cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Estimates of the Proportion of Older White Men Who Would Be Recommended for Pharmacologic Treatment by the New US National Osteoporosis Foundation Guidelines

The new U.S. National Osteoporosis Foundation Clinician's Guide to Prevention and Treatment of Osteoporosis includes criteria for recommending pharmacologic treatment based on history of hip or vertebral fracture, femoral neck (FN), or spine BMD T-scores ≤−2.5 and presence of low bone mass at the FN or spine plus a 10-yr risk of hip fracture ≥3% or of major osteoporotic fracture ≥20%. The proportion of women who would be recommended for treatment by these guidelines is not known. We applied the NOF criteria for treatment to women participating in the Study of Osteoporotic Fractures (SOF). To determine how the SOF population differs from the general U.S. population of white women ≥65 yr of age, we compared women in SOF with women who participated in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) III on criteria included in the NOF treatment guidelines that were common to both cohorts. Compared with NHANES III, women in SOF had higher FN BMD and were younger. Application of NOF guidelines to SOF data estimated that at least 72% of U.S. white women ≥65 yr of age and 93% of those ≥75 yr of age would be recommended for drug treatment. Application of the new NOF Guidelines would result in recommending a very large proportion of white women in the United States for pharmacologic treatment of osteoporosis.
Fatigue and related factors in people with type 2 diabetes

PurposeThe purpose of this study was to examine the presence and severity of fatigue in people with type 2 diabetes.MethodsThe Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS), Fatigue Assessment Scale (FAS), and Visual Analog Fatigue Scale (VAFS) were administered by anonymous survey of 37 individuals with and 33 individuals without diabetes to assess the presence of fatigue. Data on age, gender, weight, height, year of diagnosis, and number/type of complications were also collected. Nonparametric tests tested for differences in fatigue measures between the groups, and distribution characteristics of the FAS, FSS, and VAFS scores were examined. Spearman rank correlation coefficients examined the relationships between the variables.ResultsPeople with diabetes scored higher on all 3 fatigue assessment scales as compared to controls (FAS: 25.11 vs 19.94, P = .001; FSS: 4.30 vs 2.59, P = .000; VAFS: 4.64 vs 1.75, P = .000). Data were normally distributed for FSS in the group with diabetes and the group without diabetes, and sco...
Transition Points for the Gender Gap in Computer Enjoyment.

AbstractData gathered from 10,000 Texas public school students in Grades 3—12 over the years 2000, 2001, 2002, and 2005 were analyzed to replicate findings first discovered as a byproduct of evaluation of a large scale U.S. Department of Education Technology Innovation Challenge Grant. Initial findings were that girls in Grades 4 and 5 reported enjoying computers more than boys. Detailed trend analyses determined that although boys and girls begin first grade with few or no differences in attitudes toward computers (Collis, Knezek, Lai, Miyashita, Pelgrum, Plomp, & Sakamoto, 1996), by Grades 4 and 5, girls are more positive in their enjoyment. Starting about Grade 6, girls’ self-reported perception of computers begins to become less positive than boys, and by Grade 8 becomes significantly lower than boys. Attitudes may become similar again by the end of secondary school. The authors suggest further study is needed to determine if this phenomenon exists in many locations, and if it does, why it takes place.
Short-term Food Restriction and Refeeding Alter Expression of Genes Likely Involved in Brain Glucosensing.

Several genes involved in glucosensing of the endocrine pancreas have been proposed to serve a similar function in the brain. These genes include the glucose transporter-2 (Glut-2) and glucokinase (GK). In addition, the glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor, which serves as a downstream signal modulator in pancreatic glucosensing and centrally alters feeding, is also of interest. We used quantitative real-time RT-PCR to measure changes in hypothalamic and brainstem Glut-2, GK, and Glp-1R expression of these genes induced by food restriction and refeeding. Sprague-Dawley rats were 50% food restricted for 1 day; one-half of the food-restricted rats were refed with chow for 1 hr before sacrifice. In both hypothalamus and brainstem, gene expression of Glut-2, GK, and Glp-1R was significantly lower in refed rats compared with food-restricted rats. The measures of gene expression in two feeding control groups (ad libitum and voluntarily overfed animals) were intermediate between the food-restricted and refed groups, but were not significantly different from each other. The results indicate that putative glucosensing (GK, Glut-2, and Glp-1R) gene expression in the hypothalamus and brainstem is reduced in response to food intake, depending on prior nutritional status.
Minimal Impact Corrective Actions in Security-Constrained Optimal Power Flow Via Sparsity Regularization

This paper proposes a new formulation for the corrective security-constrained optimal power flow (SCOPF) problem with DC power flow constraints. The goal is to produce a generation schedule which has a minimal number of post-contingency corrections as well as a minimal amount of total MW rescheduled. In other words, the new SCOPF model effectively clears contingencies with corrective actions that have a minimal impact on system operations. The proposed SCOPF model utilizes sparse optimization techniques to achieve computational tractability for large-scale power systems. We also propose two efficient decomposition algorithms. Extensive computational experiments show the advantage of the proposed model and algorithms on several standard IEEE test systems and large-scale real-world power systems.
Micromachined rate gyroscope architecture with ultra-high quality factor and improved mode ordering

