cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Delay of escape conditioning as a function of two kinds of secondary reinforcement stimulus conditions

Effects of two stimulus conditions at 0 and 2 sec delay-of-reinforcement were examined in escape conditioning using shock. Both conditions in which a stimulus change occurred during the delay showed response rates > 200% of control rates. Results are interpreted as providing evidence for the reinforcing effect of stimuli associated with shock termination and as providing evidence that rats can learn an escape response which is not part of their natural repertory of escape reactions.
Hoxb13 regulatory elements mediate transgene expression during prostate organogenesis and carcinogenesis.

The prostate requires androgens for development and homeostasis. Prostate cancer shares this dependence, however progression to androgen-independence is common after androgen deprivation. There is considerable interest in achieving therapeutic gene expression after androgen ablation using prostate-specific promoters. Paradoxically, known prostate-restricted cis-regulatory elements are androgen dependent. Hoxb13 expression is restricted in adults to the prostate and colon, and robust Hoxb13 expression persists after castration. To locate regulatory elements conferring this expression pattern, a lacZ reporter was inserted into the Hoxb13 locus on a mouse genomic bacterial artificial chromosome. In transgenic mice, this construct recapitulated the Hoxb13 expression pattern, including expression after castration. Reporter gene activity was maintained during carcinogenesis in a prostate cancer model. Hoxb13 cis-regulatory elements provide a powerful tool to achieve androgen-independent transgene expression in the prostate and distal colon-specific expression in the gastrointestinal tract. These data establish a framework for high-resolution analyses of factors regulating Hoxb13. Developmental Dynamics 238:664–672, 2009. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Changing physician behavior: what does it take?

Think about your own clinical practice. When was the last time you substantially modified one of your well-established diagnostic or therapeutic approaches? What were the factors that led you to make that change? Now remember the last time, as a result of reading the report of a study or attending a meeting, you thought, “I am convinced that making this modification to my clinical practice will help my patients.” Perhaps, despite your good intentions, you ended up not adopting the new method. What factors led to your continuing what you recognized as an inferior approach? The factors that lead us to or prevent us from changing are complex. What is clear is that clinical practice, like any ingrained or habitual behavior, is difficult to alter. This is particularly true in the busy, fast-paced environment in which we work. But the stakes are high. How we provide care for our patients has a profound effect on their health. Unfortunately, we are slow to use the results of well-designed clinical trials to change our practices, which means that our patients do not receive the best care available. The literature on changing physician behavior suggests that the determinants of change are multifactorial.1 Traditional continuing medical education has focused on just one of these factors: providing information. But it is clear that knowledge alone—although necessary for change—is not sufficient. Other important factors are remembering the new information at the time a decision must be made, believing that the information fits in the present situation, believing the information is correct, having the skills to make the change, being able to influence patient preferences, and having systems that support the new approach. It is therefore no surprise that use of a “fixed physician reminder system” by Frances and colleagues did not lead to an improvement in the management of patients with coronary artery disease. Computer reminders are promising tools to assist us in clinical decision making, but unless they are used in conjunction with a multipronged educational intervention, they are unlikely to cause us to change well-established habits. Those of us who devote our time to designing and delivering medical education have a challenge before us. Increasingly, we are being asked to demonstrate results or “outcomes” from our educational programs. It thus becomes our responsibility to devise programs that integrate all the approaches needed to change physician behavior, including reminders, findings of published studies, didactic presentations, one-on-one or small-group sessions, video conferences, skills demonstrations and practice sessions, case-based learning, and personalized feedback on performance. In the past, many of us were satisfied with educating health care professionals without being concerned whether these efforts were actually making a difference. But times have changed and expectations have increased. In the future, perhaps, we will find satisfaction as educators in knowing that our efforts are helping to improve the health of our patients.
Cisplatin–Paclitaxel–Cyclophosphamide with G-CSF in Primary Advanced Epithelial Ovarian Cancer

Abstract Introduction. In an attempt to increase survival, we performed a prospective trial of high-dose cisplatin–paclitaxel–cyclophosphamide with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) for three cycles followed by carboplatin–paclitaxel for three cycles after cytoreduction of primary advanced epithelial ovarian cancer. Materials and methods. Thirty consecutive women with Stage 3 or 4 invasive primary epithelial ovarian cancer were treated with cytoreductive surgery. Postoperatively patients received 100 mg/m 2 of cisplatin, 200 mg/m 2 of paclitaxel, and 500 mg/m 2 of cyclophosphamide IV q 21 days × 3 cycles with 300 μg of G-CSF daily ×5 beginning the first day following chemotherapy. This was followed by carboplatin AUC-5 and 135 mg/m 2 of paclitaxel IV q 21 days ×3. All administration was outpatient and paclitaxel was administered over 3 h. Results. Eighty percent of tumors were Stage 3C, 77% were serous, and 60% were Grade 3. Maximum cytoreduction to Conclusion. This treatment regimen resulted in minimal toxicity and, following aggressive cytoreduction, produced good progression-free and overall survival.
PLANNING ONLINE SEARCH SERVICE IN A STATE UNIVERSITY

The Rutgers University Library of Science and Medicine instituted online searching in the summer of 1973, after determining the need for such service. The planning of this service is described, showing how the integration of online searching into the existing organization of the library has proved to be a more than satisfactory philosphy of operation over the years.
New cell lines from Ephestia kuehniella: characterization and susceptibility to baculoviruses.

