cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Acculturation, familism, and alcohol use among Latino adolescent males: Longitudinal relations

This article advances our understanding of factors associated with patterns and consequences of early alcohol involvement among Latino teens, with an emphasis on how nativity may influence longitudinal relations among variables including acculturation, familism, and alcohol involvement. Following a comparative presentation of alcohol use prevalence rates, the current study offers a culturally founded theoretical model of early adolescent drinking. Specifically, this article extends existing models such as gateway theory and esteem enhancement theory and explores the effects of acculturation and acculturative stress on the intensity of alcohol use among immigrant (n= 1,051) and U.S.-born (n= 968) Latino males attending middle school in South Florida. Results from structural equation modeling suggest acculturation and acculturative stress influence alcohol use primarily through the deterioration of Latino family values, attitudes, and familistic behaviors. However, the relationship between acculturative stress and alcohol use differs in important ways depending on the adolescent's birthplace. The article concludes with a discussion of the implications of our findings for education, prevention, treatment, and research with Latino adolescents. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Feminist Inquiry: From Political Conviction to Methodological Innovation . By Mary Hawkesworth

Feminist Inquiry: From Political Conviction to Methodological Innovation. By Mary Hawkesworth. New Brunswick, NJ, and London: Rutgers University Press. 2006. 286 pp. $25.95.In this book, Mary Hawkesworth draws together into an integrated discussion an immense amount of the complex, interdisciplinary research on methods and epistemology accomplished in the past few decades by feminist scholars.
Tensile strength of a surgeon's or a square knot

Objective To test the integrity of surgeon's knots and flat square knots using 4 different suture materials. Study Design Chromic catgut, polyglactin 910, silk, and polydioxanone sutures were tied in the 2 types of knot configurations. For all sutures, a 0-gauge United States Pharmacopeia suture was used. Knots were tied by a single investigator (J.B.). The suture was soaked in 0.9% sodium chloride for 60 s and subsequently transferred to a tensiometer where the tails were cut to 3-mm length. We compared the knots, measuring knot strength with a tensiometer until the sutures broke or untied. Results A total of 119 throws were tied. We found no difference in mean tension at failure between a surgeon's knot (79.7 N) and a flat square knot (82.9 N). Using a χ 2 test, we did not find a statistically significant difference in the likelihood of knots coming untied between surgeon's knots (29%) and flat square knots (38%). Conclusions Under laboratory conditions, surgeon's knots and flat square knots did not differ in tension at failure or in likelihood of untying.
Involvement of a postsynaptic protein kinase A substrate in the expression of homosynaptic long-term depression

Hippocampal N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor-dependent long-term synaptic depression (LTD) is associated with a persistent dephosphorylation of the GluR1 subunit of AMPA receptors at a site (Ser-845) phosphorylated by cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA). In the present study, we show that dephosphorylation of a postsynaptic PKA substrate may be crucial for LTD expression. PKA activators inhibited both AMPA receptor dephosphorylation and LTD. Injection of a cAMP analog into postsynaptic neurons prevented LTD induction and reversed previously established homosynaptic LTD without affecting baseline synaptic transmission. Moreover, infusing a PKA inhibitor into postsynaptic cells produced synaptic depression that occluded homosynaptic LTD. These findings suggest that dephosphorylation of a PKA site on AMPA receptors may be one mechanism for NMDA receptor-dependent homosynaptic LTD expression.
Anthropology, Consciousness, and Spirituality: A Conversation with Ken Wilber

This is an interview with author Ken Wilber, whose work on consciousness over the last twenty-five years has been tremendously influential. His work blends "Eastern" and "Western" approaches and has influenced scholars in psychology, philosophy, and religion, as well as in anthropology. His work on transpersonal psychology is especially well-known, and his first book, The Spectrum of Consciousness, arguably marks the beginning of transpersonal studies. Frances Vaughan has referred to Wilber's work as the "work of genius." Daniel Goleman once listed Wilber among the "ranks of the grand theorists of human consciousness" including "Ernst Cassirer, Mircea Eliade, and Gregory Bateson." Wilber discusses the scope of the consciousness problem as well as contributions to the field that anthropologists might be well suited to make.
Plastic Deformation Behavior and Dislocation Structure of CdTe Single Crystals

Single-crystal CdTe specimens were deformed in compression at 25°, 200°, 300°, and 500°C to various levels of plastic strain and to failure. Deformation characteristics at each temperature are given as curves of shear stress vs shear strain and the effect of test temperature on deformation behavior is examined. The dislocation structure of the CdTe samples deformed at high temperatures is examined using transmission electron microscopy. The relation between the deformation properties and the corresponding microstructure in CdTe is explored using previously developed models to describe metallic and nonmetallic crystalline materials.
UNDERSTANDING AND MITIGATING CHALLENGES ON GLOBAL PROJECTS: THE ROLE OF THE FREELANCE EXPATRIATE

Global construction projects that involve collaboration between participants from multiple countries result in unique challenges that are not faced on intra-national projects. In order to further investigate this phenomenon, we conducted detailed case studies on four, matched international construction projects – two in Taiwan and two in India. Through our study we found four key differences in institutionalized work practices that led to large challenges on projects. How were these institutional challenges mitigated? We found that a group of freelance professionals, hailing mainly from the UK but also from other parts of the British Commonwealth, acted as the mediators or catalysts in resolving these differences. In this paper we describe the types of problems that arose on the project and the nature of the expatriate freelance community. We also analyze some of the strategies adopted by its members, and the ways in which conflicts were solved.
Hallucinations in children and adolescents: considerations in the emergency setting.

