cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Extraction of local hydrogen exchange data from HDX CAD MS measurements by deconvolution of isotopic distributions of fragment ions

Hydrogen/deuterium exchange (HDX) coupled to protein fragmentation either in solution (by means of proteolysis) or in the gas phase (using collisional activation of protein ions) and followed by mass spectral measurements of deuterium content of individual fragments has become one of the major experimental tools to probe protein structure and dynamics. One difficulty, which often arises in the course of interpretation of HDX MS data, is a need to separate deuterium contribution to the observed isotopic patterns from that of naturally occurring isotopes. Another frequently encountered problem, especially when HDX in solution is followed by protein ion fragmentation in the gas phase, is a need to determine the deuterium content of an internal protein segment based on the measured isotopic distributions of overlapping fragments. While several algorithms were developed in the past several years to address the first problem, the second one did not enjoy as much attention. Here we report a new algorithm based on a maximum entropy principle, which is capable of extracting local exchange data form the isotope distribution of overlapping fragments, as well as subtracting the background due to the presence of natural isotopes and residual deuterium in exchange buffers. The new method is tested with several proteins and appears to generate stable solutions even under unfavorable circumstances, e.g., when the resolving power of a mass analyzer is not sufficient to avoid signal interference or when the isotopic distributions of individual fragments are complex and cannot be approximated with simple binomial distributions. The latter feature makes the algorithm particularly useful when the exchange in solution is correlated or semicorrelated, paving the way to precise structural characterization of non-native protein states in solution.
WHAT IS MEANT BY ROMANTICISM IN FRANCE WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE DRAMA

Book reviewed in this article: Romanticism gives artist entire freedom; proclaims drama highest form of poetic art; utters revolt against classicism, not against realism, introduces local color; tends toward morbidity, humanitarianism, love of nature, mystic religious feeling.
Sibling Adjustment and Maternal Well-Being: An Examination of Families With and Without a Child With an Autism Spectrum Disorder

Differences in sibling social, behavioral, and academic adjustment and maternal well-being in families with (n = 20) and without (n = 23) a preschooler with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) were explored. Results are interpreted to suggest that mothers of children with autism report more daily hassles, life stress, and depression than mothers without a child with ASD. There were no significant differences in parent and teacher reports of older siblings’ social, behavioral, and academic adjustment in families with and without a child with ASD. Sibling behavioral adjustment was, however, significantly related to maternal well-being. Because families with children with ASD often experience more parenting stress and depression, siblings may be more vulnerable to the cumulative risks over time.
Neuropathological and Neuropsychological Changes in “Normal” Aging: Evidence for Preclinical Alzheimer Disease in Cognitively Normal Individuals

The presence of diffuse or primitive senile plaques in the neocortex of cognitively normal elderly at autopsy has been presumed to represent normal aging. Alternatively, these patients may have developed dementia and clinical Alzheimer disease (AD) if they had survived. In this setting, these patients could be subjects for cognitive or pharmacologic intervention to delay disease onset. We have thus followed a cohort of cognitively normal elderly subjects with a Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) of 0 at autopsy. Thirty-one brains were examined at postmortem according to Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer Disease (CERAD) criteria and staged according to Braak. Ten patients were pathologically normal according to CERAD criteria (1a). Two of these patients were Braak Stage II. Seven very elderly subjects exhibited a few primitive neuritic plaques in the cortex and thus represented CERAD 1b. These individuals ranged in age from 85 to 105 years and were thus older than the CERAD la group that ranged in age from 72 to 93. Fourteen patients displayed Possible AD according to CERAD with ages ranging from 66 to 95. Three of these were Braak Stage I, 4 were Braak Stage II, and 7 were Braak Stage III. The Apolipoprotein E4 allele was over-represented in this possible AD group. Neuropsychological data were available on 12 individuals. In these 12 individuals, Possible AD at autopsy could be predicted by cognitive deficits in 1 or more areas including savings scores on memory testing and overall performance on some measures of frontal executive function.
Technology for Tomorrow's Teachers

Effective training in teacher preparation programs involves infusing technology throughout the teacher preparation curriculum. This article presents several simple forms of technology that college professors can use in their own instruction to show their students how these can be used in the physical education classroom.
Total Synthesis of GEX1A

An efficient and readily modifiable synthesis of GEX1A/herboxidiene/TAN-1609 (1) was developed. This modular synthesis featured a Suzuki coupling to install the conjugated diene and a Ru-catalyzed lactonization and Roush crotylation to construct the functionalized tetrahydropyran moiety. Myers’ alkylation, cross-metathesis, and Keck crotylation were employed for assembly of the biologically essential side-chain domain.
Online graduate students’ perceptions of best learning experiences

