cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
SUPPRESSION OF APPETITE BY BILE ACIDS

Abstract Chenodeoxycholic and deoxycholic acid decrease desire for food in grossly obese patients on a free diet. The effect, which was evident in two comparison studies, suggests both a pathophysiological role and a therapeutic use for these bile acids.
The model in use (Interaction analysis)

(1968). The model in use (Interaction analysis) Theory Into Practice: Vol. 7, The Analysis of Teaching, pp. 168-171.
Children's understanding of their emotionally disturbed peers: a replication.

Despite increasing recognition of the early importance of peer relations, virtually no systematic information exists on the way in which normal children view their emotionally disturbed peers. This paper reports a replication of recent findings on children's use of the concept of emotional disturbance. Ss were 40 fourth and sixth graders. Five vignettes that described one normal and four emotionally disturbed boys were read to individual Ss, who were interviewed about their understanding of the central figures (CFs). Interviews were coded to a 5-point scale of degree of perceived emotional disturbance. Earlier findings were replicated to a remarkable degree. Ss differentiated among the CFs in a manner congruent with clinician judges' ratings. Grade differences indicate the differential attention to and valuing of specific behaviors, rather than global differences in perception of emotional disturbance.
A differential method for determining the relative reactivity to iodination of different tyrosyl residues in a protein molecule

1. (1) A method has been developed for determining the relative rates of iodination of various tyrosyl residues in a protein. This is done by the use of a paired-label technique in which one portion of the protein is iodinated with iodine labeled with 125I and another portion is iodinated to incorporate a different number of iodine atoms labeled with 131I. The proteins are mixed and enzymatically digested. The resulting iodinated peptides are separated. Each iodinated peptide separated is a mixture of the 131I-labeled peptide from the first iodination and the 125I-labeled peptide from the second iodination. 2. (2) The relative reactivities of particular tyrosyl residues (identified by surrounding sequences) toward iodination can be determined from an analysis of the ratios of the amounts of iodine incorporated in the corresponding tyrosyl peptides derived from each of the two iodinated preparations. 3. (3) There is no need to recover quantitatively all the monoiodotyrosine and diiodotyrosine peptides derived from a particular tyrosine, a recovery which is difficult since for a single tyrosyl residue both of these forms can be distributed among several peptides.
A simple colorimetric method for the determination of tryptophan

A simple, sensitive, and reproducible colorimetric method for the determination of tryptophan in amounts as low as 2 μg is described. It is based on the oxidation of tryptophan by sodium nitrite and the coupling of the oxidized product to the leucodye N-1-(naphthyl)ethylenediamine dihydrochloride. The purple-pink product has an absorption maximum at 550 nm. There is no interference by carbohydrates, other amino acids, neutral salts, or a number of other compounds likely to be found in tissue hydrolysates. A number of indole derivatives including indole-3-acetic acid also react to give a colored product. Dipeptides containing tryptophan are much less reactive than free tryptophan; hence proteins must be hydrolyzed completely for the method to be useful. The assay is carried out at room temperature and can be modified easily to increase or decrease its sensitivity. It has been employed to determine the tryptophan content of a number of proteins following alkaline hydrolysis. Generally, values obtained were in close agreement with values reported in the literature.
Prediction of Performance in an Academic Course by Scores on Measures of Learning Style and Critical Thinking

Three scores were used to predict how 38 students who received A grades and 25 students who received C grades in introductory psychology courses differed in learning style and critical thinking skills. The subjects were 63 students enrolled in undergraduate psychology classes with one instructor. Students were given course outlines, test schedules, and scores on their tests and reports and computed their own course standing throughout the semester. At the beginning of the semester, students responded to the Inventory of Learning Processes and Watson-Glaser Critical Thinking Appraisal. Ten scores on the two inventories were analyzed by discriminant function analysis which showed that the combination of the three test scores: Deep Processing and Methodical Study (from the Inventory of Learning Processes) and the Total Critical Thinking (from the Watson-Glaser Critical Thinking Appraisal) correctly classified 84.2% of the students with A grades and 68.0% of the students with C grades.
Light scattering from a system with vibrational degrees of freedom: Approximate calculation of dispersion relations

Abstract It is shown that a scheme for the approximate calculation of the dispersion relations suggested by Gershon and Oppenheim seems to account for the sound speed dispersion reasonably well but poorly describes the wave vector dependence of the damping.
Optically non-linear organic materials

Abstract A large number of non-linear organic materials have been investigated by second-harmonic generation (SHG) in powders. The materials studied include several urea derivatives, sterically perturbed anilines and pyridines, and substituted stilbenes. Several compounds have been found with both a very large second-order non-linearity and a high optical damage threshold. Many compounds, even though known to possess large molecular hyperpolarizabilities, showed no detectable SHG, indicating a centrosymmetric crystal point group. The results are interpreted in terms of bond configuration, charge transfer and crystal structure. The use of good non-linear organic materials in integrated non-linear optics is discussed.
Infection of mammalian unfertilized and fertilized ova with oncogenic viruses.

