cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Approximation Algorithms for Geometric TSP

In the Euclidean traveling salesman problem, we are given n nodes in ℝ2 (more generally, in ℝd and desire the minimum cost salesman tour for these nodes, where the cost of the edge between nodes (x1,y1) and (x2,y2) is \( \sqrt {(x_1 - x_2 )^2 + (y_1 - y_2 )^2 } \) The decision version of the problem (“Does a tour of cost ≤ C exist?”) is NP-hard [651, 346], but is not known to be in NP because of the use of square roots in computing the edge costs. Specifically, there is no known polynomial-time algorithm that, given integers a1,a2,..., an, C, can decide if \( \sum\nolimits_i {\sqrt {a_i } \leqslant C} \) .
Marine Shell Exchange in Northwest Mexico and the Southwest

Casas Grandes, or Paquime, is located in the northwestern portion of Chihuahua, approximately 150 km south of the border between the United States and Mexico (Figure 1). Paquime is the largest site within a vast region that contained a substantial number of people prehistorically. Early explorers were intrigued with the grandiose nature of the site (Bandelier 1892:575; Bartlett 1854, Vol. 2; Hammond and Rey 1928:205–206), and modern excavation has shown it to be one of the most complex sites within far northwestern Mesoamerica or the Southwest (Di Peso 1974). The architectural features and artifacts recovered from Casas Grandes are very impressive and represent a level of social sophistication that is unsurpassed.
RETICULUM CELL SARCOMAS OF SJL/J MICE: PRE-B CELL LYMPHOMA WITH APPARENT NATURAL KILLER CELL FUNCTION

Publisher Summary This chapter examines reticulum cell sarcomas (RCS) of SJL/J mice. SJL/J mice exhibit a high incidence of spontaneous RCS, with 90% of animals developing tumors at an average age of 13 months. The chapter presents the levels of NK activity against YAC targets observed in cells obtained from RCS-bearing donors. When compared to effector cells taken from normal SJL donors, the natural killer (NK) activity present in RCS cell suspensions was markedly increased. This increased NK activity was exhibited by RCS tumors that were well-established transplantable cell lines (RCS-5 and RCS-X) by transplantable PCS lines of more recent vintage (CH-2 and CH-5) and by primary RCS tumors, tested prior to initial transplantation (CH-11 and CH-12). The target cell range of RCS effectors was similar to that seen with CBA/J effector cells. Thus, YAC-1, RL♂1 and RBL-5 were all lysed by RCS effectors; however, several other lymphoma targets (BW5147, C1498, and L1210) were resistant to lysis by both RCS and CBA/J effector cells.
Starch Plastic Packaging and Agriculture Applications

Abstract The environmental impact of petroleum-based plastics is a growing concern throughout the world. Containers and packaging comprise the largest sector of municipal solid waste and are a major component of pollution on both land and sea. Renewable alternatives to petroleum-based plastics are needed for a more sustainable future. Starch, an abundant, biodegradable, renewable, and low-cost commodity, has been used in multiple ways to make alternatives to petroleum-based plastics. Starch can be made into a thermoplastic material but its poor mechanical properties and moisture sensitivity limit wider use. Starch-based plastics with improved properties have been made by blending starch with other polymers, using moisture-resistant films, and by creating composite materials using fibers and inorganic materials. Starch is also an important fermentation feedstock for the production of other important biopolymers. The prospects are promising for an ever-increasing role for starch in the development of sustainable packaging and other bioproducts.
PRACTICAL PROBLEMS AND APPLICATIONS OF BOILER AND PRESSURE VESSEL CODES IN THE NUCLEAR INDUSTRY

ABSTRACT Civilian applications for atomic energy after World War II were numerous. The largest in scope and monetary expenditure was the development of nuclear power for industry. Early plants were designed using the boiler, pressure vessel, and piping codes available in the early 1950's. A short history of the development of nuclear codes in the United States of America is presented, including a brief description of the philosophies which led to the standards with which we are familiar today. As the use of nuclear energy grew throughout the world, the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Codes, Section III, for new construction, and Section XI for operating plants, have gained international acceptance, and are used as the standards for the procurement, manufacture, installation and use of nuclear power plant components. As with any emerging technology, problems have been encountered with the application of these nuclear codes. The difficulties have been resolved by the use of Code Cases and revisions to the Codes, published as semiannual Addenda until 1985, and annually since. Several problems are described whose resolutions have resulted in great activity and expenditure of funds. Concomitant Code actions necessary to correct the problems and prevent their recurrence are detailed. The use of Code Interpretations which reply to inquiries for problem resolution is also discussed. Even though new construction activity is no longer a viable power alternative in the United States under its current economic and political climate, the American Nuclear Standards remain major contributors to all other nations whose fossil fuel availability makes nuclear power feasible. The significance of these standards which make a technology “instantly” available through the efforts of more than 800 volunteers from ASME and other countries as represented at this conference, is discussed.
Extraterrestrial liberty and creative practice: a firsthand experience of an imagined future.