A 9-year-old boy with escalating behavioral problems was brought to a psychiatric emergency service. His mother described him as disrespectful to her and other adults with episodes of cursing and screaming that last for hours. He was reported to have recently kicked his pregnant sister and vandalized the house of a neighbor he dislikes. He has been taking 5 mg b.i.d. of oral methylphenidate, which was prescribed by a primary care doctor. The emergency service intake worker reported that the boy claimed to hear voices that tell him to do bad things and claimed to see ghosts. He admitted to having an explosive temper when “people mess with me,” and he said that he sometimes “goes crazy.” He said that he often thinks of his deceased grandmother. A 7-year-old girl who was evaluated 2 days earlier at a children's hospital and medically cleared was brought to the psychiatric emergency service by her mother, who reported that her daughter claims to feel bugs and mice crawling over her and that during those episodes she screams and is inconsolable. The mother, the patient, and a 12-year-old sister have been living in a shelter. The patient appeared to be anxious and to have poor control of her behavior and low tolerance for frustration. She admitted that she has tactile hallucinations and obsessive thoughts of cleanliness. Her mother said that the girl is also hyperactive and restless at school.
Acoustic interactions among male gray treefrogs, Hyla versicolor, in a chorus setting

We assembled groups of up to eight male gray treefrogs, Hyla versicolor, in an artificial pond and exam- ined vocal behavior under conditions of different chorus size. Males avoided call overlap when calling in groups of two, but not in larger choruses. The pattern of interfer- ence failed to reveal selective attention based on inter- male separation, and males in close spatial proximity tended to overlap calls more than more widely separated individuals did. Males were sensitive to the removal of males from or the addition of males to an aggregation, of- ten responding to a change of just one individual with shifts in call duration and rate. Nevertheless, males tend- ed to maintain their relative position in a hierarchy based on call duration following changes in chorus size. We hypothesize that adjustments in gross temporal properties are a response to the increased probability of call inter- ference in larger choruses. Finally, we calculated repeat- abilities of call duration, calling rate, and pulse effort within nights using sliding-analysis windows of 30 s to 29.5 min. The change in repeatabilities with window duration suggests that a female could best distinguish among males by assessing their performance for between 4 and 14 min, depending on the measure of calling be- havior. However, because the magnitude of change was relatively small, our data do not lend strong support to the hypothesis that there is an optimum time period over which females should assess the calling of males in order to maximize their ability to discriminate among males.
Modification of Polyethylene Glycol Ointment U.S.P. XVI

The hydrophilic capacity of official polyethylene glycol ointment, modified by the addition of 0.5 per cent of dry unneutralized carboxypolymethylene compound, was increased 48 per cent. The relative effectiveness of the modified ointment as a vehicle for yellow mercuric oxide (1 per cent) and potassium penicillin G (1000 u./Gm.) using Staphylococcus aureus PS 81 as the test organism was determined. Antistaphylococcal activity was increased 23.3 and 31.3 per cent, respectively. The stability of penicillin in the modified and official bases was checked for 23 days. Antistaphylococcal activity declined to 18.8 and 13.5 per cent, respectively.
Essays on the foundations of game theory

The aims and scope of game theory Nash equilibrium information common knowledge and game theory modelling rational payers modeling rational players.
Gastrocystoplasty: Long-Term Followup

Purpose: The use of stomach has become controversial in pediatric lower urinary tract reconstruction. Recent series have reported a high incidence of hematuria-dysuria syndrome and metabolic abnormalities, which has prompted a significant decrease in its use at our institution during the last 5 years.Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of children who underwent urinary reconstruction with gastrocystoplasty. Patients were excluded from consideration if they had less than 5 years of followup.Results: From 1989 to 1997, 18 males and 26 females were identified. Median patient age at time of reconstruction was 4.5 years and median followup was 9.8 years. Urinary continence was present in 89% of cases, and upper tract dilatation was stable or improved in 91%. No patient had chronic metabolic alkalosis. Major surgery was required for complications of the gastrocystoplasty in 6 cases, including patch contraction and ureteral obstruction necessitating excision in 1. Two patients ...
105-ns Continuously Tunable Delay of 10-Gb/s Optical Signal

A continuously tunable optical delay line providing over 105 ns of 10-Gb/s optical channel is reported using a two-pump parametric process in a nonlinear optical fiber. Performance limits are measured and compared with recently reported all-optical delay results. The figure of merit defined by the delay-bandwidth product is 1055.
ON THE USE OF VOLUMETRIC STRAIN METERS TO INFER ADDITIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SHORT-PERIOD SEISMIC RADIATION