REPORTS on the infection of mammalian ova with viruses1–3 chiefly concern the exposure of ova to cytolytic viruses, such as those causing Mengo encephalitis or vesicular stomatitis. We have investigated the effect of two oncogenic viruses, which do not usually destroy infected somatic mouse cells, on unfertilized and fertilized mouse ova.
Effect of Moisture on the Mechanical Properties of Pork Rind (Chicharron)

Pork rind particles of two commercial brands were tested at various water activity levels in the range of 0.1–0.8 and compressed as shallow bed using an Instron universal testing machine. The jaggedness of the resulting force–displacement curves was determined in terms of their apparent Richardson and Kolmogorov fractal dimension and the mean magnitude of their power spectrum after normalisation. The bed’s stiffness was assessed in terms of the compressive force at 25 and 35% displacement. The jaggedness decrease, which corresponds to brittleness loss, took place around the water activity of 0.5 with a span of about 0.2. Sorption at levels up to about 0.5 was accompanied by ‘moisture toughening’ that is the bed’s stiffness measures increased with aw. There was a sharp decline at higher water activity levels as the structure collapsed. The changes in the brittleness and stiffness parameters as a result of moisture sorption were modelled with the Fermi and a combination of Fermi and the logistic equations, respectively.
Jet Stream Winds: Comparisons of Aircraft Observations with Analyses

Abstract Wind measurements have been obtained from commercial aircraft crossing the 1992 winter subtropical jet streams over southwest and east Asia. Comparisons of these data with new, high-resolution analyses from four of the major operational centers show that the peak analyzed winds are still too weak by about 10%. In addition, about 17% of the cases show larger errors in which the analyses substantially miss the location or magnitude of individual jet streaks. Both the aircraft data and the highest-resolution analysis (European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, equivalent equatorial quarter-wave grid spacing of 47 km) show evidence of orographically generated gravity waves but differ in their vertical damping.
Treating Black Hypertensives with Capozide

Twenty-four black men with mild to moderate essential hypertension were enrolled in an open-label trial comparing the efficacy of two doses of Capozide (captopril and hydrochlorothiazide). All antihypertensive drugs were discontinued and patients then received placebo for 2 weeks. Twenty-two patients, mean age 59.1 +/- 14.3 years, with sitting diastolic blood pressure (BP) 92 to 110 mm Hg, entered the 6-week active-drug phase. Eleven patients (Group A) were randomized to Capozide 25/15 and 11 (Group B) to Capozide 50/15. Baseline mean BPs were 151.0/100.7 mm Hg in Group A and 153.1/100.7 mm Hg in Group B. At week 6, mean BPs were 128.7/84.4 mm Hg in Group A and 126.8/82.7 mm Hg in Group B. Uric acid, blood urea nitrogen and creatinine levels rose slightly in both groups. There were no adverse events. Eighteen patients had normal BPs at study completion. Twice-daily Capozide treatment is effective and well tolerated in blacks; patients responded equally well to both doses.
Britain's response to the Uganda Asian crisis: Government myths versus political and resettlement realities

(1976). Britain's response to the Uganda Asian crisis: Government myths versus political and resettlement realities. New Community: Vol. 5, No. 3, pp. 265-279.
Organelle interactions: melanosomes and mitochondria get cozy.

Melanosomes make pigments and mitochondria make ATP. A recent study has shown that these two organelles are connected by fibrillar bridges and that their close physical contact may promote the biogenesis of the melanosome by providing it with ATP.
A model for the analysis of nonviral gene therapy

Further understanding of the mechanisms involved in cellular and intracellular delivery of transgene is needed to produce clinical applications of gene therapy. The compartmental and computational model designed in this work is integrated with data from previous experiments to quantitatively estimate rate constants of plasmid translocation across cellular barriers in transgene delivery in vitro. The experimental conditions between two cellular studies were held constant, varying only the cell type, to investigate how the rates differed between cell lines. Two rate constants were estimated per barrier for active transport and passive diffusion. Translocation rates of intact plasmid across the cytoplasmic and nuclear barriers varied between cell lines. CV1 cells were defined by slower rates (0.23 h−1 cytoplasmic, 0.08 h–1 nuclear) than those of the HeLa cells (1.87 h−1 cytoplasmic, 0.45 h−1 nuclear). The nuclear envelope was identified as a rate-limiting barrier by comparing the rate of intact plasmid translocation at each barrier. Slower intact plasmid translocation in CV1 cells was correlated with a reduced absolute capacity for transgene efficiency in comparison with HeLa cells. HeLa cells were three times more efficient than CV1 cells at producing green fluorescent protein per intact plasmid delivered to the nucleus. Mathematical modeling coordinated with experimental studies can provide detailed, quantitative understanding of nonviral gene therapy.
Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) and movement disorders

(1987). Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone (Acth) and Movement Disorders. International Journal of Neuroscience: Vol. 32, No. 3-4, pp. 997-998.
Pleural protein concentration and liquid volume in spontaneously hypertensive rats.

