cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Palliative Radiotherapy for Nonagenarians: A 5-Year Retrospective Analysis.

Purpose/Objective(s) Nonagenarians often present with advanced stage malignancies and complex prior treatment courses. Additionally, the fragility of this patient population can significantly limit surgical or systemic treatment options. Palliative radiotherapy is often offered in these challenging cases, however there is scarce data to help guide clinicians on which select patients may be most appropriate for radiotherapy versus other comfort care measures. Materials/Methods A retrospective analysis was performed evaluating all patients from September 2015 to December 2020 who underwent palliative radiotherapy and were ≥ 90 years old at the time of initial treatment. Data pertaining to patient demographics, radiation course details, and survival outcomes were compiled and analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results 35 patients were treated with palliative radiation therapy. Median age 92 (range 90-100). The median ECOG was 1 (range 0-4) and seven patients (20%) had an ECOG of 3-4. Only one patient (2.9%) had received radiotherapy prior to age 90 (8 Gy in 1 fraction). Median number of fractions for all courses was five fractions. Median follow up was 4.6 months. 17 patients (48.6%) presented with symptomatic distant metastases, including 16 for bone metastasis (94.1%) and one for painful right inguinal lymphadenopathy (37.5 Gy in 15 fractions). RT dose for osseous lesions included 6-8 Gy in 1 fraction (n = 10) and 20 Gy in 5 fractions (n = 6). The one month and three-month overall survival for distant palliation was 94.1% and 76.5%, respectively. Seven patients died, all due to their cancer. 18 patients (51.4%) underwent palliative radiotherapy for symptomatic local disease. Median RT dose was 30 Gy in 10 fractions (range, 8-45 Gy in 1-25 fractions). The most common primary anatomic site of progression was gastrointestinal (38.9%), including gastric (2), colorectal (4), and pancreatic (1) malignancies. 10 patients (55.5%) were Stage IV at presentation. Among the 8 patients with stage I-III cancer, four had irretractable gastrointestinal bleeding, three refused definitive treatment, and one presented with non-obstructive painful inoperable colon cancer. The one month and three-month overall survival was 72.2% and 61.1% for local palliation cohort. Six patients died of their cancer, while one patient died of cardiovascular comorbidities. Conclusion Nonagenarians tolerate palliative radiotherapy for distant metastases and locally progressive disease with over 70% of all patients surviving at least three months. Despite their age, radiotherapy should continue to be considered as palliative treatment for nonagenarians.
Middleware transparent development of dependable CORBA applications

Middleware technologies such as CORBA provide dependability features in the form of security and fault tolerance services. A major challenge to software development organizations is the complexity of creating and evolving distributed systems resulting from the tangling of middleware-specific functionality with core business functionality in system designs. We present an MDA-compliant middleware transparent software development approach in which application designs are developed independently of the middleware platform. Middleware features corresponding to dependability are encapsulated as aspects and woven with artifacts that realize core functionality. Our approach enables easy replacement of one dependability mechanism by another, and easy migration from one middleware platform to another. The approach also promotes reuse of aspects in multiple applications. This paper illustrates our approach with CORBA security services.
Reassignment of structures of the dihydro-v-tetrazines.—II : Mechanism of oxidation of diacylhydrazones

Abstract Oxidation of biacetyl-bis-mesitoylhydrazone (VA) gives acetonitrile and azodimesitoyl (VII). Oxidation of bis-mesitoyl- and bis-(2,4-dichlorobenzoyl)-hydrazones (VB, VC, VD) gives, instead of the expected 1-amino-1,2,3-triazole enol benzoate(III),1-amino-1,2,3-triazole derivative (VIII), formed by cleavage of one of the acyl groups. These data show that “tetrazines” are formed only when acyl migration is not sterically retarded and therefore argue against the possibility of the zwitter-ionic structure IV. On the other hand oxidation of mixed osazones (IXA, IXB), gives the expected bis-azo-ethylene (I). There is spectral evidence that the oxidation of the disilver salt of the hydrazone (VB) gives initially an azoethylene analogous to VI, with subsequent formation of the triazole derivative (VIII); an analogous path is proposed for the formation of the enol benzoates III.
Specific interference among strains of Newcastle disease virus. II. Comparison of interference by active and inactive virus.

Abstract High concentrations of NDV-B1, NDV-B1-UV, and NDV-L-UV interfere with the infection of chick embryo cells by NDV-L when added prior to or simultaneously with this virus. When time is allowed to elapse between infection by interfering virus and NDV-L there is a temperature-dependent increase in interference lasting about 90 minutes. The interference induced by ultraviolet (UV)-irradiated virus then begins to disappear immediately, while that induced by active virus remains constant for about 4 hours before increasing again. The second increase in interference exhibited by cells infected with active virus has been correlated with the multiplication of the interfering virus. The interfering capacity of a virus inoculum has been shown to be associated with the virus particle, and the degree of interference is proportional to the number of virus particles in the inoculum. UV irradiation initially reduces both infectivity and the simultaneous and early interfering capacities of the virus with the same single-hit kinetics. UV irradiation in excess of about three hits to the infectious capacity of the virus continues to inactivate infectivity but has no further effect on interfering capacity, and no effect at all on the viral hemagglutinin and RDE. NDV-B1-UV, NDV-L-UV, and heat-inactivated NDV-L all induce similar levels of simultaneous and early interference which are 5- to 50-fold lower than the levels of interference induced by active NDV-B1. Preliminary evidence suggests that different mechanisms may be responsible for the interference induced by active and inactive virus.
Heat transfer in a compact heat exchanger containing rectangular channels and using helium gas

