cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tracer flow, permeability, and partial conductance.

It is often not possible to evaluate a permeability coefficient for net flowP from the small flows produced by physiological gradients of concentration or electrical potential. The common use of a tracer permeability coefficientPx for this purpose, under the assumption thatPx=P, requires that the species be transported passively, and that there be no significant coupling between its flow and that of other chemical species, and between the flows of its tracer and abundant isotopes (isotope interaction). These conditions are often not satisfied. However, for passive transport in the absence of coupling of flows of different chemical species the measurement of tracer flow at two values of electrical potential difference evaluates (Px/P) and thusP. In the presence of coupling of flows of different chemical species, although these measurements no longer evaluateP, they evaluate the partial conductanceG. A graphical method of evaluating (Px/P),P andG is presented.
Geometric morphometric analysis of tibial shape and presentation among Catarrhine taxa.

The proximal component of the talo-crural joint, the tibia, was compared, using geometric morphometrics, in 240 specimens from 10 extant taxa to identify differences in shape and the factors influencing them. The specimens were laser scanned, digitally reconstructed, and landmarked. Regression analysis was used to evaluate tibial shape, and significant amounts of shape variation among taxa were due to body mass, tibial size, superfamily, and substrate preference in the whole tibia, as well as, separate analysis of the distal tibial articular facets, and the medial malleolar facet. The most important factor for whole tibial shape was tibial robusticity, which closely correlated with body mass. However, substrate preference was also a significant factor in tibial shape and independent from body mass. Substrate preference was also the most important factor defining distal articular morphology. Principal components analysis and pairwise permutation tests were used to compare differences in morphology among taxa. Nearly all were significantly different in overall tibial shape, and distal morphology. Shape and presentational morphology associated with body mass, tibial size, superfamily, and substrate preference were identified, along with the similarities and differences among individual taxa. These were visualized by TPS deformation of an exemplar surface. Relationships among these factors were assessed with their dot-product. Results demonstrated that size significantly influenced proximal presentation, while substrate preference influenced articular morphology. Anat Rec, 294:217–230, 2011. V C 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Adaptive cyclic physiologic noise modeling and correction in functional MRI

Physiologic noise in BOLD-weighted MRI data is known to be a significant source of the variance, reducing the statistical power and specificity in fMRI and functional connectivity analyses. We show a dramatic improvement on current noise correction methods in both fMRI and fcMRI data that avoids overfitting. The traditional noise model is a Fourier series expansion superimposed on the periodicity of parallel measured breathing and cardiac cycles. Correction using this model results in removal of variance matching the periodicity of the physiologic cycles. Using this framework allows easy modeling of noise. However, using a large number of regressors comes at the cost of removing variance unrelated to physiologic noise, such as variance due to the signal of functional interest (overfitting the data). It is our hypothesis that there are a small variety of fits that describe all of the significantly coupled physiologic noise. If this is true, we can replace a large number of regressors used in the model with a smaller number of the fitted regressors and thereby account for the noise sources with a smaller reduction in variance of interest. We describe these extensions and demonstrate that we can preserve variance in the data unrelated to physiologic noise while removing physiologic noise equivalently, resulting in data with a higher effective SNR than with current corrections techniques. Our results demonstrate a significant improvement in the sensitivity of fMRI (up to a 17% increase in activation volume for fMRI compared with higher order traditional noise correction) and functional connectivity analyses.
Education in Peril

Author's Summary.— The educational “reforms” recently proposed by ten educators to the American Council on Education are suggestions to make our education totalitarian in nature. They would make American education conform to Soviet and National Socialist trends. Education is in peril if they are adopted.
Hypertensive cardiovascular damage in patients with primary autonomic failure.

Patients with primary autonomic failure have left-ventricular hypertrophy probably as a result of night-time hypertension.
Widespread Ultraconservation Divergence in Primates

The distribution and evolution of ultraconserved elements (UCEs, DNA stretches that are perfectly identical in primates and rodents) were examined in genomes of 3 primate species (human, chimpanzee, and rhesus macaque). It was found that the number of UCEs has decreased throughout primate evolution. At least 26% of ancestral UCEs have diverged in hominoids, whereas an additional 17% have accumulated one or more single nucleotide polymorphisms in the human genome. Sequence polymorphism analyses indicate that mutation fixation within an UCE can trigger a relaxation in the selective constraint on that element. Homogeneous mutation accumulations in UCEs served as a template by which purifying selection acted more effectively on protein-coding UCEs. Gene ontology annotation suggests that UCE sequence variation, primarily occurring in noncoding regions, might be linked to the reprogramming of the expression pattern of transcription factors and developmentally important genes. Many of these genes are expressed in the central nervous system. Finally, UCE sequence variability within human populations has been identified, including population-specific nonsynonymous changes in protein-coding regions.
A p-i-n thermo-photovoltaic diode

The analysis, fabrication, and operation of a p-in photovoltaic cell that is suitable for use at the very high illumination intensities, which are encountered in a thermo-photovoltaic system, are presented. The device performance has been measured under pulse conditions to 790 W/cm2of incident radiation. The efficiency of operation is limited at very high illumination levels by an increase in the reflection coefficient. Open circuit voltages of 0.42 volts and short circuit currents in excess of 40 A/cm2of illuminated surface have been observed for germanium devices. Operating efficiencies at various incident light intensities are reported. The analysis includes an estimate of the effect of the electric field that occurs in the intrinsic region.
Power and persuasion in the vaccine debates: an analysis of political efforts and outcomes in the United States, 1998-2012.