The purpose of this study is to examine the perceptions of online master’s students regarding their best learning experiences. The authors surveyed 86 graduate students concerning what helped them learn in the online environment. Results indicate that although graduate students learned using the same technological tools as undergraduates, they desired a deeper level of learning that requires more instructional forethought and planning. Student experiences were consistent with the constructivist theory, and implications for improving teaching based upon the constructivist theory are highlighted.
A single chip computational sensor system for gamma isotope identification

This paper presents the design and test results of a computational radiation sensor system based on a single chip solution that can perform standalone gamma isotope identification. A low power sensor front end with a charge sensitive amplifier, an event driven analog-to-digital converter, and a dedicated microcontroller are integrated on the same chip to process and bin the isotope data from a NaI gamma ray detector according to gathered pulse height. This combination effectively implements a single chip multichannel analyzer with the capability to do further processing of the data in software. To that end, a compact fixed-point program was developed to further analyze the pulse height spectra gathered from a variety of gamma ray sources and perform on-chip real-time gamma isotope identification. The design was fabricated in a 0.18 μm CMOS technology with field tests demonstrating the validity of the approaches taken. The total computational sensor system power consumption is less than 30 μW, excluding the detector power consumption. The gamma isotope identification program executes in 70 ms.
Modern immunotherapy for the treatment of prostate cancer

Immunotherapy for prostate cancer became a therapeutic option for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer after a phase III trial of sipuleucel-T demonstrated an overall survival advantage relative to placebo. A similar phase II trial in the same population but with the vaccine PSA-TRICOM also demonstrated an overall survival advantage. As these and similar immunotherapeutic options for prostate cancer emerge, it becomes important to understand their unique characteristics and potential benefits.
The gravitational concentration of particles in space near the earth

The concentration of particles (meteoroids) in the space near the earth recently observed through data telemetered from satellites can be attributed entirely to the earth's gravitational attraction. It is pointed out that low-velocity particles arc preferentially attracted to the earth and that such particles (coming from direct near-circular heliocentric orbits of low inclination) are abundant in the solar system at earth's distance from the sun. Experimental runs on the IBM 7090 computer (studying families of trajectories of particles initially moving around the sun on direct orbits in the plane of the ecliptic with zero eccentricity, and thus having low velocities relative to the earth) have shown that these particles have a steady-state concentration (number per cm3) near the earth that varies inversely with the 1.14 power of the distance from the earth's center. The particle flux (number per cm2-sec) was found to vary inversely with the 1.66 power of the distance. These particles fell into two general classes: those destined to impact on the earth, and those moving in loops around the earth. making one, two, three, or four approaches before returning to purely heliocentric orbits. Of those particles that came within 100 earth radii from the earth, about 18 per cent impacted, the remainder escaped. Residence times in earth's vicinity ranged from 5 to 400 days, the median residence time being about 12 days.
Treatment of Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma from a Dermatologist's Perspective

Mycosis fungoides, the most common form of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, is a helper/memory epidermotrophic T-cell lymphoma presenting as skin lesions. At the current time, curative therapy does not exist, and many patients have chronic skin lesions for many years, with successful treatment limited to the skin. Mycosis fungoides appears to start as a human lymphocyte antigen-restricted immune response, which may be antigen or superantigen driven, in early stages. From a dermatologist's perspective, removing the stimulating antigen(s), treating infections, preserving the skin barrier, targeting the abnormal clone, preserving the cytotoxic response, and using skin-directed therapy early in the disease are sensible strategies. As the disease progresses to involve more of the skin surface, systemic therapies, especially biological response modifiers (interferon and retinoids), phototherapy, or photopheresis help to preserve the patient's innate immunity and are widely used. New agents including bexarotene (a rexinoid) and DAB(389)IL-2 (interleukin-2 diphtheria fusion protein) offer new therapeutic options that are advantageous for treatment of mycosis fungoides in later stages.
Pulsus paradoxus in cystic fibrosis

had a lower serum concentration of Se, although overall Se status was normal and there was no apparent detrimental effect as estimated by clinical score. This suggests that a low serum or plasma Se concentration per se is not an indication for Se supplementation in CF, although such has been suggested? ~ A contraindication for Se supplementation exists in animals deficient in both vitamin E and Se, because toxicity occurs at a lower level of Se administration? It is therefore possible that some patients with CF may have an increased susceptibility to Se toxicity, particularly if they are deficient in vitamin E.
Convergence Behavior of Series Solutions of the Lambert Problem

Lamberts problem, to nd the unique conic trajectory that connects two points in a spherical gravity eld in a given time, is represented by a set of transcendental equations due to Lagrange. The associated Lagrange equations for the orbital transfer time may be expressed as series expansions for all cases. Power series solutions have been published that reverse the functionality of the Lagrange equations to provide direct expressions for the unknown semi-major axis as an explicit function of time. The convergence behavior of the series solutions is examined over the range of possible transfer angles and ight times. The e¤ect of arbitrary precision calculations is shown on the generation of the series coe¢ cients.
Fenfluramine: Amphetamine Congener That Fails to Maintain Drug-Taking Behavior in the Rhesus Monkey