Abstract To determine the effect of systemic vascular hypertension on fluid balance in the pleural space, we studied the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) and its genetic normotensive control, the Wistar-Kyoto rat (WKY). We measured arterial and venous pressures, total protein and albumin concentrations of pleural liquid and plasma, pleural space thickness, and pleural surface pressure in SHR and WKY that were matched for weight (260–300 g). Protein concentration was measured by a manual Biuret test and albumin concentration was measured by the bromcresol green colorimetric method. Pleural liquid thickness was measured in situ using light microscopy. Pleural surface pressure was assumed to equal pleural liquid pressure. In the SHR, total protein and albumin concentrations in pleural liquid were lower than in WKY, and pleural space thickness was larger in SHR than in WKY. These results are consistent with a higher capillary pressure and greater fluid filtration in SHR.
The effects of photocrosslinking parameters on films made from mixtures of maleate and vinyl ether functional oligomers: a factorial model

Two and three level factorial modeling has been used to determine the effects that photocrosslinking parameters such as ultraviolet (UV) dose and peak irradiance (peak lamp intensity) have on the tensile strength, surface hardness, secant modulus, elongation and relative conversion of films made from mixtures of maleate and vinyl ether (MA/VE) functional oligomers. The photoinitiator concentration and average molecular weight per unsaturation (WPU) used in the mixtures were also varied in an attempt to optimize film properties. The factorial models indicate that a binary interaction exists between UV dose and photoinitiator concentration. Small changes in peak irradiance and WPU did not show any measurable effect on the studied responses. The three level factorial model suggests that the optimal photoinitiator concentration for these mixtures is 3.0 to 3.5% (post-mass basis). Das Zwei- und Drei-Stufen-Faktorenmodel wurde verwendet, um den Einflus photopolymerisierender Parameter wie ultraviolette (UV) Dosis und Hochststrahlung (hochste Leuchtintensitat) auf Bruchfestigkeit, Oberflachenharte, Sekantenmodul, Elastizitat und relativen Umsatz von aus funktionellen Maleat- und Vinylether(MA/VE)-Oligomeren hergestellten Filmen zu ermitteln. Die in den Ansatzen verwendete Photoinitiator-Konzentration und das mittlere Molekulargewicht pro Doppelbindung wurden ebenfalls variiert, um die Filmeigenschaften zu verbessern. Das Faktorenmodel zeigt, das eine Wechselwirkung zwischen UV-Dosis und Photoinitiator-Konzentration besteht. Geringe Veranderungen der Hochststrahlung und des mittleren Molekulargewichts pro Doppelbindung zeigten keinen mesbaren Effekt auf die untersuchten Eigenschaften. Das Drei-Stufen-Faktorenmodel empfiehlt 3.0 bis 3.5% als optimale Photoinitiator-Konzentration fur diesen Ansatz.
Noise Figure Limits for Circular Loop MR Coils

Circular loops are the most common MR detectors. Loop arrays offer improved signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) and spatial resolution, and enable parallel imaging. As loop size decreases, loop noise increases relative to sample noise, ultimately dominating the SNR. Here, relative noise contributions from the sample and the coil are quantified by a coil noise figure (NF), NFcoil, which adds to the conventional system NF. NFcoil is determined from the ratio of unloaded-to-loaded coil quality factors Q. Losses from conductors, capacitors, solder joints, eddy currents in overlapped array coils, and the sample are measured and/or computed from 40 to 400 MHz using analytical and full-wave numerical electromagnetic analysis. The Qs are measured for round wire and tape loops tuned from 50 to 400 MHz. NFcoil is determined as a function of the radius, frequency, and number of tuning capacitors. The computed and experimental Qs and NFcoils agree within ∼10%. The NFcoil values for 3 cm-diameter wire coils are 3 dB, 1.9 dB, 0.8 dB, 0.2 dB, and 0.1 dB, at 1T, 1.5T, 3T, 7T, and 9.4T, respectively. Wire and tape perform similarly, but tape coils in arrays have substantial eddy current losses. The ability to characterize and reliably predict component- and geometry-associated coil losses is key to designing SNR-optimized loop and phased-array detectors. Magn Reson Med, 2009. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A sensitive assay of metoprolol and its major metabolite α-hydroxy metoprolol in human plasma and determination of dextromethorphan and its metabolite dextrorphan in urine with high performance liquid chromatography and fluorometric detection

Abstract A reverse-phase High Performance Liquid Chromatographic (HPLC) method was developed for the analysis of metoprolol in the large number of human plasma samples obtained in in vitro–in vivo correlations (IVIVC) and bioavailability studies of extended release formulations of metoprolol tartrate. The metabolite, α -hydroxy metoprolol (OH-met), could also be quantified. The analytes were extracted from the plasma using solid phase columns, separated on a C-4 analytical column followed by fluorimetric detection. The linearity, precision, accuracy, stability, selectivity and ruggedness were validated for the concentration ranges of 1–400 ng ml −1 for metoprolol and 0.5–200 ng ml −1 for OH-met. The same chromatographic conditions were slightly modified to quantify dextromethorphan and its metabolite dextrorphan in urine in the concentration range 0.052–0.05 μg ml −1 as a method for screening for fast metabolizers.
The effects of torpor on adenosine triphosphate storage in the California pocket mouse, Perognathus californicus

