cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Arithmetic mean of differences of Dedekind sums

Recently, Girstmair and Schoissengeier studied the asymptotic behavior of the arithmetic mean of Dedekind sums \(\frac{1}{\varphi(N)} \sum_{\mathop{\mathop{ 0 \le m< N}}\limits_{\gcd(m,N)=1}} \vert S(m,N)\vert\), as N → ∞. In this paper we consider the arithmetic mean of weighted differences of Dedekind sums in the form \(A_{h}(Q)=\frac{1}{\sum_{\frac{a}{q} \in {\cal F}_{Q}}h\left(\frac{a}{q}\right)} \times \sum_{\frac{a}{q} \in {\cal F}_{\!Q}}h\left(\frac{a}{q}\right) \vert s(a^{\prime},q^{\prime})-s(a,q)\vert\), where \(h:[0,1] \rightarrow {\Bbb C}\) is a continuous function with \(\int_0^1 h(t) \, {\rm d} t \ne 0\), \({\frac{a}{q}}\) runs over \({\cal F}_{\!Q}\), the set of Farey fractions of order Q in the unit interval [0,1] and \({\frac{a}{q}}<\frac{a^{\prime}}{q^{\prime}}\) are consecutive elements of \({\cal F}_{\!Q}\). We show that the limit limQ→∞Ah(Q) exists and is independent of h.
Synthesis of electro-active manganese oxide thin films by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition

Abstract The good stability, cyclability and high specific capacitance of manganese oxide (MnO x ) has recently promoted a growing interest in utilizing MnO x in asymmetric supercapacitor electrodes. Several literature reports have indicated that thin film geometries of MnO x provide specific capacitances that are much higher than bulk MnO x powders. Plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) is a versatile technique for the production of metal oxide thin films with high purity and controllable thickness. In this work, MnO x thin films deposited by PECVD from a methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl precursor are presented and the effect of processing conditions on the quality of MnO x films is described. The film purity and oxidation state of the MnO x films were studied by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Preliminary electrochemical testing of MnO x films deposited on carbon fiber electrodes in aqueous electrolytes indicates that the PECVD synthesized films are electrochemically active.
The first long-lasting use of echocardiography: a result of a false advertisement.

The first long-lasting, widely used application of diagnostic cardiac ultrasound was the detection of pericardial effusion. Although cardiac ultrasound already had been around for at least 10 years, one can make a strong case that this use of cardiac ultrasound was the real origin of today's
Breathing pattern and cost of ventilation in the american alligator

Abstract The energetic cost of pulmonary ventilation is termed the “cost of breathing” and is commonly determined from the change in oxygen uptake with altered ventilation. Previous analyses of lung mechanics predicts increased tidal volume would be more expensive than increased breathing frequency. Existing studies on the oxidative cost of breathing have, however, not addressed breathing pattern. We stimulated ventilation in juvenile alligators by either hypoxia or hypercapnia. Both hypoxia and hypercapnia increased ventilation (ten-and six-fold, respectively), but through entirely different changes in frequency and tidal volume combination. Hypoxia increased frequency from 1.4 to 6.0 breaths min−1 and tidal volume from 11.3 to 25.9 ml kg−1. During hypercapnia frequency remained constant, while tidal volume increased from 8.7 to 63.2 ml kg−1. Oxygen uptake remained constant at approximately 0.65 ml O2 kg−1 min−1 during all hypercapnic exposures, whereas oxygen uptake doubled during severe hypoxia. Extrapolating oxygen uptake to zero ventilation provides an estimate of non-ventilatory metabolic rate. Thus, ventilatory contributions to overall metabolic rate can be calculated. The cost of breathing estimated by hypoxic exposures (15% of total metabolic rate at rest) is markedly higher than that provided by hypercapnia (1–5% of total metabolic rate at rest). These data are in contrast to the predictions based on pulmonary mechanics.
Capacity‐Demand‐Diagram Methods Based on Inelastic Design Spectrum

Abstract An improved capacity‐demand‐diagram method that uses the well‐known constant‐ductility design spectrum for the demand diagram is developed and illustrated by examples. This method estimates the deformation of inelastic SDF systems consistent with the selected inelastic design spectrum, while retaining the attraction of graphical implementation of the ATC‐40 Nonlinear Static Procedure. One version of the improved method is graphically similar to ATC‐40 Procedure A whereas the second version is graphically similar to ATC‐40 Procedure B. However, the improved procedures differ from ATC‐40 procedures in one important sense. The demand diagram used is different: the constant‐ductility demand diagram for inelastic systems in the improved procedure versus the elastic demand diagram in ATC‐40 for equivalent linear systems. The improved method can be conveniently implemented numerically if its graphical features are not important to the user. Such a procedure, based on equations relating the yield strengt...
The alternate support element, a high-availability service console for the IBM eServer z900

