cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Characterizing Architectures of Soft Pneumatic Actuators for a Cable-Driven Shoulder Exoskeleton

Low weight and innate compliance make soft pneumatic actuators an attractive method for actuating wearable robots. Performance of soft pneumatic actuators can be tailored to an application by combining them in novel architectures. We modeled and constructed nested linear and pennate architectures using fiber-reinforced elastomeric enclosures (FREEs) with identical manufacturing parameters and total effective lengths to compare their suitability for a cable-driven exoskeleton for augmenting shoulder flexion. We determined actuator performance requirements using a static model for the transmission of actuator forces to the upper arm via Bowden cables. We experimentally characterized the architectures by measuring their force-displacement curves at a range of pressures, yielding greater force and displacement from the nested architecture in the domain required by our exoskeleton. Results also indicated a force threshold above which the pennate structure produced greater force at any given displacement. We validated the nested linear architecture using a prototype exoskeleton installed on a passive mannequin. Measured joint angles at varying pressures were close to predicted values, adjusted for measured losses due to cable anchor movement.
Frequency and impedance reconfigurable antenna using magnetically-actuated low-loss Ferrofluid loads

ABSTRACTWith space and spectrum at a premium, antennas must be capable of operating well across a variety of frequencies and environments. This work presents a novel method of frequency and impedan...
Electromagnetic Interference of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles: A Characteristic Mode Analysis Approach

A simple Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) model is developed to computationally and experimentally quantify its electromagnetic scattering characteristics and its susceptibility to interference. Characteristic Mode Analysis (CMA) is evoked to calculate the fundamental modes of the structure. The properties of these calculated modes will allow the prediction of the response of the UAV to various interfering waveforms. Innovative experimental measurements are performed to directly measure the coupled current to the UAV and validate the CMA predictions. The analysis and measurements presented in this work provide the first direct experimental validation of modal behavior and the novel application of CMA to study interference to UAVs and similar systems.
Preservice Teachers’ use of Discourse to Shape the Construction of Scientific Arguments

The Next Generation Science Standards list scientific argumentation as one of the essential skills for students in K-12 education. Unfortunately, many teachers enter the classrooms without sufficie...
Celiac disease risk stratification based on HLA-DQ heterodimer (HLA-DQA1 ~ DQB1) typing in a large cohort of adults with suspected celiac disease.

Abstract Backgrounds Patients with celiac disease (CeD) carry the major histocompatibility complex class II, HLA-DQ2 or DQ8 haplotype; the absence of these haplotypes excludes a diagnosis of CeD. While the most common and highest risk HLA haplotypes in CeD have been established, the risk profiles of the less common and equivocal HLA haplotypes need further refinement. The aim of this study was to use a large national patient cohort to further stratify the risk gradient of HLA-DQ haplotypes. Methods The study cohort included 24,339 adult patients with suspected CeD and immunoglobulin (Ig)A sufficiency (total IgA ≥ 70 mg/dL) whose samples were assessed at Mayo Clinic Laboratories for HLA-DQ genotyping, total IgA, and tissue transglutaminase (tTG)-IgA. Data from a subset of the patients who had duodenal biopsies were analyzed to determine the risk gradient of CeD. Logistic regression models were used to evaluate the risk gradient and to calculate odds ratios (ORs) for being positive to CeD serology according to different HLA-DQ2 and DQ8 heterodimers. Results Of the 24,339 patients, 55% (n = 13,456) expressed HLA-DQ2 or DQ8 heterodimers. Compared with patients who had non-permissive HLA-DQ heterodimers, patients who had HLA-DQ2 homozygosity (HLA-DQ2.5/DQ2.5, HLA-DQ2.5/DQ2.2, or HLA-DQ2.2/DQ2.2) showed increased odds for tTG-IgA positivity (OR = 96.9; 95% CI, 58.3–147.9). Interestingly, the odds for patients who were compound heterozygous for HLA-DQ2.5 and HLA-DQ8 were similar to those for HLA-DQ2.5 heterozygotes. However, a single HLA-DQ2.2 haplotype (without HLA-DQ8, DQ2.2 heterozygous) was not associated with tTG-IgA positivity. These findings were confirmed in a subset of patients (n = 738) who had duodenal biopsies performed in addition to CeD serologic testing. Discussion This large national reference laboratory cohort study demonstrated that HLA-DQ2.2 heterozygous is not associated with positive tTG-IgA serology, suggesting the reclassification of this haplotype as non-permissive for CeD.
Photoexcited elastic waves in free-standing GaAs films

The ability to generate transversely propagating elastic waves on free-standing semiconductor films in the 10+ GHz frequency range is a critical element in the effort to achieve phonon-based coupling to on-chip electronic devices. The results of this joint experimental and theoretical study show that such phonons are created by the excitation of free-standing optically subwavelength thickness GaAs films with highly focused femtosecond optical pulses. With sufficiently high strain levels, this approach could become enabling for applications in nano-optomechanics.
Multimarker Flow Cytometric Characterization, Isolation and Differentiation of Neural Stem Cells and Progenitors of the Normal and Injured Mouse Subventricular Zone

