cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
FROM LABORATORY TO PRACTICE: NEGLECTED ISSUES IN IMPLEMENTING FRAME‐OF‐REFERENCE RATER TRAINING

Data collected at two law enforcement agencies were used to address three specific issues concerning the development and implementation of frame-of-reference rater training. First, the prototype-anchored rating system was presented as a comprehensive method for generating an appropriate frame of reference in an organizational setting. Second, sensitivity and threshold analyses were used to demonstrate a method for identifying idiosyncratic raters (i.e., raters deviating from the appropriate frame of reference) in the rater population. Finally, areas of performance where supervisors and subordinates were likely to disagree on the frame of reference were identified. Concerning this latter issue, analyses indicated supervisors viewed poor-performance incidents more severely than did patrol officers on several dimensions of performance. To a lesser degree, supervisors and patrol officers also differed on their perceptions of the importance of poor-performance incidents. The implications of these findings are discussed in relation to the development and implementation of frame-of-reference rater training.
Mystery at the museum: a collaborative game for museum education

Through an iterative design process involving museum educators, learning scientists and technologists, and drawing upon our previous experiences in handheld game design and a growing body of knowledge on learning through gaming, we designed an interactive mystery game called Mystery at the Museum (the High Tech Whodunnit), which was designed for synchronous play of groups of parents and children over a two to three hour period. The primary design goals were to engage visitors more deeply in the museum, engage visitors more broadly across museum exhibits, and encourage collaboration between visitors. The feedback from the participants suggested that the combination of depth and breadth was engaging and effective in encouraging them to think about the museum's exhibits. The roles that were an integral part of the game turned out to be extremely effective in engaging pairs of participants with one another. Feedback from parents was quite positive in terms of how they felt it engaged them and their children. These results suggest that further explorations of technology-based museum experiences of this type are wholly appropriate.
Contribution, attribution and the allocation of intellectual property rights: economics versus agricultural economics

Abstract In this paper, I compare several readily observable measures of intellectual property rights between agricultural economics—a discipline that attaches considerable importance to author order—and economics—a discipline that attaches little, if any, importance to author order. Specifically, I examine: (1) the incidence of coauthorship—i.e., the likelihood that an individual coauthors with others, (2) the extent of coauthorship—i.e., the number of authors listed on each coauthored paper, (3) the number of individuals thanked for contributing to the research being reported and (4) alphabetization of authorship for papers published in three top journals in each scientific discipline. I find statistically significant differences across-the-board. These differences suggest that interdisciplinary differences with respect to the relative importance attached to contribution affect the allocation of intellectual property rights in science. These findings are compelling because they demonstrate that the allocation of intellectual property rights and how the production of science is structured are related.
Contributions of the passionate statistician

Information available about the mathematical and statistical training of Florence Nightingale is presented. The state of development of statistics at the beginning of her research activity is summarized in terms of the techniques available at that time and in terms of the modern statistical tools that had not been invented. A few of her specific contributions to statistical methodology are noted. A series of questions is given in the hope of stimulating further inquiry into Nightingale's quantitive methods and research contributions.
A characterization of the families of finite-dimensional distributions associated with countably additive stochastic processes whose sample paths are inD

Associated with any countably additive probability measureP on the well-known Skorohod spaceD is the family {Pα} of P's finite-dimensional distributions. This paper characterizes all such {Pα}.
Cytomegalovirus sialadenitis in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: A potential diagnostic pitfall with fine‐needle aspiration cytology

We report three cases of cytomegalovirus (CMV) sialadenitis which presented as parotid gland nodules in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. While CMV is known to widely infect patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), we are aware of only a single report of CMV sialadenitis in a patient with AIDS (Pialoux et al.: Rev Infect Dis 1991;13:338). Utilizing fine-needle aspiration (FNA) cytology as the initial investigative modality, two cases were correctly diagnosed preoperatively while the third case displayed atypical features and was interpreted erroneously as carcinoma leading to surgical intervention. Upon review of these cases of CMV sialadenitis, the characteristic intranuclear inclusions are best identified with Papanicolaou (Pap) staining. CMV sialadenitis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of painless salivary gland enlargement in patients with AIDS. We believe this lesion can be diagnosed preoperatively with FNA and the interpretation is aided by evaluating both Pap- and Giemsa-stained material. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Putting the Pieces Together: An Integrated Model of Program Implementation

Considerable evidence indicates that variability in implementation of prevention programs is related to the outcomes achieved by these programs. However, while implementation has been conceptualized as a multidimensional construct, few studies examine more than a single dimension, and no theoretical framework exists to guide research on the effects of implementation. We seek to address this need by proposing a theoretical model of the relations between the dimensions of implementation and outcomes of prevention programs that can serve to guide future implementation research. In this article, we focus on four dimensions of implementation, which we conceptualize as behaviors of program facilitators (fidelity, quality of delivery, and adaptation) and behaviors of participants (responsiveness) and present the evidence supporting these as predictors of program outcomes. We then propose a theoretical model by which facilitator and participant dimensions of implementation influence participant outcomes. Finally, we provide recommendations and directions for future implementation research.
Bioelectric interactions between cultured fetal rodent spinal cord and skeletal muscle after innervation in vitro

