cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dose-response effect of walking exercise on weight loss. How much is enough?

OBJECTIVE: Exercise is the cornerstone of behavioral weight loss programs. The total volume of exercise needed to both promote weight loss and elicit health benefits has not been sufficiently investigated. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of two different volumes of walking ‘metabolic fitness’ exercise prescriptions, in combination with a low-fat, ad libitum diet (LFAL) on weight loss and additional modifiable health-related variables (HRV) in an ethnically diverse sample of overweight premenopausal women. DESIGN: Clinical 12 week weight loss intervention study with a 5.0–5.8 MJ diet daily with (a) participants walking 30 min, 5 days per week (DEX1), (b) participants walking 60 min, five times per week (DEX2) or (c) a diet only control group (DO). SUBJECTS: A mixed racial sample (predominantly Hispanic) of 56 subjects (mean BMI=34.26±6.61, mean age= 39.45±7.34) completed the 12 week program. MEASUREMENTS: Various body weight, body composition and fat distribution variables, dietary intake and additional HRV such as blood lipids, blood pressure and an estimate of cardiorespiratory fitness at baseline and after 3 months. RESULTS: All groups showed similar and significant (P<0.001) declines in body weight, percentage body fat, BMI, WHR, fat mass, fat-free mass and diastolic blood pressure following the program. In addition, total cholesterol, triacylglycerol and the TC:HDL ratio displayed a significant time effect (P<0.05). Significant interactions (P<0.05) were found for waist circumference, sagittal diameter, estimated VO2max and LDL-C, with both exercise groups showing similar and significantly greater (P<0.05) improvements than DO. Significant interactions (P<0.05) were also observed for several dietary variables. CONCLUSION: Our study showed no dose–response effect of walking exercise on weight loss over diet alone. Both lower and higher volume metabolic fitness prescriptions resulted in similar and significant beneficial changes in several HRV. This data suggests that 30 min of walking on most days of the week may be as beneficial as 60 min (in combination with diet) in promoting numerous additional healthful outcomes over diet alone following a 12 week weight loss program.
High-Performance Lithium–Sulfur Batteries with a Cost-Effective Carbon Paper Electrode and High Sulfur-Loading

The lithium sulfur (Li–S) battery has attracted much attention due to its high energy density and the low cost of sulfur, but practical applications are still impeded by its short cycle life and low practical energy density due to polysulfide shuttle and low sulfur-loading. Here, we report a novel electrode design to achieve high energy density and long-cycling Li–S batteries, which rely on a cost-effective and well-performed carbon nanofiber-porous carbon paper (CNFPC) electrode. In this design, the CNF substrate with a high electrical conductivity (420 S cm–1) and an extremely low density (∼0.2 g cm–3) is used as a current collector and as a host for high sulfur-loading (∼6.7 mg cm–2), while the carbon black nanoparticles which are well-distributed within the CNF substrate function as electrical bridges for nonconductive sulfur and highly conductive CNF framework. In addition, the densely packed (∼6.6 g cm–3) porous carbon layer (∼5 μm) on the top of CNF acts as a protective layer to inhibit polysulfide...
A deep convolutional neural network trained on representative samples for circulating tumor cell detection

The number of Circulating Tumor Cells (CTCs) in blood indicates the tumor response to chemotherapeutic agents and disease progression. In early cancer diagnosis and treatment monitoring routine, detection and enumeration of CTCs in clinical blood samples have significant applications. In this paper, we design a Deep Convolutional Neural Network (DCNN) with automatically learned features for image-based CTC detection. We also present an effective training methodology which finds the most representative training samples to define the classification boundary between positive and negative samples. In the experiment, we compare the performance of auto-learned feature from DCNN and hand-crafted features, in which the DCNN outperforms hand-crafted feature. We also prove that the proposed training methodology is effective in improving the performance of DCNN classifiers.
Antigen mimicry by anti-idiotype antibodies that recognize a common anti-hepatitis B surface antigen idiotype.

Anti-idiotype antibodies that recognize a common human idiotype present on antibodies to hepatitis B surface antigen (anti-HBs) from individuals naturally infected by hepatitis B virus (HBV) and an interspecies idiotype on anti-HBs produced by active immunization with hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) were used in vivo to modulate idiotype networks in mice. Injection of anti-idiotype antibodies without subsequent HBsAg stimulation induced an anti-HBs response. The anti-idiotype-induced anti-HBs recognized the group-specific a determinant(s) of HBsAg, which has been shown to be responsible for induction of protective immunity to HBV in both chimpanzees and humans. In addition, the anti-HBs expressed an interspecies idiotype which is shared by humans naturally infected with HBV. Prior inoculation of mice with alum-adsorbed anti-idiotype potentiated the immune response to a subsequent inoculation with either native HBsAg particles or with a synthetic HBsAg peptide. These data suggest the potential use of anti-idiotype antibodies as a vaccine or vaccine potentiator for HBV.
Application of organ transplant techniques to urologic surgery.

