cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Liberation From Mechanical Ventilation Following Heart Surgery

The definition of ventilator dependency following heart surgery has evolved from a requirement for mechanical ventilation for more than 48 hours to less than 24 hours. Minimization of risk factors assessed in the preoperative period and improved surical and anesthetic techniques lead to improved and shortned postoperative courses and decreased hospital lengths of stay. The management of ventilator dependency following heart surgery should be approached from the perspective of pre-intensive care unit, intensive care unit, and post-intensive care unit Issues. A thorough understanding of risk factors for adverse postoperative morbidity and mortality leads to foused intraoperative and postoperative management aimed at improved quality of life following surgery. Minimizing preoprative risks and matching the postoperative state with criteria for the ideal candidate for early extubation improves outcome and minimizes requirements for mechanical ventilation in the postoperative period. In the event of prolonged r...
Effect of haemoglobin concentration on brain oxygenation in focal stroke: a mathematical modelling study.

Acute perioperative anaemia may affect neurological injury from permanent focal ischaemic insults. We modelled the opposing effects of haemodilution (increasing cerebral blood flow, decreasing arterial oxygen content) on oxygen availability and uptake in the ischaemic penumbra. First, we validated a mathematical model of regional cerebral oxygen uptake by using published arterial oxygen content and cerebral blood flow values from normal rabbits with progressive anaemia. Then we applied the model to the problem of interest (i.e. the ischaemic penumbra of a focal embolic stroke). We re-analysed published experimental data giving the cerebral blood flow response to anaemia in the ischaemic penumbra. Penumbral extraction reserves were nearly exhausted at a haemoglobin concentration of approximately 10g 100ml-1. Oxygen uptake in the ischaemic penumbra decreased progressively when haemoglobin concentrations decreased to less than 10g 100ml-1. We conclude that, given the available clinical and experimental literature, and until a suitable randomized clinical study has been performed, a haemoglobin concentration of 10 g 100 ml-1 is the rational transfusion "trigger" for the acutely anaemic stroke patient.
Tensions Rise and Blood Flows Over Dysfunctional Fat

How obesity promotes its associated comorbidities of insulin resistance, diabetes mellitus, and cardiovascular disease continues to attract and confound legions of basic and clinical researchers. Certain fundamentals of the problem seem to be established, particularly a central role of adipose tissue as a regulator of whole-body insulin sensitivity and metabolism.1,2 This role likely reflects the unique capacity of adipose tissue to store and sequester triglycerides and other fatty molecules away from tissues like skeletal muscle and liver, which can be disrupted by these molecules.3 Dysfunction in lipid handling by adipocytes in conditions such as obesity thus has deleterious consequences in these peripheral organs. However, adipose tissue is composed of several cell types, including stromal fibroblasts, capillary endothelial cells, and immune cells, in addition to adipocytes. Indeed, half of the cells that make up adipose tissue of obese mice were identified as macrophages,4 associated with low-grade systemic inflammation. It follows that understanding adipose tissue physiology in obesity requires considering the entire composition and architecture of the tissue, including the extracellular matrix, microcirculation, and cells of hematopoietic origin that influence the pathophysiology of the disease. Article see p 67 A key role of insulin in mammals is to stimulate the synthesis and storage of triglycerides. Thus, the impairment of insulin signaling (insulin resistance) in obesity is a major contributor to adipose tissue dysfunction. One current hypothesis explaining insulin resistance in adipocytes derives from findings showing a reduction in blood flow and oxygen tension in adipose tissue in obese humans and rodents.5–9 In cultured mouse adipocytes, hypoxia appears to promote the release of fatty acids9 and the expression of proinflammatory genes,10 suggesting that in adipose tissue hypoxia could help further attract immune cells.11 This would in turn increase local concentrations of cytokines …
Temperament as a Factor in the Assessment of Children Educationally At Risk

This study was designed to investigate the influence and utility of information about children's temperament in the processes of assessment of educational risk and the implementation of intervention approaches. A sample of 54 risk students and 54 matched students were examined at three levels of assessment of decision making— identification, classification, and instruction (within the classroom). Results from a series of discriminant analysis procedures reveal that the temperament information had little or no utility with respect to the administrative decisions concerning identification and classification. Multiple regression analyses documented significant relationships between the temperament factors and teachers' classroom monitoring decisions. Temperament information is most useful in terms of guiding adaptive instruction at the instructional level. Implications for teacher training in order to maintain risk students within the mainstream are discussed.
Norms and Rules

The subject of rules, like that of meaning, is basic to a discursive sociology, not merely because members cite rules but because the sociologist’s descriptions and accounts of social order are phrased in terms of rules. (Of course, such descriptions may also be phrased in terms of statistical tendencies, but this is not the approach of a discursive sociology of action.) Therefore, we must reach some understanding about the fundamental nature of rules. I have chosen to organize this chapter around the distinction between regulative and constitutive rules (Searle 1969). In the previous chapter, I made a distinction between two types of regulative rules (norms and regulations), but the discussion was focused mainly on norms. I continue that policy in this section, before turning to a consideration of constitutive rules.
Biomonitoring and biomarker-guided therapy: the next step in heart failure and biomarker research.

