cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Influence of Dosage Regimen on Experimental Gentamicin Nephrotoxicity: Dissociation of Peak Serum Levels from Renal Failure

Peak serum levels of gentamicin were varied in rats by administering a standard nephrotoxic dosage of 40 mg/kg per day in one (QD), two, or three (TID) daily doses. The QD animals had the highest peak serum levels but showed no appreciable increase of serum creatinine concentrations over a 10-day treatment period. The TID rats had the lowest peak serum levels, but, after 10 days of drug administration, the serum creatinine concentration (2.8 +/- 0.2 mg/100 ml, mean +/- SE) was significantly higher than in control rats (0.6 +/- 0.01 mg/100 ml) (P less than 0.001). After two days of gentamicin treatment, the renal concentration of gentamicin was 269 +/- 77 micrograms/g in the QD rats and 820 +/- 29 micrograms/g in the TID rats (P less than 0.001). In this rat model, the frequency of doses was a more important factor in the development of nephrotoxicity than the peak serum concentration of gentamicin. The results suggest that dose frequency should be considered when data from different laboratories are compared.
COMPARING MAJOR BLEEDING RISK IN OUTPATIENTS WITH ATRIAL FIBRILLATION BY ORAL ANTICOAGULANT TYPE: INSIGHTS FROM THE NCDR® PINNACLE REGISTRY

Targeted specific oral anticoagulants (TSOACs) have a favorable bleeding risk profile compared with vitamin K antagonists (VKAs) in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) based on pooled randomized trial data. However, reported TSOAC bleeding rates are inconsistent. We identified 199,503 patients
Evaluation of Ventilation Tube Placement and Long-term Audiologic Outcome in Children With Cleft Palate.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of ventilation tube (VT) placement on long-term hearing outcomes in children with cleft palate. Study Design: Case series with chart review. Setting: Genetic and dysmorphology database at Rady Children's Hospital–San Diego (RCHSD). Patients: Children with cleft palate diagnosis who underwent surgery at RCHSD between 1995 and 2002. Main Outcome Measure: The primary outcome studied was hearing acuity at 10 years of age. Independent variables studied included gender, age at palate repair and first VT placement, total number of VTs, number of complications, and presence of tympanic membrane perforation. Results: An increased number of tubes was associated with a greater incidence of hearing loss at age 10, even after adjusting for total number of otologic complications. The timing of initial tube placement did not have a significant effect on long-term hearing outcome in this study. Conclusions: While children with worse middle ear disease a...
The Question of Salado in the Agua Fria and New River Drainages of Central Arizona

ABSTRACTSurvey and excavation in recent years in the Agua Fria and New River drainages north of Phoenix, Arizona, have revealed a Salado-like manifestation in the Upper Sonoran Life Zone. We propose that the archaeological manifestation near the Agua Fria be classified under the rubric of Western Pueblo rather than Salado. This manifestation is part of a larger exploitative system covering much of central and east-central Arizona. We suggest an alternative for examining the so-called “Salado problem.”
Case report: Matricide by a 17-year old boy with Asperger's syndrome

Abstract This case study presents a 17-year-old boy with Asperger's syndrome (AS) who was charged with matricide. The adolescent had neither prior history of aggression and violent behavior nor an established history of co-morbid disorder. The case illustrates challenging clinical issues of forensic relevance within the framework of psychiatric evaluation of young people with AS committing violent crimes. It exemplifies how the failure to recognize AS-related vulnerabilities and special needs when compounded by cumulative stress can lead to a grave outcome.
Upper Extremity Compression Neuropathies in Rheumatoid Patients

Clinically significant upper extremity peripheral neuropathy affects approximately 20 % of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. In addition to the intrinsic changes in nerve physiology resulting from chronic inflammation, rheumatoid synovitis may cause local compression of major peripheral nerves. The most common compression neuropathies in patients with rheumatoid arthritis are (1) carpal tunnel syndrome, (2) cubital tunnel syndrome, and (3) posterior interosseous nerve (PIN) compression. Diagnosis of these conditions is generally based on clinical findings, supported by imaging and electrodiagnostic studies. In contrast to patients without rheumatoid arthritis, there is little role for nonoperative treatment modalities. With appropriate diagnosis and meticulous surgical technique, nerve decompression with concomitant synovectomy offers excellent outcomes.
Primary spontaneous pneumothorax due to high bleb burden

Primary spontaneous pneumothorax (PSP) occurs most frequently in young, tall, lean, male smokers without any known underlying lung disease. It is an important diagnosis to make promptly in order to prevent progression to obstructive shock. We present a case report of a young, male, former-smoker and polysubstance abuser with no prior lung history that developed acute dyspnea at rest and was found to have a large right pneumothorax on chest x-ray. A pig-tail catheter was utilized, but his course was complicated by a recurrent tension pneumothorax. Chest computed tomography (CT) revealed a significant bleb burden and the patient underwent a lung wedge resection with mechanical pleurodesis. What made our case unique were the chest x-rays revealing blebs that could have predicted the patient's recurrent pneumothorax as well as the multiple potential risk factors for developing blebs and a pneumothorax. All patients with recurrent PSPs and those with higher risk initial PSPs (e.g. blebs) should undergo preventive therapy with pleurodesis. We hope that clinicians can benefit from utilizing these representative chest x-ray images showing blebs.
From vagueness to clarity? Articulating legal criteria of digital content regulation in China

