cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A theorem on homeomorphism groups and products of spaces

Let H(C) be the group of homeomorphisms of the Cantor set, C, onto itself. Let p: C → M be a map of C onto a compact metric space M, and let G(p, M) be is a group.The map p: C → M is standard, if for each (x, y) ∈ C × C such that p(x) = p(y), there is a sequence and a sequence such that xn → x and hn (xn) → y Standard maps and their associated groups characterize compact metric spaces in the sense that: Two such spaces, M and N, are homeomorphic if and only if, given p standard from C onto M, there is a standard q from C onto N for which G(p, M) = h−1 G(q, N)h, for some h ∈ H(C) The present paper exhibits a structure theorem connecting these characterizing subgroups of H(C) and products of spaces: Let M1 and M2 be compact metric spaces. Then there are standard maps p: C → M1 × M2 and pi: C → Mi, i = 1, 2, such that G(p, M1 × M2) = G(p1, M1) ∩ G(p2, M2).
PRESERVATION OF THE CONSERVATION PROPERTIES OF THE FINITE ELEMENT METHOD UNDER LOCAL MESH REFINEMENT

Solutions of partial differential equations obtained by the finite element method can be made to satisfy the same conservation laws as the exact solution. When mesh refinement is carried out, the Calerkin equations must be modified in order to preserve the conservation laws. This modification which arises naturally in the Ritz formulation is described and justified.
Influence of Chilling upon Seedling Development of Cotton.

Injury induced by low temperatures above freezing, commonly called chilling injury, occurs in many plant species. Several comprehensive reviews have been written including those of Belehradek (3), Vasil'yev (12), and Levitt (6). Various theories have been cited as to the type of injury caused by chilling. Sachs (10) suggested an upset in transpiration activity; Molisch (9) an accumulation of harmful toxins. Wilhelm (13) concluded that chilling death results from cell dehydration and protein exhaustion. Germination and subsequent seedling growth of cotton Gossypium hirsutum L., are inhibited or adversly influenced by temperatures below 150 (1, 4, 7). Arndt (2) reported slow but normal seedling growth at 18? and maximum seedling elongation at 30 to 33?. Sellschop and Salmon (11) studied the influence of chilling (2-11?) on cotton of several maturity levels. The influence of soil moisture level and salt concentration was included in these studies. The present study represents a portion of a broad investigation of the response of cotton plants to low temperature. It deals with seedling response as measured by growth rate, and morphological and anatomical changes following 2 types of chilling treatment; one applied at the beginning of germination, and the second, applied following initiation of germination at favorable temperatures.
Impulsivity as a Risk Factor for HIV Transmission in Men Who Have Sex with Men: A Delay Discounting Approach

Delay discounting (DD) is a measure of impulsivity that describes the subjective decline in value of a consequence as the delay to that consequence increases. We sought to assess whether the results of a monetary DD task would be predictive of sexual risk-taking in a group of Internet-using men who have sex with men (MSM). 1402 participants completed an online survey that included questions about the participant’s demographics, sexual history and behavior, drug use, sexual compulsivity, and a monetary DD task. High DD was associated with increased odds of reporting >2 UAI partners in the past 12 months [aOR = 1.5 (1.1–2.1)]. Future studies should examine the utility of DD as a predictor of risky sexual behavior, as well as explore the possibility of HIV prevention interventions targeting DD.
Rethinking our assumptions about the evolution of bird song and other sexually dimorphic signals

Bird song is often cited as a classic example of a sexually-selected ornament, in part because historically it has been considered a primarily male trait. Recent evidence that females also sing in many songbird species and that sexual dimorphism in song is often the result of losses in females rather than gains in males therefore appears to challenge our understanding of the evolution of bird song through sexual selection. Here I propose that these new findings do not necessarily contradict previous research, but rather they disagree with some of our assumptions about the evolution of sexual dimorphisms in general and female song in particular. These include misconceptions that current patterns of elaboration and diversity in each sex reflect past rates of change and that levels of sexual dimorphism necessarily reflect levels of sexual selection. Using New World blackbirds (Icteridae) as an example, I critically evaluate these past assumptions in light of new phylogenetic evidence. Understanding the mechanisms underlying such sexually dimorphic traits requires a clear understanding of their evolutionary histories. Only then can we begin to ask the right questions.
Analysis of genetic polymorphism in select vaccine candidate antigens and microsatellite loci in Plasmodium falciparum from endemic areas at varying altitudes.

