cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Oral Approach to Language Learning

IT MUST have occurred to you, as it so often has occurred to me, that the aims, goals and methods of our language instruction are beset with contradiction from the very beginning. We purpose to teach a language and we teach reading, writing, translation, grammar with its varied rules and exceptions, syntax with its intricate snares and entanglements. In fact we teach anything and everything except that which the word language itself implies, namely speaking or the spoken word. We try to cultivate in our students as a highest goal Sprachgefiihl while in reality we inculcate everything except feeling for the Sprache, the spoken word. We all have fallen prey to the fallacy that the language is a tool. Complacently, if not wilfully and joyfully, we have accepted students and we have guided them to the use of this tool and skill, and what is worse, we have treated our language as just that sort of mechanical or technical implement. To be sure we have tried in a more or less clandestine fashion to lead our students to deeper sources of human understanding, into arresting schemes of verse and prose "into the devious pattern of creative imagination, and the lasting inspiration of poetic wisdom." (Helmuth Rehder, "The Content of Post-War Courses in German," German Quarterly, January, 1948, p. 26.) Yet we have only too often made apologies for these our ventures while we were professing to be the exponents of the Reading Method. It took a great world conflict which brought with it an inevitable intermingling of spoken tongues to arouse us, to call us back to our primary purpose, to teach the foreign tongue. And this of all things had to come through the military. It is interesting to note here, as Professor Rehder recently pointed out, "There is a peculiar similarity between the demand on German exacted by the scientific world and that posed by the late war effort. Both insist on skills, the one on reading ability, the other on the ability to speak the language. Both of them demand that a maximum of information and skill be acquired in a minimum of time." (Ibid.) It is the more amazing to me that science which by its very nature is international, demanded of the teaching profession an isolationist mode of teaching, at least a very lopsided one, namely reading, while the military, self-contained, autonomous, or perhaps the embodiment of nationalism as well, effected the application of international spoken skills. Nevertheless to me it is phenomenal that language teachers had to be embroiled in a World War in order to be shaken
A Protective Epitope in Type III Effector YopE Is a Major CD8 T Cell Antigen during Primary Infection with Yersinia pseudotuberculosis

Virulence in human-pathogenic Yersinia species is associated with a plasmid-encoded type III secretion system that translocates a set of Yop effector proteins into host cells. One effector, YopE, functions as a Rho GTPase-activating protein (GAP). In addition to acting as a virulence factor, YopE can function as a protective antigen. C57BL/6 mice infected with attenuated Yersinia pestis generate a dominant H2-Kb-restricted CD8 T cell response to an epitope in the N-terminal domain of YopE (YopE69-77), and intranasal vaccination with the YopE69-77 peptide and the mucosal adjuvant cholera toxin (CT) elicits CD8 T cells that are protective against lethal pulmonary challenge with Y. pestis. Because YopE69-77 is conserved in many Yersinia strains, we sought to determine if YopE is a protective antigen for Yersinia pseudotuberculosis and if primary infection with this enteric pathogen elicits a CD8 T cell response to this epitope. Intranasal immunization with the YopE69-77 peptide and CT elicited a CD8 T cell response that was protective against lethal intragastric Y. pseudotuberculosis challenge. The YopE69-77 epitope was a major antigen (∼30% of splenic CD8 T cells were specific for this peptide at the peak of the response) during primary infection with Y. pseudotuberculosis, as shown by flow cytometry tetramer staining. Results of infections with Y. pseudotuberculosis expressing catalytically inactive YopE demonstrated that GAP activity is dispensable for a CD8 T cell response to YopE69-77. Determining the features of YopE that are important for this response will lead to a better understanding of how protective CD8 T cell immunity is generated against Yersinia and other pathogens with type III secretion systems.
A model for building a standardized hand-off protocol.

Article-at-a-Glance Background The Joint Commission has made a "standardized approach to hand-off communications" a National Patient Safety Goal. Method An interactive 90-minute workshop (hand-off clinic) was developed in 2005 to (1) develop a standardized process for the handoff, (2) create a checklist of critical patient content, and (3) plan for dissemination and training. Conclusion To date, 7 of 10 residency programs have participated. Analysis of these protocols demonstrated that the hand-off process is highly variable and discipline-specific. Although all disciplines required a verbal handoff, because of competing demands, verbal communication did not always occur. In some cases, the transfer of professional responsibility was separated in time and space from the transfer of information. For example, in two cases, patient tasks were assigned to other team members to facilitate timely departure of a postcall resident (to meet resident duty-hour restrictions), but results were not formally communicated to anyone. The hand-off clinic facilitated the incorporation of "closed-loop" communication by requiring that follow-up on these tasks be conveyed to the on-call resident. Discussion This model for design and implementation can be applied to other health care settings.
Chemical Composition of Pathological Human Tracheobronchial Mucus Collected by Fiberoptic Bronchoscopy