In an editorial several years ago surrounding the publication of the BATTLE-SCARRED (NT-proBNP-Assisted Treatment to Lessen Serial Cardiac Readmissions and Death) trial ([1,2][1]), I surmised that in the not too distant future, biomarker-guided therapy might allow physicians to personalize heart
Defining a Role for Prasugrel in Patients With Stable Coronary Artery Disease Undergoing Ad Hoc Percutaneous Coronary Intervention.

In patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), pre-treatment with a P2Y12 receptor inhibitor has been for years advocated as a strategy to protect from periprocedural thrombotic events [(1)][1]. However, most recently, the need for pre-treatment before diagnostic angiography has
Old River Diversion Control: Hydraulic Requirements

Paper before Joint Session of Waterways, Hydraulics and Soil Mechanics and Foundations Divisions, June 1955: Hydraulic Requirements.
GC/MS Analysis of Coal's CS_2-NMP Extract Acetone Soluble Fractions

Components extracted from coals contained a lot of monomers , which can be synthesized into many kinds of important and valuable polymers. Nantong bituminous and Yunnan lignite are extracted with carbon disulfide-N-methyl- 2-pyrrolidinone (CS2-NMP) mixed solvent and Acetone at room temperature in turn. The Acetone soluble fractions are analyzed by GC/MS. Experimental results demonstrate that the Acetone soluble fractions mainly consist of aliphatic hydrocarbons, aromatic hydrocarbons, nitrogen-containing compounds and oxygen-containing derivatives. Nitrogen-containing compounds mainly consist of cholesterin, oxygen-containing derivatives mainly consisted of ester and hydroxybenzene,etc.However, sulfur-containing compounds, phosphorus-containing compounds and polycyclic aromatic compounds can not be detected. Moreover, hexadecanoic acid trimethylsilyl ester and Hexadecanoic acid, trimethylsilyl ester are tested in Nantong coal's Acetone soluble fraction.
Antithrombin III replacement therapy in pregnancy.

At III infusion has been used as a prophylactic agent in a small number of patients, apparently with good results. However, other investigators have suggested that anticoagulation alone is sufficient to carry a woman with AT III deficiency through pregnancy
Optimal soft-order revisions under demand and supply uncertainty and upstream information

Abstract Demand patterns for products with short life cycles or seasonal demand do not follow a discernible pattern for individual sales events and seasons due to uncertainty associated with effectiveness of product promotions, willingness of major retailers to carry product and their support, competition, and other unforeseen marketplace events/factors. These atypical demand patterns can be volatile and unsuitable for traditional demand forecasting. In such cases, buyers utilize market signals to regularly update demand forecasts. Under these settings, sharing early “soft-order” (i.e., order forecast) with the supplier reduces buyer's risk of supply shortages. In this study, we propose an optimal order revision policy for a buyer facing atypical demand and supply uncertainty for a single selling season based on a stochastic dynamic program. We demonstrate the value of soft-orders as well as supplier's inventory position information for the buyer. We make several key contributions: (i) We introduce a decision model for buyer to optimally revise soft-orders under supply uncertainty with or without supplier's inventory position information under a deposit scheme; (ii) We characterize the relationship between the optimal soft-order and final firm-order under demand forecasts and revisions, demonstrating that optimal orders may be aggressive, conservative, or match the demand forecast; (iii) We identify settings under which inventory position information of the supplier is beneficial to the buyer; (iv) We offer a mechanism for identifying the minimum unit deposit cost that will lead to truthful soft-orders from the buyer. A detailed analysis explores the structure of the optimal ordering policies as well as the effect of cost parameters and sources of uncertainty on buyer performance.
Evaluating New Technology: Formative Evaluation of Intelligent Computer Assisted Instruction

