cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Irreversible inhibition of 3H-ouabain binding to Na+ +K+ -ATPase by digoxigenin-3,12-dibromoacetate, an alkylating derivative of digoxigenin.

Abstract Digoxigenin-3,12-dibromoacetate (DDB), an alkylating derivative of digoxigenin, was synthesized and tested as a cardiotonic steroid (CS) site directed affinity label for Na + +K + -ATPase (ATP phosphohydrolase EC 3.6.1.3). DDB inhibited rat brain Na + +K + -ATPase with an I 50 of 5 × 10 −6 M and readily displaced specifically bound 3 H-ouabain from its binding sites on Na + +K + -ATPase. If the enzyme was exposed to DDB prior to the addition of 3 H-ouabain its ability to bind 3 H-ouabain was decreased, consistent with the concept that DDB interacted irreversibly with the cardiotonic steroid binding sites of Na + +K + -ATPase. However, DDB proved to be an even more effective inhibitor of 3 H-ouabain binding under conditions where it was unlikely that it could interact with the CS binding sites of this enzyme, suggesting that DDB inhibited 3 H-ouabain binding by non-cardiotonic site directed actions. Similarly, the presence of excess strophanthidin did not protect this enzyme against irreversible inhibition by DDB. The data suggest that the presence of a bromoacetate group at the 12 position on cardiotonic steroids does not confer CS binding site directed alkylating properties on these drugs.
Religious Identity Formation Among Bangladeshi American Muslim Adolescents

Although Islam is the fastest growing religion in America, very little research has been conducted on the lived experiences of Muslim-Americans. In this pilot study, the first of its kind, the process of religious identity formation among Bangladeshi-American Muslim adolescents is explored. Sixteen participants (6 males) completed semistructured interviews, and this qualitative data was analyzed using a Grounded Theory approach. Based on the findings of this exploratory study, a preliminary understanding of religious identity formation in Bangladeshi-American Muslim adolescents is presented and discussed in detail. Our qualitative interviews uncovered the presence of two distinct groups of adolescents with respect to religious identity formation—internal seekers and external seekers. Finally, through our thematic analysis, we uncovered several factors that facilitate the formation of religious identity in this population. While this research is only preliminary, it is hoped that this research provides val...
Separation of Close Spectral Lines by the Method of Anomalous Dispersion

A column of vapor showing anomalous dispersion can be used as the dispersive element of a “spectroscope.” This provides a simple means for demonstrating the essential features of the Zeeman effect of certain elements.
Family friendly firms: does it pay to care?

Abstract In this paper we examine the returns to a portfolio of 29 firms that are perceived as family-oriented. The sample is based on firms awarded the best 100 companies for working mothers in Working Mother Magazine’s annual survey. There is much anecdotal evidence supporting the benefits of these programs, but little evidence relating family-oriented policies to shareholder wealth. We find, based on raw returns, that family-friendly firms do not earn statistically significant excess returns relative to a matched sample or to the S & P 500. Based on risk-adjusted returns, the family-friendly portfolio outperforms the market, but underperforms a matched sample portfolio.
Relationships between parenting and adolescent adjustment over time: genetic and environmental contributions

The predictive association between parenting and adolescent adjustment has been assumed to be environmental; however, genetic and environmental contributions have not been examined. This article represents one effort to examine these associations in which a genetically informative design was used. Participants were 395 families with adolescent siblings who participated in the Nonshared Environment in Adolescent Development (D. Reiss et al., 1994) project at 2 times of assessment, 3 years apart. There were 5 sibling types in 2 types of families: 63 identical twins, 75 fraternal twins, and 58 full siblings in nondivorced families and 95 full, 60 half, and 44 genetically unrelated siblings in stepfamilies. Results indicate that the cross-lagged associations between parental conflict-negativity and adolescent antisocial behavior and depressive symptoms can be explained primarily by genetic factors. These findings emphasize the need to recognize and examine the impact that adolescents have on parenting and the contribution of genetic factors to developmental change.
Oxidation of ethylene on Pd(100); bonding of ethylene and scavenging of dehydrogenation fragments by surface oxygen

Abstract The adsorption and reaction of C 2 H 4 on oxygen covered Pd(100) was studied with high resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) and temperature programmed reaction spectroscopy (TPRS). The clean Pd(100) surface at 300 K was exposed to O 2 to produce atomic oxygen in the p(2×2) structure for coverages between 0.05 and 0.25. The EELS and TPRS measurements were conducted following saturation coverage of the oxygen covered surface by C 2 H 4 at 80 K. Both the di-σ- and π-bonded forms of C 2 H 4 were stable on the surface for θ O less than 0.25. The π-bonded form desorbed without reaction between 100 and 300 K, but the di-σ-bonded form underwent dehydrogenation above 250 K. The C 2 H 4 dehydrogenation products were reactive towards atomic oxygen and produced H 2 , H 2 O, CO, CO 2 , and adsorbed C. Oxygen preadsorption inhibited C 2 H 4 Oxidation by limiting the formation of di-σ-bonded C 2 H 4 , and the fully developed p(2×2)O overlayer, corresponding to θ O = 0.25, was sufficient to block completely the reaction of ethylene. The extent of reaction decreased in a 2:1 ratio to the increase in oxygen coverage, and indicated that oxygen islands blocked C 2 H 4 dissociation. Only the π-bonded form of C 2 H 4 was stable on the surface for θ O greater than 0.25; the saturation coverage of π-bonded C 2 H 4 of 0.25 was the same as for clean Pd(100).
Models for concurrent product and process design

