cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Is empathy ear-to-ear or face-to-face?

If counselor and counselee cannot see each other, is the quality of their relationship affected? This study compares the empathy ratings of trained and untrained counselors in three different situations: counseling by telephone, in a confessional-type arrangement, and face-to-face. Although trained counselors scored significantly higher empathic understanding ratings than untrained counselors, there was little difference among the ratings for the three methods used.
Use of digital computers in basic mathematics courses

A digital computer is now available at most colleges and universities in the United States. In those where there is none today, the advent of time-sharing systems in the next several years should result in a computer capability for all at a nominal cost.
Freshwater stingrays from the Plio‐Pleistocene of the Turkana Basin, Kenya and Ethiopia

The fossil freshwater stingray from the Turkana Basin of Kenya and Ethiopia is redescribed and reassigned to Dasyatis africana (Arambourg) on the basis of extensive new collections. The ray apparently evolved into an endemic freshwater species derived from a stock which entered the Turkana Basin from the Indian Ocean at about 1.9 Ma. At that time, the ancestral Omo River system flowed through a major lake and exited to the southeast. A fluvial corridor, termed the Turkana River, connected the Turkana Basin with the Indian Ocean. Once established in the basin, the rays flourished and persisted for over half a million years. Their extinction has been placed subsequent to 1.3 Ma, and likely reflects the changing environmental and tectonic conditions recorded in subsequent strata. The fluvial corridor which formed the route of migration into the Turkana Basin has important implications for modern African biogeography as well as that of the past. □Turkana Basin, Kenya, Ethiopia, Pliocene, Pleistocene, Stingrays, Dasyatidae.
MECHANISMS OF GENETIC RESISTANCE TO FRIEND VIRUS LEUKEMIA IN MICE I. ROLE OF 89Sr-SENSITIVE EFFECTOR CELLS RESPONSIBLE FOR REJECTION OF BONE MARROW ALLOGRAFTS

Resistance to malignant erythropoiesis induced by Friend spleen focus-forming virus and resistance to marrow stem cell allografts are under genetic control. Strains of mice, e.g., C57BL/6 and B10.D2, which are homozygous for resistance at the Fv-2 locus, are also good rejectors of most bone marrow allografts. 89Sr, a bone-seeking isotope, irradiates marrow but not other lymphoid organs and abrogates resistance to marrow allografts without suppressing T- or B-cell functions. Thus, marrow-dependent effector cells (M cells) seem to resist allogeneic stem cells. To test if the genetic resistance to Friend virus (FV) is also mediated by M cells, B6 mice were treated with 89Sr using a dosage schedule known to abrogate resistance to allogeneic marrow cells. 9 days after FV infection of such mice, the spleens showed malignant erythroblastosis which could not be suppressed by prior hypertransfusion, a procedure which suppresses physiologic erythropoiesis. Such 89Sr-treated B6 mice also supported extensive virus replication, while control mice did not. FV markedly suppressed the ability of 89Sr-treated B6 mice to produce antisheep red blood cell (SRBC) antibodies, a feature seen normally only in genetically susceptible mice. Thus, 89Sr-treated B6 mice behaved in these respects as if they were susceptible to FV. When increasing doses of 89Sr were administered to B6 mice, a dose-related loss of resistance to FV was seen. Therefore, it appears that 89Sr-sensitive M cells mediate the genetic resistance to FV. The results of experiments with 89Sr indicated that genetically resistant mice would be expected to possess target cells which are susceptible to transformation by FV. To verify this corollary, bone marrow cells from B10.D2 ( Fv-2rr ) mice were transplanted into previously infected and lethally irradiated DBA/2 ( Fv-2ss ) recipients which share the same H-2d alleles. 5–15 days later, the spleens of DBA/2 primary recipients yielded transformed cells which were capable of producing splenic tumor colonies upon transplantation into adult, unirradiated B10.D2 secondary recipients. Various control experiments clearly indicated that the tumor colonies so induced were of B10.D2 marrow origin. This indicated that B10.D2 stem cells could be transformed when allowed to interact with FV in the spleens of susceptible DBA/2 mice. However, 30 days after transplantation of B10.D2 bone marrow cells into DBA/2 recipients, no transformed cells were detected. Apparently, in the 30-day interval precursors in the B10.D2 marrow gave rise to mature M cells which resisted the leukemic process. Since M cells recognize hybrid or hemopoietic histocompatability antigens expressed on primitive normal and transformed hematopoietic cells, we suggest that M cells may exert surveillance by rejecting leukemic cells. Thus, marrow transplantation from genetically resistant donors may provide a new mode of treatment for leukemia, by providing precursors of M cells and other immunocompetent cell types.
Luck, institutions, and global distributive justice: A defence of global luck egalitarianism:

Luck egalitarianism provides one powerful way of defending global egalitarianism. The basic luck egalitarian idea that persons ought not to be disadvantaged compared to others on account of his or her bad luck seems to extend naturally to the global arena, where random factors such as persons’ place of birth and the natural distribution of the world’s resources do affect differentially their life chances. Yet luck egalitarianism as an ideal, as well as its global application, has come under severe criticisms in recent debate. My aim in this article is to restore plausibility to the luck egalitarian idea, and to suggest how it could then provide a plausible grounding for global egalitarianism. To do this, I will propose a more modest but also more defensible conception of luck egalitarianism that can also strengthen the case for global distributive justice.
Rendering Digital Type: A Historical and Economic View of Technology

The design and rendering of digital type poses new problems to the type and software designers who must bring the type to fruition. But the stages through which this process is travelling reflect those of previous transitions to new technologies which have accompanied letter rendering since the beginning of written language
Modeling of substrate noise coupling for nMOS transistors in heavily doped substrates

An n-contact to p-contact model is proposed for analyzing substrate noise coupling in mixed-signal integrated circuits. The model takes advantage of an existing p-contact to p-contact model and combines it with a new concept of virtual separation. The virtual separation concept has been validated with three-dimensional device simulations and measurements from test structures fabricated in a 0.35 /spl mu/m CMOS heavily doped process. This model is useful when transistor switching noise is the dominant source of substrate noise coupling.
Regulation of the Ion Channel TRPM3 by Phosphoinositides

TRPM3 belongs to the Melastatin family of Transient Receptor Potential (TRP) ion channels. It is a Ca2+ permeable outwardly rectifying nonselective cation channel. TRPM3 is expressed in sensory neurons, brain, pancreas, kidney and vascular smooth muscle. In sensory dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons it was shown to function as a sensor for noxious heat. TRPM3-/- mice have decreased ability to detect noxious heat. In DRG neurons as well as pancreatic beta cells, the neurosteroid pregnenolone sulfate has been shown to activate TRPM3.Many members of the TRP family are regulated by phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PtdIns(4,5)P2). Thus we decided to test if TRPM3 is also regulated by PtdIns(4,5)P2. PtdIns(4,5)P2 is predominantly present at the cytoplasmic face of the plasma membrane and it is an important signaling molecule. In the current study we modulated the levels of PtdIns(4,5)P2 in Xenopus laevis oocytes and HEK cells heterologously expressing TRPM3. In inside-out patches, TRPM3 currents ran down rapidly after excision. This current could be restored by the exogenous application of water soluble diC8 PtdIns(4,5)P2 and the naturally occurring arachidonyl-stearyl (AASt) PtdIns(4,5)P2. Also, application of MgATP to excised inside-out patches reactivated the TRPM3 current. This effect of MgATP was inhibited by LY294002 at a concentration where it inhibits phosphatidylinositol 4 kinase (300 µM) but not at a concentration where it inhibits phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (10 µM). This suggests that MgATP acted via replenishing PtdIns(4,5)P2 and PtdIns(4)P. In addition, inducing the activity of PtdIns(4,5)P2-5-phosphatases in whole-cell patch clamp experiments also decreased TRPM3 currents. Overall our data collected through excised inside-out and whole-cell patch clamp measurements suggest that TRPM3 requires PtdIns(4,5)P2 as a cofactor.
Preparation of 1-substituted-3,3-dinitroazetidines

Abstract DNAZ (3,3-dinitroazetidine), 1, readily undergoes nucleophilic addition reactions with electron deficient haloaromatics, cyanogen bromide, S-methyl-N-nitroisothiourea and dichloroglyoxime to afford novel, energetic 1-substituted-3,3-dinitroazetidines. N-Nitrosation of DNAZ readily occurs, and Mannich condensations of DNAZ with poly-nitroalcohols are also described. The synthesis and properties of the energetic materials derived from these reactions will be discussed.
The limitations of unification

There are two roadblocks to using game theory as a unified theory of the behavioral sciences. First, there may not be a single explanatory framework suitable for explaining psychological processing. Second, even if there is such a framework, game theory is too limited, because it focuses selectively on decision making to the exclusion of other crucial cognitive processes.
ULTRASONOGRAPHY AS A DIAGNOSTIC AID IN PLEURAL EFFUSION OF HORSES

Three horses with clinical signs compatible with pleural effusion were examined with diagnostic ultrasound. In one of the three horses, confirmed septic pleural effusion was monitored with ultrasound during a successful treatment regimen. Eficacy of thoracentesis and detection of recurrence of fluid were readily determined. In the second horse, diagnosis of diffuse pleural neoplasia (lymphosarcoma) was made. In the third horse presented for pleural effusion, the effusion was documented and concurrent ascites detected with ultrasound. Carcinomatosis was found at necropsy. Ultrasound examination proved to be a sensitive, noninvasive modality useful in diagnosis and treatment of pleural effusion.
Ethical Considerations in Classification Practice: A Case Study Using Creationism and Intelligent Design

This article re-visits a scenario from 1987: a university president required a library director to reclassify some materials into a science classification. The author looks at the prominence of the Code of Ethics of the American Library Association in the general library literature and in classification and cataloging practice literature. The issue of censorship is also discussed. The author then reviews classification for Creationism and Intelligent design and some decision-making processes one could use when deciding on the professional ethics of such a request, concluding that in some cases the ethical action might indeed be to go ahead with the reclassification.
Detecting Specular Surfaces on Natural Images