New cell lines from embryos of Ephestia kuehniella were recently developed. Primary cultures were initiated in September 2002 from 2 to 4 day old eggs in either modified TC-100 or ExCell 400 medium. From these initial cultures, one, originally isolated in the Ex-Cell medium, produced sufficient cell growth to allow subcultivation and eventually led to the establishment of two cell strains, one that forms multicellular vesicles in suspension and one consisting of tightly attached epithelial-like cells. The strains were compared to an extract from E. kuehniella eggs by isozyme analysis and shown to be from the same species. Both strains were inoculated with various insect viruses, including nucleopolyhedroviruses from Autographa californica, Anagrapha falcifera, Anticarsa gemmatalis, Galleria mellonella, Heliothis armigera, Helicoverpa zea, Lymantria dispar, Plutella xylostella, and Rachoplusia ou. Both strains were highly susceptible to most of the nucleopolyhedroviruses (with the exception of the viruses from Helicoverpa zea and Lymantria dispar which did not show cytopathology to either cell strain) with large numbers of occlusion bodies produced in most of the inoculated cells. Our results suggest these new lines can be useful in biocontrol research. Abbreviation: NPV nucleopolyhedrovirus, the prefix M or S refers to multiple or single nucleocapsids Ek-x4T an attached cell line from E. kuehniella Ek-x4V a vesicular cell line from E. kuehniella
A century of (epithelial) transport physiology: from vitalism to molecular cloning

During the past century, the generally accepted view of the function of biological membranes has evolved from that of a static, inert lipoprotein envelope that simply separates the intracellular machinery from the outside milieu, to that of a dynamic structure that is, in fact, an integral part of that machinery actively involved in homeostasis and bioenergetics. This brief review traces that paradigm shift with special emphasis on the evolution of central concepts in epithelial transport physiology.
Manipulator control with torque interpolation

The use of torque interpolation for manipulator path control is studied. To construct the approximate functions of control torques, the joint positions, velocities, and accelerations at knots selected along a planned path are calculated and nominal joint torques at those knots are computed using the Newton-Euler formulation. Piecewise linear or cubic polynomial functions (time functions) for interpolating the torque trajectories are then constructed. The interpolation functions are used for computing feedforward torques during the control. Simulation results are presented. They show that the computational burden is reduced and, for a small interpolation time interval, a better control accuracy can be achieved. >
Aldosterone, ion channels, and sudden death: another piece of the circle?

Despite discovery of the genetic basis for many inherited and certain acquired cardiac arrhythmias during the last decade, the connection between identified mutations and consequent arrhythmias remains unclear in many cases. For some, the mechanisms for arrhythmogenesis are well understood. Loss-of-
Strange effects on charm at RHIC: initial charm suppression and thermal charm enhancement

Calculations of charm production in the initial nucleon - nucleon interactions at RHIC suggested that charm decays would dominate all other dilepton sources. We report here on two new calculations that could affect this conclusion. The first, a study on the in-medium energy loss of fast partons, suppresses the dilepton yield from charm decays. The second suggests that the thermal charm signature could be enhanced if the quarks and gluons acquire an effective mass in the plasma.
Inverse multiple scattering in the downward-continuation approach

Internal multiples have long been recognized as a problem in seismic imaging. Some theoretical developments have been made to attenuate them, but there is no 3D theory as yet that is valid for a wide range of velocity models. The goal of this paper is to present such a theory. Through the development of this theory we show that, unless certain simplifying assumptions are made about the velocity model, estimating multiples is velocity-model-dependent. We propose estimating and subtracting the multiples in the image domain rather than the data domain. In common-image gathers, the redundancy of well-corrected primaries can be exploited to improve adaptive subtraction techniques.
Free terminal amines in DNA-binding peptides alter the product distribution from guanine radicals produced by single electron oxidation.

