cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Heat, salt and momentum transport in a laboratory thermohaline staircase

Flow characteristics and fluxes in thermohaline staircases are measured in two tanks differing in aspect ratio A, where A is the ratio of tank width to fluid depth. In one tank (the '1 x 1' tank) which is 30 cm deep and 30 cm wide, a staircase of one salt-finger layer and one convecting layer develops for a certain setting of the control parameters. The convecting layer has A ≃ 2. Shadowgraphs show convecting plumes that appear disorganized, and a large-scale flow never develops. Instead, the finger layer grows in height, overtakes the convecting layer and within a few days becomes one finger layer. The second tank (the '1 x 5' tank) is also 30 cm deep but is 150 cm wide. For the same control parameter setting a similar staircase with a finger layer 20 cm deep and a convecting layer 10 cm deep develop. The convecting layer, with A = 15, has quite a different character. A large-scale flow develops so that the convecting layer has one cell, 10 cm deep and 150 cm wide. In this flow are large plumes which are transient and tilted; particle image velocimetry measurements of Reynolds stresses show they help to maintain the large-scale flow against viscous dissipation. Shadowgraphs show all the finger tips swept in the direction of the large-scale flow adjacent to the finger layer. Measurements show that the large-scale flow 'collects' the salt delivered by the many fingers so that the accumulated negative buoyancy leads to deep convection. This is a more stable arrangement, with the configuration lasting to the order of 10 2 days.
Alterations in cellular gene expression without changes in nuclear matrix protein content.

Cell metabolism and function are modulated in part by cell and nuclear shape. Nuclear shape is controlled by the nuclear matrix, the RNA-protein skeleton of the nucleus, and its interactions with cytoskeletal systems such as intermediate filaments and actin microfilaments. The nuclear matrix plays an important role in cell function and gene expression because active genes are bound to the nuclear matrix whereas inactive genes are not. It is unknown, however, how genes move on and off the matrix, and whether these events require compositional protein changes, i.e., alterations in protein content of the nuclear matrix, or other, more subtle alterations and/or modifications. The purpose of this investigation was to begin to determine how nuclear matrix protein composition is related to gene expression. We demonstrate that gene expression can change without apparent changes in the protein composition of the nuclear matrix in MCF10A breast epithelial cells.
Antioxidant response and winter hardiness in red spruce (Picea rubens Sarg.)

SUMMARY Antioxidant metabolism has been examined in red spruce growing at two sites with similar levels of ozone pollution but different winter temperatures. The northern site was Whiteface Mountain, New York with a latitude of 44° 31′(NY). The southern site was Whitetop Mountain, Virginia with a latitude of 36° 54′(VA). The northern site has lower winter temperatures. At the NY site two populations of trees were denned with respect to cold tolerance. An effort was made to establish a temporal relationship between the antioxidant capacity of conifer needles on one hand and the different stages of winter hardening/dehardening, and the induction of dormancy, on the other. The hypothesis tested was that winter injury of red spruce was due to an increased demand for glutathione at levels exceeding the inherent capacity of the needles and/or the altered activities of glutathione reductase. In the autumn, as temperatures began to decrease, photosynthetic potential decreased as spruce entered dormancy. At the same time, cold tolerance (measured as needle electrolyte leakage) gradually increased. Glutathione metabolism appeared to be coupled to these processes. At both sites, seasonal changes in glutathione levels were observed. These changes were found to coincide temporally with the onset and cessation of dormancy (as measured by decline in photosynthetic activity). The same pattern was observed at the northern and the southern site with the winter increases being greater at the former. Glutathione began to increase as soon as needles entered dormancy and began hardening. Glutathione reductase activities closely followed the dehardening process during spring, while glutathione concentration continued to stay relatively high with prehardening levels reached only by summer. At the northern site during the winter, cold-tolerant trees had significantly higher glutathione reductase activities compared with cold-sensitive ones. Based on these data, it is proposed that individuals that cannot respond to the increased demand for glutathione reductase activity during the hardening, winter and dehardening periods, become susceptible to winter injury.
Building addressable libraries: site-selective formation of an N-acyliminium ion intermediate.

A strategy for site-selectively generating reactive N-acyliminium ion intermediates on a microelectrode array has been developed. The route capitalizes on the use of an electroauxiliary for building a methoxylated amino acid substrate, and then the electrochemical generation and solution phase confinement of acid in order to form the N-acyliminium ion. Keys to this strategy were the stability of an N-α-methoxyalkyl amide to basic reaction conditions and the generality of the electrogenerated acid conditions for conducting microelectrode array reactions in a site-selective fashion.
Quantitative wear maps as a visualization of wear mechanism transitions in ceramic materials