Studies performed over the past 20 years on neural stem cells and progenitors have opened up new possibilities for treating neurological diseases and for regenerating the central nervous system (CNS) after injury. But our understanding of the types of stem cells and progenitors that produce the CNS and then persist into adulthood has lagged behind studies on other organs, in part due to the complexity of the neural precursor (NP) pool, but also due to the lack of widely accepted methods to isolate and analyze NPs. Until recently, there have not been cell surface markers known to reside on specific types of neural precursors that could be used for flow cytometric or fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) studies. Indeed, there is still no unique surface epitope identified to be exclusively expressed by neural stem cells (NSCs). Therefore, investigators have used cell surface markers in combination to begin to establish the variety of neural precursors that reside in the brain's germinal zones and to understand how they produce new neurons and glia. In this chapter, we will review progress made in discerning the different types of precursors that reside within the brain as assessed by flow cytometry and FACS. Based upon our trials and errors in establishing a multimarker flow cytometry panel, we will discuss the technical considerations that complicate the application of flow cytometry and FACS to studies of the developing and adult nervous tissues. We predict that, with additional refinements to the current methods being used, neuroscientists will make great strides in understanding the complexities of the brain’s germinal matrices and their precursors.
In vitro activity of eravacycline compared with tigecycline against carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae.

ABSTRACT Eravacycline has been shown to have broad-spectrum activity against Gram-negative bacteria, including carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE). We compared the activity of eravacycline with that of tigecycline in CRE isolates cultured from patients at an academic medical centre. Eravacycline was more potent than tigecycline [mean minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ratio = 0.76, 95% confidence interval 0.66–0.87]; however, the MIC90 observed for eravacycline was higher than previously reported at 4 μg/mL. Future studies are necessary to elucidate the mechanism driving this difference.
Multitimescale Three-Tiered Voltage Control Framework for Dispersed Smart Inverters at the Grid Edge

Voltage control schemes are being employed to guarantee that the voltage across the grid stays within the predefined boundaries. Growing number of smart PV-based inverters (SPVIs) necessitates cutting-edge control schemes to ensure addressing voltage fluctuations suitably aligned with the existing grid codes. Designing such control schemes for grid clusters with high penetration of SPVIs is complex and depends on various agencies, such as configuration of the clusters and physical limitations of the SPVIs, themselves. This article proposes a multitimescale three-tiered voltage control framework for dispersed SPVIs at the grid edge. The uppermost tier called the long-term supervisory tier oversees the entire grid cluster to make sure that total generation and consumption on the cluster are balanced while power delivery losses are minimized and voltage across the grid is within the permissible boundaries. In short term, the middle tier of the proposed framework called short-term distributed tier ensures cooperative operation of the SPVIs for establishing short-term voltage stability across the cluster in a subsecond timeframe. The undermost tier, called the model-predictive-based local tier, fulfills the operational commands dictated by the upper layers with fast dynamics. By implementing the proposed control framework, the SPVIs will participate in voltage regulation across the grid in occurrence of rapid voltage fluctuations while keeping the entire distribution grid at the optimal operating condition for a long term. The proposed multitimescale three-tiered control framework is verified by simulation.
Испытание абсолютной монархии Романовых Мировой войной. Листая Особые журналы (The Romanov's Empire World War test. Turning over the Pages of Special Journals of Council of Ministers)

Russian Abstract: Как демократия, так и авторитарный режим имеют свои слабые стороны, проявляющиеся особенно выпукло в период внешних шоков. Многие меры принимаемые исполнительной властью во время Первой мировой войны напоминают последующие, предпринятые уже большевиками. Они сыграли ключевую роль в дестабилизации режима во время войны, несмотря на определенный запас прочности к моменту ее начала. Сравнительный анализ провалов властей в России, США и Германии в военное время показывает большую гибкость и устойчивость демократического режима. Проводимые с упорством сомнительные меры – сухой закон, ограничение свободы торговли продовольствием и меры против инородцев привели к предсказуемо катастрофическим последствиям. При этом и российское общество продемонстрировало дорого обошедшуюся ему незрелость. Российский опыт периода первой мировой войны подтверждает, что попытки властей заимствовать ключевые положения идеологии своих оппонентов сопряжены со значительными рисками. Оптимальным является достижение видимых успехов на собственной идеологической платформе. Адаптация монархией мер из арсенала социалистов укрепила и морально обосновала претензии последних на установление своей диктатуры. English Abstract: Both, Democracy and Authoritarian Rule cause the costs and have their own "Price". The disadvantages of the regime turned to be the most obvious under external shocks. Some Russian Government's policies and actions during World War I could remind to observer subsequent Bolshevik's Government policies. These policies and actions played crucial role in the Empire destabilization and overcame sizable margin of safety of the Regime. Comparative Analysis of failures of Governments of Russia, Germany and USA during the wars shows higher flexibility and sustainability of the Democracy. Tough and determined enforcement of "Dry Law", pogroms and oppression of ethnic Germans, The Grain market destruction by growing pressure of government regulations caused disastrous consequences. Russian civic society turned to be immature to mitigate the risks caused by Government policies. Russian 1914-1917 experience brought the evidence, that attempts to adopt political enemies' agenda are pretty dangerous. Socialist policies adaptation by Empire turned to moral and, then, political victory of Bolsheviks.
Improving Healthcare Cost, Quality, and Access Through Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning Applications.

