cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Different views on Digital Scholarship: separate worlds or cohesive research field?

This article presents a systematic review of the literature on Digital Scholarship, aimed at better understanding the collocation of this research area at the crossroad of several disciplines and strands of research. The authors analysed 45 articlesin order to draw a picture of research in this area. In the first phase, the articles were classified, and relevant quantitative and qualitative data were analysed. Results showed that three clear strands of research do exist: Digital Libraries, Networked Scholarship and Digital Humanities. Moreover, researchers involved in this research area tackle the problems related to technological uptake in the scholar’s profession from different points of view, and define the field in different – often complementary – ways, thus generating the perception of a research area still in need of a unifying vision. In the second phase, authors searched for evidence of the disciplinary contributions and interdisciplinary cohesion of research carried out in this area through the use of bibliometric maps. Results suggest that the area of Digital Scholarship, still in its infancy, is advancing in a rather fragmented way, shaping itself around the above-mentioned strands, each with its own research agenda. However, results from the cross-citation analysis suggest that the Networked Scholarship strand is more cohesive than the others in terms of cross-citations. (Published: 1 December 2016) Citation: Research in Learning Technology 2016, 24 : 32036 - http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/rlt.v24.32036
Impacts: Economic, Political, and Cultural

Control of women is not a new phenomenon (see Photo 5.1). A recent New York Times editorial was titled Is Warfare in Our Bones? The editorial was on the discovery of bones from the prehistoric hunter–gatherer’s era near an African lake in what appears to have been a brutal clash among the humans. What scientists found at Nataruk on Lake Turkana in Kenya “were skeletons showing unmistakable evidence of violent deaths – crushed skulls, imbedded arrow or spear points…” (p. 12). Among these was a man stabbed in the neck crushed in the head and a tied up pregnant woman. The debate about these bones will be lengthy among archeologists and historians. Already some biblical creationists believe that though we as humans began pure the forbidden fruit proved our downfall: the famous apple story of his-story made him to be good and she to be evil.
Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography: Employing a Novel Technique for Investigation in Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada Disease.

PURPOSE To report a case of Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada (VKH) disease and describe the imaging findings by means of optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA). METHODS Medical and ophthalmological history, ophthalmological examination, laboratory evaluation, B-scan ultrasonography, fluorescein and indocyanine angiography, and optical coherence tomography (OCT) were performed at baseline, as well as OCTA. RESULTS A 50-year-old healthy female presented with decreased vision in both eyes. A Topcon DRI OCT Triton Plus swept source OCT system was used to visualize and evaluate the retinal and choroidal vascular plexus. Patchy and confluent dark areas in the superficial and deep retinal capillary plexus and choriocapillaris corresponded to areas of hypoperfusion, analyzed as areas of ischemia. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPORTANCE VKH disease is characterized by ocular, neurological, and integumentary findings in its complete form. We present a case of incomplete disease in a 50-year-old female evaluated by means of OCTA which is a novel technique that provides depth-resolved images of the retina and choroidal microvasculature without dye injection that allows better visualization and detailed evaluation of the retinal and choroidal vascular plexus.
Abstract 1335: Deubiquitinase OTUD6B isoforms are important regulators of growth and proliferation

Deubiquitinases (DUBs) are increasingly linked to the regulation of fundamental processes in normal and cancer cells, including DNA replication and repair, programmed cell death, and oncogenes and tumor suppressors signaling. Here evidence is presented that the deubiquitinase OTUD6B regulates protein synthesis in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells, operating downstream from mTORC1. OTUD6B associates with the protein synthesis initiation complex and modifies components of the 48S preinitiation complex. The two main OTUD6B splicing isoforms seem to regulate protein synthesis in opposing fashions: the long OTUD6B-1 isoform is inhibitory, while the short OTUD6B-2 isoform stimulates protein synthesis. These properties affect NSCLC cell proliferation, since OTUD6B-1 represses DNA synthesis while OTUD6B-2 promotes it. Mutational analysis and downstream mediators suggest that the two OTUD6B isoforms modify different cellular targets. OTUD6B-2 influences the expression of cyclin D1 by promoting its translation while regulating (directly or indirectly) c-Myc protein stability. This phenomenon appears to have clinical relevance as NSCLC cells and human tumor specimens have a reduced OTUD6B-1/OTUD6B-2 mRNA ratio compared to normal samples. The global OTUD6B expression level does not change significantly between non-neoplastic and malignant tissues, suggesting that modifications of splicing factors during the process of transformation are responsible for this isoform switch. Because protein synthesis inhibition is a viable treatment strategy for NSCLC, these data indicate that OTUD6B isoform 2, being specifically linked to NSCLC growth, represents an attractive, novel therapeutic target and potential biomarker for early diagnosis of malignant NSCLC. Note: This abstract was not presented at the meeting. Citation Format: Maurizio Bocchetta, Clodia Osipo, Anna Sobol. Deubiquitinase OTUD6B isoforms are important regulators of growth and proliferation [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 1335. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-1335
Foul Weather Friends: Enabling Movement Alliance through an Intentionally Limited Coalition

