cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Measurement and Modeling of Multiantenna Systems in Small Aircraft

Multiantenna measurements were performed in three small aircraft (Beech Baron 58-P, Rockwell T-39 Sabreliner, and the Diamond DA-42 Twin Star) and compared to those of six statistical multiantenna channel models, being the Gaussian, Nakagami-m, Weibull, hyperRayleigh, virtual, and Weichselberger models. The results were also compared to that of a site-specific3Dray-tracing-basedmodel.Theeffectsofthemeasurementsystem,likeantenna polarization and radiation pattern, were added to all of the models. It was found that the 3D ray-tracing model provides the most accurate predictions, closely followed by the Nakagamim and Gaussian models. Differences between measured and modeled data were typically less than 1bit/s/Hz for the three aircraft for the 3D ray-tracing model. For the Nakagami-m model, the differences were typically in the range of 0.5‐1.5bits/s/Hz whereas the Gaussian model had differences typically in the range of 1‐2bit/s/Hz. The simpler statistical hyperRayleigh model gives differences of the order of 2‐3bit/s/Hz for the Beech Baron 58-P and 3‐5bits/s/Hz for the Rockwell T-39 Sabreliner. The virtual and Weichselberger models were in the range of 2‐4bits/s/Hz.
External cavity quantum cascade laser for quartz tuning fork photoacoustic spectroscopy of broad absorption features.

We demonstrate mid-infrared spectroscopy of large molecules with broad absorption features using a tunable external cavity quantum cascade laser. Absorption spectra for two different Freons are measured over the range 1130-1185 cm−1 with 0.2 cm−1 resolution via laser photoacoustic spectroscopy with quartz tuning forks as acoustic transducers. The measured spectra are in excellent agreement with published reference absorption spectra.
Valuing an option on the stock of a multinational firm with foreign currency debt

Companies appear to issue foreign currency denominated debt to hedge exchange rate risk or to profit from a lower expected borrowing rate in foreign currency. In this paper, I combine an existing formula for the value of an option to exchange asset with Monte Carlo simulation to obtain the value of an option on the stock of a multinational corporation that has foreign currency debt. I also calculate the partial differentials for this option to investigate the marginal effects of various variables as the option moves from being well out of the money to being deep in the money.
A case for combined ovarian and breast cancer prevention

Targeted prevention of ovarian cancer is hindered by the inaccessibility of ovarian tissue, lack of accepted biomarkers and low disease incidence. However, ovarian cancer has common risk factors and shared etiologies with breast cancer. Chemoprevention of ovarian cancer has been demonstrated incidentally during testing of novel breast cancer prevention drugs. Here it is hypothesized that the development of combined ovarian and breast cancer prevention strategies is a preferable strategy for ovarian cancer prevention.
Dimethylnitrosamine (DMN)-induced IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6 inflammatory cytokine expression

Abstract Altered immune functions have been demonstrated in mice following exposure to dimethylnitrosamine (DMN). In particular, changes in cell-mediated immune responses resulted from chronic DMN exposure in vivo . Since cytokines are potent immunoregulatory peptides, experiments were performed to determine whether DMN exposure results in the induction of serum-borne inflammatory cytokines. Animals were exposed to either vehicle (PBS) or DMN (5.0 mg/kg) every 24 hr for 14 days. Serum and liver samples were obtained from individual mice at 0, 1, 2, 3, 6, 12, and 24 hr following the first exposure, with additional samples collected every 24 hr preceeding the daily DMN exposure. Sera were then analyzed for IL-1β, IL-3, IL-6, CSF-1, GM-CSF, and TNF-α activities using either biological or immunological assays. In addition, liver total cellular RNA was probed for the induction of IL-1β transcripts using the solution hybridization/RNase protection assay. IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α serum activities were observed within 2 hr of DMN exposure and returned to vehicle control levels by 3 days even though DMN exposure was maintained. Chronic expression of cytokine activity (after 72 hr) was only observed for GM-CSF. A rapid induction of IL-1β transcripts (within 1 hr) in both vehicle and DMN-treated animals was observed by solution hybridization. However, by 3 hr postexposure, transcript levels decreased in the vehicle-treated animals while remaining elevated in the DMN-treated animals for 6 hr. These results demonstrated that DMN exposure in vivo induced: (1) the expression of serum-borne cytokine activities, and (2) IL-1β transcription in liver tissue.
Long-term priming with a low dosage of estradiol benzoate or an antiestrogen (enclomiphene) increases nuclear progestin receptor levels in brain.

