cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mathematical Models in Philosophy of Science

The concept of mathematical models occupies a central position in the science of today. It has replaced the received view of theories, according to which a scientific theory is a deductively organized (axiomatic) body of empirical statements, whose theoretical terms are partially interpreted via a set of correspondence rules. Many deficiencies in this conception were also a contributing factor in the development of the ‘Weltanschauungen’ analyses of Kuhn, Lakatos, and others, and led to a denigration of formalist methodology in general. Around the beginning of the 1970s, several mathematical definitions of the notion of scientific theory have been proposed. The reason for increased interest in the subject was the failure of the earlier developed syntactic approach. The main objective here is to outline the current understanding of three prominent approaches to the notion of scientific theory, data and their relationships to empirical phenomena. These are the set-theoretical predicate approach, state space view, and the structuralist program. The essence of the set-theoretical predicate approach is captured by the idea that to axiomatize a scientific theory is the same thing as to define a set-theoretical predicate, that is, to specify a collection of mathematical models in which the axioms are true. Formally, set-theoretical predicates are very similar to the classical Bourbaki notion of species of structures. In general terms, the state space view is a special case of the set-theoretical approach, focusing on theories of time-dependent systems. Accordingly, instead of formulating a theory in terms of traditional differential or difference equations of motion, one proceeds geometrically by specifying a topological state space, together with a dynamical structure. Under this program, many traditional notions of science receive a novel geometric meaning. The classic example is the interpretation of laws of motion as phase portraits in the underlying state space. The state space apparatus can be used to reason about the behavior of many kinds of systems, including the familiar dissipative, conservative, nonlinear, and chaotic systems. The structuralist program provides a full-fledged methodology aimed at reconstructing a large variety of actual scientific theories and their applications, all in terms of set-theoretic structures. From the structuralist perspective a scientific theory is specified in terms of possible, actual and partial models, and their constraints. This program captures a large number of aspects of how theoretical concepts and experimental methods are deployed in science. Simple and familiar examples are used to illustrate the use of these modeling techniques in empirical science.
Re-examining Dovzhenko's Political Environment: A Response to Riley

John Riley \'A (Ukrainian) Life in Soviet Film: Liber\'s _Alexander Dovzhenko_\' _Film-Philosophy_, vol. 7 no. 31, September 2003
Comparison of Specificity of Inhibition of Polyamine Synthesis in Bovine Lymphocytes by Ethylglyoxal Bis(guanylhydrazone) and Methylglyoxal Bis(guanylhydrazone)

Ethylglyoxal bis(guanylhydrazone) (EGBG) was compared as an inhibitor of polyamine biosynthesis with methylglyoxal bis(guanylhydrazone) (MGBG) in bovine small lymphocytes stimulated by concanavalin A. EGBG brought about a decrease in spermidine and spermine levels equal to that found with MGBG, but at a 5-fold lower intracellular drug concentration. Despite identical polyamine levels, the degree of inhibition of DNA and protein synthesis by EGBG was smaller than that observed with MGBG, in either the presence or absence of the ornithine decarboxylase inhibitor, alpha-difluoromethylornithine. It was found that in vitro protein synthesis and in vivo mitochondrial function were inhibited by concentrations of MGBG necessary to inhibit polyamine synthesis in cells (1 to 3 mM), but not by efficacious levels of EGBG (0.2 to 0.6 mM). These results suggest that EGBG is more suitable as a specific inhibitor of polyamine biosynthesis and that use of this drug, rather than MGBG, in combination with alpha-difluoromethylornithine may be useful for studying the physiological functions of polyamines in animal cells.
Adjusting for Hard and Easy Graders.

The dental education literature demonstrates that rater training and the use of criterion-anchored evaluation systems have been only partially successful in reducing the use of private standards by raters. A method is described for statistically removing this source of bias. A study is reported where scores normalized using this technique were significantly better predictors of students' future performance than were raw scores. Assumptions, techniques, and practical considerations are also discussed.
Strong and electromagnetic decays of p-wave heavy baryons $Λ_{c1}, Λ^*_{c1}$

We first calculate the binding energy, the pionic and electromagnetic couping constants of the lowest lying p-wave heavy baryon doublet $\Lambda_{c1}$, $\Lambda_{c1}^*$ in the leading order of the heavy quark expansion. Then we calculate the two-body decay widths with these couplings and compare our results with other approaches. Our results are $\Gamma (\Lambda_{c1}\to \Sigma_c \pi, \Sigma_c \gamma, \Sigma^*_c \gamma) =2.7, 0.011, 0.001$ MeV and $\Gamma (\Lambda^*_{c1}\to \Sigma_c \pi, \Sigma_c \gamma, \Sigma^*_c \gamma, \Lambda_{c1} \gamma) =33, 5, 6, 0.014$ keV respectively. We find $\Lambda_{c1}, \Lambda^*_{c1}\to \Lambda_c \gamma$ is strictly forbidden in the leading order of the heavy quark expansion. At the order of ${\cal O} (1/m_c)$ their widths are $36, 48$ keV respectively.
Targeting accuracy of an image guided gating system for stereotactic body radiotherapy.

