cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cities as Constitutional Actors: The Case of Same-Sex Marriage

In February 2004, the City of San Francisco began to issue marriage licenses to same-sex couples; eventually the City would issue over 3,500 same-sex licenses. Following San Francisco's lead, other municipalities in New York, New Jersey, Oregon, and elsewhere also began to issue marriage licenses to same-sex couples. These municipal actions fueled an already bitter national debate over the morality and legality of same-sex marriage. This Essay examines the legal and constitutional role of local governments in this debate. I make two claims. First, I argue that, despite the well-publicized actions of local officials in issuing same-sex marriage licenses, scholars have generally overlooked the possibility and desirability of local determinations of marriage eligibility. Conventional wisdom, based on long-standing tradition, has assumed that marital status (and domestic relations law in general) should remain the province of the states. But few have asked the functional question: At what level of government should marriage eligibility criteria be determined? I claim that there is no reason that local governments cannot be tasked with the power to make marriage eligibility determinations, and indeed, there are many good reasons for them to do so. Second, I argue, more provocatively, that the Court's equal protection doctrine might require that local governments be permitted to make marriage eligibility determinations, at least with regard to gays and lesbians. This argument is based on a "localist" reading of the Supreme Court's decision in Romer v. Evans. Romer, the Essay argues, may require that state same-sex marriage bans be struck down insofar as they preempt local decisions to recognize same-sex unions. The Essay then suggests the contours of an equal protection doctrine that provides a realm of "constitutional home rule" by protecting local governments from contrary state commands in the course of vindicating substantive constitutional rights. My account of "localist constitutionalism" asserts that local governments are importantly different from states in a number of ways that might be salient in determining the content of constitutional rights. This may mean that under some circumstances, localities should be permitted to regulate in areas that states cannot, free from state interference. In the context of same-sex marriage this "decentralized equal protection" jurisprudence would prevent states from interfering with a local government's decision to marry gay and lesbian couples.
Differentiation markers in oral carcinoma cell lines and tumors.

Abstract Cell lines are useful as models if they retain the relevant characteristics of the tissue of origin. We compared two human squamous carcinoma cell lines derived from tumors of the tongue that vary in their extent of differentiation, with human biopsies of carcinomas of the tongue that were either poorly or well-differentiated. The mRNA levels of suprabasal cell proteins (keratin K13, involucrin, transglutaminase) and of protein kinase C (PKC) isozymes were measured by RT-PCR. Apart from PKC beta and PKC delta (mostly expressed by Langerhans cells and missing in culture), qualitatively similar patterns were found in vitro and in vivo. The more differentiated cells had expression levels moderately lower to higher than the normal controls. The poorly differentiated cells generally had substantially lower levels.
Application of Bacillus thuringiensis through Center-Pivot Irrigation Systems for Control of the Southwestern Corn Borer and European Corn Borer (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

Center-pivot sprinkler irrigation systems were used during 1978 and 1979 to apply Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner for second-generation control of the southwestern corn borer, Diatraea grandiosella (Dyar), and European com borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner). Although a reduction in larval density and subsequent damage was attained for both species, the suppression was insufficient to warrant commercial use. Reduction of irrigation rates to the minimum attainable with commercial sprinkler systems provided no increase in borer control. Larval development time for D. grandiosella was increased from exposure to selected concentrations of B. thuringiensis in laboratory studies. This change, however, was of no measurable benefit to com production in field situations. Although B. thuringiensis has many desirable attributes (low mammalian toxicity, etc.) for suppression of D. grandiosella and O. nubilalis populations when applied through center-pivot irrigation systems, the cost of the pathogen and its low relative efficacy in large quantities of water make it impractical.
An Automated Method For Identification of Efficient Measurement Degrees-of-Freedom For Mode Survey Testing

An automated method has been developed for identifying mode survey test measurement degrees-of-freedom (DOFs). The method has been shown to be an effective tool for identifying efficient sets of test measurement locations. The automated approach is based upon two established methods for measurement DOF identification, Residual Kinetic Energy (RKE) and Effective Independence (EI). The RKE method is here extended to an iterative application, called Iterative Residual Kinetic Energy (IRKE), that can generate a candidate measurement set with little input beyond the analytical structural model. The IRKE method requires an initial measurement set, which can be as small as a single DOF. By requiring only a single DOF to seed the IRKE method, the effort to create an initial set based on engineering judgment, or other methods, is eliminated. This paper proposes the use of the IRKE algorithm for the development of relatively large candidate measurement sets of sizes, which are themselves impractical for test instrumentation purposes, but can then be reduced to a manageable number by utilizing a variation of the EI method designated the MassWeighted Effective Independence (MWEI) method. MWEI improves upon the EI method by application of mass-weighting to the modal matrix and using the EI method on the product of the reduced mass matrix and the modal matrix. The use of the IRKE and MWEI methods jointly affords analysts an automated tool for identification of efficient mode survey test measurement DOF sets.
Delta-doped AlGaN/GaN heterostructure field-effect transistors with incorporation of AlN epilayers

