cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Internalism and Externalism in Meliorative Epistemology

This paper addresses the meta-epistemological dispute over the basis of epistemic evaluation from the standpoint of meliorative epistemology. Meliorative epistemology aims at guiding our epistemic practice to better results, and it comprises two levels of epistemic evaluation. At the social level (meliorative social epistemology) appropriate experts conduct evaluation for the community, so that epistemic evaluation is externalist since each epistemic subject in the community need not have access to the basis of the experts’ evaluation. While at the personal level (meliorative personal epistemology) epistemic evaluation is internalist since each member of the community must evaluate the reliability of the (apparent) experts from the first-person perspective. I argue that evaluation at the social level should be the primary focus of meliorative epistemology since meliorative personal epistemology does not provide informative epistemic norms. It is then pointed out that epistemic evaluation at the social level can be considered internalist in the extended sense (social internalism) in that every component of the evaluation needs to be recognized by some members of the community at some points. As a result, some familiar problems of internalist epistemology, such as regress and circularity of epistemic support, carry over to meliorative social epistemology.
Cretaceous Floras from Kuk River Area, Alaska: Stratigraphic and Climatic Interpretations

Plant-bearing coastal plain deposits of Cretaceous age are exposed in cutbanks of the northward-flowing Kuk River system in Arctic Alaska. The Cretaceous strata have been folded into a broad synclinorium, with an east-west axis that crosses the Kaolak tributary near the southern end of the study area. Attitudes north of the axis show a uniform southerly dip of about 1 degree. Dip reversals are common south of the axis, indicating a crumpled south limb. Seven lithologic units, totalling about 4250 feet in thickness, have been recognized in the exposed section. Plant collections were taken from 40 localities, and their relative stratigraphic positions were determined on the basis of superposition. The succession of florules shows a temporal change from gymnosperm-dominated vegetation in older beds to angiosperm-dominated vegetation in younger units. Five sequential floras, representing major vegetation types, are recognized. All plant taxa have limited stratigraphic ranges in the local section. Correlations with intertonguing marine and continental beds in the Chandler-Colville region to the east indicate that Kuk River deposits and floras range in age from Middle Albian to Coniacian. The gymnosperm to angiosperm transition was quite rapid, and appears to have taken place in late Cenomanian-early Turonian time. Comparisons of Kuk River taxa with living analogues suggest that climates of the Cretaceous coastal plain of Arctic Alaska changed from warmer to cooler temperate during this 30 million year span of late Mesozoic time.
A Needs Assessment of Latino Men’s Health Concerns

Historically, Latino men are an understudied group. Researchers know little about the impact of culture or gender on health concerns. In this study, focus groups with Latino men were held that investigated their health concerns, barriers, motivators, and access to health information and health services. Additionally, the researchers wished to determine if a church-based design might help reach men who might not be responsive to more traditional health education or public health routes. Results included that the Latino male participants in this study wanted health information but wanted it to be more specific and in an accessible format. They also desired more Spanish-speaking health care providers and were acutely interested in low-cost health care. Prevention was not of much interest to these participants. Church-attending participants were interested in church-based health education.
Optimal paths in graphs with stochastic or multidimensional weights

This paper explores computationally tractable formulations of stochastic and multidimensional optimal path problems, each as an extension of the shortest path problem. A single formulation encompassing both problems is considered, in which a utility function defines preference among candidate paths. The result is the ability to state explicit conditions for exact solutions using standard methods, and the applicability of well-understood approximation techniques.
Characterization of three sequential polydipeptides containing glycine

Abstract The three sequential polypeptides, poly(Ala-Gly), poly(Ser-Gly) and poly(Glu (OEt)-Gly) have been prepared and characterized using spectroscopic, X-ray diffraction and electron microscopic techniques. These three polymers may each be obtained in a fibrous crystalline form with a cross-β conformation. There is a systematic increase in the intersheet spacing as the methyl residue of alanine is replaced by more bulky residues. Infrared dichroism studies indicate that the molecular axis is perpendicular to the fiber axis and it is thought that antiparallel polymer chains arise from chain folding.
Electron impact dissociative excitation of O2: 2. Absolute emission cross sections of the OI(130.4 nm) and OI(135.6 nm) lines

[1] In this work, we report the OI(135.6 nm) absolute emission cross section resulting from the long-lived (180 μs) OI(5S → 3P) transition from dissociative excitation of O2. From the ratio of the integrated intensities of the OI(135.6 nm) and OI(130.4 nm) features and from the absolute emission cross section for the OI(130.4 nm) emission feature from electron impact dissociative excitation of O2 at 100 eV, the absolute emission cross section for the OI(135.6 nm) feature was determined to be 6.4 × 10−18 cm2 at 100 eV. Electron impact-induced optical excitation functions for optically allowed transitions at 115.2 nm and 130.4 nm and for an optically forbidden transition at 135.6 nm were also obtained over the electron impact energy range 0–600 eV. The OI(135.6 nm) emission cross section was measured in the laboratory utilizing a large collision chamber (1.5 m in diameter). Electrons were produced with an electrostatically focusing gun with a large focal length (50 cm). The OI(130.4 nm, 135.6 nm) excitation functions were put on an absolute scale as described in the text, and the OI(135.6 nm)/OI(130.4 nm) ratio was determined for the entire energy range (0–600 eV). The atomic O UV emission cross sections from dissociative excitation of O2 can be used to model the recent Hubble Space Telescope observations of OI(130.4 nm) and OI(135.6 nm) intensities from Ganymede [Feldman et al., 2000] and Europa [Hall et al., 1995, 1998].
Cellular and molecular abnormalities in severe congenital neutropenia predisposing to leukemia