In our previous work with normal tracheobronchial secretions, we have shown that fiberoptic bronchoscopy allows the collection of uncontaminated specimens in amounts suitable for chemical analysis and initial fractionation (Sachdev, et al., 1980). In this communication, we describe the chemical composition and electrophoretic profiles of respiratory mucus collected by fiberoptic bronchoscopy from patients with various chronic pulmonary diseases.
Rhetoric or Reality? American Grand Strategy and the Contemporary Middle East

Since the end of the Cold War a quarter century ago, efforts to delineate U.S. grand strategy have been a hardy perennial of writing and debate among foreign policy elites and scholars. The post-Cold War decade, the 9/11 terrorist attacks on New York and Washington, the aftermath of interventions in Afghanistan and Iraq, and the impact of the financial crisis and great recession have all given rise to such efforts. Yet, with the exception of the containment doctrine during the Cold War, achieving a comprehensive grand strategy is probably an unrealistic and unattainable goal. In the absence of one single, unambiguous and over-riding threat, the American policy process remains too vast and complex, the chess board of world politics too elaborate, the issue areas too numerous, and the disparity between overall principles and real world events too great.For the Obama administration, the President’s attempts at setting out a foreign policy concept were initially evident in his Cairo speech and Nobel Peace Prize acceptance address, and subsequently in presidential rhetoric and official statements of national security strategy, though by themselves these served more to describe attitudes and visions rather than comprehensive strategy. In practice however, a transformed approach to foreign policy has emerged, and nowhere more so than in U.S. Middle East policies on a wide range of fronts. These have included Iran and its nuclear program, policy shifts regarding Syria, the quixotic quest for an Israeli-Palestinian peace, responses to the Arab awakening, and the terms of disengagement from Iraq and Afghanistan after America’s decade long expenditures of blood and treasure. Rhetoric and policy have often been at odds in these cases, and actions have at times been inconsistent and even erratic, yet an identifiable pattern has become increasingly identifiable. It is one of disengagement and retrenchment. As such it represents a fundamental shift in American policy and practice. This is driven by a combination of policymaker beliefs, domestic economic and political constraints, and disillusionment with the experiences of intervention in the region. Yet rather than provide an effective and durable basis for policy and strategy, the consequences of this approach are likely to be counterproductive in terms of stability, security, and American national interest.
Mitigation of Alfvén Activity in a Tokamak by Externally Applied Static 3D Fields

The application of static magnetic field perturbations to a tokamak plasma is observed to alter the dynamics of high-frequency bursting Alfven modes that are driven unstable by energetic ions. In response to perturbations with an amplitude of δB/B∼0.01 at the plasma boundary, the mode amplitude is reduced, the bursting frequency is increased, and the frequency chirp is smaller. For modes of weaker bursting character, the magnetic perturbation induces a temporary transition to a saturated continuous mode. Calculations of the perturbed distribution function indicate that the 3D perturbation affects the orbits of fast ions that resonate with the bursting modes. The experimental evidence represents an important demonstration of the possibility of controlling fast-ion instabilities through "phase-space engineering" of the fast-ion distribution function, by means of externally applied perturbation fields.
Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Development and Damage Potential as Affected by Inherited Sterility and Host Plant Resistance

Male and female adults of fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda . (J. E. Smith), were exposed to a substerilizing dose (10 krads) of radiation, and their progeny were reared on corn, Zea mays L., foliage and meridic diets with varying concentrations of resistant corn silk. Mean leaf damage ratings for all corn entries were higher for plants infested with larvae from nonirradiated adults than for plants infested with larvae from irradiated males crossed with normal females. However, the rate of larval establishment on foliage of all corn entries was not affected by the larval treatment. Larvae from irradiated males crossed with normal females were equally competitive with normal larvae in all measured parameters of laboratory bioassays. Larvae from irradiated females also were competitive with normal larvae except in early larval development and time to adult eclosion. The results suggest that host plant resistance and inherited sterility would be compatible strategies for managing populations of the fall armyworm.
Performance of Natural I/O Applications

In this chapter we investigate the properties of natural I/O applications (e.g. handwriting, speech, gestures, etc.) and compare them to five SPEC9S integer benchmarks. With the increased usage of hand held devices, we expect these types of applications to represent the future of computing. We selected representative applications from the field of speech recognition, handwriting recognition, natural language processing, and optical character recognition. Our characterization environment consists of a fully functional x86 simulator that models all aspects of the hardware required for complete PC system simulation. A large number of experiments were performed on these applications: memory performance, TLB performance, and branch prediction performance. Although as a rule the two classes of applications, natural I/O and SPEC95, cannot be directly compared, we can draw some general conclusions. As a group, the natural I/O applications outperformed the SPEC95 benchmarks when it comes to overall branch predictor performance. The performance impact of memory hierarchy on the speech recognition is especially important. Even for very large unified L2 cache sizes, the resulting miss rate for the speech recognition workload is problematic.
Growth in urban extent and allometric analysis of West African cities

