cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Exercise increases the vulnerability of rat hippocampal neurons to kainate lesion

Available evidence suggests that regular, moderate-intensity exercise has beneficial effects on neural health, perhaps including neuroprotection. To evaluate this idea further, we compared the severity of kainate-induced neuronal loss in exercised versus sedentary female rats. Stereological estimations of neuron number revealed that rats in the exercise condition exhibited significantly greater neuron loss in hippocampal region CA2/3, suggesting that high levels of physical activity may increase neuronal vulnerability to excitotoxicity.
Hot-film anemometer measurements in a starting turbulent jet

Introduction I has become common practice when modeling diesel engine combustion to assume that a two-phase fuel spray can be treated as a homogeneous, quasisteady turbulent gas jet.The physical description used to support this assumption proposes that the atomization process is rapid when the liquid-jet velocity is sufficiently high. Since finely dispersed droplets will decelerate rapidly, the velocity of the droplets will quickly become accommodated to the velocity of the air entrained by the jet. Thus, at a short distance from the jet orifice the fuel spray will behave as a classical quasisteady free-air jet that is carrying with it continually evaporating fuel droplets. Considering how often this simple model is used, it is surprising that quantitative verification has not been even partially established. It is admittedly difficult to confirm an analogy between two-phase sprays and homogeneous gas jets; however, the assumption of treating a suddenly started transient jet as a quasisteady free jet is amenable to verification. The experiment briefly described in this Note addresses this question, in addition to providing some measurements on the tip penetration rate of suddenly started turbulent air jets. Further details can be found in Ref. 3.
Introducing New Amino Acids into Proteins.

INTRODUCTION. The introduction of new amino acids into proteins presents a special challenge because, throughout the three kingdoms of life, the same 20 amino acids are used as the building blocks for all proteins. These building blocks have emerged from a long history of evolution when other amino acids were undoubtedly incorporated into early proteins. The use of the same amino acids in contemporary proteins is a direct result of the universal genetic code. The code, in turn, is established in the aminoacylation reactions catalyzed by aminoacyl transfer RNA (tRNA) synthetases. In these reactions, a specific amino acid is joined to the tRNA that bears the anticodon triplet corresponding to that amino acid. The tRNA synthetases themselves are ancient proteins whose evolution is thought to be closely tied to the development of the universal genetic code. The introduction of new amino acids into proteins has at least two motivations. One is the practical value of producing proteins with novel activities or chemical properties that go beyond what is known for natural proteins. For example, proteins with novel catalytic groups, spectroscopic characteristics, or special surface properties could have a variety of applications. The other motivation is centered on the question of the origin of life and the transition from the putative RNA world to the theatre of proteins. This transition centers on the development of the genetic code and the appearance of proteins that may have contained amino acids other than or in addition to ones found in contemporary proteins. The early code probably was ambiguous, that is, a primitive codon could code for more than one amino acid. With these considerations in mind, efforts were directed at “invading” the genetic code so as to make possible the introduction of new amino acids into proteins. Because of their central role in establishing the code, a member of the aminoacyl tRNA synthetase set of enzymes was manipulated for these purposes. RESULTS. Valyl-tRNA synthetase (ValRS) catalyzes the aminoacylation of tRNA Val in a twostep reaction. First, the enzyme condenses valine with ATP to yield a tightly bound valyladenylate. Next, the valyl adenylate is reacted with the 3’-end of tRNA Val to yield Val-tRNA Val . In this way, valine is assigned to a specific nucleotide triplet (the tRNA anticodon) in the algorithm of the genetic code. ValRS has two catalytic sites. One site is part of the catalytic center for the aminoacylation reaction. A pocket in the enzyme holds the isopropyl side chain of valine. However, the side chain of threonine, which replaces a single methyl group of valine with a hydroxyl group, can fit into the same pocket. As a consequence, ValRS will occasionally misactivate threonine and catalyze
OC102: The clinical significance of early (< 20 weeks) versus late (20–24 weeks) detection of a sonographic short cervix in asymptomatic women

performed according to FMF recommendations, at 21–23 weeks of gestation. The patients were afterwards followed-up until the time of delivery. The value of the measurement was then assessed as a predictor of PD. Results: Among singleton pregnancies the mean CL at the time of the scan was 37.37 ± 7.7 mm. The incidence of PD 25 mm (38.7 ± 6.4 mm; P 25 mm in twin pregnancies. Conclusions: Mid-pregnancy CL measurement can be of predictive value for earlier delivery in singleton pregnancy after IVF, but seems less important in twin pregnancies. Further studies on larger groups of IVF patients are required to evaluate its accurate predictive value.
The Adherence eValuation After Ischemic Stroke Longitudinal (AVAIL) registry: design, rationale, and baseline patient characteristics.

