cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nonlocal electrodynamic modeling of fluorescence characteristics for molecules in a spherical cavity

The emission characteristics for molecules in a spherical metallic microcavity are computed using a nonlocal electrodynamic model, based on a theory previously published by Fuchs and Claro [Phys. Rev. B 35, 3722 (1987)] for the multipole polarizability of a sphere. Both radially and tangentially oriented molecules at arbitrary locations inside the cavity are considered, and the results are compared with those from both the local response theory and those for molecules outside a spherical particle. The issue of reciprocity of the solutions for each of the sphere and cavity cases, respectively, is examined in the light of the nonlocal effects. It is observed that for emission frequencies below the surface plasmon frequency of the cavity material, the nonlocal effects in general lead to less surface-induced modifications of the molecular properties, similar to the situation for a spherical particle. However, the reciprocity nature between the solutions for the sphere and cavity disappears in the presence of nonlocal effects.
32. HPV type and strain variant concordance between anal cancers and their preceding high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions

Background Anal high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL) are frequently found overlying anal cancer on histology, and anal cancer has been observed to develop in the same location as previously diagnosed anal HSIL. These observations support the role of HSIL as the direct precursor lesion to anal cancer. To further investigate a direct pathogenetic relationship between anal HSIL and cancer, we typed and sequenced HPV DNA in anal HSIL and the cancers that subsequently developed in the same location. Methods: Tissues samples were analysed from 15 HIV-infected men followed at UCSF in whom anal cancer developed at a previously biopsied site of HSIL. Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded pairs of HSIL and cancer were typed for HPV DNA using L1 PCR. HPV 16-positive samples underwent E6-based strain variant analysis. Results: Nine matched pairs for which DNA from both HSIL and cancer were available were analysed. Eight pairs (89%) contained HPV 16 DNA. One (11%) contained both HPV 18 and 51 in both samples. Of the eight HPV 16-positive pairs, each pair contained the same HPV 16 strain variant. Four contained the Eur-350T variant alone, and one contained Eur-350T in both the HSIL and cancer, with an additional 426T variant in the cancer. One pair contained both Eur-350T and 457C in both the HSIL and the cancer. Two pairs contained the Eur-350G variant alone. Conclusions: Concordance of both the HPV type and strain variant in anal cancers and their site-matched preceding HSIL further supports the role of anal HSIL as an anal cancer precursor.
Latent semantic analysis and Fiedler retrieval

Latent semantic analysis (LSA) is a method for information retrieval and processing which is based upon the singular value decomposition. It has a geometric interpretation in which objects (e.g. documents and keywords) are placed in a low-dimensional geometric space. In this paper, we derive an alternative algebraic/geometric method for placing objects in space to facilitate information analysis. We show that our method is closely related to LSA, and essentially equivalent for particular choices of scaling parameters. We then show that our approach supports a number of generalizations and extensions that existing LSA approaches cannot handle.
Effects of age and ability on components of cognitive change

Prior experience with a cognitive task is often associated with higher performance on a second assessment, and these experience effects can complicate the interpretation of cognitive change. The current study was designed to investigate experience effects by obtaining measures of cognitive performance separated by days and by years. The analyses were based on data from 2017 adults with two longitudinal occasions, of whom 948 had also completed a third occasion, with each occasion consisting of three parallel versions of the tests on separate sessions. Change across short intervals was typically positive, and greater among older adults and adults with low levels of cognitive ability, whereas change over intervals of approximately three years was often negative, particularly at older ages. In contrast to the expectation that change over short intervals might be informative about change over longer intervals, relations between short-term change and long-term change were negative, as the individuals who gained the most with assessments separated by days tended to experience the greatest losses across assessments separated by years.
Cardiovascular effects of 3-mercaptopropionic acid and levels of GABA in regions of the brain of Guinea-pigs

Abstract 3-Mercaptopropionic acid (3-MP), an inhibitor of the synthesis of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), was administered to anesthetized rats and guinea-pigs in order to examine the relationship between the effect of this agent on regional levels of GABA in the brain and cardiovascular function. After a latent period, 3-mercaptopropionic acid (0.16 ml/kg, i.p.) produced initial increases in blood pressure and heart rate in rats followed by vagal bradycardia and hypotension. Guinea-pigs treated with 3-mercaptopropionic acid developed one of three patterns of cardiovascular changes. The type I response consisted of a period of sympathetically-mediated hypertension and tachycardia followed by vagal bradycardia. Type II animals exhibited increased arterial pressure and heart rate, but no vagal activation. Type III and control animals exhibited no significant cardiovascular changes following administration of 3-mercaptopropionic acid or appropriate vehicle. Regional levels of GABA in brain, measured at 90 min after treatment were significantly lower than control in type I and II animals in 3 of 4 areas of the brain measured, but not in type III guinea-pigs. When decreases in levels of GABA were compared to the changes in cardiovascular parameters for individual animals, the decrease in heart rate at the time of sacrifice was directly correlated with the decrease in medullary levels of GABA in type I animals. Conversely, in type II guinea-pigs, decreases in hypothalamic levels of GABA correlated inversely with heart rate at sacrifice. These results suggest that activation of cardiac sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous pathways following the administration of 3-mercaptopropionic acid may result from decreased levels of GABA in different regions of the brain.
Large-eddy simulation of the zero-pressure-gradient turbulent boundary layer up to Re θ = O(1012)

