cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
EU ageing of the population and labor shortage

In the second half of the 20th century,the countries of the European Union because of the steady decline in the total fertility and mortality decline,resulting in the ageing of the population and labor shortage speed.This paper discusses the economics point of the EU in the process of gradual ageing of the population and labor shortage problem,should actively absorb a large number of economic migrants,in particular,the introduction of high-tech talent,improve the competitiveness of the European economy.
Identification gender of neonatal rats and determination of sex hormone concentration in cultured astrocytes

OBJECTIVE To study the sexing newborn male and female rats and hormone concentration in supernatant of the cultured cells.METHODS Gross morphology,HE staining and PCR amplification of SRY gene technology was used in this study.The estradiol(E2)and testosterone(T) concentrations in supernatant of the cultured cells were detected with CLIA method.RESULTS Eighteen newborn rats were sexed by gross morphology.The distance between the excretory organ and genital organ was0.1-0.2cm in female newborn rats and 0.5cm in male newborn rats.HE staining was failed to distinguish the gender.Eight female and 10 male newborn rats were detected by PCR methods.The result of gross morphology was consistent with the PCR method.Estradiol and testosterone concentrations in supernatant of cultured astrocytes were(235.85±8.38) pg/ml and(0.95±0.104) pg/ml in male newborn rats,(224.12±7.86)ng/ml and(0.95±0.045) ng/ml in female newborn rats respectively.CONCLUSION Gross morphology and SRY gene PCR method can be used for sexing newborn rats,culture of different sex determination of cell culture medium in different concentrations of estradiol.The Sex identification and hormone determination can attract the experimenter to the sex identification.The occurrence,development and prognosis of head and neck tumor may refer to the gender and hormone levels clinically.
The influence of childhood trauma on sexual violence and sexual deviance in adulthood

The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of various types of childhood adversity on later sexual deviance and sexually violent behavior. Data were collected from more than 700 convicted sexual offenders in outpatient and confinement-based treatment programs throughout the U.S. Using the 10-item Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Scale, participants were surveyed about childhood maltreatment and family dysfunction. For male sex offenders, factors that significantly predicted sexual deviance included childhood sexual abuse, emotional neglect, and having unmarried parents. Factors that significantly predicted violent sexual offending included child physical abuse, substance abuse in the childhood home, mental illness in the home, and having an incarcerated family member. ACE scores were significantly higher for generalist offenders than for those specializing in sexual crime. The results underscore the need for clinicians to assess the existence of early adversity, to understand the role of traumatic events in the development of criminality and abusive behaviors, and to utilize trauma-informed counseling practices. In terms of policy, investing in prevention services for maltreated children and at-risk families is an important step in disrupting the cycle of interpersonal violence and crime in our communities. Language: en
Surgical Management: Cystectomy and Urinary Diversion

The chapter discusses the principles of surgical management of invasive bladder cancer. The muscle-invasive disease is an aggressive form of bladder malignancy and has a greater propensity for metastatic disease (1). In the last two decades, advances in chemotherapy and continent urinary diversion have given a new dimension to the management of muscle-invasive bladder cancer.
Commentary: Beyond more of the same - sustaining the benefits of preschool education - reflections on Bierman et al. (2016).

Preschool education is now firmly linked to two aspirational purposes: as the first step on a trajectory of academic and life success for all children and as wise economic policy for the nation. Both purposes are grounded in an assumption that the early developmental boost children receive from preschool will produce lasting impacts. However, efforts to identify enduring impacts of contemporary preschool programs have produced mixed evidence, leading the field to acknowledge that we have yet to adequately understand the essential conditions and processes in early education classrooms that increase the odds that children will flourish in school and thrive in their adult lives.
Sexual and Marital Dysfunction in Women With Gynecologic Cancer.

Objective Sexual dysfunction can be a long-term issue for women with gynecologic cancer. This study assesses the extent of sexual and marital dysfunction women face following treatment of a gynecologic cancer. Methods A cross-sectional study of women with gynecologic cancer was conducted using a 181-item survey. Sexual dysfunction was measured by change in the Female Sexual Function Index score; marital dysfunction was measured by change in Intimate Bond Measure from prediagnosis to posttreatment. Paired t tests and Fisher exact test were used to compare women with dysfunction to those without dysfunction. Results Three hundred twenty women were enrolled (mean age, 56.0 [SD, 12.0] years). Among all women, sexual function declined from a score of 21.3 (SD, 10.4) prior to 15.3 (SD, 10.2) (P Conclusions Women who are younger, have an ovarian or cervical cancer diagnosis, receive chemotherapy, or are in a committed relationship are at particularly high risk of sexual dysfunction. These women should be provided information about the risks associated with their cancer treatment.
Tandem Diels–Alder Reaction of Dimethylfuran and Ethylene and Dehydration to para‐Xylene Catalyzed by Zeotypic Lewis Acids

