cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The separate determination of human pepsin and gastricsin.

SummaryThe synthetic substrate, N-acetyl-L-phenylalanyl-L-diiodotyrosine was found to be hydrolyzed by pepsin but not at all by gastricsin. This difference has made possible the separate determination of pepsin and gastricsin in a mixture. The proteolytic activity of the mixture against APDT yielded the amount of pepsin present. The proteolytic activity of the mixture against bovine hemoglobin yielded the total amount of pepsin and gastricsin present. The amount of gastricsin was then simply calculated from the differences in these activities. The accuracy of the method was demonstrated using a reconstituted mixture of human pepsin and gastricsin. The content of pepsin and gastricsin in the native gastric juice was measured in 9 individuals both before and after histamine stimulation. Histamine stimulated the secretion of both pepsin and gastricsin.The authors are grateful to Dr. John Mills, Mr. Gene May and Mr. Lee Poyer for helpful suggestions in preparing this manuscript.
Self-efficacy to quit in HIV-infected smokers

INTRODUCTION Tobacco use is epidemic among persons living with HIV (PLWH), and several studies have shown self-efficacy (SE) to be a predictor of successful cessation. This study examined sociobehavioral correlates of SE and its predictive value for successful cessation in a group of PLWH smokers. METHODS The study was conducted on combined patient data from 2 separate randomized controlled trials of tobacco treatment for PLWH smokers. Both trials utilized the same SE scale at the same timepoints, and both had the same smoking cessation endpoint (biochemically confirmed, 7-day, point prevalence abstinence at 3 months). Univariate and multivariate techniques were used to analyze the merged dataset. RESULTS Baseline SE data were available for 272 subjects. The Self-Efficacy/Temptations Scale-Long Form demonstrated good internal reliability with overall and subscale Cronbach's alpha of .77-.92. Younger age, HIV risk other than injection drug use, recent alcohol use, and higher scores for anxiety, depression, loneliness, and nicotine dependence were all significantly correlated with lower baseline SE. Posttreatment SE was significantly predictive of successful cessation, whereas baseline SE was not. Subjects randomized to the treatment interventions were significantly more likely to quit (AOR = 2.99 [1.26-7.01], p = .01), and logistic regression suggested a possible mediating effect of posttreatment SE. CONCLUSIONS SE is tightly correlated with a number of modifiable affective and behavioral factors in PLWH smokers, and measures aimed at increasing the SE to abstain in such individuals may enhance the effect of targeted tobacco treatment strategies.
Detection and identification of mammalian DNA from the gut of museum specimens of ticks

A method for detection and identification of mammalian DNA in the gut of alcohol-preserved ticks has been developed. Successful amplification and sequencing of host cytochrome b is reported from ticks preserved in 70% alcohol for more than 40 yr. The method described shows promise for determination of unknown tick hosts.
Increasing bony contact and overlap with computer-designed offset cuts in free fibula mandible reconstruction.

BACKGROUND The free fibula flap is the standard of care in mandibular reconstruction; however, procedural nuances continue to optimize results. More accurate and efficient osteotomies for graft insetting can be envisioned, which address the difficulty in obtaining a perfect match between the cut ends of the fibula and the mandible and the subsequent giving up of maximal bone contact. We propose a method of complementary offset osteotomies. The angled cuts were virtually planned using three-dimensional computed tomographic images. Optimal offset cuts maximized surface area contact and facilitated intraoperative repositioning in the setting of additional native bone margin requirement. METHODS Using previously described protocols, three-dimensional virtual reconstructions of the facial skeleton and the fibula (average, series of five) were used to simulate osteotomies at 25, 30, 45, 60, 75, and 90 degrees to the long axis of the fibula. Complementary osteotomies were then simulated at the mandibular body just distal to the first molar in simulated free fibula reconstructions. Total area of apposing surfaces was calculated using computer-aided design. The results from the 25-, 30-, 45-, 60-, and 75-degree cuts were compared with the conventional 90-degree cut. Resin-based mandibular osteotomy guides and a complementary fibula jig were manufactured using computer-aided design. Two representative clinical cases were presented to illustrate proof of principle and benefits. RESULTS The total surface area of apposing fibula and mandible surfaces in a conventional 90-degree cut was 103.8 ± 2.05 mm. Decreasing this angle to 75, 60, 45, 30, and 25 degrees yielded increased surface areas of 0.86%, 10.3%, 35.3%, 136.7%, and 194.3%, respectively. Cuts of 25 degrees also allowed for adequate bony contact in the setting of additional margin requirements up to 2.77 cm. Complementary 45-degree cuts provided excellent bone-to-bone contact in a free fibula reconstruction using resin guides and a jig. This angle also facilitated access of the saw to the distal mandible. CONCLUSIONS Virtual surgical planning is an increasingly recognized technology for optimizing surgical outcomes and minimizing operative time. We present a technique that takes advantage of the precision complementary osteotomies that this technology affords. By creating offset cuts, we can maximize bony contact and ensure adequate contact should additional margins or intraoperative adjustments be required. This flexibility maximizes the precision of premanufactured cutting guides, mitigates the constraints of sometimes unpredictable intraoperative environments, and maximizes bony contact.
Heat Denaturation of Bovine Liver Glutamate Dehydrogenase

Heat denaturation of bovine liver glutamate dehydrogenase occurred at 47 degrees with loss of enzyme activity and formation of inactive, insoluble protein. Fractional loss of catalytic activity coincided with alteration in protein fluorescence and solubility for a corresponding percentage of protein molecules. Operationally, at 50% denaturation, one-half of the total population of enzyme molecules is fully active catalytically and soluble and the other half of the protein molecule population is completely inactive catalytically and insoluble.
Longevity and mating behavior in males and parthenogenesis in females in hybridized Boophilus ticks (Acari: Ixodidae).