Volumetric strain meters (Sacks-Evertson design) are installed at 15 sites along the San Andreas fault system, to monitor long-term strain changes for earthquake prediction. Deployment of portable broadband, high-resolution digital recorders (GEOS) at several of the sites extends the detection band for volumetric strain to periods shorter than 5 x 10 -2 sec and permits the simultaneous observation of seismic radiation fields using conventional short-period pendulum seismometers. Simultaneous observations establish that the strain detection bandwidth extends from periods greater than 107 seconds to periods near 5 x 10 -2 sec with a dynamic range exceeding 140 dB. Measurements of earth-strain noise for the period band, 107 to 10 -2 sec, show that ground noise, not instrument noise, currently limits the measurement of strain over a bandwidth of more than eight orders of magnitude in period. Comparison of the short-period portion of earth-strain, noise spectra (20 to 5 x 10 -2 sec) with average spectra determined from pendulum seismometers, suggest that observed noise is predominantly dilatational energy. Recordings of local and regional earthquakes indicate that dilatometers respond to P energy but not direct shear energy and that straingrams can be used to resolve superimposed reflected P and S waves for inference of wave characteristics not permitted by either sensor alone. Simultaneous measurements of incident P- and S-wave amplitudes are used to introduce a technique for single-station estimates of wave field inhomogeneity, free-surface reflection coefficients and local material P velocity. Estimates of these parameters derived for the North Palm Springs earthquake (Mw 5.9) respectively for an incident P wave of 29 ° are -85 °, 1.71, 2.9 km/sec, and for an incident S wave of 17 ° are 79 °, 0.85, 2.9 km/sec. The empirical estimates of reflection coefficients are consistent with model estimates derived using an anelastic half-space model with incident inhomogeneous wave fields.
Five-Year Outcomes of High-Dose Single-Fraction Spinal Stereotactic Radiosurgery.

Purpose To characterize local tumor control and toxicity risk in very long-term survivors (>5 years) after high-dose spinal image guided, intensity modulated radiation therapy delivered as single-dose stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS). Previously published spinal SRS outcome analyses have included a heterogeneous population of cancer patients, mostly with short survival. This is the first study reporting the long-term tumor control and toxicity profiles after high-dose single-fraction spinal SRS. Methods and Materials The study population included all patients treated from June 2004 to July 2009 with single-fraction spinal SRS (dose 24 Gy) who had survived at least 5 years after treatment. The endpoints examined included disease progression, surgical or radiation retreatment, in-field fracture development, and radiation-associated toxicity, scored using the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group radiation morbidity scoring criteria and the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events, version 4.0. Local control and fracture development were assessed using Kaplan-Meier analysis. Results Of 278 patients, 31 (11.1%), with 36 segments treated for spinal tumors, survived at least 5 years after treatment and were followed up radiographically and clinically for a median of 6.1 years (maximum 102 months). The histopathologic findings for the 5-year survivors included radiation-resistant metastases in 58%, radiation-sensitive metastases in 22%, and primary bone tumors in 19%. In this selected cohort, 3 treatment failures occurred at a median of 48.6 months, including 2 recurrences in the radiation field and 1 patient with demonstrated progression at the treatment margins. Ten lesions (27.8%) were associated with acute grade 1 cutaneous or gastrointestinal toxicity. Delayed toxicity ≥3 months after treatment included 8 cases (22.2%) of mild neuropathy, 2 (5.6%) of gastrointestinal discomfort, 8 (22.2%) of dermatitides, and 3 (8.3%) of myalgias/myositis. Thirteen treated levels (36.1%) in 12 patients demonstrated progressive vertebral body collapse or endplate fractures at a median of 25.7 months (range 11.6-76.0), of which 5 (14%) became symptomatic and subsequently required percutaneous cement augmentation or surgery. Conclusions In the longest-term series to date, high-dose single-fraction spinal SRS retained an excellent safety profile among long-term survivors (>5 years).
Design Stability Measures for Software Maintenance

The high cost of software during its life cycle can be attributer largely to software maintenance activities, and a major portion of these activities is to deal with the modifications of the software. In this paper, design stability measures which indicate the potential ripple effect characteristics due to modifications of the program at the design level are presented. These measures can be generated at any point in the design phase of the software life cycle which enables early maintainability feedback to the software developers. The validation of these measures and future research efforts involving the development of a user-oriented maintainability measure, which incorporates the design stability measures as well as other design measures, are discussed.
Manganese sulfide formation via concomitant microbial manganese oxide and thiosulfate reduction.

