cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Metachronous small bowel adenocarcinomas detected by capsule endoscopy in a patient with hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer.

Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal carcinoma (HNPCC) is the most common colorectal cancer susceptibility syndrome, with a lifetime risk of colon cancer of 80% [1]. Affected individuals are at risk for extracolonic malignancies as well. These include (in descending order) endometrial, ovarian, gastric, and transition cell carcinoma of the uroepithelial tract. Other more rare HNPCC-associated extracolonic tumors include pancreas, hepatobiliary, brain, skin, and possibly small bowel. The significance of small bowel tumors in HNPCC remains unclear. Two large studies have assessed the risk of extracolonic cancers in HNPCC patients. Vasen et al. [2] observed a very high relative risk (>100-fold) for small bowel cancer in a cohort of 210 mutation carriers. Aarnio et al. [3], however, reviewed a larger cohort of 360 mutation carriers and found no cases of small bowel cancer. Cohort studies have reviewed the clinical pattern of small bowel cancers in HNPCC patients [4–6]. In addition to these larger series, many isolated case reports describe this association [7, 8].
Nitric oxide exposure and sulfhydryl modulation alter L-arginine transport in cultured pulmonary artery endothelial cells.

The effect of nitric oxide (NO) exposure and sulfhydryl-reactive chemicals on L-arginine transport in pulmonary artery endothelial cells was evaluated. Exposure of pulmonary artery endothelial cells to 7.5 ppm (0.4μM) NO for 4 h resulted in a significant (p < 0.05) reduction of Na+-dependent but not Na+-independent L-arginine transport. More prolonged exposure for 12–24 h reduced both Na+-dependent and Na+-independent transport of L-arginine with maximal loss of transport after 18 h of exposure (p < 0.02 for both). Similarly, incubation of cells in the presence of 50–200μM S-nitroso-acetyl-penicillamine (SNAP) (but not 500 AM each of nitrate or nitrite) for 2 h also reduced both the Na+-dependent and Na+-independent transport of L-arginine (p < 0.05 for all concentrations). The SNAP-induced reduction of L-arginine transport was blocked by the NO scavenger oxyhemoglobin. When cell monolayers were exposed to varying concentrations of the sulfhydryl reactive chemicals n-ethylmaleimide (NEM) and acrolein, a dose-dependent reduction of L-arginine transport by both Na+-dependent and Na+-independent processes was observed. Na+-dependent L-arginine transport was more susceptible to inhibition by exposure to NO and to sulfhydryl reactive chemicals. Incubation of cells with 0.5 mM of the thiol-containing agent N-acetyl-L-cysteine prior to and during NEM or acrolein exposure blocked NEM and acrolein-induced reduction of L-arginine transport by both Na+-dependent and Na+-independent processes. Similarly, NO-induced reductions of Na+-dependent and Na+-independent L-arginine transport were reversed to control levels 24 h after termination of NO exposure. Treatment with the disulfide reducing agent dithiothreitol after exposure to NO resulted in partial reversal of the decreases in L-arginine transport. These results demonstrate that exposure to exogenous NO is responsible for reversible reductions of plasma membrane-dependent L-arginine transport mediated by both the Na+-dependent (system B0,+) and the Na+-independent (system y+) transport processes. Modulation of the sulfhydryl status of plasma membrane proteins involved in L-arginine transport, such as L-arginine transporters and/or Na+/K+-ATPase, may be responsible, at least in part, for reductions in overall L-arginine transport in pulmonary artery endothelial cells.
Classical and quantal collisional Stark mixing at ultralow energies

Exact classical and quantal solutions are presented for the full array of intrashell transitions $n\mathcal{l}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}n{\mathcal{l}}^{\ensuremath{'}},$ between any angular momentum states, induced by slow distant collisions with a charged particle. The collisions are adiabatic with respect to the orbital frequency of the atomic electron and the transitions are induced by the weak ion-atom dipole field generated by the ion moving along a classical path. The rich symmetry of the problem allows a unified approach and is the source of the excellent agreement, beyond the usual Ehrenfest's correspondence principle, between the classical and quantal treatments. A classical transition probability is defined. Probabilities for transition between any angular momentum states within a high Rydberg energy level are derived in exact analytic forms and are analyzed for a large number of numerical examples. The transition probabilities obtained from the three methods\char22{}quantal and classical formulations and Monte Carlo classical simulations\char22{}are directly compared to provide excellent agreement.
Economic sanctions as an instrument of foreign policy: The role of domestic politics

Most studies of economic sanctions have concluded that they are ineffective as instruments of foreign policy. In a previous effort, we applied the spatial model of bargaining to the question of sanctions effectiveness to identify the‐conditions under which sanctions can be expected to “work.” In this paper, we refine that analysis by examining the impact of domestic politics in the state that is the target of the sanctions. Sanction episodes may be examples of two‐level games in which the domestic game within both parties affects the international game and vice‐versa. Here, we take a first cut of applying this approach to the analysis of sanctions effectiveness. We extend the spatial model to focus on how sanctions affect the internal political bargaining within the target state. From this, we determine how state policy should change (or not) as a result of the sanctions. We use the basic model to identify general hypotheses regarding the nature of sanctions and their effectiveness and we evaluate some of...
Completeness of indexed ε-calculus

