cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Seasonal changes in clinical status in bipolar disorder: a prospective study in 1000 STEP-BD patients.

Objective: To investigate seasonal and regional effects on bipolar I and II patients. Method: The Systematic Treatment Enhancement Program for Bipolar Disorder (STEP-BD) patients were prospectively examined for monthly change in prevalence rates of depressed and recovered clinical status over the year. General Estimating Equation modeling was used to assess the effect of season on prevalence rates. Additionally, patients were stratified by bipolar subtype and by region. Results: A significantly higher prevalence rate of depression is observed in the northern sites, a significant prevalence by month effect is found only in the bipolar II patients. Conclusion: The prevalence of depression is greater in patients from the northern vs. southern STEP-BD sites. Seasonal peak prevalence rates of depression differ by region. Bipolar II patients were more ill year-round and demonstrated greater monthly fluctuation in prevalence rates of being ill than did bipolar I patients. We conclude that seasonal effects upon bipolar patients vary by region and bipolar subtype.
Boundary feedback control for heat exchange enhancement in 2D magnetohydrodynamic channel flow by extremum seeking

The heat exchange efficiency of electrically conducting fluids can drop dramatically when they interact with externally imposed magnetic fields. The movement of such fluids under the presence of imposed transverse magnetic fields can generate substantial magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) effects including the need of higher pressure gradients to drive the fluids and lower heat transfer rates due to the laminarization of the flows. Active boundary control can be employed to overcome this disadvantage. We consider in this work a heat exchange process in a 2D MHD channel flow. An extremumseeking scheme is proposed to tune in real time a fixed-structure boundary controller with the ultimate goal of maximizing the outlet temperature of the electrically conducting cooling fluid, and therefore enhancing the efficiency of the heat exchanger. A heat transfer solver based on finite difference techniques is developed to predict the temperature dynamics within the 2D MHD channel, where the velocity dynamics is predicted by a pseudo-spectral solver. Simulation results show the efficiency of the proposed controller.
Parameterization of Convective Momentum Transport in Highly Baroclinic Conditions

The organization of convection by vertical shear strongly affects the transport of horizontal momentum, yet the concept of organization has received little attention in convective parameterization. Here the focus is on open-cellular convection in cold-air outbreaks under strongly baroclinic conditions that occur to the rear of midlatitude cyclones. The principles derived herein are envisaged to apply to baroclinic advection at large in similar shear flows. Open-cellular convection, forced by surface fluxes of sensible and latent heat and organized by unidirectional shear, is simulated using a three-dimensional cloud-resolving numerical model. The effects of the in-cloud pressure field, organization, and shear on momentum transport are quantified for the simulated clouds. A simple analytic model of blocked overturning provides dynamical insight into downgradient momentum transport by the simulated three-dimensional cumulonimbus ensemble. The overturning circulation having vorticity of the same sign as the ambient shear maintains the far-field flow, while the blocking effect decelerates in-cloud momentum. The combined effect is to maintain the mean flow somewhat below its undisturbed value. The numerical results and analytic predictions are used to evaluate and interpret two parameterization schemes for convective momentum transport used in operational global weather prediction and climate models at the U.K. Meteorological Office and the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts. Finally, the authors comment on how the downgradient momentum transport by three-dimensional cumulus convection contrasts with momentum-mixing concepts as well as countergradient momentum transport by two-dimensional squall lines.
Identification of a Thyroid Hormone Response Element in the Mouse Krüppel-Like Factor 9 Gene to Explain Its Postnatal Expression in the Brain

Brain development is critically dependent on thyroid hormone (T(3)). Kruppel-like factor 9 (Klf9) is a T(3)-inducible gene in developing rat brain, and several lines of evidence support that KLF9 plays a key role in neuronal morphogenesis. Here we extend our findings to the mouse and demonstrate the presence of a functional T(3) response element (T(3)RE) in the 5' flanking region of the mouse Klf9 gene. Klf9 mRNA is strongly induced in the mouse hippocampus and cerebellum in a developmental stage- and T(3)-dependent manner. Computer analysis identified a near optimal direct repeat 4 (DR-4) T(3)RE 3.8 kb upstream of the Klf9 transcription start site, and EMSAs showed that T(3) receptor (TR)-retinoid X receptor heterodimers bound to the T(3)RE with high affinity. The T(3)RE acts as a strong positive response element in transfection assays using a minimal heterologous promoter. In the mouse neuroblastoma cell line N2a[TRbeta1], T(3) caused a dose-dependent up-regulation of Klf9 mRNA. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays conducted with N2a[TRbeta1] cells showed that TRs associated with the Klf9 T(3)RE, and this association was promoted by T(3). Treatment of N2a[TRbeta1] cells with T(3) led to hyperacetylation of histones 3 and 4 at the T(3)RE site. Furthermore, TRs associated with the DR-4 T(3)RE in postnatal d 4 mouse brain, and histone 4 acetylation was greater at this site compared with other regions of the Klf9 gene. Our study identifies a functional DR-4 T(3)RE located in the mouse Klf9 gene to explain its regulation by T(3) during mammalian brain development.
The ”Melting Point” of Suppositories.:Device for Testing the Resistance of Fatty-Base Suppositories to Deformation

