cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The impact of familial environment on depression scores after genetic testing for cancer susceptibility

Purpose—The associations between characteristics of family relationships and family trends in cancer worry and the psychological adjustment of recipients of genetic testing for cancer susceptibility were investigated. Methods—Data provided by 178 individuals from 24 families with Lynch syndrome who participated in a cohort study investigating psychological and behavioral outcomes of genetic testing were used. Responses from multiple family members were aggregated to construct family trends representing norms and departure from norms in cancer worry. Results—Lower perceived family cohesion at baseline and decrease in this variable at 6-months after receipt of test results were associated with higher depression scores at 12-months. More variability in cancer worry among family members at baseline was also associated with higher depression scores at 12-months. Increase in family conflict was associated with decrease in depression scores among individuals from families with higher levels of cancer worry on average and less variability among the members. Conclusions—Family relationships and family trends in levels of cancer worry may play important roles in the psychological adjustment of genetic test recipients. The findings highlight the complexity of familial environment surrounding individuals that undergo genetic testing and suggest the benefits of considering these factors when providing genetic services.
Compact optical interconnects for 100-Gb/s to 1-Tb/s data links

By using parallel optics, coarse WDM, or the combination of the two, compact multichannel transmitters and receivers are being developed for >100-Gb/s applications ranging from optical backplanes to metropolitan access links.
Systemic to pulmonary collaterals mimicking patent ductus arteriosus in neonates with prolonged ventilatory courses.

THE PRESENCE o f shunts f rom the sys temic to the p u l m o n a r y ar ter ia l c i rcu la t ion has been well d o c u m e n t e d in p r e m a t u r e infants wi th resp i ra to ry dis t ress syndrome. The mos t c o m m o n site o f shun t ing is a pa t en t duc tus ar ter iosus . These duc ta l shunts are a s ignif icant componen t o f resp i ra to ry dis t ress syndrome , and are of ten "s i lent . TM A P D A is no t the only cause o f ex t r aca rd iac le f t tor ight shunts in p r e m a t u r e infants , as d e m o n s t r a t e d by the fol lowing two cases.
Consequences of dynamical diffraction and the Sagnac effect in LLL perfect single crystal interferometers

The LLL perfect single crystal interferometer is an exciting tool for exploring a variety of topics of fundamental importance in understanding quantum mechanics and for precision measurement of neutron scattering lengths. One of the limiting factors in many neutron interferometry experiments is the overall size of the interferometer. Hence, ever-larger interferometers would seem to be preferable. However, the theory of dynamical diffraction predicts that neutrons that nearly but not exactly satisfy the Bragg condition take different trajectories through a crystal, giving rise to multiple mutually interfering wavefunctions that all contribute to the measurement of an interferogram. This complexity results in shifts in the measured phase difference and a loss of contrast of the interferogram in the presence of potentials which are dependent on the spatial differences between the trajectories of the neutron through the interferometer. This effect has already been experimentally verified for the gravitational potential. Here we discuss the similar effects of dynamical diffraction on the phase shift due to the Sagnac effect and their consequences on the observable contrast in large-scale interferometers.
Illustrative NASA Low Earth Orbit spacecraft subsystems design-for-demise trade-offs, analyses and limitations

An uncontrolled re-entry mission that completely ablates would comply with stipulated NASA Earth atmosphere re-entry requirements without requiring an integrated provision for controlled re-entry. Consequently, such a mission design implies a relatively simpler and cheaper option. Moreover, mission unavailability risk due to a controlled re-entry subsystem failure is essentially eliminated, which would improve mission on-orbit reliability and robustness. We propose a generic critical parts identification plan that is followed by methods of designing spacecraft parts for demise. To demonstrate the exhaustive analyses and design of spacecraft parts for demise, we consider representative parts from the propulsion and power subsystems – propellant tank and batteries respectively. On-orbit performance and practical design threshold considered provide intuition into the design-for-demise limitations of investigated parts. Further, the tank proposed here is not only demisable, but is also seen to exhibit superior on-orbit performance compared to a similar monolithic titanium tank.
Influence of prior freezing on arylamine acetylation by human liver preparations

Human liver tissue is an important resource for use in xenobiotic metabolism studies. Because of the scarcity of human livers, studies are frequently conducted with subcellular preparations from previously frozen material. The influence of prior freezing on arylamine acetylation with human S-9 was studied and differences were found between S-9 preparations derived from fresh liver and from stored frozen liver. Specifically, the capacity for formation of diacetylated benzidine was lost as a result of tissue freezing, and the rate and extent of monoacetylation appeared to be reduced also, though not as dramatically. These results demonstrate that freezing of human tissue prior to conducting metabolism studies with arylamines may alter metabolite profiles and indicate that, for reliable data, before using frozen human tissue in metabolism studies with arylamines one should check first for this possibility.
Cucumber Yield Response to Plant Density and Spatial Arrangement

