cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Variational reactive scattering calculations : computational optimization strategies

We have developed efficient and accurate techniques for the calculation of quantum mechanical reaction probabilities of atom-diatom exchange reactions in the gas phase, and we have optimized a computer code employing these techniques and applied it sucessfully to several systems. In this paper we consider further strategies for improving the algorithm to allow even more demanding applications. In this context, improvement means that equivalent results can be obtained using fewer computational resources (computer time or storage) or that an equivalent expenditure of resources can yield higher accuracy. The new strategies discussed here lead to improvement in both of these areas. Two areas of special focus in the present paper are (i) the finite difference boundary value method used for calculating distorted wave Green's functions and regular solutions for scattering by the distortion potential and (ii) the choice of the distortion potential itself. Among other results included here is the first application of the outgoing wave or scattered wave variational principle to reactive scattering.
Postnatal changes in calcium and amylase of rat salivary glands, including calcium changes with senescence

Abstract Postnatal changes occur in glandular Ca concentration of rat parotid and submandibular glands. At 4 days of age, Ca concentration was low in both glands (only one-third to one-half that of adults) and increased gradually with age. The pattern of change was generally similar for male and female rats, but in submandibular gland, adult levels of 9–10 m-equiv./kg were reached by weaning, whereas for parotid gland, a gradual increase in Ca concentration occurred with adult levels of 9–10 m-equiv./kg reached by 7 weeks of age. The pattern of change was the same whether Ca concentration was expressed per kg wet or dry weight albeit water content changed with age. The changes in Ca concentration of parotid paralleled the age-associated increases in amylase activity of parotid gland. Amylase activity of submandibular gland was much less than that of parotid and similarly low at all ages examined, and did not parallel the age-associated increases in Ca concentration. The regulatory role of the sympathetic innervation on glandular Ca concentration was examined by effecting surgical denervation of parotid and submandibular glands at 8 days of age, and then determining Ca concentration of the denervated glands at 32 days. A three-fold increase in Ca concentration, similar to that following acute sympathectomy in adults, occurred in submandibular gland but no change was seen in parotid. An unexpectedly high concentration of Ca was also found in submandibular (but not parotid) gland of old rats.
Pharmacologic mechanisms of serotonergic regulation of dopamine neurotransmission

The neurotransmitter dopamine (DA) has a long association with normal functions such as motor control, cognition, and reward, as well as a number of syndromes including drug abuse, schizophrenia, and Parkinson's disease. Studies show that serotonin (5-HT) acts through several 5-HT receptors in the brain to modulate DA neurons in all 3 major dopaminergic pathways. There are at least fourteen 5-HT receptor subtypes, many of which have been shown to play some role in mediating 5-HT/DA interactions. Several subtypes, including the 5-HT1A, 5-HT1B, 5-HT2A, 5-HT3 and 5-HT4 receptors, act to facilitate DA release, while the 5-HT2C receptor mediates an inhibitory effect of 5-HT on DA release. Most 5-HT receptor subtypes only modulate DA release when 5-HT and/or DA neurons are stimulated, but the 5-HT2C receptor, characterized by high levels of constitutive activity, inhibits tonic as well as evoked DA release. This review summarizes the anatomical evidence for the presence of each 5-HT receptor subtype in dopaminergic regions of the brain and the neuropharmacological evidence demonstrating regulation of each DA pathway. The relevance of 5-HT receptor modulation of DA systems to the development of therapeutics used to treat schizophrenia, depression, and drug abuse is discussed. Lastly, areas are highlighted in which future research would be maximally beneficial to the treatment of these disorders.
Audio detection algorithms in combat simulation

A modification of a Janus combat simulation model to include the Tactical Unmanned Ground Vehicle (TUGV) for sound acquisition is presented. The sound algorithm is evaluated in various scenarios using the TUGV.
Insights into students, practice and self through engaging as learners in our own classrooms

We conducted this collaborative self-study to explore the consequences of completing course assignments which were required of our respective students. Students had communicated that these particular assignments were daunting or anxiety-inducing. We placed ourselves in the position of learners with the intended purpose of coming to more fully appreciate and understand our students’ experiences. Data sources included our shared researcher journals and correspondence as well as student responses collected through discussion and anonymous written reflections. By using ourselves as primary examples, we endeavored to demonstrate the process of critical reflection, lessen student anxiety about experiences they view as uncomfortable, promote the co-construction of knowledge, model the teacher-researcher perspective, and improve our collective professional practice. This study has significance for other teacher educators, many of whom might require students to engage in tasks they have not done themselves or whic...
Effect of local enlargement on the trapped modes of infinite or semi-infinite membrane strips

Abstract The vibration of infinite or semi-infinite membrane strip with a local enlargement is studied. An efficient domain decomposition and matching method is used to accurately solve the governing Helmholtz equation. Due to the enlargement, the fundamental frequency is decreased considerably and the corresponding vibration mode is effectively localized near the junction. The results are particularly significant to quantum waveguides.
DIRECT ROLE OF VITAMIN K DERIVATIVE IN FIBRIN FORMATION.