This research examines China’s laws and regulations on digital media content, which have developed and transformed along with the market-oriented media reform and Internet growth. It argues that there has been a continuous effort to articulate legal criteria of content regulation since the early 1980s. The body of laws regulating digital content today does not show across-the-board vagueness, but an ‘unbalanced’ development with elaborated rules in some legal areas, yet ambiguous stipulations in some others. The ‘vagueness’ of the law is part of the political and ideological ambiguity of China’s reform and development and will not be resolved independently of larger and more profound transformations of the Chinese state and society. The development of digital content laws in China can only make sense in specific historical contexts rather than by comparing against an idealized Western legal order.
Demo: A computer-assisted approach to composing with MaestroGenesis

This demonstration presents MaestroGenesis, a program that helps users create complete polyphonic musical pieces from as little as a simple, human composed monophonic melody. MaestroGenesis creates music by exploiting two key ideas behind the functional scaffolding for musical composition (FSMC) approach: (1) that music a function of time and (2) that functional transformations of initial human starting melodies, or scaffolds, inherit some of the essential human qualities contained in the scaffold. Music in FSMC is represented as a functional relationship between the scaffold and a generated accompaniment. The GUI helps users evolve these functions by importing and developing their music through a breeding process akin to animal breeding, called interactive evolutionary computation. Some resulting pieces are indistinguishable from completely human-composed pieces.
Evolution of the upper tropospheric outflow in Hurricanes Iselle and Julio (2014) in the Navy Global Environmental Model (NAVGEM) analyses and in satellite and dropsonde observations

Upper-tropospheric outflow was examined during the life cycles of two hurricanes in the eastern and central Pacific Ocean. The outflow from Hurricanes Iselle and Julio was evaluated using analyses from the Navy Global Environmental Model (NAVGEM), which were very highly correlated with satellite atmospheric motion vector (AMV) and NOAA G-IV dropsonde observations. A synoptic overview provided the environmental context for the lifecycles of both tropical cyclones (TCs). Then, the outflow magnitude and direction within 6 radial degrees of each TC center were analyzed in relation to TC intensity, the synoptic environment, and inertial stability, with the following results. In both Iselle and Julio, the azimuthally averaged outflow magnitude was maximized initially more than 4 radial degrees from the center, and that maximum moved steadily inward during a 4-day intensification period and reached a position radially inward of 2 degrees within 6 h of the time of maximum surface winds. Furthermore, the direction of the outflow in both TCs was related to the evolution of the large-scale upper-tropospheric flow pattern, particularly the phasing of subtropical jet ridges and troughs moving eastward north of both TCs. Finally, outflow channels were consistently bounded by regions of lowest (highest) values of inertial stability counterclockwise (clockwise) from the maximum outflow azimuth, a pattern that persisted throughout the life cycles of both storms regardless of intensity, environmental flow, and the number and direction of outflow channels present.
Gendered Meanings in College Choice

The meanings and motivations that respondents ascribed to college were gendered. Girls wanted to attend college for all the reasons boys did, but also in order to achieve independence, including avoiding dependence on men. Boys’ assumed autonomy provided reassurance that they would not be dependent on others even if they failed to complete a college degree. Previous literature has put forward the concept of familism to describe the privileging of family priorities over those of the individual. For many Latinos/as, higher education represents a family goal. However, familism is a gendered phenomenon. Gendered familism led families to emphasize the importance of college differently for boys and girls, leading to gendered pathways to and through college.
EMERGING FOODBORNE DISEASES

A review of the impact of change in food production, processing, and preparation on emerging foodborne disease problems is followed by the results of a survey which disclosed factors that contributed to 493 foodborne disease outbreaks during the last 10 years. The most significant of 18 identified factors were: failure to properly refrigerate foods; failure to thoroughly heat process foods; infected employees who practice poor personal hygiene; preparing foods a day or more before they are served; incorporating raw (contaminated) ingredients into foods that receive no further cooking; allowing foods to remain at warm (bacterial incubating) temperatures; failure to reheat cooked foods to temperatures that kill vegetative bacteria; cross contamination; and failure to clean and disinfect kitchen or processing plant equipment. The relationships of the identified factors to transmission of specific diseases are also discussed. Effective control of foodborne diseases must be based upon preventing the factors th...
High levels of iron supplementation prevents neural tube defects in the Fpn1 ffe mouse model.