The effects of plant population density and spatial arrangement of plants on yield of gynoecious pickling cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) have not been clearly defined for the south central region of the USA. This research was conducted to identify adapted cultivars, the optimum plant population density (PPD), and plant spatial arrangement (PSA) of cucumber intended for once-over mechanical harvest. Cucumber cultivars Calypso, Discover, Flurry, Lucky Strike, Napoleon, Peto Triplemech, Regal, and Tamor were grown at PPDs ranging from 26 000 to 130 000 plants/acre. Calypso and Discover were grown with PSAs of 15 by 4-in., 22 by 3-in., and 32 by 2-in. row and plant spacings on beds 76 in. wide and a constant population density of approximately 82 000 plants/acre [...]
Tri-Value Organization as a Form of Social Enterprise: The Case of Seattle’s FareStart

Many depictions of social enterprises underemphasize the role of government in supporting their mission and operation. This article provides a conceptual framework and analysis of government’s financial role in one form of nonprofit social enterprise that we identify as a tri-value social enterprise. The main argument is that some forms of social enterprises are better characterized as tri-value social enterprises because their revenue sources explicitly derive from the nonprofit, for-profit, and public sectors. This analysis extends Moore’s (2000) three-part framework that distinguishes values-based differences in sources of revenue among for-profit, nonprofit, and governmental organizations. The case of the Seattle nonprofit FareStart provides an illustrative example of a tri-value social enterprise because both direct and indirect government-based revenues support FareStart’s operation as a social enterprise. The article discusses the implications for researchers and practitioners of identifying tri-va...
Initiation and propagation of delaminations at the underfill/passivation interface in flip-chip assemblies

The International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors continues to highlight the need for a better understanding of interfacial behavior and a heightened ability to characterize and control interfacial strength, as areas crucial to future chip development and manufacturing. Interfacial fracture mechanics approaches based on geometries such as double cantilever beam and four-point bend have been widely accepted as means to quantify interfacial adhesion in terms of resistance to propagation of existing delaminations, however difficulties arise in rigorously applying this methodology to small-scale delamination and disbond initiation problems. A promising "fracture mechanics-like" alternative instead looks at edges and corners as singular initiation sites for delamination and can be used to predict failure in the absence of a preexisting disbond. Initiation is predicted to occur when the stress intensity factor of the singularity reaches a critical value, similar to interfacial fracture mechanics where propagation occurs when the stress intensity factor of the crack tip singularity becomes critical. This work is aimed at understanding how the initiation and propagation phenomenon relate and the interplay between the molecular and mechanical contributions differ between the two events.
Design for noninteracting decomposition of nonlinear systems

The general input-output noninteracting decomposition problem of nonlinear systems is studied. Under fewer regularity assumptions the author gives an alternative proof of the same necessary and sufficient conditions as in a previous work (1985). The result yields an algorithm which constructs the feedback laws alpha and beta explicitly. Finally, the author proves that the decomposed form is a canonical form. >
Automatic disambiguation of Latin abbreviations in early modern texts for humanities digital libraries

Early modern books written in Latin contain many abbreviations of common words that are derived from earlier manuscript practice. While these abbreviations are usually easily deciphered by a reader well-versed in Latin, they pose technical problems for full text digitization: they are difficult to OCR or have typed and --- if they are not expanded correctly --- they limit the effectiveness of information retrieval and reading support tools in the digital library. In this paper, I will describe a method for the automatic expansion and disambiguation of these abbreviations.
Cost savings associated with filling a 3-month supply of prescription medicines.

Background Many patients are burdened by prescription costs, and patients, providers and policy makers may attempt to reduce these costs by substituting 3-month for 1-month supplies of medicines.
Widely tunable stacked microstrip antenna using varactor diodes

A novel tunable stacked microstrip antenna is proposed in this paper, and the characteristics are simulated including a varactor diode loss. Four varactor diodes are embedded along the non-radiating edges of the patch and a reverse DC bias is applied to change the tuning frequency. The gain is low at large capacitance of the varactor. However by staking a parasitic patch on the driven patch, the antenna efficiency remarkably enhances and gain increases. Consequently, the wide tuning range of 2.6-5GHz (63%) is achieved and the capability is confirmed experimentally.
Managing Internet protocol routing for Low Power Lossy Networks