Recognizing and localizing specular (or mirror-like) surfaces from a single image is a great challenge to computer vision. Unlike other materials, the appearance of a specular surface changes as function of the surrounding environment as well as the position of the observer. Even though the reflection on a specular surface has an intrinsic ambiguity that might be resolved by high level reasoning, we argue that we can take advantage of low level features to recognize specular surfaces. This intuition stems from the observation that the surrounding scene is highly distorted when reflected off regions of high curvature or occluding contours. We call these features static specular flows (SSF). We show how to characterize SSF and use them for identifying specular surfaces. To evaluate our result we collect a dataset of 120 images containing specular surfaces. Our algorithm can achieve good performances on this challenging dataset. Particularly, our results outperform other methods that follow a more naive approach.
Self‐assembled supramolecular microgels: Fractal structure and aggregation mechanism

Multifunctional molecules were designed to produce microgels with specific structures. Both static light scattering and dynamic light scattering were employed to determine the fractal dimension of the microgels. The protein, avidin, was strongly bound to four biotin moieties. Biotin was attached covalently to specifically engineered peptide nucleic acid (PNA) oligomers. Three designed DNA oligomers self-assembled to produce a trifunctional three-way junction (TWJ) with single-stranded ends that were complementary to the PNA sequence. The sizes of the supramolecular aggregates were characterized by dynamic light scattering. The fractal dimension was obtained from the angular dependence of the scattered intensity when the microgels were large enough. When the microgels were formed via cooling from a temperature above the melting point of the PNA–DNA helices, reversible structures with a fractal dimension of approximately 1.86 were formed, which is consistent with a cluster–cluster aggregation mechanism. When the microgels were formed by the slow addition of biotinylated PNA bound to the TWJ to a solution of avidin at room temperature, the observed fractal dimension approached 2.6, which is consistent with a point–cluster aggregation mechanism. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 41: 3037–3046, 2003
Flipping the doublesex switch with a piRNA

Recent work in the silkworm Bombyx mori has uncovered a novel Piwi-interacting RNA regulator of the sex determination switch doublesex.
An exponentiation unit for an OpenGL lighting engine

The OpenGL geometry pipeline lighting stage requires raising a number in the range [0,1] to a power between [1,128] to compute specular reflections and spotlights. The result need only be accurate to a number of bits related to the color depth of the output device. We describe a hardware implementation of such an exponentiation unit based on a logarithm lookup table, a multiplier, and an inverse log table. The inputs arrive in IEEE single-precision floating-point format and the output is a floating-point color component in the range [0,1] with 8-10 bits of accuracy. The log lookup table is partitioned into subintervals to reduce table size and each subinterval is computed from a bipartite table to further reduce size. A synthesized design uses 32k gates to achieve 10-bit accuracy with a latency of 9.4 ns in a 180 nm process. Although the system is tailored to the OpenGL application, the same principles can be applied to the design of other exponentiation units.
Shape dependence of the switching field in small structures

For small structures, the switching behaviour is controlled by the edge domains. In one scenario, the edge domains move inside the sample and annihilate each other. We show by results from Monte Carlo simulation that the energy change consists of a domain wall bending energy and a dipolar contribution which now is two dimensional. As a result the switching field is not a simple function of the aspect ratio alone. This differs from the bulk shape anisotropy effect which is mainly from the dipolar contribution.
LTS: Discriminative subgraph mining by learning from search history

Discriminative subgraphs can be used to characterize complex graphs, construct graph classifiers and generate graph indices. The search space for discriminative subgraphs is usually prohibitively large. Most measurements of interestingness of discriminative subgraphs are neither monotonic nor antimonotonic with respect to subgraph frequencies. Therefore, branch-and-bound algorithms are unable to mine discriminative subgraphs efficiently. We discover that search history of discriminative subgraph mining is very useful in computing empirical upper-bounds of discrimination scores of subgraphs. We propose a novel discriminative subgraph mining method, LTS (Learning To Search), which begins with a greedy algorithm that first samples the search space through subgraph probing and then explores the search space in a branch and bound fashion leveraging the search history of these samples. Extensive experiments have been performed to analyze the gain in performance by taking into account search history and to demonstrate that LTS can significantly improve performance compared with the state-of-the-art discriminative subgraph mining algorithms.
Odd-Man-Out and Intelligence

Abstract The relationship between odd-man-out reaction time (RT) tasks and intelligence is examined. The first experiment supports previous findings that the odd-man-out task is more highly correlated with intelligence than performance on standard choice RT tasks. The advantage high-IQ subjects have over low-IQ subjects in performing the odd-man-out task is eliminated when subjects are forced to take account of a cue stimulus. The second experiment indicates that increasing the complexity of the odd-man-out discrimination by making subjects compare the distances between three pairs of stimuli, as opposed to just two, increases the correlation between odd-man-out performance and intelligence.
Scepticism towards DTC advertising