Background Approximately one third of the 780,000 people in the United States who have a stroke each year have recurrent events. Although efficacious secondary prevention measures are available, levels of adherence to these strategies in patients who have had stroke are largely unknown. Understanding medication-taking behavior in this population is an important step to optimizing the appropriate use of proven secondary preventive therapies and reducing the risk of recurrent stroke. Methods The Adherence eValuation After Ischemic Stroke Longitudinal (AVAIL) registry is a prospective study of adherence to stroke prevention medications from hospital discharge to 1 year in patients admitted with stroke or transient ischemic attack. The primary outcomes are medication usage as determined by patient interviews after 3 and 12 months. Potential patient-, provider-, and system-level barriers to persistence of medication use are also collected. Secondary outcomes include the rates of recurrent stroke or transient ischemic attack, vascular events, and rehospitalization and functional status as measured by the modified Rankin score. Results The AVAIL enrolled about 2,900 subjects from 106 hospitals from July 2006 through July 2008. The 12-month follow-up will be completed in August 2009. Conclusions The AVAIL registry will document the current state of adherence and persistence to stroke prevention medications among a nationwide sample of patients. These data will be used to design interventions to improve the quality of care post acute hospitalization and reduce the risks of future stroke and cardiovascular events.
Transform-domain Wyner-Ziv codec for video

In current interframe video compression systems, the encoder performs predictive coding to exploit the similarities of successive frames. The Wyner-Ziv Theorem on source coding with side information available only at the decoder suggests that an asymmetric video codec, where individual frames are encoded separately, but decoded conditionally (given temporally adjacent frames) could achieve similar efficiency. We propose a transformdomain Wyner-Ziv coding scheme for motion video that uses intraframe encoding, but interframe decoding. In this system, the transform coefficients of a Wyner-Ziv frame are encoded independently using a scalar quantizer and turbo coder. The decoder uses previously reconstructed frames to generate side information to conditionally decode the Wyner-Ziv frames. Simulation results show significant gains above DCT-based intraframe coding and improvements over the pixel-domain Wyner-Ziv video coder.
Balanced Ero1 activation and inactivation establishes ER redox homeostasis

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) provides an environment optimized for oxidative protein folding through the action of Ero1p, which generates disulfide bonds, and Pdi1p, which receives disulfide bonds from Ero1p and transfers them to substrate proteins. Feedback regulation of Ero1p through reduction and oxidation of regulatory bonds within Ero1p is essential for maintaining the proper redox balance in the ER. In this paper, we show that Pdi1p is the key regulator of Ero1p activity. Reduced Pdi1p resulted in the activation of Ero1p by direct reduction of Ero1p regulatory bonds. Conversely, upon depletion of thiol substrates and accumulation of oxidized Pdi1p, Ero1p was inactivated by both autonomous oxidation and Pdi1p-mediated oxidation of Ero1p regulatory bonds. Pdi1p responded to the availability of free thiols and the relative levels of reduced and oxidized glutathione in the ER to control Ero1p activity and ensure that cells generate the minimum number of disulfide bonds needed for efficient oxidative protein folding.
Beyond the "central sinus": radiographic findings in patients undergoing revision functional endoscopic sinus surgery.

Background Functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) is widely used by otolaryngologists to treat chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). The sinonasal anatomy and pathology found in patients with CRS varies widely, as does the FESS technique practiced by otolaryngologists. Variations in the completeness of cell group dissection, combined with the technical challenge of angled endoscopy, result in a wide variation of the post-FESS cavities harboring persistent disease. The purpose of this study was to identify previously incompletely dissected anatomic structures associated with mucosal thickening found in patients undergoing revision FESS for persistent or recurrent CRS. Methods Retrospective review of axial, coronal, and sagittal computed tomography (CT) scans of patients undergoing revision FESS by 3 fellowship-trained rhinologists at a tertiary referral center. Results The CT scans of 55 patients undergoing revision FESS were reviewed. The most frequent radiographic findings were residual anterior and posterior ethmoid cells or septations, found in 65% of sides and 75% of patients. In addition, residual anterior ethmoid agger nasi cells, unopened sphenoid, and residual uncinates were found in 52%, 51%, and 46% of sides, respectively. A large percentage of the patients demonstrated residual ethmoid cells present on the lamina papyracea and skull base, with a lower number found posterior to the middle turbinate basal lamella. A greater number of residual right-sided vs left-sided ethmoid cells was noted, with the difference being significant (p < 0.05) at the skull base. Conclusion Analysis of CT scans of patients undergoing revision FESS for persistent or recurrent CRS frequently reveals persistent anatomical structures or incompletely resected cells associated with persistent mucosal thickening. Meticulous, complete cell group dissection combined with use of angled endoscopy along with identification of possible predisposing structures may aid in the reduction of need for revision surgery.
Searching for Common Ground between Supporters and Opponents of Affirmative Action

