cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A periodic fixed-architecture approach to multirate digital control design

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses analog-to-digital conversions that are employed within a multirate setting to obtain periodically time-varying dynamics. The com, pensator is thus assigned a corresponding discrete-time periodic structure to account for the multirate measurements. It explains that the optimal reduced-order multirate dynamic compensator is characterized by a periodically time-varying system of four equations consisting of two modified Riccati equations and two modified Lyapunov equations corresponding to each intermediate point of the periodicity interval. Because of the time varying nature of the problem, the necessary conditions for optimality involve multiple projections corresponding to each intermediate point of the periodic interval and whose rank along the periodic interval is equal to the order of the compensator. Similar extensions to reduced-order multirate estimation are addressed. The chapter develops a periodic fixed-structure control framework (temporal) for multirate systems. An equivalent discrete-time representation is obtained for the given continuous-time system. Optimality conditions are derived for the problems of optimal multirate sampled-data static output-feedback as well as multirate fixed-order sampled-data dynamic compensation. A novel homotopy continuation algorithm is developed to obtain numerical solutions to the full-order design equations. Future work will use these results to develop numerical algorithms for reduced-order, multirate dynamic compensator design as well as extensions to decentralized (spatial) multirate controller architectures.
A Quantitative Assessment of Requirements Engineering Publications --- 1963-2008

[Context and motivation] Two years ago, the authors conducted an extensive meta-analysis of the requirements engineering (RE) literature and reported a demographic analysis by date, type, outlet, author, and author affi liation for just over 4,000 RE publications. We have now added two more years and 1,200 more publications. [Question/ problem] The current paper continues this analysis to see if the same publication trends in RE continue or if unique new trends are emerging. It explores the past ten years in more depth, and separately analyzes the trends in journals. [Principal ideas/results] The study uncovers some continuing trends: (1) European Union countries continue to be the leaders in publishing RE papers, (2) the UK continues to surpass most countries in annual production, (3) the USA continues to lose market share, and (4) the same institutions lead the effort. But some new trends emerge as well: (1) total production of papers in RE has decreased since its high in 2005, (2) the average number of authors per paper has increased, (3) non-RE-specific conferences and non-RE-specific conferences have published fewer RE papers, and (4) some institutions strong in RE paper production in general are not as productive with respect to journal articles, and vice versa. [Contribution] This paper enables RE researchers to understand where RE research is being conducted and where results are being published. Although we report some interesting trends, the data cannot help us understand causes of these trends.
Simulation of Ionic Surfaces from an Absolutely Convergent Solution of the Madelung Problem

The classic Madelung problem is cast into an absolutely convergent form that is readily evaluated by direct lattice summation, revealing a net r−5 range of the net Coulomb potential in ionic crystals and liquids. The realization that Coulomb interactions in condensed systems can actually be rather short ranged (provided the system is overall neutral) leads to the prediction, verified by computer simulations for rocksalt-structured surfaces, that all surfaces in predominantly ionic crystals should be fundamentally reconstructed. The work also provides a conceptual framework for the theoretical treatment of polar surfaces, as demonstrated for the case of the (111) surfaces of NaCl and MgO.
A Preliminary Study of Scalability of TCP/IP Based Clusters under Database Workloads

In this paper we study the scalability of non-partitioned, clustered database management systems as a function of inter-process communication (IPC) latency and number of nodes. It is assumed that the clustered DBMS has a fully shared IO subsystem and multiversion concurrency control over the data in various buffer caches. The cluster interconnect fabric is assumed to be TCP/IP over Ethernet with and w/o hardware offload. The main contribution of the paper is to shed some light on the scalability of DBMS workloads in a scaleout environment as a function of number of nodes and interconnect latencies.
The Racial Contract: a feminist analysis

This essay provides a feminist analysis of Charles Mills' The Racial Contract. I begin by describing how The Racial Contract simultaneously embraces and challenges key feminist understandings of the “male gaze” and the corporeal inscription of power. I also illuminate how feminist conceptions of intersectionality inform Mills' theorizing and discuss what an expanded intersectional account of the racial contract might look like. The rest of the essay demonstrates that both The Racial Contract and Mills' more recent “Intersecting Contracts” raise important questions about the relationship between interrogating intersectional experience and fostering progressive politics. I draw on these texts to conclude that social groups who interrogate their experience of oppression are frequently motivated to embrace progressive politics and that these groups' process of interrogation is often informed by anti-progressive politics.
The Impact of Form and Functional Design on New Product Evaluations: A Case of South Korean Women

ABSTRACT This study explores the effects of new product form and function on Korean women's willingness to buy, willingness to try, and consideration sets. Through an experiment, this study demonstrates that form design is a major determining factor of new product purchase decisions, though function also affects consumers' willingness to try and their consideration sets. Furthermore, the results show that knowledge moderates the effect of form on consumer attitudes. When consumers have low knowledge levels, a more-typical form leads to more positive product evaluations than a less-typical form. However, a high knowledge level attenuates the impact of form.
Evaluation of organic battery electrodes: Voltammetric study of the redox behaviour of solid quinones

