cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Local Area Networks

Local-area networks (LANs) had their beginning at Xerox PARC in 1976 with the development of the Ethernet system. As Ethernet was being embraced by industry, the IEEE formed the 802 committee to standardize LAN (and later MAN) technology. The first mass-produced Ethernet systems operated with a data rate of 10 Mbps (million bits per second). Today standards and products exist for 100 and 1000 Mbps data rates with 10 Gbps in the final stages of standardization and 40 Gbps as the next target. Wireless Ethernet is also readily available. Although originally targeted to short distances, varieties of Ethernet have been developed for longer point-to-point, full-duplex connections that are competing with long-established technologies such as SONET and ATM. Finally, the use of Ethernet to the home is being addressed—the “Ethernet in the first mile” activity. Thus Ethernet is becoming ubiquitous for all varieties of networking. Keywords: Ethernet; IEEE 802.3; computer networks; local area networks; distributed computing
Criteria for validity of Rutherford scatter analyses

Abstract A previously reported computer program for analyzing helium-ion scatter spectra has been modified with new features to enhance efficiency and convenience. The modified program is used herein to show that a fairly simple but highly structured sample can exhibit a scatter spectrum with degenerate solutions. Three requirements outside the strict confines of relating a scatter spectrum to a composition matrix are proposed as a means of removing such degeneracies. These requirements are that the selected composition matrix satisfy (1) the experimental spectrum of a glancing-angle detector in addition to that of the usual backward-angle detector, (2) the principle of conservation of atoms, and (3) the principles of thermodynamics, in general, and of the thermodynamic propensities of the sample elements, in particular. When all three requirements are imposed, it appears unlikely that any degeneracy will remain.
Life cycle, epizootiology, and horizontal transmission of Amblyospora (Microspora: Amblyosporidae) in a univoltine mosquito, Aedes stimulans

Abstract Amblyospora infections in Aedes stimulans are transovarially transmitted by females infected in the previous year. Pathogen development in progeny is dimorphic and host sex dependent. In males, the pathogen invades fat body tissue and undergoes an extensive developmental sequence which kills the host and results in the formation of eight haploid spores enclosed in an accessory membrane that are not infectious to other larvae. In females, the pathogen invades host oenocytes and undergoes a simple developmental sequence which has no detrimental affect on longevity, fecundity, oviposition, or egg hatch, and results in the formation of binucleated spores that infect the ovaries and ensure transmission to the next generation. Transovarial transmission is continuous and is the major way in which these microsporidia are maintained from year to year, but is incapable of maintaining infections in breeding populations because of low transmission rates and is not sufficient to account for the types and levels of infection observed in the field. Horizontal transmission is reported for the first time. It occurs sporadically during the early stages of larval subsequently disseminated to oenocytes of adult hosts and are transovarially transmitted by females to filial host generations. This pathway of transmission provides the necessary mechanism whereby these microsporidia can reenter the mosquito population and thus perpetuate themselves.
Reliability of the Radial Arterial Pressure During Anesthesia* Is Wrist Compression a Possible Diagnostic Test?

Study objective To evaluate wrist compression as a test to identify low radial from low systemic pressure and to see if the gradient found after cardipulmonary bypass is also present whenever hand vascular resistance may decrease. Design This was a prospective study. Setting Operating room area of a university medical center. Participants (1) Forty patients undergoing coronary bypass grafting studied at discontinuation of cardiopulmonary bypass. (2) Twenty-six patients received isoflurane anesthesia before major noncardiac operations. (3) Hydraulic model: a fluid container with a tube 66-cm long, 6- to 1.8-mm internal diameter, connected at its base. Interventions Before induction of anesthesia, the radial artery was cannulated and, in the first group, the aorta or femoral arteries as well. The radial pressure was compared consecutively with and without wrist compression. In the model, the pressure was recorded simultaneously at three sites along the tube while different flows ran through its distal end. Measurements and results Overall, wrist compression increased radial (p Conclusion The systemic-radial artery pressure gradient seen at the end of cardiopulmonary bypass seems to be a phenomenon common to patients with decreased hand vascular resistance. Wrist compression decreases or abolishes the gradient in most cases. It does not produce false positives, so an increase indicates a greater aortic than radial pressure. The difference is likely to be only temporary.
The strange italian voyage of Thomas Reid: 1800-60

Thomas Reid, an important philosopher in his own time, was never really forgotten after his death. In the first half of the nineteenth century, the Scots themselves valued him above Hume, while the...
Naip5 affects host susceptibility to the intracellular pathogen Legionella pneumophila.