Epsilon terms indexed by contexts were used by K. von Heusinger to represent definite and indefinite noun phrases as well as some other constructs of natural language. We provide a language and a complete first order system allowing to formalize basic aspects of this representation. The main axiom says that for any finite collection S 1,…,S k of distinct definable sets and elements a 1,…,a k of these sets there exists a choice function assigning a i to S i for all i≤k. We prove soundness and completeness theorems for this system S e i fin .
Quantum cosmology of classically constrained gravity

Abstract In [G. Gabadadze, Y. Shang, hep-th/0506040 ] we discussed a classically constrained model of gravity. This theory contains known solutions of General Relativity (GR), and admits solutions that are absent in GR. Here we study cosmological implications of some of these new solutions. We show that a spatially-flat de Sitter universe can be created from “nothing”. This universe has boundaries, and its total energy equals to zero. Although the probability to create such a universe is exponentially suppressed, it favors initial conditions suitable for inflation. Then we discuss a finite-energy solution with a nonzero cosmological constant and zero space–time curvature. There is no tunneling suppression to fluctuate into this state. We show that for a positive cosmological constant this state is unstable—it can rapidly transition to a de Sitter universe providing a new unsuppressed channel for inflation. For a negative cosmological constant the space–time flat solutions is stable.
Photoaffinity labeling of hamster brown adipose tissue mitochondria by an [125I] coenzyme a derivative: Differential interaction with the uncoupling protein and ADPATP carrier

Abstract We have recently synthesized an azido [125I] CoA photolabel, N-(3-iodo-4-azidophenyl propionamide) cysteinyl-5-(2′ thiopyridyl cysteine) CoA that specifically labeled the ADP ATP carrier in beef heart mitochondria. In this study brown adipose tissue mitochondria were photolabeled with the azido [125I] ACT-CoA derivative with or without inhibitors. SDS gel electrophoresis and autoradiography of the separated proteins revealed exclusive photolabeling of two polypeptides corresponding to the ADP ATP carrier and uncoupling protein. In the presence of carboxyatractyloside only the 32 kD UCP was labeled by [125I] ACT-CoA, whereas preincubation with GDP resulted in exclusive photolabeling of the 30 kD ADP ATP carrier. Palmitoyl CoA but not palmitic acid inhibited photolabeling of both polypeptides.
Effects of upstream ramp on the performance of film cooling

Described in this paper is an experimental study on a concept for enhancing the film cooling performance by placing an upstream ramp in front of a row of film cooling holes. Parameters studied include upstream ramp angle (8.5°, 15°, and 24°) and blowing ratio M (0.3, 0.4, 0.6, 0.9, and 1.4). Detailed local film cooling effectiveness and heat transfer coefficient are measured using the infrared imaging technique. The results indicate that film cooling characteristics in the region downstream of the film cooling holes are sensitive to the combination of ramp angle (height) and blowing ratio. In general, a large ramp angle with a high blowing ratio leads to more effective film protection. Transport phenomena in the region link closely to the interaction between the coolant injection and the separated flow behind the ramp.
Acetylcholine Differentially Affects Intracellular Calcium via Nicotinic and Muscarinic Receptors on the Same Population of Neurons

Multiple receptor subtypes activated by the same ligand but coupled to different second messengers can produce divergent signaling in a cell, while receptors activated by different ligands but sharing the same second messenger can produce convergent signaling. We show here that chick ciliary ganglion neurons have three classes of receptors activated by the same neurotransmitter, acetylcholine, and that all three regulate the same second messenger, intracellular free calcium. Activation of muscarinic receptors on the neurons stimulates phosphatidylinositol turnover and induces calcium oscillations that are initiated and maintained by calcium release from caffeine/ryanodine-insensitive intracellular stores. Extracellular calcium is required to sustain the oscillations, while cadmium abolishes them. Activation of either of two classes of nicotinic receptors, distinguished both by location on the neurons and by subunit composition, induces a single, rapid elevation in intracellular calcium without inducing phosphatidylinositol turnover. The nicotinic responses are entirely dependent on extracellular calcium, show no dependence on release from internal stores, and do not display oscillations. Low concentrations of the native agonist, acetylcholine, induce repetitive calcium spikes in the neurons characteristic of muscarinic receptors, while higher concentrations induce nonoscillating increases in intracellular calcium that include contributions from nicotinic receptors. The three classes of receptors also differ in the acetylcholine concentration required to elicit a response. These differences, together with differences in receptor location and sources of calcium mobilized, may enable the receptor subtypes to target different sets of calcium-dependent processes for regulation.
Human echolocation waveform analysis