Evaluation processes are touted to be productive mechanisms for the improvement of educational systems and products. And there is hard evidence of the utility of evaluation in actually improving technology based products and efforts in instructional development. Evaluation is known as well as to contain a strong negative potential. Evaluation can identify weaknesses in such a way as to inhibit exploratory behavior and risk taking on the part of researchers and developers. Playing it safe may be seen to be the winning strategy. Evidence of evaluation utilization studies suggests that when the focus of the evaluation is classification or accountability (good vs. bad; useful vs. wasteful), the openness of R & D project personnel to evaluation processes is inhibited. Formative evaluation, on the other hand, is evaluation whose specific function is to identify strengths and weaknesses for the purpose of improving the product or system under development (Baker, 1974; Baker and Alkin, 1973; Markle, 1967; Baker and Soloutos, 1974). The trick, of course, is in determining what should be studied, in what context the evaluation should take place, when evaluation processes are most useful, and in skilled hypothesis generation about what improvement options logically and feasibly may be implemented. In addition, the identification of weaknesses (no matter how benign the intentions of the evaluation may be) creates a documentary trail that might be misused by project managers or funding agency monitors.
Vicarious Social Defeat Stress Induces Depression-Related Outcomes in Female Mice

Abstract Background Stress is a prevailing risk factor for mood-related illnesses, wherein women represent the majority of those affected by major depression. Despite the growing literature suggesting that affective disorders can arise after a traumatic event is vicariously experienced, this relationship remains understudied in female subjects at the preclinical level. Thus, the objective of the current investigation was to examine whether exposure to emotional and/or psychological stress (ES) mediates depression-related outcomes in female mice. Methods Female C57BL/6 mice (8 weeks old, null parity) vicariously experienced the defeat bout of a male conspecific, by a male CD1 aggressor, for 10 consecutive days. Twenty-four hours after the last stress exposure, female mice were tested in the social interaction, sucrose preference, tail suspension, or elevated plus maze tests. Furthermore, we examined whether ketamine and chlordiazepoxide, pharmacological agents used to treat mood-related disorders in the clinical population, would reverse the ES-induced social dysfunction. Results When compared with control mice, female mice exposed to ES displayed decreased social behavior and preference for sucrose, along with increased immobility in the tail suspension test. Also, they displayed higher levels of blood serum corticosterone, as well as decreased body weight. Lastly, the ES-induced avoidance-like phenotype was ameliorated by both ketamine and chlordiazepoxide. Conclusions Our data indicate that female mice exposed to ES display a behavioral and physiologic profile that mimics symptoms of depression in the clinical population. As such, this experimental model may be adopted to examine vicarious stress-induced mood-related disorders, as well as pharmacological antidepressant response, in a sex-specific manner.
Spectral and Concentration Sensitivity of Multijunction Solar Cells at High Temperature

We model the performance of two-junction solar cells at very high temperatures up to ~400°C for applications such as hybrid PV/solar-thermal power production. We show that high-temperature operation reduces the sensitivity of the cell efficiency to spectral content, but increases the sensitivity to concentration, both of which have implications for energy yield in terrestrial PV applications. For other high-temperature applications such as near-sun space missions, our findings indicate that concentration may be a useful tool to enhance cell efficiency.
Homeobox Gene Expression in Ovarian Cancer

Homeobox genes control embryogenesis in both vertebrates and invertebrates. They are named after the highly conserved 180 bp sequence, the homeobox. There are two families of vertebrate homeobox genes. The first is the Hox genes and members of this family are clustered on the chromosome. These genes are classified according to sequence similarities as well as their position within the cluster[1]. The second group is divergent and members of this group are found throughout the genome. In invertebrates, the cluster is known as the homeotic complex, or HOM-C. The vertebrate family of homeobox genes is large; greater than 0.2% of the estimated 100,000 genes per genome may contain a homeobox with only a small number residing in the Hox cluster[2]. The HOM-C and Hox complexes contain homologous genes that are similar in both sequence and function in different organisms. These genes dictate body design in all embryos. The effects of vertebrate HOX genes can be ascertained from their expression pattern during mouse development and from the phenotype of mice with a targeted deletion, disruption or overexpression of a specific Hox gene [1].
International Marketing of Services and Developing Countries

The internationalization of services has gained great momentum in recent years. This article analyzes prospects of developing countries in the international marketing of services by examining past ...
Gender, medication use and other factors associated with esophageal motility disorders in non-obstructive dysphagia

