cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Design and Governance of Multiparty Monitoring under the USDA Forest Service's Collaborative Forest Landscape Restoration Program

Project-level monitoring is a necessary component of forest restoration and has historically been neglected. The 2009 Forest Landscape Restoration Act, which created the Collaborative Forest Landscape Restoration Program (CFLRP), authorizes funding for collaboratively designed restoration projects on US National Forests. It is the only statute requiring that the US Department of Agriculture Forest Service conduct project-level monitoring, specifically requiring collaboratively designed and implemented multiparty monitoring for 15 years after a CFLRP project begins. We conducted research to understand the design of these monitoring programs, their purposes, and their associated governance structures. Our goal was to investigate how this innovative aspect of the CFLRP is proceeding in the early years of the program and to set the stage for longitudinal research on this aspect of the CFLRP. We conducted and systematically analyzed semistructured interviews with 45 participants, including federal and nonfederal partners, from the first 10 CFLRP projects. We found that monitoring programs are being designed for a variety of purposes, such as tracking ecological impacts, maintaining trust with stakeholders, supporting “adaptive” planning documents meant to cover multiple years of treatment, and “telling the story” of these projects in terms of social and economic impacts to communities. Governance structures include formal roles and responsibilities for participants but lack formal processes for incorporating monitoring data into long-term project planning. Major challenges relate to the timing requirements of the CFLRP legislation, a lack of capacity among all parties in terms of time and expertise, navigation of the distinction between research and monitoring, and the design of adaptive planning documents to cover activities for multiple years over large landscapes.
The Vitamin B12 Analog Cobinamide Is an Effective Antidote for Oral Cyanide Poisoning.

Cyanide is a major chemical threat, and cyanide ingestion carries a higher risk for a supra-lethal dose exposure compared to inhalation but provides an opportunity for effective treatment due to a longer treatment window and a gastrointestinal cyanide reservoir that could be neutralized prior to systemic absorption. We hypothesized that orally administered cobinamide may function as a high-binding affinity scavenger and that gastric alkalinization would reduce cyanide absorption and concurrently increase cobinamide binding, further enhancing antidote effectiveness. Thirty New Zealand white rabbits were divided into five groups and were given a lethal dose of oral cyanide poisoning (50 mg). The survival time of animals was monitored with oral cyanide alone, oral cyanide with gastric alkalinization with oral sodium bicarbonate buffer (500 mg), and in combination with either aquohydroxocobinamide or dinitrocobinamide (250 mM). Red blood cell cyanide concentration, plasma cobinamide, and thiocyanate concentrations were measured from blood samples. In cyanide ingested animals, oral sodium bicarbonate alone significantly prolonged survival time to 20.3 ± 8.6 min compared to 10.5 ± 4.3 min in saline-treated controls, but did not lead to overall survival. Aquohydroxocobinamide and dinitrocobinamide increased survival time to 64 ± 41 (p < 0.05) and 75 ± 16.4 min (p < 0.001), respectively. Compared to aquohydroxocobinamide, dinitrocobinamide showed greater systemic absorption and reduced blood pressure. Dinitrocobinamide also markedly increased the red blood cell cyanide concentration. Under all conditions, the plasma thiocyanate concentration gradually increased with time. This study demonstrates a promising new approach to treat high-dose cyanide ingestion, with gastric alkalinization alone and in combination with oral cobinamide for treating a supra-lethal dose of orally administered cyanide in rabbits.
Chapter 12 Epidemiology of sleep disorders in the general population

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the sleep symptoms and disorders most frequently studied in the general population. They have been grouped into four main themes: insomnia and related disorders, excessive daytime sleepiness and related disorders, sleep breathing disorders and parasomnias. Sleep disorders encompass a broad range of manifestations. They are traditionally divided into two large categories: dyssomnias and parasomnias. Dyssomnias are sleep disorders characterized by abnormalities in the quantity, quality, or timing of sleep. As such, they are associated with difficulty initiating or maintaining the sleep or daytime sleepiness. Parasomnias cover abnormal behavioral or physiological events occurring during sleep but do not involve the sleep mechanisms per se. Dissatisfaction with quality of sleep has various definitions. It can be expressed as a complaint of difficulty initiating (DIS) or maintaining sleep (DMS), poor sleep or dissatisfaction with sleep. The assessment of DIS or DMS was done mostly according to four strategies: by asking the participants (a) about the presence of the symptoms, (b) the frequency of the symptoms per week, (c) about the severity of the symptoms, and (d) if the symptoms were accompanied with any daytime repercussion.
Rapid Evolution of Manifold CRISPR Systems for Plant Genome Editing

