cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mathematical Modeling of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation

The cardiopulmonary resuscitation procedure (CPR) is a widely used procedure for resuscitating cardiac arrest patients. Many physiological aspects of the procedure are not yet well understood. The first step for understanding and modeling such a complicated procedure is to develop an accurate model of mechanical properties of the chest during CPR. In this paper we propose a novel nonlinear model of the chest that captures the complex behavior of the chest during CPR. The proposed model consists of nonlinear elasticity and nonlinear damping along with frequency dependent hysteresis. We use an optimization technique to estimate the model coefficients for force-compression data collected from careful experiments conducted on swine. The results show excellent agreement.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Immobilization of Selenite via Two Parallel Pathways during In Situ Bioremediation

It is widely understood that selenite can be biologically reduced to elemental selenium. Limited studies have shown that selenite can also be immobilized through abiotic precipitation with sulfide, a product of biological sulfate reduction. We demonstrate that both pathways significantly contribute to selenite immobilization in a microfluidic flow cell having a transverse mixing zone between propionate and selenite that mimics the reaction zone along the margins of a selenite plume undergoing bioremediation in the presence of background sulfate. The experiment showed that red particles of amorphous elemental selenium precipitate on the selenite-rich side of the mixing zone, while long crystals of selenium sulfides precipitate on the propionate-rich side of the mixing zone. We developed a continuum-scale reactive transport model that includes both pathways. The simulated results are consistent with the experimental results, and indicate that spatial segregation of the two selenium precipitates is due to th...
The role of copper in mammalian pigmentation.

Summary1. Autoxidation of dopa in vitro was more strongly catalyzed by cupric ions than by any of the other heavy metallic salts investigated. The order of catalytic activity was Cu > Co> Ni> Mn> Pb> Fe.2. Black and grey hair of rabbits, guinea pigs and rats generally, but not always, contained more copper than white hair of the same individual. In guinea pigs, red-brown hair contained more iron than white hair.3. Analysis of the separated layers of human skin showed a considerably higher copper content in the epidermis than in the coriuum.4. Melanin from mouse melanomas had a copper content 4 to 13 times higher than the tumor from which it was prepared.5. The theory is advanced that copper plays a role its a local catalyst in mammalian pigmentation.
Alzheimer's Disease Pharmacotherapy, Biomarkers and Genetics

This Alzheimer ’s disease review has a focus on historical, statistical, financial, and genetic disease factors. Genetic research, particularly the TOMMOROW study, as well as its theoretical bases, is reviewed. Select cognitive and adjunctive pharmacotherapies that are currently prescribed in these dementia patients are discussed. Both the inherited and sporadic types are reviewed, as well as the theoretical basis for current treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. Prevalence, both current and projected, is also discussed. Bio-markers identified as useful in the detection of Alzheimer’s dementia and their potential usefulness in earlier intervention are also covered in this review.
Orbital evidence for more widespread carbonate-bearing rocks on Mars

Carbonates are key minerals for understanding ancient Martian environments because they are indicators of potentially habitable, neutral-to-alkaline water and may be an important reservoir for paleoatmospheric CO_2. Previous remote sensing studies have identified mostly Mg-rich carbonates, both in Martian dust and in a Late Noachian rock unit circumferential to the Isidis basin. Here we report evidence for older Fe- and/or Ca-rich carbonates exposed from the subsurface by impact craters and troughs. These carbonates are found in and around the Huygens basin northwest of Hellas, in western Noachis Terra between the Argyre basin and Valles Marineris, and in other isolated locations spread widely across the planet. In all cases they cooccur with or near phyllosilicates, and in Huygens basin specifically they occupy layered rocks exhumed from up to ~5 km depth. We discuss factors that might explain their observed regional distribution, arguments for why carbonates may be even more widespread in Noachian materials than presently appreciated and what could be gained by targeting these carbonates for further study with future orbital or landed missions to Mars.
Insights into Lake Bonneville Using Remote Sensing and Digital Terrain Tools

Abstract Beginning in the mid-20th century, the remote-sensing technologies of photogrammetry, LiDAR, and imaging spectroscopy have been a boon to the study of surficial processes throughout the world. Lake Bonneville research has benefited from these technologies ever since the advent of aerial photography, although each technology has its own particular strengths and weaknesses. Examples include elucidation of geomorphic features such as faint shorelines and investigation of mineralogy of playas resulting from the evaporation of Lake Bonneville. Future innovations promise to build on this rich legacy of Bonneville research.
A global perspective of codon usage

