cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pituitary and peripheral thyroid hormone responses to thyrotropin-releasing hormone during sustained sleep deprivation in freely moving rats.

Sleep deprivation is associated with poor cognitive ability and impaired physical health, but the ways in which the brain and body become compromised are not understood. In sleep-deprived rats, plasma total T4 and T3 concentrations decline progressively to 78% and 47% below baseline values, respectively, brown adipose tissue 5'-deiodinase type II activity increases 100-fold, and serum TSH values are unknown. The progressive decline in plasma thyroid hormones is associated with a deep negative energy balance despite normal or increased food intake and malnutrition-like symptoms that eventuate in hypothermia and lethal systemic infections. The purpose of the present experiment was to evaluate the probable causes of the low plasma total T4 during sleep deprivation by measuring the free hormone concentration to minimize binding irregularities and by challenging the pituitary-thyroid axis with iv TRH to determine both 1) the pituitary release of TSH and 2) the thyroidal response of free T4 (FT4) and free T3 (F...
A turbulent flow theory of electrodialysis

Abstract A hydrodynamic theory is presented of desalination by electrodialysis in a parallel channel system with unobstructed fully developed turbulent flow. A set of turbulent transport equations is derived for the mean salt concentration and electric field. Closure of the set is brought about by introducing a turbulent diffusion coefficient whose behavior is assumed known from empirical mass transfer considerations, and by making two different but phenomenologically reasonable assumptions about that part of the average ion flux which is due to the correlation between the concentration and electric field fluctuations. Estimates show both assumptions to lead to sensibly the same final results. From the equations and boundary conditions it is shown that there are five parameters which govern the system performance. Four are the same as for the corresponding laminar case, while the fifth measures the thickness of the concentration diffusion sublayer, the value of which is taken to be given by semi-empirical turbulent mass transfer results for high Schmidt numbers. The thickness of this diffusion layer is found to be the critical factor governing the salt removal rate. An integral method of solution is used to obtain the distributions of salt concentration and current density. A numerical quadrature is required for the complete solution. Analytic solutions are obtained in the unpolarized and fully polarized limits. Because of the very abrupt transition between these two limits, taken together the limiting analytic solutions are adequate to describe the system performance over the entire range of operating variables. For small fractional salt removal a universal correlation for the average current density embodying the five similarity parameters of the system is suggested based on the limiting solutions. Comparison of the theory is made with the experimental results of Cowan and Brown on average limiting current density and the agreement is found to be satisfactory.
Neurolytic celiac plexus block for pancreatic cancer pain: A review of literature

The effective management of pancreatic cancer pain continues to be a major challenge for patients and clinicians. Up to 80% of patients with advanced pancreatic cancer present with the symptoms of severe pain. One of the most important goals in their management is achieving the highest quality of life throughout the course of disease with effective palliation of pain. Majority of the current data supports the use Neurolytic celiac plexus block (NCPB) and has been shown to be more effective in reducing pain compared with standard pharmacotherapy. NCPBs have led to decreased opioid requirements and related side effects, thus preventing deterioration in quality of life. In this article, we discuss the treatment of pancreatic cancer pain and the advances in techniques of performing NCPB. We also analyzed the incidence of complications and the quality of pain relief with the use of NCPB. NCPB is effective, has a low incidence of complications, and should be used more often in patients with pancreatic cancer pain.
Arterial Embolization for Radical Tumor Resection

Two contemporary measures, selective transarterial embolization (Almgard et al. 1973) and controlled hypotensive anesthesia (Davis et al. 1974), have been combined in an effort to reduce the risk of operative bleeding in a case of massive bone and muscle resection of a highly vascular carcinoma lesion in the proximal third of the femur. This approach may be helpful in such cases.
Measurement of biodegradation rate constants of a water extract from petroleum-contaminated soil

Abstract The study of biodegradation rate constants of petroleum products in water extract from contaminated soil presents an important component in the evaluation of bioremediation process. In this study, soil samples were gathered from an industrial site which was used for maintenance and storage of heavy equipment used in the oil and gas exploration and production industry. The petroleum contaminants were extracted from the soil using distilled water. This water extract was used as the substrate to acclimate a microbial community and also for the biological kinetic studies. Kinetic studies were carried out in batch reactors, and the biodegradation rates were monitored by a computer-controlled respirometer. The BOD data were analyzed by using the Monod equation. Experimental results give the average value of the maximum rate constant as 0.038 mg BOD/(mg VSS hr) and the average value of the substrate concentration of half rate as 746 mg BOD/λ. A GC/MS analysis on the samples of the test solutions before and after 5 days of biological oxidation indicates that the hydrocarbons initially present in the solution were degraded.
Contesting representations of gender stratification in Pohnpei, Micronesia