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Since the early 1970s, technology has increasingly become integrated into the healthcare field. Today, artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML, a set of learning techniques used by AI) have the capacity to revolutionize the delivery of patient care. This essay examines the mechanics and processes of machine learning through discussion of deep learning and natural language processing and then discusses the application of these learning techniques in pattern recognition of malignant tumors in comparison to present methods of diagnostic imaging assessment. The discussion also covers the implications of AI assistive technology more broadly regarding ethical policy making, patient autonomy, and the healthcare Iron Triangle of cost, quality, and access. It concludes with the idea that failure to incorporate AI and ML techniques in healthcare may be malpractice.
Non-Long Coding RNA and Role in Skin Cancer Diagnosis and Therapy

The exploration of genes responsible for cancer progression is needed for deeper understanding of molecular basis of the disease. Recent studies have shown critical role of protein-coding genes in malignancy and newly identified non-protein-coding genes have also depicted involvement in cancer development. These non-protein-coding genes are termed as non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs). The long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are clearest example of ncRNAs, however, the identity and function of lncRNAs are largely unknown.
Public goods and dynamic efficiency

Abstract It is well known that the use of distorting taxes to finance a public good in a static economy may indirectly raise the social cost of the public good because of the deadweight loss associated with the tax system. However, the tax system may also affect the dynamic efficiency of the economy. We provide an example where the use of distorting taxes lowers the social cost of a public good in a steady state relative to the first-best case due to the effect of the government's tax policy on the dynamic efficiency of the economy.
Adults Reasoning Combinatorially

In the preceding chapters of this book, we have provided considerable evidenceshowing elementary and secondary school students’ success in solving open-endedproblems, over time, under conditions that encouraged critical thinking. In thischapter, we address the question as to whether similar results can be achieved byliberal-arts college students within a well-implemented curriculum that includes astrand of connected problems to be solved over the course of the semester. From aperspective of conceptualizing reasoning in terms of solving open-ended problems,it was of interest to learn whether students in a liberal-arts college mathematicscourse could be successful in providing arguments to support their reasoning and inmaking connections in a problem-solving-based curriculum.
Bicriteria Spanning Tree Problems

Bicriteria spanning tree problems involve finding a spanning tree of a graph that simultaneously optimizes two objectives. We will survey approximability results for bicriteria spanning trees in undirected graphs for all pairs of minimization criteria drawn from the set (Total edge cost, Diameter, Maxim um node degree). All of these results are bicriteria approximations in the sense that both objective values of the solution are approximately minimized. Hence, they are characterized by a pair of performance ratios, one per objective. We will highlight three different approaches that have been used in the design of these algorithms.
Range sizes and habitat use of non‐breeding Crested Caracaras in Florida

In Florida, habitats that include the breeding territories of Crested Caracaras (Caracara cheriway) are protected, but non-breeding individuals may be vulnerable because they may occupy different areas and habitats. We captured and radio-tagged 58 non-breeding caracaras in Florida from July 2006–March 2009, determined their locations during weekly flights, and used GIS and compositional analysis to evaluate range sizes and habitat use. Non-breeding caracaras (N = 58) ranged five times more widely during breeding seasons (N = 573 locations) than during non-breeding seasons (N = 592 locations), and ranged >250 times more widely than breeding caracaras that defend territories year-round. The large ranges of non-breeders suggest they may be searching for and evaluating prospective territories or breeding opportunities (territory prospecting). Pasture occupied by cattle was the most used habitat relative to availability and was used more than pasture without cattle, likely because insects associated with cattle are an important food source for caracaras. Cattle numbers in Florida are declining and, because both breeding and non-breeding caracaras primarily occupy pasture, this may present difficulties for long-term management. Citrus groves were also used more than expected given availability by non-breeding caracaras, but are rarely included in nesting territories. Because pasture and citrus were often adjacent, we suggest that citrus groves may function as refugia from socially dominant breeding caracaras. Conservation and recovery efforts for Florida's caracara population are needed throughout the range of non-breeders, and should include management that ensures availability of habitat matrices of cattle pasture and citrus groves.
SYMPTOMATIC NEONATAL HYPOGLYCEMIA: Studies of Carbohydrate Metabolism in the Newborn Infant VIII

