cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pedagogia etnomatemática: uma proposta para o ensino de matemática na educação básica

ResumoAs reflexoes apresentadas neste artigo sao parte de uma proposta de reorientacao curricular em educacao matematica que defende a utilizacao do conhecimento matematico vivenciado pelo aluno em sua comunidade como subsidio metodologico para o processo de ensino-aprendizagem da matematica escolar. Mas, a luz das concepcoes d‟ambrosianas de Etnomatematica, principalmente, a educacional, que procura compreender a realidade sociocultural e chegar a acao pedagogica de maneira natural mediante um enfoque cognitivo com forte fundamentacao cultural. Para a concretizacao dessa proposta no campo educacional, busquei fundamentos legais, dentre os quais, os Parâmetros Curriculares Nacionais, que propoem ser apenas um documento de referencia para que as escolas organizem suas propostas curriculares. Nesse sentido, associei os blocos de conteudos dos Parâmetros Curriculares Nacionais do Ensino Fundamental da Matematica aos conhecimentos matematicos de uma comunidade de horticultores da Grande Natal/RN.AbstractThe reflections presented in this article are part of a proposal for a reorientation in mathematics education curriculum which advocates the use of mathematical knowledge experienced by students in their community as a subsidy to the methodological process of teaching and learning of school mathematics. To carry out this proposal in the educational field, I sought legal grounds, among which the National Curriculum Parameters, which propose only be a reference document for schools organize their curriculum proposals. In this sense, joined the blocks of content in the National Curriculum Parameters of elementary school mathematics to mathematical knowledge of a community of growers of Natal/RN.
The "weekend effect" in plastic surgery: analyzing weekday versus weekend admissions in body contouring procedures from 2000 to 2010.

Background Body contouring operations are a quickly becoming the most commonly performed operations by American plastic surgeons, mirroring the increase in bariatric surgery in the US over the last decade. Despite previous studies showing worse patient outcomes on weekend admissions for non-emergent cases (spine, breast, and hernia), there is no comparative data reported regarding body contouring procedures. Objective The authors aimed to determine whether body contouring surgery results in worse outcomes when performed on weekends versus weekdays. Methods A serial cross-sectional study of body contouring patients was performed using the Nationwide Inpatient Sample database from 2000 to 2010. Data were gathered using international classification of diseases, ninth revision codes for liposuction and reduction of adipose tissue (86.83) for weekday and weekend admissions, including demographics, hospital charges, and patient outcomes. Results A total of 50,346 hospital admission cases of inpatient body contouring were examined over the 11-year period, 98% of which were on a weekday. When compared to weekday admissions, weekend admissions were associated with a statistically significant increase in hospitalization costs ($35,481, p < 0.000) and in hospital length of stay (5.68 days, p < 0.000). Mortality rates were found to be higher on weekend admissions (3.7%) versus weekdays (0.5%) as well. Conclusions Although outcomes are multifactorial, in body contouring patients, weekday admission is associated with favorable outcomes in terms of length of stay and hospital charges. Level of Evidence 4![Graphic][1] Risk [1]: /embed/inline-graphic-1.gif
Effect of fluid flow on membrane fluidity in endothelial cells

Human umbilical vein endothelial cells were sheared in a parallel flow chamber to study the effect of fluid flow on membrane fluidity. Steady flow was produced by a flow loop for wall shear stresses>or=6 dy/cm/sup 2/ and by a syringe pump for lower shears. Pulsatile flow was created by a system including a syringe driven by a motor and a set of one-way valves. The fluorescent dye merocyanine 540 was used to monitor phospholipid packing of the endothelial cells subjected to steady and pulsatile fluid flow. Sheared cells bound up to 60% more dye than the stationary controls (p >
Network-supported applications

As network-based applications become more popular and varied in terms of the support they require from the underlying network infrastructure, understanding the relationship between applications and the network is crucial in determining what network equipment to build, what capabilities are needed, and when they are needed. Analysis shows that there are three basic types of content delivery applications. The first type is hosted applications, where individual clients make requests of servers in data centers. It includes basic Web services, video-on-demand, and digital media downloads. The second type is broadcast applications, where channels of digital content are sent from a data center simultaneously to multiple clients. Examples include video, music, and data channels. The third type is peer-to-peer applications, where the network provider provides the connectivity between its customers. It includes AOL Instant Messenger,∗ Microsoft's NetMeeting,∗ and file-sharing and virtual classroom applications. Each of these three types demands different solutions from the network in the areas of infrastructure, efficiency, performance, reliability, measurements, security, and application features. This paper proposes a framework for planning, building, integrating, and growing network support for today's networked applications and those of the future.3
Alliances, market power, and postwar trade: explaining the GATT/WTO

This paper argues that testing the empirical implications of existing theories about institutions yields rich insights into the postwar trade regime. Market-failure theory predicts that the GATT/WTO will exert its strongest impact on trade between its largest member states. A theory based on security externalities implies that a sizeable expansion of trade will also occur between a subset of the contracting parties that alliance ties link. An analysis of the data shows that the evidence is consistent with both theories, making clear the value added of taking explicitly into account the economics and politics that motivated the establishment of the postwar regime and that governed its subsequent operation.
Fluorescence polarization of Limulus hemocyanin