The zeotypic Lewis acids Sn-BEA, Zr-BEA and Ti-BEA have recently been reported to catalyze the synthesis of p-xylene by dehydrative aromatization of the Diels-Alder (DA) product between 2,5-dimethylfuran (DMF) and ethylene. Although it has been shown that these Lewis acids can catalyze the dehydration of the DA cycloadduct, the tandem scheme has precluded decoupling of the two steps needed to infer whether these same catalysts can catalyze the DA step. We have employed electronic structure calculations and microkinetic modelling (MKM) to investigate the DA aromatization of DMF and ethylene to p-xylene over the Lewis-acidic zeotypes Sn-, Zr- and Ti-BEA. We show that there is only minor catalysis of the DA reaction, solely attributable to confinement phenomena varying with the translational freedom allowed to the species inside the zeolite. MKM and sensitivity analysis of the computed rates show that the heterogeneous DA pathway does not contribute to the overall rate, but rather the homogeneous cycloaddition at high acid site concentrations. Only the partially hydrolyzed ("open") Lewis acid sites are calculated to be catalytically active, with moderately Bronsted acidic silanol groups formed that catalyze DMF hydrolysis. Of the Lewis acids tested in this work, Zr-BEA and Sn-BEA have similar activities, in agreement with experiment, while Ti-BEA is found to be inactive, suggesting that the recently reported Ti-BEA activity was likely due to Bronsted acidic defect sites.
Electrophoretic deposition of activated carbon YP-50 with ethyl cellulose binders for supercapacitor electrodes

Abstract Activated carbon is widely used for electrodes in supercapacitors. Fabrication of supercapacitors is currently based on hydraulic pressing method, which is a lengthy process (several h) with challenges in controlling the layer thickness and mass. This work reports an electrophoresis method that can efficiently deposit activated biochar onto metal electrodes. The authors demonstrated that a suitable binder (ethyl cellulose) could ensure sufficient coating adhesion. Using commercial activated carbon (YP-50) as electrode material, supercapacitors were fabricated using electrophoretic deposition and the specific capacitance reached 158.6 F g−1. The electrophoretic deposition was highly efficient as it only took about 3 min and enabled accurate control of the electrode mass by simply varying the deposition time. This work demonstrates that electrophoretic deposition has the potential to replace the conventional hydraulic press method in manufacturing supercapacitors that use sustainable and environmentally friendly biochar.
What’s Next?: Public Health and Spirituality

This present chapter concludes a 28 chapter volume on the relevance of religion and spirituality (R/S) to the field of public health. The volume contains 13 empirical reviews of R/S-health relations (Part I), two chapters addressing practical implications of R/S for public health (Part II), and eight chapters on how R/S factors have been incorporated into public health education and training offered at US-based schools and colleges of public health (Part III).
Low MSH2 protein levels identify muscle-invasive bladder cancer resistant to cisplatin

Background: The response to first-line, platinum-based treatment of muscle-invasive bladder cancer has not improved in three decades. Objective: The objective of this study is to identify genes that predict cisplatin resistance in bladder cancer. Design: We performed a whole-genome, CRISPR-based screen in a bladder cancer cell line treated with cisplatin to identify genes that mediate response to cisplatin. Targeted validation was performed in vitro across two bladder cancer cell lines. The top gene candidate was validated in a publicly available bladder cancer dataset containing 340 bladder cancer patients with treatment, protein, and survival information. Results and limitations: The cisplatin resistance screen suggested the mismatch repair pathway through the loss of MSH2 and MLH1 contribute to cisplatin resistance. Bladder cancer cells depleted of MSH2 are resistant to cisplatin in vitro, in part due to a reduction in apoptosis. These cells maintain sensitivity to the cisplatin-analog, oxaliplatin. Bladder tumors with low protein levels of MSH2 have poorer overall survival when treated with cisplatin- or carboplatin-based therapy. Conclusions: We generated in vitro and clinical support that bladder cancer cell lines and tumors with low levels of MSH2 are more resistant to cisplatin-based therapy. Further studies are warranted to determine the ability of MSH2 protein levels to serve as a prospective biomarker of chemotherapy response in bladder cancer. Patient summary: We report the first evidence that the protein level of MSH2 may contribute to chemotherapy resistance observed in bladder cancer. MSH2 levels has the potential to serve as a biomarker of treatment response.
AN ULTRASONIC HOLOGRAPHIC IMAGING SYSTEM FOR MEDICAL APPLICATIONS

The application of ultrasonic holography to medicine has been suggested by many researchers as an alternative to the use of pulse-echo systems for medical diagnosis. This program has as an ultimate objective the development of a real-time holographic imaging system with digital image reconstruction and its evaluation for medical research. The present system configuration is such that, although in actual operation it does not constitute a real-time imaging system, in every other way one can evaluate its capabilities. Data acquisition, recording, and image reconstruction are performed under control of an Alpha-16 minicomputer. Image reconstruction is performed, however, off-line by a CDC 7 600 computer system. The system offers a variety of modes of operation. Holographic data may be collected by means of a piezoelectric sensing array, or may be modeled by means of digital computation. Although the system is being built with a particular array sensor, through the use of modeling, the performance of arrays with different elements and different spacings may be readily evaluated.
Bemessung von Pflanzenkläranlagen