Background High-resolution esophageal manometry (HREM) is the diagnostic test of choice for evaluation of non-obstructive dysphagia. Studies regarding the predictors of esophageal dysmotility are limited. Therefore, our aim was to study the prevalence of and factors associated with esophageal motility disorders in patients with non-obstructive dysphagia. Methods We performed a retrospective review of all patients with non-obstructive dysphagia who underwent HREM in a tertiary center between 1 January 2014 and 31 December 2015. After obtaining IRB approval (16-051), clinical records were scrutinized for demographic data, symptoms, medication use, upper endoscopic findings and esophageal pH findings. HREM plots were classified per Chicago Classification version 3.0. Primary outcome was prevalence of esophageal motility disorders; secondary outcomes assessed predictive factors. Results In total, 155 patients with non-obstructive dysphagia (55 ± 16 years old, 72% female) were identified. HREM diagnosis was normal in 49% followed by ineffective esophageal motility in 20%, absent contractility in 7.1%, achalasia type II in 5.8%, outflow obstruction in 5.2%, jackhammer esophagus in 4.5%, distal esophageal spasm in 3.9%, fragment peristalsis in 1.9%, achalasia type I in 1.9%, and achalasia type III in 0.6%. Men were five times more likely to have achalasia than women [odds ratio (OR) 5.3, 95% confidence interval (CI): 2.0-14.2; P = 0.001]. Patients with erosive esophagitis (OR 2.9, 95% CI: 1.1-7.7; P = 0.027) or using calcium channel blockers (OR 3.0, 95% CI: 1.2-7.4; P = 0.015) were three times more likely to have hypomotility disorders. Conclusion From this study, we concluded that HREM diagnosis per Chicago Classification version 3.0 was normal in 49% of patients with non-obstructive dysphagia. Male gender, erosive esophagitis and use of calcium channel blockers were predictive of esophageal motility disorders.
DIETARY FIBER AND BODY-WEIGHT REGULATION: Observations and Mechanisms

Dietary fiber may be related to body-weight regulation through plausible physiologic mechanisms that have considerable support in the scientific literature. Many short-term studies suggest that high-fiber foods induce greater satiation and satiety. Epidemiologic studies generally [figure: see text] support a role for fiber in body-weight regulation among free-living individuals consuming self-selected diets, although conclusive intervention studies addressing this point are lacking. Thus, there is considerable reason to conclude that fiber-rich diets, containing non-starchy vegetables, fruits, whole grains, legumes, and nuts, may be effective in the prevention and treatment of obesity in children. Such diets may have additional benefits, independent of changes in adiposity, in the prevention of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes.
Thinking Outside the Box: Assessing Endocrine Disruption in Aquatic Life

Exposures to environmental concentrations of endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) are now a known threat to both human and ecological health. A large body of work has established that EDCs can agonize, antagonize or synergize the effects of endogenous hormones, resulting in physiological and behavioral abnormalities in aquatic organisms. Examples of disruption in fishes include altered secondary sexual characteristics and male production of female reproductive proteins. The universe of potential EDCs is expanding as new pesticides and pharmaceuticals constantly enter the marketplace, and the monumental tasks of prioritizing the backlog of compounds to be assessed and reducing their release into the environment remains. In the recent past, the majority of EDC research has focused on reproductive impacts, particularly those caused by estrogenic compounds, or to a lesser extent, androgenic compounds. Attention is now being directed toward impacts inflicted via novel mechanisms and toward impacts on other aspects of the endocrine system. Examples of lesser-known impacts of EDCs on fish include changes in somatic growth and modulation of the immune system. EDCs are known to disrupt pathways mediated by thyroid hormone, glucocorticoids, progestogens, and prostaglandins via receptor-binding, to interfere with cellular signaling cascades, or alter steroidogenesis. The challenge for ecotoxicologists is to determine which end points should be measured in fish in order to most accurately predict impacts at the population and even at the ecosystem level. Furthermore, in addition to assessing risk at multiple biological scales, the effects of complex environmental mixtures, differences in species sensitivity, adaptation to pollution, and the potential for epigenetic change must also be integrated into determinations of “safe” EDC concentrations. Considering the propensity of EDCs to exert effects at low doses and to exhibit nonmonotonic responses, this is a task that will require increased collaboration and ingenuity amongst researchers in the field.
The Immunological Release of Chemical Mediators of Immediate Type Hypersensitivity from Human Lung

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the immunological release of chemical mediators of immediate-type hypersensitivity from human lung. The investigation of the in vitro release of chemical mediators from human lung following antigen–antibody interaction represents a study of an inflammatory process initiated by an immunologic trigger, which can be defined, isolated, and quantitated. This experimental model permits identification not only of the participating immunoglobulins but also of the biochemical events involved in the immunologic release of the chemical mediators. The apparent diversity of the mediators released from lung tissue subsequent to antigen–antibody interaction underlines the need for the definition of common control mechanisms susceptible to specific inhibition. The chapter describes the slow-reacting substance of anaphylaxis and the eosinophil chemotactic factor of anaphylaxis.
PD-L1 and IDO expression in cervical and vulvar invasive and intraepithelial squamous neoplasias: implications for combination immunotherapy.

