cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On Limit of the Age of Those Who Would Be Adopted Death Penalty——From the Prospect of History and Criminal Law

China is one of the nations that strictly limit the adoption of the death penalty. The important way to limit the adoption of the death penalty is to limit the scope of subject of crime who would be adopted death penalty. It is stipulated in the criminal law that young people under 18-year-old and pregnant women should not be adopted the death penalty. However, whether there should be a rational limit of age of those who would be adopted the death penalty is a problem. Rethinking it from the prospect of the history and criminal law , the author considers that we should set a rational limit of age of those who would be adopted deathpenalty This is the rational choice of limiting the adoption of death penalty.
Simplex Guided Extremum Seeking Control With Convergence Detection to Improve Global Performance

This paper presents a novel approach to improve the global performance of extremum seeking control (ESC). This algorithm employs perturbation-based ESC to find local extrema and a simplex-based algorithm to search for the global extremum. The two methods are employed in an iterative switching manner. We propose a novel frequency-domain criterion to detect when the state of a system under ESC has converged to a local optimum. Switching from ESC to the simplex method is triggered when this criterion is satisfied. We prove that this criterion will be met within finite time, under conditions on the ESC law. Simulations and experiments demonstrate and statistically prove that this algorithm outperforms ESC or simplex-based algorithms for optimizing objective functions with multiple extrema.
Commentary on ''Relation Between Prefracture Characteristics and Perioperative Complications in the Elderly Adult Patient With Hip Fracture''

Hip fractures in elderly adults are associated with a staggeringly high short- and long-term mortality rate that cannot be explained by a fracture alone. Furthermore, the functional limitations of survivors can be pronounced. 1 Many issues, including preoperative medical evaluation, timing of surgery, perioperative management of chronic medical problems, deep venous thrombosis prophylaxis, pain, delirium, nutrition, fluid status, and urinary tract management, are essential for the optimal care of these patients. 2 Given the increased mortality rate associated with delay in surgery, timely medical optimization both before and after surgery is paramount, as illustrated in an analysis of surgical delay in patients with hip fracture. 3 To improve clinical outcomes for this vulnerable population of patients, two general approaches have been taken. The first is a comanagement model, with either hospitalists or geriatricians teamed with orthopedic surgeons. This model of care has been shown to improve care efficiency and to reduce length of stay without adversely affecting mortality or postoperative complications. 4,5 Although management of the above medical conditions by hospitalists/geriatricians presumably lead to better clinical efficacy and patient satisfaction, consistent reduction of mortality rate and morbidity has yet to be seen. The second approach is to identify prefracture characteristics and perioperative predictive risk factors for postoperative complications and mortality, which eventually will allow for selective triaging and targeted intervention. In their study, Brown et al took an important step in examining these characteristics and their results added to the growing list of predictive perioperative risk factors. 6
Engineering Neuronal Patterning and Defined Axonal Elongation In Vitro

Fabrication of in vitro culture microenvironments that replicate the structure and functionality of the in vivo nervous system has been a long-standing scientific goal. Investigators need tools that allow them explicit control over a variety of neuronal culture parameters as they seek a fuller understanding of basic neuroscience principles, make advances in tissue engineering and medical devices, and improve high throughput screening platforms. This chapter reviews techniques that have been implemented to influence the soma placement, axonal elongation, and network formation of neuronal cultures in vitro. Methods such as topography, printing procedures, photolithography, microfluidics, subtractive fabrication, optical cues, and magnetic and electric fields are discussed. A comparison of manipulatable variables across methods is included, highlighting the benefits and limitations of each approach and lending guidance on technique selection for future experiments.
Whither bound? Franklin D. Roosevelt´s Quo Vadis

In 1926, a relatively unknown Franklin D. Roosevelt delivered a speech at Milton Academy. This speech, one of the few he gave following the 1921 attack of polio, is foundational to several important speeches Roosevelt would give after being elected governor and president. The speech comes at a crucial year for Roosevelt, a year that brought back confidence and optimism about his political comeback. The speech's thesis is an ode to progressive thinking and it argues for the benefits of progressive change relative to the comfort of conservative thinking. In the speech, Roosevelt seeks to reposition the Democratic Party's recent political setbacks and find a new platform for its renewal as an attractive and substantive ideology. The speech is also about Roosevelt and his optimism and confidence despite the personal setback. The speech is revealing about Roosevelt's handling of his disability and portents important features of his political comeback only few years away.
Comparison of dc and 60 Hz ac positive and negative partial discharge inceptions in SF 6

