cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Patient Outcomes After Horizontal Cleavage Tear Repair: A Systematic Review.

Purpose To analyze the clinical outcomes and survivorship of meniscal horizontal cleavage tear (HCT) repairs with hopes of guiding future treatment decisions. Methods Standard systematic review methodology was used. A comprehensive search of PubMed was conducted on June 1, 2019. The inclusion criteria were articles that were published in English, involved human subjects, and reported on at least 1 outcome after repair of HCTs. The exclusion criteria included technique guides and reviews, studies without full text available, and studies with HCT outcomes not separated from other repair groups. Effect heterogeneity was determined using the I2 measure. Forest plots were created in addition to a random-effects model to show the results. Results The systematic review yielded 19 studies evaluating 289 knees in a total of 273 patients. At most recent follow-up, there was a high probability of return to sport (93.1% [67 of 72]). Overall, 74% of patients (67 of 90) were symptom free at last follow-up, and 80% expressed satisfaction with their overall result (80 of 100). The most frequently reported subjective outcome was the Lysholm score, which improved from a preoperative study range of 48 to 79 (I2 = 20.7%, P = .283) to a postoperative study range of 56 to 99 (I2 = 49%, P = .081). The next most commonly reported was the International Knee Documentation Committee subjective score, which improved from a preoperative study range of 16 to 49 (I2 = 47.7%, P = .125) to a postoperative study range of 72 to 95 (I2 = 0%, P = .660). An overall 11.7% reported risk of reoperation was found, with most cases involving revision meniscectomy. Rates of complications beyond fixation failure were overall very low, with infrequent reports of septic arthritis and transitory dysesthesia. Conclusions The short- to intermediate-term results of repair of HCTs are comparable to prior studies. Survivorship is comparable to repairs of other types of meniscal tears with high rates of return to sport and low complication rates. Level of Evidence Level IV, systematic review of Level I-IV studies.
Multi-Scale White Matter Tract Embedded Brain Finite Element Model Predicts the Location of Traumatic Diffuse Axonal Injury

Finite element models (FEMs) are used increasingly in the traumatic brain injury (TBI) field to provide an estimation of tissue responses and predict the probability of sustaining TBI after a biome...
When ‘Creeping Jurisdiction’ Goes Awry: The Social Action Litigation to Ban Surrogacy

Significant scholarly attention has focused on the strong role played by the Supreme Court in the Indian constitutional democracy. Exercising its powers of judicial review, the Court will invalidate legislation if determines it to be in violation of the constitution. In the judicial appointments case, for example, it invalidated legislation that would have reformed the judicial appointments system. When there is no law, but the Court finds that certain circumstances in society violate the fundamental rights of certain groups of people, it may issue its own legislative-like guidelines. It did this in the internationally famous Vishaka case, in which it created guidelines on sexual harassment.
Exploiting peer-to-peer communications for query privacy preservation in voice assistant systems

Voice assistant system (VAS) is a popular technology for users to interact with the Internet and the Internet-of-Things devices. In the VAS, voice queries are linked to users’ accounts, resulting in long-term and continuous profiling at the service provider. In this paper, we propose a VAS anonymizer aiming to mix the queries of the VAS users to increase the source anonymity. The VAS anonymizer is equipped with a pattern-matching scheme, which allows VAS devices to find effective peer relays without disclosing their query patterns. Furthermore, the VAS anonymizer is equipped with anonymity evaluation modules for evaluating real-time single query, thus reducing the risk of pattern violation at the relays. Both the requester and the relay will evaluate the real-time query based on the resulting anonymity. Only if the anonymity evaluations at both requester and relay are positive, the query will be sent to the service provider via the relay. The VAS anonymizers at VAS devices coordinate the query uploading such that the sources of the queries are anonymized, and the service provider is unable to link the voice queries to individual users. In the experiments using our customized VAS devices and the Amazon Cloud servers, the computation and communication overhead of the matching scheme is shown to be efficient, and the anonymity evaluation modules are shown to be effective in protecting the privacy of the requesters and the relays.
Dividend Taxes, Corporate Investment, and

Taxes on corporate distributions have traditionally been regarded as a "double tax" on corporate income. This view implies that while the total effective tax rate on corporate source income affects real economic decisions, the distribution of this tax burden between the shareholders and the corporation is irrelevant. Recent research has suggested an alter- native to this traditional view. One explanation of why firms in the U.S. pay dividends in spite of the heavy tax liabilities associated with this form of distribution is that the stock market capitalizes the tax payments associated with corporate distributions. This capitalization leaves investors indifferent at the margin between corporations paying our dividends and retaining earnings. This alternative view holds that while changes in the dividend tax rate will affect shareholder wealth, they will have no impact on corporate investment decisions. This paper develops econometric tests which distinguish between these two views of dividend taxation. By extending Tobin's "q" theory of investment to incorporate taxes at both the corporate and personal levels, the implications of each view for corporate investment decisions can be derived. The competing views may be tested by comparing the performance of investment equations estimates under each theory's predict ions. British time series data are particularly appropriate for testing hypotheses about dividend taxes because of the substantial postwar variation in effective tax rates on corporate distributions. The econometric results suggest that dividend taxes have important effects on investment decisions.
Microscopic transsphenoidal approach for macroadenoma in an asymptomatic COVID-19 patient: A case report

