cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The gift of Taungs

Hominid Evolution: Past, Present and Future. Edited by P. V. Tobias. Alan R. Liss:1985. Pp.499. 38, 38.85. Major Topics in Primate and Human Evolution. Edited by B. Wood, L. Martin and P. Andrews. Cambridge University Press:1986. Pp.364. 19.50, 39.50. Primate Evolution and Human Origins. Edited by R. L. Ciochon and J. G. Fleagle. Benjamin/Cummings:1986. Pp.396. 31.95, 29.95.
Expression of alpha V integrin is modulated by Epstein–Barr virus nuclear antigen 3C and the metastasis suppressor Nm23-H1 through interaction with the GATA-1 and Sp1 transcription factors

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a lymphotrophic herpesvirus infecting most of the world's population. It is associated with a number of human lymphoid and epithelial tumors and lymphoproliferative diseases in immunocompromised patients. A subset of latent EBV antigens is required for immortalization of primary B-lymphocytes. The metastatic suppressor Nm23-H1 which is downregulated in human invasive breast carcinoma reduces the migration and metastatic activity of breast carcinoma cells when expressed from a heterologous promoter. Interestingly, the EBV nuclear antigen 3C (EBNA3C) reverses these activities of Nm23-H1. The alpha V integrins recognize a variety of ligands for signaling and are involved in cell migration and proliferation and also serve as major receptors for extracellular-matrix-mediated cell adhesion and migration. The goal of this study was to determine if Nm23-H1 and EBNA3C can modulate alpha V integrin expression and downstream activities. The results of our studies indicate that Nm23-H1 downregulates alpha V intregrin expression in a dose responsive manner. In contrast, EBNA3C can upregulate alpha V integrin expression. Furthermore, the study showed that the association of the Sp1 and GATA transcription factors with Nm23-H1 is required for modulation of the alpha V integrin activity. Thus, these results suggest a direct correlation between the alpha V integrin expression and the interaction of Nm23-H1 with EBNA3C.
Poststroke Angiogenesis, Pro Making the Desert Bloom

Angiogenesis, in which existing blood vessels give birth to new capillaries, is a widely conserved response to hypoxia, including ischemic hypoxia. Angiogenesis occurs in peri-infarct regions of human brain after stroke, as documented by histological and immunohistochemical studies of postmortem tissue.1–3 Among many questions that might be asked about angiogenesis and stroke, the most apposite include (1) whether spontaneous poststroke angiogenesis improves outcome and (2) whether treatment to enhance angiogenesis confers additional benefit. Neither of these questions can be answered definitively, but a case can be made that a likely answer in both instances is yes. Several studies point to a relationship between angiogenesis and stroke outcome. Krupinski et al2 found a correlation between increased microvessel …
Problems in brain death determination

During the last decade there has been philosophical acceptance of the concept that the state of brain death is equivalent to total patient death. The application of this concept to clinical medicine has been associated with major problems in both the diagnosis of brain death and the medical management of the brain dead patient. In our experience with 176 consecutive cases of suspected brain death over a seven-year period, we have found that a standardized protocol applied by experienced clinicians will minimize these problems.
Salmonellosis Associated With Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm

The aorta, like other large elastic arteries, is remarkably resistant to infection.1The resistance to infection is impaired in the presence of vascular anomalies2and other arterial lesions such as atherosclerosis,3cystic medionecrosis,4and syphilitic arteritis.5There are 21 reports available in the literature3,5-22inSalmonellainfection occurred in patients with arteriosclerotic abdominal aortic aneurysm. In most cases the infections occurred in old debilitated patients with the diagnosis usually being made during surgery or at autopsy. Zak et al5have emphasized the importance of recognizing this entity in patients known to have arterial aneurysms and subsequently developSalmonellainfections, as well as in patients with salmonellosis who die in shock. This report describes a case ofSalmonellainfection associated with rupture of the abdominal aortic aneurysm, reviews the literature, and discusses the pathophysiology of the disease. Fluorescent antibody techniques were successfully employed to
On application of the concentric annular flow model to the flow of blood in small-diameter tubes

Abstract A concentric annular flow (CAF) model with a cell-free plasma layer surrounding a continuous core of cells is presented to describe blood flow in small tubes. The pressure-flow behavior calculated from this model agrees very well with experimental results obtained under low Reynold's number conditions. The plasma thickness was found to be constant or independent of shear stress, tube diameter, and feed hematocrit. It was also found that the CAF model can qualitatively predict the Fahraeus effect and quantitatively predict the Fahraeus-Lindqvist effect.
Effects of modeling on the use of nonsexist language among high school freshpersons and seniors

