cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
RADIATION SURVIVAL OF HUMAN MAMMARY CARCINOMA CELLS: CRITERIA FOR AN AGAR-BASED CLONOGENIC ASSAY

A human in vivo-in vitro model for breast cancer has been developed based on culture methods that were systematically optimized for solid breast carcinomas. A V-79 cell clonal agar-based model was used to define the analysis problem encountered with agar based clonogenic survival assays. Based on this, we established methods for the generation and analysis of the survival of primary and recurrent breast carcinomas following irradiation. Four out of five primary breast carcinomas studied had similar radiation-cell survival curves. The fifth tumor was more radioresistant. Interestingly, a recurrent breast carcinoma arising in a heavily irradiated chest wall was no more radioresistant than our series of unirradiated primary carcinomas. These methods may be useful both for the study of the radiobiology of human neoplasms and for customizing the treatments and prognosis of individual patients.
Political astuteness of baccalaureate nursing students following an active learning experience in health policy.

Objectives To describe changes in political astuteness after baccalaureate nursing student participation in a series of public policy learning activities. Design and Sample This one-group pretest/posttest design included 300 undergraduate nursing students enrolled in the public/community health nursing course. Data collection occurred each semester beginning spring 2008 and ending summer 2011. Measures The Political Astuteness Inventory (PAI) was used to compare levels of political astuteness and to identify conceptual factors contributing to political involvement prior to and at the completion of the public policy learning activities. Intervention The public policy learning activities were a central clinical component of the senior level public/community health nursing course. These activities included information sessions at the State Department of Health and State House, a legislative assignment, and a public policy group project. Results After participating in the public policy learning activities, students' political astuteness mean scores significantly increased (p = .000). Participation in professional organizations and knowledge of the legislative and policy processes significantly predicted posttest political involvement (p = .000). Conclusion The PAI was a useful outcome measure for the public policy activities. Active learning experiences in public policy can increase the knowledge and skills that future nurses need to influence public policy.
Role of adrenergic stimulation by isoproterenol in reversal of effects of encainide in supraventricular tachycardia

Abstract Reversal of the electrophysiologic effects of oral encainide with isoproterenol was evaluated in 16 patients with atrioventricular (AV) nodal reentry (group A) and in another 16 patients with WolffParkinson-White syndrome (group B). Sustained AV nodal reentry was induced in all group A cases before administration of encainide, in 2 cases after oral encainide, and in 12 patients during infusion of isoproterenol. Among group B cases, 14 of 16 had sustained AV reentry during control, 6 of 16 after receiving encainide, and 8 of 16 with addition of isoproterenol. During a mean follow-up of 19 ± 10 months in group A and 17 ± 9 months in group B, clinical tachycardia recurred in 8 patients (4 from each group). These 8 patients were among the 20 patients who demonstrated (1) isoproterenol-induced reversibility of encainide-suppressed tachycardia, or (2) acceleration of tachycardia rate slowed by encainide. No recurrences were seen among any of the 12 cases in which isoproterenol failed to reverse the encainide-induced tachycardia suppression. Patients with clinical recurrences were controlled with a variety of means, which included β blockers in 3 and nonpharmacologic methods in the remaining 5. In patients with AV junctional tachycardia treated with oral encainide, our findings suggest that lack of tachycardia inducibility with isoproterenol predicts freedom from clinical recurrences. Furthermore, addition of a β blocker to oral encainide may prevent clinical recurrence in some who demonstrate adrenergic reversal of encainide effect.
Diet analysis of Alaska Arctic snow crabs (Chionoecetes opilio) using stomach contents and δ13C and δ15N stable isotopes

Abstract We used stomach content and stable δ 13 C and δ 15 N isotope analyses to investigate male and female snow crab diets over a range of body sizes (30–130 mm carapace width) in five regions of the Pacific Arctic (southern and northern Chukchi Sea, western, central, and Canadian Beaufort Sea). Snow crab stomach contents from the southern Chukchi Sea were also compared to available prey biomass and abundance. Snow crabs consumed four main prey taxa: polychaetes, decapod crustaceans (crabs, amphipods), echinoderms (mainly ophiuroids), and mollusks (bivalves, gastropods). Both approaches revealed regional differences. Crab diets in the two Chukchi regions were similar to those in the western Beaufort (highest bivalve, amphipod, and crustacean consumption). The Canadian Beaufort region was most unique in prey composition and in stable isotope values. We also observed a trend of decreasing carbon stable isotopes in crabs from the Chukchi to those in the Canadian Beaufort, likely reflecting the increasing use of terrestrial carbon sources towards the eastern regions of the Beaufort Sea from Mackenzie River influx. Cannibalism on snow crabs was higher in the Chukchi regions relative to the Beaufort regions. We suggest that cannibalism may have an impact on recruitment in the Chukchi Sea via reduction of cohort strength after settlement to the benthos, as known from the Canadian Atlantic. Prey composition varied with crab size only in some size classes in the southern Chukchi and central Beaufort, while stable isotope results showed no size-dependent differences. Slightly although significantly higher mean carbon isotope values for males in the southern Chukchi may not be reflective of a gender-specific pattern but rather be driven by low sample size. Finally, the lack of prey selection relative to availability in crabs in the southern Chukchi suggests that crabs consume individual prey taxa in relative proportions to prey field abundances. The present study is the first to provide a baseline of the omnivorous role of snow crabs across the entire Pacific Arctic, as well as evidence for cannibalism in the Chukchi Sea. In light of climate change predictions for the Alaska Arctic, and the potential for future fisheries harvest of snow crabs in this region, continued monitoring of snow crabs, including population and trophic dynamics, is increasingly important to assess snow crab impacts on benthic communities and vice versa.
Articular-cartilage matrix γ-carboxyglutamic acid-containing protein : characterization and immunolocalization