Development of a National Aerospace Plane (NASP), which will fly at hypersonic speeds, require novel cooling techniques to manage the anticipated high heat fluxes on various components. A compact heat exchanger was constructed consisting of 12 parallel, rectangular channels in a flat piece of commercially pure nickel. The channel specimen was radiatively heated on the top side at heat fluxes of up to 77 W/sq cm, insulated on the back side, and cooled with helium gas flowing in the channels at 3.5 to 7.0 MPa and Reynolds numbers of 1400 to 28,000. The measured friction factor was lower than that of the accepted correlation for fully developed turbulent flow, although the uncertainty was high due to uncertainty in the channel height and a high ratio of dynamic pressure to pressure drop. The measured Nusselt number, when modified to account for differences in fluid properties between the wall and the cooling fluid, agreed with past correlations for fully developed turbulent flow in channels. Flow nonuniformity from channel-to-channel was as high as 12 pct above and 19 pct below the mean flow.
Health-Care Provision for Local Disadvantaged Populations: Results from a Community-Based Study:

In recent decades, the United States saw substantial growth in the number of free health-care clinics that provide access to health care for economically disadvantaged populations. For many individuals, these clinics serve as the only available source of non-emergency, primary medical care. However, we know relatively little about the populations who rely most heavily on these free clinics. This paper presents a community-based research project conducted with and for the Volunteers in Medicine of Monroe and Owen Counties (Indiana) that seeks to develop a greater understanding of those using the clinic. A total of 149 patients participated in the Volunteers in Medicine Assessment of Patients and Services, from which we are able to outline some general characteristics of the clinic's patient population with regard to conventional socio-economic measures. Although we find health disparities between racial/ethnic groups and groups with different levels of education, we find no significant differences in utili...
Overview of cell-free systems for the study of parkinson's disease

Publisher Summary This chapter presents an overview of cell-free systems for the study of Parkinson's disease (PD). The chapter takes PD as an example to discuss how cell-free system studies are critical for establishing the concept of protein intrinsic properties and for shedding light on understanding of the functions and pathological roles of PD-related proteins. A cell-free system is an experimental setting in a test tube aimed at studying protein functions or biochemical properties. The basis of a cell-free system study is the expression of target proteins, which are to be analyzed in test tubes under well-defined conditions. Cell-free models provide a powerful tool for defining the intrinsic functions/properties of a given protein, which are crucial for the study of PD-related proteins and to shed light onto the possible roles of these proteins in PD. Cell-free systems also provide critical insights into the definition of PD's major biochemical property, an E3 ubiquitin ligase, and the molecular details of the types of ubiquitination, the latter of which is critical to deciphering the physiological functions of PD.
The hydrolysis of neptunium(VI) and plutonium(VI) studied by the pulse radiolysis transient conductivity technique

Abstract The first hydrolysis constant of the NpO 2+ 2 cation has been determined by either oxidizing Np(V) to Np(VI) with radiation-produced hydroxyl radicals, or reducing Np(VI) to Np(V) with hydrated electrons, and studying the pH dependence of the asymptotic conductivity signals. The method is described in detail. The values obtained by both methods agree within experimental errors. Extrapolated to infinite dilution, p K a (NpO 2+ 2 )=5.45±0.1. By reduction of Pu(VI) to Pu(V) with e - aq , we determined p K a (PuO 2+ 2 )=6.3±0.1. No evidence was found for a reduction of Np(VI) or Pu(VI) by H atoms. From the conductivity measurements, one obtains an upper limit for the rate constants of both H atom reactions, of 10 7 M −1 s −1 . With the optical pulse radiolysis technique, we could establish k (H+NpO 2+ 2 ) 6 M −1 s −1 . Using the latter technique, we also determined k (e − aq + NpO 2+ 2 )=10 11 M −1 s −1 ±6% and k (e − aq +NpO 2 OH + )=(2.9±0.8) x 10 10 M −1 s −1 , both for zero ionic strength. From the conductivity results, we derived k (OH+NpO + 2 )=(4.3±0.1) x 10 M −1 s −1 .
CARMA: Assessing Usability through a Non-Biased Online Survey Technique

CARMA is an advisory and research support tool for grasshopper infestations. Designed with usability as a primary goal, CARMA presents an interface so intuitive that it completely eliminates the need for a user manual. To achieve this goal, CARMA interacts with the user through a goal-oriented, guided style reminiscent of a natural conversation between an advice seeker and an expert. Usability is furthered by its modeling of four important characteristics of human expert problem solving (speed, graceful degradation, explanations, and opportunism). In order to gain non-biased user feedback about CARMA's interface, we surveyed a group of novice users not previously familiar with CARMA. Positive survey results suggest that CARMA's approach to usability is a success. Furthermore, our survey approach illustrates a simple anonymous online technique which elicits candid non-biased feedback from participants about a product, and is particularly applicable to practitioners short on staff or time.
Chemical Vapor Deposition in the Corona Discharge of Electrostatic Air Cleaners

