cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Geddankerexperiment for Initial Temperature, Particle Count and Entropy Affected by Initial D.o.f and Fluctuations of Metric Tensor and the Riemannian Penrose Inequality, with Applications

Initial temperature, particle count are tied into entropy genration, and we make a reference to the Riemannian Penrose inequality, in terms of , if it is an equality what it says about admissible frequencies, as to the early universe. The author is fully aware of the Riemannian Penrose inequality's usual application, black hole physics. Its application to early universe cosmology is due to assuming a non zero, but extremely small initial scale factor at the start of inflation. The frequency, of Eq.(12) is proportional to [1/ distance] with the distance ~ Area to the 1/3rd power. Which is used as a bound to make sense of the range of frequencies assumed in this problem
Age differences (or lack thereof) in discriminability for lineups and showups

Previous research reveals that showups are an inferior eyewitness identification procedure to lineups, but no single study has compared younger and older adults' identification decisions for both of these procedures. We had witnesses watch a mock crime video and then make an identification decision from a fair lineup, a biased lineup, or a showup that contained the perpetrator or a designated innocent suspect. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis showed that identification accuracy was higher from a lineup than from a showup for both age groups, even if the lineup was biased. In addition, calibration curves revealed that witnesses were underconfident when choosing from a fair lineup but overconfident when choosing from a showup. These results reinforce prior research asserting the superiority of lineups over showups.
On the capacity of multiple input multiple output broadcast channels

We consider a multiuser multiple input multiple output (MIMO) Gaussian broadcast channel (BC), where the transmitter and receivers have multiple antennas. Since the MIMO broadcast channel is in general a non-degraded broadcast channel, its capacity region remains an unsolved problem. We establish a duality between what is termed the "dirty paper" achievable region (the Caire-Shamai achievable region) for the MIMO broadcast channel and the capacity region of the MIMO multiple-access channel (MAC), which is easy to compute. Using this duality, we greatly reduce the computational complexity required for obtaining the dirty paper achievable region for the MIMO BC. The duality also enables us to translate previously known results for the MIMO MAC to the MIMO BC. We also show that the dirty paper achievable region achieves the sum-rate capacity of the MIMO BC by establishing that the maximum sum rate of this region equals an upper-bound on the sum rate of the MIMO BC.
Taylor-Couette flow subjected to external rotation.

We report theoretical results for Taylor-vortex flow subjected to external rotation. The system consists of an incompressible viscous fluid between two concentric cylinders with the inner one rotating about their common axis. The two cylinders also rotate together with a dimensionless angular velocity \ensuremath{\Omega} about an axis orthogonal to their axis. We perturbatively calculated the base flow to second order in \ensuremath{\Omega} and carried out a linear stability analysis of this flow. We found that external rotation stabilizes the base flow and decreases the critical wave number of the tilted vortices that form at the onset of the first instability. Our results for the critical Reynolds number, the critical wave number, and the tilt angle, together with the coefficients of linear terms in the relevant Ginzburg-Landau amplitude equation, are presented to order ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Omega}}}^{2}$.
100 years later, the Flexner report is still relevant

The centenary celebrations of the Johnson-Jeffries "fight of the century," which took place on July 4th, 1910, overshadowed another event that is arguably more important and relevant to Americans living today--the publication of "the Flexner Report" on the state and reform of American medical education. Abraham Flexner, working for the Carnegie Foundation at the behest of the American Medical Association, issued Bulletin No. 4 in June 1910. Flexner had traveled across the country visiting every school that purported to offer a medical education, and his report was a ringing condemnation of most of them. In the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, you could essentially buy a medical degree in America. You did not even need a high school diploma to enter a medical college, and the coursework often consisted of listening to practitioners talk about their medical experiences. No laboratories, anatomy classes, or basic science were mandatory. Flexner insisted that American medical schools follow Johns Hopkins and Harvard in establishing programs that were much closer to the leading German medical schools of the day. Ultimately, an undergraduate bachelor's degree plus four years of medical school (two in basic science and two in supervised clinical practice) were required in order to obtain a state license. Medical schools that could not offer such training ultimately either merged with schools that could or went out of business. The increasing professionalism of medicine in the first two decades of the past century put doctors in charge of the medications they prescribed. Drug companies quickly succumbed to rules set by doctors that prohibited direct advertisements and required companies to submit their products to more rigorous testing of effectiveness and safety. The professionalism of medicine is again in question. Over the last two decades, changes to the rules and funding for medical research have pushed doctors (especially university scientists) and the drug industry together, with the hope that the relationship would lead to new and more beneficial products. Instead, the creativity of the drug industry has stagnated (though not in terms of making profits), and doctors' credibility has been deeply damaged. From the highest levels of medical academia to front-line practicing specialists (especially in psychiatry, orthopedics, and cardiovascular medicine), there is proof of industry influence on doctors' opinions and decision-making. …
Displacement of Sulfonylureas from Human Serum Proteins by Coumarin Derivatives and Cortical Steroids

