cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Community Foundation Performance: Bridging Community Resources and Needs:

This study draws on organizational ecology perspective to explore the environmental and organizational factors associated with the performance of community foundations. Performance was conceptualized as fiscal efficiency and grant-making performance. Analysis was conducted on a national survey of 117 community foundations. Results revealed that increased organizational density was positively associated with fiscal efficiency but negatively associated to grant-making performance. Specialist foundations (i.e., foundations that serve a smaller sized community and those with smaller asset size) outperformed their generalist counterparts in fiscal efficiency and grant-making performance. The percentage of unrestricted funds was negatively associated with fiscal efficiency but not grant-making generosity. Board performance was positively associated with fiscal efficiency but not grant-making generosity.
The discrete variable method for the solution of the time-dependent Schrödinger equation

A solution of the time-dependent Schrodinger equation (TDSE) is required in a variety of problems in physics and chemistry. These include atoms and molecules in time dependent electromagnetic fields, a variety of atomic collision problems and in describing the behavior of materials subjected to internal and external forces. In many situations, especially at the nanoscale level, the evolution of the physical system occurs over multiple length and time scales and a computationally efficient approach is a necessity to make progress. Here we explore and compare, for both accuracy and efficiency, a number of methods to discretize and to propagate solutions to the Schrodinger equation.
Theory of the effects of surface roughness on fluid lubrication of hydrogels

Multi-length scale roughness can have important effects on the fluid lubrication of two hydrogel coated surfaces, both in the nonequilibrium situation while the gels are being compressed under an applied load and when the two gels are in equilibrium. For the nonequilibrium case, fluid is expelled from hydrogels coatings on surfaces as they are compressed under an applied load. The model improves upon the picture put forward by Ateshian to describe such a mechanism of the dynamical lubrication of cartilage by including the effects of surface roughness on fluid flow through the interface. The model introduces a length scale h0 ∼ (kηsR2/w)1/3 to describe this, where k is the permeability, ηs is the fluid viscosity, R is the radius of the gel interface and w is the gel thickness. As the mean asperity height at the interface gets smaller compared to h0, the expelled fluid can support a larger fraction of the applied load. As it becomes large compared to h0, however, more of the load is supported by the asperities. When a hydrogel is in equilibrium, it is shown that for sufficiently smooth surfaces, even at a length scale comparable to that of the gel mesh size, the fluid layer thickness will remain larger than a polymer radius, and hence even at this length scale, the gel interface is separated by a thin fluid lubricating layer.
Monte Carlo reconstruction of the inflationary potential

We present Monte Carlo reconstruction, a new method for ``inverting'' observational data to constrain the form of the scalar field potential responsible for inflation. This stochastic technique is based on the flow equation formalism and has distinct advantages over reconstruction methods based on a Taylor expansion of the potential. The primary ansatz required for Monte Carlo reconstruction is simply that inflation is driven by a single scalar field. We also require a very mild slow roll constraint, which can be made arbitrarily weak since Monte Carlo reconstruction is implemented at arbitrary order in the slow roll expansion. While our method cannot evade fundamental limits on the accuracy of reconstruction, it can be simply and consistently applied to poor data sets, and it takes advantage of the attractor properties of single-field inflation models to constrain the potential outside the small region directly probed by observations. We show examples of Monte Carlo reconstruction for data sets similar to that expected from the Planck satellite, and for a hypothetical measurement with a factor of five better parameter discrimination than the Planck satellite.
On proton-deuteron backward elastic scattering at medium energies

Abstract Recent theoretical attempts at explaining pd backward elastic scattering at medium energies are examined. It is found that at present there is no convincing evidence for reaction mechanisms such as N∗-isobar exchange or pion-nucleon exchange, besides the usual neutron transfer.
Unexpected Cross Talk: Small GTPase Regulation of Calcium Channel Trafficking

Calcium ions can serve as both charge carriers and second messengers. Most cells have voltage-dependent calcium channels that control the membrane permeability to calcium. These channels at the membrane open in response to changes in membrane potential. Their activity is further modulated by phosphorylation by various kinases, such as protein kinase A and protein kinase C, and by changes in intracellular calcium concentration through the action of calcium calmodulin (Ca 2+ /CaM). Trimmer discusses a potential mechanism by which the expression of these channels can be regulated through an interaction with a small guanosine triphosphatase (GTPase), kir/Gem, that influences trafficking of the channels through effects on assembly with auxiliary subunits that occurs in the biosynthetic pathway.
Myosin-induced changes in F-actin: fluorescence probing of subdomain 2 by dansyl ethylenediamine attached to Gln-41.

