cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Obesity and Secondary Conditions in Adolescents with Disabilities: Addressing the Needs of an Underserved Population

Children and adolescents with physical and cognitive disabilities have a higher prevalence of overweight compared to their non-disabled peers. This health risk can lead to a greater number of obesity-related secondary conditions (e.g., fatigue, pain, deconditioning, social isolation, difficulty performing activities of daily living) and can impose significant personal and economic hardship on the child and family. Effective strategies for reducing the risk of overweight/obesity in adolescents with disabilities must begin with greater awareness of the behavioral and environmental antecedents that lead to higher rates of obesity in this underserved segment of the youth population. Research on interventions to reduce obesity among adolescents with disabilities is an important area of future research for public health scientists. A range of interventions will be necessary to overcome the many barriers that youth with disabilities experience in achieving and maintaining a healthy weight.
Optical constants of copper and nickel

The optical constants of copper and nickel polycrystals have been measured at 5461 and 6328 A. The measurements were made on samples that were mechanically polished, annealed in UHV, and ion bombardment cleaned to approach the ideal smooth, clean annealed state. Calculations are presented of values the optical constants would have if the presence of oxide films, surface roughness, and experimental errors are neglected. Comparison with literature values is given.
Imperatives in informal organizational resource exchange in Central Europe

Abstract This paper challenges the mainstream social scientific approach that emphasizes “moral inferiority” in corruption and bribery in Central and Eastern Europe. We argue that in many cases, people participate in informal organizational resource exchanges not because of immorality or greed but rather because of powerful external forces. By using the case of contemporary Hungary to support this argument, this paper provides a systematic analysis of such imperatives. The findings of 50 in-depth qualitative interviews suggest that two main imperatives can be distinguished; macro-level social and meso-level organizational forces. Macro-level forces may be linked to historical paths, Hungary's socialist and pre-socialist social conditions, and its post-socialist welfare state development. Meso-level organizational forces are more general phenomena and can be found in many other countries in the world. Moreover, there are numerous categories within each theme. Some of them represent normative imperatives, while others are more material structural forces.
Development of a Chitosan Scaffold Electrode for Fuel Cell Applications

Hydrophobically modified chitosan has been proposed for enzyme immobilization and stabilization at bioelectrodes in biofuel cells. In this paper, we analytically evaluate the attributes of employing hydrophobically modified chitosan molded into high porosity scaffolds to improve enzyme activity and mass transport of malate dehydrogenase bioelectrodes. Results suggest that the hydrophobically modified chitosan can alter catalytic activity of malate dehydrogenase and that scaffold structure improves power density over chitosan thin films. Fluorescence measurements are also presented that correlate the improved activity to alterations in the amphiphilic nature of the chemical microenvironment (immediately surrounding the enzyme) that the modified chitosan affords. Commentary is also given on how mass transport through the chitosan matrix can be improved in order to achieve higher power densities.
Chemical formation of neutral complexes from charged metal clusters: reactions of pre-formed aluminum cluster anions with methyl iodide

Abstract Aluminum cluster anions were reacted with methyl iodide vapor in a fast-flow tube apparatus, yielding primarily I − and clusters of the type Al n I − . Based on thermodynamic considerations, the presence of I − is taken to indicate a neutralization reaction pathway whereby clusters of the type Al n CH 3 are formed. Comparison of relative reaction rates to previously measured electron affinities suggests that the Al n –CH 3 interaction is covalent, rather than ionic, in nature. It is suggested that the neutral cluster complexes reported here may hold potential as high energy fuel dopants.
Analytical solutions for multiple species reactive transport in multiple dimensions

Many numerical computer codes used to simulate multi-species reactive transport and biodegradation have been developed in recent years. Such numerical codes must be validated by comparison of the numerical solutions with an analytical solution. In this paper, a method for deriving analytical solutions of the partial differential equations describing multiple species multi-dimensional transport with first-order sequential reactions is presented. Although others have developed specific solutions of multi-species transport equations, here a more general analytical approach, capable of describing any number of reactive species in multiple dimensions is derived. A substitution method is used to transform the multi-species reactive transport problem to one that can be solved using previously published single-species solutions for various initial and boundary conditions. One- and three-dimensional examples are presented to illustrate the steps involved in extending single-species solutions to a four-species system with sequential first-order reactions.
Monitoring of scoliosis surgery with epidurally recorded motor evoked potentials (D wave) revealed false results