Codon usage in 2730 genomes is analyzed for evolutionary patterns in the usage of synonymous codons and amino acids across prokaryotic and eukaryotic taxa. We group genomes together that have similar amounts of intra-genomic bias in their codon usage, and then compare how usage of particular different codons is diversified across each genome group, and how that usage varies from group to group. Inter-genomic diversity of codon usage increases with intra-genomic usage bias, following a universal pattern. The frequencies of the different codons vary in robust mutual correlation, and the implied synonymous codon and amino acid usages drift together. This kind of correlation indicates that the variation of codon usage across organisms is chiefly a consequence of lateral DNA transfer among diverse organisms. The group of genomes with the greatest intra-genomic bias comprises two distinct subgroups, with each one restricting its codon usage to essentially one unique half of the genetic code table. These organisms include eubacteria and archaea thought to be closest to the hypothesized last universal common ancestor (LUCA). Their codon usages imply genetic diversity near the hypothesized base of the tree of life. There is a continuous evolutionary progression across taxa from the two extremely diversified usages toward balanced usage of different codons (as approached, e.g. in mammals). In that progression, codon frequency variations are correlated as expected from a blending of the two extreme codon usages seen in prokaryotes.
In Vitro Studies of the Interactions Between Signal Peptides and Signal Recognition Factors

Protein translocation across biological membranes is a fundamental cellular function of both prokaryotes and eukaryotes (1–3). As the synthesis of almost all proteins is carried out in the cytoplasm, the proper export of a subset of these proteins across membranes requires cellular mechanisms which can specifically recognize the protein substrates and target them to the correct membrane site. The past two decades has witnessed extensive genetic and biochemical studies of two topologically equivalent protein translocation systems, namely, protein export through the E. coli cytoplasmic membrane and protein translocation across the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of eukaryotic cells. These studies have identified a number of proteins involved in the translocation process, and multiple mechanisms for protein targeting and translocation have emerged which are both unique and common for both systems.
Why So Slow? Mechanistic Insights from Studies of a Poor Catalyst for Polymerization of ε-Caprolactone

Polymerization of e-caprolactone (CL) using an aluminum alkoxide catalyst (1) designed to prevent unproductive trans binding was monitored at 110 °C in toluene-d8 by 1H NMR and the concentration versus time data fit to a first-order rate expression. A comparison of t1/2 for 1 to values for many other aluminum alkyl and alkoxide complexes shows much lower activity of 1 toward polymerization of CL. Density functional theory calculations were used to understand the basis for the slow kinetics. The optimized geometry of the ligand framework of 1 was found indeed to make CL trans binding difficult: no trans-bound intermediate could be identified as a local minimum. Nor were local minima for cis-bound precomplexes found, suggesting a concerted coordination–insertion for polymer initiation and propagation. The sluggish performance of 1 is attributed to a high-framework distortion energy required to deform the “resting” ligand geometry to that providing optimal catalysis in the corresponding transition-state stru...
Welfare Changes in the Cournot Setting with an Empirical Application to the Telecommunications Industry

I characterize the efficiency of the Cournot equilibrium and provide bounds for the loss in consumer surplus, producer surplus and welfare when the number of firms in the market changes. I only assume that demand is decreasing in price and costs increasing in the quantity produced as long as equilibrium exists. I show how price, demand and average cost, before and after the number of firms in the market changes, can be used to compute these bounds. I apply these bounds to the Portuguese wireline market and conclude that welfare increased significantly when the monopolist was split in 2007.
Analyzing Diverse Learners’ Writing in Mathematics: Systemic Functional Linguistics in Secondary Pre-Service Teacher Education

This article analyses the experiences of 55 secondary pre-service teachers (PSTs) in a mandated professional development course that used Halliday's systemic functional linguistics (SFL) and related pedagogical practices to support PSTs' development of disciplinary linguistic knowledge for working with linguistically diverse students in the United States. Of specific interest is how the course influenced the manner in which PSTs responded to a student's attempt at writing a mathematical explanation. We begin with a brief description of Halliday's theory of language and learning with particular reference to the semiotic demands of mathematics. Next, we provide a description of the professional development course and the mixed methods approach to analysing changes in PSTs' pre- and post-course responses to a student writing sample about linear equations. Third, we discuss findings that suggest PSTs' emerging understanding of the linguistic and multimodal demands of mathematical explanations supported them in providing more cogent and precise written feedback. We conclude by discussing the potential of SFL conceptual and pedagogical tools to support PSTs' professional development in the context of globalization.
Hybrid online sensor error detection and functional redundancy for systems with time-varying parameters

Supervision and control systems rely on signals from sensors to receive information to monitor the operation of a system and adjust manipulated variables to achieve the control objective. However, sensor performance is often limited by their working conditions and sensors may also be subjected to interference by other devices. Many different types of sensor errors such as outliers, missing values, drifts and corruption with noise may occur during process operation. A hybrid online sensor error detection and functional redundancy system is developed to detect errors in online signals, and replace erroneous or missing values detected with model-based estimates. The proposed hybrid system relies on two techniques, an outlier-robust Kalman filter (ORKF) and a locally-weighted partial least squares (LW-PLS) regression model, which leverage the advantages of automatic measurement error elimination with ORKF and data-driven prediction with LW-PLS. The system includes a nominal angle analysis (NAA) method to distinguish between signal faults and large changes in sensor values caused by real dynamic changes in process operation. The performance of the system is illustrated with clinical data continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) sensors from people with type 1 diabetes. More than 50,000 CGM sensor errors were added to original CGM signals from 25 clinical experiments, then the performance of error detection and functional redundancy algorithms were analyzed. The results indicate that the proposed system can successfully detect most of the erroneous signals and substitute them with reasonable estimated values computed by functional redundancy system.
Kaon photoproduction off nucleons in the chiral quark model.

