cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Technical Note: Implications of using EGSnrc instead of EGS4 for extracting electron stopping powers from measured energy spectra.

PURPOSE NRC Report PIRS-0626 (https://doi.org/10.4224/40000364) describes how measured electron energy deposition spectra can be used to determine the electronic stopping power. The stopping power is obtained by comparing measured spectra with spectra calculated using Monte Carlo techniques. The stopping powers reported in PIRS-0626 were obtained using the EGS4 Monte Carlo code. Since then, the EGSnrc code has been released which has more accurate electron transport algorithms. We calculate the effect on the measured stopping powers of using EGSnrc instead of EGS4. METHOD The EGS4 spectra calculated in PIRS-0626 were based on 4×105 primary electron histories. We first show that those spectra, calculated in 1997, are consistent with current EGS4 spectra calculated using 108 histories. EGSnrc spectra are also calculated using 108 histories and these high-precision spectra are compared to extract any energy difference. The energy differences between the spectra are used to estimate the effect on the measured electronic stopping powers. RESULTS The energy differences depend on the absorber material, the absorber thickness and the beam energy. The improved electron elastic scattering cross section of EGSnrc accounts for only part of the difference between the two codes. The effect on the extracted stopping power is largest for the lowest electron energies and can be as large as 0.9%. The calculated spectra show differences for lower energies, with the EGSnrc spectra having a larger proportion of low-energy electrons. CONCLUSION The differences introduced by using EGSnrc instead of EGS4 can affect the estimated stopping power by almost 1% in the worst case but generally the effect is much smaller. We report corrections that can be applied to all the stopping power data in PIRS-0626. An experiment to measure the average energy to create an ion pair in air, Wair , using aluminum detectors will provide an interesting test of the aluminum stopping power data as reported in PIRS-0626 and revised by this work.
EuroBonds: Three lessons from China’s “debt centralization/decentralization” experience

Eurobonds, dubbed as Coronabonds in the context of the current coronavirus crisis, are being hotly debated among the euro area member states amid the COVID-19 pandemic The debate is in many ways a retread of the euro area sovereign debt crisis of 2011–2012 As China’s “debt centralization/decentralization” experience is comparable with the introduction of Eurobonds in the European Union (EU) in terms of institutional mechanism design, we review our previous series of studies of China’s “debt centralization/decentralization” experience to shed some light on the Eurobonds debate We obtain three key lessons First, the introduction of Eurobonds in EU is likely to soften the budget constraint of the governments of the euro area member states Second, it is also likely to strengthen the moral hazard incentives of the governments of the euro area member states to intentionally overstate their budget problems Finally, the magnitudes of the moral hazard effects generated by the introduction of Eurobonds in EU are likely larger than their respective counterparts in China © 2021 De Gruyter All rights reserved
Bird-window collisions: Mitigation efficacy and risk factors across two years.

Background Research on bird-window collision mitigation is needed to prevent up to a billion bird fatalities yearly in the U.S. At the University of Utah campus (Salt Lake City, Utah, USA), past research documented collisions, especially for Cedar Waxwings (Bombycilla cedrorum) drawn to fruiting ornamental pears in winter. Mirrored windows, which have a metallic coating that turns window exteriors into mirrors, had frequent collisions, which were mitigated when Feather Friendly®bird deterrent markers were applied. Bird-friendly windows-ORNILUX®ultraviolet (UV) and fritted windows-also reduced collisions when data were collected across fall and winter. Extending this prior research, we evaluated additional mitigation and tested the replicability of effects for pear trees, mirrored windows, and bird-friendly windows across two years. Methods Using published data from eight buildings monitored for collisions in year 1 (Fall and Winter, 2019-2020), we added another year of monitoring, Fall and Winter, 2020-2021. Between years, Feather Friendly®mitigation markers were added to collision-prone areas of two buildings, including both mirrored and transparent windows. Results The two buildings that received new Feather Friendly®mitigation had significantly fewer collisions post-mitigation. Control areas also had nonsignificant decline in collisions. The interaction of area (mitigation vs. control) by time (year 1 vs. 2) was significant, based on generalized estimating equations (GEE). The total yearly collisions across all eight buildings declined from 39 to 23. A second GEE analysis of all 8 buildings showed that mirrored windows, pear trees, and bird-friendly windows were each significant when analyzed separately. The best-fit model showed more collisions for mirrored windows and fewer collisions for bird-friendly windows. We found pear tree proximity to be related to more collisions in winter than fall. In addition, pear trees showed reduced collisions from year 1 to 2, consistent with new mitigation for two of three buildings near pear trees. Discussion Feather Friendly® markers can mitigate collisions with transparent windows, not only mirrored windows, compared to unmitigated areas over 2 years. Results also underscore the dangers of pear tree proximity and mirrored windows and the efficacy of bird-friendly windows. Thus, bird collisions can be prevented by window mitigation, permanent bird-friendly windows, and landscape designs that avoid creating ecological traps.
Self-Organizing Culture: How Norms Emerge in Small Groups

