cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Strain-Induced Growth of Twisted Bilayers during the Coalescence of Monolayer MoS2 Crystals.

Tailoring the grain boundaries (GBs) and twist angles between two-dimensional (2D) crystals are two crucial synthetic challenges to deterministically enable envisioned applications such as moire excitons, emerging magnetism, or single-photon emission. Here, we reveal how twisted 2D bilayers can be synthesized from the collision and coalescence of two growing monolayer MoS2 crystals during chemical vapor deposition. The twisted bilayer (TB) moire angles are found to preserve the misorientation angle (θ) of the colliding crystals. The shapes of the TB regions are rationalized by a kink propagation model that predicts the GB formed by the coalescing crystals. Optical spectroscopy measurements reveal a θ-dependent long-range strain in crystals with stitched grain boundaries and a sharp (θ > 20°) threshold for the appearance of TBs, which relieves this strain. Reactive molecular dynamics simulations explain this strain from the continued growth of the crystals during coalescence due to the insertion of atoms at unsaturated defects along the GB, a process that self-terminates when the defects become saturated. The simulations also reproduce atomic-resolution electron microscopy observations of faceting along the GB, which is shown to arise from the growth-induced long-range strain. These facets align with the axes of the colliding crystals to provide favorable nucleation sites for second-layer growth of a TB with twist angles that preserve the misorientation angle θ. This interplay between strain generation and aligned nucleation provides a synthetic pathway for the growth of TBs with deterministic angles.
Discriminatory ability of milestones: An analysis of milestone variability by obstetrics and gynecology subspecialty

Background: Little evidence exists regarding Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) milestone discriminatory ability. This short report describes variability in milestone scores by category to determine their utility in discerning high and low performers in a single Obstetrics and Gynecology residency. Methods: A Clinical Competency Committee (CCC) design was implemented with four subcommittees, each responsible for a predetermined milestones subset: Obstetrics, Gynecology, Ambulatory Practice, and Professional Activities. Milestone scores for 44 residents per year over four biannual evaluation cycles (2014-2016) were evaluated, for a total of 176 independent evaluations. Results: Findings indicate that discriminatory ability, assessed by variability between resident scores, differed by subcommittee. Subcommittees that were primarily tasked with evaluating clinical- and procedural-based milestones demonstrated lower discriminatory ability among trainees. Conclusion: Greater Professional Activity milestone variability indicates better differentiation; future research should determine correlation of these findings with other professionalism performance metrics and novel intervention strategies.
Minimizing the risk of Clostridium difficile infection as an early complication of autologous stem cell transplantation.

219Background: Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) is one of the most important affecting patients immunocompromised by autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT), and can be associated with inc...
Anionic redox induced anomalous structural transition in Ni-rich cathodes

Ni-rich cathodes have emerged as one of the most promising candidates for power next generation electric vehicles. However, they often suffer from poor capacity retention when charged to high voltages and the origin of this degradation remains elusive. Here, by using high throughput operando neutron diffraction, a universal four-stage structural evolution of Ni-rich cathodes is revealed during the initial cycle for the first time. Particularly, we discovered a universal structural transition in Ni-rich cathodes at ∼75% delithiation irrespective of Ni or substituent contents. This transition is hallmarked by the anomalous increase of average TM–O bond lengths, contradicting the conventional wisdom that TM–O bond lengths decrease during charge (oxidation). This anomaly is induced by the direct oxidation of lattice oxygen ions, which is rooted in the drastic decrease of oxygen-to-TM charge transfer gap at high degrees of delithiation. The onset of this anomalous transition matches very well with the onset of oxygen gas release and severe decline of capacity retention in Ni-rich cathodes, suggesting that this bulk structural transition plays an indispensable role in the degradation process. These findings shed light on the elusive degradation mechanism of Ni-rich cathodes, providing valuable clues to stabilize oxidized oxygen ions for stable cycling of layered oxide cathodes at high voltages.
Cluster resource scheduling in cloud computing: literature review and research challenges

Scheduling plays a pivotal role in cloud computing systems. Designing an efficient scheduler is a challenging task. The challenge comes from several aspects, including the multi-dimensionality of resource demands, heterogeneity of jobs, diversity of computing resources, and fairness between multiple tenants sharing the cluster. This survey provides a multi-perspective overview of the cluster scheduling problem. We present a multi-dimensional classification of existing cluster management solutions based on their scheduling architectures, objectives, and methods. We also survey the recent research works which have employed machine learning solutions in cloud computing resource management. Existing cluster scheduling systems face many challenges, such as achieving a tradeoff between multiple conflicting objectives, finding the balance between jobs’ requirements, scaling to the new operational demands, and choosing the appropriate scheduling architecture. Using machine learning in cluster scheduling is a promising direction to go to develop the future generation of intelligent resource schedulers.
Nonlinearity, Disorder, the Spread of Neolithic Farming, and the Origin of the Indo-European Languages