ABSTRACT The purpose of this experimental study was to determine if corona-enhanced chemical vapor deposition of silicone found in personal care products can cause silicon-oxide to grow on the discharge wires of electrostatic air cleaners. To test the hypothesis, a wire-cylinder precipitator was operated with a positive corona discharge for 180 hours with an air/octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane mixture. The 30.5 cm-long precipitator has a 200 μm-diameter tungsten wire suspended in a 3.3 cm-diameter aluminum tube. The silicone, called cyclomethicone in product ingredient lists, is commonly found in deodorants, hair care products, lotions, and cosmetics, and it is volatile at room temperature. Experiments were conducted at current and voltage levels typical of the charging section of commercial indoor air cleaners. Concentration of the cyclomethicone vapor was approximately 1000 ppm. Results confirm that the presence of this silicone vapor in positive corona discharge creates amorphous silicon-oxide deposits on...
Residues in the Polar Loop of Subunit c in Escherichia coli ATP Synthase Function in Gating Proton Transport to the Cytoplasm

Rotary catalysis in F1F0 ATP synthase is powered by proton translocation through the membrane-embedded F0 sector. Proton binding and release occur in the middle of the membrane at Asp-61 on the second transmembrane helix (TMH) of subunit c, which folds in a hairpin-like structure with two TMHs. Previously, the aqueous accessibility of Cys substitutions in the transmembrane regions of subunit c was probed by testing the inhibitory effects of Ag+ or Cd2+ on function, which revealed extensive aqueous access in the region around Asp-61 and on the half of TMH2 extending to the cytoplasm. In the current study, we surveyed the Ag+ and Cd2+ sensitivity of Cys substitutions in the loop of the helical hairpin and used a variety of assays to categorize the mechanisms by which Ag+ or Cd2+ chelation with the Cys thiolates caused inhibition. We identified two distinct metal-sensitive regions in the cytoplasmic loop where function was inhibited by different mechanisms. Metal binding to Cys substitutions in the N-terminal half of the loop resulted in an uncoupling of F1 from F0 with release of F1 from the membrane. In contrast, substitutions in the C-terminal half of the loop retained membrane-bound F1 after metal treatment. In several of these cases, inhibition was shown to be due to blockage of passive H+ translocation through F0 as assayed with F0 reconstituted into liposomes. The results suggest that the C-terminal domain of the cytoplasmic loop may function in gating H+ translocation to the cytoplasm.
Entomopathogenic nematodes induce components of systemic resistance in plants: Biochemical and molecular evidence

Abstract Antagonism between entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) and plant-parasitic nematodes (PPNs) has been documented over the past two decades but its mechanism and ecological significance remain elusive. We investigated the effects of Steinernema carpocapsae and its symbiotic bacterium, Xenorhabdus nematophila applied to the potting medium on pyrogallol peroxidase (P-peroxidase), guaiacol peroxidase (G-peroxidase) and catalase activities in Hosta sp. and Arabidopsis thaliana leaves as components of induced systemic resistance. We found that P-peroxidase activity was significantly higher in the leaves from hosta plants treated with S . carpocapsae infective juveniles (IJs) and S . carpocapsae infected insect cadavers than in the leaves from the control plants 2 weeks after treatment. The G-peroxidase activity was significantly higher in S . carpocapsae infected cadaver and X. nematophila treatments 10 and 15 days after treatment (DAT) and in S . carpocapsae IJs treatment 5 and 15 DAT. The catalase activity in hosta leaves was significantly higher in S . carpocapsae infected cadaver and X. nematophilus treatments compared with the control 5 and 15 DAT and in S . carpocapsae IJs treatment 5 and 10 DAT. Further, the catalase activity in A. thaliana leaves was significantly higher in S . carpocapsae IJs treatment than in the control 7 DAT. We also determined the effects of S . carpocapsae infected cadavers and S . carpocapsae IJs on PR1 -gene expression in transgenic A. thaliana leaves through GUS (β-glucuronidase) activity assay and found that the PR1 -gene was expressed in leaves from all treatments except the control. Thus, we conclude that the EPNs and their symbiotic bacteria can induce systemic resistance in plants which may explain the elusive antagonistic effect of EPNs on PPNs.
Preparation of air-settled, roll-thinned phosphorus targets

Abstract Red 31 P targets of 2.6 and 2.9 mg/cm2±0.1 mg/cm2 with 1-cm×2-cm side dimensions were prepared for a nuclear mass measurement which required good thickness uniformity. The thinner target, with 50 μg/cm2 of gold flashed on both surfaces, withstood a 173-MeV α beam of 175 nA for 18 h. Adaptations will be described for an Indiana University Cyclotron Facility air-settling method used to distribute phosphorus powder, as well as the methods developed for subsequent pressing, roll thinning, and dry release to obtain self-supporting targets. An envelope of gold foil, in contact with the phosphorus during each step, was instrumental in the process.
Cell-to-substratum adhesion and guidance of axonal elongation

