cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Learning, memory and predator avoidance by freshwater snails: effects of experience on predator recognition and defensive strategy

Learning may allow animals to fine-tune predator avoidance responses to specific environments, but the degree to which predator avoidance behaviour depends on experience is not known for most taxa. We assessed whether perception of predation risk and choice of defensive strategies by the snail Physa acuta is influenced by experience by performing three experiments in which we manipulated exposure to predators and then assayed behavioural responses to predator cues. We first assessed the scope for learned avoidance behaviour by comparing the antipredator response of wild snails (exposed to predators) and captive-reared snails (not exposed to predators). Wild-caught snails showed a stronger response than did captive-reared snails to predators feeding on insect prey, predators feeding on snails and crushed-snail cues. A second experiment in which snails were reared with and without exposure to crayfish predators showed that snails from both rearing treatments responded to fish and crayfish, but the choice of defensive strategy depended on experience. Snails reared without exposure to predators responded to fish cues by moving under cover, whereas snails reared with crayfish responded to fish by moving to the water's surface. The final experiment also manipulated exposure to predators and showed that although snails from a fish-free pond responded to both fish and crayfish, their responses did not depend on experience. Overall, the effects of experience were significant but small relative to the overall effects of predator cues on snail habitat use, showing that the antipredator responses of P. acuta are largely innate.
Intuitive theories of group types and relational principles

Abstract Three studies investigated perceivers’ beliefs about the principles by which different kinds of social groups govern interactions among group members. In Study 1, participants rated a sample of 20 groups on a set of group properties, including measures of relational principles used within groups. Results showed that people believe that interactions in different types of groups are governed by different blends of relational principles unique for each type of group. Study 2 experimentally demonstrated that perceivers could use minimal group property characteristics of different types of groups (i.e., extent of group member interaction, group size, duration, and permeability) to make inferences about the relational principles used in different types of groups. Study 3 demonstrated that relational style information influences people’s judgments of a group’s entitativity and collective responsibility.
Inside IBM's Distributed Data Management architecture

IBM's Distributed Data Management (DDM) architecture is an element of Systems Application Architecture™ that defines an open environment for sharing data in files and relational databases. DDM is a key element of IBM's Distributed Relational Database Architecture. DDM architecture enables programs to access and manage data stored on remote systems. It is a framework for a wide range of additional application services. Influenced by the concepts of object-oriented technology, DDM architecture is designed to be object-oriented. This paper examines DDM architecture from a number of viewpoints, considering why and how it was created, what it is, and how it has evolved.
Mechanical properties of poly(vinyl chloride) filled with pitch-based carbon short fibers

XPS data showed that pitch-based carbon short fibers (PCF) were more reactive than graphite short fibers (PGF) to both silane and titanate coupling agents, although the O1s contents for PCFs were lower than those for PGFs. Dynamic mechanical measurement, flexural tests, and SEM observation for poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) filled with PCF in the range of 0-100 phr (0-0.450 in volume fractions (Of)), and those treated with coupling agents by 40 phr (Of= 0.246)), were carried out. During the blending with a hot mixing roll, the PCF particles in the specimens were broken to the aspect ratio of 2.6-2.9, but they were aligned parallel to the machine direction (MD). As the Of increased, the storage modulus (E') and flexural modulus (Ef) of the specimens became higher. The E' values of the specimens were larger than those estimated from the rule of mixtures and the modified Halpin-Tsai equation in the glassy region and that calculated from Mooney's equation in the pseudo-rubbery region. The flexural strength for MD...
Challenges in the analysis of multimodal messaging

New forms of computer-mediated communication are increasingly multimodal, providing capabilities for communicating with some combination of text, image, audio, and video. In this paper, we point to the need to develop better methods for studying multimodal communication -- more specifically, for studying thencommunicative role of and relationships among differentnmodalities within their increasingly complex, multimodal semioticnlandscapes. We present two challenges in the analysis of multimodal communication, point of view and unit of analysis, both encountered in the context of our study of the use of photo-enhanced instant messaging.
Mentoring and Practical Wisdom: Are Mentors Wiser or Just More Politically Skilled?

Mentoring is a natural setting for senior employees to render ethics advice and consultation to junior employees. Two studies examined the question of whether those who mentor are more practically wise than those who do not. Although four different measures of practical wisdom were used, no differences were detected. However, mentors were shown to be more politically skilled than non-mentors.
The development of a pneumatic stepping motor concept for valve based flow control during injection molding

To develop the control over mold filling during polymer melt manipulation, an alternative way of driving rotary plug valves, which were placed on mold runners, was investigated in this study. During the present investigation, the pneumatic stepping motor concept was explored by designing, fabricating, and testing a specific motor for a target injection molding base application. In order to improve the actuator performance, which is used to drive the valves, a stepping motor driven by a sequence of digital solenoid valves utilizing pressurized air was designed to enhance torque capacity and reduce energy consumption, while maintaining a fixed position for a long period of time. Similar to electromagnetic stepping motors, this pneumatic stepping motor can be driven by a simple switching circuit, which only moves one step for each driving signal without a fading rotation. This mechanism yields an effective system for speed and position control. Although the speed of pressurized air switching is limited by the response time of air solenoid valves that cause a lower rotation output speed, the holding torque and efficiency of this actuator was found to be relatively higher. By using a set of circular pistons aligned so as to actuate on axial wobble gear, the motor produced a very unique motion between the gear and rotor, causing the beneficial characteristics. In this study, the performance of the new motor was tested and compared to a similar size of electromagnetic stepping motor, as well. Thus, this study provides fundamental concepts to develop a suitable actuator for control valves in injection molding at low cost.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Rod-sphere transition in polybutadiene-poly(L-lysine) block copolymer assemblies.

