cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Analysis of Host Range Phenotypes of Primate Hepadnaviruses by In Vitro Infections of Hepatitis D Virus Pseudotypes

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and woolly monkey hepatitis B virus (WMHBV) have natural host ranges that are limited to closely related species. The barrier for infection of primates seems to be at the adsorption and/or entry steps of the viral replication cycle, since a human hepatoma cell line is permissive for HBV and WMHBV replication following transfection of cloned DNA. We hypothesized that the HBV and WMHBV envelope proteins contain the principal viral determinants of host range. As previously shown by using the hepatitis D virus (HDV) system, recombinant HBV-HDV particles were infectious in chimpanzee as well as human hepatocytes. We extended the HDV system to include HDV particles pseudotyped with the WMHBV envelope. In agreement with the natural host ranges of HBV and WMHBV, in vitro infections demonstrated that HBV-HDV and WM-HDV particles preferentially infected human and spider monkey cells, respectively. Previous studies have implicated the pre-S1 region of the large (L) envelope protein in receptor binding and host range; therefore, recombinant HDV particles were pseudotyped with the hepadnaviral envelopes containing chimeric L proteins with the first 40 amino acids from the pre-S1 domain exchanged between HBV and WMHBV. Surprisingly, addition of the human amino terminus to the WMHBV L protein increased infectivity on spider monkey hepatocytes but did not increase infectivity for human hepatocytes. Based upon these data, we discuss the possibility that the L protein may be comprised of two domains that affect infectivity and that sequences downstream of residue 40 may influence host range and receptor binding or entry.
An absolute requirement for the 5′ cap structure for mRNA translation in sea urchin eggs

Translation of a variety of RNAs was studied in a cell-free translation system derived from sea urchin eggs. While RNAs such as globin or tobacco mosaic virus are efficiently translated, viral RNAs which do not contain the 5' cap structure, such as cow pea mosaic virus (CPMV) and poliovirus, are not translated. Mixing experiments with reticulocyte lysates indicated that the lack of translation of uncapped viral RNAs is not due to the presence of a potent inhibitor or the absence of an activating agent. RNA competition experiments between capped and uncapped RNAs indicated that uncapped RNAs do not interact with the sea urchin egg initiation machinery. Proteolytic removal of the 5' viral protein did not allow the translation of CPMV RNA. However, chemical decapping of vesicular stomatitis virus mRNA completely inhibited the translation of this mRNA in the sea urchin cell-free system. We conclude that the sea urchin egg lacks the initiation pathway used to initiate uncapped mRNAs in mammalian cells and thus has an absolute requirement for the 5' cap structure for initiation. In addition we discuss the implications of these findings for the control of protein synthesis after fertilization of the sea urchin egg.
Sensing capabilities of ionic polymer-metal composites

This paper presents a brief description and testing results of Ionic Polymer-Metal Composites (IPMC's) as dynamic sensors. As previously noted a strip of IPMC can exhibit large dynamic deformation if placed in a time varying electric field. Conversely, dynamic deformation of such ionic polymers produces dynamic electric fields. The underlying principle of such a mechanoelectric effect in IPMC can be explained by the linear irreversible thermodynamics in which ion and solvent transport are the fluxes and electric field and solvent pressure gradient are the forces. Important parameters include the material conductance and the permeability.
Semi-simple elements of order 3 in finite chevalley groups

Abstract The classification of finite simple groups has occupied the attention of a large number of group theorists during the last fifteen years. As the efforts of the last decade have shown, if one chooses a suitable involution in a known simple group then, in a large number of cases, the structure of its centralizer is enough to determine the group. In particular, large families of groups of component type [2] have been classified in this manner. In [2], Gorenstein has suggested that for groups of non-component type the prime 3 might play a role analogous to that of 2. In view of this, it is of some interest to determine the conjugacy classes and centralizers of elements of order 3 in Chevalley groups of characteristic not 3. We have done this, using methods of Steinberg and Iwahori.
Managing the athlete with type 1 diabetes

Type 1 diabetes is a chronic disease that can lead to many serious complications if not properly managed. The patient and physician must work together to optimize glucose control involving both insulin administration and caloric intake. Exercise has numerous benefits and the type 1 diabetic should take advantage of these benefits. Athletes with type 1 diabetes are capable of undertaking a wide array of exercise activities and there are no longer firm contraindications to certain sports for diabetic patients. This article will aid the sports physician in understanding the effects of exercise on diabetes, educating patients to exercise safely, advising when exercise is contraindicated, and providing guidelines for optimal management of the diabetic athlete.
TAZ-level variation in work trip mode choice between 1990 and 2000 and the presence of rail transit