Fatty-base suppositories, when ideally formulated, melt at body temperature and yet retain their firmness and shape in ordinary storage. It is desirable to have a test procedure which will show the melting behavior of a formulation as a finished suppository. Since a static melting test gives a misleading evaluation of the behavior of a suppository, a procedure is described wherein, by pneumatically applying a slight pressure to a suppository held at a specified temperature, its behavior under use conditions may be better evaluated.
Introduction to themed section—supporting ecosystem services with conservation agricultural approaches

Ecosystem services are the properties and processes of the natural world that contribute to the well-being of plants, animals, and humans in a holistic and global context. For too long, members of the agricultural community have been solely focused on the provision of food, feed, and fiber. Of course, this essential human innovation has provided hugely important products engineered for mass production that serves all of human society. However, agriculture and the ecosystems in which it is practiced provide numerous other services that are becoming increasingly relevant to its very survival and the survival of humans that it supports. A scientist with the USDA-Agricultural Research Service in Raleigh NC convened a symposium at the Annual Meetings of the American Society of Agronomy-Crop Science Society of America-Soil Science Society of America in San Antonio TX in 2011, and a set of four papers are being published to address how conservation agricultural approaches can provide ecosystem services beyond food, feed, and fiber production. This editorial introduces the rationale and need for future research on this theme.
The Contribution of Multiple Scattering within the Nucleus to the Elastic Scattering of Nucleons by Nuclei

The impulse approximation expansion of the nucleon-nucleus scattering operator in terms of nucleon-nucleon scattering operators is rearranged so that it is given by the sum of a term representing repeated scatterings from the same nuclear nucleon and a term representing repeated scatterings from two different nuclear nucleons. When the expansion is limited to double scattering, the result explains some well-known experimental phenomena, namely, the parallelism between the elastic differential scattering cross section and the Born approximation cross section, and the sharp dip in the polarization at the Born approximation diffraction zero. 1 > The usual procedure is to neglect the binding energy of the nuclear nucleons com­ pared to the kinetic energy of the incident particle (impulse approximation), to assume that the nucleon-nucleus potential is a sum over the individual nucleon-nucleon potentials, and then to express these two-body potentials in terms of the two-body scattering matrices. The resultant " optical model potential", linear in the two-body scattering amplitude, can then be used to calculate the nucleon-nucleus scattering cross section and polarization. The nucleon-nucleus scattering amplitude calculated in the first Born approximation from the optical model potential is then linear in the nucleon-nucleon scattering amplitude and can be interpreted as the scattering of the incident particle by a single nucleon in the nucleus, the nucleus then recoiling as a whole. We shall often refer to the "first Born approximation amplitude " and the " single scattering amplitude" interchangeably. It has been shown that the polarization predicted by the optical model potential can be computed quite adequately at very small scattering angles, using the Born approximation scattering amplitude/> and several attempts have been made to use this result to distinguish among the various proposed sets of nucleon-nucleon phase shifts, 3 > usually without success. 4 > The polarization cal-
A computational exploration of double dissociations: modes of processing instead of components of processing

Two connectionist models are reported that simulated the defining features of the double dissociation between phonological and surface dyslexia in word reading. One model was a feed-forward, three-layer perceptron, and the other included recurrent connections. Neither model contained an architectural separation of sublexical and lexical processes, nor of phonological and semantic processes. Analyses showed that the double dissociation was simulated because the control parameter input gain shifted the models between conjunctive and componential modes of processing. The dissociation was not simulated by any kind of damage to separate system components. The simulations are discussed in the context of current accounts of surface and phonological dyslexia.
Robust control of a flexible manipulator arm

The authors consider the end-point position control problem of a one-link flexible manipulator under wide spectrum of operating conditions. Uncertain stiffness variation may arise in practice and is treated as the uncertainty. A robust control scheme is designed for the proposed control problem; the scheme is capable of achieving better accuracy for the manipulator without the complete knowledge of uncertainty. The only required information of the uncertainty is its possible bound. >
Innate immune activation after transfusion of stored red blood cells

The transfusion of red blood cells (RBCs), although necessary for treatment of anemia and blood loss, has also been linked to increased morbidity and mortality. RBCs stored for longer durations and transfused in larger volumes are often cited as contributory to adverse outcomes. The potential mechanisms underlying deleterious effects of RBC transfusion are just beginning to be elucidated. In this narrative review, we explore the hypothesis that prolonged RBC storage results in elaboration of substances which may function as danger associated molecular pattern molecules that activate the innate immune system with consequences unfavorable to healthy homeostasis. The nature of these chemical mediators and the biological responses to them offers insight into the mechanisms of these pathological responses. Three major areas of activation of the innate immune apparatus by stored RBCs have been tentatively identified: RBC hemolysis, recipient neutrophil priming, and reactive oxygen species production. The possible mechanisms by which each might perturb the innate immune response are reviewed in a search for potential novel pathways through which transfusion can lead to an altered inflammatory response.
The evolutionary advantage of recombination. II. Individual selection for recombination.