A near-wall subgrid-scale (SGS) model is used to perform large-eddy simulation (LES) of the developing, smooth-wall, zero-pressure-gradient flat-plate turbulent boundary layer. In this model, the stretched-vortex, SGS closure is utilized in conjunction with a tailored, near-wall model designed to incorporate anisotropic vorticity scales in the presence of the wall. Large-eddy simulations of the turbulent boundary layer are reported at Reynolds numbers Reθ based on the free-stream velocity and the momentum thickness in the range Re_θ = 10^3-10^(12). Results include the inverse square-root skin-friction coefficient, √2/Cf, velocity profiles, the shape factor H, the von Karman ‘constant’ and the Coles wake factor as functions of Re_θ. Comparisons with some direct numerical simulation (DNS) and experiment are made including turbulent intensity data from atmospheric-layer measurements at Re_θ = O(10^6). At extremely large Re_θ, the empirical Coles–Fernholz relation for skin-friction coefficient provides a reasonable representation of the LES predictions. While the present LES methodology cannot probe the structure of the near-wall region, the present results show turbulence intensities that scale on the wall-friction velocity and on the Clauser length scale over almost all of the outer boundary layer. It is argued that LES is suggestive of the asymptotic, infinite Reynolds number limit for the smooth-wall turbulent boundary layer and different ways in which this limit can be approached are discussed. The maximum Re_θ of the present simulations appears to be limited by machine precision and it is speculated, but not demonstrated, that even larger Re_θ could be achieved with quad- or higher-precision arithmetic.
Estimators with Prescribed Bound on the Variance for the Parameters in the Binomial and Poisson Distributions, Based on Two-Stage Sampling

Abstract The problem of unbiased estimation of the parameter θ in the binomial and Poisson distributions is considered. The variance of the estimate is required not to exceed a preassigned bound, B. For the Poisson distribution this can be achieved only by sequential sampling and also in the binomial case sequential sampling may reduce the expected sample size. Here only two-stage sampling is considered. The methods of estimation discussed differ from earlier considered two-stage methods [1], in that the preliminary sample is not used only to determine the size of the second sample, but is also directly used in estimating the parameter. In the binomial case the present method always yields a saving of observations, as compared with the methods of [1]. The total expected sample size for is only slightly greater than 1/4B, which is the minimal fixed sample size necessary to achieve the same goal. For θ near zero or one the expected sample size is much smaller. For the Poisson case the present method is not ...
A PAIR OF ORTHOGONAL WAVELET FRAMES IN L2(ℝd)

A simple method of construction of a pair of orthogonal wavelet frames in L2(ℝd) is presented. This is a generalization of one-dimensional case to higher dimension. The construction is based on the well-known Unitary Extension Principle (UEP). The presented method produces the polyphase components of the filters of the wavelet functions, and hence the filters. A pair of orthogonal wavelet frames can be constructed with an extra condition. In the construction, the polyphase matrix is used as opposed to the modulation matrix. This is less restrictive and yields a fewer wavelet functions in the system than in the previously known constructions.
Thinking like a scientist: Innateness as a case study

The concept of innateness appears in systematic research within cognitive science, but it also appears in less systematic modes of thought that long predate the scientific study of the mind. The present studies therefore explore the relationship between the properly scientific uses of this concept and its role in ordinary folk understanding. Studies 1–4 examined the judgments of people with no specific training in cognitive science. Results showed (a) that judgments about whether a trait was innate were not affected by whether or not the trait was learned, but (b) such judgments were impacted by moral considerations. Study 5 looked at the judgments of both non-scientists and scientists, in conditions that encouraged either thinking about individual cases or thinking about certain general principles. In the case-based condition, both non-scientists and scientists showed an impact of moral considerations but little impact of learning. In the principled condition, both non-scientists and scientists showed an impact of learning but little impact of moral considerations. These results suggest that both non-scientists and scientists are drawn to a conception of innateness that differs from the one at work in contemporary scientific research but that they are also both capable of ‘filtering out’ their initial intuitions and using a more scientific approach.
Delayed hippocampal effects from a single exposure of prepubertal guinea pigs to sub-lethal dose of chlorpyrifos: A magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy study

