cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Simulation of Laminar Axisymmetric Buoyant Plumes: A Case Study of the Anatomy of Similarity Solutions

This article is concerned with the numerical simulation of the laminar buoyant plume created by a heated sphere situated in an otherwise quiescent environment. The limit of vanishing sphere diameter corresponds to the point source of heat, for which extensive results have been obtained in the literature. The dual objectives of this work are the attainment of an exact characterization of the buoyant plume, and the diagnosis of an existing similarity solution for the limiting problem of the point source. These objectives were fulfilled by means of a numerically exact solution of the equations representing mass, momentum, and energy conservation. The solutions were carried out over a range of the radius-based Grashof number extending from 50 to 5 × 106 for a Prandtl number of 0.7, which corresponds to air. The velocities in the plume were found to increase with elevation above the sphere but approach a fully developed state characterized by congruent (similar) velocity profiles at sufficiently high elevation...
Maillard reaction in glassy low-moisture solids as affected by buffer type and concentration

This study's objectives were to investigate the effects of buffer type and concentration on the kinetics of the Maillard reaction in low-moisture solids. Glucose loss and brown pigment formation were evaluated in low-moisture glassy systems obtained by lyophilizing solutions containing various concentrations of phosphate or citrate buffer at pH 7 and 25°C. Rate constants for glucose loss decreased as buffer concentration increased, suggesting that a change in the system pH had occurred. Rate constants for browning increased with increasing phosphate buffer concentration and decreased with increasing citrate concentration. Phosphate buffer appeared to catalyze later pathways of the Maillard reaction.
Tumor volume measurement and volume measurement comparison plug-ins for VolView using ITK

Volume measurement plays an important role in many medical applications in which physicians need to quantify tumor growth over time. For example, tumor volume estimation can help physicians diagnose patients and evaluate the effects of therapy. These measurements can also help researchers compare segmentation methods. For researchers to quickly check the results of volume data processing, they need a graphical interface with volume visualization features. VolView is an interactive visualization environment which provides such an interface. The "plug-in" architecture of VolView allows it to be used as a visualization platform for evaluation of advanced image processing algorithms. In this work, we implemented VolView plug-ins for two volume measurement algorithms and three volume comparison algorithms. One volume measurement algorithm involves voxel counting and the other provides finer volume measurement by anti-aliasing the tumor volume. The three volume comparison methods are a maximum surface distance measure, mean absolute surface distance, and a volumetric overlap measure. In this implementation, we rely heavily on software components from the open source Insight Segmentation and Registration Toolkit (ITK). The paper also presents the use of the VolView environment to evaluate liver tumor segmentation based on level set techniques. The simultaneous truth and performance level estimation (STAPLE) method was used to evaluate the estimated ground truth from multiple radiologists.
Discrete Cosine Transform Image Coding With Sliding Block Codes

A transform trellis coding scheme for images is presented. A two dimensional discrete cosine transform is applied to the image followed by a search on a trellis structured code. This code is a sliding block code that utilizes a constrained size reproduction alphabet. The image is divided into blocks by the transform coding. The non-stationarity of the image is counteracted by grouping these blocks in clusters through a clustering algorithm, and then encoding the clusters separately. Mandela ordered sequences are formed from each cluster i.e identically indexed coefficients from each block are grouped together to form one dimensional sequences. A separate search ensues on each of these Mandela ordered sequences. Padding sequences are used to improve the trellis search fidelity. The padding sequences absorb the error caused by the building up of the trellis to full size. The simulations were carried out on a 256x256 image ('LENA'). The results are comparable to any existing scheme. The visual quality of the image is enhanced considerably by the padding and clustering.
Development of a Hybrid Solid-Microcellular Co-injection Molding Process

This paper presents the development of a hybrid solid-microcellular co-injection molding process that combines aesthetic and processing advantages of injection molding with benefits and property attributes of microcellular plastics (MCPs). A two-color injection molding machine has been modified and equipped with an interfacial platen and a supercritical fluid (SCF) unit for co-injection molding with regular resins and MCPs. Co-injection molded polystyrene (PS) parts with a microcellular core encapsulated by the solid skin layer have been successfully produced. Systematic experiments were carried out with solid-microcellular co-injection molding, conventional solid-solid co-injection molding, and regular microcellular injection molding processes to study the effects of process conditions and core/skin volume ratios on the penetration and morphology of the microcellular core. Light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of the solid-microcellular co-injection molded specimens reveal a microcellular core with fairly fine and uniform cell size of 8 to 12 microns and a cell density of up to 3� 10 8 cells/cm 3 . Under similar process conditions, microcellular cores were found to penetrate longer and generate a more uniform and thicker skin layer than do solid cores. While improving the surface finish with solid skin layers, this process is capable of producing parts with reduced sink marks, lighter part weights, and shorter cycle times.
Continuum percolation theory for water retention and hydraulic conductivity of fractal soils: estimation of the critical volume fraction for percolation