Studies of cultural and subcultural differences among consumers are important for advancing knowledge on direct-to-consumer prescription drug advertising (DTCA). This study investigates and compares scepticism towards DTCA between Korean and Caucasian Americans and the relationship of cultural values (collectivism vs individualism) and acculturation to DTCA scepticism. The results reveal that, while the difference in DTCA scepticism between Caucasian and Korean Americans was non-significant, Korean Americans’ acculturation level influenced DTCA scepticism within this segment and collectivism was the only significant predictor of DTCA scepticism. The findings are discussed relative to previous research on DTCA scepticism, and managerial implications are offered.
Effects Of Thinking Style On The Job Satisfaction Of Retail Store Employees

The relationship between thinking style, and job satisfaction was investigated with retail store employees whose job involved highly repetitive tasks. Most of the employees had thinking styles characterized by reliability, precision, and conformity. These employees were generally satisfied with their jobs. The least satisfied employees were those who had a thinking style characterized by a low tolerance for detailed, routine work, and little respect for rules. The practical implications of these findings are discussed.
Chapter 7 Macro and Micro Methods for Isolation and Injection of Cell Components from Polytene Tissues

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the macro and micro methods for isolation and injection of cell components from polytene tissues. The isolation of large quantities of cellular material is required for a biochemical analysis of the factors involved in gene expression. Such an analysis could extend the large number of cytochemical studies of gene induction in salivary glands of Drosophilae. Thus, a method for the mass isolation of salivary glands and their subcellular components has been developed from D. hydei. These methods are also applicable to D. melanogaster. The large size of the polytene cells of the salivary glands of Diptera allows the direct isolation of cellular components. Microinjection of salivary gland cells is used to study the gene-activating capacity—that is, the puff-inducing ability of substances to which the cell is nonpermeable or to study the localized effect of permeable substances, such as the effect of injecting ecdyson directly in the nucleus.
Validating the Ohio Scales in a Juvenile Justice Sample of Youth with Behavioral Health Issues

Between 65 and 75 % of juvenile-justice involved (JJI) youth present with at least one behavioral health disorder. Many communities have developed diversion programs that provide behavioral health services to JJI youth, often in lieu of detention. A key component of successful diversion programming is accurate screening and assessment. The Ohio Scales, a validated instrument designed to track service effectiveness in clinical samples of youth, are now being used with juvenile justice populations. The purpose of this study is to validate the Ohio Scales in a JJI youth population (N = 2246). The population (ages 12–18) is derived from Ohio’s Behavioral Health Juvenile Justice Initiative, a diversion program for JJI youth with behavioral health issues. We conducted Confirmatory Factor Analyses (CFA) on all forms of the Ohio Scales (parent, youth and worker) to measure fit for one factor, four factor and four factor second order solutions. We also conducted an Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) on the Problem Severity factor in the youth form to determine the number of appropriate sub-factors. The EFA indicated that the Problem Severity factor should be broken into three hypothesized sub-factors: Externalizing, Internalizing and Delinquency. The CFA confirmed this solution. CFA results indicated the four factor second order solution fits superior to the other two solutions. Using the Ohio Scales Problem Severity measure as a three sub-factor measure may increase clinical applicability by allowing a clinician to specifically measure and target externalizing or internalizing issues during treatment.
Clinical Analysis and Follow-Up of Combined Therapy on 8 Cases of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Objective To explore the clinical characteristics and therapy of type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM) in children.Methods The clinical data of 8 inpatients(aged from 12 years to 16 years)with T2DM from May.2002 to Feb.2008 were retrospectively analyzed,including their clinical presentation,body mass index(BMI),blood pressure,blood triglyceride,complications,family history,oral glucose tole-rance test results,insulin release test results,efficacy and follow-up of combined therapy of diet,exercise,correcting behavior and pharmacotherapy.Results There was only one case presented with typical symptoms.All cases presented with obesity,with BMI 31.4±2.7.High frequency of complications occurred in these cases,7 cases with adiposis hepatica,4 cases with hypertension,4 cases with metabolic syndrome,3 cases with hypertriglyceridemia,3 cases with acanthosis nigricans,1 case with ketoacidosis.Four cases had positive obesity family history.Blood sugar was under control in 3 cases after 2 months of diet,exercise and correcting behavior.One case with ketoacidosis was treated with insulin for 1 week and metformin subsequently.Blood sugar was under control in all 5 cases treated with metformin after 2 weeks.Conclusions There is usually atypical symptoms occuring in T2DM in children.Obesity is one of the highest risk factors in this disease,frequently complicated with hypertension,abnormalities of lipids metablism,vascular lesion and target organ injuries.Treatment of T2DM in adolescents is complex and based on different strategies:diet,exercise,pharmacotherapy,education and self-monitoring.
Effect of Nickel Chloride Flux on Weight-Gain as well as Thickness and Microstructure of Hot-Dip Galvanized Coating on Low Carbon Steel