The present study examined how modeling, grade in school, gender, and attitudes toward women relate to sexist or nonsexist language usage in high school students. Eighty-four female and 60 male high school students, including 77% white, 20% African-American, and 3% “other” participants, completed three questionnaires. The Sexist Language Detector (SLD), a 24 item questionnaire, assessed the use of sexist and nonsexist language by requiring written solutions to ethical dilemmas. Instructions on the SLD included either sexist examples, nonsexist examples, or no example (control). The nonsexist examples condition served as the modeling intervention. Participants completed the shortened versions of J. T. Spence and R. L. Helmreich's Personal Attributes Questionnaire of 1978 and Attitudes toward Women Scale of 1972. Multiple regression analysis indicated main effects for gender, year in school, and condition on nonsexist language use. Participants with nonsexist instructions used significantly more nonsexist language than the other two groups. No significant difference was found among the three groups on the use of sexist language. Freshpersons were more likely to use nonsexist language than seniors. Females used more nonsexist language than males.
Preference in formation of three-, five-, and six-membered rings in cyclization of the primary unsaturated radical studied with the hybrid density functional theory method

Abstract The B3LYP/6-31G(d) hybrid density functional theory methods were used for exploring the potential energy surface for the homoallyl, 5-hexanyl, and 2-(3-butenyl)phenyl radical cyclization. This radical can form a new primary methyl substituted radical or secondary radical with a radical in the ring. The influence of the proper orbital orientation, size of the ring, and relative stability of the primary and secondary radical on the outcome of the cyclization reaction is discussed.
Comparative effects of p-chlorophenylalanine, p-chloroamphetamine and p-chloro-N-methylamphetamine on rat brain norepinephrine, serotonin and 5-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid☆

Abstract The time-course of effects of a single dose of p -chlorophenylanine on rat brain amines shows a significant lowering of serotonin (5HT) and 5-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid (5HIAA) beginning on day 1 and lasting for about 8 days. In most brain areas, levels of norepinephrine (NE) are also lowered significantly on days 1 through 5. In contrast, both p -chloroamphetamine and p -chloro- N -methylamphetamine decrease brain 5HT and 5HIAA, beginning at 2–4 hr after dosage and continuing for > 4 days, with no depleting effect on brain NE.
Effect of pituitary extracts on radiation-induced testicular atrophy in rats.

SummaryA study has been made on the effect of gonadophysin (Searle), an extract from sheep pituitaries which contains both follicle-stimulating and luteinizing hormone, on radiation-induced testicular atrophy in rats. Adult and immature male rats were given single exposures of 500 r total-body X-radiation and 800 r of X-radiation to the testes only in 3 fractionated doses, respectively. Gonadophysin was injected twice weekly for the first 4 to 6 weeks or from the 8th to 16th week following radiation exposures to evaluate the effectiveness of this agent on testicular atrophy and regeneration. Gonadophysin was found to increase slightly the degree of testicular atrophy and to inhibit testicular regeneration in rats.
Age-related changes in the female hormonal environment during reproductive life

Previous studies have indicated that serum levels of follicle-stimulating hormone rise with age during the female reproductive life, but the effect on other hormones is not clear. We studied the effects of age, independent of pregnancy, by, comparing serum hormone levels in two groups of nulliparous, premenopausal women aged 18 to 23 and 29 to 40 years. We found that increased age during reproductive life is accompanied by a significant rise in both basal and stimulated serum follicle-stimulating hormone levels. This was accompanied by an increase in the serum level of estradiol-17β and the urine levels of estradiol-17β and 17β-estradiol-17-glucosiduronate. The serum level of estrone sulfate decreased with age. Serum and urine levels of other estrogens were unchanged. The basal and stimulated levels of luteinizing hormone were also unchanged. There was a significant decrease in basal and stimulated serum prolactin levels. Serum levels of dehydroepiandrosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate decreased with age, but serum testosterone was unchanged. It is concluded that significant age-related changes in the female hormonal environment occur during the reproductive years.
Body mass index and quality of life in community-dwelling patients with schizophrenia

Abstract Objective : To examine the associations between sociodemographic variables, body weight and quality of life in schizophrenic outpatients. Methods : Assessments included an interview to obtain sociodemographic data, administration of a Quality of Life questionnaire (the MOS SF-36) and measurement of height and weight. Body mass index was calculated (kg/m 2 ). SF-36 subscores were examined for statistical differences based on BMI categories: healthy weight (BMI≤24.9), overweight (BMI 25–29.9) and obese (BMI≥30). Correlations with sociodemographic variables were also examined. Results : Body weight was inversely correlated (level p ≤0.005) to the SF-36 items: physical functioning (PF, −0.452), role limitations due to physical functioning (−0.279), role limitations due to emotional functioning (−0.256), vitality (−0.200), general health (GH, −0.367) and physical component score (PCS, −0.400). Mental component score (MCS) was not significantly correlated to body weight. When comparing quality of life across BMI categories, obese subjects had worse physical functioning ( p ≤0.0005) and general health ( p ≤0.005), reported more role limitations due to emotional functioning ( p ≤0.05) and a lower physical component score ( p ≤0.005). Mental component score was not significantly influenced by BMI. Conclusions : Quality of life in schizophrenic patients is related to body weight. The burden of obesity is primarily experienced as a physical problem.
Where is technology taking us in data processing systems