In extra-terrestrial settlements of the future, liberty will be aligned with one’s ability to act with spontaneity and forethought from a position of psychological safety, away from censorship and surveillance. Though humans are often perceived to be the vulnerable link in space systems, this chapter discusses an aspect to sustainable new settlement that is rarely mentioned: how art making can address wellbeing and the nature of isolation through an emphasis on inner experiences and self-determinism. Through the lens of a first-hand experience within a space analogue, this text explores networks of relations generated from shared practices within a confined space in an extreme environment. As the links between art and liberty are evaluated, imaginative works are positioned as acts of free will, offering an intimate connection to an alternative reality, one that links freedom to failure. In a constrained, unfamiliar future world, art making can nourish and promote notions of freedom, build autonomy , strengthen communities and help shape new cultural identities. Finally, in such a place, for humans to really inhabit a role in a new world, this chapter suggests that creative practices in future extra-terrestrial settlement need to be clearly prioritised and mandated as transitional space, occupying a significant role as part of and apart from daily life.
The Circulation and Its Control I: Mechanical Properties of the Cardiovascular System

Publisher Summary This chapter explores the mechanical properties of the cardiovascular system. The entire circulatory system is a closed-loop hydraulic system. A definite amount of blood is circulated by the cardiac pumps through the vascular networks that have limited compliances. Therefore, any event taking place in one part of the loop exerts its mechanical influences on the rest of the loop through the resistances, capacitances, and inertia in the system. As a first step of the overall circulatory system analysis, it can be assumed that the circulatory loop is opened at a single point where pressure and flow are physically lumped. The experimentally easy site is the junction between the caval veins and right atrium, though an alternative is at the right ventricle–pulmonary artery junction, pulmonary vein-left atrium junction, or left ventricle-ascending aorta junction. The opened overall circulatory loop can be analyzed as a four-terminal black box in which all the major circulatory system components are connected in series. The chapter describes the closed-loop nature of circulation and discusses the singular and double opening of the loop.
Functional Gene Knockout of NRF2 Increases Chemosensitivity of Human Lung Cancer A549 Cells In Vitro and in a Xenograft Mouse Model.

Recent studies point to the evolution of drug resistance in lung cancer as being centered, at least in part, on the upregulation of various genes involved in controlling efflux or drug inactivation. Among the most important of these genes is Nuclear Factor Erythroid 2-Related Factor (NRF2), considered the master regulator of 100–200 target genes involved in cellular responses to oxidative and/or electrophilic stress. With increased focus on the development of combinatorial approaches for cancer treatment, we utilized CRISPR/Cas9 to disable the NRF2 gene in lung cancer cells by disrupting the NRF2 nuclear export signal (NES) domain; phenotypically, the protein is largely blocked from transiting into the nucleus after translation. In tissue culture, cells with this gene knockout were found to have a reduced proliferation phenotype and are more sensitive to chemotherapeutic agents, such as cisplatin and carboplatin. These observations were confirmed in xenograft mouse models wherein the homozygous knockout cells proliferate at a slower rate than the wild-type cells, even in the absence of drug treatment. Tumor growth was arrested for a period of 16 days, with a dramatic decrease in tumor volume being observed in samples receiving the combined action of CRISPR-directed gene editing and chemotherapy.
Performance of Rapid Research Autopsy

The concept of utilizing autopsy as a unique opportunity for tissue sampling is spreading across the United States and internationally. Rapid autopsies are unique in their ability to provide tissue specimens in large volumes and can sample across numerous anatomic locations simultaneously. This chapter will review practical considerations in development, growth, and maintenance of a rapid autopsy program. Best practices for collaboration with researchers, composition of rapid autopsy teams, autopsy logistics and procedures, and sample collection techniques will be explained. Rapid autopsy represents not only an extraordinary opportunity for research but also can provide a fulfilling contribution by patients and their families.
Enhanced Fail Rate Projections Using Negative Design Assist in Automotive Grade SRAMs

SRAMs used in automotive grade applications are required to meet stringent fail rate criteria through End-of-Life (EOL) operation. Current fail rate projections often involve Vmin testing at low voltages which introduce uncertainties due to the large fail rate extrapolations involved. We propose complementary Vmin testing with negative read assist as a way to improve EOL fail rate estimates through the use of triangulation with constrained regression. The use of design assist is also shown to be an effective way of time-zero (TO) product screening without the use of very low voltages that are often not possible during product testing.
Ring-opening–ring-closing metathesis of bicyclo[2.2.2]octenes: a novel synthesis of decalins and hydrindanes

Abstract Bicyclo[2.2.2]octenes containing an olefinic side-chain undergo ring-opening–ring-closing metathesis to give decalins and hydrindanes in reasonable yields.
Handbook of test development