Abstract This paper reports a new dual mass vibratory MEMS z-axis rate gyroscope architecture that prioritizes the sense-mode quality factor and provides improved ordering of the mechanical vibrational modes. The proposed linearly coupled, dynamically balanced anti-phase sense-mode design minimizes substrate energy dissipation to maximize the quality factor. The levered drive-mode mechanism structurally forces the anti-phase drive-mode motion of the symmetrically decoupled tines eliminating the lower frequency spurious mode and providing true mechanical rejection of external shocks and accelerations. SOI prototypes were characterized in a vacuum chamber demonstrating drive-mode quality factor of 67,000 and ultra-high sense-mode quality factor of 125,000. A vacuum packaging technology was introduced and demonstrated a ceramic package-level sealed gyroscope with a quality factor on the order of 100,000. The high quality factor and mode ordering of the new design provide a path toward ultra-high scale factor without compromising the sensitivity to external accelerations.
Perioperative Acid-Base and Electrolyte Disturbances

Obtaining and interpreting blood gas and electrolyte levels is essential in the management of perioperative veterinary patients. Metabolic and electrolyte alterations are common in critically ill surgical patients, and can lead to alterations in cardiovascular function, neurologic status, respiratory function, and even response to various drug therapies. Several common perioperative conditions are discussed in this article, including metabolic disturbances, electrolyte abnormalities (hyponatremia and hypernatremia, hyperkalemia), and respiratory abnormalities.
Effects of the European hornet ( Vespa crabro Linnaeus 1761) crude venom on its own species

Background: Lethal dose 50% is a classical index of toxicity that usually employs small rodents as experimental animals. Therefore, scarce data are available on the effects of venom on invertebrates, particularly the impact of wasp venom on its own species. Findings: In the present study, the lethality of Vespa crabro venom on its own species was studied. Lethal dose 50% values of crude venom on workers of hornet Vespa crabro were estimated to be 4.0 mg/kg of body weight. Conclusions: Wasps can use their venom apparatus effectively when attacking foreign workers that appear in the immediate vicinity of their nest. The toxins released during stinging are potent enough to kill. The result of this study eliminates the popular myth that venomous animals can be resistant to their own venom.
Edge-Weighted Centroid Voronoi Tessellation with Propagation of Consistency Constraint for 3D Grain Segmentation in Microscopic Superalloy Images

3D microstructures are important for material scientists to analyze physical properties of materials. While such microstructures are too small to be directly visible to human vision, modern microscopic and serial-sectioning techniques can provide their high-resolution 3D images in the form of a sequence of 2D image slices. In this paper, we propose an algorithm based on the Edge-Weighted Centroid Voronoi Tessellation which uses propagation of the inter-slice consistency constraint. It can segment a 3D superalloy image, slice by slice, to obtain the underlying grain microstructures. With the propagation of the consistency constraint, the proposed method can automatically match grain segments between slices. On each of the 2D image slices, stable structures identified from the previous slice can be well-preserved, with further refinement by clustering the pixels in terms of both intensity and spatial information. We tested the proposed algorithm on a 3D superalloy image consisting of 170 2D slices. Performance is evaluated against manually annotated ground-truth segmentation. The results show that the proposed method outperforms several state-of-the-art 2D, 3D, and propagation-based segmentation methods in terms of both segmentation accuracy and running time.
The small molecule PKA-specific cyclic AMP analogue as an inducer of osteoblast-like cells differentiation and mineralization

Osteoblastic differentiation is an important landmark for bone formation, bone repair and regeneration, however it is a very complex process controlled by different signaling mechanisms. Several groups have reported that the cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) signaling system is responsible for regulating osteoblast cell differentiation. Nonetheless, to date, the principle role of the cAMP molecules related to this process remains controversial. Moreover, the underlying cAMP-dependent signaling cascade governing the osteoblastic differentiation has not been clarified. In this report, we investigated the roles of the cAMP-dependent protein kinase A (PKA) signaling in proliferation, differentiation and mineralization of osteoblast-like MC3T3-E1 cells using the PKA-specific small molecule cAMP analogue, 6-Bnz-cAMP, at 100 µM. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, runt transcription factor 2 (Runx2), osteopontin (OPN) and osteocalcin (OCN) protein expressions were used as osteoblast-specific markers to demonstrate osteoblastic differentiation. Further, calcium measurement of the extracellular matrix was employed as the hallmark of matrix mineralization or calcification. We report here that activation of PKA by the small molecule 6-Bnz-cAMP induces osteoblastic differentiation and matrix mineralization of osteoblast-like MC3T3-E1 cells. Moreover, 6-Bnz-cAMP does not induce cytotoxicity to the cells as revealed by our cell proliferation studies. Therefore, based on these findings, we propose that the PKA-specific small molecule 6-Bnz-cAMP may serve as a novel bone-inducing growth factor for repairing and regenerating bone tissues during bone regenerative engineering.
ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR: Affect in the Workplace