Matrix gamma-carboxyglutamic acid (Gla)-containing protein (MGP) was found to be present in articular cartilage by Western-blot analysis of guanidinium chloride extracts of human and bovine cartilage and was further localized by immunohistochemical studies on human and monkey specimens. In newborn articular cartilage MGP was present diffusely throughout the matrix, whereas in growth-plate cartilage it was seen mainly in late hypertrophic and calcifying-zone chondrocytes. In adult articular cartilage MGP was present primarily in chondrocytes and the pericellular matrix. Immunoelectron microscopy studies revealed an association between MGP and vesicular structures with an appearance consistent with matrix vesicles. MGP may be an important regulator of cartilage calcification because of its localization in cartilage and the known affinity of Gla-containing proteins for Ca2+ and hydroxyapatite.
Global Data Assimilation Experiments with Scatterometer Winds from SEASAT-A

Abstract Two days of global scatterometer-derived oceanic surface winds during the period of 0000 GMT 16 July-0000 GMT 18 July 1978 from the SEASAT-A satellite are used in the NMC's global data assimilation and forecast experiments to gain a preliminary appreciation of the impact of this dataset. The NMC's global data assimilation system used in this study is described. The nature of the scatterometer winds and their error characteristics are discussed. Two parallel 48-hour data assimilation experiments are conducted: one including scatterometer wind data (SASS), the other without (NCSASS). After 48 hours of assimilation, large differences have evolved between SASS and NOSASS analyses due to the scatterometer winds. Comparison of the analyses with the operational analysis generated by the Australian Bureau of Meteorology suggests that the influence of scatterometer winds was beneficial in the Southern Hemisphere.
Technical Section: Shape classification and normal estimation for non-uniformly sampled, noisy point data

We present an algorithm for robustly analyzing point data arising from sampling a 2D surface embedded in 3D, even in the presence of noise and non-uniform sampling. The algorithm outputs, for each data point, a surface normal, a local surface approximation in the form of a one-ring, the local shape (flat, ridge, bowl, saddle, sharp edge, corner, boundary), the feature size, and a confidence value that can be used to determine areas where the sampling is poor or not surface-like. We show that the normal estimation out-performs traditional fitting approaches, especially when the data points are non-uniformly sampled and in areas of high curvature. We demonstrate surface reconstruction, parameterization, and smoothing using the one-ring neighborhood at each point as an approximation of the full mesh structure.
Rates of Chemical Cleavage of DNA and RNA Oligomers Containing Guanine Oxidation Products

The nucleobase guanine in DNA (dG) and RNA (rG) has the lowest standard reduction potential of the bases, rendering it a major site of oxidative damage in these polymers. Mapping the sites at which oxidation occurs in an oligomer via chemical reagents utilizes hot piperidine for cleaving oxidized DNA and aniline (pH 4.5) for cleaving oxidized RNA. In the present studies, a series of time-dependent cleavages of DNA and RNA strands containing various guanine lesions were examined to determine the strand scission rate constants. The guanine base lesions 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine (OG), spiroiminodihydantoin (Sp), 5-guanidinohydantoin (Gh), 2,2,4-triamino-2H-oxazol-5-one (Z), and 5-carboxamido-5-formamido-2-iminohydantoin (2Ih) were evaluated in piperidine-treated DNA and aniline-treated RNA. These data identified wide variability in the chemical lability of the lesions studied in both DNA and RNA. Further, the rate constants for cleaving lesions in RNA were generally found to be significantly smaller than for lesions in DNA. The OG nucleotides were poorly cleaved in DNA and RNA; Sp nucleotides were slowly cleaved in DNA and did not cleave significantly in RNA; Gh and Z nucleotides cleaved in both DNA and RNA at intermediate rates; and 2Ih oligonucleotides cleaved relatively quickly in both DNA and RNA. The data are compared and contrasted with respect to future experimental design.
Application of Clustering Algorithm in the Power GIS

