cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Speciation in the yeast genus Metschnikowia.

Genetic studies were employed to rationalize speciation in the yeast genusMetschnikowia. Using haploid cultures derived parasexually or from isolated single ascospores, hybrids were produced between mostMetschnikowia taxa. The results provided strong evidence for the acceptance ofM. bicuspidata as type of the genus, and enabled clarification of the relationships among the recognized species. Speciation was based primarily on ascus and ascospore morphology, as classification based on physiological properties was shown to be ineffective.Metschnikowia bicuspidata var.californica var. nov. is described, and some possible evolutionary trends are discussed.
Human population as a dynamic factor in environmental degradation

The environmental consequences of increasing human population size are dynamic and nonlinear, not passive and linear. The role of feedbacks, thresholds, and synergies in the interaction of population size and the environment are reviewed here, with examples drawn from climate change, acid deposition, land use, soil degradation, and other global and regional environmental issues. The widely-assumed notion that environmental degradation grows in proportion to population size, assuming fixed per capita consumption and fixed modes of production, is shown to be overly optimistic. In particular, feedbacks, thresholds, and synergies generally amplify risk, causing degradation to grow disproportionally faster than growth in population size.
Quantitative metallography of β-Sn dendrites in Sn-3.8Ag-0.7Cu ball grid array solder balls via electron backscatter diffraction and polarized light microscopy

Electron backscatter diffraction and polarized light microscopy have been used to quantify the number of crystallographically independent β-Sn dendrites present in near-eutectic, ball grid array Sn-Ag-Cu (SAC) solder balls as a function of cooling rate (0.35–3.0°C/s). Based on these data, it is estimated that a single 900-µm-diameter solder ball contains on average eight individual β-Sn dendrites, independent of cooling rate. Specific orientation relationships were also found to be prevalent between neighboring β-Sn dendrites. These results confirm and expand upon recent research, and further emphasize the probable anisotropic nature of SAC solder joints.
Atypical presentations of carboplatin hypersensitivity reactions: characterization and management in patients with gynecologic malignancies.

Abstract Objectives. Carboplatin skin testing (ST) can help identify patients with platinum hypersensitivity (PH), however, we have encountered patients who do not immediately test positive yet exhibit subtle or delayed allergy symptoms prior to PH. We describe the "atypical platinum reactions" (APH) of 14 patients and our experience with skin testing and desensitization. Methods. Retrospective chart review was performed on carboplatin-treated patients. Patients with +ST, PH or APH were offered desensitization, and the number of successful additional treatments was recorded. Results. A total of 73 ST were administered to patients receiving their >6th carboplatin cycle. 19 +ST and 10 PH with −ST were identified. 14 APH were identified including delayed +ST conversions and allergy symptoms. The median onset and duration of symptoms after treatment were 6 and 3.5 days respectively. 12 APH patients had ST on their next cycle, seven of which were immediately positive. ST was positive in 36% of those tested, resulting in a negative predictive value of 76%. The median number of carboplatin cycles received prior to ST conversion, PH or APH was eight. 29% of patients with a +ST, PH, or APH had a prior history of systemic allergic reaction to other medications or allergens. Desensitization and dose escalation were successful in 14/20 patients (70%) for an average of 1.9 cycles/patient. Conclusions. ST will not identify all patients with carboplatin-associated reactions. Careful questioning regarding symptoms in between chemotherapeutic cycles may identify patients who will benefit from desensitization, allowing continuation of treatment and prevention of life-threatening adverse events.
Effect of Infectious Agents on Chickens Selected for Plasma Corticosterone Response to Social Stress

Abstract SOCIAL stress has been found to modify the response of chickens to infectious diseases. Chickens maintained in a more stressful social environment were more susceptible to viral infections and more resistant to bacterial infections than chickens maintained in a less stressful social environment (Gross and Colmano, 1969). High levels of plasma corticosterone were positively correlated with resistance to Escherichia coli infection (Gross and Colmano, 1967). Injection of chickens with corticosterone resulted in increased resistance to E. coli infection (Gross and Colmano, 1970). Chemicals which block the production of corticosterone by the adrenals resulted in increased resistance to viral infections and decreased resistance to E. coli infection (Colmano and Gross, 1971). Brown and Nestor (1970) reported that turkeys could be selected for plasma corticosterone response to cold stress. They found that the major selective modification was on the ability of the adrenals to respond to ACTH. The purpose of these experiments…
DOSE DEPENDENCE AND TIME COURSE OF SMOKE INHALATION INJURY IN A RABBIT MODEL