This article presents a detailed description of surgical techniques that have been adapted from multi-organ procurement procedures and liver and pancreas transplantation that may be applied to urologic surgery, specifically difficult excision of urologic tumors in the upper abdomen and retroperitoneum. Techniques for exposure, mobilization of the liver, mobilization of the pancreas and spleen segment, isolation of the suprarenal intra-abdominal inferior vena cava, and the intra- abdominal approach of the intracardiac inferior vena cava through a pericardial window are described. The addition of the described techniques to the urologist's surgical armamentarium may be beneficial for providing increased access and exposure in difficult urologic cases.
Effects of Urbanization on Nutrient Biogeochemistry of Aridland Streams

Land-use and land-cover change affect the biogeochemistry of stream ecosystems in numerous ways, both direct and indirect. Changes result from hydrologic modifications, including direct alterations of flow regimes and hydrologic flowpaths and indirect changes in hydrologic patterns via increased impervious cover in contributing areas of watersheds. Direct changes to channel morphology (i.e., reduced complexity) and to floodplains of streams and rivers also influence biogeochemistry, for example, by eliminating surface water-groundwater exchange. The nature of and strength of connections between the stream and its watershed may be altered by large-scale changes such as those brought about by urban and suburban development. Finally, in urban and agricultural areas, elevated nutrient loading is exacerbated by land-cover changes that increase the potential for erosion or overland flow, and decrease the opportunities for nutrient retention. Using comparative analysis based on published work, mined public data, and new research, we evaluate urbanization effects on stream ecosystems in the Sonoran Desert region of central Arizona. Five key characteristics of non-urban desert streams-nitrogen limitation, a flashy hydrologic regime that initiates succession, extensive groundwater-surface water interaction, episodic terrestrial-aquatic interactions, and high capacity for nutrient retention-are both dramatically altered and scarcely affected by urbanization. The similarities exhibited by aridland streams and their urban counterparts arise from large-scale constraints (e.g., episodic terrestrial-aquatic interaction is imposed by the climatic regime in both stream types), whereas the differences, like interrupted flowpath continuity in the urban landscape, likely result from the myriad direct modifications of streams and catchment land cover in cities.
HISTORICAL MATERIALISM: Marx and Engels; Jaurès

[Karl Marx (1813–1883) and Friedrich Engels (1820–1895) are not usually remembered as historians—the standard works on historiography barely mention them—and yet they were not only practicing historians but their dialectical materialistic conception of history was the core of their system and had a profound impact on subsequent historical thought and writing. For Marx himself the formulation of historical materialism in the mid-1840’s represented the link between his earlier philosophical interest and his later concern with the economic structure and the political development of capitalistic society. The German Ideology (written by Marx and Engels in 1846, published in its entirety only in 1932), from which the following selection is taken, contained the first exposition of historical materialism: “Life is not determined by consciousness, but consciousness by life.” The modes of production and the social relations to which they give rise determine the consciousness of men, the ideological superstructure of society Both in short historical studies of the 1848 Revolution—Marx’s The Class Struggles in France (1850) and Engels’ Germany: Revolution and Counter-Revolution (1852)—and in several studies on remoter periods—Engels’ The Peasant War in Germany (1850)—Marx and Engels sought to analyze particular historical events in light of their historical system.
Eight-Year Retrospective Study of the Critical Time Lapse between Root Canal Completion and Crown Placement: Its Influence on the Survival of Endodontically Treated Teeth.

Abstract Introduction The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of factors associated with various coronal restorative modalities after root canal treatment (RCT) on the survival of endodontically treated teeth (ETT) and to assess the effect of time lapse between RCT and crown placement after RCT to form a tooth loss hazard model. Methods Computerized analysis was performed for all patients who received posterior RCT from 2008 to 2016 in the graduate endodontic department. Data collected included dates of RCT, type of post-endodontic restoration, and time of extraction if extracted. Teeth that received crown after RCT were also divided into 2 groups: receiving crown before 4 months and after 4 months after RCT. Data were analyzed by using Kaplan-Meier log-rank test and Cox regression model (α = 0.05) by using SPPS Statistic 21. Results Type of restoration after RCT significantly affected the survival of ETT ( P = .001). ETT that received composite/amalgam buildup restorations were 2.29 times more likely to be extracted compared with ETT that received crown (hazard ratio, 2.29; confidence interval, 1.29–4.06; P = .005). Time of crown placement after RCT was also significantly correlated with survival rate of ETT ( P = .001). Teeth that received crown 4 months after RCT were almost 3 times more likely to get extracted compared with teeth that received crown within 4 months of RCT (hazard ratio, 3.38; confidence interval, 1.56–6.33; P = .002). Conclusions Patients may benefit by maintaining their natural dentition by timely placement of crown after RCT, which otherwise may have been extracted and replaced by implant because of any delay in crown placement.
Light Scattering by Bubbles in Liquids and Applications to Physical Acoustics

