cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Measurements of elastic neutron scattering from sup12C and 32S at 30.3 and 40.3 MeV: Limits on charge symmetry breaking in the nuclear mean field.

Angular distributions have been measured for $^{32}\mathrm{S}(\mathrm{n},\mathrm{n})$ and $^{12}\mathrm{C}(\mathrm{n},\mathrm{n})$ at ${E}_{\mathrm{n}}=30.3 \mathrm{and} 40.3$ MeV. Coupled channels analyses of these and lower energy data have been performed and the resulting potentials compared with those from similar analyses of proton scattering. Data for $^{28}\mathrm{Si}$ and $^{40}\mathrm{Ca}$ are also reanalyzed in the same manner. After correcting for purely Coulomb effects, twice the differences between the neutron and proton volume integrals per nucleon of the real potential, $2({J}_{\mathrm{n}}\ensuremath{-}{J}_{\mathrm{p}}^{\ensuremath{'}})$, are as follows: 0\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}24 ($^{12}\mathrm{C}$), -30\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}11 ($^{28}\mathrm{Si}$), -29\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}16 ($^{32}\mathrm{S}$), and 8\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}14 ($^{40}\mathrm{Ca}$) MeV ${\mathrm{fm}}^{3}$. These results are used to put limits on charge symmetry breaking in the nuclear mean field.
The Cell Model of Solid-Liquid Equilibria in Two and Three Dimensions: Analytic Spatial Free Volume Integration

Monson has successfully calculated the solid-liquid transition temperature of various substances by modeling their molecules as hard dumbbells, with subsequent perturbative addition of quadrupole moment and van der Waals attractive terms. He also has shown that the solid free energy of the reference hard dumbbell system can be calculated accurately from the cell model of Lennard-Jones and Devonshire, and calculated one-body partition functions by Monte Carlo integration. In this work it is shown that for fixed orientation of the test molecule, the free volume can be calculated in closed form, thereby requiring numerical integration only over angular variables. The calculation is explicitly performed in two dimensions, and the feasibility of the method is demonstrated in three dimensions.
Unstable-cavity sensitivity to spatially localized intracavity phase aberrations

The geometric theory of the aberration sensitivity of an unstable cavity to a spatially localized intracavity phase distortion is provided. Such a localized perturbation source could be caused by a small imperfection in some intracavity mirror (such as a deformable mirror) or by a turbulence zone in the flow field of a gas-laser gain medium. This geometric theory, first developed by Anan'ev [Sov. J. Quantum Electron. 1, 565 (1972)] for a uniformly extended intracavity aberration source completely filling the cavity, yields the cavity phase-weighting coefficients that determine the resultant phase-aberration structure outcoupled from the unstable resonator. The analysis presented here provides the dependence of these coefficients on the cavity magnification, the axial position (with respect to the feedback mirror), the transverse location (with respect to the unperturbed optic axis) of the aberration source, the transverse dimension of the source, and the aberration structure characterizing the source. Up to the present, the analysis of the aberration sensitivity of unstable cavities has been restricted to aberration sources that continuously span the entire transverse dimension of the cavity field. 1 ' 2 The present analysis removes this restriction in a treatment of the geometric aberration sensitivity of an unstable cavity due to spatially localized aberration source (i.e., one that does not span the entire transverse dimension of the cavity field). Such an aberration source could be due to a small localized imperfection in a cavity mirror (such as a scratch or a dig), a displaced element in a deformable mirror, or a small localized area of turbulence in the laser gain medium.
Response style versus crime-specific cognition: predicting disciplinary adjustment and recidivism in male and female offenders with the PICTS.

Four samples were used to evaluate the incremental validity of the Psychological Inventory of Criminal Thinking Styles (PICTS) General Criminal Thinking (GCT) score and Proactive (P) and Reactive (...
Jamaicolides A-D, four sesquiterpene lactones from Calea jamaicensis

Abstract Chemical analysis of Calea jamaicensis , the type species for the genus Calea , yielded in addition to a chromene and two flavonoids, four new sesquiterpene lactones, jamaicolides A-D, which include two guaianolides, a heliangolide, and a 12,8α-germacranolide. The structures of the new compounds were established by spectroscopic methods.
Watchful waiting versus active surveillance: Appropriate patient selection

The prostate-specific antigen (PSA) screening era has seen dramatic stage and age migration in patients with newly diagnosed prostate cancer. The average serum PSA level of newly diagnosed patients is about 6 ng/dL, and 60% of patients are diagnosed with clinical stage T1c disease. There is evidence that many low-grade and low-stage prostate cancers have a slow growth rate and protracted clinical course, with a very low threat of metastasis or death over a prolonged interval. Many men are also appropriately concerned about the impact of prostate cancer treatment on sexual and urinary function. Therefore, delaying therapy in favor of careful surveillance, with the expectation of delivering curative treatment upon evidence of progression, is an attractive concept. In this review, we discuss active surveillance, contrast it to watchful waiting, and define common inclusion criteria. We compare follow-up regimens and discuss indications and intervention outcomes after active surveillance. Finally, we support well-designed prospective clinical trials that evaluate active surveillance compared with immediate definitive treatment.
Temporary splinting using an adhesive system.

