cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Replies to Perry, Falkenstein, and Garrett

In the book I was content just to argue that Hume presents a difficulty concerning identity that is distinct from Frege' s Puzzle and that requires a different approach. In his foundational critique of my book, Perry argues that the approaches required are the same, at least for cases of uncertainty about the identity of perceived objects. To respond, I need to take the contrast between Hume and Fregeans deeper, by showing that their approaches differ in reflecting opposing intuitions concerning what Perry terms "the subject matter condition." We often wonder whether two things are the same thing. This is the ordinary way of putting an ordinary situation. But how can it be? Two things are obviously not the same thing. The ordinary way of putting things requires a theoretical understanding. Perry, in line with a weighty and fruitful tradition, argues that, in certain situations, one is wondering (in essence, I contend) whether two perceptions represent the same thing. There are more things being wondered about than are ordinarily mentioned. Hume points toward an alternative. One is wondering, of the very things one regards as two, whether or not they are identical. There is more complexity to identity than commonly theorized, but no additional things wondered about. The relevant cases are those in which one is thinking of things in virtue of being perceptually acquainted with them. Perry gives the example of an airplane seen to enter a cloud, then seen to exit. The visual evidence leaves open the possibility that one has seen a substitute plane exit, not the original. One then wonders whether or not the plane seen entering and the plane seen exiting are the same plane. The visual evidence consists of two perceptions: the perception of the plane entering, and the
Process Oriented Guided Inquiry Learning (POGIL) in Computer Science (Abstract Only)

Process-Oriented Guided Inquiry Learning (POGIL) is a research-based instructional strategy with a proven history across STEM disciplines. In a POGIL classroom, teams of students work on activities that are specifically designed to guide them to construct their own understanding of key concepts. At the same time, students develop key process skills such as communication, teamwork, problem solving, and critical thinking. For example, an activity might start with a simple game, and questions would guide teams to identify, analyze, and compare algorithms to play the game, leading them to develop techniques and identify issues and tradeoffs. POGIL incorporates practices shown to be particularly helpful for students from underrepresented populations. In a POGIL classroom, teachers are facilitators, not lecturers. Multiple studies have shown the students in POGIL classes do better on common exams and in subsequent courses.This BOF will enable people unfamiliar with POGIL to ask questions and learn more, and enable experienced POGIL practitioners to share experiences, concerns, ideas, and insights. As in a POGIL classroom, we will discuss topics in small teams and report out to the larger group. The CS-POGIL community has grown rapidly in the last few years. Our discuss forum has over 40 members, and http://cspogil.org has over 100 activities shared publicly or within the community. For more information, see http://cspogil.org and http://pogil.org.
Light exposure induces short- and long-term changes in the excitability of retinorecipient neurons in suprachiasmatic nucleus.

The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) is the locus of a hypothalamic circadian clock that synchronizes physiological and behavioral responses to the daily light-dark cycle. The nucleus is composed of f...
Robustness of single-qubit geometric gate against systematic error

Universal single-qubit gates are constructed from a basic Bloch rotation operator realized through nonadiabatic Abelian geometric phase. The driving Hamiltonian in a generic two-level model is parameterized using controllable physical variables. The fidelity of the basic geometric rotation operator is investigated in the presence of systematic error in control parameters, such as the driving pulse area and frequency detuning. Compared to a conventional dynamic rotation, the geometric rotation shows improved fidelity.
Relations among child care quality, teacher behavior, children's play activities, emotional security, and cognitive activity in child care

Eight hundred forty children (435 girls) enrolled in full-time, center-based child care participated in the study. Children ranged in age from 10 to 70 months. Sixty-six percent of the children were European American, the remainder African American. Children's play activities and cognitive activities as well as their relationships with caregivers were observed within the child care setting. The study tested the prediction that variation in children's cognitive activities could be directly and indirectly explained by child care quality, positive social interaction with teachers, and children's play activities and attachment security with their child care teachers. The prediction was examined and at least partially supported in eight subsamples of infant-toddler and preschool age European American and African American children in subsidized and nonsubsidized child care. Specifically, in seven of the eight subsamples, 15 to 30% of the variability in children's cognitive activities could be predicted from positive social interaction with teachers, attachment security, and participation in creative play activities.
Molecular Characterization of a Plasmodium chabaudi Erythrocyte Membrane‐Associated Protein with Glutamate‐Rich Tandem Repeats

