of knowledge.
Age-dependent and selective impairment of long-term potentiation in the anterior piriform cortex of mice lacking the fragile X mental retardation protein

Synaptic function and plasticity were studied in mice lacking the fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP), a model for the fragile X mental retardation syndrome. Associational connections were studied in slices of anterior piriform (olfactory) cortex, and Schaffer-commissural synapses were studied in slices of hippocampus. Knock-out (KO) mice lacking FMRP were compared with congenic C57BL/6J wild-type (WT) controls. Input-output curves and paired-pulse plasticity were not significantly altered in KO compared with WT mice in either the olfactory cortex or hippocampus. Long-term potentiation (LTP) induced by theta burst stimulation in the anterior piriform cortex was normal in KO mice aged 6 months. The deficit in LTP was significant in mice aged 6-12 months and more pronounced in mice aged 12-18 months. Similar differences between WT and KO mice were seen whether LTP was induced in the presence or absence of a GABAA receptor blocker. Postsynaptic responses to patterned burst stimulation in KO mice showing impaired LTP were not significantly different from those in WT mice, suggesting that the LTP deficit was not caused by alterations in circuit properties. No differences in hippocampal LTP were observed in WT and KO mice at any ages. The results indicate that FMRP deficiency is associated with an age-dependent and region-selective impairment in long-term synaptic plasticity.
Pulmonary coccidioidomycosis; clinical and roentgenological observations in residual lesions.

SUMMARY 1)Because of the exposure of large numbers of ex-service people to the endemic Southwest during the recent war years, coccidioidal residuals are now observed in every part of the country. 2)Though the vast majority of cases harboring coccidioidal residuals are maintaining a good health status, a certain proportion have already experienced pathological reactivation in the past, and are expected to reactivate at any time in the future. 3)Illustrative cases are presented in this paper, dealing with the problem of coccidioidal cavity necrosis and hemorrhage, as well as the operative treatment by means of lobectomy of those cases that presented intractable hemorrhage. 4)It is our opinion that in spite of the comparatively low incidence of the disseminated form of coccidioidal residual reactivation, it is an ever-present danger, and may prove fatal.
Adding Organizational Value to SEC Using Social Computing Tools

Social computing tools have seen a significant increase in popularity and are the foundation behind the Web 2.0 movement. The Department of Defense has recognized its importance and has begun to implement measures to utilize this technology while maintaining strict security. Social computing tools like social networking sites, blogs, podcasts, and virtual worlds are being used by both private and public entities to add enterprise value. These tools are used internally to increase employee collaboration, and externally to attract customers and increase organizational visibility. The implementation of a public blog and RSS feeds are the best starting point for Software Engineering Center (SEC) to begin use of social media to promote its enterprise. These tools can be used to increase visibility and attract new customers. They will be posted by a single individual to ensure security and organization. Once processes have been established in social computing within the organization, SEC may chose to begin active use of the milSuite applications. These tools were created specifically for DoD use and are behind the firewall to ensure security. These applications can be used to promote SEC internally and to foster collaboration amongst employees. Once the use of these tools has been established, SEC might consider exploring their external equivalents, like Facebook. Social computing tools and Web 2.0 technologies could prove to be an asset to the Software Engineering Center enterprise. SEC might consider implementing these tools and allowing employees to take ownership of the content. While it may be difficult to measure the tangible benefits of using these tools, the intangible will be discovered if and when employees buy in to the world of Web 2.0 in the workplace.
Lead (Pb) quantification in potable water samples: implications for regulatory compliance and assessment of human exposure.