With the continued progress of the power informatization, more and more kinds of the electrical equipments are involved. And they obviously present the characteristic of geographical distribution. When this paper studies the WebGIS technology, it shows a lot of the power assets node data points, on the base of technical bottlenecks which client-side loading rate is too slow. It analyses two common characteristic of clustering algorithms and the relationship of them and the GIS. Based on the idea of Partition Algorithm, it implements the presentation of geo-spatial point cluster in GIS and improves rendering efficiency. Testing shows that this method can solve the problem which caused loading rate slowly by the large amount of data showing , so it has broad application prospects in the construction of power system.
Development Ideas and Countermeasures of Chinese Agricultural Modernization under Promoting Harmonized Development of Industrialization, IT Application, Urbanization and Agricultural Modernization in China

China entered the stage of middle industrialization nowadays, its development of industrialization and IT continue fusion, urbanization rapid developed, and agricultural modernization entered in the critical period. The key to promoting harmonized development of four modernizations is the development of agricultural modernization. This paper proposed that we should use new concept of industrialization to promote agriculture industrialization, new concept of urbaniz ation to impulse urban-rural integration, new concept of informatization to accelerate agricultural technology innovation. Finally, combined the philosophy of promoting harmonized development of four modernizations and the situation faced by agricultural development, some relevant countermeasures and suggestions were put forward in this paper.
A New Metabolite with a Unique 4-Pyranone−γ-Lactam–1,4-Thiazine Moiety from a Hawaiian-Plant Associated Fungus

An endophytic fungus Paraphaeosphaeria neglecta FT462 isolated from the Hawaiian-plant Lycopodiella cernua (L.) Pic. Serm produced one unusual compound (1, paraphaeosphaeride A) with the 4-pyranone−γ-lactam–1,4-thiazine moiety, along with two new compounds (2 and 3, paraphaeosphaerides B and C, respectively) and the known compound (4). Compounds 1–3 were characterized by NMR and MS spectroscopic analysis. The absolute configuration of the 3-position of compound 1 was determined as S by electronic circular dichroism (ECD) calculations. Compound 3 also showed STAT3 inhibition at 10 μM.
Total kinetic energy release in Pu 239 ( n , f ) post-neutron emission from 0.5 to 50 MeV incident neutron energy

The average total kinetic energy $(\overline{TKE})$ in $^{239}\mathrm{Pu}(n,f)$ has been measured for incident neutron energies between 0.5 and 50 MeV. The experiment was performed at the Los Alamos Neutron Science Center (LANSCE) using the neutron time-of-flight technique, and the kinetic energy of fission fragments post-neutron emission was measured in a double Frisch-gridded ionization chamber. This represents the first experimental study of the energy dependence of $\overline{TKE}$ in $^{239}\mathrm{Pu}$ above neutron energies of 6 MeV.
The composition of CMBS risk

Abstract This paper identifies the put-option, liquidity availability proportion, and shadow liquidity risk premia embedded within commercial mortgage backed securities (CMBS) using reduced form and structural generalization models. These risk values are then interpreted as trading signals which are tested with automated trading strategies that buy undervalued and sell overvalued CMBS from November 2007 through June 2015. All three signals generate substantial positive trading profits in testing for the reduced form model but not for the structural generalization. The risk signals constructed independently of market pricing provide more profitable automated trading insights than those constructed from interactions between modeled risk measures and market spreads. In my tests of the information content of the risk signals with respect to future macroeconomic indicators, I find statistically significant evidence in keeping with recent studies. While I cannot reject CMBS efficiency, this paper’s disclosure of new risk measures, the profitability of automated strategies based on those risk measures, and the statistical significance of their forward guidance capabilities, together contributes to our understanding of CMBS risk and the credit spread puzzle debate.
Absence of nNOS Increases Longevity of Long Term Bone Marrow Cultures and Radiation Resistance.

Abstract Neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) has been shown to be localized to the mitochondrial membrane. The mitochondria play an important role in irradiation-induced apoptosis. Following irradiation, there is increased production of superoxide as well as an induction of nitric oxide in mitochondria. The combination of superoxide and nitric oxide results in production of peroxynitrite, a very strong oxidant that produces lipid peroxidation. Previous data have demonstrated that lack of nNOS protects the bladder from ionizing irradiation damage. To determine the role of nNOS in hematopoiesis, we established long term bone marrow cultures (LTBMCs) from nNOS deletion recombinant negative (knockout) mice as well as nNOS+/+ littermate mice. LTBMCs from nNOS knockout mice compared to +/+ control demonstrated increased total cumulative cell production (32.2 x 106 and 15.9 x 106 non-adherent cells, respectively), cobblestone island formation (5073 and 1106, respectively), and increased cumulative generation of day 14 CFU-GEMM colony forming cells per 105 plated (325 ± 30.4 and 9 ± 2.5 colonies, respectively) over 20 weeks in culture. IL-3 dependent non-adherent cell lines derived from the nNOS-/- and the nNOS+/+ cultures were tested for radiosensitivity. Cells from the nNOS−/− cell line demonstrated decreased radiation apoptosis 24 hours following irradiation, 5.89 ± 0.71% apoptotic cells compared to 10.42 ± 1.19% for the control littermates (p=0.041). Cell cycle analysis of littermate cells at 24 hours after 10 Gy demonstrated a G0/G1 and a G2/M block while there was no change in the cell cycle distribution of the nNOS−/− cells. The data demonstrate that absence of nNOS increases the longevity of hematopoiesis in LTBMCs and increases the radiation resistance of hematopoietic cell lines derived from such cultures.
Socializing Students in Higher Education to Alleviate Human Suffering Among the Homeless