While social movement organizations often work in alliance with other groups, relatively little has been written about coalitions that are intentionally limited in nature. In this study, I begin to...
Descriptive Cadaveric Study Comparing the Accuracy of Ultrasound Versus Fluoroscopic Guidance for First Sacral Transforaminal Injections: A Comparison Study

Abstract Background Ultrasound is rarely used for guiding lumbosacral epidural steroid injections due to its technical limitations. For example, sonographic imaging lacks the ability to confirm epidural spread and identify vascular uptake. The perceived risk that these limitations pose to human subjects has precluded any large scale clinical trials to date. Objective To compare the accuracy of ultrasound versus fluoroscopic guidance for first sacral transforaminal epidural injections. Design Cadaveric comparative study using dichotomous outcomes. Setting A fluoroscopy suite and anatomic laboratory at an academic medical center. Subjects Four unembalmed adult human cadavers with no history of spinal surgery. Methods Eight sites were injected twice by one interventionalist, using fluoroscopic and ultrasound guidance. In the fluoroscopy arm, contrast spread was assessed using computed tomography. In the ultrasound arm, latex spread was assessed using gross anatomic dissection. Any visible evidence of epidural spread constituted a positive result. Main Outcome Measurements Comparison of the success of obtaining epidural contrast flow was the primary outcome measure. Secondary outcome measures included average duration, rate of intravascular uptake, and quantity of intravascular uptake. Results All injections performed in both the ultrasound arm and the fluoroscopy arm had positive epidural spread. The average duration was 3.03 minutes with fluoroscopy and 4.76 minutes with ultrasound. The rate of intravascular uptake was 37.5% with fluoroscopy and 50% with ultrasound. Within the ultrasound arm, greater intravascular spread and duration variability were recorded. Conclusion Although ultrasonography can provide reliable image guidance for cannulating the first sacral foramen in cadavers, it would have limited clinical utility due to its inability to visualize relevant neurovascular structures deep to the osseus roof and exclude intravascular uptake. Level of Evidence IV
Cost Efficiency and Demand Fluctuation under Data Envelopment Analysis

Efficiency models of data envelopment analysis are extended here to include the transition from micro to macro levels, where the latter provides an overall measure of market efficiency. The dynamics of the entry and exit behavior, the impact of demand uncertainty on capacity utilization and the specification of the dynamic cost frontier are analyzed in some detail and empirically illustrated in terms of the US computer industry data over the last decade.
3D Printed Organ Models for Surgical Applications

Medical errors are a major concern in clinical practice, suggesting the need for advanced surgical aids for preoperative planning and rehearsal. Conventionally, CT and MRI scans, as well as 3D visualization techniques, have been utilized as the primary tools for surgical planning. While effective, it would be useful if additional aids could be developed and utilized in particularly complex procedures involving unusual anatomical abnormalities that could benefit from tangible objects providing spatial sense, anatomical accuracy, and tactile feedback. Recent advancements in 3D printing technologies have facilitated the creation of patient-specific organ models with the purpose of providing an effective solution for preoperative planning, rehearsal, and spatiotemporal mapping. Here, we review the state-of-the-art in 3D printed, patient-specific organ models with an emphasis on 3D printing material systems, integrated functionalities, and their corresponding surgical applications and implications. Prior limit...
An American Philosopher at Moscow State University, 1964–1965

For an American philosopher participating in a cultural exchangeprogram with the Soviet Union in 1964–65, a year spent in thePhilosophy Faculty of Moscow State University, studying and doingresearch in the history of Russian philosophy, provided manyinteresting insights – some of them surprising – into the theoryand practice of Marxism-Leninism and the nature of philosophicaleducation in Russia in the 1960s.
Generalized Negatively Reinforced Manding in Children with Autism

Individuals with developmental disabilities are often unable to influence their social environment in traditional ways (i.e., vocal language) and frequently exhibit challenging behaviors (e.g., aggression and self-injury) because such behaviors were previously reinforced under similar conditions. While the area of positive reinforcement manding has been well-documented and empirically validated, there is less research in the area of negatively reinforced manding—particularly in the area of negatively reinforced manding of nonpreferred items. Using a multiple baseline design across participants, this study sought to teach three children with autism to replace their challenging behaviors with more socially appropriate ways to request the removal of nonpreferred items. Results showed that all participants were able to learn the negatively reinforced mand response and these mand responses were generalized to other untrained items. In addition to extending the research in the area, the study empirically defined a procedure for teaching negatively reinforced manding of nonpreferred items. Moreover, teaching the mand response resulted in quality of life improvements for all participants and their families.
Prediction for Minimum and Nonminimum Phase Models

Assume that x t is a stationary ARMA scheine satisfying the system of equations $$ {x_{t}} - {\phi _{1}}{x_{{t - 1}}} - \cdots - {\phi _{p}}{x_{{t - p}}} = {\xi _{t}} + {\theta _{1}}{\xi _{{t - 1}}} + \cdots + {\theta _{q}}{\xi _{{t - q}}} $$ where the ξt’s are independent and identically distributed with Eξt = 0 and Eξ t 2 = σ2 > 0. Consider the prediction problem in which one approximates x1 by a function of xs, s ≤ 0, in mean square as well as one can.
Temporary Embolic Agents

