cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of ultraviolet radiation and water motion on the reef coral, Porites compressa Dana: a transplantation experiment

Abstract Scleractinian corals have adapted to live in habitats were the level of ultraviolet radiation (UVR, 280–400 nm) is extremely high. The putative photoprotective molecules called mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs) contained in the corals' tissues absorb UVR and release it harmlessly as heat. MAA concentration in corals is quite plastic and correlates well with UVR dose, but other ecological factors such as water motion may influence MAA production as well. In this study, the effects of ambient UVR and water motion on MAA concentration and several physiological parameters of the reef coral Porites compressa Dana were investigated in a two by two factorial transplantation experiment. Replicate branches from nine morphologically distinct colonies were transplanted from the windward side of Coconut Island (Kaneohe Bay, HI) to a control area on the windward side (ambient water motion) and to an area on the leeward side (low water motion). The transplanted corals were placed under UV-opaque (UVO) or UV-transparent (UVT) filters fixed to the reef. Initially and at 3 and 6 weeks, coral branches were weighed to determine calcification rate and tissues were extracted in methanol for photosynthetic pigment and MAA analysis via high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). UVR was a significant factor determining MAA concentration. When UVR was screened from the corals' environment, total MAA concentration decreased by 33% over 6 weeks. However, UVR-exposed corals moved to low water motion also decreased MAA levels, while UVR-exposed corals moved to the control area retained initial levels. Photosynthetic pigments and calcification rate were also significantly reduced in corals moved to low water motion. There was no UVR effect on photosynthetic pigments or calcification rate. This study provides evidence that water motion is important for the maintenance of MAAs. However, there were interesting colony-specific patterns in MAA composition and response to the UVR treatment; some colonies had high total concentrations of MAAs in all treatments, while others displayed a pronounced UVR effect. Also, each genotype seemed to have its own signature MAA composition. These findings indicate a genetic (host, zooxanthellae or both) component to UVR resistance in this population of P. compressa .
A new approach for malleus/incus fixation: no prosthesis necessary.

Objective To describe a novel approach to manage malleus/incus fixation. Study design Retrospective review of 363 patients with conductive hearing loss operated on since 1996. Setting Academic tertiary referral center. Patients Three hundred sixty-three patients with conductive hearing loss, an intact tympanic membrane, and without history for chronic infection underwent middle ear exploration. Three hundred forty-three had otosclerosis and underwent laser stapedotomy; the remaining 20 patients had laser release of their malleus/incus fixation. Intervention Twenty patients are presented in this paper. Nineteen patients were diagnosed with malleus fixation before surgery. One patient had a total perforation and mobility of the ossicular chain was not verified preoperatively. This patient was, intraoperatively, noted to have complete ossicular fixation. Conductive hearing loss was identified using audiometry and tuning forks. Nineteen of the 20 patients had the diagnosis confirmed using micropneumotoscopy and noting immobility of the malleus. A transcanal approach was used, and the malleus/incus fixation was released using a laser. This space was expanded upon using a drill. A 1.5-2.0 mm space was created where the ossicular fixation existed, thereby reducing the likelihood of refixation. Main outcome measure Audiometric studies before and after intervention were compared. One to seven years of follow up are provided. Results Preoperative air-bone gaps ranged from 18 dB to 51 dB and averaged 33 dB. Postoperative air-bone gaps ranged from 1-36 dB and averaged 13 dB. No patients have experienced refixation. There were two complications: one perforation requiring a tympanoplasty and one patient sustaining a 20 dB high-frequency sensorineural loss, most likely secondary to inadvertent drill contact to the ossicular chain. Conclusion When fixation of the malleus and/or incus is found, treatment options exist. A common technique involves removal of the incus and head of the malleus and reconstruction with an incus interposition or a partial ossicular prosthesis. Another technique proposed by the senior author (M.D.S.) is maintenance of the normal anatomy and use of the potassium-titanyl-phosphate laser and drill to free the ossicles and widen the epitympanum. This series shows successful closure of the air-bone gap with this technique.
Online or Traditional: A Study to Examine Course Characteristics Contributing to Students' Preference for Classroom Settings

Technological advancements currently penetrate society, changing the way that some courses are taught. It has become more apparent in higher education institutions that all classes are not as adaptive to an online format as others. Since many institutions of higher education further incorporate online courses into their curriculum, it is important to understand the characteristics of courses that affect studentsâ€™ preferences for either traditional classroom environments or online environments. Indications of this can be seen in the attrition and retention rates of classes offered online. This study explores the characteristics of courses that affect studentsâ€™ preferences towards online and traditional classroom settings. These results should help providing guidelines to institutions considering courses to offer online.
HISTORY OF ALGEBRA

The articles of this series are from scripts of broadcasts over radio station WBAA. This series is a part of the Purdue University School of the Air. There is one broadcast each week on some subject of mathematics. The first series had the general title Mathematics Is Where You Find It and ran for thirteen weeks. A second series of thirteen broadcasts has the title Mathematical History and the Men Who Made It. The articles as here given are in the exact words in which they were broadcast. They have been timed to be read in thirteen and a half to fourteen and a half minutes a the rate found most effective for understanding by the radio audience. Rebroadcasting of these talks in the original form or with adaptations is permitted. Write to the author for specific permission for their use.
Activation of dolichol-phosphate mannosyltransferase by dibutryl cyclic AMP in rat liver.

