cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Trash Can Living

The byproducts of consumption constantly flow between ecosphere and technosphere. LCA environmental impact categories—including global warming, eutrophication, acidification, and stratospheric and tropospheric ozone—form the basis to evaluate massive torrents of material and energy and their potential to degrade ecosystems.
Spectral Broadening with Two-Color-Field in a Molecular Gas-Filled Hollow-Core Fiber

An ultrabroadband optical spectrum, covering a wavelength range of <500 nm to beyond 1600 nm, is generated by nonlinear propagation of a two-color field from a Yb:KWG laser amplifier in N2O-filled hollow-core fiber.
Anterior lateral plate mesoderm gives rise to multiple tissues and requires tbx5a function in left-right asymmetry, migration dynamics, and cell specification of late-addition cardiac cells.

Abstract In this study, we elucidate a single cell resolution fate map in the zebrafish in a sub-section of the anterior Lateral Plate Mesoderm (aLPM) at 18 hpf. Our results show that this tissue is not organized into segregated regions but gives rise to intermingled pericardial sac, peritoneum, pharyngeal arch and cardiac precursors. We further report upon asymmetrical contributions of lateral aLPM-derived heart precursors—specifically that twice as many heart precursors arise from the right side versus the left side of the embryo. Cell tracking analyses and large-scale cell labeling of the lateral aLPM corroborate these differences and show that the observed asymmetries are dependent upon Tbx5a expression. Previously, it was shown that cardiac looping was affected in Tbx5a knock-down and knock-out zebrafish (Garrity et al., 2002; Parrie et al., 2013); our present data also implicate tbx5a function in cell specification, establishment and maintenance of cardiac left-right asymmetry.
Corrective Trimming of Corkscrew Claw

Corkscrew claw is a hereditary condition affecting both front and hind claws, mostly outer hind claws, and result from a malalignment and twisting of the middle phalanx. The proximal and distal surfaces of the middle phalanx can be out of alignment by as much as 11 °. The distal phalanx is abnormally narrow and long. This malalignment causes increased pressure on the coronary corium of the abaxial wall resulting in accelerated horn growth with lateral to medial deviation of the lateral wall, which then curls under the sole replacing some of the normal weight bearing surface.
Enabling metagenomic surveillance for bacterial tick-borne pathogens using nanopore sequencing with adaptive sampling

Abstract Technological and computational advancements in the fields of genomics and bioinformatics are providing exciting new opportunities for pathogen discovery and surveillance. In particular, single-molecule nucleotide sequence data originating from Oxford Nanopore Technologies (ONT) sequencing platforms can be bioinformatically leveraged, in real-time, for enhanced biosurveillance of a vast array of zoonoses. The recently released nanopore adaptive sampling (NAS) pipeline facilitates immediate mapping of individual nucleotide molecules (i.e., DNA, cDNA, and RNA) to a given reference as each molecule is sequenced. User-defined thresholds then allow for the retention or rejection of specific molecules, informed by the real-time reference mapping results, as they are physically passing through a given sequencing nanopore. Here, we show how NAS can be used to selectively sequence entire genomes of bacterial tick-borne pathogens circulating in wild populations of the blacklegged tick vector, Ixodes scapularis. The NAS method provided a two-fold increase in targeted pathogen sequences, successfully enriching for Borrelia (Borreliella) burgdorferi s.s.; Borrelia (Borrelia) miyamotoi; Anaplasma phagocytophilum; and Ehrlichia muris eauclairensis genomic DNA within our I. scapularis samples. Our results indicate that NAS has strong potential for real-time sequence-based pathogen surveillance.
Anxiety and intertemporal decision making: The effect of the behavioral inhibition system and the moderation effects of trait anxiety on both state anxiety and socioeconomic status

Abstract Based on Gray's theory, which links the behavioral inhibition motivation system (BIS) to the personality trait of “anxiety”, the present study examined whether anxiety (trait vs. state), BIS sensitivity, and family socioeconomic status in childhood (SES) had an interactive or independent impact on intertemporal decision-making processes. The study also investigated whether participants with high trait anxiety had a significantly different choice preference on the immediate but smaller (SS) rewards over the larger but delayed (LL) rewards. Participants (N = 108) were randomly assigned to either the anxiety or the control condition. Results showed that people with a higher BIS score tended to choose less SS rewards. Trait anxiety was found to moderate both state anxiety and childhood SES to influence intertemporal decision processes. We further found high or low trait anxiety significantly influenced people's choice preference. Speculations on the psychological meanings of the findings were discussed from the perspective of biased risk perception. Limitations and implications were also discussed.
Randomized Trial to Improve Prescribing Safety in Ambulatory Elderly Patients