The polarization of the native fluorescence of Limulus hemocyanin (Hc) as a function of pH (4–10) has been measured. At pH 7, the polarization decreases in the order oxyHc, deoxyHc, stripped Hc, apoHc. The observed changes in polarization are explained in terms of conformational changes and the association-dissociation behavior of the 48-mer (60S), 24-mer (37S), and 12-mer (24S) aggregates and the monomer (5S) subunits. For oxyHc (pH 5.0–7.5), polarization as function of pH is reversible and independent of time, whereas at higher pH (7.8–8.4) the polarization decreases as a function of time. The polarization-time plots show a first rapid fall in the polarization followed by a phase of much slower change, with the rate of initial depolarization increasing with increasing pH. At pH 8.4, the depolarization is ascribed to dissociation from the 48-mer and 24-mer to the monomer species. In the pH range 4.5–6.5, the reaction scheme is proposed as follows: deprotonation of P12(H+)2i to form P12H+, aggregation of two P12H+ into P24(H+)2, deprotonation of two amino acid residues of P24(H+)2 to form P24, and aggregation of two P24 into P48 (60S).
Soluble N-Substituted Organosilane Polybenzimidazoles

Six N-substituted polybenzimidazole organosilane derivatives (−CH2SiMe2R; R = methyl, vinyl, allyl, hexyl, phenyl, and decyl) were synthesized, and they are more soluble in common organic solvents (tetrahydrofuran and chloroform) than the parent polybenzimidazole. Our polymer modification pathway provides a straightforward synthesis that can be carried out at room temperature/pressure and give moderate yields. Solution 1H NMR spectra of both the parent and deprotonated polybenzimidazoles are reported. On the basis of the NMR analysis in CDCl3, nearly all of the benzimidazole N−H positions (two ligands per repeat unit) are substituted by the organosilane moieties. Some of the modified polymers have comparable thermal properties to the parent polymer, and the average molecular weights are higher for the substituted polybenzimidazoles than the parent PBI.
Coagulation studies in the newborn

Hemorrhagic tendency has been cited as a serious complication in certain sick newborn infants. A prospective study was undertaken to determine the coagulation status of sick newborn infants with the aim of differentiating conditions such as disseminated intravascular coagulation from the normally low coagulation factors characteristic of the newborn period. Fortytwo premature and 15 full-term newborn infants admitted to an intensive care unit for diagnosis and treatment necessitating umbilical vessel catheterization, were studied. Parameters studied were (1) clinical observation of hemorrhage, (2) coagulation factors by Partial Thromboplastin Time (PTT), Prothombin Time (PT), Thrombin Time (TT), Prothrombin and Proconvertin Time (P & P), Factor V, Factor VIII and Platelet Count, (3) autopsy findings of hemorrhage and microthrombi. Nine premature and 2 full-term infants bled. The results of the coagulation factors for these infants who bled indicated prolonged PTT, normal PT, normal TT, mean values of P & P 20%, Factor V 57%, Factor VIII 81%, Platelet count 147000/mm2. These values were consistent with values for the newborn period and no significant differences was observed between bleeders and non-bleeders. These results did not provide convincing evidence that disseminated intravascular coagulation was the basis of bleeding in these sick newborn infants.
Embryonic catch‐up growth after exposure to the ketone body D,L,‐beta‐hydroxybutyrate in vitro

The capability of rodent embryos to recover in growth and development subsequent to exposure to an insult was investigated employing whole embryo culture. Early somite stage mouse embryos were exposed to 32 mM D,L,-beta-hydroxybutyrate (D,L,-beta OHB) for 24 hr (Period I), and were then transferred and maintained in control medium for an additional 36 hr maximum (Period II). Growth of this recovery group (Group B) was monitored at various time points of Period II and the results were compared with an unexposed control group (Group A) and another continuously-exposed reference group (Group C). At the end of Period I, 100% of D,L,-beta OHB-exposed embryos exhibited neural tube closure defects and were growth retarded. At 36 hr of Period II, cranial and caudal neural tube defects of Group B embryos were reduced to 3-7% and 0%, respectively. These embryos also demonstrated an excess in growth velocity during recovery so that at the end of Period II, total protein content was comparable to control values. In contrast, Group C embryos remained growth retarded and showed a significant increase in cranial and caudal neural tube defects (20 and 75%, respectively). Thus, neurulating mouse embryos were capable of catch-up growth following an embryotoxic exposure to D,L,-beta OHB. The progression of development of total protein values and morphological features such as elimination of neural tube defects was intimately related to the amount of time allowed for recovery. Moreover, an elevation of growth rate over normality, which is characteristic of catch-up growth, was observed.
Sildenafil causes a dose- and time-dependent downregulation of phosphodiesterase type 6 expression in the rat retina.