Severe congenital neutropenia (SCN) is a rare hematological disease characterized by a selective decrease in the level of circulating neutrophils in peripheral blood, maturation arrest at the promyelocyte stage of differentiation in the bone marrow, recurrent severe infections, and evolution to acute myelogenous leukemia (AML). Cellular and molecular studies of 12 SCN patients, including 5 patients that evolved to develop AML, revealed impaired proliferative characteristics and accelerated apoptosis of bone marrow progenitor cells in SCN compared with 11 healthy controls as demonstrated by flow cytometry analysis. Sequencing analysis revealed heterozygous deletion or substitution mutations in the neutrophil elastase (NE) gene in 9 of 12 patients but not in healthy controls. Expression of various NE mutants, but not normal NE, resulted in accelerated apoptosis of human promyelocytic HL-60 progenitor cells, similar to impaired survival observed in patients' cells. Bone marrow-derived primitive CD34(+) and CD33(+)/CD34(-) progenitor cells from SCN patients evolving to AML, all with mutations in the granulocyte colony-stimulating factor receptor (G-CSFR) gene, demonstrated normal cell survival, whereas more differentiated CD15(+)/CD33(-)/CD34(-) cells negative for mutant G-CSFR gene, continue to exhibit accelerated apoptosis. These data demonstrate that impaired survival of bone marrow myeloid progenitor cells, probably driven by expression of mutant NE, is the cellular mechanism responsible for neutropenia in SCN. Furthermore, our results suggest that acquired G-CSFR mutations may initiate signaling events that override the pro-apoptotic effect of mutant NE in primitive progenitor cells, resulting in an expansion of the abnormal AML clone.
Influence of Demographic Factors on Outcome of Collecting Duct Carcinoma: A Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Database Analysis

Abstract Background Collecting duct carcinoma (CDC) is a rare tumor that is difficult to analyze in a single-institution setting. The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database was used to examine demographics and outcomes of CDC. Patients and Methods The SEER registry was queried for patients diagnosed with CDC from 1973 to 2004 who also had available demographic, stage, and survival information (n = 98). Stage at presentation as a function of gender and as a function of race were compared using the χ2 test. Relative survival (RS) curves were computed and were compared using the log-rank test; stage-specific relative survival rates were compared across subgroups using the χ2 test. Stage at presentation was not influenced by race (P = .5) or by gender (P = .488). Results Three-year relative survival rates for localized, regional, and distant disease were 93%, 45%, and 6%, respectively (P Conclusion This study is the largest analysis of CDC and the first to explore the influence of demographic factors on outcomes. Within stated limitations, there appear to be no significant differences in patterns of disease presentation or relative survival rates based on race or sex. Further work is needed to improve outcomes, particularly for patients with regional or distant disease at presentation.
Professions of faith and the problem of meaning

(1967). Professions of faith and the problem of meaning. Pacific Philosophy Forum: Vol. 5, No. 3, pp. 56-65.
37 MATERNAL ATTACHMENT AND EXPECTATIONS: A COMPARISON OF MOTHERS OF HEALTHY AND SICK NEWBORNS

37 MATERNAL ATTACHMENT AND EXPECTATIONS: A COMPARISON OF MOTHERS OF HEALTHY AND SICK NEWBORNS
The fate of the cell envelopes of Myxococcus xanthus during microcyst germination.

By using an improved method for processing germinating microcysts for electron microscopy it was shown that no breakdown and resynthesis of the cell wall occured in M. xanthus during germination of microcysts. A third, dense cell wall layer, not described before for any species of myxobacteria, could be discerned when cells were fixed and embedded by a method described in Materials and Methods.
Characterization of breast masses for simulation purposes

Simulation of radiographic lesions is an important prerequisite for several research applications in medical imaging, including hardware and software design and optimization. For mammography, breast masses are an important class of lesions to be considered. In this study, we first characterized both benign and malignant breast masses with example mammograms from the Digital Database for Screening Mammography (DDSM). The measured properties of each of these mass types were then used to create a simulation routine that was capable of creating example masses from each category. A preliminary observer experiment was conducted to determine whether a mammographer could distinguish between the simulated and true masses. An ROC analysis indicated Az values of 0.59 and 0.61 for benign and malignant lesions, respectively, suggesting very similar appearance for the simulated and real lesions. A larger observer performance experiment with multiple mammographers is underway to validate these results.
Analysis of the ability of 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate to induce epidermal hyperplasia, transforming growth factor-α, and skin tumor promotion in wa-1 mice

