cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Pilot Randomized Clinical Trial of Brief Interventions to Encourage Quit Attempts in Smokers From Socioeconomic Disadvantage.

Introduction Cigarette smoking disproportionately affects communities of low socioeconomic status where greater smoking prevalence and poorer cessation rates have been observed. Utilizing brief evidence-based interventions to increase cessation attempts may be an effective and easily disseminable means by which to mitigate undue burden in this population. Aims and methods The current intervention randomized daily smokers (N = 57) recruited from a local community soup kitchen to receive either Brief (eg, 30 m) Motivational Interviewing, Nicotine Replacement Therapy (NRT) sampling, or a Referral-Only intervention. Approximately half of participants (50.9%) reported not completing high school and many reported either just (41.4%) or not (40.4%) meeting basic expenses. Follow-up was completed approximately 1-month postintervention. Results Nonsignificant group differences indicated that participants randomized to the NRT sampling condition were more likely to make a quit attempt (moderate effect size). Approximately 40% of the sample reported making a serious quit attempt at follow-up. Significant differences in cigarettes per day at follow-up, controlling for baseline, were observed, with participants in the Motivational Interviewing condition, only, reporting significant reductions. Participants randomized to the NRT condition were significantly more likely to report using NRT patch and lozenge at follow-up (large effect). There were no differences between groups with respect to seeking behavioral support. Finally, we found that subjective financial strain moderated the effect of condition on change in cigarette consumption where NRT sampling was more effective for participants reporting less financial strain. Conclusions Findings provide initial evidence for personalizing brief interventions to promote quit attempts in low-income smokers. Implications While most clinical research on tobacco use and dependence focuses on successful sustained abstinence, the current study is novel because it examined three brief interventions designed to increase the number of quit attempts made by a nontreatment-seeking group suffering from health disparities (ie, smokers from socioeconomic disadvantage). These data suggest that nontreatment-seeking smokers from socioeconomic disadvantage can be influenced by Brief MIs and these interventions should be used to motivate smokers from socioeconomic disadvantage to make a quit attempt. Future studies should examine combined MIs including pharmacological and behavioral interventions.
PSYCHOANALYSIS, ATTACHMENT, AND SPIRITUALITY PART I: THE EMERGENCE OF TWO RELATIONAL TRADITIONS

Two broad relational traditions emerged in post-Freudian psychoanalysis: a broad group of relational theories, represented by Fairbairn's (1952) object relations theory, that remained within the fi...
Discrete Information Dynamics with Confidence via the Computational Mechanics Bootstrap: Confidence Sets and Significance Tests for Information-Dynamic Measures.

Information dynamics and computational mechanics provide a suite of measures for assessing the information- and computation-theoretic properties of complex systems in the absence of mechanistic models. However, both approaches lack a core set of inferential tools needed to make them more broadly useful for analyzing real-world systems, namely reliable methods for constructing confidence sets and hypothesis tests for their underlying measures. We develop the computational mechanics bootstrap, a bootstrap method for constructing confidence sets and significance tests for information-dynamic measures via confidence distributions using estimates of ϵ -machines inferred via the Causal State Splitting Reconstruction (CSSR) algorithm. Via Monte Carlo simulation, we compare the inferential properties of the computational mechanics bootstrap to a Markov model bootstrap. The computational mechanics bootstrap is shown to have desirable inferential properties for a collection of model systems and generally outperforms the Markov model bootstrap. Finally, we perform an in silico experiment to assess the computational mechanics bootstrap’s performance on a corpus of ϵ -machines derived from the activity patterns of fifteen-thousand Twitter users.
Poisson bracket formulation of a higher-order, geometrically-exact beam

Abstract This paper investigates the Hamiltonian structure and Poisson bracket formulation of a higher-order, geometrically-exact Cosserat type beam with a deforming cross-section in terms of canonically conjugate variables.
Supporting A Developmental Approach for Shared Data Infrastructure

BackgroundPublic agencies hold important, yet largely unused, administrative data on the families and communities they serve. Integrated Data Systems (IDS) provide the governance process, legal framework, technology, and human capacity to connect these families and communities across data siloes. By securely linking administrative data across siloes, IDS are able to support data-informed decision making. IntroductionFor 10+ years, AISP has helped jurisdictions through the developmental process of building IDS. We operate a network of 22 U.S. states and counties with fully-functioning Integrated Data Systems, and provide technical assistance to 18 jurisdictions at various stages of IDS development. Objectives and ApproachThis session presents the outcomes of an independent evaluation of our Learning Community initiative (2019) and presents a new developmental framework that outlines key dimensions of quality and readiness for IDS building and implementation. ResultsAs of 2020, 20 sites have received formal 18-month cohort based technical assistance. This presentation will discuss site-based approaches to facilitate data sharing, including common challenges and solutions, and progress to date, including findings of an independent evaluation (2019). We will also present a framework developed based on the deep knowledge developed through technical assistance efforts, and findings from a national survey of data integration efforts conducted in 2020. The framework uses purpose, partnership structure, technical architecture, and organizational model—with respect to the strengths and challenges of each—to categorize and synthesize data integration efforts for social policy and program improvement. The developmental approach to our work emphasizes that we seek to understand methods for sustainability in diverse ways. Conclusion / ImplicationsWhile there is broad agreement in the value of integrating data across domains, developing the capacity and skills necessary to link administrative data for policy evaluation and research remains an elusive goal. Initial results indicate that an individualized yet collaborative technical assistance approach is successful in developing data integration capacity.
Principal Evaluation under the Elementary and Secondary Every Student Succeeds Act: A Comprehensive Policy Review

