cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Indirect Invisible Poisoning Attacks on Domain Adaptation

Unsupervised domain adaptation has been successfully applied across multiple high-impact applications, since it improves the generalization performance of a learning algorithm when the source and target domains are related. However, the adversarial vulnerability of domain adaptation models has largely been neglected. Most existing unsupervised domain adaptation algorithms might be easily fooled by an adversary, resulting in deteriorated prediction performance on the target domain, when transferring the knowledge from a maliciously manipulated source domain. To demonstrate the adversarial vulnerability of existing domain adaptation techniques, in this paper, we propose a generic data poisoning attack framework named I2Attack for domain adaptation with the following properties: (1) perceptibly unnoticeable: all the poisoned inputs are natural-looking; (2)adversarially indirect: only source examples are maliciously manipulated; (3) algorithmically invisible: both source classification error and marginal domain discrepancy between source and target domains will not increase. Specifically, it aims to degrade the overall prediction performance on the target domain by maximizing the label-informed domain discrepancy over both input feature space and class-label space be-tween source and target domains. Within this framework, a family of practical poisoning attacks are presented to fool the existing domain adaptation algorithms associated with different discrepancy measures. Extensive experiments on various domain adaptation benchmarks confirm the effectiveness and computational efficiency of our proposed I2Attack framework.
Anaphylaxis: how to recognise and manage in primary care

Anaphylaxis is a life-threatening emergency. Hannah Kramer and Rebecca Batt explain how correct diagnosis, avoidance and patient education are fundamental in reducing risk Anaphylaxis is a serious ...
Output Recursively Adaptive (ORA) Tree Coding of Speech with VAD/CNG

We study a new speech coding architecture based on the concept of tree coding along with recursive least squares lattice short term prediction and gradient/autocorrelation based long term prediction algorithms that adapt on the reconstructed output values of the codec, thus substantially reducing the number of parameters to be quantized, coded, and transmitted. The codec uses a perceptually weighted distortion measure similar to the popular analysis-by-synthesis codecs widely deployed today, but the codec differs from current codecs in that the codec is a sliding block analysis-by-synthesis scheme that is nearer waveform coding, which should allow smoother tracking of transitions and the reduction of block based artifacts. Voice activity detection (VAD) and comfort noise generation (CNG) are added to reduce the bit rate and the number of computations required. We present performance comparisons with G.711 using the same VAD/CNG and investigate the performance of a standard long (pitch)/short term predictor structure with a 10th order autoregressive predictor. It is shown that a bit rate reduction of 70 per cent can be achieved while maintaining nearly perceptually equivalent speech quality.
Synergistic effect of chronic pain and nonsuicidal self-harm on pain sensitivity

Abnormalities in pain processing have been observed in patients with chronic pain conditions and in individuals who engage in self-harm, specifically nonsuicidal self-injurious behaviors (NSSI). Both increased and decreased pain sensitivity have been described in chronic pain patients, while decreased pain sensitivity is consistently observed in individuals with NSSI. The objective of the study was to identify the differential effects of chronic pain and NSSI on experimental pain sensitivity, specifically pressure pain threshold, in depressed patients. Moreover, the role that hopelessness may play between depression severity and pain sensitivity was also examined. Depressed patients with and without chronic pain, and with and without lifetime self-harm behaviors were analyzed into four groups. Group 1 (N = 42) included depressed patients with both Chronic pain ( +) and Self-harm ( +), Group 2 (N = 53) included depressed patients with Chronic pain ( +) but no Self-harm (−), Group 3 (N = 64) included depressed patients without Chronic pain (−), but Self-harm ( +), and Group 4 (N = 81) included depressed patients with neither Chronic pain (−) nor Self-harm (−). Healthy controls (N = 45) were also recruited from the community. Depressed patients with both Chronic pain ( +) and Self-harm ( +) reported higher pressure pain threshold measures when compared with the other groups. Mediation analysis indicated that hopelessness mediates the relationship between depression severity and pressure pain threshold. Our findings suggest that a multiprong approach including adequate mental health services and pain control for depressed patients with comorbid chronic pain and nonsuicidal self-harm is needed to yield effective outcomes.
Role for transcription Pax5A factor in maintaining commitment to the B cell lineage by selective inhibition of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor expression.

During early B lymphopoiesis, developing B cells maintain lineage commitment despite the local presence of myeloid lineage-promoting cytokines such as GM-CSF and IL-3. Previous observations suggest that the B cell-specific transcription factor Pax5A (paired box 5A transcription factor) plays a role in maintaining B cell lineage commitment by limiting expansion and survival of early IL-3/GM-CSF-dependent myeloid lineage cells. To define a mechanism by which Pax5A can exert these inhibitory effects on myeloid lineage differentiation, an inducible form of the Pax5A protein was expressed in the myeloid cell line FDC-P1. This cell line models myeloid progenitors in that it responds to the survival and growth-potentiating effects of IL-3 and GM-CSF. We observed that enforced expression of Pax5A selectively suppressed proliferation in response to GM-CSF, but not IL-3. This effect was associated with specific down-regulation of GM-CSFR α-chain, but not β-chain expression. These data provide a molecular mechanism to enforce commitment to the B cell lineage despite the presence of GM-CSF, a factor that has been shown to convert early developing B cells to the myeloid lineage. Furthermore, they indicate a role for B cell Pax5A expression in maintaining rather than directing commitment to the B cell lineage.
Critical Random Walk in Random Environment on Trees of Exponential Growth

