cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
POVScript+: a program for model and data visualization using persistence of vision ray-tracing

Macromolecular visualization is hampered by the fragmented set of available programs and the lack of cooperativity among them. The amount of visual information required for robust structural analysis is relatively difficult to generate and rarely allows further high-quality three-dimensional graphic rendering. Here, a modification of MolScript [Kraulis (1991). J. Appl. Cryst. 24, 946–950] is presented which contains the capability of the original MolScript, the ability to carry out a majority of the options available in most other crystallographic visualization packages, as well as several new features of its own. POVScript+ (currently version 1.62) allows anisotropic displacement ellipsoid rendering (read in as a second-rank tensor from a PDB file), electron-density polygonization (in several formats derived from a `marching tetrahedra' approach), volumetric rendering of electron density and GRASP/MSMS surface-map input/output. Finally, POVRay output is supported (via a modified version of PovScript) to generate high-quality renderings that are easily modified for any of a number of purposes (e.g. animations or altered textures). POVScript+ provides a marked increase in the amount of structural and atomic detail possible, while still allowing a straightforward means of generating this information.
Decomposing changes in agricultural price gaps: an application to Russia

The article develops a method for decomposing changes in agricultural price gaps, defined as the difference between a commodity's domestic producer and border prices. We use OECD's procedure for decomposing changes in the market price support part of producer support estimates as the starting point for our decomposition method, and our method provides a basis for critiquing OECD's decomposition approach. The transmission of changes in border prices (world prices and the exchange rate) to domestic prices is a key element in the decomposition. The method is demonstrated using Russian agricultural price gaps. The results support the argument that for Russian agriculture during the transition period, the main cause of changes in price gaps has been incomplete transmission of changes in the exchange rate to domestic prices, and where the weak transmission results mainly not from policy intervention, but rather from deficient market conditions, in particular poor market infrastructure. The policy implication is that underdeveloped infrastructure has strongly limited the benefits to the Russian economy from agricultural trade liberalization.
Lithium and its isotopes in major world rivers : implications for weathering and the oceanic budget

Abstract The outstanding problem in the lithium geochemical cycle is the lack of an isotopic mass balance in the ocean. The δ6Li compositions of fresh basalts (−4‰), the hydrothermal fluids derived from them (average −9‰), and seawater (significantly heavier at −32‰) are well understood, but only very sparse river input data are available for Li mass balance calculations. In an attempt to rectify the situation we have measured the lithium concentrations and isotopic compositions of major world rivers draining representative geological terrains. This helps both to constrain the river endmember and to understand the behavior of lithium isotopes in the continental weathering environment. Fluvial isotopic compositions display a very large range, −6.0 to −32.2‰. There is no definitive relationship between δ6Li and lithology but, in general, rivers draining marine evaporites are −20 to −22‰, carbonates −26 to −32‰, black shales −26‰, shields −6.6 to −19‰, and mixed siliceous terrains −6 to −28‰. The flow-weighted mean concentration of the measured rivers is 215 nM at −23‰. This updated riverine δ6Li value, responsible for ∼30% of the global riverine discharge, does not solve the isotopic imbalance if the measured Li concentrations and isotopic compositions are representative of all rivers. The presence of a yet unidentified sink with a higher fractionation factor (α ≈ 1.023) than determined for low temperature basalt alteration (α = 1.019) is required for an isotopic steady-state of Li in the ocean. Authigenic clays are a possible candidate as clays are known to be enriched in both lithium and in the light isotope preferentially. Alternatively, the hydrothermal flux must be much less than half of that estimated by the 3He inventory and the oceanic budgets for 87Sr/86Sr and Mg. The relationship of δ6Li to the major ions and 87Sr/86Sr suggests that the important processes affecting river dissolved lithium isotopic compositions are fractionation between solution and secondary minerals and thus the intensity of weathering.
Comparative History and the Colonial Encounter: the Great War and the Crisis of the British Empire