Abstract Previous work from our laboratory showed that pretreatment with the antiestrogen enclomiphene (ENC) or with subthreshold doses of estradiol benzoate (EB) facilitates the action of subsequent EB plus progesterone injections on lordosis behavior in ovariectomized guinea pigs. The present study was performed in order to explore possible neurochemical correlates of this phenomenon. We found that facilitative behavioral actions of ENC or subthreshold EB pretreatment were correlated with significant increases in KCl extractable nuclear receptor for progestin (NRP) in hypothalamus-preoptic area-septum (HPS) samples (ENC pretreatment group= 54.8 ± 10.6, behaviorally subthresholdEB pretreatment group= 70.5 ± 11.2, vs contraol group given only oil vehicle17.6 ± 4.8fmol [3H]R5020 bound/mgDNA in the nuclear pellet. On the other hand, females given an injection of EB 11 h prior to progesterone but not given pretreatment with ENC or behaviorally subthreshold EB failed to show significant increases in HPS-NRP concentration compared to the uninjected control group (28.6 ± 3.3vs17.6 ± 4.88, respectively). These data suggest that: (1) ENC has some degree of estrogenic activity in brain; and (2) ENC or behaviorally subthreshold EB pretreatment facilitates subsequent EB plus progesterone action by increasing the induction of cytoplasmic progestin receptor and/or altering NRP levels in the HPS.
The Form and Style of Gnomic Hypermetrics

Gnomic poems have often been noted for their unusual metrical style. One aspect of their style that stands out is the hypermetric usage, both because these poems contain a notably high incidence of hypermetric verses and because the verses are frequently categorized as irregular. This paper analyses hypermetric composition in Maxims I, Maxims II , and Solomon and Saturn in detail to illustrate the major stylistic features of gnomic composition. It demonstrates that, contrary to the conclusions of some previous scholars, the hypermetric verses basically follow the form for hypermetric composition that can be found in most conservative poems, but with the inherent flexibility of hypermetric metre pushed to a greater extent than in most narrative poems, making for lines that are longer, heavier, and more complex. This alternate style highlights the importance of each individual aphorism and characterizes the solemnity of the poems as a whole. By composing their poems in accordance with the trends of this specialized style, poets may have been marking their composition as separate from narrative poems and encouraging their audience to consider each individual poem in the larger context of Old English wisdom poetry.
Real-Time Sizing of Nanoparticles in Microfluidic Channels Using Confocal Correlation Spectroscopy

This Communication reports real-time sizing of nanoparticles in microfluidic systems using confocal correlation spectroscopy (CCS). CCS can be used to measure the size of both fluorescent and nonfluorescent particles at low concentrations (<nanomolar) and in small volumes (<femtoliters). With advances in nonfluorescent modes of single-particle and single-molecule detection, we anticipate CCS will find broad use in the real-time measurements of nanoparticles and macromolecules.
4 Nutritional management in diarrhoeal disease

Adequate nutritional intervention in diarrhoeal disease in children is crucial in obtaining optimal control of a disorder that may become life-threatening. During recent years, important advances have been made in our understanding of the pathophysiology of diarrhoeal states, in the formulation of oral rehydration solutions and in the role of micro- and macronutrients in diarrhoeal disorders. This chapter outlines some of the relevant concepts in the pathophysiology of diarrhoeal disease and provides a rationale for nutritional intervention. Guidelines for nutritional management in the settings of acute-onset diarrhoea, post-enteritis protracted diarrhoea and chronic non-specific diarrhoea are provided, mostly based on controlled clinical trials and meta-analyses of evidence-based medicine.
The molecular biology of the Notch locus and the fine tuning of differentiation in Drosophila

Abstract The molecular analysis of the Notch locus in Drosophila melamogaster suggests that the product of this locus is involved in a cell interaction mechanism which controls the accurate differentiation of certain tissues during development, including the embryonic nervous system. It is postulated that Notch is only one of a class of genes whose role in development is to control the differentiation of individual cells within a tissue.
Evolving judgments of terror risks: foresight, hindsight, and emotion: a reanalysis

The authors examined the evolution of cognitive and emotional responses to terror risks for a nationally representative sample of Americans between late 2001 and late 2002. Respondents' risk judgments changed in ways consistent with their reported personal experiences. However, they did not recognize these changes, producing hindsight bias in memories for their judgments. An intensive debiasing procedure failed to restore a foresightful perspective. A fear-inducing manipulation increased risk estimates, whereas an anger-inducing manipulation reduced them-both in predictions (as previously observed) and in memories and judgments of past risks. Thus, priming emotions shaped not only perceptions of an abstract future but also perceptions of a concrete past. These results suggest how psychological research can help to ensure an informed public.
Beyond Biological Ties: Sibilla Aleramo, Maria Montessori, and the Construction of Social Mothehood

AbstractAt the turn of the twentieth century, many Italian intellectuals opposed women’s participation in the public sphere, maintaining that women could not engage in politics due to their exclusive love for their biological children. Contemporary feminists countered this notion by promoting the idea of social motherhood. Sibilla Aleramo and Maria Montessori, better known for their work in feminist literature and early childhood education, respectively, made important contributions to this debate by implementing, theorizing, and popularizing the notion of social motherhood. This essay traces the strategies the two intellectuals used to demonstrate how women could act as political subjects via a socialization of the maternal functions. In her novel Una donna, Aleramo offered a fictional portrait of the social mother. Influenced by it and by the feminist debate on motherhood, Montessori conceptualized the notion of social motherhood as both a socialization of maternal duties and the expansion of women’s ma...
Hip fracture risk estimation based on bone mineral density of a biomechanically guided region of interest: a preliminary study