The study of affect in the workplace began and peaked in the 1930s, with the decades that followed up to the 1990s not being particularly fertile. Whereas job satisfaction generally continues to be loosely but not carefully thought of and measured as an affective state, critical work in the 1990s has raised serious questions about the affective status of job satisfaction in terms of its causes as well as its definition and measurement. Recent research has focused on the production of moods and emotions at work, with an emphasis, at least conceptually, on stressful events, leaders, work groups, physical settings, and rewards/punishment. Other recent research has addressed the consequences of workers' feelings, in particular, a variety of performance outcomes (e.g., helping behaviors and creativity). Even though recent interest in affect in the workplace has been intense, many theoretical and methodological opportunities and challenges remain.
Nonlinear Deformation of Ferroelectric Ceramics

Ferroelectric ceramics used in advanced actuator systems may be subject to high stresses and large deformations that may lead to nonlinearity and performance degradation. A preliminary experimental investigation has been undertaken to study the relevant mechanical responses. For this purpose, polarization and strain are measured continuously on a compression cuboid. Severe nonlinear and hysteretic behavior is observed in several cases. An attempt has been made to establish constitutive laws, applicable to this nonlinear deformation, which may be used for design purposes.
Experience of the community-residing individual with self-induced water intoxication and the family/caregiver

Abstract Background With long-term psychiatric hospitals closing, the severely mentally ill with self-induced water intoxication (SIWI) are residing in the community. Knowledge about the experience of the community-residing individuals with SIWI and their family/caregiver is needed to develop community programs of care. Objectives The purpose of this multi-site study was to understand the experience of the community-residing individual with SIWI and of the family. Study design Thirty community-residing individuals with SIWI and at least one of their family members/caregivers were interviewed. Semi-structured open-ended questions were used. Urine specific gravity testing was conducted to assure that the individual met the criteria of SIWI. Results Individuals reported that they felt better when they drank excess fluids, experienced anger when they drank, and believed that staying busy through work helped them control excess drinking. Individuals with SIWI and their families experienced negative feelings including fear of harm and helplessness and distanced themselves from the individual. Families agreed that distress triggered excess fluid drinking. Families also identified boredom as a trigger and felt helpless in being able to help the individual decrease fluid drinking. Conclusions Excess fluid drinking is viewed as beneficial by individuals with SIWI, is triggered by distress and boredom, and creates fear and distancing when the family feels threatened by the intoxicated individual. Distress and boredom reduction need to be addressed in programs of care before the community-residing individual with SIWI will be motivated to participate in fluid management.
Treatment of Febrile illness with artemisinin combination therapy: prevalence and predictors in five African household surveys.

Objectives: To evaluate the determinants of compliance with national policies recommending Artemisinin Combination Therapy (ACT) for the treatment of uncomplicated malaria in the community. Methods: We used data from Gambia, Ghana, Kenya, Nigeria, and Uganda national household surveys that were conducted with a standardized World Health Organization (WHO) methodology to measure access to and use of medicines. We analyzed all episodes of acute fever reported in the five surveys. We used logistic regression models accounting for the clustered design of the surveys to identify determinants of seeking care in public healthcare facilities, of being treated with antimalarials, and of receiving ACT. Results: Overall, 92% of individuals with a febrile episode sought care outside the home, 96% received medicines, 67% were treated with antimalarials, and 16% received ACT. The choice of provider was influenced by perceptions about medicines availability and affordability. In addition, seeking care in a public healthcare facility was the single most important predictor of treatment with ACT [odds ratio (OR): 4.64, 95% confidence intervals (CI): 2.98–7.22, P < 0.001]. Children under 5 years old were more likely than adults to be treated with antimalarials [OR: 1.28, CI: 0.91–1.79, not significant (NS)] but less likely to receive ACT (OR: 0.80, CI: 0.57–1.13, NS). Conclusions: Our results confirm the high prevalence of presumptive antimalarial treatment for acute fever, especially in public healthcare facilities where poor people seek care. They show that perceptions about access to medicines shape behaviors by directing patients and caregivers to sources of care where they believe medicines are accessible. The success of national policies recommending ACT for the treatment of uncomplicated malaria depends not only on restricting ACT to confirmed malaria cases, but also on ensuring that ACT is available and affordable for those who need it.
Changes in resting energy expenditure and body composition in anorexia nervosa patients during refeeding

