cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Empathy, Shared Intentionality, and Motivation by Moral Reasons

Internalists about reasons generally insist that if a putative reason, R, is to count as a genuine normative reason for a particular agent to do something, then R must make a rational connection to some desire or interest of the agent in question. If internalism is true, but moral reasons purport to apply to agents independently of the particular desires, interests, and commitments they have, then we may be forced to conclude that moral reasons are incoherent. Richard Joyce (2001) develops an argument along these lines. Against this view, I argue that we can make sense of moral reasons as reasons that apply to, and are capable of motivating, agents independently of their prior interests and desires. More specifically, I argue that moral agents, in virtue of their capacities for empathy and shared intentionality, are sensitive to reasons that do not directly link up with their pre-existing ends. In particular, they are sensitive to, and hence can be motivated by, reasons grounded in the desires, projects, commitments, concerns, and interests of others. Moral reasons are a subset of this class of reasons to which moral agents are sensitive. Thus, moral agents can be motivated by moral reasons, even where such reasons fail to link up to their own pre-existing ends.
Transient Enhancement in Add-on Feedforward Algorithms for High-performance Mechatronic Systems

Abstract In this paper, we analyze the problem of control injection in feedforward compensation, and discuss the transient enhancement in add-on feedforward algorithms. In contrast to the common feedforward injection at the plant input, the updated reference feedforward design is discussed with the advantage of accelerated transient. Such a configuration also brings convenience from the viewpoints of filter implementation and uniformed design in industrial mass production. Two implementation examples are provided from advanced manufacturing and precision motion control.
Effects of Breathing 10 Per Cent Carbon Dioxide on the Pulmonary Circulation of Human Subjects

The effects on the pulmonary circulation of breathing 10% CO2 for 10 to 20 min were studied in five eucapnic and 11 convalescing hypercapnic patients to recreate the CO2 tensions which they had experienced during respiratory failure. Right heart catheterization permitted measurements of pulmonary arterial and wedge pressures and obtaining samples of mixed venous blood. Breathing CO2 increased mean pulmonary arterial pressures from 33 to 50 mm Hg (52%); pulmonary arterial wedge pressures were unchanged, and cardiac output increased only 22%. In three hypercapnic and two eucapnic subjects reduction of blood hydrogen ion levels by rapid infusion of 120 to 135 mEq NaHCO3 during CO2 breathing did not lower pulmonary arterial pressure significantly, nor raise cardiac output. Neither vascular pressures nor cardiac outputs changed during oxygen breathing. Larger increases in cardiac output, which were produced by exercise, raised pulmonary artery pressure only half as much as breathing 10% CO2 did. Therefore, pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) that was elevated to an average of 4.8 mm Hg/L/min at rest while breathing air was increased to 6.5 mm Hg/L/min during CO2 breathing ( P <0.01). In contrast, PVR was unchanged (4.6 mm Hg/L/min) during exercise. This difference between PVR while breathing CO2 and during exercise was statistically significant ( P <0.02). Restoration of the pH of the blood toward normal by the infusion of bicarbonate during breathing of CO2 raised the pulmonary arterial pressure. The five eucapnic subjects showed similar changes during CO2 breathing and exercise, although their base-line values were significantly different. The differences were due, at least in part, to lower Paco2. This evidence suggests that CO2 acts on pulmonary arterioles and capillaries that are exposed to alveolar gases to increase the pulmonary vascular impedance.
MedianPipes: An FPGA based Highly Pipelined and Scalable Technique for Median Filtering (Abstract Only)

We propose MedianPipes, a novel, FPGA based, highly pipelined and scalable architecture for median filtering. Median filters and its variants are widely used for noise suppression in image processing. All variants of median filter depend on the computation of median values. MedianPipe is a highly pipelined architecture and hence an ideal fit for FPGAs. It does not make any assumptions about the image to fit on the on-chip memory. Instead, the image is assumed to be streamed-in in the form of image slices. Multiple MedianPipe modules are used depending on the size of image slice and hence the overall hardware complexity of proposed technique scales linearly with image-slice size. The architecture for MedianPipe is based on the principle of merge sort and uses a median window of size 3 x 3. It consists of two stepped sorting process: The first step is to sort the pixels within each row of median window to get sorted rows. This sorting is done using a single comparator over multiple clock cycles. The sorted rows are saved in block memory based First-In-First-Out (FIFO) memory and reused to calculate the medians corresponding to three median windows. The second step is to merge these sorted rows to find the median using a merger block. The merger block consists of three comparators and read out a single value every cycle once the pipeline is filled. Without loss of generality, the pixels of an image slice are assumed to be read in a column major format. All the median values within the column of the image slice can be computed in parallel using multiple MedianPipes. The computation of median values in the following column is delayed by a clock cycle. Hardware resources scale linearly by varying the pixel sizes and number of MedianPipes. The pixel rate achieved for various pixel sizes is well above 124 MHz which is the standard for 1080p High-Definition.
Scanning Fiber Endoscope with multiple fluorescence-reflectance imaging channels for guiding biopsy

