cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Morphological observations supporting muscle fiber hyperplasia following weight-lifting exercise in cats.

Although exercise-induced muscle fiber hyperplasia has been demonstrated through direct fiber counts following nitric-acid digestion of muscle, morphological studies to determine the mechanism of hyperplasia have not been performed previously. In this study, light and electron microscopy were used to evaluate evidence of muscle fiber splitting or de novo formation of new muscle fibers. Since both fiber hypertrophy and hyperplasia may result in alterations in the muscle nuclear populations, myonuclear number and satellite cell frequency were assessed quantitatively to determine their role in regulating muscle fiber size. Ten adult cats performed weight-lifting exercise, and the right (exercised) and left (control) forelimbs were fixed by vascular perfusion. Spaced serial sections were used to evaluate muscle fiber morphology along the lenght of fibers, and muscle fiber areas were measured. Myonuclei and satellite cells were counted using electron microscopy. Morphological evidence supporting muscle fiber hyperplasia was observed in exercised muscles. These observations included the presence of small fibers which may signify de novo fiber formation. Myonuclear counts indicate that myonuclear density is not a primary regulator of fiber size. Satellite cell frequency was unchanged following exercise. Autoradiographic studies revealed satellite cell activation by uptake of tritiated thymidine in exercised muscles. Satellite cell activation appears to result from increased activity in exercised muscles. These findings confirm previous studies demonstrating muscle fiber hyperplasia following weight-lifting exercise, and suggest that de novo fiber formation is the major mechanism contributing to muscle fiber hyperplasia in this model. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
How Multivariate Ejaculate Traits Determine Competitive Fertilization Success in Drosophila melanogaster

Summary Success in sperm competition, occurring whenever females mate with multiple males [1], is predicted to be influenced by variation in ejaculate quality and interactions among competing sperm [2]. Yet, apart from sperm number, relevant ejaculate characteristics and sperm-sperm interactions are poorly understood, particularly within a multivariate framework and the natural selective environment of the female reproductive tract. Here, we used isogenic lines of Drosophila melanogaster with distinguishable sperm to demonstrate and partition genetic variation in multiple sperm quality and performance traits. Next, by competing males from different lines, we show how rival sperm significantly influence each other's velocity and reveal that males with relatively slow and/or long sperm better displace rival sperm and resist displacement, thus avoiding ejection by the female from her reproductive tract. Finally, we establish fitness consequences of genetic variation in sperm quality and its role in securing a numerical advantage in storage by showing that offspring paternity is determined strictly by the representation of stored, competing sperm. These results provide novel insight into complex postcopulatory processes, illustrate that different ejaculate traits are critical at different biologically relevant time-points, and provide a critical foundation for elucidating the role of postcopulatory sexual selection in trait diversification and speciation.
Small-Scale Features of Gravity-Driven Flow in Unsaturated Fractures

Liquid flow through unsaturated fractures often proceeds as fingers or preferential flow paths. During the invasion of liquid fingers into an initially dry, nonhorizontal fracture, fingers may drain, forming a narrow thread of liquid called a rivulet that connects to a wider portion of liquid at the advancing front, defined as a blob. Experimental studies using idealized fractures were performed to investigate the effects of wettability, surface roughness, and aperture size on several important features of gravity-driven flow in fractures: liquid drainage, blob migration, and rivulet flow. The experiments demonstrate that the critical length of the blob before drainage occurred was significantly longer on surfaces with intermediate wettability and on surfaces with roughness on the order of 100 μm than on a smooth, flat water-wetting surface. However, drainage did not occur on surfaces with smaller-scale roughness on the order of 10 μm. Blob velocities were also measured and were always less than the saturated gravity-driven flow velocity, even when a liquid with a static contact angle of zero was used. This reduction in velocity was attributed to contact angle hysteresis. Rivulet widths measured as a function of flow rate between glass and acrylic parallel plates were generally larger on the acrylic plates than the glass plates for a particular flow rate, demonstrating the sensitivity of rivulet flow to wettability. In addition, the cubic law overpredicted the measured rivulet widths, except for the widths measured between the acrylic plates at 20°. The effect of aperture variability on rivulet flow was also examined. At a critical aperture ranging between 0.25 and 0.37 mm, the liquid in the rivulet did not completely span the aperture, forming two streamlets of liquid on either side of the fracture.
Design of a slowly adapting reduced order controller

The invariant manifold method, developed in earlier work of the authors, makes it possible to design a slowly adapting controller based on the properties of the same control system with fixed parameters, determined from off-line experimentation. The designer can choose a suitable parameterization of a reduced order controller compatible with the range of expected plant parameter variations. This design procedure is illustrated by the example of an automotive control system.
Dynamic neuro-fuzzy control of the nonlinear process

This research combines the dynamic neural networks with the fuzzy associative memory (FAM) to find a better model for nonlinear control problems. The proposed model consists of three major parts: the action networks, the critic networks and the fuzzy membership adjustment procedure. The dynamic neural networks are used as the main controller of the system. The FAM determines the performance of the main controller and sends the correction signal back to the neural networks. The function of the fuzzy membership adjustment procedure is to improve the quality of the FAM output. The proposed model is tested on real-life processes, and satisfactory results are obtained.
Production of antibody to sheep red blood cells by human tonsil cells in vitro.

