cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Design of the robust PID course - keeping control system for ships

The paper presents the design of PID ship course-keeping autopilot of high steering performance and which is robust against ship dynamic motion variations. The basis for the design was a simple linear model of ship dynamic motion, but model's variations due to velocity were also considered. The PID controller coefficients were selected by using the performance indices: the settling time and ITAE integral performance index. The designed PID controller was tested by means of computer simulations. For that aim a nonlinear, directionally unstable ship model was used.
Gauge independence of the eikonal equation in Yang-Mills gravity

When one takes the geometric-optics limit of Maxwell’s wave equations in Yang-Mills gravity, one arrives at a new eikonal equation. Although we cannot perform the usual electromagnetic gauge transformation to the eikonal equation, we have the same equation for a wide class of gauge conditions, including the non-covariant temporal and axial gauges. We also show the presence of a small correction term if the large frequency limit is not taken. This small term suggests a frequency dependence in the deflection of light experiment. Moreover, there is a small violation of the electromagnetic U 1 gauge symmetry by gravity. This violation is crucial for the emergence of an effective Riemannian metric tensor associated with the new eikonal equation in Yang-Mills gravity. The results are consistent with known experiments and more accurate experiments in the future are required to test them.
Disk drive pivot nonlinearity modeling. II. Time domain

For pt. I see ibid. p.2600-3. This paper describes studies done at HP Labs on the actuator pivot bearing nonlinearity of a small disk drive. It presents several models and discusses a time-domain approach, comparing simulated and lab measured torque versus displacement hysteresis curves. Using the measured and simulated time and frequency responses as a guide, the designer can iteratively improve the model of the system and verify the correctness of the measurements.
Women refused second-trimester abortion: Correlates of pregnancy outcome

Abstract Little is known of the outcome of pregnancy in women denied abortions in the United States. To address this question, we studied the pregnancy outcomes in 316 low-income women who were denied second-trimester abortion at a large, metropolitan teaching hospital in the Southeast between August 1978, and July 1979. Follow-up information was available on 82%. One in five women denied an abortion managed to obtain one elsewhere. Earlier gestational age at the initial abortion request, higher education level, and higher income were the best predictors of whether a woman subsequently obtained an abortion. For the women who continued their pregnancies, neither the rate of serious maternal complications nor the neonatal death rate was increased when compared with that of the rest of the hospital's population.
A Theory of Madness

Is there a difference between a person who is sane and that person when he is, in some way, mad? By extension, do the states of affairs we speak of as psychoses, neuroses, personality disorders, and adjustment reactions display any common features? We need adequate and coherent answers to these foundational questions if the persons about whom these judgments are made are to be properly perceived and if psychiatry as a historically emergent institution is to be rendered moderately intelligible.
Computational modeling of geophysical systems

In this work, a geophysical heat conduction system is introduced and analyzed as a constrained numerical optimization problem. Based on this formulation, an efficient computational algorithm is developed which can be used to obtain numerical solutions. This algorithm is tested for several benchmark problems both in single as well as multi dimensions. Our numerical results establish that the computational algorithm developed is both robust and reliable, suggesting that they can be used in conjunction with practical data.
Comparative analysis of light chain expression in germinal center cells and mantle cells of reactive lymphoid tissues. A four-color flow cytometric study

We studied skewing of light chain ratios (LCRs) in germinal center cells (GCCs) relative to mantle cells (MCs) by flow cytometry (FC) in 98 reactive lymphoid tissues. LCRs were assessed using a 4-color lambda/kappa/CD20/CD38 tube. GCCs and MCs were discriminated by CD20 and CD38 density. Of 98 cases, 65 contained distinct GCCs and MCs. Light chain expression usually was dimmer on GCCs than on MCs; in 22 cases, the kappa and lambda clusters converged and accurate LCRs could not be determined. Of the remaining 43 cases, the mean GCC LCR was 1.78 (range, 1.10-3.07) vs 1.56 (range, 1.00-2.24) in the MCs (P = .001). The overall kappa/lambda ratio in cases containing GCCs and MCs was 1.65 (range, 1.18-2.69) compared with 1.46 (range, 1.00-1.98) in cases containing MCs only. Of 43 cases, 19 (44%) showed differences of 20% or more between the LCRs of GCCs and MCs. LCRs of GCCs and MCs may differ substantially in reactive lymphoid tissues. These subsets may form distinct clusters and skews in their LCRs and should not be misinterpreted as evidence of occult lymphoma.
Overcoming obstacles to the implementation of Yalom's model of inpatient group psychotherapy.