Thinking scientifically about culture and psychology is fraught with difficulties. It requires us to think about bidirectional influence between the macro level of large populations and the micro level of individual psychology. Culture clearly shapes human behavior, yet mapping out the process by which the cultural context affects the specific thoughts and actions of individuals is a daunting task. Individual thoughts and actions, of course, must influence culture in turn, for how else can we account for changes in culture over time, or the creation of culture in the first place? In large-scale modern societies, however, tracing the impact of individuals on culture is like tracing the impact of a small stream on the ocean, unless we focus on people who wield a degree of power that makes them quite atypical.
Dynamic code cognition behaviors for large scale code

Describes code cognition behaviors when maintenance engineers try to understand large-scale code. It reports on low level and higher level aggregate comprehension processes, hypotheses, and strategies. Results are based on the integrated meta-model of code cognition and use protocol analysis of code cognition sessions. >
"Romper lo que está resquebrajado": 1968 in the United States of America

Due to the inability of the United States political structure to resolve deep internal disagreements over the Vietnam War, Americans lost their faith in an effective public order regardless of their political sympathies. 1968 was the year in which faith in the nation’s political institutions cracked. The year began with an organized movement within the Democratic Party to oust Lyndon Johnson from the White House and to place an antiwar leader at the head of the party, a leader who would refocus the political energies of the nation on healing racial division and the “war on poverty.” The assassinations of Martin Luther King, Jr., and Robert F. Kennedy terminated movement to national reconciliation around a progressive program. Conservatives profited from escalating internal violence by presenting themselves as the only political force capable of bringing order. The New Left did not profit from the national political crisis, but new social movements forced into the public arena new conceptions of how the nation had developed and what “justice for all” entailed. The left failed politically, but its movements transformed the conduct of everyday life. The direction flowing from 1968 in the United States proved over the long term to be cultural regeneration of the nation’s liberal values to fit the realities of a more diverse and divided citizenry.
Oxidation of Nitrapyrin to 6-Chloropicolinic Acid by the Ammonia-Oxidizing Bacterium Nitrosomonas europaea.

Suspensions of Nitrosomonas europaea catalyzed the oxidation of the commercial nitrification inhibitor nitrapyrin [2-chloro-6-(trichloromethyl)-pyridine]. Rapid oxidation of nitrapyrin (at a concentration of 10 μM) required the concomitant oxidation of ammonia, hydroxylamine, or hydrazine. The turnover rate was highest in the presence of 10 mM ammonia (0.8 nmol of nitrapyrin per min/mg of protein). The product of the reaction was 6-chloropicolinic acid. By the use of 18O2, it was shown that one of the oxygens in 6-chloropicolinic acid came from diatomic oxygen and that the other came from water. Approximately 13% of the radioactivity of [2,6-14C]nitrapyrin was shown to bind to cells. Most (94%) of the latter was bound indiscriminately to membrane proteins. The nitrapyrin bound to membrane proteins may account for the observed inactivation of ammonia oxidation.
Ivermectin for the Control of West Nile Virus Transmission

Presently there are limited options for controlling the transmission of West Nile virus (WNV), including the use of larvicides and adulticides to target the mosquito vector. However, these methods are poorly-targeted, restricted to wealthy semi-urban and urban areas that are able to fund the efforts, and opposed in some communities due to toxicity concerns. This study evaluated the use of endectocide-treated bird feed to control WNV transmission by targeting the primary vector in Colorado, Culex tarsalis. Ivermectin susceptibility in C. tarsalis was first measured through ivermectin-spiked bloodmeals fed using membrane feeders, and the LC 50 was determined to be 49.94 ng/ml (39.71-59.93 95% CI, n=988). Chickens were then fed ivermectin-treated feed to examine its safety and palatability, and mosquitoes were blood fed directly on the chickens to assess in vivo effects. Finally, ivermectin pharmokinetics were analyzed using vein blood from chickens as well the C. tarsalis that bloodfed on the chickens. A mixture of 200 mg ivermectin/kg of bird feed was determined to be a palatable and safe dose on which chickens would feed while also being effective in killing C. tarsalis in bioassays. Pharmacokinetic data from the in vivo tests produced conflicting results compared to in vitro blood feeds but drug was detected in chicken blood at concentrations that may be expected to affect C. tarsalis. Dosing, safety, and bioassays are currently being conducted in doves and sparrows. Additional studies are currently determining the effect of ivermectin on mortality in WNV-infected mosquitoes, as well as if ivermectin reduces WNV replication and transmission. Our study indicates that the use of ivermectin-treated bird feed could be a novel method of controlling WNV transmission.
Dialectal differences between middle-class black and white children who do and do not associate with lower-class black children.

Hypothesized that middle-class boys (regardless of race) who associate with lower-class boys would be more capable of recognizing non-standard English features than middle-class boys (regardless of race) who do not associate with lower-class boys. Males ( n = 123) between the ages of 9-12 years were selected. Subjects consisted of 43 lower-class black children who were used to obtain verbal dialogues and reliability estimates. The remaining 80 subjects were middle-class boys consisting of 20 black children who associate with lower-class black children (BH); 20 white children who associate with lower-class black children (WH); 20 black children who do not associate with lower-class black children (BL); and 20 white children who do not associate with lower-class black children (WL). All subjects were required to listen to verbal dialogues and fill in the missing words. The results support the hypothesis of this study. However an unexpected finding was that race was also significant. These results are discus...
Adrenocorticotropin hormone 1-39 promotes proliferation and differentiation of oligodendroglial progenitor cells and protects from excitotoxic and inflammation-related damage.