The simulation and experiment results of delta-doped AlGaN/GaN heterostructure field- effect transistors (HFETs) with the incorporation of highly-resistive AlN epilayer are reported. The high quality AlN epilayer is used as the dislocation filter for the HFET structure growth, and the high resistivity of AlN also removes the parasitic conduction related with the GaN bulk buffer. Delta doping can reduce gate leakage, further more, our simulation and growth results demonstrate that delta-doping in the barrier is more effective than uniform doping scheme to increase the sheet electron density. The influence of spacer layer thickness on the electron mobility and sheet electron density is also presented. The DC characterization of the fabricated devices shows our structure has a very high performance with a maximum current ~ 1 A/mm.
The Great Reckoning

The article reviews the book “The Great Reckoning,” by James Dale Davidson and Lord William Rees-Mogg.
AMBULATORY BLOOD PRESSURE PATTERNS IN PATIENTS WITH RETINAL VEIN OCCLUSION.

Purpose:Failure of blood pressure (BP) to dip during sleep (nondipper pattern) is associated with cardiovascular disease and stroke. The prevalence and degree of nondipping and masked hypertension in patients with retinal vein occlusion (RVO), which is associated with stroke, has not been previously
Minimizing Antimicrobial Resistance in Hospital Bacteria: Can Switching or Cycling Drugs Help?

It has been postulated that switching to a new drug of the same family can reduce levels of resistance to older drugs, and that "cycling" antimicrobials (periodically substituting a new member of the same drug family for a drug currently in use) might minimize development of resistance to specific drugs in the same family.4 A number of recent studies5-19 have attempted to discern the effectiveness of these strategies (Table). The majority of these trials have substituted amikacin for gentamicin or tobramycin in hopes of reducing prevalence of resistance to drugs of this group. This review addresses two major questions about these practices: Do they work? and Are they cost-effective?
Approach to Developing Predictive Capability for Hohlraum Drive and Symmetry

Currently, we do not have the ability to predict the hohlraum drive and symmetry without requiring ad hoc adjustments to physics models. This document describes a plan for code improvements and focused physics validation experiments.
Ethnomethodology and Social Phenomenology

Ethnomethodology (EM) is a theoretical paradigm created by American sociologist Harold Garfinkel. It is one of the twentieth century schools of sociology strongly influenced by Edmund Husserl’s philosophy of phenomenology. Although EM is similar in certain respects to the various strands of social phenomenology created and influenced by Alfred Schutz and his students, its approach to the empirical study of social action differs in several important ways, with key tenets involving indexical expressions, accountability, and reflexivity. After presenting examples of classic EM research by Garfinkel and his colleagues, and discussing the relationship between EM and the related field of Conversation Analysis, we conclude the chapter with a review of recent and ongoing developments in EM, highlighting its contemporary relevance to studies of social praxis (e.g., culture, morality), embodied action, solitary social action, and the interaction order.
Gender differences in brain and behavior: Hormonal and neural bases.

This article briefly discusses the difficulties in determining the brain-behavior relationship and reviews the literature on some potential mechanisms underlying gender differences in behavioral responses. Mechanisms that are discussed include genetic effects, organizational effects of gonadal hormones, genomic actions of steroids, nongenomic effects of steroids, and environmental influences. The review is an introduction to the articles presented in this special volume on gender differences in brain and behavior.
15 Self-injective, Frobenius, and Symmetric Algebras

In this chapter we characterize regular monoids with a self-injective algebra. It turns out that the algebra of such a monoid is a product of matrix algebras over group algebras and hence is a symmetric algebra. The results of this chapter are new to the best of our knowledge.
Probing Anticoagulant Fondaparinux for Interference with Prothrombotic B2GPI/Anti-B2GPI Antibody Complexes

