cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mono- and Di-Gold(I) Naphthalenes and Pyrenes: Syntheses, Crystal Structures, and Photophysics

(Phosphine)- and (N-heterocyclic carbene)gold(I) derivatives of naphthalene and pyrene are reported, containing one or two gold atoms per hydrocarbon. The new complexes are prepared by arylation of gold(I) substrates by arylboronic acids or aryl pinacolboronate esters in the presence of cesium carbonate. Isolated yields range from 52% to 98%. The boron precursors themselves derive from the parent hydrocarbon, where boron is installed in an iridium-catalyzed reaction, or from the aromatic bromides, which are borylated with palladium catalysis. Most of the new gold(I) complexes are air- and moisture-stable colorless solids; they are characterized by multinuclear NMR and optical spectroscopy, combustion analysis, and high-resolution mass spectrometry. X-ray diffraction crystal structures are reported for seven. Gold binding red-shifts optical absorption profiles, which are characteristic of the aromatic skeleton. All compounds show triplet-state luminescence, and dual singlet and triplet emission occurs in s...
Are Inequality and Poverty Harmful For Economic Growth: Evidence from the Metropolitan Areas of the United States

This article explores how initial income inequality and poverty are related to subsequent economic growth in the metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs) of the United States. In contradiction to many recent findings based on cross-country regressions, the results of this investigation show a robust positive relationship between initial (1980) MSA income inequality and subsequent MSA per capita personal income (PCPI) growth rate. Initial MSA poverty rate, on the other hand, is negatively associated with MSA PCPI growth rate. But this relationship is not statistically significant in some of the regressions. The results also show that MSAs with higher PCPI growth rates have lower end-of-period poverty and inequality; hence, there may exist a virtuous cycle of poverty reduction and economic growth. A by-product of this study is the compilation of a dataset on MSA income inequality and poverty for the years 1980 and 1990.
Influence of Geometry on Starting Vortex and Ejector Performance

For many propulsion devices, the thrust may be augmented considerably by adding a passive ejector, and these devices are especially attractive for unsteady propulsion systems such as pulse detonation engines and pulsejets. Starting vortices from these unsteady devices dominate the flowfield and control to a great extent the level of the thrust augmentation. Therefore, it is of fundamental interest to understand the geometric influences on the starting vortex and how these manifest themselves in augmenterlejector performance. An unsteady Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes calculation was used to study the physics of a starting vortex generated at the exit of a pulsed jet and its interaction with an ejector. A 50 cm long pulsejet (typical hobby scale, allowing comparison with experimental data) with a circular exit was modeled as the resonant driving source and used to suggest an optimal ejector geometry and relative position. Computed limit-cycle thrust augmentation values compared favorably to experimentally obtained values for the same ejector geometries. Results suggest that the optimal diameter of the ejector is related to its relative position, dictated by the trajectory of the vortex toroid. The effect of the length of the ejector (which determines the natural frequency of the ejector, related to the acoustic processes occurring in the ejector) on overall performance was also investigated and shown to be less important than the ejector diameter.
Hypertension in overweight and obese children

Abstract Children with pediatric obesity are at increased risk for developing cardiac comorbidities including hypertension. The rise in prevalence of pediatric obesity is likely to result in more referrals for assessment of possible hypertension. It is important for both pediatric caregivers and hypertension specialists to be familiar with the latest recommendations from the National Institutes of Health regarding the diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure in children. In addition, it is important to be aware of some of the obesity comorbidities that may be contributing to hypertension, and may alter treatment strategies. The purpose of this presentation is to review the current guidelines and address issues related specifically to hypertension in overweight and obese children.
Quantification and ultrastructure of oosorption in Eretmocerus eremicus (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae)

The potential for and ultrastructure of oosorption were examined in Eretmocerus eremicus, a short-lived whitefly parasitoid that obligately produces anhydropic oocytes. In the absence of hosts, median egg load decreased by ∼12% per day between 2 days and 8 days following eclosion. Parasitoid mating status had no significant effect on either egg load alone or the relationship between egg load and age. Yolk degradation in E. eremicus is autolytic, with the enzymes required for yolk sphere digestion apparently being derived from within the ooplasm. The exochorion appear to be digested by the follicular epithelium concurrent with the uniform degradation of the entire ooplasm. The potential adaptive benefits of this novel oosorption mechanism to E. eremicus females include a reduction in the total digestion time per oocyte and resorption of chorion remnants. Finally, to our knowledge, the results of this study provide the first unequivocal ultrastructural evidence of a purely autolytic oosorption mechanism in Insecta. J. Morphol. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Thiamine-responsive intermittent branched-chain ketoaciduria.