Abstract Objective To elucidate the mechanism behind D wave amplitude changes after surgical correction of scoliosis. Methods We collected D wave and muscle MEP data from 93 patients (78 female, 15 male, age range 4–19 years, mean age 15.9 years), who underwent surgical correction of scoliosis. D waves were recorded via a catheter electrode inserted epidurally through the flavectomy. Muscle MEPs from lower limb muscles were also recorded. Muscle MEPs/D wave were elicited by short trains/single transcranial electrical stimuli. SEPs were elicited through bilateral percutaneous stimulation of the tibial nerves at the ankle and an averaged response from 100 to 200 single sweeps were recorded over the scalp at Cz’/Fz. In addition, we analyzed intraoperatively obtained X-ray images of the spine in 9 patients and preoperative spinal MRI in two of those nine. Results After surgical correction of scoliosis in 25 of 93 (27%) patients, the D wave amplitude changed by more than 20% of its baseline value. A decremental change occurred in 21 (84%) and an incremental change in 4 (16%) patients. D wave decrements of more than 50% were observed in 5 patients without significant SEP changes in any of these cases. In 9 patients, intraoperatively obtained X-rays of the spine (before and after correction of spine curvature) showed no catheter displacement. Muscle MEPs did not change and postoperative sensory-motor status was normal. In 2 patients, preoperative MRI revealed displacement of the spinal cord towards the concave side of the scoliotic curvature. Conclusions During scoliosis surgery, D wave amplitude changes should be interpreted cautiously until the definitive cause(s) of these changes are found. One possible mechanism to explain D wave changes during scoliosis correction could involve rotation of the spinal cord within the spinal canal, and the relative position of the epidural recording catheter (ERC). Rotation of the spinal cord after correction of scoliosis could introduce a new relationship between the ERC and the corticospinal tracts (CTs). Due to high incidence of false D wave amplitude changes we suggest that this methodology should not be used to assess the functional integrity of the CTs during scoliosis surgery. Significance This study provides new insight into the methodology of D wave monitoring as well as strong evidence of a high incidence of false positive results using D wave monitoring during surgical correction of scoliosis.
Novel Modulatory Action of Calmodulin Complexation with L-Type Channels

L-type Ca2+ channels convey vital Ca2+ inflow, which is critically down-regulated by intracellular Ca2+. This Ca2+-dependent inactivation (CDI) is only present in channels initially preassociated with Ca2+-free calmodulin (apoCaM), where subsequent Ca2+ binding to this ‘resident' calmodulin (CaM) inactivates channels (Nature463:968). Channels lacking preassociated apoCaM fail to undergo CDI. Canonical L-type channels bind apoCaM so avidly that nearly all channels are ‘charged' with apoCaM. However, natural variants feature potentially lower apoCaM affinity, so fluctuations in ambient apoCaM may tune overall CDI. Here, we demonstrate that channel preassociation with apoCaM does more than simply enable CDI, and strikingly enhances open probability (PO). For example, in single-channel Ba2+ currents (to avoid CDI), taken from a variant with low apoCaM affinity, openings are sparse under baseline apoCaM (a, left), but prolific upon apoCaM overexpression (a, right). Corresponding PO-V relations confirm this effect of apoCaM (b). Importantly, the baseline PO of differing channel variants increases with channel/apoCaM affinity via a Langmuir function (c). Thus, PO variability reflects differences in apoCaM preassociation, not contrasts in channel composition per se. These results suggest that ambient apoCaM levels can tune both CDI and PO of channels.View Large Image | View Hi-Res Image | Download PowerPoint Slide
General Strain Theory, BIS/BAS Levels, and Gambling Behavior

This article extends Agnew's General Strain Theory (GST) in two ways: (a) by testing the model's utility in explaining gambling behavior and (b) by considering the role of BIS/BAS sensitivities as a potential moderator of the strain–gambling association. Drawing on Agnew and colleagues' (2002) call for considering personality traits as potential conditional variables for testing GST, we evaluate these extensions using data from a representative community sample of young adult males from South Florida. Results indicate that GST is a capable explanation of gambling behaviors generally, and that BIS/BAS sensitivities appear to condition the relationship between various strains and gambling behaviors.
Cultivation of the Johne's Bacillus in a Synthetic Medium.

ConclusionsThe dead cells of M. phlei contain an accessory rather than an essential growth substance for the Johne's bacillus.A purified “Johnin ”containing no proteins other than the Johne's bacillus proteins has been manufactured for use as a diagnostic agent.
Java at middle age: enabling Java for computational science

Java's early history explains its lure to this day. Java is alive and well, running on just about every computing platform, from handhelds to high-end servers such as multiprocessors. Implementations of Java for Windows, Macintosh (including OS X), and Linux have all reached sufficient maturity and are in widespread use. Performance and resource usage remain a problem in most Java implementations, but the language is improving all the time. In this article, I examine the lure of Java for computational science, discuss the Java Grande effort to work with Sun, and identify areas for improvement. I focus on language and implementation issues that must be solved for Java to be taken seriously for computationally focused codes. As a motivational tool, I include a number of reflections on the C# language from Microsoft, which many claim is nothing more than Java with a new syntax. I excise a number of sections from the specification documentation to demonstrate that specific Java Grande Forum (JGF) recommendations are implemented in the current version of Microsoft's C#. What is particularly interesting (but not necessarily verifiable) is that language appearing in the Microsoft C# specification proper often appears to paraphrase similar points raised in the JGF documents available at www.javagrande.org.
A modified quantitative autoradiographic assay for atrial natriuretic peptide receptors in rat brain.

