cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Absorption by Formaldehyde Vapor in the Infrared

The absorption spectrum of formaldehyde vapor in the infrared has been investigated with a prism spectrometer to 7.0\ensuremath{\mu}. In addition to confirming the bands reported by Salant and West at 3.5\ensuremath{\mu}, 1.8\ensuremath{\mu}, 1.4\ensuremath{\mu}, and 1.25\ensuremath{\mu}, a fifth band at 4.8\ensuremath{\mu} was located. The two regions at 3.5\ensuremath{\mu} and 4.8\ensuremath{\mu} have been investigated under higher dispersion using an echellette grating ruled with 3600 lines per inch, and resolved into a fine structure. Polymerization of the gas into paraformaldehyde was avoided by using a cell that could be heated.The 3.5 region. The region at 3.5\ensuremath{\mu} was found to be one of intense absorption and apparently consisting of three partially overlapping bands with centers lying near 3.4\ensuremath{\mu}, 3.5\ensuremath{\mu} and 3.6\ensuremath{\mu}. Of these two appear to have $P$, $Q$, and $R$ branches, where the average spacings between lines is about 3.5 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. The third band consists of only one branch where the spacing is about 28 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$.The 4.8\ensuremath{\mu} region. This region is a band showing $P$, $Q$, and $R$ branches and very similar in structure to those at 3.4\ensuremath{\mu}. The average spacing between lines in the $P$ and $R$ branches is here found to be about 3.1 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$.
Transforming growth factor α (TGF‐α) expression in dysplastic oral leukoplakia: Modulation by 13‐cis retinoic acid

Background Surrogate endpoint biomarkers (SEBs) are detectable molecular, cellular, and tissue changes that take place during tumorigenesis and can be modulated by a chemoprevention agent. Method To identify candidate SEBs for invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the upper aerodigestive tract (SCC), we have studied the expression of transforming growth factor-α (TGF-α) and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFr) in sequential biopsy specimens of dysplastic oral leukoplakia and adjacent normal-appearing mucosa. Biopsies were taken from patients before, during, and after treatment with 13-cis retinoic acid, a vitamin A derivative. Immunohistochemistry was performed using the Biogenex Super Sensitive Biotin-Streptavidin horseradish peroxidase detection system. Results The pretreatment expression of TGF-α and EGFr in dysplastic oral leukoplakia was increased when compared with their expression in adjacent normal-appearing mucosa (p = 0.001 and p = 0.01, respectively). Eleven of 14 patients enrolled in the study (78.6%) completed 3 months of treatment with 13-cis retinoic acid (1.0 mg/kg/day). TGF-α expression in dysplastic oral leukoplakia, but not in adjacent normal-appearing mucosa, decreased during treatment (p < 0.05). Conclusions TGF-α is a candidate SEB for future SCC chemoprevention trials. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Head Neck 21: 566–573, 1999.
Public employees in political firms: Part B. Civil service and militancy

We continue our explanation of the evolution of public employees' organization. Here we explain that evolution from patronage to civil service, now characterized by militancy, that occurred over the past century. Commonly, each transformation has been related only to some failing of its preceding form: patronage ended because of its corruption, civil service began because of its promise to stop corruption, and militancy spread because of the inadequacies of civil service. In contrast to these different explanations of each transformation of government employment, we offer the same explanation for each change (and for the preceding rise of patronage): the new organizational form more efficiently maximized the mixture of votes, power, and income that politicians seek. Thus, when homogenization of the electorate and cheap communications made political goods efficiently produced before consumption (such as parks and roads) more valuable, and let media rather than spoilsmen deliver communiques from politicians, spoilsmen evolved to civil servants. When militant labor actions became useful to protect local mandates from national mandates, politicians came to tolerate militant employees.
On the Equations De.ning Curves in a Polynomial Algebra

Let A be a commutative Noetherian ring of dimension n (n ≥ 3). Let I be a local complete intersection ideal in A[T] of height n. Suppose I/I 2 is free A[T]/I-module of rank n and (A[T]/I) is torsion in K 0(A[T]). It is proved in this article that I is a set theoretic complete intersection ideal in A[T] if one of the following conditions holds: (1) n ≥ 5, odd; (2) n is even, and A contains the field of rational numbers; (3) n = 3, and A contains the field of rational numbers.
Come now, let us argue it out

In the theology of church–state relations, the conversation between Baptists and Stanley Hauerwas has been lively. Broadway draws attention to several key aspects of the discussion. Hauerwas presses issues relating to the ongoing struggle of Baptists to hold together their radical, free-church tradition with the heritage of Reformed theology. Popular adaptation to individualistic understandings of faith open Baptists to criticism based on Hauerwas’s emphasis on community. The changing nature of the state across the past four centuries requires Baptists to reconsider some of their descriptions of how states function. Too often the church accepts an externally defined role for itself in relation to the state. On these matters, Hauerwas’s writings continue to offer much on which Baptists can reflect.
Ultrasound-guided continuous median nerve block to facilitate intensive hand rehabilitation.