An intriguing feature of acquired autonomic dysfunction syndromes is their relationship to other motility abnormalities of the gastrointestinal tract, such as idiopathic pseudoobstruction syndrome. Maldonado et al 9 described three examples of idiopathic pseudoobsiruction syndrome in which sweating abnormalities were present. Schuffler and Pope TM have demonstrated esophageal motility abnormalities that are similar to those in our patient and in patients with familial dysautonomia. The radiographic features of the esophagus in our patient were also similar to previously described examples of idiopathic pseudoobstruction syndrome.H The autonomic dysfunction present in this child supports the possible etiology of neurogenic disease as a cause of motility disorders of the gastrointestinal tract. An extensive evaluation of autonomic function is indicated in these patients.
A Stochastic Markov Chain Model to Describe Lung Cancer Growth and Metastasis

A stochastic Markov chain model for metastatic progression is developed for primary lung cancer based on a network construction of metastatic sites with dynamics modeled as an ensemble of random walkers on the network. We calculate a transition matrix, with entries (transition probabilities) interpreted as random variables, and use it to construct a circular bi-directional network of primary and metastatic locations based on postmortem tissue analysis of 3827 autopsies on untreated patients documenting all primary tumor locations and metastatic sites from this population. The resulting 50 potential metastatic sites are connected by directed edges with distributed weightings, where the site connections and weightings are obtained by calculating the entries of an ensemble of transition matrices so that the steady-state distribution obtained from the long-time limit of the Markov chain dynamical system corresponds to the ensemble metastatic distribution obtained from the autopsy data set. We condition our search for a transition matrix on an initial distribution of metastatic tumors obtained from the data set. Through an iterative numerical search procedure, we adjust the entries of a sequence of approximations until a transition matrix with the correct steady-state is found (up to a numerical threshold). Since this constrained linear optimization problem is underdetermined, we characterize the statistical variance of the ensemble of transition matrices calculated using the means and variances of their singular value distributions as a diagnostic tool. We interpret the ensemble averaged transition probabilities as (approximately) normally distributed random variables. The model allows us to simulate and quantify disease progression pathways and timescales of progression from the lung position to other sites and we highlight several key findings based on the model.
Challenges and potential payoff for crystalline oxides in wide bandgap semiconductor technology

Abstract While growth of wide bandgap semiconductor materials on crystalline oxides (sapphire, lithium gallate, lithium aluminate, zinc oxide and others) has become routine, growth of crystalline oxides on wide bandgap materials remains challenging and minimally explored. The potential payoff in terms of enhanced device performance, increased functionality and reliability warrants examining this option. This presentation aims at targeting key areas, where crystalline oxides could improve wide bandgap semiconductor device performance. Some of these include the use of ferroelectric oxides for power switching applications, oxides with anisotropic dielectric constants for high voltage termination and oxides with large electric flux density near breakdown. Unique polarization engineered structures are described that are enabled by using lithographically defined poled regions in a ferroelectric substrate. The desired crystalline oxide properties, potential implementation challenges and potential pitfalls will be discussed.
Confirmation of the rat model of chronic, moderately elevated intraocular pressure.

We have confirmed the usefulness of the rat model of chronic, moderately elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) for studying loss of retinal ganglion cells, and as a model for pharmacological neuroprotection studies that may be relevant to treating human glaucoma. By unilaterally cauterizing three episcleral vessels, as described previously in the literature by another laboratory, we observed an approximately 1.6-fold increase in IOP compared to the contralateral eye (18.6 vs 11.5 mm Hg, respectively). Elevated IOP persisted for 6 months without re-treatment. Cupping of the optic disk was observable by examination, in vivo. In 6 months, there was an approximately 40% loss of retinal ganglion cells in the peripheral retina. This model provides a reproducible and quantitative model for pharmacological experiments using neuroprotective agents.
Quality in, quality out: rejection criteria and guidelines for commonly (mis)used tests

Along with the decreased use of laboratory services m general, managed care has encouraged more frugal and Judicious use of the clinical mlcroblology laboratory Smce physicians must use laboratory services sparmgly, pressure 1s on to use these services wisely No one wants to “waste” a test on a study that wdl surely come back negauve, mconcluave, or which has mmlma1 clmlcal u&y As a result clmlclans are more wlllmg to hsten to laboratonans with suggestlons on how best to utilize mlcroblologlc tests This article will review cntena for rejecting samples, suggest ways to implement optimal processing and testmg of the routine speclmen, and address the role of chmcal mlcroblologlsts m the education of physicians on the use of commonly ordered tests All of the pnnclples endorsed are supported by evldencebased n-ucroblology and references are given Criteria for sample rejection have been summarized and Justified in Table 1, a dlscusslon of these criteria and other issues follows
Post abstract: Role-based deceptive detection and filtering in WSNs

