cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Design of a High Temperature 2.37 GHz Voltage-Controlled Oscillator With GaN-on-SiC HEMTs

This paper presents a high temperature voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) for downhole communications. The VCO with the center frequency of 2.37 GHz is prototyped with $0.25~\mu \text{m}$ GaN-on-SiC technology high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) and microstrip transmission lines on Rogers 4003C PCB. The measured operating temperature of the VCO ranges from 25 °C to 225 °C. A minimum tuning range of 66 MHz and less than 20% variation for the output power of 17 dBm are achieved at 225 °C. The frequency variation remains below 1.5% over the temperature range of 25 °C to 225 °C, and the harmonics power level is 20 dB lower than the fundamental. A phase noise of −131 dBc/Hz at 1 MHz offset frequency is achieved at 225 °C.
Neural differences in the temporal cascade of reactive and proactive control for bilinguals and monolinguals

This study explored differences in sustained top-down attentional control (i.e., proactive control) and spontaneous types of control (i.e., reactive control) in bilingual and monolingual speakers. We modified a Color-Word Stroop task to varying levels of conflict and included switching trials in addition to more "traditional" inhibition Stroop conditions. The task was administered during scalp electroencephalography (EEG) to evaluate the temporal course of cognitive control during trials. The behavioral Stroop effect was observed across the whole sample; however, there were no differences in accuracy or response time between the bilingual and monolingual groups. Event-related potentials (ERPs) were calculated for the N200, N450, and conflict Sustained Potential (SP). On the pure-blocked incongruent trials, the bilingual group displayed reduced signal during interference suppression (N450) and increased later signal, as indexed by the conflict SP. On the mixed-block incongruent trials, both the bilinguals and monolinguals displayed increased later signal at the conflict SP. This suggests that proactive control may be a default mode for bilinguals on tasks requiring inhibition. In the switching trials, that place high demands on the executive control component of shifting, the language groups did not differ. Overall, these results suggest processing differences between bilinguals and monolinguals extend beyond early response inhibition processes. Greater integration of proactive and reactive control may be needed to sort conflicting language environments for bilinguals, which may be transferring to domain-general mechanisms.
Exercise training improves postural steadiness in cancer survivors undergoing chemotherapy.

Abstract Background Cancer and cancer treatments negatively affect somatosensory, vestibular, and visual inputs that regulate postural stability and balance, increasing the risk of falling. Exercise training has been shown to mitigate other negative side effects of cancer treatments, such as reducing peripheral neuropathy. Research Question How does 12 weeks of supervised exercise training influence postural stability in cancer survivors who receive chemotherapy? Methods Postural stability of cancer survivors (n = 25; mass = 79.0 ± 22.6 kg; height = 1.66 ± 0.08 m; age = 61 ± 10 years) receiving chemotherapy was assessed prior to and following a 12-week individualized exercise training program by quantifying changes in center of pressure data. A series of 2-factor (pre/post x condition) analysis of variance with repeated measures were used to identify differences between conditions and pre- and post- training program on time and frequency domain measures. Results Mediolateral root mean square excursion (p = 0.040; es = 0.20) and resultant mean frequency (p = 0.044; es = 0.29) of the center of pressure trajectory were found to be significantly different between pre- and post-training program. Further, participants dealt better with perturbations after completing the training program by reducing mediolateral root mean square excursion and 95 % confidence ellipse when visual stimulus was removed. Significance Supervised exercise training in cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy improves postural stability in the mediolateral direction. Given that mediolateral movement of the center of pressure has previously been associated with fallers in other populations, exercise training during cancer treatments may be beneficial.
Sex-Stratified Single-Cell RNA-Seq Analysis Identifies Sex-Specific and Cell Type-Specific Transcriptional Responses in Alzheimer's Disease Across Two Brain Regions

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a pervasive neurodegenerative disorder that disproportionately affects women. Since neural anatomy and disease pathophysiology differ by sex, investigating sex-specific mechanisms in AD pathophysiology can inform new therapeutic approaches for both sexes. Previous bulk human brain RNA sequencing studies have revealed sex differences in dysregulated molecular pathways related to energy production, neuronal function, and immune response; however, the sex differences in disease mechanisms are yet to be examined comprehensively on a single-cell level. We leveraged nearly 74,000 cells from human prefrontal and entorhinal cortex samples from the first two publicly available single-cell RNA sequencing AD datasets to perform a case versus control sex-stratified differential gene expression analysis and pathway network enrichment in a cell type-specific manner for each brain region. Our examination at the single-cell level revealed sex differences in AD prominently in glial cells of the prefrontal cortex. In the entorhinal cortex, we observed the same genes and networks to be perturbed in opposing directions between sexes in AD relative to healthy state. Our findings contribute to growing evidence of sex differences in AD-related transcriptomic changes, which can fuel the development of therapies that may prove more effective at reversing AD pathophysiology.
Approach to the Patient with Chronic Pruritus.