The alternate support element feature provides a redundant service console attachment for the IBM eServer z900 that improves the availability and serviceability characteristics of the z900 for manual operations and service/maintenance tasks. All of the tasks relying on the zSeries™ support element implementation (such as activation, configuration, and repair functions) are gaining inherently high availability characteristics with the provision of an alternate support element. The functional concept is physically based on two standard IBM ThinkPad® computers which are packaged with a z900 server and act as service consoles and system controllers for a zSeries system. The logical relation between the two consoles is based on a master/slave concept, together with a failover design that provides the capability for manual and automatic (i.e., under program control) switchover from the primary support element to the alternate support element. Also included in the concept are automatic role determination for primary and alternate roles, a synchronization mechanism between the two support elements based on mirroring, and a design which will allow the alternate support element in the future to act as a staging area for updates and pre-loads of Licensed Internal Code (microcode).
Oxidative stress induced by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin is mediated by the aryl hydrocarbon (Ah) receptor complex

The toxicity of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and its bioisosteres involves binding to a specific TCDD (Aryl hydrocarbon (Ah)) receptor, interaction of this complex with chromatin, and the ultimate production of a pleiotropic response. The mechanism whereby toxic effects are produced following interaction of TCDD with the receptor complex is not known. Oxidative stress (OS) may play an important role in expression of the toxic manifestations of TCDD. TCDD has been shown to produce a dose- and time-dependent increase in superoxide anion from peritoneal lavage cells (PLC) (primarily macrophage). Therefore, to determine if TCDD-induced production of superoxide anion by PLC is mediated through the Ah receptor, congenic mice were used which differ at the Ah locus. One day after the administration of 5, 25, 50 or 125 micrograms TCDD/kg p.o. as a single dose, 1.4-, 1.7-, 4.3- and 3.5-fold increases, respectively, occurred in superoxide anion production by PLC from the TCDD-responsive C57BL/6J (bb) mice relative to control cells. However, only 125 micrograms TCDD/kg produced a significant increase in superoxide anion formation with PLC from the non-responsive C57BL/6J (dd) strain of mice (1.7-fold increase). The role of the Ah receptor was further evaluated by utilizing the TCDD-resistant DBA/2 strain of mice, two TCDD congeners and in vitro studies. The combined results indicate that TCDD produces an oxidative stress in mice as measured by production of superoxide anion, and this effect is controlled in part by the Ah receptor complex.
Low-temperature infrared studies of the chemistry of free radicals

The recent successful experiments involving the production and chemical reactions of simple free radicals suspended in matrices at cryogenic temperatures are reviewed. Infrared spectral observations on the radicals HCO, NH, NF, NCl, NBr, and HO2 are summarized. Reactions of H atoms and O atoms and of the isoelectronic species CH2 and NH with simple molecules suspended in a matrix are discussed, indicating some of the more promising lines of current research.
Diffusive Transport of Microparticles in an RF Glow Discharge Plasma

Summary form only given. RF glow discharge plasmas are used for dusty plasma experiments. Microspheres introduced into the plasma become electrically charged to the floating potential by collecting electrons and ions. The sheath electric field above a horizontal lower electrode levitates these microparticles against the downward force of gravity. Ion flow in the sheath can excite electric fields that accelerate these charged microparticles, while neutral gas opposes this acceleration by a frictional damping effect. As a result, microspheres have a random motion, which we study. We characterize the random motion of the microparticles by tracking their motion using video microscopy. Particle tracking allows us to use diagnostics comparable to those used in particle simulations of plasmas, except that here we are analyzing experimental data. By tracking their motion, we can measure the kinetic temperature of the microspheres, and we attempt to measure their diffusion coefficient as well. For some parameters we find the motion obeys the random walk typical of diffusion, but for other parameters it exhibits superdiffusion. Diffusion is characterized by a particle mean-square displacement (MSD) that increases linearly with time, while for superdiffusion the MSD increases more rapidly. In addition to the MSD, we also apply other diagnostics for random particle motion, including the probability distribution function (PDF) for particle displacements, and the particle velocity autocorrelation function. To enhance the kinetic temperature of the microparticles, and to vary it independently of all plasma parameters, we apply a newly developed laser-heating method. A powerful cw laser beam is rastered rapidly through the plasma, giving microparticles kicks at nearly random times. We have improved on some of the limitations of this heating method by achieving a more uniform temperature profile and a reduced non-random component to the particle motion. The result of this heating is that the microspheres move randomly almost the same way as molecules in a liquid. In other words, the suspension of microspheres is a strongly-coupled plasma in a liquid state. We characterize the transport in this state, and report diffusion coefficients as a function of kinetic temperature.
Reading a tale of deception, learning a theory of mind?