Based on the Fisher-Muller theory of the evolution of recombination, an argument can be constructed predicting that a recessive allele favoring recombination will be favored, if there are either favorable or deleterious mutants occurring at other loci. In this case there is no clear distinction between individual and group selection. Computer simulation of populations segregating for recessive or dominant recombination alleles showed selection favoring recombination, except in the case of a dominant recombination allele with deleterious background mutants. The relationship of this work to parallel investigations by Williams and by Strobeck, Maynard Smith, and Charlesworth is explored. All seem to rely on the same phenomenon. There seems no reason to assume that the evolution of recombination must have occurred by group selection.
Orientation and strength of branched polymer systems

A previous theory is simplified and extended to analyze the effect of macromolecular orientation on the tensile strength of a branched polymer solid. The analytical result is then compared with some known experimental data for oriented polymethyl methacrylate.
Acceleration of Acetal Hydrolysis by Remote Alkoxy Groups: Evidence for Electrostatic Effects on the Formation of Oxocarbenium Ions†

In contrast to observations with carbohydrates, experiments with 4-alkoxy-substituted acetals indicate that an alkoxy group can accelerate acetal hydrolysis by up to 20-fold compared to substrates without an alkoxy group. The acceleration of ionization in more flexible acetals can be up to 200-fold when compensated for inductive effects.
Mashup Advisor: A Recommendation Tool for Mashup Development

Mashup editors, like Yahoo Pipes and IBM Lotus Mashup Maker, allow non-programmer end-users to ldquomash-uprdquo information sources and services to meet their information needs. However, with the increasing number of services, information sources and complex operations like filtering and joining, even an easy to use editor is not sufficient. MashupAdvisor aims to assist mashup creators to build higher quality mashups in less time. Based on the current state of a mashup, the MashupAdvisor quietly suggests outputs (goals) that the user might want to include in the final mashup. MashupAdvisor exploits a repository of mashups to estimate the popularity of specific outputs, and makes suggestions using the conditional probability that an output will be included, given the current state of the mashup. When a suggestion is accepted, MashupAdvisor uses a semantic matching algorithm and a metric planner to modify the mashup to produce the suggested output. Our prototype was implemented on top of IBM Lotus MashupMaker and our initial results show that it is effective.
In memory of Ernst Kunibert Zinner (1937–2015)

The death of Ernst Kunibert Zinner brings great sadness to the community of cosmochemists and astrophysicists. He pioneered the isotopic and chemical study of grains formed in ejecta from very diverse stars that exploded before the Solar System formed. The identification of the chemical compounds, which he found in grains of circumstellar condensates, and their isotopic compositions has permitted great advances in our understanding of stellar nucleosynthesis. Ernst Zinner was Research Professor at Washington University, where he was supported by research grants from NASA and some from the NSF.
Nonlocal impacts of the Loop Current on cross-slope near-bottom flow in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico

Cross-slope near-bottom motions near De Soto Canyon in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico are analyzed from a multidecadal ocean model simulation to characterize upwelling and downwelling, important mechanisms for exchange between the deep ocean and shelf in the vicinity of the 2010 BP Macondo well oil spill. Across the continental slope, large-scale depression and offshore movement of isopycnals (downwelling) occur more frequently when the Loop Current impinges upon the West Florida Shelf slope farther south. Upwelling and onshore movement of isopycnals occurs with roughly the same likelihood regardless of Loop Current impingement on the slope. The remote influence of Loop Current on the De Soto Canyon region downwelling is a consequence of a high-pressure anomaly that extends along the continental slope emanating from the location of Loop Current impact.
Multiple, conserved cryptic recombination signals in VH gene segments: detection of cleavage products only in pro B cells.