The dose dependence and time course of smoke inhalation injury were determined in a rabbit model. Animals were insufflated with 18-90 breaths of cotton smoke or room air (control) at a rate of 18 breaths/min and tidal volume of 12 ml/kg. Smoke-exposed animals exhibited dose-related histologic effects with progressive deterioration of respiratory function during the postexposure period of observation (96 h). The smoke-exposed rabbits had reproducible injuries to both airway mucosa and lung parenchyma, manifested by disruption and sloughing of airway and alveolar epithelia, and exudation of protein-rich fluid and leukocytes into the airway and alveolar spaces. Significant effects were evident by 24 h postexposure. Smoke inhalation also affected the respiratory burst of alveolar macrophages. Generation of superoxide anions by alveolar macrophages at 48 h postexposure was increased significantly after smoke inhalation (54 breaths). The present rabbit model should be useful for studying the interactions between pulmonary epithelial cells and leukocytes after smoke inhalation and for determining the role that abnormal functioning of alveolar macrophages plays in the development of smoke inhalation injury.
The tanh and the sine-cosine methods for compact and noncompact solutions of the nonlinear Klein-Gordon equation

The nonlinear Klein-Gordon equation is used as a vehicle to employ the tanh method and the sine-cosine method to formally derive a number of travelling wave solutions. The study features a variety of solutions with distinct physical structures. The work shows that one method complements the other, and each method gives solutions of formal properties. The obtained solutions include compactons, solitons, solitary patterns, and periodic solutions.
The use of incremental goodness of fit indices in structural equation models in marketing research

Abstract Indices of the incremental goodness fit of structural equation models can provide useful information beyond that provided by statistical significance tests. Two such indices are described, and their advantages are illustrated with several marketing research studies. Additional discussion focuses on the issue of appropriate null hypotheses against which to test proposed models.
Application of an Interindustry Supply Model to Energy Issues

An interindustry model relating gross output to the availability of primary inputs is used to examine supply linkages associated with national energy production. The results of calculations for US data highlight the importance of extractive energy sectors in intermediate production, and identify supplying sectors that have the potential of restricting energy output. The use of this model as a means to simulate the impact of alternative energy-allocation programmes on gross output is discussed and the results of one simulation are presented.
Synthesis and thermochemistry of HMo(CO)3C5Me5; Comparison of cyclopentadienyl and pentamethylcyclopentadienyl ligands

Toluenemolybdenum tricarbonyl reacts quantitatively with pentamethylcyclopentadiene in THF at room temperature yielding HMo(CO)3C5Me5. The heat given off in this reaction has been measured by solution calorimetry and indicates there is little difference in the MoC5H5 and MoC5Me5 bond strengths. Thermochemical measurements of the reaction of HMo(CO)3C5R5 (R = H, CH3) with pyridine yielding (py)3Mo(CO)3 confirm this result. In THF solution, HMo(CO)3C5Me5 is a weaker acid than HMo(CO)3C5H5, ΔpKa ⩾ 3. The heat of hydrogenation of (Mo(CO)3C5R5)2 to yield two mol of HMo(CO)3C5R5 is more favorable by about 2 kcal/mol for R = CH3 compared to R = H, probably due to steric repulsion in (Mo(CO)3C5Me5)2.
Interaction of an anticancer drug, methotrexate with amphiphilic copolymers of methyl quaternized 2-dimethylaminopropyl acrylamide and styrene

The copolymers of methyl quaternized 2-dimethylaminopropyl acrylamide and styrene have been prepared. Studies were made of the binding of an anticancer drug, methotrexate by the copolymers, bovine serum albumin, and polyvinylpyrrolidone in aqueous solution. The first binding constants and the thermodynamic parameters in the course of the binding were evaluated and compared with those of a “binding probe”, methyl orange and its homologs in order to gain insight into the nature of drug binding and to apply the drug-polymer complex to a drug-delivery system. The nature and phenomena of drug binding with the polymers are discussed.
Disseminating treatment for anxiety disorders step 2: peer recommendations to seek help

Despite the high prevalence of and significant psychological burden caused by anxiety disorders, as few as 25% of individuals with these disorders seek treatment, and treatment seeking by African-Americans is particularly uncommon. This purpose of the current study was to gather information regarding the public's recommendations regarding help-seeking for several anxiety disorders and to compare Caucasian and African-American participants on these variables. A community sample of 577 US adults completed a telephone survey that included vignettes portraying individuals with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), social phobia/social anxiety disorder (SP/SAD), panic disorder (PD), and for comparison, depression. The sample was ½ Caucasian and ½ African American. Respondents were significantly less likely to recommend help-seeking for SP/SAD and GAD (78.8% and 84.3%, respectively) than for depression (90.9%). In contrast, recommendations to seek help for panic disorder were common (93.6%) and similar to rates found for depression. The most common recommendations were to seek help from a primary care physician (PCP). African Americans were more likely to recommend help-seeking for GAD than Caucasians. Findings suggested that respondents believed individuals with anxiety disorders should seek treatment. Given that respondents often recommended consulting a PCP, we recommend educating PCPs about anxiety disorders and empirically-supported interventions.
Role of human skeletal muscle insulin receptor kinase in the in vivo insulin resistance of noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and obesity