ABSTRACTUrban area expansion is happening at much faster rates in Asian and African cities than elsewhere in the world. This study uses multi-temporal Landsat images to map the urban extent of six small to large cities in West Africa at four different time steps from the early 1970s–2010. The selected cities are Kumasi of Ghana, Daloa of Cote d’Ivoire, Abuja and Kano in Nigeria, Kindia of Guinea, and Ouagadougou of Burkina Faso. All cities revealed significant urban growth in both urban area and population; however, it was apparent that there was a lot of variability in urban area development. Exponential urban growth rates in the cities were measured as ranging between 0.026 and 0.077, with allometric scaling factors matching those of other countries.
Comparison of wrist-worn and hip-worn activity monitors under free living conditions.

Purpose: Current recommendations state that individuals engage in 150 min of moderate or 75 min of vigorous intensity physical activity (PA) each week. Commercial PA monitors are becoming popular f...
Welcome to the Experience Election

The US federal government spends over $80 billion a year on education, yet the electorate’s powers of reasoning are waning.
Modeling the potential impacts of CO2 sequestration on shallow groundwater: The fate of trace metals and organic compounds before and after leakage stops

Author(s): Zheng, L; Spycher, N | Abstract: Large-scale deployment of CO2 geological sequestration requires understanding and assessing the risks of such an operation. One of these risks is the potential contamination of groundwater by CO2/brine leakage into shallow aquifers. Although our understanding of this issue has improved significantly over the last decade, several questions still need to be better addressed, including the fate of organic constituents, the dominant source of trace metals (are they mainly coming from aquifer sediments, or leaking brine), and whether the trace metals released during the leakage phase recover to background levels if the leakage were to be detected and stopped. In this paper, reactive transport simulations that model the behavior of trace metals and organic compounds in response to the leakage of CO2 and brine into a shallow aquifer are presented to address these questions. Model results show that the metals and organic compounds brought by the leaking brine form a plume at the bottom of the aquifer because the density of the brine is higher than that of groundwater. In contrast, metals are mobilized by CO2 over a larger vertical extent because of the spreading of gaseous CO2 by buoyancy. The concentration of organic contaminants is strongly attenuated by adsorption and degradation, with degradation playing the major role in the modeled scenarios. Although the leaking brine is assumed to contain elevated concentrations of As, Pb, Cd, and Ba, it does not contribute significantly to the contamination of the modeled shallow aquifer by these elements. Once the leakage stops, mobilized organic compounds that undergo degradation vanish, while less degradable compounds linger for a longer time; the dissolved concentrations of trace metals decrease significantly, as a result of re-sorption and reversal of processes leading to Ca-driven cation exchange. Published 2017. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Prevalence and Outcome of High-Risk QT Prolongation Recorded in the Emergency Department from an Institution-Wide QT Alert System.

Abstract Background QT prolongation is an independent risk factor for sudden death, stroke, and all-cause mortality. However, additional studies have shown that in certain settings, QT prolongation may be transient and a result of external factors. Objective In this study, we evaluated the clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients seen in the emergency department (ED) with QT prolongation. Methods Between November 2010 and June 2011, 7522 patients had an electrocardiogram (ECG) obtained during their evaluation in the ED. Clinical, laboratory, and therapeutic information was collected for all patients with QT prolongation (i.e., ≥ 500 ms and QRS Results Among the 7522 patients with an ECG obtained in the ED, a QT alert was activated in 93 (1.2%; mean QTc 521 ± 34 ms). The majority of ED patients (64%) had more than one underlying condition associated with QT prolongation, with electrolyte disturbances in 51%, a QT prolonging condition in 56%, and QT-prolonging drugs in 77%. Thirty-day mortality was 13% for patients with QT prolongation noted in the ED. Conclusions One percent of patients evaluated with an ECG in the ED activated our prolonged QTc warning system, with most demonstrating > 1 QT-prolonging condition. Thirty-day mortality was significant, but it requires further investigation to determine whether the QTc simply provided a non-invasive indicator of increased risk or heralded the presence of a vulnerable host at risk of a QT-mediated sudden dysrhythmic death.
Exploring biological classification: The unique organism project

ABSTRACTThe unique organism project was designed as a culminating assessment for a biological classification unit in a middle school setting. Students developed a model to represent their unique organism. Using the model, students were required to demonstrate how their unique organism interacts with its environment, and how its internal and external structure and organization allowed it to carry out those interactions. The NGSS Cross Cutting Concepts of structure and function, systems, and system models along with the Science & Engineering Practice of constructing models were integrated and emphasized throughout the unit.
Whose movie is it anyway?: Questions of ownership and national identity surrounding Pablo Berger’s Blancanieves (2012)