Actin labeled at Gln-41 with dansyl ethylenediamine (DED) via transglutaminase reaction was used for monitoring the interaction of myosin subfragment 1 (S1) with the His-40-Gly-42 site in the 38–52 loop on F-actin. Proteolytic digestions of F-actin with subtilisin and trypsin, and acto-S1 ATPase measurements on heat-treated F-actin revealed that the labeling of Gln-41 had a stabilizing effect on subdomain 2 and the actin filaments. DED on Gln-41 had no effect on the values of K(m) and Vmax of the acto-S1 ATPase and the sliding velocities of actin filaments in the in vitro motility assays. This suggests either that S1 does not bind to the 40–42 site on actin or that such binding is not functionally important. The binding of monoclonal antidansyl IgG to DED-F-actin did not affect acto-S1 binding in the absence of nucleotides, indicating that the 40–42 site does not contribute much to rigor acto-S1 binding. Myosin-induced changes in subdomain 2 on actin were manifested through an increase in the fluorescence of DED-F-actin, a decrease in the accessibility of the probe to collisional quenchers, and a partial displacement of antidansyl IgG from actin by S1. It is proposed that these changes in the 38–52 loop on actin originate from S1 binding to other myosin recognition sites on actin.
Citrus dwarfing viroid: effects on tree size and scion performance specific to Poncirus trifoliata rootstock for high-density planting

The term ‘transmissible small nuclear ribonucleic acids' (TsnRNAs) describes well-characterised viroid RNA species that do not induce any pronounced disease syndromes in specific citrus hosts, but rather act as regulatory genetic elements modifying tree performance. The canopy volume (CV) of 13-year-old navel orange trees (Citrus sinensis) on Poncirus trifoliata rootstock treated with TsnRNA-IIIb (syn. Citrus dwarfing viroid) was reduced by 45% and 53.5% in standard-density (6 m × 6.7 m) or high-density (3 m × 6.7 m) plantings, respectively. The total yield of eight consecutive harvests was not affected significantly by the TsnRNA-IIIb treatments or the two planting densities. However, the yield per land surface unit (Y/LSU) was almost doubled (increased by 97.5%) for the high-density plantings over the standard-density plantings of the untreated controls. The Y/LSU of the TsnRNA-IIIb treated navel orange trees in the standard-density planting was reduced by 32.7%. The TsnRNA-IIIb treatment in both planting densities concentrated significantly more fruit production (approximately 60%) in the economically advantageous middle canopy height zone (0.6–2.4 m) in comparison with the untreated controls (35%). Fruit grade, size, appearance, organoleptic characteristics or time of maturation of the TsnRNA-IIIb dwarfed navel trees were not significantly different between the two planting densities and the controls. Fruit with higher commercial value was produced in the TsnRNA-IIIb dwarfed navel trees in the high-density planting by 3.9% and 4.6% over the TsnRNA-IIIb or controls in standard-density planting respectively. The increase in Y/LSU and fruit value for the TsnRNA-IIIb treated navel trees in the high-density plantings in combination with the reduced management cost of dwarfed trees could result in substantial higher profits for a commercial grove despite the higher establishment cost of high-density plantings.
Evidence for an acetyl-enzyme intermediate in the action of acetyl-CoA synthetase.

Abstract Acetyl-CoA synthetase (EC 6.2.1.1) from yeast is a ligase which catalyzes the synthesis of ATP from ADP and acetyl-CoA or acetyl-dephosphoCoA. The enzyme also catalyzes the rapid and reversible transfer of an acetyl group between CoA and dephospho CoA in the absence of the other components of the total ligase reaction. Such transfer is chemically equivalent to a CoA-acetyl-CoA exchange, and points therefore to an acetyl-enzyme intermediate in the transfer (“exchange”) reaction. Since the “exchange” is an intrinsic activity of the enzyme, it seems probable that the acetyl-enzyme mediates the total ligase reaction as well.
Interaction of a planar shock with a dense field of particles

Understanding the particle-particle and shock-particle interactions that occur in dense gas-solid flows is limited by a lack of knowledge of the underlying phenomena. Gas-solid flows are characterized by the particle volume fraction. ϕ p of the flow [1]. For particle volume fractions less than about 0.1%, flow is considered dilute and the effects of particle collisions are negligible [2]. For packed particles, where the .p is greater than about 50%, the flow regime is said to be granular. The dilute and granular regimes have been well studied, but conversely, a substantial knowledge gap exists for dense gas-solid flows, which have intermediate particle volume fractions of about 0.1 to 50%. This regime exists at microsecond time scales during blast-induced dispersal of material when the shocked particles are closely spaced.
Three Models to Measure Information Security Compliance

This work introduces three models to measure information security compliance. These are the cardinality model, the secondâ€™s model, which is based on vector space, and the last model is based on the priority principle. Each of these models will be presented with definitions, basic operations, and examples. All three models are based on a new theory to understand information security called the Information Security Sets Theory (ISST). The ISST is based on four basic sets: external sets, local strategy sets, local standard sets, and local implementation sets. It should be noted that two sets are used to create local standard setsâ€”local expansion and local creation. The major differences between the Zermelo Fraenkel set theory and the ISST are the elimination of using empty element and empty set. This assumption is based on â€œthere is not empty securityâ€ measure and the is substituted to be and is defined as â€œminimum security (or system default security)â€ . The main objective of this article is to achieve new modeling system for information security compliance. The compliance measurement is defined in the first model as the cardinality between local strategy sets and the actual local implementation. The second model is looking at the security compliance as the angle between two sets, local implementation and local standard. The third model is based on the priority philosophy for local security standard.
Scientific information in judicial and administrative systems