Wa-1 mutant mice possess a defect in the production of transforming growth factor- α (TGF- α ) that leads to a phenotype characterized by wavy hair and curly whiskers. In light of recent evidence indicating the importance of TGF- α in epithelial tumorigenesis, this study characterizes the responsiveness of wa-i mice to skin tumor promotion by the phorbol ester, 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA). The responsiveness of wa-1 mice to TPA was compared with that of SENCAR and C57BL/6 mice, representing mouse lines highly sensitive and resistant to skin tumor promotion, respectively. Wa-1 mice were found to be very resistant to skin tumor promotion by TPA after initiation with 10nmol DMBA, similar to C57BL/6 mice. TPA failed to induce a dramatic increase in TGF- α mRNA and protein in the skin of wa-I mice, whereas TGF- α mRNA and protein were dramatically induced in the skin (both epidermis and dermis) of SENCAR and C578L/6 mice. TPA treatment dramatically increased mRNA levels of two other EGF receptor ligands, amphiregulin and heparin binding-EGF, however, in the skin of all three mouse lines. Comparison of histologic changes in skin revealed that wa-1mice exhibited only modest sustained epidermal hyperplasia after multiple treatments with TPA, similar in magnitude to that of C57BL/6 mice and significantly lower than that of SENCAR mice. The current data indicate that wa-1 mice are relatively resistant to TPA promotion. Possible mechanisms for this resistance are discussed.
Effect of retinoic acid on otic capsule chondrogenesis in high‐density culture suggests disruption of epithelial‐mesenchymal interactions

Previous studies have shown that in utero exposure of the mouse embryo to nonphysiological levels of all-trans retinoic acid (RA) produces malformations of the epithelial-derived auditory and vestibular receptors of the inner ear and its surrounding cartilaginous capsule. In this study, we demonstrate the effects of all-trans RA in high-density cultures of the periotic mesenchyme fated to form the otic capsule. Our results demonstrate an inhibition of chondrogenesis in cultured periotic mesenchyme + otic epithelium of embryonic age E10.5 days (E10.5) in response to all-trans RA exposure. However, at later stages of development (i.e., E12, E14), when epithelial-mesenchymal interactions are no longer required for initiation of chondrogenesis, exposure to this teratogen has no effect on the chondrogenic process. Two analogues of all-trans RA, i.e., cis-RA and trans-retinol, were investigated for their biological activity in chondrogenic cultures of inner ear mesenchyme + epithelium. Moreover, we tested the inductive capability and responsiveness of in utero RA-exposed inner ear tissues when cultured with inner ear tissues that were not exposed to this teratogen. Our results support the hypothesis that all-trans RA disrupts otic capsule formation by interfering with the tissue interactions required for its normal differentiation and development.
Recursive estimation for economic research: the multiple equations Case

Recursive estimators for utilizing new information to update or revise estimates of the parameters of an economic model are derived. The forthcoming information includes new data and a priori probabilistic information about changes, if any, occurring in the parameters of the estimated economic model over time. Such recursive methods are likely to prove useful to economists in a number of ways, such as the following: first, they can be used to develop tests for variation in structural coefficients over time; second, they enable tracking the parameters of time-varying economic systems; third, they admit the possibility of proceeding with the gathering of observed data until a specified accuracy of the parameters is achieved; and finally, they can play an important role in adaptive learning, forecasting and control. This paper examines recursive estimation in the context of both multiple equation as well as simultaneous equation models.
ALKALOIDS OF CEPHALOTAXUS WILSONIANA

Abstract Four alkaloids have been isolated from extracts of Cephalotaxus wilsoniana Hayata. The major alkaloid (I), for which the name wilsonine is proposed, occurs with its C-3 epimer (II); in addition to these homoerythrina alkaloids, minor amounts of cephalotaxine (III) and acetylcephalotaxine (IV) are also found.
Air Sampling with Plastic Bags

Abstract An inexpensive sampler has been developed whereby air samples can be collected in plastic bags without pump contamination and shipped to a laboratory for analysis. Data are presented to illustrate how well these bags contain (1) sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, and ozone in samples collected from synthetically prepared mixtures, and (2) hydrocarbons in samples collected from an auto exhaust irradiation chamber. The inorganic samples were in the concentration range of 0.5 to 1.5 ppm, and the hydrocarbon samples were in the concentration range of 7 to 20 ppm, The samples were stored for periods of several days.
Land use and environmental factors influencing soil surface CO2 flux and microbial biomass in natural and managed ecosystems in southern Wisconsin