1. 1. ATP levels of cardiac and hepatic tissues were determined in Perognathus californicus and Mus musculus in various metabolic and thermal states. 2. 2. Mus showed an increased cardiac ATP level in cold-exposed individuals, While there were no differences between ATP levels in control, cold-exposed and hypothermie Perognathus. 3. 3. Hepatic ATP levels were similar in both species in control and cold-exposed groups, while hypothermie Perognathus had significantly higher levels. 4. 4. The elevation of hepatic ATP during hypothermia has also been observed in long-term hibernators and may be of benefit during the arousal process in Perognathus.
The general adult inpatient psychiatric assessment scale (GAIPAS)

Abstract The General Adult Inpatient Psychiatric Assessment Scale (GAIPAS) is a "here and now" testing instrument based on the general mental status examination. The unique features of the GAIPAS include high interrater reliability with minimal training, "forced choice" format, a scoring method for hostile patients, brief administration time, and a format that lends itself to direct key punch of data. The GAIPAS may be used to follow a symptom, a set of symptoms, or collapsed into a single number comparable to the Global Assessment Scale. Interrater reliability of GAIPAS by interviewer / observer design is given in detail. The GAIPAS is compared to the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) and Global Assessment Scale (GAS) in the same population for interrater reliability.
Characterization of and electronic structural studies on the oxides of titanium: E. P. R. linewidths

Abstract The linewidths (δH) of electron paramagnetic resonance (E. P. R.) spectra have been carefully measured for a number of titanium oxides (Ti n O 2n-1 ), and this parameter is shown to be very sensitive to their stoichiometry. The variation in δH is interpreted in terms of the exchange narrowing effects (Ti 2 O 3 to Ti 5 O 9 ), the dipolar broadening (Ti 5 O 9 to Ti 6 O 11 ) and in terms of the spinlattice relaxation mechanisms for the magnetically dilute phases (Ti 6 O 11 to Ti 10 O 19 ).
Sensory and mixed nerve conduction studies in the evaluation of ulnar neuropathy at the elbow

The relative sensitivities of sensory, mixed nerve, and motor conduction studies in assessing ulnar neuropathy at the elbow have not yet been established. Using surface electrodes, we performed conduction studies across the elbow segment in 43 patients with symptoms referable to the ulnar nerve and 40 control subjects. Segmental slowing of motor conduction localized the lesion to the elbow in 14 of 21 patients (67%) with clear evidence of ulnar neuropathy on physical examination but only in 2 of 22 (9%) with subtle or no physical examination abnormalities. The diagnostic yield was increased by the finding of segmental slowing of sensory or mixed nerve conduction across the elbow to 86% and 68%, respectively, for each of the groups. We conclude that surface-recorded sensory and mixed nerve conduction studies appear to be more sensitive than motor studies in the electrodiagnosis of ulnar neuropathy at the elbow and are especially valuable in patients with subtle clinical involvement.
Environmental enrichment requires adult neurogenesis to facilitate the recovery from psychosocial stress

The subgranular zone of the adult hippocampal dentate gyrus contains a pool of neural stem cells that continuously divide and differentiate into functional granule cells. It has been shown that production of new hippocampal neurons is necessary for amelioration of stress-induced behavioral changes by antidepressants in animal models of depression. The survival of newly born hippocampal neurons is decreased by chronic psychosocial stress and increased by exposure to enriched environments. These observations suggest the existence of a link between hippocampal neurogenesis, stress-induced behavioral changes, and the beneficial effects of enriched environment. To show causality, we subjected transgenic mice with conditionally suppressed neurogenesis to psychosocial stress followed by environmental enrichment. First, we showed that repeated social defeat coupled with chronic exposure to an aggressor produces robust and quantifiable indices of submissive and depressive-like behaviors; second, subsequent exposure to an enriched environment led to extinction of the submissive phenotype, while animals exposed to an impoverished environment retained the submissive phenotype; and third, enrichment was not effective in reversing the submissive and depressive-like behaviors in transgenic mice lacking neurogenesis. Our data show two main findings. First, living in an enriched environment is highly effective in extinguishing submissive behavioral traits developed during chronic social stress, and second, these effects are critically dependent on adult neurogenesis, indicating that beneficial behavioral adaptations are dependent on intact adult neurogenesis.
Forbush decreases in the cosmic radiation

The experimental observations of Forbush decreases in recent years are reviewed and related to different theoretical models which have been proposed. The observational data from both ground-based and spacecraft experiments were selected to illustrate the important characteristics of Forbush decreases. The form of the rigidity dependence of the cosmic-ray modulation during the decreases and effects of the geomagnetic field upon the magnitude of the decreases are discussed. Recent results to deduce the cosmic-ray flow patterns from the observed anisotropies during the decreases are presented. Other features such as differences in onset times, recovery times, precursory increases are discussed. In considering the theoretical models particular emphasis is placed upon the agreement of the predictions of the model with the experimental observations. A theoretical model is suggested which is not original but represents a synthesis of several models previously proposed. Future important measurements and analyses necessary to an understanding of Forbush decreases are outlined.
The Age of Total War, 1860–1945 – By Jeremy Black

This latest volume of the more than forty books written by military historian Jeremy Black is rather loosely framed around the concept of “total war.” That term emerged as a result of the First Wor...
Seawater—A test of multicomponent electrolyte solution theories. II. Enthalpy of mixing and dilution of the major sea salts

