cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Meal-engendered circadian-ensuing activity in rats.

Abstract Large meals scheduled at greater-than-circadian periods (such as T = 31 h) tend to elicit enhanced activity approximately 24 h subsequent to receipt. These studies characterized the process responsible for this meal-engendered “circadian ensuing activity” (meal CEA). Female Sprague–Dawley rats were housed in stations containing a running wheel, pellet dispenser, and lights. Young, middle-aged, or suprachiasmatic–nucleus (SCN)-lesioned rats were given two 1-h meals every 31 or 34 h. Meals were separated by alternating short and long fasts. Most young intact rats engaged in enhanced activity approximately 24 h subsequent to the start of the two-meal series. This circadian ensuing activity underwent large, abrupt daily displacements in response to daily meal delays, was manifested to some degree at all times of day, had an amplitude that was modulated by circadian time of day, was attenuated in middle-aged rats, was evident in SCN-lesioned rats, and oscillated following termination of the feeding schedule. A single experience with food at a novel time of day can “reset” an SCN-independent oscillating process responsible for a circadian activity pattern. CEA has features not readily accommodated by present models of “food-anticipatory activity.” The readiness with which the process can be reset implies a keen sensitivity to shifts in the time of food availability but could also produce aberrant behavioral patterns. A T >> 24-h feeding schedule appears to be an ideal procedure with which to study the specific food-related factors responsible for resetting circadian processes and producing a subsequent reallocation of daily activity.
A CRASH COURSE ON STABLE RANGE, CANCELLATION, SUBSTITUTION AND EXCHANGE

The themes of cancellation, internal cancellation, substitution and exchange have led to a lot of interesting research in the theory of modules over commutative and noncommutative rings. This article provides a quick and relatively self-contained introduction to the voluminous work in this area, using the notion of the stable range of rings as a unifying tool. With only a small number of exceptions, all theorems stated here are proved in full, modulo basic facts in the theory of modules and rings available in standard textbooks on ring theory.
Periods of active permafrost layer formation during the geological history of Mars: Implications for circum-polar and mid-latitude surface processes

Abstract Permafrost is ground remaining frozen (temperatures are below the freezing point of water) for more than two consecutive years. An active layer in permafrost regions is defined as a near-surface layer that undergoes freeze–thaw cycles due to day-average surface and soil temperatures oscillating about the freezing point of water. A “dry” active layer may occur in parched soils without free water or ice but significant geomorphic change through cryoturbation is not produced in these environments. A wet active layer is currently absent on Mars. We use recent calculations on the astronomical forcing of climate change to assess the conditions under which an extensive active layer could form on Mars during past climate history. Our examination of insolation patterns and surface topography predicts that an active layer should form on Mars in the geological past at high latitudes as well as on pole-facing slopes at mid-latitudes during repetitive periods of high obliquity. We examine global high-resolution MOLA topography and geological features on Mars and find that a distinctive latitudinal zonality of the occurrence of steep slopes and an asymmetry of steep slopes at mid-latitudes can be attributed to the effect of active layer processes. We conclude that the formation of an active layer during periods of enhanced obliquity throughout the most recent period of the history of Mars (the Amazonian) has led to significant degradation of impact craters, rapidly decreasing the steep slopes characterizing pristine landforms. Our analysis suggests that an active layer has not been present on Mars in the last ∼5 Ma, and that conditions favoring the formation of an active layer were reached in only about 20% of the obliquity excursions between 5 and 10 Ma ago. Conditions favoring an active layer are not predicted to be common in the next 10 Ma. The much higher obliquity excursions predicted for the earlier Amazonian appear to be responsible for the significant reduction in magnitude of crater interior slopes observed at higher latitudes on Mars. The observed slope asymmetry at mid-latitudes suggests direct insolation control, and hence low atmospheric pressure, during the high obliquity periods throughout the Amazonian. We formulate predictions on the nature and distribution of candidate active layer features that could be revealed by higher resolution imaging data.
Zebrafish Peptidoglycan Recognition Proteins Are Bactericidal Amidases Essential for Defense against Bacterial Infections

Peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs) are structurally conserved through evolution, but their functions in innate immunity are different in invertebrates and vertebrates. We asked what the functions of PGRPs in fish are and whether they are indispensable for defense against infection because fish are the first vertebrates that developed adaptive immunity, but they still rely solely on innate immunity during early development of embryos. We identified and cloned three zebrafish PGRPs and showed that they are highly expressed in eggs, developing embryos, and adult tissues that contact external environment. Zebrafish PGRPs have both peptidoglycan-lytic amidase activity and broad-spectrum bactericidal activity, which is a unique feature. Furthermore, we demonstrated that in the developing zebrafish embryo, one of these PGRPs is essential for defense and survival during bacterial infections. These data demonstrate an absolute requirement for innate immunity in defense against infections in fish embryos and for a PGRP protein for survival in vertebrates.
Solid-phase synthesis of O-linked glycopeptide analogues of enkephalin.

