cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
TURBULENT FLOW AND HEAT TRANSFER OVER HEATED MODULES FOR A WIDE RANGE OF REYNOLDS NUMBERS AND MODULE SIZE

Computational prediction of turbulent fluid flow and heat transfer over heated modules of different sizes in a channel is presented. We assume that the channel is formed between two adjacent circuit boards with surface-mounted heat generating modules mounted on a single side of each board. The pressure drop and heat transfer coefficient over each module are calculated for wide range of Reynolds numbers. The standard k - e model has been used for Reynolds number of 7000 or higher while low Reynolds number model has been used for Reynolds range of 2000–6000. A computational study has been carried out in order to develop performance map for the flow and heat transfer characteristics over various sizes of heated modules (B/L = 0.375 ~ 0.625) and for a wide range of Reynolds number (ReH = 2000 ~ 10,000). The correlation of heat transfer coefficient and pressure drop with Reynolds number and dimension of modules has also been established from this study.
Applications of the regularity lemma for uniform hypergraphs

In this article we discuss several combinatorial problems that can be addressed by the Regularity Method for hypergraphs. Based on the recent results of Nagle, Schacht, and the authors, we give here solutions to these problems.In particular, we prove the following: Let F be a k-uniform hypergraph on t vertices and suppose an n-vertex k-uniform hypergraph H contains only o(nt) copies of F. Then one can delete o(nk) edges of H to make it F-free.Similar results were recently obtained by W. T. Gowers. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 2006
A Social-Cognitive Approach to Training Teaching Assistants:

Across 4 years, 87 teaching assistants (TAs) completed measures designed to assess personal efficacy, teacher efficacy, and liking for teaching before (pretest) and after (posttest) a weeklong training program. Paired sample t tests revealed a significant increase in personal efficacy and liking for teaching, a significant positive correlation between personal efficacy and desire for teaching (at pretest), and a significant positive association among all 3 variables at posttest. Personal efficacy predicted a significant amount of variance in liking for teaching at pretest (24%) and posttest (28%). A social-cognitive framework explains how components of the training program contribute to increased TA personal efficacy and enjoyment of teaching.
Effect of cued and uncued inescapable shock on voluntary alcohol consumption in rats

Rats were given cued and uncued inescapable shock; their voluntary alcohol intake was compared to a group given a yoked cue but no shock. Results suggested that, unlike uncued inescapable shock, cued inescapable shock caused an increase in voluntary alcohol intake, although the increase was insufficient to produce overt inebriation. It was suggested that the increase which occurred was due to a combination of adjunctive drinking and a gustatory and olfactory discrimination breakdown, both occurring in direct response to shock.
A logic for synthesis design

Abstract The background for synthesis design logic is presented, followed by the development of a procedure aimed at assessing all and locating the best synthetic routes. The procedure has two stages, first a dissection of skeleton, then a generation of necessary functionality on it to afford successive construction reactions. The implementation of this plan with computer programs is described, with some results. Reduction to computer has in turn served to clarify the overall logic, which is accordingly somewhat different from previous descriptions.
Model reaction for biological reduction of nitrate involving Mo(III)/Mo(V).

WE have characterised the reduction of nitrate by a mono-molecular molybdenum (III) species in aqueous solutions. Nitrate reduction is catalysed by nitrate reductases which are molybdoproteins1. Nitrate is reduced to nitrite by nitrate reductase, the nitrite being further reduced to ammonium ions by nitrite reductase which contains iron but no molybdenum2. Evidence indicates that nitrate reductases are monomolecular in molybdenum3,4. Therefore, a molybdenum-based model system for nitrate reductase should be monomolecular in molybdenum and undergo a change of oxidation state of two [Mo(III) → Mo(V) or Mo(IV) → Mo(VI)].
On the Effects of Weights in Rational Motion Design

The effect of weights on curves and surface design is a well-researched topic in Computer Aided Geometric Design (CAGD). However, the influence of weights in the realm of rational motion approximation and interpolation has been largely unexplored. In this paper, we present a thorough mathematical exposition on the influence of weights on rational motion design. This leads naturally to providing the motion designer with guidelines on how to use weights for rational motion design. Several examples are presented towards the end.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Thermo-mechanical failure criteria for x-ray windows and filters and comparison with experiments

Synchrotron x-ray windows are vacuum separators and are usually made of thin beryllium metal. Filters are provided upstream of the window to filter out the soft x-rays to protect the window from overheating and failing. The filters are made of thin carbon products or sometimes beryllium, the same material as the window. Because the window is a vacuum separator, understanding its potential structural failure under thermal load is very important. Current structural failure models for the brazed windows and filters under thermal stresses are not very accurate. Existing models have been carefully examined and found to be inconsistent with the actual failure modes of windows tested. Due to the thinness of the filter/window, the most likely failure mode is thermal buckling. In fact, recent synchrotron tests conducted in Japan on window failures bear out this position. In this paper, failure criteria for filters/windows are proposed, and analyses are performed and compared with the experimental results from various sources. A consistent result is found between the analysis and reported experiments.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Food Protein-Induced Enterocolitis Syndrome