Electrophysiologic analyses of cultures of various combinations of spinal cord and skeletal muscle tissues demonstrate that characteristic neuromuscular transmission can develop and be maintained for months in vitro. The studies include: (1) cultures of mouse embryo spinal cord with attached myotomes, explanted prior to formation of neuromuscular junctions, and (2) in vitro-coupled fetal rodent cord and muscle explants, in which one tissue is grown in isolation before presentation of the other explant (0.5–1 mm apart). After innervation occurs during the first few weeks in vitro, selective stimulation of spinal cord evokes widespread synchronized twitches in the muscle tissue. Simultaneous microelectrode recordings of cord and muscle responses to local cord stimuli show that muscle action potentials generally occur with latencies of several msec after onset of cord discharges. Rhythmic spontaneous bursts of muscle potentials (and contractions) occur, at times, in close correlation with periodic cord discharges. d-Tubocurarine (1–10 μg/ml) selectively blocks neurally evoked muscle contractions while electric stimuli applied directly to the muscle fibers are still effective. Many apparently non-innervated fibers, on the other hand, show sporadic, asynchronous fibrillations which are not altered by cord stimuli nor blocked by curare. Eserine and strychnine produce characteristic increases in repetitive muscle activities related to the primary site of action of these pharmacologic agents. Cultured neuromuscular tissues can, then, provide a valuable model system for correlative physiologic and cytologic studies of nerve and muscle cells during critical stages of maturation and formation of intercellular relationships under isolated conditions in vitro.
pp60ν-src kinase overexpression leads to cellular resistance to the antiproliferative effects of tumor necrosis factor

While some tumor cells are sensitive to the antiproliferative effects of tumor necrosis factor (TNF), others are resistant. The molecular basis for cellular resistance to TNF is not completely understood. Previously we have shown that transfection of cells with an oncogene HER2/neu/erb B2, a receptor tyrosine kinase, leads to resistance to the anticellular effects of TNF [(1988) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85, 5102-5106]. In the present study, we demonstrate that the overexpression of another oncogenic tyrosine kinase, pp60v-src also induces resistance to TNF. In contrast to HER2, however, pp60v-src transfection of cells did not lead to down-modulation of TNF receptors but rather to decreased intracellular glutathione levels. The pp60v-src-induced cellular resistance to TNF could be abrogated by interferon-gamma. Thus, these results indicate that the resistance of certain tumors to TNF may also be due in part to the overexpression of pp60v-src oncogene.
Methyl Linolenate as an Essential Nutrient for the Cabbage Looper, Trichoplusia ni (Hübner)

A DIETARY requirement for polyunsaturated fatty acids has been demonstrated in several lepidopterous and orthopterous species. The most common expression of fatty acid deficiency was a slower larval growth-rate or faulty adult emergence with resulting wing deformity, or both1–5. In the lepidopterous species examined the requirement was fulfilled with either linoleic or linolenic acids2,3,5. In the genus Ephestia, the flour moths, linoleic or linolenic acids promoted larval growth and normal wing development3. Arachidonic acid improved the growth-rate of Ephestia, but had no positive effect on wing development6. Linoleic acid allowed normal wing development of the pink boll-worm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saund.), but, because lower levels were active, linolenic acid was considered more effective5. Normal wing development of the greater wax moth, Galleria mellonella (L.), was promoted with linoleic or linolenic acids, but not with arachidonic acid2.
DEVELOPING A CONTINUOUS EMULSION pBD-GRAFT-SAN POLYMERIZATION PROCESS: FACTORS IMPACTING MORPHOLOGY CONTROL

An experimental program was conducted to determine the feasibility of graft polymerizing styrene and acrylonitrile onto polybutadiene seeds in a continuous emulsion polymerization system. These par...
Droplet-Resolved Dilute Spray Evaporation Model

A numerical model that enables the simulation of polydispersed spray behavior while allowing the resolution of droplet-scale features is described. This Lagrangian model is based on a sectional approach and captures the effect of polydispersity, droplet initial speed and direction. It is designed for flexibility in that it can be used for a variety of droplet-based processes. The model performance is illustrated using two basic configurations: spray combustion and water mist fire suppression. The spray combustion case shows how the droplet-scale resolution can be critical since phase equilibrium is controlled by droplet surface temperature, which cannot be adequately captured using a lump-parameter model. The water mist case allows a demonstration of the basic features of the spray model such as the ability to characterize the ability of smaller droplets to get close enough to a fire or a hot surface.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
A property of weakly Krull domains

We show that a weakly Krull domain D satisfies (*): for every pair a, b ∈ D\{0} there is an n = n(a, b) ∈ N such that (a, b n ) is t-invertible. For D Noetherian, D satisfies (*) if and only if every grade-one prime ideal of D is of height one. We also show that a modification of (*) can be used to characterize Noetherian domains that are one-dimensional.
Significant cost savings achieved by in-sourcing urine drug testing for monitoring medication compliance in pain management.