Abstract The stabilization of luxated and avulsed teeth is an essential part of endodontic therapy. A technique utilizing orthodontic wire and an adhesive system has been found most efficient and convenient in the emergency treatment of such cases.
Computing: Is it a better mousetrap?

In the spring of 1983, Drexel University announced that all incoming freshmen the following fall would be required to have access to a personal computer being designed by Apple. This paper reports on the impact of that decision over the next 2 years.
Fate of the methyl group during the conversion of sterigmatocystin into O-methylsterigmatocystin and aflatoxin B1 by cell-free preparations of Aspergillus parasiticus

Cell-free extracts of fungal mycelia of two aflatoxin non-producing isolates of Aspergillus parasiticus (SRRC 163 and SRRC 2043) were utilized for the study of enzyme activities involved in the latter stages of aflatoxin biosynthesis. The post-microsomal fractions (105,000 x g supernatant) of both SRRC 163 and SRRC 2043 were able to convert sterigmatocystin (ST) into O-methylsterigmatocystin (OMST); whereas the microsomal (105,000 x g pellet) preparation of only SRRC 163 was able to convert OMST into aflatoxin B1 (AFB1). S-Adenosylmethionine (SAM) was the primary substrate for the ST to OMST (methyltransferase) enzymatic conversion; [3H]OMST of specific activity 0.93 Ci/mmol was obtained in a reaction containing the [3H]SAM substrate (specific activity 1 Ci/mmol). After the terminal enzymatic conversion of OMST into AFB1, none of the radiolabel of the methyl group from OMST was found in AFB1. It is postulated that the methylation of ST may be required for subsequent enzymatic oxidation of OMST to aflatoxin B1.
Can Kant Have an Account of Moral Education

There is an apparent tension between Immanuel Kant's model of moral agency and his often-neglected philosophy of moral education. On the one hand, Kant's account of moral knowledge and decision-making seems to be one that can be self-taught. Kant's famous categorical imperative and related ‘fact of reason’ argument suggest that we learn the content and application of the moral law on our own. On the other hand, Kant has a sophisticated and detailed account of moral education that goes well beyond the kind of education a person would receive in the course of ordinary childhood experience. The task of this paper will be to reconcile these seemingly conflicting claims. Ultimately, I argue, Kant's philosophy of education makes sense as a part of his moral theory if we look not only at individual moral decisions, but also at the goals or ends that these moral decisions are intended to achieve. In Kant's case, this end is what he calls the highest good, and, I argue, the most coherent account of the highest good is a kind of ethical community and end of history, similar to the Groundwork's realm of ends. Seen as a tool to bring about and sustain such a community, Kant's philosophy of moral education exists as a coherent and important part of his moral philosophy.
Experimental Ischemia in Monkeys: III. Histochemical Analysis of Gingival Epithelium

Changes in oxidative enzyme and acid phosphatase activity, glycogen, ribonucleic acid (RNA), and lipid were demonstrated by histochemical technics in gingival epithelium of squirrel monkeys after experimental arteriolar occlusion. After 24 hours, glycogen and lipid content increased, and all enzyme activity, except lactic dehydrogenase, was depressed. By 72 hours, enzyme activity associated with the hexose monophosphate shunt was elevated.
Transnational Asia: Dis/orienting Identity in the Globalized World

This article provides a phenomenological analysis of the author's transnational migratory experience situated in historical and ideological contexts. Using vertigo as a metaphor, I theorize Althusser's ideological interpellation as a process and practice of dis/orientation. Focusing on several phenomenological moments, I politicize and historicize my sense of orientedness at the intersection of my “being Japanese” and “becoming Asian” within the dialectical tension between Asia and the West. I argue that the power of ideological interpellation lies not only in the discursive logic of identity politics but more importantly in the embodied, subjectively lived, and phenomenologically significant experiences in which an individual is hailed by multidirectional ideological forces.
Galactomannan Antigenemia and Antigenuria in Aspergillosis: Studies in Patients and Experimentally Infected Rabbits

Purified galactomannan (GM) from Aspergillus fumigatus was used in both a radioimmunoassay and an enzyme-linked immunoassay for antigen detection. Results of the two tests seemed interchangeable. By one or both assays, GM was detected in serum from four of 12 rabbits lethally infected with A. fumigatus in concentrations ranging from 108 to 356 ng/ml. Serum antigen was detected in only two of 12 patients with invasive aspergillosis. Results of assay for GM in urine were far more encouraging. Urinary GM was detectable throughout the course of lethal aspergillosis in all 16 rabbits, in concentrations of 24-1,900 ng/ml. Urine from seven of 13 patients with invasive aspergillosis had GM concentrations of 1-83 ng/ml. Antigen excretion roughly paralleled extent of disease.
Coexpression of glutamate vesicular transporter (VGLUT1) and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) proteins in fetal rat hippocampal neurons in culture