1. Symptomatic hypoglycemia occurs predominantly in male infants of low birth weight for the period of gestation. 2. Approximately 50% of the mothers had toxemia of pregnancy. 3. Low levels of glucose were found in the smaller of twins, with central nervous system pathology, and in the presence of polycythemia. On occasion, low levels of calcium were also present. 4. Therapy consists of intravenous glucose, plus ACTH or steroids as needed to relieve symptoms and maintain normal levels of blood glucose. 5. The pathogenesis may reflect intrauterine malnutrition with low stores of glycogen present at birth associated with an abnormally sensitive insulin release mechanism resulting in hypoglycemia and symptoms.
THIAMINE AND NICOTINIC ACID: ANAEROBIC GROWTH FACTORS FOR MUCOR ROUXII

Abstract Bartnicki-Garcia, S. (Rutgers, the State University, New Brunswick, N. J.), and Walter J. Nickerson. Thiamine and nicotinic acid: Anaerobic growth factors for Mucor rouxii. J. Bacteriol. 82:142–148. 1961.—Mucor rouxii requires preformed thiamine and nicotinic acid for anaerobic growth. Such requirements are not manifested during aerobic incubation. Aerobically, the fungus was shown to be able to synthesize both vitamins. The yeastlike form and the filamentous form of anaerobically grown M. rouxii exhibit the same vitamin requirements. Thiamine can be substituted by its thiazole moiety. Under certain conditions, nicotinic acid was partly substituted by tryptophan, kynurenine, 3-hydroxykynurenine, and 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid. Anaerobically. the fungus (thiamine requiring) was about ten times more susceptible to pyrithiamine antagonism than the same organism grown aerobically (thiamine independent).
Objectivity and Bias

The twin goals of this essay are: (i) to investigate a family of cases in which the goal of guaranteed convergence to the truth is beyond our reach; and (ii) to argue that each of three strands prominent in contemporary epistemological thought has undesirable consequences when confronted with the existence of such problems. Approaches that follow Reichenbach in taking guaranteed convergence to the truth to be the characteristic virtue of good methods face a vicious closure problem. Approaches on which there is a unique rational doxastic response to any given body of evidence can avoid incoherence only by rendering epistemology a curiously limited enterprise. Bayesian approaches rule out humility about one's prospects of success in certain situations in which failure is typical.
Neonatal seizures—diagnosis and management

Summary Neonatal seizures may take many forms, with tonic-clonic movement being the least common type. Treatable causes of seizures should be evaluated before standard anticonvulsants are used. Though the mortality rate is high, survivors have a significant chance of being normal.
Analysis of nonlinear fluid-structure interaction in LMFBR containment

Abstract A generalized Eulerian method has been incorporated into ICECO for analyzing the nonlinear fluid-structure interaction in the primary containment of an LMFBR, consisting of complicated structural components such as the radial shield, core barrel, core-support structure, and the primary vessel. The method employs a Poisson equation to determine the hydrodynamic pressure in the fluid region, while using a relaxation equation to compute the pressure adjacent to the structure. A generalized coupling scheme is developed for treating the sliding condition at the fluid-structure interface, modeling the perforated structure, and analyzing the fluid motion at the geometrical discontinuities. Detailed formulations are given. Sample problems concerning wave propagation in a typical reactor containment are presented. It is shown from the results that this implicit, iterative method is unconditionally stable, and is especially suitable for excursions involving large material distortions.
Cancer research programs of the American Cancer Society

The American Cancer Society has played a vital role in cancer research since 1946. Its overall investment has grown steadily from $1 million then to more than $38 million today totalling over the years nearly half a billion dollars in cancer research. The thrust of our program in this area is to support basic scientific studies and clinical investigations, and to conduct programs seeking new knowledge of the prevention and cure of cancer. Today, however, the concern of the American public over the causes of cancer related to human behavior and the environment has increased. The criticism by some that the American Cancer Society places inadequate emphasis on probing these causes and hence factors that might lead to the prevention of cancer is understandable and important-but it is not based on fact. In June of 1978 the Society’s statement on “Prevention vs Treatment” declared “the Society has and will continue to advocate and support projects of research and control in cancer prevention as its first priority.” This area of study investigates the mechanisms involved in cell growth and other basic functions relating to cancer. The relationship of cancer to human behavior, the role of genetics, and exposure to various environmental substances are of key concern. Thus special attention is directed to identifying factors that may increase one’s risk of getting cancer. Before describing some current research with future potential and some projected plans let me briefly describe our research program. The primary focus is on individually developed projects as opposed to directed research on a contract basis. We neither staff nor operate laboratories, with the exception of epidemiologic work. This gives the Society freedom to place grants wherever the most promising work is underway. The Society makes four types of grants to support research. They are: (a) Research and Clinical Investigation Grants for investigator-initiated research; (b) Institutional Research Grants to institutions, universities, and hospitals in support of pilot studies and the work of young cancer investigators; (c) Research Personnel Grants to outstanding scientists and students specializing or planning to specialize in cancer research; and (d) The Research Development Program for rapid funding of high-priority projects.
Effects of insulin on short-circuit current and Na-K-ATPase activity of the toad skin and urinary bladder