We aim to define a biomechanically-guided region of interest inside the proximal femur for improving fracture risk prediction based on bone density measurements. The central hypothesis is that by identifying and focusing on the proximal femoral tissues strongly associated with hip fracture risk, we can provide a better densitometric evaluation of fracture risk compared to current evaluations based on anatomically defined regions of interest using DXA or CT. To achieve this, we have constructed a hip statistical atlas of quantitative computed tomography (QCT) images by applying rigid and non-rigid inter-subject image registration to transform hip QCT scans of 15 fractured patients and 15 controls into a common reference space, and performed voxel-by-voxel t-tests between the two groups to identify bone tissues that showed the strongest relevance to hip fracture. Based on identification of this fracture-relevant tissue volume, we have generated a biomechanically-guided region of interest (B-ROI). We have applied BMD measured from this new region of interest to discriminate the fractured patients and controls, and compared it to BMD measured in the total proximal femur. For the femur ROI approach, the BMD values of the fractured patients and the controls had an overlap of 60 mg/cm3, and only 1 out of 15 fractured patients had BMD below the overlap region; for the B-ROI approach, a much narrower BMD overlap region of 28 mg/cm3 was observed, and 11 out of 15 fractured patients had BMDs below the overlap region.
Developing Instrumentation to Assess Perceptions and Attitudes Toward Proposal Development

The objective of the study was to determine the feasibility of developing instrumentation designed to assess perceptions and attitudes toward proposal development and funding. An initial set of items was developed based upon personal experience and literature review and then reduced thru factor analysis. A final set of 54 items was mail administered to a systematic selected national sample of 416 members of the American Educational Research Association. Discriminant function analyses of responses were conducted using both sex and proposal development experience as classification variables. The instrument demonstrated good scaling properties and high internal consistency. Discriminations beyond the chance level were obtained on the two classification variables. Based upon item responses, statements reflecting both "myths" and "realities" of proposal development were identified.
High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of acetazolamide in human plasma

Abstract A simple, rapid and specific HPLC method has been developed to determine acetazolamide concentrations in human plasma. The assay procedure requires only 250 μl of sample with direct injection of the organic supernatant after protein precipitation with acetonitrile. Chlorothiazide was used as an internal standard. A reversed-phase C18 μBondapak column was employed for the chromatographic separation. The eluent was monitored at 265 nm using a UV variable wavelength detector. The retention times for acetazolamide (ACZ) and chlorothiazide (CTZ) were 6 and 8 min respectively. A linear relationship (r).995) was obtained over the 1-20 μg/ml concentration range. The limit of sensitivity for ACZ was 0.5 μg/ml, with greater than 85% recovery of ACZ and internal standard. The method was applied to human plasma samples obtained after administration of a 250 mg acetazolamide tablet.
Reactive Oxygen Species Production and Brugia pahangi Survivorship in Aedes polynesiensis with Artificial Wolbachia Infection Types

Heterologous transinfection with the endosymbiotic bacterium Wolbachia has been shown previously to induce pathogen interference phenotypes in mosquito hosts. Here we examine an artificially infected strain of Aedes polynesiensis, the primary vector of Wuchereria bancrofti, which is the causative agent of Lymphatic filariasis (LF) throughout much of the South Pacific. Embryonic microinjection was used to transfer the wAlbB infection from Aedes albopictus into an aposymbiotic strain of Ae. polynesiensis. The resulting strain (designated “MTB”) experiences a stable artificial infection with high maternal inheritance. Reciprocal crosses of MTB with naturally infected wild-type Ae. polynesiensis demonstrate strong bidirectional incompatibility. Levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the MTB strain differ significantly relative to that of the wild-type, indicating an impaired ability to regulate oxidative stress. Following a challenge with Brugia pahangi, the number of filarial worms achieving the infective stage is significantly reduced in MTB as compared to the naturally infected and aposymbiotic strains. Survivorship of MTB differed significantly from that of the wild-type, with an interactive effect between survivorship and blood feeding. The results demonstrate a direct correlation between decreased ROS levels and decreased survival of adult female Aedes polynesiensis. The results are discussed in relation to the interaction of Wolbachia with ROS production and antioxidant expression, iron homeostasis and the insect immune system. We discuss the potential applied use of the MTB strain for impacting Ae. polynesiensis populations and strategies for reducing LF incidence in the South Pacific.
Reduction of immunosuppression for transplant-associated skin cancer: expert consensus survey.