Horizontalfilter werden nach hydraulischen und abbaukinetischen Kriterien bemessen. Zunachst soll erreicht werden, dass die maximale Zulaufmenge vom Filterkorper aufgenommen werden kann und eine gleichmasige Durchstromung ermoglicht wird. Daruber hinaus soll eine ausreichende Reinigungsleistung erreicht werden. Dazu muss genugend Sauerstoff in den Filterkorper gelangen. Da beim Horizontalfilter die Sauerstoffzufuhr uber die Oberflache erfolgt, ist eine entsprechend grose Filteroberflache erforderlich.
Linear and Nonlinear Evolution Equations

The term evolution equation refers to a dynamical partial differential equation that involves both time t and space \( {\rm{X}} = ({x}_{1},\ldots,{x}_{n})\) as independent variables and takes the form $$ \frac{\partial{u}}{\partial{t}} = K [u]$$ (8.1) , whose left-hand side is just the first-order time derivative of the dependent variable u, while the right-hand side, which can be linear or nonlinear, involves only u and its space derivatives and, possibly, t and x. Examples already encountered include the linear and nonlinear transport equations in Chapter 2 and the heat equation.
Chronic Active Hepatitis Management

When the first reports of resolution of severe chronic active hepatitis (CAH) in response to prednisone with or without imuran were published 17 years ago,1–3 enthusiasm was high because this described the first medical regimens that gastroenterologists could employ to alter the course of liver disease in a large group of patients. Before this, only supportive therapy was available except for the removal of alcohol in patients with alcoholic liver disease and the use of d-penicillamine in the treatment of Wilson’s disease.4 However, as with most advances in therapy, time has tempered enthusiasm, and experience has further defined and restricted the proportion of patients in whom treatment with prednisone and imuran are appropriate. The initiation of treatment for this condition was important from several respects: (1) the results demonstrated that the natural history of chronic liver disease could be altered, and (2) success stimulated research interest in this area.
The 3rd generation partnership project packet-switched streaming (3GPP-PSS): fundamentals and applications

Streaming is a service by which real-time data traffic is transferred between the streaming server and the wireless/wired device. Streaming was initially designed for broadband Internet audio and video transmissions, which soon expanded to cover mobile networks as well. The third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) was created in 1998, which embodied collaboration agreements of numerous telecommunication standardization organizations and bodies, initially targeted for evolved GSM and UMTS (WCDMA) networks. The 3GPP Packet Switched Streaming (3GPP-PSS) specifications define the framework for streaming capabilities for 3GPP mobile devices and networks, including the functionality, interoperability, media types and compatibility specifications. This chapter embodies the chronological advances of 3GPP-PSS and discussions on the general specifications of different releases, including Release 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8 with a focus on the Quality of Service (QoS) support.
Gastric intramural pseudocyst with associated gastric outlet obstruction: recognition and management.

ABSTRACT:Pancreatic pseudocyst is a well-recognized complication of pancreatitis. Most pseudocysts either resolve spontaneously or are amenable to internal drainage. Occasionally, the pseudocyst extends to distant areas within the abdominal cavity or may invade a nearby anatomic structure. Direct ex
Complementation Studies in Murine/Human Hybrids Suggest Multiple Etiology for Increased Rate of Sister Chromatid Exchange in Mammalian Cells

Two mutational changes which occurred in culture and are associated with a high rate of sister chromatid exchange (SCE) pŉenotype have been identified in the L-A9 murine cell genome by means of complementation studies with somatic cell hybrids. Preliminary cyto-genetical evidence suggests that the retention of human autosome 6 (namely the region comprised between Xql2 and Xqter) or human autosome 19 is required in the hybrid metaphases for complementation to occur, independently of their being derived from normal human or Bloom syndrome (BS) cells. These data and other complementation studies previously reported by our group and by other investigators suggest that mammalian cells may possess several independent systems involved in the control of SCEs during chromatid replication. Thus, the high rate of SCE can be regarded as the common phenotype resulting from a variety of qualitative or quantitative changes affecting the mammalian cell genome. Bloom syndrome is evidently an example of homozygosity for a recessive mutation occurring in nature. The high SCE mutants found among rodent cells (as those seen in unstable rodent-human hybrid cells) are more likely the result of chromosomal loss or rearrangement occurring in culture at one or more of the genetic systems hypothesized above. The occurrence of complementation within or between the species barrier, following cell hybridization or cocultivation, indicates the recessive nature of the corresponding mutations and the possible homology of the relevant genetic systems in different mammalian species.
Whose job is it anyway? Public–private partnerships in youth sport

In the United States, youth sport programs delivered by public recreation agencies face increased pressure to either increase fees or “contract out” to private providers to compensate for budget re...
Predictive Analysis Using Chemical-Gene Interaction Networks Consistent with Observed Endocrine Activity and Mutagenicity of U.S. Streams