Fluorescence-labeled molecular probes can be used during endoscopy for early cancer detection. As many tumors express multiple cell surface markers and these molecular signatures are heterogeneous across patients, simultaneous imaging of numerous different molecular targets is important for increasing the sensitivity of early cancer diagnosis and personalized treatment. For this purpose, a wide-field, multi-spectral fluorescence-reflectance scanning fiber endoscope (SFE) has been developed. Using a set of calibrated fluorescent test targets at in vivo dye concentration, algorithms and methodologies were developed and demonstrated. Preliminary results showed the promise of fluorescence molecular imaging in clinical applications using the multi-spectral SFE.
Rheology of foams: II. Effects of polydispersity and liquid viscosity for foams having gas fraction approaching unity

A constitutive model for foams developed previously is extended here to study the influence of polydispersity on small deformations and the coupled effects of viscous and interfacial forces present in the foam films on both small and large deformations. A formalism for describing cell motion at large strains is also presented. To investigate the effects of polydispersity, the cell deformation and stress—strain behavior for a foam with a bimodal cell size distribution are calculated. The yield stress, critical (yield) strain and the stress—strain relation are found to be independent of the size distribution about a constant mean cell size and are coincident with that of foam consisting of monodisperse, regular hexagonal cells. The introduction of liquid viscosity into the model produces strong deviations from previous results in both the stress field and in the cell deformation for modified capillary numbers larger than 0.01. Further, these viscous effects are dependent on initial cell orientation. Although the magnitude of the viscous stress is not large, it affects the total stress by changing the cell structure. For smaller Ca′, however, viscosity has a minimal effect on the foam rheology. For large deformations, initial cell orientation and viscosity strongly affect the time periodicity of the system. For certain orientations, the cell structure and stresses showed aperiodic behavior regardless of the magnitude of the ratio of the viscous to the interfacial forces (Ca′), whereas for other initial orientations they were periodic. For large Ca′ the cells become highly elongated indicating the possibility of cell rupture.
Phase II trial of subcutaneously administered granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma

BACKGROUND Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is a cytokine that is involved in the differentiation and proliferation of various hematopoietic precursors. It also has been reported to enhance the antitumor activity of various mature effector cells. Previous reports have noted preclinical antitumor activity in a murine model utilizing genetically engineered tumor cells and instances of tumor regression in patients with solid tumors receiving GM-CSF. In the present study, a Phase II trial of human recombinant GM-CSF (GM-CSFrh) in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC) was conducted to investigate further the potential antitumor activity of this cytokine. METHODS Twenty-six eligible patients with metastatic RCC received 3 μg/kg of GM-CSFrh subcutaneously for 14 days, with cycles repeated every 28 days. RESULTS Two of 26 patients (8%; 95% confidence interval 1–25%) demonstrated partial tumor responses during GM-CSFrh therapy. Both individuals who responded had received prior therapy. A median of three cycles per patient were administered, and toxicity was mild. CONCLUSIONS GM-CSFrh may mediate tumor regression in patients with metastatic RCC; however, the level of activity in previously treated patients is low. Cancer 1996;77:1149-53.
The effects of warm-up on the PRE in the discriminated avoidance paradigm

Fifteen groups of female albino rats were studied in a PRE design, using three levels of reinforcement (0%, 50%, 100%) and five types of warm-up (extinction at the end of acquisition, CS only during warm-up, UCS only during warm-up, BOX only during warm-up, and extinction without warm-up). While the level of responding was very low, results indicated that the UCS-only group continued to acquire the avoidance response during warm-up while the CS-only and BOX-only groups quit responding. Extinction immediately after acquisition generated the PRE, while the group without warm-up did not demonstrate the effect.
Determination of B- C for the (1,0,0) vibrational state of nitrogen dioxide

Although the nu/sub 1/ fundamental vibration of NO/sub 2/ has been studied at high resolution by infrared spectroscopy, two of the three principal rotational constants have never been determined independently. The reason for this situation is that there are serious intensity anomalies in the vibration-rotation spectrum, and the lines to the red of the band origin are missing. Thus, although the sum of B and C is well determined, their difference (and, consequently, the individual value of each constant) is not. The value of (B - C) for nu/sub 1/ = 1 has not been determined from the electronic spectrum of NO/sub 2/ using the method of dispersed laser-excited fluorescence spectroscopy.
On the nature of the “non-saturable” migration of amino acids into Ehrlich cells and into rat jejunum

Abstract The so-called non-saturable uptake of α-amino acids by the Ehrlich cell, even though it occurs at a characteristically slow rate for various neutral amino acids (whether they are in the d - or the l -form) is nevertheless structurally specific, since the uptake of β-alanine, taurine and betaine occurs only about one-third as rapidly as that of the α-amino acids. Furthermore the uptake shows a considerable sensitivity to pH, and a temperature sensitivity so high as to exclude simple diffusion as the rate-limiting step. The structural specificity is compatible with a reaction of the amino acid with a membrane site, either an abundant one or a relatively unreactive one, the reaction of the amino acid with which presumably need involve at most only its amino and carboxyl groups. Uptake of amino acids at high levels by rat-intestinal segments also showed high temperature sensitivities.
Gastric sleeve leak: a single institution's experience with early combined laparoendoscopic management.

