cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Observational Consequences of Hydrodynamic Flows on Hot Jupiters

We use a grid-based shallow water model to simulate the atmospheric dynamics of the transiting hot Jupiter HD 209458b. Under the usual assumption that the planet is in synchronous rotation with zero obliquity, a steady state is reached with a well-localized cold spot centered 76° east of the antistellar point. This represents a departure from predictions made by previous simulations in the literature that used the shallow water formalism; we find that the disagreement is explained by the factor of 30 shorter radiative timescale used in our model. We also examine the case that the planet is in Cassini state 2, in which the expected obliquity is ~90°. Under these circumstances, a periodic equilibrium is reached, with the temperature slightly leading the solar forcing. Using these temperature distributions, we calculate disk-integrated bolometric infrared light curves from the planet. The light curves for the two models are surprisingly similar, despite large differences in temperature patterns in the two cases. In the zero-obliquity case, the intensity at the minimum is 66% of the maximum intensity, with the minimum occurring 72° ahead of transit. In the high-obliquity case, the minimum occurs 54° ahead of transit, with an intensity of 58% of the maximum.
Asymptotic optimality of full cross-validation for selecting linear regression models

For the problem of model selection, full cross-validation has been proposed as an alternative criterion to the traditional cross-validation, particularly in cases where the latter is not well defined. To justify the use of the new proposal we show that under some conditions, both criteria share the same asymptotic optimality property when selecting among linear regression models.
Similarity Solution of Combined Convection Heat Transfer From a Rotating Cone or Disk to Non-Newtonian Fluids

A powerful similarity solution of the highly nonlinear, coupled boundary-layer equations has been developed for steady laminar mixed convection heat transfer between a rotating cone/disk and power-law fluids. Of special interest are the effects of the power-law viscosity index, a generalized local Prandtl number, the buoyancy parameter, and the type of thermal wall condition on the velocity and temperature fields and hence the skin friction coefficient and the local Nusselt number. While the momentum boundary-layer thickness increases measurably with decreasing viscosity index n, the thermal boundary-layer thickness is less affected by changes in n. The magnitude and direction of the buoyancy force influence the upward velocity profile near the wall and the temperature profiles significantly. Both Prandtl number and buoyancy parameter have a more pronounced effect on the skin friction group, SFG {approximately} c{sub f}, than on the heat transfer group, HTG {approximately} Nu.
Fourier coefficients of sextic theta series

This article focuses on the theta series on the 6-fold cover of GL$_2$. We investigate the Fourier coefficients $\tau(r)$ of the theta series, and give partially proven, partially conjectured values for $\tau(\pi)^2$, $\tau(\pi^2)$ and $\tau(\pi^4)$ for prime values $\pi$.
A Descriptive Approach to the Dynamics of Choice Behavior

Publisher Summary To provide an initial overview, this chapter assembles the various descriptive approaches for the dynamics of choice behavior. Interest in the prediction of choice has instigated the development of psychological scales and other models that relates choice probabilities to behavioral correlates and to observed independent variables. The theories include normative theories, quasi-normative theories, hypothetical model, and descriptive theories. For illustrative interpretation, this chapter considers a situation that involves uncertainty with respect to trial outcomes but no differences in utility for different outcomes—namely, the familiar experiment on simple predictive behavior or verbal conditioning. The subject's task is to choose between two response alternatives—for example, to operate one of two response keys or to say one of two designated words at the beginning of each trial, attempting to be “correct” as often as possible. In conceptualizing this experimental situation, the chapter assumes that the experimental conditions determine a set of N stimulus patterns anyone of that may be present at the beginning of any trial and all of which are equally likely to occur.
An MCMC determination of the primordial helium abundance

Spectroscopic observations of the chemical abundances in metal-poor H II regions provide an independent method for estimating the primordial helium abundance. H II regions are described by several physical parameters such as electron density, electron temperature, and reddening, in addition to y, the ratio of helium to hydrogen. It had been customary to estimate or determine self-consistently these parameters to calculate y. Frequentist analyses of the parameter space have been shown to be successful in these parameter determinations, and Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) techniques have proven to be very efficient in sampling this parameter space. Nevertheless, accurate determination of the primordial helium abundance from observations of H II regions is constrained by both systematic and statistical uncertainties. In an attempt to better reduce the latter, and continue to better characterize the former, we apply MCMC methods to the large dataset recently compiled by Izotov, Thuan, & Stasinska (2007). To improve the reliability of the determination, a high quality dataset is needed. In pursuit of this, a variety of cuts are explored. The efficacy of the He I λ4026 emission line as a constraint on the solutions is first examined, revealing the introduction of systematic bias through its absence. As a clear measure of the quality of the physical solution, a χ2 analysis proves instrumental in the selection of data compatible with the theoretical model. Nearly two-thirds of the observations fall outside a standard 95% confidence level cut, which highlights the care necessary in selecting systems and warrants further investigation into potential deficiencies of the model or data. In addition, the method also allows us to exclude systems for which parameter estimations are statistical outliers. As a result, the final selected dataset gains in reliability and exhibits improved consistency. Regression to zero metallicity yields Yp = 0.2534 ± 0.0083, in broad agreement with the WMAP result. The inclusion of more observations shows promise for further reducing the uncertainty, but more high quality spectra are required.
Cyclopentenone prostaglandins: new insights on biological activities and cellular targets.