Protocols such as 6LoWPAN will soon directly connect the Internet to the rapidly growing number of deployed Low Power and Lossy Networks (L2Ns). The outcome will enable many novel applications, including new types of Cyber-Physical Systems, the “Internet-of-Thing”, the Smart Grid, etc. Due to resource constraints the performance of a L2N routing protocol is quite sensitive to changes in protocol parameters such as route maintenance and packet retransmission timers. However, the lack of network management tools makes it quite difficult to efficiently set these parameters or even to effectively compare different protocols across multiple metrics of reliability, energy consumption, throughput and delay. Our paper addresses this issue. We discuss the most important parameters that must be managed within an Internet-friendly L2N. We propose a novel management heuristic called ROLL-POWER, designed to simplify the monitoring of L2N performance, independent of the routing protocol type. Through extensive simulation we evaluate our claims about the importance of correct parameter setting and the efficiency of the ROLL-POWER metric. Our results show that this simple metric can be used by a network manager both to tune protocol parameters for L2Ns and as a simple and direct method of comparing different protocols.
Counting and Indeterminate Identity

Suppose that we repair a wooden ship by replacing its planks one by one with new ones while at the same time reconstructing it using the discarded planks. Some defenders of vague or indeterminate identity claim that: (1) although the reconstructed ship is distinct from the repaired ship, it is indeterminate whether the original ship is the reconstructed ship and indeterminate whether it is the repaired ship, and (2) the indeterminacy is due to the world and not just an imprecision in the language used to describe the situation. I argue that such a description is incoherent. The argument has two features. First, it differs in spirit from Gareth Evans's more general famous proof against the possibility of indeterminate identity. This is because I rely on facts regarding counting and sets. Second, I focus on Terence Parsons's recent defence of indeterminate identity. I argue that his attempts at making sense of counting objects involving indeterminate identities fail on technical and philosophical grounds.
The development of library and information science in China (1840-2009)

The purpose of this study is to give an overview of the development of Chinese libraries and library and information science (LIS) in China during 1840 to 2009. The discussion is divided into four historical periods: 1840–1897, 1898–1948, 1949–1977, and 1978–2009. In each of these periods, the author discusses three themes that have had a major influence in the development of libraries and LIS: the social, economic, scientific and political climate in China that influenced the development of libraries and information institutions, and LIS education, which supported the growing profession. In sum, this study reviews the accomplishment of library and information science in China from 1840 to 2009, and the significant efforts of people from different classes, and across several generations, combining the historical background, including the change of regimes, crisis from foreign invasion, and social progress.
The Relation Between Community Bans of Self-Service Tobacco Displays and Store Environment and Between Tobacco Accessibility and Merchant Incentives

Objectives. These studies investigated (1) the effect of community bans of self-service tobacco displays on store environment and (2) the effect of consumer tobacco accessibility on merchants. Methods. We counted cigarette displays (self-service, clerk-assisted, clear acrylic case) in 586 California stores. Merchant interviews (N = 198) identified consumer tobacco accessibility, tobacco company incentives, and shoplifting. Results. Stores in communities with self-service tobacco display bans had fewer self-service displays and more acrylic displays but an equal total number of displays. The merchants who limited consumer tobacco accessibility received fewer incentives and reported lower shoplifting losses. In contrast, consumer access to tobacco was unrelated to the amount of monetary incentives. Conclusions. Community bans decreased self-service tobacco displays; however, exposure to tobacco advertising in acrylic displays remained high. Reducing consumer tobacco accessibility may reduce shoplifting.
Ricinus communis Agglutinin I Leads to Rapid Down-Regulation of VEGFR-2 and Endothelial Cell Apoptosis in Tumor Blood Vessels

Ricinus communis agglutinin I (RCA I), a galactose-binding lectin from castor beans, binds to endothelial cells at sites of plasma leakage, but little is known about the amount and functional consequences of binding to tumor endothelial cells. We addressed this issue by examining the effects of RCA I on blood vessels of spontaneous pancreatic islet-cell tumors in RIP-Tag2 transgenic mice. After intravenous injection, RCA I bound strongly to tumor vessels but not to normal blood vessels. At 6 minutes, RCA I fluorescence of tumor vessels was largely diffuse, but over the next hour, brightly fluorescent dots appeared as the lectin was internalized by endothelial cells. RCA I injection led to a dose- and time-dependent decrease in vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (VEGFR-2) immunoreactivity in tumor endothelial cells, with 95% loss over 6 hours. By comparison, VEGFR-3, CD31, and CD105 had decreases in the range of 21% to 33%. Loss of VEGFR-2 was followed by increased activated caspase-3 in tumor vessels. Prior inhibition of VEGF signaling by AG-028262 decreased RCA I binding and internalization into tumor vessels. These findings indicate RCA I preferentially binds to and is internalized by tumor endothelial cells, which leads to VEGFR-2 down-regulation, endothelial cell apoptosis, and tumor vessel regression. Together, the results illustrate the selective impact of RCA I on VEGF signaling in tumor blood vessels.
Electron star birth: a continuous phase transition at nonzero density.

