cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Treatment Sequence for Phonological Alexia/Agraphia

Purpose Damage to left perisylvian cortex often results in impaired phonological processing abilities with written language profiles consistent with phonological alexia and phonological agraphia. T...
The Tragedy of Wuhan, 1938

There is a striking disconnect between the imaginative range of interests which preoccupy historians of World Wars I and II in Europe and North America and the much more narrow political concerns of China historians working on the Sino-Japanese War of 1937–45. Since Jacoby and White's Thunder Out of China (1946) and Chalmers Johnson's Peasant Nationalism (1966), Western historiography on the Sino-Japanese War has focused not on the war itself but on the continuing political struggle for supremacy between the Communists and Nationalists. The war is seen as the key to the eventual triumph of the Communists over Chiang Kaishek's Nationalists by 1949. Other issues like the military history of the war itself or its long-term impact on Chinese society and culture have received scant attention.
Saprolite formation beneath Coastal Plain sediments near Washington, D.C.

Crystalline rocks buried beneath Atlantic Coastal Plain sediments in the Washington, D.C., area commonly have weathering profiles that resemble exposed saprolite of the Piedmont. Cuts along the Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority (WMATA) route in northern Virginia show a bedrock weathering profile beneath Cretaceous and younger sediments. Three lines of evidence indicate that this buried weathering profile (saprolite) has formed in the subsurface and is post-Miocene in age: The thickness of the profile, ranging from 2 to 15 m, is thinner beneath clays and thicker beneath sands, apparently a function of the permeability of the overlying material. The buried profile shows no evidence of soil formation at its upper surface and, therefore, no evidence of ever having been sub-aerially exposed. Consolidation tests on the cohesive clayey silts in the samples of the weathering profile indicate mechanical equilibrium with the present overburden, whereas consolidation tests on superjacent Cretaceous clays indicate over-consolidation resulting from a thicker pre-upper Miocene overburden. The post-Miocene age for the subsurface saprolite profile shows that not all saprolite beneath Cretaceous sediment is pre-Cretaceous in age. These observations have important implications for the interpretation of age of the exposed Piedmont saprolite.
A depth-averaged debris-flow model that includes the effects of evolving dilatancy. I. Physical basis

To simulate debris-flow behaviour from initiation to deposition, we derive a depth-averaged, two-phase model that combines concepts of critical-state soil mechanics, grain-flow mechanics and fluid ...
Adsorption of Volatile Organic Compounds in Dehydrated Food Systems. 1. Measurement of Sorption Isotherms at Low Water Activities

SUMMARY Removal of water vapor during food dehydration results in losses of volatile compounds that contribute to flavor. The relative importance of diffusion and adsorption to retention of volatile components by solid food constituents during dehydration processes is not well known. A frontal analysis gas chromatographic apparatus has been developed to measure vapor-solid adsorption at low adsorbate concentrations. Volatile compound is sorbed from the gas stream by an adsorbent in a system designed to minimize diffusion and kinetic effects. The system includes saturator chambers, which maintain constant concentration of adsorbate in the carrier gas stream, and a flame ionization detector. Data collected are presented as sorption isotherms. With microcrystalline cellulose powder as adsorbent and hexane and acetone vapors as adsorbates partial pressures in the range of 1 millitorr were produced and maintained. Resulting concentrations measured were in the range of micrograms adsorbate per gram adsorbent (ppm), orders of magnitude encountered in real dehydrated food systems.
Lithography friendly routing: from construct-by-correction to correct-by-construction

Deep sub-wavelength lithography, e.g., using the 193nm lithography to print 45nm, 32nm, and even 22nm integrated circuits, is one of the most fundamental limitations for the continuous CMOS scaling. Lithography printability is strongly layout dependent. Routing is the last major physical design step before tapeout, thus it plays an important role in addressing the overall circuit manufacturability and product yield. This talk will discuss some recent advancement of lithography friendly routing from post-routing hotspot fixing (construct-by-correction) to during-routing hotspot avoidance (correct-by-construction) guided by predictive post-OPC lithography metrics. We will compare the quality of results and runtime of these approaches, and show how to combine them. We will also discuss the emerging research needs, such as double patterning lithography for 32nm and 22nm nodes and how routing may cope with them.
Advanced Trauma Operative Management Course: Site and Instructor Selection and Evaluation

t a p c o c t he work of surgeons involves the repair of penetrating rauma. Opportunities to practice management and reair of penetrating injuries need to be available to sureons so that they are ready to deal with any traumatic mergency. Others have documented that supplying resdents with sufficient operative experiences is a chalenge, and there is a need to increase the operative expeience for residents on the trauma rotation. Simulation ducation is being recognized as one way to offer resients and others real life-like learning experiences to romote acquisition or retention of skills. The Advanced rauma Operative Management (ATOM) course was eveloped to provide surgeons and surgeons-in-training ith operative experience in the management and repair f penetrating injuries. The 1-day ATOM course focuses n penetrating trauma and teaches the surgical proceures to manage and repair injuries in the chest and bdomen using simulation in a porcine laboratory xperience. To ensure educational integrity of any course, care ust be given to the selection of sites and the qualificaions and preparation of the instructors. Requisite criteia must be available and documented. This article reiews the processes in place to extend ATOM to new ites and to certify new instructors. Results of a survey of TOM instructors will be presented.
A Review of: “Roxanne Parrott. Talking about Health: Why Communication Matters.”

