cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Controlling the phase and power flow of electromagnetic fields

A method for controlling the phase progression and power flow of electromagnetic fields within a region of space is presented. The method describes how to design 2D inhomogeneous, anisotropic media based on desired spatial distributions of the wave vector and Poynting vector direction. Plane-wave relations in anisotropic media and an optimization process are used to find the required material parameters.
Making Sense of Global Tensions: Dominant and Subaltern Conceptions of Order and Justice in the International System:

The tension between the hegemonic and subaltern perspectives of international order can be summarized in the following fashion: While the former emphasizes order among states and justice within them, the latter stresses order within states and justice among them. This tension has manifested itself, although not always very neatly, in such diverse arenas of international politics as humanitarian intervention, nuclear proliferation and residual colonialism. While the tension between the dominant and subaltern views of world order is a global phenomenon, it finds manifestation in its most acute form in the broader Middle East, comprising West, Southwest and Central Asia. This is because issues such as Iran’s nuclear aspirations, Israel’s occupation of Palestine, and the rise of political Islam as the anti-hegemonic ideology par excellence highlight this tension most clearly.
Comparison of acute and chronic antioxidant interventions in experimental renovascular disease.

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) can modulate renal hemodynamics and function both directly, by leading to vasoconstriction, and indirectly, by inducing renal inflammation and tissue growth. The invol...
Increased urinary leukotriene excretion in patients with cardiac ischemia. In vivo evidence for 5-lipoxygenase activation.

BACKGROUNDExperimental cardiac ischemia in some animal models results in the activation of the enzyme 5-lipoxygenase and the subsequent production of leukotrienes, potent proinflammatory lipid mediators, by the affected myocardium. Furthermore, prototype antileukotriene drugs can show some beneficial effects on infarct size and cardiac function in these models. Accordingly, urinary excretion of leukotriene E4 (LTE4), the major urinary metabolite of peptide leukotrienes in humans, was measured in patients admitted to the hospital with evidence of acute myocardial ischemia to assess in vivo release of 5-lipoxygenase products during and after the ischemic episode.METHODS AND RESULTSUrinary leukotriene excretion was measured by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography and specific radioimmunoassay on admission with acute chest pain and again on day 3 in the following patient groups: acute myocardial infarction (AMI), AMI and clinical evidence of early reperfusion after treatment with recombinant ...
Snapshot at Mid-stride: Current State of EHRs and Their Use by Clinicians from a CMIO’s Perspective

Electronic health records (EHRs) are now approaching mainstream in healthcare, after years in which their use was limited to academic centers and early adopters. We’ll begin by defining terms and setting the context, and then describe design, functionality, advantages and challenges to EHRs from the perspective of the IT Medical Director of a large academic medical center with multiple facilities and multiple EHRs. Though the transition from paper to electronic records is difficult, in this chapter we’ll review why we believe it is worth the effort: current and potential advantages to EHRs over paper are substantial and are very likely to grow. We’ll also review some of the story of adoption of technology in aviation, and lessons this holds for healthcare information technology: improvements in flight deck design, checklists, and other innovations contributed to the unparalleled safety record in aviation to which healthcare can aspire.
Blot-affinity purification of antibodies.

Publisher Summary This chapter highlights blot-affinity purification (BAP) of antibodies. BAP utilizes the superb resolving power of sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) to separate proteins in a mixture and the subsequent electrophoretic transfer of the individual bands from the gel to a diazotized paper blot. The separated, immobilized protein bands are then used as antigens to isolate their corresponding antibodies from the heterogeneous antiserum. BAP is much simpler than column affinity purification. Moreover, it offers a solution to obtain pure antigen, and thus its specific antibody, when a particular protein cannot be purified with conventional methods such as affinity column chromatography or high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The chapter considers BAP to isolate antibodies specific to the heavy chains of dynein of the sea urchin sperm flagella. Dynein is a microtubule-based ATPase. It hydrolyses ATP to ADP and the energy released can be coupled to microtubule-mediated cell motility. In sea urchin sperm flagella, the outer arm dynein can be solubilized from the axoneme with a 0.6 M NaCl extraction medium. Test blots on which trypsin-digested or V1-cleaved dynein had been immobilized are used to verify the specificity of the isolated antibodies.
Catholics and the Death Penalty: Lawyers, Jurors & Judges: Foreword

Since the mid-1990s, official Catholic Church teaching has increasingly advocated for the severe limitation or abolition of the death penalty, finding occasions in which it would be required for society's self defense rare or "practically non-existent." For Catholic lawyers, jurors and judges who aim to be both faithful to the teachings of their Church and respectful of their roles within the legal system, capital cases may raise difficult questions and decisions. Fordham's series on Catholics and the Death Penalty set out to explore some of those questions, including the doctrinal weight to ascribe to the teaching, and how to navigate potential conflicts between one's beliefs and one's duties within the legal system. The collection includes an introduction by Art C. Cody, a member of the New York City Bar Committee on Capital Punishment; a conversation between New York Capital Defender Kevin M. Doyle and Kings County District Attorney Charles J. Hynes about the roles of Catholic lawyers in capital cases; and an essay by Gerald F. Uelmen on the questions that arise for Catholic jurors in this context.
Casimir force in the O(n→∞) model with free boundary conditions.