Abstract This study explores the role folk tales of deception might play in assisting the child's development of a theory of mind. Four three- and four-year-olds read and reread “The Brave Little Tailor” with their parents. The results suggest that rereading a folk tale of deception sets a framework for social interactions supporting the development of the child's understanding of mental representation. The deceptions of the story elicit discussions—of thoughts and feelings and their relation to intentions and actions—that change over the course of successive readings as the child shows increasing comprehension of the deceptions of the story and decreasing need of parental support. Parent-child pairs differ in how they structure their interactions and gender of parent and of child appears to affect how frequently and explicitly connections are drawn between actions, beliefs, and reality. Reading a familiar story with a new person allows the child to assume a more active “expert” role.
Integration of mobile game development into introductory CS courses: Lessons learned

Computer games are widely used to improve student motivation and engagement in Computer Science courses. The process of design and implementation of a playable game, however, is a challenging task and is best accomplished in upper-level courses. Mobile games, on the other hand, are simpler and, thus, easier to program for students in lower-level courses. By exposing these students to a breadth of advanced topics in computing, we can also demonstrate that CS reaches far beyond coding. This paper describes our evaluation of several learning modules designed for introductory CS courses that use mobile game development as a learning context aimed to boost student motivation and engagement with the course material.
Coefficient problems in systems of partial differential equations

of (t.1) with properties of the coefficients um~. These re!ations yield information about the domain of regularity, the location and nature of singularities, the growth of u (z, z*) and other properties. C]. BERGMAN [1, 4, 3], INGERSOLL [6], KREYSZlG [7] *. For this purpose certain Bergman operators (see below) serve as a powerful tool. These operators, which transform analytic functions /(z) of a complex variable into solutions of (t A), preserve many properties of/(z) , so that theorems on analytic functions yield corrdsponding theorems on solutions of (t .t). These Bergman operators have the property that all information about u (z, z*) is obtained from the sequence (u~0), m = 0 , t . . . . . of the coefficients in (t.2). A recent investigation [7] studied the extent to which information about u (z, z*) can be obtained .from other sequences of coefficients in (t .2). The unification of methods is one of the aims of the theory of linear partial differential equations. The consideration of coefficient problems is an approach in this direction. Indeed, various relations between properties of u (z, z*) and the coefficients in (1.2) are independent of the coefficients of the partial differential equation. I t is therefore important to extend these considerations to systems of partial differential equations. In the present paper we shall investigate coefficient problems for solutions
Molecular-dynamics study of the vacancy and vacancy-hydrogen interactions in silicon.

The neutral vacancy (V) and the four vacancy-hydrogen complexes ({V,${\mathrm{H}}_{\mathit{n}}$}, n=1,...,4) in silicon are studied in ${\mathrm{H}}_{\mathit{n}}$${\mathrm{Si}}_{63}$ periodic supercells with the ab initio pseudo-atomic-orbital molecular-dynamics method developed by Sankey and co-workers. Results are presented for (i) the equilibrium configurations of V and the {V,${\mathrm{H}}_{\mathit{n}}$} complexes, (ii) the diffusion properties of V and {V,${\mathrm{H}}_{1}$}, (iii) the vibrational modes of the {V,${\mathrm{H}}_{\mathit{n}}$}, and (iv) the interactions between isolated H and V.
Regulatory volume response following hypotonic stress in Atlantic salmon erythrocytes

The purpose of this study was to examine regulatory volume decrease (RVD) in Atlantic salmon red blood cells (RBCs). Osmotic fragility was determined optically, mean cell volume was measured electronically, and changes in intracellular Ca2+ concentration were visualized using fluorescence microscopy and fluo-4-AM. Cells displayed an increase in osmotic fragility and an inhibition of volume recovery following hypotonic shock when they were exposed to a high taurine Ringer or when placed in a high K+ medium. Interestingly, RVD in cells from fish collected during the summer depended more on taurine efflux, whereas fall cells relied more on the loss of K+. In addition, RVD in fall cells was prevented with the K+ channel inhibitor quinine, whereas the ionophore gramicidin decreased osmotic fragility and potentiated volume recovery. Further, hypotonic shock (0.5X Ringer) for both summer and fall cells caused an increase in cytosolic Ca2+, which resulted from influx of this ion because it was not observed when extracellular Ca2+ was chelated with EGTA (10 nM free Ca2+). Cells exposed to a low Ca2+ hypotonic Ringer also had a greater osmotic fragility and failed to recover from hypotonic swelling. Finally, inhibition of phospholipase A2 with ONO-RS-082 blocked volume recovery. In conclusion, Atlantic salmon RBCs displayed volume decrease in response to hypotonic shock, which depended on a swelling-induced influx of Ca2+ and an increase in the efflux of K+ and taurine.
Effects of Forced Running Exercise on Cognitive Function and Its Relation to Zinc Homeostasis-Related Gene Expression in Rat Hippocampus

Voluntary exercise has been implicated to be beneficial for overall health and cognitive function in both clinical and experimental studies, but little is presently known about forced physical exercise on cognition and underlying molecular mechanism. We have used real-time RT-PCR to analyze gene expression in hippocampus, in the presence and absence of physical exercise, during spatial learning of rats in the Morris water maze. Our results show distinct zinc homeostasis-related gene expression profiles associated with learning and memory. Rats with physical exercise (EXP) showed a significant up-regulation of mRNA expression of zinc transporter-2 (ZnT-2), ZnT-4, ZnT-5, ZnT-6, and ZnT-7, metallothionein-1 (MT-1)–MT-3, divalent cation transporter-1, and Zrt-Irt-like proteins-7 in hippocampus when compared with control rats. In addition, spatial learning ability was improved in EXP rats compared with that in control group. This study provides the first comparative view of zinc homeostasis-related gene expression in hippocampus following forced physical exercise. These results suggested that forced physical exercise may provide a simple means to maintain brain function and promote learning capacity. Results of this study also suggest that exercise mobilizes zinc homeostasis-related gene expression profiles that would be predicted to benefit brain plasticity processes.
Seasonal progressions of tissue and cell water relations parameters in evergreen and deciduous perennials