Advanced CRISPR-Cas9 based technologies first validated in mammalian cell systems are quickly being adapted for use in plants. These new technologies increase CRISPR-Cas9’s utility and effectiveness by diversifying cellular capabilities through expression construct system evolution and enzyme orthogonality, as well as enhanced efficiency through delivery and expression mechanisms. Here, we review the current state of advanced CRISPR-Cas9 and Cpf1 capabilities in plants and cover the rapid evolution of these tools from first generation inducers of double strand breaks for basic genetic manipulations to second and third generation multiplexed systems with myriad functionalities, capabilities and specialized applications. We offer perspective on how to utilize these tools for currently untested research endeavors and analyze strengths and weaknesses of novel CRISPR systems in plants. Advanced CRISPR functionalities and delivery options demonstrated in plants are primarily reviewed but new technologies just coming to the forefront of CRISPR development, or those on the horizon, are briefly discussed. Topics covered are focused on the expansion of expression and delivery capabilities for CRISPR-Cas9 components and broadening targeting range through orthogonal Cas9 and Cpf1 proteins.
Features of Escherichia coli mutant colonies appearing on nonlethal conditions of selection

Spontaneous mutagenesis in bacteria is understood as the product of genome-wide mutations occurring in the absence of selection during active cell proliferation in which mutant cells survive lethal selection while non-mutants cells die. However, when non-lethal selection is used to identify mutants, cells that have not yet mutated are still alive but unable to actively proliferate. This report addresses whether the first mutant colonies appearing on non-lethal selection plates are the product of spontaneous mutations occurring during exponential growth or whether they are produced by mutagenesis during selection. We infer, based on evidence obtained by using two unique methods, that most of these colonies are the product of mutation events happening soon after saturated bacterial cultures are deposited on plates. This mutability takes place irrespective of the selective allele location, whether chromosomal or extrachromosomal. This result demonstrates the fallibility of fluctuation analysis under non-lethal conditions of selection because this method assumes that the first mutants on a selection plate have occurred during exponential growth. A process of mutagenesis, such as the one observed here, occurring during starvation and in the absence of cell division, provides insights into how bacteria may quickly adapt to an ever-changing environment, and rapidly evolve new traits, such as antibiotic resistance. Furthermore, this is a demonstration of the strength of mutagenic processes, perhaps evolutionary conserved, that occur in the absence of active cell proliferation that might partly explain the acquisition of chemotherapy resistance in transformed cells.
Brugada syndrome-Malignant phenotype associated with acute cardiac inflammation?

Key Teaching Points • Risk stratification of Brugada syndrome and the decision to implant a defibrillator remains a significant challenge. • The mechanism for Brugada syndrome and trigger for ventricular fibrillation (VF) is still debated. • Two patients with VF and Brugada syndrome in the context of acute cardiac inflammation are described raising the possibility that inflammation may be a driver for ventricular arrhythmias in these patients.
Abyssal Hills and Abyssal Plains

Abyssal hills and abyssal plains makeup the majority of the seafloor, and thus cover vast amount of the Earth’s surface. Abyssal hills form in the young oceanic lithosphere near mid-ocean ridges. These elongate, ridge-parallel hills and intervening valleys provide the characteristic fabric of the recently accreted and sparsely sedimented seafloor. Near-bottom investigations document that abyssal hills owe most of their morphology to extensional faulting. Their tectonically-driven growth continues as far as ~35 km from the spreading axis, thus defining a broader plate boundary zone within which the parting plates acquire their steady-state motion. Abyssal hill morphology is sensitive to key aspects of seafloor accretion, and thus preserves accurate records of changing spreading rate, lithospheric thermal structure, and plate boundary geometry. In general, the slower the spreading rate, the larger their dimensions are. This relationship is modulated by regional variations in the thermal structure of the lithosphere, such as may be produced by proximity to hot spots, cold spots, or transform faults and non-transform ridge offsets. As divergent plate motion rafts the aging, subsiding oceanic lithosphere away from the mid-ocean ridge, abyssal hills are generally slowly buried beneath layers of sediments. However, extreme variability in sedimentation rates means that the burial of abyssal hills by sediments is not predictably related to the age of the lithosphere. In fact, the rugged fabric of the abyssal hills is transformed into the remarkably flat surface of the abyssal plains only where oceanic basins are within reach of the fast-moving turbidity currents that originate along the continental margins.
When brands fight over bands: Sociality in the cognitive radio ecosystem

As wireless devices continue to proliferate, spectrum management is essential to a healthy and functioning digital ecosystem. Here we present an evolutionary analysis of how interbrand relationships can be expected to evolve in the cognitive radio domain over long time scales. We find that a range of trajectories are possible, and that the eventual outcomes depend on a variety of system parameters including the number of users and transmission band switching costs. Starting from previous bio-socially inspired fair spectrum sharing protocols, we put forward an extended model of secondary user etiquette that allows for a range of inter-group dynamics to arise in the natural course of competition over and co-use of spectrum resources. We show that as populations grow, increases in transmission switching costs lead to evolutionary pressures toward increasing antagonism between brands, and that in such scenarios devices tend to segregate by brand across bands. Understanding the drivers behind emerging inter-brand dynamics from an evolutionary perspective is an important input to the long term view of the successful application of distributed spectrum access and cognitive radio.
A simulation study comparing supertree and combined analysis methods using SMIDGen