Purpose of reviewTo review current knowledge and recent advances in food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome (FPIES).Recent findingsRice is the most common solid food causing FPIES. Rice FPIES is associated with more severe reactions than other foods. Infants presenting acutely may be hypothermic
Low Level Pesticide Contamination of Soil and Feed and Its Effect on Broiler Tissue Residue

Abstract Continuous exposure to low levels of five organochlorine pesticides in feed, soil of floor pens or a combination of the two, led to measurable residues in the abdominal fat of broilers by 8 weeks of age. Dieldrin, aldrin, heptachlor, mirex, and DDT from commercial formulations were administered to a total of 2,800 broiler chickens during four consecutive trials. The low level soil treatment averaged 0.048 p.p.m. of pesticide and the high level 0.289 p.p.m. Feed levels ranged from 0.006 p.p.m. in the low level feed to 0.0389 p.p.m. in the high level. Tissue residues above the Alabama caution level were recorded for dieldrin (4.65 p.p.m.); heptachlor, (0.643 p.p.m.); and mirex, (0.95 p.p.m.) following eight weeks on high level feed. DDT (2.11 p.p.m.) did not exceed the caution level of 5.6 p.p.m. Soil contamination had much less effect on tissue residues than when the pesticides were in their feed. Dust collected from the walls of the pens was found to contain low levels of all four materials and was considered to be the source of contamination in control pens.
2-Methoxymethylestradiol: a new 2-methoxy estrogen analog that exhibits antiproliferative activity and alters tubulin dynamics.

An estradiol metabolite, 2-methoxyestradiol (2-MeOE(2)), has shown antiproliferative effects in both hormone-dependent and hormone-independent breast cancer cells. Previously, a series of 2-hydroxyalkyl estradiol analogs had been synthesized in our laboratories as potential probes for comparison of estrogen receptor (ER)-mediated versus non-ER-mediated effects in breast cancer cells. A methoxy derivative of 2-hydroxymethyl estradiol was prepared for biological evaluation and comparison with 2-MeOE(2). Estrogenic activity of the synthetic analogs was evaluated in two ways, one by examining affinity of the analogs for the estrogen receptor in MCF-7 cells and the other by examining the ability of the analogs to induce estrogen-responsive gene expression. The analog, 2-methoxymethyl estradiol (2-MeOMeE(2)), demonstrated weak affinity for the estrogen receptor (0.9% of estradiol) and weak ability to stimulate estrogen-induced expression of the pS2 gene (0.02% of estradiol). Antitumor activity was evaluated both in vitro and in vivo. The steroidal nucleus seems to be an attractive target for developing novel tubulin polymerization inhibitors. Additionally, such steroidal compounds may have low toxicity compared to the natural products known to interact with tubulin. Interestingly, 2-MeOMeE(2) inhibited tubulin polymerization in vitro at concentrations of 1 and 3 microM and was more effective than 2-MeOE(2). In cells, 2-MeOMeE(2) was effective in suppressing growth and inducing cytotoxicity in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. The cytotoxic effects of 2-MeOMeE(2) are associated with alterations in tubulin dynamics, with the frequent appearance of misaligned chromosomes, a significant mitotic delay, and the formation of multinucleated cells. In comparison, 2-MeOE(2) was more effective than 2-MeOMeE(2) in producing cytotoxicity and altering tubulin dynamics in intact cells. Assessment of in vivo antitumor activity was performed in athymic mice containing human breast tumor xenografts. Nude mice bearing MDA-MB-435 tumor xenografts were treated i.p. with 50 mg/kg per day of 2-MeOMeE(2) or vehicle control for 45 days. Treatment with 2-MeOMeE(2) resulted in an approximate 50% reduction in mean tumor volume at treatment day 45 when compared to control animals and had no effect on animal weight. Thus, 2-MeOMeE(2) is an estrogen analog with minimal estrogenic properties that demonstrates antiproliferative effects both in vitro and in the human xenograft animal model of human breast cancer.
A global perspective on international regulation and governance in Africa

Reflecting on her experience at universities in Africa, Oyeronke Oyewumi, a Nigerian-born scholar, pointedly asked: ‘Are they African universities or universities located on the African continent?’...
A Quantitative Immunofluorescence Assay (AQUA) Suggests Significant Misclassification (15%) of Estrogen Receptor Status in Breast Cancer.