TWO types of lymphocyte cooperate in initiating the humoral response to antigen: the B cell is the progenitor of antibody-forming cells and the T cell acts in a helper capacity. The activity of a third cell, the macrophage, is also required. Although the functions of B and T cells are antigen-specific, that of the macrophage is not. Most knowledge about the kinetics and distribution of the two types of lymphocytes, their specificity, and their susceptibility to inhibition or stimulation, has been established by experiments with mice. Progress has been facilitated in particular by the development of methods that measure the response of mouse spleen cells to antigen in vitro; we report here some experiments with human lymphocytes from blood and tonsils, the two sources of such cells most readily available.
Class and Power in the New Deal: Corporate Moderates, Southern Democrats and the Liberal-Labor Coalition

G. William Domhoff and Michael J. Webber. Class and Power in the New Deal: Corporate Moderates, Southern Democrats and the Liberal-Labor Coalition. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2011.It is a...
A Parallel Finite-Volume Runge-Kutta Algorithm for Electromagnetic Scattering

A 3D explicit finite volume algorithm has been developed to simulate scattering from complex geometries on parallel computers using structured body conformal curvilinear grids. Most simulations for practical 3D geometries require a large number of grid points for adequate spatial resolution making them suitable to parallel computation. The simulations have been carried out using a multi-block/zonal approach in the message passing paradigm on the SP-2. Each zone is placed on a separate processor and inter-processor communication is carried out using the Message Passing Library/Interface (MPL/MPI). Integration of Maxwell's equations is performed using the four-stage Runge?Kutta time integration method on a dual grid. This method of integrating on a staggered grid gives enhanced dissipative and dispersive characteristics. A scattered field formulation has been used and the Liao boundary condition is used at the outer nonreflecting boundary. The far zone transformation has also been implemented efficiently, using specialized MPL functions to evaluate the far zone scattering results. Results show extremely good comparisons for scattering from the sphere and the ogive with the exact solution and standard FDTD type algorithms. Comparisons for nonaxisymmetric targets like the NASA almond with experimental data has also been found to be extremely good.
Noise Figure of Watt-Class Ultralow-Confinement Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers

We investigate the noise figure (NF) of high-power semiconductor InGaAsP optical amplifiers (SOAs) based on the slab-coupled optical waveguide (SCOW) concept having both ultralow optical confinement (Γ ~ 0.5%) and low optical loss (αi ~ 0.5 cm-1). At 1550 nm and 5-A current bias, the NF of SCOW amplifier (SCOWA) is 5.5 dB, and the small-signal gain and saturation output power are 13 dB and 0.8 W, respectively. A minimum NF of 4.5 dB is achieved at 2-A bias. These NF results represent the lowest reported for a packaged SOA. Using the measured NF, the population inversion factor (nsp) of the SCOWA was also estimated. The derived nsp values indicate that intervalence band absorption loss, carrier heating, and quasi-bound higher order modes may ultimately limit the noise performance of InGaAsP SOAs.
Ionic activities of trace metals in sludge-amended soils

Abstract Trace metal bioavailability and mobility in soil systems is a function of both the metal speciation in the soil solution and the distribution of metals between solid soil components and the soil solution. A method has been developed to quantify metal speciation in sludge-amended soils which requires extraction of the soil with 0.01 M Ca(NO 3 ) 2 , 0.01 M CaCl 2 , and 0.01 M Ca(NO 3 ) 2 plus 5 × 10 −5 M Na 2 EDTA. This method was applied to a silt loam surface soil amended with 408 T ha −1 (20%) of a sludge containing high concentrations of trace metals. Calculations showed that, of the Cd, Zn, Cu, Ni, and Fe in solution, 80, 54, 0.7, 0.03, and 10 −4.7 % were present as uncomplexed ions, respectively. Logarithms of the relative stability constants with respect to Cd (K Cd M ) calculated for the naturally occurring soluble complexing agents present in the Ca(NO 3 ) 2 extract were −0.55, −2.69, −3.85, and −7.80 for Zn, Cu, Ni, and Fe, respectively. Relative stability constants calculated with respect to Cd for the solid phase yielded similar values for the respective metals.
Judges in Recent Research

This article surveys research published from 1990 to the present on the book of Judges. The material is arranged in two sections. In the first part, attention is given to major judges and characters (Ehud, Deborah, Gideon, Abimelech, Jephthah, Samson, Micah and the unnamed woman of ch. 19). In the second section, the focus shifts to a consideration of other material published since 1990, including 'Feminist Interpretations', 'Literary Treatments', 'Commen taries and Books', 'Isolated Passages', and 'Other Articles'.
Marriage and ethnicity predict treatment in localized prostate carcinoma.