Abstract Several coumarin derivatives (ethyl biscoumacetate, phenprocoumon, anisindione, acenocoumarol, and diphenadione) were examined for their abilities to displace sulfonylureas (acetohexamide, chlorpropamide, and tolbutamide) from human serum albumin, utilizing equilibrium dialysis for the estimation of protein binding. All of the coumarin compounds caused reduction in binding of the sulfonylureas, although there was no clearcut pattern with variation of pH. At lower pH values, ethyl biscoumacetate caused the greatest reduction in binding of sulfonylureas; but at pH 8.4, diphenadione was the most potent displacing agent. Acetohexamide was tested for its ability to displace cortical steroids from human serum albumin and human serum fraction α‐globulin IV‐4, the latter containing transcortin. Of the steroids examined (cortisone, cortisol, prednisone, prednisolone, and corticosterone), the binding of cortisol was the most reduced with human serum albumin as the protein; but if α‐globulin fraction IV‐4 was the protein in the system, prednisone was most displaced. The data establish that coumarin derivatives are capable of interfering with the binding of sulfonylureas to human serum albumin, and aceto‐hexamide causes reduction of binding of the steroids tested to human serum albumin and α‐globulin fraction IV‐4. These observations may be the mechanism for interactions between these drugs.
Spectroelectrochemical Sensing Based on Multimode Selectivity Simultaneously Achievable in a Single Device. 4. Sensing with Poly(vinyl alcohol)−Polyelectrolyte Blend Modified Optically Transparent Electrodes

The feasibility of using polymer blend thin films covalently attached to indium tin oxide-glass, via the silane coupling agent (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane, for performing spectroelectrochemical modulation is demonstrated in aqueous solutions. The polymer blends were formulated by entrapping three polyelectrolytes-poly(vinylbenzyltrimethylammonium chloride) (PVTAC), poly(acrylic acid), and Nafion-in cross-linked poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) matrix for the purpose of selectively incorporating solution-phase anions and cations. Ru(BiPy) 3 2+ (BiPy = 2,2'-bipyridine), Ru(CN) 6 4- , and Fe(CN) 6 3- were chosen as the analytes for their suitable optical and electrochemical properties. Peak current enhancements, compared with the bare electrode under the same conditions, ranging from 2 to 7 were observed for these systems with the largest being for Fe(CN) 6 3- at an electrode coated with PVA-PVTAC blend. The optical absorbance change under attenuated total reflection during cyclic voltammetry (spectroelectrochemical modulation) was observed for all systems. The effects of potential window, electrochemical reversibility of the analyte, and potential scan rate on the resulting absorbance-time plot for modulation by cyclic voltammetry are reported for the different analyte-polymer blend systems. The modulation transfer ratios of analyte-polymer systems were studied. Modulation at 450 nm resulting from oxidation/reduction of the Ru(BiPy) 3 2+/3+ couple at 1.30 and 0.90 V vs Ag/AgCl with varying concentrations was used to construct analytical working curves for the spectroelectrochemical sensor.
CP-odd correlations using jet momenta from tt events at the Tevatron

We discuss T-odd correlations between jet and lepton momenta in tt events at the Tevatron that can be used to search for CP violation. We identify correlations suitable for the lepton plus jets and purely hadronic top-quark pair decay channels. As an example of CP violation we consider the top-quark anomalous couplings, including its chromo-electric dipole moment, and we estimate the limits that can be placed at the Tevatron.
Evaluation of the Program in Medical Education for the Urban Underserved (PRIME-US) at the UC Berkeley-UCSF Joint Medical Program (JMP): The First 4 Years.

Problem: Medical educators, clinicians, and health policy experts widely acknowledge the need to increase the diversity of our healthcare workforce and build our capacity to care for medically underserved populations and reduce health disparities. Intervention: The Program in Medical Education for the Urban Underserved (PRIME-US) is part of a family of programs across the University of California (UC) medical schools aiming to recruit and train physicians to care for underserved populations, expand the healthcare workforce to serve diverse populations, and promote health equity. PRIME-US selects medical students from diverse backgrounds who are committed to caring for underserved populations and provides a 5-year curriculum including a summer orientation, a longitudinal seminar series with community engagement and leadership-development activities, preclerkship clinical immersion in an underserved setting, a master's degree, and a capstone rotation in the final year of medical school. Context: This is a m...
Playing tag with art and science

Abstract Science has become the kind of system which purports to stand outside of, and be superior to, individual human beings. The status of arts and their potential impact on societies is often relegated to a status of entertainment. Yet, art is often a better measure than all alternatives in defining the leading edge of change in society.
Foreign bodies in the urogenital tract of children

Summary Foreign bodies in the urogenital tract of children are not infrequent. Dysuria and hematuria are the chief symptoms. Examination by x-ray and cystoscopy should be done in all suspicious cases. Treatment is relatively simple once diagnosis is made.
Differential scattering and rethermalization in ultracold dipolar gases

Analytic expressions for the differential cross sections of ultracold atoms and molecules that scatter primarily due to dipolar interactions are derived within the first-order Born approximation and are shown to agree with the partial wave expansion. These cross sections are applied to the problem of cross-dimensional rethermalization. Strikingly, the rate of rethermalization can vary by as much as a factor of 2, depending on the orientation of the dipoles. Thus the anisotropic dipole-dipole interaction can have a significant effect even on the behavior of a nondegenerate ultracold gas.
Characterization of Cos-7 cells overexpressing the rat secretory pathway Ca2+-ATPase.