Objectives:Continuous brachial plexus blocks for postoperative analgesia after upper extremity surgery are well described, but they can result in undesirable motor block and lack of specificity for minor hand procedures. We present the use of extended-duration continuous local anesthetic infusion th
Bremsstrahlung linear polarization

This work presents a general quantitative description of the bremsstrahlung linear polarization on the basis of original experimental data and available theoretical calculations. The results give the dependence of the polarization ona) the initial electron kinetic energy,T0, in a range from 10−2 to 103 MeV,b) the photon energy in a range from 0.1T0 toT0,c) the photon emission angle in a range from 0 to 180 degrees, andd) the atomic number of the target in a range from 4 to 79. The experimental data were obtained for a range of electron energies from 0.05 to 1.0 MeV with beryllium, aluminum, and gold targets. Theoretical estimates of the polarization were calculated from the Sommerfeld-Kirkpatrick-Wiedmann results for the non-relativistic energy region, the Olsen-Maximon results for the extreme relativistic energy region, and the Gluckstern-Hull (Born approximation) results for the intermediate energy region. Final results are expressed in terms of the peak polarization and the corresponding peak angle as a function of the electron and photon energies, and best estimates of the polarization are given on the basis of the combined experimental and theoretical data.
ULTRAFILTRATION OF ANTERIOR PITUITARY KETOGENIC AND GROWTH PRINCIPLES

MAGISTRIS (i), Anselmino and Hoffman (i), and Denstedt, O'Donovan and Neufeld (3) have reported that the ketogenic principle of the anterior pituitary is ultrafiltrable. Shipley and Long (4) and Greaves, Freiberg, and Johns (5), however, could not demonstrate ketogenic activity in ultra-filtrates which had been obtained with collodion membranes. Evidence concerning pituitary growth hormone is also conflicting, for although this substance is thought to be a protein, Van Dyke and Wallen-Lawrence (6), employing a collodion barrier, reported one experiment in which activity was present in the dialyzate from an extract. Ultrafiltrable substances are sometimes defined as those which will permeate membranes which retain proteins but admit substances of smaller molecular size. The term ultrafiltrable, however, has no such precise meaning for it is possible to prepare filters which retain not only molecules of protein but also those of smaller dimension, and, in turn, certain membranes will admit proteins of small...
Gradients of transgene expression directed by the human myoglobin promoter in the developing mouse heart.

Abstract Prior studies using transient transfection assays in cultured avian and murine skeletal myotubes indicate that the proximal 2-kb segment of the 5' flanking region of the human myoglobin gene contains transcriptional control elements sufficient to direct muscle-specific and developmentally regulated expression of reporter genes. To examine the function of the human myoglobin gene promoter during development of skeletal and cardiac myocytes in the intact animal, a 2.0-kb myoglobin gene upstream fragment was fused to an Escherichia coli lacZ reporter gene and injected into fertilized mouse oocytes. beta-Galactosidase (beta-gal) activity was detected selectively in cardiac and skeletal myocytes of fetal and adult transgenic mice. A distinctive spatial pattern of myoglobin promoter activity was observed in fetal hearts: beta-gal staining was more pronounced within the left ventricular subendocardium than within the subepicardium and was essentially undetectable in the ventricular trabeculae or atria. Expression of endogenous myoglobin mRNA and protein, assessed by in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry, demonstrated a similar spatial pattern. In contrast, hearts from adult transgenic mice demonstrated essentially homogeneous expression of beta-gal and of endogenous myoglobin mRNA and protein throughout the myocardium, including the trabeculae and atria. These data indicate that the 2.0-kb upstream region of the human myoglobin gene includes cis-acting regulatory elements sufficient to direct transgene expression during murine cardiac development that is myocyte-specific and responsive to positional cues in a similar manner to the endogenous myoglobin gene.
Outcomes of Intralesional Interferon-α2B for the Treatment of Peyronie Disease

Purpose: We evaluated the efficacy of intralesional interferon-α2b for Peyronie disease, reviewed the impact of the timing of therapy from disease onset and identified variables predictive of a response.Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the charts of patients treated with intralesional interferon-α2b from 2001 to 2012. Demographic information, disease characteristics, pretreatment and posttreatment penile duplex ultrasound findings, and objective measures were analyzed. Response was defined as a 20% or greater improvement in curvature. Statistical analysis was done to identify significant changes in variables and identify predictive factors.Results: A total of 127 patients with a mean age of 55 years (range 25 to 76) and a mean ± SD pretreatment curvature of 42.4 ± 18.6 degrees underwent a median of 12 biweekly interferon-α2b injections (range 6 to 24). The median history of Peyronie disease was 2.0 years (range 0.5 to 23). Of the patients 54% responded to therapy with an overall mean imp...
Evaluation of Alternative Milk Marketing Arrangements in Southeast Florida

Technical and economic developments over the past two decades have altered the structure, conduct, and performance of the U.S. dairy industry. Two noteworthy developments are the successful organization of milk producers into interregional cooperatives and backward integration of food retailers into milk processing. Interregional cooperatives have increased the market power of member producers as evidenced by their ability to obtain Class I premiums for fluid milk.' Retailer-processor integration has improved the bargaining position of food retailers in their dealings with milk processors. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the potential impact of an interregional milk producers cooperative and various degrees of retailerprocessor integration on the prices and returns to milk producers in southeast Florida (the area covered by Federal Milk Market Order 13).2 Milk producers in Federal Order 13 do not belong to an interregional cooperative nor is retailer-processor integration widespread. However, the industry is concerned with the possible impacts of such arrangements on returns to milk producers and pro-
The Use of Theory in Health Behavior Research from 2000 to 2005: A Systematic Review