A growing body of research recognizes the critical role of the school principal, demonstrating that school principals’ effects on student outcomes are second only to those of teachers. Yet policy m...
Prone restraint cardiac arrest: A comprehensive review of the scientific literature and an explanation of the physiology:

Deaths occurring among agitated or violent individuals subjected to physical restraint have been attributed to positional asphyxia. Restraint in the prone position has been shown to alter respiratory and cardiac physiology, although this is thought not to be to the degree that would cause asphyxia in a healthy, adult individual. This comprehensive review identifies and summarizes the current scientific literature on prone position and restraint, including experiments that assess physiology on individuals restrained in a prone position. Some of these experimental approaches have attempted to replicate situations in which prone restraint would be used. Overall, most findings revealed that individuals subjected to physical prone restraint experienced a decrease in ventilation and/or cardiac output (CO) in prone restraint. Metabolic acidosis is noted with increased physical activity, in restraint-associated cardiac arrest and simulated encounters. A decrease in ventilation and CO can significantly worsen acidosis and hemodynamics. Given these findings, deaths associated with prone physical restraint are not the direct result of asphyxia but are due to cardiac arrest secondary to metabolic acidosis compounded by inadequate ventilation and reduced CO. As such, the cause of death in these circumstances would be more aptly referred to as "prone restraint cardiac arrest" as opposed to "restraint asphyxia" or "positional asphyxia."
High stakes quality measures in early care and education

This presentation discusses the challenge of using observational quality rating tools and accountability systems and strategies to address them. IGPA Expert Rachel Gordon delivered the presentation to the National Research Conference on Early Childhood on July 13, 2016. The presentation discusses highlights from research findings, including: The general importance of freshly considering the evidence base specifically for each use of a measure (high stakes, professional development, research, and self assessment) Current measures in high stakes use: Do they predict large school readiness gains? Do they sharply measure constructs aligned with readiness gains? Are they constructed for maximal precision (high signal vs. noise)?
Perinatal depression screening: Improving outcomes during COVID-19.

ABSTRACT: Recommendations for social distancing and avoidance of mass gatherings during the COVID-19 pandemic have correlated with increased depressive symptoms in some individuals, such as loss of interest in daily activities, sleeplessness, or sadness. Perinatal depression screening using established, validated tools can aid with early diagnosis, guide management strategies, and optimize outcomes for pregnant women and their families. Identifying at-risk patients early in pregnancy and implementing a plan of care with appropriate mental health resources such as counseling or therapy have been shown to decrease clinical depression by more than 40%.
Commissioning of the Tevatron Satellite Refrigeration System

Completetion of the new Fermilab 6 km circumference superconducting proton accelerator, the Tevatron, was in the summer of 1983. During the commissioning of portions of the accelerator, extensive refrigerator and magnet power testing have been performed. Considerable operating experience was acquired on a three refrigerator, 0.75 km magnet system (Jan. 1982)1 as well as an eight refrigerator, two km magnet string system (Jan 1983). The entire refrigerator system was operational on May 28, 1983. The first beam was accelerated to an energy level of 512 GeV on July 3, 1983. Operational problems experienced during these tests are presented.
Revenue Neutral Deposit/Refund Systems

Deposit/refund systems are desirable instruments forenvironmental regulation where monitoring of emissions is difficult. Such systems may gain additional politicalacceptability, however, if implemented so that no net revenues accrue to the government. The revenue neutralityconstraint causes the deposit to drop below the efficient level, and the refund to rise. The extent to which thisconstraint leads to efficiency losses varies with the price elasticity of demand, with compliance costs, with thedegree of correlation between willingness to pay and compliance costs, and with the magnitude of theexternalities.
On radar polarization mixed target state decomposition techniques

The mathematical representations of mixed target states using Mueller, covariance, and density matrices are discussed, and the relationship between these matrices is shown. A decomposition technique due to J.R. Huynen (1970) is considered, and a simple algorithm for calculating it is demonstrated. It was shown that, in addition to the Huynen decomposition, exactly two other decompositions exist whose mixed-target-state components possess the same roll-invariant property as the distributed N-target mixed-target-state component in the Huynen decomposition. The mixed-target-state components of all three of these Huynen-type decompositions were shown to correspond to targets with circular polarization nulls. The characteristic decomposition was then discussed and applied to a simple example which demonstrated that its pure-state component provides the average target representation. It is noted that this decomposition may have applications to stationary target identification. >
Reactions of β-Lysin with Purified Cytoplasmic Membranes of Bacillus megaterium