Talking About Health: Why Communication Matters by Roxanne Parrott is part of a Wiley-Blackwell series designed to focus on communicating to the public to foster greater understanding and discussio...
En búsqueda de los salvadoreños en los Estados Unidos: contextualizando los datos etnográficos

En este articulo presento una vision de conjunto de la literatura etnografica sobre los salvadorenos en Estados Unidos. La migracion salvadorena a los Estados Unidos comienza a finales del siglo XIX, sin embargo los salvadorenos no llegan en masa a ese pais hasta principios de la decada de los ochenta, a principios de la guerra civil que duraria doce anos (1980-1992). En las pasadas tres decadas, la literatura general sobre salvadorenos en Estados Unidos es extensa y cubre una amplia variedad de disciplinas. Muchos trabajos academicos estudian a los migrantes salvadorenos bajo la categoria de “centroamericanos”. Con el notable incremento de la migracion salvadorena a los Estados Unidos a partir de 1980, se ha publicado un numero significativo de etnografias sobre su experiencia migratoria en las pasadas dos decadas. En este articulo se discuten y comparan nueve de esos trabajos academicos. Estos trabajos tratan a los salvadorenos desde temas, topicos y perspectivas particulares, los cuales incluyen inmigracion y emigracion, diaspora y transnacionalismo, cambios en relaciones de genero, leyes migratorias estadounidenses y estatus migratorio, remesas y derecho al voto. A medida que los migrantes salvadorenos forjan nuevas redes de conexion e interaccion social entre su pais de origen y los Estados Unidos, los trabajos academicos buscan entender y teorizar sobre estos emergentes espacios transnacionales. Palabras clave: El Salvador; Migracion; Etnografia; Estados Unidos DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/encuentro.v44i89.553 Encuentro 2011/ Ano XLIV, N° 89, 80-109
Local and landscape-scale predictors of salamander abundance in New Hampshire headwater streams

We investigated the response of Gyrinophilus porphyriticus (Plethodontidae), the spring sala- mander, to timber harvest in headwater streams in New Hampshire (U.S.A.). We conducted cover-controlled, whole-stream surveys for G. porphyriticus in 25 first-order streams in drainages encompassing a range of tim- ber-harvest histories. Streams in two different landscape configurations were chosen, isolated, or paired, based on the presence or absence of a confluent first-order stream—a potential source of immigrants. We an- alyzed salamander abundance with respect to logging history, presence of the brook trout ( Salvelinus fontina- lis ), salamander population connectivity, and other measures of physical habitat and aquatic conditions. In stepwise multiple-regression analysis, the best multivariate model of G. porphyriticus abundance included fish presence/absence; effect category, a combined function of years since harvest and substrate embedded- ness by fine sediment; and landscape configuration. These three factors explained 74% of the variation in G. porphyriticus abundance. G. porphyriticus was less abundant in streams where fish were present, likely be- cause of predation by S. fontinalis or asymmetric competition between these species. Abundance also declined with increasing substrate embeddedness and/or decreasing years since harvest, indicating an effect of fine sediment inputs and harvest history on this species. Finally, G. porphyriticus was less abundant in isolated streams than in paired streams. This result suggests that landscape-scale population connectivity may buffer this species from the negative effects of local (i.e., stream-scale) habitat perturbation. We hope this work will encourage others to develop multiscale models of land-use effects on stream biota and thereby ultimately in- crease the range and effectiveness of conservation strategies for these species.
A model integrating the processes of user interface development and software development

Before software engineers can integrate the separate processes of user interface development and mainstream software development, they must investigate candidate methologies that let developers apply different development strategies to different parts of an interactive system. Disciplined long-term investigation requires that the fundamental principles governing each process be fixed and that evolving development methods comprising each process be accommodated. The author proposes a computer-based process model that fixes the principles and accommodates evolving methods. An argument for its feasibility and worthiness for further study is presented. >
Framing Controversies: Television and the 2002 Presidential Election in Brazil

This article investigates the role of television in the first round of the 2002 Brazilian presidential election. Content analysis and survey data are used to show that TV news and political advertising led to important framing effects. On the one hand, exposure to the most watched newscast, TV Globo's Jornal Nacional, led voters to support the interpretive frame that was promoted by President Fernando Henrique Cardoso's administration and by financial markets. This frame emphasized the need to keep inflation under control and to protect the stability of the economy. On the other hand, exposure to political advertising led voters to reject this frame, since opposition candidates used their programs to emphasize Brazil's social problems, especially poverty, hunger, and social inequality, as the most important issues.
Cerebral oximetry provides early warning of oxygen delivery failure during cardiopulmonary bypass.