Abstract Background Sleeve gastrectomy is an effective weight loss procedure that is technically less complex than Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. However, staple line leak (SLL) remains a significant complication of this procedure with reported incidence ranging from 1%–7%. Multiple treatment strategies for SLL are reported including surgical re-exploration, percutaneous drainage, and endoscopic stenting. Our objective was to review the results of our experience with combined laparoendoscopic procedures in managing SLL. Methods A retrospective review of patients with SLL after laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) between June 2008 and October 2013 was performed. Patient characteristics, operative details, and postoperative management strategies were reviewed. All patients were managed with a combination of early laparoscopic washout and endoscopic stenting. Results One hundred sixty-five patients underwent LSG with SLL identified in 4 patients (2.4%). One patient was transferred from an outside institution for SLL. Average time to SLL diagnosis was postoperative day 3 (range 1–7). After diagnosis patients underwent laparoscopic washout and initial endoscopic stenting. Three patients required additional endoscopic procedures to manage stent migration, and 2 required additional procedures for peri-stent leak. Complications were managed endoscopically with stent adjustment or replacement. Patients had indwelling stents for an average of 29 days (range 15–56). Mean hospital length of stay was 30 days (range 20–42). Conclusion SLL after LSG can confer a high morbidity and mortality. Endoscopic management of SLL with stenting has been advocated because it successfully manages the leaks and avoids additional invasive procedures. Based on our experience, successful management of SLL can be achieved with an early combined laparoendoscopic approach.
Clover: Compiler Directed Lightweight Soft Error Resilience

This paper presents Clover, a compiler directed soft error detection and recovery scheme for lightweight soft error resilience. The compiler carefully generates soft error tolerant code based on idempotent processing without explicit checkpoint. During program execution, Clover relies on a small number of acoustic wave detectors deployed in the processor to identify soft errors by sensing the wave made by a particle strike. To cope with DUE (detected unrecoverable errors) caused by the sensing latency of error detection, Clover leverages a novel selective instruction duplication technique called tail-DMR (dual modular redundancy). Once a soft error is detected by either the sensor or the tail-DMR, Clover takes care of the error as in the case of exception handling. To recover from the error, Clover simply redirects program control to the beginning of the code region where the error is detected. The experiment results demonstrate that the average runtime overhead is only 26%, which is a 75% reduction compared to that of the state-of-the-art soft error resilience technique.
The Problem of Secondary Fluorescence in EPMA in the Application of the Ti- in-Zircon Geothermometer and the Utility of PENEPMA Monte Carlo Program

Zircon (ZrSiO4) is a small mineral highly resistant to chemical changes; this robustness has led it to be used for estimating earth conditions eons ago. It has been used to date geologic events, measuring its radiogenic Pb, U and Th isotopes. The oldest dated mineral on Earth is a zircon from Australia, and its oxygen isotope value suggests Earth’s crust was cool and wet as long ago as 4.3 billion years [1]. Watson and Harrison [2] experimentally determined that the amount of Ti incorporated in zircon (~1 to 1000s of ppm), coexisting with a high-Ti mineral (e.g., rutile TiO2 or ilmenite FeTiO3), was proportional to the temperature at which the zircon crystallized and could be used as a geothermometer. In cases where the level of Ti is extremely low (1-100 ppm), the preferred method of quantification is ion probe (SIMS). However, there are situations where EPMA is used to measure Ti: (1) for original validation of the abundance of Ti in zircons grown experimentally (i.e., for SIMS standards), (2) by geologists who do not have ready access to SIMS, or (3) where the large SIMS spot size (~25 microns) is prohibitive. However, as has been long recognized, the electron beam’s interaction volume is tiny relative to the volume excited by both characteristic and continuum x-rays generated in the primary electron beam volume. The question that has perplexed microanalysts is, exactly what is the amount of secondary fluorescence (SF) that is measured during EPMA— particularly critical for trace element levels. The problem potentially can be addressed experimentally for some systems, but is not trivial. An alternative approach is via Monte Carlo simulations. The PENEPMA program, based upon PENELOPE [3], has been shown to accurately predict the extent of SF [4] and has been recently modified to explicitly state SF intensity [5].
Fast neural algorithms for detecting moving targets in highly noisy environments

The detection of targets moving in an environment dominated by "noise" is addressed from the perspective of nonlinear dynamics. Sensor data are used to drive a Korteweg-deVries (soliton) equation, inducing a resonance-type phenomenon which indicates the presence of hidden target signals. The algorithm is implemented in terms of a novel neural architecture, which we have named "spectral network", which can easily be implemented in optoelectronic hardware.
YAC: A code using the detailed term accounting model for all-Z elements

We are developing an atomic code, YAC, for elements from low to high Z that explicitly includes the detailed term structure. Detailed electron configurations are produced from a list of super-configurations. These detailed configurations are used as effective energy levels for population kinetics. Further, a list of all possible atomic processes such as photo-excitation (ionization), electron collision excitation (ionization) and autoionization is generated further from these configurations and, except for the radiative transitions, these are calculated by using the configuration-average model. The spontaneous radiative transitions are calculated using detailed term accounting model. The preliminary result for hard X-ray emission from laser-irradiated plasma of U is presented.
The impact of parent-delivered intervention on parents of very young children with autism