Fenfluramine, over a dose range from 0.003 to 3 milligrams per kilogram of body weight, failed to maintain self-injection behavior in rhesus monkeys that had initiated and maintained responding for cocaine or methohexital. This absence of a positive reinforcing effect could not be attributed to a slow onset of drug effect or to the use of behaviorally inactive doses. Fenfluramine, because of its distinctive properties, may produce fewer problems of human abuse than do amphetamine-type agents.
Optimized coils for electromagnetic induction systems

Electromagnetic induction (EMI) systems often use separate transmit and receive coils. In these systems, it is desirable for the transmit and receive coils to have minimal mutual coupling and a maximum eld product, thus maximizing the detection depth. We demonstrate that a pair of spiral coils can be optimized to achieve these desired properties. A mathematical representation is chosen for the coils that allows the coil pair to be optimized using an iterative convex method, which, due to its convexity, is very fast. We then present results showing both a pair of nonuniformly-wound, single-sided spiral coils and a pair of nonuniformly-wound, double-sided, spiral coils created with this optimization.
Imidazopyridine/Pyrrole and hydroxybenzimidazole/pyrrole pairs for DNA minor groove recognition.

The DNA binding properties of fused heterocycles imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (Ip) and hydroxybenzimidazole (Hz) paired with pyrrole (Py) in eight-ring hairpin polyamides are reported. The recognition profile of Ip/Py and Hz/Py pairs were compared to the five-membered ring pairs Im/Py and Hp/Py on a DNA restriction fragment at four 6-base pair recognition sites which vary at a single position 5'-TGTNTA-3', where N = G, C, T, A. The Ip/Py pair distinguishes G.C from C.G, T.A, and A.T, and the Hz/Py pair distinguishes T.A from A.T, G.C, and C.G, affording a new set of heterocycle pairs to target the four Watson-Crick base pairs in the minor groove of DNA.
The use of antioxidants in transmissible spongiform encephalopathies: a case report.

Background: Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE), which include Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and new variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, are diseases characterized by progressive deterioration in the central nervous system with neuronal degeneration, vacuolatization of the neuropil, and gliosis. Little is known about the pathogenic mechanisms of infection, and controversy exits around the inciting infective agent. It has been shown that an important factor in pathogenesis is the immune system.Case: The reported case points to beneficial effects when antioxidant therapies are used in transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. The case revealed an early reversal in cognitive decline and subsequent improvements in myoclonus, apnea and rigidity. Although death was the ultimate outcome, the patient succumbed to the illness over 22 months after the onset of symptoms when the early rapid decline predicted demise within a few months.Conclusion: It is possible that strategies blocking the effect of proinfla...
Suppression of immunization to tuberculosis and diphtheria by an extract of lymphoid tissue.

Dank einer neuen Anwendung von Lymphknotenextrakten (statt Rontgenextrakten, Corticosteroiden, Antilymphozytenserum usw.) wird eine erhebliche Reduktion der immunologischen Reaktion erzielt, wenn die Tiere mit diesen Extrakten vorbehandelt und gleichzeitig mit Antigenen behandelt werden.
Photoabsorption cross section of titanium to cobalt

Abstract Calculations of the photoabsorption cross section of the elements TiCo are compared with recent measurements. The structure seen near the 3 p ionization threshold is explained by the large 3 p –3 d oscillator strength and the short lifetime of the 3 p hole due to a super Coster-Kronig transition.
Adaptation varies through space and time in a coevolving host–parasitoid interaction

One of the central challenges of evolutionary biology is to understand how coevolution organizes biodiversity over complex geographic landscapes. Most species are collections of genetically differentiated populations, and these populations have the potential to become adapted to their local environments in different ways. The geographic mosaic theory of coevolution incorporates this idea by proposing that spatial variation in natural selection and gene flow across a landscape can shape local coevolutionary dynamics1,2,3,4,5,6,7. These effects may be particularly strong when populations differ across productivity gradients, where gene flow will often be asymmetric among populations8. Conclusive empirical tests of this theory have been particularly difficult to perform because they require knowledge of patterns of gene flow, historical population relationships and local selection pressures2. We have tested these predictions empirically using a model community of bacteria and bacteriophage (viral parasitoids of bacteria). We show that gene flow across a spatially structured landscape alters coevolution of parasitoids and their hosts and that the resulting patterns of adaptation can fluctuate in both space and time.
Effectiveness of prenatal diagnosis of congenital heart defects in South Australia: a population analysis 1999-2003.

