cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Genomic differentiation across the speciation continuum in three hummingbird species pairs

The study of speciation has expanded with the increasing availability and affordability of high-resolution genomic data. How the genome evolves throughout the process of divergence and which regions of the genome are responsible for causing and maintaining that divergence have been central questions in recent work. Here, we use three pairs of species from the recently diverged bee hummingbird clade to investigate differences in the genome at different stages of speciation, using divergence times as a proxy for the speciation continuum. Population measures of relative differentiation between hybridizing species reveal that different chromosome types diverge at different stages of speciation. Using FST as our relative measure of differentiation we found that the sex chromosome shows signs of divergence early in speciation. Next, small autosomes (microchromosomes) accumulate highly diverged genomic regions, while the large autosomes (macrochromosomes) accumulate genomic regions of divergence at a later stage of speciation. Our finding that genomic windows of elevated FST accumulate on small autosomes earlier in speciation than on larger autosomes is counter to the prediction that FST increases with size of chromosome (i.e. with decreased recombination rate), and is not represented when weighted average FST per chromosome is compared with chromosome size. The results of this study suggest that multiple chromosome characteristics such as recombination rate and gene density combine to influence the genomic locations of signatures of divergence.
Development of Coagulation Factor XII Antibodies for Inhibiting Vascular Device-Related Thrombosis

Vascular devices such as stents, hemodialyzers, and membrane oxygenators can activate blood coagulation and often require the use of systemic anticoagulants to selectively prevent intravascular thrombotic/embolic events or extracorporeal device failure. Coagulation factor (F)XII of the contact activation system has been shown to play an important role in initiating vascular device surface-initiated thrombus formation. As FXII is dispensable for hemostasis, targeting the contact activation system holds promise as a significantly safer strategy than traditional antithrombotics for preventing vascular device-associated thrombosis. Generate and characterize anti-FXII monoclonal antibodies that inhibit FXII activation or activity. Monoclonal antibodies against FXII were generated in FXII-deficient mice and evaluated for their binding and anticoagulant properties in purified and plasma systems, in whole blood flow-based assays, and in an in vivo non-human primate model of vascular device-initiated thrombus formation. A FXII antibody screen identified over 400 candidates, which were evaluated in binding studies and clotting assays. One non-inhibitor and six inhibitor antibodies were selected for characterization in functional assays. The most potent inhibitory antibody, 1B2, was found to prolong clotting times, inhibit fibrin generation on collagen under shear, and inhibit platelet deposition and fibrin formation in an extracorporeal membrane oxygenator deployed in a non-human primate. Selective contact activation inhibitors hold potential as useful tools for research applications as well as safe and effective inhibitors of vascular device-related thrombosis.
SWIFT: A non-emergency response prediction system using sparse Gaussian Conditional Random Fields

Abstract Cities have limited resources that must be used efficiently to maintain their smooth operation. To facilitate efficient resource allocation and management in cities, in this paper, we study one such important problem: how long does it take to resolve non-emergency 311 service requests? We present SWIFT, a Non-emergency Response prediction system based on a recently developed structured regression model, sparse Gaussian Conditional Random Fields (GCRFs), that successfully captures the dependencies between historical and future response times. Through extensive experimentation on 311 service requests from New York City (NYC), Kansas City and Baltimore over a three and a half year period between January 2015 to June 2018, we demonstrate that our trained system is able to accurately predict future response times one week in advance using just the previous two weeks data at test time. SWIFT achieves superior prediction performance across all agencies, complaint types, and locations for all the three cities when compared to linear regression, ARIMA and Seasonal ARIMA baselines (up to a factor of 2X). The trained SWIFT system requires low computational resources and data at test time, thus making it an attractive system that can be readily deployed in practice.
Electricity Restructuring: The Ontario Experience

Over the last decade or so, a number of jurisdictions throughout the developed and developing world have embarked upon major competitively oriented restructurings of their electricity industries. Ontario has recently joined this list. Historically, Ontario Hydro has been the largest state-owned enterprise in Canada, having been created by the government of Ontario in 1906 initially to construct and operate a provincial transmission grid which would deliver power from privately owned hydro-electric generators to various municipally owned distribution systems. Ontario Hydro quickly broadened its vision to embrace a provincewide transmission grid and the progressive acquisition of most privately owned generating facilities in the province, as well as the construction of massive new generating facilities of its own. Ontario Hydro currently generates about 90% of the electric power sold in the province, about 60% of which is generated by nuclear facilities built in the 1970s and 1980s. Throughout its history, Ontario Hydro has occupied a unique and in many respects dominating political and economic influence in the province. It has rarely been far from the public eye, and major cost over-runs in system expansion precipitated the first of many commissions or like inquiries as early as 1920. By 1923, debts incurred on behalf of Ontario Hydro amounted to one-half of the entire provincial debt. Despite frequent public inquiries over the years into aspects of its operations, the basic vertically integrated, public monopoly structure of the industry that emerged in its first 20 years of operations has remained intact until very recently. The current Ontario government has now committed itself to wholesale and retail competition in electricity by the year 2000 and has restructured Ontario Hydro into two state-owned successor companies constituted under the Ontario Business Corporations Act. One of these will own the high voltage transmission grid and the other will own the generating facilities subject to commitments to transfer effective control of these facilities to private competitors so as to reduce Ontario Hydro's market share to 35% of price setting plant output within 3 1/2 years of market opening and 35% of all generating output sold in the province within 10 years. Significant rationalization of the almost 300 municipally owned local distribution utilities (LDCS or MEUS) in Ontario through amalgamation or privatization is anticipated (and is already occurring, albeit slowly).
Rehearsal and Event Age Predict the Fading Affect Bias across Young Adults and Elderly in Self-Defining and Everyday Autobiographical Memories