Abstract Many of the native prairies in southern Wisconsin, and the midwestern United States in general, have been replaced by conventional till (chisel plow) and no-tillage corn agroecosystems. However, knowledge of the influence of land use change on the structure and function of ecosystems is incomplete. Soil surface CO 2 flux is a major transfer of carbon from terrestrial ecosystems to the atmosphere and varies greatly among vegetation types. We measured soil surface CO 2 flux and microbial biomass in tilled and no-till corn agroecosystems and a restored prairie ecosystem, examined the influence of various environmental factors on soil surface CO 2 flux in these ecosystems, and estimated annual soil surface CO 2 flux for the natural and managed ecosystems. Soil surface CO 2 flux is significantly greater for prairie and conventional tilled corn than for no-till corn in the spring, greater for prairie than tilled and no-till corn from July to early October, and is similar for all three ecosystems in the late fall and winter. Soil surface CO 2 flux is positively correlated to soil temperature at 10 cm for all three ecosystems ( r 2 =0.43–0.60, P 2 flux from 10 cm soil temperatures, we estimate annual soil surface CO 2 fluxes of 508, 535 and 719 (g C m −2 y −1 ) for the tilled and no-till corn and restored prairie ecosystems, respectively, demonstrating that land use practices significantly affect soil surface CO 2 flux.
Learning from examples with unspecified attribute values

A challenging problem within machine learning is how to make good inferences from data sets in which pieces of information are missing. While it is valuable to have algorithms that perform well for specific domains, to gain a fundamental understanding of the problem, one needs a "theory" about how to learn with incomplete data. The important contribution of such a theory is not so much the specific algorithmic results, but rather that it provides good ways of thinking about the problem formally. In this paper we introduce the unspecified attribute value (UAV) learning model as a first step towards a theoretical framework for studying the problem of learning from incomplete data in the exact learning framework.In the UAV learning model, an example x is classified positive (resp., negative) if all possible assignments for the unspecified attributes result in a positive (resp., negative) classification. Otherwise the classification given to x is "?"(for unknown). Given an example x in which some attributes are unspecified, the oracle UAV-MQ responds with the classification of x. Given a hypothesis h, the oracle UAV-EQ returns an example x (that could have unspecified attributes) for which h(x) is incorrect.We show that any class of functions learnable in Angluin's exact model using the MQ and EQ oracles is also learnable in the UAV model using the MQ and UAV-EQ oracles as long as the counterexamples provided by the UAV-EQ oracle have a logarithmic number of unspecified attributes. We also show that any class learnable in the exact model using the MQ and EQ oracles is also learnable in the UAV model using the UAV-MQ and UAV-EQ oracles as well as an oracle to evaluate a given boolean formula on an example with unspecified attributes. (For some hypothesis classes such as decision trees and unate formulas the evaluation can be done in polynomial time without an oracle.) We also study the learnability of a universal class of decision trees under the UAV model and of DNF formulas under a representation-dependent variation of the UAV model.
The Tendency to Iugr in Preterm Infants Born to Young Women Enrolled in a Comprehensive Prenatal Program

Low-birthweight infants born to young women in an urban poor and multiethnic community who attended an intensive comprehensive prenatal program were studied. Of the 801 young women followed, 69 (8.6%) delivered infants weighing less than or equal to 2500 gm. Despite comprehensive care, there was a high prevalence of maternal anemia though other obstetric factors were not significantly increased. Of the 69 low-birthweight infants, 82.6% were below the 50th percentile for weight. There was a tendency toward intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) among preterm infants which was pronounced after 33 weeks gestation. Further studies are needed to determine what developmental insult could arrest growth and lead in some instances to preterm birth and in others to IUGR.
Further observations on the dicarbonyl compounds formed via autoxidation of methyl linoleate

a-Dicarbonyls isolated from oxidized methyl linoleate and conclusively identified as DNP-osazones3 were glyoxal, methyl glyoxal,a-keto hexanal,a-keto heptanal, anda-keto octanal.
Environmental Justice: Mobilization of a Grassroots Social Movement

ABSTRACT Many minority communities in the United States have experienced the consequences of environmental racism. Until recently, mainstream environmental organizations have tended to ignore this phenomenon, while civil rights organizations have focused their attention primarily on political and economic rather than environmental discrimination. Based on case study material from Alabama and Mississippi, this paper examines efforts to forge an alliance between grassroots environmental and civil rights organizations.
[O II] as a Star Formation Rate Indicator

We investigate the [O II] emission line as a star formation rate (SFR) indicator using integrated spectra of 97 galaxies from the Nearby Field Galaxies Survey (NFGS). The sample includes all Hubble types and contains SFRs ranging from 0.01 to 100 M⊙ yr-1. We compare the Kennicutt [O II] and Hα SFR calibrations and show that there are two significant effects that produce disagreement between SFR([O II]) and SFR(Hα): reddening and metallicity. Differences in the ionization state of the interstellar medium do not contribute significantly to the observed difference between SFR([O II]) and SFR(Hα) for the NFGS galaxies with metallicities log (O/H) + 12 8.5. The Kennicutt [O II]-SFR relation assumes a typical reddening for nearby galaxies; in practice, the reddening differs significantly from sample to sample. We derive a new SFR([O II]) calibration that does not contain a reddening assumption. Our new SFR([O II]) calibration also provides an optional correction for metallicity. Our SFRs derived from [O II] agree with those derived from Hα to within 0.03–0.05 dex. We show that the reddening, E(B-V), increases with intrinsic (i.e., reddening-corrected) [O II] luminosity for the NFGS sample. We apply our SFR([O II]) calibration with metallicity correction to two samples: high-redshift 0.8 < z < 1.6 galaxies from the NICMOS Hα survey and 0.5 < z < 1.1 galaxies from the Canada-France Redshift Survey. The SFR([O II]) and SFR(Hα) for these samples agree to within the scatter observed for the NFGS sample, indicating that our SFR([O II]) relation can be applied to both local and high-z galaxies. Finally, we apply our SFR([O II]) to estimates of the cosmic star formation history. After reddening and metallicity corrections, the star formation rate densities derived from [O II] and Hα agree to within ~30%.
Experimental investigation of transient critical heat flux of water-based zinc–oxide nanofluids