In this paper, we develop a general framework to study meson photoproduction off nucleons in the chiral quark model. The s- and u-channel resonance contributions are expressed in terms of the Chew-Goldberger-Low-Nambu (CGLN) amplitudes. The kaon-photoproduction processes, \ensuremath{\gamma}p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}${\mathit{K}}^{+}$\ensuremath{\Lambda}, \ensuremath{\gamma}p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}${\mathit{K}}^{+}$${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Sigma}}}^{0}$, and \ensuremath{\gamma}p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}${\mathit{K}}^{0}$${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Sigma}}}^{+}$, are calculated. The initial results show that the quark model provides a much improved description of the reaction mechanism for kaon photoproduction off the nucleon with less parameters than the traditional phenomenological approaches.
Science teacher identities in the making

This commentary explores some of the salient aspects of Lucy Avraamidou’s study, specifically those of identity and the origins of those characteristics. I begin by considering the literature on identity and highlight some theoretical considerations, with an understanding that identity is fluid and an aspect of oneself in the making. Of particular importance will be contrasting ideas about science identity and science-teacher identity. By considering these two concepts separately I will explore their similarities and differences to offer a fuller view of the core assumption within Avraamidou’s study. I ask whether it is reasonable to consider “science identity” and “science teacher identity” simultaneously, given the context-dependent nature of each. Next, I will look at the information we are given about the subjects of Avraamidou’s study and suggest the advantages of seeing them in a slightly different view. And finally, I consider the recommendations from her study and suggest some alternative perspectives that may serve researchers and teacher preparation programs equally well equally well.
On the evaluation of scene flow estimation

This paper surveys the state of the art in evaluating the performance of scene flow estimation and points out the difficulties in generating benchmarks with ground truth which have not allowed the development of general, reliable solutions. Hopefully, the renewed interest in dynamic 3D content, which has led to increased research in this area, will also lead to more rigorous evaluation and more effective algorithms. We begin by classifying methods that estimate depth, motion or both from multi-view sequences according to their parameterization of shape and motion. Then, we present several criteria for their evaluation, discuss their strengths and weaknesses and conclude with recommendations.
Nutrients and autotrophs: variable internal nutrient levels

The mathematical formulations of nutrient-limited autotrophic growth used in Chapter 3, the Monod-type growth function and its variations, are based on the assumption that the growth rate depends directly on the pool of available limiting nutrient in solution external to the autotroph. This assumption is not always a good one, at least on short time scales, over which growth may depend directly on the level of nutrient stored internally in the autotroph. Another assumption of Chapter 3 was that a nutrient occurs as a fixed proportion of autotroph biomass. While this assumption makes model analysis easier, it ignores such facts as the widely different nutrient requirements of different species, the different nutrient storage levels between different individuals of the same species in different environments, and the allocations of nutrients to different components of the same plant.
Computational Modeling of Implantable Power Source: Miniature Enzymatic Biofuel Cell

Steady state response of two-dimensional (2-D) model of enzymatic biofuel cell (EBFC) with three dimensional (3-D) highly dense micro arrayed electrodes has been simulated in order to analyze glucose diffusion phenomenon around electrodes; to inspect potential variation throughout electrodes; to optimize the dimensions of electrodes to augment output potential; and to analyze electric field, current density and resistive heating distribution around electrodes-substrate interfaces. In addition to these, different geometries of electrodes have also been inspected with regards to current density and resistive heating effects at electrode-electrolyte interfaces. In transient response case, we developed simulation model by integrating Fick’s diffusion law, Nernst Potential equation and Navier Stokes equation to find out best orientation of EBFC chip upon implantation in blood artery.
The role of waste-to-energy in urban infrastructure

Abstract: Rapid growth in the use of materials and population shifts from rural to urban areas have made the disposal of wastes a major task of municipal governments all over the world. The more advanced nations have responded to this crisis by developing waste-to-energy (WTE) technologies that convert solid wastes to electricity and heat, thus phasing out landfilling. Examples are provided of nations and cities that have approached sustainable waste management by means of a combination of recycling, composting and WTE.
Ristocetin Precipitation Test: A New Simple Test for Detection of Fibrin Monomer and Fibrin Degradation Products