The redox behaviour of solid quinones has been examined by potential sweep and cyclic voltammetry. A number of quinones are insoluble in aqueous electrolytes and can be completely discharged and recharged without appreciable polarization, as found, for example, with solid chloranil (tetrachloro-p-benzoquinone) and solid duroquinone (tetramethyl-p-benzoquinone). Hence quinones are reversible redox systems not only in solutions but also in the solid state. During discharge and recharge in dilute sulphuric acid only slight polarization occurs, which is attributed to a pure diffusion overvoltage. Polarization is not much greater in salt solutions. In this case, however, the peaks of the voltammetric curves are broader. In ammonium chloride solutions a double peak corresponding to the two electron transfers is obtained for chloranil both anodically and cathodically; this shows that the semiquinone is stable in ammonium chloride solution. Duroquinone also gives two peaks, but these are observed only in non-stationary measurements so that they do not correspond to the state of equilibrium. The pH dependence of the redox potential is 59 mV per pH unit. Only chloranil in ammonium chloride solution shows two redox potentials, depending on the discharge depth, which are both lower than the potential corresponding to the pH. The possible application of quinones in secondary battery cathodes is discussed.
A new toroidal grating spectrometer for the soft X-ray region

Abstract We have developed toroidal grating instrument using holography aberration corrected gratings to give a flat field focus and cover the wavelength region 16–625 A. The spectrometer uses four interchangeable gratings as analysers and a self scanning silicon array as detector. The sample chamber is a bakeable UHV system with LEED and Auger surface analysis equipment to characterize the sample surface.
Physician–Patient Communication Regarding Asthma and Work

Background Healthy People 2020 –specific respiratory diseases objectives seek to increase the proportion of people with current asthma who receive appropriate asthma care. For adults, this includes a discussion of whether asthma is work-related. Purpose To establish a baseline measure of physician–patient communication regarding asthma and work. Methods This study used data from 27,157 non-institutionalized U.S. adult respondents of the 2010 National Health Interview Survey (analyzed in 2011). Adults employed at any time in the 12 months prior to the interview with a health-professional diagnosis of current asthma who have been told by a health professional that their asthma was probably work-related or ever discussed the relatedness of asthma and work were identified. Weighted proportions and, using logistic regression analysis, prevalence ORs for factors that may have predicted communication with a health professional regarding an asthma–work relationship were calculated. Results An estimated 6.6% (95% CI=5.1%, 8.2%) of employed adults with current asthma have been told that their asthma is work-related. Among those not so informed, 7.4% (95% CI=5.6%, 9.2%) ever discussed the topic. When responses to both questions were considered, the proportion was 13.5% (95% CI=11.3%, 15.8%). Employed adults aged ≥30 years, those reporting adverse asthma outcomes, and those of Hispanic ethnicity had higher odds of having communication with a health professional about the relation between their asthma and their work. Conclusions One in seven employed adults with asthma report communicating with their health professional about the role of workplace exposures in their asthma. Opportunities to increase this dialogue should be examined.
Software merge: Combining changes to decompositions

Computer aid for software evolution is needed for more effective software development, particularly in contexts where changes to large systems must be made rapidly. This paper addresses computer aid for the evolution of requirements models and high level software designs. We present an improved method for automatically merging changes to software designs expressed via annotated dataflow diagrams and hierarchical decomposition. This improvement addresses the structure of the design as well as the system behavior the design implies. We also present an improved method for automatically reporting and repairing conflicts between structural changes. These methods can be applied to the informal dataflow diagrams commonly used in requirements modeling and software design as well as to the more specific executable design representations used in the computer-aided prototyping system CAPS.
Virtually Stress Free: Keeping Online Graduate Management Students Healthy from Afar.

Abstract This article examines stress experienced by graduate management students in an online learning environment. I use qualitative methodology to examine data collected from 32 students in 2 sections of a graduate online course. Findings identify 6 categories of stressors experienced by the students as well as 6 categories of stress relief agents. Instructor pedagogy is identified as the most important factor for reducing student stress. Recommendations address both stressors and stress relief agents and include actions that instructors can take to reduce stress in an online classroom.
Reflecting-surface distortion when mirrors are cut to shape

Sometimes, glass mirrors are cut to final shape after they are polished. The cuts may relieve residual stresses in the glass, thereby leading to distortion of the carefully polished reflecting surfaces. To aid in selecting a glass blank for making a mirror, it would be useful if we could predict the amount of post-polish distortion that a specific choice of blank would lead to. In this note, I describe how to make such predictions, using an example. Cases considered so far indicate that Corning Ultra Low Expansion glass (ULE®) blanks, if properly chosen, lead to post-polish distortion that is low enough to be acceptable for extreme ultraviolet lithography applications.
Grain growth in austenitic stainless steels