BACKGROUND Primary treatment for early-stage prostate carcinoma includes expectant management or, for curative intent, radical prostatectomy or radiotherapy. Treatment recommendations are generally guided by clinical factors such as Gleason grade, prostate-specific antigen level, comorbid illnesses, and patient age. Sociocultural factors may also have influences on patient and urologist treatment choices. METHODS The authors used bivariate and multinomial logistic regression to identify medical and sociodemographic predictors of prostatectomy (compared with radiotherapy) and curative therapy (compared with expectant management) in a cohort of 27,920 non-Latino white, black, and Latino men without comorbidities in the latest linked Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results–Medicare dataset (years 1995–1999). Predictors included tumor stage, patient age, marital status, race/ethnicity, and soscioeconomic status. RESULTS Younger age and higher tumor grade were robust predictors of curative treatment compared with expectant management and of prostatectomy compared with radiotherapy. Sociodemographic factors had an additive role in treatment choice. Marriage predicted curative treatment compared with expectant management (adjusted risk ratio [RR] = 1.28 [1.25–1.30]) and prostatectomy compared with radiotherapy (adjusted RR = 1.24 [1.20–1.28]). Although blacks and Latinos were just as likely as whites to receive curative treatment, blacks were significantly less likely, whereas Latinos were more likely, to receive prostatectomy compared with radiotherapy (adjusted RRs = 0.77 [0.72–83]) and 1.24 [1.18–1.30], respectively). CONCLUSIONS Marriage was positively associated with curative treatment in general, and with prostatectomy specifically. Blacks received prostatectomy less often than whites, although they did not receive less curative treatment overall. Latinos received prostatectomy more often than whites. Clinicians should recognize the importance of cultural and social forces as well as biomedical factors in decisions regarding the treatment of patients with early-stage prostate carcinoma. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Antiestrogen-induced alterations of hypothalamic dopamine and norepinephrine levels in the female rat.

The influence of antiestrogen (tamoxifen) administration in vivo on the steady state concentration of dopamine (DA) and norepinephrine (NE) in the hypothalamus-median eminence area of mature female rats was investigated. Rats were treated with tamoxifen at 3 different dose levels (0.1, 1.0 and 10.0 mg/kg, s.c.) daily for 7 or 21 days. Control groups were injected with vehicle only (10% ethanol; 1.0 ml/kg). In a separate experiment, mature female rats were ovariectomized or sham operated and killed either 7 or 21 days after operation. Dopamine and NE were estimated by high pressure liquid chromatography with electro-chemical detection. Seven days of tamoxifen treatment at 3 different dose levels did not alter DA and NE concentrations compared to the control. The chronic (21 days) tamoxifen treatment in the smallest dose (0.1 mg) significantly increased the DA concentration. The concentration of NE was reduced only at the 1.0 mg/kg dose. There was no significant difference in the NE concentration 7 or 21 days after ovariectomy or sham operation, but the DA concentration was significantly increased 21 days after ovariectomy. The uterine weights were reduced significantly after 21 days of treatment with tamoxifen in the two larger doses, but were increased with the smallest dose of tamoxifen. Uterine weight after ovariectomy both after 7 and 21 days was significantly reduced. These results suggest that chronic low-dose antiestrogen treatment may affect the hypothalamic-median eminence DA and NE concentrations. The data also suggests that antiestrogenic action (uterine growth inhibition) of tamoxifen is not related to the alterations of DA and NE in the hypothalamus-median eminence.
Vector-Valued Inequalities, Factorization, and Extrapolation for a Family of Rough Operators

Abstract We prove very general weighted norm inequalities for rough maximal and singular integral operators whose kernels satisfy some common Fourier transform decay estimates. Examples include homogeneous singular integral operators with kernels which do not necessarily satisfy a Dini condition as well as several operators whose measures are supported on lower dimensional sets, such as the discrete spherical maximal operator and the Hilbert transform along a homogeneous curve. The weights are seen to satisfy analogues of Jones′ factorization theorem and Rubio de Francia′s extrapolation theorem, and so are complete with respect to these important properties. We also obtain the corresponding weighted vector-valued inequalities for these operators and for the maximal operator associated with a starlike set.
ASPECTS: an automation-assisted SPE method development system

Background: A typical conventional SPE method development (MD) process usually involves deciding the chemistry of the sorbent and eluent based on information about the analyte; experimentally preparing and trying out various combinations of adsorption chemistry and elution conditions; quantitatively evaluating the various conditions; and comparing quantitative results from all combination of conditions to select the best condition for method qualification. The second and fourth steps have mostly been performed manually until now. Results: We developed an automation-assisted system that expedites the conventional SPE MD process by automating 99% of the second step, and expedites the fourth step by automatically processing the results data and presenting it to the analyst in a user-friendly format. Conclusion: The automation-assisted SPE MD system greatly saves the manual labor in SPE MD work, prevents analyst errors from causing misinterpretation of quantitative results, and shortens data analysis and inte...
Establishment of four functional, clonal strains of animal cells in culture