We propose procedures to address product design and manufacturing process configurations concurrently in environments characterized by large degrees of product proliferation. Exploiting the intrinsic flexibility of product and process design, we present two approaches that synchronize production flows through the manufacturing system. These approaches integrate product and manufacturing system design decisions with operational concerns and provide powerful means for managing production in environments characterized by a proliferation of products. Experimental results show that the proposed methods can substantially reduce manufacturing lead times, work in process (WIP), and overall system complexity.
Coasting out of Africa: The potential of mangrove forests and marine habitats to facilitate human coastal expansion via the Southern Dispersal Route

Based primarily on genetic data, it has been proposed that Homo sapiens followed a coastal ‘Southern Dispersal Route’ from Africa to Island Southeast Asia and Australia between ~100,000 and 50,000 years ago. Geographic Information System (GIS)-based modelling has suggested that humans followed coastlines and rivers through the region, with the large Indus and Ganges river deltas providing formidable barriers to human migration. Archaeological evidence for such a coastal dispersal is virtually absent in East Africa, the Arabian Peninsula, and south-central Asia, however, creating a lively debate about the potential of coastal versus interior dispersal routes. We analyze south Asian coastlines and consider the potential effects of post-glacial sea level rise on the preservation of Pleistocene coastal sites to identify areas where archaeologists might search for evidence of early human dispersals along Asia's south coast, including the Arabian Peninsula and the Indian subcontinent. We also explore the ecology of mangrove and other coastal ecosystems from East Africa to Australia, where the Indian Ocean gyre facilitates the broad dispersal of marine organisms, including biologically rich and diverse mangrove forests. The presence of similar ecosystems and species around much of the Indian Ocean margins may have facilitated the dispersal of coastal peoples. Rather than a barrier, large mangrove forests may have attracted coastal groups, whose foraging in such ecosystems could have spurred the development of the sophisticated watercraft needed to colonize the island arcs of Southeast Asia and western Melanesia. © 2015 Elsevier Ltd and INQUA. All rights reserved.
Age-related decline in striatal dopamine release and motoric function in brown Norway/Fischer 344 hybrid rats.

The Brown Norway/Fischer 344 F1 hybrid rats (F344BNF1) is a newer rat model and is emerging as an important rodent model of aging. In the present study we used motoric performance tests, intracerebral microdialysis, and neurochemical measures of postmortem brain tissue to investigate the effects of aging in young (4-5 months), middle-aged (18-19), and old (24-25 months) F344BNF1 hybrid rats. We observed that old F344BNF1 rats exhibited decreased motoric performance, and lower levels of spontaneous and d-amphetamine-induced locomotor activity than those observed in young F344BNF1 rats. Microdialysis measures of extracellular basal levels of dopamine (DA), 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), and 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenylacetic acid (HVA) were significantly diminished in the striata of the middle-aged and old rats as compared to levels in young animals. In addition, d-amphetamine-evoked overflow of DA was significantly decreased in the middle-aged and aged rat striatum as compared to DA overflow in young F344BNF1 rats. Studies of postmortem brain tissue showed that the changes in overflow of DA correlated with significantly lower DA tissue content in ventral striatum and midbrain. Moreover, both dopamine turnover ratios (DOPAC/DA, HVA/DA) and the serotonin turnover ratio (5-HIAA/5-HT) were significantly elevated in the ventral striatum and nucleus accumbens. The results of this study demonstrate a correlation between reductions in striatal DA neurochemistry and diminished motor function in aged F344BNF1 rats.
Case-based teaching in preventive medicine: rationale, development, and implementation

The importance of prevention teaching is increasingly recognized in medical education, but its implementation in medical school curricula is hampered by its cross-specialty nature, lack of curricular time, and perception as a topic of less importance than the traditional basic and clinical sciences. The Case-Based Series in Population-Oriented Prevention (C-POP) was developed to address national objectives for prevention education in a format that recognizes the students' abilities and preferences for case-based learning. This series uses small-group discussion cases that can be adapted to a variety of settings and instructor capabilities. These cases guide the learners from a specific clinical problem to the broader clinical and population-based prevention issues for the topic. The cases were developed with the use of local health department scenarios and data and have been taught and refined in a number of settings. As part of the curriculum development project, evaluation tools that examined prevention skills and orientation were developed and tested. With its emphasis on small-group learning, clinical relevance, and adaptability to a variety of learner and instructor needs, the C-POP project effectively integrates prevention concepts into medical education.
Multiscale ordination: a method for detecting pattern at several seales

