cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cyclic wear behavior (fretting) of a tempered martensite steel

Cyclic wear experiments were conducted on a 4130 steel with a tempered martensitic structure in laboratory air and in flowing argon. Temperatures of the sliding interfaces were measured and were of the order of + 10 K above the ambient. The interface temperatures were observed to be cyclic and correlated with maxima in sliding velocities between the surfaces. Microhardness measurements and optical and electron metallographic observations of fretted surfaces indicated selective surface hardening and the formation of large numbers of thin metallic flakes. The thickness of the flakes corresponded to the thickness of the hardened layer and were formed from subsurface crack initiation processes. The results of this investigation do not support many previously proposed models for fretting damage. Rather a micromechanical cracking model is proposed which appears to explain observed results in terms of a delamination model.
AFTER DIVORCE: Investigations into Father Absence

On the basis of in-depth interviews with 75 divorced New York fathers, the phenomenon of postdivorce paternal absence is investigated. The accounts provided by the interviewees suggest that father absence is more than a literal practice: it is also a perceived option and a standard of comparison. Father absence is a strategy of action, the objective of which is to control situations of conflict and tension and emotional states. That the majority of the fathers in the study shared common explanations with regard to father absence is an indiction of their participation in a “masculinist discourse of divorce.” A primary theme in the discourse is the rhetoric of rights.
Capstone experience: lessons from an undergraduate research group in speech at UNH Manchester

In this paper we discuss transforming the newly created Capstone course in Computer Information Systems (CIS) at the University of New Hampshire at Manchester (UNHM) to mentor students in developing problem solving skills by immersing them in a real world research environment. UNHM is a commuter college, representing a non-traditional educational setting with a majority of students holding day jobs thus having limited free time. We use Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) as the field of research, a cutting edge, complex and challenging technology that has a very appealing hands on nature where students can see tangible results of their work. Students learn to decompose problems, find solutions, self organize and establish leadership roles based on their skill sets and interests. This gives a unique opportunity to observe and guide the learning process that students use to solve a challenging research problem from that of a traditional external project oriented Capstone course where only milestones and end goals are seen. By exposing students to research, the goal of this project is to pique their interest in science and furthering their education beyond the undergraduate experience.
Vortex Pinning in Superfluid Helium

A formalism for determining the behavior of vortex filaments in the presence of pinning sites is presented. As an initial application, the properties of a single quantized vortex terminating on a geometrically simple pinning site and subject to pure superflow are investigated. It is found that there exists a critical velocity above which the vortex decouples from the pinning site by a nonlinear, discontinuous process arising from its interaction with the nearby boundaries. No evidence of a vortex-mill mechanism is observed.
Pipelining in structural health monitoring wireless sensor network

Application of wireless sensor network (WSN) for structural health monitoring (SHM), is becoming widespread due to its implementation ease and economic advantage over traditional sensor networks. Beside advantages that have made wireless network preferable, there are some concerns regarding their performance in some applications. In long-span Bridge monitoring the need to transfer data over long distance causes some challenges in design of WSN platforms. Due to the geometry of bridge structures, using multi-hop data transfer between remote nodes and base station is essential. This paper focuses on the performances of pipelining algorithms. We summarize several prevent pipelining approaches, discuss their performances, and propose a new pipelining algorithm, which gives consideration to both boosting of channel usage and the simplicity in deployment.
Centralization of Stocks: Retailers Vs. Manufacturer

A well-known result in inventory theory is that physical centralization of stocks in a system with multiple retailers decreases total costs and increases total profits for the retailers. However, does this centralization also benefit the manufacturer, whose goods the retailers stock, when customers unsatisfied at retailers due to stock-outs are considered lost sales? In this paper we consider a model with two retailers and one manufacturer. We then compare two systems: one in which the retailers hold stocks separately and the other in which they cooperate to centralize stocks at a single location. We show that whether or not centralization of stocks by retailers increases profits for the manufacturer depends on the level of "market search" in the supply chain. Market search is measured as the fraction of customers who, unsatisfied at their "local" retailer due to a stock-out, search for the good at the other retailer before leaving the system. Specifically, we show that there exists a threshold level for market search above which the manufacturer loses. Furthermore, for "very high" search levels, even the system profit (sum of manufacturer and retailer profits) may decrease upon centralization. We then compare the performance of the two systems under optimal pricing/subsidy mechanisms and show that often a manufacturer is better off in a decentralized system with high market search. We conclude with a discussion of the role of information systems in the decentralized systems.
DNA Arrays: Applications and Implications for Circadian Biology:

DNA arrays can be powerful tools to investigate transcriptional regulation of biological systems in a highly parallel and genome-wide manner. Their use has furthered the investigation of basic cell and developmental biology and is now being applied toward the understanding and diagnosis of human disease. DNA arrays are of particular use in the study of circadian biology because the clock is, at its heart, a transcriptional/translational feedback loop. Here, we review the underlying technology behind DNA arrays, discuss general applications, and focus on the use of the arrays in the study of circadian biology in plants, flies, and mice.
A Large Sample Evaluation of a Court-Mandated Batterer Intervention Program: Investigating Differential Program Effect for African American and Caucasian Men.