Abstract 1209 Background: The presence of autoimmune antibodies directed to beta2-glycoprotein-I (B2GPI) often leads to thrombosis in antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). Heparin, low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) and fondaparinux are commonly used for prophylaxis and treatment of thromboses in APS. These drugs bind and activate antithrombin III to inactivate blood clotting proteases. Fondaparinux is a synthetic pentasaccharide matching a specific sequence within heparin interacting with antithrombin. Aim: We investigated if fondaparinux can bind B2GPI and ameliorate prothrombotic properties of B2GPI/anti-B2GPI antibody complexes. Results: We found that fondaparinux interacts with B2GPI and that the binding is dominated by electrostatic interactions. We measured the binding affinity by monitoring changes in the intrinsic fluorescence of domain V of B2GPI (B2GPI-DV) upon titration with fondaparinux. In the presence of 100 mM NaCl, the binding affinity was about 1.5 uM and stoichiometry of the binding is 1:1. Using solution NMR spectroscopy, we determined that the binding interface of the complex is centered on Lys251 of B2GPI-DV. This observation was confirmed by site-directed mutagenesis. The Lys251/Asp mutant fails to bind B2GPI-DV. Interestingly, the binding site for fondaparinux on B2GPI does not overlap with the major binding site for heparin. Cellular activation by the binding of B2GPI/anti-B2GPI antibody complexes with cell-surface receptors (among them ApoER2, a lipoprotein receptor from the LDLR family) and interference with the protective function of annexin V on anionic phospholipids expressed on the surfaces of activated cells are two potential prothrombotic mechanisms of B2GPI/antibody complexes. We found that fondaparinux does not prevent the association of the ligand-binding modules from ApoER2 with B2GPI-DV. Therefore, fondaparinux does not interfere with the binding of B2GPI/anti-B2GPI antibody complexes with lipoprotein receptors. Neither fondaparinux, nor heparin and LMWH were effective in inhibiting the binding of B2GPI/anti-B2GPI antibody complexes to cardiolipin-coated plates suggesting that these drugs do not prevent the destructive effect of B2GPI/antibody complexes on antithrombotic function of annexin V. Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, fondaparinux forms only small number of complexes with B2GPI, given that the binding affinity of the complex is in a micromolar range. When bound to B2GPI, fondaparinux does not interfere with the binding of B2GPI/anti-B2GPI antibody complexes to lipoprotein receptors and anionic phospholipids. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Computational study of textured ferroelectric polycrystals: Texture development during templated grain growth

Quantitative relationships between processing, microstructure, and properties in textured ferroelectric polycrystals and the underlying responsible mechanisms are investigated by phase field modeling and computer simulation. This study focuses on three important aspects of textured ferroelectric ceramics: (i) grain microstructure evolution during templated grain growth processing, (ii) crystallographic texture development as a function of volume fraction and seed size of the templates, and (iii) dielectric and piezoelectric properties of the obtained template-matrix composites of textured polycrystals. Findings on the first two aspects are presented here, while an accompanying paper of this work reports findings on the third aspect. In this paper, grain microstructure evolution in the polycrystalline matrix with different template volume fractions and seed sizes is simulated. To quantitatively characterize the crystallographic texture development during templated grain growth processing, a numerical algor...
Judging the Person

Means and ends, motives and consequences, play quite important roles in moral judgments when the subject of the judgment is the agent and not the act or the ends. The discussions of the preceding two chapters have laid the groundwork for an examination of such judgments as “John Doe is moral” or “John Doe is immoral.” What do such statements mean and how, if at all, can they be confirmed?
The Efficacy of Common Fit Indices for Enumerating Classes in Growth Mixture Models When Nested Data Structure Is Ignored: A Monte Carlo Study

Growth mixture model (GMM) is a flexible statistical technique for analyzing longitudinal data when there are unknown heterogeneous subpopulations with different growth trajectories. When individua...
Gromov Hyperbolicity of Bounded Convex Domains

In this chapter we describe some results on Gromov hyperbolicity in several complex variables. In particular, we prove that the Kobayashi metric on a smoothly bounded convex domain is Gromov hyperbolic if and only if the domain has finite type and we provide a proof that the Kobayashi metric is Gromov hyperbolic on a strongly pseudoconvex domain. We will also describe connections between the Kobayashi metric and Hilbert metric and then describe recent work of Benoist concerning the Gromov hyperbolicity of the Hilbert metric. Finally, we list a number of open problems.
In vivo therapeutic applications of cell spheroids.

Abstract Spheroids are increasingly being employed to answer a wide range of clinical and biomedical inquiries ranging from pharmacology to disease pathophysiology, with the ultimate goal of using spheroids for tissue engineering and regeneration. When compared to traditional two-dimensional cell culture, spheroids have the advantage of better replicating the 3D extracellular microenvironment and its associated growth factors and signaling cascades. As knowledge about the preparation and maintenance of spheroids has improved, there has been a plethora of translational experiments investigating in vivo implantation of spheroids into various animal models studying tissue regeneration. We review methods for spheroid delivery and how they have been utilized in tissue engineering experiments. We break down efforts in this field by organ systems, discussing applications of spheroids to various animal models of disease processes and their potential clinical implications. These breakthroughs have been made possible by advancements in spheroid formation, in vivo delivery and assessment. There is unexplored potential and room for further research and development in spheroid-based tissue engineering approaches. Regenerative medicine and other clinical applications ensure this exciting area of research remains relevant for patient care.
Advances in the computational and molecular understanding of the prostate cancer cell nucleus