Multivariate analyses of vegetation data have been restricted to a single scale of sampling, or multiscale sampling has been restricted to a single species. However, vegetation scientists need to be able to explore spatial relationships of many species over many scales. We present a modification of Noy-Meir & Anderson's (1971) method of multiscale ordination by summing two-term local covariance matrices and smoothing the component profiles. The advantages of our method are: 1) results are less subject to the starting position of the transect, 2) matrices may be added at any block size, and 3) plots of factor scores are smoothed by a moving weighted average to better reveal patterns at a prescribed scale. This procedure provides statistical associations of species over a range of scales. The scales which exhibit the association to the maximum extent are then determined from multiscale ordination. The relationships of different associations and their scales can then be examined. The application of the method to fabricated data proved successful in recovering the structure built into the data. When used on real vegetation data, from a community and a landscape, the method revealed the details of species associations over a range of scales, and of the relationships among associations.
Ground state of a spin-phonon system. II. Adiabatic limit

The phase transition for a spin in a magnetic fieldB coupled to acoustic phonons by a coupling constant α is studied. The caseB≫1 with an upper cutoff of unity for the phonons is studied systematically by using an adiabatic canonical transformation. In leading order the transition line is at γ=2α/B=1. In the normal phase (γ 1) the energy is the classical energy plus the same function of σ=1/γ2. It is found that the first derivatives of the energy with respect to α and with respect toB have finite jumps across the transition line. Quantum fluctuations in both phases are treated. Higher-order terms are a series of powers of 1/B times functions of γ. The case of a small transverse fieldB is also studied. The sharp transition disappears and is replaced by rapid variation in a region of order (B1/B)2/3 about γ=1.
Identification of an enzymatic activity that hydrolyzes protein-bound ADP-ribose in skeletal muscle.

An enzymatic activity present in high-speed supernatant fluids of rat skeletal muscle was found that catalyzes the release of ADP-ribose from ADP-ribosylated-modified lysozyme. The nature of the product was proved by chromatographic studies and proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The enzyme activity is stimulated by Mg 2+ , dithioerythritol, and flouride. These results and those published earlier (Soman, G., Mickelson, J.R., Louis, C.F., and Graves, D.J. (1984) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 120 , 973–980) show that ADP-ribosylation is a reversible process in skeletal muscle.
The properties of a rat serum protein labelled by the injection of sodium selenite.

Abstract Properties of a serum selenoprotein which was labelled after the injection of low levels of 75 SeO 3 2− to rats on a selenium-adequate diet were investigated. When serum was collected three hours after injection the label was incorporated preferentially into one major serum fraction as shown by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Binding was strong, a demonstrated by the fact that very little label was removed by dialysis against 0.60 M NaCl or 0.50 M β-mercapto-ethanol; however, 80% of the 75 Se was removed by dialysis against 0.50 M NaOH. Molecular weight studies by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel elecphoresis gave a subunit size of 49 000 under most conditions; when exposed to high concentrations of the detergent (2%) some 75 Se was associated with a protein having a molecular weight of 25 000. The native selenoprotein eluted before serum albumin on Sephadex G-150 indicating a molecular weight greater than 67 000. The selenoprotein did not coelute with glutathione peroxidase on DEAE-Sephadex A-50. The prior administration of actinomycin D and cycloheximide resulted in a reduction in incorporation of 27 Se into serum by 46% and 70%, respectively, which is consistent with the hypothesis that 75 Se is going into newly synthesized protein. The isoelectric point was determined to be 5.4; when heparin was present, the p I was lowered to 3.2. Treatment with 2 M NaCl did not dissociate the protein · heparin complex, while exposure to 0.25 M β-mercaptoethanol resulted in the dissociation of 60% of the complex. The fact that selenium is so tigthly associated with one serum protein when administered at levels that would be considered normal under most nutritional conditions suggests an important role for this protein, perhaps in the transport of this essential micronutrient throughout the body.
Passive Position-Adaptive Radar Modes for Non-LOS Interrogation of Embedded Targets

ABSTRACT A position-adaptive radar system concept is presented for purposes of interrogating difficult and obscured targets via the application of low-altitude smart or robotic-type UAV platforms. Under this concept, a high-altitude radiating platform is denoted as a HUAV and a low-altitude position-adaptive platform is denoted as a LUAV. The system concept is described by two modes. In Mode-1, real-time onboard LUAV computation of a phase parameter denoted as signal differential path length allows the LUAV to position-adaptively isolate a signal leakage point, for example, between two buildings. After the LUAV position-adaptively converges to an optimum location, the system enters Mode-2. Under this Mode-2 concept, a technique denoted as exploitation of leakage signals via path trajectory diversity (E-LS-PTD) is developed. This technique is based on modulating scattering centers on embedded objects by implementing a fast trajectory on the HUAV while the LUAV is hovering in front of an obscuration channel. Analytical results include sample outputs from an initial set numerical electromagnetic simulations. Keywords: Position-Adaptive Radar, Systems Analysis, Electromagnetic Modeling and Simulation
Processing microscope using phase-conjugate illumination generated by self-pumping in barium titanate