Objective: The purpose of the present study was to (a) evaluate a 26-week batterer intervention program by investigating changes in psychological variables related to abuse (i.e., truthfulness, vio...
Diblock copolymer surfactant transport across the interface between two homopolymers.

Dynamics of adsorption and desorption of a diblock copolymer to an interface between two homopolymers was measured using dynamic secondary-ion mass spectrometry (SIMS). Thin films were constructed consisting of a layer of saturated polybutadiene with 90% 1,2-addition (sPB90), followed by a layer of saturated polybutadiene with 63% 1,2-addition (sPB63), and finally by another layer of the sPB90 homopolymer. A sPB90−sPB63 diblock copolymer was initially included only in the top sPB90 layer of the film at a volume fraction of 0.05. The thin films were annealed at ambient temperature for times ranging between 0.2 and 108 h, and the concentration profiles of the diblock copolymer through the films were measured using SIMS. The dynamics of adsorption and desorption of the diblock copolymer at the two sPB90−sPB63 interfaces was gauged by comparing the different transient concentration profiles. The sorption process was modeled as diffusion in an external field, generated from self-consistent field theory (SCFT)....
Competition and community: the historic roots of environmental studies

There is a perception of incompatibility among the various subdisciplines of environmental studies. This paper explores the evolution of environmental studies and the reasons behind the animosity among environmental scientists, philosophers, economists, politicians, and activists. Much of the competition arose from the extreme religious and social positions of the nineteenth century and the democratic progressivism of the twentieth century. The Second World War influenced scientists, philosophers, and politicians to consider environmental issues and approaches to those changes. While multiple environmental philosophies continue to compete, there is an encouraging increase in academic, governmental and privately funded programs in interdisciplinary environmental studies.
Effect of Enalapril on Congestive Heart Failure Treated with Diuretics in Elderly Patients with Prior Myocardial Infarction and Normal Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction

Normal left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction occurred in 68 of 166 elderly patients (41%) with congestive heart failure (CHF) and coronary artery disease.1 The angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor enalapril has been beneficial in the treatment of CHF associated with abnormal LV ejection fraction.2–6 However, to the best of our knowledge, the effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor therapy on CHF associated with prior myocardial infarction and normal LV ejection fraction was not previously reported. In this study, we present data comparing the effects of 3 months with and without enalapril therapy on CHF treated with diuretics in elderly patients with prior myocardial infarction and normal LV ejection fraction.
Oxygen in the high-temperature graphite furnace

Abstract Photometric measurements of the partial pressure of oxygen in the graphite furnace have been made utilizing a sensitive and selective chemiluminescent reaction with phosphorus vapor. Oxygen is present many orders of magnitude in excess of equilibrium pressures expected from a consideration of the reaction: 2C + O 2 → 2CO. Reactivity of the graphite substrate is the prime mediator in controlling the partial pressure of oxygen. An equally efficient scavenging of oxygen in a tantalum tube furnace was also noted. The implications of these observations for the interpretation of atomization mechanisms are discussed.
Measurement and prediction of flow through a replica segment of a mildly atherosclerotic coronary artery of man

Pressure distributions were measured along a hollow vascular axisymmetric replica of a segment of the left circumflex coronary artery of man with mildly atherosclerotic diffuse disease. A large range of physiological Reynolds numbers from about 60 to 500, including hyperemic response, was spanned in the flows investigation using a fluid simulating blood kinematic viscosity. Predicted pressure distributions from the numerical solution of the Navier-Stokes equations were similar in trend and magnitude to the measurements. Large variations in the predicted velocity profiles occurred along the lumen. The influence of the smaller scale multiple flow obstacles along the wall (lesion variations) led to sharp spikes in the predicted wall shear stresses. Reynolds number similarity was discussed, and estimates of what time averaged in vivo pressure drop and shear stress might be were given for a vessel segment.
Acidosis and coagulopathy: the differential effects on fibrinogen synthesis and breakdown in pigs.

