cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Simplistic Structure and History in Seila Law

In Seila Law v. Consumer Financial Protection Bureau, the Supreme Court split 5-4 upon appointing party lines in striking down for-cause removal protections for the Bureau’s single Director as violating the constitutional separation of powers. Chief Justice Roberts’s majority opinion expounded a novel principle: Significant executive power may not be concentrated in any single individual in the Executive branch unless that individual is removable at-will by the President. This Note argues the majority’s usage of structure and history to constitutionalize this principle was deeply flawed. It is unconstrained by any particular interpretive commitments. Further, it is internally inconsistent, logically flawed, historically opportunistic, and unsupported by a pragmatic consideration of the issue. I conclude with reflection on agency independence post-Seila Law and a call for pragmatic deference to the political branches.
The relationship between body mass index, disease activity, and exercise in ankylosing spondylitis.

Background Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is associated with elevated cardiovascular (CV) risk and obesity is a common, modifiable risk factor. Our aims were 1) to assess the relationship of BMI with disease activity in AS patients, and 2) to assess the extent to which the effect is mediated through exercise. Methods We used data from a prospective AS cohort with a median follow-up of 7 years. To determine the association of BMI (kg/m2 ) with disease activity as measured by the Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Score (ASDAS), we used generalized estimating equations with inverse probability weighting to account for repeated measures per subject and time-varying confounding. To estimate the direct effect of overweight/obese BMI on disease activity, and the indirect effect through exercise, we performed a mediation analysis. Results There were 183 subjects with available BMI and disease activity data (77% male, 70% white, mean age 40.8 ± 13.3 years). Higher BMI was significantly associated with higher disease activity over time; on average, for a 1 kg/m2 higher BMI, the ASDAS was 0.06 units higher (95% CI 0.04 - 0.08) after adjustment for important confounders. The direct effect of an overweight/obese BMI accounted for most of the total effect on disease activity, with a smaller indirect effect mediated by exercise (7%). Conclusion Higher BMI was associated with higher disease activity in a prospective AS cohort. We found that being overweight/obese largely influenced disease activity directly, rather than indirectly through exercise. Other mechanisms such as increased inflammation may better explain the obesity-disease activity association.
A novel preoperative risk score to guide patient selection for resection of soft tissue sarcoma lung metastases: An analysis from the United States Sarcoma Collaborative.

BACKGROUND Surgical resection for sarcoma lung metastases has been associated with improved overall survival (OS). METHODS Patients who underwent curative-intent resection of sarcoma lung metastases (2000-2016) were identified from the US Sarcoma Collaborative. Patients with extrapulmonary metastatic disease or R2 resections of primary tumor or metastases were excluded. Primary endpoint was OS. RESULTS Three hundred and fifty-two patients met inclusion criteria. Location of primary tumor was truncal/extremity in 85% (n = 270) and retroperitoneal in 15% (n = 49). Forty-nine percent (n = 171) of patients had solitary and 51% (n = 180) had multiple lung metastasis. Median OS was 49 months; 5-year OS 42%. Age ≥55 (HR 1.77), retroperitoneal primary (HR 1.67), R1 resection of primary (HR 1.72), and multiple (≥2) lung metastases (HR 1.77) were associated with decreased OS(all p < 0.05). Assigning one point for each factor, we developed a risk score from 0 to 4. Patients were then divided into two risk groups: low (0-1 factor) and high (2-4 factors). The low-risk group (n = 159) had significantly better 5-year OS compared to the high-risk group (n = 108) (51% vs. 16%, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION We identified four characteristics that in aggregate portend a worse OS and created a novel prognostic risk score for patients with sarcoma lung metastases. Given that patients in the high-risk group have a projected OS of <20% at 5 years, this risk score, after external validation, will be an important tool to aid in preoperative counseling and consideration for multimodal therapy.
Serine mutations in overexpressed Hsp27 abrogate the protection against doxorubicin-induced p53-dependent cardiac apoptosis in mice.

Requirement of serine phosphorylation in Hsp27 for cardioprotective effect against Dox is tested in various mutants overexpressing mice. Cardioprotective effect was found to be compromised in Hsp27...
Humane Treatment of Farm Animals

The welfare of farm animals is an increasingly important issue for the U.S. food and agricultural system. Dramatic improvements in productivity have contributed to lower consumer prices for animal products, but critics contend that this has been at the expense of the well-being of farm animals. The food and agricultural industry has responded to concerns by adopting a range of voluntary schemes designed to improve farm animal welfare. However, a range of activist groups, some of whom would like to see the elimination of animal agriculture entirely, have been increasingly successful in pressing for tighter regulation, particularly at the state level. The proliferation of regulations is likely to impose additional costs on producers and could place them at a competitive disadvantage. Despite the likelihood that higher standards will increase production costs, it would be extremely risky for the industry not to take a proactive approach to the animal welfare issue. A combination of strengthened voluntary actions, supported by more stringent penalties for those who fail to follow accepted practices, could satisfy the welfare concerns of the vast majority of Americans who wish to continue to consume animal products.
You Pick Up the Phone and It Works: An Examination of Real World Telecom Reform in the European Union