Recent studies on the sintering of 304L stainless steel powder compacts showed an intimate coupling of the grain growth and densification processes. The effect was particularly dominant in the intermediate stage of sintering in which the pore structure became rounded, temperatures in excess of 1330K, and times in excess of one hour. Metallographic examination of the sintered 304L specimens suggested that the pore and grain structures were interacting in a predictable manner, giving a possible means of estimating the activation energy for grain growth from the shrinkage rate temperature dependence. Stanley and Perrotta tabulated the mean grain size versus annealing time and temperature for four austenitic stainless steels. A kinetic analysis of Stanley and Perrotta's data whereby the time dependence and activation energy are estimated for each of the four alloys is described.
ZOSTEROGRAMMIDA, A NEW ORDER OF MILLIPEDES FROM THE MIDDLE SILURIAN OF SCOTLAND AND THE UPPER CARBONIFEROUS OF EURAMERICA

: New Palaeozoic millipedes, Zosterogrammus stichostethus gen. et sp. nov. and Casiogrammus ichthyeros gen. and sp. nov., are described from the Francis Creek Shale Member of the Carbondale Formation (Upper Carboniferous: Pennsylvanian), Mazon Creek, Illinois, and the Hagshaw Hills Inlier (Middle Silurian: Wenlock) of the Midland Valley of Scotland, respectively. These millipedes, together with Purkynia lata Fritsch from the Upper Carboniferous (Westphalian D) of Nýřany, Czech Republic, are placed in the new family Zosterogrammidae within the new order Zosterogrammida. All of these millipedes have very broad terga with a microsculpture consisting of fine transverse terrace lines along the anterior of the terga and oblique terrace lines across the remainder. Zosterogrammida have a trunk-ring architecture consisting of an arched diplotergite, a pair of free ventral diplopleurites and a pair of free ventral sternites, indicating a relatively basal phylogenetic position within Chilognatha. Although the exact phylogenetic position is indeterminate, Zosterogrammus stichostethus has divided sternites, indicating a possible affinity with the Pentazonia. The Hagshaw Hills millipede contributes significantly to the high-rank diversity of Middle Silurian millipedes as all previously described taxa of this age belong to the Archipolypoda.
Size Ratio of Intracranial Aneurysms Predicts Rupture-Prone Hemodynamics

Hemodynamics plays an important role in IA pathophysiology and rupture.1, 2 Since flow dynamics is largely determined by geometry,3 IA hemodynamics has been thought to be dependent on the aneurysm and/or parent vessel morphology.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Multimedia mug books: how multi should the media be?

The impact of allowing witnesses to choose the type of cues presented in multimedia mug books was explored in two experiments. In Experiment 1, participants viewed a videotaped crime and attempted to identify the perpetrator from one of three types of mug books: (a) dynamic-combined--participants could choose to follow static mug shots with a computerized video clip combining three types of dynamic cues: the person walking, talking, and rotating; (b) dynamic-separable--participants could limit the types of dynamic cues presented; and (c) static--just the static mug shot was presented. The dynamic-separable condition produced significantly fewer false positive foil identifications than the static condition. Within the dynamic-separable condition, voice was the most preferred cue. Experiment 2 explored the contribution of the individual cues. Participants attempted identifications from single dynamic cue mug books where only one type of cue was presented if a participant chose additional information. It was found that providing individual cues did not improve performance over the static mug book control. Based on the potential danger of witnesses choosing to rely on single dynamic cues, it was suggested that multimedia mug books should present dynamic cues in combination. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Language: en
Building e‐support for cause‐related marketing through strategic alliances

New opportunities for nonprofit organisations to reach new donors and volunteers are being generated by an accelerated interest in cause-related marketing on the part of both consumers and business firms, in conjunction with the emergence of the Internet. Together, these conditions have created a climate conducive for nonprofit alliances with corporations to become one of the fastest growing forms of marketing today. This paper examines online cause-related marketing from the fundraiser's perspective, and sets forth a series of marketing management implications of building relationships with businesses and their customers as potential donors on the Internet. Copyright © 2000 Henry Stewart Publications.
The influence of aspect ratio on the interface pressure distribution of cylindrical wear specimens

Abstract The interface stress distributions arising in linearly elastic cylindrical pins sliding against a flat rigid counterface are considered in this paper. Coulomb friction is assumed, and the interface pressure distribution arises by virtue of a displacement applied to the far end of the pin. Various aspect ratios are studied in order to assess stiffness effects in pin-on-disc tribotesting.
Nutritional Regulation of Insulin-Sensitive Glucose Transporter Gene Expression in Rat Cardiac Muscle

The effects of fasting and refeeding on the levels of mRNA encoding the insulin-sensitive glucose transporter (GLUT4) in rat cardiac and skeletal muscle were investigated using solution hybridization/RNase protection assays with a rat GLUT4 antisense RNA probe. In addition, the effects of these nutritional states on GLUT1 mRNA levels in several non-insulin-sensitive tissues were examined using a GLUT1 antisense RNA probe. Fasting for 48 hr significantly decreased GLUT4 mRNA levels in heart, with levels significantly increased over control levels by 24 hr after refeeding. In contrast, GLUT4 mRNA levels in skeletal muscle increased with fasting and returned to control levels with refeeding. No significant changes in GLUT1 mRNA were seen after fasting and refeeding in several non-insulin-sensitive tissues studied. These results suggest that altered GLUT4 gene expression is observed in different nutritional (insulin) states in insulin-sensitive tissues, and suggests a potential role for insulin in mediating these changes in gene expression.
Effect of brushing with sonic and counterrotational toothbrushes on the bond strength of full veneer crowns