This paper studies the behavior of RWRE on trees in the critical case left open in previous work. For trees of exponential growth, a random perturbation of the transition probabilities can change a transient random walk into a recurrent one. This is the opposite of what occurs on trees of sub-exponential growth.
Building a virtual topology atop wireless devices

In recent years, networks have become an important topic in the field of computer science. Teaching about networks can be difficult, because it is not usually feasible to configure and reconfigure a mid-sized or even small network as a teaching tool. The eventual goal of my advisor's grant is to develop classroom teaching tools which use small, cheap, wireless hand-held computers to simulate a variety of networking topics for both wireless and wired networks.A large part of this project requires simulating networks which are not fully connected, primarily to demonstrate routing. My project was to determine the best method to build a virtual topology and simulate various network routing protocols on wireless "Cybiko" devices. I wanted to allow the network topology to be changed on the fly, and to simulate nodes dropping off the network and reconnecting. Furthermore, I wanted to make the virtual topology interface general and as abstracted from the Cybiko operating system as possible, so that users could potentially write their own routing protocols.Because the project was designed as a teaching tool, I designed a client-server system, with the clients as the actual nodes, and the server acting as an administrator. The clients contact the server to receive initial information about both the topology to use and the other clients in the system. The server can announce topology changes to clients, or order clients to go offline, simulating machine or network failures. While the system is running, the protocol code handles user requests to send and receive data.To reduce traffic over the wireless network, I gave each of the client hand-helds a full copy of the topology. This allows them to consult a local table to determine the distance and status of their neighbors, rather than requesting the information from the server or other nodes. The local routing table can also be used to determine whether a node is a neighbor, so that attempts to send data to nodes that aren't adjacent can be blocked.Professor Richards has already done some preliminary teaching using the hand-helds and my system in his networking class at Vassar College. The system worked quite well with the topologies we used. The server was able to disconnect and reconnect nodes, and the clients were able to use a variety of routing protocols to communicate.Although the project now satisfies all of its intended requirements, I am interested in extending it in some areas. Currently, protocol code must be compiled into the simulation application; using dynamic libraries would not only be more elegant, it would allow the clients to switch protocols while routing (e.g. to demonstrate the difference between a broken implementation of a protocol, and a working one).
Interannual variability of the diurnal tide in the low-latitude mesosphere and lower thermosphere during equinoxes: Mechanistic model interpretation of the 1992-96 HRDI measurements

We present an analysis of the interannual variability of the diurnal tide in wind and temperature observations made by the High Resolution Doppler Imager (HRDI) on the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS) in the low-latitude mesosphere and lower thermosphere from 1992-1996. Near the March equinox, the monthly HRDI diurnal tide amplitudes show strong quasi-biennial variability while the phase behavior does not reveal regular interannual variations between 80 and 110 km. Our mechanistic model-data analyses of the mean zonal wind, diurnal tide and gravity wave variances indicate that year-to-year changes in the effective tidal dissipation are a plausible mechanism for producing this strong interannual variability.
White or Irish Potato

The cultivated potato originated in the highlands of the Andes in South America (Peru, Colombia, Ecuador, Bolivia) and was first brought to Europe by the Spanish explorers in 1537. The potato had been cultivated by the Incas for over 2000 years prior to the Spanish discovery.
Axons from Anteroventral Cochlear Nucleus that Terminate in Medial Superior Olive of Cat: Observations Related to Delay Lines

The differences in path length of axons from the anteroventral cochlear nuclei (AVCN) to the medial superior olive (MSO) are thought to provide the anatomical substrate for the computation of interaural time differences (ITD). We made small injections of biotinylated dextran into the AVCN that produced intracellular-like filling of axons. This permitted three-dimensional reconstructions of individual axons and measurements of axonal length to individual terminals in MSO. Some axons that innervated the contralateral MSO had collaterals with lengths that were graded in the rostrocaudal direction with shorter collaterals innervating more rostral parts of MSO and longer collaterals innervating more caudal parts of MSO. These could innervate all or part of the length of the MSO. Other axons had restricted terminal fields comparable to the size of a single dendritic tree in the MSO. In the ipsilateral MSO, some axons had a reverse, but less steep, gradient in axonal length with greater axonal length associated with more rostral locations; others had restricted terminal fields. Thus, the computation of ITDs is based on gradients of axonal length in both the contralateral and ipsilateral MSO, and these gradients may account for a large part of the range of ITDs encoded by the MSO. Other factors may be involved in the computation of ITDs to compensate for differences between axons.
2‐Acetamido‐3,4,6‐tri‐O‐acetyl‐2‐deoxy‐α‐D‐Glucopyranosyl Chloride