Supporters and opponents of affirmative action are often characterized as debating about a single, consensually understood type of affirmative action. However, supporters and opponents instead may have different types of policies in mind when thinking about affirmative action and may actually agree on specific manifestations of affirmative action policies more than is commonly believed. A survey conducted using a student sample and a sample from the broader Chicago-area community showed that affirmative action policies can be characterized into merit-violating versus merit-upholding manifestations. Supporters of affirmative action in general were more likely to think of affirmative action in its merit-upholding manifestations, whereas opponents were more likely to think of the merit-violating manifestations. However, both supporters and opponents showed more support for merit-upholding rather than merit-violating manifestations of affirmative action. The same pattern of results was upheld even when splitting the samples into those who endorsed negative racial attitudes versus those who did not, suggesting that even those who may be considered racist will endorse affirmative action policies that uphold merit values. The results are discussed in terms of the importance of clarifying the political discourse about what affirmative action is and what it is designed to do.
In-situ studies of the growth of amorphous and nanocrystalline silicon using real time spectroscopic ellipsometry

Real-time spectroscopic ellipsometry (RTSE) has been used to characterize the optical and structural properties of hot-wire CVD (HWCVD) deposited amorphous and nanocrystalline silicon as a function of hydrogen dilution, substrate temperature, and gas pressure. Throughout the range of parameters investigated in this three-dimensional parameter space we find good correlations between post-deposition conductivity measurements and the thickness of the film at the transition from amorphous to nanocrystalline growth, as indicated by a smoothening transition in the surface roughness measured by RTSE during film growth. These results validate the use of RTSE as an in-situ diagnostic to elucidate the nature of HWCVD film growth, particularly as it relates to maximization of photovoltaic device efficiency.
Photobleaching imprinting microscopy: seeing clearer and deeper.

We present a generic sub-diffraction-limited imaging method – photobleaching imprinting microscopy (PIM) – for biological fluorescence imaging. A lateral resolution of 110 nm was measured, more than a twofold improvement over the optical diffraction limit. Unlike other super-resolution imaging techniques, PIM does not require complicated illumination modules or specific fluorescent dyes. PIM is expected to facilitate the conversion of super-resolution imaging into a routine lab tool, making it accessible to a much broader biological research community. Moreover, we show that PIM can increase the image contrast of biological tissue, effectively extending the fundamental depth limit of multi-photon fluorescence microscopy.
Crigler-Najjar Syndrome (Type I) in an Adult Male

ALLAN W. WOLKOFF, M.D. The study of inheritable disorders of bilirubin metabolism has been essential for understanding normal hepatic physiology. These disorders, each of which is presumably associated with an abnormality at a single genetic locus, have varied phenotypic manifestations.' The Crigler-Najjar syndrome (type I) is a rare disorder in which there is absent activity of the bilirubin conjugating enzyme, UDP-glucuronyl transferase. The resulting functional defect has been well characterized with respect to biochemical and neurologic manifestations. Although the disorder is usually fatal in early childhood, a few affected children, such as the present patient, have survived into early adulthood, at which time they inexplicably manifested bilirubin encephalopathy.2 Because modern perinatal care, including exchange transfusion and phototherapy, prevents early death of many of these children from kernicterus, longer survival may be anticipated.
The Pneumococcus at the Millennium: Not Down, Not Out

In the 12 decades that will have elapsed between the first isolation of the pneumococcus and the coming millennium, much of fundamental biologic importance has been learned from the study of this bacterium and the diseases it causes. Streptococcus pneumoniae is associated with the development of Gram's stain, the Quellung reaction, and many of the fundamentals of immunology. It has also played a significant role in the history of antimicrobial therapy. After a transitory period of euphoria engendered by the improved prognosis of pneumococcal pneumonia resulting from therapeutic advances, recognition that the newer treatments could not bring about the recovery of those sustaining early irreversible physiologic injury led to renewed interest in immunoprophylaxis. Added impetus to this approach has been fostered by the recent rapid increase in the number of pneumococcal isolates resistant to antimicrobial agents and in the magnitude of their resistance. Pneumococcal vaccines are increasingly relevant.
Cultivation of an Obligate Fe(II)-Oxidizing Lithoautotrophic Bacterium Using Electrodes

