cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Layer-by-Layer Growth of Electrostatically Assembled Multilayer Porphyrin Films

The feasibility of preparing multilayer porphyrin films with monolayer control of composition and thickness is demonstrated. Successive dip-coating of tetraruthenated zinc porphyrin, [ZnTPyPBpy]4+, and meso-tetraphenylporphyrin sulfonate, [M-TPPS]4-, is shown to result in linear growth of the film thickness (12.7(6) A/bilayer) and optical absorbance as a function of the number of bilayers. These results strongly suggest a layer-by-layer assembly of compositionally homogeneous films of up to 30 bilayers. The assembled multilayer composite films have been characterized by UV−vis spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, and electrochemical methods. Electrodes modified with these films exhibit a reversible wave at 0.94 V and are photocatalytically active toward the reduction of O2. Our findings suggest that the layer-by-layer growth method may be a general route to compositionally modulated porphyrin films of arbitrary thickness and rationally tail...
Learning science with art

This paper describes the novel approach to cooperative, integrative instruction in science, and examines the effect of non-restrained, spontaneous creation of sketches, versus writings, on the effectiveness of student learning.
Annotated Bibliography on the Teaching of Psychology: 1989

This bibliography is a continuation of those published by Berry and Daniel (1984, 1985), Daniel (1981a, 1981b), Fulkerson and Wise (1987), Fulkerson, Wise, and Ancelet (1988), Johnson and Daniel (1974), Morgan and Daniel (1983), Mosely and Daniel (1982), and Wise and Fulkerson (1986, 1989). Search methods, criteria for inclusion, and other considerations were similar to those used previously. We also continued the cumulative numbering practice of previous bibliographies. We included a number of pre-1989 citations not listed in previous bibliographies, because we continue to terminate our search in June. A noteworthy observation about this year's bibliography concerns the increase in the number of cognitive psychology articles, many of which are difficult to separate from the teaching of psychology.
Classroom Organization and Management.

tunately, many of the theory-based ideas were incorrect or impractical for classroom use, and the experience-based advice was unsystematic and often contradictory. As a result, teachers were often left with the impression that classroom management is purely an art rather than partly an applied science and that "teachers have to find out what works best for them." Classroom research conducted in the
Review of 31 cases of morphologic hepatitis in liver transplant patients not related to disease recurrence.

Abstract Aims We examined the clinical and pathologic features of morphologic hepatitis occurring after liver transplantation (LT) that is unrelated to disease recurrence. Methods Between February 1998 and December 2003, 704 primary LTs were performed at our center. Patients transplanted for diagnoses with low risk of disease recurrence were considered for our study (n = 282). Those with hepatitis C (HCV), hepatitis B (HBV), primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC), primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), and autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) were excluded. Those with morphologic hepatitis comprised our case series and had medical records reviewed for clinical associations, duration, and outcome. Results Thirty-one cases were identified. They were transplanted for cryptogenic cirrhosis (n = 13), steatohepatitis (n = 12), alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency (n = 3), tumor (n = 2), and acetaminophen toxicity (n = 1); 22 cases (67%) presented within the first 8 months post-LT (range, 0.5–72 months). Histological activity was mild in 19 and moderate in 12. Associated conditions were identified in 19 patients (57%) with 3 categories being identified: probable drug toxicity (n = 7), systemic infection (n = 4), and mechanical or hemodynamic abnormalities (n = 8). Of the 25 cases that underwent follow-up biopsy 2 to 32 months (mean, 15.5 months) after the index biopsy, 10 cases had resolution and 15 cases had persistence of the infiltrate. One patient had evidence of de novo HBV infection. Conclusions Morphologic hepatitis occurred in 11% of patients at low risk for disease recurrence. Associated conditions could be grouped into three categories: drug toxicity, systemic infection, and mechanical or hemodynamic factors. Most cases did not appear to progress or improved over time, with no allograft loss occurring as a result of chronic hepatitis.
The Effect of Body Orientation on a Point-to-Point Movement in Healthy Elderly Persons

Objectives Upper limb retraining during the early phases of neurological rehabilitation often involves having individuals practice reaching in body orientations that reduce the effect of gravity on various joint motions (e.g., shoulder flexion, elbow extension). However, the efficacy of these training techniques has not been determined. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of reducing gravity through a change in body orientation from sitting to side-lying on the kinematics of a point-to-point movement in healthy elderly persons. Method Nine healthy, right-hand-dominant women 62 to 66 years of age pointed to a target in two different body orientations?sitting and side-lying. A 2-dimensional kinematic analysis of the movement was performed to compare the trajectory of the hand and the interjoint coordination under the two conditions. Results Regardless of body orientation relative to gravity, participants produced straight hand paths and smooth, bell-shaped velocity profiles. However, they moved slower in side-lying, and the pattern of interjoint coordination varied. The shoulder and elbow moved less, whereas the scapula made a greater contribution to the overall movement. Furthermore, the temporal coordination of the joints was modified as a consequence of body position. Conclusion The results indicate that point-to-point arm movements made against gravity differ from those made in a gravity-reduced plane, particularly at the joint level, illustrating that movement organization is sensitive to this contextual difference. The effect of minimizing gravity on upper limb movement needs to be explored in patient populations to determine whether training patients in gravity-reduced orientations is efficacious
Axonal maturaion in development—I. Characterization of monoclonal antibodies reacting with axon-specific neurofilament epitopes