Background Theory-based health behavior change programs are thought to be more effective than those that do not use theory. No previous reviews have assessed the extent to which theory is used (that is, operationalized and tested) in empirical research.
A Comparison of Turbulence Data from a Submarine and a Vertical Profiler

Abstract The dissipation rate of kinetic energy, ϵ, was estimated from adjacent and simultaneous measurements with a submarine and a vertical profiler. The submarine cycled up and down through the water column measuring both a vertical and a horizontal component of the turbulent velocity. The free-fall profiler measured two perpendicular, horizontal components, The mean value of the dissipations from the two systems, between 50 and 120 m depth along a 25 km transect, differed by a factor of 1.8. This difference was statistically significant and led us to examine the statistical distribution of the dissipation estimates. For each profile from the submarine and the vertical profiler, the probability density function of the dissipation estimates is bimodal and well represented by a mixture of two lognormal distribution. This division of the data is a combination of an active mode and a relatively quiescent mode. The mean values of ϵ for the more dissipative modes are comparable for the submarine and the vert...
Migration and the spatial concentration of poverty

[U.S.] Current Population Survey data are used to estimate the effects of migration of the poor and nonpoor on the spatial concentration of poverty among five categories of counties defined by county poverty rates and separately among nonmetropolitan high-poverty areas central city high-poverty areas and other areas. During the 1981-1984 period studied migration patterns of both the poor and nonpoor consistently reinforced pre-existing poverty concentrations. High migration rates of the poor into and out of high poverty counties suggests an equilibrium condition. Implications for theory research and policy are discussed. (EXCERPT)
Stabilization of duplex DNA structure and suppression of transcription in vitro by bis(quinone diimine) complexes of rhodium(III) and ruthenium(II).

The ability of octahedral complexes possessing quinone diimine ligands to inhibit transcription by stabilization of the DNA duplex structure was investigated. Rh(III) and Ru(II) complexes possessing two quinone diimine ligands in their coordination sphere were found to significantly increase the melting temperature (ΔTm) of a 15-mer duplex DNA. [Rh(phi)2phen]3+ and [Ru(phi)2phen]2+ (phi = 9,10-phenanthrenequinone diimine, phen = 1,10-phenanthroline) exhibit ΔTm values of +21 and +15 °C relative to free 15-mer duplex (Tm = 55 °C) at [complex]/[DNA bases] = 0.067 (two complexes/duplex). Similarly, a shift in the melting temperature of +14 °C was measured for [Rh(bqdi)2phen]3+ (bqdi = 1,2-benzoquinone diimine), which possesses the nonintercalating bqdi ligand. In contrast, [Ru(phen)2phi]2+ and [Rh(phen)2L]3+ (L = phi, bqdi), which possess a single quinone diimine ligand, the parent [Ru(phen)3]2+ and [Rh(phen)3]3+ complexes, and ethidium bromide result in small shifts in the melting temperature of the duplex ...
Mapping the microcircuitry of attention.

A study uses electrophysiological recordings from primary visual cortex of the monkey to demonstrate that the effects of attention are modulated by task difficulty and that two different neuronal populations mediate this effect.
The Impact of Unexpected Leadership Changes and Budget Crisis on Change Initiatives at a Land-Grant University

The problem and the solution. One of the greatest challenges to successful organization development is managing the impact of unexpected events on planned institutional change initiatives. Too often, in the face of crises, organizational development efforts are put on autopilot and attention is shifted away from identified objectives to the immediate problem at hand. This article examines three organizational change initiatives undertaken at a Midwestern land-grant university during the period 2000 to 2004. Along with planned change, the authors examine the impact of unexpected budget cuts and leadership turnover, which threatened to derail the change initiatives. From this case study, they elucidate some of the unique challenges for implementing change strategies in institutions of higher education and the particular challenges posed by the emergence of unanticipated circumstances.
Barrier Function of Gastric Mucus

A viscoelastic mucus gel layer covers the gastric mucosa in a continuous sheet. The functions of the mucus gel have been one of the least studied aspects of gastric barrier function. Although the role of gastric mucus in providing physical protection against ingested particles, and preventing contact between digestive enzymes such as pepsin and the underlying mucosa is generally accepted, the barrier role function of gastric mucus with regard to luminal acid is still conjectural. The modest proton diffusion barrier that mucus provides is negligible in relation to the overall barrier properties of the gastric mucosa; nevertheless, stabilization of unstirred layers and damping of rapid shifts in luminal pH are potentially important functions. Associative studies have suggested a possible role of a hydrophobic barrier in strengthening the barrier functions of mucus. One of the most actively investigated areas of mucus function in recent times has been the mechanism by which secreted acid traverses the gel. Although compelling and complementary data obtained in vivo and in vitro have been consistent with secretion of acid under pressure, creating temporary viscous fingers through the gel, recent evidence obtained with in vivo confocal microscopy suggests that secreted acid diffuses through the gel. Since Helicobacter pylori exists solely in the juxtamucosal portion of the gastric mucus gel, detailed knowledge concerning the pH microenvironment in which the organism thrives is important in understanding the pathophysiology of peptic ulcer disease and related conditions.
Technical note: Physiological response of beef heifers after receiving a reused controlled internal drug release insert processed with different heat-treating methods