Abstract Plasmodium falciparum parasites obtained from symptomatic patients attending clinics in Bindura (altitude 1100 m), Chiredzi (600 m) and Kariba ( msp -1, msp -2 and glurp loci to examine the extent of parasite genetic diversity. While the parasites were monomorphic for msp -1 allele RO33 from the three locations, the K1 allele was over-represented in Kariba ( p = 0.02) and Mad20 alleles occurred at a higher frequency in Bindura. A similar PCR analysis for glurp and the two main allelic families of msp -2, i.e. IC/3D7 and FC-27 revealed minimal differences in the parasite population. A total of 8 msp -1 Block 2 and 11 msp -2 genotypes were identified from the three locations combined. On the glurp locus, 13 different genotypes ranging in size from 660 to 1160 bp were detected in parasites obtained from Bindura and Kariba. To gain further insight into P. falciparum genetic diversity in the three different geographical locations, parasites were examined for neutral microsatellite markers (C4M8, C13M30 and TA81). The number of microsatellite alleles ranged from 8 to 17 and the average expected heterozygosity (HE) for the three areas combined was 0.83 suggesting that the parasite population of Zimbabwe is genetically heterogeneous. These findings have implications in understanding the impact of genetic variation on immunity and possibly emergence of drug resistance.
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY PARTICIPATION IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF EMERGENCY RESPONSE PLANNING GUIDELINES : THE PROGRAM AND PROCESS

Abstract An Emergency Response Planning Guidelines (ERPG) program has been established by the chemical industry and the American Industrial Hygiene Association, with the coordination of the Organization Resources Counselors, Inc. (ORC), to address the need for reliable, consistent, and well-documented emergency planning guidelines. The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), through the ORC and established task forces and the American Industrial Hygiene Association, is participating by supporting development of ERPGs for chemicals used in DOE facilities. This article describes the DOE's process for prioritizing chemicals used within the DOE complex for development of basic information packages which provide suggested values in support of ERPG determination. This report also describes many of the guidelines developed for use in control of workplace exposure to toxic chemicals and why they are inappropriate for emergency response planning. The ERPG program is described, the reasons for its implementation are given...
Collagen synthesis regulation by the aminopropeptide of procollagen i in normal and scleroderma fibroblasts

The effect of the aminopropeptide of type I procollagen, Col 1(I), on collagen synthesis by normal and scleroderma fibroblasts was investigated. Collagen synthesis was inhibited by about 42% when normal fibroblasts were labeled with 3H-proline in the presence of 4 microM Col 1(I). In contrast, collagen synthesis by scleroderma fibroblasts was inhibited to a lesser degree, about 19%. Furthermore, scleroderma fibroblasts with elevated rates of collagen synthesis (2.5-5 times normal) were inhibited by only about 10%. The data suggest that the increased accumulation of collagen in the skin of scleroderma patients may be related to a defect in the regulation of collagen synthesis by the aminopropeptide.
Passive seismic tomography for three-dimensional time-lapse imaging of mining-induced rock mass changes

Progression of an immature block cave in proximity to a mature sublevel cave was monitored over an 18-month period using double-difference tomography. This method utilizes existing microseismic data to generate time-lapse images of seismic wave velocity changes within the rock mass. The velocity changes are caused by damage zones forming or local high-stress concentrations. In this study, images were generated on monthly intervals. An average of 2000 microseismic events recorded by 25 stations were used to generate each image. Results showed a development of the initial undercut followed by the growing cave and interaction with the adjacent sublevel cave. The goal of the research is to provide a tool that can augment both numerical modeling results and underground geotechnical measurements to allow the mine operator to produce in the safest and most efficient manner possible.
Dose-related effects of ampligen (poly(I)·poly(C12U)), a mismatched double-stranded RNA, in a bleomycin-mouse model of pulmonary fibrosis

The antifibrotic effect of the mismatched double-stranded RNA, Ampligen (poly(I). poh(C12U)), was evaluated in a bleomycin-mouse model of pulmonary fibrosis Mice received a single intratracheal dose of bleomycin (0.125U/mouse) or saline (50 μL) at the beginning of the experiment, followed by 5 or 6 intraperitoneal injections of Ampligen (1.0, 5.0, 10.0, 15.0, or 25.0 mg/kg) or saline at regular intervals, for 2 weeks Ampligen did not produce increased mortality or weight loss by itself However, it produced varying degrees of mortality in combination with bleomycin Five injections of 10 mg/kg Ampligen or three injections of 25 mg/kg Ampligen plus three injections of 10 mg/kg Ampligen in combination with bleomycin produced significant reductions in lung collagen accumulation as Indicated by lung hydroxyproline content compared to the bleomycin control group Animals receiving bleomycin plat Ampligen nt all dosages had significantly reduced prolyl hydroxylase activity compared to the bleomycin control group L...
Platinum Acetylide Two-Photon Chromophores

To explore the photophysics of platinum acetylide chromophores with strong two-photon absorption cross-sections, we have investigated the synthesis and spectroscopic characterization of a series of platinum acetylide complexes that feature highly π-conjugated ligands substituted with π-donor or -acceptor moieties. The molecules (numbered 1−4) considered in the present work are analogs of bis(phenylethynyl)bis(tributylphosphine)platinum(II) complexes. Molecule 1 carries two alkynyl-benzothiazolylfluorene ligands, and molecule 2 has two alkynyl-diphenylaminofluorene ligands bound to the central platinum atom. Compounds 3 and 4 possess two dihexylaminophenyl substituents at their ends and differ by the number of platinum atoms in the oligomer “core” (one vs two in 3 and 4, respectively). The ligands have strong effective two-photon absorption cross-sections, while the heavy metal platinum centers give rise to efficient intersystem crossing to long-lived triplet states. Ultrafast transient absorption and emis...
Financial Markets, Money, and Banking