Recently, a commercial system capable of x-ray image guided patient positioning and respiratory gated delivery has become available. Here we describe the operational principles of this system and investigate its geometric targeting accuracy under controlled conditions. The system tracks breathing via infrared (IR) detection of reflective markers located on the patient's abdomen. Localization kilovoltage (kV) x-rays are triggered from within the gated delivery window portion of the breathing trace and after positioning, the tumour will cross the linac isocentre during gated delivery. We tested geometric accuracy of this system by localizing and delivering gated fields to a moving phantom. Effects of phantom speed, gating window location, timing errors and phantom rotations on positioning and gating accuracy were investigated. The system delivered gated fields to both a moving and static phantom with equal accuracy. The position of the gating window affects accuracy only to the extent that an asymmetric breathing motion could affect dose distribution within its boundaries. Positioning errors were found to be less then 0.5 ± 0.2 mm for phantom rotations up to 5°. We found and corrected a synchronization error caused by a faulty x-ray duration setting and detected a 60 ± 20 ms time delay in our linear accelerator.
Penetrating ocular injuries secondary to motor vehicle accidents.

Background: Penetrating ocular trauma is second only to cataracts as the most common cause of visual impairment in the United States; motor vehicle accidents are an important cause of injuries (ocular and non-ocular). Methods: The files of 293 consecutive patients treated for a penetrating ocular injury over a 5-year period (1986 to 1991) were reviewed, and 10 (3.4%) were associated with a motor vehicle accident. Results: Median age was 27.5 years and median initial visual acuity was 20/200 (range, 20/30 to light perception). A sharp glass fragment penetrating the eye was the mechanism of injury in seven cases. A seatbelt was worn by only one patient. Six patients had a corneoscleral laceration, and two patients each had corneal and scleral lacerations. Primary repair of the laceration was solely performed in eight patients. Vitreous surgery was required in two cases, one with retained intraocular foreign bodies and one with a retinal detachment. The median follow-up period was 5 months, and 8 of 9 retinas remained attached at final follow-up. One patient died of unrelated causes. Final median visual acuity was 20/25 (range, 20/20 to hand motions). Conclusion: Among patients in a large series of penetrating ocular injuries, the percentage of injuries due to motor vehicle accidents is low. The anterior segment is predominantly involved, and the final visual prognosis is favorable. Compulsory seatbelt legislation may reduce the frequency and morbidity of these accidents in the United States.
Combined superior oblique muscle recession and inferior oblique muscle advancement and transposition for cyclotorsion associated with macular translocation surgery.

Abstract Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of oblique muscle surgery on the large-angle incyclotorsion resulting from macular translocation surgery for severe age-related macular degeneration. Methods: Patients undergoing macular translocation (superiorly) at our institution from May 1996 until November 1998 were included. In the Staged Group, strabismus surgery for symptomatic incyclotorsion was performed after the macular translocation, and in the Combined Group, it was performed simultaneous with the macular translocation. Cyclotorsion was quantified using Maddox rod testing. Surgery for incyclotorsion included superior oblique muscle recession combined with inferior oblique muscle advancement and transposition in the affected eyes. The minimum follow-up time was 6 weeks. Results: Fifteen patients (15 eyes) were included (ages 66–89 years). Nine eyes (Baseline Group) had macular translocation surgery before any strabismus surgery; the mean postoperative incylotorsional angle was 33.4 ± 18.3 degrees (range, 20–80 degrees) after a mean follow-up of 6.6 months. Four of these eyes (Staged Group) underwent oblique muscle surgery for symptomatic incyclotorsion, which reduced the mean incyclotorsion from 26.9 ± 6.9 degrees (range, 20–35 degrees) to 9.9 ± 7.9 degrees (range, 2.5–20 degrees)—a mean reduction of 16.9 ± 1.3 degrees (P = .00012), after a mean follow-up of 4.6 months. Six additional eyes (Combined Group) had simultaneous macular translocation and oblique muscle surgery, with a mean postoperative cyclotorsional angle of 14.0 ± 6.7 degrees (range, 4–22.5 degrees), after a mean follow-up of 3.75 months. Conclusion: Oblique muscle surgery is effective at reducing the large degree of incyclotorsion resulting from macular translocation surgery and may be used either following or simultaneous with retinal surgery. (J AAPOS 2000;4:75–83)
Workload adaptive shared memory multicore processors with reconfigurable interconnects

Interconnection networks for multicore processors are designed in a generic way to serve a diversity of workloads. For multicore processors, there is a considerable opportunity to achieve an improvement in performance by implementing interconnects which adapt to different program phases and to a variety of workloads. This paper proposes one such interconnection network for medium-scale (up to 32 cores) shared memory multicore processors and the associated means at the software level to utilize it effectively. The proposed architecture uses clustering to divide the cores on the chip among many groups called clusters. Reconfigurable logic is inserted between clusters to support either isolation or different policies for communication among clusters. The experiments show that the isolation property of clusters can improve overall throughput of a multicore processor by as much as 60% for multiprogramming workloads consisting of two and four applications. The area-overhead of the additional logic is shown to be minimal.
Extrinsic Rewards, Intrinsic Motivation and Voting