Abstract The materials properties of advanced structural ceramics are providing new technological opportunities for improved wear-resistant components in heat engines. Use of ceramics could result in higher efficiency, increased power output and longer lifetimes. However, the successful application of these new materials may be inhibited by the need for evaluated materials properties and the availability of appropriate design criteria. Among the crucial properties of ceramics for use in new engine designs are the friction and wear characteristics of the wear couples. The screening of materials for friction and wear performance usually requires empirical field trials which may be very expensive. Laboratory testing of tribological properties would be much less expensive. What is lacking in laboratory tests, however, is a good correlation between the specific wear test conducted in the laboratory and the specific operating conditions of the industrial application. Basic to such a correlation is an understanding of the mechanisms of the wear process and how the mechanisms change with variations in the operating conditions. This paper describes a new methodology for the wear testing of ceramics that is intended to enable materials screening and designing to be based on laboratory results. The methodology prescribes a systematic effort to measure and represent the wear characteristics of ceramics in a uniform and unified manner. The result is a set of wear maps that collectively provide a comprehensive representation of the wear properties of the materials. Presentation of the wear results in three-dimensional representations allows simultaneous parametric dependencies to be visualized more readily than the traditional two-dimensional graphs. The resulting visual structures of different regions of wear space may indicate the effective limits of competing wear mechanisms and, hence, may provide a basis for wear model development.
Simulating nonstationary Poisson processes: a comparison of alternatives including the correct approach

This paper describes three inexact methods that are commonly used to generate arrivals for a nonstation ary Poisson process and compares them to an exact method. Different patterns are assumed for the arrival rate as a function of time. The exact method is shown to produce accurate results, whereas all three inexact methods produce results that are sig nificantly different in a statistical sense. All four methods require similar amounts of computer time.
Regulation of Motility and Protease Expression in PKC-Mediated Induction of MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cell Invasiveness

We investigated a potentially central role of protein kinase C (PKC) in controlling multiple pathways in breast cancer cell invasiveness. To do this we evaluated the ability of pharmacologic agents that alter PKC activity to regulate the behavior of the poorly invasive human breast cancer cell line MCF-7. Treatment with 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) produced a dramatic induction of the invasiveness of these cells (18-fold), an effect that concurrent treatment with the PKC inhibitor Bryostatin-1 was able to block. To characterize alterations in the cellular properties that might be responsible for these effects we measured the impact of these two agents on a number of processes thought to be important for invasiveness. The motility of the cells was first examined; it was markedly increased by treatment with TPA (20-fold) and again, Bryostatin-1 inhibited this stimulation. We next examined the expression of MMP-1, 3, 9, 10, and 11 (matrix metalloproteinases), all of which have been shown to be PKC responsive in other systems. We found that the expression and secretion of MMP-9 were increased by at least 100-fold, though all of the enzyme secreted was in the latent form. Finally, the expression of both urokinase plasminogen activator (UPA) and its receptor (UPAR) were induced after TPA treatment by 8- and 7-fold, respectively. In conclusion, we have shown that stimulation of PKC activity markedly increases the invasiveness of MCF-7 cells, and that this change in behavior is correlated with a coordinated set of biochemical and cellular changes which are likely to contribute to this process. These data highlight the possible utility of PKC inhibitors such as Bryostatin-1 as anti-invasive and/or antimetastatic agents. Bryostatin-1 is currently in early clinical trials as an anticancer agent.
Hemodialysis with cellulose membranes primes the neutrophil oxidative burst.

: Hemodialysis with cellulose membranes causes a complement-mediated neutropenia. Changes in neutrophil function have also been reported; however, it is unclear if these changes indicate a direct effect of the membrane on neutrophils or if they are a consequence of the neutropenia. We tested the hypothesis that neutrophil oxidative burst activity is enhanced during dialysis with cellulose membranes. Resting and Staphylococcus aureus-stimulated H2O2 production were determined predialysis and in blood entering and leaving the dialyzer during the first 30 min of dialysis and in blood leaving the membrane module in a single-pass on-line model of hemodialysis. Resting H2O2 production increased slightly but significantly during the first 30 min of dialysis. Transit of neutrophils through the dialyzer caused a marked increase in stimulated H2O2 production, indicating priming of the oxidative burst. However, priming was limited to the first 5 min of dialysis before the onset of neutropenia. In contrast, stimulation and priming of H2O2 production persisted throughout 30 min of single-pass on-line perfusion. These results indicate that cellulose membranes both stimulate and prime neutrophil oxidative burst activity but that these effects are partially obscured by neutropenia.
Ideals, Natural Classes, and Functors

For any ring R, the set &#x1d4a9;(R) of all natural classes of R-modules is a complete Boolean lattice, which is a direct sum of two convex and complete Boolean sublattices &#x1d4a9;(R) = &#x1d4a9; t (R) ⊕ &#x1d4a9; f (R), where the last summand is the set of all nonsingular natural classes. The ring R contains a unique lattice of ideals &#x1d4a5;(R) which is lattice isomorphic to &#x1d4a9; f (R). The present note develops the analogue of all of the above for an arbitrary R-module M, so that in the special case when M R = R R , the known lattice isomorphism &#x1d4a5;(R) ≅ &#x1d4a9; f (R) is recovered.
The repetition defect in conduction aphasia: Mnestic or linguistic?

