cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
No Need for Additional Offshore Outer Continental Shelf Oil Drilling in the US

ABSTRACTThis article shows that we do not need the additional oil from the Outer Continental Shelf area of the US, and that the risks of irreparable environmental damage are far too great to allow it. There are cheaper, easier, and less environmentally damaging alternatives for us by using more efficient cars and light trucks, more efficient equipment in our homes and businesses, and more solar and wind energy production.
Post-Crisis Fiscal Policy Priorities for the ASEAN-5

This paper focuses on post-crisis fiscal priorities in the ASEAN-5 economies - Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore and Thailand. Sound economic fundamentals and timely and forceful policy responses to the crisis, including fiscal stimulus, contributed to rapid economic recovery in the ASEAN-5. As growth rebounds, these economies are beginning to identify, communicate and implement their strategies for unwinding the fiscal stimulus while addressing long-term growth challenges. In this context, the paper highlights the need for fiscal policies to address infrastructure gaps, stimulate private consumption and expand social safety nets. Creating fiscal space to address these challenges will require raising revenues and reorienting public spending rather than increasing borrowing. Supporting structural reforms, aiming to stimulate private infrastructure investment, could help address long-term growth challenges, while easing the burden on fiscal policy.
The subependymal zone: "brain marrow".

From all of the studies of developmentally regulated molecules as well as the impressive proliferation of cells within the SEZ, we would like to propose that the SEZ of the adult brain, from the lateral ventricles of the cerebrum to the central canal of the spinal cord, represents a potential "brain marrow" from which stem and progenitor cells can be further studied and exploited for cell replacement and circuitry repair paradigms for neurological disease. Without question the SEZ is not as regenerative or pleuripotential as bone marrow or other hematopoietic systems, but there are definitely some elements in common. Bone marrow contains a pleuripotent stem cell that under certain conditions (e.g. the presence of certain growth factors and cytokines) gives rise to erythroblasts and myeloblasts whose progeny include erythrocytes, monocytes, thrombocytes and macrophages. Different growth factors can likewise affect the proliferation as well as differentiation of adult CNS stem and progenitor cells, again contributing to diverse cellular phenotypes. The roles for matrix molecules in these events are yet to be discovered, however, there is evidence to suggest that matrix molecules, including tenascin, do interact with hematopoietic stem cells (Yoder and Williams, 1995) to possibly affect their proliferation and differentiation. Future studies might reveal a similar role for the dense ECM expression within the SEZ proliferative/migratory pathway.
DNA and protein transfer from bacteria to eukaryotes- the agrobacterium story

Abstract Agrobacterium is a well-studied plant pathogen, which has the unique ability to transfer DNA and protein into a number of eukaryotes. The DNA is integrated randomly into the plant genome where it is expressed, thereby leading to the disease crown gall. This system is a paradigm for the interaction of a number of plant and animal pathogens which transfer proteins into their host cells. In Agrobacterium, the tumour inducing (Ti) plasmid codes for the functions specifically required for the transfer process. These genes, termed virulence or vir genes, are activated by plant signal molecules acting through a two component regulatory system. A key structure coded by 11 genes of the vir B operon is a pilus, synthesized at 20 degrees C, but poorly at 25 degrees C. How this pilus functions in DNA and protein transfer is unclear, but homologous genes are found in many animal pathogens. In addition to Ti plasmid-encoded vir genes, chromosomal virulence genes have also been identified. However, these mutations are often pleiotropic because they involve both the normal physiology of Agrobacterium as well as the metabolism of Agrobacterium when it is associated with plant cells. Based on 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing, Agrobacterium is closely related to the intracellular pathogen of animals, Brucella. Several chromosomal mutations of Agrobacterium required for virulence in plants are also required for invasion of animal host cells by Brucella.
Practical challenges in the secondary use of real-world data: the notifiable condition detector.

The interoperability specifications for electronic laboratory reporting specify the use of HL7, LOINC, SNOMED CT and UCUM. We explored the degree to which health care transactions comply with these standards by evaluating laboratory data captured in a health information exchange to support automated detection of public health notifiable diseases. We studied the NCD’s ability to detect and report Lead, Influenza and MRSA. We found that due to incomplete LOINC mapping, alternate approaches such as keyword searches within local test names and codes could identify additional potentially reportable messages. We also found that non-adherence to HL7 messaging standards and inconsistently recorded laboratory results require the use of complex systems with complementary NLP techniques to accurately report notifiable conditions. We conclude that the incomplete adoption of and adherence to specified standards poses challenges to deploying processes that utilize real-world data for secondary purposes.
The pathways of interoceptive awareness

A network of cortical brain regions, including the insula and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), has been proposed as the critical and sole substrate for interoceptive awareness. Combining lesion and pharmacological approaches in humans, we found that the insula and ACC were not critical for awareness of heartbeat sensations. Instead, this awareness was mediated by both somatosensory afferents from the skin and a network that included the insula and ACC. Together, these pathways enable the core human experience of the cardiovascular state of the body.
Collapsing the Global and the Local through Interscalar Strategies: a Glurbanization Perspective

This article examines glurbanization, a model stating that urban transformation through interscalar strategies can increase the ability and status of global city-regions to develop global competiti...
Preservice Teachers and Technology Integration: Rethinking Traditional Roles