The malarial parasite dramatically affects the structure and function of the erythrocyte membrane by exporting proteins that specifically interact with the host membrane. This report describes the complete sequence and some biochemical properties of a 93-kDa Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi protein that interacts with the host erythrocyte membrane. Approximately 40% of the deduced protein sequence consists of tandem repeats of 14 amino acids that are rich in glutamic acid residues. Comparison of the repeat sequences from two different P. c. chabaudi strains derived from the same initial isolate revealed an exact duplication of 294 nucleotides suggesting a recent unequal crossing-over event. However, in spite of this potentially high level of intragenic recombination activity, the repeat sequences from P. c. adami are rather conserved suggesting structural or functional constraints on the protein and tandem repeats. The 93-kDa protein exists in an oligomeric form as revealed by gel filtration chromatography and non-denaturing gel electrophoresis. A predominantly alpha-helical predicted secondary structure and a discrepancy between the estimated molecular sizes determined from non-denaturing gel electrophoresis and gel filtration chromatography suggest that the protein is a long rod-shaped or fibrillar, protein. Attributes shared between the 93-kDa protein, some P. falciparum proteins with glutamate-rich tandem repeats, and cytoskeletal proteins suggest that these parasite proteins function as cytoskeletal proteins that possibly stabilize the erythrocyte membrane.
What characteristics of applicants to emergency medicine residency programs predict future success as an emergency medicine resident

OBJECTIVES Program directors of emergency medicine (EM) residencies attempt to select candidates who will subsequently perform well as residents. This study was undertaken to identify characteristics available at the time of application to an EM residency that predict future success in residency. METHODS The EM faculty at the University of California San Diego (UCSD) completed a one-time confidential assessment of EM residents on performance in residency at the time of graduation. The faculty member compared the graduate with all residents (both EM and non-EM) with whom the faculty member had previously worked using the five-point scale: > or =90th percentile, 70th-89th percentile, 50th-69th percentile, 30th-49th percentile, or < 30th percentile. Descriptive statistics, ordinal logistic regression (OLR), classification and regression tree (CART) analysis, and multiple additive regression tree (MART) analysis were used to find predictors for each of the outcome variables. RESULTS Fifty-four graduates were evaluated. The medical school attended (MSA) was the strongest predictor of overall performance in residency in all regression models. OLR showed that MSA and "distinctive factors" (being a championship athlete, medical school officer, etc.) were significant predictors and may deserve greater weighting in the selection process. The most robust MART model demonstrated that MSA, dean's letter of recommendation, and distinctive factors had the most impact on overall performance in an EM residency. CONCLUSIONS Using regression modeling, it may be possible to predict future resident performance from characteristics contained in residency applications. Applicants from top-tier medical schools and those with distinctive talents were more successful in the UCSD EM residency.
THE EFFECT OF KETOCONAZOLE ON STEROIDOGENESIS IN CULTURED MOUSE ADRENAL CORTEX TUMOR CELLS

The effects of the antimycotic agent ketoconazole on steroid biosynthesis in adrenal cells was investigated in monolayer cultures of functional mouse adrenal cortex tumors. Ketoconazole inhibits ACTH-stimulated steroidogenesis to below non-stimulated levels at concentrations of 1.0 μg/ml or higher. Half maximal inhibition occurs at a concentration of 0.3 μg/ml. These drug levels are in the therapeutic range achieved by oral administration in human subjects. The inhibitory effects of 3.3 μg/ml or less of ketoconazole are totally reversible within the first hour after removal of the agent. Exposure of the cultures to high concentrations of ketoconazole for periods of 24–48 hours is not toxic to the cells, with a resumption of steroidogenic activity within several hours after its removal. Cyclic AMP-stimulated steroidogenesis is also inhibited by this agent, but it has no effect on ACTH-stimulated cAMP production in these cultures. Ketoconazole is an even more potent inhibitor of 11β hydroxylation in these c...
On VLSI array architectures for digital image processing

VLSI device technology offers a tremendous computing capacity, , programming flexibility, high speed, desirable precision and low power, and VLSI circuit design technique is well supported by of many existing modern CAD tools and software packages. The emergence of such integrated VLSI technology and design technique represents a new opportunity for a digital hardware revolution in image/vision processing systems. For a cohesive design of VLSI image array processors, a cross-disciplinary study on application, algorithm, and architecture is necessary, for this purpose, this paper discusses the algorithm analysis, architecture design and technology evaluation pertinent to VLSI design for image processing systems.
Estimation of Area Elasticities from a Standard Profit Function

This article demonstrates that both crop area and output elasticities can be calculated from a profit function. A Chambers/Just profit function (which includes land allocations as quasi-fixed factors) is used to derive shadow price equations for each crop area allocation. Jointly solving these shadow price equations for crop area makes it possible to calculate individual crop area elasticities. A profit function is specified to represent agricultural producers in the state of Iowa. Shadow price equations are jointly estimated with output supply and input demand equations. From these estimated equations, we derive the individual crop area response and output response to a change in prices.
In Situ Foaming of Porous (La0.6Sr0.4)0.98 (Co0.2 Fe0.8) O3−δ (LSCF) Cathodes for Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Applications