In his recent work on the Rise and Fall of the Great Powers, Paul Kennedy stresses the importance of Great Britain's colonial empire in establishing its credentials as the most imposing ofthe great powers in the decades before the First World War. Britain not only possessed ‘the greatest empire the world had ever seen’, but its status as the great global power appeared to be enhanced by the fact that in the last three decades of the nineteenth century ‘it had added 4.25 million miles and 66 million people to the empire’. Other key ‘indicators of British strength’ marshalled by Kennedy include overseas fleets, naval bases and cable stations, which were inextricably bound up with its farflung colonial enterprises. Though empire is essential to Britain's great power status, in Kennedy's argument it has almost nothing to do with the steady decline in British power in the period before the Great War and, at an accelerating pace, throughout the twentieth century. He alludes in places to imperial crises and commitments as key contributors to Britain's perilously overextended position both before and after the war. He also concedes that resistance by colonized peoples, whether in the form of ‘tribal unrest’ or ‘western-educated lawyers and intellectuals seeking to create mass parties’ was somewhat troublesome, but ‘less threatening’ than developments within Europe itself. In Kennedy's view, Britain's retreat from imperial and global power (and, for that matter, that of France as well) can best be understood by charting the decline, relative to that of the other great powers, of its economic base, both industrial and commercial, and its incapacity, due to that decline, to meet the ever-expanding and more costly military commitments that its leaders viewed as essential to the maintenance of its positions as a great power.
Screening and configuration-interaction effects in the 5p x-ray--photoelectron spectrum of Th metal

This paper reports unusual structures in the x-ray photoelectron spectrum of the $5p$ level of thorium metal and proposes that the low-lying empty $5f$ levels are responsible for such a complicated $5p$ spectrum through two mechanisms: (i) fluctuation of the core hole between $5\mathit{p}$ and $5{\mathit{d}}^{2}5f$ configurations (underline denotes a hole level) and (ii) shakeup from filled valence levels to empty low-lying $5f$ levels.
Neutron polarization with polarized 3He

Abstract An effective polarizer for thermal and epithermal neutrons is possible with polarized, high density, gaseous 3 He. We describe the technique of 3 He polarization by spin exchange with laser optically pumped Rb vapor which can provide 6 cm 3 of > 70% polarized 3 He at a density of 3×10 20 atoms cm −3 (10 atm at STP). The 3 He polarization can be rapidly reversed, a requirement for sensitive symmetry tests.
T-Cell Subsets in Health, Infectious Disease, and Idiopathic CD4+T Lymphocytopenia

Purpose: To update our knowledge about normal absolute values for CD4+ and CD8+ peripheral T-lymphocyte subsets and to show how these values are influenced by infectious disease. These data are dis...
Responsiveness of hepatocytes from dichloroacetic acid or phenobarbital treated mice to growth factors in primary culture.

Hepatocytes isolated from male B6C3F1 mice and maintained in primary culture were exposed to epidermal growth factor (EGF), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), acidic fibroblast growth factor (aFGF) alone or in combination with the mitoinhibitory transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1). Groups of mice were exposed to 3.5 g/l dichloroacetic acid (DCA), 0.1% phenobarbital (PB) or the drinking water vehicle for 0, 2, 5, 10, 20, 30, 60, or 90 days. Following a 2 h attachment period, the growth factors with or without TGF-β1 were added together with [3H]thymidine. The cells were harvested 48 h later and the incorporation of the labeled thymidine into cellular DNA was determined. Basal DNA synthesis was enhanced following 2 days of PB treatment after which it declined to levels significantly below that in the untreated mice. No early time enhancement of DNA synthesis was measured in the hepatocyte cultures for animals exposed to DCA, but the late time inhibition was also seen. Primary cultures of hepatocytes isolated from control and DCA treated mice exhibited similarly enhanced DNA synthesis in response to EGF, HGF, or aFGF alone or in combination with TGF-β1. In contrast, hepatocytes from PB treated animals were refractory to the effects of the growth factors at all time periods. These data suggest that the early depression of cell proliferation we have seen during DCA induced hepatocellular cancer is not due to an impaired ability of hepatocytes to respond to growth factors and that the mechanisms of liver tumorigenesis in the mouse induced by PB and DCA are dissimilar.
Ethical Issues in the Assessment and Treatment of a Rational Suicidal Client

A rational client's decision to suicide may present particularly complex ethical issues for a therapist. This article presents and discusses a 3-month account of therapy with such a client, from the perspective of the ethical values and principles upon which assessment and treatment decisions were made, and the complex ethical dilemmas encountered as the therapist juxtaposed the client's autonomy with the irreversibility of her potential death by suicide.
Parvovirus B19 Infection after Transplantation: A Review of 98 Cases