Twelve steps for effective test development / Steven M. Downing -- The standards for educational and psychological testing: guidance in test development / Robert L. Linn -- Contracting for testing services / E. Roger Trent and Edward Roeber -- Evidence-centered assessment design / Robert J. Mislevy and Michelle M. Riconscente -- Item and test development strategies to minimize test fraud / James C. Impara and David Foster -- Preparing examinees for test taking: guidelines for test developers and test users / Linda Crocker -- Content-related validity evidence in test development / Michael Kane -- Identifying content for student achievement tests / Norman L. Webb -- Determining test content of credentialing examinations / Mark Raymond and Sandra Neustel -- Standard setting / Gregory J. Cizek -- Computerized item banking / C. David Vale -- Selected-response item formats in test development / Steven M. Downing -- Item and prompt development in performance testing / Catherine Welch --^
Text messaging to engage friends/family in diabetes self-management support: acceptability and potential to address disparities

OBJECTIVE Explore acceptability of engaging family/friends in patients' type 2 diabetes (T2D) self-management using text messaging. MATERIALS AND METHODS Participants (N = 123) recruited from primary care clinics for a larger trial evaluating mobile phone support for T2D completed self-report measures and a hemoglobin A1c test and then had the option to invite an adult support person to receive text messages. We examined characteristics and reasons of participants who did/did not invite a support person, responses to the invitation, and feedback from patients and support persons. RESULTS Participants were 55.9 ± 10.1 years old, 55% female, 53% minority, and 54% disadvantaged (low income, less than high school degree/GED, uninsured, and/or homeless). Participants who invited a support person (48%) were slightly younger, more likely to be partnered, and reported more depressive symptoms and more emergency department visits in the year prior to study enrollment as compared to participants who did not (all p <.05). Participants' reasons for inviting a support person included needing help and seeing benefits of engaging others, while reasons for not inviting a support person included concerns about being a "burden" and support person's ability or desire to text. Support persons reported the texts increased awareness, created dialogue, and improved their own health behaviors. DISCUSSION Patients inviting a support person had higher need and thus may stand to benefit most. Most support persons were open to engagement via text messages. CONCLUSION Across race and socioeconomic status, text messaging may engage support persons to increase health-related support-particularly for patients with higher levels of need. TRIAL REGISTRATION Clinicaltrials.gov NCT02409329.
Circular Arbitrage Detection Using Graphs

We propose a novel graph-theoretic method for the detection of circular arbitrage in foreign exchange (FX) markets and discuss and demonstrate runtime improvements of this algorithm over the brute force approach. An application on empirical currency bid/ask price data validates this technique as well as provides an example of increased computational efficiency, especially in the case where a large number of currencies are considered. Using minute level market data for all G10 currency pairs, we demonstrate the efficiency of the algorithm as well as potential returns of higher order circular arbitrage trades. Finally, several potential extensions are discussed.
Radiographic Severity of Metopic Craniosynostosis Correlates with Long-Term Neurocognitive Outcomes.

BACKGROUND Reports of neurodevelopmental delays in adolescents with metopic craniosynostosis have ranged from 15 to 61 percent. Previously, event-related potentials have correlated preoperative radiographic severity with language deficiencies in infancy. This study sought to characterize neurocognitive testing at cranial maturity and correlate outcomes to preoperative radiographic severity. METHODS Patients diagnosed with metopic craniosynostosis who underwent surgical correction in infancy completed a neurodevelopmental battery evaluating age-normalized intelligence quotient, academic achievement, and visuomotor integration. Data were stratified by preoperative endocranial bifrontal angle (moderate, >124 degrees; severe, <124 degrees). Multiple variable regression was used to control measured intelligence and achievement for age at surgery, age at testing, parental education, and income. Significance was set at p < 0.05. RESULTS Twenty patients completed neurodevelopmental testing. Mean intelligence quotient was 111.7 ± 13 and academic achievement was similar to national averages (word reading, 53.4 percent; reading comprehension, 53.4 percent; reading composite, 53.5 percent; spelling, 44 percent; and math, 52.9 percent). Radiographic measurements revealed 36 percent of patients with moderate phenotype and 64 percent with severe. Patients with severe phenotypes had lower intelligence quotient measures and scored more poorly in every academic measure tested. Word reading (113 versus 95; p = 0.035) and reading composite (109 versus 98; p = 0.014) reached significance. CONCLUSIONS Overall, cranial mature patients with metopic craniosynostosis had above average intelligence quotient and academic achievement near the national mean. Long-term neurocognitive function was correlated to preoperative radiographic severity in metopic craniosynostosis, with more severe cases performing worse. CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Risk, II.
The Jade Straitjacket: Measuring Reactions to China’s Rise