SSI Prize Essay for Male Erectile Dysfunction—Research ‘Sildenafil causes a dose- and time-dependent downregulation of phosphodiesterase type 6 expression in the rat retina‘
Identification of quantitative trait loci influencing annual height- and diameter-increment growth in loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.)

Quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for annual height- and diameter-increment growth were estimated in each of two three-generation loblolly pine pedigrees. Annual height-increment was measured in three consecutive years in the BASE pedigree and in four consecutive years in the QTL pedigree. Annual diameter-increment was measured only in the QTL pedigree for two consecutive years. An interval mapping-approach was used to estimate the number of QTLs, the magnitude of QTL effects, and their position on genetic linkage maps. Thirteen different height-increment and eight different diameter-increment QTLs were detected, suggesting that the these traits are, at least in part, controlled by a few genes of large effect. Little evidence was found for the expression of individual QTLs in multiple years or in multiple genetic backgrounds. These results were discussed in terms of the power of the experiment and their consequences for marker-assisted breeding.
How Competent Are You (or Your Staff) with Shoulder Dystocia

Shoulder dystocia-when the fetal head retracts or recoils against the maternal perineum ("turtle sign") and external rotation is not accomplished-occurs in approximately 1 of every 200 deliveries. It's often diagnosed after the emergence of the fetal head when delivery is prevented by impaction of the fetal shoulders within or above the maternal pelvis. When it occurs, shoulder dystocia is an obstetric emergency.
The Effect of Rubratoxin in Broiler Chickens

Abstract Crystalline rubratoxin produced by Penicillium rubrum was tested for its effects in broiler chickens. The acute oral LD50 in day-old chicks was 83.2 ± 0.67 mg./kg. of body weight. The most characteristic symptom in birds receiving a lethal dose was red mottled livers. When graded doses of dietary rubratoxin were fed for three weeks, a dose of 500 μg./g. of diet was required to cause a significant (P
Rainfall Contributions from Precipitation Systems with Different Sizes, Convective Intensities, and Durations over the Tropics and Subtropics

AbstractThe rainfall contributions from precipitation features (PFs) with full spectra of different sizes and convective intensities over the tropics and subtropics are summarized using 12 yr of version 6 Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Precipitation Radar (PR) and Microwave Imager (TMI) observations. Regional, seasonal, and diurnal variations of the rainfall contributions from various PFs are shown, with the global distribution of the sizes, PR echo tops, maximum heights of 30 dBZ, and minimum TMI 85-GHz brightness temperatures of PFs above which contribute half of the rainfall in each 2° × 2° region. Though the results from radar and microwave observations generally agree with each other, some large differences exist over land. Seasonal variations of sizes and intensities of precipitation systems are found over the northeast Pacific, northern SPCZ, and some land areas in addition to the well-known monsoon regions. The diurnal cycles of rainfall over land and ocean are interpreted with the com...
Doing Things Right: Effectiveness in Local Nonprofit Organizations, A Panel Study

This study investigates whether nonprofit organizational effectiveness is judged consistently by differing constituencies and whether changes in board effectiveness and overall organizational effectiveness (judged by differing constituencies) are the result of changes in the use of practices regarded as the “right way” to manage. The results show that different constituencies judged the effectiveness of nonprofit organizations differently, at both periods; that a change in the use of correct board practices over time, controlling for board effectiveness at time 1, was not related to board effectiveness at time 2; and that a change in the use of correct management practices, controlling for organizational effectiveness at time 1, was not related to organizational effectiveness at time 2, except for board members. Implications of the results are considered. Claims about best practices for nonprofit boards and organizations must be evaluated more critically. Finding the right fit among practices is more important than doing things the “right way.
Repair replication in human cells. Simplified determination utilizing hydroxyurea.

Abstract A simplified and shortened procedure has been developed for the determination of repair replication of DNA in cultured mammalian cells. The procedure, using the bromodeoxyuridine density label and a radio-isotopic label has been applied to normal diploid human cells (WI38) and to their SV40 transformants (VA13). After incubation with the repair label the cells are lysed and digested for two hours at 50°C with proteinase K. This digest can then be immediately subjected to alkaline cesium chloride density gradient centrifugation with no need for DNA extraction. Hydroxyurea is used to reduce the level of semi-conservative synthesis so that a quantitative determination of repair replication can be accomplished by a single centrifugation. The method is not affected by variations in the effectiveness of the inhibitor although a small amount of semi-conservative synthesis normally occurs in the presence of the drug. The time course of repair replication in WI38 cells is unaffected by the drug. The apparent amount of repair synthesis in ultraviolet irradiated cells is increased 25 to 40% in the presence of hydroxyurea when thymidine is used as tracer. Under certain conditions in which the level of semiconservative synthesis is low (e.g., contact inhibited cells, high ultraviolet doses) the use of hydroxyurea is unnecessary.
Tunneling determination of electron-phonon interaction in Mg

Abstract Proximity electron tunneling spectra of Mg backed by Nb are analyzed to determine the Eliashberg function of Mg.
Obstacles to faster growth in the Mongolian transition

Abstract The obstacles to economic growth in Mongolia are modeled with a supply-side growth model calibrated to represent inefficient use of resources and intermediation. Progressive removal of inefficiencies over time by means of privatization of banks and industrial enterprises potentially leads to increased productivity and increased capital accumulation, raising economic growth and per capita output.
Bcl-2 inhibits apoptosis and extends recombinant protein production in cells infected with Sindbis viral vectors.