Abstract Introduction Reference laboratory testing can represent a significant component of the laboratory budget. Therefore, most laboratories continually reassess the feasibility of in-sourcing various tests. We describe the transfer of urine drug testing performed for monitoring medication compliance in pain management from a reference laboratory into an academic clinical laboratory. Methods The process of implementing of both screening immunoassays and confirmatory LC–MS/MS testing and the associated cost savings is outlined. Results The initial proposal for in-sourcing this testing, which included the tests to be in-sourced, resources required, estimated cost savings and timeline for implementation, was approved in January 2009. All proposed testing was implemented by March 2011. Conclusions Keys to the successful implementation included budgeting adequate resources and developing a realistic timeline, incorporating the changes with the highest budget impact first. We were able to in-source testing in 27 months and save the laboratory approximately $1 million in the first 3 year.
Luteinizing Hormone in Bird Hypophyses.

SummaryThese results indicate that the chicken hypophysis is capable of stimulating both follicular growth and luteinization of the rat ovary. The presence of the luteinizer is verified by 3 different methods which are used to identify the luteinizer in mammalian hypophyses. Witschi, et al.2 have shown that turkey hypophyses contain the luteinizer, based on the results of corpus luteum formation in the ovaries of 2 hypophysectomized rats. This raises the question as to the function of the luteinizing principle in birds since no corpora lutea form in their ovaries. If the stimulation of ovulation is one of the functions of the luteinizing hormone, its presence in the bird gland may be explained on the basis of this particular function. It is possible that the luteinizing hormone will be found in the anterior pituitary of all vertebrates.
Dissociation dynamics of energy-selected acetic acid ions: The gas phase heat of formation of the acetyl ion

Abstract The dissociation of energy-selected acetic acid ions (CH 3 COOH + ) has been investigated by Threshold Photoelectron–photoion Coincidence (TPEPICO) spectroscopy. The lowest energy dissociation pathway for CH 3 COOH + is OH loss, and the 0 K onset ( E 0 ) of this process is measured to be 11.641 ± 0.008 eV. The reaction rate for this step is instantaneous on the time-scale of the experiment so that no rate theory is required to extract its onset. Because the heats of formation of acetic acid and the OH radical are known to an accuracy of ±0.5 kJ/mol, we can use the OH loss onset to obtain an accurate heat of formation of the acetyl ion, Δ f H ° 298 K [CH 3 CO + ] = 658.5 ± 1.0 kJ/mol, which agrees to within 0.9 kJ/mol with an earlier determination based on CH 3 loss from the acetone ion. At higher energies, the acetic acid ion loses CH 3 to form the HOCO + ion in competition with the lower energy OH-loss. Two versions of the statistical reaction rate theory failed to reproduce the branching ratios for these higher energy parallel reactions. Because of the magnitude of this disagreement, we conclude that the acetic ion may dissociate non-statistically at these higher energies.
Behavior of partially fluorinated carboxylic acids at the air–water interface

Abstract Langmuir isotherms were recorded for 1-(perfluorobutyl)undecanoic acid (F 3 C(CF 2 ) 3 (CH 2 ) 10 CO 2 H), 1-(perfluorohexyl)undecanoic acid (F 3 C(CF 2 ) 5 (CH 2 ) 10 CO 2 H) and 1-(perfluorooctyl)undecanoic acid (F 3 C(CF 2 ) 7 (CH 2 ) 10 CO 2 H), their hydrocarbon analog, perfluorododecanoic and perfluorotetradecanoic acid after spreading onto hydrochloric acid (pH=1.9–2.0) at 32°C. All acids formed stable monolayers at the air–water interface. 1-(Perfluorobutyl)undecanoic acid shows some similarity to the compression isotherm of tetradecanoic acid while lacking the phase transition of pentadecanoic acid. The isotherm for 1-(perfluorohexyl)undecanoic acid shows a temperature-dependent phase transition similar to the liquid expanded-liquid condensed transition of pentadecanoic acid. The π-A isotherm of 1-(perfluorooctyl)undecanoic acid resembles the highly condensed monolayers of hepta- and nonadecanoic acid. Thus, the partially fluorinated acids seem to exhibit isotherm characteristics similar to hydrocarbon acids with shorter chain lengths. The three partially fluorinated acids have a higher limiting area compared to hydrocarbon and perfluorocarbon acids, which may be atributed to the strong dipole moment of the CF 2 CH 2  linkage. Within this series of partially fluorinated carboxylic acids, the limiting area decreases with chain lengthening and a higher degree of fluorination. The collapse pressures of the fluorinated acids are smaller compared to their respective hydrocarbon analog.
Programmable CCD imaging system for synchrotron radiation studies

