cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Balance Confidence and Fear of Falling Avoidance Behavior Are Most Predictive of Falling in Older Adults: Prospective Analysis

Background Evidence suggests that there are several fall predictors in the elderly population, including previous fall history and balance impairment. To date, however, the role of psychological factors has not yet been thoroughly vetted in conjunction with physical factors as predictors of future falls. Objective The purpose of this study was to determine which measures, physical and psychological, are most predictive of falling in older adults. Design This was a prospective cohort study. Methods Sixty-four participants (mean age=72.2 years, SD=7.2; 40 women, 24 men) with and without pathology (25 healthy, 17 with Parkinson disease, 11 with cerebrovascular accident, 6 with diabetes, and 5 with a cardiovascular diagnosis) participated. Participants reported fall history and completed physical-based measures (ie, Berg Balance Scale, Dynamic Gait Index, self-selected gait speed, Timed “Up & Go” Test, Sensory Organization Test) and psychological-based measures (ie, Fear of Falling Avoidance Behavior Questionnaire, Falls Efficacy Scale, Activities-specific Balance Confidence Scale). Contact was made 1 year later to determine falls during the subsequent year (8 participants lost at follow-up). Results Using multiple regression, fall history, pathology, and all measures were entered as predictor candidates. Three variables were included in the final model, explaining 49.2% of the variance: Activities-specific Balance Confidence Scale (38.7% of the variance), Fear of Falling Avoidance Behavior Questionnaire (5.6% additional variance), and Timed “Up & Go” Test (4.9% additional variance). Limitations Falls were based on participant recall rather than a diary. Conclusions Balance confidence was the best predictor of falling, followed by fear of falling avoidance behavior, and the Timed “Up & Go” Test. Fall history, presence of pathology, and physical tests did not predict falling. These findings suggest that participants may have had a better sense of their fall risk than with a test that provides a snapshot of their balance.
Pulsed magnetic stimulation modifies amplitude of action potentials in vitro via ionic channels-dependent mechanism.

This paper investigates the influence of pulsed magnetic fields (PMFs) on amplitude of evoked, compound action potential (CAP) recorded from the segments of sciatic nerve in vitro. PMFs were applied for 30 min at frequency of 0.16 Hz and intensity of 15 mT. In confirmation of our previous reports, PMF exposure enhanced amplitude of CAPs. The effect persisted beyond PMF activation period. As expected, CAP amplitude was attenuated by antagonists of sodium channel, lidocaine, and tetrodotoxin. Depression of the potential by sodium channels antagonists was reversed by subsequent exposure to PMFs. The effect of elevated potassium concentration and veratridine on the action potential was modified by exposure to PMFs as well. Neither inhibitors of protein kinase C and protein kinase A, nor known free radicals scavengers had any effects on PMF action. Possible mechanisms of PMF action are discussed. Bioelectromagnetics. 36:386–397, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A SINGLE-WHEEL TRAILER FOR TIRE NOISE RESEARCH

A single-wheel trailer has been designed and built to study the origins of tire noise and its basic characteristics. The single test tire, nominally the 10.00/20 size usually mounted on large trucks and semitrailers, is located 12.2 m (40 ft) behind the rear axle of the towing vehicle to isolate it from other noise sources. Reflective surfaces that could interfere with noise measurements are minimized by the high, single-beam construction of the trailer. The towing vehicle is modified to reduce its noise and wake in the vicinity of the test tire, which can be loaded to 22.2 kN (5000 lb) by dead weights and rolled at expressway speeds.
Spectral and Level Effects in Auditory Signal Enhancement

Auditory enhancement refers generally to the increased perceptual salience of a spectral region when that region is preceded by its spectral complement, e.g., reinserting a missing component in a harmonic complex makes that component “pop out.” One manifestation of enhancement is the increased detectability of a signal in certain spectro-temporal configurations. In the present experiments, detection thresholds were measured for a 2-kHz signal that was masked by an inharmonic complex with a spectral notch centered at 2-kHz. When the masker was preceded by a precursor/adaptor with a spectral gap identical to that of the masker, detection thresholds were lowest when the gap width was 0.6 octave. The amount of signal enhancement, the difference in thresholds between the no-precursor and precursor ­conditions, decreased for smaller and larger gap widths. In addition, this general result was robust for precursors such as band-reject noise and harmonic complexes that were different in perceptual quality from the masker. This suggests that grouping/segregation processes do not mediate enhancement as assessed here. Similarly, significant enhancement was observed with precursor-masker level differences over a 40-dB range. Overall, these results further indicate that frequency resolution is a dynamic process that depends on spectro-temporal context. They also are consistent with a mechanism involving adaptation of inhibition that likely occurs at low levels in the auditory system.
Cartesian Metaphysics: Descartes's essentialist metaphysics