Telecommunications policy reform is on the agenda in the United States. The Congress will take up the issue beginning in 2005. This article proposes that American policymakers look at the European Union's New Regulatory Framework as a policy model that adopts the layered regulation approach. The article is description of the New Framework, described in language that is accessible and familiar to the American public policy audience. Limited comparisons between the European solution and the American regulatory 'problem' are offered to indicate how the EU attempted to solve regulatory issues that are common to the US and EU. The discussion concludes with an evaluation of the EU Framework based on statistical indicia of competition and deployment, indicating that the EU Framework has surpassed the US in these two axis of success.
L/K-CAPTURE RATIO AND ElEk FOR Ar$sup 3$$sup 7$

The $\frac{L}{K}$ capture ratio of ${\mathrm{Ar}}^{37}$ has been determined to be 0.103\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.003 in a high-pressure, multiwire proportional counter. This value is in excellent agreement with the theoretical value of 0.100. The average energy of the $L$ peak was found to be 273\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}6 ev. When a new value of 265\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}5 ev is obtained for the critical $L$ absorption energy of Cl by interpolation and the effect of the Auger process is considered, it is concluded that the energy to produce an ion pair in Ar at 0.2 kev is 0.98\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.04 times the value at 2.8 kev.
Proceedings of the 12th ACM Great Lakes symposium on VLSI

Welcome to the Big Apple for the 12-- th Great Lakes VLSI Symposium. While New York City is not exactly on the Great Lakes, it does have a connection to Lake Ontario through the Hudson and the old waterways. This justifies the choice of the Big Apple as the venue for this year's GLSVLSI! Once again this symposium has attracted an excellent assortment of papers, over a range of topics that are fundamental to advancing the state of the art.This years program has been carefully selected by the program co-- chairs through peer review, with each paper getting at least three reviews, in a record review period of just one month. Our kudos go to the program committee members and additional reviewers for completing their hard work in such a short time. We believe that we have a strong and interesting selection of papers for this symposium covering all major aspects of VLSI design.This year, we received 71 uniformly high quality submissions. We would like to thank all the authors who submitted their manuscripts for consideration. The technical program committee had great difficulty in limiting the number of accepted papers to fit time constraints of the conference. Of the submitted papers, 19 were accepted as full papers, 12 as short papers, and an additional 10 as posters. Approximately half of the full and short papers cover some aspect of VLSI CAD. A third discuss circuit related topics, and another third cover specific chip, subsystem, or systemdesign. A tenth address topics of a more theoretical nature, while a full 25% touch on the increasingly important area of low power. From our perspective, this is a very satisfying mix.
The interfacial structure of water/protonated α-Al2O3 (11 ̅20) as a function of pH.

Sum frequency vibrational spectroscopy (SFVS) was used to study the structure of the protonated α-Al(2)O(3) (11 20), and water/α-Al(2)O(3) (11 20) interfaces as a function of pH. By combining SFVS spectra with an oxygen-terminated model suggested by x-ray reflectivity, we are able to understand several details of the protonated α-Al(2)O(3) (11 20) interface structure. For example, the spectral changes observed for the water/α-Al(2)O(3) (11 20) interface with varying pH could be accounted for by the protonation/deprotonation of particular surface hydroxyls. Our spectra also indicate that the point of zero charge for this interface is at pH ~ 6.7.
The future power engineering professor

This presentation made as a part of a panel session provides the author's opinion regarding the likely characteristics, demands, and requirements of a future power engineering professor. Based on the scenario of a highly competitive university environment in terms of faculty resources and the need to excel at both teaching and research, this talk identifies the need for the future power engineering professor to have depth in traditional power engineering curricula and breadth in terms of ability to learn and adopt new material relating to support topics in control theory, economics, probability theory and risk analysis, computer engineering, electronics and sensor technology, etc. The talk also highlights the need for the future professor to effectively team up with researchers in other areas and other universities to successfully garner highly competitive research funding from diverse funding agencies.
Ion probe analysis of H, Li, B, F and Ba in micas, with additional data for metamorphic amphibole, scapolite and pyroxene

Detection levels in silicate rocks, which were detd. by an AEI IM-20 ion probe, are approx.: Li 0.07, B 2, F 7, Ba 0.1 ppm; that for H depends on the quality of the vacuum but is typically near 20-100 ppm. Matrix factors for 1H vary 3-fold among micas, amphiboles, and scapolites, and even between muscovites and phlogopite-biotites. A nonlinear working curve was obtained for F/(F + OH) in phlogopite-biotites. A linear working curve was found for 7Li from micas; lower yields were given by amphiboles and scapolites. Insufficient stds. were available to det. the matrix factors for 11B. A linear working curve was obtained for 0-6 wt.% BaO in phlogopite-biotites contg. 4-21 wt.% FeO. Detailed calibrations of the matrix factors for different minerals are needed to exploit the undoubted potential of the ion microprobe for light-element detn.; for example, B in mantle-derived micas might be a sensor for subducted sediment.
Modified synthesis of dl-N-norarmepavine and dl-armepavine.