The problem of defining partial discharge (corona) inception in electronegative gases, such as SF 6 and its mixtures with other gases, has not yet been satisfactorily resolved, partly because of a lack of fundamental information about the nature of corona characteristics under a variety of operating conditions. To arrive at a consistent definition for inception requires an understanding of factors that affect the development of corona near onset, one being the waveform of the applied voltage. We report here comparative measurements of dc and 60-Hz ac corona inceptions in SF 6 in an attempt to determine the extent to which measurements performed under dc conditions are indicative of what might occur under ac conditions.
A Model for Predicting Onset of Stagonospora nodorum Blotch in Winter Wheat Based on Preplanting and Weather Factors

Stagonospora nodorum blotch (SNB) caused by Parastagonospora nodorum is a serious disease of wheat worldwide. In the United States, the disease is prevalent on winter wheat in many eastern states, and its management relies mainly on fungicide application after flag leaf emergence. Although SNB can occur prior to flag leaf emergence, the relationship between the time of disease onset and yield has not been determined. Such a relationship is useful in identifying a threshold to facilitate prediction of disease onset in the field. Disease occurred in 390 of 435 disease cases that were recorded across 11 counties in North Carolina from 2012 to 2014. Using cases with disease occurrence, the effect of disease onset on yield was analyzed to identify a disease onset threshold that related time of disease onset to yield. Regression analysis showed that disease onset explained 32% of the variation in yield (P 0.90. Performance of the disease onset model based on the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), κ, and the true skill statistic (TSS) was excellent, with prediction accuracy values >0.88. Similarly, internal validation of the disease onset model based on AUC, κ, and TSS indicated good performance, with accuracy values >0.88. This disease onset prediction model could serve as a useful decision support tool to guide fungicide applications to manage SNB in wheat.
Are Sleepy Punishers Really Harsh Punishers?: Comment

This comment points out four severe reservations regarding Cho et al.’s (PS 2017) finding that U.S. federal judges punish more harshly on “sleepy Mondays,” the Mondays after the start of Daylights Savings Time. First, Cho et al.'s finding pertains to only one of at least two dimensions of harshness, and the opposite result obtains in the second dimension. Second, even within the first dimension, Cho et al.'s result is statistically significant only because of a variable transformation and sample restrictions that are neither transparent in the article nor theoretically sound. Third, reanalysis of the data with superior methods reveals no significant “sleepy Monday” effect in the years 1992- 2003. Fourth, sentences were on average shorter on “sleepy Mondays” out of sample, namely in 2004-2016.
Aortic access from the vena cava for large caliber transcatheter cardiovascular interventions: pre-clinical validation.

Femoral artery caliber or disease precludes vascular access in a significant minority of candidates for transcatheter aortic valve replacement or aortic endograft therapy. We propose an alternative access route to the abdominal aorta for large-vessel introducer sheaths by direct puncture from the adjoining inferior vena cava (IVC). We reason that the veins are larger and more compliant than corresponding arteries, that venous decompression may avert hemorrhage in confined-space arterial perforation, and that acquired aorto-caval fistulas are not immediately life-threatening. We close the caval-aortic access tract using nitinol occluders. We also test intentional failure to close the caval-aortic access tract.
Fungicides and other Chemical Approaches for use in Plant Disease Control

Fungicides continue to be an important tool for managing plant diseases. Worldwide sales of commercial fungicides were about $7.4 billion in 2006. The diverse array of chemicals currently available is reflected by the several terms used to categorize fungicides. There are presently nine groups of contact fungicides with multisite mode of action. These include some of the first fungicides developed and registered 50 years ago for disease control. There are 47 groups of fungicides with distinct, single-site mode of action. Most of these are mobile in or on the plant, being able to redistribute through translaminar movement on the leaf, systemic or volatile activity, and generally are less toxic to nontarget organisms than fungicides that have multisite, contact activity. Recent registrations of most single-site mode-of-action fungicides are defined as reduced risk in the United States. A major challenge with these fungicides is avoiding decline in efficacy due to development of fungicide resistance. Biopesticides include microbials, nonviable microbials, biochemicals, genetically altered microbials, and transgenic plants producing pesticidal compounds. Minimum-risk fungicides are exempt from pesticide registration in the United States because they contain active ingredients like botanical oils classified as safe. Most are considered suitable for organic production. Plant activators are fungicides that provide disease control without directly affecting pathogens by inducing host resistance.
Adsorption of corn starch molecules at hydrophobic mineral surfaces