The movie Blancanieves (2012), directed by Pablo Berger, became an interesting point of contention between Spanish and Catalan claims to the film’s nationality when the movie was nominated by L’Aca...
A physiological approach to hepatic drug clearance

A physiological approach has been developed recognizing that hepatic blood flow, the activity of the overall elimination process (intrinsic clearance), drug binding in the blood, and the anatomical arrangement of the hepatic circulation are the major biological determinants of hepatic drug clearance. This approach permits quantitative prediction of both the unbound and total drug concentration/time relationships in the blood after intravenous and oral administration, and any changes that may occur as a result of alterations in the above biological parameters. These considerations have led to a classification of drug metabolism based on the hepatic extraction ratio. The proposed classification allows prediction and interpretation of the effects of individual variations in drug-metabolizing activity, route of administration, pharmacokinetic interactions, and disease states on hepatic drug elimination.
Clinical utility of percent-positive prostate biopsies in predicting biochemical outcome after radical prostatectomy or external-beam radiation therapy for patients with clinically localized prostate cancer.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The clinical utility of the percentage of positive prostate biopsies in predicting prostate specific antigen (PSA) outcome after radical prostatectomy (RP) or external-beam radiation therapy (EBRT) for men with PSA-detected or palpable prostate cancer is not established. METHODS A Cox regression multivariable analysis was used to determine whether percent-positive prostate biopsies provided clinically relevant information about PSA outcome after RP in 960 men, while accounting for the previously established risk groups based on the pretreatment PSA concentration biopsy Gleason score, and the 1992 American Joint Commission on Cancer clinical T stage. RESULTS In the intermediate-risk group, 80% of the patients (stage T(2b) or biopsy Gleason 7 or PSA 10-20 ng/mL) could be classified into either an 11% or an 86% 4-year PSA control cohort using the preoperative prostate biopsy data. These findings were validated using an independent surgical (N = 823) and radiation (N = 473) data set. Percent-positive prostate biopsies added clinically significant information regarding time to PSA failure after RP. CONCLUSIONS The percentage of positive prostate biopsies should be considered in conjunction with the PSA level, biopsy Gleason score, and clinical T stage when counseling patients with newly diagnosed and clinically localized prostate cancer about PSA outcome after RP or EBRT.
Demographic Change and Health Care Policy

The term health care policy has a number of meanings to a variety of consumer and provider constituencies. At the macro level, health care policy refers to the actions of national, state, and/or local organizations related to the access and provision of health care, although “policy” may be set through inaction. Action-specific policies include, for example, legislation and regulations regarding Medicare reimbursement, federal agency decisions on how to allocate money earmarked for medical research, and local public laws and regulations affecting the treatment of indigent patients at tax-supported hospitals. Moreover, policy encompasses the joint actions of private and public agencies. Private organizations such as the American Medical Association, the American Heart Association, and the American Cancer Society are integral parts of the loosely formed health policy in the United States today.
Introduction: Using Context to Inform Clinical Practice and Research

Twenty years ago, “pet related issues” may have seemed an inconsequential matter or outside the scope of professional practice for many mental health practitioners and researchers. Yet, the 2006 U.S. Pet Ownership & Demographics Sourcebook found that 37.2% of US households have a dog and 32.4% have a cat. Today, there are more than 72 million pet dogs in the United States and nearly 82 million pet cats. In several research studies, between 87 and 99% of pet owners defined their pets as being “like a friend or family member” (Cain, 1983; Voith, 1985). If financial commitment can be considered as one level of emotional investment, it may be safe to assume that Americans have significantly invested in their pets. In 2005, US consumers spent more than $36 billion on their pets, more than double the amount spent ten years earlier (American Pet Products Association, 2005). The total US pet industry expenditures for 2009 was $45.5 billion. It is estimated that the trend will continue, with spending to top over $47.5 billion in the United States alone. Many may wonder how pet companions have obtained such important standing in contemporary times. Endenburg (2005) has suggested that this increasing investment and reliance on pets for companionship and social support is due to recent demographic and social changes, such as smaller family size, increased longevity, and higher incidences of relationship breakdown. For many, these increasing emotional and financial investments illustrate the depth and importance of the human–animal bond.
Cholinesterase inhibitors for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease:: getting on and staying on.