To assess the role of insulin receptor (IR) tyrosine kinase in human insulin resistance, we examined the kinase activity of IR of skeletal muscle biopsies from eight lean and five obese nondiabetics and six obese subjects with noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). Biopsies were taken during euglycemic clamps at insulin infusion rates of 0, 40, 120, and 1200 mU/m2.min. IRs were immobilized on insulin agarose beads, and autophosphorylation and histone 2B phosphorylation were measured. Phosphatase and protease inhibitors preserved the in vivo phosphorylation state of the IRs. Glucose disposal rates (GDR) were reduced according to insulin dose by 23-30% in the obese (P < 0.05) and 43-64% in the NIDDM subjects (P < 0.0005). IR autophosphorylation was increased up to 9-fold in controls and was reduced (P = 0.04) in NIDDM compared to obese subjects. Histone-2B kinase was increased up to 6-fold in controls and was reduced by 50% in NIDDM. Kinase values by both methods were similar in lean and obese controls. In vivo stimulation of kinase was well correlated to the increase in GDR, as was the decrement in kinase in NIDDM to the decrement in GDR. These results suggest that defects in muscle IR kinase are significant in the in vivo insulin resistance of NIDDM, but not that of obesity.
Effective response functions for photonic bandgap materials

An effective description is developed for a metalodielectric photonic bandgap (PBG) material far beyond the quasi-static limit of traditional effective-medium theories. An analytic approach, recently presented by the authors, is further advanced to provide the complete effective permittivity and permeability functions. Reflection and transmission coefficients are presented for both TM and TE oblique plane-wave incidence, based on the determination of the equivalent impedance for each lattice plane in the crystal and the transfer-matrix method for reconstructing the effect of successive lattice planes. An analysis of the semi-infinite and slab observables yields the anisotropic effective refractive index, effective permittivity, and effective permeability, thus completing the macroscopic description of the interaction of electromagnetic waves with the medium. Among the novel aspects of the analysis is the equivalence of our PBG system with a physically dispersive system at ultraviolet frequencies and the derivation and explanation of the development of high dispersive magnetization (permeability) for these media, independently of the microscopic magnetic properties of the metallic implants.
Group selection for adaptation to multiple-hen cages: selection program and direct responses

A selection experiment was initiated with a synthetic line of White Leghorns in 1982 to improve adaptability and well-being of layers in large multiple-bird cages by use of a selection procedure termed "group selection". With this procedure, each sire family was housed as a group in a multiple-bird cage and selected or rejected as a group. An unselected control, with approximately the same number of breeders as the selected line, was maintained for comparison and housed in one-third cages. Annual percentage mortality of the selected line in multiple-bird cages decreased from 68% in Generation (G)2 to 8.8% in G6. Percentage mortality in G6 of the selected line in multiple-bird cages was similar to that of the unselected control in one-bird cages (9.1%). Annual days survival improved from 169 to 348 d, eggs per hen per day (EHD) from 52 to 68%, eggs per hen housed from 91 to 237 eggs, and egg mass (EM) from 5.1 to 13.4 kg, whereas annual egg weight remained unchanged. The dramatic improvement in livability demonstrates that adaptability and well-being of these birds were improved by group selection. The similar survival of the selected line in multiple-bird cages and the control in one-bird cages suggests that break-trimming of the selected line would not further reduce mortalities, which implies that group selection may have eliminated the need to beak-trim. Corresponding improvements in EHD and EM demonstrate that such changes can also be profitable. The most surprising finding was the rate of which such improvement took place, with the majority of change in survival occurring by the third generation. However, EHD continued to improve at the rate of 4% per generation.
Gender and Generation in the Home Curation of Family Photography

Through 30 semistructured interviews of members of 15 couples in the U.S. Pacific Northwest, we analyze how gender, age, and emotional labor play out in the social acts of taking, organizing, and sharing family photographs. We find that the expectation for women to initiate the taking of family photos remains, even if the performance of the task is sometimes done by young fathers. The emotional burden of worrying how to organize an overwhelming number of photographs falls more commonly on women’s shoulders. Mothers and young fathers are more likely than older fathers to make a strong effort to view digital photographs with their children on the computer. But, when the sharing process extends beyond the immediate family to maintain kinship ties, women are more likely to take on the primary responsibility for the actions surrounding the photographs, which is consistent with tenets of intensive mothering.
Discrete Surface Ricci Flow