Abstract Both space and language are resourcesin the production of social hierarchies. In Pohnpei, Micronesia, the social categorization of space in the feasthouse creates a map of the social order that includes a subordinate identity for women, that of a wife whose status depends on her husband's. However, women orators at feasts discursively subvert characterizations of women's status as contingent on men. The orators invoke a more complex range of gendered subject positions than are expressed spatially, including women's multiple identities as mother, sister, and wife. This article examines how gendered space in the Pohnpeian feasthouse relates to gendered discourse and discourse about gender. The tension between the spatial representation of women's status and the discursive one indicates that the production of social stratification is a dynamic and interactive process in Pohnpei, entailing contradiction as well as confirmation within and across semiotic modalities.
Software evolution and maintenance

Successful software requires constant change that is triggered by evolving requirements, technologies, and stakeholder knowledge. This constant change constitutes software evolution. Software evolution has gained steadily in importance and recently moved into the center of attention of software developers. There is the new prominence of evolutionary software development that includes agile, iterative, open source, inner source, and other processes. As a consequence, the bulk of software development now happens in the stage of software evolution and this changed the face of software engineering. This paper discusses evolutionary software development and also discusses the software change, which is the fundamental software evolution task. It further discusses research methodologies, teaching software evolution in undergraduate curriculum, and difference between software evolution and software maintenance. For all these themes, this travelogue paper presents the current state of the art and the perspective of the future advance.
Transport of proteins in eukaryotic cells: more questions ahead

Some newly synthesized proteins contain signals that direct their transport to their final location within or outside of the cell. Targeting signals are recognized by specific protein receptors located either in the cytoplasm or in the membrane of the target organelle. Specific membrane protein complexes are involved in insertion and translocation of polypeptides across the membranes. Often, additional targeting signals are required for a polypeptide to be further transported to its site of function. In this review, we will describe the trafficking of proteins to various cellular organelles (nucleus, chloroplasts, mitochondria, peroxisomes) with emphasis on transport to and through the secretory pathway.
Learning to talk the educational psychology talk through a problem-based course

A sociocultural view of learning proposes that learning involves becoming enculturated into a community of practice. A step along the way is learning to use the specialized language of such a community, as language is a crucial tool that regulates participation, mediates cognition and plays a central role in the development of thought. Problem-based learning (PBL), with its emphasis on collaborative discourse, provides opportunities for students to develop the conceptual language of a discipline, which in turn affects cognition. In a problem-based undergraduate Educational Psychology course, many psychological theories, concepts and principles are introduced to pre-service teachers. During the course, as students learn through problem solving, they engage with new knowledge. This evolving knowledge requires new discourse structures that will allow students to express their new ideas and that will ultimately structure students' ways of knowing. The content of group and individual artifacts is analyzed to examine how PBL influences students' language and knowledge development over the course of the semester in an Educational Psychology class (n = 34). The goal of this paper is to present these analyses and to discuss how the change affects students' language and knowledge.
Collaborative Inquiry with Technology in Secondary Science Classrooms: Professional Learning Community Development at Work

The development of critical scientific literacy in primary and secondary school classrooms requires authentic inquiry with a basis in the real world. Pairing scientists with educators and employing informatics and visualization tools are two successful ways to achieve this. This article is based on rich data collected over eight years from middle and high school chemistry, physics, biology, vocational, social studies, engineering, mathematics, computer science, and environmental studies classrooms across Illinois. Situated, longitudinal, external evaluation reveals strategies for successful — and significant — technology integration with demonstrable impact on science learners. Conclusions from the data are: (1) collaboration within teams composed of graduate students and faculty from the university and cooperating schools influences the degree of sustainable and transformative change in the classroom; (2) when teachers, scientists, and students feel supported by their institutions, meaningful inquiry occ...
p21cip1 is required for the differentiation of oligodendrocytes independently of cell cycle withdrawal.

Differentiation of most cell types requires both establishment of G1 arrest and the induction of a program related to achieving quiescence. We have chosen to study the differentiation of oligodendrocyte cells to determine the role of p27 and p21 in this process. Here we report that both p27 and p21 are required for the appropriate differentiation of these cells. p27 is required for proper withdrawal from the cell cycle, p21 is not. Instead, p21 is required for the establishment of the differentiation program following growth arrest. Similar observations were made in vivo. We show that p21–/– cells withdraw from the cell cycle similar to wild-type cells; however, early in animal life, the brain is hypomyelinated, inferring that the loss of p21 delayed myelination in the cerebellum. We found that we could complement or bypass the differentiation failure in p21–/– cells with either PD98059, an inhibitor of Mek1, or by transducing them with a tat–p16Ink4a protein. We concluded that the two cdk inhibitors serve non-redundant roles in this program of differentiation, with p27 being responsible for arrest and p21 having a function in differentiation independent of its ability to control exit from the cell cycle.
Spontaneous resolution of retinal detachment in morning glory disk anomaly