Aims: To report on the efficiency of fetal echocardiography, outcome after prenatal diagnosis of congenital heart disease (CHD) and the effectiveness of South Australia's obstetric screening program in detecting CHD. Methods: A retrospective audit of our institutional cardiac database, the South Australia Birth Defects Register and the South Australia Pregnancy Outcome Unit from 1999 to 2003. Results: CHD was present in 10.7 per 1000 births and was potentially detectable in 5.2 per 1000 births. Of these, only 22.5% were referred for fetal echocardiography. Prenatal detection of transposition of the great arteries occurred in four of 27 (14.8%), atrioventricular septal defect in five of 21 (23.8%), tetralogy of Fallot in seven of 28 (25.0%) and hypoplastic left heart syndrome in 20 of 33 (60.6%). Fetal echocardiography had 95.2% sensitivity, 99.5% specificity, 99.0% positive predictive value and 97.6% negative predictive value for CHD. A prenatal diagnosis of CHD resulted in termination in 30.1%, stillbirth in 7.8% and neonatal death in 3.9% of cases. Conclusion: Routine obstetric ultrasound detects CHD infrequently. Outflow tract lesions are most commonly missed. Fetal echocardiography is an accurate tool for prenatal diagnosis of CHD. Pregnancy outcomes after prenatal diagnosis are comparable to other Australasian and western countries, suggesting uniformity in parental counselling and population behaviour. Strategies that improve routine obstetric ultrasound detection of CHD are likely to yield the greatest impact.
Relationship between trends in land precipitation and tropical SST gradient

In this study, we examined global zonal/annual mean precipitation trends. Land precipitation trend from 1951 to 2002 shows widespread drying between 10 S to 20 N but the trend from 1977 to 2002 shows partial recovery. Based on general circulation model sensitivity studies, we suggested that these features are driven largely by the meridional SST gradient trend in the tropics. Our idealized CCM3 experiments substantiated that land precipitation is more sensitive to meridional SST gradient than to an overall tropical warming. Various simulations produced for the IPCC 4th assessment report demonstrate that increasing CO2 increases SST in the entire tropics non-uniformly and increases land precipitation only in certain latitude belts, again pointing to the importance of SST gradient change. Temporally varying aerosols in the IPCC simulations alter meridional SST gradient and land precipitation substantially. Anthropogenic aerosol direct solar forcing without its effects on SST is shown by the CCM3 to have weak but non-negligible influence on land precipitation.
Saturation Behaviour of Superhyperfine Structure of Mn2+ in PbTe

X-band EPR measurements have been made on single crystals and powders of PbTe doped with Mn below 100 ppm. A seven-fold splitting of each Mn hyperfine structure line is shown to arise from tellurium superhyperfine structure. Microwave saturation results are presented which indicate that the spin-lattice relaxation time is different for different superhyperfine lines. This asymmetry is not readily explained by conventional models.
Flow cytometric comparison of haemocytes from three species of bivalve molluscs

Haemocyte subpopulations from three bivalve species (the clams Ruditapes philippinarum and Mercenaria mercenaria and the oyster, Crassostrea virginica) were characterised using light-scatter flow cytometry and a standard set of methods. Two parameter (forward and side scatter) plots for the three species were very similar and resembled plots for mammalian white blood cells. Two haemocyte groups (granulocytes and agranulocytes) were found in both the haemolymph and the extrapallial fluid of the clams while those two groups and an additional third group were found in the haemolymph of the oyster. All subpopulations were sorted on to glass slides, identified, photographed, and measured microscopically. Sorting of the bivalve granulocyte and agranulocyte groups indicated varying degrees of heterogeneity within each population in terms of either size or granularity, or both. However, subsorting of selected regions within the major groupings produced highly pure haemocyte populations. The comparison showed both similarities and di#erences among species. For instance, a distinct subpopulation of small granulocytes was present only in oysters and a subpopulation of spindleshaped haemocytes, only in M. mercenaria. The haemocyte subpopulations delineated by light-scatter flow cytometry underscore questions about cell lineages, but the instrument also o#ers a powerful technique for answering them.
Measurement of the surface tension of water using microwave backscatter from gravity-capillary waves

A technique developed for measuring the surface tension of fluid based on the resonant scattering of microwave radiation from gravity-capillary waves on the surface of the fluid is discussed. The method was implemented by generating monochromatic water waves in a tank, illuminating them with microwave radiation, and then tuning the water-wave frequency until Bragg resonance was observed, that is, until the backscattered power was observed to reach its maximum value. At resonance, the wavelength and wave frequency can be calculated from the physical parameters of the system and from the Doppler shift of the scattered radiation. Laboratory experimental results indicate an accuracy on the order of +or-1.6 dyn/cm for the surface-tension measurement. This accuracy is in agreement with an error model based on the width of the Bragg resonance line. The technique is, in principle, nonintrusive and thus can be used for observing the properties of surfactants on water surfaces. >
Output Feedback Control of Nonlinear Systems Subject to Sensor Data Losses