Assessing the health risk from lead (Pb) in potable water requires accurate quantification of the Pb concentration. Under worst-case scenarios of highly contaminated water samples, representative of public health concerns, up to 71–98 % of the total Pb was not quantified if water samples were not mixed thoroughly after standard preservation (i.e., addition of 0.15 % (v/v) HNO3). Thorough mixing after standard preservation improved recovery in all samples, but 35–81 % of the total Pb was still un-quantified in some samples. Transfer of samples from one bottle to another also created high errors (40–100 % of the total Pb was un-quantified in transferred samples). Although the United States Environmental Protection Agency’s standard protocol avoids most of these errors, certain methods considered EPA-equivalent allow these errors for regulatory compliance sampling. Moreover, routine monitoring for assessment of human Pb exposure in the USA has no standardized protocols for water sample handling and pre-treatment. Overall, while there is no reason to believe that sample handling and pre-treatment dramatically skew regulatory compliance with the US Pb action level, slight variations from one approved protocol to another may cause Pb-in-water health risks to be significantly underestimated, especially for unusual situations of “worst case” individual exposure to highly contaminated water.
The Reliability and Convergent and Divergent Validity of the Ruff Figural Fluency Test in Healthy Young Adults

The reliability and validity of standard and qualitative scores for the Ruff Figural Fluency Test (RFFT; Ruff, 1988) was examined in 102 healthy undergraduates. Participants (M age = 21.79; SD = 3.7; age = 80% Caucasian) were administered the RFFT and measures assessing executive functions (EF) and other cognitive domains. Inter-scorer reliability was excellent (0.9 range) for most RFFT indices. Test-retest coefficients (M interval = 7 weeks) ranged from 0.64 for the error ratio score to 0.87 for unique designs. RFFT indices correlated with Block Design performance and nonverbal measures of working memory, but were unrelated to measures of verbal fluency, verbal learning, or working memory for verbal material. RFFT novel design output correlated with most measures of EF supporting the convergent validity of this measure. In contrast, correlations between measures of EF and qualitative scores were absent or weak. RFFT score interpretation is discussed in light of relevant models of EF and directions for future research are presented.
The Influence of Minority Status on Job Stability After Traumatic Brain Injury

Objective To determine the influence of minority status on job stability after traumatic brain injury (TBI). Setting TBI Model Systems Centers. Participants 633 individuals (414 Caucasians vs. 219 Minorities) with primarily moderate to severe TBI hospitalized at one of the TBI Model Systems Centers between 1988 and 2001 with 3 years of continuous follow up employment data after discharge. Main Outcome Measures Job stability was defined as "stable" (competitively employed at all three follow-up visits), "unemployed" (not competitively employed at all three visits), and "unstable" (any other mixture of competitively employed and not competitively employed over the three follow-up visits). Methods A multinomial logistic regression model was used to model the effect of ethnicity on job stability post TBI after adjusting for injury and demographic characteristics. Results Compared to Caucasians, the adjusted odds for minorities were 3.587 times greater for being unemployed versus being stably employed (95% CI=1.930, 6.668), 1.911 times greater for being unstably employed versus being stably employed (95% CI=1.006, 3.628), and 1.878 times more greater for being unemployed versus being unstably employed (95% CI=1.157, 3.046) after adjusting for preinjury employment status, age, marital status, education, cause of injury, total length of stay in acute and rehabilitation hospitals, and DRS at discharge. Conclusions Minority status is an independent predictor of short-term job stability after TBI. Minority TBI survivors were more likely than Caucasians to be unemployed or unstably employed. Rehabilitation professionals should develop employment interventions that will address the specific needs of these racial/ethnic groups and facilitate optimal employment outcomes for minority TBI survivors.
Analysis of the enhancer-blocking function of the TBS element from Petunia hybrida in transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana and Nicotiana tabacum

