cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
PGF2α Stimulates FP Prostanoid Receptor Mediated Crosstalk Between Ras/Raf Signaling and Tcf Transcriptional Activation

Abstract Prostaglandin-F2α (PGF2α) is a product of the cyclooxygenase pathway and is a local signaling molecule that activates a G-protein coupled prostanoid receptor named FP. FP receptors can stimulate T-cell factor (Tcf) transcriptional activation by stabilization of β-catenin and can upregulate the expression of mRNA encoding cysteine-rich protein 61 (Cyr61), a secreted extracellular matrix protein that stimulates angiogenesis. We now show in both HEK cells and human microglial cells that the induction of Cyr61 protein expression by the human FP receptor utilizes a novel mechanism involving the activation of Ras and Raf followed by a MEK/ERK independent activation of Tcf signaling. The upregulation of Cyr61 in microglial cells may contribute to glioma tumorigenesis and could be a potential therapeutic target.
Three coloring planar graphs without cycles of length from 4 to 6 or seven cycles with close triangles

Abstract Steinbergʼs Conjecture states that any planar graph without cycles of length four or five is three colorable. Borodin, Glebov, Montassier, and Raspaud showed that planar graphs without cycles of length four, five, or seven are three colorable and Borodin and Glebov showed that planar graphs without five cycles or triangles at distance at most two apart are three colorable. We prove a statement similar to both of these results: that any planar graph with no cycles of length four through six or cycles of length seven with incident triangles distance exactly two apart are three colorable.
Invasive carcinoma of the uterine cervix in women age 25 or less

The incidence of cervix cancer in young women appears to be increasing. However, the influence of young age on prognosis remains unknown. There is almost no information on the prognosis of very young women, age 25 years or less, with invasive cervical carcinoma. From April 1969 to June 1987, 40/2195 (1.8%) patients, age 25 years or less, with invasive carcinoma of the uterine cervix were diagnosed, staged, and treated at our institution. Median age was 24.7 years (range 20.7 to 25.9 years). Distribution by FIGO stage was: Stage IA 7 (18%), Stage IB 23 (58%), Stage II 4 (10%), Stage III 4 (10%), and Stage IVA 2 (4%). Thirty-four (85%) patients had squamous cell carcinoma and six (15%) had adenocarcinoma. Treatment consisted of radical hysterectomy for all Stage IA patients, radical hysterectomy with or without bilateral pelvic node dissection for the 12 early Stage IB patients, and radiation with or without surgery for the remaining 11 Stage IB patients and all Stage II-IVA patients. Median follow-up was 122 months (range 13.2-190.6 months). Five-year disease-free survival rates were: Stage IA 100%; Stage IB 54.8%; and Stage II-IVA 13.7%. Five-year disease-free survival for the Stage IB patients with squamous cell carcinoma age 25 years or less was 64.7%, compared with 83% for women of all ages with Stage IB squamous histology treated at our institution. Seven of 23 Stage IB patients suffered regional recurrence only, one a local recurrence only, one a distant recurrence only, and one a combined recurrence. Seventy-five percent of these patients presented with Stage I disease; however, one-third died from their disease. The major site of failure was in the pelvis only. This, coupled with the low risk of long-term serious complications, suggests that more aggressive pelvic therapy may result in improved disease-free survival.
Spatial and temporal regulation of tenascin-R glycosylation in the cerebellum.

The cellular adhesion molecule tenascin-R is a multifunctional extracellular matrix component expressed exclusively in the central nervous system. The expression of tenascin-R by oligodendrocytes and small interneurons in the hippocampus and cerebellum is highly regulated during development of these regions. This complex glycoprotein displays both adhesive and anti-adhesive properties that contribute to the formation and maintenance of synapses. We have determined that tenascin-R associated with Purkinje cell bodies and their dendrites in the molecular layer of the cerebellum bears N-linked oligosaccharides terminating with β1,4-linked GalNAc-4-SO4, whereas tenascin-R in other regions of the cerebellum does not bear this modification. Expression of this unique sulfated carbohydrate structure is also temporally regulated, increasing throughout cerebellar development. The most dramatic increase in GalNAc-4-SO4 occurs between postnatal days 14 and 21, corresponding to a period of Purkinje cell dendrite extension and synaptogenesis. The spatially and temporally regulated addition of this unique sulfated carbohydrate to tenascin-R may serve to modulate its adhesive/anti-adhesive or other biological propertiesin vivo.
A developmental study of the interlimb coordination in running and galloping.