Nuclear alterations are a hallmark of many types of cancers, including prostate cancer (PCa). Recent evidence shows that subvisual changes, ones that may not be visually perceptible to a pathologist, to the nucleus and its ultrastructural components can precede visual histopathological recognition of cancer. Alterations to nuclear features, such as nuclear size and shape, texture, and spatial architecture, reflect the complex molecular-level changes that occur during oncogenesis. Quantitative nuclear morphometry, a field that uses computational approaches to identify and quantify malignancy-induced nuclear changes, can enable a detailed and objective analysis of the PCa cell nucleus. Recent advances in machine learning-based approaches can now automatically mine data related to these changes to aid in the diagnosis, decision making, and prediction of PCa prognoses. In this review, we use PCa as a case study to connect the molecular-level mechanisms that underlie these nuclear changes to the machine learning computational approaches, bridging the gap between the clinical and computational understanding of PCa. First, we will discuss recent developments to our understanding of the molecular events that drive nuclear alterations in the context of PCa: the role of the nuclear matrix and lamina in size and shape changes, the role of 3-dimensional chromatin organization and epigenetic modifications in textural changes, and the role of the tumor microenvironment in altering nuclear spatial topology. We will then discuss the advances in the applications of machine learning algorithms to automatically segment nuclei in prostate histopathological images, extract nuclear features to aid in diagnostic decision making, and predict potential outcomes, such as biochemical recurrence and survival. Finally, we will discuss the challenges and opportunities associated with translation of the quantitative nuclear morphometry methodology into the clinical space. Ultimately, accurate identification and quantification of nuclear alterations can contribute to the field of nucleomics and has applications for computationally driven precision oncologic patient care.
Analysis of Chemotaxis in Dictyostelium

Dictyostelium discoideum is an excellent model organism for the study of directed cell migration, since Dictyostelium cells show robust chemotactic responses to the chemoattractant cAMP. Many powerful experimental tools are applicable, including forward and reverse genetics, biochemistry, microscopy, and proteomics. Recent studies have demonstrated that many components involved in chemotaxis are functionally conserved between human neutrophils and Dictyostelium amoebae. In this chapter, we describe how to define the functions of proteins that mediate and regulate cell motility, cell polarity, and directional sensing during chemotaxis in Dictyostelium.
EVOLUTIONARY CONVERGENCE OR PHENOTYPIC PLASTICITY? RESPONSES TO SUMMER RAIN BY CALIFORNIA CHAPARRAL

An unusual summer rain upon southern California chaparral was followed by rapid water uptake, growth, flowering, and fruiting sequences similar to normal spring growth flushes, owing to genetically fixed traits associated with shrub physiology and reproductive biology. This response to summer rain demonstrates the advantage for shrubs to be flexible in the initiation and duration of growth in an unpredictable environment. Evergreen sclerophyllous chaparral is generally interpreted as a product of evolutionary convergence in which environmental stresses posed by Mediterranean climate limit adaptive evolutionary strategies. Phenological records of chaparral taxa or closely related congeners living in summer rain climates in Arizona, central and southern Baja California, and mainland Mexico, along with fossil evidence, suggest that shrubs evolved in response to a somewhat different Tertiary climate; development of the ecosystem reflects the geographic expansion of similar adaptive forms into the newly develo...
Ambient Air Currents Activate Corneal Nerves During Ocular Desiccation in Rats: Simultaneous Recordings of Neural Activity and Corneal Temperature.

Purpose Previously we found two types of corneal neurons that we hypothesized to play an important role in tearing. One type is called low threshold-cold sensitive plus dry sensitive (LT-CS + DS), and the other is termed high threshold-cold sensitive plus dry sensitive (HT-CS + DS). The present study examined critical stimuli influencing the activity of these neurons to elucidate environmental factors that may trigger this ocular reflex. Methods Single corneal neurons were extracellularly recorded from the trigeminal ganglia in response to ocular stimuli that mimic environmental conditions one encounters in daily life. They included an ocular desiccation and slight air currents and were presented while simultaneously monitoring the ocular surface temperatures (OST) in rats. Results The results showed that the changes in steady state (SS) activity of the neurons closely followed the changes in SS OST: during the sustained ocular desiccation, neural firing displayed numerous small sudden increases in activities ("spiking"); these "spiking" activities of LT-CS + DS neurons were replicated by a minute air current that induced slight ocular surface cooling of approximately 0.2-0.1°C; and the responses of HT-CS + DS neurons showed an inconsistent relationship to the changes in SS OST or exhibited little evidence for "spiking" activities. Conclusions These results suggest that LT-CS + DS neurons play a role in the afferent trigger of tearing as we face the environment, exposing the cornea to prevailing air currents that produce a slight cooling of the ocular surface. By contrast, HT-CS + DS neurons may serve to protect the eyes from extreme dryness by eliciting nociception-evoked tearing when the OST or osmolarity of tears becomes injurious.
T1 Mapping in Stem Cell Therapy