This paper describes the synthesis and characterization of poly(butadiene)m−poly(l-lysine)n (m−n = 107−200, 107−100, and 60−50) block copolymers. The polymers are prepared in a two-step process whereby amine-terminated polybutadiene is used to initiate the ring-opening polymerization of the e-benzyloxycarbonyl l-lysine N-carboxyanhydride. After deprotection, the self-assembly of the block copolymers in aqueous media were studied using dynamic light scattering, transmission electron microscopy, and circular dichroism spectroscopy. These block copolymers were found to form either spherical micelles or rod-like micelles at high pH depending on the composition of the block copolymer. As the pH is decreased, the micelles swell due to charge−charge repulsions between corona chains and from the helix-coil transition of the polypeptide block. The two systems that form rod-like micelles at high pH also exhibit a pH-induced rod-sphere transition at low pH. This transition was verified from Kratky analysis of the st...
Requirement for Protein Kinase R in Interleukin-1α-stimulated Effects in Cartilage

Interleukin-1 (IL-1) has pleiotropic effects in cartilage. The interferon-induced, double stranded RNA-activated protein kinase PKR that phosphorylates eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2) alpha has been implicated in cytokine effects in chondrocytes. A compound was recently identified that potently suppresses PKR autophosphorylation (IC50 approximately 200 etaM) and partially restores PKR-inhibited translation in a cell-free system with significant effect in the nanomolar range. The objectives of this study were to exploit this potent PKR inhibitor to assess whether PKR kinase activity is required for catabolic and proinflammatory effects of IL-1alpha in cartilage and to determine whether IL-1alpha causes an increase in eIF2alpha phosphorylation that is antagonized by the PKR inhibitor. Cartilage explants were incubated with the PKR inhibitor and IL-1alpha. Culture media were assessed for sulfated glycosaminoglycan as an indicator of proteoglycan degradation and for prostaglandin E(2). Cartilage extracts were analyzed by Western blot for cyclooxygenase-2 and phosphorylated signaling molecules. Nanomolar concentrations of the PKR inhibitor suppressed proteoglycan degradation and cyclooxygenase-2 accumulation in IL-1alpha-activated cartilage. The PKR inhibitor stimulated or inhibited PGE(2) production with a biphasic dose response relationship. IL-1alpha increased the phosphorylation of both PKR and eIF2alpha, and nanomolar concentrations of PKR inhibitor suppressed the IL-1alpha-induced changes in phosphorylation. The results strongly support PKR involvement in pathways activated by IL-1alpha in chondrocytes.
Response of Rat Thyroid Oxidative Enzymes to TSH

Injected bovine TSH caused an increase in activity per mg protein of TPNHcytochrome c reductase, isocitric dehydrogenase, glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase, and DPNHDPIP reductase by 24 hr, and an increased total gland content of these enzymes at 72 hr. Gland weight, protein content, RNA, DPNH-cytochrome c reductase, and cytochrome c oxidase increased by 72 hr but the changes were not significant at the p <.O5 level. Prior T4 administration diminished all these enzyme activities. The changes are thought to be caused by 1) proteolysis with a reduction in nonenzymatic protein, 2) a possible shift of cell metabolism to biosynthetic activities, and 3) cell growth. The responses in respiratory enzyme activities do not occur as rapidly as do other TSH-mediated changes in cell metabolism and are most likely secondary to TSH-induced changes in energy utilization. (Endocrinology 78: 1032, 1966)
Preparation of pteroylglutamic acid‐3′,5′‐2H2 by acid catalyzed exchange with deuterium oxide

Pteroylglutamic acid was labeled with deuterium by trifluoroacetic acid-catalyzed exchange with deuterium oxide. The product, pteroylglutamic acid-3′,5′-2H2, was selectively labeled with deuterium in the 4-aminobenzoyl portion of the molecule; there was no evidence for isotope incorporation at C7 or C9 of the pteridine ring or at the glutamate residue. Isotope composition of the pteroylglutamates was determined by chemical ionization mass spectrometry following a base-catalyzed, oxidative cleavage to either 4-aminobenzoic acid or 4-aminobenzoylglutamic acid. Products from the exchange reaction typically contained 1% 2H0, 9% 2H1, and 90% 2H2 isotopic species.
Balancing stress & dipolar interactions for fast, low power, reliable switching in multiferroic logic