Economists and psychologists often disagree about the impact of rewards on prosocial behavior. Economists generally believe incentives promote effort and performance, while many psychologists warn ...
A Perfect Storm in the Emergency Department

Background Serotonin syndrome is an iatrogenic disorder that results from serotonergic overactivity. Severe myoclonus and increased restlessness are hallmarks of the disorder.
Secular Changes in the Solar Semidiurnal Tide of the Western North Atlantic Ocean

An analysis of twentieth century tide gauge records reveals that the solar semidiurnal tide S, has been decreasing in amplitude along the eastern coast of North America and at the mid-ocean site Bermuda. In relative terms the observed rates are unusually large, of order 10% per century. Periods of greatest change, however, are inconsistent among the stations, and roughly half the stations show increasing amplitude since the late 1990s. Excepting the Gulf of Maine, lunar tides are either static or slightly increasing in amplitude; a few stations show decreases. Large changes in solar, but not lunar, tides suggest causes related to variable radiational forcing, but the hypothesis is at present unproven. Citation: Ray, R. D. (2009), Secular changes in the solar semidiurnal tide of the western North Atlantic Ocean
Simultaneous typical and extraordinary imaging findings of AIDS-associated cytomegalovirus encephalitis

Encephalitis caused by cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a devastating disease that occurs mostly in profoundly immunocompromised individuals, particularly in the setting of advanced HIV infection or organ transplantation. Imaging findings in AIDS-associated cytomegalovirus encephalitis that have been described range from ventriculitis (more common) to solitary mass lesions (less common). We describe a fatal case of AIDS-associated cytomegalovirus encephalitis that included typical imaging findings but also atypical features with widespread, multifocal lesions demonstrating restricted diffusion on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). It is likely that these diffusion abnormalities are appreciated due to changes in imaging technology from the pre-highly active antiretroviral therapy era in which the typical imaging findings of CMV encephalitis were first described. The differential diagnosis of widespread, multifocal lesions with restricted diffusion in the setting of AIDS should now include CMV encephalitis.
Atomic force microscope imaging of the surface roughness of SCS- and TiB2-coated SiC fibres and uncoated sapphire fibres

Abstract To understand the role of fibre surface roughness on the toughening of composite materials, it is imperative to characterize the fibre surface structure properly. This paper presents nanometre scale images of the surfaces of SCS- and TiB 2 -coated SiC fibres, and of uncoated sapphire fibres, obtained by atomic force microscopy. It is found that SCS and TiB 2 coatings deposited on SiC fibres using chemical vapour deposition methods produce fibres exhibiting surface structures that are tri-fractal over several decades of length scale. The sapphire fibre exhibited a surface structure with two scales of periodic roughness, of wavelength 60 μm and 100 nm. A roughness analysis of the experimentally obtained data at different resolutions demonstrated that the magnitudes of the conventional parameters root mean square (r.m.s.) height σ, r.m.s. slope σ′, and r.m.s. curvature σ″ for the same surface varied in some cases by more than an order of magnitude.
Microbiological Transformation of Oxytetracycline

THE uptake and alteration of oxytetracycline (OTC) has been demonstrated with the ascomycete Xylaria digitata1. So far as we can trace, no reports have been published concerning the fate of this drug in bacteria. Izaki and Arima2,3 have investigated the uptake and accumulation of OTC by Escherichia coli K12. They have reported that large amounts of the antibiotic are retained by the cells, but the chemical nature of the intracellular OTC was not investigated.
A radiation oncology oriented anatomico-pathological classification system

Abstract In recent years, computerized patient information systems have become important tools in oncology research. The use of these systems requires that coding systems be developed for efficient data retrieval. This paper presents a coding system for anatomic sites and pathologies designed to support a radiation oncology patient information system. At the Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Division of Radiation Oncology, information regarding demographic characteristics, clinical diagnosis, treatment and follow-up is collected on all patients and stored in the patient information system. The data is used to record the patient load, evaluate the feasibility of proposed clinical protocols, furnish information to outside organizations and to provide a research database for the radiation oncologists. The Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology Oncology Coding System (MIROCS) was developed through a collaborative effort among radiation oncologists, a statistician and computer personnel. There are two broad categories of codes-in the system: anatomic sites and pathology. Within each category, the codes are hierarchical to reflect the detail available in the clinical diagnosis. The site codes are grouped primarily by anatomic region. The pathology section contains codes for malignant neoplasms, benign neoplasms, nonneoplastic diseases and complications of radiation therapy. Cross checks between the anatomic site and pathology codes have been developed to insure the quality of the data. The coding system presented in this paper provides the patient information system with the capability to 1) classify oncology patients by anatomic site and histology of the primary tumor and by sites of extension of disease, 2) classify patients seen in the Division for conditions other than neoplasia and 3) store and retrieve information about complications of radiation therapy.
Measuring short-term labor force mobility with the Labor Utilization Framework