Rail transit continues to be a popular alternative for cities as a tool for alleviating automobile congestion and for redeveloping areas into transit and pedestrian-friendly environments. Ideally, rail transit will draw trips away from cars, but the quantitative work that tests this notion has often been either case studies of neighborhoods, in which conclusions are tough to generalize, or citywide comparisons where important spatial variation is lost in aggregation. This study seeks to narrow this gap in the research by using multivariate analysis of covariance to isolate the effect of covariates and cities on changes in work trip mode choice at the traffic analysis zone (TAZ) level for nine cities between 1990 and 2000. The results suggest differences by city in the change at the TAZ level of the proportion of people driving alone and taking transit. Increases in transit usage were associated with cities that built rail transit, while increases in automobile commuting and decreases in transit usage were associated with cities that did not.
Interplay between sniffing and odorant sorptive properties in the rat

For decades it has been known that the olfactory sensory epithelium can act like a chromatograph, separating odorants based on their air–mucus sorptive properties (Mozell and Jagodowicz, 1973). It has been hypothesized that animals could take advantage of this property, modulating sniffing behavior to manipulate airflow and thereby directing odorant molecules to the portions of the olfactory epithelium where they are best detected (Schoenfeld and Cleland, 2005). We report here a test of this hypothesis in behaving rats, monitoring respiratory activity through diaphragm electromyogram, which allowed us to estimate nasal airflow. In our test rats had to detect either low-sorption (LS) or high-sorption (HS) monomolecular odorant targets from the same stimulus set of six binary odor mixtures. We found that it is more difficult for rats to detect LS than HS targets. Although sniffing bouts are the same duration for each group (∼500 ms), sniffing longer and using more inhalations results in better performance for rats assigned to detect LS targets. LS-detecting rats also increase the duration of individual inhalations (81 ms for LS- vs 69 ms for HS-detecting rats) and sniff at lower frequencies (7.8 Hz for LS- vs 8.6 Hz for HS-detecting rats) when learning to sense the target. When LS-detecting rats do discriminate well, they do so with lower airflow, more sniffs, and lower frequency of sniffing than HS-detecting counterparts. These data show that rats adjust sniff strategies as a function of odorant sorptiveness and provide support for the chromatographic and zonation hypotheses.
The effects of ferrocene addition on soot particle inception and growth in premixed ethylene flames

Abstract The effects of the addition of dicyclopentadienyl iron, ferrocene, on soot particle inception and growth were studied in atmospheric pressure, premixed ethylene flames with C O = 0.71–0.83 at 0.015–0.46% ferrocene by weight of the fuel. The rate of surface growth of soot in undoped and doped flames was measured using laser light scattering and light extinction techniques to determine the particle size and number density as a function of residence time in the flame. The final soot yields in the ferrocene doped flames were enhanced by factors of 13.5-1.2 over the range of flame C O ratios studied. This enhancement decreased with increasing C O ratio for the same concentration of iron in the flames. The spatial distribution of the elements iron and carbon in the particles was determined with Auger spectroscopy. The iron was found to be concentrated in the cores of the particles. The results of a steady-state one-dimensional nucleation model which indicated that the iron oxide particles would nucleate well in advance of the soot inception time were consistent with this elemental stratification and the observation of the onset of carbon deposition in doped flames at earlier residence times than in undoped flames of the same C O ratio. The iron oxide particle sizes and number densities predicted from the model indicated that these particles were both numerous and small enough to be seed particles on which carbon deposition could take place. The importance of the activity of the surfaces of the solid in determining the rate of surface growth of soot was investigated. Lower rates of surface growth measured in doped flames than in undoped flames of the same C O ratio at early residence times indicated that the nucleated iron oxide particles were a less active surface on which carbon deposition took place than were the young soot particles. The rate of surface growth decreased by a factor of two over the residence time in the flames in all undoped flames and in doped flames of C O ratio above 0.80. For the doped flames of C O ratio below 0.80, the rate of surface growth did not decay in the late residence time regions of the flames. The break between the doped flames which did and did not display the persistent growth rates correlates with the relative magnitudes of the characteristic diffusion times for iron through carbon based on the final particle size formed in the flames and the particle growth time.
Pleiotrophin Suppression of Receptor Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase-β/ζ Maintains the Self-Renewal Competence of Fetal Human Oligodendrocyte Progenitor Cells

Oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) persist in human white matter, yet the mechanisms by which they are maintained in an undifferentiated state are unknown. Human OPCs differentially express protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor β/ζ (PTPRZ1) and its inhibitory ligand, pleiotrophin, suggesting the maintenance of an autocrine loop by which PTPRZ1 activity is tonically suppressed. PTPRZ1 constitutively promotes the tyrosine dephosphorylation of β-catenin and, thus, β-catenin participation in T cell factor (TCF)-mediated transcription. Using CD140a/PDGFRα-based fluorescence-activated cell sorting to isolate fetal OPCs from the fetal brain at gestational ages 16–22 weeks, we asked whether pleiotrophin modulated the expansion of OPCs and, if so, whether this was effected through the serial engagement of PTPRZ1 and β-catenin-dependent signals, such as TCF-mediated transcription. Lentiviral shRNAi knockdown of PTPRZ1 induced TCF-mediated transcription and substantially augmented GSK3β inhibition-induced TCF-reporter luciferase expression, suggesting dual regulation of β-catenin and the importance of PTPRZ1 as a tonic brake upon TCF-dependent transcription. Pharmacological inhibition of GSK3β triggered substrate detachment and initiated sphere formation, yet had no effect on either proliferation or net cell number. In contrast, pleiotrophin strongly potentiated the proliferation of CD140a+-sorted OPCs, as did PTPRZ1 knockdown, which significantly increased the total number of population doublings exhibited by OPCs before mitotic senescence. These observations suggest that pleiotrophin inhibition of PTPRZ1 contributes to the homeostatic self-renewal of OPCs and that this process is mediated by the tonic activation of β-catenin/TCF-dependent transcription.
Nucleation of cavities during creep of liquid-phase-sintered materials