A very small population of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) immunoreactive cells is observed in all layers of the adult hippocampus. This is the intrinsic source of the hippocampal cholinergic innervation, in addition to the well-established septo-hippocampal cholinergic projection. This study aimed at quantifying and identifying the origin of this small population of ChAT-immunoreactive cells in the hippocampus at early developmental stages, by culturing the fetal hippocampal neurons in serum-free culture and on a patternable, synthetic silane substrate N-1 [3-(trimethoxysilyl) propyl] diethylenetriamine. Using this method, a large proportion of glutamatergic (glutamate vesicular transporter, VGLUT1-immunoreactive) neurons, a small fraction of GABAergic (GABA-immunoreactive) neurons, and a large proportion of cholinergic (ChAT-immunoreactive) neurons were observed in the culture. Interestingly, most of the glutamatergic neurons that expressed glutamate vesicular transporter (VGLUT1) also co-expressed ChAT proteins. On the contrary, when the cultures were double-stained with GABA and ChAT, colocalization was not observed. Neonatal and adult rat hippocampal neurons were also cultured to verify whether these more mature neurons also co-express VGLUT1 and ChAT proteins in culture. Colocalization of VGLUT1 and ChAT in these relatively more mature neurons was not observed. One possible explanation for this observation is that the neurons have the ability to synthesize multiple neurotransmitters at a very early stage of development and then with time follows a complex, combinatorial strategy of electrochemical coding to determine their final fate.
Partial parameter consistency in a misspecified structural change model

This paper discusses the consequences of underspecifying the number of change points in a simple structural change model. It is shown that the change-point estimator converges to one of the true change points, instead of a weighted average of them.
Chemotherapy in Cl. welchii Infection in Mice

Conclusions1. Mice inoculated intramuscularly with Cl. welchii and treated orally with sulfonamides responded best to sulfa-diazine (sulfadiazine 93.4%, sulfathiazole 79.6%, sulfapyridine 46.4%, and sulfanila-mide 13.8% survival).
The half life of plutonium-240 determined by specific-activity measurements

Abstract As part of an interlaboratory program, the half life of 240 Pu has been measured by α-particle counting using a low-geometry counter having a solid angle of ∼2 × 10 −4 × 4 π steradians. The measured half life is 6571 mean tropical years (yr) with an associated estimated standard deviation of 7.4 years and 95% confidence limits of ±17.5 years.
Bovine colostrum or milk as a serum substitute for the cultivation of a mouse hybridoma.

A mouse–mouse hybridoma was grown in serum-free medium supplemented with bovine milk or colostrum. Bovine colostrum supported growth of the hybridoma whereas bovine milk alone did not support cellular proliferation. For growth in medium supplemented with colostrum, the maximum cell concentration achieved was 1.4 × 106 cells/mL in 2.2% colostrum, which is 44% of that obtained in 9% serum. When cells were grown in media containing milk and low amounts of serum (<1%) the maximum cell concentration in 2.2% milk with 0.4% serum was 2 × 106 cells/ml, whereas it was only 0.2 × 106 cells/ml and 1.3 × 106 cells/ml in 2.2% milk alone and 0.4% serum alone, respectively. Similar behavior was observed for growth in media containing colostrum and low amounts of serum. The monoclonal antibody production in media containing combinations of serum and milk or colostrum was comparable to that obtained in media with higher serum concentrations. Experiments performed with conditioned media suggest that the rapid decrease in viability, after the maximum cell concentration has been reached, is partially due to the presence of some inhibitory components generated during the cell culture rather than due to depletion of some serum components.
Classical thermodynamics of gravitational collapse

We study numerically gravitational collapse of a spherically symmetric instanton particle in five dimensions. We show that the late stages of the process are characterized by a nearly constant 'free energy', the value of which matches (within numerical uncertainties) the value obtained from standard black-hole thermodynamics. This suggests a purely classical interpretation of the free energy of a black hole.
SAFT Modeling of the Effect of Various Carriers on the Operating Range of Slurry Reactors

In this work we relate agglomeration in a polyethylene reactor to the solid−liquid phase transition of the polymer. The model assumes that the polyethylene dissolution temperature in the carrier [o...
Visibility, group size, vigilance, and drinking behavior in coati (Nasua narica) and white-faced capuchins (Cebus capucinus): experimental evidence

I studied the role of visibility on the vigilance behavior of coatis Nasua narica and white-faced capuchins Cebus capucinus in a dry tropical forest in Costa Rica. Vigilance and drinking behavior were observed at a waterhole where the water surface was 2–3 m below ground level for 5 days. Then I provided an artificial water pan of similar size adjacent to the natural waterhole, but level with the ground, and observed the same behaviors. Animals drinking at the natural waterhole had to descend below ground where they could not see above ground, while those drinking from the experimental pan could see approaching predators. Variations in drinking and vigilance behavior were accounted for by site (natural vs. experimental water source) and group size, with site contributing most significantly to variations. Both coatis and capuchins decreased their time to wait at the forest edge before emerging to drink, had more drinking bouts, had longer bout lengths, and decreased their vigilance behavior when they drank at the ground-level waterhole compared to the one below the surface, where their visibility was obscured. For both species, total drinking time increased, and vigilance decreased, with group size. This study demonstrated experimentally that visibility and group size influence drinking and vigilance behaviors.
Family Therapy After the Divorce: Developing a Strategy