In a recent U.S. Geological Survey/U.S. Environmental Protection Agency study assessing more than 700 organic compounds in 38 streams, in vitro assays indicated generally low estrogen, androgen, and glucocorticoid receptor activities, with 13 surface waters with 17β-estradiol-equivalent (E2Eq) activities greater than a 1-ng/L estimated effects-based trigger value for estrogenic effects in male fish. Among the 36 samples assayed for mutagenicity in the Salmonella bioassay (reported here), 25% had low mutagenic activity and 75% were not mutagenic. Endocrine and mutagenic activities of the water samples were well correlated with each other and with the total number and cumulative concentrations of detected chemical contaminants. To test the predictive utility of knowledge-base-leveraging approaches, site-specific predicted chemical-gene (pCGA) and predicted analogous pathway-linked (pPLA) association networks identified in the Comparative Toxicogenomics Database were compared with observed endocrine/mutagenic bioactivities. We evaluated pCGA/pPLA patterns among sites by cluster analysis and principal component analysis and grouped the pPLA into broad mode-of-action classes. Measured E2eq and mutagenic activities correlated well with predicted pathways. The pPLA analysis also revealed correlations with signaling, metabolic, and regulatory groups, suggesting that other effects pathways may be associated with chemical contaminants in these waters and indicating the need for broader bioassay coverage to assess potential adverse impacts.
Neural Response Selectivity to Natural Sounds in the Bat Midbrain.

Abstract Little is known about the neural mechanisms that mediate differential action–selection responses to communication and echolocation calls in bats. For example, in the big brown bat, frequency modulated (FM) food-claiming communication calls closely resemble FM echolocation calls, which guide social and orienting behaviors, respectively. Using advanced signal processing methods, we identified fine differences in temporal structure of these natural sounds that appear key to auditory discrimination and behavioral decisions. We recorded extracellular potentials from single neurons in the midbrain inferior colliculus (IC) of passively listening animals, and compared responses to playbacks of acoustic signals used by bats for social communication and echolocation. We combined information obtained from spike number and spike triggered averages (STA) to reveal a robust classification of neuron selectivity for communication or echolocation calls. These data highlight the importance of temporal acoustic structure for differentiating echolocation and food-claiming social calls and point to general mechanisms of natural sound processing across species.
Experimental Pain Sensitivity in Subjects with Temporomandibular Disorders and Multiple Other Chronic Pain Conditions: The OPPERA Prospective Cohort Study.

Aims To investigate associations between experimental pain sensitivity and five chronic pain conditions among 655 participants in the OPPERA study. Methods Quantitative sensory tests were used to measure sensitivity to three modalities of nociception: blunt pressure pain, mechanical pinprick pain, and thermal heat pain. Participants were also classified according to the presence or absence of five chronic pain conditions: temporomandibular disorders, headache, low back pain, irritable bowel syndrome, and fibromyalgia. Results Univariate analyses found each modality to be significantly associated with at least one pain condition, most consistently for pressure pain sensitivity (8 of 15 instances) and least consistently for heat pain sensitivity (5 of 35 instances). Yet, multivariable analyses that evaluated the independent contributions of all five pain conditions found few significant associations (12 of 75 instances). Instead, pain sensitivity consistently varied according to the total number of pain conditions a person experienced, implying that the combination of pain conditions influences each nociceptive modality. Conclusion When evaluating nociceptive sensitivity in a chronic pain patient, comorbid pain conditions should be considered, as the more salient feature underlying sensitivity is likely the number rather than the type(s) of pain conditions.
Wide-Band Millimeter-Wave Synthesizer by Integrated Microcomb Photomixing

We demonstrate a wideband and tunable millimeter-wave synthesizer, using microcomb photomixing. For example, we generate a 150.8 GHz signal with Allan deviation of ∼ 3 × 10−12/s. Our microcomb system supports a continuous range of 0.05-1 THz.
239 Decr2 loss promotes resistance of tumor cells to immunotherapy by affecting CD8+ T cell-regulated tumor ferroptosis

Background Checkpoint blockade therapies have transformed the landscape of cancer care. Durable clinical responses have been observed in a subset of patients. However, many patients do not respond, and understanding the mechanisms that determine tumor resistant to checkpoint blockade drugs could potentially benefit more patients. Ferroptosis is a relatively newly described form of regulated cell death distinct from apoptosis and necroptosis. Recently, T cell-promoted tumor ferroptosis was shown to be an anti-tumor mechanism and targeting this pathway could be a potential therapeutic approach. Methods To identify genes critical to immunotherapy resistance, B16.SIY cells were transduced with a genome-scale gRNA lentivirus to generate loss of function mutants. In vitro-primed CD8+ T cells isolated from 2C/Rag2–/– TCR transgenic mice specific for the SIY antigen were co-cultured with transduced B16.SIY tumor cells. Resistant mutants were identified by sequencing the gRNAs of survival clones. The gene encoding Decr2, a peroxisomal 2,4-dienoyl-CoA reductase, was identified. To investigate the role of Decr2 in tumor growth and immune responses in vivo, the Decr2 knock-down or Decr2 overexpressed tumors were transplanted into B6 mice and the mice were subsequently treated with anti-PD-L1 antibody. The tumor microenvironments were analyzed by flow cytometry. To understand the resistance mechanism of Decr2 knock-down tumors, RNA-seq was performed and analyzed. The CD8+ T cell mediated tumor ferroptosis in vitro and in vivo was analyzed for lipid reactive oxygen species. Results Decr2 mutants were relatively resistant to CD8+ T cell killing in vitro. Consistent with this resistance to CD8+ T cell killing, Decr2 knock-down tumors showed minimal response to anti-PDL1 therapy in vivo. RNA-seq analysis of Decr2 knock-down B16.SIY tumors revealed upregulation of ferroptosis-related genes, including slc7a11. Further mechanistic studies showed that Decr2 knock-down tumors displayed defects in ferroptosis in vitro and in vivo. Conclusions Decr2-deficient tumors were relatively resistant to CD8+ T cell killing in vitro and anti-PD-L1 immunotherapy in vivo by modulating CD8+ T cell-induced ferroptosis.
A Configurable Solid Sampling System for AUV/ROV Icefin