IN previous communications1,2, a potent clotting factor other than thrombin was reported to be present in aqueous fibrin extracts. It was shown to be a glucuronide and to contain calcium, probably combined as calcium glucuronidate. The rest of the molecule remained unidentified. A suggestion was made that it might be related to vitamin D2; however, extracts proved to be ineffective in curing rickets in rats raised on a diet free of vitamin D. Attention was then directed to vitamin K, since vitamins K1 and K3 (menadione) were found to be excreted in urine partly as diglucuronides of menadione3. Ultra-violet absorption of diluted clotting factor preparations gave a spectrum almost identical with that of 1,4-naphthohydroquinone diacetate, the only compound available for comparison, with a maximum at 280 mµ for the former and 284 mµ for the latter and a minimum at 250 mµ for both.
Nonenzymatic Browning in Aseptically Packaged Orange Drinks: Effect of Ascorbic Acid, Amino Acids and Oxygen

Nonenzymatic browning of single strength orange juice and synthetic orange drinks containing 10% (v/v) orange juice has been studied under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. The juice and drinks were aseptically packaged into two types of flexible film (retort pouch and polyethylene Whirl-Park) and stored at 20 wk at 24°C. Ascorbic acid retention was affected by the processing itself, the concentration of added amino acids, and by the packaging material. The effect of amino acids on browning was found to be linear with concentration and was more pronounced in the presence of high levels of ascorbic acid.
Electrochemical Polymerization of Pyrrole Derivatives

Abstract Electrochemical copolymerization of pyrrole and 3-(6-ferrocenyl-6-hydroxyhexyl)pyrrole (P-Fc) yields a ferrocene functionalized polypyrrole with a controlled amount of ferrocene functionalization. Similarly, copolymers of pyrrole and 3-(4-(2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)butyl)pyrrole (P-MP) can be made by electrochemical polymerization and converted to the copolymers containing pH dependent electroactive hydroquinone moieties.
Correlations and dissociations between BOLD signal and P300 amplitude in an auditory oddball task: a parametric approach to combining fMRI and ERP.

A parametric method is proposed to examine the relationship between neuronal activity, measured with event related potentials (ERPs), and the hemodynamic response, observed with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), during an auditory oddball paradigm. After verifying that the amplitude of the evoked response P300 increases as the probability of oddball target presentation decreases, we explored the corresponding effect of target frequency on the fMRI signal. We predicted and confirmed that some regions that showed activation changes following each oddball are affected by the rate of presentation of the oddballs, or the probability of an oddball target. We postulated that those regions that increased activation with decreasing probability might be responsible for the corresponding changes in the P300 amplitude. fMRI regions that correlated with the amplitude of the P300 wave were supramarginal gyri, thalamus, insula and right medial frontal gyrus, and are presumably sources of the P300 wave. Other regions, such as anterior and posterior cingulate cortex, were activated during the oddball paradigm but their fMRI signal changes were not correlated with the P300 amplitudes. This study thus shows how combining fMRI and ERP in a parametric design identifies task-relevant sources of activity and allows separation of regions that have different response properties.
Tau proteins-enhanced Ca2+/calmodulin (CaM)-dependent phosphorylation by the brain supernatant of diisopropyl phosphorofluoridate (DFP)-treated hen: tau mutants indicate phosphorylation of more amino acids in tau by CaM kinase II.

Diisopropyl phosphorofluoridate (DFP) produces organophosphorus ester-induced delayed neurotoxicity (OPIDN) in hen, human, and other sensitive species. A single dose of DFP (1.7 mg/kg, s.c.) produces mild ataxia in 7-14 days in hens, followed by progression to severe ataxia or paralysis. We studied the effect of DFP administration on Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent phosphorylation of tau proteins by the brain supernatants of control and DFP-treated hens. Brain supernatants from DFP-treated hens showed enhanced in vitro phosphorylation of htau40 and its various mutants, but no change in the two-dimensional phosphopeptide pattern, when compared to control hen brain supernatants. Analysis of tau mutants phosphorylated by brain supernatant and recombinant CaM kinase II alpha-subunit showed that (1) brain supernatant CaM kinase II is mainly responsible for the phosphorylation of Ser416, (2) Ser356, but probably not Ser262, is phosphorylated by CaM kinase II, (3) no amino acid between Lys395-Ala437 except Ser416 is phosphorylated by CaM kinase II, (4) a number of amino acids in the tau molecule, which are phosphorylated by the brain supernatant in the absence of Ca2+/calmodulin are also mildly phosphorylated by CaM kinase II. The enhanced Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent phosphorylation of tau proteins by brain supernatant of DFP-treated hens that includes phosphorylation of a number of amino acids is likely to alter the functional properties of tau proteins in OPIDN. The hyperphosphorylated tau may destabilize microtubules, alter axonal transport, and result in degeneration of axons in OPIDN.
Enhancing visible light photo-oxidation of water with TiO2 nanowire arrays via cotreatment with H2 and NH3: synergistic effects between Ti3+ and N.