This study investigated the impact of a parent-coaching intervention based on the Early Start Denver Model (P-ESDM) on parenting-related stress and sense of competence. This was part of a multisite, randomized trial comparing P-ESDM (n = 49) with community intervention (n = 49) for children aged 12 and 24 months. The P-ESDM group reported no increase in parenting stress, whereas the Community group experienced an increase over the same 3-month period. Parental sense of competence did not differ. Number of negative life events was a significant predictor of parenting stress and sense of competence across both groups. This suggests that a parent-coaching intervention may help maintain parental adjustment directly after a child is diagnosed with ASD.
Effects of micelles and phase transfer solutions on the K3[Co(CN)5H] catalyzed hydrogenation of sodium sorbate and methyl sorbate

Abstract The product distribution in the hydrogenation of sodium sorbate using the catalyst K 3 [Co(CN) 5 H] under molecular hydrogen at a pressure of one atmosphere is not substantially alterd by the addition of micelle-forming neutral surfactants or by changing the CN/Co ratio used in the preparation of the catalyst. The presence of a surfactant shows a larger effect on the hydrogenation of methylsorbate. Phase transfer reaction conditions radically change the product distribution of the K 3 [Co(CN) 5 H] catalyzed reactions, highly favoring trans -methyl 3-hexenoate. Sorbic acid forms a stable complex with K 3 [Co(CN) 5 H] but does not hydrogenate under conditions similar to those used in the methyl sorbate reactions. In addition to these effects on product distributions, the surfactants as well as the phase transfer reagents stabilize the catalyst, preventing rapid decomposition.
Zee Model Confronts SNO Data

We reexamine the solution of the minimal Zee model by comparing with the data of the SNO experiment, and conclude that the model is strongly disfavored but not yet excluded by the observations. Two extensions of the Zee model are briefly discussed both of which introduce additional freedom and can accommodate the data.
Improving efficiency of high‐concentrator photovoltaics by cooling with two‐phase forced convection

SUMMARYThe potential of increasing high-concentrator photovoltaic cell efﬁciency by cooling with two-phase ﬂow is analyzed.The governing energy equations were used to predict cell temperature distributions and cell efﬁciencies for aphotovoltaic cell under 100 suns’ concentration. Several design conditions were taken into consideration in the analysis,including cooling channel height, working ﬂuid type (between water and R134a), working ﬂuid inlet temperature,pressure, and mass ﬂow rate. It was observed that the dominant parameter for increasing cell efﬁciency was the workingﬂuid saturation temperature, which itself is affected by a number of the aforementioned design parameters. The resultsshow R134a at low inlet pressures to be highly effective in this two-phase cooling design. Copyright r 2010 John Wiley& Sons, Ltd. KEY WORDS: high-concentrator photovoltaic efﬁciency; two-phase ﬂow cooling applications 1. INTRODUCTIONThe demand for energy has led to a large effort toﬁnd new energy resources in addition to developingand improving existing ones. Photovoltaics (PV)have become increasingly popular due to theirinherent cleanliness compared with fossil fuels, butcost remains a major obstacle to their widespreadadoption. High-concentrator PVs alleviate cost byusing mirrors and concentrating lenses to focusmore of the sun’s incident radiation onto a singlePV cell, thereby reducing the number of cellsrequired. Commercial PV cells typically have upperefﬁciency limits of about 25% [1]; the energy fromthe sun not directly converted into electricity ortransferred to the ambient largely manifests itself asthermal energy within the PV cell. Withoutadequate cooling, the highly concentrated solarradiation results in signiﬁcant increases in celltemperature. From an energy balance, a PV cellwith a 100 sun input and only natural convectionand radiation cooling reaches temperatures ofabout 1200K. Subjecting PV cells to high tempera-tures is undesirable as it reduces efﬁciency almostlinearly with increasing temperature and can alsoresult in permanent cell damage [2]. Therefore, aprimary challenge becomes the removal of excessheat and maintaining higher efﬁciencies associated
Structural evolution of α-Fe2O3 nanowires during lithiation and delithiation

This work describes the evolution of α-Fe2O3 nanowires during the conversion reaction associated with lithium intercalation. An electrical resistive heating method synthesizes single crystal hematite (α-Fe2O3) nanowires. Transmission electron microscopy characterizes this anode material at various stages of lithiation and delithiation. The process initiates through the reduction of α-Fe2O3 to nanocrystalline Fe3O4. Further lithiation converts all of the iron oxide to nanocrystalline BCC Fe. During delithiation, the reactions proceed via conversion of Fe0 to Fe2O3. However, a nanocrystalline structure replaces the initial single crystalline α-Fe2O3 after the first circle. This polycrystalline nanowire structure persists for over 30 cycles.
Cacophony or Coherence: Ethnographic Writing and Competing Claims to Ritual and Textual Authority