Abstract There has arisen in recent times an increasing concern for the quality and interpretation of scientific and technical facts in both administrative (regulatory) and judicial decisions dealing with environment and health. Members of the scientific community have pointed to the poor quality of the scientific fabric used as the factual basis for decisions. Others fear an erosion of justice (as in the awarding of just compensation) if an excessively rigorous test for judging scientific material is demanded. Perhaps most important, this complex issue has made more explicit a debate over where the boundaries properly lie between scientific and social issues and how broadly those decisions should be shared. The emergence of this issue of how science should articulate with the public policy process follows a number of important trends of the past few years. One is a much augmented degree of public interest in health and risks to health. The rising tide of public concern for the environment of the past two decades turned in great part around issues of health—often as a surrogate for other environment qualities. This coincided with a period of increasing public demand for more direct public participation in the affairs of government. All of this together brought forth much more scientific and technical detail into broader public discussion than had been the pattern historically. Thirdly, the nation has turned to its courts more frequently and more prominently both to render ultimate decisions for the regulatory process and to review cases brought in the name of compensation for disease and disability. As a result of this latter, increasingly complex scientific and technical evidence has become the centerpiece of adversary proceedings and the court has become the locus for judging and interpreting science. In some cases, science itself has become the principal fodder for argumentation—leading to a debate over a seeming conflict between honoring the integrity of the factual basis for decisions versus the serving of a variety of social goals. In fact, both of these should be well accommodated. Decisions should rest on a respected body of fact and ultimate decisions should serve desired social endpoints. However, that dictates a separation between review and interpretation of scientific factual material from adversary proceedings. This has been the traditional experience in other parts of the western world. To perform in this way, however, does raise fundamental questions about how political power for these decisions should be shared.
Correct spatial normalization of myocardial perfusion SPECT improves detection of multivessel coronary artery disease

Background This study sought to improve the detection of multivessel coronary artery disease (CAD) with the use of rest and exercise single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) perfusion scintigraphy by developing a processing scheme, which provides proper regional normalization of the images for interpretation. When SPECT perfusion images are interpreted, one area of myocardium serves as “normal.” We hypothesized that if this “normal” region changes location from rest to stress, the stress images must be adjusted for proper interpretation. By taking into account the level of tracer activity in this “normal” area on the resting images, we could more accurately identify patients with multivessel CAD.
Heterogeneity of Human Alpha-fetoprotein (HAFP) as Revealed by Agarose Gel Electrophoresis and Iso-electric Focusing in Ureaacrylamide Gels

HAFP was purified from five patients with hepatoma, one with gastric cancer, and one with an embryonal cell tumor, as well as from fetal liver and a monkey tumor cell line grown in tissue culture. The pattern of microheterogeneity of purified HAFP was defined for each HAFP isolate, and was demonstrated to be present in native sera, using crossed immunoelectrophoresis in agarose gels and isoelectric focusing in polyacrylamide gels containing 8 M urea. Three, and in one case four, species were seen in agarose, and were further resolved to reveal 6 major species with isoelectric focusing which could be correlated with the agarose gel variants. We have demonstrated a relationship between the immunosuppressive potency of certain HAFP preparations and the proportion of specific HAFP isomers which they contain as shown by these techniques. We have desialylated each of our preparations and demonstrated that this does not alter immunosuppressive potency but leaves residual complex microheterogeneity. Desialylated HAFP isolates contain six major HAFP isomers by isoelectric focusing, indicating that HAFP heterogeneity is based upon multiple charge differences in the HAFP molecule, apart from sialic acid content. The nature of these charge differences remain to be determined. We postulate that these charge differencesmore » modulate the immunosuppressive potency of HAFP.« less
Seasonal Accumulation and Depletion of Local Sediment Stores of Four Headwater Catchments

Seasonal turbidity patterns and event-level hysteresis analysis of turbidity verses discharge in four 1 km2 headwater catchments in California’s Sierra Nevada indicate localized in-channel sediment sources and seasonal accumulation-depletion patterns of stream sediments. Turbidity signals were analyzed for three years in order to look at the relationships between seasonal turbidity trends, event turbidity patterns, and precipitation type to stream sediment production and transport. Seasonal patterns showed more turbidity events associated with fall and early to mid- winter events than with peak snow-melt. No significant turbidity patterns emerged for periods of snow melt vs. rain. Single event hysteresis loops showed clockwise patterns were dominant suggesting local sediment sources. In successive discharge events, the largest turbidity spike was often associated with the first but not necessarily the largest discharge event-indicating seasonal depletion of local sediment stores. In multi-peaked discharge events, hysteresis loops shifted from clockwise to linear or random patterns suggesting that localized sediment stores are being used up and sufficient flow energy must be reached to start entraining the more consolidated bank/bed sediment or that dominant sediment sources may be shifting to less localized areas such as hill slopes. A conceptual model with phases of accumulation and transport is proposed.
Coulomb dissociation of C 15 and radiative neutron capture on C 14