Oligodendroglia (OL) are highly susceptible to damage and, like neurons, are terminally differentiated. It is important to protect OL precursors (OPC) because they are reservoirs of differentiating cells capable of myelination following perinatal insult and remyelination in white matter diseases, including multiple sclerosis (MS). Patients with relapsing-remitting MS are commonly treated with high-dose corticosteroids (CS) when experiencing an exacerbation. Adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH), a primary component of another approved MS exacerbation treatment, is a melanocortin peptide that stimulates production of CS by the adrenals. Melanocortin receptors are also found in the central nervous system (CNS) and on immune cells. ACTH is produced within the CNS and may have CS-independent effects on glia. We found that ACTH 1-39 stimulated proliferation of OPC, and to a lesser extent astroglia (AS) and microglia (MG), in rat glial cultures. ACTH accelerated differentiation of PDGFRα+ OPC to a later stage marked by galactolipid expression and caused greater expansion of OL myelin-like sheets compared with untreated cells. Protective effects of ACTH on OPC were assessed by treating cultures with selected toxic agents, with or without ACTH. At 200 nM, ACTH protected OPC from death induced by staurosporine, glutamate, NMDA, AMPA, kainate, quinolinic acid, H2O2, and slow NO release, but not against kynurenic acid or rapid NO release. These agents and ACTH were not toxic to AS or MG. Our findings indicate that ACTH 1-39 provides benefits by increasing the number of OPC, accelerating their development into mature OL, and reducing OPC death from toxic insults. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Semiconductor/Electrolyte Boundaries

The sections in this article are 1 Energy Band Structure 2 Semiconductor/Solution Interface 3 Modulation Techniques 4 Summary Keywords: space charge layer capacitance; interface states; recombination; modulation techniques; electrochemical impedance spectroscopy; intensity modulated photocurrent spectroscopy; potential modulated microwave reflectivity spectroscopy; silicon electrochemistry; current-potential characteristics; photocurrent-potential characteristics
The inner satellites of Jupiter

The Jupiter moon Amalthea and the smaller satellites J1, J2, and J3, discovered by Voyagers 1 and 2, are discussed under the collective appellation of 'inner satellites', which distinguishes them from the Galilean satellites and the outer satellites, J6-J13. Amalthea is a dark, irregular body on which two large craters are visible, with an estimated surface gravity of 5-7 cm/sec-squared. It is speculated that Amalthea's unique color/reflectance characteristics are due to prolonged charged particle and high-velocity micrometeoroid exposure. Dimensional data are presented for J1-3.
Stimulus exposure time and perceptual memory

The recent explosion of research on implicit memory has facilitated the examination of perceptual and conceptual processes in the encoding of information. Nevertheless, stimulus exposure time--the amount of time that a stimulus is physically available to a perceiver's scrutiny--has received little attention. In the present paper, we examine the effect of stimulus exposure time on three implicit memory measures (word-fragment completion, perceptual identification, and general knowledge) and two explicit memory measures (graphemic cued recall and semantic cued recall). In Experiment 1, we demonstrated that increases in exposure time lead to increases in implicit perceptual memory, but not to implicit conceptual memory, when the encoding task focuses on perceptual features of the stimulus. We replicated this effect in Experiment 2 and demonstrated that increases in exposure time lead to increases in perceptual and conceptual memory when the measures are explicit. Thus, the current experiments demonstrate that manipulations of exposure time lead to dissociations in implicit, but not explicit, memory.
Ultrasonic sealing of polyester and spectra fabrics using thermo plastic properties

A study of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and spectra fabric's ultrasonic sealing (welding) potential was conducted using both continuous and discontinuous ultrasonic welding machines. The effects of two important welding parameters such as weld pressure and weld time were investigated on the fabric's bond strength. Depending on the thermal property of the polymer, a certain level of temperature rise during sealing is required to soften the fibers, to facilitate the development of rows of welding points between the fabric layers. This happens under the compaction due to weld pressure. The gaps between the points are so narrow that the rows appear to be a complete sealing of the layers. Excessive melting under weld pressure, to create melt bonding caused polymer degradation and poor bond strength. Scanning Electron Microcopy images and the temperature measurements at the fabric's interface were used to examine the bond locations of the fabric. Differential Scanning Calorimetry analyses of PET and spectra fabrics have been used to examine the thermal behavior of the ultrasonic sealed material. Adequate seam strength was achieved under certain conditions of sealing for both the fabrics using both continuous and discontinuous methods of operation. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Dioxygen reactivity of a copper(I) complex with a N3S thioether chelate; peroxo-dicopper(II) formation including sulfur-ligation.

