cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Phototaxis, Host Cues, and Host-Plant Finding in a Monophagous Weevil, Rhinoncomimus latipes

Rhinoncomimus latipes is a monophagous weevil used as a biological control agent for Persicaria perfoliata in the eastern United States. Density of adult R. latipes and resulting feeding damage has been shown to be higher in the sun than in the shade. This study aimed to determine whether phototaxis, sensitivity to enhanced host cues from healthier sun-grown plants, or a combination is driving this behavior by the weevil. A series of greenhouse choice tests between various combinations of plant and light conditions showed that R. latipes is positively phototactic, responsive to host cues, and preferentially attracted to sun-grown plants over shade-grown plants. From our experiments, we hypothesize two phases of dispersal and host finding in R. latipes. The initial stage is controlled primarily by phototaxis, whereas the later stage is controlled jointly by host cues and light conditions.
Electronic spectra of hexacyanomanganate(III) and hydroxopentacyanomanganate (III) ions in acidic media

Abstract The absorption spectra of non-hydrolyzed Mn(CN)63− species, in cyanide as well as acidic media, has been characterized. In addition to the charge-transfer bands at 43,500 and 21,800 cm−1, the band at 27,000 cm−1 has been assigned to the first spin-allowed transition of 3 T 1g → 3 E g . The shoulders at 29,000 and 34,500 cm−1 are assigned to the other spin-allowed transitions. The spin-forbidden transitions of 3T1g to 5 E g , 1 T 2g , 1 E g , and 1 A 1g are placed at 12,000, 12,500, 13,500, and 24,500 cm−1, respectively. The absorption spectrum of Mn(CN)5(OH)3−, in 10 per cent perchloric acid, has also been obtained. Its bands at 26,250 and 25,450 cm−1 are justified in terms of a splitting of the 3 T 1g → 3 E g transition, due to the reduction in the symmetry of the complex from Oh to C4v.
High performance InGaN/(In)GaN quantum dot (λ=630 nm) lasers

Red-emitting lasers with low threshold, good temperature stability and reliability are required for emerging applications including plastic fiber communication systems and heads-up displays in automobiles. Existing InGaAlP/GaAs quantum wells lasers are inadequate in meeting the performance requirements [1,2]. Further, emission beyond λ = 532 nm (green) has not been demonstrated with III-nitride-based quantum wells [3,4]. In contrast, we have recently reported InGaN/GaN self-organized quantum dot (QD) lasers which exhibit most of the desired characteristics[5–7]. These characteristics result from the small polarization field in the dots, formed by strain relaxation. This results in improved electron-hole (e-h) wavefunction overlap even in the In x Ga 1−x N QDs with large InN mole fraction (x ≥ 0.4), required for long-wavelength emission, allowing for high-power (>30mW), low threshold (J th ∼1.6kA/cm2), and highly temperature insensitive (T 0 >200 K) lasers. These lasers also allow a direct measurement of Auger recombination in the quantum dots via large signal modulation experiments.
Two-Photon Fluorescence Imaging of Single Fluorescent Proteins Inside Mammalian Cells

Exciting progress has been made recently in biophysical techniques that allow optical imaging of single molecules in live cells. However, imaging of single fluorescent proteins in live cells is usually limited to bacteria that are small in size or proteins that are on the cell surface, where excitation through total internal reflection can be used to reduce fluorescence background and achieve single-molecule sensitivity. Eukaryotic cells are typically larger in size with higher autofluorescence background. To achieve single-molecule sensitivity deep inside a eukaryotic cell is thus challenging. We have used two-photon fluorescence excited by infrared lasers to reduce autofluorescence background. We show that single green fluorescent proteins can be imaged deep inside a mammalian cell using two-photon fluorescence. Discrete stepwise photobleaching of enhanced green fluorescent proteins was observed. The single-molecule fluorescence intensity analysis and on-time distribution indicate that two-photon fluorescence is detectable at the single-molecule level deep inside a eukaryotic cell. Moreover, it is not necessary to use a pulsed laser for two-photon fluorescence excitation. A continuous-wave laser that is routinely used for optical tweezers can be used to excite two-photon fluorescence and achieve single-molecule sensitivity. These advantages could significantly benefit future application of this single-molecule technique in biological studies. We present applications of our technique, and demonstrate two-photon fluorescence imaging of eukaryotic cells at single-molecule level.
Aluminum bioavailability from basic sodium aluminum phosphate, an approved food additive emulsifying agent, incorporated in cheese

Oral aluminum (Al) bioavailability from drinking water has been previously estimated, but there is little information on Al bioavailability from foods. It was suggested that oral Al bioavailability from drinking water is much greater than from foods. The objective was to further test this hypothesis. Oral Al bioavailability was determined in the rat from basic [26Al]-sodium aluminum phosphate (basic SALP) in a process cheese. Consumption of approximately 1g cheese containing 1.5% or 3% basic SALP resulted in oral Al bioavailability (F) of approximately 0.1% and 0.3%, respectively, and time to maximum serum 26Al concentration (Tmax) of 8-9h. These Al bioavailability results were intermediate to previously reported results from drinking water (F approximately 0.3%) and acidic-SALP incorporated into a biscuit (F approximately 0.1%), using the same methods. Considering the similar oral bioavailability of Al from food vs. water, and their contribution to the typical human's daily Al intake ( approximately 95% and 1.5%, respectively), these results suggest food contributes much more Al to systemic circulation, and potential Al body burden, than does drinking water. These results do not support the hypothesis that drinking water provides a disproportionate contribution to total Al absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract.
Effect of hypertonicity on vascular dimensions in skeletal muscle