▪ Abstract The study of financial markets, money, and banking is largely considered the purview of economics. Yet sociologists have contributed greatly to understanding financial relations since the early history of the discipline. This review begins with an overview of classical sociological approaches to financial markets, money, and banking and then describes how research in these areas exploded in recent decades. I describe the current state of research on money, relations among firms and banks, and interlocking directorates. I consider the ways financial relations shape firm behaviors and processes, and I describe the growing body of work that treats financial markets as outcomes. I discuss research on the transformation of financial systems during transition from state socialism, and I conclude with a discussion of a growing literature that combines studies of financial markets and social stratification.
Impact of weight on treatment efficacy and safety in complicated skin and skin structure infections and nosocomial pneumonia caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.

Abstract Background There are few data on dose optimization and clinical outcomes of antimicrobial agents based on patients' weight, despite the rising prevalence of obesity. Because there are physiologic, pharmacologic, and dosing differences related to weight, it is important to evaluate the impact of weight on antimicrobial agents to optimize clinical outcomes. Objectives This study compared effects of weight on efficacy and safety in patients treated with linezolid or vancomycin for complicated skin and skin structure infections (cSSSIs) and nosocomial pneumonia (NP) caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Methods We analyzed data from 2 clinical trials of patients randomized to receive a fixed dose of linezolid or weight-based dosing of vancomycin for the treatment of cSSSIs or NP caused by MRSA. For each study, patients were stratified into quartiles (Q1–4 [lowest to highest weight, respectively]). Clinical success, microbiologic success, and adverse events (AEs) were evaluated. Results The analysis included 632 patients with cSSSIs (linezolid, n=316; vancomycin, n=316) and 447 patients with NP (linezolid, n=224; vancomycin, n=223). Among patients with cSSSIs, clinical success rates at the study end with fixed-dose linezolid were similar across all weight quartiles and similar to weight-based dosing of vancomycin for Q1–3. Among Q4 (the highest weight quartile [97–295 kg]), clinical success with vancomycin was significantly lower compared with linezolid (69.5% vs 86.2%; P = 0.03). Among patients with NP, no significant differences in success rates between fixed-dose linezolid and weight-based dosing of vancomycin were observed across all quartiles. Frequencies of AEs were consistent across the quartiles for both indications and by treatment. Conclusions Except for Q4 within the vancomycin-treated patients for MRSA cSSSI, the efficacy of fixed-dosed linezolid and weight-based dosing of vancomycin was maintained across all weight quartiles and MRSA infection types. The AEs were consistent with the known safety profiles of each drug regardless of weight quartile. ClinicalTrials.gov identifiers: NCT00087490 and NCT00084266.
SUPPRESSION OF GROWTH OF BROWN-PEARCE TUMOR CELLS BY A SPECIFIC ANTIBODY WITH A CONSIDERATION OF THE NATURE OF THE REACTING CELL CONSTITUENT

Experiments are reported in detail which show that an antibody which appears in the blood of certain rabbits implanted with the Brown-Pearce tumor or injected with cell-free extracts of it is capable of suppressing the growth of the tumor cells under a variety of experimental conditions, the effects of the antibody being wholly distinct from those of unknown factors that frequently bring about regression of the growth. The implications of the findings are discussed with particular reference to facts indicating that the distinctive cell constituent with which the antibody reacts may play a significant part in the proliferative activities of the Brown-Pearce tumor cell.
Transient and chronic neurological complications of fast neutron radiation for adenocarcinoma of the prostate.

Abstract The records of 132 patients participating in clinical trials using fast neutron ( n = 94), mixed neutron and photon ( n = 16), or conventional photon ( n = 22) irradiation for primary management of prostatic cancer were retrospectively reviewed to assess treatment-related neurological complications. With a median follow-up of 14 months (range 1 to 101 months), 31132 patients (26 neutron, 3 mixed beam, 2 photon) have experienced either sciatica beginning during or shortly after treatment, or diminished bladder or bowel continence that developed at a median time of 6.5 months following treatment. Sciatica responded to oral steroids and was usually self-limited, whereas sphincter dysfunction appears to be permanent. Pre-treatment risk factors for complications included a history of hypertension, diabetes, cigarette smoking or peripheral vascular disease, with 81% of affected patients having one or more risk factors compared with 55% of unaffected patients ( p = 0.01). Seven patients have moderate (5) or severe (2) residual problems, all in the cohorts receiving neutrons (67) or mixed beam therapy (17).
Graduating the 21st Century Student: Advising as if Their Lives (and Our Future) Depended on It.