The single-cell plating technique was used to develop four clonal cell lines that perform organ-specific functions after being serially cultured for prolonged periods. These strains include steroid-secreting Leydig cells, melanomacells that form pigment, and two strains from a hormone-secreting rat pituitary tumor. One of the cell lines from the pituitary tumor secretes growt hormone, while another line derived from the same tumor secretes a substance similar to adrenocorticotropic hormone.
Working with Families with Infants with Respira Tor Y Equipment in the Home

Infants with respiratory dysfunction often require the use of complex equipment as part of their care at home. This may present considerable stress for families. Pediatric nurses can do much to assist these families in making transitions necessary to care for their infants.
Cranial sutures as intramembranous bone growth sites.

Intramembranous bone growth is achieved through bone formation within a periosteum or by bone formation at sutures. Sutures are formed during embryonic development at the sites of approximation of the membranous bones of the craniofacial skeleton. They serve as the major sites of bone expansion during postnatal craniofacial growth. For sutures to function as intramembranous bone growth sites, they need to remain in an unossified state, yet allow new bone to be formed at the edges of the overlapping bone fronts. This process relies on the production of sufficient new bone cells to be recruited into the bone fronts, while ensuring that the cells within the suture remain undifferentiated. Unlike endochondral growth plates, which expand through chondrocyte hypertrophy, sutures do not have intrinsic growth potential. Rather, they produce new bone at the sutural edges of the bone fronts in response to external stimuli, such as signals arising from the expanding neurocranium. This process allows growth of the cranial vault to be coordinated with growth of the neurocranium. Too little or delayed bone growth will result in wide-open fontanels and suture agenesis, whereas too much or accelerated bone growth will result in osseous obliteration of the sutures or craniosynostosis. Craniosynostosis in humans, suture fusion in animals, and induced suture obliteration in vitro has been associated with mutations or alterations in expression of several transcription factors, growth factors, and their receptors. Much of the data concerning signaling within sutures has been garnered from research on cranial sutures; hence, only the cranial sutures will be discussed in detail in this review. This review synthesizes classic descriptions of suture growth and pathology with modern molecular analysis of genetics and cell function in normal and abnormal suture morphogenesis and growth in a unifying hypothesis. At the same time, the reader is reminded of the importance of the suture as an intramembranous bone growth site.
Effects of estrogen replacement on choline acetyltransferase and trkA mRNA expression in the basal forebrain of aged rats

The effects of one week of estrogen replacement on choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and trkA mRNA expression are examined in young and aged rodents to determine whether estrogen continues to affect cholinergic neurons in aging brain. Significant increases in ChAT and trkA are observed in the nucleus basalis of Meynert (nBM) of both age groups. ChAT expression is also increased in the HDB without changes in trkA expression. Results indicate modulation of ChAT expression by estrogen is retained in the aged rodent brain and suggests the possibility that changes in ChAT expression may be dissociated from concurrent alterations in trkA.
Reduced model control of a plasma deposition process

This preliminary study, relating plasma stagnation pressure to the current level, provided an initial step toward the development offeedback control of the plasma deposition process. Data consisting of an input voltage and output stagnation pressure were collected about a nominal operating point. Data Dependent Systems (DDS) methodology was utilized to obtain a high-order adequate model and then to reduce it to a first-order model suitable for feedback control. The power supply inductance was credited as the source of the single root characterizing the system. A minimum mean squared control strategy was employed to develop a control equation for the reduced system model. The simulation of the reduced order controller compared favorably with that of an optimal controller, based on the full model.
Synthesis and Characterization Silver, Zinc Oxide and Hybrid Silver/Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles for Antimicrobial Applications

Silver (Ag) and zinc oxide (ZnO) are well known for both antimicrobial and pro-healing properties. Here, we present a novel method to synthesize Ag and ZnO nanoparticles (NPs), as well as hybrid Ag/ZnO NPs using a custom, temperature controlled microwave assisted technique. Microwave synthesis has been shown not only to enhance the rate of chemical reactions, but also in some cases to give higher product yields over thermal heating. The as-synthesized NPs were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) to study the crystalline structure, composition and purity. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) was used to study particle size, shape, composition and morphology. These results indicated that the as-prepared Ag NPs are spherical in shape and ~ 20 nm in sizes. The ZnO NPs are typically rod shaped and the particle sizes are ~ 20 nm in width and 100 nm in length. These NPs were tested for antibacterial and/or antifungal properties using disc diffusion assays. Results ...
Characterizing Adoption of Precautionary Risk Management Guidance for Nanomaterials, an Emerging Occupational Hazard