Homelessness is a critical issue facing societies around the world. The scale of human suffering around homelessness stretches beyond shelter insecurity to include hunger and malnutrition, lack of healthcare, greatly increased crime victimization, deprivation from job markets, and embarrassingly visible marginality within society. Using data from a small, longitudinal study of undergraduate students at a medium-sized Catholic university in the upper Midwestern United States, this chapter considers the potential role of higher education in socializing undergraduate college students to engage in community-based learning around social justice for people living homeless. Student attitudes tended to persist between the pre- and post-tests, with small to moderate changes in the direction of less negative stereotypes regarding the homeless and more accurate knowledge following the sociology course. Initially, students leaned toward negative or inaccurate stereotypes of homeless communities: that homeless people are unclean; predominately nonwhite; have enough funds to live on; and often get permanent housing. By the end of the course, the students shifted significantly on all four items toward greater accuracy in their perceptions. While the findings are not as dramatic as community-based learning advocates might like to see, this research suggests how higher education has the potential to promote attitudes conducive to relieving suffering.
Experimental Cationic Asphalt Emulsion Grouting

As the reservoir filled behind Morrow Point Dam, leakage increased around the limits of the cement grout curtain on the left abutment. A short distance downstream, leakage into the underground power plant drainage tunnel reached 429 gpm. A cationic asphalt emulsion grout, triggered with a hydrated lime slurry, was chosen to plug the large flowing water channels. Injection of 10,100 gal. of asphalt emulsion reduced leakage into the power plant drainage tunnel by approximately 65%. The long-term effectiveness of the asphalt emulsion injection was difficult to evaluate because the reservoir was being lowered during the injection and remained low until after the cement grouting. Long strings of asphalt, ejected from holes during the asphalt grouting and subsequent cement grouting, indicated that the asphalt residue was plastic rather than hard. Present leakage into the drainage tunnel with a full reservoir is 37 gpm as compared with 429 gpm prior to grouting.
Estimating Disease Onset Time by Modeling Lab Result Trajectories via Bayes Networks

The true onset time of a disease, particularly slow-onset diseases like Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), is rarely observable in electronic health records (EHRs). However, it is critical for analysis of time to events and for studying sequences of diseases. The aim of this study is to demonstrate a method for estimating the onset time of such diseases from intermittently observable laboratory results in the specific context of T2DM. A retrospective observational study design is used. A cohort of 5,874 non-diabetic patients from a large healthcare system in the Upper Midwest United States was constructed with a three-year follow-up period. The HbA1c level of each patient was collected from earliest and the latest follow-up. We modeled the patients' HbA1c trajectories through Bayesian networks to estimate the onset time of diabetes. Due to non-random censoring and interventions unobservable from EHR data (such as lifestyle changes), naive modeling of HbA1c through linear regression or modeling time-to-event through proportional hazard model leads to a clinically infeasible model with no or limited ability to predict the onset time of diabetes. Our model is consistent with clinical knowledge and estimated the onset of diabetes with less than a six-month error for almost half the patients for whom the onset time could be clinically ascertained. To our knowledge, this is the first study of modeling long-term HbA1c progression in non-diabetic patients and estimating the onset time of diabetes.
Reducing biomass recalcitrance by heterologous expression of a bacterial peroxidase in tobacco (Nicotiana benthamiana)

Commercial scale production of biofuels from lignocellulosic feed stocks has been hampered by the resistance of plant cell walls to enzymatic conversion, primarily owing to lignin. This study investigated whether DypB, the lignin-degrading peroxidase from Rodococcus jostii, depolymerizes lignin and reduces recalcitrance in transgenic tobacco (Nicotiana benthamiana). The protein was targeted to the cytosol or the ER using ER-targeting and retention signal peptides. For each construct, five independent transgenic lines were characterized phenotypically and genotypically. Our findings reveal that expression of DypB in the cytosol and ER does not affect plant development. ER-targeting increased protein accumulation, and extracts from transgenic leaves showed higher activity on classic peroxidase substrates than the control. Intriguingly, in situ DypB activation and subsequent saccharification released nearly 200% more fermentable sugars from transgenic lines than controls, which were not explained by variation in initial structural and non-structural carbohydrates and lignin content. Pyrolysis-GC-MS analysis showed more reduction in the level of lignin associated pyrolysates in the transgenic lines than the control primarily when the enzyme is activated prior to pyrolysis, consistent with increased lignin degradation and improved saccharification. The findings reveal for the first time that accumulation and in situ activation of a peroxidase improves biomass digestibility.
Theoretical and experimental study of ice accretion due to freezing rain on an inclined cylinder