Although the use of learning technology has become increasingly prominent in schools, significant changes in teaching strategies have not kept pace. Lack of quality professional development and inadequate teacher preparation are often cited for this situation. This case study explores the use of the student teaching experience as an avenue for both preservice and inservice teachers’ professional development associated with educational technology. Two main questions are explored: First, to what extent can preservice teachers enact a technology-rich curriculum unit during their field experience; second, to what extent and under what conditions can the preservice teachers facilitate their cooperating mentor teachers’ acquisition of these same skills. Results indicate preservice teachers can stimulate the integration of technology-rich innovations in their mentor teachers.
Gata4 directs development of cardiac-inducing endoderm from ES cells

The transcription factor Gata4 is essential for normal heart morphogenesis and regulates the survival, growth, and proliferation of cardiomyocytes. We tested if Gata4 can specify cardiomyocyte fate from an uncommitted stem or progenitor cell population, by developing a system for conditional expression of Gata4 in embryonic stem cells. We find that in embryoid body cultures containing even a low ratio of these cells, expression of Gata4 is sufficient to enhance significantly the generation of cardiomyocytes, via a non-cell-autonomous mechanism. The Gata4-expressing cells do not generate cardiac or other mesoderm derivatives. Rather, Gata4 expression directs the development of two types of Sox17+ endoderm. This includes an epCam+Dpp4+ subtype of visceral endoderm. In addition, Gata4 generates similar amounts of epCam+Dpp4- definitive endoderm enriched for Cxcr4, FoxA2, FoxA3, Dlx5 and other characteristic transcripts. Both types of endoderm express cardiac-inducing factors, including WNT antagonists Dkk1 and Sfrp5, although the visceral endoderm subtype has much higher cardiac-inducing activity correlating with relatively enhanced levels of transcripts encoding BMPs. The Gata4-expressing cells eventually express differentiation markers showing commitment to liver development, even under conditions that normally support mesoderm development. The results suggest that Gata4 is capable of specifying endoderm fates that facilitate, with temporal and spatial specificity, the generation of cardiomyocyte progenitors from associated mesoderm.
Market Segmentation for Recycling

A study of recycling perceptions, opinions, and behaviors of members of 578 households on Chicago's North Side illustrated the value of market segmentation for planning a recycling program. Analysi...
The effects of sex pairings of experimenter and subject on the outcome of systematic desensitization

The heretofore unexplored possibility that same-sex and opposite-sex pairings of Ss and Es might have differential effects on the outcome of systematic desensitization treatment was investigated. Four male and four female groups of 10 snake-phobic Ss each, equated on their avoidance to a live snake, served in this experiment. After one relaxation session and five sessions of treatment in which male Es undertook the entire responsibility of contacting, treating and pre- and post-testing of male and female Ss, and female Es treated male and female Ss, changes on the criterion measure of behavioral avoidance were compared. For all treatment Ss, there were corresponding no-treatment controls who received only the pre- and post-avoidance tests. While Ss receiving systematic desensitization manifested significant reduction of avoidance when compared to the no-treatment controls (P < 0·0005) there were no differential effects attributable to sex pairings. The results were interpreted as reaffirming the thesis that the systematic desentization operations per se and not para-experimental variables are responsible for the abundantly documented successes of the treatment technique.
A discriminant based charge deconvolution analysis pipeline for protein profiling of whole cell extracts using liquid chromatography―electrospray ionization-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry

Abstract A discriminant based charge deconvolution analysis pipeline is proposed. The molecular weight determination (MoWeD) charge deconvolution method was applied directly to the discrimination rules obtained by the fuzzy rule-building expert system (FuRES) pattern classifier. This approach was demonstrated with synthetic electrospray ionization-mass spectra. Identification of the tentative protein biomarkers by bacterial cell extracts of Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium strains A1 and A19 by liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (LC–ESI-MS) was also demonstrated. The data analysis time was reduced by applying this approach. In addition, this method was less affected by noise and baseline drift.
History of Tayma¸ and Hejazi Trade During the First Millennium B.C

L'histoire de Tayma est liee aux changements des echanges interregionaux, une relation entre commerce et pastoralisme et entre culture et amenagements hydrauliques. Influence de la rationalisation du commerce liee a l'apparition des etats et empires de la Mediterranee qui stimulerent la consommation d'epices, de pierres precieuses et d'or et entrainerent un desastre commercial et politique au Nord de l'Arabie et la chute de Tayma
Understanding mercapto ligand exchange on the surface of FePt nanoparticles

Tailoring the surface of nanoparticles is essential for biological applications of magnetic nanoparticles. FePt nanoparticles are interesting candidates owing to their high magnetic moment. Established procedures to make FePt nanoparticles use oleic acid and oleylamine as the surfactants, which make them dispersed in nonpolar solvents such as hexane. As a model study to demonstrate the modification of the surface chemistry, stable aqueous dispersions of FePt nanoparticles were synthesized after ligand exchange with mercaptoalkanoic acids. This report focuses on understanding the surface chemistry of FePt upon ligand exchange with mercapto compounds by conducting X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) studies. It was found that the mercapto end displaces oleylamine on the Pt atoms and the carboxylic acid end displaces the oleic acid on the Fe atoms, thus exposing carboxylate and thiolate groups on the surface that provide the necessary electrostatic repulsion to form stable aqueous dispersions of FePt nanoparticles.
cis-Diamminedichloroplatinum plus dimethyl-triazenoimidazole carboxamide as second- and third-line chemotherapy for sarcomas of the female pelvis.