Abstract The bactericidal activity of β-lysin was inactivated when it reacted with purified protoplasmic membranes. This reaction caused the membranes to fragment and lose their unit structure.
A Three‐Pronged Look at Family Saving*

Are the economic choices of families in part a reflection of attitudes and knowledge? What is the relationship between attitudes and knowledge? This study posed these questions with regard to family savings behavior in an attempt to add to understanding in this important area of economic activity.
Techniques for Facilities Layout: Deciding which Pairs of Activities Should be Adjacent

This paper surveys work done to date on the problem of laying out the facilities of some system in terms of specifying which activities are to be adjacent. Each pair of facilities has a closeness rating which represents the desirability that they are located adjacently. Ratings are usually proportional to the flow of goods or people between facilities. The aim of the layout analyst is to design a system so that the sum of the ratings of adjacent pairs is maximized as this represents travel saved. This paper formulates the layout problem and reviews exact and heuristic methods of solution. In the literature review special emphasis is placed on the newly-emerging graph-theoretic techniques which appear promising.
Effect of Different Constant Incubation Temperatures on Egg Survival and Embryonic Development in Lake Whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis)

Abstract Eggs of lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis) were incubated in a constant-flow incubator at constant temperatures of 0.5, 2.0, 4.0, 5.9, 7.8, and 10.0 C. The time from fertilization to median hatch was inversely related to temperature, and ranged from 41.7 days at 10.0 C to 182 days at 0.5 C. The percentage hatch was highest (70.9-73.3%) at 4.0, 5.9, and 7.8 C, and was greatly reduced (6.0-28.4%) at 0.5, 2.0, and 10.0 C. The mortality of embryos was greatest during the early stages of development. Abnormally developed fry were most frequent (85.9% of the hatch) at 10.0 C, and least frequent (2.8%) at 4.0 C. Mean lengths of fry at hatching were shorter at 7.8 and 10.0 C (12.4 and 8.8 mm, respectively) than at lower temperatures (13.1 to 13.5 mm). The optimum temperature range for incubation of lake whitefish eggs was 3.2 to 8.1 C. Equations were derived for predicting development time to 20 successive stages, and to hatching, at constant incubation temperatures and at fluctuating daily mean wat...
Postreperfusion syndrome: Hypotension after reperfusion of the transplanted liver

Sixty-nine patients undergoing liver transplantation were evaluated to elucidate the relationship between hypotension and physiological changes seen on reperfusion of the grafted liver. Measured variables included hemodynamic profiles, core temperature, serum potassium, ionized calcium levels, arterial blood-gas tensions, and acid-base state. Measurements were taken 60 minutes after skin incision (baseline), 5 minutes before reperfusion, and 30 seconds and 5 minutes after reperfusion. On the basis of changes in mean arterial pressure (MAP) patients were divided in two groups. Group 1 (n = 49) maintained MAP greater than 70% and group 2 (n = 20) had MAP less than 70% of the baseline value for at least 1 minute within 5 minutes after reperfusion. On reperfusion, changes common to both groups were 27% increase in cardiac filling pressures, 23% base deficit, and 30% serum potassium level and a decrease of 16% in cardiac output and 9% in temperature. Compared with group 1, group 2 had greater decrease in systemic vascular resistance (SVR) (1097 +/- 868 and 741 +/- 399 dyn.s-1. cm-5, respectively, P < .05) and higher potassium level (4.5 +/- 0.8 and 5.3 +/- 0.8 mmol/L, P < .05). Collectively in both groups, there was no correlation between MAP and physiological variables; however, there was a poor correlation with SVR (r = .32, P < .01). Reperfusion hypotension seen in group 2 patients correlated only with a decrease in systemic vascular resistance (r = .5, P < .05). Acute hyperkalemia, hypothermia, and acidosis do not appear to be major causes of reperfusion hypotension.
Planar tunneling spectroscopic studies of splitting vs. non-splitting of the zero-bias conductance peak in YBa2Cu3O7−* thin films

Abstract Planar tunneling spectroscopy is used to probe the near-surface density of states of YBCO thin films. A gentle solution-growth insulator deposition technique allows us to detect (1) the ZBCP up to the bulk Tc of the film; (2) new features and (3) orientation dependence of the gap-like feature. We propose that a narrow tunneling cone and reduced surface disorder contribute to our results.
Immunological evidence of repressed catalase synthesis in livers of tumor-bearing mice☆