The ristocetin precipitation test was designed as a simplified test to detect fibrin monomers and fibrinogen/fibrin degradation products (FPD/fdp). The ristocetin precipitation test is positive in plasma samples containing either fibrin monomer (greater than 5--10 microgram/ml) or early fdp (greater than 50--100 microgram/ml). The ristocetin precipitation test is negative in plasma with fibrinogen concentrations to 1,000 mg/dl or fibrinogen degradation products FDP) and late fdp to 400 microgram/ml. The ristocetin precipitation test is positive in plasmas collected from rabbits after the infusion of thrombin (2.7 u/kg) or thrombin and streptokinase (10,000 u/kg); the test is negative in plasmas from animals treated with streptokinase or saline solution alone. The ristocetin precipitation test is negative in normal human plasmas and plasmas from patients who have primary firbinogenolysis, but positive in plasmas from patients with disseminated intravascular coagulation. These results suggest that the restocetin precipitation test can be a useful test for the detection of plasma fibrin monomers and early fdp.
Taiwan’s Political-Legal Progress: Memories of the KMT Dictatorship

This brief memoir illustrates Taiwan’s modern human rights history in broad strokes through my own experiences. It begins with a first visit in 1961, when the island was suffering under the harsh Chiang Kai-shek dictatorship. It ends with my participation in the unique recent reviews of Taiwan’s immense human rights progress by leading international specialists. Along the way, I was privileged to witness and take part in a few depressing but exciting and ultimately hopeful events that marked the long transition from KMT repression to constitutional democracy.
Insects as a Source of Sustainable Proteins

Abstract Ensuring nutritious food for the ever-growing world population is one of the foremost challenges. As pressure on land and water is mounting, these resources are getting depleted in alarming manner. So, energy and resource-efficient ways of food productions are being searched for. In this regard, insects, the members of phylum Arthropoda, appear very promising as their life cycle is short while turnover rate and biomass conversion rate are high. Entomophagy, the practice of ingesting insects, is an ancient way of feeding but it has mostly been confined to poorer economic strata. Not all, but certain insects such as bees, termites, ants, caterpillars, water bugs, flies, beetle larvae, crickets, grasshoppers, katydids, cicadas, and dragonfly are rich in proteins, fat, and minerals, are nontoxic, and are free of offensive aftertaste. These insect members are candidates for staple human foods. However, food neophobia and the lack of safety assurance are barriers that need to be surmounted before insects become a popular food item. Adequate research and public perception change regarding entomophagy can eradicate food insecurity, while causing a low ecological footprint. This chapter reviews the available literature on edible insects, presents the latest developments in this field, discusses their scope to food security, and proposes the pros and cons of this emerging food trend.
1,3-Bis(2-Chloroethyl)-1-Nitrosourea (BCNU; Carmustine) Polymer Wafer (Gliadel)

Carmustine was one of the first systemic chemotherapies to gain FDA approval for the treatment of brain tumors. More recently, carmustine-infused polymer wafers have been used to deliver locally higher doses of chemotherapy directly to the surgical tumor bed while obviating systemic side effects, such as myelosuppression and pulmonary toxicity.
Trauma Exposure and Mental Health Symptoms in Rural Latinx Adolescents: The Role of Family Processes.

Previous research suggests that rural Latinx youth are more likely to experience traumatic events and are at higher risk for developing subsequent psychopathology compared to non-Latinx white youth. The aim of this study is to understand how family processes and values affect risk for internalizing and externalizing symptoms among rural Latinx youth (N = 648, mage = 15.7 (SD = 1.2)) who are exposed to trauma. Multiple mediation analyses were performed to understand if family variables such as familism and family conflict explain the relationship between trauma exposure and psychopathology. Results suggest that familism partially mediates the relationship between trauma exposure and internalizing and externalizing symptoms, whereas family conflict partially mediates the relationship between trauma exposure and externalizing symptoms. These findings show that family variables are differentially impacted by trauma and have a separate and unique impact on mental health outcomes among rural Latinx youth. Specifically, our findings suggest that familial support or closeness may constitute a nonspecific protective factor for psychopathology among Latinx youth, whereas family conflict creates a stressful home environment that may deter adolescent trauma recovery and lead specifically to externalizing symptoms.
Impact of climate change on adaptive management decisions in the face of water scarcity

Abstract Reoccurring drought through the early 2000s has caused a serious water scarcity issue in the Colorado River Basin. Previous modeling studies have focused on the impact of climate change without considering the adaptive behaviors of farmers and under-utilized Indian water rights. In this paper, we use a coupled agent-based water resource model (ABM) to investigate how the adaptive decisions of farmers can affect water resource management under both climate change impacts and fully utilized Indian water right conditions. We used five General Circulation Model projections with RCP8.5 scenarios for the study. The results of farm-level decision-making showed different responses in irrigated areas that were changing due to climate change impact. While winter precipitation changes might partially explain the behavior changes, no specific pattern could be concluded based on their location. Also, farmers’ responses about annual water diversion showed more significant inter-year variation compared to irrigated areas. Basin-level metrics showed that climate change impacts will generally worsen water scarcity issues as measured in Navajo Reservoir storage, flow to Lake Powell, and instream flow requirement. But these basin-level water scarcity metrics cannot reflect individual farm-level impacts under climate change, which is why modeling the bottom-up management actions is necessary. When the under-utilized Indian water rights are fully used, it is more likely to trigger the shortage sharing agreement due to the higher tribal water depletion. Evaluation of model uncertainty and a more realistic setup for adaptive actions under drought contingency plans are suggested for future research.
Street View Imaging for Automated Assessments of Urban Infrastructure and Services