Abstract The behavior of axonal growth cones on surfaces with patterned variations in substratum was observed. Cells from sensory ganglia of 8-day-old chicken embryos were cultured on plastic petri dishes, plastic tissue culture dishes, and polyornithine-coated tissue culture dishes, all of which contained gridlike patterns of palladium (Pd) deposition. The results indicated that growth cones elongated on the Pd-shadowed areas vs areas lacking Pd deposits depending on the relative adhesivity of the growth cones to the substrata. In petri dishes, growth cones stay on the Pd; in tissue culture dishes, they cross from one surface to the other; and in polyornithine-coated dishes, they elongate for great distances on the Pd-free areas. Analyses of time-lapse movies showed that, on Pd-shadowed polyornithine dishes, growth cones often approach the Pd-coated areas and microspikes touch the Pd surface. Yet, the axon tip continues to elongate on the Pd-free polyornithine surface. The conclusion is offered that interactions between microspikes and the substratum adjacent to the growth cone are important determinants of the directions and pathways of axonal elongation.
The morphology of retinal neurons of the owl monkey Aotes.

The morphology of photoreceptor, horizontal, bipolar and amacrine cells of the owl monkey (Aotes) is described from retinal whole mounts and cross sections stained with the method of Golgi (Colonnier modification). Rods and cones were often seen and resemble the photoreceptors of other primates. Cone density may be as great as 6400/mm2. Horizontal cells in the area centralis are larger and contact more cones than is the case with rhesus. Peripheral horizontal cells of Aotes are similar to those of rhesus. Midget bipolar cells are common and, even in the area centralis, usually have two basal dendrites. Only midget bipolars with invaginating terminals were clearly identified. Rod and flat bipolars were clearly identified and resembled those of rhesus. A “diffuse” bipolar is described which may represent a variant of either rod or flat bipolar. Some of these cells had dendritic spreads greater than 60 μ. Such bipolar cells have not been described in other primates. Amacrine cells were similar to those of rhesus except that those with coarse processes were all diffuse, i.e., their processes extended vertically through the IPL; those with fine processes were all stratified; their processes were restricted to a narrow lamina of the IPL.
The Complexity of Intersectionality

Since critics first allegedthat feminism claimed tospeak universally for all women, feminist researchers havebeen acutely aware ofthe limitations of genderas a single analyticalcategory. In fact, feministsare perhaps alone in the academy in theextent to which theyhave embraced intersectionality – the relationshipsamong multiple dimensions andmodalities of social relations and subject formations – as itselfa central category ofanalysis. One could evensay that intersectionality isthe most important theoreticalcontribution that women’s studies,in conjunction with relatedfields, has made sofar.1
DNA bending is essential for the site-specific recognition of DNA response elements by the DNA binding domain of the tumor suppressor protein p53.

We have used circular permutation assays to determine the extent and location of the DNA bend induced by the DNA binding domain of human wild type p53 (p53DBD) upon binding to several naturally occurring DNA response elements. We have found that p53DBD binding induces axial bending in all of the response elements investigated. In particular, response elements having a d(CATG) sequence at the junction of two consensus pentamers in each half-site favor highly bent complexes (bending angle is ∼50°), whereas response elements having d(CTTG) bases at this position are less bent (bending angles from ∼37 to ∼25°). Quantitative electrophoretic mobility shift assays of different complexes show a direct correlation between the DNA bending angle and the binding affinity of the p53DBD with the response elements, i.e. the greater the stability of the complex, the more the DNA is bent by p53DBD binding. The study provides evidence that the energetics of DNA bending, as determined by the presence or absence of flexible sites in the response elements, may contribute significantly to the overall binding affinity of the p53DBD for different sequences. The results therefore suggest that both the structure and the stability of the p53-DNA complex may vary with different response elements. This variability may be correlated with variability in p53 function.
Ternary SNARE Complexes Are Enriched in Lipid Rafts during Mast Cell Exocytosis

Lipid rafts are membrane microdomains rich in cholesterol and glycosphingolipids that have been implicated in the regulation of intracellular protein trafficking. During exocytosis, a class of proteins termed SNAREs mediate secretory granule–plasma membrane fusion. To investigate the role of lipid rafts in secretory granule exocytosis, we examined the raft association of SNARE proteins and SNARE complexes in rat basophilic leukemia (RBL) mast cells. The SNARE protein SNAP-23 co-localized with a lipid raft marker and was present in detergent-insoluble lipid raft microdomains in RBL cells. By contrast, only small amounts (<20%) of the plasma membrane SNARE syntaxin 4 or the granule-associated SNARE vesicle-associated membrane protein (VAMP)-2 were present in these microdomains. Despite this, essentially all syntaxin 4 and most of VAMP-2 in these rafts were present in SNARE complexes containing SNAP-23, while essentially none of these complexes were present in nonraft membranes. Whereas SNAP-23 is membrane anchored by palmitoylation, the association of the transmembrane protein syntaxin 4 with lipid rafts was because of its binding to SNAP-23. After stimulating mast cells exocytosis, the amount of syntaxin 4 and VAMP-2 present in rafts increased twofold, and these proteins were now present in raft-associated phospho-SNAP-23/syntaxin 4/VAMP-2 complexes, revealing differential association of SNARE fusion complexes during the process of regulated exocytosis.
System/370 capability in a desktop computer

