cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Epidermal proteins of cultured human and bovine keratinocytes

Abstract Bovine and human epidermal cells were cultured on mitomycin C treated fibroblasts. The cells were carried through four passages and found to synthesize fibrous proteins and insoluble cell envelopes. Acid buffer soluble fibrous protein, prekeratin, and urea soluble fibrous protein were both identified and the latter was the major component in older cultures. Some of the prekeratin polypeptides of intact tissue were not found in cultured cells, but the ones that were present corresponded to those of whole tissue. X-ray diffraction, amino acid analysis and immunological techniques were used to establish that the polypeptides were keratins. The insoluble cell envelopes had a higher proline and 1 2 cystine content than the fibrous protein, similar to what is found in whole epidermis. Histidase, a characteristic enzyme marker of whole epidermis, was not observed in cultured cells. These studies indicate that differentiation occurs in cultured cells but it may not be as complete as in intact tissue.
Confined Ge–Pt states in self-organized Pt nanowire arrays on Ge(001)

By means of band structure calculations within the density functional theory and the generalized gradient approximation, we investigate the electronic structure of self-organized Pt nanowires on the Ge(001) surface. In particular, we deal with a novel one-dimensional surface state confined in the nanowire array and clarify its origin. Due to large Pt contributions, the novel state is rather a mixed Ge–Pt hybrid state than a confined Ge surface state. Moreover, we compare our results to data from scanning tunneling microscopy.
STUDIES OF WATER SOLUBLE LIPOPROTEINS IN RAT BRAIN

—The occurrencc of water soluble lipoprotein in the 105,000 g supernatant of rat brain homogenate has been demonstrated. The lipoproteins of brain differed from those of the serum with respect to lipid composition, density and reaction to serum lipoprotein antibodies. Acrylamide gel electrophoresis resolved the brain supernatant into four zones which stained with lipid dye. It was possible to demonstrate that these zones also contained protein by double staining of the gel for lipid and protein. Two of the zones differed in their mobility from serum lipoprotein. Preparative acrylamide gel electrophoresis isolated protein fractions in supematant which contained both lipid and protein and permitted preliminary identification of the lipoprotein bands amongst all the protein bands resolved by acrylamide gel electrophoresis.
Further studies of Mo3(μ3-I)(μ3-H)(μ-I)3I3L3 cluster species: Compounds with L = PEt3 and PPh3

Abstract The chemistry leading to the isolation of Mo3HI7L3 compounds has been reexamined. Although yields of the species with L = THF could not be improved, crystalline samples of compounds with L = PPh3 (1) and PEt3 (2) have been obtained and characterized by X-ray crystallography and1H NMR spectra. The NMR spectra (1,3,3,1 quartets for1H) provide conclusive evidence for the presence of the μ3-H ligand. The principal crystallographic data are: (1): orthorhombic space groupPnma,a = 20.726(3),b = 21.704(1),c = 20.05(1)A˚;V = 9020A˚3;Z = 4;dcalc, 1.672 g cm−3;R = 0.0361, Rw = 0.053 3 for 423 parameters and 4935 observed data [Fo2ρ3σ(Fo2].2: orthorhombic space groupPbca,a = 20.877(8),b = 16.951(5),c = 24.007(4)A˚;V = 8495A˚3;Z = 8;dcalc = 2.508 g cm−3;R = 0.0343,Rw = 0.0495 for 296 parameters and 4655 observed data [Fo2 > 3σ(Fo2]. NMR (1H in C6D6) data: (1) δ = −5.01,2J(HP) = 36 Hz; (2) δ = −2.26,2J(HP) = 39 Hz.
Connectivity patterns of thalamic nuclei implicated in dyskinesia.

Thalamic nuclei implicated in the neural mechanisms of dyskinesia (1) have projections to components of the basal ganglia; (2) receive efferents from the corpus striatum, and/or (3) project fibers to
Strategic directions in storage I/O issues in large-scale computing

—rigid or hard magnetic disks; —parallel disk arrays; —optical disks, which have several variants: read-only [such as CD-ROM and digital video disk (DVD)], write-once (WORM), and rewritable (magnetooptical or phase change); —magnetic tape, such as 4mm (DAT), 8mm, and digital linear tape (DLT); —autochangers, which combine storage devices with racks of tape cartridges or optical disk platters that can be moved to and from the drives by robotics. —Complete storage systems also include software to manage and orchestrate the storage components. Such software includes management and configuration utilities for storage devices, logical volume managers that tie multiple physical devices together as one, and file systems to arrange layout of data on storage devices. —Storage systems are a vital and growing market. Their primary components are magnetic and optical disk drives, magnetic tapes, and largecapacity robotic assemblies of drives and cartridges. Storage hardware sales in 1995 topped $40 billion, including more than 60,000 terabytes of hard disk storage. In recent years, the amount of storage sold has been almost doubling each year; in the near future it is expected to sustain an annual growth of about 60%. This enormous growth rate has been accompanied by a 50% per year decrease in the cost per byte of storage. These growth trends exceed those of the personal computer market. —The focus of this article is on secondary storage systems and primarily on magnetic disk drives, since these are
Mechanism and enantioselectivity in palladium-catalyzed conjugate addition of arylboronic acids to β-substituted cyclic enones: insights from computation and experiment.