Obstacles are described that constrain or block the full implementation of Yalom's model of inpatient group psychotherapy. These obstacles include situational constraints that are imposed by the te...
Earthquakes and circle packings

We prove that earthquakes on hyperbolic surfaces can be approximated by discrete earthquakes constructed using circle packings. Consequently, we obtain a combinatorial version of Thurston’s Earthquake Theorem. Any surface can be approximated by combinatorial earthquakes of a packable surface. This provides a controlled combinatorial method for deforming hyperbolic surfaces.
Planar imaging of rayleigh and fluorescence light from H 2 -air combustion inside a bomb using tunable 193 nm light

Rayleigh scattering and planar laser induced predissociative fluorescence are used to obtain 2-D images of total and specific densities inside a combustion bomb. The experimental arrangement is the same for both methods except for the selection of laser wavelength and the filtering of the radiated light. The former method yields a distribution of total densities while the latter provides densities of hot O2, i.e., those with v″=2, J″=17 and 33. Hydrogen-air mixtures of various compositions are used. Because the thermodynamics are well known, a bomb may serve as a reference device for diagnostics for high temperature species, and the results are in accord with calculations. Additional Rayleigh experiments are described which yield a) scattering cross sections at 193 nm, b) a 2-D temperature distribution in a hot air stream, and c) a 2-D temperature distribution, of limited precision, inside the bomb.
Disproportional increases in photosynthesis and plant biomass in a Californian grassland exposed to elevated CO2: a simulation analysis

1. Elevated CO2 concentrations often lead to increased photosynthetic carbon uptake in plants, but this does not necessarily result in a proportional increase in plant biomass. We examined this paradox for grasslands in northern California that have been exposed to elevated CO2 since 1992. We evaluated the effects of physiological adjustments on plant growth and carbon balance of the dominant species, Avena barbata, using a plant growth model. 2. Without physiological adjustments, an observed 70% increase in leaf photosynthesis in elevated CO2 was predicted to increase plant biomass by 97% whereas experimental measurements suggested 5 and 13% decreases in 1992 and 1993, respectively, and a 40% increase in 1994. 3. Simulations with an increase in carbon allocation to roots by 29%, or leaf death rate by 80%, or non-structural carbohydrate storage by 60%, or leaf mass per unit area by 25% each predicted an approximately 40% increase in plant biomass in 1994 under elevated CO2. It follows that greater suppression of the biomass responses to elevated CO2 in 1992 and 1993 resulted from variable combinations of these physiological adjustments. 4. This modelling study concludes that (a) an increase in carbon loss or (b) a decrease in carbon-use efficiency or (c) an increase in carbon allocation to root growth will result in an increase in biomass growth that is less than that in leaf photosynthesis under elevated CO2. Alternatively, if carbon loss is reduced (e.g. depressed respiration) and/or carbon allocation to leaf growth is increased, biomass growth may be stimulated more than leaf photosynthesis by atmospheric CO2 concentration. Moreover, this modelling exercise suggests that physiological adjustments may have substantial effects on ecosystem carbon processes by varying ecosystem carbon influx, litterfall and litter quality.
p = 2 Continuous finite elements on tetrahedra with local mass matrix inversion

Abstract When using continuous finite element methods for unsteady simulations, one must invert a global mass matrix even for an explicit time advancement scheme. In this paper we develop a local mass matrix inversion procedure for p = 2, C 0 tetrahedral elements and also show that, unlike on triangles [B.T. Helenbrook, SIAM J. Numer. Anal., 47 (2009) 1304–1318], this procedure does not generalize to higher order. For the p = 2 basis, it is demonstrated that the accuracy of the local inversion is better than any previous mass lumping scheme. This allows the development of fast and low memory iterative algorithms as well as accurate explicit computations to be performed. The efficiency of using the approach as an iterative relaxation scheme for solving the Helmholtz equation is shown by comparing to more standard approaches such as p -multigrid with Jacobi relaxation. Lastly, the local mass matrix inversion is used to march the unsteady heat equation explicitly with third order spatial accuracy.
Disposition of homovanillic acid in the primate

Prior studies have shown that homovanillic acid is the principal metabolite of dopamine in the primate central nervous system (CNS). In studies of primates given deuterated homovanillic acid systemically, however, only 50% of the administered amounts have been recovered in the urine over the next 4–48 hr. These findings have left it unclear whether there is a slowly turning-over compartment of homovanillic acid, conversion of homovanillic acid to another compound, or excretion of homovanillic acid from the body by a nonrenal route. We synthesized [3H]homovanillic acid and administered it intravenously to four rhesus monkeys. Over the subsequent 4 hr, 94.9 ± 8.9% (SD) of the administered radioactivity was recovered in the urine, almost entirely as homovanillic acid. These results are consistent with the interpretation that, in primates, there is not a major body pool of homovanillic acid with slow turnover, nor is metabolism to other compounds significant, nor is there evidence for nonrenal excretion.
Ligand-induced conformations of rat brain hexokinase: studies with hexoses, hexose 6-phosphates, and nucleoside triphosphates leading to development of a new model for the enzyme.

