cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Randomized, Double-Blind, Crossover Study to Evaluate the Depth Response Relationship of Intradermal Capsaicin-Induced Pain and Hyperalgesia in Healthy Adult Volunteers

Objective The purpose of this study was to evaluate pain and hyperalgesia in response to different depths of intradermal (ID) capsaicin injections in healthy volunteers. Design Double-blind, cross-over study. Setting Clinical Research Laboratory. Subjects Fifteen healthy male subjects received ID capsaicin injections into the volar aspect of each forearm at depths of 1 mm, 3 mm, 5 mm, and 7 mm. After injection, spontaneous pain, elicited pain, flare response, heat thresholds, and area of hyperalgesia were measured at various time points. Outcomes Measure Spontaneous pain, elicited pain (pinprick, stroking, and hot pain), hyperalgesia area, and allodynia area. Results No significant difference was found between any depths in spontaneous pain, elicited pain (pinprick, stroking, hot pain), hyperalgesia area, or allodynia area. A significant difference was found in the change in heat threshold between 5 mm and 1 mm, 7 mm and 1 mm, 5 mm and 3 mm, 7 mm and 3 mm depths. A significant difference was found in flare area between 5 mm and 3 mm depths. A significant difference was found in systolic blood pressure area under the curve (AUC) between 7 mm and 1 mm depths, and for both systolic and diastolic pressures for 5 mm and 1 mm depths, and 5 mm and 3 mm depths. A significant difference was found in pulse AUC between 5 mm and 1 mm depths and 5 mm and 3 mm depths. Conclusions Injection of capsaicin at different depths in the skin had different effects on heart rate and blood pressure but no effect on pain. These results may have implications on the pharmacology and analgesic predictive value of the model of ID capsaicin.
Mechanical Behavior of Hybrid Composite Phenolic Foam

Hybrid composite phenolic foams are reinforced with chopped glass and aramid fibers in varied proportions. The mechanical properties are measured and compared with those of foams reinforced with on...
Verbal Working Memory and Sentence Comprehension in Children With Specific Language Impairment

In this study we examined the influence of verbal working memory on sentence comprehension in children with SLI. Twelve children with SLI, 12 normally developing children matched for age (CA), and ...
Refreshing Engagement: NSSE at 13

Thirteen years ago, 276 bachelor's-granting colleges and universities inaugurated a new approach to assessing college quality by participating in the first national administration of the National S...
Diet, physical activity, and cardiovascular disease risk factors among older chinese americans living in New York City

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death in the US and affects Chinese Americans disproportionately compared to other ethnic groups in the American population. However, few studies have examined CVD risk factors, including diet and physical activity, in Chinese Americans. This investigation used a cross-sectional design to evaluate the dietary intake, dietary supplement use, and physical activity of 125 older Chinese Americans aged 50-98 years, and to determine how these behaviors may be related to obesity and other CVD risk factors. Sociodemographic information, CVD risk factors, dietary intake, and physical activity were obtained from all participants recruited from health fairs conducted in New York City (NYC). The findings revealed that older Chinese American adults living in NYC had a high prevalence of overweight and obesity, borderline hypertension, pre-diabetes, and diabetes. Many participants did not meet their daily requirements calcium, potassium, folate, vitamin B6, and vitamin B12, several minerals and vitamins important for cardiovascular health. Although most participants consumed an adequate numbers of servings of foods from the main food groups, most did not meet the recommended number of servings of dairy foods and only one in four adults took a multivitamin supplement daily. After adjusting for potential confounders, daily consumption of oil/sweets and dairy foods was positively associated with waist circumference. Also, daily consumption of oils/sweets, meats, and grains was positively associated with systolic blood pressure. The majority of the participants reported at least 30 min of moderate intensity physical activity per day. Dietary intake or supplement use did not show protective effects but performing vigorous physical activity may reduce risk of CVD in this population.
Reproducibility of point-of-care cardiac ultrasound in Chagas disease by a non-cardiologist with limited training

Background Chagas disease is a major cause of heart failure in Latin America. Many Chagas disease patients live in rural areas under poor economic conditions with limited access to formal echocardiography. Point-of-care ultrasound is rapidly gaining recognition as a powerful diagnostic tool in such fields as emergency medicine, intensive care, and primary care, but is not commonly utilized in Chagasendemic regions. In this study we sought to determine the reproducibility of point-of-care cardiac ultrasound performed by a non-cardiologist in Chagas patients.
B cell antigens on effectors for natural cell‐mediated cytotoxicity

Cell suspensions enriched for N cells, the effector cell for human natural cell-mediated cytotoxicity, were observed to react strongly with a rabbit antiserum directed against an antigen associated with B cells. Treatment of the effector suspension with the antiserum resulted in inhibition of natural cell-mediated cytotoxicity. The blocking occurred, however, only with the intact antibody indicating that inhibition was caused through the formation of antigen-antibody complexes. The antiserum was then employed to arm natural effector cells to react specifically with B cell lines. Specific arming was achieved after the formation of antigen-antibody complexes was prevented by initially reacting the effector suspension with F(ab')2 of the anti-B cell antibody. This study also supports the identity of the subset of cells responsible for antibody-dependent and natural cell-mediated cytotoxicity and the similarity in their mechanisms.
The evaluation of Urey-Bradley force constants in planar XY3 type molecules

