cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Structure of the Fission Transition Nucleus U 235

Fission-fragment angular distributions for the ${\mathrm{U}}^{234}$ ($n, f$) reaction were measured for incident neutron energies of 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 843, 998, and 1184 keV. A novel $2\ensuremath{\pi}$ geometry Lexan (polycarbonate) detector was used to detect the fission fragments. The angular distributions show intermediate-angle peaks and change shape rapidly with changes in neutron energy. Based on a sophisticated Hauser-Feshbach analysis, which includes level-width fluctuation corrections of the energy variation of the fission cross section and angular distributions, a description of the highly deformed fission transition nucleus ${\mathrm{U}}^{235*}$ is given. Assignments of the quantum numbers ($K$, $\ensuremath{\pi}$) are made for three low-energy single-particle states, and they are \textonehalf{}+, $\frac{3}{2}+$, and $\frac{3}{2}\ensuremath{-}$. In addition, the presence of another $K=\frac{1}{2}$ state is demonstrated. Assignments of the energy $E$ and the barrier curvature $\ensuremath{\hbar}\ensuremath{\omega}$ of these states are also given.
Evaluating the Role for Simultaneous Heart Kidney Transplantation in Patients with Continuous Flow Ventricular Assist Devices

Purpose Rates of simultaneous heart kidney (SHK) transplant are increasing annually. SHK confers survival benefit in recipients with pre-transplant renal failure, but its role in renal failure patients bridged to transplant with continuous-flow ventricular assist devices (VADs) is not well defined. This study evaluates the utility of SHK vs. heart transplant alone (HTA) in this population. Methods Retrospective review of the Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network database was performed for adult heart transplant recipients. Renal failure was defined as pre-transplant dialysis or glomerular filtration rate Results There were 125 SHK patients and 276 HTA. Baseline characteristics were largely similar. Patient survival up to 5 years was the same between SHK and HTA (HR: 0.98, p=0.94). 45.6% of SHK patients required dialysis postoperatively compared to 40.9% in HTA (p=0.39). Renal allograft survival in the SHK population was 83.7% vs. 92.1% in kidney transplant alone (p Conclusion SHK confers no survival advantage over HTA in VAD-supported patients in renal failure. Judicious use of SHK in this population may improve renal allograft utilization without affecting outcomes for heart transplant recipients.
Development of a Sandwich Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for Detection and Quantification of Clam Residues in Food Products.

Seafood is a frequent cause of allergic reactions to food globally. The presence of undeclared trace amounts of clam can cause allergic reactions in sensitive individuals. Limited tools are available to test food products for the presence of traces of clam. We report on the development of a sandwich ELISA that can detect and quantify clam protein in food. Antisera against a mix of two commercially important clam species, Atlantic Surf (Spisula solidissima) and ocean quahog (Arctica islandica), were raised in rabbit and sheep. A sandwich ELISA was constructed with this antisera, and sensitivity and specificity were evaluated. Also, model food products spiked with clam protein were analyzed to assess the performance of the ELISA. Comparison was made with a commercially available ELISA for crustacea. The lower limit of quantification of the sandwich ELISA is 2.5 ppm clam protein in food samples, allowing the detection of low amounts of clam that may trigger a reaction in clam allergic patients. The sandwich ELISA was highly specific with cross-reactivity only noted for other molluscan shellfish (mussel and scallop). Clam protein in tomato juice and potato cream soup was detected well with recoveries ranging from 65 to 74% and from 74 to 113%, respectively. However when potato cream soup was retorted, the recover fell to 20%, imposing the risk of underestimating the clam content of a food product. A commercially available crustacean ELISA test was not suitable to detect clam protein. The sandwich ELISA described here is suitable for detection and quantification of clam protein in food products. Care should be taken with food products that have been retorted as the results may be underestimated.
#TrendingNow: Instagram Versus Twitter Activity Among Radiation Oncology Patients and Professionals.

Abstract Purpose We aimed to evaluate recent Instagram and Twitter posts to identify the primary disseminators of information related to radiation therapy on social media (health care professionals vs patients), to characterize their influencer status, and to characterize the content of this information. Methods and Materials Using 2 commercial hashtag analytics platforms, 1000 of the most recent eligible posts from each platform were evaluated for content, tone, and engagement, as well as user (poster) characteristics. Inclusion criteria were as follows: unique posts, written in English, relevant to human cancer treatment, and containing 1 of 11 predetermined hashtags (#radiation, #radiotherapy, #radiationtherapy, #radiationoncology, #radonc, #radiationtherapist #radiationtreatment, #medphys, #cyberknife, #radiosurgery, #protontherapy). Results Users of radiation oncology content on Instagram were primarily patients/caregivers (47%), specifically adult patients (94%) with breast cancer (53%). Patient/caregiver content was focused on patient experience (79%), with approximately half specific to radiation therapy (51%), and most patient/caregiver posts demonstrated a positive tone (86%). In contrast, Twitter content was dominated by health care professionals (53%), specifically within radiation oncology (90% of unique users). Health care professional content was focused on colleague education/research dissemination (53%), with a high proportion of posts specific to radiation therapy (95%). Conclusions Given the disproportionate number of patients versus radiation oncology professionals active on Instagram versus Twitter, and the lack of radiation therapy-specific content on Instagram, there may be an opportunity to improve patient outreach and education by promoting the presence of radiation oncologists on Instagram.
Lived Experiences of Students in Collegiate Recovery Programs at Three Large Public Universities