Enantioselective conjugate additions of arylboronic acids to β-substituted cyclic enones have been previously reported from our laboratories. Air- and moisture-tolerant conditions were achieved with a catalyst derived in situ from palladium(II) trifluoroacetate and the chiral ligand (S)-t-BuPyOx. We now report a combined experimental and computational investigation on the mechanism, the nature of the active catalyst, the origins of the enantioselectivity, and the stereoelectronic effects of the ligand and the substrates of this transformation. Enantioselectivity is controlled primarily by steric repulsions between the t-Bu group of the chiral ligand and the α-methylene hydrogens of the enone substrate in the enantiodetermining carbopalladation step. Computations indicate that the reaction occurs via formation of a cationic arylpalladium(II) species, and subsequent carbopalladation of the enone olefin forms the key carbon–carbon bond. Studies of nonlinear effects and stoichiometric and catalytic reactions ...
"Charts and Other Paraphernalia": Charles H. Congdon (1856-1928) and His Music Teaching Materials

Materials to assist instruction have a long history in music education. Charles H. Congdon was the director of music education in St. Paul, Minnesota, from 1885 to 1898. He ceased classroom teaching and began his own music publishing company around 1900. He remained active in music education and was one of the charter members of MENC. Congdon is best known for the six songbooks in The Congdon Music Readers series. To assist the classroom teacher, he devised a series of large song scrolls to accompany his textbooks. He later developed a system to store and display these scrolls, and designed the first chromatic pitch pipe for school use. Congdon's texts, scrolls, scroll holders, storage cabinets, and pitch pipes all led the way for the commercialization of music materials today.
Population Transfers for NMR of Quadrupolar Spins in Solids

Abstract The manipulation of spin-state populations is investigated for quadrupolar nuclei with pulsed and frequency-swept RF fields. The frequency-sweep method is an effective way to interchange the populations of two levels and does not require exact knowledge of the transition frequency. Results for allowed (Δ m = 1) and forbidden transitions (Δm > 1) are reported for 27 Al in a single crystal Al 2 O 3 . The behavior of the higher-order transitions establishes a lower limit for the sweep rate for sensitivity enhancement of the central transition for powders and amorphous solids.
Comparative study of maximum power point tracking control strategies for solar PV systems

Solar photovoltaic (PV) energy is becoming an increasingly important part of the world's renewable energy. In order to develop efficient technology for effective energy extraction from a solar PV system, this paper investigates and compares typical maximum power point tracking (MPPT) control strategies used in solar PV industry. This paper focuses especially on how sampling rate and time delay influence PV system performance by using different MPPT control approaches in a digital control environment, and how different MPPT techniques behave under highly dynamic and variable weather conditions. A computational experiment system is developed by using MatLab, SimPowerSystems and Opal-RT real-time simulation system for fast and accurate performance evaluations of PV arrays under high frequency switching conditions of power converters. Advantages, disadvantages, and characteristics of different MPPT techniques are studied, evaluated, and compared through extensive computational experiments.
Neutral-fragment mass spectra of the tetramethyl compounds of the group IV a elements

Abstract A neutral-fragment mass spectrometer capable of simultaneous mass analysis of positive ions and neutral fragments resulting from interactions of electrons and molecules has been used to characterize the unimolecular decompositions of the tetramethyl derivatives of C, Si, Ge, Sn, and Pb. Four different kinds of neutral species have been observed, the most abundant being excited M(CH3)4*. Methyl radicals produced from these compounds by dissociative ionization are vibrationally excited in a state corresponding to the first symmetrical stretch. Atomic ions, Ge+, Sn+, and Pb+, are formed by dissociative ionization and from an autoionizing state.
Flavor preference conditioning as a function of fat source

Rats learn to prefer foods based, in part, on postingestive nutrient actions. This study compared the effectiveness of intragastric (IG) infusions of fat emulsions which varied in their fatty acid composition (chain length and saturation) to condition preferences for flavored saccharin solutions. In Experiment 1, food-restricted rats were trained (30 min/day) with one flavor (CS+CO) paired with IG corn oil (CO) and a second flavor (CS+MCT) paired with IG medium chain triglyceride (MCT); the fats were prepared as isocaloric emulsions. A third flavor (CS-) was paired with IG water. The rats subsequently showed a strong preference for the CS+CO (84%) and a weaker preference for the CS+MCT (65%) relative to the CS-. In a direct choice test, the CS+CO was preferred to the CS+MCT by 75%. In Experiment 2, new rats trained with flavors paired with IG corn oil and beef tallow (BT) infusions learned to prefer both the CS+CO (89%) and the CS+BT (82%) relative to the CS-, and preferred the CS+CO to the CS+BT by 67%. The same rats were trained with three new flavors paired with IG infusions of corn oil, vegetable shortening (VS), and water. The rats strongly preferred both the CS+CO (91%) and CS+VS (86%) over the CS-, and they preferred the CS+CO to the CS+VS by 64%. In Experiment 3, new rats trained with corn oil and safflower oil (SO) paired flavors preferred both the CS+CO and CS+SO to the CS-, and equally preferred the CS+CO and CS+SO in two-bottle tests. The rats were also given one-and two-bottle tests with the various fat emulsions and their preference profile was consistent with their conditioned preferences for the flavored saccharin solutions. These findings demonstrate that many different fat sources can condition flavor preferences. Fats with high polyunsaturated content and/or lower saturated fat content are the most reinforcing.
An easily assembled and inexpensive apparatus for continuous monitoring of expired carbon dioxide concentrations in artificially ventilated animals