In this adaptation of my keynote address at the 2011 NACADA Annual Conference in Denver, Colorado, I outline the level of increase in college attainment that must occur between now and 2025 for the United States to remain internationally competitive and meet its changing economic and social challenges. After making the case for why achieving Goal 2025—providing high quality college degrees to 60% of the U.S. working age population—is necessary, I outline how those in higher education can achieve this ambitious goal with an emphasis on the role of advisors in advancing college completion goals for the 21st century student.
Cynomolgus and pigtail macaque IgG subclasses: characterization of IGHG genes and computational analysis of IgG/Fc receptor binding affinity

Macaques are the most widely used experimental nonhuman primate (NHP) species. Rhesus (Macaca mulatta, Macmul), cynomolgus (Macaca fascicularis, Macfas), and pigtail (Macaca nemestrina, Macnem) macaques continue to be popular models for vaccine and infectious diseases research, especially HIV infection and AIDS, and for the development of antibody-based therapeutic strategies. Increased understanding of the immune system of these species is necessary for their optimal use as models of human infections and intervention. In the past few years, the antibody/Fc receptor system has been characterized in a stepwise manner in these species. We have continued this characterization by identifying the four IG heavy gamma (IGHG) genes of Macfas and Macnem in this study. Our results show that these genes share a high degree of similarity with those from other NHP species, while presenting consistent differences when compared to human IGHG genes. Furthermore, comparison of Macfas IGHG genes with those described in other studies suggests the existence of polymorphism. Using sequence- and structure-based computational tools, we performed in silico analysis on multiple polymorphic Macfas IgG and their interactions with human IgG Fc receptors (FcγR), thus predicting that Macfas IGHG polymorphisms influence IgG protein stability and/or binding affinity towards FcγR. The presence of macaque IGHG polymorphisms and macaque/human amino acid changes at locations potentially involved in antibody functional properties indicate the need for cautious design and data interpretation of studies in these models, possibly requiring the characterization of antibody/Fc receptor interactions at the individual level.
Single-fiber flexible endoscope: general design for small size, high resolution, and wide field of view

Flexible endoscopes currently used in medicine have a fundamental tradeoff. Either resolution or field of view (FOV) is sacrificed when the scope diameter is less than 3 mm, since the minimum pixel size is usually greater than 4 microns in a pixel-array such as a camera or fiber bundle. Thus, the number of pixels within the image plane determines the minimum size of a conventional scope. However, an image plane is not required for image acquisition using a scanning single-fiber scope. Both high resolution and wide FOV are possible in a scanning single-fiber scope of 1 to 2 mm in diameter. The technical challenge is to produce a two-dimensional (2-D) scanned beam of light at the distal tip of the scope. By manipulating a resonant fiberoptic cantilever as the optical scanner, various 2-D scan patterns can be produced. The general design concepts and analyses of the fiberoptic scanner for scaling to small size and high resolution/FOV are reviewed. In our initial experimental tests, the size of the photon detector in a fiberoptic scanning scope is demonstrated to not affect image resolution, unlike existing endoscopes with pixel-based detector systems.
Synaptic tagging during synapse-specific long-term facilitation of Aplysia sensory-motor neurons.

Like memory, long-lasting forms of synaptic plasticity have been shown to require mRNA and protein synthesis. Since each neuron has a single nucleus, but can form thousands of synaptic connections, the requirement for transcription raises the question of whether long-lasting forms of plasticity can occur in a synapse-specific manner and, if so, how the products of gene expression can be targeted to alter synaptic strength at some but not all synapses made by a given neuron. One hypothesis that has been put forth to address this question is the synaptic tagging hypothesis, which proposes that the products of gene expression are delivered throughout the cell, but function to increase synaptic strength only at synapses that have been "tagged" by previous synaptic activity. In this review, I describe our studies of synapse-specific, transcription-dependent facilitation of cultured Aplysia sensory-motor synapse in the context of the synaptic tagging hypothesis.
Infrared Emission from a Pressure-Modulated Gas*

The volume of enclosed gas samples has been subjected to sinusoidal variation at a frequency of 8 cps; this volume modulation cycle is approximately adiabatic and involves temperature variations of several hundred degrees. Several emission bands of nitrous oxide in the spectral region between 3000 cm−1 and 1000 cm−1 have been investigated as a function of compression ratio for samples of pure nitrous oxide, nitrous oxide diluted with argon, and nitrous oxide diluted with various argon-nitrogen mixtures. Emission near the centers of strong absorption bands is that to be expected from a temperature-modulated blackbody provided the absorber concentration is sufficiently great to give complete absorption near the band center. For weaker bands and for strong bands with low values of absorber concentration, the effects produced by absorber concentration modulation and pressure modulation are superimposed on the effects attributable to temperature modulation. All observed effects can be interpreted on a semiquantitative basis in terms of an adiabatic modulation process.
Structural stability effects on T4 lysozyme adsorption at the air–water interface

