cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Association between Background and Educational Attainment in France

Models for the analysis of association (ANOAS) are applied to cross-classifications of highest degree obtained by father's occupation among a sample of French men and women born between 1920 and 1949. These models allow us to establish the relative orderings of backgrounds with respect to degree outcomes, and degree outcomes with respect to background. Tests for homogeneity in multiway tables are used to assess trends in the association of these variables over time, as well as similarities between the sexes. Results are instructive with respect to both substance—educational stratification in France—and method—practical issues in the use of ANOAS models in sociological research.
Unequal Logics of Care: Gender, Globalization, and Volunteer Work of Expatriate Wives in China

Previous research has examined growing globalized divisions in domestic labor through the perspective of poor migrant women who perform care work in advanced industrialized societies. This article explores this global trend in reverse, focusing on first-world women who migrate into developing countries and engage with local dynamics of care through volunteer work. Based on 15 months of ethnographic fieldwork with Helping Hands, an organization of expatriate wives that assisted a local state-run orphanage in Beijing, China, I argue that gendered processes of privileged migration caused women to develop a “logic of care” that equated good care solely with maternal nurturance and emotional connection. This logic permeated their volunteer efforts, causing conflicts with Chinese state caregivers who prioritized the performance of reproductive tasks. This case demonstrates the socially constructed nature of logics that underlie care practices and their relationship to increasingly transnational configurations o...
Israel and the Mercy of God: A Re-reading of Galatians 6.16 and Romans 9–11

Noting the conjunction of ‘mercy’ and ‘Israel’ in Galatians 6.16 and Romans 9–11, this article argues that in both letters ‘Israel’ denotes the Jews. In Galatians 6.16, with an on-going mission to the Jews in view, Paul invokes peace on those who live according to the new creation, and mercy on unbelieving Israel. In Romans 9–11, he draws on both Scripture and his own experience of mercy to revisit the question of Israel's destiny, discerning therein a providential pattern of a divine call that is interrupted by obduracy under the law, and ultimately fulfilled in Christ.
Immunolocalization and expression of the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein during the transitional stages of rat follicular differentiation.

SUMMARY This study was designed to determine the pattern of expression and cellular distribution of the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) during the transitional stages of follicular differentiation in rat ovary. Using specific antisera against the StAR, immunohistochemistry, Western blotting, and immunoprecipitation analyses provide evidence confirming the localization and expression of StAR in granulosa cells (GCs) of juvenile rat ovaries before and after PMSG treatment. The results also show that StAR expression occurs in theca intersitial cells surrounding preantral, antral, and larger antral follicles in adult diestrous ovaries. Furthermore, we have demonstrated heterogenous StAR immunoreactivity in the granulosa cell layers and cells of the corpora lutea. A novel finding presented here is that, during ongoing growth and differentiation of the follicle, the immunoreactivity of StAR tends to shift from the GC of early antral follicles to the theca cell layers in the adult. The spatiotemporal changes or shifts in StAR expression and cellular localization also coincide with the appearance of more acidic isoforms of the 30-kD protein, as determined by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Although the functional implications of these observations remain unclear, the acute temporal changes in StAR expression and localization may not only reflect the dynamic steroidogenic capacity of follicular cells but may also support a possible role for FSH in the induction of follicular maturation. (J Histochem Cytochem 47:769‐776, 1999)
Transformation and diversification in early mammal evolution

Evolution of the earliest mammals shows successive episodes of diversification. Lineage-splitting in Mesozoic mammals is coupled with many independent evolutionary experiments and ecological specializations. Classic scenarios of mammalian morphological evolution tend to posit an orderly acquisition of key evolutionary innovations leading to adaptive diversification, but newly discovered fossils show that evolution of such key characters as the middle ear and the tribosphenic teeth is far more labile among Mesozoic mammals. Successive diversifications of Mesozoic mammal groups multiplied the opportunities for many dead-end lineages to iteratively evolve developmental homoplasies and convergent ecological specializations, parallel to those in modern mammal groups.
Effects of tamoxifen and ICI 164384 on protein synthesis and vectorial secretion in polarized rat uterine epithelial cells

Abstract A polarized, primary cell, bicameral culture system was utilized to test the effects of two types of antiestrogens, tamoxifen (class I) and ICI 164384 (class II) on post-mitotic, uterine epithelial cells. The results demonstrate that in addition to blocking estrogen action in a dose-dependent manner, each of these compounds has independent effects on protein synthesis and secretion in these cells. The effects of both tamoxifen and ICI 164384 on vectorial protein secretion were completely opposite to those of estradiol. Both antiestrogens given alone repressed apical secretion and stimulated basal secretion, whereas estradiol stimulated apical and repressed basal secretion. Furthermore, specific protein bands in both the apical and basal secretory compartments responded differently according to dose to each compound. These experiments using polarized uterine epithelial cell cultures have identified apical and basal protein secretion as two cellular responses with increased sensitivity to steroids and antisteroids.
Boxicity and the social context of Swedish literary criticism, 1881–1883