All humans have the ability to exploit acoustic echoes for cognitive sensing of the environment. There are blind people who use active versions of the technique as an augmentation to the long stick and can even perform remarkable tasks such as riding a bicycle. Those who are expert in this practise can evaluate range, location, size, shape and texture of objects. This provides a very powerful basis for perception and cognition and is somewhat beyond that which is routinely achieved by radar systems. This example of “sight by sound” makes an ideal candidate to study in order to understand and articulate the cognitive methods used. Subsequently artificial forms of cognition can be synthesised and applied to radar and sonar sensing. In this paper we report on an initial examination of human echolocation by presenting and analysing transmitted and received waveforms generated via “tongue-clicking”. (5 pages)
Exercise and Quality of Life: Strengthening the Connections

Exercise improves quality of life (QOL) in people with cancer. Most oncology healthcare providers recognize the statement to be true because the research literature provides strong support for the physical and psychological benefits of exercise. Because the terms exercise, QOL, and people with cancer have different meanings, the contextual connections in which they are used are important to understanding the relationship between exercise and QOL in people with cancer. This article explores the links between exercise and QOL in people with cancer and examines issues that impact the development, implementation, and evaluation of exercise programs for people with cancer. Issues related to exercise goal development, exercise prescription, exercise testing, exercise adherence, and methods to evaluate the efficacy of exercise in relation to QOL are discussed.
An improved high-pressure liquid chromatographic assay for 2-acetylaminofluorene and eight of its metabolites

Abstract A high-pressure liquid chromatography method utilizing desferal mesylate as a solvent additive was developed for the simultaneous separation of 2-acetylaminofluorene, N -hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene, 9-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene, 7-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene, 5-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene, 3-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene, 1-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene, 2-aminofluorene, and 2-acetylaminofluorene-9-one. The method was used to quantitate these metabolites formed when 2-acetylaminofluorene was incubated with freshly isolated rat liver cells, with rat liver microsomes or with microsomes prepared from isolated hepatocytes.
Affective context interferes with cognitive control in unipolar depression: An fMRI investigation

Abstract Background Unipolar major depressive disorder (MDD) is characterized by aberrant amygdala responses to sad stimuli and poor cognitive control, but the interactive effects of these impairments are poorly understood. Aim To evaluate brain activation in MDD in response to cognitive control stimuli embedded within sad and neutral contexts. Method Fourteen adults with MDD and fifteen matched controls participated in a mixed block/event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) task that presented oddball target stimuli embedded within blocks of sad or neutral images. Results Target events activated similar prefrontal brain regions in both groups. However, responses to target events embedded within blocks of emotional images revealed a clear group dissociation. During neutral blocks, the control group demonstrated greater activation to targets in the midfrontal gyrus and anterior cingulate relative to the MDD group, replicating previous findings of prefrontal hypo-activation in MDD samples to cognitive control stimuli. However, during sad blocks, the MDD group demonstrated greater activation in a number of prefrontal regions, including the mid-, inferior, and orbito-frontal gyri and the anterior cingulate, suggesting that relatively more prefrontal brain activation was required to disengage from the sad images to respond to the target events. Limitations A larger sample size would have provided greater statistical power, and more standardized stimuli would have increased external validity. Conclusions This double dissociation of prefrontal responses to target events embedded within neutral and sad context suggests that MDD impacts not only responses to affective events, but extends to other cognitive processes carried out in the context of affective engagement. This implies that emotional reactivity to sad events in MDD may impact functioning more broadly than previously understood.
Direct and indirect testing of picture memory in second and sixth grade children

Abstract Recent studies have found that a developmental dissociation may be observed between direct and indirect tests of memory. Although older children perform significantly better than younger children on direct tests of memory, these developmental differences are often absent when memory is tested indirectly. The present investigation further examines whether such a developmental dissociation is obtained between a direct and an indirect test of picture memory. Recognition memory provided the direct measure, whereas the magnitude of naming facilitation that accompanied “old,” relative to “new,” pictures provides the indirect measure of memory. Second and sixth grade children were asked to study a set of pictures, and on the following day measures of recognition accuracy and naming facilitation were obtained. Although older children performed significantly better on the recognition task, the two age groups were comparable in their degree of naming facilitation.
Establishing user-centered criteria for information systems: a software ergonomics perspective

Abstract Despite its importance and increasing cost, interactive software is rarely considered a suitable subject for the development of metrics or standards of performance beyond those traditionally used for hardware: speed, response time, etc. This article examines and extends a specific set of criteria first recommended by Louis Fried as a possible basis for evaluating such software rigorously. This approach is based on the concepts of ergonomics, which focus directly on the reaction of the user to the system rather than the system to the user. It is then possible to be much more specific in identifying effects of system messages, prompts, formats and a wide range of other characteristics of the user's milieu . Examples are given, and the authors conclude that such approaches make it possible to be rigorous and exact in specifying the characteristics of the interactive language of the system.
Recent theoretical developments in photon–atom scattering