The semiclassical, dynamical description of diffraction dissociation of weakly bound nuclei is applied to analyze the decay-energy spectra of $^{15}\mathrm{C}$ that have been measured at 68 MeV/nucleon on a Pb target. The optical potentials that are used to describe the nuclear interaction of $^{15}\mathrm{C}$ with the target nucleus are realistic because the fits to the two measured spectra, one with a small and one with a very large acceptance angle, are consistent and of similar quality. The cross section for the radiative neutron capture on $^{14}\mathrm{C}$ to the ${1/2}^{+}$ ground state of $^{15}\mathrm{C}$ is deduced from the analysis. When combined with an estimated contribution from the capture to the ${5/2}^{+}$ excited state of $^{15}\mathrm{C}$, an excellent agreement with a recent direct capture measurement is achieved.
Laser powered homogeneous pyrolysis of silane

Abstract In an effort to help resolve recent controversy over the mechanism of and activation energy for the homogeneous thermal decomposition of silane, we have studied this process using the technique of laser powered homogeneous pyrolysis. Using cyclopropane isomerization as an internal standard, we determine an activation energy for silane loss of 52 ± 7 kcal/mole. This value is consistent with previous results from pyrolysis and shock tube studies and supports the claim that under homogeneous conditions silane decomposes by a three-center elimination of molecular hydrogen.
Nictating membrane conditioning to tone in the immobilized albino rabbit

Abstract Acquisition of nicititating membrane (NM) conditioned responses (CRs) to tone onset was studied in male albino rabbits with their heads immobilized and bodies loosely restrained. The conditioned stimulus (CS) was a 1000 Hz tone presented over a white noise background. The unconditioned stimulus (US) was an air puff directed at the exposed cornea. NM closure was detected with an integrated circuit infrared light reflection transducer. The latency of the unconditioned response (UR) was 17.5 msec from puff onset at the cornea. URs were bilateral. All 22 experimental rabbits showed CR acquisition in the eye to which puff was delivered on training Day I. Group response rates approached 80% in the last 40 trials of Day I. During Days II and III, the rate was between 90 and 100%. Mean CR response latency decreased significantly from 177 msec on Day I to 135 msec on Day II. None of the 9 pseudoconditioning control animals showed CR acquisition. A learning curve was constructed with the trial of the tenth CR (rather than trial 0) as the anchor point. The probability of CR occurrence showed an abrupt 50% increase between trials—12 and —11 (before the anchor point) when examined in this fashion. NM performance of the non-puff eye (eye not receiving the air puff US) was determined in 13 rabbits. CRs were determined to be largely unilateral. When non-puff CRs were present, they were of significantly longer latency and of smaller size than those occuring simultaneously in the puff eye. The advantages of rabbit NM conditioning as a system in which to examine the neurophysiological and anatomical substrates of learning were discussed.
Establishing generalized verb-noun instruction-following skills in retarded children.

Abstract A transfer of stimulus control procedure was used to establish generalized verb-noun instruction-following skills in two severely retarded boys. Each of 12 verbs was trained, in a multiple baseline order, to criterion with each of 12 nouns in the form of verb-noun verbal instructions. Throughout training, reinforced probes were conducted on both trained and untrained verb-noun combinations. As training progressed, both subjects began to respond correctly to untrained verb-noun instructions. Eventually, a verb needed to be trained in combination with only one noun before generalization occurred to the as-yet-untrained 11 verb-noun instructions involving that verb.
Comments on the Derivation of the Covariant Feynman Rules in the Gauge Theories

It is pointed out that Weinberg's derivation of the covariant Feynman rules in the canonical formalism contains two errors in handling the fermions, and, in fact, these two errors cancel each other.
The marital disaffection scale: an inventory for assessing emotional estrangement in marriage

Abstract This paper describes the development of a 21-item self-report scale that measures the level of disaffection toward one's spouse. A questionnaire containing the Marital Disaffection Scale (MDS) and other measures of disaffection and marital happiness was administered to 76 spouses. Results indicated good criterion-related validity, discriminant validity, and inter-item reliability. The findings support the clinical use of the Marital Disaffection Scale for assessing spouses'feelings toward their partner and planning appropriate interventions in conjoint therapy.
Late complications of thoracic endografts

The use of endovascular grafts in the thoracic aorta has emerged as a natural evolution of abdominal endografts. However, the thoracic aorta has unique anatomic features, with a distinctive biomechanical and hemodynamic environment, that results in late complications that are specific to devices used in this location. This chapter addresses the late complications that are characteristic of the thoracic aorta, excluding endoleaks (Table), which are dealt with in greater detail in other chapters. The descending thoracic aorta, unlike the abdominal aorta, is relatively mobile in the chest, with few spacelimiting surrounding organs. The fixation points of the aorta are sites of origin of major branch vessels, with a relatively mobile aortic segment extending from the left subclavian artery to the celiac artery. Thus, the thoracic aorta elongates and angulates between these points with the development of an aneurysmal segment. These features, combined with an acute angle at the junction of the distal aortic arch and descending thoracic aorta, exert a complex pattern of dynamic circumferential, radial, torsional, and axial forces on thoracic endografts. The stress field is significantly different than that exerted on abdominal endografts, and as a consequence, a variety of unique late complications have been noted. Minimizing the risk of these complications requires careful patient selection and will mandate continuing refinement in endograft design.
Freeze-fracture studies of the macromolecular organization of glial membranes