Abstract. Tissue and cell water relations parameters were followed for Heteromeles arbutifolia, Cercis occidentalis and Aesculus californica, in an environment exhibiting seasonally increasing drought. The extensive seasonal osmotic adjustment of evergreen H. arbutifolia and the moderate adjustment in C. occidentalis closely matched their respective seasonal decreases in minimum daily water potential. Summer deciduous A. californica exhibited only small drops in osmotic potential and water potential. Experiments with irrigated plants indicated that drought was not required for the osmotic adjustment of H. arbutifolia and C. occidentalis. However, in H. arbutifolia drought treatment enhanced osmotic adjustment. In irrigated H. arbutifolia, osmotic adjustment was mainly the result of an accumulation of osmotica. In drought-stressed plants, the same change in osmotic potential resulted from a combination of accumulation of osmotica and a decrease in symplast volume.
Maximum Throughput Region of Multiuser Cognitive Access of Continuous Time Markovian Channels

The problem of cognitive access of multiple primary channels by multiple cognitive users is considered. The primary transmission on each channel is modeled by a continuous time Markov on-off process. Cognitive access of the primary channels is realized via channel sensing. Each cognitive user adopts a slotted transmission structure, senses one channel in each slot and makes the transmission decision based on the sensing outcome. The cognitive transmissions in each channel are subject to collision constraints that limit their interference to the primary users. The maximum throughput region of this multiuser cognitive network is characterized by establishing inner and outer bounds. Under tight collision constraints, the inner bound is obtained by a simple orthogonalized periodic sensing with memoryless access policy and its generalizations. The outer bound, on the other hand, is obtained by relating the sum throughput with the interference limits. It is shown that when collision constraints are tight, the outer and inner bounds match. This maximum throughput region result is further extended by a generalized periodic sensing scheme with a mechanism of timing sharing. Under general collision constraints, another outer bound is obtained via Whittle's relaxation and another inner bound obtained via Whittle's index sensing policy with memoryless access. Packet level simulations are used to validate the analytical performance prediction.
The molecular basis of muscarinic receptor diversity

The cloning of cDNAs and genes for five different muscarinic acetylcholine receptors provides a new basis for characterizing muscarinic receptor function. Studies of the cloned receptors when introduced into cells not expressing endogenous receptors have allowed the initial identification of two classes of functional response. The m1, m3 and m5 receptors belong to a class characterized by agonist-induced stimulation of phosphatidylinositol metabolism and are structurally more related to each other than they are to the m2 and m4 receptors, which belong to a class associated with agonist-induced inhibition of adenylate cyclase. While functional differences within these classes may yet be found, it appears likely that much of the difference between functionally similar receptors will be found to lie in their regulation.
Turning memory development inside out

Abstract These papers provide a useful progress report on how the mature and successful field of memory development is transcending traditional boundaries of populations, content, context, and design. Examining children’s memory for distant as well as recent occurrences, for social interactions as well as individual experiences, for meaningful as well as arbitrary information, and for emotion-laden as well as neutral experiences is creating a broader and more vigorous field. Even greater progress can be made by measuring at a fine grain level the processing activities that experiences elicit, how such immediate processing activities shape later memory, and how changes in processing with age and experience produce memory development.
Pediatric feeding disorders: Efficacy of multidisciplinary inpatient treatment of gastrostomy tube dependent children.

Efficacy of multidisciplinary inpatient treatment of feeding disordered children was sought through retrospective chart review of 40 G-tube dependent children ages 22 months to 7 years. Premature births were 55% of the sample ranging from 23 to 36 weeks gestation. The majority of co-occurring medical conditions included congenital anomalies (50%), gastroesophageal reflux disease (25%) and chronic lung disease (25%). Treatment effect analyzed from pre and post treatment measures of oral and G-tube caloric intakes resulted in a significant difference from admission to discharge for both oral intake, t (39) = 5.76, p < 0.001, d = 1.02, and G-tube dependency, t(39) = 10.94, p < 0.001, d = 2.03 with both showing strong treatment effects. Results indicated a highly reliable and valid method of treating severe pediatric feeding disorders.
Can State Review of Local Planning Increase Housing Production

To increase housing production and make the distribution of affordable housing more equitable, several states subject local land use planning to review by state agencies or courts. Focusing an empirical analysis on California, this article considers the potential efficacy of these reviews in contributing to the overall supply of housing. Past studies of other intergovernmental mandates suggest that their institutional design helps determine their success. A comparison of four states indicates that approaches differ considerably in how they determine local housing needs, evaluate local efforts prospectively or retrospectively, and penalize noncompliance. California’s housing element law, which mandates prospective local planning for quantifiable housing goals, gives state staff the power to review local plans for compliance with statutory requirements. However, multivariate analysis indicates that the compliance status of California municipalities in 1994 did not predict the number of single-family or multifamily housing permits issued from 1994 to 2000.
Multi-physics optimization of three-dimensional microvascular polymeric components