The faster fading of unpleasant affect than pleasant affect is known as the Fading Affect Bias (FAB). The FAB generalizes across cultures and event types, it is positively related to rehearsals and...
IL-21-Deficient T Follicular Helper Cells Support B Cell Responses Through IL-27 in Patients With Chronic Hepatitis B.

Chronic Hepatitis B (CHB) affects over 350 million people worldwide. Current treatment does result in reduced complications; however, a cure (development of antibodies to the S antigen) is not achieved, requiring life-long therapy. Humoral responses contribute to viral elimination by secreting neutralizing antibodies; though, effective induction of humoral immunity require CD4T cell differentiation into T follicular helper (TFH) cells that support B cell response through interleukin-21 (IL-21). In CHB, mechanism of TFH-B interactions is seldom described. During CHB, TFH cells are defective in producing IL-21 in response to hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). However, regardless of low IL-21, TFH cells efficiently support B cell responses by producing interleukin-27 (IL-27), which directs the formation of plasmablasts and plasma cells from memory and naive B cells by enhancing B lymphocyte-induced maturation protein-1. IL-27 not only improved total antibody production but HBsAg-specific IgG and IgM secretion that are essential for viral clearance. Importantly, IL-27+TFH cells were significantly associated with HBV DNA reduction. Therefore, these findings imply a novel mechanism of TFH mediated B cell help in CHB and suggest that IL-27 effectively compensate the function of IL-21 by supporting TFH-B cell function, required for protective antibody response and may contribute to viral clearance by providing potential target for achieving a functional cure.
A-ONE - an accessible online nutrition & exercise program for youth with physical disabilities.

Abstract Background Pediatric disability prevalence has increased to 17.8% in recent years. This youth population faces a range of individual, social, and environmental level barriers to a healthy lifestyle. This is particularly concerning because this population is at a higher risk of obesity and lifestyle-related morbidity and mortality. Therefore, A-ONE: An Accessible and Online Nutrition & Exercise Program was designed to provide a comprehensive and holistic online program for youth with physical disabilities. Methods A-ONE will offer two individualized fitness workouts and one accessible cooking session per week for 16-weeks. In addition, A-ONE will offer one social-mentoring session per week. All programming (4 sessions per week) will occur during after-school hours. The program will be offered 6 times during the 2-year grant period, enrolling 10 youth per cohort, for a total of 60 youth with physical disabilities. Outcomes to be examined include physical activity, fruit and vegetable consumption, independent meal preparation, quality of life, and self-efficacy. They will be assessed pre, post, and 4-weeks following the end of the program. Program fidelity and feasibility will also be assessed. Conclusion While children with physical disabilities benefit from opportunities to engage in physical activity and nutrition, accessible programming is unavailable. Despite decades of disability rights legislation mandating access to equal education, there is still a lack of system level solutions to improve the health inequity for youth experiencing disabilities. This program represents a sustainable and scalable way to remove barriers and improve the trajectories of health among youth with a physical disability.
Blood Flow in Red and White Muscle: Relationship to Metabolism Development and Behavior

Publisher Summary It has long been suspected that red and white skeletal muscle might differ in blood flow requirements. This chapter discusses the behavior of blood flow to skeletal muscles and presents the studies that were performed on cats, rats, and rabbits. In the investigations, a technique was sought to utilize for measuring nutrient muscle blood flow (i.e., non-shunt), which could determine flow in very small muscles or portions of muscles and was suitable for studying muscle blood flow in chronically prepared, unrestrained, and behaving animals. Alert behavior blood flow to skeletal muscles varies widely in cats, rats, and rabbits. In general, flow to red muscles is 3–5 times greater than that of white muscles. The blood flow in any muscle is directly related to the myoglobin content (and hence the dependence of that muscle on oxidative metabolism) to the capillary density and inversely to the speed of contraction. Differences of flow in adult red and white muscle develop postnatally with a rostralcaudal progression. Change in flow appears later than the developmental differentiation of biochemical and physiological characteristics, thereby demonstrating that differences in blood flow probably occur in response to metabolic demands.
The Effect of a Quality Improvement Intervention on Variability of Measurements of Left Ventricular Dimensions in a Pediatric Echocardiography Laboratory.