Abstract Continuing employment growth and declining unemployment rates in the U.S. labor force since 1982 have raised new questions about employment quality and shifts between adequate and marginal employment. In this paper, we use an individual-matched file from the 1986 and 1987 March annual demographic supplements of the Current Population Survey to examine 1-year transitions between labor force states measured with the Labor Utilization Framework (LUF). Short-term shifts between nonparticipation, unemployment, underemployment, and adequate employment—as conceived in the LUF—are characterized here for the first time. Our results suggest that the majority of recent job takers found adequate employment, but that new labor force entrants and the previously unemployed nevertheless experienced rates of involuntary part-time and low-wage employment exceeding rates for the labor force as a whole. Association models reveal wideranging differences in patterns of mobility and immobility across labor force positions. We find that upward transitions are largely counterbalanced by downward transitions, essentially yielding a one-to-one exchange of workers between specific pairs of labor force states. The analysis also indicates similarity across sex and race groups in patterns of mobility and only small differences in immobility. Mobility and immobility largely serve to reproduce from year-to-year existing sex and race inequalities in the labor force.
Synthetic chemistry: A perfect fit.

Two molecules may form a dimer if lured into an organic 'nanocage'. So far, the approach has only worked for identical molecules. But two different molecules will dimerize if, together, they snugly fit the dimensions of the cage.
A multidimensional look at sex and target differences in disclosure.

The roles of sex and target differences in behavioral samples of disclosure were examined using a multidimensional procedure for five major parameters: amount, intimacy, rate, affective manner of presentation, and self-disclosure flexibility. Females did not disclose a greater percentage of information than males but did disclose more intimate information and at a higher rate than did males. Significant differences in affective manner of presentation and rate of disclosure were also demonstrated between interview conditions. The multidimensional assessment of disclosure in terms of basic parameters seemed to allow a more meaningful and systematic explanation of the effects of independent variables upon self-disclosure within the context of specific relationships and settings than previous single dimensional approaches.
Racial Identity as Mediator of the Relationship Between Gender Role Conflict and Severity of Psychological Symptoms in Black, Latino, and Asian Men

The purpose of this investigation was to examine the extent to which racial identity attitudes mediate the relationship between gender role conflict and psychological symptoms in Men of Color. The mediating role of racial identity was tested in Study 1 with a sample of Black men and in Study 2 with a sample of Asian and Latino men. The results of Study 1 provided support for full mediation, whereas in Study 2 evidence was found for partial mediation. The combination of the studies' findings underscores the importance of considering the extent to which Men of Color identify with their own racial group when examining the relationship between gender role conflict and psychological symptoms.
New multiscale transforms, minimum total variation synthesis: applications to edge-preserving image reconstruction

This paper describes newly invented multiscale transforms known under the name of the ridgelet (Appl. Comput. Harmonic Anal. 6 (1999) 197) and the curvelet transforms (In: Cohen et al. (Eds.), Curves and Surfaces, Vanderbilt University Press, Nashville, TN, 2000, pp. 105-120; Candes and Donoho available at http://www-stat.stanford.edu/donoho/Reports/1998/ curvelets.zip, 1999). These systems combine ideas of multiscale analysis and geometry. Inspired by some recent work on digital Radon transforms (Averbuch et al. available at http://www-stat.stanford.edu/~donoho/Reports/index.html), we then present very effective and accurate numerical implementations with computational complexities of at most N log N. In the second part of the paper, we propose to combine these new expansions with the Total Variation minimization principle for the reconstruction of an object whose curvelet coefficients are known only approximately: quantized, thresholded, noisy coefficients, etc. We set up a convex optimization problem and seek a reconstruction that has minimum Total Variation under the constraint that its coefficients do not exhibit a large discrepancy from the data available on the coefficients of the unknown object. We will present a series of numerical experiments which clearly demonstrate the remarkable potential of this new methodology for image compression, image reconstruction and image 'de-noising'.
Implementing industrial energy efficiency (IEE) in Bangladesh lessons learned from the textile and garment industry

Manufacturing sectors in developing countries such as Bangladesh offers the greatest potential in achieving climate benefits through adopting energy efficient practices. While it is commonly termed as a “low hanging fruit”, implementing such practices in Bangladesh faces a wide range of challenges. Considering the national energy supply shortfall, it is only rational to adopt industrial energy efficiency measures. This paper identifies new policy goals and implementation barriers in widespread adoption of industrial energy, and offers some recommendations in overcoming barriers. The paper also documents innovative practices in the textile and garment industry of Bangladesh, which can be further explored to achieve synergistic benefits. It is suggested that soft and targeted support for addressing high-quality competency gap, easing application process for access to finance, and addressing market failures such as low energy price can go a long way for widespread adoption.
Elucidation of mode of retroviral-inhibitory effects of imexon through use of immune competent and severe combined immune deficiency (SCID) mice.