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the preparation of 2-acetamido-3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-2-deoxy-α- d -glucopyranosyl chloride and 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-α- d -glucopyranose. It describes the procedure for the preparation of these two compounds. 2-amino-2-deoxy-α- d -glucose hydrochloride is converted into a supersaturated methanolic solution of the free base, and addition of excess acetic anhydride causes specific N-acetylation with the formation of crystalline 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-α- d -glucopyranose in almost quantitative yield. The acetamido sugar is treated with an excess of acetyl chloride and the spontaneous exothermic reaction that results gives 2-acetamido-3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-2-deoxy-α- d -glucopyranosyl chloride directly, isolable crystalline in 75–85% yield. In the preparation of 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-α- d -glucopyranose, sodium (11.50 g, 500 mmoles) is added in small pieces to 500 ml of methanol in a 1-liter Erlenmeyer flask cooled in ice. The preparation of 2-acetamido-3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-2-deoxy-α- d -glucopyranosyl chloride is carried out in a 500ml, round-bottomed flask equipped with a magnetic stirrer bar and a reflux condenser.
Outcomes of Third Heart Transplants in Pediatric and Young Adult Patients

Purpose Repeat heart transplantation (re-HTx) is standard practice in many pediatric centers, with acceptable outcomes in appropriate patients (pts). There are little data available on outcomes of 3 r4 HTx following failure of a 2 144 graft. We sought to compare outcomes of 3 r4 HTx in pediatric and young adult pts to outcomes of comparable pts with 2 144 HTx. Methods and Materials All recipients of 3 r4 HTx in whom primary HTx was prior to age 21 were identified in the United Network of Organ Sharing (UNOS) database (1985-2011) and matched 3:1 with a control group of 2 144 HTx pts by age, era, and re-HTx indication. The primary outcome measure was 1 and 5 year (yr) survival; secondary outcomes included inter-group differences in rejection and cardiac allograft vasculopathy (CAV). Results At time of HTx, cases (n=27) and controls (n=79) were alike in sensitization (PRA > 10 in 29.6% vs 29.1%, p= 0.94), serum creatinine (median 1.2 vs 1.1, p=0.30), bilirubin (median 0.8 vs 0.6, p=0.79), hospitalization (33.3% vs 53.2%, p=0.08), inotropic support (25.9% vs 41.8%, p=0.14) and mechanical ventilation (7.4% vs 7.6%, p=1.0). Inter-HTx interval was shorter for cases than controls (median 5.0 yr vs 9.8 yr, p=0.001). There was no difference in survival between groups at 1 and 5 yrs (76% vs 80% at 1 yr and 62% vs 58% at 5 yrs, p=0.75). The prevalence of rejection within the first yr (33.3% vs 44.3%, p=0.32) and post-HTx CAV (14.8% vs 30.4%, p=0.11) were comparable between groups. Risk factors for non-survival in 3 r4 HTx pts were: mechanical ventilation at HTx (Hazard ratio (HR) 8.4, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.5-46.5); ECMO support at HTx (HR 25.5, 95% CI 1.6-408); and elevated serum bilirubin at HTx (HR 2.3, 95% CI 1.2-4.2). Conclusions Third HTx remains rare in pediatric and young adult pts. Outcomes of 3 r4 HTx are similar to 2 144 HTx in matched pts, with no difference in short or long term survival and comparable rates of early rejection and CAV. Consideration of 3 r4 HTx appears reasonable in appropriately selected pts.
Optimization of 316 stainless steel/alumina functionally graded material for reduction of damage induced by thermal residual stresses

Abstract Development of material damage due to the thermal residual stresses in a 316 stainless steel/Al2O3 functionally graded material [FGM] model system during cooling from the processing temperature (900°C) has been analyzed using the commercial finite element package ABAQUS. Specifically, the effect of the material concentration profile of a 316 stainless steel/Al2O3 graded layer between the pure 316 stainless steel and pure Al2O3 regions on redistribution and reduction of thermal residual stresses and material damage has been investigated. For each condition of the interlayer material concentration profile analyzed, the stress and damage reductions have been quantified by comparing the magnitudes of specific stress components and damage parameters (interface decohesion, porosity, loss of materials stiffness, etc.) with their counterparts in the nongraded (sharp interface) 316 stainless steel/Al2O3 case. An optimization analysis of the concentration profile showed that the maximum stress and damage reductions are achieved for nonlinear material concentration profiles represented by the material concentration exponent p=4. In this concentration profile the largest gradient in the material properties is located in the metallic portions of the graded region characterized by the lower values of the Young's modulus and higher plasticity.
Adaptation of the category boundary between speech and nonspeech: A case against feature detectors