In this work, we focus on output feedback control of nonlinear systems subject to sensor data losses. We initially construct an output feedback controller based on a combination of a Lyapunov-based controller with a high-gain observer. We then study the stability and robustness properties of the closed- loop system in the presence of sensor data losses. We state a set of sufficient conditions under which the closed-loop system is guaranteed to be practically stable. The theoretical results are demonstrated using a chemical process example.
A secondary tracer approach to the derivation of galactic cosmic-ray source isotopic abundances

A formalism has been developed for deriving cosmic-ray source isotopic abundances from observed local abundances using a purely secondary nuclide as a tracer of spallation production during propagation. Although the formalism is based on the leaky-box model of cosmic-ray propagation, it is shown that source abundances derived by the tracer technique are reasonably independent of detailed propagation models. The tracer formalism also permits a quantitative evaluation of the effects of observational uncertainties on deduced source abundances. It is shown that statistical errors in the observed abundances and uncertainties in the spallation cross sections are at present the dominant sources of uncertainty. The latter error can be reduced with increased detector size or exposure time, while the former can be minimized by measurements of the relative production cross sections. As a specific example, the tracer technique is applied to the isotopes of sulfur and calcium, and the level of uncertainties which must be achieved to distinguish evolutionary differences between solar-system material and cosmic ray-source material are established.
Identification of nonrandom patterns in structural and mutational data: the case of prion protein

Prion diseases (mad cow disease, CJD, etc.) are a group of fatal neurodegenerative disorders associated with structural conversion of a normal, mostly /spl alpha/-helical cellular prion protein (PrP) into a pathogenic /spl beta/-sheet-rich conformation. Little is known about which parts of PrP undergo conformational transition and how disease associated mutations facilitate this transition. In this work, we utilize a computational statistical approach to detect unusual patterns in prion protein, (i) We construct a novel entropic index which provides a quantitative measure of context-dependent conformational flexibility of a sequence fragment. This index is used to study conformational flexibility of PrP fragments, (ii) We identify PrP fragments that show unusual intrinsic structural propensities. (Hi) We estimate the statistical significance of clusters of disease-associated PrP mutations using a stochastic model of mutational process with unequal substitution rates and context-dependent mutational hot spots.
Modifying Waugh & Norman's primary memory measurement procedure: An alternative solution

Martin & Jones (1979) suggested a modification of Waugh & Norman's (1965) procedure for measuring primary memory, one that would take into account negative recency in secondary memory. Specifically, they proposed that secondary memory representation could be estimated from a function selected as approximating negative recency effects observed with delayed recall procedures. It is argued here that there are problems with this particular approach, and an alternative solution is proposed. This solution follows directly from predictions of the two-store model underlying the Waugh & Norman procedure. It is illustrated with an example.
Bridging the Gap Between Pattern Drills and Communication Exercises

The addition of communication practice to already crowded lesson plans carries the risk of undermining formal instruction and needs to be reexamined with specific pedagogical objectives in mind. This paper discusses the motivation behind the gradual shift in emphasis from drill to communication practice and concludes that the students' awareness of their learning process plays a significant role in bridging this gap. Specific examples of communication exercises demonstrate a method for promoting a natural exchange of information that encourages students to take responsibility for improving their communicative skills.
Música Comunitaria: Facilitadores, Participantes y Amistad

In this article, I explore the claim that one-to-one encounters between community music facili- tators and music participants can be described as friendships. By exploring the relational structure through the call and the welcome, I make some general comments on friendship before finally tackling the question lying at the heart of this article: How might we understand the notion of being a friend within an educative relationship?
Hematological and toxicological evaluation of formaldehyde as a potential cause of human leukemia

Epidemiological findings suggesting that formaldehyde exposure is associated with a higher risk of acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) and other hematological cancers have led to consideration of the potential mechanism of action by which inhalation of this rapidly reactive agent can cause bone marrow cancer. Two major mechanism-based arguments against formaldehyde as a leukemogen have been the difficulty in envisioning how inhaled formaldehyde might penetrate to the bone marrow; and the lack of similarity of non-cancer effects to other known human myeloleukemogens, particularly the absence of pancytopenia in humans or laboratory animals exposed to high levels. However, both of these arguments have been addressed by the recent finding of a pancytopenic effect and chromosomal abnormalities in heavily exposed Chinese workers which, if replicated, are indicative of a genotoxic effect of formaldehyde on hematopoietic stem cells that is in keeping with other known human leukemogens. Review of the body of evidence suggests an apparent discrepancy between studies in laboratory animals, which generally fail to show evidence of penetration of formaldehyde into the blood or evidence of blood or bone marrow genotoxicity, and studies of exposed humans in which there tends to be evidence of genotoxicity in circulating blood cells. One possible explanation for this discrepancy is species difference. Another possible explanation is that myeloid precursors within the nasal mucosa may be the site for leukemogenesis. However, chloromas, which are local collections of myeloid tumor cells, are rarely if ever found in the nose. Other proposed mechanisms for formaldehyde leukemogenesis are reviewed, and dose issues at the interface between the epidemiological and hematotoxicological findings are explored.
CHANGES IN DOMESTIC DEMAND FOR FOOD: IMPACTS ON SOUTHERN AGRICULTURE