Abstract Background: Legionella pneumophila is a gram-negative bacterial pathogen that is the cause of Legionnaires' Disease. Legionella produces disease because it can replicate inside a specialized compartment of host macrophages. Macrophages isolated from various inbred mice exhibit large differences in permissiveness for intracellular replication of Legionella . A locus affecting this host-resistance phenotype, Lgn1 , has been mapped to chromosome 13, but the responsible gene has not been identified. Results: Here, we report that Naip5 (also known as Birc1e ) influences susceptibility to Legionella . Naip5 encodes a protein that is homologous to plant innate immunity (so-called "resistance") proteins and has been implicated in signaling pathways related to apoptosis regulation. Detailed recombination mapping and analysis of expression implicates Naip5 in the Legionella permissiveness differences among mouse strains. A bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) transgenic line expressing a nonpermissive allele of Naip5 exhibits a reduction in macrophage Legionella permissiveness. In addition, morpholino-based antisense inhibition of Naip5 causes an increase in the Legionella permissiveness of macrophages. Conclusions: We conclude that polymorphisms in Naip5 are involved in the permissiveness differences of mouse macrophages for intracellular Legionella replication. We speculate that Naip5 is a functional mammalian homolog of plant "resistance" proteins that monitor for, and initiate host response to, the presence of secreted bacterial virulence proteins.
Fluoroquinolone (Lomefloxacin) International Surveillance Trial: a report of 30 months of monitoring in vitro activity.

Abstract The antimicrobial activity and spectrum of lomefloxacin were assessed by standardized disk diffusion methods in 36 countries. More than 500,000 facultative organisms were tested during the first 30 months of a 3-year monitoring interval. Lomefloxacin demonstrated inhibition (zones ≥19 mm) of >90% of Enterobacteriaceae, >99% of Moraxella (Branhamella) catarrhalis , >98% of Haemophilus spp., and 91% of Staphylococcus aureus strains. Pseudomonas spp., especially Pseudomonas aeruginosa (18% resistance), were considered moderately susceptible, as were most strains of streptococci and enterococci. Some variation of national/regional fluoroquinolone resistance rates was observed, using lomefloxacin as an index or indicator drug, with the highest numbers of resistant strains being isolated in France. However, these data demonstrated a wide spectrum of lomefloxacin activity in all nations monitored.
An accelerated threshold-based back-projection algorithm for Compton camera image reconstruction

Purpose: Compton camera imaging (CCI) systems are currently under investigation for radiotherapy dose reconstruction and verification. The ability of such a system to provide real-time images during dose delivery will be limited by the computational speed of the image reconstruction algorithm. In this work, the authors present a fast and simple method by which to generate an initial back-projected image from acquired CCI data, suitable for use in a filtered back-projection algorithm or as a starting point for iterative reconstruction algorithms, and compare its performance to the current state of the art. Methods: Each detector event in a CCI system describes a conical surface that includes the true point of origin of the detected photon. Numerical image reconstruction algorithms require, as a first step, the back-projection of each of these conical surfaces into an image space. The algorithm presented here first generates a solution matrix for each slice of the image space by solving the intersection of the conical surface with the image plane. Each element of the solution matrix is proportional to the distance of the corresponding voxel from the true intersection curve. A threshold function was developed to extract those pixels sufficiently close to the true intersection tomore » generate a binary intersection curve. This process is repeated for each image plane for each CCI detector event, resulting in a three-dimensional back-projection image. The performance of this algorithm was tested against a marching algorithm known for speed and accuracy. Results: The threshold-based algorithm was found to be approximately four times faster than the current state of the art with minimal deficit to image quality, arising from the fact that a generically applicable threshold function cannot provide perfect results in all situations. The algorithm fails to extract a complete intersection curve in image slices near the detector surface for detector event cones having axes nearly parallel to the image plane. This effect decreases the sum of the image, thereby also affecting the mean, standard deviation, and SNR of the image. All back-projected events associated with a simulated point source intersected the voxel containing the source and the FWHM of the back-projected image was similar to that obtained from the marching method. Conclusions: The slight deficit to image quality observed with the threshold-based back-projection algorithm described here is outweighed by the 75% reduction in computation time. The implementation of this method requires the development of an optimum threshold function, which determines the overall accuracy of the method. This makes the algorithm well-suited to applications involving the reconstruction of many large images, where the time invested in threshold development is offset by the decreased image reconstruction time. Implemented in a parallel-computing environment, the threshold-based algorithm has the potential to provide real-time dose verification for radiation therapy.« less
Effect of correlated lateral geniculate nucleus firing rates on predictions for monocular eye closure versus monocular retinal inactivation.