Mice infected with various tumor retroviruses have been used as models for evaluating therapeutic substances for the treatment of some cancers, and more recently, for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, the causative agent of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Consequently, there is a need to determine the ability of biological response modifiers (BRMs) to specifically reduce virus-infected cells, as compared to their non-specific anti-proliferative effects. To address this need, a BRM, imexon, was evaluated in this study using three strains of mice having different Friend virus (FV)-specific immunological capabilities. The first strain, (B10.A x A/WySn)F1, was genetically capable of producing FV-specific neutralization and cytotoxic antibodies, the second, Balb/c, was not, and the third, SCID mice, lacked functional T and B cell immunity. Imexon treatment reduced virally-induced splenomegaly in all 3 strains; however, the concentration of splenic viral infectious centers (IC) were not affected. Since imexon was efficacious in reducing splenomegaly in SCID mice, the mode of action was concluded to not require functional T or B cell immunity. The observation that imexon did not affect splenic IC titers also suggested that imexon did not specifically eliminate virally infected cells, but may have functioned by other mechanisms. This study also demonstrated the use of various mouse strains as a strategy for delineating the modes of action of BRMs against murine retroviral infections.
The Dissociation of Emotion Expression from Emotion Experience: A Personality Perspective:

When we want to know what others are feeling, we look to the face for clues. However, individual differences matter: Some faces are more expressive than others. Do both emotion experience and dispositional expressivity predict emotion expression? Based on an analysis of display rules, the authors hypothesized that expressivity would moderate the relation between experience and expression for negative, but not for positive, emotion. Study 1 examined the relation between habitual emotion experience and peer-rated expressive behavior and showed the predicted moderator effect for negative emotion: Experience was related to expression only for dispositionally high-expressivity participants, not for low-expressivity participants. For positive emotion, however, experience was related to expression for both groups. Study 2 replicated these findings using momentary emotion experience and objectively coded expressive behavior during films that elicited amusement and sadness. Results are interpreted in terms of low-...
Ectopic (inappropriate) hormone production by tumors: mechanisms involved and the biological and clinical implications.

THE PRODUCTION of hormones and other “marker proteins” by tumors has come to play an increasingly important role for clinicians involved in the diagnosis and management of patients with neoplasia and for investigators involved in basic studies of tumor biology and endocrinology. It has become apparent during the past 30 to 40 years that a wide range of endocrine tumors secrete hormones not normally associated with the gland in which the neoplasm arises and that nonendocrine tumors can synthesize and/or secrete certain polypeptide hormones and other “tumor-associated” proteins. The production of such tumor markers has come to be referred to as “ectopic” or “inappropriate” when the marker in question is not obviously associated with the tissue from which the tumor derives. Since the recognition of this aspect of tumor behavior, considerable attention has been focused on the ectopic endocrine syndromes which may arise in patients with cancer because of such protein production, and on the important clinical i...
Conceptual Modeling of the Impact of Smart Cities on Household Energy Consumption

Abstract Smart cities provide citizens with information on various urban services and allow them to track the impact of their resource consumption on the overall sustainability of their city. The premise of smart cities is that with improved access to information on resource consumption, residents make better use of those resources, resulting in increased sustainability of the city. This paper explores the influence of the smart city technologies on individuals’ resource consumption behavior, in particular on energy consumption, aiming at achieving environmentally sustainable development. This approach combines systems thinking with existing social science theories, such as cognitive and learning theories, to explore the impact of smart city information on individual decision-making and behavioral change. Using a CLIOS (complex, large-scale, interconnected, open, and sociotechnical) model, a conceptual soft systems model, the paper explores the impact of smart city technologies on behavioral change of households with regards to energy consumption.
Development of In Vitro Dissolution Tests which Correlate Quantitatively with Dissolution Rate-Limited Drug Absorption in Man

The development of a single in vitro dissolution rate test is described, which correlates quantitatively with the gastrointestinal absorption, in man, of a test drug (aspirin) from three markedly different types of dosage forms. The in vitro conditions that yield such multiple correlations may be expected to be relatively similar to dissolution conditions found in vivo . It is suggested that the inclusion of an increasing number of variables (different drugs and different types of dosage forms) in future efforts to develop in vitro – in vivo correlations will permit further refinement of the in vitro test. This could eventually lead to a relatively generalized test procedure suitable for development and control purposes, and for inclusion in official compendia as a test of physiologic availability.
Wiener Filtering in PN Spread-Spectrum Systems

By reconfiguring an unrealizable and a realizable Wiener whitening filter in terms of an estimator-subtractor structure, the estimation of a signal in the presence of a colored noise is shown to be the dual to the estimation of a colored noise in the presence of a signal. The error in the estimate of a signal or a colored noise by an unrealizable Wiener filter is shown to be smaller than that by a realizable Wiener filter. For uniform spectrum of a PN signal, Gaussian spectrum of the colored noise is shown to be more difficult to filter than a bandlimited spectrum. Furthermore, the error in the estimate is worse for a second-order Butterworth spectrum than for Gaussian or bandlimited spectrum.
Preferences of Monkeys for Automatically Dispensable Rewards

