cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Induction of cleft palate in mice by tranquilizers and barbiturates.

Several barbiturates and tranquilizers, individually or in combination, were injected into pregnant mice of the A/J, CD1 and C3H strains in doses sufficient to induce sedation during the expected time of palate closure. Similar treatments were given during periods of fetal development 1 or more days prior to the time for normal palate closure. Among 2074 fetuses from treated pregnant females, 308 had isolated cleft palates. The most susceptible strains were A/J and CD1; the more teratogenic drugs were phenobarbital and hydroxyzine; the most critical treatment periods were at least 1 day prior to the time the palate would normally have closed. Thus, barbiturates and tranquilizers were shown to be significant cleft palate teratogens in mice although their mechanism of action was not investigated.
Adaptive learning in random linear nanoscale networks

While the top-down engineered CMOS technology favors regular and locally interconnected structures, emerging molecular and nanoscale bottom-up self-assembled devices will be built from vast numbers of simple, densely arranged components that exhibit high failure rates, are relatively slow, and connected in a disordered way. Such systems are not programmable by standard means. Here we provide a solution to the supervised learning problem of mapping a desired binary input to a desired binary output in an random nanoscale network of linear functions with given control nodes. The network model is inspired after self-assembled silver nanowires. Our results show that one- and two-control node random networks can implement linearly separable sets.
On distributed parameter control systems in the abnormal case and in the case of nonoperator equality constraints

In this paper, a general distributed parameter control problem in Banach spaces with integral cost functional and with given initial and terminal data is considered. An extension of the Dubovitskii-Milyutin method to the case of nonregular operator equality constraints, based on Avakov's generalization of the Lusternik theorem, is presented. This result is applied to obtain an extension of the Extremum Principle for the case of abnormal optimal control problems. Then a version of this problem with nonoperator equality constraints is discussed and the Extremum Principle for this problem is presented.
Positive evidence for negative evidence

The topic of 'negative evidence', i.e., of linguistic corrections, is focused upon. Its denial in the recent literature is briefly documented and various dimensions of this denial are specified. After a brief historical survey of research on adult corrections of children's speech, verbatim evidence of maternal corrective feedback is presented for the following categories of filial mistakes: Nouns and Labels, Verbs, Determiners, Prepositions, Bound Morphemes, and Syntax. It is also argued and demonstrated that most 'expansions' involve grammatical corrections and that expanding corrections predominate by far during the early developmental period. Finally, diverse aspects of corrections, their generality, and their effect upon language acquisition are discussed from epistemological and methodological perspectives.
Valuing lease contracts A real-options approach

Abstract Using a real-options approach to endogenously derive the entire term structure of lease rates, I develop a unified framework for pricing a wide variety of leasing contracts. The structure of the model is analogous to traditional models of the term structure of interest rates. I show how the model is flexible enough to determine equilibrium lease rates for leases of any term and practically any structure, including forward leases, leases with options to renew or cancel, lease insurance contracts, adjustable-rate leases, and leases with payments contingent on asset usage.
Development and Implementation of an Anthropomorphic Pediatric Spine Phantom for the Assessment of Craniospinal Irradiation Procedures in Proton Therapy

Purpose: To design an anthropomorphic pediatric spine phantom for use in the evaluation of proton therapy facilities for clinical trial participation by the Imaging and Radiation Oncology Core (IROC) Houston QA Center (formerly RPC). Methods : This phantom was designed to perform an end-to-end audit of the proton spine treatment process, including simulation, dose calculation by the treatment planning system (TPS), and proton treatment delivery. The design incorporated materials simulating the thoracic spinal column of a pediatric patient, along with two thermoluminescent dosimeter (TLD)-100 capsules and radiochromic film embedded in the phantom for dose evaluation. Fourteen potential materials were tested to determine relative proton stopping power (RSP) and Hounsfield unit (HU) values. Each material was CT scanned at 120 kVp, and the RSP was obtained from depth ionization scans using the Zebra multi-layer ion chamber (MLIC) at two energies: 160 MeV and 250 MeV. To determine tissue equivalency, the measured RSP for each material was compared to the RSP calculated by the Eclipse TPS for a given HU. Results: The materials selected as bone, tissue, and cartilage substitutes were Techron HPV Bearing Grade (Boedeker Plastics, Inc.), solid water, and blue water, respectively. The RSP values did not differ by more than 1.8% between the two energies. The measured RSP for each selected material agreed with the RSP calculated by the Eclipse TPS within 1.2%. Conclusion : An anthropomorphic pediatric proton spine phantom was designed to evaluate proton therapy delivery. The inclusion of multiple tissue substitutes increases heterogeneity and the level of difficulty for institutions to successfully treat the phantom. The following attributes will be evaluated: absolute dose agreement, distal range, field width, junction match and right/left dose profile alignment. The phantom will be tested at several institutions using a 5% dose agreement criterion, and a 5%/3mm gamma analysis criterion for the film planes. -------------------------------------- Cite this article as: Lewis DJ, Summers PA, Followill DS, Sahoo N, Mahajan A, Stingo FC, Kry SF. Development and implementation of an anthropomorphic pediatric spine phantom for the assessment of craniospinal irradiation procedures in proton therapy. Int J Cancer Ther Oncol 2014; 2(2):020227. DOI: 10.14319/ijcto.0202.27
Is there a layer deep in the Earth that uncouples heat from mechanical work