Using a dynamical systems perspective on motor behavior, it was predicted that interlimb coordination of running and galloping would behave like coupled, nonlinear, limit-cycle oscillators, which show the properties of phase locking, entrainment, and structural stability. Female subjects ranging in age from 2.5 years to adult were filmed while running and galloping with and without a weight perturbation. Analysis of both temporal- and amplitude-phasing measures revealed that both gaits demonstrated oscillatory properties. Differences between gaits and across age were primarily a matter of degree. In general, children 4 years of age and below had slightly less stable phasing patterns, and all age groups showed slightly less stability in the gallop, particularly with amplitude phasing.
Structure-driven retention model for optimization of ternary solvent systems in reversed-phase liquid chromatography

A new approach is presented fro the prediction of retention in reversed-phase liquid chromatography using ternary mobile phase compositions. The solvation parameter model is used to create the system constants that characterize the properties of the mobile and stationary phases in terms of the relative ease of cavity formation, and differences in dispersion, lone pair electron, dipole-type, and hydrogen-bond association interactions for all solvent compasitions employed. A statistical mixture-design approach provides system surfaces and models for the variation of individual system constants as a function of ternary solvent composition. The models for the system surfaces allow the retention factor to be predicted as a function of mobile phase composition for any compound whose descriptor values are known, or can be obtained from estimation rules or determined by experiment. The method is validated using a large literature data base for the retention factor of up to 46 varied aromatic solutes in 72 methonolacetonitrile-water and methonol-tetrahydrofuran-water mobile phase compositions.
Anticipatory imagery ability in normal and language-disabled children.

The literature on cognitive functioning of language-disabled children suggests that they exhibit specific disabilities in nonlinguistic as well as linguistic domains. These disabilities have been h...
Structural features of insoluble elastin

There is a dychotomy of opinion regarding the molecular configuration of elastin. Some authors sustain that this protein is amorphous while others believe that it is fibrillar in structure. In this investigation attempts have been made to better understand the fine structural characteristics of elastin. Thus, to this end, purified elastin preparations from pig aorta and ox ligamentum nuchae were either embedded in Epon and the sections examined at the electron microscope or minced, ground and then collected on carbon-coated grids and analyzed. In other experiments whole mouse aortas from Swiss albino mice were fixed in glutaraldehyde, embedded and stained with uranyl acetate and lead hydroxide or with acidic PTA.
Intercomparing the Freezing Behaviour of Silver Cells of the NRC and the ITRI

Equilibrium freezing points of four silver ingots were intercompared. A spread of values of about 18 mK was found between the, presumably, purest and the most impure sample. The influence of furnace temperature upon the plateau temperature, via non-equilibrium effects at the solid-liquid interface, is discussed.
Optimum and suboptimum detection mechanisms for free-space binary PPM optical communication systems with APD detector arrays

Receiver architectures are suggested for avalanche photodiode (APD) array detection of binary pulse-position modulated (PPM) in direct-detection free-space optical (FSO) communication systems. It is assumed that the received signal intensity is large enough so that the integrated currents at the outputs of APD detectors may be modelled accurately as Gaussian random variables. Receivers motivated by the maximum a posteriori (MAP) rule are suggested for APDs operating in Gaussian regime. Due to the complexity of the suggested receivers, suboptimum combining schemes are presented. In one scheme, a simple summation of the output of APDs is utilized to render decision. In alternate schemes, a weighting mechanism that combines the output of detectors in an optimum manner is suggested. The proposed weighting mechanism maximized signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). It is assumed that the signal intensity is impaired by optical scintillation and that the signal intensity is estimated at the receiver. Simulation and analytical results are presented to underscore the superiority of the weighted combining methods as compared to the simple summation algorithm, and to compare the performance of the optimum receivers with the linear receivers suggested here.
Primary and secondary management of the Chiari II malformation in children with myelomeningocele

Object Chiari malformation type II is almost exclusively found in patients with open spinal dysraphism. Etiology and pathophysiology are not yet completely understood, and management guidelines regarding the best follow-up and treatment of this pathological entity do not exist. In order to assess essential management aspects, literature and a series of secondary neurosurgical interventions in Chiari II patients have been reviewed.
Magnetic, transport, and structural properties of iron-platinum thin films

The magnetic, transport, and structural properties of RF sputtered Fe-Pt thin films were studied as a function of Pt content from 0 to 75 at.%. Polycrystalline ferromagnetic films were obtained in the range studied. The properties of the films are very similar to those obtained for bulk alloys. A body-centered-cubic phase is obtained for as-deposited films with less than 25 at.% Pt, and a face-centered-cubic structure is obtained for films with more than 25 at.% Pt. By annealing equiatomic Fe-Pt films, very large coercivities (about 10 kOersteds) can be obtained depending on the thickness, duration and temperature of annealing. The magnetization of Fe-Pt films is sufficiently large such that a moment of approximately 0.4 Bohr magneton must be associated with the Pt if Fe remains at 2.2 Bohr magneton per atom. The magnetostriction, Hall effect, and anisotropic magnetoresistance are all large near the equiatomic range of compositions.
The use of chemical contrast in the SEM analysis of polymer blends

A novel method for investigating the morphology of multiphase polymers is discussed. In this procedure, inherent differences in secondary and backscattered electron emission from the various components rather than topographical variations are used to produce image contrast. The combined use of various selective stains and energy-dispersive x-ray analysis to accentuate and positively identify individual phases is discussed. The effects of coating thickness and type and changes in accelerating voltage on image quality are also described.
Evaluation of a miniature CdTe detector for monitoring left ventricular function.