The longevity and mating capacity of 2 types of hybrid male Boophilus ticks were studied on stanchioned bovine hosts. Type I males ( B. microplus ♂ × B. annulatus ♀) had a mean premating period of 2.5 (range 1–4) days, whereas the average premating period in Type II males ( B. annulatus ♂ × B. microplus ♀) was 3.1 (range 2–5) days. The mean longevity of Type I and Type II males was 32.4 (range 14–59) and 71.2 (range 19–93) days, respectively. Type I males mated an average of 6.3 (range 3–14) B. annulatus and 9.2 (range 4–14) B. microplus females. Type II males mated an average of 26.2 (range 13–34) B. annulatus and 19.1 (range 5–31) B. microplus females. The high number of sterile matings and longer survival time exhibited by Type II males indicated that they would be the better choice in a sterile release program. Unmated hybrid females fed to repletion, but engorgement period was 35 days and repletion weights were reduced, as were egg-mass weights and egg hatchability (10.01%). Therefore, parthenogenesis would pose no threat to a sterile program as an alternate mode of reproduction.
Comparison of Deconvolution Filters for Photoacoustic Tomography

In this work, we compare the merits of three temporal data deconvolution methods for use in the filtered backprojection algorithm for photoacoustic tomography (PAT). We evaluate the standard Fourier division technique, the Wiener deconvolution filter, and a Tikhonov L-2 norm regularized matrix inversion method. Our experiments were carried out on subjects of various appearances, namely a pencil lead, two man-made phantoms, an in vivo subcutaneous mouse tumor model, and a perfused and excised mouse brain. All subjects were scanned using an imaging system with a rotatable hemispherical bowl, into which 128 ultrasound transducer elements were embedded in a spiral pattern. We characterized the frequency response of each deconvolution method, compared the final image quality achieved by each deconvolution technique, and evaluated each method’s robustness to noise. The frequency response was quantified by measuring the accuracy with which each filter recovered the ideal flat frequency spectrum of an experimentally measured impulse response. Image quality under the various scenarios was quantified by computing noise versus resolution curves for a point source phantom, as well as the full width at half maximum (FWHM) and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) of selected image features such as dots and linear structures in additional imaging subjects. It was found that the Tikhonov filter yielded the most accurate balance of lower and higher frequency content (as measured by comparing the spectra of deconvolved impulse response signals to the ideal flat frequency spectrum), achieved a competitive image resolution and contrast-to-noise ratio, and yielded the greatest robustness to noise. While the Wiener filter achieved a similar image resolution, it tended to underrepresent the lower frequency content of the deconvolved signals, and hence of the reconstructed images after backprojection. In addition, its robustness to noise was poorer than that of the Tikhonov filter. The performance of the Fourier filter was found to be the poorest of all three methods, based on the reconstructed images’ lowest resolution (blurriest appearance), generally lowest contrast-to-noise ratio, and lowest robustness to noise. Overall, the Tikhonov filter was deemed to produce the most desirable image reconstructions.
Physical Activity and Variation in Momentary Behavioral Cognitions: An Ecological Momentary Assessment Study.

Background: Decisions to perform moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) involve behavioral cognitive processes that may differ within individuals depending on the situation. Methods: Ecological momentary assessment (EMA) was used to examine the relationships of momentary behavioral cognitions (ie, self-efficacy, outcome expectancy, intentions) with MVPA (measured by accelerometer). A sample of 116 adults (mean age, 40.3 years; 72.4% female) provided real-time EMA responses via mobile phones across 4 days. Multilevel models were used to test whether momentary behavioral cognitions differed across contexts and were associated with subsequent MVPA. Mixed-effects location scale models were used to examine whether subject-level means and within-subjects variances in behavioral cognitions were associated with average daily MVPA. Results: Momentary behavioral cognitions differed across contexts for self-efficacy (P = .007) but not for outcome expectancy (P = .53) or intentions (P = .16). Momentary self-ef...
Aircraft Engine MRAC Based on Elman Neural Network

In order to deal with the complexity and variability of the math model of aircraft engine,a self adaptive system of control based on Elman neural network is established.For improving the response results,the DBP of Elman network is adopted simultaneously in NNC and NNI to realize online adjusting and identification of parameters and the convergence of its calculation is testified by Lyapunov Function.The thesis further simulates the control of aircraft turbojet engine of both on-the-ground and in-the-air model with step signal as input,which proves several advantages of this control system such as better adaptive capability,sensitive response and minimal stable error.And theoretic analysis and simulation results are tallied,which prove that the arithmetic and result are correct and effectual,can provide reference for controlling complex dynamic system.
Optimization algorithm of tension setup in tension-leveler based on static errors