Objective:Uncontrolled bleeding from coagulopathy signals imminent death in severely injured patients. Acidosis is an important predictor of coagulopathy, but the underlying contributing mechanisms are unclear. This study was designed to investigate the effects of acidosis on fibrinogen metabolism a
Inhibiting the assembly of protein—protein interfaces

Protein-protein association is found throughout mechanisms of cellular growth and differentiation, and viral replication. Inhibiting the assembly of protein complexes, therefore, presents itself as a novel means of inhibition for a wide variety of cellular and viral events. Peptides and small molecules that modify the overall quaternary structure of a selection of receptor-ligand interactions and oligomeric viral enzymes have been developed recently.
Arthrogryposis as a possible mechanism of scrotoschisis acquired in utero

A congenital defect of the scrotal wall with consequent testicular exstrophy is an exceptional finding. The etiopathogenesis of this defect is debated. We report a newborn male with arthrogryposis who presented with an exstrophied testicle. The association of these two conditions seems to establish a cause-effect relationship mediated by mechanical factors, i.e., in utero compression of the scrotum by the feet. It is likely that a similar mechanism could also be advocated to explain the previous cases reported in the literature.
Studies on the control of hypertension. VII. Effects of ganglionic blockade combined with hydralazine on the malignant stage complicated by renal azotemia.

The malignant stage of arterial hypertension complicated by azotemia is usually a rapidly fatal disorder. The elevated blood pressures of 82 patients in this stage were chronically lowered by the regular, continued use of oral ganglionic-blocking agents and hydralazine hydrochloride in doses sufficient to control their hypertension without provoking dangerous hypotension or further azotemia. By careful administration of these potent antihypertensive drugs the mortality rate of azotemic patients was significantly reduced. The malignant stage of hypertension that has progressed to moderate renal insufficiency is no longer a rapidly fatal disease when properly treated, while that which has progressed further is usually uninfluenced.
The effect of drug habituation before and after taste aversion learning in rats

In Experiment I, rats received eight habituation injections of either lithium chloride (LiCl) or sodium chloride (NaCl), then two aversion training trials in which access to saccharin solution was followed by LiCl injections, and finally eight extinction trials with saccharin but no injections. The rats habituated to LiCl showed less aversion to saccharin during training and extinction. In Experiment II, rats received two aversion training trials, then eight habituation trials to either LiCl or NaCl, then eight extinction trials, four more aversion training trials, and eight more extinction trials. The rats habituated to LiCl did not differ during the first extinction period from those habituated to NaCl, but showed less aversion to saccharin during the second training and extinction periods. Consequently, habituation to LiCl reduces the learning of an aversion to saccharin but does not reduce the performance of a previously learned aversion.
Blepharoclonus in multiple sclerosis.

Objective - Keane described 2 patients with gaze-evoked blepharoclonus (BLC), a form of reflex BLC, and multiple sclerosis (MS). A search for common areas of demyelination and focal axonal atrophy (T 1 black holes) of the central nervous system (CNS) in 11 patients with MS exhibiting eyelid closure BLC was conducted employing magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Finding lesions in common CNS locations on these patients can help to elucidate the pathogenesis of this restricted movement disorder. Materials and Methods Eleven adult patients with relapsing- remitting, primary or secondary progressive MS were studied. MRI views were completed employing a 1.5-tesla scanner. Contrast Axial T 1 imaging was obtained in 9 patients. Results T 1 black holes were not identified. Ten patients had multiple, scattered periventricular (PV) areas of demyelination. Four patients exhibited brainstem lesions of diverse but inconsistent locations including midbrain, cerebellar peduncle, pons and medulla. In 2 of the patients the brainstem lesions were transient but BLC persisted after the lesions regressed. Conclusion No common areas of CNS demyelination or focal axonal atrophy were identified on these patients with MS and BLC. The pathogenesis and clinical significance of BLC in MS remains to be elucidated.
SMOKING AND INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION, AND THEIR EFFECTS ON MENOPAUSE AND OVARIAN CANCER

Abstract The rodent ovary contains an enzyme system(s) capable of metabolising polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons to reactive electrophilic intermediates known to cause cytotoxicity, mutation, and cancer. If the human ovary contains similar enzyme systems, metabolic activation of environmental chemicals could explain the earlier menopause in cigarette smokers and the higher incidence of ovarian cancer in industrialised areas.
A time complexity lower bound for adaptive mutual exclusion

We consider the time complexity of adaptive mutual exclusion algorithms, where “time” is measured by counting the number of remote memory references required per critical-section access. For systems that support (only) read, write, and comparison primitives (such as compare-and-swap), we establish a lower bound that precludes a deterministic algorithm with o(k) time complexity, where k is point contention. In particular, it is impossible to construct a deterministic O(log k) algorithm based on such primitives.
Evaluation of target strength–fish length equation choices for estimating estuarine fish biomass