The nucleation of cavities in the two-grain channels and three-grain pockets of liquid-phase-sintered ceramics was studied. A thermodynamic approach is used to derive regions of existence for cavities of various morphologies (i.e., spherical, oblate, or prolate) as a function of the nucleating stress and the site dimensions. Classical nucleation theory is also used to predict the nucleation rates for these cavities. Rate restrictions exert a further limitation on the existence of cavities. These considerations suggest that experimentally observed nucleation rates are probably associated with transient stress concentrations, e.g., owing to grain-boundary sliding.
On the Optimality of the Stock Market Allocation of Investment

I. Introduction, 25.— II. The basic model, 27.— III. Determination of the level of investment in a mean variance model, 32. — IV. Choice of technique, 47. — V. Remarks on alternative models of market equilibrium, 52.— VI. Concluding remarks, 55. — Appendix, 57.
Hyperglycemia Enhances the Proliferation of Non-Tumorigenic and Malignant Mammary Epithelial Cells through Increased leptin/IGF1R Signaling and Activation of AKT/mTOR

Obesity and diabetes are associated with increased breast cancer risk and worse disease progression once cancer is diagnosed; however, the exact etiology behind these observations remains to be fully elucidated. Due to the global obesity/diabetes pandemic, it is imperative to understand how these diseases promote and enhance breast cancer and other common cancers. In this study we demonstrate that hyperglycemia promotes breast cancer by altering leptin/IGF1R and AKT/mTOR signaling. To our knowledge, we show for the first time that in breast epithelial cells, hyperglycemia alone directly impacts leptin signaling. Hyperglycemia increased proliferation of both non-tumorigenic and malignant mammary epithelial cells. These observations coincided with increased leptin receptor and IGF1R receptor, as well as, increased levels of GRB2, pJAK2, pSTAT3, pIRS1/2, pAKT, and p-mTOR. Moreover, pJAK2 was almost completely colocalized with leptin receptor under high glucose conditions. These results demonstrate how hyperglycemia can potentially increase the risk of breast cancer in premalignant lesions and enhance cancer progression in malignant cells.
Genomic Signatures Associated with the Development, Progression, and Outcome of Prostate Cancer

Prostate cancer remains a common cause of cancer death in men. Applications of new genomic technologies to the recent development of high-quality prostate cancer models in multiple contexts have added great molecular insight into the development of and progression to metastasis. Genomic analysis of DNA, RNA, and protein alterations allows for the global assessment of this disease and provides the molecular framework to improve risk classification, outcome prediction, and development of targeted therapies. The creation of expression profiles and signatures will allow the evaluation of cancer phenotypes and give insight into determining those with increased risk of cancer, identification of critical pathways involved in the development of cancer, prediction of disease outcome, and assessment of the response of cancer to established and novel therapies. This review focuses on highlighting recent work in genomics and on its role in evaluating potential genetic modifiers of prostate cancer and novel biomarkers that may help with prostate cancer diagnosis, its potential to provide a better understanding of prostate cancer behavior and transition to metastatic disease, and its role in current and new therapies in prostate cancer. This framework has the exciting potential to be predictive and provide personalized and individual treatment to the large number of men diagnosed with prostate cancer each year.
The Recognition Pathway for the DNA Cytosine Methyltransferase M.HhaI

Enzymatic sequence-specific DNA modification involves multiple poorly understood intermediates. DNA methyltransferases like M.HhaI initially bind nonspecific DNA and then selectively bind and modify a unique sequence. High-resolution NMR was used to map conformational changes occurring in M.HhaI upon binding nonspecific DNA, a one base pair altered noncognate DNA sequence, and both hemimethylated and unmethylated cognate DNA sequences. Comparisons with previous NMR studies of the apoenzyme and enzyme−cofactor complex provide snapshots of the pathway to sequence-specific complex formation. Dramatic chemical shift perturbations reaching many distal sites within the protein are detected with cognate DNA, while much smaller changes are observed upon nonspecific and noncognate DNA binding. A cooperative rather than stepwise transition from a nonspecific to a cognate complex is revealed. Furthermore, switching from unmethylated to hemimethylated cognate DNA involves detectable protein conformational changes 20−...
Genomic tools for dissecting oncogenic transcriptional networks in human leukemia

Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP)-chip and ChIP-seq technologies are rapidly expanding our capacity to interrogate the location of transcription factor-binding sites in the human genome and to map the pattern of chromatin modifications associated with the regulation of gene expression. The application of these techniques to the study of hematologic malignancies will complement gene expression profiling studies to elucidate the structure and function of oncogenic transcriptional networks involved in the pathogenesis of leukemias and lymphomas.
Role of Insulin Receptor Substrates and Protein Kinase C-ζ in Vascular Permeability Factor/Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Expression in Pancreatic Cancer Cells

Vascular permeability factor/vascular endothelial growth factor (VPF/VEGF), the critical molecule in tumor angiogenesis, is regulated by different stimuli, such as hypoxia and oncogenes, and also by growth factors. Previously we have shown that in AsPC-1 pancreatic adenocarcinoma cells, insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF-IR) regulates VPF/VEGF expression. Insulin receptor substrate-1 and -2 (IRS-1 and IRS-2), two major downstream molecules of IGF-1R, are known to be important in the genesis of diabetes. In this study, we have defined a new role of IRS in angiogenesis. Both of the IRS proteins modulate VPF/VEGF expression in pancreatic cancer cells by different mechanistic pathways. The Sp1-dependent VPF/VEGF transcription is regulated mainly by IRS-2. Protein kinase C-zeta (PKC-zeta) plays a central role in VPF/VEGF expression and acts as a switching element. Furthermore, we have also demonstrated that the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase pathway, but not the Ras pathway, is a downstream event of IRS proteins for VPF/VEGF expression in AsPC-1 cells. Interestingly, like renal cancer cells, in AsPC-1 cells PKC-zeta leads to direct Sp1-dependent VPF/VEGF transcription; in addition, it also promotes a negative feedback loop to IRS-2 that decreases the association of IRS-2/IGF-1R and IRS-2/p85. Taken together, our results show that in AsPC-1 pancreatic carcinoma cells, Sp1-dependent VPF/VEGF transcription is controlled by IGF-1R signaling through IRS-2 proteins and modulated by a negative feedback loop of PKC-zeta to IRS-2. Our data also suggest that IRS proteins, which are known to play crucial roles in IGF-1R signaling, are also important mediators for tumor angiogenesis.
Edge and impurity response in two-dimensional quantum antiferromagnets

Motivated by recent Monte Carlo simulations of H\"oglund and Sandvik (arXiv:0808.0408), we study edge response in square lattice quantum antiferromagnets. We use the O(3) nonlinear $\ensuremath{\sigma}$ model to compute the decay asymptotics of the staggered magnetization, energy density, and local magnetic susceptibility away from the edge. We find that the total edge susceptibility is negative and diverges logarithmically as the temperature $T\ensuremath{\rightarrow}0$. We confirm the predictions of the continuum theory by performing a $1/S$ expansion of the microscopic Heisenberg model with the edge. We propose a qualitative explanation of the edge dimerization seen in Monte Carlo simulations by a theory of valence-bond-solid correlations in the N\'eel state. We also discuss the extension of the latter theory to the response of a single nonmagnetic impurity, and its connection to the theory of the deconfined critical point.
C1q-binding peptides share sequence similarity with C4 and induce complement activation

Two peptide motifs that bind to C1q have been identified from phage displayed libraries. A first panning cycle recovered phage that displayed a [N/S]PFxL motif. A synthetic peptide with that motif blocked those phage from binding to C1q. A second panning cycle was conducted with the [N/S]PFxL motif peptide present, leading to recovery of phage displaying a different motif, SHY. The two motifs are specific for C1q and are competed by DNA and the cognate synthetic peptide but not by immunoglobulins. Phage displayed peptide sequences containing the [N/S]PFxL have significant sequence similarity to a region of complement component C4, suggesting a possible site of interaction between C4, or one of its processed forms, and C1q. The SHY motif peptide induces C4 consumption in a hemolytic assay, suggesting that it activates C1 independent of immune complexes. This peptide may activate C1 by a mechanism similar to the beta-amyloid peptides found in Alzheimer's disease.
Developmental induction of DHPR α1s and RYR1 gene expression does not require neural or mechanical signals

This study compares dihydropyridine receptor (DHPR) and ryanodine receptor (RyR1) gene expression in the diaphragm and hindlimb skeletal muscles of neonatal mice, and examines the contribution of neural and mechanical signals to their developmental induction in vivo. DHPR α1s subunit and RyR1 protein are expressed concurrently, while their respective mRNAs are induced sequentially, with DHPR mRNA ahead of RyR1 mRNA. Both DHPR and RyR1 are more abundant in the diaphragm at birth, and become more abundant in the hindlimb at maturity. These patterns are consistent across different muscles and species. A critical period for DHPR α1s and RyR1 gene expression in the hindlimb occurs between days 5 and 19 postnatal. Their mRNA expression during this period is unchanged by denervation or tenotomy, but DHPR protein decreases after tenotomy. These results demonstrate that both transcriptional and post-transcriptional mechanisms contribute to the muscle-specific and coordinated assembly of the functional DHPR-RyR1 complex, and that the developmental induction of DHPR and RyR1 gene transcription does not require neural or mechanical signals.
Strain-induced crystallization and reversible phenomena in transpolyisoprene. I. Electron microscopy studies