Accurate prediction of the energy level necessary to promote weight restoration in patients with anorexia nervosa would be clinically useful. Resting energy expenditure (REE), respiratory quotient, and body composition were measured in 10 nonmedicated women with anorexia nervosa during a vigorous refeeding protocol. REE was measured three times per week by open-circuit indirect calorimetry after an overnight fast. Subjects ranged in age from 19 to 38 years and weighed 39.9 +/- 4.3 kg (mean +/- standard deviation) at admission. The refeeding protocol was as follows: phase 1, 1,200 kcal/day for 1 week (baseline); phase 2, an increase of 300 kcal/day for 1 week; phase 3, 3,600 kcal/day until target weight was reached; phase 4, 1,800 to 2,800 kcal/day (stabilization). REE was 30.0 +/- 6.4, 33.5 +/- 6.7, 37.3 +/- 6.6 and 34.5 +/- 4.4 kcal/kg body weight during phases 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively. The Harris-Benedict equation overestimated phase 1 24-hour REE by a mean of 14% and underestimated REE in phases 2, 3, and 4 by a mean of 8%, 24%, and 23%, respectively. Skinfold measurements revealed percent body fat to be 12 +/- 4% at admission and 19 +/- 5% at discharge, with a mean of 48% of the weight gained during refeeding attributable to increased body fat. These findings indicate that refeeding in anorexia nervosa is associated with increased REE, which cannot be explained by increased body mass, and that caloric requirements for weight restoration in patients with anorexia nervosa are best determined by monitoring individual response.
Using international law to assess elections

This article provides an overview of existing obligations for democratic elections in public international law (PIL), and links these obligations to criteria for assessing electoral processes. We argue that PIL provides a basis for election observation that is more transparent, more objective, and has greater authority with host countries because it relies on states' acknowledged international legal commitments. In addition, the authors argue that this approach provides a solid foundation for building broad consensus on what constitutes ‘international standards for democratic elections’, an often-used term for which there still is no single commonly accepted definition.
Predicting Medication Adherence in Adolescents With Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)

Results: Thirty-five of 43 (81%) adolescents with PFDs and unexplained menorrhagia underwent LTA testing; 60% (21/35) had abnormal testing with 1 agonists. Few adolescents shared similar agonist-impaired aggregation responsiveness profiles. Epinephrine was the most common agonist to elicit reduced platelet aggregation responsiveness, followed by ADP and collagen, the least. Of the 21, 67% (14/21) had abnormal aggregation with epinephrine; all 14 were with the 60mM dosage. Sixty-four percent, 9/14, had additional aggregation defects with other agonists. However, it was a solitary defect in 36% (5/14). Of the forty-eight percent (10/21) that had ADP aggregation defects, all 10 (100%) had reduced aggregation with 0.5mM ADP and 60% (6/10), with 10mM ADP. Seventy percent (7/10) had additional defects with other agonists and isolated ADP defects were found in 30% (3/10). Thirty-eight percent (8/21) had ristocetin-induced defects. However, VWF:RCo, VWF:Ag and Factor VIII activity levels were all normal, indicating no vWD. Most (6/8) were Caucasian. Abnormal arachidonic acidinduced aggregation was recorded in 24% (5/21) and 4 had additional aggregation abnormalities. In only one patient was this defect an isolated finding. All 5 were diagnosed with an aspirin-like defect. Only 2 (9.5%) had collagen-induced defects. In 14 of 35 of tested adolescents (40%), aggregation responsiveness was within normal ranges with all 5 agonists. All 14 teens were subsequently diagnosed with dense granule (d) Storage Pool deficiency (SPD) using electron microscopy. Conclusion: Standard LTA has limited sensitivity in detecting PFDs, particularly the d-SPD, and when abnormal has variable agonist responsiveness in this population. Sixty percent of adolescents with platelet dysfunction-associated menorrhagia had an abnormal LTA profile, while 40% had normal testing. These results suggest that additional studies be conducted in the presence of normal LTA testing and a strong suspicion for a PFD.
The Silver-Fork Novel across Romantic and Victorian Views: Class, Gender and Commodity Culture, 1820–1841

This article considers changing critical perceptions of the literature of the period between the 1820s and the 1840s, in particular the popular ‘silver-fork’ or fashionable novel. Greater awareness of the class dynamics of the era has significant implications for our understanding, both of the genre itself, and of the wider relationships between literature, class, gender and politics in the decades before and after Reform. I discuss scholarship on the central tensions of the genre between upper-class status and middle-class readerships; the models of authorship this produces; the lines of literary descent revealed through the genre; and finally the construction of the genre as commodity and the relation of this to the figure of the dandy. Finally, I suggest directions in which further research is likely to tend. These questions are part and parcel of a more general overall re-evaluation taking place in nineteenth-century studies of the border lines between Romanticism and Victorianism. Re-considering the silver-fork novel, therefore, is not simply a matter of discussing an obscure genre, but a way into the central literary concerns of a crucial period for our understanding of the nineteenth century.
The Pore Loop Domain of TRPV1 Is Required for Its Activation by the Volatile Anesthetics Chloroform and Isoflurane