We present results for the temperature behavior of the Casimir force for a system with a film geometry with thickness $L$ subject to free boundary conditions and described by the $\mathit{n}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\infty}$ limit of the $\mathrm{O}(\mathit{n})$ model. These results extend over all temperatures, including the critical regime near the bulk critical temperature ${T}_{c}$, where the critical fluctuations determine the behavior of the force, and temperatures well below it, where its behavior is dictated by the Goldstone mode contributions. The temperature behavior when the absolute temperature, $T$, is a finite distance below ${T}_{c}$, up to a logarithmic-in-$L$ proximity of the bulk critical temperature, is obtained both analytically and numerically; the critical behavior follows from numerics. The results resemble---but do not duplicate---the experimental curve behavior for the force obtained for $^{4}\mathrm{He}$ films.
Networks, Crowds, and Markets: The Small-World Phenomenon

Six Degrees of Separation In the previous chapter, we considered how social networks can serve as conduits by which ideas and innovations flow through groups of people. To develop this idea more fully, we now relate it to another basic structural issue — the fact that these groups can be connected by very short paths through the social network. When people try to use these short paths to reach others who are socially distant, they are engaging in a kind of “focused” search that is much more targeted than the broad spreading pattern exhibited by the diffusion of information or a new behavior. Understanding the relationship between targeted search and wide-ranging diffusion is important in thinking more generally about the way things flow through social networks. As we saw in Chapter 2, the fact that social networks are so rich in short paths is known as the small-world phenomenon , or the “six degrees of separation,” and it has long been the subject of both anecdotal and scientific fascination. To briefly recapitulate what we discussed in that earlier chapter, the first significant empirical study of the small-world phenomenon was undertaken the social psychologist Stanley Milgram [297, 391], who asked randomly chosen “starter” individuals to each try forwarding a letter to a designated “target” person living in the town of Sharon, Massachusetts, a suburb of Boston. He provided the target's name, address, occupation, and some personal information, but stipulated that the participants could not mail the letter directly to the target; rather, each participant could only advance the letter by forwarding it to a single acquaintance that he or she knew on a first-name basis, with the goal of reaching the target as rapidly as possible.
Virtually anonymous: Does the absence of social cues alter perceptions of emergent leader behaviors?

This qualitative study examined the impact of the absence of social cues on perceptions of emergent leader behaviors in a highly anonymous virtual context. Participants were 149 students engaged in a distinct leadership-preparation process with identity fully hidden. Positively influential behaviors included specific types of contributions, task-focused behaviors, positive interaction style, and at times high participation rate. Excessive or minimal task focus and negative interaction style were perceived as negative influence. Further, emergent leaders often enacted behaviors in combination to achieve influence. Explicit assumptions about and references to social cues were absent in responses, suggesting that under highly anonymous conditions, we can get a less contaminated view of leader behaviors. The findings indicate that some existing leader behavior theories may be unbiased by social status, and also suggest that contextual nuances such as degrees of anonymity and availability of social cues are re...
A Direct Exposure Technique for Determination of Geometric Configuration in Small Organisms

The need for a method of obtaining accurate gross measurements of geometric configuration of insects for taxonomic purposes has led to the development of a simple yet effective photographic technique.
Giant Brunner's gland hamartoma!

A 69-year-old man, with no significant medical history, presented with weakness, fatigue and melena 4 days after knee surgery. This was not associated with nausea, vomiting or any abdominal discomfort. His medications included aspirin, statin and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for the knee pain. His blood work revealed normocytic normochromic anaemia with haemoglobin of 6 g/dL. Physical examination and the rest of his blood chemistries were unremarkable. Upper endoscopy showed mild oesophagitis, a few 1–2 mm non-bleeding ulcers on gastric mucosa and 10–12 cm long big pedunculated duodenal polyp with …
Wavelet Based De-Noising Methods for Local SPECT Reconstruction

Local reconstruction algorithm has been proposed to reduce the reconstructing time in the single photon emission computer tomography (SPECT).To improve the image quality,it is necessary to de-noise the projection image before reconstruction.Revised biva-shrinkage de-nosing based on wavelet transformation,which has a property of reserving detail information,is used to pre-treat the image.The mean square error (MSE)is adopted to evaluate the de-noising image of local reconstruction.The results show that wavelet based de-noising method is effective in local reconstruction algorithm.
Evaluation of Green Development in Cities of China