Abstract A real-time imaging system for the detection of photons from the infrared to X-ray region of the electromagnetic spectrum has been developed. The active detection element in the system is a charge-coupled device (CCD). The system, based on the Computer Automated Measurement And Control (CAMAC) modular IEEE 583 standard in which all modules are programmable, allows one to use the detector in many modes, as described below. Further, the programmability also enables one to easily change the waveform shapes and timings vs the readout requirements of CCDs from different vendors. Three different CCDs with radically different readout timings and waveforms have been tested. The CCD that is characterized and described in this paper is the TC 215 manufactured by Texas Instruments (TI). Uniformity, charge transfer efficiency (CTE), linearity and sensitivity measurements have been carried out using visible light. Preliminary data obtained from a time-resolved experiment performed at the NSLS X6 beamline is shown and potential time-resolved experiments that are feasible are described.
Effect of cyclophosphamide on ACTH-induced kidney disease.

Abstract Immature male brown house mice (Mus musculus) were used to determine the effect of cyclophosphamide (CY) on ACTH-induced glomerulonephritis. Cyclophosphamide was injected intraperitoneally in doses of 1·8 mg. in 0·2 ml. isotonic saline once a week during a 15-day and a 30-day experiment. Mice received subcutaneous injections of 5 units of ACTH daily in both experiments. Histological examination of mice which received ACTH, CY, ACTH+CY or gelatin revealed that ACTH, with or without CY, produced severe glomerular damage. Control mice and those treated with CY alone showed minimal damage only, and did not differ from each other. It is suggested that ACTH-induced glomerulonephritis may not be due to an immune response, but perhaps to species-specific factors of unknown origin.
Intrinsic connections within and between cochlear nucleus subdivisions in cat

The cat cochlear nuclear complex (CNC) is divided into three major subdivisions: the anteroventral, the posteroventral, and the dorsal cochlear nuclei (AVCN, PVCN, and DCN, respectively). Each of these subdivisions receives a topographic projection from the cochlea and each consists of a number of different cell types. The interconnections between these subdivisions and the cell types which give rise to them were studied by means of small injections of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) made at physiologically identified locations. DCN injections resulted in few labeled cells in the DCN, suggesting that its internal connections are very limited. In contrast, these same DCN injections resulted in numerous labeled cells in the PVCN and AVCN. Labeled PVCN cells, consisting of multipolar, octopus, and small spindle-shaped cells, were located in spatially restricted laminae stretching the entire rostrocaudal length of the nucleus, while labeled AVCN cells consisting of multipolar, globular, small spindle-shaped and small spherical cells were broadly distributed over the posterior half of the nucleus. Similar injections placed in the PVCN resulted in numerous labeled cells in all three subdivisions. The PVCN and AVCN cells labeled after PVCN injections were widely distributed across the isofrequency representations in both nuclei, while the labeled DCN cells were restricted to locations over the injection sites. Injections placed in the posterior half of the AVCN resulted in only very few labeled cells in the DCN. No cells were labeled following injections in the rostral AVCN.
Magnetoelectroluminescence of organic heterostructures: Analytical theory and spectrally resolved measurements

The effect of a magnetic field on the electroluminescence of organic light emitting devices originates from the hyperfine interaction between the electron/hole polarons and the hydrogen nuclei of the host molecules. In this paper, we present an analytical theory of magnetoelectroluminescence for organic semiconductors. To be specific, we focus on bilayer heterostructure devices. In the case we are considering, light generation at the interface of the donor and acceptor layers results from the formation and recombination of exciplexes. The spin physics is described by a stochastic Liouville equation for the electron/hole spin density matrix. By finding the steady-state analytical solution using Bloch-Wangsness-Redfield theory, we explore how the singlet/triplet exciplex ratio is affected by the hyperfine interaction strength and by the external magnetic field. In order to validate the theory, spectrally resolved electroluminescence experiments on BPhen/m-MTDATA devices are analyzed. With increasing emission wavelength, the width of the magnetic field modulation curve of the electroluminescence increases while its depth decreases. Furthermore, these observations are consistent with the model.
Effect of temperature on the cleavage of polypeptides during growth of LSc poliovirus.

Abstract At 35 °C poliovirus induces the synthesis of at least 12 peptides with molecular weights ranging from 125,000 to 18,000 daltons as estimated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. At 39 °C only four polypeptides are produced and have molecular weights of 230,000, 212,000, 196,000 and 160,000 daltons. Shifting infected cultures from 39 to 35 °C in the presence or absence of cycloheximide leads to breakdown of the large viral polypeptides. It appears that polypeptide cleavage is impaired at 39 °C with this strain of virus.
Surface-enhanced Raman scattering: phenomenological approach

A new model for surface-enhanced Raman scattering is presented that includes the dipole effect of the molecule. Under the effect of an external polarizing field, changes in the molecular dipole significantly change the charge distribution on the metal-sphere surface, thereby increasing the molecular Raman cross section. This process is unrelated to surface-plasmon resonance; quite to the contrary, it is preferred to work away from any such resonance.
Stereotypes of males and females in two occupations

Abstract Male and female raters evaluated a male or a female civil engineer or custodian on six characteristics. Factor analysis identified three orthogonal dimensions in these ratings: Rationality, Emotionality, and Likability. Rationality correlated highly with occupational prestige, while Emotionality was uncorrelated with prestige. Likability ratings exposed an interaction between sex of rater and sex of ratee, female raters finding females in these occupations far less likable than males. It is concluded that the sex of an occupational incumbent may have important effects on stereotypical image associated with that individual.
CCR3: Shedding New Light on a Dark Problem?