Monoclonal antibodies reacting with the high molecular weight neurofilament polypeptides (NF 150K and NF 200K) were obtained upon immunization with NF 150K and NF 200K isolated from bovine spinal cord by anion exchange chromatography. The five monoclonal antibodies obtained with NF 200K stained only axons. With three monoclonals the reactivity was abolished by digestion with phosphatase and by dilution of the supernatants in sodium potassium phosphate. The nine monoclonal antibodies obtained upon immunization with NF 150K stained both high molecular weight neurofilament polypeptides on immunoblots of bovine and rat spinal cord extracts with the exception of one monoclonal only reacting with the homologous antigen. The antibodies could be divided into two groups, axon-specific and conventional. Conventional antibodies decorated neurofilaments regardless of their location, i.e. axons, perikarya and dendrites. With all these antibodies the immunostaining was not affected by phosphatase digestion of neurofilament protein nor by dilution of the supernatants in sodium potassium phosphate. Axon-specific antibodies reacting with both NF 150K and NF 200K in rat spinal cord only stained the heterologous antigen (NF 200K) in rat optic nerve and sciatic nerve extracts. We suggest that some axon-specific neurofilament antibodies recognize neurofilament modifications other than phosphorylation; or, alternatively that they react with phosphorylated epitopes not accessible to phosphate or to exogenous phosphatases. Furthermore, we suggest that some neurofilament modifications do not occur uniformly throughout the nervous system.
ExpertLens: A System for Eliciting Opinions from a Large Pool of Non-Collocated Experts with Diverse Knowledge

Abstract The complexity of policy decision-making raises the need to elicit opinions from large and heterogeneous groups of stakeholders with broad and diverse sets of expertise. Existing options for elicitation include small face-to-face panels of experts by using the Nominal Group Technique (NGT), large Delphi panels whose members do not interact with each other face-to-face, and crowdsourcing, which involves an open call for input issued to a large community of people. In an attempt to close the gap between the practical needs of policy makers and the methodological challenges associated with eliciting opinions of large, diverse, and distributed groups, we have developed a new online elicitation system and methodology called ExpertLens. By optimizing the direct interactions of NGT with the larger number of Delphi participants and the wisdom of “selected crowds,” our approach is designed to save on the costs associated with traditional expert panels, while increasing accuracy in elicitation by reducing the potential for group process losses that can occur in large, diverse, and non-collocated panels whose members interact via asynchronous online discussion boards. The ExpertLens approach is iterative, does not require participants to develop consensus, and determines what the group “thinks” by statistically analyzing data collected in all rounds of the elicitation. This paper describes the ExpertLens system and methodology, briefly discusses recent ExpertLens trials, provides conceptual arguments for why it is an appropriate model for eliciting expert opinions, illustrates its main components and analytics by using an infrastructure investment example, and discusses a research agenda for testing the underlying tenets of the ExpertLens approach.
Solid Phase Epitaxy of GexSi1-x Alloys on [100] Si

Solid phase epitaxy was studied in the Ge x Si 1-x /[100] Si system in the composition range of 4% to 10% Ge. For strained samples regrowth rates decreased with increasing Ge concentrations, with an activation energy of 2.8 and 3.0 eV for the Ge 4 Si 96 and Ge 8 Si 92 alloys respectively. In contrast, the rates of the strain-relaxed samples increased compared with that of pure Si. The minimum yield of fully regrown samples with Ge concentrations lower than 8% recovered to that of the as-deposited samples. However, the minimum yield of a 3500 A-thick Ge 10 Si 90 alloy increased to 12 % after recrystallization.
Mechanical and functional properties of epothilone-stabilized microtubules.

Using a suite of biophysical tools, we assess the mechanical, structural, and functional properties of microtubules (MTs) stabilized by the chemotherapeutic compounds epothilone-A, epothilone-B, and taxol in vitro. We demonstrate that MTs stabilized by epothilone-A or epothilone-B are competent to bind tau proteins and support kinesin translocation. Kinesin speed is sensitive not only to the type of small molecule stabilizer used but also to the presence of the essential MT-associated protein tau. Epothilone-stabilized MTs are substantially less stiff than taxol-stabilized MTs. The addition of tau proteins to MTs stabilized by either epothilone compound or taxol further reduces stiffness. Taken together, these results suggest that small molecule stabilizers do not simply stabilize a “native” MT structure, but rather they modulate the structure, function, and mechanics of the MTs they bind. This may have important consequences to the therapeutic use of these agents in cancer chemotherapies. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc
Ebla's Royal Archives

Archivists, librarians and records and information specialists generally ignore ancient archives as a subject of study, believing it lacks utilitarian value. There are, however, advantages to be gained from such a story, including a greater appreciation of their respective professions. The 1974 discovery of the clay tablet archives of Ebla, the largest third millennium B.C. collection thus far uncovered, presents an opportunity to learn something about early archival library records and information practices and a means of gaining greater appreciation of the roots of various professional disciplines and of their common heritage. This paper discusses Ebla, its archives, their creators and custodians, with the aim of providing the reader with an understanding of why and how the clay tablets were created and maintained, as well as an understanding of archival, library and records administration in the third millennium B.c. primarily as it existed in Ebla.
In silico generation of alternative hypotheses using causal mapping (CMAP).