Supertree methods comprise one approach to reconstructing large molecular phylogenies given estimated source trees for overlapping subsets of the entire set of taxa. These source trees are combined into a single supertree on the full set of taxa using various algorithmic techniques, with the most common being matrix representation with parsimony (MRP). When the data allow, the competing approach is a combined analysis (also known as a "supermatrix" or "total evidence" approach) whereby the different sequence data matrices for each of the different subsets of taxa are concatenated into a single supermatrix, and a tree is estimated on that supermatrix. In this paper, we report an extensive simulation study comparing the supertree methods MRP and weighted MRP against combined analysis methods on large model trees, using a novel simulation methodology (Super-Method Input Data Generator, or SMIDGen), which better reflects biological processes and the practices of systematists. This study shows that combined analysis based upon maximum likelihood outperforms all the other methods, giving especially big improvements when the largest subtree does not contain most of the taxa.
The Woman Question in France, 1400-1870

This is a revolutionary reinterpretation of the French past from the early fifteenth century to the establishment of the Third Republic, focused on public challenges and defenses of masculine hierarchy in relations between women and men. Karen Offen surveys heated exchanges around women's 'influence'; their exclusion from 'authority'; the increasing prominence of biomedical thinking and population issues; concerns about education, intellect, and the sexual politics of knowledge; and the politics of women's work. Initially, the majority of commentators were literate and influential men. However, as more and more women attained literacy, they too began to analyze their situation in print and to contest men's claims about who women were and should be, and what they should be restrained from doing, and why. As urban print culture exploded and revolutionary ideas of 'equality' fuelled women's claims for emancipation, this question resonated throughout francophone Europe and, ultimately, across the seas.
Optical gain in colloidal quantum dots achieved with direct-current electrical pumping

Core/shell type-I semiconductor nanocrystals with compositionally graded shell and embedded in a current-focusing device architecture reach population inversion, a condition required for lasing, when excited with direct current.
Mathematical Modeling and Culturally Relevant Pedagogy

Mathematical modeling and culturally relevant pedagogy (CRP) are both pedagogical approaches that rely on students’ knowledge of everyday situations, yet mathematics education research has not fully attended to the ways in which they can be united in the classroom. We use an interpretation of culture as students’ lived experiences, a perspective drawn from the Funds of Knowledge approach, which can uncover knowledge that is relevant for rich mathematical tasks and that can support socially conscious reflection. This chapter proposes a new pedagogical model, suggesting that the cycle of mathematical modeling provides key moments to access students’ culturally based knowledge and that this approach can address weaknesses in typical implementations of culturally relevant pedagogy. Mathematical modeling asks students to complete a problem-solving cycle involving sense-making, developing problem-solving tools, interpretation and validation of results, and further cycles of model improvement. The early stage of sense-making and the reflective stages at the end of the first modeling cycle are key points at which teachers can plan discussions to foreground students’ cultural knowledge and critical consciousness. We provide examples of this approach through a task on modeling neighborhood fence designs, and we provide reflections on implementing this approach with preservice secondary teachers in an early stage of their pedagogical education.
Neck-Tongue Syndrome: Viewpoints on Etiology in a Patient with Bilateral Symptoms

Neck-Tongue Syndrome is a rare entity, and when it presents in the pediatric age group, it is usually due to osseous, ligamentous, or nervous anatomic variation. We present below a case involving a patient whose bilateral symptoms were intermittently present from the age of five to the age of twenty-one years and discuss this case in light of the present theories of the anatomic substrate underlying this syndrome.
Acyanotic Congenital Heart Disease: Left-to-Right Shunt Lesions

Acyanotic congenital heart diseases or left-to-right shunting lesions are the most common form of congenital heart disease. Although most resolve spontaneously, many will remain hemodynamically significant, particularly in the premature infant. Understanding the difference in pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management between the term and preterm infant is imperative to minimize the risk of secondary organ dysfunction and ensure proper growth and development.
Differences in the effects of mercury on telson regeneration in two populations of the grass shrimp Palaemonetes pugio.

AdultPalaemonetes pugio were collected from two tidal creek systems, Piles Creek (PC), a mercury polluted estuary, and Big Sheeps head Creek (BSC), a relatively non-polluted creek in New Jersey. Telsons were ablated from shrimp in each population. Twenty ablated individuals from each population were placed in each of the following concentrations: 20 g/L artificial sea water (ASW), 20 g/L ASW with 0.01 mg/L mercuric chloride (HgCl2), or 20 g/L ASW with 0.01 mg/L methyl-mercuric chloride (meHg). In addition, 20 BSC shrimp were pre-treated with each of the following prior to ablatement: 0.01 mg/L HgCl2 or 0.01 mg/L meHg. No significant difference between the control group and treated animals was noted in the PC population with respect to all parameters examined. Significant differences (P < 0.05) existed between BSC controls and BSC shrimp treated with HgCl2, which had not been pre-treated, with respect to survival at molt, in that controls had a greater survival rate. No such difference was noted between BSC control animals, and animals pretreated with HgCl2. In addition, BSC shrimp treated with meHg had a significantly (P < 0.05) shorter intermolt period when compared to BSC control shrimp, and BSC meHg pre-treated shrimp had a significantly shorter intermolt period than did meHg-treated shrimp which had not been pretreated.
Drawing: The Social Construction of Knowledge.

