cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Procoagulant and Fibrinolytic Activity after Polytrauma in Rat

The purpose of this study was to determine whether trauma-induced coagulopathy is due to changes in 1) thrombin activity, 2) plasmin activity, and/or 3) factors that stimulate or inhibit thrombin or plasmin. Sprague-Dawley rats were anesthetized with 1-2% isoflurane/100% oxygen, and their left femoral artery and vein were cannulated. Polytrauma included right femur fracture, and damage to the small intestines, the left and medial liver lobes, and right leg skeletal muscle. Rats were then bled 40% of blood volume. Plasma samples were taken before trauma, and at 30, 60, 120, and 240 min. Polytrauma and hemorrhage led to a significant fall in prothrombin levels. However, circulating thrombin activity did not change significantly over time. Antithrombin III and α2 macroglobulin fell significantly by 2 h, then rose by 4 h. Soluble thrombomodulin was significantly elevated over the 4 h. Circulating plasmin activity, plasminogen, and D-dimers were elevated for the entire 4 h. Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) was elevated at 30 min, then decreased below baseline levels after 1 h. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 was significantly elevated at 2-4 h. Neither tissue factor pathway inhibitor nor thrombin activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor changed significantly over time. The levels of prothrombin and plasminogen were 30-100 times higher than their respective active enzymes. Polytrauma and hemorrhage in rats lead to a fibrinolytic coagulopathy, as demonstrated by an elevation in plasmin activity, D-dimers, and tPA. These results are consistent with the observed clinical benefit of tranexamic acid in trauma patients.
Programmatic access to logical models in the Cell Collective modeling environment via a REST API

Abstract Summary Cell Collective ( www.cellcollective.org ) is a web-based interactive environment for constructing, simulating and analyzing logical models of biological systems. Herein, we present a Web service to access models, annotations, and simulation data in the Cell Collective platform through the Representational State Transfer (REST) Application Programming Interface (API). The REST API provides a convenient method for obtaining Cell Collective data through almost any programming language. To ensure easy processing of the retrieved data, the request output from the API is available in a standard JSON format. Availability and implementation The Cell Collective REST API is freely available at http://thecellcollective.org/tccapi. All public models in Cell Collective are available through the REST API. For users interested in creating and accessing their own models through the REST API first need to create an account in Cell Collective ( http://thecellcollective.org ). Contact thelikar2@unl.edu . Supplementary information Technical user documentation: https://goo.gl/U52GWo .
The Affordable Care Act and Medicare in Comparative Context

1. Introduction Part I. The Medicare Program: 2. The Medicare program, 3. The Medicare policy-making process and judicial review 4. Taming the growth in Medicare expenditures 5. Improving the quality of health care services 6. Curbing fraud and abuse in the Medicare program Part II. The Affordable Care Act and the Medicare Program: 7. The Affordable Care Act 8. Improving the quality and efficiency of health care 9. Major initiative under Title III: value-based purchasing of health care services 10. Pilot programs for payment and quality reform under Title III 11. Title VI: improving transparency and program integrity 12. Major initiative under Title VI: the patient center research outcomes institute Part III. The Future of Medicare in a Global Context: Lessons in Pragmatism: 13. The impact of the Affordable Care Act on the Medicare program 14. The historical foundations for public health coverage in the United Kingdom, Canada, and the United States 15. The health care systems of the United Kingdom, Canada, and the United States 16. The United Kingdom, Canada, and the United States compared 17. Convergence on pragmatic health reform strategies for common problems 18. Entrepreneurship in health care Epilogue.
Linearly Polarized Characteristic Waves in a Magnetoplasma

It is shown that linearly polarized electromagnetic waves can exist in a bounded magnetoplasma and propagate at an arbitrary angle with respect to the magnetic field lines. Although the Electric field of these waves is linearly polarized, the refractive mdex vector consists of real and Imagmary parts which are othogonal to each other in a collisionless plasma. The amplitude of the fields grow in direction of the imaginary part of the refractive index. and thus one surface must always be present to terminate and to guide the electromagnetic fields. Hence this theory is a generalization of surface-wave phenomena occurring in magnetoplasmas. Expressions are developed which explicitly show the dependence of the real and imaginary parts of the refractive index upon the plasma parameters for an arbitrary angle of propagation with respect to the magnetic field. The special case of the propagation vector and the electric field oriented perpendicular to the magnetic field is discussed in detail. Experiments are presented which are in excellent agreement with the surface-wave theory of this special case.
Reliability Physics