In the continuous pickling line and tandem cold rolling,elongation and tension were out of the precise control level when tension-leveler flying gauge changed or roll changed,which affected the pickling quality.To solve this problem,a new tension model was proposed,and the steady state error was put into the model to improve the tension-leveler model accuracy.Practical application results show that the average tension deviation of the first coil strip dropped from 4.477%to 1.798%after changing roll,which greatly improved the elongation control level.The generic solution of the steady state error in the tension model was provided.The proposed model was used properly on-line for a long time which was suitable for industrial promotion.
Population classification of fresh-water crab germplasm resources in Fujian province, China

Objective To investigate the species composition and geographic distribution of fresh- water crabs in Fujian province, China, and to provide technical guidance for the prevention and control of related diseases.Methods Specimenscollected in Fujian province were systematically classified and preserved. A database was constructed with descriptive information, images, and related data.ResultsA total of 710 specimens in accordance with biological criteria were collectedwith complete records. All specimens were classified into 2 families, 5 genera, and 13 species. Among these were Somanniathelphusa zhangpuensis of the genus Somanniathelphusa, Nanhaipotamon nanriense of the genus Nanhaipotamon,Huananpotamon angulatum, H. changpodum, and H. sheni of the genus Huananpotamon, Sinopotamon fjkienense, S. jianglense,S. chekiangense mindongense, S. pinheense, and S. zhangzhouense of the genus Sinopotamon, and Bottapotamon fukienense,B. yonganense, and B. engelhardti of the genus Bottapotamon.Conclusion A database containing the information on population classification and geographic distribution of fresh-water crabs in Fujian province and a resource sharing platform for permanent preservation of fresh-water crab specimens have been established.
Hyperostosis induced by the bisphosphonate (2-PEBP) in the oophorectomized rat

To prevent the high turnover bone remodeling associated with acute estrogen deficiency, the bisphosphonate [2-(2-pyridinyl) ethylidene-BP] (2-PEBP) was administered to oophorectomized (OX) rats. Three groups of 15 rats each (250 g) were studied. Group (Gp) A was sham operated, Gp B was OX, and Gp C received 2-PEBP (1.72 mg/kg/day) intraperitoneally for 3 days commencing 4 days postoophorectomy. Oophorectomy was confirmed with serum estradiol measurements. Blood samples were collected on days −7, 0, 7, 14, 21, and 28 for ionized calcium (Ca2+), PTH, and serum bone gla protein (BGP). Rats received tetracycline for bone histomorphometric labeling. All results were compared to Gp A. Body weight increased significantly in Gps B and C (P<0.005 by day 28). There was no significant difference in Ca2+, and PTH levels in Gps B and C were similar to Gp A. BGP levels were significantly higher on day 28 in Gp B (P<0.05). In Gp C, BGP levels were significantly decreased on days 7,21, and 28 (P<0.03). Gp B revealed increased bone turnover without loss of bone volume (BV/TV). BV/TV was significantly increased in Gp C despite a decrease in parameters of bone formation and normal osteoclast number. In conclusion, 2-PEBP in the OX rat inhibited bone resorption more than formation with resultant hyperostosis. Serum BGP appeared to be a good marker of the changes observed on bone histomorphometry.
Exposure to violence, typology, and recidivism in a probation sample of domestic violence perpetrators

The present study investigated the predictive utility of self-reported domestic violence perpetrators' exposure to violence in their family of origin and patterns related to this exposure through the use of longitudinal analyses on a sample of 228 men on probation in Lake County, Illinois. Differences in typology, recidivism, recidivism frequency, and violent behavior survival patterns in men with a history of domestic violence perpetration and with varying levels of family of origin violence exposure were examined. Findings suggest that those who witnessed interparental violence (either alone, or in combination with experiencing violence) were most likely to be classified as Generally Violent offenders (e.g., perpetrators who direct violence toward their family and others), compared to those who did not report experiencing or witnessing violence. In addition, results also indicate that men who experienced both witnessing interparental violence and receiving physical abuse in childhood were more likely to recidivate more frequently compared to those who did not report experiencing or witnessing violence. No significant findings for typology and recidivism were noted. Clinical and policy/practice implications are discussed.
Effects of Electropolymerization Parameters of PPy(DBS) Surfaces on the Droplet Flattening Behaviors During Redox

We present a systematic study on the effects of electropolymerization parameters of polypyrrole-dodecylbenzenesulfonate (PPy(DBS)) surfaces on the flattening behaviors of organic droplets during reduction and oxidation (redox). PPy(DBS) surfaces were fabricated under varying electropolymerization conditions, including voltage, surface charge density, and dopant electrolyte (DBS–) concentration. The flattening behaviors on different PPy(DBS) surfaces were characterized by analyzing droplet behaviors and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) data. The surface charge density and voltage during electropolymerization determined the thickness and doping ratio of synthesized PPy(DBS) surfaces, affecting how DBS– molecules are released from PPy(DBS) upon reduction. The release amount and rate of DBS– molecules were strongly related to the droplet flattening time.
A Sixty-One-Year-Old Woman with Ischemia After Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Case Report.