In the Gulf of Mexico (GOM), fish biomass estimates are necessary for the evaluation of habitat use and function following the mandate for ecosystem-based fisheries management in the recently reauthorized Sustainable Fisheries Act of 2007. Acoustic surveys have emerged as a potential tool to estimate fish biomass in shallow-water estuaries, however, the transformation of acoustic data into an index of fish biomass is not straightforward. In this article, we examine the consequences of equation selection for target strength (TS) to fish length relationships on potential error generation in hydroacoustic fish biomass estimates. We applied structural equation models (SEMs) to evaluate how our choice of an acoustic TS–fish length equation affected our biomass estimates, and how error occurred and propagated during this process. To demonstrate the magnitude of the error when applied to field data, we used SEMs on normally distributed simulated data to better understand the sources of error involved with converting acoustic data to fish biomass. As such, we describe where, and to what magnitude, error propagates when estimating fish biomass. Estimates of fish lengths were affected by measurement errors of TS, and from inexact relationships between fish length and TS. Differences in parameter estimates resulted in significant differences in fish biomass estimates and led to the conclusion that in the absence of known TS–fish length relationships, Love’s (J Acoust Soc Am 46:746–752, 1969) lateral-aspect equation may be an acceptable substitute for an ecosystem-specific TS–fish length relationship. Based upon SEMs applied to simulated data, perhaps the most important, yet most variable, component is the mean volume backscattering strength, which significantly inflated biomass errors in approximately 10% of the cases.
Electoral reform and its discontents

(1999). Electoral reform and its discontents. British Elections & Parties Review: Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 1-19.
Watershed load balancing technique for distributed memory parallelization of fast multipole methods with near-field preconditioning

The fast multipole method (FMM) has demonstrated great potential for accelerating the solution of integral equation systems. However, FMM's reliance on iterative solution techniques, in conjunction with poorly conditioned systems resulting from typical electromagnetic problems, mandates the use of specialized preconditioning methods to improve convergence and reduce the overall solution time. Efficient parallelization and load balancing of the FMM algorithm and preconditioner is equally critical for reduction of solution time. The near-field preconditioner (NFP) (Carr, M. et al., IEEE Ant. Prop. Mag., 2004; Carr and Volakis, J.L., Proc. 2003 IEEE Int. Ant. Prop. Symp.) is one technique that is amenable parallelization. However the overlapping subdomain condition of the NFP presents a challenge for distributed memory parallelization. The paper describes a technique referred to as watershed load balancing (WLB) that employs image processing methods to form large, contiguous subdomains, reducing the total volume of overlap and therefore achieving improved parallelization efficiency while preserving the characteristics of the NFP.
Generation of knowledge-acquisition tools from domain ontologies

Abstract Metalevel tools can support the software development process by automating the design of task- and application-specific tools. DASH is a metalevel tool that allows developers to generate domain-specific knowledge-acquisition tools from domain ontologies. Domain specialists use the knowledge-acquisition tools generated by DASH to instantiate the concepts and relationships defined in the domain ontologies. The output of the knowledge-acquisition tools is a collection of instances that constitute the knowledge base for a knowledge-based system. To automate the generation of appropriate tools, the DASH architecture uses a dialog-design module to produce a dialog structure that defines the target tool at the editor and window level. Given the dialog structure, a layout-design module completes the window layouts. DASH allows the developer to custom tailor the layout of the knowledge-acquisition tool for its users, and to store such modifications persistently so that they can be reapplied when the target tool is regenerated. The DASH implementation is based on a mapping problem-solving method that defines the tool-design steps. The DASH Development Environment (DDE) is an application-specific environment that supports the configuration of the mapping method and the maintenance of DASH. We have used DASH to generate several knowledge-acquisition tools for a broad range of application tasks.
Virile Turks and Maiden Ireland: Gender and National Identity in Early Modern English Travel Literature

This article examines the role of gender in depictions of national identity in early modern English travel literature. I show that human sexual relationships were believed to be echoed in relations between territories, which were often represented as masculine or feminine. Travellers used metaphors representing marriage, seduction and rape to describe geopolitical relationships, including colonialism, tribute payments and rebellion. Representations of Ireland and the Irish, and the Ottoman Empire and the Turks are among the most revealing. I argue that such metaphors were especially favoured by travel writers because gender was believed to be inherently mutable, thus providing a variety of easily understood and mutually accepted narratives to describe international political relationships.
Electronically controlled agile lens-based broadband variable photonic delay line for photonic and radio frequency signal processing

To the best of our knowledge, proposed for the first time is the design of an optically broadband variable photonic delay line (VPDL) using an electronically controlled variable focus lens (ECVFL), mirror motion, and beam-conditioned free-space laser beam propagation. This loss-minimized fiber-coupled VPDL design using micro-optic components has the ability to simultaneously provide optical attenuation controls and analog-mode high-resolution (subpicoseconds) continuous delays over a moderate (e.g., 10dB optical attenuation controls. The proposed VPDL is deployed to demonstrate a two-tap RF notch filter with tuned notches at 854.04 and 855.19MHz with 22.6dB notch depth control via VPDL attenuation control operations. The proposed VPDL is useful in signal conditioning applications requiring fiber-coupled broadband light time delay and attenuation controls.
The Leyline: A Comparative Approach to Designing a Graphical Provenance-Based Search UI