Cell therapy is increasingly seen as a viable technique to recover myocardial function by reverse remodeling. The goal of cell therapy is the functional recovery of the heart and consequently prognostic improvement, but the results of prior research has been inconsistent and controversial. Basic science experiments have also shown that cell therapy may improve myocardial function by reducing myocardial fibrosis and promoting the growth of active myocytes. From the aspect of imaging, late gadolinium enhancement imaging alone may not be sufficient to identify the effects of cell therapy. T1 mapping with its’ increased sensitivity to detect diffuse interstitial fibrosis may be seen as a viable and attractive endpoint, particularly, as it pertains to subtle changes in the structure of the underlying extracellular matrix. T1 mapping has also shown prognostic value in studies in participants with non-ischemic cardiomyopathy. The rationale to use T1 mapping in stem cell therapy exists on its utility to assess current disease status, as well as the assessment of future prognosis.
Characterization of cavitation-radiated acoustic power using diffraction correction

A method is developed for compensating absolute pressure measurements made by a calibrated passive cavitation detector (PCD) to estimate the average acoustic power radiated from a region of interest (ROI) defined to encompass all cavitating bubbles. A diffraction correction factor for conversion of PCD-measured pressures to cavitation-radiated acoustic power per unit area or volume is derived as a simple analytic expression, accounting for position- and frequency-dependent PCD sensitivity. This approach can be applied to measurements made by any PCD without precise knowledge of the number, spatial, or temporal distribution of cavitating bubbles. The diffraction correction factor is validated in simulation for a wide range of ROI dimensions and frequencies. The correction factor is also applied to emission measurements obtained during in vitro ultrasound-enhanced sonophoresis experiments, allowing comparison of stable cavitation levels between therapeutic configurations with different source center frequencies. Results incorporating sonication at both 0.41 and 2.0 MHz indicate that increases in skin permeability correlate strongly with the acoustic power of subharmonic emissions radiated per unit skin area.
Growth and Flowering of Crapemyrtle in Response to Tree Shelters

Abstract Tree shelters were evaluated as a means of accelerating height growth of tree-form crapemyrtles. In two experiments, Dynamite™ grown in shelters were 124 and 48% taller at the end of the g...
Bifid epiglottis- A report on surgical technique and perioperative management

Abstract Objectives Bifid epiglottis is a rare laryngeal anomaly that confers an increased risk of aspiration and respiratory compromise. We present the surgical technique and perioperative management of a child with bifid epiglottis and chronic aspiration in the setting of Pallister-Hall Syndrome. Case report A 2-month-old male presented to the pediatric otolaryngology clinic with dysphagia and congenital anomalies associated with Pallister-Hall syndrome. Flexible laryngoscopy revealed a wide, complete epiglottic cleft. He demonstrated chronic aspiration and significant failure to thrive. The epiglottis was endoscopically reconstructed. The perioperative course of postoperative care is detailed. Follow-up laryngoscopy showed continued integrity of the epiglottis. Conclusions Aspiration associated with bifid epiglottis can be managed successfully with endoscopic techniques. Special consideration must be given toward synchronous airway anomalies, including those secondary to surgical repair.
Comparison of berry juice concentrates and pomaces and alternative plant proteins to produce spray dried protein–polyphenol food ingredients

Spray dried functional food ingredients were prepared by complexing alternative plant protein sources – buckwheat flour alone or blended with pea and rice proteins, with polyphenol sources – blueberry, cranberry and purple muscadine grape extracts from juice concentrates and pomaces – to create colloidal aggregate powders. When fruit pomaces (rather than juice concentrates) were used as polyphenol resources, solid recovery was significantly enhanced, especially for matrices made with pea protein, buckwheat flour or pea–buckwheat blends (over two fold for pea protein–berry pomace aggregates). Polyphenol content and DPPH radical scavenging capacity were, in general, significantly greater for pomace-derived protein–polyphenol aggregates compared to those made with juice concentrates. In particular, the particles produced with muscadine grape pomace presented the highest (p < 0.05) phenolic content (147.3–174.3 mg g−1, 19.4–20.4 mg g−1 and 16.3–21.4 mg g−1 for total phenolic content, anthocyanins and proanthocyanidins respectively), and antioxidant activity (408.9–423.3 μmol TE per g) as well as good spray drying yield (38.6–63.4%). Buckwheat flour, despite its relatively low protein content (13.7%) relative to pea and rice protein isolates (84% and 89%, respectively) still demonstrated high capacity for sorption of flavonoid phytoactive compounds from the berry fruits. These results suggest an efficient plant-based approach to produce value-added protein–polyphenol aggregates with broad utility as healthy food ingredients.
Spatiotemporal Scenario Data-Driven Decision-Making Framework for Strategic Air Traffic Flow Management

With the growth of air traffic demand, the recent few years have witnessed increasingly frequent traffic delays. The strategic air traffic flow management (ATFM) aims to resolve this issue by planning flows at a long look-ahead time frame for better resource allocation. Existing studies on strategic ATFM have been focused on modeling and analyzing complicated flow dynamics and designing effective TMIs robust to uncertainties. Little effort has been made to overcome the challenge of how to quickly design optimal TMIs for air traffic systems of large state and decision spaces. In this paper, we introduce a novel spatiotemporal scenario data-driven decision-making framework, which conquers this challenge by leveraging historical TMIs for spatiotemporal weather-impact scenarios similar to the current scenario under evaluation. By moving most computations to offline and limiting online computations to fine-tuning of the control parameters in the historical TMIs, this framework significantly expedites the design speed and makes real-time decision-making for large-scale dynamical systems possible. The simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed framework.
Numerically Relevant Timescales in the MG2 Microphysics Model