ABSTRACT Fe(II)-oxidizing aerobic bacteria are poorly understood, due in part to the difficulties involved in laboratory cultivation. Specific challenges include (i) providing a steady supply of electrons as Fe(II) while (ii) managing rapid formation of insoluble Fe(III) oxide precipitates and (iii) maintaining oxygen concentrations in the micromolar range to minimize abiotic Fe(II) oxidation. Electrochemical approaches offer an opportunity to study bacteria that require problematic electron donors or acceptors in their respiration. In the case of Fe(II)-oxidizing bacteria, if the electron transport machinery is able to oxidize metals at the outer cell surface, electrodes poised at potentials near those of natural substrates could serve as electron donors, eliminating concentration issues, side reactions, and mineral end products associated with metal oxidation. To test this hypothesis, the marine isolate Mariprofundus ferrooxydans PV-1, a neutrophilic obligate Fe(II)-oxidizing autotroph, was cultured using a poised electrode as the sole energy source. When cells grown in Fe(II)-containing medium were transferred into a three-electrode electrochemical cell, a cathodic (negative) current representing electron uptake by bacteria was detected, and it increased over a period of weeks. Cultures scraped from a portion of the electrode and transferred into sterile reactors consumed electrons at a similar rate. After three transfers in the absence of Fe(II), electrode-grown biofilms were studied to determine the relationship between donor redox potential and respiration rate. Electron microscopy revealed that under these conditions, M. ferrooxydans PV-1 attaches to electrodes and does not produce characteristic iron oxide stalks but still appears to exhibit bifurcate cell division. IMPORTANCE Electrochemical cultivation, supporting growth of bacteria with a constant supply of electron donors or acceptors, is a promising tool for studying lithotrophic species in the laboratory. Major pitfalls present in standard cultivation methods used for metal-oxidizing microbes can be avoided by the use of an electrode as the sole electron donor. Electrochemical cultivation also offers a window into the poorly understood metabolism of microbes such as obligate Fe(II), Mn(II), or S 0 oxidizers by replacing the electron source with the controlled surface of an electrode. The elucidation of redox-dependent behavior of these microbes could enhance industrial applications tuned to oxidation of specific metals, provide insight into how bacteria evolved to compete with oxygen for reactive metal species, and model geochemical impacts of their metabolism in the environment.
Maltreated children's emerging well-being in Japanese state care

Abstract This study focuses on the experiences and challenges of maltreated Japanese children who live in state care. Previous research identified Ibasho creation as one developmental goal of children's substitute caregivers. Ibasho is a place where one experiences a peace of mind, security, acceptance, and belonging, and is considered necessary to psychological and social well-being. Socialization practices which may support children's Ibasho creation included mimamori, that is, watching over children warmly as a protective figure with minimal adult interference. The current study elaborates upon maltreated children's own experiences of Ibasho creation within the institution, as well as caregivers' perceptions of challenges to their Ibasho creation. Participant observation and in-depth interviews with children and adults indicated that children created their Ibasho within and outside of the institution. Many children described enjoyment in relaxing in private spaces and playing or chatting with peers in communal spaces. The presence of caring, accepting, and trustworthy adults was critical for their Ibasho creation. Children described negative experiences such as rejection by peers, bullying, and lack of understanding from others as contributing to an absence of Ibasho. Adults described extended and early institutionalization, as well as ongoing problematic family relationships, as challenges to children's Ibasho creation. Results underscore characteristics of the physical and social ecologies that may support maltreated children's recovery, adjustment, and development. Implications for U.S. child welfare research and practice are discussed.
Mechanical Properties of Boron Doped Diamond Films Prepared by MPCVD

A chemical vapor deposition hydrogen/methane/nitrogen feedgas mixture with unconventionally high methane (15% CH4 by volume) normally used to grow ultra-hard and smooth nanostructured diamond films on Ti-6Al-4V alloy substrates was modified to include diborane (10% B2H6 in hydrogen) for boron-doping. The flow rate for B2H6 was varied to investigate its effect on plasma chemistry, film structure, and mechanical properties. It was found that boron in the plasma can easily be incorporated into diamond films and change the lattice parameter and affect film structure as measured by Raman spectroscopy. Grazing angle x-ray diffraction shows a strong dependence of diamond lattice parameter with diborane flow rate and B2H6:CH4 flow rate ratio. Thermal stability of these films was evaluated by heating in an oxygen environment above 700 °C. Nanoindentation measurements show that the films have high hardness close to that of nanostructured diamond. High film hardness and toughness, combined with good thermal stability and low surface roughness indicate great potential as wear resistant coatings able to withstand high temperature oxidizing environments.
Robust control techniques for buildings under earthquake excitation

Robust control techniques are applied to civil engineering structures subjected to earthquake excitation. Full-state feedback and observer-based control laws are used to reduce the response of the building due to earthquake ground motion. Effects of actuator dynamics and a method to incorporate these dynamics into the overall design are also presented. The effectiveness of the control method is demonstrated by simulation results.
Unrepaired Heteroduplex DNA in Saccharomyces Cerevisiae Is Decreased in Rad1 Rad52-Independent Recombination