Initial and long-term preferences of 6 rhesus monkeys for 14 automatically dispensable rewards were determined by paired-comparison and operant response rate procedures. Initial preference for sugar pellets, dextrose or sucrose, was at least as high as that for any other single reward studied. Reward “cocktails,” composed of mixtures of several different rewards, were preferred after several hundred rewards had been consumed. It was concluded that the paired-comparison method provided a better estimate of initial preference than did the operant response rate procedure.
Medical, life‐style, and occupational risk factors for prostate cancer

Information on suspected risk factors for prostate cancer was obtained from in-person interviews as part of a case-control study of tissue sex hormone receptors and serum hormone levels. The risk factors examined were medical history (including venereal disease), sexual history, smoking, alcohol consumption, and occupational exposures. Study subjects were 40 prostate cancer patients and 64 benign prostatic hyperplasia controls who were newly diagnosed during 1984-1985 at North Carolina Memorial Hospital in Chapel Hill. Subjects were white and black men aged 50 years and older. Comparisons of cases' and controls' past medical histories did not support a venereal disease hypothesis of prostate cancer etiology. The most prominent finding is an association with farming employment: 75% of cases compared to 38% of controls reported farmwork occupations. Exposures to pesticides and herbicides, while more common among the patients, did not account for the association detected for farming. No relationship was observed with cadmium exposure, the most frequently cited occupational risk factor for prostate cancer.
EVAPORATIVE MASS AND HEAT TRANSFER FROM A LID-DRIVEN CAVITY

The fluid flow, mass transfer, and heat transfer associated with the evaporation of a liquid from a partially filled rectangular cavity have been modeled both rigorously and approximately and then evaluated numerically. A uniform tangential velocity was prescribed at the top of the cavity, and the side and bottom walls of the cavity were adiabatic. All of the numerical results were for the evaporation of water into an air ambient having various degrees of humidity. The modeling studies demonstrated that results of high accuracy for the evaporation rate and for the temperature at the gas-liquid interface could be obtained without having to solve the conservation equations for the liquid zone. The interface temperatures corresponding to convection-driven evaporation deviated only slightly from those for diffusion-driven evaporation ( i.e., no convection). Furthermore, the variation of the evaporation rate with the ambient temperature and relative humidity was found to be very similar for the convection-driv...
Advanced Digital Television System

This paper will give an architectural overview of an advanced digital televisicn system which utilizes the latest VISI technology, fast digital signal proessing ard frame buffer. This digital design aproach will lead to a cost-effective chip set that will produce improved quality, and higher definition TV picture for either the NTSC or PAL system.
Analyses of Archival [Fe/H] Results for Cool Evolved Stars. II. [Fe/H] Standard Stars

This paper is the second in a series based on published values of [Fe/H] for late-type evolved stars. Only high-dispersion results are considered here. Such data are used to derive mean values of [Fe/H] for stars that have often been used as [Fe/H] standard stars. For Vir and β Gem, the mean values of [Fe/H] obtained here are +0.04±0.04 dex and 0.00±0.03 dex, respectively. For α Boo, [Fe/H] is found to be –0.55±0.02 dex. For the Hyades, a mean value of [Fe/H] obtained for giants can be combined with a counterpart published previously for dwarfs. The result is +0.10±0.01 dex. Using available evidence, 0.049 dex is the smallest [Fe/H] difference that can be detected between Hyades giants and Hyades dwarfs. No such difference is found.
The effects of ethane-1-hydroxy-1, 1-diphosphonate (EHDP) on the proliferation and differentiation of stimulated periodontal ligament fibroblasts

Abstract The effect of ethane-1-hydroxy-1,1-diphosphonate (EHDP) on rat periodontal ligament (PDL) fibroblast and osteoblast population dynamics was measured following orthodontic stimulation of alveolar bone formation. When compared with controls, doses of 0.2 and 0.4 mg EHDP/kg/d had no significant effect on the cell population dynamics associated with orthodontically stimulated alveolar bone formation. However, the two highest doses, 2.0 and 10.0 mg EHDP/kg/d, caused significant decreases in PDL fibroblast proliferation and osteoblast generation. The nature of the changes in these periodontal cell populations was dose related. In rats treated with 2.0 mg/kg/d the magnitude of the reduced osteoblast generation (26%) was accounted for by decreased fibroblast proliferation (22%). The decrease in osteoblast generation in rats treated with 10 mg EHDP/kg/d involved both reduced fibroblast proliferation as well as an inhibitory effect on the differentiation of PDL fibroblasts into osteoblasts. Qualitatively, the amount of alveolar bone formation appeared reduced only in histological sections from those rats treated with 10 mg EHDP/kg/d. These results indicate a dose related effect of EHDP on the cell population dynamics associated with orthodontically stimulated alveolar bone formation. At sufficiently high doses, EHDP decreases generation of osteoblasts which in turn results in reduced alveolar bone formation.
A comparison of alternatives for communicating with spawned processes