The synthesis of dl - N -norarmepavine and dl -armepavine, utilizing the carboethoxy protecting group, is described.
Steiner traveler: Relay deployment for remote sensing in heterogeneous multi-robot exploration

In the multi-robot exploration task of an unknown environment, human operators often need to control the robots remotely and obtain the sensed information by real-time bandwidth-consuming multimedia streams. The task has military and civilian applications, such as reconnaissance, search and rescue missions in earthquake, radioactive, and other dangerous or hostile regions. Due to the nature of such applications, infrastructure networks or pre-deployed relays are often not available to support the stream transmission. To address this issue, we present a novel exploration scheme called Bandwidth-aware Exploration with a Steiner Traveler (BEST). BEST has a heterogeneous robot team with a fixed number of frontier nodes (FNs) to sense the area iteratively. In addition, a relay-deployment node (RDN) tracks the FNs movement and places relays when necessary to support the video/audio streams aggregation to the base station. Therefore, the main problem is to find a minimum path for the relay-deployment robot to travel and the positions to deploy necessary relays to support the stream aggregation in each movement iteration. This problem inherits characteristics of both the Steiner minimum tree and traveling salesman problems. We model the novel problem as the minimum velocity Flow constrained Steiner Traveler problem (FST). Extensive simulations show BEST improves exploration efficiency by 62% on average compared to the state-of-the-art homogeneous robot exploration strategies. BEST also saves cost by using only half the number of robots compared to the counterpart, while still achieving a 24% exploration time reduction.
Chiral symmetry restoration at finite temperature in the planar limit

Abstract We investigate numerically chiral symmetry restoration at finite temperature in the planar limit in the deconfined phase, both when it is stable and when the system is supercooled. We find chiral symmetry restoration at T χ = T d , where T d is the temperature of the deconfinement transition in pure gauge theory and T χ T d in the supercooled deconfined phase. In the stable case the spectrum of the Dirac operator opens a gap in a discontinuous manner and in the supercooled phase the gap seems to vanish continuously.
Histerectomía extrafascial en cáncer de cuello uterino IB2 posterior a radio-quimioterapia

Objetivo: Evaluar la sobrevida global y libre de enfermedad en pacientes con tratamiento concomitante de radioquimioterapia mas histerectomia extrafascial en cancer de cuello uterino IB2. Metodo: 31 pacientes con cancer cervico-uterino en etapa IB2 fueron tratadas con radioquimioterapia concomitante mas histerectomia extrafascial programada en 4 a 6 semanas. Se efectuo radioterapia pelviana externa e implante de braquiterapia utero-vaginal con dosis preoperatoria entre 70-75 Gy a punto A y quimioterapia con cisplatino. Resultados: La edad promedio de las pacientes fue de 41 ± 8 anos. El 81% de los casos fue carcinoma escamocelular. La histerectomia extrafascial se realizo 4 a 6 semanas post-radiacion en el 85% de los casos. El 79% y el 13% de las pacientes recibieron 5 y 4 ciclos de quimioterapia respectivamente. La mediana de seguimiento fue de 38 meses. La sobrevida global y libre de enfermedad estimada a 5 anos fue de 86% y 79% respectivamente. Hubo diferencia significativa en la sobrevida global en los subgrupos sin o con enfermedad residual macroscopica en la pieza operatoria (p<0,001). Conclusion: Esta serie muestra resultados de sobrevida similares a las reportadas en otros trabajos con el mismo tratamiento. La enfermedad residual en la pieza operatoria podria constituir un factor de valor pronostico.
Comparison of Split-Versus Connected-Core Supplies in the POWER6 Microprocessor

The POWER6trade is a dual-core microprocessor fabricated in a 65nm SOI process with 10 levels of low-k copper interconnects. Chips with split- and connected-core power supplies are fabricated, modeled, and tested, showing both the advantages and disadvantages of each. On-chip noise measurements are compared to simulation. The noise measurements and simulation both show that the shorted core power grid design has less noise and a higher maximum frequency.
Dietary yeast culture supplementation of mares during late gestation and early lactation Effects on dietary nutrient digestibilities and fecal nitrogen partitioning

Summary This study explored the hypothesis that dietary supplementation of mares during late gestation and early lactation with small amounts of a concentrated dried live yeast culture preparation would increase the digestibility of the components of their feed. Ten pregnant mares were randomly allotted to 2 groups which were fed the same diets, except for supplementation of one group with 20 g/day of yeast culture, from 4 weeks before foaling to 8 weeks after foaling. After 2 weeks of supplementation, the supplemented mares exhibited increases (p
A Question of Rights: Poverty and the Child Care Crisis∗