A direct repeat recombination assay between SUP4 heteroalleles detects unrepaired heteroduplex DNA (hDNA) as sectored colonies. The frequency of unrepaired heteroduplex is dependent on the mismatch and is highest in a construct that generates C:C or G:G mispairs and lowest in one that generates T:G or C:A mispairs. In addition, unrepaired hDNA increases for all mismatches tested in pms1 mismatch repair-deficient strains. These results support the notion that hDNA is formed across the SUP4 repeats during the recombination event and is then subject to mismatch repair. The effects of various repair and recombination defective mutations on this assay were examined. Unrepaired heteroduplex increases significantly only in rad52 mutant strains. In addition, direct repeat recombination is reduced 2-fold in rad52 mutant strains, while in rad51, rad54, rad55 and rad57 mutants direct repeat recombination is increased 3-4-fold. Mutations in the excision repair gene, RAD1, do not affect the frequency of direct repeat recombination. However, the level of unrepaired heteroduplex is slightly decreased in rad1 mutant strains. Similar to previous studies, rad1 rad52 double mutants show a synergistic reduction in direct repeat recombination (35-fold). Interestingly, unrepaired heteroduplex is reduced 4-fold in the double mutants. Experiments with shortened repeats suggest that the reduction in unrepaired heteroduplex is due to decreased hDNA tract length in the double mutant strain.
Analysis of ftsQ Mutant Alleles in Escherichia coli: Complementation, Septal Localization, and Recruitment of Downstream Cell Division Proteins

FtsQ, a 276-amino-acid, bitopic membrane protein, is one of the nine proteins known to be essential for cell division in gram-negative bacterium Escherichia coli. To define residues in FtsQ critical for function, we performed random mutagenesis on the ftsQ gene and identified four alleles (ftsQ2, ftsQ6, ftsQ15, and ftsQ65) that fail to complement the ftsQ1(Ts) mutation at the restrictive temperature. Two of the mutant proteins, FtsQ6 and FtsQ15, are functional at lower temperatures but are unable to localize to the division site unless wild-type FtsQ is depleted, suggesting that they compete poorly with the wild-type protein for septal targeting. The other two mutants, FtsQ2 and FtsQ65, are nonfunctional at all temperatures tested and have dominant-negative effects when expressed in an ftsQ1(Ts) strain at the permissive temperature. FtsQ2 and FtsQ65 localize to the division site in the presence or absence of endogenous FtsQ, but they cannot recruit downstream cell division proteins, such as FtsL, to the septum. These results suggest that FtsQ2 and FtsQ65 compete efficiently for septal targeting but fail to promote the further assembly of the cell division machinery. Thus, we have separated the localization ability of FtsQ from its other functions, including recruitment of downstream cell division proteins, and are beginning to define regions of the protein responsible for these distinct capabilities.
Operant conditioning of two strains of the pointer dog.

Within the pointer breed of dog two strains have been developed by selective mating and line breeding. The goal is that of producing behaviorally distinct stable and unstable (nervous) strains to measure hereditary effects including dominance and sex linkage, if present. Some behavioral difference emerged early. Measures of operant conditioning and other behavioral tests have little overlap. We conclude that genetic controls are important for behavioral research, even within a single breed, and that temperamental variables have strong genetic factors as well as environmental ones.
Cross-Sectional Investigation of Correlation Between Hepatic Steatosis and IVIM Perfusion on MR Imaging

Abstract The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between liver fat fraction (FF) and diffusion parameters derived from the intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM) model. Thirty-six subjects with suspected nonalcoholic fatty liver disease underwent diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging with 10 b-values and spoiled gradient recalled echo imaging with six echoes for fat quantification. Correlations were measured between FF, transverse relaxivity (R2⁎), diffusivity (D) and perfusion fraction (f). The primary finding was that no significant correlation was obtained for D vs. FF or f vs. FF. Significant correlations were obtained for D vs. R2⁎ (r=−0.490, P=.002) and f vs. D (r=−0.458, P=.005). The conclusion is that hepatic steatosis does not affect measurement of perfusion or diffusion and therefore is unlikely to confound the use of apparent diffusivity to evaluate hepatic fibrosis.
A combinatorial approach to detecting buffer overflow vulnerabilities

Buffer overflow vulnerabilities are program defects that can cause a buffer to overflow at runtime. Many security attacks exploit buffer overflow vulnerabilities to compromise critical data structures. In this paper, we present a black-box testing approach to detecting buffer overflow vulnerabilities. Our approach is motivated by a reflection on how buffer overflow vulnerabilities are exploited in practice. In most cases the attacker can influence the behavior of a target system only by controlling its external parameters. Therefore, launching a successful attack often amounts to a clever way of tweaking the values of external parameters. We simulate the process performed by the attacker, but in a more systematic manner. A novel aspect of our approach is that it adapts a general software testing technique called combinatorial testing to the domain of security testing. In particular, our approach exploits the fact that combinatorial testing often achieves a high level of code coverage. We have implemented our approach in a prototype tool called Tance. The results of applying Tance to five open-source programs show that our approach can be very effective in detecting buffer overflow vulnerabilities.
Sudden Increase in Isolation of Group B Streptococci, Serotype V, Is Not Due to Emergence of a New Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis Type