Abstract An inexpensive and simple apparatus for monitoring expired carbon dioxide carbon dioxide concentrations in artificially ventilated animal preparations is described. the system may be rapidly and easily constructed using a standard recording pH electrometer and a commercially available Pco2 electrode. This assembly has been proven to be an effective and sensitive means of monitoring CO2 levels, detecting changes in this gas within one-half percentage.
Electrical conductance of KI in anhydrous acetonitrile

Abstract The electrical conductivity of KI solutions in anhydrous acetonitrile has been determined at 0, 25 and 35°C in the concentration range 0·9– 600 × 10 −4 mole/l. The values of Λ 0 , K and a calculated from the results are, respectively: 145·9 mho/cm, 0·95 × 10 −2 and 1·72 A at 0°C; 186·2 mho/cm, 8·98 × 10 −2 and 4·6 A at 25°C; and 204·8 mho/cm, 5·17 × 10 −2 and 3·5 A at 35°C. The phoreograms at all the three temperatures are catabatic at lower concentration, but become anabatic at 0·017, 0·022 and 0·024 respectively, at 0, 25 and 35°C.
Polychaetoid controls patterning by modulating adhesion in the Drosophila pupal retina

Correct cellular patterning is central to tissue morphogenesis, but the role of epithelial junctions in this process is not well-understood. The Drosophila pupal eye provides a sensitive and accessible model for testing the role of junction-associated proteins in cells that undergo dynamic and coordinated movements during development. Mutations in polychaetoid (pyd), the Drosophila homologue of Zonula Occludens-1, are characterized by two phenotypes visible in the adult fly: increased sensory bristle number and the formation of a rough eye produced by poorly arranged ommatidia. We found that Pyd was localized to the adherens junction in cells of the developing pupal retina. Reducing Pyd function in the pupal eye resulted in mis-patterning of the interommatidial cells and a failure to consistently switch cone cell contacts from an anterior-posterior to an equatorial-polar orientation. Levels of Roughest, DE-Cadherin and several other adherens junction-associated proteins were increased at the membrane when Pyd protein was reduced. Further, both over-expression and mutations in several junction-associated proteins greatly enhanced the patterning defects caused by reduction of Pyd. Our results suggest that Pyd modulates adherens junction strength and Roughest-mediated preferential cell adhesion.
Reliability evaluation of a three-area power system

Abstract This paper evaluates the reliability of a three-area power system. It considers a new algorithm to determine the amount of MW assistance available to a deficient area in a power pool. The algorithm considers the area of interest and its neighboring areas in terms of their two-area reliability and then extends the results to the multi-area system. The linear flow model is used to calculate the energy supply to the importing area in the power pool, where the tie lines may impose limits on import-export capabilities. This approach does not set any restrictions as to how the areas may be interconnected.
The Marmoset and Cotton Rat as Animal Models for the Study of Sperm Chromatin Packaging

In the human, canonical histones are largely replaced by protamine 1 (P1) and protamine 2 (P2) during late spermatogenesis. Recent studies have demonstrated that abnormal replacement of the histones is associated with severe male infertility and has profound implications for early embryogenesis. In this review the hispid cotton rat and the common marmoset are evaluated as animal models for the study of chromatin packaging in sperm. The DNA sequences of protamine 1 and protamine 2 in the cotton rat are also reported. We have found that the P1 and P2 genes share a 64% and 56% amino acid identity with human, respectively. The hispid cotton rat expresses both protamines, has a similar P1:P2 ratio, and a gene sequence homologous to human, thus making it a possible model organism for chromatin studies. The common marmoset also expresses both protamine genes and has a very similar spermatogenetic characteristic to man. This review considers both animals as possible models to study the mechanisms of protamine regulation and the effects of altered expression caused by environmental or physiological perturbations.
Ribavirin Aerosol Treatment of Influenza B Virus Infection

In a randomized, controlled study, ribavirin small-particle aerosol was found to be effective in the treatment of influenza B virus infection in a group of college students. Eleven treated patients experienced significantly more rapid defervescence, disappearance of systemic illness, and reduction of virus shedding in nasal secretions than ten control patients treated with a saline aerosol. Antibody response to infection was similar in both groups. The treatment was well tolerated, and hematologic and clinical chemical tests demonstrated no toxicity. The estimated dose of ribavirin aerosol retained was about 2 g in 39 hours of treatment during the first 60 hours in the hospital. (JAMA1983;249:2671-2674)
Identifying High-Risk Children in the Emergency Department