Abstract 1. 1. Effects of insulin on the short-circuit current (SCC) and the Na-K-ATPase activity of the isolated toad skin and urinary bladder preparations were studied. 2. 2. In both the skin and bladder, insulin (1–6iU/ml) added to the media bathing both sides of the tissue induced a 40–60% increase in SCC. 3. 3. Vasopressin (200 mU/ml) increased the SCC to the same level whether or not the skin was treated with insulin. 4. 4. Insulin (2.5–10 iU/ml) increased the Na-K-ATPase activity by 30–40% in the skin while it had no effect in the bladder. 5. 5. These results suggest that the activation of SCC by insulin is not solely mediated through the Na-K-ATPase system.
Telomere replication: poised but puzzling

Faithful replication of chromosomes is essential for maintaining genome stability. Telomeres, the chromosomal termini, pose quite a challenge to replication machinery due to the complexity in their structures and sequences. Efficient and complete replication of chromosomes is critical to prevent aberrant telomeres as well as to avoid unnecessary loss of telomere DNA. Compelling evidence supports the emerging picture of synergistic actions between DNA replication proteins and telomere protective components in telomere synthesis. This review discusses the actions of various replication and telomere-specific binding proteins that ensure accurate telomere replication and their roles in telomere maintenance and protection.
Modification and re-interpretation of Geldart's classification of powders

Abstract In developing his powder classification, Geldart [D. Geldart, Powder Technol. 7 (1973) 285.] employed fluidization data obtained only at ambient temperature and pressure and from beds fluidized only with air. Unfortunately, industrial applications of fluidized bed technology invariably are at elevated pressure and temperature and with fluidizing gas other than air. Geldart classification of powders does not apply at elevated pressure and temperature. There are ample evidences reported in the literature indicating that normally Geldart Group B powders at ambient conditions, such as polymer particles, can behave like a Group A powder under polymerization conditions at elevated pressure and moderate temperature with substantial emulsion-phase expansion, relatively small bubbles, smooth fluidization, and reduced gas bypassing [J.R. Grace, Can. J. Chem. Eng. 64 (1986) 353; I.D. Burdett, R.S. Elsinger, P. Cai, K.H. Lee, Gas-phase fluidization technology for production of polyolefins, in Fluidization X, Eds. M. Kwauk, J. Li, W.C. Yang, 2001, pp. 39–52; P.N. Rowe, P.U. Foscolo, A.C. Hoffmann, J.G. Yates, X-ray observation of gas fluidized beds under pressure, in Fluidization IV, Eds. D. Kunii, R. Toei, 1983, pp. 53–60]. Similar findings were also reported for Geldart Group B powders fluidized by supercritical carbon dioxide at elevated pressures [C. Vogt, R. Schreiber, J. Werther, G. Brunner, Fluidization at supercritical fluid conditions, in Fluidization X, Eds. M. Kwauk, J. Li, W.C. Yang, 2001, pp. 117–124; C. Vogt, R. Schreiber, G. Brunner, J. Werther, Powder Technol. 158 (2005) 102; D. Liu, M. Kwauk, H. Li, Chem. Eng. Sci. 51 (1996) 4045; M. Poletto, P. Salatino, L. Massimilla, Chem. Eng. Sci. 48 (1993) 617; A. Marzocchella, P. Salatino, AIChE J. 46 (2000) 901]. The original Geldart's classification is modified and re-interpreted in this paper by plotting a dimensionless density against the Archimedes number. The new parameters allow powders with different properties fluidized at different pressures and temperatures with gases of different properties to be plotted in the same graph. The proposed modification successfully transforms the normally Geldart Group B particles at ambient conditions to Group A classification when fluidized at elevated pressure and temperature. The selection of these two parameters, the dimensionless density and the Archimedes number, for plotting is not arbitrary, however. The experimental and theoretical development is discussed.
Understanding the actual use of mobile devices in private clubs in the US

Purpose – This paper aims to identify systematic ways of linking club members’ behavioral and demographic characteristics to their use of mobile devices in clubs. While the traditional private club experience is characterized by intensive personalization and face-to-face interactions, clubs are increasingly deploying information technology (IT) tools to optimize some of their internal processes and offer a better value proposition to their members. Design/methodology/approach – Based on data from 737 actual club members from the USA, this research used a series of logistic regressions to reveal the manner in which a series of behavioral and demographic variables can be used to predict the likelihood of use of mobile devices in clubs for specific club-related tasks. Findings – This research revealed that there are differences between the two main types of clubs (i.e. golf/country and city/athletic), as well as differences among club members residing in different regions of the USA in the manner in which me...
Effects of Salinity and Temperature on the Bioavailability of Dispersed Petroleum Hydrocarbons to the Golden-Brown Algae, Isochrysis galbana