Nanomagnetic logic, though inherently energy efficient, has been historically limited by the energy overhead of the local write operations The ability to rotate magnetizations with strain rather than an applied field opens up the possibility of highly pipelined and fast, Bennett-clocked, low power logic with energy efficient writes. In multi-ferroic logic, information is passed along an array of nearest neighbor dipole coupled nanomagnets (NM). The NMs consist of magnetostrictive elements (e.g. Terfenol-D) storing the bits, piezoelectric elements (e.g. PZT) for stressing, and hard magnetic layers for the read and write references (Fig. 1a) [1]. The bistable configuration along the easy axis of the Terfenol-D layer encodes logic bits “0” and “1” (Θ = π/2 or 3π/2).
Integrated Pictures and Relational Imagery Training in Children's Learning.

Abstract The effects of integrated pictures of nouns, training in imagining relations between separate pictures of nouns, and the combination of training and integrated pictures on the recall of noun triplets were assessed in children from grades one, three, and six. The cued recall of nouns under these three conditions was from two to six times greater than that of the control group in all three grades. In grade six, those children who had been trained to generate their own relations between the pictured nouns recalled significantly more than those who had been shown integrated (i.e., already related) pictures of the nouns. It was suggested that encouraging young children to seek out and generate relations between items to be learned might help them become aware of and more confident in their ability to improve their own learning efficiency.
Bi-modal Structure and Variability of Large-Scale Diabatic Heating in the Tropics

Abstract Tropical diabatic heating profiles estimated using sounding data from eight field campaigns were diagnosed to document their common and prevailing structure and variability that are relevant to the large-scale circulation. The first two modes of a rotated empirical orthogonal function analysis—one deep, one shallow—explain 85% of the total variance of all data combined. These two modes were used to describe the heating evolution, which led to three composited heating profiles that are considered as prevailing large-scale heating structures. They are, respectively, shallow, bottom heavy (peak near 700 hPa); deep, middle heavy (peak near 400 hPa); and stratiform-like, top heavy (heating peak near 400 hPa and cooling peak near 700 hPa). The amplitudes and occurrence frequencies of the shallow, bottom-heavy heating profiles are comparable to those of the stratiform-like, top-heavy ones. The sequence of the most probable heating evolution is deep tropospheric cooling to bottom-heavy heating, to middle...
Robustness analysis and design of a class of neural networks with sparse interconnecting structure

Abstract We first conduct an analysis of the robustness properties of a class of neural networks with applications to associative memories. Specifically, for a network with nominal parameters which stores a set of desired bipolar memories, we establish sufficient conditions under which the same set of bipolar memories is also stored in the network with perturbed parameters. This result enables us to establish a synthesis procedure for neural networks whose stored memories are invariant under perturbations. Our synthesis procedure is capable of generating artificial neural networks with prespecified sparsity constraints (on the interconnecting structure) and with nonsymmetric and symmetric interconnection matrices. To demonstrate the applicability of the present results, we consider several specific examples.
Relativistic nuclear Hamiltonians

Relativistic Hamiltonians are defined as the sum of relativistic one-body kinetic energies, two- and many-body interactions and their boost corrections. We review the calculation of the boost correction of the two-body interaction from commutation relations of the Poincar\'e group and show that its important terms can be easily understood from classical relativistic mechanics. The boost corrections for scalar- and vector-meson-exchange interactions, obtained from relativistic field theory, are shown to be in agreement with the results of the classical calculation. These boost corrections are also shown to be necessary to reproduce the known results of relativistic mean-field theories. We conclude with comments on the relativistic boost operator for the wave function of a nucleus. Some of the results presented in this article are known. We hope that a better understanding of relativistic Hamiltonians and their relation to relativistic field theory is obtained by putting them together with the new relations.
The role of race and respectability in attributions of responsibility for acquaintance rape.

Previous researchers have explored the role of race and respectability, independently, on attributions of responsibility; however, the interaction between race and respectability has not been analyzed in situations of acquaintance rape. Participants (N = 241) read a vignette detailing a case of acquaintance rape that manipulated the race of both the victim and the perpetrator and the respectability of the victim. Regression and ANOVA analyses indicated that victim race and respectability interacted in such a way that when Black victims were respectable, they were held less responsible than respectable White victims; however, less respected Black victims were held more responsible than less respected White victims. Manipulating perpetrator race revealed surprising results; the White perpetrator was found guilty more often than the Black perpetrator (although this appeared to be related to victim race). Language: en
Establishment of a Turkey Cecal Cell Line and Development of Turkey Coccidia within the cells

AbstractCells were dispersed from cecal tissues of 1- to 2-day-old turkeys using a mixture of collagenase and dispase to enrich for epithelial cells. The initial culture produced from these cells (TCC) appeared to be heterogeneous, but, as the cells were cultured through 25 passages, they assumed a more fibroblastic appearance. Cellular invasion of the TCC by two species of turkey coccidia, Eimeria adenoeides and Eimeria meleagrimitis, was not enhanced, as compared with invasion in turkey kidney cells (TKC), the cell culture system standardly used to study the avian coccidia in vitro. However, early development by one of the species, E. meleagrimitis, was markedly increased in the TCC (Passages 6 through 19) over that in TKC. Thirty to 42% of the parasites that invaded the TCC developed beyond the sporozoite stage, as compared with 5% development in TKC. Mature first-generation schizonts were observed within 24 hr postinoculation in the TCC, but not until 48 hr in the kidney cells. There was no evidence t...
Radar: Reflections and speculations