The synthesis of 18 N-alpha-FMOC-amino acid glycosides for solid-phase glycopeptide assembly is reported. The glycosides were synthesized either from the corresponding O'Donnell Schiff bases or from N-alpha-FMOC-amino protected serine or threonine and the appropriate glycosyl bromide using Hanessian's modification of the Koenigs-Knorr reaction. Reaction rates of D-glycosyl bromides (e.g., acetobromoglucose) with the L- and D-forms of serine and threonine are distinctly different and can be rationalized in terms of the steric interactions within the two types of diastereomeric transition states for the D/L and D/D reactant pairs. The N-alpha-FMOC-protected glycosides [monosaccharides Xyl, Glc, Gal, Man, GlcNAc, and GalNAc; disaccharides Gal-beta(1-4)-Glc (lactose), Glc-beta(1-4)-Glc (cellobiose), and Gal-alpha(1-6)-Glc (melibiose)] were incorporated into 22 enkephalin glycopeptide analogues. These peptide opiates bearing the pharmacophore H-Tyr-c[DCys-Gly-Phe-DCys]- were designed to probe the significance of the glycoside moiety and the carbohydrate-peptide linkage region in blood-brain barrier (BBB) transport, opiate receptor binding, and analgesia.
Transgenic Expression of Human LAMA5 Suppresses Murine Lama5 mRNA and Laminin α5 Protein Deposition

Laminin α5 is required for kidney glomerular basement membrane (GBM) assembly, and mice with targeted deletions of the Lama5 gene fail to form glomeruli. As a tool to begin to understand factors regulating the expression of the LAMA5 gene, we generated transgenic mice carrying the human LAMA5 locus in a bacterial artificial chromosome. These mice deposited human laminin α5 protein into basement membranes in heart, liver, spleen and kidney. Here, we characterized two lines of transgenics; Line 13 expressed ∼6 times more LAMA5 than Line 25. Mice from both lines were healthy, and kidney function and morphology were normal. Examination of developing glomeruli from fetal LAMA5 transgenics showed that the human transgene was expressed at the correct stage of glomerular development, and deposited into the nascent GBM simultaneously with mouse laminin α5. Expression of human LAMA5 did not affect the timing of the mouse laminin α1–α5 isoform switch, or that for mouse laminin β1–β2. Immunoelectron microscopy showed that human laminin α5 originated in both glomerular endothelial cells and podocytes, known to be origins for mouse laminin α5 normally. Notably, in neonatal transgenics expressing the highest levels of human LAMA5, there was a striking reduction of mouse laminin α5 protein in kidney basement membranes compared to wildtype, and significantly lower levels of mouse Lama5 mRNA. This suggests the presence in kidney of a laminin expression monitor, which may be important for regulating the overall production of basement membrane protein.
Rapid protein catabolism in mammalian cells is obscured by reutilization of amino acids.

Abstract Protein bound radioactivity from maximally labeled cell cultures decreases abruptly following addition of medium containing unlabeled amino acids. Isotopically labeled amino acids appear briefly at increased concentrations in the acid soluble fraction and are then reutilized in protein. The release of amino acids from cells occurs at a rate of only one percent per hour and must be limiting in measurements of protein catabolism, especially in estimates made by pulse-chase techniques.
Neonatal chorda tympani transection permanently disrupts fungiform taste bud and papilla structure in the rat

The present report examined the morphology of fungiform papillae in adult rats that received bilateral chorda tympani transection at 10 days of age. Tongue tissue was examined using surface-structure analysis. Counts were made of fungiform papillae with a pore, fungiform papillae with no pore and fungiform papillae with a keratinized conical surface; a feature referred to as "filiform-like. " Neonatal chorda tympani nerve transection resulted not only in a loss of taste buds but also in a permanent loss in numbers of fungiform papillae. Compared with an average of 152 fungiform papillae in sham-operated control rats, there was an average of only 54 fungiform papillae after neonatal chorda tympani transection. Nearly 80% of these fungiform papillae in neonatal chorda tympani transected rats were filiform-like. No filiform-like papillae were noted in sham-operated rats. These results suggest that the chorda tympani nerve is necessary during an early postnatal period of development to maintain normal fungiform papillae morphology.
Interactive Motion Control of Deformable Objects Using Localized Optimal Control

In this paper we present a novel interactive method and interface techniques for controlling the behavior of physically-based simulation of deformable objects. The goal of our research is to provide users an ability to control the motion which appears physically correct, preserves the moving pattern of the original motion, and satisfies goals for a deformable object. In our approach, a user can select any part of the deformable structure, called control points, and can define target poses by moving control points. A user also can define target poses then our system automatically generates the motion path to achieve the target pose. With this technique patient specific organ simulation can be achieved by using a stream of image data. A series of sectional images can be the target poses. The optimal path generator computes the required control parameters that steer the intended node to the desired goal position while preserving the moving pattern of the original motion. It guarantees that the edited motion is physically conforming and natural.
Vesicular‐arbuscular mycorrhizas increase chloride concentration in citrus seedlings *