Comparative studies were done to determine the influence of a dispersant on the bioavailability of naphthalene from crude oil to the unicellular golden-brown algae, Isochrysis galbana, under changing temperature and salinity conditions. Conditions were selected to represent a range (two temperatures, 12 and 20°C, and two salinities, 22 and 34‰) encountered in Pacific waters, where extensive crude oil transport and refining occurs. Cells were exposed to laboratory preparations of either the water-accommodated fraction (WAF) of Prudhoe Bay crude oil (PBCO) or a dispersed oil (DO) mixture of PBCO and Corexit 9527® spiked with [U-14C]naphthalene. Uptake increased by as much as 50% in DO, 20°C exposures run at 22‰ (0.24 μmol naphthalene/g algae in WAF, 0.37 μmol naphthalene/g algae in DO) compared with comparable exposures at 34‰ (0.23 μmol naphthalene/g algae in WAF, 0.37 μmol naphthalene/g algae in DO). A 24-h bioaccumulation factor (BAF) calculated in the absence of steady state indicated increasing bioaccumulation with decreasing temperature. No significant variation in relative metabolite composition occurred under the different experimental conditions. Results of these experiments showed that the use of dispersants enhanced the uptake of naphthalene by microalgae under a variety of temperature and salinity conditions, independent of aqueous concentration.
Responses of renal and hepatic vitamin k dependent γ-glutamyl carboxylase substrates to warfarin and vitamin k treatments

A single intraperitoneal injection of warfarin (5 mg/kg) in the rat causes maximal accumulation of hepatic vitamin K dependent carboxylase substrate by 8 hr. In the kidney accumulation is slower with maximal amounts of the substrate appearing at about 16 hr. Vitamin K administered intravenously to warfarin-treated rats causes the complete disappearance of the hepatic substrate in 2 hr. In contrast, neither a single nor multiple injections of the vitamin decrease the renal substrate level by more than 30%. However, this decrease can be augmented by inhibition of protein synthesis with cycloheximide.
The statistical properties of daily foreign exchange rates: 1974–1983

Abstract This paper examines the statistical properties of daily rates of change of five foreign currencies from 1974 to 1983. The main purpose is to discriminate between two competing explanations for the observed heavy tails of the distribution: that the data are independently drawn from a heavy tail distribution which remains fixed over time, and that the data come from distributions which vary over time. Evidence point to the rejection of the first hypothesis. Further investigations show that the rejection can be attributed to changing means and variances in the data, which can be described by a simple statistical model.
Are U.S. regions converging? Using new econometric methods to examine old issues

Are different regions of the United States experiencing convergence in levels of GDP? Carlino and Mills (1993) examined this question through time-series techniques, and found some evidence in favor of regional convergence. This paper checks the robustness of their results by using new econometric methods proposed by Vogelsang (1998). Our results, together with results from Loewy and Papell (1996), suggest there is stronger evidence in favor of convergence than previously thought based on the results of Carlino and Mills (1993).
Effects of Clearcutting on the Vegetation and Soil of a Sugar Maple-Dominated Ecosystem, Western Upper Michigan

Albert, D.A. and Barnes, B.V., 1987. Effects of clearcutting on the vegetation and soil of a sugar maple-dominated ecosystem, western Upper Michigan. For. Ecol. Manage., 18: 283-298. The effects 50 years after clearcutting on the vegetation and soil of an ecosystem type dominated by sugar maple (Acer saccharum) were studied at four locations along the boundaries of the Sylvania Recreation Area (Ottawa National Forest) in western Upper Michigan, U.S.A. Commercially clearcut areas along the boundaries of the undisturbed 8500-ha tract enabled study of vegetation and soil in paired cut and uncut plots. Overstories of the clearcut plots exhibit increased stem densities and decreased basal area and stem diameters compared to those of uncut plots. Both the relative density of understory sugar maple and the total density of all understory trees decreased significantly on the clearcut plots. Groups of herbaceous species characteristic of the ground cover of the clearcut plots were identical to those found on the uncut plots. There was no change in (1) thickness, mass, or total nutrient (K +, Mg 2 +, Ca 2 + ) contents of the forest floor, or (2) acidity of the upper horizons of the mineral soil. The exchangeable potassium levels in the upper horizons of the mineral soil decreased significantly, and also there was a decreasing trend in the levels of exchangeable calcium and magnesium.
The New Intellectual Property Rights Environment in China: Impact of WTO Membership and China’s “Innovation Society” Makeover

AbstractNew incentives are emerging for the protection of intellectual property rights (IPR) in China. This is happening as the Chinese central government tries to make China into a more innovation-oriented society. This is contributing to the creation of more intellectual property by Chinese entities and also giving rise to a new set of conflicts with foreigners because of the preferential and discriminatory industrial policies on which they say it is based. This paper considers these issues against the backdrop of China’s membership in the World Trade Organization. Its purpose is to understand why there has been as much change as there has been on the IP front in China and why there has not been more. It does this by considering the different and sometimes conflicting currents that are shaping China’s IP environment. These include the quest to harmonise domestic standards with WTO rules, the emergence of new IP stakeholders, the widespread existence of “shanzhai” behaviour, enforcement challenges stemming from the fragmentation of political power, and the spread of ideas about the developmental benefits of IPR protection.
Woman to Woman Sexual Violence