Abstract The force constants for the planar XY3 species, BCl3, SO3, BO33−, CO32−, and NO3− have been calculated on the basis of the Urey-Bradley type potential force field. The existence of a relation between the repulsion force constant and the separation distance for nonbonded atoms is shown for the case of chlorine compounds and oxygen compounds using the results for the above together with a survey of published data calculated by this force field for other species. The species B2Cl4 and NO3− deviate noticeably from the empirical correlation thus found. The structure of the nitrate ion is considered in relation to the position of NO3− in this correlation.
Transient response in metallic glass deformation: A study based on shear transformation zone dynamics simulations

The transient response in metallic glass deformation is investigated via a mesoscale simulation by shear transformation zone dynamics. We directly connect the microscopic processes, i.e. shear transformation-induced free volume creation and diffusive rearrangement-induced free volume annihilation, to the macroscopic transient response. Notably, the dynamic competition between these processes gives rise to the signature stress overshoot in the homogeneous deformation regime at elevated temperatures; and the suppression of the annihilation process facilitates strain localization into a shear band at low temperatures.
The slow code--should anyone rush to its defense?

The past two decades have witnessed dramatic changes in professional values and social expectations regarding medical care and decision making at the end of life. Increased emphasis on patients' autonomy and participation have made open discussion, both in the medical and popular literature and at the bedside, the new norm. The seemingly final taboo, euthanasia, is now the topic of frank public, intellectual, and legal debate. Although Wanzer et al., in their 1989 second look at “The Physician's Responsibility toward Hopelessly Ill Patients,” wrote that the “entire subject is now discussed openly,”1 there remains a practice that has received little . . .
Interpretation of transference in the psychotherapy of adolescents and young adults.

Abstract There is considerable controversy in the literature surrounding the role of interpretation of transference in the expressive psychotherapy of adolescents and young adults. The authors contend that interpretation of transference is often underutilized in the psychotherapy of adolescents and that many treatments could be enriched by its inclusion. It is argued that interpretation of the transference in the immediate "here and now" of the therapeutic encounter should take precedence over genetic transference interpretation, which attempts to link current attitudes toward the therapist to archaic attitudes toward the parents. Six guidelines founded on a developmental perspective are described for exploring transference themes in this age group. While interpretation of transference is neither a panacea nor uniquely mutative with adolescents and young adults, the authors believe it has an important role to play in expressive psychotherapy if used judiciously and with foresight. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry , 1990, 29, 6:929–935.
On first strain-gradient theories in linear elasticity

Abstract This paper contains a study of the linear theory of elasticity in which the potential energy-density depends on the gradient of the strain in addition to the strain. In the first part of the paper, three forms of the theory are compared and the relations connecting the stresses in the three forms and the boundary conditions in the three forms are derived. In the second part of the paper, ambiguities in the form of the moment-equation of equilibrium and the definition of couple-stress are resolved by a derivation based on conservation principles rather than the variational principles employed previously.
Renormalization group theory for global asymptotic analysis.

We show with several examples that renormalization group (RG) theory can be used to understand singular and reductive perturbation methods in a unified fashion. Amplitude equations describing slow motion dynamics in nonequilibrium phenomena are RG equations. The renormalized perturbation approach may be simpler to use than other approaches, because it does not require the use of asymptotic matching and yields practically superior approximations.
Silicon vertex tracker for PHENIX detector at the central rapidity region

Abstract We present the status of the silicon vertex tracker for the PHENIX experiment. The purpose of the PHENIX detector is to investigate very high-density and high-temperature matter, so called Quark Gluon Plasma in heavy ion collisions upto 100 GeV/nucleon and spin structure of the nucleon with polarized proton beam up to 250 GeV/beam. We plan to build the silicon vertex tracker to identify the charm and bottom quark decay by using displaced decay vertex, with two inner pixel layers and two outer stripixel layers. The design goal of the displaced vertex resolution is at the level of 30–50 μm in high charged multiplicity environment with minimum material budget requirement to avoid generating background for outer detectors in the PHENIX.
High-Level Resistance to Gentamicin in Streptococcus faecalis: Risk Factors and Evidence for Exogenous Acquisition of Infection