Sometimes it is unnecessary or undesirable to permanently occlude a blood vessel. In these circumstances, using an agent which causes temporary vascular occlusion is preferable. On other occasions, the risk of a procedure may be reduced by using agents which cause only temporary vascular blockade. It must be recognized that although some of the agents described as “temporary” may be resorbed, their effects on the vascular endothelium may be irreversible.
Million-atom tight-binding modeling of non-polar a -plane InGaN light emitters

This paper mainly concerns with the numerical implementation as well as validation of wurtzite non-polar a-plane crystal structure within the open-source multimillion-atom NEMO 3-D quantum simulator. While constructing the 10-band sp3s*-spin tight-binding Hamiltonian, the connectivity matrix is mapped from the atom positions, neighbor information, bonding length and chemical bonding information using the VESTA toolkit. For the non-polar a-plane structure, piezoelectric potential has been calculated and incorporated via an angular rotation of the polar c-plane strain tensors. Many-body excitonic states, when needed, have been calculated using a full configuration interaction (FCI) method. The augmented platform has been benchmarked against an experimentally reported nitride multiple quantum well (MQW) LED. To further validate the applicability, detailed analysis has been presented comparing the performance (in terms of optical bandgap, transition rate and internal quantum efficiency) of c-plane-, m-plane- and the a-plane-based InGaN disk-in-wire LED structures.
Assessment of soils stabilized with lignin-based byproducts

Abstract In this study, biofuel co-products (BCPs) containing lignin derived from biomass were investigated to gain further insight into the effects on stabilizing roadbed soils. A liquid type and a powder type of BCPs were mixed with four types of soils with various contents to determine the mechanical, durability, and microstructural properties of BCP stabilized soils. Results indicated that the addition of BCPs significantly increased soil compressive strength, and both of BCP A and BCP B demonstrated the greater strength improvement on relative coarse soil, such as Soil 4 classified as A-4 or ML. The freeze-thaw durability and moisture susceptibility of soils were improved due to the addition of BCP as well, and Soil 1 classified as A-6 or SC and 3 classified as A-4 or CL-ML obtained more benefit to resist moisture from that. Microstructural analyses using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) demonstrated that BCPs are capable to coat and bond soil particles to form strong soil structures. Findings from this study provide a fundamental guidance to pavement researchers and engineers to use BCP as an effective soil stabilizer.
The Benefits and Risks of Oral Antiplatelet Therapy in Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome

This newsletter aims to provide an overview of the currently available evidence pertaining to the benefits and risks of oral antiplatelet therapies, with a focus on balancing ischemic and bleeding risk to optimize patient outcomes.
Safety of Twice Daily Sotalol in Patients with Renal Impairment: A Single Center, Retrospective Review.

Background The class III antiarrhythmic sotalol is renally eliminated with a dose-related propensity to cause adverse drug reactions (ADR) potentially leading to life-threatening arrhythmias. Although product labeling recommends once daily dosing in patients with renal impairment, twice daily dosing is commonly utilized. This study evaluates the safety of this practice. Methods This retrospective, observational study examined renally impaired patients with atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter admitted for sotalol initiation from July 1, 2012 - December 31, 2014, then for up to 20 months after initiation. Primary endpoints included rates of ADR and therapy changes due to ADR. Secondary endpoints included therapy changes due to arrhythmia recurrence, admissions due to arrhythmia recurrence, and therapy changes for any cause. Results Analysis included 134 patients with an average creatinine clearance of 51 ml/min, followed over a median of 170 days. Length of stay averaged 3 days withADR occurring in 53.7% of patients, most commonly QT prolongation or bradycardia. Therapy change due to ADR occurred in 45.5% of patients (n=61). Therapy change due to arrhythmia recurrence occurred in 23.1% (n=31), admission due to arrhythmia recurrence occurred in 24.6% (n=33), and therapy change for any cause occurred in 74.6% (n=100). Conclusion Initiating sotalol twice daily in renally impaired patients results in ADR and therapy change rates consistent with rates seen in clinical practice for non-renally impaired patients, with minimal length of stay.This practice may be reasonable when initiated in the acute care setting with subsequent outpatient monitoring, however further study is needed.
Digitizing freelance media labor: A class of workers negotiates entrepreneurialism and activism:

Due to economic instability and technological change in digital media industries, media organizations and educators have encouraged freelance media workers to see themselves as individual businesse...
WE1.3 - Multimode Fiber Based Single-shot Full-field Temporal Measurement

We demonstrate a single-shot temporal measurement technique based on a multimode fiber. The complex spatiotemporal speckle field created by a known pulse propagating through the fiber interferes with an unknown signal. From the time-integrated interference pattern, both amplitude and phase of the signal are retrieved.
Development and Clinical Validation of a “Home-Brew” Dual-Color FISH Probe Assay To Differentiate between ELL and ENL Gene Rearrangements in Leukemia.