Abstract An investigation of the changes in vascular dimensions in skeletal muscle induced by an increase in the osmotic pressure of extravascular fluid is presented here. Rat spinotrapezius muscle was exposed for microscopic observation, and the diameters of microvessels making up the terminal vascular bed were measured before and after the topical application of Ringer solution made hypertonic by the addition of dextrose, and percentage changes calculated. The relaxing effect of hypertonic solutions on vascular smooth muscle is more apparent in arteriolar than venular vessels.
Regularly and Alternatively Credentialed Beginning Teachers: Comparison and Contrast of Their Development.

(1993). Regularly and Alternatively Credentialed Beginning Teachers: Comparison and Contrast of Their Development. Action in Teacher Education: Vol. 14, No. 4, pp. 16-23.
Self‐inductance of a long wire: infinite multiple loop approach

In this paper, we present an alternative approach for deriving the self‐induced emf of a three‐dimensional current distribution using a long wire of length las an example. Two infinite multiply‐con...
Development of a Multi-Body Model to Predict the Settling Point of a Seat-Occupant System

The location of the hip-joint (H-Point) of a seat occupant is an important design specification which directly affects the seat comfort. Most car seats are made of polyurethane foam so the location of the H-Point is dependent on the quasi-static behavior of foam. In this study a multi-body seat-occupant model is developed which incorporates a realistic polyurethane foam model. The seat-occupant model consists of two main components: the seat model and the occupant model. In this study the seat is represented by a series of discrete nonlinear viscoelastic elements. The nonlinear elastic behavior of these elements is expressed by a higher order polynomial while their viscoelastic behavior is described by a global hereditary type model with the parameters which are functions of the compression rate. The nonlinear elastic and viscoelastic model parameters were estimated previously using the data obtained from conducting a series of quasi-static compression tests on a car seat foam sample. The occupant behavior is described by a two-dimensional multi-body model with 5 degrees of freedom. A Lagrangian formulation is used to derive the governing equations for the seat occupant model. These differential equations are solved numerically to obtain the H-Point location. These results are then used to calculate the force distribution at the seat and the occupant interfaces. The effects of different system parameters on the system response and the interfacial pressure distribution are also studied.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Case report: CT of a duodenal paraganglioma

Paraganglioma is a neoplasm of neuroectodermal origin that occurs rarely in the bowel. This case report illustrates the previously undescribed CT appearance of a duodenal paraganglioma. An intensely enhancing mass in the region of the pancreatic head was found. The intense enhancement ruled out adenocarcinoma and focal pancreatitis. An islet cell tumor of the pancreas was the major differential diagnostic consideration.
The physiologic basis of warm cardioplegia

Background. Advances in myocardial protection have been instrumental in making cardiac surgery safer. Debate exists over the optimal medium and the optimal temperature for cardioplegia. Currently blood cardioplegia is preferred over crystalloid; the optimal temperature, however, remains controversial. Methods. Both warm and cold blood cardioplegia use potassium-induced electromechanical arrest, thereby reducing oxygen consumption by 90% in the working heart. Hypothermic blood cardioplegia given every 15 to 30 minutes provides a bloodless operative field and reduces oxygen consumption an additional 5% to 20%. Continuous warm cardioplegia avoids the deleterious effects of hypothermic ischemia and minimizes reperfusion injury. Perfusion is often interrupted for 5 to 10 minutes to allow adequate visualization of the operative site. Both warm and cold cardioplegia can be given either antegrade or retrograde. Results. Retrospective studies from Toronto support the safety and efficacy of warm cardioplegia. Two large prospective, randomized trials of warm cardioplegia versus intermittent cold blood or cold crystalloid cardioplegia demonstrated equally low incidences of death, perioperative myocardial infarction, and need of intraaortic balloon pump support. Conclusions. Warm blood cardioplegia represents the latest development in myocardial protection. Preliminary studies support its efficacy. Additional studies are needed to determine the ideal route of delivery and to identify any risks associated with the inherent warm cardiopulmonary bypass required.
Effects of acid oxidation on wetting and adhesion properties of ultra-high modulus and molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) fibers