Policy Points: From 2011 to 2013, immunization proponents won significant legislative victories that tightened philosophical exemptions in Washington, Oregon, and California. Highlighting data on the high rates of unvaccinated children and subsequent, preventable infectious disease outbreaks has proven to be quite compelling to state lawmakers, especially when combined with physician expert testimony. Even vigorous protest from vaccine-critical organizations failed to defeat recent legislative wins when other political conditions were favorable. Our research suggests that immunization proponents have not been as active as they could be, and that much of the energy in pressing for new policies over the past 15 years has been on the vaccine-critical side of the aisle. Context This article examines trends in state-level childhood vaccine policies in the United States from 1998 to 2012 and explains the trajectories for both vaccine-critical and proimmunization legislative efforts. Successful mobilization by vaccine critics during the height of the autism and thimerosal scares (roughly 1998 to 2003) yielded a few state-level expansions for the most permissive type of exemption from vaccine mandates for public school attendance, those based on personal beliefs. Vaccine-critical positions, however, have largely become discredited. How has vaccine critics’ ability to advance preferred policies and prevent the passage of unfavorable legislation changed over time? Methods We created a unique data set of childhood vaccine bills (n = 636), introduced from 1998 to 2012 across the 50 state legislatures, and coded them by type of effort (exemption, mandate, mercury ban, and information policies) and outcome. We then mapped out the trends in vaccine policies over time. In order to contextualize the trends we identified, we also reviewed numerous primary sources and conducted interviews with stakeholders. Findings In general, we found that vaccine critics’ legislative success has begun to wane. In only 20 bills in our data set were vaccine critics able to change policy in their preferred direction via the legislative process. Only 5 of those wins were significant (such as obtaining a new philosophical exemption to vaccine mandates), and the last of these was in 2007. Critics were more successful at preventing passage of proimmunization legislation, such as mandates for the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine. Conclusions Recent legislation in California, Oregon, and Washington that tightened philosophical exemptions by means of informational requirements suggests that vaccine politics may be entering another phase, one in which immunization supporters may be able to counter increasing opt-out rates, particularly in states with recent outbreaks and politicians favoring science-based policies.
Economic Governance on Trial: High Courts and Elected Leaders in Argentina and Brazil

Beginning in the 1980s, social and political actors across Latin America turned to courts in unprecedented numbers to contest economic policies. Very different patterns of high court–elected branch interaction over economic governance emerged across the region, with crucial implications for economic development, democratic governance, and the rule of law. Building on both institutional and strategic accounts of judicial politics, this article argues that high court “character,” a relatively stable congeries of informal institutional features, channels interbranch struggles into persistent patterns. Two case studies illustrate the argument. In Argentina, the high court's political character encouraged a pattern of court submission to elected leaders marked by periodic bouts of interbranch confrontation over economic governance. In Brazil, the high court's statesmanlike character induced interbranch accommodation. This study demonstrates that even in politically unstable settings, institutional features can shape law and politics.
Highly Active Families of Catalysts for the Ring-Opening Polymerization of Lactide: Metal Templated Organic Hydrogen Bond Donors Derived from 2-Guanidinobenzimidazole

Cobalt and ruthenium chelate complexes of 2-guanidinobenzimidazole (GBI), mer-[Co(GBI)3](BArf)3·14H2O (13+ 3BArf–; BArf = B(3,5-C6H3(CF3)2)4), and [(η5-C5H5)Ru(CO)(GBI)](BArf) can serve as hydrogen bond donor catalysts and, together with equimolar quantities of 1,2,2,6,6-pentamethylpiperidene (PMP; hydrogen bond acceptor) and 4-phenylbenzyl alcohol initiator (InOH), effect controlled ring-opening polymerizations of dl-lactide at low loadings (1–3 mol %). These inexpensive systems afford polylactide with narrow dispersities (<1.18) and Mn values of 4000–11 000 g/mol. MALDI-ToF mass spectra show a series of peaks separated by m/z values of 144 and an absence of transesterification side reactions between polymer chains. Runs with multiple charges of monomer establish the living nature of the polymerization, and 1H NMR or UV–visible experiments provide evidence for key hydrogen bonding interactions (InOH/PMP; 13+ 3BArf–/dl-lactide).
Making low concentration in-house pressed pellet trace element standards for carbonate rock analyses by WD-XRF