Abstract We describe recent developments in the theory of elastic and inelastic photon–atom scattering, considering implications for applications. We discuss what is now understood about the validity of various simpler approaches: when they work and when they don’t. In elastic scattering, topics include: (1) edge regions, where more sophisticated descriptions are needed to describe the features, useable in determining composition of materials, (2) anomalous scattering, used in determinations of structure, (3) polarization phenomena, a new tool and (4) Delbruck scattering, addressing light–light scattering. In inelastic scattering, topics include: (1) the validity of impulse approximation, the basis of the determination of atomic momentum density from Compton profiles, (2) resonant Raman scattering and (3) infrared rises and the challenge to experiment. It is now possible to discuss how to characterize and tabulate these cross sections, and to identify where further work is still needed.
Pyruvate kinase in malaria host–parasite interaction

THE mammalian malaria host–parasite systems seem particularly useful for studies aimed at elucidating the biochemical mechanisms of such interactions. During the vertebrate phase of their life cycles the malaria organisms are intracellular parasites of the red cell. The mature mammalian host red cell is also relatively simple metabolically; its energy metabolism is solely that of Embden–Meyerhof glycolysis and it also lacks the capacity for protein synthesis. We therefore studied several aspects of red cell glycolysis in monkeys heavily infected with Plasmodium knowlesi and mice heavily infected with P. berghei. In both these systems we have found an increase in red blood cell adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and a decrease in red cell 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (DPG). We also have evidence that these malaria parasites introduce a pyruvate kinase isozyme into their host red cells in amounts sufficient to alter red cell glycolysis. First, glycolytic intermediate data demonstrate an in vivo increase in pyruvate kinase activity in infected red cells; second, there is an increase in pyruvate kinase Vmax activity in infected cells; and third, gel electrophoretic patterns show a new pyruvate kinase isozyme in infected cells. We suggest that this alteration in red cell glycolysis is in a direction favourable to the parasite because it will increase red cell ATP at the expense of red cell DPG.
Local Delivery of Recombinant Osteoprotegerin Enhances Postorthodontic Tooth Stability

Relapse after orthodontic tooth movement is a significant problem in orthodontics. The purpose of this study was to examine the efficacy of the osteoclast inhibitor osteoprotegerin-Fc (OPG-Fc) for inhibiting postorthodontic relapse. Rat maxillary molars were moved mesially and allowed to relapse for 24 days. Low-dose (1 mg/kg) or high-dose (5 mg/kg) OPG-Fc or saline was injected adjacent to the molars during relapse. Tooth movement, micro-CT, histologic bone quality, and serum OPG and TRAP-5b were measured. OPG-Fc injections significantly diminished postorthodontic relapse from 63% (0.78/1.20 mm) of total movement in vehicle control rats to 31% (0.31/1.00 mm) in low-dose and 24% (0.28/1.16 mm) in high-dose OPG-Fc groups 24 days after appliance removal. Normalization of bone and periodontal tissues occurred as early as 8 and 16 days in the high- and low-dose OPG-Fc-treated groups, respectively, while the vehicle-treated group showed only partial tissue recovery 24 days following tooth movement. After 24 days of relapse, there was complete recovery to pre-tooth-movement values for bone volume fraction (BVF) and tissue mineral density (TMD) in both the low- and high-dose OPG-Fc groups, while BVF recovered only partially and TMD did not recover in the vehicle control group. Greatly elevated serum OPG levels and reduced serum TRAP-5b levels in OPG-Fc-treated animals indicated systemic exposure to locally injected drug. The profound decrease in postorthodontic relapse by local OPG-Fc administration indicates that osteoclasts are critical to bone maturation following tooth movement and points to the potential pharmacologic use of OPG-Fc or other RANKL inhibitors for orthodontic retention.
The effect of endotoxin on in vivo rat alveolar macrophage phagocytosis.

This study was performed to explore whether alveolar macrophage (AM) phagocytosis would be impaired during endotoxemia. Therefore, we characterized in vivo AM phagocytic function in rats following either intravenous (IV) or intratracheal (IT) administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The IV administration of LPS to rats at dosages of 0, 1, 2, and 5 mg/kg showed that increasing LPS doses were significantly associated with increased AM phagocytosis of 198Au colloid (P < .01). decreased recovery of AMs in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) (P = .017), no significant differences in neutrophil recovery by lavage (P = .15), or in the concentration of albumin in BAL (P = .14). Across the dosages of LPS administered IT (i.e., 0, 1, 5, and 10 mg/kg), there was no difference in AM phagocytosis (P = .29), a significant decrease in AM recovery (P = .002), a significant increase in neutrophil number (P = .01), and little effect on the concentration of albumin (P = .06). Thus, we found that the administration of endotoxin ...
500 /spl Omega/-m-low enough resistivity for a cable ground shield semicon?