This paper is concerned with the basic optical properties of bubbles in liquids. An understanding of the scattering of light by bubbles is important for the proper application of optical methods for monitoring the dynamics of bubbles and also for the use and interpretation of high speed imaging technologies. Furthermore, various optical methods are feasible for modifying the dynamics of bubbles. The approach taken in the present paper may appear to be somewhat “introductory” or “old fashion” to some readers since at least in the case of spherical bubbles, the results of Mie theory may be trivially numerically evaluated using modern algorithms [1]. The needed understanding of scattering processes, however, involves different lines of reasoning than the numerical evaluation of Mie’s partialwave series for the range of sizes typically encountered in bubble dynamics research. In motivating a related review of scattering processes, Nussenzveig [2] gives the following quote attributed to E. P. Wigner “It is nice to know that the computer understands the problem, but I would like to understand it too.” It seems also appropriate to note that van de Hulst’s highly influential monograph on light scattering [3] draws heavily on reasoning worked out without significant computational aids in his thesis.
Mathematical Models of Best Matching

This chapter presents the mathematical models of best matching in a progressive manner, from simple one-to-one matching to more advanced matching instances, following the 3 + 1 dimensions of the PRISM taxonomy; i.e., matching processes with different set characteristics, conditions, and criteria, in static or dynamic environments. The purpose is to demonstrate the mathematical formulation procedures, and the evolution of best matching models as the characteristics of the 3 + 1 dimensions of matching processes change and become more complex.
The Dead and Their Microbes: Various microbial ecologies come into play as a corpse decomposes, releasing nutrients along with commensal microbes, which then compete with those in soil

There is life after death, and it is mainly microbial. Ernest Hemingway published in 1933 his essay, “A Natural History of the Dead,” based on his experiences as an ambulance driver during World War I. He saw parallels between decaying corpses along battlefields and the ecosystems described by naturalists of his day, asking “can we not hope to furnish the reader with a few rational and interesting facts about the dead? I hope so.”
Interpreting user-generated content: what makes a blog believeable?

Blogs have democratized participation for everyone who wants to publish on the Internet. This trend, however, is problematic for readers trying to determine trustworthy and believeable sources. This blog diary study, allowed us to understand what aspects influenced believability and ultimately utililty through capturing routine blog-surfing behaviors. We found that literary appeal constituted by authentic and personalized stories positively influence the believability of blogs. Blogs that stimulated readers' desire for novel and rare information also enhance their believability. Other factors that significantly correlated with believability included aesthetics, matching information needs and user expectations.
Correction: Thermoresponsive gels directly obtained via visible light-mediated polymerization-induced self-assembly with oxygen tolerance

Correction for ‘Thermoresponsive gels directly obtained via visible light-mediated polymerization-induced self-assembly with oxygen tolerance’ by Kaixuan Ren et al., Polym. Chem., 2017, DOI: 10.1039/c7py00558j.
Responses of coelomocytes from Lumbricus terrestris to native and non-native eukaryotic parasitesThe 7th international symposium on earthworm ecology · Cardiff · Wales · 2002

Summary Eukaryotic parasites residing in earthworms such as Lumbricus terrestris , have been studied for many years. However, little research has been published on the host-parasite relationship, particularly the immune response of L. terrestris and the effect of the parasite on the host. The majority of individuals belonging to the species Lumbricus terrestris are parasitized by a sporozoan of the genus Monocystis , the spores of which can be found in huge numbers in the worms' seminal vesicles. This preliminary study of the Lumbricus terrestris-Monocystis relationship attempts to determine whether a cellular reaction by the earthworm's coelomocytes (immune cells) occurs both in vivo and in vitro. Light and electron microscopic observations indicate that there is no apparent interaction between coelomocytes and parasites in the worms' seminal vesicles. However, in vitro incubations of the Monocystis spores together with coelomocytes produced an encapsulation response: a rapid attachment to and aggregation of coelomocytes around parasites, followed by a complete degranulation of the coelomocytes. The degree of degranulation was monitored by measuring acid phosphatase levels, an enzyme released during degranulation. These were subsequently compared to incubations with equal numbers of other eukaryotic parasites with thick cyst walls ( Giardia and Cryptosporidium species), but which do not normally infect the worm. Acid phosphatase levels were significantly higher in Monocystis incubations compared to those of G. lamblia and Cryptosporidium , indicating a greater cellular response to the endogenous parasite. Interestingly, Giardia lamblia cysts actually inhibited degranulation compared to that of control (spontaneous degranulation) coelomocytes, a phenomenon possibly due to the nature of the cyst wall. These experiments show that whereas an immune response against the predominant spore stage of Monocystis does not occur within the seminal vesicles of the earthworm, the hosts' coelomocytes are capable of responding to these spores in vitro, and do so to a greater degree than to non-native parasites.
Intrinsic speed limit of negative capacitance transistors