Abstract Various ligands of rat brain hexokinase (ATP: d -hexose 6-phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.1.1) have been found to protect the enzyme against either (or both) chymotryptic digestion or inactivation by glutaraldehyde. Using this protective effect, the K d for various enzyme-ligand complexes has been estimated: hexokinase-Glc, K d = 0.24 ± 0.03mM (chymotryptic digestion), K d = 0.26 ± 0.07mM (glutaraldehyde inactivation); hexokinase-Glc-6- P , K d = 0.041 ± 0.005m M (glutaraldehyde inactivation); hexokinase-ATP, K d = 1.01 ± 0.28mM (chymotryptic digestion); hexokinase-ATP-Mg 2+ , K d = 0.07-0.08mM (chymotryptic digestion). Other nucleoside triphosphates (UTP, ITP, GTP, and CTP) were much less effective than ATP at protecting against chymotrypsin. Various hexoses were tested for their ability to protect against glutaraldehyde. Only ‛good” substrates (mannose, 2-deoxyglucose) protected; nonsubstrates (galactose, arabinose) and N -acetylglucosamine, a competitive inhibitor of Glc binding, were not effective. Various hexose 6-phosphates were tested for their ability to protect against glutaraldehyde inactivation. Glc-6- P was much more effective than were mannose-6- P , galactose-6- P , or fructose-6- P . It was observed that ‛good” substrates (Glc, mannose) increased the effectiveness of Glc-6- P at solubilizing the mitochondrial form of the enzyme; galactose and N -acetylglucosamine had no effect on solubilization by Glc-6- P . These results are taken as an indication of enhanced Glc-6- P binding in the presence of Glc, as previously reported by Ellison et al. ( J. Biol. Chem. , 250 , 1864–1871, 1975) . Along with previous studies on ligand-induced conformations and kinetics of this enzyme, these results form the basis for a new model for brain hexokinase. This model specifically takes into account the ligand-induced conformations at various points in the catalytic cycle and specifically accounts for the ability of various hexoses to serve as substrates and hexose 6-phosphates to serve as inhibitors in terms of their ability to induce specific conformations of the enzyme. The properties of the various conformations involved in the model are designated by a four-letter code which facilitates comparison and discussion.
Detection of alpha-methylacyl-coenzyme A racemase in postradiation prostatic adenocarcinoma

Abstract Objectives To assess the utility of alpha-methylacyl-coenzyme A racemase (AMACR), also known as P504S, immunohistochemistry in the detection of postradiation prostatic adenocarcinoma in surgical specimens. Pathologic diagnosis of postradiation prostate cancer is difficult because of the radiation-induced cytologic changes in benign and malignant epithelial cells. AMACR/P504S is a recently identified molecular marker for prostatic adenocarcinoma. It has been demonstrated that AMACR is overexpressed in the vast majority of prostatic adenocarcinoma cases by cDNA microarray, RNA analysis, Western blotting, and immunohistochemistry. Methods A total of 80 prostate glands, including 40 irradiated prostate specimens (28 with adenocarcinoma and 12 benign prostates) and 40 nonirradiated prostate specimens (20 with adenocarcinoma and 20 benign prostates), were examined. The specimens were obtained after salvage radical prostatectomy (n = 25), transurethral resection (n = 4), or needle biopsy (n = 11). All samples were immunohistochemically analyzed for AMACR. Results All 48 carcinoma cases (28 of 28 irradiated and 20 of 20 nonirradiated specimens) showed strongly positive AMACR/P504S immunostaining. AMACR immunostaining was negative for all irradiated (n = 12) and nonirradiated (n = 20) benign prostates, as well as the irradiated benign glands adjacent to carcinoma. 34βE12 confirmed the presence of basal cells in all benign prostates (32 of 32) and the absence of basal cells in carcinoma (0 of 48). Conclusions Our results demonstrate that AMACR is a highly specific and sensitive indicator of postradiation prostate cancer. AMACR immunostaining facilitates the challenging differentiation between prostatic adenocarcinoma and radiation-induced atypia in benign prostatic epithelium and may be of exceptional value in limited needle biopsies.
Fault modeling and testable design of 2-level complex ECL gates

Bipolar emitter coupled logic (ECL) devices can now be fabricated at very high densities and much lower power consumption. Behaviour of 2-level complex ECL gates is examined in the presence of physical faults. It is shown that the conventional stuck-at fault model cannot represent a majority of circuit level faults. A new augmented stuck-at fault model is presented which provides a significantly higher coverage of physical failures. A testable design approach is presented for on-line detection of certain error conditions occurring in gates with true and complementary outputs which is a normal implementation for ECL devices. >
Routing of Deep‐Subwavelength Optical Beams and Images without Reflection and Diffraction Using Infinitely Anisotropic Metamaterials

Interfaces between media with infinite anisotropy, defined by infinite permittivity or permeability in one direction, offer new opportunities for controlling and manipulating light at the nanoscale. Reflectionless, diffraction-free routing of deep-subwavelength optical beams and images using interfaces between infinitely anisotropic media are demonstrated. It is shown how to achieve extremely large anisotropy using metamaterial designs that can be implemented with existing materials.
On the abyssal circulation of the World Ocean—III. An advection-lateral mixing model of the distribution of a tracer property in an ocean basin

Abstract The basic advection, recirculation model of abyssal circulation, developed in Parts I and II of this sequence ( Stommel and Arons , 1960a; 1960b), is used to interpret the distribution of dissolved oxygen and radiocarbon in the abyssal North Atlantic (depths > 2000 m). The model analyzed the interplay between advection and large scale lateral mixing processes, yielding a value of the order of 6–7 × 106 cm2/sec for the lateral austausch coefficient and 2·0–2·5 × 10−3 ml/l., year for the decay rate of dissolved oxygen.
Response of a protein disulfide isomerase-like activity of transitional endoplasmic reticulum to all-trans retinol