A miniature CdTe probe interfaced to a microcomputer was used to measure left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) in 25 patients. LVEF obtained with the CdTe module, in the beat-to-beat mode, or the integrated gated mode agreed well with LVEF obtained with a gamma camera (r=0.80; r=0.82 respectively). Similarly, LVEF by CdTe probe agreed with LVEF obtained by gated equilibrium studies performed with a computerized NaI probe. The CdTe probe can provide comparable measurement of LVEF at a fraction of the cost of a cameracomputer system and, being small and lightweight, the CdTe probe is adaptable for monitoring patients in intensive care facilities.
Landscapes of industrial excess: A thick sections approach to Gas Works Park

Gas Works Park in Seattle, WA, designed by Richard Haag Associates and recently listed on the National Register of Historic Landmarks, serves as one of the earliest post-industrial sites to be transformed into a public park through remediation and reclamation. The radical nature of the park lies in its adaptive reuse of waste landscapes, not merely ameliorating contaminated land but transforming it to serve the public. Although officials and residents called for the remains of the industrial plant to be removed, Haag convinced the public to retain elements of the industrial apparatus and, more importantly, to retain and treat the polluted soils. Previous scholarship focuses primarily on the architectural elements, leaving the landscape as mere setting. This article proposes a site narrative as read through the landform. It suggests an alternative reading that gives voice to the site's toxic history.
Tumor promoters and epidermal growth factor stimulate anchorage-independent growth of adenovirus-transformed rat embryo cells

Previous studies indicated that the potent tumor promoter 12--0--tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate (TPA) enhances transformation of rat embryo cells (2 degrees RE) by a mutant of human Ad5 (H5ts125). This study examines the effect of TPA, its structural analogs and epidermal growth factor (EGF) on anchorage-independent growth of a cloned population of H5ts125-transformed 2 degrees RE cells (clone E11). Both TPA and EGF (approximately 10(-8) M) induced a 3--5 fold increase in agar cloning efficiency of E11 cells. In addition, macroscopic colonies appeared earlier and were larger and more diffuse. The TPA analogs phorbol--12,13--didecanoate (PDD) and ingenol--3,20--dibenzoate also enhanced growth in agar of E11 cells, whereas phorbol, 4 alpha PDD and 4--0--meTPA, which are inactive as tumor promoters, failed to enhance agar growth. In contrast to the results obtained with E11 cells, TPA, PDD or ingenol--3,20--bidenzoate failed to induce growth in agar of normal 2 degrees RE cells. Dexamethasone (10(-5)--10(-6) M), trans retinoic acid (10(-5)--10(-6) M) and the protease inhibitors leupeptin, antipain and elastatinol did not inhibit the ability of TPA to enhance the growth of E11 cells in agar. The TPA-enhanced anchorage independence was a stable property, since subclones of E11 cells isolated from TPA-agar plates had a higher agar cloning efficiency than the parental E11 cells when retested in the absence of TPA. This effect of TPA does not appear to reflect simple selection of a subpopulation of cells. When the parental E11 cells were first cloned in monolayer culture in the absence of TPA, all ten randomly picked clones showed enhanced growth in agar in the presence of TPA. In addition, prior growth of E11 cells in monolayer culture in the presence of TPA did not enhance their subsequent growth in agar. This system therefore provides an example in which TPA appears to enhance the acquisition of a stable cell property, and thus may be a useful model for studying mechanisms of tumor promotion and progression.
Achieving quality in flexible sigmoidoscopy screening for colorectal cancer

Abstract Background Sigmoidoscopy screening, which can dramatically reduce colorectal cancer mortality, is supported increasingly by physicians and payers, and is likely to be performed more frequently in the future. As more physicians and nonphysician medical personnel learn how to perform this procedure, and with attention to quality standards, the overall impact of sigmoidoscopy screening may improve. This review describes elements that characterize high-quality examinations and identifies resources for in-depth information on performing flexible sigmoidoscopy. Methods The domains of quality were identified from textbooks, articles, and the professional opinions of gastroenterologists and primary care physicians. Information was obtained from MEDLINE, bibliographies in recent articles, medical professional organizations, equipment manufacturers' representatives, and focus groups of primary care physicians. Results Nine domains of quality are identified and discussed: training, logistical start-up, patient interaction, bowel preparation, examination technique, lesion recognition, complications, reporting, and processing (equipment cleaning and disinfection). Conclusions Persons learning how to perform and to implement flexible sigmoidoscopy may use this information to help ensure the quality of screening examinations.
Modeling of One-Dimensional, Unsteady, Free-Surface, and Pressurized Flows

The utilization of mathematical models in hydraulic engineering for the analysis of one-dimensional, unsteady free-surface, and pressurized flows is discussed, with an emphasis when the models performed well as well as when they did not. For illustration purposes, the applications to a number of real-life projects are presented, outlining limitations, successes, and failures.
TBK1 suppression of IgA in the NIK of time.