Chronic pruritus (itch lasting ≥6 weeks) is a bothersome chief complaint that may present in a broad variety of diseases. Most itch-causing diagnoses fit into 1 of 5 categories (inflammatory, secondary to systemic disease, neuropathic, chronic pruritus of undetermined origin, and psychogenic itch) and this broad differential can be narrowed using key findings in the history and physical. In this article, we discuss which key findings are most pertinent for narrowing this differential and guiding further workup and treatment, as well as how to treat many itchy conditions.
Dialectics, Simulacra, and Identity Negotiation Framework

This conceptual chapter lays out the argument of the book and the ethical framework it proposes. For one, the idea of queerness is defined as encompassing but also transcending sexuality. The chapter weaves different theoretical materials from game theory to nego-feminism, to strategic thinking and the invention of hyperreality. It takes seriously the many possible ends of queerness as identity-based politics only to call for an ethical consideration of the ways and means of negotiation that restore not just particular identities to some groups but the wholistic destinies of a people also.
Logic, Computation and Philosophy

The great attraction of the deductive method is that it serves to «divide and conquer». By breaking a proof into minute steps, difficulty gives way to complexity the comprehension of which usually requires a lower order of intellectual capacity. In the words of Descartes, « For whenever single facts have been immediately deduced the one from the other, they have been already reduced, if the inference was evident, to a true intuition. But if we infer any single thing from various and disconnected facts, often our intellectual capacity is not so great as to embrace them all in a single intuition; in which case our mind should be content with the certitude attaching to this operation. It is in precisely similar fashion that though we cannot with one single gaze distinguish all the links of a lengthy chain, yet if we have seen the connection of each with its neighbour, we shall be entitled to say that we have seen how the first is connected with the last. »
Post‐mortem analysis on the analysis and evaluation of risks in construction project management

Abstract Risk management is used more and more in building industry projects. An essential element of the risk management process is the analysis and evaluation of risks. Therefore, project assessment with the help of the post‐mortem analysis plays an important role. The post‐mortem analysis is a tool frequently used in software projects today for the reduction of risks. The clearness of the goal of improvement measures is sharpened by the examination of the project steps in connection with the success factors of the organization. The results of a post‐mortem analysis deliver detailed information on where improvement measurements are necessary in the project future. Growth in project management know‐how is created through the discussion of the participants of all hierarchy levels. Therefore, the post‐mortem analysis is also applicable for use in the construction project. The procedure is introduced in the work at hand.
Database design: the semantic modeling approach

This book covers the broad field of database design from the perspective of semantic modeling. Aimed at present and future designers of database applications, software engineers, systems analysts and programmers, it aims to offer a unified study of semantic, relational, network and hierarchical databases as seen through the semantic modeling approach. The book provides a stuctured top-down methodology of database design in all the models and presents the principal types of database languages. Readers will find explanations of concepts and examples covering the full spectrum of database design, application programming and database utilization. The book first analyzes the user's application and specifies it semantically, then converts this specification into a relational database schema.
Neural observer for the hot isostatic pressing nonlinear system

The equations describing the hot isostatic pressing (HIP'ing) system dynamics are nonlinear, complicating any controller design for the system. Further complications arise because one of the system's states, grain size, cannot be measured directly as a system output. The goal is to reconstruct or estimate the grain size. It is first necessary to show that it is possible to reconstruct grain size from direct measurements of the system's other parameters. Then, a working methodology must be found to accomplish the reconstruction task. Recent results show that the system is observable, and therefore grain size may be estimated during the HIP'ing process without directly measuring it as an output of the system. To accomplish the reconstruction task, the use of a backpropagation trained neural observer was investigated. Results of simulations indicate that use of a backpropagation trained neural observer yields an accurate estimate of grain size for use in the feedback control loop. >
A Simple Device for Closed Loop Heart Rate Control During Cardiac Rehabilitation

During unsupervised exercise for cardiac rehabilitation or conditioning, it is desirable to reach and maintain a predetermined heart rate (without overshooting) selected according to age, health, and cardiac status of the patient. Because there is no simple and inexpensive heart rate controller, most exercise protocols are specified in terms of patient work load-often speed and torque of a stationary bicycle. In these protocols the actual heart rate achieved will depend on the patients physical condition and fatigue as the exercise progresses.
Introduction to the Special Section on the 26th Bipolar/BiCMOS Circuits and Technology Meeting

This September Issue of the IEEEJournal of Solid-State Circuits contains a special section of four papers from the 26th Bipolar/BiCMOS Circuits and Technology Meeting (BCTM), held on September 30 to October 3, 2012, in Portland, Oregon, USA.
TLtoSQL: Rapid post-mortem verification using temporal logic to SQL code generation in the Eclipse PDE

This paper addresses the need for formal specification and high-level verification of requirements of complex reactive system of systems. It describes a technique and the associated TLtoSQL tool-set that consists of four plugins for the popular Eclipse environment: (i) A database tool that records JUnit tests in an JDBC compliant database, (ii) a graphical editor for Propositional Linear-Time Temporal Logic (PLTL) and Metric Temporal Logic (MTL) formal specifications, (iii) an automatic code generator that converts such PLTL and MTL specifications into Standard Query Language (SQL) code, (iv) a database engine that executes the generated SQL of (iii) on database tables of (i) thereby yielding a form of verification we call post-mortem verification.
Public health and economic consequences of methyl mercury toxicity to the developing brain.