This study was designed to test the hypothesis that in vivo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and spectroscopy (MRS) can detect in adulthood the neurotoxic effects of a single exposure of prepubertal guinea pigs to the organophosphorus pesticide chlorpyrifos. Twelve female guinea pigs were given either a single dose of chlorpyrifos (0.6×LD50 or 300mg/kg, sc) or peanut oil (vehicle; 0.5ml/kg, sc) at 35-40 days of age. One year after the exposure, the animals were tested in the Morris water maze. Three days after the end of the behavioral testing, the metabolic and structural integrity of the brain of the animals was examined by means of MRI/MRS. In the Morris water maze, the chlorpyrifos-exposed guinea pigs showed significant memory deficit. Although no significant anatomical differences were found between the chlorpyrifos-exposed guinea pigs and the control animals by in vivo MRI, the chlorpyrifos-exposed animals showed significant decreases in hippocampal myo-inositol concentration using MRS. The present results indicate that a single sub-lethal exposure of prepubertal guinea pigs to the organophosphorus pesticide chlorpyrifos can lead to long-term memory deficits that are accompanied by significant reductions in the levels of hippocampal myo-inositol.
Knowledge-based supervision and control of bioprocess with a machine vision-based sensing system

Abstract A computer supervised bioprocess system with an on-line machine vision sensing system was designed and implemented. The system consisted of a central process controller, a bench scale bioreactor, a computer-controlled automatic sampling system and a machine vision sensing system. A digital control unit, part of the bioreactor, maintained the process variables. The vision sensing system and the associated automatic sampling system were integrated with the bioprocess system to provide on-line cellular information, correlated to the cell concentration, cell growth rate, and cellular events. The sampling system delivered the sample to the microscope stage for the vision system to acquire images. The central process controller (CPC) supervised all other subsystems via digital communications. The CPC directed the sampling system to take samples at defined time intervals or by special request. Images of samples were processed by the vision system afterwards and feature information was saved. Control decisions were made by the knowledge-based supervisory controller in terms of the processing variable setpoint adjustment. This bioprocess system could be used as a research technique. It could also be applied for quality and process control in industry.
The development of a trial making test in young children: the TRAILS-P.

Preschool children have a more limited verbal repertoire, less proficient manual skills, and more variable attention spans relative to those of school age, with comparatively few neuropsychological tasks available for use in this age range. A prototypic neuropsychological test, the Trail Making Test, was adapted for use with young children, the TRAILS-P, using a developmentally salient storybook format with colorful stimuli in differing conditions with varying executive demands. The TRAILS-P was administered to 103 normally developing preschoolers between 2 and 6 years of age; 30 of these children were retested within one month to determine test reliability. Correlations among latencies to complete each condition and condition errors generally were moderate to high, suggesting coherence in test content. There also was evidence for good test–retest reliability. Latency to complete the TRAILS-P conditions differed as a function of the interaction of condition type and age group. Although the youngest childr...
Nephrectomy for Traumatic Renal Injuries

During a 16-year period 2,521 patients presented to our institution with renal trauma. Renal exploration was performed in 195 patients (202 renal units), with 31 units requiring exploration alone, 145 repair and 26 nephrectomy, yielding an overall nephrectomy rate of 13%. A detailed review of these 26 patients identified them as a unique population: all had major renal injuries, and as a group they demonstrated significantly higher rates of shock, injury severity scores, transfusion requirements and death rates than those in whom exploration with renal salvage was possible. In no case was nephrectomy required as a complication of exploration or attempted repair. In the properly staged patient undergoing surgery for appropriate indications with early vascular control exploration of renal injuries is safe. It is not the exploration that results in the nephrectomy but the injury itself.
The unconventional myosin encoded by the myoA gene plays a role in Dictyostelium motility.

Abstract The myoA gene of Dictyostelium is a member of a gene family of unconventional myosins. The myosin Is share homologous head and basic domains, but the myoA gene product lacks the glycine-, proline-, alanine-rich and src homology 3 domains typical of several of the other myosin Is. A mutant strain of Dictyostelium lacking a functional myoA gene was produced by gene targeting, and the motility of this strain in buffer and a spatial gradient of the chemoattractant cyclic AMP was analyzed by computer-assisted methods. The myoA- cells have a normal elongate morphology in buffer but exhibit a decrease in the instantaneous velocity of cellular translocation, an increase in the frequency of lateral pseudopod formation, and an increase in turning. In a spatial gradient, in which the frequency of pseudopod formation is depressed, myoA- cells exhibit positive chemotaxis but still turn several times more frequently than control cells. These results demonstrate that the other members of the unconventional myosin family do not fully compensate for the loss of functional myoA gene product. Surprisingly, the phenotype of the myoA- strain closely resembles that of the myoB- strain, suggesting that both play a role in the frequency of pseudopod formation and turning during cellular translocation.
Fluorescent nanocrystals for use in early cervical cancer detection

Background. Quantum dots (qdots) are a promising alternative to organic fluorophores for biological imaging. Advantages of quantum dots over organic fluorophores include broad excitation coupled with narrow, tunable emission, high resistance to chemical and metabolic degradation, a higher photobleaching threshold and finally the ability to be modified with a targeting ligand. These many properties allow quantum dots to be used in conjunction with optical detection methods for imaging. Methods. We are investigating the use of quantum dots to detect precancerous biomarkers. We have directly targeted epidermal growth factor receptors with quantum dots conjugated to anti-EGFR antibodies. Results. Compared to appropriate controls, we do see specific labeling of EGF receptors. Conclusions. Quantum dots provide a promising alternative to conventional organic dyes for biological imaging. Combined with optical imaging technologies, quantum dots can help visualize changes in cervical cancer at the molecular level. This ability may alert health care providers to the need for intervention before a cancer can metastasize.
Characterization of fragmented heavy-ion beams using a three-stage telescope detector: detector configuration and instrumentation.