Abstract A detailed electron microscope study has been carried out on strain-crystallized thin films of transpolyisoprene (TPI). Variables studied include degree of elongation and annealing temperature. When stretched to elongations greater than 100% and then crystallized at room temperature, the strain-crystallized films show a distinct lamellar morphology. When heated to temperatures (up to 70°C) close to the melting temperature of TPI, the original lamellar morphology is replaced by a near-fibrillar, shish-kebab-type morphology. The morphological transformation is accompanied by increases in both crystal thickness (lc) and amorphous thickness (la) and, therefore, the periodicity (L) of the lamellae. Upon cooling back to room temperature, the near-fibrillar morphology reverts to the lamellar morphology accompanied by noticeable decreases in both the crystal and the amorphous thicknesses, indicating the reversible nature of the morphological transformation. A linear crystallinity (lc/L) is shown to be re...
Formate dehydrogenase mutants of Salmonella typhimurium : A new medium for their isolation and new mutant classes

We have designed a new medium for the differentiation of mutants of Salmonella typhirmurium defective in the ability to reduce nitrate with formate, and have characterized 24 formate dehydrogenase (FDH) mutants isolated on this medium. The mutants were assayed for the ability to use formate to reduce benzyl viologen and phenazine methosulfate, and were mapped by means of conjugation and P22-mediated transduction. Mutants lacking the ability to reduce either dye were found to map at three distinct sites: at a site co-transducible with xyl (presumably fdhA), at a site or sites between 13U and 33U, but not co-transducible with aroA, bio, purB, pyrC, or pyrD (near, but not identical with fdhB), and at a site 10–20% co-transducible with pyrE, for which we suggest the designation fdhC. Six mutant isolates reduced benzyl viologen, but not phenazine methosulfate. They retained the ability to produce nitrite during growth with nitrate. They mapped between 83U and 89U, but no co-transduction was found with metE, glnA, metB, or argH. The combined biochemical and genetic data suggest the existence of a gene in this area which is essential for the reduction of nitrate with formate, but not for formate hydrogenlyase activity or for nitrate reductase activity.
"Unashamedly Black": Jim Crow Aesthetics and the Visual Logic of Shame

In her autobiographical essay, “How It Feels to Be Colored Me” (1928), Zora Neale Hurston famously positioned herself as a woman who is free of racial shame: “Sometimes, I feel discriminated against, but it does not make me angry. It merely astonishes me. How can any deny themselves the pleasure of my company? It’s beyond me” (155). With this statement, Hurston rejects the notion that shame is an integral part of her experience as an African American woman during the Jim Crow period. However, just a few years later, in his essay, “On Being Ashamed of Oneself: An Essay on Race Pride” (1933), W. E. B. Du Bois suggests that statements such as Hurston’s are rare; despite political and social advances, African Americans “are still ashamed of ourselves and are thus estopped from valid objection when white folks are ashamed to call us human” (73). This racial shame is, Du Bois argues, a serious problem because it is more than an individual feeling; it has repercussions for the race as a whole due to its potential as a kind of “race suicide” (72). Instead, Du Bois’s response to shame lies in a rewriting of narratives of black inferiority that hold power within the race and outside of it. What Du Bois does not highlight in his essay is the visual dynamic of this race suicide, even though his well-known claims about double consciousness are founded on the gaze, making him, as Shawn Michelle Smith has pointed out, “an early visual theorist of race and racism” (2). Du Bois proposed that an African American person has a “sense of always looking at one’s self through the eyes of others, of measuring one’s soul by the tape of a world that looks on in amused contempt and pity. One ever feels his two-ness,—an American, a Negro; two souls, two thoughts, two unreconciled strivings” (Souls 11). This sense of “two-ness,” epitomized by double consciousness, is also integral to the affect of shame with its internalizing of the imagined gaze of an other. At its core, shame is a dynamic of looking, as the philosopher Bernard Williams has noted: “Even if shame and its motivations always involve in some way or other an idea of the gaze of another, it is important that for many of its operations the imagined gaze of an imagined other will do” (82). Recent studies concerning the visual work of race and racism, such as those by Smith, Elizabeth Abel, Anne Elizabeth Carroll, W. J. T. Mitchell, and Miriam
Reeling in new ideas for training student support consultants

In this paper, several new tools for training student support consultants are discussed along with their integration into the overall training plan for new and veteran consultants at the University of Wisconsin-La Crosse.Using Microsoft Visio, procedural workflows provide a visual aid for both learning and general reference. Training modules based on the Microsoft Certified Desktop Support Technician (MCDST) certification provide advanced learning for all consultants as well as an opportunity to enhance their future marketability. Finally, problem solving, customer service and critical thinking skills are built using discussion items from the Deal with It. Help Desk Edition game.All three of these tools are a part of the initial training process as well as the ongoing training of veteran consultants. The initial training process is outlined in a detailed checklist for new consultants who receive information through on-the-job, instructor-led (when possible) and online learning.
E3 isomers of 93Y and 101Ag