SUMMARY Seedlings of sour orange (Citrus aurantium L.) and sweet orange (C. sineusis (L.) Osbeck) were grown in a sandy soil low in phosphorus (P) and either inoculated with Glomus intraradices Schenck & Smith (vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal; VAM) and/or fertilized with soluble KH2PO4 (nonmycorrhizal: NM). Eight-month-old VAM and NM seedlings of similar shoot size and P concentration were salinized with 30 and 60 mM NaCl in one experiment for 6 weeks until growth reductions were observed, and in another experiment, seedlings were salinized for 4 weeks before growth reductions occurred. Salinization did not affect colonization by G. intraradices but reduced growth, hydraulic conductivity of roots, and transpiration of shoots. There were no significant growth or physiological interactions between mycorrhizas and salinity which indicates that G. intraradices did not affect salinity stress tolerance of either species. In the first experiment, mycorrhizas increased Cl concentration in shoots and total Cl per plant of sweet orange but not sour orange. NM seedlings fertilized with KH2PO4, had significantly higher levels of P and K than in VAM plants which may have led to the observed differences in the leaf concentrations of Cl and cations. In the second experiment, VAM plants were also supplemented with KH2PO4 before salinization. This resulted in similar leaf and root concentrations of P, K, and other cations. Root Mn was lower and leaf Cu and root Cu and Zn were higher in VAM seedlings. Salinization negated the mycorrhizal effect on Cu to an extent depending on NaCl level. Mycorrhizas increased Cl concentration in leaves and roots of salinized sweet orange and sour orange in the apparent absence of a P-nutritional effect.
TRANSMISSION DYNAMICS OF ENTERIC BACTERIA IN DAY-CARE CENTERS

The role of fomites in the transmission of diarrhea in day-care centers was evaluated. During a nine-month period (December 1980-August 1981), inanimate objects and hands of children and staff in five Houston day-care centers were cultured monthly and again during outbreaks of diarrhea. Air was sampled from the classrooms and bathrooms using a single-stage sieve sampler. When a diarrhea outbreak occurred, stool specimens were collected from ill and well children and from staff in the affected rooms. Multiple pathogens accounted for 3 of 11 outbreaks. The rates of isolation of fecal coliforms from hands and classroom objects on routine sampling were 17% (22/131) and 13% (8/64), respectively. During outbreaks of diarrhea, fecal coliforms were recovered with significantly greater frequency from hands (32%; p less than 0.005) and from classroom objects (36%; p less than 0.005). There was no difference in the level of fecal contamination in the toilet areas during outbreak and nonoutbreak periods. Shigella was not isolated in the study; salmonella was isolated on one occasion from a table during an outbreak of salmonellosis. Contamination of hands, communal toys and other classroom objects appeared to play a role in the transmission of enteropathogens in day-care center diarrhea outbreaks and helped to explain the presence of multiple pathogens among those affected.
The Voyage of the Vizcaína: The Mystery of Christopher Columbus's Last Ship – By Klaus Brinkbäumer and Clemens Höges

In 1504 Columbus's caravel, Vizcaina, sank near the coast of Panama. Is the wreck recently found in the waters near Nombre de Dios the remains of that ship? The question is important because none o...
Cooperative Towing With Multiple Robots

In this paper, we address the cooperative towing of payloads by multiple mobile robots that move in the plane. Robots pull via cables attached to an object or a pallet carrying a payload and they coordinate their motion to manipulate the payload through a planar, warehouse-like environment.We formulate a quasi-static model for manipulation and derive equations of motion that yield the motion of the payload for a prescribed motion of the robots in the presence of dry friction and tension constraints. We derive conditions of stable equilibrium for one, two, and three or more robots towing the payload and propose abstractions for the task that lend themselves to simple algorithms for motion planning. We present simulation and experimental results that demonstrate the basic concepts.
Simultaneous measurement of pulmonary partial pressure of oxygen and apparent diffusion coefficient by hyperpolarized 3He MRI

Hyperpolarized 3He (HP 3He) MRI shows promise to assess structural and functional pulmonary parameters in a sensitive, regional, and noninvasive way. Structural HP 3He MRI has applied the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) for the detection of disease-induced lung microstructure changes at the alveolar level, and HP 3He pulmonary partial pressure of oxygen (pO2) imaging measures the oxygen transfer efficiency between the lung and blood stream. Although both parameters are affected in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), a quantitative assessment of the regional correlation of the two parameters has not been reported in the literature. In this work, a single acquisition technique for the simultaneous measurement of ADC and pO2 is presented. This technique is based on the multiple regression method, in which a general linear estimator is used to retrieve the values of ADC and pO2 from a series of measurements. The measurement uncertainties are also analytically derived and used to find an optimal measurement scheme. The technique was first tested on a phantom model, and then on an in vivo normal pig experiment. A case study was performed on a COPD patient, which showed that in a region of interest ADC was 29% higher while oxygen depletion rate was 61% lower than the corresponding global average values. Magn Reson Med, 2009. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Taking Your Academic Expertise Public: Lessons Learned Responding to the 11 September Crisis