Accelerated heavy‐ion beams used in biological and medical research are often utilized in conjunction with absorbers which lead to the fragmentation of the beam. The BERKLET, initially a two‐stage solid‐state telescopedetector, was designed to make rapid, on‐line energy and linear energy transfer (LET) measurements of individual particles in a heavy‐ion beam, thus allowing characterization of fragmented beams. From data collected with the BERKLET, one is able to determine a number of important parameters. These include: residual energy and LET histograms for the full beam and for the individual Z components, relative number of particles with a given Z, and dose and track average LET’s for the full beam and for the individual Z’s. Improvements to the BERKLET design and changes in data analysis are discussed and contrasted with the results of an earlier BERKLET configuration. The most notable improvements are the addition of a thin scintillation detector for improved LET measurement, a tenfold improvement in the dynamic range of the event discriminator, reported here as 1:2000, and dual high‐and low‐gain amplification of the LET signals, permitting the identification of particles with Z’s ranging from 12 down to 1.
938-59 Ultrasound Biopsy: A Novel Technique for Nondestructive Intracardiac Tissue Characterization

We have previously demonstrated that ultrasonic tissue characterization with transthoracic imaging can differentiate between normal and infarcted myocardium. To determine whether intracardiac echocardiography differentiates normal myocardial tissue from fibrous scar, we used a 12 MHz intravascular ultrasound catheter to study myocardial infarction in 4 Yorkshire pigs 3 months after distal left anterior descending coronary artery occlusion. All hearts were imaged with identical TGC and gain settings. Ten frames were analyzed for each heart with the use of videodensitometry. Average gray scale pixel intensity was computed off-line for normal and infarct regions of interest after digitization of the ten image frames. Normal regions adjacent to infarct were selected for comparison in the same circumferential TGC field. Mason-Trichrome stain was used to corroborate the location of infarct tissue in histologic sections for comparison with intracardiac echocardiography. In general, greater backscatter was observed from infarcts than from normal tissue. The mean pixel value (signal intensity) for infarct tissue sUbstantially exceeded that for normal myocardium (224 ± 11 * and 147 ± 5 for infarct vs. normal, respectively; p l 0.001). Similarly, the collagen content of infarct tissue (218 ± 84 mg/g LV) markedly exceeded that of normal myocardium (36.6 ± 2.5 mg/g LV). Thus, quantitative estimation of the scattering behavior of normal and pathologic myocardial tissue is feasible with intracardiac echocardiography, which holds promise for clinical delineation of infarct regions during cardiac catheterization.
Methane absorption in the atmosphere of Saturn : Rotational temperature and abundance from the 3ν30 band

Abstract Three high-dispersion spectra of Saturn, in the methane 3ν3 band at 1.1 μm, were obtained during September and October, 1970. Tracings of these spectra have been measured, and reduced by a curve of growth technique which assumes a reflecting-layer model and Lorentzian line profiles. The reductions yield a range of rotational temperatures from 122 to 142°K, and methane line-of-sight abundances, ηN, from 86 ± 14 to 51 ± 11 m amagat, depending on the value of the Lorentz halfwidth, a, used in computation of the curves of growth.
The last past plague: the uses of memory in Renaissance epidemics.

A travers la memoire collective, les historiens demontrent que la peste fut un phenomene epidemique discontinu en Europe durant la Renaissance
Automated remote monitoring of toxic gases with diode-laser-based sensor systems

Spectral Sciences has developed a family of automated remote gas sensors including a long-path absorption system, and a fiber- optic-based system utilizing multiple remote-sensing heads. Results are presented from initial field tests of the long-path sensor.
Disentangling system contact and services: A key pathway to evidence-based children's policy

Abstract There is often a disconnect between the best available research and the policy decisions governing the functioning of large child-serving systems. This paper argues that this is, in part, due to conflating system contact with actual service provision. When outcomes are understood in terms of contacts as compared to services, this can lead to inappropriate or inadequate policy responses. Empirical data on contact and services for four large child-serving systems (child welfare, education, juvenile court, and mental health) are presented to illustrate this dilemma. Multi-sector services and need for collaboration are also briefly reviewed. Recommendations are made for improving data infrastructure and research to help bridge the gap between what policy makers see and actual system functioning. This is presented as a key step on the path to achieving evidence-based policy to support children's well-being.
A typology of runaway youths: An empirically based definition