Morning glory disk anomaly is generally a unilateral, sporadic congenital abnormality of the optic disk. These eyes are at risk of developing retinal detachment requiring surgical repair. The etiology of retinal detachment is incompletely understood in this condition and some reports have attributed it to a retinal break. We report an unusual case of morning glory disk anomaly with total nonrhegmatogenous exudative retinal detachment that displayed remarkable subsequent spontaneous resolution.
Student Psychosocial and Cognitive Development: Theory to Practice in Academic Libraries

Academic librarians have long been concerned with facilitating the teaching of information seeking and critical thinking skills among the undergraduate student population. In this sense, librarians are very much interested in facilitating student development. This article briefly describes the two major theories of student development, places these theories in the context of academic librarianship, and offers suggestions on how librarians can apply (map) these theories to practice when interacting with students. The goal is to enhance programmatic library interventions in order to further develop students’ information research skills.
Partnership in Truth-Making

After arguing that truth-making is properly construed as a partnership between truth bearers and truth-makers, I focus on two prominent arguments against the category of fact as one of the key relata in the truth-making relation. After rejecting those arguments, I go on to examine a more difficult issue, one that might force us to appreciate more fully the robust role that thought has in “creating” truth.
Advancing the science of sedentary behavior measurement.

who reportedthatthedeterminantsofsedentarybehaviorandphysicalactivity might be distinct. Over the past 10 years, morethan350articleshavebeenpublishedthathavemeasuredor conceptualized sedentary behavior as a concept dis-tinct from physical activity, and there is now widespreadconceptual and empirical support that the two exert in-dependent and interdependent influences on health.
Raman spectroscopy shows antifreeze glycoproteins interact with highly oriented pyrolytic graphite

Raman spectra of a mixture of antifreeze glycoproteins (AFGP) 6, 7 and 8 adsorbed on a highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) surface spanning the range of 50 to 4500 cm−1 were measured. It was found that the Raman signature of AFGP had been significantly altered because of its interaction with the HOPG surface; when compared with the spectra of bulk AFGP compounds, at least three new peaks were observed around 860, 940 and 1000 cm−1, and two other peaks that were not well resolved in the bulk spectra around 1050 and 1155 cm−1 were enhanced and well discriminated. The peak positions depended on the facet of HOPG presented to the proteins, and their relative intensities depended on the concentration of AFGP used in the adsorption experiment. The results indicated the possibility of multiple binding sites of AFGP on HOPG surfaces. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Seasonal variation in the glucosinolate content of North American Brassica nigra and Dentaria species

Concentrations of glucosinolates in the leaves of the woodland cruciferous herbs Dentaria laciniata, D. diphylla and D. maxima declined during the 1974 growing season but generally equalled or exceeded the levels found in the foliage of Brassica nigra, a crucifer of neighbouring open habitats. The superior quality of Dentaria foliage for certain crucifer-feeding insects does not seem to result from an unusually low concentration of glucosinolates. The qualitative and quantitative compositions of glucosinolates in the leaves and rhizomes of D. maxima were found to be intermediate between the corresponding values for D. laciniata and D. diphylla. This finding is consistent with a hybrid origin for D. maxima.
Enhancement of pigment concentrations in Dunaliella tertiolecta as a result of copper toxicity.

The addition of copper to coastal waters through the disposal of complex effluents has been increasing. Copper is a well known algicide. It binds to the cell membrane, effects permeability mechanisms and attaches to SH groups on vital enzymes. The ability of algae to withstand copper toxicity varies greatly. The green flagellate, Dunaliella tertiolecta has previously been shown to be highly resistant to copper. Its ability to withstand high concentrations of copper promotes growth of Dunaliella in coastal waters contaminated with increased copper concentrations. Dunaliella tertiolecta possesses chlorophylls a and b, small amounts of alpha- and greater amounts of beta-carotene as well as neoxanthin, zeaxanthin and lutein. This study was undertaken to determine the effect of lethal and sublethal concentrations of copper on the growth and production of chlorophyll and carotenoids in Dunaliella tertiolecta.
Die Depolarisation der Natrium‐Resonanzfluoreszenz

Die Polarisation der Resonanzfluoreszenz wurde bei verschiedenen Dampfdrucken des Natriums im Bereich von 1 · 10−7 bis 1 · 10−4 Torr und Magnetfeldstarken zwischen 0 und 300 Gaus untersucht. Das eingestrahlte NaD-Licht war linear polarisiert, und zwar parallel zu ℌ. Die Abnahme des Polarisationsgrades, die bereits bei etwa 1 · 1010 Na-Atomen pro cm3 einsetzte, wird bei den sehr niedrigen Dampfdrucken als Effekt der Strahlungsdiffusion gedeutet.
Effects of Thyroxine and KSCN on Capacity of Rat Thyroid Gland to Accumulate Astatine211.