This paper attempts to case new light on the results of an earlier study of the social context of Swedish literary criticism. Data from a study of persons mentioned by literary critics are re-analysed using new ideas and techniques from biology, mathematics and social network analysis. The results of this new analysis suggest that there may be previously unrecognized structural dimensions of the ‘frame of reference’ within which new literary works are evaluated.
Improving separation of harmonic sources with iterative estimation of spatial cues

Recent work in source separation of two-channel mixtures has used spatial cues (cross-channel amplitude and phase difference coefficients) to estimate time-frequency masks for separating sources. As sources increasingly overlap in the time-frequency domain or the spatial angle between sources decreases, these spatial cues become unreliable. We introduce a method to re-estimate the spatial cues for mixtures of harmonic sources. The newly estimated spatial cues are fed to the system to update each source estimate and the pitch estimate of each source. This iterative procedure is repeated until the difference between the current estimate of the spatial cues and the previous one is under a pre-set threshold. Results on a set of three-source mixtures of musical instruments show this approach significantly improves separation performance of two existing time-frequency masking systems.
Nerve fiber conduction velocity distributions: Studies of normal and diabetic human nerves

We have assessed the clinical applicability of a previously described new method for analyzing the distribution of conduction velocities (DCV) in peripheral nerve. Surface-recorded median sensorimotor compound action potentials (CAPs) were found to contain contributions from classes of fibers conducting between 25 and 80 m/sec in the elbow-to-axilla segment. Test-retest correlation coefficients ranged from 0.91 to 0.98. Increasing stimulus intensity recruited additional fiber activity into the CAP with relative preferential activation of faster-conducting fibers at lower stimulus levels. Changes in limb temperature altered the conduction velocity of all fiber classes 4% per degree Celsius. A comparison of fiber diameter distribution and DCVs in a normal sural nerve gave a correlation of 0.70 over the range of 7 to 12 mu. Diabetic patients with minimal or no clinical polyneuropathy showed varying degrees of DCV shift toward the slower conduction velocities, sometimes even in the face of normal conventional nerve conduction studies. These findings indicate that the DCV may be considered the electrophysiological counterpart--not equivalent--of the fiber diameter distribution, with the capacity to distinguish subtle differences in conduction properties of normal and diseased human nerves.
Incorporating patient preference into the management of infertility in women with polycystic ovary syndrome

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a heterogeneous condition characterized by anovulation, hyperandrogenism, and polycystic ovaries. Because of the heterogeneous nature of PCOS, women affected by the condition often require a customized approach for ovulation induction when trying to conceive. Treating symptoms of PCOS in overweight and obese women should always incorporate lifestyle changes with the goal of weight-loss, as many women with PCOS will ovulate after losing 5%-10% of their body weight. On the other hand, other factors must be considered including the woman's age, age-related decline in fertility, and previous treatments she may have already tried. Fortunately, multiple options for ovulation induction exist for women with PCOS. This paper reviews specific ovulation induction options available for women with PCOS, the benefits and efficacy of these options, and the related side effects and risks women can anticipate with the various options that may affect treatment adherence. The paper also reviews the recommended evidence-based strategies for treating PCOS-related infertility that allow for incorporation of the patient's preference. Finally, it briefly reviews emerging data and ongoing studies regarding newer agents that have shown great promise as first-line agents for the treatment of infertility in women with PCOS.
Kindling induces the long-lasting expression of a novel population of NMDA receptors in hippocampal region CA3

Kindling refers to a phenomenon in which repeated application of initially subconvulsive electrical stimulations produces limbic and clonic motor seizures of progressively increasing severity. Once established, the increased excitability is lifelong. Enhanced function of synapses using the NMDA subtype of glutamate receptor could contribute to the expression of the increased excitability. We previously found that CA3 pyramidal cells of hippocampus of kindled animals exhibit a selective and long-lasting (1 month) increased sensitivity to NMDA-evoked depolarization. The goal of this study was to develop a molecular explanation of the enhanced sensitivity to NMDA. We used radioligand binding studies of membranes isolated from microdissected regions of hippocampus including fascia dentata, CA3, and CA1. We also used quantitative in situ hybridization with subtype-specific riboprobes or oligonucleotides to determine whether increased expression of one or more of the genes encoding NMDA receptors was present in hippocampal granule and pyramidal cells of kindled animals. When studied 28 d after the last evoked seizure, we found that kindling induced a 2.8-fold increase in the number of binding sites for the competitive NMDA receptor antagonist 3-[(+/-)-2-(carboxypiperazine-4-yl)][1,2-3H-]propyl-1-phosphonic acid (3H-CPP). This increase was confined to region CA3 within the hippocampus. Similar, though much smaller, changes were detected 24 hr after the last evoked seizure. Surprisingly, no changes in the binding of another competitive NMDA receptor antagonist, cis-4-(phosphonomethyl)-2-3H-piperidinecarboxylate (3H-CGS-19755), were detected at either time point in any hippocampal region. Transcript levels of the NMDA receptor genes NMDAR1, NR2A, NR2B, NR2C, and NR2D and a glutamate-binding protein (GBP) were not altered by kindling. These findings demonstrate that kindling induces the expression of an NMDA receptor that is novel in that it is recognized by 3H-CPP but not by 3H-CGS-19755. The molecular basis of this novel NMDA receptor is not determined by differential expression of mRNA transcripts of known NMDA receptor genes. The direction, time course, and location of the kindling-induced increase in 3H-CPP binding suggest that this novel receptor may underlie the increased sensitivity of CA3 neurons to NMDA observed in kindled animals.
Antagonism by methysergide of the effects of L-5-hydroxytryptophan and quipazine on schedule-controlled responding.