Radiolabeled mannose incorporation into secretory glycoproteins and immunoprecipitable fibronectin in the incubation media significantly increased (105 and 32 percent respectively) with a corresponding increase in the levels of dolichol-phosphate mannose, dolichol-diphosphate oligosaccharides and dolichol-phosphate mannosyltransferase activity in the rat liver slices when incubated with dibutryl cAMP and ATP. Dibturyl cAMP activated maximally this enzyme in the presence of ATP in the incubation medium. The activation of the enzyme resulted in a two fold increase in Vmax with no apparent change in the Km for GDP mannose. Phosphorylation the rat liver microsomes with catalytic subunit of cAMP dependent protein kinase, resulted in the activation of dolichol-phosphate mannosyltransferase. These results suggest that cAMP modulates protein glycosylation by activating dolicholphosphate mannosyltransferase activity. The activation of this enzyme could be through phosphorylation/dephosphorylation mechanism involving a cAMP dependent protein kinase.
Characterization of "ecto-ATPase" of human blood platelets.

Abstract Intact washed human platelets were studied for ecto-ATPase activity; labelled and unlabelled substrate was used. Strong activity was found with ATP and ITP; weaker activity occurred with ADP, UTP, and GTP. The K m of the ATP-splitting reaction was 1.6–2.0 × 10 −5 m . The enzyme was found to be Ca ++ - and Mg ++ -dependent, was blocked by EDTA, and had maximal activity in a pH range of 7.0–8.5. The enzyme was competitively inhibited by ADP. KCN, 1 × 10 −2 m , 5 × 10 −4 m ouabain, and 3 × 10 −2 m arginine methyl ester had no effect. The ecto-ATPase has many features in common with thrombosthenin, the contractile protein of platelets. The K m of purified thrombosthenin was 2.4 × 10 −5 m . Subcellular fractionation of platelets yielded a membrane fraction whose K m in the presence of ouabain was 1.8 × 10 −6 m . Antisera to thrombosthenin inhibited the platelet ecto-ATPase. The possible relationship of this enzyme to the mechanism of ADP-induced platelet aggregation is discussed.
Contribution of oceanic gas hydrate dissociation to the formation of Arctic Ocean methane plumes

Contribution of Oceanic Gas Hydrate Dissociation to the Formation of Arctic Ocean Methane Plumes Matthew T. Reagan 1 George J. Moridis 1 Scott M. Elliott 2 Mathew Maltrud 2 Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory 1 Cyclotron Rd. Berkeley, CA 94720 USA Los Alamos National Laboratory P.O. Box 1663, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA e-mail: MTReagan@lbl.gov
People Power as Exception: Three Controversies of Privatisation in Post-handover Hong Kong

This paper examines three controversies that revolve around the Hong Kong government’s efforts to privatise components of its property assets in the years following the Asian financial crisis in 19...
Ventricular catheter placement with a frameless neuronavigational system : A 1-year experience

OBJECTIVE Accurate placement of ventricular catheters decreases the incidence of proximal catheter failure. The use of a frameless, interactive neuronavigational system can optimize catheter placement. METHODS Thirty-four ventricular catheters were placed using a Medtronic electromagnetic frameless neuronavigational system (Medtronic Navigation, Inc., Louisville, CO) during a 12-month period. The patients ranged in age from 11 months to 79 years; the mean age was 40.8 years. Nineteen male and 12 female patients participated in the study. The indications for ventricular catheter placement included obstructive hydrocephalus, normal pressure hydrocephalus, pseudotumor cerebri, intrathecal therapy, and tumor cyst aspiration. RESULTS No proximal failures have been reported to date. One infection necessitated shunt removal. Three postoperative deaths occurred because of non-catheter-related events. CONCLUSION Frameless neuronavigation in the placement of ventricular catheters assures accurate catheter placement, thereby decreasing the incidence of proximal catheter failure. The absence of rigid head fixation allows additional cohorts to benefit from the apparatus. The use of the electromagnetic system provides a safe, simple, and easy adjunct to optimal catheter placement.
On the energy release rate and mode mix of delaminated shear deformable composite plates