A desktop computer with System/370 capability was produced by enhancing the IBM Personal Computer XT with additional hardware and developing software that provides a compatible interface. The computer, the IBM Personal Computer XT/370, and this software allow users to run most System/370 Conversational Monitor System application programs unaltered in a desktop environment. The evolution of the development and details of the function of the hardware and software are described.
Loss and dispersion analysis of microstructured fibers by finite-difference method.

The dispersion and loss in microstructured fibers are studied using a full-vectorial compact-2D finite-difference method in frequency-domain. This method solves a standard eigen-value problem from the Maxwell’s equations directly and obtains complex propagation constants of the modes using anisotropic perfectly matched layers. A dielectric constant averaging technique using Ampere’s law across the curved media interface is presented. Both the real and the imaginary parts of the complex propagation constant can be obtained with a high accuracy and fast convergence. Material loss, dispersion and spurious modes are also discussed.
The mitral regurgitation index: an echocardiographic guide to severity

Abstract OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to develop a semiquantitative index of mitral regurgitation severity suitable for use in daily clinical practice and research. BACKGROUND There is no simple method for quantification of mitral regurgitation (MR). The MR Index is a semiquantitative guide to MR severity. The MR Index is a composite of six echocardiographic variables: color Doppler regurgitant jet penetration and proximal isovelocity surface area, continuous wave Doppler characteristics of the regurgitant jet and tricuspid regurgitant jet-derived pulmonary artery pressure, pulse wave Doppler pulmonary venous flow pattern and two-dimensional echocardiographic estimation of left atrial size. METHODS Consecutive patients (n = 103) with varying grades of MR, seen in the Adult Echocardiography Laboratory at UCSF, were analyzed retrospectively. All patients were evaluated for the six variables, each variable being scored on a four point scale from 0 to 3. The reference standards for MR were qualitative echocardiographic evaluation by an expert and quantitation of regurgitant fraction using two-dimensional and Doppler echocardiography. A subgroup of patients with low ejection fraction (EF RESULTS The MR Index increased in proportion to MR severity with a significant difference among the three grades in both normal and low EF groups (F = 130 and F = 42, respectively, p 1.7. CONCLUSIONS The MR Index is a simple semiquantitative estimate of MR severity, which seems to be useful in evaluating MR in patients with a low EF.
Nucleosomes are phased along the mouse β-major globin gene in erythroid and nonerythroid cells

Abstract We have used the chemical cleavage reagent methidiumpropyl-EDTA-Fe(II) to determine the location of the nucleosomes along the mouse β-major globin gene in erythroid and nonerythroid cells. In mouse L cells, in which the globin gene is inactive, the nucleosomes are precisely positioned with respect to the underlying DNA sequence from positions −3000 to +1500 relative to the cap site. In uninduced and induced murine erythroleukemia cells, the same phasing persists but is interrupted from positions −200 to +500. This gap in the phased distribution of nucleosomes appears to be protected from MPE-Fe(II) digestion, and is bounded on both sides by hypersensitive sites. These results define at least two structural states for the globin gene: an inactive state in which the gene is covered with a continuous array of phased nucleosomes and an active state in which this array is disrupted over the 5′ half of the structural gene.
Purcell-Gates, Victoria (1995). Other People's Words: The Cycle of Low Literacy. Massachusetts: Harvard University Press

(1997). Purcell-Gates, Victoria (1995). Other People's Words: The Cycle of Low Literacy. Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. Bilingual Research Journal: Vol. 21, No. 4, pp. 419-422.
Fabrication and Characterization of Flexible Electrowetting on Dielectrics (EWOD) Microlens

We present a flexible variable-focus converging microlens actuated by electrowetting on dielectric (EWOD). The microlens is made of two immiscible liquids and a soft polymer, polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). Parylene intermediate layer is used to produce robust flexible electrode on PDMS. A low-temperature PDMS-compatible fabrication process has been developed to reduce the stress on the lens structure. The lens has been demonstrated to be able to conform to curved surfaces smoothly. The focal length of the microlens is 29-38 mm on a flat surface, and 31-41 mm on a curved surface, varying with the voltage applied. The resolving power of the microlens is 25.39 line pairs per mm by a 1951 United States Air Force (USAF) resolution chart and the lens aberrations are measured by a Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor. The focal length behavior on a curved surface is discussed and for the current lens demonstrated the focal length is slightly longer on the curved surface as a result of the effect of the curved PDMS substrate.
Dorsal band traction for reduction of paraphimosis