Despite a growing interest in children's drawing, there are few meaningful frameworks for examining what it is that children are doing when they draw. In this paper particular aspects of Vygotsky's...
Fractures and Luxations of the Pelvis and Proximal Femur

Although lameness caused by fractures and luxations of the pelvis and proximal femur are rare, they are serious and often end an animal's productive life unless properly diagnosed and promptly treated. Diagnosis of these injuries is difficult without special radiographic equipment; however, careful physical examination will often lead to a tentative diagnosis. Coxofemoral luxations and slipped capital epiphysis are two of these life-threatening injuries. This article discusses their diagnosis and possible options for treatment, which can lead to a useful, productive life. The diagnosis of other pelvic injuries is discussed, although these injuries are often not as amenable to treatment.
The surgical removal of a subfoveal choroidal neovascular membrane: an alternative treatment to laser photocoagulation.

Whenever hypoxia occurs as the result of a pathologic condition in or near the highly metabolic retinal tissue, there often is an attempt by the vascular tissue in the area to offset this loss through the development of a neovascular membrane. If the affected tissue is the choroid/retinal pigment epithelium/Bruch's membrane complex, or outer 1/3 of the sensory retina, the source of these new vessels is the choriocapillaris. The vessels in the neovascular membrane are fragile, leak serum profusely and tend to hemorrhage. The natural history of these choroidal neovascular membranes (CNVMs), when they are located in the center of the macula, is the formation of a disciform scar resulting in the severe loss of central vision (20/200 or worse). Laser photocoagulation has been successful in treating neovascular membranes and limiting visual loss when they have been either extrafoveal, i.e., no closer than 200 mu o to the center of the foveal avascular zone (FAZ), or juxtafoveal, i.e., no closer than 1 mu o to the center of the FAZ. Until recently, laser treatment of subfoveal CNVMs was not considered an acceptable option due to its destructive effects on foveal vision. The surgical removal of subfoveal neovascular membranes has been recently described as an attempt to spare more vision.
Virtual Reality and Knowledge Rediscovery in Sub-Sahara Africa: A Review of Literature

Even as the effectiveness of Virtual Reality (VR) in education begins to be understood in the US and western Europe, the potential for this technology to lead to knowledge rediscovery and lifelong learning in Sub-Saharan Africa remains unexploited. This region has unique educational-delivery problems that position VR as a premier instrument that may respond to learners’ needs. Factors hindering education in Sub-Sahara Africa include the high expenses for students attending brick-and-mortar schools; the long distances learners must travel to access these schools; the lack of learning materials like books and writing instruments; and few educational technology professionals. This present research reviewed published research articles on how VR, as an educational tool, can be used to address these problems and lead to knowledge rediscovery and lifelong learning in Africa. The review suggested that, at this time, VR can only be used as a supplementary teaching aid to assist learner understanding.
Leveraging MLC STT-RAM for energy-efficient CNN training

Graphics Processing Units (GPUs) are extensively used in training of convolutional neural networks (CNNs) due to their promising compute capability. However, GPU memory capacity, bandwidth, and energy are becoming critical system bottlenecks with increasingly larger and deeper training models. This paper proposes an energy-efficient GPU memory management scheme by employing MLC STT-RAM as GPU memory to accommodate the image classification training workloads. We propose a data remapping scheme that exploits the asymmetry access latency and energy across soft and hard bits in MLC STT-RAM cells and the memory access characteristics in image classification training workloads. Furthermore, our design enables (i) energy-efficient memory access by leveraging bit-level similarity in training data and (ii) optimal feature map encoding to compress the contiguous 0s in feature maps. Our design reduces VGG-19 and AlexNet training time, GPU memory access energy and capacity utilization by 76% and 70%, 45% and 40%, 26.9% and 26%, respectively.
The pathological effects of naturally occurring antibodies on human breast cancer

4704 Introduction: Despite the activation of lymphocytes by tumor antigens, the immune system is often inefficient in eliminating tumor cells and preventing progressive tumor growth. It has been reported that naturally occurring antibodies against over-expressed or mutant proteins in tumor cells occur at high frequency in the serum of breast cancer patients. However, spontaneous regression of breast cancer is rare and in contrast, the presence of the antibody in patient serum may correlate with poor prognosis. The purpose of this research was to study the role of naturally occurring human antibody in controlling human breast cancer cell survival. Methods: Total RNA isolated from the PBMC of a patient with breast cancer was used for RT-PCR and the positive PCR products were ligated into a pComb3 display phage for constructing a recombinant cDNA expression library of human IgG Fab. Primary breast cancer cell lysate was used to screen the antibody library. The tumor antigen binding ability of antibodies was tested by ELISA analysis. Breast cancer cell lines were treated with antibodies at various concentrations. The cancer cell growth was measured by 3H-Thymidine uptake assay and the cell apoptosis measured by FACS with FITC annexin V. Results: A cDNA expression library containing 1.2 x 105 primary human IgG Fab clones has been successfully constructed. Twenty clones were screened from the library; which represented 14 different transcripts by sequence homology search from the GenBank data bases. ELISA was performed on three clones; all showed stronger binding to antigens from primary breast cancer and breast cancer cell lines than to one from normal breast tissue. Functional studies showed that antibodies exhibited different biological effects on breast cancer cell survival in vitro when used at various concentrations. At low level (2 μg/ml) some clones stimulated growth of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell line but had no effect on MCF-7 and SK-BR-3 cell growth in vitro, indicating that these antibodies can promote breast cancer cell growth by binding to some tumor antigen that expressed in various levels among different cell lines. Treatment with high level of these clones (20 μg/ml) had no effect to promote cancer cell growth of above three cell lines. However, two tested antibody clones showed strong effect to block etoposide-induced cell apoptosis in all three above cell lines, which occurred with a Fab concentration as low as 2 μg/ml and reached to a complete blocking with a high level at 20 μg/ml. Conclusions: Our studies provide evidence to explain why naturally occurring immune response is often inefficient in eliminating tumor cells and preventing progressive growth. These findings suggest that serum auto-antibodies to tumor-associated antigens may initially contribute to cancer promotion when immune response developed at a low level and finally involve in tumor immune escaping with a high level of immune response.
Triglyceride and Triglyceride/ HDL (High Density Lipoprotein) Ratio Predict Major Adverse Cardiovascular Outcomes in Women With Non-Obstructive Coronary Artery Disease.