Previously, we introduced causal mapping (CMAP) as an easy to use systems biology tool for studying the behavior of biological processes that occur at the cellular and molecular level. CMAP is a coarse-grained graphical modeling approach in which the system of interest is modeled as an interaction map between functional elements of the system, in a manner similar to portrayals of signaling pathways commonly used by molecular cell biologists. CMAP describes details of the interactions while maintaining the simplicity of other qualitative methods (e.g., Boolean networks). In this paper, we use the CMAP methodology as a tool for generating hypotheses about the mechanisms that regulate molecular and cellular systems. Furthermore, our approach allows competing hypotheses to be ranked according to a fitness index and suggests experimental tests to distinguish competing high fitness hypotheses. To motivate the CMAP as a hypotheses generating tool and demonstrate the methodology, we first apply this protocol to a simple test-case of a three-element signaling module. Our methods are next applied to the more complex phenomenon of cortical oscillations observed in spreading cells. This analysis produces two high fitness hypotheses for the mechanism that underlies this dynamic behavior and suggests experiments to distinguish the hypotheses. The method can be widely applied to other cellular systems to generate and compare alternative hypotheses based on experimentally observed data and using computer simulations.
Protection of Escherichia coli from Isoniazid Inhibition

Inhibition of Escherichia coli by isonicotinic acid hydrazide (isoniazid) is a function of the initial cell concentration, concentration of antibiotic, and chemical composition of the medium. An initial concentration of 5 × 10 5 cells/ml in a minimal medium is inhibited by 1 mM isoniazid. The E. coli cells are protected from this inhibitory effect by a high concentration of cells in the medium. Protection is also obtained from vitamin-free Casamino Acids, methionine, or choline plus homocystine. However, nicotinic acid, nicotinamide, and pyridoxamine are not able to reverse the effect of isoniazid. Colonies arising on minimal medium supplemented with isoniazid are not due to selection of resistant mutants, because this resistance is transitory and not passed on to the daughter cells. It is hypothesized that this transitory resistance is a manifestation of the cells9 ability to transfer the methyl group of methionine to either isoniazid or accumulated nicotinic acid and/or nicotinamide.
The Theory of Games and the Balance of Power

The theory of games is used to investigate several controversial issues in the literature on the balance of power. A simple model of an international system is presented as an n-person noncooperative game in extensive form, and the stability of both constant-sum and nonconstant-sum systems is examined. It is shown not only that constant-sum systems with any number of actors from two through five can be stable, but also that stability is actually promoted by conflict of interest. Contrary to much of the literature, however, there is a well-defined sense in which the most stable system is one with three actors. In each type of system, there is at least one distribution of power that leads not only to system stability but also to peace. Some of these peaceful distributions are more stable than others, and these more stable distributions are shown to be characterized by inequality rather than by equality of power. It is possible to distinguish between a bipolar and a multipolar type of stable distribution, the properties of each of which resemble, to some degree, assertions made about them in the literature. Finally, contrary to much of the recent literature on international cooperation, an increase in the ability of states to make binding agreements may actually diminish the stability of international systems.
Pion interferometry of ultra-relativistic hadronic collisions

Abstract Pion interferometry of ultra-relativistic hadronic collisions is described in the context of the inside-outside cascade model using a current ensemble method capable of describing an arbitrary distribution of pion sources with an arbitrary velocity distribution. The results are quite distinct from the usual Gaussian and Kopylov parameterizations. Extraction of the temperature parameter, effective source lifetime, and transverse size requires a full three-dimensional analysis of the correlation function in terms of the momentum difference.
Scheduling best-effort and real-time pipelined applications on time-shared clusters

Two important emerging trends are influencing the design, implementation and deployment of high performance parallel systems. The first is on the architectural end, where both economic and technological factors are compelling the use of off-the-shelf computing elements (workstations/PCs and networks) to put together high performance systems called clusters. The second is from the user community that is finding an increasing number of applications to benefit from such high performance systems. Apart from the scientific applications that have traditionally needed supercomputing power, a large number of graphics, visualization, database, web service and e-commerce applications have started using clusters because of their high processing and storage requirements. These applications have diverse characteristics and can place different Quality-of-Service (QoS) requirements on the underlying system (low response time, high throughput, high I/O demands, guaranteed response/throughput etc.). Further, clusters running such applications need to cater to potentially a large number of users (or other applications) in a time-shared manner. The underlying system needs to accommodate the requirements of each application, while ensuring that they do not interfere with each other.This paper focuses on the CPU resources of a cluster and investigates scheduling mechanisms to meet the responsiveness, throughput and guaranteed service requirements of different applications. Specifically, we propose and evaluate three different scheduling mechanisms. These mechanisms have been drawn from traditional solutions on parallel systems (gang scheduling and dynamic coscheduling), and have been extended to accommodate the new criteria under consideration. These mechanisms have been investigated using detailed simulation and workload models to show their pros and cons for different performance metrics.
Plant recovery from maize somatic embryos subjected to controlled relative humidity dehydration