Abstract Systematic experimental deviations from theoretical predictions for water retention characteristics of fractal porous media develop at a moisture content, θ d . Below θ d larger suction pressures are required than would otherwise be predicted from the implied fractal pore-size distribution. Inferred values of θ d were shown to be compatible with observed values of the volumetric moisture content, θ t , at which solute diffusion vanishes. The comparison was based on an accurate phenomenological result for θ t . The approximate equivalence of the two moisture contents was interpreted in the context of continuum percolation theory (at low moisture contents, below a critical volume fraction of water, α c , connections for capillary flow are interrupted, leading to a near vanishing of solute diffusion and increasing enormously the time required for equilibration to new pressures). The experimental results for θ d are now investigated to determine whether their values are generally compatible with theoretically based estimates for α c .
Binding of Alkenes and Ionic Liquids to B−H-Functionalized Boron Nanoparticles: Creation of Particles with Controlled Dispersibility and Minimal Surface Oxidation

The interaction of B–H-functionalized boron nanoparticles with alkenes and nitrogen-rich ionic liquids (ILs) is investigated by a combination of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, FTIR spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, thermogravimetric analysis, and helium ion microscopy. Surface B–H bonds are shown to react with terminal alkenes to produce alkyl-functionalized boron particles. The interaction of nitrogen-rich ILs with the particles appears, instead, to be dominated by boron–nitrogen bonding, even for an ILs with terminal alkene functionality. This chemistry provides a convenient approach to producing and capping boron nanoparticles with a protective organic layer, which is shown to protect the particles from oxidation during air exposure. By controlling the capping group, particles with high dispersibility in nonpolar or polar liquids can be produced. For the particles capped with ILs, the effect of particle loading on hypergolic ignition of the ILs is reported.
Crystallization of poly(etheretherketone) (PEEK) in carbon fiber composites

Abstract : The tendency of carbon fiber to nucleate the crystallization of PEEK has been evaluated by DSC and other techniques. As the carbon fiber content was increased, the supercooling necessary for PEEK crystallization decreased. The repeated melting (at 396 C) of thhe same PEEK sample results in a decrease of the number of nuclei for crystallization. At equivalent thermal histories, PEEK with carbon fiber was found to have a higher nucleation density than PEEK itself. The surface growth of carbon fiber and nuclei in the PEEK matrix compete for crystallization growth. As the holding time in melt was increased, the number of matrix spherulites formed on cooling decreased, hence a more pronounced transcrystalline region was developed. Correspondingly, the composites preheated in the melt for 100 min. showed about two times the transverse tensile strength and strain-to-failure of those preheated for only 30 min. Corresponding fracture surface produced in tension showed that the former samples had a greater matrix adhesion to the carbon fiber than the latter. A strong interfacial bond is thus developed by crystallization on carbon fiber surface. Destroying nuclei in the PEEK matrix by long preheating enhances crystallization on the carbon fiber.
Semi-analytical modeling of ultrasonic fields in solids with internal anomalies immersed in a fluid

Modeling of ultrasonic fields in presence of cracks, inclusions and delaminations in materials is of great interest to the researchers in the field of real time non-destructive evaluation (NDE) and structural health monitoring (SHM). Ultrasonic fields generated by finite size transducers in various structures with cracks and inclusions simulating actual experiments have been studied by numerical and semi-analytical techniques. However, many of the semi-analytical techniques lack simple implementation for complex structure geometries and numerical techniques often suffer from accuracy problems at high frequencies. Several attempts to compute the ultrasonic fields inside solid media have been made based on approximate paraxial methods such as the classical ray-tracing and multi-Gaussian beam models. These approximate methods have several limitations. A new semi-analytical method is adopted in this paper to model elastic wave fields in half-space and plate structures with internal anomalies generated by finite size transducers. A general formulation good for both isotropic and anisotropic solids is presented in this paper. No simplifying assumption has been made on the geometry of the anomalies. Therefore, the formulation presented in this paper can be applied to anomalies with any geometry.
An industrial application of Geiger-Muller counters to the analysis of phosphorus in steels.

The phosphorus content of steels is determined by means of a Littrow quartz spectrograph equipped with Geiger-Muller photoelectron counter tubes. Emphasis is placed on operation and maintenance procedures for open hearth and foundry furnace control. Arc excitation, which is essential for sensitivity and resolution of the phosphorus line from a nearby copper line, introduces variables requiring close regulation. Temperature of the spectrograph must be maintained at nearly a constant value to prevent the shifting of spectral lines at the focal plane of the instrument. Each determination requires about one minute after the sample has been prepared and loaded, and accuracies are comparable to routine chemical results.
The effect of location on the discrimination of spatial vibrotactile patterns