The kinase TBK1 participates in signaling pathways that induce antimicrobial responses. TBK1 is also necessary for the suppression of excessive production of immunoglobulin A by accelerating destruction of the kinase NIK.
A simple survival model of volume-controlled hemorrhagic shock in awake rats*

Abstract A simple rat model was developed for the study of spontaneous survival after volume-controlled hemorrhage. The objective was to determine in awake, unrestrained rats the shed blood volume (SBV) in ml/100 g body weight that without fluid resuscitation, would result in either a high or a low percentage of survivors within 24 h. About 24 h after cannulation under light anesthesia, the awake rats were insulted with arterial blood withdrawal at a constant rate over 20 min, while mean arterial pressure (MAP) was monitored (N = 78). Then, the arterial catheter was removed, and the rats were observed for 24 h or until death. With increasing SBV, survival rate decreased. SBV of 2.50 ml/100 g (group 1) resulted in 74% survivors at 2 h and 24 h; SBV of 2.75 ml/100 g (group II), in 67% survivors at 2 h and 46% at 24 h; SBV of 3.00 ml/100 g (group III), in 35% survivors at 2 h and 20% at 24 h; and SBV of 3.50 ml/100 g (group IV), in no survivors to 2 h. MAP declined similarly over 20 min blood withdrawal in the four insult groups, without difference between ultimate survivors vs. nonsurvivors. All rats survived to the end of 20 min hemorrhage (i.e. hemorrhagc shock ]HS] time = 0 min). Deaths at HS time 0–2 h occurred after SBV of 2.50 ml/100 g, at HS time 56 ± 35 min; after SBV of 2.75 ml/100 g, at HS 81 ± 26 min; after SBV of 3.00 ml/100 g, at HS 37 ± 33 min; and after SBV of 3.50 ml/100 g, at HS 11 ± 2 min. Weight may have affected MAP response and survival. We conclude that a volume-controlled HS model in rats without anesthesia or restraint is feasible. SBV of 2.50 ml/100 g should be suitable for testing additional insults. SBV of 3.00 ml/100 g should be suitable for testing resuscitative therapies. The model should be modified to allow monitoring of key variables after hemorrhage.
Fifty‐Five Degree Posterior Oblique Tomography of the Chest

SUMMARY Fifty-five degree posterior oblique tomography of the chest is currently a popular method of evaluating the hilum. Although a relatively recent modality in English-speaking countries, its use goes back several decades in parts of Europe. Over 1,000 of our patients have now been examined by this technique, and we have found it to be a highly accurate means of evaluating hilar pathology. Our principal use of the technique is in the staging of lung cancer, where it is utilised along with computed tomography and gallium scanning. We have found posterior oblique tomography to be as accurate, and occasionally superior, to computed tomography in staging the hilum. The technique is ideal for excluding pathology in the case of the “problem” hilum, and of great use in the localization of lesions adjacent to the posterior portions of the major fissures. With experience, the radiographic anatomy in the oblique projection is easy to interpret.
The Clinical Measurement of Retinal Arterial Pressure

The determination of retinal diastolic arterial pressure by ophthalmodynamometry is described. In both normal and hypertensive subjects there was an average difference of 20 mm. Hg between retinal and brachial arterial diastolic pressures. The clinical usefulness of this procedure was demonstrated in patients with obstructive lesions in the internal carotid artery.
Biaxial stretching of heat-softened plastic sheets using an inflation technique☆

Abstract Numerical solutions to the axially symmetric, membrane-inflation problem are presented based on a new form of the strain energy function. The calculated axial profiles, extension-ratio distributions and thickness distributions are compared to experimental values obtained with high-impact polystyrene and cellulose acetate butyrate processed above their respective glass-transition temperatures. Principal curvatures and stress resultants are also presented from the numerical calculations.
Female discrimination against sworded males in a poeciliid fish

Abstract Female poeciliid fish of the sister genera Xiphophorus and Priapella share a mating preference favouring a sword, despite phylogenetic evidence that the sword arose in Xiphophorus . This conclusion is based on the presence of a preference favouring a sword in three unsworded species and one sworded species. Here I investigate the response to a sword in the poeciliid fish Heterandria bimaculata by testing females with conspecific males that differ in the presence or absence of a sword. Female H. bimaculata were found to prefer unsworded males, thus sworded males were discriminated against. I also tested the strength of female response; females did not show a differential response to males based on sword length. The preference for unsworded males could indicate that when new male traits arise, biases might oppose trait evolution, even in cases in which similar male traits in related taxa are favoured. Explanations for the female preference for unsworded males are discussed.
The Fermi doublet, v1 and 2v2, of ClCN at high resolution

Abstract The Fermi doublet, v 1 and 2 v 2 of ClCN, at about thirteen microns in the gas-phase infrared spectrum, has been measured with a resolution of better than 0.03 cm −1 . The sample was prepared from natural chlorine and contained 35 Cl 12 C 14 N (~75%) and 37 Cl 12 C 14 N (~25%). We have determined the vibrational energies and rotational constants for a number of states of these molecules and have estimated the Fermi-resonance operators for the 10 0 0, 02 0 0 and 11 1 0, 03 1 0 diads of 35 ClCN and the 10 0 0, 02 0 0 diad of 37 ClCN.
Variability of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation in CCSM4

AbstractAtlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) variability is documented in the Community Climate System Model, version 4 (CCSM4) preindustrial control simulation that uses nominal 1° horizontal resolution in all its components. AMOC shows a broad spectrum of low-frequency variability covering the 50–200-yr range, contrasting sharply with the multidecadal variability seen in the T85 × 1 resolution CCSM3 present-day control simulation. Furthermore, the amplitude of variability is much reduced in CCSM4 compared to that of CCSM3. Similarities as well as differences in AMOC variability mechanisms between CCSM3 and CCSM4 are discussed. As in CCSM3, the CCSM4 AMOC variability is primarily driven by the positive density anomalies at the Labrador Sea (LS) deep-water formation site, peaking 2 yr prior to an AMOC maximum. All processes, including parameterized mesoscale and submesoscale eddies, play a role in the creation of salinity anomalies that dominate these density anomalies. High Nordic Sea densi...
Detailed study of the mass transfer kinetics of Tröger's base on cellulose triacetate

Abstract The adsorption isotherm of S -Troger's base on microcrystalline cellulose triacetate was measured by frontal analysis at several flow-rates between 0.2 and 1.2 ml/min. Two chromatographic models were used in order to study the kinetics of mass transfer between the two phases and to derive plate height values, the equilibrium–dispersive model and the transport model of chromatography. The dependence of the plate height on the flow velocity and on the solute concentration was studied. A modified Van Deemter equation was used to separate the contributions due to slow mass transfer and to axial dispersion.
Towards the development of a multiscale, multiphysics method for the simulation of rarefied gas flows

We introduce a coupled multiscale, multiphysics method (CM3) for solving for the behaviour of rarefied gas flows. The approach is to solve the kinetic equation for rarefied gases (the Boltzmann equation) over a very short interval of time in order to obtain accurate estimates of the components of the stress tensor and heat-flux vector. These estimates are used to close the conservation laws for mass, momentum and energy, which are subsequently used to advance continuum-level flow variables forward in time. After a finite time interval, the Boltzmann equation is solved again for the new continuum field, and the cycle is repeated. The target applications for this type of method are transition-regime gas flows for which standard continuum models (e.g. Navier–Stokes equations) cannot be used, but solution of Boltzmann's equation is prohibitively expensive. The use of molecular-level data to close the conservation laws significantly extends the range of applicability of the continuum conservation laws. In this study, the CM3 is used to perform two proof-of-principle calculations: a low-speed Rayleigh flow and a thermal Fourier flow. Velocity, temperature, shear-stress and heat-flux profiles compare well with direct-simulation Monte Carlo solutions for various Knudsen numbers ranging from the near-continuum regime to the transition regime. We discuss algorithmic problems and the solutions necessary to implement the CM3, building upon the conceptual framework of the heterogeneous multiscale methods.
A Brief Comparison of Targumic and Midrashic Angelological Traditions

In comparing the angelological traditions of Targum Pseudo-Jonathan, as seen in several key passages, to those of rabbinic literature, one finds that the former draws broadly from the various periods of the latter. The angelology of Targum Pseudo-Jonathan reflects traditions seen as early as the Tosefta and as late as Pirqe de Rabbi Eliezer. Despite the fact that various passages within this targum may echo pseudepigraphic traditions, Targum Pseudo-Jonathan contains a number of angelological traditions that are exclusive to rabbinic literature.
Modulation of human mononuclear cell responses by neutrophil-derived factors. II. Partial characterization of a neutrophil-derived lymphocyte-enhancing factor (N-LEF).

We previously reported that neutrophil (PMN) -derived factors modulated human mononuclear cell (MNC) responses. These interactions are important in understanding MNC localization, growth, and activation in inflammatory events such as occur in the rheumatoid synovium. We have partially identified and characterized a human neutrophil-derived, lymphocyte-enhancing factor (N-LEF). Highly purified PMN, devoid of MNC or platelets, were obtained by density gradient sedimentation. Supernatants (spt) were prepared from PMN phagocytosis of complement-coated zymosan particles, N-LEF was determined by [3H]TdR uptake or Ig secretion by stimulated MNC of cell lines. Neutral protease activity was quantitated by digestion of125I-labeled Hb. Sodium dodecyl-sulfate (SDS) polyacrylamide gel electropheresis (PAGE) was carried out in 15% gels. We found (1) N-LEF biologic activity was cold stable, heat labile, nondialyzable, and diminished at acid pH ( 10); (2) N-LEF biologic activity was abrogated by human plasma; (3) spt contained neutral protease and granule-associated but not cytoplasmic enzyme activities; (4) protease activities (for Hb, fibrin, ATEE, and Ac-Phe-BNa) were recovered from aprotinin-sepharose affinity columns and contained ∼25,000 and ∼28,000 molecular weight material on SDS-PAGE; (5) absorbtion of N-LEF spton aprotinin-sepharose diminished both protease and biologic activities; and (6) N-LEF biologic activity and nonelastase neutral protease activity were found in ∼13,000 mol wt fractions of Sephadex G100 (where cathepsin G chromatographs). Our observations suggest that phagocytosis of immune complexes by PMN induces release of a mononuclear cell enhancing factor, N-LEF, which may be an important mediator of inflammation, promoting transition from an acute to a chronic inflammatory response. Biologic properties of N-LEF are those of cathepsin G.
Buoyancy of Convective Vertical Motions in the Inner Core of Intense Hurricanes. Part II: Case Studies