Viruses carrying foreign genes are often used for the production of recombinant proteins in mammalian cells and other eukaryotic expression systems. Though high levels of gene expression are possible using viral vectors, the host cell generally responds to the infection by inducing apoptotic cell death within several days, abruptly ending protein production. It has recently been demonstrated, however, that apoptosis can be suppressed in virally infected cells using anti-apoptotic genes, such as bcl-2. In this study, stably transfected rat carcinomal cell lines, AT3-bcl2 and AT3-neo, were infected with a Sindbis virus carrying the gene for chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) in an effort to determine the effect of bcl-2 on cell viability and recombinant protein production. Infected AT3-bcl2 cells consistently maintained viabilities close to 100% and a growth rate equivalent to that of uninfected cells (0.040 h-1). In contrast, the Sindbis viral vector induced apoptosis in the AT3-neo cells, which were all dead by three days post-infection. Though infected AT3-neo cells generated higher levels of heterologous protein, over 1000 mUnits per well, CAT activity fell to zero by two days post-infection. In contrast, chloramphenicol acetyltransferase was present in AT3-bcl2 cells for almost a week, reaching a maximum level of 580 mUnits per well. In addition, recombinant protein production in AT3-bcl2 cells was extended and amplified by the regular addition of virus to the culture medium, a process which resulted in expression for the duration of the cell culture process.
Gas Sensing in Nematodes

Nearly all animals are capable of sensing changes in environmental oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) levels, which can signal the presence of food, pathogens, conspecifics, predators, or hosts. The free-living nematode Caenorhabditis elegans is a powerful model system for the study of gas sensing. C. elegans detects changes in O2 and CO2 levels and integrates information about ambient gas levels with other internal and external cues to generate context-appropriate behavioral responses. Due to its small nervous system and amenability to genetic and genomic analyses, the functional properties of its gas-sensing microcircuits can be dissected with single-cell resolution, and signaling molecules and natural genetic variations that modulate gas responses can be identified. Here, we discuss the neural basis of gas sensing in C. elegans, and highlight changes in gas-evoked behaviors in the context of other sensory cues and natural genetic variations. We also discuss gas sensing in other free-living nematodes and parasitic nematodes, focusing on how gas-sensing behavior has evolved to mediate species-specific behavioral requirements.
A Numerical Study of Gravity Wave Breaking and Impacts on Turbulence and Mean State

Abstract A model system is established that includes three interactive components: a dynamics model, a turbulence model, and a chemistry model. The dynamics model solves the two-dimensional, nonlinear, nonhydrostatic, compressible, and viscous flow equations, and the turbulence model is adapted from the 2.5-level Mellor–Yamada turbulence model with minor adjustments. The dynamics and the turbulence models are coupled with a chemistry model to study the mesoscale impacts of gravity wave breaking on the atmospheric compositional structures. The present study focuses on the local distribution of atomic oxygen and ozone. The model system is used to study the gravity wave propagation, growth, breakdown, and its impacts on the mean state in the middle and upper atmosphere. The inclusion of a turbulence model makes it possible to study the long-term evolution of the gravity wave after wave breaking and in the presence of nonuniform turbulence, as well as the interaction between a breaking wave and turbulence. Th...
Chronic unilateral occlusion of an extrapulmonary primary bronchus induces pulmonary hypertension syndrome (ascites) in male and female broilers

Previously, it was demonstrated that acute (4 min) and chronic (12 d) occlusion of an extrapulmonary primary bronchus triggers pulmonary hypertension but not pulmonary hypertension syndrome (PHS, ascites) in broilers. The present study was conducted to determine whether a more prolonged period of bronchus occlusion causes PHS similar to that induced by clamping one pulmonary artery. Male and female broiler chicks, 14 to 18 d old, were anesthetized, the thoracic inlet was opened, and a silver clip was positioned to fully obstruct the left extrapulmonary primary bronchus (BRONCHUS CLAMP group) or the left pulmonary artery (PA-CLAMP group). Sham-operated chicks were anesthetized and the thoracic inlet was opened; however, neither the pulmonary artery nor the bronchus was clamped (SHAM group). An electrocardiogram (ECG) was obtained whenever clinical ascites became apparent in individual broilers, or prior to the final necropsy for broilers surviving to the end (Day 36) of the experiment. The right:total ventricular weight ratio (RV:TV) was evaluated as an index of pulmonary arterial pressure. Early post-surgical mortality (up to 21 d of age) was higher in the PA-CLAMP group (27% for males and females combined) than in the BRONCHUS CLAMP (10%) and SHAM (2%) groups. Cumulative ascites mortality (Days 22 to 36) also was higher in the PA-CLAMP group (86% for males, 77% for females) than in the BRONCHUS CLAMP (69% for males, 41% for females) and SHAM (23% for males, 0% for females) groups. Ascitic birds in all treatment groups had higher RV:TV ratios and more negative ECG Lead II S-wave amplitudes than nonascitic birds, reflecting the right ventricular hypertrophy and generalized ventricular dilation typically associated with PHS. These results demonstrate that unilateral bronchus occlusion is an effective experimental model for triggering ascites at a lower incidence than that obtained by occluding one pulmonary artery. Following the onset of pulmonary hypertension, the pathophysiological progression leading to ascites appears to be similar for broilers with either unilateral bronchus or pulmonary artery occlusion.
Flap design and the LeFort III osteotomy: Blood flow investigation☆