In a continuing effort to predict the physicochemical properties of seawater from the properties of single aqueous electrolyte solutions, the pairwise heats of mixing at constant molal ionic strength,I=1.0 ional, have been determined for the six possible pairs of salts from the set (NaCl, Na2SO4, MgCl2, MgSO4) at 30°C. In addition, heats of dilution for two aqueous solutions formed from these salts and havingI=1.0 ional have been determined at 30°C. In order to present the most thermodynamically consistent results, it was found necessary to apply a correction term to the relative apparent equivalent enthalpies given in the literature at 30°C. These correction terms derived from a consideration of published results on heats of dilution at very low concentrations. Further, in order to make predictions for seawater at 25°C, it was deemed desirable to refit existing heat-capacity data. The heats relative apparent equivalent enthalpies for the two mixtures mentioned as well as for seawater. The estimates are based on the theoretical equation of Reilly and Wood for charge-asymmetric mixtures which derives from the work of Friedman. In the most applicable cases, the estimates agree with experimental relative apparent equivalent enthalpies to within 5%. In general, the results substantiate the theoretical equation.
Severe optic neuritis in infectious mononucleosis.

Because the presentation and clinical features of infectious mononucleosis can be misleading in the elderly, a significant number of infections may go unrecognized. We report an unusual case of infectious mononucleosis in a 61-year-old man in whom marked visual impairment was the presenting complaint and severe optic neuritis was the only prominent finding. Confirmation of the diagnosis was made by serologic testing for Epstein-Barr virus antibody. Recovery of visual function was neat complete, but optic atrophy persisted. We reviewed the English literature and collected seven cases of well-documented optic neuritis associated with infectious mononucleosis. A clinical profile of parainfectious optic neuritis is discussed along with the likely pathogenesis for this complication.
Using feature films to teach group counseling.

Abstract This article presents a model for incorporating feature films into a course for training group facilitators. Using cognitive learning theories, the authors describe how films may be used as an advanced organizer, as the basis for student learning assessment, or as examples of specific theory in action. Specific examples are provided by showing how various films may be used to depict group development, member behavior and counseling theory.
Cleaved-edge overgrowth of aligned quantum dots on strained layers of InGaAs

Strain aligned InAs quantum dots were grown on the cleaved edges of first growth samples containing strained InxGa(1−x)As layers of varying thickness and indium fraction. The formation of the cleaved-edge quantum dots was observed by means of atomic force microscopy. 100% linear alignment of InAs quantum dots over the InGaAs strain layers of the first growth sample is demonstrated. Linear density of the aligned dots was found to depend on the properties of the underlying InGaAs strain layers. Vertical alignment of an additional InAs quantum dot layer over the buried, linearly aligned, initial dot layer was observed for thin GaAs spacer layers.
Characteristics of patients surviving more than ten years after cardiac transplantation

Abstract The clinical status and quality of life of 40 patients who lived or are still alive more than 10 years after transplantation at our institution were reviewed with the use of our transplant database, prospective patient examinations, cardiac catheterization, and exercise testing. Patient-perceived health status was determined with use of the Nottingham Health Profile and General Well Being examinations. Factors associated with longevity were determined by a Cox proportional hazards model. Twenty-six patients are alive and 14 have died. The mean age at transplant was 32.4 ± 12 years and the current age (or age at death) is 46.1 ± 12.8 years. Actuarial freedom from rejection was similar to that of patients surviving less than 10 years (p = 0.8), but freedom from all types of infection was less (p = 0.005). I mmunosuppressive drugs include cyclosporine (11/26 patients), azathioprine (24/26), and prednisone (26/26, mean dose 12.7 mg/day). Catheterization hemodynamic data show well-preserved graft function at a mean follow-up of 11.7 ± 3.3 years. Graft coronary artery disease prevalence is 51.0% ± 8%. Exercise test results are as follows: duration 8.7 ± 3.5 minutes (range 2 to 16 minutes), maximum heart rate/expected rate 77.3% ± 11% (50% to 92%), maximum systolic blood pressure 171 ± 23 mm Hg (140 to 208 mm Hg), and metabolic equivalents 9.2 ± 2.3 units (5.5 to 12.9 units), or about 84% of predicted. Mean score on the General Well Being examination was 75.3 ± 21.6 (normal). Nottingham Health Profile scores were nearly normal, except for in the 50- to 64-year-old age group in categories of mobility, pain, sleep quality, and energy level. Causes of death were coronary artery disease in 7 of 14, infection in 4 of 14, lymphoma in 1 of 14, and nonlymphoid cancer in 2 of 14. In the Cox regression, variables most associated with survival t > 2.0, multivariate p=0.0005) were age at transplantation (t = 3.26), preoperative duration of illness (t = 3.57), postoperative cytomegalovirus infection ( t=2.16), and ejection fraction at 12 months after operation (t = -2.62). We conclude that cardiac transplantation can provide patients with end-stage cardiac failure an acceptable general medical condition, functional status, and perceived quality of life well into the second decade after operation. (J T HORAC C ARDIOVASC S URG 1995;109:1103-15)
The white plague: down and out, or up and coming? J. Burns Amberson lecture.