Abstract Statement of problem. Earlier studies on orthodontic brackets have shown a loss of bond strength after a sonic toothbrush was used. Purpose. This in vitro study evaluated the difference in bond strength of single complete veneer crowns after being subjected to the equivalent of 2 years of brushing with sonic and counterrotational toothbrushes. Material and methods. Complete gold crowns were fabricated with a conventional indirect technique for 30 extracted, intact, prepared human premolar teeth. Castings were then luted to the teeth with glass ionomer cement. Teeth were randomly divided into 3 groups of 10 teeth each, 1 group to be brushed with Sonicare sonic toothbrush, 1 group to be brushed with Interplak counterrotational mechanical toothbrush, and 1 group as the control. Groups 1 and 2 were then brushed for the equivalent of 2 years per tooth. A uniform force of 50 g for the sonic toothbrush and 120 g for the counterrotational toothbrush was used. Control specimens were not brushed. Brush heads and sample teeth in contact with the toothbrush were kept moist at all times. Tensile dislodgment force was determined with an Instron universal testing machine. Results. The castings brushed with a sonic toothbrush required a mean of 43.22 kg (±11.16) force to remove the crowns from the teeth, whereas the counterrotational group required a mean of 42.87 kg (±10.42) and the control group a mean of 42.12 kg (±6.61). Analysis of variance on the force data indicated no differences among the 3 groups in the force needed to remove the castings (F[2,24] = 0.031, P =.97). Conclusion. This in vitro study demonstrated no significant differences between groups in the amount of tensile dislodgment force required to remove cemented full veneer crowns from prepared teeth after brushing for the equivalent of 2 years time with a sonic toothbrush or a counterrotational toothbrush. (J Prosthet Dent 1998;80:429-33.)
Submicroscopic deletion 9(q34.3) and duplication 19(p13.3): Identified by subtelomere specific FISH probes

Submicroscopic rearrangements involving chromosome ends are responsible for the unexplained mental retardation and multiple congenital anomalies observed in a number of patients. We have studied a patient with mental retardation, significant microcephaly, alopecia universalis, and other anomalies who carries an unbalanced segregant from a cryptic reciprocal translocation involving chromosomes 9 and 19. FISH studies using subtelomere specific probes revealed a derivative chromosome 9 in which the 9q subtelomeric sequence has been replaced by 19p subtelomeric sequence. As a result, the patient has partial monosomy 9q and partial trisomy 19p. The patient inherited the derivative 9 from his father, who carries a cryptic apparently balanced reciprocal translocation involving the terminal regions of 9q and 19p. This case is exceptional in that reports of rearrangements involving distal chromosome 9q and 19p are rare. This study demonstrates the utility of subtelomere specific FISH probes for detecting cyptic subtelomeric rearrangements in patients with idiopathic mental retardation and normal appearing karyotypes. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Bringing radiation therapy to underserved nations: an increasingly global responsibility in an ever-shrinking world.

Early in my career, I had the great privilege of working first for a year as a medical student in Nigeria and then as a sub-intern in Sierra Leone. With 30 years of perspective, I can now see how little I gave in comparison to how much I gained. To a completely unanticipated extent, my personality, my politics, and my practice were shaped by the great vitality and the profound poverty of West Africa. It was always my intent to return and make a career there, but it never happened, as the winds of chance and opportunity blew me in a different direction. The longing to assist in some meaningful, practical, and sustainable way has, however, remained within me, and I know that I am far from alone. Many practicing oncologists who have had comparable experiences, and many of those who have not, wish to help solve problems that they have witnessed either first-hand or in an endless parade of misery across their television screens. As the communication and information revolution shrinks our world, the difference between those who have and those who have not increases, but so does our power to organize and to aid. This edition of the Red Journal brings together a collection of articles that describe the size and shape of the emerging cancer crisis in the lowand middle-income countries (LMICs). As AIDS settles into an endemic state, and as infectious diseases are better prevented and treated, so cancer grows as a concern. The vitally important role of radiation therapy in either curing or palliating the common cancers of the LMICs, cancers of the cervix, nasopharynx, breast, esophagus, and lung, scarcely needs statingdyet its underuse is staggering. These articles spell out clearly the formidable
Cramer-Rao bound on watermark desynchronization parameter estimation accuracy