Background: Reduction of immunosuppression is considered a reasonable adjuvant therapeutic strategy in solid-organ transplant recipients experiencing multiple or high-risk skin cancers. However, the literature provides no guidance about what threshold of cancer development would warrant initiation of reduction of immunosuppression. Objectives: To develop expert consensus guidelines for initiation of reduction of transplant-associated immunosuppression for solid-organ transplant recipients with severe skin cancer. Methods: An expert consensus panel was convened by the International Transplant Skin Cancer Collaborative and Skin Care for Organ Transplant Patients Europe Reduction of Immunosuppression Task Force. Thirteen hypothetical patient scenarios with graduated morbidity and mortality risks were presented and mean and mode expert opinions about appropriate level of reduction of systemic immunosuppression (mild, moderate, severe) were generated. Results: Mild reduction of transplant-associated immunosuppression was considered warranted once multiple skin cancers per year developed or with individual high-risk skin cancers. Moderate reduction was considered appropriate when patients experienced > 25 skin cancers per year or for skin cancers with a 10% 3-year risk of mortality. Severe reduction was considered warranted only for life-threatening skin cancers. Conclusions: Reduction of immunosuppression is considered a reasonable adjuvant management strategy for transplant recipients with numerous or life-threatening skin cancers. Proposed guidelines are presented for the graduated reduction of immunosuppression coincident with the increasing skin cancer risks.
A novel approach using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry to study competitive binding of small molecules with mixed DNA sequences

Minor groove binding compounds have been shown to induce changes in global DNA conformation, allosterically inhibiting DNA-protein interactions necessary for transcriptional processes. Many minor groove binders are specific for AT base pairs but have little preference over alternating AT or A-tract sequences. Few compounds, other than polyamides, show selectivity for mixed sequences with AT and GC base pairs. Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) can provide insight on the stoichiometry and relative affinities in minor groove recognition of different DNA sequences with a library of minor groove binders. A goal in our current research is to develop new compounds that recognize mixed sequences of DNA. In an effort to optimize screening for compounds that target mixed AT and GC base pair sequences of DNA, ESI-MS was used to study the competitive binding of compounds with a mixed set of DNA sequences. The method identified preferred binding sites, relative affinities, and concentration-dependent binding stoichiometry for the minor groove binding compounds netropsin and DB75 with AT-rich sequences and DB293 with ATGA and AT sites.
Common Caregiver Issues and Nursing Interventions After a Stroke

After rehabilitation, most stroke survivors return to the community and continue with their daily lives, despite stroke-related functional, cognitive, and behavioral changes.1 Caregivers are the primary support system for these survivors after discharge and an integral part of the healthcare team that contributes to survivors’ rehabilitation and recovery.2,3 However, caregiving is stressful, and caregivers often experience a variety of interrelated individual, interpersonal, and organizational issues in managing stroke-related deficits. These issues and potential nursing interventions for addressing them will be discussed in this article. Individual caregiver issues commonly relate to insufficient knowledge and skills to understand and manage stroke survivors’ physical, cognitive, emotional, and behavioral problems.4 Initially, caregivers request information about the stroke diagnosis, prognosis, complications, and predicted recovery.5 As stroke survivors begin the transition to home care, caregivers require information about assuring their safety, including fall prevention, medications, and prescriptions; adequate nutrition; and management of physical, instrumental, psychological, and behavioral problems.3 Empirical data support caregivers who also require information and support about how to manage complex feelings and interactions with stroke survivors who experience memory problems, depression, anxiety, frustration, withdrawal, and are argumentative.6–8 Empirical literature also indicates that caregivers feel uncertain and unprepared in the caregiving role.9 Caregivers need open and honest communication about their role and stroke survivors’ abilities,3,10 while also offering hope. Conducting a comprehensive predischarge nursing assessment of caregiver physical and psychological health and social, financial, and spiritual needs initially and during follow-up is essential.11 This assessment is vital to understand how caregivers’ skills, abilities, and resources match stroke survivors’ needs for follow-up care better. On the basis of this assessment, nurses should develop a highly individualized case management plan to help caregivers attain skills and services necessary to facilitate success …
Hypertrophic osteoarthropathy in biliary atresia

This case report describes a child with biliary atresia and hypertrophic osteoarthropathy (HO), the second such case report of HO in a child with biliary atresia. Suggested pathogenetic mechanisms are discussed. Surgical intervention in the treatment of biliary atresia has clearly increased survival in affected children. The relationship between surgical intervention, either successful or unsuccessful, and hepatic HO remains speculative.
Radial nerve palsy in Guillain-Barré syndrome.

The risk of focal compression neuropathy in the setting of an underlying inflammatory polyneuropathy is unknown. A man developed ascending weakness and severe sensory ataxia and could not walk. Electromyography was diagnostic of Guillain-Barre syndrome. He improved with gammaglobulin and was released home 1 month later. Shortly after discharge, he developed severe left arm pain followed by wrist and finger drop. He was readmitted for another round of gamma-globulin without improvement. Subsequent electromyography showed severe radial neuropathy. Only then did he disclose that he usually slept with his wife's head on his arm at home. Two years later, he had recovered from Guillain-Barre syndrome with minimal gait imbalance, but wrist and finger extension remained weak. Reduced awareness of warning paresthesias coupled with the underlying polyneuropathy may account for this case of severe radial nerve compression. Potential mechanisms underlying increased nerve susceptibility to compression in the setting of polyneuropathy are reviewed.
The Perfused Human Liver Wedge Biopsy: A New In Vitro Model for Morphological and Functional Studies

