cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Partial resolution of the enzymes catalyzing photophosphorylation. V. Interaction of coupling factor 1 from chloroplasts with ribonucleic acid and lipids.

Abstract 1. A crude extract of chloroplasts protected coupling factor 1 from chloroplasts (CF1) against heat inactivation at 64°. Two components present in crude extracts appeared to contribute to this stabilization. Polynucleotides as well as lipids purified from chloroplast extracts conferred heat stability on CF1. 2. RNA from various sources substituted for chloroplast RNA, but distinct differences in effectiveness were noted. No protection was observed either with RNA digested with RNase or with native or denatured DNA. Relatively high concentrations of polycytidylic acid, but not of polyadenylic acid or polyuridylic acid, conferred heat stability. At very high concentration (5 mm) nucleoside triphosphates protected, CTP and UTP being much more effective than the other nucleotides tested. 3. In contrast to RNA, which protected both CF1 and the heat-activated ATPase, the protection by lipids was much more pronounced with CF1 than with ATPase. Moreover, lipids but not RNA protected CF1 against cold inactivation. Dithiothreitol-activated ATPase of CF1 was slightly stimulated by lipids. 4. These findings pointed strongly to a lipid component in the chloroplast membrane as one of the reactants with CF1. They suggested, furthermore, that another component must be responsible for the masking of ATPase activity observed with chloroplast particles.
Speech Perception and Recognition, Theories and Models of

Multiple sources of information are exploited to perceive and understand spoken language. Keywords: auditory–visual speech processing; information processing models; multiple influences; perceiving speech; speech context
State Feedback Stabilization of a Class of Linear Autonomous Differential Delay Systems

For a special class of linear differential delay equations, finite dimensional state feedback techniques are shown to be a simple and precise method of stabilization.
Accuracy or Fairness: The Meaning of Habeas Corpus after Boumediene v. Bush and Its Implications on Alien Removal Orders

Part One of this Comment will examine the developments of the writ of habeas corpus throughout the history of the United States, beginning with the importance the Founding Fathers placed on the writ. This section will also examine the recent changes in federal court review of alien removal orders, beginning with the 1996 legislation and continuing with the REAL ID Act, along with the federal courts’ responses to those acts. Part Two will then examine the majority opinion in Boumediene v. Bush, addressing the meaning and purpose that Justice Kennedy attached to the writ of habeas corpus and the analytical approach he set forth to determine if a substitute is “adequate and effective.” Part Three will then analyze whether the current system for review of alien removal orders comports with the guidelines set forth by Justice Kennedy in Boumediene. This section will draw comparisons between the Combatant Status Review Tribunals (CSRTs) that the Court examined in Boumediene and the immigration hearings concerning alien removal orders. This section will then contrast the level of review provided to courts of appeals when reviewing alien removal orders with the Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia’s level of review over the CSRTs’ decisions. Finally, this section will examine the courts of appeals’ decisions since the passage of the REAL ID Act to determine whether the current system provides for adequate review in light of Boumediene. Part Four recommends the restoration of the right of aliens to seek habeas review of their removal orders due to the deficiencies in the earlier proceedings and the lack of “adequate and effective” review in the courts of appeals.
Refined sugar intake is associated with lower cognitive performance across the cognitive continuum but is not associated with preclinical cognitive decline in intact elderly subjects (P7.111)

Objective: To assess the association of refined sugar intake with cognitive decline in the normal elderly, mild cognitive impairment and dementia. Background: Increased refined sugar intake is associated with learning disability and lower performance in school-aged children and with conditions such as heart disease and diabetes, linked to late life cognitive decline. It is unclear if refined sugar intake is associated with early cognitive decline preceding the development of MCI or dementia. Design/Methods: Participants in the Sanders-Brown Healthy Aging cohort, spanning the cognitive continuum, completed an abridged Nurse Health Study II Food Frequency Questionnaire (n=351). Refined sugar intake scores were derived from USRDA estimates, and were compared between normal and cognitively impaired groups using standard descriptive statistics. Results: Higher refined sugar intake was associated with poorer cognitive performance in the total group on MMSE, CDR, paragraph learning and recall, animal and letter naming, Boston Naming test, Trailmaking A, and Digit-symbol substitution (p<0.05 for all tests). Refined sugar intake in non-demented subjects only was associated with lower CDR scores (p<0.05) and paragraph recall (p<0.02). The association of lower delayed recall with higher refined sugar intake did not reach statistical significance when the analysis was confined to only cognitively intact subjects in this study. Conclusions: Despite the associations of refined sugar intake with lower cognitive performance in children and risk factors for late life cognitive decline such as diabetes and heart disease, we found no association between cognitive performance and refined sugar intake in the cognitively intact population studied. These data suggest that potential increases in refined sugar intake do not predispose to cognitive decline in the intact elderly population. Disclosure: Dr. Kenlan has nothing to disclose. Dr. Tarrant has nothing to disclose. Dr. Pursell has nothing to disclose. Dr. Welleford has nothing to disclose. Dr. Albrektson has nothing to disclose. Dr. Jicha has received personal compensation for activities with Quintiles.
Factors Affecting Job Satisfaction Among Agency-Employed Home Health Aides:

To examine the predictors of job satisfaction by home health aides, we conducted structural equation modeling to identify how the predicting variables directly and indirectly influence job satisfac...
Understanding genocide : the social psychology of the Holocaust

Foreword Part I: Becoming a Perpetrator 1. The Psychology of Bystanders, Perpetrators, and Heroic Helpers 2. What is a 'Social-Psychological' Account of Perpetrator Behaviour? The Person Versus the Situation in Goldhagen's Hitler's Willing Executioners 3. Authoritarianism and the Holocaust: Some Cognitive and Affective Implications 4. Perpetrator Behaviour as Destructive Obedience: An Evaluation of Stanley Milgram's Perspective, the Most Influential Social-Psychological Approach to the Holocaust Part II: Beyond the Individual: Groups and Collectives 5. Sacrifice Lambs Dressed in Wolves' Clothing: Envious Prejudice, Ideology, and the Scapegoating of Jews 6. Group Processes and the Holocaust 7. Examining the Implications of Cultural Frames on Social Movements and Group Action 8. Population and Predators: Preconditions for the Holocaust from a Control-Theoretical Perspective 9. The Zoomorphism of Human Collective Violence Part III: Dealing with Evil 10. The Holocaust and the Four Roots of Evil 11. Instigators of Genocide: Examining Hitler from a Social Psychological Perspective 12. Perpetrators with a Clear Conscience: Lying Self-Deception and Belief Change 13. Explaining the Holocaust: Does Social Psychology Exonerate the Perpetrators? 14. Epilogue: Social Psychologists Confront the Holocaust
Using Serum Creatinine To Estimate Glomerular Filtration Rate: Accuracy in Good Health and in Chronic Kidney Disease

The Modification of Diet in Renal Disease equation for glomerular filtration rate (GFR) substantially underestimates GFR in healthy persons. A new equation developed with patients with chronic kidn...
Physical activity and sedentary behavior patterns using accelerometry from a national sample of united states adults

This study described the patterns of accelerometer-determined physical activity and sedentary behavior among adults using a nationally representative sample from the United States. Using 2003-2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) data, 7931 adults at least 18 years old wore an ActiGraph accelerometer for one week, providing at least 3 days of wear for >=8 hours/day. Cutpoints defined moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA; >= 2020 and >=760 counts/minute), vigorous physical activity (> = 5999 counts/minute), and sedentary behavior (<100 counts/minute). Latent class analysis (LCA) was used to estimate patterns of physical activity and sedentary behavior. All estimates were weighted to reflect the United States population. For weighted percent of MVPA out of total wearing time, 5 classes were identified from least to most active: 65.3% of population (weighted mean 9.3 minutes/day), 24.9% (32.1 minutes/day), 3.2% that was low on the weekdays but much higher on the weekends (52.0 minutes/day), 5.9% (59.9 minutes/day), and 0.7% in the highest class (113.6 minutes/day). Using the lower MVPA threshold, 6 classes emerged with each class ranging in population from 1.2% to 43.6%. A vigorous activity class could not be derived due to low prevalence. For weighted percent of sedentary behavior out of total wearing time, 5 classes were identified from most to least sedentary: 6.3% of population (weighted mean 660.2 minutes/day), 25.1% (546.8 minutes/day), 37.7% (453.9 minutes/day), 24.0% (354.8 minutes/day), and 7.0% (256.3 minutes/day). Four of the classes showed generally similar results across every day of the week, with the absolute percents differing across classes. In contrast, the least sedentary class showing a marked rise in percent of time spent in sedentary behavior on the weekend (weighted mean 336.7-346.5 minutes/day) compared to weekdays (weighted mean 255.2-292.4 minutes/day). The LCA models provided a data reduction process to identify patterns using minute-by-minute accelerometry data in order to explore meaningful contrasts. The models supported 5 or 6 distinct patterns for MVPA and sedentary behavior. These physical activity and sedentary behavior patterns can be used as intervention targets and as independent or dependent variables in future studies of correlates, determinants, or outcomes.
The Relationship of Total Lymphocyte Count to CD4 Lymphocyte Counts in Patients Infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus

A simple, inexpensive alternative to CD4 counts would facilitate the management of asymptomatic and early symptomatic patients with HIV infection. In this report, a high correlation was found between CD4 counts and total lymphocyte counts calculated from complete blood counts in a cohort of ambulatory HIV-infected patients. Using these data, patients with CD4 counts above and below 500 cells/mm3, 200 cells/mm3, and those with and without symptoms can be identified with a high degree of predictive value. The availability and lower cost of lymphocyte counts make them an attractive alternative to CD4 counts in managing asymptomatic and early symptomatic patients with HIV infection.
Protein Translocation: GTPase cycle for nuclear transport

The discovery that the small Ras-like GTPase, Ran, is required for the transport of proteins into the nucleus suggests a general mechanism for protein import.
Interfraction accumulation of seroma during accelerated partial breast irradiation: preliminary results of a prospective study.