The effects of acid oxidation on the surface properties of gel-spun ultra-high modulus and molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) fibers were investigated. Three acid-assisted reactions with CrO3 (I), K2Cr2O, (II), and one base-catalyzed reaction with K2Cr2O7 (III) were studied. In reaction II, two levels of sulfuric acid were used for IIa and IIb, with reaction IIa containing the higher concentration. Under the reaction conditions chosen, i.e. 1 min at 23°C, the effects of these oxidations were restricted to the fiber surfaces. All oxidation reactions either significantly reduced or eliminated the axially oriented macrofibril striations and changed the lamellae perpendicular to the fiber axis to irregular hairline surface structures. The oxidative attacks on the fiber surfaces appeared to have occurred in the fibrillar structure and likely at the disorder regions along the fibrils. The epoxy resin wettability and the interfacial adhesion to the epoxy resin were both improved with reactions I and IIa, whe...
An Empirical Evaluation of the Friedman Hypothesis of Inflation on Capital Asset Pricing

An empirical model incorporating the Friedman inflation uncertainty hypothesis is evaluated on capital asset pricing in conjunction with the covariance effect of the Fisher inflation hypothesis. The Fisher-Friedman capital asset pricing empirical model (FFCAPM) is compared to the capital asset pricing model (CAPM) and the Chen-Boness (C-B) model for explanatory power and significance over three periods. The FFCAPM performed better than the two competing models in explaining the variation in equity returns. The Friedman hypotheses of a positive economy-wide inflation adjustment and a negative inflation uncertainty impact are supported. A firm-specific inflation response of Fisher inflation covariance was also supported. These results indicate that empirical support for the Fisher effect may be limited given the normal testing procedure of simply adding an inflation term as in previous studies.
Theory and Calculation of Scattering with the Bethe-Salpeter Equation

The Bethe-Salpeter equation studied in this paper describes the interaction of two scalar particles via the exchange of a third scalar particle in the ladder approximation. The properties of the Green's function and the potential in coordinate space are shown to permit a Wick rotation to an imaginary time variable, without appeal to information not contained in the original equation. The resulting four-dimensional (Euclidean) wave equation has a solution which grows exponentially for large time-like distances but behaves as an ordinary Schr\"odinger scattering wave for large space-like distances. A modification of the Schwinger variational principle is used to obtain, with a modest use of computing machinery, scattering phase shifts for various angular momenta and for energies below the inelastic threshold. The success of these calculations indicates that the Bethe-Salpeter equation can be accepted as a powerful and practical tool for the study of strong-interaction dynamics.
Aerosol characteristics of Arctic haze sampled during AGASP-II

Abstract As part of the second Arctic Gas and Aerosol Sampling Program (AGASP-II), Arctic aerosol samples were collected by the NOAA WP-3D aircraft in spring 1986. The samples were analyzed in bulk and individual-particle form, using ion chromatography (IC) and electron microscopy (EM), respectively. Information on the chemical composition of the aerosol as determined by various techniques is presented, as well as morphology, concentration, and size distribution data obtained from individual particle analyses. For most flights, a stratospheric sample and a haze profile samople were collected. Haze samples exhibited greater particle concentrations than stratospheric samples, the highest concentrations in haze reaching ∼103 cm−3 (non-volatile particles > 0.05 μm diam). Sulfur was consistently observed to be a major element in both large and small particles in haze samples. Crustal elements such as Si, Al, K, Ca and Fe were often present in significant concentrations together with S. Particles that did not emit X-rays, possibly organic or sooty C, were observed in significant concentrations in both tropospheric and stratospheric samples. Chemical spot tests confirmed that SO42− was the major S-containing species and that NO3− was not nearly as prevalent as SO42− in the Arctic aerosol particles. The mass concentrations of major anions (Cl−, SO42− and NO3−) and cations (Na+, K+, NH4+, Ca2+ and Mg2+) in the bulk aerosols were determined using IC. The ratios between ion concentrations, e.g. Ca2+/Na+, SO42−/Na+ and Cl−/Na+, may serve as indicators of aerosol origins and mixing status of various air masses. Aerosols collected on six flights demonstrated variability of particle characteristics in relation to sources and transport of Arctic haze.
Multiple oxidation reactions and diffusion in the catalytic layer of monolith reactors

Abstract Oxidation reactions of mobile exhaust gas in a catalytic monolith are considered in this paper. The exhaust gas is described by four concentrations, namely those of the carbon monoxide, fast- and slow-oxidizing hydrocarbons and hydrogen. The problem of multiple reactions and diffusion in the catalytic layer of the monolith walls is studied first. The diffusional resistance of the catalytic layer is often significant in spite of its thinness and it seems important to allow for both the hydrogen and hydrocarbon oxidation reactions in analyzing the system for steady-state. The influence of hydrogen on the multiplicity of steady-state wall temperatures is also studied and it is found to be important, because hydrogen reacts rapidly at lower temperatures.
Collagen synthesis by cultures of stromal cells from normal human and keratoconus corneas

Abstract Keratoconus is a disease which thins and scars the central cornea. Confluent cultures of corneal stromal cells were derived from patients with keratoconus. The collagen synthesized by these cultures was compared to the collagen synthesized by age-matched normal human corneal stromal cultures. Although the amount of collagen and the types of collagen synthesized were similar, relative proportion of type I collagen and A, B chains produced was significantly altered in keratoconus cultures. The DEAE-cellulose chromatograms of procollagen in the medium fraction were different, not only between normal control and keratoconus cultures but also among keratoconus patients.
Real-time and single shot CMR increases throughput and improves reliability