Reduction of paraphimosis can be a painful and difficult process. Methods thus far proposed focus on decreasing the edema before reduction. We have used the basic surgical principle of traction and countertraction by applying a pair of Adson forceps directly to the band formed by the retracted preputial opening. To date we have successfully used this technique on 6 children and 3 adults.
Isolation of induced mutations in E. coli affecting the electrophoretic mobility of enzymes

Abstract A screening method was developed for detection of bacterial mutants having active enzymes with altered electrophoretic mobility. The method is based on the use of a mixture of several clones, and examination of an extract of the mixture electrophoretically. A variant enzyme will thus be detectable by its position apart from the mixture of wild-type enzymes. Following exposure to a mutagenic agent, five mutants of E. coli K12 were detected and isolated. Two of these have variant MDH (malate dehydrogenates), the others have variant forms of 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, and esterase. Preliminary mapping of the MDH locus has been performed.
Characteristics of DNA Comet, Photostimulated Luminescence, Thermoluminescence and Hydrocarbon in Perilla Seeds Exposed to Electron Beam

ABSTRACT: Detection characteristics of perilla seeds exposed to electron beam doses of 0 to 2 kGy were investigated. DNA comet assay, photostimulated luminescence (PSL) and thermoluminescence (TL) measurements, and hydrocarbon determinations by GC-MS were carried out. The irradiated samples showed comets with longer tails (152 ± 6 mm) than did nonirradiated samples (35 ± 11 mm). PSL values (photon counts) for the irradiated samples were more than 7865; whereas those of nonirradiated samples were less than 294. TL ratios (Glow 1/Glow 2) obtained from nonirradiated samples were less than 0.01 and above 0.48 from irradiated ones. The prominent radiation-induced hydrocarbons were 16:2, 16:3, 17:1, and 17:2, of which 16:2 was the most abundant.
Synthesis of optically active chiral shell dendrons

Abstract We present the preparation of a series of chiral dendrons, in which chiral subunits are placed in individual generational shells at increasing distances from the focal point, by a combination of convergent and divergent dendrimer synthesis methods. Analysis of chiroptical data suggests that these dendrons do not possess conformational order in solution.
SOCIAL PRACTICES OF GENDER: HOW GENDER RELATES TO DELINQUENCY IN THE EVERYDAY LIVES OF HIGH‐RISK YOUTHS*

Conceptualizing gender as social practices and using those practices as the unit of analysis, I reanalyzed data from a study on gender and delinquency. The analysis disclosed six social practices that intertwined with delinquent activities, constraining female delinquency while enabling and rewarding male delinquency. Only a few differences emerged among three ethnic groups. This analysis suggests that the salient dimensions of gender as a correlate of delinquency include male dominance, differences in routine daily activities, variations in sexual interests and transition to adulthood, and an ideology defining crime as male activity and childcare as female activity. The conclusion presents implications for general theoretical work on delinquency.
Peripheral administration of hypothalamic peptides results in CNS changes

Summary CNS effects have been demonstrated for many peptides initially isolated for other purposes from hypothalamic tissue. These effects do not require the mediation of the pituitary or other endocrine organs and, therefore, can be loosely considered as “extra-endocrine”. Although found in locations of the brain inside the blood-brain barrier, peptides can exert significant alterations in the CNS after peripheral injections. The CNS changes persist long after most of the peptide has left the blood stream. In many cases results of studies performed with these peptides in laboratory animals have been extended to clinical investigations. Already there are indications of beneficial effects of peptides found in the hypothalamus in such disorders as parkinsonism, mental depression, and mental retardation. It is reasonable to anticipate that other neurological and mental disorders may be alleviated and performance optimized by brain peptides.
Food habits and the evolution of energetics in birds of paradise (Paradisaeidae)

Basal rates of metabolism, minimal thermal conductances, and body temperatures are reported for 13 species of birds of paradise that belong to nine genera. Body mass alone accounts for 91.7% of the variation in their basal rates. Basal rate in this family also correlates with food habits and the altitudinal limits to distribution. Species that feed almost exclusively on fruit have basal rates that average 79.4% of species in which >10% of the diet is insects, and species restricted to altitudes 10% of the diet as insects, appears to have occurred at least twice, and in each case was associated with an increase in basal rate of metabolism. Basal rate increased at least thrice with a movement into the highlands. Basal rate, however, does not correlate with plumage dimorphism or with reproductive behavior. The basal rates of metabolism in manakins and birds of paradise, i.e., passerine frugivores, are greater than those found in nonpasserine frugivores. Thermal conductance correlates with body mass, which accounts for 85.8% of its variation in this family. Body temperature in paradisaeids, the mean of which was 40.2°C, may correlate with basal rate of metabolism.
Early scattering by Jupiter and its collision effects in the terrestrial zone

When Jupiter was on the order of three to ten earth masses in size, there undoubtedly was a considerably larger mass of condensed matter in its zone, since Jupiter would have perturbed most of it to other parts of the solar system. Monte Carlo studies indicate a significant portion would have crossed the earth's orbit. If the earth and moon had not yet fully formed, the probability of earth-zone planetesimals being hit by this Jupiter-scattered material was high. Further Monte Carlo models of these collisions and their products indicate a significant portion of matter was heated to melting, even if less than 5% of the relative kinetic energy went into heat. The models include capture probabilities by an embryo earth and a protolunar swarm. Because heat energy is correlated with comminution energy, and because the capture probability of the swarm is mass-dependent while embryo's is not, the protolunar material suffered much higher heating on the average than did the proto-earth material.
Disialoganglioside GD2 as a therapeutic target for human diseases.