Abstract The adsorption of corn starch at high purity hydrophobic minerals, HOPG and talc, was found to be due to hydrophobic interaction. These results suggest that the previous thinking, in which acid-base interactions between hydroxylated metallic ions such as Mg and Fe and the hydroxyl groups of polysaccharides were thought to explain adsorption, needs to be reconsidered. Crystal and powder sample surfaces were investigated using traditional surface analysis techniques, including bubble attachment time measurements, and micro-flotation experiments. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses on the crystal samples showed little or no impurity highlighting the point that metallic sites/ions do not play a significant role in the adsorption process. The captive bubble contact angle of both HOPG and talc decreased and the bubble attachment time increased significantly after conditioning in starch solution. In the micro-flotation experiments, the recovery of the powdered samples decreased drastically after starch adsorption, which results complement the bubble attachment time results and show that even in the absence of impurities, adsorption of starch takes place at hydrophobic minerals. Tapping mode atomic force microscopy (TMAFM) images reveal the adsorption morphology at the crystal surfaces. Unique structures of starch were found at both HOPG and talc surfaces, confirming the adsorption. These results provide substantial evidence that the starch adsorption at the surface of hydrophobic minerals is governed by hydrophobic interactions between the nonpolar mineral surfaces and the hydrophobic portion of the starch molecule.
Simulation-based approach for estimation of stochastic performances of deteriorating engineering systems

Abstract Engineering systems suffer from deterioration over time due to either aging, regular operation, or extreme loading/environmental conditions. It is critical to model and incorporate deteriorations in the stochastic performance assessment of deteriorating engineering systems. However, deterioration modeling usually entails complex models and large number of uncertainties, where closed-form solutions are not available for estimation of the stochastic performance measures. Some of the traditional approaches face challenges in handling nonlinear models and large number of uncertainties. This paper discusses the use of general simulation-based approach for estimation of the stochastic performance of deteriorating engineering systems. The simulation-based approach allows consideration of various uncertainties associated with the external conditions, deterioration models, performance valuation models, and puts no constraints on the complexity of the adopted models. Simulation-based estimation of performance measures such as instantaneous failure probability, number of shocks to failure, and failure time are established. Also, simulation-based evaluation of various life-cycle performance quantities is discussed with a focus on simulating samples from the probability distributions needed for this evaluation. As key steps in the approach and also the novel contributions, the paper develops explicit simulation steps and equations for the simulation of the stochastic load occurrence, realizations of deterioration processes considering both gradual and shock deteriorations with state-dependent deterioration models, as well as samples for estimating life-cycle performance quantities. Adoption of advanced simulation techniques (e.g., Importance Sampling) is also discussed to further improve the estimation efficiency and reduce the computational effort. The developed simulation-based approach is applied to the stochastic performance evaluation of a reinforced concrete (RC) bridge considering deterioration caused by both earthquakes and chloride-induced corrosion. The computational performance is discussed in detail within the context of the example.
Revisiting the I{\overline {\bf 1}} structures of high-temperature Ca-rich plagioclase feldspar - a single-crystal neutron and X-ray diffraction study.

The I{\overline 1} structures of four natural Ca-rich plagioclase feldspars formed at high temperature were analysed using single-crystal neutron and X-ray diffraction. The neutron time-of-flight Laue diffractometer at the ORNL Spallation Neutron Source (Tennessee, USA) combined with a single-crystal X-ray diffraction instrument were able to reveal some new details about these already intensively studied structures. The split oxygen atoms refined from the neutron diffraction data show the underlying mechanism of Ca–Na ordering and the anisotropic P{\overline 1} ordering along the c-axis. The compositional ranges covered by the samples studied are quite rare for I{\overline 1} structures. The incommensurately modulated e2 structure of some plagioclase samples can easily be confused with an I{\overline 1} structure from the diffraction pattern, which puts some previously published I{\overline 1} structures into question. An incomplete phase diagram for Ca-rich plagioclase feldspar is proposed to explain the rarity of the I{\overline 1} structure in this compositional range, and a time–temperature–transformation diagram for the composition ∼An66 is provided accordingly.
How Social Dynamics and the Context of Digital Content Impact Workplace Remix

As highlighted in recent work on remix in online content creation communities, people commonly take and appropriate digital content for new activities. Less is known, however, about how people repurpose digital content as part of work. We report findings from an interview study with 19 individuals in which we explored how digital content in the workplace becomes a material for remix. Our analysis emphasizes (i) how digital content is obtained from colleagues for remix, (ii) how content is made available for remix by others, and (iii) how digital content is transformed for remix. In attending to these broader processes of remix, we consider the roles of workplace technologies, such as those for file sharing, as well as social norms that mediate access, remix, and acknowledgement. We draw implications for design of technology that emphasize support for individuals in making digital content available for remix, and raising awareness of the context of that content.
Immunity by Design

One outcome of the many advances in basic sciences that have been made over the last decades is the prospect of rational vaccine design. A recent publication by Du et al. (2018) describes a screening method for selection of live-attenuated viral vaccine platforms with enhanced immune-stimulatory properties.
The Understanding and Treatment of Immigrant Trauma Survivors: Finding the Right Mix