In modern distribution cables, the stress control layers extruded over the conductor and insulation play a critical role in protecting the insulation from stress caused by the conductor, shield wires, tapes, etc. This paper considers the requirements for the conductor and ground shield stress control layers. Finite element analysis suggests that a resistivity of 500 /spl Omega/-m is too high a resistivity for a ground shield semicon, as it could result in lightning-induced flashovers between the neutral wires and semicon.
Osteoblast function on synthetic biodegradable polymers

Rat osteoblasts were cultured on films of biodegradable poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA), 75:25 poly(DL-lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA), 50:50 PLGA, and poly(glycolic acid) (PGA) for up to 14 days. Osteoblasts attached equally well to all the polymer substrates after 8 h in culture. By day 4 in culture, osteoblasts had exceeded confluency numbers, and their proliferation leveled off by day 7. An increase in alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity from 1.92 (±0.47) × 10−7 for day 7 to 5.75 (±0.12) × 10−7 μmol/cell per min for day 14 was reported for osteoblasts cultured on 75:25 PLGA, which was comparable to that observed for tissue culture polystyrene (TCPS) controls. The ALP activities expressed by osteoblasts cultured on PLLA, 50:50 PLGA, and PGA films did not significantly increase over time. Collagen synthesis for osteoblasts cultured on all polymer substrates was similar to that of TCPS and did not vary with time. The morphology of cultured osteoblasts was not affected by the continuous degradation of the polymer substrates. These results demonstrate that poly(α-hydroxy esters) can provide a suitable substrate for osteoblast culture and hold promise in bone regeneration by osteoblast transplantation. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
IS MRI SAFE IN PEDIATRIC PATIENTS WITH PACEMAKERS AND EPICARDIAL LEADS: LONG-TERM FOLLOW-UP DATA

MRI has historically been contraindicated in patients with cardiac pacemakers (PM) due to concerns for circuitry malfunction, rapid pacing, and heating of both the generator and leads. This is a problem given the increasing number of children and adults with PM and the growing number of indications
Essential fatty acid status of colostrum-deprived gnotobiotic and conventional lambs: Organ fatty acid composition

Abstract Gnotobiotic (GN) and conventional (CV) colostrum-deprived lambs were fed diets deficient (D) or supplemented with. 32% of the total calories as linoleic acid (L). Plasma and organ fatty acid compositions were assessed after 2 mo. of the dietary and environmental regimens. Linoleic acid deficiency in GN and CV lambs generally resulted in decreases of linoleic acid in plasma, liver and kidney samples and increases in oleic and eicosatrienoic acids. The triene/tetraene ratios (20:3n9/20:4n6) for plasma, kidney and liver increased in the D vs L groups. However, the elevated triene/tetraene ratios observed for the L groups (
Comparison of desktop, head mounted display, and six wall fully immersive systems using a stressful task

The goal of the current study was to investigate the effects of different virtual environment (VE) technologies on emotional arousal and task performance in a modified Stroop task presented under low- and high-stress conditions. Fifty-three participants were recruited from a college population. Reactivity to stressful VEs was examined in three representative VE systems from desktop to high-end fully immersive systems. The experiment was a 3 (desktop system, head mounted display (HMD), and six wall system) × 2 (high- and low-stressful VE) within subject design, with self-reported emotional arousal and valence, skin conductance, task performance, presence, and simulator sickness. Replicating previous studies, the fully immersive system induced the highest sense of presence and the HMD system elicited the highest amount of simulator sickness. Extending previous studies, the results showed that different technological platforms evoked unique response patterns. Our findings suggest that different VE systems may be appropriate for different scientific purposes when studying stress reactivity using emotionally evocative tasks.
trans-[Fe(CN)4 (CO)2 ]2- , a 21st Century [Fe(CN)(CO)] Compound.

In 1887, more than a century after the synthesis of [FeII (CN)6 ]4- , the complex [FeII (CN)5 (CO)]3- , in which a CN- ligand is replaced by CO, was reported. It has taken an additional century for the synthesis of the complex in which a second CN- ligand is substituted by CO: trans-[FeII (CN)4 (CO)2 ]2- (structure shown). Remarkably, this anion is prepared by the simple reaction of FeCl2 with NaCN and CO in water. [Fe(CN)x (CO)y ] complexes are of interest as models for the active site of hydrogenase enzymes.
In vivo natural-abundance17O/1H MRI of rhesus monkey body in a whole-body scanner

In vivo natural-abundance17O and1H magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques were combined to image the whole body of a rhesus monkey. The results demonstrate the feasibility of acquiring consecutive fast17O and1H images with a standard MRI scanner. The method has applications in the field of functional MRI and in17O MRI measurements of metabolism rate.
CANCER PROGRESSION AND SURVIVAL RATES FOLLOWING ANATOMICAL RADICAL RETROPUBIC PROSTATECTOMY IN 3,478 CONSECUTIVE PATIENTS: LONG-TERM RESULTS

ABSTRACTPurpose: We updated a long-term cancer control outcome in a large anatomical radical retropubic prostatectomy (RRP) series. We also evaluated the perioperative parameters that predict cance...
Enabling dynamic binary translation in embedded systems with scratchpad memory

Important challenges for embedded systems can be addressed by dynamic binary translation. A dynamic binary translator stores translated instructions in a software-managed code cache, which is usually large to minimize overhead. This article shows how to use a small scratchpad memory for the code cache. A small code cache may require frequent code evictions and retranslation, which degrade performance. We propose techniques to reduce the number of instructions inserted by the translator and a way to form fragments that minimizes translated code size. With our techniques, a much smaller code cache can hold a program's translated code working set.
Heterosexual Transmission of a Murine AIDS Virus