Abstract Patients with t(11;19) leukemias have one of two different translocations resulting in gene rearrangement with the MLL gene on 11q23. The ELL (eleven-nineteen lysine-rich leukemia) gene at 19p13.1, is rearranged in individuals with t(11;19) and acute myeloid leukemia, while the ENL (eleven-nineteen leukemia) gene at 19p13.3, is rearranged most frequently in those patients with t(11;19) and B-cell acute lymphoid leukemia. However, AML and rare T-cell ALL patients have been reported with the ENL gene rearrangement. At the cytogenetic level of resolution, it is not always possible to distinguish which of the two genes is involved in these translocations and precise molecular classification may be necessary for appropriate chemotherapy regimens to be devised and administered. We therefore developed a dual-color FISH (fluorescent in situ hybridization) assay using BACs (bacterial artificial chromosomes) for ELL and ENL. ELL is directly labeled in spectrum orange and ENL is directly labeled in spectrum green and the probes are co-hybridized. The strategy for the assay is to assess the interphase nuclei of patients for gain of an orange signal, indicating an ELL gene rearrangement (3O2G signal pattern), or gain of a green signal, indicating an ENL gene rearrangement (3G2O signal pattern). The gain of signal is due to splitting of the respective locus during the translocation of distal 19p to 11q23. As constructed, the probes showed a 100% specificity for the respective translocations, based on metaphase and interphase analysis of ELL and ENL t(11;19) positive patients; all of the patients were diagnosed with myeloid leukemia. In addition, further comparative validation was performed using the commercially available dual-color breakapart MLL probe (Vysis). Analysis of the ELL positive AML patients with the MLL probe showed the expected abnormal interphase signal pattern (1O1G1Fusion), confirming MLL gene rearrangement. However, the MLL pattern for the single patient with an ENL gene rearrangement and AML showed an alternate interphase pattern, indicating an alternate MLL breakpoint. Analysis of additional patients is required to determine if those with AML and ENL gene rearrangements routinely have a different MLL breakpoint; this difference could potentially contribute to a myeloid disease presentation. In order to establish clinically valid cut-offs for residual disease analysis, interphase validation was performed. Probe specificity was 100%, with a sensitivity of greater than 97% for both loci. This results in a normal cut-off (plus 2 S.D.) of 0.9/200 abnormal cells for ENL gene rearrangement and 2.18/200 abnormal cells for ELL gene rearrangement. In this laboratory's use, the probe set is slightly more sensitive for disease detection than the commercially available MLL gene probe (Vysis), which has a sensitivity of 96% and a normal cut-off of 1.84/200 cells. This probe set allows quick distinction between ELL and ENL gene rearrangements in patients with acute leukemia.
Dispersion Engineered Metasurfaces for Broadband Achromatic Optics

Chromatic aberrations in lenses are challenging to correct over large bandwidth. We show that dispersion-tailored and polarization-insensitive metasurfaces comprising counterintuitive anisotropic nanofins can correct the chromatic aberrations simple singlet lenses to sophisticated microscope objectives with unprecedented compactness.
Quantum cascade lasers

In this chapter, we present a brief overview of the QCL technology with an emphasis on the commercially important 3 μm to 12 μm spectral region covering the infrared fingerprint spectral region and the two infrared atmospheric windows (3 to 5 μm and 8 to 12 μm). Specifically, laser core design, waveguide design, and various aspects of mode control for QCLs are discussed below.
O19.1 Model-based study design for estimation of route-specific gonorrheal transmission probabilities

Background Gonorrheal infection occurs at multiple anatomical sites as a result of different types of sex. Assuming anal sex, oral sex, rimming, and kissing transmit infection leads to seven possible routes of transmission. Recent models of gonorrheal infection have shown that the route-specific transmission probabilities cannot be directly estimated from currently available data. Here, we have illustrated how theoretical models can be used to inform epidemiological study designs aimed at estimating these transmission probabilities. This methodology that we call ‘model-based study design’ informs 1) necessary sample sizes, 2) which variables need to be measured, and 3) how sensitive resulting estimates are to the analytical model misspecification. Methods We simulated cohorts of high risk MSM over 2 years, where every three months, each man completes a sexual behavior questionnaire and has gonorrheal testing at all sites. Cohorts were simulated under many of conditions, such as measuring different variables, different levels of under and over reporting of sex acts, and different patterns of sexual behavior in the population. The simulated data were analyzed in a Bayesian framework where prior knowledge of the joint prevalence of single-site and multi-site gonorrheal infection was integrated into the analysis using the Stan programming language. Outcomes included coverage of true transmission probabilities, bias, and uncertainty in route-specific transmission probabilities. Results Under ideal conditions, we have shown that route-specific gonorrheal transmission probabilities can be estimated from study designs similar to ongoing CDC projects. However, we also found that failure to measure heterogeneity in sexual behavior, a high preponderance of very high-risk behavior, and systemic under-reporting of certain sex acts (but not random recall bias) significantly limit the power of cohort studies regardless of the design. Conclusion Model-based study design provides a general method for the design, analysis, and evaluation of studies for complex parameters that cannot be estimated directly from available data. Disclosure No significant relationships.
Standing and Contracts