On the basis of sequence similarities to the yeast PMR1 and hSPCA gene, the rat alternatively spliced mRNA has been suggested to be a Golgi secretory pathway Ca2+-ATPase (SPCA). Data in this report...
The Planning System Based on the Postponement Manufacturing Theory

Based on postponement manufacturing theory and the characteristics of some advanced production management modes, this study proposed the planning strategy from the perspective of mass customization production mode and discussed the role of planning strategy in the plan and control of production. Moreover, according to the determination of the postponement manufacturing points in the planning, production, assembly, sale, and delivery of products, it was recommended to set the characteristics, production, and sale environment of specific products. Different production should be planed and controlled in different ways.
Transdisciplinary ITexts and the Future of Web-Scale Collaboration

Changes in Web infrastructure have allowed ITexts to become a vehicle for transdisciplinary Web-scale collaboration so that large-scale teams can create new knowledge despite differences in team members’ disciplinary training, geographic location, and levels of expertise. In this article, the authors define Web-scale collaboration and illustrate the need for transdisciplinary approaches to problem solving. Then they introduce heuristics for creating and evaluating such transdisciplinary, collaborative Web-scale ITexts, drawing on examples generated at a workshop sponsored by the National Science Foundation that was held at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in April 2010.
Evaluation of recalcitrance of mascara in a cartridge container system to microbial challenge

A cartridge mascara system designed to minimize the exposure of mascara to the environment during use was evaluated for recalcitrance to bacteria. The design of the system contributed to low numbers of bacteria found in the mascara, but the need for preservatives was not alleviated.
Acoustic fluidized bed hydrodynamics characterization using X-ray computed tomography

Abstract Acoustic vibration in a fluidized bed can be used to enhance the fluidization quality of particulate matter; this particular noninvasive method provides no internal changes to the bed material structure. However, due to the complexity of this multiphase flow system, characterizing the hydrodynamics of a fluidized bed has become critical in understanding this system behavior. The local void fraction behavior in a cold flow 3D fluidized bed with and without acoustic intervention is investigated in this research. Several noninvasive techniques like gamma-ray computed tomography (GRT), X-ray computed tomography (XCT), or electrical capacitance tomography (ECT), can be used to study the void fraction distribution in multiphase flow systems. In this study, XCT imaging is used to determine the time-average local void fraction or gas holdup. Experiments are implemented in a 10.2 cm ID fluidized bed filled with glass beads or ground walnut shell, having a material density of 2500 kg/m 3 and 1440 kg/m 3 , respectively, and particle size ranges between 212 and 600 μm. In this study, three different bed height-to-diameter ratios are examined: H/D = 0.5, 1 and 1.5. The loudspeaker’s frequency, used as the acoustic source, is fixed at 150 Hz with a sound pressure level of 120 dB for glass beads, and 200 Hz and 110 dB for ground walnut shell. Local time-average gas holdup results show that the fluidized bed under the presence of an acoustic field provides a more uniform fluidization, the bed exhibits less channeling, and the jetting phenomena produced by the distributor plate is less prominent when compared to no acoustic field. Thus, acoustic intervention affects the local hydrodynamic behavior of the fluidized bed.
Dissemination of cognitive behavioral treatments

Demonstrably effective cognitive behavioral treatments for a number of clinical disorders are underutilized in clinical practice. Improving dissemination presents a challenge as Persons (1997) argues. In this commentary, reasons for dissemination failures, and suggestions for promoting empirically supported treatments, are discussed.
Domestic productivity and variety gains from trade

Abstract We show theoretically and confirm empirically that domestic productivity has a significant impact on the demand for foreign varieties under the assumption that domestic and foreign varieties are imperfect substitutes. In particular, the demand for imported varieties is more elastic for countries with comparative advantage. For an average good facing a median trade barrier, doubling the importer–exporter relative export performance decreases the number of imported varieties by 17%. Our findings suggest that the variety gains estimates could be significantly biased if we ignore the substitutability between imported and domestic varieties.
Do You Believe in Rock and Roll? Essays on Don McLean’s “American Pie”

In 1971 a 26-year-old Don McLean, who had been a commercially marginal figure in the music industry, released his recording of “American Pie.” The song was brilliant but unconventional. Its departu...
Investigation of n-butyl phosphate as a solvent for voltammetry

Abstract Controlled potential voltammetric investigations of several depolarizers and potentially useful carrier electrolytes have been carried out in n -butyl phosphate. Half-wave potentials have been measured and analytical calibration curves have been constructed. Most depolarizers gave well formed waves but adsorption behavior was present in some cases. The influence of water was very significant.
Differentiation of types 1a, 1b and 2 bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) by PCR