Climate models rely on parameterizations of a variety of processes in the atmospheric physics, but a common concern is that the temporal resolution is too coarse to consistently resolve the behavio...
The Patient Acceptable Symptomatic State in Primary Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: Predictors of Achievement

Purpose To identify thresholds for patient acceptable symptomatic state (PASS) achievement in a cohort of primary anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) recipients, and to identify factors predictive of PASS achievement. Methods A prospective clinical registry was queried for primary ACLR patients from January 2014 to April 2017 with serial patient-reported outcome measure (PROM) completion at 6, 12, and 24 months. Exclusion criteria included significant concomitant procedures. Knee-based PROMs included the International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) score and Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) subscores. PASS threshold values were calculated using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves with area under the curve (AUC) analysis. A stepwise multivariate regression identified preoperative and operative predictors of PASS achievement. Results A total of 144 primary ACLR patients (30.86 ± 12.78 years, body mass index 25.51 ± 4.64, 41.0% male) were included in the analysis. PASS threshold values were established using ROC curve analysis, all of which exceeded 0.7 on AUC analysis (0.742 to 0.911). Factors impacting odds of PASS achievement in the ACLR cohort included preoperative exercises (odds ratio [OR] 2.95 to 4.74, P = .003 to .038), worker’s compensation status (OR 0.25 to 0.28, P = .014 to .033), preoperative scores (OR 1.03 to 1.07, P = .005 to Conclusion Factors predictive of PASS achievement in recipients of primary ACLR include functional status (e.g., preoperative exercise, preoperative KOOS Sport/Recreation score), worker’s compensation status, technique (e.g., anteromedial) and preoperative PROMs. The results of our study are important in better informing shared decision-making models and improving evidence-based guidelines to optimize patient outcomes.
Creating systems aligned with the triple‐aim and value‐based care

HealthPartners is an integrated health care system in the upper Midwest striving to provide value-based care that aligns with the triple-aim care. The dental delivery system at HealthPartners is focused on prevention by utilizing risk assessment tools (caries, periodontal disease, and oral cancer) built in to our record system. Integration with medical delivery system is facilitated by a shared electronic health record. Measurement is critical to determining if we accomplish our goals. The dentist compensation system is aligned with our care agenda. Implementation strategies, lessons learned, and future directions are discussed in the context of journey to achieve the triple-aim and value-based care.
Desperate Times Call for Desperate Measures: Use of Continuous Subcutaneous 1-34 PTH Infusion for Postsurgical Hypoparathyroidism.

Objective This case highlights use of 1-34 PTH continuous infusion in a patient with postsurgical hypoparathyroidism. Method Clinical presentation and biochemical profile were monitored before and after 1-34 PTH infusion, with notable reduction in pill burden in a patient with postsurgical hypoparathyroidism. Results We present a case of postsurgical hypoparathyroidism following thyroidectomy for Graves disease. The patient was requiring a total of 34 pills daily and, despite medication compliance, her clinical and biochemical control was unsatisfactory. Following initiation of 1-34 PTH in the form of a subcutaneous pump, we were able to stop all calcium supplementation and reduce calcitriol to 0.5 mcg daily. Her current biochemical control as well as quality of life improved significantly on CSPI, calcitriol, and a daily serving of dietary calcium. Conclusion This case highlights the use of 1-34 PTH either as twice-daily dosing or continuous subcutaneous infusion for adult patients with hypoparathyroidism.
Kleihauer-betke (KB) testing in triage to predict pregnancy outcomes associated with fetomaternal hemorrhage: a retrospective cohort study

Objectives Fetomaternal hemorrhage (FMH) is a rare but serious obstetrical complication that can lead to severe fetal anemia causing stillbirth or renal or brain injury in survivors. The Kleihauer-Betke (KB) test estimates the amount of fetal red blood cells in Rhesus-D (RhD) negative women and is commonly performed in pregnant women following blunt injury to the uterus. The objective of this study was to determine the diagnostic and screening utility of KB testing as a triage tool in predicting adverse fetal outcomes associated with FMH. Methods A single center retrospective cohort study evaluated the diagnostic and screening performance of KB tests (n=663) in women with singleton pregnancies over a 2-year period at a large perinatal referral center. Clinical characteristics, additional investigations and pregnancy outcomes were evaluated. The primary composite outcome of adverse fetal complications associated with FMH comprised: preterm delivery, fetal growth restriction, fetal or neonatal death, fetal anemia, fetal asphyxia (5-minute APGAR score Results 641 women (97%) had KB negative and 22 (3%) had KB positive tests. The primary composite outcome between KB negative and KB positive pregnancies was similar (30% vs. 36%, p=0.54). While screening exhibited high specificity (97%), test sensitivity was poor (4%) with moderate positive and negative predictive values (36.4% and 69.7%). Conclusions KB testing is an expensive labor-intensive test that offers no diagnostic precision in the emergency triage evaluation of women with suspected FMH and should not be used on a routine basis.
Sleep: How is it affected in patients with DMD and their mothers?