The replacement of mesolithic hunters and gatherers by neolithic farmers in Europe is a very clean example of technology-based growth and change in human society. Recently, a remarkable quantitative model, the wave-of-advance model, has been put forward by Ammerman and Cavalli-Sforza (AC)[1,2,3] to describe this transition and its genetic consequences. Renfrew has elaborated the model to provide first an explanation of the origin of the Indo-European languages [4] and subsequently of the other two members of the Nostratic superfamily of languages.[5] The Fisher equation employed by AC does not, however, incorporate the spatial inhomogeneity of the food production potential of the neolithic farming technology within Europe. We generalize the Fisher equation to include the effects of such heterogeneity on demic diffusion and population growth. Our most important result is the prediction of internal boundaries, subsistence boundaries, around, e.g., mountain ranges and in the North within which the farming population density vanishes. These boundaries offer the possibility of explaining within the framework of the wave-of-advance model, such anomalies as the Basque language.
Epistemology and Lithology

Introduction and Objective Every history has a beginning and an ending. The history of stone disease is truly ancient, as humans have suffered from this malady since probably the speciation of Homo began to diverge. This is a historical journey through the past bringing the pathways to modernity into the light of day.
Cyclic Block Allocation: A New Scheme for Hierarchical Multicast Address Allocation

This paper presents a new hierarchical multicast address allocation scheme for use in interdomain multicast. Our scheme makes use of masks that are contiguous but not prefix-based to provide significant improvements in performance. Our Cyclic Block Allocation (CBA) scheme shares some similarities with both Reverse Bit Expansion and kampai, but overcomes many shortcomings associated with these earlier techniques by exploiting techniques from the area of subcube allocation for hypercubes. Through static analysis and dynamic simulations, we show that CBA has the following characteristics that make it an excellent candidate for practical use in interdomain multicast protocols: better address utilization under dynamic requests and releases than other schemes; low blocking time; efficient routing tables; addresses reflect domain hierarchy; and compatibility with MASC architecture.
An enhancer for reactive plans

Abstract This paper describes our method for improving the comprehensibility, accuracy, and generality of reactive plans. A reactive plan is a set of reactive rules. Our method involves two phases: (1) formulate explanations of execution traces, and then (2) generate new reactive rules from the explanations. Since the explanation phase has been previously described, the primary focus of this paper is the rule generation phase. This latter phase consists of taking a subset of the explanations and using these explanations to generate a set of new reactive rules to add to the original set. The particular subset of the explanations that is chosen yields rules that provide new domain knowledge for handling knowledge gaps in the original rule set. The original rule set, in a complimentary manner, provides expertise to fill the gaps where the domain knowledge provided by the new rules is incomplete.
Exploring Heritage Language Anxiety: A Study of Chinese Heritage Language Learners

The rapidly increasing population of heritage students within the recent expansion of Chinese language education leads us to explore anxiety levels specific to Chinese heritage language (CHL) learners. This study examines the anxiety profiles of 87 CHL learners, enrolled in separated heritage-track courses at two U. S. universities, from a larger sample of 192 Chinese language students. The results indicate that of the four language skill-based activities, writing provokes the most anxiety in CHL learners, and students' avoidance behavior was found to be strongest in the three subcomponents of writing anxiety. At the same time, correlations with the other three skill-based anxieties were the weakest, revealing the complex construct of CHL writing anxiety. Factor analysis and regression procedures indicate that a large portion of CHL writing anxiety is explained not only by factors of the second language writing process but also by factors associated with the learners' heritage identity. Finally, suggestions for a Heritage Language Anxiety Scale and pedagogical implications for CHL writing instruction are provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
The Physics of Semiconductors: Phonons and Scattering Mechanisms in Solids

In this chapter, we consider what happens when the lattice is no longer in equilibrium. In Chapter 8 we considered the motion of electrons in a crystal assuming that the ions were at rest for all times about their equilibrium positions. The presence of the ionic potential on the electrons results in energy-band formation: allowed ranges of energies for the electrons. However, this is not a physically realistic situation, since at nonzero lattice temperatures, the ions undergo some oscillation about their equilibrium positions. This additional motion, called lattice vibration, has important consequences on the behavior of the electrons. In Section 9.1 we consider lattice vibrations and the quanta of lattice vibrations, phonons. In the subsequent sections, we then examine how phonons influence the electronic properties of a crystal. Lattice Vibrations and Phonons From the discussion in Chapter 7, we found that the equilibrium configuration of the ions results in the minimum potential energy of the crystal. As the ions become more compressed, a repulsive force due to the nuclear-nuclear interaction acts to restore the system back to equilibrium. Similarly, as the lattice is stretched, the attractive force from the molecular bonds formed between adjacent ions acts again to restore equilibrium. Hence a lattice can be thought of as a collection of mass centers situated at definite positions and held together by the action of an elastic restoring force. The system has a definite minimum potential energy.
First report of twig canker of blueberry caused by Sporocadus lichenicola (Corda) in Oregon.