Employing a tetradentate N3S(thioether) ligand, LN3S, dioxygen reactivity of a copper(I) complex, [(LN3S)CuI]+ (1) was examined. In CH2Cl2, acetone (at −80 °C), or 2-methyltetrahydrofuran (at −128 °C), 1 reacts with O2 producing the end-on bound peroxodicopper(II) complex [{(LN3S)CuII}2(μ-1,2-O22-)]2+ (2), the first reported copper−dioxygen adduct with sulfur (thioether) ligation. Its absorption spectrum contains an additional low-energy feature (but not a Cu−S CT band) compared to the previously well-characterized N4 ligand complex, [{(TMPA)CuII}2(μ-1,2-O22-)]2+ (3) (TMPA = tris(2-pyridylmethyl)amine). Resonance Raman spectroscopy confirms the peroxo formulation {ν(O-O) = 817 cm-1 (16-18O2 Δ = 46 cm-1) and ν(Cu-O) = 545 cm-1 (16-18O2 Δ = 26 cm-1), in close analogy to that known for 3 {ν(O-O) = 827 cm-1 and ν(Cu-O) = 561 cm-1}. Direct evidence for thioether ligation comes from EXAFS spectroscopy {Cu K-edge; Cu−S = 2.4 A}
Reading, Writing, and Reviewing: Recommendations for Scholarly Manuscripts at the Graduate and Professional Level

Scholarship plays a central role in clinical psychology. However, writing for publication and reviewing for journals both require a substantial investment of time and energy. Several recommendations are provided to improve the quality of manuscripts that are submitted for publication. First, prospective authors are encouraged to focus on their own novel and useful ideas that remain clearly focused on psychological issues. Second, authors should provide evidence to support the claims, remaining well integrated with the published literature in the area. Third, strong manuscripts remain as concise as possible. Fourth, authors are encouraged to use proper grammar and active phrasing throughout the text in order to increase the likelihood that their paper will be read by colleagues. Finally, most journal editors hope to publish papers that will be cited by others in the field, and potentially quoted in future publications. The recommendations for scholarly writing may be useful for prospective authors as well as journal reviewers, hoping to facilitate the ease of publishing and improving the quality of manuscripts.
Kinked Endotracheal Tube: Possible Complication of Softening in Warm Water

Kinking of an endotracheal tube (ETT) during intubation has been infrequently reported in anesthesia studies. We present a case in which significant kinking of a nasotracheal tube occurred during intubation for an elective temporomandibular joint (TMJ) arthroscopic procedure, resulting in inversion of the tip of the ETT within the trachea. We discuss the potential risk factors that might have contributed to the kinking. Case Report A 53-year-old woman, weighing 55 kg, with American Society of Anesthesiologists Class 3, presented for elective bilateral TMJ arthroscopic surgery with lysis of the intraarticular adhesions. The patient gave no history of a previous difficult intubation or anesthetic complications. Her airway examination revealed a Class 2 Mallampati classification, a restricted range of mouth opening of approximately 30 mm (secondary to severe TMJ osteoarthritis), and decreased range of motion of her neck owing to pain, secondary to radiculopathy. Two cuffed nasotracheal Rae tubes (size 7.0 and 6.5) were softened by placing them in a bottle of sterile saline that had been prewarmed to approximately 147°F. The patient was sedated with midazolam. After adequate preoxygenation, the patient was induced with fentanyl, propofol, and rocuronium. Direct laryngoscopy facilitated a Class I view of the larynx; however, a 7.0-mm nasal Rae endotracheal tube (ETT) met resistance on attempted intubation. The cause of the resistance was not clear but seemed to be occurring at the level of the vocal cords and was thought to have resulted from the size of the ETT. Smooth passage of the ETT was made more difficult by the anterior presentation of the larynx. The tube was exchanged for a 6.5-mm ETT, but resistance was again encountered. The ETT was finally passed after some difficulty, but without the benefit of direct visualization of the passage of the ETT through the cords. The anesthesiologist confirmed that the ETT was in the trachea using capnography and positive auscultation of breath sounds for both lung fields. End-tidal carbon dioxide of 34 to 38 mm Hg was noted, and the patient’s oxygen saturation remained at 100% throughout. At this point, an audible cuff leak was noted with positive pressure ventilation. Attempts to seal the leak by instilling more air into the cuff were not successful. The capnography waveform indicated partial airway obstruction. The anesthesia team attempted to pass a suction catheter through the ETT but it met resistance at approximately 35 cm. Passage of a pediatric bougie also met with resistance at 35 cm. A fiberoptic scope was introduced, and an acute bend in the ETT was noted at 35 cm, approximately 7 cm from the tip of the tube (Fig 1). The 6.5 nasal Rae tube was replaced with a 7.0 mm oral Rae ETT, and the airway pressures normalized. The case was completed without additional complications.
Management of cervical thoracic duct cyst with cyst-venous anastomosis

INTRODUCTION Cervical thoracic duct cyst (CTDC) is a rare cause of lateral neck mass. Surgical excision with ligation of the cervical thoracic duct is the current standard for definitive management with symptomatic patients. We report the first case of an alternative method of management performing a cyst venous anastomosis for decompression.
Vascular endothelial growth factor expression in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.