Abstract Pool boiling experiments were conducted for sandblasted stainless steel (grade 316) plate heaters submerged in deionized (DI) water and water-based zinc–oxide nanofluid, for transient heat flux conditions with power through the heaters increasing quadratically with time. Heat flux in the experiments was increased from zero to CHF in short time frames of 1, 10 and 100 s. Consistent with previous studies, transient CHF for DI water was higher than steady state CHF, and CHF increased with decreasing duration of the transient. Additionally, it was observed that for nanofluid tests, a porous and hydrophilic nanoparticle layer started to deposit on the heater surface in short time frames of 10 and 100 s, and this layer was responsible for the enhanced CHF compared to DI water. However, for the 1 s tests, nanoparticle deposition did not occur and consequently the CHF was not enhanced. Finally, experiments with heaters pre-coated with nanoparticles were performed and it was found that CHF was enhanced for all transient durations down to 1 s, establishing firmly that the CHF enhancement occurs due to surface modifications by the deposited nanoparticles, and not by nanoparticles suspended in solution.
Ion Mobility-Mass Spectrometry Reveals Conformational Changes in Charge Reduced Multiprotein Complexes

Characterizing intact multiprotein complexes in terms of both their mass and size by ion mobility-mass spectrometry is becoming an increasingly important tool for structural biology. Furthermore, the charge states of intact protein complexes can dramatically influence the information content of gas-phase measurements performed. Specifically, protein complex charge state has a demonstrated influence upon the conformation, mass resolution, ion mobility resolution, and dissociation properties of protein assemblies upon collisional activation. Here we present the first comparison of charge-reduced multiprotein complexes generated by solution additives and gas-phase ion-neutral reaction chemistry. While the charge reduction mechanism for both methods is undoubtedly similar, significant gas-phase activation of the complex is required to reduce the charge of the assemblies generated using the solution additive strategy employed here. This activation step can act to unfold intact protein complexes, making the data difficult to correlate with solution-phase structures and topologies. We use ion mobility-mass spectrometry to chart such conformational effects for a range of multi-protein complexes, and demonstrate that approaches to reduce charge based on ion-neutral reaction chemistry in the gas-phase consistently produce protein assemblies having compact, ‘native-like’ geometries while the same molecules added in solution generate significantly unfolded gas-phase complexes having identical charge states.
Lysimetric Calibration of the Bowen Ratio-Energy Balance Method for Evapotranspiration Estimation in the Central Great Plains

Abstract Most reports show good agreement between evapotranspiration (ET) rates estimated by the Bowen Ratio-Energy Balance (BREB) method and rates measured with lysimeters, although underestimation by the BREB model has occasionally been reported. This study was conducted to evaluate the performance of the BREB technique in the climatic conditions characteristic of the central Great Plains, a region where a significant proportion of the energy consumed by evapotranspiration is supplied from advected sensible heat. Agreement between the BREB method and lysimetric measurements of ET is good during non-advective periods but during advective periods the BREB model underestimates ET by about 20%. Data collected in this study suggest that the difference is due primarily to an inequality of the exchange coefficients for beat (Kh) and water vapor (Kw). In the development of the BREB method these coefficients are assumed to be identical but our results indicate that the ratio Kh/Kw is greater than 1 for the stabl...
Protein and Energy Requirements of Chicks Selected for High and Low Body Weight

Abstract ALTHOUGH extensive research has been conducted in poultry genetics and nutrition, only limited information is available on genetic-nutritional interactions. Usually data on the selection procedures and the nutritional regime employed in developing stocks have been too incomplete to fully determine interactions. Also when diverse stocks were utilized in nutritional experiments, data analyses were made on a within-stock basis which precluded the determination of any stock-ration interaction. The few reports that have appeared in the literature on genetic-nutritional interactions are somewhat contradictory. Nordskog and Johnson (1953) reported a highly significant ration-breed group interaction for 8-week body weight, and Johnson and Abplanalp (1960) stated that a strain-feed interaction existed for pullets but not for cockerels. On the other hand, Kondra and Hodgson (1961) found no evidence of a strain-ration interaction in body weight, feed utilization or protein and energy utilization. Slinger et al. (1955) who fed rations containing two levels of stabilized …
Importance of electric fields in modeling space plasmas

Abstract Many space plasma models use magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) theory with the approximation that the high conductivity of plasmas does not support electric fields in the fluid frame (ideal approximation). We will show that physics is consistent only if the small electric field is included. Even then, MHD theory requires knowledge about collisionless conductivity for which there is little information. MHD theory has other restrictions that make it inapplicable to collisionless space plasmas. We apply MHD and ideal MHD concepts to observations and discuss why they are not adequate. There is an urgent need to develop kinetic models that correctly describe space plasmas.
Ab initio dynamics of cellulose pyrolysis: nascent decomposition pathways at 327 and 600 °C.