Heterosexual transmission of a murine leukemia virus mixture named LP-BM5 MuLV, which is known as the murine AIDS virus, was investigated. Our results indicated that the heterosexual transmission of LP-BM5 MuLV occurs in both directions with high frequency and that the frequencies of virus transmission in the cervix and penis are higher than those in other genital organs. The results suggested that infection by LP-BM5 MuLV via heterosexual transmission may initially take place at particular retrovirus-sensitive sites (cells) in the genital organs.
Secrecy Capacity Region of a Multiple-Antenna Gaussian Broadcast Channel With Confidential Messages

Wireless communication is particularly susceptible to eavesdropping due to its broadcast nature. Security and privacy systems have become critical for wireless providers and enterprise networks. This paper considers the problem of secret communication over the Gaussian broadcast channel, where a multiple-antenna transmitter wishes to send independent confidential messages to two users with information-theoretic secrecy. That is, each user would like to obtain its own confidential message in a reliable and safe manner. This communication model is referred to as the multiple-antenna Gaussian broadcast channel with confidential messages (MGBC-CM). Under this communication scenario, a secret dirty-paper coding scheme and the corresponding achievable secrecy rate region are first developed based on Gaussian codebooks. Next, a computable Sato-type outer bound on the secrecy capacity region is provided for the MGBC-CM. Furthermore, the Sato-type outer bound proves to be consistent with the boundary of the secret dirty-paper coding achievable rate region, and hence, the secrecy capacity region of the MGBC-CM is established. Finally, two numerical examples demonstrate that both users can achieve positive rates simultaneously under the information-theoretic secrecy requirement.
Adding reactivity to structure 2: Oxygen-isotope-exchange rates in three isostructural oxide ions

To understand how oxide structures react at the molecular scale, rates of steady oxygen-isotope exchanges were followed in three isostructural molecules of similar to 40 atoms as a function of solu ...
Two Novel Xenopus Homologs of Mammalian LPA1/EDG-2 Function as Lysophosphatidic Acid Receptors inXenopus Oocytes and Mammalian Cells

Abstract Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) induces diverse biological responses in many types of cells and tissues by activating its specific G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Previously, three cognate LPA GPCRs (LPA1/VZG-1/EDG-2, LPA2/EDG-4, and LPA3/EDG-7) were identified in mammals. By contrast, an unrelated GPCR, PSP24, was reported to be a high affinity LPA receptor in Xenopus laevis oocytes, raising the possibility that Xenopus uses a very different form of LPA signaling. Toward addressing this issue, we report two novel Xenopus genes,xlp A1 -1 andxlp A1 -2, encoding LPA1homologs (∼90% amino acid sequence identity with mammalian LPA1). Both xlp A1 -1 andxlp A1 -2 are expressed in oocytes and the nervous system. Overexpression of either gene in oocytes potentiated LPA-induced oscillatory chloride ion currents through a pertussis toxin-insensitive pathway. Injection of antisense oligonucleotides designed to inhibitxlp A1 -1 andxlp A1 -2 expression in oocytes eliminated their endogenous response to LPA. Furthermore, retrovirus-mediated heterologous expression ofxlp A1 -1 orxlp A1 -2 in B103 rat neuroblastoma cells that are unresponsive to LPA conferred LPA-induced cell rounding and adenylyl cyclase inhibition. These results indicate that XLPA1-1 and XLPA1-2 are functionalXenopus LPA receptors and demonstrate the evolutionary conservation of LPA signaling over a range of vertebrate phylogeny.
Neonatal complications of preterm premature rupture of membranes: Pathophysiology and management

Midtrimester PROM is an infrequent, yet potentially disastrous complication of pregnancy. The most likely neonatal complication is preterm delivery with associated morbidity and mortality risks. Unique neonatal complications following PPROM include skeletal deformations and pulmonary hypoplasia related to prolonged oligohydramnios exposure. A systematic approach to an infant with respiratory insufficiency following PPROM delivery is possible with an understanding of the pathophysiology of pulmonary hypoplasia. Neonatal management should include immediate resuscitation including surfactant replacement, with careful attention to techniques of mechanical ventilation to avoid early volutrauma. Adjunctive therapies directed at pulmonary hypertension may now permit survival of some infants with less severe forms of pulmonary hypoplasia.
Where Do Mountain Geographers Publish

Abstract Geographers face choices in publishing research in outlets that affiliate them with a discipline that gauges the overall development of their academic standing by the approval of the peer-review process. It is not only actual publication that counts but also when and where an article is published. Well-published geographers often find themselves at the fuzzy boundaries of traditional disciplinary work, because often the nature of the profession tends to develop holistically, which favors new hybrid approaches, fusing techniques, sharing methodologies, and above all, creating new coupled constructions for the appropriation of concepts associated with place and space. We argue that nowhere is this more important than in mountain geography, where different sciences not only converge to analyze mountain ecosystems but also apply the subspecialties of human and physical geography for better understanding of mountain landscapes. By separating physical geography journals from human geography outlets, ge...
Semi-supervised learning protein complexes from protein interaction networks