This study examined the lived experiences of 12 students in recovery from Substance Use Disorders (SUDs) who were members of Collegiate Recovery Programs (CRPs) at three academically-recognized uni...
The Ninth Circuit Constrains Non-Enforceable Public-Private Endangered Species Conservation Agreements

In 2009, Ruby Pipeline, L.L.C. proposed to build a 678-mile pipeline from Wyoming to Oregon that would cross through the critical habitat of endangered species. The Federal Energy Regulatory Commission and the Fish and Wildlife Service worked with Ruby to design a Conservation Action Plan consisting of voluntary measures aimed at mitigating the effects of the pipeline on nine endangered fish species. Relying on the plan, federal agencies approved the pipeline project. Environmental groups challenged the agencies’ decision to rely on a voluntary conservation plan. In Center for Biological Diversity v. U.S. Bureau of Land Management, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit held that the agencies violated the Endangered Species Act because the Act requires enforceable rather than voluntary conservation plans. This Comment argues that the Ninth Circuit’s decision correctly clarifies the role that public-private conservation plans may play within the ESA in a way that will ensure the protection of
A Viscoplasticity Model for Characterizing Loading and Unloading Behavior of Polymeric Composites

An overstress viscoplasticity model is proposed to describe the rate-dependent behavior of a polymeric composite during loading and unloading. In the model, a three-parameter function is used to describe viscoplastic strain rate. In the loading stage, the equilibrium stress is determined using a multi-step relaxation test performed during loading. During the initial unloading stage, owing to the fact that the viscoplastic strain rate is still positive, the material still experiences "loading," and the corresponding equilibrium stress is the equilibrium stress-strain curve for loading. In the second unloading stage, the viscoplastic strain rate becomes negative, and the material is in a true unloading mode for which the equilibrium stress is determined again using the multi-step "relaxation" test. The viscoplasticity model is found to be capable of capturing the characteristics of the rate-dependent loading and unloading behavior.
Eden Robinson. The Sasquatch at Home: Traditional Protocols and Modern Storytelling

Eden Robinson's The Sasquatch at Home offers the reader a taste of her skill as a storyteller. The book is a tiny gem; part memoir, part ethnography, and reveals a glimpse of Robinson's own experie...
Paint it Black -- A Combinatorial Yawp

Have you experienced a “mathematical yawp” lately? (Not sure you want to answer until you know what one is?) Well, the phrase “mathematical yawp” was coined by Francis Su in his James R. Leitzel Lecture at the 2006 MathFest. In essence, a mathematical yawp is one of those “light bulb” or “aha!” moments when a mathematician comes to an understanding of a topic so moving that it is accompanied by a yelp of joy or disbelief. By specialization, a combinatorial yawp is one of those moments achieved while counting. Combinatorial proofs are appreciated for the elegance and/or simplicity of their arguments (see [2]). However, the true (and frequently underappreciated) beauty lies in their power to generalize results. Understanding the components of a mathematical identity in a concrete counting context provides the first clue for exploring natural extensions. Investigating and stretching the role of each parameter in turn, leads to different generalizations—ones that might not be connected without the combinatorial insight. Our yawp occurred while exploring Problem # 11220, proposed by David Beckwith, from the April 2006 issue of the American Mathematical Monthly [1], the innocuous-looking alternating binomial identity below.
The British East India Company 1600‐1858

This paper focuses on the challenges facing global corporations which operate in a variety of environments with increasing multicultural managements and sophisticated understanding of how information technologies and organizational astuteness promote success. Compares this environment with that of the British East India Company. Suggests that corporations operating in the unpredictable environments at the start of the 21st century, in the absence of predictable government and military assistance, of necessity, will be compelled to rethink their transition strategies. Concludes that corporations will assume greater responsibility for functions – including intelligence acquisition, law enforcement, and military projection – normally provided by traditional nation‐states, following the pattern of the British East India Company.
Collaborative Self-Help Community Development

ABSTRACT Collaborative self-help as an approach to community development predominated the field for a number of years. This paper revisits the consensus strategy, discusses the contrasts with more recent approaches, delineates the conditions under which it is still an appropriate model for community betterment, and outlines considerations for implementing community development.
Structural insights into the assembly of the histone deacetylase-associated Sin3L/Rpd3L corepressor complex.