Introduction: Estrogen Receptor (ER) is arguably the most powerful predictive marker in breast cancer. However, a recent incident in Canada revealed a strikingly high false-negative rate and raised awareness of the current limitations in our measurement of ER. The current clinical standard is both subjective and qualitative. Even though guidelines are about to be issued to standardize this assay, there is very little data on the misclassification rate in current practice in the US.Hypothesis: Our hypothesis is that the use of a quantitative assay for ER on a series of retrospective collections may reveal both the level and significance of the misclassification rate.Method: Cell lines with a range of ER expression levels were analyzed by quantitative western blotting in parallel with IF/AQUA analysis (r2 = 0.865), in order to create standard curves for assessment of absolute ER protein concentration in tissue. The optimized assay was then used to quantify ER protein expression in a large cohort of archival breast cancer samples from Yale (1962-1982, n =617).Results: Using a set of standard curves with recombinant ER and cell line controls, we developed a standardized method for quantifying ER as an absolute concentration (pg ER per μg total protein) in formalin-fixed tissue on TMAs. This ER AQUA assay has a range in sensitivity from 50 pg/μg to 1500pg/μg total protein. Quantification of ER protein expression on the Yale archival cohort revealed a unimodal distribution with 49.8% of cases above the 50pg/ug threshold and thus defined as positive. When compared to pathologist performed conventional ER classification, we found a false negative rate of 6.65% and a false positive rate of 10.2%, for a total misclassification rate of 16.6%. Although no response data is available on that cohort, data is under analysis on 4 other cohorts with endocrine therapy treatment information, including an independent Yale cohort, SWOG 9313, NSABP B14, and the TEAM trial.Conclusion: We have developed a quantitative method to measure absolute levels of ER in breast tissue. Use of this assay on a series of cohorts suggests a misclassification rate in the 15% range. The significance of this level of misclassification with respect to response to endocrine therapy is currently under study. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2009;69(24 Suppl):Abstract nr 4068.
Two‐dimensional quiet time equilibrium for the inner plasma sheet protons and magnetic field

[1] In order to study the quiet time proton flow and magnetic field in the inner plasma sheet resulting from electric and magnetic drifts, we incorporate a modified version of the Magnetospheric Specification Model with a modified Tsyganenko 96 magnetic field model to self-consistently simulate plasma sheet protons and magnetic fields with two-dimensional force balance maintained along the midnight meridian. The resulting equatorial proton flows and pressures agree very well with observations quantitatively. Because of this agreement, the simulated force-balanced magnetic field configuration should give more realistic plasma sheet magnetic field variations for quiet times than does the original T96 model. This 2-D self-consistent simulation reproduces the observed flows and pressures better than our previous 1-D self-consistent simulation. The improvement results from a more accurate modeling of the coupling between plasma and magnetic field in the 2-D self-consistent simulation.
Advances in Musculoskeletal Tumor Imaging

In the last 2 decades, there has been a dramatic change in the clinical approach to the tumors of the musculoskeletal system. The development of more effective chemotherapeutic agents combined with improvements in limb salvage surgery and advances in radiation treatment assisted by new technologies of imaging have resulted in improved staging and ultimate outcome in patients who have bone and soft tissue tumors. The role of medical imaging in diagnosis, staging, and eventual follow-up of patients who have musculoskeletal neoplasia has expanded; in particular, MRI provides excellent soft tissue contrast for anatomic imaging and positron emission tomography (PET) demonstrates metabolic activity of the tumor for functional imaging. This article presents an overview of the role of imaging, recent advances in technology, and state-of-the-art techniques for evaluating musculoskeletal neoplasms.
Group decision support with the analytic hierarchy process

Abstract The Analytic Hierarchy Process group decision making and offers numerous benefits as a synthesizing mechanism in group decisions. This paper explains why AHP is so well-suited to group decision making, shows how AHP can be applied in a variety of group decision contexts, and discusses four applications of AHP in group decisions. A tutorial on AHP is included as an appendix.
Backscattering from crystals using molecular hydrogen ions

We have observed backscattering spectra of H^+, H^+_2 and H^+_3 ions incident on Si with the same velocity. Proton spectra from H^+ and H^+_2 ions are essentially the same, but the spectrum from H^+_3 ions is significantly different.
Preliminary results of the Phase IIa trial of a folate binding protein (FBP) adjuvant cancer vaccine (E39+GM-CSF) in ovarian and endometrial cancer patients to prevent recurrence

Meeting abstracts FBP (aka Folate Receptor-a) is an immunogenic protein that is over-expressed in breast, endometrial (EC) and ovarian cancer (OC). FBP expression in malignant cells is 20-80 fold higher compared to the limited distribution in normal cells. We have completed enrollment of a Phase
Dielectric constants of topaz, orthoclase and scapolite and the oxide additivity rule

The dielectric constants and dissipation factors of topaz, scapolite and orthoclase were determined at 1 MHz using a two-terminal method and empirically determined edge corrections. The results are: topaz κ′_a =6.61 tan δ=0.0005 κ′_b =6.82 tan δ=0.0007 κ′_c =6.81 tan δ=0.0007 orthoclase κ′_a =4.69 tan δ=0.0007 κ′_b =5.79 tan δ=0.0007 κ′_c =5.63 tan δ=0.0011 κ′ 11 =4.72 κ′ 22 =5.79 κ′ 33 =5.76 scapolite κ′_a =6.74 tan δ=0.0004 κ′_c =8.51 tan δ=0.0004 The deviation (Δ) between measured dielectric polarizabilities as determined from the Clausius-Mosotti equation and those calculated from the sum of ion polarizabilities according to α_D (mineral)=∑α_D (ions) for topaz is 2.5%. The large deviations of orthoclase and scapolite from the oxide additivity rule with δ=+7.2 and + 17.6%, respectively, are attributed to “rattling” K ions in orthoclase and “rattling” (Na,K,Ca) ions and disordered O= and Cl- ions in scapolite.
Width and f-vectors of Cutsets in the Truncated Boolean Lattice☆