With more and more real applications of WSNs have been deployed, which are in charge of either monitoring parameters or event detection, we envision that the success of the WSNs is decided by the quality of the collected data [2]. Further more, the quality of the collected data is mainly affected by the deceptive data, which includes redundant data, very similar repeated readings that provide less information, and false data, wrong readings resulted from unreliable components or wireless communication and malicious attacks. On one hand, redundant data should be filtered because less information is provided but considerable resources are wasted. On the other hand, false data should also be filtered to improve data accuracy.
ALLEGATIONS AND SUBSTANTIATIONS OF ABUSE IN CUSTODY‐DISPUTING FAMILIES1

In this study of 120 divorced families referred for child custody evaluations and custody counseling, multiple allegations of child abuse, neglect, and family violence were raised in the majority of cases. About half of the alleged abuse was substantiated in some way with one fourth involving abuse perpetrated by both parents. Different kinds of allegations were raised against mothers compared with fathers. Implications of these findings for social policy, family court interventions, and the provision of coordinated services within the community are discussed.
Orientation-reversing involutions on homology 3-spheres

An important problem in geometric topology is to find a homology 3-sphere M with Rohlin invariant μ( M ) = ½ such that M # M bounds an acyclic 4-manifold. If such an M exists then, for instance, all closed topological manifolds of dimension ≥ 5 support a polyhedral structure(3, 4). One way of producing such examples is to find a homology 3-sphere M with μ( M ) = ½ such that M admits an orientation-reversing diffeomorphism h , for then M # M would be diffeomorphic to M # − M which bounds an acyclic manifold. In this paper we observe by elementary means that if h is further assumed to be an involution, then this is not possible, namely: Theorem. Let M be a homology 3-sphere which admits an orientation reversing involution. Then M bounds a parallelizable rational 4-ball. In particular , μ( M ) = 0.
The Upper Limit of Thermocouple Use and the Lower Limit for Line Reversal Method Used to Measure Temperature

Chromel-alumel thermocouples of 30, 32, 35 wire gauge tested in an oxidizing (air) atmosphere were found to have long life at temperatures less than 1900 F. At temperatures up to 2600 F. their useful life decreased at increasing temperatures and decreasing diameters (1).Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Predictors of Child Molestation Adult Attachment, Cognitive Distortions, and Empathy

A conceptual model derived from attachment theory was tested by examining adult attachment style, cognitive distortions, and both general and victim empathy in a sample of 61 paroled child molesters and 51 community controls. Results of logistic multiple regression showed that attachment anxiety, cognitive distortions, high general empathy but low victim empathy significantly increased the odds of child molester status. Findings supported theoretically based hypotheses, suggesting that attachment theory may be useful in the conceptualization and treatment of child molesters.
Computation methods in design of robotic orientation control

The design of robotic orientation control is relatively difficult due to its representation problem. A number of conventional orientation representation methods are reviewed. A detailed analysis, formulations, design procedures and computation methods in robotic orientation control, particularly for a class of trajectory-tracking control problems, are developed. A computer simulation study of orientation control for a robotic wrist system is discussed. >
Developmental and behavioural responses of larval Trichoplusia ni to parasitization by an imported braconid parasite Chelonus sp

. Larval Trichoplusia ni (Hubner) (Noctuidae) parasitized by Chelonus sp. (near curvimaculatus) (Braconidae) precociously initiated pupation during the penultimate fourth instar. The temporal sequence of developmental markers exhibited by parasitized T. ni closely matched the temporal sequence in normal, pupating larvae. The parasitized larvae did not complete pupation, but consistently stopped development at a stage recognizable by a certain set of markers. This halt was observed in hosts from which parasites emerged and from hosts which had been stung but from which no parasites emerged. Weight gain and food consumption by parasitized hosts were significantly lower than normal, although most reached the fourth instar at the same time as normal larvae. Measurement of head capsule widths indicated that the width in precociously pupating larvae was less than the critical width associated with attainment of the pupation instar of normal larvae.
Footnotes to Research on Management Innovation

Management innovations, also called organizational, administrative, and managerial innovations, are nontechnological innovations that have been conceptualized in contrast to technology-based product and process innovations and pertain to new organizational structures, administrative systems, and management practices. This paper provides a perspective on the state of research on this innovation type. It asks why research on management innovation lags that of technological innovation and compiles five footnotes, each addressing an important aspect of studying innovation in organizations, and, together, they explain conceptual ambiguity and methodological challenges that have hindered research on management innovation. The footnotes also highlight the opportunities that research on management innovation could provide for a better understanding of the influence of innovation on organizational conduct and outcome.
FRET analysis reveals distinct conformations of IN tetramers in the presence of viral DNA or LEDGF/p75