Acetylation is correlated with chromatin decondensation and transcriptional activation, but its regulation by histone deacetylase (HDAC)-bearing corepressor complexes is poorly understood. Here, we describe the mechanism of assembly of the mammalian Sin3L/Rpd3L complex facilitated by Sds3, a conserved subunit deemed critical for proper assembly. Sds3 engages a globular, helical region of the HDAC interaction domain (HID) of the scaffolding protein Sin3A through a bipartite motif comprising a helix and an adjacent extended segment. Sds3 dimerizes through not only one of the predicted coiled-coil motifs but also, the segment preceding it, forming an ∼150-A-long antiparallel dimer. Contrary to previous findings in yeast, Sin3A rather than Sds3 functions in recruiting HDAC1 into the complex by engaging the latter through a highly conserved segment adjacent to the helical HID subdomain. In the resulting model for the ternary complex, the two copies of the HDACs are situated distally and dynamically because of a natively unstructured linker connecting the dimerization domain and the Sin3A interaction domain of Sds3; these features contrast with the static organization described previously for the NuRD (nucleosome remodeling and deacetylase) complex. The Sds3 linker features several conserved basic residues that could potentially maintain the complex on chromatin by nonspecific interactions with DNA after initial recruitment by sequence-specific DNA-binding repressors.
Infection, immunity, and cancer

A significant percentage of human cancers worldwide are associated with infections due to known viruses, including human papillomaviruses (cervical cancer and other skin cancers), human T-lymphotropic viruses (adult T-cell leukemias and lymphomas in endemic areas), hepatitis B virus (liver cancer), and Epstein-Barr virus (Burkitt lymphoma and nasopharyngeal carcinoma). The fraction of human cancers attributable to infection may now need to be revised in light of the fact that new viral associations have been discovered and other nonviral associations have been identified. This article addresses the increasingly recognized role of infectious agents as precipitants of human neoplasia and the possibility that novel diagnostic, therapeutic, and chemopreventive strategies may emanate directly from research directed at identifying and understanding these agents.
Operators with permanental numerical ranges on a straight line

The characterization of the n×n complex matrices with permanental numerical ranges lying on a straight line is given. By using the result, the characterization of those operators which preserve the permanental numerical ranges is also derived.
Longevity Extension by Phytochemicals

Phytochemicals are structurally diverse secondary metabolites synthesized by plants and also by non-pathogenic endophytic microorganisms living within plants. Phytochemicals help plants to survive environmental stresses, protect plants from microbial infections and environmental pollutants, provide them with a defense from herbivorous organisms and attract natural predators of such organisms, as well as lure pollinators and other symbiotes of these plants. In addition, many phytochemicals can extend longevity in heterotrophic organisms across phyla via evolutionarily conserved mechanisms. In this review, we discuss such mechanisms. We outline how structurally diverse phytochemicals modulate a complex network of signaling pathways that orchestrate a distinct set of longevity-defining cellular processes. This review also reflects on how the release of phytochemicals by plants into a natural ecosystem may create selective forces that drive the evolution of longevity regulation mechanisms in heterotrophic organisms inhabiting this ecosystem. We outline the most important unanswered questions and directions for future research in this vibrant and rapidly evolving field.
When Should Consumers and Managers Trust Their Intuition

Ambady, Krabbenhoft, Hogan, and Rosenthal (2006) demonstrated that “thin slices” or very brief observations of behavior are not only sufficient for drawing accurate automatic trait inferences, they actually improve accuracy, relative to inferences based on larger amounts of information. Too much information, too much knowledge, or too much analysis can reduce the accuracy of intuitive judgment. Who benefits most and what types of judgments benefit most from thin-slice data? When should people trust their intuition? The answers to these questions depend on informational variables, such as feedback quality and the consequences of inferential errors (Hogarth, 2001). Evidence is reviewed suggesting that consumers and managers should trust their intuition only when high quality (frequent, prompt, and diagnostic) feedback is available and when inferential errors are consequential and therefore easy to detect.
Facilitating Vocabulary Acquisition of Young English Language Learners

Purpose This study examined whether English-only vocabulary instruction or English vocabulary instruction enhanced with Spanish bridging produced greater word learning in young Spanish-speaking chi...
OUR MOTHERS'GRIEF: Racial Ethnic Women and the Maintenance of Families

This article examines the nature and social organization of reproductive labor in the family among African-American, Chinese, and Mexican-American women in the United States during the nineteenth c...
Helper T cells regulate type-2 innate immunity in vivo

Type-2 immunity requires orchestration of innate and adaptive immune responses to protect mucosal sites from pathogens. Dysregulated type-2 responses result in allergy or asthma. T helper 2 (T(H)2) cells elaborate cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, IL-9 and IL-13, which work with toxic mediators of innate immune cells to establish environments that are inhospitable to helminth or arthropod invaders. The importance of T(H)2 cells in coordinating innate immune cells at sites of inflammation is not known. Here we show that polarized type-2 immune responses are initiated independently of adaptive immunity. In the absence of B and T cells, IL-4-expressing eosinophils were recruited to tissues of mice infected with the helminth Nippostrongylus brasiliensis, but eosinophils failed to degranulate. Reconstitution with CD4 T cells promoted accumulation of degranulated IL-4-expressing cells, but only if T cells were stimulated with cognate antigen. Degranulation correlated with tissue destruction, which was attenuated if eosinophils were depleted. Helper T cells confer antigen specificity on eosinophil cytotoxicity, but not cytokine responses, so defining a novel mechanism that focuses tissue injury at sites of immune challenge.
The effects of aerobic exercise on cocaine self-administration in male and female rats.