Green development leads cities to a scientifically sustainable way of developing towards a harmonious society.However,studies on green development of cities were still rarely reported in China.To evaluate the green development level of cities in China,relevant statistical data were analyzed.As revealed,the investment of environmental pollution treatment,infrastructure construction and the comprehensive utilization of wastes in cities of China were mostly at a low level;but the development levels of greening,garbage disposal,water consumption of per unit GDP,air quality and industrial waste-water treatment were relatively high in most cities of China.According to the national distribution of the development situation for various indexes of green development,especially high investment of environmental pollution treatment and infrastructure construction mostly appeared in metropolitans, including the four municipalities directly under administration of the Central Government and cities at provincial level,although the economic output of the comprehensive utilization of wastes in these metropolitans were still at a low level.And small cities were mostly at a particularly higher level of water consumption per unit GDP and particularly lower ratio of industrial waste water in comparison with water discharge quality standards.In a summary,according to the nation-wide distribution of all the green development indexes studied,the four municipalities directly under administration of the Central Government and the coastal and near-coastal cities including most of the cities in the provinces of Fujian,Guangdong,Hainan,Hebei,Hubei,Jiangsu,Jiangxi,Shandong and Zhejiang were relatively at a high level of green development;those small cities in the northwest part of China,including cities in the provinces of Gansu,Jilin,Shaanxi and Shanxi were relatively at a low level of green development.
A generalized Mimetic Finite Difference Method and Two-Point Flux schemes over Voronoi diagrams

We develop a generalization of the mimetic finite difference (MFD) method for second order elliptic problems that extends the family of convergent schemes to include two-point flux approximation (TPFA) methods over general Voronoi meshes, which are known to satisfy the discrete maximum principle. The method satisfies a modified consistency condition, which utilizes element and face weighting functions. This results in shifting the points on the elements and faces where the pressure and the flux are most accurately approximated. The flux bilinear form is non-symmetric in general, although it reduces to a symmetric form in the case of TPFA. It can be defined as the L 2 -inner product of vectors in two H ( Ω ;div) discrete spaces, which are constructed via suitable lifting operators. A specific construction of such lifting operators is presented on rectangles. We note that a different choice is made for test and trial spaces, therefore the method can be viewed as a H ( Ω ;div)-conforming Petrov–Galerkin Mixed Finite Element method. We prove first-order convergence in pressure and flux, and superconvergence of the pressure under further restrictions. We present numerical results that support the theory.
Molecular detection of a novel totivirus from golden shiner ( Notemigonus crysoleucas ) baitfish in the USA

During regulatory and routine surveillance sampling of apparently healthy baitfish from the state of Minnesota, a novel totivirus (tentatively named “golden shiner totivirus”, GSTV) was detected in a homogenate of kidney and spleen of golden shiner (Notemigonus crysoleucas). The nearly complete genome is 7788 nt long with a complete 5’ untranslated region (UTR) of 135 nt (1-135 nt position), complete open reading frames (ORFs) and a partial 3’ UTR of 54 nt (7734-7788). The sequence is comprised of two ORFs (ORF1 and ORF2). The larger ORF1 encodes a 1659-aa polypeptide in frame +1 from nt position 136 to 5115 (4980 nt) with a start codon at position 136-138 and a stop codon at position 5113-5115. The ORF1 is 54 aa longer than the 1605-aa ORF1-encoded protein of a reference strain of infectious myonecrosis virus (IMNV), ID-EJ-12-1(AIC34743.1). The predicted ORF1 and ORF2 fusion protein sequence was NFQDGG. Hence, an overlapping region of 99 nt was observed, which is shorter than the 172-nt and 199-nt overlapping regions in Armigeres subalbatus totivirus (AsTV) and IMNV, respectively. GSTV formed a separate lineage based on phylogenetic analysis of ORF1-encoded major capsid protein (MCP) and ORF2-encoded RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) sequences. Based on ORF1 MCP sequence analysis, GSTV was most closely related to IMNV, with maximum aa sequence identity of 26.42-27.86 %, followed by 26.59, 22.94 and 21.75 % for Drosophila totivirus (DTV), AsTV and Omono River virus (OMRV), respectively. Similar to ORF1, the ORF2 (RdRp) of GSTV formed a separate clade with maximum identity of 38.10 % and 38.50 % to IMNV and DTV, respectively. The virus identified here differs enough from its closest relative that it may represent a new genus in the family Totiviridae. The disease-causing potential and management impact of this novel virus is unknown at this time.
Abstract A29: Detection of ultra-rare mutations during breast stem cell tumor progression by Duplex Sequencing