Abstract The effect on local blood flow of flap design in a LeFort III osteotomy was examined in this study. The radioactive microsphere technique was used to make serial flow determinations in two groups of macaque monkeys. The use of seven skin and mucosal incisions was compared with a coronal flap procedure. Significant blood flow reductions to the midface segment were measured when a coronal incision was the sole access in performance of the osteotomies. The findings indicate that the multiple incision approach is more biologically sound than the coronal incision approach in the LeFort III osteotomy. Important information about the surgical techniques can be determined from the data and applied to a more successful performance of the LeFort III osteotomy.
CeReS-18, a novel cell surface sialoglycopeptide, induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in a calcium-sensitive manner

Very few growth inhibitors have been identified whichcan inhibit the proliferation of a broad spectrumof human breast cancer cell lines. CeReS-18, anovel cell surface sialoglycopeptide growth inhibitor, can reversiblyinhibit the proliferation of both estrogen receptor positive(MCF-7) and negative (BT-20) human breast cancer celllines. In addition, at concentrations above those requiredfor the reversible inhibition of cell proliferation, CeReS-18can also induce cell death in MCF-7 cells.Changes in nuclear and cytoplasmic morphology, characteristic ofapoptosis, were detected in MCF-7 cells treated witha cytotoxic concentration of CeReS-18, and internucleosomal DNAcleavage was also observed. The sensitivity of MCF-7and BT-20 cells to the biological properties ofCeReS-18 could be influenced by altering the calciumconcentration in the extracellular growth medium, such thatwhen the calcium concentration in the environment wasdecreased, an increased sensitivity to CeReS-18-induced growth inhibitionand cytotoxicity were observed. The addition of thecalcium chelating agent EGTA to MCF-7 cells, culturedin a normal calcium environment, could mimic theincreased sensitivity to the biological effects of CeReS-18observed under reduced calcium conditions.
Combined chromatographic-isotopic dilution analysis of fecapentaenes in human feces.

Fecapentaene-12 (FP-12) and fecapentaene-14 (FP-14) are genotoxic unsaturated ether lipids produced by colonic bacteria in man. We have developed and applied to feces collections from normal volunteers direct isotopic dilution procedures using tritium-labeled (at C5) FP-12 and FP-14 for measuring these compounds. FPs were recovered from feces by solvent extraction, silica cartridge clean-up, and analytical liquid chromatography. Low levels of FP-12 and FP-14 (<0.1 to 2.4 μg/g of freeze-dried feces) were observed. Identity of chromatographic peaks was established by co-elution and by ultraviolet absorption spectra obtained via photodiode array scanning. Two unknown peaks were tentatively identified from absorption spectra as closely related compounds with increased (hexaene?) or decreased (tetraene?) number of double bonds. Levels of FPs increased after incubation of feces at 37°C for 96 h under anaerobic conditions and pre-FP-12 and pre-FP-14 peaks were observed, which showed identical spectra with authentic FPs. These were interpreted to be isomeric forms of the all-trans-[3H]FPs used for the isotopic dilution analysis. Total FPs (including pre-FP) yielded a range of 0.3–80 μg FP-12 and 2.8–44 μg FP-14 per g of freeze-dried feces from the study group.
Separation of the Stern and diffuse layer in coarse-grained models: The cases of phosphatidyl serine, phosphatidic acid, and PIP2 monolayers

We present here a method to separate the Stern and diffuse layer in general systems into two regions that can be analyzed separately. The Stern layer can be described in terms of Bjerrum pairing and the diffuse layer in terms of Poisson-Boltzmann theory (monovalent) or strong coupling theory plus a slowly decaying tail (divalent). We consider three anionic phospholipids: phosphatidyl serine, phosphatidic acid, and phosphatidylinositol(4,5)bisphosphate (PIP2), which we describe within a minimal coarse-grained model as a function of ionic concentration. The case of mixed lipid systems is also considered, which shows a high level of binding cooperativity as a function of PIP2 localization. Implications for existing experimental systems of lipid heterogeneities are also discussed.
Guanosine 5′, α-β-methylene, triphosphate, a novel GTP analog, causes persistent activation of adenylate cyclase: Evidence against pyrophosphorylation mechanism