Family therapy with the whole family after a divorce has taken place provides a unique opportunity for intervention. Though the spouses have legally terminated their relationship, their parenting function remains. However, this reality is often clouded by the emotional conflicts generated by the divorce. Family therapy can be useful in facilitating life in the post-divorce period. A four-part model for intervention is described. The first task is to redefine the family as existentially including all members. Next, generational boundaries are firmed in order to reduce the parentification process, often intensified by the parent's physical absence. Third, the family needs to have a replay of the history of the marriage to correct developmental distortions and offer a changce to mourn the loss of the intact family. Finally, the therapists attempt to facilitate an emotional divorce. A case study is presented to elucidate the manner in which these steps unfold in treatment.
Regional spinal cord blood flow during local cooling.

We used the tissue distribution of [14C]butanol to quantitate regional blood flow in the spinal cord (RSCBF) of pentobarbital-anesthetized, normothermic rats in which segmental local cooling pentobarbital-anesthetized, normothermic rats in which segmental local cooling of the spinal cord (to 25-28 degrees C) at vertebral levels C4-C6 (n = 6) or T13-L1 (n = 6) was induced. Thirty minutes later, blood flow measurements were made at seven levels of the spinal cord and in the sciatic nerve trunks and biceps femoris muscles. Sham-cooled rats served as controls (n = 12). In control rats, RSCBF varied between 41.5 +/- 2.4 and 65.1 +/- 3.2 ml.min-1.100 g-1. Local cooling of the C4-C6 cord segment reduced RSCBF by 32%, from 65.1 +/- 3.2 to 44.4 +/- 3.5 ml.min-1.100 g-1 (P less than 0.01). Tissue vascular resistance (R) in the cooled C4-C6 segment was elevated versus control. There were no other changes in RSCBF at the other cord levels or in the cauda equina. Similarly, local cooling of the T13-L1 segment resulted in a 40% fall in RSCBF in that segment, from 57.1 +/- 2.4 to 34.1 +/- 4.3 ml.min-1.100 g-1 (P less than 0.001). R in the cooled T13-L1 segment was elevated versus control. RSCBF was reduced by 30% in the adjacent proximal T12 segment (P less than 0.001) and by 21% in the adjacent distal L2-L3 segment (P less than 0.05). R was increased in both of these adjacent segments. RSCBF was not altered elsewhere in the cord.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Continuum Simulations of Acetylcholine Consumption by Acetylcholinesterase: A Poisson-Nernst-Planck Approach †

The Poisson-Nernst-Planck (PNP) equation provides a continuum description of electrostatic-driven diffusion and is used here to model the diffusion and reaction of acetylcholine (ACh) with acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzymes. This study focuses on the effects of ion and substrate concentrations on the reaction rate and rate coefficient. To this end, the PNP equations are numerically solved with a hybrid finite element and boundary element method at a wide range of ion and substrate concentrations, and the results are compared with the partially coupled Smoluchowski-Poisson-Boltzmann model. The reaction rate is found to depend strongly on the concentrations of both the substrate and ions; this is explained by the competition between the intersubstrate repulsion and the ionic screening effects. The reaction rate coefficient is independent of the substrate concentration only at very high ion concentrations, whereas at low ion concentrations the behavior of the rate depends strongly on the substrate concentration. Moreover, at physiological ion concentrations, variations in substrate concentration significantly affect the transient behavior of the reaction. Our results offer a reliable estimate of reaction rates at various conditions and imply that the concentrations of charged substrates must be coupled with the electrostatic computation to provide a more realistic description of neurotransmission and other electrodiffusion and reaction processes.
Earthworm populations in a northern U.S. Cornbelt soil are not affected by long-term cultivation of Bt maize expressing Cry1Ab and Cry3Bb1 proteins

Earthworms, which play a key role in biogeochemical processes in soil ecosystems, could be negatively affected by the cultivation of transgenic Bt crops. Studies to date have found few effects of Bt maize on earthworm species. If adverse effects occur, they are likely to be chronic or sub-lethal and expressed over large spatial and temporal scales. Our objective in the present study was to investigate potential effects on earthworm populations in soil cultivated with Bt maize in a large multiple-year field study. We surveyed the earthworm populations in 0.16-ha experimental field plots of two varieties of Cry1Ab Bt maize, one variety of Cry3Bb1 Bt maize, and three non-transgenic control varieties cultivated for four years. Four earthworm species were found in our sample: Aporrectodea caliginosa, Aporrectodea trapezoides, Aporrectodea tuberculata (collectively, the A. caliginosa species complex), and Lumbricus terrestris. We found no significant differences in the biomass of juveniles and adults for all four species between Bt and non-Bt maize varieties. From this and previous studies, we conclude that the effects of Cry1Ab and Cry3Bb1 Bt maize on the A. caliginosa species complex and L. terrestris are small. Nonetheless, general conclusions about the effects of Bt maize on earthworm populations are not warranted due to the small number of species tested. In future laboratory studies, earthworm species should be selected according to their association with a Bt crop and the impact of that species to valued soil ecosystem processes.
Evoked Set Size-Personality Correlates and Mediating Variables:

A study is reported which presents some positive results in investigating the usefulness of a cognitive variable— ‘need for cognitive clarity,’ in explaining variations in evoked set magnitude among consumers when the mediating effects of consumer perceptions of performance risk and specific self-confidence were taken into account.
Gene amplification in malignant human gliomas: clinical and histopathologic aspects.

Gene amplification occurs in 45-50% of malignant human gliomas (MHG). In the present study, 64 genetically characterized gliomas were evaluated to determine if tumors with amplification of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), N- myc , c- myc , or gli genes had distinctive histopathologic features. There was no significant difference in age (p = 0.10) or gender (p = 0.78) between patients whose tumors contained amplified genes and those whose tumors did not exhibit this characteristic. Although the patients with amplified genes in their tumors survived slightly longer than patients whose tumors had no detectable gene amplification, these differences were not statistically significant (p=0.21). The 28 tumors with amplification included 24/48 (50%) glioblastoma multiforme, 2/6 (33%) anaplastic astrocytomas and 2/5 (40%) gliosarcomas. No amplification was seen in one oligodendroglioma, three anaplastic mixed gliomas or one giant cell glioblastoma multiforme. Necrosis and endothelial proliferation were equally prevalent among tumors with and without amplification. Comparison of tumors with gene amplification and tumors without this characteristic revealed similar distributions of most morphologic cells types. Although prominent perivascular lymphocytic infiltrates were more frequent in tumors without amplification, this association was of borderline significance statistically. In situ hybridization of tumors with amplification using an EGFR mRNA probe showed intense labeling of different neoplastic cell types including fibrillary and protoplasmic astrocytes, gemistocytes, anaplastic cells, and multinucleated giant cells. Non-neoplastic cells such as hyperplastic endothelium within the tumors did not express detectable EGFR mRNA. These studies demonstrate that (a) cells with quite different morphology within the same tumor can contain the same genetic alteration; (b) tumors of identical histological appearance may have arisen and evolved by different molecular mechanisms; and (c) molecular analyses are necessary to evaluate gene amplification in MHG since this characteristic cannot be accurately predicted by the morphologic or clinical criteria used in this study.
Assessment of drift and selection in hatchery populations of oysters (Crassostrea virginica)

Abstract Allozyme frequencies in three hatchery sublines of oysters ( Crassostrea virginica ) after one generation of selection for rapid juvenile growth were compared to their respective unselected control sublines. Using genotypic data for six enzyme-coding loci, we analyzed (a) differences in allelic frequencies between sublines, (b) departures from Hardy-Weinberg proportions within sublines, and (c) distributions of multilocus genotypes. Because gene frequencies in the parents and parental source populations were unknown, Monte Carlo simulations based on the census number of spawning adults were used to obtain expected genotypic distributions. Comparison of expected and observed distributions indicated that estimated effective breeding numbers were significantly lower than the census number of spawning adults in mass-spawned populations. The discrepancy between nominal and estimated N e was reduced in sublines formed by pooling the progeny of multiple small group spawns. Control over N e in hatchery populations of cultured aquatic species may be improved by following this simple expedient.
Some Implications of the EEC's Agricultural Price Policy

This article indicates elements of the Common Agricultural Policy of the European Economic Community that may result in substantial changes in the future. Regional price indexes are developed for several grain and livestock commodities and projected to 1970 and 1975. By combining these projections with the results of an EEC survey of family farm incomes, this article shows that the projected price changes will favor the farmers with the highest incomes. Also, the operation of the Agricultural Fund causes a transfer of foreign exchange from member countries with agricultural net import balances to member countries with agricultural net export balances. Raising the internal prices of imported and exported commodities in order to establish a common price for the EEC has further increased the foreign exchange transfers. INTERNATIONAL economic headlines have shifted from the arduous deliberations of the Kennedy Round of tariff negotiations and its accompanying drama of creating an agricultural policy for the EEC to the problems facing the United States and its balance of payments. This change of events might lead one to assume that the EEC has established a firm policy with respect to agricultural prices. It is the purpose of this paper to investigate the validity of such an assumption by raising the question: Have the initial steps in establishing an EEC policy activated forces that will ultimately lead to substantial revisions in EEC policy? If the answer is affirmative, it is prudent that we understand the working of these forces so as to anticipate the nature of future changes. The hypothesis in this paper is that present EEC agricultural price policies will result in further disparities of income between large and small farms, and since the proportion of large and small farms is not uniform throughout the Community, this will hurt the foreign exchange position of some member countries and lead to economic and social problems within these countries.
Dependence of induction of osteocalcin gene expression on the presence of wild-type p53 in a murine osteosarcoma cell line