In this paper we will survey a collection of recent results about chains and cutsets in the Boolean lattice and some other posets. In particular, we consider the possibilities for the width (i.e., the size of the largest anti-chain) and the f-vectors (i.e., the number of subsets of various sizes) of cutsets. Given k chains in the Boolean lattice, we will also consider the possible number of pair-wise disjoint maximal chains that do not intersect the given k chains.
Control of photosynthesis by Mg2

Chloroplasts isolated from Pisum sativum in the light are found to be more efficient in photosynthesis than are those isolated from plants in the dark. Specifically, the endogenous photophosphorylation rate by the isolated chloroplasts is doubled and the photosynthetic CO 2 fixation rate is increased 2- to 7-fold when plants are preilluminated. The addition of 5 m m MgCl 2 to the incubation medium eliminates the photophosphorylation enhancement that is caused by illuminating the plants prior to chloroplast isolation. Moreover, magnesium considerably decreases the analogous enhancement in photosynthetic CO 2 fixation, while in the presence of ribose-5-phosphate and ATP, 5 m m MgCl 2 causes the rate of CO 2 fixation to be the same for chloroplasts from plants in the light or the dark. Similar elimination of enhancement is obtained when Mg(NO 3 ) 2 or Mg(CH 3 COO) 2 is used instead of MgCl 2 , while addition of CaCl 2 , KCl, or NaCl to the isolated chloroplasts does not affect the enhancement in photophosphorylation caused by preillumination, suggesting that the effect is due to magnesium. Chloroplasts from illuminated plants contain 0.45 μmoles Mg 2+ /mg chlorophyll, while those from plants in the dark have only 0.35. When concomitant volume changes are also taken into account, the light-induced rise in the amount of Mg 2+ in the chloroplasts in vivo corresponds to a concentration increase of approximately 10 m m . It is proposed that the increase in magnesium in chloroplasts upon illumination may be a regulatory mechanism whereby light controls photosynthetic activity.
Surgical management of intrapericardial teratoma diagnosed in utero

Intrapericardial teratoma is a rare, often benign congenital tumor, which frequently leads to respiratory distress and pericardial tamponade shortly after birth. Surgical excision is not only curative but potentially lifesaving, because these lesions often become fatal if not promptly excised. We present a case of one of two twins diagnosed with a large intrapericardial teratoma. The management of this case was complicated by the necessity to consider the well-being of the other (normal) twin in planning the timing of delivery and operation. After the twins were delivered by cesarean section in one operating room, the mass was excised from the infant in an adjoining operating room with cardiopulmonary bypass standby.
A comprehensive review and analysis of 25 years of data from an in vivo canine model of sudden cardiac death: implications for future anti-arrhythmic drug development.

Abstract Sudden cardiac death resulting from ventricular tachyarrhythmias remains the leading cause of death in industrially developed countries, accounting for between 300,000 and 500,000 deaths each year in the United States. Yet, despite the enormity of this problem, the development of safe and effective anti-arrhythmic agents remains elusive. The identification of effective anti-arrhythmic agents is critically dependent upon the use of appropriate animal models of human disease. During the last 25 years, a canine model of sudden cardiac death has proven to be useful in both the identification of factors contributing to ventricular fibrillation (VF) and the evaluation of potential anti-arrhythmic therapies. The present review provides a detailed retrospective analysis of the data obtained with this model. Briefly, VF was reliably and reproducibly induced by the combination of acute myocardial ischemia at site distant from a previous myocardial infarction during submaximal exercise (to activate the autonomic nervous system). This exercise plus ischemia test identified 2 stable populations of dogs: those that development malignant arrhythmias (susceptible, n = 303) and those that rarely developed even single premature ventricular activation (resistant, n = 209). The susceptible animals exhibited an elevated sympathetic activation (due to an enhanced β2-adrenoceptor responsiveness) and a subnormal parasympathetic regulation. Several interventions have proven to be particularly effective in preventing VF in the susceptible dogs; including calcium channel antagonists, left stellate ganglion disruption, ATP-sensitive potassium channel antagonists, β-adrenoceptor antagonists, and non-pharmacological interventions (endurance exercise training and dietary omega-3 fatty acids).
Exchange bias in polycrystalline magnetite films made by ion-beam assisted deposition

Iron oxide films were produced using ion-beam-assisted deposition, and Raman spectroscopy and x-ray diffraction indicate single-phase magnetite. However, incorporation of significant fractions of argon in the films from ion bombardment is evident from chemical analysis, and Fe/O ratios are lower than expected from pure magnetite, suggesting greater than normal disorder. Low temperature magnetometry and first-order reversal curve measurements show strong exchange bias, which likely arises from defects at grain boundaries, possibly amorphous, creating frustrated spins. Since these samples contain grains ∼6 nm, a large fraction of the material consists of grain boundaries, where spins are highly disordered and reverse independently with external field.
H-2 antigens incorporated into phospholipid vesicles elicit specific allogeneic cytotoxic T lymphocytes