Abstract. The thermal expansion coefficient is presented as the coupling between heat energy and mechanical work. It is shown that when heat and work are uncoupled then very unusual material properties occurs: for example, acoustic p waves are not damped and heat is not generated from mechanical motion. It is found that at pressures defined by the bulk modulus divided by the Anderson–Gruneisen parameter, then the thermal expansion coefficient approaches zero in linear-elastic models. Very large pressures always reduce thermal expansion coefficients; the importance of a very small or even negative thermal expansion coefficient is discussed in relation to physical processes deep in the core and mantle of Earth. Models of the thermal expansion coefficients based on interatomic potentials which are always relegated to isometric conditions preclude any changes in volume due to temperature changes. However, it is known that the pressures in the Earth are large enough to effectively reduce thermal expansion coefficients to near zero which decouples heat from mechanical work.
How Terrorism Ends: Understanding the Decline and Demise of Terrorist Campaigns

Audrey Kurth Cronin, known for her works on counterterrorism, has written a very timely book that deals with the end of terrorist organizations. Among the possibilities that she considers are catch...
Prevalence of insulin resistance in the polycystic ovary syndrome using the homeostasis model assessment

Objective To determine the prevalence of insulin resistance (IR) in a large population of patients with the polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Design Prospective, case-control. Setting University medical center. Patient(s) Two hundred seventy-one PCOS patients and 260 eumenorrheic, non-hirsute, control women. Intervention(s) History and physical examination and blood sampling. Main Outcome Measure(s) Total T, free T, DHEAS, sex hormone-binding globulin, and fasting glucose and insulin levels; homeostatic model assessment values for IR (HOMA-IR) and percent β-cell function (HOMA- % β-cell). Result(s) Patients with PCOS and controls differed significantly in all parameters studied, except fasting glucose. Because the HOMA-IR and HOMA-%β-cell values were variably associated with race, age, and body mass index, the HOMA-IR and HOMA-%β-cell values were then adjusted for these cofounders. After adjustment, 64.4% of PCOS patients were noted to be insulin resistant, and 2.6% had β-cell dysfunction. Compared with PCOS patients without IR (n = 96), patients with IR (n = 174) were more obese and had higher β-cell function. Conclusion(s) In patients with PCOS, the prevalence of IR was 64% according to the HOMA-IR measurement, after adjustment. Patients with IR were more clinically affected. Although IR is a common abnormality in PCOS, it does not seem to be a universal feature.
Friends Don't Let Friends Suffer From Depression: How Threat, Efficacy, Knowledge, and Empathy Relate to College Students'; Intentions to Intervene on Behalf of a Depressed Friend

Mental health—specifically, depression—is of growing concern to health professionals and the public. Health messages can be used to increase the number of people receiving treatment for depressive disorders. The effectiveness of these messages may be amplified by including an interpersonal influence component, such as encouraging individuals to intervene if they suspect a friend or family member is suffering from depression. The purposes of this study were to (a) explore college students'; behavioral intentions when presented with an opportunity to intervene on behalf of a depressed friend, (b) examine the potential of the Extended Parallel Process Model to help direct message design using efficacy and threat, and (c) investigate the respective influences of empathy and knowledge on behavioral intentions related to intervening on behalf of a depressed friend. Results indicated that self-efficacy and response efficacy, as well as perceived knowledge, could be used to help determine students'; readiness to ...
Ensuring serializability for mobile data mining on multimedia objects

Data mining usually is considered as application tasks conducted on the top of database management systems. However, this may not always be true. To illustrate this, in this article we examine the issue of conduct data mining in mobile computing environments, where multiple physical copies of the same data object in client caches may exist at the same time with the server as the primary owner of all data objects. By demonstrating what can be mined in such an environment, we point out the important connection of data mining with database implementation. This leads us to take a look at the issue of extending traditional invalid-access prevention policy protocols, which are needed to ensure serializability involving data updates in mobile environments. Furthermore, we provide examples to illustrate how such kind of research can shed light on mobile data mining.
Benefits of an Informal Curriculum: Recruiting Medical Students Into Interventional Radiology.