There are two genotypes among bovine viral diarrhoea viruses (BVDV), BVDV1 and BVDV2. Within the BVDV1 genotype there are two distinct subgenotypes, BVD1a and BVD1b. Serology and monoclonal antibody binding are used to differentiate BVDV from classical swine fever virus (CSFV) and border disease virus (BDV), the other members of the Pestivirus genus. These techniques are less useful in the differentiation and segregation of viruses within the BVDV species. In this study, differential polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification has been evaluated as a tool for segregating BVDV isolates into genotypes and subgenotypes. Polymerase chain reaction primers were selected based on the comparison of 5' untranslated region sequences from CSVF, BDV, BVDV1a, BVDV1b and BVDV2. Differential PCR tests were validated using 345 viruses isolated from cattle and small ruminants that had previously been segregated into genotypes and subgenotypes. There was 100% correlation between segregation by differential PCR and the previous segregation of these viral isolates.
Fractal analysis of the hierarchic structure of fossil coal surface

The fractal analysis is described as method of studying images of surface of fossil coal, one of the natural sorbent, with the aim of determining its structural surface heterogeneity. The deformation effect as a reduction in the dimensions of heterogeneity boundaries is considered. It is shown that the theory of nonequilibrium dynamic systems permits to assess a formation level of heterogeneities involved into a sorbent composition by means of the Hurst factor.
Peculiarities of solutions to the Chew Low equation in the no crossing approximation

We show that the canonical prescription for finding a solution to the static Chew-Low theory of the pion-nucleon interaction breaks down for physically acceptable values of the coupling constant and form factor, if crossing symmetry is dropped. The difficulty is associated with the appearance of a pole (whose behavior is similar to a “ghost state” pole) in the scattering amplitude in repulsive channels. We show that solutions without this pole can be obtained by including CDD poles in the denominator function, giving rise to a zero in the amplitude or the positive real axis.
From dependency to self‐sufficiency: An appraisal of the gateway transitional families program

Abstract This article presents a longitudinal evaluation of the Gateway Transitional Families Program, an innovative self‐sufficiency program designed to help public housing residents leave public housing for their own homes. The evaluation followed participants and a comparison group over six years to isolate program impacts on employment and receipt of Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC), food stamps, and housing assistance. Many participants dropped out of the program. Difficulty in juggling educational and child‐rearing responsibilities, noncompliance with program or public housing regulations, low wages while in the program, impatience with the length of the program, and staff shortages and turnover contributed to the dropout rate. Those who finished the program experienced modest increases in income, decreases in receipt of AFDC and food stamps, and reduced reliance on housing assistance relative to comparison group members. Furthermore, graduates were more likely than comparison group me...
Red blood cell membrane disorders

The recent discovery of the specific molecular defects in many patients with hereditary spherocytosis and hereditary elliptocytosis/pyropoikilocytosis partially clarifies the molecular pathology of these diseases. HE and HPP are caused by defects in the horizontal interactions that hold the membrane skeleton together, particularly the critical spectrin self-association reaction. Single gene defects cause red cells to elongate as they circulate, by a unknown mechanism, and are clinically harmless. The combination of two defective genes or one severe alpha spectrin defect and a thalassaemia-like defect in the opposite allele (alphaLELY) results in fragile cells that fragment into bizarre shapes in the circulation, with haemolysis and sometimes life-threatening anaemia. A few of the alpha spectrin defects are common, suggesting they provide an advantage against malaria or some other threat. HS, in contrast, is nearly always caused by family-specific private mutations. These involve the five proteins that link the membrane skeleton to the overlying lipid bilayer: alpha and beta spectrin, ankyrin, band 3 and protein 4.2. Somehow, perhaps through loss of the anchorage band 3 provides its lipid neighbours (Peters et al, 1996), microvesiculation of the membrane surface ensues, leading to spherocytosis, splenic sequestration and haemolysis. Future research will need to focus on how each type of defect causes its associated disease, how the spleen aggravates membrane skeleton defects (a process termed 'conditioning'), how defective red, cells are recognized and removed in the spleen, and why patients with similar or even identical defects can have different clinical severity. Emphasis also needs to be given to improving diagnostic tests, particularly for HS, and exploring new options for therapy, like partial splenectomy, which can ameliorate symptoms while better protecting patients from bacterial sepsis and red cell parasites, and perhaps from atherosclerosis (Robinette & Franmeni, 1977) and venous thrombosis (Stewart et al, 1996).
Genetic predisposition of behavioral response