The novel coronavirus commonly referred to as COVID-19 became a global pandemic in the March of 2020 and createdunprecedented challenges for health care systems worldwide. Early case reports demonstrated a high risk of aerosolizationand infection of operating room staff during endoscopic endonasal approaches, highlighting the need for safe managementstrategies in patients with COVID-19 with acute pathology. During periods of epidemiologic infectious surges, elective caseshave often been suspended. However, patients presenting with urgent pathology, such as pituitary apoplexy or acute visualcompromise from sellar or parasellar lesions still require treatment regardless of infectious status. Here, we present a caseof an asymptomatic COVID-19 patient with progressive vision loss that underwent successful microscopic resection ofpituitary adenoma, without evidence of spread to the operating room staff. We hypothesize that during microscopicapproaches to the sella, there is relatively less forceful irrigation, and as a result, potentially less aerosolization. This maydecrease the risk of viral spread to the surgeons and the operating room staff. Additionally, we report that fluorescent insitu hybridization studies of tumor tissue for SARS-CoV-2 may not reliably be able to detect viral infections. In conclusion,for asymptomatic patients at high risk for COVID, microscopic transsphenoidal approaches may provide a safer alternative.These patients should undergo preoperative testing, and repeat testing should be considered if possible for negative results.Proper PPE should however still be utilized to maximize safety of the operating room staff.
Chicano Communists and the Struggle for Social Justice: By Enrique M. Buelna. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 2019. 304 pp. ISBN 978-0-8165-3866-9 (Hardbound) $55.00; ISBN 978-0-8165-4066-2 (Softbound) $35.95; ISBN 978-0-8165-3981-9 (E-book) $35.95.

The role of Mexican Americans in the historiography of the US Communist Party is rarely given much consideration. As author Enrique M. Buelna explains, Mexican American membership in the Party was ...
The New York Pain Treatment Program protocol: a structured physical therapy approach for treating the muscular components of chronic pain syndromes

Although Myofascial Pain Syndrome (MPS) is the most common diagnosis for injured workers [1], there is no uniform description or definition of MPS in the medical literature. Often the phrase myofascial pain is used to describe a variety of difficult to classify pain syndromes, resulting in confused and contradictory treatment approaches. Correct diagnosis and successful treatment of patients suffering from MPS must be based on a firm understanding of the muscular component of chronic pain syndromes. The New York Pain Treatment Program protocol in use at Lenox Hill Hospital is based on classification, diagnosis and treatment guidelines, developed by Dr. Hans Kraus, that recognize four types of muscle pain (tension, spasm, deficiency, and trigger points). It is the author's hope that this presentation will assist other clinicians in developing optimal rehabilitation programs.
State estimation and control for linear systems over communication networks

This paper studies the communication rate requirements for state estimation in a remote control setting where the controller and the plant are connected through communication links, such as the Internet. Such links introduce random delays and occasional packet losses in the transmission of information, which along with quantization and sampling lead to deterioration of control performance. One controlled element here is the rate of quantization, which has a direct effect on the control performance. In this paper, the rate required for the stability of the differential entropy of the state estimation error is determined as a function of the system and network parameters. The trade-off between the sampling period, packet loss probability and the rate requirements is illustrated. A Markov chain model is introduced to capture the state of reliability of the network. Conditions for stability in mean in a control theoretic setting are studied.
TNF receptor 2 on CD8 T cells and TNF receptor 1 on non-CD8 T cells mediate upper genital tract pathology following primary genital Chlamydia muridarum infection (MUC7P.764)

We recently demonstrated that pathogenesis in the upper genital tract (UGT) following primary vaginal Chlamydia muridarum infection in mice is dependent upon TNF-alpha production and antigen-specific CD8 T cells. In this study, we evaluated the contribution of TNF receptor 1 (TNFR1) and TNFR2 to UGT pathogenesis following primary intravaginal C. muridarum infection (5X104 IFU/mouse), using depo-provera ® treated mice deficient in TNFR1 (TNFR1 KO), TNFR2 (TNFR2 KO), or TNFR1 and 2 (TNFR1/2 DKO), and the corresponding C57BL/6J wild type (WT) mice. All groups (n=8) of mice displayed comparable chlamydial clearance, antigen-specific cytokine response, and serum anti-chlamydial antibody following primary bacterial inoculation. On day 80 after primary inoculation, TNFR1 KO, TNFR2 KO, and TNFR1/2 DKO mice displayed significantly reduced oviduct pathology (hydrosalpinx), when compared to WT mice, suggesting that both TNFR1 and TNFR2 contribute significantly to oviduct pathology. Repletion of wild type or TNFR1 KO CD8 T cells did not enhance pathology significantly in TNFR1 KO mice. On the other hand, repletion of WT, but not TNFR2 KO, CD8 T cells enhanced oviduct pathology to WT levels in TNFR2 KO mice. Collectively, these results suggest that TNFR2 on CD8 T cells and TNFR1 on non-CD8 T cells mediate UGT pathology following primary genital chlamydial infection.
Political orientation moderates Americans’ beliefs and concern about climate change