Since the Cold War, the Global South has become the basis of China’s political, economic, and military interests, as well as the major theater of China’s power competition with the United States. It is thus necessary to recognize how developing states have responded to changes in the international system brought on by China’s rise. Given the tide of nativism opposing trade and globalization, mostly studied through a Western lens, this study extends the analysis to the attitudes of the Global South. I outline the Western reaction to China’s rise to differentiate the factors that provoke backlash in the developed and developing world. Analyzing the relationship between China’s economic engagement and the degree of anti-China sentiment in a given region, as compared to the same relationships for the United States, I provide an amendment to Friedman’s “Golden Straitjacket” thesis to better understand China’s role in the processes of globalization and discuss the implications of the relationship between trade and domestic attitudes on the liberal theory of trade interdependence and conflict. I argue that since China’s “Jade Straitjacket” is a destabilizing force that provokes negative backlash stronger than reactions to American trade based on the findings of this study, policymakers must contend with the disconnect between elites who make the decision to don the straitjacket and domestic audiences who react adversely to the societal ramifications of these decisions.
Elevated RDW is Associated with Increased Mortality Risk in COVID-19

Abstract Background Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID19) is an acute respiratory illness with a high rate of hospitalization and mortality. Prognostic biomarkers are urgently needed. Red blood cell distribution width (RDW), a component of complete blood counts that reflects cellular volume variation, has been shown to be associated with elevated risk for morbidity and mortality in a wide range of diseases. Methods We retrospectively studied the relationship between RDW and COVID19 mortality risk for 1198 adult patients diagnosed with SARS COV2 at 4 Partners Healthcare Network Hospitals between March 4, 2020, and April 28, 2020. Findings Elevated RDW (> 14.5%) was associated with increased mortality in patients of all ages with a risk ratio of 2.5 (95% CI, 2.3-2.8). Stratified by age, the risk ratio was 6.2 (4.4-7.9, N = 312) 80 years. RDW was significantly associated with mortality in Cox proportional hazards models adjusted for age, D-Dimer, absolute lymphocyte count, and common comorbidities (p < 1e-4 for RDW in all cases). Patients whose RDW increased during admission had a ~3-fold elevation in mortality risk compared to those whose RDW did not change. Interpretation Elevated RDW at diagnosis and an increase in RDW during admission are both associated with increased mortality risk for adult COVID19 patients at a large academic medical center network.
Anomalous inflation of a nematic balloon

Abstract Inflation of an elastomer balloon is one of the most classical and important problems in the field of nonlinear elasticity. Many intriguing phenomena associated with the inflation of elastomer balloons such as snap-through instability and bulge propagation have been often observed and intensively studied. In this article, we report a new phenomenon during the inflation of a cylindrical balloon made from nematic elastomer. We found in the experiment that with a small increment of inflating pressure, the balloon contracts significantly along its axial direction while expands in its radial direction. With further increase of the pressure, the balloon expands mainly in the radial direction while maintains its length almost unchanged. Finally, the balloon expands both in the radial and axial directions abruptly with a tiny increase of inflating pressure, often leading to rupture of the balloon. The inflation behavior of the nematic balloon can be changed when it is subjected to an additional axial load. To quantitatively understand the experiments, we adopt a quasi-convex free energy function of nematic elastomer to derive the relationship between the inflating pressure and its deformation state. We have shown that the anomalous inflation of the nematic balloon is closely associated with the soft elasticity of the nematic elastomer. Our theoretical predictions agree with experimental measurements well with only two material parameters separately determined by uniaxial tension test of nematic elastomer.
Biomechanical Considerations and Mechanisms of Injury in Spondylolisthesis

Abstract Lumbar spondylolisthesis presents a formidable challenge to the complex biomechanical properties inherent to this region of the spine. Anatomical malalignment of the lumbar spine in the sagittal plane secondary to spondylolisthesis alters both the kinematic and load distribution patterns in the three predominant loading classifications, resulting in a pathomechanical response of the lumbopelvic spine and global sagittal balance. From a biomechanical standpoint, the mechanisms of injury and grade of spondylolisthesis affect the three longitudinal columns of spinal stability, degenerative processes of the three-joint-complex, and efficiency of the lumbosacral spine to optimally transmit load and motions in the axial skeleton.
Growth and arrest of topological cycles in small physical networks

The chordless cycle sizes of spatially embedded networks are demonstrated to follow an exponential growth law similar to random graphs if the number of nodes [Formula: see text] is below a critical value [Formula: see text] For covalent polymer networks, increasing the network size, as measured by the number of cross-link nodes, beyond [Formula: see text] results in a crossover to a new regime in which the characteristic size of the chordless cycles [Formula: see text] no longer increases. From this result, the onset and intensity of finite-size effects can be predicted from measurement of [Formula: see text] in large networks. Although such information is largely inaccessible with experiments, the agreement of simulation results from molecular dynamics, Metropolis Monte Carlo, and kinetic Monte Carlo suggests the crossover is a fundamental physical feature which is insensitive to the details of the network generation. These results show random graphs as a promising model to capture structural differences in confined physical networks.
Presence of ipsilateral acoustic reflex artifact may result in clinical misidentification.

Upon calibration of a specific commercially available immittance device, an artifact was consistently measured in a calibration cavity when in ipsilateral acoustic reflex mode. These results were r...
Effect of Tart Cherry on Aromatase Inhibitor-Induced Arthralgia (AIA) in Nonmetastatic Hormone-Positive Breast Cancer Patients: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial.