Abstract Surface concentration and surface pressure kinetics of the wild type bacteriophage T4 lysozyme (T4L) and two structural stability variants were recorded at the air–water interface. The lysozyme variants were produced by substitution of the isoleucine residue at position 3 with cysteine or tryptophan, resulting in mutant proteins with higher and lower structural stabilities than that of the wild type, respectively. For each variant, surface concentration exhibited a brief induction period, followed by rapid adsorption and plateau attainment. The surface pressure of each variant showed a lag time, after which a steady increase was observed, without attainment of a plateau. The less stable mutant exhibited a shorter lag time and a sharper increase for both surface concentration and surface pressure than was shown by the more stable variants. Sequential adsorption experiments with the wild type and the least stable mutant showed that neither protein could exchange with the other at the interface. Competitive adsorption data recorded for these two variants indicated that the less stable variant more readily adsorbed.
Infrared tunable diode laser spectra of lithium fluoride at high temperatures

Abstract At temperatures up to 1300 K the high resolution spectrum has been measured for the 1-0 through 7-6 vibrational transitions of 7LiF and the 1-0 through 8-7 vibrational transitions of 6LiF. These infrared ro-vibrational measurements have been combined with microwave measurements taken from the literature to obtain a set of ten Dunham potential constants that reproduce all the measurements for both isotopic species to within their experimental uncertainty. The band center for the v = 1-0 transition is 894.34104±0.00020 cm−1 for 7LiF and 946.12074±0.00024 cm−1 for 6LiF.
Evaluating and Designing Education: A Collaborative Effort between Educators and Ergonomists

Ergonomics involves evaluating a product or process (what exists), comparing it with related scientific literature (what works), and using the information to re-design the product or process. The new design seeks to match known information about human capabilities and limitations with the product or process requirements in order to improve the ease-of-use, efficiency, productivity, or safety. Ergonomics is applied in a variety of settings including aeronautics, health care, training, construction and other industries. Within education settings, ergonomics is typically applied on a micro level, such as the design of chairs, workstations, or classrooms. This paper describes the application of macroergonomics to the evaluation and design of educational programs, with the goal of improving student performance and reducing attrition due to academic failure. Examples focus on medical technician programs.
Socio-technical environments supporting people with cognitive disabilities using public transportation

Public transportation systems are among the most ubiquitous and complex large-scale systems found in modern society. For those unable to drive such as people with cognitive disabilities, these systems are essential gateways for participation in community activities, socialization, and independence. To understand the magnitude and scope of this national problem, we highlight deficiencies identified in an international study by the Transportation Research Board of the National Research Council and present specific cognitive barriers identified in empirical studies of transportation systems in several U.S. cities.An interdisciplinary team of HCI researchers, urban transportation planners, commercial technologists, and assistive care specialists are now collaborating on the Mobility-for-All project to create architectures and prototypes that support those with cognitive disabilities and their caregivers. We have grounded our research and design efforts using a distributed cognition framework. We have derived requirements for our designs by analyzing “how things are” for individuals with cognitive disabilities who learn and use public transportation systems. We present a socio-technical architecture that has three components: a) a personal travel assistant that uses real-time Global Positioning Systems data from the bus fleet to deliver just-in-time prompts; b) a mobile prompting client and a prompting script configuration tool for caregivers; and c) a monitoring system that collects real-time task status from the mobile client and alerts the support community of potential problems. We then describe a phased community-centered assessment approach that begins at the design stage and continues to be integrated throughout the project.This research has broad implications for designing more human-centered transportation systems that are universally accessible for other disenfranchised communities such as the elderly or nonnative speaker. This project presents an “in-the-world” research opportunity that challenges our understanding about mobile human computer interactions with ubiquitous, context-aware computing architectures in noisy, uncontrolled environments; personalization and user modeling techniques; and the design of universally accessible interfaces for complex systems through participatory design processes.This article provides both a near-term vision and an architecture for transportation systems that are socially inclusive, technologically appealing, and easier for everyone to use.
The Fibroprotein Network of the Pulmonary Interalveolar Wall

T his report concerns the dense fibroprotein network, especially collagen, in the pulmonary interalveolar wall of some mammals. In extending our studies of the structure and function of the pulmonary interalveolar microvasculature from the cat’ and dog’ to man, we quick-froze (Freon 22 @ 160#{176} C) a peripheral sample of adult human lung removed before pneumonectomy for a malignancy. A tissue block was then freeze-substituted with acetone and fixed with 1 percent osmium tetroxide in acetone at -78#{176} C. Histologic sections stained with silver for collagen and examined by light microscopy showed a dense collagen network in the interalveolar wall; iron-hematoxylin stain showed a less dense but intricate elastin network. Since the normalcy of the lung tissue was unknown, further investigations were carried out primarily in the cat but also in the dog, rat, guinea pig, spider monkey, and in adult man. Two aspects of these investigations are here emphasized.
Simplicity, symmetry, and syntely: Stimulus measures of binary pattern structure.