The cyclopentenone prostaglandins PGA2, PGA1, and PGJ2 are formed by dehydration within the cyclopentane ring of PGE2, PGE1, and PGD2. PGJ2 is metabolized further to yield Delta(12)-PGJ(2) and 15-deoxy-Delta(12,14)-PGJ(2) (15d-PGJ(2)). Various compounds within the cyclopentenone prostaglandin family possess potent anti-inflammatory, anti-neoplastic, and anti-viral activity. Most actions of the cyclopentenone prostaglandins do not appear to be mediated by binding to G-protein coupled prostanoid receptors. Rather, the bioactivity of these compounds results from their interaction with other cellular target proteins. 15-deoxy-Delta(12,14)-PGJ(2) is a high affinity ligand for the nuclear receptor PPARgamma and modulates gene transcription by binding to this receptor. Other activities of the cyclopentenone prostaglandins are mediated by the reactive alpha,beta-unsaturated carbonyl group located in the cyclopentenone ring. The transcription factor NF-kappaB and its activating kinase are key targets for the anti-inflammatory activity of 15d-PGJ2, which inhibits NF-kappaB-mediated transcriptional activation by PPARgamma-dependent and independent molecular mechanisms. Other cyclopentenone prostaglandins, such as Delta(7)-PGA1 and Delta(12)-PGJ2, have strong anti-tumor activity. These compounds induce cell cycle arrest or apoptosis of tumor cells depending on the cell type and treatment conditions. We review here recent progress in understanding the mechanisms of action of the cyclopentenone prostaglandins and their possible use as therapeutic agents.
Quantization of Lyapunov functions

For a state of equilibrium of an autonomous system of differential equations, we propose discrete conditions for stability and asymptotic stability in the sense of Lyapunov.
Co(II), a catalyst for selective conversion of phenyl rings to carboxylic acid groups

An inexpensive protocol for the conversion of –C6H4R into –COOH groups using Co(II)–Oxone mixture as the catalytic system is described. A series of substrates containing substituted and non-substituted phenyl groups could be selectively converted into carboxylic acids. Initial mechanistic data have been provided.
Rate of decarburization of iron-carbon melts: Part I. Experimental determination of the effect of sulfur

The kinetics of decarburization of iron-carbon melts with CO-CO2 gas mixtures were investigated at 1700 ° using the levitation technique. The influences of different experimental variables on the decarburization kinetics were determined. It was found that sulfur has a clear and reproducible retarding effect on the decarburization of iron-carbon melts; and this effect is most pronounced at sulfur concentrations in the range of 0 to 0.05 wt pct. The initial carbon concentration has no discernible effect on the decarburization kinetics. Melts containing 2.48 wt pct C and 0.92 wt pct C initially were found to decarburize at virtually identical rates until a substantial portion of the carbon was removed. The decarburization rate of a melt with a specified initial carbon content was found to remain essentially constant until the carbon content fell to a characteristic level below which the rate tended to level off. The partial pressure of CO2 of the gas mixture has a marked effect on the decarburization kinetics. The flow-rate of the gas mixture has a small but finite effect on the rate of decarburization.
The five-minute rule ten years later, and other computer storage rules of thumb

Simple economic and performance arguments suggest appropriate lifetimes for main memory pages and suggest optimal page sizes. The fundamental tradeoffs are the prices and bandwidths of RAMs and disks. The analysis indicates that with today's technology, five minutes is a good lifetime for randomly accessed pages, one minute is a good lifetime for two-pass sequentially accessed pages, and 16 KB is a good size for index pages. These rules-of-thumb change in predictable ways as technology ratios change. They also motivate the importance of the new Kaps, Maps, Scans, and $/Kaps, $/Maps, $/TBscan metrics.
The Use of Tertiary Alkylmagnesium Nucleophiles in Ni-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling Reactions

Nickel-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions of unactivated tertiary alkyl nucleophiles and aryl bromides have been developed using N-heterocyclic carbene ligands. These processes are reviewed alongside earlier attempts to employ unactivated tertiary alkyl nucleophiles in cross-coupling reactions. Potential mechanisms for the transformations, and future challenges in this field are discussed.
Measurement error and the hot hand

This article shows that the first autocorrelation of basketball shot results is a highly biased and inconsistent estimator of the first autocorrelation of the ex ante probabilities with which the shots are made. Shot result autocorrelation is close to zero even when shot probability autocorrelation is close to one. The bias is caused by what is equivalent to a severe measurement error problem. The results imply that the widespread belief among players and fans in the hot hand is not necessarily a cognitive fallacy.
Analysis of a complex data management access method by simulation modeling

The typical paper on file organization presents a qualitative discussion of a proposed search structure. In a very few instances, the writer may include one or two numbers to indicate system performance. In reading these papers, one is led to the impression that file design is an extremely simple problem and that intuitive guesses can easily provide optimal answers. However, the sophisticated file designer knows from experience that there are many relevant parameters and that they can drastically affect performance. This knowledge can, however, be frustrating because he cannot afford the machine time and resources to obtain a good design by performing an adequate parametric study on possible file organizations. (For example, setting up a large file in just one configuration can require several hours of machine time and several man days or weeks.)
Label-Free Imaging of Membrane Potential Using Membrane Electromotility