Rationale In drug self-administration procedures, extended-access test sessions allow researchers to model maladaptive patterns of excessive and escalating drug intake that are characteristic of human substance-abusing populations.
Robust Signal Timing for Arterials under Day-to-Day Demand Variations:

This paper formulates a scenario-based stochastic programming model to optimize the timing of pretimed signals along arterials under day-to-day demand variations or future uncertain traffic growth. Demand scenarios and their corresponding probabilities of occurrence are introduced to represent the demand uncertainty. On the basis of a cell-transmission representation of traffic dynamics, cycle length, green splits, phase sequences, and offsets are determined to minimize the expected delay incurred by high-consequence demand scenarios. A simulation-based genetic algorithm is proposed to solve the model, and a numerical example is presented to verify and validate the model.
On Kristeva's Fiction

An essay about the reception of Kristeva's fiction so far in the popular press and in academic journals, as well as an inquiry into its use and value as a psychoanalytic antidote.
Bcl-2 and bax protein expression in indolent versus aggressive B-cell non-hodgkin's lymphomas

Bcl-2 and bax are cellular proteins that are important in the regulation of apoptosis. Overexpression of bcl-2 protein is associated with prolonged cell survival, whereas overexpression of bax correlates with increased apoptosis after injury. It has been suggested that the ratio of bcl-2 and bax determines a cell's susceptibility to apoptosis. We studied bcl-2 and bax expression by immunohistochemical methods in 46 cases of B-cel non-Hodgkin's lymphoma characterized by the Revised European-American Lymphoma (REAL) classification to determine whether expression of these two proteins correlated with the histological subtype or the predicted clinical behavior (indolent v aggressive). For each case, both the percentage of cells staining as well as the intensity of staining of bcl-2 and bax were recorded, and a bcl-2-bax protein ratio (BBPR) was calculated. Bax staining was identified in 100% of the lymphomas studied. In contrast, bcl-2 staining was seen in only 67%. Bcl-2 expression correlated with the subtype of lymphoma with positive staining in 100% of small lymphocytic lymphomas, 80% of follicle center lymphomas, 38% of diffuse large cell lymphomas, 33% of high-grade B-cell Burkitt's-like lymphomas, 0% of Burkitt's lymphomas, and 0% of B-cell lymphoblastic lymphomas. The BBPR of indolent lymphomas (mean, 1.8) was significantly greater than the BBPR of aggressive lymphomas (mean, 0.6) (P < or = .002). This suggests that bax and bcl-2 expression may be linked to biological behavior in non-Hodgkin's B-cell lymphomas.
Changing tectonic environments of the Avalon superterrane and the Nashoba terrane in Massachusetts

Abstract The paper is composed to test the hypothesis (Skehan and Rast, 1992) that the Nashoba zone terrane of southern New England is basement to the Avalon, and that both zones are remnant blocks of the Avalonian volcanic-plutonic arc. These blocks preserve evidence for long strike-slip fault zone(s) within the volcanic arc trending parallel to an associated subduction zone, as is the case in modern arcs. We propose that the “exotic” or “enigmatic” Nashoba Formation mantling the gneissose basement core complex of the Nashoba terrane can be generally correlated with the easterly Late Proterozoic Avalonian formations that antedate the formation of the Avalonian volcanic-plutonic arc. A related objective is to evaluate the geodynamic model accounting for the anticlinorial uplift of the core complex of the Nashoba block to its present position west of the Avalon zone and southeast of the Merrimack trough. Keys to verifying these propositions are: (1) the ongoing mapping of the extensive mylonite zones of the Boston Avalon zone into the Nashoba zone; (2) the role of Taconian age tectonics in the emplacement of Ordovician-Silurian plutons in the Nashoba and the Massabesic blocks; (3) the existing basis for isotopic dating of mylonites. Additionally, a key to understanding is the role of the Alleghanian orogeny. This study has implications for understanding correlations among several Nashoba-like basement inliers of eastern New England, and also similar Late Proterozoic complexes in the Avalonian, Cadomian, and Pan-African terranes.
LINEAR-RESPONSE CALCULATION OF ELECTRON-PHONON COUPLING PARAMETERS

An {ital ab} {ital initio} method for calculating electron-phonon coupling parameters is presented. The method is an extension of the plane-wave-based linear-response method for the calculation of lattice dynamics. Results for the mass enhancement parameter {lambda} and the electron-phonon spectral function {alpha}{sup 2}{ital F}({omega}) for Al, Pb, and Li are presented. Comparisons are made to available experimental data. {copyright} {ital 1996 The American Physical Society.}
Use of Mission Roles as a Robotic Tasking Device