Summary1. The administration of thyroxine to the intact female Sprague-Dawley rat resulted in a lowered thyroidal accumulation of both At211 and I131. Since it is known that thyroxine inhibits production of TSH by the pituitary gland, it is suggested that a reduced pituitary function resulted in a reduced thyroidal accumulation of both halogens. It is further indicated that the thyroidal accumulation of At211 is under pituitary control. 2. It has been demonstrated that thiocyanate blocks the thyroidal accumulation of astatide, and that since thiocyanate can discharge At211 from the thyroid gland, At211 probably is not organically bound in a manner similar to the organic binding of I131.
In Vitro Blood–Brain Barrier Models: Current and Perspective Technologies

Even in the 21st century, studies aimed at characterizing the pathological paradigms associated with the development and progression of central nervous system diseases are primarily performed in laboratory animals. However, limited translational significance, high cost, and labor to develop the appropriate model (e.g., transgenic or inbred strains) have favored parallel in vitro approaches. In vitro models are of particular interest for cerebrovascular studies of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which plays a critical role in maintaining the brain homeostasis and neuronal functions. Because the BBB dynamically responds to many events associated with rheological and systemic impairments (e.g., hypoperfusion), including the exposure of potentially harmful xenobiotics, the development of more sophisticated artificial systems capable of replicating the vascular properties of the brain microcapillaries are becoming a major focus in basic, translational, and pharmaceutical research. In vitro BBB models are valuable and easy to use supporting tools that can precede and complement animal and human studies. In this article, we provide a detailed review and analysis of currently available in vitro BBB models ranging from static culture systems to the most advanced flow-based and three-dimensional coculture apparatus. We also discuss recent and perspective developments in this ever expanding research field.
Critical conversations: A call for a nonprocedural “time out”†

Background Communication failures are an ongoing threat to patient safety. Procedural "time outs" were developed as a method to enhance communication and mitigate patient harm. Nonprocedural settings generate equal risks for communication failure, yet lack a similar communication tool or practice that can be applied, particularly with a patient-driven focus. Innovation Rapidly changing clinical states and care plans are common in the hospital setting, placing patients at risk for adverse events. Certain junctures allow for the highest potential of patient harm-at the time of admission, at a change in clinical condition, and at the time of discharge. Direct communication among healthcare providers at these junctures, which we have dubbed Critical Conversations, can provide an opportunity to clarify plans of care, address or anticipate concerns, and foster greater teamwork. Information exchanged during Critical Conversations includes a combination of checklist-type items and more open-ended questions but they ultimately create a structure and expectation for communication. Lessons learned Integration of Critical Conversations into practice requires provider education and buy-in, as well as expectations for them to occur. Monitoring adherence, capturing stories of success, and demonstrating effectiveness may enhance implementation and continuous improvement in the process. Conclusions Communication tools designed to reduce the likelihood of patient harm remain a focus of patient safety efforts. Critical Conversations are an innovative communication tool, intervention, and policy that potentially limits communication failures at critical junctures to ensure high quality and safe patient care.
Input output curves of aggregates of “simple counter” neurons

The refractory periods of an aggregate of simple “counter” neurons are assumed distributed according to some probability frequency. The output of the aggregate is computed for rectangular and triangular distributions. In particular, it is shown that the maximum output of an aggregate with any triangular distribution cannot exceed the maximum output of its average neuron by a factor greater than 2 ln 2. This puts an upper bound on the amount of departure from the behavior of the average neuron which an aggregate characterized by a certain type of distribution can show. Next, the aggregate is supposed to be subjected to regularly spaced stimuli. Under these conditions, a single neuron will give a discontinuous output curve. If, however, the refractory periods are distributed according to some frequency, the output curve may be “smoothed out.” A general condition on the distribution is derived which makes the output monotone increasing with the input. The condition is applied to some special cases.
The Structure of Closed-End Fund Discounts

Closed-end funds represent an ideal vehicle for studying the possibility of mispricing in financial markets. Despite substantial previous research, much remains to be learned about why closed-end funds consistently sell at values other than their net asset value. This study investigates nine potential explanations of the discounts on closed-end equity funds. These explanations include dividend yield, discount volatility, tax-trading opportunities, unrealized capital appreciation, managerial performance, managerial expense ratios, portfolio turnover, volume, and block ownership. Test results show significant support for the theory that the size of the discount may be due to investors seeking compensation for dividend-related tax costs. There is also strong support for a positive relationship between the size of the discount and the risk associated with the discount variance. The third significant result concerns the ability of block-holders to either participate in improper trading of fund shares or to protect small investors from improper fund trading.
Murine leukemia virus spreading in mice impaired in the biogenesis of secretory lysosomes and Ca2+-regulated exocytosis.