This talk will try to briefly review what developments have had an impact on radar (that is, what concepts and technology have made radar of value in the past), what radar concepts and technology were important in the past but might not be so important in the future, what things appear to be of current interest in radar but are not as likely to see lasting utility (that is, ideas that one should examine with caution when exploring potential new directions in radar), and a few new directions in radar that might be of interest to pursue. Among the new directions that might be briefly discussed include: phased arrays that perform multiple function simultaneously rather than in sequence, a different look at the cause of microwave sea echo, and living with a crowded microwave spectrum by use of shared spectrum.
Heredity and hypertension: Impact on metabolic characteristics

This study was performed to evaluate the possible role of heredity in the clinical characteristics of hypertension. Metabolic, endocrine, and renal measurements were compared in subjects with normal blood pressure who had a family history of hypertension (n = 60) with those of subjects with normal blood pressure who did not have a family history of hypertension (n = 48). The groups were matched for age (mean, 44 +/- 2 years and 45 +/- 2 years) and blood pressure (127 +/- 1/77 +/- 1 mm Hg and 127 +/- 2/77 +/- 1 mm Hg). The following parameters were higher in the patients with a family history of hypertension than in those without. Plasma insulin concentrations (14.1 +/- 1.1 vs 10.8 +/- 1.0 microU/ml; p less than 0.05), insulin-glucose ratio (0.15 +/- 0.01 vs 0.11 +/- 0.010; p less than 0.05), norepinephrine concentrations (315 +/- 24 pg/ml vs 208 +/- 20 pg/ml; p less than 0.01), plasma renin activity (2.1 +/- 0.2 ng Angl/ml/hr vs 1.6 +/- 0.2 ng Angl/ml/hr; p less than 0.02), total cholesterol levels (217 +/- 8 mg/dl vs 197 +/- 0.3 mg/dl; p less than 0.05), creatinine clearance (125 +/- 9 ml/min vs 96 +/- 8 ml/min; p less than 0.01), and albumin excretion rate (3.2 +/- 0.3 micrograms/min vs 2.6 +/- 0.3 micrograms/min; p = 0.1). Moreover, patients with a family history of hypertension had smaller increases in systolic blood pressure during treadmill exercise (55 +/- 3 mm Hg vs 64 +/- 3 mm Hg; p less than 0.03). There were no differences in echocardiographic left ventricular mass index between the groups.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Defining the rectal dose constraint for permanent radioactive seed implantation of the prostate

Abstract Purpose This study was performed to define the rectal dose constraint that would predict late rectal bleeding requiring argon plasma coagulation (APC) following prostate brachy mono-therapy. Methods and materials Between February 1999 and April 2002, 91 patients with low risk prostate cancer underwent permanent I 125 radioactive seed implantation without the use of supplemental external beam radiation or androgen suppression therapy. Patients received both CT and MRI scans 6 weeks postimplant for evaluation of dosimetry. The CT and MRI scans were fused. Rectal volumes were contoured on the T2 weighted MR images. For those patients requiring APC, the date on which a patient reported rectal bleeding was recorded. A Cox regression analysis was performed to assess whether there was a significant association between the rectal volume (continuous) exceeding 100 Gy time rectal bleeding. Comparisons of estimates of rectal bleeding requiring APC were made using a 2-sided log rank test. Results There was a significant association (hazard ratio = 5.6 [95% confidence interval: 1.3, 23.8]; P = 0.002) between the rectal volume exceeding 100 Gy and rectal bleeding requiring APC. After a median follow-up of 4.25 (1–6) years, no patient with less than a median value of 8 cc of rectum exceeding 100 Gy required APC, whereas 20% ( P = 0.004) were estimated to require APC within 3 years following treatment. Conclusions Keeping the rectal volume receiving more than 100 Gy below 8 cc will minimize the risk of rectal bleeding requiring APC following I 125 permanent prostate brachy mono-therapy.
Position Calibrations and Preliminary Angular Resolution of the Prototype Nuclear Compton Telescope