Abstract In this review, Cullen and Gulley describe some of the unique characteristics of astrocytic and oligodendroglial membranes which can be distinguished using the freeze fracture technique. Here the morphological characteristics of some of the macromolecular components and their restriction to particular regions of the membrane is described. It may be possible to ascribe a function to these units by correlating their position with known biochemical and physiological specializations.
Novel analyte capture method for SERS biodetection

Significant improvement in the detection limits of bioassays have been found from the use of surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) detection probes. These probes are constructed from plasmonic nanostructures, including solid gold and silver nanoparticles (colloids) and core-shell structures (metal core-silica shell), taking advantage of the large enhancement in the Raman scattering signal of dyes fixed in close proximity to such surfaces. These dyes come into contact with the surface in a variety of fashions, including electrostatic attraction, direct covalent attachment, or secondary labeling. In order to obtain probes that are SERS active and stable in a variety of biological fluids, these particles often incorporate a mixed monolayer system containing a Raman-active dye and an analyte recognition element. Though there has been much effort in constructing increasingly sensitive dyes, less emphasis has been placed on the method of analyte capture. Many methods use a sandwichassay design that relies on chemistries similar to those used to construct the SERS probes. Often the capture of such analytes requires extremely long incubation times and large volumes of analyte, neither of which is conducive to detection of small quantities of analyte in limited samples of bodily fluids. We have developed a unique analyte capture system for SERS biodetection based on an extension of methods commonly used in Western blotting.
Prevalence and Features of Advanced Asbestosis (ILO Profusion Scores above 2/2)

In this study, the author addressed the following question: Do workers with advanced asbestosis have a restrictive pulmonary physiology, and, alternately, do those who have restrictive physiological tests have advanced asbestosis? One group was identified by obvious radiographic measurements, and the other group was defined via physiologic measurements. Total lung capacity, vital capacity, and flows were measured in 12,856 men exposed to asbestos, of whom 3,445 had radiographic signs of asbestosis, as defined by the International Labour Office criteria. Radiographically advanced asbestosis-International Labour Office criteria profusion greater than 2/2 was present in 85 (2.5%) of men. An additional 52 men had physiologically restrictive disease. The author, who compared pulmonary flows and volumes of these two groups, used mean percentage predicted, adjusted for height, age, and duration of cigarette smoking. Men with radiographically advanced asbestosis had normal total lung capacity (i.e., 105.5% predicted), reduced forced vital capacities (i.e., 82.7% predicted), air trapping (i.e., residual volume/total lung capacity increased to 54.4%), and reduced flows (i.e., forced expiratory flow [FEF25-75] = 60.6% predicted, forced expiratory volume in 1 s = 78.0% predicted, and forced expiratory volume in 1 s/forced vital capacity = 65.5%). In contrast, men selected from the same exposed population for restrictive disease (i.e., reduced total lung capacity [72.6% predicted] and forced vital capacity [61.5% predicted]) also had airflow obstruction (i.e., forced expiratory volume in 1 s/forced vital capacity of 74.5% predicted) and air trapping (i.e., residual volume/total lung capacity of 46.7%). Only half of these men had asbestosis--and it was of minimal severity. In summary, advanced asbestosis was characterized by airway obstruction and air trapping, both of which reduced vital capacity but not total lung capacity; therefore, it was not a restrictive disease. In contrast, restrictive disease was rare and was associated with minimal asbestosis.
Unilateral External Fixation for Severe Pilon Fractures

Twenty-one patients with severe tibial plafond fractures were treated by unilateral large screw external fixation. In 15 patients, this was combined with limited internal fixation. The fractures were classified according to the methods of Ovadia and Beals.12 There were nine type lll, four type IV, and eight type V fractures, and according to the methods of Ruedi and Allgower, nine type II and 12 type III fractures. Seven fractures were open.In five fractures, no attempt was made at articular reconstruction due to severe comminution. Four of these fractures required ankle arthrodeses and one type IIIB fracture received a late amputation. All other fractures healed. There were no cases of wound infection, skin slough, or osteomyelitis. Large screw external fixation in the talus and calcaneus was not associated with significant early or late complications. The less extensive tissue dissection in an area prone to wound complications may account for the low rates of infections, wound complications, and nonunion.
ENZYMIC LIPID PEROXIDATION IN BEEF MUSCLE MICROSOMES AS AFFECTED BY ELECTRICAL STIMULATION AND POSTMORTEM MUSCLE EXCISION TIME