Various decoding algorithms have been proposed in the literature to combat desynchronization attacks on quantization index modulation (QIM) blind watermarking schemes. Nevertheless, these results have been fairly poor so far. The need to investigate fundamental limitations on the decoder's performance under a desynchronization attack is thus clear. In this paper, we look at the class of estimator-decoders which estimate the desynchronization attack parameter(s) for using in the decoding step. We model the desynchronization attack as an arbitrary (but invertible) linear time-invariant (LTI) system. We then come up with an encoding-decoding scheme for these attacks on cubic QIM watermarking schemes, and derive Cramer-Rao bounds on the estimation error for the desynchronization parameter at the decoder. As an example, we consider the case of a cyclic shift attack and present some numerical findings.
Fine line lithography systems for VLSI

This paper discusses advantages and disadvantages of advanced lithography techniques under investigation for the fabrication of semiconductor integrated circuits. These techniques are replacing conventional ultra-violet (UV) contact/proximity printing. They employ standard UV radiation (λ = 3500A-4000AA), deep UV radiation (λ = 2000A-2600A), soft x-rays (λ = 4A-40A), and electrons. It is assumed that the reader is familiar with the basic principles of the new methods.
NIR fluorescence imaging for in vivo assessment of normal and diseased lymphatics

Near-infrared fluorescence imaging with microdose indocyanine green was used to visualize the normal and diseased lymphatic structure and quantify the lymphatic function in vivo. Lymphatic function was significantly improved after manual lymphatic drainage.
Synthesis, characterization, and preliminary intramolecular energy transfer studies of rigid, emissive, rhenium-linked porphyrin dimers.

The reaction of pyridyl functionalized porphyrins with Re(CO) 5 Cl in THF results in the formation of porphyrin dimers which, despite incorporation of rhenium into the assemblies, remain fluorescent. The rigid compounds provide an efficient geometry and/or orbital pathway for singlet energy transfer, rendering these compounds suitable, in principle, for the study of both through-bond and through-space energy transfer. Derivatives containing both metallated and freebase porphyrins connected via the metal corners display efficient porphyrin-porphyrin energy transfer. The photophysical properties of the assemblies have been studied by both steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence techniques, yielding approximate rates and efficiencies for porphyrin-porphyrin energy transfer.
Limit Properties of Differential Mean Values

Abstract In this paper, we establish some results that concern the behavior of two types of differential mean values as the interval length shrinks to zero. The first type involves divided difference and the second type is connected to a theorem due to Flett [ Math. Gazette 42 (1958), 38–39]. We show that if a function f ( t ) is of the form p ( t ) + ( t − a ) α g ( t ), where p ( t ) is a polynomial, then the behavior of the limit is essentially independent of the function g ( t ). The results established by Bao-lin [ Amer. Math. Monthly 104 (1997), 561–562] and Jacobson [ Amer. Math. Monthly 89 (1982), 300–301] are special cases of our results.
Social Competence as a Multifaceted Construct: How Do Students with Learning Disabilities Fare?.

This article summarizes and extends the findings from a prospective, longitudinal study that examined the social competence of students with learning disabilities (LD) from kindergarten through fifth grade. Four components that represent a model of social competence were measured: peer relations, social cognition, behavior problems, and social skills. Findings revealed that over time youngsters with LD demonstrated the same trends on all aspects of social competence as nonLD students. Students with LD did not differ significantly from low-achieving (LA) nonLD students on any of the measures of social competence; however, they were significantly different from average/high-achieving (AHA) nonLD students on social skills and behavior problems, but not peer acceptance or self-concept. The discussion addresses the social competence of students with LD from a developmental perspective as well as how they contrast with other achievement groups (LA and AHA). Issues and suggestions for future directions for resea...
High resolution analysis of protein phosphorylation using capillary isoelectric focusing - electrospray ionization - mass spectrometry

On-line capillary isoelectric focusing (CIEF)-electrospray ionization - mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) as a two-dimensional separation system is employed for high resolution analysis of ovalbumin phosphorylation. On the basis of their differences in isoelectric point (pI), the mono- and diphosphoovalbumins are separated and resolved in CIEF. The focused protein zones of mono- and diphosphoovalbumins are eluted by combining gravity with cathodic mobilization. At the end of the CIEF capillary, the mobilized ovalbumin zones are analyzed by mass spectrometry coupled on-line to an electrospray interface with a coaxial sheath flow configuration. Additional ovalbumin variants within each of the mono- and diphosphoovalbumins, differing in their molecular masses due to glycosylation microheterogeneity, are easily distinguished by ESI-MS.
Barotrauma due to stent deployment in endovascular brachytherapy for restenosis prevention.