One approach that is useful for improving services to a heterogeneous population is to develop typologies of the subgroups within the population. Over the last few years there have been a number of typologies put forward to better define those youths who run from home. However, these typologies historically have been based on practice experience and literature reviews. In this paper, the literature is reviewed to develop composite groups of runaways and homeless youths. Then this proposed typology is tested with a sample of 262 youths from runaway shelters and youths “living on the street.” Discriminate analysis is used to develop an empirically based typology. Implications for clinicians and service providers are discussed.
Longitudinal associations between externalizing problems and student–teacher relationship quality for young children with ASD

Abstract The associations between student–teacher relationship (STR) quality and externalizing behavior problems in school were examined among 166 children with ASD (82% boys, ages 4–7 years) across three assessments over a 1.5-year period; IQs in the sample range from 50 to 139 (M = 88.7). Unlike other non-ASD populations, the association between STR quality and externalizing problems was not transactional; instead, cross-lagged panel analyses supported a child-driven pathway whereby early teacher-reported behavior problems led to poorer relationship quality over time. Higher externalizing problems predicted increased student–teacher conflict from fall to spring of the same school year and predicted increased student–teacher conflict and decreased student–teacher closeness in the subsequent school year. Child behavior problems appear to drive changes in children's relationships with teachers that follow them across multiple teachers and classroom contexts. The association between early student–teacher relationship quality and subsequent externalizing problems was not moderated by cognitive ability or intellectual disability status. Findings suggest that interventions targeting early disruptive behavior problems may indirectly improve children's school relationships over time.
Phylogenetic and structural analyses of MMTV LTR ORF sequences of exogenous and endogenous origins.

Abstract The long terminal repeat (LTR) of mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) harbors an open reading frame (ORF) that encodes a glycoprotein and is present in all exogenous and endogenous MMTV proviruses. The ORF protein has been reported to interact with the immune system of mice to cause deletion of specific Vβ-bearing subsets of T cells, Twenty-two MMTV LTR ORF sequences were analyzed. Although highly conserved, the MMTV ORF sequences are not identical, with ≈35% of the total variation clustered at the carboxy terminus. Statistical analysis revealed the presence of two conserved regions in the protein, one of which contained a transmembrane-like domain (residues 45-63). Two potential nuclear localization signals were recognized. Many ORF sequences shared polymorphisms. To analyze relationships, phylogenetic trees were constructed on the basis of alignments of LTR ORF sequences. A tree generated from the carboxy-terminal 35 residues clustered the sequences into three divergent families. The topology of the tree based on the amino-terminal 288 residues differed significantly, with some MMTV sequences rearranged relative to their carboxy-terminal families. A continuum of exogenous-like to endogenous-like character was suggested by the amino-terminal tree. The discordance between the topologies of the two trees suggests that some type of genetic exchange has occurred in the MMTV LTR gene. Mechanisms and implications of such genetic exchange are discussed.
The Cremated Catholic: The Ends of a Deceased Guatemalan

After a Guatemalan migrant worker living in northern California was killed by a hit-and-run driver while crossing a highway one night, his family requested that his body be sent back to his native village in southwestern Guatemala to be mourned and buried according to traditional Catholic custom. But the County morgue confused this deceased individual with another Latino and cremated his body before it could be shipped. This article analyzes the cultural, psychological and economic ramifications of this accidental cremation. Although permissible within the Catholic Church, the cremation caused enormous suffering to the family of the deceased as well as to the dead man's soul. At the same time it generated potential financial windfall not only for his relatives, but for lawyers and the present author.
ROLE OF CATALASE AND PEROXIDASE IN THE METABOLISM OF LEUCOCYTES

LEUCOCYTES are known to be rich in catalase1 and Myeloperoxidase1–3, yet very little is known concerning the role of these enzymes in leucocyte metabolism. In a. recent investigation by Iyer et al.4 evidence was presented for the formation of hydrogen peroxide by guinea pig exudate leucocytes. An obvious physiological function of catalase or peroxidase, therefore, might be to regulate the intracellular concentration of hydrogen peroxide which, if allowed to accumulate, could become toxic to the cells.
Solving scheduling problem in operations management using a temporal constraint reasoning system

This paper discusses the application of using temporal constraint satisfaction in solving the scheduling problems from the operation management domain. The Logos constraint reasoning system implements the constraint propagation paradigm to solve the temporal constraint satisfaction problem. We will show that temporal relationships provide a richer model to express the scheduling constraints than the precedence relationship. Furthermore, temporal constraint system can model the dynamic perturbation of the events and their impact on the schedule. This paper presents examples that illustrate how Logos can model scheduling problems and how Logos can use this model to suggest rescheduling actions in response to schedule degradations. The domain model, expressed in Logos, recognizes the impact of the schedule perturbations and generates candidate solutions to reduce the impact. We conclude that Logos provides a concise, expressive representation of operations management scheduling problems and that the temporal reasoning component of Logos is suitable to a wide variety of applications.
A THREE-AXIS MONOLITHIC RING LASER GYRO