Abstract The half-lives of the E3 isomeric levels in 93 Y (at 758 keV) and in 101 Ag (at 273 keV) have been found to be 0.82±0.04 s and 3.12±0.12 s respectively. The single-particle hindrance factors, about 3.5 and 70, are discussed.
THREE-DIMENSIONAL SOUND PROPAGATION MODELS USING THE PARABOLIC-EQUATION APPROXIMATION AND THE SPLIT-STEP FOURIER METHOD

The split-step Fourier method is used in three-dimensional parabolic-equation (PE) models to compute underwater sound propagation in one direction (i.e. forward). The method is implemented in both Cartesian (x, y, z) and cylindrical (r, θ, z) coordinate systems, with forward defined as along x and radial coordinate r, respectively. The Cartesian model has uniform resolution throughout the domain, and has errors that increase with azimuthal angle from the x axis. The cylindrical model has consistent validity in each azimuthal direction, but a fixed cylindrical grid of radials cannot produce uniform resolution. Two different methods to achieve more uniform resolution in the cylindrical PE model are presented. One of the methods is to increase the grid points in azimuth, as a function of r, according to nonaliased sampling theory. The other is to make use of a fixed arc-length grid. In addition, a point-source starter is derived for the three-dimensional Cartesian PE model. Results from idealized seamount and slope calculations are shown to compare and verify the performance of the three methods.
Optimizing probe design for an implantable perfusion and oxygenation sensor.

In an effort to develop an implantable optical perfusion and oxygenation sensor, based on multiwavelength reflectance pulse oximetry, we investigate the effect of source–detector separation and other source-detector characteristics to optimize the sensor’s signal to background ratio using Monte Carlo (MC) based simulations and in vitro phantom studies. Separations in the range 0.45 to 1.25 mm were found to be optimal in the case of a point source. The numerical aperture (NA) of the source had no effect on the collected signal while the widening of the source spatial profile caused a shift in the optimal source-detector separation. Specifically, for a 4.5 mm flat beam and a 2.4 mm × 2.5 mm photodetector, the optimal performance was found to be when the source and detector are adjacent to each other. These modeling results were confirmed by data collected from in vitro experiments on a liver phantom perfused with dye solutions mimicking the absorption properties of hemoglobin for different oxygenation states.
The challenge of predicting which children with Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder will respond positively to methylphenidate

Predicting which children with Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) will respond to methylphenidate (MPH; Ritalin) is of theoretical interest, for example, for understanding catecholamine contributions to self-regulation. Large individual differences in response to MPH and the wide prescription of MPH for ADHD have encouraged research on response prediction. We reviewed 59 studies conducted since the last major review by Barkley in 1976 and examined responder definition, comorbidities, demographics, intelligence, inhibitory control, physiological measures, and placebo response. Strong responders are more easily predicted; children with anxiety, who are older, or have less severe symptoms do not respond as well. Measures of inhibitory control and catecholamines are weakly associated. Prediction on a case-by-case basis is not possible, and group findings have not generalized well. Implications of these findings for the validity of the disorder are discussed.
Prenatal and early childhood bisphenol A concentrations and behavior in school-aged children

Introduction Early life exposure to bisphenol A (BPA), an endocrine disrupting chemical used in some food and beverage containers, receipts, and dental sealants, has been associated with anxiety and hyperactivity in animal studies. A few human studies also show prenatal and childhood BPA exposure to be associated with behavior problems in children.
The synthesis of C-13 functionalized pleuromutilins via C–H amidation and subsequent novel rearrangement product

Abstract Multi-gram quantities of C-13 functionalized pleuromutilin intermediates were synthesized under mild conditions via C–H amidation chemistry. The initial work was performed using rhodium catalysis. However, the highest yields were achieved using silver catalysis, resulting in stereoselective oxazolidinone formation. The ring closure was performed in the presence of a C-12 vinyl group, which differentiates it from historical methods involving the saturated pleuromutilin skeleton. A highlight of this vinyl template is a unique tetracyclic rearrangement product that can be generated from its treatment with hydrochloric acid and heat.
Multistart algorithms for seeking feasibility