The p53 gene undergoes rearrangement in a high percentage of osteosarcomas, resulting in loss of its expression. A p53-null murine osteosarcoma cell line F6 was transfected with either a wild-type or a mutant p53 gene. Stably transfected cell lines were obtained, and their differentiation capabilities were compared in vitro with the parental cell line. Alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin expression were measured as early and late differentiation markers, respectively. Induction of alkaline phosphatase expression was not affected by the presence of either p53 gene, whereas osteocalcin expression was seen in cells containing the wild-type p53 gene but not in the parental p53-null or mutant-expressing cell lines. That the induction of osteocalcin was intrinsically dependent on the presence of wild-type p53 was also indicated by the use of a temperature-sensitive Val 135 p53 mutant at 32 degrees C; predominant expression of p53 in the wild-type conformation resulted in osteocalcin expression. While the wild-type p53 gene could suppress tumor formation in vivo, the tumors expressing the mutant p53 gene grew two to three times as large as the tumors that did not express p53. Therefore, the absence of end-point differentiation in bone due to p53 rearrangements may contribute to the maintenance of the tumorigenic phenotype in osteosarcomas.
The Emergency Care Setting for Screening and Intervention for Alcohol Use Problems Among Injured and High-Risk Drivers: A Review

Each year thousands of people are treated in emergency departments and trauma centers for alcohol-related injuries, including those sustained in drinking driving crashes. Emergency departments and trauma centers provide an opportunity to screen for alcohol use problems and intervene with injured or high-risk drivers to reduce future alcohol-related traffic and injury risk. Recently physicians have expressed interest in exploring screening and intervention for alcohol use problems in these venues as a means of improving clinical care. This article reviews the literature that has examined screening and brief interventions in acute care settings to reduce future alcohol consumption and alcohol-related injury. The methodological and practical issues inherent in conducting these studies as well as in actual practice are discussed. The chaotic environment of acute care, the large numbers of patients required to be screened to obtain an adequate study sample, and high attrition rates make study in these settings difficult at best and are methodological problems that should be addressed in future research. A basic question that has not been adequately answered by research to date is whether reduction in alcohol consumption will translate to reduced alcohol-related harm, such as driving while impaired, or injurious or fatal crashes. Long-term studies that assess records-based outcomes in addition to alcohol-consumption levels are needed.
Valve perforation and balloon pulmonary valvuloplasty in an infant with tetralogy of Fallot and pulmonary atresia

We report an infant who had tetralogy of Fallot, hypoplastic pulmonary arteries, and membranous pulmonary atresia who underwent successful perforation of the atretic valve and subsequent balloon pulmonary valvuloplasty. Because of the inability to access the pulmonary arteries via a patent ductus arteriosus, two-dimensional echocardiography was used to confirm wire position prior to perforation. The branch pulmonary arteries initially measured 1.5 mm in diameter and enlarged to 2.8 mm immediately after valvuloplasty. Four months postprocedure, the patient underwent a successful repeat balloon pulmonary valvuloplasty. The pulmonary arteries had grown to approximately 6 mm in diameter. Although it is a rare occurrence, patients with tetralogy of Fallot and membranous pulmonary atresia can be dilated with successful growth of the pulmonary arteries.
Fluctuation specific heat and vortex configurations in model high-temperature superconductors

Abstract We calculate the fluctuation specific heat and diamagnetic susceptibility of a single layer of model high-temperature superconductor with parameters resembling YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7−δ , as a function of perpendicular magnetic field, assuming an s-wave order parameter and fluctuations about a Ginzburg-Landau mean-field theory. Snapshots of the vortex configurations in a perpendicular field are also shown.
Dedicated vs. distributed: A study of mission survivability metrics

A traditional trade-off when designing a mission critical network is whether to deploy a small, dedicated network of highly reliable links (e.g. dedicated fiber) or a large-scale, distributed network of less reliable links (e.g. a leased line over the Internet). In making this decision, metrics are needed that can express the reliability and security of these networks. Previous work on this topic has widely focused on two approaches: probabilistic modeling of network reliabilities and graph theoretic properties (e.g. minimum cutset). Reliability metrics do not quantify the robustness, the ability to tolerate multiple link failures, in a distributed network. For example, a fully redundant network and a single link can have the same overall source-destination reliability (0.9999), but they have very different robustness. Many proposed graph theoretic metrics are also not sufficient to capture network robustness. Two networks with identical metric values (e.g. minimum cutset) can have different resilience to link failures. More importantly, previous efforts have mainly focused on the source-destination connectivity and in many cases it is difficult to extend them to a general set of requirements. In this work, we study network-wide metrics to quantitatively compare the mission survivability of different network architectures when facing malicious cyber attacks. We define a metric called relative importance (RI), a robustness metric for mission critical networks, and show how it can be used to both evaluate mission survivability and make recommendations for its improvement. Additionally, our metric can be evaluated for an arbitrarily general set of mission requirements. Finally, we study the probabilistic and deterministic algorithms to quantify the RI metric and empirically evaluate it for sample networks.
Density functional study of a weakly hydrogen-bonded benzene-ammonia complex: The importance of the exchange functional