Sampling systems on small underwater vehicles are needed to enable important aspects of ocean and polar science and represent a compelling design challenge. We describe the design of a system for in situ ice and sediment sampling aboard the Icefin vehicle. Small robotic riverbed sediment samplers designed to minimize the ballast weight by using novel methods of generating coring forces show that lightweight underwater vehicles can successfully collect solid samples, but their form factors make them ill-suited to be deployed in polar environments. We explore the design and development of a functional prototype of a manipulator arm with a sediment sampling end effector, investigate the design improvements required for the system to be deployed as a part of Icefin's payload using both tests from the prototype as well as simulations of expected dynamics, and provide recommendations for adjusting the system for ice coring. We find that a prototype of the system is able to penetrate test sediment up to 1.5 inches and verifies the model of the system that is used to iterate upon the design.
The intricacies of counting to four in Old English poetry

The metrical theory devised by Eduard Sievers and refined by A. J. Bliss forms the basis for most current scholarship on Old English meter. A weakness of the Sievers–Bliss theory is that it occupie...
The myopathic transcription factor DUX4 induces the production of truncated RNA-binding proteins in human muscle cells

DUX4 is an embryonic transcription factor whose misexpression in skeletal muscle causes facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD). DUX4 dysregulates multiple pathways that could contribute to FSHD pathophysiology. However, lack of temporal data and the knowledge of which RNAs are actively translated following DUX4 expression has hindered our understanding of the cascade of events that lead to muscle cell death. Here, we interrogate the DUX4 transcriptome and translatome over time and find dysregulation of most key pathways as early as 4 hours after DUX4 induction, demonstrating the potent effect of DUX4 in disrupting muscle homeostasis. We also observe extensive transcript downregulation as well as induction, and a high concordance between mRNA abundance and translation status. Significantly, DUX4 triggers widespread production of truncated protein products derived from aberrant RNAs that are degraded in normal muscle cells. One such protein, truncated serine/arginine-rich splicing factor 3 (SRSF3-TR), is present in FSHD muscle cells and disrupts splicing autoregulation when ectopically expressed in myoblasts. Taken together, the temporal dynamics of DUX4 induction show how the pathologic presence of an embryonic transcription factor in muscle cells alters gene expression at all levels of the central dogma.
Can Institutional Reform Have a Lasting Impact on the Policy Agenda? Evidence From the 10-1 in Austin, TX:

Institutional reforms to districted city councils from at-large systems are typically motivated by the desire to increase geographic and descriptive representation, enriching representation for his...
The Dominant Effects of Brand Name Information: Implications for Consumers’ Product Evaluation

The objective of this research is to replicate the market cue/product evaluation model tested by Dodds, Monroe, and Grewal (1991) with a small, tight experimental design that focuses on the issues of incremental cue information and the asymmetrical influence of the information content of the price and brand name cues. There are two key issues in the relationship between price and brand information and their individual and combined effect on product evaluations. One, the change in effect size of one cue when another cue is added as extra market information.
PREDICTING EFFECTIVE STRESS PATHS

THE SKEMPTON EMPIRICAL PORE PRESSURE PARAMETERS A AND B AND ALTERNATIVE FORMULATIONS TO THIS EQUATION HAVE FORMED THE PRIMARY BASIS OF SOLVING FOR THE EFFECTIVE STRESSES ACTING IN A SOIL MASS STRESSED UNDER UNDRAINED CONDITIONS. THE DRAWBACK TO THESE APPROACHES IS THAT NECESSARY PARAMETERS MUST BE DETERMINED EMPIRICALLY FROM UNDRAINED TESTS WITH PORE PRESSURE MEASUREMENTS, A RELATIVELY DIFFICULT AND TIME-CONSUMING PROCEDURE. A STUDY IS MADE TO RELATE VOLUME CHANGES IN DRAINED TESTS AND PORE PRESSURES IN UNDRAINED TESTS USING A STRESS-CONTROLLED LOADING PROCEDURE WHICH ALLOWS PREDETERMINED STRESS PATHS TO BE FOLLOWED. STRESS PATHS WERE CHOSEN SUCH THAT COMPONENTS OF VOLUME CHANGE AND EXCESS PORE PRESSURE CORRESPONDING TO CHANGES IN OCTAHEDRAL NORMAL STRESS AND OCTAHEDRAL SHEAR STRESS COULD BE MEASURED AND THE BEHAVIOR OF THE SOIL AS A FUNCTION OF OCTAHEDRAL STRESSES COULD BE INVESTIGATED. THE TEST DATA ARE THEN USED TO DEVELOP ANALYTICAL RELATIONS BETWEEN THE OCTAHEDRAL STRESSES AND VOLUME CHANGES WHICH CAN BE USED TO PREDICT THE UNDRAINED EFFECTIVE STRESS PATHS FROM THE DRAINED VOLUME CHANGE BEHAVIOR.
Study of a two species microbial community by an inferential comparative genomic analysis tool: Spatial Analytical Microbial Imaging