Background: Cholinesterase (ChE) inhibitors currently used in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD) are the acetylcholinesterase (AChE)-selective inhibitors, donepezil and galantamine, and the dual AChE and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) inhibitor, rivastigmine. In addition to differences in selectivity for AChE and BuChE, ChE inhibitors also differ in pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties, and these differences could significantly impact on safety, tolerability, and efficacy. Objective: The aim of this article was to provide an overview of the ChE inhibitors widely used in AD, focusing on key pharmacologic differences among agents and how these may translate into important differences in safety, tolerability, and efficacy in clinical practice. Methods: Using published literature collected over time by the author, a review was conducted, focusing on the pharmacology and clinical data of donepezil, galantamine, and rivastigmine. Results: All ChE inhibitors have the potential to induce centrally mediated cholinergic adverse events (AEs), such as nausea and vomiting, if the dose is increased too rapidly or in increments that are too large. These AEs, which are most likely to occur during the “getting on,” or dose-escalation, phase of treatment, may result in patients discontinuing treatment early without achieving optimum therapeutic benefit. To reduce the incidence of these AEs, a slow dose-escalation schedule has been established in clinical practice, consisting of a “start low, go slow” procedure with a minimum of 4 weeks between dose increases. After “getting on” treatment, maintaining treatment in the long term, or “staying on,” may be achieved with good safety, tolerability, and sustained symptomatic efficacy across the key symptom domains (activities of daily living, behavior, and cognition). Conclusions: ChE inhibitors provide symptomatic benefit in AD across key symptom domains. Factors influencing the safety, tolerability, and efficacy of these agents in clinical practice include ChE enzymes inhibited, brain and brain-region ChE selectivity, and metabolism route. Class-specific cholinergic AEs can be minimized using slow, flexible dose escalation.
Word comprehension mediates the link between gesture and word production: Examining language development in infant siblings of children with autism spectrum disorder.

Children's gesture production precedes and predicts language development, but the pathways linking these domains are unclear. It is possible that gesture production assists in children's developing word comprehension, which in turn supports expressive vocabulary acquisition. The present study examines this mediation pathway in a population with variability in early communicative abilities-the younger siblings of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD; high-risk infants, HR). Participants included 92 HR infants and 28 infants at low risk (LR) for ASD. A primary caregiver completed the MacArthur-Bates Communicative Development Inventory (Fenson, et al., 1993) at 12, 14, and 18 months, and HR infants received a diagnostic evaluation for ASD at 36 months. Word comprehension at 14 months mediated the relationship between 12-month gesture and 18-month word production in LR and HR infants (ab = 0.263; p < 0.01). For LR infants and HR infants with no diagnosis or language delay, gesture was strongly associated with word comprehension (as = 0.666; 0.646; 0.561; ps < 0.01). However, this relationship did not hold for infants later diagnosed with ASD (a = 0.073; p = 0.840). This finding adds to a growing literature suggesting that children with ASD learn language differently. Furthermore, this study provides an initial step toward testing the developmental pathways by which infants transition from early actions and gestures to expressive language.
The antitumor effects of entinostat in ovarian cancer require adaptive immunity

Background Ovarian cancer is poorly immunogenic; however, increased major histocompatibility complex class II (MHCII) expression correlates with improved immune response and prolonged survival in patients with ovarian cancer. The authors previously demonstrated that the histone deacetylase inhibitor entinostat increases MHCII expression on ovarian cancer cells. In the current study, they evaluated whether entinostat treatment and resultant MHCII expression would enhance beneficial immune responses and impair tumor growth in mice with ovarian cancer. Methods C57BL/6 mice bearing intraperitoneal ID8 tumors were randomized to receive entinostat 20 mg/kg daily versus control. Changes in messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of 46 genes important for antitumor immunity were evaluated using NanoString analysis, and multicolor flow cytometry was used to measure changes in protein expression and tumor-infiltrating immune cells. Results Entinostat treatment decreased the growth of both subcutaneously and omental ID8 tumors and prolonged survival in immunocompetent C57BL/6 mice. NanoString analysis revealed significant changes in mRNA expression in 21 of 46 genes, including increased expression of the MHCI pathway, the MHCII transactivator (CIITA), interferon γ, and granzyme B. C57BL/6 mice that received entinostat had increased MHCII expression on omental tumor cells and a higher frequency of tumor-infiltrating, CD8-positive T cells by flow cytometry. In immunocompromised mice, treatment with entinostat had no effect on tumor size and did not increase MHCII expression. Conclusions In the current murine ovarian cancer model, entinostat treatment enhances beneficial immune responses. Moreover, these antitumor effects of entinostat are dependent on an intact immune system. Future studies combining entinostat with checkpoint inhibitors or other immunomodulatory agents may achieve more durable antitumor responses in patients with ovarian cancer.
Zitat und Zitation

Zu einem wesentlichen Teil, dessen Ausmas von Medium, Modus und Textsorte abhangig ist, besteht unsere Rede aus der Rede anderer. Genauer gesagt, aus bereits zuvor formulierter, erinnerter oder imaginierter Rede fremder (oder unter Umstanden auch eigener) Urheberschaft. Wir bedienen uns der Worte anderer, greifen zu fremden Federn, reproduzieren zuvor Gesagtes und Geschriebenes und bauen es in unsere aktuelle Rede ein. Dieser Akt der (formalen wie inhaltlichen) Aneignung ist als solcher erkennbar und soll es (in der Regel) auch sein. Wir machen uns etwas zu eigen, ohne es als unser Eigenes (als Selbst- statt Fremdgeneriertes) auszugeben. Sieht man vom Sonderfall des verborgenen Zitats ab (das, wenn Vorsatz vorliegt, als Plagiat bezeichnet wird), so ist diese Neigung zur »Fremdhirnigkeit« (Rehder 1984: 268) weder beklagenswert noch uberhaupt vermeidbar.
Disconnected Pancreatic Duct Syndrome: Spectrum of Operative Management