I offer some theoretical insights to help us better understand the moderator effect of political orientation that Larry Hamilton and others have found in recent years. Reflexive modernization theory highlights an emerging tension between those who direct attention to the negative consequences of industrial capitalism such as climate change (e.g., the scientific community and environmental organizations) and those who defend the economic system against such critiques (e.g., the conservative movement). Political divisions in the American public increasingly map onto these societal divisions between critics and defenders of the industrial capitalist order—especially for the issue of climate change. This alignment is facilitated by increased polarization among political elites and balkanization of the news media. Strong evidence of the moderator effect is consistent with the expectations of information processing theory and elite cues hypothesis from political science. Recent empirical findings in political psychology and neuroscience also seem pertinent for explaining this moderator effect. I end by outlining a few implications for climate change research and communication.
Biomolecules See the Light

Detailed knowledge of the dynamics of biomolecules is crucial for the treatment of human diseases, but is often hard to come by. In his Perspective, Pratt highlights the report of Dian et al ., who have developed a method for manipulating the populations of different conformational states of small biomolecules that allows distinct folding pathways to be distinguished. If the method can be extended to larger molecules, it should provide important insights into their dynamics.
Limitative results in formal modelling and their philosophical implications: the example of undecidability in the spatialized prisoner's dilemmas

Summary form only given. The iterated prisoner's dilemma has become the standard model of evolution in a community of egoistic agents, often cited for implications in biology and aspects of sociology. The technical core of this paper is presentation of a formal undecidability result for an instantiation of the prisoner's dilemma in the spatial form of cellular automata. The proof has some features of interest in its own right: it proceeds: 1) by outlining a species of abstract machines closely related to both Turing machines and Minsky register machines, 2) by embedding these machines in fairly complex cellular automata which mimic wires and standard gates, and 3) by showing that there are strategies of the prisoner's dilemma which behave in spatial arrays in precisely the manner of the basic elements of these automata. The purpose of this paper is to use the case of undecidability within the spatialized prisoner's dilemma as an example of philosophical implications of limitative results within formal modelling more generally. >
Proposed Mayo Clinic criteria for the diagnosis of Tako-Tsubo cardiomyopathy and long-term prognosis.

Tako-Tsubo cardiomyopathy (TTC) is a reversible cardiomyopathy with a clinical presentation indistinguishable from myocardial infarction. TTC is estimated to represent 1%–2% of patients presenting with acute myocardial infarction. It most commonly occurs in postmenopausal women and is frequently precipitated by a stressful event. Chest pain and dyspnea are the typical presenting symptoms. Transient ST-segment elevation on ECG and a small rise in cardiac biomarkers are common. Characteristic wall motion abnormalities extend beyond the territory of a single epicardial coronary artery in the absence of obstructive coronary lesions. Supportive treatment leads to spontaneous rapid recovery in nearly all patients. The prognosis is excellent, and recurrence occurs in < 10% of patients. In this article, we review the clinical features of TTC that form the basis of the Mayo Clinic diagnostic criteria, as well as the long-term prognosis for this type of cardiomyopathy.
Is the cost of adult living donor liver transplantation higher than deceased donor liver transplantation

Background An important long-term consideration for living-donor liver transplantation (LDLT) is the expense compared with cadaveric-liver transplantation. LDLT is a more complex procedure than cadaveric transplantation and the cost of donor evaluation, donor surgery, and postoperative donor care must be included in a cost analysis for LDLT. In this study, we compare the comprehensive cost of LDLT with that of cadaveric-liver transplantation. Methods All costs for medical services provided at our institution were recorded for 24 LDLT and 43 cadaveric recipients with greater than 1 year follow-up transplanted between August 1997 and April 2000. The donor costs include donors evaluated and rejected, donors evaluated and accepted, donor right hepatectomy costs, and donor follow-up costs (365 days postdonation). LDLT and cadaveric recipient costs include medical care 90 days pre-LDLT, recipient transplant costs, and recipient follow-up costs (365 days posttransplant) including retransplantation. Cost is expressed as an arbitrary cost unit (CU) that is a value between $500 to $1,500. Results Total LDLT costs (evaluations of rejected donors + evaluations of accepted donors + donor hepatectomy + donor follow-up care for 1 year + pretransplant recipient care [90 days pretransplant] + recipient transplantation + recipient 1-year posttransplant care)= 162.7 CU. Total mean cadaveric transplant costs (pretransplant recipient care [90 days pretransplant] + recipient transplantation [including organ acquisition cost] + recipient 1-year posttransplant care)=134.5 CU, (P = ns) Conclusions The total comprehensive cost of LDLT is 21% higher than cadaveric transplantation, although this difference is not significant. (Transplantation 2003;75:473–476.)
Tree spade transplanting of Spartina pectinata (Link) and Eleocharis macrostachya (Britt.) in a prairie wetland restoration site