Monocular deprivation experiments can be used to distinguish between different ideas concerning properties of cortical synaptic plasticity. Monocular deprivation by lid suture causes a rapid disconnection of the deprived eye connected to cortical neurons whereas total inactivation of the deprived eye produces much less of an ocular dominance shift. In order to understand these results one needs to know how lid suture and retinal inactivation affect neurons in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) that provide the cortical input. Recent experimental results by Linden et al. showed that monocular lid suture and monocular inactivation do not change the mean firing rates of LGN neurons but that lid suture reduces correlations between adjacent neurons whereas monocular inactivation leads to correlated firing. These, somewhat surprising, results contradict assumptions that have been made to explain the outcomes of different monocular deprivation protocols. Based on these experimental results we modify our assumptions about inputs to cortex during different deprivation protocols and show their implications when combined with different cortical plasticity rules. Using theoretical analysis, random matrix theory and simulations we show that high levels of correlations reduce the ocular dominance shift in learning rules that depend on homosynaptic depression (i.e., Bienenstock-Cooper-Munro type rules), consistent with experimental results, but have the opposite effect in rules that depend on heterosynaptic depression (i.e., Hebbian/principal component analysis type rules).
Examining Two-Way Grid Nesting for Large Eddy Simulation of the PBL Using the WRF Model

The performance of two-way nesting for large eddy simulation (LES) of PBL turbulence is investigated using the Weather Research and Forecasting model framework. A pair of LES-within-LES experiments are performed where a finer-grid LES covering a smaller horizontal domain is nested inside a coarser-grid LES covering a larger horizontal domain. Both LESs are driven under the same environmental conditions, allowed to interact with each other, and expected to behave the same statistically. The first experiment of the free-convective PBL reveals a mean temperature bias between the two LES domains, which generates a nonzero mean vertical velocity in the nest domain while the mean vertical velocity averaged over the outer domain remains zero. The problem occurs when the horizontal extent of the nest domain is too small to capture an adequate sample of energy-containing eddies; this problem can be alleviated using a nest domain that is at least 5 times the PBL depth in both x and y. The second experiment of the neutral PBL exposes a bias in the prediction of the surface stress between the two LES domains, which is found due to the grid dependence of the Smagorinsky-type subgrid-scale (SGS) model. A new two-part SGS model is developed to solve this problem.
Single-Molecule Structural Dynamics of EF-G−Ribosome Interaction during Translocation†

EF-G catalyzes translocation of mRNA and tRNAs within the ribosome during protein synthesis. Detection of structural states in the reaction sequence that are not highly populated can be facilitated by studying the process one molecule at a time. Here we present single-molecule studies of translocation showing that, for ribosomes engaged in poly(Phe) synthesis, fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) between the G' domain of EF-G and the N-terminal domain of ribosomal protein L11 occurs within two rapidly interconverting states, having FRET efficiencies of 0.3 and 0.6. The antibiotic fusidic acid increases the population of the 0.6 state, indicating that it traps the ribosome.EF-G complex in a preexisting conformation formed during translation. Only the 0.3 state is observed when poly(Phe) synthesis is prevented by omission of EF-Tu, or in studies on vacant ribosomes. These results suggest that the 0.6 state results from the conformational lability of unlocked ribosomes formed during translocation. An idling state, possibly pertinent to regulation of protein synthesis, is detected in some ribosomes in the poly(Phe) system.
The practice of sociology

This article seeks to provide a brief introduction to the sociological looking glass by focusing on some of sociology’s founding parents and offering ideas for continued engagement with economics.
Factors affecting nucleic acid extractability in plants

Abstract Factors affecting the amount and type of isotopically labelled nucleic acid extracted from peanut cotyledons by a two-phase partition system employing phenol were investigated. Nucleic acids isolated at 37° contained some degraded ribosomal RNA, while at 60° ribosomal RNA was severely degraded and DNA was completely eliminated from the aqueous extract. Changing the pH of the extraction medium over a range between 6·0–8·5 had little measurable effect on the type of nucleic acid extracted. However, addition of dupanol (sodium lauryl sulfate) to the extraction medium increased the amount of nucleic acids by 40 per cent, and the specific activity by 50 per cent; little DNA was isolated without dupanol. Differential extraction techniques involving variations in temperature, pH or dupanol gave two different samples of nucleic acid in each case. One contained most of the extractable nucleic acid while the second contained only 4–5 per cent of the total nucleic acid which was composed mostly (as judged by its relatively high specific activity) of newly synthesized ribosomal and messenger RNAs and DNA.
On the mechanism of n-butane disproportionation over platinum supported on tungstated zirconia : Isotopic labeling studies

Abstract The reactions of n-butane over platinum supported on tungstated zirconia in the presence of hydrogen were studied using isotopically labeled n-butanes and deuterium. All reaction pathways experience isotopic effects when the hydrogen flow is replaced by an equal flow of deuterium. The non-rate-limiting formation of a bimolecular intermediate appears to account for the disproportionation products. Mass spectrometric analysis of the product stream also reveals that the intramolecular 1–2 shift of the labeled primary carbon atoms is easily detected under primary-product-only reaction regimes.
1-pentyl 4,6-dihydroxy-5-nitrosopyridine-3-carboxylate: A new reagent for the determination of osmium