We modeled nascent decomposition processes in cellulose pyrolysis at 327 and 600 °C using Car–Parrinello molecular dynamics (CPMD) simulations with rare events accelerated with the metadynamics method. We used a simulation cell comprised of two unit cells of cellulose Iβ periodically repeated in three dimensions to mimic the solid cellulose. To obtain initial conditions at reasonable densities, we extracted coordinates from larger classical NPT simulations at the target temperatures. CPMD-metadynamics implemented with various sets of collective variables, such as coordination numbers of the glycosidic oxygen, yielded a variety of chemical reactions such as depolymerization, fragmentation, ring opening, and ring contraction. These reactions yielded precursors to levoglucosan (LGA)—the major product of pyrolysis—and also to minor products such as 5-hydroxy-methylfurfural (HMF) and formic acid. At 327 °C, we found that depolymerization via ring contraction of the glucopyranose ring to the glucofuranose ring ...
Silver Jubilee: The 1978 Northeast Conference

person to draft a statement commending Representative Paul Simon (D-Illinois) for his efforts to establish a Presidential Commission on Foreign Languages and International Studies and urging President Carter to move with all deliberate speed to appoint such a commission as a means of assuring compliance with the ights Amendment. The states in the Central States nference region affect d by the action are Arkans, Il inois, Missouri, and Oklahoma. terms of the 1975 Helsinki Agreement. The 1979 Central States Conference will be held on
Patient preferences of a resect and discard paradigm

Background Resect and discard is a new paradigm for management of diminutive polyps. It is unknown whether patients will embrace this new paradigm in which small polyps would not be sent for histopathologic review. Objective To determine whether patients would be willing to pay for pathology costs with their own money and which factors influence patients' decisions to pay or not pay for pathology costs with their own money. Design Single-center, prospective, survey study. Setting Hospital outpatient endoscopy center. Patients Adults undergoing colonoscopy for screening or routine polyp surveillance. Interventions Patient survey. Main Outcome Measurements Willingness to pay out-of-pocket for pathology costs when a diminutive polyp is found and factors that influence patients' decisions to pay or not pay for pathology costs with their own money. Results A total of 500 participants completed the survey. A total of 360 respondents (71.9%) indicated a hypothetical willingness to pay out-of-pocket for histopathologic polyp analysis if this interpretation was not covered by insurance. Patient factors significantly associated with willingness to pay for polyp analysis included higher income and education and female sex. Limitations Single center, hypothetical situation. Conclusion Over two-thirds of patients were willing to pay to have their diminutive polyp sent for pathologic evaluation if their insurance carrier would not pay the cost. Factors associated with willingness to pay included higher income, higher education, and female sex. Patients who were unwilling to pay raised concerns about cost and are less concerned about cancer risk compared with those willing to pay. (Clinical trial registration number: NCT02305251.)
Ligand Exchange at the Active Site of the Carbonic Anhydrases: A “Ping-Ping-Pong” View

We emphasize that the interconversion of CO2 and HCO-3 catalyzed by carbonic anhydrase must be regarded as two-substrate, two-product reactions, involving CO2, H2O and HCO-3, H+. Questions then arise regarding the interactions of substrates and products with enzyme during catalysis. Hydration of CO2 has been described by others as a pair of half reactions in which HCO-3 product is released from enzyme, followed by (usually buffer-catalyzed) release of H+. This "ping-pong" view is extended here to a "ping-ping-pong" sequence; based on analyses of specific models for the several intermediate complexes, we conclude that the second "ping" relates to the rate of ligand exchange of H2O from a pentacoordinate enzyme-H2O-HCO-3 complex, about which little is known at present and that is difficult to investigate. We discuss the types of experiments used to measure enzymatic activity and note that (1) they generally measure the rate of the combined "ping-ping" sequence rather than either independently, and (2) the pathway for exchange of substrate H2O is unrelated to the exchange of H2O measured by proton magnetic relaxation and by loss of isotopically labeled oxygen from the CO2-HCO-3 system. The "ping-ping-pong" view, while giving new insights and raising new questions, is consistent with OH- as the ligand of the high-pH form of isozymes I and II, as well as with the results of magnetic relaxation, isotope mixing and loss, 13C NMR linewidths of CO2 and HCO-3 at equilibrium, and stopped-flow kinetic measurements.
The Effect of N,N′-p-Phenylenedimaleimide (PMD) on Deoxygenation-Induced K Loss in Sickle Erythrocytes