Background Periconception maternal nutrition and folate in particular are important factors influencing the incidence of neural tube defects (NTDs). Many but not all NTDs are prevented by folic acid supplementation and there is a pressing need for additional strategies to prevent these birth defects. Other micronutrients such as iron are potential candidates, yet a clear role for iron deficiency in contributing to NTDs is lacking. Our previous studies with the flatiron (ffe) mouse model of Ferroportin1 (Fpn1) deficiency suggest that iron is required for neural tube closure and forebrain development raising the possibility that iron supplementation could prevent NTDs. Methods We determined the effect of periconception iron and/or folic acid supplementation on the penetrance of NTDs in the Fpn1ffe mouse model. Concurrently, measurements of folate and iron were made to ensure supplementation had the intended effects. Results High levels of iron supplementation significantly reduced the incidence of NTDs in Fpn1ffe mutants. Fpn1 deficiency resulted in reduced folate levels in both pregnant dams and embryos. Yet folic acid supplementation did not prevent NTDs in the Fpn1ffe model. Similarly, forebrain truncations were rescued with iron. Surprisingly, the high levels of iron supplementation used in this study caused folate deficiency in wild-type dams and embryos. Conclusion Our results demonstrate that iron supplementation can prevent NTDs and forebrain truncations in the Fpn1ffe model. Surprisingly, high levels of iron supplementation and iron overload can cause folate deficiency. If iron is essential for neural tube closure, it is possible that iron deficiency might contribute to NTDs. Birth Defects Research (Part A), 2016. © 2016 The Authors Birth Defects Research Part A: Clinical and Molecular Teratology Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Abstract 393: Osteoporosis Equals Atherosclerosis

Atherosclerosis and osteoporosis are the leading causes of mortality and morbidity in the World. Recent epidemiologic studies have demonstrated that these disease processes develop in parallel. Evidence indicates that hyperlipidemia plays a paradoxical role in both disease processes. However, the mechanism is not understood. We hypothesize lipids activate atherosclerosis within the bone and the heart to initiate the development of diseases in both of these tissues. To test this hypothesis in an experimental hypercholesterolemia model and to determine if statins play a protective role in this process. LDLR -/- mice (n=60). Group I (n=20) normal diet, Group II (n=20) 0.25% chol diet (w/w), and Group III (n=20) 0.25% (w/w) chol diet+atorv for the development of calcification. The aortic valves(AVA) and femurs were examined for atherosclerosis and calcification markers. Bone formation was assessed by micro Computed Tomography (microCT). The cholesterol diet induced complex bone formations in the calcified AVA and increase in macrophage cell infiltration. The hyperlipidemic bones expressed an increase in osteoclast Goldner Stained cells and a decrease in bone formation by MicroCT. Atorvastatin reduced atherosclerosis and bone mineralization in the AVA and increased mineralization within the femur bones(p
County community health associations of net voting shift in the 2016 U.S. presidential election.

Importance In the U.S. presidential election of 2016, substantial shift in voting patterns occurred relative to previous elections. Although this shift has been associated with both education and race, the extent to which this shift was related to public health status is unclear. Objective To determine the extent to which county community health was associated with changes in voting between the presidential elections of 2016 and 2012. Design Ecological study with principal component analysis (PCA) using principal axis method to extract the components, then generalized linear regression. Setting General community. Participants All counties in the United States. Exposures Physically unhealthy days, mentally unhealthy days, percent food insecure, teen birth rate, primary care physician visit rate, age-adjusted mortality rate, violent crime rate, average health care costs, percent diabetic, and percent overweight or obese. Main outcome The percentage of Donald Trump votes in 2016 minus percentage of Mitt Romney votes in 2012 (“net voting shift”). Results Complete public health data was available for 3,009 counties which were included in the analysis. The mean net voting shift was 5.4% (+/- 5.8%). Of these 3,009 counties, 2,641 (87.8%) had positive net voting shift (shifted towards Trump) and 368 counties (12.2%) had negative net voting shift (shifted away from Trump). The first principal component (“unhealthy score”) accounted for 68% of the total variance in the data. The unhealthy score included all health variables except primary care physician rate, violent crime rate, and health care costs. The mean unhealthy score for counties was 0.39 (SD 0.16). Higher normalized unhealthy score was associated with positive net voting shift (22.1% shift per unit unhealthy, p < 0.0001). This association was stronger in states that switched Electoral College votes from 2012 to 2016 than in other states (5.9% per unit unhealthy, p <0.0001). Conclusions and relevance Substantial association exists between a shift toward voting for Donald Trump in 2016 relative to Mitt Romney in 2012 and measures of poor public health. Although these results do not demonstrate causality, these results suggest a possible role for health status in political choices.
Improving E. coli growth performance by manipulating small RNA expression