Density functional theory calculations on the benzene–ammonia complex have been performed. The benzene–ammonia complex is weakly hydrogen bonded, and crucial for obtaining good agreement with experimental results is the choice of the exchange functional used, as in the case of van der Waals interactions. It is found that the behavior of the exchange functional in the region where the density is small and the density gradient large plays an important role in describing the weak hydrogen-bonding interaction. Calculations show that generalized gradient approximation functionals, which behave properly in this region, have achieved an accuracy similar to the second-order Moller–Plesset (MP2) method for the benzene–ammonia complex. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Quant Chem 79: 325–329, 2000
Phase II study of thalidomide in patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma

BACKGROUND The hypervascular nature of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is well characterized. Recent data have suggested that thalidomide possesses antiangiogenic and immunomodulatory activity. Therefore, the authors initiated a study to assess the efficacy and toxicity of thalidomide in patients with advanced HCC as primary and secondary endpoints, respectively. METHODS Inclusion criteria were unresectable HCC with bidimentionally measurable disease, age ≥ 18 years, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status ≤ 2, and adequate organ function. Thalidomide was administered at a starting dose of 200 mg per day in a 100-mg-per-week dose escalation regimen, up to the maximum tolerated dose or to 800 mg per day. Toxicity was monitored according to the National Cancer Institute Common Toxicity Criteria. RESULTS Twenty-six of 27 patients were eligible and assessable for toxicity and response. A median daily dose of 300 mg was achieved. One patient experienced near-complete recovery of α-fetoprotein levels and a partial radiographic response on computed tomography. Two patients had stable disease during the 16-week study period. The median duration of progression-free survival was 42 days. The overall median survival was 123 days. Fatigue and somnolence were the most common side effects, occurring in 81% and 62% of patients, respectively. No Grade 4 hematologic toxicity was observed. Three patients experienced Grade 4 hepatic toxicity (namely, hyperbilirubinemia). CONCLUSIONS With gradual dose escalation, thalidomide was tolerated in most patients with advanced HCC. However, treatment with thalidomide alone was associated with only a modest response in the treatment of HCC. Cancer 2005. © 2004 American Cancer Society.
Improved Acanthosis Nigricans With Lipodystrophic Diabetes During Dietary Fish Oil Supplementation

• Acanthosis nigricans is well recognized in its clinical association with several types of insulin-resistant syndromes, and skin involvement is usually unresponsive to local treatment or management of diabetes. A young woman with a lipodystrophic form of diabetes, hypertriglyceridemia, and severe generalized acanthosis nigricans was placed on a diet with fat supplementation in the form of omega-3-fatty-acid-rich fish oil. She was observed to have striking improvement in the appearance and extent of acanthosis nigricans while receiving this regimen. This occurred despite continued therapy with niacin (nicotinic acid), an agent associated with acanthosis nigricanslike skin changes. (Arch Dermatol1988;124:1094-1096)
MEMS for Space Applications

Phenomenal advances in MicroElectroMechanical Systems (MEMS) performance has made this technology attractive for the development of micro- and nano-spacecraft. However, much work remains to be done. The space environment is harsh: extreme heat and cold, thermal cycling, radiation effects, and corrosive environments put conventional device designs at risk. Reliably, packaging and flight qualification methodologies need to be developed for MEMS to produce robust devices for a successful future in space micromissions. These issues are discussed in this paper, along with examples of micromissions, MEMS devices in development for space applications, and the ultimate in device integration: a system-on-a-chip.
What Else Can Injure the Lungs

A growing number of chemical materials, including pharmaceutical agents, have been associated with acute diffuse lung injury with mild to moderate symptoms sometimes progressing to respiratory insu...
A Deformation Framework for Focus+Context Flow Visualization

Striking a careful balance among coverage, occlusion, and complexity is a resounding theme in the visual understanding of large and complex three-dimensional flow fields. In this paper, we present a novel deformation framework for focus+context streamline visualization that reduces occlusion and clutter around the focal regions while compacting the context region in a full view. Unlike existing techniques that vary streamline densities, we advocate a different approach that manipulates streamline positions. This is achieved by partitioning the flow field's volume space into blocks and deforming the blocks to guide streamline repositioning. We formulate block expansion and block smoothing into energy terms and solve for a deformed grid that minimizes the objective function under the volume boundary and edge flipping constraints. Leveraging a GPU linear system solver, we demonstrate interactive focus+context visualization with 3D flow field data of various characteristics. Compared to the fisheye focus+context technique, our method can magnify multiple streamlines of focus in different regions simultaneously while minimizing the distortion through optimized deformation. Both automatic and manual feature specifications are provided for flexible focus selection and effective visualization.
Barriers Related to Delivering Pediatric Weight Management Interventions to Children and Families From Rural Communities