OBJECTIVES: To determine whether a computerized tool that alerted pharmacists when patients aged 65 and older were newly prescribed potentially inappropriate medications was effective in decreasing the proportion of patients dispensed these medications. DESIGN: Prospective, randomized trial. SETTING: U.S. health maintenance organization. PARTICIPANTS: All 59,680 health plan members aged 65 and older were randomized to intervention (n=29,840) or usual care (n=29,840). Pharmacists received alerts on all patients randomized to intervention who were newly prescribed a targeted medication. INTERVENTION: Prescription and age information were linked to alert pharmacists when a patient aged 65 and older was newly prescribed one of 11 medications that are potentially inappropriate in older people. MEASUREMENTS: Physicians and pharmacists collaborated to develop the targeted medication list, indications for medication use for which an intervention should occur, intervention guidelines and scripts, and to implement the intervention. RESULTS: Over the 1-year study, 543 (1.8%) intervention group patients aged 65 and older were newly dispensed prescriptions for targeted medications, compared with 644 (2.2%) usual care group patients (P=.002). For medication use indications in which an intervention should occur, dispensings of amitriptyline (P<.001) and diazepam (P=.02) were reduced. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated the effectiveness of a computerized pharmacy alert system plus collaboration between healthcare professionals in decreasing potentially inappropriate medication dispensings in elderly patients. Coupling data available from information systems with the knowledge and skills of physicians and pharmacists can improve prescribing safety in patients aged 65 and older.
The Role of Data & Program Code Archives in the Future of Economic Research

This essay examines the role of data and program-code archives in making economic research "replicable." Throughout science, replication of published results is recognized as an essential part of the scientific method. Yet, historically, both the "demand for" and "supply of" replicable results in economics has been minimal. Previous authors have interpreted this absence of replication as a market failure in which the rational choices of individual researchers do not achieve the same equilibrium as would an omnipotent social planner. In this equilibrium, "respect for the scientific method" is not sufficient to motivate either economists or editors of professional journals to ensure the replicability of published results. We enumerate the costs and benefits of mandatory data and code archives, and argue that the benefits far exceed the costs. Progress has been made since the gloomy assessment of Dewald, Thursby and Anderson some twenty years ago in the American Economic Review, but much remains to be done before empirical economics ceases to be a "dismal science" when judged by the replicability of its published results.
What Was Driving the 1982–88 Boom In Temporary Employment? Preference of Workers or Decisions and Power of Employers

. The level of temporary help employment rose two-and-a-half fold between 1982 and 1988, was quite variable and had a disproportionately larger effect on employment flows. One conventional explanation suggests that changing demographic composition of the labor force in favor of groups preferring nontraditional employment arrangements fueled the temporary help boom. Demand-side views emphasize the volatility in labor demand, intensified price competition and the absence of employee benefit contributions. Empirical estimation confirms that demand-side forces predominate. Yet no labor supply variable is found to be positively associated with the extent of temporary employment. Cyclical fluctuation in output, intensified foreign competition and the magnitude of nonwage labor costs are all positively associated with temporary employment levels. The diminishing bargaining power of labor unions allows employers to exploit the labor cost savings of temporary hires, and the extent of paid time-off and the lack of flexibility in weekly hours of work play a weak role. The findings suggest why temporary job growth accelerated in the 1980s, as more firms employed a “core-periphery” human resource strategy. Public policy should adopt measures that attempt to limit the creation of temporary jobs to a level that accommodates the worker need for flexible annual work schedules.
2D material characterization for printed electronics applications

Thin film production with solution-based materials can complement or replace semiconductors in high performance and low cost thin film devices. The possibility of inkjet printing to eventually create devices, is explored in this work.
Spacecraft Thermal Management Via Control of Optical Properties in the Near Solar Environment

The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory (JHU/APL) is currently evaluating multi-functional ceramic coatings for spacecraft operating in the solar environment. Ceramics were selected based on chemical stability; and inertness to radiation damage and hydrogen degradation. Investigations have focused on "white" ceramics such as aluminum oxide, pyrolytic boron nitride, and barium zirconium phosphate which also possess desirable optical characteristics. Engineered ceramic coatings have been found through testing to possess both high visual reflectivity and infrared emissivity. These optical properties make this a prime passive thermal management solution for NASA's Solar Probe spacecraft. This future mission is designed to send a spacecraft within 4R s (4 solar radii from the center of the Sun) to collect and analyze solar wind and dust. Notionally, the uncooled carbon-carbon spacecraft (a s /e IR = 1) is predicted to reach equilibrium temperatures of 2100 K. This temperature results in three major problems: carbon-carbon mass loss leading to a compromise of science data; increased thermal protection system mass leading to higher launch costs; and incorporation of immature insulation materials leading to increased mission risks. These ceramics with α S /e IR < 0.6 have been shown to notionally reduce equilibrium temperatures to between 1300 and 1850 K. Operational requirements for this mission imply that the ceramics must structurally survive launch, thermal cycling, and particulate impact; be inert to radiation damage; have manageable spacecraft charging; and be chemically stable. Preliminary testing of these ceramics in simulated space environments (including structural and radiation conditions) has yielded promising results. Higher fidelity studies will be continuing focused on reducing the risks associated with implementing these candidate materials.
Incidence, etiology, and risk factors for fever following acute spinal cord injury.