A first-order shear deformable plate theory-based method is developed to calculate the strain energy release rate and stress intensity factor of a non-homogeneous delaminated composite plate under a general three-dimensional (3-D) loading condition. By modeling the delaminated plate as two shear deformable sub-laminates on either side of the delaminated plane, the strain energy release rate is expressed in terms of three concentrated forces at the crack tip and their corresponding compliance coefficients. The simple expression of strain energy release rate makes the mode decomposition under complicated loading situation possible with the aid of two supplementary continuum analyses. To illustrate the present method, a plain strain delamination problem of laminates is examined, and the closed-form expressions of strain energy release rate and stress intensity factor are obtained. It is found that the available solutions, such as the ones based on the classical plate theory, can be recovered from the present solutions by simply neglecting the transverse shear force. The relationship between the global and local decompositions is further established, and the accuracy of the present solutions is examined by comparing with numerical results of boundary element method. With inclusion of transverse shear deformation in the formulation, more accurate and explicit predictions of the strain energy release rate and stress intensity factor of delaminated composite plate are achieved by the present method, especially when a laminate has a relatively low transverse shear modulus or moderate thickness.
Role of Active-Site Residues 107 and 108 of GlutathioneS-Transferase mGSTA4-4 in Determining the Catalytic Properties of the Enzyme for 4-Hydroxynonenal

Abstract The murine α-class glutathioneS-transferase mGSTA4-4 displays a high catalytic activity with 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE), a cytotoxic product of lipid peroxidation. The X-ray crystal structure of mGSTA4-4 was used to design mutations targeting the 4-HNE binding site, with the goal of defining the structural elements of the mGSTA4-4 protein necessary for the high conjugative activity with 4-HNE. Two candidate positions, 107 and 108, were investigated. Of these, residue 108 appears to be significant in codetermining the catalytic properties of mGSTA4-4 toward 4-HNE. Systematic mutagenesis of amino acid 108 indicated that high activity toward 4-HNE is contingent on the presence of an aliphatic, hydrophobic side chain in this position. In particular, replacement of the wild-type V108 with leucine led to a more than fivefold increase in both absolute activity of the enzyme for 4-HNE and its selectivity for 4-HNE over the model substrate 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene, due to a selective increase of the turnover number for 4-HNE with no change in the affinity of the protein for this substrate and no changes in the kinetic parameters for 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene. In contrast, the A107L mutation decreased activity of the enzyme for both 4-HNE and CDNB and partially reversed the positive effect of the V108L mutation in a double mutant.
Analysis and characterization of In-film defects generated during sputter deposition of aluminum-alloy films

Increasing levels of metallization, shrinking device geometries, and stringent defect density requirements have led to a continuous focus in the semiconductor manufacturing community to reduce defects generated during metal deposition by PVD techniques. Pareto analysis of in-film defects in currently used interconnect metallization schemes suggest that a considerable portion of the in-film defects (up to 50%) are caused by Unipolar arcing during Aluminum deposition. Due to their unusual molten appearance, these defects are commonly referred to as `Splats'. These defects can be as large as 500 micrometers , and because of their metallic nature have a high probability of causing device failure. Due to their frequency of occurrence and size, these Splats can significantly impact device yield in a manufacturing environment. Systematic investigations have been carried out for the identification and characterization of these in-film defects, using a combination of Tencor Surfscan, Optical and Ultrapointe Microscopy and SEM FIB analysis. This analysis has revealed these Splats result from localized melting or explosions on the target surface, due to Unipolar arcing. This Unipolar arcing can be strongly correlated to presence of undesirable metallurgical attributes such as Alumina inclusions, porosity, oxygen content etc. in the target. The results of this study indicate that by the reduction/elimination of these various undesirable metallurgical attributes in the Aluminum alloy targets a significant improvement in defect generation during sputter deposition of Aluminum films, and hence an improvement in device yield, is possible.
Growing Up Amid The Religion And Science Affair: A Perspective From Indology

Abstract. This article identifies the tropes of “maturity” and “immaturity” in the dialogue between religion and science. On both sides of the aisle, authors charge, either directly or indirectly, that their dissenting interlocutors are not mature enough to see the value of their respective positions. Such accusations have recently emerged in discussions pertaining to Hindu theology, Indology, and science. Those who dismiss the substance dualism of Hindu yoga, according to Jonathan B. Edelmann, evince immaturity. Appeals to Hindu yoga are yet one more appeal to religious experience. Indeed, what we find in Edelmann’s text is an appeal to appreciate the private, unverifiable—or falsifiable, for that matter—“insights” of Hindu yogis. Yogic experience is interminably steeped in motivated perception and confirmation bias. There is simply no good evidence or rational argument to take yogic claims seriously. Insofar as that is the case, Indology must achieve consilience with the natural and human sciences, remaining thereby reductive of such supernatural claims.
Patterns in the prevalence of congenital heart defects, metropolitan Atlanta, 1978 to 2005.