Eighty-one prepubertal beef heifers were used to evaluate effects of used controlled internal drug release (CIDR) insert heating methods on concentrations of progesterone after CIDR insert reinsertion. Heifers were stratified by weight and birth date and then assigned to receive a new CIDR insert (New; n = 10) or 1 of 8 used (7 d prior use) CIDR insert treatments: 1) no processing (Used; n = 10), 2) autoclaved (Autoclaved; n = 8), 3) processed in dishwasher (Dishwasher; n = 8), 4) processed in microwave for 30 s (Microwave; n = 10), 5) processed in toaster oven (Oven; n = 9), 6) processed in clothes dryer (Dryer; n = 10), 7) processed in boiling water (Boiled; n = 8), or 8) stored outdoors for 60 d (Outside; n = 8). Used CIDR inserts were processed at 121°C for 30 min for autoclaved and oven treatments, at 121°C for boiled treatment, and for 30 min for dryer and dishwasher treatments. Blood samples were collected on d -10, immediately before CIDR insert insertion (d 0), 3 h after CIDR insert insertion (3 h), daily while CIDR insert was in place (d 1 to 11), and 24 h after CIDR insert removal (d 12) for analysis of concentrations of progesterone. Subjective color scores (1 = bright white to 5 = completely stained yellow/red) were assigned to each CIDR insert after d 11. A treatment × time interaction (P 0.10) for heifers receiving a used CIDR insert compared with heifers receiving CIDR inserts processed in a dishwasher, microwave, oven, dryer, or boiling water (collectively reported as "Processed"). However, heifers receiving autoclaved CIDR inserts had greater (P 0.10) concentrations of progesterone from d 4 to d 11 compared with heifers receiving used or processed CIDR inserts. From d 1 to 11 heifers receiving outside CIDR inserts had decreased (P < 0.05) concentrations of progesterone compared with all other treatments. Heifers receiving autoclaved CIDR inserts had greater (P < 0.05) concentrations of progesterone compared with all other treatments at 3 h and 1 d, whereas heifers receiving new CIDR inserts had greater (P < 0.05) concentrations of progesterone from d 6 to 11 compared with all other treatments. Outside CIDR inserts were more discolored (P < 0.001) compared with all other treatments. Processing used CIDR inserts with a dishwasher, microwave, oven, clothes dryer, boiling water, or full environmental exposure did not result in a pattern of concentrations of progesterone similar to that of autoclaved or new CIDR inserts.
Translocatable Plant Growth Inhibitors Produced by Penicillium Thomii and Arachniotus trisporus.

The fungus cultures used in these studies were maintained as soil stocks. Conidial suspensions from seven-day-old potato-dextrose-agar slant cultures prepared from soil stocks were used to inoculate 500-ml Erlenmeyer flasks containing 100 ml of corn steepcerelose medium (Staley's corn steep liquor, 40.0 gm; cerelose, 40.0 gm; CaC03, 3.5 gm; NaN03, 3.0 gm; K2HP04, 0.5 gm; MgS04, 0.25 gm; de-ionized H20, 1000 ml). Two drops of Dow Corning Antifoam AF were added to each flask prior to autoclaving. After inoculation the flasks were placed on a reciprocating shaker (99 to 100 cpm with 3-inch strokes) at 27 to 28? C for 7 days. At the end of this time the mycelial growth in each flask was removed by filtering through Whatman No. 1 filter paper and discarded. The culture filtrates were adjusted to pH 5.0 and one drop of ? ween 80 per 100 ml (approx.) of filtrate was added. The undiluted filtrates were frozen until needed. Filtrates from approximately 700 fungi were collected in this manner. Approximately 350 of these were unidentified soil isolates obtained by routine plating-out procedures and 350 were identified as to genus and/or species. In addition, 500 "aetinomycete" culture filtrates obtained from cultures routinely isolated from soil were obtained from the Eli Lilly Company of Indianapolis, Indiana. With two exceptions these filtrates showed no antibiotic activity toward a wide spectrum of microorganisms. The methods used in obtaining these culture filtrates were similar to those described above for the fungus cultures. The shake-flask medium, adjusted to pH 7.0, was as follows: Bacto-peptone, 5.0 gm; glucose, 10.0 gm; molasses (Brer Rabbit Green Label) 20 ml; FeS04 ? 7 H20, 0.01 gm; and distilled water, 1000 ml. The inoculated flasks were placed on a reciprocating shaker (114 cpm with 2-inch strokes) for 5 days at 30? C. As with the fungus cultures the growth in each flask was removed by filtration and discarded. The culture filtrates were treated as described above and frozen until needed.
Who Do Firms Imitate? A Multilevel Approach to Examining Sources of Imitation in the Choice of Mergers and Acquisitions

