cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Oil film thickness using airborne laser-induced oil fluorescence backscatter.

Remote airborne measurement of oil film thickness on ocean surface using laser-induced water Raman backscatter is discussed. It is pointed out that the theoretical model of oil fluorescence by Horvath et al. (1971) contains the necessary constituents to provide for the natural background fluorescence that is also induced by the laser during the course of an oil thickness experiment. How the various parameters of the model are obtained from typical airborne profile data is discussed, and it is shown that the water Raman backscatter may be used to assist further in the application of the data. The regions or water types over which the technique might be most useful or applicable are discussed.
Epstein-Barr Virus Nuclear Antigen 1 from Immunologically Invisible to a Promising T Cell Target

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA1)—the one EBV antigen that is expressed in all EBV-associated malignancies—has long been thought to go undetected by the cell-mediated immune system. However, recent studies show that EBNA1 can be presented to both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, making it a potential new target for immunotherapy of EBV-related cancers.
Mass dependence of effective charges in the interacting-boson model

The mass dependence of the E2-boson effective charges in the interacting-boson model is tested by comparison with measurements of B(E${2;0}_{1}^{+}$\ensuremath{\rightarrow}${2}_{1}^{+}$) for $^{142}$,144,146,148,15 $^{0}\mathrm{Nd}$. This mass dependence originates from g-boson renormalization effects. The magnitude of this renormalization, as required to reproduce experiment, is consistent with an earlier estimate based on the renormalizations of the single boson energies. The proton effective charge is found to be larger than the neutron effective charge, in agreement with the shell model, but in contrast to an earlier report.
Adverse reactions to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs diclofenac compared with other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

The most common adverse effects of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are gastritis, peptic ulceration, and depression of renal function, all of which result primarily from prostaglandin inhibition. The types of side effects observed with diclofenac are similar to those of other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and are unavoidable given that the drugs are prostaglandin inhibitors. However, the incidences of such side effects may be lower with diclofenac than with some of the other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Worldwide experience with diclofenac exceeds 7.6 million patient-years, which should provide estimates of the frequency of very rare adverse reactions. The latter include blood dyscrasias, erythema multiforme, hepatitis, and others, such as aseptic meningitis, anaphylaxis, and urticaria. Moreover, some nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs appear to have unique side-effect profiles. Examples include a higher incidence of ulceration and erythema multiforme with piroxicam, and acute pancreatitis, in rare instances, with sulindac. From a careful survey of the world's accumulated literature and reports to CIBA-GEIGY, diclofenac does not appear to have any unusual adverse reactions.
Shoot temperatures and thermal tolerances for succulent species of Haworthia and Lithops

Abstract. Temperatures of small succulent plants, such as species in the genera Haworthia and Lithops, are highly influenced by temperatures of the surrounding soil. Indeed, the minimum and the maximum temperatures of the upper leaf epidermis of Haworthia retusa. H. turgida. Lithops leslei, and L. turbiniformis were generally within 1°C of the accompanying soil surface temperatures. An energybudget model closely predicted such soil-to-plant temperature differences as well as the effect of the greater convective exchange for the protruding Haworthia species compared with the Lithops species, which were flush with the soil surface. Although a lower shortwave absorptance would reduce maximum shoot temperatures, the shortwave absorptances of all four species were similar to those of the soil in their respective native habitats in South Africa. Tolerances of the four species to low and to high temperatures at three different day/night air temperatures (15°C/5°C, 30°C/20°C, and 45°C/35°C) were analysed using cellular accumulation of a vital stain, neutral red. Chlorenchyma cells were slightly more tolerant of extreme temperatures than were cells of the water-storage parenchyma. In this regard, H. retusa survived low and high temperatures that killed the water-storage parenchyma but not the chlorenchyma. Acclimation to low temperatures and to high temperatures, which was exhibited by all four species, led to estimated tolerances to 1 h at −16°C and 68°C. Although the low temperature tolerance is not particularly noteworthy, very few vascular plants are reportedly able to tolerate such high temperatures.
Influenza Virus Resistance to Antiviral Agents: A Plea for Rational Use

Although influenza vaccine can prevent influenza virus infection, the only therapeutic options to treat influenza virus infection are antiviral agents. At the current time, nearly all influenza A/H3N2 viruses and a percentage of influenza A/H1N1 viruses are adamantane resistant, which leaves only neuraminidase inhibitors available for treatment of infection with these viruses. In December 2008, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention released new data demonstrating that a high percentage of circulating influenza A/H1N1 viruses are now resistant to oseltamivir. In addition, oseltamivir-resistant influenza B and A/H5N1 viruses have been identified. Thus, use of monotherapy for influenza virus infection is irrational and may contribute to mutational pressure for further selection of antiviral-resistant strains. History has demonstrated that monotherapy for influenza virus infection leads to resistance, resulting in the use of a new monotherapy agent followed by resistance to that new agent and thus resulting in a background of viruses resistant to both drugs. We argue that combination antiviral therapy, new guidelines for indications for treatment, point-of-care diagnostic testing, and a universal influenza vaccination recommendation are critical to protecting the population against influenza virus and to preserving the benefits of antiviral agents.
Micromanipulation of embryos and germ cells: An approach to gene therapy?