Until recently, group B streptococcus, serotype V (GBS-V), was an infrequent cause of disease. It is now recognized as a significant cause of infections in both children and adults. To determine if this increase was due to the recent introduction and spread of a single clone of GBS-V, we analyzed, by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), the SmaI chromosomal DNA digests of 45 bacteria: 41 isolated from human infections between 1986 and 1996 in the United States, 2 from human infections in Argentina, and 2 from naturally infected mice. Seventeen patterns were found and arbitrarily designated patterns A to Q. Pattern N constituted 24 (53%) of the isolates and was found in all of the years tested and from all surveillance areas, as well as in both isolates from Argentina, and was very similar to the GBS-V isolated from a mouse. Pattern P was found in three isolates, pattern F was found in two, and the remaining patterns were found in one isolate each. We concluded that the majority of isolates of GBS-V are of one PFGE subtype and that this subtype was predominate before the increase in disease caused by GBS-V and that GBS-V disease is caused by several different subtypes.
Three cases of lithium exposure and exclusive breastfeeding

The aim of this study was to provide data to aid decision making regarding lithium use during lactation. Three women treated with lithium for bipolar disorder during pregnancy and lactation and their four infants provided lithium levels at 1 month postpartum. Infant levels ranged from 10% to 17% of maternal levels. Two infants experienced early feeding problems which were overcome with breastfeeding education and support. Women taking lithium can be supported to breastfeed, and their infants should be followed closely until breastfeeding is well established.
Iron is essential for oligodendrocyte genesis following intraspinal macrophage activation

Progenitor proliferation and differentiation are necessary for oligodendrocyte replacement. Previously, we showed that intraspinal activation of microglia and macrophages with the TLR4 agonist lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced robust oligodendrocyte genesis. In this study we investigated whether this process involves iron since LPS can alter macrophage regulation of iron and its storage protein ferritin, and oligodendrocytes require iron for proper development and myelination. Further, activated macrophages can sequester and release iron and ferritin. We first examined whether iron or ferritin was present following LPS microinjection. Using Perl's stain, we noted a slight increase in iron at 1d, and peak iron levels 3d post-injection coincident with maximal macrophage activation. Ferritin+ cells were prevalent by 3d and included macrophages and NG2 cells (putative oligodendrocyte progenitors). At 7d, ferritin was mainly expressed by new oligodendrocytes prevalent throughout the lesions. Because of the timing and distribution of iron and ferritin after LPS, we next used an iron chelator to test whether free iron was necessary for maximal LPS-induced oligodendrocyte genesis. Chelating iron by Deferasirox (Exjade®) after LPS microinjection significantly reduced the number of proliferating NG2 cells and new oligodendrocytes. Of the remaining oligodendrocytes, there was a 2-fold decrease in those expressing ferritin, revealing that the number of oligodendrocytes with high iron stores was reduced. Collectively, these results establish that iron accumulates after intraspinal TLR4 activation and is required for maximal TLR4-induced oligodendrogenesis. Since TLR4 agonists are abundant in CNS injury/disease sites, these results suggest that iron may be essential for macrophage/oligodendrocyte communication and adult glial replacement.
HTS current lead using a composite heat pipe

This paper discusses the design and fabrication of HTS current leads being built by Los Alamos to supply power to a demonstration HTS coil which will operate in a vacuum cooled by a cryocooler. Because vapor cooling is not an option for this application the leads must be entirely conductively cooled. In the design of HTS current leads for this type of application, it is desirable to intercept part of the heat load at an intermediate temperature. This thermal intercept or connection must be electrically insulating but thermally conductive, two mutually exclusive properties of most candidate solid materials. To achieve this end we incorporate a composite nitrogen heat pipe, constructed of conducting and nonconducting materials, to provide efficient thermal communication and simultaneously, electrical isolation between the lead and the intermediate temperature heat sink. Another important feature of the current lead design is the use of high Jc thick film superconductors deposited on a nonconducting substrate to reduce the conductive heat leak through the lower portion of the lead. Two flexible electrical conductors are incorporated to accommodate handling, assembly and the dissimilar expansion coefficients of the various materials. >
Theophylline clearance: Effect of marked obesity

Total body clearance (ClT) of theophylline was examined in 12 markedly obese patients and related to total body weight (TBW) and ideal body weight (IBW). Patients were infused with aminophylline continuously and evaluated at steady state. Total body clearances of theophylline were 29.5 ± 7.8 ml/hr/kg TBW and 58.8 ± 15.9 ml/hr/kg IBW. In patients with congestive heart failure (CHF) (N = 4) theophylline ClT was 19.7 ± 1.9 ml/hr/kg TBW or 47.7 ± 8.3 ml/hr/kg IBW while in those with no CHF (N = 8) clearance was 34.5 ± 3.5 ml/hr/kg TBW or 64.3 ± 16.2 ml/hr/kg IBW. Acute renal failure did not appear to alter theophylline ClT in two patients (one with and one without CHF). Mean theophylline ClT closely approximated that of a normal population when corrected for IBW, but there was a much stronger correlation between theophylline ClT and weight when corrected for TBW. Our data suggest that maintenance doses of theophylline in markedly obese patients with CHF should be based on a theophylline ClT of 19.7 ml/hr/kg TBW and of 34.5 ml/hr/kg TBW in those with no CHF. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (1980) 28, 619–623; doi:10.1038/clpt.1980.212
A high-fat diet containing whole walnuts (Juglans regia) reduces tumour size and growth along with plasma insulin-like growth factor 1 in the transgenic adenocarcinoma of the mouse prostate model