Efficient growth of E. coli, especially for production of recombinant proteins, has been a challenge for the biotechnological industry since the early 1970s. By employing multiple approaches, such as different media composition, various growth strategies and specific genetic manipulations, it is now possible to grow bacteria to concentrations exceeding 100 g/L and to achieve high concentrations of recombinant proteins. Although the growth conditions are carefully monitored and maintained, it is likely that during the growth process cells are exposed to periodic stress conditions, created by fluctuations in pH, dissolved oxygen, temperature, glucose, and salt concentration. These stress circumstances which can occur especially in large volume bioreactors, may affect the growth and production process. In the last several years, it has been recognized that small non-coding RNAs can act as regulators of bacterial gene expression. These molecules are found to be specifically involved in E. coli response to different environmental stress conditions; but so far, have not been used for improving production strains. The review provides summary of small RNAs identified on petri dish or in shake flask culture that can potentially affect growth characteristics of E. coli grown in bioreactor. Among them MicC and MicF that are involved in response to temperature changes, RyhB that responds to iron concentration, Gady which is associated with lower pH, Sgrs that is coupled with glucose transport and OxyS that responds to oxygen concentration. The manipulation of some of these small RNAs for improving growth of E. coli in Bioreactor is described in the last part of the review. Overexpression of SgrS was associated with improved growth and reduced acetate expression, over expression of GadY improved cell growth at acidic conditions and over expression of OxyS reduced the effect of oxidative stress. One of the possible advantages of manipulating sRNAs for improving cell growth is that the modifications occur at a post-translational level. Therefore, the use of sRNAs may exert minimal effect on the overall bacterial metabolism. The elucidation of the physiological role of newly discovered sRNAs will open new possibilities for creating strains with improved growth and production capabilities.
The mediating role of sleep in the fish consumption - cognitive functioning relationship: a cohort study

Greater fish consumption is associated with improved cognition among children, but the mediating pathways have not been well delineated. Improved sleep could be a candidate mediator of the fish-cognition relationship. This study assesses whether 1) more frequent fish consumption is associated with less sleep disturbances and higher IQ scores in schoolchildren, 2) such relationships are not accounted for by social and economic confounds, and 3) sleep quality mediates the fish-IQ relationship. In this cohort study of 541 Chinese schoolchildren, fish consumption and sleep quality were assessed at age 9–11 years, while IQ was assessed at age 12. Frequent fish consumption was related to both fewer sleep problems and higher IQ scores. A dose-response relationship indicated higher IQ scores in children who always (4.80 points) or sometimes (3.31 points) consumed fish, compared to those who rarely ate fish (all p < 0.05). Sleep quality partially mediated the relationship between fish consumption and verbal, but not performance, IQ. Findings were robust after controlling for multiple sociodemographic covariates. To our knowledge, this is the first study to indicate that frequent fish consumption may help reduce sleep problems (better sleep quality), which may in turn benefit long-term cognitive functioning in children.
Mirrors, Sickrooms, and Dead Letters: Wharton’s Thwarted Gothic Love Plots

I thought of all the women’s novels that lie scattered, like small pock-marked apples in an orchard, about the second-hand book shops of London.—Virginia Woolf (74)Recently, a book missing from Wha...
Aromaticity gain increases the inherent association strengths of multipoint hydrogen-bonded arrays.

Textbook explanations for the associations of multipoint hydrogen-bonded arrays have long hinged on the secondary electrostatic interaction (SEI) model, which suggests that array association strengths depend on the proton donor (D) and acceptor (A) patterns of the interacting units. Here, computational results based on the block-localized wavefunction (BLW) method reveal limitations of the SEI model, demonstrating instead that, in the gas-phase (and in implicit chloroform solvation), the inherent free-energies of associations of multipoint hydrogen-bonded arrays correlate with the degree of “aromaticity gain” (i.e., the amount of increased cyclic π-electron delocalization) in arrays upon complexation. Excellent correlations for 46 triply (r = 0.940) and quadruply (r = 0.959) hydrogen-bonded arrays are presented.
Kant and the duty to promote one’s own happiness

In his discussion of the duty of benevolence in §27 of the Metaphysics of Morals, Kant argues that agents have no obligation to promote their own happiness, for ‘this happens unavoidably’ (MS, AA 6...
Vascular Complications in the Sapien 3 Era: Continued Role of Transapical Approach to Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement

With the introduction of the latest generation Sapien 3 (S3) transcatheter aortic valve, there has been a reduction in the usage of transapical (TA) approach for transcatheter aortic valve replacements in many centers. However, despite the smaller sheath size and the more streamlined delivery system, vascular complications continue to occur, especially in patients with peripheral vascular disease. Thus, our institution has maintained a stringent TA protocol aiming to prevent these complications. We hypothesize that this protocol has helped to reduce vascular complications and improve outcomes at our institution even in the S3 era. All transcatheter aortic valve replacement procedures done at our institution were considered for analysis. Patients were grouped according to whether their procedure was done before (Pre-S3 era) or after (S3 era) the introduction of the S3 valve, as well as whether they underwent a TA or a transfemoral (TF) approach. A femoral artery intraluminal diameter of
Influence of the Revised Nellix Instructions for Use on Outcomes After Endovascular Aneurysm Sealing.