With the increased use of specialized robots within heterogeneous robotic teams, as envisioned by DARPA’s Tactical Mobile Robotics program, the task of dynamically assigning work to individual robots becomes more complex and critical to mission success. The team must be able to perform all essential aspects of the mission, deal with dynamic and complex environments, and detect, identify, and compensate for failures and losses within the robotic team. Our mission analysis of targeted military missions has identified single-robot roles, and collaborative (heterobotic) roles for the TMR robots. We define a role as a set of activities or behaviors that accomplish a single, militarily relevant goal. We will present the use of these roles to: 1) identify mobility and other requirements for the individual robotic platforms; 2) rate various robots’ efficiency and efficacy for each role; and 3) identify which roles can be performed simultaneously and which cannot. We present a role-base algorithm for tasking heterogeneous robotic teams, and a mechanism for retasking the team when assets are gained or lost.
Shape-selective alkylation of naphthalene with isopropanol over mordenite catalysts

Abstract Naphthalene alkylation with isopropanol was studied at 250°C using several proton-form mordenites (HM) and Y-zeolites. HM catalysts afforded 2-isopropylnaphthalene (2-IPN) as the dominant product, whereas the Y-zeolites (HY and LaHY) gave 1-IPN as a major product. HM displayed better selectivity to 2-IPN and 2,6-diisopropylnaphthalene (2,6-DIPN), although HY showed higher activity for naphthalene conversion. HM catalysts with SiO2/Al2O3 ratios of 20–35 appear to be effective for shape-selective synthesis of 2-IPN and 2,6-DIPN. These catalysts displayed over 73% β-selectivity to 2-IPN among the two IPN isomers, and over 65% β,β′-selectivity to the desired 2,6-DIPN among all DIPN isomers with 2,6-DIPN/2,7-DIPN ratios of about 3. The isopropanol-to-naphthalene ratios and the solvent type are also influential for both activity and selectivity of mordenite catalysts.
Path of drug resistance from farm to clinic.

In “livestock feed ban preserves drugs' power” (News of the Week, 4 Jan., p. [27][1]), Dan Ferber discusses findings presented by Belgian researchers at a recent conference ([1][2]) indicating that the elimination of antibiotic use in animal feed significantly reduces the occurrence of drug-resistant bacteria in hospital patients. The main focus of the study concerned avoparcin and cross-resistance to vancomycin. Avoparcin was used in animal feed in Europe until such use was banned by the European Union in 1997. It is important to note that avoparcin has never been used in animal feed in the United States. The resistance to vancomycin in the United States is associated with human use of vancomycin, not with the use of avoparcin in livestock feeds. Ferber also mentions that another animal drug, virginiamycin, is causing concern because of possible cross- resistance to a recently developed human drug, Synercid. Resistance to this class of drugs in human isolates is at a low level of about 1%, despite more than 25 years of use in livestock feeds. And if human resistance should increase, another even more recently approved human drug, Zyvox, that is in a different class is approved for treatment of vancomycin-resistant enterococci. It is heartening to learn of the reversible cross-resistance of avoparcin and vancomycin in Europe that carries through from livestock to hospital patients. It remains to be seen if similar reversals occur with other antimicrobials, because not all are equal in this regard. 1. [↵][3]Greet Ieven of the University of Antwerp and her colleagues presented their findings at the Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, held in Chicago, IL, 16 to 19 December 2001. # Response {#article-title-2} Vogel states that resistance to vancomycin in the United States is associated with the human use of vancomycin, not with the use of avoparcin in livestock feeds. This is in fact a point of debate. Although avoparcin was never used on U.S. farms, and vancomycin is used widely in U.S. hospitals, some experts maintain that vancomycir-resistant strains in U.S. hospitals arose first in Europe in response to years of avoparcin use on the farm, spread to the United States, then spread among U.S. hospital patients. Others maintain that vancomycin-resistant strains arose in U.S. hospitals in response to vancomycin use there. [1]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.295.5552.27a [2]: #ref-1 [3]: #xref-ref-1-1 "View reference 1 in text"
Therapeutic Gains of Prolonged Bronchial Dilatation in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

The clinical spectrum of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) includes chronic bronchitis, emphysema, and refractory asthma. Other important features are airway obstruction and clinical exa...
Imine additions of internal alkynes for the synthesis of trisubstituted (E)-alkene and cyclopropane peptide isosteres

Divergent multi-component reactions (DMCR) involving C-C bond formations can provide large increases in structural diversity and allow the rapid assembly of complex products from readily available starting materials. Cascade hydrozirconation-Zr/Zn transmetalation-imine addition of alkynes represents a versatile methodology for the synthesis of (E)-alkene and cyclopropane dipeptide isosteres. Appropriate substitutions at the sp2-carbon of (E)-alkene peptide isosteres allow a range of Pd-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions, which can be used for the fine-tuning of the conformational and electronic properties of the parent peptide bond mimic. C-C bond formation by microwave-accelerated Stille coupling of stannylalkenes represents a fast, convergent synthetic approach toward trisubstituted (E)-alkene dipeptide isosteres. © 2005 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA.
The relationship between morphological awareness and morphological decomposition among English language learners