Abstract Background: Aromatase inhibitors (AI) are the standard treatment for hormone receptor‐positive breast cancer in postmenopausal women. About half of patients taking AI suffer Aromatase Inhibitor Arthralgia (AIA) which can cause noncompliance. Suboptimal AI adherence is associated with decreased survival. Effective AIA interventions are limited. In clinical trials, tart cherry (TC) showed beneficial effect on musculoskeletal pain associated with osteoarthritis, gout, and strenuous exercise. The flavonoids and anthocyanins in TC reportedly exert an anti-inflammatory effect, which may lessen the adverse effects of estrogen deficiency. This trial aimed to investigate whether TC can reduce AIA in non-metastatic hormone positive breast cancer (NMHPBC) patients. Methods: Randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial. Eligible patients with NMHPBC on AI for at least 4 weeks were randomized to TC concentrate [50 tart cherries] versus placebo (P) [syrup] in 1:1 model. Patients instructed to consume 1 Oz of concentrate in 8 Oz water daily for 6 weeks, and document their pain intensity at baseline, weekly and at study completion in a diary using Visual Analog Scale (VAS), with 0 mm indicating no pain, and 100 mm indicating highest pain. Results: 60 Patients were enrolled. 2 patients did not complete the study due to diarrhea, and 10 patients were non-compliant. 48 patients were included in the final analysis. TC group (23 pts) had 34.7% mean decrease in pain compared to 1.4% in P group (25 pts). This difference was statistically significant (Mann-Whitney U Test P = 0.034). Conclusions: Tart cherry can significantly improve AIA in non-metastatic breast cancer patient
Prosecutorial Discretion, Justice, and Compassion: Reestablishing Balance in our Legal System

The criminal justice system, wherein nearly all cases are resolved through a guilty plea, is tenuously balanced on prosecutorial discretion in the context of the plea-bargaining process. This shift in the balance of power away from judges and juries is particularly troubling given the lack of formal legal safeguards afforded to defendants engaging in plea bargaining rather than going to trial. The main issue is not prosecutorial discretion per se or even overzealous prosecutors, but the lack of oversight of the plea-bargaining process and the imbalance of power itself, which threatens the legitimacy and stability of the criminal justice system. This article argues for the importance of prosecutorial discretion as a potentially valuable tool, analyzes how and why it creates potential for abuse, and provides suggestions for recreating a balance of power. Overall, the analysis shifts away from blaming the personal characteristics of overzealous prosecutors for the imbalance and focuses on systemic, forward looking administrative and legislative solutions aimed at taking plea bargaining out of the shadows. The article concludes with specific suggestions for recreating a balance of power, by addressing issues arising from unequal access to information throughout the plea-bargaining process and recentering a defendant’s constitutional rights within the justice system.
Radiocontrast Nephrotoxicity in Diabetes: Clinical Considerations and Studies in the Diabetic Rat

Most drugs used in clinical practice have a low to very low incidence of renal toxicity. Nephrotoxicity tends to cluster around certain clinical circumstances or patient populations. Recognition of the risk factors for nephrotoxicity is, therefore, necessary for the understanding and prevention of renal damage (1).
The nerve growth factor: its role in growth, differentiation and function of the sympathetic adrenergic neuron.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the role of nerve growth factor (NGF) in the growth, differentiation, and function of the sympathetic adrenergic neuron. In the course of the divergence of cell lineages among the 10-12 billions of nerve cells that build the vertebrate nervous system, the sympathetic nerve cell is the first to acquire structural and biochemical differentiative marks. In the 3-day chick embryo or in the 6-week, 1-cm-long human embryo, two thin bands of undifferentiated cells migrate from their site of origin, the neural crest, and move along the sides of the diminutive, still open, neural tube into the underlying mesenchymal tissue. A few of these cells assemble as two strands and segregate from other neural crest derivatives, which give origin to sensory neurons, neural supporting elements, pigment, cartilage, and connective tissue. The two cellular strands consist of loosely packed cells with no differentiating marks designated as the primary sympathetic trunks. They segregate, in turn, into two components: one of these moves in a dorsolateral direction and gives rise to the segmentally arranged paravertebral ganglia, which settle in close apposition to the motor roots of spinal nerves; and the other migrates in a ventromedial direction in the pre-aortal region and forms the prevertebral sympathetic ganglia, which extend from the thoracic to the pelvic region.
Extreme Star Formation in the Interacting Galaxy Arp 299 (IC 694 + NGC 3690)*