Abstract Different H-2 antigen-containing subcellular fractions were tested for their ability to elicit specific anti-H-2 cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). Intact cells and membrane vesicles were capable of eliciting strong anti-H-2 primary and secondary CTL responses. However, detergent-solubilized H-2 antigens partially purified with lentil lectin were greatly reduced in their capacity to elicit secondary anti-H-2 (CTLs) and at all amounts tested did not elicit a primary CTL response. Lentil lectin-purified H-2 antigens incorporated into egg lecithin plus cholesterol (30% w/w) vesicles elicited a strong secondary anti-H-2 CTL response and a low but significant primary anti-H-2 CTL response. The results also indicate that T-cell-defined specificities are closely associated with serologically defined private and public specificities.
Maternal-Fetal Assessment of the Critically I11 Parturient: Decisions Related to Delivery

Preparation for delivery of the critically ill pregnant women begins soon after admission to the intensive care unit. Unless maternal or fetal condition deteriorates, remaining in utero may be more beneficial to the premature fetus. A decision regarding the timing of delivery is based on the impact on maternal and fetal well-being of maintaining the fetus in utero. Maternal or fetal instability may necessitate immediate delivery, and specialist from critical care, obstetrics, neonatology, and anesthesiology should decide on the most appropriate location for labor and delivery. Personnel from affected departments are alerted as soon as possible to facilitate the gathering of necessary equipment and supplies and the attendance of skilled professionals in intrapartum management and neonatal resuscitation.
[(3)H]Choline uptake and metabolism in nonsynaptic regions of a crustacean sensory nerve.

The posterior stomach nerve (PSN) is a crustacean sensory nerve containing about 60 cholinergic neurons, which are devoid of synaptic interactions. Kinetic analysis shows that the PSN takes up [(3)H]choline by both low-affinity (K(m) = 163 micron) and high-affinity (Na(?dependent) (K(m) - 1 micron) processes. The capacity of the high-affinity system is only about 1% that of the low-affinity system. The high-affinity system is not tightly coupled to acetylcholine (ACh) synthesis, and it appears that both ACh and phosphorylcholine are formed from an intracellular pool of choline, which is fed by both uptake systems. There are differences in the rates of [(3)H]choline uptake and (3)H metabolite accumulation between regions of the PSN that contain neuronal cell bodies and those that do not. These differences may arise from differences in the relative proportion of neuronal to nonneuronal tissue in each nerve region.
Precollege influences on sexual experiences of coeds.

(1973). Precollege influences on sexual experiences of coeds. The Journal of Sex Research: Vol. 9, No. 2, pp. 143-149.
Linear and Nonlinear Properties of Prestimulus Ventral Cord Signals Distinguish Swimming Response of the Leech to Intracellular Stimulation

Stimulation of a trigger interneuron of an isolated nerve cord preparation of the medicinal leech, Hirudo medicinalis, sometimes leads to swimming; sometimes it does not. The known synaptic interac...
Joutia: street vendor entrepreneurship and the informal economy of information and communication technologies in Morocco1

This paper provides an ethnographic and cultural analysis of the ‘informal sector’ in Morocco. In this age of globalisation, no firm can afford to ignore the vibrant informal sector that makes up the bulk of GDP in many developing economies. And yet, the informal sector is routinely misunderstood and mythologised as ‘pimps, drug dealers, counterfeiters and pirates’, and is particularly despised by the high tech industry. Based on fieldwork, the authors' goal is to examine this dynamic economic phenomenon and to dispel a few myths by providing an ethnographic description of one exemplary case. While the study focuses on the experience of an articulate entrepreneur, who happens to operate in the highly dynamic underground economy in new, used and black market information and communications technologies, it speaks to such themes as entrepreneurship, global products flows, economic relations, and the implications of the informal sector for global flows of goods and services.
Least energy regulation of the arterial system.

The formulation and results of the Kalman State Regulator Problem are applied to a mathematical model of the arterial system of a dog to obtain an optimal control for blood pressure. The criterion for optimality is minimum energy per cycle.
The olfactory connections of the lateral hypothalamus in the rat, mouse and hamster

The afferent olfactory connections of the lateral hypothalamus of the rat were studied by producing lesions of olfactory cortex and staining for degeneration by the method of Fink and Heimer ('67) and by electropysiological recording of responses to olfactory bulb shock and odor stimulation. Direct connections from olfactory areas were found only in a ventrolateral part of the medial forebrain bundle. In the posterior hypothalamus the olfactory fibers turned dorsally and terminated in a more medial area. The region from which strong olfactory responses could be recorded coincided with the path of degenerating axons. Lesions of the olfactory tuercle of hamsters and mice produced a similar restricted pattern of degeneration.
ASSESSING CHINA'S RENMINBI PEG TO THE U.S. DOLLAR: THE CASE FOR GREATER RMB EXCHANGE RATE FLEXIBILITY