Morphological awareness facilitates many reading processes. For this reason, L1 and L2 learners of English are often directly taught to use their knowledge of English morphology as a useful reading strategy for determining parts of speech and meaning of novel words. Over time, use of morphological awareness skills while reading develops into an automatic process for L1 readers called morphological decomposition. While the practice of explicitly teaching morphological awareness skills is prevalent in ESL classes, more research is needed to establish what is known about gains in L2 morphological awareness, and its relationship to the development of automatic morphological decomposition processes in English language learners. The present study seeks to shed light on the nature of this relationship across growth in L2 proficiency. Two experimental measures were used: a masked priming paradigm with a lexical decision task to explore priming evidence for morphological decomposition and a paper and pencil test of morphological awareness which required subjects to derive the base of a morphologically complex word. These tasks were administered to L1 (N = 43) and L2 groups (intermediate N = 16, advanced N = 16) of university-aged subjects. Results indicated that all subjects show repetition priming effects. However, despite a significant gain in explicit knowledge of English morphology across proficiency levels, L2 learners don’t develop an ability to morphologically decompose words in the unconscious, automatic way that native English speakers do, as evidenced by a lack of morphological priming. Implications for L2 pedagogy and L2 word storage in the mental lexicon are discussed.
The problem of compliance to cholesterol altering therapy

This review's purpose is to describe for the practicing clinician the current knowledge about patient compliance to cholesterol-altering drugs and about procedures for compliance management applicable to clinical practice in the United States. Compliance is defined for four commonly measured major steps and, based on recent electronic monitoring data, for three quantitative categories of active medication-taking. The concepts and definition of compliance are undergoing evolutionary changes due to the measurement and availability of new dimensions through electronic monitoring of patient compliance. Substantial non-compliance to cholesterol-altering drugs has been reported in nine large clinical trials for primary and secondary prevention of coronary heart disease, in two HMOs, and, using electronic monitoring of compliance, in one clinical trial and a selected practice. The risks of treatment discontinuation increased continuously during treatment and totaled from 6 to 30% after 5 years. Patterns of day-to-day partial compliance are emerging. Procedures and knowledge for clinical management of compliance are described including methods of measuring compliance, risk factors for non-compliance, standards for compliance performance, epidemiology of compliance, procedures for managing compliance at the start of therapy and for addressing compliance problems during established treatment, simple office assessment of compliance by brief interview questions, compliance aids, prediction of compliance, and education and training of medical-care personnel in compliance management.
Fear of Success in Males and Females Effects of Developmental Level and Sex-Linked Course of Study ~

Horner's “fear of success” test was administered to 303 children between the 4th and 12th grades. There was an increase of fear of success imagery between the 4th and 10th grades and a decrease between 10th and 12th grades. Fear of success was related to sex only during high school, where it was associated with the course of study pursued by students. Thus, in a high school secretarial course, females showed the lowest fear of success while 12th-grade college-prep females showed fear of success higher than secretarial course females and college-prep males. The findings were interpreted as indicating developmental changes in fear of success due to increasing peer affiliation (4th–10th grades) and sex-linked competitive achievement (high school).
Modeling groundwater flow by the element-free Galerkin (EFG) method

The element-free Galerkin (EFG) method is one of meshless methods, which is a very powerful, efficient and accurate method of modeling problems of fluid or solid mechanics with complex boundary shapes and large changes in boundary conditions. This paper reports the theory and the first-known application of the EFG method to groundwater flow modeling. The EFG method constructs shape functions based on moving least square (MLS) approximations, which do not require any element but only a set of nodes. Thus, the EFG method eliminates time-consuming mesh generation procedure with irregular shaped boundaries. The coupled EFG-FEM technique was used to treat Dirichlet boundary conditions. A computer code EFGGW was developed for the problems of steady-state and transient groundwater flow in homogeneous or heterogeneous aquifers. Solutions by the EFG method were similar in accuracy to that by the FEM. The main advantages of the method are the convenience of node generation and the enforced implementation of boundary conditions.
Insurance Redlining, Agency Location, and the Process of Urban Disinvestment:

Insurance redlining exacerbates economic decline and impedes revitalization of urban neighborhoods throughout the United States. One significant barrier to the availability of insurance is the movement of sales representatives from inner-city to suburban locations. In examining the changing pattern of insurance agency locations within the Milwaukee metropolitan area, the authors find that racial composition of neighborhood is associated with agency location even after the effects of family income, condition of housing, and number of dwellings are controlled. Policy recommendations are offered to mitigate the practice and effects of insurance redlining and to stimulate reinvestment in urban communities.
Colonic fold detection from computed tomographic colonography images using diffusion-FCM and level sets

Colon cancer is the second major cause of cancer related deaths in industrial nations. Computed tomographic colonography (CTC) has emerged in the last decade as a new less invasive colon diagnostic alternative to the usually practiced optical colonoscopy. The overall goal is to increase the effectiveness of virtual endoscopic navigation of the existing computer-aided detection (CAD) system. The colonic/haustral folds serve as important landmarks for various associated tasks in the virtual endoscopic navigation like prone-supine registration, colonic polyp detection and tenia coli extraction. In this paper, we present two different techniques, first in isolation and then in synergism, for the detection of haustral folds. Our input is volumetric computed tomographic colonography (CTC) images. The first method, which uses a combination of heat diffusion and fuzzy c-means algorithm (FCM), has a tendency of over-segmentation. The second method, which employs level sets, suffers from under-segmentation. A synergistic combination, where the output of the first is used as an input for the second, is shown to improve the segmentation quality. Experimental results are presented on digital colon phantoms as well as real patient scans. The combined method has a total erroneous (over-segmentation plus under-segmentation) detection of (6.5+/-2)% of the total number of folds per colon as compared to (12.5+/-5)% for the diffusion-FCM-based method and (11.5+/-3)% for the level set-based method. The p-values obtained from the associated ANOVA tests indicate that the performance improvements are statistically significant.
The logical consistency of person perception