Arterial complications after total knee arthroplasty are rare, but potentially devastating. Most cases are attributable to predisposing patient risk factors and iatrogenic trauma or manipulation1. Numerous causes, such as thrombosis, vessel severance, aneurysm, and plaque embolization, have been reported in the literature1-4, and the anatomic relationships in the popliteal fossa have been well-described5. We present a case of acute ischemia after total knee arthroplasty associated with position-dependent occlusion of the popliteal artery. The contributing factors included a common underlying patient condition and a frequently used femoral component design. Orthopaedic surgeons that perform total knee arthroplasty regularly should be cognizant of the hallmark presentation of this complication, the appropriate clinical workup, and the optimal treatment options. The patient was informed that data concerning the case would be submitted for publication, and she provided consent. A sixty-one-year-old woman presented with acute right leg ischemia in the postoperative recovery unit after routine cemented total knee arthroplasty for osteoarthritis. She had symptoms of marked pain and weakness throughout the leg. Surgery had been performed via a standard medial parapatellar approach with a tourniquet in place. An LPS-Flex Fixed Bearing implant system (Zimmer, Warsaw, Indiana) with a size 5 tibial baseplate, 29-mm patella, 14-mm polyethylene insert, and size F gender-specific femoral component had been used. Preoperative templating for size and alignment as well as intraoperative bone resection had been facilitated by the Patient Specific Instrumentation (PSI) system (Zimmer). The posterior osteophytes had been removed to achieve full knee extension, and soft-tissue balancing had included subperiosteal elevation of the posterior oblique ligament, deep medial collateral ligament, and semimembranosus tendon insertion. The patient’s medical history included hypertension, coronary artery disease, and carotid artery disease. She denied exertional chest pain or lower-extremity claudication. The remainder of the history was noncontributory. …
Size and strain rate effects in metallic samples of confined volumes: Dislocation length distribution

Abstract In metallic samples of confined volumes, the size effects are governed by the characteristics of the dislocation network. However, there are only few studies that quantitatively tried to relate the dislocation network properties to the sample size effects. The present work studies the dislocation length distribution in pillars with different sizes during compression test with different strain rates using large scale atomistic simulation. The size and strain rate effects are then investigated using the observed dislocation length distribution.
The center for the advancement of engineering education: a review of results and resources

The Center for the Advancement of Engineering Education (CAEE) conducted research on the learning experiences of engineeringundergraduates, the teaching practices of engineering faculty, and methods to build capacity to teach engineering and conduct high-quality engineering education research. This paper has two goals: to present a sample of key findings from these multiple researchthreads and to highlight the various tools and processes developed by the CAEE research team that are available for use by others.These resources include survey, interview, and design task instruments, as well as a year-by-year guide to the development andimplementation of the Academic Pathways Study (APS), CAEE’s in-depth study of engineering undergraduates. A more extendeddiscussion of findings is available in CAEE’s final report,Enabling Engineering Student Success. The final report and the tools forresearchers can all be viewed and downloaded through the CAEE website at http://www.engr.uw.edu/caee/. CAEE was funded bythe National Science Foundation from 2003 to 2009.
Globalization: Defining the Terrain

Globalization can be a nebulous term. It often roots itself on a continuum where definitions range from economic partnerships to a focus on human capacity to embracing principles of equity and social justice both locally and globally. While globalization has developed different connotations and nuances across various fields, what remains constant is the importance and potential it carries with it. In our increasingly internationalized world, globalization has the potential to represent the move towards interconnection, collaboration, and intercultural understanding.
THE RISK OF HITTING THE ZERO LOWER BOUND AND THE OPTIMAL INFLATION TARGET

I examine the optimal inflation target in a dynamic stochastic New Keynesian model featuring an occasionally binding zero lower bound on nominal interest rate (ZLB). To this end, I first calibrate the shock needed to generate the risk of hitting the ZLB that matches the U.S. data, based on a fully nonlinear method. I then resolve the model with different inflation targets and find that the optimal target is 3.4%. In addition, the optimal inflation target is a nonlinear function of the risk of hitting the ZLB and inflation indexation. It is always greater than 2% if the risk is greater than 2.5% or if the inflation indexation is higher than 0.5. Finally, the linear–quadratic approach overestimates the true optimal inflation target. In particular, based on the benchmark calibration, it generates an optimal target of 5.5%, compared with 3.4% found by the fully nonlinear method.
Review: Noah's Ark: Essays on Architecture, by Hubert Damisch