Abstract Two experiments were performed employing acoustic continua which change from speech to nonspeech. The members of one continuum, synthesized on the Pattern Playback, varied in the bandwidths of the first three formants in equal steps of change, from the vowel /α/ to a nonspeech buzz. The other continuum, achieved through digital synthesis, varied in the bandwidths of the first five formants, from the vowel /ae/ to a buzz. Identification and discrimination tests were carried out to establish that these continua were perceived categorically. Perceptual adaptation of these continua revealed shifts in the category boundaries comparable to those previously reported for speech sounds. The results were interpreted as suggesting that neither phonetic nor auditory feature detectors are responsible for perceptual adaptation of speech sounds, and that feature detector accounts of speech perception should therefore be reconsidered.
From Furfural to Fuel: Synthesis of Furoins by Organocatalysis and their Hydrodeoxygenation by Cascade Catalysis

The synthesis of furoins from biomass-derived furfural and 2-methylfurfural is demonstrated in high yields in green and renewable solvents using N-heterocyclic carbene organocatalysts. The resulting furoin molecules are used as precursors for fuels using cascade catalysis, first by using Pd/C with acidic co-catalysts under very mild conditions to yield oxygenated C12 molecules. Two main products were formed, which we identified as 1,2-bis(5-methyltetrahydrofuran-2-yl)ethane and 1-(5-methyltetrahydrofuran-2-yl)heptanol. The use of a Pd/Zeolite-β catalyst under more extreme conditions resulted in the complete hydrodeoxygenation of 5,5'-dimethylfuroin to dodecanes in high yields (76%) and exceptional selectivity (94%) for n-dodecane.
Design Considerations for an Articulated Leg-Wheel Locomotion Subsystem

In this paper, we examine and evaluate candidate articulated leg-wheel subsystem designs for use in vehicle systems with enhanced uneven-terrain locomotion capabilities. The leg-wheel subsystem designs under consideration consist of disk wheels attached to the chassis through an articulated linkage containing multiple lower-pair joints. Our emphasis is on creating a design that permits the greatest motion flexibility between the chassis and wheel while maintaining the smallest degree-of-freedom (d.o.f.) within the articulated chain. In particular, we focus our attention on achieving two goals: (i) obtaining adequate ground clearance by designing the desired/feasible motions of the wheel axle, relative to the chassis, using methods from kinematic synthesis; and (ii) reducing overall actuation requirements by a judicious mix of structural equilibration design and spring assist. We examine this process in the context of two candidate designs — a coupled-serial-chain configuration and four-bar-configuration — for the articulated-leg-wheel subsystem. The performance of planar variants of these designs, operating in the sagittal plane, is evaluated and representative results are presented to highlight the process.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Improving downlink multiuser MIMO throughput in LTE-advanced cellular systems

In this paper, we consider a downlink (DL) multiuser (MU) multi-input-multi-output (MIMO) channel with linear precoding where the base station simultaneously schedules several user terminals on the same frequency sub-band. We assume imperfect (or quantized) per-user channel state information at the base station and present two types of channel state information (CSI) reports from user terminals, namely, the CSI report that assumes the single-user (SU) MIMO transmissions and the enhanced CSI feedback report that assumes the MU-MIMO transmissions, and in the latter case we consider both uniform and nonuniform power allocations. To improve the MU-MIMO system performance, we propose signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) approximation techniques that utilize the quantized CSI available at the base station and improve the rate matching. We also introduce user pooling techniques which enable a reduction in feedback signaling overhead via per-user feedback mode selection. The proposed techniques also allow unconstrained user pairing at the base station scheduler and hence enable dynamic switching between SU and MU MIMO transmissions. The simulation results demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed MU-MIMO enhancement techniques.
Preservation of Renal Function in Children With Myelomeningocele Managed With Basic Newborn Evaluation And Close Followup

ABSTRACTPurpose: Children with myelomeningocele who leak with high intravesical pressures are at risk for upper urinary tract deterioration. Urodynamic study shortly after birth and routinely thereafter has been advocated to predict which newborns are at risk for upper tract deterioration. We hypothesize an approach that excludes routine application of urodynamic evaluation in neonates, reserving this study for use only when clinically indicated, is a safe and effective management option.Materials and Methods: Of 188 patients seen in the myelomeningocele clinic 84 underwent initial evaluation at age 6 months or less and comprise the study group. Initial evaluation consisted of a history, physical examination, urine culture and renal ultrasound. Infants with hydronephrosis or evidence of retention were placed into a high risk group and all others were placed into a low risk group. High risk patients underwent prompt urodynamic evaluation. High and low risk patients were followed closely at 2 to 4-month int...
Location, location, location: The 3L Approach to house price determination

Abstract The immobility of houses means that their location affects their values. This explains the common belief that three things determine the price of a house: location, location, and location. We use this notion to develop the 3L Approach to house price determination. That is, prices are determined by the Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA), town, and street where the house is located. This study creates a unique data set based on data from the American Housing Survey (AHS) consisting of small ‘clusters’ of housing units with information on structure and resident characteristics that is merged with census tract-level attributes. We use these data to test the 3L Approach: we find that all three levels of location are significant when estimating the house price hedonic equation. This indicates that the concept of “neighborhood” is multifaceted; individuals care about their very local surroundings such as the general upkeep of their street and possibly their neighbors’ characteristics (cluster variables), and a broader area such as the school district and/or the town that accounts for school quality and crime rates (tract variables). We show that price indices and evidence of discrimination and prejudice in the housing market are affected if all three levels of location are not included in the house price hedonic model.
Rapid Response Numerical Modeling of the 2010 Pakistan Flooding