We report a synergistic effect involving hydrogenation and nitridation cotreatment of TiO2 nanowire (NW) arrays that improves the water photo-oxidation performance under visible light illumination. The visible light (>420 nm) photocurrent of the cotreated TiO2 is 0.16 mA/cm2 and accounts for 41% of the total photocurrent under simulated AM 1.5 G illumination. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy reveals that the concentration of Ti3+ species in the bulk of the TiO2 following hydrogenation and nitridation cotreatment is significantly higher than that of the sample treated solely with ammonia. It is believed that the interaction between the N-dopant and Ti3+ is the key to the extension of the active spectrum and the superior visible light water photo-oxidation activity of the hydrogenation and nitridation cotreated TiO2 NW arrays.
Coherent multidimensional vibrational spectroscopy of representative N-alkanes.

Mixed frequency/time domain, two color triply vibrationally enhanced (TRIVE) four wave mixing (FWM) spectroscopy is used to study the methyl and methylene modes in octane and dotriacontane. The experiments involve scanning different combinations of the two excitation frequencies, the monochromator frequency, and the two time delays between the three excitation pulses while the remaining variables are fixed. Two dimensional spectra of the methyl and methylene stretching region have weak, asymmetrical diagonal- and cross-peaks when the excitation pulses are temporally overlapped. As the time delays change, the spectra change as new peaks appear and their peak intensity and position change. Combined two-dimensional scans of the excitation frequency and time delay show the changes are caused by relaxation of the initially excited populations to other states that are coupled to the methyl and methylene stretching modes. Two dimensional time delay scans show that the coherence dephasing rates are very fast so f...
Monolayer Nitrogen-Atom Distributions in Ultrathin Gate Dielectrics by Low-Temperature Low-Thermal-Budget Processing

The research reported in this paper is based on an approach to low-temperature/low-thermal budget device fabrication that combines plasma and rapid thermal processing, and which has been customized to control separately i) the N-atom bonding chemistry and composition profiles, and ii) the structural and chemical relaxations in stacked gate structures. Control of N-atom incorporation at the monolayer level at the crystalline- and polycrystalline-Si interfaces, and at alloy levels within the bulk dielectrics has been achieved by combining low-temperature (~300° C) plasma-assisted processes to generate the N-atom concentration profiles, with low-thermal-budget rapid thermal annealing (RTA) to promote chemical and structural relaxations that minimize defects and defect precursors. Device measurements indicate that N-atom incorporation improves reliability with respect to hot carrier degradation of field effect transistors.
The limits of genetic influence: a behavior-genetic analysis of infant-caregiver relationship quality and temperament.

This report presents data on 9-month-old twin pairs (nMZ=172; nDZ=333) from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study, demonstrating that the role of genetic variation among infants is trivial and the shared and nonshared environment is substantial in accounting for the observed quality of infant–caregiver relationships. In contrast, maternal reports of temperament were best accounted for by genetic variation and nonshared environmental influences. Interestingly, however, shared environmental effects were documented for observations of temperament. Consistent with a growing database, the current study calls into question the ubiquity of heritability effects in all domains of psychological inquiry. It also bolsters consensus in the field of developmental psychology that shared environmental effects are not as elusive as had once been thought.
Peritoneal clearances in scleroderma and diabetes mellitus: Effects of intraperitoneal isoproterenol

Reduced peritoneal clearances of creatinine and urate were demonstrated repeatedly in a patient with scleroderma and a patient with diabetes mellitus. Urea clearances were not significantly different from usual values. The findings suggest decreased peritoneal membrane permeability and/or area (if urea clearance is flow limited). Clearances increased to usual values with intraperitoneal isoproterenol in the patient with diabetes. There was no effect of isoproterenol in the patient with scleroderma.
Addition of Solids and Sweeteners in Toddler Bottles and Sippy Cups

Serving cereal and other foods by baby bottle is a common infant feeding practice, yet little research explores how this practice may continue beyond the first year of life or following transition from the bottle to sippy cups. This article describes the addition of solids and sweeteners into bottles and sippy cups of milk, formula, or nondairy milk among children aged 1 to 2 years in an urban Women, Infants, and Children clinic. This observational study recruited n = 299 low-income nutrition program clients whose 12-month-olds consumed ≥2 nonwater bottles per day. Dietary recall data were extracted for the 3105 servings of milk, formula, or nondairy milk in bottles or sippy cups and analyzed for vessel, content, addition of solids or sweeteners (eg, cereals or syrups), calories, and added grams of sugar. Sixty-one percent of children had a solid or sweetener added to their beverage at least once. Solids or sweeteners were added to 38% of baby bottles and 21% of sippy cups. Presence of solids and sweetene...
Single versus double-gloving for obstetric and gynecologic procedures