During the past decades progress in LSI for logic and storage implies the following for data processing systems: (i) Cost reduction for a given function; (ii) Complexity increasing which also implies Capability and Performance increase; (iii) Reliability increase; (iv) Mass production capability handled by automated processes; and (v) Reduction in physical size. Similarly, in magnetic recording technological progress toward an increase in areal density of storage has the following implications: (i) Cost reduction per bit stored; (ii) Mass on-line storage is possible and practical; (iii) Performance improvement; and (iv) Reduction in physical size.
A generalization of half-plane mappings to the ball in $\mathbb{C}^n$

Let F be a normalized (F(0) = 0, DF(0) = I) biholomorphic mapping of the unit ball B C C" onto a convex domain Ω C C" that is the union of lines parallel to some unit vector u ∈ C". We consider the situation in which there is one infinite singularity of F on ∂B. In one case with a simple change-of-variables, we classify all convex mappings of B that are half-plane mappings in the first coordinate. In the more complicated case, when u is not in the span of the infinite singularity, we derive a form of the mappings in dimension n = 2.
Input transformations for Lagrange's equations of space vehicle motion

This paper outlines the general framework for transforming the input variables of Lagrange's equations. The theory is presented from the viewpoint of preserving the virtual work. A transformation is derived that transforms the input forces and torques of a six-degree of freedom space vehicle into realizable forces and torques. Analytical analysis and simulations are performed to demonstrate the results.
Diagnosis of Patent Ductus Arteriosus by Serendipity in the Adult

Seven patients with patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) were seen in our adult echocardiography laboratory. In five of seven patients the diagnosis was made on color Doppler when it was not suspected clinically. The diagnosis became apparent because of a turbulent retrograde jet seen on color Doppler in the main pulmonary artery. One of the patients had known congenital heart disease and heart surgery in the past, and the diagnosis of PDA was missed both on catheterization and in the operating room. PDA may be unsuspected in adult patients and may be missed by techniques other than color Doppler echocardiography. The striking findings on color Doppler may help to make this important diagnosis in such patients.
Apparatus for determining thermal conductivity of insulation materials

The initial object of this investigation was to design and build an apparatus capable of screening insulation materials for use in arctic shelters. A further object was to determine its suitability for determining thermal conductivity. The apparatus comprised a steel heat sink embedded in a 6-in. core of polyurethane foam coated with glassreinforced plastic. The specimen rested upon the heat sink, and a constant temperature bath rested, in turn, on the specimen. A potentiometer was used to measure the temperature of the sink by means of a connecting thermocouple. After calibration, the apparatus was found to be highly accurate in determining thermal conductivity.
Forced Rest Induced by Molt or Low-Salt Diet and Subsequent Hen Performance

Abstract Four commercial strains of Single Comb White Leghorn hens were either force-molted by standard methods or force-rested by means of a low-salt diet (no added salt) at 66 weeks of age. After an 8-week molt/rest period, all hens were fed the same standard layer diet for an additional 28 weeks. During the resting period, egg production of the hens fed the low-salt diet declined gradually to a daily low of 13.0 percent after 38 days while the force-molted hens were completely out of production in 7 days. The low-salt treatment adversely affected postmolt hen-day and hen-house egg production, feed efficiency, egg shell thickness, and resulted in more broken eggs (P The poorer postmolt performance of the hens fed the low-salt diet was believed related to a higher level of sodium in the diet (.13%) than had been calculated (.044%)
Effect of crossed electric and magnetic fields on sodium Rydberg states

The excitation spectrum for Rydberg states near n=11 of atomic sodium in crossed electric and magnetic fields has been recorded. The theoretical analysis of the spectroscopic data reveals degeneracies among some sublevels even though different sublevels are mixed by the external fields. The degeneracies are traced to a dynamical symmetry that is characteristic of the Coulomb potential.
Sutureless coronary artery bypass with biologic glued anastomoses: Preliminary in vivo and in vitro results

Abstract Objective: As heart surgery becomes increasingly focused on minimally invasive techniques, it has become apparent that conventional techniques of anastomosis will need to be severely altered or abandoned. Toward that end, we developed and tested in vitro and in vivo coronary artery bypass graft anastomoses using a biologic glue formulated from bovine albumin and glutaraldehyde. We used a double-balloon catheter as a temporary internal stent to create and seal the anastomosis during gluing. Methods: Initially, anastomoses were made between cryopreserved human saphenous vein segments and coronary arteries in vitro on 12 intact bovine hearts. A total of 42 anastomoses were created with the catheter system introduced into the distal end of the graft, exiting the back wall, and entering the anterior wall of the coronary artery. Two balloons (one in the graft and one in the coronary artery) held the anastomosis stable while the biologic glue was applied externally and allowed to set for 2 minutes. The balloon catheter was then removed from the end of the graft simulating a side-to-side internal thoracic artery anastomosis. After the graft had been flushed to assure distal end patency, the open end of the graft was clipped, turning the anastomosis into an end-to-side graft. A pressure transducer was then attached to the graft and saline solution forcefully infused. Results: All grafts easily held a pressure of 300 mm Hg; 10 grafts were tested up to 560 mm Hg without leaks. Distal and proximal coronary artery patency was checked by examining flow out of the coronary ostia and by cutting arteries distal to the grafts. All anastomoses were patent on being opened and no glue was seen intraluminally. Subsequently, 3 anastomoses of the left internal thoracic artery to the left anterior descending artery have been constructed in goats, with autopsies at 24 hours, 10 months, and 1 year revealing patent anastomoses. Conclusion: A biologic glue and catheter system has been developed that allows a coronary anastomosis with a high bursting strength to be performed. When the system has been further developed and tested, truly minimally invasive heart surgery may be possible. (J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2000;120:473-7)
Excited-state photon-echo relaxation in Na vapor