This work discusses the computational design of microvascular polymeric materials, which aim at mimicking the behavior found in some living organisms that contain a vascular system. The optimization of the topology of the embedded three-dimensional microvascular network is carried out by coupling a multi-objective constrained genetic algorithm with a finite-element based physics solver, the latter validated through experiments. The optimization is carried out on multiple conflicting objective functions, namely the void volume fraction left by the network, the energy required to drive the fluid through the network and the maximum temperature when the material is subjected to thermal loads. The methodology presented in this work results in a viable alternative for the multi-physics optimization of these materials for active-cooling applications.
Costly Information Processing: Evidence from Earnings Announcements ∗

I examine the role of information processing costs on post earnings announcement drift. I distinguish between hard information —quantitative information that is more easily processed — and soft information which has higher processing costs. I find that qualitative earnings information has additional predictability for asset prices beyond the predictability in quantitative information. I also find that qualitative information has greater predictability for returns at longer horizons, suggesting that frictions in information processing generate price drift. Using a tool from natural language processing called typed dependency parsing, I demonstrate that qualitative information relating to positive fundamentals and future performance is the most difficult information to process.
Establishing work design criteria through a highest expected utility neural network model: An automotive trim case study

The purpose of this research is two-folded. First, it attempts to maximize productivity and yield as well as to minimize the spatial fixed cost through the development of a work design decision making tool for optimizing work cell configurations and ergonomics. Second, the case study applies influence diagram and neural network to analyze and evaluate work/process design criteria. Practically, the industrial problem is to compare the new stand-up sewing cells against the traditional sit-down sewing layout while taking into consideration of ergonomic effect (repetitive motion injury (RMI) likelihood), floor space (SF), yield (%), and cost ($). The work design decision making tool used in the current study is based on influence diagram run on the HUGIN neural network software. Statistical tests are used to benchmark and validate the experimental results and actual data. Findings suggest that neural network is an effective alternative in solving work design problem.
In vivo Biomechanical Evaluations of the Medial Gastrocnemius: Changes in Muscle Properties in Stroke Survivors

Patients post stroke showed substantial changes in biomechanical properties of the ankle and knee joints. However, it is not clear what the underlying mechanisms are in the hypertonic calf muscles in stroke survivors. Biomechanical properties of the medial gastrocnemius muscle in both stroke survivors and healthy subjects were investigated in vivo and noninvasively. A programmable electrical stimulator was used to activate the medial gastrocnemius selectively and a GE LOGIQ-9 ultrasound machine was used to register the muscle images across the fiber lengths to examine its biomechanical properties in vivo. It was found that 1) stroke survivors showed shorter muscle fiber length; 2) stroke survivors' muscles had smaller pennation angles both anteriorly and posteriorly; 3) stroke survivors demonstrated an active torque-angle curve shifted towards dorsi-flexion, compared with healthy control subjects.
Higher approximations in boundary-layer theory Part 3. Parabola in uniform stream

The classical laminar boundary layer on a parabolic cylinder is calculated using the Blasius series, with modifications to improve convergence, and supplemented by an asymptotic expansion valid far downstream from the nose. The flow due to displacement thickness is thereby found with sufficient accuracy to permit evaluation of its second-order effect upon the boundary layer near the stagnation point. The skin friction and heat transfer are found to be reduced there by both displacement and curvature.
Mammalian cells: damage in late replicating DNA as the most efficient cause of reproductive death.

Abstract Chinese hamster cells were synchronized by mitotic shake off, labeled in the first S period with 125 IUdR, cooled to 4 °C in the G2 stage and then stored up to 4 days to accumulate damage due to 125 I disintegrations in cell DNA. There was a large difference in the efficiency of induction of reproductive death when damage accumulated in the DNA, which replicated in the second half of the DNA synthesis period, was compared with damage accumulated in the DNA, which replicated in the first half of the DNA synthesis period. Damage accumulated in the late replicated DNA appears to be the most critical. This result suggests that the mammalian cell nucleus is not homogeneous with respect to the damaging events leading to reproductive death and may stress the importance for cell survival of the integrity of the late-replicating, heterochromatic DNA near the nucleus membrane.
Mycorrhiza development in onion in response to inoculation with chitindecomposing actinomycetes

SUMMARY Twelve actinomycetes, originally isolated from spores of Glomus macrocarpum Tul. & Tul., were inoculated into nonsterilized soil containing G. macrocarpum and G. mosseae (Nicol. & Gerd.) Gerd. & Trappe. The chitin-decomposing actinomycetes were strongly antagonistic toward fungi, bacteria or actinomycetes, or combinations of these based on prior studies. Eight Streptomyces, two Nocardia, and two unidentified species were tested for their effects on mycorrhiza development in onion (Allium cepa L.), plant growth and nutrient content, soil hyphal density, and soil populations of bacteria and actinomycetes. None of the actinomycetes adversely affected plant growth or nutrient content. The lower foliar P content of two of the treatments could be explained as a dilution effect brought about by the significantly larger shoot growth. With few exceptions, the soil microbial populations and saprophytic fungal hyphal densities were not significantly different from the controls. Seven of the twelve actinomycetes significantly increased the percent mycorrhizal root colonization and four significantly increased the density of hyphae > 5μm in diameter, predominantly those of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi. This is the first study to demonstrate that actinomycetes isolated from spores of a VAM fungus can be beneficial to mycorrhiza development and growth of onion in a nonsterile soil system.
Conjunctive Use of Sea and Fresh Water Resources: AN Integer Programming Approach