Maize (Zea mays L.) embryogenic type-II calli were grown on medium containing 0,0.1 μM ABA or 60 g/liter sucrose or both before dehydration of solitary somatic embryos under three relative humidity regimes for up to 6 wk. Viability of dehydrated embryos after 2 wk rehydration was assessed by their ability to produce chlorophyll (greening), roots, coleoptiles, and/or leaves. Only embryos sequentially pretreated with ABA and high sucrose remained viable after 2 wk of dehydration at 70% RH. Up to 34% of the somatic embryos survived 2 wk dehydration at 70% RH, whereas embryos dehydrated at 50 or 90% RH exhibited reduced viability (8.7 and 0.8%, respectively). Approximately 15% of the embryos dehydrated at 70% RH developed into plants, whereas 0.9 and 0% of embryos dehydrated at 50 and 90% RH produced plants. Three percent of maize somatic embryos remained viable after 6 wk of dehydration at 70% RH, and 1.7% developed into plants. Embryo size influenced the ability of maize somatic embryos to survive dehydration. Only embryos greater than 5 mm survived 2 wk dehydration at 70% RH.
Looking from the South, Speaking from Home: African women confronting development

Jessica Horn interrogates the discourse and practice of development in the post-independence, globalized world. She argues that development, defined in Euro-American forums, has been unresponsive to the varied needs of African women. She shows that it is African women themselves who are now confronting the Euro-centric presumptions of development, and are working to better the lives of women on the continent through place-based coalitions and culturally sensitive activism.
Surface energy balance errors in AGCMs: Implications for ocean‐atmosphere model coupling

[1] The oceanic poleward heat transport (TO) implied by an atmospheric General Circulation Model (GCM) can help evaluate a model's readiness for coupling with an ocean GCM. A well known problem is that the sub-tropical Southern Hemisphere TO implied by many models is equatorward, contrary to most observationally-based estimates. By correcting the TO of a diversity of models with satellite-derived observations, an earlier study demonstrated that the dominant TO problems could be explained by model errors in cloud radiative effects. Such errors were argued to be primarily responsible for the erroneous Southern Hemisphere TO. However, systematic evaluation of one model in a later study suggested that the equatorward Southern Hemisphere TO might also be attributable to biases in the ocean surface latent heat flux. In this study we revisit the problem with a more recent suite of simulations, and demonstrate that collectively models have improved, but only slightly. We then use ocean surface fluxes estimates to examine the problem from a surface point of view. Our results clarify that common model errors in the surface latent heat flux can afflict TO as dramatically as errors in cloud radiative effects. To illustrate the relative importance of the two errors, diagnostic tests are introduced that should become increasingly useful as estimates of ocean surface fluxes are improved.
Principal Pilot Line Manufacturing Challenges and Solutions in Direct Fabrication of a-Si:H TFT Arrays on Flexible Substrates

Principal challenges to direct fabrication of high performance a-Si:H transistor arrays on flexible substrates include automated handling through bonding-debonding processes, substrate-compatible low temperature fabrication processes, management of dimensional instability of plastic substrates, and planarization and management of CTE mismatch for stainless steel foils. In collaboration with our industrial and academic partners, we have developed viable solutions to address these challenges, as described in this paper.
SATORI - A Fast Sequential SAT Engine for Circuits

We describe the design and implementation of SATORI-a fast sequential justification engine based on state-of-the-art SAT and ATPG techniques. We present several novel techniques that propel SATORI to a demonstrable 10x improvement over a commercial engine. Traditional sequential justification based on ATPG or, on a bounded model of the sequential circuit using SAT, has diverging strengths and weaknesses. In this paper, we contrast these techniques and describe how their-strengths are combined in SATORI. We use conflict-based learning in each time-frame and illegal state learning across time-frames. This enables both combinational and sequential back-jumping. We experimentally analyze the main features of SATORI by comparing SATORI'S performance against a state-of-the-art SAT solver-ZCHAFF using a bounded model, and a commercial sequential ATPG engine performing justification. Additional results are presented for SATORI versus the commercial ATPG engine and VIS on ISCAS '89 and ITC'99 benchmark circuits for an application to assertion checking.
Refined structure of a flexible heptasaccharide using 1H-13C and 1H-1H NMR residual dipolar couplings in concert with NOE and long range scalar coupling constants.