Objective To assess the effect of a multifaceted quality improvement intervention on variability of left ventricular dimensions as measured on pediatric echocardiograms. Methods Variability of measurements of left ventricular dimensions was assessed using percent error before a multifaceted educational intervention. Sonographers attended group sessions, used visual prompts and received individual feedback regarding the proper technique for measuring the left ventricle. Variability was reassessed following the intervention. Results Sonographers were more likely to use proper measurement technique (38% vs. 62%, P = .017) after the educational intervention. The percent error of the left ventricular end systolic measurement decreased significantly (12.4% to 8.8%, P = .002). The percent error of the left ventricular end diastolic measurement showed a trend toward a decrease (7.7% to 5.8%, P = .067). There was no significant improvement in percent error for other measurements. Use of correct technique and sonographer experience of less than 5 years predicted decreased percent error. Conclusion A multifaceted educational intervention can be used to improve measurement variability in pediatric echocardiography laboratories.
BlueSky: a cloud-backed file system for the enterprise

We present BlueSky, a network file system backed by cloud storage. BlueSky stores data persistently in a cloud storage provider such as Amazon S3 or Windows Azure, allowing users to take advantage of the reliability and large storage capacity of cloud providers and avoid the need for dedicated server hardware. Clients access the storage through a proxy running on-site, which caches data to provide lower-latency responses and additional opportunities for optimization. We describe some of the optimizations which are necessary to achieve good performance and low cost, including a log-structured design and a secure in-cloud log cleaner. BlueSky supports multiple protocols--both NFS and CIFS--and is portable to different providers.
MEMBERSHIP IN THE NEW AGE GROUP SILVA MIND CONTROL

This research reports the findings of an exploratory study of the members of the New Age group Silva Mind Control. To data, there have been few empirical studies of New Age groups, and little is known about what types of people practice New Age beliefs. The finding of this research show that members of this New Age group: tend to be middle to upper- class white females, come from religious background, and still participate in traditional churches. The research also examines commitment among members of Silva Mind Control and found that social networks were the most important predictors of group commitment. Specifically, those who had friends and family members who were members who were members of Silva mind control were more committed to the group.
Victim-Assisted mitigation technique for TCP-Based reflector DDoS attacks

This paper develops the concept of victim-assistance for denial of service (DoS) mitigation. The proposed concept is utilized within a simple, yet effective scheme designed for mitigating TCP-based reflector DoS attacks. The proposed scheme, called SYN number based filtering (SNF), takes into account the TCP's connection establishment behavior and the inherent features of the attack itself. The main idea of the SNF scheme is to restrict the choice of the initial sequence numbers of SYN packets to certain pattern, such that corresponding SYN-ACK packets can be validated at the ISP's perimeter. We evaluate the proposed scheme through analytical studies for classical and advanced attacks using two performance metrics, namely, the false positive and false negative rates. Our analysis shows that the proposed scheme offers low false positive and false negative rates. In addition, we identify several research problems based on the proposed concept.
Pseudomonas syringae pathogenesis in Arabidopsis.

How microbial pathogens cause diseases in higher eukaryotes is a major unresolved question in biology. Our research is focused on the interaction between Arabidopsis thaliana and Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato strain DC3000. In this model interaction, both the host and the pathogen are genetically and genomically amenable, making it an excellent system for dissecting the molecular details of bacterial virulence, host response, and host-pathogen co-evolution. Elucidation of how P. s. pv. tomato DC3000 manipulates the cellular functions of a susceptible Arabidopsis plant is the subject of our research. Here, we report our characterisation of the Hrp pilus, which is required for type III secretion of P. s. pv. tomato DC3000 effector proteins into plant cells, and the effects of type III effectors on Arabidopsis physiology.
The changing face of leadership: the influence of information technology

Leadership, as a concept, has been with us ever since people have fashioned themselves into groups. Although the definition of leadership depends upon one’s theoretical perspective, “few of us would dispute the point that leaders exercise influence, taking actions that, in one way or another, shape the behavior of others” (Mumford, Zaccaro, Harding, Jacobs, & Fleishman, 2000, p. 11). Effective leadership, however, is somewhat dependent upon the current context and environment. In this regard, it is readily apparent that advancing information technologies have forever changed the management landscape (Hitt, 2000). “As we enter the post-industrial information age, ... a premium is placed on the organization’s ability to rapidly adapt to changing competitive environments and new technologies” (Mumford, Zaccaro, Connelly, & Marks, 2000, p. 167). Organizations will operate in a state of continual transformation, leaving managers to struggle in a changing environment of ambiguity and uncertainty (Hitt, 2000). Indeed, many prominent university programs are beginning to offer courses that attempt to “explore and analyze dynamic, practical solutions for breaking the shackles of t aditional management techniques to develop the leadership
Enzyme-mediated cytosine deamination by the bacterial methyltransferase M.MspI