Abstract Purpose: In this study, the effect of barotrauma due to stent deployment is investigated for several commonly used commercial stents used in endovascular brachytherapy for restenosis prevention. Methods and Materials: Restenosis due to intimal hyperplasia can occur anywhere along the clinical target volume, which is defined as the length of vessel receiving intervention or injury. The injury may be due to angioplasty, atherectomy (tissue removing), stenting, and stent deployment. Manufacturer specifications for several commonly used stents were reviewed and the results were tabulated. Results: The barotrauma length of stents reviewed in this study ranges from 0.5 to 2.5 mm; the average was 1.7 mm. Conclusions: By considering specific barotrauma into the treatment length, one can provide adequate treatment margins to minimize edge failure or to avoid "geographic miss," which may improve the efficacy of endovascular brachytherapy.
Design of Experiments Plan With a Capstone Experimentation Course

The Mechanical Engineering faculty at Western Kentucky University have developed and implemented a Design of Experiments Plan to assure that graduates of the program have acquired the skills necessary to design and conduct experiments and analyze experimental results. The ME faculty have defined the components of design of experiments, agreed to levels of competence that are expected as a student progresses through the program, and developed assessment tools to quantify student achievement. Instruction is integrated over a dozen courses, and students finally demonstrate the ability to select experimental tools and methods, and apply them to analyze less-defined experimental problems in a senior capstone experimentation class. This class requires student teams to complete three different experiences—mechanical, materials and thermal. The Design of Experiments Plan provides a framework for building upon previous lab work, assessing student progress, and adjusting lab coverage based on prior assessments to assure that graduates of the program are capable experimental practitioners upon graduation.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Olefin metathesis over a Re2O7/Al2O3 metathesis catalyst: Mechanism for initial metallacarbene formation

Abstract The mechanism for the initiation of olefin metathesis over the heterogeneous catalyst rhenium heptoxide on γ-alumina was studied, using a pulse catalytic microreactor. Of the currently proposed mechanisms for initial metal-carbene formation, only that which requires the reactant olefin to contain an allylic hydrogen, and proceeds by way of a π-allyl complex, predicts the first-formed olefins found in the product mixture. A critical test using isotopically labeled ethylene showed that ethylene did not self-initiate metathesis, but readily metathesized after the catalyst was activated with cis-2-pentene.
Neutral homoaromaticity in some heterocyclic systems

Neutral homoaromaticity has been evaluated in heterocyclic systems related to the bicyclo[3.2.1]octane skeleton with replacement of CH2 at C-2 in bicyclo[3.2.1]octa-3,6-diene with X = BH, AlH, Be, Mg, O, S, PH, NH (12); replacement of CH at C-3 in bicyclo[3.2.1]octa-3,6-dien-2-yl anion with PH, S, NH, O (13); and replacement at C-2 and C-3 with N and O (14). Stabilization energies (SE) are evaluated using density functional theory and homodesmotic equations at the B3LYP/6-311+G(3df,2p)//B3LYP/6-31G(d) level for series 12−14. Stabilization energies are compared with diamagnetic susceptibility exaltations, Λ, CSGT-B3LYP/6-31G(d)//B3LYP/6-31G(d), and nucleus-independent chemical shifts (NICS), GIAO-B3LYP/6-311+G(2d,p)//B3LYP/6-31G(d). Analysis of frontier orbitals and geometries, B3LYP/6-31G(d)//B3LYP/6-31G(d), and proton affinities of 2-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octa-3,6-diene, pyrrole, and related model systems, B3LYP/6-311+G(2d,2p)//B3LYP/6-31G(d), provide complementary evidence supporting the division of the subs...
LATE OVULE AND EARLY EMBRYO DEVELOPMENT IN QUERCUS GAMBELII

anatropous, bitegmic ovules. The formation of a caecum from a chalazal extension of the embryo sac was observed. A central resistant column of cells, which exhibit some continuity with the vascular trace supplying the ovule, remains protruding into the embryo sac from the chalaza until the later stages of embryo development. Early embryogeny is characterized by a nearly vertical first division with both of the derivative cells contributing to the building of the embryo proper. Such observations suggest that the embryogeny of Quercus should be placed in the Piperad or Asterad type rather than.the Onagrad type as has been the practice. OF THE MANY studies dealing with seed and fruit development in the genus Quercus L., only a few are ontogenetic. Most of the early anatomical work done on the genus was in some way concerned with the systematics of the Amentiferae and the phylogenetic position of Quercus in this scheme of classification. Although the developmental history of the acorn has been reported in several recent studies (Stairs, 1964; Mogensen, 1966), certain important aspects of early embryo development have not- been described. Tlle first detailed study of the reproductive structures in Quercus (Conrad, 1900) contained a brief account of the early embryo development in Q. velutina. A more thorough account of endosperm and embryo development in Q. robur was published by Hjelmqvist (1957). He described
Ecologically dependent postmating isolation between sympatric host forms of Neochlamisus bebbianae leaf beetles.