Background To investigate whether children with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) have sleep disorders, and the sleep quality and daytime sleepiness of mothers who are primary caregivers. Methods Clinical data and gross motor functional status of 24 patients with DMD were measured using the gross motor function classification system (GMFCS). Sleep Disturbance Scale for Children scores were evaluated to determine their sleep features. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index scores were used to measure sleep quality, and Epworth Sleepiness Scale scores were used to measure daytime sleepiness of 24 mothers. Results Sleep disturbances were observed in 62.5% (n = 15) of patients, 41.6% (n = 5) of those who were GMFCS I-II-III and in 83.3% (n = 10) who were IV-V level. A disturbed sleep pattern was observed in 3 (33.3%) of 9 patients who were younger than 10 and in 12 (80.0%) of 15 patients who were older than 10. Of mothers, 54.2% had low sleep quality, which was present in 83.3% of mothers with GMFCS IV-V children and 54.2% of those with GMFCS I-II-III children. Ten (41.6%) mothers had increased daytime sleepiness, which was present in 66.6% of mothers with GMFCS IV-V children and 16.6% of mothers with GMFCS I-II-III children. Conclusions Sleep disturbances increase in parallel to loss of gross motor functions in patients with DMD, which has had negative impact on the sleep quality and daytime sleepiness of the caregiver.
Some notes on hydrogen-related point defects and their role in the isotope exchange and electrical conductivity in olivine

Abstract Nominally anhydrous minerals such as olivine dissolve hydrogen in a variety of forms including free (or interstitial) proton (H ) and two protons trapped at the M-site ( ( 2 H ) M × ). The strength of chemical bonding between protons and the surrounding atoms are different among different species, and consequently protons belonging to different species likely have different mobility (diffusion coefficients). I discuss the role of diffusion of protons in different species in the isotope exchange and hydrogen-assisted electrical conductivity adding a few notes to the previous work by Karato (2013) including a new way to test the model. I conclude that in the case of isotope exchange, the interaction among these species is strong because diffusion is heterogeneous, whereas there is no strong interaction among different species in electrical conduction where diffusion is homogeneous (in an infinite crystal). Consequently, the slowest diffusing species controls the rate of isotope exchange, whereas the fastest diffusing species controls electrical conductivity leading to a different temperature dependence of activation energy and anisotropy. This model explains the differences in the activation energy and anisotropy between isotope diffusion and electrical conductivity, and predicts that the mechanism of electrical conductivity changes with temperature providing an explanation for most of the discrepancies among different experimental observations at different temperatures except for those by Poe et al. (2010) who reported anomalously high water content dependence and highly anisotropic activation energy. When the results obtained at high temperatures are used, most of the geophysically observed high and highly anisotropic electrical conductivity in the asthenosphere can be explained without invoking partial melting.
Grazing as an Environmental Tool

Attention to past and potential adverse effects of herbivory on native plant communities has tended to overshadow the positive influences of prescribed grazing on the forage and soil resources. “Dual objective grazing management”—grazing for environmental enhancement while converting the forage crop—offers promise as a strategy for large animal herbivory in the future and could serve as the basis of grazing programs on both private and public grazing lands. The grazing animal causes plant growth stimulation by deposition of saliva on the plant tissue during grazing; animal saliva contains thiamine (Vitamin B 1 ) at concentrations previously reported to stimulate a growth response in plants. Both ungrazed and heavily grazed areas are less diverse in plant species than moderately grazed areas. Both common use and biological control of undesirable plants by grazing are based on selective grazing. Livestock fed seeds of desirable forage species can serve as dispersal agents across the landscape through their dung, thereby creating patches of desirable plants.
Other Constraints and Final Checks

This chapter deals with adding other constraints and performing final checks. An occurrence frequency constraint indicates that an entry in a column (or column combination) must occur there exactly n times ( n ), at most n times (≤ n ), at least n times (≥ n ), or at least n and at most m times ( n .. m ). A ring constraint may apply only to a pair of roles played by the same (or a compatible) object type. The role pair may form a binary predicate or be embedded in a longer predicate. An object cardinality constraint limits the cardinality of each population of an object type. A relative closure constraint indicates that if an object in the population of the object type plays that role in the real world, it also plays that role in the model. These constraints are converted to equivalent open world constructs before mapping. At the end of the conceptual schema design procedure, final checks are made to ensure that the conceptual schema is internally consistent (its constraint pattern can be populated without contradiction), is externally consistent (agrees with original data and conditions), is redundancy free (elementary facts cannot be repeated), and is complete (covers all the requirements). Various cases of derived redundancy can be safely managed.
Clinical Trial Misconduct