Abstract We describe a simple method for making in-house , low concentration (0–100 ppm) pressed pellet standards for analyzing Ni, Cu, Mo, V and U in carbonate lithologies by wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence (WD-XRF) spectrometry. This method can easily be modified to include other elements of interest and to encompass a different range of concentrations. The purpose here was to circumvent the general lack of adequate geological certified reference materials (CRMs) having the necessary concentrations of the above five elements that are commonly used in paleoceanographic studies as proxies for changes in bioproductivity and paleoredox conditions in the water column and near the sediment–water interface. Standards were prepared by spiking 99.999% pure calcium carbonate powder with single element, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) standard stock solutions to yield final multi-element mixtures containing 0, 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50 and 100 ppm of Ni, Cu, Mo, V and U, independently verified using acid digestion ICP-MS and PROTrace XRF trace element analyses. The level of in-house standard homogeneity was determined statistically using ANOVA tests ( analyses of variance ) on count rate data generated for each analyte from three surface transects (50 × 500 μm) ablated on each standard using laser-ablation ICP-MS, demonstrating that all are statistically distinguishable and sufficiently homogenous for the intended purposes of larger spatial scale XRF measurements. The in-house standards were then used to refine preexisting XRF calibrations based on a broad suite of non-carbonate geological CRMs. The refined calibrations yield close agreement with ICP-MS and PROTrace XRF-derived values for the suite of in-house standards when analyzed repeatedly as ‘unknown samples’ by the XRF analytical protocol. The precision of sample preparation and analysis was assessed statistically by ANOVA tests on the results of repeated analyses of analyte concentrations for replicate XRF samples prepared from a representative carbonate sample, yielding reproducibility on the order of 1)
On information-Estimation relationships over binomial and negative binomial models

In recent years, a number of results have been developed which connect information measures and estimation measures under various models, including, predominantly, Gaussian and Poisson models. More recent results due to Gil Taborda and Perez-Cruz relate the relative entropy to certain mismatched estimation errors in the context of binomial and negative binomial models, where, unlike in the case of Gaussian and Poisson models, the conditional mean estimates concern models of different orders than those of the original model. In this paper, a different set of results in simple forms are developed for binomial and negative binomial models, where the conditional mean estimates are produced through the original models. The new results are consistent with previous results for Gaussian and Poisson models.
The concept of hyperspace in dynamical system theory

A new generalization of the state-space concept called hyperstate space, or simply hyperspace, is presented. The concept of hyperspace enables the quick determination of certain important geometric and analytic features of system-dynamic behavior without explicitly solution of the system state equations. The usefulness of the hyperspace concept is demonstrated by several examples from different areas of modern system theory. >
A Frequency-Domain Near-Field-to-Far-Field Transform for Planar Layered Media

We report a frequency-domain near-field-to-far-field transform (NFFFT) for the numerical modeling of radiation and scattering in planar multilayered spaces. Although the results are equivalent to those of Demarest (1996), the formulation is more compact, more stable, and applicable to observation angles in the lower half space. Furthermore, the results are presented in a vector-potential formalism that is more easily adaptable to existing free-space implementations. The NFFFT algorithm can be used in any differential-equation-based finite numerical method, including but not limited to the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method and the finite-element method (FEM).
Posttraumatic osteolysis of the distal clavicle: analysis of 7 cases and a review of the literature.

Objective: To discuss the clinical manifestation, radiographic features, and treatment of 7 cases of posttraumatic osteolysis of the distal clavicle. Also, to furnish evidence indicating that the current terminology for this disorder is ambiguous and to propose a new classification system. Clinical Features: Three cases resulted from acute trauma, and 4 cases were caused by sports-related repetitive microtrauma. All the cases involved young male patients who had similar clinical presentations that included shoulder pain with decreased shoulder range of motion. Radiographic findings ranged from small erosive changes to aggressive osteolysis of the distal clavicle. Intervention and Outcome: All the patients were treated with conservative care consisting of sling immobilization, ice, various physiotherapeutic modalities, and mobilization exercises. The patients that followed through with care showed clinical improvement within 3 months. Follow-up radiographic examinations, when performed, demonstrated reconstitution of the distal clavicle of various degrees, although lagging behind clinical evidence of improvement. Conclusion: Traumatic osteolysis of the distal clavicle may result from acute trauma or repetitive microtrauma. Radiographic changes are varied, including irregularity of the distal clavicle, cystic erosions, and blatant osteolysis. Positive outcomes may be achieved with conservative care; however, patient compliance plays a fundamental role in the overall prognosis. (J Manipulative Physiol Ther 2001;24:356-61)
Paucity and disorganization of presynaptic membrane active zones in the lambert-eaton myasthenic syndrome

Presynaptic membrane active zones are related to synaptic vesicle exocytosis, and the large intramembrane particles in these zones may represent voltage-sensitive calcium channels. We tested the hypothesis that an abnormality of the zones is associated with the low probability of quantal release in the Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome (LEMS). Freeze-fractured presynaptic membranes were studied in nine patients with LEMS (227 end-plates) and in 14 controls (148 end-plates). Satisfactory replicas of 94 LEMS and 83 control presynaptic membrane P-faces were obtained. Presynaptic membrane areas were estimated by stereometric analysis. The LEMS samples showed a marked decrease in active zones and active zone particles per unit area. The average number of particles per active zone was also reduced. Clusters of large particles were observed with increased frequency in the LEMS samples. These may have arisen by aggregation of active zone particles. There was no decrease in the overall density of intramembrane particles not associated with active zones or clusters. The distribution of these particles according to size resembled the control distribution except for a small decrease in the frequency of 5.3–5.8 nm particles. The findings can explain the reduced quantal release in LEMS, and strongly suggest that active zone particles are targets of the pathogenic autoantibodies recently demonstrated in this disease.
FLUID THERAPY IN ACUTE AND CHRONIC RENAL FAILURE