Aims The immunoregulatory enzyme indoleamine dioxygenase 2,3 (IDO) has been implicated in cervical and vulvar squamous carcinomas (SCC) and may represent a mechanism of resistance to anti-PD-1/anti-PD-L1 therapy. However, the relationship between IDO and PD-L1 has not been well-investigated. Methods and results Sixty-five cases of cervical and vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia and SCC were assessed for IDO and PD-L1 expression. Overall, tumoral PD-L1 expression was seen in 72% of SCC, while 50% expressed IDO; co-expression was seen in 42%. Using the combined positive score (CPS) threshold of 1 to account for both tumoral and immune staining, 83% of SCC expressed PD-L1, 61% expressed IDO and 53% showed co-expression. Cervical SCCs were significantly more likely than human papillomavirus (HPV)-related vulvar SCCs to express tumoral IDO (75% versus 13%, P Conclusions In summary, IDO and PD-L1 co-expression is common in cervical SCCs and, to a lesser extent, vulvar SCCs. These data suggest a role for combination immunotherapy in a subset of cervical SCCs as well as select vulvar SCCs. Expression for both markers is less common in intraepithelial lesions, providing no strong support for this form of immunotherapy in the absence of invasion.
Diagnostic Performance of Prospectively Assigned Likert Scale Scores to Determine Extraprostatic Extension and Seminal Vesicle Invasion With Multiparametric MRI of the Prostate.

OBJECTIVE. The objective of this study was to determine the diagnostic performance of a prospectively assigned 5-point Likert scale for determination of extraprostatic extension (EPE) and seminal v...
Accounting for imperfect detection in species with sessile life cycle stages: a case study of bumble bee colonies

For bumble bees, colonies (not individual workers) are the functional unit of the population. Estimates of colony density are thus critical for understanding population distribution and trends of this important pollinator group. Yet, surveys of bumble bee colonies and other taxa with sessile life cycle states rarely account for imperfect detection. Here we demonstrate the use of mark-recapture methods to estimate the density of bumble bee colonies across the landscape using standardized survey protocols. We found that the probability of detecting colonies in standardized surveys varied considerably across space, through time, and among colonies. Using simulations, we also show that imperfect detection can obscure true variation in density among plots, or generate spurious variation in counts even when all plots have the same density. In both cases, we show that mark-recapture can be used to generate unbiased estimates of density, with relatively low search effort compared to conventional survey methods for bumble bee colonies. Our study illustrates the advantages of mark-recapture for optimizing survey protocols for species with cryptic and sessile life cycle stages, which will be a valuable tool in ongoing studies of pollinator nesting ecology.
Political Entrepreneurship, the Policy Process, and the Remaking of the Creole Community in Mauritius

My project analyzes the contours of racial politics in the African Diaspora, using the postcolonial state of Mauritius as a case in which Creoles (or Afro-Mauritians) simultaneously respond to and engage in the (re)configuring of racial and ethnic group boundaries through the policy-making process. Through a series of public policy initiatives representing language, national heritage, and historical restitution, Creole political entrepreneurs have sought for political and social recognition against a Hindu-dominated state by using the policy arena to negotiate competing notions of "creolite" and "black consciousness" within the Creole political community at different strategic moments, while challenging discourses of racial purity vs. "metissage," race vs. ethnicity, hard work and deservedness vs. undeservedness, and the victimization of slavery vs. indentured servitude in the public imagination. In the Mauritian context of “multiculturalism” (as in other plural political systems), group recognition and the delineation of a group’s boundaries is important in gaining political access and power when market-based strategies for group socioeconomic mobility fails. However, the country's corresponding ideology of “colorblindism” constrains how the boundaries of the Creole community can be defined. Within these contexts, Creole political entrepreneurs use strategies such as framing, agenda setting, and transnational pressures to (re)construct racial/ethnic meanings through public policy. Chronicling the activism of over fifty Creole political leaders and their allies across civil society, political society, and the state, my project highlights the policy-making process as a structural mechanism in which ideologies, institutions, and interests intersect to shape the outputs of group boundary-making in a struggle to influence conceptions of who forms the “Mauritian nation” and is therefore entitled to benefits from the state. The project also outlines the process by which transnational patterns of racial hierarchies adapt to variations in local group dynamics.
Lightweight Internet of Things Encryption Using Galois Extension Field Arithmetic

This paper provides a cryptographic extension to related work on the use of Galois Extension Field techniques [1] to combine multiple output streams from independent pseudorandom number generators (PRNGs), modified for use in low-power stream-cipher cryptographic applications. The core extension field techniques are shown to be computationally efficient, scalable, and support a variety of contextual variations that make them suited for improving cryptography on low power Internet of Things (IoT) devices. This paper focuses specifically on the use in scalable, multi-party cryptographic algorithms, with a focus on the invertible transforms that may be applied in the extension field to rapidly encrypt and decrypt data. A key benefit of this technique is the ability to exploit the associative property of the underlying arithmetic to interchange the order of parties encrypting or decrypting the data stream without limitation, making the technique highly versatile, meeting a number of IoT use cases. Testing has shown that this technique passes NIST's test suite for randomness indicating that the produced ciphertext is indistinguishable from a randomly generated sequence. MSP430 implementations in C indicate that this encryption scheme is faster and more energy efficient than AES.
Treatment of Scapular Dyskinesis with Reflexive Neuromuscular Stabilization: A Case Study