Background. Infections with parvovirus B19 (PVB19) can cause significant morbidity in transplant recipients. Methods. To characterize the epidemiology and clinical spectrum of posttransplant PVB19 infection, we reviewed all cases at our institution during a 16-year period, summarized the data from 91 cases published in the medical literature, and performed longitudinal molecular surveillance for PVB19 DNAemia among 47 solid organ and hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients. Results. The median time to onset of PVB19 disease was 7 weeks after transplantation. Anemia, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia were present in 98.8%, 37.5%, and 21.0% of patients, respectively. Hepatitis, myocarditis, and pneumonitis were also reported in association with PVB19 disease. Allograft tissue loss or dysfunction was observed at the time of PVB19 disease in 10% of cases. At the onset of disease, PVB19 IgM serological test results were negative in 29% of cases. Almost all patients (96%) with anti-PVB19 IgM had a positive PVB19 polymerase chain reaction assay result. Intravenous immunoglobulin was the most commonly used treatment modality. Three of 98 patients died of myocarditis and cardiogenic shock associated with PVB19 disease. Molecular surveillance throughout the first year after transplantation did not reveal PVB19 DNAemia in 47 anemic solid organ and hematopoietic stem cell transplant patients. Conclusions. PVB19 is a rare but clinically significant infection that manifests as refractory anemia during the posttransplantation period. The use of polymerase chain reaction for diagnosis is particularly helpful in immunosuppressed transplant patients who may fail to mount antibodies against PVB19 during active infection.
Does forest certification matter? An analysis of operation-level changes required during the SmartWood certification process in the United States

One controversial and contested issue concerning forest certification is whether this market-based instrument actually requires participating forestry operations to follow more sustainable practices. While previous studies have explored and compared the standards used by different certification systems, our research sheds additional light on this question by systematically assessing documented conditions and pre-conditions that forest companies seeking FSC certification in the United States were required to address in order to obtain, or maintain, their certificates. We examined the changes that 80 SmartWood-certified forestry operations were required to make to forest management, ecological, social, and procedural elements of their forestry practices as a requirement of the certification process. We found that systems elements such as Management Plans, Monitoring and Inventory most frequently required change (by 94%, 79% and 71% of certified operations, respectively), followed by ecological elements such as High Conservation Value Forests and Woody Debris, Snags and Legacy Trees (by 71% and 63% of operations, respectively). We also found regional differences in the number of changes operations are required to make during certification, and found that operations located in states with mandatory Best Management Practices (BMPs) are required to make fewer changes during the certification process than those in states where BMPs are voluntary. We found that small and large operations were given roughly the same number and type of conditions and preconditions. Overall the results show that even the early adopters of certification were required to make important changes as a result of the certification process. D 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Is It Time to Update the Definition of Functional Mitral Regurgitation? Structural Changes in the Mitral Leaflets With Left Ventricular Dysfunction

Functional mitral regurgitation has traditionally been defined as a disorder of regional or global left ventricular remodeling in which anatomically normal leaflets fail to coapt adequately.1 The abnormal closure pattern, most easily appreciated with echocardiography, is one of apical tethering of one or both leaflets. Based on a series of in vitro,2 animal,3 and human studies,4 we have embraced the concept that pathological tethering and concomitant regurgitation occur when an imbalance is present between closing and tethering forces. Tethering forces are increased when increased traction on the leaflets exists through a combination of annular dilation and geometric remodeling of the left ventricle. Closure forces are reduced as a consequence of left ventricular systolic dysfunction. The leaflets have largely been viewed as passive participants in this disease process. Consequently, therapies to reduce or eliminate mitral regurgitation have focused on annular and ventricular remodeling. Article p 845 In the present issue of Circulation , Chaput et al5 present in vivo evidence of structural changes in the mitral leaflets of patients with functional mitral regurgitation. They employ a new 3-dimensional echocardiographic method of measuring diastolic mitral leaflet area to compare leaflet size in normal subjects with that in patients with left ventricular dysfunction on the basis of either dilated cardiomyopathy or inferior wall infarction. In the left ventricular dysfunction group, patients with mitral regurgitation are contrasted to those without. The authors report larger-than-normal leaflets in patients with both global and regional left ventricular dysfunction. Moreover, in the group of patients with dilated cardiomyopathy, the leaflets are larger in those without versus those with mitral regurgitation. By also measuring the leaflet area required to close the valve, the authors are able to demonstrate that regurgitation is associated with a reduced valve area/closing area ratio. They conclude that in functional …
THE SWORD DID IT: A GREEK EXPLANATION FOR SUICIDE*

The people of classical Athens did not regard suicide as a crime committed by the victim. Instead, the Athenians regarded suicide as a crime committed by the instrument that the victim used, or by the victim's hand as opposed to the victim himself. This non-human agent was culpable, just like non-human agents were blamed for accidental deaths. Although suicide victims were innocent, inanimate agents were guilty. In Sophocles' Ajax, for example, the sword that the hero turned upon himself was blamed for his death. The Athenian response to suicide was more about objects than it was about people.
The Dearborn Effect: A Comparison of the Political Dispositions of Shi‘a and Sunni Muslims in the United States