Left sides of 10 beef carcasses were electrically stimulated at I h postmortem; right sides were not stimulated. Longissimus dorsi (LD) and trapezius (TP) muscles were removed from stimulated and nonstimulated sides after 1.5 and 24 h of chilling (0–2°C). Microsomal lipid peroxidizing activity (the amount of malonalde-hyde produced per mg of microsomal protein) was not affected by electrical stimulation, was higher for muscles removed after 24 h chilling than for those removed after 1.5 h chilling, and was higher for TP than for LD muscles. Differences observed in lipid peroxidizing activity could not be explained readily by microsomal fatty acid compositions.
Characterization of native and recombinant falcipain-2, a principal trophozoite cysteine protease and essential hemoglobinase of Plasmodium falciparum.

Abstract Trophozoites of the malaria parasitePlasmodium falciparum hydrolyze erythrocyte hemoglobin in an acidic food vacuole to provide amino acids for parasite protein synthesis. Cysteine protease inhibitors block hemoglobin degradation, indicating that a cysteine protease plays a key role in this process. A principal trophozoite cysteine protease was purified by affinity chromatography. Sequence analysis indicated that the protease is encoded by a previously unidentified gene, falcipain-2. Falcipain-2 was predominantly expressed in trophozoites, was concentrated in food vacuoles, and was responsible for at least 93% of trophozoite soluble cysteine protease activity. A construct encoding mature falcipain-2 and a small portion of the prodomain was expressed in Escherichia coli and refolded to active enzyme. Specificity for the hydrolysis of peptide substrates by native and recombinant falcipain-2 was very similar, and optimal at acid pH in a reducing environment. Under physiological conditions (pH 5.5, 1 mm glutathione), falcipain-2 hydrolyzed both native hemoglobin and denatured globin. Our results suggest that falcipain-2 can initiate cleavage of native hemoglobin in the P. falciparum food vacuole, that, following initial cleavages, the protease plays a key role in rapidly hydrolyzing globin fragments, and that a drug discovery effort targeted at this protease is appropriate.
Estimating upper ocean phosphate concentrations using ARGO float temperature profiles

The ARGO free-drifting profiling float array, with 43125 floats deployed between 601N and 601S latitudes at about 31 resolution as of May 2008 and each float profiling through 2000 m every 10 days, provides a comprehensive four-dimensional view of temperature and salinity in the world ocean. The resulting dataset complements satellite-based sea surface temperature (SST) measurements and similarly will complement future satellite-based sea surface salinity measurements. Although plans exist to add biogeochemical sensors to future floats, cost and depth restrictions may limit comprehensive upgrades to a fraction of all floats deployed after 2008. Temperature– nutrient (TN) relationships provide a mechanism to estimate nutrient concentrations from temperature to supplement sparser nutrient concentration measurements potentially obtained using non-chemical approaches like ISUS-based nitrate. Both negative and positive aspects of applying a temperature–phosphate (TP) linear regression matrix with global coverage (701N and 701S) are examined. The TP linear regression matrix was derived by combining an existing 11 latitude and longitude table of phosphate depletion temperatures (PDT) or X-intercepts with representative TP linear regression slopes derived from the GEOSECS dataset. Temperatures from datasets with associated latitude and longitude coordinates and, in some cases, measured phosphate concentrations ([PO 4]) were matched with calculated TP linear regression slopes and
Finite element analysis of non-linear static and dynamic response

The paper presents the theoretical and computational procedures which have been applied in the design of a general purpose computer code for static and dynamic response analysis of non-linear structures. A general formulation of the incremental equations of motion for structures undergoing large displacement finite strain deformation is first presented. These equations are based on the Lagrangian frame of reference, in which constitutive models of a variety of types may be introduced. The incremental equations are linearized for computational purposes, and the linearized equations are discretized using isoparametric finite element formulation. Computational techniques, including step-by-step and iterative procedures, for the solution of non-linear equations are discussed, and an acceleration scheme for improving convergence in constant stiffness iteration is reviewed. The equations of motion are integrated using Newmark's generalized operator, and an algorithm with optional iteration is described. A solution strategy defined in terms of a number of solution parameters is implemented in the computer program so that several solution schemes can be obtained by assigning appropriate values to the parameters. The results of analysis of a few non-linear structures are briefly discussed.
Prefrontal granular cortex of the rhesus monkey. II. Interhemispheric cortical afferents.