Most prokaryotic (cytosine-5)-DNA methyltransferases increase the frequency of deamination at the cytosine targeted for methylation in vitro in the absence of the cofactor S-adenosylmethionine (AdoMet) or the reaction product S-adenosylhomocysteine (AdoHcy). We show here that, under the same in vitro conditions, the prokaryotic methyltransferase, M.MspI (from Moraxella sp.), causes very few cytosine deaminations, suggesting a mechanism in which M.MspI may avoid enzyme-mediated cytosine deamination. Two analogues of AdoMet, sinefungin and 5'-amino-5'-deoxyadenosine, greatly increased the frequency of cytosine deamination mediated by M.MspI presumably by introducing a proton-donating amino group into the catalytic centre, thus facilitating the formation of an unstable enzyme-dihydrocytosine intermediate and hydrolytic deamination. Interestingly, two naturally occurring analogues, adenosine and 5'-methylthio-5'-deoxyadenosine, which do not contain a proton-donating amino group, also weakly increased the deamination frequency by M.MspI, even in the presence of AdoMet or AdoHcy. These analogues may trigger a conformational change in the enzyme without completely inhibiting the access of solvent water to the catalytic centre, thus allowing hydrolytic deamination of the enzyme-dihydrocytosine intermediate. Under normal physiological conditions the enzymes M.HpaII (from Haemophilus parainfluenzae), M. HhaI (from Haemophilus hemolytica) and M.MspI all increased the in vivo deamination frequency at the target cytosines with comparable efficiency.
Post-Radiation Dysphagia

Swallowing is a complex process that begins with the placement of food in the mouth and ends when the food enters the stomach. It involves voluntary and involuntary stages which are coordinated through several cranial nerves and a multitude of muscles that control the function of the oral cavity, the pharynx (skull base to the lower border of the cricoid), the larynx, hyoid bone, and esophagus [1, 2].
The influence of age, sex and genotype on the subcellular distribution of hepatic aldehyde dehydrogenase activity in the mouse.

Abstract 1. 1. The influence of age on hepatic aldehyde dehydrogenase (AlDH) was studied in both sexes of two selectively bred lines of mice ( Mus musculus ). 2. 2. Whole liver AlDH activity increased from the 60-day-old level linearly up to 200 days of age. The enzyme activity of the females remained at the 200-day-old level, but in males, AlDH continued to increase up to 400 days of age. Males had higher AlDH activity than females. 3. 3. The AlDH activities of 3 subcellular fractions: cytosol, mitochondria and microsomes also increased with age, but were more dependent on sex and genotype than was the whole liver activity. 4. 4. It was concluded that AlDH activity increases with age in mouse liver but it was influenced greatly by sex, genotype and subcellular fraction studied.
Split and merge production systems: performance analysis and structural properties

Production split and merge operations are widely used in many manufacturing systems to increase production capacity and variety, improve product quality, and carry out scheduling and control activities. This article presents analytical methods to analyze split and merge production systems with exponential machine reliability models, operating under circulate, strictly circulate, priority, and percentage split/merge policies. In addition to developing the recursive procedures for performance analysis, the structural properties of the systems and the impacts of routing policies on system performance are investigated.
Screening for addiction in patients with chronic pain and problematic substance use : Evaluation of a pilot assessment tool

Assessing for the presence of addiction in the chronic pain patient receiving chronic opioid analgesia is a challenging clinical task. This paper presents a recently developed screening tool for addictive disease in chronic pain patients, and pilot efficacy data describing its ability to do so. In a small sample of patients (n = 52) referred from a multidisciplinary pain center for "problematic" medication use, responses to the screening questionnaire were compared between patients who met combined diagnostic criteria for a substance use disorder and those who did not, as assessed by a trained addiction medicine specialist. Responses of addicted patients significantly differed from those of nonaddicted patients on multiple screening items, with the two groups easily differentiated by total questionnaire score. Further, three key screening indicators were identified as excellent predictors for the presence of addictive disease in this sample of chronic pain patients.
Design of a diffusion cell for use with a Rayleigh interferometer in membrane-transport studies

Basic criteria are given for the design and use of a diffusion cell for a Rayleigh interferometer for membrane-transport studies. The effect of wave-front deflection on the fringe pattern is presented, as well as a numerical technique that allows the data to be corrected for deflection effects. A completely new type of diffusion cell is discussed that allows transport through membranes to be observed.
Crystallite Sizes and Lattice Distortions of Gel-Spun Ultra-High Molecular Weight Polyethylene Fibers

A detailed method is reported for deriving the lattice distortions and crystallite sizes of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) fibers employing a full wide angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD) pattern. The predominant crystals are orthorhombic form and the refined unit cell dimensions for a and b are 7.40(±0.03) and 4.94(±0.03) A, respectively. The average crystallite size normal to 110 planes was found to be in the range of 163–182 A. The microstrain lattice distortion was predominant in the gel-spun UHMWPE fibers, with the lattice constant variation of 0.5%.
Endoscopic endonasal resection of anterior cranial base meningiomas.