Objective: To identify the incidence, etiology, and risk factors for fevers in individuals with traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI).Design: A retrospective review of the medical records of consecuti...
Sharing Continuations: Proofnets for Languages with Explicit Control

We introduce graph reduction technology that implements functional languages with control, such as Scheme with call/cc, where continuations can be manipulated explicitly as values, and can be optimally reduced in the sense of LEvy. The technology is founded on proofnets for multiplicative-exponential linear logic, extending the techniques originally proposed by Lamping, where we adapt the continuation-passing style transformation to yield a new understanding of sharable values. Confluence is maintained by returning multiple answers to a (shared) continuation. Proofnets provide a concurrent version of linear logic proofs, eliminating structurally irrelevant sequentialization, and ignoring asymmetric distinctions between inputs and outputs--dually, expressions and continuations. While Lamping's graphs and their variants encode an embedding of intuitionistic logic into linear logic, our construction implicitly contains an embedding of classical logic into linear logic. We propose a family of translations, produced uniformly by beginning with a continuation-passing style semantics for the languages, employing standard codings into proofnets using call-by-value, call-by-name--or hybrids of the two--to locate proofnet boxes, and converting the proofnets to direct style. The resulting graphs can be reduced simply (cut elimination for linear logic), have a consistent semantics that is preserved by reduction (geometry of interaction, via the so-called context semantics), and allow shared, incremental evaluation of continuations (optimal reduction).
New Demands on Engineering Education

Rapid changes in the professional activities of engineers are taking place as a result of revolutionary developments in sciences and industry. Inevitably, these changes must be reflected in all aspects of the training and education of engineers. Engineering curricula and other phases of college programs are being modified in several respects to provide the present-day graduate with the knowledge and the understanding of fundamentals that he requires. In recognition of the fact that the education of an engineer is far from complete when he graduates, industry is assuming increasing responsibility for parts of the educational program. Further cooperation between the colleges and industry is natural and desirable.
Auditory brain stem potentials with alcohol

Auditory brain stem potentials were recorded from unrestrained rats and from cats paralyzed with Flaxedil, before and after ingestion of intoxicating dosages of alcohol. The acute effect of alcohol was a cumulative increase in the central conduction times of successive brain stem potential peaks. Statistically significant latency changes were found for peaks attributed to neural structures as far peripherally as the medulla. This depressive influence of alcohol on sensory transmission was independent of variations in stimulus intensity and body temperature.
Pairing of holes in semiconductors

Abstract The pairing of holes in semiconductors is proposed to understand the complex magnetic properties of high pressure quenched CdS. The theoretical results are in very good agreement with experiment.
Giving Credit Where Credit is Due: The Psychology of Credit Ratings

The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of personality on credit ratings, measured in terms of credit scores from actual credit reports. Personality is measured in terms of an individual's locus-of-control, which is the extent to which individuals attribute important outcomes to external forces outside of their control. Using survey data from a large, national sample of consumers, an individual's credit score is modeled as a function of financial knowledge and locus-of-control, in addition to demographic characteristics and situational factors. Findings suggest that consumers with higher levels of financial knowledge and consumers with an internal locus-of-control have higher credit scores than similarly situated consumers with low credit scores, even after controlling for income, education, and the incidence of negative external life events. In addition, the extent to which knowledge affects credit scores depends on whether an individual has an external vs. internal locus-of-control.
Où en sommes-nous ? Courbes finies et loisirs électroniques

ResumeCet article presente les six articles du numero special sur les loisirs electroniques. Il debute avec un resume des idees qu’elabore Dennis Gabor en 1963 sur la croissance technologique et l’ere des loisirs . A partir de ces idees, cette introduction decrit brievement chacun des articles de ce numero. L’article conclut avec certaines observations sur les idees de Gabor, mises en rapport avec les articles de ce numero, ainsi que sur le theme general de la technologie et des loisirs electroniques.
Expression of substance P, neurokinin-1 receptor and immune markers in the brains of individuals with HIV-associated neuropathology.