Background Women with non‐obstructive coronary artery disease have increased cardiovascular morbidity. The role of risk factors in this population has yet to be established. We aimed to study the p...
Rehabilitation Teachers —Who are We?:

Rehabilitation teaching of blind persons employs many of the principles used in the allied professions of special education, social case work, orientation and mobility, vocational rehabilitation an...
Impacts of online risky behaviors and cybersecurity management on cyberbullying and traditional bullying victimization among Korean youth: Application of cyber-routine activities theory with latent class analysis

Abstract Previous studies have demonstrated that higher Internet and digital technology usage increases adolescents’ likelihood of experiencing online victimization, including cyberbullying victimization. Despite the rise in cyberbullying incidents among adolescents, few empirical studies have discussed plausible explanations for how online lifestyles and cybersecurity management influence cyberbullying victimization in comparison to traditional bullying. Using a sample of 7109 Korean adolescents (female 52.9%; age range 13–17) from the Korean Institute of Criminology (2014), this study used Latent Class Analysis to identify subgroups that exhibit similar (i.e., class homogeneity) and dissimilar (i.e., class separation) patterns of bullying victimization across subgroups. The findings revealed that adolescents who engaged in risky online leisure activities, online lifestyle activities, and online risky social networking activities were more likely to be victimized by cyberbullying than those who engaged less frequently in the aforementioned behaviors. In addition, adolescents who more frequently engaged in online lifestyle activities and online risky social networking activities were at higher risk of being victimized by cyberbullying compared to traditional bullying.
No Place for Compromise: Resisting the Shift to Negotiation

In a series of recent papers beginning with their “Splitting a difference of opinion: The shift to negotiation” (Argumentation 32:329–350, 2018a) Jan Albert van Laar and Erik Krabbe claim that it is sometimes reasonable (i.e., rationally permissible) to shift from a critical discussion to a negotiation in order to settle a difference of opinion. They argue that their proposal avoids the fallacies of bargaining (substituting offers for arguments) and middle ground (mistaking a compromise for a resolution). Against this permissive policy for shifting to negotiation, we argue that the motivating reasons for such shifts typically fail, and that the permissive policy avoids neither fallacy while structurally incentivizing two types of strategic maneuvering that constitute rational and argumentative hazards: argumentative overcharge and abandonment of discussion.
Convection in Binary Mixtures

Experimental results are presented for convection in shallow layers of binary mixtures heated from below. We used both ethanol-water mixtures at room temperature[1,2] and 3He-4He mixtures at 2.2 K.[3,4] The primary difference between the two cases is the value of the Prandtl number σ, which is about 18 in the room-temperature system and about 0.6 in the cryogenic case. Both were studied in long, narrow containers in which convection rolls are expected to be parallel to the short sidewalls.
Assessment of online adaptive MR-guided stereotactic body radiotherapy of liver cancers.

Abstract Purpose/objective Online Adaptive Radiotherapy (ART) with daily MR-imaging has the potential to improve dosimetric accuracy by accounting for inter-fractional anatomical changes. This study provides an assessment for the feasibility and potential benefits of online adaptive MRI-Guided Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy (SBRT) for treatment of liver cancer. Materials/methods Ten patients with liver cancer treated with MR-Guided SBRT were included. Prescription doses ranged between 27 and 50 Gy in 3–5 fx. All SBRT fractions employed daily MR-guided setup while utilizing cine-MR gating. Organs-at-risk (OARs) included duodenum, bowel, stomach, kidneys and spinal cord. Daily MRIs and contours were utilized to create each adapted plan. Adapted plans used the beam-parameters and optimization-objectives from the initial plan. Planning target volume (PTV) coverage and OAR constraints were used to compare non-adaptive and adaptive plans. Results PTV coverage for non-adapted treatment plans was below the prescribed coverage for 32/47 fractions (68%), with 11 fractions failing by more than 10%. All 47 adapted fractions met prescribed coverage. OAR constraint violations were also compared for several organs. The duodenum exceeded tolerance for 5/23 non-adapted and 0/23 for adapted fractions. The bowel exceeded tolerance for 5/34 non-adaptive and 1/34 adaptive fractions. The stomach exceeded tolerance for 4/19 non-adapted and 1/19 for adaptive fractions. Accumulated dose volume histograms were also generated for each patient. Conclusion Online adaptive MR-Guided SBRT of liver cancer using daily re-optimization resulted in better target conformality, coverage and OAR sparing compared with non-adaptive SBRT. Daily adaptive planning may allow for PTV dose escalation without compromising OAR sparing.
Pediatric Snow Sport Injuries Differ By Age