Most studies have mainly investigated clonal mutations due to the high background error frequencies of conventional next generation sequencing (NGS) methods. We have established a new method termed Duplex Sequencing (DS) that detects mutations with unprecedented accuracy and enables us to detect sub-clonal and rare mutations as well as clonal mutations. Using DS, we present our first genome-wide analysis of mitochondrial (mt) DNA mutations during the transformation of human normal breast stem cells to tumorigenic cells. We used a model system to dissect sequential steps in the progression of normal stem cells to tumorigenic cells. Significant differences have been found among normal stem cells, immortal cells, and tumorigenic cells. These cells differ in putative breast cancer stem cell (CSC) populations, mtDNA copy numbers, and the frequencies and types of mutations. We found that putative CSCs and mtDNA copy numbers increase as normal stem cells become tumorigenic cells. The vast majority of mutations identified in our study are stochastic (rare mutations) and the frequency of rare mutations is lower in transformed cells than in normal stem cells. This lower rare mutation load in transformed cells induces lower scores of predicted pathogenicity in transformed cells than in normal stem cells. C>T/G>A and A>G/T>C transitions are the major mutation types in normal stem cells, while only C>T/G>A are the major mutation types in transformed cells. Using DS, we detected a total of 1220 rare mutations and 678 of these variants have not been reported previously. The mtDNA mutation spectra of breast tumorigenic cells correlate with published nuclear DNA mutation signatures, which are found in the majority of tumors. We have identified mutations that can serve as potential biomarkers that indicate the different stages of breast carcinogenesis. These significant differences in mutation profiles could aid in characterizing different phenotypes between normal stem cells and transformed cells. Citation Format: Eun Hyun Ahn, Kensen Hirohata, Seung Hyuk Lee, Joon Yup Kim, Brendan F. Kohrn, Edward J. Fox, Chia-Cheng Chang, Lawrence A. Loeb. Detection of ultra-rare mutations during breast stem cell tumor progression by Duplex Sequencing. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Advances in Breast Cancer Research; Oct 17-20, 2015; Bellevue, WA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Res 2016;14(2_Suppl):Abstract nr A29.
β-Carotene 9',10' Oxygenase Modulates the Anticancer Activity of Dietary Tomato or Lycopene on Prostate Carcinogenesis in the TRAMP Model

The hypothesis that dietary tomato consumption or the intake of the carotenoid lycopene inhibits prostate cancer arose from epidemiologic studies and is supported by preclinical rodent experiments and in vitro mechanistic studies. We hypothesize that variation in activity of carotenoid cleavage enzymes, such as β-carotene 9',10'-oxygenase (BCO2), may alter the impact of dietary tomato and lycopene on prostate carcinogenesis and therefore examined this relationship in the TRAMP model. Starting at 3 weeks of age, TRAMP:Bco2+/+ and TRAMP:Bco2-/- mice were fed either AIN-93G control, or semipurified diets containing 10% tomato powder or 0.25% lycopene beadlets until 18 weeks of age. Both tomato- and lycopene-fed TRAMP:Bco2-/- mice had significantly greater serum concentrations of total, 5-cis, other cis, and all-trans lycopene than TRAMP:Bco2+/+ mice. Tomato- and lycopene-fed mice had a lower incidence of prostate cancer compared with the control-fed mice. Although Bco2 genotype alone did not significantly change prostate cancer outcome in the control AIN-93G-fed mice, the abilities of lycopene and tomato feeding to inhibit prostate carcinogenesis were significantly attenuated by the loss of Bco2 (Pinteraction = 0.0004 and 0.0383, respectively). Overall, dietary tomato and lycopene inhibited the progression of prostate cancer in TRAMP in a Bco2 genotype-specific manner, potentially implicating the anticancer activity of lycopene cleavage products. This study suggests that genetic variables impacting carotenoid metabolism and accumulation can impact anticancer activity and that future efforts devoted to understanding the interface between tomato carotenoid intake, host genetics, and metabolism will be necessary to clearly elucidate their interactive roles in human prostate carcinogenesis. Cancer Prev Res; 10(2); 161-9. ©2016 AACR.
A 3D Impression Acquisition System for Forensic Applications

This paper presents a method with which 3D images of tire track and footprint impressions at crime scenes can be captured with high fidelity, while capturing high resolution 2D color texture images simultaneously. The resulting device is portable, easy to use, is non-destructive of the evidence, and saves time at crime scenes. The same technique can also be used in the laboratory to create 3D depth images of suspect tires or shoe soles. Computer-based pattern matching technology can be used to assist in matching and comparison tasks. The device produces better quality data at a close range obtained in a larger field compared to existing devices. It avoids problems related to occlusions by using two lasers and can digitize long spans of impressions in one scan. The method includes a calibration method which is integrated into the scanning process on site, thus avoiding problems with pre-calibrated configurations becoming stale during transportation and setup.
Security in high-performance computing environments

Exploring the many distinctive elements that make securing HPC systems much different than securing traditional systems.
Preparation of silica coated and 90Y-radiolabeled β-NaYF4 upconverting nanophosphors for multimodal tracing