Abstract The photon-echo technique, extended to excited-state manifoelds, has been used to study collisionally relaxation in two series of electronic transitions in atomic sodium vapor. Relaxation constants for the 32P 1 2 -n2S 1 2 (n = 3, 5, 6) and the 32P 1 2 -n2D 3 2 (n = 4, 5, 6, 7) transitions due to the presence of Ar gas are presented and compared with those obtained from previous studies of collisional relaxation.
Thermal diffusion in ionic systems

Starting from the complete set of equations of hydrodynamics and nonequilibrium thermodynamics for a binary uni-univalent salt in an electrolyte solution contained between electrodes, we have solved, in part, both the transient and the steady-state thermal diffusion problems. Full account is taken of nonvanishing space charge near the electrodes. Formulas are obtained for the temperature distribution, the electric field, the salt concentration distribution, the charge distribution, and the voltage. The effect of Joule heating on the temperature distribution is very small. The effect of space charge on the electric field and on the salt concentration distribution is also small. Applications both to solid-state ionic devices such as batteries and to thermal diffusion measurements in aqueous electrolyte solutions are mentioned.
Significant Low-Order Effects in the Onset of Protonation and Related Interactions

Ab initio calculations have been performed for hydrogen fluoride, water, and formaldehyde to understand the influence of an approaching point charge or a point dipole. As a function of the separation distance between the molecule and the point charge multipole, response properties through as high as the seventh order were calculated. The response properties were used to evaluate the interaction energy order by order for charges and dipoles of specific sizes, and these energies were compared with the fully evaluated interaction energy. Through a considerable range of approach distance, low-order reponse properties were sufficient to yield an accurate interaction energy. Even the second-order treatment was suitable over a sizable range. This result is useful for interpreting interaction effects for charged species. It is also useful for constructing model potentials for ion approach to neutral molecules and for respresenting the long-range parts of proton exchange potentials.
Mooring Analysis of a NOMAD Buoy Through Field Testing and Numerical Simulation

This study presents a mooring analysis of the Ocean Sentinel buoy, which is a mobile test platform for Wave Energy Converters (WECs). The Ocean Sentinel is owned and operated by the Northwest National Marine Renewable Energy Center (NNMREC) at Oregon State University (OSU). The study involved a field observation as well as numerical modeling. The Ocean Sentinel was deployed from 7/29/2013 – 10/04/2013 at the NNMREC North Energy Test Site, which is located between 2–3 nautical miles (3.7–5.6 km) offshore of Yaquina Head, north of Newport, OR. It was configured in a three-point mooring with load cells on each mooring line. Prior to deployment, the numerical model was used for design and testing of the Ocean Sentinel mooring system. After deployment, recorded environmental conditions were coupled with the model to simulate deployed conditions, and model predictions of tension in the mooring lines were compared with actual results.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Activities of Garenoxacin (BMS-284756) and Other Agents against Anaerobic Clinical Isolates

A total of 590 clinical isolates consisting of 33 species of both gram-positive and gram-negative anaerobes were collected from nine centers in the Chicago area in 1998-1999. The largest number of isolates (330 isolates, 56%) belonged to the Bacteroides group. Isolates were tested by agar dilution against garenoxacin (BMS-284756, T-3811 ME), trovafloxacin, moxifloxacin, clindamycin, imipenem, piperacillin-tazobactam, and cefoxitin. All but one species (2% of Bacteroides vulgatus isolates) were fully susceptible to piperacillin-tazobactam and imipenem. A number of species were resistant to clindamycin. Among the fluoroquinolones, garenoxacin and trovafloxacin had an MIC at which 90% of the isolates tested were inhibited of <4 micro g/ml for all but two species (Fusobacterium mortiferum/varium and Peptostreptococcus anaerobius).
A systematic review of secondhand tobacco smoke exposure and smoking behaviors: Smoking status, susceptibility, initiation, dependence, and cessation.