Objective The purpose of this study was to compare the relative frequency of glove perforations in double-glove versus single-glove sets. Study Design In this prospective cohort study, surgeons single or double-gloved for pelvic surgery procedures at their own discretion. Gloves were collected at the end of each procedure and evaluated for perforations. Results We tested 1000 sets of gloves: 675 double-glove sets and 325 single-glove sets. The highest rate of perforation (19%) occurred during major gynecologic procedures. Surgical nurses were the most likely member of the surgical team to sustain a glove injury. There was no significant difference in the total perforation rate between double and single glove sets (10% vs 11%). However, there was a significantly greater potential for blood-skin exposure in the single glove sets. Eleven percent of single glove sets contained a perforation, whereas only 2% of double glove sets contained a corresponding defect in the inner and outer gloves (P Conclusion Surgeons should double-glove for all pelvic surgery procedures.
Toward a universal semantic classification of polysemic verbs

Abstract Polysemous verbs — such as get, make, put, set, take, turn — present difficulties in understanding and, therefore, in translating. Unfortunately, bilingual or monolingual dictionaries are generally not very helpful because they list various synonymous words or expressions in an apparent mixture of meanings. A common classification in nine categories is proposed here. Each category is defined in terms of two primary semantic features, one selected out of [ + stative], [ +dynamic / +causative], [ + dynamic/‐causative] and one out of [ + essive], [ +possessive], [ +performing].
An Extensible Centre-Control Routing Protocol in MANET

Mobile Ad hoc networks have no support infrastructure and show a highly dynamic character. Due to its mobility, multi-hop communication, energy limitation and uncertainty of wireless communication, data transmission in network, namely routing, becomes a key problem to be solved. Most existing routing protocols based on topology information have a weak extensibility and a bad support to QoS. To solve this problem, a new Centre-Control routing protocol with better extensibility is proposed in our study of Ad hoc networking. Simulations and related analyses show that this protocol has a good extensibility and high delivery rate of packet in large-scale Ad hoc network, and presents a useful means to support QoS routing in Ad hoc network.
The Current Practice of Child and Adolescent Partial Hospitalization: Results of a National Survey

ABSTRACT Objective In 1992, the American Association for Partial Hospitalization initiated a national survey of partial hospitalization providers to investigate their present status (programming, staffing, and pricing), to track market trends, and to improve advocacy for appropriate utilization and reimbursement. Method Instrument development and field testing preceded widespread distribution of the survey. From survey data, a description of child and adolescent partial hospital services based on statistical averages is reported as are analyses of program differences by length of stay and for-profit/not-for-profit status. Results Of the 580 programs responding, 95 indicated that at least 50% of their patient population consisted of children and adolescents. Descriptive statistics on this subsample suggest continued variability in child and adolescent partial hospital programming. Program differences in referral and discharge patterns, population and programming, and utilization and funding patterns based on length of stay and profit status are presented. Conclusions The pattern of significant program differences between acute-care and long-term child and adolescent partial hospital programs and for-profit/not-for-profit programs (along with the absence of for-profit programs treating children and adolescents in long-term programs) points to an evolving system of care.
Obese individuals show blunted striatal response to food: Relation moderated by DRD2 gene

As dopamine D2 receptor density in the striatum is inversely related to BMI among obese humans and obese rats have lower basal dopamine levels and reduced D2 receptor expression, it has been proposed that people with hypofunctioning reward circuitry overeat to boost a sluggish reward system.We conducted four fMRI studies that tested whether obese humans would show blunted activation of the striatum in response to food. In all studies, obese humans showed reduced activation of the striatum in response to receipt of chocolate milkshake and BMI was inversely related to activation in the striatum. As humans with an A1 allele of the Taq1 A1 DRD2 gene have 30–40% fewer D2 receptors than those without an A1 allele, we next tested whether the relation between obesity and blunted striatal response would be amplified in those with the A1 allele because they have reduced dopamine signaling capacity: the inverse relation of BMI to blunted striatal response to food receipt was amplified in those with the A1 allele. Finally, we tested whether humanswith a blunted striatal response to food intake are at increased risk for futureweight gain andwhether the presence of the A1 allele of the DRD2 gene amplified this relation: the blunted striatal response predict futureweight gain over a 1-year follow-up period, but only for those with the A1 allele. Findings collectively suggest that hypofunctioning food reward circuitry increases risk for obesity. doi:10.1016/j.appet.2008.04.233
Improving the metaphysical argument against free will

Galen Strawson and Saul Smilansky have offered a well-known argument that free will does not exist because the control involved is so robust that it would require influence over an infinite series of prior decisions. (Strawson 1986, 1994, 2002, Smilansky 2000, 2002) Unfortunately, while this metaphysical argument has attracted widespread attention, it has garnered few adherents. Thus, in order to improve the metaphysical argument against free will, I offer a new interpretation of the argument, its fundamental principle, and its relationship to incompatibilism. I demonstrate that the central principle of the argument is just as defensible as the central principle of one of the major arguments for incompatibilism (namely, Robert Kane\'s argument from ‘ultimate responsibility\' in Kane 1996). Therefore, the metaphysical argument against free will deserves much more respect than it currently receives.
Ethanol oxidation by isolated hepatocytes from ethanol-treated and control rats; factors contributing to the metabolic adaptation after chronic ethanol consumption.