Objective The endonasal route may be feasible for the resection of anterior cranial base tumors that abut the paranasal sinuses. There are several case reports and mixed case series discussing this approach. Other than pituitary adenomas, there is a lack of literature describing the outcomes of endonasal approaches for single-tumor types such as meningiomas. Methods In this study, we describe our current endoscopic endonasal technique and demonstrate the feasibility of using it to access anterior cranial base meningiomas from the back wall of the frontal sinus to the sella and laterally to the region of the midorbit. After this discussion, which includes key technical considerations and nuances, we address safety and efficacy by reporting the outcomes of our early experience with endoscopic endonasal resection of 35 anterior cranial base meningiomas. Results A total of 35 patients underwent endoscopic endonasal resection of anterior cranial base meningiomas from October 2002 to October 2005. Degree of resection by tumor location was as follows: 10 of the 12 (83%) patients with olfactory groove meningiomas planned for complete resection underwent gross total (seven of 12) or near-total (>95%) (three of 12) resection (67% of all 15 olfactory tumors); 12 of 13 patients (92%) with tuberculum meningiomas underwent gross (11 of 13) or near (>95%) (one of 13) total resection; five patients diagnosed with petroclival meningiomas had successful resection of the parasellar portion of their tumors with relief of visual symptoms (no patients underwent complete resection of their tumors via the endoscopic, endonasal approach); two giant petroclival meningiomas were debulked with 63 and 89% resection, respectively.All patients experienced resolution or improvement of visual symptoms. No patient experienced permanent worsening of vision after surgery. Only one (3%) patient without preoperative endocrine dysfunction experienced a new, permanent pituitary deficit, diabetes insipidus. One (3%) patient experienced a new neurological deficit after experiencing a hemorrhage 3 weeks after surgery. The postoperative cerebrospinal fluid leak rate was 40% (14 of 35) and varied by tumor location. All leaks were resolved without craniotomy. There were no cases of bacterial meningitis. One patient developed a superinfection of a sterile granuloma from a sinusitis 2 years after surgery. There were two cases of deep venous thrombosis and one pulmonary embolus. There were no operative or perioperative deaths. Conclusion Cranial base meningiomas can be successfully managed via a purely endoscopic endonasal approach with acceptable morbidity and mortality rates. The extent of resection is guided by patient factors and symptoms, not by approach. This series had a high cerebrospinal fluid leak rate. With the evolution of new reconstruction techniques, these rates have been substantially reduced.
Benign tumors and tumor-like lesions of the gallbladder and extrahepatic biliary tract

The gallbladder is one of the most common specimens encountered in surgical pathology laboratories worldwide. A vast majority of these show merely cholelithiasis and chronic cholecystitis, however, a wide variety of benign tumors and tumor-like lesions can occur in the gallbladder and are largely discovered incidentally. Benign tumors of the gallbladder and extrahepatic bile ducts are similar, however, the incidences vary by site. The epithelial tumors include adenomas that can be gastric, intestinal or biliary types, and cystadenomas. Mesenchymal tumors are even more rare and identical to their soft tissue counterparts. Of these as a group, the neurogenic lesions are most common. The tumor-like lesions include various types of metaplasia, hyperplasia, heterotopia and chronic cholecystitis-associated lesions. These various benign and tumor-like lesions can mimic malignancy clinically, radiologically and sometimes even microscopically. Awareness of these benign lesions is necessary to avoid a wrong diagnosis of malignancy.
Use of a novel ultrasonic surgical system for decompression of the facial nerve

Objective: The middle cranial fossa approach has been used to explore and decompress the facial nerve in patients with Bell's palsy and facial nerve tumors. Unfortunately, this approach is technically challenging and has a significant risk of injury to the facial nerve and to the cochleovestibular organs. One way to minimize the risk may be with the use of the Sonopet Omni ultrasonic aspirator (Synergetics Inc., St Charles, MO) instead of an otologic drill. Methods: In this prospective study using cadaveric temporal bones, a total of 17 temporal bone specimens were used. Seven cadaveric temporal bones were used (4-left, 3-right) for the initial feasibility study. At a second session, an additional 10 temporal bones (5-left, 5-right) underwent decompression of the facial nerve from the fundus of the internal auditory canal (IAC) to the geniculate ganglion (ie, labyrinthine segment). The average time to decompress the labyrinthine segment was measured. The temporal bones were then examined for evidence of any injury. Results: None of the 17 temporal bones showed any sign of injury to the superior semicircular canal or the cochlea. However, one specimen did have penetration of the IAC dura; another specimen did have penetration of the epineurium of the facial nerve. However, in neither case was there any evidence of injury to the facial nerve itself. At the first session, the average time for decompression of the labyrinthine segment was 10 minutes and 12 seconds. At the second session, the average time for decompression was 5 minutes and 0 seconds. Conclusion: The ultrasonic surgical system may be used as an alternative to the surgical drill for decompression of the facial nerve. Although a learning curve does exist, as with any new surgical tool or device, our results indicate that the device can be used safely and in a reasonable amount of time. However, before proceeding with intraoperative use of this device for otologic and neurotologic procedures, familiarization is first recommended on cadaveric temporal bone specimens.
Experimental and inherent uncertainties in the information theoretic approach

Abstract A bound on the uncertainty of the Lagrange multiplier due to experimental scatter in the input frequencies is provided. An inequality relating experimental and inherent uncertainties is derived. The product of the inherent uncertainties of a constraint and its conjugate variable is shown to have a minimal value of unity.
The Nonmonotonic Dependence of Supernova and Compact Remnant Formation on Progenitor Rotation