Abstract New conditions for quantitative autoradiographic determination of natriuretic peptide (ANP) binding in rat brain were developed in order to inhibit hormone degradation during incubation without the use of proteinase inhibitors. This procedure includes 1-h preincubation of tissue slices in hypotonic buffer and incubation at 4°C in the presence of 4% proteinase-free albumin. ANP binding to choroid plexus and subfornical organ under above conditions reached equilibrium after 90 min. ANP degradation at the end of the incubation did not exceed 2%. Binding data analysis revealed the previously undetected presence of two distinct ANP binding sites in the rat choroid plexus.
Medical screening and the value of early detection. When unwarranted faith leads to unethical recommendations.

Medical screening is justified on the strength of the assumption that the earlier disease is detected, the better it is for the patient. On examination, however, the assumption turns out to be severely flawed, and inadequate anyway, since it is not only the patient with whom we should be concerned, but healthy people as well. Instead of making assumptions about the ill, we should prove a test's overall benefit to the individual taking it before we recommend it.
Synthesis and structure of tribenzo-19-crown-6 lariat ethers

Abstract Multistep preparative routes to a series of three new, protonionizable lariat ethers, sym-(R)tribenzo-19-crown-6-oxyacetic acids with R = H, C3H7, and C8H17 have been developed. The crystal structure of the synthetic intermediate sym-(hydroxy)(propyl)-tribenzo-19-crown-6 has been determined. The compound crystallized in the monoclinic space group P21/c with a = 8.902(4) A, b = 10.296(5) A, c = 27.631(9) A, β = 97.41° with a volume of 2511.4 A3. The calculated density is 1.268 mg/mm3 with Z = 4. The final R values are R = 7.99% and Rw = 5.17% using 1558 observed reflections [F>3.0 [sgrave](F)].
A Novel Noninvasive Method to Assess Left Ventricular −dP/dt Using Diastolic Blood Pressure and Isovolumic Relaxation Time

Background: Left ventricular Doppler-derived −dP/dt determined from the continuous-wave Doppler spectrum of the mitral regurgitation (MR) jet has been shown to be a valuable marker of diastolic function, but requires the presence of MR for its assessment. We sought to determine if a novel method of determining −dP/dt using the diastolic blood pressure and isovolumic relaxation time (DBP-IVRT method) correlates with Doppler-derived −dP/dt using the MR method (Doppler-MR method). Methods: Thirty-three patients with less than severe MR were enrolled. −dP/dt was determined using the Doppler-MR method from the continuous-wave Doppler spectrum of the MR jet (32 mmHg/time from 3 to 1 m/sec). −dP/dt was also determined using the DBP-IVRT method using the following equation: −dP/dt = (DBP − LVEDP)/IVRT, where left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) was estimated based on tissue Doppler and mitral inflow patterns. Results: Twenty-five patients had adequate Doppler waveforms for analysis. The average amount of MR was mild-to-moderate severity. The mean −dP/dt was 680 ± 201 mmHg by the Doppler-MR method and 681 ± 237 mmHg by the DBP-IVRT method. There was a significant correlation between the 2 methods of determining −dP/dt (Pearson r = 0.574, P = 0.003). The Bland–Altman plot revealed almost no bias between the 2 methods; the difference in −dP/dt between the 2 techniques was noted to be greater for patients with higher −dP/dt, however. Conclusion: Diastolic blood pressure and isovolumic relaxation time may be used to noninvasively assess diastolic function in patients who do not have MR, especially in those with reduced diastolic function.
The Fate of Carbon in Growing Fish: An Experimental Study of Isotopic Routing

Abstract The application of stable isotope analysis to ecology requires estimating the contribution of different isotopic sources to the isotopic signatures of an animal’s tissues using mixing models. These models make the physiologically unrealistic assumption that assimilated nutrients are disassembled into their elemental components and that these atoms are then reassembled into biomolecules. We quantified the extent to which mixing models yield erroneous results with an experiment using Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). The tilapia were fed synthetic diets that varied in protein content and in which the carbon isotopic composition of protein differed widely from that of carbohydrates and lipids. We predicted that dietary protein would contribute disproportionately to the carbon in muscle, whereas the nonprotein components of diet would contribute disproportionately to lipids. Our experiment also allowed us to test the conjecture of a positive correlation between the 15N enrichment in tissues and p...
Surveillance of Occupational Noise exposures using OSHA's Integrated Management Information System

Background Exposure to noise has long been known to cause hearing loss, and is an ubiquitous problem in workplaces. Occupational noise exposures for industries stored in the Occupational Safety and Health Administration's (OSHA) Integrated Management Information System (IMIS) can be used to identify temporal and industrial trends of noise exposure to anticipate changes in rates of hearing loss. Methods The noise records in OSHA's IMIS database for 1979–1999 were extracted by major industry division and measurement criteria. The noise exposures were summarized by year, industry, and employment size. Results The majority of records are from Manufacturing and Services. Exposures in Manufacturing and Services have decreased during the period, except that PEL exposures measured by federal enforcement increased from 1995 to 1999. Conclusions Noise exposures in manufacturing have been reduced since the late 1970s, except those documented by federal enforcement. Noise exposure data outside manufacturing is not well represented in IMIS. Am. J. Ind. Med. 46:492–504, 2004. Published 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Harmonic Operation of Acoustic Transducer for Droplet Ejection Application