This paper assesses China's Renminbi peg to the U.S. dollar using a structural VAR model. One unique contribution of the paper is that we model China as a large open economy in one structural VAR model with the U.S. by utilizing combinations of short- and long-run identification restrictions and relax the small open economy assumption usually imposed on China. Using monthly data for the period of 1990:4 to 2007:12, we find the following. First, U.S. shocks do not explain much of the output fluctuations in China, indicating that the two economies are subject to asymmetric shocks. Optimum currency area theory suggests that more flexibility of the RMB relative to the dollar may be desirable. Second, U.S. shocks explain little of the fluctuations in China's CPI, suggesting that the benefits of importing inflation from the U.S. by pegging to the dollar are minimal, thus more flexibility in the RMB relative to the dollar is feasible. Third, U.S. shocks do not influence China's international competitiveness (REER) to a noticeable extent, suggesting that moving toward more flexibility relative to the dollar may be in China's interest.
Extended charge banking model of dual path shocks for implantable cardioverter defibrillators

Single path defibrillation shock methods have been improved through the use of the Charge Banking Model of defibrillation, which predicts the response of the heart to shocks as a simple resistor-capacitor (RC) circuit. While dual path defibrillation configurations have significantly reduced defibrillation thresholds, improvements to dual path defibrillation techniques have been limited to experimental observations without a practical model to aid in improving dual path defibrillation techniques. The Charge Banking Model has been extended into a new Extended Charge Banking Model of defibrillation that represents small sections of the heart as separate RC circuits, uses a weighting factor based on published defibrillation shock field gradient measures, and implements a critical mass criteria to predict the relative efficacy of single and dual path defibrillation shocks. The new model reproduced the results from several published experimental protocols that demonstrated the relative efficacy of dual path defibrillation shocks. The model predicts that time between phases or pulses of dual path defibrillation shock configurations should be minimized to maximize shock efficacy. Through this approach the Extended Charge Banking Model predictions may be used to improve dual path and multi-pulse defibrillation techniques, which have been shown experimentally to lower defibrillation thresholds substantially. The new model may be a useful tool to help in further improving dual path and multiple pulse defibrillation techniques by predicting optimal pulse durations and shock timing parameters.
The impact of direct data entry by sensory devices on EMR systems

This paper takes an interdisciplinary look at how the electronic record is likely to evolve in the future. From what new sources will data be drawn? Will such data be directly recorded from sensory devices and from one's personal "memex"? Will these data enable a new set of outputs to more fully interconnect patients with their health care system. The paper considers the combined impact of a host of emerging technologies: 1. the impact of the networking phenomenon 2. the impact of adding robust patient access to the EMR 3. the impact of the growing emergence of PHRs 4. the impact of emerging technologies on the usability of the EMR 5. the impact of direct sensory input devices 6. the impact of bioinformatics and genomics 7. the impact of the personal memex
Fractured Fatherhood: An Analytic Philosophy Perspective on Moral and Legal Paternity

Fathers are typically thought to have an array of rights and responsibilities with respect to their children. However, the traditional concept of father is fractured. It comprises various descriptive and normative elements, and increasingly, the descriptive elements are not exemplified in one man, which raises legal and social problems about the assignment of paternal rights and responsibilities. From the perspective of analytic philosophy, I illustrate these problems with a variety of decisions by U.S. courts and propose an “allocative” approach that allows paternal rights and responsibilities to be held by distinct men. I argue that we must revise our concept of father to respond appropriately to its fragmentation and suggest implications for family theorists and researchers.
Toward a Plan-Based Understanding Model for Mixed-Initiative Dialogues

This paper presents an enhanced model of plan-based dialogue understanding. Most plan-based dialogue understanding models derived from [Litman and Allen, 1987] assume that the dialogue speakers have access to the same domain plan library, and that the active domain plans are shared by the two speakers. We call these features shared domain plan constraints. These assumptions, however, ae too strict to account for mixed-initiative dialogues where each speaker has a different set of domain plans that are housed in his or her own plan library, and where an individual speaker's domain plans may be activated at any point in the dialogue. We propose an extension to the Litman and Allen model by relaxing the shared domain plan constraints. Our extension improves (1) the ability to track the currently active plan, (2) the ability to explain the planning behind speaker utterances, and (3) the ability to track which speaker controls the conversational initiative in the dialogue.
Deploying sensor networks with guaranteed capacity and fault tolerance

We consider the problem of deploying or repairing a sensor network to guarantee a specified level of multi-path connectivity (k-connectivity) between all nodes. Such a guarantee simultaneously provides fault tolerance against node failures and high capacity through multi-path routing. We design and analyze the first algorithms that place an almost-minimum number of additional sensors to augment an existing network into a k-connected network, for any desired parameter k. Our algorithms have provable guarantees on the quality of the solution. Specifically, we prove that the number of additional sensors is within a constant factor of the absolute minimum, for any fixed k. We have implemented greedy and distributed versions of this algorithm, and demonstrate in simulation that they produce high-quality placements for the additional sensors. We are also in the process of using our algorithms to deploy nodes in a physical sensor network using a mobile robot.
The Use of a Chrome Alum-Gelatin (Subbing) Solution as a General Adhesive for Paraffin Sections