The emergence of negative capacitance as a way to limit power dissipation in CMOS logic transistors has raised the question of response delay of ferroelectric negative capacitance. Latency requirements for digital logic require a response time on the order of 10 ps or less. In this letter, we establish a coherent theoretical framework to analyze the delay between the clock edge at the gate and the response of the semiconductor channel in a ferroelectric negative capacitance transistor. The standard Landau–Khalatnikov equation approximates the slow, diffusive limit of the classical equation of motion. Therefore, using it to predict the response speed is unphysical. After extracting the damping and kinetic inductance from THz spectroscopy data, we simulate the full classical equation of motion and analyze the delay. We find that for doped hafnium oxides, the intrinsic delay is around 270 fs, far less than what is required for digital logic.
Secondary overtriage of pediatric neurosurgical trauma at a Level I pediatric trauma center

The authors looked at all of the pediatric patients with a head injury who were transferred from other hospitals to their own over 12 years and tried to identify factors that would allow patients to stay closer to home at their local hospitals and not be transferred. Many patients with isolated, nondisplaced skull fractures or negative CT imaging likely could have avoided transfer. While hospitals should be cautious, this may help families stay closer to home.
Spyder Active Sports - 2004

Spyder is a manufacturer of high-performance ski apparel, owned and managed by its founder David Jacobs and by CHB Capital Partners, a private equity firm to which Jacobs sold a minority interest in the company in 1997. Jacobs's two sons also work at the company. By 2004, CHB is seeking a liquidity event, and Jacobs is considering alternative types of equity transactions that would allow him to harvest wealth, including a trade sale to another apparel company and the sale of a large block of stock to another private equity firm. The case illustrates the opportunities and challenges that private equity investors represent for family-owned and managed companies. Students need to identify the different exit options that are feasible for Spyder in 2004, and analyze the benefits and costs of each alternative for the various interested parties - Jacobs, CHB, and Jacobs's sons, among others. The decision is ultimately for Jacobs to make, and requires a detailed valuation of the company. The data in the case enable a discounted cash flow valuation as well as a multiples approach (comparable companies and/or comparable transactions). Depending on the valuation method used and on the exit alternative chosen, different discounts or premiums may apply - synergies and control premiums (or discounts for lack thereof), a discount for lack of marketability, and a discount for the small size of the company.
Water Rights and the Law of the Pendulum: Legal and Political History of the 1981 Water Code

The “law of the pendulum” (ley del pendulo) is a Chilean phrase that describes dramatic changes from one extreme to another. During the twentieth century such swings have been common in Chilean political and economic thought and practice, and the realm of water rights is no exception. With its 1981 Water Code, Chile’s military government swung the pendulum away from the “statist” policies of the preceding decades, which had culminated in the 1967 Agrarian Reform Law that greatly expanded state authority over water use.1 The 1981 Code aimed to reverse that trend by strengthening private property, increasing private autonomy in water use, and favoring free markets in water rights to an unprecedented degree. It created several market mechanisms, based on separating water rights from land ownership, and attempted to foster a market mentality among water users. As a corollary it sharply reduced the state’s role in water management and regulation. The new Code follows the institutional structure of the 1980 Constitution, and like the Constitution it was written and approved while neoliberal ideology in Chile was at its most ascendant, before being somewhat discredited by economic crisis (see Chapter Two).
Elements of a Synergetics of Evolutionary Processes

Some of the basic principles of a synergetics of evolutionary processes are developed. Evolutionary processes are defined as (quasi-) infinite, branching chains of self- organization cycles. Typical properties as self-reproduction, criticality, valuation, stochasticity and historicity are discussed. A general (formal) stochastic model is developed and the main principles and stages of early evolution are discussed.
Jan Patočka’s Socratic Message for the Twenty-First Century