Abstract The tachykinin neuropeptide substance P (SP) has an important signaling role in both the nervous and the immune systems. Two naturally occurring variants of the neurokinin-1 receptor (NK1R) mediate the effects of SP, full-length receptor (NK1R-F) and a truncated form (NK1R-T) that lacks 96 amino acid residues at the C-terminus. We previously reported decreased expression of the NK1R-F in the CNS of HIV-positive individuals in comparison to HIV-negative control subjects. There were no differences in the expression of the NK1R-T in the same groups. In the current study, we quantified the expressions of SP precursor mRNA preprotachykinin (TAC1), NK1R (full and truncated forms), viral load (HIV-gag) and several proinflammatory and immune markers (CD4, CCR5, CXCR4, fractalkine, IL-6, IL-10, CCL2, CCL20 and CD163) in the frontal cortex of autopsied brains from HIV-1-positive individuals with or without HIV-associated neuropathology. The expressions of SP and, to lesser extent, NK1R-F were decreased while the expressions of CXCR4, CCR5 and CCL2 were increased in CNS of individuals with HIV-associated neuropathology. There was no change in HIV loads associated with neuropathology; however, we found a positive correlation between viral loads and the expression of haptoglobin–hemoglobin scavenger receptor CD163. An analysis of CSF from corresponding samples demonstrated an increase in proinflammatory markers (CCL2 MIP-1α and MIP-1β) associated with neuropathology. Although our data confirm the overall inflammatory nature of HIV-associated neuropathology, we observed a decrease in the expression of SP and NK1R-F, which is also associated with other forms of neuroinflammation.
OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS AFTER BLOOD AND MARROW TRANSPLANTATION

Opportunistic infections are major causes of morbidity and mortality following bone marrow transplantation. Technological advances in stem cell procurement, the introduction of hematologic growth factors to speed engraftment, the development of new immunosuppressive regimens to control graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), the development of technology to perform graft engineering with removal of T lymphocytes in toto or subpopulations of T lymphocytes, the use of molecular techniques to optimize donor and recipient matching, advances in blood banking, and development of international donor registries, are among the various factors that have led to tremendous changes in transplant practices. Because of such changes in transplant practices, along with the advent of new antimicrobial agents, and development of infection control measures affecting pathogen exposure, alterations in the interplay between host and potential pathogens have occurred. Shifts in the incidence and types of opportunistic pathogens are taking place. Several historically important infectious syndromes are today well controlled; others have diminished in importance early after transplant but are more problematic at a later time; new emerging pathogens are being recognized due to selection pressures from antimicrobial usage and new hosts, such as recipients of alternate donor allogeneic transplant procedures, with even more profound and prolonged immune suppression. Such shifts and new syndromes pose continuing new challenges to the transplant clinician.
Large scale simulation of electron devices

The use of large numerical simulation codes or modeling electron devices is discussed. A description of the structure of simulations is presented and the results from some recent applications to the design of microwave tubes shown. It is argued that the use of such codes will have a profound effect on the desisn methods for electron devices.
The effect of deformed states on β− and E1 decays to the 0 and 6.06 MeV 0+ states of 16O

Abstract The ratio of transition matrix elements for decays to the 0 and 6.06 MeV 0 + states of 16 O is calculated. The transitions considered are the β − decay of the ground state of 16 N and the E1 decay of the 13.1 MeV 1 − state in 16 O. Deformed 2p-2h and 4p-4h admixtures are included in the 0 + states. The resulting ratios compare very favorably with recent experimental results.
Missing words and the comprehension of spoken text.

Abstract Experiments were conducted to examine the influence of missing words on comprehension in single- and multi-paragraph contexts. The results indicate that the comprehension of material immediately following a missing word is selectively impaired.
Raoul Naroll (1920–1985)

Truk and Ponape: A Comparative Analysis of Kinship Terminology and Folktales. Journal of American Folklore 69:55-62. 1957 Totemism on Truk and Ponape. American Anthropologist 59:250-265. 1957 (with the assistance of Ann Fischer) The Eastern Carolines. New Haven, CT: Human Relations Area Files Press. 1958 The Classification of Residence in Censuses. American Anthropologist 60:508-517. 1959 Meter in Eastern Carolinian Oral
Threat reappraisal as a mediator of symptom change in cognitive-behavioral treatment of anxiety disorders: A systematic review.

Objective: Identifying mediators of therapeutic change is important to the development of interventions and augmentation strategies. Threat reappraisal is considered a key mediator underlying the effects of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) for anxiety disorders. The present study systematically reviewed the evidence for the threat reappraisal mediation hypothesis. Method: In our review, we included studies that (a) investigated the threat reappraisal mediation hypothesis; (b) included adults with an anxiety disorder diagnosis; (c) used a longitudinal design; and (d) did not report on previously published findings (to avoid the inclusion of multiple reports of the same data). After data extraction, we made review-specific quality judgments for each study using the following a priori criteria informed by mediation theory: (a) demonstrated statistical mediation; (b) demonstrated that CBT caused threat reappraisal; (c) demonstrated that threat reappraisal caused anxiety reduction; and (d) demonstrated specificity of the threat reappraisal–anxiety reduction relation. Results: Of the 2,296 studies we identified, 25 met inclusion criteria. Of these studies, 56% tested and 52% established statistical mediation, 52% tested and 28% established CBT as a cause of threat reappraisal, 28% tested and 24% established threat reappraisal as a cause of anxiety reduction, and 44% tested and 36% established specificity of the threat reappraisal–anxiety reduction relation. Conclusions: While threat reappraisal is related to anxiety symptom improvement with CBT, there are few extant studies that meet most of the criteria necessary to conclusively demonstrate that it causes symptom improvement in CBT and that it is not a proxy for other third variables. Recommendations for future research in this area are discussed.
Progenitor cell isolation with a high-capacity quadrupole magnetic flow sorter