The heptasaccharide isolated from the cell wall polysaccharide of Streptococcus mitis J22 serves as an important model for the dynamics and conformation of complex polysaccharides, illustrating the nature of flexibility with rigid epitopes joined by flexible hinges. One-bond C-H residual dipolar couplings (1DCH) and long-range H-H residual dipolar couplings (nDHH) were measured for the heptasaccharide in a cetylpyridinium chloride/hexanol/brine lamellar liquid crystal medium. A method is proposed to determine the nDHH in natural abundance based on a 13C resolved 1H TOCSY pulse sequence previously published to determine the homonuclear scalar couplings. Different methods for interpretation of the 1DCH and the nDHH residual dipolar coupling data obtained were compared and combined with the NOE and long-range H,C and C,C scalar couplings available for this heptasaccharide. A flexible model of the heptasaccharide was determined in which two structurally well-defined regions involving four and two sugar residues, respectively are joined by a flexible hinge which involves two 1→6 glycosidic linkages.
On why thylakoids energize ATP formation using either delocalized or localized proton gradients - a ca(2+) mediated role in thylakoid stress responses.

By the early 1970s, the chemiosmotic hypothesis of Peter Mitchell was widely accepted by bioenergetics researchers as the best conceptual scheme to explain how ATP is formed in oxidative and photosynthetic phosphorylation. At about the same time, however, work from a few laboratories suggested that some aspects of that elegant, relatively simple hypothesis required revision — not abandonment, but refinement to accommodate more complex movements of protons in the ATP formation mechanism than originally envisioned by Peter Mitchell. In some situations it appeared that protons were constrained to localized domains rather than always delocalized within an enclosed vesicle as envisioned by chemiosmosis. This minireview tells that story from my perspective, as one of the researchers involved in the experimental approaches that revealed more complex energy coupling proton flux patterns. Ionic conditions during isolated thylakoid storage were found to reversibly switch the \( \Delta \tilde \mu _{H^ + } \) gradient driving ATP formation between delocalized and localized energy coupling modes. Thylakoid accessible Ca2+ ions proved to be the switching factor that was responding to the ionic conditions in the storage treatment. The mechanism of Ca2+ was at least partially demystified when it was shown that the reversible switching between \( \Delta \tilde \mu _{H^ + } \) energy coupling modes involved Ca2+ interactions with the 8 kDa CF0 (the H+ channel) subunit in a type of H+ flux gating action. Other experiments showed that the Ca2+ gating of H+ flux into the lumen may be a critical regulatory factor in controlling the lumen pH and thereby help regulate the activity of the violaxanthin de-epoxidase enzyme, a key part of the chloroplast photoprotective response to over-energization (excess light) stress.
Radar Resolution of Closely Spaced Targets

This paper presents an analysis of the problem of the resolvability of two radar targets which are located close together, in the sense that any parameters of the targets being measured (e.g., range, range rate, range acceleration, azimuth, azimuth rate, etc.) are close together. Arbitrary sets of parameters are allowed, and it is assumed there is additive noise of arbitrary but known spectral shape. A criterion of resolvability is formulated, and in terms of this criterion equations are derived for the general case to show whether neighboring targets are resolvable. The results are specialized for the case of white-noise interference and the measurement of range and range rate.
Diabetes Education: A Multidisciplinary Team Approach:

Diabetes mellitus is one of the leading causes of mortality and morbidity in the United States, showing an incidence of over 14 million individuals, with the numbers increasing yearly. Current evidence suggests that maintaining normal blood glucose levels will result in preventing or lessening the degree of acute and chronic complications of diabetes. Therefore, because many of the complications of diabetes may be prevented or lessened by strict glycemic control, it is of the utmost importance that the individual with diabetes understand the roles of diet, exercise, and insulin/oral hypoglycemics in the management of his or her diabetes. This is an area in which diabetic education plays an important role. The properly educated individual with diabetes can learn to increase or decrease insulin, to change diet, or to modify exercise regimens based on results of home blood glucose-monitoring to achieve normoglycemia. This article discusses a multidisciplinary team approach to educating the diabetic patient. ...
The laminar‐turbulent transition in nonisothermal flow of pseudoplastic fluids in tubes

Ryan and Johnson's treatment of the transition from laminar to turbulent flow is extended to include the heated flow of pseudoplastic liquids in smooth tubes. A limitation is pointed out for the case of Bingham plastic fluids. The theoretical results of the present investigation are compared with experimental data obtained for a large number of pseudoplastic fluids having widely variant rheological properties. It is found that the theoretically predicted flow rates corresponding to the inception of turbulence agree with the observed values to within ±6.7%. The theoretical critical wall shear stresses agree within ±3.87% with experiment.
The Effects of Technological Advancement and Violent Content in Video Games on Players’ Feelings of Presence, Involvement, Physiological Arousal, and Aggression

The possible impact of technological advancement on video games’ effects—particularly in the case of violent games—has often been discussed but has not been thoroughly explored by empirical research. The present investigation employed a 2 × 2 between-subjects factorial experiment to examine the interplay of technological advancement and violence by exposing participants (N= 120) to either a newer or older version of a violent or nonviolent game and measuring these factors’ effects on players’ sense of presence, involvement, physiological arousal (measured by skin conductance), self-reported arousal, and affective and cognitive aggression. The results indicate that technological advancement increased participants’ sense of presence, involvement, and physiological and self-reported arousal. Neither advancement nor violence had statistically significant effects on accessibility of players’ aggressive thoughts, but there is some tentative evidence that violent game content increased players’ state hostility. Theoretical and practical implications of findings are discussed, and recommendations are made for future research.
The effect of proteasome inhibition on p53 degradation and proliferation in tonsil epithelial cells.