To our knowledge, this is the first report of S. lichenicola causing stem cankers of blueberry in the western United States.
Dissociation of cyclic AMP accumulation from that of luteinizing hormone (LH) release in response to gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) and cholera enterotoxin.

Abstract Anterior hemipituitaries from female rats were incubated in vitro in Krebs Ringer bicarbonate buffer, pH 7.2 containing 2 mg/ml of glucose in the absence and in the presence of GnRH or cholera enterotoxin. Following this incubation, the pituitaries were separated from the medium and cAMP and LH were assayed in the tissue and the medium, respectively. Incubations with GnRH in the range of 25 ng/ml to 400 ng/ml resulted in increase in LH release into the medium. Cholera enterotoxin at a concentration of 1 μg/ml, by contrast, caused no release of LH into the medium, but caused a 5-fold increase in cAMP level and this effect was concentration dependent. Cholera enterotoxin did not interfere with the GnRH-mediated LH release. It is concluded from these experiments that the ability of GnRH to increase cAMP level may be independent of its ability to release LH.
Magnetic nanoparticle-supported lipid bilayers for drug delivery.

Magnetic nanoparticle-supported lipid bilayers (SLBs) constructed around core–shell Fe3O4–SiO2 nanoparticles (SNPs) were prepared and evaluated as potential drug carriers. We describe how an oxime ether lipid can be mixed with SNPs to produce lipid–particle assemblies with highly positive ζ potential. To demonstrate the potential of the resultant cationic SLBs, the particles were loaded with either the anticancer drug doxorubicin or an amphiphilic analogue, prepared to facilitate integration into the supported lipid bilayer, and then examined in studies against MCF-7 breast cancer cells. The assemblies were rapidly internalized and exhibited higher toxicity than treatments with doxorubicin alone. The magnetic SLBs were also shown to increase the efficacy of unmodified doxorubicin.
Transient subcritical crack-growth behavior in transformation-toughened ceramics

Transient subcritical crack-growth behavior following abrupt changes in the applied load are studied in transformation-toughened ceramics. A mechanics analysis is developed to model the transient nature of transformation shielding of the crack tip Ks, with subcritical crack extension following the applied load change. Conditions for continued crack, growth crack growth followed by arrest, and no crack growth after the load change, are considered and related to the magnitude and sign of the applied load change and to materials properties such as the critical transformation stress. The analysis is found to provide similar trends in Ks compared to values calculated from experimentally measured transformation zones in a transformation-toughened Mg-PSZ. In addition, accurate prediction of the post load-change transient crack-growth behavior is obtained using experimentally derived steady-state subcritical crack-growth relationships for cyclic fatigue in the same material.
Cold flow mixing rates in confined, recirculating coaxial jets with angular secondary injection

The mixing of gases and particles in confined, coaxial jets with angular secondary steam injection into suddenly expanded mixing chambers was studied. The effects of secondary stream injection angle, mixing chamber diameter and length, primary jet solids loadings, particle size, and secondary stream velocity on particle and gas mixing rates were determined. Gas mixing was much faster than particle mixing. Angular secondary injection significantly increased the initial gas and particle mixing rates but had little effect on the overall length of duct needed for complete mixing. The effects on initial gas mixing rate of combined angular secondary injection and increased secondary velocity were additive.
The American College Test (ACT) Tested Three Ways

Three studies investigate the relationships between: (1) first semester grades and the American College Test (ACT) alone and in combination with high school rank (HSR); (2) estimated grades and obtained grades; and (3) the ACT and grades in nine courses. The results of the first study indicate that the ACT alone predicts about 35 to 50 per cent of the variation in obtained grades and in combination with HSR predicts about 45 to 65 per cent. The results of the second study reflect a remarkably small shrinkage on cross- validation. The third study indicates that the ACT does only a moderately good job of predicting specific course grades and the addition of high school grades in similar courses does not raise the correlation markedly, though they do decrease the error somewhat.
Delineating landfill leachate discharge to an arsenic contaminated waterway

Abstract Discharge of contaminated ground water may serve as a primary and on-going source of contamination to surface water. A field investigation was conducted at a Superfund site in Massachusetts, USA to define the locus of contaminant flux and support source identification for arsenic contamination in a pond abutting a closed landfill. Subsurface hydrology and ground-water chemistry were evaluated in the aquifer between the landfill and the pond during the period 2005–2009 employing a network of wells to delineate the spatial and temporal variability in subsurface conditions. These observations were compared with concurrent measures of ground-water seepage and surface water chemistry within a shallow cove that had a historical visual record of hydrous ferric oxide precipitation along with elevated arsenic concentrations in shallow sediments. Barium, presumably derived from materials disposed in the landfill, served as an indicator of leachate-impacted ground water discharging into the cove. Evaluation of the spatial distributions of seepage flux and the concentrations of barium, calcium, and ammonium-nitrogen indicated that the identified plume primarily discharged into the central portion of the cove. Comparison of the spatial distribution of chemical signatures at depth within the water column demonstrated that direct discharge of leachate-impacted ground water was the source of highest arsenic concentrations observed within the cove. These observations demonstrate that restoration of the impacted surface water body will necessitate control of leachate-impacted ground water that continues to discharge into the cove.
Performance of an Adaptive Magnetorheological Fluid Mount