This paper reports the use of harmonic frequencies for acoustic ejection in order to eject micron-sized droplets. For an acoustic ejector working at the thickness-mode resonance, the droplet size is primarily determined by the acoustic wavelength, which is proportional to the piezoelectric substrate thickness. In the newly invented design, we do not lap the bulk piezoelectric PZT substrate or use PZT thin films, but use harmonic frequencies of the bulk form to reduce the wavelength. The acoustic ejectors utilizing harmonic frequencies have been fabricated and shown to be very effective up to the 9th harmonic (~180 MHz), ejecting droplets as small as 10 mum in diameter.
Biophysics in the Undergraduate Curriculum

Recently there have been multiple calls for curricular reforms to develop new pathways to the science, technology, engineering and math (STEM) disciplines. In response, I propose a conceptual framework for quantitative scientific modeling skills that are useful across all the STEM disciplines. The approach actively engages students in a process of directed scientific discovery using Monte Carlo simulations and finite difference methods using the “Marble Game” as a model system. In a “Student Assessment of their Learning Gains” (SALG) survey, students identified this approach as producing “great gains” in their understanding of real world problems and scientific research. Students build a conceptual framework that applies directly to random molecular-level processes in biology such as diffusion and interfacial transport. It is also isomorphic with a reversible first-order chemical reaction providing conceptual preparation for chemical kinetics. The computational and mathematical framework can also be applied to investigate the predictions of quantitative physics models ranging from Newtonian mechanics through RLC circuits. To test this approach, students were asked to derive a novel theory of osmosis. The test results confirm that they were able to successfully apply the conceptual framework to a new situation under final exam conditions. The marble game thus provides a pathway to the STEM disciplines that includes quantitative biology concepts in the undergraduate curriculum - from the very first class. DUE-0836833 http://circle4.com/biophysics.
Quantitative error-assessment between upset-test data and a computer-code simulation

Abstract A quantitative analysis of axial-force, internal radial displacement and workpiece contour histories for upset-tests are presented in this paper. Discrete internal deformations are measured by using the technique of “tracer particles”. Vertical arrays of tracer particles, aligned in the longitudinal direction of the upset cylinders, permit internal radial deformations to be both visualized and measured as a function of axial die-displacement. Statistically quantitative axial-force, radial-contour and internal radial deformations vs axial displacement of the die are obtained via two-factor, replicated-pair, tests. These experimental results can be used to verify computer-simulations and provide the necessary information for improving simulations. Also, these results are useful for calibrating, or “back calculating”, various input parameters associated with computer-simulations. Lastly, the paper presents a quantitative comparison between the experimental results and a computer-code simulation of the forging force and internal radial displacements.
Use of national data systems for firearm-related injury surveillance

Abstract Introduction: The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of federal data systems that report national data on fatal and nonfatal firearm-related injuries and associated risk factors and behaviors. Results: There are 13 federal data systems that provide useful information for national surveillance of firearm-related injuries in the United States. Each data system has useful features and limitations. Each provides a different methodologic approach to capture data for monitoring and characterizing firearm-related deaths or injuries, or behavioral risks associated with unintentional and violent events. Conclusion: Although much progress has been made over the past decade to improve national data on firearm-related injuries, many gaps still remain. A mechanism is needed to better coordinate and integrate federal efforts to collect, analyze, and disseminate data on firearm-related injury.
Iron-mediated H2O2 production as a mechanism for cell type-specific inhibition of tumor necrosis factor α-induced but not interleukin-1β-induced IκB kinase complex/nuclear factor-κB activation

Abstract Coordinated and specific regulation of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and interleukin (IL)-1 signaling pathways and how and whether they are modified by different agents are key events for proper immune responses. The IκB kinase complex (IKK)/NF-κB and JNK/AP-1 pathways are central mediators of TNF and IL-1 during inflammatory responses. Here we show that l-mimosine, a toxic non-protein amino acid that has been shown to reduce serum TNFα levels and affect inflammatory responses, specifically inhibits TNF-induced IKK but not JNK in a cell type-specific manner. l-Mimosine did not affect IKK and NF-κB activation by IL-1β. l-Mimosine caused cell cycle arrest at G1-S phase, but inhibition of IKK was found to be independent of cell cycle arrest. Treatment of cells with l-mimosine resulted in production of H2O2. Addition of FeSO4 restored IKK activation by TNFα as did ectopic expression of catalase or pretreatment of cells with N-aceltyl-l-cysteine, indicating a role for intracellular H2O2 as a mediator of inhibition. Cleavage and degradation of TNF pathway components TNFR1, RIP, and Hsp90 were observed in l-mimosine and H2O2 treated cells indicating a putative mechanism for selective inhibition of TNF but not IL-1β-induced IKK activation.
Italiani nuovi o nuova Italia? Citizenship and attitudes towards the second generation in contemporary Italy