This paper reviews attempts by three authors to describe psychoanalytic conceptualizations and treatment of torture victims. It argues that because the transference-countertransference configuration with immigrants who have not suffered torture is very similar to that of torture survivors, that no special diagnostic categories, theories, or treatment methods are needed to work with torture survivors. Second, the paper contends that newer psychoanalytic paradigms such as Hoffman's Social Constructivism may assist clinicians to capture the richness and complexity of clinical work with torture survivors better than do traditional analytic conceptions such as neutrality. Via an analysis of the three papers in this volume, I conclude with a consideration of the strengths and the weaknesses of the field of cross-cultural psychotherapy in general.
Fetal Blood Sampling and Fetoscopy

The first endoscopic intrauterine visualization of the fetus was reported by Westin (1954). He inserted a 10-mm McCarthy panendoscope transcervically into the amniotic cavity in three patients undergoing midtrimester terminations of pregnancy and claimed adequate visualization of the fetus. No further reports appeared until 1969, when Scrimgeour proposed the term “fetoscopy,” for the endoscopic visualization of the fetus. Scrimgeour (1973) reported his experience with the use of a 2.2-mm fiberoptic endoscope at the time of hysterectomy in 19 patients also undergoing midtrimester terminations of pregnancy. He was also the first to use this procedure as a tool for antenatal diagnosis, reporting his results with fetoscopy in the antenatal diagnosis of six patients with a positive family history of severe central nervous system abnormalities (Scrimgeour, 1973). He correctly identified four fetuses as normal, was unable to enter the uterine cavity in one case, and considered normal an infant later delivered with spina bifida (Scrimgeour, 1973, 1976).
Antiretroviral Concentrations in Hair Strongly Predict Virologic Response in a Large Human Immunodeficiency Virus Treatment-naive Clinical Trial

Concentrations of antiretrovirals in hair are associated with virologic outcomes in cohorts of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive individuals but have never been examined in a clinical trial. We show for the first time the predictive utility of hair antiretroviral concentrations in a large HIV treatment-naive trial (AIDS Clinical Trials Group protocol A5257).
Designable 3D Microshapes Fabricated at the Intersection of Structured Flow and Optical Fields

3D structures with complex geometric features at the microscale, such as microparticles and microfibers, have promising applications in biomedical engineering, self-assembly, and photonics. Fabrication of complex 3D microshapes at scale poses a unique challenge; high-resolution methods such as two-photon-polymerization have print speeds too low for high-throughput production, while top-down approaches for bulk processing using microfabricated template molds have limited control of microstructure geometries over multiple axes. Here, a method for microshape fabrication is presented that combines a thermally drawn transparent fiber template with a masked UV-photopolymerization approach to enable biaxial control of microshape fabrication. Using this approach, high-resolution production of complex microshapes not producible using alternative methods is demonstrated, such as octahedrons, dreidels, and axially asymmetric fibers, at throughputs as high as 825 structures/minute. Finally, the fiber template is functionalized with conductive electrodes to enable hierarchical subparticle localization using dielectrophoretic forces.
Where’s the roadmap? The transition from student to professional for new Master of Social Work graduates:

In 2015, more than 25,000 Master of Social Work (MSW) students in the U.S. graduated and embarked on their career, and while some studies have discussed this transition for undergraduates, few stud...
Can Ectoparasites Be Implicated in the Spread of Pseudogymnoascus destructans

Real-time PCR detected Pseudogymnoascus destructans associated with ectoparasites collected from three mist-netted free-flying bats (two gray bats, Myotis grisescens; one Indiana bat, Myotis sodalis) in late August to early September 2016 from Kentucky, US, a state impacted by white-nose syndrome. Presence of viable conidia could implicate ectoparasites as possible vectors of white-nose syndrome.
Dll hell: software dependencies, failure, and the maintenance of microsoft windows

Software is relational. It can only operate in correlation with the other software that enables it, the hardware that runs it, and the communities who make, own, and maintain it. Here, we consider a phenomenon called “DLL hell,” a case in which those relationships broke down, endemic to the Microsoft Windows platform in the mid-to-late 1990s. Software applications often failed because they required specific dynamic-link libraries (DLLs), which other applications may have overwritten with their own preferred versions. We excavate “DLL hell” for insight into the experience of modern computing, especially in the 1990s, and into the history of legacy class software. In producing Windows, Microsoft had to balance a unique and formidable tension between customer expectations and investor demands. Every day, millions of people relied on software that assumed Windows would behave a certain way, even if that behavior happened to be outdated, inconvenient, or just plain broken, leaving Microsoft “on the hook” for the uses or abuses that others made of its platform. But Microsoft was also committed to improving, repairing, and transforming their flagship product. As such, DLL hell was a product of the friction between maintenance and innovation. Microsoft embodied late 20th-century liberalism, seeking simultaneously to accommodate and to discipline various stake holders who had irreconcilable needs. DLL hell reveals the collective work, even when unsuccessful, of developing contractual norms for software as process and practice. Ultimately, many users became disaffected in the face of a perceived failure of technocratic expertise. We attend to implementation, use and misuse, management and mismanagement, in order to recover and reconstruct the complexities of a computing failure.
Quantifying soil health in a topographically diverse warm-season perennial pasture over-seeded with a mix of cool-season annuals