The reagent 1-pentyl 4,6-dihydroxy-5-nitrosopyridine-3-carboxy-late has been used to photometrically determine osmium. Several interferences are eliminated by an extraction prior to the development of the purple color formed between PDHNPC and osmium. This method is highly sensitive for osmium, the molar absorptivity for the complex being 3.4 × 104 at 550 nm. The reaction ratio is 1∶1 reagent to osmium.
The benchmark land price system and urban land use efficiency in China

China began to introduce market principles and establish price mechanism to better manage land and improve land use efficiency in the late 1980s. Since then, land markets begin to emerge. A benchmark land price system, providing guidelines for land use rights selling and transferring, was established in order to overcome lack of market data and experiences in land transaction. The benchmark prices of land use rights are determined by land use, land use density (floor-land ratio), land grades, land improvement, and tenant resettlement costs. This paper first conducts a formal analysis based on modern urban economic theory. The formal model provides a theoretical foundation in which the benchmark land price system is assessed and evaluated in terms of land use and urban development. The paper then concludes that the benchmark price system has two theoretical problems. One is associated with the fact that floor-land ratio plays an important role in land price determination whereas the theory suggests the other way around. That is, floor-land ratio depends on land prices. The other problem is that the benchmark land price system does not provide adequate room for the substitution between land and capital inputs. The substitution is a key in achieving land use efficiency in land markets and urban development process. It is concluded that the practice of the benchmark land price system is at odd with reforms that aim to introduce market principles and mechanism to guide resource uses. Therefore, it is recommended that further land policy reform should be taken.
An analysis of multinational “audit failures”

Abstract The shift toward multinational corporations has exposed the auditor to many risks not found on domestic audits, including foreign currency issues, international political risks, international economic risks, greater information asymmetry, and greater complexity. As the client base of the large accounting firms becomes more multinational, it is important to understand whether multinational risk factors are associated with “audit failures.” We identified only eight multinational audit failures (multinational client bankruptcy shortly after an unmodified audit opinion) from the period 1988–1992. An examination of these eight failures provided very little evidence that multinational risk factors played any role in the failures.
Conservation of Quasiparticles in Weakly Turbulent Plasmas

An expansion making use of the eikonal is shown to yield a solution to the equations of a general weak turbulent plasma which is weakly dependent on space and time. The method is used to derive a quasiparticle conservation equation for quasistatic perturbations of Vlasov plasmas with general equilibrium field configurations.
Improving regional soil carbon inventories: Combining the IPCC carbon inventory method with regression kriging

Abstract Regional assessments of change in soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks due to land-use change are essential for supporting policy and management decisions related to greenhouse gas emissions and mitigation through carbon sequestration in soils. We have developed an improved approach by integrating geostatistical techniques with the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) carbon inventory approach to assess the impact of no-till management and crop-residue retention on SOC changes at a regional scale. Specifically, the improved approach utilizes regression kriging (RK) to estimate reference carbon stocks for the IPCC method. In our case study, we compared the results from the RK method with a simple averaging (SA) method to derive the reference stocks as implemented in the Tier 2 IPCC approach, for a seven state area of the Midwestern United States. Using this improved method, we predict that eliminating tillage and retaining crop residues on all croplands of the study area would result in 11,735 Gg C yr − 1 sequestration for 20 years in the top 30 cm of the soil profile. Most cropland area would sequester 0.2–0.75 Mg C ha − 1 yr − 1 . However, at a few places, the predicted rate of sequestration was more than 0.75 Mg C ha − 1 yr − 1 , with an upper limit of 1.1 Mg C ha − 1 yr − 1 . The highest rates of carbon accumulation were associated with favorable environmental conditions, such as lower slope positions and cold, temperate, moist climates. Validating predicted SOC change at 18 sites with varying soil types and environmental conditions showed that the RK approach to estimate reference carbon stocks decreased global prediction errors by 45% relative to the default reference values. The increase in prediction accuracy was due to using spatially varying SOC stocks rather than simple data averaging to derive reference SOC values. The uncertainty analysis demonstrated that there was more precision in the results from the RK approach in comparison to the results from the SA approach. These results suggest that improved geostatistical approach is a promising technique for improving soil carbon inventories that utilize the IPCC method, and will provide more precise results for informing public policy and management decisions while retaining ease of application.
In situ measurement of interstellar silicon carbide in two CM chondrite meteorites

The first in situ observations of isotopically anomalous SiC are reported. The grains were found by X-ray mapping of polished sections of two chondritic meteorites, Cold Bokkeveld and Murchison. Ion microprobe measurements showed C-13 enrichments, delta C-13, from 199 to 2800 per mil, proving that the grains are indigenous. SiC grains are revealed only as isolated matrix particles, ruling out the possibility that SiC grains were brought into the solar system as inclusions in larger grains, which protected them from destruction in the solar nebula. Several of the SiC grains are cracked, suggesting that the etching treatment may result in size distributions biased toward smaller grains.
Synthesis and reactivity of palladium(II) fluoride complexes containing nitrogen-donor ligands