Purpose: Electron deficient guanine radical species are major intermediates produced in DNA by the direct effect of ionizing irradiation. There is evidence that they react with amine groups in closely bound ligands to form covalent crosslinks. Crosslink formation is very poorly characterized in terms of quantitative rate and yield data. We sought to address this issue by using oligo-arginine ligands to model the close association of DNA and its binding proteins in chromatin.Materials and methods: Guanine radicals were prepared in plasmid DNA by single electron oxidation. The product distribution derived from them was assayed by strand break formation after four different post-irradiation incubations.Results: We compared the yields of DNA damage produced in the presence of four ligands in which neither, one, or both of the amino and carboxylate termini were blocked with amides. Free carboxylate groups were unreactive. Significantly higher yields of heat labile sites were observed when the amino terminus wa...
Frequency driven phasic shifting and elastic-hysteretic partitioning properties of fractional mechanical system representation schemes

Abstract Based on the Louiville–Riemann fractional formulation of lumped hysteretic mechanical system simulations, asymptotic-type relationships are derived. These are employed to determine how such operators, which act as viscoelastic elements, partition system energy into conservative and nonconservative components. Special emphasis is given to: (a) determine how operator order serves to weigh such a splitting, (b) determine how partitioning affects system phasing and amplitude response, and (c) to establish how conservative and nonconservative effects modulate during a given system cycle. The generality of the undertaken approach is such that multi-element fractional Kelvin Voigt formulations subject to spectrally rich inputs can be handled, i.e., the multi-modal splitting of energies. As a result of the insights derived, improved frequency dependent simulations of system amplitude, phasing and energetics will be possible.
Mechanics of thermohaline interleaving: beyond the empirical flux laws

The article of record as published may be found at http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0022112011000061
ROC curve analysis : an example showing the relationships among serum lipid and apolipoprotein concentrations in identifying patients with coronary artery disease

Clinical accuracy, defined as the ability to discriminate between states of health, is the fundamental property of any diagnostic test or system. It is readily expressed as clinical sensitivity and specificity, and elegantly represented by the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. To demonstrate the use of ROC curves, we reexamine a study of the ability of serum lipid and apolipoprotein measures to discriminate among degrees of coronary artery disease in patients undergoing coronary angiography. ROC curve analysis reveals that none of these indexes is highly accurate, but demonstrates a modest increase in the accuracy of apolipoprotein over lipid indexes.
Study of sulfur‐containing molecules in the EUV region. III. Photoexcitation of CS2

Using synchrotron radiation as a continuum background, the absorption cross section of CS2 has been measured using a double ionization chamber. The cross sections range from four to a maximum value of 65 Mb in the 175-760 A region. Two new Rydberg series X and XI have been identified and apparently converge to the D2Pi state of CS2(+) at 16.943 eV.
Transformer bypass circuit

One of the greatest roadblocks to achieving high-speed communications over electrical power lines is the presence of the transformer. The transformer is an integral component of the electrical transmission lines. But high frequency signals cannot pass through the transformer and hence it is essential for them to traverse an alternate path, effectively bypassing the transformer. This paper describes a transformer bypass circuit. The mechanism described allows signals to be retained in the analog domain while bypassing the transformer.
Livestock Management During Drought in the Northern Great Plains. II. Evaluation of Alternative Strategies for Cow-Calf Enterprises1

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate alternative drought management strategies for their effects on beef cowcalf enterprise profitability based on early detection of drought. A bioeconomic model was parameterized to represent a range-based cow-calf production system in the Northern Great Plains. The base management system was characterized by inputs required to maintain herd size of approximately 511 cows during an average climatic year with a fixed forage base. Treatments were factorially arranged where management (early vs. normal), intensity of drought (moderate, 20% reduction in available forage vs. severe, 40% reduction in available forage), and forage quality [average CP (%), ME (Mcal/kg), and NDF (%) vs. drought-affected values] were evaluated for effects on system performance. Early management (EM) included detecting drought by July 15 and weaning calves at 90 d. Normal management (NM) responded to drought by providing nutritional supplements as needed to maintain animal performance. A second bioeconomic computer model was used to simulate drylot performance for early-weaned calves. Treatments were evaluated based on their effects on ranch gross margins (RGM; gross revenue – variable costs). For EM, RGM was calculated with and without the drylot component. During drought, RGM was reduced compared with the base system: EM at 26 and 57% and NM at 33 and 72% for moderate and severe drought, respectively. For all levels of drought and forage quality, EM had equal or higher RGM than NM. Directly feeding EM calves was generally more efficient than feeding NM cows to produce milk to maintain calf performance.
Detection of soft errors through checksums in redundant execution systems

As technology trends keep pushing transistor dimensions to smaller geometries and higher densities, the gains in reliability over the past decades have started to reverse trends due to the gradual increase in soft error rates. Consumer applications that cannot afford hardware redundancy solutions to reduce the effects of soft errors, can find a cost effective alternative using time redundancy. The memory requirements needed for a redundant execution system can be minimized without compromising soft error detection by using hardware execution signatures. The proposed technique calculates checksum signatures that summarize the past and present state of execution of a microprocessor. In this system, the soft error detection logic generates partial checksum signatures during the first execution of a microprocessor and compares them to the signatures generated during the second execution. Soft errors are detected when there is a signature mismatch between the two program executions. To minimize time overhead, the microprocessor was optimized to automatically run redundant executions without the need of duplicating software. The system based on redundant execution using state execution signatures achieved high soft error detection while simultaneously maintaining reduced memory requirements.
Cultural Discourse Analysis: Pragmatics of Social Interaction