Abstract Isolated membrane fractions enriched in vesicles of transitional endoplasmic reticulum from rat liver exhibited protein disulfide isomerase-like activity of low specific activity. Activity was measured as the ability to restore activity to reduced, denatured and oxidized (scrambled) RNase. Submicromolar concentrations of retinol either stimulated or inhibited this activity depending on the composition of the redox buffer. In the presence of 1 μM reduced glutathione, micromolar concentrations of retinol stimulated the activity while higher or lower concentrations were less effective. With scrambled RNase, retinol was largely without effect in the absence of reduced glutathione or in the presence of oxidized glutathione. In the presence of NADH, retinol inhibited the protein disulfide-like activity over the same range of concentrations where retinol stimulated in the presence of reduced glutathione. These responses were observed with scrambled and inactive RNase and with reduced and inactive RNase as substrates. Also inhibited by retinol in these membrane preparations was their ability to oxidize NADH. Thus the retinol-modulated protein disulfide isomerase activity appears to correlate with the presence in transitional endoplasmic reticulum of an activity capable of oxidizing NADH in the presence of potassium cyanide that also was inhibited by submicromolar concentrations of retinol.
Test-Retest Reliability of the Functional Rotation Test in Healthy Adults

Test-retest reliability and concurrent validity for a Functional Rotation Test, developed as a clinical tool for quantifying the extent of body rotation while sitting or standing, were evaluated with healthy adults in this study. Participants, ages 20 to 72 years (n = 36) donned laser-pointing devices, stood or sat in the center of a room calibrated for the test, and actively turned and pointed to the right (or left) as far as they could comfortably. The locations of the lasers were recorded and subsequently scored. Testing was repeated after a brief rest. Concurrent measurements between a clinical goniometer and the Functional Rotation Test were also compared. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) indicated good to excellent test-retest reliability indices, ranging from .89 to .96 for standing and .87 to .95 for sitting tests. Agreement between the Functional Rotation Test and the goniometer was excellent (ICC = 1.0). The relevance and possible applications of the Functional Rotation Test are discussed.
Wavefront control scenarios for a coronagraph on an AFTA-like space telescope

A coronagraph on the Astrophysics Focused Telescope Asset (AFTA) provides a unique opportunity to conduct space based spectroscopic characterization of faint planets orbiting nearby stars. The principal components of such an instrument are the coronagraph itself, the integral field spectrograph (IFS) imager, and a wavefront control system to remove observatory instabilities and quasi-static speckles. Such a system will need to reach contrast levels between 1×10 −8 and 1×10 −9 at small angular separations to detect cool Jupiters and characterize exo-zodiacal light for any future flagship class missions. Here we define the two principal focal plane control laws commonly used in high contrast imaging, and perform a sensitivity study of the focal plane wavefront controllers to time varying low-order aberrations. The shortest possible timescale of these requirements is based on the time required for a Kalman filter estimator to measure the field. The integration time required to achieve adequate signal-to-noise in the estimation step is derived from the observing conditions, and the brightness of the target and its associated exo-zodiacal light. Based on this analysis we define tip-tilt and defocus stability limits, which must appear in the error budget for any low-order wavefront sensor intended for the instrument.
Simple Unsupervised Identification of Low-Level Constituents

We present an approach to unsupervised partial parsing: the identification of low-level constituents (which we dub clumps) in unannotated text. We begin by showing that CCLParser (Seginer 2007), an unsupervised parsing model, is particularly adept at identifying clumps, and that, surprisingly, building a simple right-branching structure above its clumps actually outperforms the full parser itself, indicating that much of the CCLParser's performance comes from good local predictions. Based on this observation, we define a simple bigram model that is competitive with CCLParser for clumping which further illustrates how important this level of representation is for unsupervised parsing.
SENSORY NEURON DEGENERATION IN VITAMIN DEFICIENCY DEGENERATION OF THE POSTERIOR COLUMNS OF THE SPINAL CORD, PERIPHERAL NERVES, AND DORSAL ROOT GANGLION CELLS IN YOUNG PIGS FED A DIET CONTAINING THIAMIN (B1) AND RIBOFLAVIN BUT OTHERWISE DEFICIENT IN VITAMIN B COMPLEX

Young pigs were given an artificial diet presumably adequate in all respects. As they developed, the quantity of yeast was gradually reduced while thiamin (vitamin B1) and riboflavin were given in its place. The rate of growth decreased, the general condition of the animals became impaired, and marked ataxia without motor weakness developed. Histologically, severe degeneration of the posterior columns of the spinal cord, the dorsal root ganglion cells, and the peripheral nerves was found.
Microencapsulation for self healing of concrete