Introductory: Scapular dyskinesis is an abnormal movement of the scapula due to poor motor control of the surrounding musculature and can lead to other glenohumeral pathologies. The pathology results in the lateral tilting of the scapula during many glenohumeral joint movements and weight-bearing activities of the upper extremity (i.e. plank). The typical conservative treatment protocol focuses on strengthening surrounding musculature and is often a lengthy protocol. The problem with strengthening protocols is the failure to address the motor functioning of targeted muscles. Reactive Neuromuscular Stabilization (RNS) is a novel treatment that targets the central nervous system (CNS) to address that motor firing problem to restore the normal muscular and joint function. Purpose: The purpose of this case study is to demonstrate the efficacy and the outcomes of using RNS as a treatment for dysfunctions such as scapular dyskinesis. Clinical Diagnosis: A 20-year-old female intercollegiate swimmer presented with significant mid-back pain that failed to resolve without treatment. The patient tested positive for scapular dyskinesis as well as presented with a number of postural concerns, trigger points, and pain with multiple activities. The initial protocol for treatment for this patient was the typical conservative treatment protocol focused on strengthening. After six weeks of treatment without improvement, the clinician modified care to include RNS. Outcomes: Following three treatment across seven days, the patient’s symptoms significantly decreased and the patient met discharge criteria. At an eleven-month follow-up, the patient’s improvements were maintained. Clinical Bottom Line: The patient in this case report demonstrates the effectiveness of RNS while treating scapular dyskinesis and the importance of recognizing the cause of the dysfunction early within the evaluation.
Asynchronous Multi-Service Fiber-Wireless Integrated Network using UFMC and PS for Flexible 5G Applications

A multi-service fiber-wireless integrated network is experimentally demonstrated using both UFMC and PS. Asynchronous transmission with suppressed inter-service interference and optimized information rate is verified through a 25-km fiber and a 5-m 60-GHz wireless link.
Effective Thermal Conductance of Frost

A model for the effective local thermal conductance of frost is developed that includes both sensible and latent heat effects. The model contains several constants that are evaluated from data of Shah given in the literature. The results are shown as a function of density with local temperature as the parameter. Then, an average affective thermal conductance for the Shah experiment is obtained by integrating the local conductance over the range of temperatures in his experiment. This prediction is subsequently compared with several sets of data from the literature.
Law Faculty Experiences Teaching During the Pandemic

When colleges and universities abruptly shifted to online teaching in March, 2020 all focus (appropriately) was on ensuring continuity of education for students. In adapting courses to the new online environment, professors were encouraged to take into account the incredible stress students were experiencing, their new living conditions and, in some cases, lack of access to technology and educational resources. For the Spring 2020 semester, almost all U.S. law schools shifted to some form of pass/fail grading in recognition of the enormous upheaval to students’ educational plans.Less discussed during the initial months of the coronavirus pandemic was how faculty members experienced and responded to the pandemic in their personal lives and as professional educators. This essay describes the results of an informal, non-representative survey of law faculty conducted in May, 2020. The principal findings are that during the initial months of the pandemic, law professors themselves were under considerable stress during the pandemic, that they altered their modes of delivery and interaction with students, and that they wanted students, colleagues, and school administrators to recognize the complex experiences of law faculty teaching during the pandemic.The initial survey results here could serve as a basis for law school deans and others to develop school-specific surveys that might elicit more specific feedback about the experiences of faculty members at their schools. That feedback would enable law school leaders develop programs that support their faculty and students. It may also be important to track longer-term effects of the pandemic on law faculty careers, as disruptions to legal education caused by the coronavirus may continue for some time.
Mobiles in public: Social interaction in a smartphone era:

This article reports on the findings from a field study of mobile phone use among dyads in public. Replicating an originally published field study from 2005, this study highlights how mobile phones...
Spectra of Nearby Galaxies Measured with a New Very Broadband Receiver

Three-millimeter-wavelength spectra of a number of nearby galaxies have been obtained at the Five College Radio Astronomy Observatory (FCRAO) using a new, very broadband receiver. This instrument, which we call the Redshift Search Receiver, has an instantaneous bandwidth of 36 GHz and operates from 74 to 110.5 GHz. The receiver has been built at UMass/FCRAO to be part of the initial instrumentation for the Large Millimeter Telescope (LMT) and is intended primarily for determination of the redshift of distant, dust-obscured galaxies. It is being tested on the FCRAO 14m by measuring the 3mm spectra of a number of nearby galaxies. There are interesting differences in the chemistry of these galaxies.
The brain produces mind by modeling.