Background Retroviruses have been observed to bud intracellularly into multivesicular bodies (MVB), in addition to the plasma membrane. Release from MVB is thought to occur by Ca(2+)-regulated fusion with the plasma membrane. Principal findings To address the role of the MVB pathway in replication of the murine leukemia virus (MLV) we took advantage of mouse models for the Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome (HPS) and Griscelli syndrome. In humans, these disorders are characterized by hypopigmentation and immunological alterations that are caused by defects in the biogenesis and trafficking of MVBs and other lysosome related organelles. Neonatal mice for these disease models lacking functional AP-3, Rab27A and BLOC factors were infected with Moloney MLV and the spread of virus into bone marrow, spleen and thymus was monitored. We found a moderate reduction in MLV infection levels in most mutant mice, which differed by less than two-fold compared to wild-type mice. In vitro, MLV release form bone-marrow derived macrophages was slightly enhanced. Finally, we found no evidence for a Ca(2+)-regulated release pathway in vitro. Furthermore, MLV replication was only moderately affected in mice lacking Synaptotagmin VII, a Ca(2+)-sensor regulating lysosome fusion with the plasma membrane. Conclusions Given that MLV spreading in mice depends on multiple rounds of replication even moderate reduction of virus release at the cellular level would accumulate and lead to a significant effect over time. Thus our in vivo and in vitro data collectively argue against an essential role for a MVB- and secretory lysosome-mediated pathway in the egress of MLV.
A spatial model of phytoplankton patchiness

The one-dimensional theory of critical-length scales of phytoplankton patchiness is developed to include phytoplankton growth and herbivore grazing as functions of time and space. The critical-length scale L c for the pathch is then determined by the initial spatial distribution and concentration of the limiting nutrient and herbivores in addition to the daily averaged values of the growth and loss processes. The response of an initial phytoplankton patch to the stresses of turbulent diffusion, nutrient depletion, light periodicity, and nocturnal or continuous herbivore grazing is investigated numerically for several oceanic conditions. Nocturnal grazing, while less stressful on primary production than continous grazing, results in lower phytoplankton standing stocks. Increase in biomass of vertically migrating zooplankton results in a net loss of nutrient which might otherwise be egested, recycled, and utilized in the euphotic zone under continuous grazing conditions. The Ivlev constant is shown via sensitivity analysis to be a significant parameter ultimately influencing phytoplankton production. It is demonstrated numerically that diffusion of phytoplankton cells from areas of high concentration to low concentration prevents the local extinction of the standing stock, thereby rendering a positive herbivore grazing-threshold unnecessary for ecosystem stability.
Bioisosterism: Quantitation of Structure and Property Effects

The powerful concept of bioisosterism is presented as a method for selecting molecular groups for drug design and lead-compound development. Three group-structure characteristics are described for this purpose. The E-State value for an attached atom is used as a measure of electrotopological group impact. The volume of the group is estimated from counts of sigma, pi, and lone-pair n electrons, as embodied in the valence and simple connectivity delta values for atoms in the group. Polarity is described in terms of the polarity index Q(v). Specific examples are given for commonly used groups. Parameter spaces encoding these three attributes are presented as examples that may be used to guide bioisostere selection in late-stage drug-design procedures. The method presented here is of practical value in the decision processes of molecular modification.
Modeling cyclic therapy in gene regulatory networks

External control of a gene regulatory network is used for the purpose of avoiding undesirable states, such as those associated with disease. Certain types of cancer therapies are given in cycles: each treatment is followed by a recovery phase. In a recovery phase, the side effects tend to gradually degrade. Here, an intervention strategy that simulates cyclic therapies is proposed. It is shown how an optimal cyclic intervention strategy can be devised in the context of probabilistic Boolean networks. The effectiveness of optimal cyclic therapies is shown through numerical studies.
Intracorporal injection of hSlo cDNA restores erectile capacity in STZ-diabetic F-344 rats in vivo

The ability of gene transfer with the pore-forming subunit of the human maxi-K channel (hSlo) to ameliorate the decline in erectile capacity commensurate with 12–24 wk of streptozotocin (STZ)-diabe...
Differences between the regulation of noradrenaline and ATP release

1. We have studied the effects of adrenergic receptor agonists and antagonists and various calcium channel antagonists on the overflow of adenine nucleotides (ATP, ADP, AMP), adenosine (ADO) and noradrenaline (NA) from superfused guinea-pig vasa deferentia evoked by electrical field stimulation (EFS). 2. Samples of superfusate were taken at 10 s intervals for analysis of purines (HPLC with fluorescence detection) and of NA (HPLC with electrochemical detection). During 1 min of EFS the overflow of ATP peaked at about 20 s and then abruptly decreased even though stimulation continued. The overflow of NA reached a peak at about 40 s and remained at a constant level for the duration of the stimulation. 3. Pretreatment with the alpha 2-receptor antagonists idazoxan and yohimbine produced a substantial increase in the overflow of NA and a lesser increase in the overflow of ATP, indicating that endogenously released NA has a greater influence on its own release than on that of ATP. Interestingly, certain alpha 2-agonists. e.g. xylazine and clonidine, produce a greater reduction in ATP release than NA. Together the results suggest that the release of ATP and NA may be regulated by different subsets of prejunctional alpha 2-receptors. 4. The N-type calcium channel antagonist omega-conotoxin reduced the EFS-evoked release of NA to a greater extent than ATP while the P-type calcium channel antagonist omega-agatoxin did the reverse. These results indicate that NA release may be more dependent on calcium influx through N-type channels whereas ATP release is coupled to calcium entry through P-type channels. 5. These differences in the pharmacological regulation of ATP and NA release lend credence to the idea that these two co-transmitters originate from different release sites in adrenergic nerves.
Does lower extremity osteoarthritis exacerbate risk factors for falls in older adults