Abstract This is the second of two papers on the buoyancy of convective vertical motions in the inner core of intense hurricanes. This paper uses extensive airborne radar, dropwindsonde, and flight-level observations in Hurricanes Guillermo (1997) and Georges (1998) to illustrate typical azimuthal distribution of buoyant convection and demonstrate that the low-level eye can be an important source region for buoyant eyewall convection. In both hurricanes, eyewall vertical velocity and radar reflectivity are asymmetric and exhibit persistent relationships with the direction of the environmental vertical wind shear. Mesoscale vertical motions exhibit a wavenumber-1 structure with maximum ascent downshear and weak descent upshear. The mesoscale reflectivity maxima are located left-of-shear. Buoyant eyewall updraft cores and transient convective-scale reflectivity cells are predominantly downshear and left-of-shear. Most eyewall downdraft cores that transport significant mass downward are located upshear. Nega...
Metrology and process control: dealing with measurement uncertainty

Metrology is often used in designing and controlling manufacturing processes. A product sample is processed, some relevant property is measured, and the process adjusted to bring the next processed sample closer to its specification. This feedback loop can be remarkably effective for the complex processes used in semiconductor manufacturing, but there is some risk involved because measurements have uncertainty and product specifications have tolerances. There is finite risk that good product will fail testing or that faulty product will pass. Standard methods for quantifying measurement uncertainty have been presented, but the question arises: how much measurement uncertainty is tolerable in a specific case? Or, How does measurement uncertainty relate to manufacturing risk? This paper looks at some of the components inside this process control feedback loop and describes methods to answer these questions.
Stress and displacement discontinuity element method for undrained analysis

Abstract Stress (SD) and displacement (DD) discontinuity methods have been developed for problems where seepage and deformation are not coupled. This is an important limitation in geomechanics where the ground is usually saturated. Of particular importance are problems that fall within the “short term analysis” concept, where a phenomenon occurs over a period of time that is very short compared to the permeability of the medium. In this paper we present an analytical formulation to solve undrained conditions and deformation problems in a poroelastic saturated medium in plane strain conditions, with the assumption of short term analysis (i.e. no change in volume of the medium). Explicit functions for SD and DD elements are obtained and are incorporated into the code FROCK. The new code is verified by a number of comparisons with theoretical solutions, also presented in the paper, and with solutions from the Finite Element Method. In undrained compression, the compression field around the tip of an open flaw decreases and the tension field increases compared to drained compression loading, while the shear stresses remain unchanged. For a closed frictional flaw undrained compression decreases the compression and tension fields around the tip. The shear stresses however have the same distribution as in drained loading but are larger. This is caused by the decrease of the effective normal stresses due to the excess pore pressures which in turn decrease the shear resistance of the flaw.
Sophisticated models and methods for studying neurogenic bladder dysfunction

Common methods for inducing neurogenic bladder overactivity include: (1) spinal cord transection or contusion injury, (2) supraspinal injury (decerebration, local lesions, middle cerebral artery occlusion and (3) systemic (e.g., cyclophosphamide) or intravesical administration of irritant or inflammatory agents (e.g., acrolein, acid, lipopolysaccharide). These insults can cause peripheral, spinal and supraspinal effects which are difficult to resolve using traditional cystometry alone. To address this problem, we have developed new methods as well as new highly reproducible models to study neurogenic bladder dysfunction in the mouse. These models include direct sensitization of the bladder using ionizing radiation or indirect sensitization through colonic irradiation (figure 1). The classic model for neurogenic bladder overactivity is spinal cord injury which results in non-voiding contractions during the filling phase. However, there is also an intrinsic myogenic component that is present when studied in vitro. Our radiation models are purely neurogenic and do exhibit overactivity in isolated tissues. Figure: 1 New in vitro studies utilize bladder-urethra sheets, spinal cord slices and in-line cultured cells. Bladder-urethra sheets can be isolated with the hypogastric (T11-L2) and pelvic (L6-S2) nerves and imaged for the propagation of optical activity along the bladder wall simultaneously with afferent nerve and tension recordings. Alternatively, bladder sheets can be mounted vertically as cross-sections for measuring the spread of activity across the wall from mucosa to serosa. Spinal cord slices are sectioned 0.5 to 1 mm thick to include the dorsal and ventral roots which can be stimulated to optically map pathologically-induced changes in spinal cord circuitry. In-line cultured cells, on the other hand, allow for different linear arrangements of urothelial, interstitial, smooth muscle and dorsal root ganglion cells to map alterations in the flow of information in cell-to-cell communication. In vivo studies utilize cystometry which can be combined with cerebro-cortical imaging of optical activity during bladder filling and emptying. The new models of neurogenic overactivity are induced by irradiation of the bladder (direct sensitization) or colon (indirect cross-sensitization) both of which result in inflammation and urothelial damage leading to bladder overactivity. The changes induced by these models have been compared to those induced by the well established models of chronic spinal cord transection at the thoracic (T8-T9) and lumbar (L4-L5) levels.
Mesophase formation in coal-derived liquid asphaltene