Children's rights to early care and education raise a fundamental issue to be grappled with in the free market fundamentalism that shapes a 21st century American childhood. The discourse about child care for children in poverty is largely instrumentalist, and focused on a cost-benefit analysis of outcomes, not on children's existential well-being. Children's rights and mothers' rights to high quality child care are not part of the discourse. In this article I argue that child care should be universally accessible and viewed within a broader framework of human rights. The voices of low-income mothers, who have struggled to access high quality care for their children, are presented in order to illuminate the care deficit and make visible how failed public policies and lived realities take shape on the ground.
Species-Specific Spatial and Temporal Distribution Patterns of Emigrating Juvenile Salmonids in the Pacific Northwest

The vertical and horizontal distribution of juvenile salmonid migrants on approach to the dams influences bypass success in rivers. Accordingly, fish distributions have been studied for nearly three decades. These studies, however, have not been integrated and summarized in a single body of work to determine overall patterns in the spatial distribution of emigrants. We reviewed peer-reviewed and gray literature to summarize species-specific trends in the horizontal and vertical distributions of emigrating salmonids as measured by several different methods. We found that there were no species-specific differences in horizontal distributions and that fish were often oriented with the river thalweg. There were weak differences between species in vertical distributions, e.g., juvenile yearling steelhead were shallower during the day than yearling Chinook salmon. For sockeye, coho, and subyearling Chinook salmon, the data were limited or conflicting. Studies were purposefully designed to measure distributions ...
Recovery management in QuickSilver

This paper describes QuickSilver, developed at the IBM Almaden Research Center, which uses atomic transactions as a unified failure recovery mechanism for a client-server structured distributed system. Transactions allow failure atomicity for related activities at a single server or at a number of independent servers. Rather than bundling transaction management into a dedicated language or recoverable object manager, Quicksilver exposes the basic commit protocol and log recovery primitives, allowing clients and servers to tailor their recovery techniques to their specific needs. Servers can implement their own log recovery protocols rather than being required to use a system-defined protocol. These decisions allow servers to make their own choices to balance simplicity, efficiency, and recoverability.
Estimates of internal stresses about interstitials in a bcc lattice

The atomic volume of interstitial cubic and hexagonal interstitial compounds has been found to correlate with the size of the filled octahedron in corresponding dilute solutions. Data from binary systems containing N, C, and O in V, Nb, Ta, Cr, Mo, W, and Fe lattices were examined. Systematic correlations enable estimates to be made of the components of the dipole tensor for interstitials in octahedral sites within selected bcc lattices. The volume change in filling an interstitial site is used to determine the sum of the diagonal tensor components, while their ratio is obtained from the second-neighbour displacement of a lattice atom about a filled site. Estimates from crystallographic data are obtained using either a volume correlation or a common shape factor along with the second-neighbour displacement. A filled octahedron tends to give equal first and second-neighbour distance parameters making it nearly regular. Estimates are made from isotropic and anisotropic elasticity. Lattice Green function calculations support the use of the second neighbour as a core displacement parameter. As expected, core displacements obtained from lattice theory can differ greatly from those obtained by elastic calculations except for the second-neighbour displacement. The influence of crystal anisotropy on the long range elastic field is examined. In niobium the first neighbour is displaced along an elastically soft direction and one finds the largest displacements of any system examined.
Discrimination Against Muslim American Adolescents

Although there is ample evidence of discrimination toward Muslim Americans in general, there is limited information specific to Muslim American adolescents. The few existing studies specific to this age group suggest that Muslim American adolescents encounter much discrimination from teachers, school administrators, and classmates. This descriptive qualitative study complements the few existing studies on Muslim American adolescents by obtaining in-depth description of the discrimination they encounter. The sample was 14 Muslim American adolescents who participated in one of two gender-specific focus groups about their discrimination experiences. Findings identified school settings as rife with discrimination toward Muslims, portrayed Muslim girls as at risk for harassment by strangers in public places, and illustrated how Muslim youth cope with discrimination. The study findings sensitize school nurses to the nature of the problem and provide direction for intervention.
Adsorption and removal of graphene dispersants

Abstract We demonstrate three different techniques (dialysis, vacuum filtration, and spray drying) for removal of dispersants from liquid-exfoliated graphene. We evaluate these techniques for elimination of dispersants from both the bulk liquid phase and from the graphene surface. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) confirms dispersant removal by these treatments. Vacuum filtration (driving by convective mass transfer) is the most effective method of dispersant removal, regardless of the type of dispersant, removing up to ∼95 wt.% of the polymeric dispersant with only ∼7.4 wt.% decrease in graphene content. Dialysis also removes a significant fraction (∼70 wt.% for polymeric dispersants) of un-adsorbed dispersants without disturbing the dispersion quality. Spray drying produces re-dispersible, crumpled powder samples and eliminates much of the unabsorbed dispersants. We also show that there is no rapid desorption of dispersants from the graphene surface. In addition, electrical conductivity measurements demonstrate conductivities one order of magnitude lower for graphene drop-cast films (where excess dispersants are present) than for vacuum filtered films, confirming poor inter-sheet connectivity when excess dispersants are present.
Power-Delay Tradeoff over Wireless Networks