The environmental irritant chloroform, a naturally occurring small volatile organohalogen, briefly became the world's most popular volatile general anesthetic (VGA) before being abandoned because of its low therapeutic index. When chloroform comes in contact with skin or is ingested, it causes a painful burning sensation. The molecular basis for the pain associated with chloroform remains unknown. In this study, we assessed the role of transient receptor potential (TRP) channel family members in mediating chloroform activation and the molecular determinants of VGA activation of TRPV1. We identified the subpopulation of dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons that are activated by chloroform. Additionally, we transiently expressed wild-type or specifically mutated TRP channels in human embryonic kidney cells and used calcium imaging or whole-cell patch-clamp electrophysiology to assess the effects of chloroform or the VGA isoflurane on TRP channel activation. The results revealed that chloroform activates DRG neurons via TRPV1 activation. Furthermore, chloroform activates TRPV1, and it also activates TRPM8 and functions as a potent inhibitor of the noxious chemical receptor TRPA1. The results also indicate that residues in the outer pore region of TRPV1 previously thought to be required for either proton or heat activation of the channel are also required for activation by chloroform and isoflurane. In addition to identifying the molecular basis of DRG neuron activation by chloroform and the opposing effects chloroform has on different TRP channel family members, the findings of this study provide novel insights into the structural basis for the activation of TRPV1 by VGAs.
Immunohistochemistry of the extracellular matrix of the normal equine lamina cribrosa.

Purpose To use immunohistochemical techniques to identify and localize the structural macromolecules of the extracellular matrix (ECM) of the normal adult equine lamina cribrosa in order to make comparisons to the extracellular matrix of the lamina cribrosa of horses with glaucoma. Methods Normal eyes of five adult horses between 5 and 10 years of age were fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin and embedded in paraffin. Polyclonal rabbit-derived antibodies against human elastin, laminin, fibrillin-1, and collagen types I, III and IV, and polyclonal goat-derived antibodies against collagen type VI were used as primary antibodies. Transverse and longitudinal histologic sections of the optic nerve head and lamina cribrosa were stained using several dilutions of the primary antibodies, biotinylated link antibody, horseradish peroxidase-labeled streptavidin, and 3,3′-diaminobenzidine as a chromogen. The immunohistochemical staining patterns were qualitatively interpreted. Results The normal adult horse lamina cribrosa labeled positively for collagen types I, III and VI, laminin, elastin and fibrillin. Collagen type VI staining of the laminar ECM was most intense, followed by labeling for collagen types III and I, respectively. Laminar blood vessels were weakly positive for laminin and slightly positive for type IV collagen. The scleral ECM of the laminar insertion zone had more intense labeling for collagen types I and VI than did the laminar plates. Conclusions The extracellular matrix of the laminar plates of the adult equine lamina cribrosa is similar to the dog as it consists of elastic and collagen fibers (with collagen types VI, III and I). Both the normal dog and horse lamina display more intense staining of collagen type VI than is found in the ECM of the normal human lamina cribrosa. The macromolecular structure of the equine lamina cribrosa suggests that it is a very resilient structure that may provide some protection to the optic nerve axons during episodes of elevated intraocular pressure.
A modified technique for semen collection by electroejaculation in the domestic cat

A method was developed for collecting feline semen by electroejaculation combined with the use of a urethral catheter. The catheter facilitated handling the small volumes of semen for laboratory analysis. In 14 cats, semen volumes ranged from 0.019 to 0.284 ml (mean 0.076) and spermatozoa counts of ejaculates collected in the catheter ranged from 0.32 to 49.60 x 10(6) (mean 11.64 x 10(6)). Nine individuals were evaluated for retrograde ejaculation by quantitation of spermatozoa in pre-ejaculation and post-ejaculation urine samples. No spermatozoa were detected in pre-ejaculation samples but post-ejaculation urine samples contained from 0 to 11.88 x 10(6) (mean 4.55 x 10(6)) spermatozoa. The antegrade portion of the ejaculate contained from 6.3 to 100% (mean 59.1%) of the total number of spermatozoa ejaculated.
Is the Caspian Sea a sea; and why does it matter?

Abstract With the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the Caspian Sea and its natural resources became a source of contention for Russia, Iran, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, and Turkmenistan. The underlying issue is paradoxical in light of its misleading simplicity – is the Caspian a sea or a lake? Throughout the article, we present proof that this question does matter and the answer should be given in the near future unless the world wishes to witness a cascade of conflicts. Even though the establishment of an international legal regime would place the region within the purview of UNCLOS and the international rule of law, thus ensuring safety and stability, the littoral states have pursued their own economic and political interests, resulting in a plethora of competing legal positions. As we evaluate the main points of disagreement and their respective impact on the status quo, the history of the region plays a prominent role. Consequently, the bordering countries choose to adhere to prevailing methods of dealing with issues of similar complexity: power competition over the resources of small states, negotiation and power politics instead of international rule of law, and protection that disguises coercion. Will the littoral states ever abandon the temptation of hostile geopolitical games and embark on a process of peaceful, open negotiations? This article seeks to help resolve this dilemma while analysing the failure of public international law to amend the situation, the legal chaos reigning in the region arising from the need to exploit the resources and construct pipelines to export them, and how the post-Soviet sphere has experienced a weakening of public international law as its doors open to the global petroleum market.
Sentiment Analysis of Conditional Sentences