Between November 1981 and October 1984, 48 of 3,456 clinical isolates of Streptococcus faecalis that were studied showed high-level (greater than 2,000 micrograms/ml) resistance to gentamicin. A case-control study comparing patients with gentamicin-susceptible (MIC less than 64 micrograms/ml) and -resistant S. faecalis infections showed significant associations (P less than .01) between the development of infection with highly gentamicin-resistant S. faecalis and prior antimicrobial therapy (particularly with cephalosporins or aminoglycosides), perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis, prior surgical procedures, and longer hospitalization. All highly resistant strains appeared to be nosocomial since 12 cases were clustered on a surgical floor and in a burn unit. In vitro transfer of gentamicin resistance by filter mating was observed for 44 of 48 isolates. The use of plasmid content as an epidemiological marker suggested nosocomial transmission and exogenous acquisition of S. faecalis.
Clinical Correlation of Endoscopic Ultrasonography with Pathologic Stage and Outcome in Patients Undergoing Curative Resection for Gastric Cancer

Endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) is considered valuable for preoperative staging of gastric cancer and defining patient eligibility for enrollment in neoadjuvant protocols. The aim of this study was to correlate EUS staging with pathologic evaluation and outcome in patients undergoing curative R0 resection for gastric cancer. All patients who underwent preoperative clinical assessment of T/N stage with EUS and subsequent R0 resection for gastric adenocarcinoma between 1993 and 2003 were identified from a prospective database. Patients who received neoadjuvant chemotherapy were excluded. Clinical staging results from preoperative EUS were compared with postoperative pathologic staging results and correlated with clinical outcome. Two hundred twenty-five patients with gastric cancer underwent EUS followed by R0 resection, without preoperative chemotherapy. The accuracy of the individual EUS T stage was 57% (127 of 223) and was 50% for N stage (110 of 218). Although EUS was less able to predict outcome according to individual T stage, patients with lesions ≤T2 on EUS had a significantly better outcome than patients with lesions ≥T3. Preoperative assessment of risk was not predicted by EUS N stage alone. Patients identified as high risk on EUS and those with a combination of serosal invasion and nodal disease had both the highest concordance with pathology and a significantly worse outcome (P = .02). The concordance between EUS and pathologic results was lower than expected for individual T and N stages. Patients with lesions ≤T2 had a significantly better prognosis than patients with more advanced lesions. Individual EUS N stage has limited value in preoperative risk assessment. Combined assessment of serosal invasion and nodal positivity on EUS identifies 77% of patients at risk for death from gastric cancer after curative resection.
Testing Equality of Survival Functions of Quality-Adjusted Lifetime

We present a method for comparing the survival functions of quality-adjusted lifetime from two treatments. This test statistic becomes the ordinary log-rank test when quality-adjusted lifetime is the same as the survival time. Simulation experiments are conducted to examine the behavior of our proposed test statistic under both null and alternative hypotheses. In addition, we apply our method to a breast cancer trial for comparing the distribution of quality-adjusted lifetime between two treatment regimes.
Evidence for the Decay of Nuclear Matter Toroidal Geometries in Nucleus-Nucleus Collisions

Systematic experimental evidence is presented for the decay of nuclear matter from toroidal geometries using reactions of ${}^{86}\mathrm{Kr}{+}^{93}\mathrm{Nb}$ at incident energies ranging from 35 to 95 MeV/nucleon. The decay of noncompact geometries is established through two charge-related observables, and the distinction between toroidal and bubblelike geometries is achieved through event shape analysis. Indications of these exotic geometries appear for beam energies between 60 and 75 MeV/nucleon.
Disconnected Complements of Steinhaus graphs

Abstract In 1976 Molluzzo asked for the conditions on a generating string of a Steinhaus graph that would guarantee that its complement would be connected. In this paper we give conditions that guarantee that the complement is not connected and a recursion, for the number of such strings. We also find tight upper and lower bounds for this recursion by examining the recursion d σ (2 k ) = d σ ( k )+ d σ ( k −1) and d σ (2 k +1) = 2 d σ ( k ) + 1.
Effect of microalloying on precipitate evolution in ferritic welds and implications for toughness

Ferritic weld metal deposited with a self-shielded arc-welding process has intentional additions of aluminum, magnesium, titanium and zirconium. This results in a complex precipitation process that has been characterized with a combination of electron microscopy techniques. This work indicates that the formation of a spinel oxide is critical for the nucleation of nitrides of zirconium and titanium and prevents the agglomeration of aluminum rich oxides and the formation of large aluminum nitrides. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy has been used to characterize the core/shell structure of the precipitates with microalloying additions. Thermodynamic modeling of the precipitate formation during solidification is consistent with the microstructural observations. The evolution of precipitate formation is critical to limit large inclusions and improve weld metal toughness.
Modeling evolution of the mind and cultures: Emotional Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis

Evolution of cultures is ultimately determined by mechanisms of the human mind. The paper discusses the mechanisms of evolution of language from primordial undifferentiated animal cries to contemporary conceptual contents. In parallel with differentiation of conceptual contents, the conceptual contents were differentiated from emotional contents of languages. The paper suggests the neural brain mechanisms involved in these processes. Experimental evidence and theoretical arguments are discussed, including mathematical approaches to cognition and language: modeling fields theory, the knowledge instinct, and the dual model connecting language and cognition. Mathematical results are related to cognitive science, linguistics, and psychology. The paper gives an initial mathematical formulation and mean-field equations for the hierarchical dynamics of both the human mind and culture. In the mind heterarchy operation of the knowledge instinct manifests through mechanisms of differentiation and synthesis. The emotional contents of language are related to language grammar. The conclusion is an emotional version of Sapir-Whorf hypothesis. Cultural advantages of "conceptual" pragmatic cultures, in which emotionality of language is diminished and differentiation overtakes synthesis resulting in fast evolution at the price of self doubts and internal crises are compared to those of traditional cultures where differentiation lags behind synthesis, resulting in cultural stability at the price of stagnation. Multi-language, multi-ethnic society might combine the benefits of stability and fast differentiation. Unsolved problems and future theoretical and experimental directions are discussed.
NOAA Weather Radio as an Emergency Communication Vehicle in West Tennessee

Abstract In March 1994, a telephone survey was conducted in west Tennessee to determine the extent to which NOAA Weather Radio (NWR) is used by residents of the region. Interviews were completed with 407 respondents for an error rate of ±4.86%. The data were subjected to tests of proportions, contingency table, and chi-square statistical analysis. The study revealed that 24.6% of west Tennessee households have NWR receivers, but only a third of those, or 8.1% of regional households, continuously monitor the service. A test alert message was broadcast on NWR just prior to the telephone survey. Based on the number of respondents who acknowledged receiving the message, only 6.4% of west Tennessee households can be expected to actually hear an emergency notification on NWR. Thus, as a general public warning and emergency communication service its effectiveness is limited, particularly among citizens of lower socioeconomic status. A fundamental problem appears to exist in the way citizens with NWR receivers us...
Diabetes: Podocytes lose their footing.

Impaired insulin action, combined with its insufficient secretion, can cause diabetes. In a surprising extension of this notion, decreased insulin action in the kidney's podocyte cells may contribute to renal complications in diabetes.
An in vitro model of pancreas carcinoma: N-nitroso-bis(2-hydroxypropyl)amine effects.

Abstract The carcinogenic effects of BHP in organ-cultured embryonic rat pancreas was demonstrated by both the transplacental route followed by organ culture and by direct addition of BHP to the culture medium. Both methods appeared efficient for in vitro induction of adenocarcinoma. The incidence of carcinoma was 70% by direct addition and 55% through transplacental administration. No acinar cell carcinoma developed in vitro, but the incidence of islet adenoma (54%) and islet carcinoma (11%) were relatively high. Transplacentally, BHP failed to produce any pancreatic tumor in vivo.
A continuous quality-improvement program reduces nosocomial infection rates in the ICU

To assess the impact of a continuous quality-improvement program on nosocomial infection rates. Prospective single-center study in the medical-surgical ICU of a tertiary care center. We admitted 1764 patients during the 5-year study period (1995–2000); 55% were mechanically ventilated and 21% died. Mean SAPS II was 37±21 points and mean length of ICU stay was 9.7±16.1 days. Implementation of an infection control program based on international recommendations. The program was updated regularly according to infection and colonization rates and reports in the literature. Prospective surveillance showed the following rates per 1000 procedure days: ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) 8.7, urinary tract infection (UTI) 17.2, central venous catheter (CVC) colonization 6.1, and CVC-related bacteremia and2.0; arterial catheter colonization did not occur. In the 5 years following implementation of the infection control program there was a significant decline in the rate per patient days of UTI, CVC colonization, and CVC-related bacteremia but not VAP. Between the first and second 2.5-year periods the time to infection increased significantly for UTI and CVC-related colonization. A continuous quality-improvement program based on surveillance of nosocomial infections in a nonselected medical-surgical ICU population was associated with sustained decreases in UTI and CVC-related infections.
Public accountability in non-profit industrial development organisations

Non-profit industrial development organisations (NIDOs) represent a common but little studied community response to widespread deindustrialisation in the United States. These non-profits are organised as chartered not-for-profit corporations, public authorities or agencies of local government. Most receive at least some public funding to promote local industrial development. Thus, a key issue is how accountable NIDOs are to the public they have been created to serve. Data from national surveys of NIDO executive directors in 1984 and 1994, as well as a survey of six case study boards of directors, suggest that public accountability is an increasingly important concern among NIDOs. Public hearings, efforts to diversify the boards in terms of gender and race, and connections to community development corporations and other local organisations are among the ways NIDOs attempt to be accountable to the general public. Although few women or racial minorities serve on NIDO boards, those boards with representation of these groups tend to be more concerned with public accountability. Boards containing public officials tend to be less concerned, presumably because their presence makes the NIDOs more directly accountable as a result of the participation of elected public representatives.
Surface defects and surface flows in coatings

The basic premise of this review is that the creation of new surfaces in coating application processes gives nonequilibrium surfaces over which surface flows occur as films are transferred to the substrate and film formation processes occur. Even in powder coatings, surface flows are very important in film-formation processes. To understand, control and eliminate defect formation in coating application processes, one must understand the physical phenomena that occur in these processes and in the resulting thin liquid films prior to curing/film formation
Negative Returns to Seniority and Job Mobility across the Program Quality Distribution: Are Top Public PhD-Granting Programs Different?