When transmitting stochastic traffic flows over wireless networks, there exists an inherent tradeoff between average transmit power and corresponding queuing-delay bound. In this paper, we investigate such a tradeoff and show how average power increases as delay-bound requirement for wireless network traffics becomes stringent. Specifically, we propose the resource allocation schemes to minimize the power consumption subject to a delay quality-of-service (QoS) constraint, where the delay constraint is in terms of queue-length decay rate when an arrival traffic is transmitted through the wireless networks. We focus on orthogonal-frequency-division-multiplexing (OFDM) communications under three different network infrastructures, namely, point-to-point link, multihop amplify-and-forward (AF) network, and multiuser cellular network. We derive the optimal resource allocation policies for each scenario, and compare their performances with other existing resource-allocation policies. The obtained simulation and numerical results show that using our proposed optimal resource-allocation policies, significant power saving can be achieved. Furthermore, our OFDM-based communications systems can significantly reduce the power consumption, especially under stringent delay constraint.
Volumetric asymmetry in the human striate cortex

A sample of 31 serially sectioned human brains, in age from 33 weeks of gestation through 94 years, was examined for volumetric asymmetries in the striate cortex. The right striate cortex was found to be larger than the left in 24 of 31 cases. On the average, the right striate cortex was larger than the left by about 5%; this difference was statistically significant. Although past studies indicated that the posterior cerebrum is anatomically asymmetrical, no consistent pattern had been found, and no study had examined the actual volume of the striate cortex in the two hemispheres. The demonstration of asymmetries in the striate cortex is important because differences exist between the hemispheres in a wide range of perceptual and spatial skills related to vision. I suggest that the striate cortical asymmetry is related to the right hemisphere's superiority in visuospatial functioning.
Metalloorganic Compounds for Nonlinear Optics: Molecular Hyperpolarizabilities of M(diimine)(dithiolate) Complexes (M = Pt, Pd, Ni)

A series of mixed-ligand transition-metal diimine dithiolate complexes have been prepared, and their nonlinear optical properties have been investigated. Molecular hyperpolarizabilities have been obtained from electric field induced second harmonic generation experiments at 1.9 μm and range in magnitude from 0 to −39 × 10-30 esu. Variation in molecular design of the complexes, through changes in the metal ion and diimine and dithiolate ligands, can be used to affect changes in the charge-transfer-to-diimine absorption band frequency and oscillator strength. Correlation between the optical charge-transfer transition and the nonlinear optical properties appears to agree with the two-state model.
Leakage current in GaInAs/InP photodiodes grown by OMVPE

Reverse-bias dark current and zero-bias dynamic conductance are studied for large area p-i-n photodiodes of Ga0.47In0.53As grown on InP substrates by organometallic vapor phase epitaxy (OMVPE). The leakage in GaInAs homojunction mesa diodes is dominated by generation current near the intersection of the mesa surface with the GaInAs depletion region. The dynamic conductance at zero volts depends on both the length and orientation of the perimeter for these diodes. Double heterostructure InP/GaInAs/InP photodiodes with the p-n junction in the InP demonstrate lower zero-bias conductance which depends on diode area. The temperature dependence of leakage current in a double heterostructure p-i-n diode on a p-substrate is approximately fit by generation current in the GaInAs as well but with a much larger effective generation lifetime. The lowest leakage current measured is J = 3.6 × 10-7 A/cm2 at - 10 V for this structure. Responsivities of these diodes at 1300 nm are 0.9 A/W for reverse biases 6 V. Using InP regrowth, 600 μm diodes with 300 K dynamic conductance < 7 × 10-7 Ω-1 and responsivity 0.95 A/W at 0 V are fabricated.
Free Convection From a Vertical Plate With Nonuniform Surface Temperature and Embedded in a Porous Medium

A procedure is described for the calculation of heat transfer due to free convection flow along a vertical plate embedded in a porous medium with an arbitrarily varying surface temperature. By applying the appropriate coordinate transformations and the Merk series, the governing energy equation is expressed as a set of ordinary differential equations. Numerical solutions are presented for these equations which represent universal functions and the surface gradients of these universal functions are tabulated. Several computational examples are provided and the results are compared with published data in the case of two examples.
Modulation of type α transforming growth factor receptors by a phorbol ester tumor promoter