Rare-earth (RE) compounds have been actively pursued for therapeutic and diagnostic applications due to their ability to upconvert near infrared light into the UV–vis range. Through nanoengineering and bottom-up synthesis, additional functionality can be added to these upconverting systems. Herein, we report the synthesis of 90Y-doped β-NaYF4:Er, Yb upconverting nanophosphors (UCNPs) to enable β-particle emission and upconversion by the same UCNP. To homogenously incorporate the radionuclides, we employ a hydroxide metathesis method to produce the RE precursor required for the solvothermal synthesis of monodisperse UCNPs. Once incorporated, we find that the β-emitting 90Y dopants do not influence the energy pathways required for upconversion, enabling simultaneous radio- and optical-tracing. The resulting large (>100 nm in height and width), anisotropic, 90Y-radiolabeled β-NaYF4 UCNPs are then coated with silica using a modified, micelle-driven Stober process to enable their dispersion in polar solvents. Doing so highlights the importance of surfactant (Igepal CO-520) and silica source (tetraethyl orthosilicate) interactions to the continuity of the silica shell and makes the vast library of silica surface chemistry and functionality accessible to upconverting radiotracers.
Do we really externalize or objectivize moral demands

Stanford's goal is to explain the uniquely human tendency to externalize or objectify "distinctively moral" demands, norms, and obligations. I maintain that there is no clear phenomenon to explain. Stanford's account of which norms are distinctively moral relies on Turiel's problematic work. Stanford's justification of the claim that we "objectify" moral demands ignores recent studies indicating that often we do not.
Ethics and Public Policy The frontiers of cardiovascular treatment and prevention

The heart has a central, nearly mythical, place in our modern society. Human history is replete with references dating from antiquity. The Egyptians placed special emphasis on the heart. At death, they separated the heart from the body and enshrined it in a vessel of clay. The Aztec’s human sacrifices involved removing a beating heart thus, celebrating its seeming essence of life. The heart is no less central in Judaeo-Christian culture, producing ethical and public policy dilemmas.
COMPARATIVE ASPECTS OF STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE SALIVARY GLANDS.

ABSTRACT “Salivary glands” are found in many groups of animals, invertebrates as well as vertebrates. The function of such glands usually involves both lubrication and a digestive activity. The details of structure of these glands in some lower animals, including the earthworm and certain species of Hemiptera , are described. The duct system and the types of cells help to establish homologies and analogies of the salivary glands in different groups of animals. Among the vertebrates, the structure of the salivary gland complex is closely related to the type of food. The proportion of serous secretion is larger where food is bulky, as in the plant-eaters.
Pharmacokinetics of Anti-Arrhythmic Agents in Acute Myocardial Infarction

It is becoming increasingly apparent that the pharmacokinetics of many anti-arrhythmic agents are altered when administered to patients with acute myocardial infarction. Absorption following oral dosing may be delayed or incomplete. Volume of distribution, renal and hepatic clearance may be decreased due to diminished cardiac output and poor organ perfusion. Elimination half-life may be prolonged. Plasma protein binding may be dramatically increased due to elevated levels of alpha- 1-acid glycoprotein, with attendant changes in drug total plasma concentration and levels of free drug. Delivery of drug to the ischemic myocardium may be slowed, with poorly-perfused regions functioning as “peripheral compartments”. In some cases, however, pharmacokinetics appear relatively undisturbed after acute myocardial infarction.
Immunologic injury to vascular endothelial cells: effects on release of prostacyclin

Prostacyclin is released from cultured and ex vivo bovine vascular endothelium following sublethal immunologic injury by a heterologous antibody to endothelial cells developed in rabbits. This release was dependent on calcium and complement and was not enhanced by the presence of platelets. Prostacyclin release was diminished 1-2 hr after the injury, but recovered fully following reculture of the endothelial cells for 72 hr.
CASE architecture optimization

To achieve better performance/improvement in product development cycle time, the "right" system architecture is a must to ensure the critical business requirements are timely & accurately addressed. System architecture covers both the "right" engineering tools deployment & the "right" underlying IT infrastructure. This paper illustrate the actions taken to implement and enhance system and tool re-architecture for Software Development Team in Motorola Penang.
No recovery of replication-competent HIV-1 from human liver macrophages

Long-lived HIV-1 reservoirs that persist despite antiretroviral therapy (ART) are a major impediment to a cure for HIV-1. We examined whether human liver macrophages (LMs), the largest tissue macrophage population, comprise an HIV-1 reservoir. We purified LMs from liver explants and included treatment with a T cell immunotoxin to reduce T cells to 1% or less. LMs were purified from 9 HIV-1-infected persons, 8 of whom were on ART (range 8-140 months). Purified LMs were stimulated ex vivo and supernatants from 6 of 8 LMs from persons on ART transmitted infection. However, HIV-1 propagation from LMs was not sustained except in LMs from 1 person taking ART for less than 1 year. Bulk liver sequences matched LM-derived HIV-1 in 5 individuals. Additional in vitro experiments undertaken to quantify the decay of HIV-1-infected LMs from 3 healthy controls showed evidence of infection and viral release for prolonged durations (>170 days). Released HIV-1 propagated robustly in target cells, demonstrating that viral outgrowth was observable using our methods. The t1/2 of HIV-1-infected LMs ranged from 3.8-55 days. These findings suggest that while HIV-1 persists in LMs during ART, it does so in forms that are inert, suggesting that they are defective or restricted with regard to propagation.
Tunable all-dielectric metasurface for phase modulation of the reflected and transmitted light via permittivity tuning of indium tin oxide