Chronic consumption of ethanol by rats produced a fatty liver and resulted in a pronounced increase in the rate of ethanol oxidation by isolated hepatocytes. Despite the increase in ethanol oxidation, oxygen consumption with several substrates was not enhanced after chronic ethanol treatment. Ouabain, an inhibitor of the (Na+ + K+ )-ATPase activity, did not abolish the increase in the rate of ethanol oxidation. About 40–50 per cent of the increase in ethanol oxidation persisted after inhibition of alcohol dehydrogenase, mitochondrial oxygen consumption or the malate-aspartate shuttle. The addition of substrates for the malate-aspartate shuttle slightly increased the rate of ethanol oxidation in hepatocytes from control and ethanol-treated animals. The increased rate of ethanol oxidation was not abolished by the uncoupling agent dinitrophenol. which by itself had little effect on ethanol oxidation. In the presence of aspartate or α-glycerophosphate, dinitrophenol augmented the rate of ethanol oxidation; in the presence of glutamate, the rate of ethanol oxidation was doubled by dinitrophenol. However, the higher rate of ethanol oxidation after ethanol consumption was still found in the presence of various combinations of substrate shuttles, with or without dinitrophenol. Pathways independent of alcohol dehydrogenase may contribute, at least in part, to the increase in ethanol oxidation found after chronic ethanol consumption. It is concluded that ethanol oxidation may be enhanced after chronic ethanol consumption without the estabishment of a hypermetabolic state of the liver.
Using differential evolution to optimize 'learning from signals' and enhance network security

Computer and communication network attacks are commonly orchestrated through Wireless Access Points (WAPs). This paper summarizes proof-of-concept research activity aimed at developing a physical layer Radio Frequency (RF) air monitoring capability to limit unauthorized WAP access and improve network security. This is done using Differential Evolution (DE) to optimize the performance of a "Learning from Signals" (LFS) classifier implemented with RF "Distinct Native Attribute" (RF-DNA) fingerprints. Performance of the resultant DE-optimized LFS classifier is demonstrated using 802.11a WiFi devices under the most challenging conditions of intra-manufacturer classification, i.e., using emissions of like-model devices that only differ in serial number. Using identical classifier input features, performance of the DE-optimized LFS classifier is assessed relative to a Multiple Discriminant Analysis / Maximum Likelihood (MDA/ML) classifier that has been used for previous demonstrations. The comparative assessment is made using both Time Domain (TD) and Spectral Domain (SD) fingerprint features. For all combinations of classifier type, feature type, and signal-to-noise ratio considered, results show that the DE-optimized LFS classifier with TD features is superior and provides up to 20% improvement in classification accuracy with proper selection of DE parameters.
How groups learn, continuously

This article examines how groups learn, conditions that affect learning, and interventions to improve the learning process. Adaptive group learning is reacting almost automatically to stimuli to make minor changes in process and outcome. Generative group learning is proactive learning for mastery. Transformative group learning is reconstructing meaning and fundamentally changing the way the group operates. Pressures and opportunities in the environment and group readiness stimulate and support these different types of learning. Group leaders, members, and human resource professionals who facilitate, coach, and provide resources for development can apply this knowledge to diagnose group conditions and encourage continuous learning. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Nanolayered polymer diffusive spectral filters

Layer-multiplying coextrusion is a manufacturing technology capable of producing composite nanolayered opticalpolymer films having precisely controlled refractive-index distributions. This technology can be applied to the fabrication of spectral filters based on a variation of the Christiansen filter. The basic idea is to produce an optical component consisting of alternating films of two distinct polymer materials in optical contact, with textured interfaces between adjacent films. By designing the two materials to have refractive indices that are matched at a specific wavelength, such a component can produce significant light scattering for wavelengths far from the index-matched wavelength, with negligible scattering for wavelengths sufficiently close to that wavelength. We discuss the theory and characteristics of this new type of advanced spectral filter, present a number of potential applications, and provide design examples.
Regulating the levels of key factors in cell cycle and DNA repair: new pathways revealed by lamins.

Spatial and temporal organization of the genome represents an additional step in the regulation of nuclear functions. The nuclear lamina, a polymeric meshwork formed by lamins (A/C and B type) and lamin-associated proteins, plays a key role in the maintenance of genome localization, structure and function. Specifically, mutations in the LMNA gene encoding lamins A/C or changes in its expression, either upregulation or silencing, are associated with defects in DNA replication, transcription and repair, as well as alterations in epigenetic modifications of chromatin. These data, together with the fact that defects in A-type lamins are associated with a whole variety of degenerative disorders, premature aging syndromes and cancer, support the notion that these proteins operate as caretakers of the genome. However, our understanding of their functions is limited due to the lack of well-defined mechanisms behind the genomic instability observed in lamin-related diseases. Here, we summarize our recent discovery...
The transverse coherence function at NORSAR over a wide range of separations