Abstract Italy is host to a growing population of second-generation immigrants, children of immigrants born and raised in Italy. The current citizenship regime privileges Italian descent and makes naturalization very difficult, even for those born on Italian soil. This relegates a large population of second-generation immigrants to a marginal position, excluded from political, educational and labor integration upon their eighteenth birthday because of their citizenship status. Using data from group interviews, this paper investigates Italians' willingness to grant citizenship to second-generation immigrants. Three major themes emerged: how Italians define citizenship, the idea of conditional citizenship, and the significance of race in imagining the future of Italian society. This paper seeks to understand the dynamics underlying the debate about citizenship and gauge support for reforms to the current citizenship regime.
Fuzzy Ternary Particle Systems by Surface-Initiated Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization from Layer-by-Layer Colloidal Core−Shell Macroinitiator Particles

We report the synthesis of ternary polymer particle material systems composed of (a) a spherical colloidal particle core, coated with (b) a polyelectrolyte intermediate shell, and followed by (c) a grafted polymer brush prepared by surface-initiated polymerization as the outer shell. The layer-by-layer (LbL) deposition process was utilized to create a functional intermediate shell of poly(diallyl-dimethylammonium chloride)/poly(acrylic acid) multilayers on the colloid template with the final layer containing an atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) macroinitiator polyelectrolyte. The intermediate core-shell architecture was analyzed with FT-IR, electrophoretic mobililty (zeta-potential) measurements, atomic force microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) techniques. The particles were then utilized as macroinitiators for the surface-initiated ATRP grafting process for poly(methyl methacrylate) polymer brush. The polymer grafting was confirmed with thermo gravimetric analysis, FT-IR, and TEM. The polymer brush formed the outermost shell for a ternary colloidal particle system. By combining the LbL and surface-initiated ATRP methods to produce controllable multidomain core-shell architectures, interesting functional properties should be obtainable based on independent polyelectrolyte and polymer brush behavior.
Small-bowel obstruction caused by intraluminal migration of prosthetic grafts.

Abstract Two patients who had undergone prosthetic grafting in the venous system presented with small-bowel obstruction. The first had undergone mesocaval shunting with a Dacron graft and the second, replacement of the inferior vena cava with a polytetrafluoroethylene graft after an extensive resection of retroperitoneal tumor. In both instances the grafts were within the lumen of the small bowel, causing a mechanical obstruction. No evidence of retroperitoneal bleeding subsequent to detachment of the grafts was noted. (J VASC SURG 1985;2:477-9.)
THE CEPHEID PERIOD-LUMINOSITY RELATION (THE LEAVITT LAW) AT MID-INFRARED WAVELENGTHS. IV. CEPHEIDS IN IC 1613

We present the first application of mid-infrared period-luminosity relations to the determination of a Cepheid distance beyond the Magellanic Clouds. Using archival IRAC imaging data on NGC 6822 from Spitzer we were able to measure single-epoch magnitudes for 16 long-period (10-100 day) Cepheids at 3.6 μm, 14 at 4.5 μm, 10 at 5.8 μm, and four at 8.0 μm. The measured slopes and the observed scatter both conform to the relations previously measured for the Large Magellanic Cloud Cepheids, and fitting to those relations gives apparent distance moduli of μ3.6 = 23.57 ± 0.06, μ4.5 = 23.55 ± 0.07, μ5.8 = 23.60 ± 0.09, and μ8.0 = 23.51 ± 0.08 mag. A multiwavelength fit to the new IRAC moduli, and previously published BVRIJHK moduli, allows for a final correction for interstellar reddening and gives a true distance modulus of 23.49 ± 0.03 mag with E(B – V) = 0.26 mag, corresponding to a metric distance of 500 ± 8 kpc.
Standards, Curriculum, and Performance: A Historical and Comparative Perspective

This article considers how educational standards are established and maintained, and how they can be improved in American schools. The authors argue that curriculum (what is taught) and assessment (the way we judge what is learned) play the largest role in shaping what is demanded in schools and thus what our students can be expected to learn. Neither issue has received adequate attention in current debate over the state of our schools and the compelling need for school reform. This article addresses both issues in a historical and comparative perspective and argues that higher standards are within reach through the development of new and parallel initiatives in curriculum and evaluation. The authors outline potential improvements through (a) upgrading the curriculum, (b) utilizing new forms of assessment, and (c) rethinking the concept of tracking to .focus on high standards in the middle school. They consider these steps as being among those most likely to meet current needs.
Synthesis of ca-Linolenic Acid by Leishmania enriettii

The zooflagellate Leishmania enriettii synthesizes alpha-linolenic acid as determined by experiments with stearic acid uniformly labeled with C(14). This is the first demonstration of the synthesis of alpha-linolenic acid by a nonphotosynthetic organism.
Accuracy of recall for mania symptoms using a three month timeline follow-back interview