Transcriptional enhancers possess the ability to override the tissue-specificity and efficiency of nearby promoters, which is of concern when generating transgenic constructs bearing multiple cassettes. One means of preventing these inappropriate interactions is through the use of enhancer-blocking insulators. The 2-kb transformation booster sequence (TBS) from Petunia hybrida has been shown previously to exhibit this function when inserted between an enhancer and promoter in transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana. In this study, we attempted to further characterize the ability of this fragment to impede enhancer–promoter interference through an analysis of transgenic Arabidopsis and Nicotiana tabacum lines bearing various permutations of the TBS element between the cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S enhancer and an assortment of tissue-specific promoters fused to the β-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene. The full-length TBS fragment was found to function in both orientations, although to a significantly lesser degree in the reverse orientation, and was operational in both plant species tested. While multiple deletion fragments were found to exhibit activity, it appeared that several regions of the TBS were required for maximal enhancer-blocking function. Furthermore, we found that this element exhibited promoter-like activity, which has implications in terms of possible mechanisms behind its ability to impede enhancer–promoter communication in plants.
Endoparasite prevalence and recurrence across different age groups of dogs and cats

The apparent prevalence of endoparasite infections across different age groups was calculated from 6555 dogs and 1566 cats that had a fecal examination performed upon presentation to the Veterinary Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania between 1997 and 2007. Based on notations from the medical history indicating prior parasite infections, estimates of recurrence were generated for each common group of parasites, including Trichuris, Giardia, ascarids, hookworms, Cystoisospora, and tapeworms. Endoparasitism was predominantly a disease of younger animals, with peak prevalence observed almost uniformly in dogs under 6 months old, with the exception of Trichuris with its longer pre-patent period, and in cats less than 18 months old. Furthermore, nearly 50% of dogs under 6 months old with a history of parasites, were diagnosed with at least one species of parasite on subsequent fecal examination. The percentage dropped to 18.4% in animals aged 1-4 years, but again increased to 31.5% in animals over 10 years old. There was no reported recurrence of Giardia or Cystoisospora from canine or feline patients older than 1 year. The recurrence of whipworm rose steadily with age, while hookworm and roundworm recurrence peaked in patients 1-4 years old. Findings from the study emphasize the importance of follow up fecal examinations and treatments in patients diagnosed with endoparasites.
Insertion of a Reversible Redox Switch into a Rare-Cutting DNA Endonuclease†

Target sites for homing endonucleases occur infrequently in complex genomes. As a consequence, these enzymes can be used in mammalian systems to introduce double-strand breaks at recognition sites inserted within defined loci to study DNA repair by homologous and nonhomologous recombination. Using homing endonucleases for gene targeting in vivo would be more feasible if temporal or spatial regulation of their enzymatic activity were possible. Here, we show that the DNA cleavage activity of the yeast PI-SceI homing endonuclease can be turned on and off using a redox switch. Two cysteine pairs (Cys-64/Cys-344 and Cys-67/Cys-365) were separately inserted into flexible DNA binding loop(s) to create disulfide bonds that lock the endonuclease into a nonproductive conformation. The cleavage activities of the reduced Cys-64/Cys-344 and Cys-67/Cys-365 variants are similar or slightly lower than that of the control protein, but the activities of the proteins in the oxidized state are decreased more than 30-fold. Modulating the activity of the proteins is easily accomplished by adding or removing the reducing agent. We show that defects in DNA binding account for the decreased DNA cleavage activities of the proteins containing disulfide bonds. Interestingly, the Cys-67/Cys-365 variant toggles between two different DNA binding conformations under reducing and oxidizing conditions, which may permit the identification of structural differences between the two states. These studies demonstrate that homing endonuclease activity can be controlled using a molecular switch.
Generating direct-S modes with simple, low-cost, widely available seismic sources

AbstractMore robust seismic interpretation can be done when an interpretation project uses both compressional (P) and shear (S) data rather than using only one seismic mode, whether that mode be a P mode or an S mode. Unfortunately, this fundamental interpretation principle is frustrated by the cost and difficulty of deploying S-wave sources and by the limited availability of direct-S sources. We introduce a new seismic interpretation option based on direct-P and direct-S modes generated by vertical-force sources. To explain the potential of this new method for acquiring direct-S data, we evaluate real-data examples that illustrate the physics of P and S body-wave radiations generated at vertical-force-source stations. First, a 3D model of direct-S radiation by a vertical-force source is tested. Next, we discuss a field experiment in which a horizontal vibrator create a series of radially oriented SV displacements at small azimuth increments to simulate the full-azimuth distribution of SV displacements cr...
The dynamics of repetitive asymmetric cell division