AbstractLate summer 2010 saw record flooding of the Indus River in Pakistan. In response to requests by the U.S. Army, the writers provided flood extents to aid humanitarian assistance in the affected areas. Numerical modeling provided the best way to compute the flooding in this situation, but with limited bathymetric, topographic, and inflow information, assumptions had to be made; timelines were of significantly higher importance than complete accuracy. The writers developed an adaptive hydraulics (AdH) model of the Indus River from Sukkur to the Arabian Sea covering approximately 180,000 km2 of Pakistan. Based on aerial images taken during the flood, the writers later compared the model results to the flood extents to determine the level of accuracy of the model. The AdH model results approximately reproduced the area of flooding for initial emergency operations, even with little knowledge of the area and the inflow conditions. The results of this exercise show that rapid modeling of large-scale flood...
A rare case of a pediatric extraventricular neurocytoma: case report and review of the literature

Central neurocytomas are well-demarcated, intraventricular tumors that display neuronal differentiation. Fifty percent of these lesions are located in the frontal horn or the body of the lateral ventricle near the foramen of Monro [2]. Extraventricular central neurocytoma refers to a rare parenchymal tumor with neurocytoma features. These tumors tend to be large, well-circumscribed lesions located in the cerebral hemispheres, most commonly in the frontal and parietal lobes, although they have been found in the thalamus, cerebellum, pineal region, and even in the spinal cord [15]. Although no consistent chromosomal gains or losses have been seen, 1p19q co-deletions have been found. This finding does not seem to imply a more favorable prognosis as with oligodendrogliomas [10, 13]. While small case series of extraventricular neurocytomas in adults have been reported, extraventricular neurocytomas in the pediatric population are extremely rare. Only a handful of case reports are described in the literature [5, 6, 8, 9, 11, 15, 17]. We describe the case of an 8-year-old boy with new-onset seizure activity and a large right frontal lobe mass that was later established to be an extraventricular neurocytoma. We then review the presenting symptoms, imaging features, histology, treatment, and prognosis of these rare lesions. Case report
Molecular iodine as an obligate intermediate in the iodination of tyrosine by chloroperoxidase.

Abstract Previous studies on the peroxidase-catalyzed iodination of tyrosine have been complicated by non-enzymatic reactions between iodine and tyrosine. The low pH optimum for chloroperoxidase allowed tyrosine iodination to be studied without this complication. Chloroperoxidase catalyzes the iodination reaction in two distinct stages. First, iodide ion is peroxidized to form molecular iodine. Secondly, the enzyme catalyzes a reaction between iodine, hydrogen peroxide, and tyrosine. This second reaction has an absolute requirement for hydrogen peroxide, and is inhibited by the presence of iodide ion.
The burden of late-life generalized anxiety disorder: effects on disability, health-related quality of life, and healthcare utilization.

Objective: To describe the burden of Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD), a common anxiety disorder in older adults. Design: Cross-sectional. Setting: Late-life depression and anxiety research clinic in Pittsburgh, PA. Participants: One hundred sixty-four older adults with GAD and 42 healthy comparison participants with no lifetime history of psychiatric disorder were recruited from primary care and mental health settings as well as advertisements. Measurements: Participants were evaluated with the Late Life Function and Disability Index to assess disability, the MOS 36-Item Short Form Survey Instrument to assess health-related quality of life (HRQOL), and the Cornell Service Index to assess healthcare utilization. Results: Older adults with GAD were more disabled, had worse HRQOL, and had greater healthcare utilization, than nonanxious comparison participants, even in the absence of psychiatric comorbidity. After controlling for medical burden and depressive symptoms, higher severity of anxiety symptoms was associated with greater disability and poorer HRQOL in several domains. The greatest decrements in HRQOL and function were observed in measures assessing role functioning, including social function. Conclusion: This study, the largest ever of GAD in older adults, provides evidence of the significant burden of this disorder in late life. Given the high prevalence and chronicity of GAD in the elderly, these data provide a public health imperative for finding and implementing effective management strategies for this typically undiagnosed and untreated disorder.
The Elastic-Plastic Response of Thin-Walled Tubes Under Combined Axial and Torsional Loads: Part I—Monotonic Loading

This paper continues the investigation of the elastic-plastic response of thin-walled tubes subjected to combined axial and torsional loads. The stress-strain loop under arbitrary variable loading is first discussed. It is then shown that due to the kinematic hardening, a steady state, either one of the reversed plasticity or one of the elastic shakedown, can always be reached under cyclic loadings, with a hysteresis loop in the form of a parallelogram or a straight line. As a result, the difference in response between nonproportional and proportional loading will finally disappear. The investigation indicates that the simple kinematic hardening rule is able to describe, at least qualitatively, certain basic characteristics of the material behavior observed in nonproportional tests.
The transient nature of the effect of ischemic preconditioning on myocardial infarct size and ventricular arrhythmia.