We show that charged black holes in anti--de Sitter spacetime can undergo a third-order phase transition at a critical temperature in the presence of charged fermions. In the low temperature phase, a fraction of the charge is carried by a fermion fluid located a finite distance from the black hole. In the zero temperature limit, the black hole is no longer present and all charge is sourced by the fermions. The solutions exhibit the low temperature entropy density scaling $s\ensuremath{\sim}{T}^{2/z}$ anticipated from the emergent IR criticality of recently discussed electron stars.
Generating High-Quality Training Data for Automated Land-Cover Mapping

This paper presents two machine learning techniques that greatly reduce the number of person-hours required to generate high-quality training data for land cover classification. The first technique uses active learning to guide the generation of training data by selecting only the most informative examples for labeling. The second technique identifies and mitigates the impact of mislabeled instances. Both techniques are tested on data from NASA's Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), which has required thousands of person hours to label. Our results shows that the active learning method requires fewer labeled examples than random sampling to produce a high quality classifier. Our results on class noise mitigation show that if mislabelings occur, we can further improve classifier accuracy, and that weighting instances by their label confidence outperforms an analogous method that discards suspected mislabelings. If combined, these methods have the potential to make training data generation a more efficient and reliable process.
Divergence Equations and Current Algebra

The main topic which I plan to cover in these lectures is the contributions of electromagnetic and weak interactions to the divergence of the hadron currents. The corresponding divergence equations lead to an alternative approach to the well known method of current algebra and can be shown to imply equal-time current-current commutators. You may wonder then why we should consider this topic, in particular since the equivalence to the conventional approach can be demonstrated. One reason is that we are trying to extend these ideas to include dynamics of the hadrons and it is not a priori clear which view point leads more readily to useful generalization. Another reason is that the divergence method sheds light on certain confusion which has arisen in connection with the singular behaviour of equal time commutators of currents, the so-called Schwinger term.
INTERACTION OF QUININE WITH MITOCHONDRIAL K+ TRANSPORT MECHANISMS

Quinine inhibits unidirectional flux of K+ into and out of respiring rat liver mitochondria [Diwan, J.J. (1986) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 135, 830-836]. A protein, of molecular weight approximately 53,000, has been purified from detergent solubilized rat liver mitochondrial membranes, via affinity chromatography on Sepharose with covalently bound quinine. Partial elution of this protein is obtained with Triton X-100 solutions containing KCl and quinine. Further elution is achievable with solutions containing either of the anionic detergents, cholate or sodium dodecylsulfate. Pretreatment of mitochondria with [14C] dicyclohexyl- carbodiimide, under conditions which lead to slowing of K+ influx and efflux rates, results in labeling of the 53,000 dalton protein. Whether this protein has a role in K+ transport requires further study.
Buying Time: Howards End and Commodified Nostalgia

Midway through E. M. Forster's Howards End, the newly married Margaret Schlegel Wilcox returns to the titular country house to find it the recipient of an unexpected makeover. Closed since the death of the first Mrs. Wilcox and for months used as a warehouse for the Schlegels' possessions, the house has been unpacked and reconstituted by the housekeeper, Miss Avery, who creates a new interior built from moments of Margaret's own history. As Margaret moves through the house in surprise, she takes a virtual tour of her past: her umbrellastand greets her in the entrance way, the infamous sword of her father hangs on the wall, Tibby's books make up the library, her mother's chiffonier stands in the dining room, and everywhere, "many an old god peeped from a new niche" (194). The carefully placed goods even link events from the more distant past with recent ones; Tibby's old bassinet is, significantly, in the room where Helen stayed during her brief liaison with Paul Wilcox. A newly created space, Howards End is nevertheless temporally dense, showcasing not discrete moments, or even the passage of time from past to present, but suggesting rather a more free-flowing exchange among various times, uniting people, objects, and the house in a connective temporal web. This seemingly minor scene collapses into one narrative moment Forster's intriguing and overlooked deployment of time in Howards End, a deployment in which temporal and personal history become written on the Schlegels' possessions, and by extension and by combination, upon Howards End itself. In presenting this revised interior, Forster creates a powerful model for controlling time, one that brings different times and their places-as represented by objects and by architecture-into a new moment where they might be viewed or experienced simultaneously. This manipulation of time is essential to understanding an important moment in the transition to modernism. Stranded between an outmoded past and a rapidly modernizing future, Forster reconstitutes temporal relations not quite to fragment them, but to take time's fragments and weave them together to provide a continuous connection to a modified past, a connection that would potentially satisfy both modern imperatives and nostalgic desire. This time-play not only anticipates the modernist novel and the modern cinema-both poised in 1910 to alter time, to stretch out days and to collapse months-but also participates in an emerging way to traffic in nostalgic desire. Intriguingly, the makeover of Howards End deploys a similar strategy to the one that would be used by architects and merchants to market the past: inscribe temporality on material objects and interior space and turn time into a saleable item, a maneuver that reaches across disciplines and can be seen as the hallmark of a society in transition from the old to the new. The surprising homecoming of the
The Factor Structure of the Iowa Self-Assessment Inventory