We present a comprehensive study of the star formation properties of the infrared luminous galaxy Arp 299 (IC 694 + NGC 3690). The observations include Hubble Space Telescope (HST) NICMOS imaging and Multiple Mirror Telescope optical and near-infrared spectroscopy together with HST archival data. We correct the galaxy parameters for extinction and use the results as boundary conditions for evolutionary starburst models. These models and other arguments show that Arp 299 has been going through a broad variety of interaction-induced star formation for the last ~15 Myr. In addition to nuclear starbursts in the two colliding galaxies, there are nearby luminous star-forming regions that may be the result of molecular clouds breaking up and starting to form massive stars as they approach the nuclear potential. Two regions near the interaction region have very recently formed massive stars (~4 Myr old). One of these regions in particular appears to have undergone a starburst of very short duration, in contrast with the 5-10 Myr durations that are typical of nuclear events. These regions will probably form gravitationally bound new dwarf galaxies, although they are close enough to the more massive original galaxies that they will probably eventually be subsumed into them. In addition, we find 19 H II regions at least as energetic as 30 Doradus, and 21 older star clusters that likely are the products of similar H II regions formed in the past. This population of supergiant H II regions is unprecedented in normal galaxies and emphasizes that the effects of the interaction propagate through the entire pair of galaxies.
‘Sex is violence’: African‐American parents' perceptions of the link between exposure to community violence and youth sexual behaviours

In Chicago, African-American youth experience disproportionately high rates of exposure to community violence. Growing evidence documents that such exposures are related to youth sexual behaviours. This qualitative study seeks to illuminate the various ways in which violence and sex are intertwined in the lives of African-American youth. Analysing data from four focus groups (N = 54), major themes indicated that parents linked community violence with: (i) influencing youth sexual interests and opportunities for having sex; (ii) specific notions of youth sexual identities and social status; (iii) increased gang involvement and sexual initiations; and (iv) girls' grudges and their sexual concurrency with boys. These findings suggest that addressing these specific issues is important in parent-centred and community-grounded interventions aimed at reducing risky sexual behaviours among African-American youth.
The Effect of Calcium Channel Blocker Diltiazem on Photoreceptor Degeneration in the Rhodopsin Pro23His Rat

PURPOSE. To determine whether the calcium channel blocker D-cis-diltiazem promotes photoreceptor survival in rats with the Pro23His rhodopsin mutation. METHODS. Heterozygous Pro23His rhodopsin line 1 rats (n = 11) were treated daily, according to a protocol applied successfully in rd mice, with D-cis-diltiazem hydrochloride increased incrementally from 21 to 54 mg/kg in a divided dose (8 AM and 8 PM) administered by intraperitoneal (IP) injection for 21 days, beginning on days of age 10 through 12. Saline-treated line 1 rats (n = 6) received IP injections of an equal volume of 0.9% saline. Analysis on day 35 of age included dark-adapted corneal electroretinogram (ERG) b- and a-waves recorded from threshold to 0.63 log candela-seconds [cd-s]/m 2 , saturated a-waves elicited with a 2.1 log cd-s/m 2 flash, and morphometry of the outer nuclear layer (ONL) and rod outer segments (ROS). RESULTS. ONL width and cell counts of diltiazem-treated and saline-treated animals at 35 days were reduced to 64%-68% of 15-day-old untreated P23H line 1 retinas. No photoreceptor rescue was found by measuring ONL width (P = 0.84), cell count (P = 0.42), or ROS length (P = 0.85). Functional assays by ERG b-wave threshold (P = 0.57), b-wave maximum amplitude (P = 0.46), and saturated a-wave amplitude (P = 0.59) also showed no rescue. CONCLUSIONS. D-cis-Diltiazem did not rescue photoreceptors of Pro23His rhodopsin mutation line 1 rats treated according to the protocol used in rd mouse.
Applying The Hawaiian Mediation Model To Disputes and Conflicts

This article describes a basic, community mediation model used to resolve conflicts and disputes. The model is a visual model and consists of two triangles (the forum and negotiation stages) which when placed together (bottom to bottom) create a triangle. Sometimes this mediation model is referred to as the NJC Triangle model (NJC is an abbreviation for Neighborhood Justice Center, which was an earlier name for the current community mediation program in Honolulu). This visual model was developed in Hawaii by Professor David Chandler of the University of Hawaii Sociology Department. Although sometimes called the "Hawaii Mediation Model," this mediation model does not claim to be derived from Native Hawaiian culture. Professor Chandler and the author Professor John Barkai were both part of the first group of people trained as mediators in Hawaii in 1979 for what was then called the Makiki Neighborhood Justice Center.
A simple algorithm specification language and its application

A pragmatic approach to algorithm specification and verification is presented. The language AL provides a level of abstraction between a mathematical specification notation and a programming language, supporting compact but expressive algorithm description. Proofs of correctness about algorithms written in AL can be done via an embedding of the semantics of the language in a proof system; implementations of algorithms can be done through translation to standard programming languages. The proofs of correctness are more tractable than direct verification of programming language code; descriptions in AL are more easily related to executable programs than standard mathematical specifications. AL provides an independent, portable description which can be related to different proof systems and different programming languages. Several interfaces have been explored and tools for fully automatic translation of AL specifications into the HOL logic and Standard ML executable code have been implemented. A substantial case study uses AL as the common specification language from which both the formal proofs of correctness and executable code have been produced.
Toward a functional analysis of delusional speech and hallucinatory behavior.