Mathematical models are formulated for selection of water resources projects to meet the future additional water requirements of a given region at the minimum present worth cost. The projects available are surface water reservoirs and desalination plants. The modles are used for selecting both the development sequence of projects and their optimum sizes. Decisions with regard to planning time horizon and discount rates are made outside of the mathematical model. The algorithm used for solving these models is an integer programming routine using the implicit enumeration technique. Some computational results are presented for a hypothetical case.
LABORATORY DEMONSTRATION OF BAROREFLEX CONTROL OF HEART RATE IN CONSCIOUS RATS

We have developed a laboratory exercise that demonstrates arterial baroreflex control of heart rate (HR) in the conscious unrestrained rat, incorporating graduate level physiological topics as well...
Theory of Games

We first define two-player zero-sum games, and show how to represent them with matrices. Pure and mixed strategies are defined. The representation of 2×2 games by diagram leads to the definition of saddle points. The generalization to 2×n games and m×2 games is followed by a discussion of general m×n games, and this leads naturally to solution by linear programming. The chapter concludes with a discussion of general solution of matrix games.
Depressive Symptoms and the Relationship of Inflammation to Physical Signs and Symptoms in Heart Failure Patients

Background Patients with heart failure (HF) often have physical symptoms that result in poor health-related quality of life and are antecedents of hospitalization. Inflammation, as part of the pathological response in HF, can produce physical symptoms. Depressive symptoms can affect this relationship.
Crystal-Storing Histiocytosis Complicating Primary Pulmonary Marginal Zone Lymphoma of Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue

Crystal-storing histiocytosis is an uncommon form of nonneoplastic histiocytic proliferation that in most patients complicates an underlying lymphoproliferative or plasma cell disorder. Lung is a common site of involvement in patients with localized disease. We present an illustrative example from a 54-year-old woman with an asymptomatic solitary lung nodule. The tumor was characterized by sheets of histiocytes with abundant cytoplasm expanded by distinctive eosinophilic inclusions. Focal necrosis was present. Aggregates of monocytoid lymphocytes and clusters of peribronchiolar plasma cells were overshadowed by the histiocytic infiltrate. Immunohistochemical stains showed CD68 staining in nonneoplastic histiocytes and CD20 staining in monocytoid lymphocytes. In situ hybridization studies showed κ light-chain restriction in plasma cells. These results, combined with the histologic findings, supported the diagnosis of crystal-storing histiocytosis complicating marginal zone lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue. We review the literature pertaining to pulmonary crystal-storing histiocytosis, highlighting the differential diagnosis for this rare phenomenon.
Improving Design Sensitivity through Intervention-Sensitive Measures

Despite evidence that the choice of dependent measures can significantly influence design sensitivity, many evaluators default to traditional measures that may be insensitive to intervention effects. This paper describes an innovative set of test development guidelines designed to select items and create aggregate scales that are better able to detect program effects. The application of these Intervention Item Selection Rules (IISRs) is illustrated during the initial development of an outcome measure, completed by teachers, for elementary age children receiving psychosocial services from community mental health agencies. The major scale formed with these change-sensitive items displayed a larger effect size and an adequate reliability estimate.
Soft reclosing of fault current limiters in electric ship power systems

A method for soft-reclosing of fault current limiters (FCLs) is described, which serves to reduce peak currents and stresses on machines when reclosing synchronous generators into an energized power bus and avoid mis-tripping of circuit breakers. This method depends only on local current measurements and is realized by timed closing of parallel switches that are part of the fault current limiter. This soft-reclosing method has been analyzed and verified by simulations. There are reduced currents to avoid the mis-tripping of circuit breakers at interbus cable which splits power sharing network. The voltage and frequency performance are not aggravated by applying the soft-reclosing method.
Revaluing Restitution: From the Talmud to Postsocialism (Reviewing Hanoch Dagan's Unjust Enrichment)

Whatever happened to the study of restitution? Once a core private law subject along with property, torts and contracts, restitution has receded from American legal scholarship. Hanoch Dagan's book "Unjust Enrichment: A Study of Private Law and Public Values" threatens to reverse the tide and make restitution interesting again. The book shows how we can examine commonplace words such as "value" and "gain" to extract the core social values embedded in the private law. The technicalities of unjust enrichment reveal compelling stories about property, personhood, and national ethos. In our review, we put Dagan's jurisprudential approach to the practical test of explaining restitution in postsocialist societies. We focus on Eastern Europe, where the Czechs put elderly people back in their childhood apartments, while the Hungarians offered compensation coupons for use in privatization auctions. Dagan's theory provides some order for the hodgepodge of national mythmaking, political accident, and cultural posturing that has surrounded the postsocialist restitution frenzy. His framework suggests some surprising insights, for example, that more aggressive restitution may prove less protective of private property rights. In turn, the Eastern European experience challenges Dagan's portrayal of the feel-good ethos of sharing by suggesting a more troubling take on the meaning of community.
Death of the constitutional law of personal jurisdiction: From Pennoyer to Burnham and back again