Traditional models of core collapse suggest that the issue of successful versus failed supernova explosions and neutron star versus black hole formation depends monotonically on the mass (and metallicity) of the progenitor star, with mass above some cutoff leading to black holes with or without attendant supernova explosions. Here we argue that the issue of success or failure of the explosion or other possible outcomes may depend nonmonotonically on the rotation of the progenitor star even for fixed progenitor mass and composition. We have computed shellular models of core collapse for a star of 15 M? with initial central angular velocity, ?0, in the range 0.1-8 rad s-1 until a few hundred milliseconds after bounce to explore qualitative trends. The resulting rotational velocity of the proto-neutron star is a nonmonotonic function of the initial rotational velocity. The model with ?0 = 4 rad s-1 gives the maximum postbounce rotation, with rotation comparable to that necessary for secular or dynamical instability to occur. Models with ?0 > 4 rad s-1 bounce at subnuclear density with ? ~ 4/3 and subsequently slowly contract. The nonmonotonic behavior will be manifested in the rotation of the proto-neutron star and hence in the strength of the associated magnetic field that will be generated by shear in that rotating environment. We estimate that our maximally rotating and shearing models generate toroidal fields approaching or exceeding 1017 G, strengths nearing dynamical significance. One implication of this nonmonotonicity is that the process of rotating, magnetic core collapse may itself provide a filter to select specific outcomes from the distribution of initial rotation states. Possible outcomes are black hole, neutron star, and black hole, as the initial angular momentum of the progenitor increases. Within the regime of successful explosions leaving neutron stars behind, a subset may spin rapidly enough, either initially or during the subsequent deleptonization contraction phase, to drive an ?-? dynamo and hence produce the large dipole field associated with magnetars.
What the ____is your problem?: Attribution theory and perceived reasons for profanity usage during conflict

People may use profanity during conflict in order to release pent up emotions, to show solidarity, to gain attention, to discredit the partner, and for lack of a better alternative. The perceived reasons for which people believe profanity was utilized affected how they emotionally responded to the conflict in particular and how they perceived the overall outcome of the conflict in general. According to the fundamental attribution error (FAE), when dealing with others’ behaviors rather than their own, people tend to overestimate internal causes. Indeed, people viewed another's profanity as due to habitual communication patterns or to emotional expression; both of these motives suggest that the speaker had some control over his/her actions. Profanity that was believed to be used to antagonize the conversational partner led to greater feelings of distress; likewise, using profanity as a form of emotional catharsis seemed to backfire. In contrast, if profanity was believed to be utilized in an attempt to conn...
A surface enhanced Raman scattering probe for highly selective and ultra sensitive detection of iodide in water and salt samples.

Iodine is a biophilic and essential trace element for all life and especially for vertebrates, which require it to produce indispensable thyroid hormones in their thyroid glands. As a result, the adequate measurement of iodine in water and food samples is crucial to lead a healthy life. Motivated by its importance, this is the first time in the literature that the highly selective and ultra sensitive (30 ppt limit) surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS)-based detection of iodide ions (I−) from environmental and food samples has been reported. The desired sensitivity and selectivity has been achieved by measuring the change in the SERS intensity originating from Rh6G-adsorbed 30 nm gold nanoparticles (GNPs) upon the addition of I−. The strong chemical affinity offered by I− towards the gold surface results in extra negative charge being deposited on it. As a result, the GNP surface attracts a greater number of positively charged Rh6G molecules and induces a marked increase in the number of hot spots through aggregation, providing a significant enhancement of the Raman signal intensity. The oxidation of I− to molecular iodine (I2) by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is employed for the successful screening of the bromide ion (Br−) which shows substantial interference at higher concentrations.
On the matrix ring over a finite field

Abstract Let F n be the ring of n × n matrices over the finite field F ; let o ( F n ) be the number of elements in F n , and s ( F n ) be the number of singular matrices in F n . We prove that o(F n ) n ) 1+1 n(n-1) if n ⩾ 2, and if n = 2 and o ( F ) ⩾ 3, then s(F n ) 1 + 1 n 2 n ) n ) 1+1 n(n-1) .
A MODEL FOR A SUPERVISED VISITATION PROGRAM

This article describes the Supervised Visitation Project run by the Victim Assistance Program of Akron, Ohio, a project that enables children to meet safely on a regular basis with their otherwise inaccessible noncustodial parents. This article establishes a need for supervised visitation, offers a structure for such a program, profiles clientele and staff, explains the available services–visitation, evaluation, mediation, and therapy/support–and presents conclusions based on the experience of the Akron program and the comparison and contrast of three other existing programs.
Multicentric fibroepithelial ureteral polyp

A case of a fibroepithelial ureteral polyp consisting of numerous separate ureteral growths is presented, and the preoperative diagnostic criteria are discussed. The latter are crucial in raising the suspicion of a benign process and thereby encouraging a conservative operative approach.
An “actively caring” model for occupational safety: A field test