Purpose:Early warning scores (EWS) identify high-risk hospitalized patients prior to clinical deterioration; however, their ability to identify high-risk pediatric patients in the emergency department (ED) has not been adequately evaluated. We sought to determine the association between modified pediatric EWS (MPEWS) in the ED and inpatient ward-to-pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) transfer within 24 hours of admission.Methods:This is a case–control study of 597 pediatric ED patients admitted to the inpatient ward at Seattle Children’s Hospital between July 1, 2010, and December 31, 2011. Cases were children subsequently transferred to the PICU within 24 hours, whereas controls remained hospitalized on the inpatient ward. The association between MPEWS in the ED and ward-to-PICU transfer was determined by chi-square analysis.Results:Fifty children experienced ward-to-PICU transfer within 24 hours of admission. The area under the receiver–operator characteristic curve was 0.691. Children with MPEWS > 7 i...
New perspectives in antibiotic prophylaxis for intra-abdominal surgery

Summary Effective management of intra-abdominal infections requires a combination of preoperative preparation, antibiotic prophylaxis and appropriate surgical technique. Antibacterial prophylaxis should provide coverage of all likely pathogens, including aerobic and anaerobic organisms. Whereas antibacterial combination therapy is appropriate in certain situations, single-agent prophylaxis is appropriate for the majority of patients and ampicillin/sulbactam, with its broad-spectrum anti-aerobic/anti-anerobic activity, is an attractive prophylactic option. Surgery involving the gastrointestinal tract provides a special challenge by virtue of its high, predominantly anaerobic, bacterial load. However, the requirement for prophylaxis varies depending upon the precise site of intervention. Biliary tract surgery requires prophylaxis in high-risk patients only, whereas hepatobiliary or pancreatic surgery requires prophylaxis in all patients. Gastroduodenal operations require prophylaxis in the presence of risk factors, such as abnormal gastric acidity or bleeding. Colorectal procedures present a high risk of anaerobic infection and sepsis, and require adequate prophylaxis combined with a thorough preoperative preparation designed to reduce considerably the bacterial load of the bowel. Where peritonitis does follow intra-abdominal surgery, patients should receive antibacterial therapy commensurate with the risk of serious infection. A small proportion of patients will be at risk of severe infection and will require triple-agent therapy. However, most patients are likely to develop mild-to-moderate infections only and can be treated with a single, broad-spectrum antibiotic agent, such as ampicillin/sulbactam, a beta-lactam/beta-lactamase inhibitor.
A social security reform proposal

Identifies three “pillars” of US retirement benefits policy (savings, redistribution and insurance) and outlines the legislative development of private pensions since the 1920s. Supports reform of the social security system and proposes that employee contributions should be held in privately managed, government qualified accounts while employer contributions should continue to be used by the federal government to help low earners. Calculates the final values arising from three different levels of contribution for buying a qualified minimum benefit retirement annuity. Discusses some features of this idea in greater detail, shows how it relates to the three “pillars” and believes it could reduce the burden of social security on employers.
Prophylactic indomethacin infusion increases fractional cerebral oxygen extraction in ELBW neonates.

Prophylactic indomethacin infusion increases fractional cerebral oxygen extraction in ELBW neonates
From configuration interaction to coupled cluster theory: The quadratic configuration interaction approach

Configuration interaction (CI) theory has dominated the first 50 years of quantum chemistry before it was replaced by many-body perturbation theory and coupled cluster theory. However, even today it plays an important role in the education of everybody who wants to enter the realm of quantum chemistry. Apart from this, full CI is the method of choice for getting exact energies for a given basis set. The development of CI theory from the early days of quantum chemistry up to our time is described with special emphasis on the size-extensivity problem, which after its discovery has reduced the use of CI methods considerably. It led to the development of the quadratic CI (QCI) approach as a special form of size-extensive CI. Intimately linked with QCI is the scientific dispute between QCI developers and their opponents, who argued that the QCI approach in its original form does not lead to a set of size-extensive CI methods. This dispute was settled when it was shown that QCI in its original form can be converted into a generally defined series of size-extensive methods, which however have to be viewed as a series of simplified coupled cluster methods rather than a series of size-extensive CI methods. © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A comparison of the E-beam sensitivities and relative O2-plasma stabilities of organosilicon polymers.Part III. Lithographic characteristics of poly-1,1,3-trimethyl-1-sila - and poly-1,1,3,3-tetramethyl-1,3- disilacyclobutenes and related silmethylene polymers☆

Abstract The electron beam sensitivities of three different types of high molecular weight polysilmethylene polymers and copolymers were investigated. It was found that methyl derivatives of these polymers have high sensitivities to irradiation and have a negative tone. The influence of the molecular weight upon electron beam sensitivity was also investigated. In contrast to polysiloxanes, phenyl containing polysilmethylenes were found to have a much higher sensitivity (up to 10 ¢c for poly-1,1-diphenyl- 1-silacyclobutane) and comparable thermal stabilities (up to 400°C). It was found that some of these polymers have similar lithographic properties to the more common polysiloxanes. Mechanisms of crosslinking and degradation reactions of these polymers are discussed.
Nitrogen Dynamics in Irrigated Corn: Soil-Plant Nitrogen and Atmospheric Ammonia Transport