The study of Muslims in the West is a burgeoning field, in which scholars are examining the religious, social and political lives of Muslims as minorities. This article continues in that vein, and utilizes the Muslim American Political Opinion Survey (MAPOS) to compare Shi‘a and Sunni responses in a few areas of interest: religious identity, views of being a Muslim in the United States, and political participation in the American system. Using a comparison of mean responses and the t-test to analyze 13 variables, it demonstrates that Sunnis felt more strongly that the teachings of Islam were compatible with political participation in the United States, and that a statistically significantly higher percentage of Shi‘a respondents participated in a rally or protest. The study goes further to suggest that perhaps congregants of Shi‘a mosques view Islamic teachings as being more compatible with participation in American politics, and opens the door for further consideration and research involving a more in-depth study of the Shi‘as in the American political context, one that examines how the narratives that drive Shi‘ism affect individual Shi‘a social and political participation in a country where they are a real “minority within a minority”.
Ibn Khaldûn in World Philosophy of History

It is a distinguishing feature of modern Western historical thought that it has striven self-consciously to free itself from the use of non-historical categories of explanation in order to consitute itself as an autonomous, self-explanatory and self-justifying form of thought. Croce believed this movement to be a late phase of humanism and identified it as the main ingredient in the Western intellectual tradition. In his view, the history of historiography in the West has been one long struggle to expel the category of transcendence from historical analysis, that is, a struggle of history against philosophy of history.Unlike modern historical thought with its value free orientation, most previous historiography has been informed, either consciously or unconsciously, by a specific set of social values and has used historical materials as either a mine of examples for support of the position pre-chosen (like Cicero) or as evidence for the study of phenomena the noumena of which lie just outside the range of history proper (like Marx). The former approach never really arrives at history, the latter passes through it too rapidly to the goal which it believes lies beyond it. In so far as most previous historiography has been governed by these two tendencies, it has always been philosophy of history rather than history proper.
Simulating the software engineering interview process using a decision-based serious computer game

Unfortunately, the stereotype of a software engineer is one who spends his or her whole day in a cubicle programming. In this paper, we present an interactive, decision-based game to help students ranging from middle school to college juniors learn about the interview process in the requirements analysis phase of the software engineering life cycle. The important aspect of our game is that the student does not actually interview personnel for a real software system, which could be an abstract and intimidating process. Instead, the student interviews an assembled panel for a hypothetical scenario, which is appealing especially to a younger audience. The assembled panel lies, deceives and contradict one another in order to promote the same strategies that would be used in a real software requirements elicitation. The interview process is emphasized in our game, as this is the most common technique used in requirements elicitation.
Ecology of Invasive Melilotus albus on Alaskan Glacial River Floodplains

Melilotus albus (white sweetclover) has invaded Alaskan glacial river floodplains. We measured cover and density of plant species and environmental variables along transects perpendicular to the Nenana, Matanuska, and Stikine Rivers to study interactions between M. albus and other plant species and to characterize the environment where it establishes. Melilotus albus was a pioneer species on recently disturbed sites and did not persist into closed canopy forests. The relationships between M. albus cover and density and other species were site-specific. Melilotus albus was negatively correlated with native species Elaeagnus commutata at the Nenana River, but not at the Matanuska River. Melilotus albus was positively correlated with the exotic species Crepis tectorum and Taraxacum officinale at the Matanuska River and T. officinale on the upper Stikine River. However, the high density of M. albus at a lower Stikine River site was negatively correlated with T. officinale and several native species including Lathyrus japonicus var. maritimus and Salix alaxensis. Glacial river floodplains in Alaska are highly disturbed and are corridors for exotic plant species movement. Melilotus albus at moderate to low densities may facilitate establishment of exotic species, but at high densities can reduce the cover and density of both exotic and native species.
William Bowie: Eminent Scientist and First Chairman (1926–1940) of ASCE’s Surveying and Mapping Division