This chapter addresses issues of pragmatics and culture by presenting a framework for the cultural analysis of discourse which has been explicated and used in previous literature (e.g., Berry 2009; Carbaugh 1988a, 1990, 2005; Carbaugh et al. 1997; Scollo 2011). Indebted to the ethnography of communication (Hymes, 1972), and interpretive anthropology (Geertz 1973), this particular analytic procedure is one implementation of the theory of communication codes (Carbaugh, 2005; Philipsen 1997; Philipsen et al. 2005). As such, it takes pragmatic communication to be not only its primary data but, moreover, its primary theoretical concern. The framework responds to specific research questions, addresses particular kinds of intellectual problems, includes five investigative modes, and uses a special set of concepts. In this chapter, each of the modes is discussed as analytically distinct, yet complementary to the others, including theoretical, descriptive, interpretive, comparative, and critical analyses. Special attention is given to the interpretive mode and to intercultural interactions as a site for the application and development of cultural discourse analysis.
Plasmon-Enhanced Upconversion Luminescence in Single Nanophosphor–Nanorod Heterodimers Formed through Template-Assisted Self-Assembly

We demonstrate plasmonic enhancement of upconversion luminescence in individual nanocrystal heterodimers formed by template-assisted self-assembly. Lithographically defined, shape-selective templates were used to deterministically coassemble single Au nanorods in proximity to single hexagonal (β-phase) NaYF4:Yb3+,Er3+ upconversion nanophosphors. By tailoring the dimensions of the rods to spectrally tune their longitudinal surface plasmon resonance to match the 977 nm excitation wavelength of the phosphors and by spatially localizing the phosphors in the intense near-fields surrounding the rod tips, several-fold luminescence enhancements were achieved. The enhancement effects exhibited a strong dependence on the excitation light’s polarization relative to the rod axis. In addition, greater enhancement was observed at lower excitation power densities due to the nonlinear behavior of the upconversion process. The template-based coassembly scheme utilized here for plasmonic coupling offers a versatile platfor...
Pulmonary Vascular Congestion: A Mechanism for Distal Lung Unit Dysfunction in Obesity.

Rationale Obesity is characterized by increased systemic and pulmonary blood volumes (pulmonary vascular congestion). Concomitant abnormal alveolar membrane diffusion suggests subclinical interstitial edema. In this setting, functional abnormalities should encompass the entire distal lung including the airways. Objectives We hypothesize that in obesity: 1) pulmonary vascular congestion will affect the distal lung unit with concordant alveolar membrane and distal airway abnormalities; and 2) the degree of pulmonary congestion and membrane dysfunction will relate to the cardiac response. Methods 54 non-smoking obese subjects underwent spirometry, impulse oscillometry (IOS), diffusion capacity (DLCO) with partition into membrane diffusion (DM) and capillary blood volume (VC), and cardiac MRI (n = 24). Alveolar-capillary membrane efficiency was assessed by calculation of DM/VC. Measurements and Main Results Mean age was 45±12 years; mean BMI was 44.8±7 kg/m2. Vital capacity was 88±13% predicted with reduction in functional residual capacity (58±12% predicted). Despite normal DLCO (98±18% predicted), VC was elevated (135±31% predicted) while DM averaged 94±22% predicted. DM/VC varied from 0.4 to 1.4 with high values reflecting recruitment of alveolar membrane and low values indicating alveolar membrane dysfunction. The most abnormal IOS (R5 and X5) occurred in subjects with lowest DM/VC (r2 = 0.31, p<0.001; r2 = 0.34, p<0.001). Cardiac output and index (cardiac output / body surface area) were directly related to DM/VC (r2 = 0.41, p<0.001; r2 = 0.19, p = 0.03). Subjects with lower DM/VC demonstrated a cardiac output that remained in the normal range despite presence of obesity. Conclusions Global dysfunction of the distal lung (alveolar membrane and distal airway) is associated with pulmonary vascular congestion and failure to achieve the high output state of obesity. Pulmonary vascular congestion and consequent fluid transudation and/or alterations in the structure of the alveolar capillary membrane may be considered often unrecognized causes of airway dysfunction in obesity.
A comparison of the binding of Agrobacterium tumefaciens and Rhizobium meliloti to alfalfa roots, carrot suspension culture cells, and Arabidopsis thaliana root segments

Although A. tumefaciens and R. meliloti are closely related, the interactions of these bacteria with cells of non-leguminous dicots differ markedly. When R. meliloti was added to carrot suspension culture cells less than 2% of the added bacteria bound to the plant cells. The addition of the nod gene inducer luteolin had no effect on the binding of the bacteria to carrot cells. When A. tumefaciens was mixed with the same cells more than 30% of the added bacteria bound to the carrot cells. A. tumefaciens, but not R. meliloti, bound to root segments of A. thaliana. Both species of bacteria bound to alfalfa roots.
General Strategy for the Synthesis of Transition Metal Phosphide Films for Electrocatalytic Hydrogen and Oxygen Evolution