Abstract A quantitative immunochemical procedure for the determination of hepatic catalase in livers of mice is described. By employing this method, the data obtained suggest a sharp and marked diminution of synthesis of catalase in livers of mice with an advanced growth of Ehrlich ascites tumor. The magnitude of depression in the activity of liver catalase is related to the reduction in absolute concentration of the enzyme protein in liver homogenates of tumor-bearing animals.
Discussion of the special issue on growth models for longitudinal data in educational research

In his introduction to this special issue, Roger Millsap has given an excellent summary of its contents. This eases our task considerably. In what follows, we first present some general observations about growth curve modeling of longitudinal data. Among other things, we will address the criticism that the popular latent growth curve model may yield spurious (linear, quadratic, etc.) components. Then we will proceed with a discussion of each of the 5 contributing papers. In closing, we will draw attention to new methodological developments that are of interest to analyses of developmental processes in general.
Immunomodulation of Hematopoietic Tumors

Immunotherapy has been used in a variety of hematopoietic and solid tumors. Because patients with leukemia and lymphoma are immunosuppressed, immunomodulation with chemotherapy may be beneficial. Chemoimmunotherapy of canine lymphoma is discussed.
Human Dignity and the Claim of Meaning: Athenian Tragic Drama and Supreme Court Opinions

I am going to bring together what may seem at first to be two extremely different institutions for the creation of public meaning, namely classical Athenian tragedy and the Supreme Court opinion.1 My object is not so much to draw lines of similarity and distinction between them, as a cultural analyst might do, as to try to capture something of what I believe is centrally at work in both institutions, in fact essential to what each at its best achieves. I can frame it as a question: How is it that the best instances of each genre (for I will be talking only about the best) work to resist the ever–present impulse to trivialize human life and experience–certainly well known in our own era-and instead confer upon the individual, and his or her sufferings and struggles in the world, a kind of dignity? I think that something like this is in fact the core of the most important achievements of both institutions, and that in both cases it is simultaneously imaginative (or literary) and political in nature.
Kifunensine inhibits glycoprotein processing and the function of the modified LDL receptor in endothelial cells

Abstract Kifunensine is an alkaloid that is produced by the actinomycete Kitasatosporia kifunense and resembles the cyclic oxamide derivative of 1-aminodeoxymannojirimycin in structure. We previously showed that this compound was a potent inhibitor of the purified glycoprotein processing enzyme, mannosidase I, and caused an almost complete inhibition in the formation of complex types of oligosaccharides with the concurrent accumulation of N-linked oligosaccharides having Man 9 (GlcNAc) 2 structures in influenza virus-infected Madin Darby canine kidney cells. Kifunensine, at concentrations of 1 μg/ml or higher in the culture medium, caused an almost complete inhibition in the formation of complex types of oligosaccharides by human skin fibroblasts or aortic endothelial cells, with the resulting accumulation of Man 9 (GlcNAc) 2 oligosaccharides on the cell surface N-linked glycoproteins, and more specifically on the scavenger-LDL receptor. When endothelial cells were grown in the presence of 1 μg/ml of kifunensine, there was a 75% inhibition in the ability of these cells to degrade 125 I-labeled acetyl-LDL, but this inhibitor appeared to have little or no effect on the ability of either endothelial cells or fibroblasts to degrade 125 I-labeled LDL, even at kifunensine concentrations of 10 μg/ml. Kifunensine also decreased the binding of the labeled acetyl-LDL by the scavenger receptor of the endothelial cells, but the amount of this inhibition relative to controls was significantly less than that of the degradation, suggesting that kifunensine affects two different steps of acetyl-LDL metabolism in these cells. Endothelial cells grown in the presence of 10 μg/ml of kifunensine had only half the activity of the lysosomal enzymes, β-hexosaminidase, and proteases, as did control cells, although kifunensine did not affect [ 3 H]leucine incorporation into protein. Thus, kifunensine apparently affects the activity of (some) lysosomal enzymes in an as yet undefined manner.
Improving the Ocean Initialization of Coupled Hurricane–Ocean Models Using Feature-Based Data Assimilation

Abstract Coupled hurricane–ocean forecast models require proper initialization of the ocean thermal structure. Here, a new feature-based (F-B) ocean initialization procedure in the GFDL/University of Rhode Island (URI) coupled hurricane prediction system is presented to account for spatial and temporal variability of mesoscale oceanic features in the Gulf of Mexico, including the Loop Current (LC), Loop Current eddies [i.e., warm-core rings (WCRs)], and cold-core rings (CCRs). Using only near-real-time satellite altimetry for the “SHA-assimilated” case, the LC, a single WCR, and a single CCR are assimilated into NAVOCEANO’s Global Digitized Environmental Model (GDEM) ocean temperature and salinity climatology along with satellite-derived daily sea surface temperature (SST) data from 15 September 2005 to produce a more realistic three-dimensional temperature field valid on the model initialization date (15 September 2005). For the “fully assimilated” case, both near-real-time altimetry and real-time in sit...
Morphological characteristics of mouse stellate and basket cells and their neuroglial envelope: an electron microscopic study.