This paper presents results of analyses related to the factor structure of the Iowa Self-Assessment Inventory (ISAI), an instrument measuring the following seven functional characteristics of the elderly: (a) economic resources, (b) cognitive status, (c) mobility, (d) physical health, (e) emotional balance, (f) social support, and (g) alienation. Prior evidence supporting these seven dimensions derived from two separate studies; one study supported the first four dimensions and a separate study supported the other three. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses provided support for the seven dimensions. Analyses were based on an administration of the complete ISAI to a single sample of 484 elderly. Scale means, standard deviations, reliabilities, and inter-correlations, also based on this administration, are consistent with previous research.
Nepheline crystallization in boron-rich alumino-silicate glasses as investigated by multi-nuclear NMR, Raman, & Mössbauer spectroscopies

Abstract A spectroscopic study was conducted on six simulant nuclear waste glasses using multi-nuclear NMR, Raman, and Mossbauer spectroscopies exploring the role of Si, Al, B, Na, and Fe in the glass network with the goal of understanding melt structure precursors to deleterious nepheline crystal formation. NMR showed two sites each for Al, Si, and Na in the samples which crystallized significant amounts of nepheline, and B speciation changed, typically resulting in more B(IV) after crystallization. Raman spectroscopy suggested that some of the glass structure is composed of metaborate chains or rings, thus significant numbers of non-bridging oxygen and a separation of the borate from the alumino-silicate network. Mossbauer, combined with Fe redox chemical measurements, showed Fe playing a minor role in these glasses, mostly as Fe3 +, but iron oxide spinel forms with nepheline in all cases. A model of the glass network and allocation of non-bridging oxygens (NBOs) was computed using experimental B(IV) fractions which predicted a large amount of NBO consistent with Raman spectra of metaborate features.
Collateral Consequences: The Impact of Local Immigration Policies on Latino Immigrant Families in North Central Indiana

Concern over immigration has culminated in unprecedented legislative action at the local level, in particular state level legislation has begun to increasingly target immigrants and penalize immigration violations (Chavez and Provine, The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 623:78–92, 2009; Hegen, State legislation related to immigrants and immigration: January 1–June 30, 2008). The present study examines the effect of state level immigration legislation on immigrant Latino families at a time of high immigration, when immigrants are settling into locations which have not historically had immigrant populations, and during an extended economic recession (Mather, Children in immigrant families chart new path: Reports on America, 2009; US Bureau of Economic Analysis, Economic downturn widespread among states in 2009: Advanced 2009 and revised 1963–2008 GDP-By-state statistics, 2010; US Department of Homeland Security, Secretary Napolitano announces deferred action process for young people who are low enforcement priorities, 2012). Immigrant families today are likely to differ from those of the past in that they are more likely to be from Latin America or the Caribbean and include unprecedented numbers of unauthorized immigrants (Passel and Cohn, Unauthorized immigrant population: National and state trends, 2010, 2011; US Department of Homeland Security, Secretary Napolitano announces deferred action process for young people who are low enforcement priorities, 2012). The present study draws on interviews with 40 families from an emerging immigrant destination in North Central Indiana to help illuminate the ways in which local legislation and enforcement impacts immigrant Latino families. Results illustrate how state level immigration legislation can create barriers and challenges for immigrant Latino families, with authorized and unauthorized status alike. This study also finds that many immigrant Latino families are “mixed status families,” where a family consists of both authorized and unauthorized immigrant status family members, and thus share the plight of unauthorized family members. Due to this “mixed status family” status, many families experience the collateral consequences of state level legislation, including family stress and uncertainty in the form of family level “liminal legality,” escalated intergenerational tension, and increased social isolation.
Intracellular pH Regulation in Epithelial Cells

The regulation of intracellular pH (pHi) in epithelial cells is expected to be extremely important because virtually every biological process is pH sensitive. In addition, changes in pHi may be important in modulating transepithelial solute transport, in modifying biochemical or endocrinological function, and in controlling cell growth and differentiation. Certain epithelial cells are special­ ized for transporting acid/base equivalents through the cell, from one side of the epithelium to the other. In these cells pHi regulation may be intimately in­ terwoven with transepithelial acid/base traffic. This brief review will be con­ fined to ion-transport processes, studied in intact epithelial cells, that affect pHi regulation. Other reviews have considered epithelial acid/base transport studies at the level of whole epithelia (26) or isolated membrane vesicles (5).
The Truex Process: A Vital Tool for Disposal of U.S. Defense Nuclear Waste

The TRUEX (TRansUranium EXtraction) process is a generic actinide extraction/recovery process for the removal of all actinides from acidic nitrate and chloride nuclear waste solutions. Because of its high efficiency and flexibility and its compatibility with existing process facilities, TRUEX has now become a vital tool for the disposal of certain U. S. defense nuclear waste.
Synthetic analogues of residues 1-34 of human parathyroid hormone: influence of residue number 1 on biological potency in vitro.