Many forms of ambient data in cities are starting to become available that allows tracking of short-term urban operations, such as traffic management, trash collections, inspections, or non-emergency maintenance requests. However, arguably the greatest promise of urban analytics is to set up measurable objectives and track progress toward systemic development goals connected to human development and sustainability over the longer term. The challenge for such an approach is the connection between new technological capabilities, such as sensing and machine learning and local knowledge, and operations of residents and city governments. Here, we describe an emerging project for the long-term monitoring of sustainable development in fast-growing towns in the Galapagos Islands through the convergence of these methods. We demonstrate how collaborative mapping and the capture of 360-degree street views can produce a general basis for a broad set of quantitative analytics, when such actions are coupled to mapping and deep-learning characterizations of urban environments. We map and assess the precision of urban assets via automatic object classification and characterize their abundance and spatial heterogeneity. We also discuss how these methods, as they continue to improve, can provide the means to perform an ambient census of urban assets (buildings, vehicles, services) and environmental conditions.
Fröhlich potential of the A2" phonon mode in MoS2

Abstract The use of 2D transition metal-dichalcogenide (TMDC) layers in solid state structures has received increasing attention in recent times. Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) is one of the most technologically important graphene-like two-dimensional (2D) transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs). They have been extensively studied, in part, because they do not have the small bandgap limitations in graphene. As an important and illustrative 2D TMDC material, here we analyze the Frohlich potentials for MoS2 with special emphasis on the A 2 " mode. This mode has historically received little attention compared to the E ' mode which is known to play a dominant role in 2D materials for in-plane transport. In contrast, for carrier transport perpendicular to the 2D layer, it is the A 2 " mode that interacts strongly with carriers through the Frohlich potential. In this paper, an analytical expression for the Frohlich potential is derived for the A 2 " mode. We show that the potential falls off exponentially in the direction normal to the plane of the MoS2. These results are used to derive the electron-phonon coupling for the A 2 " mode in MoS2 to better understand the electron scattering mechanisms in this material as well as the amplitude of the Frohlich interaction.
Assessing the effects of increasing surface seawater temperature on black pearl production in French Polynesia: A bioeconomic simulation

Abstract Production of French Polynesia's black pearls is entirely dependent on oceanic conditions. Yet, conditions are changing due to climate change. This research evaluates the potential economic consequences of increased seawater temperature on black pearl production. A stochastic-dynamic bioeconomic simulation simulated the growth of oysters and pearl quality under current and projected seawater temperatures in 2035 in the Northern Tuamotu Archipelago. Production strategies, including grafting intensity, grafting timeframe, and overall pearl quality distribution were included in the simulation to identify production strategies which maximized net present value (NPV) over ten-years. Across all simulated management scenarios, production occurring under projected seawater temperatures resulted in an average decline of 29.1% in expected NPV. Overall, the change in expected NPV stemmed from a decline in the quantity of pearls produced, decline in the quality of pearls produced, and an increase in time between production stages. The optimal production strategy for current and projected seawater temperatures across all management scenarios was to graft a whole cohort of oysters in December with the best possible pearl quality distribution. However, with production occurring with other pearl quality distributions, optimal grafting timeframe and intensity differs between temperature regimes. Aligning production strategies with seawater temperatures can ameliorate economic losses.
Hand Surgery Transfers to Level 1 Center: Variables Affecting Transfer Method and Diagnostic Accuracy.

We hypothesize that some costly patient transfers to a level 1 trauma center for hand specialist management may be unnecessary. This analysis evaluates transfer cost effectiveness and whether time of consult, transfer distance, diagnosis at time of transfer, and provider level influence diagnostic accuracy and transport method. Methods Two hundred and sixty-five patients transferred to a suburban level 1 trauma center for hand surgeon evaluation between 2014 and 2019 were evaluated for patient and injury characteristics, time of consult, transfer distance, provider level, transport method, treatment cost, and diagnostic accuracy. Results The average patient age was 36.2 years, and 80.3% were men. 21% of transfers had inaccurate pre-transfer diagnoses, and certain pre-transfer diagnoses correlated with an increased likelihood of inaccuracy, including flexor tenosynovitis and vascular injury. Patients with a language barrier had a greater likelihood of being transferred with an inaccurate diagnosis (P < 0.05). Compared with ground transport, air ambulance was associated with a higher cost of treatment ($225,679 versus $133,887, P < 0.00001). Of all transfers, 14 (5%) were discharged from the emergency department (ED) without a procedure, 9 (3%) were admitted for observation, 73 (27%) had an ED procedure before discharge, and 166 (62%) received operative management. Conclusions Over 30% of transfers to a level 1 trauma center likely could have been managed at the transferring facility at a decreased cost. Certain diagnoses are associated with increased risk for diagnostic error and unnecessarily urgent transport. Providers can use this information to consider transfer patterns and to educate transferring providers.
A world in reverse: The political ecology of racial capitalism:

This article advances a ‘political ecology of racial capitalism’ approach to further our understanding of the underlying systemic relations and logics of power driving planetary ecological crises. ...
Partial Differential Equations

Many of the partial differential equations that describe physical systems involve derivatives with respect to space variables (x,y,z) or with respect to space and time variables (x,y,z,t). Such equations include the diffusion equation which describes the spread (diffusion) of energy throughout a material medium with diffusion factor K $$ \frac{{\partial \psi (x,y,z,t)}}{{\partial t}} - {\rm K}{\nabla^2}\psi (x,y,z,t) = f(x,y,z,t) $$ (8.1a) the wave equation which describes the propagation of a wave traveling at speed c $$ \frac{{{\partial^{ 2}}\psi (x,y,z,t)}}{{\partial {t^2}}} - {c^2}{\nabla^2}\psi (x,y,z,t) = f(x,y,z,t) $$ (8.1b) and Poisson’s equation which describes the electrostatic potential at any point in space due to a distribution of charge, the properties of which are embodied in ρ(x,y,z), the charge density (charge per unit volume). $$ {\nabla^2}\psi (x,y,z) = \frac{{\rho (x,y,z)}}{{{\varepsilon_0}}} $$ (8.1c)
Neurodevelopmental and Mental Health Screening for Patients with Turner Syndrome in Pediatric Endocrine Clinics: Results of a Pediatric Endocrine Society Survey.

Introduction International Turner syndrome (TS) Clinical Practice Guidelines recommend screening for neurodevelopmental (ND) and mental health (MH) concerns in girls with TS; however, it remains unclear whether this is implemented in current practice. The objective of this mixed methods study was to assess screening practices for ND and MH in girls with TS from the perspective of pediatric endocrinologists. Methods Pediatric Endocrine Society members who provide care for girls with TS were invited to complete an electronic survey on screening practices. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize quantitative results concurrently with thematic analysis of free-text survey responses. Results A total of 124 surveys were completed (86% attending pediatric endocrinologists, 81% at academic institutions). Overall, 25% of providers reported their patients with TS received both ND and MH screenings. Only 9 (9%) respondents endorsed screening for ND concerns themselves, while more providers (26%) reported they screen for MH concerns. Multiple barriers to screening for ND and MH concerns within the clinical setting were endorsed. Nearly all providers (>93%) reported they would consider using a short, validated screening tool for ND and MH concerns if such tools were available. Discussion A minority of pediatric endocrinologists currently perform ND or MH screening for patients with TS, however, many would be interested in implementing a brief screening tool into their clinical practice. Given almost all girls with a TS diagnosis receive care from pediatric endocrinologists at least annually, this may be an effective method to increase the proportion of girls with TS who receive recommended screenings.
Psychophysical Validation of Interleaving Narrowband Tactile Stimuli to Achieve Broadband Effects

Current wearable haptic display technology is limited by the lack of broadband tactors capable of delivering rich haptic effects across the entire perceptible frequency range. Audio speakers are often used in laboratory studies as broadband tactors, but it is difficult to attach them to skin and maintain contact during movement. Commercially-available narrowband tactors are small, low in cost and power efficient. We investigate the idea of interleaving narrowband tactile stimuli to achieve broadband effects. Twelve participants performed pairwise discrimination of two stimulus alternatives using two broadband tactors. One alternative was a broadband vibration composed of the sum of a mid- and a high-frequency vibration, delivered by a single tactor. The other alternative consisted of the mid-frequency component delivered by one tactor and the high-frequency by the other. The upper arm was chosen for stimulation because the tactors can be placed within the two-point limen of the skin. The sensitivity index results were significantly below 1.0, the criterion for discrimination threshold, thereby confirming that broadband haptic effects can be achieved by placing narrowband tactors with mid and high resonant frequencies within the skin’s spatial resolution. We provide guidelines and examples of applying our findings to the design of wearable haptic displays.
DC microgrid fault detection using multiresolution analysis of traveling waves

Abstract Fast detection and isolation of faults in a DC microgrid is of particular importance. Fast tripping protection (i) increases the lifetime of power electronics (PE) switches by avoiding high fault current magnitudes and (ii) enhances the controllability of PE converters. This paper proposes a traveling wave (TW) based scheme for fast tripping protection of DC microgrids. The proposed scheme utilizes a discrete wavelet transform (DWT) to calculate the high-frequency components of DC fault currents. Multiresolution analysis (MRA) using DWT is utilized to detect TW components for different frequency ranges. The Parseval energy of the MRA coefficients are then calculated to demonstrate a quantitative relationship between the fault current signal energy and coefficients’ energy. The calculated Parseval energy values are used to train a Support Vector Machine classifier to identify the fault type and a Gaussian Process regression engine to estimate the fault location on the DC cables. The proposed approach is verified by simulating two microgrid test systems in PSCAD/EMTDC.
Lord of the Ralphs