Abstract Asymmetric cell division results in one daughter cell that os of the same type as the mother and one daughter of a type that is significantly different. In the repeated asymmetric division process which is analyzed here, the latter daughter itself divides asymmetrically, and gives rise to a third cell type. This process may continue through many reproductive cycles, generating many different cell types and forming a pattern of repeated asymmetric division. However, it is assumed that the number of cell types is finite and that cells of the final (fully differentiated) type do not divide within the confines of a particular asymmetric division pattern. A system of linear equations describes cellular proliferation by repeated asymmetric division. Exact solutions of the equations have the form of binomial coefficients if cell death is ignored and all cell divisions are synchronous. If these restrictions are relaxed, approximate solutions can be obtained which are valid in the limit of large values of time. If the lifetime of each type of cell is either much smaller or much larger than the values of time for which the solutions are of interest, i.e. if each type of cell is either “shord-lived” or “long-lived”, the number of cells of the final type is proprotional to a non-negative integral power of time. If one cell type is long-lived, the power of time is zoro, and the number of cells of the final type is constant; if more than one cell type is long-lived, the number of cells of the final type increases as a positive power of time. These results are applied to prenatal growth in the human, to the population of neurons in the human brain, to the full population of cells in the adult human, and to the maintenance of a constant supply of blood cells. In all cases, the calculated number of cell divisions is consistent with observed limits on the number of population doublings in human diploid cell cultures. The power-law time dependence of growth produced by asymmetric division is compatible with data on prenatal weight gain. The repeated asymmetric division process provides a simple alternative to the clonal succession hypothesis in explaining the production of very large numbers of blood cells without invoking the necessity for many thousands of cell divisions.
The Impact of a Lender of Last Resort during the Great Depression: The Case of the Reconstruction Finance Corporation

Abstract This paper investigates the impact of the RFC′s (Reconstruction Finance Corporation) lending to banks prior to the financial crisis of 1933. The RFC is found to have played a positive role in reducing bank failures and improving monetary conditions prior to the financial collapse. However, publication of the names of RFC loan recipients beginning in late August 1932 is found to offset the positive impact of the initial RFC lending. Empirical evidence also shows that RFC loans reduced bank failures independent of the monetary expansion that occurred in mid-1932. The RFC experience demonstrates the value of a lender of last resort during a financial crisis.
Phosphoglycerate kinase (GTP). An enzyme from Entamoeba histolytica selective for guanine nucleotides

Summary The phosphoglycerate kinase of Entamoeba histolytica shows a profound preference for guanine nucleotides over adenine nucleotides. The enzyme has been purified 60-fold and freed from interferring enzyme activities. In the forward (glycolytic) direction the selectivity for GTP over ADP is 150-fold, and selectivity for GTP over ATP is about 50-fold in the reverse reaction. The inosine nucleotides are intermediate between the guanosine and adenine nucleotides in both directions. In order to distinguish the amebal enzyme from the usual enzyme (EC 2.7.2.3) it is given the trivial name phosphoglycerate kinase (GTP).
Lattice structures for optimal design and robust implementation of two-channel perfect-reconstruction QMF banks

A lattice structure and an algorithm are presented for the design of two-channel QMF (quadrature mirror filter) banks, satisfying a sufficient condition for perfect reconstruction. The structure inherently has the perfect-reconstruction property, while the algorithm ensures a good stopband attenuation for each of the analysis filters. Implementations of such lattice structures are robust in the sense that the perfect-reconstruction property is preserved in spite of coefficient quantization. The lattice structure has the hierarchical property that a higher order perfect-reconstruction QMF bank can be obtained from a lower order perfect-reconstruction QMF bank, simply by adding more lattice sections. Several numerical examples are provided in the form of design tables. >
Synthesis of branched-chain, pyrrolidino-sugar derivatives related to apiose