Cartesian essentialism and Scholastic existentialism Descartes believed that knowledge of a thing's nature is prior to knowledge of its existence. In his replies to Johannes Caterus, the Scholastic author of the First Objections to the Meditations , he stated that ‘according to the rules of true logic we must never ask whether something exists [ an est ] unless we already know what it is [ quid est ]’ (AT, VII, 107–8). The same year he wrote to Father Marin Mersenne deprecating ‘theologians who, following ordinary logic, ask whether God exists before asking what His nature is’ (AT, III, 273). Historians of philosophy have granted little attention to these and similar passages. Some have noted that here Descartes is opposing ‘the School’. But then they have discarded the texts without further consideration, or they have discussed them in passing and exclusively with reference to proofs of God's existence. In either case we have been left without a proper account of their meaning or of their place within the Cartesian corpus. This neglect is unjustified and needs to be redressed. The view expressed is quite general, neither absurd nor uninteresting, and central to Descartes's metaphysics. The opposite claim that in the order of knowledge existence is prior to essence was indeed one of the most widely and firmly established of Scholastic doctrines.
Lower esophageal sphincter dysfunction in esophageal atresia: Nocturnal regurgitation and aspiration pneumonia

The association between lower esophageal sphincter (LES) incompetence, gastroesophageal reflux, and recurrent pneumonia in patients who have undergone successful repair of esophageal atresia (EA) and tracheoesophageal fistula is demonstrated in this study. The efficacy of esophageal manometric examination in the evaluation of the LES in young children after EA repair is documented. This study also provides evidence that infants and children with LES incompetence associated with EA may have LES responsiveness to bethanechol. Once established by manometry, this responsiveness may be used to manage the patient until surgical repair would be advantageous.
Perceptions of Professionalism Among Individuals in the Child Care Field

Individuals working with young children, birth through age five, continue to strive for professional recognition. Factors that contribute to a person’s feelings about being a child care professional were investigated. Stratified random sampling was used for data collection. Participants in the study responded to mailed questionnaires concerning a profile of child care professionals. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance, Pearson Product-Moment Correlation Coefficient, and multiple regression analysis. Results suggested that commitment has the strongest influence on the perceptions of professionalism. Other significant factors were years of experience in child care, enjoyment of work, receiving trainings, feeling able to use trainings, parents turning to the child care professional for information, and feeling qualified. Possible implications of these findings are discussed.
A magnifying glass on glioblastoma stem cell signaling pathways.

Commentary to:β-catenin and Gli1 are prognostic markers in glioblastoma Marco Rossi, Letizia Magnoni, Clelia Miracco, Elisa Mori, Piero Tosi, Luigi Pirtoli, Paolo Tini, Giuseppe Oliveri, Elena Cosci and Annette Bakker
Mediating Women Workers in Fair Trade and Sweatfree Production

In the past two decades, there has been a surge of campaigns that promote fair and ethical local and global trade. These campaigns encompass fair trade, non-sweatshop production, organic farming, a...
A Reappraisal of Exclusion Angiography in Gunshot Wounds of the Extremities

The routine use of exclusion angiography in trauma to the extremities has resulted in varying percentages of negative studies, mostly because of a great variability in location and type of injury.The authors reviewed 117 low-velocity gunshot wounds to the extremities. Twenty-six cases presented with hard signs of vascular injury and underwent immediate exploration. Ninety-one exclusion angiograms were performed (11 for soft signs and 80 for proximity only), 89 (98%) were considered negative. Two cases (2 % ) that presented without hard signs required vascular repair. Physical examination alone was 93 % sensitive and 99 % specific for recognition of vascular injuries. Routine angiography did not substantially improve the diagnostic accuracy and had a positive predictive value of only 2%.The authors conclude that angiography may be safely omitted in low-velocity gunshot wounds to the extremities if the absence of signs or symptoms of vascular injury can be firmly established.
On Constructing Current Life Tables

Abstract The purpose of this note is to reintroduce a simple method of constructing current life tables proposed in [2], using the concept of the fraction of the last age interval of life, and to use it to construct life tables of the United States population.
Enzymatic manipulation of DNA-nanomaterial constructs.

The demonstration and control of biofunction between inorganic nanomaterials and biological scaffolding is crucial to the development of the field of biomaterials. Although unique hierarchical structures can be generated, the impact of nanosized materials on the biological activity of DNA−protein interactions is relatively unknow. Using highly selective proteins that induce sequence-specific conformational perturbations within DNA, we demonstrate the absolute maintenance of biofunction for biomaterials composed of duplex DNA appended with 1.4-nm Au particles. Enzyme activity and DNA binding affinities (Kd) are unaltered by the nanoparticle−DNA conjugates. Our results provide a foundation for interfacing more complex and diverse protein−DNA-systems.
The Impossible Border: Germany and the East, 1914-1922

The impossible border: Germany and the East, 1914–1922, by Annemarie H. Sammartino, Ithaca, NY, Cornell University Press, 2010, 232 pp. + maps, $39.95 (hardcover), ISBN 978-0-8014-48638 In The Impo...
Growth studies of parainfluenza virus (type 2).