The risk of falling reportedly increases almost 2.5-times in those with lower extremity osteoarthritis (OALE) compared with age-matched controls. However, the mechanisms underlying the increased risk are not clear. The risk factors for falls in people with OALE found in the literature are mostly the same as the risk factors for people without OALE. It is hypothesized that risk factors for falls are exacerbated by OALE, such that these individuals are more likely to become dynamically unstable and, once this has occurred, are less able to perform an appropriate compensatory stepping response compared with people without OALE. To the extent that this is true, task-specific training targeting the compensatory step, which decreases falls in middle-aged and older women, should be effective for people with OALE. The purpose of the present review is to provide the rationale for the above hypothesis. Furthermore, the present authors present evidence that the fall risk of people with OALE could be efficiently and ...
Flow Limitation on Expiration Induces Central Particle Deposition and Disrupts Effective Flow of Airway Mucus

Abstract To evaluate the effects of dynamic compression of central lung airways on deposition and retention pattern of insoluble particles in the lung, healthy subjects (n = 12) performed respiratory manoeuvres during and previous to, particle inhalations. Particles, 4–6 μm EAD, were radiolabelled and imaged non-invasively in the thorax by Anger camera. Forced expiratory manoeuvres shifted distributions of particle deposition into central regions; distributions of particle deposition were more diffuse when inhalational volumes were on average > 60% of the subject's inspiratory capacity. Coughing manoeuvres, previous to particle inhalations, had a subsequent influence on airway mucociliary function. The average clearance times of particles from the lung were increased by 37% on post-cough test days as compared to control tests; regional analysis indicated that mucus flow through juxtahilar airways was delayed, but that peripheral transport of mucus into these airways was normal. These data suggest that a causal relationship may exit between compression of large bronchi during forced expiratory manoeuvres and 1) hyperdeposition of aerosol in central lung regions and 2) reduced mucociliary function of juxtahilar airways.
The development of arithmetic principle knowledge: How do we know what learners know?

This paper reviews research on learners’ knowledge of three arithmetic principles: Commutativity, Relation to Operands, and Inversion. Studies of arithmetic principle knowledge vary along several dimensions, including the age of the participants, the context in which the arithmetic is presented, and most importantly, the type of knowledge assessment (e.g., application of procedures, evaluation of examples). The vast majority of studies utilize single-faceted knowledge assessments, which can lead to incomplete or misleading views of learners’ knowledge. Both context and type of knowledge assessment can influence conclusions about learners’ arithmetic principle knowledge. However, relatively few studies directly address the possible effects of context or type of knowledge assessment on their results. To move the field forward, research that utilizes multifaceted knowledge assessments is needed.
Age differences in veridical and false recall are not inevitable: The role of frontal lobe function

The relationship of neuropsychological measures of frontal lobe function to age differences in false recall was assessed using the Deese/Roediger-McDermott associative false memory paradigm (Deese, 1959; Roediger & McDermott, 1995). As other studies have found, older adults were less likely to correctly recall studied items and more likely to falsely recall highly related but nonpresented items than were younger adults. When older adults were divided based on a composite measure of frontal lobe functioning, this age difference was found only for low frontal lobe functioning individuals. High frontal lobe functioning older adults and young adults had equivalent levels of false recall, as well as equivalent levels of veridical recall. These results suggest that age differences in memory may be due to declines in frontal lobe function. More important, our findings indicate that declines in veridical recall and increases in false recall are not an inevitable consequence of aging.
Neural correlates of cue retrieval, task set reconfiguration, and rule mapping in the explicit cue task switching paradigm

Event-related brain potentials (ERPs) were used in two experiments to examine the neural correlates of processes underlying task switching in the information-reduction task switching paradigm. Each experiment included 22 participants. The paradigm included two cues for each task. This element of the design allowed us to differentiate the ERP correlates of cue retrieval, task set reconfiguration, and rule mapping. The ERP data revealed a parietal slow wave that was sensitive to processes associated with cue retrieval and task set reconfiguration and a frontal-polar slow wave that was sensitive to processes associated with rule mapping. These findings further the proposal that an endogenous act of control supporting processes related to task set reconfiguration and rule mapping may facilitate performance of the explicit cue task switching paradigm.
The effect of global SSTR5 gene ablation on the endocrine pancreas and glucose regulation in aging mice