We developed a simple and inexpensive method of perfusing small specimens of human liver in vitro that maintains short-term tissue viability as judged by protein transport function and morphological features. The technique allows investigation of liver function at the cellular level in normal specimens and those with hepatobiliary disease. Electron microscopy of specimens perfused with this system demonstrates the presence of an incomplete basement membrane within the space of Disse and shows that human microbodies contain crystalline-like cores morphologically similar to those found in rat liver.
Dual Latex/Surfactant Templating of Hollow Spherical Silica Particles with Ordered Mesoporous Shells

Hollow spherical silica particles with hexagonally ordered mesoporous shells are synthesized with the dual use of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and unmodified polystyrene latex microspheres as templates in concentrated aqueous ammonia. In most of the hollow mesoporous particles, cylindrical pores run parallel to the hollow core due to interactions of CTAB/silica aggregates with the latices. Effects on the product structure of the CTAB:latex ratio, the amount of aqueous ammonia, and the latex size are studied. Hollow particles with hexagonally patterned mesoporous shells are obtained at moderate CTAB:latex ratios. Too little CTAB causes silica shell growth without surfactant templating, and too much induces nucleation of new mesoporous silica particles without latex cores. The concentration of ammonia must be large to induce co-assembly of CTAB, silica, and latex into dispersed particles. The results are consistent with the formation of particles by addition of CTAB/silica aggregates to the surface...
COBALT(SALEN)-ELECTROCATALYZED CONVERSION OF BENZOTRICHLORIDE INTO TOLANE.A TRIPLY CATALYTIC AND OVERALL QUINTUPLE ELECTROCHEMICAL TRANSFORMATION

Abstract Electrochemical reduction of a mixture of cobalt(II)(salen) and benzotrichloride ( 4 ) results in transformation of 4 successively into 1,1,2,2-tetrachloro-1,2-diphenylethane, 1,2-dichlorostilbene, diphenylacetylene, stilbene, and bibenzyl. The first three reactions are electrocatalyzed by the cobalt complex; the last two are direct reductions.
IL-8 and NAP-2 differ in their capacities to bind and chemoattract 293 cells transfected with either IL-8 receptor type A or type B

Two receptors for interleukin 8 (IL-8), IL-8rA and IL-8rB, have been cloned. Previous studies of neutrophils indicated that the two C-X-C chemokines, IL-8 and NAP-2, bind to IL-8rB with high affinity but that only IL-8 binds to IL-8rA with high affinity. In this study, human kidney embryonal 293 cells were transfected to express solely IL-8rA or IL-8rB (the cells are designated IL-8rA/293 and IL-8rB/293, respectively). The authors show that NAP-2 bound both IL-8rA and IL-9rB specifically. While NAP-2 and IL-8 bound IL-8rB with comparable high affinity (2.9 +/- 0.5 and 2.8 +/- 0.8 nM, respectively), NAP-2 showed a lower binding affinity to IL-8rA (9 +/- 2 nM) compared with IL-8 (1.3 +/- 0.5 nM). A lower number of binding sites was detected for NAP-2 than for IL-8 on IL-8rA/293 cells as well on IL-8rB/293 cells. On both cell types (IL-8rA/293 and IL-8rb/293), NAP-2 and IL-8 could completely inhibit [125I]NAP-2 binding, while unlabelled NAP-2 could only partially compete for [125I]IL-8 binding. Functional assays revealed that although NAP-2 is chemotactic for both IL-8rA/293 and IL-8rB/293 cells, it is less potent than IL-8. While NAP-2 induced chemotaxis of IL-8rB/293 cells at the same optimal concentrations as IL-8 (10-100 ng/ml), the induction of optimal migratory response of IL-8rA/293 cells required much higher concentrations of NAP-2 than IL-8 (1000-3000 ng/ml and 10-100 ng/ml, respectively). The dose-response curve of the IL-8rB/293 cells to IL-8 was bell shaped, while the response to NAP-2 was sustained at a plateau level even at concentrations as high as 3000 ng/ml. It is likely that tertiary structural differences between NAP-2 and IL-8 account for their divergent abilities to bind and chemoattract 293 cells transfected with either IL-8 receptor type A or type B.
Molecular Delivery Into Live Cells Using Gold Nanoparticle Arrays Fabricated by Polymer Mold Guided Near-Field Photothermal Annealing

A massively-parallel molecular delivery system for mammalian cells is demonstrated by pulsed-laser irradiation of a gold nanoparticle array situated below a cell monolayer. This system is capable of high throughput and spatially-targeted delivery into desired areas of a cell culture by designing the laser irradiation pattern. Rapid fabrication of gold nanoparticle arrays over large areas (>1 mm2 ) is achieved by polymer mold guided near-field photothermal annealing.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Blue Horizontal-Branch Stars in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. II. Kinematics of the Galactic Halo