Epidermal growth factor (EGF) and an EGF-like transforming growth factor (eTGF) from retrovirally transformed cells bind to a common receptor type in A431 cells. We have investigated the effects of the tumor promoter phorbol myristate acetate [PMA] on EGF/eTGF receptors in intact A431 cells. Treatment with PMA at 37 degrees C induces a complete loss of high-affinity (Kd = 35-50 pM) binding sites for eTGF and EGF on the cell surface of A431 cells. This effect is half-maximal at 0.1 nM PMA, exhibits rapid kinetics, and persists for at least 4 hr in the presence of PMA. eTGF and PMA added to intact A431 cells induce the phosphorylation of immunoprecipitable 170kd EGF/eTGF receptors. The EGF/eTGF receptor isolated from control cells was found to contain phosphoserine and phosphothreonine. PMA and eTGF caused a marked increase in the level of these two phosphoamino acids. In addition, eTGF but not PMA caused the appearance of phosphotyrosine in the EGF/eTGF receptor in vivo. We conclude that the tumor-promoting phorbol diester regulates both the affinity and phosphorylation state of the A431 cell receptor for the type alpha transforming growth factors, eTGF and EGF.
Molecular systematics: Perfect SINEs of evolutionary history?

Abstract Short interspersed repetitive elements – SINEs – are being championed as near-perfect phylogenetic characters; they have recently been used with notable success to resolve some phylogenetic conundrums, but they do have certain limitations that restrict their use as ‘perfect' characters for molecular systematics.
Heavy metal contaminants removal by soil washing

The feasibility of soil washing for decontaminating a silty sand spiked with cadmium, chromium, lead, and zinc was evaluated in laboratory-scale batch and column experiments. Soil samples were subjected to chelant extraction using a solution of disodium salt of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (Na(2)EDTA), sodium metabisulfite (Na(2)S(2)O(5)) solution (an inexpensive reducing reagent), and a solution containing a mixture of the two reagents. Batch and column washing of the contaminated soil with deionized water (DI water) revealed that approximately 70% of the cadmium in the sample is weakly bound and readily mobilized in aqueous solution at neutral pH, followed by approximately 25%-30% of zinc, approximately 20%-25% chromium, and only approximately 10% of lead. Of the washing reagents tested, Na(2)EDTA solutions were generally more effective than Na(2)S(2)O(5) for removing heavy metals from the soil samples. Na(2)EDTA preferentially extracted lead over zinc and cadmium but exhibited little impact on chromium removal. Cadmium and, especially zinc, removal by a 0.01-M Na(2)EDTA solution were enhanced considerably by inclusion of 0.1 M Na(2)S(2)O(5), suggesting that a mixture of the two reagents may provide an economically optimum solution for certain contaminated soils.
The Jewish response to G. K. Chesterton's antisemitism, 1911–33

(1990). The Jewish response to G. K. Chesterton's antisemitism, 1911–33. Patterns of Prejudice: Vol. 24, No. 2-4, pp. 75-86.
Etiological patterns of child abuse and neglect

A review of the various etiological possibilities for child abuse and neglect, designed to offer an additional and different possibility. Consideration is first given to problems, namely the lack of universal definition, heterogeneous effects, and retrospective research. The probability of multifactor models is noted, and sexual abuse is given separate consideration, followed by an exploration of the existing models termed ecological, transactional, transitional, and attachment. An interactive aggression model is then offered as the new possibility. Empirical evidence for cultural and/or ethnic predispositions suggests that society can be a supporting or inhibiting factor in terms of promoting or opposing violence.
Maximum performance of solar heat engines

Abstract Thermodynamic principles are considered to see if these concepts may indicate possibilities for improvements in solar thermal power plants. Aspects related to rate limitations and temperature effects in heat-engine cycles, thermodynamic availability of solar radiation and sink temperature considerations are noted. Considerably higher instantaneous plant efficiencies are possible by raising the maximum temperature and lowering the minimum temperature of the cycles. Some cycles that indicate desirable characteristics for efficiency improvement are discussed.
Language in Development: Questions of Theory, Questions of Practice

This article reviews three main themes that come into focus in this special-topic issue on the emerging subfield of language-in-development studies: (a) basic definitional issues, (b) issues of the locus and scope of language in development, and (c) the role of English and other languages in language in development. The article proposes a working definition of language in development as the resolution of practical language-related problems in the context of individual and societal development, where language is defined in terms of communicative competence, and development, as a reduction in participants' vulnerability to things they do not control. It then recounts the genesis of this definition in terms of the author's research and professional field experience in language aid and curricular innovation work in rich and poor countries. A critical summary of the second and third issues identified above then shows how each contributor's paper extends or critiques these preliminary insights.
Nano-hardness investigations of thin films by an atomic force microscope