Introduction: Ganglioside GD2 is found in vertebrates and invertebrates, overexpressed among pediatric and adult solid tumors, including neuroblastoma, glioma, retinoblastoma, Ewing’s family of tumors, rhabdomyosarcoma, osteosarcoma, leiomyosarcoma, liposarcoma, fibrosarcoma, small cell lung cancer and melanoma. It is also found on stem cells, neurons, some nerve fibers and basal layer of the skin.Areas covered: GD2 provides a promising clinical target for radiolabeled antibodies, bispecific antibodies, chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-modified T cells, drug conjugates, nanoparticles and vaccines. Here, we review its biochemistry, normal physiology, role in tumorigenesis, important characteristics as a target, as well as anti-GD2-targeted strategies.Expert opinion: Bridging the knowledge gaps in understanding the interactions of GD2 with signaling molecules within the glycosynapses, and the regulation of its cellular expression should improve therapeutic strategies targeting this ganglioside. In addition t...
Challenging the Sounds of Silence: A Qualitative Study of Gay-Straight Alliances and School Reform Efforts

We explore the efficacy of one increasingly familiar strategic intervention designed to disrupt antigay school environments—Gay–Straight Alliances (GSAs). Despite the increasing popularity of GSAs,...
ENRICHMENT FOR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE AND AUXOTROPHIC MUTANTS IN SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE BY TRITIUM SUICIDE

Abstract Tritium suicide is shown to be an efficient technique for mutant enrichment in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Decays from incorporated [5-3H]uridine and tritiated amino acids proved equally effective in inducing suicide; in cultures labeled to a specific activity of 50 dpm/cell, the viability fell to 2% after 12 days' storage at 4°. Mutagenized cultures were labeled with either [5-3H]uridine or a mixture of tritiated amino acids under conditions where auxotrophic mutants and temperature-sensitive mutants in RNA or protein synthesis would not incorporate a significant amount of the tritiated percursor. When survival fell to 2%, the percentages of both auxotrophic and temperature-sensitive mutants were 10-fold higher among these survivors than in the original mutagenized culture, regardless of the radioactive precursor used.
Relationships among role conflicts: Role satisfactions and life satisfaction: Evidence from Hong Kong

In this study the direct effects among work/family conflicts, job, marital and life satisfactions as reported by a Hong Kong sample were investigated. One thousand seven hundred questionnaires were sent to people in 3 different professions in Hong Kong and 497 successful responses were obtained. The findings indicated that work and family conflicts as well as interrole conflict affected job satisfaction and marital satisfaction. Likewise, life satisfaction reported by the respondents was affected by both their level of job satisfaction and marital satisfaction.
Psychological Distress, Substance Use, and HIV/STI Risk Behaviors Among Youth

Psychological distress has been inconsistently associated with sexual risk behavior in youth, suggesting additional factors, such as substance use, may explain this relationship. The mediating or moderating role of substance use on the relationship between psychological distress and sexual risk behaviors was prospectively examined over the four high school years in a sample of urban youth (N = 850; 80% African American; 50% female). Growth curve modeling was used to estimate changes in sexual risk across adolescence and to test its association to psychological distress symptoms and frequency of substance use. Substance use was associated with psychological distress. Greater psychological distress was associated with increased sexual intercourse frequency, decreased condom use, and increased number of partners. Substance use fully mediated the relationship between psychological distress and intercourse frequency and condom use, and partially mediated the relationship between psychological distress and number of partners. We found no differences in mediation by sex or race/ethnicity and no evidence to support moderation of psychological distress and substance use on sexual risk. Findings suggest that psychological distress is associated with sexual risk because youth with greater psychological distress are also more likely to use substances. Practical implications for adolescent HIV/STI prevention are discussed.
Racial differences in gait mechanics associated with knee osteoarthritis

Background and aims: This study examines racial differences in gait mechanics in persons with knee osteoarthritis and the influence of anthropometrics, educational level, radiographic disease severity (rOA), and self-report measures of pain and disability on racial differences in gait. Methods: One hundred seventy five (64 black and 111 white) adults with radiographie knee OA were tested. 3-D kinematic and kinetic data were collected while subjects walked at two self-selected speeds (normal and fast). Anthropometrie data, radiographie level of OA, and self-report measures of pain and disability were also collected. Gait patterns were compared across groups and within groups. Results: Black and white subjects did not differ significantly in radiographie OA. However, blacks walked significantly more slowly when asked to walk fast. At the normal speed, blacks had a smaller knee range of motion and loading rate than whites. Blacks also took longer to reach their peak maximum ground reaction force than whites. Within black subjects variations in gait mechanics were primarily explained by BMI, rOA, self-reported psychological disability, and pain self-efficacy. In white subjects, variations in gait mechanics were primarily explained by weight, age, velocity, psychological disability, and self-efficacy. Conclusions: Blacks in this study had a pattern of gait mechanics generally associated with high levels of osteoarthritis, though they did not differ significantly in rOA from whites. The variability in gait patterns exhibited by blacks was most strongly related to variance in walking speed, anthropometries, and perceived physical ability. Taken together, these results suggest that race is an important factor that must be considered in the treatment and study of osteoarthritis.
Cardiac neural crest stem cells