New technological advances in large-scale proteinprotein interaction (PPI) detection provide researchers a valuable source for elucidating the bimolecular mechanism in the cell. In this paper, we investigate the problem of protein complex detection from noisy protein interaction data, i.e., finding the subsets of proteins that are closely coupled via protein interactions. Many people try to solve the problem by finding dense subgraphs in protein interaction networks with unsupervised methods. Here, we stand from a different point of view, redefining the properties and features for protein complexes and designing a “semi-supervised” method to analyze the problem. First we select some representative topological features and biological features to represent the protein complexes and then utilize the training data to build a multi-layer neural network model and finally detect hidden protein complexes in the protein-protein interaction networks with the obtained model. Experiments show the desirable properties of our proposed algorithm and the effectiveness of our approach.
Pathways to Suicidal Behaviors in Childhood

Path analyses were applied to test a model that includes internalizing and externalizing behavior problems as predictors of suicidal behaviors in children. Parents of an inpatient sample of boys (N=87; M age=9.81 years) rated the frequency of suicidal ideation and completed standardized measures of behavior problems. Blind raters rated the severity of the children's suicidal behaviors. Results revealed a significant direct effect for suicidal ideation on suicide attempt and for depressive symptoms on suicidal ideation. There was also a significant indirect path from impulsivity to suicidal ideation through aggressive and depressive symptoms. Clinical implications are discussed. Language: en
Arsenic in the Evolution of Earth and Extraterrestrial Ecosystems

If you were asked to speculate about the form extra-terrestrial life on Mars might take, which geomicrobial phenomenon might you select as a model system, assuming that life on Mars would be ‘primitive’? Give your reasons. At the end of my senior year at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in 1968, I took Professor Ehrlich's final for his Geomicrobiology course. The above question beckoned to me like the Sirens to Odysseus, for if I answered, it would take so much time and thought that I would never get around to the exam's other essay questions and consequently, would be “shipwrecked” by flunking the course. So, I passed it up. With this 41-year perspective in mind, this manuscript is now submitted to Professor Ehrlich for (belated) “extra-credit.” R.S. Oremland
Why is birdsong so repetitive? Signal detection and the evolution of avian singing modes

Signal repertoires, such as the song type repertoires of many songbirds, are thought to play a role in male mating success, with females preferring larger male repertoires over smaller ones. Yet, in many songbird species, males sing in a way that does not readily reveal their repertoire sizes by repeating each song type multiple times before switching to the next. Here I describe a potential explanation for such signal redundancy, based on the predictions of signal detection theory as it applies to intersexual communication during mate choice. According to this idea, a female’s response threshold to male mating signals (i.e., her ‘choosiness’) should select for male signal features that elicit favorable female responses (i.e., that are more ‘detectable’). Males can increase the detectability of their signals by producing them with higher redundancy, as well as by increasing their intensity and distinctiveness. Thus, in species with relatively high female response thresholds to males, such as taxa in which the sexes associate only briefly during breeding, males are expected to produce mate attraction signals that are especially stereotyped and repetitive. High signal stereotypy is also expected to be associated with features within signals that are relatively extravagant. Phylogenetic studies of a songbird group with a wide range of mating patterns, the oropendolas and caciques (family Icteridae), provide evidence consistent with these evolutionary predictions. Singing modes in this group have become more repetitive in some lineages along with the evolution of polygynous mating systems, even as various features within songs have become more extravagant.
Potential Natural Environments Based on Pedological Properties in the Coastal Conurbation of Subtropical Southeast Florida

Abstract Much of the coastal southeast Florida Peninsula is heavily urbanized, and many native environments have been destroyed or severely affected by urbanization. In an attempt to reconstruct potential natural environments, soil properties were used as a basis for recognizing prior landscapes. Pedological associations were adopted because they provided landscape features that were least modified by urbanization and they could be used as a unifying basis for categorization of native coastal environments. A geographic information system analysis ring was used for querying coverages for soil distribution patterns, vegetation, hydrology (drainage), topography, and geology. By simultaneously generalizing and recombining soil survey data, land use cover types, topography, and hydrology, it was possible to identify recurring patterns of soils, landforms, and vegetation. Results of this analysis produced 13 land systems with 25 subunits that included various types of lakebeds, tree islands, marshes, prairies, ...
Hierarchical placement for large-scale FPAA

Modern advances in reconfigurable analog technologies are allowing field-programmable analog arrays (FPAAs) to dramatically grow in size, flexibility, and usefulness. Our goal in this paper is to develop the first hierarchical placement algorithm for large-scale floating-gate based FPAAs with a focus on the minimization of the parasitic effects on interconnects under various device-related constraints. In our hierarchical approach, our FPAA clustering algorithm first groups analog components into a set of clusters so that the total number of routing switches used is minimized and all IO paths are balanced in terms of routing switches used. Our FPAA placement algorithm then maps each cluster to a computational analog block (CAB) of the target FPAA while focusing on routing switch usage again. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach.
The Skin Cancer Objective Structured Clinical Examination (SCOSCE): A multi-institutional collaboration to develop and validate a clinical skills assessment for melanoma.