In this paper we explore the design of Leyline, a provenance-based desktop search and file management system, both on a conceptual and user interface level. We start with a comparative analysis and classification of previous provenance based search systems, examining their underlying assumptions and focus, search coverage and flexibility, as well as features and limitations. We then describe a novel provenance-based search system based around a flexible visual sketchpad interface, and explore how this interface technique expands the flexibility of such systems within acceptable limits on complexity and search time. We conclude with a discussion of design implications and lessons learned in the development and evaluation of such a provenance-based search system.
Deciduous dentition of the aye aye, Daubentonia madagascariensis

Until the 1980s all interpretations of the deciduous dental formulae of the unusual and endangered prosimian primate Daubentonia madagascariensis were based on a publication more than 125 years old [Peters, 1866a]. Rather than being based on original material all later interpretations were exclusively derived from Peters' figures and descriptions. A relatively recent attempt by Luckett and Maier [1986] to establish the true milk dentition of the aye aye was based on histological evaluation of a late aye aye fetus from the collection of W.W. Hubrecht that was chemically preserved at least 80 years earlier. The death of a newborn aye aye at the Duke University Primate Center in 1992 finally made the following new evaluation of the D. madagascariensis deciduous tooth formula possible. Using X-rays and dissection, it here is demonstrated that aye ayes have one incisor, one canine, and two premolars in both the upper and in the lower milk dentition. Therefore the deciduous dental formula of Daubentonia madagascariensis should read: $${{\hbox{1i}\cdot\hbox{1c}\cdot\hbox{2p}} \over{\hbox{1i}\cdot\hbox{1c}\cdot\hbox{2p}}}.$$ © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Interannual variability of the surface summertime eastward jet in the South China Sea

The summertime eastward jet (SEJ) located around 12°N, 110°E–113°E, as the offshore extension of the Vietnam coastal current, is an important feature of the South China Sea (SCS) surface circulation in boreal summer. Analysis of satellite-derived sea level and sea surface wind data during 1992–2012 reveals pronounced interannual variations in its surface strength (SSEJ) and latitudinal position (YSEJ). In most of these years, the JAS (July, August, and September)-mean SSEJ fluctuates between 0.17 and 0.55 m s−1, while YSEJ shifts between 10.7°N and 14.3°N. These variations of the SEJ are predominantly contributed from the geostrophic current component that is linked to a meridional dipole pattern of sea level variations. This sea level dipole pattern is primarily induced by local wind changes within the SCS associated with the El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Enhanced (weakened) southwest monsoon at the developing (decaying) stage of an El Nino event causes a stronger (weaker) SEJ located south (north) of its mean position. Remote wind forcing from the tropical Pacific can also affect the sea level in the SCS via energy transmission through the Philippine archipelago, but its effect on the SEJ is small. The impact of the oceanic internal variability, such as eddy-current interaction, is assessed using an ocean general circulation model (OGCM). Such impact can lead to considerable year-to-year changes of sea level and the SEJ, equivalent to ∼20% of the observed variation. This implies the complexity and prediction difficulty of the upper ocean circulation in this region.
A fission matrix based validation protocol for computed power distributions in the advanced test reactor

The Idaho National Laboratory (INL) has been engaged in a significant multiyear effort to modernize the computational reactor physics tools and validation procedures used to support operations of the Advanced Test Reactor (ATR) and its companion critical facility (ATRC). Several new protocols for validation of computed neutron flux distributions and spectra as well as for validation of computed fission power distributions, based on new experiments and well-recognized least-squares statistical analysis techniques, have been under development. In the case of power distributions, estimates of the a priori ATR-specific fuel element-to-element fission power correlation and covariance matrices are required for validation analysis. A practical method for generating these matrices using the element-to-element fission matrix is presented, along with a high-order scheme for estimating the underlying fission matrix itself. The proposed methodology is illustrated using the MCNP5 neutron transport code for the required neutronics calculations. The general approach is readily adaptable for implementation using any multidimensional stochastic or deterministic transport code that offers the required level of spatial, angular, and energy resolution in the computed solution for the neutron flux and fission source.
Restart of the chemical preparation process for the fabrication of ZnO varistors for ferroelectric neutron generator power supplies.