Exposure to engineered nanomaterials (substances with at least one dimension of 1–100 nm) has been of increased interest, with the recent growth in production and use of nanomaterials worldwide. Various organizations have recommended methods to minimize exposure to engineered nanomaterials. The purpose of this study was to evaluate available data to examine the extent to which studied U.S. companies (which represent a small fraction of all companies using certain forms of engineered nanomaterials) follow the guidelines for reducing occupational exposures to engineered nanomaterials that have been issued by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) and other organizations. Survey data, field reports, and field notes for all NIOSH nanomaterial exposure assessments conducted between 2006 and 2011 were collected and reviewed to: (1) determine the level of adoption of precautionary guidance on engineering controls and personal protective equipment (PPE), and (2) evaluate the reliability...
Ritual and free‐throw shooting in basketball

Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine the nature and effect of certain highly patterned behaviours utilized prior to free‐throw shooting in basketball. Ten female basketball players comprising the varsity squad of Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, Texas, USA served as subjects for this study. Subjects were filmed with a high‐speed camera and monitored for heart rate during the performance of 10 free throws in each of two conditions: ritual and non‐ritual. For the ritual condition, subjects were given unlimited time and freedom of movement prior to each free‐throw attempt. For the non‐ritual condition, subjects were not restricted by time, but were instructed to shoot the ball without utilizing any movements other than those required to project the ball to the goal. Dependent measures were characteristics of behaviours, physiological changes measured by heart rates, mechanical data (speed, height and angle of release), and number of successful attempts. Condition x trials analyses of va...
The Impact of Emphatic Stress on Novel Word Learning by Children With Specific Language Impairment

This investigation examined the influence of emphatic stress on children's novel word learning. Forty school-age children participated in this study, including 20 children with specific language impairment (SLI) and 20 children with normal language (NL) development. Results indicated that there were no significant stress effects for comprehension or recognition of novel words (for which all children demonstrated relatively high levels of performance); however, children in both groups exhibited significantly better production of words that had been presented with emphatic stress than with neutral stress. These findings are discussed within a limited capacity framework of language processing.
Longitudinal Mercury Monitoring within the Japanese and Korean Communities (United States): Implications for Exposure Determination and Public Health Protection

BackgroundEstimates of exposure to toxicants are predominantly obtained from single time-point data. Fish consumption guidance based on these data may be incomplete, as recommendations are unlikely...
IDENTIFICATION OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM RESPONSIBLE FOR THE SPECIFICITY OF ACTIVELY ACQUIRED TOLERANCE IN MICE.

Tolerance to CBA/Cum skin was induced in C3H/Anf Cum mice by neonatal injection of CBA/Cum spleen cells. The tolerant status of these mice was a specific one, for they were able to produce a normal amount of agglutinins against a challenge dose of rat RBC. The immune system responsible for the specificity of tolerance in these mice was identified to be of host type. No immune activity of donor cells against rat RBC could be detected, whereas donor type antigenicity was found in the spleen of the tolerant mice. On the basis of these findings it was proposed that the definition of tolerance given for the whole animal could also be applied to its immune system.
Quantitative phase imaging with broadband fields

Recently, Wolf has shown that the phase measurement associated with fields that are not monochromatic, which is relevant for all x-ray structure investigations, must be properly defined via a cross-spectral density function under full spatial coherence conditions; otherwise, the problem is meaningless and has no solution [E. Wolf, Phys. Rev. Lett. 103, 075501 (2009)]. We propose an experimental realization for retrieving the phase across the entire field of an image. The demonstration is performed using broadband optical fields, but can be extended to other electromagnetic radiation, including x-rays.
Implementing an affordable high-performance computing for teaching-oriented computer science curriculum

With the advances in computing power, high-performance computing (HPC) platforms have had an impact on not only scientific research in advanced organizations but also computer science curriculum in the educational community. For example, multicore programming and parallel systems are highly desired courses in the computer science major. However, the high cost of HPC equipment and maintenance makes it hard to be adapted into a conventional computer science curriculum. Specifically, teaching-oriented institutions cannot afford an HPC system due to the high cost, lack of experience, and smaller research infrastructure. The main objective of this article is to present an affordable and easy-to-use high-performance cluster system for teaching-oriented computer science curriculums. In order to address this, we have designed and implemented an affordable high-performance cluster system based on the PlayStation 3 (PS3). For the performance evaluation of the PS3 cluster, we conducted a benchmarking test, that is, matrix multiplication, with different numbers of synergistic processing elements (SPEs) and nodes. As a result, it was concluded that the PS3Cluster provides enough computing power as an HPC for computer science courses, while the total cost is less than 10p of an existing cluster system on the market that has similar performance. In addition, the implemented PS3Cluster system has been used for computer science courses, such as Parallel and Distributed Databases and Parallel Programming.
Negotiating Sex and Sexualities: The Use of Sexual Tags in the Brazilian Sex Trade Workplace