Summary The purpose of this study is to compare exam time and quality of images obtained using standard segmented kspace acquisitions versus single-shot and real time techniques that require no breath-holds. Background The typical CMR exam utilizes segmented k-space acquisitions that require repeated breath-holds, regular cardiac rhythm, and total exam times on the order of forty-five minutes. Widespread utilization of CMR has been hampered by these prolonged exam times and limited reliability in patients with irregular rhythm and/or inability to breath-hold. Methods Cardiac MRI studies performed at our lab over a twenty-five day period were retrospectively reviewed and 16 consecutive studies identified that did not involve stress imaging or MR angiography; the majority included cine, late gadolinium enhancement (LGE), and velocity mapping. Indications for CMR were: cardiomyopathy 11, cardiac mass 2, valvular 1, viability 1, pericardial 1. Studies were separated into two groups: eight were performed using standard segmented k-space acquisitions and eight in which cardiac arrhythmia or inability to breath-hold led to the use of real-time and single-shot methods exclusively. All images were qualitatively assessed for image quality, ability to estimate function.
Contemporary “All-on-4” Concept

Restoration of the atrophic edentulous maxilla and mandible with implant retained prostheses has involved the use of axially placed implants in regions of the maxilla and mandible based on the adequate availability of bone, often using a staged surgical approaches. Anatomic limitations including pneumatized maxillary sinus, proximity of the inferior alveolar nerve and lack of available native bone have many clinicians performing traditional grafting procedure prior to implant placement. Utilization of the "All-on-4" concept has overcome these anatomic restrictions by allowing placement of 2 vertical and 2 angled implants in the premaxilla and anterior mandible. This technique has enabled immediate placement of full arch fixed restoration at the time of implant surgery if sufficient torque is achieved. It has biomechanical advantages including increasing in A-P spread, enhancing load distribution with cross arch stabilization, shorten cantilever, longer implants to be placed by titling them posteriorly, and maintenance of marginal bone height. High implant survival rates of in the maxilla (92.5-100%), in the mandible (93-100%) and restoration (99.2-100%) prove that the "All-on-4" concept is a viable treatment option for edentulous patients with atrophic alveolar ridges circumventing these traditional grafting procedures.
An Analog Method for Determining Losses in Isolated-Phase Bus Enclosures

Equations and curves are given which enable the designer to calculate the watt loss in isolated-phase bus enclosures, either of the noncontinuous or continuous type. The equations were derived from an analog method utilizing the electrolytic field analyzer. When using high-conductivity enclosures, such as aluminum or copper, the proximity effect between enclosures cannot be neglected in calculating enclosure losses.
Primary osteolysis syndromes: beware of difficult airway.

Summary Background Primary osteolysis syndromes represent a number of rare conditions characterized by destruction and resorption of bone that is unrelated to neoplasia, infection, or trauma. Aim To characterize the periprocedural course of patients with primary osteolysis syndrome undergoing procedures that require anesthesia care. Methods The medical records database from our institution was searched from 1976 to 2013 to identify patients with primary osteolysis syndromes who received anesthesia care. We reviewed demographic characteristics, comorbidities, and perioperative course of patients with different forms of primary osteolysis. A systematic review of the literature was performed to identify reports describing the anesthetic management of patients with these conditions. Results We identified 11 patients with a primary osteolysis syndrome who received 111 anesthetics. The patients' ages at the time of surgery ranged from 3 to 62 years. Difficult airway management was a common finding. On preoperative examination, difficulty with endotracheal intubation was predicted in 8 of 11 patients. Three patients had preexisting tracheostomies. One patient required multiple awake fiberoptic intubations. Another two patients where successfully intubated early in life via direct laryngoscopy, but eventually required awake fiberoptic intubations as the disease process caused progressive distortion of airway structures. Intraoperative complications were absent. In the postoperative period, three patients required prolonged mechanical ventilation due to airway swelling, respiratory failure, and infection. Conclusions Airway management may be challenging in patients with primary osteolysis syndromes. Because the osteolytic process advances with aging and craniofacial dysmorphism may progressively worsen, the airway should always be reassessed before surgery with an appropriate strategy for potentially difficult intubation. In all patients with primary osteolysis, a potential for pathologic fracture must be considered and careful intraoperative positioning is warranted.
Aortic baroreceptor function and depressed baroreflex sensitivity following myocardial infarction.