Electrical activity may cause observable changes in a cell's structure in the absence of exogenous reporter molecules. In this work, we report a low-coherence interferometric microscopy technique that can detect an optical signal correlated with the membrane potential changes in individual mammalian cells without exogenous labels. By measuring milliradian-scale phase shifts in the transmitted light, we can detect changes in the cells' membrane potential. We find that the observed optical signals are due to membrane electromotility, which causes the cells to deform in response to the membrane potential changes. We demonstrate wide-field imaging of the propagation of electrical stimuli in gap-junction-coupled cell networks. Membrane electromotility-induced cell deformation may be useful as a reporter of electrical activity.
Shock structure in a nine-velocity gas

Abstract The exact structure of a shock is computed in a multiple-speed discrete-velocity gas, the nine-velocity gas, wherein the multiplicity of speeds ensures non-trivial thermodynamics. Obtained as a solution of the model Boltzmann equations, the procedure consists of tracking the shock as a trajectory of a three-dimensional dynamical system connecting an equilibrium upstream state to an equilibrium downstream state. The two equilibria satisfy the jump conditions obtained from the model Euler equations. Comparison of the shock structure to that in a monatomic perfect gas, as given by the Navier-Stokes equation, shows excellent agreement. The shock in the nine-velocity gas has an overshoot in entropy alone, like in a monatomic gas. The near-equilibrium flow technique for discrete-velocity gases [B.T. Nadiga and D.I. Pullin, J. Comp. Phys., submitted], a kinetic flux-splitting method based on the local thermodynamic equilibrium, is also seen to capture the shock structure remarkably well.
BEHAVIORAL THERAPY FOR OVERACTIVE BLADDER

What is behavioral therapy? On the one hand there is no consensus in the literature as to the definition of the treatment or the optimal mode of delivery. On the other hand, it is possibly the “best” single treatment for urinary incontinence when viewed from a risk:benefit analysis. There is general agreement that within this framework wide variations exist in intensity of treatment, expertise required to deliver the treatment, and the subsequent cost of therapy. A definition of behavioral therapy should include at least the following techniques: first, education and explanation of normal lower urinary tract function; second, micturition charts and diaries; and finally, timed voiding/bladder training regimens. All of the behavioral methods are demonstrably effective, with improvement rates in incontinence episodes uniformly in excess of 50%. Our challenge is to define the critical parts of behavioral therapy and develop algorithms that can be delivered to the incontinent population in the most cost-effective manner.
A Powerful New Construction of Complex Chiral Polycycles by an Indium(III)-Catalyzed Cationic Cascade

InI3 and InBr3 have been found to be effective catalysts for the π activation of C≡C bonds to initiate the conversion of chiral propargylic alcohols or silyl ethers to polycyclic products in excellent yields and with high stereoselectivity. The method has been applied to the synthesis of chiral fused hexacyclic ring systems with the creation of multiple new stereocenters. The power and scope of the method are illustrated by a variety of examples.
A synthesis of the abietane diterpenoid quinone (±)-royleanone via maleoylcobalt technology.

Abstract (±)-Royleanone has been synthesized by rapid construction of a highly substituted quinone using maleoylcobalt complex technology followed by acid induced cyclization of the corresponding hydroquinone methyl ether onto a tethered enone. The synthesis was completed by straightforward functional group manipulations.
X-Rays from the Globular Cluster G1: Intermediate-Mass Black Hole or Low-Mass X-Ray Binary?

The globular cluster G1 (Mayall II) in M31 is the most massive (~107 M☉) stellar cluster in the Local Group, and it has the highest central velocity dispersion (~28 km s-1). It has been claimed to host a central ~20,000 M☉ black hole, but these claims have been controversial. We investigate here the XMM-Newton detection of X-ray emission from G1 at a level of LX ≈ 2 × 1036 ergs s-1. This emission could be the result of Bondi-Hoyle accretion of ionized cluster gas by a central black hole, or it could be produced by a conventional low-mass X-ray binary. A precise localization of the X-ray emission, which is not possible with the current XMM data, could distinguish between these possibilities. While such a measurement may be difficult, it is of sufficient potential importance to pursue.
Spacing of zeros of Hecke L-functions and the class number problem

We derive strong and effective lower bounds for the class number h(q) of the imaginary quadratic field Q(\sqrt{-q}), conditionally subject to the existence of many small (subnormal) gaps between zeros of the L-function associated with a character of the class group associated with this field. In particular, we prove that if the gap between consecutive zeros of the L-function is somewhat smaller than the average for sufficiently many pairs of zeros on the critical line, then h >> \sqrt q (log q)^{-A} for some constant A > 0. For the trivial character, the L-function is the Dedekind zeta-function of the number field and so contains the Riemann zeta-function as a factor. Thus, as a corollary to our main result, we prove that this lower bound for h follows from the hypothesis that there are sufficiently many pairs of adjacent zeros of the Riemann zeta-function on the critical line whose spacing is slightly smaller than 1/2 of the average spacing.
Today's contradictory challenges in achieving profitable growth: strategy guidance for “re‐imagining”