In 6 adolescent rhesus monkeys, horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was injected into 6 regions of the dorsalateral convexity of the prefrontal granular cortex. The commissural connections originated in both homotopical and heterotopical zones of the hemisphere contralateral to the injection site. The areas affected by the injections, i.e. areas 46,45, 10, 9, 12 and 8a, received extensive homotopical interhemispheric input. HRP-labeled neurons were less extensive in heterotopical as opposed to homotopical cortex but they were seen in all 6 cases and were most common in prefrontal areas and less common in cingulate areas, areas 21 and 22 in the superior temporal sulcus and in insular cortex. The cells, whether of heterotopical or homotopical origin, were located primarily in layer III. The most common distribution pattern was a horizontal band of HRP-labeled neurons which waxed and waned in cell density especially in homotopical cortex or patches and clusters of labeled cells especially in heterotopical cotex. This waxing and waning and grouping of neurons in pathces and clusters may well represent a vertical type of organization to the neurons which give rise to the interhemispheric cortical afferents to prefrontal granular cortex in the monkey.
Thigh Injuries in Athletes

The thigh, which consists of the heavily muscled region around the femur, is vulnerable to many types of athletic injury. This review addresses the assessment, prevention, and rehabilitation of both the common thigh injuries associated with participation in sports, such as contusions and myositis ossificans traumatica, and a few relatively uncommon but diagnostically important entities that sports physicians must recognize when an athlete has pain or dysfunction attributable to the thigh. Dividing the thigh into anatomic compartments aids in both differential diagnosis and understanding of the pathomechanics that lead to injury. Rehabilitation is especially emphasized because improper selection of modalities or misuse of exercise can seriously impede or worsen recovery. Conversely, the use of appropriate rehabilitation principles and new concepts in exercise prescription can decrease morbidity and lead to rapid resumption of sports.
Fabrication and characterization of a water-free mid-infrared fluorotellurite glass.

Using a physical and chemical dehydration technique and a high-pressure, ultradry O2 atmosphere in a semiclosed steel-chamber furnace, we fabricated a group of fluorotellurite glasses with a composition of (90−x)TeO2-xZnF2-10Na2O (mol.%, x=0–30). For x=30, no OH absorption was observed in the range of 0.38–6.1 μm. This is the first report of a water-free mid-IR fluorotellurite glass, to our knowledge, offering the common advantages of a robust oxide glass and an IR-transparent fluoride one. Besides optimized linear transmittance and absorption, the nonlinear refractive indices and Raman gain coefficients are reduced. These results are discussed in the context of mid-IR high-power laser generation and transmission.
THE HUMANITIES CURRICULUM IN THE COMMUNITY/JUNIOR COLLEGE

The purpose of this study was to examine the status of the humanities curriculum in the nation's community and junior colleges. Data on course offerings and enrollments in humanities’ courses (e.g., foreign languages, history, literature, philosophy) were obtained in spring 1975 and spring 1977 from a representative national sample of 178 two‐year colleges. Among the findings reported were: (1) during the same time period that two‐year colleges experienced a modest enrollment increase (7.4%), enrollments in 7 of the 12 humanities areas studied actually decreased; and (2) the humanities courses offered at most two‐year colleges were extremely limited both within and across subject areas. Recommendations on how humanities departments can increase their course enrollments are offered.
Large-scale purification of active cytochrome b6/f complex from spinach chloroplasts.

Abstract A preparation is described through which large quantities of pure, active cytochrome b 6 f complex can be isolated from spinach chloroplasts. The resulting complex is at least 90% pure with respect to the maximum content of redox centers, consists of four polypeptides according to polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and lacks both ferredoxin: NADP + oxidoreductase and the high molecular weight form of cytochrome f seen in some other preparations. The complex contains 2 mol b 6 and 2 atoms of nonheme iron per mole of cytochrome f , and possesses a high plastoquinol-plastocyanin oxidoreductase activity (Cyt f turnover no. 20–35 s −1 ). The present preparation should be helpful in the effort to crystallize the cytochrome b 6 f complex.
Dermatoglyphic features of myocardial infarction patients

An association reported between certain dermatoglyphic features and myocardial infarction (MI) in Japanese males is investigated using a sample of Caucasian males. The frequencies in each of the four Galtonian pattern types (arch, ulnar loop, radial loop, whorl) defined on each of the ten primary digital pattern areas, as well as several synthetic fields for the MI and control groups, are compared. Total and absolute finger ridge count for the same pattern areas in the two samples are similarly studied. No differences in the distributions of these features significant at the 0.01 level or less could be demonstrated between the MI and control samples. A search for combinations of features to correctly classify the individuals into the two groups was similarly inconclusive. Differences in sample size and racial homogeneity that may account for this failure to reproduce the results of the study of Japanese males are discussed. Finally, statistics describing the distributions of the dermatoglyphic features in the test and control samples are presented for comparison with future investigations.
Disk-to-Disk Transfer as the Rate-Limiting Step for Energy Flow in Phycobilisomes

A broadly tunable picosecond laser source and an ultrafast streak camera were used to measure temporally and spectrally resolved emission from intact phycobilisomes and from individual phycobiliproteins as a function of excitation wavelength. Both wild-type and mutant phycobilisomes of the unicellular cyanobacterium Synechocystis 6701 were examined, as well as two biliproteins, R-phycoerythrin (240 kilodaltons, 34 bilins) and allophycocyanin (100 kilodaltons, 6 bilins). Measurements of intact phycobilisomes with known structural differences showed that the addition of an average of 1.6 phycoerythrin disks in the phycobilisome rod increased the overall energy transfer time by 30 ± 5 picoseconds. In the isolated phycobiliproteins the onset of emission was as prompt as that of a solution of rhodamine B laser dye and was independent of excitation wavelength. This imposes an upper limit of 8 picoseconds (instrument-limited) on the transfer time from "sensitizing" to "fluorescing" chromophores in these biliproteins. These results indicate that disk-to-disk transfer is the slowest energy transfer process in phycobilisomes and, in combination with previous structural analyses, show that with respect to energy transfer the lattice of approximately 625 light-harvesting chromophores in the Synechocystis 6701 wild-type phycobilisome functions as a linear five-point array.
Microsecond resolution timing with Sun workstations