The present study examined whether the locations of patterns on the skin affected the ability to process information about their shapes. In Experiment 1, pairs of spatial vibrotactile patterns, using the array from the Optacon, were presented sequentially to subjects’ left index fingerpads. The location of each pattern in a pair was varied randomly among four locations on the skin. The subjects responded “same” or “different” on the basis of the shapes of patterns, regardless of their locations. Discrimination accuracy was highest and response time fastest when patterns occupied identical locations (ILs), and performance suffered with increasing distance between patterns. In Experiment 2, pairs were presented to corresponding points or to noncorresponding points on separate fingerpads. When patterns occupied corresponding points on separate fingers, accuracy was lower than when patterns occupied ILs on a single finger, but higher than when patterns occupied noncorresponding points on separate fingers. The results suggested that discriminability declined partly because patterns did not occupy ILs, and partly because separate locations had different densities of innervation.
Nucleoside transport by perfused human placenta

Summary Nucleoside transport and metabolism by human placenta was studied using the dual perfusion technique. With [ 3 H] thymidine added to the maternal perfusate and neither perfusate recirculated (steady-state studies) around 40 per cent of the thymidine in the maternal outflow and 50 per cent of the transferred thymidine was degraded. In similar studies with adenosine, over 95 per cent of the nucleoside was degraded. Even with the bolus technique which sharply limits the duration of contact with the placenta, degradation of adenosine was over 95 per cent. Uptake as calculated by the dual-tracer method ([ 3 H] adenosine/[ 14 C] l-glucose) was equally rapid from the maternal and fetal perfusates, was saturable and inhibited by nitrosobenzylthioinosine, consistent with the facilitated diffusion system for nucleosides. Thymidine was taken up at one-third the rate of adenosine. Thymidine in large excess (500 um) reduced adenosine uptake suggesting a common transporter. Zidovudine, a thymidine analogue used for the treatment of AIDS in which the ribose is modified at the 2′ 3′ position, did not compete with adenosine for uptake consistent with previous reports that zidovudine is transferred across the placenta by simple diffusion.
Reconstructing False Start Errors in Spontaneous Speech Text

This paper presents a conditional random field-based approach for identifying speaker-produced disfluencies (i.e. if and where they occur) in spontaneous speech transcripts. We emphasize false start regions, which are often missed in current disfluency identification approaches as they lack lexical or structural similarity to the speech immediately following. We find that combining lexical, syntactic, and language model-related features with the output of a state-of-the-art disfluency identification system improves overall word-level identification of these and other errors. Improvements are reinforced under a stricter evaluation metric requiring exact matches between cleaned sentences annotator-produced reconstructions, and altogether show promise for general reconstruction efforts.
Temperature dependence of the NMR generalized order parameter

The study of protein conformational dynamics is motivated in large part by a desire to understand the forces present at different sites throughout the molecular structure. The generalized order parameter determined by NMR spectroscopy has played a central role in the study of protein dynamics on the picosecond-nanosecond time scale. A modeling procedure is presented for analysis of the temperature dependence of the generalized order parameter that extends a previous analysis (Massi and Palmer, J Am Chem Soc 2003;125:11158-11159). As part of this procedure, the potential of mean force is characterized for the N-H bond vectors of the protein backbone. This procedure accounts for the observed temperature dependence of the generalized order parameter in a representative data set from the B1 domain of Streptococcal protein G (Seewald, Pichumani, Stowell, Tibbals, Regan, and Stone, Protein Sci 2000;9:1177-1193). The results indicate a general trend, in which the force constants associated with the potential of mean force decrease with increasing temperature. The analysis also provides evidence for variations in the potential of mean force for different secondary structural elements.
Interactive Effects of Mycorrhization and Fertilization on Growth, Nutrition, and Water Relations of Sweet Birch

Abstract Pisolithus tinctorius(Pers.) Coker & Couch was evaluated as an ectomycorrhizal associate of sweet birch (Betula lentaL.). Sand culture and mine soil growth media were employed, and three fertilization treatments were imposed by application of differing Hoagland's nutrient solution #2 concentrations. The high fertilization treatment suppressed mycorrhizal formation by P. tinctoriusin both growth media, while the medium rather than the low treatment induced the most extensive colonization by this mycobiont. Seedlings with induced P. tinctoriusmycorrhization exhibited enhanced above— and below-ground growth according to shoot dimensions and dry weight and root weight and length. However, these responses were frequently absent with high fertilization, especially in the mine soil. Inoculated seedlings had higher foliar N, P, and K concentrations overall but lower Ca, Mg, and S concentrations than uninoculated seedlings. Those with P. tinctoriusalso had lower concentrations of several potentially phyto...
Clinical aids in strangulation intestinal obstruction.