In Spokeo v. Robbins, the Supreme Court held that, to establish Article III standing to bring suit in federal court, a plaintiff cannot simply allege the violation of a legal right. Instead, the plaintiff must allege an injury in fact. Although it addressed standing to bring suit for statutory violations, Spokeo raises serious questions about limits on the ability to bring breach of contract actions in federal court. After all, contracts simply create legal rights. Under Spokeo’s logic, the breach of contractual rights should not support standing; instead, standing exists only if the breach results in factual harm. But restricting standing in this way would significantly curtail freedom of contract and would render many traditionally enforceable contracts unenforceable in federal court. At the same time, creating an exception to the injury in fact rule for contract law would create anomalies that would threaten to destabilize standing law. The difficulties with each of those approaches casts serious doubt on Spokeo’s holding that the violation of a legal right does not support standing.
Childhood injuries and food stamp benefits: an examination of administrative data in one US state

Currently in the United States, childhood injuries are the leading cause of mortality and morbidity, resulting in an estimated 9.2 million emergency department visits and $17 billion annually in medical costs. For preschoolers, it is also the leading cause of disability. We use linked administrative data for SNAP and Medicaid in Missouri from January 2010 to December 2013 to explore monthly patterns in the association between SNAP receipt and ER claims due to childhood injury for children age 0–5 and to examine if these patterns are sensitive to the timing of SNAP benefits. We chose the state of Missouri because unlike most states that disburse SNAP benefits within the first 10 days of the calendar month, Missouri pays SNAP benefits between the first twenty-two days of the month, based on the recipient’s birthdate and last name. SNAP benefits received later in the calendar month are associated with reductions in ER claims for childhood injuries. Furthermore, the final week in the SNAP benefit month is associated with an increase in ER claims for childhood injuries. In terms of public policy, our results suggest that having SNAP disbursement later in the month may have benefits for households.
Severe gastroparesis is associated with an increased incidence of slow-transit constipation as measured by wireless motility capsule.

Background Dysmotility in one region of the gastrointestinal tract has been found to predispose patients to developing motility disorders in other gastrointestinal segments. However, few studies have evaluated the relationship between gastroparesis and constipation. Methods Retrospective review of 224 patients who completed 4-hour, solid-phase gastric emptying scintigraphy (GES), and wireless motility capsule (WMC) testing to evaluate for gastroparesis and slow-transit constipation, respectively. When available, anorectal manometry data were reviewed to evaluate for dyssynergic defecation. Patients were divided into two groups based on the results of the GES: 101 patients with normal gastric emptying and 123 patients with gastroparesis (stratified by severity). Differences in constipation rates were compared between the groups. Key results Slow-transit constipation was more common in the gastroparesis group, but statistical significance was not reached (42.3% vs 34.7%, p = 0.304). Univariate logistical regression analysis found no association between slow-transit constipation and gastroparesis (OR 1.38, 95% CI 0.80-2.38, p = 0.245) nor dyssynergic defecation and gastroparesis (OR 0.88, 95% CI 0.29-2.70, p = 0.822). However, when stratifying gastroparesis based on severity, slow-transit constipation was found to be associated with severe gastroparesis (OR 2.45, 95% CI 1.20-5.00, p = 0.014). This association was strengthened with the exclusion of patients with diabetes mellitus (OR 3.5, 95% CI 1.39-8.83, p = 0.008) - a potential confounder. Conclusions & inferences Patients with severe gastroparesis (>35% gastric retention at the 4-hour mark on solid-phase GES) have an increased likelihood of having underlying slow-transit constipation. Dyssynergic defecation does not appear to be associated with gastroparesis (of any severity).
Microscale Knudsen Effect over the Transverse Thermal Conductivity of Woven Ceramic Fabrics Under Compression

Abstract Woven-fiber ceramic materials have shown remarkable results in the design of insulative lay-up structures for flexible thermal protection systems. A deeper understanding of heat transfer through the different insulation layers is key for predicting the performance of heat shields. In this article, a thermo-mechanical multiscale model is developed to predict the out-of-plane thermal conductivity at the micro- and meso-levels of transversely loaded two-dimensional woven ceramic fabrics. Knudsen effects within the multiscale structure are studied by adjusting gas pressure conditions. Alumina-based Nextel-BF20 and silicon carbide Hi-Nicalon with a 5-harness satin weave pattern are modeled by finite-element analysis. The computational results are validated experimentally by applying the anisotropic transient plane source method. We find that out-of-plane thermal conductivity decreases significantly with gas pressure due to Knudsen effects in the confined air within the fibrous structure. The dependence of thermal conductivity of fabrics on fiber volume fraction is shown to decrease markedly with pressure reduction. The proposed multiscale modeling approach yields a notable accuracy improvement, with respect to simplified series-parallel models, when compared with our experimental measurements. The FEA model is applicable to other fabric materials and loading conditions and presents an opportunity to study how changes at the fiber level affect the overall thermal behavior of woven fabrics.
Finding heterogeneous-unsafe configuration parameters in cloud systems