Abstract Rapid and efficient sorting is important for progenitor cell isolation. Therefore, we have built and evaluated a high-speed, continuous flow, quadrupole magnetic sorter. The cross-over behavior of non-magnetic particles, combined with separation theory is used to optimize performance. CD34+ progenitor cells are separated to purities from 64–95% and a throughput of 10 7 cells/s.
The role of DNA repair in resistance of L1210 cells to isomeric 1,2-diaminocyclohexaneplatinum complexes and ultraviolet irradiation.

Abstract Resistance to cisplatin in several murine leukemia L1210 cell lines is due to enhanced DNA repair. Other platinum complexes, particularly those containing 1,2-diaminocyclohexane (DACH) are of interest as they effectively kill both sensitive (L1210/0) and cisplatin-resistant (L1210/DDP) cell lines. An L1210/DACH cell line has been developed that is preferentially resistant to DACH-Pt complexes. In the current experiments, we investigated the role that DNA repair has in resistance to DACH-Pt compounds. The DACH ligand exists in 3 isomeric forms which exhibit markedly different activities in the various resistant cell lines. Generally, R,R-DACH-Pt was the most effective isomer. DNA repair was assayed by host-cell reactivation of platinated pRSV cat. DNA damage induced by all the isomeric DACH-Pt-SO4 complexes markedly reduced CAT expression in sensitive L1210/0 cells. One adduct per transcribed strand of the cat gene inhibited CAT expression demonstrating that the sensitive cells exhibited no detectable DNA repair. All the resistant cell lines reactivated the plasmid DNA whether damaged with cisplatin or any of the 3 DACH-Pt isomers. Therefore, resistance to both cisplatin and DACH-Pt appears to be mediated by enhanced DNA repair, but the level of reactivation of the transfected plasmid did not correlate with the toxicity of each analogue. These results suggest that some additional event(s) is responsible for the substrate specificity of repair of genomic DNA. These resistant cell lines also exhibited resistance to UV irradiation but this was much less than, and did not correlate with the degree of resistance to either cisplatin or DACH-Pt. However, there was a good correlation between resistance to UV irradiation and reactivation of UV-damaged plasmid DNA. This enhanced reactivation suggests that enhanced repair may be the sole reason for the resistance to UV irradiation.
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: emerging mechanisms and consequences.

Purpose of reviewOne of the critical complications of obesity and diabetes is nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, a disorder of triacylglycerol accumulation in the liver that has potential to develop into end stage liver failure. In this review, the recent progress in understanding the role of hepatic
A case of the otogenic variant of Lemierre's syndrome with atypical sequelae and a review of pediatric literature

We report a case of an 8-year-old girl who presented with the clinical picture of Lemierre's syndrome (LS) secondary to bilateral mastoiditis. She developed unilateral sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) along with internal jugular vein (IJV) thrombosis, septic arthritis of her ankle and cervical fasciitis. Combined antimicrobial, anticoagulant and surgical treatment helped reverse all the effects of the sequelae, including nearly all the hearing loss. This is a unique case of this uncommon variant of the syndrome and with an uncommonly reported complication. The literature indicates that pediatric cases are a minority and enforces that successful management rests on awareness of the condition, vigil and promptness of communication of a multidisciplinary pediatric team.
A light-weight optics-free EUV spectrometer with substantially improved efficiency and spectral resolution

We present a simple EUV spectrometer based on chemically inert rare gas photon ionization and energy analysis of the resulting electrons. Precise photoelectron focusing and high electron transmission efficiency from the gas ionization area to the detector are combined with an optimum luminosity angle of 90 deg in an axi-symmetric design. All together, these features will allow us to achieve higher efficiency and spectral resolution than other spectrometers of this type reported to date. The modeled (neon) spectral resolution in the spectral range of 5 - 40 nm is 0.1 - 0.035 nm, respectively. A model of the proposed photoelectron focusing system is analyzed.
Absorption power cycles

We present a thermodynamic analysis of the Maloney and Robertson and the Kalina absorption power cycles. The maximum power for specified external conditions is identified and used as a reference to evaluate the performance of these two absorption power cycles. The evaluation focuses on power cycles operating with low temperature heat sources such as geothermal heat, solar energy or waste heat.
Modeling the hydrodynamic and electrochemical efficiency of semi-solid flow batteries