INTRODUCTION Recruitment into interventional radiology (IR) has failed to keep pace with the demand for interventional procedures [1]. The approval of a dual certificate in IR and diagnostic radiology by the ABR in 2012 will require that medical students commit to a career in IR during their fourth year of medical school instead of during residency. Consequently, there is an urgent need to prioritize medical student exposure to IR in order to sustain the specialty. Even before the dual certificate was approved, medical students’ exposure to IR was inadequate [2]. As clinical interventionalists increasingly interact with other specialists, IR must establish itself in the minds of medical students. A strong effort will remind future referring physicians of IR’s diverse utility and will increase recruitment to the specialty. Toward that end, the Society of Interventional Radiology launched theMedical Student Liaison Program in 2006 to prioritize medical student education [3]. However, few medical schools across the country have implemented models of IR education [4]. Medical student recruitment into the new dual certificate should be revisited, reprioritized, and redefined to leverage student interest groups to
Updated analysis of the quark-mixing matrix and its phenomenological implications

The 3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}3 quark-mixing matrix of Kobayashi and Maskawa is reexamined, using the latest information in calculating the ${K}_{L}\ensuremath{-}{K}_{S}$ mass difference and the $\mathrm{CP}$-violation parameter $\ensuremath{\epsilon}$, and using recent data of $\ensuremath{\nu}$ and $\overline{\ensuremath{\nu}}$ production of opposite-sign dileptons, and semileptonic decays of charmed and $b$-flavored particles; then the neutral-particle\char22{}antiparticle mixing and $\mathrm{CP}$ violation in the ${D}^{0}{\overline{D}}^{0}$, ${B}^{0}{\overline{B}}^{0}$, and ${T}^{0}{\overline{T}}^{0}$ systems are calculated. Constraints on the mixing matrix and $t$-quark mass from ${K}_{L}\ensuremath{-}{\ensuremath{\mu}}^{+}{\ensuremath{\mu}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ are also considered.
Clinical trial factors in a pain transition state model

This paper presents a pain state transition model which accounts for constraints used in clinical trials. The pain transition state model is an approach for summarizing, presenting and modeling pain state transitions in a population. Data used are from the ibuprofen arm of a number of clinical trials measuring dental extraction pain. The data determine the state transition coefficients of the model. The pain process in the presence of an analgesic is thus fully characterized.
Functional health status of persons with diabetes in a nurse-managed clinic.

PURPOSE The purpose of this psychometric analysis was to (1) describe the functional health status of medically underserved persons with diabetes participating in an exercise program; (2) examine the relationships between functional health status scores and physiologic measures for blood pressure, heart rate, and blood glucose levels; and (3) examine the reliability and validity of the Medical Outcomes Study SF-36 survey. METHODS Data were collected from 31 men and women receiving diabetes disease management in a community-based nurse-managed clinic. The SF-36 survey was used to measure functional health status. Blood pressure, heart rate, and blood glucose also were measured (pretest/posttest). RESULTS The SF-36 survey had good internal consistency in the total sample. Blood pressure and blood glucose levels decreased significantly and heart rate increased significantly from pretest to posttest. Functional health status was negatively associated with physiological parameters. CONCLUSIONS Further research is needed on the use of the SF-36 survey in medically underserved persons with diabetes because this instrument lacked construct validity as a measure of functional health status in this population.
Improved mean estimation and its application to diagonal discriminant analysis

Motivation: High-dimensional data such as microarrays have created new challenges to traditional statistical methods. One such example is on class prediction with high-dimension, low-sample size data. Due to the small sample size, the sample mean estimates are usually unreliable. As a consequence, the performance of the class prediction methods using the sample mean may also be unsatisfactory. To obtain more accurate estimation of parameters some statistical methods, such as regularizations through shrinkage, are often desired. Results: In this article, we investigate the family of shrinkage estimators for the mean value under the quadratic loss function. The optimal shrinkage parameter is proposed under the scenario when the sample size is fixed and the dimension is large. We then construct a shrinkage-based diagonal discriminant rule by replacing the sample mean by the proposed shrinkage mean. Finally, we demonstrate via simulation studies and real data analysis that the proposed shrinkage-based rule outperforms its original competitor in a wide range of settings. Contact: tongt@hkbu.edu.hk
Neodymium:YAG laser treatment for hemorrhages under the internal limiting membrane and posterior hyaloid face in the macula.