Abstract Dose-effect curves for l -5-hydroxytryptophan and quipazine were determined alone and in the presence of small doses (0.3 and 1 mg/kg) of methysergide in pigeons responding under a multiple fixed-ratio 30-response, fixed-interval 5-min schedule of grain presentation. Both serotonergic agonists produced dose-related decreases in responding in both schedule components. Methysergide produced a 2- to 3-fold shift of the dose-effect curve to the right (antagonism) for both serotonergic agonists. It was concluded that l -5-hydroxytryptophan and quipazine decrease rates of responding by an action at a methysergide-sensitive serotonergic receptor.
Diffraction patterns in the shadows of disks and obstacles.

We compare the Fresnel diffraction pattern of a thin circular disk with that of a square obstacle, specifically evaluating the on-axis field strength. Photographs of the diffraction patterns reveal some curious features for the square obstacle. Second, the precise electric and magnetic fields behind a conducting circular disk are evaluated without invoking the Fresnel approximation and contrasted with the rigorous electromagnetic result for a metal sphere. The calculations show that the two cases differ only slightly in the Fresnel region. In the near-field new computational results for the sphere are analyzed.
Organizational adaptation to crises: mechanisms of coordination and structural change.

Much of social life is so structured that behavior occurs rather routinely. Most of the time, established and standardized procedures are followed, manifesting themselves in the habitual behavior of individuals and/or the traditional actions of groups. At times however internal and/or external factors generate enough stress and strain so that it is possible to think of responding entities as being in a state of crisis. Crises required the reworking of established and standardized procedures or the creation of new means as well as of organizations for carrying them out. In large part, the direction of response of groups and organizations is for certain aspects of emergent behavior to be combined with elements of routinized organizational behavior. (Dynes and Quarantelli, 1968; Brouilette and Quarantelli 1969; Dynes 1970)
Predictors of Health Status in Nondepressed and Nondemented Individuals with Parkinson's Disease

Recent studies have shown that self-perceived health status (HS) in Parkinson's disease (PD) is associated with motor, cognitive, or mood symptoms, with the greatest association typically occurring with mood. The purpose of this study was to determine if these associations are present in nondepressed and nondemented individuals with PD by using sensitive neuropsychological measures and statistically derived factors from mood and motor scales. The best predictors of poor HS in PD participants (N = 32) without dementia or depression were mood symptoms, specific to self-reported cognitive impairment and anxiety. Bivariate correlations between HS and number of correct categories on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test and the gait-balance factor from the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale Part III were also significant or approached significance. These findings suggest that specific mood and cognitive symptoms continue to be important factors in HS in those individuals who lack clinical levels of depression or dementia.
Methods for chronic neural recording in the telencephalon of freely behaving fish

We have adapted for use in fish several of the procedures employed for recording single neuron activity in freely behaving rodents. Developing a method for single unit chronic recording in freely behaving fish was motivated by a need for a comparison across taxa of telencephalic neural activity evoked during spatial navigation by animals of their environments. However, the procedures outlined here can be modified easily for underwater recording from most aquatic species and from other brain areas. Under anesthesia, bundles of stereotrodes or tetrodes were implanted into the dorsolateral region of the goldfish or cichlid telencephalon. An infrared light emitting diode (LED) was also fixed to the fish's head at the time of surgery. After recovery from anesthesia, fish were allowed to swim freely within a large aquarium. Single unit activity was analyzed and correlated with stimulus conditions, behavior, and the location and movement of the LED recorded by a camera tracking system. The value of this technique is demonstrated by providing the first evidence in fish for navigation-related neural firing, including "place cells" that display location-specific discharge.
SPONTANEOUS FRACTURE OF THE FEMORAL NECK FOLLOWING IRRADIATION