This article takes a multilevel perspective to explore various sources of imitation. Three levels of imitation sources include firms’ own experience (firm level), actions of firms within the same product market (market level), and firms in different product markets but within the same industry (industry level). Hypothesis tests on mergers and acquisitions (M&As) that occurred from 1981 to 2000 in the financial service industry show that three levels of imitation occur independently and simultaneously and have significant impact on the choice of M&As. M&As by firms entering the focal product market, however, are not significantly associated with the likelihood of an unrelated M&A.
Hamiltonian path graphs

The Hamiltonian path graph H(G) of a graph G is that graph having the same vertex set as G and in which two vertices u and v are adjacent if and only if G contains a Hamiltonian u-v path. A characterization of Hamiltonian graphs isomorphic to their Hamiltonian path graphs is presented.
Diffraction Of Light By A Cascade Linear Optical System In The Fresnel Regime

We outline ,a systematic procedure for formulating the general transfer function of a compound optical system working in the Fresnel regime.
Alterations in velopharyngeal function after maxillary advancement in cleft palate patients

Abstract Velopharyngeal function was assessed aerodynamically prior to surgery and at least 1 year following surgery in 24 cleft palate patients who under-went maxillary advancement. In 5 patients (23%) deterioration and in 5 patients (23%) improvement of velopharyngeal function was observed. In those patients whose velopharyngeal function improved, a pharyngeal flap was in place at surgery. Of the 5 patients whose velopharyngeal function deteriorated, 4 had adequate and 1 borderline adequate velopharyngeal function prior to surgery. In the remaining 14 patients, velopharyngeal function was unchanged. No relationship between the amount of maxillary advancement or the “need ratio” and velopharyngeal function was observed.
WE-D-18A-03: BEST IN PHYSICS (IMAGING) - Statistical Model Based Iterative Reconstruction (MBIR) in Clinical CT Systems: Experimental Assessment of Z- and Axial Spatial Resolution

Purpose: The purpose of this work was to experimentally assess the unique spatial resolution characteristics of statistical model based iterative reconstruction (MBIR) along both axial and z directions and to examine the impact of spatial resolution on the task-based diagnostic detection performance. Methods: An anthropomorphic chest phantom was repeatedly scanned 100 times using a clinical CT scanner at four dose levels (25%, 50%, 75%, 100%). Both FBP and MBIR (Veo™) were used for reconstruction. Nine objects with contrasts ranging from 13 to 1710 HU were used to assess spatial resolution. The axial and z resolutions were quantified locally in the image domain by point spread functions (PSF) and slice sensitivity profiles (SSP) respectively. The tradeoff between local image noise and resolution and their joint impact on the channelized Hotelling observer (CHO) detectabilities (d ' ) was investigated. Results: The axial resolution of MBIR improved monotonically with increasing dose and contrast level (FWHM_PSF=2.0 mm at 13 HU/25% dose and was 0.8 mm 1710 HU/100% dose). In comparison, axial resolution of FBP was independent of dose and contrast (FWHM_PSF=1.2 mm). The z resolution of MBIR demonstrated similar contrast dependence but only negligible dose dependence. The spatial resolution of MBIR and FBP became equivalent at some transitional contrast levels (280 HU for 25% dose and 90 HU for 100% dose), above which MBIR demonstrated superior resolution than FBP (and vice versa). Spatial resolution and noise assessed at the same location demonstrated a strong tradeoff in MBIR, and CHO detectability index d' was improved by MBIR for all contrast and dose levels. Conclusion: MBIR produces images with unique spatial resolution characteristics and introduces new challenges to its clinical use and evaluation. One potential solution, as suggested by this work, is to perform rigorous spatial resolution and noise measurements at different dose levels for each specific task. K. Li, J. Garrett, Y. Ge: Nothing to disclose; G.-H. Chen: Research funded, General Electric Company Research funded, Siemens AG Research funded, Varian Medical Systems, Research funded, Hologic, Inc.
Relation of slug stability to shedding rate

Abstract Measurements are presented for the shedding rate of liquid from slugs created by the flow of air and water in a horizontal 0.0953 m pipe at atmospheric conditions. These are used to predict a critical liquid carpet height below which slugs will decay. Of particular interest is the finding that the initiation of the slug flow regime at high gas flows is related to the stability of slugs, rather than the stability a stratifed flow.
DETERMINING OPTIMAL COLLEGE LOCATIONS

Relative location can be a critical determinant of the success or failure of a college. Central Place Theory, as developed in geographic studies of population distribution patterns, can provide insights into the problem of evaluating college locations. In this way the preferences of present and future students can be balanced against economic, academic, and political considerations.
III-V MOSFETs: Scaling laws, scaling limits, fabrication processes

III-V FETs are in development for both THz and VLSI applications. In VLSI, high drive currents are sought at low gate drive voltages, while in THz circuits, high cutoff frequencies are required. In both cases, source and drain access resistivities must be decreased, and transconductance and drain current per unit gate width must be increased by reducing the gate dielectric thickness, reducing the inversion layer depth, and increasing the channel 2-DEG density of states. We here describe both nm self-aligned fabrication processes and channel designs to address these scaling limits.
Can experimental paradigms and animal models be used to discover clinically effective medications for alcoholism