To date, all varistors used in ferroelectric neutron generators have been supplied from a single, proprietary source, General Electric Corporate Research and Development (GE CR&D). To protect against the vulnerability of a single source, Sandia initiated a program in the early 1980's to develop a second source for this material. A chemical preparation process for making homogeneous, high purity ZnO-based varistor powder was generated, scaled to production quantities, and transferred to external suppliers. In 1992, the chem-prep varistor program was suspended when it appeared there was sufficient inventory of GE CR&D material to supply ferroelectric neutron generator production for many years. In 1999, neutron generator production schedules increased substantially, resulting in a predicted exhaustion of the existing supply of varistor material within five years. The chem-prep program was restarted in January, 2000. The goals of the program were to (1) duplicate the chem-prep powder synthesis process that had been qualified for WR production, (2) demonstrate sintered billets from the chem-prep powder met requirements, (3) develop a process for rod fabrication and demonstrate that all component specifications could be met, and (4) optimize the process from powder synthesis through component fabrication for full-scale production. The first three of these goals havemore » been met and are discussed in this report. A facility for the fabrication of production quantities of chem-prep powder has been established. All batches since the restart have met compositional requirements, but differences in sintering behavior between the original process and the restarted process were noted. Investigation into the equipment, precipitant stoichiometry, and powder processing procedures were not able to resolve the discrepancies. It was determined that the restarted process, which incorporated Na doping for electrical stability (a process that was not introduced until the end of the initial program and had not been investigated for processing effects), was responsible for the differences. Rod components fabricated since the restart have met requirements and have performed at a level comparable to chem-prep rods from the original program and GE CR&D rods currently in production.« less
The decline and recovery of four predatory fishes from the Southern California Bight

What to do about fisheries collapse and the decline of large fishes in marine ecosystems is a critical debate on a global scale. To address one aspect of this debate, a major fisheries management action, the removal of gill nets in 1994 from the nearshore arena in the Southern California Bight (34°26′30″N, 120°27′09″W to 33°32′03″N, 117°07′28″W) was analyzed. First, the impetus for the gill net ban was the crash of the commercial fishery for white seabass (Atractoscion nobilis; Sciaenidae) in the early 1980s. From 1982 to 1997 catch remained at a historically low level (47.8 ± 3.0 mt) when compared to landings from 1936–1981, but increased significantly from 1995–2004 (r = 0.89, P < 0.01) to within the 95% confidence limit of the historic California landings. After the white seabass fishery crashed in the early 1980s, landings of soupfin (Galeorhinus galeus; Triakidae) and leopard shark (Triakis semifasciata; Triakidae) also significantly declined (r = 0.95, P < 0.01 and r = 0.91, P < 0.01, respectively) until the gill net closure. After the closure both soupfin and leopard shark significantly increased in CPUE (r = 0.72, P = 0.02 and r = 0.87, P < 0.01, respectively). Finally, giant sea bass (Stereolepis gigas; Polyprionidae) the apex predatory fish in this ecosystem, which was protected from commercial and recreational fishing in 1981, were not observed in a quarterly scientific SCUBA monitoring program from 1974 to 2001 but reappeared in 2002–2004. In addition, CPUE of giant seabass increased significantly from 1995 to 2004 (r = 0.82, P < 0.01) in the gill net monitoring program. The trends in abundance of these fishes return were not correlated with sea surface temperature (SST), the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) or the El Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO). All four species increased significantly in either commercial catch, CPUE, or in the SCUBA monitoring program after the 1994 gill net closure, whereas they had declined significantly, crashed, or were absent prior to this action. This suggests that removing gill nets from coastal ecosystems has a positive impact on large marine fishes.
Do viruses require the cytoskeleton

It is generally thought that viruses require the cytoskeleton during their replication cycle. However, recent experiments in our laboratory with rubella virus, a member of the family Togaviridae (genus rubivirus), revealed that replication proceeded in the presence of drugs that inhibit microtubules. This study was done to expand on this observation. The replication of three diverse viruses, Sindbis virus (SINV; family Togaviridae family), vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV; family Rhabdoviridae), and Herpes simplex virus (family Herpesviridae), was quantified by the titer (plaque forming units/ml; pfu/ml) produced in cells treated with one of three anti-microtubule drugs (colchicine, noscapine, or paclitaxel) or the anti-actin filament drug, cytochalasin D. None of these drugs affected the replication these viruses. Specific steps in the SINV infection cycle were examined during drug treatment to determine if alterations in specific steps in the virus replication cycle in the absence of a functional cytoskeletal system could be detected, i.e. redistribution of viral proteins and replication complexes or increases/decreases in their abundance. These investigations revealed that the observable impacts were a colchicine-mediated fragmentation of the Golgi apparatus and concomitant intracellular redistribution of the virion structural proteins, along with a reduction in viral genome and sub-genome RNA levels, but not double-stranded RNA or protein levels. The failure of poisons affecting the cytoskeleton to inhibit the replication of a diverse set of viruses strongly suggests that viruses do not require a functional cytoskeletal system for replication, either because they do not utilize it or are able to utilize alternate pathways when it is not available.
Formal Modeling and Analysis of the Modbus Protocol