Hubert Damisch Noah's Ark: Essays on Architecture Translated from the French by Julie Rose; edited and with an introduction by Anthony Vidler. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 2016, 392 pp., 61 b/w illus. $30.95/£25.95 (paper), ISBN 9780262528580 French readers will have good reason to be envious. Noah's Ark , an anthology of the essays of Hubert Damisch, is not simply the translation of an existing volume by the author of A Theory of Cloud —the first book by which he became known in 1972.1 Instead, it is a truly new editorial creation. We should bear in mind that Damisch is hardly unknown to English readers, who have had access to his magisterial Origin of Perspective since 1994.2 In the field of architecture and critical urban thinking, his insightful texts on the cities of the New World were translated in 2001 under the title Skyline: The Narcissistic City , five years after the publication of the original collection.3 Despite some occasional and limited translations, the entire spectrum of his reflections on architecture since the 1960s has never been made available, even to the Francophone audience. This deficiency is all the more paradoxical given that Damisch has unquestionably remained unique among French intellectuals of the past decades for his dedication to making architecture and urban form into a field of theoretical and critical research. He has avoided the kind of condescension or amateurism displayed by writers from established disciplines, as well as the opportunism of most authors who have looked down on architecture from the Olympian heights of their disciplines. Instead, he has approached the subject without any trace of smugness or self-importance in terms of its fundamental constitution and its intersections …
Colorectal Cancer Surveillance: What Is the Optimal Frequency of Follow-up and Which Tools Best Predict Recurrence?

Up to 50% of patients with stage II or III colon cancer are estimated to develop locoregional recurrence, distant metastasis, or metachronous colon cancers within 5 years of initial treatment. Given the high risk of recurrence, surveillance is critical, but what is the optimal frequency and testing of surveillance, and is it possible to tailor surveillance plans based on risk prediction tools? We reviewed the current national guidelines from 6 reputable oncologic organizations, as well as 10 randomized controlled trials and numerous meta-analyses in the last 22 years evaluating more intensive to less intensive surveillance to answer this question. Currently available adjunct testing, such as genomic testing, and risk calculators were also evaluated. Overall, high-frequency surveillance, to a limit, has been established as superior to less frequency surveillance. Future research will likely demonstrate evidence for adjunct testing for personalized surveillance screening based on individual recurrence risk.
Lung progenitor and stem cell biology and therapy

Abstract: This chapter outlines the diverse populations of endogenous and circulating lung stem cells which play a role in lung homeostasis and responses to lung injury. The role of lung stem cells in the pathobiology of such lung diseases as COPD, lung cancer, ARDS, pulmonary fibrosis, pulmonary hypertension, and cystic fibrosis is discussed, as well as the potential benefit of lung stem cell therapy. Significant advances in the field include transgenic mouse models to test mechanisms of lung stem cell function, and bioengineered lung tissue.
Multiple cranial neuropathies as a presentation of spontaneous internal carotid artery dissection: A case report and literature review

Cervical artery dissection is an underrecognized cause of lower cranial neuropathies and diagnosis can remain elusive if not properly investigated. We present a case of an internal carotid artery dissection that was initially missed in a 48-year-old man who presented with subacute-onset of dysarthria, dysphagia, and unilateral tongue weakness. Knowledge of the most common presenting symptoms, relevant neuroanatomy, and neuroimaging techniques is essential to avoid misdiagnosis. Pseudoaneurysm formation from subadventitial carotid artery dissection may result in compressive neuropathies of cranial nerves IX, X, XI, and XII without associated cerebral ischemia. The absence of intraluminal narrowing on CT or MR angiography should not dissuade the clinician; T1-weighted axial cervical MRI with fat-saturation provides the highest sensitivity and specificity to identify these lesions.
The Evolving Epidemiology of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease in People with Diabetes

Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) is a leading global cause of death and accounts for most deaths among individuals with diabetes. This article reviews the latest observational and trial data on changes in the relationship between diabetes and ASCVD risk, remaining gaps in how the role of each risk factor is understood, and current knowledge about specific interventions. Differences between high-income countries and low-income and middle-income countries are examined, barriers and facilitators are discussed, and a discussion around the concept of ideal cardiovascular health factors (Life's Simple 7) is focused on.
Current antiretroviral therapy: an overview

Advances in the understanding of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) pathogenesis, clinical assessment with viral load testing and the availability of potent combination antiretroviral therapy regimens have led to significant changes in options for HIV-infected patients. From the first approved antiretroviral agent, zidovudine (AZT), through two-drug nucleoside analogue regimens, to the current three-drug combination regimens with protease inhibitors, both the benefits of therapy and the complexities of therapy continue to increase. With the clinical benefits come associated lifestyle constraints and, thus, the impact and assessment of potent antiretroviral therapy on patient quality of life (QoL) becomes increasingly complicated.
Production Reliability and Automation Improvement of a High Current Ion Implanter

In order for a company to remain competitive in the ion implant industry today, they must have quality equipment that is reliable and fully automated.
Supramolecular Assembly of Biological Molecules