We propose an electrically tunable metasurface, which can achieve relatively large phase modulation in both reflection and transmission modes (dual-mode operation). By integration of an ultrathin layer of indium tin oxide (ITO) as an electro-optically tunable material into a semiconductor-insulator-semiconductor (SIS) unit cell, we report an approach for active tuning of all-dielectric metasurfaces. The proposed controllable dual-mode metasurface includes an array of silicon (Si) nanodisks connected together via Si nanobars. These are placed on top of alumina and ITO layers, followed by a Si slab and a silica substrate. The required optical resonances are separately excited by Si nanobars in reflection and Si nanodisks in transmission, enabling highly confined electromagnetic fields at the ITO-alumina interface. Modulation of charge carrier concentration and refractive index in the ITO accumulation layer by varying the applied bias voltage leads to 240° of phase agility at an operating wavelength of 1696 nm for the reflected transverse electric (TE)-polarized beam and 270° of phase shift at 1563 nm for the transmitted transverse magnetic (TM)-polarized light. Independent and isolated control of the reflection and transmission modes enables distinctly different functions to be achieved for each operation mode. A rigorous coupled electrical and optical model is employed to characterize the carrier distributions in ITO and Si under applied bias and to accurately assess the voltage-dependent effects of inhomogeneous carrier profiles on the optical behavior of a unit cell.
Machine learning application to hydraulic fracturing

Hydraulic fracturing has greatly impacted the oil and gas industry and is a large component of future oil production. Proper operation is dependent on supervisors monitoring data for signs of dangerous pressure spikes. Human error becomes a large factor in processing such a large amount of data in real time. The system proposed in this paper is able to read and interpret the data from a well to make accurate predictions on when potential pressure spikes will occur within the well, saving time and money on projects that are pushed to the limit.
Esophageal Occlusion: Role of Chemoradiation Therapy

Esophageal occlusion due to esophageal cancer is thankfully a rare occurrence. However, when it does present, it usually means there is advanced disease making surgical resection less effective. As such, there is a role for chemo and radiation therapies to treat the obstructing lesion as well as the systemic and locally advanced disease. In the case of metastatic disease, it can be used for palliation. For earlier or resectable disease, it can be used as neoadjuvant therapy to make a surgical cure more possible. The following chapter will discuss the indications, limitations, and timing for the use of chemo and radiation therapy for esophageal occlusions caused by malignancy.
On the Cooling-to-Space Approximation

AbstractThe cooling-to-space (CTS) approximation says that the radiative cooling of an atmospheric layer is dominated by that layer’s emission to space, while radiative exchange with layers above a...
Khomeini as the Jurist and Wilāya

This chapter focuses on the juridical dimension of wilāya in the theory of wilāyat al-faqih on one hand, and its further conceptualizations in the writings of Khomeini’s students, chief among them Husayn ʿAli Muntaẓiri and Muhsin Kadivar, on the other. The author studies the juridical wilāya, as well as the theory of wilāyat al-faqih, from the perspective of socio-political developments in early twentieth-century Iran and argues that the changes that can be explained as ‘radical Shiʿism’ were not only greatly influenced by transformations in the political arena but were also reactions to them. The author seeks to explain how the conceptualization of juridical wilāya underwent a tremendous shift from being purely juridical, to having a political reading. Unlike mystical wilāya which is old, the idea of wilāyat al-faqih is a new chapter in Shiʿa jurisprudence.
Simultaneous recipient external iliac endarterectomy and renal transplant - a propensity score matched analysis.

Patients with end-stage renal disease and severe iliac atherosclerosis are frequently denied renal transplant due to technical challenges, and risk of potential steal syndrome in the allograft, or ipsilateral limb. Few studies have evaluated the safety and efficacy of performing an endarterectomy in this setting. A single-center retrospective review of renal transplant patients from 1/2013 to 12/2017 was performed. Patients requiring endarterectomy at the time of transplant were matched to a nonendarterectomized cohort in a 1:2 fashion using propensity score matching. Patients were followed for a minimum of 12 months. Simultaneous endarterectomy and renal transplant were performed in 23 patients and subsequently matched to 42 controls. Ankle-brachial index was lower in the endarterectomized group (P = 0.04). Delayed graft function (26.1% vs. 19%, P = 0.54), graft loss (8.7% vs. 7.1%, P = 0.53), 1-year mortality (8.7% vs. 4.8%, P = 0.53), and renal function at 12 months were comparable in both groups. There were no incidents of ipsilateral limb loss in the endarterectomized population. This is the first matched study investigating endarterectomy and renal transplant. Long-term follow-up of limb and graft function is indicated. Despite the small sample size, our findings suggest that a combined procedure can safely provide renal transplantation access to a previously underserved population.
Integration of Telehealth Education into the Health Care Provider Curriculum: A Review.