A binder system containing polyurethane precursors was used to in situ foam (direct foam) a (La{sub 0.6}Sr{sub 0.4}){sub 0.98} (Co{sub 0.2} Fe{sub 0.8}) O{sub 3-{ delta}} (LSCF) composition for solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) cathode applications. The relation between in situ foaming parameters on the final microstructure and electrochemical properties was characterized by microscopy and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), respectively. The optimal porous cathode architecture was formed with a 70 vol% solids loading within a polymer precursor composition with a volume ratio of 8:4:1 (isocyanate: PEG: surfactant) in a terpineol-based ink vehicle. The resultant microstructure displayed a broad pore size distribution with highly elongated pore structure.
Leveraging cross-link modification events in CLIP-seq for motif discovery

High-throughput protein‐RNA interaction data generated by CLIP-seq has provided an unprecedented depth of access to the activities of RNA-binding proteins (RBPs), the key players in co- and posttranscriptional regulation of gene expression. Motif discovery forms part of the necessary follow-up data analysis for CLIP-seq, both to refine the exact locations of RBP binding sites, and to characterize them. The specific properties of RBP binding sites, and the CLIP-seq methods, provide additional information not usually present in the classic motif discovery problem: the binding site structure, and crosslinking induced events in reads. We show that CLIPseq data contains clear secondary structure signals, as well as technology- and RBP-specific cross-link signals. We introduce Zagros, a motif discovery algorithm specifically designed to leverage this information and explore its impact on the quality of recovered motifs. Our results indicate that using both secondary structure and cross-link modifications can greatly improve motif discovery on CLIP-seq data. Further,themotifswerecoverprovideinsightintothe balance between sequence- and structure-specificity struck by RBP binding.
Treating Drug Abuse and Addiction in the Criminal Justice System: Improving Public Health and Safety

Despite increasing evidence that addiction is a treatable disease of the brain, most individuals do not receive treatment. Involvement in the criminal justice system often results from illegal drug-seeking behavior and participation in illegal activities that reflect, in part, disrupted behavior ensuing from brain changes triggered by repeated drug use. Treating drug-involved offenders provides a unique opportunity to decrease substance abuse and reduce associated criminal behavior. Emerging neuroscience has the potential to transform traditional sanction-oriented public safety approaches by providing new therapeutic strategies against addiction that could be used in the criminal justice system. We summarize relevant neuroscientific findings and evidence-based principles of addiction treatment that, if implemented in the criminal justice system, could help improve public heath and reduce criminal behavior.
Images in vascular medicine: asymptomatic internal carotid artery stent fracture.

We present a case of fracture of a nitinol internal carotid artery stent in a 76-year-old man with past medical history significant for bilateral internal carotid artery stenosis treated with bilateral carotid endarterectomy. Five years after surgery, the patient developed asymptomatic restenosis of the right internal carotid artery and was treated by balloon angioplasty with placement of a nitinol stent. A follow-up computed tomographic angiogram (CTA; Panel A) 3 months later revealed interval acute angulation along the proximal aspect of the intravascular stent with a transverse radiolucency suggestive of an underlying fracture (arrow). Carotid angiogram confirmed fracture of the right internal carotid artery stent with 70% intra-stent restenosis (Panel B, arrow). As the patient remains asymptomatic, he has been treated with aspirin, clopidogrel, and careful follow-up with a carotid duplex examination every 3 months. This is the third reported case in the United States of an internal carotid artery stent fracture; the largest series of 14 stent fractures comes from Australia.1 The majority of these cases were asymptomatic, only requiring surveillance, with several reports of stent removal and carotid endarterectomy for stent fractures associated with high-grade restenosis.2 However, stroke after stent fracture has yet to be reported.
Recruiting clinical personnel as research participants: a framework for assessing feasibility

Increasing numbers of research studies test interventions for clinicians in addition to or instead of interventions for patients. Although previous studies have enumerated barriers to patient enrolment in clinical trials, corresponding barriers have not been identified for enrolling clinicians as subjects. We propose a framework of metrics for evidence-based estimation of time and resources required for recruiting clinicians as research participants, and present an example from a federally funded study. Our framework proposes metrics for tracking five steps in the recruitment process: gaining entry into facilities, obtaining accurate eligibility and contact information, reaching busy clinicians, assessing willingness to participate, and scheduling participants for data collection. We analyzed recruitment records from a qualitative study exploring performance feedback at US Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Centers (VAMCs); five recruiters sought to reach two clinicians at 16 facilities for a one-hour interview. Objective metrics were calculable for all five steps; metric values varied considerably across facilities. Obtaining accurate contact information slowed down recruiting the most. We conclude that successfully recruiting even small numbers of employees requires considerable resourcefulness and more calendar time than anticipated. Our proposed framework provides an empirical basis for estimating research-recruitment timelines, planning subject-recruitment strategies, and assessing the research accessibility of clinical sites.
Anharmonic Oscillators with Infinitely Many Real Eigenvalues and PT-Symmetry