Transition metal phosphides recently have been identified as promising Earth-abundant electrocatalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Here, we present a general and scalable strategy for the synthesis of transition metal phosphide electrodes based on the reaction of commercially available metal foils (Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, and NiFe) with various organophosphine reagents. The resulting phosphide electrodes were found to exhibit excellent electrocatalytic HER and OER performance. The most active electrodes required overpotentials of only −128 mV for the HER in acid (Ni2P), −183 mV for the HER in base (Ni2P), and 277 mV for the OER in base (NiFeP) to produce operationally relevant current densities of 10 mA cm–2. Such HER and OER performance compares favorably with samples prepared using significantly more elaborate and costly procedures. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the approach can also be utilized to obtain highly active and conformal metal phosphide coati...
Safety and Serological Effect of Revaccination of Inactivated Hepatitis A Vaccine and Combined Inactivated Hepatitis A and B Vaccine in Healthy Children

ObjectiveTo evaluate the secondary immunization serological effects and safety of inactivated hepatitis A vaccine(HepA-I)and combined inactivated hepatitis A and B vaccine(HepAB-I). MethodsAn open, controlled clinical trial was conducted in 210 healthy children aged 24-38 months old who completed full immunization schedule of hepatitis B vaccine and had been vaccinated with hepatitis A attenuated live vaccine(HepA-L)over 6 months old. All the children were randomly divided into 2 groups; one group vaccinated with one dose HepA-I, the other vaccinated with one dose combined HepAB-I. Antibodies to hepatitis A virus(Anti-HAV)titers and antibody to Hepatitis B Virus Surface Antigen(Anti-HBs)titers were tested before and one month after vaccination. Potential adverse reactions were observed within 72 hours after vaccination.ResultsHepA-I group Anti-HAV Positive(≥20mIU/ ml)rate increase from 95.1%to 100.0%and the geometric mean concentration(GMC)increase from 124.41mIU/ml to7269.31mIU/ml(increased by 55.74times). HepAB-I group Anti-HAV rate increase from 88.8%to 98.9%and the Anti-HAV GMC increase from 98.03mIU/ml to 5174.76mIU/ml(increased by 58.35 times). The Anti-HBs positive(≥10mIU/ml)rate increase from 72.9%to 97.8%and the Anti-HBs GMC increase from 22.20mIU/ml to 1226.14mIU/ml(increased by 54.49 times)12 cases with adverse reactions were observed and all of them were fever. The incidence was 5.7%and no other adverse reactions. ConclusionSecondary immunization of(HepA-I)and(HepAB-I)showed effective serological effects and good safety in children.
Computer aided flowsheet drawing—II: Stream layout and drawing

Abstract A methodology for machine layout of process streams involving multiple directional changes given the equipment layout and stream connection information is formulated. Also considered are the drawing of these streams and of various process equipment symbols as well as the layout and drawing of peripheral flowsheet symbols and messages. The key concepts involved are the use of a coded grid representation of the drawing space, a structural classification of stream configurations, efficient constructions for generating stream paths, and the formulation of a ranking of stream paths. A program package implementing the methodology which includes a simple yet flexible data structure for generating and storing equipment symbols is discussed and example flowsheet are given.
Open-world planning for story generation

The ability to generate narrative is of importance to computer systems that wish to use story effectively for entertainment, training, or education. One way to generate narrative is to use planning. However, story planners are limited by the fact that they can only operate on the story world provided, which impacts the ability of the planner to find a solution story plan and the quality and structure of the story plan if one is found. We present a planning algorithm for story generation that can nondeterministically make decisions about the description of the initial story world state in a least-commitment fashion.
In Vitro Efficacy of Doripenem against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii by E-Test.

OBJECTIVE To assess the in vitro efficacy of doripenem against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii using Epsilometer strips. STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional study. PLACE AND DURATION OF STUDY Department of Microbiology, Army Medical College, Rawalpindi and National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, from May 2014 to September 2014. METHODOLOGY A total of 60 isolates of Acinetobacter baumannii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa collected from various clinical samples received from Military Hospital were included in the study. The specimens were inoculated onto blood, MacConkey and chocolate agars. The isolates were identified using Gram staining, motility, catalase test, oxidase test and API 20NE (Biomeriux, France). Organisms identified as Acinetobacter baumannii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were included in the study. Bacterial suspensions equivalent to 0.5 McFarland turbidity standard of the isolates were prepared and applied on Mueller Hinton agar. Epsilometer strip was placed in the center of the plate and incubated for 18-24 hours. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) was taken to be the point where the epsilon intersected the E-strip. MIC of all the isolates was noted. RESULTS For Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates, MIC(50) was 12 µg/mL and MIC(90) was 32 µg/mL. For Acinetobacter baumannii MIC(50) and MIC(90) was 32 µg/mL. CONCLUSION Doripenem is no more effective against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii in our setting.
Automated Driving Policy