Abstract From 1981 to 1984, 20 patients with sarcomas of the female pelvis were treated with dimethyl-triazeno-imidazole carboxamide (DTIC) combined with cis -diamminedichloroplatinum II (DDP) in two sequential studies. Group 1 patients received low-dose (1 mg/kg) DDP plus DTIC; Group 2 patients received high-dose DDP (20 mg/m 2 daily for 5 days) plus DTIC. Each regimen was repeated every 4 weeks depending on the patient and bone marrow tolerance. Of the 20 patients, 35% achieved an objective response. Of the 10 group 1 patients, 20% had an objective response (1 CR, 1 PR) both as second-line chemotherapy. For the group 2 patients, 50% (5) have responded (3 CR, 2 PR), one as third-line and 4 as second-line chemotherapy. These results suggest that DTIC plus DDP, especially at the higher dose (20 mg/m 2 × 5), is effective chemotherapy for metastatic pelvic sarcomas.
Tetranuclear and Pentanuclear Vanadium(IV/V) Carboxylate Complexes: [V4O8(NO3)(O2CR)4]2- and [V5O9X(O2CR)4]2- (X = Cl-, Br-) Salts

The syntheses and properties of tetra- and pentanuclear vanadium(IV,V) carboxylate complexes are reported. Reaction of (NBzEt3)2[VOCl4] (1a) with NaO2CPh and atmospheric H2O/O2 in MeCN leads to formation of (NBzEt3)2[V5O9Cl(O2CPh)4] 4a; a similar reaction employing (NEt4)2[VOCl4] (1b) gives (NEt4)2[V5O9Cl(O2CPh)4] (4b). Complex 4a·MeCN crystallizes in space group P212121 with the following unit cell dimensions at −148 °C: a = 13.863(13) A, b = 34.009(43) A, c = 12.773(11) A, and Z = 4. The reaction between (NEt4)2[VOBr4] (2a) and NaO2CPh under similar conditions gives (NEt4)2[V5O9Br(O2CPh)4] (6a), and the use of (PPh4)2[VOBr4] (2b) likewise gives (PPh4)2[V5O9Br(O2CPh)4] (6b). Complex 6b crystallizes in space group P212121 with the following unit cell dimensions at −139 °C: a = 18.638(3) A, b = 23.557(4) A, c = 12.731(2) A, and Z = 4. The anions of 4a and 6b consist of a V5 square pyramid with each vertical face bridged by a μ3-O2- ion, the basal face bridged by a μ4-X- (X = Cl, Br) ion, and a terminal, ...
Determination of trace elements in siliceous samples by ICP-MS after precipitation of silicon as sodium fluorosilicate

A matrix removal procedure has been developed for the determination of trace elements, including As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, Sn, Tl, Zn and V, in siliceous materials by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Soil and sediment samples were dissolved in a mixture of HNO3 and HF in sealed vessels by using a microwave oven. Silicon matrix in the solutions was precipitated as sparingly soluble sodium fluorosilicate (Na2SiF6) by adding 0.5 mL of 300 mg mL−1 NaCl solution. Simultaneous precipitation of sodium and silicon was achieved in highly acidic solutions containing 30–40% (v/v) HNO3. A mixture of methanol and nitric acid afforded back-extraction of the trace elements without significant dissolution of the Na2SiF6. Samples were analyzed by ICP-MS for trace elements and residual silicon. Calibration was made by aqueous multi-element standard solutions. Up to 95% of the silicon was successfully removed yielding solutions suitable for introduction to ICP-MS. The method was validated by analysis of two NIST certified reference materials; SRM 2711 (Montana Soil) and SRM 2704 (Buffalo River Sediment). Accurate results were obtained for all elements, including those for As, Hg and Se that suffer from losses due to the presence of their volatile species when silicon was converted to volatile SiF4 via heat-assisted evaporation to dryness. The recoveries from the SRM samples varied between 80% (Cr) and 109% (Hg). No significant interferences were observed from molecular ions of chloride and residual sodium on 75As, 63Cu, 60Ni, 77Se and 51V.
In vivo studies on the effect of 6-hydroxydopamine on amino acid metabolism in brain.

Abstract Rats were injected intracisternally with 200 μg 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) followed by 100 μg injections 48 and 96 h later. Control animals received the saline vehicle. After 1 week, [1- 14 C]acetate was injected intracisternally to study the effect of the treatment with 6-OHDA on the turnover of glutamic acid, glutamine, aspartic acid and GABA in cortex, striatum, cerebellum, brain stem and hypothalamus. The specific activity turnover curves, particularly in cortex and striatum, sugested that a small compartment of glutamate, glutamine and aspartate, which is metabolized at a rapid rate, was no longer present in drug-treated animals. In addition, the secondary decay rates were significantly decreased in these animals. GABA labeling, on the other hand, was increased at early time points in all brain areas by treatment with 6-OHDA. 6-OHDA would appear to have 2 effects: (1) elimination of pools of amino acids in nerve endings affected by 6-OHDA ‘unmask’ the pools in glia and perikarya which are rapidly labeled by [ 14 C]acetate, and (2) a general decrease in turnover of amino acids which may be related to the function of catecholamines as metabolic regulators or modifiers.
A Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptor γ (PPARγ)/PPARγ Coactivator 1β Autoregulatory Loop in Adipocyte Mitochondrial Function *