Whereas the heart itself is of mesodermal origin, components of the cardiac outflow tract are formed by the neural crest, an ectodermal derivative that gives rise to the peripheral nervous system, endocrine cells, melanocytes of the skin and internal organs, and connective tissue, bone, and cartilage of the face and ventral neck, among other tissues. Cardiac neural crest cells participate in the septation of the cardiac outflow tract into aorta and pulmonary artery. The migratory cardiac neural crest consists of stem cells, fate-restricted cells, and cells that are committed to the smooth muscle cell lineage. During their migration within the posterior branchial arches, the developmental potentials of pluripotent neural crest cells become restricted. Conversely, neural crest stem cells persist at many locations, including in the cardiac outflow tract. Many aspects of neural crest cell differentiation are driven by growth factor action. Neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) and its preferred receptor, TrkC, play important roles not only in nervous system development and function, but also in cardiac development as deletion of these genes causes outflow tract malformations. In vitro clonal analysis has shown a premature commitment of cardiac neural crest stem cells in TrkC null mice and a perturbed morphology of the endothelial tube. Norepinephrine transporter (NET) function promotes the differentiation of neural crest stem cells into noradrenergic neurons. Surprisingly, many diverse nonneuronal embryonic tissues, in particular in the cardiovascular system, express NET also. It will be of interest to determine whether norepinephrine transport plays a role also in cardiovascular development.
Control under pressure

The high costs and mortality associated with chronic ulcers, including foot ulcers and pressure ulcers, accentuate the clinical and economic challenges of the diabetes epidemic. Although hundreds of products exist on the market to treat existing chronic ulcers, relatively little attention has been
Lacunar infarction due to carotid stenosis.

Previous reports have distinguished lacunar infarctions from larger strokes both on clinical grounds and on the basis of proposed pathophysiology. This report describes a patient with critical carotid stenosis resulting in a clinical syndrome and radiological findings typical of the lacunar syndrome of ataxic hemiparesis. This supports recent suggestions that patients with lacunar strokes should undergo the same evaluation as patients with larger strokes.
Use of flue gas desulfurization (FGD) by‐product gypsum on alfalfa

Abstract Subsoil acidity in northeast United States has been associated with decreased yield and decreased water and fertilizer nitrogen (N) utilization by forages. Surface applications of gypsiferious products has been shown to reduce subsoil acidity largely caused by high levels of soluble aluminum (Al). Our objective was to test the effectiveness and safety of using FGD gypsum to increase dry matter (DM) yields of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.). Four and one‐half, 9, and 18 mt/ha of either commercially available agricultural gypsum or two gypsum by‐products were applied to a Rayne soil (Fine‐loamy, mixed, mesic Typic Hapludult) with a strongly acid subsoil. Agricultural and FGD gypsum increased alfalfa DM yields by as much as 21 and 14%, respectively. Correspondingly, in the subsoil, soluble Al decreased and calcium (Ca) content and Ca:Al ratio increased. Heavy metal concentrations in either the alfalfa or soils were not increased by any treatment. However, S in the alfalfa grown at the highest treatment...
Prevalence of antibody to HIV-1 among entrants to US correctional facilities.

Prevalence of antibody to the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) was assessed among 10 994 consecutive male and female entrants to 10 correctional systems in the United States. The HIV-1 seroprevalence for the 10 systems ranged from 2.1% to 7.6% for men and 2.5% to 14.7% for women; seroprevalence among women was higher than among men across nine of 10 systems. Using age 25 years to divide the population, HIV-1 prevalence among young women (5.2%) was significantly higher than among young men (2.3%), but similar to that in both older women (5.3%) and older men (5.6%). Overall, HIV-1 rates for nonwhites (4.8%) were higher than those for whites (2.5%). Although categories were identified across correctional systems, which may serve to focus prevention programs, variability in rates among correctional systems indicates that program planning must take local conditions into consideration. ( JAMA . 1991;265:1129-1132)
Analysis of Short-term Exchange Rate Movements in Korea: Application of an Extended Mundell–Fleming Model

Abstract Extending the Mundell–Fleming model and applying the Newey–West HAC method, this paper finds that the real USD/won exchange rate is negatively affected by real M2, the world interest rate, country risk, the expected inflation rate and the binary variable for the time period during the Asian financial crisis, and positively influenced by the stock market performance and the lagged dependent variable. The coefficient of real government deficit spending is positive but insignificant at the 10% level. Therefore, to maintain the stability of the won, the authorities need to pursue expansionary monetary and fiscal policies with caution, nurture a positive business and investment environment to reduce country risk, maintain a healthy stock market, and enhance the central bank's credibility to lower inflation expectations.