Most molecular fingerprinting techniques, including denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) [1], comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) [2], real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) [3], destroy community structure and/or cellular integrity, therefore lost the info. of the spatial locus and the in situ genomic copy number of the cells. An alternative technique, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) doesn't require sample disintegration but needs to develop specific markers and doesn't provide info. related to genomic copy number. Here, a microbial analysis tool, Spatial Analytical Microbial Imaging (SAMI), is described. An application was performed with a mixture of Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 and E. coli K-12 MG1655. The intrinsic property of their genome, reflected by the average fluorescence intensity (AFI), distinguished them in 3D. And their growth rates were inferred by comparing the total genomic fluorescence binding area (GFA) with that of the pure culture standards. A 93% of accuracy in differentiating the species was achieved. •SAMI does not require sample disintegration and preserves the community spatial structure.•It measures the 3D locus of cells within the mixture and may differentiate them according to the property of their genome.•It allows assessment of the growth rate of the cells within the mixture by comparing their genomic copy number with that of the pure culture standards.
Is the Phoneme Usage-Based? – Some Issues

After a brief review of the history of the phoneme, from its origins in the nineteenth century to Optimality Theory, including some Cognitive Linguists’ views of the concept. I argue that current ‘usage-based’ theorists views of the phoneme may not be able to explain some facts about how naive speakers process language, both consciously and subconsciously. These facts include the invention of and worldwide preference for alphabetic writing systems, and language processing evidence provided by Spoonerisms, historical sound changes affecting all (or most) lexical items in a language and each other, and the fact that allophonic processes normally do not show lexical conditioning. I further suggest that storing speech in terms of a small number of production/perception units such as phonemes could be due to the fact that phonemes seem to optimize both efficiency and informativeness in much the same way as other basic-level categories.
ΑΙΔΩΣ Δ’ ΟΥΚ ΑΓΑΘΗ: Works and Days 317-319

In Hesiod’s αἰδὼς δ’ οὐκ ἀγαθή ( Erga 317), αἰδώς is not a divided concept referring here to the poor man’s shame, but is litotes for its opposite, ἀναιδeίη, which offers to the indolent an easy but short-lived prosperity.
The effects of various estrogenic preparation's II. Changes in the vaginal mucosa and general status of climacteric women following the injection of aqueous suspensions of estrone and estradiol

Abstract 1. 1. Twenty-three women with climacteric symptoms have been treated successively with aqueous suspensions, containing respectively 2 mg. estrone, 4 mg. estrone, 0.5 mg. estradiol and 1 mg. estradiol. A minimum period of three weeks has been allowed to elapse between each two subcutaneous injections. A total of 80 tests has been made. 2. 2. Control vaginal smears were taken daily for several days prior to therapy and daily thereafter for an average period of eleven days. Approximately 1,100 vaginal smears have been examined. 3. 3. The injection of estrogen was followed by some degree of follicular stimulation of the vaginal epithelium in 69 per cent of the test subjects. 4. 4. The average “lag-time” following the injection of (a) 2 mg. of estrone was 120 hours; (b) 4 mg. of estrone, 101 hours; (c) 0.5 mg. of estradiol, 99 hours; and (d) 1 mg. of estradiol, 91 hours. 5. 5. Estrogenic effects on the vaginal mucosa due to the injection of (a) 2 mg. of estrone lasted 120 hours; (b) 4- mg. of estrone, 110 hours; (c) 0.5 mg. of estradiol, 110 hours; and (d) 1 mg. of estradiol, 104 hours. 6. 6. The height of the estrogenic response in the vaginal mucous membrane varied widely and could not be correlated with the amount of hormone administered. 7. 7. Certain factors involved in producing alterations in the objective response have been discussed. 8. 8. Symptomatic relief was experienced by twenty-one of twenty-three women following injection of one or more estrogenic preparations. A cumulative action could be demonstrated as a result of repeated injections. 9. 9. Complete or partial amelioration of climacteric symptoms cannot be directly correlated with the objective response.
Analyzing urban decentralization

Abstract Decentralization in the Houston region is analyzed in this paper by the estimation of population density functions. The study is novel in that it uses actual land utilized for residential activity at different locations rather than using total land area. Also we analyze population density by regressing lot size of individual homes on their distance from the CBD. The development of Houston is also analyzed with reference to competing theories of urban development and explanations of decentralization.
Calibration of active antenna arrays using a sky brightness model

[1] Low-frequency arrays (120–400 MHz) can be calibrated using a sky model based on sky maps. For a single antenna the variation of measured power with the Earth's rotation is needed to separate receiver gain and noise temperature. For an array an instantaneous calibration can be made using normalized correlations or normalized beam power for which the receiver gain cancels out. Examples of the sky model for various antenna orientations are shown along with measured data used to perform a calibration. The effects of unmodeled mutual coupling of the received signals and receiver noise on the calibration method are analyzed and are found to result in errors of only a few percent in an array of 5 × 5 crossed dipoles designed to observe the deuterium line at 327 MHz.
Practice- and Community-Based Interventions to Increase Human Papillomavirus Vaccine Coverage: A Systematic Review