Considerable interest has been directed in recent years toward the use of self-healing materials in concrete. The concept of microcapsule healing is based on a healing agent being encapsulated and embedded in the concrete. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of preparation parameters, namely, temperature, agitation rate, and pH on the shell thickness and size (diameter) of the microcapsules; as well as to evaluate the self-healing mechanism in concrete through experimental testing performed in laboratory. Two healing agents were evaluated in this study, i.e., dicyclopentadiene (DCPD) and sodium silicate. The experimental test matrix used in this study is shown in table 1. The anatomy of the microcapsules is shown in figure 1. Based on the results of the experimental program, it was determined that, as the pH was increased, the shell thickness increased for sodium silicate, while the shell thickness reached a minimum at a pH value of 3.4 for DCPD. Sodium silicate shell thickness was almost twice the shell thickness for DCPD. The most uniform and coherent microcapsules were produced at a temperature of 55°C. For the DCPD microcapsules and up to 49°C, the solution remained an emulsion and no encapsulation took place. The increase in agitation rate resulted in a decrease in the average diameter of the microcapsules for DCPD as shown in figure 2. On the other hand, the diameter of the microcapsules remained constant for sodium silicate microencapsulation as the agitation rate was increased. Testing of concrete specimens modified with the two healing agents (DCPD and sodium silicate microcapsules) was conducted. For sodium silicate, improvement in the modulus of elasticity of the concrete before and after healing was observed at a pH value of 3.1 and sodium silicate content of 5.0%. At other pH values, the effect of the sodium silicate microcapsules on the concrete performance was negligible. For DCPD and sodium silicate microcapsules, the healing agent was effective in increasing the modulus of elasticity of concrete after cracking as shown in figure 3.
X-interface is not the explanation for the slow disassembly of N-cadherin dimers in the apo state.

In spite of structural similarities Epithelial- (E-) and Neural- (N-) cadherins are expressed at two types of synapses and differ significantly in dimer disassembly kinetics. Recent studies suggested that the formation of an X-dimer intermediate in E-cadherin is the key requirement for rapid disassembly of the adhesive dimer (Harrison et al., Nat Struct Mol Biol 2010;17:348–357 and Hong et al., J Cell Biol 2011;192:1073–1083). The X-interface in E-cadherin involves three noncovalent interactions, none of which is conserved in N-cadherin. Dimer disassembly is slow at low calcium concentration in N-cadherin, which may be due to the differences in the X-interface residues. To investigate the origin of the slow disassembly kinetics we introduced three point mutations into N-cadherin to provide the opportunity for the formation of X-interface interactions. Spectroscopic studies showed that the triple mutation did not affect the stability or the calcium-binding affinity of the X-enabled N-cadherin mutant. Analytical size exclusion chromatography was used to assay for the effect of the mutation on the rate of dimer disassembly. Contrary to our expectation, the disassembly of dimers of the X-enabled N-cadherin mutant was as slow as seen for wild-type N-cadherin in the apo-state. Thus, the differences in the X-interface residues are not the origin of slow disassembly kinetics of N-cadherin in the apo-state.
Investigation of closure approximations for fiber orientation distribution in contracting turbulent flow

We have investigated the orientation state of a dilute fiber suspension flow in a planar contraction at high Reynolds numbers in turbulent flow. High speed imaging is used to directly measure the orientation distribution function at different downstream positions along the contraction centerline. The results from the direct measurement of the orientation distribution are used to evaluate the existing closure models. The results show that the fitted orthotropic and natural closure approximations give almost identical results with the best agreement to the orientation distribution in the contraction flow considered here.
T-cell mediated suppression in the MRL mouse.

Abstract MRL/lpr mice possess an autosomal recessive gene, lpr , which is associated with lymphoproliferation and acceleration of autoimmune disease. Lymphoproliferation has been ascribed to a single gene defect predominantly affecting the T-lymphocyte component of the immune system. MRL/++ mice do not possess the lpr autosomal recessive mutation and do not develop early lymphadenopathy. T-lymphocyte functional activity was studied in these mice using the polyclonal T-cell mitogens PHA and Con A. Our results indicated a significant suppression of the spleen and lymph node response of MRL/lpr mice to these polyclonal mitogens as compared to the MRL/++ response noted as early as 6 weeks of age. In addition, there was a progressive decline in the MRL/lpr spleen and lymph node cell mitogenic responses with increasing age. Spleen and lymph node cells from 20-week MRL/lpr mice were also relatively unresponsive in the mixed lymphocyte culture reaction as compared to cells from MRL/ ++ or BALB/c mice. The in vitro proliferative response of the MRL mice was further examined with respect to possible accessory cell modulation by both macrophages and T cells. It was found that in 20-week MRL/lpr lymph nodes a significant degree of suppression of lymphocyte proliferation could be mediated by the MRL/lpr T cell. Increased lymphocyte proliferation to a mitogenic signal could only be demonstrated in those MRL/lpr mice 3 weeks of age.
Web based camera navigation for virtual pancreatic cancer surgery: Whipple surgery simulator (VPanSS)