Sampling of stellate cells from the molecular layer of cerebellar cortex at two distinct levels within yielded two populations of cells referred to as stellate and basket cells respectively. The appearance of the soma, the several kinds of dendrites and their accompanying spines can be characterized on the electron microscopic level for each type of cell and correlate well with Golgi impregnation studies. Analytical studies were made to determine the proportion of neural and glial elements in direct apposition to stellate and basket soma and their respective dendrites. On the average the glial covering of a basket or stellate cell was 12–14% of the cell profile, reaching 18.6% for the distal portions of dendrites. A quantitative analysis of the amount of soma and dendritic perimeter in contact with synaptic boutons revealed the percentage of perimeter surface covered by terminal boutons was 15.2% for basket soma, 4.5% for the stellate soma, 21% for basket dendrites and 10.3% for stellate dendrites. An interesting group of cells located in the Purkinje cell layer had the morphological characteristics of basket cells but an unusual synaptic input and an unusually high proportion of glial envelope due to their unique position. This report is an introduction to a comparative analysis of the distribution, and densities of different types of synapses upon basket and stellate cells.
High resolution inspection with wafer plane die: database defect detection

High Resolution reticle inspection is well-established as a proven, effective, and efficient means of detecting yieldlimiting mask defects as well as defects which are not immediately yield-limiting yet can enable manufacturing process improvements. Historically, RAPID products have enabled detection of both classes of these defects. The newlydeveloped Wafer Plane Inspection (WPI) detector technology meets the needs of some advanced mask manufacturers to identify the lithographically-significant defects while ignoring the other non-lithographically-significant defects. Wafer Plane Inspection accomplishes this goal by performing defect detection based on a modeled image of how the mask features would actually print in the photoresist. This has the effect of reducing sensitivity to non-printing defects while enabling higher sensitivity focused in high MEEF areas where small reticle defects still yield significant printing defects on wafers. This approach has several important features. The ability to ignore non-printing defects and to apply additional effective sensitivity in high MEEF areas enables advanced node development. In addition, the modeling allows the inclusion of important polarization effects that occur in the resist for high NA operation. This allows for the results to better match wafer print results compared to alternate approaches. Finally, the simulation easily allows for the application of arbitrary illumination profiles. With this approach, users of WPI can make use of unique or custom scanner illumination profiles. This allows the more precise modeling of profiles without inspection system hardware modification or loss of company intellectual property. A previous paper [1] introduced WPI in D:D mode. This paper examines the operation and results for WPI in Die:Database mode.
A new inner layer silicon micro-strip detector for DØ

The D{O} experiment at the Fermilab Tevatron is building a new inner layer detector (Layer-0) to be installed inside the existing D{O} Silicon Micro-strip Tracker (SMT). The Layer-0 detector is based on R&D performed for the RunIIb silicon upgrade, which was canceled in the fall of 2003. Layer-0 will be installed between the bean pipe and the the 2.2cm radius opening available in the SMT support structure. The radius of the first sampling will be reduced from 2.7cm to 1.6cm. Layer-0 will be radiation harder than the current SMT, thus ensuring that the silicon tracker remains viable through Tevatron RunII.
A Triple Cascade Sequence as a Strategy for the Construction of the Erythrinane Skeleton

α-Thiocarbocations generated from Pummerer reactions of several o-imido sulfoxides were intercepted by adjacent carbonyl groups to produce α-amido-substituted isobenzofurans as transient intermedia...
Latent roots of random data correlation matrices with squared multiple correlations on the diagonal: a Monte Carlo study

In order to make the parallel analysis criterion for determining the number of factors easy to use, regression equations for predicting the logarithms of the latent roots of random correlation matrices, with squared multiple correlations on the diagonal, are presented. The correlation matrices were derived from distributions of normally distributed random numbers. The independent variables are log (N−1) and log {[n(n−1)/2]−[(i−1)n]}, whereN is the number of observations;n, the number of variables; andi, the ordinal position of the eigenvalue. The results were excellent, with multiple correlation coefficients ranging from .9948 to .9992.
The cell of origin of ovarian epithelial tumors and the ovarian surface epithelium dogma : Does the emperor have no clothes?

The widely favored hypothesis that ovarian epithelial tumors arise from the mesothelial cell layer lining the ovarian surface fails to explain the resemblance of these tumors to those arising in organs that are embryologically derived from the Mullerian ducts such as fallopian tubes, endometrium, and endocervix. In addition, this theory cannot account for the fact that tumors that are morphologically identical to ovarian carcinomas can sometimes be found outside the ovary. A suggestion is made that components of the secondary Mullerian system, which include paraovarian/paratubal cysts, rete ovarii, endosalpingiosis, endometriosis, and endomucinosis, merit some consideration as to their possible role in ovarian tumorigenesis.
Pancreatic triacylglycerol lipase in a hibernating mammal. II. Cold-adapted function and differential expression

Thirteen-lined ground squirrels (Spermophilus tridecemlineatus) exploit the low-temperature activity of pancreatic triacylglycerol lipase (PTL) during hibernation. Lipolytic activity at body temper...
Novel therapies in the classical BCR–ABL-negative myeloproliferative neoplasms

SUMMARY Myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN) are clonal stem cell disorders that include essential thrombocytosis, polycythemia vera and myelofibrosis. Effective therapy is challenging owing to the heterogeneity of the disease; however, recent advances in our understanding of MPN pathogenesis have led to the evaluation of novel therapies, each with its own distinct contribution and side-effect profile. This review summarizes promising approaches to the treatment of MPN, aiming to improve upon the currently used conventional therapies.
A new class of hypereutectic carbide composites.