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) activation induces adipogenesis and also enhances lipogenesis, mitochondrial activity, and insulin sensitivity in adipocytes. Whereas some studies implicate PPARγ coactivator 1α (PGC-1α) in the mitochondrial effect, the mechanisms involved in PPARγ regulation of adipocyte mitochondrial function are not resolved. PPARγ-activating ligands (thiazolidinediones (TZDs)) are important insulin sensitizers and were recently shown to indirectly induce PGC-1β transcription in osteoclasts. Here, we asked whether similar effects occur in adipocytes and show that TZDs also strongly induce PGC-1β in cultured 3T3-L1 cells. This effect, however, differs from the indirect effect proposed for bone and is rapid and direct and involves PPARγ interactions with an intronic PPARγ response element cluster in the PGC-1β locus. TZD treatment of cultured adipocytes results in up-regulation of mitochondrial marker genes, and increased mitochondrial activity and use of short interfering RNA confirms that these effects require PGC-1β. PGC-1β did not participate in PPARγ effects on adipogenesis or lipogenesis, and PGC-1β knockdown did not alter insulin-responsive glucose uptake into 3T3-L1 cells. Similar effects on PGC-1β and mitochondrial gene expression are seen in vivo; fractionation of obese mouse adipose tissue reveals that PPARγ and PGC-1β, but not PGC-1α, are coordinately up-regulated in adipocytes relative to preadipocytes and that TZD treatment induces PGC-1β and mitochondrial marker genes in adipose tissue of obese mice. We propose that PPARγ directly induces PGC-1β expression in adipocytes and that this effect regulates adipocyte mitochondrial activity.
The diversity of Pityrosporum (Malassezia) yeasts in vivo and in vitro.

In considering the diversity of the lipophilic yeasts it has been shown that in vivo both spherical and oval yeasts may be found in normal conditions on the skin and also associated with hyphae in scales from pityriasis versicolor. There is however generally a different distribution pattern on the body for two forms. This may indicate a different ecology for two distinct varieties or the varying conditions at each site may influence changes in the cell shape of a single species. It is striking that the spherical yeasts (P. orbiculare) have not been found in animals. In vitro, several morphological variants can be maintained, but the change from one form to another which is the subject of a number of reports will be one deciding factor leading to the opinion that P. orbiculare and P. ovale are synonymous. However, physiological differences such as growth rate, their viability in subculture and the analysis of proteins, are all characteristics which alone would be insufficient to support a taxonomic division but when added together confirm the morphological separation of isolates. It remains to be seen if DNA studies, which have so far unified the anthropophilic, lipid dependant Pityrosporum yeasts, will in fact continue to show that they should be confined to a single species.
Comparison Between Single Level and Bi-Level Dynamic Stabilization in Lumbar Spondylolisthesis: A Finite Element Study

Lumbar spondylolisthesis is an extension of spondylolysis in which breakage of the vertebrae occurs at the pars interarticularis causing the vertebrae to slip forward. Spondylolisthesis is seen in both younger and older populations with most lesions occurring at the L4-L5 or L5-S1 level. Although the forward slippage of the vertebra does not usually exceed 30% of the body’s anterior-posterior width, possible spinal stenosis and nerve impingement may lead to severe pain and other complications. The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of single level and bi-level dynamic stabilization in reducing the spondylolisthesis. We used the finite element model for this purpose since it is not practical to procure specimens with spondylolisthesis for an experimental investigation.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Nucleate boiling heat transfer enhancement for water and FC-72 on titanium oxide and silicon oxide surfaces

Abstract An experimental study was performed to investigate the nucleate boiling and critical heat flux (CHF) of water and FC-72 dielectric liquid on hydrophilic titanium oxide (TiO2) nanoparticle modified surface. A 1 cm2 copper heater with 1 μm thick TiO2 coating was utilized in saturated pool boiling tests with water and highly-wetting FC-72, and its performance was compared to that of a smooth surface. Results showed that TiO2 coated surface increased CHF by 50.4% and 38.2% for water and FC-72, respectively, and therefore indicated that boiling performance enhancement depends on the level of wettability improvement. A silicon oxide (SiO2) coated surface, exhibiting similar surface topology, was tested to isolate the roughness related enhancement from the overall enhancement. Data confirmed that hydrophilicity of TiO2 coated surface provides an additional mechanism for boiling enhancement.
Morphological and positional changes of the carpal arch and median nerve during wrist compression

Background The carpal tunnel is a fibro-osseous structure containing the median nerve and flexor tendons. Its cross-sectional area has been shown to increase during compressive force application to the carpal bones in modeling and in vitro studies. The purpose of this study was to investigate the morphological and positional changes of the carpal arch and median nerve while in vivo compressive force was applied in the radioulnar direction across the wrist.
Comment and Afterword: Photography and Placing the Past