The Nuclear Compton Telescope (NCT) is a balloon-borne soft gamma ray (0.2-10 MeV) telescope designed to study astrophysical sources of nuclear line emission and gamma ray polarization. A prototype instrument was successfully launched from Ft. Sumner, NM on June 1, 2005. The NCT prototype consists of two 3D position sensitive High-Purity-Germanium (HPGe) strip detectors fabricated with amorphous Ge contacts. The novel ultra-compact design and new technologies allow NCT to achieve high efficiencies with excellent spectral resolution and background reduction. We have completed our preliminary calibrations of both the energy and the 3D position of interactions for the prototype instrument. Determination of both the energy and the position is crucial for Compton imaging, and minimizing the errors in each improves the angular resolution. Because of the compact design of the detectors and the high spectral resolution of germanium, we expect the position uncertainties to dominate over energy uncertainties when determining the angular resolution. Detailed depth calibrations and a preliminary determination of angular resolution as a function of energy are described. We determine how measurement uncertainties and physical limitations (energy uncertainty, position uncertainty, Doppler broadening, and systematics) constrain the ultimate angular resolution.
The Histone Deacetylase Inhibitor Vorinostat (SAHA) Increases the Susceptibility of Uninfected CD4 T Cells to HIV by Increasing the Kinetics and Efficiency of Postentry Viral Events

Latently infected cells remain a primary barrier to eradication of HIV-1. Over the past decade, a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms by which latency is established and maintained has led to the discovery of a number of compounds that selectively reactivate latent proviruses without inducing polyclonal T cell activation. Recently, the histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor vorinostat has been demonstrated to induce HIV transcription from latently infected cells when administered to patients. While vorinostat will be given in the context of antiretroviral therapy (ART), infection of new cells by induced virus remains a clinical concern. Here, we demonstrate that vorinostat significantly increases the susceptibility of CD4+ T cells to infection by HIV in a dose- and time-dependent manner that is independent of receptor and coreceptor usage. Vorinostat does not enhance viral fusion with cells but rather enhances the kinetics and efficiency of postentry viral events, including reverse transcription, nuclear import, and integration, and enhances viral production in a spreading-infection assay. Selective inhibition of the cytoplasmic class IIb HDAC6 with tubacin recapitulated the effect of vorinostat. These findings reveal a previously unknown cytoplasmic effect of HDAC inhibitors promoting productive infection of CD4+ T cells that is distinct from their well-characterized effects on nuclear histone acetylation and long-terminal-repeat (LTR) transcription. Our results indicate that careful monitoring of patients and ART intensification are warranted during vorinostat treatment and indicate that HDAC inhibitors that selectively target nuclear class I HDACs could reactivate latent HIV without increasing the susceptibility of uninfected cells to HIV. IMPORTANCE HDAC inhibitors, particularly vorinostat, are currently being investigated clinically as part of a “shock-and-kill” strategy to purge latent reservoirs of HIV. We demonstrate here that vorinostat increases the susceptibility of uninfected CD4+ T cells to infection with HIV, raising clinical concerns that vorinostat may reseed the viral reservoirs it is meant to purge, particularly under conditions of suboptimal drug exposure. We demonstrate that vorinostat acts following viral fusion and enhances the kinetics and efficiency of reverse transcription, nuclear import, and integration. The effect of vorinostat was recapitulated using the cytoplasmic histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) inhibitor tubacin, revealing a novel and previously unknown cytoplasmic mechanism of HDAC inhibitors on HIV replication that is distinct from their well-characterized effects of long-terminal-repeat (LTR)-driven gene expression. Moreover, our results suggest that treatment of patients with class I-specific HDAC inhibitors could induce latent viruses without increasing the susceptibility of uninfected cells to HIV.
The Empirical Effects of Voter-ID Laws: Present or Absent?

The effect of voter-identification (voter-ID) laws on turnout is a hot-button issue in contemporary American politics. In April of 2008, the U.S. Supreme Court affirmed Indiana's voter-ID law, the nation's most rigorous, which requires voters to arrive at the polls with a state-issued photo ID containing an expiration date (Crawford v. Marion County 2008). In a famous incident highlighting how Hoosiers were dealing with their state's voter-ID law, representative Julia Carson (D-IN) was initially blocked from voting during Indiana's 2006 primary election for failing to comply with Indiana's voter-identification standard. Carson identified herself with her congressional ID card; since that card did not include an expiration date and therefore did not meet Indiana's voter-identification law, she was turned away at the polls before later being allowed to vote (Goldstein 2006). The rising wave of public, political, and legal debate crested two years later in the wake of the Supreme Court ruling and during the Indiana primaries, with reports of a dozen nuns being denied ballots at the polls due to their lack of appropriate identification (Urbina 2008).
Attachment of Salmonella serovars and Listeria monocytogenes to stainless steel and plastic conveyor belts