Extremely high thermal shock resistance in the Group IV-A carbides (TiC, ZrC, HfC) has been achieved by the fabrication of carbide-graph ite composites using vacuum arc melting and casting techniques. High purity materials were employed to ensure a low interstitial content. Gravity and skull casting have been employed to produce test shapes. The eutectic composition between the monocarbide and terminal graphite phase has been denned in each system. When carbon content exceeds the eutectic composition, the excess precipitates from the liquid as platelets within the eutectic matrix. Mechanical properties have been determined at room temperature on Ti-C and Zr-C materials. A sharp demarcation has been noted at the eutectic point where, in the Ti-C system, compressive strengths of 240,000 psi for hypoeutectic material decrease to 30,000 psi for hypereutectic material. Similarly, flexure strength drops from 30,000 to 10,000 psi. Thermal shock resistance was evaluated in both 200-kw and 5-Mw air arc tunnels at heating rates of 700,1800, and 2400 Btu/ft2/sec. No evidence of failure was noted in hypereutectic materials within any of the three systems. In comparative testing with tungsten and graphite, HfC-C showed marked superiority by exhibiting no measurable recession whatsoever when exposed to a heat flux of 700 Btu/ft2/sec.
The use of stable xenon-enhanced computed tomographic studies of cerebral blood flow to define changes in cerebral carbon dioxide vasoresponsivity caused by a severe head injury.

Previous studies using the xenon-133 cerebral blood flow (CBF) method have documented the impairment of CO2 vasoresponsivity after a severe head injury, but only global values can be obtained reliably with this technique. We studied CO2 vasoresponsivity using the stable xenon-enhanced computed tomog
Investigation of the silica surface via electron-energy-loss spectroscopy

Various aspects of the electronic structure of the silica surface and its response to electron irradiation have been studied. Electron-energy-loss spectra (ELS) were obtained for bulk high-purity synthetic Si${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ with either high or low OH content, crystalline $\ensuremath{\alpha}$-quartz, and compacted aerosil powder. All show peaks at ${E}_{\mathrm{loss}}=3.3, 5.0, \mathrm{and} 6.8$ eV for excitation of valence-band electrons with low-energy (${E}_{p}=175$ eV) primary beams. Aside from small changes in relative intensity, these features are independent of: (i) exposure to different atmospheres, (ii) electron irradiation up to levels of 5 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} ${10}^{20}$ electrons/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ at 5 keV, (iii) in situ annealing in vacuum, ${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ or ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$, and (iv) ${\mathrm{Ar}}^{+}$ sputtering at either 0.5 or 2 keV. Assignment of these transitions to intrinsic surface electronic states (as distinct from chemisorbed species or radiation-induced point defects) is discussed qualitatively. Electron irradiation is known to cause oxygen desorption, leading to a surface region of the form $\mathrm{Si}{\mathrm{O}}_{x}$ ($1lxl2$). After irradiation sufficient to produce $x=1.5$, as indicated by Auger spectroscopy, no strong evidence is found for interband or plasmon excitations characteristic of bulk elemental silicon. These results tend to favor the random-mixture model over the phase-separation model of the damage region. Arguments are also presented against the participation of surface point defects in the 70-100-eV Auger spectrum of electron-irradiated Si${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$.
Regional Web pages for OPACs: the New York State Electronic Doorway Library Network and British Library OPAC 97

Briefly describes two regional Web sites which offer links to OPACs ‐ the New York State Electronic Doorway Library Network and British Library OPAC 97.
Examining the sensitivity of simulated surface temperatures due to meteorological conditions

The U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center (ERDC) has developed a suite of models that replicate the signicant geo-physical processes which aect the thermal signatures sensed by infrared imaging systems. This suite of models also includes an electro-optical/infrared (EO/IR) sensor model that produces synthetic thermal imagery. The EO/IR sensor model can be adapted to replicate the performance of other infrared sensor systems as well. It is well known that eld-collected IR imagery can be in uenced by the micro-topographic features of a particular location. As a result, the performance of automated target recognition algorithms and decisions based on their results can also be aected. Other signicant contributors to false alarms and issues with probabilities-of- detection include the relative locations of vegetation and local changes in soil types or properties. For example, a change in the retention of soil moisture alone is known to contribute to false alarms due to changes in radiative and thermal properties of wet versus dry soil. Many aspects of eld data collection eorts (weather, soil uniformity, etc.) cannot be controlled nor changed after the fact. Within a computational framework, however, plant and object locations, as well as weather patterns can, all be changed. In this work, the sensitivity of simulated IR imagery will be examined as it relates to initial states and boundary forcing terms due to weather conditions. Dierent approaches to these inputs will be examined using the computational testbed developed at the ERDC.
An apparatus for behavioral and physiological study of aversive conditioning in cats and kittens