Ecological speciation is the promotion of reproductive isolation via the divergent adaptation of populations to alternative environments. A prediction peculiar to ecological speciation is that hybrids between such populations should be adapted poorly to parental environments, yielding reduced fitness and postmating isolation. However, F1 analyses alone cannot demonstrate that ecological (“extrinsic”) factors contribute to such isolation. Rather, this requires documenting a “switch” in the relative fitnesses of reciprocal backcrosses between environments. Specifically, each backcross should exhibit higher fitness in the environment of its pure parent, with which it shares the most genes, including environment-specific ones. In contrast, because genetic proportions are expected to be similar for all backcrosses (≈¾ from one parental type and ≈¼ from the other), the more general genetic incompatibilities responsible for “intrinsic” isolation predict no such environment-specific fitness switches. Thus, although intrinsic isolation may contribute to the fitness reduction and variation underlying such patterns, it offers an insufficient explanation for them. Here, we present a quantitative genetic “backcross” analysis of sympatric Neochlamisus bebbianae leaf beetle populations adapted to maple versus willow host plants. Results statistically supported ecological speciation predictions, notably the switch in relative fitness for backcross types, the expected rank order of cross type fitnesses, and appreciable extrinsic isolation. We additionally documented genetic variation in host-associated fitness, ruled out nongenetic maternal effects, and discuss the maintenance of ecological differentiation in sympatry. In summary, our study provides a rare and strongly supported demonstration of genetically based, ecologically dependent postmating isolation during ecological speciation.
Temperature-Induced Reciprocal Activation of Hippocampal Field Activity

Hippocampal network activity oscillates between sustained rhythms (e.g., theta) and aperiodic population spikes (e.g., sharp waves, dentate spikes). Although temperature is known to modulate variou...
Compaction of poultry litter.

Poultry litter, a combination of accumulated chicken manure, feathers and bedding materials, is a potential feedstock for bioenergy and other value-added applications. The use of this waste product has been historically limited to within few miles of the place of generation because of its inherent low density. Compaction is one possible way to enhance the storage and transportation of the litter. This study therefore investigates the effect of moisture content (19.8–70.7%, d.b.) and pressure (0.8–8.4 MPa) on the compaction characteristics of poultry litter. Results obtained showed that the initial density of densified poultry litter, energy required for compaction and the strength of the densified material after 2 months of storage were significantly (P < 0.05) affected by moisture content and pressure applied during compaction. The density of the compacted material was only affected by pressure applied during compaction after 2 months of storage. The specific energy required to produce the densified material varied from 0.25 to 2.00 kJ/kg and was significantly less than the energy required to produce pellets from biological materials. The results obtained from the study can be used for the economical design of on-farm compaction equipment for poultry litter.
Rare-earth elements in geothermal waters from Oregon, Nevada, and California

Abstract The concentrations of rare-earth elements (REE) were determined in thermal waters from hot springs in the Oregon Cascades and southeastern Oregon, and from wells in the Beowawe (NV), Dixie Valley (NV) and Heber (CA) geothermal fields. The waters are all near-neutral to slightly alkaline, and dominated by sodium chloride or sodium bicarbonate. Concentrations of REE range from −6 to approximately 10 −3 times chondrite. In general, filtered aliquots of the fluids contain substantially less REE (sometimes by an order of magnitude or more) than corresponding unfiltered aliquots, suggesting a considerable particulate contribution to the total REE. Concentrations of REE in the waters from Beowawe and Dixie Valley are generally quite low, possibly owing to loss of REE on boiling. Most of the waters exhibit LREE-enriched, chondrite-normalized REE patterns, with slight or non-existent Eu anomalies. The main exceptions are the waters from Heber, which exhibit a concave-upward pattern with a prominent, positive Eu anomaly (“Mexican hat” pattern). The behavior of REE in waters from continental geothermal systems is a useful indicator of water–rock interaction and holds promise as a potential tool for exploration.
Narrative methods of personality assessment in school psychology

This critical review of narrative methods of personality assessment highlights their value in understanding unique aspects of personality functioning of children and adolescents in the context of school psychology. The use of narratives for assessment is based on constructivist theories emphasizing the role of the person and the social group in assigning meaning to reality through the use of storytelling processes. Narrative analysis is linked to thematic apperception techniques within a personological paradigm of assessment that attends to the internal and interpersonal processes underlying personality development. A comprehensive framework is described to guide the use of narrative methods of assessing children and adolescents. Research is proposed to validate these methods further as an integral aspect of personality assessment in school psychology. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 44: 271–280, 2007.
Summary of Conference of the Executive Board of the American Dairy Science Association with Representatives of the Dairy Industry

Summary Busy industry executives participated with the Executive Board in this successful Association-Industry Conference. Many questions were raised and a multitude of problems exposed for critical and constructive planning. The spirit and actions of this conference were in accord with the major objectives of the Association, "- - - to promote the welfare of the dairy industry by stimulating scientific research, improving educational methods, encouraging worthy intra-industry, and inter-industry cooperative endeavors, and by publishing the Journal of Dairy Science and other official periodicals." This time-honored purpose we hope will grow toward greater fulfillment in further fruitful Association-Industry relationships, nurtured by additional conferences.
The Utility of Psychological Testing in Assessing Emotional Damages in Personal Injury Litigation

Psychological testing and assessment instruments frequently play a small but important role when psychologists assist the courts as emotional damage experts in personal injury matters. However, examiners frequently, if sometimes inadvertently, mislead the court with test interpretations that are based on clinical rather than forensic populations and that fail to appreciate the lack of robustness of clinical measures in this forensic context. Whereas published computerized interpretations repeatedly remind experts that personality test results should only be used as a method to generate hypotheses about the examinee that are to be subjected to further investigation and consideration, experts all too often inform the courts of test interpretations as if the test results were measures of clinical constructs rather than plaintiffs' self-reports of symptoms.
Responding to Gangs: Comparing Gang Member, Police and Task Force Perspectives