This work introduces a unified framework for discrete surface Ricci flow algorithms, including spherical, Euclidean, and hyperbolic Ricci flows, which can design Riemannian metrics on surfaces with arbitrary topologies by user-defined Gaussian curvatures. Furthermore, the target metrics are conformal (angle-preserving) to the original metrics. A Ricci flow conformally deforms the Riemannian metric on a surface according to its induced curvature, such that the curvature evolves like a heat diffusion process. Eventually, the curvature becomes the user defined curvature. Discrete Ricci flow algorithms are based on a variational framework. Given a mesh, all possible metrics form a linear space, and all possible curvatures form a convex polytope. The Ricci energy is defined on the metric space, which reaches its minimum at the desired metric. The Ricci flow is the negative gradient flow of the Ricci energy. Furthermore, the Ricci energy can be optimized using Newton's method more efficiently. Discrete Ricci flow algorithms are rigorous and efficient. Our experimental results demonstrate the efficiency, accuracy and flexibility of the algorithms. They have the potential for a wide range of applications in graphics, geometric modeling, and medical imaging. We demonstrate their practical values by global surface parameterizations.
Scalable Fabrication of High Purity Diamond Nanocrystals with Long-Spin-Coherence Nitrogen Vacancy Centers

The combination of long spin coherence time and nanoscale size has made nitrogen vacancy (NV) centers in nanodiamonds the subject of much interest for quantum information and sensing applications. However, currently available high-pressure high-temperature (HPHT) nanodiamonds have a high concentration of paramagnetic impurities that limit their spin coherence time to the order of microseconds, less than 1% of that observed in bulk diamond. In this work, we use a porous metal mask and a reactive ion etching process to fabricate nanocrystals from high-purity chemical vapor deposition (CVD) diamond. We show that NV centers in these CVD nanodiamonds exhibit record-long spin coherence times in excess of 200 μs, enabling magnetic field sensitivities of 290 nT Hz–1/2 with the spatial resolution characteristic of a 50 nm diameter probe.
The fate of atrazine and a hexachlorobiphenyl isomer in naturally‐derived model stream ecosystems

Current emphasis in hazard assessment is being placed on the development of quick and inexpensive methods to identify chemicals with potentially harmful properties. The present study was designed to test the validity of simple microcosms that have been proposed to predict chemical behavior in aquatic systems. Six laboratory streams were used to study the fate and effects of atrazine and 2, 4, 5, 2′, 4′, 5′, - hexachlorobiphenyl (HCBP) in a naturally derived aquatic community during one annual period. Two streams were treated with the HCBP (0.100 μg/L), two received atrazine (25 μg/L) and two streams served as solvent controls. The chemicals were administered for 30 days during the fall, winter, spring, and summer; a 60 day depuration phase followed each treatment. The substrates and benthic organisms accumulated HCBP rapidly and concentrations increased with duration of exposure. Uptake of HCBP by the biota was biphasic; the most rapid rate of accumulation occurred during the initial three hours of exposure. Maximum HCBP concentrations in the biota occurred on day 30. Bioaccumulation factors at this time ranged from 300,000 for amphipods to 1200 for clams. Fish, crayfish and other macroinvertebrates had intermediate values. There was no evidence that residue concentrations were increased by trophic transfer. Atrazine was not accumulated in the laboratory stream communities. Atrazine bioaccumulation factors in the biota ranged from 3.5 in annelids to 480 in mayfly nymphs. Residue concentrations declined to pretreatment levels within a few days of depuration. These results are significant in that (1) they are consistent with predictions derived from physical-chemical data and (2) the compounds behaved similarly to closely related compounds in simpler model systems. Based on our results, simpler model ecosystems and/or models based on physicalchemical data are probably adequate for predicting the fate of toxicants in aquatic systems.
Beyond the conventional transistor

This paper focuses on approaches to continuing CMOS scaling by introducing new device structures and new materials. Starting from an analysis of the sources of improvements in device performance, we present technology options for achieving these performance enhancements. These options include high-dielectric-constant (high-k) gate dielectric, metal gate electrode, double-gate FET, and strained-silicon FET. Nanotechnology is examined in the context of continuing the progress in electronic systems enabled by silicon microelectronics technology. The carbon nanotube field-effect transistor is examined as an example of the evaluation process required to identify suitable nanotechnologies for such purposes.
The Relationship between Patients' Perceptions of Team Effectiveness and their Care Experience in the Emergency Department

Abstract Background Effective teamwork is important in the fast-paced Emergency Department (ED) setting. Most of the teamwork literature addresses the provider's perspective of teamwork rather than the patient's perspective. Objective Examine the relationship between patients' perceptions of teamwork and care experience in the ED. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional survey study of adult patients seen at the University of Pennsylvania ED during the fall of 2011. Patients rated overall satisfaction, pain management, trust, and confidence in the team and likelihood of treatment compliance (outcomes) and four components of team effectiveness (role clarity, shared goals, relationships, and job satisfaction) on a Likert scale. We examined the relationship between patients' perception of teamwork and the outcomes using multivariate analysis, controlling for sociodemographic factors. Results We collected 1010 surveys. Patients rated the individual components of teamwork equally, with about 70% rating teamwork as "Very High." Most patients who rated teamwork highly also rated their confidence and trust in their providers highly (80–90%) compared to 20% of those who rated teamwork lower. The relative risk ratios between high and low teamwork were 4.1 (95% confidence interval [CI] 2.8–5.9) for overall satisfaction, 3.9 (95% CI 2.7–5.8) for satisfaction with pain treatment, 5.3 (95% CI 3.6–7.8) for confidence in providers, and 1.9 (95% CI 1.5–2.5) for likelihood to follow-up treatment recommendations. Conclusions Patient satisfaction and willingness to adhere to treatment recommendations are highly correlated with patients' perceptions of ED teamwork.
Human papillomavirus vaccine intention among college men: What's oral sex got to do with it?