Methyl mercury is a developmental neurotoxicant. Exposure results principally from consumption by pregnant women of seafood contaminated by mercury from anthropogenic (70%) and natural (30%) sources. Throughout the 1990s, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) made steady progress in reducing mercury emissions from anthropogenic sources, especially from power plants, which account for 41% of anthropogenic emissions. However, the U.S. EPA recently proposed to slow this progress, citing high costs of pollution abatement. To put into perspective the costs of controlling emissions from American power plants, we have estimated the economic costs of methyl mercury toxicity attributable to mercury from these plants. We used an environmentally attributable fraction model and limited our analysis to the neurodevelopmental impacts—specifically loss of intelligence. Using national blood mercury prevalence data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, we found that between 316,588 and 637,233 children each year have cord blood mercury levels > 5.8 µg/L, a level associated with loss of IQ. The resulting loss of intelligence causes diminished economic productivity that persists over the entire lifetime of these children. This lost productivity is the major cost of methyl mercury toxicity, and it amounts to $8.7 billion annually (range, $2.2‐43.8 billion; all costs are in 2000 US$). Of this total, $1.3 billion (range, $0.1‐6.5 billion) each year is attributable to mercury emissions from American power
POTENTIAL MODEL CALCULATION FOR COPLANAR AND NONCOPLANAR PROTON--PROTON BREMSSTRAHLUNG.

Abstract The cross section for proton-proton bremsstrahlung is calculated for both coplanar and noncoplanar events using the Hamada-Johnston and Reid (soft-core) potentials. Agreement is obtained with the experimental data for angular distributions and cross sections integrated over the photon directions. We present a detailed analysis of the kinematics, the phase space and the matrix element in the neighborhood of the kinematic limit of noncoplanarity. We find a rapid decrease of the cross section integrated over photon angles as this limit is approached. This is due not to a strong variation of the phase space, which is essentially constant, but to the fact that near the kinematic limit for noncoplanarity of the protons, the photon is restricted to angles for which the probability for emission is small. For low energies (⪅ 30 MeV) of the incident proton, we give analytic expressions for the scattering amplitude, valid for coplanar as well as for noncoplanar events.
Knowledge Driven Enterprise Risk Management

In this paper we describe a knowledge management approach for addressing enterprise-level risks and present our experiences in piloting its implementation within a large, multi-organizational enterprise. Our approach facilitates cross organizational discussion and enables enterprise-level perspectives in risk identification, analysis and management thereby avoiding the dangerous pitfalls of silo-approach to risk management. Our tool consists of two parts: (1) a knowledge management tool that enables the collection, and visualization, of risk data and collaboration among risk managers of various organizations within an enterprise (2) an Enterprise Risk Management (ERM) risk assessment and analysis workbench that enables risk managers to (a) qualitatively analyze the interrelationships among various risk elements, and their impact on business objectives and (b) quantitatively assess the risk exposure, and the impact of risk mitigation projects. To the best of our knowledge this is the first of its kind of a tool that provides a knowledge management based approach to enterprise risk management.
K β K α X-Ray Transition-Probability Ratios for Elements 18 ≤ Z ≤ 39

$\frac{K\ensuremath{\beta}}{K\ensuremath{\alpha}}$ x-ray transition-probability ratios for 16 elements in the range $18\ensuremath{\le}Z\ensuremath{\le}39$ were measured with a high-resolution Si(Li) detector. The $K$ vacancies were produced by a heavily filtered bremsstrahlung beam from a commercial x-ray tube. Our results agree qualitatively with the theoretical calculations of Scofield but are consistently about 15% higher.
Abdominal aortic injury associated with “seat belt syndrome”

Flexion–distraction spinal injuries and intra-abdominal visceral injuries have a well-recognized association with the use of passive restraints during motor vehicle collisions. Abdominal aortic injury due to blunt trauma is rare. However, there is a reported association of this injury with seat belt use. We report a case of a restrained passenger in a motor vehicle collision who sustained this triad of injuries, with the abdominal aortic injury not initially suspected.
Teacher Competency Testing What Teachers of Students with LD Need to Know

In 1964, North Carolina became the first state to enact a testing program for initial certification of teachers. Today, almost all states and the District of Columbia are actively planning or implementing teacher testing programs; six are administering tests in the specific area of learning disabilities. The objectives and content areas of knowledge included in competency testing programs within this specialized area of teacher competence were analyzed, and comparisons were completed across knowledge areas and among states. In general, much similarity exists in what teachers of students with learning disabilities in different states are expected to know. This information represents a strong foundation for planning, implementing, and evaluating training programs for all teachers.
ITT for observational data: worst of both worlds?