In 1990, in Burnham v. Superior Court, the U.S. Supreme Court upheld the traditional rule that a civil defendant could be subjected to personal jurisdiction in a state simply by being physically served with the summons while in the state, no matter how brief or casual the defendant's presence. The validity of this tag rule of jurisdiction had been assumed to be in jeopardy as a result of the Supreme Court's 1977 decision in Shaffer v. Heitner which stated in dictum that it was unconstitutional for a state to exercise jurisdiction over any defendant lacking minimum contacts with the state. The Burnham Court, however, could not agree on a rationale. Four justices essentially rejected Shaffer and concluded that the historical pedigree of the tag rule immunized it from constitutional scrutiny. Four others accepted the Shaffer rationale but applied a watered-down version of the minimum contacts test. Justice Stevens in his lone opinion apparently agreed with both rationales. Burnham lays bare the confused origins of the notion that issues of state-court jurisdiction are a matter of constitutional significance. This article argues that this confusion stems from the highly ambiguous 1877 opinion in Pennoyer v. Neff. While Pennoyer seemingly introduced the notion that the Due Process Clause limited state court jurisdiction, plausibly the opinion meant only that due process principles guarantee a defendant an opportunity to challenge jurisdiction. This shaky foundation has led to a confused Supreme Court jurisprudence in this area. The article argues that the Supreme Court should dramatically limit the doctrine and invalidate only those attempted exercises of jurisdiction that put the defendant at a practical disadvantage.
Leadership Impact on Forest Service Operations: Intriguing Ideas from Public Administration Theories

W hat happened to the USDA Forest Service? This well-worn topic seems to be gaining a dismal, cynical edge. “Once heralded as among the most respected and effective government agencies, the Forest Service has become a case study of bureaucratic red tape and low morale” (Hull 2011). Employees give it low marks for leadership, ranking it 198th out of 229 agencies in a recent survey (Partnership for Public Service 2011), and describe a stressful and demoralizing work environment (Brown et al. 2010). The Government Accountability Office (GAO) decries its endless reorganizations, ill-planned and ineffective new technologies (Nazarro 2009), and poor budget stewardship (GAO 2011). Line officers surveyed thought the Forest Service most rewards agency loyalty and least rewards innovation and independence (Kennedy et al. 2005)—values seemingly at odds with leadership criteria such as Leading Change and Leading People (Office of Personnel Management 2012). Forest Service founder Gifford Pinchot could lead change and people. He combined cutting-edge science of his day with savvy understanding of the political environment. He shaped a system of national forests, a profession, and an organization devoted to their care—and was fired for insubordination. By the 1950s, the Forest Service was described as an effective organization in the classic study, The Forest Ranger (Kaufman 1960). This tidy and insular organization focused on timber, range, and mining. It balanced national goals with decentralization and local autonomy by developing “voluntary conformity” in its field leadership—district rangers—through practices such as hiring only foresters, frequent transfers, and reviews. Fifty years later, more public interest and mandates for the environment, workforce diversification, balanced budgets, performance, and security have reshaped the Forest Service. But old leader norms may operate today—producing leaders ineffective for a complex environment. Theories from the field of public administration on complex organizations hint that the Forest Service organization may still operate as it was initially designed, despite external forces and internal shifts in demographics and policies. The design is maintained by a resilient, selfreinforcing leadership, itself an artifact of earlier times. I explore this leadership design using (1) my observations as a former employee, (2) Kaufman (1960) and recent work for insights on organization impact on leaders, and (3) four ideas drawn from complex organization theory. Finally, I suggest more empirical research on this topic and offer some broader implications for federal government.
Study on Mercury Emission from Coal-fired Power Plant More than 300MW in Jiangsu province

The impact factors in concentration of mercury emission from coal-fired power plants were analzied,based on the datas of 10 coal-fired power plants of 300 MW in Jiangsu province. The main impact factors were the load,the flue gas purification facilities,combustion furnace model, there were not obvious correlation between concentration of mercury and the mercury content of coal. Through the model to estimate the total mercury emission of more than 300 MW coal-fired power plant in Jiangsu province, the total mercury was emissions about 7.307 tons in 2012. By Inverse Distance Weighted analysis found that the total emission in southern higher than in the north in the regional distribution of Jiangsu province.
Investigation and evaluation of lead,cadmium,arsenic,mercury in aquatic products of Nansihu