The paper investigates the response of a magnetorheological (MR) fluid based mount that combines the squeeze and flow modes in operation. The mount governing equations are introduced and the effect of system parameters on its performance is analyzed. The proposed design yields a high static and a low dynamic stiffness in the working frequency range of the mount. The overall vibration isolation characteristic of the mount is enhanced if compared to that of existing hydraulic mounts. Displacement and/or force transmissibility can be isolated or significantly reduced, in real time, by controlling the MR fluid yield stress. An embedded electromagnet is used to activate the MR fluid that can work in either squeeze or flow modes, or in both simultaneously. The results indicate that the flow mode is less effective in reducing transmissibility than the squeeze mode. However, when the flow and squeeze modes are both activated, the effect of the flow mode becomes more obvious.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Probability Density of the Received Power in Mobile Networks

Probability density of the received power is well analyzed for wireless networks with static nodes. However, most of the present days networks are mobile and not much exploration has been done on statistical analysis of the received power for mobile networks in particular, for the network with random moving patterns. In this paper, we derive probability density of the received power for mobile networks with random mobility models. We consider the power received at an access point from a particular mobile node. Two mobility models are considered: Random Direction (RD) model and Random way-point (RWP) model. Wireless channel is assumed to have a small scale fading of Rayleigh distribution and path loss exponent of 4. 3D, 2D and 1D deployment of nodes are considered. Our findings show that the probability density of the received power for RD mobility models for all the three deployment topologies are weighted confluent hypergeometric functions. In case of RWP mobility models, the received power probability density for all the three deployment topologies are linear combinations of confluent hypergeometric functions. The analytical results are validated through NS2 simulations and a reasonably good match is found between analytical and simulation results.
Preemption of a CUDA Kernel Function

As graphics processing units (GPUs) gain adoption as general purpose parallel compute devices, several key problems need to be addressed in order for their use to become more practical and more user friendly. One such problem is special functions designed to execute on GPUs called kernel functions are non-preempt able. Once the kernel is issued to the GPU it will remain there till either execution finishes or it is killed. If the kernel uses all the execution units of the GPU, then no other kernels are able to be executed. This paper proposes a way to apply preemption to the executing kernel function. The kernel at some point in its execution will be able to save its state, halt execution, and free up the GPU's execution units for other kernels to run. After a given amount of time the halted kernel will be able to regain control of the GPU and complete its execution as if it never was halted in the first place. Experimental results have demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.
Juvenoid hormone methyl farnesoate is a sex determinant in the crustacean Daphnia magna.

Daphnids (Daphnia magna) utilize cyclic parthenogenesis as a reproductive strategy. During periods of abundant resources, these organisms reproduce asexually. In response to environmental cues that signal the onset of environmental adversity, daphnids produce males and reproduce sexually. The environmental cues that stimulate the sexual reproductive phase are well known; however, the endocrine signals that transduce these environmental cues remain unknown. The present study was undertaken to test the hypothesis that the crustacean juvenoid hormone, methyl farnesoate, is a male sex determinant in this species. Continuous exposure to aqueous concentrations of methyl farnesoate greater than approximately 30 nM stimulated a concentration-dependent production of male-containing broods of organisms. Short-term exposures to methyl farnesoate during periods of egg and embryo maturation revealed that male sex determination occurred during a specific 12-hour period of ovarian egg development. Exposure of eggs to 400 nM methyl farnesoate during this sensitive developmental period resulted in the production of all-male broods of offspring, while exposure to concentrations as low as 52 nM produced mixed broods of males and females. This active concentration range of methyl farnesoate is consistent with levels measured in the hemolymph of some decapod crustaceans. These results demonstrate that methyl farnesoate is capable of programming daphnid embryos to develop into males and is likely the endocrine factor responsible for initiating the sexual reproductive phase in these organisms.
DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF A KNOWLEDGE-BASED QUERY PROCESSOR

This paper deals with query processing using semantic knowledge in relational databases. The Select-Project-Join (SPJ) conjunctive class of queries are dealt with in this paper. We propose to optimize highly repetitive queries by using semantic transformations in addition to syntactic transformations. Thus, we generate a set of pre-optimized queries. This set contains queries that are semantically equivalent to, syntactically different from, and more efficient to process than the user queries that we started with. The issues we address in this paper are: how to map a user query to a query that is in the set of pre-optimized and already optimized queries, how to search efficiently through the set of pre-optimized queries and set of semantic rules, and how to incorporate new queries to the set of pre-optimized queries, so that the number of queries that can be optimized using this method increases with the passage of time. Furthermore, we suggest some ideas of handling queries that do not have any semantically equivalent counterpart in the set of pre-optimized queries. We have tested the performance of the proposed method. An algorithm for mapping is implemented in Prolog. A database schema is implemented in the INGRES database management system. We have adopted a database schema that is widely used for measuring performance in the semantic query optimization literature.
Adsorption on Heterogeneous Regular Surfaces.