This paper studies sentiment analysis of conditional sentences. The aim is to determine whether opinions expressed on different topics in a conditional sentence are positive, negative or neutral. Conditional sentences are one of the commonly used language constructs in text. In a typical document, there are around 8% of such sentences. Due to the condition clause, sentiments expressed in a conditional sentence can be hard to determine. For example, in the sentence, if your Nokia phone is not good, buy this great Samsung phone, the author is positive about "Samsung phone" but does not express an opinion on "Nokia phone" (although the owner of the "Nokia phone" may be negative about it). However, if the sentence does not have "if', the first clause is clearly negative. Although "if' commonly signifies a conditional sentence, there are many other words and constructs that can express conditions. This paper first presents a linguistic analysis of such sentences, and then builds some supervised learning models to determine if sentiments expressed on different topics in a conditional sentence are positive, negative or neutral. Experimental results on conditional sentences from 5 diverse domains are given to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
LII.—Capitella capitata as a commensal, with a bibliography of parasitism and commensalism in the polychætes

(1956). LII.—Capitella capitata as a commensal, with a bibliography of parasitism and commensalism in the polychaetes. Annals and Magazine of Natural History: Vol. 9, No. 102, pp. 433-448.
Does The "Spiders" Market Attract Uninformed Trading Volume?

The trading volume of Standard and Poor’s Depository Receipts (SPDRs) - or Spiders - has grown consistently since the inception of trading in 1993. Theoretical models have predicted that the Spiders market would attract trading volume from uninformed traders because their losses due to adverse trades with informed traders would usually be lower in this market than in individual security markets. As an extension of the modified mixture distribution hypothesis model proposed by Andersen (1996), this study applies the estimated parameters from the generalized method of moments to derive the percentage trading volume of SPDRs attributable to uninformed trades. Using ninety securities selected from the S&P 500 index as benchmark stocks for comparison, we find that the Spiders market indeed attracts a relatively higher percentage of trading volume from uninformed traders.
Ultrafine-Particle Emission Factors as a Function of Vehicle Mode of Operation for LDVs Based on Near-Roadway Monitoring

This paper presents ultrafine-particle (UFP) emission factors (EFs) as a function of vehicle mode of operation (free flow and congestion) using (1) concurrent 5 min measurements of UFPs and carbon monoxide (CO) concentration, wind speed and direction, traffic volume and speed near a roadway that is restricted to light-duty vehicles (LDVs) and (2) inverse dispersion model calculations. Short-term measurements are required to characterize the highly variable and rapidly changing UFP concentration generated by vehicles. Under congestion conditions, the UFP vehicle EFs increased from 0.5 × 10(13) to 2 × 10(13) (particles km(-1) vehicle(-1)) when vehicle flow increased from 5500 to 7500 vehicles/h. For free-flow conditions, the EF is constant at 1.5 × 10(13) (particles km(-1) vehicle(-1)). The analysis is based on the assumption that air-quality models adequately describe the dilution process due to both traffic and atmospheric turbulence. The approach used to verify this assumption was to use an emission factor model to determine EFs for CO and then estimate dilution factors using measured CO concentrations. This procedure eliminates the need to rely only on air quality models to generate dilution factors. The EFs are suitable for fleet emissions under real-world traffic conditions.
Systematic revision of the middle and late devonian brachiopods Schizophoria (Schizophoria) and ‘Schuchertella’ from North America

Synopsis Schizophoria and ’Schuchertella’, two common genera of Devonian brachiopods from North America, are systematically revised based on cladistic analysis. Several Early Devonian schizo‐phoriid species are placed within S. (Eoschuchertella), while all other North American Devonian and Mississippian species studied are placed within S. (Schizophoria). Schizophoria meeki Fenton & Fenton is synonymised with S. macfarlanii Meek. Ancestral forms of Schizophoria (Schizophoria) were present in Europe and the Appalachian basin and inhabited outer platform environments through the Frasnian. Several independent lineages of S. (Schizophoria) persisted through the Late Devonian biodiversity crisis and subsequently colonised nearshore environments. Most cladogenetic events within North American species of S. (Schizophoria) occurred via dispersal mechanisms, while vicariant speciation was rare. Cladistic analysis of North American species assigned to ’Schuchertella’ revealed that all species through the Frasnian b...
U.S. Investment Tax Credit: Alternative to the President's Flawed Dividend Plan, Financed by ETI Repeal

The president's asserted primary economic goal behind his dividend proposal is to increase gross domestic product (GDP) by increasing corporate investment through reducing the cost of equity capital. That is an indirect and expensive way to stimulate corporate investment. This article suggests that an incremental investment tax credit is a more direct, more effective, and much less costly way of reaching the same goal. The author proposes that the tax reductions associated with adopting the proposed incremental investment tax credit be funded by the repeal of the Extraterritorial Income Exclusion (ETI) provision of the Internal Revenue Code (IRC), which the World Trade Organization (WTO) has found to be noncompliant, and which the president has agreed to repeal.
Acid Intoxication of Adrenal Insufficiency in Dogs.