Abstract Objective: To identify associations between engaging in oral sex and perceived risk of oral cancer among college men. Also, to identify associations, and their moderating factors, between oral sex and human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine acceptance. Methods: Young men were recruited from 2 university campuses in the South (N = 150). Men completed an audio computer-assisted self-administered interview. Results: With the exception of receiving fellatio, each measure of oral sex behavior was significantly associated with greater perceived risk of oral cancer. Four oral sex behaviors evidenced significant associations with vaccine acceptance. Men engaging in recent oral sex or reporting oral sex behaviors with more than 2 partners were more likely to indicate vaccine intent. African American/black race, communication with parents about sex-related topics, and HPV-related stigma/shame were identified as moderating factors. Conclusion: Young college men giving or receiving oral sex with multiple partners...
Invasive Infection with Saccharomyces cerevisiae: Report of Three Cases and Review

Saccharomyces cerevisiae (brewer's or baker's yeast) is a common colonizer of human mucosal surfaces, but its role as a clinically important pathogen has been unclear. We report three cases of life-threatening invasive infection with S. cerevisiae resulting in pneumonia, liver abscess and sepsis, and disseminated infection with cardiac tamponade, respectively. A review of the English-language literature reveals 14 other cases of saccharomyces infection in humans. Severe immunosuppression, prolonged hospitalization, prior antibiotic therapy, and/or prosthetic cardiac valves are the settings where saccharomyces infection has been observed. Because Saccharomyces can be a common saprophytic contaminant, biopsy and pathologic confirmation of infection are often necessary for a definitive diagnosis. Amphotericin B is the treatment of choice for serious infections with this organism.
Feel the force: using a bed of needles to map single cell generated traction forces

Understanding of how cells exert and respond to mechanical forces depends on the ability to measure the origin and magnitude of those forces at subcellular resolutions. We have developed a novel system to measure cell contractility by culturing cells on top of an array of micrometer scale elastomeric posts. Each post in the array independently bends in response to local forces exerted by the attached cell. We demonstrate that the system can consistently measure cell traction forces with a high degree of precision in real time. We use this system to measure the contractility of cells spread to different degrees. We found that cell spreading is required for cells to organize its actin cytoskeleton and exert traction force on the underlying substrate.
Assemblies of French Towns in 1316: Some New Texts

THE history of the earliest central assemblies held in France is a subject which is still incomplete, despite the attention which these meetings have attracted. The material which has been preserved in the central royal archives has been analyzed and studied with some care, but it is often tantalizingly fragmentary, and it seems clear that only as the repositories of documents in local archives are more fully explored will the operation of these assemblies and the purposes for which the kings called them be understood.1 Such work is particularly necessary in the case of the assemblies convoked by the sons of Philip the Fair, which have received on the whole less attention than their father's more notoriously spectacular meetings. Those summoned by his heirs are no less significant in the history of the development of representative practices in France, for his sons' lack of success in dealing with large groups of their subjects undoubtedly affected the attitudes of their successors to this technique of government.2 The assemblies called by Philip's immediate successor, Louis X, are especially important, occurring as they did during a period of crisis for the monarchy, which, threatened by internal revolt and external attack, badly needed the support of the kingdom. It is for this reason that a number of texts from local French archives which have recently come to light deserve examination, for they permit fuller understanding than has been possible of the ways in which the king and his advisers attempted to utilize central assemblies in response to these threats. Some years ago Professor Charles Taylor suggested that Louis X and his ministers decided in the middle of December 1315 to hold a series of large regional assemblies during January and February 1316, and he showed that the king probably wished to meet with burgesses from all parts of the realm in order to secure endorsement for a program of coinage reform and to rally support for an anticipated campaign against Flanders in the summer of 1316.3 On the basis of an undated list found in a fifteenth-century notebook of Pierre Amer, an officer of the Chamber of Accounts, Professor Taylor concluded that, between 12 December and 17 December, letters were sent to towns throughout France, ordering them to send representatives to these meetings. He could not establish as completely proven the central hypothesis which he advanced because he had found no actual letter of summons to the meeting, but recently, in the Departmental Archives of the Aveyron, I found a contemporary copy of the summons sent to Najac, a
Asymmetry between salivary cortisol and α-amylase reactivity to stress: Relation to aggressive behavior in adolescents