Abstract Repetition difficulty is the cardinal feature of conduction aphasia. Traditionally this disorder has been considered secondary to a deficit in linguistic processing but recently a number of investigators have interpreted such cases as consequent upon a short-term memory difficulty in the auditory—verbal domain. We present here the case of a 24-year-old patient with conduction aphasia, whose symptom picture closely resembles those patients whose difficulties have been attributed to mnestic factors. Our patient's performance improved dramatically when stimuli were presented more slowly or when they were familiar, when the task involved matching rather than language production, and when multiple choices were provided for missed items. More crucially the patient's errors in repetition were primarily paraphasic and sequential; and repetition of single nonsense words was severely impaired. Taken together these results suggest that the patient's disorder, and perhaps that of other cases as well, would be better viewed as a linguistic deficit, specifically in the processing, synthesis, and ordering of phonemes. A tentative model for repetition disorder is proposed.
On the area of a parabolic sector

We present a 'base × height' approach to familiar results of Archimedes on the area of a parabolic sector.
Control of large scale discrete event systems: task allocation and coordination

Abstract To control a large scale discrete event system, decentralized control and hierarchical control can be used, where several local supervisors are used to control events in local sites and a coordinator is used to coordinate the local supervisors. Two important problems that need to be solved in such a control architecture are task allocation and coordination. That is, how to allocate tasks to the supervisors, and how to coordinate those tasks. We propose and solve a task allocation problem of assigning tasks to the local supervisors and a minimal intervention problem of coordinating tasks so that the intervention by the coordinator is minimal.
Lumber moisture evaluation by a reflective cavity photothermal technique

Photothermal methods constitute a convenient approach for the nondestructive quality control of industrial materials because they are rapid and noninvasive. One such application is the monitoring of moisture in unseasoned lumber for drying mill process control. This paper describes a photothermal method for the analysis of moisture in wood by measuring its surface temperature rise under laser radiation. It is shown that this parameter is much more sensitive than thermal diffusivity to moisture content variations. A reflective cavity technique is used to increase both the absorptivity and the emissivity of the inspected surface in order to improve the measurement reliability. Results obtained with an off-center hemispherical cavity on wood samples of different moisture content are presented and discussed.
Rebalancing Strategy for Stocks and Bonds Asset Allocation

This study examines the investment strategies of stocks and bonds portfolios under volatile markets. We find that the portfolio with rebalancing outperforms the portfolios without rebalancing. It also outperforms the portfolios with undiversified investments consisting of stocks only or bonds only. Specifically, the fifteen percent up or down rebalancing threshold on a 60% stocks and 40% bonds initial portfolio offers the best relative returns to risk. We find that fifteen percent rebalancing is also superior under both the lump-sum and the dollar-cost averaging investment modes. The optimal rebalancing strategies depend on the path of the market movements. Investors need to rebalance their asset allocations, but not frequently.
Development of a Peptidomimetic Ligand for Efficient Isolation and Purification of Factor VIII via Affinity Chromatography

Hemophilia A, one of the most severe bleeding disorders, results from an inherited deficiency of factor VIII (FVIII) function. Treatment by injection of FVIII has been a common procedure for decades. Nevertheless, the production and purification of FVIII remains a challenging task. Current procedures using immunoaffinity chromatography are expensive and suffer from the instability of the applied antibody ligands, which elute along with the product and contaminate it. Recently, FVIII was purified by use of octapeptide ligands, but their low protease-resistance limits their application. We here report the systematic rational and combinatorial optimization procedure that allowed us to transfer the octapeptide ligands into a small peptidomimetic. This compound is the smallest ligand known for separation of such a large protein (330 kDa). It not only binds and purifies FVIII with high efficiency but also is stable, protease-resistant, and cheap to produce in preparative scale. Hence it offers a valuable alternative to antibody-based purification procedures.
Plant Community Composition and Surface Water Chemistry of Fen Peatlands in West Virginia’s Appalachian Plateau

I analyzed plant community composition, surface water chemistry, soil saturation, landscape position, and disturbance history in 4 small peatlands in WV's Allegheny Plateau, to determine vegetational differences among communities and identify environmental variables associated with community patterning. Thirty-four plant communites were identified, representing 5 physiognomic types: forest, tall and low shrub, herbaceous, and bryophyte. Of 138 species, only 34 were common to all sites; 56 were unique to single sites. Principal components analysis identified a major physiognomic separation between forest and tall shrub communities with less acid surface waters (pH 4.6–5.0) dominated by base cations (Ca++, Mg++, Na+, K+), vs. low shrub and bryophyte communities with more acidic surface waters (pH 4.0–4.4). Much of the variation in community composition resulted from changes in the distributions of Hypericum densiflorum, Rubus hispidus, Polytrichum commune, and Sphagnum fallax, with changes in soil saturation. Community distribution reflected an underlying pattern of basin geomorphology modified by beaver disturbance.
Plantation and village in coastal Guyana, 1887–1969: conflict or complementarity?