The ASCE Surveying and Mapping Division is the forerunner of the Society’s present Geomatics Division. It was founded in 1926 thanks to the vision and inspiration of Major William Bowie who served as Chairman from its creation until his death in 1940. This article emphasizes Bowie’s pioneering work related to surveying engineering and mapping in a tribute to his multifaceted scientific career that has not yet been well investigated. Fewmembers ofASCE are aware that a prominent scientist of the caliber of Major William Bowie (May 6, 1872–August 28, 1940) was the initiator and first Chairman of ASCE’s Surveying and Mapping Division. The name of the division was changed to Surveying Engineering Division in 1986 and to the current Geomatics Division in 1997. William Bowie (Fig. 1) is internationally recognized in geodesy (astronomic, geometric, and physical geodesy), geophysics (gravity surveys and their interpretation and isostatic compensation), and, last but not least, engineering. In reading any of the many biographical accounts devoted to Bowie, which are listed inAppendix I, one senses the passion for engineering, in general, and civil engineering, in particular, that was copiously running through Bowie’s veins. This article mainly concentrates on his engineering activities and accomplishments, the least researched aspects of his prolific scientific life. Major Bowie, as he preferred to be addressed, always downplayed the fact that he also attained the superior rank of Captain in the Commissioned Corps of the U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey (USCG Doctor of Science from Lehigh University in 1922 and George Washington University in 1937; andDoctor of Law fromEdinburghUniversity, Scotland, in 1936. As solely anecdotal information, it should be mentioned that William Bowie descended, on his father’s side, from ancestors that fought in the RevolutionaryWar. His father, grandfather, and great grandfather all served in the Maryland state legislature. Bulloch (1915) and Fleming (1949) provide a brief sketch of his lineage. Early Engineering Activities
Mueller matrix bidirectional reflectance distribution function measurements and modeling of diffuse reflectance standards

We measure the Mueller matrix bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) of pressed and sintered powdered polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) reflectance standards for an incident angle of 75°. Rotationallyaveraged Mueller matrices from the materials showed a small asymmetry M 12 ≠ M 21 and M 34 ≠ -M 43 in the in-plane geometry. This asymmetry, however, followed Helmholtz reciprocity rules. A significant anisotropy was observed in the sintered samples, which was manifested as non-zero off-block diagonal elements that depended upon rotation of the samples. Modeling using a Mueller matrix extension to the radiative transfer equation was performed. While there was not quantitative agreement, some aspects of the data were observed, including the asymmetry. Availability of an improved Mueller matrix phase function should improve the quality of the model-experiment agreement.
Valid Methods: The Quality Assurance of Test Method Development, Validation, Approval, and Transfer for Veterinary Testing Laboratories

Third-party accreditation is a valuable tool to demonstrate a laboratory's competence to conduct testing. Accreditation, internationally and in the United States, has been discussed previously. However, ac- creditation is only 1 part of establishing data credibility. A validated test method is the first component of a valid measurement system. Validation is defined as confirmation by examination and the provision of objective evidence that the particular requirements for a specific intended use are fulfilled. The international and national standard ISO/IEC 17025 recognizes the importance of validated methods and requires that laboratory-developed methods or methods adopted by the laboratory be appropriate for the intended use. Validated methods are therefore required and their use agreed to by the client (i.e., end users of the test results such as veterinarians, animal health programs, and owners). ISO/IEC 17025 also requires that the introduction of methods developed by the laboratory for its own use be a planned activity conducted by qualified personnel with adequate resources. This article discusses considerations and recommendations for the conduct of veterinary diagnostic test method development, validation, evaluation, approval, and transfer to the user laboratory in the ISO/IEC 17025 envi- ronment. These recommendations are based on those of nationally and internationally accepted standards and guidelines, as well as those of reputable and experienced technical bodies. They are also based on the author's experience in the evaluation of method development and transfer projects, validation data, and the implemen- tation of quality management systems in the area of method development. Laboratory data credibility has 3 components. These are a validated method, proficiency testing, and third- party accreditation. Proficiency testing is used to verify that the analyst can conduct the method and to com- pare results with those of other laboratories. Third- party accreditation is used to verify that the laboratory is competent to conduct the testing and that the method validation has been done within the environment and requirements of a quality management system. These components help ensure that the methods used by the laboratory are valid. For a method to be viewed as valid, the following should be ensured: c The method is properly selected. c A project management system is in effect during development and validation. c The method is optimized. c Critical control points of the method are known, and therefore the process control and quality con- trol necessary for the method are also known. c The method is in statistical control. c The method uses or is traceable to national and international reference materials and measurement standards.
Tubulocystic carcinoma of the kidney with poorly differentiated foci: a series of 3 cases with fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis.

Summary We identified 3 consult cases of tubulocystic renal cell carcinoma with poorly differentiated areas. Two lesions measuring 9.5 and 3.8 cm were described as partly solid and cystic. One case was grossly a 14.0-cm cyst with a granular lining. Microscopically, all had classic areas of circumscribed tubulocystic renal cell carcinoma occupying 30%, 80%, and 90% of the tumor; 2 cases had small components of papillary renal cell carcinoma, and 1 case had a central large cystic component. In 2 cases, proliferations of small tubules infiltrated away from the main mass with typical features of collecting duct carcinoma. In the third case, a focus of poorly differentiated carcinoma was seen adjacent to the tubulocystic renal cell carcinoma. In 2 cases, tumor invaded perirenal tissue. The third case was organ confined with vascular invasion. One patient died 9 months postoperatively with metastases to the abdominal wall and femur. The second case developed a recurrence in the renal bed 3 years postoperatively. The third patient was lost to follow-up. Fluorescence in situ hybridization studies results showed some features overlapping with papillary renal cell carcinoma in both the tubulocystic and collecting duct–like components and with 1 exception showed identical cytogenetic findings between the 2 components. Morphologically, in 2 cases, the collecting duct–like areas were also indistinguishable from collecting duct carcinoma suggesting a relationship between the 2 entities. This is the first series and only the second report of tubulocystic renal cell carcinoma with poorly differentiated components and documents the increased the risk of aggressive behavior above that of usual tubulocystic renal cell carcinoma.
Prediction of multi-drug resistance transporters using a novel sequence analysis method