EAR-INFRARED spectroscopy has become a well-established technology for oxygen saturation monitoring during cardiac and vascular surgery. It is the basis for not only pulse oximetry,but also continuous mixed venous and jugular bulb oximetry. Although these monitors offer valuable information on oxygen balance,each has important limitations. Pulse oximetry becomes unreliable with nonpulsatile perfusion. Mixed venous oximetry,representing an average of many vascular beds,is relatively insensitive to cerebral hypoxia. Because jugular bulb oximetry measures the entire cranial venous effluent,early indication of cerebral hypoxia primarily affecting the brain regions with the highest metabolic demand may go unnoticed. This case report describes the beneficial use of the newest form of near-infrared spectroscopy,cerebral oximetry, during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). Continuous noninvasive transcranial monitoring of brain oxygen balance,assisted by electroencephalogram (EEG) and transcranial Doppler ultrasound,led to the rapid detection and correction of an oxygen delivery failure. CASE REPORT
Estimates of surface normal and curvature, reconstruction of continuum surface force model, and elimination of spurious currents

SUMMARY A reconstructed continuum surface force (CSF) model is presented for the volume-of-fluid (VOF) method in numerical simulations of surface tension-driven flow. The gradient of VOF function yielded by the one-direction difference (ODD) algorithm has second-order accuracy in one direction and exhibits unit pulse function in the other direction. Use of our ODD algorithm for surface normal and curvature improves the accuracy of surface tension force estimate and meets the necessary condition of a circular droplet free of spurious currents. The immersed length, a physical depth of grid cell center introduced in this paper, is computed from VOF function and surface orientation. It is chosen instead of VOF function as weight parameters in the evaluations of density and volumetric surface tension force between interfacial grid cells. Grid cells and control cells are classified into interfacial, sublayer, and interior cells according to their distances to interface. Surface tension is thus constructed within interfacial or sublayer cells. The numerical approach is modified so that flow pressure solutions are sought only at those immersed grid cell centers. The transitional region from one fluid to the other is compressed. Spurious currents by no means grow on free surface in the numerical simulations using our algorithms and reconstructed CSF model. The simulation results agree with the Laplace pressure jump across a static circular free surface or experimental observations. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A model for the aqueous thermal boundary layer at an air-water interface

A fundamental understanding of the thermal characteristics of the air-water boundary is critical to applications such as remote sensing of the bulk sea temperature and modeling of the heat transfer through the interface. The objective of the current work is to develop a model of the thermal boundary layer on the aqueous side of an air-water interface. This model is based on the surface strain model Csanady [1990] developed for gas transfer. The primary underlying assumption is. that a quasi-steady straining exists at the air-water interface. This quasi-steady straining field maintains a steady state aqueous thermal boundary. With this approach the properties of the thermal boundary layer can then be related to a variety of hydrodynamic conditions. This approach is motivated by experimental evidence and validated with simulation results.
ROXY HARRIS AND BEN RAMPTON (eds.), The language, ethnicity and race reader

Roxy Harris and Ben Rampton (eds.), The language, ethnicity and race reader. London & New York: Routledge, 2003. Pp. x, 357. Pb $38.98.Harris & Rampton's collection of 25 classic and current articles on language and ethnicity is a welcome tool for the undergraduate-level instructor who requires an astute collection with diverse theoretical and historical perspectives. The introduction guides teachers and students toward theoretical implications of the articles and offers a number of organizational suggestions for how to “read.” The book is first organized into three sections: “Colonialism, imperialism, and global process,” “Nation states and minorities,” and “Language discourse and ethnic style.” In turn, each of the sections proceeds historically along a continuum: premodern → modern → postmodern. For pedagogical purposes, the editors supply a table locating each of the excerpts in its place along this continuum – “a gross oversimplification” to spark debate, for which they hope the readers will take them to task (p. 6).
Assessing the Short-Term Forecast Capability of Nonstandardized Surface Observations Using the National Digital Forecast Database (NDFD)

The number of surface observations from nonstandardized networks across the United States has appreciably increased the last several years. Automated Weather Services, Inc. (AWS), maintains one example of this type of network offering nonstandardized observations for ;8000 sites. The present study assesses the utility of such a network to improve short-term (i.e., lead times ,12 h) National Digital Forecast Database (NDFD) forecasts for three parameters most relevant to the energy industry—temperature, dewpoint, and wind speed. A 1-yr sample of 13 AWS sites is chosen to evaluate the magnitude of forecast improvement (skill) and influence of physical location (siting) on such improvements. Hourly predictions are generated using generalized additive modeling (GAM)—a nonlinear statistical equation incorporating a predetermined set of the most significant AWS and NDFD predictors. Two references are used for comparison: (i) persistence climatology (PC) forecasts and (ii) NDFD forecasts calibrated to the AWS sites (CNDFD). The skill, measuredvia the percentimprovement(reduction) in themeanabsoluteerror(MAE),offorecastsgenerated by the study’s technique (CNDFD1) is comparable (,5%) to PC for lead times of 1‐3 h for dewpoint and wind speed. Skill relative to PC slowly increases with lead time, with temperature exhibiting the greatest relative-to-PC skill (;30% at 12 h). When compared to baseline CNDFD forecasts, the MAE of the generated CNDFD1 forecasts is reduced 65% for temperature and dewpoint at the 1-h lead time. An exponential drop in improvement occurs for longer lead times. Wind speed improvements are notably less, with little skill (,5%) demonstrated for forecasts beyond 4 h. Overall, CNDFD1 forecasts have the greatest accuracy relative to CNDFD and PC for the middle (3‐7 h) lead times tested in the study. Variations in CNDFD1 skill exist with respect to AWS location. Tested stations located in complex terrain generally exhibit greater skill relative to CNDFD than the 13-station average for temperature (and, to a lesser degree, dewpoint).RelativetoPC,however,thesamesubsetofstationsexhibitsskillbelowthe13-stationaverage.No conclusive relationship can be made between CNDFD1 skill and the sample stations located near water.
ABUNDANCE AND CHARACTERIZATION OF COWPEA MISCELLANY RHIZOBIUM FROM SUDANESE SOILS