A biologically active tetratriacontapeptide of human parathyroid hormone, hPTH(1-34), has been synthesized together with a series of structural analogues involving changes at the amino-terminal residue. Acetylation of the terminal amino group results in a marked reduction in the biological potency as measured in the in vitro rat renal adenylyl cyclase assay. Deletion of the terminal amino group results in a loss of biological activity. Substitution of the amino-terminal serine residue with glycine gives a lowered potency whereas substitution with alanine results in a 2-5-fold increase in biological activity in the in vitro assay. The results are compared with the findings previously reported for a series of amino-terminal analogues of the bovine PTH 1-34 peptide.
Moral Cultures and Moral Logics

The most comprehensive concept for analyzing major sociocultural alternatives that have actually existed in particular spheres of social life is the sphere-of-life culture. While political cultures have been widely studied, sociologists have not given much attention to the comparative study of moral cultures. A moral culture is a particular constellation of ideas and feelings pertaining to the basic responsibilities and limitations of human beings. Moral logics are guidelines for acting with regard to the right-wrong distinction -- deriving obligations, justifying claims, making decisions in cases where right and wrong are not clear, and evaluating the goodness or culpability of actual behavior. The basic structures of several kinds of "traditional" and "modern" moral cultures and moral logics -- primarily Chinese, Indian, and Western -- are analyzed. The systems of moralization on which particular types of moral cultures tend to rely are described.
Small Bowel Endoscopy

The small bowel is a challenging area for endoscopic evaluation and therapy due to its length and angulated configuration. A small lumen diameter and segmental peristalsis made it a perfect fit for examination by a novel ingestible wireless camera in a capsule. The development of capsule endoscopy changed the diagnosis and management of bleeding lesions, ulcers, and tumors deep in the small bowel, allowing earlier diagnosis with excellent patient acceptance. Device-assisted enteroscopy revolutionized small bowel therapy, particularly management of bleeding, Peutz-Jeghers polyposis, and tumor marking for minimally invasive surgery. Small bowel stricture dilation in select patients is safe and effective. Tools for a spectrum of small bowel therapies are available but remain suboptimal to tackle lesions on angulated folds deep in the small bowel. Universal terminology to describe the endoscopic appearance of vascular lesions will facilitate studies of endoscopic and medical therapy. The future holds improvements in imaging, easier advancement through the small bowel, and therapeutic capacity. This review focuses on methods of small bowel endoscopy, therapy, and outcomes.
On kinetic flux vector splitting schemes for quantum Euler equations

The kinetic flux vector splitting (KFVS) scheme, when used for quantum Euler equations, as was done by Yang et al [22], requires the integration of the quantum Maxwellian (Bose-Einstein or Fermi-Dirac distribution), giving a numerical flux much more complicated than the classical counterpart. As a result, a nonlinear 2 by 2 system that connects the macroscopic quantities temperature and fugacity with density and internal energy needs to be inverted by iterative methods at every spatial point and every time step. In this paper, we propose to use a simple classical KFVS scheme for the quantum hydrodynamics based on the key observation that the quantum and classical Euler equations share the same form if the (quantum) internal energy rather than temperature is used in the flux. This motivates us to use a classical Maxwellian - that depends on the internal energy rather than temperature - instead of the quantum one in the construction of the scheme, yielding a KFVS which is purely classical. This greatly simplifies the numerical algorithm and reduces the computational cost. The proposed schemes are tested on a 1-D shock tube problem for the Bose and Fermi gases in both classical and nearly degenerate regimes.
Palaeoanthropology: The dawn of Homo floresiensis

New fossil findings demonstrate that the diminutive hominin Homo floresiensis lived on the Indonesian island of Flores at least 700,000 years ago, and may point to its rapid dwarfism from the larger Homo erectus. See Letters p.245 & p.249
Management of hepatitis B virus infection in liver transplant recipients: prospects and challenges.

Although survival of liver transplantation for patients with hepatitis B infection is comparable to uninfected transplant recipients, prevention of hepatitis B virus (HBV) reinfection remains an important goal. In this article, several aspects of the hepatitis B reinfection and its management will be examined. Approximately 50% of the treatment failures that occur with hepatitis B immune globulin (HBIg) prophylaxis are due to mutations in the 'a' determinant of the HBV. In patients without mutations, failure of HBIg therapy may relate to the frequency and dose of HBIg, the type and amount of immunosuppression, and the pre-transplant replication status. Antiviral therapy with lamivudine and famciclovir has been used successfully to treat patients who have failed HBIg treatment and as monotherapies for liver transplant recipients. Combining antiviral and immunomodulatory therapies appears efficacious, at least in the short term. New developments related to immunotherapy predict three potential trends in future use: 1) i.v. formulated HBIg, 2) monoclonal antibodies, or 3) hepatitis B immune plasma. In conclusion, there are an increasing number of therapeutic options for the management of patients undergoing liver transplantation for hepatitis B infection. Continued improvement in patient outcomes requires further understanding of each therapeutic agent and the specific patient characteristics that may influence efficacy.
Genetic Variability in Phosphorus Responses of Rice Root Phenotypes