A recent work by Ambati et al. represents a bold step towards a more effective diagnosis and treatment of age-related macular degeneration, with the new evidence showing that CCR3, a chemokine receptor, is an early marker of and potential therapeutic target for choroidal neovascularization development. In the wake of such a novel and significant finding, additional illumination to confirm and consolidate the promise shown by CCR3 will soon follow.
SENSITIVITY OF EN-ROUTE SCHEDULING TO VARIABLE SEPARATION IN THE TERMINAL AREA

The required runway separation between aircraft is defined conservatively to prevent any wake vortex encounters. Good air traffic controllers can meet the required separations very accurately, producing a landing rate close to the maximum possible for these separations. To significantly increase the arrival rate, the required separation between aircraft must be reduced. NASA is developing a system that can provide dynamic wake vortex separation criteria by predicting the decay and transport of the vortices in various atmospheric conditions. Varying separation affects aircraft throughout the airspace, and the wake vortex system should be designed not to cause the controllers to continuously replan. Stability is defined as producing delays that can be absorbed solely by aircraft close to landing, instead affecting aircraft in a larger airspace. This paper examines the stability of the wake vortex system by way of parametric study. The parameters are the frequency and size of the separation changes, and thenprobability distributions. The transient behavior of the system delay under changing separation is examined, showing that for the same time, reductions in separation have a larger effect than increases. A linear relationship between the parameters producing a stable delay profile is calculated for the assumed probability distributions.
Identification of Feasible Topologies for Multiple-Input DC–DC Converters

This letter studies single-input dc-dc converter topologies that are suitable to be expanded into their multiple-input converter version. The analysis is based on several assumptions, restrictions, and conditions, including the goal of minimizing the total number of components and the use of at least one forward-conducting bidirectional blocking switch in each input leg. These conditions may affect the outcome of the multiple-input converter synthesis and lead to different configurations from those suggested before in the literature. Although simultaneous power delivery from all sources is not required, it should be possible to independently control the power drained from each input with some degree of freedom. The letter lists four rules that must be observed in order to be able to realize a multiple-input converter from its single-input version. These rules are used to identify the only feasible input cell that complies with all assumptions and conditions. Unfeasible input cells are also shown. The letter also identifies some additional feasible input cells if some of the assumptions and conditions are relaxed. These input cells are used to suggest several multiple-input converter topologies. Among them, six topologies, including versions of the single-ended primary inductance converter and the Cuk converters, are introduced through their circuit schematic.
The Patient with Asthma in the Emergency Department

Asthma is a highly prevalent disease that presents commonly to the emergency department (ED) in acute exacerbation. Recent asthma treatment guidelines have added content dedicated to the management of acute exacerbations. Effective management of an exacerbation requires rapid assessment of severity through physical examination, measurement of peak expiratory flow rate, and response to initial treatment. Most therapies are directed at alleviating bronchospasm and decreasing airway inflammation. While inhaled short-acting beta-agonists, systemic corticosteroids, and supplemental oxygen are the initial and often only therapies required for patients with mild moderate exacerbations, high-dose beta agonists and inhaled anti-cholinergics should also be given to patients with severe exacerbations. Adjunctive therapy with intravenous magnesium and Heliox-driven nebulization of bronchodilators should be considered for patients presenting with severe and very severe exacerbations. Early recognition and appropriate management of respiratory failure are required to mitigate the risk of complications including death. Disposition should be determined based on serial assessments of the response to therapy over the first 4 h in the ED. Patients stable for discharge should receive medications, asthma education including a written asthma action plan, and should have follow-up scheduled for them by ED staff. Rapid implementation of evidence-based, multi-disciplinary care is required to ensure the best possible outcomes for this potentially treatable disease.
Fast barrier synchronization in wormhole k-ary n-cube networks with multidestination worms

This paper presents a new approach to implement fast barrier synchronization in wormhole k-ary n-cubes. The novelty lies in using multidestination messages instead of the traditional single destination messages. Two different multidestination worm types, gather and broadcasting, are introduced to implement the report and wake-up phases of barrier synchronization, respectively. Algorithms for complete and arbitrary set barrier synchronization are presented using these new worms. It is shown that complete barrier synchronization in a k-ary n-cube system with e-cube routing can be implemented with 2n communication start-ups as compared to 2n log/sub 2/ k start-ups needed with unicast-based message passing. For arbitrary set barrier, an interesting trend is observed where the synchronization cost keeps on reducing beyond a certain number of participating nodes. >
QUANTIFYING NATURAL SELECTION ON BODY SIZE FROM FIELD DATA: WINTER MORTALITY IN MENIDIA MENIDIA