Abstract Objectives To examine the association between secondhand tobacco smoke exposure (SHSe) and smoking behaviors (smoking status, susceptibility, initiation, dependence, and cessation). Methods Terms and keywords relevant to smoking behaviors and secondhand tobacco smoke exposure were used in a search of the PubMed database. Searches were limited to English language peer-reviewed studies up till December 2013. Included papers: a) had clearly defined measures of SHSe and b) had clearly defined measures of outcome variables of interest. A total of 119 studies were initially retrieved and reviewed. After further review of references from the retrieved studies, 35 studies were finally selected that met all eligibility criteria. Results The reviewed studies consisted of thirty-five (89.7%) studies with differing measures of SHSe (including questionnaire and biological measures) and varying definitions of main outcome variables of interest between studies. The majority of the studies (77%) were cross-sectional in nature. The majority of studies found that SHSe was associated with greater likelihood of being a smoker, increased susceptibility and initiation of smoking, greater nicotine dependence among nonsmokers, and poorer smoking cessation. Conclusions The review found positive associations between SHSe and smoking status, susceptibility, initiation and nicotine dependence and a negative association with smoking cessation. In light of design limitations, future prospective and clinical studies are needed to better understand the mechanisms whereby SHSe influences smoking behaviors.
Motivation for bilateral aid allocation: Altruism or trade benefits

Abstract This paper argues that OECD countries allocate more aid to recipient nations who import goods in which donor nations have a comparative advantage in production. The estimates indicate that a substantially larger amount of aid is provided to recipients who import capital goods, while imports by other category groups have no significant effects. Given that developed donor nations are major producers and exporters of capital goods, this result at least partially supports their trade benefits motive. Donors also appear to be more concerned about alleviating physical miseries (infant mortality) and rewarding good human rights conditions, but less towards reducing economic hardships (poverty). Moreover, the usual political and strategic considerations of donors continue to be the major determinants of aid allocation even in the Post Cold War era.
FISCAL DEVELOPMENTS IN POSTWAR GERMANY AND THEIR ECONOMIC, POLITICAL, AND MONETARY BACKGROUND

THE DISSERTATION PROVDES a fiscal history of poswar Germany. Since allied records are still largely restricted, the author had to rely mainly on allied and German publications, supplemented by extensive interviews, the use of German government memoranda, and personal letters and notes. Developments in postwar Germany fall into three penrods, reflecting the gradual deterioration of American-Russian relations. From 1944 to the spring of 1947 co-operation between East and West was reasonably effective and a degree of fiscal uniformity was maintained, even though from the very outset the supposedly uniform Control Council laws were interpreted somewhat differently in the four zones. As a whole, fiscal measures were constructive, despite the official policy that no steps were to be taken "designed to maintain or strengthen the German economy" (JCS-1067). With the deterioration of American-Russian relations, American policy toward Germany changed. The Clay Directive of 1947, for instance, called for "an increasing standard of living in Germany and the attainment at the earliest practical date of a self-sustained German economy." An interim period of more than a year, however, elapsed before the new policy was implemented by a revision of the fiscal laws. The third epoch began with the currency reform of 1948 which precipitated the American-Russian break and the division of Germany. Eastern Germany fell under communist control, while western Germany gradually regained her fiscal sovereignty and eliminated some of the fiscal features introduced by the allies. One of the fiscal experiments of the postwar years was the American attempt to achieve a high degree of political decentralization by means of fiscal decentralization. The attempt failed to a large extent. Since 1959 the trend has been toward greater concentration of fiscal powers in the hands of the Bund, even though the burning constitu-
The long hard road to a completed Candida albicans genome

After almost a decade of work, the sequencing, assembly, and annotation of the genome of the fungal pathogen Candida albicans is finally close at hand. This review covers the early history of the C. albicans genome project, from the release of early assemblies that provided the impetus for an explosion in functional genomics research, to a community-based annotation and a preview of the work that was necessary for the production of a final genome assembly.
Excystation of the Sporozoites of Eimeria tenella in Apparently Unbroken Oocysts in the Chicken

SYNOPSIS. Chickens experimentally fed sporulated oocysts of Eimeria tenella were necropsied 5–300 minutes later to study excystation, especially in apparently unbroken oocysts. In birds killed 75–125 minutes after inoculation, there was evidence of excystation in some oocysts recovered from the small and large intestines. Altho not visibly broken, the shells of about 10% of the ones studied were wrinkled or otherwise deformed; many contained active sporozoites, some inside and some outside the sporocysts. During examinations, numerous sporozoites emerged from the sporocysts. Altho evidence was not obtained that excystation from unbroken oocysts was occurring inside the birds, the fact that it occurred in some oocysts during examinations may indicate that it could be taking place. Evidence of excystation was not seen in oocysts with shells that were not visibly altered.
The Role of SH2 Domain-containing Leukocyte Phosphoprotein of 76 kDa in the Regulation of Immune Cell Development and Function

Recent years have seen an explosion of new knowledge defining the molecular events that are critical for development and activation of immune cells. Much of this new information has come from a careful molecular dissection of key signal transduction pathways that are initiated when immune cell receptors are engaged. In addition to the receptors themselves and critical effector molecules, these signaling pathways depend on adapters, proteins that have no intrinsic effector function but serve instead as scaffolds to nucleate multimolecular complexes. This review summarizes some of what has been learned about one such adapter protein, SH2 domain-containing leukocyte phosphoprotein of 76 kDa (SLP-76), and how it regulates and integrates signals after engagement of immunoreceptors and integrins on various immune cell lineages.
Mitigation of noneliminated harmonics of SHEPWM three-level multipulse three-phase active front end converters with low switching frequency for meeting standard IEEE-519-92