With the increasing prevalence of heterogeneous hardware and the increasing need for online reconfiguration, there is increasing demand for heterogeneous configurations. However, allowing different nodes to have different configurations may cause errors when these nodes communicate, even if the configuration of each node uses valid values. To test which configuration parameters are unsafe when configured in a heterogeneous manner, this work reuses existing unit tests but runs them with heterogeneous configurations. To address the challenge that unit tests often share the configuration across different nodes, we incorporate several heuristics to accurately map configuration objects to nodes. To address the challenge that there are too many tests to run, we (1) "pre-run" unit tests to determine effective unit tests for each configuration parameter and (2) introduce pooled testing to test several parameters together. Our evaluation finds 41 heterogeneous-unsafe configuration parameters in Flink, HBase, HDFS, MapReduce, and YARN. We further propose suggestions and workarounds to make a subset of these parameters heterogeneous safe.
Complicating the Narrative about Emergency Certified Special Educators

For decades, school districts have relied on unlicensed teachers to fill vacancies in special education, leaving students with disabilities to receive educational services from individuals without ...
Update on influenza and rhinovirus infections.

Since the 4th Triennial Conference at Antiviral Chemotherapy held in November 1994, no new antiviral drugs or vaccines have been approved for use in influenza or rhi-novirus infections in the United States. The only newly approved therapy for symptomatic management of upper respiratory illnesses is topical ipratropium. Intranasal administration of this quaternary anticholinergic reduces colds-associated rhinorrhea to a moderate extent.1 However, considerable clinical investigation has led to important advances in regard to prevention and treatment of influenza virus infections and provided new insights in regard to possible measures for management of rhinovirus infections. This paper will update previous reviews from this conference2,3,4,5 and summarize recent developments with agents that are in active clinical development.
Pronouns and Neo-Gricean Pragmatics

Different forms of the personal pronouns have different constraints on their interpretations. Chomsky described such differences syntactically, in terms of binding rules. Levinson and Huang propose pragmatic accounts. They describe the differences as differences in implicature, and claim to derive them from the neo-Gricean Q-, I-, and M-principles. Some explanations invoke the disjoint reference presumption (DRP), which Huang and Levinson derive from the I-principle. Following in their footsteps but taking a different path, Ariel proposes pragmatic explanations in terms of her “functional principle,” which makes no reference to implicature, but does take expectations of conjoint or disjoint reference to be fundamental. I first consider these neo-Gricean accounts as synchronic explanations, arguing that they are unsuccessful for a variety of reasons. I conclude by considering whether the pragmatic principles instead explain pronominal differences diachronically. While more plausible, I present evidence that a diachronic account based on neo-Gricean principles is also unsuccessful.
Characterization of Molecular Structure of Cellulose Derivatives

A large number of the industrially useful cellulose derivatives are those in which the hydroxyl groups of the anhydroglucose units are not completely substituted. The extent of the substitution of these hydroxyl groups with substituent groups may differ with different carbon positions because of their different reactivity. The average degree of the substitution (DS) of each hydroxyl group and the total DS within a glucose residue have profound effects on cellulose derivative properties. The molecular structure parameters are molecules that are different in the degree of polymerization p arranged in order of increasing p and defined as the first and second. The physical and chemical properties of cellulose derivatives are considered primarily to clearly depend on the total DS weight. The total DS of cellulose derivatives is estimated by the chemical analysis, the nuclear magnetic resonance, and thin layer chromatography.
Statistical evaluation of the use of concurrent controls in treatment screening studies.

A well-designed pilot study can advance science by providing essential preliminary data to support or motivate further research, refine study logistics, and demonstrate proof of concept. Often, the outcomes of such studies can be quantified by a success/failure dichotomy. For example, a novel compound may show activation of a neural pathway, or it may not. When an intervention’s efficacy is quantified using a dichotomous outcome, probability mass functions can be enumerated to determine the probability that the observed result from a pilot study supports further evaluation of the intervention since there is only a finite, and often small, number of sample configurations possible. The purpose of this research was to determine the probability of an ‘efficacy signal’ for pilot studies using one- and two-sample pilot study designs. Efficacy signal was defined as the probability of observing a more favorable response proportion relative to a historical control (one-sample setting) or to a concurrent control (two-sample setting). An enumeration study (exact simulation) was conducted to calculate the efficacy signal probability. One-sample study designs yielded higher probability of determining an efficacy signal than the two-sample setting; however, sampling variation must be accounted for. A 68% score confidence interval is recommended for this purpose.
Silicon doping of InP, GaAs, In/sub 0.53/Ga/sub 0.47/As and In/sub 0.49/Ga/sub 0.51/P grown by gas source and metalorganic molecular beam epitaxy using a SiBr/sub 4/ vapor source