Abstract Purpose To quantify and characterize the process of seroma accumulation during accelerated partial breast irradiation using multicatheter balloon brachytherapy. Materials and Methods Twenty-two patients were treated using the Contura Multilumen brachytherapy catheter to a dose of 34 Gy in 10 fractions over 5 treatment days. Serial aspirations of the vacuum port of the catheter were performed at the time of CT simulation and before each treatment. Volume and characteristics of fluid drawn were recorded. Univariate analysis was performed to evaluate various factors predictive of seroma formation. Results Median patient age was 59.5 years, body mass index was 31, and volume of surgical specimen was 62.4 cm 3 . Median time from breast conservation surgery to placement of Contura catheter was 18.5 days. Pericatheter seroma, typically scant with a median volume of 0.75 mL, was noted in 91% of patients at CT simulation. A total of 203 aspirations were performed with a median-aspirated seroma volume of 4.05 mL. There was no significant correlation between the volume of seroma and histology (invasive vs. in situ ), quadrant of location, body mass index, reexcision or reoperation, days from breast conservation surgery to balloon placement, or the volume of specimen removed. Radiation treatment factors, including balloon volume, balloon to skin distance, and planning target volume evaluation, also did not correlate with aspirated seroma. Conclusions Interfraction seroma accumulation has a variable pattern of development with no discernible predictors of occurrence. Routine pretreatment aspirations via vacuum port may potentially improve dosimetric reproducibility for a minority of patients.
Comparison of Roughness Parameters for Various Microchannel Surfaces in Single-Phase Flow Applications

Recently, a set of new roughness parameters was proposed by Kandlikar et al. and Taylor et al. for reporting surface roughness as related to fluid flow. The average roughness R a parameter is often used in microfluidic applications, but this parameter alone is insufficient for describing surface roughness; a specimen with deep grooves and sharp obstructions can share the same average roughness value as a relatively smooth surface with low uniform surface roughness. Because the average roughness parameter is broad, it is difficult to assess the surface topography features that result from different machining processes or etches. A profilometer and a digital microscope are used to examine the surface roughness profiles of various materials submitted to different machining techniques. The materials studied will be similar to those used for microchannels including aluminum, stainless steel, copper, and silicon. Depending on the material, these samples are submitted to several machining processes, including mi...
On extending Miedema’s model to predict hydrogen content in binary and ternary hydrides

Abstract While originally formulated to predict the enthalpy of formation, Miedema’s model for metal hydrides is also capable of predicting hydrogen content. In the case of binary AH x hydrides this is straightforward. For ternary AB n H x hydrides extension of the model to arbitrary hydrogen content x is required. An ansatz for doing so is proposed which also extends the model to arbitrary B:A ratio n while preserving Miedema’s original prescription for n =1, 2, 3, 5. Results are reported for all known solid binary hydrides and for a variety of ternary systems.
Impact of dispersed and undispersed oil entering a gulf coast salt marsh

The effect of dispersed and undispersed South Louisiana crude oil on the growth of Spartina alterniflora and associated meiofaunal communities was investigated in a replicated experiment conducted in a uniform Louisiana salt marsh. The oil and the oil plus dispersant were applied to open water adjacent to the marsh and forced onto the marsh, using a pump to create a “head” of water that simulated tidal conditions. Neither crude oil nor oil plus dispersant had any inhibitory or stimulatory effect on the growth of S. alterniflora or the meiofaunal communities, including the meiobenthos.
Functional mapping of the human cerebellum with positron emission tomography.

Abstract Alterations of local neuronal activity induced within the human cerebellum by tactile stimulation and voluntary movement were mapped with positron emission tomographic measurements of brain blood flow. Finger movements produced bilateral, parasagittal blood-flow increases in anterior, superior hemispheric cortex of the cerebellum. Responses to tactile finger stimulation were coextensive with responses to voluntary finger movements but were less intense. Saccadic eye movements produced midline blood-flow increases in the posterior vermis of the cerebellum. Positron emission tomography now permits investigation of functional-anatomical relations within the human cerebellum.
Gene patents and personalized medicine

Overview:The use of genetic information to design and guide therapies and to develop novel diagnostic procedures creates important patent issues. Patents on human gene sequences have likely helped ...
Principles of Image Analysis

The process by which a visualized scene is analyzed comprises specific steps that lead the user to either an enhanced image or data that can be used for further interpretation. A decision is required at each step to be able to achieve the next step, as shown in Fig. 1. In addition, many different algorithms can be used at each step to achieve desired effects and/or measurements. To illustrate the decision-making process, consider the following hypothetical situation. Visualize a polished section of nodular gray cast iron (which, decidedly, is best acquired by reflected bright-field illumination). After digitizing, the image is enhanced to delineate the edges more clearly. Then the threshold (gray-level range) of the graphite in the metal matrix is set, and the image is transformed into binary form. Next, some binary image processing is performed to eliminate the graphite flakes so the graphite nodules can be segmented as the features of interest. Finally, image analysis software measures area fraction and size distribution of nodules, providing data that can be used to compare against the specifications of the material being analyzed. This article discusses the practice of image processing for analysis and explores issues and concerns of which the user should be aware. Image Considerations
α2‐Adrenoceptors couple to inhibition of R‐type calcium currents in myenteric neurons