Recent advances in mammalian gamete and embryo micromanipulation have stimulated the scientific and medical communities, and to some degree the public at large, to become aware that treatment of genetic disease by direct alteration of the genetic code may soon be possible. Because these micromanipulation techniques result in modification of the genotype at the earliest stages of development, such "gene therapy" affects not only the conceptus itself but also its germ cells. Thus such genetic modifications are heritable and can be transmitted indefinitely to succeeding generations of progeny. In the presentation, both narrow and broad definitions of gene therapy will be considered with respect to the techniques upon which they are based, their potential for treatment of genetic disease, and their current feasibility.
E)RACING SLAVERY

Textbooks are explicitly racial texts that offer important insights into national memories of slavery and colonialism. The Dutch have long engaged in the social forgetting of slavery even as race served as an organizing principal during centuries of colonial domination of the Dutch West Indies and Suriname. While the Dutch have recently begun to address their history of enslavement, they have yet to sufficiently address how the discursive legacies of slavery continue to impact the lives of Afro-Dutch descendants of enslaved2 Africans and White Dutch in The Netherlands today. This paper uses qualitative content and discourse analytic methods to examine the depiction of slavery, The Netherlands’ role in the slave trade and enslavement, and the commemoration of slavery in all Dutch primary school history textbooks published since 1980 to address questions of whether textbooks feature scientific colonialism to perpetuate The Netherlands’ social forgetting of slavery in a nation that denies the existence of race even as racialized socioeconomic inequalities persist. A Eurocentric master narrative of racial Europeanization perpetuates Dutch social forgetting of slavery and scientific colonialism to both essentialize Afro-Dutch and position their nation squarely within Europe’s history of enslavement even while attempting to minimize their role within it. Findings have important implications for both The Netherlands and all nations with histories of enslavement as the discourses and histories presented in textbooks impact generations of students, who shape local and national policy regarding racial minorities, racial identities, and ideologies.
Lightning Observatory in Gainesville (LOG), Florida: A review of recent results

Abstract A review of several recent studies conducted at the Lightning Observatory in Gainesville (LOG), Florida, is given, including (a) evaluation of field-to-current conversion equations, (b) lower positive charge in the cloud and lightning type, (c) positive lightning, (d) compact intracloud lightning discharges, (e) lightning interaction with the ionosphere, and (f) X-rays produced by first and subsequent strokes in natural lightning. The results serve to improve our understanding of the physics of lightning with important implications for lightning detection and lightning protection areas.
Fertility and family economy in the Iranian rural communities.

The impact of economic factors on family size was investigated among 505 couples living in southern rural Iran. Findings supported the hypothesis that large family size was characteristic of households in which the family members worked as a productive agricultural unit and smaller family size was characteristic of non-farm families. A 50% random sample of married women aged 15-50 living in 25 villages was drawn and these women and their husbands were interviewed. Multiple classification analysis was performed using fertility as the dependent variable and husbands occupation wifes economic activity and landholding size as independent variables. Husbans education and age at marriage were used as control variables. Findings were 1) the average parity for all couples was 5.69; 2) the average parity for women aged 40-44 was 8.20; 3) farm families had higher parity than non-farm families; 4) families with landholdings larger than 5 hectares had higher parity than families with smaller landholdings; and 5) the economic activity of the wife which in this region is confined almost exclusively to the manufacturing of craft items within the household setting had little impact on fertility. Tables provided 1) mean parity by age groups in the sample villages and in rural Iran; 2) age specific fertility rates for sample villages and for rural Iran; and 3) results of the statistical analysis.
CRT-300.21 Carotid Artery Stenting is Safe and Effective in High Risk Patients

Carotid artery stenting (CAS), compared with carotid endarterectomy, has been a controversial therapy for carotid artery stenosis. CAS may be the treatment of choice for certain high-risk patient subsets. The aim of the study is to demonstrate the safety and effectiveness of CAS in high risk
The distribution of carbohydrates in the organs of Sechium edule Sw.