This essay asks: what is photography to the past, such that a photograph offers knowledge about the past? In an extended commentary on Katja Zelljadt’s account of early Berlin photography, the essay presents two broad positions on the quality of photographic knowledge. The ‘assimilative’ position seeks to equate photographs with all other signs in a semiotic universe, and to derive their meanings primarily from this context. The ‘exceptional’ position holds that photographs are indexical signs that carry a direct impress of the world, and thus carry true knowledge of the world. It is argued that the two positions can be collapsed in a radical spatialization of visual knowledge by expanding Gombrich’s thesis on the ‘primacy of meaning’ to include the powerful neuronal pathways through visual field maps and processing centers. The embodied mind requires that each interpretive event, each ‘reading’ of a photograph takes place in a perspectival position. The essay then considers cartography and the Google-pow...
Abnormal Brain Stem Auditory-Evoked Potentials in Stilling-Türk-Duane Retraction Syndrome

We performed brain stem auditory-evoked potentials on 14 patients who had the Stilling-Turk-Duane retraction syndrome. Nine of the 14 had an increased latency in Wave III, implicating a pontine anomaly as the cause of the retraction syndrome in these patients.
Antiplatelet Therapy in Clinical Practice James A. Ferguson III, Nicolas A.F. Chronos, and Robert A. Harrington. 353 pp. London, England: Martin Dunitz; 2000. $99.95. ISBN 1-85317-624-9.

The prominent role of the platelet-rich thrombus in the clinical manifestations of atherosclerotic disease has been well recognized now for several decades. Because until relatively recently our antiplatelet armamentaria was limited essentially to aspirin alone, there was little need for a textbook to address antiplatelet therapies. Over the last 5 to 7 years, however, the number and classes of available antiplatelets have increased dramatically. Along with this has come a significant advance in our understanding and, perhaps more importantly, our appreciation for the role of antiplatelet therapies in the acute and chronic treatment of atherosclerotic disease. Antiplatelet Therapy in Clinical Practice is …
Compromised pontocerebellar and cerebellothalamocortical systems: speculations on their contributions to cognitive and motor impairment in nonamnesic alcoholism.

Background: Corticopontocerebellar and cerebellothalamocortical circuits underlie a wide range of neuropsychological processes compromised by alcoholism. The analyses herein tested whether abnormalities of volumes of brain structures forming nodes of these separate feed-forward and feedback systems are selectively related to each other and whether any of these noncortical regions can account for cognitive and motor deficits occurring as sequelae of chronic alcoholism. Methods: Regional brain measures originated from our prior neuroimaging studies, showing in alcoholics significant volume deficits in the principal structures of interest: cerebellar hemispheres, vermis, pons, and thalamus as well as prefrontal, frontal, and parietal cortex. Neuropsychological functions targeted for analysis—problem solving, visuospatial ability, and static postural stability—showed 0.6 to 1.6 SD deficits in these alcoholic men. Results: In alcoholics, the patterns of correlations were consistent with dissociation of thalamic and pontine circuitry. Pontine and thalamic volumes were not correlated with each other. Pontine volumes correlated with white matter volumes of anterior superior vermis and gray and white matter volumes of the cerebellar hemispheres but not with cortical regional volumes. Thalamic volumes correlated with gray matter volumes of the cerebellar hemispheres, parietal cortex, and inferior posterior vermian lobule, which itself correlated with parietal, prefrontal, and frontal cortical volumes. Controls did not show these correlational patterns. Brain structure-function relationships in alcoholics examined with multiple regression identified anterior vermian but not prefrontal or parietal volume as a unique predictor of balance scores; vermian and thalamic but not prefrontal cortical volumes as predictors of card sorting scores; and cerebellar hemispheric white matter but not parietal cortical volume as a predictor of visuospatial ability. Conclusions: Each major node of frontocerebellar circuitry shows volume deficits in alcoholics but can be independently compromised. Disruption of these circuits may underlie alcoholism-related neuropsychological deficits, either by abnormalities present in individual nodes or by disconnection via interruption of selective circuitry.
Comparison of prediction error: labeled versus unlabeled intraocular lens manufacturing tolerance.

Purpose To compare the prediction error between intraocular lenses (IOLs) available in 0.25 diopter (D) increments with a labeled manufacturing tolerance and IOLs available in 0.50 D increments without a labeled manufacturing tolerance. Setting Community-based multidisciplinary outpatient ophthalmic practices. Design Comparative case series. Methods Eyes with cataract had implantation of an IOL available in 0.25 D increments and labeled with a manufacturing tolerance of ±0.11 D (labeled group) or an IOL available in 0.50 D increments without a labeled manufacturing tolerance (unlabeled group). Postoperatively, the prediction error was calculated and compared between groups. Results By the SRK/T formula, the mean error of prediction after optimization was −0.03 D ± 0.35 (SD) in the labeled group and −0.05 ± 0.46 D in the unlabeled group (P=.64). The mean absolute error of prediction was statistically significantly smaller in the labeled group (0.26 ± 0.23 D) than in the unlabeled group (0.37 ± 0.28 D) (P=.04). The mean and absolute errors were not statistically significantly different with the Holladay 1 or Hoffer Q formula. Sixty-three percent of patients in the labeled group and 43% in the unlabeled group (P=.03) were within ±0.25 D of the prediction error; 84% and 69%, respectively, were within ±0.50 D (P=.06). Conclusion The IOLs available in 0.25 D increments with a labeled manufacturing tolerance of ±0.11 D increased the percentage of patients within ±0.25 D of the targeted refraction to a statistically significant and clinically meaningful level compared with unlabeled IOLs available in 0.50 D increments. Financial Disclosure No author has a financial or proprietary interest in any material or method mentioned.
The measurement and data analysis used to evaluate highway roughness