Introduction: Telehealth is a rapidly expanding health care delivery modality with increasing utility in the health care community. It is imperative that telehealth education is provided during the training of health care providers to ensure the proper usage and application of this health care delivery system. A comprehensive literature review of telehealth education integrated into the curricula of physician, physician assistant, and advanced practiced registered nurse training programs has not been reported to date. Materials and Methods: An electronic literature search was performed using Scopus®, PubMed, and 17 of the 35 databases on the EBSCOHost platform. We included studies where telehealth concepts and components were integrated in the curriculum for primary care students. We extracted information pertinent to understanding the scope and sustainability of the curriculum and tabulated the results. Results: After a full-text screening of 164 articles and critically analyzing 34, eight articles were included in this review. Comparison of these articles showed no consistency in how telehealth was integrated into the various health care curricula. Content delivered usually included basic telehealth information, however, the depth and breadth of content varied significantly based on the interventions. Discussion: For the articles included in this review, there were no formal study designs regarding basic telehealth educational integration or competencies. While authors recommended conducting evaluation and determining the effectiveness of the interventions, they did not provide a clear picture as to how these efforts should be conducted. Conclusions: In addition to developing a standardized telehealth curriculum, national competencies need to be created, which will guide the development of standardized curriculum across health care training programs.
Overcoming Physical Separation during COVID-19 Using Virtual Reality in Organic Chemistry Laboratories

As a result of the COVID-19 disruption experienced in Spring 2020 many institutions had to close their doors and move their courses online. Our team used an existing set of virtual reality (VR) organic chemistry laboratory experiences developed for students with accessibility challenges as an online replacement for the face-to-face Organic Chemistry I laboratory. Although the materials used had been tried with a limited number of distance education students prior to their wide release, some technical challenges were experienced due to the large scale of the class, such as the inability to provide VR viewers for all the students enrolled, and lack of student access to reliable wifi for streaming videos after moving off-campus. In addition to technical difficulties, students experienced attitude challenges due to the global pandemic conditions and a very fast change from face-to-face instruction to online delivery of materials. This paper describes how these circumstances were overcome in order to finish the course, and how the VR experiences were shared with other institutions in an open access model.
Creating a Colocation Unit for End-of-Life Care during a Pandemic.

Background: Palliative care seeks to support the physical, psycho-social and spiritual needs of patients and families who are facing life threatening diseases. Advantages of establishing a palliative care unit, or alternatively co-locating patients, include promoting optimal physical and psychological symptom management; increased family satisfaction; and facilitating resource allocation. Objective: To design a stand-alone hospital unit to provide end of life care during a pandemic. Setting: Mount Sinai Hospital (MSH), a 1,144 bed tertiary- and quaternary-care teaching facility and Brookdale Department of Geriatrics and Palliative Medicine of the Icahn School of Medicine at Mt Sinai. Method: Tracking key indicators signaling the need for conversion to a COVID-19 unit, and identifying factors to facilitate a successful conversion. Result/Implementation: Using previously identified key focused action categories as framework, we describe our successful palliative care unit (PCU) conversion into a COVID-19 care unit. Conclusion: We believe that these operational insights gained from transforming our unit during COVID-19 will be helpful to other programs and institutions during a pandemic, or public health emergencies.
Getting ‘the Feel’ in the Craft Workshop

This introductory chapter presents the key themes and questions in the book and situates the text among other contemporary explorations of craftwork. The main argument is that craft understanding is marked by the ability to interpret a depth of meaning in physical objects—particularly workshop tools and materials— that the uninitiated observer cannot. As objects begin to reveal their meanings to the novice craftsperson, they appear to transform, taking on new layers of contextual significance. In some cases, objects even appear to combine or split apart as their defining practices demand. These experiences of perceptual transformation raise ontological questions about equipment in the workshop; is the workshop one distinct phenomenal ‘world’, or is it different for each of its members?
Nonlinear interaction of three impulsive gravitational waves I: main result and the geometric estimates