Since the early 1970s, the economic environment and the agricultural sector in particular have been characterized by constant change. Technologies are rapidly changing from the farm level through the various processing stages to the marketing of food products. New food products and markets, both domestic and international, are continuously emerging (Connor). Unprecedented linkages to world markets and to domestic macroeconomic policies have also been factors shaping the agricultural and nonagricultural sectors in the past 10 to 15 years. For the most part, the effects of these changes on the demand for agricultural products have not generally been empirically determined. Little attention has been paid to keeping abreast of changes and their implications for farmers and processors in any systematic fashion.
In front of the blank canvas: sensing emerging futures

Purpose – The paper asks how leaders in organizations address complex situations or challenges where past experiences are no longer helpful or might pose an obstacle for success. The authors use the metaphor of the blank canvas to describe the work of entrepreneurs or innovators who connect to an emerging future possibility. Based on their research, the authors argue that social technologies allow actors in organizations to connect to an emerging future, and break through habitual patterns of the past.Design/methodology/approach – Underlying this paper, are action research projects in change management and organizational learning. While social science methods tend to be based on observational data, the founder of action research, Kurt Lewin, and his successors, including Ed Schein, Chris Argyris, Peter Senge, and Bill Torbert, claim that we have to use more than just observation (third‐person views) to get meaningful data about social reality. According to Bill Torbert organizational researchers need to a...
Short-Term Synaptic Plasticity Contributes to the Temporal Filtering of Electrosensory Information

Short-term synaptic depression and facilitation often are elicited by different temporal patterns of activity. Short-term plasticity may contribute, therefore, to temporal filtering by impeding synaptic transmission for some temporal patterns of activity and facilitating transmission for other patterns. We examined this hypothesis by investigating whether short-term plasticity contributes to the temporal filtering properties of midbrain electrosensory neurons. Postsynaptic potentials were recorded in response to sensory stimuli and to direct stimulation of afferents, in vivo. Stimulating afferents with pairs of pulses at a rate of 20 pairs/sec [“tetanus (20 Hz)”] induced PSP depression. This PSP depression was similar to that observed for electrosensory stimuli of the same temporal frequency. Analysis of PSPs elicited by a pair of pulses that preceded versus followed the tetanus revealed that PSP depression was caused by synaptic depression, not by a loss of facilitation. Behavioral studies indicate that fish can detect slow changes in signal amplitude (slow AM) in backgrounds of fast fluctuations. Correspondingly, midbrain neurons respond well to slow AM even in the presence of fast AM. In many neurons, facilitation enhanced responses to trains (8‐10 pulses; 100 Hz) that represented activity patterns elicited by slow AM, despite induction of synaptic depression by a tetanus (20 Hz). The interplay between synaptic depression and facilitation, therefore, can act as a filter of temporal information. Some neurons that showed little facilitation nonetheless responded to low temporal-frequency information after induction of depression by fast information; this likely results from the convergence of inputs with different temporal filtering properties.
Considering Etiquette in the Design of an Adaptive System

In this article, the authors empirically assess the costs and benefits of designing an adaptive system to follow social conventions regarding the appropriateness of interruptions. Interruption management is one area within the larger topic of automation etiquette. The authors tested these concepts in an outdoor environment using the Communications Scheduler, a wearable adaptive system that classifies users' cognitive state via brain and heart sensors and adapts its interactions. Designed to help dismounted soldiers, it manages communications in much the same way as a good administrative assistant. Depending on a combination of message priority, user workload, and system state, it decides whether to interrupt the user's current tasks. The system supports decision makers in two innovative ways: It reliably measures a mobile user's cognitive workload to adapt its behavior, and it implements rules of etiquette adapted from human-human interactions to improve human- computer interactions. Results indicate costs and benefits to both interrupting and refraining from interrupting. When users were overloaded, primary task performance was improved by managing interruptions. However, overall situation awareness on secondary tasks suffered. This work empirically quantifies costs and benefits of "appropriate" interruption behaviors, demonstrating the value of designing adaptive agents that follow social conventions for interactions with humans.
Using differentials to bridge the vector calculus gap

We present a geometric approach using differentials for evaluating line and surface integrals, which emphasizes geometric visualization over algebraic manipulation of cookbook formulas. This approach combines the generality of the approach traditionally used by mathematicians with the ability to easily handle the special, highly symmetric cases which are essential for physicists and engineers.
New coding technique for computer generated holograms.