Based on data from participant observation and interviews with Brazilian sex workers and their clients, I examined the intersections of sexual and gender identities with sexual behaviors. Specifically, I was interested in how sex workers managed and negotiated their sexualities in the workplace. First, I described the layout and the social actors at a popular termas in a major Brazilian city. Then, I examined the interactions in the termas and how Brazilian sex workers use sexual identity terms to describe themselves. I argued that the use of these terms do not necessarily indicate sex workers' adoption of that sexual identity. Critical to them are the symbolic presentation of gender identity and the presentation of self at the work place. I developed a theoretical construct, sexual tags, which contributes to the literature by suggesting that sexual identity is situational and, more importantly, that the terms may not mean as much to the individuals or to be consistent with our understanding of what they ought to imply, especially when individuals are importing western terms to relate to their foreign clients. While using sexual tags does not preclude sex workers from eventually adopting that identity, it could also mean that some sex workers are claiming a sexual identity simply for strategic purposes. Another possible scenario is that sexual tags reflect the diverse interpretations of sexuality because of the available choices created by the situational manipulation of sexual meanings within a local context.
JVC integrated supervisory control system of micro-grid

Micro-grid is a small low-voltage system composed of distributed generation, energy storage and load. Behaving as a single autonomous control unit relative to the external grid, it can operate either on or off grid, thus satisfies users' requirements of power quality and supply security. As the core control technology of micro-grid, the integrated monitoring technology,which covers the micro-grid coordination control and energy management technology, guarantees the “autonomy” and “friendly” performance of micro-grid. The design framework of a typical micro-grid integrated supervisory control system, whose basic functions and advanced applications are briefly discussed, was introduced in this paper. On this basis, the designed CIM modeling tools for micro-grid, anti-disturbance control strategy and charge/discharge planning control strategy for energy-storage was given. The on-site operation showed that the supervisory control system could work well and meet the requirements of security operation.
Suspended Sediments in Lake Malawi, Africa: A Reconnaissance Study

Abstract In order to investigate the source and distributional pathways of suspended sediment in a tropical rift-valley lake, water-column profiles of light transmission (inversely related to water turbidity) were coupled with filtered water samples to determine total suspended sediment (TSS) concentrations at 28 stations throughout Lake Malawi (Lake Nyasa), East Africa, during January, 1992. TSS concentrations of the water column are typically between 0.1 and 0.5 mg/L, lower than those reported for the lower Laurentian Great Lakes. Elevated levels of turbidity are detected both at stations near the shoreline and offshore at four depths: at or near the surface, at the lake floor, at the chemocline, and in a mid-depth layer that is unique to the stations offshore of the Ruhuhu Delta. The latter had the most turbid water detected on this cruise and is interpreted as an interflow injection of fluvial material related to a 2-day rainstorm. Estimates suggest that this event contributed a significant portion of the annual sediment load to the delta. Other important sources of suspended sediment in Lake Malawi probably include biological productivity at the surface, chemical or biological processes at the chemocline, and resuspension events produced by wind-induced waves and currents and by seiche activity.
After Wilson: The Struggle for the Democratic Party, 1920-1934

Craig examines the bitter disputes that shook the Democratic Party in the 1920s and early 1930s and stressed ideological conflicts between conservative and progressive Democrats over economic and social policy. He provides insights into the nature of Democratic dissension during the years after Woodrow Wilson's progressive tenure and thus places the later revolt of conservative Democrats against the New Deal in an ideological and political context.Originally published in 1992.A UNC Press Enduring Edition -- UNC Press Enduring Editions use the latest in digital technology to make available again books from our distinguished backlist that were previously out of print. These editions are published unaltered from the original, and are presented in affordable paperback formats, bringing readers both historical and cultural value.
Amino Acid Sequences of Neuropeptides in the Sinus Gland of the Land Crab Cardisoma carnifex: A Novel Neuropeptide Proteolysis Site

The sinus gland is a major neurosecretory structure in Crustacea. Five peptides, labeled C, D, E, F, and I, isolated from the sinus gland of the land crab have been hypothesized to arise from the incomplete proteolysis at two internal sites on a single biosynthetic intermediate peptide “H,” based on amino acid composition additivities and pulse-chase radiolabeling studies. The presence of only a single major precursor for the sinus gland peptides implies that peptide H may be synthesized on a common precursor with crustacean hyperglycemic hormone forms, “J” and “L,” and a peptide, “K,” similar to peptides with molt inhibiting activity. Here I report the amino acid sequences of these peptides. The amino terminal sequence of the parent peptide, H, (and the homologous fragments) proved refractory to Edman degradation. Data from amino acid analysis and carboxypeptidase digestion of the naturally occurring fragments and of fragments produced by endopeptidase digestion were used together with Edman degradation to obtain the sequences. Amino acid analysis of fragments of the naturally occurring “overlap” peptides (those produced by internal cleavage at one site on H) was used to obtain the sequences across the cleavage sites. The amino acid sequence of the land crab peptide H is Arg-Ser-Ala-Asp-Gly-Phe-Gly-Arg-Met-Glu-Ser-Leu-Leu-Thr-Ser-Leu-Arg-Gly-Ser-Ala-Glu-Ser-Pro-Ala-Ala-Leu-Gly-Glu-Ala-Ser-Ala-Ala-His-Pro-Leu-Glu. In vivo cleavage at one site involves excision of arginine from the sequence Leu-Arg-Gly, whereas cleavage at the other site involves excision of serine from the sequence Glu-Ser-Leu. Proteolysis at the latter sequence has not been previously reported in intact secretory granules. The aspartate at position 4 is possibly covalently modified.
Model of FRP-Confined Concrete Cylinders in Axial Compression