In the last weeks of his life, Jan Patocka published a few short texts on Charter 77 which can be read as a kind of political testament. The audience was not just the usual academe, but the entire body of his fellow citizens, and he addressed them in his characteristic manner: as a truly Socratic philosopher. Having reread Patocka’s arguments now that thirty years have gone by, I contend that the concept of human rights articulated here – somewhat disconnected from our contemporary legal and/or political discourse, emerging rather from his own lifelong philosophical inquiries – has lost none of its significance and spiritual power. On the contrary, it seems to me that, politically speaking, it has become even more relevant today than it was when it came into existence, tested against the odd and painful political realities of communist Czechoslovakia of the 1970s. I focus on three questions: First, I attempt to clarify the precise part played by the human rights argument in Patocka’s own political philosophy and its place in the overall context of his philosophical investigations, inspired first and foremost by Husserl’s phenomenology. Second, I examine the connection between Patocka’s Socratic action within the Charter 77 dissident movement and his “Czech national philosophy”: his interpretation of the political existence of a small nation “in the heart of Europe” in the framework of modern history of Western civilization. Third, I address the possible relevance of Patocka’s concept of human rights in the context of contemporary political thought and jurisprudence, the message his Socratic death can convey to those who live now, in the open world of the beginning of the twenty-first century.
Connecting Oxide Bifilms’ Properties from Atomistic Simulations with Virtual Casting of Aluminum

Aluminum oxide bifilms, formed during melt turbulence flow, can have a significant detrimental effect on material properties after they are entrapped in the final cast products. Recently, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were used to simulate the formation and fracture mechanisms of bifilms at the nano-scale, which are hard to obtain experimentally. The results showed that the fracture occurred at the Al/oxide interface instead of the oxide/oxide interface for both amorphous oxide and crystalline α-Al2O3, which represent the “young” and “old” oxides referred in aluminum casting. The fracture energy is higher for the α-Al2O3 bifilm. However, if OH-termination contamination occurs due to residue hydrogen gas and water trapped in the aluminum oxide bifilm interface, the OH-termination oxide bifilm fractured at the oxide/oxide interface and with a much-reduced fracture energy. This is consistent with the general picture that oxide bifilms will initiate cracks, especially fatigue cracks in cast aluminum products. For macroscopic models, crack initiation and propagation can be modeled by cohesive zone method. Therefore, we propose a simple size bridging relationship to connect the MD-predicted oxide bifilms fracture energy and fracture strength with future finite element modeling.
Epigenome-wide analysis uncovers a blood-based DNA methylation biomarker of lifetime cannabis use.

BackgroundCannabis, the most commonly used illicit drug in the US, is associated with adverse and beneficial effects. To better understand the full spectrum of health consequences, biomarkers that accurately classify cannabis use are needed. DNA methylation (DNAm) is an excellent candidate, yet no blood-based epigenome-wide association studies (EWAS) in humans exist.nnMethodsWe conducted an EWAS using blood-based DNAm data from a case-cohort study within Sister Study, a prospective cohort of women at risk of developing breast cancer (Discovery N=1,730; Replication N=853). We ran robust linear regression models of DNAm by lifetime cannabis (ever versus never) use, adjusting for age, breast cancer, tobacco and alcohol use, technical factors, and cell-type proportions. A multi-CpG classifier of lifetime cannabis use was developed using penalized regression of top EWAS CpGs in the discovery sample and validated in the replication sample. We also examined published cis-methylation quantitative trait loci (cis-meQTLs) for reported cannabis-associated SNPs in relation to our EWAS findings.nnResultsWe identified and replicated an association with lifetime cannabis use at cg15973234 (CEMIP): combined P=3.3x10-8. We found no overlap between published cannabis-associated SNPs (P<0.05) and blood-based cis-meQTLs of cg15973234. A 3-CpG classifier of lifetime cannabis use had an area under the curve of 0.79 (P=2.2x10-16) in the replication sample.nnConclusionsOur findings provide evidence that blood-based DNAm is associated with lifetime cannabis use. DNAm levels at cg15973234 were not associated with reported genetic risk factors for lifetime cannabis use, suggesting that the observed DNAm difference was driven by cannabis exposure.
Shareholder Voting and the Symbolic Politics of Corporation as Contract

American corporations are structured in such a way that shareholders, and shareholders alone, have the right to vote in all significant corporate decisions. Over the years, this exclusive shareholder franchise has been supported by an ongoing procession of justifications. But as those arguments have fallen by the wayside, shareholder primacists have circled back and latched upon a final argument for the special voting status of shareholders, arguing that this fundamental feature of corporate governance is the product of the set of freely-bargained-for agreements among all corporate constituents. Because this set of agreements reflects the preferences of all parties to the corporate contract, they contend, it should thus be viewed as the best way to structure the corporation. The thesis of this Article is that the “nexus of contracts” theory is both descriptively wrong and normatively hollow, and, in particular, provides a poor foundation for the exclusive shareholder franchise. The corporation is neither a mere contract nor a set of contracts, literally or metaphorically. Indeed, the whole notion of the corporation as a nexus of contracts has been a theatrical production of dodges, feints, and posturing designed to rationalize and justify the existing order of things and create the kind of rhetorical space corporate law scholars need to advance their own particular policy positions. Once freed from the constraints of false theories, it is time to do the hard work of starting over and determining what the ideal structure or structures might be for organizations that bring together capital and labor in a process of joint production.
The Critically Tuned Cortex.