Rates of obesity are higher for children and adults living in rural areas relative to non-rural settings. As a result, there is an immense need for pediatric weight management programs focused on children and families living in rural areas. However, clinicians and families in rural communities experience numerous barriers when participating in these programs. This article reviews challenges faced during the course of providing family-based weight management interventions as part of the Extension Family Lifestyle Intervention Project (E-FLIP) for kids. Effective and innovative suggestions for future programs are provided for consideration when designing weight management programs for rural pediatric populations. A selected review of the pediatric and adult rural service delivery literature and clinicians' experiences are discussed. Challenges to providing pediatric weight management interventions in rural communities include the lower socioeconomic status of many rural families, unique aspects of rural cul...
A Collaborative Approach to Bioengineering Education

Various philosophical approaches to bioengineering education result in the development of different pathways and programs. The basic underlying assumptions of the University of Washington program are presented along with a discussion of the operation of a nondepartmental approach. Undergraduate and graduate education are discussed in the context of preparing the engineer for participation in collaborative teams. A key element in the success of such teams is the introduction of the physician or life scientist to the principles of engineering. A program to provide such training is described along with a discussion about its impact on biomedical research particularly at this University.
The molecular response of bone to growth hormone during skeletal unloading: regional differences

Hind limb elevation of the growing rat provides a good model for the skeletal changes that occur during space flight. In this model the bones of the forelimbs (normally loaded) are used as an internal control for the changes that occur in the unloaded bones of the hind limbs. Previous studies have shown that skeletal unloading of the hind limbs results in a transient reduction of bone formation in the tibia and femur, with no change in the humerus. This fall in bone formation is accompanied by a fall in serum osteocalcin (bone Gla protein, BGP) and bone BGP messenger RNA (mRNA) levels, but a rise in bone insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) protein and mRNA levels and resistance to the skeletal growth-promoting actions of IGF-I. To determine whether skeletal unloading also induced resistance to GH, we evaluated the response of the femur and humerus of sham and hypophysectomized rats, control and hind limb elevated, to GH (two doses), measuring mRNA levels of IGF-I, BGP, rat bone alkaline phosphatase (RAP), and alpha 1(1)-procollagen (coll). Hypophysectomy (HPX) decreased the mRNA levels of IGF-I, BGP, and coll in the femur, but was either less effective or had the opposite effect in the humerus. GH at the higher dose (500 micrograms/day) restored these mRNA levels to or above the sham control values in the femur, but generally had little or no effect on the humerus. RAP mRNA levels were increased by HPX, especially in the femur. The lower dose of GH (50 micrograms/day) inhibited this rise in RAP, whereas the higher dose raised the mRNA levels and resulted in the appearance of additional transcripts not seen in controls. As for the other mRNAs, RAP mRNA in the humerus was less affected by HPX or GH than that in the femur. Hind limb elevation led to an increase in IGF-I, coll, and RAP mRNAs and a reduction in BGP mRNA in the femur and either had no effect or potentiated the response of these mRNAs to GH. We conclude that GH stimulates a number of markers of bone formation by raising their mRNA levels, and that skeletal unloading does not block this response, but the response varies substantially from bone to bone.
Psychological androgyny, sex-typing, and sex-role ideology as predictors of male-female interpersonal attraction

Two studies examined the degree of sex-typing or androgyny college students desired in their ideal dating partners/potential spouses. In Study I, 140 males and 95 females classified according to psychological sex type rated their ideal partners on the items of the Bem Sex Role Inventory (BSRI). Consistent with the general tenor of predictions, sex-typed subjects endorsed a greater discrepancy between their own and their ideal dating partners' sex-role characteristics than did androgynous subjects. However, predictions that sex-typed subjects would describe complementarily sex-typed ideal partners, while androgynous subjects would describe similarly androgynous ideals, were only partially supported. Actually, all subjects (with the exception of masculine-typed women) tended to describe ideals who manifested a relative complementarity in sex-role traits, such that the male is somewhat more masculine and less feminine than his partner and the female somewhat more feminine and less masculine than her partner. In Study II, 63 males and 71 females classified as egalitarian or traditional in their sex-role attitudes also rated ideal dating partners/spouses on the BSRI. Nearly all traditional males described feminine-typed ideals, while egalitarian males exhibited an equal preference for androgynous and feminine-typed partners. The female attitude groups did not differ in partner descriptions; both described androgynous partners. The results suggest that (1) societal norms and stereotypes and individuals' own sex-role attitudes must be considered in addition to individual differences in psychological sex-typing in predicting individuals' heterosexual attraction patterns; and (2) psychological androgyny, as presently defined, does not have as much generality regarding individuals' life-styles as has been attributed to it.