Ss made both conditional and unconditional probability estimates concerning persons (Negro and white) and person-attributes. When these estimates were evaluated in terms of the axioms of probability theory, it was found that Ss tended toward logical consistency but that consistency varied according to the characteristics of the stimulus person (Negro or white). Furthermore, the differential effects of Negro-white stimulus characteristics upon consistency were greater for white than for Negro Ss.
Characterization of silk fibroin/S-carboxymethyl kerateine surfaces: Evaluation of biocompatibility by contact angle measurements

Surface characterization of materials has been considered critical in the development of biomaterials, as many unfavorable responses from the body occur at the interface between a material and the body component. The contact angle measurement is one means to characterize the surface properties and to correlate them to the biocompatibility of materials. In this paper, surface characteristics of silk fibroin/S-carboxymethyl kerateine, representative fibrous proteins, were investigated by contact angle measurements and ESCA. The biocompatibility of the blends was evaluated based on minimal interfacial free energy concept, and compared with other potential biomaterials. It was also hypothesized that the enhanced surface polarity of the blends was generated from the conformational transition of proteins. This approach to evaluate the biocompatibility of materials based on surface characteristics may find wide utility in many biomedical applications.
Different genetic alterations underlie dual hypersensitivity of CHO mutant UV-1 to DNA methylating and cross-linking agents.

CHO mutant UV-1, isolated on the basis of hypersensitivity to UV radiation (254 nm), was further characterized with respect to sensitivity to classes of DNA damaging agents in a differential cytotoxicity (DC) assay. Compared to its parental strain, Gly−A, UV-1 was dramatically (10-to 100-fold) hypersensitive to both DNA methylating and cross-linking agents. In addition, UV-1 was moderately (two- to fourfold) hypersensitive to several other classes of mutagens. DNA isolated from UV-1 or Gly− A after exposure to14C-labeled methylnitrosourea (MNU) contained similar amounts of label, thus ruling out differences in uptake or binding. Three phenotypic revertants of UV-1 were resistant to N-methyl-N′-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) and other methylating agents but retained hypersensitivity to cross-linking agents. Moreover, fusion of UV-1 with two different UV-sensitive CHO mutants also having hypersensitivity to cross-link and methylation damage produced hybrids resistant to mitomycin C (MMC) but not to methyl methane sulfonate (MMS). Since the methylation and cross-link sensitivities were uncoupled in both genetic tests, the complex phenotype of UV-1 is likely due to more than one genetic alteration.
Synthesis and Structure of Boron–Bithiazole Complexes

The syntheses of the first reported p-block complexes of the bithiazole moiety are reported, namely [(tBuBTz)BBr 2 ][Br] (3), and [(PhBTz)BBr 2 ][Br] (4) (tBuBTz = 4,4'-di-tert-butyl-2,2'-bithiazole and PhBTz = 4,4'-diphenyl-2,2'-bithiazole). Compounds 3 and 4 were prepared via reaction of equimolar quantities of the appropriate bithiazole ligand with BBr 3 . The molecular structures of 3, and the known compound PhBTz (2) were established using single-crystal X-ray diffraction techniques.
NMR and FT-IR studies of sulfonated styrene-based homopolymers and copolymers

A series of sodium poly(styrene sulfonate)-block-poly(4-tert-butylstyrene) (NaPSS-b-PtBS) copolymers and related homopolymers were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The homopolymers included polystyrene (PS), poly(4-tert-butylstyrene) (PtBS), sodium poly(4-styrene sulfonate) (NaP4SS), sodium poly(styrene sulfonate) (NaPSS) with various sulfonation levels, and partially sulfonated PtBS (PtBSS). The structures of NaPSS and PtBSS were elucidated, and the effect of sulfonation level on the NaPSS FT-IR spectrum was studied. The characteristic peaks for NaPSS and PtBSS in FT-IR and NMR spectra were identified.
Transcritical Vaporization of Liquid Fuels and Propellants

An overviewis provided of somechallenges associated with predicting spray combustion processes in propulsion systems operating at pressures and temperatures that are above the critical values of the pure fuel or propellant injected in the liquid phase (e.g., diesel engines and cryogenic liquid rocket engines). The issues determining high-pressure phase equilibria are outlined e rst. Then, the case of the gasie cation of a liquid fuel (propellant) droplet in a quiescent environment is considered. The reviewed literature shows that the more advanced models now provide consistent predictions regarding, for instance, the variation of droplet lifetime with pressure. The droplet gasie cation process at these conditions is essentially unsteady. Recent studies using molecular dynamics simulations to investigate transcritical droplet vaporization are briee y discussed. Next, the effects of convection, secondary atomization, and the proximity of neighbors on supercritical droplet combustion are considered. Published results indicate that the latter tends to preclude droplets in clouds from reaching the critical mixing state. Forced convective effects on the behavior of a droplet at supercritical conditions are considerable because they couplewith a signie cantly reduced surfacetension coefe cient to produce secondary atomization and a one order of magnitude reduction in the droplet lifetime. Finally, a specie c example is given of how supercriticality ine uences the overall performance of propulsion systems.
What influences children's health?