Introduction. We have reported that beta cell-specific ablation of somatostatin receptor subtype 5 (SSTR5) using the CRE-Lox system results in early changes in the endocrine pancreas and autoimmune diabetes. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of global ablation of SSTR5 on the endocrine pancreas, insulin secretion, and glucose tolerance in aging mice. Methods. Global SSTR5−/− mice were generated and genotypes were verified using Southern blot and RT-PCR. Glucose tolerance and in vivo insulin secretion in SSTR5−/− and WT mice were examined using intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test (IPGTT;1.2–2.0 mg/kg) at 3, 6, 12, 18, and 24 months of age (n = 8 per group). Basal and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in vitro was studied using the isolated perfused mouse pancreas model at 3, 6, and 12 months. Pancreata were removed at 3 and 12 months of age and levels of the pancreas-specific transactivator PDX-1, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, and SSTR1 were studied using immunostaining. Results. Genotyping verified the absence of SSTR5 in SSTR5−/− mice. IPGTT demonstrated that SSTR5−/− mice had normal glucose tolerance and insulin response at 3 months; however, glucose intolerance and blunted insulin responses were found in 6 months and older SSTR5−/− mice compared with WT controls (P < 0.05). HE however, a marked increase in islet size and number were seen in 12-month SSTR5−/− mice and was associated with a significant increase of both PDX-1 and PCNA staining. SSTR1 expression was significantly increased in islet at 3 months of age, but was absent in islets at 12 months of age, as was somatostatin staining in SSTR5−/− mouse. Conclusions. Global ablation of SSTR5 resulted in alterations in glucose and insulin homeostasis only in older mice (≥6 months). Older SSTR5−/− mice had up regulation of PDX-1, PCNA, and marked islet proliferation, which coincided with the disappearance of SSTR1 expression and somatostatin staining in older mice. These results suggest that both SSTR5 and SSTR1 play a pivotal role in insulin secretion, glucose regulation, and islet cell proliferation in the aging mouse.
A Structural Analysis of Corporate Political Activity: An Application of MDS to the Study of Intercorporate Relations

During the past 2 decades, business has become increasingly active in the political process, and scholars continue to debate the extent to which this activity is organized. This fundamental issue is addressed by using multidimensional scaling to structurally analyze political action committee (PAC) campaign contributions within the context of resource dependence and class cohesion theories. Results indicate that resource dependence theory can better explain the forces that drive business participation in the U.S. public policy process. Both theoretical and managerial implications are discussed.
Accelerated belowground C cycling in a managed agriforest ecosystem exposed to elevated carbon dioxide concentrations

We investigated the effects of three elevated atmospheric CO2 levels on a Populus deltoides plantation at Biosphere 2 Laboratory in Oracle Arizona. Stable isotopes of carbon have been used as tracers to separate the carbon present before the CO2 treatments started (old C), from that fixed after CO2 treatments began (new C). Tree growth at elevated [CO2] increased inputs to soil organic matter (SOM) by increasing the production of fine roots and accelerating the rate of root C turnover. However, soil carbon content decreased as [CO2] in the atmosphere increased and inputs of new C were not found in SOM. Consequently, the rates of soil respiration increased by 141% and 176% in the 800 and 1200 μL L−1 plantations, respectively, when compared with ambient [CO2] after 4 years of exposure. However, the increase in decomposition of old SOM (i.e. already present when CO2 treatments began) accounted for 72% and 69% of the increase in soil respiration seen under elevated [CO2]. This resulted in a net loss of soil C at a rate that was between 10 and 20 times faster at elevated [CO2] than at ambient conditions. The inability to retain new and old C in the soil may stem from the lack of stabilization of SOM, allowing for its rapid decomposition by soil heterotrophs.
Effect of temperature, pH, and initial cell number on luxCDABE and nah gene expression during naphthalene and salicylate catabolism in the bioreporter organism Pseudomonas putida RB1353.

One limitation of employing lux bioreporters to monitor in situ microbial gene expression in dynamic, laboratory-scale systems is the confounding variability in the luminescent responses. For example, despite careful control of oxygen tension, growth stage, and cell number, luminescence from Pseudomonas putida RB1353, a naphthalene-degrading lux bioreporter, varied by more than sevenfold during saturated flow column experiments in our laboratory. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine what additional factors influence the luminescent response. Specifically, this study investigated the impact of temperature, pH, and initial cell number (variations within an order of magnitude) on the peak luminescence of P. putida RB1353 and the maximum degradation rate (Vmax) during salicylate and naphthalene catabolism. Statistical analyses based on general linear models indicated that under constant oxygen tension, temperature and pH accounted for 98.1% of the variability in luminescence during salicylate catabolism and 94.2 and 49.5% of the variability in Vmax during salicylate and naphthalene catabolism, respectively. Temperature, pH, and initial substrate concentration accounted for 99.9% of the variability in luminescence during naphthalene catabolism. Initial cell number, within an order of magnitude, did not have a significant influence on either peak luminescence or Vmax during salicylate and naphthalene catabolism. Over the ranges of temperature and pH evaluated, peak luminescence varied by more than 4 orders of magnitude. The minimum parameter deviation required to alter lux gene expression during salicylate and naphthalene catabolism was a change in temperature of 1°C, a change in pH of 0.2, or a change in initial cell number of 1 order of magnitude. Results from this study indicate that there is a need for careful characterization of the impact of environmental conditions on both the expression of the reporter and catabolic genes and the activities of the gene products. For example, even though lux gene expression was occurring at ∼35°C, the luciferase enzyme was inactive. Furthermore, this study demonstrates that with careful characterization and standardization of measurement conditions, the attainment of a reproducible luminescent response and an understanding of the response are feasible.
Secondary cutaneous marginal zone B-cell lymphoma presenting as lipoatrophy in a patient with hepatitis C.