This essay describes the challenges to ethnographic writing that are raised by multiplicity, contradiction, and conflicting narratives in the fieldwork process. Specifically, the essay examines multiple and sometimes opposing articulations of the causes for, and ritual treatments of, a malignant horoscopic condition called nāga dōsam (snake blemish) in contemporary South India. This examination raises questions about the relationships between textual knowledge and ritual performance, as well as the nature of competing claims to ritual and textual authority. At the heart of these interpretive questions lies the issue of representation, or how best to characterize such multiplicity and inconsistency in the ethnographic texts which grow from our field research. Drawing on excerpts from fieldwork interviews with two Brahmin religious specialists, this essay considers how best to evoke the realities of the Tamil ritual field without simply inscribing these power dynamics on the ethnographic text.
A phenomenological theory for ionic conductivity in solid electrolytes

A phenomenological theory applied to a range of solid electrolytes yields both ionic conductivities and excess heat capacities in reasonably good agreement with the experimental. The change in the magnitude of the ionic conductivity appears to be related to the number of available sites per mobile ion, the number of stationary cations (e.g., Hg and Rb in silver electrolytes), and a quadratic interaction energy parameter. The model evidences the possibility of hysteresis, which has been experimentally observed in several of the substances studied. Eine phanomenologische Theorie, die auf eine Reihe von festen Elektrolyten angewendet wird, ergibt sowohl die Ionenleitfahigkeiten als auch die Uberschuswarmekapazitaten in guter Uberein-stimmung mit dem Experiment. Die Anderung in der Grose der Ionenleitfahigkeit scheint verknupft zu sein mit der Zahl der moglichen Platze pro bewegliches Ion, der Zahl der stationaren Kationen (z. B. Hg und Rb in Silberelektrolyten) und einem quadratischen Wechselwirkungs-energieparameter. Das Modell zeigt die Moglichkeit von Hysterese, die auch in einigen der untersuchten Substanzen experimentell beobachtet wurde.
Concordance between Cigarette Smoking and the Modified Fagerström Tolerance Questionnaire in Controlled Studies of ADHD

Our objective was to compare scores on a smoking questionnaire to a diagnosis of cigarette smoking. As part of follow-ups in studies of ADHD, we assessed for cigarette smoking using structured interviews and the modified Fagerstrom Tolerance Questionnaire (mFTQ). Data were obtained from 162 subjects (mean = 19.2 yrs). ROC analysis and kappa coefficients revealed that a cutoff score of 3 on the mFTQ showed the strongest agreement with a full diagnosis of cigarette smoking (kappa = 0.68). Clinicians and researchers using the mFTQ in adolescents and young adults should consider a cutoff score of 3 to be indicative of cigarette smoking.
Spatial and temporal variability in response to hybrid electro-optical stimulation

Hybrid electro-optical neural stimulation is a novel paradigm combining the advantages of optical and electrical stimulation techniques while reducing their respective limitations. However, in order to fulfill its promise, this technique requires reduced variability and improved reproducibility. Here we used a comparative physiological approach to aid the further development of this technique by identifying the spatial and temporal factors characteristic of hybrid stimulation that may contribute to experimental variability and/or a lack of reproducibility. Using transient pulses of infrared light delivered simultaneously with a bipolar electrical stimulus in either the marine mollusk Aplysia californica buccal nerve or the rat sciatic nerve, we determined the existence of a finite region of excitability with size altered by the strength of the optical stimulus and recruitment dictated by the polarity of the electrical stimulus. Hybrid stimulation radiant exposures yielding 50% probability of firing (RE50) were shown to be negatively correlated with the underlying changes in electrical stimulation threshold over time. In Aplysia, but not in the rat sciatic nerve, increasing optical radiant exposures (J cm–2) beyond the RE50 ultimately resulted in inhibition of evoked potentials. Accounting for the sources of variability identified in this study increased the reproducibility of stimulation from 35% to 93% in Aplysia and 23% to 76% in the rat with reduced variability.
GM1-ganglioside β-galactosidase in leukocytes and cultured fibroblasts

Abstract GM1-ganglioside hydrolysis by leukocytes and fibroblasts, tissues easily obtainable from patients, was investigated using 3H-labeled GM1 and was found to be at least as active as that reported for any other tissue. Sodium taurocholate was required for the reaction, the crude bile salt at an optimum concentration of 0.4% producing twice as much activity as pure taurocholate at its optimum concentration of 0.8%. Leukocyte GM1-ganglioside β-galactosidase and 4-MU-β-gal cleaving activities were similar, 134.5 ± 23.3 and 179.8 ± 25.4 nmol/h/mg protein, respectively. In cultured skin fibroblasts and amniotic fluid cells these enzyme activities were 4 to 5 times higher. Homozygotes for GM1-gangliosidosis showed negligible activity while in heterozygotes the leukocyte GM1-cleaving activity was reduced to one-third of control values. In leukocytes from patients with four other sphingolipid storage diseases the activity was either normal (Krabbe's, Tay-Sachs, Metachromatic leukodystrophy) or increased (adult Gaucher's).
Restoration of normal lysosomal function in mucopolysaccharidosis type VII cells by retroviral vector-mediated gene transfer.