Single cycle and multiple cycle growth of type 2 parainfluenza virus in stable amnion cells was examined. Hemadsorption plaque counts constituted a reliable method for quantitative estimation of infective virus. Virus from cells grown in serum-free medium supplemented with lactalbumin hydrolysate (LH) gave a consistently lower p.f.u./hemagglutinin ratio than virus from cells grown in medium containing calf serum. Infectivity titers, however, were the same in all media at the end of a single cycle of growth. Factors are discussed which might bear on the effect of LH on the production of virus in the presence or absence of calf serum. An unstable variant of type 2 parainfluenza virus is described which is characterized by the formation of hemadsorption plaques larger than those produced by 90% of the particles in stock preparations of virus. A strain of type 2 parainfluenza virus (clone 13) free of the large plaque variant was derived from stock cultures by limiting dilution and plaque purification techniques.
Application of repetitive pulsed power technology to chemical processing

Summary form only given. The numerous sites of soil and water contaminated with organic chemicals present an urgent environmental concern that continues to grow. Electron and X-ray irradiation have been shown to be effective methods to destroy a wide spectrum of organic chemicals, nitrates, nitrites, and cyanide in water by breaking molecules to non-toxic products or entirely mineralizing the by-products to gas, water, and salts. Irradiation may also be a cost-effective pre-treatment of compounds resistant to bioremediation. Sandia National Laboratories is developing repetitive high energy pulsed power (RHEPP) technology capable of producing high average power, broad area electron or X-ray beams. The 300 kW RHEPP-II facility accelerates electrons to 2.5 MeV at 25 kA over 1000 cm/sup 2/ in 60 ns pulses at repetition rates of over 100 Hz. Linking this modular treatment capability with our rapid optical-sensing diagnostics and neural network characterization software algorithms will provide a smart waste treatment (SWaT) system. Such a system would also be applicable for chemical manufacture and processing of industrial waste for reuse or disposal. We describe both the RHEPP treatment capability and sensing technologies. Measurements of the propagated RHEPP-II beam and dose profiles are presented. Sensors and rapid detection software are also discussed with application toward chemical treatment.
Partitioning, Fractionation, and Conformations of Star Poly(ethylene glycol) in Isobutyric Acid and Water

We investigate the partitioning, fractionation, and conformations of star poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) in coexisting liquid phases of isobutyric acid and water. Star PEG does partition: 98% in the upper isobutyric acid phase, versus 80−90% for linear PEG. There is no significant fractionation of the star PEG for molecular masses less than or equal to 10 kg/mol, but fractionation may occur at higher molecular masses. Small angle neutron scattering shows that the arms of the star PEG molecules form coils in D2O but form stiff rods in deuterated isobutyric acid. At higher average molecular masses (>4 kg/mol) and higher temperatures (60 °C), some arms are coils and some are rods in isobutyric acid. Polarimetry studies indicate that these “rodlike” arms are actually helical conformations. At a star molecular mass of 2 kg/mol, the helical arms persist above 70 °C, but at larger molecular masses, the helical arms revert to coils at temperatures around 75 °C. The addition of PEG to isobutyric acid and H2O increas...
Fast computation of schedules for dynamic traffic in wireless mesh networks

A large number of algorithms focus on using scheduling to maximize the stability region. However, this goal does not necessarily result in good performance in terms of supporting a large number of users where users' average time to transfer a file meets a target. This paper develops several computationally efficient schemes for computing schedules for time-varying offered load. Two important findings are that when the traffic is time-varying, the computational complexity can be substantially reduced by using the previous schedule as an initial starting point of the optimization (i.e., warm start). Furthermore, very few iterations (e.g., one iteration) are needed to get a suitable schedule, that is, there is no need to wait for the optimization to converge. A second finding is that there is no need to repeatedly solve the maximum weighted independent set (MWIS) problem. Instead, the MWIS problem is only solved during initialization. Because of the computational efficiency, the schemes presented can be used to frequently update schedules, allowing schedules to quickly adapt to changes in the offered load. Consequently, as compared to other scheduling schemes, the schemes developed support a larger number of users for a given average service time.
REE controls in ultramafic hosted MOR hydrothermal systems: An experimental study at elevated temperature and pressure

A hydrothermal experiment involving peridotite and a coexisting aqueous fluid was conducted to assess the role of dissolved Cl− and redox on REE mobility at 400°C, 500 bars. Data show that the onset of reducing conditions enhances the stability of soluble Eu+2 species. Moreover, Eu+2 forms strong aqueous complexes with dissolved Cl− at virtually all redox conditions. Thus, high Cl− concentrations and reducing conditions can combine to reinforce Eu mobility. Except for La, trivalent REE are not greatly affected by fluid speciation under the chemical and physical condition considered, suggesting control by secondary mineral-fluid partitioning. LREE enrichment and positive Eu anomalies observed in fluids from the experiment are remarkably similar to patterns of REE mobility in vent fluids issuing from basalt- and peridotite-hosted hydrothermal systems. This suggests that the chondrite normalized REE patterns are influenced greatly by fluid speciation effects and secondary mineral formation processes. Accordingly, caution must be exercised when using REE in hydrothermal vent fluids to infer REE sources in subseafloor reaction zones from which the fluids are derived. Although vent fluid patterns having LREE enrichment and positive Eu anomalies are typically interpreted to suggest plagioclase recrystallization reactions, this need not always be the case.
Closed system Fischer-Tropsch synthesis over meteoritic iron, iron ore and nickel-iron alloy