In the first part of these lectures we describe recent work on the self-assembled structures of cationic liposome-DNA (CL-DNA) complexes by the quantitative techniques of synchrotron x-ray diffraction. CL-DNA complexes are currently used in worldwide gene therapy applications. Unraveling the relation between structure and transfection efficiency (i.e. DNA transfer and expression) is the goal of such research. Distinct structures have been discovered including, a multilamellar structure with alternating lipid bilayer and DNA monolayers, and an inverted hexagonal structure with DNA coated by lipid tubules. Confocal optical imaging and cell transfection results are beginning to unravel the relationship between these nanostructured assemblies and transfection efficiency. In the last part we briefly present a discussion of filamentous actin-cytoskeletal assembly in vitro.
Fast-food meal reduces peripheral artery endothelial function but not cerebral vascular hypercapnic reactivity in healthy young men

Consumption of a representative fast‐food meal (FFMeal) acutely impairs peripheral conduit artery vascular function; however, the effect on cerebral vascular function remains unknown. This study tested the hypothesis that a FFMeal would impair cerebral vascular function as indexed by an attenuated increase in cerebral vascular conductance (CVCI) in the middle cerebral artery (MCA) during a hypercapnic challenge. Ten healthy men (age: 24 ± 3 years, BMI: 24.3 ± 3.8 kg/m2) were studied under two conditions; a standardized FFMeal (990 kcals, 50% fat, 36% carbohydrate, 14% protein, and 2120 mg sodium) and a fasting control condition. Basal hemodynamics, cerebral vasomotor reactivity (CVMR), and brachial artery flow‐mediated dilation (BA FMD) were completed after an overnight fast (Pre) and again 2 h and 4 h later both days. To assess CVMR, subjects rebreathed from a 5‐L bag while MCA velocity (MCAV mean) was measured using transcranial Doppler (TCD) ultrasound and converted into CVCI (MCAV mean/mean arterial pressure). Peripheral artery endothelial function was assessed via BA FMD following a standard 5‐min occlusion protocol. As expected, BA FMD was reduced at 2 h (Pre: 6.6 ± 1.7% vs. 5.2 ± 1.8%, P = 0.01). However, despite significant impairment in BA FMD, neither peak CVCI %baseline nor CVMR was affected by the FFMeal (Control–Pre: 1.9 ± 1.1, 2 h: 2.1 ± 1.1, 4 h: 1.7 ± 1.1 ∆CVCI%·∆PETCO 2 −1 vs. FFMeal–Pre: 2.1 ± 1.1, 2 h: 2.2 ± 0.7, 4 h: 1.9 ± 0.9 ∆CVCI%·∆PETCO 2 −1, time × condition P = 0.88). These results suggest that cerebral vascular reactivity to hypercapnia in healthy young men is not altered by an acute FFMeal.
The Diurnal and Nocturnal Effects of Pilocarpine on Intraocular Pressure in Patients Receiving Prostaglandin Analog Monotherapy.

Abstract Purpose: The purpose of the study was to determine the 24-h effects of pilocarpine 2% ophthalmic solution on intraocular pressure (IOP) and ocular perfusion pressure (OPP) when used in add...
A Mobile Application for Collecting Task Time Data for Value Stream Mapping of the Final 50 Feet of Urban Goods Delivery Processes

Delivery options have become very diverse with online shoppers demanding faster delivery options (e.g, 2-day delivery, same day delivery options) and more personalized services. For this reason, tr...
An Overview of Recent Convolutional Neural Network Algorithms for Image Recognition

An important aspect of a guidance system in an autonomous vehicle is the detection of objects and extraction of reliable features that can identify the object from images. Object detection methods have evolved in the last 20 years, with convolutional neural network algorithms in particular showing promise. This paper compares and contrasts recent convolutional neural network algorithms using the BelgiumTS Dataset. The different convolutional neural networks used and compared are AlexNet, VGGNet, GoogleNet, and ResNet. The object detection methods will be used to find the best processing speed and recognition rate among the convolutional neural networks. A survey of published state-of-the-art, convolutional neural networks are evaluated against published results.
Toward a Theory of Labeling Artistically Talented Students.

Theory is not well developed in the social psychology of gifted and talented students, though a parallel body of theoretical formulation has evolved in the social psychology of handicapped persons....
Reliability Assessment of Steel Bridges for Specialized Hauling Vehicles

Specialized hauling vehicles (SHVs) are short heavy trucks within the legal weight limits but induce higher load effects than routine commercial loads. The Manual for Bridge Evaluation (MBE) adopte...
Development of a Hydrogen Refueling Station Design Tool

Abstract In the last couple of decades, there has been a growing concern in what effects fossil fuels are having on the environment, resulting in governments and governing organizations issuing stringent emission standards in an effort to curve their environmental damage. To meet these new standards, the transportation industry has been conducting research into alternative fuels, such as hydrogen, but one critical problem utilizing hydrogen is that there is almost no infrastructure. A network of hydrogen refueling stations similar to modern gasoline stations will be required to be constructed to meet future demand. The hydrogen refueling station model was created to aid in designing hydrogen facilities, thus accelerating their development while reducing design cost. A model was created using Simulink consisting of an electrolyzer that generates hydrogen, a compressor, numerous storage tanks, a dispensing unit that transfers hydrogen, and a vehicle component that consumes hydrogen fuel. The model was validated using data from existing hydrogen refueling stations, and the data obtained from testing the previous version of the hydrogen refueling station model to determine model accuracy and if the model has improved. The model has demonstrated that it can produce reasonable results for a station's performance and has improved compared to the previous version.
Review of current status of molecular diagnosis and characterization of monogenic diabetes mellitus: a focus on next-generation sequencing.