Ammonia transport in cropping systems can affect atmospheric pollution, soil-plant N relationships, and crop N-use efficiency. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the N dynamics of a corn (Zea mays L., Pioneer hybrid 3379) cropping system and determine the effect of NH 3 transport and crop NH 3 compensation point on N relations in the crop. Soil and plant N measurements were made during the growing season along with plant-atmosphere NH 3 transport using flux-gradient micrometeorological techniques. The crop generally emitted NH 3 throughout the season when the atmospheric NH 3 concentrations were near background levels. During periods of high atmospheric NH 3 concentrations, the crop absorbed significant amounts of NH 3 from the atmosphere. Net seasonal NH 3 transport was determined to be a small loss, based on the number of measurement periods throughout the growing season; however, N isotope studies in a nearby field estimated significant NH 3 losses. Nitrogen isotope studies cannot account for the substitution of 14 NH 3 absorbed from the atmosphere for volatilized 15 NH 3 . These results indicate that care must be taken when using N isotopes to evaluate N losses from cropping systems when plants are actively growing. Nitrous oxide flux was measured late in the cropping season, but showed small denitrification losses during the measurement period. The crop NH 3 compensation point varied during the time of day and with respect to soil-plant-atmosphere influence. Net NH 3 transport accounted for little of the N lost from this cropping system.
Convoy electron production in heavy ion-solid collisions

Abstract The properties of the sharp ν c ≌ ν cusps observed in the velocity spectrum of convoy electrons (υe) ejected in heavy ion-solid collisions in the ion velocity range (ν) 6–18 a.u. are compared to the properties of analogous cusps observed in binary electron capture to the continuum (ECC) and electron loss to the continuum (ELC) collisions in gases. Apart from a skew toward νe >ν, the ν-independent convoy distributions observed are very similar to those for ELC and the cusp widths are the same in both cases. While the shape of convoy peaks is approximately independent of projectile Z, ν, and of target material, yields in polycrystalline targets (C, Al, Ag, Au) exhibit a strong dependence on Z and ν. Coincidence experiments in which convoy electrons are allocated according to emergent ion charge-state qe show a surprising independence of qe, mirroring the unweighted statistical emergent charge-state fraction Coincidence experiments on O6+ ,7+ ,8+ ions traversing 〈 110 〉 and 〈 100 〉 channels in Au show a strong yield suppression and a dependence of yield on the channel chosen. Interpretation of these observations, comparisons to convoy production studies using protons, and a discussion of remaining puzzles is given. The history of ECC, ELC, and “wake-riding” models of convoy electron production is also reviewed.
Imaging studies for screening native kidneys in long-term dialysis patients.

A substantial number of articles have been written concerning the complications of acquired cystic kidney disease and solid neoplasms developing in the native kidneys of patients undergoing long-term hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis. The risk of these complications is related to the duration of long-term dialysis. The use of baseline studies right after the start of dialysis [6], sonography, CT, or both sonography and CT [7]; the use of MR imaging [7] and even prophylactic native-kidney nephrectomy [8] has been considered worth evaluating
The Olympus synthesis system

A description is given of the Olympus synthesis system for digital design, a vertically integrated set of tools for multilevel synthesis, technology mapping, and simulation. The system includes behavioral, structural, and logic synthesis tools, and provides technology mapping and simulation. Since it is targeted for semicustom implementations, its output is in terms of gate netlists. Instead of supporting placement and routing tools, Olympus provides an interface to standard physical design tools. The system supports the synthesis of ASICs (application specific integrated circuits) from behavioral descriptions written in a hardware description language called HardwareC. Two internal models represent the hardware at different levels of abstraction and provide a way to pass design information among different tools. Olympus has been used to design three ASIC chips, and has been tested against benchmark circuits for high-level and logic synthesis. >
A gas flow proportional counter for the Mössbauer study of surfaces between 100 K and 400 K

A gas flow proportional counter has been constructed for operation between 100K and 400K without the need for an evacuated cryostat. The detector is temperature controlled and may be used for detecting conversion electrons or X-rays. Six different gases, pure He, He/1%CH4, He/5%CH4, He/10%CH4, He/5%Co, and Ar/5%CH4 have been investigated in order to obtain maximum efficiency and reliability of operation. At room temperature and above, all gases are suitable. At low temperatures, He/5%Co is the most suitable for electron detection, For X-ray detection, Ar/5%CH4 is suitable over the entire temperature range.
Surface modification of copper due to co-adsorbed oxygen and cadmium probed with optical second harmonic generation

Oxygen adsorbates are unavoidable on Cu in an aqueous environment. In this work, such a polycrystalline Cu surface is decorated with electrodeposited Cd. Optical second harmonic generation is used to probe the time resolved kinetics of co-adsorbed oxygen and Cd on this electrode. The optical data contain contributions from the linear dielectric functions, and second order susceptibility elements of the electrochemical interface. A phenomenological theory is presented to resolve the contributions of these optical parameters in the optical signal of the Cu surface. Electronic effects of the co-deposited oxygen and Cd on Cu are analyzed by testing the coverage dependent features of the interfacial optical parameters. Numerical calculations are performed for this analysis. The results are characterized in terms of a Cd-induced lowering of the surface work function of Cu. The results also demonstrate how second harmonic generation can be used to analyze the relatively complicated electrochemistry of Cu.
Evidence for a structural phase transition in solid hydrogen at megabar pressures.