Summary The following findings and their frequency were noted in seventy-four patients with strangulation intestinal obstruction: (1) abdominal tenderness, 82 per cent; (2) tachycardia, 70 per cent; (3) leukocytosis, 64 per cent; (4) severe, constant, and frequent back pain, 58 per cent; (5) fever, 52 per cent; (6) shock guarding, 31 per cent; (7) palpable abdominal mass or irreducible hernia, 29 per cent; (8) shock (hypotension), 28 per cent; (9) subnormal temperature, 19 per cent; and (10) bloody diarrhea, 5 per cent. Peritoneal tap aided in some doubtful cases but x-ray findings were not consistently helpful. Fourteen patients were admitted with other primary diagnoses—pancreatitis, appendicitis, salpingitis, and twisted ovarian cyst—who later proved to have strangulation intestinal obstruction. Apparently, the single most important factor delaying correct diagnosis in these cases was the failure to recognize the common occurrence of signs of peritonitis in patients with strangulation intestinal obstruction. Careful search for signs and symptoms of strangulation intestinal obstruction should lead to earlier diagnosis and treatment with subsequently lower mortality.
Chemosensory behaviors of parasites

Many multicellular parasites seek out hosts by following trails of host-emitted chemicals. Host seeking is a characteristic of endoparasites such as parasitic worms as well as of ectoparasites such as mosquitoes and ticks. For host location, many of these parasites use CO 2 , a respiration byproduct, in combination with host-specific chemicals. Recent work has begun to elucidate the behavioral responses of parasites to CO 2 and other host chemicals, and to unravel the mechanisms of these responses. Here we discuss recent findings that have greatly advanced our understanding of the chemosensory behaviors of host-seeking parasites. We focus primarily on well-studied parasites such as nematodes and insects, but also note broadly relevant findings in a few less well studied parasites.
Special Issue: New artificial intelligence paradigms for manufacturing

This Special Issue was motivated in part by the success of the 2001 American Association for Artificial Intelligence's Special Interest Group on Manufacturing (SIGMAN) workshop. SIGMAN has organized a series of these workshops that highlight significant advances in academic research and industrial practice. New manufacturing concepts such as agileslean manufacturing and virtual manufacturing place increasing emphasis on the need for more intelligent manufacturing systems. It is no longer a question of whether artificial intelligence (AI) technologies will have an impact on manufacturing but one of better understanding and exploiting the broad potential of AI in this domain.
Acupuncture for Postchemotherapy Fatigue: A Phase II Study

Purpose To determine whether improvement in postchemotherapy fatigue following acupuncture treatment is substantial enough to warrant a controlled trial. Patients and Methods We accrued patients at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center who had completed cytotoxic chemotherapy but experienced persisting fatigue. Patients with severe anemia, clinical depression, or Karnofsky performance status score less than 70 were excluded. Thirty-seven patients were registered in two cohorts; 31 provided follow-up data. Patients received acupuncture either twice per week for 4 weeks (25 patients) or once per week for 6 weeks (12 patients). The primary end point was change in score on the Brief Fatigue Inventory between baseline and 2 weeks after the final treatment. A baseline Brief Fatigue Inventory score of four or greater was an eligibility requirement for the trial. Results Patients had completed cytotoxic chemotherapy an average of more than 2 years previously. Baseline fatigue scores were high, with approximately half of the sample scoring in the “severe” range. Mean improvement following acupuncture was 31.1% (95% CI, 20.6% to 41.5%), meeting our prespecified criterion for declaring acupuncture worthy of further study. Increasing age was associated with poorer response and failure to complete the study. There was no important difference in improvement following once-weekly and twice-weekly treatments. Conclusion Acupuncture is worthy of further study in the treatment of postchemotherapy fatigue. J Clin Oncol 22:1731-1735. © 2004 by American Society of Clinical Oncology
A universal embedding property of the RETs

?0. Introduction. Recursive equivalence types are an effective or recursive analogue of cardinal numbers. They were introduced by Dekker in the early 1950's. The richness of various theories related to the recursive equivalence types is demonstrated in this paper by showing that the theory of any countable relational structure can be embedded in or interpreted in these theories. A more complete summary is presented in the last paragraph of this section.
Update on screening, etiology, and treatment of dyslipidemia in children.

Context: Cardiovascular disease is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. Early identification and treatment of risk factors that accelerate this condition are paramount to preventing disease. To this effect, the National Heart Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI), endorsed by the American Academy of Pediatrics, issued updated pediatric guidelines for cardiovascular risk reduction in 2011. Integration of these guidelines into pediatric practice may lessen cardiovascular morbidity. Evidence Acquisition: In addition to reviewing the NHLBI guidelines, a detailed literature search was performed on PubMed for clinical studies published between 2010 and 2013. Key search terms included “pediatric dyslipidemia/hyperlipidemia,” “cardiovascular disease,” “atherosclerosis,” “familial hypercholesterolemia,” “hypertriglyceridemia,” and “diabetes.” Additional citations from these publications were also reviewed. Final publications were selected for their relevance to the topic. Evidence Synthesis: These guidelines con...
Being Mobile in Beirut