Abstract The carbonaceous mesophase transformation in two coal-derived liquid asphaltenes, Catalytic Incorporated and FMC-COED, has been studied using Fourier-Transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction analysis. The Catalytic Incorporated asphaltene forms a coarse, deformed mesophase and the FMC-COED asphaltene forms a fine, isotropic mesophase. The FMC-COED asphaltene has more oxygen and aliphatic functional groups than that of the Catalytic Incorporated. FTIR analysis shows that oxygen remains in the pyrolysis residues in carbonyl and ether groups for both asphaltenes, but there appears to be more ether in the FMC-COED residues. The aliphatic functional groups in the FMC-COED asphaltene appear to crack off and react with the molecules in the pyrolysate and suppress mesophase growth.
Combustion Powered Actuators for Separation Control (Invited)

An overview is presented of research involving the development and application of combustion powered actuation (COMPACT) for active control of separated flows. This actuation approach produces high-speed, pulsed actuation jets through the ignition of a mixture of gaseous fuel and air within a cubic-centimeter-scale combustion chamber. The basic characterization of the actuator including several geometric and chemical factors that affect the actuator performance is described. Dynamic pressure measurements and PIV show how these factors alter the dynamic pressure pulse within the combustor and the ensuing actuation jet. Environmental testing performed on the actuator is discussed for several harsh environmental conditions with sample results presented for rain exposure. Aerodynamic applications of COMPACT to mitigate both 2-D and 3-D separated flows are also described for airfoils and fuselage integration into a generic rotorcraft body. Flow field measurements show that reattachment of large-scale flow separation is accomplished for each of these applications with the reattachment taking place over a much larger time scale than that of the actuation pulse or the convective time over the surface, resulting in enhanced transitory aerodynamic performance.
Some aspects of optimal human-computer symbiosis in multisensor geospatial data fusion

Nowadays vast amount of the available geospatial data provides additional opportunities for the targeting accuracy increase due to possibility of geospatial data fusion. One of the most obvious operations is determining of the targets 3D shapes and geospatial positions based on overlapped 2D imagery and sensor modeling. 3D models allows for the extraction of such information about targets, which cannot be measured directly based on single non-fused imagery. Paper describes ongoing research effort at Michigan Tech attempting to combine advantages of human analysts and computer automated processing for efficient human computer symbiosis for geospatial data fusion. Specifically, capabilities provided by integration into geospatial targeting interfaces novel human-computer interaction method such as eye-tracking and EEG was explored. Paper describes research performed and results in more details.
Validation of finite segment cable models

Analytical and experimental data is presented validating a finite segment cable model. The model consists of a series of pin-connected rigid rods which may have different lengths, diameters, and masses. The model is capable of simulating large, three-dimensional motion of flexible cables. Its principal areas of application are expected to be with the simulation of long, heavy, towing and hoisting cables.
Assisting Unemployed Adults Find Suitable Work: A Group Intervention Embedded in Community and Grounded in Social Action

Addressing unemployment, which is currently at the highest levels in recent times, is a social justice imperative. A 3-week (15-day) group intervention for long-term unemployed adults grounded in empowerment and advocacy is presented. The group incorporates the Job Club model with personal awareness and career self-efficacy. In addition to working with clients to help them find jobs, an employer liason advocates for the group members with employers in the community and provides case management, making this type of group different from traditional career counseling groups. Sufficient details to replicate the group are provided along with resources and follow-up suggestions.
Response of Susceptible, Moderately Susceptible, and Moderately Resistant Soybean Cultivars to Race 14 Cyst Nematode

Soybean cyst nematode (SCN) (Heterodera glycines Ichinohe) infests soils throughout the mid and lower Mississippi liver Valley, the Ohio liver alley, and the southeastern Coastal Plain in the USA, and can reduce soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] yield significantly. This study compared the yields of susceptible («Essex»), moderately susceptible («Cordell»), and moderately resistant («A5474» or «A5403») Maturity Group V soybean at different levels of SCN (Race 14) infestation in a greenhouse. Level of initial infestation of SCN was 0, 200, and 600 cysts L -1 in the top 15 cm depth of greenhouse pots. Seed yield of all cultivars declined with increasing level of infestation in 1990, but in 1992, seed yield of all cultivars declined significantly only between the 0 and 200 cysts L -1 level
Advanced Diagnostic Approaches and Current Management of Avian Hepatic Disorders

Although the diagnosis of liver disease is common in avian patients, it is often based on subjective or inadequate evidence. Diagnosis of the inciting cause, determination of the severity of the tissue damage, and assessment of the remaining hepatobiliary function can be clinically challenging. A basic review of avian normal hepatic anatomy and function is included in this article as a foundation for further discussion of testing methods used to diagnose liver disease. Interpretation of abnormalities noted on the physical examination, clinical pathologic testing, and imaging studies in a patient with hepatic dysfunction are presented, and the methods of obtaining a hepatic biopsy are discussed. Therapies targeted at treating secondary complications of hepatic dysfunction and at supporting hepatocellular function and regeneration are also reviewed.
Pathophysiology of vein graft failure: A review