Abstract To test the hypothesis that guanine nucleotides activate adenylate cyclase by a covalent mechanism involving pyrophosphorylation of the enzyme, we studied the effect of a novel GTP analog, guanosine 5′, α-β-methylene triphosphate (Gp(CH 2 )pp), with a methylene bond in the α-β-position that is stable to enzymatic hydrolysis. Gp(CH 2 )pp was as effective as GTP in stimulating rat reticulocyte adenylate cyclase in the presence of isoproterenol. Previously only guanine nucleotides with modified terminal phosphates such as guanylyl 5′-imidodiphosphate (Gpp(NH)p) were thought capable of causing persistent activation of adenylate cyclase. Gp(CH 2 )pp, however, caused persistent activation of rat reticulocyte and turkey erythrocyte adenylate cyclase. We conclude that guanine nucleotides do not activate adenylate cyclase by a pyrophosphorylation mechanism and that a modified γ-phosphate is not essential in guanine nucleotides for generation of the irreversibly-activated enzyme state.
Synthesis of polyphosphazenes with ethyleneoxy-containing side groups: New solid electrolyte materials

A series of mixed-substituent poly(organophosphazenes) with ethyleneoxy side groups has been synthesized. These polymers possess multiple electron-donor coordination sites that can form complexes with metal salts and generate “solid electrolyte” behavior. The polymers were characterized by 31P, 1H, and 13C NMR spectroscopy, gel permeation chromatography (GPC), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and elemental analysis. All the mixed-substituent polymers have low glass transition temperatures, from −70 to −56 °C, as well as at least one melting transition. Several polymer−lithium triflate complexes were examined by impedance analysis. The maximum conductivities for these polymers ranged from 1.6 × 10-6 to 3.9 × 10-5 S cm-1.
QUANTITATIVE ASPECTS OF THE SPONTANEOUS ELUTION OF INFLUENZA VIRUS FROM RED CELLS

Each chick and human red cell contains approximately 300 sites capable of attaching influenza virus particles. These correspond to an area representing approximately 2 per cent of the red cell surface. Although the rate of attachment of PR8 to red cells is not diffusion-limited, when calculated on the basis of the total cell area, it does approach the theoretical maximum for interaction between the virus and the fraction of the cell area known to contain attachment sites. It is demonstrated that the virus attachment can initiate a spreading disturbance on the red cell membrane which extends over an area far exceeding that covered by the attached virus and which leads to the destruction of receptor sites. This process does not involve cyclic virus attachment, elution from the cell, and reattachment to another site. Practically all the receptor sites on a cell are destroyed before any virus is liberated into the medium. The spontaneous elution of virus from red cells within 24 hours at 37 degrees C. requires a threshold value of at least 3 and less than 5 virus particles per cell. Parallelisms between the spontaneous elution reaction and the phenomenon of lysis-from-without in the bacteriophage system are demonstrated.
Genotyping of Porcine Teschovirus from Nervous Tissue of Pigs with and without Polioencephalomyelitis in Indiana

Porcine teschovirus (PTV) was isolated in cell culture and/or demonstrated by polymerase chain reaction in samples of brain and/or spinal cord in pigs in Indiana during the 2002-2007 period. Testing was initiated on pigs originating from populations exhibiting nervous clinical disease and/or pigs with microscopic lesions in central nervous tissues, indicating viral encephalitis and/or myelitis. Virus was demonstrated in pigs with and without lesions as well as with and without nervous clinical disease. Nucleotide sequence analysis of the 5'-nontranslated region of the viral genome revealed that these isolates had low-level genetic heterogeneity but were homologous to porcine PTV serotype 1 (PTV-1). These findings indicate that low-to-moderate virulence strains of PTV with some homology to PTV-1 are endemic in many swineherds of Indiana and are associated with subclinical and clinical nervous disease in weaned pigs.
Network science: an introduction to recent statistical approaches

Network science focuses on relationships between social entities. It is used widely in the social and behavioral sciences, as well as in political science, economics, organizational science, and industrial engineering. The social network perspective has been developed over the last sixty years by researchers in psychology, sociology, and anthropology, and morerecently, to a lesser extent, in physics. Network science is gaining recognition and standing in the general social and behavioral science communities as the theoretical basis for examining social structures. This basis has been clearly defined by many theorists, and the paradigm convincingly applied to important substantive problems. However, the paradigm requires a new and different set of concepts and analytic tools, beyond those provided by standard quantitative (particularly, statistical) methods. These concepts and tools are the topics of this talk.
Roles for short-term synaptic plasticity in behavior

Short-term synaptic plasticity is phylogenetically widespread in ascending sensory systems of vertebrate brains. Such plasticity is found at all levels of sensory processing, including in sensory cortices. The functional roles of this apparently ubiquitous short-term synaptic plasticity, however, are not well understood. Data obtained in midbrain electrosensory neurons of Eigenmannia suggest that this plasticity has at least two roles in sensory processing; enhancing low-pass temporal filtering and generating phase shifts used in processing moving sensory images. Short-term synaptic plasticity may serve similar roles in other sensory modalities, including vision.
Advanced software design and standards for traffic signal control