It was 1979, the last week of May with only five days of eighth grade to go, when I saw Ralph at the opposite corner of the blacktop talking to a group of boys he normally never spoke to. Some of them, like Joey Rizzo and Pete Jones, were also in eighth grade, but others looked like they were in only third or fourth. One kid might have been a first-grader.
Religious Coping Styles and Recovery from Serious Mental Illnesses

Despite the relative lack of empirical research on the role of spirituality in the lives of severely mentally ill individuals, personal accounts and qualitative studies have demonstrated the import...
Gastric bicarbonate secretion in patients with duodenal ulcer.

The gastric mucosa secretes both acid and bicarbonate. In patients with duodenal ulcers, gastric acid hypersecretion is well-established. However, gastric bicarbonate secretion rates in these patients have not been reported. Accordingly, we calculated gastric acid and bicarbonate secretion rates in 13 patients with duodenal ulcer and 13 healthy subjects (controls) using a recently validated method that uses measurements of gastric juice volume, acidity (hydrogen-ion concentration), and osmolality. Nonparietal and parietal gastric volume secretion were also calculated. Although ulcer patients secreted significantly more acid than controls under basal conditions and during a submaximal intravenous pentagastrin infusion, they secreted similar amounts of bicarbonate. Ulcer patients secreted significantly more parietal and nonparietal fluid than controls. Increased nonparietal secretions in duodenal ulcer patients diluted excessive, acidic parietal secretions, preventing significant differences in gastric acidity in ulcer patients and control subjects (50.1 ± 8.7 vs. 44.0 ± 9.7 mmol/L basally; 111.0 ± 3.1 vs. 102.4 ± 7.5 mmol/L during pentagastrin infusion, respectively). These studies indicate that gastric bicarbonate secretion is close to normal in patients with duodenal ulcer, whereas acid secretion from parietal cells and nonparietal volume secretion are greater than normal.
The History of Research on Father Involvement: An Overview

SUMMARY Both our understanding and operationalization of fatherhood and father involvement have changed over time. Fatherhood has always been a multifaceted concept, although over time the dominant or defining motif has shifted in turn from moral guidance to breadwinning to sex-role modeling, marital support, and finally nurturance. As a result of these changing concepts, the extent of father involvement has been viewed and indexed in different ways at different times. In the late 1960s and early 1970s, at a time when societal concerns about the effects of fatherlessness were coming to the fore, social scientists also became much more interested in quantification of concepts such as father involvement, motivated in part by the emergence and popularity of time-use methodologies. This prompted a shift from a focus on qualitative dimensions (such as masculinity and dominance) to quantifiable dimensions (the amount of time spent by fathers with their children). This led to a restricted focus on paternal nurtu...
The effect of incorrect reliability information on expectations, perceptions, and use of automation

OBJECTIVE: We examined how providing artificially high or low statements about automation reliability affected expectations, perceptions, and use of automation over time. BACKGROUND: One common method of introducing automation is providing explicit statements about the automation's capabilities. Research is needed to understand how expectations from such introductions affect perceptions and use of automation. METHOD: Explicit-statement introductions were manipulated to set higher-than (90%), same-as (75%), or lower-than (60%) levels of expectations in a dual-task scenario with 75% reliable automation. Two experiments were conducted to assess expectations, perceptions, compliance, reliance, and task performance over (a) 2 days and (b) 4 days. RESULTS: The baseline assessments showed initial expectations of automation reliability matched introduced levels of expectation. For the duration of each experiment, the lower-than groups' perceptions were lower than the actual automation reliability. However, the higher-than groups' perceptions were no different from actual automation reliability after Day 1 in either study. There were few differences between groups for automation use, which generally stayed the same or increased with experience using the system. CONCLUSION: Introductory statements describing artificially low automation reliability have a long-lasting impact on perceptions about automation performance. Statements including incorrect automation reliability do not appear to affect use of automation. APPLICATION: Introductions should be designed according to desired outcomes for expectations, perceptions, and use of the automation. Low expectations have long-lasting effects. Language: en
Synthesis and characterization of templated Si-based nanowires via vapor-liquid-solid (VLS) growth for electrical transport