Abstract This paper reports on an investigation of ice formation on a cylinder exposed to freezing rain. Freezing rain icing is characterized by supercooled raindrop impingement, with vertical and horizontal velocity components, water flow over the surface driven by aerodynamic and gravity forces, and freezing or shedding of the surface water. In the first part of the paper, a novel, three-dimensional analytical model of ice growth on a cylinder is derived and the results are discussed. This is followed by a discussion of experimental tests in the NRC Altitude Icing Wind Tunnel. The experiments were constrained to horizontal drop impingement, and we encountered difficulties delivering large drops at low speed to the test section. Hence, the experiments were used primarily to validate the NRC morphogenetic ice accretion model. The morphogenetic model is a discrete element, random walk model that emulates the motion and freezing of individual fluid elements on the accretion surface. After validating the numerical methodology against the wind tunnel experiments, the model was used to simulate ice formation under more realistic and general geometrical configurations and environmental conditions.
A study of the standards used in vocational-technical teacher preparation

The purpose of this study was to determine the value, as perceived by faculty and graduates from the Vocational-Technical Education (VTE) Department at the State University of New York College at Oswego (SUNYCO), of the Standards of Quality for the Preparation and Certification of Trade and Industrial Education Teachers proposed by the National Association of Industrial and Technical Teacher Educators. More specifically, the study sought to investigate the importance ratings from graduates and faculty, the difference in importance ratings between facility and graduates, and the relationship between importance and readiness ratings perceived by graduates toward the Standards of Quality. A survey instrument was developed incorporating the Standards of Quality for the purpose of the study. The instrument was reviewed by a panel of faculty from Iowa State University and the SUNYCO and pilot tested. The sample population included all undergraduate program graduates between Fall 1991 and Spring 1997 semesters and all adjunct faculty from the VTE department. The survey conducted resulted in a return of 154 usable responses. The t-test for single mean analyses indicated that the graduate means of 32 out of 43 standards were found to be significant (a = 0.001). These 32 standards were perceived by graduates to have a great degree of importance to their most recent teaching position. The t-test for single mean analyses indicated that the faculty means of 21 out of 43 standards were found to be significant (a = 0.001). Twenty of the 21 standards were perceived by faculty to be more than "important" for vocational-technical education teachers.
Basic Principles: “What You See Is What You Get”

Histology is largely a visual discipline. Observation is vitally important. For most students, as for Sherlock Holmes, the attainment of this facility of observing and reasoning on the basis ofobservation requires training and practice. In microscopy, as in detective work, one must not simply look; one must look with a system and an objective. The essence of scientific study is to observe and record differences and similarities among a group ofspecimens or circumstances using reliable criteria to determine these characteristics. By distinguishing and identifying form, dimension, and substance one can develop a useful morphologic construct ofcell, tissue, organ, or system. Also, by keeping in mind the physiologic capabilities of individual elements of entire organs and systems one can understand more easily the function of the whole.
Spinal Cord Anatomy

The spinal cord begins to form in the second week of gestation, and remains suspended in the spinal canal, surrounded by a column of vertebrae. In adults, the spinal cord spans from the foramen magnum to the conus medullaris, which lies in the thoracolumbar region, while the cauda equina lies in the lumbar spine. Both the cord and cauda equina are encased within the dura mater with a layer of cerebrospinal fluid helping to keep the cord suspended. Dorsal sensory and ventral motor nerve roots, which emanate directly from the cord, combine into a single nerve that exits the spine via the neural foramen.
The Official Response is Never Enough

The Rockefeller Foundation shipped two Apple II computers with VisiCalc to the Tunisian Ministry of Agriculture to address a grain shortage in the early 1980s. The foundation believed that VisiCalc would enable the speedy and complex analytical modeling necessary to improve the management and, consequently, the production of grain resources. The foundation also argued that VisiCalc would empower individuals in the Ministry of Agriculture, improving their own analytical thinking as they became more familiar with the modeling capabilities of the software. Even with the use of VisiCalc, Tunisia experienced violent riots due to high bread prices after the government's removal of grain subsidies. This paper explores the narratives and uses of VisiCalc in the Tunisian Ministry of Agriculture in addressing this food crisis both before and after the riots. The work here contributes to computing history through an analysis of the historical relationships among governing bodies, nongovernment organizations, technology, and the global financial economy. It argues that the uses of VisiCalc in Tunisia were connected with financial austerity firmly aligned with Western interests. In doing so, this paper shows how a focus on postcolonial Africa can enrich the international history of computing.
Clear Cell Adenocarcinoma of the Urinary Bladder Is a Glycogen-Rich Tumor with Poorer Prognosis