SummaryQuantitative and qualitative aspects of carbohydrates in the organs of three chayote, Sechium edule Sw., genotypes were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography, thin-layer chromatography and colorimetric procedures. The total amount of ethanol-soluble sugars and of starch in the apical vegetative shoots of the genotypes did not differ significantly. The amount of sugars, however, within a genotype differs. There was twice as much glucose as sucrose and sorbitol and four times the amount of fructose as sucrose and sorbitol. The combined quantity of glucose and fructose in the shoots was six times greater than sucrose or sorbitol. The starch content in the root was 51% and in the tubers 72% on a dry-weight basis. In the immature fruit, the average starch content was higher in the seed (85 |xg mg-1 dry wt.) than in the flesh (75 (ig mg-1 dry wt.). The major chayote sugars were glucose, fructose, sucrose and sorbitol, and to a lesser extent, raffi-nose and stachyose. In addition, two unkno...
Conclusion and the Road Ahead

The chapter summarizes contributions in the edited collections. The summary follows key characteristics of cloud computing and highlights major progresses of cloud computing in ocean and atmospheric sciences. Also discussed are key developments in overcoming technological and institutional challenges. In the road ahead, three promising cloud-computing trends are discussed in the context of ocean and atmospheric sciences. The three technological trends include everything as a service, cloud-supported Big Data mobile computing, and fog computing. The three trends together can truly transform science practices and collaboration for innovations in ocean and atmospheric sciences.
Relational Resources and the Role of Trust

As I discussed in Chap. 3, the relational, affective work of teaching is arguably some of the most foundational; it can also be one of the most complicated terrains for novice teachers to navigate, especially with students who have been underserved by schools and whose primary relationship to school is one of alienation and/or frustration. In this chapter, I delve deeply into the learning-to-teach processes of two LEE residents teaching in different schools: Genesis, who learned to teach at Orion Academy, a recently turned-around school; and Sam, who learned to teach at LEE’s flagship teacher training school, Teaching Academy High School.
Current Efforts in Warren

Examining the spatial geography, complex challenges, and development priorities in Warren, it is evident that the Warren and the Metro Detroit area are suffering and highly challenged. In the absence of a formal approach to address these challenges, several loosely structured efforts have been initiated by public agencies and private organizations. Unlikely partners—local homeowners, businesses, politicians, local and international institutes, and professions—have used the current crisis in the region as an opportunity to envision projects built on regional collaboration, innovation, and sustainable future. This includes use of Neighborhood Stabilization Fund, support of cultural diversification, development of incubator business spaces, and collaborative projects involving international architecture and planning organizations, local schools and business groups, and investing in varied forms of green infrastructure as public spaces.
Audiovestibular symptoms as predictors of prolonged sports-related concussion among NCAA athletes.

Objective We looked to determine the rates of audiovestibular symptoms following sports-related concussions among collegiate athletes. Further, we assessed the correlation between these symptoms and the time to return to participation in athletic activity. Study Design Retrospective analysis of the National Collegiate Athletic Association Injury Surveillance System (NCAA-ISS). Methods The NCAA-ISS was queried from 2009 through 2014 for seven men's sports and eight women's sports across divisions 1, 2, and 3. Injuries resulting in concussions were analyzed for audiovestibular symptoms, duration of symptoms, and return to participation times. Results From 2009 to 2014, there were 1,647 recorded sports-related concussions, with athletes reporting dizziness (68.2%), imbalance (35.8%), disorientation (31.4%), noise sensitivity (29.9%), and tinnitus (8.5%). Concussion symptoms resolved within 1 day (17.1%), within 2 to 7 days (50.0%), within 8 to 30 days (25.9%), or persisted over 1 month (7.0%). Return to participation occurred within 1 week (38.3%), within 1 month (53.0%), or over 1 month (8.7%). Using Mann-Whitney U testing, overall symptom duration and return to competition time were significantly increased when any of these symptoms were present (P < 0.05). Duration of concussion symptom correlated with dizziness (P = 0.043) and noise sensitivity (P = 0.000), whereas return to participation times correlated with imbalance (P = 0.011) and noise sensitivity (P = 0.000). Dizziness and imbalance (odds ratio: 4.15, confidence interval: 3.20–5.38, P < 0.001) were the two symptoms with the strongest association. Conclusion Audiovestibular symptoms are common complaints among collegiate athletes sustaining concussions. Dizziness and noise sensitivity correlated with the duration of concussive symptoms, whereas imbalance and noise sensitivity was correlated with prolonged return to competition time. Level of Evidence 4. Laryngoscope, 2017
Implementation of point-of-care testing in a general internal medicine practice: A confirmation study

Abstract Background In a previous study we reported on the impact of point-of-care testing (POCT) on practice efficiency in an academic primary care practice that was established to develop new models of care delivery. Here we report a follow-on confirmation study in a more typical primary care practice in the community. Methods In this observational study with a retrospective comparison analysis we measured metrics of practice efficiency on two patient cohorts: those that did not receive POCT and those that did. Results In the patient cohort that received POCT there was a 99% reduction in letters to patients (p Conclusions Our data confirm the earlier published findings that POCT can improve metrics of practice efficiency in a primary care practice.
Factors Affecting Driver Yielding Compliance at Uncontrolled Midblock Crosswalks on Low-Speed Roadways:

Field studies were performed to compare the effectiveness of traffic control countermeasures commonly used at uncontrolled midblock crosswalks. Various crosswalk treatments were evaluated at 31 low-speed midblock crosswalks located near three public universities. The study locations included unmarked crosswalks, in addition to standard and continental crosswalk markings, some including an additional enhancement device such as the pedestrian hybrid beacon (PHB), rectangular rapid flashing beacon (RRFB), or an in-street R1–6 sign. Driver yielding compliance during staged pedestrian crossing events was used as the measure of effectiveness. To isolate the crosswalk treatment effects, several roadway and traffic characteristics were included in the analysis, including the crossing distance, median presence, vehicular and pedestrian volumes, travel lane of the subject vehicle, and the subject vehicle’s position in a queue. A mixed effects logistic regression model was used to account for correlation in yielding...
The Maintenance of Untenable Values: an Ethnographic Study of Group-Level Strategies to Manage Conflict

This study examines how members of a group rife with contradiction manage the friction or tension that results from persistent violations of expectations for values and behaviors. Through ethnographic observation, I find that local practices impact processes of tension creation and reduction. Local cultural practices – including the use of both material and nonmaterial cultural elements – of managing friction within groups have been so thoroughly woven into the routine behaviors of the group that these practices enable members to continue membership and participation in the group despite frequent dissonant or conflictual experiences. I propose the concept of routinized management to describe this phenomenon. By elaborating Fine’s Sociology of the Local, I offer a theoretical account of both the micro- and mesolevel processes that facilitate the maintenance of untenable values in the field.
Sediment redistribution and grainsize effects on 230Th-normalized mass accumulation rates and focusing factors in the Panama Basin

Abstract Here, we examine how redistribution of differing grain sizes by sediment focusing processes in Panama Basin sediments affects the use of 230Th as a constant-flux proxy. We study representative sediments of Holocene and Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) time slices from four sediment cores from two different localities close to the ridges that bound the Panama Basin. Each locality contains paired sites that are seismically interpreted to have undergone extremes in sediment redistribution, i.e., focused versus winnowed sites. Both Holocene and LGM samples from sites where winnowing has occurred contain significant amounts (up to 50%) of the 230Th within the >63 μm grain size fraction, which makes up 40–70% of the bulk sediment analyzed. For sites where focusing has occurred, Holocene and LGM samples contain the greatest amounts of 230Th (up to 49%) in the finest grain-sized fraction ( Kretschmer et al. (2010) suggest a maximum change of about 30% in 230Th-derived MARs and focusing factors at focused sites, except for our most focused site which requires an approximate 70% correction in one sample. Our 230Th-corrected 232Th flux results suggest that the boundary between hemipelagically- and pelagically-derived sediments falls between 350 and 600 km from the continental margin.
Global Climate Model Simulations of North America

Previous chapters have concentrated on what observations tell us about the climate of North America and how it has changed with time. Proxy records provide the data for geological time scales, weather station measurements cover the last 150 years or so, and satellite observations are available for the last four decades. This is the first of two chapters on the evaluation and use of computer models to simulate recent climate change in North America and to estimate future climate resulting from emissions of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere and land use change. This chapter concentrates on global models; the following chapter focuses on regional models.
Optical trapping-Raman spectroscopy (OT-RS) with embedded microscopy imaging for concurrent characterization and monitoring of physical and chemical properties of single particles.

Abstract The study of physical and chemical properties of a microscopic object, such as a single particle, is made possible using optical trapping (OT) technology combined with other measuring techniques. Here we show a universal optical trap combined with Raman spectroscopy (RS) and microscopy imaging for single-particle studies. The universal optical trap is constructed using two counter-propagating hollow beams and is able to stably levitate single particles of a wide range of properties, such as transparent or absorbing materials, organic (polymers, bioaerosols, etc.) or inorganic constituents (carbon, silica, glass, etc.), and spherical or irregularly shaped morphologies. Both physical and chemical properties and their temporal evolution of the trapped particle can be characterized simultaneously using the integrated OT-RS and imaging system. We created three sample cases to demonstrate the analytical merits of the system: (I) a single particle with no change, (II) partially degraded over the measuring period, and (III) one part from the fragmentized single particle. The particles' chemical compositions, crystalline states, etc. are inferred from their Raman spectra, while their physical properties (sizes, shapes, morphologies, etc.) are revealed by images. This integrated OT-RS system provides a new approach to concurrently characterize and monitor physical and chemical properties of single micrometer-sized objects optically trapped in air.
Hydrogeochemical fluxes and processes contributing to the formation of lithium-enriched brines in a hyper-arid continental basin