Analyses of changes in size distributions over time frequently suggest that mortality rates depend on body size. Such observations, however, are probably confounded with changes in size due to growth. We describe a parametric method by which the size dependence of both mortality and growth may simultaneously be inferred from pairs of size distributions collected at different times. The method is tested in a Monte Carlo study and found to have sampling properties similar to those of other methods that require more data. Survival of the first winter of life appears to be size dependent in a diverse array of taxa, although few prior studies have accounted for growth. Analysis of sizes of Menidia menidia (Atlantic silverside) from three different latitudes revealed that changes in size distributions through winter resulted from growth in southern populations and mortality in the north. Winter mortality was better described by a power function of size than an exponential. Allometric exponents increased with latitude and were greater than predicted from metabolic- or starvation-based models. The steepness of the estimated survivorship curves imply that winter mortality in M. menidia is more consistent with a threshold effect perhaps attributable to offshore migration.
On the Relationship Between Queuing Delay and Spatial Degrees of Freedom in a MIMO Multiple Access Channel

In this paper, we study the relationship between queuing delay for a random packet arrival process and physical layer parameters in a multiple access channel with multiple antennas at the input and output. Our main contribution is the derivation of a simple, analytical approximation for the average delay that clearly indicates the effect of number of transmit and receive antennas, transmission power, the packet arrival rate and the desired reliability. Comparison with numerical analysis indicates that the proposed analytical approximation of the delay is accurate for medium and large SNRs.
Rate sensitivity of high birefringent fiber optic sensors under large dynamic loads

New experimental studies on the effects of large dynamic compressive loads on highly birefringent optical fibers are presented. The intensity rate of applied dynamic loads ranged between 2.18-6719 KN/m-sec. A Fibercore (previously York) HB600 Bow-Tie fiber with an initial beat length of 1.16 mm was employed in the present study. Sensor response is discussed in terms of the effects of force amplitudes and velocities on the calibration parameter T/sub f/. T/sub f/ is a function of the amplitude as well as the velocity of applied loading. Therefore, calibration of the sensor should be achieved through regression analysis of the load-fringe data for the entire spectrum of the desired force velocities. The ramification of this finding is that a single experiment for the measurement of T/sub f/ cannot provide the required parameters for calibration. This further implies that the change in beat length is also dependent on the amplitude and velocity of loading. The suggested method takes both effects into account through empirical analysis of experimental data. >
Bringing Algorithms to Life: Cooperative Computing Activities Using Students as Processors.

The authors describe a method for “bringing algorithms to life” in secondary school mathematics and computer science classes. Cooperative computing activities are presented in which each student plays the role of a switch or processor, and the algorithms are “acted out.” Parallel algorithms, in which many steps can occur at the same time, are emphasized, as they are especially suited for cooperative activities. The activities are grouped together in modules, according to the problems they address. Those presented include binary counting, finding the smallest card in a deck, sorting by selection and merging, adding and multiplying large numbers, sieving for primes, testing whether a number is prime, and sorting using a linear configuration of processors. Detailed descriptions of how to implement the algorithms are given.
Porous Doped Silicon Nanowires for Lithium Ion Battery Anode with Long Cycle Life

Porous silicon nanowires have been well studied for various applications; however, there are only very limited reports on porous silicon nanowires used for energy storage. Here, we report both experimental and theoretical studies of porous doped silicon nanowires synthesized by direct etching of boron-doped silicon wafers. When using alginate as a binder, porous silicon nanowires exhibited superior electrochemical performance and long cycle life as anode material in a lithium ion battery. Even after 250 cycles, the capacity remains stable above 2000, 1600, and 1100 mAh/g at current rates of 2, 4, and 18 A/g, respectively, demonstrating high structure stability due to the high porosity and electron conductivity of the porous silicon nanowires. A mathematic model coupling the lithium ion diffusion and the strain induced by lithium intercalation was employed to study the effect of porosity and pore size on the structure stability. Simulation shows silicon with high porosity and large pore size help to stabil...
The Prevalence of Alcohol-Involved Homicide Offending: A Meta-Analytic Review

This study meta-analyzes 23 independent studies that included information from 28,265 homicide offenders across nine countries. On average, 48% of homicide offenders were reportedly under the influence of alcohol at the time of the offense and 37% were intoxicated. We found no demographic variations across age, gender, or race, although the proportion testing positive within the United States appears to be decreasing over time. Further, the proportion of offenders who were under the influence of alcohol was lower among those who committed the homicide with a firearm. Communities that have high homicide rates should work to reduce alcohol consumption rates.
The rhetoric of belles lettres: The political context of the eighteenth‐century transition from classical to modern cultural studies