Experiments were performed in which meteoritic iron, iron ore and nickel-iron alloy were used to catalyze (in Fischer-Tropsch synthesis) the reaction of deuterium and carbon monoxide in a closed vessel. Normal alkanes and alkenes and their monomethyl substituted isomers and aromatic hydrocarbons were synthesized. Iron oxide and oxidized-reduced Canyon Diablo used as Fischer-Tropsch catalysts were found to produce aromatic hydrocarbons in distributions having many of the features of those observed in carbonaceous chondrites, but only at temperatures and reaction times well above 300 C and 6-8 h.
Ferulate inhibits mixed lymphocyte reaction stimulated cell proliferation and inhibits IL-2 and IL-2 receptor expression

Introduction. We have previously shown that curcumin (di-feruloyl methane) has immunosuppressive properties in addition to its anti-oxidant, anti-inflammation, and anti-mutagenic properties. Ferulic acid is a metabolic product of phenylalanine and tyrosine and also a degradation product of curcumin. In this experiment we investigated whether ferulic acid retained the immunosuppressive properties of curcumin. We used ethyl--ferulic acid (FE, from Sigma) in all our experiments due to its higher water solubility than free ferulic acid and therefore more bioavailable. Methods. Lymphocytes were isolated from human spleen. Mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR), exogenous IL-2, and PHA-stimulated human lymphocyte proliferation were assayed by 3H-thymidine incorporation. Cell-secreted IL-2 in the culture medium was assayed by ELISA, and IL-2 Receptor (IL-2R) expression was assayed by flow-cytometry. Trypan Blue exclusion was used to rule out direct cytotoxic effects of FE. Microsoft Excel T-test program was used for statistics. P values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results. MLR stimulated cell proliferation > 8 times over the control response cells. FE at 10, 20, 40 and 80 μM inhibited MLR stimulated 3H-thymidine uptake (CPM/well) from 5349 ± 178 to 4635 ± 119, 4294 ± 125, 3450 ± 79, and 1756 ± 62, respectively (P < 0.01, n = 6). MLR stimulated IL-2 secretion in the culture medium from control (pg/ml) 24 ± 5.2 to 214.8 ± 5.5. FE at 40 and 80 μM significantly inhibited IL-2 level from 214.8 ± 5.5 to 161.8 ± 6.6 and 138.5 ± 9.6, respectively (P < 0.04, n = 3). Exogenous IL-2 (0.5 nM) stimulated IL-2 receptor (IL-2R) expression in human lymphocytes from control of 10.52 to 19.95%. FE at 80 μM inhibited exogenous IL-2-stimulated IL-2R expression to 10.95%. Mitogen PHA (5 μg/ml) stimulated IL-2R expression in the lymphocytes from control 10.52 to 58.34%, FE at 80 μM inhibited IL-2R expression to 25.5%. (This experiment has been done once.) Conclusion. FE has immunosuppressive properties like its precursor curcumin but possesses the additional advantage of being bioavailable. These effects warrant further investigation.
Chapter 2 The isotope shift

Abstract Shifts in nuclear magnetic resonance line positions brought about by isotopic substitution have been known for some time. In this review, the origin of the shift is first examined empirically by making correlations of experimental values of the isotope shift with molecular geometry and with nuclear magnetic interaction properties such as the spin—spin coupling. From a large amount of tabulated experimental data it is apparent that for geminal heavy isotopic substitution the isotope shift is larger for molecules with smaller HXH bond angles, where X is a first-row element. In addition, a definite empirical relationship exists between the 13 CF spin—spin splitting and the isotope shift in the 19 F resonance when H is substituted by D in a HCF group. Since the isotope shift must be related to changes in the dynamic state of the molecule upon isotopic substitution, the theoretical approaches to the explanation of the shift have been based on calculations of the changes in magnetic shielding that accompany changes in average bond angles and internuclear distances resulting from the existence of anharmonic components of the vibrational potential. The isotope shift in the hydrogen molecule can be treated in a satisfactory way on this basis, but the situation is much more complex in the case of polyatomic molecules.
Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone Receptor Type 1 (TRH-R1), not TRH-R2, Primarily Mediates Taltirelin Actions in the CNS of Mice

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone receptor type 2 (TRH-R2), not TRH-R1, has been proposed to mediate the CNS effects of TRH and its more effective analog taltirelin (TAL). Consistent with this idea, TAL exhibited higher binding affinity and signaling potency at mouse TRH-R2 than TRH-R1 in a model cell system. We used TRH-R1 knockout (R1ko), R2ko and R1/R2ko mice to determine which receptor mediates the CNS effects of TAL. There was no TRH-R1 mRNA in R1ko and R1/R2ko mice and no TRH-R2 mRNA in R2ko and R1/R2ko mice. Specific [3H]MeTRH binding to whole brain membranes was 5% of wild type (WT) for R1ko mice, 100% for R2ko mice and 0% for R1/R2ko mice, indicating TRH-R1 is the predominant receptor expressed in the brain. In arousal assays, TAL shortened sleep time with pentobarbital sedation in WT and R2ko mice by 44 and 49% and with ketamine/xylazine sedation by 66 and 55%, but had no effect in R1ko and R1/R2ko mice. In a tail flick assay of nociception, TAL increased response latency by 65 and 70% in WT and R2ko mice, but had no effect in R1ko and R1/R2ko mice. In a tail suspension test of depression-like behavior, TAL increased mobility time by 49 and 37% in WT and R2ko mice, but had no effect in R1ko and R1/R2ko mice. Thus, in contrast to the generally accepted view that the CNS effects of TAL are mediated by TRH-R2, these effects are mediated primarily if not exclusively by TRH-R1 in mice.
The effects of injection of amphetamine on female insemination in the black blow fly, Phormia regina (Diptera: Calliphoridae)