In poultry industry, cross-contamination due to processing equipment and contact surfaces is very common. This study examined the extent of bacterial attachment to 6 different types and design of conveyor belts: stainless steel-single loop, stainless steel-balance weave, polyurethane with mono-polyester fabric, acetal, polypropylene mesh top, and polypropylene. Clean conveyor belts were immersed separately in either a cocktail of Salmonella serovars (Salmonella Typhimurium and Salmonella Enteritidis) or Listeria monocytogenes strains (Scott A, Brie 1, ATCC 6744) for 1 h at room temperature. Soiled conveyor chips were dipped in poultry rinses contaminated with Salmonella or Listeria cocktail and incubated at 10°C for 48 h. The polyurethane with mono-polyester fabric conveyor belt and chip exhibited a higher (P<0.05) mean number of attached Salmonella serovars (clean: 1.6 to 3.6 cfu/cm2; soiled: 0.8 to 2.4 cfu/cm2) and L. monocytogenes (clean: 4.0 to 4.3 cfu/cm2; soiled: 0.3 to 2.1 cfu/cm2) in both clean and soiled conditions. The stainless steel conveyor belt attached a lower (P<0.05) number of Salmonella serovars (clean: 0 to 2.6 cfu/cm2; soiled: 0.4 to 1.3 cfu/cm2) and L. monocytogenes (clean: 0.4 to 2.9 cfu/cm2; soiled: 0 to 0.7 cfu/cm2) than the polymeric materials, indicating weaker adhesion properties. Plastic conveyor belts exhibited stronger bacterial adhesion compared with stainless steel. The result suggests the importance of selecting the design and finishes of conveyor belt materials that are most resistant to bacterial attachment.
Metabolic network control of oxidative phosphorylation: multiple roles of inorganic phosphate

Phosphate (Pi) is a putative cytosolic signaling molecule in the regulation of oxidative phosphorylation. Here, by using a multiparameter monitoring system, we show that Pi controls oxidative phosphorylation in a balanced fashion, modulating both the generation of useful potential energy and the formation of ATP by F1F0-ATPase in heart and skeletal muscle mitochondria. In these studies the effect of Pi was determined on the mitochondria [NADH], NADH generating capacity, matrix pH, membrane potential, oxygen consumption, and cytochrome reduction level. Pi enhanced NADH generation and was obligatory for electron flow under uncoupled conditions. Pi oxidized cytochrome b (cyto-b) and reduced cytochrome c (cyto-c), potentially improving the coupling between the NADH free energy and the proton motive force. The apparent limitation in reducing equivalent flow between cyto-b and cyto-c in the absence of Pi was confirmed in the intact heart by using optical spectroscopic techniques under conditions with low cytosolic [Pi]. These results demonstrate that Pi signaling results in the balanced modulation of oxidative phosphorylation, by influencing both deltaGH+ generation and ATP production, which may contribute to the energy metabolism homeostasis observed in intact systems.
Effect of traffic patterns on optical time-division-multiplexed/WDM networks for avionics

Communication systems for use in commercial aircrafts are becoming increasingly complex and bandwidth intensive to meet the needs of multimedia users, as well as perform system management functions. The various avionics sub-systems have varied requirements for services that generate a wide range of traffic patterns. Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) provides a robust way to offer such services, but measures have to be taken to make sure that the bandwidth is effectively utilized. Using Optical Time Division Multiplexing (OTDM) with WDM increases the bandwidth usage per wavelength in the WDM system, thereby increasing the effective utilization of the system capacity. This paper analyzes the effect of three different traffic patterns generated at the sub-systems, on an OTDM/WDM network.
Conceptual structure modulates structural priming in the production of complex sentences

Speakers tend to reproduce syntactic structures that they have recently comprehended or produced. This structural or syntactic priming occurs despite differences in the particular conceptual or event roles expressed in prime and target sentences (Bock & Loebell, 1990). In two sentence recall studies, we used the tendency of speakers to paraphrase the finite complements of object-raising verbs as infinitive complements (e.g., “John believed that Mary was nice” as “John believed Mary to be nice”) to test whether an additional conceptual role would affect priming. Prime constructions with identical constituent orders as object-raising infinitives but an additional conceptual role (“John persuaded Mary to be nice”) resulted in fewer paraphrases. Contrasts with other constructions suggest that the critical difference between primes was this extra conceptual role. Thus, subtle differences in conceptual structures can affect how speakers grammatically encode message elements.
Field Aging Effects on Fatigue of Asphalt Concrete and Asphalt-Rubber Concrete

A study was undertaken to investigate the influence of field aging on the fatigue performance of asphalt concrete and asphalt-rubber concrete. Two California mixes were investigated: conventional asphalt concrete dense graded (CAC-DG) and asphalt-rubber hot-mix gap graded (ARHM-GG). Laboratory fatigue tests were conducted on beam specimens obtained from a 10-year-old pavement section in southern California. Both stiffness and fatigue were determined using controlled-strain fatigue beam tests performed at 22°C and -2°C. Results were compared with published data for the original (unaged) materials. Stiffness and fatigue data were also used in pavement analysis to assess the influence of aging on predicted fatigue performance. Results indicate that field aging reduced the beam fatigue resistance of CAC-DG and, to a lesser extent, ARHM-GG. Aging effects on beam fatigue life were more severe at -2°C than at 22°C. The influence of aging on predicted pavement fatigue life depends not only on the stiffness of the...
Methane Potential of Food Waste and Anaerobic Toxicity of Leachate Produced During Food Waste Decomposition