Clear cell adenocarcinoma (CCA) is a rare variant of urinary bladder carcinoma with a glycogen-rich phenotype and unknown prognosis. Using the National Cancer Institute’s surveillance, epidemiology, and end results (SEER) program database, we documented recent trends in incidence, mortality, demographical characteristics, and survival on this rare subtype of urinary bladder cancer. The overall age-adjusted incidence and mortality of CCA was 0.087 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.069–0.107) and 0.064 (95% CI: 0.049–0.081) respectively per million population. In comparison to non-CCAs, CCAs were more commonly associated with younger age (<60 years old, p = 0.005), female (p < 0.001), black ethnicity (p = 0.001), grade III (p < 0.001), and higher AJCC 6th staging (p < 0.001). In addition, CCA patients more frequently received complete cystectomy (p < 0.001) and beam radiation (p < 0.001) than non-CCA patients. Our study showed a poorer prognosis of CCAs compared to all other carcinomas of the urinary bladder (p < 0.001), accounted for by higher tumor staging of CCA cases. This study adds to the growing evidence that glycogen-rich cancers may have unique characteristics affecting tumor aggressiveness and patient prognosis. Additional mechanistic studies are needed to assess whether it’s the excess glycogen that contributes to the higher stage at diagnosis.
Inflammatory Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Presenting with Testicular Pain

Inflammatory abdominal aortic aneurysm and iliac aneurysm in a patient presented as testicular pain with resolution of symptoms following open repair. Pre-op CTA showed aortic wall thickening consistent with diagnosis of inflammatory AAA. Postoperative CTA showed resolution of inflammatory changes a few months later.
Model Predictive Control for Dynamic Load Scheduling in Small Power Systems.

Many mobile platforms and small power systems utilize a set of loads, which consume some resource, to accomplish a task. If there are inadequate resources available to accomplish the system's task, load requests must be modified in some way. This paper considers the case where loads with a specific power profile may be supplied with reduced resources, shifted in time, or substituted for one another. This extends the capability of previous works where loads could only be shifted in time. The problem is solved using a model predictive controller and an auxiliary system with binary inputs to represent the time delay and substitution variables. The proposed method is applied to a representative electric warship power system. The results demonstrate the flexibility enabled with this method: not only can the power sources be controlled, but loads can be curtailed, delayed, or substituted for each other to accomplish the same task.
Molecular Augmented Reality for Design and Engineering (MADE): Effectiveness of AR Models on Discovery, Learning, and Education

The design and manipulation of chemical systems involves understanding the form or morphology of chemical structures. An understand of the form of chemical structure includes an understanding of the components of chemical structure, the functions of the forms and sub-components, and changes in the structure of chemical systems during interaction, maturation, or chemical processes. Viewed from a computer graphic viewpoint these chemical processes can be described and modelled as three-dimensional structures, changing shape, and interacting with other 3D structures. Furthermore, our intuition was that the visualization should be as embodied as possible and open for collaboration.
Interest and readiness for digital mental health in coordinate specialty care for early course psychosis: A survey study of 42 programs in 30 states.

Aim As in-person healthcare services become suspended due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the need for digital technologies to augment early course psychosis care has risen. Although technology offers many benefits including increasing access to care, the advantages of such tools are restricted by their implementation into the program. The goal of this study is to better understand the current usage of technology, clinical needs, and digital literacy in Coordinated Specialty Care (CSC) programs. Methods An online survey of CSC staff and clinicians assessed their attitudes, preparedness, and comfort with technology implementation into care. Results In total, 42 programs from 30 states responded to the web-based survey. Of the six key roles of CSC, the role believed to be most capable for technology to augment was Family Education and Support by 90% (38/42) of participants. Eighty-two per cent (34/42) of clinicians and staff felt that they would benefit from and have interest in receiving digital skills training (41% [17/42] strongly agree, 41% [17/42] agreed). Evaluation of respondent sentiments towards technology revealed that 70 per cent (29/42) ("agree", or "strongly agree") believe that technology can integrate into care easily. Conclusions Survey responses show overall positive sentiments towards technology implementation in early psychosis care. Findings also reveal that the digital tool would be better sustained if CSC staff and clinicians received digital skills education. This survey demonstrates that technology can augment early psychosis care while improving quality of care and expanding access to care.
Skinny wire and locking plate fixation for comminuted intra-articular distal humerus fractures: a technical trick and case series