Abstract Sudan is the fourth largest exporter of groundnuts in the world, yet little is known concerning the plant-rhizobial symbiosis. A study was made on the abundance of groundnut-nodulating rhizobia in the soils of Sudan as related to soil properties and the duration since groundnuts were last planted. Also, physiological, serological and nitrogen-fixing characteristics of Sudanese rhizobia are reported. All but one of 32 sites contained more than 300 rhizobia g−1 soil capable of forming nodules on siratro (Macroptilium atropurpureum). Several of these soils had never been planted to groundnut. A correlation matrix indicated no relationship was present between soil rhizobial populations and any of the measured soil properties, or between soil rhizobial populations and the time since groundnuts were last planted in the rotation. Individual isolates of Rhizobium from six legumes: groundnut (Arachis hypogaea), mung bean (Vigna radiata), lubia (Dolichos lablab), cowpea (Vigna unguiculata), pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) and bambara groundnut (Voandzeia subterranea) were obtained from four locations in Sudan. All isolates were able to nodulate each of the six legumes when grown in sterile vermiculite. The isolates grew in 0.1% NaCl-amended media, but growth was variable in 2.0% amended media. Most isolates grew after exposure to moist heat for 15 min at 50°C. Optimum pH for growth was, in general, between pH 6 and 8. Agglutination reactions indicated isolates from groundnuts, as well as isolates from other legumes, belonged to several serological groupings. Some isolates formed a large number of nodules on a Sudanese groundnut cultivar, whereas other isolates formed only few nodules.
LITHOSPHERIC TEMPERATURE ESTIMATES FROM SEISMIC ATTENUATION ACROSS RANGE FRONTS IN SOUTHERN AND CENTRAL EURASIA

Seismic attenuation (1/ Q ) changes abruptly between the stable Eurasian craton and adjacent mountain belts associated with the Alpine-Himalayan collision. New attenuation measurements on local body and coda waves provide quantitative constraints on this contrast, near the Caucasus, Kopet Dagh, and Tien Shan mountains. The 1/ Q estimates from all range fronts are similar, the mountains being two to three times more attenuative than adjacent stable platforms. These 1/ Q variations are a reasonable proxy for temperature variations, and reveal crustal heating on the order of 100 °C but probably not melting beneath the mountain ranges. Attenuation (1/ Q ) is high wherever high topography is seen, implying that active mountains are typically hot. Hence, processes that generate or transport heat dominate advective cooling due to lithospheric thickening, even over the 10–20 m.y. lifetimes of these young mountain belts.
Topical tretinoin (retinoic acid) improves melasma. A vehicle‐controlled, clinical trial

Melasma is a common disorder of cutaneous hyperpigmentation predominantly affecting the faces of women. Little is known about the aetiology of melasma, and treatment is frequently disappointing. Topical tretinoin is of benefit in treating other forms of hyperpigmentation, for example liver spots, and we therefore investigated its effectiveness in melasma. Thirty-eight women completed a randomized, vehicle-controlled study, in which they applied 0.1% tretinoin (n = 19) or vehicle cream (n = 19) once daily to the face for 40 weeks. At the end of treatment 13 (68%) of 19 tretinoin-treated patients were clinically rated as improved or much improved, compared with 1 (5%) of 19 in the vehicle group (P = 0.0006). Significant improvement first occurred after 24 weeks of tretinoin treatment. Colorimetry (an objective measure of skin colour) demonstrated a 0.9 unit lightening of tretinoin-treated melasma and a 0.3 unit darkening with vehicle (P = 0.01); these results correlated with clinical lightening (r = 0.55, P = 0.0005). Histologically, epidermal pigment was reduced 36% following tretinoin treatment, compared with a 50% increase with vehicle (P = 0.002). Reduction in epidermal pigment also correlated with clinical lightening (r = -0.41, P = 0.01). Moderate cutaneous side-effects of erythema and desquamation occurred in 88% of tretinoin-treated and 29% of vehicle-treated patients. Topical 0.1% tretinoin produces significant clinical improvement of melasma, mainly due to reduction in epidermal pigment, but improvement is slow.
Sensitivity of Pnicogen, Chalcogen, Halogen and H-Bonds to Angular Distortions