This article describes the synthesis, characterization, and reactivity of palladium(II) fluoride complexes containing sp2 and sp3 nitrogen-containing supporting ligands. Both cis and trans complexes of general structure (N)(N′)PdII(R)(F) (R = Ar or CH3) as well as cis-(N)2PdII(F)2 are reported. Crystallographic characterization of these molecules has allowed structural comparisons to related phosphine-ligated species. Furthermore, these studies have revealed that nitrogen-donor ligands support some of the longest and the shortest Pd–F bonds reported to date. The thermal decomposition of (N)(N′)PdII(R)(F) has also been examined, and no products of C–F bond-forming reductive elimination were obtained in any case.
The effects of time scarcity and time abundance on group performance quality and interaction process.

Abstract The present research was designed to examine the impact of temporal constraints on group interaction and performance. Thirty-six triads worked on one of two planning tasks under conditions of time scarcity, optimal time, or time abundance. Group interactions were videotaped and coded using the TEMPO system. Each group's written solution was rated on length, originality, creativity, adequacy, issue involvement, quality of presentation, optimism, and action orientation. Each proposal suggested during the interaction was rated on creativity and adequacy. Interaction process data showed that time limits were inversely related to the amount of task focus shown by groups. Performance data showed that the effects of time limits on group performance varied depending on what aspects of quality were considered. Process-performance relationships were also examined within each time condition. The findings are discussed in terms of an attentional focus model of time limits and group performance.
Characteristics of Relief Phase Holograms Recorded in Photoresists

Recording of relief phase holograms in Shipley AZ-1350 positive photoresist is investigated in this report. It is found that the use of Shipley AZ-303 developer with Shipley AZ-1350 photoresist relieves the material nonlinearity usually associated with photoresists, thereby allowing higher image readout efficiencies. The use of Shipley AZ-303 developer also provides an increase in material sensitivity. A theoretical model for positive photoresist exposure characteristics is developed and verified by empirical results. Using Shipley AZ-303 developer, a design procedure for recording useful (i.e., acceptable SNR > 25 dB, high efficiency ~3-5%, exposure sensitivity ~ a few mJ.cm(-2)) relief phase holograms in Shipley AZ-1350 positive photoresist is synthesized.
791 INGUINAL HERNIAS IN PATIENTS WITH CYTOMEGALOVIRUS INFECTION

An increased incidence of inguinal hernias has been noted in infants with congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV) infections. However the significance of this association is still poorly defined. The incidence of inguinal hernias was determined retrospectively in 67 infants and children with documented cytomegalovirus infections. A prospective study was also conducted to define the incidence of cytomegalovirus infection in 24 consecutive patients presenting for surgical repair of an inguinal hernia. The occurrence of inguinal hernias in patients with congenital or acquired cytomegalovirus infection revealed an overall incidence of 9.6% (7/67) but an 18.4% (7/38) incidence was noted among congenitally infected infants. Prospectively, cytomegalovirus infection was demonstrated in 3 of 24 (12%) infants and children with inguinal hernias. Our data, though limited,further document the association of inguinal hernias in cytomegalovirus infections.
Free vibrations of shells of revolution with variable thickness

Abstract The partition method is used to formulate a set of equations which are used to calculate the natural frequencies and mode shapes of shells of revolution with variable thickness. Several examples are given for the cylinder and the hyperboloidal cooling tower. Results indicate that moderate variations in shell thickness do not appreciably affect the natural frequencies, but may significantly affect mode shapes.
Creatin a Climate for Learning: Making the Classroom More Like an Ideal Home

Because students with the most problems rarely experience success in school, they feel they have little or no control over what happens to them. What these students Learn about themselves in school may be as important as any content knowtedge. Because the classroom fosters both personal growth and academic learning, it can enrich the lives of all students, and may give those students who have the least support outside school their only chance to build a future.
Arthur C. Guyton, MD 1919–2003

The sudden loss of Dr Arthur C. Guyton in an automobile accident on April 3, 2003 and the loss of his devoted and remarkable wife, Ruth Weigle Guyton, one week later as a result of injuries from the accident stunned and saddened all who were privileged to know them. Arthur Guyton was a giant in the fields of physiology and medicine, a leader among leaders, a master teacher, and an inspiring role model for people throughout the world.⇓ Arthur Clifton Guyton was born in Oxford, Mississippi, to Dr William (Billy) S. Guyton, an eye, ear, nose, and throat specialist and dean of the University of Mississippi Medical School, and Kate Smallwood Guyton, a math and physics teacher who had been a missionary in China before their marriage. During his formative years, he enjoyed watching his father work at the Guyton Clinic, playing chess and swapping stories with William Faulkner, and building sailboats (one of which he later sold to Faulkner) and countless mechanical and electrical devices, which he continued to do throughout his life. Arthur Guyton’s brilliance shone early. He graduated top in his class at the University of Mississippi, distinguished himself at Harvard Medical School, and began his postgraduate surgical training at Massachusetts General Hospital. His medical training was interrupted twice—once to serve in the Navy during World War II and again in 1946 when he was stricken with poliomyelitis during his final year of residency training. Suffering paralysis in his right leg, left arm, and both shoulders, he spent nine months in Warm Springs, Georgia, recuperating and applying his inventive mind to building the first motorized wheelchair controlled by a “joy stick,” motorized hoists for lifting patients, special leg braces, and other devices to aid the handicapped. For those inventions he received a Presidential Citation. He returned …
Bogomol'nyi equations in the Einstein-Yang-Mills-Higgs system.