Abstract We sought to determine whether short periods of preconditioning ischemia limited infarct size in a model of low coronary collateral flow and whether the effects of preconditioning were transient or long-lasting. Rats underwent 90 minutes of coronary occlusion followed by reperfusion. In one group, the rats were preconditioned by three 3-minute occlusions, each separated by 5 minutes of reperfusion. The size of the myocardial infarcts were smaller in the preconditioned group (24.9 ± 7.8% of the risk zone developed necrosis) versus the nonpreconditioned group (60.7 ± 5.3%, p
Modeling of facet growth on patterned Si substrate in gas source MBE

A theoretical model of facet formation on patterned substrate is developed for gas source Si-based MBE. In the model, the facet formation and competition processes are simulated by taking into account the effect of the surface migration and total free energy. The simulation shows that the surface migration process plays a very important role for the facet formation and competition during the growth. The results explain well our experimental observations.
Genomic Profiles of Stroke in Blood

These studies show that gene expression changes in most patients by 2 to 3 hours after ischemic stroke, and in all patients studied by 24 hours.
Nationalism and the ‘idiocy’ of the countryside: The case of Serbia

Abstract The mobilization of the countryside has direct consequences for political discourse about national values and in times of social crisis, the ‘conservatism’ of the countryside has the potential to assume an aggressive, offensive posture. When rural mobilization is accompanied by religious revival, group loyalty and so‐called ‘traditional’ values are sacralized. When rural mobilization, ethnic mobilization, and religious revival occur simultaneously, it signifies that the society is undergoing profound destabilization. Examining the case of Serbia, this article argues that while Serbia is, in cultural and social terms, predominantly rural in character, Titoist Communism imposed the values of the city on that culture, while the 1987 coup by Slobodan Milosevic represented, among other things, the triumph of the countryside over the city in Serbia. This article begins by characterizing the countryside in cultural terms, provides documentation of the importance of rural traditions in Serbian society, d...
Adherence of recombinant pneumococcal surface adhesin A (rPsaA)-coated particles to human nasopharyngeal epithelial cells for the evaluation of anti-PsaA functional antibodies

Abstract Pneumococcal surface adhesin A (PsaA) is a pneumococcal vaccine candidate. In this study, we detect functional antibodies to PsaA by using carboxylate-modified fluospheres coated with either recombinant non-lipidated PsaA (rPsaA) or synthetic peptides with relevant epitopes of PsaA. Peptides P1–P3 were derived from phage display sequences; peptides P4–P7 were homologous to rPsaA. P1- and P4-coated fluospheres had similar adherence to Detroit 562 nasopharyngeal cells when compared to rPsaA-coated fluospheres. Homologous and heterologous competitive inhibitions with peptides in solution determined the specificity of the adherence. There was no significant difference ( P = 0.25) between the inhibition of adherence of rPsaA- and P4-coated fluospheres. This study indicates that P1 and P4 contain a functional epitope(s) for the adherence of PsaA to nasopharyngeal cells making them suitable targets for the measurement of functional antibodies to PsaA.
Accountability for corporate injustice

This paper explores the issue of corporate accountability for social injustice. We divide our discussion into three major parts. First, we discuss the current understanding of large organizations manifested in the prevailing legal and cultural climate. We argue that organizations are often treated as a type of juristic person. As such, they have not only certain rights, but also certain responsibilities to the larger society. For this reason, accountability for corporate actions is of major importance. In the second section, we review the psychological processes by which individuals come to attribute responsibility. In accordance with Fairness Theory, we suggest that there are three central issues to consider when attributing responsibility to organizations for unjust acts. Organizations are held accountable when an alternative state would have been better than a current situation, when the firm could have feasibly avoided creating the negative conditions, and when the harm should never have taken place (i.e., it violated ethical and moral standards). Finally, in the third section of the paper, we elaborate and discuss several organizational tactics for addressing an accusation of accountability. These include both short-term, single-loop tactics, as well as long-term, double-loop tactics.
No Longer a Frivolous Singing and Dancing Nation of Movie-Makers: The Hindi Film Industry and Its Quest for Global Distinction

This article discusses the unexpected trajectories of media production under the conditions of neoliberalism in India. Focusing on the Hindi-language film industry (better known as “Bollywood”), the article describes how the rise of neoliberal economic ideals in state policy has produced conditions within the film industry that make it possible for concerns about prestige, symbolic capital, and global distinction to take precedence over ideologies of comparative advantage and branding that are more commonly associated with neoliberalism. It illustrates how Hindi filmmakers regard their cinema's cultural distinctiveness as alienating and limiting rather than as an asset within the larger global cultural economy. The article argues that the contemporary moment of Hindi filmmaking is marked by efforts to erase, rather than highlight, the signs of cultural difference in order to circulate and accrue distinction globally. However, the article relates the challenges faced by Hindi filmmakers in trying to fashio...
Effect of salinity on the photolysis of chrysene adsorbed to a smectite clay.