A coding technique is developed for recording computer generated holograms on a computer controlled CRT in which each resolution cell contains two beam spots of equal size and equal intensity. This provides a binary hologram in which only the position of the two dots is varied from cell to cell. The amplitude associated with each resolution cell is controlled by selectively diffracting unwanted light into a higher diffraction order. The recording of the holograms is fast and simple.
Effects of gabapentin on muscle spasticity and both induced as well as spontaneous autonomic dysreflexia after complete spinal cord injury.

We recently reported that the neuropathic pain medication, gabapentin (GBP; Neurontin), significantly attenuated both noxious colorectal distension (CRD)-induced autonomic dysreflexia (AD) and tail pinch-induced spasticity compared to saline-treated cohorts 2-3 weeks after complete high thoracic (T4) spinal cord injury (SCI). Here we employed long-term blood pressure telemetry to test, firstly, the efficacy of daily versus acute GBP treatment in modulating AD and tail spasticity in response to noxious stimuli at 2 and 3 weeks post-injury. Secondly, we determined whether daily GBP alters baseline cardiovascular parameters, as well as spontaneous AD events detected using a novel algorithm based on blood pressure telemetry data. At both 14 and 21 days after SCI, irrespective of daily treatment, acute GBP given 1 hr prior to stimulus significantly attenuated CRD-induced AD and pinch-evoked tail spasticity; conversely, acute saline had no such effects. Moreover, daily GBP did not alter 24 hr mean arterial pressure (MAP) or heart rate values compared to saline treatment, nor did it reduce the incidence of spontaneous AD events compared to saline over the three week assessment period. Power spectral density analysis of the MAP signals demonstrated relative power losses in mid frequency ranges (0.2-0.8 Hz) for all injured animals relative to low frequency MAP power (0.02-0.08 Hz). However, there was no significant difference between groups over time post-injury; hence, GBP had no effect on the persistent loss of MAP fluctuations in the mid frequency range after injury. In summary, the mechanism(s) by which acute GBP treatment mitigate aberrant somatosensory and cardiophysiological responses to noxious stimuli after SCI remain unclear. Nevertheless, with further refinements in defining the dynamics associated with AD events, such as eliminating requisite concomitant bradycardia, the objective repeatability of automatic detection of hypertensive crises provides a potentially.
Discrete Time-Frequency Characterizations of Dispersive Linear Time-Varying Systems

A class of linear time-varying systems can be characterized by dispersive signal transformations, such as nonlinear shifts in the phase of the propagating signal, causing different frequencies to be shifted in time by different amounts. In this paper, we propose a discrete time-frequency model to decompose the dispersive system output into discrete dispersive frequency shifts and generalized time shifts, weighted by a smoothed and sampled version of the dispersive spreading function. The discretization formulation is obtained from the discrete narrowband system model through a unitary warping relation between the narrowband and dispersive spreading functions. This warping relation depends on the nonlinear phase transformations induced by the dispersive system. In order to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed discrete characterization, we investigate acoustic transmission over shallow water environments that suffers from severe degradations as a result of modal frequency dispersions and multipath fading. Using numerical results, we demonstrate that the discrete dispersive model can lead to a joint multipath-dispersion diversity that we achieve by properly designing the transmitted waveform and the reception scheme to match the dispersive environment characteristics
The information in third-person /s/: acquisition across dialects of American English

The production of third-person /s/ on English verbs seems to be ahead of comprehension. Mainstream American English (MAE) is contrasted with African American English (AAE), in which /s/ is rarely supplied. Two studies explored what information children get solely from /s/ on the end of a verb. Sixty-five MAE- and 65 AAE-speaking four- to seven-year-olds participated in one of two experimental picture-choice comprehension studies. Neither group of four-year-olds could use the /s/ to determine if the event was generic rather than past tense on a verb (e.g. cuts/cut), or whether it was a verb or a noun compound as in The penguin dresses/The penguin dress. MAE-speakers do not use the information in third-person /s/ alone until age five, and not reliably until age six years. In keeping with AAE production, AAE-speaking children do not use the information in /s/ at all in this age range.
Massive Hepatic Necrosis and Nodular Regeneration in Largemouth Bass Fed Diets High in Available Carbohydrate

Largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides are piscivorous fish raised on farms then sold live in Asian fish markets on the east and west coasts of the United States. In the winter of 1998, a major producer of feed-trained bass suffered a significant increase in fish mortality both during shipping and while the fish were still in ponds. No bacterial, viral, or significant parasitic pathogens were found at necropsy. Livers of affected fish were pale and translucent with 3–10 mm pink nodules on their surface and deeper in the parenchyma. Histological examination of these livers showed that the translucent regions of the liver contained few hepatocytes and were composed of tissue consistent with a chronic inflammatory response. Also present were eosinophils, islands of pancreatic and biliary cells, and granulomas that did not stain positively for mycobacteria. The pink nodules were areas of multifocal regeneration of normal hepatocytes. Sequential studies of bass in ponds revealed that the bass were progressively accumulating glycogen in their hepatocytes to an extent sufficient to explain the massive necrosis of that organ. In order to determine the effect of diets varying in available carbohydrate on fish growth, survival, and liver glycogen content, a 12-wk feeding trial was conducted in aquaria with juvenile largemouth bass. Nitrogen-free extract values indicated that an extruded trout diet, a steelhead trout diet, and a diet designed to contain 45% protein and 25% fat, contained 35, 27, and 21% carbohydrate, respectively. Weight gain was lowest in fish fed the extruded trout diet, while liver glycogen was significantly higher in fish fed diets with >27% carbohydrate than in fish fed the diet with 21% carbohydrate. The farmer switched to a diet similar to the 45–25 diet used in our trial. Subsequently, 16-mo-old fish examined in October 2000 had no hepatic nodules or necrosis, were significantly larger and less variable in size than previous crops, and the farmer experienced no significant losses in ponds or during shipping.
Rapidly adapting machine vision for automated vehicle steering

The Ralph vision system helps automobile drivers steer, by sampling an image, assessing the road curvature, and determining the lateral offset of the vehicle relative to the lane center. Ralph has performed well under extensive tests, including a coast-to-coast, 2,850-mile drive.
Delusional Disorder-Jealous Type : How Inclusive Are the DSM-IV Diagnostic Criteria?

Delusional disorder-jealous type is a new diagnostic category in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR; American Psychiatric Association, 2000) in which delusions concerning a partner's infidelity must be present. Therefore, patients who experience a jealousy disorder, but do not experience delusions will not fit the diagnostic criteria. Using a database of 398 case histories of jealousy disorders reported in the literature from 1940-2002, we examined the percentage of these cases that met the diagnostic criteria for delusional disorder-jealous type. Only 4% of the cases met all diagnostic criteria. This is the first systematic comparison of the prevalence of these disorders. The results provide evidence that the diagnostic criteria are not inclusive, as most individuals suffering with a jealousy disorder were excluded from the diagnosis.
Optimizing the efficiency and stored energy in quasi-three-level lasers

A model is developed for calculating the pumping efficiency of quasi-three-level lasers operated in the energy storage mode. The model is specifically applied to room temperature 1.03- mu m Yb:YAG lasers and predicts that diode-pumped Yb:YAG lasers can be at least as efficient as diode-pumped Nd:YAG lasers provided that the pump intensity is sufficiently high. The effect of amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) is also investigated to find the relation between activator ion concentration and the ASE-limited stored energy in active mirror gain elements. >
Hong Kong Inflation Dynamics: Trend and Cycle Relationships with the USA and China

This chapter analyzes the trend and cycle movements of Hong Kong inflation. The empirical model is an unobserved component model that is consistent with the New Keynesian Phillips curve and is estimated using Hong Kong, US, and China inflation and output data. The model decomposes Hong Kong inflation into a stochastic trend and a stationary cycle component that is driven by domestic as well as US and China output gaps. The output gaps are treated as latent variables, thus a by-product of estimating the empirical model are measures of the output gaps that are consistent with the New Keynesian Phillips curve for Hong Kong. Empirical results suggest minor evidence that Hong Kong and US inflation rates are related in the long-run, as US trend inflation movements have minimal effects on Hong Kong trend inflation dynamics. Over the short-run horizon, Hong Kong price movements are heavily driven by both the domestic output gap as well as external forces. US and China output gaps have opposing effects on the cyclical movements of Hong Kong inflation, with the coefficients on the China output gap measured at twice as large as those of the USA.
Inter-procedural loop fusion, array contraction and rotation

In this paper, we present the design and implementation of an inter-procedural loop fusion, array contraction and rotation technique in a production compiler. We provide experimental results to show that this technique improves SPECfp2000 benchmarks by 12%. The technique employs a locality-conscious inter-procedural analysis to drive inlining decisions. It then uses regular section analysis and code motion techniques to enable loop fusion across procedure boundaries. We discuss the implementation of data promotion and array contraction techniques. We introduce array rotation technique to eliminate the overhead of copying array sections.
Pharyngeal Gonorrhea: An Important Reservoir of Infection?

can cause cervicitis, urethritis,proctitis, pelvic inﬂammatory disease withlong-term sequelae (eg, infertility, ectopicpregnancy, and chronic pelvic pain), ad-verse outcomes of pregnancy, and in-creased susceptibility to and facilitatedtransmission of human immunodeﬁ-ciency virus (HIV) infection. An essentialelement in gonorrhea control is the avail-ability and provision of effective antimi-crobial therapy. Effective treatment notonly eradicates infection in the affectedindividual and prevents the developmentof complications, it also has an importantpublic health beneﬁt by shorteningthedu-ration of infection, thus decreasing trans-mission and eliminating reservoirs of in-fection. However, gonorrhea treatmenthas been complicated by the developmentof resistance to multiple classes of anti-microbials over the past 60 years [2].