Purpose: To evaluate the impact of the revised Nellix instructions for use (IFU) from 2016 on clinical outcomes and anatomic applicability by retrospectively applying them to a cohort treated with ...
Peer Evaluation in Chemical Engineering Capstone Design via Wikis.

Inter-group peer evaluation through wikis was implemented as a method for senior capstone design teams to improve writing and the critical evaluation of data. Each group was evaluated by peers using a qualitative discussion and evaluated quantitatively by instructors. Students had an increased interest in contributing to online knowledge centers, like Wikipedia, after the wiki evaluations. This technology may promote lifelong learning and general knowledge contributions by our students.
European Influences on the Theory and Philosophy of Viktor Lowenfeld

While most art educators are familiar with Viktor Lowenfeld's theory and philosophy of art education, they may not be aware that the foundation of his ideas came from a rich European heritage of educational thought, research, and practice. This paper surveys the work of art theorists, art educators, psychologists, and anthropologists who were predecessors or contemporaries of Lowenfeld and discusses how their work influenced his. The primary source for this paper is class notes taken from Lowenfeld's lectures on the history of art education at The Pennsylvania State University in 1957. Its major focus is on Friedrich Froebel, James Sully, Franz Cizek, Siegfried Levinstein, Max Ver worn, Walter Krotzsch, George Luquet, and Karl Buhler.
Primary and Metastatic Bone Malignancies

The uses of skeletal scintigraphy and other scintigraphic studies in evaluating children with primary bone tumors and children with skeletal metastases are reviewed in this chapter. The chapter emphasizes the relative values of different imaging studies in assessing osteosarcoma and neuroblastoma, which are, respectively, the most common primary and metastatic bone malignancies of childhood.
Robust periodic planning and execution for autonomous spacecraft

The New Millennium Remote Agent (NMRA) will be the first on-board AI system to control an actual spacecraft. The spacecraft domain raises a number of challenges for planning and execution, ranging from extended agency and long-term planning to dynamic recoveries and robust concurrent execution, all in the presence of tight real-time deadlines, changing goals, scarce resource constraints, and a wide variety of possible failures. NMRA is one of the first systems to integrate closed-loop planning and execution of concurrent temporal plans. It is also the first autonomous system that will be able to achieve a sustained, multi-stage, multiyear mission without communication or guidance from earth.
Exploring behavioral and hormonal flexibility across light environments in guppies from low-predation populations

Phenotypic flexibility is essential for organisms to respond to changing environments. Guppies experience light environments that alter their visibility to conspecifics and predators. We used guppies from populations with low rates of predation by fish, but which may be subject to avian predators, to test the hypotheses that conspicuous behaviors and the androgens that mediate them are reduced under high light, and that cortisol levels are increased under high light because the perceived risk is stressful. We found reduced courtship, potentially driven by the reduced female response to courtship, under high light. Aggression and testosterone levels were higher in the absence of females. We found elevated androgen and decreased cortisol levels following social interactions, but no relationship between hormones and behavior, and no influence of light level on hormones. We forward explanations for these results and advocate understanding the flexible response to light environments in a range of guppy populations.
492 DEVELOPMENT OF THE YOUNG PARENTS NETWORK IN SHELTON, WASHINGTON.

Purpose of Study After observing the patient population and consulting health care providers at Oakland Bay Pediatrics, a high rate of teen pregnancy and childhood obesity was observed. Additionally, many of the young parents of Mason County voiced feelings of isolation and inadequate education about services available to them. Methods Used A support group titled “Young Parents Network” was developed to provide high-risk groups with educational materials on nutrition, obesity prevention, and social services for children and families. A registered dietitian and registered nurse were on hand to counsel attendees in these important areas. Summary of Results A session was held at Mason General Hospital in both English and Spanish. One family attended the meeting and received counseling on nutrition and information on services they were interested in accessing. Conclusion Reached Initial community response indicates interest in a group of this type. Interest among the health care community was high as well. With more resources, extended commitment from health care providers and extensive advertising the group can benefit a larger number of families. More time to establish relationships with target families can also help increase attendance. There will always be a need for young families to receive support, education, and guidance. Continuation of this or a similarly designed group with more resources may achieve these goals.
p27 transcriptionally coregulates cJun to drive programs of tumor progression

p27 shifts from CDK inhibitor to oncogene when phosphorylated by PI3K effector kinases. Here, we show that p27 is a cJun coregulator, whose assembly and chromatin association is governed by p27 phosphorylation. In breast and bladder cancer cells with high p27pT157pT198 or expressing a CDK-binding defective p27pT157pT198 phosphomimetic (p27CK−DD), cJun is activated and interacts with p27, and p27/cJun complexes localize to the nucleus. p27/cJun up-regulates TGFB2 to drive metastasis in vivo. Global analysis of p27 and cJun chromatin binding and gene expression shows that cJun recruitment to many target genes is p27 dependent, increased by p27 phosphorylation, and activates programs of epithelial–mesenchymal transformation and metastasis. Finally, human breast cancers with high p27pT157 differentially express p27/cJun-regulated genes of prognostic relevance, supporting the biological significance of the work.
Let’s Talk: Conversation as a Defining Moment for the Communication Discipline