The rate of photooxidation (λ, 300−800 nm) of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon chrysene was significantly enhanced in aqueous suspensions of the smectite clay, Laponite RD, relative to its rate of photolysis in aqueous solution. The photodegradation of chrysene is reported at pH 8.30, at several different ionic strengths that correlate to freshwater and saltwater. The kinetics of chrysene loss are first order in chrysene. The photodegradation products 1,4-chrysenediol, 1,4-chrysenequinone, phthalic acid, and 2-formyl benzoic acid have been positively identified and quantified against analytical standards. The mechanism of chrysene degradation was probed by comparing the effects of added methanol, bicarbonate, diazabicyclooctane, chloride, bromide, and iodide on the rate of chrysene photooxidation. Chrysene photooxidation was suppressed by diazabicylooctane and halide ions but was unaffected by methanol or bicarbonate, implying that 1O2 played a significant role in its removal. The overall rate of chrys...
Solid-phase synthesis of 1,3-diamino ketones

Abstract A versatile solid-phase methodology for the synthesis of 1,3-diamino ketone class of cysteine protease inhibitors is reported.
Validity of the Wechsler abbreviated scale of intelligence and other very short forms of estimating intellectual functioning

Performance on the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-III (WAIS-III) was compared to performance on the Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence (WASI), as well as short form estimations of intellectual functioning derived from WAIS-III performance, in a mixed clinical sample of 72 participants. The WASI verbal IQ (VIQ) score was significantly higher than the WAIS-III VIQ, whereas performance IQ (PIQ) estimates all differed from actual WAIS-III PIQ and full scale IQ (FSIQ). Correlations of WAIS-III scores with WASI scores were consistently lower than were correlations between the WASI-III and all other short forms. Although maintaining administration times of 15 minutesfor a two-subtest FSIQ and 30 minutes for a four-subtest FSIQ, the WASI did not consistently demonstrate desirable accuracy in predicting scores obtained from the WAIS-III. The results suggest that clinicians should use the WASI cautiously if at all, especially when accurate estimates of individuals' WAIS-III results are needed.
Modern science versus the stigma of obesity

Obese people, who are already subject to adverse health effects, are additionally victimized by a social stigma predicated on the Hippocratic nostrum that weight can be controlled by 'deciding' to eat less and exercise more. This simplistic notion is at odds with substantial scientific evidence illuminating a precise and powerful biologic system that maintains body weight within a relatively narrow range. Voluntary efforts to reduce weight are resisted by potent compensatory biologic responses. This article will review some of this evidence, together with promising avenues of research. Further progress in understanding and treating obesity will come not from repetition of anachronistic preconceptions but rather from the rigorous scientific approach that has driven advances in so many other areas of medicine.
Hormonal control of female sex pheromone biosynthesis in the redbanded leafroller moth, Argyrotaenia velutinana

Abstract Pheromone biosynthesis in female redbanded leafroller moths (RBLR) is under control of a neuropeptide produced in the brain. A bioassay consisting of isolated abdomens was developed to test the mode of action of the pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropetide (PBAN). Pheromone titer and incorporation of radiolabeled acetate into pheromone could be monitored with this bioassay. Synthetic PBAN with sequences identical to PBAN isolated from Heliothis zea and Bombyx mori were active in inducing synthesis of pheromone in RBLR. Removal of the ventral nerve cord in isolated abdomens did not inhibit the action of PBAN. Small amounts of PBAN-like activity was found in hemolymph collected from normal females but not from decapitated females. Severing the VNC in vivo in normal females did not lower the pheromone titer. These data indicate that PBAN is released into the hemolymph and then travels to its site of action. A two-fold increase in both pheromone titer and radiolabeled acetate incorporation upon incubation with PBAN was shown with isolated pheromone glands. However, the differences between control and PBAN-induced values were smaller than those obtained with the isolated abdomen culture bioassay where a seven-fold increase was observed. A decrease in pheromone titer was seen upon the in vivo removal of the corpus bursae from normal females. Removal of the corpus bursae in the isolated abdomen cultures also abolished the activity of PBAN. However, cutting the cervix bursae and leaving the corpus bursae in the abdomen culture increased both titer and radiolabeled acetate incorporation into pheromone without the presence of PBAN. An aqueous extract made from the corpus bursae of 5-day-old females was also active by itself in inducing pheromone biosynthesis in the isolated abdomen cultures. Experiments performed using newly emerged females confirmed that the corpus bursae extracts will induce pheromone biosynthesis. These results indicate that both PBAN and the corpus bursae are involved in controlling pheromone biosynthesis in RBLR.
Genome-Wide Analysis of Müller Glial Differentiation Reveals a Requirement for Notch Signaling in Postmitotic Cells to Maintain the Glial Fate