Abstract An overview of the measurement and data analysis techniques used to evaluate highway roughness is presented. Highway roughness is defined as the deviation of a paved surface from a true planar surface with dimensions of less than 100 m and greater than 0.1 m in wavelength and less than 100 mm and greater than 1.0 mm in amplitude, and is measured by two general types of equipment, roughness effect equipment and profilometers. Information such as operating characteristics, outputs and data analysis methods best suited to each piece of equipment is tabulated and discussed. The various methods of analysis and their application to highway safety, ride comfort, dynamic pavement loading and serviceability are also discussed. These methods of analysis have also been categorized into two general groups, those that provide a single number or index (such as root mean square (r.m.s.), slope variance, present serviceability (PSI) etc.) and those that are statistical and thus provide more detail than a single index (such as power spectral density (PSD)). The better known methods such as r.m.s., slope variance, PSD etc. are only briefly reviewed, while the methods such as PSI and amplitude-frequency distribution are presented in more detail. Finally, a summary of present research projects on new equipment and analysis methods is given.
Collection, preservation and utilization of indigenous strains of maize

The seed of more than 12,000 variations of Indian corn have been collected from many areas in the Western Hemisphere, and are preserved at regional centers to provide genetic factors in the future breeding of agronomically improved, disease-resistant and higher yielding varieties.
Measurement of Infant Mortality Rate in InGaP/GaAs Heterojunction Bipolar Transistor Technology

A novel circuit for measuring the infant mortality rate in InGaP/GaAs HBT Technology is presented. The circuit allows reliability stressing to be performed on as many as 100,000 transistors per wafer and is necessary in order to predict the infant circuit failure rate in circuits with >500 transistors. This new circuit allows for the identification of failed transistors and subsequent failure analysis to allow for process improvements. Results show that substrate dislocations are the leading cause of infant mortality.
The Utility of School-Age Narrative Microstructure Indices: INMIS and the Proportion of Restricted Utterances

Purpose This research investigated the applicability of the index of narrative microstructure (INMIS; L. M. Justice et al., 2006) system for narratives that were elicited through a wordless picture...
Use of Concentrations of Progesterone and Estradiol-17β in Milk in Monitoring Postpartum Ovarian Function in Dairy Cows

Data from artificial insemination, rectal palpation, and hormone assays were used to characterize postpartum reproductive activity in 54 dairy cows. Progesterone and estradiol-17 beta were measured in milk samples collected for 120 d (Trial 1) or 65 d (Trial 2). Progesterone was higher and estradiol was lower in milk than in serum. Values for both hormones in milk were highly correlated with those in serum. Most cows (64%) had short first luteal phases (less than or equal to 12 d). First rise (28 d) in progesterone was later (33.4 vs. 24.9 d) for cows having short rather than normal (greater than 12 d) luteal phases. Cows were classified as having a short luteal phase followed by a normal luteal phase or as having normal luteal phases for the first two estrous cycles. Estradiol for the 6 d prior to each luteal phase was higher preceding the second phase than the short phase or those preceding both phases of cows with normal phases. Follicular function prior to ovulation, as measured by estradiol, was not responsible for short-lived corpora lutea. Concentrations of progesterone in milk in the late luteal phase prior to insemination were related to fertility.
Identification and characterization of narQ, a second nitrate sensor for nitrate-dependent gene regulation in Escherichia coli.

Summary In response to nitrate availability, Escherichia coli regulates the synthesis of a number of enzymes involved in anaerobic respiration and fermentation. When nitrate is present, nitrate reductase (narGHJI) gene expression is induced, while expression of the DMSO/TMAO reductase (dmsABC, fumarate reductase (frdABCD)and fermentation related genes are repressed. The narL and narX gene products are required for this nitrate-dependent control, and apparently function as members of a two-component regulatory system. NarX is a presumed sensor-transmitter for nitrate and possibly molybdenum detection. The presumed response-regulator, NarL, when activated by NarX then binds at the regulatory DNA sites of genes to modulate their expression. In this study a third nitrate regulatory gene, narQ, was identified that also participates in nitrate-dependent gene regulation. Strains defective in either narQ or narX alone exhibited no nitrate-dependent phenotype whereas mutants defective in both narQ and narX were fully inactive for nitrate-dependent repression or activation. In all conditions tested, this regulation required a functional narL gene product. These findings suggest that the narX and narQ products have complementary sensor-transmitter functions for nitrate detection, and can work independently to activate NarL, for eliciting nitrate-dependent regulation of anaerobic electron transport and fermentation functions. The narQ gene was cloned, sequenced, and compared with the narX gene. Both gene products are similar in size, hydrophobicity, and sequence, and contain a highly conserved histidine residue common to sensor–transmitter proteins.
Experimental insect growth regulators against some nuisance chironomid midges of central Florida.