Abstract Over-seeding cool-season annual forages in pastures in the southeastern US provides increased grazing opportunities for livestock and reduces the amount of hay needed during winter. The constant presence of vegetation can benefit soil health, the biological aspect of which has only received cursory investigation to date. Since 2009, a commercial cattle grazing operation located in south Mississippi has been over-seeding a diverse mixture of oats (Avena sativa L.), triticale (X Triticosecale Wittmack), annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.), hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth), radish (Raphanus sativus L.), turnips (Brassica rapa L. subsp. rapa), red clover (Trifolium pratense L.), ball clover (Trifolium nigrescens Viv.), and crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.) into pastures dominated by bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum Flugge). Soil health properties were assessed across a heterogeneous landscape from soils collected immediately prior to seeding and following increased spring productivity of cool-season annuals from 2015 to 2017. Samples were collected across a topographic sequence to a depth of 15 and 30 cm. Three samples per site were collected from summit, backslope, and footslope locations. Soil chemical assessments included macronutrients, pH, soil organic matter (SOM), total carbon (TC), and total nitrogen (TN). Fatty acid methyl ester analysis and enzyme assays were used to determine soil microbial community structure and activity. While TC and TN did not change with time (20.5 and 2.4 g kg−1, respectively), SOM increased by 6% from 2015 to 2017. Nitrate-N decreased by 82% from 2015 to 2017. N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase activity increased by 32%, while β-glucosidase remained constant. Total microbial abundance did not change with time; however, Gram positive bacteria and actinomycetes decreased by 51% and 43%, respectively, from fall to spring. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi increased from fall to spring by an average of 45%. This pasture management technique of over-seeding a diverse mix of winter annuals may have resulted in a steady state of TC and TN, while SOM increased and inorganic nitrogen decreased with time, and enhanced the total soil microbial community particularly fungi and their potential enzyme activity. Despite some biological indications of system stability, soil properties potentially limiting to plant growth were identified for some sites, but these limitations were not closely related to topographic position as expected.
Gathering, Buying, and Growing Sweetgrass (Muhlenbergia sericea): Urbanization and Social Networking in the Sweetgrass Basket-Making Industry of Lowcountry South Carolina

Despite the visibility of natural resource use and access for indigenous and rural peoples elsewhere, less attention is paid to the ways that development patterns interrupt non-timber forest products (NTFPs) and gathering practices by people living in urbanizing landscapes of the United States. Using a case study from Lowcountry South Carolina, we examine how urbanization has altered the political-ecological relationships that characterize gathering practices in greater Mt. Pleasant, a rapidly urbanizing area within the Charleston-North Charleston Metropolitan area. We draw on grounded visualization—an analytical method that integrates qualitative and geographic information systems (GIS) data—to examine the ways that residential and commercial development has altered collecting sites and practices associated with sweetgrass (Muhlenbergia sericea [Michx.] P.M. Peterson) and three other plant materials used in basket-making. Our analysis focuses on the ecological changes and shifts in property regimes that result; we detail the strategies basket-makers have developed to maintain access to sweetgrass and other raw materials. This research highlights how land development patterns have disrupted historic gathering practices, namely, by changing the distribution of plants, altering the conditions of access to these species, and reconfiguring the social networking that takes place to ensure the survival of this distinctive art form.
How Linking University Research to School Needs Influences Scholars and Schools

This chapter considers training institutions as key points of leverage using special education as a focus. Research universities in diverse communities have a unique opportunity to train future research faculty to collaborate with school district partners to identify problems and areas of need, to conduct research that is of value locally as well as nationally, and to deliver professional development on their research outcomes. Through these linkages, universities can ease special education teacher and faculty shortages and improve the quality of instruction for students who receive special education and students who are English language learners and may be at risk for poor academic outcomes. We describe a research training model that encourages and enables doctoral students to collaborate with public school personnel on mutually beneficial research topics that lead to improvement in public schooling. We illustrate how doctoral students’ ability to design and conduct collaborative research and to train future teachers in effective practices is shaped by the university/community linkage. These collaborative experiences facilitate development of professional responsibility for doctoral students; as they graduate, these educational leaders will exemplify and encourage ongoing professionalism through their roles in the field of education.
BioViz Connect: Web application linking CyVerse cloud resources to genomic visualization in the Integrated Genome Browser