Silicon is the preferred n-type dopant for InP- and GaAs-based device structures due to its low thermal diffusivity and the absence of any surface segregation and memory effect during epitaxial growth. While the use of elemental Si in a standard effusion cell has proven effective for Si doping in gas source molecular beam epitaxy (GSMBE), this method is incompatible with the metalorganic molecular beam epitaxy (MOMBE) growth technique (metalorganic group m and hydride group V sources) due to the formation of a passivating "crust" of C and SiC on the hot Si surface in the presence of metalorganic byproducts. The formation of this crust reduces the effective surface area of the elemental Si charge and subsequently reduces the doping efficiency of the effusion cell. While elemental Sn does not form a carbide and therefore would appear to be an alternative elemental dopant source for MOMBE, anomalous doping behavior, surface segregation and memory effects limit the usefulness of this source as well as its metalorganic compound Sn(C/sub 2/H/sub 5/)/sub 4/. Other vapor sources of Si that have been investigated for doping in GSMBE and MOMBE are SiH/sub 4/ and Si/sub 2/H/sub 6/. However, SiH/sub 4/ requires precracking for efficient incorporation in GaAs. Since InP and In/sub 0.53/Ga/sub 0.47/As are typically grown at substrate temperatures approximately 100/spl deg/C lower than those employed for GaAs, precracking of SiH/sub 4/ would also be required with these materials. While Si/sub 2/H/sub 6/ is less thermally stable than SiH/sub 4/, and therefore should crack more efficiently at the growth temperatures employed for InP-based growth by beam epitaxy techniques, its use has been only moderately successful. Using a 10% mixture of Si/sub 2/H/sub 6/ in H/sub 2/ and a flowrate of 10 sccm, Ando and coworkers were only able to obtain a maximum doping concentration of n=1.4/spl times/10/sup 18/ cm/sup -3/ in InP grown over the substrate temperature range of 450 to 540/spl deg/C . Hence a high-efficiency gaseous Si doping source is needed in order for the full advantages of MOMBE to be realized. >
Heavy Quark Physics

Preface 1. Review 2. Heavy quarks 3. Radiative corrections 4. Nonperturbative corrections 5. Chiral perturbation theory 6. Inclusive weak decay Index.
Representation of the Sierra Barrier Jet in 11 years of a high-resolution dynamical reanalysis downscaling compared with long-term wind profiler observations

[1] We investigate the representation of the Sierra Barrier Jet (SBJ) in four numerical models at different resolutions, primarily documenting its representation within a high-resolution (6 km), 11-year WRF reanalysis downscaling (WRF-RD). A comprehensive validation of this dynamical downscaling is undertaken during 11 cool seasons (water years 2001–2011, October to March) using available wind profiler data at Chico, CA (CCO). We identify SBJ cases in the observed CCO wind profiler data, as well as in WRF-RD at the closest grid point. WRF-RD's representation of the SBJ at CCO is compared with that of other reanalysis products with coarser horizontal resolutions (i.e., the North American Regional Reanalysis (NARR), the California Reanalysis downscaling, and the NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis) to assess whether downscaling is necessary to correctly capture this topographically induced low-level jet. Detailed comparisons across California between WRF-RD and NARR suggest downscaling is necessary: Only WRF-RD at 6 km resolution is well-capturing this dynamical feature. A catalog of modeled SBJ events that have significant timing overlap with observations is created and used to further assess WRF-RD's representation of SBJ events. In addition, observation-model comparisons of other meteorologically important variables (e.g., precipitation melting level, wind profiles, temperature, and relative humidity) are performed in order to evaluate WRF-RD's ability to capture the dynamical evolution of the SBJ. The detailed, case-by-case comparisons reveal WRF-RD accurately represents 56 percent of the 256 observed SBJ cases occurring during these 11 cool seasons, albeit with a weak wind bias that increases with jet maximum wind strength.
The Foundations of Rapid Economic Growth

Abstract The fast pace of economic growth of the East Asian nations known as the “Four Tigers”–South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Singapore–has become a legend It is usually claimed that the export-oriented industrialization (EOI) strategy was the basic cause of that rapid growth However, it is contended that the growth strategy of these countries was the result of certain unique historical and geo-political factors The colonial government had created the necessary infrastructure and international linkages which set the stage for initiating the EOI strategy Furthermore, because of the political support accorded to them from foreign governments, these countries, with the exception of Hong Kong, excluded major oppositional groups from sharing political power, and thus they were able to pursue effectively growth and export-oriented policies South Korea and Taiwan also received a large amount of foreign aid from the U S This aid, and the fact the U S laid open its huge market for cheaper Asian exports without insisting on reciprocity, prepared the conditions for export-led growth in those countries
America adopts the automobile, 1895-1910