Hernan et al reanalyzed Nurses' Health Study Data on hormone therapy and heart disease, to explore further the apparent discrepancy for those results compared with findings from the Women's Health Initiative Trial. Hernan et al concludes that differences in time since menopause remains the most plausible explanation for the different findings. Part of the analysis employs application of the "intention-to treat" principle to analyze the observational data. This commentary points out some of the weaknesses inherent in that approach, which combines a major limitation of observational studies-lack of randomization-with a common limitation of trials, imperfect adherence to the assigned treatment.
Relaying practices of the Bureau of reclamation

HIGH-VOLT AGE transmission systems serving the western part of the United States are characterized by longer line sections between substations than is common in the East where population density is greater. Relaying of power systems of the Bureau of Reclamation, United States Department of the Interior, presents, therefore, somewhat different problems than usual.
A Comparison of African American Students' Self-Perceptions of School Competence with Their Performance on State-Mandated Achievement Tests and Normed Tests of Oral and Written Language and Reading.

This study measured self-perceptions of school competence among 263 4th- and 6th-grade African American students who attended an academically challenged school district. Self-perceptions of school competence are defined as self-perceptions of ability, confidence, and school satisfaction. Results indicated that 4th-grade students had lesser perceptions of themselves as able and confident, but their school satisfaction was notable. Sixth-grade students perceived themselves as able, but they reported less confidence and school satisfaction. Students’ self-perceptions were correlated with their performance on state-mandated achievement tests and normed language and reading tests. Better self-perceptions of ability and confidence correlated with better test scores; lesser self-perceptions correlated with lower test scores. Therefore, self-perceptions bore a consistent relation to academic capabilities. These findings suggest that students who do not perceive themselves as able, who lack confidence, or who have...
Surgical Management of Endobronchial Solitary Fibrous Tumors

Solitary fibrous tumors of the pleura are rare neoplasms with both benign and malignant behaviors that are not reliably predicted by histologic findings. We report the case of a 55-year-old woman with recurrent pneumonias whose left mainstem bronchus was occluded by a 2.1- × 1.4-cm endobronchial mass that extended extraluminally into the subcarina. The mass was tissue diagnosed to be a solitary fibrous tumor preoperatively, and was completely resected by sleeve resection of the left mainstem bronchus with lung preservation. This report describes the challenging surgical management of an infrequently encountered tumor in a unique location.
Power consumption of partially filled twin‐screw extruders

Twin-screw extruders are used very effectively, when partially filled, for mixing and surface renewal of high-viscosity fluids. The rate of energy input, often sufficiently high to be a major design consideration, determines the drive power, the heat input to the fluid, and the cooling requirements. Operating limitations may be fixed by thermal degradation of the material being processed. A simple model for the rate of energy dissipation in twin-screw extruders predicts that the power input is proportional to the square of the screw speed. Measurements were made of shaft torque and screw speed for polyisobutylene passing through a large twin-screw extruder having co-rotating shafts. The experimental procedure avoids the problems of changes in holdup and temperature that accompany changes in screw speed under steady state conditions. The power input was found to be proportional to the screw speed raised to the exponent 1.90. This result was attributed to slightly pseudoplastic behavior of the fluid in the radial clearances.
The electrochemical oxidation of penicillins on gold electrodes

Penicillins can be electrochemically oxidized on gold electrodes in the presence of a catalytic surface oxide. Although oxidation can occur throughout a wide range of pH values, an acetate buffer solvent was selected to maximize the sensitivity and stability. Several amperometric waveforms were tested for penicillin detection using flow injection analysis. The use of pulsed amperometric detection (PAD) allowed the penicillins to be monitored either directly or indirectly depending on the specified waveform. Direct detection using standard PAD proved to be the optimal detection method, featuring excellent reproducibility and detectability to 4 × 10 −7 M for penicillin G.
Muscle blood flow and distribution determine maximal VO2 of contracting muscle

During repetitive contractions, the VO2 of the dog gastrocnemius-plantaris muscle rose with the contraction frequency up to a maximal value and then decreased as contraction frequency was increased further. PVO2 was constant over most of the contraction frequency range. Reducing perfusion pressure/blood flow reduced VO2max with a constant PVO2. During these maneuvers the diffusion conductance, DCO2 (VO2/PVO2), changed with VO2. Raising the perfusion pressure/flow with a pump increased VO2 with a small rise in PVO2 so that DCO2 also increased. Removing tension from the muscle between contractions elevated VO2 and DCO2 without a change in perfusion pressure. Hypoxemia decreased VO2 with a decrease in PVO2; DCO2 remained constant. A three-compartment mathematical model, based on microsphere measurements of regional flow, was used to illustrate how regional flow variations may exist, and how they are poorly revealed in the mixed whole-muscle venous blood. The model shows VO2.g-1 strongly related to flow. As VO2.g-1 increased as Q.g-1 increased, extraction decreased, and DCO2 increased.
Thermodynamically Dominant Hydration Structures of Ions and their Role in Ion-Specificity