Abstract Pnicogen, chalcogen, and halogen atoms have been shown previously to have some elements in common with H-bonds, including charge transfer into a σ∗ antibonding orbital. While H-bonds are known to have a strong propensity toward linearity, there is little known about the angular sensitivity of the former interactions. Ab initio calculations are performed that show that the noncovalent bonds formed between P, S, and Cl atoms with a N electron donor are strongly anisotropic, more sensitive to angular distortion than are H-bonds. Energy decomposition implicates exchange repulsion as the force that is chiefly responsible for this pattern.
FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE AND SOURCE CREDIBILITY: A PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION AND RECONCEPTUALIZATION1

This study investigated the effects of figurative language on perceived source credibility. Subjects read one of five messages: literal, brief metaphor, extended metaphor, brief simile, or extended simile, and then responded to credibility and attitude scales. Results indicated that the use by a message source of an extended metaphor, an extended simile, or a brief simile enhanced the perceived authoritativeness of the source.
The Cost-Effectiveness of Immunohistochemistry

Abstract Objective.—To evaluate the cost-effectiveness of immunohistochemistry. Design.—Using a theoretical decision analytic model, the cost-effectiveness of immunohistochemistry was evaluated in different scenarios depicting the beneficial use of immunohistochemistry. Data regarding the effectiveness of immunohistochemistry were obtained from the medical literature and costs were obtained from Allegheny General Hospital. Settings.—The scenarios depicted both private practice and university patients from which anatomic pathology specimens were obtained. Immunohistochemistry was subsequently performed on these specimens. Main Outcome Measures.—Cost, life expectancy, diagnostic certainty, ability to predict prognosis, and cost-effectiveness were evaluated. Results.—In all scenarios, immunohistochemistry was cost-effective at very low efficacies. Assuming a per-antibody cost of $50 and use of a 5-antibody panel, immunohistochemistry was cost-effective if it resulted in a 1-year gain of population life expec...
An experimentally verified numerical model of finned heat pipes in crossflow

Abstract A numerical model is developed to predict heat rates associated with a heat pipe whose finned condenser section is subjected to external forced convection. Multiphase, conjugate heat transfer inside the heat pipe is predicted using a 2-dimensional model, while fluid flow and convection heat transfer within the fin array is described with a coupled 3-dimensional shear stress transport (SST) model. Predictions of local temperatures and overall heat rates are verified experimentally. The SST model is also validated with 3-dimensional direct simulations that show highly time-dependent, 3-dimensional phenomena in the fin array. A previously unreported phenomenon, localized depression of temperatures in the heat pipe wall, is presented and parametric simulations reveal the sensitivity of system performance to the number of fins and the air velocity in the fin array.
A Panel Regression Study on Multiple Predictors of Environmental Concern for 82 Countries Across Seven Years

Objective This article evaluates the extent to which economic affluence, ecological degradation, integration into the world polity, and economic globalization each contributes to the change in environmental concern in 82 countries across seven years. Method Using multivariate panel regression, I have analyzed a combined data set of four waves of World Values Surveys and three waves of surveys from the International Social Survey Program. Results Findings reveal that exposure to ecological degradation is positively related to growing environmental concern, whereas economic affluence has a negative association. In addition, integration into the world polity does not affect environmental concern and the two indicators of economic globalization have mixed impact. Conclusion This study demonstrates that potentially influential factors have different influence over public environmental concern. Thus, a parsimonious explanation is inadequate since there is no universalistic factor that can account for all variations in environmental concern.
Optimal Approximants and Szegö’s Infimum

Szego’s infimum is studied relative to a side condition on norms. A method based on Mellin transforms yields closed form expressions for the extremal functions when the weight function is the characteristic function of an arc on the unit circle.
The current state of male hormonal contraception

World population continues to grow at an unprecedented rate, doubling in a mere 50years to surpass the 7-billion milestone in 2011. This steep population growth exerts enormous pressure on the global environment. Despite the availability of numerous contraceptive choices for women, approximately half of all pregnancies are unintended and at least half of those are unwanted. Such statistics suggest that there is still a gap in contraceptive options for couples, particularly effective reversible contraceptives for men, who have few contraceptive choices. Male hormonal contraception has been an active area of research for almost 50years. The fundamental concept involves the use of exogenous hormones to suppress endogenous production of gonadotropins, testosterone, and downstream spermatogenesis. Testosterone-alone regimens are effective in many men but high dosing requirements and sub-optimal gonadotropin suppression in 10-30% of men limit their use. A number of novel combinations of testosterone and progestins have been shown to be more efficacious but still require further refinement in delivery systems and a clearer understanding of the potential short- and long-term side effects. Recently, synthetic androgens with both androgenic and progestogenic activity have been developed. These agents have the potential to be single-agent male hormonal contraceptives. Early studies of these compounds are encouraging and there is reason for optimism that these may provide safe, reversible, and reliable contraception for men in the near future.
Long-term RNase P-mediated inhibition of HIV-1 replication and pathogenesis.