Tempered low carbon steel sheets were pretreated in fluxes with different contents of NiCl_2 and then hot- dip galvanized.The thickness,structure,morphology and composition of as- prepared galvanized coatings were analyzed with a scanning electron microscope and an optical microscope.Results indicated that,when the content of NiCl_2 was in the range of 0 ~6 g/L,the mass and thickness of the galvanized coating decreased with elevating NiCl_2 content.However,when the content of NiCl_2 was above6 g/L,the mass and thickness of the galvanized coating remained unchanged with elevating NiCl_2 content.In the meantime,NiCl_2led to increased thickness of 8 intermetallic phase and decreased thickness of ζ intermetallic phase,while it was beneficial to refining ζ intermetallic phase and increasing the compactness of the ζphase,but it had no influcence on η intermetallic phase.
Pulmonary arterial reactivity after transplantation: Differential effects of denervation and rejection

Little is known regarding changes in reactivity of the vasculature of transplanted solid organs. Experiments were designed to differentiate the effects of denervation and rejection on the function of the endothelium and smooth muscle of pulmonary arteries in transplanted lungs of the dog. Single lungs were transplanted as autografts to study the effects of denervation or as allografts to study the additional effects of rejection. Immunosuppression was stopped in animals receiving allografts 5 days after operation, and rejection was allowed to proceed for an average of 3 days. Animals receiving autografts were studied after the same time period. There were no differences in concentrations of circulating leukocytes, platelets, or lymphocytes between the two groups. Circulating concentrations of angiotensin-converting enzyme were significantly reduced during rejection; concentrations of endothelin were unchanged. Rings of pulmonary arteries with and without endothelium were suspended for the measurement of isometric force in organ chambers. Contractions to angiotensin I and endothelin were less in rejecting than in autotransplanted arteries, whereas those to 5-hydroxytryptamine were enhanced. Contractions to norepinephrine were comparable in both autograft and rejecting allograft arteries. Relaxations to isoproterenol were greater in the autograft than in the rejecting autografted arteries; the opposite was observed for relaxations to histamine. Endothelium-dependent relaxations to adenosine diphosphate and bradykinin but not to calcium ionophore A23187 were reduced with rejection; relaxations to nitric oxide were unchanged. These results suggest that transplantation per se affects vascular reactivity. However, there are selective dysfunctions of receptor-operated mechanisms in arteries that are associated with rejection and that are distinct from denervation. Further, serum concentrations of angiotensin-converting enzyme may be an indicator of rejection of transplanted lungs.
Uveitis in childhood--Part III. Posterior.

Toxoplasma, nematodes, and cytomegalovirus are the most common causes of uveitis in children involving the posterior pole. Discussion of treatment and management is detailed. Rubella retinitis and subacute sclerosing panencephalitis are specific entities which are limited in their initial presentation in children. Panuveitis including sympathetic ophthalmia, Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada, and Behcet's syndromes, while relatively rare in their occurrence, demand early treatment intervention. Specific antimicrobial therapy and adrenocorticosteroids as well as therapeutic suggestions are also included. This is the last part of a three-part series of articles.
Neuroleptics, dopamine, and schizophrenia

Neuroleptic drugs have provided not only the most efficacious form of treatment for schizophrenia but also a unique pharmacologic probe for discerning its pathophysiology. The link between the antipsychotic effects of neuroleptics and dopamine systems continues to be supported by current research. Recent preclinical and clinical studies suggest that time-delayed changes in DA neuronal function may more closely relate to the therapeutic effects of neuroleptics than does their relatively immediate effect of DA receptor blockade. The use of levels of plasma HVA as a noninvasive reflector of DA function provides a research strategy for longitudinal studies of neuroleptic effects in schizophrenia. Preliminary evidence suggests that neuroleptic-induced changes in levels of plasma HVA may be of value as an in vivo marker for neuroleptic antipsychotic effects. The recent identification and characterization of the mesocortical DA system, which links the midbrain to frontal areas of the cerebral cortex, represents a significant development in the neurobiology of CNS DA systems. The behavioral implications of the functional neuroanatomy of the mesocortical system, its relative unresponsiveness to neuroleptic agents, and the possibility of modulatory effects on the mesolimbic DA system render the mesocortical system a particularly important area of research with etiologic and pharmacotherapeutic implications for schizophrenia. The accumulating evidence indicating structural brain abnormalities in a significant number of schizophrenic patients has renewed interest in classical neuropathologic approaches to understanding its etiology. Although current evidence does not uniformly support the hypothesis of two schizophrenia types reflecting DA and non-DA forms of the illness, the postulate is useful as an attempt to integrate recent findings into a conceptual framework. Better understanding of the biochemical basis for heterogeneity of neuroleptic response and systematic data relating this responsivity to morphologic brain changes constitute an important direction for schizophrenia research.
Bentham and Payday Lenders