This paper introduces a dilatancy-based analytical model of the response of an axially loaded concrete cylinder, confined with a fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composite jacket. Model construction is based on the experimentally based observation that the relation between axial secant stiffness and the lateral (dilatancy) strain is effectively unique for cylinders with the same unconfined concrete strength, although the confinement levels may differ. Model development incorporates strength degradation of the concrete with dilatancy (lateral dilation); this feature allows one to demonstrate that the performance of FRP-confined concrete is consistent with the strength envelope obtained from triaxial tests. Model validation is accomplished by comparisons with existing test database and the new results on large-scale concrete cylinders. The results of the validation reveal good agreement with key response functions and parameters. The present study illustrates basic constitutive equations to model FRP-confined...
Interventionist causal models in psychiatry: repositioning the mind–body problem

The diversity of research methods applied to psychiatric disorders results in a confusing plethora of causal claims. To help make sense of these claims, the interventionist model (IM) of causality has several attractive features. First, it connects causation with the practical interests of psychiatry, defining causation in terms of 'what would happen under interventions', a question of key interest to those of us whose interest is ultimately in intervening to prevent and treat illness. Second, it distinguishes between predictive-correlative and true causal relationships, an essential issue cutting across many areas in psychiatric research. Third, the IM is non-reductive and agnostic to issues of mind-body problem. Fourth, the IM model cleanly separates issues of causation from questions about the underlying mechanism. Clarifying causal influences can usefully structure the search for underlying mechanisms. Fifth, it provides a sorely needed conceptual rigor to multi-level modeling, thereby avoiding a return to uncritical holistic approaches that 'everything is relevant' to psychiatric illness. Sixth, the IM provides a clear way to judge both the generality and depth of explanations. In conclusion, the IM can provide a single, clear empirical framework for the evaluation of all causal claims of relevance to psychiatry and presents psychiatry with a method of avoiding the sterile metaphysical arguments about mind and brain which have preoccupied our field but yielded little of practical benefit.
Determination of design parameters for direct-drive wind turbines

Starting with rotor blade performance and permanent magnet synchronous machine data, a series of equations for determining preliminary aerodynamic and electrical design parameters of a direct-drive wind turbine with a given converter topology is presented in this paper. Serving as a case study, these equations, derived based on aerodynamic, circuit analysis and electric machine theories, can determine blade radius, expected cut-in, rated, and cut-out wind speeds, sizes of inline inductors on machine and grid sides and the DC capacitor, and controller limits accurately. The efficacy of the method is demonstrated by modeling and simulating a complete Type 4 wind turbine based on the derived design parameters. It is shown that performance and response of the simulated wind turbine model meet the design criteria.
Influence of time of day on anaerobic capacity.

12 volunteers performed exhaustive exercise tests in the morning and afternoon. Paired-means t tests indicated that anaerobic capacity, as reflected by maximal accumulated oxygen deficit, was 26% higher (p < .01) in the afternoon than in the morning. VO2max appeared higher and VO2 kinetics seemed faster in the afternoon, but differences did not attain statistical significance. Thus, the time of day affects anaerobic capacity and may influence other responses to exercise.
Behavioral intervention technologies for positive psychology: Introduction to the special issue

Positive psychology was born in the twenty-first century and as such, has benefited from the substantial technological environment available to conduct research and advance psychological theory. Indeed, one of the first published studies of interventions stemming directly from the positive psychology movement (Seligman, Steen, Park, & Peterson, 2005) made use of Internet advertising and dissemination to test the efficacy of these strategies. Positive psychologists have also contributed to research in this space. For example, Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi, an intellectual leader in positive psychology, was influential in the development of experience sampling (Csikszentmihalyi & Larson, 1987), a technique that has increased in use with the possibilities afforded by text messaging and mobile applications.
Molecular Organization of the Canine Major Histocompatibility Complex