Abstract A processing microscope which uses a reconstructed phase-conjugate optical field has been developed. The microscope produces phase-contrast images which show gradients in phase with respect to a direction in the plane of the microscope slide. The phase conjugate of the optical field produced by passing a coherent beam through the slide passes back through the shifted slide to produce phase-contrast patterns which are viewed with a microscope. The phase conjugate is excited from a photorefractive volume phase hologram in a barium titanate crystal where it has formed by self-pumping. The microscope images are digitally processed to remove coherent artifacts.
Når omsorgsgapet skal dekkes: Islandske foreldres kjønnede omsorgsstrategier

Title: Bridging the child care gap: Icelandic parents’ gendered packaging strategiesAbstract: In the time period between 2000 and 2003 Iceland put into action what has been known as a gender equal parental leave system. But despite a relatively good day care provision Icelandic parents still need to bridge a care gap between the parental leave and available day care. Using a sample of qualitative interviews with 14 Icelandic couples this paper shows that the bridging of the care gap results in gendered patterns where mothers takes a longer leave with reduced income, and fathers make use of their ear marked paternal leave. I apply the concept of strategies when presenting the way these parents arrange for the care of their small children.
A GENERAL LUMPING ANALYSIS OF A REACTION SYSTEM COUPLED WITH DIFFUSION

Abstract A general lumping analysis of a reaction system coupled with diffusion is presented. This analysis can be applied to any reaction system with n species for both steady-state and transient conditions. Here we consider lumping by means of an n × n constant matrix M with rank n (n ⩽ n). When the diffusivity is independent of position and concentration, represented by the vectors r and y, respectively, it is found that under steady-state conditions, a reaction system having a species concentration vector y(r) coupled with diffusion is exactly lumpable if and only if there exist nontrivial fixed JT[y(r)]D−1-invariant subspaces M [here JT[y(r)] is the transpose of the Jacobian matrix for the chemical reaction rate vector f[y(r)] and D−1 is the inverse of the constant effective diffusivity matrix], no matter what value y(r) takes; under transient conditions, there exist simultaneously D- and JT[y(r, t)]-invariant subspaces M . When D is a function of position or concentrations, M is simultaneously invariant to JT(y) and D(r), D[y(r)] or D[y(r, t)]. The approach used to determine the constrained approximate lumping schemes for a nondiffusion system can also be used in a reaction—diffusion system, except that the constant basis matrices Ak's of JT(y) are replaced by Bk = AkD−1 under steady-state conditions, or the extra matrix D is added under transient conditions. For n onconstant D, the basis constant matrices Di's of D(r), D[y(r)] or D[y(r, t)] are added.
Alleghanian tectono-thermal evolution of the dextral transcurrent Hylas zone, Virginia Piedmont, U.S.A.

Abstract The Hylas zone is the northernmost segment of the Eastern Piedmont fault system and lies in the Grenville Goochland terrane, Virginia. Like the other major segments, the Nutbush Creek zone, the Hollister zone and the Modoc (Irmo) zone, the Hylas zone experienced late Paleozoic dextral transcurrent shearing. Early deformation in the zone was ductile and produced type I and type II S-C mylonites under amphibolite-grade metamorphic conditions. Later deformation was at the brittle-ductile transition at which time feldspar underwent microfaulting and cataclasis while quartz formed ribbons. The feldspar exhibits a strain-dependent sequence of microstructures, including kink-bands, antithetic extensional microfaults (pull-apart), bends in the microfaults by development of transverse fractures and microboudinage. Correlation of mineral mechanical response with a thermal-decay curve based on isotopic mineral ages yields a temporally constrained deformation history. Ductile dextral shearing occurred subsequent to the intrusion of the 330 Ma Petersburg granite and passed into the brittle-ductile transition by approximately 260 Ma. Dextral faulting terminated before 240 Ma. The Appalachian dextral transcurrent faulting event therefore continued through Permian in some areas.
Goal-based waste management strategy to reduce persistence of contaminants in leachate at municipal solid waste landfills

The required minimum 30-year post-closure care period for municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills can be shortened by reducing or eliminating of MSW components with long-terms effect in gas and leachate. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the relative persistence of landfill gas, leachate quantity, and selected leachate parameters using post-closure monitoring data from a case study landfill in south Florida. The relative persistence of selected decomposition byproducts in leachate were evaluated by both zero order and first order models based on monitoring data from the case study landfill. The analyses show that although gas and leachate production rates diminish very quickly, some contaminants remain in leachate as the decomposition process continues at a slower rate. For the case study landfill, the parameters which have been detected consistently at high concentrations (above MCL) included chloride, TDS, iron, bicarbonate, benzene, and vinyl chloride. Among these, vinyl chloride has the fastest and TDS has the slowest rate of disappearance in the landfill environment. The effect of waste diversion on persistence times of the selected persistent leachate quality parameters was evaluated. For example, a 40% reduction in the amount of plastics deposited in the landfill could reduce the monitoring time for benzene from 59 to 39 years. Zero order model underestimates the persistence times of the contaminants in leachate due to its linear nature. Shortening the monitoring times can provide significant savings for municipalities who need to continue monitoring leachate quality until the MCL levels are reached.
Resources and hopes in Newfoundland