Abstract Quantifying the role of surface shape and physicochemical surface conditions on the interfacial reactivity of particles and substrates is fundamental to a multitude of natural and engineered surface adsorption phenomena. We consider continuum/jump regime adsorption at the gas or liquid interface of arbitrary regular solid surfaces with heterogeneous surface features. In particular, the 3-D boundary value problem (based on Laplace's diffusion equation) is converted into a 2-D integral equation for the adsorbate concentration at the particle surface. This accommodates numerical descretization via the implementation of 2-D Gauss–Legendre quadratures on an arrangement of high- and low-adsorption patch trace sites constructed to completely cover the particle surface. A generalized computer program is developed to solve the resulting linear algebra problem for the unkown local adsorption current densities. We investigate the role of various distributions of high- and low-adsorption sites for a generalized class of spheres which includes the DNA-like shaped twisted spheres. The biological implications of the role of surface curvature on interfacial adsorption/reactivity at particle surfaces are also discussed.
Antifouling agents against the benthic marine diatom,Navicula salinicola Homarine from the gorgoniansLeptogorgia virgulata andL. setacea and analogs.

At concentrations found in the gorgonian corals,Leptogorgia virgulata (L.) andL. setacea (L.), homarine (N-methyl-2-carboxypyridine) and water-soluble extracts from the gorgonians that contained homarine inhibited the growth of the potential fouling diatom.Navicula salinicola Hust., by 50–60%. Homarine comprised 0.3 and 0.25% of the fresh weight ofL. virgulata andL. setacea, respectively, and the water-soluble extracts comprised 4.0 and 3.0% of the fresh weight of the gorgonians, respectively. Three compounds structurally related to homarine including, in order of most to least active, nicotinic acid, picolinic acid, and pyridine, also reduced growth ofN. salinicola. The activity of these compounds in the diatom assay suggests that the carboxyl group at the 2 position of the pyridine ring is important for activity and thatN-methylation is not important. We conclude that chemical defense against fouling is operative inLeptogorgia species. Evidence from the literature for combined chemical and mechanical defenses byLeptogorgia and other organisms against fouling is presented.
Reliability of phase-encode mapping in the presence of spatial non-stationarity of response latency

Phase-encode mapping has been used as the primary functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) technique to reveal spatial variation of response properties in both visual and auditory cortex (e.g., retinotopy and tonotopy). Spatial variation in the time of response produces a map of cortical sensitivity to a time-varying property of the presented stimulus. Inherently, this technique assumes that response latency is invariant across cortex. However, the latency of the fMRI response has been found to exhibit both temporal and spatial non-stationarity, with variance across cortex increasing with longer stimulus duration--a critical concern given the typically long duration (e.g., 48-64 s) of stimuli presented in phase-encode mapping experiments. This study addresses two issues--assessment of error rates caused by latency variance and reliability of maps identified using phase-encode mapping. Our findings suggest that the latency variance was found to have a greater effect on the type II error (missed detection) rate than on the type I error (false alarm) rate, with the size of the cortical map controlling the type I error rate. Moreover, empirical determination of false alarm rates provides the first approximation of the statistical significance (i.e., P values) of observed maps in both retinotopic and tonotopic studies, with maps as short as three voxels in length achieving the P < 0.05 significance level for a single subject.
Role of condensates and adsorbates on substrate surface on fragmentation of impinging molten droplets during thermal spray

Abstract We propose that the presence of condensates/adsorbates on low temperature substrate surfaces may be a significant factor responsible for splat fragmentation of impacting molten droplets. Vaporization and rapid expansion of condensates/adsorbates upon molten droplet impact cause instability of the spreading droplet. Plasma spraying experiments, using radio frequency induction processing of ZrO2, were designed to test this hypothesis. In order to obtain different levels of condensates/adsorbates, steel substrates were heated in a vacuum chamber (at 250 torr) and allowed to cool under vacuum for different periods of time, ranging from 1 to 62 h before splat deposition. For comparison, splats were also produced on ambient (25°C) as well as on heated substrates (500°C). It was found that splat morphology changed from highly fragmented to a contiguous, disk-like shape with a decreased level of surface condensates/adsorbates, although the substrate temperature was maintained at ambient temperature.
Wigner higher-order moment spectra: a review