In this essay I examine two contexts of mobility in Beirut. First, I discuss navigations of security by Beirut's residents during the 2004–2006 period of political crisis. Second, I consider how talk about driving revealed interpretations of the state, national identity, and social class that engaged, in different ways, the notion of fowda (chaos). Through these contexts of mobility, I explore how power is constituted through spatial movement. I argue that mobility plays a critical role in processes of social differentiation in Beirut. Drawing on recent scholarship about security and spatial segregation, my research provides insight into class dimensions of Beirut's geography of difference and contributes to our understanding of the ways in which urban citizenship is produced through mobility.
Aboveground energy production and distribution of southeastern hardwood swamp forests

Abstract Energy production and distribution were examined in fully stocked, even-aged 10-, 20-, 40- and 60-year-old southeastern swamp forests. Maximum intraspecies energy value differences were small within a given tissue. Mean energy values (kJ g−1 dry weight) ranged as follows: foliage (18·76-21·17) >stem wood (19·04–20·34)>branch (19·11–19·85)>stem bark (16·72-20·33). Total live aboveground biomass and energy content in these swamp forests increased with stand age, as follows: 41·4, 108·8, 208·9 and 297·5 Mg ha−1 and 81·7, 209·0, 416·4 and 593·6 MJ m−2, respectively. Depending upon stand age, whole-tree harvest energy yields exceeded energy yields derived in a conventional harvest by 21–96%.
O‐tert‐Butyldimethylsilyl‐N‐tosylhydroxylamine

[1028432-04-3] C13H23NO3SSi (MW 301.48) InChI = 1S/C13H23NO3SSi/c1-11-7-9-12(10-8-11)18(15,16)14-17-19(5,6)13(2,3)4/h7-10,14H,1-6H3 InChIKey = XWGSCRBSSWZLBD-UHFFFAOYSA-N (reagent used for synthesis of oximes from various alcohols, alkyl bromides, and alkyl sulfonates via substitution reactions, and where conventional methods prove difficult) Alternate Name: TsNHOTBS. Physical Data: mp 125.2–126.4 °C.1 Solubility: alcohol, ether, and most organic solvents. Form Supplied in: not currently commercially available (prepared as a white solid) Analysis of Reagent Purity: 1 IR (neat, cm−1) 3209, 2955, 2929, 2886, 2858, 1598, 1168; 1H NMR (400 MHz in CDCl3) ? 7.80 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, 2H), 7.35 (d, J = 7.3 Hz, 2H), 6.40 (s, 1H), 2.46 (s, 3H), 0.89 (s, 9H), 0.18 (s, 6H); 13C NMR (100 MHz in CDCl3) δ 144.7, 133.0, 129.4, 128.8, 25.8, 21.6, 17.9, −5.5; HRMS calcd for C13H24NO3SSi [M + H]+ 302.1246, found 302.1237. Preparative Methods: 1 in a flame-dried, round-bottomed flask equipped with a magnetic stirring bar were placed hydroxylamine hydrochloride (110 mmol) and tert-butyldimethylchlorosilane (110 mmol) in anhydrous DMF (330 mL), and the mixture was cooled to 0 °C. To the stirred suspension at this temperature triethylamine (500 mmol) was added dropwise over 5 min and the mixture was warmed to room temperature (the mixture becomes homogeneous during the addition). After 50 min, the solution was again cooled to 0 °C and p-toluenesulfonyl chloride (100 mmol) was added, the mixture was warmed to room temperature and stirred for 45 min at which time complete consumption of p-toluenesulfonyl chloride had occurred (TLC analysis). The reaction mixture was diluted with n-hexane (500 mL), extracted with water (500 mL), and the aqueous phase was extracted with n-hexane (3 × 500 mL). The combined organic phase was washed with water (2 × 500 mL) and 10% aqueous citric acid (2 × 500 mL). The organic phase was dried over MgSO4, filtered, and evaporated to give the crude product. The resulting solid was dissolved in boiling n-hexane followed by cooling to 0 °C, which yielded a precipitate. This was collected using suction filtration and a Buchner funnel. This solid was washed with cold n-hexane to afford the desired O-TBS-N-tosylhydroxylamine as a white powder (76 mmol, 76% yield). Concentration of the mother liquor and recrystallization from n-hexane yielded a second crop (5.53 mmol). Overall: 81.5 mmol, 82% yield. Purification: recrystallization from n-hexane. Handling, Storage, and Precautions: storage in a refrigerator is recommended.
Token Coherence: decoupling performance and correctness

Many future shared-memory multiprocessor servers will both target commercial workloads and use highly-integrated "glueless" designs. Implementing low-latency cache coherence in these systems is difficult, because traditional approaches either add indirection for common cache-to-cache misses (directory protocols) or require a totally-ordered interconnect (traditional snooping protocols). Unfortunately, totally-ordered interconnects are difficult to implement in glueless designs. An ideal coherence protocol would avoid indirections and interconnect ordering; however, such an approach introduces numerous protocol races that are difficult to resolve.We propose a new coherence framework to enable such protocols by separating performance from correctness. A performance protocol can optimize for the common case (i.e., absence of races) and rely on the underlying correctness substrate to resolve races, provide safety, and prevent starvation. We call the combination Token Coherence, since it explicitly exchanges and counts tokens to control coherence permissions.This paper develops TokenB, a specific Token Coherence performance protocol that allows a glueless multiprocessor to both exploit a low-latency unordered interconnect (like directory protocols) and avoid indirection (like snooping protocols). Simulations using commercial workloads show that our new protocol can significantly outperform traditional snooping and directory protocols.
“Force-Talk” in Evolutionary Explanation: Metaphors and Misconceptions