A static configuration of point charges held together by the gravitational attraction is known to be given by the Majumdar-Papapetrou solution in the Einstein-Maxwell theory. We consider a generalization of this solution to non-Abelian monopoles of the Yang-Mills-Higgs system coupled to gravity. The coupling to gravity is unconventional and the solution appears to have naked singularities. It is governed by an analogue of the Bogomol'nyi equations that had played a central role in the analysis of non-Abelian monopoles.
What Does It Mean to Be Saved? An African Reading of Ephesians 2

Scholars have examined the vocabulary, theology, and social framework of Ephesians 2 in great detail. This article re-examines the import of its salvific message with two foci: (1) From what are people saved and (2) to what end? It examines the Greek text from an African perspective to show how certain parallel concepts, worldview, and customs in African cultures may aid our understanding of a text produced in the collectivist Greco-Roman context of the early Christians. The portrait of the pre-Christian past, the radical intervention by God, and the purpose of the salvific work of Christ becomes clear but contrary to how it was previously understood. It argues that salvation, as expressed in our text of inquiry, has both horizontal and vertical dimensions: that sin has personal, social, and spiritual dimensions, and salvation is meant to restore a broken relationship with God as well as relationships with fellow members in the multi-ethnic household of God simultaneously. Thus the division of 2.1–10 and 2.11–22 in English translations misconstrue the import of the text and engenders a view of salvation informed by the individualistic cultures of the post-enlightenment West, a view foreign to the Early Christians.
OPTIMIZATION OF TACTICAL HYPERSONIC INTERCEPT PERFORMANCE FEATURES

Abstract A performance synthesis method is developed to optimize flight operations of advanced hypersonic intercept vehicles. The control laws and guidance control method are evaluated to intercept a known penetrator in minimal time. Two cases of penetrator performance are investigated with the optimal switching point from optimal climb to intercept maneuvering defined. Evaluated are tradeoffs between control law parameters, missed distance, intercept time, and intercept guidance control range for a selected vehicle.
Distortion-free multiplexed holography in striated photorefractive media

Growth-induced striations in photorefractive media constitute phase gratings that scatter transmitted light and therefore degrade the quality of reconstructed images in holographic applications. A simple angular multiplexed holographic memory arrangement in a striated strontium barium niobate sample is considered. For forward-propagating reconstruction the striations distort the readout images and introduce ghost images. For counterpropagating readout, inhomogeneous image reconstruction and interimage cross talk can occur. We investigate these effects experimentally for different reconstruction methods and demonstrate the cross talk and the ghost images with a simple model based on coupled-wave theory. Readout with a counterpropagating plane wave eliminates the ghost images and the distortions but suffers degradation from cross talk and inhomogeneous image intensity. Only reconstruction with a phase conjugate of the transmitted reference beam eliminates cross talk and distortions. The model indicates that negligible material dispersion is a necessary requirement for high-quality phaseconjugation readout.
Correlation of spontaneous suppressor cell activity with progression of human immunodeficiency virus infection.

The immune system has been extensively evaluated in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). The central role of the T-helper (CD4) cell in the immunopathogenesis of AIDS and the immunologic markers that can predict human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease progression have been described. However, the potential influence of suppressor cells in this disease process has not been clearly addressed. Spontaneous suppressor cell activity (SSCA) was evaluated in 78 patients with documented HIV infection at different clinical stages of disease progression. Higher levels of SSCA were found in patients with clinical AIDS less than 6 months and those dying of AIDS when compared with controls. Significant elevations (p < 0.05) of SSCA were seen in patients newly diagnosed with AIDS, and those having AIDS greater than 6 months and less than one year. Patients surviving AIDS for greater than one year had depressed levels of SSCA compared to controls. Furthermore, SSCA appears to predict disease progression as p...
Direct visual inspection for cervical cancer screening.

for their report on direct visualinspection for cervical carcinoma screening. However, we ques-tion their recommendation to link visual inspection with immediateablative treatment, an experimental strategy that they refer to as‘screen and treat’.Because poor-quality cervical screening programs can do moreharm than good, and because entropy is real, cervical screeningprograms require routine audits.
THE ARBITRATION OF FIGHTING CASES