Abstract The accumulation of solutes delivered via shallow groundwater and surface water in arid to hyper-arid closed basins, and the complex hydrogeochemical processes associated with their transport, are key to deciphering mechanisms responsible for the formation of brines and salts in these environments. A rigorous investigation of the hydrogeochemical fluxes and the formation of the Li-enriched brine in the hyper-arid basin of the Salar de Atacama, Chile is presented. Water fluxes within the Salar de Atacama basin range from 0.003 m3/s to 1.50 m3/s with a poor correlation between discharge and drainage basin area. The inflowing waters have major elemental and Li concentrations that are within the same order of magnitude over a period of several decades. The element fluxes indicate, for example, that 58% of the Li in the halite nucleus and brines is derived from the south and southeast parts of the basin. The average δ18Ovsmow and δDvsmow of inflow waters indicate that there are varied sources of recharge corresponding to the defined sub watershed regions. The average water flux-weighted 87Sr/86Sr of inflow waters allows further definition of where in the regional watershed the solutes are derived. The predicted water flux weighted 87Sr/86Sr of the brines (0.70813) compared to the measured average 87Sr/86Sr (0.70801), indicates that there may be unaccounted sources of water and solutes to the basin brines. Elemental accumulation time scales for the volume of halite and brine in the nucleus balance on time frames of 0.5 Ma (Mg), 1.0 Ma (Ca), 1.9 Ma (Li) and 2.2 Ma (K) as compared to 47 Ma (Na) and 53 Ma (Cl), further evidence that Na and Cl require additional sources not accounted for in the modern inflows to the topographic watershed. Dissolved noble gas concentrations of marginal and nucleus brines specify that the brines formed in an atmospheric equilibrated state and have since been isolated below the salt crust. A process-based model is presented to explain the extremely high concentrations of Li in brines which incorporates the δ7Li isotope signatures of waters in the basin to further decipher, on a first order, the contributions of processes such as low temperature weathering and secondary phase formation.
Imaging of Pediatric Bone Tumors: Osteosarcoma and Ewing Sarcoma

■ The initial imaging test for suspected bone tumors is radiography. Some lesions can be definitely determined to be benign (nonaggressive) based on radiography alone, but in other cases, surgical excision or biopsy will be necessary for diagnosis (limited evidence).
Prinzip des Aktualismus

Das Aktualismus-Prinzip (oder Uniformitats-Prinzip; „uniformitarianism“) ist fur die modernen Erdwissenschaften fundamental. Die Kernaussage dieses Prinzips, das universelle Naturgesetze existieren, welche im Laufe der Zeit unveranderlich geblieben sind, findet naturlich auch in den anderen Naturwissenschaften Anwendung. So wird beispielsweise in der Physik angenommen, das ein heute unter kontrollierten Bedingungen durchgefuhrtes Experiment die gleichen Resultate liefert wie ein solches, welches einige Zeit spater durchgefuhrt wird. Die dem Ausgang dieser Versuche zugrunde liegenden Gesetzmasigkeiten sollen sich also nicht andern. In den Erdwissenschaften ist das Aktualismus-Prinzip jedoch von besonderer Bedeutung, denn erst die Zugrundelegung dieses Prinzips ermoglichte die Etablierung der Geologie als moderne Wissenschaft.
Surface Rain Rates from Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission Satellite Algorithms

The Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM), jointly sponsored by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA, previously known as National Space Development Agency, or NASDA), is the first coordinated international satellite mission to monitor and study tropical and subtropical rain systems (Simpson et al., 1988). A detail description of the TRMM sensor package and a preliminary assessment of the sensor performance are given by Kummerow et al. (1998). The TRMM rain sensor package includes the first space-borne Precipitation Radar (TPR), a TRMM Microwave Imager (TMI) and a Visible and Infrared Scanner (VIRS). Rainfall estimates provided by the TRMM have found applications in climate analysis, data assimilation, water resource management, and decision support to agriculture and health issues.
Game Theoretic Learning

Abstract We consider a networked multiagent system in which the objective of each decision-making agent depends on the actions of other agents in the network as well as on an objective relevant state of the environment. Game theory and game-theoretic solution concepts provide rational models of individual behavior in such systems. The general problem we address in this chapter is the design of out-of-equilibrium (bounded-rational) decision-making and information exchange rules that allow players to learn about both the objective relevant state of the environment and the behavior of other players in the network, and eventually act individually rational. After a brief overview of game theory and learning in games setup, we first introduce the network-based fictitious play algorithm for the complete information game setting where players know the state of the environment and try to learn the behavior of other players. Convergence properties of the algorithm are presented. We then consider the incomplete information setting in which players have differing information about the state of the environment. In this setting, we introduce a Bayesian learning model, and discuss its convergence and computational properties. The high computational demand of Bayesian learning motivates us to present a network-based fictitious play algorithm that is tailored for incomplete information games.
Robust Consensus-Based Distributed Energy Management for Microgrids With Packet Losses Tolerance