This article addresses woman to woman sexual violence, a topic that is seldom addressed in the therapy literature. A brief history of research and theory on sexual violence is presented followed by two case studies. Treatment issues are discussed and challenging questions are raised in an attempt to increase counselors' awareness of the issue of sexual violence between women with the goal of providing more comprehensive treatment to survivors of woman to woman sexual violence.
Factors Affecting the Measurement of Lidocaine Protein Binding by Equilibrium Dialysis

The free fraction of lidocaine (lignocaine) is pharmacologically active at the drug effect site and is the component that is distributed and cleared from the body. In establishing equilibrium dialysis techniques to measure the degree of lidocaine protein binding in man, it was found that various experimental factors can affect its correct measurement. The following factors were evaluated for their impact upon the lidocaine serum free fraction: (a) pH readjustment to 7.40 after serum storage; (b) choice of buffers for the dialysate; (c) temperature of storage; (d) choice of storage container silanised vs untreated glassware; and (e) age of serum. Dialysis was carried out for 4 hours at 37"C using a Spectrum Medical Industries Equilibrium Dialyzer. 14C-Lidocaine spiked to a concentration of 2 J,tg/ml was used in the dialysis. Table I compares the effect of pH readjustment of the serum to 7.4 with small amounts of concentrated phosphoric acid vs unadjusted serum that has a pH of 7.9 to 8.5. Readjusting the pH has a significant impact on the measured free fraction. The older the serum, the more basic it becomes and the greater the impact it has on the lidocaine free fraction. A comparison was made of modified Kreb's bicarbonate buffer, modified Kreb's phosphate buffer and isotonic phosphate buffer. The Kreb's phoscentrations and direct measurement of free drug are recommended for correlation with efficacy and toxicity in order to determine a therapeutic range for free valproic acid. 95
Modeling macro- and microstructures of gas-metal-arc welded HSLA-100 steel

Fluid flow and heat transfer during gas-metal-arc welding (GMAW) of HSLA-100 steel were studied using a transient, three-dimensional, turbulent heat transfer and fluid flow model. The temperature and velocity fields, cooling rates, and shape and size of the fusion and heat-affected zones (HAZs) were calculated. A continuous-cooling-transformation (CCT) diagram was computed to aid in the understanding of the observed weld metal microstructure. The computed results demonstrate that the dissipation of heat and momentum in the weld pool is significantly aided by turbulence, thus suggesting that previous modeling results based on laminar flow need to be re-examined. A comparison of the calculated fusion and HAZ geometries with their corresponding measured values showed good agreement. Furthermore, “finger” penetration, a unique geometric characteristic of gas-metal-arc weld pools, could be satisfactorily predicted from the model. The ability to predict these geometric variables and the agreement between the calculated and the measured cooling rates indicate the appropriateness of using a turbulence model for accurate calculations. The microstructure of the weld metal consisted mainly of acicular ferrite with small amounts of bainite. At high heat inputs, small amounts of allotriomorphic and Widmanstatten ferrite were also observed. The observed microstructures are consistent with those expected from the computed CCT diagram and the cooling rates. The results presented here demonstrate significant promise for understanding both macro-and microstructures of steel welds from the combination of the fundamental principles from both transport phenomena and phase transformation theory.
Recharge Estimation by Stage-Discharge Interpolation of Springflows from Cross-Correlated Well Measurements

For shallow phreatic aquifers, from which springflow is the predominant source of discharge, recharge volumes may be approximated as the time integral of springflow time series. However, field measurement of flows from numerous springs, with sufficient frequency to accurately estimate this time integral, is frequently impractical. A technique for interpolation of continuous springflow time series is presented, using cross-correlation between flows and continuous head measurements in associated wells. Suitable wells must lie within the recharge catchment of the spring in question and display negligible phase lag between well and spring response to recharge. Brief (<1 year) periods of calibration may be sufficient to establish calibration upon which discharge interpolation from well data may be based. A 7 m thick highly heterogeneous mine-waste aquifer, with springflows highly sensitive to recharge events, is examined as a test case. Over a 40 day recharge period, three well/spring pairs yielded acceptable cross-correlation across four recharge events. Head from one of these wells was compared to a second nearby spring and found to show poor correlation, attributed to its location outside of that spring's catchment. Calibration statistics were found to be robust when the calibration dataset for one pair was reduced in size. Measured flows from one of the correlated springs also displayed correlation with summed discharge from the aquifer at all measured springs, based on concurrent flow measurements over time. Results suggest that continuous measurements of head from a small number of critically selected wells may allow accurate estimates of transient spring discharge rates following a relatively brief period of flow-stage calibration. The success of the method may depend on specific characteristics of aquifers to which it is applied, such as size of spring catchments, aquifer conductance, aquifer heterogeneity, and spatial distribution of recharge.
Results Achieved with AMANDA

The Antarctic Muon And Neutrino Detector Array (AMANDA) designed to detect high energy neutrinos was completed in 2000 and has been operating successfully since then. Extensive searches for neutrinos from steady and transient cosmic point sources, for neutralino dark matter, relativistic magnetic monopoles, and for a diffuse neutrino flux have been performed. In this paper, we will discuss the main results achieved with the AMANDA detector.
Adaptive Control for Systems with Output Constraints Using an Online Optimization Method