Objective Little research has examined the accuracy of recall for mood symptoms using retrospective timelines or life charts. We examined accuracy of recall for mania symptoms over a period of 3 months.
Effect of a reliability observer on the frequency of positive parent behavior recorded during naturalistic parent-child interactions

The purpose of the present study was to examine the effect of the presence of a reliability observer on the number of positive parent behaviors recorded by a primary observer during naturalistic parent-child interactions. Thirty parents and their young clinic-referred children served as subjects. After two initial home observations, a reliability observer was present to record data in observation session 3, but not session 4, for one-half the subjects. For the remaining subjects the reliability observer was present in session 4 but not session 3. The results of a 2 × 2 analysis of variance indicated a group by session interaction which resulted from an increase in maternal attention to the child in the presence of a reliability observer. Hypotheses to explain the finding are presented and implications of the results are discussed.
NaV1.7 accumulates and co-localizes with phosphorylated ERK1/2 within transected axons in early experimental neuromas

Abstract Peripheral nerve injury can result in formation of a neuroma, which is often associated with heightened sensitivity to normally innocuous stimuli as well as spontaneous dysesthesia and pain. The onset and persistence of neuropathic pain have been linked to spontaneous ectopic electrogenesis in axons within neuromas, suggesting an involvement of voltage-gated sodium channels. Sodium channel isoforms NaV1.3, NaV1.7 and NaV1.8 have been shown to accumulate in chronic painful human neuromas, while, to date, only NaV1.3 has been reported to accumulate within experimental neuromas. Although recent evidence strongly support a major contribution for NaV1.7 in nociception, the expression of NaV1.7 in injured axons within acute neuromas has not been studied. The current study examined whether NaV1.7 accumulates in experimental rat neuromas. We further investigated whether activated (phosphorylated) mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase ERK1/2, which is known to modulate NaV1.7 properties, is co-localized with NaV1.7 within axons in neuromas. We demonstrate increased levels of NaV1.7 in experimental rat sciatic nerve neuromas, 2 weeks after nerve ligation and transaction. We further show elevated levels of phosphorylated ERK1/2 within individual neuroma axons that exhibit NaV1.7 accumulation. These results extend previous descriptions of sodium channel and MAP kinase accumulation within experimental and human neuromas, and suggest that targeted blockade of NaV1.7 or ERK1/2 may provide a strategy for amelioration of chronic pain that often follows nerve injury and formation of neuromas.
Sustained cell culture

Abstract Gas exchange, introduction of nutrients, and removal of waste products can be regulated in a new device for continuous sustained culture of cells in suspension. Strain L, clone 929, fibroblasts; HeLa cells; and strains KB, and Chang, liver cells were successfully propagated in this device. Ehrlich ascites cells have been propagated in vitro for the time.
A Comparison of the Effect of Aureomycin in Combination with Three Levels of Sulfamethazine in Feed for the Control of Cecal Coccidiosis of Chickens

ABSTRACT GARDINER (1957) reported that young chickens kept in wire cages and inoculated experimentally with large numbers of sporulated oocysts of Eimeria tenella (1) did not die from cecal coccidiosis when fed growing mash medicated with sulfamethazine at a level of 0.125 percent, and (2) made weight gains equal to or somewhat better than uninfected control birds when aureomycin was added to the sulfamethazine-medicated mash at the rates of 100 and 200 grams per ton. In the above-mentioned investigation, the amount of sulfamethazine included in the feed was kept constant, whereas the amount of aureomycin was varied. The present paper summarizes results of experiments in which birds were fed growing mash fortified with a constant amount of aureomycin, namely, 200 grams perton, and medicated with sulfamethazine at levels of 0.125, 0.075, and 0.050 percent. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE The chicks used in these experiments were New Hampshire-Barred Rock crosses. They were obtained from . . .
Global existence of smooth solutions to the anisotropic hyperdissipative Navier−Stokes equations

We consider the global Cauchy problem for the generalized incompressible Navier–Stokes system in 3D whole space $$\begin{array}{ll}u_t + u \cdot \nabla u + \nabla p = \mathcal{A}_h u,\\ \qquad\qquad\,\, \nabla \cdot u = 0,\qquad\qquad\qquad\qquad (1)\\ \qquad\quad\,\,\,\,\, u(x,0) = u_0 (x),\end{array}$$ where $${u = (u_{1}, u_{2}, u_{3})\in\mathbf{R}^3}$$ and p are the fluid velocity field and pressure. The initial data u 0(x) are assumed to be smooth, rapidly decreasing and divergence free. Here, $${\mathcal{A}_{h}}$$ is the anisotropic hyperdissipative operator. When $${\mathcal{A}_{h} u= -(-\Delta)^{5/4}}$$ , it is called the critical case and the global smooth solution exists. We consider the anisotropic operator with $${\mathcal{A}_{h} u = \left( \partial_{x_1x_1} u_{1}+\partial_{x_2x_2} u_{1}- M_3^{2\alpha} u_{1} \partial_{x_1x_1} u_2 + \partial_{x_2x_2} u_{2} - M_{3}^{2\alpha} u_2 \ -M_1^{2\gamma} u_3 - M_2^{2\gamma} u_3 - M_3^{2\alpha} u_3\right).}$$ and establish global regularity.
Dynamical GUT breaking and mu-term driven supersymmetry breaking