A tetramer of HIV-1 integrase (IN) stably associates with the viral DNA ends to form a fully functional concerted integration intermediate. LEDGF/p75, a key cellular binding partner of the lentiviral enzyme, also stabilizes a tetrameric form of IN. However, functional assays have indicated the importance of the order of viral DNA and LEDGF/p75 addition to IN for productive concerted integration. Here, we employed Forster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) to monitor assembly of individual IN subunits into tetramers in the presence of viral DNA and LEDGF/p75. The IN-viral DNA and IN-LEDGF/p75 complexes yielded significantly different FRET values suggesting two distinct IN conformations in these complexes. Furthermore, the order of addition experiments indicated that FRET for the preformed IN-viral DNA complex remained unchanged upon its subsequent binding to LEDGF/p75, whereas pre-incubation of LEDGF/p75 and IN followed by addition of viral DNA yielded FRET very similar to the IN-LEDGF/p75 complex. These findings provide new insights into the structural organization of IN subunits in functional concerted integration intermediates and suggest that differential multimerization of IN in the presence of various ligands could be exploited as a plausible therapeutic target for development of allosteric inhibitors.
Effect of surface defects on InGaAs/InAlAs Quantum Cascade mesa current–voltage characteristics

A3. Molecular beam epitaxy A3. Quantum wells B2. Semiconducting III-V materials B3. Quantum Cascade device abstract We investigate the impact of surface defect density on the transport properties of molecular beam epitaxy grown InGaAs/AlInAs Quantum Cascade (QC) structures. We examine six parameters of the current-voltage (IV) characteristics of the QC mesas: turn-on voltage, turn-on current density, turn-on differential resistance, differential resistance, cut-off voltage, and cut-off current density. The analyses for pulsed mode operation (T ¼80 K and 300 K) and continuous wave (CW) operation (80 K) show that all six parameters are only weakly correlated to surface defects. The turn-on voltage and current density share a negative correlation with defects (4 � 0.26) in both pulsed mode and CW operation at 80 K, and a positive correlation in pulsed mode at 300 K (o 0.21). The cut-off voltage has a positive correlation in all three modes of operation (o0.51). The cut-off current density has a positive correlation (o 0.39) in both pulsed mode (80 K and 300 K) and a negligible correlation in CW operation (80 K). We observed insignificant correlation coefficients (o 0.1) for differential resistances at 80 K along with a weak negative correlation (4 � 0.29) in pulsed mode at 300 K. Our analysis demonstrates that shallow oval and a few deep oval defects have little influence on IV.
High breakdown voltage AlGaN-GaN HEMTs achieved by multiple field plates

High-voltage Al/sub 0.22/Ga/sub 0.78/N-GaN high-electron mobility transistors have been fabricated using multiple field plates over dielectric passivation layers. The device breakdown voltage was found to increase with the addition of the field plates. With two field plates, the device showed a breakdown voltage as high as 900 V. This technique is easy to apply, based on the standard planar transistor fabrication, and especially attractive for the power switching applications.
Design of Randomized Trials

When considering any medical study, we have to keep in mind two issues related to participant (patient) heterogeneity: the effect of chance and the effect of bias (1). These issues are addressed by having adequate numbers of study participants (i.e., an adequate sample size) and by using randomization for intervention (treatment) assignment. Randomized trials are recommended to achieve a valid determination of the comparative benefit of competing intervention strategies, whether for prevention, screening, treatment, or management. To make the following discussion generically applicable to all of these settings, the individuals who will be enrolled into the trial will be referred to as “participants” and the experimental conditions as “interventions.” Clearly, in the usual clinical trial, these are “patients” and “treatments,” respectively. In a prevention or screening trial, the participants may be drawn from the “normal,” healthy population, or they may be selected because they are “high risk” based on some known or putative risk factors. There is a continuum from healthy to elevated risk to precursor abnormality or preclinical condition to frank disease (and, of course, disease itself may have a continuum of stages), so distinctions here can be somewhat arbitrary. Thus, many of the aspects of the design of randomized trials apply across the board. The location of the study along the disease continuum is relevant to issues such as the population to which the study applies, the interventions that are appropriate, and the sample size and duration of the study (both of which are usually greater for prevention and screening trials than for treatment trials).
Plasmablastic lymphoma of the maxillary sinus in an HIV-negative patient: a case report and literature review

Plasmablastic lymphoma (PBL) is a rare and aggressive variant of diffuse large B cell lymphoma. The prognosis of PBL patients is poor. The majority of patients succumb to a fulminant disease course, with most dying in the first year after diagnosis. The small number of HIV-negative PBL cases reported in the literature to date is composed of single case reports and small case series. Consequently, the natural history of the disease in HIV-negative individuals and the optimum treatment are not well characterized. Intensive induction chemotherapy has been associated with marked improved overall survival. However the optimal regimen has not been defined. We describe the third case of PBL of the maxillary sinus which occurred in a 24-year old HIV-negative man. We outline the clinicopathological features and report success using a hyper-CVAD regimen with 6 cycles and consolidation radiation therapy yielding a complete remission of four years.
αvβ3-Integrin antagonists inhibit thrombin-induced proliferation and focal adhesion formation in smooth muscle cells

αvβ3-Integrin antagonists reduced neointimal formation following vascular injury in eight different animal models. Because α-thrombin contributes to neointimal formation, we examined the hypothesis...
La primera guerra mundial como evento latinoamericano: modernismo, visualidad y distancia cosmopolita