. An earlier study on the blowfly Phormia regina (Meigen) demonstrated that the injection of amphetamine (12 μg) depletes biogenic amine levels in the CNS. In the present study, P. regina females were injected with amphetamine (12 μg), each female was placed with three males and insemination success was determined. Amphetamine inhibited female insemination by 43.3% at 2–90 min post-injection and by 70% at 10–60 min post-injection. At 180–270 min post-injection, there was no significant inhibition of female insemination. This study indicates a possible role in insects for the biogenic amines in female insemination.
Education, Inclusion and Individual Differences: Recognising and Resolving Dilemmas

The case is presented for a dilemmatic perspective to the educational provision for pupils and students with difficulties and disabilities. This perspective recognises the links and tensions between social and individual values and models. The paper focuses on the central significance of dilemmas of difference in understanding policy and practice issues in the field. One of the central arguments is that a commitment to inclusion implies a commitment to meeting the needs of a minority and therefore to arrangements which may not be required by the majority. Inclusion is about mainstream schools accommodating a full diversity, and in doing so leads inevitably to adopting dedicated or specialised support systems for some. The paper provides an overview of recent changes in policy and practice as well as looking at possible future trends. An inter–disciplinary model which connects individual and social perspectives is proposed both for explanatory purposes and for designing provision in terms of the interactio...
Mental health and disability.

Findings of the World Health Organization (WHO)-World Bank Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study (C. J. L. Murray and A. D. Lopez, Policy Forum, [1 Nov., p. 740][1]) accord well with those of less ambitious investigations and underscore the central importance of neuropsychiatric disorders to the
Methodological and ethical issues in feminist research with abused women: Reflections on participants' vulnerability and empowerment☆

Synopsis This essay provides reflections and insights on the sometimes complicated methodological and ethical issues involved in conducting feminist interviews with abused women and other trauma survivors. I begin by summarizing the development of conventional, positivist-informed standards of research methods and ethics as represented by federal regulations and university Institutional Review Boards (IRBs). Next I describe the post-positivist feminist critique of these standards and highlight several guiding principles of feminist research methodology. I then consider whether survivors of violent victimization are appropriately considered vulnerable research populations, and provide examples from my own research with abused women that allow for researcher reflexivity about the ethical considerations of researching traumatic topics like intimate partner abuse (IPA). Finally, I conclude by offering suggestions for feminist interview strategies designed to help empower rather than simply protect participants.
Land-use/land-cover change: challenges for geographers

The expertise and knowledge accumulated by geographers in this area are now in urgent demand by the international scientific and policy communities to illuminate key issues of global environmental change. Geographers interested in the use and transformation of the land today have the opportunity to apply their insights in novel and valuable ways. At the same time, they face the challenge of communicating with a new audience whose interests and criteria of significance may differ from the ones to which they are accustomed. In particular, geographer's fondness for stressing the complexity of patterns and processes and the distinctiveness of each study area can be most useful, but must come to terms with countervailing needs for abstraction and generalization.
Flavonol 3-O-Glycosyltransferases Associated with Petunia Pollen Produce Gametophyte-Specific Flavonol Diglycosides

Wild-type petunia pollen accumulates high levels of flavonol 3-O-glycosides. Pollen from conditionally male-fertile petunia has no flavonols and is unable to germinate. Pollen function is restored both in vivo and in vitro by providing flavonol aglycones, but not flavonol glycosides, to the pollen. In the present study, incubation of an in vitro suspension of conditionally male-fertile pollen with kaempferol or quercetin resulted in the accumulation of kaempferol and quercetin 3-O-glycosides in the pollen. We identified two glycosyltransferase activities associated with the intact pollen grain that catalyze the formation of a gametophyte-specific class of flavonol glycosides. Feeding studies showed that product formation was highly specific for flavonols with an unsubstituted 3-hydroxyl group and was not dependent on an external source of UDP-hexose. Ultraviolet spectral analysis, fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry, 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance, and 13C-nuclear magnetic resonance identified the products as kaempferol and quercetin 3-O-(2”-O-[beta]-D-glucopyranosyl)-[beta]-D-galactopyranoside, identical with the flavonol 3-O-glycosides present in wild-type pollen. The sugars are linked in a 1->2 configuration that results in a pollen-specific class of compounds. To retain both glycosyltransferase activities in a cell-free extract, it was necessary to add Triton X-100, suggesting that one or both of the proteins may be associated with a pollen membrane. A model for flavonol glycoside biosynthesis and uptake into the pollen is discussed in terms of the germination requirement for flavonols.
Erdrich's the Last Report on the Miracles at Little no Horse