Abstract Background Disconnected pancreatic duct syndrome (DPDS) is common after necrotizing pancreatitis (NP). Surgical management may be by internal drainage or left (distal) pancreatectomy. Therapeutic decision-making must consider sinistral portal hypertension, parenchymal volume of disconnected pancreas, and timing relative to definitive management of pancreatic necrosis. The aim of this study is to evaluate outcomes after operative management for DPDS. Methods All patients with NP undergoing an operation for DPDS were included in the study (2005-2017). Perioperative outcomes and long-term durability were evaluated. Results Among 647 patients with NP, 299 (46%) had DPDS. Operative management was required in 202/299 (68%) patients with DPDS. Median follow-up was 30 mo (2-165). Definitive operative therapy included internal drainage (n = 111) or resection (n = 91). Time from NP diagnosis to operation was 126 d (20 d to 81 mo). Overall morbidity was 46%. Postoperative length of stay was 7 d (2-97). Readmission was required in 39 patients (19%). Mortality was 2%. Repeat pancreatic intervention was required in 23 patients (11%) at a median of 15 mo (1-98). Repeat pancreatectomy was performed in nine patients and the remaining 14 patients were managed with endoscopic therapy. Conclusions DPDS is a common and challenging consequence of NP. Appropriate operation is durable in nearly 90% of patients.
Treatment of Sjögren's syndrome internal organ manifestations and constitutional symptoms

Abstract Primary Sjogren's syndrome (SS) can be complicated by a variety of extraglandular and internal organ manifestations, some of which can be life threatening. Organ involvement results from lymphocytic infiltration of exocrine glands or epithelial structures in other organs, autonomic dysfunction, or the development of another autoimmune disease. Currently, no cure or remittive agent exists and treatment is mainly palliative. Clinical practice guidelines were published to inform us on many important treatment decisions. Other algorithms, however, are still based on the results of uncontrolled studies, small case series, and clinical experience derived from the treatment of related disorders such as systemic lupus erythematosus or rheumatoid arthritis
Green Cementitious Systems Based on Off-spec Fly Ash

The amount of coal combustion by-products (CCPs) generated by power utilities is significant and anticipated to grow [1]. However, more than 30% of all generated CCPs in the USA are considered “off-spec” because they do not meet the ASTM C618 specification and are not utilized [2]. For example, CCPs with high carbon content and spray dryer absorber ash (SDA) containing high concentrations of gypsum compounds represent two primary off-spec CCP materials that need to be addressed. The development of innovative binders based on off-spec fly ash represents an opportunity for efficient and sustainable use of by-products.
Is the Current N95 Respirator Filtration Efficiency Test Sufficient for Evaluating Protection Against Submicrometer Particles Containing SARS-CoV-2?

Abstract The National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health procedure No. TEB-APR-STP-0059 recommend of measuring the respirator filtration efficiency using sodium chloride aerosol with count median diameter of 75 nm ± 20 nm and geometric standard deviation ≤1.86. This study showed that this method would overestimate the respirators’ ability to protect against submicrometer particles. In this study, we converted both mobility diameter and equivalent volume diameter to aerodynamic diameter for comparison. The results showed that one unqualified KN95 respirator (with the filtration efficiency of 72%±3% for ≥300 nm sodium chloride aerosol) still passed the test with a measured overall filtration efficiency of 98%±3%, due to its larger most penetrating particle size compared to the typical N95 respirator. In addition, after three cycle H2O2 plasma vaporous sterilizations, the most penetrating particle size for the N95 grade respirators also shifted to 250 nm – 500 nm, in which size the particles carried the peak concentration of the SARS-CoV-2 in hospitals. This size shift caused the significant difference between the size specific (250 nm – 500 nm) filtration efficiency and overall filtration efficiency using the same NaCl test aerosol. For example, after three cycle H2O2 plasma vaporous sterilizations, the size specific filtration efficiency of the N95 was 55%±2%, however, the measured overall filtration efficiency was still 86%±5%. The size Specific filtration efficiency of the KN95 was 69%±2%, but, the measured overall filtration efficiency was still 90%±3%. In order to protect health care personnel adequately, we recommend increasing the test aerosol size, and measuring the size specific filtration efficiency to evaluate the N95 alternatives (e.g. KN95), and the reuse of N95 level respirators. In addition, multi-cycle sterilization with ultraviolet germicidal irradiation appears to have fewer negative effects than H2O2.
A Forgotten Underrepresented Group: Students with Disabilities’ Entrance into STEM Fields