Receptor editing is believed to play the major role in purging newly formed B cell compartments of autoreactivity by the induction of secondary V(D)J rearrangements. In the process of immunoglobulin heavy (H) chain editing, these secondary rearrangements are mediated by direct VH-to-JH joining or cryptic recombination signals (cRSs) within VH gene segments. Using a statistical model of RS, we have identified potential cRSs within VH gene segments at conserved sites flanking complementarity-determining regions 1 and 2. These cRSs are active in extrachromosomal recombination assays and cleaved during normal B cell development. Cleavage of multiple VH cRSs was observed in the bone marrow of C57BL/6 and RAG2:GFP and μMT congenic animals, and we determined that cRS cleavage efficiencies are 30–50-fold lower than a physiological RS. cRS signal ends are abundant in pro–B cells, including those recovered from μMT mice, but undetectable in pre– or immature B cells. Thus, VH cRS cleavage regularly occurs before the generation of functional preBCR and BCR. Conservation of cRSs distal from the 3′ end of VH gene segments suggests a function for these cryptic signals other than VH gene replacement.
Streak photography of the dynamic-electrical discharge behavior on insulator surfaces in vacuum

High-speed streak photography of surface breakdown or flashover events along the surface of monocrystalline quartz and polycrystalline alumina specimens is reported. The initiation of visible luminosity was observed to be a function of surface properties of the samples. It has been shown that light could originate independently at the anode as well as at the cathode, indicating that the initiation of surface flashover could start in any region. The propagation rate of luminosity, bridging the electrodes completely, was found to vary depending upon the location at which the light originated. The initiation of light at the cathode is discussed on the basis of an electron induced collision-ionization process and of radiative recombination of electrons in the conduction band with the empty or positively charged traps or defect centers. The emission of light at the anode end is discussed along the lines of a recombination process involving field ionized traps or defect centers and conduction electrons and of the hole-induced excitation of activator or defect centers by inelastic collision. >
Doubly Heavy Baryons, Heavy Quark-DiQuark Symmetry and NRQCD

In the heavy quark limit, properties of heavy mesons and doubly heavy baryons are related by heavy quark-diquark symmetry. This problem is reanalyzed in the framework of Non-Relativistic QCD (NRQCD). We introduce a novel method for deriving Potential NRQCD (pNRQCD) Lagrangians for composite fields from vNRQCD, which contains quarks and antiquarks as explicit degrees of freedom and maintains manifest power counting in the velocity via a label formalism. A Hubbard-Stratonovich transformation is used to eliminate four quark interactions in vNRQCD and then quarks and antiquarks are integrated out to get effective Lagrangians for composite fields. This method is used to rederive Lagrangians for the Q ¯
Group Buying, Buyer Heterogeneity and Seller’s Bargaining Power

Group buying enables collective bargaining opportunity that individual buyers lack to negotiate prices with sellers. This potential negotiation capability has two opposing effects. On the one hand, the prospect of the group being able to negotiate price with its rival forces each seller to lower its price offer, as too high a price will induce the group to give its rival an opportunity to undercut its price via negotiation likely taking away all the buyers. On the other hand, the potential negotiation opportunity may also discourage sellers from competing aggressively in their price offers, as the benefit of charging a low price could be offset by competitors in negotiation, thus yielding overall higher prices for the buyers. In this study, we find that compared to individual purchase, buyers benefit from collective bargaining opportunity by group buying only if sellers’ bargaining power relative to the buyer group is low and/or buyers’ preferences towards the sellers are sufficiently differentiated. Given buyers’ strategic choice of group purchase, sellers may be worse off with a further increase in bargaining power, and so may social welfare.
Geographic Access to Burn Center Hospitals

Context The delivery of burn care is a resource-intensive endeavor that requires specialized personnel and equipment. The optimal geographic distribution of burn centers has long been debated; however, the current distribution of centers relative to geographic area and population is unknown. Objective To estimate the proportion of the US population living within 1 and 2 hours by rotary air transport (helicopter) or ground transport of a burn care facility. Design and Setting A cross-sectional analysis of geographic access to US burn centers utilizing the 2000 US census, road and speed limit data, the Atlas and Database of Air Medical Services database, and the 2008 American Burn Association Directory. Main Outcome Measure The proportion of state, regional, and national population living within 1 and 2 hours by air transport or ground transport of a burn care facility. Results In 2008, there were 128 self-reported burn centers in the United States including 51 American Burn Association–verified centers. An estimated 25.1% and 46.3% of the US population live within 1 and 2 hours by ground transport, respectively, of a verified burn center. By air, 53.9% and 79.0% of the population live within 1 and 2 hours, respectively, of a verified center. There was significant regional variation in access to verified burn centers by both ground and rotary air transport. The greatest proportion of the population with access was highest in the northeast region and lowest in the southern United States. Conclusion Nearly 80% of the US population lives within 2 hours by ground or rotary air transport of a verified burn center; however, there is both state and regional variation in geographic access to these centers.
The Allocation of the Commons: Parking and Stopping on the Commons