Evaluating medications in animal laboratory paradigms can reveal whether the compound is effective in an established alcoholism model, at clinically relevant doses and exposure conditions, when administered orally (or transdermally) and without serious limiting side effects. Positive outcomes constitute a possible discovery for relevance to alcoholism and, under favorable marketing conditions, encourage further development. Medication testing using animal models of alcoholism might also guide clinical testing by discriminating clinically effective from clinically ineffective compounds. This ability rests on whether there are tests or, more reasonably, batteries of tests having this discriminative ability. The present paper examines this possibility. Effects of naltrexone and acamprosate in animal paradigms which model behavioral aspects of alcoholism are reviewed and compared with the effects of compounds which have limited effects in alcoholics. It is not clear at present whether any single paradigm or combination of paradigms differentiates clinically effective from clinically limited compounds. Steps are suggested to improve the use of preclinical laboratory tests to predict which compounds are likely to be effective medications for reducing drinking and sustaining abstinence in human alcoholics.
Hope and the use of behavioural strategies related to diet and physical activity.

Background The use of specific behavioural strategies such as portion control or meal planning is important for weight management, although studies of determinants of strategy use are limited. The present study explored the concept of hope and its association with the use of behavioural strategies. Methods Data were obtained from a larger cross-sectional survey conducted in 2009 among 178 patients of a city-county sponsored primary care clinic in the Midwest region of the USA. Hope was measured with subscales representing ‘agency’ (determination in meeting goals) and ‘pathways’ (perception of ways to meet goals) and a total score. Diet and physical activity-related strategies were captured with five and two scales, respectively. Results Analyses showed a significant (P < 0.05) association between both the total hope score and the agency subscale and all behavioural strategy measures. The pathways subscale was significantly associated with physical activity-related strategies, and a subset of diet-related strategies. Conclusions The hope measures should be explored further in the context of a weight loss intervention to determine their predictive association with the use of specific behavioural strategies.
Chemical mechanisms in mercury emission control technologies

The emission of elemental mercury in the flue gas from coal-burning power plants is a major environmental concern. Control technologies utilizing activated carbon show promise and are currently under intense review. Oxidation and capture of elemental mercury on activated carbon was extensively investigated in a variety of flue gas atmospheres. Extensive parametric testing with individual and a variety of combinations and concentrations of reactive flue gas components and spectroscopic examination of the sulfur and chlorine forms present before and after breakthrough have led to an improved model to explain the kinetic and capacity results. The improved model delineates the independent Lewis acid oxidation site as well as a zig-zag carbene site on the carbon edge that performs as a Lewis base in reacting with both the oxidized mercury formed at the oxidation site and with the acidic flue gas components in competing reactions to form organochlorine, sulfinate, and sulfate ester moieties on the carbon edge.
Mitochondrial–nuclear epistasis: Implications for human aging and longevity

There is substantial evidence that mitochondria are involved in the aging process. Mitochondrial function requires the coordinated expression of hundreds of nuclear genes and a few dozen mitochondrial genes, many of which have been associated with either extended or shortened life span. Impaired mitochondrial function resulting from mtDNA and nuclear DNA variation is likely to contribute to an imbalance in cellular energy homeostasis, increased vulnerability to oxidative stress, and an increased rate of cellular senescence and aging. The complex genetic architecture of mitochondria suggests that there may be an equally complex set of gene interactions (epistases) involving genetic variation in the nuclear and mitochondrial genomes. Results from Drosophila suggest that the effects of mtDNA haplotypes on longevity vary among different nuclear allelic backgrounds, which could account for the inconsistent associations that have been observed between mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroups and survival in humans. A diversity of pathways may influence the way mitochondria and nuclear-mitochondrial interactions modulate longevity, including: oxidative phosphorylation; mitochondrial uncoupling; antioxidant defenses; mitochondrial fission and fusion; and sirtuin regulation of mitochondrial genes. We hypothesize that aging and longevity, as complex traits having a significant genetic component, are likely to be controlled by nuclear gene variants interacting with both inherited and somatic mtDNA variability.
Evaluation of SV40-transformed synovial fibroblasts in the study of rheumatoid arthritis pathogenesis

The SV40 T antigen has been used to generate immortalized cells from rheumatoid arthritis (RA) synovial fibroblasts (RASFs) that are commonly used in lieu of primary RASFs. In the current study, we investigated the effect of stimulation by tissue necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin 17 (IL-17) on primary and immortalized RASFs in order to gauge the appropriateness of the use of immortalized RASFs, the MH7A cell line, in the study of RA pathogenesis. Changes in the levels of secretion and expression of 8 proteins associated with RA upon stimulation were assessed by multiplex immunoassay. IL-17 stimulation had a minimal impact on protein secretion and expression for primary and immortalized cells. Basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF-2) was not detectable for the primary cells but was detectable for the immortalized cells. In contrast, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1) was detectable for primary cells but was undetectable for immortalized cells. In general, protein expression and secretion by cells stimulated with TNF-α were significantly increased. For primary cells, several proteins were below the limit of detection for unstimulated cells and cells stimulated with IL-17, while levels for TNF-α-stimulated cells were within the detectable range. For the same proteins, expression was observed for immortalized cells, regardless of stimulation, suggestive of constitutive activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway. The current study therefore provides strong evidence that immortalized and primary RASFs differ in regard to protein expression and secretion and therefore may not be appropriate for use in the study of RA pathogenesis.
Posttraumatic Stress, Depression and Dissociation as Predictors of MMPI-2 Scale 8 Scores in Combat Veterans with PTSD