The notion of “pressure” as an evolutionary “force” that “causes” evolution is a pervasive linguistic feature of biology textbooks, journal articles, and student explanatory discourse. We investigated the consequences of using a textbook and curriculum that incorporate so-called force-talk. We examined the frequency with which biology majors spontaneously used notions of evolutionary “pressures” in their explanations, students’ definitions and explanations of what they meant when they used pressures, and the structure of explanatory models that incorporated evolutionary pressures and forces. We found that 12–20 percent of undergraduates spontaneously used “pressures” and/or “forces” as explanatory factors but significantly more often in trait gain scenarios than in trait loss scenarios. The majority of explanations using “force-talk” were characterized by faulty evolutionary reasoning. We discuss the conceptual similarity between faulty notions of evolutionary pressures and linguists’ force-dynamic models of everyday reasoning and ultimately question the appropriateness of force-talk in evolution education.
Isotope shifts and hyperfine splittings of the 398.8-nm Yb i line

We report the first observation to our knowledge of the 6s2 S10-6s6p P11∘ transition (398.8 nm) of 168Yb. The relative position of this spectral line was directly determined by using a laser sideband technique to simultaneously probe pairs of lines. The hyperfine structure of 171Yb and the isotope shifts of 170Yb, 171Yb, and 174Yb were determined to an accuracy of better than 6 MHz and found to differ by as much as 23 MHz from previous results. By using photon-burst spectroscopy to carry out these measurements we obtained subnatural linewidths and fully resolved the 170Yb and 171Yb lines, which otherwise overlap in fluorescence.
Religious Literacy: What Every American Needs to Know-And Doesn't

Stephen Prothero's recent book, in which he develops a concept of religious literacy and argues for its importance in America, can be summarized as follows: Contemporary America is a highly religio...
Neutron powder diffraction studies of the La0.65Pb0.35MnO3 perovskite

Abstract The structure of La0.65Pb0.35MnO3 has been studied by neutron powder diffraction. From the temperature dependence of the lattice parameters, we observe that La0.65Pb0.35MnO3 remains single phase in the temperature interval from 25 to 400 K, with a rhombohedral (R3c) structure. The collinear Mn spins suffer a thermally driven reorientation transition close to the Curie temperature, as obtained from powder samples (using neutron diffraction) and from thin films [using ferromagnetic resonance (FMR)]. The reorientation transition may indicate the presence of local Jahn–Teller (JT) lattice distortions, which are prevented from developing with long-range order in the R3c crystal structure.
Mate assortment in dating and married couples

Abstract Dating and married couples show comparable levels of assortment for physical traits. Married couples, however, are more assorted on psychological traits. It is argued that both dating and married couples initially assort on physical similarity, but that couples who are similar on psychological traits are more likely to marry. Physical traits are apparently critical in initial partner selection; psychological traits are more important for long-term relationships. There is little evidence that couples become more similar in psychological traits over time, implying that existing similarities are due to initial assortment.
Comparative evaluation of cement-matrix composites with distributed versus networked exfoliated graphite

Abstract Cement with distributed exfoliated graphite (isotropic) is made by incorporating exfoliated graphite in the wet cement mix; cement with networked exfoliated graphite (anisotropic) is made by compressing a dry mixture of exfoliated graphite and cement particles, followed by curing with water. The graphite layers in the latter are preferentially oriented in the plane perpendicular to the compression direction; the in-plane electrical resistivity is much lower than the out-of-plane resistivity and the loss tangent, storage modulus and loss modulus are much higher for out-of-plane flexure than in-plane flexure. The latter gives higher density, lower electrical resistivity, higher compressive strength and superior vibration damping than the former. Compared to plain cement, it gives higher density and higher compressive strength. In contrast, cement with distributed exfoliated graphite gives lower density and lower compressive strength than plain cement, though it gives lower resistivity and superior damping. Distributed exfoliated graphite is detrimental when silica fume is present. The high damping of cement with networked exfoliated graphite is attributed to the effective sandwiching of the network ligaments by the cement matrix (constrained-layer damping); the high density and compressive strength are attributed to the low porosity caused by the compression of the exfoliated graphite during composite fabrication.
The Coming Crisis in Social Work: Some Thoughts on Social Work and Science.