Summary This study used a multiple physiological systems measurement approach to test the hypothesis that asymmetry between the major components of the psychobiology of stress is associated with atypical behavior in youth [Bauer, A.M., Quas, J.A., Boyce, W.T., 2002. Associations between physiological reactivity and children's behavior: advantages of a multisystem approach. J. Dev. Behav. Pediatr. 23, 102–113]. Adolescents ( N =67; ages 10–14; 52% male) provided 2 saliva samples before, and 4 samples after, a modified Trier Social Stress Test (TSST; Kirschbaum, C., Pirke, K., Hellhammer, D.H., 1993. The “Trier Social Stress Test”: a tool for investigating psychobiological stress responses in a laboratory setting. Neuropsychobiology 28, 76–81). Samples were assayed for cortisol (C) and α -amylase (A-A), a surrogate marker of sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activity. Parents/guardians and adolescents reported on adolescents’ aggressive behavior. Both salivary A-A and C increased in response to the TSST, with a peak response for A-A immediately post-TSST and for C 10 min post-TSST. A-A and C stress reactivity were estimated using area under the curve (AUC). Asymmetrical C and A-A reactivity accounted for 7% of the variance in parent-reported adolescent aggression. At lower levels of A-A reactivity, lower C reactivity corresponded to higher aggression ratings, but at high A-A reactivity levels, C reactivity was not related to aggression. These results support the hypothesis of Bauer et al. and underscore the importance of a multiple systems measurement approach in biosocial models of adolescent aggression.
Ultrafast, surface plasmon-enhanced, au nanorod optical field electron emitter arrays

In this work we demonstrate the design, fabrication and characterization of ultrafast, surface-plasmon enhanced Au nanorod photofield emitter arrays. We present a quantitative analysis of charge yield from plasmonic Au nanorod arrays fabricated by high-resolution electron beam lithography and triggered by 35 fs pulses of 800 nm light. We have accurately modeled both the optical field enhancement of Au nanorods in high-density arrays, and electron emission from those nanorods. We have considered the effects of surface plasmon damping induced by metallic interface layers at the substrate/nanorod interface on electron emission. We have identified the peak optical field at which the electron emission mechanism transitions from a 3-photon absorption mechanism to strong-field tunneling emission. Moreover, we have investigated the effects of nanorod array density on nanorod charge yield, including measurement of space-charge effects.
Immunomodulatory Gene Therapy Prevents Antibody Formation and Lethal Hypersensitivity Reactions in Murine Pompe Disease

Infantile Pompe disease progresses to a lethal cardiomyopathy in absence of effective treatment. Enzyme-replacement therapy (ERT) with recombinant human acid α-glucosidase (rhGAA) has been effective in most patients with Pompe disease, but efficacy was reduced by high-titer antibody responses. Immunomodulatory gene therapy with a low dose adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector (2 × 1010 particles) containing a liver-specific regulatory cassette significantly lowered immunoglobin G (IgG), IgG1, and IgE antibodies to GAA in Pompe disease mice, when compared with mock-treated mice (P < 0.05). AAV-LSPhGAApA had the same effect on GAA-antibody production whether it was given prior to, following, or simultaneously with the initial GAA injection. Mice given AAV-LSPhGAApA had significantly less decrease in body temperature (P < 0.001) and lower anaphylactic scores (P < 0.01) following the GAA challenge. Mouse mast cell protease-1 (MMCP-1) followed the pattern associated with hypersensitivity reactions (P < 0.05). Regulatory T cells (Treg) were demonstrated to play a role in the tolerance induced by gene therapy as depletion of Treg led to an increase in GAA-specific IgG (P < 0.001). Treg depleted mice were challenged with GAA and had significantly stronger allergic reactions than mice given gene therapy without subsequent Treg depletion (temperature: P < 0.01; symptoms: P < 0.05). Ubiquitous GAA expression failed to prevent antibody formation. Thus, immunomodulatory gene therapy could provide adjunctive therapy in lysosomal storage disorders treated by enzyme replacement.
Straight Thinking and Ethics in Nursing

A desired outcome for members of healthcare disciplines is to have straight thinking regarding human health and quality of life issues. Difficult situations, embedded with a demand for quick, value-laden healthcare decisions, abound in an ever-changing, complex healthcare arena. The author begins a discussion about potential implications for future disciplinary nurse practice as nurse leaders contemplate what it means to have a straight thinking ethos as providers of vital human health services. Reflections and recommendations for future dialogue with interdisciplinary professionals on the topic of nursing ethics is offered.
Portability challenges in developing interactive dialogue systems

Statistical methods commonly used in developing interactive dialogue systems require large amounts of training data to achieve high accuracy and robustness. This becomes a major bottleneck in building free-style dialogue systems in a new domain or for a new language. Portability challenges hence arise regarding how to build statistical models rapidly and with low cost in terms of data collection, transcription and annotation. In this paper, we discuss challenges as well as potential solutions in several critical issues of efficient language modeling, utilization of untranscribed speech data, automatic annotation, and cross-lingual modeling. We believe that current approaches in these areas are far from mature and call for serious efforts from the research community.
The origin of skeletal muscle stem cells in the embryo and the adult