Purpose – The aim of this viewpoint is to highlight the key steps in re‐imagining a business, as articulated by senior executives; to present the nature of the challenges and a summary of best practices discussed by strategy executives.Design/methodology/approach – The recent financial crisis has presented twin challenges for organizations: how to profitably grow the business, but at the same time how to respond to the public's perceived trust and legitimacy concerns about business. These challenges were discussed in depth by senior executives attending a recent management conference. This summary is provided by a professor whose teaching and research focus on strategy and innovation, and distills the findings of the conference down to a guideline for strategic action.Findings – Executives have discovered that re‐imagining the business can address both concerns simultaneously. Re‐imagining involves three steps: embracing outside‐in innovation, re‐conceiving the company's core and vision, and aligning the ...
Metal to metal multiple bonds in ordered assemblies.

The synthesis and properties of metal–metal (MM) quadruply bonded compounds of molybdenum and tungsten in liquid crystalline phases are described. Covalently linked MM quadruply bonded complexes, dimers of dimers, are shown to give rise to mixed valence complexes upon oxidation and the degree of electron delocalization is shown to be correlated with the M2δ bridge π interactions. Class III behavior or complete delocalization is observed to M2 to M2 distances of up to 14 Å. When the M2 unit is attached to oligothiophenes via a carboxylate tether, the photophysical properties of the thienyl units are greatly modified due to M2δ–thienyl π conjugation and spin–orbit coupling. This leads to long-lived emissive states and electroluminescence in solid-state devices.
Enol Ethers as Substrates for Efficient Z- and Enantioselective Ring-Opening/Cross-Metathesis Reactions Promoted by Stereogenic-at-Mo Complexes: Utility in Chemical Synthesis and Mechanistic Attributes

The first examples of catalytic enantioselective ring-opening/cross-metathesis (EROCM) reactions that involve enol ethers are reported. Specifically, we demonstrate that catalytic EROCM of several oxa- and azabicycles, cyclobutenes and a cyclopropene with an alkyl- or aryl-substituted enol ether proceed readily in the presence of a stereogenic-at-Mo monopyrrolide-monoaryloxide. In some instances, as little as 0.15 mol % of the catalytically active alkylidene is sufficient to promote complete conversion within 10 min. The desired products are formed in up to 90% yield and >99:1 enantiomeric ratio (er) with the disubstituted enol ether generated in >90% Z selectivity. The enol ether of the enantiomerically enriched products can be easily differentiated from the terminal alkene through a number of functionalization procedures that lead to the formation of useful intermediates for chemical synthesis (e.g., efficient acid hydrolysis to afford the enantiomerically enriched carboxaldehyde). In certain cases, ena...
A V-Band Survey for Variable Galactic Nuclei in the Hubble Deep Field

We present the results of a two-epoch variability survey in the Hubble Deep Field with the goal of investigating the population of active galactic nuclei (AGNs) to z 1. The high resolution and stability of the Hubble Space Telescope allow accurate photometry to be obtained within subarcsecond apertures, resulting in the ability to probe much lower AGN/host galaxy luminosity ratios than can be done from the ground. The primary data sets analyzed for galactic variability are the original Hubble Deep Field observations obtained in 1995 December and a second V-band (F606W) image obtained almost exactly 5 yr later in 2000. We find evidence for nuclear variability in 16 of 217 galaxies brighter than Vnuc = 27.5. Correcting for incompleteness and spurious detections, variable nuclei make up ~8% of the surveyed galaxies. These sources have a redshift range of 0.09 < z < 1.8 and cover the full range of galaxy nuclear V-I colors. Seven of our variable sources are coincident with X-ray sources detected in the 2 Ms Chandra survey, six from the main catalog and one from the supplementary catalog. We find that 44% of the variable nuclei are associated with mid-IR detections at 15 μm, and 31% are detected at 1.4 GHz. Optical spectra are available for 13 of the 16 variables. One is a broad-line AGN, and two others show weak evidence of type 2 AGNs. With the assumption that these variables are all active nuclei, we estimate the AGN luminosity function (LF) at 0.4 < z < 1.1 extending to MB -15. We find evidence for an increase in the number density of faint AGNs when comparing to the local Seyfert luminosity function. The LF for optically varying nuclei appears to rise in number density, with no evidence of turning over at these faint magnitudes.
Functional Dye-Doped Silica Nanoparticles for Bioimaging, Diagnostics and Therapeutics

This paper describes the design, synthesis and biological application of dye-doped silica nanoparticles (DDSNs). About 80 nm size monodisperse FITC (fluorescein isothiocyanate) doped silica nanoparticles were synthesized using water-in-oil (W/O) microemulsion method. The DDSN surface was then modified to attach amine functional groups. The complete synthesis of amine modified DDSNs was carried out in a single pot at room temperature. To demonstrate bioimaging applications, DDSNs were modified with TAT (a cell penetrating peptide, CPP) and folic acid (a vitamin, also called folate). TAT conjugated DDSNs were treated with A-549 cells and an effective labelling was observed. Folate conjugated DDSNs were targeted to two types of cells, human lung adenocarcinoma (A-549) and human dermal fibroblast cells. A-549 cells over express folate receptors and as expected, an extensive labelling was observed with A-549 cells when compared with normal fibroblast cells. Laser scanning confocal images clearly showed that folate conjugated DDSNs were internalized by A-549 cells.
NO DECOMPOSITION OVER A PD/MGO CATALYST PREPARED FROM [PD(ACAC)2]