Jeremy Bentham defends a free market in interest rates by appealing to liberty. As a consequentialist, however, he must also morally evaluate the outcomes of practices, such as payday lending, that set interest rates. Given how the entrenchment in poverty that is reinforced by payday lending has negative consequences both in terms of utility and liberty, I conclude that Bentham faces the dilemma of abandoning either his defense of usury or his consequentialist moral theory.
Mental Retardation: Clinical Aspects

Mental retardation refers to a state that begins in childhood in which one's functioning in daily living is impaired in specific ways. Limitations in intelligence co-exist with related limitations in adaptive skills. Supports are necessary for individuals with mental retardation. The types and intensities of supports depend upon an individual's capacity, demands from and characteristics of the environments frequented, and the resultant functioning of the person.
A Historical Introduction to Jewish Casuistry on Suicide and Euthanasia

The belief in the sanctity of human life is the belief that each moment of biological life of every member of our species is of infinite value. This belief has profound implications for discussions of medical ethics; it stands in opposition, for example, to most recent discussions of death with dignity which emphasize patient autonomy and quality of life rather than the sanctity of human life.
Evaluating the Effect of Contract Timing on Lifecycle-Design Innovation in Public–Private Partnerships: Comparative Case Study of Highway Projects

AbstractPublic–private partnerships (P3s) are becoming a prevalent solution to address the growing infrastructure needs across the United States. Proponents of P3s believe that they enable the private sector to implement more lifecycle-design innovations, or design changes that benefit long-term project performance. While studies have explored innovation in highway P3s, to date none have explored the effect of contract timing on the ability to realize lifecycle-design innovations. This study addresses this gap by analyzing three design-build-finance-operate-maintain (DBFOM) P3s to explore the influence of contract timing on the private sector’s ability to realize lifecycle-design innovations. Using innovation theory as a framework to measure the magnitude of lifecycle-design changes, the research explored contract timing of private involvement and analyzed whether this timing enabled or inhibited the ability of the project team to realize the promise of lifecycle innovations. Furthermore, through the iden...
A suggested configuration specification for monitoring system of energy storage system connected to distribution network

As the development requirements of China's low-carbon economy and Strong & Smart Grid, energy storage systems are increasingly being wide used. Together with installation of energy storage device, configuration principle and functional specifications of energy storage monitoring system should also be defined. Especially, since energy storage systems are commonly used in the distribution network, study of monitoring system of energy storage system connected to distribution network turns to be more important. This paper describes a possible configuration specification for monitoring system of energy storage system connected to the distribution network. With this kind of configuration, energy storage system can work in a more efficient way; and both the distribution network and the energy storage system could be more secure and reliable.
Explicit reciprocity laws for higher local fields

Abstract Using previously constructed reciprocity laws for the generalized Kummer pairing of an arbitrary (one-dimensional) formal group, in this article a special consideration is given to Lubin-Tate formal groups. In particular, this allows for a completely explicit description of the Kummer pairing in terms of multidimensional p-adic differentiation. The results obtained here constitute a generalization, to higher local fields, of the formulas of Artin-Hasse, Iwasawa, Kolyvagin and Wiles.
Evaluating the impacts of density on urban goods movement externalities

AbstractResearch has established a potential to reduce vehicle miles traveled (VMT) by replacing passenger travel for shopping with delivery service, and a few studies have indicated CO2 emissions can also be reduced. However, that research has mostly focused on urban locations and has not addressed criteria pollutants. This study examines the impacts of replacing passenger travel for shopping with delivery service over a broader set of externalities (VMT, CO2, NOx, and PM10) in both urban and rural communities. Three different goods movement strategies are considered in three different municipalities in King County, Washington, which vary in size, density, and distance from the metropolitan core. The research finds that delivery services can reduce VMT over passenger vehicle travel for shopping, however, the potential to reduce CO2, NOx, and PM10 emissions varies by municipality. Significant trade-offs are observed between VMT and emissions – especially between VMT and criteria pollutants.
High confinement and low loss Si 3 N 4 waveguides for miniaturizing optical coherence tomography

We show high confinement thermally tunable, low loss (0.27 ± 0.04 dB/cm) Si 3 N 4 waveguides that are 42 cm long. We show that this platform can enable the miniaturization of traditionally bulky active OCT components.
Fuel Cell Diagnostics

Fuel cell science and technology cut across multiple disciplines, including materials science, interfacial science, transport phenomena, electrochemistry, and catalysis. It is always a major challenge to fully understand the thermodynamics, fluid mechanics, fuel cell dynamics, and electrochemical processes within a fuel cell. In addition to modeling, which is described in Chapter 7 , diagnostics is another tool that can help elucidate the complex processes taking place in an operational fuel cell. This chapter covers the basics of diagnostics, including electrochemical techniques such as cyclic voltammetry as well as physical and chemical methods.
Joint reconstruction of x-ray fluorescence and transmission tomography