Skeletal muscle progenitors are specified during embryogenesis and in addition have recently been found to be generated from either mesenchymal or neural stem cells in the adult. We review recent progress in identifying the signals and transcription factors that control skeletal muscle formation during embryogenesis and in the adult.
Automatic generation of knowledge structures

The Program for Regional Observing and Forecasting Services is investigating the use of expert systems in weather forecasting, using "learning systems" as models. The first model to be tested was an adaption of Quinlan's ID3 and Friedman's CART. A "heuristic" structure generated by a learning system was compared with that of a human expert. It was tentatively concluded that automatic generation methods (1) did not suffer from loss of dimensionality as do numerical methods, (2) will provide a preliminary knowledge base suitable for modification by domain experts, and (3) may provide some insight into and understanding of data sets having unknown structures.
Coca-Cola: A Multinational's Perspective on East African Integration

Name: Peter NjonjoName: Coca-Cola CompanyNationality: KenyanFounded: 1892Age: 40sLocation (headquarters): Atlanta, Georgia, United StatesPosition: General manager in East AfricaIndustry: BeveragesO...
Central America and the North Caribbean: Resource Implications Inferred from Paleomagnetic Data and Plate Tectonic History

Jurassic paleomagnetic latitudes for northern South America are consistent with a post-Jurassic southward displacement of South America of about 15° relative to North America. This tectonic displacement allowed the development of the Caribbean Sea. It also had important consequences for the subsequent development of plate margins and all associated mineral and energy resources in the circum-Caribbean region. As an example of how plate tectonics can be incorporated into resource exploration strategies, the consequences of this post-Jurassic displacement are explored in terms of the disruption of Jurassic drainage systems of northern South America. It is hypothesized that this disruption may have resulted in the abandonment of an important Jurassic delta, a potential hydrocarbon reservoir. The possible sites for such a delta could be in widely scattered regions such as present-day Bahamas, south Florida-Yucatan, southern Gulf of Mexico-Chiapas, or the Nicaragua Rise-Honduras zone. Thus it is shown that geologic studies in South America can be important to exploration strategies in North America, the Greater Antilles, and Central America. The integration of a wider body of data, incorporating plate tectonic displacements, leads to a wider diversity of exploration possibilities.
Assessment of techniques for marking Galendromus occidentalis (Nesbitt)

ABSTRACTThe negative effects and duration of an immunomark (egg albumin) and fluorescent powder for marking phytoseiids were examined. Neither mark caused significant mortality, run-off, or reduction in fecundity. The fluorescent powder mark was more durable, but neither mark has sufficient durability to be used in a long-term mark-recapture study.
Intrinsic Defects in Silicon: Formation and Migration Energies

Total energy calculations have been performed yielding formation and migration energies of silicon self-interstitials and vacancies with and accuracy of a few tenths of an electron volt. Direct comparison with experiment is then possible leading to several insights concerning migration and diffusion properties. Identification of the primary defects involved in specific process is presented.
Cu from dissolution of CuO nanoparticles signals changes in root morphology.

Utilization of CuO nanoparticles (NPs) in agriculture, as fertilizers or pesticides, requires understanding of their impact on plant metabolism. Inhibition of root elongation by CuO NPs (>10 mg Cu/kg) occurred in wheat grown in sand. Morphological changes included root hair proliferation and shortening of the zones of division and elongation. The epidermal cells in the compressed root tip were abnormal in shape and file patterning but staining with SYTOX Blue did not reveal a general increase in epidermal cell death. Inhibition of root elongation and proliferation of root hair formation occurred also in response to exogenous indole acetic acid (IAA) supplied through tryptophan metabolism by the root-colonizing bacterium, Pseudomonas chlororaphis O6. Altered root morphology caused by the CuO NPs was likely due to release of Cu from dissolution at the root surface because similar changes occurred with Cu ions (≥6 mg/kg). Use of a fluorescent probe showed the accumulation of nitric oxide (NO), required for root hair formation, was not changed by the NPs. These findings suggested that dissolution of the NPs in the rhizosphere resulted levels of Cu that modified IAA distribution to causing root shortening but permitted NO cell signaling to promote root hair proliferation.
A low-computation-complexity, energy-efficient, and high-performance linear program solver using memristor crossbars

Linear programming is required in a wide variety of application including routing, scheduling, and various optimization problems. The primal-dual interior point (PDIP) method is state-of-the-art algorithm for solving linear programs, and can be decomposed to matrix-vector multiplication and solving systems of linear equations, both of which can be conducted by the emerging memristor crossbar technique in O(1) time complexity in the analog domain. This work is the first to apply memristor crossbar for linear program solving based on the PDIP method, which has been reformulated for memristor crossbars to compute in the analog domain. The proposed linear program solver can overcome limitations of memristor crossbars such as supporting only non-negative coefficients, and has been extended for higher scalability. The proposed solver is iterative and achieves O(N) computation complexity in each iteration. Experimental results demonstrate that reliable performance with high accuracy can be achieved under process variations.
Coping with Chronic Illness in Children and Their Families