Fluid therapy is one of the mainstays of treatment for renal failure, and rehydration is the primary goal. In those patients with ARF or "acute on chronic" decompensated CRF, induction of a diuresis to facilitate renal excretory function is important. Measurement of urine production in these patients helps guide fluid and electrolyte therapy. In oliguric renal failure, retention of water and electrolytes is likely, whereas in nonoliguric ARF as well as CRF, loss of water and electrolytes is the primary concern.
Giant aneurysm of the atrial septum associated with premature closure of foramen ovale

Premature closure or restriction of foramen ovale (PCFO) is a rare congenital anomaly that can lead to a wide spectrum of cardiac malformations. This spectrum of secondary malformations appears to depend on the gestational timing of closure of the foramen ovale and to the degree of restriction. Earlier in the gestation, closure of the foramen has been associated with severe hypoplasia of the left ventricle whereas later closure has been associated with right heart failure and rarely with the formation of an aneurysm of the atrial septum. We describe the case of a 1 day old infant in whom PCFO resulted in severe right heart failure in addition to the formation of a giant atrial septal aneurysm.
MIDDLE TRIASSIC PTERIOMORPHIAN BIVALVIA (MOLLUSCA) FROM THE NEW PASS RANGE, WEST-CENTRAL NEVADA: SYSTEMATICS, BIOSTRATIGRAPHY, PALEOECOLOGY, AND PALEOBIOGEOGRAPHY

The parautochthonous Anisian and Ladinian rocks of the New Pass Range previously referred to as the Augusta Mountain Formation have a unique, endemic assemblage of pteriomorphian bivalves with Triassic Northern Hemisphere biogeographic relationships, especially to the Carnian cratonal faunas of northeastern British Columbia as well as to Ladinian faunas of the Shoshone Mountains and the Gillis Range. A new suborder Prospondyloidina is described, as well as three new genera, Promysidiella, Loxochlamys, and Nevadapecten, a new subgenus, Gervillaria (Baryvellia), and 17 new species either named or referred to by letters: Promysidiella planirecta, P. desatoyensis, Bositra favretensis, Enteropleura species a, Gervillaria (Baryvellia) ponderosa, Atrina sinuata, Antiquilima ladinica, Palaeolima newpassensis, Plagiostoma acutum, Leptochondria shoshonensis, Asoella? species a, b, and c, Oxytoma (Oxytoma) grantsvillensis, Pleuronectites newelli, Loxochlamys corallina, and Nevadapecten lynnae. Promysidiella aff. otiosa is a new combination for Mytilus otiosus McLearn; Mysidiella newtonae n. sp., Norian, Wallowa terrane, is based on Krumbeckiella cf. timorensis (Krumbeck) of Newton, 1987. Triassic “Posidonia” is placed in Bositra de Gregorio, 1886, regarded as a senior synonym of Peribositria Kurushin and Trushchelev, 1989. The morphological and stratigraphic sequence Bositra-Enteropleura-Daonella-Aparimella-Halobia is rooted in Paleozoic Caneyella and Posidonia and indicates declining dependence on and eventual loss of byssal attachment as well as a possible shift from low to high dispersal ability (between Bositra and Enteropleura). There is no evidence for trans-Panthalassan dispersal of bivalves in low latitudes within the interval of Ladinian coral beds. So-called Tethyan and Muschelkalk species are endemics in slowly evolving genera or are phylogenetically convergent on west Tethyan species.
The Tertiary history of the northern temperate element in the northern Latin American biota

The time of origin of cool-to-cold-temperate plants of northern affinities in the Latin American biota is unsettled. Two models have been proposed—a Paleogene origin from a once widespread temperate rain forest, and a Neogene origin by introductions from the north which is best supported by new evidence. Fourteen palynofloras of Tertiary age are now available from Mexico and Central America, in addition to numerous others from the southeastern United States and northern South America. Pollen of cool-temperate plants occurs in the Eocene of southeastern United States, but not in northern Mexico, central Panama, or northern South America. In the Miocene this pollen is sparse in deposits from Mexico and Guatemala, rare in Panama, and absent from northern South America. In the Pliocene pollen representing a diverse northern temperate element of ten genera is present in the Pliocene of southeastern Veracruz, Mexico, five in northeastern Guatemala, and two (Myrica, Salix) first appear in northern South America;Alnus and Quercus are added in the Pleistocene. This north- to-south and early-to-late pattern is consistent with the appearance of highlands in southern Central America and northern South America in the Neogene, closure of the isthmian marine portal between 3.5 and 2.5 Ma (million years ago), and the late Cenozoic cooling trend evident in the 18O/16O-based paleotemperature curve.
Astrophysics Processes: The Physics of Astronomical Phenomena