Abstract Depressed sinoaortic baroreflex control of heart rate following myocardial infarction (MI) is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. The etiology of this autonomic disturbance is unknown but could potentially occur at several levels of the reflex arc. The purpose of this study was to assess whether depressed baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) post-MI is associated with aortic baroreceptor dysfunction. BRS was measured before and 4–8 weeks after anterior MI in 17 chronically-instrumented, trained, conscious dogs. BRS (ms/mm Hg) was defined as the slope of the relationship between changes in systolic blood pressure (SBP) and heart period in response to a bolus dose of phenylephrine (PE). After the effects of MI on BRS were determined, the animals were anesthetized and the aortic depressor nerves (ADN) were isolated from the cervical vagi. Aortic baroreceptor function was measured by direct recording of ADN activity during gradual elevation of SBP induced by PE infusion. BRS was depressed following MI in 7 of these dogs and preserved in the remaining 10. Aortic baroreceptor sensitivity (ABS) defined as the slope of the relationship between changes in ADN activity and SBP was not significantly different between the dogs with depressed BRS compared to the dogs with preserved BRS post-MI. In conclusion, the response of the aortic baroreceptors to an increase in SBP is similar in dogs with and without depressed BRS post-MI. Based on these data, we conclude that depressed reflex control of heart rate following MI is not related to dysfunction of the afferent limb of the sinoaortic baroreflex.
MANAGING THE COLLECTING EFFORT

With improved analytic methods, electronic tools are becoming practical to help library managers assess investments and improve their collecting programs within a given budget. Collection managers can use them to set goals, estimate costs, and review progress. One such tool is under development at OCLC. The Office of Research at OCLC, under the direction of Martin Dillon, has developed a prototype that draws on OCLC's bibliographic and holdings database and uses a compact disk. My description of this experimental analysis tool is pro tem as OCLC's design is still evolving. It deals with patterns in library collections and should prove useful to libraries employing the Conspectus or participating in the National Collections Inventory Program. Indeed, the OCLC prototype will involve significantly less effort and yield significantly more subtle reports than former methods.
Quantum Chemical and Master Equation Simulations of the Oxidation and Isomerization of Vinoxy Radicals

The vinoxy radical, a common intermediate in gas-phase alkene ozonolysis, reacts with O2 to form a chemically activated α-oxoperoxy species. We report CBS-QB3 energetics for O2 addition to the parent (•CH2CHO, 1a), 1-methylvinoxy (•CH2COCH3, 1b), and 2-methylvinoxy (CH3•CHCHO, 1c) radicals. CBS-QB3 predictions for peroxy radical formation agree with experimental data, while the G2 method systematically overestimates peroxy radical stability. RRKM/master equation simulations based on CBS-QB3 data are used to estimate the competition between prompt isomerization and thermalization for the peroxy radicals derived from 1a, 1b, and 1c. The lowest energy isomerization pathway for radicals 4a and 4c (derived from 1a and 1c, respectively) is a 1,4-shift of the acyl hydrogen requiring 19−20 kcal/mol. The resulting hydroperoxyacyl radical decomposes quantitatively to form •OH. The lowest energy isomerization pathway for radical 4b (derived from 1b) is a 1,5-shift of a methyl hydrogen requiring 26 kcal/mol. About 25...
A new, evidence-based estimate of patient harms associated with hospital care.

ObjectivesBased on 1984 data developed from reviews of medical records of patients treated in New York hospitals, the Institute of Medicine estimated that up to 98,000 Americans die each year from medical errors. The basis of this estimate is nearly 3 decades old; herein, an updated estimate is deve
Leaching of applied phosphorus in container media

Abstract Pre-plant P as superphosphate (8.7% P) at the rate of 1.5 kg m −3 was added to two root media in 16.5-cm azalea-type pots. Saturated media were periodically leached to 15% excess. Media type had a definite influence on P leached. Over one third of the total applied P was leached from a peat moss:vermiculite (PV) (1:1, v:v) mix after 9 weeks compared to less than 5% leached from a sand:soil:peat moss (SSP) (1:1:1, v:v:v) mix in a simulated plant watering scheme. Approximately the same amount of P was leached at any given watering in the PV (4.2%), whereas 2.6% of that applied was lost after an initial watering at 1 h and only 0.04% after an initial watering at 9 weeks in the SSP mix. This difference was related to differences in P fixation by the various root media components. P adsorption isotherms were conducted on 7 root media components or mixtures of components, including the 2 above-mentioned mixes, to determine the quantity of P adsorbed to give 0.2 ppm in the soil solution. The resulting plot of P adsorbed versus P in solution confirmed that the greater leaching loss of P in the soil-less mix was due to a lower P adsorption capacity. Maximum P adsorption capacity in the soilless media was reached with the addition of 262 g P m −3 . The adsorption capacities of soil, sand and SSP were not reached at the highest rate of P addition (524 g P m −3 . The higher P buffering capacity of these materials necessitates greater P addition to achieve 0.2 ppm soluble P, considered optimum for most plants, but ensures that the level of soluble P will be maintained for a longer period.
The unintended consequences of kingpin strategies: kidnap rates and the Arellano-Félix Organization

Kingpin strategies— the targeting of the top-levels of terrorist or drug trafficking organization hierarchies— has become a centerpiece of US and Mexican efforts to combat drug trafficking. This study addresses the unintended consequences of these strategies by assessing the impact of the arrest or deaths of Arellano Felix Organization leaders on kidnap and homicide levels from the late 1990’s to 2011. Based on the study, the arrest of important AFO “lieutenants” increased kidnap rates. Arrests or the deaths of organization “kingpins” did not result in increased homicides or kidnappings, if respected successors were ready to fill leadership vacuums. When leadership succession was in question, the arrest of “kingpins” did result in internecine conflict and thus increased homicide and kidnapping rates. Following internecine conflict, kidnap and homicide rates dropped, but not to pre-conflict levels. This is likely attributable to the use of kidnapping and homicide as a dispute resolution mechanism in the growing Tijuana consumer drug market.
Simultaneous optical–gamma ray monitoring of Blazars: a view from below