BACKGROUND Knowledge of patterns in prevalence of congenital heart defects (CHDs) is important for clinical care, etiologic research, and prevention. We evaluated temporal and racial/ethnic trends in the birth prevalence of CHDs in metropolitan Atlanta from 1978 to 2005. METHODS Cases of CHDs were obtained from the Metropolitan Atlanta Congenital Defects Program among live born infants, stillborn infants, and pregnancy terminations of at least 20 weeks gestation. We calculated birth prevalence per 10,000 live births and used joinpoint regression analysis to calculate the average annual percent change for total CHDs and for 23 specific subtypes in the total population and among whites and blacks. To evaluate racial/ethnic variations, we calculated prevalence ratios among blacks and Hispanics compared with whites. RESULTS Between 1978 and 2005, 7301 infants and fetuses with major structural CHDs were ascertained among 1,079,062 live births (67.7 per 10,000). The prevalence of all CHDs in aggregate increased from 50.3 per 10,000 in 1978–1983 to 86.4 per 10,000 in 2000–2005. The prevalence of septal defects and vascular rings increased and the prevalence of tricuspid atresia decreased, while other CHD prevalences were stable. Racial/ethnic prevalence differences were found for all CHDs combined and muscular ventricular septal defects, aortic stenosis, and atrioventricular septal defects. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of total CHDs, primarily common, less severe types, are increasing, with some racial/ethnic differences. Further studies could clarify the possible reasons for such variations including differences in ascertainment, risk factors, or susceptibility. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Topical henna ameliorated capecitabine-induced hand-foot syndrome.

AbstractBackground: Hand-foot syndrome (HFS) is the most frequently reported side effect of oral capecitabine therapy. In addition to treatment interruption and dose reduction, supportive treatments can help alleviate symptoms. Although its efficacy has not been proven in clinical studies, certain authors report on the use of prophylactic or therapeutic pyridoxine supplementation for the prevention of minimization to be useful in preventing worsening of HFS but are no substitute for dose modifications.Case report: We report a case of an interesting observation in a patient with pancreatic cancer receiving capecitabine whose HFS was improved with the use of “henna”.Discussion: Henna has been used for histories as a medicine, preservative, and cosmetic. Our case underlines the basis to further evaluate the anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and analgesic effects of henna. We encourage other investigators to publish any similar cases or any other herbal or non-drug therapies. HFS is a common side effect of many...
Influence of atmospheric aerosols and desert reflectance properties on satellite radiance measurements

The influence of surface bidirectional reflectance factors, including shadowing, and of atmospheric aerosol variability are modeled for their effects on the remote sensing of desert targets from space in the 0.7-micron region at high spatial resolution. The white sand reflectance data of Salomonson (1968) are used as the basis for the simulation. The effects of the surface bi-directional reflectance and atmospheric aerosol on the nadir-normalized reflectance measured at the satellite are discussed individually and jointly. The net influence of these two factors is shown to depend on the magnitude of other parameters, such as the surface reflectance and solar zenith angle.
cGMP enhancing strategies for acute and chronic heart failure

Acute and chronic heart failure (HF) are multi-organ and -cell syndromes characterized by myocardial structural and functional abnormalities, excessive vascular dysfunction and vasoconstriction, avid sodium retention, and neurohumoral maladaptations. In this syndrome, the cGMP pathway may be disrupted, either with impaired production of nitric oxide or its excessive degradation, thus impairing the soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) signaling pathway or inadequate release of particulate guanylate cyclase (PGC) ligands such as the natriuretic peptide ANP or BNP or the release of abnormal forms, therefore impairing the PGC pathway.
Measurements of dielectric loss factors due to a Martian dust analog

[1] Radar signals can penetrate loose sediments such as dust, sand, and alluvium to reveal buried geologic structures obscured in visible and infrared images. In anticipation of data from instruments such as the MARSIS and SHARAD radar sounders and potential future imaging SAR and rover-mounted GPR instruments, measurements have been made to characterize electrical loss factors of a Martian dust analog and an iron-rich soil. This paper presents results from dielectric measurements of Carbondale Red Clay (CRC) and the palagonitic Mars JSC-1 soil simulant from 0.2 to 1.3 GHz and from transmission measurements of radar penetration of CRC up to 12 GHz. Attenuations predicted from dielectric measurements are compared to values measured in the experiment and are discussed relative to the frequencies at which imaging radars operate. Over the frequencies considered, loss tangent, tan δ, decreases with increasing frequency, but attenuation increases due to the influence of wavelength. Attenuation in CRC ranges from 8 to 22 dB/m over P and L bands and jumps to 36 and 67 dB/m at C and X bands, respectively. Mars JSC-1 has lower attenuation of 5 dB/m at P band and ∼12 dB/m at L band. Compared to attenuation measurements of sand, both CRC and Mars JSC-1 cause significantly greater attenuation, likely due to their compositions containing iron-bearing minerals. Because Martian fine sediments also contain ferric mineral components, constraining higher losses of analogs for Martian dust and fine sediments is important for predicting the performance of radar instruments operating in orbit or on the surface of Mars.
Workload characterization of server-side JavaScript

Recently, scripting languages are becoming popular as languages to develop server-side applications. Modern JavaScript compilers significantly optimize JavaScript code, but their main targets are client-side Web applications. In this paper, we characterize the runtime behaviors of server workloads on an emerging JavaScript server-side framework, Node.js, comparing it to client-side JavaScript code. The runtime profile shows that a large amount (47.5% on average) of the total CPU time is spent in the V8 C++ library used for server workloads, while only 3.2% is for client-side programs. Such high CPU usage in the C++ code limits the performance improvements for server workloads, since recent changes in the performance of client-side workloads are due to optimized JavaScript code. Our analysis of complex calling contexts reveals that function calls to the V8 runtime from the server-side framework to handle JavaScript objects significantly contribute to the high CPU usage in the V8 library (up to 22.5% of the total time and 15.4% on average). We also show that the function calls to the V8 runtime from compiled JavaScript code are another source of the high CPU usage in the V8 library code (up to 24.5% of the total and 18.7% on average). Only a few JavaScript functions that implement the server-side framework API make these function calls to the V8 runtime and contribute to a large amount of the CPU time (up to 6.8% of the total).
A system of inequalities and nondifferentiable mathematical programming