Motivated by prior work with the global optimization algorithm pVTDIRECT95 [2], this paper considers two methods for simplifying communication with spawned processes. Tests are performed for each method, and mean runtimes and standard deviations for the two methods are compared. In general, the performance of the two methods is quite similar, although other aspects of each method set the methods apart. In particular, restrictions on how the spawning has to be done determines the practicality of the method.
BIOTIN TRANSPORT IN THE RAT CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

Previous studies in the biotin-deficient rat have shown that brain biotin concentrations and the activity of biotin-dependent carboxylases are relatively preserved in the face of biotin starvation and systemic biotin deficiency. These data suggested the existence of a concentration mechanism for biotin in brain, and the present studies were undertaken to further characterize brain biotin transport. We presently show that rat cerebrospinal fluid biotin concentrations are 2.5 times higher than serum concentrations, consistent with the existence of a concentrative mechanism for biotin. Further, we demonstrate uptake of 3H-biotin into rat brain from blood at physiologic biotin concentrations, using single pass clearance measurements of a brain uptake index. The calculated brain uptake indices for biotin, and the inhibition kinetics, are consistent with the possible existence of a low affinity mediated uptake mechanism. The results have implications for the pathophysiology of human biotin-responsive multiple carboxylase deficiency.
TRAF-3 interacts with p62 nucleoporin, a component of the nuclear pore central plug that binds classical NLS-containing import complexes

Abstract The TRAF-3 gene encodes a number of splice-variant isoforms that function as adapter molecules in NF-κB signaling, in part by associating with the cytoplasmic tails of CD40 or other TNF-receptor (TNF-R) family members. To identify downstream molecules in TRAF-3 signaling, a yeast two-hybrid library was screened with a full-length TRAF-3 construct. Nine independent TRAF-3 interacting clones encoded fragments of p62 Nucleoporin (p62), a 522 amino acid (aa) component of the nuclear pore central plug, that is known to bind karyopherin-β/classical-NLS import factor complexes. The interaction of p62 with TRAF-3 was specific, since p62 failed to interact with TRAF-2, -4, -5, or -6. Deletional analysis in yeast revealed that the p62:TRAF-3 interaction is mediated by a p62 carboxy (C)-terminal coiled-coil domain and TRAF-3’s fifth zinc (Zn) finger and coiled-coil domain. In human 293 T cells, recombinant TRAF-3 or p62 specifically co-immunoprecipitates the other species. In addition, endogenous p62 co-precipitates over-expressed TRAF-3. The functional effects of over-expressing a TRAF-3 binding fragment, p62(aa 336–522) were studied on NF-κB-dependent, or control STAT1-dependent reporter activity in 293 T cells, either resting or after stimulation by CD40 or IFN-γ, respectively. Over-expression of p62(aa 336–522) induces NF-κB activation in resting cells and augments CD40-induced NF-κB activation, but has no effect on control STAT1 reporter activity, either at baseline or after IFN-γ induction. The finding that TRAF-3 binds p62, suggests that TRAF-3 may serve as an adapter molecule at the nuclear membrane, in addition to its known adapter function at the plasma membrane.
Orthostructures from sesquilinear forms. A primer

We make a linkage with the “ultimate” generalization of Hilbert space, anR-module with an orthogonality relation, and certain constructs due to Foulis and Randall and other related structures suggested by Cattaneo, Franco, and Marino.
Correlation between the oxygen isotope ratio of North American bison teeth and local waters: Implication for paleoclimatic reconstructions

Abstract The oxygen isotope ratios of tooth enamel carbonate from 64 North American bison ( Bison bison ) from eleven locations were measured. The mean enamel oxygen isotope ratios for bison populations ranged from 28.3 to 15.9 ‰ SMOW and correlated well with the annual mean oxygen isotope ratios of local surface waters and precipitation. The standard deviation of oxygen isotope values among different individuals within each bison population averaged 1.0 ‰, and ranged from 0.7 to 1.4 ‰. The variability of enamel oxygen isotope ratios was not significantly different among different populations and did not correlate with changes in temperature, precipitation, or relative humidity. These results demonstrate that the average oxygen isotope values of bison tooth enamel can be used for use as a quantitative proxy for reconstructing the values of surface waters, and therefore may provide valuable paleoclimatic information. This study provides a baseline comparison for analyses of the oxygen isotope ratios of bison and other large herbivores from across North America.
Electrolytic lesions of the fimbria/fornix, dorsal hippocampus, or entorhinal cortex produce anterograde deficits in contextual fear conditioning in rats