Bridging the gap between physics and astronomy textbooks, this book provides step-by-step physical and mathematical development of fundamental astrophysical processes underlying a wide range of phenomena in stellar, galactic, and extragalactic astronomy. The book has been written for upper-level undergraduates and beginning graduate students, and its strong pedagogy ensures solid mastery of each process and application. It contains over 150 tutorial figures, numerous examples of astronomical measurements, and 201 exercises. Topics covered include the Kepler–Newton problem, stellar structure, binary evolution, radiation processes, special relativity in astronomy, radio propagation in the interstellar medium, and gravitational lensing. Applications presented include Jeans length, Eddington luminosity, the cooling of the cosmic microwave background (CMB), the Sunyaev–Zeldovich effect, Doppler boosting in jets, and determinations of the Hubble constant. This text is a stepping stone to more specialized books and primary literature. Password-protected solutions to the exercises are available to instructors at www.cambridge.org/9780521846561.
Parallel learning for back-propagation network in binary field

The major problems in training a backpropagation neural network, especially with the input and output sets in (0, 1)/sup n/, are the slow speed and unknown number of neurons and unknown number of hidden layers. Two efficient techniques are proposed which are used in different situations to speed up the learning process. A parallel dynamic learning concept is introduced. Experimental results show that the learning speed is more than several hundred times faster than the regular training using the structure based on Kolmogorov's theorem. >
Design for Postponement

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the analytical models for evaluating the postponement alternatives. The chapter introduces the three key postponement enablers: process standardization, process resequencing, and component standardization. The industry applications utilizing these enablers are described. Various other techniques for managing product variety, such as modularity and downward substitution are reviewed and the additional benefits of postponement in pricing and information processing are examined. Postponement can be enabled through changes in the manufacturing distribution process or the product architecture. “Process standardization” refers to standardizing the initial steps in the process across the product line so that products are not differentiated at these steps and distinct personalities of the products are added at a later stage. All the products in the product line are processed through several standard steps. A complementary approach to process standardization is process resequencing.
Toward a Formalization of Elaboration Tolerance: Adding and Deleting Axioms

The notion of Elaboration Tolerance was proposed by McCarthy [1988] for the problem of extending a logical theory, with the intuition that a logical system should have the ability to absorb additions the way Natural Language allows. Several intuitions coincide in this description: axiomatizing a theory in a flexible way; not needing to rebuild one’s ontology when new features and facts are added; Being able to modify one’s axioms relatively easily; and needing only a small amount of recomputation, given new information. Elaboration Tolerance is important for Knowledge Base construction and development, as well as for scaling up results and techniques in Knowledge Representation. Past treatments of the concept referred only to intuitive accounts. In order to investigate Elaboration Tolerance, however, we need formal definitions and comparison tools. The major contribution of this work is supplying such tools.
Complications of Percutaneous Approaches, Including Incisions

Percutaneous endoscopic renal surgery is usually a safe and effective treatment for patients with complex renal calculi, tumors of the collecting system, and ureteropelvic junction obstruction. However, a unique set of complications can occur with this surgical approach that may involve the targeted kidney and surrounding structures. Methods of preventing these events, diagnosing their occurrence, and management strategies are reviewed in this chapter.
Lifespans and senescence in six slime molds

Barr, M. E. 1972. Preliminary studies on the Dothideales in temperate North America. Contrib. Univ. Mich. Herb. 9: 523-638. Demaree, J. B., and J. R. Cole. 1930. Pecan leaf blotch. J. Agric. Res. 40: 777-789. -, and-. 1932. The downy spot disease of pecans. J. Agric. Res. 44: 139-146. Jaap, O. 1916. Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Pilze Dalmatiens. Ann. Mycol. 14: 1-44. Saccardo, P. A. 1913. Sylloge fungorum omnium hucusque cognitorum. Vol. 22. Padua. Wolf, F. A. 1914. A leaf disease of walnuts. Mycol. Centralbl. 4: 65-69. -. 1922. Noteworthy plant diseases in North Carolina in 1922. Forty-fifth Ann. Rept. North Carolina Exp. Station. Pp. 74-76.
Low-dispersion graded-index optical fibers for picosecond pulse transmission at 0.35 μm

Measurement of the time dependence of the Nova laser output in the ultraviolet (third harmonic at 0.351 μm) requires the use of optical fibers which faithfully transmit 100-ps FWHM pulses over several tens of meters to optical streak cameras. Multimode optical fibers capable of being used in such short- pulse analog transmission applications are not readily available.
Kinetics and Thermochemistry of C4–C6 Olefin Cracking on H-ZSM-5