Abstract A mathematical model of flow cell operation incorporating hydrodynamic and electrochemical effects in three dimensions is developed. The model and resulting simulations apply to recently demonstrated high energy-density semi-solid flow cells. In particular, state of charge gradients that develop during low flow rate operation and their effects on the spatial non-uniformity of current density within flow cells are quantified. A one-dimensional scaling model is also developed and compared to the full three-dimensional simulation. The models are used to demonstrate the impact of the choice of electrochemical couple on flow cell performance. For semi-solid flow electrodes, which can use solid active materials with a wide variety of voltage–capacity responses, we find that cell efficiency is maximized for electrochemical couples that have a relatively flat voltage vs. capacity curve, operated under slow flow conditions. For example, in flow electrodes limited by macroscopic charge transport, an LiFePO 4 -based system requires one-third the polarization to reach the same cycling rate as an LiCoO 2 -based system, all else being equal. Our conclusions are generally applicable to high energy density flow battery systems, in which flow rates can be comparatively low for a given required power.
CONVENIENT CRITERION FOR THE DISTINCTION BETWEEN ELECTROPHILIC AND ELECTRON TRANSFER REACTIONS OF ELECTRON-RICH ALKENES

Both experimental and theoretical studies confirm that the formation of aryl vinyl ether and aryl vinyl sulfide cation radicals from the corresponding neutral substrates correlates with the Brown σ+ parameters as opposed to Hammett σ values. Peak oxidation potentials for both classes of substrates correlate preferentially with σ+, as do gas-phase ionization energies calculated by both semi-empirical and ab initio methods. In contrast, the protonation energies of the same substrates, which relate to carbocation formation, correlate preferentially with σ values, as do rates of protonation and other electrophilic additions. These observations permit a sharp distinction between electrophilic and electron transfer reactions of these two common classes of electron-rich substrates. Using this criterion, the cycloadditions of tetracyanoethylene to these substrates are found to proceed via an electrophilic mechanism, rather than by a previously proposed electron transfer mechanism. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Compiler Analysis to Determine Useful Cache Size for Energy Efficiency

As processor and memory system speeds have significantly diverged, system designers have introduced ever larger caches in an effort to supply the processor with data at a rate it is capable of processing it. However, application characteristics vary and not all programs can effectively utilize large caches due to their inherent data reuse properties. The inability to use all the available cache capacity leads to wasted cache power dissipation. The rising specter of "dark silicon" makes it critical to avoid wasted power on a chip.In this paper, we develop a compile-time approach to analyze data reuse characteristics of affine computations and deduce the useful cache size(s) for a given system configuration. The non-useful cache can be power-gated to save power. Analysis of benchmarks shows that significant fractions of the last level cache of current processors may be turned off with no performance loss.
Crater glaciers on active volcanoes: Hydrological anomalies

Mount St. Helens is an active volcano that hosts glacier ice within its crater. Although the common picture of volcano/glacier interactions is one of rapid meltwater generation when hot material is brought into contact with snow and ice [e.g.,Major and Newhall, 1989], there have been practically no observable hydrological consequences of the ongoing episode of silicic lava dome emplacement at Mount St. Helens. The glaciological consequences have nonetheless been dramatic: The crater glacier has been cut in half since the dome growth began in September 2004, and the resulting ice bodies have in succession been squeezed between the growing lava dome and the crater wall.
Defining context-dependent syntax without using contexts

A method for defining context-dependent syntax is presented. The method, like many others, builds on a context-free grammar that defines a superset of a given language, mapping each string in the language to a derivation tree. The context-free language is subsequently restricted by imposing conformity criteria on derivation trees. These criteria are expressed with logic predicates, called context rules, which characterize the form of conformant derivation trees. A text belongs to the defined language if and only if its derivation tree is a model of all context rules. This approach avoids the use of explicit data structures for contextual information and tends to yield very concise formal definitions. It has been applied with good results in the formal definition of the programming language Oberon
Cardiac Risk Assessment: Matching Intensity of Therapy to Risk