Introduction: Monogenic diabetes is a subset of diabetes characterized by the presence of single-gene mutations and includes neonatal diabetes mellitus and maturity-onset diabetes of the young. Due...
Initial regime of drop coalescence

What is the initial regime of coalescence when two drops just touch at a point? This long-standing problem has proven formidable because of the smallness of the bridge that is required to connect the drops at the initial instant in any continuum simulation. Here, initial bridge radii, heights, and radii of curvature as small as 10${}^{\ensuremath{-}6}$, 10${}^{\ensuremath{-}12}$, and 10${}^{\ensuremath{-}18}$ are achieved, showing that coalescence always begins in a Stokes regime. The inertially limited viscous regime is shown to be a Taylor-Culick-like regime seen only when drops are initially separated by a finite distance.
Social class differences in the relationships between problem gambling and deviant behavior

Previous studies have suggested that problem gambling is associated with various deviant outcomes. Little research, however, has considered the extent to which such relationships vary by subgroups ...
Stimulated brillouin scattering in nanoscale silicon step-index waveguides: A general framework of selection rules and calculating SBS gain

We develop a general framework of evaluating the Stimulated Brillouin Scattering (SBS) gain coefficient in optical waveguides via the overlap integral between optical and elastic eigen-modes. This full-vectorial formulation of SBS coupling rigorously accounts for the effects of both radiation pressure and electrostriction within micro- and nano-scale waveguides. We show that both contributions play a critical role in SBS coupling as modal confinement approaches the sub-wavelength scale. Through analysis of each contribution to the optical force, we show that spatial symmetry of the optical force dictates the selection rules of the excitable elastic modes. By applying this method to a rectangular silicon waveguide, we demonstrate how the optical force distribution and elastic modal profiles jointly determine the magnitude and scaling of SBS gains in both forward and backward SBS processes. We further apply this method to the study of intra- and inter-modal SBS processes, and demonstrate that the coupling between distinct optical modes are necessary to excite elastic modes with all possible symmetries. For example, we show that strong inter-polarization coupling can be achieved between the fundamental TE- and TM-like modes of a suspended silicon waveguide.
Bulk halide perovskites as triplet sensitizers: progress and prospects in photon upconversion

Triplet–triplet annihilation-based photon upconversion (TTA-UC) is a promising mechanism for harvesting lower energy photons by converting them to a higher energy. Photons generated from this process can be used for numerous applications, including photovoltaics, infrared sensing and imaging, biomedicine and photochemical reactions. Recently, bulk metal halide perovskite semiconductors have been introduced as triplet sensitizers for the TTA-UC process. While relatively efficient upconversion has been achieved at low fluences, the full potential of these materials as triplet sensitizers has not been unlocked. Here, we examine four pathways for device optimization and improvements, while discussing relevant works and potential further improvements. Finally, we discuss the outlook and bright future of such perovskite materials as triplet sensitizers and their important role in solid-state upconversion applications.
Trends in Food Sources and Diet Quality Among US Children and Adults, 2003-2018.

Importance Time trends and population disparities in nutritional quality of foods from major US sources, including grocery stores, restaurants, schools, worksites, and other sources, are not well established. Objective To investigate patterns and trends in diet quality by food sources among US children and adults overall and in sociodemographic subgroups. Design, Setting, and Participants This serial, cross-sectional survey study included respondents from 8 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey cycles (2003-2018) with valid dietary recalls. Data were analyzed from April 16, 2020, to July 20, 2020. Exposures Survey cycle, food source, and key sociodemographic subgroups. Main Outcomes and Measures Mean diet quality of foods (meals, snacks, and beverages) consumed per person, characterized by the American Heart Association diet score (range, 0-80, with higher scores indicating healthier diets), the Healthy Eating Index 2015 (range, 0-100, with higher scores indicating healthier diets), and their components. For the American Heart Association diet score, poor diet was defined as less than 40.0% adherence (score, Results The study included 20 905 children 5 to 19 years of age (mean [SD] age, 12.1 [5.24] years; 51.0% male) and 39 757 adults 20 years or older (mean [SD] age, 47.3 [15.1] years; 51.9% female). Diet quality of foods consumed from grocery stores increased modestly in children (53.2% to 45.1% with poor diet quality;P = .006 for trend) and adults (40.1% to 32.9% with poor diet quality;P = .001 for trend), with smaller changes for restaurants among children (84.8% to 79.6% with poor diet quality;P = .003 for trend). Changes for restaurants among adults were not statistically significant (65.4% to 65.2% with poor diet quality;P = .07 with poor diet quality); the same was true of worksites (adults: 55.6% to 50.7% with poor diet quality;P = .25 for trend). Food quality from other sources worsened (children: 40.0% to 51.7% with poor diet quality; adults: 33.8% to 43.8% with poor diet quality;P Conclusions and Relevance By 2017-2018, foods consumed at schools improved significantly and provided the best mean diet quality of major US food sources, without population disparities. Additional improvements are needed from all major US food sources, with particular attention on equity.
Offspring of Obese Dams Exhibit Sex-Differences in Pancreatic Heparan Sulfate Glycosaminoglycans and Islet Insulin Secretion.