To understand the basis of ion-specific effects in biology, it is necessary to first understand the hydration structure and thermodynamics of ions. Based on a multi-state organization of the potential distribution theorem, we present new insights on the role of ion-water interactions and water density fluctuations at the size-scale of the ion in determining the ion-hydration structure and thermodynamics. We find that the hydration free energy of the ion depends on three quantities: 1) the hydration free energy of the ion in a specified n-coordinate state, where in the n-coordinate state n water molecules are present within the coordination volume of the ion; 2) the probability, xn, of observing that n-coordinate state around the ion; and 3) the probability, pn, of observing n water molecules in the coordination volume in the absence of the ion. Based on this development we find that only a small subset of water molecules in the first hydration shell of the ion sense the chemical type of the ion. Further, these core-water molecules tend to attenuate the interaction of the ion with the rest of the medium, and thus the higher coordination states of the ion more sensitively reflect density fluctuations of the solvent medium at the size scale of the observation volume. The relevance of this development in understanding ion-pairing and the selective binding of ions to biological molecules is discussed.
On the L2 n-width of certain classes of functions of several variables☆

of the distances for all possible subspaces. The reader is referred to the survey article of Lorentz [2] and the paper of Tihomirov [3] for a summary of some important results concerning n-widths as well as for a bibliography of the subject. Some more recent results may be found in [4]-[7]. Auxiliary to the notion of n-width is the notion of an optimal approximating n-subspace (or extremal subspace), i.e., a linear manifold of dimension less than or equal to n whose deflection from slz is equal to d,(d). This paper will be concerned with the determination of n-widths and extrema1 subspaces for certain subsets of Hilbert space, especially of 9s(Q), Q a bounded open connected set in m-dimensional Euclidean space. In particular, a now classical theorem of Kolmogorov [l] regarding the n-widths
Ontogeny and effect of activity on proenkephalin mRNA expression during development of the chick spinal cord

Numerous studies have shown in the adult nervous system that mRNA expression can be regulated by neuronal activity. To examine the effect of activity during embryogenesis, the ontogeny of proenkephalin mRNA expression and expression following activity blockade was investigated during development of chick spinal cord. A cDNA fragment (ca. 0.5 kb) coding for chick proenkephalin was cloned and sequenced. With this cDNA, a cRNA probe was made to examine proenkephalin mRNA expression in the spinal cord during embryogenesis. Proenkephalin mRNA was expressed in spinal cord in clusters of cells located in the developing dorsal horn and intermediate lamina at the earliest stages examined (stage 22; E4). Proenkephalin-positive cells in the intermediate lamina were located immediately adjacent to the ventricular zone. At stage 28 (E6) an additional cluster of proenkephalin mRNA-positive cells was seen at the lateral border of the developing intermediate lamina. At stage 33 (E7. 5–8) the pattern of hybridization positive cells was similar to earlier stages, but individual cells could be identified. At stage 39 (E13) densely labeled cells were seen throughout the dorsal horn and intermediate laminae including the column of Terni. To determine whether neural activity affects proenkephalin mRNA expression, d-tubocurarine (an inhibitor of neural activity) was injected into developing embryos. Following administration of d-tubocurarine a dramatic decrease was seen in proenkephalin mRNA hybridization in the dorsal horn and intermediate lamina of the spinal cord. This study demonstrates in vivo that changes in the level of neural activity can alter gene expression during embryogenesis and suggests that activity is required for expression of nervous system-lspecific genes. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The Influence of Business on Nonprofit Organizations and the Complexity of Nonprofit Accountability Looking Inside as Well as Outside

The ultimate test of accountability for a nonprofit organization is whether its leadership can responsibly interpret, and honestly and energetically promote, the organization’s mission, even when e...
Detection of Salmonella Enteriditis from Egg Components Using Different Immunomagnetic Beads and Time-resolved Fluorescence

The types of chemical linkage used to bind antibodies to magnetic beads to form immunomagnetic beads (IMB) were compared in the capture and detection of Salmonella Enteriditis from egg white, egg yolk, and whole egg. Egg components were inoculated with outbreak strains of S. Enteriditis. After incubation under different conditions, IMBs derived from linking antibodies to core magnetic beads via biotin–streptavidin interactions, Schiff-base bonds and unspecified proprietary chemistry were used to capture S. Enteriditis. Europium-labeled anti-Salmonella antibodies completed the sandwich, and time-resolved fluorescence served as the means of detection. For the Salmonella isolated in stationary phase and cultured from universal pre-enrichment broth (UPB), the detection signal intensity was affected by the chemistry utilized to link the antibodies to IMB, with results varying among the three test strains. When S. Enteriditis was cultured in egg yolk alone, plating data were similar to those of the growth of S. Enteriditis in UPB. Egg white by itself did not support the growth of S. Enteriditis. The addition of UPB to egg white restored the growth of Salmonella and yielded stronger detection signals than from cultures obtained from UPB with egg yolk. The detection signals obtained from the immunoassay were less intense for cultures grown in egg yolk + UPB than from cultures grown in UPB alone. The lower detection signals elicited by all IMBs suggest the availability of the antigenic groups recognized by the antibodies on IMBs was reduced in the presence of egg yolk.
Online Privacy Concerns Associated with Cookies, Flash Cookies, and Web Beacons