The dissimilatory metal-reducing bacterium, Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 produced γ-MnS (rambergite) nanoparticles under the concurrent reduction of synthetic MnO2 and thiosulfate coupled to H2 oxidation. Using two MR-1 mutants defective in outer membrane c-type cytochromes (ΔmtrC/ΔomcA and ΔmtrC/ΔomcA/ΔmtrF) to eliminate the direct reduction pathway for solid electron acceptors, it was determined that respiratory reduction of MnO2 was dominant relative to chemical reduction by biogenic sulfide generated from bacterial thiosulfate reduction. Although bicarbonate was excluded from the medium, incubations of MR-1 using lactate as the sole electron donor produced MnCO3 (rhodochrosite) as well as MnS in nearly equivalent amounts as estimated by micro X-ray diffraction (micro-XRD) analysis. It was concluded that carbonate released from lactate metabolism promoted MnCO3 formation and that Mn(II) mineralogy was strongly affected by carbonate ions even in the presence of abundant sulfide and weakly alkaline conditions that favor the precipitation of MnS. Formation of the biogenic MnS, as determined by a combination of micro-XRD, transmission electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and selected area electron diffraction analyses was consistent with equilibrium speciation modeling predictions. Although biogenic MnS likely only forms and is stable over a relatively narrow range of conditions, it may be a significant sink for Mnmore » in anoxic marine basins and terrestrial subsurface sediments where Mn and sulfur compounds are undergoing concurrent reduction.« less
The archaeology of Copán, Honduras

Copan, a major Classic Maya center in western Honduras, has been the focus of archaeological investigation for over a century. An intense period of research since 1975, involving projects and scholars from many institutions, has resulted in a comprehensive understanding of the origin, maturation, and decline of this major Maya polity.
Testing for detailed balance in a financial market

Abstract We test a historical price–time series in a financial market (the NASDAQ 100 index) for a statistical property known as detailed balance. The presence of detailed balance would imply that the market can be modeled by a stochastic process based on a Markov chain, thus leading to equilibrium. In economic terms, a positive outcome of the test would support the efficient market hypothesis, a cornerstone of neo-classical economic theory. In contrast to the usage in prevalent economic theory the term equilibrium here is tied to the returns, rather than the price–time series. The test is based on an action functional S constructed from the elements of the detailed balance condition and the historical data set, and then analyzing S by means of simulated annealing. Checks are performed to verify the validity of the analysis method. We discuss the outcome of this analysis.
The Relationships of Cigarette and Alcohol Use With the Initiation, Reinitiation, and Persistence of Cannabis Use.

Objective:This study used a prospective survey to examine (a) the relationships of early onset and prior consumption of cannabis, cigarette, and alcohol use with later cannabis use initiation, reinitiation, and persistence; and (b) whether the quantity or frequency of alcohol or cigarette use was more predictive of cannabis use initiation, reinitiation, or persistence.Method:This study used data from the National Epidemiologic Survey of Alcohol and Related Conditions, Wave 1 (2001–2002) and Wave 2 (2004–2005), including 27,741 nonusers, 5,623 prior users, and 1,279 current cannabis users at baseline who were at risk of cannabis use initiation, reinitiation, and persistence, respectively, between baseline and follow-up assessments. We employed logistic regression to examine the effects of prior substance use on cannabis use initiation, reinitiation, and persistence, controlling for sociodemographics.Results:Frequency and early-onset status of cigarette use (≤14 years) and alcohol use (≤17 years) predicted ...
Physical Activity and Cardiac Protection

Epidemiologic data clearly show that men and women with higher levels of physical activity have lower rates of cardiovascular disease. While the precise biologic mechanisms for this relation have not been elucidated completely, several plausible mechanisms involving traditional and novel cardiovascular risk factors have been described. In line with the 2008 federal guidelines for physical activity, the available evidence indicates that 150 min.wk(-1) of moderate-intensity aerobic activity, or the equivalent in vigorous, or moderate plus vigorous activities, is sufficient to reduce risk. There is a dose-response relation in that additional amounts of physical activity exceeding this level are associated with additional reductions in cardiovascular disease risk, supporting the 2008 federal guidelines, which further recommend 300 min.wk(-1) of moderate-intensity aerobic activity, or the equivalent in vigorous, or moderate plus vigorous activities, for additional health benefits. Among patients with established coronary artery disease, physical activity also reduces all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality rates.
Relation of a specific strain of Salmonella to ulcerative cecitis of rats.

Summary1. A specific strain of salmonella has been invariably obtained on culture from the ulcers of rat cecitis, 2. Salmonella were not obtained from the cecum in the absence of lesions with one exception. 3. Agglutinins for the specific strain of salmonella are found in most of the rats in this colony although the titer is on the average higher in animals with visible cecitis. 4. Feeding the specific salmonella in appropriate doses was followed after a long latent period by development of cecitis in many of the test animals. 5. The association of some other synergistic agent is not fully excluded but seems at present unlikely.
The William Lowell Putnam Competition: Later History and Summary of Results

(1965). The William Lowell Putnam Competition: Later History and Summary of Results. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 72, No. 5, pp. 474-483.
Late-Start Days Increase Total Operative Time in Microvascular Breast Reconstruction.