?Se puede considerar a la Primera Guerra Mundial como un evento latinoamericano? ?En que sentido podria pensarse que el predicado ‘mundial’ de la Gran Guerra incluye a America Latina? Estas preguntas —cuya eficacia depende de su potencial polemico— cuestionan el sentido comun academico desde el que suele abordarse un conflicto militar sin precedentes. La participacion meramente simbolica de Brasil y las colonias formales e informales de Estados Unidos en la region no es suficiente para inscribir a la Primera Guerra Mundial en el espacio discursivo latinoamericano, y sin embargo, este articulo propone que desde el punto de vista de la historia cultural y literaria, es posible considerar la inscripcion de America Latina en la Gran Guerra: America Latina como parte integral de un evento cuya globalidad incluiria a la cultura latinoamericana dentro del campo discursivo desigual que lo define.
Recurrent lobular capillary hemangiomas in a patient with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) and von Hippel-Lindau syndrome (VHL).

Lobular capillary hemangiomas, also known as pyogenic granulomas, are common, benign, vascular proliferations of the cutaneous or mucous surfaces that grow rapidly and are prone to ulceration and bleeding.1, 2 Recurrence of lobular capillary hemangiomas in the same location after treatment is common with rates ranging from 3.7% to 43.5%.3 Well-known causes of lobular capillary hemangiomas are trauma, infection, medication, chronic irritation, viral oncogenes, increased levels of female sex hormones, and microscopic arteriovenous anastomoses.1 Patients commonly seek treatment because of associated pain or discomfort from ulceration, bleeding, or both. Surgical excision and cryotherapy show best therapeutic outcomes for lobular capillary hemangiomas, although electrodessication, shave excision, imiquimod cream, topical timolol, and sclerotherapy are also used.3, 4
Multimodal Assessment of Teaching Behavior in Immersive Rehearsal Environment-TeachLivE

Nonverbal behaviors such as facial expressions, eye contact, gestures, and body movements in general have strong impacts on the process of communicative interactions. Gestures play an important role in interpersonal communication in the classroom between student and teacher. To assist teachers with exhibiting open and positive nonverbal signals in their actual classroom, we have designed a multimodal teaching application with provisions for real-time feedback in coordination with our TeachLivE test-bed environment and its reflective application; ReflectLivE. Individuals walk into this virtual environment and interact with five virtual students shown on a large screen display. The recent research study is designed to have two settings (7-minute long each). In each of the settings, the participants are provided lesson plans from which they teach. All the participants are asked to take part in both settings, with half receiving automated real-time feedback about their body poses in the first session (group 1) and the other half receiving such feedback in the second session (group 2). Feedback is in the form of a visual indication each time the participant exhibits a closed stance. To create this automated feedback application, a closed posture corpus was collected and trained based on the existing TeachLivE teaching records. After each session, the participants take a post-questionnaire about their experience. We hypothesize that visual feedback improves positive body gestures for both groups during the feedback session, and that, for group 2, this persists into their second unaided session but, for group 1, improvements occur only during the second session.
Cross-Sectional Study of the Impact of a Natural Disaster on the Delivery of Gynecologic Oncology Care.

OBJECTIVE: We aimed to compare access to gynecologic oncology care at a private and a city hospital, both of which closed for a period of time because of Hurricane Sandy. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study of gynecologic oncology chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and surgical patients from October 29, 2012 (the eve of the storm), to February 7, 2013 (the reopening of the city hospital). New referrals during this time were excluded. Delays in chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and surgery were compared. RESULTS: Analysis included 113 patients: 59 private patients (52.2%) and 54 city patients (47.8%). Of the private patients, 33/59 received chemotherapy (55.9%), 1/59 received radiotherapy (1.7%), and 28/59 had planned surgery (47.5%). Of the city patients, 40/54 received chemotherapy (74.1%), 7/54 received radiotherapy (12.3%), and 18/54 had planned surgery (33.3%). The mean delay in chemotherapy was 7.6 days at the private hospital and 21.7 days at the city hospital (P=0.0004). The mean delay in scheduled surgery was 14.2 days at the private hospital and 22.7 days at the city hospital (P=0.3979). The mean delay in radiotherapy was 0.0 days at the private hospital and 25.0 days at the city hospital (P=0.0046). Loss to follow-up rates were 3/59 of the private patients (5.1%) and 3/54 of the city patients (5.6%). CONCLUSIONS: Gynecologic oncology care was maintained during a natural disaster despite temporary closure and relocation of services. Disparity in care was in access to chemotherapy. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2015;0:1-4). Language: en
Preliminary Observation of the Evaporation Duct in the I.M.S.T. Air-Sea Wind Tunnel