Importance Vaccines against human papillomavirus (HPV) are recommended for routine use in adolescents aged 11 to 12 years in the United States, but uptake remains suboptimal. Educational interventions focused on parents and patients to increase coverage have not generally demonstrated effectiveness. Objective To systematically review the literature on effectiveness of interventions conducted at the practice or community level to increase uptake of HPV vaccines in the United States. Evidence Review Keyword searches of the PubMed, Web of Science, and MEDLINE databases identified studies of adolescents that included the outcome of HPV vaccination published through July 2014. References of identified articles were also reviewed. A total of 366 records were screened, 38 full-text articles were reviewed, and 14 published studies were included. Results were summarized by different intervention approaches. Findings Practice- and community-based intervention approaches included reminder and recall (n = 7), physician-focused interventions (eg, audit and feedback) (n = 6), school-based programs (n = 2), and social marketing (n = 2) (2 interventions tested multiple approaches). Seven studies used a randomized design, and 8 used quasiexperimental approaches (one used both). Thirteen studies included girls, and 2 studies included boys. Studies were conducted in a variety of populations and geographic locations. Twelve studies reported significant increases in at least one HPV vaccination outcome, one reported a nonsignificant increase, and one reported mixed effects. Conclusions and Relevance Most practice- and community-based interventions significantly increased HPV vaccination rates using varied approaches across diverse populations. This finding is in stark contrast to a recent review that did not find effects to warrant widespread implementation for any educational intervention. To address the current suboptimal rates of HPV vaccination in the United States, future efforts should focus on programs that can be implemented within health care settings, such as reminder and recall strategies and physician-focused efforts, as well as the use of alternative community-based locations, such as schools.
Building a Cognitive-Sociological Model of Stereotypes: Stereotypical Frames, Social Distance and Framing Effects

Framing analysis reveals that socially disadvantaged groups are frequently subjected to negative media framing. Findings from media effects studies suggest that stereotypical frames can activate the audiences' negative cognitive/affective responses. However, little effort has been made to bridge findings from these 2 approaches and explain the mechanism through which these activated responses further influence people's social interaction patterns. Recognizing the gap in the literature, this article proposes a cognitive-sociological model of stereotypical frames. The model explains the following relationship: (a) stereotypical frames can be classified into different genres according to their possible cognitive/affective effects; (b) responses activated by stereotypical frames are positively related to people's willingness to keep social distance in their minds; and (c) there is a negative relationship between social distance and the changing of people's stereotypical attitudes. Seven propositions that can ...
Doing Family Without Having Kids

Families that do not include children are largely overlooked by family scholars and in popular discourse. Yet this is one of several family forms that has grown in developed nations since the 1970s. As increasingly fewer adults choose to become parents, understanding the families they create, and the consequences of these family forms, will become even more important. Studies of childless adults reveal that they create bonds to fulfill many of the same functions that families with children fulfill. Research on how, and the extent to which, the childless “do” family without kids is reviewed and suggestions for future research are made.
F-OH Exchange in Layer Silicates

An experimental study has been made of the effect of neutral fluoride solutions on typical clay minerals, both at room temperature and elevated temperatures. The fractionated samples of boehmite, diaspore, kaolinite, chrysotile, muscovite, etc. were equilibriated with neutral NaF solutions over a period of three months. The extent of F-OH exchange was measured by three independent methods: (a) Back-titration of developed alkalinity due to OH liberation, (b) Direct F-analysis, and (c) Infra-red absorption measurements. Extensive release of OH from the lattice (from 20–50% at between 25°C and 60°C) was found for several common clay minerals. Neither cation content (e.g. dioctahedral vs. trioctahedral) nor type of structure (e.g. two-layer vs. three-layer) appeared to affect the magnitude of exchange greatly. Definite identification (and rough estimation) of Na3AlF6 in the product shows that not all F enters the lattice in all cases.
Wolf pack spacing: Howling as a territory-independent spacing mechanism in a territorial population

Howling is a principle means of spacing in wolf populations. The relationship between a pack's responses to howling (replies, movements) and its location within its home range, was studied using human-simulated howling in a territorial population in northeastern Minnesota. The results indicated the responses were independent of the pack's location, or the locations of the pack and playback relation to the territory center. These results indicate that howling serves as a territory-independent spacing mechanism, that will result in the use of exclusive territories when coupled with strong, year-round site attachment, but with floating, exclusive, buffer-areas about migratory packs.
Inflaming the diseased brain: a role for tainted melanins