We carry out a maximum-likelihood kinematic analysis of a sample of 1170 blue horizontal-branch (BHB) stars from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey presented by Sirko and coworkers. Monte Carlo simulations and resampling show that the results are robust to distance and velocity errors at least as large as the errors they estimated. The best-fit velocities of the Sun (circular) and halo (rotational) are 245.9 ± 13.5 km s-1 and 23.8 ± 20.1 km s-1 but are strongly covariant, so that v⊙ - vhalo = 222.1 ± 7.7 km s-1. If one adopts standard values for the local standard of rest and solar motion, then the halo scarcely rotates. The velocity ellipsoid inferred for our sample is much more isotropic [(σr,σθ,σ) = (101.4 ± 2.8, 97.7 ± 16.4, 107.4 ± 16.6) km s-1] than that of halo stars in the solar neighborhood, in agreement with a recent study of the distant halo by Sommer-Larsen and coworkers. The line-of-sight velocity distribution of the entire sample, corrected for the Sun's motion, is accurately Gaussian with a dispersion of 101.6 ± 3.0 km s-1.
Repeat Injection Studies of Technetium-99M-Labeled Peg-Liposomes in the Same Animal

AbstractThis study was designed to determine if repeat injections of polyethylene glycol (PEG) coated liposomes in the same animal lead to a change in biodistribution due to a biological response. To evaluate the long-term storage of PEG-liposomes for imaging applications and to remove any concerns of batch variability, one large batch of PEG-liposomes containing glutathione and sucrose was prepared and used for the entire study. On each day that an imaging study was performed, an aliquot of PEG-liposomes were labeled with techne-tium-99m (99mTc) using hexamethylpropyleneamine oxime. Rabbits (n = 4) were injected with 99mTc-PEG-liposomes (2 ml; 13 mg phospholipid/kg body wt; 2 mCi 99mTc-activity) at 8 days after manufacture and imaged under a gamma camera. Heart-to-lung ratios, heart-to-liver ratios and organ activities were determined by region of interest analysis. Blood samples were collected to generate blood clearance curves. Six weeks later the same rabbits were given a second dose of 99mTc-PEG-lipo...
Understanding Mental Models of Dilution in Thai Students

Reform-based science education emphasizes the need for engagement in authentic science, that is, work that resembles real-life scientific practices. However, few studies address the notion of authenticity from the participants' perspectives. As such, this study addresses the following: What events do young participants view as scientific? To what extent do participant perceptions of authentic herpetology work align with what herpetologists actually do in the field? Eighteen children (aged 7–11) were observed in two informal herpetology programs, one program focused on field studies and the other on classroom participation and observation. Through photograph elicitation interviews, a method in which participants take photographs and describe them to others, participants were asked to photograph activities that made them feel ‘like scientists’ as they participated in each week-long program. Perceptions of authenticity were directly linked to program structure and did not always reflect the practices of work...
A model and some evidence on pricing compound call options

Abstract The most widely accepted option pricing model, derived by Black and Scholes (B-S), studies single priced options. Nevertheless, it has important implications for the relative pricing of compound call options. Compound options are two or more option contracts on a given security with different striking prices but with each expiring on the same day. Studying the relative pricing of compound options provides insight into the efficiency of generally accepted option pricing models. Comparing prices of compound options enables us to analyze factors in option pricing that would remain hidden in studies of single options. We are not primarily concerned with efficiency of option pricing, although some of our results may bear on this issue. Our primary concerns are: (1) to determine the implications of the B-S model for compound options and (2) to explain compound option prices by a number of variables, and thus come to conclusions about option pricing generally. We found difficulty with the B-S model when attempting to explain the relative pricing of compound options. Further, from empirical tests, we found that the most important factor in explaining the relative pricing of compound options is the relative degree of leverage which is operative between the various components of a compound option set.
The Mysterious Ring in the Open Cluster NGC 3572: Planetary Nebula or Photoevaporating Globule?

ABSTRACT We discuss optical and infrared emission from the putative planetary nebula in the young open cluster NGC 3572. Velocity images of [N ii] λ6583 obtained with the Rutgers/CTIO Fabry‐Perot interferometer reveal that most gas in the nebula is expanding at velocities ≲5 km s \documentclass{aastex} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{bm} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{pifont} \usepackage{stmaryrd} \usepackage{textcomp} \usepackage{portland,xspace} \usepackage{amsmath,amsxtra} \usepackage[OT2,OT1]{fontenc} \newcommand\cyr{ \renewcommand\rmdefault{wncyr} \renewcommand\sfdefault{wncyss} \renewcommand\encodingdefault{OT2} \normalfont \selectfont} \DeclareTextFontCommand{\textcyr}{\cyr} \pagestyle{empty} \DeclareMathSizes{10}{9}{7}{6} \begin{document} \landscape $^{-1}$ \end{document} , with marginal evidence for bipolar expansion. A few outer condensations are seen at faster redshifted velocities, but their origin is uncertain. Optical spectra reveal a spatial exc...
The effect of oxide films on dislocation-surface interactions in aluminum☆