background Angiogenesis is an essential process required for growth and metastasis in cancer. In breast, gastric, and prostate cancer, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) has been implicated in angiogenesis; however, little is known about VEGF in HNSCC. In this study, we hypothesize that VEGF is present in elevated levels in HNSCC and may therefore play a role in promoting angiogenesis. methods We obtained tumor tissue from 63 HNSCC patients undergoing primary resection. All tissue samples were analyzed by immunohistochemistry (IHC) techniques for the presence and localization of VEGF; however, only 36 had sufficient amounts of tissue for quantitative analysis of VEGF by ELISA. Nine control specimens taken from patients undergoing uvulopalatopharyngoplasty were also analyzed. results In all 63 of our patient samples we found VEGF to be present and localized to the cancer cells and endothelial cells. The poorly differentiated cancer cells stained more intensely in comparison with the well-differentiated ones. There was a 20-fold increase in the patient levels when compared with controls levels (P ≥0.05). Analysis by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay revealed elevated mean levels of VEGF (241 ± 326 pg/mg total protein [TP]) with a range of 2 to 1484 pg/mg TP. The control specimens had mean levels of 13 ± 11 pg/mg TP and a range of 1 to 78 pg/mg TP. Patients who exhibited higher levels of VEGF tended to have a higher rate of disease recurrence (P ≤0.048) and shorter disease-free interval (P ≤0.05). conclusions The expression of VEGF in elevated levels in the HNSCC tumor microenvironment appears to be associated with more aggressive disease. Based on our results, VEGF may be an important angiogenic factor associated with cancer cells and endothelial cells in HNSCC. Further studies are needed to better define the role of VEGF in HNSCC and its role as a potential target for therapeutic intervention.
A VALIDATED PATIENT REPORTED MEASURE OF URINARY URGENCY SEVERITY IN OVERACTIVE BLADDER FOR USE IN CLINICAL TRIALS

ABSTRACTPurpose: Overactive bladder (OAB) is a syndrome consisting of urinary urgency with or without urge incontinence, usually with increased urinary frequency and nocturia. In response to current limitations in OAB clinical research a new patient reported measure of urgency severity associated with OAB has been developed, namely the Indevus Urgency Severity Scale (IUSS). We report the measurement properties of the IUSS.Materials and Methods: Validation study data were collected alongside a phase III clinical trial of 20 mg trospium chloride twice daily vs placebo in patients with OAB associated with urge incontinence. We evaluated IUSS item variability, known group, content, criterion and construct validity, test-retest reliability, responsiveness and respondent burden.Results: A total of 658 patients were evaluated at baseline and 579 were reevaluated at week 12. IUSS demonstrated good item variability. Greater urgency severity was associated with increased symptom bother and worse health related qual...
Trends in Rates of Onset of and Recovery From Disability at Older Ages: 1982–1994

Objectives. Although there is substantial evidence of declining prevalence of disability among the older population during the late 1980s and 1990s, evidence on trends in the underlying dynamics of disability is lacking. For this study, we estimated models of transitions between discrete disability and vital states that incorporated simple linear time trends. Methods. We analyzed data from the 1982-1994 interviews of the New Haven Established Populations for Epidemiologic Studies of the Elderly study and used three alternative measures of disability status. We estimated separate models of disability prevalence and disability transitions by gender. Results. Eleven of 12 estimated trends in transition rates were statistically significant. For men and women, and for three alternative disability indicators, we found downward trends in rates of both onset of and recovery from disability among people aged 75 and older. We did not find any consistent pattern of trends in disability among those aging into the 75 and older group during this period. Discussion. Our findings are consistent with declining population-level disability prevalence only if any downward trend in onset outweighs the downward trend in recovery. These findings are also consistent with a trend toward more severe disability problems among the disabled population.
Symmetrical central tegmental tract (CTT) hyperintense lesions.

A 13 month old with a history of significant pulmonary disease related to reflux, global developmental delay, macrocephaly, and recent decrease in weight gain velocity was referred for further evaluation. MRI demonstrated an area of bilateral symmetrical hyperintensity in the central tegmental tract on T2-weighted and diffusion-weighted images in more than two axial slices (Figs. 1 and 2, arrows). When evaluating a large population of children, the highest percentages of symmetrical CTT alterations in absence of other abnormalities have been described in association with cerebral palsy (30%), developmental delay (15%) and febrile seizures (15%) [1]. Congenital metabolic disorders, Gorlin syndrome, post-chemotherapy syndrome, hypotonia, and craniosynostosis are less frequently seen, being found in 5% of patients [1]. Degeneration of the white matter tracts, edema and gliosis might account for these abnormalities. Although the pathogenesis of CTT alteration is not clearly understood, radiologists should be familiar with the pathological entities associated with CTT.
New advances that enable identification of glioblastoma recurrence