Web-tracking and information-gathering technologies, including cookies, Flash cookies, and Web beacons, offer marketers the opportunity to collect a wealth of consumer information. The purpose of this article is to examine Web users’ privacy concerns associated with these tracking technologies. We first describe the capabilities of each of these tracking technologies. We then address whether the use of tracking technologies is an intrusion upon an expectation or right of privacy, within the United States and within the European Union. We conclude by offering directions for future research.
Science, Ethics and War: A Pacifist’s Perspective

This article considers the ethical aspects of the question: should a scientist engage in war-related research, particularly use-inspired or applied research directed at the development of the means for the better waging of war? Because scientists are simultaneously professionals, citizens of a particular country, and human beings, they are subject to conflicting moral and practical demands. There are three major philosophical views concerning the morality of war that are relevant to this discussion: realism, just war theory and pacifism. In addition, the requirements of professional codes of ethics and common morality contribute to an ethical analysis of the involvement of scientists and engineers in war-related research and technology. Because modern total warfare, which is facilitated by the work of scientists and engineers, results in the inevitable killing of innocents, it follows that most, if not all, war-related research should be considered at least as morally suspect and probably as morally prohibited.
The regulation of cell motility and chemotaxis by phospholipid signaling

Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), PTEN and localized phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate [PtdIns(3,4,5)P3] play key roles in chemotaxis, regulating cell motility by controlling the actin cytoskeleton in Dictyostelium and mammalian cells. PtdIns(3,4,5)P3, produced by PI3K, acts via diverse downstream signaling components, including the GTPase Rac, Arf-GTPases and the kinase Akt (PKB). It has become increasingly apparent, however, that chemotaxis results from an interplay between the PI3K-PTEN pathway and other parallel pathways in Dictyostelium and mammalian cells. In Dictyostelium, the phospholipase PLA2 acts in concert with PI3K to regulate chemotaxis, whereas phospholipase C (PLC) plays a supporting role in modulating PI3K activity. In adenocarcinoma cells, PLC and the actin regulator cofilin seem to provide the direction-sensing machinery, whereas PI3K might regulate motility.
The steady-state modeling and optimization of a refrigeration system for high heat flux removal

Steady-state modeling and optimization of a refrigeration system for high heat flux removal, such as electronics cooling, is studied. The refrigeration cycle proposed consists of multiple evaporators, liquid accumulator, compressor, condenser and expansion valves. To obtain more efficient heat transfer and higher critical heat flux (CHF), the evaporators operate with two-phase flow only. This unique operating condition necessitates the inclusion of a liquid accumulator with integrated heater for the safe operation of the compressor. Due to the projected incorporation of microchannels into the system to enhance the heat transfer in heat sinks, the momentum balance equation, rarely seen in previous vapor compression cycle heat exchangers modeling efforts, is utilized in addition to the mass and energy balance equations to capture the expected significant microchannel pressure drop witnessed in previous experimental investigations. Using the steady-state model developed, a parametric study is performed to study the effect of various external inputs on the system performance. The Pareto optimization is applied to find the optimal system operating conditions for given heat loads such that the system coefficient of performance (COP) is optimized while satisfying the CHF and other system operation constraints. Initial validation efforts show the good agreement between the experimental data and model predictions.
How Americans Responded: A Study of Public Reactions to 9/11/01

On the afternoon of Tuesday, September 11, 2001, a group of social scientists at the Institute for Social Research (ISR) gathered to consider how they might employ their talents to help the country after the shocking events of that morning. The group included economists, political scientists, psychologists, sociologists, demographers, and survey methodologists. Based upon their previous research experience, each of them proposed hypotheses on aspects of American life and individuals' morale and behavior that were most likely to be affected. While they were relatively confident about expected relationships in the short term, we were uncertain about how temporary or permanent these changes might be or how intertwined and mutually reinforcing they could become.
Pseudo-phosphorylation of tau at Ser202 and Thr205 affects tau filament formation