X-ray fluorescence tomography is based on the detection of fluorescence x-ray photons produced following x-ray absorption while a specimen is rotated; it provides information on the 3D distribution of selected elements within a sample. One limitation in the quality of sample recovery is the separation of elemental signals due to the finite energy resolution of the detector. Another limitation is the effect of self-absorption, which can lead to inaccurate results with dense samples. To recover a higher quality elemental map, we combine x-ray fluorescence detection with a second data modality: conventional x-ray transmission tomography using absorption. By using these combined signals in a nonlinear optimization-based approach, we demonstrate the benefit of our algorithm on real experimental data and obtain an improved quantitative reconstruction of the spatial distribution of dominant elements in the sample. Compared with single-modality inversion based on x-ray fluorescence alone, this joint inversion approach reduces ill-posedness and should result in improved elemental quantification and better correction of self-absorption.
Formation and Transformation Behavior of Amorphous Solids

The subject matter of these lectures has been reviewed extensively in several articles [1,2,3,5,6,7,8,9] written by the author and collaborators and in the Ehrenreich report [4]. There is no point in redigesting these articles here. What follows is a summary of the author’s main conclusions on these lecture topics with specific references to the supporting arguments.
Prestressing Concrete with CFRP Composites for Sustainability and Corrosion-Free Applications

Advancement in material science has enabled the engineers to enhance the strength and long-term behavior of concrete structures. The conventional approach is to use steel for prestressed bridge girders. Despite having good ductility and strength, beams prestressed with steel are susceptible to corrosion when subjected to environmental exposure. The corrosion of the prestressing steel reduces load carrying capacity of the prestressed member and result in catastrophic failures. In the last decades, more durable composite materials such as Aramid Fiber Reinforced Polymer (AFRP), Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) and Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) have been implemented in concrete structures as a solution to this problem. Among these materials, CFRP stands out as a primary prestressing reinforcement, which has the potential to replace steel and provide corrosion free prestressed bridge girders. Despite its promise, prestressing CFRP has not frequently been used for bridge construction worldwide. The major contributing factor to the lack of advancement of this promising technology in the United States (U.S.) is the lack of comprehensive design specifications. Apart from a limited number of guides, manuals, and commentaries, there is currently no standard or comprehensive design guideline available to bridge engineers in the U.S. for the design of concrete structures prestressed with CFRP systems. The main goal is to develop design guidelines in AASHTO-LRFD format for concrete bridge girders with prestressing CFRP materials. The guidelines are intended to address the limitation in current AASHTO-LRFD Bridge Design Specifications which is applicable for prestressed bridge girders with steel strands. To accomplish this goal, some of the critical parameters that affect the design and long-term behavior of prestressed concrete bridge girders with prestressing CFRP systems are identified and included in the research work. This paper presents preliminary results of an experimental study that is part of a National Highway Co-operative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) project.
NUC041, a Prodrug of the DNA Methytransferase Inhibitor 5-aza-2',2'-Difluorodeoxycytidine (NUC013), Leads to Tumor Regression in a Model of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer

5-aza-2′,2′-difluorodeoxycytidine (NUC013) has been shown to be significantly safer and more effective than decitabine in xenograft models of human leukemia and colon cancer. However, it suffers from a similar short half-life as other DNA methyltransferase inhibitors with a 5-azacytosine base, which is problematic for nucleosides that primarily target tumor cells in S phase. Because of the relative instability of 5-azanucleosides, a prodrug approach was developed to improve the pharmacology of NUC013. NUC013 was conjugated with trimethylsilanol (TMS) at the 3′ and 5′ position of the sugar, rendering the molecule hydrophobic and producing 3′,5′-di-trimethylsilyl-2′,2′-difluoro-5-azadeoxycytidine (NUC041). NUC041 was designed to be formulated in a hydrophobic vehicle, protecting it from deamination and hydrolysis. In contact with blood, the TMS moieties are readily hydrolyzed to release NUC013. The half-life of NUC013 administered intravenously in mice is 20.1 min, while that of NUC013 derived from intramuscular NUC041 formulated in a pegylated-phospholipid depot is 3.4 h. In a NCI-H460 xenograft of non-small cell lung cancer, NUC013 was shown to significantly inhibit tumor growth and improve survival. Treatment with NUC041 also led to significant tumor growth inhibition. However, NUC041-treated mice had significantly more tumors ulcerate than either NUC013 treated mice or saline control mice, and such ulceration occurred at significantly lower tumor volumes. In these nude mice, tumor regression was likely mediated by the derepression of the tumor suppressor gene p53 and resultant activation of natural killer (NK) cells.
Have large femoral heads reduced prosthetic impingement in total hip arthroplasty

Background:Prosthetic impingement is implicated in dislocation after total hip arthroplasty (THA). While use of larger diameter femoral heads reduces the incidence of dislocation, the effect of lar...
Substrate relay in an Hsp70-cochaperone cascade safeguards tail-anchored membrane protein targeting.