(2002). Erdrich's the Last Report on the Miracles at Little no Horse. The Explicator: Vol. 60, No. 4, pp. 241-243.
ENVIRONMENTAL REVIEWS AND CASE STUDIES: Navigating the Emergency Provisions of Federal Environmental Planning Requirements

Federal agencies involved in response and recovery actions in the aftermath of disasters must comply with the various environmental planning laws, executive orders, and regulations, such as review under the National Environmental Policy Act, National Historic Preservation Act, Endangered Species Act, and Executive Order 11988: Floodplain Management. Many of these have provisions to address exigencies such as emergencies, disaster declarations, and related response and recovery actions. However, a careful reading of over 20 of these environmental planning requirements shows that the emergency provisions are not aligned and some may be very limited in scope. Experience within the Federal Emergency Management Agency shows that this patchwork of provisions can create inconsistencies and frustration during the recovery process of major disasters. This article provides a brief evaluation of these provisions, provides a discussion of the challenges in applying the various provisions, and encourages the start of a dialogue at the federal level by providing strategies to improve consistency among these provisions in light of the various ongoing efforts associated with recovery processes in the aftermath of disasters.Environmental Practice 12:237–246 (2010)
IDENTIFICATION OF SULFUR COMPOUNDS IN IO'S EXOSPHERE

Abstract Ion cyclotron waves have been identified in the vicinity of Io on each of the four Galileo passes, and on each pass there have been differences in the ion cyclotron waves observed suggestive of variations in the composition of Io's exosphere. On the first flyby, IO, waves were seen centered on the SO 2 + gyrofrequency and additionally at the SO + gyrofrequency outbound. On the next flyby, I24, first only waves associated with the SO + gyrofrequency were seen but later in the pass SO 2 + waves appeared, and still later S + waves. On I25 the spectrum resembled that of I24 but the SO 2 + waves were stronger, not the SO + waves. Finally on I27, SO 2 + and SO + waves were seen as on the previous two passes but later in the pass a band of waves centered around the H 2 S + gyrofrequency was seen, including lines that could be due to Cl + . Because each of these flybys occurred at a different orbital phase of Io, some of these differences may reflect the Io solar-zenith-angle variation of the atmosphere, but other changes may reflect variations in volcanic activity.
Agonist-induced changes in cell shape during regulated secretion in rat pancreatic acini.

The actin cytoskeleton plays an important role in the mediation of exocytosis and the determination of cell shape. Experimentally induced changes in cell shape have been shown to affect stimulated secretion in pancreatic acini. In this study, we have examined whether physiologic agonists induce changes in acinar cell shape to modulate secretion. Computer-enhanced video microscopy, immunofluorescence confocal microscopy, and quantitative Western blotting were used to study cell shape changes and cytoskeletal dynamics in rat pancreatic acini. Amylase assays were performed to study the effect of the actin-myosin cytoskeletal antagonists latrunculin A, BDM, and ML-9 on secretion. We found that pancreatic acini underwent a prominent and reversible shape change in response to the physiologic secretory agonist cholecystokinin. This was accompanied by an apical activation of myosin II as well as a basolateral redistribution of both actin and myosin II. Cytoskeletal antagonists inhibited this shape change and attenuated stimulated amylase secretion. Therefore, in addition to acting as a barrier at the apex, the actin-myosin cytoskeleton may also function to modulate cell shape to further regulate stimulated secretion.
Immunoblot analysis of the humoral immune response to cytomegalovirus in non-pregnant and pregnant guinea pigs

The temporal appearance of antibodies to guinea pig cytomegalovirus (CMV) proteins was examined in pregnant and non-pregnant guinea pigs by immunoblotting. Antibodies to 12 guinea pig CMV proteins appeared in a defined time course during primary infection and were detected at a later time and in lower concentrations in pregnant than in non-pregnant guinea pigs.
Increased blood lead levels in an adolescent girl from a retained bullet. A case report.

The current literature suggests that the majority of patients with a low-velocity gunshot wound can be treated nonoperatively with local wound care and antibiotic prophylaxis. Surgical removal of the bullet is not typically recommended for nonarticular fragments1,2, as the long-term consequences of a retained bullet are thought to be insignificant. However, increased lead levels in any patient and particularly in a fetus or growing child can result in permanent disability3-6. We describe the case of an adolescent girl who sustained a gunshot wound to the foot resulting in an elevated blood lead concentration to a dangerous and teratogenic level. Both the patient and her mother were informed that data concerning the case would be submitted for publication. A fourteen-year-old girl sustained a gunshot wound to the back of the ankle when walking up the stairs in front of her house as she was returning from school. The bullet entered the posterolateral aspect of the heel. Radiographs revealed fractures of the talus and lateral malleolus, as well as a bullet embedded in the talar neck and multiple shards of metal along the bullet track (Fig. 1). The results of neurovascular examination were normal. In the emergency room, antibiotics and tetanus prophylaxis were administered. She was taken to the operating room emergently for irrigation and debridement of local soft tissue as well as the ankle and subtalar joints. The bullet had passed between the fibula and tibia, removing bone from each, and from the posterior aspect of the talar body into the talar neck, where it had created a comminuted fracture. Because of softtissue swelling and concerns for the vascular supply to the talus, no attempt was made initially to access the talus or bullet from an anterior approach, and the bullet could not …
Human–Mosquito Somatic Cell Hybrids induced by Ultraviolet-inactivated Sendai Virus