Background Prolonged operative time has been associated with increased postoperative complications and higher costs. Many academic centers have a designated day for didactics that cause cases to start 1 hour later. The purpose of this study is to analyze the late-start effect of microvascular breast reconstructions on operative duration. Methods A retrospective review was performed on all patients who underwent abdomina-based free flap breast reconstruction from 2007 to 2011 and analyzed by those who had surgery on late-start versus normal-start days. Patient demographics, average operative time, postoperative complications, and individual surgeon effects were analyzed. A Student t -test was used to compare operative times with statistical significance set at p Results A total of 272 patients underwent 461 free flap breast reconstructions. Twenty-one cases were performed on late-start days and 251 cases were performed on normal-start days. Patient demographics and complications were not statistically different between the groups. The average operative time for all reconstructions was 434.3 minutes. The average operative times were significantly longer for late-start days, 517.6 versus 427.3 minutes ( p = 0.002). This was true for both unilateral and bilateral reconstructions (432.8 vs. 350.9 minutes, p = 0.05; 551.5 vs. 461.2 minutes, p = 0.007). There were no differences in perioperative complications and multivariate regression showed no statistically significant relationship of confounders to duration of surgery. Conclusion Starting cases 1 hour later can increase operative times. Although outcomes were not affected, we recommend avoiding lengthy procedures on late-start days.
Preeclampsia: New Thoughts on an Ancient Problem

Preeclampsia is a hypertensive disorder unique to pregnancy and is of unknown cause. It is both a maternal as well as fetal syndrome. It affects 2%-10% of nulliparas, and is more prevalent when preexisting hypertension, renal disease, or diabetes is present. The main clinical features of the disorder are maternal hypertension, proteinuria, and abnormal renal, hepatic, and central nervous system function. The fetal syndrome includes growth restriction, intrauterine death, and premature delivery. Abnormalities in the development of the placental circulation are believed to be important causal features of the pathogensis of preeclampsia and are present early in pregnancy. The link between the placental disease and the maternal syndrome remains mysterious. Clinical trials of low dose aspirin and calcium in the prevention of preeclampsia have not demonstrated significant benefits of treatment. The current approach to treatment is close monitoring of maternal and fetal health, bed rest, judicious use of antihypertensive therapy to prevent maternal complications, and seizure prophylaxis with magnesium sulfate. (c)2000 by Le Jacq Communications, Inc.
Clinical Applications of Artificial Neural Networks in Pharmacokinetic Modeling

Abstract Artificial neural networks (ANNs) were designed to simulate the biological nervous system, where information is sent via input signals to a processor, resulting in output signals. ANNs are composed of multiple processing units that work together to learn, recognize patterns, and predict data. ANNs do not require regimented experimental design and have the ability to function even with incomplete data. They can be used in multifaceted, nonlinear systems with applications in the field of pharmacokinetic modeling. Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic studies are used to predict meaningful correlations among doses administered, drug concentration levels, and pharmacological response. ANNs can be useful tools in analyzing the data involved in physiological processes, which can have vast amounts of complex variables with nonlinear relationships. ANNs are also convenient for handling data involving dosage form technology because they can simultaneously handle multiple independent and dependent variables without initial definition of causal relationships between the variables and response. The clinical applications of using ANNs in pharmacokinetic modeling are further discussed in this chapter, with specific examples from clinical studies being conducted.
The use of supraclavicular free flap with vascularized lymph node transfer for treatment of lymphedema: A prospective study of 100 consecutive cases

Background and Objectives Vascularized lymph node transfer (VLNT) is gaining popularity for treatment of lymphedema. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the flap and the donor site morbidity of the supraclavicular (SC) VLNT. Methods A review of a prospective database was performed for patients who had undergone SC VLNT to treat upper or lower extremity lymphedema. Flap and donor site complications were registered for each patient. A detailed technical surgical approach is explained. Results One hundred consecutive patients with lower or upper extremity lymphedema underwent SC VLNT (84% from the right side) with a mean of 11-months follow-up (range 3–19 months). There were no flap loss but three flaps (3%) required re-exploration due to venous congestion of the skin paddle. Two patients had local infection and three patients developed chyle leak (3%) at the donor site but resolved spontaneously. No donor site secondary lymphedema was noted. Conclusions This is the largest prospective series of SC free flap VLNT for treatment of lymphedema. Low flap and donor site morbidity makes this flap an appealing source of lymph node transfer for lymphedema treatment. J. Surg. Oncol. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Thalamic state control of cortical paired-pulse dynamics

For the first time, we have been able to utilize optogenetic modulation of thalamic firing modes combined with optical imaging of cortex in the rat vibrissa system to directly test the role of thal...
Developmental specification of forebrain cholinergic neurons

Striatal cholinergic interneurons and basal forebrain cholinergic projection neurons, which together comprise the forebrain cholinergic system, regulate attention, memory, reward pathways, and motor activity through the neuromodulation of multiple brain circuits. The importance of these neurons in the etiology of neurocognitive disorders has been well documented, but our understanding of their specification during embryogenesis is still incomplete. All forebrain cholinergic projection neurons and interneurons appear to share a common developmental origin in the embryonic ventral telencephalon, a region that also gives rise to GABAergic projection neurons and interneurons. Significant progress has been made in identifying the key intrinsic and extrinsic factors that promote a cholinergic fate in this precursor population. However, how cholinergic interneurons and projection neurons differentiate from one another during development, as well as how distinct developmental programs contribute to heterogeneity within those two classes, is not yet well understood. In this review we summarize the transcription factors and signaling molecules known to play a role in the specification and early development of striatal and basal forebrain cholinergic neurons. We also discuss the heterogeneity of these populations and its possible developmental origins.
EFFECTIVE TESTING PROCEDURES FOR EVALUATING PLANT SANITATION1