ABSTRACT A variety of thiol reactive agents have been found to have antisickling properties thought to be due to the ability of these drugs to bind to hemoglobin, resulting in increased hemoglobin–oxygen affinity. Because thiol reactive agents also influence K movements in red cells and deoxygenation leads to K loss and Na gain in sickle erythrocytes, the authors investigated the possibility that deoxygenation-induced K loss could be influenced by thiol agents, independent of an effect on hemo- globin-oxygen affinity. Experiments were performed with the thiol crosslinking agent N,N′-p-phenylenedimaleimide (PMD). The authors found that PMD inhibited deoxygenation- induced K loss in sickle erythrocytes. This effect was not due to sickling inhibition as PMD-treated cells gained Na with deoxygenation, nor could the effect be explained by monofunctional PMD binding to membrane sulfhydryl groups, as a monofunctional analogue of PMD was not able to retard deoxygenation-induced K loss. These findings support a role for membrane sulfhydryl groups in deoxygenation-induced K movements in sickle red cells and suggest that this K loss may be prevented by crosslinking of certain membrane sulfhydryl groups.
Molecular evolutionary processes and conflicting gene trees: The hominoid case

Molecular evolutionary processes modify DNA over time, creating both newly derived substitutions shared by related descendant lineages (phylogenetic signal) and “false” similarities which confound phylogenetic reconstruction (homoplasy). However, some types of DNA regions, for example those containing tandem duplicate repeats, are preferentially subject to homoplasy-inducing processes such as sporadically occurring concerted evolution and DNA insertion/deletion. This added level of homoplasic “noise” can make DNA regions with repeats less reliable in phylogenetic reconstruction than those without repeats. Most molecular datasets which distinguish among African hominoids support a human-chimpanzee clade; the most notable exception is from the involucrin gene. However, phylogenetic resolution supporting a chimpanzee-gorilla clade is based entirely on involucrin DNA repeat regions. This is problematic because (1) involucrin repeats are difficult to align, and published alignments are contradictory; (2) involucrin repeats are subject to DNA insertion/deletion; (3) gorillas are polymorphic in that some do not have repeats reported to be synapomorphies linking chimpanzees and gorillas. Gene tree/species tree conflicts can occur due to the sorting of ancestrally polymorphic alleles during speciation. Because hominoid females transfer between groups, mitochondrial and nuclear gene flow occur to the same extent, and the probability of conflict between mitochondrial and nuclear gene trees is theoretically low. When hominoid intraspecific mitochondrial variability is taken into account [based on cytochrome oxidase subunit II (COII) gene sequences], humans and chimpanzees are most closely related, showing the same relative degree of separation from gorillas as when single individuals representing species are analyzed. Conflicting molecular phylogenies can be explained in terms of molecular evolutionary processes and sorting of ancient polymorphisms. This perspective can enhance our understanding of hominoid molecular phylogenies. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Trade-offs and performance limitations in mechatronic systems: a case study

Abstract In this paper, the central issue of performance limitations is addressed in the context of design and control of mechatronic systems. Limitations arising at the component and system levels are both discussed. Presentation is made through a case study on atomic force microscopes (AFMs). Results from modeling, analysis, simulations and experiments are used to motivate and demonstrate several trade-offs and performance limitations in AFM.
A micromechanical analysis of the yielding behavior of individual widmanstätten colonies of an α + β titanium alloy

The yielding behavior of individual Widmanstatten α (hcp) + β (bcc) colonies of Ti-8Al-1Mo-1V has been analyzed theoretically by considering the shearing of β platelets by slip in the α phase. Slip is assumed to initiate in the softer α phase and impinges on the harder β platelets. Under the combined actions of the external stress and impinging slip, yielding of the β platelets occurs when the von Mises effective stress in the β phase exceeds a critical value. The theoretical analysis indicates that the macroscopic slip planes in individual Widmanstatten colonies correspond to those that induce the highest stresses in the β platelets. In addition, the yield stress and the strain-hardening rate both increase with decreasing values of the angle, β b , between the slip direction and the normal to the β platelets, resulting in soft and hard slip orientations. Soft orientation of the lamellar colony is associated with α slip parallel to the macroscopic, serrated α/β interface, which includes crystallographic interface and ledges, while the hard orientation is associated with slip normal to the thin platelets. This slip anisotropy appears to arise from increasing difficulty of slip transmission across the macroscopic α/β interface when the operative slip vector impinges perpendicular to the β platelets.
TU‐E‐201C‐05: Electrode Displacement Strain Imaging for Monitoring In‐Vivo Ablative Therapies