Vein bypass grafting is an integral component of cardiovascular surgical practice for both arterial and venous diseases. However, many of these grafts will eventually fail due to either intrinsic or extrinsic causes. This review examines the current understanding and knowledge of venous histology, vein graft pathology and the associated endothelial and smooth muscle cell physiology and pharmacology. In addition, the status of research on the therapeutic control of vein graft intimal hyperplasia and accelerated atherosclerosis is assessed.
Detailed dynamics of electron beams self-trapped and accelerated in a self-modulated laser wakefield

The electron beam generated in a self-modulated laser-wakefield accelerator is characterized in detail. A transverse normalized emittance of 0.06 π mm mrad, the lowest ever for an electron injector, was measured for 2 MeV electrons. The electron beam was observed to have a multicomponent beam profile and energy distribution. The latter also undergoes discrete transitions as the laser power or plasma density is varied. In addition, dark spots that form regular modes were observed in the electron beam profile. These features are explained by analysis and test particle simulations of electron dynamics during acceleration in a three-dimensional plasma wakefield.
Autothermal hydrogen generation from methanol in a ceramic microchannel network

Abstract In this paper, the authors present the first demonstration of a new class of integrated ceramic microchannel reactors for all-in-one reforming of hydrocarbon fuels. The reactor concept employs precision-machined metal distributors capable of realizing complex flow distribution patterns with extruded ceramic microchannel networks for cost-effective thermal integration of multiple chemical processes. The presently reported reactor is comprised of five methanol steam reforming channels packed with CuO/γ-Al 2 O 3 , interspersed with four methanol combustion channels washcoated with Pt/γ-Al 2 O 3 , for autothermal hydrogen production (i.e., without external heating). Results demonstrate the capability of this new device for integrating combustion and steam reforming of methanol for autothermal production of hydrogen, owing to the axially self-insulating nature of distributor-packaged ceramic microchannels. In the absence of any external insulation, stable reforming of methanol to hydrogen at conversions >90% and hydrogen yields >70% was achieved at a maximum reactor temperature of 400 °C, while simultaneously maintaining a packaging temperature
Specific stimulation of basal lamina heparan sulfate proteoglycan in mouse uterine epithelium by matrigel and by transforming growth factor-β1

The basal lamina of differentiated epithelium normally turns over only slowly unless stimulated by tissue repair and growth. We show here that one mechanism of this stimulation, as modeled by basal lamina proteoglycan synthesis, may be the release of basal lamina-bound transforming growth factor (TGF-beta). A large heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG, 0.2 Kav on Sepharose CL-4B) that was extractable from mouse uterine epithelium with 4 M guanidine-HCl or 1 M KCl was recognized by a specific monoclonal antibody to the basal lamina HSPG, perlecan. This HSPG was metabolically inactive with respect to [35S]-sulfate labeling in pieces of whole uterus during 4 h of culture, but it was labeled in isolated cells under the same conditions, provided that the cells had been cultured at least 6 to 12 h before labeling. The rate of labeling was then constant during at least 4 days in culture in serum-containing medium. Cultures on Matrigel showed an enhanced [35S]-sulfate labeling specifically in the 0.2 Kav HSPG fraction. Partial stimulation was obtained with a serum-free medium extract of Matrigel, which fractionated on Sephadex G-50 in two components; a major one > 30 kDa and the other at about 15 to 25 kDa. The specific stimulation was mimicked by the addition of 10 ng/ml of TGF-beta 1, but there was no specific stimulation by basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), epidermal growth factor (EGF), insulinlike growth factor-1 (IGF-1), or interleukin-1 (IL-1).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Effects of age and endurance training on β-adrenergic receptor characteristics in Fischer 344 rats

Abstract The purpose of this investigation was to examine changes in β-adrenergic receptor characteristics in various tissues with age and endurance training. Forty-eight young (6 months), middle-aged (15 months), and old (25 months) male Fischer 344 rats were assigned to either a trained or sedentary running group. Animals were endurance trained by 10 weeks of treadmill running at 75% maximal capacity, 1 h/day, 5 days/week. Animals were sacrificed at rest and the heart, liver, and soleus were removed for analysis. Percent of high and low affinity binding sites were determined by competitive binding experiments. Competition curves were generated using 12 concentrations of ICI-89406 ( β 1 antagonist) and ICI-118551 ( β 2 antagonist) to inhibit the total binding of (−) [ 125 I] pindolol (IPIN). Maximal binding site number ( B max ) and affinity (K d ) were determined by Scatchard analysis. Heart B max did not differ with age or training. An aging effect was observed in liver such that middle-aged and old animals had greater B max compared to young animals. In soleus, B max was not altered with training but decreased with age. While training had no affect on affinity in the liver and soleus, heart affinity increased with training in both the middle-aged (21%) and old (27%) animals. In soleus, affinity increased but remained unaltered in heart and liver with age. The ratio of β 1 : β 2 receptors in the heart and liver did not differ with age or training. The influence of age and training on β-adrenergic receptor characteristics appear to be tissue specific.