We study the eigenvalue problem u 00 +V (z)u = u in the complex plane with the boundary condition that u(z) decays to zero as z tends to infinity along the two rays argz = 2 ± 2 m+2 , where V (z) = (iz) m P(iz) for complex-valued polynomials P of degree at most m 1 2. We provide an asymptotic formula for eigenvalues and a necessary and sufficient condition for the anharmonic oscillator to have infinitely many real eigenvalues.
Cycloconverter Drive System for Fault Diagnosis Study: Real Time Model, Simulation and Construction

This paper presents a study of a monitoring system for a cycloconverter, based on a real time reference model, for monitoring the electric behavior of a cycloconverter. For this purpose, a complete three-phase, 6-pulse cycloconverter system, operating from a 50 Hz input, was simulated and constructed. In addition, a real time reference model that works in parallel with the cycloconverter control was implemented. The main advantage of this system over the conventional fault diagnosis systems is the reduction number of required measured signals. The fault detection algorithm is based on a real-time error signal obtained between the real-time reference model output and the sensed cycloconverter output voltage. The fault detection method was implemented and tested on a laboratory scale prototype cycloconverter drive system.
Acute Liver Failure Secondary to Metastatic Medullary Thyroid Cancer

Acute liver failure (ALF) is a rare presentation of liver metastases. Although cases of ALF from metastatic disease have been reported, etiologies have been largely confined to lymphoma, metastatic breast, lung, and gastric cancers. ALF from medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) has never been reported. We present a 59-year-old male with newly diagnosed MTC, who was admitted with ALF. He presented with jaundice, hepatic encephalopathy, and synthetic dysfunction. His clinical course was marked by rapid decompensation within 6 days from initial presentation of jaundice to development of hepatic coma. Although liver metastases from medullary thyroid cancer have been reported, to our knowledge, this is the first described case of MTC resulting in acute liver failure.
Summer in the Ensenada Front : The distribution of phytoplankton species, July 1985 and September 1988

Two interdisciplinary cruises took place in the Ensenada Frontal region during July 1985 and September 1988. This paper discusses the distribution of phytoplankton species along one section from each cruise. Each year, the overall dominant species was Emiliania huxleyi. Although hydrog- raphy of the euphotic zone indicated the presence of water from three sources, the Central Pacific flora dominated the floral patterns. Recurrent group analysis identified two clusters of related groups of species, present in both years and separated by depth. These were similar to recurrent groups defined from the Climax area in the Central North Pacific. Similarity maps indicated the presence of the two-layered structure that is characteristic of the Central Pacific flora. The transition between flora corresponded to the depth of the chlorophyll maximum layer but also to the cool salinity minimum layer that marks California Current water and that is absent from the Central Pacific. The extensive entrainment and persistence of Central Pacific flora in the Ensenada Frontal region is unexpected.
Drug Regulatory Affairs and Pharmaceutical Research and Development in Japan 1960–1985

Japan has become a leading force in pharmaceutical innovation and marketing. This paper examines in detail, the regulatory changes in Japan from 1960 to the present time and the resultant impact up...
Perceptions of quality for graduate athletic training education.

Context Accreditation is generally considered the primary mechanism for quality assurance in higher education, but disagreement often exists between accrediting agencies and the perceptions of professionals who feel the accrediting body has failed to meet its quality control function. For accreditation to have value, it must be a meaningful indicator of quality and be viewed as such. Objective To identify the predominant contributors to quality for postcertification graduate education as perceived by athletic training educators and to compare results among respondents with different education levels, academic ranks, tenure classifications, and program affiliations. Design Non-experimental descriptive survey. Setting 2003 National Athletic Trainers' Association Educators' Conference. Patients or Other Participant(s): Of a convenience sample of 353 athletic training educators, 194 (55%) submitted usable questionnaires. Males accounted for 115 (59%) respondents and females for 79 (41%). Of the 14 National Athletic Trainers' Association-accredited postcertification graduate education programs, 12 were represented. Main outcome measure(s) Quantitative data for closed-ended questionnaire items were analyzed using descriptive statistics and measures of central tendency, with composite mean scores for each item used for comparisons. Qualitative data were coded according to major themes and analyzed. Results Support for accreditation at the postcertification graduate education level was moderate (mean = 3.08 +/- 0.811 on a 4-point scale). Subjects with doctoral degrees (n = 88) indicated that research contributed significantly more to quality (mean = 3.38 +/- 0.636) than did those with master's degrees (n = 106, mean = 2.97 +/- 0.786). Respondents with master's degrees stated that clinical education was a greater contributor to quality (mean = 3.76 +/- 0.491) than did those with doctoral degrees (3.44 +/- 0.663). Conclusions The educators showed agreement for most quality indicators. The greatest contributors to program quality were program curriculum; adequate faculty, staff, and administrative support; evaluation; clinical education; and research.
Bugs, genes, fatty acids, and serotonin: Unraveling inflammatory bowel disease?