The economic forces governing transitions between different property rights regimes has been the source of extensive study since Demsetz's path breaking 1967 essay, "Toward a Theory of Property Rights." This paper offers first a general critique of that position, chiefly on the ground that it underestimates the practical difficulties of orchestrating efficient transitions in contexts where strong political forces are at play. Thereafter, the paper explores the movement among various systems that are used to allocate a particular public good, namely parking places on public streets. It examines both bottom-up systems that rely on analogues to the rule of first possession (in both clear and snowy weather) and top-down systems that use meters and permits as allocation devices. It offers explanations as to why the optimal rule will tend to vary with the density of traffic and generally opposes the use of special permits that limit occupancy to residences of certain neighborhoods, which effectively reduce the carrying capacity of a system of roads.
Space-time image sequence analysis: object tunnels and occlusion volumes

We address the issue of image sequence analysis jointly in space and time. While typical approaches to such an analysis consider two image frames at a time, we propose to perform this analysis jointly over multiple frames. We concentrate on spatiotemporal segmentation of image sequences and on analysis of occlusion effects therein. The segmentation process is three-dimensional (3-D); we search for a volume carved out by each moving object in the image sequence domain, or "object tunnel", a new space-time concept. We pose the problem in variational framework by using only motion information (no intensity edges). The resulting formulation can be viewed as volume competition, a 3-D generalization of region competition. We parameterize the unknown surface to be estimated, but rather than using an active-surface approach, we embed it into a higher dimensional function and apply the level-set methodology. We first develop simple models for the detection of moving objects over static background; no motion models are needed. Then, in order to improve segmentation accuracy, we incorporate motion models for objects and background. We further extend the method by including explicit models for occluded and newly exposed areas that lead to "occlusion volumes," another new space-time concept. Since, in this case, multiple volumes are sought, we apply a multiphase variant of the level-set method. We present various experimental results for synthetic and natural image sequences.
One dental hygienist's role in clinical research.

Clinical research is growing quickly in medicine and dentistry today. Moving research findings from the bench top of a scientific laboratory to the private practitioner's clinical setting is what translational research is all about. The National Institutes of Health (NIH) Roadmap 2002 for biomedical research has highlighted translational research within medicine, and that includes oral health, as part of reengineering the clinical research enterprise in the United States. The National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research support this mission, along with their mission, which is " to improve oral, dental and craniofacial health through research, research training, and the dissemination of health information." I began my dental hygiene career in private practice and about 10 years ago transitioned to working in clinical research settings. I was working full time as a clinical dental hygienist for the University of Michigan (U-M) Faculty Practice when I was recruited as a clinical examiner and coordinator for a clinical research project that was studying a local delivery antimicrobial for the treatment of periodontal disease. It was a large, multi-centered study utilizing 5 private practices in 10 geographically different areas (multi-centered) throughout the United States.
BRONJ: The Future

Bisphosphonates are a class of agents that are widely used in the management of metastatic disease to the bone and in diseases of altered bone-turnover. Despite these benefits, bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (BRONJ) has emerged as a complication that has afflicted a subset of patients receiving these drugs for the treatment of osteoporosis and metastatic bone cancer. The risk of developing this complication appears to be related to the potency of the bisphosphonate, the duration of exposure, and dentoalveolar trauma. Stage-specific management strategies have been developed as well as guidelines for evaluating the potential risks associated with this complication. In the past few years, based on the results of in vivo and in vitro research, there has been significant progress toward understanding osteonecrosis of the jaw. This chapter provides a review of the evolving strategies for the diagnosis, prevention, and management of BRONJ. New insights regarding the pathogenesis and treatment of this complication are discussed, as are the future challenges associated with the new drug regimens that have recently emerged for the treatment of osteoporosis and cancer.
You Take My Space, I Take Your Air: An Empirical Study of Disabled Parking and Motor Vehicle Laws for Persons with Disabilities

Reserved parking and specialized treatment are necessary to permit individuals with disabilities access to goods, services, and employment opportunities on an equal basis with the general public. Why are disabled drivers entitled to disabled parking spots? What is the procedure for an individual with a disability to receive special disability registration license plates? What is the role of the Medical Advisory Board in reviewing the ability of disabled drivers to get behind the wheel? What, if any, obligation or responsibility does a physician treating a disabled driver have to notify the Department of Motor Vehicles of the patient's condition or to third parties injured by a disabled driver?Does the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 ("ADA"), a landmark civil rights act protecting an individual with a physical or mental impairment, require the removal of architectural barriers to create designated accessible parking spaces at places of public accommodation? Does the ADA require that restaurants, grocery stores, law offices, and laundromats provide designated parking for individuals with disabilities?Empirical data provided in this article is submitted to serve as a backdrop for elaboration and comparison. Fifty places of public accommodation were surveyed to identify and determine compliance with the provision of accessible parking spaces for disabled drivers in a variety of locations in Maryland.A review of a variety of state motor vehicle statutes are compared and analyzed, ranging from the enumerated covered disabilities, the physician certification process, the provision of placards and disability plates, parking space requirements fees, parking privileges, and enforcement provisions.This article will discuss and analyze various court decisions concerning reasonable accommodations for drivers with disabilities. It will provide insight and understanding of the impact of the ADA and the direction courts are heading as they confront this challenging and important area of the law. Finally, this article will offer recommendations regarding accessible parking and Medical Advisory for the disabled driver.
Porque in Spanish Oral Narratives: Semantic Porque, (Meta)Pragmatic Porque or Both?