Background: A dense premacular hemorrhage may occur from proliferative diabetic retinopathy, a ruptured retinal artery macroaneurysm, or Valsahra retinopathy. Spontaneous clearing of the hemorrhage in Valsalva retinopathy usually occurs, taking several months. In diabetic retinopathy, a traction macular detachment may result as early as 5 weeks after the hemorrhage. In diabetic retinopathy or a macroaneurysm, only a fibrotic epiretinal membrane overlying the macula may develop. Observation or vitrectomy is the current way of managing a dense premacular hemorrhage. This study was undertaken to investigate an altemafive, neodymium:YAG (Nd:YAG) laser membranotomy, in treating this type of hemorrhage. Methods: Six eyes in six patients had Q-switched Nd:YAG laser treatment to open trapped hemorrhage overlying the macula. One to three laser membranotomies were performed. Colored fundus photographs were obtained before and after the hemorrhage was treated. In some cases, fluorescein angiography was done before the hemorrhage was treated. The size of the pretreated hemorrhage was estimated from the photographs and expressed in disc diameters. Patients with diabetes had panretinal laser before Nd: YAG laser membranotomy. Results: The premacular bleeding originated from proliferative diabetic retinopathy in four eyes and from a retinal artery macroaneurysm in two. Average estimated area of the pretreated hemorrhage was 14 disc diameters. Five eyes had marked clearing of hemorrhage and rapid improvement of vision after Nd:YAG laser membranotomy. Average follow-up after laser treatment was 20 months. One diabetic eye required vitrectomy for rebleeding. One eye had little visual improvement due to pre-existing subretinal bleeding. Conclusion: Neodymium:YAG laser membranotomy seems helpful in rapid clearing of premacular hemorrhage in certain eyes. A randomized prospective study is needed to evaluate observation, vitrectomy, and Nd:YAG laser treatment of dense premacular hemorrhage.
Ethical Leadership in Intercollegiate Sport: Challenges, Opportunities, Future Directions

Given the significant issues leaders face in the intercollegiate sport context, the need to lead ethically is paramount. This special issue, Ethical Leadership in Intercollegiate Sport, highlights the need for ethical leadership, explores enhancing ethical leadership and ethical decision-making, and examines ways to reduce unethical behavior within intercollegiate athletics. This introductory paper defines ethical leadership and identifies opportunities to better understand ethical leadership in the context of intercollegiate sport.
Robust Architecture for Human Language Technology

Technological advancements in the past few decades have made the spoken language technology systems very complex. This leads to a need for robust, portable and flexible platforms on which these spoken language technologies can be implemented. The development of the DARPA communicator system was a significant step in this direction and has fueled the design and development of impressive human language technology applications. Its distributed framework has offered numerous benefits to the research community, including reduced prototype development time, sharing of components across sites, and provision of a standard evaluation platform. It has also enabled development of client-server applications with complex inter-process communication between modules. However, this latter feature, though beneficial, introduces complexities which reduce overall system robustness to failure. In addition, the ability to handle multiple users and multiple applications from a common interface is not innately supported. In this paper, we describe our enhancements to the original communicator architecture to address robustness issues and to support multiple applications simultaneously
An Antiquated Perspective: Lifetime Ban for MSM Blood Donations No Longer Global Norm

During the 1980's, the relatively unknown human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome ("HIV/AIDS") struck fear into the hearts of society and stigmatized the homosexual population as the root of the problem. In response to the threat posed by the disease and in an attempt to keep the nation's blood supply safe, the Food and Drug Administration ("FDA") imposed a lifetime ban on any man who has had sex with another man ("MSM") at any time, even once, since 1977 from donating blood. The United States still maintains the ban on gay blood donors while other nations have altered their regulations to reflect the science of today. In this article, we argue that the United States, and the * Associate, Sidley Austin LLP, Chicago, IL; J.D., cum laude, 2013, Loyola University Chicago School of Law. B.S., cur laude, 2007, Boston University. (This article is solely the work of the authors and does not represent the opinion of Sidley Austin LLP or its clients.) ** J.D., 2013, Health Law Certificate, Loyola University Chicago School of Law, B.A., B.S., cum laude, 2010, Missouri Western State University. A special and sincere thanks to Nadia Sawicki, Assistant Professor of Law, Beazley Institute for Health Law and Policy, Loyola University Chicago School of Law, for her kind support, never-ending encouragement, and fantastic guidance. 22 DEPAUL JOURNAL OF HEALTH CARE LAW FDA, have been unresponsive in assessing whether the MSM ban can be updated, and has largely ignored the global shift away from a lifetime ban. The basis that other countries have used to change their policies is applicable to the U.S., including the drastic reduction in detection time for HIV, and social, cultural, and legal changes. We argue the ban is discriminatory, bears no rational relationship to modem circumstances, and violates the constitution. Also, this policy is arbitrary and capricious for continued enforcement without consideration of current HIV transmission patterns. Further, we argue the MSM ban is against public policy. This article concludes by recommending the policy for blood donors take into account risk factors from all donors and that the deferral period for MSM donors be a maximum of six-months.
Computer currency

The notion of continuing education is nowhere more relevant than in the computer context. The fact that many top managers completed their formal education before computer topics were a part of most university curricula, coupled with the elemental changes that have transformed our industry for even those computer specialists who completed their education a few years ago, make continuing education for “computer currency” a very real need.A continual passing from hand to hand of computer knowledge is essential if we are to deal with technology in a timely way. Understanding of computer concepts can be a medium of exchange with real financial value in our technologically oriented society; in other words, a money type of currency.
Ancient Medical Instruments: An Overview and Case Study