Abstract Optical observations of Blazars have been ongoing since the discovery of this class of Active Galactic Nuclei. Understanding the relationship between the optical variability and variations at other wavelengths provides important tests of theories of the emission mechanism at work in these objects. Such studies require well sampled light curves, which are a challenge to obtain at optical wavelengths. I will describe the progress we have made as a community in obtaining well sampled optical light curves and mention prospects for the future.
Neonatal tissue damage facilitates nociceptive synaptic input to the developing superficial dorsal horn via NGF-dependent mechanisms

Tissue injury during a critical period of early life can facilitate spontaneous glutamatergic transmission within developing pain circuits in the superficial dorsal horn (SDH) of the spinal cord. However, the extent to which neonatal tissue damage strengthens nociceptive synaptic input to specific subpopulations of SDH neurons, as well as the mechanisms underlying this distinct form of synaptic plasticity, remains unclear. Here we use in vitro whole-cell patch clamp recordings from rodent spinal cord slices to demonstrate that neonatal surgical injury selectively potentiates high-threshold primary afferent input to immature lamina II neurons. In addition, the increase in the frequency of miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents after hindpaw incision was prevented by neonatal capsaicin treatment, suggesting that early tissue injury enhances glutamate release from nociceptive synapses. This occurs in a widespread manner within the developing SDH, as incision elevated miniature excitatory postsynaptic current frequency in both GABAergic and presumed glutamatergic lamina II neurons of Gad-GFP transgenic mice. The administration of exogenous nerve growth factor into the rat hindpaw mimicked the effects of early tissue damage on excitatory synaptic function, while blocking trkA receptors in vivo abolished the changes in both spontaneous and primary afferent-evoked glutamatergic transmission following incision. These findings illustrate that neonatal tissue damage can alter the gain of developing pain pathways by activating nerve growth factor-dependent signaling cascades, which modify synaptic efficacy at the first site of nociceptive processing within the central nervous system.
Ligand-solvent interactions in a highly reduced metal chelate complex: medium dependence of the one-electron reduction of the bis(maleonitriledithiolato)gold dianion.

The one-electron reduction of [Au(mnt)2]2− (mnt = [S2C2(CN)2]2−, maleonitriledithiolate), 12−, stands out in the rich redox chemistry of metal-mnt complexes as a chemically reversible but electrochemically irreversible process. Although the E1/2 value of the primary redox reaction 12−/13− is only slightly medium dependent (ca. −1.36 V to −1.53 V vs FcH in several nonaqueous solvents and supporting electrolytes), its chemical reversibility is dramatically solvent dependent. A quasi-Nernstian process was observed only in tetrahydrofuran (THF) at low supporting electrolyte concentrations. Fast reversible follow-up reactions, ascribed to formation of solvento-complexes [Au(mnt)2·Solv]3−, were observed through cyclic voltammetry (CV) studies in dichloromethane and acetonitrile. The specifically solvated trianion reverts to “unsolvated” 12− when reoxidized, accounting for the overall chemical reversibility of the process. Owing to the fact that the ligands in 13− are highly negatively charged, the strong specif...
Guiding Principles for Physician Reentry Programs.

Physician reentry is defined by the American Medical Association (AMA) as: “A return to clinical practice in the discipline in which one has been trained or certified following an extended period of clinical inactivity not resulting from discipline or impairment.” Physician reentry programs are crea
Impact of graphene incorporation on the orientational order of graphene/liquid crystal composites

Abstract 2 H NMR spectroscopy was used to characterize changes in the liquid crystal (LC) phase behavior and orientational order resulting from the dispersion of graphene nanoplatelets within the nematic 4-cyano-4′- n -pentyl-biphenyl (5CB) liquid crystal. The graphene/5CB composites revealed a decreased isotropic to nematic phase transition temperature ( T IN ) and a reduction in LC orientational order, with increasing graphene volume fraction. In contrast, the graphene/benzene/5CB composites revealed both an increased T IN and an increase in the LC orientational order with graphene addition. These changes result from anisotropic surface interactions between the graphene nanoplatelets and LC, and are discussed in terms of the mean-field theory for nanoparticle doped LCs.
Strategies for SALT

On November 17, 1969, after a three-year delay, the United States and the Soviet Union initiated Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT). Involving strategic systems and policies vital to the security of both superpowers, their allies, and the world, these talks have the potential of becoming the most important series of United States-Soviet negotiations since World War II. They can affect not only the military-technical aspects of the strategic balance but United States-Soviet political relations and the future role of nuclear weapons. Given the complexity and sensitivity of the subject, it is not surprising that negotiations are still continuing. Even if an early, limited agreement is reached, SALT meetings can be expected to span a period of many years.
Z methodology for phase diagram studies: platinum and tantalum as examples