This paper reviews published arbitration awards dealing with fighting covering 1980 to 1990 as reported in the Bureau of National Affairs (BNA) and Commerce Clearing House (CCH). It attempts to show arbitral guidelines developed from the case sources. Where disagreement in approach to issues by arbitrators is noted, competing schools of thought are presented The majority of arbitrators define fighting as a physical encounter with the intent of offensively striking another person that must normally occur on company premises. For an employee to be considered acting in self‐defense s/he must have been assaulted by another employee and be of the mind that force is necessary to prevent bodily harm. Moreover, an employee acting in self defense must use only the amount of force necessary to protect himself or herself from danger. The right to discipline for off‐premises fights may be accorded to an employer when the fight is related to disagreements which have had their origins in the work place or is a continuation of a dispute occurring in the plant, or is otherwise clearly work‐related Discipline may also be issued when a supervisor is attacked away from the plant premises. A major factor leading to the mitigation of discipline can occur when both parties to a fight are determined to be equally guilty (i.e., there was no clear provocateur), but one is given a harsher penalty than the other. When assessing penalties imposed for fighting, arbitrators also take into account the length of service and/or the work record of an involved employee. The contrition or lack of contrition by one or both employees may also lead an arbitrator to modify or sustain the degree of the penalty imposed depending on the severity of the altercation. An arbitrator may reduce the degree of discipline based on management's failure to diffuse conditions leading to a fight when these are known in advance, or for inaction to break up a fight before it becomes serious.
Relationship of cognitive reserve and APOE status to the emergence of clinical symptoms in preclinical Alzheimer's disease.

The APOE e4 allele increases the risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease, whereas the APOE e2 allele reduces risk. We examined whether cognitive reserve (CR), as measured by an index consisting of education, reading, and vocabulary, modifies these associations. CR was measured at baseline in 257 cognitively normal individuals (mean age 57.2 years) who have been followed for up to 17 years (mean follow-up = 9.2 years). Cox regression models showed that CR and APOE e4 independently affected the risk of progressing from normal cognition to onset of clinical symptoms: CR reduced risk by about 50% in both e4 carriers and non-carriers, while e4 increased risk by about 150%. In contrast, APOE e2 interacted with CR, such that CR was more protective in e2 carriers than non-carriers. This suggests that individuals with an e2 genotype may disproportionately benefit from lifetime experiences that enhance cognition.
Mixing spur reduction through photonic-assisted frequency conversion

RF frequency conversion is an important function for many high frequency communications systems. A nonlinear element such as an RF mixer is often used to convert signals from high to intermediate and baseband frequencies. The linearity and bandwidth of the RF mixer are important system parameters. Linearity is usually quantified by the level of intermodulation distortion products from a two-tone test. Typical RF mixers also produce undesired spurious signals at combinations of the odd and even harmonics of the input and local oscillator signals. Since they occur at predicted frequencies, these mixing spurs may limit the spur-free dynamic range of the system, or they may require the use of multiple conversion stages or frequency bands in order to accommodate wide bandwidths. We discuss the advantage of photonic-assisted frequency conversion regarding mixing spurs, and show how the photonic approach can provide wideband frequency conversion with linearity limited almost entirely by third-order products [1].
Efficient steerable circular harmonic functions

Two-dimensional (2D) filtering and pattern matching applications often involve processing of images using a set, Sf, which includes several transformed (e.g. rotated, scaled, warped) versions of the same 2D function, f. Depending on the application, f may correspond to a filter kernel or a pattern. In general, image processing using all functions in Sf poses a computational burden. Steerability offers a solution to the problem. Specifically, each function in Sf can be exactly expressed or closely approximated by a linear combination of a few basis or steering functions. In such cases, processing images by employing steering functions and obtaining linear combinations of the associated responses may be preferable over utilizing all functions in Sf. However, employing the steering functions is still a computationally expensive process. This paper presents a method to significantly improve the computational efficiency of circular harmonic functions, which are the steering functions when rotation is the transformation of interest. The method is presented mainly in the context of image filtering, yet 2D pattern matching is also discussed. The advantages of the proposed technique in relation to other techniques are presented, and its efficiency is demonstrated in terms of execution time and number of operations. An extension of the technique to more general cases where Sf includes rotated, but also otherwise transformed versions of f, is also discussed. HighlightsVery efficient Circular Harmonic Function (CHF) steerable filter technique presented.CHF implementation several times faster than direct convolution and FFT (conditionally).Technique provides exact results as direct convolution.Comparisons presented for pattern matching, orientation analysis, and denoising.
Population variation and behavioral changes in two pagurids in association with the sea anemone Calliactistricolor (Lesueur)