This paper describes modifications to two multistart algorithms for global optimization which enable them to find feasible solutions to a system of nonlinear constraints more efficiently. The multistart algorithms, called OptQuest-NLP (OQNLP) and Multistart-NLP (MSNLP), start a local NLP Solver from a set of starting points and return the best solution found. Candidate starting points are generated either by a scatter search heuristic or by a randomized process. Two adaptive filters choose a small subset of the candidate points as starting points. The modifications to facilitate feasibility seeking include replacing the exact penalty function used to measure the goodness of a starting point with the sum of infeasibilities, and terminating when a feasible solution is found. We describe experimental results on a large and diverse set of smooth nonlinear nonconvex problems coded in the GAMS modeling language. These are chosen so that a single application of a selected solver from the user-specified starting point terminates infeasible, yet the problems all have feasible solutions. Our results show that MSNLP's feasibility mode is able to find feasible solutions to almost all problems. It is moderately faster than MSNLP not using feasibility mode, and is somewhat better a finding feasible solutions when they exist. It is now an option within MSNLP, and can be invoked by inserting an appropriate record into the options file.
Psychologists and the Use of Torture in Interrogations

This article argues that psychologists should not be involved in interrogations that make use of torture or other forms of cruel, inhumane, or degrading treatment. The use of torture is first evaluated in light of professional ethics codes and international law. Next, research on interrogations and false confessions is reviewed and its relevance for torture-based interrogations is explored. Finally, research on the negative mental health consequences of torture for survivors and perpetrators is summarized. Based on our review, we conclude that psychologists' involvement in designing, assisting with, or participating in interrogations that make use of torture or other forms of cruel, inhumane, or degrading treatment is a violation of fundamental ethical principles, a violation of international and domestic law, and an ineffective means of extracting reliable information. Torture produces severe and lasting trauma as well as other negative consequences for individuals and for the societies that support it. The article concludes with several recommendations about how APA and other professional organizations should respond to the involvement of psychologists in interrogations that make use of torture or other forms of cruel, inhumane, or degrading treatment.
The facets of melancholia.

Objective: To clarify the role of melancholia' in psychiatric nomenclature. Most clinicians and researchers are convinced that the syndrome currently termed major depressive disorder encompasses multiple subgroups that differ meaningfully in phenomenology, natural history, treatment response, and pathophysiology. Delusional depression and melancholia have attracted the most empirical work, but efforts to define the latter condition have declined in recent years following a number of failures to show the validity of the melancholic/ nonmelancholic distinction. Method: Review of experience. Results: Beyond the DSM-IV symptom profile, melancholia has been associated with greater overall severity, a low likelihood of placebo response, an episodic course, a family history of depression without alcoholism, a relatively healthy personality, and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis hyperactivity. Evidence for the validity of the melancholia concept lies in the fact that the presence of each of these characteristics has been shown to increase the likelihood of one or more of the others. Conclusion: A diagnosis of melancholia may eventually prove valuable in treatment selection, but the necessary evidence will not be forthcoming until a widely accepted definition exists that is both inherently valid and that can be applied consistently across research sites.
Augmented AMG‐shifted Laplacian preconditioners for indefinite Helmholtz problems

Summary Discrete representations of the Helmholtz operator generally give rise to extremely difficult linear systems from an iterative solver perspective. This is due in part to the large oscillatory near null space of the linear system. Typical iterative methods do not effectively reduce error components in the subspace associated with this near null space. Traditional coarse grids used within multilevel solvers also cannot capture these components because of their oscillatory nature. While the shifted Laplacian is a popular method allowing multigrid preconditioners to achieve improved convergence, it is still unsatisfactory for higher-frequency problems. This paper analyzes the shifted Laplacian through polynomial smoothers to show its effect on the spectrum of the discrete Helmholtz operator. This analysis reveals desirable features of the shifted Laplacian preconditioners as well as limitations. Shifted Laplacian techniques are first extended to smoothed aggregation algebraic multigrid. Motivated by analysis, we propose augmenting the algebraic multigrid shifted Laplacian with a two-grid error correction step. This additional step consists of the generalized minimal residual iterations applied to a projected version of the unshifted equations on a single auxiliary coarse grid. Results indicate that augmentation can improve the convergence significantly and can reduce the overall solve time on two-dimensional and three-dimensional problems. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Three levels of communication apprehension: A value profile

A human values profile was constructed for communication apprehensives on three different levels: high, medium, and low. The instrumental values of Milton Rokeach were used to discriminate among the three levels. Multiple Discriminant Analysis and Multiple Regression were used to analyze the communication apprehension data in terms of a value profile. Six instrumental values were isolated that were significant discriminators among the three levels. Implications for value analyses and behavioral packages in communication apprehension training are discussed.
A method of estimating the periodic constituent of a geophysical series

Small temperature variations of hot springs, having an apparent period length of one year, had to be examined as to their reality. A method was introduced by which the periodic constituent of a series could be determined that consisted of twelve numerical values and was prevalently subject to an oscillation of the length of a whole year. The periodic component, surprisingly, proved to be quasi-constant for series of various geophysical elements with an undoubtedly real annual (daily) variation. The average periodic portion of the annual (daily) variation of twelve different geophysical elements amounted to 69%±2.5%.
Noise and bandwidth performance of single-molecule biosensors