We analyze a unique data set containing annual salary and detailed job and publication histories for a sample of 1,009 faculty members drawn from 53 public Ph.D.-granting economics departments. Empirical results suggest that all else equal: (1) statistically significant negative returns to seniority exist within lower-ranked but not top 15 programs; (2) more frequent movers observe statistically higher annual salaries in lower-ranked but not top 15 programs; and (3) for each level of seniority, faculty in top 15 programs are more likely to move at any point in the career than faculty in lower-ranked programs.
Observations on the Hofmeister series in smoth muscle

Experiments on the effect of various anions in regard to the automaticity of smooth muscle obtained from cold and warm blooded animals are described. After the preparations had lost their automaticity in isotonic solutions of Ringer and glucose, Ringer solution was replaced by various isotonic Na-salt solutions, the glucose concentration remaining constant throughout. It was shown: 1. That various Na-salts possess the ability to restore automaticity to smooth muscle of both cold blooded and warm blooded animals according to the position of their anions in theHofmeister series. 2. That these specific effects are observed when the pH is held constant, obviating the contention ofLoeb that the effect of the series was one of pH. 3. That the “reversal” experiments indicate theHofmeister series to be definitely of the established order Citrate <SO4<Cl<I<SCN, as shown by the failure of the members lower in the series to restore automaticity when interposed between the higher anions. 4. And, finally, from the above, that the validity of theHofmeister series already established for striated and cardiac muscle is here shown to also hold for the automaticity of smooth muscle.
Evolution of the Mazatzal province and the timing of the Mazatzal orogeny: Insights from U-Pb geochronology and geochemistry of igneous and metasedimentary rocks in southern New Mexico

New U-Pb zircon ages, geochemistry, and Nd isotopic data are presented from three localities in the Paleoproterozoic Mazatzal province of southern New Mexico, United States. These data help in understanding the source regions and tectonic setting of magmatism from 1680 to 1620 Ma, the timing of the Mazatzal orogeny, the nature of postorogenic magmatism, Proterozoic plate tectonics, and provide a link between Mazatzal subblocks in Arizona and northern New Mexico. The data indicate a period from 1680 to 1650 Ma in which juvenile felsic granitoids were formed, and a later event between 1646 and 1633 Ma, when these rocks were deformed together with sedimentary rocks. No evidence of pre-1680 Ma rocks or inherited zircons was observed. The igneous rocks have e Nd (t) from –1.2 to +4.3 with most between +2 and +4, suggesting a mantle source or derivation from similar-aged crust. Nd isotope and trace element concentrations are consistent with models for typical arc magmatism. Detrital zircon ages from metasedimentary rocks indicate that sedimentation occurred until at least 1646 Ma. Both local and Yavapai province sources contributed to the detritus. All of the samples older than ca. 1650 Ma are deformed, whereas undeformed porphyroblasts were found in the contact aureole of a previously dated 1633 Ma gabbro. Regionally, the Mazatzal orogeny occurred mainly between 1654 and 1643 Ma, during fi nal accretion of a series of island arcs and intervening basins that may have amalgamated offshore. Rhyolite magmatism in the southern Mazatzal province was coeval with gabbro intrusions at 1633 Ma and this bimodal magmatism may have been related to extensional processes following arc accretion.
Stroke Literacy, Behavior, and Proficiency in a South Florida Population

Background Our goal was to assess stroke literacy, behavior, and proficiency in our South Florida service population. Methods Data were obtained from the 2006 to 2010 Cleveland Clinic Florida annual "stroke prevention screening" questionnaires. "Stroke risk factor awareness" was attributed to participants correctly identifying at least 5 out of the 7 stroke risk factors presented. "Stroke symptom awareness" was assigned if one correctly selected all 5 listed stroke symptoms and not any of the 3 inappropriate responses. Participants had "stroke literacy" if they: (1) demonstrated stroke risk factor awareness; (2) demonstrated stroke symptom awareness; and (3) they correctly identified the brain as where a stroke occurs. To assess appropriate "stroke behavior," respondents had to choose "call 911 immediately" if one were to experience stroke symptoms. "Stroke proficiency" was attributed to individuals showing both stroke literacy and appropriate stroke behavior. Results There were a total of 298 participants. Sixty-seven percent of participants correctly identified the brain as the organ where stroke occurs. Almost three-fourths (74.2%) demonstrated stroke risk factor awareness, 28.2% had stroke symptom awareness, 17.8% had stroke literacy, 87.9% declared appropriate stroke behavior, and 16.1% had stroke proficiency. Conclusions Stroke behavior and stroke proficiency are useful novel concepts in stroke epidemiology. Although our South Florida community is relatively well-educated and affluent, there are tangible gaps in knowledge, attitudes, and behavior as it pertains to stroke, similar to that seen in less advantaged populations. We recommend intensified usage of the media with information provided by qualified health professionals in a variety of formats and languages appropriate to the ethnic and cultural diversities that define this population.
Mesoporous molecular sieve MCM-41 supported Co–Mo catalyst for hydrodesulfurization of petroleum resids