A general overview of the definition and properties of the recently defined Wigner higher order moment spectra (WHOS) is given in this paper. It is shown how the properties satisfied by WHOS are the extension of the well known properties of the Wigner-Ville distribution to a higher-order domain. In addition, a general class formulation, the discrete implementation, a comparison with a cumulant-based definition, the reduced interference condition, and tone application also are discussed.
Regional neuroleptic microinjections indicate a role for nucleus accumbens in lateral hypothalamic self-stimulation reward

Bilateral microinjections of the neuroleptic, cis-flupenthixol, were made into 56 forebrain targets distributed across various dopamine (DA) terminal fields in the forebrain. Drug effects on medial forebrain bundle (MFB) stimulation-produced reward were assessed with a rate-frequency procedure implemented in a runway paradigm in a discrete-trial fashion. This method generated independent measures of drug-induced changes in the MFB stimulation reward and operant motor/performance capacity. Control experiments were run with the inactive isomer, trans-flupenthixol. Results indicated a major role for accumbens DA in MFB reward, but not for the DA in caudate and medial frontal cortex. Few drug-induced motor/performance deficits were found at any site. In 14 selected subjects, 6-OHDA-induced chronic DA lesions were made at the same site as neuroleptic microinjection. These results confirmed the reward effects of acute DA receptor blockade, but produced a greater associated motor/performance impairment. Both behavioral effects of the lesion recovered within 2 weeks in many, but not all subjects.
Pore network modelling: determination of the dynamic profiles of the pore diffusivity and its effect on column performance as the loading of the solute in the adsorbed phase varies with time.

A three-dimensional pore network model for diffusion in porous adsorbent particles was employed in a dynamic adsorption model that simulates the adsorption of a solute in porous particles packed in a chromatographic column. The solution of the combined model yielded the dynamic profiles of the pore diffusion coefficient of β-galactosidase along the radius of porous ion-exchange particles and along the length of the column as the loading of the adsorbate molecules on the surface of the pores occurred, and, the dynamic adsorptive capacity of the chromatographic column as a function of the design and operational parameters of the chromatographic system. The pore size distribution of the porous adsorbent particles and the chemistry of the adsorption sites were unchanged in the simulations. It was found that for a given column length the dynamic profiles of the pore diffusion coefficient were influenced by: (i) the superficial fluid velocity in the column, (ii) the diameter of the adsorbent particles and (iii) the pore connectivity of the porous structure of the adsorbent particles. The effect of the magnitude of the pore connectivity on the dynamic profiles of the pore diffusion coefficient increased as the diameter of the adsorbent particles and the superficial fluid velocity in the column increased. The dynamic adsorptive capacity of the column increased as: (a) the particle diameter and the superficial fluid velocity in the column decreased, and (b) the column length and the pore connectivity increased. In preparative chromatography, it is desirable to obtain high throughputs within acceptable pressure gradients, and this may require the employment of larger diameter adsorbent particles. In such a case, longer column lengths satisfying acceptable pressure gradients with adsorbent particles having higher pore connectivity values could provide high dynamic adsorptive capacities. An alternative chromatographic system could be comprised of a long column packed with large particles which have fractal pores (fractal particles) that have high pore connectivities and which allow high intraparticle diffusional and convective flow mass transfer rates providing high throughputs and high dynamic adsorptive capacities. If large scale monoliths could be made to be reproducible and operationally stable, they could also offer an alternative mode of operation that could provide high throughputs and high dynamic adsorptive capacities.
Structure-activity relationships of pyrimidines as dihydroorotate dehydrogenase inhibitors.

Abstract The activity of dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHO-dehase) has been reported to decrease both in vitro and in vivo in hepatocellular carcinomas. DHO-dehase, the fourth enzyme of the de novo pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway, is a mitochondrial enzyme which is both a potential rate-limiting reaction in the de novo pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway and a potential therapeutic target for tumor inhibitors. This paper reports results on a series of pyrimidine analogs of dihydroorotate (DHO) and orotic acid (OA) as inhibitors of DHO-dehase. The enzyme test results established that the intact amide and imide groups of the pyrimidine ring and the 6-carboxylic acid are required for significant enzyme inhibition. The testing of several functional groups similar in characteristics to that of the carboxylic acid, such as sulfonamide, tetrazole and phosphate, indicated that the carboxylic acid group is preferred by the enzyme. Using various 5-substituted OA and DHO derivatives, it was shown that there is a steric limitation of a methyl group at this position. The compound d,l -5- trans -methyl DHO (7) ( K i of 45 μM) was both an inhibitor and a weak substrate for the enzyme, demonstrating that mechanism-based enzyme inhibitors should be effective. The testing results further suggest that a negatively charged enzyme substituent may be present near the 5-position of the pyrimidine ring and that there may be an enzymesubstrate metal coordination site near the N-1 and carboxylic acid positions of the pyrimidine ring. The combined testing results were then used to define both conformational and steric substrate enzyme binding requirements from which a model was proposed for the binding of DHO and OA to the DHO-dehase active site.
Effect of biventricular pacing on plasma B-type natriuretic peptide levels in patients with heart failure