The criticality hypothesis predicts that cortex operates near a critical point for optimum information processing. In this issue of Neuron, Ma et al. (2019) find evidence consistent with a mechanism that tunes cortex to criticality, even in the face of a strong perturbation over several days.
Fractional Conformable Iyengar Inequalities

Here we present Conformable fractional Iyengar type inequalities with respect to \(L_{p}\) norms, with \(1<p\le \infty \). The method is based on the right and left Conformable fractional Taylor’s formulae. See also [3].
Gender differences in widowhood in the short-run and long-run: Financial, emotional, and mental wellbeing

Abstract The vast majority of studies of the widowed have concentrated on women. Less is known about whether differences in financial and emotional wellbeing after bereavement vary systematically with the gender of the surviving spouse. This paper analyzes the consequences of widowhood on the economic resources and emotional and mental stability of men and women in the United States. Data are from the 1992–2016 waves of the Health and Retirement Study (HRS). A panel fixed-effect model is adopted to estimate the impact of widowhood on household size-adjusted income, family wealth, affects, and somatic symptoms. The results show that though both men and women are negatively impacted by widowhood, the areas of impact vary across gender. Women's financial security and men's mental health deteriorate as a direct result of spousal losses. Women experience a 22% income reduction and a 10% wealth loss in the first two years after losing a spouse. In subsequent years, widows continue to decumulate wealth to supplement income. In contrast, men's financial conditions stay relatively stable, but their emotional and mental health conditions worsen sharply in widowhood due to rising rates of loneliness, depression, and sadness. The results bear strong policy implications for retirement planning, survivor benefits, financial education, and public awareness of the psychological wellbeing of widowed individuals.
ANGIOTENSIN RECEPTOR SITES

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses certain specialized receptor substances in tissues, with which drugs interact to produce a response. Cells are equipped with chemically reactive groups, with which drug molecules react as the first step in a biological response. It has been predicted that some sort of reciprocal relationship exists between the chemical structure of the drug molecule and the drug receptor. Angiotensinases are also present in plasma membranes, and the receptor sites and degrading sites are separate and distinguishable, although both bind peptide. The capacity to bind angiotensin and the capacity to activate biological responses are distinct processes and are dissociated. Thus, there is no direct relationship between hormone binding, receptor occupancy, and the magnitude of the response. In studying receptors, binding of a labeled hormone can be measured, which is difficult to interpret, or biological response, which may not be a direct one to one relation, can be measured. It also uses both binding and biological response data on angiotensin receptors.
Looking good but feeling bad: “Camouflaging” behaviors and mental health in women with autistic traits:

Autistic traits are associated with frequent psychological distress, suicidal ideation, and everyday functional challenges. These associations may be especially prominent in women. Some women with ...
Use of Adaptive Feedback in an App for English Language Spontaneous Speech

Language learning apps have become increasingly popular. However, most of these apps target the first stages of learning a new language and are limited in the type of feedback that can be provided to users’ spontaneous spoken responses. The English Language Artificial Intelligence (ELAi) app was developed to address this gap by providing users with a variety of prompts for spontaneous speech and adaptive, targeted feedback based on the automatic evaluation of spoken responses. Feedback in the ELAi app was presented across multiple pages such that users could choose the amount and depth of feedback that they wanted to receive. The present work evaluates how 94 English language learners interacted with the app. We focused on participants’ use of the feedback pages and whether or not performance on spontaneous speech improved over the course of using the app. The findings revealed that users were most likely to access the most shallow feedback page, but use of the feedback pages differed based on the total number of sessions that users completed with the app. Users showed improvement in their response performance over the course of using the app, which suggests that the design of repeated practice and adaptive, targeted feedback in the ELAi app is promising. Patterns of feedback page use are discussed further as well as potential design modifications that could increase the use of feedback and maximize improvement in English language spontaneous speech.
Quantification of plasticity via particle dynamics above and below yield in a 2D jammed suspension