We have studied solid molecular hydrogen at pressures up to 167 GPa (1.67 Mbar and temperatures from 4.3 to 150 K. We have investigated the phase transition recently observed by Hemley and Mao near 150 GPa and identified as orientational ordering by studying the Raman vibrational and rotational excitations. The pahse line determined for this transition differs significantly from that expected for the extension of the low-pressure orientational ordering. We conclude that this transition is to a new high-pressure molecular phase which only exists at megabar pressures.
De-ureation by electrochemical oxidation

Abstract A study of the anodic oxidation of urea on a Pt-black electrode in K rebs -R inger bicarbonate buffer in the presence of glucose was performed. Changes in urea and glucose concentration, pH and anode half-cell potential were measured. At a current density of 0.5 mA cm −2 and an electrode area of 50 cm 2 , 4×10 −4 mole urea was oxidized in a 15 h run. NH 4 + , NO − 3 , and NO − 2 were not found as products of the oxidation. Calculations of coulombic utilization during the oxidation process were compatible with a 6-electron process. N 2 , CO 2 , and H 2 O were the most likely products. The feasibility of developing an electrochemical de-ureator, utilizing electrocatalysts, electricity and air or O 2 for urea removal by a portable artificial kidney was explored.
Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Li Insertion in a Nanocrystalline V 2 O 5 Thin Film Cathode

The behavior of lithium ion diffusion from an electrolyte into a polycrystalline layered cathode has been studied using molecular dynamics computer simulations. Lithium silicate glass was the model solid electrolyte whilethe cathode was a nanocrystalline vanadia with amorphous V 2 O 5 intergranular films (IGF) between the crystals. Nanosized V 2 O 5 crystals were aligned with their (001) planes parallel to electrolyte/cathode interface, rotated 90° from each other around this interface's normal in order to present two different orientations between the crystal planes for lithium intercalation via the amorphous vanadia IGF. A series of nanocrystalline vanadia cathodes with different IGF thicknesses was simulated to examine the effects of the IGF thickness on lithium transport into the cathodes. Results showed preferential diffusion of Li from the electrolyte into the amorphous vanadia IGF, with some of those Li diffusing into the crystalline V 2 O 5 from the IGF. Results also showed easier lithium diffusion from the IGF into the V 2 O 5 crystal along the (010) direction than along the (100) direction. Additionally, an optimum IGF thickness of 2.5-3.0 nm is suggested as being neither too thick to decrease the capacity of the cathode nor too thin to impede the transport of lithium from glassy electrolyte into the cathode.
Bibliometric characteristics of highly cited papers from Taiwan, 2000---2009

The present study analyzes bibliometric characteristics of Taiwan's highly cited papers published from 2000 to 2009. During this period, Taiwan ranked within the top 30 countries by number of highly cited papers, defined in Thomson Reuters' Essential Science Indicators (ESI) as those that rank in the top 1 % by citations for their category and year of publication. Taiwan made notable progress in world-class research in the two consecutive 5-year periods 2000---2004 and 2005---2009. For the group of highly cited papers from Taiwan, USA, China, Germany, and Japan were the top collaborating countries over the decade. In recent years, Taiwan has increasingly collaborated with European countries whose output of highly cited papers is relatively high and increasing, rather than with its neighboring countries in Asia. Overall, Taiwan produced highly cited papers in all the 22 ESI subject categories during the 10-year period. Taiwan's output of highly cited papers was greatest in the categories of Engineering, Clinical Medicine, and Physics, while those in Agricultural Sciences and Mathematics exceeded the expected output level in relative terms. More detailed analyses would be useful for a holistic understanding of Taiwan's research landscape and their progress in world-class research, combining both bibliometric and non-bibliometric data, such as researcher mobility, research grants, and output from internationally-collaborated research programs.
The role of brand name in customization decisions: a search vs experience perspective

Investigates the role of brand name in consumers' decision making during a customization process, and develops a conceptual understanding of the factors influencing the role of brand name from a “search vs experience” perspective. Addresses the strategic relationship of brand with perceived product/service/information preference match and the impact of preference match on consumer “willingness to pay for customization”. Brand name was found to be an important decision variable for customization in terms of getting a better preference match. Brand name still holds an important role on consumer communications, as was expected. Therefore, it is reasonable to believe that customization would not “commoditize” brands, but rather increase the effect of brand names in purchase decision making. High‐knowledge consumers reported stronger brand name effect in terms of its importance and usefulness in their decision making. The brand name effect varies across product categories, and the effect is stronger in the customization of search products than that in experience products. Thus, brand names have greater impact on choices in a search product where less total quality information on components is available for facilitating consumer choices. Discusses managerial implications of the study's findings.
Effect of waterlogging on enzyme activities in soils