Abstract Hardness measurements on extremely thin films on a sub-micron scale using commercially available depth-sensing instruments require a minimum thickness of 100 nm. In the macroscopic regime hardness is determined by the applied normal load divided by either the curved (surface) area (Brinell hardness number, Rockwell hardness number and Vickers hardness number) or the projected area of contact between the indenter and the material being tested under load (Knoop hardness number and Berkowich hardness number (Bushan, 1990). In the microscopic regime it is very critical to determine the hardness of extremely thin films, which are for example used in modern magnetic media as overcoat for corrosion protection and for the increase of durability. According to the rule of Bueckle the tip of the indentation body should indent only 10% of the film thickness to avoid the influence of the underlaying substrate (Bueckle, 1965). For protective overcoats with thickness's in the range of 30 nm this rule becomes more and more important to determine the real hardness of the film and not that of the underlaying layers. In this paper we report on a new measurement technique for determining the nano-hardness of extremely thin films by a modified atomic force microscope.
Quantitative Relationships Between Cyclic Adenosine-3′,5′- Monophosphate and Lipolysis in Adipose Tissue During the Peripartum Period

The objective was to study the control of lipolysis and to determine kinetic relationships between subcutaneous adipose tissue cyclic AMP concentrations and rates of lipolysis in primiparous dairy cows in late pregnancy and early lactation. Adipose tissue was biopsied from primiparous cows at -30, -15, -5, 5, 15, 30, and 60 d around parturition. Tissue was incubated with the following treatments: basal, no additions; isoproterenol at 10(-5) M; adenosine deaminase at 1 x 10(6) munits/ml; combined isoproteranol and adenosine deaminase; isoproteranol, adenosine deaminase, and 1 mM theophylline. Cyclic AMP was highest at .25 h and remained elevated for 2 h. Response of cyclic AMP at .25 h was 5-, 9-, 27-, and 38-fold for the four stimulatory treatments, respectively. Glycerol release at 2 h increased 3-, 2.3-, 2.7-, and 3-fold, respectively. Lipolysis was related logarithmically to cyclic AMP concentrations within and among treatments and times around parturition. Either logarithmic or Michaelis-Menten equations predicted similar maximum lipolysis but increased sensitivity to cyclic AMP in tissue from lactating compared with pregnant heifers. Thus, the sensitivity of response of lipolysis to cAMP may be increased in adipose tissue from first lactation cows. These relationships also may be useful in constructing and improving mechanistic models of adipose and whole animal metabolism.
Dermal adipocytes protect against invasive Staphylococcus aureus skin infection

Adipocytes have been suggested to be immunologically active, but their role in host defense is unclear. We observed rapid proliferation of preadipocytes and expansion of the dermal fat layer after infection of the skin by Staphylococcus aureus. Impaired adipogenesis resulted in increased infection as seen in Zfp423nur12 mice or in mice given inhibitors of peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor γ. This host defense function was mediated through the production of cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide from adipocytes because cathelicidin expression was decreased by inhibition of adipogenesis, and adipocytes from Camp−/− mice lost the capacity to inhibit bacterial growth. Together, these findings show that the production of an antimicrobial peptide by adipocytes is an important element for protection against S. aureus infection of the skin.
MicroTom--a high-throughput model transformation system for functional genomics.

We have developed a high-throughput Agrobacterium-mediated transformation model system using both nptII and the 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase gene from Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain CP4 (cp4) based selections in MicroTom, a miniature rapid-cycling cherry tomato variety. With the NPTII selection system, transformation frequency calculated as independent transgenic events per inoculated explant ranged from 24 to 80% with an average of 56%, in industrial production scale transformation experiments. For CP4, with glyphosate selection, the average transformation frequency was 57%. Stable transformation frequency was positively correlated with transient expression (R=0.85), and variable with the genes of interest. DNA integration and germline transformation were confirmed by biological assay, Southern Blot analysis, and R1 phenotype segregation. Transgene expression was observed in leaf, root, stem, flower, and fruit tissues of the transgenic plants. Ninety-five percent of transgenic events coexpressed two introduced genes based on β-glucuronidase (GUS) and neonmycin phosphotransferase II (NPTII) expression. Seventy-five percent of transgenic events contained one to two copies of the introduced uidA (GUS) gene based on Southern analysis. Transgenic plants from the cotyledon explants to the transgenic plants transferred to soil were produced within about 2–3 months depending on the genes of interest. The utility of this MicroTom model transformation system for functional genomic studies, such as identification of genes related to important agricultural traits and gene function, is discussed.
Cooperative Range Estimation and Sensor Diagnostics for Vehicle Control

An integrated sensor fusion and fault diagnostic for the cooperative estimation of range and range rate in automated vehicles is presented in this paper. A virtual range sensor created by combining local sensor measurements and a wireless communication link between vehicles is fused with measurements from a Doppler radar and lidar. The sensor fusion is conducted by using a sequential variant of the nonparametric probabilistic data association filter with validation gating. Fault diagnostics are incorporated into the sensor fusion by thresholding the Mahalanobis distance computed in the validation stage. Performance of the integrated system is verified and demonstrated using experimental data obtained from low-speed vehicle following tests.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
The behaviour of iron titanium hydride test beds: Long-term effects, rate studies and modeling☆