The adhesion obtained from a chrome alum-gelatin solution has been found far superior to results given by widely used general adhesives (Haupt's gelatin and Mayer's egg albumen) for paraffin sections. The subbing solution, which consists of 5.0 gin gelatin and 0.5 gm chrome alum per liter of water, is easier to apply and gives more consistent results. Sections affixed to subbed slides are resistant to removal by acids and bases: 1.0 and 0.1 N HCl or H2SO4, 1 M H3PO4, 5% oxalic and trichloroacetic acids, 1% and 10% lactic acid, 1.0 and 0.1 N NaOH or NH4OH, and other fluids and solutions such as organic solvents, water, hypochlorite, KMnO4 and thiosulfate. The applied adhesive is virtually unstained by many stains, including hematoxylin, eosin, fast green, safranin, PAS, Sudan IV and Mallory's triple stain. The only treatment yet found to detach affixed section in less than 6 hr is immersion in 5% trichloroacetic acid for 15 min at 100 C. The concentration of gelatin and chrome alum in the solution recommen...
Hybrid Reality Games Reframed Potential Uses in Educational Contexts

Hybrid reality games (HRGs) employ mobile technologies and GPS devices as tools for transforming physical spaces into interactive game boards. Rather than situating participants in simulated enviro...
Interferon Beta and Interferon Alpha 2a Differentially Protect Head and Neck Cancer Cells from Vesicular Stomatitis Virus-Induced Oncolysis

Oncolytic viruses (OV) preferentially kill cancer cells due in part to defects in their antiviral responses upon exposure to type I interferons (IFNs). However, IFN responsiveness of some tumor cells confers resistance to OV treatment. The human type I IFNs include one IFN-β and multiple IFN-α subtypes that share the same receptor but are capable of differentially inducing biological responses. The role of individual IFN subtypes in promoting tumor cell resistance to OV is addressed here. Two human IFNs which have been produced for clinical use, IFN-α2a and IFN-β, were compared for activity in protecting human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) lines from oncolysis by vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV). Susceptibility of HNSCC lines to killing by VSV varied. VSV infection induced increased production of IFN-β in resistant HNSCC cells. When added exogenously, IFN-β was significantly more effective at protecting HNSCC cells from VSV oncolysis than was IFN-α2a. In contrast, normal keratinocytes and endothelial cells were protected equivalently by both IFN subtypes. Differential responsiveness of tumor cells to IFN-α and -β was further supported by the finding that autocrine IFN-β but not IFN-α promoted survival of HNSCC cells during persistent VSV infection. Therefore, IFN-α and -β differentially affect VSV oncolysis, justifying the evaluation and comparison of IFN subtypes for use in combination with VSV therapy. Pairing VSV with IFN-α2a may enhance selectivity of oncolytic VSV therapy for HNSCC by inhibiting VSV replication in normal cells without a corresponding inhibition in cancer cells. IMPORTANCE There has been a great deal of progress in the development of oncolytic viruses. However, a major problem is that individual cancers vary in their sensitivity to oncolytic viruses. In many cases this is due to differences in their production and response to interferons (IFNs). The experiments described here compared the responses of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cell lines to two IFN subtypes, IFN-α2a and IFN-β, in protection from oncolytic vesicular stomatitis virus. We found that IFN-α2a was significantly less protective for cancer cells than was IFN-β, whereas normal cells were equivalently protected by both IFNs. These results suggest that from a therapeutic standpoint, selectivity for cancer versus normal cells may be enhanced by pairing VSV with IFN-α2a.
Right subhepatic approach for inflammatory aortic aneurysm in apatient with scoliosis

In a patient with inflammatory abdominal aortic aneurysm and scoliosis, the neck of the aneurysm was to the right side of the descending duodenum, necessitating right subhepatic approach for proximal control of the aortic aneurysm. Symptoms of obstructive uropathy and their persistence following repair of inflammatory AAA are described.
Infrared spectroscopy of carbo-ions

The recent development of high-resolution, high-sensitivity laser infrared spectroscopy has enabled us to study many fundamental molecular ions for which there had previously been no spectroscopic studies. We summarize our recent work here on carbo-ions, CH + 3 , C - 2 , C 2 H + 2 and C 2 H + 3 .
English Language Learners' Access to and Attainment in Postsecondary Education.

Although English language learners (ELLs) are currently the fastestgrowing group among the school-age population in the United States, there is surprisingly little information on their participation in postsecondary education. Using the National Education Longitudinal Study of 1988 (NELS:88), a nationally representative sample of eighth graders who were followed for 12 years, we present one of the first national-level examinations of ELLs’ access to and degree of attainment in postsecondary education. Our analyses show that ELLs lag far behind both English-proficient linguistic minority students and monolingual English-speaking students in college access and attainment. Only one in eight ELLs in the NELS:88 study earned a bachelor’s degree, whereas one in four English-proficient linguistic minority students and one in three monolingual English speakers did. In addition, one in five ELLs was a high school dropout. Subsequent probit regressions reveal that a host of nonlinguistic factors, rather than the ELLs’ linguistic background per se, contributed to ELLs’ limited postsecondary education access and attainment. doi: 10.1002/tesq.49
Automatic datatype generation and optimization