Modbus is a communication protocol widely used in SCADA systems and distributed control applications. This report describes formal models of the Modbus protocol. Two formalizations of Modbus are presented: the first was developed using the PVS generic theorem prover and the second was developed using SAL, an environment for automatic analysis of state-transition systems using model checking tools. Both formalizations are based on the Modbus Application Protocol Specification [9], the application-layer part of the Modbus standard. This application-layer protocol specifies the format of command and response messages that a distributed control application can use to communicate with sensor or actuator devices. The goal of the formal modeling effort was to study automated methods for systematic and extensive testing of Modbus devices.
Daily patterns of energy storage in food-caching birds under variable daily predation risk: a dynamic state variable model

Accumulating and maintaining sufficient en- ergy reserves is critical for winter survival of birds. Be- cause high fat levels are assumed to be associated with higher risk of predation, birds have been hypothesized to regulate their body mass as a trade-off between risk of starvation and risk of predation. Theoretical models of energy management in birds typically assume that preda- tion risk is constant throughout the day. However, this important assumption has little empirical support, and there is some evidence suggesting that it might not al- ways be correct and that predation risk may vary during the day. Because predation risk is a critical component of the predation-starvation trade-off, any change in its value through the day might have a profound effect on birds' optimal daily tactics of energy accumulation. We used a dynamic optimization model to investigate how changes in predation risk might affect birds' energy management decisions. Daily patterns of fat accumulation and feeding activity were predicted to change with predation risk in a manner consistent with previous models (lower mass gain and less feeding when predation risk is high). Our more counterintuitive results concern daily patterns of food caching and cache retrieval. When predation risk was assumed to peak at midday, birds were predicted to cache primarily in the afternoon and not in the morning even though predation risk was identical in the morning and afternoon. With other temporal patterns of predation risk, caching intensity was highest when predation risk was lowest. Surprisingly, the daily pattern of cache retri- eval was predicted to be unaffected by daily patterns of predation risk: birds were always predicted to retrieve their caches primarily during the late afternoon with a small peak in the morning. Highest mortality was pre- dicted with predation risk decreasing from morning to evening whereas lowest mortality was predicted with predation risk increasing from morning to evening. Our model helps explain large variations in observed daily patterns of energy management in birds and provides testable predictions that could help us understand the daily dynamics of predation risk and how birds should respond to it.
A health impact assessment of a proposed bill to decrease speed limits on local roads in Massachusetts (U.S.A.)

Decreasing traffic speeds increases the amount of time drivers have to react to road hazards, potentially averting collisions, and makes crashes that do happen less severe. Boston’s regional planning agency, the Metropolitan Area Planning Council (MAPC), in partnership with the Massachusetts Department of Public Health (MDPH), conducted a Health Impact Assessment (HIA) that examined the potential health impacts of a proposed bill in the state legislature to lower the default speed limits on local roads from 30 miles per hour (mph) to 25 mph. The aim was to reduce vehicle speeds on local roads to a limit that is safer for pedestrians, cyclists, and children. The passage of this proposed legislation could have had far-reaching and potentially important public health impacts. Lower default speed limits may prevent around 18 fatalities and 1200 serious injuries to motorists, cyclists and pedestrians each year, as well as promote active transportation by making local roads feel more hospitable to cyclists and pedestrians. While a lower speed limit would increase congestion and slightly worsen air quality, the benefits outweigh the costs from both a health and economic perspective and would save the state approximately $62 million annually from prevented fatalities and injuries.
Generalized anomaly detection model for windows-based malicious program behavior

In this paper we demonstrate that it is possible in general to detect Windows-based malicious program behavior. Since S. Forrest et al. used the N-grams method to classify system call trace data, dynamic learning has become a promising research area. However, most research works have been done in the UNIX environment and have limited scope. In Forrest’s original model, “Self” is defined based on a normal process whereas “Non-Self” corresponds to one or two malicious processes. We extend this technique into the Windows environment. In our model, “Self” is defined to represent the general pattern of hundreds of Windows program behaviors; “Non-Self” is defined to represent all program behaviors that fall out of norm. Because of the difficulty in collecting program behavior, insufficient research results are available. We collected around 1000 system call traces of various normal and malicious programs in the Windows OS. A normal profile was built using a Hidden Markov Model (HMM). The evaluation was based on the entire trace. Our classification results are promising.
Great Earthquakes and Global Seismic Networks