The advantage of academic life is that society allows us to spend years reading things no one else reads, writing articles and books almost no one else reads, and traveling to places no one else travels to. But in times of crisis, when the totally unexpected becomes reality, society understandably expects that we serve our communities with knowledge, explanation, insights, and policy alternatives. The days, weeks, and months following the attacks of 11 September were such an occasion and many academics experienced sudden demands for public commentary and analysis. As international studies scholars, we have insights and knowledge that our communities require and desire, most notably in times of crisis. By responding to the best of our abilities, we are able to return something to society and help people understand more clearly the world in which we live. In this essay, we discuss how we handled this challenge in the wake of 11 September and the lessons we have learned through that process.
Thermal Modeling of Plastic Ic Packages

The successful design of plastic integrated circuit packages for high performance VLSI chips is a crucial element in the development of costeffective packaging technology. Unfortunately, however, most common plastic encapsulating and die-bonding materials provide relatively low thermal conductivities and large thermal expansion coefficients, as well as low mechanical strengths and a limited operating temperature range. These material properties combine to produce a large number of thermally induced package failure modes. Thus, insightful material selection and detailed design, based on extensive thermal modeling/analysis, must be performed to achieve acceptable levels of component reliability. p]This paper begins with a discussion of the temporal development of the temperature fields inside a plastic IC package and continues with the presentation of transient and steady-state, first-order analytical models for: the chip temperature, the temperature and gradient across the die bond, and the half-thickness encapsulant temperature. The values obtained for a typical PDIP package are discussed and compared to the results of a finite-element analysis of this package. The insights obtained from these analyses are used to develop material Figures-of-Merit that can be used in the selection of die-bond and encapsulant materials for plastic IC packages.
Borders, one-dimensionality, and illusion in the war on drugs

In this paper I argue for the necessity and value of using critical theory to review tripartite politics across North and South America in the war on drugs. In particular, Herbert Marcuse's concept of one-dimensionality—a description of social structures and behaviors incapable of perceiving alternatives to existing realities—is elaborated. Using a Marcusian lens, I unpack key policy documents within the Merida II Initiative, and the United States Northern Command and the United States Southern Command. The paper examines the mechanisms through which particular 'realities' emerge as prominent. In doing so, discursive and material tactics, embedded in political strategies which construct tangible problems to be solved, are highlighted. In the course of prescriptive policy measures, three regulating fictions materialize. First, Merida II is cast in terms of a paradigm shift. Second, unilateral policies become bilateral agreements. And third, the hemispheric scale unfolds into regional divisions. All are tied in with a historical legacy of enacting symbolic illusion and a pattern of thought and behavior reduced to the given system. There are at least two significant outcomes. The first is the rendering of oppositional alternatives as utopian or illusory. The second is the deployment of difference which continuously reproduces North-South divisions and upholds the status quo.
Natural language multiprocessing: a case study

This paper presents two case studies of parallelization of large Natural Language Processing (NLP) applications using a parallel logic programming system (called "ACE") that automatically exploits implicit parallelism. The first system considered is Artwork, a system for semantic disambiguation, speech act resolution, and temporal reference resolution. The second system is ULTRA, a multilingual translation system. Both applications were originally developed in Prolog without any consideration for parallel processing. The results obtained confirm that NLP is a ripe area for exploitation of parallelism. Most previous work on parallelism in NLP focused primarily on parallelizing the parsing phase of language processing. The case studies presented here show that parallelism is also present in the semantic and discourse processing phases, which are often the most computationally intensive part of the application.
Compiler prototyping using formal semantics

The descriptive techniques of formal semantics can be used for the generation of complete prototype compilers. First, we review the essential characteristics of such semantics implementation systems, and discuss our experience with two existing experimental systems. Then, we show how to derive a complete conventional compiler for a small language from its denotational semantics. The compiler is specified in three phases consisting of a front-end (parser, tree builder, and semantic checker), a translator from syntax trees to prefix code, and a code generator which converts the prefix code into IBM/370 style assembly code. The translator component is obtained by modifying the standard semantics of the language in two steps: first, the semantic domains and the equations are rewritten in a straight forward way to achieve a normal form, and then the auxiliary semantic functions are interpreted as instructions for a prefix code machine. The entire three part specification has been implemented with the help of Paulson's semantics processing system.
Recent Research on Latinos in the USA and Canada, Part 1: Language Maintenance and Shift and English Varieties

This article examines two of the main areas of sociolinguistic research on Latinos in the USA and Canada, language maintenance and shift and Latino varieties of English, with emphasis on work that has been accomplished in the past decade. Despite the considerable amount of foundational research that has been accomplished in recent years, we suggest that a great deal remains to be done, particularly on maintenance and shift in emerging Latino communities in the USA and Canada and on Latino varieties of English.
Poly(L-Lactide) microfilaments enhance peripheral nerve regeneration across extended nerve lesions.