SESSION 51: NONINVASIVE EVALUATION IV: Repolarization Abnormalities in the Abscence of CAD Saturday, May 7, 2005 11:30 a.m.–1:00 p.m.
Numerical analysis of the Iosipescu specimen for composite materials

A finite element analysis of the Iosipescu shear tests for unidirectional and cross-ply composites is presented. It is shown that an iterative analysis procedure must be used to model the fixture-specimen kinematics. The correction factors which are needed to compensate for the nonuniformity of stress distribution in calculating shear modulus are shown to be dependent on the material orthotropic ratio and the finite element loading models. Test section strain distributions representative of typical graphite-epoxy specimens are also presented.
Auxiliary propulsion thruster performance with ion machined accelerator grids

A substantial improvement in the performance of an 8-centimeter-diameter auxiliary propulsion thruster has been achieved by reducing the diameter of the accelerator grid apertures. The accelerator grid hole geometry has been defined by ion machining accelerator grids on an 8-centimeter thruster at thrust levels of 2.2, 4.4, and 6.7 millinewtons (mN). A thruster with an ion machined accelerator grid has been operated at a thrust of 4.4 mN for 1000 hours. The discharge propellant utilization was 92% at an eV/ion of 338. Thruster performance and accelerator grid hole geometry has been documented as a function of thrust level. It was also determined that the small hole accelerator grid has a very low backstreaming voltage limit. In fact the thruster can be operated with the accelerator grid held at neutralizer tip potential.
Involvement of an increased spinal TRPV1 sensitization through its up-regulation in mechanical allodynia of CCI rats.

Abstract Vanilloid receptor 1 (TRPV1) antagonists are known to attenuate the neuropathic pain symptoms in peripheral nerve injury models, but the mechanism(s) of their effect remains unclear. At the same time, the role of spinal TRPV1 in pain transduction system has not been fully understood. In this study, the role of spinal TRPV1 in mechanical allodynia in rat chronic constriction injury (CCI) model was investigated. Intrathecal administration of a selective TRPV1 antagonist, N -(4-tertiarybutylphenyl)-4-(3-cholorphyridin-2-yl)tetrahydropryazine-1(2H)-carbox-amide (BCTC) significantly attenuated mechanical allodynia in CCI rats at 100 and 300 nmol. In vitro, BCTC inhibited capsaicin (300 nM)-induced releases of calcitonin gene-related peptide-like immunoreactivity (CGRP-LI) and substance P-like immunoreactivity (SP-LI) from the rat spinal cord slice preparations with IC 50 s of 37.0 and 36.0 nM, respectively, confirming that BCTC potently inhibits TRPV1 function in the rat spinal cord. TRPV1 expression levels in the spinal cord following CCI were quantified in by Western blot analysis. TRPV1 protein levels were significantly increased in the ipsilateral side of the lumbar spinal cord at 7 and 14 days following CCI surgery, but not in the contralateral side. Furthermore, capsaicin (300 nM)-evoked release of CGRP-LI was significantly higher in the ipsilateral spinal cord of CCI rats (14 days after surgery) than that of sham-operated rats. These findings suggest that an increased sensitization of the spinal TRPV1 through its up-regulation is involved in the development and/or maintenance of mechanical allodynia in rat CCI model.
A comparison of OCLC and ILLINET online as tools for pre-order citation verification

Abstract ILLINET Online, Illinois's powerful online catalog and resource sharing network, is extensive enough to be considered a rival to OCLC as a source for preorder citation verification. This study was undertaken to determine if a sizeable percentage of the titles that are presently being verified on OCLC prior to ordering at Western Illinois University Library could be verified at the time of order on the ILLINET Online database instead. A sample issue of the Processing Information List, a biweekly listing of titles on order or in process at WIU, was selected to provide the study sample. From this list of OCLC verified titles, approximately 10 percent were checked on ILLINET Online to see if they were included in the statewide database at the time of order. The study revealed that 80.2% of the titles could have been verified without cost on the ILLINET Online system. Problem areas were predictable: foreign language titles, foreign imprint titles, nonbook materials, dissertations, and very recent publications. However, time and money could be saved if the ILLINET database substituted for OCLC in pre-order verification.
Developing Content Knowledge in Students through Explicit Teaching of the Nature of Science: Influences of Goal Setting and Self-Monitoring.