Abstract This study of livelihood patterns in a single rice village of coastal Guyana from 1887 to the present stresses economic and ecological linkages between the village and nearby sugar cane plantations. In the village of Bush Lot, typically populated by descendants of indentured plantation labourers from India, problems of maintaining drainage and irrigation canals have been compounded by a lack of village labour coordination. Varying yields from the community's ricefields have been affected by recurring drought and flood, so the villagers have never been full-time subsistence farmers. Rather, they have worked seasonally on the nearby plantations to supplement village farming activities. This part-time estate work has tended to inhibit social and political solidarity within Bush Lot. The plantations have coped better with water control than have villages. Nevertheless, the cane estates have depended upon nearby villages for seasonal labour. Although agricultural technology and scale of production have changed dramatically during the psst century, plantations and villages of the Guyanese coastal plain remain closely interlinked.
Grief Functions as an Honest Indicator of Commitment

Grief is a puzzling phenomenon. It is often costly and prolonged, potentially increasing mortality rates, drug abuse, withdrawal from social life, and susceptibility to illness. These costs cannot be repaid by the deceased and therefore might appear wasted. In the following article, we propose a possible solution. Using the principles of social selection theory, we argue that an important selective pressure behind the human grief response was the social decisions of other humans. We combine this with insights from signaling theory, noting that grief shares many properties with other hard-to-fake social signals. We therefore contend that grief was shaped by selective forces to function as a hard-to-fake signal of (a) a person’s propensity to form strong, non-utilitarian bonds and (b) a person’s current level of commitment to a group or cause. This theory explains many of the costly symptoms of grief and provides a progressive framework for future research.
SU‐FF‐T‐158: A Method to Overlay Biological Optimization On Traditional Dose‐Volume Constrained Intensity Modulated Radiotherapy (IMRT) Optimization

Purpose: Biological optimization for IMRT planning is typically not clinically utilized, perhaps due to uncertainties associated with normal tissue complication models. Clinically, IMRT planning still relies heavily on dose‐volume constraints. We propose a method that can overlay biological optimization onto a clinically satisfactory dose‐volume optimized plan. Methods and Materials: Following dose‐volumeoptimization, we compute the incremental fluence adjustments required to reduce the biological equivalent uniform dose (EUD) while approximately maintaining the dose‐volume optimized constraints. The incremental fluence adjustment vector is added to the fluences. The process of computing and adding the incremental fluence adjustment vector is iterated, until the original dose‐volume optimized constraints are exceeded by some tolerance value. At this point, a fluence correction vector is applied to bring the constraints back within tolerance. Following the correction, the EUD reduction iteration is continued. This process of EUD reduction followed by dose‐volume constraint correction is repeated until no further EUD reduction is possible. The methodology is demonstrated in the context of a prostate cancer case and olfactory neuroblastoma case. Results: For both cases, it is shown that EUD reduction after dose‐volumeoptimization can additionally reduce doses, especially high doses, to normal organs.Dose‐volume constraints were maintained within tolerance limits of 2%. In the prostate cancer case, highest doses to both rectum and bladder were reduced by an additional 5%. In the olfactory neuroblastoma case, the target was closely surrounded by the eyes,optic nerves, chiasm and brainstem. Despite this proximity, EUD optimization further reduced the highest doses to left eye, left optic nerve, right eye, right optic nerve, and chiasm by upto 15%, 5%, 12%, 6% and 1%, respectively. Conclusions: The method developed here can further reduce biological metrics after dose‐volumeoptimization, without compromising dose‐volume optimized constraints. Thus, biological optimization can be accommodated within the framework of current clinical expectations.
Prediction of CO2 Flood Performance: Interaction of Phase Behavior With Microscopic Pore Structure Heterogeneity

This paper describes simulations of the effects of microscopic heterogeneity present in rock pore structures or resulting form high water saturations on the performance of one-dimensional (1D) CO/sub 2/ floods. In the simulations, microscopic heterogeneity was represented by dividing the nonaqueous portion of the pore space into flowing, dendritic, and trapped fractions. A 1D simulator, previously shown to model quantitatively the effects of phase behavior in slim-tube displacements, was modified to include effects of the isolated or trapped fraction unavailable for mixing with injected fluids and the dendritic fraction, which exchanges material with the flowing fraction by mass transfer. Model formulation, numerical solution, and validation tests are described. Results of simulations with no water present indicate that performance of a 1D CO/sub 2/ flood is sensitive to deviations from complete local mixing. Calculated oil recovery decreases as the flowing fraction, Peclet number, and Damkohler number decrease. Comparisons of calculated and measured residual oil saturations (ROS's) in CO/sub 2/ corefloods support this observation. Simulations of secondary and tertiary displacements by continuous CO/sub 2/ injection and alternate and simultaneous injection of CO/sub 2/ and water are compared. Performance of secondary displacements is not strongly affected by incomplete local mixing. In tertiary displacements,more » however, total oil recovery and the rate of recovery are reduced if effects of trapping and dendritic saturations are included.« less
Role of Egr‐1 in Cholinergic Stimulation of Phenylethanolamine N‐Methyltransferase Promoter