This study examined factors associated with students with disabilities (SWDs)’ STEM major choice in postsecondary institutions. The major findings included: 1) SWDs with difficulty conversing had a...
Neuroanatomical and Neurophysiological Underpinnings of Cognition and Behavior: Cerebral Networks and Intrinsic Brain Networks

For almost a century, Brodmann’s 52 component cytoarchitectural brain map has served clinical neuroscience, neurology, and psychology in the topographical appreciation of differing brain regions (Fig. 2.1) [1]. Subsequent neurosurgical needs resulted in the immensely popular Talairach Tournoux brain atlas for three-dimensional coordinates of brain regions and components [2]. From a purely clinical point of view, Mesulam’s clinical large-scale network approach has long been popular in understanding higher cortical function deficit presentations [3]. He conceived of the 5 channel-dependent networks and the 5 frontal subcortical networks proposed by Cummings and Lichter represent complementary understanding of the more intricate frontal subsystems [4]. The neurotransmitter-based state or chemical projections are yet another facet to the intricacies of brain networks (Table 2.1). With the human cerebral cortex comprising 20 billion neurons over 2.5 meter squared, primary motor, sensory, visual, and auditory regions only constitute ~10%, with the remainder being secondary and tertiary association cortices. The latter are the neurobiological substrates of higher cortical functions. More recently, using an array of neuroimaging techniques (myelin, fMRI, connectivity, task maps), the human brain map has been redefined from 52 Brodmann areas to 360 areas (Fig. 2.2) [5].
Engaging the Crowd: Social Movement Building via Online Bystander Mobilization

Social media has become increasingly important as a space for both organized and ad-hoc activism. As social movement organizations have shifted many aspects of their communication online, bystander populations - citizens who may be somewhat interested in a movement but are largely uninvolved in its activities - have begun to play a more significant role in the achievement of movement aims. In this paper, we examine bystander targeting on social media by social movement organizations in India. Through interviews, observation, and participation, we investigate ways that activists themselves conceptualize, carry out, and reflect upon their own messaging strategies in online spaces, and the perceived success and failure of these strategies. We discuss the limitations of social media as a space in which to achieve movement aims, particularly in a class-segregated context. Our work illustrates the tension faced by activists between prioritizing short and long-term movement goals in the digital sphere.
Intraindividual Variability in Narrative Identity: Complexities, Garden Paths, and Untapped Research Potential

This paper introduces key concepts for studying intraindividual variability in narratives (narrative IIV). Narrative IIV is conceptualized in terms of sources of within–person variation (events and...
What can directed forgetting tell us about clinical populations

This paper reviews and critically assesses the implications of directed forgetting (DF) research on clinical populations. We begin by reviewing the typical methods and results of the item method and list method directed forgetting procedures and provide best practice recommendations for future studies using clinical populations. Next, we note that DF was often interpreted as being due to inhibition, and when clinical populations showed impaired directed forgetting, it was treated as evidence in inhibitory control difficulties. However, inhibition may not be the cause of DF effects, based on current understanding of these cognitive tasks. We instead suggest that item method DF is tied to attentional control, which might include inhibitory mechanisms (or might not). In contrast, list method DF is tied to two forms of memory control: control of mental context (indicated by effective forgetting of List 1), and changes in the strategies used to remember (indicated by better learning of List 2). We review the current state of the clinical DF literature, assess its strength based on our best practice recommendations, and call for more research when warranted.
Financial Policy: Tempering Greed

The 2008 financial crisis revealed the effects of excessive Greed. The mantra leading to the crash had been that Greed is good, and excessive Greed is extremely good. Microeconomics, especially the Libertarian branch of it, as represented in Chicago School of Economics, proposes that the market will temper the Greed. Metaeconomics clarifies that the only thing that will temper Greed is the shared other-interest, combined with adequate Self-control within each person in the market. The other-interest can be used as the basis for nudging the Self-interest on to better paths; when that fails, then the Other-interest needs to be brought to bear in government controls, like the old Glass-Steagall Act, which was in effect revived to temper and bound the banks and Wall Street.
Metastable orientation relationships in thin film Cu-Cr bilayers

Abstract Metastable orientation relationships (ORs) between Cu and Cr are stabilized via epitaxial thin film deposition, with the initial layer of Cu(001) or Cr(001) grown epitaxially on MgO(001). The Bain OR is observed by x-ray diffraction and scanning/transmission electron microscopy for Cu(001) / Cr(001). In contrast, three Cr/Cu ORs are found for Cr deposition on Cu(001): the Pitsch OR, and two previously unreported ORs related to the Bain and Pitsch ORs, respectively. Ab initio calculations predict the energetics of these metastable ORs, and reveal that the deformation resistance of Cr makes the Bain OR energetically unfavorable when Cr films are deposited on Cu(001). These results show that kinetic constraints imposed by controlling the substrate surface and deposition conditions can lead to metastable interfacial structures.
Pituitary stalk gangliogliomas: Case report and literature review.