This article reviews the history and impact of research misconduct. It outlines some of the early cases that prompted standards and legislation. Finally, it discusses recent research abuses within and outside the United States. Keywords: clinical trial; research; misconduct; ethics; audit
A reduction semantics for imperative higher-order languages

Imperative higher-order languages are a highly expressive programming medium. Compared to functional programming languages, they permit the construction of safe and modular programs. However, functional languages have a simple reduction semantics, which makes it easy to evaluate program pieces in parallel. In order to overcome this dilemma, we construct a conservative extension of the λ-calculus that can deal with control and assignment facilities. This calculus simultaneously provides an algebraic reasoning system and an elegant reduction semantics of higher-order imperative languages. We show that the evaluation of applications can still take advantage of parallelism and that the major cost of these evaluations stems from the necessary communication for substitutions. Since this is also true for functional languages, we conjecture that if a successful parallel evaluation scheme for functional languages is possible, then the same strategy will also solve the problem of parallel evaluations for imperative programming languages.
Developmental biology. Fishing for morphogens.

Morphogens are long-range signalling molecules that are proposed to organize tissue patterning in animals. But their existence in vertebrates has been controversial. One suspect is now shown to fit the bill.
Association of compounded bevacizumab with postinjection endophthalmitis.

Importance Current draft guidelines set forth by the US Food and Drug Administration for compounded or repackaged medications would greatly limit the availability and use of bevacizumab by ophthalmologists across the country. Little evidence beyond highly publicized case reports exists for or against the need for additional regulation of compounded bevacizumab. Objective To determine whether the distribution of bevacizumab through compounding pharmacies increases the risk for endophthalmitis compared with the distribution of single-use vials of ranibizumab from the manufacturer. Design, Setting, and Participants A retrospective cohort study using medical claims data from ambulatory care centers across the United States that were submitted to a large, national US insurer. Cohorts were created using information on 530 382 intravitreal injections administered from January 1, 2005, through December 31, 2012. Any individual from this data set who received an intravitreal injection of bevacizumab or ranibizumab (n=383 810) and had at least 6 months of data before and 1 month after the injection was eligible. After exclusions (any previous diagnosis of endophthalmitis, multiple injected drugs given on the index day, or intraocular surgery within 15 days of the injection or between the injection and a diagnosis of endophthalmitis), our analysis involved 383 810 intravitreal injections given to 58 612 patients. Data collection and analysis occurred from February 16 through April 7, 2015. Main Outcomes and Measures The odds of developing endophthalmitis after an intravitreal injection of bevacizumab compared with ranibizumab. Results In total, 296 565 injections of bevacizumab were given to 51 116 patients and 87 245 injections of ranibizumab were given to 7496 patients. We found 71 cases of endophthalmitis (49 in the bevacizumab cohort and 22 in the ranibizumab cohort) for an endophthalmitis rate of 0.017% (95% CI, 0.012%-0.021%; 1 case per 6061 injections) for bevacizumab and 0.025% (95% CI, 0.015%-0.036%; 1 case per 3968 injections) for ranibizumab. After controlling for age, race, sex, injection-related diagnosis, and year of injection, we found no significant association with development of endophthalmitis after a bevacizumab injection compared with ranibizumab (odds ratio, 0.66 [95% CI, 0.39-1.09]; P = .11). Conclusions and Relevance The results of this study suggest bevacizumab as currently used across the United States does not increase the risk for endophthalmitis; therefore, additional regulations on the use of repackaged bevacizumab may be unnecessary.
Hidden in Plain Sight: Expositi in the Community

Using legal, papyrological, and literary sources of the Roman imperial period, this paper looks at the fate of abandoned newborns (expositi) who were picked up and reared by someone other than a parent, usually for future use as slaves. Particular attention is given to the legal conflicts that ensued when, as sometimes happened, parents attempted to recover a child they had abandoned years before. The possibility of conflict was augmented by the peculiar characteristics of the Roman paternal power (patria potestas), which held that a paterfamilias (whether a birth father or a slavemaster) maintained legal power over children and slaves even after abandoning them.
The upgrade project for the RF system for the Brookhaven AGS

The AGS operates a varied program of proton, heavy ion, and polarized proton acceleration for fixed-target experiments and will soon serve as the injector of these beams into the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider, RHIC. The new Booster synchrotron extends the range of intensities and masses that can be accelerated. The 1.5 GeV injection energy increases the space charge limit by a factor of four to more than 6 x 10/sup 13/ protons per pulse. To accommodate the increased beam current the RF system will be upgraded to provide more power and lower impedance to the beam. The flexibility of the RF system will also be enhanced by virtue of a new RF beam control system and installation of individual tuning servos for the ten RF cavities. >