Advances in genetic analysis and a greater understanding of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) molecular pathogenesis have identified critical viral targets for gene interference strategies. RNase P molecules have been proposed as a novel approach for gene targeting based upon their potent catalytic activity, as well as versatile external guide sequence (EGS) which can be modified to specifically recognize almost any target mRNA. We designed a truncated EGS to specifically recognize the highly conserved U5 region of HIV-1 mRNA and mediate subsequent cleavage of hybridized mRNA by the RNase P enzyme component. The active U5-EGS (560), as well as a disabled U5 EGS (560D) control, were cloned into plasmids containing proviral constructs and transfected into a CD4+ T cell line that was thereafter infected with HIV-1 MN. CD4+ T cells treated with the active U5 EGS (560) were observed to maintain CD4+ expression and did not produce HIV p24 gag antigen, form syncytia or undergo apoptosis up to 30 days after infection. Identical cells expressing the inactivated form of the U5 RNase P EGS completely down-regulated CD4 expression, produced elevated levels of HIV-1, formed large syncytia and underwent apoptosis similar to untreated cells. HIV-1 replication and related cytopathology can be effectively inhibited in CD4+ T cells expressing a protective U5 EGS (560).
The benefits of convergence

A multi-tier radio access network (RAN) combining the strength of fibre-optic and radio access technologies employing adaptive microwave photonics interfaces and radio-over-fibre (RoF) techniques i...
Activation of the Si(100)/Cl2 Etching Reaction at High Cl2 Translational Energies

Exposing a Si(100) surface to a pulsed beam of neutral Cl2 with high translational energy results in etching at a rate faster than that seen with chlorine at thermal energies. The Cl2 beam used in these experiments is produced by laser vaporization of cryogenic films. It has a broad energy distribution which can be varied by changing laser energy and film thickness. Beams with mean energies as low as 0.4 eV result in etching >10 times faster than etching by thermal Cl2. When Cl2 beams are used which have considerable flux above 3 eV, the etching rate increases by a further factor of 3.6 ± 0.6. This rate increase, which occurs at energies just above the Si-Si bond energy, suggests that kinetic energy can be efficiently utilized to break surface bonds.
Zwitterionic Ring Opening Polymerization with Isothioureas

Bicyclic isothioureas 1 and 2 mediate controlled ring opening polymerizations (ROP) of lactides in the absence of protic initiators to afford high molecular weight polylactides (PLA) with narrow polydispersities. The cyclic structure of the resulting PLA was determined by dilute solution viscosity measurement and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Compared to DBU initiator, isothioureas are more selective for producing cyclic PLA without appreciable linear contaminants. Mechanistic studies involving acyl amidinium support our hypothesis that DBU-initiated ZROP generates linear chains from a ketene aminal intermediate.
Growth of Cl. Botulinum and Cl. Sporogenes in Veal Infusion Broth under Reduced Pressure

and not in others of the same lot subjected to exactly the same treatment. The presence of other bacteria,1 the application of heat,2 the effect of the amount of inoculum,3 and a change in the hydrogen-ion concentration of the medium used,4 have been shown to be factors influencing the growth and toxin production of CI. botulinum. A possible factor which has received little attention is the effect of various gases and reduced pressures on the germination of spores and toxin production of CI. botulinum. A study was made first of the growth of CI. botulinum types A and B and of CI. sporogenes under reduced atmospheric pressures. After this preliminary determination, the gases oxygen and carbon dioxide were placed in the evacuated tubes under various reduced pressures.
Invasion Dynamics of Teratogenic Infections in Light of Rubella Control: Implications for Zika Virus.

Introduction: The greatest burden for a subset of pathogens is associated with infection during pregnancy. Evidence for teratogenic effects of Zika Virus have highlighted the importance of understanding the epidemiology of such pathogens. Rubella is perhaps the most classic example, and there is much to be learned from the long history of modelling associated with this virus. Methods: We extended an existing framework for modeling age-specific dynamics of rubella to illustrate how the body of knowledge of rubella dynamics informs the dynamics of teratogenic infections more broadly, and particularly the impact of control on such infections in different transmission settings. Results: During invasion, the burden in women of childbearing age is expected to peak, but then fall to low levels before eventually levelling out. Importantly, as illustrated by rubella dynamics, there is potential for a paradoxical effect, where inadequate control efforts can increase the burden. Conclusions: Drawing on the existing body of work on rubella dynamics highlights key knowledge gaps for understanding the risks associated with Zika Virus. The magnitude and impacts of sterilizing immunity, plus antigenic maps measuring crossprotection with other flaviviruses, and the magnitude of transmission, as well as likely impact of control efforts on transmission are likely to be key variables for robust inference into the outcome of management efforts for Zika Virus.
Colorado Landscapes Past and Future: A Photographer’s Perspective: An interview with John Fielder

Colorado Landscapes Past and Future: A Photographer’s Perspective: An interview with John Fielder DOI:10.2458/azu_rangelands_v31i4_srm
Effect of Ethanolic Extract of Phyllanthus emblica on Captan Induced Oxidative Stress in vivo