An overview of the development of the materials used for surgical knives is presented. Because early surgical tools are hard to recognize in terms of specific function, unless they are found in context they are difficult to identify. A rare exception is the collection of Roman surgical implements found in Pompeii. In order to demonstrate the level of technology typical ofthat time, metallographic study has been performed on an object identified as a Roman surgical probe similar to those found in Pompeii. The composition, microstructure, and fabrication technology for this object is discussed in relation to its functional use.
A CASE OF LARYNGEAL CHONDROMA

A rare case of chondroma of the larynx is herein reported in which the neoplasma originated in the cricoid cartilage extended to left arytenoid region, and it obstructed severly the laryngeal cavity. Total laryngectomy was necessary in this case.Some problems on diagnosis and therapy of this desease are discussed in refering the bibliographies.
Some new applications of the GLPD micromorphic model of ductile fracture

This paper presents some new applications of a model of ductile rupture of porous ductile materials proposed by Gologanu, Leblond, Perrin and Devaux (GLPD). The first application is concerned with the relationship between this model and the class of generalized standard materials. We show that the GLPD model fits in this class, provided that the porosity is not allowed to change and the hypothesis of linearized theory is adopted. The advantage of this property is that it automatically warrants the unicity of the solution for the ‘projection’ problem of the (supposedly) elastic stress predictor onto the GLPD’s yield locus. The second application leads to some exact analytical solutions of the GLPD model constitutive equations for the problems of an elastic hollow sphere in the framework of linearized theory, and viscous in large deformations. Comparisons between the numerical predictions of the GLPD model and the analytical solutions confirm the robustness of the numerical scheme used to implement this mod...
Radiotherapy in the Management of Orbital Lymphoma: A Single Institution's Experience Over 4 Decades.

Purpose:To report our institution’s treatment techniques, disease outcomes, and complication rates after radiotherapy for the management of lymphoma involving the orbits.Patients and Methods:We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 44 patients curatively treated with radiotherapy for stage
Efficacy of fly coil in lab and its quality control analysis

Objective To analysis the efficacy of fly coil in the market and discuss on its quality control.Mehtods Testing KT50 in the lab and observing the killing rate in mimic field.Results The KT50 of fly coil in the lab was 1.2-3.2 min,most of them were within 2 min.The killing rate was above 94% in mimic field.Conclusion It is simple and convenient for quality control of fly coil when using barrel method to testing its killing efficacy in the lab.
Epidemiological characteristics of measles in children aged two years or less in Haidian District of Beijing during 2005 ～ 2009

Objective To study epidemiological characteristics of measles in Haidian during 2005 ～2009 in order to prevent and control its epidemic in the future. Methods In total,330 cases of measles were investigated and analyzed for understanding their epidemiological characteristics. Results Among these 330 measles cases,61. 2 percent were migrant children and 34. 8 percent were Beijing children with permanent residence. One hundred and sixty-nine cases of measles (51. 2% ) aged one to eight months and another 161 cases (48. 8% ) aged eight months to two years. Peak of measles incidence was April to May of 2005 ～ 2009. Proportion of measles children with history of hospital visits in their incubation and infectivity period was 34. 5 percent and 100 percent,respectively and more than 50 percent of the children ever visited children’s hospitals as their first choice. Conclusions Measles occurred mostly in infants of eight months old or less in Haidian,Beijing during 2005 ～ 2009,with hospital aggregation in those with two years old or less, suggesting potential nosocomial infection.
Research and Application of HPLC for the Determination of SudanI,II,III,IV in Food

A method for the determination of Sudan in food by HPLC was introduced.After extracted with acetonitrile,Sudan I in the sample was separated on C18 column,using acetonitrile-water as the mobile phase,and detected at 478nm.The detection limit was below 0.01μg/mL and the correlation coefficient was 0.9999.The simultaneous determination of SudanⅠ,Ⅱ,Ⅲ,Ⅳ using gradient elution conditions and different detection wavelengths was also investigated.Then a simple and reliable method was developed.
Variation Characteristics of Wave Velocity During Rock Failure Process

Under uniaxial multi-level loading condition, the longitudinal wave velocities in different directions from south Fujian diorite were measured. Firstly,based on the experiment results,the changes of wave velocities with stress were analyzed. And then according to the hypothesis of the linear relationship between wave velocity and stress in a very small range of stress,a wave velocity-stress model was built. In the end,using the multi-parameter piecewise fitting,undetermined coefficients in the model were determined. The results showed that the variation of wave velocity paralleled to the loading direction is characterized by an initial instant and nonlinear rise belowa critical stress,followed by a more gradual linear increase above this critical stress,and the decrease is not obvious before the failure. Whereas,the variation of wave velocity perpendicular to the loading direction is characterized by a slightly rise belowa critical stress,followed by an accelerated decrease above this critical stress,and the decrease is very obvious before the failure. The variation of wave velocities in different directions can be accurately fitted by the wave velocity-stress model,which confirms the applicability of the model.
Recognizing digitalis toxicity in patients with artificial pacemakers.