Newfoundland has historically relied on its natural resources, without broader industrialization. Exploitation and population growth have now exceeded these resources’ sustainable yields. With fisheries a disaster, and mining and forestry in decline, Newfoundland's government places hope on offshore oil development. A survey of rural Newfoundland high school students finds that few plan oil industry careers, however. More often, they expect public sector or service employment. The profile of oil‐interested students resembles profiles of students interested in mining, forestry, and fishing. Students with college and professional goals do not aspire to resource occupations; instead, many plan to leave Newfoundland. Students’ low expectations regarding resource‐sector jobs reflect recent historical experience, but hopes for public‐sector employment could perpetuate Newfoundland's economic dependency. Our data depict an extractive society experiencing early stages of overshoot. Other North Atlantic societies ...
Nanotechnology's triple helix: a case study of the University at Albany's College of Nanoscale Science and Engineering

In 2001, New York State teamed with IBM to create a research center for nanoelectronics at the University at Albany. Since then, the College of Nanoscale Science and Engineering (CNSE) has been expanded with over $6 billion in investment, attracted over 250 industrial collaborators, and awarded 72 graduate degrees. This paper discusses the formation of the triple helix center in Albany, NY. It then examines the impact of the CNSE on the regional economy and compares it with three other nanotechnology triple helix centers. The analysis finds that the CNSE is more successful at generating nanoknowledge as measured by publications and patents. Much of the research conducted at CNSE has been collaborative effort between university and industrial partners and often resulted in patents assigned to industrial partners. Since 2001, there has been qualitative and quantitative evidence of the emergence of a nanotechnology cluster in the Capital Region of NY. Upstate NY has become home to multiple nanotechnology firms and experienced growth in the employment in nanotechnology related industries. Potential explanations for the success of the CNSE are explored including the anchor tenant hypothesis and the entrepreneurial university.
The effects of family, school, peers, and attitudes on adolescents' drug use: Do they vary with age?

This study tested developmental hypotheses, derived from Thornberry's interactional theory, about the age-varying effects of attachment to parents, commitment to school, association with drug-using peers, and pro-drug attitudes on adolescents' drug use. Multilevel modeling was applied to test the hypotheses by analyzing data from the National Youth Survey. First, as hypothesized, school and peer influence begins to increase from early adolescence, peaks during middle adolescence, and declines thereafter. Second, the hypothesized patterns of the age-varying effects of family (decreasing) and pro-drug attitudes (increasing) fail to receive empirical support, but their effects are found to follow a curvilinear, rather than a linear, pattern.
Relativistic rise of the most probable energy loss in a gas proportional counter

Abstract The most probable energy loss in a gaseous medium, as also in other media, was theoretically predicted by Landau to increase with p/(mc), the ratio of momentum to the rest mass of a charged particle. The predicted magnitude of this rise (referred to as relativistic rise) was verified up to p/(mc) ≈ 50 in gases in the previous experiments. We discussed earlier a method of distinguishing protons from pions in the cosmic radiation at energies ⪆ 100 GeV based on the relativistic rise of the most probable energy loss. For this method to be successful, it is important to verify experimentally the magnitude of the relativistic rise further up to values of p/(mc) ≈ 2000. An experiment carried out to verify this is described and the results presented. The results seem to show that the experimentally determined relativistic rise of the most probable energy loss is less than what the theory predicts.
Prenatal nicotine exposure alters the responses to subsequent nicotine administration and withdrawal in adolescence: Serotonin receptors and cell signaling.

Offspring of women who smoke during pregnancy are themselves more likely to take up smoking in adolescence, effects that are associated with a high rate of depression and increased sensitivity to withdrawal symptoms. To evaluate the biological basis for this relationship, we assessed effects on serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5HT) receptors and 5HT-mediated cellular responses in rats exposed to nicotine throughout prenatal development and then given nicotine in adolescence (postnatal days PN30-47.5), using regimens that reproduce plasma nicotine levels found in smokers. Evaluations were then made during the period of adolescent nicotine treatment and for up to one month after the end of treatment. Prenatal nicotine exposure, which elicits damage to 5HT projections in the cerebral cortex and striatum, produced sex-selective changes in the expression of 5HT1A and 5HT2 receptors, along with induction of adenylyl cyclase (AC), leading to sensitization of heterologous inputs operating through this signaling pathway. Superimposed on these effects, the AC response to 5HT was shifted toward inhibition. By itself, adolescent nicotine administration, which damages the same pathways, produced similar effects on receptors and the 5HT-mediated response, but a smaller overall induction of AC. Animals exposed to prenatal nicotine showed a reduced response to nicotine administered in adolescence, results in keeping with earlier findings of persistent desensitization. Our results indicate that prenatal nicotine exposure alters parameters of 5HT synaptic communication lasting into adolescence and changes the response to nicotine administration and withdrawal in adolescence, actions which may contribute to a subpopulation especially vulnerable to nicotine dependence.
Determination of Type I Transglutaminase in Differentiating Normal and Neoplastic Human Keratinocytes by an in Situ Radioimmunoassay