C4–C6 olefin β-scission rate constants were inferred from experimental studies at 773–813 K and <15% conversion by considering every C4–C6 olefin isomer and all available β-scission modes: 2° to 2° (C), 1° to 3° and 3° to 1° (E), 1° to 2° and 2° to 1° (D), and 1° to 1° (F). Group contribution methods were implemented to assess adsorption enthalpies and entropies of C4–C6 olefin isomers on H-ZSM-5 via the development of group correction terms for surface alkoxides; a linear dependence of enthalpy (or entropy) of formation difference between a surface alkoxide and a gas-phase alkane on carbon number was considered. Tertiary alkoxides have the smallest adsorption constants among surface adsorbates, and the resulting low coverage of highly substituted alkoxides restricts their contribution to alkene cracking pathways. Intrinsic β-scission rate constants (kE:kC:kD:kF ratio of 1094:21:8:1 at 783 K) and activation energies (EinE < EinC < EinD < EinF) from experimentally observed effluent compositions of C4–C6 ol...
Analysis of the related factors of the value of brand asset based on the gray theory

The value of brand asset is the value quantization of the brand which is defined as assets and equity.It exerts an important effect on enhancing the competitiveness of enterprises.Using the gray relation theory,the factors which influence the value of brand asset are analyzed quantitatively in this paper.The research provides the basis to manage the brand asset scientifically and find the ways of improving the value of brand asset.
Robert Milton Zollinger

Surgeons and physicians will always associate Dr. Zollinger with gastrinoma, the “Zollinger–Ellison syndrome,” which he and Dr. Ellison described in 1955. He is also remembered as one of the giants of twentieth-century American surgery.
Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Activity in Platelets

The concentration of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD) was found to be 150-350 units per billion platelets in 52 normal individuals. In 21 of 27 patients with thrombocytopenia the enzyme was found in normal concentrations. Of the six cases showing thrombocytopenia with lowered enzyme concentration, five were examples of acute leukemia and one of disseminated lupus erythematosus. In three individuals with "primaquine sensitive" erythrocytes the defect in the platelet G-6-PD was also present. The significance of the lowered enzyme activity in the six patients with thrombocytopenia is not known.
Suddenly Monstrous: Gothic Configurations of Disability and Justice in Joshua Pickersgill Jr.’s The Three Brothers

ABSTRACTThis essay places Joshua Pickersgill’s novel The Three Brothers (1803) in the historical context of Romantic-Era bodily difference and considers the options Gothic narratives offer to the monstrous Other pushed outside of the biopolitical sphere and the protection of the law. The Three Brothers, though obscure, captured the literary imagination of central Romantic figures, such as Lord Byron and Matthew Lewis, both of whom wrote plays inspired by the novel’s plot: a hunchback, Arnaud, suffering social and legal persecution for his deformity, makes a deal with the devil for a new, ideal body. Pickersgill’s text offers detailed insight into the experience of disability in the late eighteenth century, and it differs from other depictions of the period in that the disabled figure is not born into difference but rather acquires it later in life and, therefore, must navigate a new multiplicity of self and the uncertainty of bodily stability.
Medievalism and Portuguese modernity in Lídia Jorge’s O dia dos prodígios:

This paper examines the ways in which Portuguese writer Lidia Jorge recovers a medieval discourse to comment on Portugal’s twentieth-century history in her debut novel O dia dos prodigios (1980). It focuses not on the Middle Ages as a distinct period of European history but on the representations of the Middle Ages in post-medieval worlds, positing medievalism as an instance of Saidian orientalism. Although Jorge’s medievalizing (and orientalizing) gesture towards Portuguese modernity expresses a critical stance towards both the Salazar/Caetano regime and post-dictatorial revolutionary propaganda, this paper argues that Jorge makes a complex and multilayered use of medievalism/orientalism which contains both hegemonic and non-hegemonic, conservative and emancipatory aspects.
The history of the genus Homo

The genusHomo was established by Carolus Linnaeus in 1758. During the course of the past 150 years, the addition of fossil species to the genusHomo has resulted in a genus that, according to the taxonomic interpretation, could span as much time as 2.5 Myr, and include as many as ten species. This paper reviews the fossil evidence for each of the species involved, and sets out the case for their inclusion inHomo. It suggests that while the case for the inclusion of some species in the genus (e.g.Homo erectus) is well-supported, in the case of two of the species,Homo habilis andHomo rudolfensis, the case for their inclusion is much weaker. Neither the cladistic evidence, nor evidence about adaptation suggest a particularly close relationship with laterHomo.
Greening of carrot roots (Daucus carota L.): Estimates of heritability and correlation

Heritability estimates were made by S1 on parent regression, half sib on maternal parent regression, and half sib intra-class correlation. Heritability of greening on the shoulders of carrot roots appeared to be low, less than 25%, when estimated in a population synthesized from diverse cultivars and breeding lines and grown without special attention to cultivation procedures. As shown in a separate trial, expression of greening is much influenced by exposure of the root to sunlight. External greening, defined as the length of visible green extending from the crown toward the root tip, did not seem to be genetically correlated with root weight, length, diameter, or shape index (the length/diameter ratio), but the sampling errors of the correlation estimates were very high. Two cycles of selection for and against eternal greening appeared to result in larger, shorter and thicker roots in the greening population than in the ‘nongreening’ one. The mean differences in greening between the green and nongreen selections grown in 1964 were 11.0 vs. 6.1 mm external green and 14.6 vs. 7.8 mm internal green; in 1965, they were 23.8 vs. 16.6 mm external green, 21.5 vs. 15.2 mm internal green. Internal greening (measured after slicing the root lengthwise) and external greening were phenotypically correlated in three populations, r=0.69, 0.75 and 0.76. Correlated response to selection suggested that they were also genetically correlated. Heritability was moderate (38–56%) for root shape index and was very low for the other root measurements, weight, length, and diameter. The genetic correlation of shape index with length was high and direct; with diameter, high and inverse.
The kinetics of ribonuclease action on cytidine-2'-3'-cyclic phosphate.