Purpose: Percutaneous RF ablation is evolving into an accepted minimally‐invasive treatment for hepatic tumors. Monitoring and delineating the treated region is essential for its success. Ultrasoundelastography can become a convenient and cost‐effective means to delineate thermal lesion boundaries. This study assesses electrode displacement based strain imaging for monitoring abdominal RF ablation procedures that are difficult to monitor with conventional elastography Method and Materials: Thirteen RFablated regions were created in‐vivo in pig liver.Radiofrequency echo signal data for strain imaging were acquired using a Siemens Antares clinical scanner immediately following RF ablation procedures. Small displacements were applied to the unconstrained end of the ablationelectrode in‐vivo, resulting in localized tissue deformation. Strain images were then compared to gross‐pathology images of the same lesion along the two‐dimensional imaging plane. Gross‐pathology images were obtained by fixing the excised thermal lesion and slicing though the lesion, utilizing marks on the liver surface denoting the imaging plane and visual inspection of the electrode track. Results: Cross‐sectional area measurements of the thermal lesion obtained from the strain images were derived using both manual and automated segmentation. Areas were compared with cross‐sectional area measurements from gross pathology images. Area measurements from strain images were highly correlated to areas measured on gross‐pathology, where the linear correlation coefficients were R = 0.894, P < 0.001 and R = 0.828, P < 0.001, for the manual and automated segmentation, respectively. Conclusions:Electrode displacement based strain imaging provides high contrast between ablated and normal liver tissue, allowing for clear delineation of the thermal ablation zone. This complements clinical ultrasound imaging, the preferred modality for real‐time guidance for the placement of the RF needle into the tumor, allowing multiple imaging tasks to be performed with a single ultrasound machine. Supported by NIH‐NCI grants R01CA112192‐03 and R01CA112192‐S103.
Thermal decomposition and the apparent dissociative attachment cross section of heated methyl-, ethyl- and t-butyl-chloride

Abstract The dissociative attachment process in methyl-, ethyl- and t -butyl-chloride is observed as a function of gas temperature in an electron beam experiment. Evidence is presented that the rapid increase in the cross sections near 0.8 eV with temperature, observed previously in swarm experiments in the first two gases, is due to the production of HCl by decomposition of the parent compound on the walls of the oven.
American Police Advisers and the Nationalist Chinese Secret Service, 1930-1937:

Then I discovered that this skunk, this Dai Li fellow, had been the chief of the Chinese Police Academy in 1932-1937, and that was a police academy in the Hangchow area in East China that trained all the major police officers in the whole country of China. That's something like they believed in out there was having a National Police. It was sort of like a National Guard, I guess. But they were trained in police activities and they had many people in from the United States and from Great Britain to be assistant instructors, but the boss man of the whole outfit was this man Dai Li. One of the things that the Chinese all look up to, one of the people they look up to, is their instructor. They think the world of their instructors and their fathers. Once an instructor, you're always an instructor. So that several thousands and thousands of people that Dai Li had trained in the police academy, no matter what happened to them afterwards, they became -they were still students of Dai Li.
Chemical suppression of primary and anamnestic maternal immunization in Rh-incompatible pregnancies

Abstract An animal model demonstrating the use of chemical agents (cytosine arabinoside, cyclophosphamide) as a means of immunosuppression of the primary and anamnestic Rh-immune response is presented. Suppression of this anamnestic response, if applicable in the human Rh system, might be beneficial to the already mildly to moderately sensitized Rh patient by preventing further sensitization. Methods for producing a state of immunologic tolerance in this system are discussed.
Refolding and Reassembly of Active Chaperonin GroEL After Denaturation

Abstract Conditions are reported that, for the first time, permit the folding and assembly of active chaperonin, GroEL, following denaturation in 8 M urea. The folding could be achieved by dilution or dialysis, and the best yields required the simultaneous presence of ammonium sulfate and the Mg complexes of ATP or ADP. Ammonium sulfate was the key to this particular protocol, since there was a small recovery of oligomer in its presence, but no detectable recovery was induced by ATP or ADP without ammonium sulfate. The refolded/reassembled GroEL could arrest the spontaneous folding of rhodanese, and it could participate in the chaperonin-assisted refolding of rhodanese as effectively as GroEL that had never been unfolded. The results demonstrate that the primary sequence of GroEL contains the information required for its folding, assembly, and function. Thus, in contrast to previous studies, although chaperonins may facilitate GroEL folding, they are not necessary for the acquisition of the functional oligomeric state of this chaperone. This ability to fold denatured GroEL in vitro will facilitate studies of the influences that determine the interesting folding pattern adopted by the native protein.
Women’s Involvement in Terrorism

Women have had a long history of participating in terrorist activity. This history extends from the earliest modern terrorist group, from the nineteenth century Russian People’s Will to the current wave of suicide bombings carried out by the Chechen Black Widows and the Tamil Tiger’s Birds of Paradise. This article traces the history of female involvement in modern terrorism and then goes on to make a number of generalizations about this experience. Among other things, the writers point out that women have played strong leadership roles in left-wing, revolutionary bands, while these roles have been far fewer with right-wing and racist aggregations. Women have tended to be late-comers to contemporary, religiously-inspired terrorism: Muslim religious authorities first had to endorse their participation.
An Event-Driven Interactive Model of Information Resource Management

Information Resources Management (IRM) is an emerging discipline that helps managers assess and exploit their information assets for business development. It draws on the techniques of information science (libraries) and information systems (IT related) as well as the process of business management. In this paper, we propose an event-driven interactive IRM model to effectively provide managers with valuable information and background processes to keep the valuable information. The structure of the proposed model is described, components and processes of the model and interactions between them are presented, and the benefits and obstacles of the model are analyzed.