In this essay, the authors consider the challenge made by two keynote speakers at recent social work research conferences, one in the United States and the other in Europe. Both spoke of a knowledg...
Sensitivity-based line outage angle factors

In this paper, we propose a model-based approach to the computation of line outage angle factors (LOAFs), which relies on the use of angle factors (AFs) and power transfer distribution factors (PTDFs). A LOAF provides the sensitivity of the voltage angle difference between the terminal buses of a transmission line in the event the line is outaged to the pre-outage active power flow on the line. Large angle differences between the terminal buses of an outaged line can prevent the successful reclosure of the line—such an event was a significant contributing factor to the 2011 San Diego blackout. The proposed model-based LOAFs, along with the AFs and injection shift factors (ISFs), enable the fast computation of the impact on the angle across lines of line outages and active power injections, and provide system operators a systematic mean by which to assess line outage angles and undertake the appropriate dispatch actions necessary to alleviate large phase angle differences. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed LOAFs with a case study carried out on the IEEE 14-bus test system.
Race and the Struggle for a Cosmopolitan Archaeology: Ongoing Controversies over the Representation and the Exhibition of Osceola

Archaeologists’ growing interest in global manifestations of racialization invite explorations of the subject in cases such as the 19th-century Florida Seminole leader named Osceola. Methodologies that lend themselves to the study of racialized human remains, historical places, material culture, and texts are necessary for the development of archaeological approaches to different forms of available evidence. Ideologies and intellectual discourses are important forces and products of racialization, whose influence is marked in cases like that of Osceola. Theories of racial representation and racialization provide useful methods for deconstructing images, uncovering politicaleconomic interests, and identifying biases of various sources. These are a part of the conceptual toolkit that is necessary for archaeologists to develop a more cosmopolitan practice.
Targeted disruption of the gene for natriuretic peptide receptor-A worsens hypoxia-induced cardiac hypertrophy

Targeted disruption of the gene for natriuretic peptide receptor-A (NPR-A) worsens pulmonary hypertension and right ventricular hypertrophy during hypoxia, but its effect on left ventricular mass a...
Acute Behavioral and Long-Term Health Effects of Moderate Alcohol Use in Older Adults

This review addresses current literature regarding health consequences associated with of a lifestyle or pattern of moderate drinking and the neurobehavioral effects of moderate drinking episodes in older adults. Discussed studies include both large-scale epidemiological investigations of the effect of moderate alcohol use on multiple health-related domains (e.g., cancer and cardiovascular disease risk) in older adults and laboratory investigations of moderate alcohol’s acute neurobehavioral effects. Numerous studies provide evidence that a pattern of moderate drinking is associated with both potential health benefits and risks for older adults, including evidence for reduced risk of cardiovascular disease and cognitive decline but elevated risk for some cancers, including of the oral cavity, esophagus, and breast. Furthermore, laboratory administration studies indicate that older adults may be more susceptible to neurobehavioral alteration as a result of acute moderate alcohol intake than their younger counterparts. It is clear from the extant literature that even relatively low BACs resulting from the practice of a moderate drinking lifestyle are not without risk. This risk should be balanced against potential benefits at the level of the individual drinker. Additional studies regarding moderate drinking in older adults are needed to address limitations of the literature, including consideration of potential sex effects, inclusion of less rarified samples in acute studies, and the use of longitudinal, prospective designs.
Wolf-Heidegger’s Atlas of Human Anatomy, Vols. 1 and 2, 6th ed.

Petra Kopf-Maier Basel, Switzerland: Karger, 2005. 353 pp. (Vol. 1), 493 pp. (Vol. 2). Illus., indexed. $136 hardcover ISBN 3-8055-7667-6 The newest version of this atlas offers numerous additions to previous editions. In particular, it significantly improves and expands the materials most often
MITOCHONDRIAL-DNA ANALYSES AND THE ORIGIN AND RELATIVE AGE OF PARTHENOGENETIC LIZARDS (GENUS CNEMIDOPHORUS). III. C. VELOX AND C. EXSANGUIS.

Mitochondrial DNAs (mtDNAs) of two unisexual, parthenogenetically reproducing species of whiptail lizards (Cnemidophorus velox and C. exsanguis) and their bisexual relatives were compared by restriction-enzyme analysis to assess levels of mtDNA variation and to establish the maternal ancestry of the unisexuals. No cleavage-site differences were found to be diagnostic between C. velox and C. exsanguis mtDNAs, suggesting an ancestry rooted in the same maternal lineage. The mtDNA of the unisexuals is relatively homogeneous, indicating that these lineages are of recent origin. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the maternal ancestor of both C. velox and C. exsanguis was most probably C. burti stictogrammus, C. costatus barrancorum, or an unidentified taxon closely related to them. In addition, the mtDNA analyses demonstrate conclusively that the triploid species C. velox could not have been formed by the fertilization of an unreduced (diploid) C. inornatus egg, further strengthening the hypothesis that parthenogenesis in Cnemidophorus results from hybridization.
Serological Studies of Moth Proteins with Special Reference to Their Phylogenetic Significance