1. With the advent of higher voltage irradiation there is an increased danger of damage to the deeper tissues in the irritated area. 2. Bone, as well as the soft parts, is subject to injury by the roentgen ray. 3. If radiation osteonecrosis involves the femoral neck, spontaneous fracture may possibly occur. 4. When there is pain about the hip joint following irradiation for gynecological cancer, skeletal metastases should not be assumed without definite roentgenographic evidence. 5. In no way is the deep roentgen-ray therapy condemned, nor is its efficacy in pelvic malignancies questioned. We should continue its use and at the same time be alert to its unavoidable complications.
On System-Dependent Sources of Uncertainty and Bias in Ultrasonic Quantitative Shear-Wave Imaging

Ultrasonic quantitative shear-wave imaging methods have been developed over the last decade to estimate tissue elasticity by measuring the speed of propagating shear waves following acoustic radiation force excitation. This work discusses eight sources of uncertainty and bias arising from ultrasound system-dependent parameters in ultrasound shear-wave speed (SWS) measurements. Each of the eight sources of error is discussed in the context of a linear, isotropic, elastic, homogeneous medium, combining previously reported analyses with Field II simulations, full-wave 2-D acoustic propagation simulations, and experimental studies. Errors arising from both spatial and temporal sources lead to errors in SWS measurements. Arrival time estimation noise, speckle bias, hardware fluctuations, and phase aberration cause uncertainties (variance) in SWS measurements, while pulse repetition frequency (PRF) and beamforming errors, as well as coupling medium sound speed mismatch, cause biases in SWS measurements (accuracy errors). Calibration of the sources of bias is an important step in the development of shear-wave imaging systems. In a well-calibrated system, where the sources of bias are minimized, and averaging over a region of interest (ROI) is employed to reduce the sources of uncertainty, an SWS error $ can be expected.
Application of plume analysis to build land use regression models from mobile sampling to improve model transferability

Abstract Mobile monitoring of traffic-related air pollutants was conducted in Pittsburgh, PA. The data show substantial spatial variability of particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PB-PAH) and black carbon (BC). This variability is driven in large part by pollutant plumes from high emitting vehicles (HEVs). These plumes contribute a disproportionately large fraction of the near-road exposures of PB-PAH and BC. We developed novel statistical models to describe the spatial patterns of PB-PAH and BC exposures. The models consist of two layers: a plume layer to describe the contributions of high emitting vehicles using a near-roadway kernel, and an urban-background layer that predicts the spatial pattern of other sources using land use regression. This approach leverages unique information content of highly time resolved mobile monitoring data and provides insight into source contributions. The two-layer model describes 76% of observed PB-PAH variation and 61% of BC variation. On average, HEVs contribute at least 32% of outdoor PB-PAH and 14% of BC. The transferability of the models was examined using measurements from 36 hold-out validation sites. The plume layer performed well at validation sites, but the background layer showed little transferability due to the large difference in land use between the city and outer suburbs.
The Online Classroom: Differences In Perception Between Business Students And Non-Business Students

The authors discuss the results of a questionnaire given to 893 undergraduate college students regarding distance-learning courses, which reveal a number of differences in perception between business and non-business students. The authors suggest possible reasons for these differences, and make recommendations to university administrators and faculty as to what could be done to help reduce or limit these differences. The results of this study should be of interest to university administrators, faculty members, and students who plan to offer, teach, or take online courses in the future. In addition, this information may be helpful to university administrators in deciding which types of courses at their universities might be offered online. Faculty who are considering teaching one or more online courses may find the results of this study helpful in structuring these online offerings. This research is intended to give students a realistic expectation of what to anticipate from distance learning courses based on information we have found and studies we have done.
Amino acids derivatives that stabilize secondary structures of polypeptides

A six-step synthesis is reported of LL-3-amino-2-piperidone-6-carboxylic acid from L-homoserine lactone and the mono-t-butyl ester on N-benzyloxycarbonylaminomalonic acid. Evidence of chiral integrity is discussed.
Templated nanopores for robust functional surface porosity in poly(methyl methacrylate).

A novel “sink and etch” technique is used to generate stable surface nanoporosity in poly(methyl methacrylate). Layer-by-layer assembly is first used to conformally coat PMMA substrates with a uniform layer of silica nanoparticles. Thermal annealing is then applied to cause sinking and engulfment of the silica nanoparticles into the thermoplastic PMMA surface. By selectively etching away the layer of embedded silica nanoparticles, a conformal porous layer of inversely templated structure can be obtained in the PMMA surface. Characterization with atomic force microscopy shows that a variety of nanoporous surface morphologies can be achieved simply by controlling the duration and temperature of thermal annealing. The nanoporous surfaces consisting of either as assembled silica nanoparticles or templated inverse porosity in PMMA were compared in terms of their antireflective (AR) properties. Measuring AR properties provided a quantitative means to compare the stability of these porous AR surfaces before and ...
Simulating the Transmission of Foot-And-Mouth Disease Among Mobile Herds in the Far North Region, Cameroon