This study examines the use of the Spanish connective porque (‘because’) in the oral narratives of 30 native speakers of Peninsular Spanish who watched The pear film (Chafe 1980) and were asked to retell it. Analysis of 127 instances of porque in the narratives reveals that it is used semantically in relations of consequence–cause, and pragmatically in epistemic (conclusion–argument) and speech act (utterance–motivation) relations, coinciding with the three categories of causal relations identified by Sweetser (1990). Furthermore, the study shows how the narrators use porque constructions to refer back to and reflect on their speech metapragmatically. Reflexive (i.e., metapragmatic) language deals with “the way language is able to reflect on itself, make statements about itself, question itself, improve itself, quote itself and so on” (Mey 2001, p. 177). The porque relations in the narratives were analyzed using heuristic paraphrase tests to distinguish epistemic and speech act (pragmatic) causal relations from semantic ones. The analysis shows how porque, when used pragmatically, communicates more than its literal semantic sense of cause, giving rise to what could be considered a Gricean implicature, involving a metapragmatic commentary. Although generally, the porque relations in the narratives have either a semantic or a pragmatic reading, in some cases, they may have both.
Serum Lipids, Lipoproteins, and Apolipoproteins in the Healthy Elderly

Although cardiovascular disease remains the number one cause of death in the elderly in the United States, many individuals are living to an older age relatively free of this disease. The purpose of this study was to measure serum lipid and lipoprotein levels in a healthy elderly sample population. We quantitated serum total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and its suhfractions HDL2 and HDL3, triglycerides, and apolipoproteins A-I and B and calculated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and very-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in 57 healthy elderly subjects (37 women and 20 men). We found that women had significantly higher levels of HDL-C, HDL2, HDL3, and apolipoprotein A-I than men. In addition, TC and LDL-C levels were significantly higher in persons 75 years and older than in those 65 to 74 years old.
Natural Hazards Education on the Web

Each year natural disasters take a huge toll in deaths and injuries, property damage, and economic loss. Much of this devastation can be reduced through greater public awareness of existing mitigation techniques. The National Geophysical Data Center (NGDC) and its collocated World Data Center for Solid Earth Geophysics, Boulder, is using state-of-the-art World Wide Web tools for natural hazards education and public outreach. NGDC provides interactive search and retrieval capabilities for several natural hazards databases and an extensive collection of hazards photographs. NGDC also provides online educational opportunities through a Natural Hazards Quiz that tests the user's natural hazards IQ. Additional natural hazards data and information are provided through the online Natural Hazards Data Resources Directory (http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/seg/hazard/resource/). Long-term databases can be used to observe historic records of natural hazard event occurrences. These databases also educate the public about hot spots and trends of natural hazards. NGDC manages several earthquake, volcano, and tsunami databases. New Web technologies, such as interactive search and retrieval capabilities, are used to simplify access to these databases. For example, an Interactive Volcano Map allows users to view the locations of over 1,500 volcanoes. Users can zoom in and out of the map and obtain specific information such as the name, location, elevation, type, and status of the volcano (Figure 1). In addition, users can find out where and when earthquakes have caused deaths or damage by searching the online Significant Earthquake database which documents all events causing at least ten deaths and moderate damage. The results are displayed in a dynamically created HTML page based on user-specified criteria. NGDC also provides online access to metadata from the Earthquake Catalog CD-ROM set (1996). These CD's were jointly developed by the National Earthquake Information Center (USGS) and NGDC. …
Effect of temperature on development and survival of Scirtothrips citri on citrus foliage.

Data obtained on the effects of temperature on the life stage development and survival of the citrus thrips, Scirtothrips citri (Moulton), were used to construct developmental curves. Polynomial regression curves for 1st stage larvae and pupae were quadratic in form; those for the egg, 2nd stage larvae, prepupae, and total developmental time were cubic. From these models, the thermal threshold for egg development was determined to lie below 18.3°C, and the critical lethal limit for 2nd stage larvae, prepupae, and pupae was found to be ca. 37.8°C.
Cancer of the Penis.