Abstract The objective of this study was to characterize the anaerobic biodegradation of food waste, including its methane potential and the anaerobic toxicity of leachate associated with food waste decomposition. Biodegradation experiments were conducted in 2.2-litre reactors and were seeded with well-decomposed refuse. Despite pH neutralization, reactors seeded with 30% old refuse failed to undergo methanogenesis. Food waste in a second set of reactors, containing 70% seed, produced 300.7 ml CH 4 dry g −1 . Leachate toxicity was evaluated by a modified anaerobic toxicity assay (ATA). The results of ATAs were typically consistent with the methane production behavior of the reactors. However, the toxicity observed in the ATA test could not be simulated with synthetic leachate containing high concentrations of carboxylic acids and sodium. Tests with 20, 5, 15 and 12 g l −1 of acetate, propionate, butyrate and sodium, respectively, suggested that high concentrations of butyric acid and sodium inhibited the onset of methane production but that refuse micro-organisms could acclimatize to these concentrations within 5–10 days. The refuse ecosystem was shown to tolerate higher concentrations of undissociated carboxylic acids than previously reported for anaerobic digesters.
Surface characterization of energetic materials using point-to-point contact FTIR-ATR

Surface characterization of energetic materials and their components has been a useful tool for resolving many research and quality control issues. An important application for gun propulsion is the understanding of plasma-propellant interactions (PPIs) in order to exploit plasma ignition, which offers the potential for rapid, controlled ignition of high-energy density charges. Toward this end, surface characterization using Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) microscopy has been performed on propellants exposed to plasma in extinguished closed-bomb and open-air plasma experiments. These experiments are being performed to elucidate the properties of plasmas that enhance energy transfer and ignition, ultimately with the goal of designing an electrothermal-chemical (ETC) igniter-propellant charge for the next-generation weapon for the Future Combat System. However, analytical techniques capable of low detection limits for propellant degradation products are needed for characterizing the nature (e.g., radiation, convective heat transfer, hot particle flow, etc.) and distribution (in a packed bed or charge to ensure uniform and repeatable ignition) of plasma interaction with the propellant. Knowledge of such phenomena is valuable for validating simulations of plasma dynamics and optimizing igniter design. Reflectance spectroscopy has been used previously in our laboratory in closed-bomb studies to characterize the morphology and chemical composition of the grains from extinguished closed-bomb and open-air plasma experiments, but degradation products had proved difficult to detect. Recently, the same samples were reanalyzed using point-to-point contact attenuated total reflectance (PPC-ATR) in order to improve diagnostics for plasma-propellant interaction. Commercially available attachments have been designed to exert greater pressure on the sample for greater contact with the ATR crystal, improving sensitivity. With PPC-ATR, it was possible not only to detect but to identify the components of JA2 most likely associated with plasma degradation. Decomposition products were limited to less than a millimeter into the sample, involved secondary carbon denitration, and apparently did not migrate, strongly suggesting that plasma-propellant interaction involved denitration of nitrocelluose (NC). A chemical species with infrared absorption at /spl sim/1570 cm/sup -1/ is apparently specific to plasma ignition (i.e., not observed with conventional ignition) and could serve as a marker compound for the extent of plasma interaction in charges with ETC igniters.
Global Trends in Ocean Noise

This ongoing work provides information about sound level trends from three ocean regions to compare with those of the North Pacific to determine whether increasing sound levels are a global phenomenon. Here the term soundscape is used to describe a measured physical property that can be selectively decomposed by frequency and sound level is used to provide insight relating to conditions ranging from the quietest conditions (sound floor) to the most extreme acoustic events. Acoustic time series from the Indian, South Atlantic, and Equatorial Pacific Oceans were used to quantify the rate and direction of low-frequency change over the past decade.
Bringing to Remembrance: The Trauma Memory Debate

Recent focus on memories of abuse that are recalled during therapy has alerted mental health care providers to potential hazards to the client, the therapist, and innocent others. Being aware of current research on how memory works can help reduce these risks. Integrating information from both sides of the debate provides a more accurate understanding of delayed memory recall.
Internet-Delivered Cognitive Behavioral Therapy to Treat Insomnia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Background Insomnia is of major public health importance. While cognitive behavioral therapy is beneficial, in-person treatment is often unavailable. We assessed the effectiveness of internet-delivered cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia. Objectives The primary objectives were to determine whether online cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia could improve sleep efficiency and reduce the severity of insomnia in adults. Secondary outcomes included sleep quality, total sleep time, time in bed, sleep onset latency, wake time after sleep onset, and number of nocturnal awakenings. Data sources We searched PubMed/MEDLINE, the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, PsycInfo, Cochrane Library, Embase, and the Web of Science for randomized trials. Methods Studies were eligible if they were randomized controlled trials in adults that reported application of cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia via internet delivery. Mean differences in improvement in sleep measures were calculated using the Hartung-Knapp-Sidik-Jonkman method for random effects meta-analysis. Results We found 15 trials, all utilizing a pretest-posttest randomized control group design. Sleep efficiency was 72% at baseline and improved by 7.2% (95% CI: 5.1%, 9.3%; p Conclusion In conclusion, internet-delivered cognitive behavioral therapy is effective in improving sleep in adults with insomnia. Efforts should be made to educate the public and expand access to this therapy. Registration Number, Prospero: CRD42015017622.
The interconnectedness of relational and content dimensions of quality instruction: Supportive teacher–student relationships in urban elementary mathematics classrooms