Background: Unintentional injury is the leading cause of death among pediatric patients in the United States. There were an estimated 13,436 injuries related to snowboarding or downhill skiing in those younger than 15 in 2015, with 4.8% requiring admission. Skiing and snowboarding are high-risk sports due to the ever-present danger of serious injury even when using protective equipment. We hypothesized that snow sport related injury patterns would differ based on patient …
Oxidative stress and cancer: Antioxidative role of Ayurvedic plants

Abstract Oxidative damage caused by imbalance of free radicals and antioxidants plays a major role in causation and progression of many chronic diseases, including cancer. Oxidative stress is known to mediate activation of multiple signaling pathways, growth factors, transcription factors, kinases, inflammatory and cell cycle regulatory molecules that cause transformation, survival, proliferation, metastasis, and chemoresistance in cancer cells. However, triggering of antioxidant mechanisms either by internal or external sources counteracts oxidative stress. Limited internal antioxidants in the body system necessitate the supplementation of additional antioxidants using dietary or medicinal plants. Ayurvedic medicine, which utilizes a variety of medicinal plants, has been shown to have immense potential to boost antioxidant activity. Besides antioxidant properties, Ayurvedic plants have various other well-known properties such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antimicrobial, anti-ulcerative, antidiabetic, antigenotoxic, anticarcinogenic, and many others. In this chapter, we will discuss the link between oxidative stress and cancer and the role of some selected Ayurvedic plants in regulating oxidative stress and cancer.
Antimicrobial ethicists: Making ethics explicit in antimicrobial stewardship

Antimicrobial prescribing and the associated discipline of antimicrobial stewardship have inherent ethical and moral dimensions. We contend that the explicit, formal application of ethical principles and frameworks can strengthen and further justify the value of antimicrobial stewardship programs and their work. To illustrate the value of this process, we highlight 3 ethical scenarios that antimicrobial stewardship programs regularly encounter at the prescriber, institutional, and societal levels, and we analyze these scenarios using the Beauchamp and Childress biomedical ethics framework.
Association of a Deep Learning Estimation of Chest Imaging Age With Survival in Patients With Non-Small Cell Lung Cancers Undergoing Radiation.

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE(S) Recent work has challenged emphasis of chronologic age in cancer treatment decision-making. For patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), cardiopulmonary risk histories widely vary, possibly impacting "biologic age." We aimed to apply an externally-derived deep learning model to estimate chest imaging age (ChIA) from digitally reconstructed radiographs (DRRs) created from simulation computed tomography (CT) scans of patients with locally advanced NSCLC (LA-NSCLC). We hypothesized ChIA could serve as a prognostic imaging biomarker in this population. MATERIALS/METHODS We previously pretrained a Resnet34 convolutional neural network (CNN) to predict chronologic age using normal chest radiographs (CXRs) from public cohorts (CheXpert, NIH, and PadCHEST, n = 24,934). We fine-tuned the CNN to predict ChIA based on time to death using CXRs from 13,657 (25%) patients of the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal and Ovarian Cancer Trial, testing in the remaining 75% (n = 40,967) and the National Lung Screening Trial (n = 5,414). We applied the model to simulation CT DRRs in an institutional cohort of patients with LA-NSCLC receiving lung radiation (Lung-RT, n = 847). Recursive partitioning analysis (RPA) identified a cut point associated with overall survival (OS) in Lung-RT, above which patients were classified ChIA-high. We evaluated association between ChIA and OS using Kaplan-Meier calculations and Cox regression analyses and then validated in the multi-institutional RTOG 0617 trial (n = 460). RESULTS In Lung-RT, median age was 67 (Range 21-90) years and median ChIA was 67 (Range 57-80) years. In RTOG 0617, median age was 64 (37-83) years, and median ChIA was 66 (52-77) years. Age/ChIA correlation coefficients were 0.29 (95% CI 0.23-0.35, P < 0.001) and 0.32 (95% CI 0.23-0.40, P < 0.001), respectively. Table 1 shows OS after median follow-up in Lung-RT of 56 (95% CI 53-58) months, and in RTOG 0617 of 36 (95% CI 32-37) months. In Lung-RT, adjusting for age, race, and sex, ChIA-high patients had HR 1.22 (95% CI 1.00-1.49, P = 0.049) for OS. In RTOG 0617, adjusting for trial arm, age, gender, race, ethnicity, performance status, histology, and stage, ChIA-high patients had HR 1.41 (95% CI 1.02-1.91, P = 0.037) for OS. CONCLUSION Our work validates use of a deep learning CXR-based model to predict ChIA using DRRs created from routine simulation CTs of patients with LA-NSCLC. In an institutional and multi-institutional trial cohort, ChIA-high patients had worse survival than ChIA-low patients, suggesting potential use of ChIA as a prognostic imaging biomarker enabling de-emphasis of chronologic age in treatment decision-making.
Age-induced P-bodies become detrimental and shorten the lifespan of yeast