Abstract 3- C -(Acetamidomethyl)-1,2- O -isopropylidene-β- l -threofuranose ( 4 ) and the 3-acetate ( 5 ) have been prepared in high yields from mono- O -isopropylidene- d -apiose [3- C -(hydroxymethyl)-1,2- O -isopropylidene-β- l -threofuranose] ( 1 ). Acid-catalyzed methanolysis of 4 caused migration of the isopropylidene group and the formation of methyl 4-acetamido-4-deoxy-3- C -(hydroxymethyl)-2,3- O -isopropylidene-β- d -erythrofuranoside ( 8 ) in 25% yield. The major product (45%) from the acetolysis of 4 was also a pyrrolidine derivative, namely, 4-acetamido-3- C -(acetoxymethyl)-1- O -acetyl-4-deoxy-2,3- O -isopropylidene-β- d -erythrofuranose ( 10 ). Acetolysis of 5 removed the isopropylidene group and gave four acetylated pyrrolidines (isomeric at C-1 and C-2). Conditions which resulted in minimal epimerization at C-2 were established, and the major isomers 12 and 13 were isolated in reasonable yields. 1 H- and 13 C-n.m.r. data for equilibrium solutions of the pyrrolidines, and for intermediates 1 - 5 , are given.
Pharmacological characterization of dihydromorphine, 6-acetyldihydromorphine and dihydroheroin analgesia and their differentiation from morphine.

Abstract The present study examined the pharmacology of dihydromorphine, 6-acetyldihydromorphine and dihydroheroin (3,6-diacetyldihydromorphine). Like morphine, dihydromorphine and its acetylated derivatives all were highly selective mu-opioids in receptor binding assays. All the compounds were potent mu-selective analgesics, as shown by their sensitivity towards the mu-selective opioid receptor antagonists naloxonazine and β-funaltrexamine. However, the actions of dihydromorphine and its analogs were readily distinguished from those of morphine, differences that were surprising in view of the very limited structural differences among them that consisted of only the reduction of the 7,8-double bond. Like heroin and morphine-6β-glucuronide, the analgesic actions of dihydromorphine and its two acetylated derivatives were antagonized by 3-O-methylnaltrexone at a dose that was inactive against morphine analgesia. Antisense mapping also distinguished between morphine and the dihydromorphine compounds. Antisense oligodeoxynucleotides targeting exon 2 of the cloned MOR-1 gene decreased dihydromorphine analgesia and that of its acetylated derivatives, but not morphine analgesia. Conversely, the exon 1 antisense that effectively lowered morphine analgesia was inactive against dihydromorphine and its analogs. Finally, dihydromorphine and its analogs retained their analgesic activity in a mouse model of morphine tolerance, consistent with incomplete cross-tolerance. Together, these findings imply that the mu-opioid receptor mechanisms mediating the analgesic actions of dihydromorphine and its acetylated analogs are distinct from morphine and more similar to those of heroin and morphine-6β-glucuronide.
A JCH-Modulated 2D (HACACO)NH Pulse Scheme for Quantitative Measurement of 13Cα–1Hα Couplings in 15N, 13C-Labeled Proteins

Abstract A triple-resonance pulse sequence is presented for the quantitative measurement of 1Hα–13Cα single-bond couplings in 15N, 13C uniformly labeled proteins. This 1JCH-modulated (HACACO)NH experiment yields 1HN–15N-correlated 2D spectra in which the amplitude of each peak is modulated by the 1Hα–13CαJ coupling of the preceding residue, (i − 1). The experiment is demonstrated on a 1.0 mM sample of Rho130, the 15-kDa RNA binding domain of E. coli Rho factor. The average error in the measured coupling constants was less than 0.8%. This sequence allows the measurement of the 1JCH couplings from a proton–nitrogen HSQC without the need for assigning the Hα and Cα resonances.
Outpatient Management of Mentally Handicapped Patients Undergoing Dental Procedures