The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is composed of a tightly linked cluster of genes; in dogs, this is referred to as the dog leukocyte antigen (DLA) region. The canine MHC is located on chromosome 12, and several genes within the DLA region have been identified that have significant sequence similarity to their human counterparts. However, in order to characterize other loci in the DLA region, DNA sequencing has begun using a canine bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) library. Initially 135 BAC clones were isolated from a BAC library using a mixture of human and canine probes. These BAC clones were screened with locus-specific primers in polymerase chain reactions (PCRs). Fifty-six BAC clones were subjected to FingerPrinted Contig (FPC) analysis and several overlapping clones were identified. One BAC clone RP81-231-G24 has been sequenced. Preliminary sequence analysis of this 150 kb clone indicates that it contains the region where the class I and class III regions are joined and encompasses DLA-12a, DLA-53, DLA-12, DLA-64, TNF-a, and a canine gene that appears to resemble the HLA class III gene HSPA1A (HSP70-1). The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is a cluster of genes that are important in the immune response to infections and is associated with several autoimmune diseases. In humans, more diseases have been associated with the MHC than any other area of the genome. The dog serves as an important model for several human diseases, including prostate cancer (Cornell et al. 2000) and rheumatoid arthritis (Halliwell et al. 1983; Ollier et al. 2001). Many of the most common diseases in dogs, as well as humans, have an immune component. These diseases in
Technological Caregiving: A Qualitative Perspective

Despite its importance, few studies have focused specifically on the informal technological caregiver. Therefore, this study explored the technological caregiving experience from the perspective of individuals assuming this role. Caregivers were asked to describe their experiences of caring for individuals dependent on inotropic infusion therapy for the management of their end-stage heart failure. Twenty themes reflecting the essence of the technological caregiving experience emerged from the qualitative narratives. Although technological caregiving was financially burdensome, socially confining, and psychologically distressing, caregivers still perceived it as a positive and rewarding experience.
Squamous Metaplasia of the Bronchial Mucosa and its Relationship to Smoking

We performed flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy (FFB) on 106 heavy cigarette smokers. Six bronchial biopsy specimens, obtained from the carina and five major bronchi, were screened for squamous metaplasia. Individual biopsy specimens were sectioned into 4-μm sections, and a metaplasia index (MI), or percentage of sections containing squamous metaplasia, was determined. Metaplasia was noted at one or more biopsy sites in 66 of 99 subjects (seven were excluded from the analysis). Twenty-five percent of the subjects showed metaplasia at three or more biopsy sites, and one subject had metaplasia on all six biopsy specimens. The presence of squamous metaplasia varied from 40.4 percent in the right lower lobe to 15.3 percent in the left upper lobe. The subjects were grouped into simple categories based on the number of packs smoked per day and the pack-year history of smoking. Subjects who smoked more than two packs per day (n = 11) had the highest MI (37.4 ±4.9 percent, mean ± SEM). Fifty-seven subjects smoked more than one pack per day but fewer than or equal to two packs per day, and they had a mean MI of 22.3 ± 2.9 percent. Subjects who smoked one pack per day or less (n = 31) had a mean MI of only 12.9±2.8 percent. The MI of those who smoked more than two packs per day was significantly greater than the MI of those who smoked one pack per day or less (p≤0.003). While the MI varied from 12.9±3.5 percent in subjects who had smoked less than 20 pack-years to a maximum of 29.1 ±4.5 percent in those who had smoked greater than 60 pack-years, no statistically significant difference was detected between these two groups. Thus, we conclude that heavy tobacco use is associated with important alterations of bronchial mucosa. Furthermore, the intensity of tobacco use (packs per day) rather than the number of pack-years appears to be the more important factor in promoting squamous metaplasia of the bronchial mucosa.
Do difficulties in swallowing medication impede the use of hydroxyurea in children

Background Use of hydroxyurea (HU) in children with sickle cell disease (SCD) may be hampered by its formulation as a capsule and the limited availability of liquid HU. Procedure At four Pediatric SCD clinics, parents of children with SCD ages 5–17 years were surveyed about their children's medication use and ability to swallow medication. Data were stratified by HU therapy and analyzed using descriptive statistics, Chi square tests, Fisher exact tests and univariate analysis. Results Of the 116 parents surveyed, 97% were the primary caregiver. One fourth (26%) of parents reported that their child's difficulty swallowing medication interfered with daily medication use. Age-related differences were found in ability to swallow medication, but not by HU use. Children taking HU were more likely to take multiple daily medications, with more frequent dosing schedules. Among 65 HU users, children using the liquid formulation (28%, n = 18) were younger than capsule users (P < 0.0001). Nonetheless, half of liquid HU users were aged 8–13. Children using liquid HU were more likely to have difficulties swallowing medication than those who use HU capsules (OR 4.29, 95% CI 1.14–16.18, P = 0.032). Few had received training for swallowing medication. Conclusions One fourth of surveyed parents viewed swallowing as challenging to daily medication use. These findings suggest that difficulty swallowing capsules is a fairly frequent barrier to for children prescribed HU, especially for younger children. HU use appears more likely in families with daily and more complex medication schedules. Coaching for swallowing capsules may improve HU utilization and adherence. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2014;61:1536–1539. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.