Abstract A Pd/MgO catalyst was prepared by adsorption of palladium bis-acetylacetonate [Pd(acac)2] onto highly dehydroxylated MgO from toluene solution and subsequent reduction in flowing H2 at 300 °C. The resultant catalyst was characterized by Pd K-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) spectroscopy, temperature-programmed desorption (TPD), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy of adsorbed NO. The adsorbed [Pd(acac)2] species decomposes on heating in H2 to form 20–25 A supported Pd particles; however, organic residues from the acetylacetonate ligands remain on the catalyst surface. The FTIR spectrum of NO adsorbed on the reduced Pd/MgO catalyst at 25 °C contains one principal band at 1722 cm−1 due to atop Pd nitrosyl species. In situ XAFS of the Pd/MgO catalyst indicates that neither Pd oxidation nor particle sintering occurs during heating in flowing 1% NO/He to 300 °C. NO decomposition over the Pd/MgO catalyst was investigated using temperature-programmed reaction spectroscopy (TPRS) and steady-state activity measurements. During the initial TPRS cycle in flowing 1% NO/He, nearly complete NO consumption occurs at ∼270 °C due to oxidation of organic residues. O2 evolution commences at approximately 350 °C, and steady-state catalytic decomposition of NO to N2 and O2 occurs at 600 °C. Transient NO consumption during rapid cooling in 1% NO/He (after steady-state catalysis) is attributed to NOx adsorption on the Pd/MgO catalyst.
The Distance to the Vela Supernova Remnant

We have obtained high-resolution Ca II and Na I absorption-line spectra toward 68 OB stars in the direction of the Vela supernova remnant. The stars lie at distances of 190-2800 pc as determined by Hipparcos and spectroscopic parallax estimations. The presence of high-velocity absorption attributable to the remnant along some of the sight lines constrains the remnant distance to 250±30 pc. This distance is consistent with several recent investigations that suggest that the canonical remnant distance of 500 pc is too large.
Atoms in flight and the remarkable connections between atomic and hadronic physics

Atomic physics and hadron physics are both based on Yang Mills gauge theory; in fact, quantum electrodynamics can be regarded as the zero-color limit of quantum chromodynamics. I review a number of areas where the techniques of atomic physics provide important insight into the theory of hadrons in QCD. For example, the Dirac-Coulomb equation, which predicts the spectroscopy and structure of hydrogenic atoms, has an analog in hadron physics in the form of light-front relativistic equations of motion which give a remarkable first approximation to the spectroscopy, dynamics, and structure of light hadrons. The renormalization scale for the running coupling, which is unambiguously set in QED, leads to a method for setting the renormalization scale in QCD. The production of atoms in flight provides a method for computing the formation of hadrons at the amplitude level. Conversely, many techniques which have been developed for hadron physics, such as scaling laws, evolution equations, and light-front quantization have equal utility for atomic physics, especially in the relativistic domain. I also present a new perspective for understanding the contributions to the cosmological constant from QED and QCD.
wall Superheat Excursions in the Boiling incipience of Dielectric Fluids

Many of the candidate fluids for immersion cooling of microelectronic components possess both low surface tension and high gas solubility. As a consequence, ebullient heat transfer with such fluids is accompanied by nucleation anomalies and a frequently observed wall temperature overshoot. The difficulty in preventing this thermal excursion and in predicting its magnitude constrains the development of immersion cooling systems. This paper begins with a brief review of the mechanisms that may be responsible for delayed nucleation and examines the limited literature on incipience superheat excursions.
Measurement of the vapor pressures of tnt, 2,4-dnt, 2,6-dnt, and egdn

Abstract The vapor pressures of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene ( tnt ), 2,4-dinitrotoluene (2,4- dnt ), 2,6-dinitrotoluene (2,6- dnt ), and ethylene glycol dinitrate ( egdn ) have been measured by an electron-capture gas-chromatographic method in the temperature range from 287.15 to 329.65 K for tnt , 277.15 to 344.15 K for 2,4- dnt , 277.15 to 323.15 K for 2,6- dnt , and 240.15 to 298.15 K for egdn . The temperature dependence of the vapor pressure is given by the equations: TNT: log10(p/Torr)=(12.31±0.34)−(5175±105)K/t2,4−DNT: log10(p/Torr)=(13.08±0.19)−(4992±59)K/t2,6−DNT: log10(p/Torr)=(13.99±0.18)−(5139±52)K/tEGDN: log10(p/Torr)=(10.55±0.08)−(3476±22)K/t The values for the enthalpy of sublimation are ΔHsub(tnt) = (23.7 ± 0.5) kcalth mol−1, ΔHsub(2,4-dnt) = (22.9 ± 0.3) kcalth mol−1, and ΔHsub(2,6-dnt) = (23.5 ± 0.2) kcalth mol−1. The enthalpy of vaporization for egdn is (15.9 ± 0.09) kcalth mol−1. The indicated uncertainties are standard errors.
The structure of the hydrated electron. Part 2. A mixed quantum/classical molecular dynamics embedded cluster density functional theory: single-excitation configuration interaction study.