There are many examples of groups of proteins that have similar function, but the determinants of functional specificity may be hidden by lack of sequence similarity, or by large groups of similar sequences with different functions. Transporters are one such protein group in that the general function, transport, can be easily inferred from the sequence, but the substrate specificity can be impossible to predict from sequence with current methods. In this paper we describe a linguistic-based approach to identify functional patterns from groups of unaligned protein sequences and its application to predict multi-drug resistance transporters (MDRs) from bacteria. We first show that our method can recreate known patterns from PROSITE for several motifs from unaligned sequences. We then show that the method, MDRpred, can predict MDRs with greater accuracy and positive predictive value than a collection of currently available family-based models from the Pfam database. Finally, we apply MDRpred to a large collection of protein sequences from an environmental microbiome study to make novel predictions about drug resistance in a potential environmental reservoir.
Words as Weapons--When Do They Wound? Investigations of Harmful Speech.

The following investigations juxtapose jurisprudence and communication literatures to examine under what conditions racist speech is perceived as harmful. Specifically, one theory of legal liability, the tort of intentional infliction of emotional distress, and one intergroup approach, social identity theory, guided three empirical studies investigating verbally disturbing communication targeted at Asian Americans. The studies examined how the attribution of harm was influenced by variables such as group membership, message severity, message explicitness and the medium ofpresentation. One finding in particular, an interaction between group membership and message explicitness (direct vs. indirect), emerged across the three studies. Results revealed that as “objective” evaluators of deprecating speech, out-group members attributed the direct messages of racism to be more harmful than in-group members did, but, conversely, in-group members evaluated the indirect messages of racism to be more harmful than the out-group members did. Theoretical explanations for this finding and its resulting legal implications are discussed.
Control of Underwater Vehicles in Full Unsteady Flow

In this paper, a general formulation of the problem of control of underwater vehicles in full unsteady flow is presented. First, a reduced-order model of the coupled fluid vehicle (CFV) system is developed. The inability to observe fluid motion motivates a fluid compensation control (FCC) approach that compensates for the hydrodynamic loads synthesized from surface measurements. The FCC consists of a tracker, a regulator, and a fluid compensator. A condition is provided that guarantees vehicle stability. The tradeoff between regulation and fluid compensation is also examined. A numerical example of an elliptically shaped vehicle illustrates the results.
Reverse data management

Database research mainly focuses on forward-moving data flows: source data is subjected to transformations and evolves through queries, aggregations, and view definitions to form a new target instance, possibly with a different schema. This Forward Paradigm underpins most data management tasks today, such as querying, data integration, data mining, etc. We contrast this forward processing with Reverse Data Management (RDM), where the action needs to be performed on the input data, on behalf of desired outcomes in the output data. Some data management tasks already fall under this paradigm, for example updates through views, data generation, data cleaning and repair. RDM is, by necessity, conceptually more difficult to define, and computationally harder to achieve. Today, however, as increasingly more of the available data is derived from other data, there is an increased need to be able to modify the input in order to achieve a desired effect on the output, motivating a systematic study of RDM.We define the Reverse Data Management problem, and classify RDM problems into four categories. We illustrate known examples of RDM problems and classify them under these categories. Finally, we introduce a new type of RDM problem, How-To Queries.
Diversity of interaction in a quality assurance course

All software engineering courses face a daunting task: how to recreate within the classroom the environment of software engineering as it is practiced. There are three major difficulties to overcome: providing the cultural environment of professional software engineering, providing opportunities for learning by observation and imitation, and providing opportunities for constructive feedback from teammates. Each of these difficulties can be addressed, but some creativity may be required to solve them within the traditional classroom setting
Robust Assortment Optimization in Revenue Management Under the Multinomial Logit Choice Model