The annual incidence of the inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease has increased at an alarming rate. Although the specific pathophysiology underlying IBD continues to be elusive, it is hypothesized that IBD results from an aberrant and persistent immune response directed against microbes or their products in the gut, facilitated by the genetic susceptibility of the host and intrinsic alterations in mucosal barrier function. In this review, we will describe advances in the understanding of how the interaction of host genetics and the intestinal microbiome contribute to the pathogenesis of IBD, with a focus on bacterial metabolites such as short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) as possible key signaling molecules. In particular, we will describe alterations of the intestinal microbiota in IBD, focusing on how genetic loci affect the gut microbial phylogenetic distribution and the production of their major microbial metabolic product, SCFAs. We then describe how enteroendocrine cells and myenteric nerves express SCFA receptors that integrate networks such as the cholinergic and serotonergic neural systems and the glucagon-like peptide hormonal pathway, to modulate gut inflammation, permeability, and growth as part of an integrated model of IBD pathogenesis. Through this integrative approach, we hope that novel hypotheses will emerge that will be tested in reductionist, hypothesis-driven studies in order to examine the interrelationship of these systems in the hope of better understanding IBD pathogenesis and to inform novel therapies.
Escherichia coli —An Overview

The pre-eminence of Escherichia coli in investigative research has depended upon several characteristics of this organism as well as on decisions and discoveries early in the development of molecular biology. The ubiquitous occurrence of this potential pathogen, its haploid nature (chromosome mol. wt. 2.5 × 109 daltons) allowing the expression of recessive characteristics, its ability to grow in a variety of media, and its rapid growth rate are major factors contributing to the emphasis on E. coli as a research organism. Historically, the early studies of Hershey, Delbriick, and Luria (see Cairns et al., 1966) with the T-bacteriophages of E. coli (Demerec and Fano, 1945) coincided with the work of Gray and Tatum (1944) demonstrating that ionizing radiation could induce mutations in E. coli which resulted in various nutritional requirements. Such auxotrophic mutants of E. coli were later employed by Lederberg and Tatum (1946) to demonstrate conjugal gene transmission between strains. The discovery of phage-mediated gene transmission of various genetic markers (generalized tranduction, see Lennox, 1955) or specific markers (specialized transduction, see Morse et al., 1956) in E. coli shortly followed the description of generalized transduction in Salmonella typhimurium (Zinder and Lederberg, 1952). All of these events were of importance in the resulting emphasis on the study of E. coli as a model biological system. Current areas of interest in E. coli research include: the mechanism of genetic recom-bination and gene transmission (bacterial conjugation), synthesis and regulation of proteins (especially enzymes) and ribonucleic acid (RNA), and the molecular events of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) replication and cell division.
Harmonizing SIC and MIMO DoF Interference Cancellation for Efficient Network-Wide Resource Allocation

Recent advances in MIMO degree-of-freedom (DoF)models allow us to study MIMO in a multi-hop network environment. On the other hand, successive interference cancellation (SIC) is a powerful physical layer technique used in multi-user detection. Based on the strengths and weaknesses of MIMO DoF and SIC, we propose a marriage between these two techniques so that DoF-based interference cancellation (IC) and SIC can help each other as follows: (i) SIC is exploited to decode multiple received signals to conserve DoF resources in IC, and (ii) DoFIC resolves the potential SINR barrier that SIC may encounter. In this paper, we develop the necessary mathematical models to realize the two ideas in a multi-hop wireless network. Together with scheduling and routing constraints, we develop a cross-layer optimization framework with joint DoF IC and SIC. By applying the framework on a throughput maximization problem, we find that SIC and DoF IC can indeed offer significant performance improvement by addressing each other's limitation.
Tightening the Screws: The Economic War Against Terrorism

Short of the actual use of force, economic sanctions are among the U.S. government's most powerful tools in the war on terrorism. They seek to deprive terrorist organizations of the financial wherewithal to support and conduct operations such as the September 11 attacks on Washington and New York. Well before those events, however, the U.S. government had targeted Osama bin Laden and his Al-Qaeda organization with financial sanctions as part of three separate anti-terrorist programs established since the mid-1990s. The obvious question, then, is if these financial controls have been in place since as far back as 1996, why have they, not worked better at preventing terrorism? Moreover, how can we have any confidence that new sanctions will accomplish what the old controls evidently failed to achieve? This paper attempts to identify some of the issues these questions pose, and how those issues might be ameliorated or resolved.
Who's Next? Scheduling Personalization Services with Variable Service Times