Abstract Actively caring refers to individuals caring enough about the health and safety of others to act accordingly. Actively caring behavior in an industrial context can take the form of looking for environmental hazards and unsafe work practices and implementing appropriate corrective actions when unsafe conditions or behaviors are observed. Individuals presumed most likely to actively care are those high in self-esteem (i.e., feel valuable), optimism (i.e., feel they can make a difference), and group belongingness or cohesiveness (e.g., feel close to members of their work group). In order to test the actively caring model, this study assessed the relationship between self-esteem, group cohesion, and optimism with employees' self-reports of willingness to actively care. In addition to self-report data, we assessed the occurrence of certain actively caring behaviors in the work setting. Specifically, actively caring was measured by counting the number of “actively caring thank-you cards” given or received for actively caring behaviors. Self-esteem, group cohesion, and optimism scores predicted significant and independent variance in self-reported willingness to actively care. Furthermore, those workers who either gave or received thank-you cards scored significantly higher on measures of self-esteem and group cohesiveness than those workers who did not give or receive thank-you cards. Implications for future research and application of the actively caring concept are discussed.
Non-anxious Presence of Jesus Through Mother-like Composure

In Mark 5:21–43, Jesus encounters two individuals who are in a dire need and abruptly approach Jesus for healing. Like anxious children running toward their mother for security, the nameless woman and Jairus run towards Jesus for a miraculous comfort. In response to them, Jesus offers a non-anxious presence through his composed attitude, which allows a safe-enough space for them to grow in their faith and become autonomous. I propose that such composed attitude of Jesus is comparable to a secure mother who cares for her anxious child. Consequently, I examine such mother-like response of Jesus by making correlations to D. W. Winnicott’s understanding of composed mothers and anxious children. Exploring how Jesus disables anxiety in the two individuals may have helpful implications for pastoral caregivers who are abruptly approached by those who are overwhelmed with anxiety.
Increased expression of the secretory Na+-K+-2Cl- cotransporter with differentiation of a human intestinal cell line.

Abstract We studied the expression of the secretory Na+-K+-2Cl−cotransporter during epithelial differentiation using the clonal human adenocarcinoma cell line HT29-18. Differentiation of HT29-18 cells was accompanied by up to 7-fold increases in cotransporter protein levels, ∼3-fold increases in cotransporter mRNA levels, and ∼2.5-fold increases in cotransporter functional expression. No apparent change in cotransporter mRNA stability was observed with differentiation, suggesting that these effects may be due to differences in mRNA transcription rate. Confocal immunofluorescence microscopy showed that undifferentiated cells grew in multilayers and exhibited a diffuse, apparently unlocalized membrane labeling by anti-Na+-K+-2Cl−cotransporter antibody. In contrast, differentiated cells grew in monolayers with strong cotransporter labeling localized to the basal and lateral membranes. Taken together with previous studies demonstrating that expression of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator is also increased following HT29-18 cell differentiation, our results suggest that these cells provide a promising model for studying epithelial differentiation to a Cl−secretory phenotype.
Can a Difference In Molecular Weights Cause an Eruption In a Driven Flow of Self-Organizing Immiscible System?

Driven flow of a non-equilibrium non-conservative (NENC) system with a mixture of immiscible particles (A,B of molecular weight MA, MB) exhibits self-organizing patterns (segregation, phase-separation, etc.) in steady-state. The flow response (v) of mass flux density (j) to bias (H), $v = \partial j/\partial H$ in steady-state is found to be sensitive to molecular weight ratio (α = MB/MA). While the flux density (j) responds linearly to bias for both components (A, B) at α = 1, onset of eruptive response occurs at extreme bias (H ↦ 1) at α > 1 where v ↦∞ for heavier (B) and v ↦- ∞ for lighter (A) constituents. Difference in molecular weights (MA, MB) is not only critical to eruptive flow but also in controlling the flow response prior to this crossover.
Caring for the Uninsured in Massachusetts

(1998). Caring for the Uninsured in Massachusetts. Hospital Topics: Vol. 76, No. 1, pp. 20-24.
Radiative transfer of energy in a cylindrical enclosure with heat generation