In a patient with ventricular rhythm induced by an artificial cardiac pacemaker, the clue to diagnosis of digitalis intoxication lies in electrocardiographic recognition of altered atrial mechanism, particularly the appearance of retrograde P waves. Recognition of ventricular premature contractions is also very important. Illustrative cases of all the arrhythmias detected in 20 pacemaker patients with digitalis toxicity are presented.
Digenite Nanosheets Synthesized by Thermolysis of Layered Copper-Alkanethiolate Frameworks

Copper sulfide nanocrystals support localized surface plasmon resonances in the near-infrared wavelengths and have significant potential as active plasmonic nanomaterials due to the tunability of this optical response. While numerous strategies exist for synthesizing copper sulfide nanocrystals, few methods result in nanocrystals with both controlled morphological shapes and crystallinity. Here, we synthesize and characterize ultrathin (<5 nm) Cu9S5 nanosheets that are formed by solventless thermolysis, utilizing Cu alkanethiolates as single-source precursors. Layered Cu alkanethiolate precursors adopt a highly ordered structure which can be further stabilized in the presence of Cl– and also serve to template the formation of nanosheets. We show that, in the absence of Cl–, only isotropic and disk-like Cu2–xS nanocrystals form. These findings offer further insight into the use of layered metal–organic single-source precursors as templates for anisotropic nanocrystal growth.
The Intergenerational Transmission of Child Maltreatment: Socio-ecological and Psychological Origins of Maternal Risk

Most reports of child maltreatment implicate mothers, although fathers and stepfathers play a significant role especially in severe or lethal forms of abuse. A gender framework is proposed in this chapter to illuminate the potential roots of maternal abuse and neglect and the intergenerational transmission of maltreatment. Risk factors underlying maternal maltreatment are summarized including teenage pregnancy, extra-marital births, domestic violence, substance use and psychopathology. Such indicators are interpreted in light of gender-based inequality in family, relationship and economic experiences. Abusive parenting is linked to cycles of poverty expressed in the mother-daughter repetition of teenage pregnancy, which may contribute to an intergenerational abusive cycle. Further mechanisms in child maltreatment such as attachment disorders, disrupted neurobiology and impulsivity are also reviewed and evidence for gender differences in response to stress in childhood is discussed.
FDG-PET/CT versus contrast enhanced CT for prediction of progression-free and disease-specific survival in stage IV breast cancer patients.

1051 Background: To compare FDG PET/CT to contrast-enhanced CT (CECT) for the prediction of progression-free and disease-specific survival in stage IV breast cancer patients undergoing systemic the...
Sleep-Dependent Changes in Upper Airway Muscle Function

the study respiration across objectively measured states of sleep began in 1959, when electroencephalographic (EEG) recordings were first used to monitor sleep during systematic studies of breathing (reviewed in ref. 63). Since that time it has become increasingly clear that the sleep/wake cycle exerts a significant impact on breathing and may fundamentally alter many aspects of central respiratory control (24). The relatively recent discovery that there are several clinical conditions characterized by disordered breathing during sleep has motivated both clinical and basic scientific interest concerning the influence of sleep on respiration.
On the use of high-gradient magnetic force field in capturing airborne particles

Abstract Airborne particles in the environment are generally smaller than a couple of microns. Use of magnetic force to collect aerosol particles thus has not been popular as the other means. There are billions of airborne particles emitted by a host of man-made sources with the particle size smaller than 1 µm and possess some magnetic susceptibility. We are thus interested in the use of high-gradient magnetic collection to extract the magnetic fraction in an aerosol population. In this study, we reported that the magnetic force is the dominant force in collection of ferromagnetic particles of mobility equivalent size larger than or equal to 50 nm in a high-gradient permanent-magnetic aerosol collector, while the diffusiophoretic force is responsible for particles smaller than 10 nm. Both forces compete for particles in between these two sizes in the magnetic aerosol collector designed for this study. To enable a wide-range effective collection of aerosol particles across entire size spectrum from a few nanometers to tens of a micron, the ORNL-designed high-gradient magnetic collector would require the use of an engineered matrix. Thus, the matrix design for a specific application becomes application specific. Irrespective of the collection efficiency, the use of permanent magnets to collect magnetic particles is feasible and also highly selective because it tunes into the magnetic susceptibility of the particles as well as the size. Lastly, the use of permanent magnets enables the collector to be operated at a minimal power requirement, which is a critical factor in long-term field operation.
Current State of Enhanced Recovery After Surgery in Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery.