Abstract The presence of type I transglutaminase was determined in the neoplastic human keratinocyte line SqCC/Y1 and in normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEK) by an in situ radioimmunoassay which corresponded directly with the measurement of type I transglutaminase enzymatic activity. Dexamethasone induced differentiation of SqCC/Y I cells caused a marked increase in transglutaminase immunoreactivity and enzymatic activity over non-steroid treated cells in a concentration-related and a time-related fashion. Retinoic acid suppressed the dexamethasone induced increase in type I transglutaminase immunoreactivity in differentiating SqCC/Y1 cells. The type I transglutaniinase radioimmunoassay should be useful in studies focusing on the regulation of transglutaniinase activity in normal and neoplastic keratinocytes, and for rapidly screening agents for their effects on squamous cell differentiation.
Cestode Zoonoses of Aquatic Animals

The cestode zoonoses of Diphyllobothrium, and Spirometra and Sparganosis are discussed from the point of view of their transmission and epidemiology.
Increased excretion of m-Hydroxyphenylglycol and m-Hydroxymandelic acid in neuroblastoma.

Abstract The urine of three out of four patients with neuroblastoma was found to have a 14-fold elevation of m -hydroxyphenylglycol and a 6-fold elevation of m -hydroxymandelic acid. This was attributed to an increased formation of m -octopamine and m -synephrine by the tumor.
Length heterogeneity of amplified circular rDNA molecules in oocytes of the house cricket Acheta domesticus (Orthoptera: Gryllidae).

Amplification of the genes coding for rRNA occurs in the oocytes of a wide variety of organisms. The amplification process appears to be mediated through a rolling-circle mechanism. The approximate molecular weight of the smallest rDNA circles is equivalent to the estimated combined molecular weight of DNA which codes for a single ribosomal RNA precursor molecule and an associated non-transcribed spacer DNA sequence. RNA-DNA hybridization studies carried out on oocytes of the house cricket, Acheta domesticus, suggest that DNA coding for rRNA accounts for only a small fraction of the rDNA satellite, all of which is amplified in the oocyte. In order to test the possibility that the remainder of the amplified rDNA represents spacer and to determine whether a rolling-circle mechanism might also be involved in amplification in A. domesticus oocytes, rDNA was isolated from ovaries of A. domesticus and spread for electron microscopy. A large proportion of the rDNA isolated from ovaries is circular, while main-band DNA and rDNA prepared from other tissues demonstrates few if any circles. The mean size of the smallest rDNA circles is approximately 8 times longer than the length estimated for DNA which codes for 18 S and 28 S rRNA. Denaturation mapping shows the rDNA circles to contain two major readily denaturing regions located about equidistant from one another on the circle. Each readily denaturing region accounts for 4–6% of the total DNA in the circle. The fact that only 12% of the average molecule is required to code for A. domesticus 18 S and 28 S rRNA is consistent with the hybridization data. Considerable size heterogeneity exists in the length of the smallest class of rDNA molecules. In the rDNA of other species such heterogeneity has been shown to reside in the non-transcribed spacer.
Two nuclear polyhedrosis viruses of the Douglas-fir tussock moth.

Abstract Two nuclear polyhedrosis viruses affecting the Douglas-fir tussock moth, Hemerocampa pseudotsugata , are described. One induces formation of polyhedral bodies containing single rod-shaped virus particles, each within its own envelope. The other produces polyhedra with bundles of several rods within a common envelope. The same tissues of the host are affected by both viruses, although not equally. Mean lengths of the rods of the two types differ. One type of virus has been found in only a few geographic locations.
The advantages of hermaphroditism and parthenogenesis.

Abstract Poisson data on the probability of successful fertilization contact by gonochoristic, hermaphroditic, and parthenogenetic species indicate that the latter sexual types have an increasing advantage as populations become sparse, when the populations are thinly scattered in temporary or marginal habitats, and when the effective breeding area is reduced by lack of motility as in sessile or sluggish animals without widely distributed gametes.
Reading Deficiencies in Older Patients

To participate effectively in their health care, older patients often are expected to read a wide variety of materials, including written instructions, brochures, and consent forms. This study quantitates the reading ability of older patients and compares it to that of younger patients. Two hundred seventy-two patients 30 and older were selected from five outpatient clinics at a public teaching hospital and tested for objective reading ability using the Peabody Individual Achievement Test—Revised. The 76 patients 60 and older read significantly worse (grade level 2.9) than the 196 patients younger than 60 (grade level 5.8) (P < 0.0001). Older patients also completed significantly fewer years of school than younger patients (7.3 years versus 10.6 years). Analysis of variance for age categories 30–44, 45–59, 60–74, and 75 and older confirmed declining reading ability and educational status with advancing age. Multiple regression analysis helped show that an equation could be derived to predict reading ability from age, educational status, race, and sex, but the coefficient of determination was so low (r2 = 0.39) that it cannot be considered clinically useful for individual patients. In this study, older patients read significantly worse than younger patients, and a formula that combines age, race, sex, and educational status cannot reliably predict reading ability for individual patients. Most older patients read on a level so low that they cannot be expected to read most commonly used written materials. Routine testing of reading ability may allow more appropriate design and use of written materials.
Heterogeneous NH4ClO4 decomposition using isothermal and pulsed laser mass spectrometry