Dans cet article, l'auteur essaie de convaincre que la tuberculose est toujours d'actualite et qu'elle ne demande qu'a se developper dans des pays en voie de developpement ou les conditions socioeconomiques favorisent sa persistance. De plus dans les decennies de 1980 et 1990, la tuberculose prepare un renouveau, specialement la ou le S.I.D.A. est repandu
Growth Analysis of Potato Plants Damaged by Colorado Potato Beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) at Different Plant Growth Stages

In 1980 and 1982, the temporal pattern of Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), damage to individual field-grown potato plants was manipulated by five schedules of insecticide application. The insecticide applications resulted in plants that sustained either minimum damage, damage during the vegetative phase, damage during the tuber-bulking phase, or damage during the entire season (maximum damage). Plants were harvested weekly, and polynomial growth curves were fit to the data. The only treatments that significantly affected the plant growth curves were maximum damage and damage during the tuber-bulking phase. Damage during the vegetative phase delayed the occurrence of maximum haulm and tuber growth rates, whereas damage during the tuber-bulking phase permanently reduced these growth rates. This indicates that plants damaged before the initiation of tubers were able to recover from beetle damage, but plants damaged after tuber initiation were not. Plants receiving maximum damage or damage during the tuber-bulking phase appeared to have reduced tuber and total relative growth rates, indicating a decrease in the efficiency of dry matter assimilation. An important factor behind the changing temporal sensitivity of potato growth to beetle damage appears to be the dramatic difference in leaf area ratio between plants in the vegetative phase and plants in the tuber-bulking phase. Plants in the vegetative phase have approximately 200 cm2 of leaf area to support each gram of dry plant tissue; plants in the tuber-bulking phase have only 50 cm2 of leaf area per gram of dry weight. Loss of leaf area caused by Colorado potato beetle during the tuber-bulking phase should have a greater relative effect on assimilation than proportionately equal reductions in leaf area during the vegetative phase.
Antibodies to P2 and P1 myelin antigens in experimental allergic neuritis and allergic encephalomyelitis.

Abstract We confirmed earlier observations that experimental allergic neuritis (EAN) in Lewis rats induced by injection of bovine peripheral nerve myelin in complete Freund's adjuvant is not accompanied by development of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. However, sera of these animals contained elevated titers of antibodies against central nervous system myelin basic protein (BP), likely induced by peripheral nerve P1 protein. Anti-BP antibodies were not seen in sera of rats with EAN induced by peripheral nerve P2 protein. Lack of encephalogenecity of bovine myelin in Lewis rats does not reflect simply lack of immune responses induced against BP.
Let's chalk!: strengthening communities through play

Greenways (public outdoor walking and biking paths) are unique communities ripe for collaboration. We propose Let's Chalk: a system for collaborative distance sidewalk chalk play that connects greenways in different locations to create an aesthetic experience that changes perspectives via reflection and strengthened community.
Conditioned reactions to cancer chemotherapy: percent reinforcement predicts anticipatory nausea

Current theorizing on classical conditioning has emphasized the role of contingent relations between the conditioned and unconditioned stimuli in the development of conditioned responses. The present study is the first to examine the relevance of this concept to our understanding of the phenomenon of anticipatory nausea in cancer chemotherapy patients. Anticipatory nausea in patients receiving emetogenic chemotherapy has been cited as an example of the importance of classical conditioning in clinical medicine. Outpatient chemotherapy can be viewed as a series of conditioning trials in which the previously neutral stimuli of the clinic (conditioned stimuli) are associated with chemotherapy infusions and postinfusion nausea. Reexposure to these clinic stimuli alone is sufficient to elicit nausea (conditioned response) in some patients prior to subsequent infusions. In the present study we examined whether differences among patients in percent reinforcement (the percentage of infusions followed by nausea) would predict anticipatory nausea, which was assessed at the sixth infusion. Results were consistent with the hypothesis. Percent reinforcement was positively correlated with the incidence of anticipatory nausea. Comparison of patients with and without anticipatory nausea (t-test and hierarchical logistic regression analysis) confirmed that percent reinforcement was a significant predictor of anticipatory nausea, independent of other factors previously reported to be involved.
Rat cortical morphology following crowded-enriched living conditions.

Abstract This experiment studied cerebral cortical morphology in rats living in a crowded-enriched condition. Three groups of 60-day-old, male Long-Evans rats were divided accordingly: (i) 12 rats, 3 per small cage (32 × 20 × 20 cm), standard colony condition; (ii) 12 rats in a single, large, enrichment cage with “toys” (70 × 70 × 45 cm), enriched condition; and (iii) 36 rats in a large, single, enrichment cage with “toys”, crowded-enriched condition. Matched toys for the two enriched cages were changed twice a week at the time of cage cleaning. Measurements on 20-μm, transverse brain sections showed that in both the crowded-enriched and enriched groups the thickness of the medial occipital cortex increased by 4 to 6% compared with the cortex from animals in the standard colony condition. In addition, the crowded-enriched group demonstrated a 4% (P
From “Lists of Traits” to “Open-Mindedness”: Emerging Issues in Cultural Competence Education