As humans, we understand that our behavior and the relationships we form throughout life are manifestations of our positive and negative experiences of social interaction. However, the notion that the evolution of our behavioral response is solely shaped by the events themselves is challenged by studies that highlight how interindividual differences in social perception and response to social cues may be determined by underlying genetic predisposed. These studies are establishing that our DNA contains heritable variants that contribute to subtle differences in social cognition. These sequence variants are contained within genes that not only play a role in the relationship that parents may have with their offspring but also how we recognize or react to one another (1, 2). In PNAS, Skuse et al. (3) investigate the signaling pathways of neuropeptides oxytocin (OT) and arginine-vasopressin (AVP) to identify DNA polymorphisms that might explain interindividual differences in response to social cues. The authors genotyped a series of SNPs from the OT and AVP receptor regions to …
Tsunamigenic Earthquakes: Past and Present Milestones

We review a number of events which, taken individually, have significantly affected our understanding of the generation of tsunamis by earthquake sources and our efforts at mitigating their hazards, notably through the development of warning algorithms. Starting with the 1700 Cascadia earthquake, we examine how significant tsunamis have changed our views in fields as diverse as seismotectonics, the diversity of earthquake cycles, the development of warning algorithms, the response of communities at risk to warnings, and their education, the latter being either formal or rooted in ancestral heritage. We discuss in detail lessons from the 2004 Sumatra disasters and review the performance of warning centers and the response of affected populations during the nine significant tsunamis which have taken place since 2004.
Has the Washington-Oregon Coast Range moved northward?

Paleomagnetic studies on middle and early Tertiary rocks from the Coast Range consistently find inclinations that are a few degrees shallower than predicted by reference poles for the craton. Rocks of very similar age and lithology in the Cascade Range and elsewhere in Washington and Oregon do not show this effect. This suggests that the Coast Range has moved northward several hundred kilometres, relative to stable North America. This movement could have been accomplished in a few million years prior to accretion of the Coast Range to the continent, by passive transport aboard the Kula and/or Farallon plates. Alternatively, northward displacement could reflect dextral strike-slip faulting in the North American borderland. Probably both mechanisms contributed.
Solubilities of Cerium(IV), Terbium(III), and Iron(III) β-Diketonates in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide†

The solubilities of the cerium(IV), terbium(III), and iron(III) chelates of the anions of 2,2,7-trimethyl-3,5-octanedionate, H(tod), 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-3,5-octanedionate, H(thd), and 2,4-pentanedionate, H(acac), were measured in supercritical carbon dioxide by near-infrared spectroscopy from 313 to 333 K and 10 to 35 MPa with a high-pressure optical cell. Solubilities increased in the order acac < thd < tod for all metal β-diketonates, with Ce(tod)4, Tb(tod)3, and Fe(tod)3 an order of magnitude more soluble than Ce(thd)4, Tb(thd)3, and Fe(acac)3, respectively. For the larger metal ions, Ce4+ and Tb3+, the flexibility of the isobutyl group in the tod ligand creates a more lipophilic shell around the central metal ion, increasing the solubility of the chelate in CO2. These observations indicate that the isobutyl group is at least as CO2-philic as the tert-butyl moiety. The experimental solubilities were correlated using the model proposed by Chrastil.
Aspect ratios, sizes, and etch rates in photostructurable glass-ceramic

Photostructurable glass-ceramics (PSGCs), although not yet widely used, are well suited to many micro-optical and micromechanical applications. Their appeal stems from the combination of the physical properties of glass-ceramics with the excellent three-dimensional shaping control that can be achieved by laser-patterning a transparent photostructurable material. The PSGCs are both mechanically and thermally robust. Exposure with a focused 355-nm pulsed laser beam initiates a cascade of reactions that ends in crystallization of a different phase of the glass-ceramic. The crystal-rich phase etches chemically much faster than the original crystal-free phase. In this experiment, we examined the dependence of the chemical etch rate on the aspect ratios and sizes of structures made from Foturan, a commercially available PSGC. We fabricated several types of test structures in 1-mm-thick Foturan samples. We tested the initial and long-term etch behavior of Foturan etched in 5% HF as a function of the size of the etched structure. An aspect ratio of 100 for a 10-μm-wide trench etched through a 1000-μm-thick sample was achieved.
Combination between Voce formalism and improved Kocks–Mecking approach to model small strains of flow curves at high temperatures

Abstract Tensile test curves of an austenitic stainless steel (AISI 316L) are described through the Voce equation in combination with the kinetic approach to strain hardening analysis proposed by Kocks and Mecking (KM) at temperatures ranging from 700 to 1000 °C with strain rates between 10 −2 and 10 −5 s −1 . The KM approach to strain hardening analysis is used to find the Voce parameters (saturation stress σ V , relaxation strain e C , back-extrapolated flow stress to zero strain σ o ) from the strain hardening rate d σ /d e vs. the flow stress σ . The obtained Voce equations can well describe the flow curves only at large strains in Stage III of strain hardening, while a significant discrepancy occurs at small strains. In order to reduce this discrepancy an improved KM approach is here proposed. The original KM approach assumes that in Stage III of strain hardening the mean free path of mobile dislocations Λ is defined as β / ρ with β constant and ρ the total dislocation density. Λ , and in turn β , are linked to the dislocation cell-pattern typical of Stage III. The proposed improvement of the KM approach consists of assuming that β is not constant at small strains, where dislocations are not organised in cell-pattern, but homogeneously distributed in the material. Based on TEM observations reporting dislocation distributions at small and at high strains, it is proposed that β varies from an initial value at small strains to achieve at high strains the equilibrium value predicted by the original KM approach in Stage III of strain hardening. This assumption provides very good modelling flow curves also at small strains.
PV powered water well in Rajasthan- India