A simple parameter free algorithm based solely on the sequential run and alternation structure of binary sequences is elaborated. The algorithm is designed to measure the sequence’s syntely: the degree to which past consequences within a sequence converge on the continuation of that sequence’s terminal run. This syntely algorithm is shown to predict subjects’ expectancies in a sequential prediction task using short binary sequences. Other algorithms measuring the symmetry and simplicity of short binary patterns are demonstrated, and their measures shown to be correlated with each other, but not correlated with syntely. Goodness and strength of expectancy are unrelated. The syntely algorithm is shown to be successful in predicting the error profiles of subjects learning short recurrent patterns of binary sequences. The syntely algorithm is based on the straightforward principle of induction by enumeration: the composite of past events controls the expectancy of future events. The success of this algorithm, even though it may embody the principle of induction only imperfectly, provides good evidence that this principle is a useful normative grade for understanding the human processing of contingencies in binary sequences, making complicated schemes of rules and hypotheses unnecessary.
Chargeability measurements of selected pharmaceutical dry powders to assess their electrostatic charge control capabilities

The purpose of this study was to develop an instrument (the Purdue instrument) and the corresponding methodologies to measure the electrostatic charge development (chargeability) of dry powders when they are in dynamic contact with stainless steel surfaces. The system used an inductive noncontact sensor located inside an aluminum Faraday cage and was optimized to measure the charging capabilities of a fixed volume of powder (0.5 cc). The chargeability of 5,5-diphenyl-hydantoin, calcium sulfate dihydrate, cimetidine, 3 grades of colloidal silicon dioxide, magnesium stearate, 4 grades of microcrystalline cellulose, salicylic acid, sodium carbonate, sodium salicylate, spray-dried lactose, and sulfin-pyrazone were tested at 4 linear velocities, and the particle size distribution effect was assessed for 3 different grades of colloidal silicon dioxide and 4 different grades of micro-crystalline cellulose. The chargeability values exhibited a linear relationship for the range of velocities studied, with colloidal silicon dioxide exhibiting the maximum negative chargeability and with spray-dried lactose being the only compound to exhibit positive chargeability. The instrument sensitivity was improved by a factor of 2 over the first generation version, and the electrostatic charge measurements were reproducible with relative standard deviations ranging from nondetectable to 33.7% (minimum of 3 replicates). These results demonstrate the feasibility of using the Purdue instrument to measure the electrostatic charge control capabilities of pharmaceutical dry powders with a reasonable level of precision.
ON THE BUCKLING OF SLENDER PILES

ABSTRACT The published analyses of axially loaded piles are based on the notion that the buckling load is Pcr ; the so-called critical load that is obtained from a linear eigenvalue problem. The purpose of this paper is to show that generally this assumption is not justified for slender piles. Since the main aim of the presentation is to clarify the basic features of the pile buckling phenomenon, and to show how they are related to the various buckling analyses, this study is conducted on a simple model that exhibits the essential buckling mechanism of the pile but is amenable to an exact non-linear analysis. One presented analysis is based on the common assumption that the lateral soil resistance increases linearly with the lateral displacement. It shows that Pcr may, or may not, be the true buckling load depending on the lateral stiffness of the soil and the bending stiffness of the pile. Thus, in some cases the buckling load has to be established from a non-linear analysis. Another analysis assumes that the lateral resistance stiffens non-linearly with increasing pile displacements. It shows that if the stiffening effect is strong enough, Pcr may be considered as the buckling load. Thus, for the stability analysis of slender piles, the actual soil response to lateral pile displacements is needed.
Performance comparison of database concurrency control mechanisms based on two-phase locking, timestamping, and mixed approach

Abstract Many techniques have been proposed for managing concurrent execution of transactions in database systems. There are two well-known categories: one uses locks and the other uses timestamps. The performance of seven different concurrency control algorithms belonging to these two categories have been investigated with the help of detailed and realistic simulation models so that a comparative evaluation of their performance can be done. These include the performance of four different locking techniques, the basic timestamp technique and wound-wait and wait-die systems. We have evaluated the effect of deadlocks, read : write ratio, cascade rollback, degree of concurrency, transaction-size mixes, transaction wait time and transaction blockings on the overall performance of these algorithms. We show that cascade rollbacks, contrary to our expectation, do not affect throughput significantly, since these rollbacks do not occur very frequently and their average degree is always small. Deadlocks occur rarely and the degree of cycles is never very high. The effect of read : write ratios does not extend to higher transaction arrival rates and the effect of transaction waittime on the throughput is not so severe. We also give some guidelines for selecting the most suitable concurrency control mechanism for a particular type of workload.
The Use of Ethylenediamine in Softening Hard Plant Structures for Paraffin Sectioning