The incorporation of “culture” into U.S. biomedicine has been increasing at a rapid pace over the last several decades. Advocates for “cultural competence” point to changing patient demographics and growing health disparities as they call for improved educational efforts that train health providers to care for patients from a variety of backgrounds. Medical anthropologists have long been critical of the approach to “culture” that emerges in cultural competence efforts, identifying an essentialized, static notion of culture that is conflated with racial and ethnic categories and seen to exist primarily among exotic “Others.” With this approach, culture can become a “list of traits” associated with various racial and ethnic groups that must be mastered by health providers and applied to patients as necessary. This article uses an ethnographic examination of cultural competence training to highlight recent efforts to develop more nuanced approaches to teaching culture. I argue that much of contemporary cultural competence education has rejected the “list of traits” approach and instead aims to produce a new kind of health provider who is “open-minded,” willing to learn about difference, and treats each patient as an individual. This shift, however, can ultimately reinforce behavioral understandings of culture and draw attention away from the social conditions and power differentials that underlie health inequalities.
Metal complexes of alkyl pyrazines-I

Abstract Pyrazines are an important constituent of plants and insects. We report the synthesis, elemental analysis, mass spectra, 13 C nmr and I.R. studies of Pt(II) complexes of dimethyl pyrazine isomers (DMP). A trend in cluster formation of Pt(II)-DMP complexes is observed. Based on the 13 C chemical shifts, we postulate that in all the complexes Pt-pyrazine bonding is through N-1 rather than N-4.
Smad4 : gatekeeper gene in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma

Unchecked cell growth is a hallmark of cancer. During oncogenesis, cancerous cells become resistant to the TGF-β signaling pathway that usually keeps cell growth in check. The role of a critical mediator of this pathway, Smad4, in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) remains unclear. In this issue of the JCI, Bornstein and colleagues report that Smad4 expression is decreased in malignant HNSCC and, surprisingly, also in normal-appearing buccal mucosa adjacent to HNSCC (see the related article beginning on page 3408). They also show that targeted conditional deletion of Smad4 in the head and neck epithelium of mice is alone sufficient to initiate spontaneous HNSCC, in conjunction with DNA repair gene dysregulation, genetic instability, and inflammation. These findings point to a novel function for Smad4 as a guardian gene that maintains genomic stability.
Twenty-first century networking: beyond bits and packets

The National Science Foundation is currently challenging the computer and information systems research community to replace the Internet with technology that meets the needs of the present century. The GENI initiative will create an experimental facility for moving ideas toward practical solutions. For the initiative to succeed, the research community needs to come up with new ideas that can be verified or disproved by experiments on a large-scale network. Our principal contribution to twentieth-century networks was technology for moving ones and zeros (packaged in protocol data units)afrom source to destination. Layered protocols isolate the ones and zeros from other properties of the information conveyed. This talk questions bits as the universal currency of information. It asks the research community to take a top down look at information networks and establish the conceptual foundation of future information systems.
Molecular analysis of a patient with neurofibromatosis 1 and achondroplasia

The gene for von Recklinghausen neurofibromatosis (NF1) is on proximal 17q; the location of the gene for achondroplasia (ACH) is unknown. We have begun a molecular analysis of a patient with mental retardation, NF1 and ACH, a clinical presentation suggestive of a contiguous gene syndrome. In addition, this individual has a 47,XYY chromosome constitution. To define a possible chromosome 17 deletion, we investigated the copy number of DNA sequences linked to NF1 with conventional and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). We found no evidence for a deletion on chromosome 17. These results make it unlikely that this patient harbors a single deletion in the NF1 region causing both NF1 and ACH and suggest different mechanisms for the de novo occurrence of 2 autosomal dominant disorders in this individual.
Feeding deterrence of northern fowl mites (acari: Macronyssidae) by some naturally occurring plant substances

Eighteen of 21 naturally occurring compounds and plant extracts tested in an in-vitro feeding system deterred northern fowl mites, Ornithonyssus sylviarum (Canestrini and Fanzago), from feeding. At 1.0% (w/v) concentrations in chicken blood, five compounds killed all mites exposed to them. Citronellal and bay extract prevented mite feeding completely at 0.1% concentrations. None of the compounds or extracts had repellent activity when mites were surrounded by a ring of the test material (0.42 mg cm -1 ) impregnated in filter paper
Guanxi practice and Chinese buyer–supplier relationships: The buyer's perspective

Abstract This study explores the different effects of guanxi practice on Chinese buyer–supplier relationships in the initiation and the maintenance stages during the buyer–supplier relationship lifecycle. Using survey data collected from the retail industry in China, we find that retailers perceive varying buyer–supplier relationship behaviors in these two relationship stages and, accordingly, guanxi practice exerts opposite effects on retailer satisfaction. Specifically, during the relationship initiation stage, guanxi practice is negatively related to retailer social satisfaction and commitment. However, during the relationship maintenance stage, guanxi practice is positively related to retailer economic satisfaction. The results from this study provide suppliers with managerial implications on when to and when not to practice guanxi in China.
Investigation into the Applicability of the Centrifugal Microfluidics Platform for the Development of Protein−Ligand Binding Assays Incorporating Enhanced Green Fluorescent Protein as a Fluorescent Reporter