Gastrointestinal motility is controlled in part by the enteric nervous system (ENS) and by extrinsic sympathetic nerves. The ENS provides primary control over gut function while the sympathetic innervation modulates ENS activity (1). The myenteric plexus, a division of the ENS, is particularly important for control of gastrointestinal motility (2). Using electrophysiological criteria, myenteric neurons can be classified as S or AH neurons (3) and AH neurons may be intrinsic primary afferent neurons (4). In AH neurons the action potential has a Ca2+ shoulder that is dependent on activation of N-type Ca2+ channels (5). Ca2+ entering during the action potential triggers calcium release from intracellular stores (6,7). The rise in intracellular Ca2+ then activates a Ca2+-dependent K+ channel, causing a long-lasting afterhyperpolarization (AHP)(4,8,9). S neurons are interneurons and motorneurons (10). Although action potentials in S neurons are blocked completely by tetrodotoxin (sodium channel antagonist), they are also associated with increases in intracellular calcium that are partly dependent on activation of N-type Ca2+ channels (11). Guinea pig myenteric neurons express multiple Ca2+ subtypes (12). The total Ca2+current (ICa2+) in myenteric neurons is composed of contributions of Ca2+ influx through L- N- P/Q- and R-type Ca2+ channels (13-18). The R-type channels make the largest contribution to the total ICa2+ in myenteric neurons of guinea-pig small intestine maintained in the primary culture (13). R-type Ca2+ channels are composed of the pore forming α1E subunit (19,20). SNX 482 (21) or low concentrations of NiCl2 (13,22) can block selectively currents passing through R-type channels. Sympathetic nerves inhibit intestinal motility by releasing norepinephrine which activates inhibitory α2-adrenoceptors expressed by myenteric neurons and their nerve endings (24,25). α2-Adrenoceptors couple to inhibition of calcium influx through voltage-gated calcium channels via a G-protein dependent pathway in the nervous system (26-28). α2-Adrenoceptors couple to the inhibitory Go/Gi-protein to inhibit adenylyl cyclase or to interact directly with calcium channels (28). Coupling between α2-adrenoceptor and specific subtypes of voltage-gated calcium channels has not been studied myenteric neurons. This study was designed to identify the type of calcium channel that is inhibited following activation of the α2-adrenoceptor in myenteric neurons and in their varicosities. These studies were done using whole-cell patch clamp techniques and calcium imaging methods to study Ca2+ dynamics in guinea-pig small intestinal myenteric neurons maintained in primary culture.
Diabetic microangiopathy in the small bowel.

Aims Microangiopathic changes in the gastrointestinal tract of patients with diabetes mellitus are frequently mentioned in the clinical literature. To our knowledge, pathological studies documenting these changes in bowel biopsies have not been previously reported. In this report, we describe striking duodenal biopsy findings of diabetic microangiopathy in a patient with long-standing insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and chronic diarrhoea. Methods and results The diagnosis was based on the histopathological and immunohistochemical findings in the appropriate clinical setting. Blood vessels within the duodenum displayed prominent mural thickening and luminal narrowing secondary to accumulation of hyaline material, which was periodic acid–Schiff positive and intensely stained with monoclonal antibodies against type IV collagen. Conclusions This is the first report of diabetic microangiopathy in a bowel biopsy. The pathogenesis, specificity and significance of these angiopathic changes, controversies about diabetic microangiopathy in the gastrointestial tract, and the association with hypertension are discussed.
B7-H1 Expression Model for Immune Evasion in Human Papillomavirus-Related Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is associated with oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas. Persistent viral infection is postulated to lead to carcinogenesis, although infection of benign adjacent epithelium is not typically observed. It is known that immune evasive tumor cells can provide an ideal niche for a virus. The B7-H1/PD-1 cosignaling pathway plays an important role in viral immune evasion by rendering CD8+ cytotoxic T cells anergic. We hypothesized that HPV-related oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas express B7-H1 as a mechanism for immune evasion. A tissue microarray was utilized, for which HPV E6/E7 mRNA by in situ hybridization was previously performed. Immunohistochemistry was performed to detect B7-H1 and staining was characterized by pattern, distribution, and intensity. B7-H1 was expressed by 84 of the 181 (46.4 %) cases. Both tumor cell membranous and cytoplasmic expression were present and cytoplasmic expression was identified in some peritumoral lymphocytes. Expression was analyzed in several different ways and then considered binarily as positive versus negative. Tumors expressing B7-H1 were more likely to be HPV positive (49.2 vs. 34.1 %, p = 0.08). B7-H1 expression showed no correlation with disease recurrence in the entire cohort (OR = 1.09, p = 0.66), HPV positive cohort (OR = 0.80, p = 0.69) or HPV negative cohort (OR = 2.02, p = 0.22). However, B7-H1 expression intensity did correlate with the development of distant metastasis (p = 0.03), and B7-H1 intensity of 3+ (versus all other staining) showed a strong trend towards distant metastasis in the HPV positive (OR = 6.67, p = 0.13) and HPV negative (OR = 9.0, p = 0.13) cohorts. There was no correlation between B7-H1 expression and patient survival for any of the different ways in which staining was characterized, whether binarily, by distribution, intensity, or combined scores. B7-H1 is expressed in the majority of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas with transcriptionally-active HPV. This suggests that B7-H1 expression by tumor cells may play a role in harboring persistent HPV infection.
Learning the Rescorla-Wagner Model of Pavlovian Conditioning: An Interactive Simulation