Objective To determine whether proteasome inhibition could reverse E6-mediated p53 degradation, cause selective growth inhibition, and induce apoptosis in human papillomavirus E6-transformed primary tonsil epithelial cells. Design Primary human and mouse tonsil epithelial cell lines were transformed with a retrovirus containing human papillomavirus 16 oncogenes. MG132 was used to inhibit proteasome degradation in vitro and in vivo, and biochemical assays regarding p53 and apoptosis were performed. Results In cells that express E6, proteasome inhibition with MG132 restored p53 protein levels and decreased proliferation in a dose-dependent fashion that was significantly more pronounced compared with controls. However, inhibition of proliferation occurred at a lower concentration than restoration of p53 protein expression. Also, wild-type and p53 knockout mouse tonsil epithelial cells that express E6 had near-identical inhibition of growth, suggesting that growth inhibition was p53 independent. In vivo studies did not demonstrate any growth inhibition. Conclusion The findings suggest that proteasome inhibition preferentially inhibits proliferation in cells expressing E6 through a p53-independent mechanism.
Factors That Impact The Ethical Behavior Of College Students

This study examines factors impacting ethical behavior of 182 college students in the midwestern and northwestern United States. Ethical behavior of peers had the most significant impact on ethical behavior of students. Success (in terms of grade point average) of students, and gender of the respondents, also significantly impacted ethical behavior. Female students were significantly more ethical than their male counterparts. Race of the respondent did not have an impact on their ethical behavior. Overclaiming scales indicated that social desirability bias did significantly impact the results of our study. Implications of this study for researchers and practitioners are discussed.
Epitaxial Growth of SixGe1−x Films on Si by Solid Phase Epitaxy.

It has been demonstrated in the literature that amorphous Si (or Ge) can be transported across a metal layer and grown epitaxially on Si(Ge) single crystal substrates in the solid phase. The objective of this study is to investigate if amorphous SixGe1−x mixtures can be transported uniformly across a medium and grown epitaxially on single crystal substrates without phase separation. The samples were prepared by e-beam evaporation of thin Pd films onto Si substrates, followed by co-evaporation of SixGe1−x alloyed films (0<x<1) without breaking vacuum. The samples were anneaie in vacuum at 300°C to form a Pd silicide-germanide layer at the interface, then at 500°C for transport of the alloyed layer across the Pd silicide-germanide layer and subsequent epitaxial growth on Si substrate. The samples were investigated by x-ray diffraction and by MeV ion backscattering and channeling. The results show the alloyed film transports uniformly with no phase separation detected. The channeling result shows the grown alloyed layer is epitaxial with some Pd trapped in the layer. This simple technique is potentially useful for forming lattice-matched non-alloyed ohmic contacts on III–V ternary and quaternary compounds.
Deformation and Defects in C36 Laves Phases

MgNi2 and MgCu0.4Zn1.6, two C36 Laves phases, were plastically deformed at elevated temperatures, and, the deformation-induced defects were studied by TEM. Extensive faulting was observed, consistent with the low stacking-fault energy of the C36 structure. HREM revealed multi-layer faults with a variety of stacking sequences.
STUDIES ON THE MECHANISM OF HYPERSENSITIVITY PHENOMENA III. THE PARTICIPATION OF COMPLEMENT IN THE FORMATION OF ANAPHYLATOXIN

The interaction of fresh rat and guinea pig serum with washed preformed immune aggregates has been studied with respect to the loss in hemolytic potency of the serum, diminution of the C'3; activity, and appearance of anaphylatoxin. It has been found that the formation of anaphylatoxin, as judged by its effect on capillary permeability and smooth muscle contraction, is coincident with or subsequent to the fixation of all the known C' components. Less anaphylatoxin is formed by aggregates formed with excess antigen than those in equivalence ratio combination. C' fixation, as well as anaphylatoxin production, may be inhibited by chelation of the divalent cations, presumably by interfering with the fixation of C'1, C'4, and C'2. Phlorizin suppresses the utilization of C'3 in immune hemolysis, C' fixation by antigen-antibody aggregates, and the production of anaphylatoxin. The biological activities associated with the fixation of C' are not manifest unless C'3 participates in this process at 37°C. It is concluded that the formation of anaphylatoxin may be regarded as a product of C' fixation.
Development of a multivariate statistical algorithm to analyze human cervical tissue fluorescence spectra acquired in vivo