Abstract In this work, we explored the potential of mesoporous zeolite-supported Co–Mo catalyst for hydrodesulfurization of petroleum resids, atmospheric and vacuum resids at 350–450°C under 6.9 MPa of H2 pressure. A mesoporous molecular sieve of MCM-41 type was synthesized; which has SiO2/Al2O3 ratio of about 41. MCM-41 supported Co–Mo catalyst was prepared by co-impregnation of Co(NO3)2·6H2O and (NH4)6Mo7O24 followed by calcination and sulfidation. Commercial Al2O3 supported Co–Mo (criterion 344TL) and dispersed ammonium tetrathiomolybdate (ATTM) were also tested for comparison purposes. The results indicated that Co–Mo/MCM-41(H) is active for HDS, but is not as good as commercial Co–Mo/Al2O3 for desulfurization of petroleum resids. It appears that the pore size of the synthesized MCM-41 (28 A) is not large enough to convert large-sized molecules such as asphaltene present in the petroleum resids. Removing asphaltene from the resid prior to HDS has been found to improve the catalytic activity of Co–Mo/MCM-41(H). The use of ATTM is not as effective as that of Co–Mo catalysts, but is better for conversions of >540°C fraction as compared to noncatalytic runs at 400–450°C.
Ras-MAPK Pathways

This Teaching Resource provides lecture notes and slides for a class covering three kinase-mediated signaling pathways and is part of the course "Cell Signaling Systems: A Course for Graduate Students." The focus is three major signaling cascades that are implicated in cell proliferation, survival, and stress response. They are, respectively, the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), and Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) cascades. The aim of this lecture is to review the major players of these intracellular signaling cascades in mammalian cells. In addition, emphasis is placed on understanding the dynamic, rather than linear, nature of signal transduction in determining cellular responses to external stimuli.
Global competition for strategic mineral supplies

Abstract The USA's dependence on imported sources of strategic minerals has grown substantially since the second world war, while its ability to protect the sealanes critical to foreign supplies has deteriorated. Domestic production has been severely hampered by a lack of access to mining on public lands, and by excessive environmental regulations. No major purchases have been made for the strategic stockpile in 20 years. Concern has been growing in Western Europe and in Japan about secure supplies of strategic minerals. Being even more dependent on foreign sources of supply than the USA, some of these countries have recently initiated their own strategic stockpilling programmes. The USSR, long an important exporter of metals, appears to have changed its mineral trade policy, and has sharply reduced exports while entering the market as an importer of a number of key metals. These developments foreshadow growing competition for world supplies of strategic minerals.
Stringent mating-type-regulated auxotrophy increases the accuracy of systematic genetic interaction screens with Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutant arrays.

A genomic collection of haploid Saccharomyces cerevisiae deletion strains provides a unique resource for systematic analysis of gene interactions. Double-mutant haploid strains can be constructed by the synthetic genetic array (SGA) method, wherein a query mutation is introduced by mating to mutant arrays, selection of diploid double mutants, induction of meiosis, and selection of recombinant haploid double-mutant progeny. The mechanism of haploid selection is mating-type-regulated auxotrophy (MRA), by which prototrophy is restricted to a particular haploid genotype generated only as a result of meiosis. MRA escape leads to false-negative genetic interaction results because postmeiotic haploids that are supposed to be under negative selection instead proliferate and mate, forming diploids that are heterozygous at interacting loci, masking phenotypes that would be observed in a pure haploid double-mutant culture. This work identified factors that reduce MRA escape, including insertion of terminator and repressor sequences upstream of the MRA cassette, deletion of silent mating-type loci, and utilization of α-type instead of a-type MRA. Modifications engineered to reduce haploid MRA escape reduced false negative results in SGA-type analysis, resulting in >95% sensitivity for detecting gene–gene interactions.
Development of an instrument to assess nutritional risk factors for children infected with human immunodeficiency virus.