Abstract For over two decades, enhanced recovery pathways have been implemented in many surgical disciplines, most notably in colorectal surgery. Since 2001, the Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ER...
Effect of electrolyte on the nanostructure of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) and performance of lithium metal anodes

Developing electrolytes that enable commercially viable lithium metal anodes for rechargeable lithium batteries remains challenging, despite recent exhaustive efforts. Electrolytes of similar composition, yet different structure, have been investigated to understand key mechanisms for improving the cycling performance of lithium metal anodes. Specifically, the electrolytes investigated include LiPF6, LiBF4, lithium bis(oxalato)borate (LiBOB), and lithium difluoro(oxalato)borate (LiDFOB) dissolved in a mixture of ethylene carbonate (EC) and ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC). There is a remarkable difference in the cycling performance of 1.2 M LiDFOB in EC : EMC (3 : 7) compared to 0.6 M LiBF4 + 0.6 M LiBOB in EC : EMC (3 : 7), despite the effectively equivalent chemical composition. The LiDFOB electrolyte has significantly better cycling performance. Furthermore, the chemical compositions of the SEI generated on the lithium metal electrode from the two electrolytes are very similar, especially after the 1st plating, suggesting that the chemical composition of the SEI may not be the primary source for the difference in cycling performance. Ex situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) reveals that the difference in cycling performance can be traced to the presence of nanostructured LiF particles in the SEI from the LiDFOB electrolyte. It is proposed that the capping ability of the oxalate moiety from LiDFOB, in combination with simultaneous generation of LiF, leads to generation of uniform and evenly distributed nanostructured LiF particles. The presence of nanostructured LiF in the SEI results in uniform diffusion field gradients on the lithium electrode which leads to improved cycling performance. The proposed mechanism not only provides insight for improving lithium metal anodes for batteries, but also expands upon the understanding of the role of LiF in the SEI on graphite electrodes in commercial lithium ion batteries. A superior understanding of the structure and function of the SEI will facilitate the development of next-generation energy storage systems.
The ovalbumin gene: organization, structure, transcription, and regulation.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the regulation of expression of the chicken ovalbumin gene by steroid hormones. Upon entering the cell, steroid hormones are initially bound to specific cytoplasmic protein receptors. The hormone–receptor complex undergoes activation and translocates from the cytoplasm into the nucleus. In the nuclear compartment, the hormone–receptor complex binds to acceptor sites on the target cell chromatin. This is followed by the activation of specific genes resulting in the appearance of new species of RNA. The progesterone receptor of chick oviduct is a dimer composed of A and B subunits. This subunit structure has been confirmed by the use of a reversible cross-linking reagent that will cross-link the native dimer. After extraction and partial purification, the dimer can be dissociated, releasing equimolar amounts of the A and B proteins. The A protein has a molecular weight of 79,000, and that of the B protein is 117,000. Evidence indicates that the entire gene of ovalbumin gene is transcribed as a unit into a primary transcript of RNA that appears to be subsequently processed into mature mRNA by the reactions of precise cleavage and ligation. Thus, an abundant amount of intracistronic DNA will never be expressed in the phenotype as proteins. As the cell is under environmental pressure to construct proteins (enzymes) with a particular set of characteristics, the cell could have been encouraged to splice together new polypeptides via the assembly of various segments of DNA into a gene region.
Relative Genetic Stability of Embryogenic Cultures of the Gramineae and Uniformity of Regenerated Plants

Presence of cytologically abnormal cells and regeneration of variant plants from tissue cultures of many plant species, including members of the Gramineae, is now well documented. However, in none of these reports has any attempt been made to correlate the presence or absence of such genetic variability to the nature of cell cultures used or the method of plant regeneration. It is proposed that in gramineous species such variability exists largely in those instances where the cell cultures contain large, relatively vacuolated and non-starch containing cells and where plants are formed by the organization of shoot meristems. Owing to the multicellular origin of such plants, the occurence of chimeras is not uncommon. Conversely, it is shown that embryogenic cell cultures of the Gramineae, which contain small, richly cytoplasmic and starch-containing meristematic cells — described as embryogenic cells — show relative cytological stability in culture and give rise to plants that show neither any evidence of morphological anomalies nor changes in the number or structure of chromosomes. Furthermore, there is a strong selection in favor of normal cells during the process of somatic embryogenesis. Since somatic embryos are derived from single cells no chimeras are formed.
Simulation of Dynamic Models

This chapter discusses on simulation methods for dynamic models of both discrete and continuous-time systems. Simulation methods provide both a quantitative answer and a high degree of accuracy for differential problems. Almost any dynamic model that will occur in practical application can be simulated to a reasonable accuracy. By simulating dynamic models, accurate quantitative information about system behavior can be obtained. Though the primary drawback is its non-flexibility with sensitivity analysis, simulation method is the appropriate choice for problems that need quantitative solutions. The simplest method for solving systems of differential equations to any desired degree of accuracy is the Euler method. One of the variations of The Euler method is the Runge-Kutta method, which uses a more sophisticated interpolation between the variables. The chapter also explains the significance of Chaos dynamical systems that can give rise to exotic limit sets called fractals.
Resolutions of ideals associated to subspace arrangements