Background Assessing medical students on core skills related to melanoma detection is challenging in the absence of a well-developed instrument. Objective We sought to develop an objective structured clinical examination for the detection and evaluation of melanoma among medical students. Methods This was a prospective cohort analysis of student and objective rater agreement on performance of clinical skills and assessment of differences in performance across 3 schools. Results Kappa coefficients indicated excellent agreement for 3 of 5 core skills including commenting on the presence of the moulage (k = 0.87, 95% confidence interval 0.77-0.96), obtaining a history for the moulage (k = 0.84, 95% confidence interval 0.74-0.94), and making a clinical impression (k = 0.80, 95% confidence interval 0.68-0.92). There were no differences in performance across schools with respect to 3 of 5 core skills: commenting on the presence of the moulage ( P = .15), initiating a history ( P = .53), and managing the suspicious lesion ( P value range .07-.17). Overall, 54.2% and 44.7% of students commented on the presence of the moulage and achieved maximum performance of core skills, respectively, with no difference in performance across schools. Limitations Limitations include overall sample size of students and schools. Conclusion The Skin Cancer Objective Structured Clinical Examination represents a potentially important instrument to measure students' performance on the optimal step-by-step evaluation of a melanoma.
Development of a large aperture Nb/sub 3/Sn racetrack quadrupole magnet

The U.S. LHC Accelerator Research Program (LARP), a collaboration between BNL, FNAL, LBNL, and SLAC, has among its major objectives the development of advanced magnet technology for an LHC luminosity upgrade. The LBNL Superconducting Magnet Group supports this program with a broad effort involving design studies, Nb/sub 3/Sn conductor development, mechanical models, and basic prototypes. This paper describes the development of a large aperture Nb/sub 3/Sn racetrack quadrupole magnet using four racetrack coils from the LBNL Subscale Magnet (SM) Program. The magnet provides a gradient of 95 T/m in a 110 mm bore, with a peak field in the conductor of 11.2 T. The coils are pre-stressed by a mechanical structure based on a pre-tensioned aluminum shell, and axially supported with aluminum rods. The mechanical behavior has been monitored with strain gauges and the magnetic field has been measured. Results of the test are reported and analyzed.
Paclitaxel inhibits ureteral smooth muscle cell proliferation and collagen production in the absence of cell toxicity.

Purpose: Urinary tract stricture results from excess collagen deposition at an injured area. Paclitaxel (Sigma-Aldrich®) prevents coronary artery restenosis by inhibiting vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and collagen production. We evaluated the effects of paclitaxel on ureteral smooth muscle cell proliferation and collagen production.Materials and Methods: Three phases of experiments were done in canine smooth muscle cells. In phase 1 we used proliferation assay to study smooth muscle cells exposed to various concentrations of paclitaxel during 7 days. Phase 2 consisted of 6-day enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to detect the total amount of type III collagen produced by smooth muscle cells exposed to paclitaxel. In phase 3 we assessed smooth muscle cell membrane damage using a lactate dehydrogenase cytotoxicity assay in which cells were exposed to escalating paclitaxel concentrations for 14 days.Results: Proliferation studies showed that 10 and 100 nM paclitaxel significantly inhibited ureteral...
NIST-ARPA interagency agreement: human language technology program

To coordinate the design, development and distribution of speech and natural language corpora for the ARPA Spoken Language research community, and the use of these corpora for technology development and evaluation.
Genome-Wide Characterization of Tetrahymena thermophila Chromosome Breakage Sites. II. Physical and Genetic Mapping

The chromosomes of the macronuclear (expressed) genome of Tetrahymena thermophila are generated by developmental fragmentation of the five micronuclear (germline) chromosomes. This fragmentation is site specific, directed by a conserved chromosome breakage sequence (Cbs element). An accompanying article in this issue reports the development of a successful scheme for the genome-wide cloning and identification of functional chromosome breakage sites. This article reports the physical and genetic characterization of 30 functional chromosome breakage junctions. Unique sequence tags and physical sizes were obtained for the pair of macronuclear chromosomes generated by fragmentation at each Cbs. Cbs-associated polymorphisms were used to genetically map 11 junctions to micronuclear linkage groups and macronuclear coassortment groups. Two pairs of junctions showed statistically significant similarity of the sequences flanking the Cbs, suggestive of relatively recent duplications of entire Cbs junctions during Tetrahymena genome evolution. Two macronuclear chromosomes that lose at least one end in an age-related manner were also identified. The whole-genome shotgun sequencing of the Tetrahymena macronucleus has recently been completed at The Institute for Genome Research (TIGR). By providing unique sequence from natural ends of macronuclear chromosomes, Cbs junctions will provide useful sequence tags for relating macro- and micronuclear genetic, physical, and whole-genome sequence maps.