Findings from a previous study of sexual abuse trauma victims (Elhai, Gold, Mateus, & Astaphan, 2001) were replicated to assess whether posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, and dissociation symptoms account for Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2) scale 8 scores in combat trauma victims. Participants were 122 male veterans seeking outpatient treatment for combat-related PTSD. Hierarchical regression analysis assessed whether PTSD symptoms incrementally accounted for variation in scale 8 scores above and beyond depression and dissociation symptoms. Results revealed that PTSD symptoms did not incrementally account for additional scale 8 variation. However, negative and positive symptoms of psychosis did account for variance in scale 8. Clinical implications for assessment of PTSD and psychosis with trauma victims are discussed.
Comparison Of Square Screen Results Analyzed By Two Different Methods

A. square-array of holes forming a sampling screen is used to test the 3.2 m paraboloid primary for the Infrared. Telescope Facility that is to be installed at Mauna Kea on the island of Hawaii. A point source is used to illuminate the mirror through the screen, and the reflected light is recorded on a photographic plate. The data obtained. from measuring the spot locations on the plate are reduced to obtain surface departures from a desired surface. The data reduction is performed with the use of two different computer programs, one which uses trapezoidal, and another which uses spline-function integrations in order to obtain. the surface departures, given surface slope values obtained from the measured spot locations. Also considered is the effect of the number of holes used in the surface sampling compared to the method of analysis.
Nanoscopic Patterned Materials with Tunable Dimensions via Atomic Layer Deposition on Block Copolymers

Selective self-limited interaction of metal precursors with self-assembled block copolymer substrates, combined with the unique molecular-level management of reactions enabled by the atomic layer deposition process, is presented as a promising controllable way to synthesize patterned nanomaterials (e.g., Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} see Figure, TiO{sub 2}, etc.) with uniform and tunable dimensions.
An Integrated Physical Map of 8q22–q24: Use in Positional Cloning and Deletion Analysis of Langer–Giedion Syndrome

We have developed an integrated map for a 35-cM area of human chromosome 8 surrounding the Langer-Giedion syndrome deletion region. This map spans from approximately 8q22 to 8q24 and includes 10 hybrid cell intervals, 89 polymorphic STSs, 118 ESTs, and 37 known genes or inferred gene homologies. The map locations of 25 genes including osteoprotegerin, syndecan-2, and autotaxin have been refined from the general locations previously reported. In addition, the map has been used to indicate the location of nine deletions in patients with Langer-Giedion syndrome and trichorhinophalangeal syndrome type I to demonstrate the potential usefulness of the map in the analysis of these complex syndromes. The map will also be of interest to anyone trying to clone positionally disease genes in this region, such as Cohen syndrome (8q22-q23), Klip-Feil syndrome (8q22.2), hereditary spastic paraplegia (8q24), and benign adult familial myoclonic epilepsy (8q23.3-q24.1).
Fungal colonization in patients with chronic respiratory diseases from Himalayan region of India

We screened patients with chronic respiratory diseases for microbiological and serological evidences of fungal colonisation; in order to determine its prevalence in this group of patients, examine potential clinical and radiological predictors of fungal colonisation and characterise fungal agents associated with individual diseases. BAL samples from 60 consecutive patients were subjected to microscopy and culture for fungal agents. Serum samples were analysed for precipitin antibodies to Aspergillus antigen and Candida cytoplasmic antigen. Statistical significance in the difference of fungal recovery between patient groups was determined using the Chi-square test. The major diagnostic groups included patients with bronchogenic carcinoma (n = 31) and tubercular sequelae (n = 16). In all, 28 patients (46.7%) were culture-positive, with Candida and Aspergillus being recovered from 14 and 13 patients respectively. Twenty-one patients (35%) showed presence of precipitin antibodies. Patients with bronchogenic carcinoma showed increased predilection for colonisation with Aspergillus, while Candida was recovered more commonly in tubercular sequelae (p = 0.02). There was no statistically significant association between culture-positivity and specific risk factors/radiological findings. The point-prevalence of fungal colonization was almost 50%. The combination of fungal culture and serology helped improve diagnostic sensitivity. An interesting predilection was observed for Aspergillus and Candida, to preferentially infect patients with Bronchogenic carcinoma and Tubercular sequelae respectively. In absence of specific predictors, the possibility of fungal colonization needs to be explored actively in these patients.
Who helps employers design their health insurance benefits

Presents national estimates of the number and characteristics of employers who depend on the help of insurance agents and brokers, third-party administrators, and professional benefit consultants in designing their health insurance benefits.
Growing a computer science program with a focus on game development