Pesticides include all classes of chemicals used for killing or repelling insects, fungi, vegetation, and rodents. Eventhough they are in a way beneficial since they can protect against forest and farm crop losses aid in more efficient food production and are instrumental in controlling insect‐vector borne diseases, their increased use has several drawbacks including health effects, loss of bio‐diversity and irreversible changes and degradation of natural ecosystems. In the present study, the nutraceutical, Phyllanthus emblica are evaluated for their ability to protect against Captan, a fungicide, induced genotoxicity and oxidative stress, in vivo . Chronic exposure to pesticides adversely affects various organ systems and theses effects have been attributed to increased oxidative stress and cellular DNA damage. Oxidative stress induced by Captan was studied in vivo by analyzing the extent of lipid peroxidation and levels of GSH in the gill tissue of fish (guppy) grown in water containing Captan in presence or absence of gooseberry extracts. The genotoxicity of Captan and the genoprotective action of gooseberry was studied using comet assay on gill tissue of fish (guppy) grown in water containing Captan in presence or absence of the extracts. The results clearly indicated that the extracts could mitigate captan induced oxidative stress and genotoxicity which could be due to the efficient free radical scavenging activity by the extracts.
Management of Anastomotic Leaks—Early 7 Days

Anastomotic leaks are among the most dreaded and challenging complications encountered by acute care surgeons, with attendant high morbidity and mortality. A thorough understanding of risk factors leading to anastomotic leaks can help the acute care surgeon anticipate complications and provide treatment that can reduce the incidence or limit the effects of these complications. Re-operative surgery should never be undertaken lightly, and therefore, accurate diagnosis and localization of anastomotic leaks are critical prior to undertaking definitive management. A number of operative and non-operative treatment options exist in the management of anastomotic leaks that can provide satisfactory results. The presentation and treatment of early ( 7 days) anastomotic leaks can be markedly different. In this chapter, we discuss the risk factors, diagnosis, and treatment of gastric, intestinal, colorectal, and pancreatic anastomotic leaks in both the early and late postoperative periods.
Comparison of models analyzing a small number of observed Meningitis cases in Navrongo, Ghana

The “meningitis belt” is a region in sub-Saharan Africa where annual outbreaks of meningitis occur, with epidemics observed cyclically. While we know that meningitis is heavily dependent on seasonal trends, the exact pathways for contracting the disease are not fully understood and warrant further investigation. Most previous approaches have used large sample inference to assess impacts of weather on meningitis rates. However, in the case of rare events, the validity of such assumptions is uncertain. This work examines the meningitis trends in the context of rare events, with the specific objective of quantifying the underlying seasonal patterns in meningitis rates. We compare three main classes of models: the Poisson generalized linear model, the Poisson generalized additive model, and a Bayesian hazard model extended to accommodate count data and a changing at-risk population. We compare the accuracy and robustness of the models through the bias, RMSE, and standard deviation of the estimators, and also provide a detailed case study of meningitis patterns for data collected in Navrongo, Ghana. Supplementary materials accompanying this paper appear online.
Effects of a Flexibility/Support Intervention on Work Performance: Evidence From the Work, Family, and Health Network.

Purpose:To estimate the effects of a workplace initiative to reduce work–family conflict on employee performance.Design:A group-randomized multisite controlled experimental study with longitudinal follow-up.Setting:An information technology firm.Participants:Employees randomized to the intervention (n = 348) and control condition (n = 345).Intervention:An intervention, “Start. Transform. Achieve. Results.” to enhance employees’ control over their work time, to increase supervisors’ support for this change, and to increase employees’ and supervisors’ focus on results.Methods:We estimated the effect of the intervention on 9 self-reported employee performance measures using a difference-in-differences approach with generalized linear mixed models. Performance measures included actual and expected hours worked, absenteeism, and presenteeism.Results:This study found little evidence that an intervention targeting work–family conflict affected employee performance. The only significant effect of the intervention...
Variant Two-Stage Ileal Pouch-Anal Anastomosis: An Innovative and Effective Alternative to Standard Resection in Ulcerative Colitis

Background Ulcerative colitis patients have been historically treated with standard single, 2-, and 3-stage operative approaches. We perform a variant 2-stage procedure beginning with total abdominal colectomy and end ileostomy followed by completion proctectomy and ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (IPAA) without a diverting loop ileostomy. This study evaluates the effectiveness of this innovative alternative. Study design Patients with ulcerative colitis, admitted to the University of North Carolina Hospital between 2003 and 2010 for IPAA, were eligible for inclusion. The 3-year cumulative incidence of pouch leaks among patients undergoing variant 2-stage were compared with those undergoing classic 2-stage, using inverse probability-of-treatment weighted Kaplan- Meier survival curves, and 95% CIs were estimated using nonparametric bootstrapping. Results There were 248 patients who underwent IPAA; 139 (56.1%) underwent classic 2-stage and 109 (43.9%) underwent variant 2-stage. After standardization, there was no significant difference in the 3-year cumulative incidence of pouch leaks between patients undergoing variant 2-stage, compared with the standard single- or 2-stage procedure (risk difference 0.01; 95% CI −0.08, 0.15). At the time of the first surgical procedure, patients undergoing a variant 2-stage were more likely to have lower BMIs (median 22.5 kg/m 2 vs 26.7 kg/m 2 ; p Conclusions Variant 2-stage IPAA is a safe and effective operative approach with comparable outcomes in a more acute population based on BMI, steroid use, and urgency of operation.
Rapid localized heating of graphene coating on a silicon mold by induction for precision molding of polymer optics.