An approach to a functional analysis of delusional speech and hallucinatory behavior is described and discussed using concepts found in Goldiamond's (1975a and 1984) nonlinear contingency analysis and Skinner's Verbal Behavior (1957). This synthesis draws upon and concords with research from the animal laboratory, with the extensive experimental literatures on stimulus control and signal detection theory, and with our own clinical experiences.In this formulation, delusional speech and hallucinatory behavior are viewed as successful operants. Accordingly, we argue that such behaviors can be considered adaptive and rational, rather than maladaptive and irrational, when analyzed within a model of consequential governance that includes alternative sets of contingencies. Several clinical examples are offered to illustrate both analytic procedures and the design of systemic treatment programs based upon a behavioral contingency analysis derived from a natural science of behavior. Throughout, we emphasize the consequential governance of these clinically important classes of behavior, in contrast to other approaches which suggest formal similarities to operant verbal behavior but largely ignore the role of consequential contingencies.
Design and performance of synchronized DMT (SDMT) modems for VDSL

This paper presents a very high-speed digital subscriber line (VDSL) solution called synchronized discrete multi-tone (SDMT), which is a flexible, low-complexity time-division duplexed implementation of DMT that provides key desirable VDSL features. The measured performance results quantify the achievable ranges and data rates of a currently-available SDMT VDSL system.
Personal and Social Conditions Potentially Influencing Women’s Hearing Loss Management

Little gender-specific data related to hearing loss and hearing loss management are available. The purpose of this investigation was to examine personal and social conditions affecting women at selected stages of the adult life course that may influence hearing loss management. In all, 191 women in three age groups, ranging from 35 to 85 years old, participated. None reported hearing problems. Participants completed a demographic data form and were given a standard audiometric evaluation to confirm age-normal hearing. Each completed assessments of speech understanding in quiet and noise, auditory signal duration discrimination, and binaural processing. Measures of hearing knowledge, behaviors, and attitudes; health-related locus of control; ego strength; and, social support were administered. Results revealed that although some variables deteriorate among subsequent age groups (i.e., hearing thresholds, central auditory processing, and ego strength), the reverse is true for others (i.e., social interactio...
Recent Improvements in Identifying Fission Product Sources in the Experimental Breeder Reactor II

The detection of a xenon tag released from an element with breached cladding has proved to be the best method of identifying a source of fission product release in the Experimental Breeder Reactor II. From experience gained from December 1974 to September 1977 in identifying the sources of 25 major releases, allowance can now be made for the composition changes in xenon tags brought about by irradiation and for the presence of more than one tag in the cover gas. This experience has also shown that calculated ratios of fission gas to tag gas in subassemblies can be used in identifying a source of release. An ancillary method, which uses the measured /sup 131/Xe//sup 134/Xe ratio in the cover gas, can also determine whether or not the source is uranium. The success of these recent improvements is reflected in the short time to identify a source and in the small number of other sources, frequently none, that are suspect.
Estradiol metabolism and its inhibition in bull semen.

Abstract Bull semen was examined to determine if estradiol and testosterone were oxidized. Spermatozoa converted 14 C-17 β -estradiol into a single product identified as estrone. The reverse reaction did not take place, nor was testosterone metabolized by the sperm. The reaction with 17 β -estradiol was completely inhibited by seminal plasma, so that spermatozoa had to be washed and resuspended in Ringer's solution for the conversion to take place. The inhibition was not due to a heat-labile constituent of seminal plasma nor, apparently, to pyridine nucleotide nucleosidase in semen. Added cofactors (NAD or NADP) did not enhance the reaction in whole sperm, but did restore activity to sonified sperm. Dilute suspensions of spermatozoa were several times more active than dense suspensions. Ejaculates collected from the same bull over a 14-month period showed wide variations in ability to convert 17 β -estradiol, with complete lack of activity occurring in some specimens.
Exploiting robotic link deflection for low-cost force measurement in manufacturing

A custom, low-cost force measurement system for manufacturing is presented that exploits robotic link deflection for measurement purposes instead of utilizing a commercially purchased load cell. Force measurement can be an important aspect to many manufacturing processes, as it can allow for force feedback control or other process-planning related operations, such as tool-workpiece autozero or through-the-tool joint tracking. This system is demonstrated on a machine that is used for Friction Stir Welding research, and a Finite Element Analysis is also conducted on the robotic link that is used for axial force measurement purposes. This system may be particularly attractive to small businesses or low-volume manufacturers whose smaller operating budgets may normally prohibit them from implementing force measurement systems.
Critical Evaluation of Phosmet's Breast Cancer Risk

Abstract Phosmet is an organophosphate insecticide, widely used on fruit trees in orchards. There is a potential for occupational and para-occupational exposure to this insecticide. While there is some evidence of a carcinogenic effect, phosmet has not been through a complete review for its carcinogenic potential by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), or the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Health effects from phosmet are undergoing a review at EPA, as part of the procedure for reassessment of tolerances for OP under the Food Quality and Protection Act of 1996 (FQPA). In this evaluation, we have used a modification of the IARC approach to conduct a detailed evaluation of any direct or related evidence of cancer risk, with a focus on breast cancer risk from phosmet. We have critically evaluated all the available human, experimental animal, and cancer-related molecular and mechanistic studies on phosmet. Chemical and up-to-date regulatory information is included, as w...
Serotonin and the Vascular System: Role in Health and Disease, and Implications for Therapy