Several of the preceding lectures have noted the difficulties attendant upon attempts to observe the detailed structure of refractivity, temperature, and humidity in the actual atmosphere and to determine from such measurements the manner in which this structure is influenced by the background meteorological conditions. In the first place, it is difficult to place your rapid-response, fluctuation-sensitive instruments at points at which the structure is interesting. Secondly, it is seldom if ever possible to measure adequately the environmental wind, temperature, and humidity so as to describe precisely the conditions under which the observed fine-scale structure occurs. Finally, it is in no sense possible to control these conditions: i.e., it is not possible to “repeat” an experiment, changing the parameters in a known and controlled manner. Consequently, our ability to examine the detailed structure or to discover its relation to the mesoscale or synoptic meteorology is severely restricted.
Scheduling of Drawbridge Operations

A procedure for determining the operational method and schedule for a drawbridge is presented. The procedure is applied to a location with conflicting recreational traffic flows, both waterborne and vehicular. Many aspects of the drawbridge scheduling process are related to an analogous problem: timing vehicular traffic signals. The analogous aspects of the two situations are examined, and the results obtained for a drawbridge offered. A regression model relating bridge swing time to boat arrival patterns is developed. A vehicular delay function is also related to bridge swing time. The application of the procedure is presented using data for both waterborne and vehicular traffic at the Shrewsbury River Bridge in Highlands, New Jersey (at the entrance to the Sandy Hook Unit of the Gateway National Recreation Area). Changes in the method of bridge operation were indicated and implemented. The new fixed-time opening scheme resulted in significant reductions to vehicular traffic delay and were acceptable for marine requirements. Language: en
Assessing Robustness of Findings About Racial Redistricting’s Effect on Southern House Delegations

We assess whether racial redistricting increases the number of South- ern representatives to the left of the US House median. Our results, which are based on Monte Carlo simulations and an alternative measure of representa- tives' preferences, are generally null findings. The data do not support the claim that racial redistricting promotes liberal policy outcomes; nor do they support the claim that it promotes conservative policy outcomes. At a meth- odological level, we suggest techniques that researchers can use to assess how robust their findings are to noise in variables based on estimated values like DW-Nominate scores.
Changing perceptions of China

A few years ago, China could do no wrong. More recently, observers and journalists have taken a critical, and at times negative, view of Chinese policies and practices.
Computational Study of the Extensive Role of Heterocyclic Ligands in Acetylene Hydration by a Bifunctional Organometallic Catalyst

A computational model based on density functional calculations is presented for the hydration of acetylene to form acetaldehyde on the organotransition-metal fragment CpRu(PMe2Im′)2+ (where Me = methyl and Im′ = 1,4-dimethylimidazol-2-yl). The predicted 10-step reaction mechanism features extensive participation of the basic imidazolyl nitrogens in three distinct hydrogen transfer steps which stabilize the reaction pathway through a series of hydrogen donor–acceptor exchanges. Because several equivalents of water are present in the experiments, the impact of solvation on the activation barriers of all ten steps has been estimated by a combination of explicit solvent and semiempirical continuum methods. The results are in qualitative agreement with intermediates observed in laboratory studies of similar catalysts, forming the basis for a complete investigation of the mechanism.
Association among cotton arthropods

Although animal populations may be associated for a number of reasons, predation is a major factor and the measurement of interspecific association may be used to reduce the total testable combinations. The objective of this study was to determine the interspecific association of a variety of cotton arthropods as a preliminary step in determining where predation occurs in cotton ecosystems. Twelve numerically prominent arthropod taxa were sampled in 9 unsprayed upland cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum L.) fields with a high vacuum Insectavac sampler over 6 yr on 31 dates. Correlation coefficients were calculated to determine interspecies association on each sampling date. Nabis spp. were found associated with other genera most often (172 times) followed by Geocoris spp. (111 times), Orius spp. (100 times), Lygus spp. (84 times), Hippodamia sp. (64 times), Chrysoperla sp. (60 times), Collops sp. (53 times), Frankliniella sp. and Thrips sp. (32 times), Diabrotica sp. (26 times), Heliothis sp. (21 times), and Tetragnatha sp. (15 times). Predators were associated with various primary consumers 163 times and with various other predators 191 times, suggesting switching may readily occur and predators may feed extensively on other predators.
Inhibition of cyclooxygenase: a novel approach to cancer prevention.