Membrane proteins are aggregation‐prone in aqueous environments, and their biogenesis poses acute challenges to cellular protein homeostasis. How the chaperone network effectively protects integral membrane proteins during their post‐translational targeting is not well understood. Here, biochemical reconstitutions showed that the yeast cytosolic Hsp70 is responsible for capturing newly synthesized tail‐anchored membrane proteins (TAs) in the soluble form. Moreover, direct interaction of Hsp70 with the cochaperone Sgt2 initiates a sequential series of TA relays to the dedicated TA targeting factor Get3. In contrast to direct loading of TAs to downstream chaperones, stepwise substrate loading via Hsp70 maintains the solubility and targeting competence of TAs, ensuring their efficient delivery to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Inactivation of cytosolic Hsp70 severely impairs TA translocation in vivo. Our results demonstrate a new role of cytosolic Hsp70 in directly assisting the targeting of an essential class of integral membrane proteins and provide a paradigm for how “substrate funneling” through a chaperone cascade preserves the conformational quality of nascent membrane proteins during their biogenesis.
Photobiology and Radiobiology: Divisions and Common Ground

This symposium on “Ultraviolet and Ionizing Radiations: From Molecules to Cells” has few, if any, precedents. Comparisons of the effects of different types of radiation are made at meetings devoted to mutagenesis, carcinogenesis, DNA repair, etc. However, I am not aware of any scientific meeting specifically designed to compare photobiological and radiobiological effects.
Music and the evolution of human brain function

Multidisciplinary research during the last three decades has led to notable progress in the understanding of the relationships between aspects of music common to all cultures and characteristic features of acoustical information-processing in the human brain. Increasing evidence of a parallelism between many structural aspects of music and human language points to a common, perhaps even simultaneous origin of music and language during the early phase of human brain evolution. And robust arguments are emerging about the neural mechanism of musical emotions and the possible origin of the human drive to listen to music, make music and compose music. In short, answers to the questions of why did music develop in the early days of human evolution and why is there music still now may be around the corner.
Publisher Correction: Gene regulation: c-Maf in CD4 + T cells: it’s all about context

In the version of this article initially published, two sentences in the seventh paragraph (which begins "To delve more deeply") had incorrect text: the seventh sentence (which begins "Moreover, the decreased") stated "treatment of the mice with a blocking antibody"; the next sentence (which begins "These data") stated "that in turn has important consequences...". The correct text is as follows: "treatment of the cells with a blocking antibody" (in the seventh sentence); and "in turn might have important consequences" (in the next sentence). Also, Fig. 1 included two errors: at the top right, the arrow from c-Maf to NFAT2 should be a dashed line with a 'T' end at the top (not an arrowhead), and the 'T' from NFAT2 to IL-2 below should be a downward arrow. The error has been corrected in the HTML and PDF version of the article.
Current Gaps and Needs for Increasing Access to Healthcare for People with Chagas Disease in the USA

In the USA, fewer than 1% of people with Chagas disease (CD) are diagnosed and treated. Patients and physicians confront significant barriers to initiating testing and treatment, which are not systematically available in the US health care system. What are these barriers and how can they be overcome? We discuss the broader challenges and state-level dynamics of CD in several of the US states with the highest burdened populations. The principal challenges for expanding access to testing and treatment include confusion surrounding testing procedures, limitations in available drugs and diagnostic tools, gaps in surveillance and epidemiological knowledge, low patient awareness, and, particularly, low awareness among providers. States have key differences concerning health care access, transmission dynamics, and programmatic resources. Local initiatives in Texas and California are discussed. Reducing the burden of CD will require improvement of diagnostic capacity and treatment guidelines, significant strengthening of provider awareness, greater understanding of transmission dynamics, and provision of accessible health care to the diverse population at risk.
Is Police Behavior Getting Worse? The Importance of Data Selection in Evaluating the Police

Public concern about harmful policing is surging. Governments are paying historic amounts for law enforcement liability. Has police behavior changed? Or is society responding differently? Traditional data sources struggle with this question. Common metrics conflate the prevalence and severity of policing harms with the responses of legal actors such as lawyers, judges, and juries. We overcome this problem using a new data source: liability insurance claims. Our dataset contains 23 years of claims against roughly 350 law enforcement agencies that contract with a single insurer. We find that, while lawsuits and payouts have trended upwards over the past decade, insurance claims have declined. We examine multiple potential explanations. We argue that, in our sample, police behavior is not getting worse; rather, societal responses to policing harms are intensifying. Police litigation is not representative of the broader universe of claims and adjudicated claims also differ systematically from settled ones.
Multilayer Operability Framework for Process Design, Intensification, and Modularization of Nonlinear Energy Systems

An optimization-based multilayer operability framework is introduced for the process design of nonlinear energy systems that are challenged by complexity and highly constrained environments. In the first layer of this framework, a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP)-based iterative algorithm considers the minimization of the footprint and the achievement of process intensification targets. Then, in the second layer, an operability analysis is performed to incorporate into the approach key features for optimality and feasibility, accounting for the system operation with changeable input conditions. The outcome of the framework consists of a set of modular designs, considering the aspects of both size and process operability. For this study, the nonlinear system is represented by multiple linearized models, resulting in low computational expense and efficient quantification of operability regions. The developed framework is applied to a membrane reactor for direct methane aromatization conversion to hyd...