Abstract Objective To produce a simple and effective instrument to evaluate and monitor the nutritional risk of children infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Design The test instrument was developed in consultation with 5 physicians, 5 nutritionists, and 5 social workers with expertise in caring for HIV-infected children. Patient information was collected through medical record review for 19 sociodemographic, 10 anthropometric, 4 biochemical, 6 dietary intake, and 19 medical factors. As a part of routine nutrition care, anthropometric data were obtained and the caregiver was asked to complete a 3-day diet record. Also recorded were the most recent CD4+ T-cell numbers and serum HIV p24 antigen and plasma HIV RNA levels. Subjects/setting Thirty-nine HIV-infected children were selected using quota sampling; that is, subjects were stratified by clinical class as defined by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Statistical analysis The severity or degree of potential nutritional risk in each section (anthropometric, biochemical, dietary intake, and medical data) was graded (0 to 4, 0=low risk) and summed. Reliability of internal consistency was determined through covariance matrixes. Validity was determined through Pearson product moment correlation coefficients to measure convergent and divergent validity; predictive validity was determined using analysis of variance. Correlation for validity was compared to 6 selected dependent variables: weight for height, weight growth velocity, lean body mass, serum albumin level, CD 4 + T-cell numbers, and quantitative plasma HIV RNA levels. Results Of the 38 factors that were analyzed for reliability, 11 fell in the strongly reliable range: height for age, weight for age, clinical class, somatic protein stores, mid-arm circumference, weight for height, serum albumin, immunologic status, body mass index, energy intake, and opportunistic infection. Conclusions Anthropometric, dietary intake, and medical data were reliable indicators of nutritional risk. The entire instrument was reliable after 8 of the weakest items were removed. The instrument was found to be valid and a good predictor of nutritional risk in HIV-infected children. J Am Diet Assoc. 2000; 100:323-329.
Coordinated Regulation of Iron-Controlling Genes, H-Ferritin and IRP2, by c-MYC

The protein encoded by the c-MYC proto-oncogene is a transcription factor that can both activate and repress the expression of target genes, but few of its transcriptional targets have been identified. Here, c-MYC is shown to repress the expression of the heavy subunit of the protein ferritin (H-ferritin), which sequesters intracellular iron, and to stimulate the expression of the iron regulatory protein-2 (IRP2), which increases the intracellular iron pool. Down-regulation of the expression of H-ferritin gene was required for cell transformation by c-MYC. These results indicate that c-MYC coordinately regulates genes controlling intracellular iron concentrations and that this function is essential for the control of cell proliferation and transformation by c-MYC.
Faculty Work: Making Our Research Matter—More

This ASHE address describes the demands for increased productivity being placed on public higher education from governors, legislators, the business community, and other stakeholders. The author posits that this attack on higher education is an attack on how members of the academy define and judge quality, and that those who study higher education have a particular obligation to conduct research relevant to the policy arena that is shaping the future of higher education and that may well redefine quality. Recommendations are included for how faculty who study higher education and ASHE as a professional association might address the challenge.
Partons and gravitation: some puzzling questions

Abstract The rather general belief in the theory of gravitation according to which neutral massive bodies with zero electric and magnetic moments are surrounded by a null electromagnetic field is analyzed from a critical viewpoint. Beginning the analysis at an atomic level, it is not difficult to see that neutral atoms are surrounded by a nonnull electromagnetic field generated by their peripheral electrons and by their nuclei even though their overall charge is zero. The data emerging from recent deep inelastic e-p scattering experiments clearly indicate that nucleons are composed by a number of charged constituents, often called partons, in a highly dynamical behavior. Consequently, nucleons and nuclei can also be a rather relevant source of electromagnetic field, in view of the presumed large number of partons, which is produced not only by their overall charges, but more properly by the charges of their individual constituents. Summing up the contributions from a large number of atoms, the possibility of a seizable electromagnetic field surrounding any neutral massive body emerges. Three assumptions, termed standard, weak, and strong according to which the energy-momentum tensor of the electromagnetic field generated by the matter constituents does not contribute, or partially contribute, or is entirely responsible of the gravitational field, are introduced. In order to assess the physical relevance of each of the above assumptions, a simple bound state model of the π 0 particle is introduced in terms of two charged valence partons in a 1 S state. Some models of the electromagnetic field produced by the π 0 charged constituents are derived as a ground for further extension to the case of nucleons, nuclei, and entire atoms. The gravitational field equations for the π 0 particle according to the standard assumption are recalled and the ones according to the weak and strong assumptions are introduced. The puzzling implications of our analysis clearly cast shadows on the standard assumption, leaving as possible alternative for an exact formulation a selection between the weak and the strong assumptions. Some implications of the latter assumptions are discussed; the restrictions for the exterior case are derived using the framework of the “already unified theory”; some inconsistency with the gravitational wave theory is briefly discussed; and it is emphasized that the strong assumption implies a fully geometrical unification of gravitational and electromagnetic fields since the gravitational field is identified with a particular form, or “mutation,” of the electromagnetic field originated primarily in the nuclear, but also in the atomic structure. The admissibility of both the weak and the strong assumptions on the basis of our present knowledge is discussed and the feasibility of some experiments aiming at the proper selection as well as the ultimate physical assessment of the new assumptions is briefly analyzed.
The incidence of gastrointestinal symptoms in cardiac surgery patients through six weeks after discharge