The Rescorla-Wagner model is one of the cornerstones of learning theory. However, many students in undergraduate courses find the model's concepts difficult to grasp, and the model is often the students' first exposure to computational models in psychology. This article describes an interactive simulation based on an Excel(r) spreadsheet program that implements the model over 500 trials using parameters specified by the student. Students report favorable reactions to the classroom use of the simulation.
On-Air or on Life Support The Demise of Local TV Sports

An essay on whether local television sports coverage can survive in the current economy, the continued rise of regional and national sports networks and the multitude of online information offerings.
Stage I-IIA non-bulky Hodgkin's lymphoma. Is further distinction based on prognostic factors useful? The Stanford experience.

Purpose In the United States, early-stage Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL) is defined as asymptomatic stage I/II non-bulky disease. European groups stratify patients to more intense treatment by considering additional unfavorable factors, such as age, number of nodal sites, sedimentation rate, extranodal disease, and elements of the international prognostic score for advanced HL. We sought to determine the prognostic significance of these factors in patients with early-stage disease treated at Stanford University Medical Center. Methods and Materials This study was a retrospective analysis of 101 patients treated with abbreviated Stanford V chemotherapy (8 weeks) and 30-Gy ( n = 84 patients) or 20-Gy ( n = 17 patients) radiotherapy to involved sites. Outcomes were assessed after applying European risk factors. Results At a median follow-up of 8.5 years, freedom from progression (FFP) and overall survival (OS) rates were 94% and 97%, respectively. From 33% to 60% of our patients were unfavorable per European criteria (i.e., German Hodgkin Study Group [GHSG], n = 55%; European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer, n = 33%; and Groupe d'Etudes des Lymphomes de l'Adulte, n = 61%). Differences in FFP rates between favorable and unfavorable patients were significant only for GHSG criteria ( p = 0.02) with there were no differences in OS rates for any criteria. Five of 6 patients who relapsed were successfully salvaged. Conclusions The majority of our patients deemed unfavorable had an excellent outcome despite undergoing a significantly abbreviated regimen. Application of factors used by the GHSG defined a less favorable subset for FFP but with no impact on OS. As therapy for early-stage disease moves to further reductions in therapy, these factors take on added importance in the interpretation of current trial results and design of future studies.
Responses in the aged rat brain after total immunolesion.

In the present study, we compare the effects of cholinergic deafferentation of the hippocampus, cortex, and olfactory bulb of young and aged rats on nerve growth factor (NGF) protein levels in these areas. We also describe glial responses to intraventricular injections of the immunotoxin, 192 IgG-saporin in the aged. Choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) activity was dramatically decreased in the basal forebrain and target areas of the cholinergic basal forebrain neurons (CBFNs) in the young immunolesioned rats and to a lesser extent in their aged counterparts. After total immunolesion, NGF protein levels significantly increased in the hippocampus, cortex, and olfactory bulb of the young rats but not of the aged rats, except for small increases in the olfactory bulb after two weeks. After immunolesion NGF protein levels in the basal forebrain increased in young rats and less so in the aged rats. The total immunolesions had no effects on NGF and BDNF mRNA levels in the hippocampus and cortex. Two weeks after injection of the immunotoxin, the profiles of AChE- and p75NTR-positive cells significantly decreased in medial septum, vertical and horizontal limbs of diagonal band and nucleus basalis of Meynert. There was also an increase in microglia while but not astrocytes in the subnuclei of basal forebrain. In conclusion, 192 IgG-saporin was effective in producing cholinergic lesions in both young and aged rat brains, the lesion-induced NGF response was partially extinguished in the aged rat brains and immunolesions induced a microglial response in aged brain. J. Neurosci. Res. 54:7–16, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Design of radiation resistant metallic multilayers for advanced nuclear systems