This chapter summarizes a longer policy paper, How Governments Can Promote Automated Driving, which details steps that state and local governments can take now to encourage the development, deployment, and use of automated road vehicles. The chapter has four main parts. Context emphasizes the need to think broadly about relevant technologies, impacts, and laws. Administrative Strategies identifies steps that governments can take in the course of their ordinary operations. Legal Strategies recommends a careful legal audit and provides guidance on the legal changes or clarifications that may flow from such an audit. Community Strategies focuses on ways that communities can prepare for and even attract truly driverless systems that are responsive to local needs and opportunities.
Aircraft and Energy Use

bypass ratio The ratio of air passed through the fan system to that passed through the engine core. contrail The condensation trail that forms when moist, high-temperature air in a jet exhaust, as it mixes with ambient cold air, condenses into particles in the atmosphere and saturation occurs. drag The aerodynamic force on an aircraft body; acts against the direction of aircraft motion. energy intensity (EI) A measure of aircraft fuel economy on a passenger-kilometer basis; denoted by energy used per unit of mobility provided (e.g., fuel consumption per passenger-kilometer) energy use (EU) A measure of aircraft fuel economy on a seat-kilometer basis (e.g., fuel consumption per seatkilometer). great circle distance The minimum distance between two points on the surface of a sphere. hub-and-spoke system Feeding smaller capacity flights into a central hub where passengers connect with flights on larger aircraft that then fly to the final destination. lift-to-drag ratio (L/D) A measure of aerodynamic efficiency; the ratio of lift force generated to drag experienced by the aircraft. load factor The fraction of passengers per available seats. radiative forcing A measure of the change in Earth’s radiative balance associated with atmospheric changes; positive forcing indicates a net warming tendency relative to preindustrial times. structural efficiency(OEW/MTOW) The ratio of aircraft operating empty weight (OEW) to maximum takeoff weight (MTOW); a measure of the weight of the aircraft structure relative to the weight it can carry (combined weights of structure plus payload plus fuel). thrust A force that is produced by engines and propels the aircraft. thrust specific fuel consumption (SFC) A measure of engine efficiency as denoted by the rate of fuel consumption per unit thrust (e.g., kilograms/second/Newton). turbofan engine The dominant mode of propulsion for commercial aircraft today; a turbofan engine derives its thrust primarily by passing air through a large fan system driven by the engine core.
Alterations in Chromatin Structure During DNA Excision Repair

Work from a number of laboratories recently has demonstrated that alterations in chromatin structure occur during excision repair in mammalian cells. It is now clear that when cells are damaged with a wide variety of chemical agents or ultraviolet radiation, almost all of the repair synthesis is initially sensitive to staphylococcal nuclease. With time, there is a redistribution of the counts incorporated during excision repair synthesis so that many of them become nuclease resistant and associated with nucleosome core length DNA. In our laboratory, we have demonstrated this phenomenon in human cells damaged with N-acetoxy-2-acetylaminofluorene, 7-bromomethylbenz[a]anthracene, and ultraviolet radiation. It is clear from the work of others that the phenomenon is not unique to human cells since African green monkey cells damaged with either ultraviolet radiation or angelicin also show an initial nuclease sensitivity of repair-incorporated nucleotides follow by rearrangement. Two models to explain these observations have been proposed; one suggests that there is an unfolding of nucleosomes during excision repair followed by a refolding, while the other suggests that sliding of core proteins with respect to DNA occurs during excision repair. These models, as well as recent data bearing on them, will be discussed.
WOM codes against inter-cell interference in NAND memories

Flash memories, especially NAND flash memories, are prevalent in the memory market due to their outstanding features such as high density and so on. However, the problems coming with the density are the parasitic effects, of which the cell-to-cell interference is the dominant one. Besides interference, another challenge for NAND flash memories is its limited life time. Actually, flash memories can be regarded as “write-once memories (WOM)”, where cells can be changed from lower states to higher states, not vice versa. In this paper, we study WOM codes against cell-to-cell interference. We derive bounds of the rewriting capacity of WOM codes based on the new WOM codes, Delta-WOM, and constrained codes. We also explore efficient WOM code constructions: one construction is based on our Diamond-WOM codes construction, which can be proven to approach its known rewriting capacity; the other one is based on constrained codes.
Structural Rearrangements in GABA