Still in the rural areas of Rajasthan, India, people are using conventional methods to fetch water from the wells or boreholes. Conventional methods like using animals, which circles around the well to fetch the water are still in use. This paper provides the use of Solar energy to produce electricity to run the water pump for fetching water from well. The paper is based on the theoretical prospect of designing a solar pumping system considering the aspects of Dynamic head, economic feasibility, water requirement and solar irradiance. The theoretical study shows that the proposed system's cost recovery time is half of the life time of system. All the calculations are theoretical
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced gastrointestinal injury

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), including aspirin, are the most commonly used medications worldwide. They are effective analgesic and anti-inflammatory agents. A major drawback to their use is a high frequency of adverse gastrointestinal (GI) effects that cause significant morbidity, occasional mortality, and substantial increases in cost of therapy. In this review, mechanisms of NSAID-induced GI injury are presented, and a clinical approach to diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of these adverse GI effects is provided.
Aging alters light- and PACAP-induced cAMP accumulation in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of female rats

Light-induced release of pituitary adenylate cyclase activating peptide (PACAP) from retinal ganglion cells can modulate the phase-shifting effects of light though a cAMP-mediated mechanism in neurons of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). Since older animals (12 months or older) show a reduced behavioral and cellular response to light presented during the early portion of the dark phase of the cycle, we hypothesized that aging may alter the ability of PACAP and cAMP to modulate the phase shifting effects of light. In Expt. 1, we examined basal and light-induced cAMP accumulation at zeitgeber time 14 (ZT14 where ZT0 is the time of lights on). Light exposure resulted in a significant increase in cAMP accumulation in SCN tissue collected from young, but not middle-aged animals. The failure to see an increase in cAMP accumulation in the SCN of middle-aged animals may be related to the fact that basal levels of cAMP were elevated in the SCN of these animals at ZT14. In Expt. 2, we used an in vitro slice preparation of the SCN to determine if aging altered the ability of PACAP to stimulate cAMP accumulation in the SCN at ZT14. PACAP stimulated cAMP in the SCN of both young and middle-aged animals. However, PACAP-induced cAMP accumulation was lower in the SCN of middle-aged animals. Based on these results, we conclude that age-related changes in the responsiveness of the SCN to light input are due to: (1) changes in other input pathways capable of modulating cAMP, and (2) decreases in PACAP receptors in SCN neurons.
Nonparametric models for clustered data: Application to root survival study

Root survival data are discrete, have censoring and there is dependence due to clustering. The assumptions of the common semiparametric models seem to be violated for the data set under consideration. A fully nonparametric model for such clustered data is proposed and methods for testing hypotheses about the main effects and interaction are developed. Simulation studies indicate that the procedures have reasonable accuracy for moderate sample sizes. For small sample sizes, bootstrapping from the permutation distribution performs rather well for testing simple effects. The nonparametric analysis of the data set is compared with that based on semiparametric models, and the effect of allowing for the dependence caused by the clustering is examined.
Do responses to an intimate partner violence screen predict scores on a comprehensive measure of intimate partner violence in low-income black women?

STUDY OBJECTIVES: Screening for intimate partner violence has been advocated as an emergency department (ED) procedure. This study aimed to ascertain whether a 5-item intimate partner violence screening questionnaire could be used effectively in the ED with low-income black women to accurately predict partner abuse status. METHODS: Data were collected from 200 black women who answered in the affirmative to at least 1 item on the intimate partner violence screener questionnaire, the Universal Violence Prevention Screening Protocol. The women completed a comprehensive battery of measures, including the Index of Spouse Abuse, a commonly used and psychometrically sound measure of intimate partner violence. RESULTS: Bivariate logistic regression analyses revealed that, compared with women below the physical-intimate partner violence cut point on the Index of Spouse Abuse, women above the cut point on physical-intimate partner violence on the Index of Spouse Abuse were more likely to answer yes to Universal Violence Prevention Screening Protocol screening questions related to physical, sexual, and emotional abuse; threats to be harmed physically; and being afraid. Compared with women below the nonphysical-intimate partner violence cut point on the Index of Spouse Abuse, women above the cut point on nonphysical intimate partner violence on the Index of Spouse Abuse were more likely to answer yes to each screening question on the Universal Violence Prevention Screening Protocol. The 2 Universal Violence Prevention Screening Protocol screening items related to physical abuse best predicted the 2 Index of Spouse Abuse scales. Accurate prediction of physical and nonphysical abuse on the Index of Spouse Abuse required affirmative responses to 4 or more screening questions on the Universal Violence Prevention Screening Protocol. CONCLUSION: A brief intimate partner violence screening device in the emergency care setting can identify abused, low-income, black women. The study is limited by the fact that universal screening was not conducted, the inclusion of only women who acknowledged some form of intimate partner violence, a reliance on retrospective self-reports, and the questionable generalizability of the findings to groups other than low-income black women.
Impact of Solvent Quality on the Hysteresis in the Coil–Stretch Transition of Flexible Polymers in Good Solvents