: The effects of the cholinergic agonist carbachol on phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase promoter activity and Egr-1 mRNA expression in PC12-derived RS1 cells were examined to investigate the potential involvement of Egr-1 in the neural regulation of phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase gene expression. Carbachol stimulated luciferase expression in cells transfected with a rat phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase promoter-luciferase reporter gene construct and also elevated Egr-1 mRNA levels in untransfected cells. Maximum induction of Egr-1 mRNA by carbachol was rapid (0.5 h), whereas by comparison, peak luciferase activity was delayed (6 h). In addition, carbachol stimulation of both luciferase and Egr-1 mRNA expression could be completely inhibited by atropine but not hexamethonium. Furthermore, bethanechol but not nicotine could mimic the effects of carbachol, indicating that carbachol activation was medicated through muscarinic cholinergic receptors. Finally, carbachol failed to stimulate luciferase expression in cells transfected with a mutant construct, in which the Egr-1 binding element in the phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase promoter was mutated. These results suggest that carbachol activates the phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase promoter through stimulation of Egr-1 expression, and are consistent with the potential involvement of Egr-1 in the cholinergic activation of the phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase gene.
Surgical transgastric debridement of walled off pancreatic necrosis: an option for patients with necrotizing pancreatitis

Transgastric debridement of walled off pancreatic necrosis (WOPN) is a surgical treatment option for patients requiring pancreatic debridement for necrotizing pancreatitis. The reported experience with surgical transgastric pancreatic debridement is limited, however, the lower incidence of postoperative pancreatic fistulae with this procedure compared to other options warrants further evaluation of this technique. Retrospective chart review. Twenty-two patients underwent transgastric debridement with a cystogastrostomy for clinically symptomatic WOPN from January 1, 2005 to July 31, 2013. Eight cases were performed laparoscopically and 14 were performed by an open approach. The mean patient age was 50.9 (50.9 ± 14.5) and the median American Society of Anesthesiologist score was 3. The most common etiology for pancreatitis was gallstones and the median time from attack of pancreatitis to definitive surgical management was 60 days (range 22–300 days). Median operative time was 182 min (range 85–327 min) with 100 cc (range 20–500 cc) of blood loss. In seven patients the necrosis was infected and in 15 patients the necrosis was sterile as determined by the intraoperative culture of the necrotic material. The overall significant morbidity (Clavien type 3 or greater) was 13.6 % and the mortality was 0 %. The incidence of postoperative pancreatic fistula was 0 %. 20 patients (90 %) were symptom free during a median follow-up of 12 months. In selected patients with clinically symptomatic WOPN, surgical transgastric pancreatic debridement appears to be a safe procedure with a low morbidity and mortality. The low incidence of postoperative pancreatic fistulae warrants further evaluation.
Comprehending the central limit theorem

Simulation will be used to illustrate the Central Limit Theorem and the concept of testing a hypothesis.
The safety and efficacy of ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer as an intra-urethral bulking agent in women with intrinsic urethral deficiency

The purpose of this post-marketing case-series is to report the short-term safety and effectiveness of ethylene vinyl alcohol (EVA) copolymer (TegressTM; C.R. Bard, Covington, GA, USA) in the treatment of intrinsic sphincter deficiency (ISD). The charts of all female patients who received ethylene vinyl alcohol (EVA) copolymer between 2005 and 2006 were reviewed for demographics, physical exam, urodynamic findings, outcomes and complications.Nineteen of twenty women who received EVA during this period completed follow-up. After an average of 1.4 injections, ∼58% of the patients had a complication related to the procedure with 37% experiencing urethral erosion. Of the patients, 10.5% reported at least a 50% subjective improvement in their symptoms. Intra-urethral bulking for the treatment of SID is meant to be minimally invasive and safe with minimal reports of complications. This series of 19 patients show significant percentage of patients experiencing serious complications with TegressTM. Additionally, TegressTM may be less efficacious than reported in the FDA trials, especially those with prior injections. A long-term prospective study needs to be performed in women with ISD before treatment can be recommended for general use by all gynecologists and urologists.
Patterns of presentation of Hodgkin disease. Implications for etiology and pathogenesis