Helium implantation from transmutation reactions is a major cause of embrittlement and dimensional instability of structural components in nuclear energy systems. Development of novel materials with improved radiation resistance, which is of the utmost importance for progress in nuclear energy, requires guidelines to arrive at favorable parameters more efficiently. Here, we present a methodology that can be used for the design of radiation tolerant materials. We used synchrotron X-ray reflectivity to nondestructively study radiation effects at buried interfaces and measure swelling induced by He implantation in Cu/Nb multilayers. The results, supported by transmission electron microscopy, show a direct correlation between reduced swelling in nanoscale multilayers and increased interface area per unit volume, consistent with helium storage in Cu/Nb interfaces in forms that minimize dimensional changes. In addition, for Cu/Nb layers, a linear relationship is demonstrated between the measured depth-dependent swelling and implanted He density from simulations, making the reflectivity technique a powerful tool for heuristic material design.
Induction androgen deprivation therapy before radical prostatectomy for prostate cancer — initial results

Objective To determine if androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) on induction decreases the incidence of positive surgical margins and the subsequent risk of disease progression. Patients and methods Between January 1992 and July 1994, 160 men with prostate cancer underwent radical retropubic prostatectomy (RP) and bilateral pelvic node dissection (PLND). Forty men (mean age 64.2 years) with either a higher clinical stage or a significant increase in serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level (P<0.001) received induction ADT with a luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) analogue alone (six patients), or with an anti-androgen (34 patients), 3–20 months before undergoing RP. The remaining 120 men (mean age 64 years) underwent surgery alone and served as historical controls. Prostatectomy specimens were evaluated using step-sections at 2–3 mm intervals and whole-mount reconstruction. The clinical and pathological results were compared. Results There was a clinically significant decrease in the size of the prostate in almost all patients treated with ADT. After ADT the mean PSA level declined by >95% from the levels before RP (P 0.4 ng/mL) in seven (17.5%) of the men who received ADT and 14 (14%) of the control patients (P=0.60). To date, all patients are alive. Conclusions The results of this study suggest that neoadjuvant ADT before RP is beneficial in men with a high likelihood of having a positive surgical margin. A prospective randomized trial is necessary to determine if there is a benefit in progression-free and overall survival.
Evidence suggesting that the odortypes of pregnant women are a compound of maternal and fetal odortypes.

Abstract Odortypes--namely, body odors that distinguish one individual from another on the basis of genetic polymorphism at the major histocompatibility complex and other loci--are a fundamental element in the social life and reproductive behavior of the mouse, including familial imprinting, mate choice, and control of early pregnancy. Odortypes are strongly represented in urine. During mouse pregnancy, an outcrossed mother's urine acquires fetal major histocompatibility complex odortypes of paternal origin, an observation that we took as the focus of a search for odortypes in humans, using a fully automated computer-programmed olfactometer in which trained rats are known to distinguish precisely the odortypes of another species. Five women provided urine samples before and after birth, which in each case appropriately trained rats were found to distinguish in the olfactometer. Whether this olfactory distinction of mothers' urine before and after birth reflects in part the odortype and hence genotype of the fetus, and not just the state of pregnancy per se, was tested in a second study in which each mother's postpartum urine was mixed either with urine from her own infant or with urine of a different, same-aged infant. Responses of trained rats were more positive with respect to the former (congruous) mixtures than to the latter (incongruous) mixtures, implying that, as in the mouse, human fetal odortypes of paternal genomic origin are represented in the odortype of the mother, doubtless by circulatory transfer of the pertinent odorants.
Glucagon auto-immunization fails to stimulate food intake or growth in young rabbits.

Abstract 1. 1. To further investigate the possible role of glucagon in appetite control, weaned rabbits were auto-immunized using a glucagon-bovine serum albumin conjugate (G-BSA). 2. 2. At weekly intervals, the animals were weighed and blood samples collected and subsequently analysed for insulin, glucose and glucagon concentrations. Weekly food consumption was also recorded. 3. 3. At the termination of the experimental period, each animal was subjected to a glucose tolerance test. Following this procedure, the animals were killed and the livers excized and frozen for subsequent glycogen determination. 4. 4. No differences between the controls and auto-immunized group were found at any time for weekly weight gain, food intake, blood glucose or insulin concentrations. 5. 5. Glucagon concentrations in the control group remain stable over the 7 week period; however, after the third week of the experiment, no glucagon could be detected in the blood of any of the auto-immunized animals. 6. 6. The auto-immunized animals had significantly different glucose tolerance profiles and also had significantly more liver glycogen than the control group.
Corporate growth: Our advice for directors is to buy “organic”

Purpose – This paper aims to look at whether an organization should grow by acquisition or organic (internal) growth. Design/methodology/approach – The study discusses problems with non‐organic growth and gives reasons why organic growth is a better alternative. Findings – The study finds that firms relying on organic growth derive most of their expansion internally, by enhancing current customer relationships and building new relationships. Most importantly, organic growth is received with great favor by the financial markets; non‐organic is far less favored, if at all. Practical implications – This paper provides executives with information on important factors to consider when determining growth plans Originality/value – This paper is of particular value to CEOs and other board members.
Interdisciplinary Methods of Treatment of Depression in Older Adults: A Primer for Practitioners