Abstract Retroviral vectors were constructed containing a rat beta-glucuronidase cDNA driven by heterologous promoters. Vector-mediated gene transfer into human and canine beta-glucuronidase-deficient mucopolysaccharidosis type VII fibroblasts completely corrected the deficiency in beta-glucuronidase enzymatic activity. In primary cultures of canine mucopolysaccharidosis type VII retinal pigment epithelial cells, which contain large amounts of undegraded glycosaminoglycan substrates, vector correction restored normal processing of specific glycosaminoglycans in the lysosomal compartment. In canine mucopolysaccharidosis type VII bone marrow cells, beta-glucuronidase was expressed at high levels in transduced cells. Thus, the vector-encoded beta-glucuronidase was expressed at therapeutic levels in the appropriate organelle and corrected the metabolic defect in cells exhibiting the characteristic pathology of this lysosomal storage disorder.
Work and Family Variables as Mediators of the Relationship Between Wives' Employment and Husbands' Well-Being

This study found that husbands of employed women reported slightly lower levels of job satisfaction, marital adjustment, and quality of life than husbands of housewives. Husbands' time commitment t...
Recent Progress of the Advanced Test Accelerator

Attempts to further improve the beam brightness from field emission cathodes are currently centered on the issue of how beam optics and phase mixing within the injector transport tend to ''average down'' the beam brightness. Particle simulation work indicates that beam brightness can be significantly improved by simply reducing the injector transport magnetic field and losing peak transport current, i.e., only transporting that high brightness portion of the total current. The simulation results shown in Figure 8 suggest that beam brightness can be increased perhaps a factor of 5 or more simply by ''tuning for brightness'' rather than tuning for peak transported current. If this can indeed be experimentally realized and the resulting beam matched onto accelerator transport (magnetic and/or laser guided) without emittance degradation then simple field emission cathodes would, at least in the immediately near term, saisfy the needs for 10 micron FEL experiments. 8 refs., 8 figs.
Evidence for control of herpes simplex virus mutagenesis by the viral DNA polymerase.

Abstract We have measured the effect of mutations associated with the DNA polymerase of herpes simplex virus type 1 on the production of spontaneous mutants resistant to bromodeoxyuridine. Bromodeoxyuridine-resistant mutants contain mutations in the viral thymidine kinase gene. The conditional lethal mutation in strain C7, which prevents growth at 39° and is located in the DNA polymerase gene, reduced slightly the yields of bromodeoxyuridine-resistant progeny compared to the parent virus. In contrast, a temperature-resistant derivative of C7, ts + C, produced levels of resistant progeny 11-fold greater than normal. Evidence is presented that the ts + CO derivative is not a true revertant of C7, but instead contains a second site mutation which suppresses the C7 temperature-sensitive mutation. This suppressor mutation appears closely linked to the original C7 mutation. Possible mechanisms for the elevated production of bromodeoxyuridine-resistant progeny by ts + C are discussed.
A sodium bicarbonate dosing methodology for pH management in freshwater-recirculating aquaculture systems

Abstract High-density water-recirculating aquaculture systems with hydraulic retention times above about 5 d must be monitored for alkalinity, and in the vast majority of cases, the alkalinity must be adjusted upwards to assure maintenance of desirable pH levels. Sodium bicarbonate is the preferred additive for increasing alkalinity because it is inexpensive, dissolves rapidly, and is safe for both personnel and fish. The high rate of carbon dioxide production in such systems requires significant stripping capabilities and dictates the appropriate alkalinity concentrations in this CO2-enriched environment. The methodology presented for alkalinity adjustment uses measurements of pH and alkalinity to obtain an estimate of the system CO2 level, which, in turn, is used to define the alkalinity concentration required to reach a targeted pH. A dosage table facilitates determination of the amount (g) of sodium bicarbonate to be added to reach the targeted pH for a variety of system sizes. The charts, which are d...
Serotonergic function in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Behavioral and neuroendocrine responses to oral m-chlorophenylpiperazine and fenfluramine in patients and healthy volunteers.

• To evaluate serotonergic (5-hydroxytryptamine) function in obsessive-compulsive disorder, behavioral and neuroendocrine responses to m-chlorophenylpiperazine (m-CPP; 0.5 mg/kg orally) and fenfluramine hydrochloride (60 mg orally) were examined in 20 patients and 10 healthy controls under double-blind, placebo-controlled conditions. Following m-CPP, but not fenfluramine or placebo, 55% (11/20) of the patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder experienced a transient exacerbation of obsessivecompulsive disorder. Prolactin response was blunted in patients following m-CPP but not following fenfluramine. Patients with greater behavioral response to m-CPP had smaller prolactin responses. Cortisol response to m-CPP and fenfluramine did not significantly differ between the groups. Behavioral and neuroendocrine responses appeared divergent. This does not suggest simply upregulation or downregulation of 5-hydroxytryptamine receptors, but rather complex mechanisms involving multiple neurotransmitter and neuromodulator systems.
Adaptive diffusion models for the growth of robotics in New York state industry