Postoperative adjuvant radiation therapy and temozolomide chemotherapy have become the standard care for newly diagnosed malignant gliomas. The efficacy of these therapies has led to an increase in pseudoprogression and radiation necrosis, both of which are treatment-related effects whose appearance on standard MRI with gadolinium-based contrast agents resembles that of tumor progression or recurrence. Accurate diagnosis of these post-treatment lesions as either tumor recurrence or treatment effects (pseudoprogression or radiation necrosis) is important to determine the patient's prognosis. Modern advancements with magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI), and PET scans have shown promise for distinguishing tumor recurrence from treatment effects. Advances in radiographic techniques will become critically important with the emergence of new antiangiogenic therapies. Consequently, MRS, DWI, and PET need to be incorporated into routine post-treatment investigations to improve the specificity and sensitivity of distinguishing tumor recurrence from treatment effects. Further research will also be needed to develop improved algorithms that use these modalities, and to develop new modalities with even greater accuracy than those currently available.
p16INK4A is a surrogate biomarker for a subset of human papilloma virus‐associated dysplasias of the uterine cervix as determined on the Pap smear

Recently, p16INK4A has been identified as a biomarker for human papilloma virus (HPV)-induced dysplastic lesions of the cervix and it has been suggested that it may be a useful diagnostic aid for these lesions. This study therefore was performed to determine the utility of p16 expression in a series of Papanicolaou (Pap) smears collected in liquid medium and to determine its benefit, if any, over HPV testing. One hundred seven cases, including 23 negative cases, 34 with low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL), 16 with high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL), 29 with atypical squamous cells of uncertain significance (ASC-US), and 5 cases with ASC suspicious for HSIL (ASC-H), were evaluated for both p16 expression and HPV DNA. We observed p16 expression in only 36% of all cases with abnormal cytology (30/84) and in 40% of all cases associated with high-risk HPV. The highest rate of positivity (80%) and the highest levels of expression (more than three to five positive cells/10× field) were seen in HSIL. Similar results were observed with ASC-H cases. This suggests that in equivocal cases, p16 may be used for confirmation of the diagnosis. On the other hand, p16 positivity was noted in only 21% of LSIL and ASC-US cases. This raises the interesting possibility, given that only a minority of LSIL cases progress on to higher-grade lesions, that p16 might be useful for triaging these patients for closer follow-up and/or further evaluation. Additional studies are required for confirmation. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2005;32:21–24. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Effectiveness of a soft-pesticide program on pear pests.

During 1980 and 1981, spray programs using soft pesticides were compared with programs using pesticides normally applied to commercial pear orchards in central Washington for the control of the insect-mite pest complex. In 1980, all pest species present except pear psylla, Psylla pyricola Foerster, were held below damaging densities by both soft and standard programs or by predators and parasites that survived. In the soft-pesticide plot, two prebloom sprays of petroleum oil and four postbloom tree washes failed to prevent serious fruit russetting by honeydew from pear psylla. In the standard program, fenvalerate and oxythioquinox sprays before bloom and three postbloom sprays of amitraz provided better control of this pest than did the oil sprays and tree washes. In 1981, both soft and standard programs controlled all pest species present. In the soft plot, pear psylla density was kept below damaging level by two prebloom petroleum oil sprays and four postbloom sprays of mancozeb. Codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.), was controlled in the soft plot by four cover sprays each year of diflubenzuron in 1980 or Bay Sir 8514, 2-chloro-N-([L(4-trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]amino)carbonyl benzamide) in 1981. Azinphosmethyl applied on a similar schedule in the standard plot also provided good codling moth control. Densities of major predators of pear psylla were higher in the soft than in the standard plot, but not as high as those in the untreated check.
Visualization of the normal appendix with MR enterography in children

Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging may provide a radiation-sparing alternative to CT in diagnosing appendicitis in children in whom US is equivocal. However, comparability with CT in the detection of the appendix remains to be established. To determine the detection rate of the normal appendix in children on oral and IV contrast-enhanced MRI. MR imaging of 58 patients who had previously undergone MR enterography was retrospectively reviewed. Detection rate, body mass index, age and gender were recorded. The normal appendix was detected in 28 cases (48 %), with greatest detection rate on the axial fast imaging employing steady-state acquisition (FIESTA) sequence. Children in whom the appendix was detected had significantly higher BMI compared to children in whom the appendix was not seen. Neither age nor gender demonstrated a significant association with detection rate. The detection rate of the normal appendix in children on oral and IV contrast-enhanced MRI was 48 %, which is comparable to detection rates on CT, as well as to previously reported detection rates on MR imaging with neither oral nor IV contrast agents. These findings may serve to guide the development of MRI protocols for pediatric appendicitis.
Novel approaches for the solid-phase synthesis of biheterocyclic dihydroimidazole analogues.

The solid-phase syntheses of dihydroimidazolyl 2-alkylthiobenzimidazoles, dihydroimidazolyl 2-alkylsulfonylbenzimidazoles, dihydroimidazolyl dihydroquinoxalin-2,3-diones, and dihydroimidazolyl dihydrobenzimidazol-2-imines are described. Following reduction of a resin-bound amino acid amide, the primary amine of the resulting resin-bound diamine was N-acylated with 4-fluoro-3-nitrobenzoic acid. Treatment with POCl3 led to formation of a dihydroimidazole derivative via dehydrative cyclization. The resin-bound dihydroimidazole derivative was then used as the key starting material for the synthesis of the aforementioned biheterocycles. Following cleavage, the resulting compounds, obtained in moderate yield and good purity, were characterized by LC−MS and 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectroscopy.
Amide proton transfer imaging of the breast at 3 T: establishing reproducibility and possible feasibility assessing chemotherapy response.