Evolution of the inertial sensor element for aircraft navigation applications over the last three decades has happened in many areas. Volume/weight has decreased, performance/reliability has increased, and support electronics capability has increased by an order of magnitude. A rotating wheel iron gyro-based sensor element now weighs 8 lb and performs to an accuracy of 0.1 to 0.8 nmi/h. The Ring Laser Gyro-based sensor element has been introduced over the last decade. The first generation Ring Laser Gyro sensor element weighs 20 lb and performs better than 0.8 nmi/h. Significant reliability improvements are projected for this technology. This paper describes a second generation Ring Laser Gyro that will reduce weight to that of the iron gyro-based system. A brief description of the instrument is provided along with flight test data accumulated on the unit. Use of an advanced digital signal processor electronics architecture is discussed as a companion development to reduce system weight/volume and to further increase reliability.
Knitting as a feminist project

Synopsis As a site of feminist politics, knitting potentially represents a redefinition of a devalued and traditionally domestic feminine craft as empowering and creative. Further, it potentially contributes to the construction of alternative masculinities and femininities and promotes the creation of new feminist communities. However, questions remain about the specific contexts in which knitting represents an intentional political activity. In this article, I examine the possibilities of knitting as a feminist project, drawing on ethnographic research in stitch 'n bitch knitting groups and online knitting communities as well as interviews with knitters. I conclude that the meaning of knitting is context-specific and that the engagement with feminist politics by individual knitters and knitting communities in everyday life is limited.
The CtrA response regulator essential for Caulobacter crescentus cell-cycle progression requires a bipartite degradation signal for temporally controlled proteolysis

The two-component signaling protein CtrA activates or represses the expression of one-quarter of the cell-cycle-regulated genes in Caulobacter crescentus, integrating DNA replication, morphogenesis, and cell division. The activity of this essential protein is controlled by a positive transcriptional feedback loop, cell-cycle-regulated phosphorylation, and rapid proteolysis as cells enter S-phase at the swarmer-to-stalked cell transition and in the stalked portion of the asymmetric predivisional cell. CtrA activity must be removed from cells at the onset of DNA replication, because phosphorylated CtrA binds to and silences the origin of replication. The ClpXP protease is required for CtrA proteolysis but is present throughout the cell-cycle, so the mechanism for activating and deactivating CtrA proteolysis is unknown. Here, we identify a bipartite proteolytic signal in the CtrA response regulator consisting of two determinants that are each necessary but not sufficient for regulated degradation. One determinant is present in the last 15 amino acid residues of CtrA, particularly the terminal Ala-Ala residues, and another is located within the first 56 residues of the CtrA receiver domain. A fusion of the receiver domain and last 15 residues of CtrA to YFP is properly degraded in living cells. Although the N-terminal 56 residues contain the conserved Asp51 phosphorylation site, mutant analyses show that cell-cycle-controlled CtrA proteolysis is insensitive to the CtrA phosphorylation state. The N-terminal proteolytic determinant is predicted to reside on the surface of the receiver domain in beta-sheet 2 and alpha-helix 2.
Chromatographic separation of conformers of substituted asymmetric nitrosamines.

Abstract The syn and anti conforms of N-nitrosoproline, N-nitrososarcosine and N-nitroso-2-(ethylamino)-ethanol, have been separated by liquid chromatography. These conformers result from hindered rotation about the NN bond. Separation was achieved using adsorption, reversed-phase, and ion-exchange modes. For the nitroso-amino acids, a shift in the equilibrium conformer concentration was observed with changes in pH.
Correlation between the shape of a TG/DTG curve and the form of the kinetic mechanism which is applying

Abstract A method of identifying the reaction mechanism in non-isothermal kinetics is presented based on the symmetry, width and height of the DTG curve. Using a computer program, which allows the calculation of a thermogravimetric curve from selected Arrhenius parameters, heating rate and reaction mechanism, it has been possible to study how these variables alter the shape of the DTG curves. It is shown that the value of α (fraction decomposed) at which the maximum rate is obtained is characteristic for any specific mechanism, and is altered only slightly by the magnitude of the Arrhenius parameters and the heating rate. As such, with complementary information based on the width of the DTG peaks, it is usually possible to identify the mathematical expression which describes the reaction.
Contribution of double scattering to structural coloration in quasiordered nanostructures of bird feathers

We measured the polarization- and angle-resolved optical scattering and reflection spectra of the quasiordered nanostructures in the bird feather barbs. In addition to the primary peak that originates from single scattering, we observed a secondary peak which exhibits depolarization and distinct angular dispersion. We explained the secondary peak in terms of double scattering, i.e., light is scattered successively twice by the structure. The two sequential single-scattering events are considered uncorrelated. Using the Fourier power spectra of the nanostructures obtained from the small-angle x-ray scattering experiment, we calculated the double scattering of light in various directions. The double-scattering spectrum is broader than the single-scattering spectrum, and it splits into two subpeaks at larger scattering angle. The good agreement between the simulation results and the experimental data confirms that double scattering of light makes a significant contribution to the structural color.
A Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Study of the Efficacy and Safety of Paroxetine in the Treatment of Pathological Gambling