A high-resolution clock is often indispensable for the accurate measurement of millisecond or microsecond resolution intervals, and it is impossible to measure the probability distribution of short intervals without one. This paper describes a microsecond clock for Sun 3 and 4 workstations that we designed, built, and have made publicly available. It also explains how to measure intervals shorter than a computer’s clock resolution, and derives confidence intervals for such measurements.
Gaze3D: framework for gaze analysis on 3D reconstructed scenes

An ongoing challenge with head-mounted eye-trackers is how to analyze the data from multiple individuals looking at the same scene. Our work focuses on static scenes. Previous approaches involve capturing a high resolution panorama of the scene and then mapping the fixations from all viewers onto this panorama. However such approaches are limited as they typically restrict all viewers to observe the scene from the same stationary vantage point. We present a system which incorporates user-perspective gaze data with a 3D reconstruction of the scene. The system enables the visualization of gaze data from multiple viewers on a single 3D model of the scene instead of multiple 2D panoramas. The subjects are free to move about the scene as they see fit which leads to more natural task performance. Furthermore since it is not necessary to warp the scene camera video into a flat panorama, our system preserves the relative positions of the objects in the scene during the visualization process. This gives better insight into the viewer's problem solving and search task strategies. Our system has high applicability in complex static environments such as crime scenes and marketing studies in retail stores.
Long-term measurements of submicrometer aerosol chemistry at the Southern Great Plains (SGP) using an Aerosol Chemical Speciation Monitor (ACSM)

Abstract In this study the long-term trends of non-refractory submicrometer aerosol (NR-PM1) composition and mass concentration measured by an Aerosol Chemical Speciation Monitor (ACSM) at the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) program's Southern Great Plains (SGP) site are discussed. NR-PM1 data was recorded at ∼30 min intervals over a period of 19 months between November 2010 and June 2012. Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) was performed on the measured organic mass spectral matrix using a rolling window technique to derive factors associated with distinct sources, evolution processes, and physiochemical properties. The rolling window approach also allows us to capture the dynamic variations of the chemical properties in the organic aerosol (OA) factors over time. Three OA factors were obtained including two oxygenated OA (OOA) factors, differing in degrees of oxidation, and a biomass burning OA (BBOA) factor. Back trajectory analyses were performed to investigate possible sources of major NR-PM1 species at the SGP site. Organics dominated NR-PM1 mass concentration for the majority of the study with the exception of winter, when ammonium nitrate increases due to transport of precursor species from surrounding urban and agricultural areas and also due to cooler temperatures. Sulfate mass concentrations have little seasonal variation with mixed regional and local sources. In the spring BBOA emissions increase and are mainly associated with local fires. Isoprene and carbon monoxide emission rates were obtained by the Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature (MEGAN) and the 2011 U.S. National Emissions Inventory to represent the spatial distribution of biogenic and anthropogenic sources, respectively. The combined spatial distribution of isoprene emissions and air mass trajectories suggest that biogenic emissions from the southeast contribute to SOA formation at the SGP site during the summer.
The Mre11 Complex Is Required for Repair of Hairpin-Capped Double-Strand Breaks and Prevention of Chromosome Rearrangements

Inverted repeats (IRs) that can form a hairpin or cruciform structure are common in the human genome and may be sources of instability. An IR involving the human Alu sequence (Alu-IR) has been studied as a model of such structures in yeast. We found that an Alu-IR is a mitotic recombination hotspot requiring MRE11/RAD50/XRS2 and SAE2. Using a newly developed approach for mapping rare double-strand breaks (DSBs), we established that induction of recombination results from breaks that are terminated by hairpins. Failure of the mre11, rad50, xrs2, and sae2 mutants to process the hairpins blocks recombinational repair of the DSBs and leads to generation of chromosome inverted duplications. Our results suggest an additional role for the Mre11 complex in maintaining genome stability.
Direct spread of subperitoneal disease into solid organs: radiologic diagnosis.

The subperitoneal space is the continuous space interconnecting the peritoneum and retroperitoneum and the abdominal organs. This report expands the concept of direct spread of disease via the subperitoneal space to include direct extension into the solid abdominal viscera (i.e., liver, kidneys, and spleen). Discussion of the anatomy, case presentations, and imaging with computed tomography, ultrasound, and magnetic resonance are presented. This unifying concept provides an understanding for direct spread of disease presenting clinically or being imaged within a solid abdominal organ.