A comprehensive undergraduate curriculum in computer game development is described. The program was created as a set of elective courses in the context of a traditional computer science (CS) degree. Primary goals of the program were to increase enrollment in CS and prepare students for careers in the entertainment software industry. In addition, the CS department sought to compete for students with larger state institutions. To do so effectively the department needed to offer a unique program. Results show the new program helped the CS department to nearly triple enrollment over four years and achieve both statewide prominence and national recognition.
Power-Efficient Body-Coupled Self-Cascode LC Oscillator for Low-Power Injection-Locked Transmitter Applications

Improving the efficiency and the power consumption of a RF transmitter in a wireless sensor network is a major design challenge. Unlike conventional transmitter architectures, injection-locked transmitter (ILTX) provides high efficiency with reduced power consumption. The core block of an ILTX is an injection-locked oscillator. Therefore this paper reports a low-voltage low-power injection-locked LC oscillator employing self-cascode structure and body-terminal coupling. Self-cascode structure of the oscillator provides low-voltage and low-power operation while body terminal coupling facilitates low-power operation without degrading voltage headroom. The proposed oscillator has been fabricated using 0.18-μm RF CMOS process. Measurement results indicate that the designed oscillator can operate with a supply voltage as low as 1 V and exhibits 36.75 MHz locking range for an injection signal of 1.29 GHz at 0 dBm. The core oscillator consumes only 2 mW of power that makes the proposed design highly suitable for low-power transmitter applications.
Controversies in the treatment of lymphoma with autologous transplantation.

High-dose therapy and autologous stem cell transplant (HDT-ASCT) is the standard of care for relapsed and refractorydiffuselargeBcelllymphomaandHodgkin’s lymphoma; however, the role for HDT-ASCT in the treatment of follicular lymphoma (FL), mantle cell lymphoma (MCL), and peripheral T cell lymphoma (PTCL) is controversial. In FL, phase II and randomized data support the use of HDT-ASCT in the relapsed setting and incorporation of rituximab into mobilizationregimensandpost-transplantmaintenanceappears to prolong remission durations. Allogeneic stem cell transplant remains the only curative treatment option and is appropriate for patients with high bone marrow disease burdens and refractory disease. In MCL, HDTASCT is most often administered up front, and phase II studiesusingintenseimmunochemotherapyfollowedby HDT-ASCTinfirstcompleteresponse(CR)haveshown the most impressive outcomes. Complicating the situation, however, are data supporting up-front intensive immunochemotherapy without HDT-ASCT consolidation as well as a “watch and wait” strategy for selected patients. Finally, in PTCL, phase II data support treat
Spinal 5‐HT7 receptor activation induces long‐lasting phrenic motor facilitation

Non-technical summary Acute intermittent hypoxia elicits a serotonin-dependent form of respiratory plasticity known as phrenic long-term facilitation via synthesis of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and activation of its receptor TrkB. Recently we demonstrated that spinal activation of Gs protein-coupled adenosine A2A receptors ‘trans-activates’ the BDNF receptor, TrkB, and induces phrenic motor facilitation (PMF). Therefore we hypothesized that perhaps other Gs protein-coupled serotonin receptors elicit PMF, specifically serotonin receptor type-7 (5-HT7) which are expressed in phrenic motor neurons and underlie multiple forms of spinal respiratory plasticity. We demonstrate that spinal 5-HT7 receptor activation in anaesthetized rats elicits long-lasting PMF. 5-HT7 agonist-induced PMF appears to require TrkB receptor activity and/or new synthesis of TrkB protein, in addition to activity of the signalling molecule PI3K. A more complete understanding of signalling mechanisms involved in PMF may guide development of novel therapeutic strategies to treat ventilatory control disorders.
Appealing Medicare Denials

Because of the government's recent emphasis on controlling health care costs, health care providers have been receiving many more denials for payment of services rendered to Medicare beneficiaries than in the past. Often the denials are not justified and should be appealed. This article explains the step-by-step procedure in the Medicare appeals process and gives suggestions for presenting a case so that a denial will have a good chance of being overturned.
The Social Fabric and Innovation Diffusion: Symbolic Adoption of Food Irradiation*

This study used a longitudinal, panel design to examine the effects of negative information acquisition, compliance with opinion leader endorsements, and social demographic characteristics on consumers' symbolic adoption of food irradiation. Data collection coincided with the first market test of irradiated food conducted by a commercial firm, which took place in Minneapolis, Minnesota, in 2000. Approximately half the subjects (N ¼ 116) received a packet containing information from pro- ponents and opponents of food irradiation. The remaining subjects (N ¼ 107) were provided with no information about the technology. The results indicated that, initially, negative information acquisition, even when accompanied by positive endorsements from opinion leaders, decreased symbolic adoption. Over time, however, this negative effect was mitigated by compliance with endorsements from opinion leaders. The results suggest that confidence in social institutions might be a determinant as well as an outcome of adoption decisions. Implications are suggested for risk communication strategies regarding controversial agricultural technologies.
Method of Test for Determining the Splitting Tensile Strength of Rocks

A standard method of determining the splitting tensile strength of rock is proposed. It covers the specifications of the testing apparatus, specimen preparation, procedures, data reduction, and the report format.