The well-developed consensus algorithm provides an elegant distributed way for solving the energy management problem. The convergence of the consensus-based distributed approach depends on the reliable exchange of the information with neighbors. This assumption might be violated in practice due to inevitable and random packet losses. In this paper, the impact of packet losses on the consensus-based distributed approach is analyzed. We show the iterative calculation converges to an incorrect solution in the presence of packet losses, where the power supply could not meet with the demand. More importantly, we find the error in the final result is accumulated over every packet loss event, and we identify the critical information that cause the error. Based on the analysis, a corrective method is proposed to assure convergence to the right schedule. The corrective method has two features: 1) it uses the original consensus network, and no communication reconfiguration is needed; and 2) no retransmissions for the lost packets are needed, instead, the errors are compensated by a new variable introduced in the update rule. We show that the proposed algorithm could achieve the optimal solution in the presence of packet losses. Numerical simulation results are used to validate the proposed algorithm.
Properties and treatments of pulps from recycled paper. Part II. Surface properties and crystallinity of fibers and fines

Surface properties of bleached kraft pulps were evaluated before and after recycling, and after a series of chemical treatments designed to improve and/or modify the pulp characteristics. The surface free energy characteristics of the pulps were determined using the Wilhelmy technique, and ESCA and ATR-FTIR methods were used to evaluate the chemical composition of the surfaces of the pulp fibers. In general rather small changes were noted at the fiber surfaces with recycling and chemical treatment. Recycling tended to increase the acid component and decrease the base component of the surface free energy of the pulps. This could result from exposure of carboxyl groups from hemicelluloses and/or from oxidized layers from the bleaching process. ESCA analyses also indicated increased carboxyl concentration at the surfaces of the recycled fibers. Although treatment with aqueous bases and organic solvents tended to increase the hydroxyl content on the surface of recycled pulps, the chemical treatments were not beneficial to pulp quality. AFM and SEM of fiber and fine surfaces of kraft pulps revealed that the fines fraction was altered to a much greater extent with recycling. Although recycled fibers appeared to have improved wettability, these small changes in the surface characteristics do not appear to play the dominant role in the characteristics of recycled pulps. Recycling did not change the crystallinity of whole pulps, but it increased the crystallinity of the fines fraction. The increase in the crystallinity of the fines fraction and the reduction in the water retention value (WRV) and the bulk carboxyl content (xylan) of the recycled pulps, as noted in Part I of this paper, appear to play the predominant role in determining the characteristics of recycled pulps. It appears that the loss of the hemicelluloses in the bulk of the fiber with recycling is much more important for internal fibrillation than the apparent small increase of hemicelluloses at the surface of recycled fibers.
Physiological and perceptual effects of self-selected and classical relaxing music on resting metabolic rate: a crossover trial.

Background A common recommendation for assessing resting metabolic rate (RMR) is that measurements be undertaken while avoiding activities like reading and listening to music. Listening to music, however, is sometimes used to reduce boredom or keep subjects awake, although it remains unclear whether music significantly alters RMR. Methods This randomized crossover trial enrolled 32 subjects and examined the impact of relaxing music during RMR tests. Indirect calorimetry was used to quantify RMR, oxygen consumption, carbon dioxide production (VCO2), ventilation (VE), respiratory rate, and respiratory exchange ratio (RER); the Karolinska Sleepiness Scale (KSS) and boredom-excitement scale (BES) assessed perceptual responses. Subjects were randomized to three 15-minute conditions in a counter-balanced order: control (no music), classical relaxing music, and self-selected relaxing music. Results There was no significant effect of music on RMR (ANOVA, F[2,60] =2.4, P=0.10). The difference in RMR between control and classical conditions was 9 kilocalories (95% confidence interval [CI], -33 to 51), while the difference between control and self-selected conditions was 34 kilocalories (95% CI: -5 to 73). Compared to control, both music conditions caused small, statistically significant increases in most cardiorespiratory parameters (VCO2, VE, respiratory rate, RER, heart rate) and reduced boredom on BES. No effects on the KSS were found. VE and BES ratings were slightly higher with self-selected music than classical music. Conclusions Listening to relaxing music elicits small changes in physiological and perceptual responses during RMR testing but does not likely cause clinically meaningful fluctuations in RMR.
Pleasure, Power, or Both? Heteronormativity, Stigma, and the Intersections of BDSM and Anoreceptive Heterosexual Males:

Despite the direct connection between anal sex and pleasure, the majority of academic literature frames anal sex in terms of homophobia and/or disease. In the large body of literature on anal sex, ...
Financial burdens of insured adolescent and young adult cancer patients: A need for crowdfunding platforms, fundraisers, financial grants, and cost conversations with their cancer care team.

83Background: Cancer patients in the United States often experience distress surrounding out of pocket costs from treatment. Adolescents and young adults (AYA) are more likely to be underinsured, s...
Court Packing Is a Chimera

Everything old is new again. In the late 1930s, FDR threatened to "pack" the Supreme Court with new justices, in order to break its conservative majority. Today, the commentariat has revived the idea of "court packing," arguing the Democrats should try it again. But is court packing even politically necessary? And is the real problem the excessive power of an undemocratic Court? Maybe we shouldn't rely on constitutional law to solve political problems.
Higher relative effort of the knee relates to faster adaptation in older adults at risk for mobility disability.