Simple RSS allow for rapid decision making in the emergency department. The data presented in this article suggest that for patients at the highest risk and the lowest risk for complications of NSTEACS, the scoring systems work well and allow effective triage and treatment. For patients at intermediate risk (30%-40% of all patients who have ACS), however, it is not clear whether early aggressive treatment with cardiac catheterization or routine conservative management should be the standard of care. The consensus guidelines are vague, and the scoring systems discriminate less well for these patients. The authors think that patients at intermediate risk are best served by initial screening with an RSS like the TRS (with risk scores of 3-4), followed by a multimarker strategy to define risk better. They also think that the next step is to design clinical trials to test strategies of care defined prospectively by risk. This step would, in the authors' opinion, begin the next round of the cycle of clinical therapeutics [31]. The treatment of patients who have NSTE ACS has been characterized in the past 2 decades by care based on evidence from many excellent clinical tri-als. The consensus panels have convened and guide patient management. Quality-improvement initiatives such as CRUSADE and GRACE give feedback to improve compliance with guidelines. The understanding of risk is developing with the help of these scoring systems. Discovery is ongoing. The next decade of acute cardiac care will focus on early identification of patients at high risk and on matching the most intensive treatments to the patients most in need. Excessive testing and care promotes cost inefficiency and, perhaps, increased hazard for some patients. New trials are needed to move these new hypotheses back into practice.
Combined effects of microvoids and phase contiguity on the thermal expansion of metal-ceramic composites

Numerical modeling of the thermal expansion behavior of metal-ceramic composite materials are presented, with a focus on the combined effects of microvoids and phase contiguity. The analyses are based on a two-dimensional unit-cell model, by recourse to the finite element method. Voids, presumably resulting from incomplete infiltration of metal during processing of the actual composites, are assumed to locate at the concave corners of the ceramic phase in the model systems. Both the composites with a continuous ceramic phase and with a continuous metallic phase are considered. It is found that the overall thermal expansion is strongly influenced by the presence of voids in composites with a continuous ceramic phase. The thermal expansion is relatively insensitive to voids in composites with a continuous metallic phase. These findings can be rationalized by the examination of the evolution of field quantites. Qualitative comparisons with experiments support the numerical results.
Construction of Topologically Complex Patient-Specific Cubic Hermite Meshes for the Cardiac Electrophysiology Problem

Patient-specific models of cardiac electrophysiology have the potential to guide ablation procedures for atrial arrhythmias and optimize cardiac resynchronization therapy. However, construction of patient-specific geometries from non-invasive imaging data remains a challenge. Furthermore, most meshing tools create unstructured meshes, whereas structured meshes have many desirable properties in numerical analysis. Consequently, we sought to construct patient-specific cubic Hermite meshes with the topology (structure) needed to capture the morphological complexity of all four chambers of the heart.A morphologically complex quadrilateral or hexahedral mesh requires vertices with an abnormal neighbor number (“extraordinary vertices”). In order to construct C1-continuous cubic Hermite meshes with extraordinary vertices, we defined special frames and transition maps at each mesh vertex that generalize the concept of the “local-to-global mapping” used previously with cubic Hermite geometries. A tricubic mesh is instantiated from a linear mesh by use of an interpolating subdivision surface operator, and the tricubic mesh is used as an initial condition for a subsequent registration to the edges of the original imaging data. A Galerkin formulation of the monodomain equation is used to solve for electrical propagation as a cubic potential field. The special local-to-global mapping ensures that the potential solution C1-continuous, which implies continuous currents in the case of the electrophysiology problem.Our result is a general framework for solving a 3-D anisotropic reaction-diffusion problem (in this case, the cardiac electrophysiology problem) on structured, but topologically complex Hermite meshes. An atlas of high-quality meshes then can be diffeomorphically registered to a new patient, owing to well-defined material point correspondences in quadrilateral and hexahedral meshes. Work on the diffeomorphic registration problem in our group is underway.
On the fidelity of phage T4-induced polynucleotide ligase in the joining of chemically synthesized deoxyribooligonucleotides.

Abstract The fidelity of phage T 4 -induced polynucleotide ligase has been studied by using chemically synthesized deoxyribooligonucleotide p 3 2 T 1 2 and p 3 2 T 1 1 C. In the presence of polydeoxyadenylate,each substrate is joined by ligase to form longer chain deoxyribopolynucleotides. The ligase products have been characterized with respect to average chain length and nearest neighbour analysis.
Statural growth of children with renal disease

Growth retardation occurs in 35 to 65% of children with kidney disease. It is especially common in children with congenital diseases of the kidney, anomalies, and inherited disorders. Acquired disease, however, also may impair growth, particularly where renal function (GFR) is below 25 ml/min/1.73 m2. Therapy used in renal disease, notably prednisone, also impairs growth. Chronic dialysis therapy, both hemodialysis and peritoneal, are associated with poor growth. Several specific changes in renal disease are associated with growth failure. These include, in addition to azotemia, acidosis, hyposthenuria, renal osteodystrophy, endocrine disorders and resistance to hormone action, and nutritional disturbances.
Foundations for scaling beyond 14nm

The path to extending Moore's Law beyond 14nm technology node will require a combination of advanced imaging, computation, patterning and design methods. Use of phase shift masks in combination with inverse lithography methods can enable imaging of complex, tight pitch patterns. Customizing designs to have asymmetric minimum metal pitch design rules can improve overall density. Pitch division methods like pitch quartering permit scaling beyond physical imaging limits from a single exposure. For example, metal test structures at 24nm pitch are generated using spacer based pitch quartering. Co-optimizing design and process allow application of pitch division to logic devices. Pitch division and Computation Lithography methods can be combined with EUV (Extreme Ultraviolet) lithography to further enhance scaling and design rule flexibility.
Spatial–historical landscapes of telecommunication network survivability