The enzyme ribonuclrase has been studied extensively from the structural point of view. The amino acid sequence has been completely worked out (1, 2) and information about the active center has recently btcome available (3, 4). However, very few studies of the kinetics of this enzyme have been made, and most of the previous kinetic work is difficult to interpret because ribonucleic acid was used as the substrate. The use of such a complicated substrate is not conducive to the interpretation of kinetic studies because many different reactions may be occurring simultaneously. In view of the current interest in ribonucleasc, it seemed desirable to investigate the kinetics with a small, well defined substrate molecule such as cytidine-2’,3’cyclic phosphate (5). Several workers hare used pyrimidine cyclic phosphates as substrates for kin&c studies. Davis and Allen, using both cytidine and uridine-2’) 3’-cyclic phosphates, found that ribonuclease was inhibited by mononucleotides, by Cu++ and, by Zn++ (6). Hummel, Flares, and Xrlson, with the use of cytidine-2’) 3’.cyclic phosphate, measured the Michaelis constant and maximal velocity at a single pH, 6.7 (7). Vithayathil and Richards used cytidine-2’) 3’-cyclic phosphate to make measurtmerits of Michaelis constants and maximal velocities of ribonuclease and subtilisin-modified ribonuclease (8). The present paper describes a study of the kinetics of ribonuclease hydrolysis of cytidine-2’) 3’.cyclic phosphate at four different pH values. The response of the Michaclis constant and maximal velocity to changes in pH is observed and interpreted in terms of ionization of the histidine residue in the active center.
The impact of clinically significant discrepancies from primary pathological review of transurethral bladder resection specimens upon repeat review at a tertiary care center.

4552 Background: Internal review of outside pathology slides is a common practice among urologic oncologists at tertiary care facilities, and discrepancies have a potential to directly affect the c...
Practicing Evidence-Based Stroke Medicine

The practice of evidence-based medicine depends on several steps: a basic science derived understanding of disease pathophysiology, epidemiological research, and the results of well-conducted and appropriately analyzed randomized clinical trials (RCTs). The approval of new therapies by regulatory agencies is also based largely on RCT determination of the safety and therapeutic efficacy of drugs and devices. Once a new therapy is approved for use in clinical practice, clinicians typically begin to use it in a manner which mirrors the clinical trial design, for example, in the population for who risk and benefit have been established. It must be acknowledged that in the United States and in other countries, clinicians have leeway in their therapeutic decision making and it is not uncommon for therapies to be used for situations not tested in the RCTs that led to approval, the so-called off-label use. The off-label use of stroke-related therapies is relatively common, and we will consider the appropriateness of doing this in 3 common clinical scenarios. The relatively recent demonstration of the efficacy of thrombectomy within 6 hours of stroke onset in 6 well-conducted RCTs provides convincing evidence that this treatment is highly effective in improving functional outcome.1,2 These RCTs carefully selected patients with small-to-moderate ischemic cores, primarily by assessing the pretreatment Alberta Stroke Program Early CT Score (ASPECTS) on a noncontrast head CT, but computerized tomography perfusion (CTP) and diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging were also acquired in some patients. In these trials, the median baseline ASPECTS score was 9, indicating a very small ischemic core and in 3 of the trials a baseline score of ≤5 was an exclusion. Even in MR CLEAN (Multicenter Randomized Clinical Trial of Endovascular Treatment for Acute Ischemic Stroke in the Netherlands), a trial which did not specify an ASPECTS exclusion criterion, the …
General Surgery Conditions and Techniques for Gyne-Endoscopic Surgeons

The female pelvis contains non-gynecologic structures with associated disorders that gynecologists frequently encounter. Most of these conditions are very common, easily recognized and depending on surgeons’ comfort level, may be treated by the operating gynecologist or referred for care to General Surgeons. The purpose of this chapter will be to discuss the recognition, diagnosis, and treatment of some of the more commonly encountered General Surgery conditions that may be seen during laparoscopic gynecologic surgery and give recommendations and tips on care.
A rapid, computational approach for assessing interfraction esophageal motion for use in stereotactic body radiation therapy planning.