The effective treatment of depression in older adults requires a wide repertoire of interventions from the knowledge bases of several disciplines. The purpose of this article is to offer professionals an overview of the various treatments for depression, as well as their theoretical foundation, in order to design appropriate interventions and activities for older adults who are depressed. Implications for practice are also offered.
Measurement of tricyclic antidepressant drugs by enzyme-amplified receptor assay

Abstract A new receptor-based method for measurement of the four tricyclic antidepressant drugs (TCAs) imipramine, desipramine, amitriptyline, and desipramine is described. The enzymeamplified receptor assay (ERA) is based on competition between free drug in the sample and enzyme-labeled ligand for acetylcholine receptor binding sites. Measurement of the remaining active unbound enzyme-labeled drug is performed by following the absorbance change resulting from the catalytic conversion of NAD to NADH. Quantitation of TCA drugs is achieved by reference to known standard calibration curves. Detection limits and concentration ranges (0.1–10 μM) of the assays would allow the use of this method in therapeutic drug monitoring. Correlation coefficient of standard solutions averages 0.95 with standard deviations of 1.6 to 2% enzyme activity. A correlation of the new ERA method with enzyme-multiplied immunoassay technique (EMIT) is attempted.
Digestive protease, lipase and amylase activities in stage i larvae of the american lobster, Homarus americanus

Abstract 1. 1. Digestive protease, lipase, and amylase of Stage I larvae of the American lobster Homarus americanus are characterized. 2. 2. A sensitive method for detection of crustacean lipase was developed using an latroscan which combines thin-layer chromatography and flame ionization detection to quantify free fatty acids generated by lipase digestion. 3. 3. pH optima of the three enzymes occurred at or near the pH of gastric fluid. 4. 4. A time course study demonstrated slight increases in protease and amylase activities during the first larval stage, regardless of whether the lobsters were fed or not, whereas lipase activity was constant.
Combination effects of SC144 and cytotoxic anticancer agents

Previously, we synthesized a series of hydrazide class of compounds and examined their cytotoxicity in a number of cancer cell lines. Among these analogues, SC144 exhibited potent cytotoxicity against a panel of drug-sensitive and drug-resistant cancer cell lines. To further explore its therapeutic potentials in the combination settings, we evaluated the synergy between SC144 and selected conventional chemotherapeutic agents in in-vitro cancer cell models. SC144 showed synergism with both 5-fluorouracil and oxaliplatin when cotreated in colorectal cancer HT29 cells. Pretreatment with SC144 in oxaliplatin-resistant HTOXAR3 cells was more effective than oxaliplatin pretreatment. In addition, the combination of SC144 and paclitaxel exhibited synergism in MDA-MB-435 cells with a schedule-dependent block in cell cycle. In an MDA-MB-435 mouse xenograft model, coadministration of SC144 and paclitaxel delayed tumor growth in an SC144 dose-dependent manner. Evaluation of the pharmacokinetics of SC144 revealed that intraperitoneal administration of SC144 showed a two-compartmental pharmacokinetics elimination profile that was not observed in the oral dosing. In summary, these studies further validate SC144 as a novel anticancer agent and provide insights for developing combination therapies for both drug-sensitive and drug-resistant cancers.
Perioperative antiplatelet management in patients with coronary artery stenting.

AbstractCoronary artery disease is the primary cause of mortality in men and women in the United States. Transcatheter coronary intervention is the mainstay of treatment for patients with acute coronary artery disease presentations and patients with stable disease. Although percutaneous intervention initially only included balloon angioplasty, it now typically involves the placement of intracoronary stents. To overcome the limitations of bare-metal stents, namely in-stent restenosis, stents have been developed that remove pharmaceuticals that reduce neointimal hyperplasia and in-stent restenosis. However, these pharmaceutical agents also delay stent endothelialization, posing a prolonged risk of in situ thrombosis. Placement of an intracoronary stent (eg, bare-metal or drug-eluting stent) requires dual antiplatelet therapy to prevent the potentially life-threatening complication of stent thrombosis. The optimal duration of dual antiplatelet therapy following stent placement is unknown. This article discus...
Cyclic AMP-induced transcriptional repression of the insulin-responsive glucose transporter (GLUT4) gene: identification of a promoter region required for down-regulation of transcription.