The microtubule-associated protein tau aggregates into insoluble filaments in numerous neurodegenerative diseases, most common of which is Alzheimer's disease. Tau aggregation in Alzheimer's disease appears to follow a continuum from soluble monomer to an end point of insoluble extracellular tangles with a strong correlation between the amount of fibrillar tau and dementia. The phosphorylation of amino acids S202 and T205 in the tau molecule is recognized by the phosphorylation-specific monoclonal antibody, AT8, and has been observed by a number of researchers to be an early step in the progression of monomer to filaments. In addition, these amino acids are located in a proline-rich region containing a set of five phosphorylation sites (one being S202), that when phosphorylated, were reported to alter several properties of tau, including filament formation. Considering these observations, we have investigated the role of S202 and T205 phosphorylation in the in vitro polymerization of tau. Pseudo-phosphorylation mutants were constructed by site-directed mutagenesis in which amino acids S202 and T205 were changed to negatively charged glutamic acids mimicking post-translational phosphorylation. These pseudo-phosphorylated, mutant tau proteins were then assayed in vitro for changes in structure, polymerization into filaments, and microtubule binding. Phosphorylation at the AT8 site does not appear to influence either SDS-resistant structure nor microtubule binding. However, in regard to filament formation, phosphorylation at S202 appears to enhance polymerization; and phosphorylation at both sites not only enhances polymerization but also makes filament formation more sensitive to small changes in tau concentration.
Exercise intensity: its effect on the high-density lipoprotein profile.

Abstract Objective: To determine the effect of aerobic exercise intensity on the active subfraction of serum high-density lipoprotein (HDL) concentration. Design: A randomized control, before-and-after investigation that tested the hypothesis that high-intensity exercise training would result in improvements in serum concentrations of HDL subfraction 2 (HDL 2 ) greater than those accompanying moderate-intensity training. Setting: Exercise tests were completed in a hospital stress testing laboratory, and cholesterol analyses were performed in a university research laboratory. Exercise training was performed in the community at a site determined by the subject. Subjects: Subjects were 25 healthy female employees of a teaching hospital. Intervention: Maximum treadmill tests and serum cholesterol profiles were assessed in 25 women before and after a 12-week aerobic walking regimen; 12 women in a high-intensity exercise group (HIG) walked at a target heart rate of 80% and 13 women in a moderate-intensity exercise group (MIG) walked at a heart rate of 60% of their heart rate reserve for a distance of 2 miles three times weekly. Main Outcome Measures: The main dependent variable was HDL 2 other measures of the HDL profile were total HDL and HDL 3 . Peak oxygen uptake (V0 2 ) was also evaluated as a dependent variable to ensure a general aerobic adaptation resulted from the exercise regimen. Measures were analyzed as pretraining to posttraining change scores and absolute values using independent and dependent t tests as appropriate. Statistical significance was assigned at p Results: Total HDL was 32.3 ± 8.5mg/dL before and 40.3 ± 10.6mg/dL after training in the MIG and 31.6 ± 6.2mg/dL before and 38.2 ± 12.Omg/dL after training in the HIG. HDL 2 was 14.2 ± 5.7mg/dL before and 18.5 ± 6.9mg/dL after training in MIG. HDL 2 was 13.0 ± 6.2mg/dL before and 19.6 ± 8.9mg/dL after training in the HIG. Total HDL and HDL 2 increased significantly in both groups as a result of exercise training, and intragroup differences were not observed. HDL 3 was not affected by exercise training. Training resulted in significant increases in peak V0 2 in both MIG and HIG (29.0 ± 5.0 to 31.9 ± 5.4mL/kg/min in the MIG and 30.7 ± 5.2 to 33.5 ± 6.3mL/kg/min in the HIG). Intergroup differences in change scores for peak V0 2 , HDL, and HDL 2 were not observed. Conclusion: The results and analyses did not support the hypothesis that the HIG would acquire increases in HDL 2 profile beyond those observed for the MIG. Moderate-intensity training was sufficient to improve the HDL profile, and high-intensity training appeared to be of no further advantage as long as total training volume (total walking distance per week) was constant.
Product differentiation, monopolistic competition and city size

Abstract Traditionally, the formation of cities has been explained by such supply-side phenomena as scale economies in production or such demand-side phenomena as public goods. This paper presents an integrated demand and supply approach to the formation of cities in spatial economy. Demand considerations, in the form of consumer agglomeration economies (i.e., product variety), are presented as a major cause of urban agglomeration. On the supply side, scale economies are introduced. Both aspects are examined by using the Dixit-Stiglitz model of monopolistic competition to characterize the equilibrium and optimum city size. We also discuss a subsidy scheme that produces an equilibrium city size corresponding to a first-best optimum. Then we analyze the distribution of population in a system of two cities.
A hybrid system for beam steering and wavefront control