Offspring of obese mothers suffer higher risks of type 2 diabetes due to increased adiposity and decreased β cell function. To date, the sex-differences in offspring islet insulin secretion during early life has not been evaluated extensively, particularly prior to weaning at postnatal day 21 (P21). To determine the role of maternal obesity on offspring islet insulin secretion, C57Bl/6J female dams were fed chow or western diet from 4 weeks prior to mating to induce maternal obesity. First, offspring of chow-fed and obese dams were evaluated on postnatal day 21 (P21) prior to weaning for body composition, glucose and insulin tolerance, and islet phasic insulin-secretion. Compared to same-sex controls, both male and female P21 offspring born to obese dams (MatOb) had higher body adiposity and exhibited sex-specific differences in glucose tolerance and insulin secretion. The male MatOb offspring developed the highest extent of glucose intolerance and lowest glucose-induced insulin secretion. In contrast, P21 female offspring of obese dams had unimpaired insulin secretion. Using SAX-HPLC, we found that male MatOb had a decrease in pancreatic heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycan, which is a macromolecule critical for islet health. Notably, 8-weeks-old offspring of obese dams continued to exhibit a similar pattern of sex-differences in glucose intolerance and decreased islet insulin secretion. Overall, our study suggests that maternal obesity induces sex-specific changes to pancreatic HSG in offspring and a lasting effect on offspring insulin secretion, leading to the sex-differences in glucose intolerance.
Control of red and green morphs of tobacco aphids (Homoptera: Aphididae) in flue-cured tobacco.

Control of red and green morphs of the tobacco aphid, Myzus nicotianae Blackman, was investigated in field and laboratory tests on flue-cured tobacco in Georgia during 1987–1989. Acephate provided good control of both morphs at 0.75 and 0.5 lbs. AI/acre, and fair to poor control of both morphs at 0.25 and 0.125 lbs. AI/acre. Methomyl, endosulfan, and Endocide Plus (endosulfan plus parathion) also provided effective control of both morphs. Malathion, oxamyl, and tralomethrin provided significantly better control of the green morph than the red morph. Microencapsulated methyl parathion was totally ineffective in controlling either green or red color forms. In laboratory tests, the residual activity of acephate provided high mortality and a reduction in live nymphs produced for up to 14 days after application for both morphs, although these effects were more pronounced with green aphids. The residual activity of methomyl had no adverse effects on either morph 3 days after treatment.
Disasters, FMD and Food Security: Macroeconomic Responses to Large Scale Disruptions of U.S. Food Production

Without question, it was the 9/11 attacks and subsequent anthrax incidents that sounded the alarm that deliberate contamination of the nation’s food supply is a real possibility. Some foods are more susceptible to deliberate contamination than others, but there is no practical way one can completely eliminate the possibility of being affected. Furthermore, while the psychological implications of an attack on the food supply are sobering, many of the human and economic dimensions of such an event are indistinguishable from those that would occur in the wake of a natural food contamination event. And, not surprisingly, the effects can be significant and wide spread.To contribute to this policy research agenda, we forecast the economic consequences of a major, but hypothetical, event leading to widespread contamination of the food system. For the simulation, we assume that there is an outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD). Our choice is based primarily on the fact that it would be reasonably easy to transport the disease into the United States, and to disseminate it among feedlots and farms across the country. Since the immediate effect of this disease on the productivity of the livestock sector could also have a potentially disastrous effect on the entire supply chain and U.S. exports of livestock, meat, and dairy products depending upon the extent of the outbreak, and the global response to it, we measure these impacts within the context of a computable general equilibrium (CGE) model of the global economy. The immediate impacts of FMD are modeled as “shocks“ to the outputs of the U.S. livestock, raw milk and other animal products sectors (which includes swine and poultry). These shocks, in turn, result in indirect impacts on all sectors throughout the U. S. economy. There are indirect effects in international markets as well, and these impacts on trade are particularly significant if one assumes that there is a complete ban on exports of livestock, animal products, meat, and dairy products from the United States to all FMD-free regions. In calibrating our initial shocks, we account explicitly for the fact that some primary factors of agricultural production, such as land and capital, are only partially mobile between sectors, particularly in the short run, and perhaps for some specialized resources in the longer run as well. We conduct the empirical analysis using GTAP, a multi-region, multi-sector computable general equilibrium model of the global economy.
A unique tool set for engineering complex systems

Complex software systems embody a wide spectrum of properties that can affect life-cycle management. Through a unique tool set, we are able to quantify large-system features that directly impact software architecture, porting, reliability, and maintenance. The primary goal is early identification of risks to deployment and post-deployment support. The tools include Ada 83 and C System Dependency Analyzers, an Ada 83 Common Code Recognizer; an Ada 83 Tasking Identifier and a Rate Monotonic Analysis Scheduler. Millions of lines of code have been successfully assessed in practice.