Improved traffic management and control systems are widely reported to be cost-effective investments. Simply retiming signals can provide significant benefits by reducing vehicle stops, travel times, and fuel consumption. The in­ stallation of advanced traffic management systems (ATMS) can provide even greater savings. However, many hardware and software obstacles have impeded the actual implementation of advanced traffic management systems. The general hardware and software limitations of current traffic signal control technology are reviewed. The impact of these deficiencies is discussed in the context of three example ap­ plications. Based on this discussion, the paper identifies several computing issues that should be addressed in order to reduce the effort involved with integrating existing traffic control devices. Adoption of standard industrial control computing platforms and development of new communication and software engineering models are recommended.
Ocean chemistry and atmospheric CO2 sensitivity to carbon perturbations throughout the Cenozoic

[1] We assess the response of atmospheric CO2 (pCO2) and ocean chemistry to carbon perturbations, placing modern carbon-cycle sensitivity in the context of the Cenozoic. We use the carbon-cycle model LOSCAR to study the effect of perturbations over the past 67 Ma. Our results indicate that atmospheric CO2 and surface ocean pH were slightly more sensitive to carbon perturbations during the Miocene (∼15 Ma ago) compared to modern conditions and less sensitive during the earlier part of the Cenozoic. We find that the sensitivity to carbon input at the Paleocene-Eocene boundary (∼56 Ma ago) was most likely lower compared to modern conditions. Further, we show that the Cenozoic evolution of steady state pCO2 and seawater Mg/Ca ratios is critical for the system's sensitivity to a carbon release.
Stem girdling manipulates leaf sugar concentrations and anthocyanin expression in sugar maple trees during autumn.

To better understand the effects of sugar accumulation on red color development of foliage during autumn, we compared carbohydrate concentration, anthocyanin expression and xylem pressure potential of foliage on girdled versus non-girdled (control) branches of 12 mature, open-grown sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) trees. Half of the study trees were known to exhibit mostly yellow foliar coloration and half historically displayed red coloration. Leaves from both girdled and control branches were harvested at peak color expression (i.e., little or no chlorophyll present). Disruption of phloem export by girdling increased foliar sucrose, glucose and fructose concentrations regardless of historical tree color patterns. Branch girdling also increased foliar anthocyanin expression from 50.4 to 66.7% in historically red trees and from 11.7 to 54.2% in historically yellow trees, the latter representing about a fivefold increase compared with control branches. Correlation analyses indicated a strong and consistent relationship between foliar red coloration and sugar concentrations, particularly glucose and fructose, in both girdled and control branches.
Improving the efficiency of a Godunov-based free surface flow model

Models for simulating turbulent, nonhydrostatic, free surface flow are highly complex and require the combination of several different physical phenomena. Consequently, there are many different approaches to design such a model. This paper explores ways to improve the numerical efficiency of an existing free surface flow model without severely sacrificing its accuracy. Specifically, this paper investigates alternative methods for integrating diffusion as well as extending the model to nonhydrostatic flow.
Viscous Rayleigh-Taylor instability experiments at high pressure and strain rate.

Experimental results showing significant reductions from classical in the Rayleigh-Taylor instability growth rate due to high pressure effective lattice viscosity are presented. Using a laser created ramped drive, vanadium samples are compressed and accelerated quasi-isentropically at $\ensuremath{\sim}1\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{Mbar}$ peak pressures, while maintaining the sample in the solid state. Comparisons with simulations and theory indicate that the high pressure, high strain rate conditions trigger a phonon drag mechanism, resulting in the observed high effective lattice viscosity and strong stabilization of the Rayleigh-Taylor instability.
Online event clustering in temporal dimension

This work is motivated by a real-life application that exploits sensor data available from traffic light control systems currently deployed in many cities around the world. Each sensor consists of an induction loop that generates a stream of events triggered whenever a metallic object e.g. car, bus, or a bicycle, is detected above the sensor. Because of the red phase of traffic lights objects are usually divided into groups that move together. Detecting these groups of objects as long as they pass through the sensor is useful for estimating the status of the toad networks such as car queue length or detecting traffic anomalies. In this work, given a data stream that contains observations of an event, e.g. detection of a moving object, together with the timestamps indicating when the events happen, we study the problem that clusters the events together in real-time based on the proximity of the event's occurrence time. We propose an efficient real-time algorithm that scales up to the large data streams extracted from thousands of sensors in the city of London. Moreover, our algorithm is better than the baseline algorithms in terms of clustering accuracy. We demonstrate motivations of the work by showing a real-life use-case in which clustering results are used for estimating the car queue lengths on the road and detecting traffic anomalies.
Sex differences in visual information processing following right cerebrovascular accidents