Abstract Clonal vegetation was transplanted in an attempt to increase plant species diversity at a wetland restoration in northeast Kansas, USA. A total of 107 plugs of wetland sod were relocated to the 6.9 ha floodplain site from a local wetland in April 1994, using a 60 cm tractor-mounted tree spade. Perennial and clonal species were selected based on their regional suitability for prairie wetlands and their presence in adjacent wetlands. Four growing seasons after transplanting, the survival of the plugs was over 90%. Of the 107 transplants, 27 plugs were Spartina pectinata L. (eastern cordgrass) and 18 plugs were Eleocharis macrostachya Britt. (spikerush). The objective of our study was to determine the extent of transplant spread, and effect of microtopography on this spread. The area of each transplanted plug was determined in October 1994, 1995, 1996 and 1997. Mean area of S. pectinata plugs was 0.51 m2 in 1994 and increased annually to reach 1.57 m2 in 1997. Mean area of E. macrostachya was 2.19 m2 in 1994 and increased annually to reach 26.4 m2 in 1997. Elevation and the resulting water depth affected transplant spread of both species (P
Capital Sentencing In Kentucky, 2000–2010

The current study attempts to build upon previous analyses of capital sentencing in Kentucky and other states. Using data compiled from official court records compiled by the Kentucky Department of Public Advocacy, we examined death eligible homicide cases for the years 2000–2010 for the state (N = 359). Multivariate analysis determined that the death penalty in Kentucky was sought 3.17 times or 217 % more when the victim is female. It also found that cases featuring a black defendant and a white victim were 56 % less likely to result in a plea than cases featuring other defendant/victim racial combinations. Despite legal requirements, Kentucky fails to collect data to assess the factors that influence the seeking and imposition of the death penalty.
Diffusion of small clusters on metal (100) surfaces: Exact master-equation analysis for lattice-gas models

Exact results are presented for the surface diffusion of small two-dimensional clusters, the constituent atoms of which are commensurate with a square lattice of adsorption sites. Cluster motion is due to the hopping of atoms along the cluster perimeter with various rates. We apply the formalism of Titulaer and Deutch [J. Chem. Phys. {bold 77}, 472 (1982)], which describes evolution in reciprocal space via a linear master equation with dimension equal to the number of cluster configurations. We focus on the regime of rapid hopping of atoms along straight close-packed edges, where certain subsets of configurations cycle rapidly between each other. Each such subset is treated as a single quasiconfiguration, thereby reducing the dimension of the evolution equation, simplifying the analysis, and elucidating limiting behavior. We also discuss the influence of concerted atom motions on the diffusion of tetramers and larger clusters. {copyright} {ital 1999} {ital The American Physical Society}
Stabilizing cyanosols: amorphous cyanide bridged transition metal polymer nanoparticles

Nanoparticles of an amorphous, cyanide bridged, transition metal polymer are isolated by exchanging the counter-ions of the polymer network with cetyltrimethylammonium (CTA+). The nanoparticles isolated are stable, soluble in organic solvents such as dichloromethane and have an average diameter of 4 ± 1 nm (mean ± std). The reported technique is amenable to a variety of transition metals as Pd–Co, Pd–Ru and Pd–Fe cyanometalate polymer nanoparticles are isolated. Increasing the reaction time prior to counter-ion exchange allows for the isolation of nanoparticle agglomerates. The transition metal ratio of the nanoparticulate polymer network is demonstrated to be under synthetic control. Subsequent chemical alteration of the nanoparticles is afforded due to the free coordination sites of the transition metals in the polymer. The nanoparticles also serve as chemical precursors to transition metal alloy nanoparticles due to the ability of bridging cyanides to act as reducing agents at relatively low temperatures.
Full proceedings from the National Conference to Develop a National Skin Cancer Agenda. American Academy of Dermatology and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Washington, D.C., April 8-10, 1995.

National efforts to reduce skin cancer incidence and mortality require scientifically coordinated efforts. This report summarizes the first American Academy of Dermatology/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention national conference to develop a skin cancer agenda. Leading experts in dermatology, public health, medicine, health education, nursing, behavioral sciences, environmental health and epidemiology identified and prioritized skin cancer control issues in five key areas. Discussion centered around strategies for reducing UV exposure and increasing public and professional awareness of skin cancer. Panelists in five sessions developed consensus on several public and professional recommendations and a series of research strategies.
Congruence and Conjunctivity of Matrices

Abstract Congruence of arbitrary square matrices over an arbitrary field is treated here by elementary classical methods, and likewise for conjunctivity of arbitrary square matrices over an arbitrary field with involution. Uniqueness results are emphasized, since they are largely neglected in the literature. In particular, it is shown that a matrix S is congruent [conjunctive] to S 0 ⊕ S 1 with S 1 nonsingular, and that if S 1 here is of maximal size among all nonsingular matrices R 1 for which R 0 ⊕ R 1 is congruent [conjunctive] to S , then the congruence [conjunctivity] class of S determines that of S 1 . Partially canonical forms (most of them already known) are derived, to the extent that they do not depend on the field. Nearly canonical forms are derived for “neutral” matrices (those congruent or conjunctive with block matrices O N M O with the two zero blocks being square). For a neutral matrix S over a field F ,the F -congruence [ F -conjunctivity] class of S is determined by the F -equivalence class of the pencil S + tS' [ S + tS ∗ ] and, if the pencil is nonsingular, by the F [ t ]-equivalence class of S + tS' [ S + tS ∗ ].
Long-term experience and outcomes with transcatheter closure of patent foramen ovale.