In this essay, the author makes the case that a defining moment for the communication discipline is to encourage increased uptake of embodied conversation. The essay shares illustrative examples and reviews research on issues such as loneliness, anxiety, social comparison, empathy, compassion, social media, electronic medical records, facial mimicry and more. It then describes various strategies that the communication discipline might employ in their research and pedagogy that motivate the practice of embodied conversation. The essay concludes with an invitation to communication scholars from a wide range of focus areas and generations to join in (re)creating "conversation as cool."
Early Identification of Patterning Errors in the Fabrication Process of Diffraction Gratings

We describe a focal plane imager with high dynamic range for the detection of fabrication errors that occur in the lithographic fabrication of diffraction gratings.
Acidosis decreases the Ca2+ sensitivity of thin filaments by preventing the first actomyosin interaction.

Intracellular acidosis is a putative agent of skeletal muscle fatigue, in part, because it depresses the calcium (Ca2+) sensitivity of the myofilaments. However, the molecular mechanism behind this...
The Economics of Climate Change in Agriculture: A Review on Kazakhstan and Turkey

At the end of the twentieth—beginning of the twenty-first century, there are global processes of climate change under the influence of anthropogenic factors. The preservation of these trends entails extreme and almost irreversible consequences. It is obvious that climate change affects agricultural production and its productivity throughout the world. The climate change economy is an innovative direction that emerged at the junction of ecology and economy, where global environmental requirements are conditioned. Agriculture, which is one of the major sources of greenhouse gas emissions, can play an important role in mitigating the effects of climate change. The principles of the economy of climate change are aimed at solving two key issues: achieving “improved growth” and achieving an “improved climate”. The objectives of the review are to analyze the global processes of climate change; to study the economic impacts of climate change on agriculture in Kazakhstan and Turkey; and to consider a system of measures to prevent global climate change in the context of the climate change economy. For reviewing, different literature has been used, such as: IPCC, WMO, WTO, FAO, UNEP, UNFCCC, UNDP, IMF, WB, OECD, KAZHYDROMET, TURKSTAT, IRRI, Committee of the Statistics of the Kazakhstan, and the Turkish State Meteorologic Service reports.
Atypical/Ambiguous/Non-binary Genitalia

Atypical/ambiguous genitalia refers to any variation from “typical” phenotypic male or female genital appearance. It encompasses a spectrum from isolated hypospadias or clitoromegaly to significant variations from typical in which sex assignment is in question. Presentation with atypical genitalia requires thoughtful medical management as well as attention to the psychosocial and emotional needs of the patient and family. Many cases of atypical genitalia will benefit from multidisciplinary involvement including pediatric urology, endocrinology, psychiatry and/or social work, and genetics. When such services are not immediately available in person, the ability to describe pertinent history and a thorough physical examination is very helpful in reaching decisions about probable diagnoses and further management. This chapter will discuss key aspects of the history and physical examination as well as initial recommended laboratory evaluation for patients with atypical genitalia. Atypical genital appearance typically heralds a diagnosis of “DSD,” or a disorder of sex development (or differences in sex development), further discussed in Chap. 46. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia is further discussed in Chap. 49.
Physical Unclonable Function Based Hardware Security for Resource Constraint IoT Devices

The competitive market of Internet of things(IoT) technology pushes the manufacturing companies to limit the resource of IoT devices for low-cost production and open the doors for cyber-attacks and malicious practices which is dangerous for IoT security. Physical Unclonable Function (PUF) based security keys can be used in this instance which exploit the manufacturing variation to generate a unique, volatile and ubiquitous key. In this paper instead of using memory-based PUF, like SRAM or DRAM, a delay-based PUF (Ring Oscillator) was used to increase the security of IoT security. This paper presents an implementation of the physical unclonable function on the Field Programming Gate Array (FPGA) platform. The generated responses from the PUF instance implementation shows 100% reliability and 48.18% uniqueness which are very close to the ideal value and more suitable for securing resource constraint IoT devices. The time needed to generate one single instance key was measured to be 44 msec which plays vital role in some IoT applications.
A Descriptive Qualitative Analysis of Gay Men’s Recollection of Parental Similarities and Differences in Their Approaches to Talking about Sexual Orientation and Sexual Behaviors

This qualitative study examined gay men’s recalled conversations about sexual identity and sexual behaviors with both their mothers and fathers. Thirteen interviews with gay men, ages 19-30, were a...
The Impact of a Surcharge on Taxi and For Hire Vehicle Trips on Traffic Congestion in New York City: Early Evidence from Traffic Sensors