Classical practitioners of the art of rhetoric such as Demosthenes have long been a familiar part of the rhetorical tradition, but subsequent periods have generally been confined to the history of rhetorical theory, with little attention paid to political rhetoric or public discourse. We need to develop a more rhetorical perspective on the history of rhetoric to encompass rhetoric's dual nature as an intellectual discipline and a practical political art. Such a perspective would focus on the domain between the learned culture and the public experience, the domain where rhetorical theories are applied to discursive practices to formalize who can speak, how controversial issues are to be argued, and what political purposes such arguments serve. The eighteenth century is a dynamic period in the history of rhetoric precisely because the domain between the educated world and the public sphere was transformed by the expansion of the reading public.' Rhetoricians such as Hugh Blair were the first professors to lecture on modern culture because they taught students who came from the provinces of the English reading public.2 General histories of college English studies tend to ignore eighteenth-century rhetoricians in the assumption that the study of English is more or less synonymous with the study of literature (see Baldick, Graff, McMurty, and Palmer).3 We need more rhetorically oriented histories of modem cultural studies, not just because literature specialists have tacitly accepted the erasure of rhetoric from such studies, but also because the formation of disciplinary knowledge is a rhetorical process, and the domain of rhetoric is where disciplines set themselves off from related discourses and public audiences. Rhetoricians first introduced English into the university curriculum in the middle of the eighteenth century in Scotland, America, and elsewhere in the cultural provinces. All of the figures whom Howell has categorized as "New" rhetoricians came from outside the centers of English education, while Oxford and Cambridge
Processive Pulses of Retinoic Acid Propel Asynchronous and Continuous Murine Sperm Production

The asynchronous cyclic nature of spermatogenesis is essential for continual sperm production and is one of the hallmarks of mammalian male fertility. While various mRNA and protein localization studies have indirectly implicated changing retinoid levels along testis tubules, no quantitative evidence for these changes across the cycle of the seminiferous epithelium currently exists. This study utilized a unique mouse model of induced synchronous spermatogenesis, localization of the retinoid-signaling marker STRA8, and sensitive quantification of retinoic acid concentrations to determine whether there are fluctuations in retinoid levels at each of the individual stages of germ cell differentiation and maturation to sperm. These data show that processive pulses of retinoic acid are generated during spermatogonial differentiation and are the likely trigger for cyclic spermatogenesis and allow us, for the first time, to understand how the cycle of the seminiferous epithelium is generated and maintained. In addition, this study represents the first direct quantification of a retinoid gradient controlling cellular differentiation in a postnatal tissue.
Programming languages and the biological sciences

This paper presents an overview of the scripting, markup, and general purpose programming languages used for scientific research and discovery in the biological sciences. This material may be useful for inclusion in a programming languages class and as a starting point for undergraduate interdisciplinary research and programming projects.
Induced-emission cross sections in neodymium laser glasses

A method for calculating induced-emission cross sections in neodymium laser glasses, based on simple absorbance measurements, has been demonstrated. Absorption and emission transition probabilities of four silicate-base neodymium laser glasses have been characterized in terms of the Judd-Ofelt (JO) model of crystal-field-induced electric-dipole transitions. Absolute absorption intensities in 3669A, ED-2, LSG-91H, and S33 glasses were measured and used to determine three phenomenological intensity parameters for each glass which accounted for the measured intensities to within 5 percent (rms). Emission intensities between the metastable4 F_{3/2} and terminal4 I J levels were then calculated for each glass, together with the4 F_{3/2} radiative lifetime, fluorescence branching ratios, and radiative quantum efficiency. Calculated values of these quantities for 3669A and S33 glasses are compared with measured values appearing in the literature. Using experimental line shapes for the4 F_{3/2} \rightarrow 4 I_{11/2} transitions at 1.06μ, induced-emission cross sections for these glasses were calculated.
Choloepus hoffmanni (Hoffmann’s two-toed sloth)

These karyotypes were kindly donated by Drs. J. Corin and J. Corin-Frederic, University Liege, Belgium. The study was performed on ten animals (fibrous tissue culture) collected in Panama, Costa Rica and Equador. All possessed 49 chromosomes. Females are apparently XO, males have one unpaired element which in size is the 23rd autosome. A Y-23 translocation is inferred; this is supported by meiosis study. Female interphase nuclei are chromatin negative. The X is 5.91%, the Y is 1.58% of the haploid set. The animals were identified by all having six cervical vertebrae.
Power and place: Agency, ecology, and history in the American Bottom, Illinois

Is ecology or agency the principal imperative of the formation of complex societies? Using new survey data, the author shows how both interest in the development of the riverside settlement area of the American Bottom and how the different modern histories of the northern (industrial) and the southern (agricultural) American Bottom, have affected the survival of evidence and how this in turn has favoured a different emphasis in interpretation for each.
A Crossed Beam and ab Initio Investigation on the Formation of Boronyldiacetylene (HCCCC11BO; X1Σ+) via the Reaction of the Boron Monoxide Radical (11BO; X2Σ+) with Diacetylene (C4H2; X1Σg+)