Introduction Intra-articular distal humerus fractures present a challenge to orthopedic surgeons. Stable fixation is difficult to achieve in fractures with articular and metaphyseal comminution and osteoporotic bone. Hence, these fractures are more commonly being managed with total elbow arthroplasty. We describe a novel surgical technique that confers stable fixation, allowing for early range of motion resulting in a high rate of union, a functional range of motion, and excellent patient reported outcome scores without the activity restrictions of total elbow arthroplasty. Methods Retrospective case series of 30 patients with AO/OTA type B and C intra-articular distal humerus fractures who underwent ORIF from 2014-2019 utilizing a novel surgical technique that focuses on reconstructing a comminuted articular surface through meticulous, transverse fixation of the tiny articular fragments with long, thin Kirchner wires, which are then bent over and trapped under locking compression plates to create a fixed angle support to the metadiaphysis. Results Patient mean age of 59 (19-90) years and 61% were female. Median follow up was 1.2 years. Twenty-seven (87%) were type C fractures and 3 (13%) were type B. Five patients (16%) suffered a concurrent ipsilateral upper extremity injury and four (13%) had an open fracture. Two were polytrauma patients. All fractures healed with an average time to union of 11 weeks. Over 80% patients reported no or mild pain at final follow up. Mean arc of elbow motion was 102 degrees, mean QuickDASH score 25.2. Post-operative complications included ulnar nerve paresthesias (38%), wound infection (3.2%), heterotopic ossification (3.2%), and olecranon nonunion (3.2%). Eight patients underwent secondary procedures: 7 (23%) removal hardware, 3(9.6%) capsular release, 2 (6.4%) ulnar nerve transpositions, and 1 (3.2%) total elbow arthroplasty. Conclusion We describe a novel surgical technique that we believe results in strong, stable fixation of complex intra-articular distal humerus fractures irrespective of bone quality. In our series, all fractures healed and post-operatively patients reported low levels of pain, achieved excellent elbow range of motion, high patient reported outcome scores. Patients should be counseled about high rates of post-operative ulnar nerve paresthesias that can be expected to improve over time and high reoperation rates for symptomatic hardware.
Abstract 429: Thoracic Aortic Smooth Muscle Cell Phenotype and Contractility are Altered With Aging

Background: Age-related changes in the thoracic aorta, including alterations in medial extracellular matrix (ECM) in terms of increased collagen and reduced medial cellularity, are associated with ...
The Movement to Destroy the Income Tax and the IRS: Who is doing it and how they are succeeding

The article discusses the erosion in the American public's taxpaying ethos and the resulting decrease in tax compliance. A government unable to perform even basic functions adequately will lose legitimacy; therefore, steady, reliable revenue is a necessity for a government to survive. The Articles of Confederation did not empower the newly-formed federal government to collect tax directly; instead, the government could only request that the individual states contribute to the national treasury. The lack of a steady, reliable source of revenue almost destroyed our new nation until the power to tax was granted by the United States Constitution.The article then considers how a government can induce the public to comply with the tax laws. Taxpayers comply voluntarily when they have internalized a taxpaying ethos. During World War II, the federal government instill a widely-held norm that Americans should fulfill their income tax obligations by educating the public as to why the tax was necessary and emphasizing the connection between the tax revenues and benefits. Americans developed a sense of trust in their fellow Americans -- that they were paying their fair share, and a sense of trust in the tax system itself -- that enforcement was fair and the government used the revenues appropriately. These social contract and quid pro quo bases for compliance created a taxpaying ethos.There is a movement to undermine the income tax by financial elites who not only stand to benefit but who are philosophically offended at the idea of being subject to an income tax and a powerful federal government. The financial elites have used think tanks, networks, the media, and politicians to achieve their goal of undermining faith in the fairness of the income tax and how it is administered. They have created in Americans distrust of the federal government and a sense of grievance that the tax system is unfair and that the IRS is a rogue agency. As a result, the IRS is now subject to restrictions that impede its ability to administer the tax system, further eroding the taxpaying ethos and compliance. If this erosion continues, it will reach a level of magnitude that a tipping point will be reached and noncompliance will be an acceptable norm.
A COMPUTATIONAL BIOLOGY APPROACH TO THE ANALYSIS OF COMPLEX PHYSIOLOGY: COAGULATION, FIBRINOLYSIS, AND WOUND HEALING

A COMPUTATIONAL BIOLOGY APPROACH TO THE ANALYSIS OF COMPLEX PHYSIOLOGY By Nathan Menke, M.D. An abstract submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at Virginia Commonwealth University. Virginia Commonwealth University, 2010. Major Director: Robert F. Diegelmann, Ph.D. Professor Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
Chromosomes and Blood Groups

Publisher Summary This chapter provides information of primate chromosomes and blood groups. Genes are the basic units of hereditary information. They are located on chromosomes and contain the information that is needed to make certain proteins that in turn produce specific ribonucleic acids (RNA). Each living cell is the carrier of a complete set of genes, which are located in a linear order on chromosomes and are species specific. Chromosome morphology is a very important tool to address primate relationships and evolution. One way to distinguish individual chromosomes and their parts is by selectively staining karyotypes and their substructures with fluorescent dyes. The word chromosome is derived from the Greek language and means “colored body.” The name applies to those parts of each cell nucleus that are known to be the carriers of genetic information. The components for the storage and transmission of genetic information in each cell are made up of nucleic acids. Each nucleic acid molecule is made up of linear sequences of nucleotides. A nucleotide in turn is composed of a five-carbon sugar (pentose), a nitrogenous base, and a phosphate group. Two different nucleic acids are found in cells—deoxyribose and ribose. Each chromosome consists of a single, very long molecule of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). Chromosome polymorphism means that one or several chromosomes may occur in two or multiple alternate structural forms within the same population.
Is there A Threshold for Human Health Risk from Ozone