We study robust formulations of assortment optimization problems under the multinomial logit choice model. The novel aspect of our formulations is that the true parameters of the logit model are assumed to be unknown, and we represent the set of likely parameter values by a compact uncertainty set. The objective is to find an assortment that maximizes the worst-case expected revenue over all parameter values in the uncertainty set. We consider both static and dynamic settings. The static setting ignores inventory consideration, whereas in the dynamic setting, there is a limited initial inventory that must be allocated over time. We give a complete characterization of the optimal policy in both settings, show that it can be computed efficiently, and derive operational insights. We also propose a family of uncertainty sets that enables the decision maker to control the trade-off between increasing the average revenue and protecting against the worst-case scenario. Numerical experiments show that our robust approach, combined with our proposed family of uncertainty sets, is especially beneficial when there is significant uncertainty in the parameter values. When compared to other methods, our robust approach yields over 10% improvement in the worst-case performance, but it can also maintain comparable average revenue if average revenue is the performance measure of interest.
Glass Walls in State Bureaucracies: Examining the Difference Departmental Function Can Make

Occupational segregation in government employment is an important issue in public administration. Occupation determines pay and benefits, and when women have greater access to quality jobs—especially in the public sector—this promotes their economic, social, and political advancement. This research addresses two questions: (1) What changes have occurred to alter “glass walls” across departmental functions? (2) What impact does departmental function have on the salary of women? The findings reveal that although occupational segregation has decreased over the past two decades in Michigan’s bureaucracy, it is still prevalent. Gender-based occupational segregation is linked to departmental function. Redistributive departments have much lower levels of occupational segregation than other functional categories. Mean salary is also linked to departmental mission, with distributive departments having both the highest mean salary and the highest level of occupational segregation. Salary differentials across departmental functions are becoming smaller over time. Overall, women appear to be most successful, both financially and career-wise, in historically male-dominated fields.
Empirical Comparison of Heuristic Load Distribution in Point-to-Point Multicomputer Networks

The study compared several load placement algorithms using instrumented programs and synthetic program models. Salient characteristics of these program traces (total computation time, total number of messages sent, and average message time) span two orders of magnitude. Load distribution algorithms determine the initial placement for processes, a precursor to the more general problem of load redistribution. It is found that desirable workload distribution strategies will place new processes globally, rather than locally, to spread processes rapidly, but that local information should be used to refine global placement.
Pten haploinsufficient mice show broad brain overgrowth but selective impairments in autism-relevant behavioral tests

Accelerated head and brain growth (macrocephaly) during development is a replicated biological finding in a subset of individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). However, the relationship between brain overgrowth and the behavioral and cognitive symptoms of ASD is poorly understood. The PI3K-Akt-mTOR pathway regulates cellular growth; several genes encoding negative regulators of this pathway are ASD risk factors, including PTEN. Mutations in PTEN have been reported in individuals with ASD and macrocephaly. We report that brain overgrowth is widespread in Pten germline haploinsufficient (Pten(+/-)) mice, reflecting Pten mRNA expression in the developing brain. We then ask if broad brain overgrowth translates into general or specific effects on the development of behavior and cognition by testing Pten(+/-) mice using assays relevant to ASD and comorbidities. Deficits in social behavior were observed in both sexes. Males also showed abnormalities related to repetitive behavior and mood/anxiety. Females exhibited circadian activity and emotional learning phenotypes. Widespread brain overgrowth together with selective behavioral impairments in Pten(+/-) mice raises the possibility that most brain areas and constituent cell types adapt to an altered trajectory of growth with minimal impact on the behaviors tested in our battery; however, select areas/cell types relevant to social behavior are more vulnerable or less adaptable, thus resulting in social deficits. Probing dopaminergic neurons as a candidate vulnerable cell type, we found social behavioral impairments in mice with Pten conditionally inactivated in dopaminergic neurons that are consistent with the possibility that desynchronized growth in key cell types may contribute to ASD endophenotypes.
The use of perfluorochemical emulsion in the study of pulmonary microvascular permeability.

The perfluorochemical exchange transfused rat was used to examine whether the interaction of plasma proteins with the luminal surface of endothelial cells affects the permeability of pulmonary capillaries. Ultrastructural immunocytochemical techniques were used to localize albumin and IgG. The results indicated that the presence of plasma proteins localized solely within the glycocalyx was sufficient to render the underlying pulmonary capillary endothelium as impermeable to intravenously injected native ferritin (pI 4.7) as that of nonexchange transfused control rats. In further experiments it was observed that the removal of circulating plasma proteins by exchange transfusion resulted in the unmasking of anionic sites on the glycocalyx. This was determined by morphometry by counting the number of intravenously injected cationized ferritin particles (pI 8.5) bound to the luminal surface of the endothelium. There was no statistically significant difference in the amount of binding to the thick and thin sid...
Economists and Public Opinion: Expert Consensus and Economic Policy Judgments