The Z methodology is a novel technique for phase diagram studies. It combines the direct Z method for the computation of melting curves and the inverse Z method for the calculation of solid-solid phase boundaries. In the direct Z method, the solid phases along the melting curve are determined by comparing the solid-liquid equilibrium boundaries of candidate crystal structures. The inverse Z method involves quenching the liquid into the most stable solid phase at various temperatures and pressures to locate a solid-solid boundary. The direct and inverse Z methods in conjunction with the VASP ab initio molecular dynamics package are used to investigate the phase diagrams of tantalum and platinum. We compare our results to the most recent experimental data.
Direct evidence for enzyme persulfide and disulfide intermediates during 4-thiouridine biosynthesis

Two proposed mechanisms for 4-thiouridine generation share key cysteine persulfide and disulfide intermediates, and indirect evidence of their existence has been previously reported; chemical trapping and mass spectrometry have now provided direct and definitive evidence of these key intermediates.
Colorimetric Estimation of Citric Acid

A NUMBER of analyses have been developed1, 2, 3 whereby citric acid can be estimated with varying degrees of sensitivity. Some1 are usable for only small quantities of citric acid in solution, while others2, 3 possess a considerably wider range but are complicated either by reagents or by the sensitivity of the determination at the higher levels. For the most part these methods are difficult to handle and vary in their sensitivity from day to day. The method of Cartier and Pin, for example, can be used to determine reasonably wide ranges (100–1200 µgm.) of citric acid; but the reagent used for the development of the colour reaction is light-sensitive and may interfere with the estimation. The methods of Natalson et al. and Buffa and Peters, on the other hand, are complicated by the fact that the reagent used to decolorize the permanganate (hydrogen peroxide) interferes with the colour reaction, and considerable care must be taken to remove all traces of it.
The preparation of coliphage MS 2 containing 5-fluorouracil.

Abstract The uracil analog 5-fluorouracil (FU) is incorporated into RNA in place of uracil ( Horowitz and Chargaff, 1959 ) and appears to induce basepairing errors ( Naono and Gros, 1960 ; Champe and Benzer, 1962 ). In the course of our studies on the effect of FU on protein synthesis we have prepared coliphage MS 2 containing FU (FU phage). In this report we present methods of preparing and isolating FU phage and some interesting properties of these viruses.
Effectiveness factors for bioparticles with Monod kinetics

Abstract Bioparticles include flocs, pellets, granules, biofilms on solid particles, biomass in porous particles, and gel-immobilized cells. For these particles a distinction is made between the limiting nutrient, the one which is exhausted first inside a large particle, and the rate-controlling component, the nutrient or inhibitory product that most influences the metabolic rate in the particle. A variable transformation for inhibitory products and a new definition of the Thiele modulus lead to a single graph for effectiveness factor valid whenever the rate-controlling component follows Monod or linear inhibition kinetics.
Improving Attitude-Behavior Prediction Models with Economic Variables: Farmer Actions toward Soil Conservation

Abstract Although economists have long argued that the primary motivator of farmer soil conservation behavior is money, income alone was not found statistically significant in this study. Using a Fishbein model of the attitude-behavior relationship modified with an income variable, income was both significant and had a moderating effect on the influence of conservation attitudes. Stronger conservation attitudes and higher income increased the probability of more soil conservation behavior by Florida Panhandle farmers in 1983 and 1984. Farmers with higher incomes, however, tended to have weaker attitudes toward conservation action. The “comfortable life” value, which leads to more income, was apparently being traded off against the “world of beauty” and “being responsible” values, which were associated with conservation action.
Quality in Surgery: Current Issues for the Future

The quality of care movement has intensified since the publication of the Institute of Medicine report, To Err is Human. [1]. Since 2000, considerable work has been done to measure, evaluate, and improve the quality and safety of care in surgery. This article describes both the conceptual and operational surgical quality improvement over the past decade. In it, we address how some investigations have attempted to measure and improve care, and we also look at some of the gains as well as the real and potential limitations of these efforts. We conclude by discussing important issues for surgeons regarding measurement of the quality of care for the future.
Microvascular endothelium isolation with microcarriers: Arterial, venous

In this paper we describe a method whereby the lungs of a small laboratory animal or a lobe of lung of large animal are perfused blood-free. A cold solution (4°C) containing EDTA and microcarriers (40 to 80 µm diameter) is pumped into the lungs. The loosened endothelial cells are collected by the tight fit of the microcarriers in vessels of the microcirculation. Cells can be obtained from precapillary or postcapillary vessels. The resultant harvest of endothelial cells on beads is plated into flasks. The endothelial cells migrate from the microcarriers and establish monolayers on the flasks.
Sequence of Pumiceous Tephra Layers and the Late Quaternary Environmental Record Near Mount St. Helens

Tephra in lake beds within 40 kilometers of Mount St. Helens was deposited an average of once every 2,700 years over the past 35,000 years, for a total of 13 layers. Times of deposition span the period of the Fraser Glaciation and intervals before and after it, and include the series of climates prevailing when vegetation west of the Cascade Range shifted between a park-tundra type and the modern western hemlock forest.
Enhanced sensitivity of P. falciparum to sulphalene as a consequence of resistance to pyrimethamine.