Abstract Scholars assert that the often-impoverished instructional practices found in urban schools are tied to teachers’ negative relationships with African American and Latin@ 1 students ( Ferguson, 1998 , McKown and Weinstein, 2002 , McKown and Weinstein, 2008 , Morris, 2005 , Stiff and Harvey, 1988 ). However, measures of mathematics instructional quality rarely measure relational elements of instruction. This study responds to such shortcomings by analyzing relational interactions in urban elementary mathematics classrooms in tandem with content instruction of teachers who engage in supportive relationships with African American and Latin@ students. This study identified teachers with high quality student performance, content instruction, and supportive relationships as defined through relational interactions. After selecting two teachers, the results detail relational interactions that show how these teachers established supportive relationships with students vis-a-vis their mathematics instruction. Therefore, these findings offer insight into the ways in which relational interactions add to our understanding of quality content instruction for African American and Latin@ students.
Isolation of pleuropneumonia-like organisms from H. influenzae with the aid of penicillin.

SummaryWith the aid of penicillin a strain of pleuropneumonia-like organism has been isolated from a culture of H. influenzae. This strain could be kept in continuous cultivation. Colonies of similar organisms were seen in 3 other cultures of H. influenzae, but their propagation in pure culture was not successful.
"Board composition, financial slack & R&D investments: changing roles in the presence of volatility"

This study fills an important gap in the financial slack and board of director’s literatures by focusing on how different directors apportion financial slack into R&D investments under alternative ...
Related Factors and Prevention of Malnutrition among Preschoolers in Longyan City

[Objective]To understand the prevalence of malnutrition of 2~6 years old children in Longyan city and explore its causes,so as to put forward the effective control measures.[Methods]Malnutrition was classified on the basis of WHO's standards of height and weight,the disease causes were investigated with questionnaire.[Results]Severe malnutrition prevalence rate of 2~6 years old children in Longyan city was 1.74%,among which:low weight 0.97%,growth retardation 0.59%,marasmus 0.12%,severe chronic malnutrition 0.03%,severe malnutrition 0.03%.Relevant factors were birth weight,feeding pattern,disease factor,differences between urban and rural areas.Prevalence of 2 years old group was lowest for 0.57% and that of 6 years old group was highest for 2.41%,the difference was significant(P0.05).[Conclusion]Malnutrition is induced by multi-factors interaction and should be comprehensively controlled.
Research of furnace temperature in power plants based on kernel principal components analysis and support vector machine

Taking 330 MW unit in Huaneng Jiaxiang power plant as an example,according to the problem of choosing auxiliary variables and the establishment of furnace temperature soft measurement model by using LSSVM analysis process of thermal power plant,fully integrated with Shanghai Xinhua,Shandong Luneng DCS,establish the furnace temperature softmeasurement system. The measured data of the field operation shows that,the system without increasing the cost of investment of equipment,the use of the soft monitoring effect is good,not only completely overcome the adverse influence on production in the temperature measurement element is damaged,also for the prediction of platen superheater inlet temperature and the safety of the heating surface provides basis and lay the foundation for subsequent combustion optimization work.
The right paperwork for the right audiences.

Physician executives need to exercise considerable discretion, care, and judgment when they write about their professional accomplishments in the form of a resume or curriculum vitae (CV). This paperwork is intensely personal. It must be a true reflection of you, your achievements and goals. Others read it to learn more about you. Those you fail to convince, you're likely to lose--along with your chance to meet and charm them in a personal interview. A physician executive's thoughtfully prepared resume and CV can result in him or her being offered terrific opportunities for career growth. The paperwork is a self-constructed gateway through which you can properly approach hiring organizations--and how it reads is totally under your control. Some suggestions to consider in developing your resume or CV are: be succinct; don't overstate; use both documents; do your homework; and be ready for the next steps.
Formation of SiO 2 /Si 3 N 4 /SiO 2 Positive and Negative Electrets on a Silicon Substrate

A new technique is presented for creating an electret from a plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) multilayer film of SiO2/Si3N4/SiO2. The technique uses a direct contact silicon electrode during poling. This thin-film electret formation process capitalized on deep traps in the silicon nitride, which is known to develop from hydrogen interactions with silicon dangling bonds and, in some stoichiometries, nitrogen dangling bonds. The materials used are compatible with standard microfabrication processes, and the electret activation process is accomplished with a commercial anodic bonding system, traditionally used for bonding borosilicate glass to silicon wafers. Negative electrets with an effective surface voltage (ESV) up to −236 V and positive electrets with an ESV up to 195 V are produced. The lifetime of the electrets are evaluated by performing accelerated aging at elevated temperatures. Results indicate that the electrets are expected to provide a mean lifetime effective charge for decades at a temperature of 125 °C. A thin-film multilayer electret fabrication process is shown to yield electrets with a half-life 5 times greater than those values reported for other PECVD fabricated multilayer electrets. [2016-0065]