Abstract : Aluminum single crystals were deformed in cyclic strain, both in air and in vacuum, and with both 50 and 100 A thick oxide films on the surface. The results show that deformation in vacuum produces a layer of edge dislocation dipoles trapped just beneath the surface as well as rducing the amount of surface slip. The effect of increasing the oxide coating thickness is to reduce the amount of slip observable on the surface of the oxide. As an aid in interpretation, the mechanical properties of thin, amorphous aluminum oxide films were measured in air and in vacuum. Young's modulus, E sub c, was found to increase by a factor of 4 under vacuum, and the fracture strength by a factor of 1.5. These increases are most likely due to the removal of absorbed water vapor. The increase in E sub c can account for the presence of the trapped dislocation dipoles under vacuum by using the theory of Head and Conners which predicts a net repulsive force on near-surface dislocations when the modulus of the coating is greater than the modulus of the substrate. The reduction in surface slip observed under vacuum is due to the increase in both E sub c and the strength properties of the oxide coating. (Author)
Field transformational approach to three-dimensional scattering from two-dimensional rough surfaces

In 1985, Tappert and Nghiem-Phu introduced a field-transformation technique for computing rough surface scattering from a parabolic equation model utilizing a split-step Fourier marching algorithm. The approach was based on a two-dimensional parabolic equation with a standard operator approximation that was capable of computing scattering from a one-dimensional rough surface. Although this approach has been used extensively and effectively, extensions of this approach to higher order approximations or three-dimensional propagation have only recently been investigated. In this work, the expressions that incorporate higher-order approximations and three-dimensional scattering from two-dimensional rough surfaces are presented. The implications of some computationally necessary approximations are also provided.
Child training for physical aggression?: Lessons from foster care

Abstract Young children in foster homes are at high risk for externalizing disorders. We evaluated the effectiveness of a child-focused adaptation of the Incredible Years Child Training program to reduce physical aggression. N = 94 children (ages 5–8 years) with substantiated child neglect were recruited from six sites. Within site, children were randomly assigned to a Child Training (n = 49) or Usual Care (n = 45) group. Ratings of good self-control, poor self-control, and physical aggression by foster parents and teachers were gathered at baseline, post intervention, and 3-month follow up. Physical aggression decreased over time for both groups. Contrary to our hypotheses, children in Child Training group did not experience better outcomes than those in the Usual Care group. After adjusting for gender, ethnicity, initial diagnosis for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), and study site, as compared with the Child Training group, children in the Usual Care showed more improvement the over time in good self control and physical aggression. Teacher ratings remained unchanged for both groups. Intervention gains in good self control were found for boys vs girls. Attending to gender, expanding child training programs, and studying site characteristics are a few important lessons for this trial.
The effect of potassium in the preparation of magnesium orthovanadate and pyrovanadate on the oxidative dehydrogenation of propane and butane

Abstract The catalytic properties of magnesium orthovanadate, magnesium pyrovanadate, and mixed oxides of vanadium and magnesium in the oxidative dehydrogenation of propane and butane were studied. The mixed oxides prepared by two different methods, with or without the use of K, were compared. For samples without K, Mg orthovanadate was quite selective for the oxidative dehydrogenation of both propane and butane, whereas Mg pyrovanadate was selective only for propane. However, samples that contained residual K showed decreased selectivity. The mixed oxides were selective for both hydrocarbons, although those prepared without K contained only orthovanadate as the vanadate phase, whereas those prepared with K contained both orthovanadate and pyrovanadate phases. However, judging from the CO/CO2 ratios, all mixed oxides behaved as if they contained only Mg orthovanadate on the surface. Upon heating the samples, the concentration of potassium on the surface increased. Finally, interesting correlations between the rates of consumption of oxygen and of different alkanes were observed.
When governments forecast

Abstract This article looks at the forecasting industry as turning out products of more interest to museum curators than corporate executives, policymakers etc. It is generally skeptical of most attempts to divine the future —skepticism turning to deep concern when a particular forecast is used to justify government in making a decision better left to the discretion of free, rational citizens. The article looks at the problems of forecasting, the risks involved and, remarkably, how little the reputations of global forecasters seem to be affected by past statements. Finally, it discusses the effectiveness of a separate forecasting body, apart from government which would have power without responsibility. It considers The Resourceful Earth as a sound and cautious analysis, representing itself as a private effort by private individuals, which does not encourage unwarranted emphasis to its conclusions.
Atmospheric Optical Measurements in Central Colorado in Connection with Long Range Oblique Photography

In September 1966, an AF C-130 aircraft, instrumented with Visibility Laboratory optical and meteorological sensors, was flown along a path of sight from a camera on Pikes Peak to a target array near Castle Rock, Colorado. The beam transmittance for the path of sight was 0.238, the universal contrast transmittance was 0.161, and the path luminance was 2062 cd m(-2). A second data gathering descent was made from 9800 m, over the target array toward the southeast to an altitude of 1700 m. Beam transmittance for vertical path of sight for total atmosphere was 0.686. Atmospheric optical data presented include additional beam transmittances, attenuation length, background luminance, equilibrium luminance, horizontal path function, illuminances, and terrain reflectance.
Procedural justice and ethical decision making