Cancer of the penis is infrequent in the United States because of good genital hygiene and circumcision of male babies at birth. In other countries, it represents 11-12% of all cancer in males. Tumors of the penis consist mainly of squamous cell carcinoma. Mesenchymal tumors are rare. The treatment is based on the surgical excision of the penis (partial or total) with or without regional lymphadenectomy. Radiotherapy alone or in conjunction with surgery is also used. Chemotherapy with bleomycin and/or methotrexate has been effective in advanced disease. The prognosis is directly related to the stage of the tumor at the time of the treatment. Patients without lymphatic metastases remain alive and free of disease at ten years of follow-up. Meanwhile, patients with microscopic lymphatic spread, survive an average of 2.5 years (Roswell Park Memorial Institute). These data emphasize the importance of early diagnosis and treatment to achieve long survival.
Open Process Architecture

This chapter contains sections titled: How to Interpret Framework #8 Implications of Pattern Use References ]]>
Tricuspid valve-in-valve implantation for failing bioprosthetic valves: an evolving standard of care

Redo surgery for bioprosthetic tricuspid valve failure is associated with high morbidity and mortality. In recent years, transcatheter tricuspid valve-in-valve (VIV) therapy utilizing ballon-expandable transcatheter valves has become available. The tricuspid Valve-in-Valve International Data (VIVID) registry initial results represent the largest experience with tricuspid VIV therapy, demonstrating high procedural success rates with low 30 days mortality and excellent survival free of repeat tricuspid intervention in 1 year. Although longer clinic and hemodynamic follow-up will be needed to fully understand the role of this therapy, these data support the safety, feasibility and beneficial effects of tricuspid VIV therapy. For patients with bioprosthetic tricuspid valve failure, tricuspid VIV is likely to become a first-line treatment option.
Automated Leukocyte Differential Analysis by Flow Cytochemistry

Automated leukocyte differential analysis can be performed utilizing a continuous flow system and the techniques of cell size measurement by light scatter and cytochemistry. This instrumentation was primarily designed as a screening tool to detect abnormal patient samples. Subsequent experience with these devices has demonstrated that they can also provide specific information about abnormal cells. They offer the advantage of analyzing a large number of cells for multiple simultaneous parameters. This feature provides improved accuracy with severely leukopenic samples and in the measurement of infrequent cell classes such as eosinophils, basophils, and monocytes. These qualities have led to the extension of their application to complex cell suspensions such as bone marrow, where they may be used for rapid cytochemical diagnosis of the acute leukemias and myeloproliferative syndromes. These instruments appear to be an intermediate step in the progressive development of hematology laboratory instruments from single-parameter electrical impedance technology toward multiparameter cell analysis technology.
Circulation in Rapid Hip and Knee Bone Destruction

In the hip and knee, the term subchondral insufficiency fracture has been used to describe a focal bone response associated with sudden onset of joint pain, older age, focal osteoporosis, and progression to joint replacement in some cases. Rapidly developing osteoarthritis of the hip is also associated with sudden onset of severe pain, and it usually progresses to larger areas of bone resorption with progression to joint replacement. The literature relative to these three conditions was reviewed focusing on patient demographics, imaging, osteoporosis, associated comorbidities, cytokine changes, similar vascular disorders in other joints, and attempts at nonsurgical treatment. These conditions predominate in, but are not restricted to, individuals who are older than 50, have physical joint abnormalities, are not systemically osteoporotic, and have had no apparent trauma. The biochemical and genetic mechanisms for hip and knee insufficiency fractures is not clear. Although there are reports of hip subchondral insufficiency fractures associated with rapidly developing osteoarthritis of the hip, it is not clear whether all cases are preceded with insufficiency fractures. There is insufficient information on the fracture healing mechanism of insufficiency fractures, and the relationship to vascularity and biochemical imbalance is poorly understood. It is concluded that there are large gaps in the knowledge of biochemical and other mechanisms that might link these conditions. This knowledge may influence nonsurgical treatment strategies.
Coaching the Coach: A Program for Development of Faculty Portfolio Coaches.

Problem: Faculty coaching is recognized as an essential element for effective use of portfolios in undergraduate medical education, yet best practices for training these coaches are uncertain. Inte...
A large eddy lattice Boltzmann simulation of magnetohydrodynamic turbulence

Abstract Large eddy simulations (LES) of a lattice Boltzmann magnetohydrodynamic (LB-MHD) model are performed for the unstable magnetized Kelvin–Helmholtz jet instability. This algorithm is an extension of Ansumali et al. [1] to MHD in which one performs first an expansion in the filter width on the kinetic equations followed by the usual low Knudsen number expansion. These two perturbation operations do not commute. Closure is achieved by invoking the physical constraint that subgrid effects occur at transport time scales. The simulations are in very good agreement with direct numerical simulations.
Recovery after PILP remineralization of dentin lesions created with two cariogenic acids.