Aging is an irreversible process characterized by a progressive loss of homeostasis in cells, which often manifests as protein aggregates. Recently, it has been speculated that aggregates of RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) may go through pathological transitions during aging and drive the progression of age-associated neurodegenerative diseases. Using Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a model system of aging, we find that P-bodies - an RBP granule that is formed and can be beneficial for cell growth during stress conditions - naturally form during aging without any external stresses and an increase in P-body intensity is negatively correlated with the future lifespan of yeast cells. When mother cells transfer age-induced P-bodies to daughter cells, the mother cells extend lifespan, while the daughter cells grow poorly, suggesting that these age-induced P-bodies may be directly pathological. Furthermore, we find that suppressing acidification of the cytosol during aging slows down the increase in the intensity of P-body foci and extends lifespan. Our data suggest that acidification of the cytosol may facilitate the pathological transition of RBP granules during aging.
Martensite Transformation of (HfxTi50-x)Ni50Shape Memory Alloys

Despite the growing body of research emerging from the exciting field of High Temperature Shape Memory Alloys, little is as yet known about the characteristics of martensite transformation behavior in NiTi-Hf alloys. In this paper, transformation behavior including temperature, enthalpy and entropy changes, hysteresis width, Young's modulus, internal friction, and even martensite structure, are investigated. Five primary conclusions are drawn from the results of the study : 1) The martensite of the NiTi-Hf alloys is thermoelastic martensite. 2) The transformation temperatures and thermodynamic parameters depend on the Hf content. 3) The crystal structure of the high temperature parent phase is of the CsCl-type regardless of the alloy composition. The primary product of the martensite transformation at room temperature for alloys with x 10.206 ± 1.123 M Ti .
Postoperative Ileus--More than Just Prolonged Length of Stay?

Given that postoperative ileus is common in colectomy patients, we sought to examine the association of ileus with adverse events in this patient population. The ACS NSQIP puf file from 2012 to 2013 was queried for non-emergent colectomy cases. Predictors of other poor postoperative outcomes in patients who experienced postoperative ileus were assessed using chi-squared and multivariable regression analyses. Chi-squared analysis was used to assess for additive effects of ileus and other postoperative complications on mortality. p Values <0.05 were considered significant. We identified 32,392 patients who underwent non-emergent colectomy. Longer length of stay, higher complication, reoperation, readmission, and mortality rates were identified in patients with ileus (p < 0.001 for all). Overall, 59 % of patients with ileus had at least one adverse outcome, compared with 25 % of patients without ileus (p < 0.001). Patients who developed ileus in the absence of other complications had an identical mortality rate to patients without ileus (1 %). Additional complications led to incremental increases in mortality rates. Patients with ileus and multiple complications are at significantly increased risk for adverse outcomes. Older patients with more comorbidity were found to be at risk for adverse outcomes in addition to ileus, begging the question of whether these patients may benefit from preoperative optimization.
The clinical response of patients with peptic ulcer to a topical mucigogue (eugenol).

The importance of the mucus secretion of the stomach as a protective mechanism in that viscus was stressed as early as 1800 by Glover!, and the idea in various forms persisted in the writings of Claude Bernard2, SchifP, Heidenhain4, Zweig5, and de Klug6• In 1908, Kaufmann7 maintained that there is a deficiency in mucus production both in people with peptic ulcer, and in those having symptoms associated with hyperacidity but without ulcer ("gastric irritation"). In fact, he thought, even "hyperacidity symptoms" without actual hyperacidity could also be explained by "the lack of a sufficient cover of mucus as the principal cause which renders the gastric mucosa so sensitive to secretions of a high, or even moderate degree of acidity." Hence, he employed gastric lavage with solutions of very dilute silver nitrate (1 :1000 or lower) on such patients, and reported a rapid disappearance of their symptoms, presumably as a result of an increased flow of the protective mucus secretion. In 1935, Necheles and Coyne8 tested the mucus-secreting response of patients with and without ulcer to injections of pilocarpine, and concluded that there is a greater amount of mucus in the fasting stomachs of normal people over the age of 40 years than in normal people under this age. This difference in the two age groups was not observed in ulcer patients. Anderson and Fogelson 9 tested the mucus-secreting response of ulcer patients and people without ulcer disease to an alcohol test-meal, and concluded that mucin is secreted at the normal rate by ulcer patients in remission, but at a much lower rate by individuals with active ulcers. These and other investigators believe that the mucous membranes of patients with active ulcer have less protection than those of normal people, and that this deficiency can be corrected by feeding gastric mucin. An opposite point of view is held by Bonis!O, Kalk and BonisH, and MitcheilI2, and more recently it has been supported by the work of Tulin et al.l3. The latter authors reported no difference in concentration and total quantity of mucin in the gastric juice of normal people and of ulcer patients. Therefore, they believe that the latter do not have a constitutional deficiency in gastric mucin secretion. This belief has received additional support from the work of Glass and Boyd!4.
A nonperturbative study of three-dimensional phi^4 theory