An expanding body of evidence indicates that downregulation of the cyclooxygenases (Cox-1 and Cox-2) will be an important strategy for preventing cancer because cyclooxygenases catalyze the formation of prostaglandins (PGs), and PGs have multiple effects that favor tumorigenesis. PGs also are more abundant in cancers than in the normal tissues from which cancers arise. Overexpression of Cox-2 in epithelial cells inhibits apoptosis and increases the invasiveness of tumor cells; inhibitors of Cox (e.g., NSAIDS) are chemopreventive; and tumorigenesis is inhibited in Cox-2 knockout mice. We focus in this review on strategies to selectively inhibit and downregulate the Cox-2 isoform. This is important because simultaneous inhibition of Cox-1 (constitutively expressed) and Cox-2 (inducible isoform), which is achieved with classical NSAIDs, interferes with the housekeeping functions of Cox-1 and thereby causes serious side effects, such as peptic ulcer disease. Simultaneous inhibition of Cox-1 and Cox-2 hence is not a realistic approach for chemoprevention in individuals at low to moderate risk for cancer. On the other hand, it appears possible to avoid many NSAID-dependent side effects by selective inhibition of Cox-2, which is also the isoform that is upregulated in benign and malignant tumors. Through understanding the biochemistry of these enzymes and the regulation of Cox-1 and Cox-2 gene expression, we review how Cox-2 can be regulated selectively as a target for chemopreventive therapy. We also discuss the potential importance and advantages of a multifaceted approach to diminishing the function of Cox-2 (i.e., combining inhibitors of enzyme function with inhibitors of gene expression).
Regulation of rat ventricular myosin heavy chain expression by serum and contractile activity

To quantitatively analyze the effects of serum stimulation and contractile activity and their interaction on cellular growth and cardiac myosin heavy chain (MHC) gene expression, spontaneously contracting neonatal rat ventricular myocytes in primary culture were maintained in serum-free growth medium or growth medium supplemented with fetal bovine serum. Contractile activity in paired cultures was inhibited by addition of the calcium channel blocker verapamil (10 microM) to the culture medium. Both serum stimulation and contractile activity produced myocyte hypertrophy as assessed by increases in total protein, total RNA, protein-to-DNA ratios, and total MHC protein content. MHC isoenzyme analysis indicated that both MHC-alpha and MHC-beta proteins accumulated in response to serum stimulation and/or contractile activity. The increases in MHC-beta protein resulting from serum stimulation and contractile activity occurred in parallel with increases in MHC-beta mRNA. In contrast, MHC-alpha mRNA levels were relatively unaffected by serum stimulation but appeared to decrease in response to contractile activity. The protein kinase inhibitor staurosporine (5 nM) reduced MHC-beta expression in serum-free, contracting cultures and also prevented the serum-induced increase in MHC-beta mRNA observed in both contracting and arrested myocytes. Staurosporine also increased MHC-alpha mRNA levels in serum-free, contracting, and verapamil-arrested myocytes. These data suggest that both humoral and mechanical factors regulate MHC isoenzyme expression and cellular growth in neonatal ventricular myocytes.
Development of a single-cell X-ray fluorescence flow cytometer

An X-ray fluorescence flow cytometer that can determine the total metal content of single cells has been developed. Capillary action or pressure was used to load cells into hydrophilic or hydrophobic capillaries, respectively. Once loaded, the cells were transported at a fixed vertical velocity past a focused X-ray beam. X-ray fluorescence was then used to determine the mass of metal in each cell. By making single-cell measurements, the population heterogeneity for metals in the µM to mM concentration range on fL sample volumes can be directly measured, a measurement that is difficult using most analytical methods. This approach has been used to determine the metal composition of 936 individual bovine red blood cells (bRBC), 31 individual 3T3 mouse fibroblasts (NIH3T3) and 18 Saccharomyces cerevisiae (yeast) cells with an average measurement frequency of ∼4 cells min(-1). These data show evidence for surprisingly broad metal distributions. Details of the device design, data analysis and opportunities for further sensitivity improvement are described.
The formation of a socioeconomic disparity: a case study of cocaine and marijuana use in the 1990s.

Background Around the year 1990, the reputation of cocaine use changed from glamorous to undesirable, and at the same time, a socioeconomic disparity in cocaine use emerged. This study examined (1) whether the socioeconomic disparity was created by differential incidence, differential cessation, or both, (2) whether a socioeconomic disparity also developed in marijuana use, and (3) whether disparities formed across race, Hispanic ethnicity, and/or gender. Methods The analyses center on 6544 respondents aged 14–21 in 1979 in the National Longitudinal Survey of 1979 that provided information on past-year use of powder cocaine and marijuana use before and after 1990—specifically, in 1984, 1988, 1992, 1994, and 1998. Results Both differential incidence and differential cessation across education contributed to the formation of the socioeconomic disparity in cocaine use, although differential cessation played a more influential role in this cohort. A socioeconomic disparity in marijuana use also came about around the same time. No emerging disparities by race, Hispanic ethnicity, or gender were observed. Conclusions This case study suggests that the redefinition of a health behavior as unhealthy will result in a socioeconomic disparity in the behavior across socioeconomic strata as a result of both differential incidence and cessation, but disparities will not necessarily form by race, ethnicity, or gender.
"We Stand on the Same Battlefield": The Gettysburg Centenary and the Shadow of Race