Objectives This study sought to examine the frequency of indications for and the immediate and long-term clinical outcomes of transcatheter closure of patent foramen ovale (PFO). Background Transcatheter PFO closure is commonly performed for several indications, including cryptogenic stroke, despite conflicting data regarding the efficacy of this intervention. Methods We report the outcomes of 800 consecutive patients (52% male, 50 ± 14 years of age) who underwent PFO closure at our institution after multidisciplinary evaluation over a 16-year period. Results Indications for closure included cryptogenic cerebrovascular event (94%), hypoxemia (2%), peripheral embolism (3%), and migraine headaches (2%). Procedural success was 99% with effective closure obtained in 93% of patients. At a mean follow-up of 42.7 ± 33.4 months, 21 patients suffered a recurrent ischemic neurologic event (12 strokes, and 9 transient ischemic attacks) for an incidence rate of 0.79 events per 100 person-years and freedom from recurrent events of 91.6% at 10 years. There was no device-based difference in the rate of recurrent ischemic neurologic events (p = 0.82). Only Eustachian valve prominence (hazard ratio: 9.04; 95% confidence interval: 2.07 to 39.44; p = 0.0034) was associated with recurrent neurologic events. Conclusions Transcatheter PFO closure is safe and feasible in patients with several clinical indications. The long-term efficacy of this intervention in patients with paradoxical embolism appears superb in this observational study. Carefully selected patients with features suggestive of paradoxical embolism are the most likely to benefit from PFO closure and should be the focus of future investigation.
Nucleic Acid Related Compounds. 136. Synthesis of 2-Amino- and 2,6-Diaminopurine Derivatives via Inverse-Electron-Demand Diels-Alder Reactions

Thermal inverse-electron-demand Diels-Alder reactions of 5-aminoimidazoles and 2,4,6-tris(ethoxycarbonyl)-1,3,5-triazine (2) with spontaneous retro-Diels-Alder loss of ethyl cyanoformate and elimination of ammonia give 2,6-bis(ethoxycarbonyl)purines. A report that selective alkaline hydrolysis followed by acid-catalyzed decarboxylation gave 6-(ethoxycarbonyl)purine products was not in harmony with known reactions in purine chemistry. Our reinvestigation has shown that the 6-(ethoxycarbonyl) group undergoes preferential base-promoted hydrolysis, as expected, but regioselectivity for attack of hydroxide at the carbonyl group at C6 is not high (relative to hydrolysis of both C2 and C6 esters). The structure of 9-benzyl-2-(ethoxycarbonyl)purine was determined by X-ray crystallography and confirmed by Curtius rearrangement of the azidocarbonyl analogue to give 2-amino-6-benzylpurine. Acid-catalyzed decarboxylation of the 2,6-dicarboxylate formed during hydrolysis gave 9-benzylpurine, and Curtius rearrangement of 2,6-bis(azidocarbonyl)-9-benzylpurine gave 2,6-diamino-9-benzylpurine. Attempted applications of inverse-electron-demand Diels-Alder reactions of 2 with nucleoside derivatives were problematic.
The role of postdoctoral fellows in technology transfer: evidence from the National Capital Region of the USA

Surveys of postdoctoral fellows in the National Capital Region of the USA examined their role in transferring technologies from national and university research laboratories to the regional economy. Results suggest that postdoctoral fellows identified themselves as having a vital role in technology transfer. However, they exhibited very little interest in self-employment after completing their fellowships. Of those few who were actively preparing for self-employment, initial wealth was a distinguishing factor. Housing affordability was a financial constraint for many study participants, but, overall, they expressed satisfaction with the economic and cultural diversity of the area and identified each as an advantage of settling there permanently. Taken together, educational courses and programs which make postdoctoral fellows aware of entrepreneurial career tracks and mentor them early on in their transition from apprentice to entrepreneur are the most appropriate policy interventions suggested by these results.
Epidemiology, Risk Factors, and Genetics of High-Altitude–Related Pulmonary Disease

High-altitude-related pulmonary disease is a spectrum of acute and chronic illnesses with a well-described epidemiology. The risk for these illnesses is related to well-known environmental risk factors and lesser-known but important genetic factors. Prevention of acute high-altitude illness is possible in most visitors from lower elevations. Chronic high-altitude illnesses have an important worldwide impact.
Effects of Bupivacaine and Tetrodotoxin on Carrageenan-induced Hind Paw Inflammation in Rats (Part 1)Hyperalgesia, Edema, and Systemic Cytokines