Recent work on the blood chemistry of dogs and cats suffering from adrenal insufficiency suggests the probability that the adrenal cortex secretes a hormone which in some manner controls the normal functioning of the kidney. Several investigators1 report marked nitrogen retention following adrenal removal. Swingle2 and Swingle and Eisenmann3 demonstrated phosphorus retention, and the existence of an uncompensated non-volatile acidosis in severe adrenal insufficiency. The acidosis was considered to be due to retention of the acid end products of normal metabolism.Owing to the difficulty of bleeding cats repeatedly, and the fact that considerable quantities of blood are necessary for analysis, the writer made a detailed investigation of the acid intoxication following adrenal removal in dogs.Adult male and non-pregnant dogs were employed, an interval of 5 to 10 days elapsing between operations. Longer intervals were not found to prolong the survival period, the average survival period to date being 5½ to 6 ...
Dynamic Photoacoustic Spectroscopy for Trace Gas Detection

Dynamic photoacoustic spectroscopy (DPAS) is a trace-gas sensing technique recently developed at MIT Lincoln Laboratory. It is a novel laser-based means of remotely sensing extremely low concentrations of gases.
Instability analysis of Chapman-Jouguet detonation waves - A square-wave model approximation

A theoretical analysis of the multidimensional instability of Chapman-Jouguet detonation waves is carried out with a square-wave model. Both the unsteady and multidimensional effects within the induction zone have been considered. Our asymptotic analysis leads to a differential-difference equation of the advanced type with two advanced times depending on the transverse wave number. The solution of the linear equation indicates that there is a most unstable transverse wave number which might correspond to the cell spacing observed in experiments, and the physical mechanism controlling the instability has been elucidated. On the basis of the linear results, a phenomenological nonlinear equation is proposed to describe the 1D galloping oscillation and 2D cell structure. Numerical solutions of the nonlinear equation shows typical nonlinear phenomena such as periodic oscillation, period-doubling, dynamic quenching and cell-formation. (Author)
On the Training of Cross-Discipline Postgraduates in Geology Field

We should take appropriate measures in training cross-displine postgraduates in geology to make the students have necessary professional knowledge,through the cultivation of instructors and self-promotion in practice to meet the standards of cultivation.
Excitation of motoneurons by the Mauthner axon in goldfish: complexities in a "simple" reticulospinal pathway.

1. The Mauthner cell in fish and amphibians initiates an escape behavior that has served as a model system for studies of the reticulospinal control of movement. This behavior consists of a very ra...
Analysis of a Model-Free Predictor for Delay Compensation in Networked Systems

One important challenge with networked systems is that communication delays can significantly deteriorate system performance. This chapter proposes a model-free predictor framework to compensate for communication delays and improve networked system performance, where the term “model-free” indicates that the predictor does not need to know the dynamic equations governing the system. The motivation to pursue a model-free approach lies in its robustness, ease of design, and implementation. The proposed predictor has a first-order time delay system structure with only one design parameter. Stability of the predictor is analyzed for constant delays and the range of the design parameter to guarantee a stable predictor is established as a function of the network time delay. Since ensuring stability does not necessarily guarantee a good performance, understanding when the predictor can perform well and what its limitations are also critical. To this end, a frequency-domain analysis is given, through which the relationship between the predictor design parameter, time delay, and steady-state performance is revealed. Fundamental limitations of the predictor at higher frequencies are laid out. Finally, this analysis is confirmed on a case study. The case study further allows for testing the transient performance of the predictor in closed loop with the networked system, and shows that the predictor holds significant potential to alleviate the negative impact of communication delays, even if its high frequency performance may be limited.
Disentangling flow and signals of Chiral Magnetic Effect in U+U, Au+Au and p+Au collisions

Abstract We present STAR measurements of the charge-dependent three-particle correlator γ a , b = 〈 cos ⁡ ( ϕ 1 a + ϕ 2 b − 2 ϕ 3 ) 〉 / v 2 { 2 } and elliptic flow v 2 { 2 } in U+U, Au+Au and p+Au collisions at RHIC. The difference Δ γ = γ ( opposite-sign ) − γ ( same-sign ) measures charge separation across the reaction plane, a predicted signal of the Chiral Magnetic Effect (CME). Although charge separation has been observed, it has been argued that the measured separation can also be explained by elliptic flow related backgrounds. In order to separate the two effects we perform measurements of the γ-correlator where background expectations differ from magnetic field driven effects. A differential measurement of γ with the relative pseudorapidity (Δη) between the first and second particles indicate that Δγ in peripheral A+A and p+A collisions are dominated by short-range correlations in Δη. However, a relatively wider component of the correlation in Δη tends to vanish the same way as projected magnetic field as predicted by MC-Glauber simulations.
Pathways in Cybersecurity: Translating Theory into Practice

In this paper, we report on a pilot project which was geared to explore the possibility of enabling a pathway in Cybersecurity education between community colleges and four-year institutions where students enter the four-year institution with Junior status after graduating from the community college with a suitable Associate in Science degree. The pilot was carried out in the context of the Cybercorps®: Scholarship for Service program, also focusing on exploring whether it is possible to support students pursuing such a pathway through the Cybercorps®: Scholarship for Service program and successfully placing them in the government to complete their internship and post-graduation service requirements. The pilot included two students from a community college pursuing an Associate in Science degree in Computer Science/Engineering and then transferring to the Bachelor of Science in Cybersecurity degree program at a nearby four-year institution. This paper reviews the various components of the pilot project, discusses challenges and opportunities, and provides some suggestions for future directions from the perspective of the four-year institution.
Cannabis sativa L.: Botany and Horticulture