On November 19, 1962, acclaimed Civil War historian Bruce Catton delivered an address to an eager audience at Gettysburg College. That evening, instead of offering listeners installments from his popular New York Times Magazine series, which chronicled the “great turning points” of the Civil War, the fifty-five-year-old editor of American Heritage addressed the ongoing centennial commemoration of the conflict. Well aware that the very next year the greater Gettysburg community would observe the one hundredth anniversary of the conflict’s most celebrated battle, Catton came to urge both caution and careful consideration in the looming ceremonials. “If we are not careful,” he declared, “we may become prisoners of the Civil War—prisoners of its romance, of its legendry, of the odd, heart-warming, and ever-living impulses which its people, its flags, its songs and its stories send tingling along the spine.” What troubled Catton was not the propensity of his fellow Americans to look back on the conflict, but the “irresistible force of sentiment” that overwhelmed any discussion of the causes and consequences of the war.
Packages for Kinematic Chains

Packages can be used to calculate the position, velocity, and acceleration of a driver link in rotational motion. For the position analysis, the input data are the coordinates ( x A , y A ) of the start joint A with respect to the reference frame xOyz, the length of the link AB , and the angle ɸ with the horizontal axis. For the velocity and the acceleration analysis, the angular velocity and the angular acceleration are considered. The output data are the position, velocity, and acceleration of the end point B. In order to compute the position, velocity, and acceleration of the joint B, using Mathematica TM , the necessary commands can be collected in a function. The name of the function is Driver . The input data, the variable parts of the computation, and the output data are defined as parameters to this function. All the variables local to Driver [] are declared in the Block [] statement to isolate them from any values they might globally have. The mechanism that Mathematica TM provides for keeping the variables used in a package different from those used in the main session is called context .
Geopolitics, Self-Determination, and China’s Rise in Oceania

This chapter explores the implications of China’s rise for the strategic, political, and economic interests of the small number of external powers, including the United States, which have exercised considerable influence in the Pacific Islands since the colonial era and, more importantly, for the goals and aspirations of the developing states of the region. It argues that China’s rising profile has caused concern among more established external actors but left them with little option but to accommodate the new situation. The chapter notes that China’s rise has been generally welcomed by island leaders, offering them economic and political opportunities not readily available heretofore. The emergence of the China alternative has disrupted long-standing networks of power and influence in the region, and given island states a degree of control over their own futures perhaps unprecedented in the post-colonial era.
Charge Transfer States in Dilute Donor–Acceptor Blend Organic Heterojunctions

We study the charge transfer (CT) states in small-molecule blend heterojunctions comprising the nonpolar donor, tetraphenyldibenzoperiflanthene (DBP), and the acceptor, C70, using electroluminescence and steady-state and time-resolved photoluminescence spectroscopy along with density functional theory calculations. We find that the CT exciton energy blue shifts as the C70 concentration in the blend is either decreased or increased away from 50 vol %. At 20 K, the increase in CT state lifetime is correlated with the increasing diameter of C70 nanocrystallites in the blends. A quantum confinement model is used to quantitatively describe the dependence of both CT energy and lifetime on the C70 or DBP domain size. Two discrete CT emission peaks are observed for blends whose C70 concentration is >65%, at which point C70 nanocrystallites with diameters >4 nm appear in high-resolution transmission electron micrographs. The presence of two CT states is attributed to coexistence of crystalline C70 and amorphous ph...
Securing foundations and advancing frontiers: Prevention and promotion effects on judgment & decision making

Abstract Over the past two decades, research testing regulatory focus theory has made multiple contributions to understanding better many different psychological issues. In this article, we detail the foundations of regulatory focus theory, its wide-ranging impact, and its implications in particular for understanding the motivational underpinnings of judgment and decision making. We then explore new developments regarding the interactions between regulatory focus and the psychological experience of being above or below the status quo, and note how this research helps to further distinguish regulatory focus from more general models of approach-avoidance. We then close with a discussion of new research on the relation among regulatory focus, politics, and culture, and between regulatory focus and ethics—both of which may be of special interest to organizational psychologists and decision scientists.
Long Working Hours and Well-being: What We Know, What We Do Not Know, and What We Need to Know

Despite a widespread belief in both the academic and public policy literatures that working long hours is deleterious to health and well-being, our critical review of this large and complex literature fails to support a robust direct causal effect of work hours on either physical or mental well-being outcomes. Large-scale epidemiological studies, many of which are prospective and include objective health outcome measures, support a statistically significant association between long work hours and coronary heart disease and depression, but the effect sizes are very small. Moreover, there is an absence of true longitudinal studies that assess the consistency of working long hours over time and its relationship to well-being. Our review suggests that the effects of working long hours are nuanced in that they may vary considerably for different working populations based on gender, age, working conditions, and other factors. Primary and meta-analytic studies suggest that such moderator effects are plausible, yet rigorous testing of these remains to be done. We conclude with suggestions for specific moderator effects that seem worth investigating in future research.