In the laboratory, 3 IGRs, diflubenzuron, Bay SIR-8514 [1-(4-trifluoromethoxyphenyl)-3-(2-chlorobenzoyl)-urea], and Stauffer MV-678 [2-methoxy-9-(4-isopropylphenyl)-2,6-dimethylnonane], and JHA Stauffer R-20458 [1-(4'-ethylphenoxy)-6,7-epoxy-3,7-dimethyl-2-octene] were bioassayed against field-collected 4th in stars of Chironomus decorus Johannsen and Glyptotendipes paripes Edwards. A 25% WP and a 0.5% G of SIR-8514, a 25% WP of diflubenzuron, and an EC 4 of MV-678 were evaluated against natural populations of C. decorus, Goeldichironomus holoprasinus (Goeldi), and Tanytarsus spp. in experimental ponds. The WP of SIR-8514 also was applied against the former 2 species in a sewage polishing pond. Preand posttreatment benthic larval populations and adult emergence were assessed. Ditlubenzuron and SIR-8514 caused 90% mortality of C. decorus and G. paripes at 4-22 ppb in the laboratory, while LC90 of MV-678 for the 2 species ranged from 50–69 ppb. R-20458 was the least active; LC90=0.24-0.7 ppm. In experimental ponds, WP and G of SIR-8514 at 56 and 112 g AI/ha affected Tanytarsus spp. and G. holoprasinus more than C. decorus , giving an excellent overall control of these midges for ca. 3 wk. Diflubenzuron at 28 and 56 g AI/ha was slightly more effective than SIR-8514 and far more than MV-678 applied at comparable rates. MV-678 gave a maximum 30% control of total midges at 56 g AI/ha and 70% at 112 g AI/ha. MV-678 applied at rates higher than 0.12 kg AI/ha may produce better results. In the sewage pond, SIR-8514 at 70 g AI/ha completely suppressed midge emergence for at least 10 days after treatment. The 3 IGRs offer a good potential for midge control.
Concomitant Continuous Infusion Chemotherapy and Radiation

Attempts to duplicate the cytotoxic effect of oxygen on radioresistant tissues spurred a search by radiation oncologists for other radiosensitizing techniques. This led to large-scale investigations using neutrons and other heavy particle radiations, hyperthermia, altered fractionation schedules, and the systemic use of the halogenated pyrimidines and the electron-affinic compounds. Unfortunately, the promise that the nitroimidazole compounds would selectively sensitize the radioresistant tumor cells and prove to be an effective systemic agent has not been borne out in clinical trials thus far. Existing pharmokinetic and cytokinetic studies have suggested that continuous infusion chemotherapy given concomitantly (CCIC) with irradiation (RT) acts synergistically, resulting in a significant increase in tumor cell killing. These observations have been supported by clinical research studies treating certain epithelial cancers that have resulted in considerably higher locoregional control rates and improved survival. Although initially used in treatment of only advanced or inoperable epithelial carcinomas, CCIC and RT are now being employed in the treatment of lower staged cancers as an organ-sparing procedure. Carcinoma of the anus treated by anteroposterior (AP) resection alone have reported 5-year survival rates of 30% to 60%. CCIC and RT using 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and mitomycin C have achieved a local control rate of 90%more » to 100% and a 5-year survival rate of 80% to 86% with sphincter preservation in 90% of these cases. The 5-year survival rate in advanced urinary bladder carcinoma is 25% to 30% for either radiation or surgery and 42% when combined in a preoperative radiation schedule. Using 5-FU CCIC and RT, the local control rate of transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder has been 71% to 86% with a 5-year survival of 62%. 102 references.« less
Autonomic and somatic responses associated with performance of the Embedded Figures Test.

Heart rate, skin potential, respiratory rate, and electromyographic activity from the biceps muscle were monitored while subjects performed the Embedded Figures Test. Increases in the phasic and tonic components of skin potential responding and in respiratory rate were noted during the presentation of embedded-figure stimuli. A bidirectional change in heart rate consisting of an initial decrease followed by an increase was noted during the stimuli. In addition, differential changes in heart rate, skin potential phasic responding, and biceps muscle tension occurred preceding correctly solved and unsolved problems. Lowered heart rate and lowered rates of biceps electromyographic activity were detected during the presentation of the simple figure of solved problems relative to unsolved problems. Lower rates of skin potential phasic responding were noted during the simple figure of solved problems (relative to unsolved problems) for field dependent subjects. For field independent subjects, this differential pattern of skin potential phasic responding was reversed. The results are discussed in terms of the theoretical positions formulated by the Laceys and by Obrist.
Chronic fatigue and anxiety/depression: a twin study.

Background Up to three-quarters of patients with fatigue syndromes have comorbid mood or anxiety disorders, suggesting that chronic fatigue is a forme fruste of anxiety or depressive states. Aims To establish whether the association of chronic fatigue with psychological distress is causal or due to a common genetic or environmental factor. Method 69 monozygotic (MZ) and 31 dizygotic (DZ) female twin pairs, with only one co-twin reporting at least 6 months of fatigue, completed questions on fatigue, the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) and a structured psychiatric interview. We examined the effects of three progressively more stringent definitions of chronic fatigue on four GHQ sub-scales. Results Fatigued MZ and DZ twins by all definitions were significantly more depressed, anxious, somatically preoccupied and socially dysfunctional than their non-fatigued co-twins. Intrapair differences were similar in DZ and MZ twins, but non-significant differences were observed for the somatic symptoms and anxiety/insomnia sub-scales. Conclusions In this sample, chronic fatigue and psychological distress are strongly associated without evidence for genetic covariation, implying that the association is environmental, or due to overlapping definitions. Any genetic covariation missed is likely to involve anxiety rather than depression.
Absence of cross-resistance to alkylating agents in cyclophosphamide-resistant L1210 leukemia.