A system of inequalities involving nondifferentiable functions, originally introduced by Eisenberg, is extended. This result is then applied to establish optimality criteria and a dual theorem for a nondifferentiable mathematical program involving quasiconvexity in its equality constraints and inequality constraints. These are natural extensions of results recently established by Mond.
New insights and updated guidelines for epigenome-wide association studies☆

Abstract Epigenetic dysregulation in disease is increasingly studied as a potential mediator of pathophysiology. The epigenetic events are believed to occur in somatic cells, but the limited changes of DNA methylation in studies to date indicate that only subsets of the cells tested undergo epigenetic dysregulation. The recognition of this subpopulation effect indicates the need for care in design and execution of epigenome-wide association studies (EWASs), paying particular attention to confounding sources of variability. To maximize the sensitivity of the EWASs, ideally, the cell type mediating the disease should be tested, which is not always practical or ethical in human subjects. The value of using accessible cells as surrogates for the target, disease-mediating cell type has not been rigorously tested to date. In this review, participants in a workshop convened by the National Institutes of Health update EWAS design and execution guidelines to reflect new insights in the field.
An innovative method and tool for role-specific quality-training evaluation

A sound quality-training programme is the vehicle that ensures that all employees are adequately qualified to perform their jobs in accordance with applicable quality requirements. An effective quality-training programme is one that adequately addresses the varied training needs of employees in different roles in the organisation. Generally, it is not sufficient to administer the same training evaluation questionnaire to assess what all the attendees of a quality-training have learned. This is because, typically, employees receiving a quality-training are from different functional areas in the organisation, and thus have different vested interests and learning objectives. That is, a training audience is typically heterogeneous as opposed to homogeneous. Therefore, in such situations, training evaluations must be tailored to accommodate the unique needs of the various segments of the training audience, and to correctly ascertain whether the employees in each segment (or role) have learned what they need to...
Is internet information adequate to facilitate surgical decision-making in familial adenomatous polyposis?

Purpose Prophylactic surgery decisions are difficult. Supplemental information improves patients’ knowledge, promoting active participation in decision-making. Our objective was to examine internet information regarding prophylactic surgery for familial adenomatous polyposis to determine its adequacy in facilitating patient participation in surgical decision-making.
Formation of a new social group of unfamiliar female rhesus monkeys affects the immune and pituitary adrenocortical systems.

Social stress associated with the formation of a new group of rhesus monkeys resulted in increased basal cortisol secretion and significant decreases in immunological parameters. Eight adult female rhesus monkeys, all of which had been raised in social groups, but with no common social history, were simultaneously introduced into an outdoor enclosure along with an adult male. Behavioral data were collected during the introduction and over 9 weeks thereafter. Blood samples were collected prior to and at intervals for 9 weeks following formation. The establishment of a dominance hierarchy, apparent within 48 h, was accomlished with no serious fighting and a complete absence of wounding or trauma. Overall, the group showed a significant increase in cortisol and a significant decrease in the absolute number of total lymphocytes and CD4+ and CD8+ T cells at 24 h postformation, but not thereafter. However, when partitioned into high and low dominance rank, differences in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were evident for up to 9 weeks with low ranking subjects showing significantly lower values. The housing condition of the subjects immediately prior to introduction, either indoors in individual caging or outdoors in social groups, may have influenced behavior, rank acquisition, and possibly differences in immune parameters. These data demonstrate that social group formation is a potent psychosocial stressor in primates, since stress-sensitive changes were observed in the absence of serious aggression and wounding.
Unsteady aerodynamic behavior of an airfoil with and without a slat

Unsteady flow behavior and load characteristics of a 2D VR-7 airfoil with and without a leading-edge slat were studied in the water tunnel of the Aeroflightdynamics Directorate, NASA Ames Research Center. Both airfoils were oscillated sinusoidally between 5 and 25 deg at Re = 200,000 to obtain the unsteady lift, drag, and pitching moment data. A fluorescent dye was released from an orifice located at the leading edge of the airfoil for the purpose of visualizing the boundary layer and wake flow. The flowfield and load predictions of an incompressible Navier-Stokes code based on a velocity-vorticity formulation were compared with the test data. The test and predictions both confirm that the slatted VR-7 airfoil delays both static and dynamic stall as compared to the VR-7 airfoil alone.
Advances in the Study of Political Advertising