Abstract Forecasts are developed for the diffusion of robotics in the state of New York through the year 2015. The chief objective is to compare static approaches with dynamic models for forecasting diffusion processes of various time horizons. Results for a Bass-Mansfield model are compared to those for a dynamic time-varying parameter model. The results indicate the advantages and disadvantages of a robust heuristic approach which smooths data as opposed to providing an optimal fit.
Effect of Phosphatidyl Serine Decarboxylase on Neural Excitation

IT has been proposed that phosphatidyl serine (PS) plays a central role in neural excitation1–4. Consequently, there have been numerous reports of the interaction of isolated PS with ions, local anaesthetics and anionic and cationic nerve blocking agents5–11. These results parallel those obtained with isolated nerve axons12–14. There have been conflicting reports as to whether the carboxyl or phosphate portions of the PS molecule provide the biologically important cation exchange sites5,6,9. In the case of the squid axon, ion substitution experiments indicate that these sites on the external membrane surface are carboxyl in nature15. To obtain direct evidence for the involvement of the carboxyl groups of PS in neural excitation, we determined the effect of PS decarboxylase on neural activity.
Use of mesothelin as a marker for mesothelial cells in cytologic specimens

Immunocytochemistry is often employed for the distinction between mesothelial cells and adenocarcinoma. Mesothelin has recently been reported to be expressed in reactive mesothelial cells and epithelioid mesotheliomas. The objective of this study is to determine the utility of mesothelin as marker for mesothelial cells in cytologic preparations. Thirty cell blocks were retrieved from the archives and immunostained with monoclonal antibody directed against mesothelin and calretinin. Heat-induced epitope retrieval technique was employed, and the immunostaining was accomplished using an automated stainer. These tissue blocks were from 35 patients (17 females and 18 males) with a median age of 64 years. Nine were benign effusions, 11 mesotheliomas, and 18 metastatic adenocarcinomas. The presence of any immunoreactivity, irrespective of level of intensity or percentage of cells, was considered positive for mesothelin expression. Follow up included correlation with pathology materials obtained at surgery and review of medical records. Mesothelin staining was positive in 7/9 benign cases, 8/11 mesotheliomas, and 8/18 adenocarcinomas. The difference of mesothelin expression between mesothelial cells and adenocarcinoma was statistically significant. For calretinin, all cases, except 2 malignant mesotheliomas and 3 adenocarcinomas, showed positive staining with calretinin. As a marker for mesothelial cells, the sensitivity and specificity of mesothelin were 73% and 55%, respectively, and the sensitivity and specificity of calretinin were 95% and 86%, respectively. Therefore, mesothelin is not a sensitive or a specific marker for mesothelial cells in cytologic specimens when compared with calretinin.
Wavelet-based multiresolutional representation of computational field simulation datasets

The paper addresses multiresolutional representation of datasets arising from a computational field simulation. The approach determines the regions of interest, breaks the volume into variable size blocks to localize the information, and then codes each block using a wavelet transform. The blocks are then ranked by visual information content so that the most informative wavelet coefficients can be embedded in a bit stream for progressive transmission or access. The technique is demonstrated on a widely-used computational field simulation dataset.
Mechanical Ventricular Assistance in Man

Mechanical cardiac massage by a pneumatic device which fits over the ventricles of the heart was studied in six patients with cardiac arrest who failed to respond to conventional means of resuscitation. Adequate arterial blood pressure, full peripheral pulses, respiratory efforts, small reactive pupils, reasonable cardiac output, and a low venous pressure were obtained for as long as four hours. In a 48-year-old patient ventricular fibrillation did not respond to external or internal massage and defibrillation in 35 minutes, and there was no ECG activity. With this instrument the circulation was supported for an hour (blood pressure 135/50). Defibrillation was then possible, and the patient survived for six days, dying of her primary disease process, which was unrelated to the heart. These studies are being continued and indicate that this approach may be helpful for cardiac resuscitation, for prolonged circulatory support, and for maintaining the circulation in potential donors for organ transplantation.
Environmental modulation of behavioral tolerance in spinal rats.

Abstract We previously reported that the antinociceptive effect of morphine on the thermal tail withdrawal reflex (tail flick, TF) was reduced in rats that had practiced the TF response prior to morphine administration. This phenomenon, termed behavioral tolerance, was observed even when rats were spinally transected following the TF tests. The present experiments were conducted to determine whether such retention of behavioral tolerance after spinal transection was dependent on prior experience with the TF procedure, or whether other nociceptive pretreatments would also reduce opiate antinociception on the TF test in spinal rats. Separate groups of rats were pretreated with either nociceptive thermal TF or Hot Plate (HP), or mechanical Tail Pinch (TP) stimuli, as well as non-nociceptive exposure to the experimental context (Habituation) or No Pretreatment. Approximately half of the rats were spinally transected after their respective pretreatment, while the other half were left intact. When Intact rats were subsequently tested on the TF at 30, 60, 120 and 180 min after morphine administration, only the TF pretreated group was tolerant, relative to the Non-pretreated control group. However, this was a transient effect, and was only significant at the first, 30-min test; there was no difference among the groups in the total duration of antinociception across all the time points. When spinal rats were tested after morphine administration, there was also an overall significant difference among the groups at 30 min. In this case, the differences were maintained across all time points. All three nociceptive pretreatments (TF, HP and TP) significantly reduced the total duration of opiate antinociception in acute spinal rats, relative to the Non-pretreatment condition, whereas the Habituation treatment did not. These data reveal a differential effect of behavioral pretreatment on morphine-induced antinociception in Intact vs. Spinal rats. In Intact rats, behavioral tolerance on the TF test was transient and only observed in animals that had prior experience with the TF procedure. In contrast, when rats were spinally transected after nociceptive pretreatment, behavioral tolerance on the TF test was maintained throughout the test session and was observed in all of the nociceptive pretreatment groups. These data indicate first that nociceptive stimulation can produce a persistent change in the spinal cord which significantly influences spinal reflex function and second that when the neuraxis is intact, the effect of such stimulation may be modulated by descending supraspinal input.
Influence of the steady background turbulence level on second sound dynamics in He II – II