WE have recently achieved interphylum heterokaryon and hybrid formation from human (HeLa, clone 5 of S3, courtesy Dr Grace Leidy)1 and mosquito (Aedes aegyptae L., courtesy of the late Dr E. C. Suitor, Naval Medical Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland)2 cell lines, using ultraviolet-inactivated Sendai virus to induce fusion3.
The impact of parent brand attribute associations and affect on brand extension evaluation

Abstract A model specifying the role of parent brand attribute beliefs and affect in consumer's initial evaluation of a brand extension was proposed and tested using hypothetical extensions of different brands. This study suggests a more prominent role for parent brand attribute associations than for parent brand affect in extension attitude formation that had been presumed in the literature. Further, the study documents the importance of an extension's fit with the parent's image while at the same time suggesting that similarity of the product categories of the extension and the parent is of no consequence in extension evaluation. Managers are advised to link extensions to parent brand attribute associations and image in consumers' minds for greater success.
Production and preferential utilization of dihydroxyacetone phosphate for glyceride synthesis in the presence of glycerol 3-phosphate.

Summary The mitochondria-free supernatant of rat livers contains glycerol 3-phosphate in concentrations 20–30 times higher than that of dihydroxy-acetone phosphate. It catalyzes glyceride synthesis from added fatty acids in the absence of exogenous glycerol 3-phosphate. The synthesis of glycerides is stimulated two- to threefold in the presence of NADH or NADPH. That the enhanced synthesis is due to the endogenous production and utilization of dihydroxyacetone phosphate was shown by the conversion of 14 C-fructose 1,6-diphosphate to glycerides, a process which requires NADH or NADPH and is unaffected by the presence of glycerol 3-phosphate.
Maximal revascularization (reperfusion) in intact conscious dogs after 2 to 5 hours of coronary occlusion.

Abstract Acute infarction was produced in intact conscious dogs by inflating a previously implanted balloon cuff around the left anterior descending coronary artery. The artery was occluded in 26 control dogs and reperfused by deflating the balloon cuff after 2 hours of occlusion in 19 dogs (group II) and after 5 hours in 11 dogs (group III). Serial studies were performed and repeated after 48 hours and 7 days. All three groups revealed hemodynamic and metabolic deterioration with coronary occlusion and infarct production. Immediately after reperfuslon, arrhythmias developed in groups II and III and persistent ventricular tachycardia was present 2 to 3 hours after reperfusion in 74 percent of animals in group II and 82 percent of those in group III compared with 6 percent and 13 percent incidence rates at corresponding times in control dogs. Q waves developed in 83 percent of animals in group II and 100 percent of those in group III but in only 12 and 27 percent of control animals at corresponding times. Hemodynamic deterioration was accelerated in the postreperfusion period in both groups II and III. Angiographic assessment revealed improvement in 42 percent of dogs in group II, but in none of those in group III after reperfusion. Myocardial oxygen extraction diminished to subnormal levels after reperfusion, indicating either reactive hyperemia or shunting effect. Mortality was not significantly influenced by reperfusion. Infarct size was more than 15 percent of ventricular mass in 92 percent of control dogs and in 100 percent of dogs in group III, but in only 50 percent of those in group II. The data indicate that reperfusion in conscious dogs representing early, noninvasive maximai revascularization under ideal circumstances fails to prevent deterioration or death; instead it hastens the development of arrhythmias and myocardial injury. Reperfusion, although deleterious in the first few hours, can reduce infarct size if performed after 2 hours, but not after 5 hours, of occlusion.
Spectrophotometric analysis of RNA and DNA using cetyltrimethylammonium bromide

Abstract A versatile procedure is described for the analysis of RNA and DNA in brain using cetyltrimethylammonium bromide as the initial precipitant. Optimal conditions are described for the precipitation, hydrolysis, and effective separation of the RNA and DNA fractions from contaminating protein. The RNA and DNA fraction can now be accurately estimated by uv absorbance without a two wavelength correction. This method has also been used for the analysis of other mammalian organs and for mammalian cells obtained from tissue culture. The method may also be used for the simultaneous determination of radioactivity in nucleic acids. The orcinol reaction is shown to give high values for brain RNA.
The Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor: A Target for Breast Cancer Therapy

The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is a ligand-activated transcription factor that regulates a battery of genes in response to exposure to a broad class of environmental poly aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). AhR is historically characterized for its role in mediating the toxicity and adaptive responses to these chemicals, however mounting evidence has established a role for it in ligand-independent physiological processes and pathological conditions, including cancer. The AhR is overexpressed and constitutively activated in advanced breast cancer cases and was shown to drive the progression of breast cancer. In this article we will review the current state of knowledge on the possible role of AhR in breast cancer and how it will be exploited in targeting AhR for breast cancer therapy.
Effects of β1- and β1+β2-antagonists on training-induced myocardial hypertrophy and enzyme adaptation