After injury, axonal regeneration occurs across short gaps in the peripheral nervous system, but regeneration across larger gaps remains a challenge. To improve regeneration across extended nerve defects, we have fabricated novel microfilaments with the capability for drug release to support cellular migration and guide axonal growth across a lesion. In this study, we examine the nerve repair parameters of non-loaded filaments. To examine the influence of packing density on nerve repair, wet-spun poly(L-Lactide) (PLLA) microfilaments were bundled at densities of 3.75, 7.5, 15, and 30% to bridge a 1.0-cm gap lesion in the rat sciatic nerve. After 10 weeks, nerve cable formation increased significantly in the filament bundled groups when compared to empty-tube controls. At lower packing densities, the number of myelinated axons was more than twice that of controls or the highest packing density. In a consecutive experiment, PLLA bundles with lower filament-packing density were examined for nerve repair across 1.4- and 1.8-cm gaps. After 10 weeks, the number of successful regenerated nerves receiving filaments was more than twice that of controls. In addition, nerve cable areas for control groups were significantly less than those observed for filament groups. Axonal growth across 1.4- and 1.8-cm gaps was more consistent for the filament groups than for controls. These initial results demonstrate that PLLA microfilaments enhance nerve repair and regeneration across large nerve defects, even in the absence of drug release. Ongoing studies are examining nerve regeneration using microfilaments designed to release neurotrophins or cyclic AMP.
Automated Posture Analysis for Detecting Learner's Interest Level

This paper presents a system for recognizing naturally occurring postures and associated affective states related to a child's interest level while performing a learning task on a computer. Postures are gathered using two matrices of pressure sensors mounted on the seat and back of a chair. Subsequently, posture features are extracted using a mixture of four gaussians, and input to a 3-layer feed-forward neural network. The neural network classifies nine postures in real time and achieves an overall accuracy of 87.6% when tested with postures coming from new subjects. A set of independent Hidden Markov Models (HMMs) is used to analyze temporal patterns among these posture sequences in order to determine three categories related to a child's level of interest, as rated by human observers. The system reaches an overall performance of 82.3% with posture sequences coming from known subjects and 76.5% with unknown subjects.
Preliminary Results from Long-Term Measurements of Atmospheric Moisture in the Marine Boundary Layer in the Gulf of Mexico*

Measurements of boundary layer moisture have been acquired from Rotronic MP-100 sensors deployed on two National Data Buoy Center (NDBC) buoys in the northern Gulf of Mexico from June through November 1993. For one sensor that was retrieved approximately 8 months after deployment and a second sensor that was retrieved about 14 months after deployment, the pre- and postcalibrations agreed closely and fell within WMO specifications for accuracy. A second Rotronic sensor on one of the buoys provided the basis for a detailed comparison of the instruments and showed close agreement. A separate comparison of the Rotronic instrument with an HO-83 hygrometer at NDBC showed generally close agreement over a 1-month period, which included a number of fog events. The buoy observations of relative humidity and supporting data from the buoys were used to calculate specific humidity. Specific humidities from the buoys were compared with specific humidities computed from observations obtained from nearby ship reports, and the correlations were generally high (0.7‐ 0.9). Uncertainties in the calculated values of specific humidity were also estimated and ranged between 0.27% and 2.1% of the mean value, depending on the method used to estimate this quantity. The time series of specific humidity revealed three primary scales of variability: small scale (of the order of hours), synoptic scale (several days), and seasonal (several months). The synoptic-scale variability was clearly dominant; it was eventlike in character and occurred primarily during September, October, and November. Most of the synoptic-scale variability was due to frontal systems that dropped down into the Gulf of Mexico from the continental United States, followed by air masses that were cold and dry. One particularly intense event on 30 October 1993 was chosen for a more detailed analysis in terms of the characteristic return-flow cycles that occur in the northern Gulf of Mexico during fall and winter. Finally, cross-correlation analyses of the buoy data indicated that the prevailing weather systems generally entered the buoy domain from the south prior to September ; thereafter, they became more coherent and tended to enter the region from the north.
Jane Jacobs's Legacy