A pilot project was undertaken to assess the feasibility of providing dental care for the mentally handicapped patient on an outpatient basis. The advantages, both immediate and long-term, to patients and practitioners are discussed.
Planning structural inspection and maintenance policies via dynamic programming and Markov processes. Part I: Theory

Abstract To address effectively the urgent societal need for safe structures and infrastructure systems under limited resources, science-based management of assets is needed. The overall objective of this two part study is to highlight the advanced attributes, capabilities and use of stochastic control techniques, and especially Partially Observable Markov Decision Processes (POMDPs) that can address the conundrum of planning optimum inspection/monitoring and maintenance policies based on stochastic models and uncertain structural data in real time. Markov Decision Processes are in general controlled stochastic processes that move away from conventional optimization approaches in order to achieve minimum life-cycle costs and advice the decision-makers to take optimum sequential decisions based on the actual results of inspections or the non-destructive testings they perform. In this first part of the study we exclusively describe, out of the vast and multipurpose stochastic control field, methods that are fitting for structural management, starting from simpler to sophisticated techniques and modern solvers. We present Markov Decision Processes (MDPs), semi-MDP and POMDP methods in an overview framework, we have related each of these to the others, and we have described POMDP solutions in many forms, including both the problematic grid-based approximations that are routinely used in structural maintenance problems, and the advanced point-based solvers capable of solving large scale, realistic problems. Our approach in this paper is helpful for understanding shortcomings of the currently used methods, related complications, possible solutions and the significance different solvers have not only on the solution but also on the modeling choices of the problem. In the second part of the study we utilize almost all presented topics and notions in a very broad, infinite horizon, minimum life-cycle cost structural management example and we focus on point-based solvers implementation and comparison with simpler techniques, among others.
Formation and Thermal Behavior of Polystyrene and Polystyrene/Clay Gels

DSC was used to study the thermal behavior of virgin PS as well as of PS/clay nanocomposites of exfoliated brush and of intercalated structure dissolved in carbon disulfide. Compared to virgin PS, the behavior of the brush material did not show any obvious difference, whereas the intercalated material demonstrated markedly larger heats of gelation and gel melting. Isoconversional kinetic analysis of the melting process revealed that the activation energy was independent of the conversion for the gels prepared under isothermal conditions, whereas an increase in the activation energy with the extent of conversion was observed for the gels prepared under continuous cooling conditions. The melting of the nonisothermally prepared gels apparently occurred alongside with the formation of new gel structures.
ERYTHROCYTE ADHERENCE TO ENDOTHELIUM IS ASSOCIATED WITH LOSS OF SPLENIC FUNCTION

Previously we have shown that sickle (SS) erythrocytes adhere to endothelial cell monolayers (ECM's) under physiologic conditions of blood flow. To determine the role of splenic function in such adhesion, we collected bloods into heparin (4 U/ml FC) from children with sickle thalassemia (SThal) and hereditary spherocytosis both before (HS+) and after (HS-) splenectomy. Five percent of the packed RBC's from each of these bloods was incubated for one hr at 23°C with 0.9 mg/ml FC Na fluorescein, washed three times with buffer, and then combined with the corresponding unlabelled RBC's and platelet-poor plasma. The bloods were pumped through a flow chamber one wall of which was a bovine aortic ECM grown on a rectangular cover glass. RBC interaction with the ECM was assessed by epifluorescence videomicroscopy at a wall shear rate of 270 sec−1 after 6 min of blood flow: RBC adhesion was increased in the presence of splenic autoinfarction (SS) or surgical asplenia (HS-). Erythrocyte adhesion to endothelium may therefore contribute to the removal of senescent RBC's in the eusplenic state.
Posterior association cortex lesions in rats: Mazes, pattern discrimination, and reversal learning