Pulsed ruby laser mass spectrometry technique for flash pyrolysis of ammonium perchlorate-catalyst mixtures
Resuscitation Research: Future Directions and Ethical Issues

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation research is a vital area of research that has made significant contributions to medical care over the last several decades. Abundant information currently exists in the medical literature, as a result of research in the areas of cardiac arrest and outcomes, physiology of cardiac arrest, pharmacologic treatments, mechanical interventions, and societal and ethical issues. Despite numerous clinical trials demonstrating physiologic benefit of various interventions, few interventions have had as much impact on outcomes of cardiac arrest as have improvements in out-of-hospital response times and rapid availability of medical treatment. Although abundant information exists regarding physiologic aspects of resuscitation, relatively little information exists about ethical, psychological, and social aspects of resuscitation. In addition to attempts to improve outcomes of cardiac arrest, researchers should also strive to improve the experiences of patients and families involved. These realities provide future strategies and directions for the best use of resuscitation research resources; although physiologic and pharmacologic research will always have significant roles in the improvement of medical care, the rapid delivery of out-of-hospital care and ethical issues will be indispensable areas of research focus in the future.
1/f noise in carbon nanotubes

The electrical noise characteristics of single-walled carbon nanotubes have been investigated. For all three cases of individual isolated nanotubes, thin films of interconnected nanotubes, and bulk nanotube mats, anomalously large bias-dependent 1/f noise is found. The noise magnitude greatly exceeds that commonly observed in metal films, carbon resistors, or even carbon fibers with comparable resistances. A single empirical expression describes the noise for all nanotube samples, suggesting a common noise-generating mechanism proportional only to the number of nanotubes in the conductor. We consider likely sources of the fluctuations, and consequences for electronic applications of nanotubes if the excessive noise cannot be suppressed.
Performance of conformal guided mode resonance filters

Guided mode resonance (GMR) filters are highly functional micro-optics capable of narrowband spectral filtering. GMR devices have previously been demonstrated on flat substrates using a wide range of materials and configurations. In this Letter, we apply a soft lithographic technique followed by the deposition of dielectric layers to generate GMR filters on a concave lens surface. Resonances of the resulting conformal GMR filters are experimentally measured and characterized, and the results are compared to the performance of similar GMR filters fabricated on flat surfaces.
2 GENE FAMILIES OF MAREKS-DISEASE VIRUS (MDV) WITH A POTENTIAL ROLE IN TUMOR-INDUCTION IN CHICKEN (REVIEW)

Marek's disease virus (MDV) is one of the most oncogenic herpesviruses and the only cancer virus that has a successful vaccine. Based on the short-latency and polyclonal nature of the tumors, it is likely that MDV encodes its own oncogenes. Recent studies have provided insights into possible MDV genes involved in oncogenesis. We describe the characterization of two gene families encoded by the BamHI-H and I-2 fragments. The BamHI-H and I-2 fragments, located contiguously in the IR(L) region, are unique to oncogenic (serotype) MDV and consistently expressed in MDV-transformed tumors and T-cell lines. The structural alteration of the BamHI-H fragment, specifically the expansion of a 132 bp repeat, has been correlated with the attenuation of the oncogenicity of MDV. Several open-reading frames, some resulting from alternative splicing, can be identified. One of the open-reading frames, BHa, encodes a 7 Kd polypeptide. BHa shares limited homology with a T-cell lymphoma oncogene TLM and stimulates extended growth of chicken embryo fibroblasts, when transfected into the cell. The other gene implicated in latency or oncogenesis is Meg whose coding sequences span portion of the BamHI-I-2 and the Q(2) fragment. Meq has an interesting structure, resembling a chimera between Jun/Fos oncoproteins and WT-1 tumor suppressor protein. It contains a bZIP (basic leucine zipper) domain and a long proline-rich domain. The proline domain has trans-activating function, whereas the bZIP domain allows Meq to dimerize with a variety of transcriptional factors and expands the enhancer repertoire it acts on. As neoplastic transformation usually requires the complementation of multiple oncogenes, BHa and Meq could be two of the proteins participating in this process.
Pilot Study of Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Detection of Embolic Source After Ischemic Stroke