Abstract The activities of eight enzymes involved in C, N, P and S cycling were assayed in soils before and after waterlogging for times ranging from 0 to 10 days at room temperature (22°C). After waterlogging. Eh and pH were measured and the enzyme activities assayed at optimum pH values at 37°C. Results showed that the percentage changes in the activity of phosphatases after waterlogging for 7 days ranged from −59 to + 2% for acid phosphatase. from −51 to + 64% for alkaline phosphatase, from −16 to +192% for phosphodiesterase and from −70 to −19% for pyrophosphatase. Urease activity decreased by −66 to −19% (av. = −50%) but amidase activity increased from 0 to + 71% (av. = 31%). Waterlogging for 7 days resulted in arylsulfatase activity decreases ranging from −31 to −5% (av. = −21%) and β-glucosidase activity changes ranging from −43 to + 43%. Acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, urease and arylsulfatase activities were significantly correlated, whereas phosphodiesterase and amidase activities were significantly, but negatively correlated, with Eh,. Waterlogging of soils markedly affected the reaction rates of these enzymes and possibly, nutrient cycling.
Acquisition and analysis of throughput rates for an operational department-wide PACS

The accurate prediction of image throughput is a critical issue in planning for and acquisition of any successful Picture Archiving and Communication System (PACS). Bottlenecks or design flaws can render an expensive PACS implementation useless. This manuscript presents a method for accurately predicting and measuring image throughput of a PACS design. To create the simulation model of the planned or implemented PACS, it must first be decomposed into principal tasks. We have decomposed the entire PACS image management chain into eight subsystems. These subsystems include network transfers over three different networks (Ethernet, FDDI and UltraNet) and five software programs and/or queues: (1) transfer of image data from the imaging modality computer to the image acquisition/reformatting computer; (2) reformatting the image data into a standard image format; (3) transferring the image data from the acquisition/reformatting computer to the image archive computer; (4) updating a relational database management system over the network; (5) image processing-- rotation and optimal gray-scale lookup table calculation; (6) request that the image be archived; (7) image transfer from the image archive computer to a designated image display workstation; and (8) update the local database on the image display station, separate the image header from the image data and store the image data on a parallel disk array. Through development of an event logging facility and implementation of a network management package we have acquired throughput data for each subsystem in the PACS chain. In addition, from our PACS relational database management system, we have distilled the traffic generation patterns (temporal, file size and destination) of our imaging modality devices. This data has been input into a simulation modeling package (Block Oriented Network Simulator-- BONeS) to estimate the characteristics of the modeled PACS, e.g., the throughput rates and delay time. This simulation provides estimates on what a radiological department can expect from a PACS in terms of throughput and delay.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A/D Conversion for Radix (-2)

The direct conversion of an analog signal to its digital representation in base (-2) is considered. A successive approximation version strategy is developed and applied to a practical converter that is described in detail.
Three measures of closeness in adolescents’ relationships with parents and friends: Variations and developmental significance

Two studies examined the nature and developmental significance of closeness in adolescents’ relationships with parents and friends. Three measures of relationship closeness (i.e., interdependence, emotional tone, and subjective opinion) were compared and contrasted. In Study 1, grade and gender differences in closeness in relationships with mothers, fathers, and friends were examined. Participants were 133 adolescents in Grades 7, 9, and 11 and 135 of their parents. Closeness in relationships with mothers, fathers, and friends varied based on closeness measure, grade of adolescent, gender of adolescent, and gender of parent. The results suggest that the interdependence measure offers a perspective on adolescents’ close relationships that differs from that provided by the emotional tone and subjective opinion measures. In Study 2, associations were examined between the three measures of closeness in adolescents’ relationships with mothers, fathers, and friends and adolescents’ problem behavior, substance use, and school performance. Participants included 107 adolescents in Grades 7 and 10. In combination, the measures of closeness in relationships with mothers and with fathers explained significant variability in the criterion variables, and reports of interdependence and emotional tone emerged as unique, significant predictors. The results highlight distinctions among the three conceptualizations that are commonly purported to assess a close relationship and point to the utility and validity of interdependence and emotional tone as measures of closeness in adolescents’ relationships.
Nitric Oxide Emissions from Laminar Diffusion Flames: Effects of Air-Side versus Fuel-Side Diluent Addition