In this paper, a new controller framework incorporating an L1 adaptive control and an online optimization scheme is presented. This framework provides a method for maintaining output constraints in the presence of non-linear time-varying matched uncertainties by predicting future output trajectories within a finite time horizon. The stability conditions of the system are derived, and the prediction error is characterized. The online optimization is formulated into a linear program problem for which many efficient algorithms exist. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the controller framework.
Load-reuse analysis: design and evaluation

Load-reuse analysis finds instructions that repeatedly access the same memory location. This location can be promoted to a register, eliminating redundant loads by reusing the results of prior memory accesses. This paper develops a load-reuse analysis and designs a method for evaluating its precision.In designing the analysis, we aspire for completeness---the goal of exposing all reuse that can be harvested by a subsequent program transformation. For register promotion, a suitable transformation is partial redundancy elimination (PRE). To approach the ideal goal of PRE-completeness, the load-reuse analysis is phrased as a data-flow problem on a program representation that is path-sensitive, as it detects reuse even when it originates in a different instruction along each control flow path. Furthermore, the analysis is comprehensive, as it treats scalar, array and pointer-based loads uniformly.In evaluating the analysis, we compare it with an ideal analysis. By observing the run-time stream of memory references, we collect all PRE-exploitable reuse and treat it as the ideal analysis performance. To compare the (static) load-reuse analysis with the (dynamic) ideal reuse, we use an estimator algorithm that computes, given a data-flow solution and a program profile, the dynamic amount of reuse detected by the analysis. We developed a family of estimators that differ in how well they bound the profiling error inherent in the edge profile. By bounding the error, the estimators offer a precise and practical method for determining the run-time optimization benefit.Our experiments show that about 55% of loads executed in Spec95 exhibit reuse. Of those, our analysis exposes about 80%.
Transient Negative Species in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide: Electronic Spectra and Reactions of CO2 Anion Clusters†

Transient absorption spectra following ionization of supercritical CO{sub 2} have been investigated using the pulse radiolysis technique. Absorption spectra measured from 400 to 800 nm suggest that at least two transient species absorb. We have previously reported that one species is (CO{sub 2}){sub 2}{sup +}. In the near UV region, we observed a transient species of which the lifetime and reactivity are different from the dimer cation. We assign this species to a dimer anion, (CO{sub 2}){sub 2}{sup -}, or an anion-molecule complex, (CO{sub 2}{sup -})(CO{sub 2}){sub x}. Comparison with the photobleaching of CO{sub 2} anion clusters in solid rare gas matrixes and their reactivity with H{sub 2} and O{sub 2} confirm the assignment. Theoretical calculations, in which solvation is taken into account, are consistent with these assignments. It is well-established that the adiabatic electron affinity of CO{sub 2} is negative, but the adiabatic electron affinity of CO{sub 2} dimer has been calculated to be 0.89 eV for D2d symmetry (CO{sub 2}){sub 2}{sup -} in the gas phase. The calculations predict that CO{sub 2}{sup -} in a model continuum solvent is stable to autodetachment.
Chemicals affecting fertility in adult house flies.

Of 970 compounds, administered in granulated sugar or in fly food, 27 caused sterility in adult house flies, Musca domestica L. Ethyl bis (1-aziridinyl) phosphinyIcarbamate induced sterility over the broadest range of concentrations (l % to 0.05% in fly food and 5% to 0.025% in sugar).
Feasibility of a longitudinal study of women anticipating first pregnancy and assessed by multiple pelvic exams: Recruitment and retention challenges

Abstract Objective To better understand the relationship between childbirth and pelvic floor disorders the ideal study design would begin with data collection prior to but close in time to first pregnancy and follow participants through postpartum. We conducted a feasibility study to determine the following: a) whether women desiring to get pregnant would agree to pre-pregnancy data collection including a one-time urethral catheter measure and repeat pelvic exams to ascertain a baseline within 6 months of pregnancy; b) effectiveness of various recruitment and retention methods, c) number achieving pregnancy, and then d) number expressing willingness to continue follow-up through pregnancy and postpartum. Methods Advertising included newspaper ads, targeted emails and flyers. Post-enrollment, four data collection visits were scheduled and occurred every 6 months or until pregnant. If pregnancy occurred, women were asked to indicate their willingness to continue assessments. Results The most successful advertising strategy for both recruitment and retention was local newspaper ads. Ninety-four women inquired about the study, 30 enrolled. Post-baseline retention was 23 women at 6 months, 17 at 12 months, and 13 at 18 months. Nine of the 30 women achieved pregnancy; two remained eligible and willing to participate through pregnancy and postpartum. Conclusions This study provides data on feasibility of recruiting women to establish near-pregnancy clinical baseline measures that include pelvic exams. Close to 30% reached pregnancy within 2 years of study start and within 6 months of most recent pelvic exam measure. Of those who became pregnant, 22% expressed willingness to continue follow-up into the childbearing year.