Background: Hepatitis C viral infection is a significant public health problem; 170 million persons are infected worldwide and the prevalence in the southern part of the United States exceeds two percent. Extrahepatic manifestations of hepatitis C viral infection are common; notably, 15-20% of patients will develop cutaneous manifestations of their disease. There are numerous dermatologic diseases associated with hepatitis C infection, including lichen planus, leukocytoclasticvasculitis, and porphyria cutaneatarda. Main observation: Recently, epidemiological studies have also demonstrated an association between hepatitis C infection and the development of non-Hodgkin lymphoma, especially marginal zone B-cell lymphoma. Herein we report the unusual case of a systemic marginal zone lymphoma in a patient with hepatitis C infection presenting clinically as localized lipoatrophy. Conclusion: Lipoatrophy can be a rare and diagnostically challenging presentation of secondary cutaneous marginal zone B-cell lymphoma. The importance of early recognition and detection cannot be over emphasized, as new and effective anti-viral treatments can lead to lymphoma regression in up to 75% of patients. To our knowledge, this is the first case of hepatitis C viral infection associated marginal zone lymphoma to present as localized lipoatrophy. ( J Dermatol Case Rep . 2014; 8(2): 46-49)
THE DIRECT AND MODERATING INFLUENCES OF SEXUAL-HARASSMENT PERVASIVENESS, COPING STRATEGIES, AND GENDER ON WORK-RELATED OUTCOMES

This study explores the direct and moderating influences of sexual-harassment (SH) pervasiveness, coping strategies, and gender on work-related consequences of sexual harassment among a national, representative sample of federal employees who had experienced some form of unwanted sexual attention (N = 553 men and 1,782 women). Regression analysis revealed that, contrary to conventional wisdom, individuals who experienced frequent SH and who used confrontive coping strategies tended to experience worse job outcomes than did others. Furthermore, use of confrontive coping tended to amplify associations between harassment pervasiveness and consequences, especially for men. A “wimpy male” hypothesis to explain this last finding is discussed. Finally, the study suggests that efforts to help both women and men to effectively respond to sexual harassment are needed.
ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID OF TWO SPECIES OF TRICHOMONAS DONNE.

SYNOPSIS. A modification of the method of Marmur permits the ready isolation of native deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) from some strains of Trichomonas vagtnalis and T. gallinae. Analysis of the purified DNA by thermal denaturation and density gradient centrifugation shows both to be quite rich in adenine plus thymine and to display considerable compositional heterogeneity. Analyses for dry weight, total nitrogen, and amounts of the nucleic acids are also given.
Lebias stiassnyae: A New Species of Killifish from Lake Afdera, Ethiopia (Teleostei: Cyprinodontidae)

Abstract A new species of killifish, Lebias stiassnyae, is described from Lake Afdera, Ethiopia. It is readily distinguished from all congeners by the unique combination of a sharply upturned lower jaw oriented nearly perpendicular to the body axis, an open cephalic neuromast system, the lack of an interarcual cartilage, an obliquely positioned pectoral fin base, and a large body size.
The Development of a Second-Generation, Designer, Recombinant Hemoglobin

The first-generation hemoglobin therapeutics,most of which were created more than 10 years ago, were designed to make a solution that looked identical to hemoglobin contained within a red blood cell. Numerous issues have been raised with their experimental use such as pulmonary and systemic vasoactivity, extravasation of hemoglobin, serum enzyme increases, adverse effects on gastrointestinal motility, generation of myocardial lesions, and potential interactions between hemoglobin and endotoxin. In retrospect, these physiologic effects are not unexpected, since it is now known that an inherent property of all natural (wild-type) hemoglobins is their ability to interact with nitric oxide (NO), secondary to extravasation of the hemoglobin into parenchymal tissue.
Autobiography in a Different Voice: Maxine Hong Kingston's The Woman Warrior

(1987). Autobiography in a Different Voice: Maxine Hong Kingston's The Woman Warrior. a/b: Auto/Biography Studies: Vol. 3, No. 3, pp. 29-35.