Online personalization has become quite prevalent in recent years, with firms able to derive additional profits from such services. As the adoption of such services grows, firms implementing such practices face some operational challenges. One important challenge lies in the complexity associated with the personalization process and how to deploy available resources to handle such complexity. The complexity is exacerbated when a site faces a large volume of requests in a short amount of time, as is often the case for e-commerce and content delivery sites. In such situations, it is generally not possible for a site to provide perfectly personalized service to all requests. Instead, a firm can provide differentiated service to requests based on the amount of profiling information available about the visitor. We consider a scenario where the revenue function is concave, capturing the diminishing returns from personalization effort. Using a batching approach, we determine the optimal scheduling policy (i.e., time allocation and sequence of service) for a batch that accounts for the externality cost incurred when a request is provided service before other waiting requests. The batching approach leads to sunk costs incurred when visitors wait for the next batch to begin. An optimal admission control policy is developed to prescreen new request arrivals. We show how the policy can be implemented efficiently when the revenue function is complex and there are a large number of requests that can be served in a batch. Numerical experiments show that the proposed approach leads to substantial improvements over a linear approximation of the concave revenue function. Interestingly, we find that the improvements in firm profits are not only (or primarily) due to the different service times that are obtained when using the nonlinear personalization function—there is a ripple effect on the admission control policy that incorporates these optimized service times, which contributes even more to the additional profits than the service time optimization by itself.
Simplifying reductions

We present optimization techniques for high level equational programs that are generalizations of affine control loops (ACLs). Significant parts of the SpecFP and PerfectClub benchmarks are ACLs. They often contain reductions: associative and commutative operators applied to a collection of values. They also often exhibit reuse: intermediate values computed or used at different index points being identical. We develop various techniques to automatically exploit reuse to simplify the computational complexity of evaluating reductions. Finally, we present an algorithm for the optimal application of such simplifications resulting in an equivalent specification with minimum complexity.
Degradable Thermosets from Sugar-Derived Dilactones

Using the sugar derivatives glucarodilactone and mannarodilactone, two new dimethacrylate monomers (GDMA and MDMA) were synthesized by a tin-catalyzed alcohol–isocyanate coupling between the dilactones and isocyanatoethyl methacrylate. GDMA was polymerized using thermally initiated free radical polymerization at 135 °C in the presence of dicumyl peroxide as an initiator. The fractional conversion of methacrylate groups in PGDMA was determined by FT-IR to be 0.64, within the typical range of poly(di-methacrylates). Tensile testing of PGDMA demonstrated the stiff but brittle nature of this material and the modulus was shown to be similar to that reported for commercially available poly(dimethacrylates) from rigid monomers. The hydrolytic stability of PGDMA was investigated by submersing polymer samples in acidic, neutral, and basic aqueous environments. PGDMA degraded to water-soluble components after 17 days in 1 M NaOH but remained stable under acidic and neutral conditions. Solvent casting a mixture of G...
Neurodevelopmental Precursors and Consequences of Substance Use during Adolescence: Promises and Pitfalls of Longitudinal Neuroimaging Strategies.

Neurocognitive and emotional regulatory deficits in substance users are often attributed to misuse; however most studies do not include a substance-naive baseline to justify that conclusion. The etiological literature suggests that pre-existing deficits may contribute to the onset and escalation of use that are then exacerbated by subsequent use. To address this, there is burgeoning interest in conducting prospective, longitudinal neuroimaging studies to isolate neurodevelopmental precursors and consequences of adolescent substance misuse, as reflected in recent initiatives such as the NIH-led Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study and the National Consortium on Alcohol and Neurodevelopment (NCANDA). To distinguish neurodevelopmental precursors from the consequences of adolescent substance use specifically, prospective, longitudinal neuroimaging studies with substance-naive pre-adolescents are needed. The exemplar described in this article-i.e., the ongoing Adolescent Development Study (ADS)-used a targeted recruitment strategy to bolster the numbers of pre-adolescent individuals who were at increased risk of substance use (i.e., "high-risk") in a sample that was relatively small for longitudinal studies of similar phenomena, but historically large for neuroimaging (i.e., N = 135; 11-13 years of age). At baseline participants underwent MRI testing and a large complement of cognitive and behavioral assessments along with genetics, stress physiology and interviews. The study methods include repeating these measures at three time points (i.e., baseline/Wave 1, Wave 2 and Wave 3), 18 months apart. In this article, rather than outlining specific study outcomes, we describe the breadth of the numerous complexities and challenges involved in conducting this type of prospective, longitudinal neuroimaging study and "lessons learned" for subsequent efforts are discussed. While these types of large longitudinal neuroimaging studies present a number of logistical and scientific challenges, the wealth of information obtained about the precursors and consequences of adolescent substance use provides unique insights into the neurobiological bases for adolescent substance use that will lay the groundwork for targeted interventions.
Chemical potential from integral equations using scaled particle theory