Between 1895 and the late 1920's American civilization was transformed by the automobile and the automobile industry. In "American Adopts the Automobile, 1895-1910, " James J. Flink writes about the formation of an American automobile culture during the period from the introduction of the motor vehicle into the United States in 1895 to the opening of the Ford Motor Company's Highland Park plant on January 1, 1910. He concludes that Americans by 1910 were committed to automobility and that, with the development of a mass market for motorcars, the automobile industry in America had reached a critical turning point. From then on, the automobile and the automobile industry "called the tune and set the tempo of modern American life."In contrast to earlier historians of the automobile, Professor Flink avoids narrow concentration on the automobile industry and its product. He focuses instead on the automobile as a factor influencing and influenced by American civilization. The molding of a favorable public opinion of the automobile by the press, the growth of automobile clubs, the evolution of legislation intended to regulate the motor vehicle, the development of roads and services for the motorist, and regional, class, and occupational differences in automotive innovativeness--these are some of the topics that are dealt with adequately for the first time in this authoritative volume. Forty-six full-page illustrations augment the text.Familiar topics are also viewed from a fresh perspective. Having made an exhaustive study of the automobile trade journals and popular periodicals of the period, Professor Flink was able to relate the developments in automotive technology and in the automobile industry to the sociocultural milieu within which these developments took place. He reaches some novel conclusions. He demonstrates, for example, that from the first the organization of the automobile industry and the industry's technological accomplishments lagged behind the public's expectations that a reliable, cheap car for the masses would soon appear and inaugurate a utopian horseless age. Well before Henry Ford came out with his legendary Model T, popular opinion of the automobile was overwhelmingly favorable, and many people thought that automobility was a panacea for society's ills."America Adopts the Automobile, 1895-1910, " is the first comprehensive, scholarly account of the origins of the American automobile revolution. It adds a new dimension to our understanding of twentieth century American civilization.
Assessing Expertise in the Enterprise: The Recommender Point of View

Some of the largest worldwide employers today are knowledge-based enterprises whose most important asset is human capital. Knowledge workers are unique, each having individualized skills, competencies and expertise, which constantly evolve and expand. Managing and planning for such a workforce critically depends on the ability to construct complete, accurate, and real-time representation and inventory of the expertise of employees in a form that integrates with business processes. In this session Saska will describe how enterprise expertise assessment process can be posed as predictive modeling and recommendation problem, and will present results and lessons learned from an actual deployment of IBM Expertise, a corporate-wide expertise recommendation and management system.
Wide Band Gap Gallium Phosphide Solar Cells

Gallium phosphide (GaP), with its wide band gap of 2.26 eV, is a good candidate for the top junction solar cell in a multijunction solar cell system. Here, we design, fabricate, characterize, and analyze GaP solar cells. Liquid phase epitaxy is used to grow the semiconductor layers. Four generations of GaP solar cells are developed and fabricated with each solar cell structure being designed and improved based on the first principles analyses of the predecessor solar cells. Quantum efficiency and current-voltage measurements are used to analyze the solar cell performance and to develop predictive models. We create a GaP solar cell with an efficiency of 2.42% under AM 1.5G one sun illumination.
Spontaneous Dissection of the Abdominal Aorta: Experience With Five Patients

Spontaneous dissection of the infradiaphragmatic abdominal aorta is a rare form of aortic dissection. Its natural history and management are not well defined. We have recently treated five patients with spontaneous aortic dissection. Two patients had acute dissections and three had chronic dissections. Three patients developed saccular aneurysms and underwent resection. Two patients had stable dissections and were treated medically. All patients are alive and well at 6 months to 5 years. We think that spontaneous aortic dissection can be treated as a variant of type III dissection with initial medical management, reserving surgery for those patients in whom a saccular aneurysm or a complication of the dissection develops.
Becoming a Teacher of Mathematics.

For many years I have engaged future mathematics teachers in activities that focus on emotional dimensions of their learning. Even those teachers who were able to reconstruct themselves as learners...
Characteristics and outcomes of secondary nodules identified on initial computed tomography scan for patients undergoing resection for primary non-small cell lung cancer.

Objective We sought to define the prevalence, malignancy rate, and outcome of secondary nodules (SNs) detected on computed tomography (CT) scan for patients undergoing resection for primary non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Methods In consecutive patients with NSCLC, we reviewed all CT scan reports obtained at diagnosis of the dominant tumor for description of SNs. When resected, pathology was reviewed. Serial CT reports for 2 years postoperatively were evaluated to follow SNs not resected. Results Among 155 patients, 88 (57%) were found to have SNs. A total of 137 SNs were evaluated (median size, 0.5 cm). Thirty-two nodules were resected at primary resection. Nineteen (61%) resected nodules were benign, whereas 13 (39%) were malignant (8 synchronous primary tumors and 5 lobar metastases). A total of 105 unresected nodules were followed by CT. Of these, 32 (30%) resolved completely, 20 (19%) shrunk, and 28 (27%) were stable, whereas 11 (11%) were lost to follow-up. Fourteen SNs (13%) grew, of which 5 were found to be malignant, each a new primary. Overall 5-year survival was not different between patients with or without SNs (67% vs 64%; P = .88). Discussion The prevalence of SNs on CT scan in patients undergoing resection for primary NSCLC is high. Only a low proportion of SNs are ever found to be malignant, predominantly those on the ipsilateral side as the dominant tumor. The presence of SNs has no effect on survival. Patients with SNs, if otherwise appropriately staged, should not be denied surgical therapy.