Three-level NPC active-front-end three-phase (3LAFE) converters can be applied to high-power medium voltage applications, with 4-quadrant unity-power-factor operation, allowing a broad range for power conversion systems, such as decentralized energy distribution and utilization. Switching losses and network interaction limit the operation of 3LAFE high-power converters, especially when GTO-converters are used. That is why, low switching frequency and reduced harmonic distortion are the main goals when using optimum pattern PWM where selective harmonic elimination modulation method (SHEPWM) is used. This paper introduces a simple method to choose a good operating point for two 3LAFE converters in a 12-pulse configuration based on the behavior of noneliminated harmonics by SHE method. A complete characterization is given as a base of SHE and the optimization criteria is fully explained.
Suppression of cocaine- and food-maintained behavior by the D2-like receptor partial agonist terguride in squirrel monkeys.

Rationale The D2-like receptor partial agonist terguride has a profile of behavioral effects in rats that suggests potential benefit as a pharmacotherapy for cocaine addiction.
Radiation-induced cognitive impairment and altered diffusion tensor imaging in a juvenile rat model of cranial radiotherapy.

AbstractPurpose: To assess the long-term effects of fractionated whole brain irradiation (fWBI) using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and behavior in a pediatric rodent model for the clinical presentation of adult pediatric cancer survivors.Materials and methods: Five-week-old, male F344xBN rats were randomized to receive 0, 5, or 6.5 Gy fractions biweekly for 3 weeks, resulting in Sham, Irradiated-30 (IR-30) and IR-39 Gy total dose groups. Magnetic Resonance Imaging occurred at 1, 3, 6 and 9 months with behavioral assessment at 10–11 months post-fWBI.Results: Irradiation reduced brain size (p < 0.001) and body weight (p < 0.001) proportionate to dose. At 1 month post-fWBI and throughout follow-up, diffusion was reduced in IR-30 and IR-39 relative to shams (p < 0.001). IR-30 but not IR-39 rats were impaired relative to Shams on the reversal trial of the Morris Water Maze (p < 0.05), and IR-30 rats preferred a striatum- mediated strategy (p < 0.06).Conclusions: Hippocampal performance was impaired in IR-30 ...
Predictors of success after selective pulmonary vein isolation of arrhythmogenic pulmonary veins for treatment of atrial fibrillation

Background Atrial fibrillation (AF) ablation procedures typically involve isolation of all pulmonary veins (PVs) in addition to adjunctive linear lesions, yet the need for such an extensive ablation strategy in all patients is unclear. Objectives The purpose of this study was to identify a subgroup of patients undergoing AF ablation with good clinical success after limited PV isolation. Methods Patients (N = 450) underwent trigger-guided segmental isolation of only arrhythmogenic PVs. We compared clinical characteristics of patients who required isolation of only one or two PVs to those in whom AF ablation required isolating ≥3 PVs. Results For the group of patients undergoing isolation of ≤2 PVs, AF freedom without antiarrhythmic drug use was achieved in 56 (58%) of 97 patients, and AF control was achieved in 66 (68%) of 97 patients after a single procedure. After additional procedures, 77 (79%) of 97 patients achieved complete AF freedom without antiarrhythmic drugs, and 82 (85%) of 97 patients achieved AF control. Younger age (odds ratio [OR] 1.05; confidence interval [CI] 1.01,1.09) and lack of persistent AF (OR 3.27; CI 1.0, 10.7) were each independent predictors of freedom from AF. In patients younger than 50 years with paroxysmal AF undergoing isolation of ≤2 PVs (n = 44), AF freedom without antiarrhythmic drugs was achieved in 32 (73%) of 44 after a single ablation procedure. Conclusion Targeted PV isolation has a good long-term (18-month) success rate in patients younger than 50 years with paroxysmal AF and ≤2 PVs triggering AF.
Remediation process optimization: A status report

There are hundreds of contaminated sites with remediation systems that require evaluation and modification to accomplish cleanup goals. These systems are operating well past projected cleanup schedules, cost more than projected to operate, and may not be as protective of human health and the environment as planned. Remediation process optimization (RPO) is an effective method to assess the progress of a system toward achieving cleanup goals within desired time frames and to make the necessary changes in order to reach those goals. Eight main components to the RPO process are evaluated during a review and an implementation plan of recommended changes to the system is developed. Follow-up and tracking are essential to successful RPO programs. In this article, the authors present a summary of a recent Technical and Regulatory (TechReg) Guidance Document (Interstate Technology and Regulatory Council [ITRC], 2004) and related Technology Overview Series on Advanced Topics in RPO (ITRC, 2006) in a distilled form. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Model for microtubule chemotaxis