This study presents an preliminary design and development of a web based real-time virtual laparoscopy simulation for pancreticoduodentomy (Whipple Procedure). In this early stage, we primarily focused on virtual camera navigation to improve hand-eye coordination of a surgeon. Pancreticoduodentomy, pancreatic surgery, is one of most challenging laparoscopic surgeries. We examined whole Whipple procedure to identify its major tasks for the design of a virtual training simulator. Based on the tasks analysis, we found that one of the major challenges in Whipple surgery is accessing to the pancreas. Therefore, identification of the tumorous regions and tumor spread around pancreas become complicated. Surgeons need to carefully navigate laparoscopic camera to the pancreas and nearby tissues and locate the regions affected by the tumor. However, cameras navigation in laparoscopy is intricate due to different abdominal entry locations of camera and surgical tools. Therefore, we developed a real-time, web based, surgical simulation training platform for camera navigation task for Whipple procedure. The goal is to provide accessible, portable, ubiquitous, hardware independent training simulation platform unlike any other surgical simulators. In VPanSS, we developed and integrated a novel contact detection algorithm to continuously determine the camera-organ/tissue contacts during the laparoscopic camera navigation. We tested real-time performance of VPanSS on various platforms to understand its effectiveness and applicability.
Profiling Serine Hydrolase Activities in Complex Proteomes

Serine hydrolases represent one of the largest and most diverse families of enzymes in higher eukaryotes, comprising numerous proteases, lipases, esterases, and amidases. The activities of many serine hydrolases are tightly regulated by posttranslational mechanisms, limiting the suitability of standard genomics and proteomics methods for the functional characterization of these enzymes. To facilitate the global analysis of serine hydrolase activities in complex proteomes, a biotinylated fluorophosphonate (FP-biotin) was recently synthesized and shown to serve as an activity-based probe for several members of this enzyme family. However, the extent to which FP-biotin reacts with the complete repertoire of active serine hydrolases present in a given proteome remains largely unexplored. Herein, we describe the synthesis and utility of a variant of FP-biotin in which the agent's hydrophobic alkyl chain linker was replaced by a more hydrophilic poly(ethylene glycol) moiety (FP-peg-biotin). When incubated with ...
The General Linear Model IV

In this chapter we take up the problems occasioned by the failure of the rank condition (for the matrix of explanatory variables). This problem arises as a matter of course in analysis of variance (or covariance) models where some of the variables are classificatory. In this case, we are led to the construction of “dummy” variables representing the classificatory schemes. Since all such classificatory schemes are exhaustive, it is not surprising that the “dummy” variables are linearly dependent and, thus, the rank condition for the data matrix fails.
Association of tobacco smoke exposure and atopic sensitization

Background Forty million children are regularly exposed to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) each year, increasing their risk for premature death and middle ear and acute respiratory infections. Early life exposure to ETS also is clearly associated with wheezing. However, there is no clear understanding of the influence of ETS on the development of allergic sensitization.
Operator-valued Bessel functions, holomorphic discrete series, and harmonic representations of U(p, q)

Abstract This paper presents representation-theoretic applications of the theory of operator-valued Bessel functions, which was developed in the first paper of this series. Using the reduced Bessel function K π we study the harmonic representation and holomorphic discrete series for the group U(p,q) of biholomorphic automorphisms of the Siegel domains of type II.
Integrating Precalculus Review with the First Course in Calculus.

ABSTRACT Moravian College offers a two-semester course that integrates precalculus, problem-solving techniques, and calculus. The course, including reasons for the integrated course and some positive outcomes, and the materials developed for it are discussed. * Based on a presentation given at the Conference on the Teaching of Calculus held at Harvard University on 12–13 June 1992.
Macroscopic sites of anesthetic action: brain versus spinal cord.

1. General anesthesia is achieved by anesthetic action in the central nervous system (CNS). 2. Whereas amnesia and unconsciousness are due to anesthetic action in the brain, recent evidence suggests that immobility in response to a noxious stimulus is achieved by anesthetic effects in the spinal cord. The putative spinal cord site(s) include dorsal horn cells and motor neurons. 3. The extent to which anesthetic action in the brain influences the spinal cord probably varies among anesthetics. Furthermore, anesthetics can indirectly influence the brain by their actions within the spinal cord, i.e. by modulating ascending transmission of sensory information.
Design and Characterization of a Flextensional Stage Based on Terfenol-D Actuator

A machine for microforming was designed and built around a custom low-frequency, high-power Terfenol-D transducer coupled to a flextensional type lever system for displacement amplification. Separate bolt-on flexure joints were used instead of a traditional monolithic flextensional lever system design in order to reduce cost. A mathematical model of the transducer and lever system was created that matches blocked force with an 11% error and maximum displacement with a 2% error. Thermal response and hysteresis vs. frequency response were also tested. Using an 18 mm diameter 200 mm long Terfenol-D rod and a lever ratio of 10, the system is capable of up to 365 N of force and 1.6 mm of displacement with resolution of less than 1 μm.
Recent progress towards understanding genetic variation in the Mycobacterium abscessus complex

Mycobacterium abscessus is an emerging cause of respiratory disease and soft tissue infections. Whole genome sequencing and other molecular approaches are enhancing our understanding of outbreaks, antibiotic resistance mechanisms, and virulence properties, and of the phylogeny of the M. abscessus complex. Infection models are providing further insights into factors such as colony phenotype that impact host-pathogen interactions. This paper reviews recent developments in our understanding of genetic variation in M. abscessus and the potential relevance for disease and treatment.
The Transcription Factor GATA-6 is Overexpressed in Vivo and Contributes to Silencing 15-LOX-1 in Vitro in Human Colon Cancer