The yield transition of amorphous materials is characterized by a swift increase of energy dissipation. The connection between particle dynamics, dissipation, and overall material rheology, however, has still not been elucidated. Here, we take a new approach relating trajectories to yielding, using a custom built interfacial stress rheometer, which allows for measurement of shear moduli (G′,G′′) of a dense athermal suspension's microstructure while simultaneously tracking particle trajectories undergoing cyclic shear. We find an increase in total area traced by particle trajectories as the system is stressed well below to well above yield. Trajectories may be placed into three categories: reversibly elastic paths; reversibly plastic paths, associated with smooth limit cycles; and irreversibly plastic paths, in which particles do not return to their original position. We find that above yield, reversibly plastic trajectories are predominantly found near to the shearing surface, whereas reversibly elastic paths are more prominent near the stationary wall. This spatial transition between particles acting as liquids to those acting as solids is characteristic of a ‘melting front’, which is observed to shift closer to the wall with increasing strain. We introduce a non-dimensional measure of plastic dissipation based on particle trajectories that scales linearly with strain amplitude both above and below yield, and that is unity at the rheological yield point. Surprisingly, this relation collapses for three systems of varying degrees of disorder.
Orthogonal abelian Cartan subalgebra decomposition of &#x1d530;&#x1d591;n over a finite commutative ring

Orthogonal decomposition of the special linear Lie algebra over the complex numbers was studied in the early 1980s and attracted further attentions in the past decade due to its application in quan...
Library programming made easy: a practical guide for librarians: Michelle Demeter and Haley K. Holmes. Rowman & Littlefield, 2019, xiii + 165 pp., $65.00, ISBN 978-1-5381-1701-9

Michelle Demeter and Haley K. Holmes have compiled a guidebook with strategies for public and academic librarians to design library programming. This book is part of an ongoing Practical Guides for...
THE LIFESPAN AND OXIDATIVE STRESS BETWEEN FERAL AND MANAGED HONEY BEE COLONIES

Molecular damage caused by oxidative stress may lead to organismal aging and resulted in acute mortality in organisms. Oxidative stress resistance and longevity are closely linked. Honey bees are the most important managed pollinator in agriculture but the long-term survival of honey bees is seriously threatened. Feral honey bee colonies displayed persistence to Varroa mites. However, it is unknown whether feral honey bees are stress-resistant or survive longer than managed bee populations. More work is needed to determine the impact of oxidative stress on honey bee health and survival. We used the paired colony design to determine the lifespan and levels of oxidative stress on worker bees from either a feral or a managed colony. Each pair of colonies shared similar foraging resources. Results exhibit longer survival time and lifespans of foragers in feral colonies than the managed colonies. The levels of oxidative stress from the lipid damage of feral colonies are higher than the managed colonies, indicating a tolerant mechanism not a repair mechanism to survive. Our study provided new insights into colony difference of physiology and oxidative stress resistance between feral honey bees and commercial stocks.
Early Trajectories of Patient Reported Outcomes in Breast Cancer Patients Undergoing Lumpectomy Versus Mastectomy

This study was designed to: (1) characterize longitudinal patient-reported outcomes (PROs) between breast cancer patients undergoing lumpectomy and mastectomy and (2) compare return to baseline scores at 3 months and 6 months postoperatively. Newly diagnosed breast cancer patients seen at an academic breast center between June 2019 and February 2021 were invited to participate in longitudinal PRO surveys at their initial clinic visit. If willing to participate, patients were emailed the validated BREAST-Q™ questionnaire at the initial clinic visit (baseline), 2 weeks after surgery, and then every 3 months for the first year. We used linear mixed models to estimate the differences in slopes over time between lumpectomy and mastectomy for each PRO measure. Pearson’s Chi-square tests with Yates’ continuity correction were used to compare proportions of patients who return to baseline PRO scores. P < 0.05 was considered significant. Of 164 patients invited to participate, 100 (61%) completed a baseline survey and were included in analyses. Mastectomy patients had significantly greater decreases in breast satisfaction (P = 0.002), psychosocial well-being (P < 0.0001), and sexual well-being (P < 0.0001) over time compared with lumpectomy patients. Both surgical groups reported a decrease in physical well-being, although the decline was more significant in lumpectomy patients (P = 0.005). At 3 months and 6 months after surgery, significantly larger proportions of lumpectomy patients returned to their baseline breast satisfaction, psychosocial well-being, and physical well-being compared with mastectomy patients. Understanding how outcomes important to patients change over the care continuum can provide opportunities for early intervention and may prevent debilitating long-term morbidities of treatment.
Michelle’s story: The complexity of patient care in a family medicine residency clinic