Abstract Background To make use of large-scale data sets from genomics, biologists need computational systems to store, process, analyze, annotate, and visualize their data. Cloud-based science gateways such as CyVerse provide storage and analysis tools but offer limited visualization capability. In parallel, desktop programs such as the Integrated Genome Browser (IGB) support interactive, dynamic data visualization using local computing resources. However, CyVerse and IGB exist separate from each other, with no easy way for users to transfer data between the two. Results We present BioViz Connect, a new web application that connects CyVerse and IGB using the CyVerse Terrain API. Using BioViz Connect, researchers can stream their data to IGB for visualization and run analyses to create new visualizations. BioViz Connect also functions as a dashboard-style application that lets users specify genome version and visual appearance for data files, thus controlling how data will look once loaded into IGB. To demonstrate BioViz Connect, we present an example RNA-Seq data set from Arabidopsis thaliana that compares gene expression between heat-treated plants and non-heat-treated controls. Using CyVerse and BioViz Connect, we create scaled coverage graphs and visualize them in Integrated Genome Browser, showing how the blend of cloud and desktop resources give researchers greater power to explore and understand their data. Visit https://bioviz.org/connect.html to use BioViz Connect. Conclusions BioViz Connect shows how applications that integrate remote cloud resources with interactive, desktop applications boost researchers’ ability to explore and understand their data.
piRNAs prevent runaway amplification of siRNAs from ribosomal RNAs and histone mRNAs

Piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) are a largely germline-specific class of small RNAs found in animals. Although piRNAs are best known for silencing transposons, they regulate many different biological processes. Here we identify a role for piRNAs in preventing runaway amplification of small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) from certain genes, including ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs) and histone mRNAs. In Caenorhabditis elegans, rRNAs and some histone mRNAs are heavily targeted by piRNAs, which facilitates their entry into an endogenous RNA interference (RNAi) pathway involving a class of siRNAs called 22G-RNAs. Under normal conditions, rRNAs and histone mRNAs produce relatively low levels of 22G-RNAs. But if piRNAs are lost, 22G-RNA production is highly elevated. We show that 22G-RNAs produced downstream of piRNAs likely function in a feed-forward amplification circuit. Thus, our results suggest that piRNAs facilitate low- level 22G-RNA production while simultaneously obstructing the 22G-RNA machinery to prevent runaway amplification from certain RNAs. Histone mRNAs and rRNAs are unique from other cellular RNAs in lacking polyA tails, which may promote feed-forward amplification of 22G-RNAs. In support of this, we show that the subset of histone mRNAs that contain polyA tails are largely resistant to silencing in piRNA mutants.
Client-Focused Management of Expectations for Legal Fees in Large Chapter 11 Cases

This article discusses the dynamics that create a disincentive for most parties to monitor fees in large chapter 11 cases and will then provide suggestions to inside counsel whose organizations find themselves involved in those cases — as the debtor, as a member of the creditors' committee, or as a secured creditor whose collateral is being tapped for the carve-out to pay the professionals' fees.
An experimental study on process modeling for selective laser melting.

This paper addresses process modeling for the selective laser melting (SLM) process. We experimentally investigate the response of the SLM process output (measured by a coaxial near-infrared camera) to changing input laser power. We determined that first and second order models can be used to capture this input-output behavior. Next, we studied the dependency of this transfer function on laser scan speed and other process variables that evolve over a typical part build, such as thermal properties of surrounding medium (bulk powder, build plate, or solidified part) or layer number. The transfer function was found to strongly depend on the material environment (solidified material or bulk powder). Further, transfer function also depended on the layer number, exhibiting transient behavior. We report identified 1st order transfer functions for different scan speeds, locations on the build plate, and different layer numbers. Identified models and quantification of their variability will serve as foundational work for the future implementation of advanced real-time process control algorithms.
Chloroplast SRP54s are Essential for Chloroplast Development in Rice