Abstract Introduction Gangliogliomas rarely occur in the sella or suprasellar region and are almost never seen in the pituitary stalk. Seven cases of gangliogliomas occurring in this region have been reported; only one case involved a tumor within the pituitary stalk. Of the six tumors external to the pituitary stalk, two occurred in the neurohypophysis, one was in the adenohypophysis, the location of one was unspecified, and two extensively invaded the optic chiasm, hypothalamus and brainstem. This is only the second reported case of a pituitary stalk ganglioglioma, and it is unique in its use of an extended endoscopic endonasal approach for biopsy. Case report A 51-year old woman presented with an eleven-month history of polydipsia and polyuria leading to the diagnosis of diabetes insipidus. Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the brain revealed contrast-enhanced thickening and anterior bowing of the hypophyseal stalk. An extended endoscopic endonasal approach permitted midline removal of the tuberculum sella, opening of underlying dura, and exposure of the pituitary stalk. A firm, white, 4 mm diameter mass, integral to the right side of the enlarged pituitary stalk was seen and biopsied. Histopathological analysis was consistent with WHO grade 1 ganglioglioma. The patient tolerated the procedure well and required no endocrinologic treatment other than desmopressin. Conclusion Pituitary stalk gangliogliomas are extremely rare. The diagnosis should be considered in patients with pituitary stalk enlargement. Endoscopic endonasal approach is a safe surgical approach to establish a tissue diagnosis which is essential for pathologic certainty given the wide differential diagnosis of stalk lesions.
Peptide/Lipid-Associated Nucleic Acids (PLANAs) as a Multicomponent siRNA Delivery System.

RNAi is a biological process that utilizes small interfering RNA (siRNA) to prevent the translation of mRNA to protein. This mechanism could be beneficial in preventing the overexpression of proteins in cancer. However, the cellular delivery of siRNA has proven to be challenging due to its inherent negative charge and relative instability. Here, we designed a multicomponent delivery system composed of a specifically designed peptide (linear or cyclic fatty acyl peptide conjugates and hybrid cyclic/linear peptides) and several lipids (DOTAP, DOPE, cholesterol, and phosphatidylcholine) to form a nanoparticle, which we have termed as peptide lipid-associated nucleic acids (PLANAs). Five formulations were prepared (a formulation with no peptide, which was named lipid-associated nucleic acid or LANA, and PLANA formulations A-D) using a mini extruder to form uniform nanoparticles around 100 nm in size with a slightly positive charge (less than +10 mv). Formulations were evaluated for peptide incorporation, siRNA encapsulation efficiency, release profile, toxicity, cellular uptake, and protein silencing. Our experiments showed effective encapsulation of siRNA (>95%), a controlled release profile, and negligible toxicity in formulations that did not contain a positively charged lipid. The results also revealed that PLANAs C and D exhibited optimum cellular uptake (with 80-90% siRNA-positive cells for most of the formulations). PLANA D formulation was selected to silence two model proteins (Src and RPS6KA5) in the triple-negative human breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231, with promising silencing efficiency, which diminished the expression of RPS6KA5 and Src to approximately 29 and 38% compared to naive cells, respectively. Many approaches have been investigated for safe and efficient delivery of nucleic acids in the last 20 years; however, many have failed due to the multifaceted challenges to overcome. Our results show a promising potential for a multicomponent design that incorporates different components for a variety of delivery tasks, which warrants further investigation of PLANAs in vivo.
Factors Associated With Elevated Inflammatory Markers Prior to Shoulder Arthroplasty

Background: Preoperative erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and C-reactive protein (CRP) ranges for several shoulder arthroplasty indications are not well understood. Purpose: We sought to compar...
Thermo-mechanical characterization of discontinuous recycled/repurposed carbon fiber reinforced thermoplastic organosheet composites:

The integration of repurposed and recycled carbon fibers into high-performance composites is essential to the adoption of composites for automotive structures due to their low-cost, high formabilit...
Telemedicine visits result in a significantly lower rate of cancellations compared to in-person visits for interventional oncology clinic patients.

e13624Background: Telemedicine allows increased access to specialists, less time in a waiting room and on-demand options with little to no transportation costs. These changes have been accelerated ...
Chondrosarcoma of the Hand

Chondrosarcomas of the hand are rare. They are slow-growing tumors that are locally aggressive but rarely metastasize. Patients present with pain and progressive swelling. Radiographs can show lytic lesions with cortical destruction and an associated soft tissue mass. Treatment options are controversial, though it is reasonable to attempt function-sparing reconstruction with close monitoring in some patients.