Abstract The mechanism(s) by which cyclic AMP represses transcription of the GLUT4 gene was investigated. 3T3-L1 preadipocytes were stably transfected with a series of 5′ deletion mutants of the mouse GLUT4 gene promoter fused to the bacterial CAT gene and then were induced to differentiate into adipocytes. A method based on reverse transcription/polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification was developed and optimized to quantitate expression of CAT mRNA transcripts. Treatment with 8-bromo-cAMP down-regulated the level of CAT mRNA in adipocytes transfected with the −7000/CAT, −785/CAT and −469/CAT constructs, but not the −78/CAT construct. Thus, the regulatory element(s) which mediates transcriptional repression by cAMP resides in the proximal promoter of the GLUT4 gene between positions −469 and −78. Since down-regulation of GLUT4 mRNA is unaffected by inhibitors of protein synthesis, cAMP (and insulin) may activate phosphorylation or dephosphorylation of an existing transcription factor that interacts with the GLUT4 proximal promoter.
Introduction to “Discrimination against Latin American Workers during Pre-Olympic Games Construction in Vancouver”

According to the International Labour Organization, globalization has led, in the last several decades of the twentieth century and the first decade of the twenty-first century, to a dramatic increase in migration as people leave their home countries in search of work in foreign countries. As of 2008, the United Nations (UN) estimates that there are approximately 214 million migrants throughout the world. Furthermore, the UN states that the United States and Canada have received migrants from all corners of the globe with many of these immigrants arriving from Latin America and the Caribbean although an increasing number are coming from Europe as well. As of 2010, the UN calculates that there are roughly 7.2 million migrants living in Canada. In this well-written, informative and timely essay, Dr. Jeffrey Shantz, who currently teaches courses in human rights, community advocacy, corporate crime and social justice at Kwantlen Polytechnic University in British Columbia, Canada, analyzes a recent decision issued by the British Columbia Human Rights Tribunal concerning the discrimination experienced by Latin American workers who were employed on the building of the Canada Line rapid transit link for the nation’s hosting of the 2010 Vancouver-Whistler Winter Olympics. In comparison to the Canadian and European workers laboring on the project, the tribunal ruled that the Latino workers were treated adversely. While Dr. Shantz also discusses in this essay the difficulties that labor unions undergo in protecting their members, the author argues that this decision is momentous in the global defense of labor rights. I welcome employment relations scholars from around the globe to contribute future essays analyzing any employment-related topic from a wide variety of theoretical perspectives. Moreover, if any of the journal’s readers would like to respond to particular essays published in the “Perspectives” Section, please do not hesitate to contact me with your proposal. I welcome both practitioner-based and scholarly-based articles. I hope that you enjoy this essay and find it most illuminating. Employ Respons Rights J (2011) 23:73 DOI 10.1007/s10672-010-9167-6
Reactions of Isatin Dimethyl Ketal and Its Ethyl Imino Ether with Methyllithium

(1977). Reactions of Isatin Dimethyl Ketal and Its Ethyl Imino Ether with Methyllithium. Synthetic Communications: Vol. 7, No. 8, pp. 541-547.
1/32° real-time global ocean prediction and value-added over 1/16° resolution

Abstract A 1/32° global ocean nowcast/forecast system has been developed by the Naval Research Laboratory at the Stennis Space Center. It started running at the Naval Oceanographic Office in near real-time on 1 Nov. 2003 and has been running daily in real-time since 1 Mar. 2005. It became an operational system on 6 March 2006, replacing the existing 1/16° system which ceased operation on 12 March 2006. Both systems use the NRL Layered Ocean Model (NLOM) with assimilation of sea surface height from satellite altimeters and sea surface temperature from multi-channel satellite infrared radiometers. Real-time and archived results are available online at http://www.ocean.nrlssc.navy.mil/global_nlom . The 1/32° system has improvements over the earlier system that can be grouped into two categories: (1) better resolution and representation of dynamical processes and (2) design modifications. The design modifications are the result of accrued knowledge since the development of the earlier 1/16° system. The improved horizontal resolution of the 1/32° system has significant dynamical benefits which increase the ability of the model to accurately nowcast and skillfully forecast. At the finer resolution, current pathways and their transports become more accurate, the sea surface height (SSH) variability increases and becomes more realistic and even the global ocean circulation experiences some changes (including inter-basin exchange). These improvements make the 1/32° system a better dynamical interpolator of assimilated satellite altimeter track data, using a one-day model forecast as the first guess. The result is quantitatively more accurate nowcasts, as is illustrated by several model-data comparisons. Based on comparisons with ocean color imagery in the northwestern Arabian Sea and the Gulf of Oman, the 1/32° system has even demonstrated the ability to map small eddies, 25–75 km in diameter, with 70% reliability and a median eddy center location error of 22.5 km, a surprising and unanticipated result from assimilation of altimeter track data. For all of the eddies (50% small eddies), the reliability was 80% and the median eddy center location error was 29 km. The 1/32° system also exhibits improved forecast skill in relation to the 1/16° system. This is due to (a) a more accurate initial condition for the forecast and (b) better resolution and representation of critical dynamical processes (such as upper ocean – topographic coupling via mesoscale flow instabilities) which allow the model to more accurately evolve these features in time while running in forecast mode (forecast atmospheric forcing for the first 5 days, then gradually reverting toward climatology for the remainder of the 30-day forecast period). At 1/32° resolution, forecast SSH generally compares better with unassimilated observations and the anomaly correlation of the forecast SSH exceeds that from persistence by a larger amount than found in the 1/16° system.
Some comments on “the corrosion of materials in desalination plants”☆☆☆

Abstract The implications to testing and use of cupro-nickel alloys for desalination are described.