Adiabatic mixed quantum/classical (MQC) molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were used to generate snapshots of the hydrated electron in liquid water at 300 K. Water cluster anions that include two complete solvation shells centered on the hydrated electron were extracted from the MQC MD simulations and embedded in a roughly 18 A × 18 A × 18 A matrix of fractional point charges designed to represent the rest of the solvent. Density functional theory (DFT) with the Becke−Lee−Yang−Parr functional and single-excitation configuration interaction (CIS) methods were then applied to these embedded clusters. The salient feature of these hybrid DFT(CIS)/MQC MD calculations is significant transfer (∼18%) of the excess electron's charge density into the 2p orbitals of oxygen atoms in OH groups forming the solvation cavity. We used the results of these calculations to examine the structure of the singly occupied and the lower unoccupied molecular orbitals, the density of states, the absorption spectra in the visible a...
Convergence to the maximum process of a fractional Brownian motion with shot noise

Abstract We consider the maximum process of a random walk with additive independent noise in the form of max i = 1 , … , n ( S i + Y i ) . The random walk may have dependent increments, but its sample path is assumed to converge weakly to a fractional Brownian motion. When the largest noise has the same order as the maximal displacement of the random walk, we establish an invariance principle for the maximum process in the Skorohod topology. The limiting process is the maximum process of the fractional Brownian notion with shot noise generated by Poisson point processes.
Genus-zero two-point hyperplane integrals in the Gromov-Witten theory

In this paper we compute certain two-point integrals over a moduli space of stable maps into projective space. Computation of one-point analogues of these integrals constitutes a proof of mirror symmetry for genus-zero one-point Gromov-Witten invariants of projective hypersurfaces. The integrals computed in this paper constitute a significant portion in the proof of mirror symmetry for genus-one GW-invariants completed in a separate paper. These integrals also provide explicit mirror formulas for genus-zero two-point GW-invariants of projective hypersurfaces. The approach described in this paper leads to a reconstruction algorithm for all genus-zero GW-invariants of projective hypersurfaces.
Top quark mass prediction in superstring derived standard-like models

Abstract A remarkable success of the superstring standard-like models is the correct prediction of the top quark mass, assuming the Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model below the string scale. Recently it was shown that gauge coupling unification in these models requires additional matter at intermediate energy scales. I obtain the top, bottom and tau lepton Yukawa couplings by calculating tree level string amplitudes. I study the effect of the intermediate matter on the top quark mass prediction. Agreement with α strong , sin 2 θ W and α em −1 , at M z , is imposed. The top quark mass prediction is in the range 192 – 200 GeV, and the ratio λ b (M z ) λ τ (M z ) agrees with experiment.
Quasifuchsian state surfaces

This paper continues our study, initiated in [arXiv:1108.3370], of essential state surfaces in link complements that satisfy a mild diagrammatic hypothesis (homogeneously adequate). For hyperbolic links, we show that the geometric type of these surfaces in the Thurston trichotomy is completely determined by a simple graph--theoretic criterion in terms of a certain spine of the surfaces. For links with A- or B-adequate diagrams, the geometric type of the surface is also completely determined by a coefficient of the colored Jones polynomial of the link.
An exceptionally mild catalytic thioester aldol reaction inspired by polyketide biosynthesis.

This report details our discovery of a new catalytic ester aldol reaction using malonic acid half thioesters (MAHTs) that directly affords β-hydroxythioesters. The reaction is catalyzed by combination of a Cu(II) salt and an amine base, and it can be performed under exceptionally mild conditions (23 °C, open to the air, wet solvent). Methyl malonic acid half thioesters afforded syn aldol products with distereoselectivities greater than 6:1.
Turbulent Heating of Jupiter's Middle Magnetosphere

We give a possible explanation for the high ion temperatures of ~108 K measured in the middle magnetosphere of Jupiter. In the absence of a significant heat source, much lower temperatures are expected due to adiabatic cooling of the expanding cloud of plasma from the Io torus region of the magnetosphere. We show that the weak magnetohydrodynamic turbulent fluctuations observed in the middle magnetosphere dissipate energy at a rate that can account for the high ion temperatures. A simple estimate gives a turbulent heating rate of 2.5 × 107 K day-1 at a radial distance of around 20 Jupiter radii, where the turbulence maximizes. We present a one-dimensional radial temperature model and find a temperature profile in good agreement with the values observed by the Galileo spacecraft.
Polyene cascade cyclizations mediated by BF3·CH3NO2. an unusually efficient method for the direct, stereospecific synthesis of polycyclic intermediates via cationic initiation at non-functionalized 3° alkenes. An application to the total synthesis of (±)-taxodione.