Animal and human movements can impact the transmission of infectious diseases. Modeling such impacts presents a significant challenge to disease transmission models because these models often assume a fully mixing population where individuals have an equal chance to contact each other. Whereas movements result in populations that can be best represented as a dynamic networks whose structure changes over time as individual movements result in changing distances between individuals within a population. We model the impact of the movements of mobile pastoralists on foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) transmission in a transhumance system in the Far North Region of Cameroon. The pastoralists in our study area move their livestock between rainy and dry season pastures. We first analyzed transhumance data to derive mobility rules that can be used to simulate the movements of the agents in our model. We developed an agent-based model coupled with a susceptibleâ€“infectedâ€“recovered (SIR) model. Each agent represents a camp of mobile pastoralists with multiple herds and households. The simulation results demonstrated that the herd mobility significantly influenced the dynamics of FMD. When the grazing area is not explicitly considered (by setting the buffer size to 100 km), all the model simulations suggested the same curves as the results using a fully mixing population. Simulations that used grazing areas observed in the field (â‰¤5 km radius) resulted in multiple epidemic peaks in a year, which is similar to the empirical evidence that we obtained by surveying herders from our study area over the last four years.
Acute effects of the neurotoxin kainic acid on neurons of the pigeon basal ganglia

Kainic acid (KA) is a powerful excitant and neurotoxin of the large nerve cells of the pigeon basal ganglia, and birds treated with KA developed pronounced movement disorders. Sensitive neurons responded to the intracerebrally injected toxin with elevated extracellular unit discharge rates. The rates increased from 3–12 times the base line frequency and remained elevated for 1–2h, followed by a sudden, precipitous cessation of unit activity. The cessation of unit discharge coincided with morphological changes in nerve cells. The initial changes included swelling of profiles in the neuropil, followed by destruction of the soma of sensitive neurons. Kainic acid appears to be toxic to oligodendroglia as many of these glia showed pronounced pathology, including condensed mitochondria, dilated rough endoplasmic reticulum, dispersed chromatin and profiles of membrane within the nucleus. The close correlation between the time of maximal metabolic changes, the sudden cessation of cell firing and the appearance of morphological changes in specific organelles suggests that KA sensitive neurons are not capable of recovering from the influence of the toxin. Although the mechanisms by which KA destroys cells are not clearly understood, our observations support in part the excitotoxin hypothesis as one means for the toxicity of KA. If a kainate-like substance is present in patients with Huntington's disease, as suggested [7, 9] it seems probable that an understanding of the actions of the toxin would have clinical significance in treating the disease.
Infection pattern and transmission potential of chikungunya virus in two New World laboratory-adapted Aedes aegypti strains

Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is an emerging mosquito-borne virus belonging to the Togaviridae, which is transmitted to humans by Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus. We describe the infection pattern of CHIKV in two New World Ae. aegypti strains, HWE and ORL. Both mosquito strains were susceptible to the virus but showed different infection patterns in midguts and salivary glands. Even though acquisition of a bloodmeal showed moderate levels of apoptosis in midgut tissue, there was no obvious additional CHIKV-induced apoptosis detectable during midgut infection. Analysis of expression of apoptosis-related genes suggested that CHIKV infection dampens rather than promotes apoptosis in the mosquito midgut. In both mosquito strains, the virus was present in saliva within two days post-oral infection. HWE and ORL mosquitoes exhibited no salivary gland infection barrier; however, only 60% (HWE) to 65% (ORL) of the females had released the virus in their saliva at one week post-oral acquisition, suggesting a salivary gland escape barrier. CHIKV induced an apoptotic response in salivary glands of HWE and ORL mosquitoes, demonstrating that the virus caused pathology in its natural vector.
The Factors Affecting Plant Regeneration from Protoplast of Tobacco

Protoplast culture and plant regeneration are the basic techniques for genetic engineering of plants.Protoplast sources,enzyme isolation conditions,medium compositions and culture methods etc.have obvious effects on the protoplast culture of plants.The factors affecting plant regeneration from protoplasts of tobacco were described comprehensively here.And the potential application of protoplast culture technique in plant breeding was also discussed.
The challenges of renal adenocarcinoma.

Further studies of the epidemiology, etiology, biochemistry, and immunology of renal adenocarcinoma may provide new insight into this tumor. Techniques for earlier diagnosis are also needed. The therapeutic limits of surgical treatment appear to have been reached, and advances in systemic therapy will be required to improve prognosis.
The role of imaging studies in urinary tract infection.