Abstract Two populations of the hermit crab Pagurus pollicaris Say were behaviorally distinct in that one population (St. Joseph Bay, Florida) initially transferred significantly more sea anemones ( Calliactis tricolor (Lesueur)) to their gastropod shells than did the other population (Turkey Point, Florida). These behavioral differences correlated with observations that the more active anemone-transferring population of Pagurus pollicaris carried more sea anemones than the less active population. Both populations of P. pollicaris and one population of P. impressus (Benedict), transferred fewer Calliactis tricolor after 4 wk in an aquarium than they did the first week. The chemical presence of the cephalopod predator Octopus joubini Robson, however, increased the number of anemone transfers by both species of hermit crab. Because it is known that Calliactis anemones can provide protection from hermit crab predators, it is suggested that the behavioral differences between the two populations of Pagurus pollicaris are related to the differences in predation pressure by Octopus joubini (and perhaps other predators).
Hepatocyte insulin binding and action in rats with sommatomammotrophic tumours

The effects of chronic elevations of growth hormone levels on hepatic insulin binding and action were studied in rats with subcutaneously implanted growth hormoneproducing tumours. These animals were significantly heavier (p<0.001; 388±29 versus 239±4 g), had elevated insulin levels, (6.8±0.6 versus 3.3±0.5 ng/ml), lower glucose concentrations (6.0±0.4 versus 9.3±0.5 mmol/l) and larger hepatocyte diameters (28.7±0.6 versus 24.0±0.4 μm) and surface areas (2661±119 versus 1835±65 μm2) than control rats. Insulin binding and action [net (C14)-glucose incorporation into glycogen] were compared in hepatocytes isolated from these two groups. Because of the difference in hepatocyte size, insulin binding was normalized for cell surface area. Binding of the tracer alone (0.9±0.05 versus 1.3±0.12%/cm2) and capacity of the high affinity, low capacity receptor (30.9±5.9 versus 65.2±5.9 sites/μm2) were significantly decreased (p<0.02) in tumour-bearing rats. Dose-response curves of insulin action in hepatocytes chronically exposed to excess growth hormone were shifted to the right. The maximal response was also significantly decreased. However, the relation between the amount of insulin bound and the proportion of the maximum insulin effect obtained were similar in cells from the two groups. Thus, in rat hepatocytes chronically exposed to excess growth hormone, both a receptor and a post-receptor defect occur while the insulin receptor itself functions normally.
Effect of Na+ on Na+,K+-ATPase α-subunit expression and Na+-pump activity in aortic smooth muscle cells

In earlier studies we demonstrated that cyclical mechanical strain on vascular smooth muscle cells increases intracellular Na+ and upregulates the alpha-1 and alpha-2 isoform expression of Na+,K+-ATPase, and that the increase of intracellular Na+ and upregulation of the alpha-2 isoform expression are blocked by Gd3+, which blocks entry of ions (including Na+) through stretch-activated channels. The present study was designed to investigate the role of intracellular Na+ in Na+,K+-ATPase regulation by increasing intracellular Na+ with chronic ouabain treatment. In parallel experiments, we measured Na+,K+-ATPase alpha isoform expression, Na+-pump activity and intracellular Na+ in cultured aortic smooth muscle cells after treatment with two concentrations of ouabain for various time periods. Treatment with 100 nM ouabain resulted in a significant elevation in intracellular Na+ after 1 (21%) and 2 h (12%), but the value returned to baseline after 12 h. Both alpha-1 and alpha-2 subunits of Na+,K+-ATPase were significantly upregulated after 1 through 4 days. Na+-pump activity was also stimulated, and the time course of this effect closely followed protein expression. At 200 microM of ouabain, the effects on intracellular Na+, isoform expression and Na+-pump activity at earlier time points (1 h through 1 day) were similar to those with 100 nM treatment, but prolonged treatment (2 and 4 days) resulted in an accumulation of intracellular Na+ and inhibition of the isoform expression and Na+-pump activity, possibly due to general dysfunction of the cells as a result of chronic exposure to high concentrations of ouabain. We conclude that elevated intracellular Na+ can serve as a signal to mediate the alpha isoform upregulation and the regulatory process requires less than one day.
Female veterans seeking medical care at Veterans Affairs primary care clinics: psychiatric and medical illness burden and service use.

ABSTRACT Objective: To examine rates of medical and psychiatric disorders among 187 female veterans recruited at four Veterans Affairs Medical Centers (VAMCs), the recognition of such disorders by VAMC care providers, and the use of relevant medical and mental health services by women both within and outside of the VA setting. Methods: We used a cross-sectional, epidemiological design incorporating self-report measures, structured interviews, and chart reviews to obtain relevant information for analyses. Results: Forty-four percent (43.9%) of women met criteria for at least one psychiatric disorder; 34.0% of these women met criteria for two or more additional psychiatric diagnoses, and concordance rates between interview and chart diagnoses were low. Ninety-five percent (95.2%) of women had a medical condition noted in their charts; 86.6% had two or more additional medical conditions, and a significant number of women had both medical and psychiatric diagnoses. Forty-four percent (43.9%) of women with an ...