A new method is presented for calculating chemical potentials using integral equation theories. The method uses a multi-step charging process which allows attractive and repulsive contributions to the chemical potential to be determined separately. Integral equation theories are used to provide needed correlation functions about the test particle. A novel application of particle scaling is used to determine the repulsive contribution to the chemical potential. A formal definition is given for the effective hard core diameter of a softly repulsive solute. A simple Kirkwood charging process is used to determine the attractive contribution. The method provides accurate chemical potentials in mixtures of softly repulsive WCA particles when used with the HMSA/Rogers-Young integral equation. Calculated excess Gibbs energies agreed with WCA repulsive simulations to an average of {minus}0.67% for 2:1 diameter ratio mixtures. The method provides approximate results in Lennard-Jones mixtures when used with the HMSA integral equation. Results for supercritical isotherms reproduce simulation data to an average of {minus}3.0%. for subcritical isotherms, vapor results are exact while liquid results are qualitatively correct. The method used with the HMSA theory correctly predicts the effect of energy ratio on the Henry's Law constant. The predicted effect of size ratio on the constantmore » has an incorrect slope at subcritical temperatures when the solvent density is near the value for a saturated liquid. The incorrect slope reflects an inconsistency in the HMSA theory.« less
The Design of Naming Schemes

This chapter introduces a wide range of naming considerations that affect modularity and usability. A case study of the World Wide Web uniform resource locator (URL) illustrates both the naming model and some problems that arise in the design of naming schemes. Further, a war stories section explores some pathological problems of real naming schemes. Connecting modules by name provides great flexibility, but it introduces a hazard: The designer sometimes has to deal with preexisting names, perhaps chosen by someone else over whom the designer has no control. This hazard can arise whenever modules are designed independently. To use a module, one must know about and avoid the names used within that module for its components; one has failed to achieve one of the primary goals of modularity, called modular sharing. Modular sharing means that one can use a shared module by name without knowing the names of the modules it uses.
Effectiveness of Stable Fly Protectants on Adult Horses

Abstract Blood feeding flies are common pests affecting horses throughout the world. However, little information is available regarding protectant efficacy for reducing fly annoyance behaviors in horses. The objective of this research was to assess the efficacy of five different fly protectants when used on adult horses. Using a Latin square design, six adult horses were individually penned in outdoor drylots for 2 hours each day for 5 consecutive days over 6 weeks. Horses received one of six treatments each week: leggings, citronella spray, leg bands, permethrin spray, pyrethrin spray, or a control (no protectant). Each day, horses were observed from 1230 to 1430 hours immediately after protectant application. Stable flies (Stomoxys calcitrans L.) on horses' legs and bodies were counted at minutes 0, 30, 60 and 120. Fly annoyance behaviors were counted in four 30 minutes periods: tail swishes (for 5 minutes); shoulder twitches (for 5 minutes); and head-backs and hoof stomps (simultaneously for 20 minutes) for a total of 2 hours. Fly annoyance behaviors were reduced by treatment (P
Ultrasound-Guided Drainage for Pediatric Soft Tissue Abscesses Decreases Clinical Failure Rates Compared to Drainage Without Ultrasound: A Retrospective Study.

Objectives Soft tissue abscesses are common in the pediatric emergency department (ED). Ultrasound (US) can be used to both diagnose soft tissue abscesses as well as guide drainage. We hypothesized that clinical failure rates would be less in pediatric patients with suspected skin abscesses when evaluated with US. Methods We performed a retrospective review of suspected pediatric skin abscesses at 4 EDs over a 22-month period. Cases were identified through electronic medical record descriptions, discharge diagnoses, and US database records. Data on US use, findings, and outcomes were abstracted to an electronic database. Comparisons between groups included US versus non-US (primary outcome) as well as surgical drainage vs nonsurgical drainage (secondary outcome). Results A total of 377 patients were seen with concern for a potential skin abscess; 141 patients (37.4%) underwent US imaging during their visit, and 239 (63.4%) underwent incision and drainage (ID P < .005). Thirty-four (11.3%) of the 302 patients with a diagnosis of an abscess failed therapy: 19 (8.2%) after ID P < .05). Conclusions The use of US for patients with a suspected skin abscess was associated with a reduction in the amount of clinical failure rates after both surgical drainage and nonsurgical therapy. Ultrasound should be used when evaluating or treating patients with abscesses.
Hope for the Evolution of Diversity: On Leveling the Field of Dreams

Publisher Summary Hope has existed across time, cultures, and ethnic groups. Stories and monuments serve as enduring symbols, but it is the people finding means to desired ends—translating their wishes into goals, agency, and pathways thoughts—that gives daily evidence of hope in action. Changes in the demography may be accompanied by significant problems when there are large cultural and linguistic differences between people. The problem deepens when these differences become part of the fabric of the society and occur in the context of formal schooling and health care. Educators and health-care workers must be increasingly prepared to work with diverse members of the society—those who speak different languages and who are struggling physically or financially. Hope can help in overcoming barriers to adjustment, health, and happiness. Hope scales have been administered to Caucasians, African Americans, Native Americans, Hispanics, and Asian Americans. Additionally, translations of the Hope Scale have been made in China, Russia, France, Germany, Italy, Norway, Israel, Japan, and Spain. There is a cross-cultural interest in measuring hope in many countries. Results of such efforts have yet to be published, and this is a very important extension of the worldwide applicability of hope.
Integrated Pest Management Strategies for Field-Grown Tomatoes