The significance attached to immunological reactions for the determination of relationships of various bacteria has been presented by Heidelberger and Avery (5), Gunnison and Shoenholz (2), Hitchcock (6), Sugg and Neill (14), Lancefield (8), and others. Mez (11) and his co-workers have demonstrated the serological specificity of numerous plant proteins and have set up a phylogenetic classification of plants based on serological reactions of specific plant proteins. Nelson (12) has shown that the precipitin test may be used in a determination of relationships existing between certain well known hybrid wheats. He further emphasizes the necessity of special care in order to avoid denaturing the specific protein prior to running the precipitin test for the determination of its specificity. Landsteiner (7) has demonstrated the presence of a highly specific substance in horse saliva. There has however been little serological work on the specificity of the proteins of the lower animals and no available literature as regards such work on insects.
Scientific Basis for Determining the Sulfate Resistance of Blended Cements

The physical and chemical processes underlying the sulfate attack on concrete are briefly reviewed with special reference to blended portland cements containing natural pozzolans, fly ash, or granulated iron blast-furnace slag. Published literature contains empirical guidelines for evaluating the suitability of blending materials for sulfate resistance; however a critical examination shows that some of the guidelines are not satisfactory. Ideas for establishing a scientific basis for determining the sulfate resistance of blended cements are presented in the paper.
Creating animated characters for the physical world

Making the design and production of animated, mechanical characters accessible to the public.
Analysis on the Lead-Contamination of Foods in Guangzhou City in 2008

Objective To explore the situation of foods contaminated by lead and to provide basic data for assessing food-safety and establishing relevant measures. Methods Stratified sampling was used to select 10 kinds of food from 9 districts in Guangzhou city in six types of sampling points,such as catering business,meat markets,retail stores,supermarkets and wholesale markets. Results Among the 1?025 samples selected,940 samples were qualified,accounting for 91.71%. The lead content of soy products,tea,vegetables and cooked meat samples were all qualified,but that of part of egg and egg products,cereals,milk and milk products,fruits,aquatic products and meat samples were exceeding the standard upper limits. Conclusion As a whole,lead contamination in foods was not serious in Guangzhou city,but the situation of exceeding standard upper limits was still existed. More attention must be paid to the content of lead in fruits,egg and egg products. Supervision and surveillance for those products should be strengthened.
Key Aspects of Student Teaching: A Triumvirate Approach

The transition from the conceptually focused world of the student to the professionally pragmatic world of the teacher can be jarring and difficult. One of the more useful educational experiences f...
Blistering disorders. Which ones can be deadly

Blisters are a manifestation of many diseases, which range from the trivial to the life-threatening. Distinguishing between these conditions can be crucial to the patient's well-being. Dr Olson presents an overview of the common causes of blistering, with emphasis on immunobullous diseases, which demand early recognition and prompt treatment.
Select practice behaviors of clinicians on the use of opioids for adolescents with subacute and chronic nonmalignant pain.

Objectives: To characterize the opioid prescribing and monitoring practices of providers for chronic nonmalignant pain (CNP) and subacute postoperative pain (SAPOP) in adolescents. Design: Web-based cross-sectional self-report survey. Setting: Free-standing pediatric tertiary academic center. Participants: A total of 183 physicians and nurse practitioners were eligible. Of 115 (62.8 percent) participants who responded, 108 (93.9 percent) completed the survey. Main outcome measures: Self-reported frequency of opioid prescription for SAPOP and CNP conditions and frequency of associated monitoring practices. Results: For 10 of the 13 pain conditions included, some participants endorsed “monthly or more opioid prescriptions” while others endorsed “opioids do not represent appropriate management.” Opioid prescribing is present for almost all pain conditions but is substantially more common for nonacute vaso-occlusive-related sickle cell disease, scoliosis correction, and video-assisted pectus excavatumrelated pains. When compared with the reference group, CNP with no identifiable pathology, the odds ratio (OR) of an opioid being prescribed for CNP states with identifiable pathology was not significantly higher. The OR for SAPOP was significantly higher (p < 0.0001). None of the opioid prescribers reported collecting urine toxicology before or during opioid therapy. Conclusions: This survey identifies a diversity of self-reported clinician opioid prescribing practices for adolescents with CNP and SAPOP. Urine collection for drug toxicology screening is not utilized by opioid prescribers. Surveys of similar clinician practice behaviors at other institutions are warranted to replicate this finding and to establish common clinical practice for usage and monitoring of opioids in conditions where guidelines do not yet exist.
Initial surgical management of medullary thyroid cancer

Medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) accounts for 5–10% of thyroid cancer. The majority, 75–80%, of MTC are sporadic with the remainder being hereditary secondary to a mutation in the RET proto-oncogene. Hereditary MTC may be isolated as in familial medullary thyroid cancer or associated with multiple endocrine neoplasia syndrome types 2A and 2B. The primary treatment modality for sporadic MTC is total thyroidectomy and central compartment neck dissection; consideration of lateral neck dissection should be based on preoperative imaging findings. The timing of prophylactic thyroidectomy is dependent on the specific RET codon mutation.