Procedural justice, in the form of voice and respectful treatment by supervisor, and ethical decision making are examined in this research. Ethical decision making is hypothesized to be a direct function of moral intent, as indicated by willingness to use moral criteria in decision making. Moral intent is, in turn, expected to be a function of the decision-making context, including perceptions of voice, respect and trust between supervisor and subordinate, and moral climate. Individual moral development is also expected to have a positive effect on moral intent. Results generally support the model, with two exceptions. First, perception of voice has a negative effect on moral intent, while caring climate and respectful supervisory relations have the expected positive effect on moral intent. These results suggest either a compensatory model of ethical decision making or a complacency effect. Second, individual characteristics had very little effect on either the decision made or the level of moral intent developed, save for one decision. These results suggest an important overlooked variable, the salience of issues for procedural justice concerns.
A limit characterization of belief-free equilibrium payoffs in repeated games☆

Abstract The present paper studies repeated games with private monitoring, and characterizes the set of belief-free equilibrium payoffs in the limit as the discount factor approaches one and the noise on private information vanishes. Contrary to the conjecture by Ely et al. [J.C. Ely, J. Horner, W. Olszewski, Belief-free equilibria in repeated games, Econometrica 73 (2005) 377–415], the equilibrium payoff set is computed by the same formula, no matter how many players there are. As an application of this result, a version of the folk theorem is established for N-player prisoner's dilemma games.
Biocontrol of the Reniform Nematode by Bacillus firmus GB-126 and Paecilomyces lilacinus 251 on Cotton.

Castillo, J. D., Lawrence, K. S., and Kloepper, J. W. 2013. Biocontrol of the reniform nematode by Bacillus firmus GB-126 and Paecilomyces lilacinus 251 on cotton. Plant Dis. 97:967-976. Due to increased restrictions on the use of chemical nematicides, alternative nematode management strategies, including biocontrol, are needed. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the potential of Bacillus firmus GB-126 and Paecilomyces lilacinus 251 in commercial formulations applied separately or concomitantly to manage Rotylenchulus reniformis in cotton grown under greenhouse, microplot, and field conditions. In the greenhouse, seed treated with B. firmus (1.4 × 107 CFU/seed), an application of P. lilacinus (0.3% vol/vol of water), or the combination of B. firmus and P. lilacinus reduced the number of females, eggs, and vermiforms of R. reniformis (P ≤ 0.02) and increased populations of free-living nematodes (P ≤ 0.01). In microplots and field conditions, populations of R. reniformis vermiforms decreased when exposed to B. firmus and P. lilacinus biocontrol agents at midseason (P ≤ 0.04). Furthermore, stem diameter and free-living nematode numbers increased (P ≤ 0.01) with the combination of B. firmus and P. lilacinus. In the field, numbers of females, eggs, and vermiform life stages at the end of the growing season decreased in the presence of the biocontrol agents applied individually or concomitantly (P ≤ 0.01). Cotton yields from the application of B. firmus GB-126 and P. lilacinus 251 were similar to those from aldicarb, the chemical nematicide standard. Rotylenchulus reniformis (Linford & Oliveira), the reniform nematode, is the primary economic pathogen in cotton production in the southeastern region of the United States (40,41). This plantparasitic nematode causes an annual average loss of 5% of the total cotton production in Louisiana, Mississippi, and Alabama (5). Current management is based on crop rotation and use of chemical nematicides. The Environmental Protection Agency has restricted the use of aldicarb, which is the most common nematicide used in cotton production. The aldicarb application rate for cotton is restricted to 7.8 kg/ha (7 lb./acre), and aldicarb will be removed from the market by 31 August 2018 (2). Therefore, there is a critical need to explore nematode management alternatives such as biocontrol options.
Characterizing early childhood education programs for poor and middle-class children

Abstract Detailed observations were done of instructional practices and the social climate of 62 preschool and kindergarten programs serving poor and middle-class children. Analyses revealed strong relationships between the nature of instruction (i.e., the degree to which basic skills and performance outcomes were stressed) and the social context (e.g., teacher warmth and responsiveness). Analysesrevealed that both preschool and kindergarten programs could be divided into three types: (a) “didactic” programs in which academic skills were stressed in a relatively negative social context; (b) “child-centered” programs, which deemphasized basic academic skills and offered a positive social context; and (c) “intermediate” programs, which fall in between these two extremes. Teachers' beliefs about appropriate education for young children were associated with the kind of program they taught in, but teachers' levels of education and experience, and school policies regarding formal evaluation, retention, and testing were not.
Results of an icing test on a NACA 0012 airfoil in the NASA Lewis Icing Research Tunnel

Tests were conducted in the Icing Research Tunnel (IRT) at the NASA Lewis Research Center to document the current capability of the IRT, focused mainly on the repeatability of the ice shape over a range of icing conditions. Measurements of drag increase due to the ice accretion were also made to document the repeatability of drag. Surface temperatures of the model were obtained to show the effects of latent-heat release by the freezing droplets and heat transfer through the ice layer. The repeatability of the ice shape was very good at low temperatures, but only fair at near freezing temperatures. In general, drag data shows good repeatability.