Abstract Field-grown tomatoes are produced throughout the world in a diversity of climates and agroecosystems, which differentially affect the pest complex and options available to manage them. Management options are also affected by the destination of the crop— processing versus fresh market—because differences in production practices and economics of the two crops influence damage tolerance levels and monetary inputs afforded to produce the crop. This chapter reviews the advances made in developing tomato pest management programs for arthropods of field-grown tomatoes, and, where applicable, contrasts how options are affected by the type of crop produced, scale of production, and societal issues. Subject areas covered include thresholds and sampling plans, host-plant resistance, cultural management, biological control, semiochemical options, and chemical control. Future challenges and opportunities are also discussed.
B1 Cell IgE Impedes Mast Cell-Mediated Enhancement of Parasite Expulsion through B2 IgE Blockade

Helminth infection is known for generating large amounts of poly-specific IgE. Here we demonstrate that innate-like B1 cells are responsible for this IgE production during infection with the nematode parasites Nippostrongylus brasiliensis and Heligmosomoides polygyrus bakeri. In vitro analysis of B1 cell immunoglobulin class switch recombination to IgE demonstrated a requirement for anti-CD40 and IL-4 that was further enhanced when IL-5 was added or when the B1 source was helminth infected mice. An IL-25-induced upregulation of IgE in B1 cells was also demonstrated. In T cell-reconstituted RAG1-/- mice, N. brasiliensis clearance was enhanced with the addition of B2 cells in an IgE-dependent manner. This enhanced clearance was impeded by reconstitution with IgE sufficient B1 cells. Mucosal mast cells mediated the B2 cell enhancement of clearance in the absence of B1 cells. The data support B1 cell IgE secretion as a regulatory response exploited by the helminth.
Can emotional intelligence be trained? A meta-analytical investigation

Abstract Human resource practitioners place value on selecting and training a more emotionally intelligent workforce. Despite this, research has yet to systematically investigate whether emotional intelligence can in fact be trained. This study addresses this question by conducting a meta-analysis to assess the effect of training on emotional intelligence, and whether effects are moderated by substantive and methodological moderators. We identified a total of 58 published and unpublished studies that included an emotional intelligence training program using either a pre-post or treatment-control design. We calculated Cohen's d to estimate the effect of formal training on emotional intelligence scores. The results showed a moderate positive effect for training, regardless of design. Effect sizes were larger for published studies than dissertations. Effect sizes were relatively robust over gender of participants, and type of EI measure (ability v. mixedmodel). Further, our effect sizes are in line with other meta-analytic studies of competency-based training programs. Implications for practice and future research on EI training are discussed.
Knowing Something About Leisure: Building a Bridge Between Leisure Philosophy and Recreation Practice

Professionals with and without degrees in recreation and leisure studies (RLS) all define leisure similarly as free time, activities, choice, fun/enjoyment, and passive/relaxation (Estes, 2000, 200...
Identifying critical signaling molecules for the treatment of cancer.

Tumorigenesis is a multistep process whereby an individual cell acquires a series of mutant gene products. These genetic changes culminate in proliferation, growth, blocked differentiation, induction of angiogenesis, tissue invasion, and loss of genomic stability. Given the genetic complexity of tumorigenesis, it is perhaps surprising that there are circumstances in which cancer can be reversed through the repair or inactivation of individual mutant genes. However, recent experiments in transgenic mouse models and clinical results with new pharmacological agents demonstrate that cancer can be treated through the targeted repair and/or inactivation of mutant proteins. Hence, cancers appear to be dependent upon particular oncogenes to maintain their neoplastic properties, thus exhibiting the phenomenon of “oncogene addiction.”
Air Ventilation in Advanced Teleosts: Biomechanical and Evolutionary Aspects

Physiologists, ecologists, ethologists and evolutionary biologists have long been interested in the phenomenon of air breathing in fishes. Aside from the intrinsic significance of understanding the numerous and intriguing multiple adaptations that have evolved in air breathing fishes, biologists hope to find the biological solutions to the environmental problems associated with the transition of aquatic to terrestrial life in vertebrates. Since some recent air breathing fishes possess fairly primitive gas exchange systems, and exhibit distinct behavioral and ecological responses to the fluctuating environmental factors characterizing their habitats, they offer extraordinary opportunities to gain understanding of the early evolution of air breathing in the vertebrates.