Abstract Network security and survivability are critical components of the global telecommunication infrastructure. However, due to a string of recent events, including the attacks on the World Trade Center, the ability of this infrastructure to provide a robust platform for the movement of critical financial, political and cultural information is in doubt. In the United States, both law enforcement and national security agencies are questioning the fundamentals of network security and survivability. This resurgence of interest in telecommunication network performance (particularly the Internet) by the US government is not only cyclical in nature, but has a decidedly geographic component. The purpose of this paper is to trace the evolution of telecommunication network survivability from the Cold War era to the present day, paying particular attention to its spatial manifestations. This includes an extended examination of network topology and survivability. In addition, this paper utilizes basic statistical analysis and a geographic information system to empirically examine a series of legacy communication bunkers scattered throughout the US. Results suggest that their locations were not only strategic during the 1960s, but remain geographically strategic today.
Characterization of a mannan-like oligosaccharide from Mycobacterium smegmatis.

Abstract A nitrogen-free neutral mannooligosaccharide, similar in structure to the polysaccharide component of yeast mannoproteins, has been isolated from Mycobacterium smegmatis ATCC-356. It has a molecular weight of 3200 and is terminated at the reducing end by mannose. The evidence from nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, methylation analysis, selective enzymic degradation and acetolysis indicates that the molecule consists of an α1→6-linked backbone to which single mannose units are attached in α1→2 linkage as sidechains.
Long-term flat-field behavior on LLNL streak cameras: preliminary results

The flat-field profile of LLNL streak cameras fitted with either S-i or S-20 photocathode tubes is monitored and updated periodically. This paper will describe how these streak camera flat-fields change over the course of 12 to 25 months as well as research into the processes which drive this degradation. 1.
Transient nonlinear conduction and switching due to charge-density waves in Fe-doped Nb Se 3

Measurements of hysteresis, switching, and overshoot in the non-Ohmic conductivity of Fe-doped Nb${\mathrm{Se}}_{3}$ single crystals have been made in the temperature range 20-120 K. Crystals of ${\mathrm{Fe}}_{0.03}$Nb${\mathrm{Se}}_{3}$ show two nonlinear thresholds in the $I$ vs $V$ curve with substantial hysteresis centered on each nonlinear threshold. Fast-pulse experiments also show two nonlinear thresholds, both producing an initially slow-rising nonlinear pulse followed by squaring of the pulse at input amplitudes substantially above threshold. Application of successive negative and positive pulses gives rise to overshoot phenomena as observed in pure Nb${\mathrm{Se}}_{3}$, except that two separate overshoot responses are observed corresponding to each separate threshold. Both the overshoot phenomena and hysteresis reach maximum amplitude in the range 45-50 K, and substantial thermal activation is indicated. The higher threshold shows the largest and most complex hysteresis, with multiple nonlinear transitions and intermediate states. The nonlinear response is characteristic of domain-wall motion in the presence of impurities and two distinct charge-density-wave (CDW) pinning strengths or domain structures are indicated. At Fe concentrations below 3 at.%, a variable combination of the two separate thresholds and hysteresis loops is observed, often leading to a distribution of multiple thresholds and a spread of hysteretic segments in the $I$ vs $V$ curve. The complex nonlinear phenomena observed are associated with the low-temperature CDW and decrease rapidly between 54 and 59 K as the CDW amplitude decreases close to the transition. The lifetime of the metastable nonlinear conducting states shows a rapid temperature dependence and gives rise to complex excitation and decay modes. Between 59 and 144 K, where only the high-temperature CDW is present, the Fe-doped Nb${\mathrm{Se}}_{3}$ does not show nonlinear response up to at least 200 mV/cm and no metastable effects have yet been observed.
Comparisons of Six New Artificial Sweetener Gradation Ratios with Sucrose in Conventional-Method Cupcakes Resulting in Best Percentage Substitution Ratios

Abstract The development of new artificial sweeteners has increased the potential for replacing sugar in baked goods. Individual types and amounts of artificial sweetener will cause alterations in appearance, texture and taste when compared to sucrose. Understanding this, in our research artificial sweeteners are compared to sucrose in various percentage ratios in conventional-method cupcakes. Our objective is to demonstrate the various results when substituting 25%, 33%, 50%, and 100% fractions of isomalt, mannitol, maltitol, sucralose, xylitol and stevia for sucrose. The results yielded rise, appearance, texture, tenderness, and flavor differences among the artificial sweeteners when compared to the 100% sucrose cupcake by a taste-test panel.