Abstract Objectives Acetate and lactate are important cariogenic acids produced by oral bacteria. They produced different residual dentin structures in artificial lesions of similar depth. We evaluated if such lesions responded in the same way to a polymer-induced-liquid-precursor (PILP) remineralization. Design Dentin blocks obtained from human third molars, divided into 6 groups (n = 3). Blocks were demineralized with acetate (66 h) or lactate (168 h) buffer at pH 5.0 to create 140 μm target lesion depths. A-DEM and L-DEM groups received no remineralization. Other groups were remineralized for 14 days. 100 μg/mL polyaspartate was added into the remineralizing buffer for A-PIL and L-PIL, whereas A-CAP and L-CAP were treated with the same solution but without polyaspartate. Cross-sectioned blocks were examined for shrinkage and AFM-topography. Line profiles of reduced elastic modulus (E r ) were obtained by AFM-based nanoindentation across the lesion. Ultrastructures were examined with TEM. Results A-PIL and L-PIL recovered in shrinkage to the original height of the dentin and it appeared normal with tubules, with increases in E r at both outer flat and inner sloped zones. At the sloped zone, acetate lesions lost more E r but recovery rate after PILP was not statistically different from lactate lesions. A-CAP and L-CAP showed surface precipitates, significantly less recovery in shrinkage or E r as compared to PILP groups. TEM-ultrastructure of PILP groups showed similar structural and mineral components in the sloped zone for lesions produced by either acid. Conclusions The PILP process provided significant recovery of both structure and mechanical properties for artificial lesions produced with acetate or lactate.
Proactive and Prudent: A Report of a Holistic Cyclical Electronic Resources Review Pilot at the University of Tennessee at Chattanooga

ABSTRACTIn 2016, The University of Tennessee at Chattanooga Library piloted a cyclical review process for five academic departments. The goal was to go beyond the traditional library portion of a department’s accreditation/program review and holistically assess electronic resources for these departments and provide recommendations for changes when necessary. This article describes the need for this kind of review, the process used to review Engineering and Computer Science resources, suggestions and decisions made as a result of the review, reflections on the experience, and hopes for the future.
Chapter 5 Using Large-Scale Databases to Examine Families of Children with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities

Abstract In this chapter, we argue for the increased use of large-scale databases to examine families of individuals with disabilities. To date, three main approaches have been employed. First, researchers have analyzed data from among the wide array of national surveys that have been supported by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), US Census Bureau, Department of Education, and other (mostly federal) agencies. In the second approach, national Vital Statistics records have been examined, including information about all of the United States’ births or deaths in a particular calendar year. In the third approach, examinations have been more targeted to all families of children or adults with disabilities residing in a particular city, state, region, or area. Though each has its own strengths and weaknesses, all three large-scale approaches can address many questions about families of children and adults with disabilities. We end this chapter by providing two examples of how we have used Tennessee administrative data sets to answer questions about the structure and characteristics of families of children with Down syndrome; we also discuss continuing issues concerning the use of large-scale databases to tell us about the nature and functioning of families of individuals with disabilities.
Priorities Related to Improving Healthcare Safety Through Simulation.

STATEMENT Improving healthcare safety is a worthwhile and important endeavor. Simulation-based activities can help with such a goal through research and training. In this manner, it can focus on education and training, assessment and metrics, process improvement, and culture change to help move forward both patient safety and quality of care.This article will address the following three main topics: (1) designing simulation-based activities to promote high reliability in healthcare, (2) developing simulation-based activities to foster resilience in healthcare systems, and (3) evaluating the impact of adverse events in healthcare and how simulation-based activities can be used to determine and potentially to prevent their cause. These topics will be treated sequentially, providing synopses of concepts and giving examples of research currently being undertaken. It will then highlight current priorities for simulation-based research in this domain by drawing from insights obtained and a targeted literature review.
Soziale Folgen moderner technischer Innovationen

Wissenschaft und Technik sind soziale Phanomene. Wie alle sozialen Phanomene entstehen, entwickeln und verandern sie sich — sie zeigen Aufstieg und Verfall — und sie kommen sogar zu einem Ende; dies gilt fur alle Kontinente und fur samtliche Kulturen, wobei jeweils unterschiedliche Entstehungszeiten und Entwicklungsgeschwindigkeiten zu beobachten sind. Aber nur selten und ansatzweise hat die Technik, deren Wurzeln bis auf das handwerkliche Konnen der altesten uberlieferten Zeiten, und sogar bis auf die noch fruheren und bekannten Techniken der steinzeitlichen Jager und Handwerker, zuruckreichen, die Schranken der auf eine bestimmte soziale Klasse begrenzten Tatigkeit uberschritten, und dies nur in Zeiten, in denen besondere soziale Bedurfnisse vorlagen. Man konnte hier etwa denken an die reine Mathematik der Chinesen, an die fur praktische militarische und politische Zwecke entwickelten astronomischen Kalender, an die griechische Cheraie und an die Erfindung des ‘flussigen Feuers’ fur die Schiffsverteidigung (eine sehr kurze Verbindung von Wissenschaft und Technik), oder an die europaische Sternkunde und die praxisorientierten Seefahrtsnavigatoren der Renaissance.