Ethylenediamine has been used as an agent for softening very hard woods prior to sectioning on a sliding microtome. The use of ethylenediamine is recommended for two additional uses: for preparing 1) soft woods in which wide, thin-walled tracheids or vessels tend to collapse during sliding microtome sectioning and 2) plant tissues with sclerenchyma mixed with soft-walled cells (bark, leaves, fruits, etc.) which frequently fail to section well. After softening in ethylenediamine, material is washed, infiltrated, and embedded in paraffin. Preliminary sections are made with a rotary microtome, just exposing the cut surface of the material; this exposed surface is soaked overnight in water. Sectioning is then continued. Sections produced in this fashion are considerably improved. The wood and pith of Podocarpus ustus, a parasitic conifer from New Caledonia, is used as an object to demonstrate improvements in sectioning by the ethylenediamine-paraffin method. Thinner sections with minimal tearing, cell collapse, and unevenness are produced. Sections can be handled easily and stained more effectively than unmounted sections. Variations in timing and in treatment are recommended to suit different materials. Ethylenediamine, used with reasonable caution, is much less hazardous than hydrofluoric acid and is more effective in softening plant material. The ethylenediamine method may be used routinely on any material difficult to section because of hardness.
Explicit finite difference scheme for nonlinear convective problems

Abstract An explicit finite difference scheme is proposed for nonlinear convective problems. The procedure is applied to a nonlinear convective diffusion problem with a nonlinear boundary condition. It is shown that the nonlinear boundary condition may be treated directly without linearization which has to be carried out in the implicit method to avoid a nonlinear system of algebraic equations. The explicit procedure is more direct and less cumbersome than the implicit procedure and the answers are in excellent agreement with those of the implicit method.
Micro-Tribology of Flow-Induced Load on a Surface Asperity Using Lattice Boltzmann Method

In this paper flow around a single roughness, known as asperity, is examined using Lattice Boltzman Method. Elliptical asperity cross section is used for this study. Asperity of various aspect ratios, defined as width-over-thickness ratios are studied using two flow conditions. The flow conditions correspond to parallel (Poisuelle) flow and pressure-driven flow. Results show that negative gage pressure occurs under both flow conditions, in the first due to the flow vortices and in the latter due to emergence and growth of boundary layer. Asperity aspect ratio is shown to give rise to the pressure drop potentially leading to cavitation condition.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Optimum preventive maintenance policies maximizing the mean time to the first system failure for a two-unit standby redundant system

A two-unit standby redundant system with repair and preventive maintenance is considered under the following assumptions: (I) the inspection of an operative unit is made only if the other unit is in standby; and (II) an operative unit, which forfeited inspection due to assumption (I), undergoes inspection just upon repair completion of the failed unit (or inspection completion). We derive the Laplace-Stieltjes transform of the cumulative distribution function of the time to the first system failure and the mean time to the first system failure. Further, we obtain the necessary and sufficient conditions for an optimum preventive maintenance policy to exist with respect to the mean time to the first system failure. More importantly, under certain conditions, we find the analytical form of an optimum inspection time maximizing the mean time to the first system failure. A numerical example is presented.
Aging and sister chromatid exchange: I. The effect of aging on mitomycin-C induced sister chromatid exchange frequencies in mouse and rat bone marrow cells in vivo

Abstract Utilizing the differential staining of chromatids containing BUdR, it was demonstrated that frequencies of mitomycin-C induced sister chromatid exchanges decline with age. The concomitant increase in chromosomal aberrations suggest an altered response to DNA damage with aging.
11.1.3 An introduction to Network Centric Warfare

This paper gives a short explanation of Network Centric Warfare, some background information and technology that makes this a reality. It also provides an example of how network centric solutions can be used to do a kill Chain and its advantages over platform centric scenarios. NCW faces a lot of challenges to System Engineers interoperability, increased complexity, fault tolerance, distributed computing are all needed to be understood to make NCW a reality. The nature of network centric makes us focus also on wireless networks and how they can be used, its advantages, protocols, and later on two frameworks implemented by Sun, Jini an Jxta. Each has its own set of protocols, procedures and ideology, and both are being used to create very reliable networks with changing topology.
A Survey of Changes in Cloud Cover and Cloud Types over Land from Surface Observations, 1971–96