Background This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study investigated the efficacy and tolerability of paroxetine in the treatment of pathological gambling. Method Patients fulfilling DSM-IV criteria for pathological gambling and scoring > or = 5 on the South Oaks Gambling Screen were enrolled if no other Axis I disorder was present. A 1-week placebo run-in phase was followed by 8 weeks' treatment with paroxetine or placebo. The initial paroxetine dose of 20 mg/day could be increased after week 2 by 10 mg/week to a maximum of 60 mg/day. Changes in clinical status were assessed using the Gambling Symptom Assessment Scale (G-SAS) and the Clinical Global Impressions scale (CGI). Treatment-emergent symptoms were assessed weekly. Results Forty-five patients were included in an intent-to-treat analysis (N = 23 paroxetine, N = 22 placebo). Statistically significantly greater reductions in the total score of the G-SAS were observed in the paroxetine group compared with the placebo group at weeks 6 through 8 (p = .003, .003, and .042, respectively). Improvement on the CGI was also significantly greater in the paroxetine than in the placebo group at the same timepoints (p = .033, .014, and .025, respectively). A significantly greater proportion of patients in the paroxetine group were responders at weeks 7 and 8 (p = .011 and .010, respectively). Conclusion The results of this trial indicate that paroxetine may be effective in the treatment of pathological gambling. There were no unexpected side effects from this treatment. However, additional studies with larger patient samples and a longer treatment phase are required to establish conclusively the efficacy and safety of paroxetine for this indication.
Pharmacokinetics of imipenem in serum and skin window fluid in healthy adults after intramuscular or intravenous administration.

The pharmacokinetic profiles of imipenem after intramuscular (i.m.) and intravenous injections were examined in adult volunteers. Levels of imipenem in serum after i.m. injection of a microcrystalline suspension of imipenem-cilastatin (500 mg each) reached a peak (8.0 micrograms/ml) at 1.5 h after administration, and concentrations were maintained in excess of 1.5 micrograms/ml for 6 h. Serum elimination half-life (1.3 h), volume of distribution (14.5 liters), and area under the curve (AUC; 27.8 micrograms.h/ml) after i.m. injection did not significantly differ from those of a comparable dose given by intravenous infusion. Bioavailability after i.m. injection was 89%. Imipenem levels in skin window fluid after i.m. administration were maximal (4.3 micrograms/ml) at 4 h after injection, at which time imipenem concentrations exceeded those produced by intravenous infusion. The AUCskin window/AUCserum ratio for skin window fluid after i.m. injection was 68%, indicating good penetration of the drug into skin fluid. This study shows that i.m. injection of 500 mg of imipenem-cilastatin results in concentrations of imipenem in serum and skin fluid that are, for at least 6 h, consistent with antimicrobial activity against susceptible organisms.
Is stomatal conductance of Central Amazonian saplings influenced by circadian rhythms under natural conditions

Stomata control CO2 uptake and transpirational water loss, and their functioning is closely regulated by external factors, such as light, CO2 concentration, air vapor pressure deficit, and temperature. In addition, endogenous factors (e.g. biological clock) also affect stomatal movement. In comparison with ambient factors, internal factors have received less attention in Amazonian tree species. The aim of this study was to determine how stomatal functioning and photosynthesis respond to continuous light exposure during a circadian cycle. We collected data from July to September 2010 in four saplings of Amphirrhox surinamensis. Stomatal conductance (g s50) and photosynthesis at a constant photosynthetically active radiation of 50 µmol m−2 s−1 (P N50) were measured continuously during a circadian period (24 h, day and night) under a [CO2] of 380 µmol mol−1, temperature of 25 ± 2 °C, air relative humidity of 73 ± 3 %. The highest values of g s50 and P N50 were observed before 02:00 pm. Values of these parameters decreased toward the end of the afternoon and night until reaching steady state around midnight. Stomatal reopening (inferred by the increase in g s values) began after midnight (01:00 am–02:00 am) when lower temperatures were recorded. Cooler temperatures observed after midnight and higher vapor pressure deficit values recorded early in the morning should promote closing rather than stomatal opening. Stomatal reopening in the early predawn hours suggests the involvement of an endogenous timer (circadian clock) in stomatal functioning.
Nonlinear switching in multicore versus multimode waveguide junctions for mode-locked laser applications

The main differences in nonlinear switching behavior between multicore versus multimode waveguide couplers are highlighted. By gradually decreasing the separation between the two cores of a dual-core waveguide and interpolating from a multicore to a multimode scenario, the role of the linear coupling, self-phase modulation, cross-phase modulation, and four-wave mixing terms are explored, and the key reasons are identified behind higher switching power requirements and lower switching quality in multimode nonlinear couplers.
Hand and finger registration for multi-touch joysticks on software-based operator control units