Abstract Gait adaptation is crucial for adults at risk for mobility disability, and executive function and physical function may be important for adaptation performance. Gait adaptation can be measured using a treadmill with two belts, known as a split-belt treadmill. Increasing evidence supports that gait adaptability, executive function, and physical function are interrelated in older adults. The purpose of this study was to determine if: a) executive function and measures of relative effort of the ankle and knee relate to split-belt treadmill adaptation; b) older adults classified as fast adapters display differences in relative effort, executive function, and propulsive impulse (push-off) compared to slow adapters; and c) spatial and temporal control differ between individuals with faster rate of adaptation compared to those with slower rates of adaptation. Greater effort of the knee on the slow belt was related to faster early adaptation (r = 0.650, p = 0.005) indicating its importance for adapting quickly to the perturbation. We did not observe a relationship between cognitive tests and adaptation performance. We did not detect any statistical differences in cognitive tests performance, push-off, spatial or temporal control between fast adapters compared to slow adapters. Our results suggest that in older adults at risk for mobility disability, higher effort at the knee is important for early split-belt adaptation.
A Systematic Review of Asynchronous Online Discussions in Online Higher Education

This systematic review examines Asynchronous Online Discussions (AODs) in higher education, with a specific focus on AOD increasing learning outcomes and AOD alternatives. Inclusion and exclusion c...
Investigating the replicability and boundary conditions of the mnemonic advantage for disgust.

Research has demonstrated that people remember emotional information better than neutral information. However, such research has almost exclusively defined emotion in terms of valence and arousal. ...
Smart Insulin Pens: Advancing Digital Transformation and a Connected Diabetes Care Ecosystem:

With the first commercially available smart insulin pens, the predominant insulin delivery device for millions of people living with diabetes is now coming into the digital age. Smart insulin pens (SIPs) have the potential to reshape a connected diabetes care ecosystem for patients, providers, and health systems. Existing SIPs are enhanced with real-time wireless connectivity, digital dose capture, and integration with personalized dosing decision support. Automatic dose capture can promote effective retrospective review of insulin dose data, particularly when paired with glucose data. Patients, providers, and diabetes care teams will be able to make increasingly data-driven decisions and recommendations, in real time, during scheduled visits, and in a more continuous, asynchronous care model. As SIPs continue to progress along the path of digital transformation, we can expect additional benefits: iteratively improving software, machine learning, and advanced decision support. Both these technological advances, and future care delivery models with asynchronous interactions, will depend on easy, open, and continuous data exchange between the growing number of diabetes devices. SIPs have a key role in modernizing diabetes care for a large population of people living with diabetes.
Patient-Centered Care in Vocal Fold Paralysis: What Really Matters?

Literature review of patient-reported outcome (PRO) measures after surgical intervention for unilateral vocal fold paralysis (UVFP). The majority of studies focus on resolution of dysphonia, dyspnea, and dysphagia, while few studies focus on psychosocial dimensions. Overall, voice-related PRO measures improve after all interventions; however, they do not normalize to pre-UVFP levels, as issues remain with singing, loud speech, and high-vocal-demand activities. All voice-related PRO measures have comparable improvement across all interventions. Dyspnea symptoms are common after UVFP; however, studies evaluating dyspnea-related PRO measures are not. Symptoms improve after interventions, but do not fully resolve in activities with high physical demand. All dysphagia-related PRO measures are associated with improvement after all types of interventions. Patient-reported symptoms, diet advancement, and decline in prevalence of aspiration are achieved in the majority of patients, though persistent diet modification and compensatory strategies continue to be employed by most. UVFP interventions result in meaningful patient-reported improvements in voice, breathing, and swallow aspects, though do not normalize to pre-UVFP levels. Further PRO measure studies are needed to improve patient-centered care for UVFP.
Students With Emotional and Behavioral Disorders and Verbal Aggression: Why School Professionals Should Care and What They Can Do:

Verbal aggression (VA) is the most prevalent form of aggression perpetrated, experienced, and witnessed by students with victims experiencing a variety of adverse outcomes. Furthermore, VA is known...
A comparative study between single-operator pancreatoscopy with intraductal lithotripsy and extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy for the management of large main pancreatic duct stones.

Endoscopic management of large main pancreatic ductal (MPD) stones often require treatment with lithotripsy. Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) has been the mainstay therapy, and single-operator pancreatoscopy with intraductal (intracorporeal) lithotripsy (SOPIL) is an emerging technique. However, no comparative studies between these techniques exist. We therefore aimed to compare ESWL to SOPIL for the treatment of large MPD stones. This is a retrospective cohort study comparing patients who were treated with ESWL or SOPIL from September 2013 to September 2019 at a single tertiary center. Logistic regression was performed to identify factors associated with technical success and efficient stone clearance (≤ 2 procedures to clear stones). There were 240 patients who were treated with ESWL and 18 treated with SOPIL. The overall technical success rate of stone clearance was 224/258 (86.8%), which was similar between the ESWL and SOPIL groups (86.7% vs 88.9%, p = 1.000). A SOPIL approach required fewer total procedures (1.6 ± 0.6 vs 3.1 ± 1.5, p 10 mm was associated with less efficient stone clearance (OR 0.484 [0.256–0.912], p = 0.025). Both ESWL and SOPIL are safe and effective endoscopic adjunct modalities for treating large pancreatic duct stones. SOPIL is an emerging alternative to ESWL that is potentially more efficient for lithotripsy and MPD stone clearance.
A high-pressure Raman study of FeTiO3 ilmenite: Fermi resonance as a manifestation of Fe-Ti charge transfer