Abstract A cyclophosphamide resistant strain of L1210 leukemia was sensitive to treatment with any of eight other alkylating agents containing either β chloroethylamine or aziridine functional moieties including mechlorethamine (nitrogen mustard); Tris(aziridinyl)phosphine sulfide (Thio TEPA); alanine, 3-[p-[bis(2-chloroethyl) amino] phenyl]-monohydrochloride (melphalan); four Tris(aziridinyl)phosphine oxide (TEPA) analogs and 1,3,4,5-Tetra o-acetyl-2-(di-2-chloroethyl)amino-2-deoxy- d -glucopyranose. Cross resistance was virtually absent excepr in the case of o-[bis(1-aziridinyl)phosphinyl]-N-hydroxyurethane and melphalan where partial cross resistance was documented.
Potentials and challenges in jetting microdroplets onto nonwoven fabrics

Abstract Nonwoven fabrics are very diverse in their structural properties. This paper discusses potential opportunities and challenges involved in jetting and depositing microdroplets on such materials. This study reports on the interaction of controlled droplets with the nonwoven substrates. Droplets used had velocities of about 1.8 m/s and diameters of about 90 μm and were produced by using a drop-on-demand (DOD) inkjet printhead. Nonwovens used consisted of two groups of high and low solid volume fraction (SVF) substrates. The results indicate that in the case of low-SVF nonwovens, the local spacing and orientation of the fibres plays a significant role in determining the outcomes of the jetting process. Drops were seen to penetrate deep into a low-SVF nonwoven and deposit on a single fibre or bundle of fibres. Low-SVF nonwovens, therefore, can hold the fluid within their structures—a case of interest in printing electric circuits. The case of jetting on high-SVF nonwovens was found to be primarily dep...
Neutron structure of human carbonic anhydrase II: implications for proton transfer

Human carbonic anhydrase II (HCA II) catalyzes the reversible hydration of carbon dioxide to form bicarbonate and a proton. Despite many high-resolution X-ray crystal structures, mutagenesis, and kinetic data, the structural details of the active site, especially the proton transfer pathway, are unclear. A large HCA II crystal was prepared at pH 9.0 and subjected to vapor H-D exchange to replace labile hydrogens with deuteriums. Neutron diffraction studies were conducted at the Protein Crystallography Station at Los Alamos National Laboratory. The structure to 2.0 A resolution reveals several interesting active site features: (1) the Zn-bound solvent appearing to be predominantly a D(2)O molecule, (2) the orientation and hydrogen bonding pattern of solvent molecules in the active site cavity, (3) the side chain of His64 being unprotonated (neutral) and predominantly in an inward conformation pointing toward the zinc, and (4) the phenolic side chain of Tyr7 appearing to be unprotonated. The implications of these details are discussed, and a proposed mechanism for proton transfer is presented.
Teaching Educational Foundations: Multiple Explorations of Pedagogy in Teacher Education

This article serves as an overview to a series of articles on the teaching of educational foundations in programs preparing teachers for elementary and secondary schools. The series consists of six articles, four of them written by collegiate faculty members who at one time apprenticed with this writer, plus this article and a brief concluding piece. This first article describes the context of the apprenticeship, the central conceptions guiding the pedagogy of the educational foundations course shared by all five authors, and introduces the four other authors.
Complex structures on certain differentiable 4-manifolds

It is well-known that all the “even” Hirzebruch surfaces FZk (where k stands for nonnegative integers) are diffeomorphic to S2 x S2. In fact, by the Enriques-Kodaira classification of compact complex surfaces (see Cl]), these are all the surfaces which have Kodaira dimension less than two and are diffeomorphic to S2 x S2. On the other hand, by introducing some auxiliary hypothesis about the divisors on surfaces of general type which are di~eomorphic to S2 x S2, Donaldson ([.5]) showed that no surface of general type can be diffeomorphic to S2 x S2. Let P2 be the projective plane P2 with the complex orientation reversed, and let P2 # P2 be its connected sum with P2. Then, all the “odd” Hirzebruch surfaces F,, + I (where k stands for nonnegative integers) are diffeomorphic to P2 # P2. Our main results in this paper are the following.
Coordination to RMg+ and RZn+ Cations1

Addition of a second coordinating agent (coord*) to a solution of RM(coord)+A- (R = ethyl or neopentyl, M = Zn or Mg, A- = 1,2,3,4-tetraphenylcyclopentadienyl) can provide equilibrium mixtures of these compounds, coord, and RM(coord*)+A-. This exchange with RMg(coord)+ requires the addition of a small amount of R2Mg, but added R2Zn is not necessary for exchanges with RZn(coord)+. The equilibrium constants provide information about the relative abilities of different coordinating agents to coordinate to RM+ and reveal significant differences between coordination to RMg+ and RZn+. Reactions of RM(coord)+ with R‘2M (R = ethyl or neopentyl for RMg(coord)+ and ethyl, isopropyl, tert-butyl, neopentyl, or p-methylphenyl for RZn(coord)+) provide equilibrium mixtures of these components, R‘M(coord)+, and R2M. The equilibrium constants provide information about the effect of R on stability. An X-ray structure of p-methylphenylzinc(2,5,8,11-tetramethyl-2,5,8,11-tetraazadodecane)+ shows that just three of the N atoms...