We have used data from the 80-km-diameter NORSAR array and the 3-km-diameter NORESS array to determine the Transverse Coherence Function (TCF) of arrival time for spatial separations ranging from a few hundred meters to 80 km. To accomplish our objective, we have devised a method to combine data from arrays of different aperture. The procedure is based on information about rms fluctuations and rms tilts on each array. Synthetic fluctuation fields with different statistical properties were generated to test the combination method. Our results for the TCF from NORSAR and NORESS are in reasonable agreement with the predictions of the Flatte-Wu model of heterogeneities under NORSAR.
Discrimination between cancers and benign breast lesions by ultrasound disparity mapping

Described are quantitative results of an ultrasound imaging method for discrimination between breast cancers and benign lesions. The procedure, called disparity mapping, may provide better medicine at lower cost. 27 in vivo samples were obtained from the Radiology Dept., Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, of which 12 were cancers or were suspicious of being cancers and 15 were benign. Zero errors resulted from the procedure described herein. Undue optimism is unwarranted because of the small sample size, particularly of the cancers, and because the test was not blind. Because DM appears to react to elastic surface characteristics of lesions it also has the potential to disclose sites of active growth on cancerous lesions. This information, prior to surgery, would be valuable to the surgeon in planning the procedure.
Storing and searching a multikey table

We describe an implicit data structure for n multikey records that supports searching for a record, under any key, in the asymptotically optimal search time O(log n). This improves on [Mun87] in which Munro describes an implicit data structure for the problem of storing n k-key records so that search on any key can be performed in O(logkn(log log n)k-1) comparisons. The theoretical tools we develop also yield practical schemes that either halve the number of memory references over obvious solutions to the non-implicit version of the problem, or alternatively reduce the number of pointers involved significantly.
Late-life depression: evidence-based treatment and promising new directions for research and clinical practice.

As the population ages, successive cohorts of older adults will experience depressive disorders. Late-life depression (LLD) carries additional risk for suicide, medical comorbidity, disability, and family caregiving burden. Although response and remission rates to pharmacotherapy and electroconvulsive therapy are comparable with those in midlife depression, relapse rates are higher, underscoring the challenge to achieve and maintain wellness. This article reviews the evidence base for LLD treatment options and provides an analysis of treatment options for difficult-to-treat LLD variants (eg, psychotic depression, vascular depression). Treatment algorithms are also reviewed based on predictors of response and promising novel treatment options. Language: en
Effects of system configuration and operating condition on MCFC system efficiency

A process simulation model of an externally reformed molten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC) system is used to analyze quantitatively parametric effects on system efficiency. In order to verify the MCFC process simulation model, a 25 kW system is analyzed on the basis of experimental data and its calculated efficiency is found to be reasonable. The overall system efficiency of a high-temperature fuel cell system, especially a MCFC, cannot be increased without proper thermal integration between the heat recovery units and without additional power from auxiliary power generation units such as turbines. The results of the simulation show that the configuration of the unit operators in a given system has a great effect on system efficiency, while system size and operating conditions have slightly less effects. Based on the system configuration, the optimal operating conditions (including fuel, oxidant utilization, and recycle ratio) can be specified to maximize the system efficiency.
Alternative mRNA splicing: the Shaker gene

*Department of Molecular Biolo~ and tDivision of Preclinical Neuroscience and Endocrinolo~, Research Institute of SC~S Clinic, 106r;6 N. Torrey Pines Road La ]olla, CA 92037, USA. One of the surprising findings from the past decade of molecular biology researchis that a single gene can give rise to more than one mature mRNA via the process of alternative mRNA splicing. This phenomenon occurs in a substantial proportion of genes: for example, of known genes expressed predominantly in the nervous system, some 30% utilize alternative splicing. Most alternative splicing events af- fect the region of the mRNA that encodes protein, thus one biolo~cal rationale for this process is apparent: the alternative mRNAs encode pro- teins that share many characteristics with each other but differ in those properties harbored by the alter- natively ceded regions. Thus, the alternative protein products of a gene represent a protein family. Potassium channels The functional significance of al- ternative splicing is made extremely evident in molecular studies of voltage-gated potassium channels. Action potentials are initiated by depolarizations of the axon mem- brane that activate an inward Na + conductance. Action potentials are self-limiting in that, as membranes become depolarized, the conduc- tance to outward flow of K + also increases, thereby restoring, after 0.2-0.5ms, the membrane potential and the resting ,;alue of the Na + conductance. Several K + channels mediate membrane repolarization and these have been found to vary in their electrophysiological proper- ties, specifically in the rates at which they cause repolarization. Because the duration of depolarization at nerve terminals determines the amount of transmitter released, the type of K + channel expressed at a particular terminal may specify the strength of its synaptic interaction. To understand the variation in the electrophysiological properties of K + channels, it was essential to under- stand the biochemical nature of the different channel types. However, at the time there was neither antibody nor protein sequence information available to use in the construction of molec-l~r probes for cDNA doning. Instead, the characterization of K + channels was initiated by analysis of the Shaker (Sh) gene of Drosophila ~hu~aster and offers an example of how one may proceed from a gene to a description of its products. Sbakerflies Drosophila Sb mutants were initi- ally identified because, after ether anesthesia, the legs of mutant flies shook. The mutants exhibit an al- tered K + current identified as the A- current (Ia). The altered current was associated with prolonged action potentials and increased neurotrans-
Immunireactive evidence of beta-endorphin and methionine-enkephalin-arg-gly-leu in human tooth pulp