As the number of automobiles continues to rise globally, traffic management has become increasingly challenging. A deep body of economic and social literature from Marshall (1920) and Weber (1892) onwards, suggests that humans and cities benefit from proximity. Proximity, comes at the cost, however, of congestion that by slowing movement countervails the agglomerative benefits proximity provides (Alonso, 1964, Mills 1992). Today, traffic in many urban centers has reached crisis levels (Barry, 2012), leading many cities to consider different forms of congestion pricing. On February 2, 2019 New York City began levying a $2.50 per trip tax on medallion taxis and $2.75 tax on ride-share vehicles traveling in much of Manhattan with the dual goals of reducing congestion and raising money for the Metropolitan Transportation Agency which funds mass transit (Herman, 2019). Further taxes are planned (Walker, 2019). To assess the tax’s initial effects on congestion, I study traffic data from the New York City Department of Transportation that is available through New York City’s Open Data initiative. Utilizing a variety of sensors situated around New York City, DOT tracks speeds electronically. For my research, I compare traffic speeds after the toll was levied with speeds beforehand. I find that in its first month, the surcharge levied on cars has not led to a decline in congestion operationalized as increase in average traffic speed. In fact, traffic speeds in Manhattan declined slightly in February suggesting greater congestion. More research is needed to assess if these findings are real or spurious, how the surcharge affects other variables such as real estate prices, and the applicability of these findings to other metropolitan regions.
Developmental Shifts in Amygdala Activity during a High Social Drive State

Amygdala abnormalities characterize several psychiatric disorders with prominent social deficits and often emerge during adolescence. The basolateral amygdala (BLA) bidirectionally modulates social behavior and has increased sensitivity during adolescence. We tested how an environmentally-driven social state is regulated by the BLA in adults and adolescent male rats. We found that a high social drive state caused by brief social isolation increases age-specific social behaviors and increased BLA neuronal activity. Chemogenetic inactivation of BLA decreased the effect of high social drive on social engagement. High social drive preferentially enhanced BLA activity during social engagement; however, the effect of social opportunity on BLA activity was greater during adolescence. While this identifies a substrate underlying age differences in social drive, we then determined that high social drive increased BLA NMDA GluN2B expression and sensitivity to antagonism increased with age. Further, the effect of a high social drive state on BLA activity during social engagement was diminished by GluN2B blockade in an age-dependent manner. These results demonstrate the necessity of the BLA for environmentally driven social behavior, its sensitivity to social opportunity, and uncover a maturing role for BLA and its GluN2B receptors in social engagement.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Social engagement during adolescence is a key component of healthy development. Social drive provides the impetus for social engagement and abnormalities underlie social symptoms of depression and anxiety. While adolescence is characterized by transitions in social drive and social environment sensitivity, little is known about the neural basis for these changes. We found that amygdala activity is uniquely sensitive to social environment during adolescence compared with adulthood, and is required for expression of heightened social drive. In addition, the neural substrates shift toward NMDA dependence in adulthood. These results are the first to demonstrate a unique neural signature of higher social drive and begin to uncover the underlying factors that heighten social engagement during adolescence.
An Improved Correction for Range Restricted Correlations Under Extreme, Monotonic Quadratic Nonlinearity and Heteroscedasticity

Standardized tests are frequently used for selection decisions, and the validation of test scores remains an important area of research. This paper builds upon prior literature about the effect of nonlinearity and heteroscedasticity on the accuracy of standard formulas for correcting correlations in restricted samples. Existing formulas for direct range restriction require three assumptions: (1) the criterion variable is missing at random; (2) a linear relationship between independent and dependent variables; and (3) constant error variance or homoscedasticity. The results in this paper demonstrate that the standard approach for correcting restricted correlations is severely biased in cases of extreme monotone quadratic nonlinearity and heteroscedasticity. This paper offers at least three significant contributions to the existing literature. First, a method from the econometrics literature is adapted to provide more accurate estimates of unrestricted correlations. Second, derivations establish bounds on the degree of bias attributed to quadratic functions under the assumption of a monotonic relationship between test scores and criterion measurements. New results are presented on the bias associated with using the standard range restriction correction formula, and the results show that the standard correction formula yields estimates of unrestricted correlations that deviate by as much as 0.2 for high to moderate selectivity. Third, Monte Carlo simulation results demonstrate that the new procedure for correcting restricted correlations provides more accurate estimates in the presence of quadratic and heteroscedastic test score and criterion relationships.
A Functional-Equation Problem

Must f: α → C be a continuous if (1) α is a complex Banach algebra, (2) f(ab) = h(b) f(a) + g(a) f(b) for all a,b ∈ α, (3) g,h are distinct, nonzero homomorphisms from α into C?
Chapter 5 Cognitive Feedback

Publisher Summary Feedback involves an environment that returns some measure of the output of a system back to the system which produced that output. The system is normally a person, but may sometimes be two or more people. This chapter examines cognitive feedback (CFB), or the return of some measure of the output of a person's cognitive processes, to help that person come to terms with the environment. It also describes three major currents in contemporary cognitive psychology. The knowledge to be represented is a complex set of relations called a “policy.” Different people may use different mental representations of knowledge. A fundamental assumption of Brunswik's probabilistic functionalism is that the basic unit of cognition, or knowing, is the relationship. This refers to relationships among cues, between cues and distal objects, between cues and cognitions, and between cognitions and distal objects. This assumption is epitomized in CFB, which provides the person with information describing the relationships: (1) between cues and the criterion, (2) between cues and the person's inferences, and (3) between cognitions and the distal objects.
Variable Structure System for Electric Arc Furnace Control