Performance of long-range mobile laser systems operating within Earth's atmosphere is generally limited by several factors. Movement of the communicating platforms, such as aircraft, terrain vehicles, etc., complemented by mechanical vibrations, is the main cause of pointing errors. In addition, atmospheric turbulence causes changes of the refractive index along the propagation path that lead to phase distortions (aberrations), thus creating random redistribution of optical energy in the spatial domain. The combined effect of these factors leads to an increased bit-error probability under adverse operation conditions. While traditional approaches provide separate treatment of these problems, suggesting the development of high-bandwidth beam steering systems to perform tracking and jitter rejection, and wavefront control for the mitigation of atmospheric effects, the two tasks could be integrated. In this paper we present a hybrid laser beam steering/wavefront control system comprising an electrically addressed spatial light modulator (SLM) installed on the Omni-Wrist sensor mount platform. The function of the Omni-Wrist is to provide coarse steering over a wide range of pointing angles, while the purpose of the SLM is twofold: it performs wavefront correction and fine steering. The control law for the Omni-Wrist is synthesized using the decentralized approach that provides independent access to the azimuth and declination channels, while the algorithm for calculating the required phase profile for the SLM is optimization-based. This paper presents the control algorithms, the approach to coordinating the operation of the both systems and the simulation results.
Effect of deformation and dielectric filling on electromagnetic propagation through waveguides

The effect of depression and protrusion of vertical walls and dielectric filling on electromagnetic propagation throughx-band rectangular waveguides is studied using the finite element method. The effect of these deformations and dielectric filling on TE10, TE20 mode cutoff frequencies and passband is studied. The results are compared with those ofx-band rectangular waveguides with depression and protrusion with air medium. TE10, TE20 mode cutoff frequencies for waveguides with depression and protrusion and filled with dielectric medium are less than that for air medium. However, the bandwidth in some cases of dielectric medium is larger than that for air medium.
Lewis Albert Sayre.

Lewis Albert Sayre (1820-1900) was an American pioneer in the field of orthopedic surgery, and medicine in general. In addition to much work on spinal and other deformities, Sayre was a founder of what later became the New York University Medical School, where he headed the first department of orthopedics in the United States. Sayre also was a charter member of the American Medical Association and served as its vice president and later as president. He was instrumental in developing the Journal of the American Medical Association, and his extensive work as Resident Physician of New York City led to improvements in sanitation, vaccination, and quarantine for smallpox and cholera.
Patient Smartphone Ownership and Interest in Mobile Apps to Monitor Symptoms of Mental Health Conditions: A Survey in Four Geographically Distinct Psychiatric Clinics.

Background: Despite growing interest in mobile mental health and utilization of smartphone technology to monitor psychiatric symptoms, there remains a lack of knowledge both regarding patient ownership of smartphones and their interest in using such to monitor their mental health.
Objective assessment of detomidine-induced analgesia and sedation in the horse

The effects of detomidine, a veterinary sedative analgesic, were studied in the horse. Novel objective techniques were employed to assess the analgesic and sedative potency of this compound. Intravenous doses of 0.010, 0.020 and 0.040 mg/kg were administered to eight adult Thoroughbred racehorses according to a double-blind crossover design. Analgesia was measured by determining the latency to onset of the skin twitch and hoof withdrawal reflexes following noxious thermal stimulation of the withers and fetlock, respectively. Sedation was assessed by quantifying spontaneous locomotor activity in horses confined to an activity chamber, and by electronic measurement of head ptosis. Linear, dose-related increases in the intensity and duration of analgesia were observed. However, dose-related increases in duration, rather than intensity of sedation were observed. In conclusion, detomidine is an effective analgesic in the horse, but it is more potent in producing sedation than analgesia.
Evaluation of the murine immune response to Xenopsylla cheopis flea saliva and its effect on transmission of Yersinia pestis.

Background/Aims Arthropod-borne pathogens are transmitted into a unique intradermal microenvironment that includes the saliva of their vectors. Immunomodulatory factors in the saliva can enhance infectivity; however, in some cases the immune response that develops to saliva from prior uninfected bites can inhibit infectivity. Most rodent reservoirs of Yersinia pestis experience fleabites regularly, but the effect this has on the dynamics of flea-borne transmission of plague has never been investigated. We examined the innate and acquired immune response of mice to bites of Xenopsylla cheopis and its effects on Y. pestis transmission and disease progression in both naive mice and mice chronically exposed to flea bites. Methods/Principal Findings The immune response of C57BL/6 mice to uninfected flea bites was characterized by flow cytometry, histology, and antibody detection methods. In naive mice, flea bites induced mild inflammation with limited recruitment of neutrophils and macrophages to the bite site. Infectivity and host response in naive mice exposed to flea bites followed immediately by intradermal injection of Y. pestis did not differ from that of mice infected with Y. pestis without prior flea feeding. With prolonged exposure, an IgG1 antibody response primarily directed to the predominant component of flea saliva, a family of 36–45 kDa phosphatase-like proteins, occurred in both laboratory mice and wild rats naturally exposed to X. cheopis, but a hypersensitivity response never developed. The incidence and progression of terminal plague following challenge by infective blocked fleas were equivalent in naive mice and mice sensitized to flea saliva by repeated exposure to flea bites over a 10-week period. Conclusions Unlike what is observed with many other blood-feeding arthropods, the murine immune response to X. cheopis saliva is mild and continued exposure to flea bites leads more to tolerance than to hypersensitivity. The immune response to flea saliva had no detectable effect on Y. pestis transmission or plague pathogenesis in mice.