Abstract Experiments were conducted with P. falciparum in volunteers concerning the increased sensitivity of the malaria to a sulphonamide (sulphalene) induced by the parasite's resistance to pyrimethamine (a dihydrofolate inductase inhibitor). The “normal” P. falciparum strain was relatively resistant to treatment with sulphalene; only 5 of 11 patients were cured by 2·5 grammes. After resistance to pyrimethamine was induced, the strain was much more sensitive to sulphalene: 9 of 11 patients were cured by 1 gramme. Evidence is presented for the postulate that the sulphonamide sensitivity of a strain depends on whether it does or does not synthesize its own folic acid. It is further postulated that P. falciparum is capable of either using exogenous folic acid or of synthesizing it. The parasites probably do not do both at the same time.
Chronic prenatal methadone exposure alters central opioid μ-receptor affinity in both fetal and maternal brain

Abstract The effects of chronic prenatal methadone exposure (6.3–9.0 mg/kg/day) via osmotic minipumps to pregnant dams on fetal and maternal brain opioid μ-receptors were assessed on gestation day 20 and day 7 postnatally. By using the 3 H-DAMGO binding assay, it was shown that chronic methadone treatment (gestation days 7–20) did not affect μ-receptor capacity in both fetal and maternal brains during gestation day 20, nor when tested 7 days after delivery. However, this chronic exposure decreased μ-receptor affinity in both fetal and maternal brain homogenates when determined on day 20 of pregnancy. Scatchard analysis of binding data in both tissues indicated that the methadone-induced increase in K D returned to control values when tested 7 days after delivery. The change in μ-receptor affinity was not due to competition between 3 H-DAMGO and residual methadone. Extensive washing of the brain homogenates failed to alter the affinity of the receptor but decreased the concentration of the residual methadone. This decrease in receptor affinity was also observed in extensively washed brain tissue from female adult rats treated acutely with methadone (9.0 mg/kg, IP) or when brain homogenates were exposed to methadone (50 ng/ml) in vitro. Thus, these data suggest that methadone alters μ-receptor affinity by some unknown mechanism.
Effect of Airway Hypocapnia on Mechanics of Breathing during Cardiopulmonary Bypass

Total cardiopulmonary bypass separates the lungs from the pulmonary arterial circulation. Continued ventilation with non CO2-containing mixtures during bypass will result in airway hypocapnia. Airway hypocapnia results in decreased compliance, increased work of breathing, and increased resistance to air flow. Reversal of airway hypocapnia increased compliance one-third, decreased work of breathing 20%, and decreased air flow resistance approximately 40% when compared to the values obtained during the period of low airway CO2. These changes in airway mechanics must be considered for pulmonary management during cardiac bypass.
Nucleic acid synthesis in the thyroid

Abstract Significant RNA synthesis can be demonstrated in surviving pig-, sheep-, and calf-thyroid slices in vitro using [14C]formate as a precursor. DNA formation is much less active. In the calf thyroid purine synthesis is very rapid in vitro, and 44% of the 14C label is incorporated into the C-8 position of RNA adenine indicating that there is significant purine formation by way of the full de novo pathway. 5-Amino-4-imidazole carboxamide caused marked stimulation of purine formation and 5-amino-4-imidazole carboxamide ribonucleoside is even more effective. Glucose alone causes a small increment in purine synthesis, but in the presence of 5-amino-4-imidazole carboxamide, glucose causes a similar increase to that produced by 5-amino-4-imidazole carboxamide ribonucleoside.
Stabilizing feedbacks in glacier-bed erosion

Glaciers often erode, transport and deposit sediment much more rapidly than nonglacial environments1, with implications for the evolution of glaciated mountain belts and their associated sedimentary basins. But modelling such glacial processes is difficult, partly because stabilizing feedbacks similar to those operating in rivers2,3 have not been identified for glacial landscapes. Here we combine new and existing data of glacier morphology and the processes governing glacier evolution from diverse settings to reveal such stabilizing feedbacks. We find that the long profiles of beds of highly erosive glaciers tend towards steady-state angles opposed to and slightly more than 50 per cent steeper than the overlying ice–air surface slopes, and that additional subglacial deepening must be enabled by non-glacial processes. Climatic or glaciological perturbations of the ice–air surface slope can have large transient effects on glaciofluvial sediment flux and apparent glacial erosion rate.
Cesarean Birth Safety Care Improvement: Preventing Adverse Outcomes

Proposed Change Beginning in 2007, changes were implemented in a large tertiary center to improve safety of cesarean births by implementing knee-high sequential compression devices and changing the timing of preoperative antibiotics for women having cesarean births. Subsequent to this, preoperative skin preparation with chlorhexidine gluconate was implemented for all cesarean births as well as an algorithm for the use of silver wound dressings for at risk populations (e.g., women who are morbidly obese, diabetic, and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus-positive).