Many high performance applications spend considerable time packing noncontiguous data into contiguous communication buffers. MPI Datatypes provide an alternative by describing noncontiguous data layouts. This allows sophisticated hardware to retrieve data directly from application data structures. However, packing codes in real-world applications are often complex and specifying equivalent datatypes is difficult, time-consuming, and error prone. We present an algorithm that automates the transformation. We have implemented the algorithm in a tool that transforms packing code to MPI Datatypes, and evaluated it by transforming 90 packing codes from the NAS Parallel Benchmarks. The transformation allows easy porting of applications to new machines that benefit from datatypes, thus improving programmer productivity.
Efficient, Low Complexity Encoding of Multiple, Blurred Noisy Downsampled Images Via Distributed Source Coding Principles

In a portable device, such as a digital camera, limitations on storage are an important consideration. In addition, due to constraints on the complexity of available hardware, image coding algorithms must be fairly simple in implementation. This work presents one such efficient method for coding multiple images of a scene, in a manner that complements a post-processing-based enhancement system. Super-resolution, image restoration and de-noising algorithms have demonstrated the ability to improve the quality of an image using multiple blurry, noisy copies of the same scene. This additional quality does not come without cost, however, since an image capture system must store each image. The proposed encoding scheme is derived from a general linear system model, and encodes multiple images of the same scene, with different amounts of blurring. It is also compared with a variety of methods based on current camera compression technology. For the tested images, this approach requires one-half the rate required by other methods at lower rates. In addition, for a small performance loss, it is essentially implementable without using any compression hardware.
An imperative extension to alloy

We extend the Alloy language with the standard imperative constructs; we show the mix of declarative and imperative constructs to be useful in modeling dynamic systems. We present a translation from our extended language to the existing first-order logic of the Alloy Analyzer, allowing for efficient analysis of models.
MK2 inhibitory peptide delivered in nanopolyplexes prevents vascular graft intimal hyperplasia

Autologous vein grafts are commonly used for coronary and peripheral artery bypass but have a high incidence of intimal hyperplasia (IH) and failure. We present a nanopolyplex (NP) approach that efficiently delivers a mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)-activated protein (MAPKAP) kinase 2 inhibitory peptide (MK2i) to graft tissue to improve long-term patency by inhibiting pathways that initiate IH. In vitro testing in human vascular smooth muscle cells revealed that formulation into MK2i-NPs increased cell internalization, endosomal escape, and intracellular half-life of MK2i. This efficient delivery mechanism enabled MK2i-NPs to sustain potent inhibition of inflammatory cytokine production and migration in vascular cells. In intact human saphenous vein, MK2i-NPs blocked inflammatory and migratory signaling, as confirmed by reduced phosphorylation of the posttranscriptional gene regulator heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A0, the transcription factor cAMP (adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate) element-binding protein, and the chaperone heat shock protein 27. The molecular effects of MK2i-NPs caused functional inhibition of IH in human saphenous vein cultured ex vivo. In a rabbit vein transplant model, a 30-min intraoperative graft treatment with MK2i-NPs significantly reduced in vivo IH 28 days posttransplant compared with untreated or free MK2i-treated grafts. The decrease in IH in MK2i-NP-treated grafts in the rabbit model also corresponded with decreased cellular proliferation and maintenance of the vascular wall smooth muscle cells in a more contractile phenotype. These data indicate that nanoformulated MK2 inhibitors are a promising strategy for preventing graft failure.
Cooperative effects and optimal halogen bonding motifs for self-assembling systems.

Halogen bonding, due to its directionality and tunable strength, is being increasingly utilized in self-assembling materials and crystal engineering. Using density functional theory (DFT) and molecular mechanics (OPLS/CM1Ax) calculations, multiply halogen bonded complexes of brominated imidazole and pyridine are investigated along with their potential in construction of self-assembling architectures. Dimers with 1–10 halogen bonds are considered and reveal maximal binding energies of 3–36 kcal/mol. Cooperative (nonadditive) effects are found in complexes that extend both along and perpendicular to the halogen bonding axes, with interaction energies depending on polarization, secondary interactions, and ring spacers. Four structural motifs were identified to yield optimal halogen bonding. For the largest systems, the excellent agreement found between the DFT and OPLS/CM1Ax results supports the utility of the latter approach for analysis and design of self-assembling supramolecular structures.
Genic Variation in the Peromyscus truei Group (Rodentia: Cricetidae)

Genic analyses of cytotypes of Peromyscus truei and P. difficilis were conducted to determine the magnitude of genic evolution that has accompanied chromosomal divergence. Two species currently assigned to the boylii group were included. The distinctness of northern and southern cytotypes of P. truei was documented and supports other investigators who concluded that the southern cytotype should be elevated to specific status. Cytotypes of P. difficilis were not genically distinct at 28 presumptive loci and do not appear to represent separate species. P. attwateri , currently placed in the boylii group, is related closely to P. difficilis. P. diffidlis is the sister taxon of P. gratus .