Background:Local anesthetics exert antiinflammatory actions. To elucidate potential mechanisms, the authors examined effects of bupivacaine or tetrodotoxin, administered to rats by ipsilateral or contralateral sciatic blockade or systemically, on carrageenan-induced hind paw hyperalgesia, edema, and
An examination of co-occurring conditions and management of psychotropic medication use in soldiers with traumatic brain injury

There are approximately 1.4 million cases of traumatic brain injury (TBI) per year in the United States, with about 23 000 survivors requiring hospitalization. The incidence of TBI has increased in the patient population of the Department of Defense and Veterans Healthcare Administration as a result of injuries suffered during recent military and combat operations. Within the past few years, TBI has emerged as a common form of injury in service members with a subset of patients experiencing postinjury symptoms that greatly affect their quality of life. Traumatic brain injury can occur when sudden trauma (ie, penetration blast or blunt) causes damage to the brain. Traumatic brain injury produces a cascade of potentially injurious processes that include focal contusions and cytotoxic damage. The results of TBI can include impaired physical, cognitive, emotional, and behavioral functioning, which may or may not require the initiation of pharmacological and nonpharmacological interventions when deemed appropriate. Associated outcomes of TBI include alterations in mental state at the time of injury (confusion, disorientation, slowed thinking, and alteration of consciousness). Neurological deficits include loss of balance, praxis, aphasia, change in vision that may or may not be transient. Individuals who sustain a TBI are more likely to have or developed co-occurring conditions (ie, sleep problems, headaches, depression, anxiety, and posttraumatic stress disorder) that may require the administration of multiple medications. It has been identified that veterans being discharged on central nervous system and muscular skeletal drug classes can develop addiction and experience medication misadventures. With the severity of TBI being highly variable but typically categorized as either mild, moderate, or severe, it can assist health care providers in determining which patients are more susceptible to medication misadventures compared with others. The unique development of cognitive and emotional symptoms of TBI can lead to significant impairments, so it is important for all health care providers, including pharmacists, to promote proper use of high-risk psychotropic medications among this patient population by providing effective medication education.
The Reformer’s Dilemma:

By redirecting scarce resources away from socially productive employment, the pursuit ofwealth transfers by special interest groups converts those transfers into social costs. In the limit, the available rents are fully dissipated and the welfare loss associated with rent seeking equals the sum of the value of the rent rectangle and the deadweight loss triangle. This article shows that by eliciting expenditures to defend existing rents, attempts to reform the rent-seeking society cannot lower the social cost bill; they can only add to it. Hence, the only way to avoid the reformer’s dilemma is to not grant monopoly rights in the first place.
Run-control migration from single book to multibooks

This paper describes the migration of the hardware-implemented run-control functions from a single-book structure with one flexible service processor (FSP) and one service element (SE) per system to a multibook structure with one FSP per book and one SE per system. The new system structure required two new interfaces between the clock chips on the different books. The first interface is required for dynamic configuration data exchange between books. The alternative path via the SE would not meet the performance requirements. This interface is available in the initial millicode load flow before the L2 caches with their ring structure are operational. Another requirement is the necessity of starting and stopping all books synchronously. The second additional interface between the clock chips on different books enables this function. Nevertheless, the hardware implementation is so flexible that each book may operate independently of the other books. The clock chips are connected as a peer-to-peer network, so no special master is necessary in the system.
The Minimal A-theory

Timothy Williamson thinks that every object is a necessary, eternal existent. In defense of his view, Williamson appeals primarily to considerations from modal and tense logic. While I am uncertain about his modal claims, I think there are good metaphysical reasons to believe permanentism: the principle that everything always exists. B-theorists of time and change have long denied that objects change with respect to unqualified existence. But aside from Williamson, nearly all A-theorists defend temporaryism: the principle that there are temporary existents. I think A-theorists are better off without this added commitment, but I will not argue for that in any great detail here. Instead, I will contend that a very tempting argument for temporaryism is unsound. In the first half of the paper, I will develop the Moorean “common sense” argument for temporaryism and dispute its central premise, namely that temporaryism is the best generalization from our ordinary beliefs about creation, destruction, coming to be, and passing away. I will argue that given the pervasive vagueness in our ordinary beliefs and the background commitments of all A-theories, temporaryists cannot claim to have the common sense view because no party can accommodate most of our common sense beliefs. In the second half of the paper, I will propose a permanentist A-theory that explains all change over time as a species of property change. I call it the minimal A-theory, since it dispenses with the change in existence assumption. As we’ll see, the permanentist alternative performs well enough in explaining our ordinary beliefs, and it has better prospects for answering three objections commonly levied against A-theories.
Topographic projections on the globus pallidus and the substantia nigra of selectively placed lesions in the precommissural caudate nucleus and putamen in the monkey