Background and Objective A general multivariate statistical algorithm has been developed to analyze the diagnostic content of cervical tissue fluorescence spectra acquired in vivo. Materials and Methods The primary steps of the algorithm are to: (1) preprocess the data to reduce inter-patient and intra-patient variation of tissue spectra within a diagnostic category, without a priori information, (2) dimensionally reduce the preprocessed fluorescence emission spectrum with minimal information loss and use it to select the minimum number of the original emission variables of the fluorescence spectrum required to achieve classification with negligible decrease in predictive ability, and (3) assign a posterior probability to the diagnosis of each sample, so that samples with relative uncertain diagnosis can be reevaluated by a clinician. The algorithm was tested retrospectively and prospectively on cervical tissue spectra acquired from 476 sites from 92 patients at 337 nm excitation. Results The algorithm based on the entire fluorescence spectrum differentiates squamous intraepithelial lesions (SILs) from normal squamous epithelia and inflammation with an average sensitivity and specificity of 88% ± 1.4 and 70% ± 1, respectively. The average sensitivity and specificity of the identical algorithm based on intensity selected at only two emission wavelengths is 88% ± 1.4 and 71% ±1.4, respectively. Conclusion The multivariate statistical algorithm based on both types of spectral inputs at 337 nm excitation has a similar sensitivity and significantly improved specificity relative to colposcopy in expert hands. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The modification of nylon 6 by a phenol-formaldehyde resin

Modification of nylon 6 by blending with a small amount of a novolac resin has been investigated. Unexpected increased of Tg and tensile modulus and reduction in moisture absorption have been found at levels of novolac incorporation of 1–3 wt %. The small amount of novolac resin also has an effect on the crystallization and nylon 6 crystal structure (α vs. γ form). © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
DNA Copy Number Variations in Patients with Persistent Cloaca

Purpose: Persistent cloaca is a devastating female anomaly associated with renal insufficiency/failure, urinary and fecal incontinence and mullerian dysfunction. Genetically engineered murine models of persistent cloaca suggest that this anomaly could have a genetic component in humans. Genomic copy number variations account for previously unexplained genetic diseases by identifying candidate genes in various disorders. We assessed whether novel copy number variations are present in patients with persistent cloaca.Materials and Methods: With institutional review board approval we performed a retrospective chart review to identify patients with persistent cloaca. Lymphocyte DNA was prospectively tested by whole genome array comparative genomic hybridization. HHAT was Sanger sequenced from genomic DNA.Results: At study recruitment mean age was 12 years (range 0.5 to 23) in 17 females with cloaca. Seven females (41%) had a solitary functioning kidney and 2 each had renal insufficiency and renal replacement t...
Development and Delivery of a Nutrition Education Course with an Electronic Mail Component

Abstract This report describes the development and delivery of a distance education course in nutrition with an electronic mail component. The course is modeled after a traditional classroom course offered at our university. The distance version was piloted with nine students. It included a print study guide, written assignments, and an e-mail component. The e-mail component allowed for discussion among students without face-to-face meetings. Student achievement was high on the course assignments and exam. Students reported favorable reactions to the course content, the course delivery method, and the e-mail interaction. This report presents a model for nutrition educators to provide effective education to geographically dispersed audiences.
Transposon Tn7 Is Widespread in Diverse Bacteria and Forms Genomic Islands

We find that relatives of the bacterial transposon Tn7 are widespread in disparate environments and phylogenetically diverse species. These elements form functionally diverse genomic islands at the specific site of Tn7 insertion adjacent to glmS. This work presents the first example of genomic island formation by a DDE type transposon.
The Impact of Transaction Structure, Interfirm Synergies, and Motives on Performance of Interfirm Transactions in the Pharmaceutical Industry

This study draws on transaction cost, resource dependence, and organizational learning theories to posit relationships between transaction performance and transaction structure, interfirm synergies, and motives. The study involves analysis of 66 international and intra-national transactions (alliances and acquisitions) that were undertaken in the pharmaceutical industry. An initial survey was administered to firms involved in these transactions to gather information regarding motives, transaction structure, and interorganizational synergies. A second survey was administered two years after the transaction to gather information on transaction performance. Findings support the importance of transaction structure and strategic synergies between firms. Specifically, transaction structure and high levels of strategic fit between the firms had a positive impact on performance. There is also some evidence that synergies must be linked to the motives driving the transaction. The study yields meaningful results regarding factors leading to success of transactions (alliances and acquisitions) in a longitudinal study of intranational and international transactions.
Environmental leadership in electronics manufacturing: lead-free and beyond

This paper reviews the strategy and methodology for meeting the challenges of environmental leadership for the transition to WEEE/RoHS compliance in electronics manufacturing, including the key compatibility issues involved in lead-free soldering, supply chain compliance, compliance assurance management, design for the environment, and recycling for product end-of-life management.
Functional Expression Profile of Voltage-Gated K+ Channel Subunits in Rat Small Mesenteric Arteries