Chemical exchange saturation transfer imaging can generate contrast that is sensitive to amide protons associated with proteins and peptides (termed amide proton transfer, APT). In breast cancer, APT contrast may report on underlying changes in microstructural tissue composition. However, to date, there have been no developments or applications of APT chemical exchange saturation transfer to breast cancer. As a result, the aims of this study were to (i) experimentally explore optimal scan parameters for breast chemical exchange saturation transfer near the amide resonance at 3 T, (ii) establish the reliability of APT imaging of healthy fibroglandular tissue, and (iii) demonstrate preliminary results on APT changes in locally advanced breast cancer observed during the course of neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Chemical exchange saturation transfer measurements were experimentally optimized on cross-linked bovine serum albumin phantoms, and the reliability of APT imaging was assessed in 10 women with no history of breast disease. The mean difference between test–retest APT values was not significantly different from zero, and the individual difference values were not dependent on the average APT value. The 95% confidence interval limits were ±0.70% (α = 0.05), and the repeatability was 1.91. APT measurements were also performed in three women before and after one cycle of chemotherapy. Following therapy, APT increased in the one patient with progressive disease and decreased in the two patients with a partial or complete response. Together, these results suggest that APT imaging may report on treatment response in these patients. Magn Reson Med, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Liquid argon calorimetry for general purpose SSC detectors

Abstract The SSC, the proposed proton-proton collider in the U.S., is to have its first beam in 1998. Several collaborations are proposing general detectors for use at the SSC. A general development program in Liquid Argon Calorimetry has been started to decide whether it is suitable for such detectors. We describe the development program currently underway in the US.
Creativity: Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow

ABSTRACT Nineteenth century science neglected creativity, and the limited twentieth century approach (to 1950) was largely anecdotal. Recently, research has multiplied, although it has involved little experimental hypothesis testing. Creativity comprises many discrete abilities which often do not correlate very much with each other, and creativity and IQ correlate substantially only at lower IQ levels. Much work has been done in developing evaluative criteria for creative scientific production, and on teaching and learning creativity. Future basic research should concern transfer recall, transformations, reclassification, elaboration, incubation, environmental conditions, and motivation. The social consequences of releasing creative abilities are potentially enormous.
Multidimensional Family Therapy: A Science-Based Treatment System

MDFT is a family-based intervention for adolescent substance abuse and associated mental health and behavioural problems (Liddle, 2010). Integrative in several ways, MDFT uses an ecological or contextual conceptual framework to understand the developmental tasks of teens and their families. Research-derived knowledge about risk and protective factors, and proximal causes, correlates and contributors to adolescent drug and related problems inform clinical thinking and interventions with every case. A multisystems approach, MDFT assesses and intervenes in four areas: (1) the adolescent as an individual and a member of a family and peer network; (2) the parent(s), both as individual adults and in his or her role as mother, father or caregiver; (3) the family environment and family relationships, as manifested in day-to-day family transactional patterns; and (4) extrafamilial sources of influence such as peers, school and juvenile justice. Interventions are made within and coordinated across domains. Progress in one area or with one person has implications for and use in others. Individual meetings with parent(s) and teen set the stage for family sessions, and family meetings may offer content and new outcomes that need to be brought to extrafamily meetings with juvenile justice or school personnel. MDFT was developed and tested as a treatment system rather than a one-size-fits-all approach. A treatment system offers different versions of a clinical model that vary according to factors such as clinical sample characteristics (older versus younger adolescents, juvenile justice involved versus no involvement in juvenile justice systems), and treatment parameters (type of clinical setting and treatment dose).
SU-GG-T-540: Intensity-Modulated Arc Therapy for Stereotactic Radiotherapy of Spinal & Paraspinal Tumors

Purpose: Stereotactic radiosurgery of metastatic spinal tumor with intensity‐modulated radiotherapy(IMRT) technique requires a long treatment time due to an extensive monitor units (MU) resulting from multiple highly intensity‐modulated beams in order to sparing adjacent spinal cord and other critical structures. This study investigates the feasibility of using intensitymodulated arc therapy (IMAT) as an alternative modality with a shorter treatment time while maintaining a compatible dosimetric performance as IMRT technique. Methods/Materials: 8 patients with spinal or paraspinal tumor were recruited in this study. All those patients were previously treated with IMRT technique, in which 18Gy or 24Gy doses were delivered in a single fraction with 11 to 13 coplanar radiation beams. Single arc and 2‐arc IMAT plans were retrospectively generated for each patients using RapidArcTM treatment planning system (Varian Medical System, Sunnyvale, CA). The previous delivered IMRT plans were chosen as a reference. The differences of following parameters between IMAT and IMRT plans were used to evaluate the plan performance: the volumes of PTV receiving 95% and 100% of prescribed dose(V95, V100), the maximum spinal cord dose (MSPDOSE) and the total monitor units (TMU). Results: For all 8 patients, the differences of V95 and V100 between single arc IMAT and IMRT plans are −5.3%±4.8% and −9.3%±7.8% , while the difference of MSPDOSE is 0.23Gy±0.87Gy. In contrary, the differences of V95 and V100 between 2‐arc IMAT and IMRT plans are −0.67%±2.01%, −1.1%±2.23% , while the difference of MSPDOSE is 0.38Gy±0.47GY. The ratios of TMU of single arc and 2‐arc IMAT plans over IMRT plan are 55%±19% and 65%±17%. Conclusion: For stereotactic radiosurgery of spinal tumor,IMRT plan provide better dose coverage than single arc IMAT plan, but 2‐arc IMAT plan is capable of providing a compatible dosimetric performance as IMRT plan while significantly reducing the treatment time.
Electroencephalographic findings in KBG syndrome: a child with novel mutation in ANKRD11 gene.