Abstract We report complementary results to our previous publication [Dalban-Canassy M, Hilton DK, Van Sciver SW. Influence of the steady background turbulence level on second sound dynamics in He II. Adv Cryo Eng 2006;51:371–8], both of which are aimed at determining the influence of background turbulence on the breakpoint energy of second sound pulses in He II. The apparatus consists of a channel 175 mm long and 242 mm 2 in cross section immersed in a saturated bath of He II at 1.7 K. A heater at the bottom end generates both background turbulence, through a low level steady heat flux (up to q s = 2.6 kW/m 2 ), and high intensity square second sound pulses ( q p = 100 or 200 kW/m 2 ) of variable duration Δ t 0 (up to 1 ms). Two superconducting filament sensors, located 25.4 mm and 127 mm above the heater, measure the temperature profiles of the traveling pulses. We present here an analysis of the measurements gathered on the top sensor, and compare them to similar results for the bottom sensor [1] . The strong dependence of the breakpoint energy on the background heat flux previously illustrated is also observed on the top sensor. The present work shows that the ratio of energy received at the top sensor to that at the bottom sensor diminishes with increasing background heat flux.
Fluorescence of synthetic DNA's at room temperature and neutral pH.

Abstract The fluorescence of two synthetic DNA's, polyd(m 5 C) and poly[d(I-m 5 C)] is demonstrated at room temperature and neutral pH. Polyd(m 5 C) at pH 8.0 exhibits fluorescence qualitatively the same as the mononucleotide: the quantum yield is independent of excitation energy; the emission maximum is at 2.92 μ −1 (355 nm). Poly[d(I-m 5 C)] exhibits fluorescence resembling that of the 5-methyldeoxycytidine component with an additional feature that is probably due to weak deoxyinosine fluorescence. Neither of these synthetic DNA's exhibits spectra suggestive of exciplex formation.
Low-voltage large-value tunable capacitors using selfaligned HARPSS

This paper presents a silicon microfabrication technique for the implementation of large-value one-port and two-port tunable capacitors with very small tuning voltages. The proposed process offers very high aspect- ratio narrow vertical gaps of different sizes in a self- aligned manner, allowing the realization of in-plane tunable capacitors in a small area. A continuous tuning of 240% is achieved for a 15 pF two-port capacitor with the application of 3.5 V. A 106 pF one-port capacitor occupies an area of 8 mm2 and is tuned to 130 pF with a tuning voltage of 0.9 V.
Distributed policies for equitable partitioning: Theory and applications

The most widely applied resource allocation strategy is to balance, or equalize, the total workload assigned to each resource. In mobile multi-agent systems, this principle directly leads to equitable partitioning policies in which (i) the workspace is divided into subregions of equal measure, (ii) each agent is assigned to a unique subregion, and (iii) each agent is responsible for service requests originating within its own subregion. In this paper, we design distributed and adaptive policies to allow a team of agents to achieve a convex and equitable partition of a convex workspace. Our approach is related to the classic Lloyd algorithm, and exploits the unique features of Power Diagrams. We discuss possible applications to routing of vehicles in stochastic and dynamic environments, and to wireless networks. Simulation results are presented and discussed.
Ethnic Differences in Parental Perceptions and Management of Childhood Fever

To explore knowledge and management of childhood fever among ethnically diverse parents and identify opportunities for educational intervention, we administered a cross-sectional survey to a convenience sample of 487 parents of children enrolled in 2 urban hospital-based pediatric clinics. Outcomes included parental definition of fever, level of concern, and management of fever. Latino parents were least likely to identify a temperature as nonfebrile from 97-100.3 degrees F (adjusted odds ratios [AOR] 0.06) or identify a fever as a temperature from 100.4-107 degrees F (AOR 0.52). African Americans were least likely to believe that fever can cause death or brain damage (AOR 0.4). African Americans were more likely to dose ibuprofen more frequently than recommended (AOR 1.97). All ethnicities are equally likely to treat normal temperatures and dose acetaminophen too frequently.Therefore continued education of all families about fever is necessary, and there are opportunities to develop ethnically sensitive strategies to target educational interventions.