Prostate cancer (PCa) has been linked to fat intake, but the effects of both different dietary fat levels and types remain inconsistent and incompletely characterised. The effects on PCa in the transgenic adenocarcinoma of the mouse prostate (TRAMP) cancer model of an elevated fat (20 % of energy as fat) diet containing 155 g of whole walnuts were compared to those of an elevated fat (20 % of energy as soyabean oil) diet with matched macronutrients, tocopherols as well as a low-fat (8 % of energy as soyabean oil) diet. Mice, starting at 8 weeks of age, consumed one of the three different diets ad libitum; and prostates, livers and blood were obtained after 9, 18 or 24 weeks of feeding. No differences were observed in whole animal growth rates in either high-fat (HF) diet group, but prostate tumour weight and growth rate were reduced in the walnut diet group. Walnut diet group prostate weight, plasma insulin-like growth factor 1, resistin and LDL were lower at 18 weeks, while no statistically significant prostate weight differences by diet were seen at 9 or 24 weeks. Multiple metabolites in the livers differed by diet at 9 and 18 weeks. The walnut diet's beneficial effects probably represent the effects of whole walnuts' multiple constituents and not via a specific fatty acid or tocopherols. Moreover, as the two HF diets had dissimilar effects on prostate tumour growth rate and size, and yet had the same total fat and tocopherol composition and content, this suggests that these are not strongly linked to PCa growth.
Del silencio al alboroto: El control del lenguaje de la mujer en la Edad Moderna

This article analyzes the ideology about women’s language that is reflected in the treaties of the Early Modern Spanish moralists. I start by paying attention to the attitudes and beliefs about silence and speech inherited from the biblical tradition, to go on to then review the stereotypes about women’s speech, its censorship and stigmatization as reflected in the works of these writers. When direct forms of power and control over one's life were not within reach, women found in language an essential tool to progress and protect their own interests. The participation of women in the life of the community, with their comments, criticisms, accusations and gossip, becomes a linguistic performance that can erode the patriarchal structures of society, thus leading to the great suspicion and concern about women’s language that these works pointedly manifest.
Performance of Hens Molted by Various Methods

Abstract FORCED molting has been studied for many years as a possible method of rejuvenating hens to increase egg production and egg quality. Although recommended by a few poultrymen, Rice (1905) was skeptical that the practice would be profitable. More recent results have been variable and the advantages and disadvantages have been summarized by Cox (1964) and Bell (1965). In addition, force molting has been reported to improve poor fertility in turkeys (Moyer et al., 1966) and to increase the DDT depletion rate in hens (Wesley et al., 1966). The method most commonly used for inducing a molt has been some type of feed and/or water restriction such as that suggested by the Poultry Council of the State College of Washington (1947). Noles (1966) reported that feed and water restriction is an effective method of force molting. Progesterone has been shown to be effective in causing a cessation of lay accompanied . . .
Abstract 54: Role of aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 in breast cancer stem cell survival

Tumor initiation and progression are mainly driven by a small subset of stem cells- like cancer cells (CSCs), which represent hi /CD44 + and ALDH1 low / CD44 + cells were sorted by flow cytometry using ALDEFLUO-FITC & mouse anti-Human CD44-APC. The DEAB-treated cells when subjected to oxidative stress by H2O2, showed increased formation of protein -HNE adducts with a concomitant increase in apoptosis and decrease in cell viability. Furthermore, our results also displayed increased activation of the transcription factor, NF-kB which could be responsible for up-regulating the death genes leading to apoptosis. In addition, four specimens of human malignant breast cancer tissues and two of benign breast tumors were analyzed by double immunostaining. Compared to benign tumors, elevated levels of ALDH1 and CSC-like cells (high ALDH1/high CD44/lowCD24) were observed in the breast cancer tissues. Furthermore, levels of ALDH1 in these specimens appeared to be proportional to the grade of cancer. Our results thus suggest that disrupting ALDH1-mediated HNE detoxification in CSCs could be a novel preventive approach against breast cancer progression and metastasis. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 54.
Three‐Fifths Compromise

The three-fifths compromise was an agreement between state delegations at the US Constitutional Convention. For purposes of representational apportionment, the agreement was to count each slave as three-fifths of a person in the House of Representatives. The agreement worked to the benefit of whites in the southern states, who gained greater representation in the Congress. The effect of the clause was formally ended by the passage of the Fourteenth Amendment in the wake of the Civil War, although the end of slavery (and the Thirteenth Amendment) rendered it moot even before that. Keywords: government, politics, and law; politics; race; slavery
"-Friendly" Compounds' Structures,Meanings,and Translation Strategies

In recent years,"-friendly" compounds are increasingly used with their morphological features more diversified,and their meanings more extended.Based on a large collection of words from prestigious sources,the compounds' four kinds of morphological structures,four semantic features and four translation strategies were summarized after discussion,and then the future development of it was predicted.
Abstract A46: Real time niche tracking of cancer stem cell cycle kinetics using a novel bi-cistronic lentiviral reporter.