Nanowire surface conduction channels have been fabricated and tested based on self-assembled Si nanowires (SiNWs) synthesized via VLS processing. Conduction channel formation utilized W and Ni silicidation. SiNWs were directly grown on silicon substrates via vapor-liquid-solid (VLS) growth process. The diameters of the SiNW templates ranged from approximately 5 to 120 nm. Nanowire synthesis via VLS growth was carried out using a SiH 4 / Ar mixture at 500 °C. TEM analysis confirmed crystalline VLS SiNWs. Ni evaporation and Ni and W atomic layer deposition (ALD) and post-deposition thermal processing were carried out for silicide formation. TEM-EDS results showed that ALD W was conformally deposited on the surface of SiNWs. In contrast, e-beam evaporated Ni was asymmetrically deposited on the template nanowire although the resultant silicide was nearly symmetric. Conformal Ni deposition and silicidation was successfully performed, however, using Ni ALD processing. Silicide nanowires were dispensed on Au-patterned Si wafers for electrical characterization and exhibited an improvement in electrical conductivity of eight orders of magnitude compared with that of as-grown VLS silicon nanowires.
Two-mode coherent states for SU ( 1 , 1 ) ⊗ SU ( 1 , 1 )

We study two types of coherent states for two-mode realizations of the direct product group $\mathrm{SU}(1,1)\ensuremath{\bigotimes}\mathrm{SU}(1,1)$ [which is locally isomorphic to SO(2,2)] constructed from the coupling of two single-mode realizations of SU(1,1). The basis states for the relevant representations of $\mathrm{SU}(1,1)\ensuremath{\bigotimes}\mathrm{SU}(1,1)$ are constructed from the SU(1,1) Clebsch-Gordon coefficients. From these, Perelomov and Barut-Giradello coherent states are constructed. Various properties of the states are discussed, and methods for generating them are proposed. Some of the states can be generated by the operation of beam splitters with two-mode squeezed vacuum states or pair coherent states as inputs. We show that a competitive two-channel two-photon process gives rise to states of the Barut-Girardello type as the steady-state solutions of the associated master equation for appropriate initial conditions.
Longitudinal Changes in Fatigue and Energy During Pregnancy and the Postpartum Period

Abstract Objective To describe perceived levels of fatigue and energy before, during, and after pregnancy in a group of healthy women experiencing uncomplicated pregnancies; and to examine relationships between their perception of fatigue and energy, parity, and physiologic indicators of sleep disturbances, thyroid function, and iron deficiency. Design Prospective, longitudinal. Setting Participants' homes. Participants Convenience sample of 24 primiparous and 18 multiparous women. Main Outcome Measures Change in fatigue and energy over time. Measures were obtained at follicular and luteal phases of the menstrual cycle before pregnancy, at each trimester, and at 1 and 3 months after delivery. Results Younger age and lower prepregnancy levels of iron, ferritin, and hemoglobin explained 1st trimester fatigue. Less total sleep was related to fatigue in the 3rd trimester. Postpartum fatigue was related to reduced amounts of sleep and low levels of ferritin and hemoglobin. Conclusions With the exception of premenstrual (luteal) fatigue, progesterone levels were unrelated to fatigue. Neither paid employment nor family variables influenced perception of fatigue. Nurses working with childbearing populations should counsel women about significant 1st trimester fatigue so they can prepare their work and home environments iri an attempt to achieve adequate rest. JOGNN, 28, 183-191; 1999.
The accuracy of examination under anesthesia and transvaginal sonography in evaluating ovarian size

Abstract Objective. To compare pelvic examination under anesthesia to transvaginal sonography (TVS) as a method for ovarian detection and measurement. Methods. Two hundred and eighty-nine ovaries from 151 women were evaluated. After induction of anesthesia, a complete pelvic examination and TVS were performed, and the ovaries were removed surgically. Ovarian dimensions generated sonographically and estimated on clinical examination were compared to those obtained from the measured surgical specimen. Results. Forty-four percent of ovaries were palpable clinically whereas 85% were visualized sonographically ( P P P P P Conclusions. TVS is significantly more accurate than clinical examination in detecting ovaries and in defining their dimensions. Ovaries frequently are not palpable in women ≥55 years of age, women who weigh ≥200 lb, or women with an enlarged uterus (> 200 g). The addition of TVS to annual pelvic examination may be beneficial in women ≥55 years of age who are overweight and therefore at high risk to develop ovarian cancer.
A guide to establishing hybrid learning courses: Employing information technology to create a new learning experience, and a case study

Abstract Hybrid learning, or blended learning, has become an interesting learning delivery method in recent years. Many universities have sought to develop their own hybrid learning courses as another option for students and instructors who prefer to replace some portion of traditional face-to-face meeting time with online instruction. This paper provides some pragmatic guidance for establishing hybrid learning courses in universities. The authors focus on the use of information technology, as well as the development and the design of the course content. The paper also illustrates a case study of hybrid learning courses at NJIT. The research results showed no significant difference between the performance of the students who took a course in hybrid mode versus the performance of those who took the identical course in distance learning mode. Some positive feedback in terms of perceived benefit from the hybrid course instruction and course materials was obtained from the students. The student learning styles were also investigated. The results demonstrated that the majority of students who participated in the hybrid learning course are active/sensing/sequential/visual learners. Most of them preferred visual presentations to verbal explanations. The research results also revealed the difference between learning styles of students with high performance, and those with low performance.