One of the biggest recent advances in the study of political advertising has been the availability of systematic sources of data on when and where ads air—and their content. In this piece, we review the various data sources that scholars have used to study political advertising, focusing on their strengths and weaknesses. We then discuss recent studies that have employed data on political advertising to examine the effects of ad exposure on citizens' attitudes and political behaviors, how the content of advertising varies, and how ads have been targeted in recent political campaigns. We follow that with our own empirical contribution—an analysis of trends in advertising content, including negativity and policy focus—over the past 16 years.
Drug bioavailability and pharmacokinetic analysis from pharmacological data

The objective of pharmacotherapy is to control drug effects rather than drug levels. Direct chemical assay data are always of secondary interest and are of value only in that plasma levels often correlate with pharmacological or toxic response.
Temperature dependent foreign gas broadening coefficients of the R(42) and P(13) lines in the ν1 band of N2O

Abstract Foreign gas broadening coefficients of the R(42) and P(13) transitions in the ν1 band of N2O near 1285 cm−1 have been measured at a spectral resolution of ~ 5 × 10−4 cm−1 using tunable diode laser spectrometry. Ar, He, N2, and O2 were used as the broadening gases. In order to determine the temperature dependence of the broadening coefficients, data were obtained at temperatures ranging from 154 to 294 K.
Temperature Sensor Design in a High Volume Manufacturing 65nm CMOS Digital Process

Thermal management (TM) allows the system architect to design a cooling solution based on real-life power consumption, not peak power. The on-die thermal sensor circuit, as the core of the TM system, monitors the on-die junction temperature (Tj). We present a novel high-linearity thermal sensor topology with built-in circuit support for correction of systematic shifts in the transfer function correction. Results obtained on the 65 nm Pentiumreg4 processor demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of the design.
The Minimal Replicator Element of the Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus Terminal Repeat Supports Replication in a Semiconservative and Cell-Cycle-Dependent Manner

Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) persists as episomes in infected cells by circularizing at the terminal repeats (TRs). The KSHV episome carries multiple reiterated copies of the terminal repeat, and each copy is capable of supporting replication. Expression of the latency-associated nuclear antigen (LANA) is critical for the replication of TR-containing plasmids. A 32-bp sequence upstream of LANA binding site 1 (LBS1), referred to as RE (replication element), along with LANA binding sites 1 and 2 (RE-LBS1/2), is sufficient to support replication (J. Hu and R. Renne, J. Virol. 79:2637-2642, 2005). In this report we demonstrate that the minimal replicator element (RE-LBS1/2) replicates in synchrony with the host cellular DNA, and only once, in a cell-cycle-dependent manner. Overexpression of the mammalian replication inhibitor geminin blocked replication of the plasmid containing the minimal replicator element, confirming the involvement of the host cellular replication control mechanism, and prevented rereplication of the plasmid in the same cell cycle. Overexpression of Cdt1 also rescued the replicative ability of the RE-LBS1/2-containing plasmids. A chromatin immunoprecipitation assay performed using anti-origin recognition complex 2 (alpha-ORC2) and alpha-LANA antibodies from cells transfected with RE-LBS1/2, RE-LBS1, LBS1, or RE showed the association of ORC2 with the RE region. Expression of LANA increased the number of copies of chromatin-bound DNA of replication elements, suggesting that LANA is important for the recruitment of ORCs and may contribute to the stabilization of the replication protein complexes at the RE site.
Reaching for Higher Altitudes: Mountaineering Analogies and the Commercialization of Outer Space

This article describes the manner in which advocates of mountain climbing in the Himalayas used commercialization to expand the number of persons engaged in the activity, to cut cost, and to reduce risk. To the extent that climbing into the “death zone” of mountains, like Mount Everest, constitutes an analogy to space exploration, the article suggests that advocates of spaceflight travel may be poised at the end of an expeditionary period similar to the one that afflicted mountain climbers before they made the transition to the commercial era.
Energetics of low-order spectral systems

The potential vorticity equation and the barotropic vorticity equation represented in spectral form in terms of solid spherical harmonics have been truncated to allow interaction between only one planetary wave and an arbitrary zonal flow. The analytic solutions in time which ensue from these truncated systems have been investigated in terms of the allowed nonlinear energy transfers. An energy flow diagram including potential and kinetic energy has been prepared and shows the direction and magnitude of exchange as it depends on the initial conditions. Maximum energy transfers and limitations of exchange amongst wave components are discussed. The linear solutions are considered and evaluated in terms of the exact solutions. Phase propagation and momentum transport in these systems are also investigated. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1971.tb00565.x
The development of phonological awareness with specific language‐impaired and typical children

This study investigated kindergarten, preschool, and first-grade children who were typical or specific language impaired (SLI) to determine whether there were developmental differences in their phonological awareness abilities (i.e., syllable, onset/rime, phonemes). Results revealed a significant difference between children who were typical and children who were SLI on the sound-segmentation tasks. The children who were typical were more effective at segmenting than were children who were SLI. Significant differences were also noted between the types of phonological task completed among participants. The combined data from this study revealed developmental trends in phonological awareness for the typical population. The developmental trend was not observed in the SLI population, however. Clinical implications are suggested. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The effect of the water bath in hygroscopic casting techniques.