As a plant, Cannabis is a highly variable species. It belongs to family Cannabaceae. Whether the genus Cannabis contains one species or more has been a matter of debate for a long time. The plant produces a unique class of terpenophenolic compounds called cannabinoids. A total of 565 Cannabis constituents have been isolated from Cannabis sativa so far, out of which 120 are phytocannabinoids. The plant has gained a lot of popularity in the last few decades for not only being an illicit drug but for its medicinal values from ancient times and a potential source for modern drugs to treat several targets for human wellness. The pharmacologic and therapeutic properties of preparations of C. sativa and Δ9-THC, its most psychoactive compound, have been extensively reviewed. An additional important cannabinoid in Cannabis of current interest is Cannabidiol (CBD) due to its reported activity as an antiepileptic agent, particularly its promise for the treatment of intractable pediatric epilepsy. Therefore, there is much interest in propagating compound based crops for medical purposes. In this chapter, the focus is laid on the botanical aspects of C. sativa and its cultivation for phytopharmaceuticals.
SPIRAL ARTERY VASODILATION IS IMPAIRED IN PREECLAMPSIA: IMPLICATIONS FOR NITRIC OXIDE AND RED LIGHT THERAPY

Preeclampsia is the leading cause for maternal morbidity and mortality, yet the exact etiology remains unknown. Importantly, a prior diagnosis of preeclampsia increases the risk for ischemic heart disease, cardiovascular disease and stroke. This study focuses on endothelial dysfunction and possible
Prevalence of Organophosphate Poisoning In Batticaloa, Sri Lanka

Background: Deliberate self-harm (DSH) is a global problem which has steadily increased over the past few years in developing countries and has become as one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality in these countries. The aim of this prospective study was to analyze the prevalence of organophosphate poisoning among other acute DSH cases admitted to the medical ward at Batticaloa Teaching Hospital, Sri Lanka. We report the socio-demographic, and outcome of organophosphate poisoning. Method: The prospective study comprises of 121 cases of acute poisoning admitted at Batticaloa Teaching Hospital (BTH), Sri Lanka. This study was conducted for a period of three months from April 12 through July 12, 2017. Results: Among the subjects, 119 (98.34%) cases had intentional poisoning and only two cases (1.65%) accidental poisoning. Poisoning with organophosphate compounds (OP) 23 (19%) was the second leading type. There were 13 (56.5%) males and 10 (43.5%) females. Most of the patients were under the age group of 20-29 years old. 21 cases lived in rural areas and 2 in urban areas. Out of 23 patients, there were 2 (8.7%) deaths, 18 (78.3%) were discharged without any complications. Conclusion: DSH in Sri Lanka is reported to be associated with interpersonal conflict, short premeditation, as well as alcohol misuse among males.
14-3-3 recruits keratin intermediate filaments to mechanically sensitive cell-cell contacts

Intermediate filament cytoskeletal networks simultaneously support mechanical integrity and influence signal transduction pathways. Marked remodeling of the keratin intermediate filament network accompanies collective cellular morphogenetic movements that occur during early embryonic development in the frog Xenopus laevis. While this reorganization of keratin is initiated by force transduction on cell-cell contacts mediated by C-cadherin, the mechanism by which keratin filament reorganization occurs remains poorly understood. In this work we demonstrate that 14-3-3 proteins regulate keratin reorganization dynamics in embryonic mesendoderm cells from Xenopus gastrula. 14-3-3 co-localizes with keratin filaments near cell-cell junctions in migrating mesendoderm. Co-immunoprecipitation, mass spectrometry and bioinformatic analyses indicate Keratin 19 is a target of 14-3-3 in the whole embryo and, more specifically, mesendoderm tissue. Inhibition of 14-3-3 results in both the decreased exchange of keratin subunits into filaments and blocks keratin filament recruitment toward cell-cell contacts. Synthetically coupling 14-3-3 to Keratin 19 through a unique fusion construct conversely induces the localization of this keratin population to the region of cell-cell contacts. Taken together, these findings indicate that 14-3-3 acts on keratin intermediate filaments and is involved in their reorganization to sites of cell adhesion.
Effect of marbling degree on beef palatability in Bos taurus and Bos indicus cattle

This study was designed to evaluate the relationship between marbling score and breed-type (Bos taurus vs .05) from Modest or Moderate marbling. In addition, variation in shear force was lower (P .05) by marbling score in either Bos taurus or Bos indicus cattle. Percentage yield of retail product decreased (P .05) to shear force or tenderness rating.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
News media literacy, perceptions of bias, and interpretation of news

Drawing on interviews with a diverse group of adults living in the United States, this study examines news media literacy and how perceptions of personal bias and news bias affect news choices and ...
Beyond molecular profiling for “precision oncology”

Patient-derived tumor cultures genetically mirror patient tumors, expanding insights into therapeutic resistance.