Background Low phosphorus availability is a major factor limiting rice productivity. Since root traits determine phosphorus acquisition efficiency, they are logical selection targets for breeding rice with higher productivity in low phosphorus soils. Before using these traits for breeding, it is necessary to identify genetic variation and to assess the plasticity of each trait in response to the environment. In this study, we measured phenotypic variation and effect of phosphorus deficiency on root architectural, morphological and anatomical traits in 15 rice (Oryza sativa) genotypes. Rice plants were grown with diffusion-limited phosphorus using solid-phase buffered phosphorus to mimic realistic phosphorus availability conditions.
Model predictive control of temperature-sensitive and transient loads in aircraft vapor compression systems

Challenges for next generation aircraft thermal management using vapor compression systems (VCS) include larger transient thermal loads, tighter temperature constraints, and increasingly strict power and sizing requirements. Conventional control approaches, such as proportional-integral (PI) control, are well-suited for steady-state operation without system constraints. In this work, we investigate the ability of model predictive control to enable larger transient thermal loads subject to tighter temperature limits through anticipation and load-shedding. Our results include (1) a linear model predictive control validated on a nonlinear model of the vapor compression system, and (2) direct comparisons to state-of-the-art PI control for stressing scenarios.
Development of a laboratory technique for the evaluation of protease enzymes activity in goat and sheep milk.

Abstract The shelf life of milk and its products is strongly influenced by the quality of raw milk. Several bacteria present in raw milk can produce proteases: among them, those from psychotropic microorganisms (e.g. Bacillus subtilis), which produce enzymes under refrigeration, cause the most serious problem. The interaction of these enzymes with the milk proteins and the main proteolytic enzymes becomes important in determining the quality of the milk. An artificial substrate (azocasein) was used to quantify the enzyme activity through the release of a chromogenic product that was measured spectrophotometrically after clarifying the sample by the addition of trichloroacetic acid. The detection limit and quantification limit were 1.43 and 4.77 mg/ml respectively for sheep milk and, 2.25 and 7.5 mg/ml respectively for goat milk. This method is useful for determining the proteolytic activity in different media and its effectiveness depends on chemical-nutritional characteristics of the sample.
A Causal Tree Approach for Personalized Health Care Outcome Analysis

Using patient-level data from 35 hospitals for 6 cardiovascular surgeries in New York, we provide empirical evidence that outcome differences between health care providers are heterogeneous across different groups of patients. We then use a causal tree approach to identify patient groups that exhibit significant differences in outcome. By quantifying these differences, we demonstrate that a large majority of patients can achieve better expected outcomes by selecting providers based on patient-centric outcome information. We also show how patient-centric outcome information can help providers to improve their processes and payers to design effective pay-for-performance programs.
Changes in the fundamental constants -- past and future

The 1986 adjusted values of the fundamental physical constants are assigned significantly improved precision with respect to the uncertainties ascribed to the data in the 1973 adjustment. However, history shows that precision is often not representative of accuracy. This history is reviewed and the reasons for the variations are explored.
Electrodeposition Kinetics in Li-S Batteries: Effects of Low Electrolyte/Sulfur Ratios and Deposition Surface Composition

Lithium-sulfur batteries obtain most of their capacity from the electrodeposition of Li2S. This is often a slow process, limiting the rate capability of Li-S batteries. In this work, the kinetics of Li2S deposition from polysulfide solutions of 1–7 M S concentration onto carbon and two conductive oxides (indium tin oxide, ITO; and aluminum-doped zinc oxide, AZO) were characterized. Higher polysulfide concentrations were found to result in significantly slower electrodeposition, with island nucleation and growth rates up to 75% less than at low concentrations. Since Li-S batteries with low electrolyte/sulfur (E/S) ratios necessarily reach higher polysulfide concentrations during use, the present results explain why high polarization and low rate capability are observed under such conditions. Given that low E/S ratios are critical to reach high energy density, means to improve electrodeposition kinetics at high polysulfide concentrations are necessary. Towards this goal, coatings of ITO and AZO on carbon fiber current collectors were found to improve island growth rates at 5 M by up to ~60%. Of the two oxides, AZO was found to be superior in reducing the electrodeposition overpotential. Its benefits were demonstrated for carbon fiber current collectors coated with AZO and for conductive suspensions incorporating carbon black and nanoparticle AZO.
Salvation and Health: Why Medicine Needs the Church