SUMMARY Technology has permitted significant advances in the imaging and early diagnosis and treatment of many serious urinary tract infections. The armamentarium is vast, with CT scan, ultrasound, nuclear scan, and magnetic resonance imaging on the horizon, with more studies certainly to follow. Nothing, however, can replace the value of proper assessment of clinical signs and symptoms and the logical pursuit of a diagnosis with knowledge of the capabilities and deficiencies of each study.
Speech, Death, and Double Effect

In this Article, Professor Seana Shiffrin identifies and explores a tension between the Supreme Court’s recognition of First Amendment protection for incendiary speech and the Court’s argument for rejecting the claim to a right to assisted suicide. Constitutionally, speakers may not be held liable for the illegal actions they inspire in audience members, unless the very high Brandenburg standard is met. By contrast, it is constitutional to prevent those who would seek assisted suicide from doing so, on the ground that a culture in which some elect suicide will encourage a higher incidence of involuntary deaths. Here, those who would voluntarily seek to exercise an important liberty interest are restricted in light of the projected illegal action of others. Shiffrin argues that this same tension is replicated in the contrast between the Court’s approach to incendiary speech and its approach to the regulation of secondary effects. Shiffrin contends that this tension holds special interest because the asymmetry it represents privileges intended harm over merely foreseen or foreseeable harm, inverting the traditional priority associated with the doctrine of double effect. Shiffrin argues that, surprisingly, this inversion may be defensible in legal contexts, even if it is not sustainable in interpersonal moral theory. In fact, the inversion can result from the use of double-effect-style reasoning at the level of rule formation. Although this inversion may seem counterintuitive, the justifications for the legal protections for freedom of speech and for self-determination may provide a plausible explanation. We may understand the doctrinal difference by examining the structure of the values at which each regulation is aimed. The value of freedom of speech can only be realized if speakers are insulated from responsibility for the persuasive impact of their speech; by contrast, the liberty interest valued in the context of assisted suicide does not encompass the side effects of that action. This justification may also have implications for the future interpretation of the secondary effects doctrine.
Methods for Developing Trust Models for Intelligent Systems

Our research goals are to understand and model the factors that affect trust in intelligent systems across a variety of application domains. In this chapter, we present two methods that can be used to build models of trust for such systems. The first method is the use of surveys, in which large numbers of people are asked to identify and rank factors that would influence their trust of a particular intelligent system. Results from multiple surveys, each exploring different application domains, can be used to build a core model of trust and to identify domain specific factors that are needed to modify the core model to improve its accuracy and usefulness. The second method involves conducting experiments where human subjects use the intelligent system, where a variety of factors can be controlled in the studies to explore different factors. Based upon the results of these human subjects experiments, a trust model can be built. These trust models can be used to create design guidelines, to predict initial trust levels before the start of a system’s use, and to measure the evolution of trust over the use of a system. With increased understanding of how to model trust, we can build systems that will be more accepted and used appropriately by target populations.
Solutions to Difference Equations

The primary goal of the course is the closed analysis of regular discrete models. An irregular discrete model can be used to generate simultaneous equations for one of the standard numerical procedures and this is usually done; however, the field concept can be very useful here especially in the case of models with several dependent variables. For those difference models that are too irregular to be tractable by closed form techniques, a numerical walk-thru procedure is often a much more efficient alternative to the simultaneous equations or matrix approach. As an example of an irregular difference model, consider the general three moment equation; i.e.
Gender Differences and Sexism in the Knowledge and Use of Slang

Gender differences and sexism in the knowledge and use of slang were investigated. Thirty male and thirty female undergraduates (mostly Caucasian and middle-class) reported all the slang terms they knew to describe either “woman” or “man,” how many terms they used, and how frequently they used them. The terms were categorized as sexual or non-sexual Males listed more terms than females, but no gender differences were found in the listing of sexual slang or the use of slang. More sexual slang was listed to describe women than men, and participants reported using fewer of the terms describing women. Results suggest that although gender differences in the knowledge and use of slang may be narrowing, it remains the case that more sexual and derogatory slang exists to describe women.
Dimension‐Based Statistical Learning Affects Both Speech Perception and Production

Multiple acoustic dimensions signal speech categories. However, dimensions vary in their informativeness; some are more diagnostic of category membership than others. Speech categorization reflects these dimensional regularities such that diagnostic dimensions carry more "perceptual weight" and more effectively signal category membership to native listeners. Yet perceptual weights are malleable. When short-term experience deviates from long-term language norms, such as in a foreign accent, the perceptual weight of acoustic dimensions in signaling speech category membership rapidly adjusts. The present study investigated whether rapid adjustments in listeners' perceptual weights in response to speech that deviates from the norms also affects listeners' own speech productions. In a word recognition task, the correlation between two acoustic dimensions signaling consonant categories, fundamental frequency (F0) and voice onset time (VOT), matched the correlation typical of English, and then shifted to an "artificial accent" that reversed the relationship, and then shifted back. Brief, incidental exposure to the artificial accent caused participants to down-weight perceptual reliance on F0, consistent with previous research. Throughout the task, participants were intermittently prompted with pictures to produce these same words. In the block in which listeners heard the artificial accent with a reversed F0 × VOT correlation, F0 was a less robust cue to voicing in listeners' own speech productions. The statistical regularities of short-term speech input affect both speech perception and production, as evidenced via shifts in how acoustic dimensions are weighted.
Marital history and survival after a heart attack.