The connection of brain and mind has been a source of intense speculation at least since humanity became aware that the brain was the source of our behavior. Brain refers to the neurons, cells, and chemicals that govern activities of the organism. Mind is often considered consciously aware perceptions and thoughts. However, there is a gradient from unconscious to conscious, demonstrated by enormous amounts of research, such as the effects upon behavior of subliminal primes, so that mind is best considered to be the conscious and unconscious processes that act as an intermediate stage between the organism’s biology and its behavior, or a translation from one to the other. The National Academy of Sciences Colloquium “Brain Produces Mind by Modeling” was held May 1–3, 2019 at the Arnold and Mabel Beckman Center of the National Academy of Sciences in Irvine, CA. It was organized by Richard M. Shiffrin, Danielle S. Bassett, Nikolaus Kriegeskorte, and Joshua B. Tenenbaum. The theme of the colloquium and the foundation for the set of articles in this issue of PNAS is that the “mind” consists of a model formed by the “brain”: This would be a model of the entire environment, including the self, the body, the physical environment, other agents, and the social environment. Furthermore, the model would be a best guess about the most likely state of this environment. It uses this model to learn, decide, attend, remember, perceive, predict, and produce action. This model develops as the brain matures, rapidly during infancy and more slowly later. It has structural components that remain stable over long times. It has labile elements that change at multiple time scales, adapting to the current environment and goals. The mind’s formation through modeling of the world might be likened to the way scientists build models: through a … [↵][1]1To whom correspondence may be addressed. Email: shiffrin{at}indiana.edu. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
Numerical study of damage in particulate composites during high-strain rate loading using novel damage model

Abstract We perform large three-dimensional damage simulations of particulate composites under high-strain rate loading to address the effect of the microstructure on the overall transient mechanical behavior. We use spheres as well as oblate, prolate, and plane strain ellipsoids and show that resolving the wide range of spatial and temporal scales in complex morphologies is essential to apprehending fracture characteristics. We employ continuum damage mechanics and develop a novel damage model that properly accounts for deviatoric and volumetric energy contributions in the finite strain setting. In order to resolve the characteristic damage length-scale, we utilize a highly parallel finite element solver, P G F e m 3 D . The high-performance parallel simulations are performed on up to 1920 processing cores. We adopt a data-driven (image-based) materials modeling approach in constructing the computational domains. We show that high-strain rates as well as microstructural details play an important role in addressing complex damage patterns and overall material response.
Emerging trends in nutraceutical applications of whey protein and its derivatives

The looming food insecurity demands the utilization of nutrient-rich residues from food industries as value-added products. Whey, a dairy industry waste has been characterized to be excellent nourishment with an array of bioactive components. Whey protein comprises 20 % of total milk protein and it is rich in branched and essential amino acids, functional peptides, antioxidants and immunoglobulins. It confers benefits against a wide range of metabolic diseases such as cardiovascular complications, hypertension, obesity, diabetes, cancer and phenylketonuria. The protein has been validated to boost recovery from resistance exercise-injuries, stimulate gut physiology and protect skin against detrimental radiations. Apart from health invigoration, whey protein has proved its suitability as fat replacer and emulsifier. Further, its edible and antimicrobial packaging potential renders its highly desirable in food as well as pharmaceutical sectors. Considering the enormous nutraceutical worth of whey protein, this review emphasizes on its established and emerging biological roles. Present and future scopes in food processing and dietary supplement formulation are discussed. Associated hurdles are identified and how technical advancement might augment its applications are explored. This review is expected to provide valuable insight on whey protein-fortified functional foods, associated technical hurdles and scopes of improvement.
Policy, Perceptions, and Criminal Behavior

The revival of modern deterrence theory in criminal justice began in the 1960s, and has enjoyed considerable popularity among the general public, political leaders, and in some academic circles. Deterrence theory fits nicely into the modern American view that individual behavior is driven mainly by incentives and that public policy can influence behavior most efficiently by manipulating the costs, benefits, and risks that adhere in particular decision contexts. Within the social sciences, deterrence theory is one of a broad group of theories based on common assumptions of utility maximization: individuals weigh the net utility of alternative actions and generally choose those from which they have the most to gain.
Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Pancreas Associated With Hypercalcemia

Squamous cell cancer of the pancreas is a rare variant of pancreatic ductal cell carcinoma. This tumor has not been reported to be associated with hypercalcemia in the absence of primary hyperparathyroidism or bone metastases. We present a patient with pancreatic squamous cell carcinoma who presented with intractable hypercalcemia, had normal parathormone levels, and was found at autopsy to have normal parathyroid glands and no evidence of bony metastases. A review of squamous cell carcinoma of the pancreas and pancreatic neoplasms associated with hypercalcemia is presented.
Immunological tolerance in the chicken. III. Partial physiochemical characterization of two suppressive fractions from serum of chickens tolerant to bovine serum albumin.