Abstract Fiber degeneration in Macaca mulatta from lesions placed selectively in the dorsal or the ventral sectors of the precommissural caudate nucleus and putamen was traced by means of the Nauta silver impregnation method as modified by Fink and Heimer. Degenerated fibers were traced from the caudate nucleus through the internal capsule to the globus pallidus where they terminated in its dorsal aspect. The fibers from the putamen were traced directly into the pallidum where they terminated in its ventral aspect. Fibers from the dorsal sector of the caudate nucleus or the putamen accumulated more laterally in the pallidum than did the fibers from the ventral sectors. There was also an anterior-posterior pattern to the termination of the fibers in the pallidum depending on the anterior-posterior location of the lesions. The only other structure in which fiber degeneration was noted was the rostral portion of the pars reticularis of the substantia nigra. The lesions in the caudate nucleus were placed in sectors defined by their afferent projections from the prefrontal cortex. Since these sectors are known to subserve the behavioral functions characteristic of the area of prefrontal cortex from which they receive afferents, the differential efferent projection emanating from the caudate probably represents a continuation of the two functional systems which originate in the prefrontal cortex.
Meperidine and Central Neurotoxicity

Excerpt Kaiko and associates (1) have recently reported inAnnals of Neurologyon the excitatory effects in the central nervous system of meperidine. Of 67 patients with cancer who received this drug...
Kinetics and Mechanism of the Reaction of Azide with Ozone in Aqueous Solution

ABSTRACT The stoichiometry of the reaction of aqueous ozone with sodium azide was studied at pH 12 (mainly) where a yellow metastable intermediate is observed. We propose that this is hypoazidite (N3O- ), analogous to hypobromite, and that it plays a central role in the azide catalyzed decompostion of ozone. The yellow intermediate is unstable in acid, in which it rapidly decomposes, generating N2 and NO2 -. The rate of reaction was studied at pH 2.0–3.5, with the ionic strength at 0.6 M and temperature at 3–15 ° C. The intrinsic second-order rate constants were found to be k HN3 ≤ ≈ 400 M-1sec-1 and k N3- = (8.7 ± 0.5) × 105 M-1sec-1 (3 °C, 0.6 M), both in agreement with the only other previous study. The rate constant at 25 °C was estimated using the following experimentally determined parameters: ln kN3- (M-1sec-1) = (5.73 ± 0.36) × 103/T (K) + (28.34 ± 1.27). The value of kN3- estimated in this way is (2.5 ± 0.1) × 106 M-1sec-1 at 25 °C and 0.6 M. The enthalpy of reaction (A H) is -48 ± 3 kJ mol-1.
Working alone: Can it be done?

The new ASPAN Standards of PeriAnesthesia Nursing Practice, 1995 continue to recommend a minimum of two nurses in the PACU during phase I recovery. During the 1995 midyear meeting of the American Society of PeriAnesthesia Nurses, a position paper was passed in support of two nurses in the PACU during phase I recovery. Throughout the country, on some occasions, nurses continue to work alone in the PACU. This article suggests strategies for planning safe and competent care while working alone in the PACU.
Sources of Variation in the Solvent Retention Capacity Test of Wheat Flour

The solvent retention capacity (SRC) test uses the ability of flour to retain a range of solvents as a means of evaluating economically important aspects of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) quality: pentosan content, starch damage, gluten strength, and general water retention. Inbred lines from three soft spring wheat populations ('Vanna'/'Penawawa', 'Kanto 107'/IDO488, and M2/IDO470) were produced in replicated, irrigated trials in 2000 and 2001 to assess variance components for the SRC tests. Milling yield, flour ash, flour protein, and sugar snap cookie diameter for these genotypes were determined. Flour solvent (water, 500 g kg -1 sucrose, 50 g kg -1 sodium carbonate, and 50 g kg -1 lactic acid) retention capacities were measured, and variances estimated for genotype, genotype × environment interaction, and error terms. The variance of genotypes for SRC values in the three populations ranged from 0.67 to 0.97 of the total variance (genotype, genotype x environment, and error) not attributed to main effects of year and replication. Correlations among genotypes were significant and positive for water, sodium carbonate, and sucrose SRC within all three populations (r = 0.70 to 0.92, P < 0.01). In all three populations, these SRC values were negatively correlated with cookie diameter (r = -0.54 to -0.89, P < 0.01). Correlations between lactic acid SRC, a measure of gluten strength, and the other SRC values were complex, as was the correlation between lactic acid SRC and cookie diameter. This suggests that milling and baking quality could be improved through manipulation of flour components using SRC selection.
Risk factors for intraocular pressure elevations after pupillary dilation in patients with open angles

Purpose To determine risk factors for postdilation pressure elevations in patients with open angles.
The design and fabrication of a magnetically actuated micromachined flow valve

Abstract In this paper, a magnetically actuated valve, manufactured by silicon and thin-film micromachining, is considered. An analysis of the magnetic circuit is made to determine the critical design parameters, and a fabrication sequence is described. An integrated array of these microvalves, when combined with chemical microsensors, is intended to form the basis of an automated flow distribution and chemical analysis system. The feasibility of magnetic actuation, an addressing scheme, and the fabrication process are discussed.
Effects of 5-fluorouracil on growth and methanogenesis inMethanobacterium thermoautotrophicum (Marburg)