Background. The etiology of Hodgkin disease remains uncertain. Patterns of presentation of Hodgkin disease are analyzed by histologic subtype with implications for etiology and pathogenesis. Methods. The authors performed a detailed analysis of anatomic sites of involvement, histopathologic findings, and clinical features in 719 patients with Hodgkin disease who underwent staging laparotomy with splenectomy between April 1969 and December 1986. The presence of disease in each of 17 sites of potential nodal involvement was determined for each patient from a combination of clinical and surgical staging. Association among nodal sites was assessed in 2 × 2 tables by estimating the odds ratio and testing the significance with the chi-square test. A strict significance level (P = 0.01) was used. Log-linear models were used for assessing association in 2 × 2 tables while adjusting for other factors. Results. The mediastinum, left side of neck, and right side of neck were the most common sites involved for patients with nodular sclerosing (NS) or mixed cellularity (MC) histologic subtypes. Each of these sites was involved 60% of the time. These sites were four or more times as common as other nodal sites above or below the diaphragm. In contrast, the mediastinum was involved in only 8% of patients with lymphocyte predominance (LP) histologic subtype. Significant associations were found between mediastinal disease and low cervical/supraclavicular lymph node disease, mediastinal disease and NS histologic subtypes, peripheral nodal disease and LP histologic subtypes, and between splenic disease and mixed cellularity/lymphocyte depletion (MC/LD) Hodgkin disease. The age at onset and sex of patients with Hodgkin disease and the patterns of nodal distribution were somewhat different for NS and MC/LD histologic subtypes. Even greater differences were seen between LP and other histologic subtypes. Conclusions. This study supports the conclusion that NS and MC Hodgkin disease spread by continguity, most often originating in the neck or mediastinum, and is consistent with evidence suggesting an infectious agent in the pathogenesis of these subtypes of Hodgkin disease. In contrast, LP Hodgkin disease is characterized by different sites of presentation and patterns of spread. This suggests that two or perhaps three clinicopathologic subtypes of Hodgkin disease exist. Implications for etiology and pathogenesis are discussed.
Surface properties of acidic phospholipids: interaction of monolayers and hydrated liquid crystals with uni- and bi-valent metal ions.

The interaction of phospholipids with bivalent metals was studied by the use of monolayers and liquid crystals composed of purified, naturally occurring phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylserine, phosphatidic acid and phosphatidylinositol. The properties under investigation were surface pressure, surface potential and ξ potential. Changes in these parameters were followed as a function of pH and bivalent metal ion concentration. It was found that the acidic phospholipids interact strongly with bivalent metals at low concentrations (10−4−10−3 M), in the presence of physiological concentrations of univalent salts (10−1 M). The interaction is accompanied by an increase in surface potential and a decrease in surface pressure (condensation) of monomolecular films. Of the phospholipids examined, phosphatidylserine and phosphatidic acid at pH values higher than 7.0, both possessing two negative groups per molecule, exhibited the highest affinity for bivalent metals. On the basis of the results presented, a model was proposed for the complex of the latter two phospholipids with Ca2+. The model involves coordination bonds between each Ca2+ and four phospholipid molecules resulting in a linear polymeric arrangement. The implications of the complex were discussed in terms of the physiological role of bivalent metals on membranes.
Respiratory influences on the secretion of catecholamines.

Summary Evidence is presented indicating that spontaneous breathing will increase significantly the adrenal medullary secretion of adrenaline and noradrenaline in the anesthetized dog breathing 98% oxygen. The use of room air as the inhaled gas will result in a higher adrenal medullary secretion rate than is seen with 98% oxygen in mechanically ventilated dogs. Mild respiratory alkalosis does not markedly increase the adrenal secretion of adrenaline and noradrenaline. The data presented also show that a broad range of secretory activity of the adrenal medulla is not reflected in changes of arterial plasma concentrations of adrenaline and noradrenaline.
An exploratory empirical analysis of the impact of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Improvement Act of 1991 on bank failures in the United States

This study examines the impact of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Improvement Act of 1991 on bank failures in the United States. After summarizing a number of the most important provisions in this legislation and presenting certain relevant data, the study provides an exploratory empirical analysis that allows for variables such as the cost of deposits and other interest rates, capital/asset ratios, federal deposit insurance coverage, real GDP growth, and increased competition within the industry. The reduced-form estimates find that the statute in question appears to have reduced the failure rate of commercial banks in the United States
TreeZip: A New Algorithm for Compressing Large Collections of Evolutionary Trees

Evolutionary trees are family trees that represent the relationships between a group of organisms. Phylogenetic analysis often produce thousands of hypothetical trees that can represent the true phylogeny. These large collections of trees are costly to store. We introduce TreeZip, a novel algorithm designed to losslessly compress phylogenetic trees. The advantage of TreeZip is its ability to uniquely store the shared information among trees and compress the relationships effectively. We evaluate the performance of our approach over fourteen tree collections ranging from 2,505 to 150,000 trees corresponding to 0.6MB to 434MB in storage. Our results demonstrate that TreeZip effectively compresses phylogenetic trees, typically compressing a file to 2% or less of its original size. When coupled with 7zip, TreeZip can compress a file to less than 1% of its original size. On our largest dataset, TreeZip+7zip compressed the input file to .008% of its original size. Our results strongly suggest that TreeZip is an ideal approach for compressing phylogenetic trees.
United StatesHamdan v. Rumsfeld: Presidential power in wartime