An apparatus for aversive conditioning of adult cats and kittens is described. Animals are held by a cloth harness and head restraint device in a metal frame with a movable treadmill floor. They are supported in a natural standing position, with freedom to flex and move each leg and to walk or run on the treadmill. Various transducers record respiration, EKG, vocalization, leg flexion, and locomotion on the treadmill.
The relationship between information transfer and speech intelligibility of dysarthric speakers

Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between information transfer and speech intelligibility, as measured by single-word and paragraph transcription across a wide range of dysarthric speakers. Nine dysarthric speakers, including ataxic, spastic, and hypokinetic types, participated in the study. Their performance was judged by 108 listeners. The correlations between information transfer and paragraph transcription scores and between information transfer and word transcription scores were high, i.e., 0.95 and 0.90, respectively. Word transcription scores tended to be slightly lower than information transfer scores for mildly dysarthric speakers. Clinical implications of these findings were discussed.
Towards coherent loop dominance analysis: progress in eigenvalue elasticity analysis

Formal model analysis tools are essential in understanding how structure drives behavior. Conventional model analysis relies heavily on a time-consuming experimental iterative process. Current formal tools are not mature enough for application to most models. This paper presents a loop dominance analysis approach based on eigenvalue elasticity analysis (EEA). Although a potentially strong formal model analysis tool, EEA has drawn criticisms over the years for a number of reasons. The approach proposed in this study attempts to bring solutions to the issues raised by those criticisms. First, a 10-step procedure is proposed to increase the accessibility of the EEA to a wider audience. Among the most prominent features of the proposed procedure is a new measure that takes all modes of the model into account and a normalization approach for calculated elasticity values. Others include the ability to track the loop dominance dynamics over time, an attempt at codifying the proposed features of the EEA and the ability to track the influences of feedback loops on a specific variable of interest. The application of the proposed approach is demonstrated on two test models. The results facilitate the comparison of the proposed approach to other formal model analysis tools. The contributions of the proposed improvements to formal model analysis and the shortcomings of the EEA approach are discussed along with future directions for research. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Revisiting the non-identity problem and the virtues of parenthood.

Malek and Daar (2012) argue for a duty of parents to use preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) in order to give birth to healthy children rather than children with serious genetic diseases. They ...
Disulfiram alters dopamine metabolism at sites in rat's forebrain as detected by push-pull perfusions.

Abstract WEINER, H., C. W. SIMPSON, J. A. THURMAN AND R. D. MYERS. Disulfiram alters dopamine metabolism at sites in rat's forebrain as detected by push-pull perfusions . BRAIN RES. BULL. 3 (5) 541–548, 1978.—The effect of tetraethylthiuramdisulfide (disulfiram) on the catabolism of dopamine within discrete regions of the brain was investigated in the unrestrained rat. After a guide cannula had been implanted stereotaxically, a given subcortical site was radiolabeled with 14 C-dopamine (DA) by microinjecting 2.0 μCi in 2.0 μl. Successive push-pull perfusates collected from each tissue were assayed by paper electrophoresis for the separation of DA metabolites. When disulfiram, a potent aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) inhibitor, was given intragastrically in a clinically efficacious dose of 200 mg, the formation of the acids DOPAC and HVA was inhibited within perfusates of the caudate nucleus and nucleus accumbens. However, following disulfiram treatment, the proportion of alcohol metabolites did not differ from the control level in the untreated rat. The level of ALDH decreased by approximately 50% in these subcortical nuclei following the inhibition of the enzyme by disulfiram. Conversely, in samples of perfusate obtained from 14 C-labeled sites within inferofrontal cortex, periform cortex, diagonal band of Broca, lateral-posterior caudate nucleus, tuberculum olfactorium, lateral olfactory tract or the olfactory nuclear complex, the proportion of DA metabolites remained stable. Generally, a low rate of deamination of the exogenously injected DA occurred within perfusion sites in the ventrobasal forebrain, whereas an intermediate rate of deamination was noted in samples collected at more dorsal loci. Thus, clearcut regional differences in DA catabolism occur in the brain of the living animal, which may depend upon the characteristics of the dopaminergicrich area of the rat's brain.
284: Maternal complications vary among different Asian-American subgroups