Robot control typically requires many physical joysticks, buttons, and switches. Taking inspiration from video game controllers, we have created a Dynamically Resizing, Ergonomic, and Multi-touch (DREAM) controller to allow for the development of a software-based operator control unit (SoftOCU). The DREAM Controller is created wherever a person places his or her hand; thus we needed to develop an algorithm for accurate hand and finger registration. Tested with a set of 405 hands from 62 users, our algorithm correctly identified 97% of the hands.
A modified linear sweep technique for MOS-C generation rate measurements

A modified linear sweep technique is described which allows one to rapidly determine the carrier generation rate versus semiconductor depletion width dependence exhibited by deeply depleted MOS-C structures. Although requiring more sophisticated instrumentation, the modified procedure is more flexible, more accurate, and less time-consuming than the original technique.
The role of soil moisture initialization in subseasonal and seasonal streamflow prediction – A case study in Sri Lanka

The two main contributors to streamflow predictability at subseasonal to seasonal timescales in tropical regions are: (i) the predictability of meteorologic (particularly precipitation) anomalies, and (ii) the land surface soil moisture state at the start of the forecast period. Meteorological predictions at subseasonal timescale are usually fraught with error and may not be dependable. The accurate initialization of soil moisture, as obtained through real-time land data analysis, may provide skill in subseasonal to seasonal streamflow prediction, even when the prediction skill for rainfall is small. A series of experiments using the Catchment Land Surface Model (CLSM) is performed to characterize the contribution of accurate soil moisture initialization to the skill of streamflow prediction in Sri Lanka at timescales up to 2 months. We find that at the monthly timescale, accurate soil moisture initialization provides between 10% and 60% of the total runoff prediction skill that could be obtained under a perfect prediction of meteorological forcing. Some contributions to streamflow forecast skill are also found for the second month of forecast.
Investigation of the ion spectrum from 1 µm and 10 µm laser produced plasmas for extreme ultraviolet lithography

The ion energy and charge state spectrum far away from a laser produced plasma source is investigated with an electrostatic ion analyzer (EIA) probe. The effects of the wavelength of the pump laser are observed by using both a Nd:YAG laser with 1 µm wavelength, and a CO 2 laser with 10.6 µm wavelength to irradiate a planar Sn target. For both pump lasers, the additional laser parameters are set to achieve a high conversion efficiency of laser energy to extreme ultraviolet (EUV) x-rays in a 2% bandwidth centered about 13.5 nm, which is a figure of merit for the EUV lithography application. The laser irradiance to achieve this conversion efficiency is approximately 1012 W/cm2 for the Nd:YAG laser, and 1011 W/cm2 for the CO 2 laser. It was observed that the CO 2 laser generates ions at higher charge states far away from the laser plasma interaction compared to the Nd:YAG laser, even though the CO 2 laser is operated at a lower irradiance. In addition to the measurement of the ion spectrum at two laser wavelengths, the details of the custom built EIA probe are discussed, including the method used to calibrate the response of the probe to Sn ions with energies from approximately 1 to 10 keV.
An investigation and comparative analysis of two- and three-dimensional turbulent natural convection in a horizontal annulus

In the present study, simu1atioIf of turbulent buoyancy-driven flow in an annulus bounded by concentric, horizontal cylinders and adiabatif end walls has been carried out. Time-averaged equations of turbulent fluid motion and heat transfer were solved using a wall function approach coupled with the standard k-8 model. Discretization of the governing equations was achieved using a finite element scheme based on the Galerkin method of weighted residuals. Using a two-dimensional analysis, results were obtained for Rayleigh numbers ranging from lo6 to lo9 and the effects of Prandtl number and radius ratio on the flow and heat transfer characteristics were thoroughly examined. A wide range of parameters (lo6 < Ra -C 109, 0.01 i Pr < 5000, 1.5 i R i 11) was considered in the present study. A comprehensive comparative analysis establishing a unified treatment of previous experimental and computational results is presented. A good agreement was found between the results from this investigation and previous works. Results obtained from a three-dimensional model are also presented to describe more realistic three- dimensional flow characteristics. It is shown that, if the annulus is sufficiently long, there exists a core region over a substantial length of the cavity, which can be approximated by a two-dimensional model.
Preparation of alkylbenzenes from 1-alkylcyclohex-2-enols via tricarbonyliron complexes

Abstract Tertiary cyclohex-2-enols are converted directly to the related tricarbonyl-1,3-cyclohexadieneiron complexes, in good yield. Tricarbonylcyclohexadienyliron salts are conveniently oxidized to the corresponding alkylbenzenes, by cerium(IV) salts. These reactions were incorporated in a procedure of converting the cyclohexenols to aromatics, suitable for the preparation of materials specifically labelled with carbon isotopes.