Abstract Perceptions of four groups of actors—members of a gang task force, police officers, gang members, and nongang youth—involved in the St. Louis gang problem response were compared. The two groups of youths regarded gangs as a significantly more serious problem than did either of the adult groups. Youths were significantly more likely to view gangs as instrumentally delinquent, while the adult groups were significantly more likely to view gangs as social organizations. Applying the Spergel-Curry categorization of gang strategies to these data revealed that none of the groups offered consistent response strategies for dealing with gang problems.
Copper-nickel-enriched ferromanganese nodules and associated crusts from the Bauer Basin, northwest Nazca plate

Abstract Analysis of a suite of ferromanganese nodules and crusts from the dredge Y73-3-22D in the Bauer Deep (13°40′S, 102°08′W) shows distinct differences between the nodules and crusts. Ultra-slow-scan X-ray diffraction shows that the nodules are more enriched in todorokite while the crusts are more enriched in δ MnO 2 . Both have phillipsite and smectite as accessory minerals as well as minor amounts of apatite, barite, and quartz. Chemical analyses show that the nodules also have higher abundances of Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn, and Ba, while crusts are more enriched in Fe, Co, and Ca. We suggest that normal authigenic precipitation of ferromanganese oxyhydroxides from seawater controls the mineralogy and chemistry of the crusts, while nodule mineralogy and chemistry are governed by small-scale diagenetic reactions in the sediment. Todorokite may form because iron in the Fe-Mn oxyhydroxide material dispersed in the sediment reacts with amorphous silica to form iron-rich smectites. The remaining oxyhydroxide material recrystallizes as todorokite.
Should the sociology of science be rated X

Stephen Brush once asked, “Should the history of science be rated ‘X’” Well, times have changed. Now controversy reigns over the role of sociology in the science classroom. Here, I profile several dimensions of the sociology of science and survey recent efforts by philosophers to address its most radical claims. In respecting the opposing poles of this contentious debate, I contend that it is possible to chart a path between the Scylla of scientism and the Charybdis of relativism. Most notably, educators must differentiate between the normative and descriptive elements of the ‘nature of science’—and teach both. Further, they must go beyond the rhetoric of tentativeness and fallibility in science by describing just when and how individual scientists and/or a scientific community can err—and how they identify and remedy their errors. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Sci Ed88:934–946, 2004
The use of intravascular ultrasound imaging to improve use of inferior vena cava filters in a high-risk bariatric population

Objective Pulmonary embolism is the leading cause of death after gastric bypass procedures for obesity, approximating 0.5% to 4%. All bariatric patients, but especially the super-obese, which have a body mass index (BMI) >50 kg/m 2 , are at significant risk for postoperative venous thromboembolism (VTE). Visualization and weight limitations of fluoroscopy tables exclude most bariatric and all super-obese patients from inferior vena cava (IVC) filter placement using fluoroscopy. Intravascular ultrasound (IVUS)-guided IVC filter placement is the only modality that allows these high-risk patients to have an IVC filter placed. Methods Hospital and outpatient records of the 494 patients who underwent gastric bypass procedures from January 1, 2004, to May 31, 2006, were reviewed. All patients who had concurrent IVC filter placement with the use of IVUS guidance were selected. Comorbidities, outcomes, and complications were recorded. Results We identified 27 patients with mean BMI of 70 ± 3 kg/m 2 ; of these, 25 were super-obese (BMI >50 kg/m 2 ). Procedures included five laparoscopic and 22 open gastric bypass operations. All patients underwent concurrent IVC filter placement using IVUS guidance. In addition to super-obesity, indications for IVC filter placement included history of VTE (n = 4), known hypercoagulable state (n = 2), and profound immobility (n = 21). Mean follow up was 293 ± 40 days. Technical success rate was 96.3%. There were no catheter site complications. In one surviving patient, a nonfatal pulmonary embolism was detected by computed tomography 2 months postoperatively. Two patients died, and autopsy excluded VTE as the cause of death in both. Conclusion This study suggests efficacy of IVUS-guided IVC filter placement in preventing mortality from pulmonary embolism in high-risk bariatric patients, including the super-obese. IVUS-guided IVC filter placement can be safely performed with an excellent success rate in all bariatric patients, including the super-obese, who otherwise would not be candidates for IVC filter placement due to the limitations imposed by their large body habitus.
Charged particle motions in a magnetic field that reduce to motions in a potential

If the Hamiltonian for the motion of a charged particle in a magnetic field has one or more cyclic coordinates, it may often be viewed as representing the motion of a particle subject to a potential V. The use of V provides qualitative insight about the motion even in some cases where a solution of the motion cannot be obtained. Several examples using this concept are reviewed and discussed.