Knowledge about the nature of science has been advocated as an important component of science because it provides a framework on which the students can incorporate content knowledge. However, little empirical evidence has been provided that links nature of science knowledge with content knowledge. The purpose of this mixed method study was to determine if both nature of science knowledge and content knowledge could be increased with an explicit, reflective nature of science intervention utilizing self-regulation over an implicit group. Results showed that the explicit group significantly outperformed the implicit group on both nature of science and content knowledge assessments. Students in the explicit group also demonstrated a greater use of detail in their inquiry work and reported a higher respect for evidence in making conclusions than the implicit group. Implications suggest that science educators could enhance nature of science instruction using goal setting and self-monitoring of student work during inquiry lessons.
Analysis of natural convection in a rotating open loop

This work deals with a one-dimensional analysis of a rotating open loop subjected to a uniform heat flux per unit length. Fluid temperature is fixed at the inlet of the loop. Flow is driven by buoyancy as well as by a pressure gradient. The criterion for onset of motion is first determined. Steady-state motion is then analyzed and is found to exhibit both a positive and a negative branch. Linear stability analysis is performed to determine regions in parameter space over which the flow is unstable. Parameters varied for this analysis are those corresponding to rotational velocity, heat flux, and a modified pressure difference across the loop. One or both velocities may be stable. It is also possible to have an oscillatory state coexist with a time-independent solution. A perturbation method is used to evaluate the effect of gravity on flow characteristics. Nomenclature A = peak-to-peak amplitude of gravity perturbed oscillation a = real part of A b = imaginary part of A c = specific heat of fluid D — diameter of tube E = relative percentage error Fh = buoyancy force per unit mass Fp = pressure force per unit mass Fv = viscous force per unit mass / = friction factor /± = transcendental function for eigenvalue determination
Specific Heats of Solid Gun Propellants

Abstract Measurements are reported of the specific heat of 5 U.S. Army solid gun propellants over the temperature range — 40°C to 75°C at atmospheric pressure. The propellants are members of the BRL Research Series propellants that have been widely distributed to research laboratories in the U.S. These propellants include representative types from each class of materials that are either in the fielded inventory or experimental (“X” prefix), i.e., a single base (M10), a double base (M9), a homogeneous triple base (JA2), a composite triple base (M30), and a composite nitramine (XM39). The measurements were performed with a commercial differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) which was calibrated to the propellant heat-flow range using two sapphire standards of different masses. Corrections were made for temperature lags in both the standard and propellant specimens. The average values are estimated to be accurate to within ±5%, and polynomial fits over the stated temperature range are provided for convenient ...
Adoption of injectable naltrexone in U.S. substance use disorder treatment programs.

Objective:Medication-assisted treatment for substance use disorders (SUDs) is not widely used in treatment programs. The aims of the current study were to document the prevalence of adoption and implementation of extended-release injectable naltrexone, the newest U.S. Food and Drug Administration–approved medication for alcohol use disorder (AUD), in U.S. treatment programs and to examine associations between organizational and patient characteristics and adoption.Method:The study used interview data from a nationally representative sample of 307 U.S. SUD treatment programs to examine adoption and implementation of injectable naltrexone.Results:Thirteen percent of programs used injectable naltrexone for AUD, and 3% of programs used it for opioid use disorder. Every treatment program that offered injectable naltrexone to its patients used it in conjunction with psychosocial treatment, particularly cognitive behavioral therapy. Multivariate logistic regression results indicated that adoption was positively ...
Electrical Stimulation in Epilepsy: Vagus Nerve and Brain Stimulation

Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) for epilepsy is a well established and effective treatment for medically intractable epilepsy. VNS is indicated if resective epilepsy surgery is unsuccessful or is not an option. About 50% of patients with VNS have a seizure reduction greater than 50%, but less than 10% become seizure-free. VNS also has an alerting effect on patients and may allow a reduction in sedating medications. The major adverse event is hoarseness, but treatment is generally well tolerated. The therapeutic effect can be delayed: patients may improve several months after VNS implantation. Direct brain stimulation (DBS) is an emerging treatment for epilepsy. Scheduled stimulation is similar to brain stimulation in Parkinson’s disease. Only the anterior thalamic nucleus has been studied in a larger randomized, controlled trial, in which patients with the stimulator turned on had a significantly reduced seizure frequency. Responsive stimulation applies an electrical stimulus at the site of seizure onset to terminate the seizure if one occurs. The seizure-onset zone must be well defined before implantation. Responsive stimulation requires seizure detection and application of a stimulus online. A large pivotal trial showed a significant reduction in seizure frequency. Both DBS and responsive neurostimulation are well tolerated, but there has been some concern about depression with DBS. Infection, hemorrhage, and lead breakage are adverse events possible with any type of stimulator. None of the brain stimulation devices have been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration, but final approval is expected soon. These devices are indicated for patients with bilateral seizure onset or seizure onset in eloquent areas. Although the initial trials of brain stimulation do not show overwhelming improvement in seizure frequency, the technology will improve with time as we continue to learn about the use of brain stimulation for epilepsy. Optimization of VNS has been going on for 10 years, and we need to ensure that brain stimulation is similarly developed further. In addition, sophisticated devices such as responsive neurostimulators can greatly enhance our understanding of the pathophysiology of epilepsy.