The pyrimidine analogue 5-fluorouracil was shown to be a potent inhibitor of the growth ofMethanobacterium thermoautotrophicum strain Marburg (50% inhibition of growth at 1 μg ml−1). The nucleoside, 5-fluorodeoxyuridine, also inhibited growth, but the nucleotide 5-fluorodeoxyuridylate did not inhibit, nor did 5-fluorocytosine. Several nucleobases and nucleosides were used as potential antagonists of fluorouracil and fluorodeoxyuridine. Of these, only uracil in excess over fluorouracil relieved the inhibition of growth. These results imply that a pyrimidine salvage pathway is present inM. thermoautotrophicum. 5-Fluorouracil does not inhibit methane production. Although treated cultures produced less methane than did controls, more than twice as much methane was synthesized per cell. This result suggests that methanogenesis is uncoupled from growth by 5-fluorouracil.
Hypsilophodon, the Cursorial Non-arboreal Dinosaur

A reconsideration of the anatomy of Hypsilophodon from the Lower Cretaceous of England indicates that this ornithischian dinosaur, long considered to have been arboreal, was actually cursorial.
Electrical and chemical stimulation of the basolateral complex of the amygdala reinstates cocaine-seeking behavior in the rat.

The basolateral complex of the amygdala (BLC) is part of a neural circuit that is activated in humans during cocaine craving elicited by exposure to drug-related environmental cues. In animals, the BLC is necessary for cocaine-seeking behavior elicited by cocaine-associated cues. It has not been determined whether BLC activation is sufficient to reinstate cocaine seeking. To determine whether electrical or excitatory amino-acid stimulation of the BLC is sufficient to induce reinstatement of cocaine seeking in rats. Rats were catheterized and trained to lever-press for intravenous cocaine infusions on a fixed ratio (FR)-1 schedule of reinforcement. Once baseline cocaine-taking criteria were met, lever-pressing behavior was extinguished by substitution of saline for cocaine. After meeting criteria for extinction, animals were subjected to brief electrical (20 Hz, 400 μA or 2 Hz, 400 μA; 200 pulses per stimulation) or N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA; 250 ng/0.5 μl) BLC stimulation and lever pressing behavior was monitored. Electrical BLC stimulation with 20-Hz produced reinstatement of lever pressing previously associated with cocaine self-administration, while 2-Hz stimulation did not. Electrical stimulation of cerebellar and medial forebrain bundle loci did not reinstate cocaine seeking. Hence, the reinstatement was frequency dependent and anatomically selective. NMDA microinjections into the BLC also reinstated cocaine-seeking behavior. BLC stimulation is sufficient to reinstate cocaine-seeking behavior in the rat. These results are congruent with the hypothesis that the basolateral complex of the amygdala is part of a neural system mediating drug-seeking behavior.
Position sensitive solid state detectors

Abstract Solid state detectors have been used for years as high quantum efficiency detectors for visible light. In this paper the use of PDA and CCD, solid state detectors, in the X-ray region will be discussed. In particular examples of data in the soft X-ray region are presented. Finally the use of phosphor coatings to enhance the sensitivity of solid state detectors is described.
In Vitro Comparison of Cefoxitin, Cefamandole, Cephalexin, and Cephalothin

The in vitro effect of cefoxitin, cefamandole, cephalexin, and cephalothin was tested against 645 strains of bacteria recently isolated from clinical sources. Against gram-positive organisms cephalothin and cefamandole were the most effective, generally being three- to fourfold more active than cephalexin or cefoxitin. Enterococci were not inhibited by less than 25 mug of any of the antibiotics per ml. Against Enterobacteriaceae, cefoxitin and cefamandole were the most active. An exception was the Enterobacter strains, against which cefoxitin was the least effective. None of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains were susceptible to 100 mug of any of the cephalosporins per ml. Cefamandole was the most active agent against Neisseria meningitidis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. It was also the most effective agent against Haemophilus influenzae, even when taking into account a threefold inoculum effect.
Radiation damage control on apatite (U-Th)/He dates from the Grand Canyon region, Colorado Plateau

Individual detrital apatite grains from the Esplanade, Coconino, and Moenkopi Formations in the Grand Canyon region of the Colorado Plateau yield (U-Th)/He dates from 104 to 5 Ma. The range of dates within each unit far exceeds analytical uncertainty, but correlates with both He concentration [He] and effective U concentration [eU]. These dates are all signifi cantly younger than the sandstone units, indicating partial to complete He loss following deposition. Recently published laboratory diffusion data suggest that He retentivity in apatite increases with radiation damage. Forward models predict that the consequences of this effect will be manifested most clearly as a correlation between (U-Th)/He dates and the [He] and [eU] in suites of apatites that (1) are characterized by a large span of [eU], and (2) had thermal histories in which suffi cient time elapsed for the apatite He diffusion kinetics to diverge prior to reheating and partial resetting. Apatites in the sedimentary units investigated fi t these cri teria. Using geologically reasonable deposition, burial, and unroofi ng histories, simulations that include the effect of radiation damage on apatite He retentivity can reproduce the observed distributions of apatite dates and correlations with parent and daughter concentrations. These results suggest that a span of (U-Th)/He dates positively correlated with [eU] may provide important information regarding a sample’s thermal history.