GROUPS LUCHIN WONG, AARON CAUGHEY, SANAE NAKAGAWA, ANJALI KAIMAL, SUSAN H. TRAN, YVONNE CHENG, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, University of California, San Francisco, , California OBJECTIVE: To investigate the differences in maternal outcomes between various Asian subgroups at a national level. STUDY DESIGN: This is a retrospective cohort study of all non-Hispanic Chinese, Japanese, Filipino, Asian Indian, Korean, Samoan, and Vietnamese women whose deliveries were recorded in U.S. birth certificates. Perinatal outcomes were compared between groups and potential confounders controlled for with multivariable logistic regression. RESULTS: The incidence of diabetes, pregnancy associated hypertension, and primary cesarean delivery was significantly different among the different subgroups of Asian-Americans (Table 1). These differences remained significant after adjusting for maternal age, Asian subgroup, gestational age at delivery, parity, residence status, marital status, and chronic hypertension. CONCLUSION: Our study demonstrates the presence of significant differences in diabetes, pregnancy associated hypertension, and primary cesarean section among Asian-American subgroups, affirming the importance of examining these subgroups separately.
Evolution of cooperation in a one-shot Prisoner's Dilemma based on recognition of trustworthy and untrustworthy agents

Abstract This article explores the conditions under which agents will cooperate in one-shot two-player Prisoner's Dilemma games if they are able to withdraw from playing the game and can learn to recognize the trustworthiness of their opponents. When the agents display a number of symbols and they learn which symbols are important to estimate the trustworthiness of others, agents will evolve who cooperate in games in line with experimental observations. These results are robust to significant levels of mutations and errors made by the players.
Gene expression of catecholamine synthesizing enzymes and β adrenoceptor subtypes during rat embryogenesis

Abstract Timed-pregnant Sprague–Dawley rats were killed between gestational day (GD) 8 and 10, and embryos were explanted and separated into developmental stages according to a modified Theiler's system. Total RNA from each stage was isolated and subjected to reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assays to examine gene expression of catecholamine synthesizing enzymes and three subtypes of β adrenoceptors. Expression of these genes was detected at much earlier stages than previously reported, and each enzyme and receptor subtype showed a different pattern of gene expression. For example, mRNA for tyrosine hydroxylase, the rate-limiting enzyme for catecholamine synthesis, was detected as early as stage 10a, late GD 8, before the neural crest cells appear (stage 12, mid GD 10). This contradicts the common belief that catecholamines are produced only in the cells of sympathoadrenal lineage which originate from the neural crest cells and the cells of central nervous system. Results from the present study indicate that catecholamine synthesis is not limited to the cells of sympathoadrenal lineage.
‘Freedom From’ and ‘Freedom To’ Across Countries

It has been over 70 years since Erich Fromm wrote “Escape From Freedom.” He defined two types of freedom: freedom from (negative) and freedom to (positive). Fromm’s masterpiece, however, does not measure the two types of freedom, and this is not surprising—there were no freedom data at the time. Now, there are plenty of data, and Fromm’s concepts of freedom can be operationalized across countries. The two types of freedom, positive and negative, correlate at below 0.5, and such low correlation is surprising—I discuss outliers and point out that freedom is an end in itself, as recognized, for instance, by Amartya Sen. Furthermore, while we acknowledge the importance of freedom from, we forget that freedom from is not fully realized without freedom to: it’s great to be free; but it’s even better to feel free as well.
The Role of Eye Movements in the Perception of the Horizontal—Vertical Illusion

An experiment examining the role of eye movements in the determination of magnitude of the horizontal—vertical illusion (HVI) was performed by presenting the stimulus figures in conditions where eye movements or tendencies to eye movements were eliminated (i.e. presenting small figures tachistoscopically). The major result was that the illusion occurred within these conditions, indicating that eye movements do not play a major role in the production of the HVI. However, the finding that the magnitude of the HVI was positively affected in the conditions where tendencies to make eye movements were possible suggests that they exert a secondary role.
Impulsivity and BOLD fMRI activation in MDMA users and healthy control subjects

The correlation between scores on the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS) and activation measured by functional magnetic resonance imaging in a dorsolateral prefrontal cortical (DLPFC) activating task was examined in 15 MDMA-using subjects and 19 controls. A significant correlation between BIS scores and DLPFC activation was found, supporting a role for the DLPFC in BIS-measured impulsivity.
Three-dimensional flexural-joint stiffness analysis of flexible manipulator arms

This paper presents a complete derivation of the combined flexural-joint stiffness matrix and the elastic deformation field of flexible manipulator arms treated in a three-dimensional fashion. The stiffness properties are derived directly from the differential equations used in the engineering beam theory. The expressions developed here can readily be used in the modeling, control and design of light weight flexible robot manipulators. A two-link arm is used to formulate these expressions and the results can be generalized to n–link manipulators. The stiffness matrix for a robotic link element in 3-D is of the order of 12 X 12, and for an n–link robotic arm the total elemental and system stiffness matrices will be of the order of the (12n X 12n) and 6(n + 1) X 6(n + 1), respectively.