Variable structure controllers that can be effectively applied to control an electric arc furnace are investigated in this paper. A gereral formulation and solution of the variable structure system design problem is presented together with some guidlines for the choice of a suitable model following. A state space reduction method is applied to reduce the dominant dynamic order and hence simplify the design process. The effects of switching surface, modelling, gain polarity and magnitude are discussed.
Physiological and Environmental Studies of Sclerotium Formation and Maturation in Isolates of Morchella crassipes.

This study provides a set of nutritional and environmental parameters suitable for the growth of morel (Morchella crassipes) sclerotia in the laboratory, using a modification of the jar method of Ower et al. (U.S. patent 4,594,809, June 1986). The optimum nutritional and environmental conditions for morel sclerotium formation and maturation as determined in this study consist of a layer of rye grain supplemented with peptone, yeast extract, trace elements, and Casamino Acids overlaid with perforated aluminum foil and covered with a layer of nutrient-poor soil medium in an 8-oz. (ca. 237-ml) glass jar in the dark. We noted that addition of asparagine or aspartic acid as a nitrogen source to the rye also had a beneficial effect on sclerotium formation, while addition of carbon sources had no significant effect.
Guest Editors' Introduction: Advances in 3-D Integrated Circuits, Systems, and CAD Tools—Part 2

The articles in this special section focus on leading-edge research and methodologies that address nagging challenges persisting in today’s 3-D integration, and the work being done to realize both 3-D and hybrid 2.5-D schemes for more fluid design and test platforms that can yield the most benefits at the least cost in the coming years. The selected papers cover a wide range of topics on 3-D ICs, from manufacturing process and 3-D integration technology to test methodologies, applications, and optimization algorithms.
In Praise of Black Women: Ancient African Queens

Reviewed Medium: book Authors: Simone Schwarz-Bart and Andre Schwarz-Bart Year: 2001 Pages: vii + 433 Publisher: University of Wisconsin Press Prices: $60.00
The SCP and compressed domain analysis of biological sequences

We introduce the SCP - the sorted common prefix, and study some of its properties. Based on the internal representations used by a class of new compression schemes, we show how the SCP table can be constructed using an O(u+| /spl Sigma/ |K/sub max/) number of comparisons on average, and O(u | /spl Sigma/ |) worst case, where u is the size of the sequence, | /spl Sigma/ | is the number of symbols, and K/sub max/ is the maximum SCP value. We describe one application of the SCP to the problem of anchor points in multiple sequence alignment.
Two Philosophical Problems in the Study of Happiness

In this paper two philosophical issues are discussed that hold special interest for empirical researchers studying happiness. The first issue concerns the question of how the psychological notion(s) of happiness invoked in empirical research relates to those traditionally employed by philosophers. The second concerns the question of how we ought to conceive of happiness, understood as a purely psychological phenomenon. With respect to the first, I argue that 'happiness', as used in the philosophical literature, has three importantly different senses that are often confused. Empirical research on happiness concerns only one of these senses, and serious misunderstandings about the significance of empirical results can arise from such confusion. I then argue that the second question is indeed philosophical and that, in order to understand the nature of (what I call) psychological happiness, we need first to determine what a theory of happiness is supposed to do: what are our theoretical and practical interests in the notion of happiness? I sketch an example of how such an inquiry might proceed, and argue that this approach can shed more light on the nature and significance of happiness (and related mental states) than traditional philosophical methods.
C-Reactive Protein Binding to Murine Leukocytes Requires Fcγ Receptors

Human C-reactive protein (CRP) is an acute phase protein that binds to receptors on human and mouse leukocytes. We have recently determined that the high and low affinity receptors for CRP on human leukocytes are FcγRIIa and FcγRI, respectively. Previous work by others suggested that CRP receptors on mouse macrophages are distinct from FcγR. We have taken advantage of the availability of mice deficient in one or more FcγR to reexamine the role of FcγR in CRP binding to mouse leukocytes. Three strains of FcγR-deficient mice were examined: γ-chain-deficient mice that lack FcγRI and FcγRIII, FcγRII-deficient mice, and mice deficient in both γ-chain and FcγRII that lack all FcγR. No binding of CRP was detected to leukocytes from double-deficient mice, indicating that FcγR are required for CRP binding. CRP binding to leukocytes from γ-chain-deficient and FcγRII-deficient mice was reduced compared with binding to leukocytes from wild-type mice. Further analysis of CRP binding to macrophages, neutrophils, and lymphocytes provides direct evidence that FcγRIIb1, FcγRIIb2, and FcγRI are the receptors for CRP on mouse leukocytes. These findings may have important implications in understanding the physiological function of CRP.