Two soluble non-specific supprcssive factors were isolated by gel chromatography from the serum of chickens tolerant to bovine serum albumin (BSA). Fraction I was found by sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) to contain five proteins with moi. wts from 200,000 to 900,000 unreduced and six proteins that ranged from 70,000 to 180,000 when reduced. The composition was primarily protein, with a small amount of carbohydrate and lipid. One component was identified as IgM, one as a lipoprotein. The others remain unidentified. No evidence of the tolerogen, BSA, was found. The second factor, fraction III of both (olerant and normal serum, was found by SDS-PAGE to have two proteins with mol. wts of 54,000 and 78,000 in the unreduced form and contained a very small amount of protein, a large amount of carbohydrate, and no detectable lipid, Normal fraction III had two proteins with mol wts of 54,000 and 65,000 when reduced, whereas reduction did not affect tolerant fraction III. A soluble suppressive factor, secreted by cultured adherent cells of tolerant chickens, was found to be comparable to fraction III in molecular weight. Comparison of these results with those of other reported suppressive factors is made and possible identities of the suppressive components of fractions I and II are discussed.
Gender in World History

From classical times to the twentieth century, Gender in World History is a fascinating exploration of what happens to established ideas about men and women, and their roles, when different cultural systems come into contact. Significant issues have been the impact of new religious ideas, the results of colonial conquest and, in modern times, the role of international organizations and global consumerism. World history and women's history are both growing and exciting fields. However they have, until now, been notoriously difficult to put together. This book breaks new ground to facilitate a consistent approach to gender in a world history context. From the many case studies across different societies and periods, examples include: * the impact of Islam and Middle-Eastern gender practices on India and sub-Saharan Africa * the results of new contacts with China on conditions for women in Japan and among the Mongols * European colonial influences on the Americas, India, Africa and Pacific Oceania * the impact of international influences on the twentieth century Middle East. Gender in World History explores continuities, change and patterns over time. It provides a distinctive approach to the explorations of historical meanings of femininity and masculinity, as well as a contribution to world history itself.
Creating a desirable 21st century Africa: The role of leadership and governance

Abstract Creating a desirable 21st century Africa is by definition, Utopian. The futurist must first leapfrog into the 21st century to design an ideal African society, and then evolve effective strategies for its achievement, taking full cognizance of existing obstacles and challenges. The tools required include vision, intellectual virtuosity, long-term strategic thinking, conceptual boldness, creative genius and a penchant for understanding the African Dream in its complexity. A distinction must be made between culture and technology, as it is on its cultural wealth that Africa can build an enabling environment for transformation. In this regard, Africa need not aspire to Western expectations. This article introduces the concept of cultural resonance, and calls for a cultural renaissance, and for a drive for technological excellence at the cutting edge of science. The most significant requirement for creating a desirable 21st century Africa is excellent governance with responsibility, accountability, transparency and creative vision, and the full and active participation by all citizens. This requires inspired, enlightened and honest leadership, with a passion to transform Africa.
Social Security and Individual Welfare: Precautionary Saving, LiquidityConstraints, and the Payroll Tax

Recent advances in the examination of efficiency gains from dynamic tax reforms have used simulation models to isolate intragenerational and/or intergenerational effects. Important considerations having to do with uncertainty or capital market imperfections are frequently missing from such a framework. In this paper, we focus on the welfare gains from introducing social security retirement annuities, given lifetime uncertainty and borrowing restrictions.Our principal findings are four. First, given the considerations mentioned above, "precautionary saving" exceeds life-cycle saving (that would have taken place in the absence of lifetime uncertainty), lending further support to the notion that the perfect-certainty version of the life-cycle model provides an inadequate explanation of observed saving behavior. Second, the introduction of an actuarially fair social security system leads to a significant partial equilibrium increase in lifetime consumption and welfare, accompanied by a reduction in the capital stock.The increase in lifetime welfare is reduced, however,and in many cases eliminated, when borrowing restrictions are imposed.Third, extending the model to general equilibrium, we find that the partial equilibrium gains in lifetime welfare from participation in social security are offset by the interaction of higher steady-state interest rates and binding liquidity constraints. Finally, replacing the proportional payroll tax with a progressive tax (essentially a linear tax with an exemption), we show that age-specific tax schemes can restore much of the potential gain from introducing social security.
Stably Placing Piecewise Smooth Objects

Given a piecewise smooth object, its stable poses consist of all the orientations into which other initial orientations of the object will eventually converge under dissipative forces. The capture region for each stable pose is the set of initial orientations converging to the stable pose in question.