Given an increasing presence in the public sphere, what role do economic experts play in shaping public opinion on economic issues? In this paper, we examine the responsiveness of American public opinion on five economic policy issues to real information regarding the distribution of opinion on these issues among economists. We also examine the extent and role of trust in economists within the public. On average, we find meaningful changes in public opinion in the direction of expert consensus when citizens are given explicit information about expert opinion. However, we also find heterogeneity in citizen responsiveness across issues, such that aggregate opinion change is smaller on symbolic policy issues relative to technical ones. Further, on symbolic (but not technical) issues we find that citizens use judgments of the trustworthiness of economic experts in a motivated fashion, as a means of reinforcing prior opinions.
Scheme@33

Scheme began as a sequential implementation of the Actor model, from which Scheme acquired its proper tail recursion and first class continuations; other consequences of its origins include lexical scoping, first class procedures, uniform evaluation, and a unified environment. As Scheme developed, it spun off important new technical ideas such as delimited continuations and hygienic macros while enabling research in compilers, semantics, partial evaluation, and other areas. Dozens of implementations support a wide variety of users and aspirations, exerting pressure on the processes used to specify Scheme.
Upper Limits to the Real Roots of Polynomial Equations

(1953). Upper Limits to the Real Roots of Polynomial Equations. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 60, No. 9, pp. 608-615.
Pulmonary Delivery of Isoproterenol Aerosol Generated With Silicon-Based MHz Ultrasonic Nozzles

Monodisperse micron-sized aerosol is ideal for pulmonary drug delivery. This paper reports delivery of monodisperse aerosol of medicinal droplets generated by MHz ultrasonic nozzles using an anatomically realistic upper airway model. The MHz ultrasonic nozzle is fabricated using MEMS technology, and comprised of a piezoelectric drive section and a silicon resonator of multiple Fourier horns (see Fig. 1) [1]. The dissolved medication is pumped into a central channel (200×200 μm2 ) inside the nozzle and exits at the nozzle tip that vibrates longitudinally at the nozzle resonant frequency. The novel design of multiple horns facilitates generation of a column of monodisperse droplets at electric drive power as low as 15mW [1]. Monodisperse ethanol droplets 2.4 μm and water droplets 4.5 μm in diameter have been produced, respectively, using 1.5 MHz and 1.0 MHz nozzles. We used an aqueous solution of 25mg/ml (2.5wt%) β2 -agonist (isoproterenol) for generation of monodisperse droplets using the 1.0 MHz ultrasonic nozzles. A yield of >54% (to the lower airways on total amount of inhaled isoproterenol basis), significantly higher than the reported highest lower airways deposition (32%) using metered-dose-inhalers (MDIs) [2], has been accomplished.© 2009 ASME
Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase but not tuberin is required for PDGF-induced cell migration.

The loss of function of the tumor suppressor gene TSC2 and its protein product tuberin promotes the development of benign lesions by stimulating cell growth, although the role of tuberin in regulat...
A method of HPLC to detemine content of monacolin K in red rice

Objective:To set up a method of HPLC to detemine the content of monacolin K in red rice.Methods:Samples after extraction were detected by HPLC.The sepration was carried out on a C18 column.Methanol-water-H3PO4(77+23+0.025) were used respectively as mobile phases in analyzing monacolin K.The flow rate was 1.0 ml/min.The decetive wavelength was set at 238 nm.Results:The RSD of this method was 4.68% and 3.78% for monacolin K.Detection limit of this method was 5.3 ng.The recovery range of this method was 93.8% to 98.8%.Conclusion:This method is simple,rapid and accurate and can be used to determine monacolin K in red rice.
The Case for Reviewing Debt/Equity Determinations for Abuse of Discretion

For at least thirty-eight years, the circuit courts of appeals have been split over the proper standard of review for a trial court's distinc tion of debt from equity.1 Whether a financial disbursement counts as debt or equity is material to the tax treatment it receives. Underlying this split are two central disagreements. One is academic?whether the debt/equity distinction is ultimately a legal or factual determina tion. The other is practical?whether deferential or independent re view will strike the right balance between decisionmaking accuracy and costs. Courts commonly consider three options for standard of review: clearly erroneous, abuse of discretion, and de novo. But on this issue, the circuits are split four ways, with different circuits advocating for the three principal standards as well as a hybrid utilizing both clearly erroneous and de novo review. The inquiry is complex and dynamic, and clear resolution is needed.2 Courts of appeals have been resolving debt/equity cases for over fifty years. But the dust has not yet settled?just last year the Third Circuit formally adopted its position, joining the majority of circuits in classifying the question as factual and the review as for