Heart disease is the leading cause of death in the United States and nearly one million Americans will have a heart attack this year. Although the risks associated with a heart attack are well established, we know surprisingly little about how marital factors contribute to survival in adults afflicted with heart disease. This study uses a life course perspective and longitudinal data from the Health and Retirement Study to examine how various dimensions of marital life influence survival in U.S. older adults who suffered a heart attack (n = 2197). We found that adults who were never married (odds ratio [OR] = 1.73), currently divorced (OR = 1.70), or widowed (OR = 1.34) were at significantly greater risk of dying after a heart attack than adults who were continuously married; and the risks were not uniform over time. We also found that the risk of dying increased by 12% for every additional marital loss and decreased by 7% for every one-tenth increase in the proportion of years married. After accounting for more than a dozen socioeconomic, psychosocial, behavioral, and physiological factors, we found that current marital status remained the most robust indicator of survival following a heart attack. The implications of the findings are discussed in the context of life course inequalities in chronic disease and directions for future research.
Association of Skin Color and Generation on Arrests Among Mexican-Origin Latinos:

Arrest and interaction with the criminal justice system can have negative impacts to health and socioeconomic status. In the United States, Latinos are disproportionately arrested and jailed, when ...
Gait analysis in children with cerebral palsy

Cerebral palsy (CP) children present complex and heterogeneous motor disorders that cause gait deviations.Clinical gait analysis (CGA) is needed to identify, understand and support the management of gait deviations in CP. CGA assesses a large amount of quantitative data concerning patients' gait characteristics, such as video, kinematics, kinetics, electromyography and plantar pressure data.Common gait deviations in CP can be grouped into the gait patterns of spastic hemiplegia (drop foot, equinus with different knee positions) and spastic diplegia (true equinus, jump, apparent equinus and crouch) to facilitate communication. However, gait deviations in CP tend to be a continuum of deviations rather than well delineated groups. To interpret CGA, it is necessary to link gait deviations to clinical impairments and to distinguish primary gait deviations from compensatory strategies.CGA does not tell us how to treat a CP patient, but can provide objective identification of gait deviations and further the understanding of gait deviations. Numerous treatment options are available to manage gait deviations in CP. Generally, treatments strive to limit secondary deformations, re-establish the lever arm function and preserve muscle strength.Additional roles of CGA are to better understand the effects of treatments on gait deviations. Cite this article: Armand S, Decoulon G, Bonnefoy-Mazure A. Gait analysis in children with cerebral palsy. EFORT Open Rev 2016;1:448-460. DOI: 10.1302/2058-5241.1.000052.
Orna Me: Laurence Sterne’s Open Letter to Literary History

This essay considers the curious way Laurence Sterne communicates with and reflects on his literary predecessors, most often Alexander Pope, by writing love letters to women. Focusing primarily on his correspondence with Elizabeth Draper, Barnes contends that, even as Sterne looks back to Pope to guarantee himself a place in literary history, he looks forward to women like Draper to ensure his name will survive. Thus, erotic correspondence becomes an important way of ensuring Sterne’s literary estate, or as he terms it, his “futurity.” “Orna Me”—a phrase that means, roughly, “ornament me” or “set me off,” and that Sterne got from Pope and Swift, who got it from Cicero—allows Sterne to plug in to a literary tradition that privileges collaboration: append something of yours to something of mine. It is this idea of letter-writing as correspondence, a collaborative process between friends or lovers, that unites Sterne to his female correspondent and to literary tradition all at once.
The Sedimentary Record of Fire in Montane Meadows, Sierra Nevada, California, USA: a Preliminary Assessment

Examination of the charcoal particle stratigraphy in sediment cores from seven meadows from the Sierra Nevada of California allows reconstruction of regional fire periods and their relationship to climate during the Holocene. With the exception of the period of 8700 to 9200 yr BP, charcoal is less frequently encountered in early Holocene sediments than it is in sediments deposited after 4500 yr BP. We hypothesize a climatic control. Empirical and modeled data suggest that the early Holocene was xerothermic in the Sierra Nevada. Pollen evidence suggests forests were more open than today, thus producing less tree biomass for fuel. Intensification of El Nino during the middle Holocene may have been important in changing the character of the Sierran forests as well.
Corrigendum to "Continuation phase intravenous ketamine in adults with treatment-resistant depression" [J. Affect. Disord. 206 (2016) 300-304].