Abstract According to generally available government statistics, child health is related to socioeconomic status. Mortality, days ill, most specific disease rates are all higher among “disadvantaged” children. However, the understanding of determinants of children's health is hindered by the lack of comprehensive measures of health. Using a simultaneous structural equation model we develop an overall measure of underlying health status. In this model we find children's health is improved by one socioeconomic factor, mother's education: but negatively influenced by income. Parent's marital status, mother's working and race also impact a child's health.
Sex, drugs and healthcare utilization among HIV+ patients: The role of marijuana

Conclusions: The findings replicate clinically relevant differences among participants who chose to abstain vs. reduce substance use. Also, the present study demonstrated that higher PTSD symptom severity was related to a reduction goal. It may be that abstinence is perceived as less attainable in the face of higher PTSD severity, particularly if substance use has been a means of self-medication. Future research should investigate the effects of treatment goals on SUD and PTSD treatment outcomes, and the nature of changes in treatment goals across time. Financial support: R01 DA030143 (Back, SE).
Ventilatory responses to chemoreflex stimulation are not enhanced by angiotensin II in healthy humans.

Abstract The chemoreflexes exert significant control over respiration and sympathetic outflow. Abnormalities in chemoreflex function may contribute to various disease processes. Based on prior animal studies, we developed the hypothesis that acutely elevating circulating angiotensin II levels into the pathophysiological range increases chemoreflex responsiveness in healthy humans. Eighteen adults were studied before (Pre) and during (Post) low (protocol 1; 2 ng/kg/min; n = 9) or high (protocol 2; 5 ng/kg/min; n = 9) dose angiotensin II infusion (study day 1). Chemoreflex responses were quantified by the pure nitrogen breathing method [slope of the minute ventilation vs. arterial oxygen saturation plot generated during a series (n = 10) of 100% inspired nitrogen exposures (1–8 breaths)] and by measuring responses to hypercapnia (7% inspired carbon dioxide). Responses to a non-chemoreflex stimulus were also determined (cold pressor test). Measurements were repeated on a subsequent day (study day 2) before and during infusion of a control vasoconstrictor (phenylephrine) infused at a dose (0.6–1.2 μg/kg/min) sufficient to increase blood pressure to the same degree as that achieved during angiotensin II infusion. We found that despite increasing plasma angiotensin II levels to pathophysiological levels responses to pure nitrogen breathing, hypercapnia, and the cold pressor test were unchanged by low (2 ng/kg/min) and high dose (5 ng/kg/min) angiotensin II infusion (protocols 1 and 2). Similarly, responses measured during phenylephrine infusion (Post) were unchanged (from Pre). These findings indicate that acutely increasing plasma angiotensin II levels to levels observed in disease states, such as human heart failure, do not increase chemoreflex responsiveness in healthy humans.
14C Fixation, metabolic labeling patterns, and translocation profiles during leaf development in Populus deltoides

The incorporation of photosynthetically fixed 14CO2 and the distribution of 14C among the main chemical constituents of laminae and petioles were examined in cottonwood (Populus deltoides Bartr. ex Marsh.) leaves ranging in age from Leaf Plastochron Index (LPI) 3 (about one-quarter to one-third expanded) to LPI 30 (beginning of senescence). In addition, carbon flow among chemical fractions and translocation from leaves of LPI 7 and 14 were examined periodically up to 24 h after labeling. Specific activity of 14C (on dry-weight basis) increased in developing laminae to full leaf expansion, decreased in the mature leaves to LPI 16, then remained constant to LPI 30. In developing leaves (LPI 3-5), after 2 h, most of the 14C was found in protein, pigments, lipids, and other structural and metabolic components necessary for cell development; only 28% was in the sugar fraction of the lamina. In fully expanded leaves (LPI 6-8), after 2 h, the sugar fraction contained 50–60% and about 90% of fixed 14C in the lamina and the petiole, respectively. In a pulsechase “kinetic series” with recently mature leaves, 60% of the 14C was found in the sugar fraction after 15 min of 14CO2 fixation. Over the 24-h translocation period, 14C decreased in sugars to 23% and increased in the combined residue fraction (protein, starch, and structural carbohydrates) to about 60% of the total activity left in the lamina. Within 24 h after labeling, the turnover of 14C-organic acids,-sugar, and-amino acids (either metabolzed or translocated from the leaf) was 30, 70 and 80%, respectively, of that initially incorporated into these fractions by a leaf at LPI 7 (turnover was 55% of 14C-organic acids, 80% of 14C-sugar, and 95% of 14C-amino acids at LPI 14). Anatomical maturity in cottonwood leaves is closely correlated with physiological maturity and with production of translocatable sugar.