We extend the new nonperturbative method of spherical field theory to Euclidean phi^4 theory in three dimensions and investigate the existence of a phase transition. If we take the bare-mass-squared mu^2 to be positive, we do not find a phase transition - the vacuum remains invariant under the reflection phi --> -phi. However, if we take mu^2 negative, we find that the vacuum makes a transition from a broken-symmetry phase to a symmetric phase as the coupling strength is increased. We compute the critical coupling and critical exponents for this phase transition.
Purification and Properties of the α-Ketoglutarate Dehydrogenase Complex of Cauliflower Mitochondria

Abstract A procedure is described by which the α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase-lipoyl transsuccinylase portion of the α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex of cauliflower mitochondria has been purified to a specific activity g3. The enzymatic activity is totally dependent on α-ketoglutarate, DPN, reduced CoA, thiamine pyrophosphate, Mg2+ or Ca2+, and lipoyl dehydrogenase. Either cauliflower or pig heart lipoyl dehydrogenase will couple with the α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase-lipoyl transsuccinylase complex to produce DPNH and succinyl-CoA. Because the cauliflower enzyme as prepared has a requirement for both thiamine-PPi and Mg2+, it was possible to show that the enzyme binds magnesium-thiamine-PPi rather than free Mg2+ and free thiamine-PPi. The enzyme-magnesium-thiamine-PPi complex is relatively stable, with a half-life of about 2 min. The Km for magnesium-thiamine-PPi determined on the basis of initial rates was 8.5 x 10-6 m, while the Km determined by measurement of the length of the lag between the addition of magnesium-thiamine-PPi and the initiation of the reaction was 6.1 x 10-6 m. This close agreement supports the conclusion that the lag phase found when the reaction is initiated with magnesium-thiamine-PPi is due to the slow formation of the enzyme-magnesium-thiamine-PPi complex. As usually isolated, the α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase-lipoyl transsuccinylase complex activity is apparently limited by an inadequate level of lipoyl dehydrogenase still complexed with the other two enzymes. When the α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase-lipoyl transsuccinylase was isolated completely free of lipoyl dehydrogenase, it was possible to saturate this complex by the addition of lipoyl dehydrogenase either from cauliflower or from pig heart. When the lipoyl dehydrogenase is present in excess it is possible accurately to determine the kinetic parameters for the substrates and cofactors of the complex.
Problem-Based Learning

Abstract Problem-based learning has been described for use in medical education and is thought to be a superior approach to traditional didactic methods. We describe the use of PBL as an innovative approach to the education and training of social workers on an interdisciplinary health care team. An actual PBL case is described, and a discussion of the advantages and disadvantages to this approach is presented. The use of PBL on interdisciplinary teams helps educate social workers to work effectively on teams, and educates other professionals about the social work role and how to utilize social work services effectively.
Role of Itk in Th17 mediated inflammation model hypersensitivity pneumonitis (IRC8P.491)

Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis (HP) is a lung disease caused by repeated inhalation of environmental antigens leading to inflammation, tissue scarring, and loss of lung function. This pathology is believed to be due to the increased IL-17A, a cytokine secreted primarily by Th17 cells that induces recruitment of inflammatory cells such as neutrophils. The thermophile Sacharopolyspora rectivigula (SR) causes HP, using a murine model of SR exposure; we study the molecular mechanism of this disease development. Using novel IL-17A-GFP reporter mice, our data suggests that the high levels of IL-17A induced in response to SR are produced in part by CD4+ T cells and not neutrophils. The Tec family tyrosine kinase Itk regulates T cell activation and cytokine production in conventional Th17 cells but Itk-/- mice still develop HP. Histology shows an increase in inflammatory cells in lung airways as well as decline of lung tissue architecture. Itk-/- lungs also have high levels of IL-17A mRNA expression, and an increase in the number of CD4+ IL-17A producing cells. However, Itk-/- mice lack IL-17A producing γδ T cells in the early stage of HP, which recovers in the later stage. This directly coincides with the emergence of IL-17A producing CD4+γδ T cells in the lungs of Itk-/- mice exposed to SR. We conclude that Itk regulated signals are not critical for the production of IL-17A in response to SR, and Itk may differentially regulate the production of IL-17A in different types of T cells.
High bandwidth-efficiency long-wavelength PIN photodiodes

A new drift-enhanced dual-absorption photodetector design that achieves a high bandwidth-efficiency product is reported. Photodetectors fabricated using this design achieved bandwidths of 30 GHz at 1.55 /spl mu/m with a responsivity of 0.82 A/W for a bandwidth-efficiency product of 19.7 GHz. This design appears promising for allowing simple vertically-illuminated photodetectors to be applied in high-speed, high-sensitivity systems.