Dramatic reorganization of the microtubule (MT) cytoskeleton underlies a number of cellular processes including mitosis and axon initiation. MT assembly in vivo is regulated by MT assembly modulators, which are themselves regulated, often by antagonistic kinase/phosphatase pairs such that the phosphorylated form is active while the dephosphorylated form is inactive. If the antagonistic activities are spatially segregated in the cell, then a stable gradient should exist to effectively promote MT assembly in one region and/or inhibit assembly in another region. This mechanism has been invoked to explain how MTs are recruited to chromosomes during mitosis. What is not known is under what conditions such gradients can be expected to exist in the cell. To quantitatively predict such gradients, a reaction-diffusion model of the kinase/phosphatase reactions was developed. Using typical reaction rate constants and diffusion coefficients, it was predicted that a 10-fold concentration change should exist over a 10 /spl mu/m distance. Such a gradient would be expected to exert a substantial Influence over MT assembly dynamics, effectively recruiting microtubules to a particular subregion of the cell. The recruitment mechanism is reminiscent of and analogous to bacterial chemotaxis, so I call it "microtubule chemotaxis".
STRONG -MOTION INSTRUMENTATION IN THE CENTRAL AND EASTERN UNITED STATES

The strong-motion instrumentation network operated by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) in cooperation with other agencies in the central and eastern United States consists of approx imately 140 triaxial accelerographs located at 68 stations in 25 states east of the Rocky Mountains. This network is largely the result of programs of the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers (COE) to monitor strong ground shaking and structure response at COE dams and the Veterans Administration (VA) to measure base motions of large hospital buildings. In addition, the National Science Foundation (NSF) is supporting the USGS in development of accelerograph networks to obtain ground motion measurements in seismically active areas. Other organizations, including the Lamon-Doherty Geo- logical Observatory (LDGO) and numerous power utilities with nuclear generating units, have established small strong-motion arrays in this region. More than a dozen accelerograms have been recovered from instrumentation in the central and eastern United States since LDGO obtained the first of several records from a series of northern New York earthquakes in July-August 1973. The maximum reported acceleration (0.076.g.) for this region was recorded during the New Madrid earthquake of June 13, 1975 (magnitude 4.3) at an epicentral distance of about 10 km. As a result of recent studies of the recurrence of strong ground motion, the USGS will install about 36 accelerographs in the New Madrid seismic zone; this instrumentation will comprise a grid network with station spacings ranging from 10 to 25 km. The primary objective of the network, which is supported by NSF, is to obtain data for use in the investigation of the spectral characteristics and attenuation of strong ground motion.
Judging appearances: The continuing legacy of Hannah Arendt

Hannah Arendt and the Meaning of Politics. Edited by Craig Calhoun and John McGowan (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1997), viii + 362 pp. $54.95 cloth $21.95 paper. Hannah Arendt and Leo Strauss: German Emigres and American Political Thought after World War II. Edited by Peter Graf Kielmansegg, Horst Mewes, and Elisabeth Glaser‐Schmidt (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995), x + 208 pp. $49.95/£35.00 cloth, $16.95 paper. Hannah Arendt: Twenty Years Later. Edited by Larry May and Jerome Kohn (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1996), viii + 384 pp. $40.00 cloth, $17.50 paper.
Optimization of biodiesel production for self-consumption: considering its environmental impacts.

Abstract In the present study, we worked to optimize biodiesel production with a production capacity of 40–200 L day −1 , taking into consideration the necessity of identifying and reducing the impacts of the process so as to construct appropriately scaled equipment. To analyze the impacts, we built an interactive matrix derived from the Leopold Matrix. This matrix considers the various steps in the process and attempts to minimize their impacts. The identified measures were implemented, thereby reducing the environmental impacts of biodiesel production by the equipment developed in the study. The main measures were the substitution of raw materials, equipment design modifications and the elimination of losses during the process. We highlight that the relevant results were obtained with the equipment modifications which has as a consequence a reduced long-term negative impact (20%), a minimum irreversible negative impact (5%) and an improvement of the regional and local positive impacts of 8–40%. Replacing the methanol with ethanol there was 69.9% less negative impacts compared to the previous results with methanol. This equipment is suitable for the local production of biodiesel on family farms.
Desire for amputation of a limb: paraphilia, psychosis, or a new type of identity disorder.