Transcriptional suppression of 15-lipoxygenase (LOX)-1 (15-LOX-1) helps enable human colorectal cancer cells escape apoptosis, a critical mechanism for colonic tumorigenesis. GATA-6 is strongly expressed in vitro in cancer cells; its down-regulation by pharmaceuticals is associated with reversal of 15-LOX-1 transcriptional suppression. The mechanistic contribution of GATA-6 overexpression to colonic tumorigenesis, especially concerning 15-LOX-1 transcriptional suppression, remains unknown. We tested whether GATA-6 is differentially overexpressed in human colorectal cancers and whether reversing GATA-6 overexpression in colon cancer cells is sufficient to restore 15-LOX-1 expression and influence cell proliferation or apoptosis. The expression of GATA-6 RNA and protein was measured in paired human colorectal cancer and normal tissues from two separate patient groups. We used GATA-6 small interfering RNA transfection to down-regulate GATA-6 expression and examine the effects of this down-regulation on 15-LOX-1 expression, cell proliferation, and apoptosis in Caco-2 and HCT-116 colon cancer cells with and without the nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug NS-398 or the histone deacetylase inhibitor sodium butyrate. GATA-6 mRNA and protein expressions were higher in cancer than normal epithelia of the colon. GATA-6 knockdown was insufficient by itself but contributed significantly to restoring 15-LOX-1 expression and inducing apoptosis by NS-398 or sodium butyrate. Maintaining 15-LOX-1 transcriptional silencing in cancer cells is a multifactorial process involving GATA-6 overexpression and other regulatory events.
Price Discrimination and Efficient Distribution

This paper focuses on third-degree price discrimination by an upstream firm with some degree of monopoly power. Downstream firms fall into two categories: efficient and inefficient, according to their relative costs of transforming a unit of the upstream good into a unit of final product. Under ordinary static conditions, price discrimination favors the inefficient firms, which have more elastic demands. We consider, however, the possibility that discrimination in the opposite direction can alter the downstream market structure toward greater efficiency. Discriminatory pricing, then, involves charging a higher price to the less efficient firms. Such pricing is shown to be both potentially profitable for the upstream firm and welfare improving as average consumer prices fall.
Grain Pricing: A Key Link in Chinese Economic Policy

In China, as in other countries, grain prices act as a link between consumers and producers and across economic sectors. Higher grain prices can raise farm incomes, but they reduce the purchasing power of consumers. By encouraging production and discouraging consumption, they can also reduce the need for imports. In addition, grain prices can alter the flow of resources between industry and agriculture. Grain pricing thus influences the rate and composition of economic growth, the level and distribution of income, economic stability, and national selfreliance. Consequently, implicit in grain price policy are choices among the national economic objectives of growth, equity, stability, and national security. An examination of grain pricing in China reveals an additional linkage. In China a close relationship exists between food pricing, including grain pricing, and public finance. In China's socialized economy, the profits and losses of industrial and commercial enterprises have, at least until recently, entered directly into the state budget. Through its effects on enterprise profitability, then, agricultural pricing influences state revenues and expenditures. China's price policies, by keeping the prices of agricultural products low relative to industrial products, have enhanced industrial profitability and thus benefited state coffers. At the
The multiparadigm language G

A multiparadigm programming language provides a variety of ontological elements that make it possible to model different problem domains in different ways. This in turn allows a programmer to utilize those modeling elements that are most appropriate to a problem domain of interest. This article discusses a new multiparadigm language called G. First a brief overview of multiparadigm research is given and then a description of the language G is presented. This is followed by a discussion of the paradigms included in G and examples of how to express these paradigms in G. Finally, an example is offered of how the ontological elements of different paradigms can be mixed, demonstrating the integration of diverse paradigms in G.
Solubility and Dissolution Kinetics of Dolomite in Ca–Mg–HCO3/CO3 Solutions at 25°C and 0.1 MPa Carbon Dioxide

Dolomite solubility in water has been measured by a number of different methods during the past several decades, yielding inconsistent and unreliable results that vary more than three orders of magnitude. The most commonly used best value for dolomite solubility in water is based on HCI solution calorimetry at 300.15 K, which is not confirmed by earlier determinations based on heat capacity of dolomite nor by more recent acid solution and metal oxide melt calorimetric measurements. In this study, the solubility of a high purity dolomite was measured directly by monitoring dissolution in Ca-Mg - HCO 3 /CO 3 solutions designed to bracket the presumed solubility product of dolomite, pK s dolomite [-log (Ca 2+ )(Mg 2+ )(CO 3 2- ) 2 , where the values in parentheses are activities at equilibrium], between 16.0 and 19.0, at 0.101 MPa (1 atm) CO 2 and 25°C. The use of gas-permeable, water-impermeable membranes over the dissolution vessels allowed for maintenance of an open system for CO 2 , with minimal water loss during the course of the 672-d experimental period. The dolomite dissolved congruently in Ca-Mg-HCO 3 /CO 3 solutions with initial ion activity products [pIAP dolomite = -log (Ca 2+ )(Mg 2+ )(CO 3 2- ) 2 , where the values in parentheses are measured activities] greater than 17.5. Both calcite and magnesian calcites can be ruled out as controlling solubility in these measurements. Based on statistical inference by comparison of alkalinity in unseeded (control) and dolomite-seeded solutions, the pK is between 17.4 and 17.0, expressed as 17.2 ± 0.2. A previously proposed kinetic model of successive reactions for dolomite dissolution near equilibrium-a fairly rapid dissolution of the CaCO 3 component in equilibrium and a rate-limiting protonation reaction dependent on the activity of the MgCO 3 component-appears to fit the experimental data.
Drafting a convention on international jurisdiction and the effects of foreign judgments acceptable world-wide: can the Hague Conference project succeed?