Lesions in either the proposed parietal or temporal cortex resulted in a dissociation of deficits, with the former affecting maze performances and “complex” but not “simple” pattern discrimination and the latter affecting performances on a series of reversals and the simple but not the complex pattern discrimination. Discussion considered the role of parietal cortex in spatial behaviors, the adequacy of the simple and complex patterns to differentiate simple sensory from integrative functions, and the unqualified use of Lashley’s principles of mass function and equipotentiality. It was also suggested that the rat might provide a useful model for investigations of posterior association cortex.
Digital simulation of analog systems for a restricted class of inputs

A discrete system representation, H(z) is found for an analog system, Ha(ω), under certain restrictions on the class of inputs. Ha(ω) has n-poles, m-zeros, (n>;m≥0), deterministic input f(t), and output g(t). If f(t) can be represented by a finite power series expansion in [(k-1)T,kT], k=1, 2,⋯, then it is shown how to define a discrete system whose output g[k] equals the sample values of the analog output, g(kT). Each waveform element used in the series defines an n-stage digital filter. It is shown how to obtain the gain coefficients empirically from simulation or laboratory data for system identification.
A suggestion for a parameter free model of strongly damped collisions

Abstract A parameter free model of strongly damped collisions is outlined. The proton and neutron drifts are determined by solving two coupled differential equations based on Einstein relations. The mass and charge variance are determined from an effective interaction time and an effective neck area both obtained from a dynamical calculation. We examine the reaction Xe + Bi at 1130 MeV. For all partial waves the theoretically predicted ratios of charge drift to charge variance agree very well with those obtained from recent experimental data.
Multiple scattering of heavy ions through ΔE Si surface barrier detectors

Abstract The multiple scattering of 30–60 MeV 12 C ions and 40–70 MeV 16 O ions by ΔE Si surface barrier detectors of thicknesses 10.3 μm and 14 μm was measured with a position sensitive detector. The horizontal spatial distributions of the heavy ions were extracted from position measurements made both with and without the ΔE counter in place. Calculations based on the theories of Moliere and Nigam, Sundaresan, and Wu (NSW) were made and compared to the data. The much simpler form of the NSW theory predicted fwhm which were much too large when compared to the experimental data while the Moliere theory gave a reasonable description of the experimental distributions at the higher incident particle energies. However, the Moliere calculations overestimated the fwhm by 28% in the case of 30 MeV 12 C ions incident upon the 10.3 μm detector. Particle detection efficiencies for a typical time-of-flight system are presented.
A circuit level fault model for resistive bridges

Delay faults are an increasingly important test challenge. Modeling bridge faults as delay faults helps delay tests to detect more bridge faults. Traditional bridge fault models are incomplete because these models only model the logic faults or these models are not efficient to use in delay tests for large circuits. In this article, we propose a physically realistic yet economical resistive bridge fault model to model delay faults as well as logic faults. An accurate yet simple delay calculation method is proposed. We also enumerate all possible fault behaviors and present the relationship between input patterns and output behaviors, which is useful in ATPG. Our fault simulation results show the benefit of at-speed tests.
Interaction of α-MSH and MIF-I with d-amphetamine on open-field behavior of rats

Abstract Forty-two albino rats were injected for 3 successive days with either α-MSH, MIF-I or a vehicle solution and then tested for activity and hind-leg rearing in the open field. On Days 4, 5 and 6 half of the animals received additional injections of d-amphetamine in 3 different doses or a vehicle solution. Only d-amphetamine influenced activity with the largest dose exerting the greatest effect. Increases in activity after treatment with the combination of d-amphetamine and α-MSH was significant. Hind-leg rearing was potentiated by injections of both d-amphetamine and α-MSH while the injection of these substances alone had negkigible influences on behavior. The results indicated that although α-MSH and d-amphetamine influence different behaviors they may interact to potentiate some behaviors. The results suggest that α-MSH and d-amphetamine may affect similar sites in the brain.