In compression molding of polymer optical components with micro/nanoscale surface features, rapid heating of the mold surface is critical for the implementation of this technology for large-scale applications. In this Letter, a novel method of a localized rapid heating process is reported. This process is based on induction heating of a thin conductive coating deposited on a silicon mold. Since the graphene coating is very thin (∼45 nm), a high heating rate of 10∼20°C/s can be achieved by employing a 1200 W 30 kHz electrical power unit. Under this condition, the graphene-coated surface and the polymer substrate can be heated above the polymer’s glass transition temperature within 30 s and subsequently cooled down to room temperature within several tens of seconds after molding, resulting in an overall thermal cycle of about 3 min or shorter. The feasibility of this process was validated by fabrication of optical gratings, micropillar matrices, and microlens arrays on polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) substrates with very high precision. The uniformity and surface geometries of the replicated optical elements are evaluated using an optical profilometer, a diffraction test setup, and a Shack–Hartmann wavefront sensor built with a molded PMMA microlens array. Compared with the conventional bulk heating molding process, this novel rapid localized induction heating process could improve replication efficiency with better geometrical fidelity.
Carbon Trading Reporting: The Case of Spanish Companies

Policy makers, scientists, industry leaders, and academicians all have debated how to restrain global warming and reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Three main methods are used: command and control laws and regulations, carbon taxes, and cap and trade schemes. Recognizing the consequences of global warming, all Scandinavian countries introduced a carbon emissions tax in the 1990s. They also ratified the Kyoto Protocol that ran from 2005 through 2012. The European Union (EU) instituted a carbon trading scheme (Emissions Trading System (ETS)) in February 2005 when Kyoto became operative. The three Scandinavian EU members had two methods in place during the 2005–08 period to encourage GHG reduction: taxing and trading. Norway, not in the EU, used just taxes. The other EU members, including Spain, applied just the carbon trading ETS scheme to encourage compliance with the Kyoto Protocol. The fundamental issue addressed is this one: Did publicly held firms headquartered in Spain adequately report participation in the EU carbon emissions trading mechanism? Data to answer this question were obtained from the 2011 and 2012 annual reports for domestic Spanish public companies that received tradable emissions permits. In addition to assessing investor-owned firms’ disclosure posture, the specific method of reporting about carbon emissions permits, whether companies used, banked, or sold the permits granted by the government, also is reviewed. This empirical research effort reports on a complete survey of all available data for the two financial reporting periods that concluded the second phase of the Kyoto Protocol.
Defect dominated conductivity in Zn3P2

Abstract The electrical resistivity and Hall coefficient of Zn3P2 have been measured for single crystal and thin polycrystalline film samples which were annealed over a range of equilibrium vapor compositions and temperatures. The room temperature electrical resistivity of single crystal samples annealed at 573 K varied from approximately 105Ω-cm for single crystals heated in equilibrium with zinc to 10 Ω-cm for those annealed in a phosphorus rich ambient. Hall measurements indicate that a variation in carrier concentration is responsible for these changes. The experimentally observed dependence of carrier concentration [h° ], (cm−3) on phosphorus pressure is given by [h°] = 1.32 · 1016 [p(P4)]0.13 for samples annealed at 573 K. The experimentally determined pressure dependence is in good agreement with a model based on phosphorus interstitials acting as acceptors. The pressure and temperature dependence of the carrier concentration yield the equilibrium constant KI for the formation of interstitial phosphorus defects according to the reaction 1 4 P 4 → P′ i + h° where K I = 10 42.4 ± 2 cm −6 torr 0.25 [p(P 4 )] −0.25 exp(−1.18 ev kT ) . The accommodation of phosphorus interstitials is discussed in light of the crystal structure of Zn3P2.
A disease-associated frameshift mutation in caveolin-1 disrupts caveolae formation and function through introduction of a de novo ER retention signal.

Caveolin-1 (CAV1) is an essential component of caveolae and is implicated in numerous physiological processes. Recent studies have identified heterozygous mutations in the CAV1 gene in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), but the mechanisms by which these mutations impact caveolae assembly and contribute to disease remain unclear. To address this question, we examined the consequences of a familial PAH-associated frameshift mutation in CAV1, P158PfsX22, on caveolae assembly and function. We show that C-terminus of the CAV1 P158 protein contains a functional ER-retention signal that inhibits ER exit and caveolae formation and accelerates CAV1 turnover in Cav1-/- MEFs. Moreover, when coexpressed with wild-type (WT) CAV1 in Cav1-/- MEFs, CAV1-P158 functions as a dominant negative by partially disrupting WT CAV1 trafficking. In patient skin fibroblasts, CAV1 and caveolar accessory protein levels are reduced, fewer caveolae are observed, and CAV1 complexes exhibit biochemical abnormalities. Patient fibroblasts also exhibit decreased resistance to a hypo-osmotic challenge, suggesting the function of caveolae as membrane reservoir is compromised. We conclude that the P158PfsX22 frameshift introduces a gain of function that gives rise to a dominant negative form of CAV1, defining a new mechanism by which disease-associated mutations in CAV1 impair caveolae assembly.