Background Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) is the standard for evaluating cardioembolic sources of stroke, although many strokes remain cryptogenic after TEE. Cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging may have advantages over TEE. We performed a prospective pilot study comparing CMR to TEE after stroke to assist in planning future definitive studies. Methods Individuals with nonlacunar stroke within 90 days of undergoing clinical TEE were prospectively identified and underwent a 1.5 Tesla research CMR scan. Exclusion criteria included >50% relevant cervical vessel stenosis and inability to undergo nonsedated CMR. A descriptive comparison of cardioembolic source (intracardiac thrombus/mass, aortic atheroma ≥4 mm, or patent foramen ovale [PFO]) by study type was performed. Results Twenty patients underwent CMR and TEE a median of 6 days apart. The median age was 51 years (interquartile range [IQR] 40, 63.5), 40% had hypertension, 15% had diabetes, 25% had a previous stroke/transient ischemic attack, 5% had atrial fibrillation, and none had coronary disease or heart failure. No patient had intracardiac thrombus or mass detected on either study. Aortic atheroma ≥4 mm thick was identified by TEE in 1 patient. CMR identified aortic atheroma as Conclusions In this pilot study, TEE identified more potential cardioembolic sources than CMR imaging. Future studies comparing TEE and CMR after stroke should focus on older subjects at higher risk for cardiac disease to determine whether TEE, CMR, or both can best elucidate potential cardioembolic sources.
Embryonic Motility in Vertebrates

In the 1920s and 1930s, the theoretical ideas concerning embryonic behavior were polarized in two schools of thought: Coghill, on the basis of his pioneer studies of the motility of the salamander, Ambystoma, considered behavior to be integrated from beginning to end, from the first movements of the head to swimming, walking, feeding and so forth. He generalized this concept to cover all vertebrates, including man. His ideas have been very influential, up to this day. The opposing school, including most of those working on mammalian fetuses, led by W. F. Windle, held the view that local reflexes were the building units of behavior. They were thought to be integrated secondarily into complex action systems. Both viewpoints seem now untenable as generalized theories of behavior development.
Does increasing age have a negative impact on six-month functional outcome after coronary artery bypass?

Background. Advances in medical care and improvements in catheter-based interventions for coronary artery disease have advanced the age at which patients present for coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) operations. The impact of age on functional outcome after CABG is unclear. Methods. Functional outcome was assessed at baseline and at 6 months using the Duke Activity Status Index (DASI) in 337 consecutive patients undergoing primary or redo CABG. Complete functional outcome data were available in 292 patients (86%). Results. The mean baseline DASI score was significantly lower in patients ≥ 70 years of age (24.8 ± 14.5 vs 30.9 ± 17.8, P =.002) and at 6 months (29.6 ± 16.5 vs 38.0 ± 17.1, P =.0001); however, the 6-month change in DASI score (7.2 ± 17.5 in patients < 70 years of age vs 4.9 ± 14.0 in patients ≥ 70 years of age, P =.23) was comparable. When examined in terciles of age, the 6-month change in DASI score was not significantly different (P =.11) in patients aged 31 to 60 years (5.8 ± 18.0), aged 61 to 71 years (8.7 ± 15.7), or aged 72 to 91 years (4.0 ± 14.6). Conclusions. These functional outcome results demonstrate that older patients present for CABG at a significantly lower functional level and remain at a significantly lower functional level 6 months after CABG. However, the functional improvement after CABG is not significantly different across age groups. (Surgery 2002;132:239-44.)
The TVA and Labor Relations: A Review

"We are not simply not anti-laborwe are a pro-labor policy organization." These words of Chairman David E. Lilienthal addressed to a TVA Board-Staff Conference in December, 1943, underscore the essence and spirit of the Tennessee Valley Authority's labor relations policy. TVA has always taken the position that the employee has a personal stake in the enterprise and should be permitted to contribute his ideas freely on the shaping of management policies.
Book Review. Support Systems and Services for Diverse Populations: Considering the Intersection of Race, Gender, and the Needs of Black Female Undergraduates

(2013). Book Review. Support Systems and Services for Diverse Populations: Considering the Intersection of Race, Gender, and the Needs of Black Female Undergraduates. NASPA Journal About Women in Higher Education: Vol. 6, No. 1, pp. 135-138.
Not on My Farm! Resistance to Bovine Tuberculosis Eradication in the United States

The active opposition to technical change has frequently impeded economic growth. This article examines the widespread resistance to government-led campaigns to use new tuberculin testing technologies to eradicate bovine tuberculosis in the United States. We explore three issues: the political economy of opposition; the role of earlier scientific controversies in the discourse; and the techniques used by the opponents. Over time, the protests shifted from challenging the scientific merits of the testing technology to more nuts-and-bolts distributional and administrative issues.
GPU-Accelerated Computation of Solvation Free Energy for Kinetostatic Protein Folding Simulation

A realistic computer simulation of protein folding requires a comprehensive account of interaction energetics, placing a substantial demand on processing power. This paper presents an improved computational framework for protein folding software package PROTOFOLD, that enables efficient computation of solvation free energy effects in addition to Coulombic and van der Waals interactions. Efficient data structures have been utilized to speed-up the sequential running times from O(n2) to O(n), n being the number of atoms. It turns out, however, that an accurate evaluation of molecular surface areas characterizing the solvation effects imposes a computational bottleneck to the entire simulation. Massive computational power offered by Graphics Processing Units (GPU) was exploited to develop a simple and efficient Single-Instruction Multiple-Thread (SIMT) algorithm for the latter step. The running times were monitored for different steps of the folding simulation for different molecular sizes. Significant performance improvements were observed, yielding promising results where numerous iterative runs are needed.© 2013 ASME