Background. The objective of this paper is to describe and conceptualize an unusual and probably rare condition : the intense longstanding desire to have an amputation. Method. Structured interviews were conducted by telephone of 52 subjects (mean age: 48 . 6, range 23–77 years ; 47 male, 4 female, 1 intersexed) self-identified as having had a desire to have an amputation. Results. Seventeen per cent (n=9) had an arm or leg amputated with two-thirds using methods that put the subject at risk of death and one-third enlisting a surgeon to amputate their healthy limb. The most common reported reason for wanting an amputation was the subject’s feeling that it would correct a mismatch between the person’s anatomy and sense of his or her ‘true ’ self (identity). None were delusional. For all but one subject age at onset was during childhood or early adolescence. For those who had psychotherapy or medication there was no change in the intensity of the desire for amputation. The six subjects who had an amputation at their desired site reported that following the amputation they felt better than they ever had and no longer had a desire for an amputation. Conclusions. These preliminary results suggest the existence of an extremely unusual clinically distinct condition characterized by a lifelong desire to have an amputation of a particular limb. The condition is associated with serious negative consequences : amputation attempts, impairment and marked distress. Reflecting similarities between Gender Identity Disorder and this condition, the author suggests that it may be conceptualized as an unusual dysfunction in the development one’s fundamental sense of anatomical (body) identity.
On validation of analytical data

Abstract Valid data may be defined as those which result from a valid measurement process applied to valid samples, selected in accordance with a valid plan based on a valid model of the problem under investigation. This paper discusses the various aspects of the validation process.
Alternate modes of binding in two crystal structures of alkaline phosphatase‐inhibitor complexes

Two high resolution crystal structures of Escherichia coli alkaline phosphatase (AP) in the presence of phosphonate inhibitors are reported. The phosphonate compounds, phosphonoacetic acid (PAA) and mercaptomethylphosphonic acid (MMP), bind competitively to AP with dissociation constants of 5.5 and 0.6 mM, respectively. The structures of the complexes of AP with PAA and MMP were refined at high resolution to crystallographic R-values of 19.0 and 17.5%, respectively. Refinement of the AP-inhibitor complexes was carried out using X-PLOR. The final round of refinement was done using SHELXL-97. Crystallographic analyses of the inhibitor complexes reveal different binding modes for the two phosphonate compounds. The significant difference in binding constants can be attributed to these alternative binding modes observed in the high resolution X-ray structures. The phosphinyl group of PAA coordinates to the active site zinc ions in a manner similar to the competitive inhibitor and product inorganic phosphate. In contrast, MMP binds with its phosphonate moiety directed toward solvent. Both enzyme-inhibitor complexes exhibit close contacts, one of which has the chemical and geometrical potential to be considered an unconventional hydrogen bond of the type C-H...X.
A note on the strains at a distance from an ellipsoidal inhomogeneity

Summary. Eshelby discusses the problem of how the presence of an ellipsoidal inhomogeneity in an otherwise homogeneous isotropic elastic medium disturbs an applied strain field which is uniform at large distances. He gives solutions for the strain field due to the inhomogeneity for points immediately adjacent to the inhomogeneity and for points at great distances from it. In this note we solve his equations to give the strain field at intermediate distances from the inhomogeneity . These solutions may be useful in practice for interpreting strain measurements made near open fissures or in regions of jointed or fractured rock.
On double surface conduction in SOI MOSFETs

Summary form only given. The double interface conduction operation of SOI MOSFETs is studied and a closed-form solution for long channel operation is obtained. The total device currents are solved for two cases: when the front interface mobility is equal to the back mobility, and when the back mobility is much smaller than the front mobility. The derivation and implications of these currents are discussed. Hot-carrier generation during the back interface depletion condition is also discussed. >
Standard and trace-dose lithium: A systematic review of dementia prevention and other behavioral benefits

Objective:Dementia is a major public health issue, with notably high rates in persons with mood illnesses. Lithium has been shown to have considerable neuroprotective effects, even in trace or low ...
A phase II study of temozolomide in patients with newly diagnosed supratentorial malignant glioma before radiation therapy

Temozolomide is a novel second-generation oral alkylating agent with demonstrated efficacy and safety in patients with recurrent glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) and anaplastic astrocytoma (AA). A multicenter phase II trial was conducted to determine the efficacy and safety of temozolomide before radiotherapy in patients with newly diagnosed GBM and AA. Fifty-seven patients (51 adult, 6 pediatric) with newly diagnosed supratentorial GBM or AA were treated with temozolomide (200 mg/m ( 2 ) per day for 5 consecutive days every 28 days) for a maximum of 4 cycles. All patients were then treated with external beam radiotherapy. Twenty-two patients (39%) achieved objective response, including 6 (11%) with complete response (CR) and 16 (28%) with partial response (PR). Additionally, 18 (32%) patients had stable disease (SD). Of 21 patients (18 adult, 3 pediatric) with AA, 2 (10%) achieved CR, 5 (24%) achieved PR, and 8 (38%) had SD. Among adult patients with AA, the median progression-free and overall survival rates were 7.6 and 23.5 months, respectively. Among 36 patients (33 adult, 3 pediatric) with GBM, 4 (11%) had CR, 11 (31%) had PR, and 10 (28%) had SD. The median progression-free and overall survival rates among adult patients with GBM were 3.9 and 13.2 months, respectively. Temozolomide was safe and well tolerated in adult and pediatric patients. Grades 3 and 4 adverse events were reported in 16 (28%) and 7 (12%) patients, respectively. Temozolomide was safe and effective in treating newly diagnosed GBM and AA before radiotherapy. This pre-irradiation treatment approach appears promising, but will require additional evaluation in comparative studies.