Abstract Convenient stock solutions of BF3 gas in nitromethane have been shown to promote “H+ catalyzed” polyene cyclizations that proceed with excellent levels of regio- and stereocontrol. A direct comparison of this new method for effecting cationic polyannulations to several modern as well as classical procedures has conclusively defined the preparative advantages of the BF3·CH3NO2 medium. The utilization of these new conditions for cationic polycyclization in a concise total synthesis of the antineoplastic agent (±)-taxodione is described.
The current sheet in Jupiter's magnetosphere

A theoretical model is presented for the plasma in the Jovian magnetosphere whose pressure is comparable to the corotational energy density. The model predicts a thin current sheet of 1 Jupiter radius to 2 Jupiter radii half-thickness. The current sheet lies almost precisely in the magnetic equatorial plane and is not appreciably warped as suggested previously.
Spatial heterogeneity of tectonic stress and friction in the crust

The complex geometry of faults, seismicity, and diversity of earthquake mechanisms suggest that the stress and strength in Earth's crust are spatially heterogeneous. We investigated the degree of heterogeneity using the following two end-member models. In one end-member model, we assumed that the orientation of stress is uniform in the crust as is assumed in many stress inversion studies. In this model, the variability of earthquake mechanisms means that friction during faulting must vary for each event. We computed friction μ from the ratio of the resolved shear stress to the effective normal stress on the fault plane with the assumption of hydrostatic pore pressure. The values of μ vary over a large range from 0 to 1.5. In the other extreme model we assumed optimally oriented slip and a constant μ = 0.6, as is suggested by Byerlee's law, for all the earthquakes, and determined the local stress orientation for each earthquake. The orientation of the stress changes drastically from one earthquake to another, and the assumption of uniform stress field commonly used in stress inversion is not warranted. An important conclusion is that a regionally uniform stress field and constant friction on optimally oriented faults are mutually exclusive. The actual situation in the crust is most likely to be intermediate between these two end-member models. From the existing data alone, we cannot determine the degree of heterogeneity uniquely, but both μ and the local stress field near earthquake faults are likely to vary substantially, and studies on earthquake rupture dynamics must take these heterogeneities into consideration.
A temperature and pressure controlled calibration system for pressure sensors

Abstract A data acquisition and experiment control system has been developed to characterize and calibrate prototype pressure sensors capable of operation in a cryogenic environment. The system consists of: a personal computer for acquisition of sensor output voltage, sensor operating parameters, and data processing including numerically derived corrections for sensor thermal offset, sensitivity variations, and thermal errors; an environmental chamber capable of controlling temperature to within 1 °C over a −184 °C to 220 °C range; a pressure standard capable of generating pressures to within 1 part in 100,000 over a 0 to 344.74 kPa range; and a data logger for recording outputs from system multimeters, precision resistance temperature devices, thermocouples, and power supplies. The system utilizes a modified, commercially available interface board to allow the demultiplexing, digitation, and input of remotely multiplexed, pulse amplitude modulated pressure signals from pressure sensor arrays to the PC bus. System software is discussed and includes: sensor data acquisition, algorithms for numerically derived thermal offset and sensitivity correction, and operation of the environmental chamber and pressure standard.
Janus configurations with SL(2,Z)-duality twists, Strings on Mapping Tori, and a Tridiagonal Determinant Formula

We develop an equivalence between two Hilbert spaces: (i) the space of states of U(1) n Chern-Simons theory with a certain class of tridiagonal matrices of coupling constants (with corners) on T 2; and (ii) the space of ground states of strings on an associated mapping torus with T 2 fiber. The equivalence is deduced by studying the space of ground states of SL(2, ℤ)-twisted circle compactifications of U(1) gauge theory, connected with a Janus configuration, and further compactified on T 2. The equality of dimensions of the two Hilbert spaces (i) and (ii) is equivalent to a known identity on determinants of tridiagonal matrices with corners. The equivalence of operator algebras acting on the two Hilbert spaces follows from a relation between the Smith normal form of the Chern-Simons coupling constant matrix and the isometry group of the mapping torus, as well as the torsion part of its first homology group.
Adiabatic Compression of Plasma Vortex Structures

Plasma vortex structures generated by conical theta pinch guns have been successfully compressed and amplified by secondary adiabatic compression. A pair of vortex rings meet at the center of a primary magnetic mirror. A secondary mirror starts to compress them as soon as the collision has occurred. Peak ion temperatures of 170 eV have been obtained at an nτ of 1012 sec/cm3 utilizing a capacitor bank that stores 250 kilojoules. As an aid to the understanding of the stability’of vortex structures, an outline of the theory of quasi-force-free collinear equilibria is given in the appendix.
A circulant approach to skew-constacyclic codes

We introduce a type of skew-generalized circulant matrices that captures the structure of a skew-polynomial ring F x ; ? modulo the left ideal generated by a polynomial of the form x n - a . This allows us to develop an approach to skew-constacyclic codes based on skew-generalized circulants. Properties of these circulants are derived, and in particular it is shown that for the code-relevant case the transpose of a skew-generalized circulant is a skew-generalized circulant again. This recovers the well-known result that the dual of a skew-constacyclic code is a skew-constacyclic code again. Special attention is paid to the case where x n - a is central.
A Kinematical Approach to Conformal Cosmology