Human leukemia stem cells (LSC) are quiescent self-renewing cells that drive leukemic transformation of myeloproliferative neoplasms and myelodysplastic syndromes. Currently, there are few methods to quantitatively visualize cell cycle progression in (LSC) and to interrogate stem cell cycle gene regulatory networks in live cells. Human LSC are characterized as quiescent self-renewing cells and current methods require sequential transduction and clonal selection. These methods and conditions are not feasible for studying primary patient samples and LSC, which are generally limited in cell numbers. To alleviate this challenge, we generated a lentiviral biscistronic vector encoding FUCCI2 (fluorescent ubiquitination-based cell-cycle indicator) probes. We characterized the fidelity of the cell cycle by confirming normal cell division and distinct nuclear staining of either green or red fluorescence in both transiently and stably transduced 293 cells. Further, analysis by flow cytometry of 293 cell confirmed that S/G2/M and G1/G0 phases of cell cycle correlate with expression of fluorescent reporters expressed from the bicistronic lentiviral vector and recapitulate FACS based analysis using traditional Ki67 and 7AAD staining. Recently, using this lentiviral biscistronic reporter we succeeded in tracking cell cycle progression in CD34+ cells from CML primary patient samples co-cultured with SL/M2 cells. Time-lapse confocal imaging of these samples reveals distinct differences within the population of CML cells. In summary using this new Dual FUCCI2 lentiviral reporter makes it possible to track real time cell cycle kinetics in cancer stem cells. Future studies will include measuring LSC, cell cycle gene regulatory networks in live cells at different stages of the cell cycle. Citation Format: Gabriel Pineda, Kathleen M. Lennon, Florence Lambert-Fliszar, Gennarina L. Riso, Catriona Jamieson. Real time niche tracking of cancer stem cell cycle kinetics using a novel bi-cistronic lentiviral reporter. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Hematologic Malignancies: Translating Discoveries to Novel Therapies; Sep 20-23, 2014; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Clin Cancer Res 2015;21(17 Suppl):Abstract nr A46.
Response to a trial on reversal of Death by Neurologic Criteria.

In April 2016, plans were announced for a dubious study to examine whether the use of intrathecal bioactive peptides, stem cells, lasers, and median nerve stimulation can effectively reverse death by neurologic criteria (DNC) [1]. The possibility that DNC could be reversed was reported in hundreds of articles around the world [2].
Predicting Gene Functional Interactions with Semantic Word Embedding

In this paper, we present a novel method for predicting gene functional interactions. We study the effectiveness of various raw and derived features from neural word embedding learned from biomedical literature. Our evaluation results demonstrate that the information captured in neural word embedding is very useful and our learned classification models are capable of predicting gene functional interactions with high accuracy.
Ultracentrifugal studies on ribonucleoprotein from rat liver microsomes.

The ribonucleoprotein of rat liver microsomes requires some dialyzable substance for stability (Z), and can be purified by repeated washings with liver dialysate (3). Since a similar ribonucleoprotein from yeast is stabilized by low concentrations of magnesium or calcium (4,5), it seemed probable that dibasic ions were the effective constituents of the liver dialysate. Dilute solutions of magnesium salts can be substituted for the liver dialysate. The magnesium concentration, however, is critical; too much magnesium causes aggregation and precipitation of the ribonucleoprotein, whereas too little leads to dissociation into smaller units. The optimal concentration of magnesium depends on the pH and on the nature and concentration of the other ions in the solution. In this paper an improved method of purification is described, in which the RNPl is washed in a buffer containing magnesium chloride, and further purified by precipitation with barium acetate. The changes in the structure of the RNP which result from variations in magnesium concentration, pH, and the ionic composition of the solution, have been followed in the analytical ultracentrifuge.
Spiral gravity waves radiating from tropical cyclones

Internal gravity waves are continuously generated by deep moist convection around the globe. Satellite images suggest that tropical cyclones produce short-wavelength, high-frequency waves that radiate outward, with the wave fronts wrapped into tight spirals by the large differential advection of the sheared tangential flow. This letter presents new in situ observations of such waves from two sources: flight level data from research aircraft that show radial wavelengths of 2–10 km and vertical velocity magnitudes from 0.1 to 1.0 ms−1 and surface observations from a research buoy in the Pacific that indicate the passage of gravity waves overhead as tropical cyclones pass by at distances of 100 to 300 km. Numerical simulations are used to interpret these observations and to understand the broader horizontal and vertical structures of the radiating waves. The simulations suggest a correlation between wave amplitude and cyclone intensity, which could be used to make remote estimates of peak wind speeds.