Multiple K v channel complexes contribute to total K v current in numerous cell types and usually subserve different physiological functions. Identifying the complete compliment of functional K v channel subunits in cells is a prerequisite to understanding regulatory function. It was the goal of this work to determine the complete K v subunit compliment that contribute to functional K v currents in rat small mesenteric artery (SMA) myocytes as a prelude to studying channel regulation. Using RNA prepared from freshly dispersed myocytes, high levels of K v 1.2, 1.5, and 2.1 and lower levels of K v 7.4 α-subunit expressions were demonstrated by quantitative PCR and confirmed by Western blotting. Selective inhibitors correolide (K v 1; COR), stromatoxin (K v 2.1; ScTx), and linopirdine (K v 7.4; LINO) decreased K v current at +40 mV in SMA by 46 ± 4, 48 ± 4, and 6.5 ± 2 %, respectively, and K v current in SMA was insensitive to α-dendrotoxin. Contractions of SMA segments pretreated with 100 nmol/L phenylephrine were enhanced by 27 ± 3, 30 ± 8, and 7 ± 3 % of the response to 120 mmol/L KCl by COR, ScTX, and LINO, respectively. The presence of K v 6.1, 9.3, β1.1, and β1.2 was demonstrated by RT-PCR using myocyte RNA with expressions of K vβ1.2 and K v 9.3 about tenfold higher than K vβ1.1 and K v 6.1, respectively. Selective inhibitors of K v 1.3, 3.4, 4.1, and 4.3 channels also found at the RNA and/or protein level had no significant effect on K v current or contraction. These results suggest that K v current in rat SMA myocytes are dominated equally by two major components consisting of K v 1.2–1.5–β1.2 and K v 2.1–9.3 channels along with a smaller contribution from K v 7.4 channels but differences in voltage dependence of activation allows all three to provide significant contributions to SMA function at physiological voltages.
Electron Beam Glazing of Hardfacing Alloys

Electron beam glazing has been used to reprocess hardfacing deposits of conventional Stellite 6 alloy, and TiC, TiB2 particle strengthened Stellite 6. By varying the scanning mode and power density, a wide variety of microstructures have been developed, with significant increases in hardness. Single-pass line source scanning produces a distribution of moderately sized carbides (2–5 µm) in a dendritic matrix, whereas multi-pass processing gives a more homogeneous refined microstructure with submicron carbides. Point source scanning, in contrast, produces the most refined microstructures. Effective control of the carbide distribution, including both fine and coarse carbides, may be the key to tailoring the microstructure for specific wear applications.
JIP SPECIAL ISSUE ON INSECT RESPIRATORY BIOLOGY

![Figure][1] The respiratory systems of insects and their functions differ markedly from vertebrate respiratory systems, and have been a source of scientific curiosity for decades. Early investigations between the 1930s and 1960s inspired the development of modern sophisticated techniques
Economic Disadvantage and Homicide: Estimating Temporal Trends in Adolescence and Adulthood

Although research has established economic disadvantage as one of the strongest, most robust predictors of urban violence, the conditions under which this relation holds need further elaboration. T...
The Slowdown in Employer Insurance Cost Growth: Why Many Workers Still Feel the Pinch.

Issue: Although predictions that the Affordable Care Act (ACA) would lead to reductions in employer-sponsored health coverage have not been realized, some of the law’s critics maintain the ACA is nevertheless driving higher premium and deductible costs for businesses and their workers. Goal: To compare cost growth in employer-sponsored health insurance before and after 2010, when the ACA was enacted, and to compare changes in these costs relative to changes in workers’ incomes. Methods: The authors analyzed federal Medical Expenditure Panel Survey data to compare cost trends over the 10-year period from 2006 to 2015. Key findings and conclusions: Compared to the five years leading up to the ACA, premium growth for single health insurance policies offered by employers slowed both in the nation overall and in 33 states and the District of Columbia. There has been a similar slowdown in growth in the amounts employees contribute to health plan costs. Yet many families feel pinched by their health care costs: despite a recent surge, income growth has not kept pace in many areas of the U.S. Employee contributions to premiums and deductibles amounted to 10.1 percent of U.S. median income in 2015, compared to 6.5 percent in 2006. These costs are higher relative to income in many southeastern and southern states, where incomes are below the national average.
Informed Use of Medical Radiation in Diagnostic Imaging

Examinations that use medical ionizing radiation consisting of radiography, fluoroscopy, computed tomography, and nuclear imaging are essential tools in healthcare. This recognition however is accompanied by the risks of radiation which at doses very much greater than used in diagnostic imaging has known biological effects. The potential risk at diagnostic levels of radiation is the stochastic effect of cancer. Because of the connotations of the term radiation, doses and risks are often misunderstood by patients/caregivers and referring providers. This results in the “safety” aspect of radiation safety and quality often being the prevailing focus. In order to address the growing accountability of the imaging team, experts must understand doses delivered and what is known about risks, and develop a practice based on the tenets of radiation protection relevant to medical use: justification and optimization. This practice should include a dose-monitoring program. In addition, one should be able to have conversations across many different levels of understanding that are balanced and informed with respect to content, and appropriately delivered.