Direct observations of long flexible polymers in elongational flow show a coil to stretch transition (CST) and hysteresis in this transition. In this article, solvent effects on the hysteresis of CST were examined using Brownian dynamics simulations of a dumbbell model with conformation dependent drag. A spring force relation that is able to capture the effects of solvent quality was used. Two methods of increasing the solvent quality were analyzed: (1) by increasing the number of Kuhn steps (NK) and keeping the excluded volume parameter (v/l3) constant, and (2) by increasing v/l3 and keeping NK constant. In the first case, the width of the hysteresis (ratio of upturn to downturn strain rates) increased with increase in NK. In the second case, the width of hysteresis decreased with increase in v/l3. This implies that molecules such as ss-DNA, which have v/l3 ≈ 1 in good solvents, will have less hysteresis than a molecule with the same NK in a Θ solvent.
Initial responses of carbonate-rich shelf sediments to rising atmospheric pCO2 and “ocean acidification”: Role of high Mg-calcites

Abstract Carbonate-rich sediments at shoal to shelf depths ( 3 reservoir that can rapidly react to the decreasing saturation state of seawater with respect to carbonate minerals, produced by the increasing partial pressure of atmospheric carbon dioxide ( p CO 2 ) and “acidification” of ocean waters. Aragonite is usually the most abundant carbonate mineral in these sediments. However, the second most abundant (typically ∼24 wt%) carbonate mineral is high Mg-calcite (Mg-calcite) whose solubility can exceed that of aragonite making it the “first responder” to the decreasing saturation state of seawater. For the naturally occurring biogenic Mg-calcites, dissolution experiments have been used to predict their “stoichiometric solubilities” as a function of mol% MgCO 3 . The only valid relationship that one can provisionally use for the metastable stabilities for Mg-calcite based on composition is that for the synthetically produced phases where metastable equilibrium has been achieved from both under- and over-saturation. Biogenic Mg-calcites exhibit a large offset in solubility from that of abiotic Mg-calcite and can also exhibit a wide range of solubilities for biogenic Mg-calcites of similar Mg content. This indicates that factors other than the Mg content can influence the solubility of these mineral phases. Thus, it is necessary to turn to observations of natural sediments where changes in the saturation state of surrounding waters occur in order to determine their likely responses to the changing saturation state in upper oceanic waters brought on by increasing p CO 2 . In the present study, we investigate the responses of Mg-calcites to rising p CO 2 and “ocean acidification” by means of a simple numerical model based on the experimental range of biogenic Mg-calcite solubilities as a function of Mg content in order to bracket the behavior of the most abundant Mg-calcite phases in the natural environment. In addition, observational data from Bermuda and the Great Bahama Bank are also presented in order to project future responses of these minerals. The numerical simulations suggest that Mg-calcite minerals will respond to rising p CO 2 by sequential dissolution according to mineral stability, progressively leading to removal of the more soluble phases until the least soluble phases remain. These results are confirmed by laboratory experiments and observations from Bermuda. As a consequence of continuous increases in atmospheric CO 2 from burning of fossil fuels, the average composition of contemporary carbonate sediments could change, i.e., the average Mg content in the sediments may slowly decrease. Furthermore, evidence from the Great Bahama Bank indicates that the amount of abiotic carbonate production is likely to decline as p CO 2 continues to rise.
Correction of Metabolic Acidosis Ameliorates Insulin, Branched-Chain Amino Acid and Lipid Abnormalities in Uremia through a 1,25 Vitamin D 3 Associated Mechanism

Correction of Metabolic Acidosis Ameliorates Insulin, Branched-Chain Amino Acid and Lipid Abnormalities in Uremia through a 1,25 Vitamin D 3 Associated Mechanism
A Note on a Method of Computing the Gamma Function

Numerous formulas are available for the computation of the Gamma function [1, 2]. The purpose of this note is to indicate the value of a well-known method that is easily extended for higher accuracy requirements.Using the recursion formula for the Gamma function, Γ(x + 1) = xΓ(x), (1) and Stirling's asymptotic expansion for ln Γ(x) [3], we have ln Γ(x) ∼ (x - 1/2) ln x - x + 1/2 ln 2π + ∑Nr=1Cr/x2r-1. (2) It follows that, if k and N are appropriately selected positive integers, Γ(x + 1) can be represented by Γ(x + 1) ∼ √2π exp (x + k - 1/2) ln (x + k) - (x + k) exp ∑Nr=1Cr/(x + k)2r-1/(x + 1)(x + 2) … (x + k - 1) (3) where Cr = (- 1)r-1Br/(2r - 1)(2r), Br being the Bernoulli numbers [4]. These coefficients have been published by Uhler [5].Requiring the range 0 l x l 1 is no restriction since, if necessary, Γ(x + 1) can be generated for other arguments using (1).For a given N, the error in (2) can be estimated from |e|
Thermal properties of oxides with magnetoplumbite structure for advanced thermal barrier coatings