KBG syndrome is characterized by intellectual impairment and various craniofacial, skeletal and other minor physical anomalies (Table 1) [1]. Recently, mutations in the ANKRD11 gene encoding ankyrin repeat domain 11, was found to be the genetic mutation associated with this syndrome. Neurologic involvement with developmental delay, seizures, EEG abnormalities and prominent neuropsychiatric features has been described. EEG abnormalities have been previously described as mostly nonspecific in the literature. We report a case of KBG syndrome with evolution of EEG findings over 6 years in a pediatric patient.
The development of a mandatory medical thesis in an urban medical school.

Background: The objective of this study was to describe the development of a primary care medical student's thesis. Description: In 1995, as part of its primary care clerkship, the Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science (Drew University), College of Medicine created a curriculum requiring medical students to develop, design, and implement a research project during their 2-year longitudinal clinical experience. For this study, we reviewed all student research projects generated between 1995 and 2004. Evaluation: Among the 112 research projects, topics covered included internal medicine (29.5%), obstetrics and gynecology (OBGYN; 22%), psychosocial issues (20.5%), pediatrics (9%), public health/epidemiology (8%), medical education (8%), and surgery (3%). Mentors included faculty from internal medicine (16%), dean's office (16%), pediatrics (13%), family medicine (11%), non-Drew faculty (10%), OBGYN (9%), psychiatry (9%), surgery (9%), emergency medicine (4%), and pathology/radiology departments (...
The absorptive surface of Moniliformis dubius (Acanthocephala). II. Functional aspects.

Abstract The functional nature of the acanthocephalan absorptive surface was further elucidated by a series of morphological and cytochemical studies with the electron microscope. The use of lanthanum nitrate and ruthenium red in fixatives and Thorotrast staining en bloc and on epoxy thin sections provided information about the surface coat and the surface crypts. Acid phosphatase was localized in the lumina of the crypts and in the five lysosomal types. In vitro studies utilizing ferritin, Thorotrast and horseradish peroxidase implicated the surface crypts in the digestion and/or uptake of large molecules. A consideration of the evidence suggests that these crypts are highly selective and specific in their function.
The Career Counseling Needs of Mothers in the Criminal Justice System

The past 2 decades have produced a rapid increase in the numbers of incarcerated mothers. This study investigated both career development and the career counseling needs of mothers in the criminal justice system. A mixed-methods design was employed using both qualitative interviews (n = 1,161) and quantitative survey methods (n = 1,170). Identified needs included counseling regarding continuing education and vocational training, access to health care, and counseling to recover from work in the sex trade.
Quality of Life Following Incontinent Cutaneous and Orthotopic Urinary Diversions

The quality of life (QOL) of patients requiring urinary diversion remains an important issue within the field of Urology. The majority of this population has undergone cystectomy as treatment for malignant disease. In the initial phases of treatment counseling, the patient is focused on the eradication of their tumor. However, it is the urinary diversion that will have a lasting functional impact on the patient every day for the rest of their lives. The selection of an appropriate diversion, then, is critical to long-term satisfaction with the surgical treatment. Patients must be fully counseled in all types of urinary diversion and should have ready access to all options. Reported differences in QOL between diversion populations are difficult to interpret in view of limitations in the methodology of study designs and apparent selection bias. Ultimately, as a community, urologists cannot definitively say that one class of urinary diversion is superior to another. Instead, we must empower the patient in their own decision making with an accurate impression of diversion recovery, required education and training, and related side-effects and complications. The choice of urinary diversion still remains a very personal decision to be made between the patient, family members, friends, and the physician.
Resonant tunneling of L-valley electrons in GaSb-based double-barrier heterostructures.

By means of hydrostatic pressure, the bottom of the conduction band of GaSb can be displaced from the \ensuremath{\Gamma} point in the Brillouin zone to the L point. We have used this effect to control the nature of the electrons (\ensuremath{\Gamma} or L) available for tunneling at the electrodes of GaSb-AlSb-GaSb-AlSb-GaSb double-barrier heterostructures. In a structure grown along the (100) direction, we have observed negative differential resistance features due to resonant tunneling through two different paths: from the \ensuremath{\Gamma} valley in the electrodes through the first quantized \ensuremath{\Gamma} state in the well and from the L valley in the electrodes through the first and second L states in the well. In a structure grown along the (111) direction, only resonant tunneling via the \ensuremath{\Gamma} path has been observed.