From the perspective of the pediatric psychology literature, we review the extant literature related to stress and coping as it relates to children and adolescents with chronic conditions. To accomplish this, we present two models that have been employed by health psychologists to understand children’s ability to manage the stress of a chronic illness: stress and coping models and social ecological models. We also provide an overview of the impact of systems on child and family psychological adjustment as coping is impacted by families and peers. Since much of our understanding of the coping literature in children has emerged from studies of children with pediatric cancer and their families, we provide an overview of the coping literature among children and adolescents with cancer and their families as well as interventions designed to enhance coping in this population. Finally, we discuss methodological issues in this area of research and provide recommendations for future research efforts in this area.
New Allometric Scaling Laws Revealed for Microorganisms

Allometric scaling relationships based on microbial data sets are revealing novel biological principles; for example, the abundance and diversity of animal-associated microbes scale with individual animal mass. The global abundance of animal-associated microbes and biosphere species richness have also been estimated. The potential for further microbe-inclusive macroecological insights is high.
High-voltage positive electrode materials for lithium-ion batteries

The ever-growing demand for advanced rechargeable lithium-ion batteries in portable electronics and electric vehicles has spurred intensive research efforts over the past decade. The key to sustaining the progress in Li-ion batteries lies in the quest for safe, low-cost positive electrode (cathode) materials with desirable energy and power capabilities. One approach to boost the energy and power densities of batteries is to increase the output voltage while maintaining a high capacity, fast charge–discharge rate, and long service life. This review gives an account of the various emerging high-voltage positive electrode materials that have the potential to satisfy these requirements either in the short or long term, including nickel-rich layered oxides, lithium-rich layered oxides, high-voltage spinel oxides, and high-voltage polyanionic compounds. The key barriers and the corresponding strategies for the practical viability of these cathode materials are discussed along with the optimization of electrolytes and other cell components, with a particular emphasis on recent advances in the literature. A concise perspective with respect to plausible strategies for future developments in the field is also provided.
Beyond activity tracking: next-generation wearable and implantable sensor technologies (Conference Presentation)

Current-generation wearable devices have had success continuously measuring the activity and heart rate of subjects during exercise and daily life activities, resulting in interesting new data sets that can, though machine learning algorithms, predict a small subset of health conditions. However, this information is only very peripherally related to most health conditions, and thus offers limited utility to a wide range of the population. In this presentation, I will discuss emerging sensor technologies capable of measuring new and interesting parameters that can potentially offer much more meaningful and actionable data sets. Specifically, I will present recent work on wearable chemical sensors that can, for the first time, continuously monitor a suite of parameters like glucose, alcohol, lactate, and electrolytes, all while wirelessly delivering these results to a smart phone in real time. Demonstration platforms featuring patch, temporary tattoo, and mouthguard form factors will be described, in addition to the corresponding electronics necessary to perform sensor conditioning and wireless readout. Beyond chemical sensors, I will also discuss integration strategies with more conventional electrophysiological and physical parameters like ECG and strain gauges for cardiac and respiration rate monitoring, respectively. Finally, I will conclude the talk by introducing a new form of wireless communications in body-area networks that utilize the body itself as a channel for magnetic energy. Since the power consumption of conventional RF circuits often dominates the power of wearable devices, this new magnetic human body communication technique is specifically architected to dramatically reduce the path loss compared to conventional RF and capacitive human body communication techniques, thereby enabling ultra-low-power body area networks for next-generation wearable devices.
Native Hawaiian Landscapes

This chapter considers the ethnic landscape of the indigenous Hawaiians, both from an archaeological and contemporary perspective, given that the state abounds with conspicuous ruins of temples, walls, and petroglyphs from the period before European-American colonization and that one-sixth of the state’s population is of Native Hawaiian ancestry. The impact of the Native Hawaiian settlements and Hawaiian Homesteads upon the contemporary ethnic landscape and land use are also discussed. The chapter also briefly discusses Samoan and Other Pacific Islander settlements in California.
Stochastic Versus Possibilistic Multiobjective Programming

This paper discusses solutions to multiobjective linear programs where some, or all, of the parameter values may be uncertain. The uncertainty is modeled using random variables (stochastic programming) or fuzzy variables (possibilistic programming). The solution is the undominated set for a multiobjective problem associated with a game against Nature. The paper explores both the similarites, and differences, between stochastic and possibilistic programming with respect to our solution procedure. A detailed example is presented illustrating the concepts.
Bilingual education in Mozambique: a case-study on educational policy, teacher beliefs, and implemented practices

ABSTRACTThis qualitative study investigates the gap between curricular intentions, teacher perspectives, and practices in a primary school bilingual program in central Mozambique. It aims to provid...