Abstract Several types of studies were made with test beds of iron titanium hydride (FeTiH x ) in order to determine their long-term and thermal behaviour. This material provides a way of storing hydrogen in relatively dense form at ordinary temperatures and moderate pressures. Its use offers electrical utilities a way of storing low-cost off-peak power, to meet costly peak-shaving needs, in combination with an electrolyzer and a fuel cell stack. The data obtained is part of that needed for the design of plant-scale hydride reservoirs. Accelerated cyclic tests were made with 1-in. diameter test beds to determine changes in their long-term behaviour, the main result being extensive particle attrition. The thermal behaviour of a 6-in. diameter test bed was determined along with the times that various hydrogen flow rates could be sustained during hydriding and dehydriding. Modeling studies were made for the purpose of understanding and characterizing the behaviour of this test bed, and for scaling up the design. A description of each test bed accompanies the data and information obtained from its operation.
A delay fault model for at-speed fault simulation and test generation

We describe a transition fault model, which is easy to simulate under test sequences that are applied at-speed, and provides a target for the generation of at-speed test sequences. At-speed test application allows a circuit to be tested under its normal operation conditions. However, fault simulation and test generation for the existing fault models become significantly more complex due to the need to handle faulty signal-transitions that span multiple clock cycles. The proposed fault model alleviates this shortcoming by introducing unspecified values into the faulty circuit when fault effects may occur. Fault detection potentially occurs when an unspecified value reaches a primary output. Due to the uncertainty that an unspecified value propagated to a primary output will be different from the fault free value, an inherent requirement in this model is that a fault would be potentially detected multiple times in order to increase the likelihood of detection. Experimental results demonstrate that the model behaves as expected in terms of fault coverage and numbers of detections of target faults. A variation of an n -detection test generation procedure for stuck-at faults is used for generating test sequences under this model.
The Effect of Convective Heat Transfer Instabilities on the Diameter of Polymer Optical Fiber

The effect of various natural convection regimes on the diameter of drawn polymer fiber was studied experimentally. Results indicate that as the buoyant potential of air within a cylindrical furnace enclosure is increased the natural convection regime transitions from laminar to oscillatory, and finally, to chaotic flow. The time-dependent heating caused by the oscillatory and chaotic regimes alters the rheology of the elongating polymer preform, causing detrimental time-dependent variations in the fiber diameter. The gas-phase temperature oscillations recorded on opposite sides of the necking perform were not identically in-phase indicating the convective flow is asymmetric in nature. The period of the recorded oscillations was found to be a function of the driving temperature difference, consistent with prior investigations. Furthermore, near the transition to chaotic flow sub-harmonics were observed within the recorded oscillations. When subjected to oscillatory and chaotic natural convection the standard deviation of the fiber diameter variations was up to 2.5 to 10 times greater, respectively, than that measured under laminar heating conditions. This represents a significant instability mechanism, one that has not been investigated within the context of the fiber drawing process to date.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Mutagenicity of u9 major graphic arts and printing dyes.

Thousands of dyes and pigments are currently in use in the graphic arts and printing industry. Only a handful of these chromophores have been tested for carcinogenicity or mutagenicity, although many of them are members of chemical classes of compounds that include individual chemicals demonstrably carcinogenic in humans or in laboratory animals. A number of epidemiologic studies have demonstrated excess cancer in graphic arts personnel. The etiological agents have not been identified. This study involved 19 dyes, selected from a list of 34 colorants considered to be representative of those that are most extensively used in the trade and for which no carcinogenic data exist. They were tested for their ability to create revertants in the Ames Salmonella typhimurium/mammalian microsome reversion test system. Two variations of the standard Ames test were also used: the colorants were mixed with the warm top agar before spreading on the minimal plates, and the colorants were added to the liver homogenate, gen...
Acute hemoconcentration during psychological stress: assessment of hemorheologic factors.

In this study, we examined the effects of acute psychological stress on hemorheology and hemoconcentration in humans and the associations between stress-induced cardiovascular reactivity and hemorheological changes. Stress-induced changes in hemorheology and hemoconcentration were assessed by measuring plasma viscosity, calculated plasma volume, and total plasma protein. Cardiovascular, hemorheologic, and hematologic variables were assessed in 29 healthy men during a 30-min baseline period and a 5-min speech task. Results indicated that the speech task produced a significant increase in plasma viscosity and total plasma protein and a significant decrease in calculated plasma volume. Significant correlations were observed between changes in blood pressure and heart rate and changes in plasma viscosity, total plasma protein, and calculated plasma volume. These results provide direct evidence that acute psychological stress can produce significant changes in hemorheology and hemoconcentration. The most likely mechanism for the stress-induced hemoconcentration effect is a fluid shift from the vascular to the interstitial spaces through increased blood pressure.