Family medicine covers all ages and specializes in chronic disease management as well as acute care medicine. As the health of the population continues to grow in complexity, treating patients appropriately and efficiently is imperative to improving health outcomes and managing health care costs. Family medicine physicians are uniquely poised to provide this type of care. A patient story plus a look at the patients seen over the course of a day within a family medicine residency clinic explores the complexity of care and the ability of family medicine physicians to provide the necessary care. Taking a close look at who comes through our door on a particular day highlights 3 points: primary care physicians are seeing patients with an increasing complexity of needs, our society is witnessing an extreme increase in patients suffering with mental health problems and substance use disorders, and addressing social determinants of health must be part of the solution.
1,3-Butadiene, styrene and selected outcomes among synthetic rubber polymer workers: Updated exposure-response analyses

Abstract Objective – To evaluate exposure-response relationships between 1,3-butadiene and styrene and selected diseases among synthetic rubber polymer workers. Methods – 21,087 workers (16,579 men; 4508 women) were followed from 1943 through 2009 to determine mortality outcomes. Cox regression models estimated rate ratios (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) by quartile of cumulative exposure to butadiene or styrene and exposure-response trends for cancers of the bladder, lung, kidney, esophagus and pancreas, and for all nonmalignant respiratory disease (NMRD), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and pneumonia. Results – Bladder cancer RRs were 2.13 (95% CI = 1.03 to 4.41) and 1.64 (95% CI = 0.76 to 3.54) in the highest quartiles of cumulative exposure to butadiene and styrene, respectively, and exposure-response trends were positive for both monomers (butadiene, trend p = 0.001; styrene, trend p = 0.004). Further analyses indicated that the exposure-response effect of each monomer on bladder cancer was demonstrated clearly only in the subgroup with high cumulative exposure (at or above the median) to the other monomer. Lung cancer was not associated with either monomer among men. Among women, lung cancer RRs were above 1.0 in each quartile of cumulative exposure to each monomer, but exposure-response was not seen for either monomer. Male workers had COPD RRs slightly above 1.0 in each quartile of cumulative exposure to each monomer, but there was no evidence of exposure-response among the exposed. Monomer exposure was not consistently associated with COPD in women or with the other cancer outcomes. Conclusions – This study found a positive exposure-response relationship between monomer exposures and bladder cancer. The independent effects of butadiene and styrene on this cancer could not be delineated. In some analyses, monomer exposure was associated with lung cancer in women and with COPD in men, but inconsistent exposure-response trends and divergent results by sex do not support a causal interpretation of the isolated positive associations.
Naldecon Claims Disputed

In Reply.— The points in the letter are well taken. There is no intent by the Academy to carry advertising that may be misleading in Pediatrics. Usual procedures for internal review of advertising copy were not adequate in this instance. The ad has been withdrawn from future publication in Pediatrics until appropriate modifications are made.
Development ideas in historical perspective : the new interest in development

Development Economics is a new branch of economics. There was little that went under this name before the Second World War, though many of the same problems were dealt with by members of the colonial services, anthropologists and others. Since much of economics is a response to current political and social problems, it is pertinent to ask what new conditions gave rise to the new and rapidly growing interest in development.
Chapter 8 Molecular biology of human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6)

Publisher Summary At the same time that human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) was first reported, the first probe specific for that virus, pZVH14, was also published. Since its first description a few years ago, a lot has been learned about the molecular structure of HHV-6. Different important observations have been made such as: the homology with HCMV, the strain variations along two groups, and the possibility of gene capture from viral and eukaryotic genomes. HHV-6, formerly called “human B lymphotropic virus” or HBLV, is a new member of the human herpesvirus family. HHV-6 is increasingly linked with fatal diseases. The T cell tropic character of HHV-6 may become a handle through which T cell disorders, such as AIDS, could be treated. This, of course, would require a thorough molecular knowledge of HHV-6.
Role of the Substrate in Regeneration

This chapter discusses the role of natural substrates in several regenerating systems. Regenerative processes are heavily dependent on interactions between the cells that participate in regeneration and the substrate on which they function. The relation between a cell and its substrate is important for both the maintenance of normal tissue functions and the migrations or changes in state that are part of healing and regenerative processes. The importance of nanoscale interactions between cells and their substrates is becoming increasingly apparent. The substrate serves as a medium for the transmission of local chemical signals, whether bound growth factors or paracrine signals secreted from nearby cells. An important consideration, especially for regeneration in mammals, is that the nature of the substrate, or microenvironment, is never constant. It changes with the individual's age, hormonal status, health and nutritional status, or macro-environment, as well as many other factors. The keratinocytes must change the expression of their integrins and attachment specializations to correspond to the environment in which they find themselves to effect epidermal healing. Initially, they have to divest themselves of the hemidesmosomes that bind the basal cells to the underlying basal lamina and the desmosomes that connect keratinocytes to their neighbors.