Abstract For the first time, β-endorphin-like immunoreactivity (BELI) has been measured in human tooth pulp. Separation of peptides from pulp tissue was achieved by acid extraction followed by chromatographic separation through a Sep-Pak disposable cartridge. Reversed phase high performance liquid chromatographic (RP-HPLC) was performed on the peptide-rich fractions for further peptide separation. Radioreceptorassay (RRA) data of the HPLC fractions was used to construct a profile of opioid-reciptoractive peptides. Radioimmunoassay (RIA) data provided further information. Following acute mechanical stress, a monotonic decrease in BELI concentrations was evident according to a four bicuspid extraction order.
Patient reminder systems and asthma medication adherence: a systematic review.

AbstractObjective: One of the most common reasons for medication non-adherence for asthma patients is forgetfulness. Daily medication reminder system interventions in the form of text messages, automated phone calls and audiovisual reminder devices can potentially address this problem. The aim of this review was to assess the effectiveness of reminder systems on patient daily asthma medication adherence. Methods: We conducted a systematic review of the literature to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs) which assessed the effect of reminder systems on daily asthma medication adherence. We searched all English-language articles in Pub Med (MEDLINE), CINAHL, EMBASE, PsychINFO and the Cochrane Library through May 2013. We abstracted data on the year of study publication, location, inclusion and exclusion criteria, patient characteristics, reminder system characteristics, effect on patient adherence rate and other outcomes measured. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the characteristics and ...
Prognostic value of dobutamine echocardiography in patients with left ventricular dysfunction.

Objectives. This study sought to establish the prognostic implications of ischemic and viable myocardium identified by dobutamine echocardiography in patients with left ventricular dysfunction. Background. Recent studies have suggested that in patients with viable myocardium identified by positron emission tomography, medical treatment is associated with recurrent cardiac events. Dobutamine echocardiography has been used to identify viable myocardium in patients with left ventricular dysfunction, but the prognostic significance of this test is undefined. Methods. One hundred thirty-six consecutive patients (mean [±SD] age 67 ± 7.9 years; 104 men) with moderate or severe left ventricular dysfunction (left ventricular ejection fraction 30 ± 5%) undergoing dobutamine echocardiography were included in the study. Dobutamine was administered using a standard incremental protocol (5 to 40 μg/kg body weight per min intravenously in 3-min stages) with additional atropine (1 mg intravenously) as required. Standard body weight echocardiographic views were digitized on-line and compared using a side-by-side display. Viable myocardium was identified by enhancement of regional function at low dose ( Results. No significant complications occurred during dobutamine echocardiography. Viable myocardium was detected in 26 patients (19%), ischemia in 23 (17%), both viability and ischemia in 13 (10%) and scar in 74 (54%). Of 108 patients treated medically, 46 had viable or ischemic myocardium, and 62 had scar only. There were no significant differences in age or other clinical characteristics, stress response, left ventricular dimensions and ejection fraction between the two groups. Cardiac events occurred in 26 medically treated patients (24%): 18 died of cardiac-related causes; 4 had a nonfatal myocardial infarction; and 4 had late revascularization because of unstable angina. The event rate was greater in patients with viable or ischemic myocardium than those with scar (43% vs. 8%, p = 0.01 by log-rank test). In a Cox regression model, the presence of viable or ischemic myocardium was found to predict subsequent events (relative risk 3.51, p = 0.02) independently of ejection fraction and age. Conclusions. Viable or ischemic myocardium detected at dobutamine echocardiography in patients with left ventricular dysfunction is associated with an adverse prognosis, independent of age and ejection fraction.
Anthropometric and laboratory assessment of very low birth weight infants: the most helpful measurements and why.

Very low birth weight (VLBW; ≤1500 g), preterm infants have numerous physiological and developmental concerns, including growth and the provision of adequate nutrients to sustain growth. Growth is an important health care outcome measure for VLBW infants. Provision of energy and nutrients at levels to support growth and development is the goal of nutrition support for VLBW infants. Anthropometry and laboratory data are useful components of growth and nutrition assessment. The objectives of this paper are to describe: 1) the clinical application and interpretation of anthropometric measures of growth, and 2) the utilization and interpretation of laboratory tests of nutritional status in VLBW infants.
Europium sulfide nanoparticles in the sub-2 nm size regime