Technological advances in fluorescent probes, solid-state imagers, and microscopy techniques have enabled biomolecular studies at the single-molecule level. Fluorescent techniques are highly specific but their bandwidth is fundamentally limited by the number of photons that can be collected. New electronic sensors including nanopores and nanotube field-effect transistors offer different tradeoffs between bandwidth and noise levels. Here, we discuss the performance of these direct solid-state interfaces and their potential for sensing single-molecule dynamics at shorter timescales.
Beam coupling, stimulated Brillouin scattering, and four-wave mixing

Measurements of the probability density function of the mutual coherence of two stimulated-Brillouin-scattered Stokes outputs are reported. The variation of the probability density function with the polarization, relative intensities, and overlap of the pumping laser beams demonstrates that the coupling between the Stokes outputs is due to four-wave mixing.
Intake of Water Containing Condensed Tannin by Cattle and Sheep

Ingestion of small amounts of condensed tannin (CT) by ruminants can prevent bloat, improve nitrogen retention, and reduce excretion of urea, a precursor of ammonia and the greenhouse gas nitrous oxide. Because grasses and many forbs don't contain CT, it is desirable to find a reliable way to have ruminant livestock ingest small amounts of CT when they consume high-quality forage. Putting CT in their drinking water may be a reliable approach, but only if all animals drink enough to meet their requirements for water. Therefore, objectives of this study were to determine the amount of variation in intake of water containing different amounts of CT when this was the only water available, and if cattle and sheep would drink water with CT in it if offered tap water simultaneously. Animals were penned or pastured individually, fed twice daily (first cattle and sheep trial) or grazed (second cattle trial) and had ad libitum access to tannin water, tap water, or both. Liquid intake was measured daily. Steers drank tannin solutions (mean daily intake 49.7–58.3 kg), but variation in intake among steers was higher than for tap water (SD were 44%–58% greater for the two most concentrated tannin solutions). At the highest concentration of tannin, steers ingested 2.3% of their daily feed intake in CT. During most of the preference trial, steers preferred water over tannin water when offered both simultaneously (P ≤ 0.002), but drank some tannin water each day. Sheep drank tannin solutions, but individual variation in tannin solution intakes were greater than for tap water. Placing CT in water of cattle and sheep may be a useful way to put small amounts of CT in them. However, they will likely drink less tannin water if normal water is available.
Vacuum-assisted drying of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell

Purging a polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) with dry N2 to remove water in the catalyst layer and the membrane during shutdown is necessary for ensuring successful startup and avoiding damages from the freeze/thaw cycling during cold-start. However, carrying N2 onboard may be impractical for mobile applications. Vacuum-assisted drying can accelerate and aid in water removal by reducing the boiling point of water, thus enhancing the evaporation and diffusion rate. This method is applied to a single cell PEMFC and compared to purging using dry N2. The drying process was monitored using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and the results were fitted to an equivalent circuit model. Our experimental results show the vacuum-assisted drying method may provide faster and more thorough water removal than N2 purging.
Gene expression in whole lung and pulmonary macrophages reflects the dynamic pathology associated with airway surface dehydration

Defects in airway mucosal defense, including decreased mucus clearance, contribute to the pathogenesis of human chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases. Scnn1b-Tg mice, which exhibit chronic airway surface dehydration from birth, can be used as a model to study the pathogenesis of muco-obstructive lung disease across developmental stages. To identify molecular signatures associated with obstructive lung disease in this model, gene expression analyses were performed on whole lung and purified lung macrophages collected from Scnn1b-Tg and wild-type (WT) littermates at four pathologically relevant time points. Macrophage gene expression at 6 weeks was evaluated in mice from a germ-free environment to understand the contribution of microbes to disease development. Development- and disease-specific shifts in gene expression related to Scnn1b over-expression were revealed in longitudinal analyses. While the total number of transgene-related differentially expressed genes producing robust signals was relatively small in whole lung (n = 84), Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) revealed significantly perturbed biological pathways and interactions between normal lung development and disease initiation/progression. Purified lung macrophages from Scnn1b-Tg mice exhibited numerous robust and dynamic gene expression changes. The expression levels of Classically-activated (M1) macrophage signatures were significantly altered at post-natal day (PND) 3 when Scnn1b-Tg mice lung exhibit spontaneous bacterial infections, while alternatively-activated (M2) macrophage signatures were more prominent by PND 42, producing a mixed M1-M2 activation profile. While differentially-regulated, inflammation-related genes were consistently identified in both tissues in Scnn1b-Tg mice, there was little overlap between tissues or across time, highlighting time- and tissue-specific responses. Macrophages purified from adult germ-free Scnn1b-Tg mice exhibited signatures remarkably similar to non-germ-free counterparts, indicating that the late-phase macrophage activation profile was not microbe-dependent. Whole lung and pulmonary macrophages respond independently and dynamically to local stresses associated with airway mucus stasis. Disease-specific responses interact with normal developmental processes, influencing the final state of disease in this model. The robust signatures observed in Scnn1b-Tg lung macrophages highlight their critical role in disease pathogenesis. These studies emphasize the importance of region-, cell-type-, and time-dependent analyses to fully dissect the natural history of disease and the consequences of disease on normal lung development.