Summary Continuing problems with post-pasteurization contamination of milk and cream have stimulated dairy plants to undertake intensive programs to improve sanitation practices. Sources of contamination such as air, water, containers, fillers, pumps, joints, valves, cleaners and sanitizers have received more attention by the more progressive plants. Basic steps have been found to be necessary for improved keeping quality. These are a standardized reference test such as the Moseley 5 days at 45 F test, application of trouble shooting procedures, and application of additional sanitary measures. Comparisons using the Moseley keeping quality test and CVT test showed little correlation between them. A newly designed sampler has provided means of monitoring sanitary conditions and product keeping quality. It is a 3/8-inch drilled hole with a rubber insert clamped in by a stainless steel clamp. The sampler has withstood any pressure applied to it internally under normal dairy processing and can be permanently l...
Nephrotoxicity during Vancomycin Therapy in Combination with Piperacillin-Tazobactam or Cefepime

Recent reports have demonstrated that vancomycin (VAN) may lead to an increase in the incidence of acute kidney injury (AKI) when it is combined with antipseudomonal beta-lactams. This study compared the incidence of AKI associated with VAN plus piperacillin-tazobactam (TZP) or cefepime (FEP). This was a retrospective, matched cohort study that was conducted at an academic medical center between September 2010 and September 2014 and that included adult patients without severe chronic or structural kidney disease, dialysis, pregnancy, cystic fibrosis, or a hospital transfer receiving TZP-VAN or FEP-VAN for at least 48 h. The primary outcome was the difference in the AKI incidence between the TZP-VAN and FEP-VAN groups, evaluated using the risk, injury, failure, loss of kidney function, and end-stage kidney disease (RIFLE) criteria. Patients in the two groups were matched on the basis of age, sex, severity of illness, baseline creatinine clearance, hypotension, number of nephrotoxicity risk factors, and intravenous contrast exposure. In total, 4,193 patients met all inclusion criteria (3,605 received TZP-VAN and 588 received FEP-VAN). The unadjusted AKI incidence was 21.4% in patients receiving TZP-VAN, whereas it was 12.6% in patients receiving FEP-VAN (P < 0.001). After the patients were matched, 1,633 patients receiving TZP-VAN and 578 patients receiving FEP-VAN were evaluated. The AKI incidence remained higher in patients receiving TZP-VAN than in those receiving FEP-VAN (21.4% versus 12.5%, P < 0.0001). This trend remained true for all classifications of the RIFLE criteria. After controlling for remaining confounders, TZP-VAN therapy was associated with 2.18 times the odds of AKI than FEP-VAN therapy (95% confidence interval, 1.64 to 2.94 times) in logistic regression. AKI was significantly more common in patients receiving vancomycin in combination with piperacillin-tazobactam than in those receiving vancomycin in combination with cefepime. This finding reinforces the need for the judicious use of combination empirical antimicrobial therapy.
VIDEO: Preoperative CT Angiography for Anterolateral Thigh Flap Reconstructions

OBJECTIVE. This video article will review the relevant vascular anatomy of the anterolateral thigh flap, describe the CT angiography (CTA) image acquisition, and describe how to report the locations of the perforating arteries along with characteristics that may be important to the surgeon. CONCLUSION. Our method of performing and reporting CTA for patients scheduled to undergo anterolateral thigh flap reconstruction provides a reproducible method of identifying perforating vessels and communicating their location to surgeons.
Factors Associated with Patients Level of Understanding of Stroke Following Hospital Discharge (P2.387)

Objective: To determine the factors associated with patient’s level of understanding (LoU) of stroke after hospital discharge. Background: Stroke is a complex disease entity. Despite extensive in-hospital education, many do not understand there condition irrespective of educational and socioeconomic background. Design/methods: A prospective questionnaire-based study was conducted on patients presenting to stroke clinic for the first-time after hospital discharge and completed prior to evaluation by the patient. LoU was categorized as “Very good” (75-100[percnt]), “Good” (50-75[percnt]), “Poor” (25-50[percnt]) and “not at all” (0-25[percnt]). A dichotomized approach of >50[percnt] or 50[percnt] LoU in patients following up in clinic after hospital discharge (p=0.016). Patients who indicated reading, or having a family member read the stroke discharge instructions had a LoU of >50[percnt] (p=0.04). Smoking status and use if illicit drugs was associated with 50[percnt] was seen in patients with LOS >3 days (p=0.05). In total, only 28[percnt] of patients (n=23) indicated a “very good” LoU. Conclusions: Patients with motor dysfunction have higher LoU of stroke as compared to non-motor symptoms. Novel inpatient educational strategies and stroke clinic follow-up are essential to improve LoU in stroke patients. Disclosure: Dr. Taboada has nothing to disclose.
Iterative solutions and other tools