Underwood, E. E., Gomez, A., and Ueng, C.E.S., "Design and -'abrication of New Core Configurations for Sandwich Panels," Proceedings, IVth Inter-American Conference on Materials Technology, Caracas, Venezuela, June-July 1975, p. 531. Ueng, C.E.S. and Liu, T. L., "Optimization of a New Lightweight Sandwich Core," Proceedings, International Conference on Lightweight Shell and Space Structures for Normal and Seismic Zones, Alma-Ata, USSR, Vol. 2, Sept. 1977, pp. 375-383. Ueng, C.E.S., "Superplastically Formed New Sandwich Cores," Transportation Engineering Journal, ASCE, July 1978, pp. 437-447. Ueng, C.E.S., Underwood, E. E., and Liu, T. L., "Shear Modulus of Superplastically Formed Sandwich Cores," Proceedings of Symposium on Future Trends in Computerized Structural Analysis and Synthesis, Pergamon Press, edited by A. K. Noor and H. G. McComb, Jr., eds., Oct.-Nov. 1978, Washington, D.C., pp. 393-397; also International Journal of Computers and Structures, Vol. 10, Nos. 1 and 2,1979, pp. 393-397. Ueng, C.E.S. and Liu, T. L., "Least-Weight of Superplastically Formed Cores," Proceedings, Second ASCE Engineering Mechanics Specialty Conference, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, N.C., May 1977, pp. 440-443. Ueng, C.E.S. and Liu, T. L., "Least-Weight Analysis of a New Sandwich Core," Proceedings, 14th Annual Meeting of the Society of Engineering Science, Nov. 1977, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pa., pp. 273-283. Plantema, F. J., Sandwich Construction, John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1966. 8 Alien, H. G., Analysis and Design of Structural Sandwich Panels, Pergamon Press, New York, 1969. Kelsey, S., Gellately, R. A., and Clark, B. W., "The Shear Modulus of Foil Honeycomb Core," Aircraft Engineering, Vol. 30, Oct. 1958, pp. 294-302. Argyris, J. H., "Energy Theorems and Structural Analysis," Aircraft Engineering, Vol. 26, Oct.-Nov. 1954; Vol. 27, Feb., March, April, and May 1955; see also J. H. Argyris, Energy Theorems and Structural Analysis, Butterworth Scientific Publications, London, 1960.
A different kind of quarterback

I am not big on celebrations, nor do I accept many invitations to receive awards. There is much work to be done, and the reward is in the doing. I learned this lesson early from my parents, Martha and Robert Guyden. However, I am humbled that anyone would even mention my name in association with E. E. Just. I, like he, was born into a segregated America, and somehow we both found biology. I think Just's life story instigates a discussion on diversity in science, as well it should. However, after reading Tyrone Hayes' (2010 E. E. Just Award recipient) essay from last year, “Diversifying the Biological Sciences: Past Efforts and Future Challenges” (Hayes, 2010), I have little to add on the subject. His words gave voice to my thoughts. That being said, I would like to use these pages to describe my journey into the “Cell” and the people who “hoed the row ahead of me.”
A National Tissue Bank to Track HIV Eradication and Immune Reconstitution

Understanding of HIV reservoirs that can complicate and confound current approaches to antiretroviral therapy will require better resources than are currently available. Cavert and Haase propose the creation of tissue banks from HIV-positive individuals who have died from other causes such as accidents or trauma. They estimate that it might be possible to collect tissues from 10 to 30 individuals over a 2-year period at a cost of $1 million per year.
Deformation behavior of erythrocyte ghost

Biological membranes consist mainly of lipids and proteins. At present, the structure of the lipid phase appears to be established, but hypotheses on the molecular organization of the protein are difficult to support. Thus the deformation behavior of whole human erythrocyte ghosts, ghosts after the selective removal of lipids and ghosts stripped of lipids as well as nonlipid components have been examined in the hope of securing indirect information on the organization of the protein. It has been found that large localized deformations result in partial membrane failure and long uniformly wide fibrils, frequently in excess of 3000 A, are drawn across the rupture. These data are interpreted in terms of currently favored membrane models and the possibility of a fibrous membrane framework consisting predominantly of protein is reviewed. The behavior of the membrane in its various stages of extraction is compared and contrasted to that of synthetic polymer films of known organization.
Quantification of diagenesis in Cenozoic sharks: Elemental and mineralogical changes

Abstract Diagenesis of bone during fossilization is pervasive, however, the extent of this process varies with depositional environment. This study quantifies diagenesis of shark vertebral centra through analysis of a suite of physical and chemical characters including crystallinty index (CI), carbonate content, and elemental concentrations. Although shark skeletons are initially cartilaginous, the soft cartilage of the vertebral centra is replaced with carbonate hydroxyapatite during growth. Nine vertebral centra are analyzed from lamnoid (Lamnoidea) sharks ranging in age from the cretaceous to recent using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICPMS). The variables CI, carbonate content, rare earth element (REE) concentrations, Ca/P, Ba/Ca, Sr/Ba, (La/Yb) N , (La/Y) N , (La/Yb) N vs. (La/Sm) N , La/Yb, and Ce anomalies elucidate the diagenetic and depositional environments of the seven fossil vertebral centra. The two extant centra demonstrate the initial, unaltered end-member conditions for these variables. Two fossil vertebral centra ( Carcharodon megalodon and Isurus hastalis ) demonstrate a strong terrestrial influence during diagenesis (distinctive flattening of shale-normalized REE patterns) that masked the seawater signal. Three centra ( Carcharodon auriculatus , Carcharodon angustidens , and Creotxyrhina mantelli ) have indications of some terrestrial influx evident by some flattening of the REE patterns relative to seawater. The terrestrial influence in these five shark centra ( C. megalodon , I. hastalis , C. auriculatus , C. angustidens and C. mantelli ) are interpreted to represent a primarily nearshore habitat for these species. In contrast, the two Otodus obliquus centra have REE patterns that represent the original seawater signal and have no indications of terrigenous input. These results indicate that fossil shark vertebral centra have the potential to understand diagenesis and reconstruct paleooceanographic environments.