Sometimes a book can change history. Books often influence ideas, but only rarely do they catalyze activism. In the 1960s, a handful of books triggered movements for reform. These include Michael Harrington’s The Other America (1962), which inspired the war on poverty; Rachel Carson’s Silent Spring (1962), which helped galvanize the environmental movement; Betty Friedan’s The Feminine Mystique (1963), the manifesto of modern feminism; Ralph Nader’s Unsafe at Any Speed (1965), which made its author a household name and precipitated the rise of the consumer movement; and Charles Hamilton and Stokely Carmichael’s Black Power (1967), which signaled the civil rights movement’s transformation toward black separatism. Jane Jacobs’s 1961 book, The Death and Life of Great American Cities, belongs in this pantheon. Perhaps more than anyone else during the past half century, Jacobs changed the way we think about livable cities. Indeed, it is a mark of her impact that many people influenced by her ideas have never heard of her. Her views have become part of the conventional wisdom, if not always part of the continuing practice of city planning. The 1950s was the heyday of urban renewal, the federal program that sought to wipe out urban “blight” with the bulldozer. Its advocates were typically downtown businesses, developers, banks, major daily newspapers, big-city mayors, and construction unions— what John Mollenkopf would later call the “growth coalition” and Harvey Molotch label the “growth machine.” Most planners and architects at that time joined the urban renewal chorus. It was, after all, their bread and butter. Moreover, they convinced themselves that big development projects would “revitalize” downtown business districts, stem the exodus of middle class families to suburbs, and improve the quality of public spaces. Jacobs, a journalist, was self-taught. She had no college degree. This may have been liberating, because she was unencumbered by planning orthodoxy, although she carefully read and thoroughly critiqued the major thinkers in the field. Had she studied architecture or urban planning when she was college age (in the 1930s and 1940s), she would have been taught the value of top-down planning and modernist mega-projects. Instead, she learned about cities by observing and doing. In the 1950s, she wrote a series of articles in Fortune magazine (later the basis for The Death and Life of Great American Cities) that said, essentially, cities are for people. When Robert Moses, New York’s planning czar and perhaps the most powerful unelected city official of the 20th century, proposed building a highway bisecting Jacobs’s Greenwich Village neighborhood, she sprung into action, mobilizing her neighbors to challenge and
Kinetics of crossed aldol condensations in high-temperature water

We examined two crossed aldol condensations in pure liquid water at temperatures of 250, 300, and 350 °C. We synthesized benzalacetone from benzaldehyde and acetone, and chalcone from benzaldehyde and acetophenone. We provide evidence that these reactions are acid and base catalyzed in high-temperature water. Benzalacetone was always the major reaction product in its experiments and chalcone was almost always the major product in its synthesis experiments. At 350 °C and long reaction times (5 and 8 hours) the chalcone yields were surpassed by those of 3-phenylpropiophenone. The maximum molar yield from the benzalacetone synthesis was 24% at 250 °C and 5 hours, and the maximum yield of chalcone was 21% at 250 °C and 15 hours. At higher temperatures, the yield of the unsaturated ketone products was lower due to formation of degradation products such as benzoic acid, benzyl alcohol, benzylacetone, acetophenone, E-stilbene, propiophenone and diphenylethane. A reaction network with reversible formation of the unsaturated ketone, its degradation, and a path for benzaldehyde disproportion provided the basis for a quantitative reaction model. These results provide another illustration of the ability of HTW to facilitate acid- and base-catalyzed reactions without any added acid or base.
Cross-layer design of mesh networks with network coding

We investigate the optimal design of a multihop wireless mesh network equipped with multiple orthogonal wireless channels and multiple radios. Specifically, we focus on solutions that can efficiently utilize the limited resource to support multiple unicast applications by routing and network coding. We propose a cross-layer optimization framework where the broadcasting feature of the wireless environment, which plays an important role in realizing the achievable gain of network coding, is taken into account. Moreover, we propose a network code construction scheme based on linear programming, with which the possible achievable Coding+MAC gain could be significantly increased. The proposed network design based on cross-layer optimization results in significant increase in network throughput.
Surgical approaches to the infraorbital rim and orbital floor: the case for the subtarsal approach.

s s variety of surgical approaches to the orbital floor nd infraorbital rim exist and can be conveniently ategorized as either transcutaneous or transconjuncival. These approaches are widely used for exposure, valuation, and treatment of orbital trauma, patholgy, and cosmesis. While we use both methods, we eel there are advantages of each depending on the urgical plan. For purposes of this article, we will ssume that the infraorbital rim and/or floor of the rbit require exposure. We admit that transcutaneous pproaches to the orbit may be less useful than the ransconjunctival approach when access to the meial wall of the orbit is required. Nevertheless, we ontend that both transcutaneous and transconjuncival approaches can be used for access to the orbital oor and infraorbital rim, and it is for such access that e base the following argument.
H-abstraction prevails over α-cleavage in the solution and solid state photochemistry of cis-2,6-di(1-cyclohexenyl)cyclohexanone

The photochemistry of cis-2,6-di(1-cyclohexenyl)cyclohexanone was studied in solution and in crystals to determine its photoreactivity and chemoselectivity. Although 1,3-acyl shifts and the oxadi-π-methane rearrangement products are possible for the β,γ-unsaturated chromophore, an efficient intramolecular abstraction of an allylic γ-hydrogen and small amounts of α-cleavage and decarbonylation were observed. The mechanism of the Norrish type-II reaction and the selectivity of product formation were analyzed in terms of structural information obtained by X-ray diffraction analysis.
Biological Modification in the Brushite Crystallization

The crystallization of brushite has been investigated in the presence of typical ionic biological components, magnesium, fluoride and citrate and a natural protein, osteopontin, using a constant composition method capable of nano-mole sensitivity. While the simple ionic additives, magnesium and fluoride do not have a significant effect, citrate ions can adsorb on lateral faces due to electrostatic interactions involving the functional carboxylate groups, resulting in crystal morphology changes. Osteopontin was the most effective inhibitor influencing the growth of virtually all brushite crystal faces.
Making the Case for Court Funding: The Important Role of Lobbying