The incorporation of a protein-ligand binding assay into a centrifugal microfluidics platform is described. The platform itself is a disc-shaped polymer substrate, upon which a series of microfluidic channels and reservoirs have been machined. Centrifugal microfluidics platforms require no internal moving parts, and fluid propulsion is achieved solely through rotation of the disc. Fluid flow is controlled by passive valves, the opening of which is dependent on the angular frequency of the rotating platform, the channel dimensions, and the physical properties of the fluid. To evaluate the effectiveness of incorporating a protein-based assay onto the centrifugal microfluidics analytical platform, a class-selective, homogeneous assay for the detection of phenothiazine antidepressants was employed. This class of drugs is known to bind to calmodulin, a calcium binding protein. Specifically, a fusion protein between calmodulin and enhanced green fluorescent protein was utilized. Calmodulin undergoes a conformational change upon binding to phenothiazines that alters the fluorescence properties of the attached fluorescent protein, which can be correlated to the concentration of the drug present. Another important aspect of this work was to study the efficacy of the platform to perform reconstitution assays. To do this, the biological reagent was dried on the platform and rehydrated to carry out the assay. The ability to prealiquot reagents on the platform should enhance its versatility and portability. The integration of protein-based assays in this platform should be useful in the design of analytical systems for high-throughput screening of pharmaceuticals and clinical diagnostics.
Opportunities for mupirocin calcium cream in the emergency department

Mupirocin calcium cream is a newly reformulated topical antibiotic with a bactericidal spectrum specific for the pathogens that frequently cause secondary infections in superficial wounds. Both the calcium cream and ointment formulations have demonstrated efficacy in the treatment of secondarily infected traumatic lesions and dermatoses, including eczema, burns, wounds, bites, and ulcers. Mupirocin has a low risk of systemic and topical complications. To date, antimicrobial resistance is rare among target pathogens. The use of mupirocin to treat secondary wound infection has a profile of high efficacy and does not impair the normal healing in traumatized skin.
Aortic valve operations under deep hypothermic circulatory arrest for the porcelain aorta: "no-touch" technique.

Abstract Background . Aortic valve replacement or repair becomes a high-risk procedure in patients in whom the ascending aorta cannot be clamped either because of extensive calcification and risk of cerebral embolus or because of extensive adhesions precluding safe dissection and clamping. Methods . We report the results of aortic valve replacement or repair with deep hypothermic circulatory arrest in 3 patients. Techniques to improve results include routine use of epiaortic and transesophageal echocardiography, avoidance of manipulation of the ascending aorta until the circulation is arrested, avoidance of antegrade cardioplegia, routine use of retrograde cardioplegia and retrograde cerebral perfusion, when feasible, and minimal aortotomy (just enough to excise and replace or repair the valve). Results . Operations were accomplished in approximately 1 hour each with minimal manipulation of the aorta, thus minimizing aortic trauma and subsequent risk of cerebral embolus. Each patient had an unremarkable recovery without neurologic complications. Conclusions . Aortic valve replacement or repair using the "no-touch" technique and deep hypothermic circulatory arrest is the preferred method when dealing with the porcelain or unclampable aorta.
Irreversible binding of a krait neurotoxin to membrane proteins from eel electroplax and hog brain.

Abstract A neurotoxin of molecular mass M ∼ 7600 dalton was separated from venom of Bungarus fasciatus and iodinated with 125I of high specific activity. The radioactive bungarotoxin bound irreversibly to protein fractions extracted from eel electroplax and hog cerebral cortex by sodium deoxycholate solutions of low ionic strength. In both cases the toxin was bound to single protein fractions that eluted from Sephadex G-100 columns in the range M = 50000 to 80000. The results indicate that brain contains an acetylcholine receptor similar to that in tissues derived from muscle.
Cross-cultural variations in the definition of child abuse: nurses in the United States and the United Kingdom.

As a form of social deviance, child abuse is subject to the definitions of various audiences rather than being intrinsic to the act. What is termed abuse varies between cultures, subcultures, etc. An exploratory study investigates similarities and differences in the definition of abuse among a sample of pediatric nurses in two U.S. (N = 18) and two U.K. (N = 34) hospitals. A questionnaire asked respondents to indicate whether they would define each of 14 different acts by a parent to be 'abusive'. The acts, ranging from 'yelling' to 'burning with a cigarette', were presented under two conditions: a five-year old child who, parents claim, (1) was 'yelling and getting on my nerves', and (2) 'would not stop throwing things and damaging furniture even when told to stop over and over'. Attribution of abuse was not greatly influenced by the two given conditions which provoked it. Nurses in the U.K. were slightly more likely than U.S. nurses to consider each act abusive, but the differences were significant for only one item: beating a child with a strap. Differences were reduced controlling for race. Among the U.S. nurses, whites were more likely to see each act as abusive than blacks, but differences were significant for only two items: beating a child with a strap and confinement to a room for the day. Cultural, subcultural, and professional variations in attribution of child abuse are discussed with implications for epidemiological findings. Suggestions for directions in future research on the attribution of abuse are offered.