The reaction dynamics of the boron monoxide radical (11BO; X2Σ+) with diacetylene (C4H2; X1Σg+) were investigated at a nominal collision energy of 17.5 kJ mol–1 employing the crossed molecular beam technique and supported by ab initio and statistical (RRKM) calculations. The reaction is governed by indirect (complex forming) scattering dynamics with the boron monoxide radical adding with its boron atom to the carbon–carbon triple bond of the diacetylene molecule at one of the terminal carbon atoms without entrance barrier. This leads to a doublet radical intermediate (C4H211BO), which undergoes unimolecular decomposition through hydrogen atom emission from the C1 carbon atom via a tight exit transition state located about 18 kJ mol–1 above the separated products. This process forms the hitherto elusive boronyldiacetylene molecule (HCCCC11BO; X1Σ+) in a bimolecular gas phase reaction under single collision conditions. The overall reaction was determined to be exoergic by 62 kJ mol–1. The reaction dynamics ...
How Should Essence Be Determined? Reflections on Hegel's Two Divergent Accounts

Hegel’s Logic of Essence has presented a special challenge to readers. On Hegel’s own account, the categories of essence are the most difficult to comprehend1 and that difficulty has been accentuated by the primacy that often gets ascribed to them. The logic of essence addresses determinacy as determined by some prior determiner, something exemplified in such two-tiered relationships as essence and appearance, ground and grounded, a thing and its properties, a whole and its parts, and cause and effect. Accordingly, the categories of essence appear privileged to those who regard determinacy as always grounded in some foundation.2 That presupposition is shared by conscious experience in that consciousness constitutively treats its mental contents as representations reflecting objects that ground their truth. Even when philosophical speculation makes a transcendental turn and treats the object of experience as determined by the structure of knowing, constructed objectivity remains within the orbit of the logic of essence.3 Whether grounded in things in themselves or in cognition, what is knowable gets construed in categories of essence, where determinacy is always posited by a determiner, whose own determining character resides in its relation to its posit.
Canine distemper outbreak modeled in an animal shelter

Canine distemper virus (CDV) is a highly contagious virus that can cause outbreaks, specifically in crowding situations, such as an animal shelter, in which a large number of susceptible dogs are brought together. Introduction of this virus into a shelter can have devastating effects, potentially resulting in shelter canine depopulation. Motivated by recent outbreaks in Tennessee, a mathematical model was constructed to find relevant factors that could assist in preventing or reducing outbreaks. A system of ordinary differential equations was derived to represent the spread of CDV through susceptible, exposed, infected and recovered (S–E–I–R) classes as well as a vaccinated (V) class. Our model was adapted to represent a local Knoxville shelter. The effects of various control methods, both preventative and corrective, on disease spread were investigated.
A Terminal Case Revisited: The Preservation of Cincinnati's Union Terminal Concourse Mosaics

When it was reported in the Spring, 1973 issue of Art Journal that the fate of Cincinnati's famed Art Deco train station was hanging “by a thread,” plans were underway to preserve the concourse mosaics even if methods failed to materialize for the saving of the entire building. The means of mosaic preservation are worth recording, not only as part of the documented history of this building, but also because these methods could prove helpful in other projects requiring mosaic removal. Indeed, the size of each mosaic, from the concourse section of the building, presented an imposing problem, since each measured roughly about 20 feet by 20 feet and could not have been moved easily without considerable care, effort, and financing. A second factor was the material from which the images were made since the artist, Winold Reiss (1886–1953), employed not only tesserae for figures but also colored cement in the broad background areas of the panels. Thus, the fragile nature of the mosaics had to be kept in mind dur...
Local Electronic Structure and Cohesion of Grain Boundaries in Ni3Al

One of the fundamental questions concerning Ni 3 Al is why doping with boron improves the room temperature ductility of the polycrystalline material. Boron is thought to prevent environmental embrittlement and increase the cohesive strength of grain boundaries since it changes the fracture mode from intergranular to transgranular. This change in cohesive energy must be reflected in the bonding changes at the grain boundary which can be probed using spatially resolved electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS). We have examined grain boundaries in both undoped and boron doped Ni 0.76 Al 0.24 using EELS, EDX and ADF imaging in a UHV STEM. Ni-enrichment is seen in a 0.5–1 nm wide region at large angle grain boundaries, both in the absence and presence of B. EELS shows that B segregation can vary along the interface. The Ni L 2, 3 core edge fine structure which is sensitive to the filling of the Ni d-band, shows only the boron rich regions of the grain boundary to have a bonding similar to that of the bulk material. These results demonstrate that boron segregation increases the cohesive energy and hence improves the fracture resistance of the grain boundary, by making the bonding at boundaries similar to that in the bulk. The measured changes in d band filling may also affect the local solubility of hydrogen.