Throughout much of this book, we need only a moderate amount of mathematics, mostly at the level that you learned in high school, with an occasional excursion into first-year college calculus. If you find calculus unfamiliar, or have simply forgotten most of what you learned about it, rest assured that the intent of this book is to use just enough mathematics to understand how to solve the problems that we address. Theorems and proofs and clever tricks in mathematics have their place, but we do not need them in this book.
European Train Control System

Complex physical systems have several degrees of freedom. They only work correctly when their control parameters obey corresponding constraints. Based on the informal specification of the European Train Control System (ETCS), we design a controller for its cooperation protocol. For the free parameters of the system, we successively identify constraints that are required to ensure collision freedom. We formally prove the parameter constraints to be sharp by characterising them equivalently in terms of reachability properties of the hybrid system dynamics. We use the calculus of our differential dynamic logic for hybrid systems and formally verify controllability, safety, liveness, and reactivity properties of the ETCS protocol that entail collision freedom. We prove that the ETCS protocol remains correct even in the presence of perturbation by disturbances in the dynamics.
Using Cogenerative Dialogs to Improve Science Teaching and Learning: Challenges and Solutions in High School Students’ Internships

Internships in science research settings have received increasing attention as a means of helping students construct appropriate understandings, practices, tools, and language in scientific activities. To advance student–scientist partnerships beyond the status quo, the study aimed to investigate how cogenerative dialogs (cogens) may help high school students and scientists identify and address challenges collectively. The analysis identified nine major challenges discussed during cogens: (1) the quality and progress of scientific practice in laboratories, (2) the quality of scientists’/assistants’ instructions in classrooms, (3) the quality of student participation in classrooms and homework, (4) students’ absences, including arriving late or leaving early, (5) the quality of administrative support, (6) preparation for scientific presentations, (7) the process of deciding project topics, (8) students’ peer interactions and communication, and (9) students’ physiological needs. The three most salient challenges were “the quality and progress of scientific practice in laboratories” (39%), “the quality of scientists’/assistants’ instructions in classrooms” (20%), and “the quality of student participation in classrooms and homework” (17%). The study shows that cogens allowed students and scientists to agree on teaching modifications that positively influenced teaching and learning processes during the internship, such that issues were reduced from the beginning to the closing stages. Importantly, the challenges and solutions identified by students and scientists in this study provide accounts of first-hand experience as well as insights to aid program directors or coordinators in designing a learning environment that can foster effective practice for internships by avoiding the issues identified in the study.
Morphological control of hydrothermally synthesized cobalt oxide particles using poly(vinyl pyrrolidone)

The hydrothermal synthesis of Co3O4 particles using cobalt nitrate as the precursor and citric acid as a weak chelating agent was modulated using poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP) to control the shape and size of the resulting particles. The molar ratio of PVP to the cobalt in the precursor solution was key to controlling the particle morphology. In the absence of PVP, large truncated cube-like particles with a bimodal size distribution (200 and 1450 nm) are formed. When the molar ratio of PVP/Co is less than ≈ 0.5, the particle size is generally invariant. As the molar ratio of PVP/Co is increased from 0.5 to nearly 2, the cubes with rounded edges are formed, but the hydrodynamic diameter decreases from nearly 1.4 μm to 800 nm at a molar ratio of 1.8. At PVP/Co > 2, there is a significant decrease in the particle size down to 142 nm at PVP/Co = 3.5 and the shape becomes spherical, but the particles remain crystalline, characteristic of Co3O4. The size of Co3O4 particles was also determined using scanning electron microscopy. This size is consistent with the particle size obtained from dynamic light scattering. A competitive growth mechanism between free cobalt ions and PVP-bound cobalt ions in the solution was proposed to explain the influence of PVP on the size and shape of the Co3O4 particles. Due to heavy metal specificity for the binding with PVP and the crystal space group for metal oxides, the evolution in particle shape is not universal with no apparent change in the shape obtained over a similar PVP concentration range for iron oxide.
Toleration deficits: The perilous state of refugee protection today:

The escalation of contemporary distress migration has coincided with an intensification of intolerance, xenophobia and nativism precipitating enormous human suffering among the migrant and refugee ...
Portal milieu and the interplay of multiple antidiabetic effects after gastric bypass surgery

Portal milieu after gastric bypass surgery is an underinvestigated area. Roux-en-Y gastric bypass perturbs multiple intestinal pathways, reducing intestinal glucose absorption and increasing incret...
Abstract 217: PCSK9 Inhibitor Use and Health Characteristics Among High-Risk Patients with Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease

Introduction: Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 inhibitors (PCSK9i) are a promising class of lipid lowering therapy. The number of high-risk atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCV...
Strategic Diversity Leadership: The Role of Senior Leaders in Delivering the Diversity Dividend:

An organization’s senior leaders, given their positions at the apex of power within the organization, shape its vision, strategies, organizational design, and culture. Yet the research on diversity...
One-Shot Shape-Based Amodal-to-Modal Instance Segmentation

Image instance segmentation plays an important role in mechanical search, a task where robots must search for a target object in a cluttered scene. Perception pipelines for this task often rely on target object color or depth information and require multiple networks to segment and identify the target object. However, creating large training datasets of real images for these networks can be time intensive and the networks may require retraining for novel objects. We propose OSSIS, a single-stage One-Shot Shape-based Instance Segmentation algorithm that produces the target object modal segmentation mask in a depth image of a scene based only on a binary shape mask of the target object. We train a fully-convolutional Siamese network with 800, 000 pairs of synthetic binary target object masks and scene depth images, then evaluate the network with real target objects never seen during training in densely-cluttered scenes with target object occlusions. OSSIS achieves a one-shot mean intersection-over-union (mIoU) of 0.38 on the real data, improving on filter matching and two-stage CNN baselines by 21% and 6%, respectively, while reducing computation time by 50 times as compared to the two-stage CNN due in part to the fact that OSSIS is one-stage and does not require pairwise segmentation mask comparisons.
Potential Role for Institutional Review Boards in Curbing Medical Voluntourism in Global Health at American Academic Centers

Across disciplines, consensus exists that medical voluntourism (as practiced by US-based health care professionals and professionals-in-training) is of questionable benefit to overseas health care practitioners and systems. This concern stands in sharp distinction to the increasing quantity of US-based global health activities, widely deemed “voluntouristic.” is laxity in standards runs counter to the high level of self-policing otherwise seen in medicine. Various degree programs and certificates have been either created or proposed with the aim of identifying those passionate about long-term global health work but these programs have ultimately failed to reduce the incidence of global health voluntourism. To address the persistent concern of voluntourism, Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) might perform the role of adjudicating the appropriateness of proposed global health work for US-based academic health care professionals. This role would ultimately not be punitive, but instead it would serve to support committed practitioners while critiquing those in need of additional oversight. Such a system would add work to an already overburdened IRB system and would require new forms of expertise from IRBs. Despite these anticipated challenges, there is a need for formal, institutionalized review of all global engagement at the level of the individual. IRBs could perform such a role in ethically consistent but flexible ways.
Membrane topology of aquaporin CHIP. Analysis of functional epitope-scanning mutants by vectorial proteolysis

CHIP is the archetypal member of the aquaporins, a widely expressed family of membrane water channels. The NH2- and COOH-terminal halves of CHIP are sequence-related, and hydropathy analysis predicted six membrane-spanning domains with five connecting loops (A-E). Here, we determined the membrane topology of CHIP expressed in Xenopus oocytes using biologically active recombinant channels. CHIP is glycosylated at Asn-42, indicating loop A is exofacial. An epitope from the coronavirus E1 glycoprotein was inserted into CHIP and localized to the outer or inner leaflet of the membrane by alpha-chymotrypsin digestion of intact oocytes or inside-out membrane vesicles. The E1 epitope at Thr-120 was protease-sensitive in intact oocytes, indicating that loop C is exofacial. The E1 epitope at Lys-6, Arg-162, or Lys-267 was protease-sensitive in inside-out membrane vesicles, confirming the cytoplasmic location of the NH2 and COOH termini and loop D. Insertions into loops B and E did not produce active water channels, but their cleavage patterns were consistent with inner (loop B) and outer (loop E) leaflet locations. This study indicates that the functional CHIP molecule is a unique structure with two internal repeats oriented 180 degrees to each other within the membrane.
Analysis of ubiquinones, dolichols, and dolichol diphosphate-oligosaccharides by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry.

Prenols, a class of lipids formed by the condensation of five carbon isoprenoids, have important roles in numerous metabolic pathways of the eukaryotic cell. Prenols are found in the cell as free alcohols, such as dolichol, or can be attached to vitamins, as with the fat soluble vitamins. In addition, prenols such as farnesyl‐ and geranylgeranyl‐diphosphate are substrates for the transfer of farnesyl and geranylgeranyl units to proteins with important implications for signal transduction within the cell. Dolichol phosphate‐ and dolichol diphosphate–linked sugars are central to the formation of the lipid‐linked branched oligosaccharide, Dol‐PP‐(GlcNAc)2(Man)9(Glc)3, used for co‐translational en bloc protein N‐glycosylation in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum. Toward furthering our understanding of the role of prenol lipids in the cell, we have developed a method for the detection and quantification of dolichol and coenzyme Q by liquid chromatography‐electrospray ionization‐mass spectrometry (LC‐ESI‐MS). These methods, developed using the mouse macrophage RAW 264.7 tumor cells, are broadly applicable to other cell lines, tissues, bacteria, and yeast. We also present a new MS‐based method for the detection and structural characterization of the intact dolichol diphosphate oligosaccharide Dol‐PP‐(GlcNAc)2 (Man)9(Glc)3 from porcine pancreas.