The effects of beta 1- and beta 1 + beta 2-antagonists on the myocardial adaptation to exercise training were investigated in male Sprague-Dawley rats randomly divided into trained (treadmill, 1 hr/day, 5 days/week for 10 weeks at 27 m/min, 15% grade) without drug (TC), sedentary without drug (SC), trained treated with atenolol (TA) (10 mg/kg body wt, i.p.), trained treated with propranolol (TP, 30 mg/kg body wt, i.p.), and sedentary propranolol. Doses of both beta-antagonists were titrated to decrease the exercise heart rate by 25% compared to the controls. The heart weight and heart/body weight ratio were significantly greater in TC (1.28 +/- 0.07 g (P less than 0.01); 296 +/- 12 mg/100 g body wt (P less than 0.05) respectively) than in SC (1.09 +/- 0.04 g and 268 +/- 11 mg/100 g body wt), or in TP and TA. Myocardial mitochondrial protein was unchanged by training or beta-blockade. Citrate synthase and beta-hydroxyacyl CoA dehydrogenase activities were not altered. Carnitine palmitoyltransferase activity was increased in SP compared to SC. Training increased hexokinase activity only in TC (5.22 +/- 0.12 vs 4.26 +/- 0.23 mumol/min/g wet wt, P less than 0.01). Lactate dehydrogenase activity increased significantly (P less than 0.01) in both TC (383 +/- 14 mumol/min/g wet wt) and TA (372 +/- 14 mumol/min/g wet wt) compared to SC (276 +/- 14 mumol/min/g wet wt), but not in TP versus SP. These data indicate that (1) beta-adrenergic blockade prevents training-induced cardiac hypertrophy; (2) beta-antagonists have little effect on the myocardial oxidative capacity; and (3) while the training induction of myocardial hexokinase is inhibited by both beta 1- and beta 1 + beta 2-antagonists, myocardium may increase its ability to utilize lactate during exercise with training despite beta 1-blockade.
Time-resolved electron-temperature measurement in a highly excited gold target using femtosecond thermionic emission.

We report direct measurement of hot-electron temperatures and relaxation dynamics for peak electron temperatures between 3400 and 11 000 K utilizing two-pulse-correlation femtosecond (fs) thermionic emission. The fast relaxation times (1.5 ps) are described by extending RT characterizations of the thermal conductivity, electron-phonon coupling, and electronic specific heat to these high electron temperatures.
Commercialism, loss of professionalism, and the effect on journals.

Immanuel Kant stated, "Everything has either a price, or it possesses dignity." 1(p53) Downie further elaborated that professionals should be "independent of the state or commerce." 2 Medicine is the prototype profession, incorporating a specific body of knowledge; a demonstrated competence in defining problems and solutions; a commitment to self-improvement, self-monitoring, and self-regulation; a system of admission and monitoring new members; and an ethical responsibility to use the unique knowledge and competence for the best interests of patients (ie, to resolve conflicts of interest in our patients' favor). 3 In recognition of certain conduct, society confers professional status to physicians, but this privilege must be repeatedly earned for the status to be preserved. In this article, I delineate the specific challenges peer-reviewed medical journals face in this age of commercialism within the medical profession.
Stability and control of VTOL capable airships in hovering flight

The stability and control characteristics of an airship equipped with lifting rotors to provide a modest VTOL capability are discussed. The rotors are used for control and maneuvering in near-hovering flight. Configurations with two, three, and four lifting rotors are examined and compared with respect to control capabilities and dynamic response characteristics. Linearized models of the dynamics are employed for this study. A new approach to the prediction of rotor derivatives for operation near zero thrust in hover is presented. It is found that all three configurations have similar control and response characteristics. The responses are characterized by long time constants and low levels of angular damping.
Technical problems and opportunities in using vegetable proteins in dairy products

The food processing industry is giving increased emphasis to the production and utilization of alternate protein isolate products as functional and nutritional ingredients in an expanding number of formulated food products. Alternate protein sources such as soy and other vegetable proteins offer additional flexibility in formulating foods due to their economics, availability, functionality and nutritional properties. This paper discusses needs for developing soy and vegetable protein isolates with improved flavor, color and functionality for producing simulated dairy foods. It also considers alternative technologies for incorporating soy and vegetable proteins into the formulation so that they may function properly for forming stable solutions, emulsions, foams and gels that resemble those in their natural dairy food counterparts.
X-ray diffraction and fine structural studies of crystals in the malpighian tubules of silkworms.

Biological Sciences: X-ray Diffraction and Fine Structural Studies of Crystals in the Malpighian Tubules of Silkworms
VERSAJETtm Hydrosurgery Technique for the Preparation of Full Thickness Skin Grafts and the Creation of Retrograde Split Thickness Skin Grafts

Full- and split-thickness skin grafts continue to serve a vital role in lower extremity wound coverage, and meticulous preparation of the recipient site is vital to incorporation of the transplanted skin. A technique for the rapid, controlled preparation of full-thickness skin grafts and creation of thick-split thickness skin grafts from full-thickness donor tissue, using a high-pressure stream of saline solution, is described.