While it is not unheard of for a theologian to begin an essay with a text from scripture, it is relatively rare, especially for those who turn their attention to issues of medicine. However, I begin with a text, as almost everything I have to say is but a commentary on this passage from Job 2:11–13: Now when Job’s friends heard of all this evil that had come upon him, then came each from his own place, Eliphaz the Temanite, Bildad the Shuhite, and Zophar the Na’amathite. They made an appointment together to come condole with him and comfort him. And when they saw him from afar, they did not recognize him; and they raised their voices and wept; and they rent their robes and sprinkled dust upon their heads toward heaven. And they sat with him on the ground seven days and seven nights, and no one spoke a word to him, for they saw that his suffering was very great.
Mobile Web App Development for All!: (Abstract Only)

With the increasing breadth and sophistication of open-source languages, libraries, frameworks, standards, tools and resources, Mobile Web App development is possible for a broad audience. The barriers to participation in app development have been reduced; learners can quickly begin creating simple apps and can use online resources to expand their knowledge and skill. In this workshop, participants will learn how to build simple (and not-so-simple) data-driven, mobile apps using the Mobile Web App model, and they'll learn how to scaffold projects to focus students' efforts on specific lesson, unit or assignment goals. The workshop is intended for post-secondary, secondary and even middle school educators who want to increase student engagement by including app projects in their courses. The material may also be of interest to those who provide CS education in other, less-structured environments. Participants will create several apps and will leave with sample projects. All languages, libraries, frameworks, standards, tools and resources are open-source and run in the browser. Because participants will be developing apps during the workshop, they will need a laptop or will need to work with a colleague.
SciReader: A Cloud-based Recommender System for Biomedical Literature

With the growing number of biomedical papers published each year, keeping up with relevant literature has become increasingly important, and yet more challenging. SciReader (www.scireader.com) is a cloud-based personalized recommender system that specifically aims to assist biomedical researchers and clinicians identify publications of interest to them. SciReader uses topic modeling and other machine learning algorithms to provide users with recommendations that are recent, relevant, and of high quality.
Department conditions and the emergence of new disciplines: Two cases in the legitimation of African-American Studies

One of the central concerns of the sociology of science and knowledge has been to understand how social, political, and institutional factors affect the construction and definition of scientific knowledge. Recent literature in this field suggests that how scientists in disciplines such as sociology, economics, and psychology define the tasks, method, and subject matter of their disciplines is affected by the institutional conditions of the early departments in which the disciplines emerged.1 Responding to analyses of the emergence of the American social sciences that over-emphasize the role of the growth of nation-wide intellectual communities, this literature has emphasized that the "local" conditions in key departments at several universities were equally important in how these disciplines took shape.2 Thus, Camic3 argues that we cannot understand the emergence of three main approaches within modern sociology inductive observation, statistical generalization, and analytical abstraction without understanding the local conditions of the early sociology departments at, respectively, Chicago (Small and Park), Columbia (Giddings), and Harvard (Parsons). As a whole, this literature suggests, without disregarding the larger macrosocial factors affecting the development of new disciplines,4 that much of what affects how newly emerging disciplines are defined may be found in the early departments in which they emerged.
Social acceptability of anomalous persons.

The purpose of this study was to compare the acceptability of different anomalous or disabled persons in certain social situations. A group of 94 subjects composed of college undergraduates, gradua...
Javier E. Rodríguez Weber. Desarrollo y Desigualdad en Chile. (1850-2009) Historia de su Economía Política

Desarrollo y desigualdad en Chile (1850-2009). Historia de su economia politica, es la obra mas reciente realizada por del destacado academico uruguayo, Javier Rodriguez, esta se baso en su tesis doctoral, reconocida recientemente con el premio Arnold Bauer de la Asociacion Chilena de Historia Economica y comparada con la obra que Thomas Piketty dedico en 2001 a la historia de los altos ingresos en la Francia del siglo XX (Les hauts revenus en France au xxe siecle, 2001).
From Selma to Montgomery: The Long March to Freedom

On March 7, 1965, a peaceful voting rights demonstration in Selma, Alabama, was met with an unprovoked attack of shocking violence that riveted the attention of the nation. In the days and weeks following "Bloody Sunday," the demonstrators would not be deterred, and thousands of others joined their cause, culminating in the successful march from Selma to Montgomery. The protest marches led directly to the passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965, a major piece of legislation, which, ninety-five years after the passage of the Fifteenth Amendment, made the practice of the right to vote available to all Americans, irrespective of race. From Selma to Montgomery chronicles the marches, placing them in the context of the long Civil Rights Movement, and considers the legacy of the Act, drawing parallels with contemporary issues of enfranchisement. In five concise chapters bolstered by primary documents including civil rights legislation, speeches, and news coverage, Combs introduces the Civil Rights Movement to undergraduates through the courageous actions of the freedom marchers.