Models for dynamical breaking of supersymmetric grand unified theories are presented. The doublet-triplet splitting problem is absent since the Higgs doublet superfields can be identified with the massless mesons of the strong gauge group whereas there are no massless states corresponding to the colored Higgs fields. Various strong gauge groups SU(N{sub c}), Sp(N{sub c}) and SO(N{sub c}) are examined. In a model with SO(9) strong gauge group, adding the {mu}-term for the Higgs fields triggers to break supersymmetry in a meta-stable vacuum. The pattern of the supersymmetry breaking parameters is predicted to be the gauge-mediation type with modifications in the Higgs sector.
Management of blunt extracranial traumatic cerebrovascular injury: a multidisciplinary survey of current practice

Extracranial traumatic cerebrovascular injury (TCVI) is present in 1-3% of all blunt force trauma patients. Although options for the management of patients with these lesions include anticoagulation, antiplatelet agents, and endovascular treatment, the optimal management strategy for patients with these lesions is not yet established. Multidisciplinary survey of clinicians about current management of TCVI. A six-item multiple-choice survey was sent by electronic mail to a total of 11,784 neurosurgeons, trauma surgeons, stroke neurologists, and interventional radiologists. The survey included questions about their choice of imaging, medical management, and the use of endovascular techniques. Survey responses were analyzed according to stated specialty. Seven hundred eighty-five (6.7%) responses were received. Overall, a total of 325 (42.8%) respondents favored anticoagulation (heparin and/or warfarin), 247 (32.5%) favored antiplatelet drugs, 130 (17.1%) preferred both anticoagulation and antiplatelet drugs, and 57 (7.5%) preferred stenting and/or embolization. Anticoagulation was the most commonly preferred treatment among vascular surgeons (56.9%), neurologists (50.2%) and neurosurgeons (40.7%), whereas antiplatelet agents were the most common preferred treatment among trauma surgeons (41.5%). Overall, 158 (20.7%) of respondents recommended treatment of asymptomatic dissections and traumatic aneurysms, 211 (27.7%) did not recommend it, and 39.4% recommended endovascular treatment only if there is worsening of the lesion on follow-up imaging. These data demonstrate the wide variability of physicians' management of traumatic cerebrovascular injury, both on an individual basis, and between specialties. These findings underscore the need for multicenter, randomized trials in this field.
What makes species unique? The contribution of proteins with obscure features.

Background: Proteins with obscure features (POFs), which lack currently defined motifs or domains, represent between 18% and 38% of a typical eukaryotic proteome. To evaluate the contribution of this class of proteins to the diversity of eukaryotes, we performed a comparative analysis of the predicted proteomes derived from 10 different sequenced genomes, including budding and fission yeast, worm, fly, mosquito, Arabidopsis, rice, mouse, rat, and human. Results: Only 1,650 protein groups were found to be conserved among these proteomes (BLAST E-value threshold of 10-6). Of these, only three were designated as POFs. Surprisingly, we found that, on average, 60% of the POFs identified in these 10 proteomes (44,236 in total) were species specific. In contrast, only 7.5% of the proteins with defined features (PDFs) were species specific (17,554 in total). As a group, POFs appear similar to PDFs in their relative contribution to biological functions, as indicated by their expression, participation in protein-protein interactions and association with mutant phenotypes. However, POF have more predicted disordered structure than PDFs, implying that they may exhibit preferential involvement in species-specific regulatory and signaling networks. Conclusion: Because the majority of eukaryotic POFs are not well conserved, and by definition do not have defined domains or motifs upon which to formulate a functional working hypothesis, understanding their biochemical and biological functions will require species-specific investigations.
Three dimensional filling analysis of gas-assisted injection molding