Abstract In this investigation, the influence of the 100 °F. water bath on effective investment setting expansion in a hygroscopic water-immersion technique was evaluated. The effective setting expansion was determined by measuring the difference in the dimensions of an MOD wax pattern and the corresponding dimensions in the investment. The following conclusions were drawn and are based on the specific conditions of the test investigated in this project.
Reducing US carbon emissions: an econometric general equilibrium assessment

Abstract This paper describes research we conducted as part of Energy Modeling Forum 12, a recent study of the costs of limiting carbon dioxide emissions organized by the Energy Modeling Forum at Stanford University. It discusses how our approach differed from that of other participants in EMF-12 and presents several important findings. In particular, we show that in the United States the effects of a carbon tax will be very similar to the effects of a tax placed solely on coal. Outside the coal sector, the principal effect of carbon tax will be to raise the cost of electricity and to shift base load electric generating capacity toward fuels other than coal. At the aggregate level, higher energy prices will cause gross national product to fall unless the revenue from tax is used to reduce high marginal tax rates elsewhere in the economy.
Auroral kilometric radiation - Time-averaged source location

In the present paper, the location of the average generation region of auroral kilometric radiation is determined from an analysis of average electric field strengths as a function of spacecraft position in narrow frequency bands centered at 178, 100, and 56.2 kHz. Intense sources of power radiating at kilometric wavelengths are found near 65 degrees invariant latitude in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres, from 22 to 24 hours MLT, and between 2 and 4 earth radii. These dominant sources of power produce the electromagnetic radiation described by Kurth et al. (1975) as auroral kilometric radiation. Each Northern and Southern Hemisphere auroral kilometric radiation source is well confined and emits radiation into solid angles of about 4.1 sr at 178 kHz, 2.2 sr at 100 kHz, and 1.5 sr at 56.2 kHz.
Regulation of Class A scavenger receptor-mediated cell adhesion and surface localization by PI3K: identification of a regulatory cytoplasmic motif

The importance of cytoplasmic motifs in differentially regulating SR-A function was demonstrated by deleting the first 49 cytoplasmic aa (SR-A(Delta1-49)), which abolished SR-A-mediated ligand internalization without reducing cell adhesion. To identify additional cytoplasmic motifs within the first 49 aa that regulate SR-A function, the acidic residues in a conserved motif (EDAD) were changed to their amide derivatives (SR-A(QNAN)). The function and regulation of SR-A(QNAN) were compared with that of SR-A(Delta1-49) and SR-A in transfected HEK-293 cells. Blocking PI3K activation inhibited SR-A, but not SR-A(Delta1-49)- or SR-A(QNAN)-mediated cell adhesion. Although deleting (SR-A(Delta1-49)) or mutating (SR-A(QNAN)) the EDAD motif abolished the PI3K sensitivity of SR-A-mediated cell adhesion, these mutations did not affect ligand internalization or PI3K activation during cell adhesion. To define the mechanism by which PI3K regulates SR-A-mediated cell adhesion, the cellular localization of wild-type and mutant SR-A was examined. PI3K inhibition reduced surface localization of SR-A but not of SR-A(Delta1-49) or SR-A(QNAN). The regulation of SR-A surface localization by PI3K was confirmed in peritoneal macrophages, which endogenously express SR-A. Together, these results suggest a pathway in which SR-A binding to an immobilized ligand activates PI3K to recruit more receptor to the plasma membrane and enhances cell adhesion.
UNUSUALLY LONG HYPTIOTES (ARANEAE, ULOBORIDAE) SEQUENCE FOR SMALL SUBUNIT (18S) RIBOSOMAL RNA SUPPORTS SECONDARY STRUCTURE MODEL UTILITY IN SPIDERS

We report on the structure of the small-subunit ribosomal RNA (18S rRNA) sequence from Hyptiotes gertschi (Araneae, Uloboridae), which is the largest 18S gene sequenced in any arachnid to date. We compare this remarkable sequence to those from a range of other spiders and arachnids, and develop base-pairing models of its insert regions to determine its overall secondary structure. The H. gertschi sequence of 1902 bases is 86 nucleotides longer than any comparable spider sequence and contains 5 inserts between 5 and 28 bases in length, all at regions characterized as among the most variable in eukaryotic 18S genes. Inserts were also found in one of these variable regions in published sequences of 3 species of hard ticks (Acari, Ixodidae). Other arachnid taxa were remarkably uniform in 18S primary sequence length, ranging from 1802 to 1816 nucleotides. Thermodynamic modeling of the H. gertschi inserts suggests they are largely self-complementary, extending the stem portions of the variable regions.
Night vision in the elderly: consequences for seeing through a "blue filtering" intraocular lens