Douglas and Hartley discuss the role of lobbying in obtaining court budgets. The author suggest ways that court officials might improve lobbying tactics to improve budgets.
Cerebral Palsy Tendon Transfers: Flexor Carpi Ulnaris to Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis and Extensor Pollicis Longus Reroutement

The flexor carpi ulnaris to extensor carpi radialis brevis transfer and extensor pollicis longus rerouting combined with thenar release are 2 successful surgical interventions for children with spastic cerebral palsy. The goal of both procedures is to improve quality of life for patients who have previously failed conservative management, and the degree of expected improvement is predicated on several patient variables, making careful patient selection crucial for ensuring successful outcomes. Here, surgical technique is described; risk factors are discussed, and outcomes related to both procedures are presented.
Biomarkers for Wilms Tumor: A Systematic Review.

Purpose: Wilms tumor is the most common childhood renal malignancy and the fourth most common childhood cancer. Many biomarkers have been studied but there has been no comprehensive summary. We systematically reviewed the literature on biomarkers in Wilms tumor to quantify the prognostic implications of the presence of individual tumor markers.Materials and Methods: We searched for English language studies from 1980 to 2015 performed in patients younger than 18 years with Wilms tumor and prognostic data. The protocol was conducted per PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines. Two reviewers abstracted data in duplicate using a standard evaluation form. We performed descriptive statistics, then calculated relative risks and 95% confidence intervals for markers appearing in multiple level II or III studies.Results: A total of 40 studies were included examining 32 biomarkers in 7,381 patients with Wilms tumor. Studies had a median of 61 patients, 24 biomarker posi...
Influence of acute alterations in cycle length on ventricular function in chick embryos

Heart rate (HR), developed pressure, and stroke volume (SV) increase dramatically during cardiac morphogenesis. During acute changes in cycle length (CL), the chick embryo maintains cardiac output by a compensatory change in SV. We determined embryonic pressure-volume relations during alterations in CL in the stage 21 while Leghorn chick embryo to quantitate the relationship between CL and cardiac time intervals, ventricular preload, and ventricular function. CL was transiently altered to 73-191% of initial baseline CL with a 1-mm randomly preheated or cooled metal probe applied to the sinus venosus. Isometric relaxation, diastolic filling, and systolic ejection times varied linearly with CL, whereas isometric contraction times were similar. SV varied linearly with CL, ejection time, and end-diastolic volume. In contrast to the mature heart, the relationship between SV and end-systolic pressure was inverse. Embryonic ventricular preload was influenced acutely by diastolic filling time, and cardiac output was optimized during changes in CL by ventricular-vascular interactions that matched SV inversely to HR.
Organs and Systems

Organs consist of an orderly arrangement of tissues in such a form that they work together in unison to enable the organ to perform its specialized function. More simplistically, organs are, for the most part, discrete anatomic and functional units. Most organs are composed of several tissue types. Usually, a single tissue is of major functional importance and the other tissues provide structural and physiologic support. The primary tissue of an organ is referred to as the parenchyma. An organ’s parenchymal component comprises one of the four basic tissue types: epithelia, connective tissue, muscular tissue or nervous tissue. The supportive elements also consist of the same classes of tissues and within a single organ are collectively termed the stroma. In most cases, the parenchymal and stromal tissues are of different types. For instance, in a major salivary gland, like the parotid, the secretory and ductal epithelium which produce the serous product and transport it to the oral cavity constitute the parenchyma. The other tissues which enclose and intermingle with the parenchyma are the stroma. In this example, the stroma includes both the connective tissue that forms the capsule and that which supports the epithelial component within the gland (subepithelial connective tissue). The intrinsic vascular and nervous elements necessary for the function of the gland are also considered stromal elements.
Novel reconstruction of a vascular aneurysm in Marfan syndrome

A 46-year-old lady with genetically confirmed Marfan syndrome presented with a recent onset of pulsatile sensation in the left supraclavicular fossa. She had previously undergone a Crawford II repaired for descending aortic dissection in 2005, and a valve-sparing aortic root replacement for ascending aortic dissection in 2008. She had bilateral mastectomy for breast cancer in 2007. Computed tomography (CT) angiogram showed a newly developed circumscribed aneurysm (4.1 × 3.3 cm) of her left subclavian …
Co-Segmentation of Functional and Anatomical Images

This paper presents a novel method for segmenting functional and anatomical structures simultaneously. The proposed method unifies domains of anatomical and functional images (PET-CT), represents them in a product lattice, and performs simultaneous delineation of regions based on a random walk image segmentation. In addition, we propose a simple yet efficient object/background seed localization method, where background and foreground object cues are automatically obtained from PET images and propagated onto the corresponding anatomical images (CT). In our experiments, abnormal anatomies on PET-CT images from human subjects are segmented synergistically by the proposed fully automatic co-segmentation method with high precision (mean DSC of 91.44%) in seconds (avg. 40 seconds).
Benito Mussolini in Italian High School Textbooks