We investigated the 300 K high-pressure behavior of ilmenite using Raman spectroscopy to 54 GPa. Upon compression, we observe a Fermi resonance between the lowest frequency Ag symmetry peaks (ν4 and ν5) between ~ 10 and ~ 30 GPa: bands that involve major components of Ti–O and Fe–O-related displacements, respectively. The peaks’ relative intensities switch at ~ 18 GPa and they also reach their minimum separation at ~ 20 GPa, indicating that their maximum resonance occurs between 18 and 20 GPa. The negative shift of the Ti–O-associated ν4 vibration under compression is fully consistent with a shift in valence of Ti from 4 + to 3 + under compression. Anomalously small mode shifts of other, more localized vibrations are also consistent with a charge transfer from Fe to Ti under compression. At higher pressures, we have not found definitive evidence for a transition to the perovskite-structure at 300 K, which has been well characterized at high pressures and temperatures. At 40 GPa, we observe an apparent reversible disordering that persists up to our highest pressure. The 300 K mode shifts of the Raman active modes in FeTiO3 under pressure are notably different from those of other ABO3 compounds (where A = Mg, Mn and B = Ti, Si); in other ilmenite-structured compounds, the peaks shift at a faster rate and there has not been any observation of Fermi resonance. Thus, iron’s complex electronic structure, and its charge transfer with titanium, appears to play a primary role in the behavior of phonons in FeTiO3 ilmenite.
The Diagnostic Utility of Bronchoalveolar Lavage in Immunocompetent Children With Unexplained Infiltrates on Chest Radiograph

Objective. To assess the diagnostic utility of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) in a heterogeneous group of immunocompetent children with unexplained infiltrates on chest radiograph. Design. This was a retrospective case series. Setting. The setting was a tertiary care referral center in an urban children9s hospital. Patients. Twenty-five consecutive children, median age 4 years 6 months, had flexible bronchoscopy with BAL. Preprocedure diagnoses were right middle-lobe syndrome (3 patients), granulomatous lung disease (3 patients), adult respiratory distress syndrome (3 patients), and persistent infiltrate on chest x-ray (16 patients). The majority of patients were receiving parenteral antibiotics before bronchoscopy. BAL fluid was sent for bacterial, viral, fungal, and, if indicated, mycobacterial cultures. Results. Twenty-seven procedures were performed in 25 patients. A specific diagnosis was made in eight (30%) of the procedures. Four patients had viral infections, two had fungal infections, one had a bacterial infection, and one had a mixed fungal and bacterial infection. Conclusion. Submitting BAL fluid for bacterial, viral, and fungal culture can be helpful in diagnosing infection in immunocompetent children. Empiric antibiotic therapy remains the standard treatment for pneumonia in children. Bronchoalveolar lavage may yield a diagnosis in patients unresponsive to empiric antibiotics. Careful selection of patients, a bronchoscopist skilled in the procedure, and the risk/benefit ratio all must be considered.
Biliterate Literature Circles: Talks as Tickets to Ride

This study aimed to explore the impact of Literature Circles in a fourth grade bilingual classroom (Spanish and English) and investigate how classroom literary practices were framed and shaped by the classroom teacher. Further study revealed that community building, and shifts in questions affected the type of narratives constructed. During this five-month study, the researcher conducted weekly participant observations of instruction in the classroom, primarily during the language arts blocks. The researcher gave specific attention to observing a classroom practice: Literature Circles. Data was collected through the use of fieldnotes, informal and formal interviews, video-and/or audiotaping, and artifact collection. However, this paper focuses only on the fieldnotes, and video and audiotaping from classroom sessions focusing on Literature Circles. Each literate event was examined within the cycles of Literature Circle to obtain an insider perspective of literate actions, social interactions, texts produced and connections made between the texts.
Preliminaries and notation

The prerequisites for a thorough understanding of this essentially self-contained exposition are quite modest. Rather than to write a small textbook on these, or go to the other extreme and say that these are well known and may be easily found in the literature, some sort of a middle road seems to offer a more satisfactory solution. We state a sufficient number of references and merely redefine a few notions, some of which, though not overemphasized in standard texts, play an important part in our discussion. We also reconstruct the proof of the “polar decomposition” for operators which indeed plays a central role in this exposition.