Inflammation plays a crucial role in neurodegenerative diseases, but the irritants responsible for this response remain largely unknown. This report addressed the hypothesis that hypochlorous acid reacts with dopamine to produce melanic precipitates that promote cerebral inflammation. Spectrophotometric studies demonstrated that nM amounts of HOCl and dopamine react within seconds. A second-order rate constant for the reaction of HOCl and dopamine of 2.5 × 10(4)M(-1)s(-1) was obtained by measuring loss of dopaminergic fluorescence due to HOCl. Gravimetric measurements, electron microscopy, elemental analysis, and a novel use of flow cytometry confirmed that the major product of this reaction is a precipitate with an average diameter of 1.5 μm. Flow cytometry was also used to demonstrate the preferential reaction of HOCl with dopamine rather than albumin. Engulfment of the chlorodopamine particulates by phagocytes in vitro caused these cells to release TNFα and die. Intrastriatal administration of 10(6) particles also increased the content of TNFα in the brain and led to a 50% loss of the dopaminergic neurons in the nigra. These studies indicate that HOCl and dopamine react quickly and preferentially with each other to produce particles that promote inflammation and neuronal death in the brain.
Synthesis and characterizations of biodegradable and crosslinkable poly(ε-caprolactone fumarate), poly(ethylene glycol fumarate), and their amphiphilic copolymer

A series of self-crosslinkable and biodegradable polymers, poly(caprolactone fumarate) (PCLF), poly(ethylene glycol fumarate) (PEGF), and their copolymer PEGF-co-PCLF, has been developed for tissue engineering applications using a novel synthesis method. The current method employs potassium carbonate (K2CO3), other than the previously reported triethylamine, as the proton scavenger. The new synthetic route is more convenient and less time-consuming to carry out, and the synthesized polymers have a much lighter color, which renders them more suitable for self-crosslinking via photo-initiation. This group of polymers are essentially copolymers of fumaryl chloride, which contains double bonds for in situ crosslinking, with poly(epsilon-caprolactone) (PCL) or/and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) that has a flexible chain to facilitate self-crosslinking. Both PCLF and PEGF, and their amphiphilic copolymer PEGF-co-PCLF could be self-crosslinked or photocrosslinked to produce scaffolds without the use of a crosslinking agent. Our results suggest that these polymers are potentially useful as injectable, self-crosslinkable, and photo-crosslinkable materials for diverse tissue engineering applications.
Effect of 3'-amino-2',3'-dideoxycytidine on DNA replicative intermediates

3'-Amino-2',3'-dideoxycytidine (3'-NH2-ddCyd) is a 3'-modified deoxycytidine analog that specifically inhibits DNA synthesis. Inhibition of chain elongation at the replication fork was examined utilizing a batch hydroxylapatite chromatography method. Exponentially growing cells were exposed to 3'-NH2-ddCyd and the diterpene aphidicolin for 9.5 hr at concentrations that inhibited DNA synthesis by approximately 60 and 90%, as determined by precursor uptake. Both agents demonstrated a concentration-dependent inhibition of pulse labeling of single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) and double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) generated by a limited alkaline lysis procedure. Upon removal of drug, the rate of elongation of pulse-labeled DNA was similar to that of untreated cells at both concentrations of aphidicolin and at the low concentration of the amino analog. Under these conditions, no reduction in cell survival was observed using the clonogenic assay technique. However, at the high concentration of 3'-NH2-ddCyd, the rate of elongation following drug removal was one-third that of untreated cultures, and a 50% loss in cell viability was observed. Furthermore, upon incubation of purified dsDNA with the Klenow fragment of Escherichia coli DNA polymerase I or purified ssDNA with calf thymus terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase, only DNA from cells treated with the high concentration of 3'-NH2-ddCyd served as a poor template for further synthesis. The results indicate that 3'-NH2-ddCyd, in a concentration-dependent manner, inhibits DNA synthesis by reducing the rate of chain elongation at the replication fork, which subsequently leads to a functional blocking of 3'-ends in DNA. The data suggest that there may be a relationship between loss of cell viability and reduction in the number of 3'-ends available for DNA replication.
Phase transitions near 1 Mbar

Abstract The nature of the high pressure phase transitions in InAs, BaTe and CsI are discussed. X-ray diffraction studies in the Cornell High Energy Synchrotron Source to 101 GPa show that CsI becomes tetragonal at about 38 GPa and orthorhombic at about 56 GPa. The separation of the nearest like neighbors is reduced dramatically when the orthorhombic phase forms; at 56 GPa this separation is 28% less than the zero pressure value. At 56 GPa the coordination is essentially ten-fold with eight unlike neighbors and two like neighbors.
The shortage of radiotherapy physicists.

Abstract The difficulties many radiotherapy facilities have in hiring new medical physicists indicate a shortage in the production and supply of these specialists. It appears that about 130 out of 350 new positions go unfilled each year. This projection matches well with the estimate that around 217 new medical physicists graduate per year. The problem is likely to become worse as a large cohort of practitioners reach retirement age in a couple of years. The radiotherapy physicists in the field tend to be working longer and harder, potentially leading to burnout or increases in errors. Addressing the difficulty in finding trained medical physicists, some facilities may start hiring untrained physicists or assigning technological personnel to perform the functions of a medical physicist, both of which could pose dangerous situations. While more physics undergraduates are showing interest in medical physics as a career, and medical physics graduate programs have increased enrollment by more than 30% over the last two years, further significant increases seem unlikely soon because of limited resources. Increasing resources (mostly faculty at the teaching universities) will require more research funding from governmental agencies—a situation unlikely in the near future. New mechanisms of funding medical post-graduate education are needed.