Abstract We demonstrate a synthesis procedure for EuS nanoparticles, which involves the thermolysis of a molecular single-source precursor, europium diethyldithiocarbamate complexed with 1,10-phenanthroline. This technique provides substantial control over the synthesis of EuS nanoparticles within the sub-2 nm size regime. The thermolysis procedure of a single-source EuS precursor was studied by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and derivative thermogravimettric analysis (DTG). The particle size and crystallinity were characterized by aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM). This thermolysis procedure can be adapted to accommodate other lanthanide-based precursors to yield a variety of lanthanide chalcogenide nanomaterials.
Diversity of the Unionidae in the Rocky River, Ohio

ABSTRACT We surveyed the freshwater mussels (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Unionidae) of the Rocky River, Ohio, USA, a river surrounded by suburban development. The survey produced 253 live unionid specimens and 572 empty shells. Most occurred in the west branch. Species living in the West Branch Rocky River included Anodontoides ferussacianus, Elliptio dilatata, Lampsilis cardium, Lampsilis radiata luteola, Lasmigona compressa, Lasmigona costata, Pyganodon grandis grandis, Strophitus undulatus undulatus, and Toxolasma parvus. Two additional species (Utterbackia imbecillis and Villosa iris iris) were represented as dead shells. Three species (Potamilis alatus, Quadrula quadrula and Leptodea fragilis) were found only near the mouth of the main stem of the river. No live mussels were found in the east branch. Although mussel diversity changed along the river, the presence of healthy mussel populations downstream of two expanding suburban areas suggests that these developments so far have minimally impacted populations.
Low urinary glucose concentration: a reliable index of urinary tract infection.

Urinary glucose concentration was measured in 96 patients aged 2 months to 12 years, with urinary tract infections, in 78 control subjects, and in 548 apparently healthy girls, aged 5 to 14 years, who were screened for asymptomatic bacteriuria. A spectophotometric method and a paper strip test were comparatively evaluated. The results obtained by the strip paper test closely agreed with those obtained spectrophotometric method and a paper strip test were comparatively evaluated. urinary glucose concentration to subnormal levels in specimens obtained under standardized conditions and in random specimens incubated for 8 hours at 37°C. before testing.
Identifying forest stand types using pollen from forest hollows

Methods of interpreting pollen assemblages in sediment were examined using surface samples from 66 small forest hollows in Michigan and Wisconsin. All canopy trees in the surrounding 50 m were meas...
Digit Ratios in Green Anolis Lizards (Anolis carolinensis)

The development of tetrapod digits is directed by the Homeobox (Hox) genes. The expression of Hox genes is influenced by exposure to endogenous sex steroids during development so that prenatal exposure to estrogens and androgens positively influences the lengths of digits 2 (2D) and 4 (4D), respectively. Because of this, Manning (2002) predicted that male tetrapods should have smaller 2D:4D than that of females because males are exposed to higher levels of androgens during development. We measured digits in green anolis lizards (Anolis carolinensis) to (a) test Manning's prediction; (b) compare our results with those of other studies of digit ratios in reptiles and birds to test the phylogenetic constraint hypothesis, which argues that the digit ratios of reptiles and birds should be more similar to each other than either taxa is to mammals because the patterns have been conserved in living diapsids; and (c) compare our results with those of another study of digit ratio in anoles (Chang et al., 2006). We did not detect evidence of sexual dimorphism in 2D:4D. Our results did not support either Manning's prediction or the phylogenetic constraint hypothesis. Furthermore, our results did not match those found in Chang et al. (2006), suggesting that digit ratios in anolis lizards may not be reliable indicators of prenatal exposure to hormones.
Protection against myocardial ischemia and reperfusion injury by 3-aminobenzamide, an inhibitor of poly (ADP-ribose) synthetase

Objective: Peroxynitrite and hydroxyl radical, reactive oxidants produced during reperfusion, are potent triggers of DNA single strand breakage. DNA injury triggers the activation of the nuclear enzyme poly (ADP-ribose) synthetase (PARS), which contributes to cellular energetic depletion. Using 3-aminobenzamide, an inhibitor of PARS, we investigated the role of PARS in the pathogenesis of myocardial reperfusion injury in a rat model. Methods and results: Occlusion of the left main coronary artery (one hour) followed by reperfusion (one hour) in the anesthetized rat caused severe cardiac necrosis, neutrophil infiltration, and increased plasma creatine phosphokinase activity. There was significant peroxynitrite production during reperfusion, as indicated by a massive increase in nitrotyrosine in the necrotic myocardium. Reperfusion was also associated with a significant loss of myocardial ATP. In vivo administration of the PARS inhibitor 3-aminobenzamide (10 mg/kg i.v.) to rats subjected to myocardial ischemia and reperfusion, reduced myocardial infarct size and blunted the increase in plasma creatine phosphokinase activity and myeloperoxidase activity in infarcted hearts. In addition, 3-aminobenzamide partially preserved the myocardial ATP levels. In vitro, pharmacological inhibition of PARS also ameliorated peroxynitrite-induced cytotoxicity in rat cardiac myocytes and human endothelial cells. Conclusion : 3-aminobenzamide has significant protective effects in myocardial reperfusion injury. We hypothesize that activation of PARS activation plays a role in the pathophysiology of acute myocardial infarction.