Objective To investigate the pollution of aquatic products by Pb,Cd,As,Hg and evaluate the pollutioncondition of Nansihu.Methods The contents of Pb,Cd,As,Hg in 250 samples took from seven species of majoreconomic fish,duck,spiral shell,lotus root and water chestnut were determined.The pond fish and domesticatedduck were taken as control.Results The contents of Pb,Cd,Hg were higher than control.The highest was 13.2times of national standard.The content of As only in crucian caro,bream and triangular bream was higher thancontrol.Conclusion Nansihu region is seriously affected by industrial pollution.Comprehensive managementshould be further strengthened.
Maintaining Polio-free in Hubei Province in 2003

Objective To maintain polio-free in Hubei Province. Methods To conduct AFP surveillance, strengthen routine immunization and implement supplementary immunization. Results In 2003 in Hubei Province, there were 198 AFP cases reported by AFP surveillance system, the reported incidence of non-polio AFP cases of children under 15 years old was 1.46/100000, 99.0% of the cases were investigated within 48 hours. The collection rate of adequate stool samples was 83.8%. The delivery rate of follow-up forms of AFP cases within 75 days after onset of paralysis was 80.3%. Two rounds of supplementary immunization of OPV were carried out. The vaccination rates of two rounds were 97.22% and 97.62% respectively.Conclusion Polio-free in Hubei Province has been maintained in 2003.
Crib song: Insights into functions of toddlers’ private spontaneous singing

The aim of this study was to investigate, describe and understand the developmental function (musical and social/emotional) of nine toddlers’ private spontaneous songs. Between the initial intervie...
Ambulatory Status Protects against Venous Thromboembolism in Acute Mild Ischemic Stroke Patients.

Introduction Ischemic stroke patients are at high risk (up to 18%) for venous thromboembolism. We conducted a retrospective cross-sectional study to understand the predictors of acute postmild ischemic stroke patient's ambulatory status and its relationship with venous thromboembolism, hospital length of stay, and in-hospital mortality. Methods We identified 522 patients between February 2006 and May 2014 and collected data about patient demographics, admission NIHSS (National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale), venous thromboembolism prophylaxis, ambulatory status, diagnosis of venous thromboembolism, and hospital outcomes (length of stay, mortality). Chi-square test, t -test and Wilcoxon rank-sum test, and binary logistic regression were used for statistical analysis as appropriate. Results A total of 61 (11.7%), 48 (9.2%), and 23 (4.4%) mild ischemic stroke patients developed venous thromboembolism, deep venous thrombosis, and pulmonary embolism, respectively. During hospitalization, 281 (53.8%) patients were ambulatory. Independent predictors of in-hospital ambulation were being married (OR 1.64, 95% CI 1.10-2.49), being nonreligious (OR 2.19, 95% CI 1.34-3.62), admission NIHSS (per unit decrease in NIHSS; OR 1.62, 95% CI 1.39-1.91), and nonuse of mechanical venous thromboembolism prophylaxis (OR 1.62, 95% CI 1.02-2.61). After adjusting for confounders, ambulatory patients had lower rates of venous thromboembolism (OR .47, 95% CI .25-.89), deep venous thrombosis (OR .36, 95% CI .17-.73), prolonged length of hospital stay (OR .24, 95% CI .16-.37), and mortality (OR .43, 95% CI .21-.84). Conclusions Our findings suggest that for hospitalized acute mild ischemic stroke patients, ambulatory status is an independent predictor of venous thromboembolism (specifically deep venous thrombosis), hospital length of stay, and in-hospital mortality.
Entwicklung von Geschäftsmodellen

Im Rahmen dieses Kapitels soll nachfolgend zunachst auf die generativen Mechanismen bei der Entwicklung von Geschaftsmodellen eingegangen werden, um darauffolgend die Geschaftsmodelle im Kontext der Elektromobilitat naher zu analysieren. Dies erfolgt uber Teil II der Fallstudie zur Elektromobilitat. Hierbei werden verschiedene Geschaftsmodelle von Automobilherstellern diskutiert. Darauf aufbauend erfolgt eine tiefere Beschreibung von Geschaftsmodellen am Beispiel der Marke Volkswagen.
Trial by Fire: London and the Proving Grounds of North Africa and Burma, 1942–43

The dissolution of the Office of the Coordinator of Information (COI) and its replacement by the more focused Office of Strategic Services (OSS) on 13 June 19422 gave Bill Donovan the means to secure his organization’s place in the highly competitive wartime bureaucracy in Washington through direct support of military operations in the field. The new OSS had shed its controversial ‘foreign information activities,’ which had rendered COI so vulnerable to criticism and competition in Washington and London. It was now under the authority of the newly established US Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS), for which it was to ‘a. Collect and analyze such strategic information as may be required, [and] b. Plan and operate such special services as may be directed by the [JCS].’3 These ‘special services’ included ‘sabotage, espionage in enemy-[controlled] territory, organization and conduct of guerrilla warfare … counter-espionage … contact with underground [and] foreign nationality groups, [and] intelligence functions.’4
Dangerous women: the rhetoric of the women Nobel peace laureates

In Dangerous Women, Ellen Gorsevski offers a fresh take on an enduring paradox: how women can be portrayed as both political nonentities and threats to the political order; as both lacking the temp...