GABAA receptors (GABARs) are allosteric proteins that convert a chemical signal (GABA binding) to an electrical signal (opening of an integral ion-conducting channel). They mediate inhibition in the brain and are the therapeutic targets for a variety of drugs such as benzodiazepines (BZDs), barbiturates, neuroactive steroids, volatile and intravenous anesthetics. For these receptors, binding of neurotransmitter in the extracellular ligand-binding domain triggers opening of an intrinsic ion channel more than 50A away in the transmembrane domain of the receptor. While recent structures of prokaryotic and eukaryotic pLGICs solved in detergent micelles have shed light on their molecular architecture, a full understanding of pLGIC function requires knowledge of the protein motions that govern their conformational transitions in physiological lipids. Comparing closed versus open channel structures of prokaryotic and eukaryotic pLGICs predict that agonist-mediated channel opening is associated with a quaternary twisting and a radial un-blooming (inward tilting) of the extracellular binding domain (ECD). Using a luminescence resonance energy transfer (LRET) approach that allows us to measure structural motions in full length heteropentameric GABARs in live cells, we are examining if, and how, the ECD moves in response to agonist-dependent gating transitions and allosteric drug binding. We found that GABA decreased the distances between fluorescent probes attached to the ECD of both the alpha and beta GABAR subunits, whereas binding of a competitive antagonist had no effect consistent with receptor activation promoting a global inward tilting of the ECD. Surprisingly, a BZD positive modulator that binds in the ECD but does not open the ion channel induced similar decreases in LRET-based distances as GABA raising the intriguing idea that the inward motion may reflect a low affinity to high affinity binding site transition in the ECD versus a closed to open channel transition.
Targeted pancreatic cancer drug-delivery utilizing sigma-2 ligand/receptor internalization is energy-dependent.

331Background: Pancreatic cancer is a devastating disease that is poorly responsive to traditional systemic therapies. Cancer-selective drug delivery can improve survival and reduce systemic toxicities. We have developed a pancreatic cancer drug delivery platform based on sigma-2 receptor ligands conjugated to small molecule drug cargos, which improves delivery and efficacy through efficient drug internalization. However, the mechanism of drug internalization via the sigma-2 receptor/ligand interaction remains unclear. Methods: Uptake of fluorescently conjugated sigma-2 ligand SW120 was studied in ASPC-1 human pancreatic cancer cells. Uptake was measured at 37C, 4C, after competitive inhibition with sigma-2 ligand SW43, and after pretreatment with Pitstop 2 (Abcam), an inhibiter of clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Uptake was visualized using live-cell imaging using A1Rsi confocal laser scanning microscope (Nikon). Image analysis was performed using FIJI (NIH) and Matlab (Mathworks). Results: SW120 (10 nM) w...
Two-Hybrid and Related Systems

The two-hybrid system is an incarnation of the split protein assay. Two-hybrid assays are usually carried out in vivo, but modifications are possible in vitro. The technique is used to detect interactions between two proteins where the proteins may or may not belong to the same organism. Two-hybrid assays were originally developed in yeast, but principally they should work in any other eukaryotes. To enable use in bacterial systems, various modifications have been made to the assay by using different split proteins, different types of reporters and different plasmids. Two-hybrid assays have applications in drug discovery, microbiology, molecular biology and virtually any other study of protein function. Key Concepts Split protein assays are typically developed from multidomain proteins, which makes their splitting easier and more predictable. Split protein assays make use of proteins that can be split and reconstituted non-covalently. Two-hybrid assays can be implemented in bacteria, in eukaryotes or in vitro. Two-hybrid assays can be used to detect interactions between proteins from distantly related organisms. Protein–protein interactions can be applied to biomarker discovery, to find drug targets, to determining functions of proteins with unknown function, protein–RNA interactions or even protein–small molecule interactions. Keywords: protein–protein interactions; protein domains; protein function; split protein assay; protein–RNA interaction; drug targets
On the transient dynamics of piezoelectric-based, state-switched systems

This letter reports on the induced mechanical transients for piezoelectric-based, state-switching approaches utilizing both experimental tests and a numerical model that more accurately captures the dynamics associated with a switch between stiffness states. Currently, switching models instantaneously dissipate the stored piezoelectric voltage, resulting in a discrete change in effective stiffness states and a discontinuity in the system dynamics during the switching event. The proposed model allows for a rapid but continuous voltage dissipation and the corresponding variation between stiffness states, as one sees in physical implementations. This rapid variation in system stiffness when switching at a point of non-zero strain leads to high-frequency, large-amplitude transients in the system acceleration response. Utilizing a fundamental piezoelectric bimorph, a comparison between the numerical and experimental results reveals that these mechanical transients are much stronger than originally anticipated and masked by measurement hardware limitations, thus highlighting the significance of an appropriate system model governing the switch dynamics. Such a model enables designers to analyze systems that incorporate piezoelectric-based state switching with greater accuracy to ensure that these transients do not degrade the intended performance. Finally, if the switching does create unacceptable transients, controlling the duration of voltage dissipation enables control over the frequency content and peak amplitudes associated with the switch-induced acceleration transients.This letter reports on the induced mechanical transients for piezoelectric-based, state-switching approaches utilizing both experimental tests and a numerical model that more accurately captures the dynamics associated with a switch between stiffness states. Currently, switching models instantaneously dissipate the stored piezoelectric voltage, resulting in a discrete change in effective stiffness states and a discontinuity in the system dynamics during the switching event. The proposed model allows for a rapid but continuous voltage dissipation and the corresponding variation between stiffness states, as one sees in physical implementations. This rapid variation in system stiffness when switching at a point of non-zero strain leads to high-frequency, large-amplitude transients in the system acceleration response. Utilizing a fundamental piezoelectric bimorph, a comparison between the numerical and experimental results reveals that these mechanical transients are much stronger than originally anticipated ...
Abstract 15170: Persistent Microvascular Obstruction Leads to Localized Iron Deposition and Active Inflammation Within Chronic Myocardial Infarctions