The chloroplast signal recognition particle 54 (cpSRP54) is known for targeting the light-harvesting complex proteins to thylakoids and plays a critical role for chloroplast development in Arabidopsis, but little is known in rice. Here, we reported two homologous cpSRP54s that affect chloroplast development and plant survival in rice. Two rice cpSRP54 homologues, OscpSRP54a and OscpSRP54b, were identified in present study. The defective OscpSRP54a (LOC_Os11g05552) was responsible for the pale green leaf phenotype of the viable pale green leaf 14 (pgl14) mutant. A single nucleotide substitution from G to A at the position 278, the first intron splicing site, was detected in LOC_Os11g05552 in pgl14. The wild type allele could rescue the mutant phenotype. Knockout lines of OscpSRP54b (LOC_Os11g05556) exhibited similar pale green phenotype to pgl14 with reduced chlorophyll contents and impaired chloroplast development, but showed apparently arrested-growth and died within 3 weeks. Both OscpSRP54a and OscpSRP54b were constitutively expressed mainly in shoots and leaves at the vegetative growth stage. Subcellular location indicated that both OscpSRP54a and OscpSRP54b were chloroplast-localized. Both OscpSRP54a and OscpSRP54b were able to interact with OscpSRP43, respectively. The transcript level of OscpSRP43 was significantly reduced while the transcript level of OscpSRP54b was apparently increased in pgl14. In contrast, the transcript levels of OscpSRP54a, OscpSRP43 and OscpSRP54b were all significantly decreased in OscpSRP54b knockout lines. Our study demonstrated that both OscpSRP54a and OscpSRP54b were essential for normal chloroplast development by interacting with OscpSRP43 in rice. OscpSRP54a and OscpSRP54b might play distinct roles in transporting different chloroplast proteins into thylakoids through cpSRP-mediated pathway.
ALTIS: Modernizing GPGPU Benchmarking

This paper presents Altis, a benchmark suite for modern GPGPU computing. Previous benchmark suites such as Rodinia and SHOC have served the research community well, but were developed years ago when hardware was more limited, software supported fewer features, and production hardware-accelerated workloads were scarce. Since that time, GPU compute density and memory capacity has grown exponentially, programmability features such as unified memory, demand paging, and HyperQ have matured, and new workloads such as deep neural networks (DNNs), graph analytics, and crypto-currencies have emerged in production environments, stressing the hardware and software in ways that previous benchmarks did not anticipate. Drawing inspiration from Rodinia and SHOC, Altis is a benchmark suite designed for modern GPU architectures and modern GPU runtimes, representing a diverse set of application domains. By adopting and extending applications from Rodinia and SHOC, adding new applications, and focusing on CUDA platforms, Altis better represents modern GPGPU workloads to enable support GPGPU research in both architecture and system software.
National opinions on death penalty punishment for the Boston Marathon bomber before versus after sentencing.

Humans seek consistency between their internal thoughts and the outside world. Thus, when legal authorities make decisions, people are likely to accept and obey these decisions in order to remain consistent with the societies in which they live. Few studies have explored these biases in an applied context. We examined the relationship between the sentencing of Dzhokhar Tsarnaev (the Boston Marathon bomber) and Americans' opinions about his punishment in a natural quasi-experiment. We expected that Tsarnaev's sentencing would be associated with increased support for his death penalty sentence, in a manner consistent with the legitimization literature. A survey of a representative U.S. national sample (N=3,341; 78.13% total response rate) was conducted between April 29 and June 26, 2015. We assessed views about Tsarnaev's sentencing (i.e., whether he should receive the death penalty), political party, demographics, and psychological indicators; 81.77% of our sample completed the survey prior to Tsarnaev's sentencing and 18.23% completed the survey afterwards. Multiple logistic regression analyses indicated that those who completed the survey after Tsarnaev was sentenced to death were more likely to support a death penalty sentence than were those who took the survey prior to the sentencing (OR=1.48, p=.007; 95% confidence [1.11, 1.96]). These results remained significant after adjusting for significant covariates, including male gender, White race, Protestant-Christian religious affiliation, Boston residency, beliefs in a just world, and Republican political party identification. Results of this quasi-experiment suggest that people adjust their opinions to be consistent with the fait accompli, particularly once the outcome is widely known.
Abstract 15810: Applying an LDL-C Threshold Based Approach to Identify Individuals With Familial Hypercholesterolemia

Background: Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is an inherited disorder associated with increased LDL-C and premature coronary heart disease, which remains significantly underdiagnosed. Screening t...
Observation and laser spectroscopy of ytterbium monomethoxide, YbOCH 3

We describe a laser spectroscopic study of ytterbium monomethoxide, YbOCH3, a species of interest to searches for time-reversal symmetry violation using laser-cooled molecules. We report measurements of vibrational structure in the X and A states, vibrational branching ratios for several components of the A state, and radiative lifetimes of low-lying electronic states. Ab initio calculations are used to aid the assignment of vibronic emission bands and provide insight into the electronic and vibrational structure. Our results demonstrate that rapid optical cycling is feasible for YbOCH3, opening a path to orders-of-magnitude increased sensitivity in future measurements of P- and/or T-violating physics.
Study of Transition to Turbulence Using Discrete Directed Percolation Model