Recent decades have seen a revisionist trend in scholarship and especially in popular culture towards a more benign characterization of the Italian fascist regime and of its founder and leader Benito Mussolini. This chapter examines the portrayal of Mussolini in textbooks that are currently in use in Italian public high schools to interrogate whether this revision has become visible in or is perhaps fostered by the narratives presented to young Italians. While a review of widely used texts finds no overt statements of justification or admiration, the books differ markedly when it comes to organizational choices, image use and language adopted to describe fascist policies and decisions, all of which can alter the overall portrayal of the regime from text to text. In particular there are differences that serve to associate or disassociate Mussolini from the more violent and criminal policies pursued by the regime, leading to the conclusion that some of these narratives provide a base of information particularly open to revisionist views seeking to “normalize” and rehabilitate the dictatorship.
Medical Professionalism: A Series of Near-Peer Facilitated Workshops for First-Year Medical Students.

Introduction Professionalism is a core competency of medical education. It impacts one's ability to generate rapport with patients, foster patient satisfaction, and enhance the overall well-being o...
EETs promote hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction via constrictor prostanoids

To test the hypothesis that epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) facilitate pulmonary responses to hypoxia, male wild-type (WT) and soluble-epoxide hydrolase knockout (sEH-KO) mice, and WT mice chronic...
Ethnicity and age as factors in sildenafil treatment of erectile dysfunction.

Introduction Sildenafil has been evaluated in >16 000 men with erectile dysfunction (ED) in double-blind, placebo-controlled trials. Aim To assess efficacy and safety of sildenafil in ED by ethnicity (white, black Asian) and age (≤45, 46-60, ≥61 years). Methods Data were pooled from 38 double-blind, placebo-controlled, flexible-dose trials. Most had starting sildenafil doses of 50 mg once daily, ~1 hour before sexual activity, with adjustment to 100 or 25 mg as needed. Main Outcome Measures Change from baseline in International Index of Erectile Function erectile function (IIEF-EF) domain score assessed with analysis of covariance and a Global Assessment Question (GAQ; “Did the treatment improve your erections?”) at endpoint assessed with logistic regression analysis. Results 4120 and 3714 men received sildenafil and placebo, respectively (2740 and 2671 White; 407 and 385 Black; 973 and 658 Asian). For sildenafil vs. placebo groups, overall treatment differences for IIEF-EF domain and GAQ were significant for each ethnic and age group (P<.0001); significant treatment-by-ethnicity and treatment-by-age interactions were also observed for change in IIEF-EF domain scores (P<.05), with differences significantly greater for White vs. Black (P<.0001), White vs. Asian (P=.0163), and Asian vs. Black (P=.0036) men. A significant treatment-by-ethnicity interaction was observed for GAQ (P=.0004). The OR comparison for GAQ was significantly greater (P=.0001) with sildenafil vs. placebo in White (OR=11.2) or Asian (OR=12.4) men vs. Black men (OR=5.1). Adverse-event rates were generally similar, with some age variations. Conclusions Sildenafil is effective and well-tolerated regardless of ethnicity or age; however, treatment effects can vary.
Epilepsy Surgery Assessment and Testing

Review the indications, technical aspects, and outcomes of different types of epilepsy surgery in drug-resistant partial epilepsy with some relevant case reviews.
Kubo-Greenwood electrical conductivity formulation and implementation for projector augmented wave datasets

Abstract As the foundation for a new computational implementation, we survey the calculation of the complex electrical conductivity tensor based on the Kubo–Greenwood (KG) formalism (Kubo, 1957; Greenwood, 1958), with emphasis on derivations and technical aspects pertinent to use of projector augmented wave datasets with plane wave basis sets (Blochl, 1994). New analytical results and a full implementation of the KG approach in an open-source Fortran 90 post-processing code for use with Quantum Espresso (Giannozzi et al., 2009) are presented. Named KGEC ([K]ubo [G]reenwood [E]lectronic [C]onductivity), the code calculates the full complex conductivity tensor (not just the average trace). It supports use of either the original KG formula or the popular one approximated in terms of a Dirac delta function. It provides both Gaussian and Lorentzian representations of the Dirac delta function (though the Lorentzian is preferable on basic grounds). KGEC provides decomposition of the conductivity into intra- and inter-band contributions as well as degenerate state contributions. It calculates the dc conductivity tensor directly. It is MPI parallelized over k -points, bands, and plane waves, with an option to recover the plane wave processes for their use in band parallelization as well. It is designed to provide rapid convergence with respect to k -point density. Examples of its use are given.
Transforming cultural conflict in the foreign language classroom: the case of Arabic at Defense Language Institute

This paper considers the impact of global and national political polarisation on perspectives of instructors and learners in Arabic classrooms at Defense Language Institute Foreign Language Center ...