In June, 1997, a Special Commission on international jurisdiction and the effects of foreign judgments in civil and commercial matters began preparatory work on a convention; after five sessions, during which eighty-six plenary meetings were held,2 the Special Commission adopted in October 1999 a Preliminary Draft Convention on Jurisdiction and Foreign Judgments in Civil and Commercial Matters.3
A nonperturbative study of the isobaric multiplet mass equation

Abstract An investigation of the isobaric multiplet mass equation (IMME) is carried out, in which the Coulomb interaction is not treated by perturbation theory but is included exactly in a model Hamiltonian. An estimate is made of the leading nonperturbative correction to the usual quadratic IMME, and is compared with results from recent experiments. Two complementary models are developed, in both of which the Coulomb interaction is included exactly. The first is a simple one-particle model which uses a realistic average central nuclear potential, but does not include antisymmetrization effects or residual interactions between valence nucleons. This model allows one to study the A- or Z-dependence of the correction term and determine its order of magnitude. The second model consists of a closed, inert core plus valence nucleons interacting with each other via two-body potentials. This model allows us to study the effect of those features which were ignored in the simple model, but at the cost of introducing the unrealistic harmonic oscillator potential. The results for nuclei of mass number A = 19 confirm the conclusion from the first model that the correction term is of order α rather than Zα, where α is the fine structure constant. Charge dependent effects other than the Coulomb interaction are also studied. It is shown that, in second-order perturbation theory, only the valence nucleons contribute to deviations from the quadratic form of the IMME.
Levels of evidence in the voice literature.

Summary Objective The purpose of this study was to evaluate the levels of evidence in the voice literature. Study Design Retrospective literature review. Methods Retrospective review of all original articles published between January 2004 and December 2009 from four general otolaryngology journals and one subspecialty voice journal. All abstracts related to voice were evaluated and rated as to evidence-based medicine rating, graded levels A–D and 1a–5. Articles were also stratified by time over two consecutive 3-year intervals to assess changes over the time period. Results Of the 6052 articles published, 950 (15.6%) were related to voice. Six hundred seventy-three articles (10.2%) were clinical articles, and 277 (4.6%) were basic science. Only 1% of the clinical articles were level A, 17% were level B, 73% were level C, and 9% were level D. No noticeable changes occurred in the levels of evidence over the interval of the first 3 years of the study in comparison to the last 3 years, although there was an increase in the number of basic science articles from 24.4% to 32.4%. Conclusion Despite strong recent interest in improving the quality of the evidence in the literature, the voice literature remains primarily level C and D with no appreciable change over the past 6 years.
Immobilization of the mandible in oral cancer therapy

Abstract After resection of the mandible, wound complications can be minimized and functional and aesthetic disabilities reduced by (1) immobilization of the soft tissue wound by intermaxillary-mandibular immobilization of the remaining mandible, (2) the liberal use of well-vascularized flaps for intraoral wound closure, and (3) the limited use of prostheses except when required to suspend the hyoid bone or prevent displacement of the rami.
The effects of column height and diameter on the effectiveness of a continuous bubble fractionation system

Abstract Continuous bubble fractionation, a separation technique based on the enrichment of a solute on the surfaces of rising gas bubbles and subsequent removal of the concentrated liquid from the top where the busting bubbles accumulate the solute, has been investigated for the separation of a solute from a dilute solution. The solute concentration profile and effectiveness of the column have been studied using the height and diameter as variables. The implications of basic mechanisms involved in the solute transfer on the column performance were considered.
The impact of object-orientation on application development

Object-orientation introduces new deliverables, notations, techniques, activities, and tools. Application development consists not only of these items but also of work segmentation, scheduling, and managing the sharing and evolution of deliverables. This paper breaks application development into three major components: construction, coordination, and evolution, with the topic of reuse receiving extra attention. It highlights four aspects of object-orientation having impact: encapsulation, anthropomorphic design, reuse with extensibility, and incremental and iterative development.
Curiosity and the pleasures of learning: Wanting and liking new information

This paper proposes a new theoretical model of curiosity that incorporates the neuroscience of “wanting” and “liking”, which are two systems hypothesised to underlie motivation and affective experience for a broad class of appetites. In developing the new model, the paper discusses empirical and theoretical limitations inherent to drive and optimal arousal theories of curiosity, and evaluates these models in relation to Litman and Jimerson's (2004) recently developed interest-deprivation (I/D) theory of curiosity. A detailed discussion of the I/D model and its relationship to the neuroscience of wanting and liking is provided, and an integrative I/D/wanting-liking model is proposed, with the aim of clarifying the complex nature of curiosity as an emotional-motivational state, and to shed light on the different ways in which acquiring knowledge can be pleasurable.