Abstract Oxides having magnetoplumbite structure are promising candidate materials for applications as high-temperature thermal barrier coatings because of their high thermal stability, high thermal expansion, and low thermal conductivity. In this study, powders of LaMgAl 11 O 19 , GdMgAl 11 O 19 , SmMgAl 11 O 19 , and Gd 0.7 Yb 0.3 MgAl 11 O 19 magnetopumbite oxides were synthesized by citric acid sol-gel method and hot pressed into disk specimens. The thermal expansion coefficients (CTE) of these oxide materials were measured from room temperature to 1500 °C. The average CTE value was found to be ~9.6×10 –6 /C. Thermal conductivity of these magnetoplumbite-based oxide materials was also evaluated using steady-state laser heat flux test method. The effects of doping on thermal properties were also examined. Thermal conductivity of the doped Gd 0.7 Yb 0.3 MgAl 11 O 19 composition was found to be lower than that of the undoped GdMgAl 11 O 19 . In contrast, thermal expansion coefficient was found to be independent of the oxide composition and appears to be controlled by the magnetoplumbite crystal structure. Thermal conductivity testing of LaMgAl
Achieving interferometric double patterning through wafer rotation

Owing to its simplicity and ability to produce line/space gratings with the highest contrast, interferometric lithography is an ideal platform for developing novel double patterning materials and processes. However, lack of sub-10 nm alignment in most interferometric systems impedes its application. In this paper, litho-etch-litho double patterning on a two-beam interferometric system is achieved by converting Cartesian alignment into angular alignment. By concentrically rotating the wafer in the second exposure, the interleaved region between the two exposures allows for the evaluation of double patterning process and materials. Geometric analysis shows that angular alignment has greatly relaxed requirements compared to the Cartesian alignment. It is calculated that for 22 nm double patterning technologies, rotation angle larger than 0.12 degree is sufficient to produce 1 μm long frequency doubled line/space patterns with less than 10% CD variation.
Perisciatic injection of steroid for the treatment of sciatica due to piriformis syndrome.

Background and Objectives Piriformis syndrome causing sciatica is sometimes refractory to conventional treatments including physical therapy, piriformis injections, and even caudal epidural steroid injections. Surgical release of the piriformis muscle has been described for difficult cases of piriformis syndrome, but is occasionally accompanied by morbidity. Another approach to treating piriformis syndrome is presented. Methods A perisciatic injection of steroid using simple landmarks and utilizing a nerve stimulator to locate and inject near the sciatic nerve and into the piriformis muscle is described. Results Six patients that did not respond to conventional treatments, but did respond to perisciatic steroid injections are presented. CT scan, in one of the patients, confirmed correct needle placement when this technique and landmarks were used. Conclusion Patients with piriformis syndrome who were refractory to conventional treatments but responded to perisciatic injections of steroid are presented.
ECHO: Recreating network traffic maps for datacenters with tens of thousands of servers

Large-scale datacenters now host a large part of the world's data and computation, which makes their design a crucial architectural challenge. Datacenter (DC) applications, unlike traditional workloads, are dominated by user patterns that only emerge in the large-scale. This creates the need for concise, accurate and scalable analytical models that capture both their temporal and spatial features and can be used to create representative activity patterns. Unfortunately, previous work lacks the ability to track the complex patterns that are present in these applications, or scales poorly with the size of the system. In this work, we focus on the network aspect of datacenter workloads. We present ECHO, a scalable and accurate modeling scheme that uses hierarchical Markov Chains to capture the network activity of large-scale applications in time and space. ECHO can also use these models to re-create representative network traffic patterns. We validate the model against real DC-scale applications, such as Websearch and show marginal deviations between original and generated workloads. We verify that ECHO captures all the critical features of DC workloads, such as the locality of communication and burstiness and evaluate the granularity necessary for this. Finally we perform a detailed characterization of the network traffic for workloads in DCs of tens of thousands of servers over significant time frames.
Workplace Violence and the Hidden Land Mines: A Comparison of Gender Victimization

In the last decade, workplace violence has become a corporate agenda item due to a number of high-profile terrorist bombings and ‘rampage shootings’. Unfortunately, these shockingly visible, but relatively uncommon, events shift the focus away from where the everyday danger lies. Buried beneath all the media hype are workplace ‘land mines’ such as stalking, harassment, relationship abuse, simple assaults and threats. While men are more likely candidates for extreme forms of violence, women are more vulnerable targets for land mines.
The fine structure of neuroglial cells and pericytes in the primate red nucleus and substantia nigra.

The morphology of perivascular and perineuronal cells in the substantia nigra and red nucleus was studied in Nissl, silver carbonate, and electron microscopic preparations.