This study examined whether males and females who had sustained right CVA's but did not show gross asymmetries in processing left- and right-sided visual information would demonstrate visual hemiimperception when tested with more demanding evaluation procedures. Testing involved tasks of reaction time, oral reading and searching for embedded words and figures. Males and females differed in their response patterns for tasks involving searching for embedded target stimuli; specifically, males required greater lengths of time to locate stimuli in left hemispace, while females showed no such pattern of results. This suggests that closer attention must be paid to screening procedures used to detect hemispatial visual imperceptions, particularly among males.
The Pornography Craving Questionnaire: Psychometric Properties

Despite the prevalence of pornography use, and recent conceptualization of problematic use as an addiction, we could find no published scale to measure craving for pornography. Therefore, we conducted three studies employing young male pornography users to develop and evaluate such a questionnaire. In Study 1, we had participants rate their agreement with 20 potential craving items after reading a control script or a script designed to induce craving to watch pornography. We dropped eight items because of low endorsement. In Study 2, we revised both the questionnaire and cue exposure stimuli and then evaluated several psychometric properties of the modified questionnaire. Item loadings from a principal components analysis, a high internal consistency reliability coefficient, and a moderate mean inter-item correlation supported interpreting the 12 revised items as a single scale. Correlations of craving scores with preoccupation with pornography, sexual history, compulsive internet use, and sensation seeking provided support for convergent validity, criterion validity, and discriminant validity, respectively. The enhanced imagery script did not impact reported craving; however, more frequent users of pornography reported higher craving than less frequent users regardless of script condition. In Study 3, craving scores demonstrated good one-week test–retest reliability and predicted the number of times participants used pornography during the following week. This questionnaire could be applied in clinical settings to plan and evaluate therapy for problematic users of pornography and as a research tool to assess the prevalence and contextual triggers of craving among different types of pornography users.
Summer school in nuclear and radiochemistry at Brookhaven National Laboratory

The Living Textbook of Nuclear Chemistry (http://livingtextbook.orst.edu) is a website, which is a collection of supplemental materials for the teaching of nuclear and radiochemistry. It contains audio-video presentations of the history of nuclear chemistry, tutorial lectures by recognized experts on advanced topics in nuclear and radiochemistry, links to data compilations, articles, and monographs, an audio course on radiochemistry, on-line editions of textbooks, training videos, etc. All content has been refereed.
Specificity of action of β-bungarotoxin on acetylcholine release from synaptosomes

Presynaptically acting phospholipase A2 (PLA2) neurotoxins such as beta-bungarotoxin (beta-BuTX) specifically modify the release of acetylcholine (ACh) in the periphery, whereas in the central nervous system (CNS) the release of other neurotransmitters such as norepinephrine (NE) and serotonin (5-HT) are also modified. In addition, ACh release in the periphery is modified in a triphasic manner (decrease, then increase, then block), while in the CNS only the increase has been demonstrated. To determine the specificity of the central effects of beta-BuTX we compared the effects of beta-BuTX and N. n. atra PLA2 on the release from rat cerebrocortical synaptosomes of ACh, NE, and 5-HT. We also measured the leakage of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in order to determine whether membrane permeablization was responsible for neurotransmitter leakage. Both the PLA2 neurotoxin (5.0 nM) and the non-neurotoxic enzyme (0.5 nM) stimulated the loss of NE and 5-HT, but only at concentrations which induced leakage of LDH. Conversely, beta-BuTX stimulated the release of ACh at a concentration (0.5 nM) which caused no leakage of LDH, while N. n. atra PLA2 (0.5 nM) did not stimulate ACh release. beta-Bungarotoxin thus exerts a specific effect on cholinergic nerve terminals, while the leakage of NE and 5-HT induced by beta-BuTX and N. n. atra PLA2 correlates with membrane disruption due to their PLA2 activities. Within 20 min, 0.5 nM beta-BuTX increased the resting release of ACh and decreased the stimulated release induced by depolarization with 4-aminopyridine, while N. n. atra PLA2 (0.5 nM) did not stimulate ACh release and required 45 min to exert an inhibitory effect. beta-BuTX (5.0 nM) also exerted an inhibitory effect on ACh release stimulated by veratridine, but not by high KCl. It is concluded that in low concentrations that do not disrupt membrane permeability, beta-BuTX acts specifically on cholinergic terminals in rat synaptosomes, where it exerts both stimulatory and inhibitory effects.
The political economy of Angolan growth: Social & regional structure

Too often macroeconomic trends and long term growth prospects are considered in isolation from the very real effect of the physical, social and economic structures. This is particularly so in the case of Angola as its huge flows of revenue from mineral exports collide with the legacy of external debt. However, the interaction of the overarching macro trends with existing political and regional divisions magnifies the difficulties of resolving either the economic or the political problems that have prevented progress for several decades. This paper discusses the ways in which the political divides that have existed for centuries not only remain important even in the post-colonial era, but interact with macroeconomic trends to generate a path of growth and development that is unique to Angola. It is argued that a long term political accommodation involving a solution to Angola's internal political tensions requires addressing all of these issues simultaneously since they all contribute to the current proble...