We present an alternative cosmology based on conformal gravity, as originally introduced by H. Weyl and recently revisited by P. Mannheim and D. Kazanas. Unlike past similar attempts our approach is a purely kinematical application of the conformal symmetry to the Universe, through a critical reanalysis of fundamental astrophysical observations, such as the cosmological redshift and others. As a result of this novel approach we obtain a closed-form expression for the cosmic scale factor R(t) and a revised interpretation of the space–time coordinates usually employed in cosmology. New fundamental cosmological parameters are introduced and evaluated. This emerging new cosmology does not seem to possess any of the controversial features of the current standard model, such as the presence of dark matter, dark energy or of a cosmological constant, the existence of the horizon problem or of an inflationary phase. Comparing our results with current conformal cosmologies in the literature, we note that our kinematic cosmology is equivalent to conformal gravity with a cosmological constant at late (or early) cosmological times. The cosmic scale factor and the evolution of the Universe are described in terms of several dimensionless quantitites, among which a new cosmological variable δ emerges as a natural cosmic time. The mathematical connections between all these quantities are described in details and a relationship is established with the original kinematic cosmology by L. Infeld and A. Schild. The mathematical foundations of our kinematical conformal cosmology will need to be checked against current astrophysical experimental data, before this new model can become a viable alternative to the standard theory.
Passive Evolution: Are the Faint Blue Galaxy Counts Produced by a Population of Eternally Young Galaxies?

A constant-age population of blue galaxies, postulated in the model of Gronwall & Koo, seems to provide an attractive explanation of the excess of very blue galaxies in the deep galaxy counts. Such a population may be generated by a set of galaxies with cycling star formation rates or, at the other extreme, be maintained by the continual formation of new galaxies that fade after they reach the age specified in the Gronwall & Koo model. For both of these hypotheses, we have calculated the luminosity functions, including the respective selection criteria, the redshift distributions, and the number counts in the BJ and K bands. We find a substantial excess in the number of galaxies at low redshift (0 < z < 0.05) over that observed in the Canada-France-Hawaii redshift survey (Lilly et al.) and at the faint end of the Las Campanas luminosity function (Lin et al.). Passive or mild evolution fails to account for the deep galaxy counts because of the implications for low-redshift determinations of the I-selected redshift distribution and the r-selected luminosity function in samples where the faded counterparts of the star-forming galaxies would be detectable.
A link between Fram Strait sea ice export and atmospheric planetary wave phase

[1] A link is found between the variability of Fram Strait sea ice export and the phase of zonal wave 1 in SLP for the period 1958–1997. Previous studies have found that the link between ice export through Fram Strait and the NAO is inconsistent over time scales longer than the last two decades. Inconsistent and low correlations are also found between Fram Strait ice export and the AO index. The phase of zonal wave 1 explains 60%–70% of the simulated ice export variance after the removal of two anomalous phases in 1966 and 1967. Unlike the NAO and AO links, these high variances are consistent for both the first and second halves of the 40-year period. This consistency is attributed to the sensitivity of wave-1 phase to the presence of secondary low pressure systems in the Barents Sea that serve to drive Arctic sea ice southward through Fram Strait.
Effect of Heterogeneity on the Non-Darcy Flow Coefficient

An analytical method for calculating an effective non-Darcy flow coefficient for a heterogeneous formation is presented. The method presented here can be used to calculate an effective non-Darcy flow coefficient for heterogeneous gridblocks in reservoir simulators. Based on this method, it is shown that the non-Darcy flow coefficient of a heterogeneous formation is larger than the non-Darcy flow coefficient of an equivalent homogenous formation. This result is confirmed using numerical simulations. Non-Darcy flow coefficients calculated from analysis of well test data from a gas condensate field show that non-Darcy flow obtained from well tests that are significantly larger than those predicted from experimental correlations. Permeability heterogeneity is, therefore, a very likely reason for differences in non-Darcy flow coefficients often seen between lab and field data.
ADVANCED HYBRID SQUID MULTIPLEXER CONCEPT FOR THE NEXT GENERATION OF ASTRONOMICAL INSTRUMENTS

The Superconducting Quantum Interference Device (SQUID) has been used and proposed often to read out low-temperature detectors for astronomical instruments. A multiplexed SQUID readout for currently envisioned astronomical detector arrays, which will have tens of thousands of pixels, is still challenging with the present technology. We present a new, advanced multiplexing concept and its prototype development that will allow for the readout of 1,000–10,000 detectors with only three pairs of wires and a single microwave coaxial cable.
Chemical Aspects of Deposition/Corrosion From Coal-Water Fuels Under Gas Turbine Conditions

A staged, subscale turbine combustor based on a promising rich-quench-lean combustion approach to reduce NO x emissions was used to evaluate deposition, erosion, and corrosion (DEC) from coal-water fuels (CWF). This combustor was operated with three CWF at conditions of a recuperated turbine
Interlayer Coherent Composite Fermi Liquid Phase in Quantum Hall Bilayers

We introduce an interlayer coherent composite Fermi liquid for ν=1/2+1/2 bilayers, in which interlayer Coulomb repulsion drives exciton condensation of composite fermions. As a result, composite fermions propagate coherently between layers—even though electrons do not—and form bonding and antibonding Fermi seas. This phase is compressible with respect to symmetric currents but quantum Hall-like in the counterflow channel. Quantum oscillations of the composite Fermi seas generate a new series of incompressible states at ν=p/[2(p±1)] per layer (p an integer), which is a bilayer analogue of Jain’s sequence.