Abstract Flue gas recirculation (FGR) is a well-known method used to control oxides of nitrogen (NO x ) in industrial burner applications. Recent small- and large-scale experiments have shown that introducing the recirculated flue gases with the fuel results in a much greater reduction in NO x , per unit mass of gas recirculated, compared to introducing the flue gases with the combustion air. At present, however, there is no definitive understanding of why introducing the recirculated gases with the fuel is more effective than conventional FGR. The objective of the present investigation is to ascertain to what degree chemical kinetics and/or molecular transport effects can explain the differences in NO x reduction observed between fuel-side and air-side introduction of flue gases by studying laminar diffusion flames. Numerical simulations of counterflow diffusion flames using full kinetics were performed and NO x emission indices calculated for various conditions. Studies were conducted in which N 2 diluent was added either on the fuel- or air-side of the flame for conditions of either fixed initial velocities or fixed fuel mass flux. Results from these simulation studies indicate that a major factor in diluent effectiveness is the differential effect on flame zone residence times associated with fuel-side versus air-side dilution. Experiments using laminar jet flames were conducted in which either the air or fuel stream was diluted with N 2 . The experiments showed that fuel-side dilution results in somewhat greater NO x emission indices than air-side dilution. The higher flame temperatures measured with fuel dilution appear to be the principal cause of the higher emissions. The results of both the numerical simulations and the experiments suggest that, although molecular transport and chemical kinetic phenomena are affected by the location of diluent addition depending on flow conditions, the dramatically greater effectiveness of fuel-side over air-side introduction of recirculated flue gases in practical applications likely results also from differences in turbulent mixing and heat transfer.
Recent Progress with FKBP-Derived Destabilizing Domains

The FKBP-derived destabilizing domains are increasingly being used to confer small molecule-dependent stability to many different proteins. The L106P domain confers instability to yellow fluorescent protein when it is fused to the N-terminus, the C-terminus, or spliced into the middle of yellow fluorescent protein, however multiple copies of L106P do not confer greater instability. These engineered destabilizing domains are not dominant to endogenous degrons that regulate protein stability.
Black Success in Local Runoff Elections

To determine if the majority vote requirement disadvantages blacks, a set of runoffs for county offices is analyzed. For the period 1970-1984, blacks who led in the initial primary but faced a white in the runoff were less successful than were white primary frontrunners who faced another white in the runoff. Since 1977, however, black primary frontrunners do about as well as whites. The magnitude of the difference in the share of the vote polled by the two leading candidates and facing an incumbent are variables related to a stronger performance by black candidates. Black plurality leaders more often win nominations in more affluent counties.
Mild Arbuzov reactions of phosphonous acids

Abstract A very mild and simple method for the preparation of phosphinic acids from phosphonous acids through the intermediacy of silylalkyl phosphonites is described.
An Action-Plan Interpretation of Purposive Explanations of Actions

This paper deals with the interpretation of Purposive (“teleological”, “reason”) Explanations of Actions (PEA’s). My first task is the circumscription of the topic.
Engineering in Rehabilitation: A Brief History of Engineering Contributions to the Science, Art and Practice of Rehabilitation

It seems appropriate to begin by acknowledging that the evolution of a field or discipline is subject to invention and discovery but, perhaps, even more so to political and social forces. It is also worth noting that advances proceed erratically for these same reasons. This is certainly the case for Engineering and its sub-disciplines of Bioengineering and Rehabilitation Engineering. Hopefully this will become evident in the following discourse.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Using Multilevel Modeling in Large-Scale Planned Variation Educational Experiments: Improving Understanding of Intervention Effects.

The author shows how one can combine a large-scale planned variation experimental design and multilevel analysis to address research questions that go beyond the issue of overall treatment effectiveness. In particular, the design and analysis approach presented here can address the following research questions: how an educational intervention produces its results, for whom the intervention works, and whether the intervention works well across different contexts. The author used data based on a large-scale educational field experiment to describe multilevel models that one can use to address this set of research questions. Important design and analysis considerations are highlighted, especially with regard to assessing the impact of school-level characteristics.
Kinetics of particle growth—V: Particle formation in the photolysis of SO2-allene mixtures

Abstract The photolysis of SO 2 with radiation > 3000 A was studied in the presence of allene (C 3 H 4 ) at 29°C. The reactions products were CO, C 2 H 4 and an oil tentatively identified as C 5 H 8 SO. The rate of CO production, R [CO], was proportional to the SO 2 pressure and nearly independent of the C 3 H 4 pressure. However, the ratio [C 2 H 4 ]/[CO] varied from 0·15 to 0·23 to 0·30 as the [SO 2 ]/[C 3 H 4 ] ratio varied from 5·8 to 1·0 to 0·14. Initially as the reaction mixture was irradiated there was an induction period until the C 5 H 8 SO concentration reached 3·0 × 10 12 molecules/cc before which particles (i.e. droplets) were not produced, though CO and C 2 H 4 were. Then suddenly nucleation occurred, particles were produced for a short time, and then particle production ceased. The particles grew rapidly by condensation of the C 5 H 8 SO which was continuously produced throughout the irradiation. Thus the particles maintained a fairly uniform size. The maximum in particle density, N max , occurred when the particles had grown to about 72 A dia corresponding to a condensation rate coefficient of 7·0 × 10 −7 cc/min. After the maximum was reached, the particle density dropped slowly because of coagulation which proceeded on every collision (corresponding to a rate coefficient ∼ 10 −7 cc/min). Diffusional loss of particles to the wall was negligible. In addition to removal by condensation. C 5 H 8 SO was also lost by diffusion to the wall with a rate coefficient of 0·30 min −1 . Particle nucleation can be represented by the simplified reaction rC → C r where C represents C 5 H 8 SO. The value found for r was 6·7 and for κ 9 was 3·0 × 10 −57 cc 5·7 /min.