Given a collection of $t$ subspaces in an $n$-dimensional $\mathbb{K} $-vector space $W$ we can associate to them $t$ vanishing ideals in the symmetric algebra $\mathcal{S}(W^*) = \mathbb{K}[x_1,x_2,\dots,x_n]$. As a subspace is defined by a set of linear equations, its vanishing ideal is generated by linear forms so it is a linear ideal. Conca and Herzog showed that the Castelnuovo-Mumford regularity of the product of $t$ linear ideals is equal to $t$. Derksen and Sidman showed that the Castelnuovo-Mumford regularity of the intersection of $t$ linear ideals is at most $t$ and they also showed that similar results hold for a more general class of ideals constructed from linear ideals. In this paper we show that analogous results hold when we replace the symmetric algebra $\mathcal{S}(W^*)$ with the exterior algebra $ \bigwedge(W^*)$ and work over a field of characteristic 0. To prove these results we rely on the functoriality of free resolutions and construct a functor $\Omega$ from the category of polynomial functors to itself. The functor $\Omega$ transforms resolutions of ideals in the symmetric algebra to resolutions of ideals in the exterior algebra.
The effect of personal network density, third parties, and team membership on negative relationships

Recent developments in network theory call for a better understanding of the factors that affect negative relationships (Labianca & Brass, 2006). The present study explores the possibility that the...
Passive, deterministic photonic conditional- phase gate via two-level systems

We show that an array of identical two-level systems coupled losslessly to a one-dimensional waveguide is able to realize a high-fidelity conditional phase shift useful for quantum logic. We propose two arrangements of emitters (one that relies on direct interactions between the emitters, and one that does not), and describe possible physical realizations and limitations.
Hurricanes and healthcare: a case report on the influences of Hurricane Maria and managed Medicare in treating a Puerto Rican resident.

While Medicare is a federal health insurance program, managed Medicare limits access to healthcare services to networks within states or territories. However, if a natural disaster requires evacuation, displaced patients are at risk of losing coverage for their benefits. Previous literature has discussed the quality of managed Medicare plans within Puerto Rico but has not addressed the adequacy of this coverage if residents are displaced to the continental United States. We explore Hurricane Maria’s impact on a resident of Puerto Rico with chronic health problems, and the challenges he faces seeking healthcare in New York. A 59-year-old male with a history of diabetes mellitus type II, coronary artery disease, peripheral vascular disease status post right foot amputation, and end-stage kidney disease on hemodialysis was admitted in October of 2017 for chest pain and swelling of legs for 5 days. The patient had missed his last three dialysis sessions after Hurricane Maria forced him to leave Puerto Rico. In examining this patient’s treatment, we observe the effect of Hurricane Maria on the medical management of Puerto Rican residents and identify challenges managed Medicare may pose to patients who cross state or territory lines. We employ this patient’s narrative to frame a larger discussion of Puerto Rican managed Medicare and provide additional recommendations for healthcare providers. Moreover, we consider this case in the context of disaster-related continuity of care for patients with complex medical conditions or treatment regimens. To address the gaps in the care of these patients, this article proposes (1) developing system-based approaches for screening displaced patients, (2) increasing the awareness of Special Enrollment Periods related to Medicare among healthcare providers, and (3) creating policy solutions to assure access to care for patients with complex medical conditions.
Breaking Latva’s Rule by Energy Hopping in a Tb(III):ZnAl2O4 Nanospinel

Latva’s empirical rule states that the energy separation between a molecular sensitizer and a lanthanide ion excited state must lie within 2000 to 4000 cm–1 for optimal energy transfer. At energies...
Community-Based Participatory Research in the News: A Qualitative Case Study of the Online Media Characterization of a French Health Study:

Since online media can be key in the widespread, symmetrical dissemination of science, we performed a media content analysis of 44 online articles to assess coverage of a French community-based par...
Chapter 20 – Cellular Network Security

In recent years, cellular networks have become open public networks to which end subscribers have direct access. This has greatly increased the number of threats to cellular networks. Though cellular networks have vastly advanced in their performance abilities, the security of these networks still remains highly outdated. As a result, they are one of the most insecure networks today—so much so, that using simple off-the-shelf equipment, any adversary can cause major network outages affecting millions of subscribers. In this chapter, we address the security of cellular networks. We also educate readers on the current state of security of cellular networks and their vulnerabilities. In addition, we outline a cellular network specific attack taxonomy—also called the three-dimensional attack taxonomy. Furthermore, we also discuss the vulnerability assessment tools for cellular networks. Finally, we provide insights as to why cellular networks are so vulnerable and why securing them can prevent communication outages during emergencies.
Systems engineering knowledge and skills for water and environmental problems

Systems engineering is a discipline for organising problems and finding better solutions. The approach is ancient and practical in its origins, and has become more formal in the last century. Syste...