Abstract Purpose We present a rapid computational method for quantifying interfraction motion of the esophagus in patients undergoing stereotactic body radiation therapy on a magnetic resonance (MR) guided radiation therapy system. Methods and materials Patients who underwent stereotactic body radiation therapy had simulation computed tomography (CT) and on-treatment MR scans performed. The esophagus was contoured on each scan. CT contours were transferred to MR volumes via rigid registration. Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine files containing contour points were exported to MATLAB. In-plane CT and MR contour points were spline interpolated, yielding boundaries with centroid positions, CCT and CMR. MR contour points lying outside of the CT contour were extracted. For each such point, BMR(j), a segment from CCT intersecting BMR(j), was produced; its intersection with the CT contour, BCT(i), was calculated. The length of the segment Sij, between BCT(i) and BMR(j), was found. The orientation θ was calculated from Sij vector components: θ = arctan[(Sij)y / (Sij)x] A set of segments {Sij} was produced for each slice and binned by quadrant with 0° Results Seven patients, each having 3 MR scans, were evaluated, yielding 1629 axial slices and 84,716 measurements. The LE segment exhibited the greatest magnitude of motion. The mean LE measurements in the left anterior, left posterior, right anterior, and right posterior were 5.2 ± 0.07 mm, 6.0 ± 0.09 mm, 4.8 ± 0.08 mm, and 5.1 ± 0.08 mm, respectively. There was considerable interpatient variability. Conclusions The LE segment exhibited the greatest magnitude of mobility compared with the middle and upper esophageal segments. A novel computational method enables personalized, nonuniform esophageal margins to be tailored to individual patients.
Toward end-to-end object detection and tracking on the edge

This work presents an architecture solution for enabling real-time vision processing on the edge next to video cameras. We demonstrate the benefits of proposed solution by constructing and real-time processing of complete vision applications for real-time object detection and tracking. It combines six challenging vision kernels including image smoothing, Mixture of Gaussians (MoG) background subtraction, morphology (dilation and erosion), component labeling, histogram checking and Kalman filter. We prototype the proposed solution on a Xilinx Zynq-based platform processing 1080p frames at 30Hz. It executes 40GOPs at only 1.7Watts of on-chip power, far beyond the processing capabilities of state-of-the-art vision processing platforms.
Cognition, Memory, and Dissociation

This article provides an overview of cognitive science concepts relevant to an understanding of the process of dissociation and the development of dissociative disorders. Research findings from studies of attachment, affect regulation, mental states, memory, metacognition, narrative, and neuroscience are utilized to present a developmental view of the neurophysiology possibly underlying the subjective experience of dissociation. Clinical application of the cognitive sciences can facilitate an organized approach to therapeutic interventions with patients with dissociative identity disorder.
Energy production analysis of Common Reed – Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin.

Slovakia is acountry with limited natural resources, therefore its essential task is to search for new renewable sources of energy to reduce its dependence on imported fossil fuels. The results of research confirmed that the Common Reed (Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin.) has considerable potential of phytomass production and energy storage (calorific value reached 17,448 J g⁻¹ d.w.). Biomass production of Common Reed under natural conditions of the lower Liptov region reached 12.702 tons of a dry mater per hectare with the calculated energy storage of 221.622 GJ ha⁻¹. The average biogas production was 351.31 l kg⁻¹ of a dry matter of which the methane (CH₄) content represents 185.21 l kg⁻¹ (52.72%). With regards to the values of combustion heat, a calorific value and the production of methane it can also be noted that in case of Common Reed it is more profitable to focus on direct combustion of biomass than the production of biogas and methane.
Detection of tundra lake patterns on permafrost historical maps

Greenhouse gas emissions from tundra lakes are a significant positive feedback of the atmosphere. Therefore, detailed knowledge of size distribution of tundra lakes in the Arctic region and their geometrical properties is potentially valuable in order to understand and accurately model the sources of methane emissions from boreal permafrost. In this paper we develop a new approach for computational image analysis of tundra lake patterns on historical maps, which accurately measures the perimeter and area of tundra lakes and calculates their fractal dimension and normal size distribution. We use this approach in order to test whether the size distributions of tundra lakes in the Arctic landscape follow the Pareto distribution or not. For the assessment, we utilize the historical maps of permafrost and detect the features of patterns geometry.
Understanding middle-point inductance's effect on switching transients for multi-chip SiC package design with P-cell/N-cell concept

Middle-point inductance L middle can be introduced in power module designs with P-cell/N-cell concept. In this paper, the effect of middle-point inductance on switching transients is analyzed first using frequency domain analysis. Then a dedicated multiple-chip power module is fabricated with the capability of varying L middle . Extensive switching tests are conducted to evaluate the device's switching performance at different values of L middle . Experiment result shows that the active MOSFET's turn-on loss will decrease at higher values of L middle while its turn-off loss will increase. Detailed analysis of this loss variation is presented. In addition to switching loss variation, it is also observed that different voltage stresses are imposed on the active switch and anti-parallel diode. Specifically, in the case of lower MOSFET's turn-off, the maximum voltage of lower MOSFET increases as L middle goes up; however, the peak voltage of anti-parallel diode decreases significantly. The analysis and experiment results will provide design guidelines for multiple-chip power module package design with P-cell/N-cell concept.
Administrative Internship. Its Place in Teaching Public Administration in the United States

par Evangelos John Rizos.Depuis la deuxieme guerre mondiale, le stage administratif a pris aux Etats-Unis une extension telle qu'aujourd'hui il est considere comme un des elements determinants de l...