From a dataset of weather observations from land stations worldwide, about 5400 stations were selected as having long periods of record with cloud-type information; they cover all continents and many islands. About 185 million synoptic reports were analyzed for total cloud cover and the amounts of nine different cloud types, for the 26-yr period 1971–96. Monthly and seasonal averages were formed for day and night separately. Time series of total-cloud-cover anomalies for individual continents show a large decrease for South America, small decreases for Eurasia and Africa, and no trend for North America. The largest interannual variations (2.7%) are found for Australia, which is strongly influenced by ENSO. The zonal average trends of total cloud cover are positive in the Arctic winter and spring, 60°–80°N, but negative in all seasons at most other latitudes. The global average trend of total cloud cover over land is small, 0.7% decade 1 , offsetting the small positive trend that had been found for the ocean, and resulting in no significant trend for the land–ocean average. Significant regional trends are found for many cloud types. The night trends agree with day trends for total cloud cover and for all cloud types except cumulus. Cirrus trends are generally negative over all continents. A previously reported decline in total cloud cover over China and its neighbors appears to be largely attributable to high and middle clouds. Global trends of the cloud types exhibit trade-offs, with convective cloud types increasing at the expense of stratiform clouds, in both the low and middle levels. Interannual variations over Europe, particularly of nimbostratus, are well correlated with the North Atlantic Oscillation; significant correlations are also found across northern Asia. Interannual variations in many parts of the Tropics are well correlated with an ENSO index. Little correlation was found with an index of smoke aerosol, in seven regions of seasonal biomass burning. In the middle latitudes of both hemispheres, seasonal anomalies of cloud cover are positively correlated with surface temperature in winter and negatively correlated in summer, as expected if the direction of causality is from clouds to temperature.
Sliding mode force, motion control, and stabilization of elastic manipulator in the presence of uncertainties

This article considers the question of position and force control of three-link elastic robotic systems on a constraint surface in the presence of robot parameter and environmental constraint geometry uncertainties. The approach of this article is applicable to any multi-link elastic robot. A sliding mode control law is derived for the position and force trajectory control of manipulator. Unlike the rigid robots, sliding mode control of an end point gives rise to unstable zero dynamics. Instability of the zero dynamics is avoided by Controlling a point that lies in the neighborhood of the actual end point position. The sliding mode controller accomplishes tracking of the end-effector and force trajectories on the constrained surface; however, the maneuver of the arm causes elastic mode excitation. For point-to-point control on the constraint surface, a stabilizer is designed for the final capture of the terminal state and vibration suppression. Numerical results are presented to show that in the closed-loop system position and force control is accomplished in spite of payload and constraint surface geometry uncertainty. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Using Simulation to Enhance the Acquisition and Retention of Clinical Skills in Neonatology

Neonatal care occurs in extremely complex and dynamic environments and requires providers to operate under intense time pressure in coordination with multiple disciplines. Teaching the clinical skills requisite to effective practice requires the meticulous application of curricular design principles. Simulation can be used as an effective instructional strategy in achieving learner acquisition and retention of the cognitive, technical, and behavioral skills essential to optimal delivery of care in neonatology.
Mammographic density does not correlate with Ki-67 expression or cytomorphology in benign breast cells obtained by random periareolar fine needle aspiration from women at high risk for breast cancer

Background Ki-67 expression is a possible risk biomarker and is currently being used as a response biomarker in chemoprevention trials. Mammographic breast density is a risk biomarker and is also being used as a response biomarker. We previously showed that Ki-67 expression is higher in specimens of benign breast cells exhibiting cytologic atypia that are obtained by random periareolar fine needle aspiration (RPFNA). It is not known whether there is a correlation between mammographic density and Ki-67 expression in benign breast ductal cells obtained by RPFNA.
Large-Eddy Simulation for an Axisymmetric Piston-Cylinder Assembly With and Without Swirl

Large-eddy simulation (LES) has been performed for an axisymmetric piston-cylinder assembly with and without swirl. For both cases, the LES mean and rms velocity profiles show better agreement with experimental data than profiles obtained using a Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) approach with a standard k − e turbulence model. The sum of the resolved and modeled contributions to turbulence kinetic energy (TKE) approaches grid independence for the meshes used in this study. The sensitivity of LES to key numerical and physical model parameters has been investigated. Results are especially sensitive to mesh and to the subfilter-scale (SFS) turbulence models. Satisfactory results can be obtained using simple viscosity-based SFS turbulence models, although there is room for improvement. No single model gives uniformly best agreement between model and measurements at all spatial locations and at all times. The strong sensitivity of computed mean and rms velocity profiles to variations in the SFS turbulence model suggests that better results might be obtained using more sophisticated models.
Resolution of Regularized Output Least Squares Estimators for Elliptic and Parabolic Problems

The sensitivity of interior optimal regularized output least squares estimators with respect to perturbations of coefficients used in posing numerical test problems for finite element approximations of parabolic problems is studied. By determining the null space of a sensitivity operator we may determine spaces of perturbations that are not observable. This information may be used in designing experiments. Numerical examples are given comparing results for elliptic systems to those for parabolic.
The cosmic Mach number: comparison from observations, numerical simulations and non-linear predictions

We calculate the cosmic Mach number M – the ratio of the bulk flow of the velocity field on scale R to the velocity dispersion within regions of scale R. M is effectively a measure of the ratio of large-scale to small-scale power and can be a useful tool to constrain the cosmological parameter space. Using a compilation of existing peculiar velocity surveys, we calculate M and compare it to that estimated from mock catalogues extracted from the Large Suite of Dark