A three-dimensional finite element model combined with a volume tracking technique has been developed to simulate the mold filling phase in gas-assisted injection molding. The model deals with the polymer melt flow having two moving interfaces, i.e., the gas-polymer interface and polymer front. A mixed finite element formulation using four node tetrahedral elements is employed to solve the 3D Navier-Stokes equations. A robust volume tracking technique is developed to track the gas-polymer interface and the polymer front surfaces. When compared to 2D shell models, 3D modeling is capable of predicting accurately the important flow features in complex parts as well as the gas core shapes and locations.
Nuclear Recycling of the Pre-60S Ribosomal Subunit-Associated Factor Arx1 Depends on Rei1 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Arx1 and Rei1 are found on late pre-60S ribosomal particles containing the export adaptor Nmd3. Arx1 is related to methionine aminopeptidases (MetAPs), and Rei1 is a C2H2 zinc finger protein whose function in ribosome biogenesis has not been previously characterized. Arx1 and Rei1 localized predominately to the nucleus and cytoplasm, respectively, but could be coimmunoprecipitated, suggesting that they are transiently in the same 60S complex. arx1Δ mutants showed a modest accumulation of 60S subunits in the nucleus, suggesting that Arx1 enhances 60S export. Deletion of REI1 led to cold sensitivity and redistribution of Arx1 to the cytoplasm, where it remained bound to free 60S subunits. However, deletion of ARX1 or the fusion of enhanced GFP (eGFP) to Rpl25 suppressed the cold sensitivity of an rei1Δ mutant. The presence of eGFP on Rpl25 or its neighboring protein Rpl35 reduced the binding of Arx1 to 60S subunits, suggesting that Arx1 binds to 60S subunits in the vicinity of the exit tunnel. Mutations in Arx1 that disrupted its binding to 60S also suppressed an rei1Δ mutant and restored the normal nuclear localization of Arx1. These results indicate that the cold sensitivity of rei1Δ cells is due to the persistence of Arx1 on 60S subunits in the cytoplasm. Furthermore, these results suggest that Rei1 is needed for release of Arx1 from nascent 60S subunits after export to the cytoplasm but not for the subsequent nuclear import of Arx1.
A Large Family of Divergent Drosophila Odorant-Binding Proteins Expressed in Gustatory and Olfactory Sensilla

We identified a large family of putative odorant-binding protein (OBP) genes in the genome of Drosophila melanogaster. Some of these genes are present in large clusters in the genome. Most members are expressed in various taste organs, including gustatory sensilla in the labellum, the pharyngeal labral sense organ, dorsal and ventral cibarial organs, as well as taste bristles located on the wings and tarsi. Some of the gustatory OBPs are expressed exclusively in taste organs, but most are expressed in both olfactory and gustatory sensilla. Multiple binding proteins can be coexpressed in the same gustatory sensillum. Cells in the tarsi that express OBPs are required for normal chemosensation mediated through the leg, as ablation of these cells dramatically reduces the sensitivity of the proboscis extension reflex to sucrose. Finally, we show that OBP genes expressed in the pharyngeal taste sensilla are still expressed in the poxneuro genetic background while OBPs expressed in the labellum are not. These findings support a broad role for members of the OBP family in gustation and olfaction and suggest that poxneuro is required for cell fate determination of labellar but not pharyngeal taste organs.
Principle hessian direction based parameter reduction forinterconnect networks with process variation

As CMOS technology enters the nanometer regime, the increasing process variation is bringing manifest impact on circuit performance. To accurately take account of both global and local process variations, a large number of random variables (or parameters) have to be incorporated into circuit models. This measure in turn raises the complexity of the circuit models. The current paper proposes a Principle Hessian Direction (PHD) based parameter reduction approach for interconnect networks. The proposed approach relies on each parameter's impact on circuit performance to decide whether keeping or reducing the parameter. Compared with existing principle component analysis(PCA) method, this performance based property provides us a significantly smaller parameter set after reduction. The experimental results also support our conclusions. In interconnect cases, the proposed method reduces 70% of parameters. In some cases (the mesh example in the current paper), the new approach leads to an 85% reduction. We also tested ISCAS benchmarks. In all cases, an average of 53% of reductionis observed with less than 3% error in mean and less than 8% error in variation.
The use of tracers to assess leakage from the sequestration of CO2 in a depleted oil reservoir, New Mexico, USA

Abstract Geological sequestration of CO 2 in depleted oil reservoirs is a potentially useful strategy for greenhouse gas management and can be combined with enhanced oil recovery. Development of methods to estimate CO 2 leakage rates is essential to assure that storage objectives are being met at sequestration facilities. Perfluorocarbon tracers (PFTs) were added as three 12 h slugs at about one week intervals during the injection of 2090 tons of CO 2 into the West Pearl Queen (WPQ) depleted oil formation, sequestration pilot study site located in SE New Mexico. The CO 2 was injected into the Permian Queen Formation. Leakage was monitored in soil–gas using a matrix of 40 capillary adsorbent tubes (CATs) left in the soil for periods ranging from days to months. The tracers, perfluoro-1,2-dimethylcyclohexane (PDCH), perfluorotrimethylcyclohexane (PTCH) and perfluorodimethylcyclobutane (PDCB), were analyzed using thermal desorption, and gas chromatography with electron capture detection. Monitoring was designed to look for immediate leakage, such as at the injection well bore and at nearby wells, and to develop the technology to estimate overall CO 2 leak rates based on the use of PFTs. Tracers were detected in soil–gas at the monitoring sites 50 m from the injection well within days of injection. Tracers continued to escape over the following years. Leakage appears to have emanated from the vicinity of the injection well in a radial pattern to about 100 m and in directional patterns to 300 m. Leakage rates were estimated for the 3 tracers from each of the 4 sets of CATs in place following the start of CO 2 injection. Leakage was fairly uniform during this period. As a first approximation, the CO 2 leak rate was estimated at about 0.0085% of the total CO 2 sequestered per annum.