Recent data indicate that dorsal hippocampal (DH) lesions disrupt Pavlovian fear conditioning to contextual cues in rats. In the present study, we examined the effects of electrolytic lesions of the fimbria/fornix (FX) or entorhinal cortex (EC), the primary afferent projection systems to the DH, on contextual fear conditioning in rats. Conditioning consisted of the delivery of unsignaled footshocks in a novel observation chamber, and freezing served as the measure of conditional fear. Electrolytic lesions of the FX, DH, or EC made 1 week before training produced anterograde impairments in both immediate postshock freezing on the conditioning day and freezing during the context extinction test 24 h following training. The deficits in conditional freezing produced by FX, DH, and EC lesions were not statistically different, although the deficits in rats with FX or EC lesions tended to be more severe than those in rats with DH lesions. In addition to producing deficits in conditional freezing, FX, DH, or EC lesions produced a pronounced locomotor hyperactivity. Within the lesion and sham groups, however, locomotor activity was not significantly correlated with conditional freezing. These results indicate that contextual fear deficits in rats with hippocampal formation damage are equivalent following either FX, DH, or EC lesions. The relationship of freezing deficits and locomotor hyperactivity in rats with hippocampal formation lesions is discussed.
The Origins of Japanese Technological Modernization

Abstract Explanations of Japanese technological modernization from the late nineteenth to the mid-twentieth century have increasingly focused on domestic capabilities as opposed to the traditional emphasis on knowledge transfers from the West. Yet, the literature is mostly qualitative and it lacks a comparative context. This article presents quantitative metrics derived from patent data covering Japan, the United States, Britain and Germany and it also exploits non-patent based sources. The evidence shows that Japanese domestic inventive activity exhibited a pattern of rapid modernization to the technology frontier in terms of its level, sectoral distribution and quality. Domestic capabilities were much stronger than is often supposed in accounts that stress the prevalence of Western technology diffusion. A long run expansion in indigenous development set a favorable foundation for the economic growth miracle Japan experienced after the Second World War.
Restoring p53 tumor suppressor activity as an anticancer therapeutic strategy

Loss of p53 tumor suppressor function is a key event in the genesis of most human tumors. This observation has prompted efforts to restore p53 activity as an anticancer therapeutic approach. Recent developments that have extended our understanding of how p53 activity is regulated and how mutations disrupt that regulation have provided the insight needed to develop therapeutic strategies that take advantage of this knowledge. In this article, we review the strategies for restoring p53 function and some of the new compounds that show promise as antitumor agents in preclinical models.
A molecular evaluation of dengue virus pathogenesis and its latest vaccine strategies.

More than one third of the world’s population living in tropical and subtropical areas of the world is at risk of dengue infections and as many as 100 million people are yearly infected. This disease has reemerged during the past 20 years in the form of an epidemic. Dengue is caused by one of four related serotypes of dengue virus and often leads to severe forms of the disease, resulting commonly from secondary infections. Dengue virus is a mosquito borne virus, belongs to the family Flaviviridae and consists of a single stranded positive sense RNA genome. Like other RNA viruses it escapes defense mechanisms and neutralization attempts by mutations, which make it more resistant and adaptable to its environment. Antiviral strategies and vaccine development is thus impaired and hence to date there is no licensed vaccine available for dengue virus. Here we discuss various efforts made towards the identification of potential vaccine targets for dengue as well as various strategies employed by research groups/pharmaceutical companies towards the development of a successful dengue vaccine.
The State of American Federalism, 1994-1995

Federalism, as a concept and as a reality, received assistance from a variety of sources during 1994-1995. Opinion polls revealed a public strongly supportive of shifts in the balance of power between federal and state governments. The new Republican-controlled Congress, bent on devolving authority to the states, busied itself with an ambitious legislative agenda. The Democratic President pursued his principles of federalism and intergovernmental relations by supporting the unfunded mandates bill and by increasing the use of the administrative waiver. The U.S. Supreme Court bolstered federalism with its rulings in cases such as Lopez, a state challenge to the federal GunFree School Zones Act. The new mood in Washington, D.C. was complemented by state leaders anxious to take on the challenges of a rebalanced federal system.
Ultra-shallow junction technology for 100 nm CMOS: xR LEAP implanter and RTP-centura rapid thermal annealer

Abstract Implantation of boron at sub-keV energies, combined with rapid thermal annealing in the temperature range from 900 to 1050 °C with soak times of 20 s or less results in activated junctions with depths of the order of 50 nm. These depths are consistent with roadmap estimates of transistor requirements for 100 nm scale devices for 16 Gb DRAM technology.
Response of a 0.25 μm thin-film silicon-on-sapphire CMOS technology to total ionizing dose

The radiation response of a 0.25 μm silicon-on-sapphire CMOS technology is characterized at the transistor and circuit levels utilizing both standard and enclosed layout devices. The threshold-voltage shift is less than 170 mV and the leakage-current increase is less than 1 nA for individual standard-layout nMOSFET and pMOSFET devices at a total dose of 100 krad(SiO2). The increase in power supply current at the circuit level was less than 5%, consistent with the small change in off-state transistor leakage current. The technology exhibits good characteristics for use in the electronics of the ATLAS experiment at the Large Hadron Collider.