We recently became aware of an error in the classification of one study subject's positive treatment response status at the end of the post-continuation phase of this study. We originally reported that all 5 subjects who achieved depressive symptom remission during the acute phase of the study (and thus received 4 weekly continuation phase ketamine infusions) were classified as responders at the end of the post-continuation phase. However, one of these 5 subjects was misclassified as a positive treatment responder at the end of the post-continuation phase. Therefore, only 4 of these 5 patients were positive treatment responders at the end of the post-continuation phase. Although our main conclusions are not changed, we believe that it is our responsibility to report the error and updated results. The authors would like to apologise for any inconvenience caused.
Management priorities for seawater desalination plants in a marine protected area: A multi-criteria analysis

Abstract The development of seawater desalination plants to increase water reliability in coastal areas poses a threat to the health of near shore marine ecosystems and may affect the effectiveness of marine protected areas (MPAs) that have been established to meet international conservation targets. This paper applies a multi-criteria analysis approach to quantify stakeholder groups’ priorities for seawater desalination plants that have been proposed in communities adjacent to a National Marine Sanctuary. All groups placed the highest importance on minimizing environmental impacts on protected areas and endangered species that could be affected by water intake and brine discharge emphasizing the need for integrated land and sea conservation. Minimizing socio-economic impacts on coastal communities was much less important. Stakeholders also weighted reducing pressure on water levels in rivers, streams, and aquifers as more important than increasing water for residential consumption, which may foster coastal growth rather than replacing water taken from other sources. The study further revealed differences in the importance of multiple management objectives among stakeholder groups, which highlights the need to elicit distinct priorities of all groups to understand concerns and potential conflicts of desalination with existing marine users. The analysis of consistency ratios revealed that around half of all surveyed stakeholders had high inconsistencies in their responses, which suggests either a lack of understanding of desalination, or reflects the complexity of establishing desalination plants in coastal areas adjacent to a marine protected area.
Do Courts Consider the Degree of Discipline When Adjudicating Off-campus Student Speech?

The purpose of this legal analysis was to determine if there was evidence suggesting that courts, when ruling on off-campus student speech cases that result in on-campus discipline, take into consideration the degree of discipline imposed by school officials. The analysis consisted of reviewing the 34 adjudicated and published cases that specifically address the issue of off-campus student speech resulting in on-campus discipline, dividing the cases into reasonable and unreasonable discipline groups, and documenting the outcomes of the cases in the two groups. Further analysis of themes in off-campus speech, the response by schools, and similarities in court decisions were noted.
GUCY2C maintains intestinal LGR5+ stem cells by opposing ER stress.

Long-lived multipotent stem cells (ISCs) at the base of intestinal crypts adjust their phenotypes to accommodate normal maintenance and post-injury regeneration of the epithelium. Their long life, lineage plasticity, and proliferative potential underlie the necessity for tight homeostatic regulation of the ISC compartment. In that context, the guanylate cyclase C (GUCY2C) receptor and its paracrine ligands regulate intestinal epithelial homeostasis, including proliferation, lineage commitment, and DNA damage repair. However, a role for this axis in maintaining ISCs remains unknown. Transgenic mice enabling analysis of ISCs (Lgr5-GFP) in the context of GUCY2C elimination (Gucy2c-/- ) were combined with immunodetection techniques and pharmacological treatments to define the role of the GUCY2C signaling axis in supporting ISCs. ISCs were reduced in Gucy2c-/- mice, associated with loss of active Lgr5+ cells but a reciprocal increase in reserve Bmi1+ cells. GUCY2C was expressed in crypt base Lgr5+ cells in which it mediates canonical cyclic (c) GMP-dependent signaling. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, typically absent from ISCs, was elevated throughout the crypt base in Gucy2c-/- mice. The chemical chaperone tauroursodeoxycholic acid resolved this ER stress and restored the balance of ISCs, an effect mimicked by the GUCY2C effector 8Br-cGMP. Reduced ISCs in Gucy2c-/- mice was associated with greater epithelial injury and impaired regeneration following sub-lethal doses of irradiation. These observations suggest that GUCY2C provides homeostatic signals that modulate ER stress and cell vulnerability as part of the machinery contributing to the integrity of ISCs.
Electrical Impedance Measurements of Biological Cells in Response to External Stimuli

Dielectric spectroscopy (DS) is a noninvasive technique for real-time measurements of the impedance spectra of biological cells. DS enables characterization of cellular dielectric properties such as membrane capacitance and cytoplasmic conductivity. We have developed a lab-on-a-chip device that uses an electro-activated microwells array for capturing, DS measurements, and unloading of biological cells. Impedance measurements were conducted at 0.2 V in the 10 kHz to 40 MHz range with 6 s time resolution. An equivalent circuit model was developed to extract the cell membrane capacitance and cell cytoplasmic conductivity from the impedance spectra. A human prostate cancer cell line, PC-3, was used to evaluate the device performance. Suspension of PC-3 cells in low conductivity buffers (LCB) enhanced their dielectrophoretic trapping and impedance response. We report the time course of the variations in dielectric properties of PC-3 cells suspended in LCB and their response to sudden pH change from a pH of 7.3...