The primary purpose of the American Revolution was to replace what was thought to be the formally unlimited power of the British monarch with a new political confi guration, one in which the legislature could provide a check on executive discretion. The second and equally radical aim of the Revolution was to impose limits on the powers of the legislative branch. It is important to remember that the United States Constitution was intended as a rebuff to both monarchial and parliamentary pretensions. Given the historical vilifi cation of King George III, it is sometimes forgotten that the Revolution was triggered by taxes imposed on the colonists not by the monarch but by Parliament. In eighteenth-century Britain, not only the king but also Parliament casually exercised unrestricted powers vis-a-vis the subject. The great power struggles of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries were between the king and the Parliament, and in these the British subject was often a bystander. The new American republic’s Constitution, in its most radical provisions, was meant to change this, transforming subjects into rights-bearing citizens and circumscribing the legislature’s and executive’s power over them within the narrow bounds defi ned by law. The idea of citizens’ rights became the central innovation of the new order. And, fi nally, it was intended that these citizens’ rights be enforced against both the executive and legislative branches by federal judges exercising the innovative power of judicial review. These revolutionary ideas were introduced with full awareness of the diffi culties their application would encounter. Even in the most placid times, those who govern prefer to do so without encumbrances on their discretion. That preference becomes particularly pronounced when the ship of state encounters turbulence. If that turbulence stems from the machinations of external enemies, those who govern naturally tend to revert to notions of absolutism. Fear of an enemy causes voters and legislators alike to relax their vigilance in defense of civil liberties. The tendency of government to revert to absolutism has again been the central issue in American constitutional discourse for most of the fi rst decade
Photoswitchable Spirobenzopyran- Based Photochemically Controlled Photonic Crystals†

We have developed a photochemically controlled photonic-crystal material by covalently attaching spiropyran derivatives to polymerized crystalline colloidal arrays (PCCAs). These PCCAs consist of colloidal particles that self-assemble into crystalline colloidal arrays (CCAs), which are embedded in crosslinked hydrogels. Photoresponsive PCCAs were made two ways: 1) by functionalizing the hydrogel network with spiropyran derivatives, and 2) by functionalizing the colloidal particles with spiropyran derivatives. These materials can diffract light in the UV, visible, or near-IR spectral regions. The diffraction of the PCCAs is red-shifted by exciting the spiropyran with UV light. Alternatively, the diffraction is blue-shifted by exciting the spiropyran with visible irradiation. Thus, this material acts as a memory storage material where information is recorded by illuminating the PCCA and information is read out by measuring the photonic-crystal diffraction wavelength. UV excitation forms the open spiropyran form while visible excitation forms the closed spiropyran form. The diffraction shifts result from changes in the free energy of mixing of the PCCA system as the spiropyran is photoexcited to its different stable forms.
ProMix: Linux Promiscuous Wireless Packet Analysis

Wireless packet capture is possible due to the nature of the transmission medium involved in wireless networks. All traffic is distributed within the same frequency band and often times the same channel within the same network. If not, channel hopping is accomplished easily enough as there are a limited number of channels available. As all the packets traveling in both directions between their source and destination are broadcast, any host with wireless capability can intercept and possibly decode any packet it chooses. Network interface cards (NIC) have several modes of operation including their usual mode intuitively dubbed "normal" as well as the potentially devious mode of "promiscuous". Wireless cards have an additional "monitor" mode allowing the host employing them to act much like a scanner. Linux provides a unique and conducive environment to both packet capture and software development given its open source nature. This packet analyzer takes advantage of both the Linux environment and its open source software. jNetPcap is a library for capturing and sending network packets. Using this library, we developed an application to capture packets from a network interface.
Rapid Regulation of Cytoskeletal Proteins and Their mRNAs Following Afferent Deprivation in the Avian Cochlear Nucleus