Abstract The existence of a “threshold,” or concentration below which no adverse health effects are observed, is the basis for current air quality standards in the U.S. After using a regional dosimetry model (Miller-Overton) to adjust for variations in animal species, exposure scenario, breathing patterns, etc., measurements of several different toxicity end-points reported by different laboratories were found to lie on a straight line passing through the origin, suggesting the absence of a threshold or no-effect level in animals. On the other hand, the biochemistry of ozone and its detoxification mechanisms suggests that a threshold should exist. Two mathematical population models are examined to illustrate how repair mechanisms affect such thresholds and how a population-wide threshold might not exist The probability of injury can, however, be calculated so that an acceptable level of risk can be chosen. The models also illustrate how specific populations at risk can be identified, in this case for vitamin E deficiency as in cystic fibrosis patients.
Justifying Music in General Education: Belief in Search of Reason

In his essay, “Music and Liberal Education,” Peter Kivy rehearses several arguments why music in the Western classical tradition should be included as an essential element of education in the academy. Among these, he notes the claim that musical masterpieces not only constitute monuments of Western culture that are of intrinsic worth, but music provides knowledge of self and the world beyond that is of a different order than scientific, among other ways, of knowing. Through musical experiences, people are initiated into a sense of their social and cultural identity, and they are “humanized” through the emotional, cognitive, and physical impact of music.
Evaluating the Terrestrial Water Balance from the Historical Climate Record

Water is necessary for life on earth. Spatial patterns of both vegetation and human activities are dictated largely by the availability of water. While seasonal or monthly averaged values of precipitation, evapotranspiration, soil moisture, and runoff are useful in describing a region’s climate, the intra-annual variability of these variables also plays a key role in determining the characteristics of a given climate. To assess both the mean and intra-annual variability for terrestrial regions of the globe, the historical climate record and parameterizations of the land surface must be used. Although limitations exist in both climate data and land surface parameterizations, they can be used effectively to provide assessments of the terrestrial water cycle at both global and regional scales.
Preparing students with disabilities to transition from school to work through self-determination training.

Background It seems as if youth with disabilities are not graduation high school with the skills that they need to secure employment once they graduate. Particular, they are not graduating with self-determination skills. Instruction in self-determination skills enable youth to be leaders in their own lives and make decisions that will shape their future. This is especially true as they are transitioning from school to the workforce. Youth with disabilities must have a clear understanding of their abilities and be able to identify and request, and advocate for reasonable accommodations in the workplace. In addition, they must be prepared to negotiate how the accommodations are going to be presented within the work setting. Objective To present an overview of the literature that will demonstrate that self-determination skills are essential to youth with disabilities finding and securing employment. Method An Eric and psycinfo Internet search was performed to gather articles and books concerning self-determination. Results The results section includes a number of strategies that teachers and practitioners can use directly with their students and their clients. Conclusion In conclusion, by incorporating self-determination skills training into the curriculum for transition-aged youth with disabilities they will be prepared to enter and succeed in the labor force.
Fluxional and Nonrigid Behavior of Transition Metal Organometallic π-Complexes

Publisher Summary The chapter discusses major developments in the understanding of nonrigidity in π-complexes . The stereochemistry of products derived from reactions of coordinated olefins and the stereochemistry of polymers formed in reactions catalyzed by transition metals are ultimately determined by the conformational stability of π-complexed intermediates. The interconversions rates of these isomers and the thermodynamic preferences of olefin–metal conformations should explain observed product distributions and provide a rational basis for catalyst design. Molecules that undergo intermolecular rearrangements at rates that influence nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) line shapes in accessible temperature ranges are termed “stereochemically nonrigid.” Nonrigid molecules, of which all observable interconnecting species are chemically and structurally equivalent, are designated as fluxional. The study of nonrigid systems has closely followed the technical advance of NMR instrumentation. The rapid advances in 13 C spectroscopy have made previously undetectable carbonyl rearrangements, conformational interconversions, and fluxionality accessible. This chapter concentrates on recent developments in technique that are likely to be used more extensively, potential problems in interpretation of dynamic NMR spectra, and observations that establish general patterns of rearrangement or conflict with currently accepted mechanisms. Stereochemically nonrigidity can be interpreted in these systems in terms of variations in bond strength with orientation of the olefin. Rotation of the allyl group, in which syn–anti interconversions does not occur, is now known in many instances for complexes with coordination numbers greater than four. NMR spectra consistent with allyl rotation in most square palladium complexes have been shown to result from ligand exchange.