Seismologists often jest that “the best way to stop earthquakes is to deploy seismic stations.” The laborious effort to install seismometers to record signals from earthquakes or to pursue targeted investigations of Earth's structure is sometimes confounded by the vagaries of earthquake occurrence, which is decidedly nonuniform in space and time. Of course, this often proves to be more of an anxiety than a reality, and most efforts, especially those employing multiyear installations, succeed in gathering valuable seismic data. One of the most gratifying examples of success is provided by the deployment of the Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology–National Science Foundation–U.S. Geological Survey (IRIS-NSF-USGS) Global Seismographic Network (GSN) in parallel with numerous international deployments of broadband seismometers in the Federation of Digital Seismic Networks (FDSN). Between about 1982 and 2004, global installations of high-quality broadband digital seismometers proliferated, replacing the obsolete analog systems of the World-Wide Standardized Seismograph Network and upgrading sparse institutional observatories and first-generation digital networks. While deployments of important additional stations continue, by 2004 the GSN had achieved its basic design goals: openly available continuous broadband data from roughly 130 stations providing real-time global coverage and large dynamic range (Butler et al. 2004). Then the 26 December 2004 great Sumatra-Andaman earthquake ( Mw 9.2) occurred—the first event to exceed magnitude 9 since the 1964 Alaska earthquake. The GSN and FDSN provided unprecedented global seismic recordings for this event and enabled more detailed seismological investigation than was possible for any prior event of such size ( e.g. , Lay et al. 2005; Bilek et al. 2007). Those same globally distributed seismic stations have gathered data from a substantial number of great earthquakes; from 2001 to 2010, there have been 18 events with MS ≥ 8 and 13 events with Mw ≥ 8, whereas over the previous …
Posterior septal perforation after nontransseptal sphenoid sinus surgery

Abstract Endoscopic, transnasal nontransseptal sphenoidotomy for the treatment of sphenoid sinus disease and for pituitary surgery has been gaining increasing popularity in the last 15 years. Despite the avoidance of the nasal septum with this approach, the authors have seen 4 cases of posterior, bony septal perforation. All cases involved bilateral cauterization of the nasoseptal branches of the sphenopalatine artery and postoperative nasal packing.
p53 Mediates Senescence-Like Arrest Induced by Chronic Replicational Stress

Previous studies have shown that exposure of cells to high levels of replicational stress leads to permanent proliferation arrest that does not require p53. We have examined cellular responses to therapeutically relevant low levels of replicational stress that allow limited proliferation. Chronic exposure to low concentrations of hydroxyurea, aphidicolin, or etoposide induced irreversible cell cycle arrest after several population doublings. Inhibition of p53 activity antagonized this arrest and enhanced the long-term proliferation of p53 mutant cells. p21CIP1 was found to be a critical p53 target for arrest induced by hydroxyurea or aphidicolin, but not etoposide, as judged by the ability of p21CIP1 suppression to mimic the effects of p53 disruption. Suppression of Rad51 expression, required for homologous recombination repair, blocked the ability of mutant p53 to antagonize arrest induced by etoposide, but not aphidicolin. Thus, the ability of mutant p53 to prevent arrest induced by replicational stress per se is primarily dependent on preventing p21CIP1 up-regulation. However, when replication stress is associated with DNA strand breaks (such as with etoposide), up-regulation of homologous recombination repair in response to p53 disruption becomes important. Since replicational stress leads to clonal selection of cells with p53 mutations, our results highlight the potential importance of chronic replicational stress in promoting cancer development.
Review of Methods to Assess, Design for, and Mitigate Multiple Hazards

Large parts of the world are subjected to one or more natural hazards, such as earthquakes, tsunamis, landslides, tropical storms (hurricanes, cyclones, and typhoons), coastal inundation, and flooding; although, many regions are also susceptible to artificial hazards. In recent decades, rapid population growth and economic development in hazard-prone areas have greatly increased the potential of multiple hazards to cause damage and destruction of buildings, bridges, power plants, and other infrastructure; thus, grave danger is posed to the community and economic and societal activities are disrupted. Although an individual hazard is significant in many parts of the United States, in certain areas more than one hazard may pose a threat to the constructed environment. In such areas, structural design and construction practices should address multiple hazards in an integrated manner to achieve structural performance that is consistent with owner expectations and general societal objectives. The growing interest and importance of multiple-hazard engineering has been recognized recently. This has spurred the evolution of multiple-hazard risk-assessment frameworks and development of design approaches, which have paved way for future research towards sustainable construction of new and improved structures and retrofitting of the existing structures. This paper provides a review of literature and the current state of practice for assessment, design and mitigation of the impact of multiple hazards on structural infrastructure. It also presents an overview of future research needs related to multiple-hazard performance of constructed facilities.