During development, removal of neuronal input can lead to profound changes in postsynaptic cells, including atrophy and cell death. In the chicken brainstem cochlear nucleus, the nucleus magnocellularis (NM), deprivation of auditory input via unilateral cochlea removal or silencing the eighth nerve with tetrodotoxin leads to a loss of 25‐30% of the neurons and the atrophy of surviving neurons. One intracellular component that may be involved in both cell atrophy and cell death is the cytoskeleton. The degradation of the cytoskeleton following deafferentation could potentially lead to either atrophy or death of NM neurons. However, little is known regarding the role of neuronal input on the cytoskeletal structure of NM neurons and whether changes in the cytoskeleton are responsible for cell death following deafferentation. The present study examined whether changes in the cytoskeleton of NM neurons occurred following cochlea removal. Several components of the cytoskeleton were analyzed following unilateral afferent deprivation. Levels of immunostaining for tubulin, actin, and microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP-2), and levels of b-tubulin and b-actin mRNAs were assessed in NM neurons following cochlea removal. Our results revealed that afferent deprivation results in a rapid decrease in immunostaining for all three cytoskeletal proteins examined. These decreases were observed as early as 3 hours after cochlea removal and persisted for up to 4 days. In addition, these changes occurred in all deafferented NM neurons at the early time points, indicating that both dying and surviving NM neurons undergo a similar change in their cytoskeletons. In contrast to the decreases in immunostaining, levels of b-tubulin and b-actin mRNAs were not noticeably altered by deafferentation. Our findings indicate that the cytoskeleton is altered or degraded following deafferentation but that this process is not regulated at the transcriptional level. J. Comp. Neurol. 389:469‐483, 1997. r 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc. Indexing terms: deafferentation; tubulin; actin; cell death; afferent neurons
The Academic Children's Hospital Primary Care Clinic: Responding to tie Challenges of a Changing Health Care Environment

Academic medical centers have encountered increasing fiscal challenges as the paradigm in health care has shifted from traditional fee-for-service reimbursement to systems of managed care. Most academic centers have maintained primary care clinics, which have served as “educational laboratories” for students and trainees. Largely providing care to underserved patients, academic primary care clinics have been heavily dependent on Medicaid reimbursement for support. Given the realities of a rapidly changing health care environment, academic primary care clinics have been challenged to respond with innovation and creativity in order to remain viable. The pediatric primary care clinic at Rainbow Babies & Children's Hospital of University Hospitals of Cleveland initiated a reorganization program with the goal of ensuring that patients receive quality, cost efficient care and that students and pediatric residents receive first-rate ambulatory education in a fiscally responsible setting. Fundamental was the sett...
Learning about Co-teaching: A Collaborative Student Teaching Experience for Preservice Teachers:

To adequately prepare preservice teachers to implement inclusive classrooms, teacher preparation programs must encourage professional interaction, collaboration, and knowledge about inclusion. Although some of these skills can be presented in coursework, prospective teachers must be provided with opportunities to practice these skills in classroom settings. This case study explored the experiences of two pairs of preservice teachers who co-taught as they were placed with teams of collaborating cooperating teachers for a semester-long student teaching experience. Analysis of data sources including student journals, interviews, and observation notes resulted in themes including the comfort of peer support, the impact of personality on the co-teaching experience, the structure of co-teaching interactions, and the impact on children. Implications for designing collaborative experiences in teacher education programs are discussed.
Treatment of established asthma in a murine model using CpG oligodeoxynucleotides.

Allergen immunotherapy is an effective but underutilized treatment for atopic asthma. We have previously demonstrated that CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG ODN) can prevent the development of a murin...
The Martin Boundary

Let D be an open subset of ℝ N . If D is a ball, its Euclidean boundary is so well adapted to it from a potential theoretic point of view that the following statements are true.
Approximate Linear Programming for Average-Cost Dynamic Programming

This paper extends our earlier analysis on approximate linear programming as an approach to approximating the cost-to-go function in a discounted-cost dynamic program [6]. In this paper, we consider the average-cost criterion and a version of approximate linear programming that generates approximations to the optimal average cost and differential cost function. We demonstrate that a naive version of approximate linear programming prioritizes approximation of the optimal average cost and that this may not be well-aligned with the objective of deriving a policy with low average cost. For that, the algorithm should aim at producing a good approximation of the differential cost function. We propose a two-phase variant of approximate linear programming that allows for external control of the relative accuracy of the approximation of the differential cost function over different portions of the state space via state-relevance weights. Performance bounds suggest that the new algorithm is compatible with the objective of optimizing performance and provide guidance on appropriate choices for state-relevance weights.
Unsteady CFD modeling of micro-adaptive flow control for an axisymmetric body

This paper describes a computational study undertaken, as part of a grand challenge project, to consider the aerodynamic effect of micro-adaptive flow control as a means to provide the divert authority needed to maneuver a projectile at a low subsonic speed. A time-accurate Navier–Stokes computational technique has been used to obtain numerical solutions for the unsteady micro-jet-interaction flow field for the axisymmetric projectile body at subsonic speeds, Mach = 0.11 and 0.24 and angles of attack, 0–4°. Numerical solutions have been obtained using both Reynolds-Averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) and a hybrid RANS/Large Eddy Simulation (LES) turbulence models. Unsteady numerical results show the effect of the jet on the flow field and the aerodynamic coefficients, in particular the lift force. This research has provided an increased fundamental understanding of the complex, three-dimensional (3D), time-dependent, aerodynamic interactions associated with micro-jet control for yawing spin-stabilized munitions.