Serotonin released from aggregating platelets can reach sufficient concentrations to affect local vascular function in a number of ways. The monoamine can cause contraction of blood vessels by its direct action on smooth muscle or by potentiating the effect of other vasoconstrictor agents. It can also induce vasodilatation by a direct relaxing effect on smooth muscle, by inhibition of adrenergic nerves, and by release of an uncharacterized relaxing factor from endothelial cells. One of its most likely physiological roles is to aid in haemostasis by promoting platelet aggregation and by causing local vasoconstriction at sites of injury. It probably has a role in some forms of vascular pathology as well: it may contribute to vasospasm of cerebral, coronary, and digital arteries, particularly if there is endothelial dysfunction or damage. Much evidence has implicated serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) in the pathogenesis of migraine. Serotonergic agonists, such as ergotamine, and antagonists, such as methysergide and pizotifen, are both used in therapy of migraine. Promising but conflicting early results have not yet defined a place for serotonergic antagonists in other vasospastic disorders. The antihypertensive efficacy of one serotonergic antagonist, ketanserin, raises questions about the possible involvement of serotonin in either the initiation or the maintenance of the elevated peripheral vascular resistance in several forms of hypertension, including essential hypertension.
Critical temperatures and critical pressures for the ethane—n‐butane—n‐pentane system

The limited critical temperatures and pressures resulting from the vapour—liquid equilibrium studies for the ethane—n-butane—n-pentane system have been utilised along with the available critical temperatures and pressures of the corresponding binary systems to obtain relationships for the critical temperatures and pressures covering the entire range of compositions for this ternary system.
Serum amylase determinations in pediatric patients presenting to the ED with acute abdominal pain or trauma

The objective of this study was to evaluate the overall impact of serum amylase determinations in the initial management of patients presenting to the pediatric emergency department (ED) with the acute onset of abdominal pain or trauma. All cases of patients younger than 18 years of age who presented to the pediatric ED for whom a serum amylase value was determined during an 18-month period were reviewed. Data were collected retrospectively, including serum amylase concentration, age, gender, presenting complaint, discharge/admission status, diagnosis, and discharge plans or inpatient management to evaluate the impact of serum amylase determinations. Seven hundred twenty-three cases were reviewed during the study period. Six hundred fifty-six patients met study criteria, with 385 serum amylase determinations performed for the evaluation of acute abdominal pain and 271 for acute trauma. Sixty-seven serum amylase determinations were also sent for other reasons. Overall, 12 of 656 study patients had elevated amylase levels (1.8%) during the study period (range, 130 to 2318 U/L). Eight of 271 amylase levels sent to the laboratory for trauma (3.0%), and 4 of 385 sent for abdominal pain (1.0%) were elevated. Overall, serum amylase concentration had no influence on whether or not the patient was admitted to the hospital. Of the 12 patients with elevated amylase levels sent for abdominal pain or trauma, only 2 had their clinical management affected by the serum amylase concentration. In both cases, the patient presented with subacute abdominal pain related to significant abdominal trauma that had occurred 2 to 3 weeks earlier. Both patients showed evidence of pancreatic insult with diagnostic imaging studies.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Evaluation of two kinds of smallpox vaccine: CVI-78 and calf lymph vaccine. II. Clinical and serologic observations of response to revaccination with calf lymph vaccine.

Extract: Revaccination with standard calf lymph vaccine was performed on 26 children who had received a primary vaccination with an attenuated smallpox vaccine, CVI-78, and 22 children who had received primary vaccination with standard calf lymph. Revaccination resulted in a vesicular reaction in 96% of those who had been vaccinated previously with CVI-78 and 73% of those vaccinated previously with standard calf lymph. All children had a positive hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) antibody titer either after primary vaccination or revaccination. Only 65% of those initially vaccinated with CVI-78 vaccine had positive neutralizing antibodies after revaccination. All children who received primary vaccination with standard calf lymph had postrevaccination neutralizing antibodies. The children who had neither a dermal nor a serologic response after primary vaccination responded as primary vaccinees on challenge with standard calf lymph. Speculation: Vaccination with CVI-78 alone offers only partial protection against variola and revaccination with standard calf lymph is necessary to offer full protection. The incomplete neutralizing antibody response in the CVI-78 group after revaccination with standard vaccine may indicate, however, that revaccination protection in this group is incomplete. Vaccination with CVI-78 also is not completely protective against the complications that could result from primary standard calf lymph vaccination since a significant percentage of those who received primary vaccination with CVI-78 had no postvaccination serologic or dermal response and responded like primary vaccinees when challenged with standard vaccine.