In this study, based on the Reynolds experiment (1883), the linear stabilization analysis, turbulence which are coherent structure or puff structure and Directed Percolation (DP), we have attempted to design and construct discrete DP models, recently, which is similar to Cellular Automaton. It has the characteristics that the variables of discrete DP model are all discrete. Moreover, we have attempted to design Ultradiscrete Burgers equation with Reynolds number. In previous studies, Reynolds number was not considered, for example traffic flow, so we have designed Ultradiscrete Burgers equation and discuss spatial patterns due to differences in initial conditions. The spatial state of traffic flow in previous studies changes depending on the initial density. Finally, we have discussed the effect of Reynolds number which is hold in a completely discrete system. On the transition to turbulent flow using Ultradiscrete Burgers equation model by numerical calculation and analysis.
Cold spray deposition of Ti2AlC coatings for improved nuclear fuel cladding

Abstract Coatings of Ti2AlC MAX phase compound have been successfully deposited on Zircaloy-4 (Zry-4) test flats, with the goal of enhancing the accident tolerance of LWR fuel cladding. Low temperature powder spray process, also known as cold spray, has been used to deposit coatings ∼90 μm in thickness using powder particles of
Ten years of equine-related injuries: severity and implications for emergency physicians

BACKGROUND: The size, speed, and unpredictable nature of horses present a significant risk for injury in all equine-related activities. OBJECTIVE: We sought to examine the mechanism, severity, frequency, body regions affected, surgical requirements, rehabilitation needs, safety equipment utilization, and outcomes of equine-related injured patients. METHODS: Records of inpatients who sustained an equine-related injury from 2002-2011 with International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision codes E828 and E906 were retrospectively reviewed for pertinent data. RESULTS: Ninety patients, 70% female, age (mean ± SD) 37.3 ± 19.4 years, length of stay 3.7 ± 4.5 days, Injury Severity Score 12.9 ± 8.4. Predominant mechanism of injury was fall from horse (46.7%). The chest (23%) was most frequently injured, followed by brain/head (21.5%). Thirty patients (33%) required 57 surgical procedures. Twenty percent of patients required occupational therapy and 33.3% required physical therapy while hospitalized. Only 3% required rehabilitation, with 90% discharged directly home. Safety equipment was not used in 91.9% of patients. One patient sustained a cord injury. Six patients expired, all from extensive head injuries. CONCLUSION: The majority of equine-related injuries occur while pursuing recreational activities and are due to falls. Our patients experienced more severe injuries to the trunk and head and required more surgical intervention for pelvic, facial, and brain injuries than previously reported. Failure to use safety equipment contributes to the risk of severe injury. Education and injury prevention is essential. The need for complex surgical intervention by multiple specialties supports transfer to Level I trauma centers. Language: en
How Appealing are sales careers?: A Comparison of African-American and Caucasian Student Perceptions

In this study, African—American students preferred public relations as a career, followed by marketing research, marketing management, international and consumer product sales. Caucasian students selected international sales as a marketing career path, followed by public relations and marketing research. Unlike earlier studies, grade-point average did not correlate with sales career preference. Negative descriptors of sales suggest that neither group of students possess an accurate understanding of the role played by the salesperson. Findings and implications are presented for marketing educators.
A Modern Treatment of the First Law

As we embark on a modern treatment of the First Law, it is worth noting that the motivation and analysis presented here are brief and rather straightforward. This was also the case for the discussion in Chapter I of the First Law for homogeneous fluid bodies, and in both cases it results from the fact that, beyond a concept of system, only the notions of heat and work are needed to state the First Law. Moreover, these two interactions between a system and its environment have identical mathematical forms: both are expressed as line integrals in the classical treatment and both are actions in the present treatment.
The Black Image in the White Mind: Media and Race in America

Living in a segregated society, white Americans learn about African Americans not through personal relationships but through the images the media show them. "The Black Image in the White Mind" offers the most comprehensive look at the intricate racial patterns in the mass media and how they shape the ambivalent attitudes of Whites towards Blacks. Using the media, and especially television, as barometers of race relations, Robert M. Entman and Andrew Rojecki explore but then go beyond the treatment of African Americans on network and local news to incisively uncover the messages sent about race by the entertainment industry - from prime-time dramas and sitcoms to commercials and Hollywood movies. While the authors find very little in the media that intentionally promotes racism, they find even less that advances racial harmony. They reveal instead a subtle pattern of images that, while making room for Blacks, implies a racial hierarchy with Whites on top and promotes a sense of difference and conflict. Commercials, for example, feature plenty of Black characters. But unlike Whites, they rarely speak to or touch one another. In prime time, the few Blacks who excape sitcom buffoonery rarely enjoy informal, friendly contact with White colleagues - perhaps reinforcing social distance in real life. Entman and Rojecki interweave such astute observations with candid interviews of White Americans that make clear how these images of racial differences insinuate themselves into Whites' thinking. Despite its disturbing readings of television and film, the book's cogent analyses and proposed policy guidelines offer hope that America's powerful mediated racial separation can be successfully bridged.