Impulsive gravitational waves are (weak) solutions to the Einstein vacuum equations such that the Riemann curvature tensor admits a delta singularity along a null hypersurface. The interaction of impulsive gravitational waves is then represented by the transversal intersection of these singular null hypersurfaces. This is the first of a series of two papers in which we prove that for all suitable $\mathbb U(1)$-symmetric initial data representing three "small amplitude" impulsive gravitational waves propagating towards each other transversally, there exists a local solution to the Einstein vacuum equations featuring the interaction of these waves. Moreover, we show that the solution remains Lipschitz everywhere and is $H^2_{loc} \cap C_{loc}^{1, \frac 14-}$ away from the impulsive gravitational waves. This is the first construction of solutions to the Einstein vacuum equations featuring the interaction of three impulsive gravitational waves. In this paper, we focus on the geometric estimates, i.e. we control the metric and the null hypersurfaces assuming the wave estimates. The geometric estimates rely crucially on the features of the spacetime with three interacting impulsive gravitational waves, particularly that each wave is highly localized and that the waves are transversal to each other. In the second paper of the series, we will prove the wave estimates and complete the proof.
Effective contact measures

Contact area is an important geometric measurement in many physical systems. It is also difficult to compute due to its extreme sensitivity to infinitesimal perturbations. In this paper, we propose a new concept called an effective contact measure, which acts as a smooth version of contact area. Effective contact measures incorporate a notion of scale into the definition of contact area, allowing one to consider the degree of contact at different sizes. We show how effective contact measures can yield useful statistics for a number of applications, including analysis of multiphase materials and docking/alignment problems. Introduces a new concept of effective contact measure as an approximation of surface contact area.Proposes 3 new concepts of effective contact measures.Discusses application to alignment problems.
The use of transgenic plants to examine phytochrome structure/function

The ability of phytochrome to act as a light-regulated molecular switch must initially result from conformational differences between the red light (R)-absorbing Pr and far-red light (FR)-absorbing Pfr forms of the chromoprotein. As a result, much effort has been directed towards characterizing the structure of purified phytochrome and locating domains that change upon photo-conversion in attempts to understand how phytochrome functions. While many interesting structural domains have been identified to date (Chapter 4.3; Vierstra and Quail 1986; Quail 1991), elucidating the role(s) they play in phytochrome action has been hampered by the lack of an in vitro assay suitable for assessing the biological activity of the chromoprotein.
Checks, Balances and Beyond: the Presidential Accountability 'System'

Though its components are not formally coordinated and have not previously been labeled as such there is in fact a multi-agent system of presidential accountability whose operations create a mix of positive and negative incentives for presidents to strive for success while avoiding punishment. This system includes presidential elections, the Congress and the Court of the original constitutional design, but also such unofficial agents as public opinion, the news media, the political opposition, and the anticipated judgment of history. These agents have unintentionally allowed presidential power to expand beyond necessity due to lack of conscious coordination guided by an explicit model of presidential accountability. The purposes here are to propose such a model, to bring the seven agents of accountability into focus as a system, and to assess the current functioning of each agent. This clarifies the limits on the effectiveness with which presidents are held to account.
Boron—nitrogen compounds : LXX. Boron derivatives of 3,3′-diaminodipropylamine☆

The reaction of borane(3) with 3,3′-diaminodipropylamine yields BH2B-bridge associated [3,3′-bis(dihydroborylamino)dipropylamino]dihydroborane, 1-aminopropyl-1,3,2-diazaboracyclohexane, or 1,8,10,9-triazaboradecalin (I), depending on the reaction conditions and the stoichiometry of the reactants. If tris(dimethylamino)borane is treated with 3,3′-diaminodipropylamine, only I or 1-bis-(dimethylamino)boryl-1,8,10,9-triazaboradecalin are obtained.
Radiation and Gravitation

The standard physical model for the interaction of radiation with matter, widely used to calculate the transfer of energy, can also be used to model the exchange process for virtual gravitons. Using this approach, it is possible to derive Newton’s law of gravitation and to show that the gravitational constant G (kg-1 m3 s-2) is comprised of other physical constants, including the atomic mass unit, u (kg), the speed of light, c (ms-1) and Planck’s constant h (kg m2 s-1). The model is shown to be compliant with the weak equivalence principle and is therefore consistent with experimental observation, apart from the well known exceptions that are explained by General Relativity. An alternative physical model for graviton exchange is also presented which gives an identical formulation for G. The models lead to a prediction of an increase in G with temperature.
Harvard and Yale Ascendant: The Legal Education of the Justices from Holmes to Kagan

With the nomination of Elena Kagan to be a justice of the United States Supreme Court, it is quite possible that eight of the nine justices will have graduated from only two law schools - Harvard and Yale. This article frames this development in the historical context of the legal education of those justices confirmed between 1902 and 2010. What this historical review makes clear is that the Ivy League dominance of the Supreme Court is a relatively recent occurrence whose beginnings can be traced to Antonin Scalia’s 1986 confirmation. Prior to that time, although Harvard and Yale were consistently represented among the justices, they did not constitute a majority of sitting members. In addition to this strictly historical assessment of the justices’ education, this article also attempts to ascertain why the Harvard-Yale trend has arisen, and whether this trend may have deleterious effects on the future of constitutional law. In concluding, it is the recommendation of this article that when the next vacancy arises, the President should look outside the confines of Harvard and Yale for a qualified nominee.