Objective: To determine the incidence and the effect of intraoperative and discharge variables on gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms after cardiac surgery during hospitalization and 2 and 6 weeks after discharge. Design: Prospective and descriptive. Setting: Two university-affiliated medical centers. Patients: One hundred twenty-two adult patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Outcome Measures: Frequency of GI symptoms and level of distress caused by GI symptoms during hospitalization and 2 and 6 weeks after hospital discharge. Instruments: GI symptoms were measured by The Gastrointestinal Symptom Frequency and Symptom Distress Scale. Depression was measured by The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale. Intervention: Demographic and physiologic variables were collected by chart review. Patients completed the Gastrointestinal Symptom Frequency and Symptom Distress Scale and The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale in the hospital. Telephone interviews were used to collect 2- and 6-week data. Results: Fifty-seven percent of patients after surgery reported poor appetite, 37% lack of taste, and 34% nausea during hospitalization. The frequency of all GI symptoms decreased with time; 19% of subjects reported poor appetite, 19% lack of taste, and 10% nausea at 6 weeks after discharge. Although poor appetite occurred with the greatest frequency, patients reported the greatest distress with lack of taste. When analyzed with a logistic regression model, use of antihypertensive agents was associated with lack of taste; use of diuretic and antiarrhythmic agents was associated with nausea; and level of depression was associated with all three GI symptoms. Length of cardiopulmonary bypass time, mean arterial blood pressure during surgery, mixed venous oxygen saturation during surgery, and subject age did not significantly affect the frequency of GI symptoms at any data collection point. Conclusions: The incidence of GI symptoms after cardiac surgery is significant, but their etiology has yet to be determined.
Rats' knowledge of incorrect responses in a matching-to-sample task.

The idea that rats possess some knowledge about having been incorrect when having previously made an incorrect response is proposed. A matching-to-sample task with a second choice was used to assess the hypothesis. Only if the correct lever was chosen on the second choice was the animal rewarded. Further, the second choice was offered whether the animal was initially correct or incorrect in its first choice, preventing it from “knowing” if it had been correct in its initial decision. If rats possessed some knowledge whether they had been correct or not, then the number of correct second choice responses after an incorrect first one should have been greater than chance. The current experiment provided some evidence that the rats did “know” when its choices were incorrect.
A damage detection model for unbonded post-tensioning tendons based on relative strain variation in multi-strand anchors

Post-tensioned segmental bridges are common throughout the US; however, in recent years, the incidence of tendon failure in bonded post-tensioned bridges has raised questions regarding their design, construction, and maintenance. These failures have led to the investigation of the applicability of using replaceable unbonded tendons in segmental construction and new methods for monitoring their condition. This paper presents a damage detection algorithm to identify strand breakage in unbonded tendons based on the relative variation of strains in the anchorage. In unbonded construction, the anchorage assembly usually undergoes a severe stress-state condition as the entire prestressing force only passes through the deviator and end anchorage locations. The strain distribution in the anchorage mechanism, therefore, goes through significant changes in response to the breakage of an individual wire or an entire strand in a multi-strand arrangement. In this way, breakage of a post-tensioning strand can be identified by observing a non-uniform variation of the strain field over the anchorage region in contrast to a uniform variation of strains due to environmental or traffic loading. A reduced scale laboratory experiment is performed followed by an extensive finite element simulation to conduct a parametric study with wire/strand breakages at different locations on multi-strand anchorages commonly used in industry. Based on the observed strain variations from simulation, a damage detection model is proposed that enables the adoption of an automated monitoring strategy to characterize the breakage programmatically.
Satellite lines in photoelectron spectra

Abstract A general theoretical framework is presented for treating satellite line intensities in photoelectron spectra. It is shown that aside from multiplet structure characteristic of open shell systems, satellite lines involve a breakdown of the one-electron or single particle approximation. For any choice of independent electron basis states, this breakdown can be in the form of initial state configuration interaction, final ionic state configuration interaction, or interchannel coupling (configuration interaction) among the various possible photoionization channels (ion plus photoelectron system). This last effect has not been discussed in connection with photoelectron spectroscopy but its consequences can be extremely important.
Constellations and Careers: Toward Understanding the Effects of Multiple Developmental Relationships

This paper examines the effects of individuals' primary and multiple developmental relationships in a longitudinal study of the careers of lawyers. By juxtaposing the effects of the primary developmental relationship with those of individuals' sets or ‘constellations’ of developmental relationships, the present study lends insight into if and when these two perspectives on mentoring yield different results regarding the effects of mentoring on protege career outcomes. The findings from the present study show that while the quality of one's primary developer affects short-term career outcomes such as work satisfaction and intentions to remain with one's firm, it is the composition and quality of an individual's entire constellation of developmental relationships that account for long-run protege career outcomes such as organizational retention and promotion. Further, results from the present study provide evidence that the constellation perspective explains greater variance with respect to protege career outcomes than does the primary or more traditional perspective on mentoring. Implications for research on mentoring, developmental relationships, and careers are discussed. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.