Relative scotopic spectral sensitivity depends only on the rhodopsin photopigment and ocular media absorption spectra. Rhodopsin is well characterised so the relative scotopic spectral sensitivity function can be calculated for intraocular lenses (IOLs) of known spectral density. In a recent perspective, Mainster and Sparrow concluded that an IOL with short wave absorbing chromophores would provide more retinal protection than conventional IOLs, but the practical consequences for scotopic vision are unclear. This paper uses published experiments to examine the implications for scotopic vision of the IOLs analysed by Mainster and Sparrow. A 14.6% reduction in scotopic sensitivity is expected for a SN60AT (AcrySof Natural) compared to a SA60AT (Conventional AcrySof) IOL under broadband illumination (equal quantum spectrum). This effect (0.07 log unit) is visually insignificant in relation to the approximately 4.0 log unit range of scotopic sensitivity. More importantly, it is expected that scotopic contrast sensitivity would be reduced by only approximately 0.01 log unit. It is thus improbable that a difference in scotopic vision between observers with the Natural and Conventional IOLs could be reliably detected using broadband stimuli.
Stepwise advice negotiation in writing center peer tutoring

While the delivery and reception of advice is a practice integral to a wide range of settings, little attention has been given to the detailed practices of advice resistance and how it leads to advice negotiation. Based on 7 hours of videotaped tutoring interactions among 6 tutors and 11 tutees, this conversation analytic study examines the interactional practices of advice negotiation in peer tutoring at an undergraduate writing center. In particular, the study focuses on advice negotiation sequences in which students initially resist tutors’ advice. The findings are in line with the current knowledge that advice resistance is presented and treated as interactionally dispreferred. In addition, the analyses contribute to further specifying the stepwise interactional practices through which advice resistance is produced and managed in a way that it results in successful advice negotiation with the more tailored advice forwarded by the tutor. The study shows how the context of tutoring is a site not only fo...
Occupational/Educational Discrimination Against Black Males

Becker's (1971) treatment of the economics of discrimination has stimulated a great deal of discussion concerning the dimensions and patterns of racial discrimination. Arrow (1972), Thurow (1969), and Bergman (1971: 294-313) have contributed to the theoretical knowledge concerning discrimination, and Ashenfelter, Bergman and Lyle (1971: 411433), Gwartney (1970a: 396-408; 1970b; 872-883), O'Neill (1970: 475-486), Weiss (1970: 150-159), Weiss and Williamson (1972: 372-383), and Welch (1973: 893-907) have made careful empirical analyses of the sources and degree of racial discrimination. Collectively, the recent studies suggest that a large earnings differential exists between whites and blacks and that the earnings gap primarily reflects racial differences in occupational structure and educational attainment. This article focuses attention on occupational differences between black and white males, and it develops a measure of racial discrimination that analyzes the relative ability of blacks and whites to find occupations commensurate with their education. In order to calculate the measure of discrimination, it is necessary to estimate the educational requirements of the various occupations, and I have grouped the detailed
Transfer of the perfect flower trait from Poa secunda to Poa arachnifera

A Texas bluegrass (Poa arachnifera) population has been developed that successfully integrates the perfect flower trait from Poa secunda through interspecific hybridization. The resulting perfect flowered P. arachnifera population is perennial, rhizomatous and lacks the cobweb-like hairs that are a typical characteristic of the P. arachnifera parent. Inheritance of the perfect flowered trait suggests a relatively simple inheritance, perhaps allelic to the segregation of staminate and pistillate individuals in other dioecious systems. This material may have applications as a clean seeded, perfect flowered P. arachnifera cultivar; or as a germplasm resource in a P. arachnifera breeding program.
The Relationship Between Self-Harm and Teen Dating Violence Among Youth in Hawaii

The connection between teen dating violence (TDV) and self-harm is important to consider because of the serious consequences for teens who engage in these behaviors. Self-harm includes nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) and suicide behaviors such as suicide attempts or deaths. Although prior research shows that these two public health problems are related, the context in which they occur is missing, including what leads teens to engage in self-harm and the timing of self-harming behaviors within the relationship. To fill this gap, we conducted focus groups with 39 high-school-aged teens, all of whom had experienced prior relationship violence. Teens described incidents in which they and their partners engaged in NSSI and suicide attempts. Incidents often were associated with extreme alcohol and drug use and occurred during the break-up stage of the relationship. Prevention and intervention programs are needed that consider the intersections of TDV, substance use, and self-harm.
Do we need to devalue Amazonia and other large tropical forests

Attempts to determine global priorities for conservation and studies aimed at highlighting the conservation value of one continental region over another often devalue specific regions. Amazonia has been a particular recipient of this treatment in a number of recent studies. We suggest that this type of approach is not necessary at this scale, and we argue that the consequences could be devastating for the largest forests of the world. Among our concerns about the treatment of these forests (Amazonia, the Congo Basin and New Guinea) is that there seems to be a lack of appreciation for, or sufficient study of, important biogeographic subdivisions within these regions. In Amazonia, the south-eastern portion of the basin (the Belem/Para region) has not been considered a global conservation priority, despite the fact that it is experiencing by far the highest deforestation rates. Parsimony Analyses of Endemicity and genetic data suggest that many Amazonian forest taxa are comprised of numerous regionally distinct units, and this may also be true in other large tropical forests. Such patterns need to be documented for adequate conservation of tropical biodiversity, but this might not happen if these regions are not recognized as priorities for conservation at a global scale.