Previous studies have shown that Muller glia are closely related to retinal progenitors; these two cell types express many of the same genes and after damage to the retina, Muller glia can serve as a source for new neurons, particularly in non-mammalian vertebrates. We investigated the period of postnatal retinal development when progenitors are differentiating into Muller glia to better understand this transition. FACS purified retinal progenitors and Muller glia from various ages of Hes5-GFP mice were analyzed by Affymetrix cDNA microarrays. We found that genes known to be enriched/expressed by Muller glia steadily increase over the first three postnatal weeks, while genes associated with the mitotic cell cycle are rapidly downregulated from P0 to P7. Interestingly, progenitor genes not directly associated with the mitotic cell cycle, like the proneural genes Ascl1 and Neurog2, decline more slowly over the first 10–14 days of postnatal development, and there is a peak in Notch signaling several days after the presumptive Muller glia have been generated. To confirm that Notch signaling continues in the postmitotic Muller glia, we performed in situ hybridization, immunolocalization for the active form of Notch, and immunofluorescence for BrdU. Using genetic and pharmacological approaches, we found that sustained Notch signaling in the postmitotic Muller glia is necessary for their maturation and the stabilization of the glial identity for almost a week after the cells have exited the mitotic cell cycle.
On Political Thought in Tokugawa Japan

THE NATURE OF THE TOKUGAWA REGIME The Bakufu (Shogunate), as the central administrative machinery in Edo (Tokyo) was called, was not a public government in the modern sense. It was primarily an administrative organization for the management of tenryo, the territories under the direct control of the most powerful feudal loird by the name of Tokugawa. Tenryo constituted aboiut one-fourth of the rice-income land, the remainder being divided among some 250 daimyo or feudal lords. The latter enjoyed a considerable measure of autonomous control over their respective domains. All feudal lords owed allegiance to the Shogun, and the maintenance of control over their domains was ultimately dependent upon the will of Tokugawa.' The Bakufu kept close watch on the daimyo to forestall any challenge to Tokugawa supremacy and to suppress opposition to its policies.2 Through its direct and indirect control, the Bakufu purported to rule the entire country for the period of 1603-1868. The concise Japanese term, Ski-No-Ko-Sho, signifies the four major classes of the Tokugawa society: Buski (samurai) or warrior (Ski), Farmer (No), Artisan (Ko) and Merchant (Sho).3 The Bakufu made strenuous efforts to perpetuate class distinctions, emphasizing the differences, superiority or inferiority of one class to
The C-terminal V5 domain of Protein Kinase Cα is intrinsically disordered, with propensity to associate with a membrane mimetic.

The C-terminal V5 domain is one of the most variable domains in Protein Kinase C isoforms (PKCs). V5 confers isoform specificity on its parent enzyme through interactions with isoform-specific adaptor proteins and possibly through specific intra-molecular interactions with other PKC domains. The structural information about V5 domains in solution is sparse. The objective of this work was to determine the conformational preferences of the V5 domain from the α isoform of PKC (V5α) and evaluate its ability to associate with membrane mimetics. We show that V5α and its phosphorylation-mimicking variant, dmV5α, are intrinsically disordered protein domains. Phosphorylation-mimicking mutations do not alter the overall conformation of the polypeptide backbone, as evidenced by the local nature of chemical shift perturbations and the secondary structure propensity scores. However, the population of the “cis-trans” conformer of the Thr638-Pro639-Pro640 turn motif, which has been implicated in the down-regulation of PKCα via peptidyl-prolyl isomerase Pin1, increases in dmV5α, along with the conformational flexibility of the region between the turn and hydrophobic motifs. Both wild type and dmV5α associate with micelles made of a zwitterionic detergent, n-dodecylphosphocholine. Upon micelle binding, V5α acquires a higher propensity to form helical structures at the conserved “NFD” motif and the entire C-terminal third of the domain. The ability of V5α to partition into the hydrophobic micellar environment suggests that it may serve as a membrane anchor during the PKC maturation process.
Study Characteristics of Abstracts Presented at the Annual Meetings of the Southeastern Section of the American Urological Association (1996–2005)

Purpose: We determined study characteristics, authorship and institutional origin of studies presented in abstract form at the Southeastern Section of the American Urological Association annual meetings and identified predictors of full text publication.Materials and Methods: All abstracts of poster and podium presentations from the Southeastern Section of the American Urological Association annual meetings from 1996 to 2005 were reviewed. A standardized evaluation form was developed and tested in 2 subsets of 50 abstracts, and then applied by 2 individual reviewers with specific coding instructions. Predictor variables analyzed included study origin, design, topic, domain, presentation form, number of patients, reporting of statistical analysis and gender. Univariate and multivariate analysis was applied using SPSS® version 14.0.Results: A total of 1,195 abstracts were found eligible for review. The mean number of abstracts presented per year was 120 ± 16 (range 107 to 146). In clinical studies (1,068) a...
Integral projection models show exotic thistle is more limited than native thistle by ambient competition and herbivory

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