Introduction: The mechanism by which persistent microvascular obstruction (PMO) post myocardial infarction (MI) exerts adverse long-term effects is not well understood. Hypothesis: We hypothesized that PMO, with or without reperfusion hemorrhage, can resolve into iron deposition within chronic MI (CMI) territories, and is associated with prolonged inflammation and adverse LV remodeling. Methods: Canines subjected to reperfused (n=17) and non-reperfused (n=16) MI underwent Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance (CMR) at 7 (acute) and 56 days (chronic) post-MI. Cine, T2*-weighted and Late Gadolinium Enhancement images were used to characterize LV remodeling (End-Diastolic Sphericity Index (EDSI)), iron and PMO respectively. Histological analysis was used to examine chronic inflammation. Results: In the reperfused group, 9 canines had PMO and hemorrhage with subsequent chronic iron deposition (PMO+/T2*+), while 4 canines had no PMO, hemorrhage, or chronic iron deposition (PMO-/T2*-). The remaining 4 canines had PMO without hemorrhage (PMO+/T2*-), but all subsequently had chronic iron deposition. In the non-reperfused group, 15 canines had PMO, and acute and subsequent chronic iron deposition (NR-PMO+/T2*+); 1 canine had no PMO, acute or chronic iron deposition (NR-PMO-/T2*-). In both groups, PMO volume was significantly associated with both acute and chronic iron volumes (p Conclusions: PMO, with or without reperfusion hemorrhage, can lead to iron deposition within CMIs, and is associated with active inflammation and adverse LV remodeling in canines.
Access to Medication Abortion Among California's Public University Students.

Abstract Purpose A proposed California law will require student health centers at public universities to provide medication abortion. To understand its potential impact, we sought to describe current travel time, costs, and wait times to access care at the nearest abortion facilities. Methods We projected total medication abortion use based on campus enrollment figures and age- and state-adjusted abortion rates. We calculated distance and public transit time from campuses to the nearest abortion facility. We contacted existing abortion-providing facilities to determine costs, insurance acceptance, and wait times. Results We estimate 322 to 519 California public university students seek medication abortions each month. As many as 62% of students at these universities were more than 30 minutes from the closest abortion facility via public transportation. Average cost of medication abortion was $604, and average wait time to the first available appointment was one week. Conclusions College students face cost, scheduling, and travel barriers to abortion care. Offering medication abortion on campus could reduce these barriers.
Mining video associations for efficient database management

To support more efficient video database management, this paper explores the concept of video association mining, with which the association patterns are characterized by sequentially associated video shots and their cluster information. Given a continuous video sequence V, the video shot segmentation mechanism is first introduced to parse it into discrete shots. We then cluster shots into visually distinct groups and construct a shot cluster sequence by using the class label of each shot. An association mining scheme is designed to mine sequentially associated clusters from the sequence. Those detected associations will convey valuable knowledge for video database management. The experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of our design.
Retribution and judgment: Violence, democratic accountability, and the invocation of the rule of law

During the first decade following the regime changes in 1989 in East-Central Europe, those regimes that have successfully and peacefully democratized have engaged in some sort of retributive justice punishing wrongdoers and vindicating victims. Other regimes have become even less democratic and engaged in further violence by identifying substitute victims to sacrifice in order to avoid holding actual wrongdoers accountable for their past crimes.The author examines the efficacy of retributive justice through the work of the division of the German criminal justice system responsible for prosecuting “governmental and reunification crime” and of a public commission of vindication. He then compares the German effort with that in select other East-Central European regimes. In order to contribute to democratic legitimacy, he concludes, regimes must studiously avoid seeking substitute victims and instead hold those in the center of the regime accountable for wrongdoing. At the same time, they must make a good faith effort to redress the wrongs of unjustly harmed parties. Effective criminal law establishes the state as a moral agent representing the entire community by reiterating the principles of responsibility and accountability for injustices as part of an attempt to reestablish the dignity of victims. In other words, to avoid a cycle of retributive violence it may be wise to go through a longer phase of retributive justice in the present.