It is the purpose of this paper to introduce the issue of this TRANSACTIONS devoted entirely to reliability physics and to provide a frame of reference for the individual technical papers which follow. The organizers of this issue felt that a paper putting the various elements of reliability physics into proper perspective, and relating them to the prior art and to their proper fields of application could serve as a useful guide to the reader of this issue and to the literature.
Does endoscopy accurately predict response to chemoradiation in patients undergoing esophagectomy

4024 Background: Endoscopic biopsy after chemoradiation therapy (CRT) for esophageal cancer has been used to determine response to treatment. To test the validity of this methodology, we conducted ...
A montane Mediterranean climate supports year-round photosynthesis and high forest biomass

The mid-elevation forest of California's Sierra Nevada poses a bioclimatic paradox. Mid-elevation trees experience a montane Mediterranean climate, with near-freezing winter days and rain-free summers. The asynchrony between warmth and water input suggests low primary production, limited by photosynthetic dormancy in winter cold, and again in summer and early autumn with drought, yet this forest is characterized by tall trees and high biomass. We used eddy covariance in a mid-elevation Sierra stand to understand how winter cold and summer drought limit canopy photosynthesis and production. The trees exhibited canopy photosynthesis year-round. Trees avoided winter dormancy, and daytime CO2uptake continued despite a deep snowpack and near-freezing temperatures. Photosynthesis on sunny days continued at half of maximum rates when air temperature was 0 °C. Likewise, the vegetation avoided summer drought dormancy, and high rates of daytime CO2uptake and transpiration continued despite a 5-month period with only negligible water input. We attribute this drought avoidance to deep rooting and availability of deep soil water. Year-round photosynthesis helps explain the large biomass observed in the Sierra Nevada, and implies adaptive strategies that may contribute to the resiliency or vulnerability of Sierran vegetation to climate change.
Cholesterol Content of Broiler Breast Fillets Heated With and Without the Skin in Convection and Conventional Ovens

Abstract Six treatment combinations for the heating of broiler breast fillets were investigated: three skin variables (heated and analyzed with skin, heated with and analyzed without skin, and heated and analyzed without skin) and two heating systems (convection broiling and conventional roasting). Matched broiler breast fillets were analyzed raw or breaded and heated to 82 C. Raw and cooked samples of meat, skin, and meat with skin were analyzed for moisture, fat, and cholesterol contents. In the raw state, samples of meat with skin contained greater moisture and fat contents, but similar cholesterol contents, when compared with samples of meat alone. Fillets heated by convection broiling had greater cooking losses but shorter heating times compared with conventionally roasted samples. Fillets with the skin removed before or after heating contained more moisture, less fat, and less cholesterol than samples cooked and analyzed with the skin present.
A Review of "Getting Started with Demand-Driven Acquisitions for E-Books"

When their library started investigating demand-driven acquisitions (DDA) in 2012, Theresa S. Arndt and her colleagues were unwittingly sowing the seeds for Arndt's recent LITA Guide, Getting Start...
Agent-based Modeling and Simulation of Projects with Numerous Interdependent Risks

An emerging challenge is the complex risk management of large project with numerous interdependent risks in entire life cycle.Based on risk continuous management process and stakeholder risk knowledge communication,a new method using complex self-adaptive system theory and agent-based modeling and simulation technique for project risk management is proposed.The result of simulation under different risk control degrees shows that,for large scale projects of uncertainty and mutual relevance,moderate risk control dynamics,standard flow and management system are still essential to control risks,but the more important task is to analyze the internal causes of risks and their mutual influence from the view of the system or the technology involved in the project.
FLUX OF ORGANIC MATTER THROUGH A SALT MARSH

ABSTRACT To refine our knowledge of the functional aspects of salt marshes, we have undertaken a study of the transfers of organic matter from primary producers through consumers to CO2 in terms of quality and quantity of carbon compounds. In addition to production of particulate material, we find sources of soluble carbon compounds which may be significant. These include losses from both living and dead macrophytes, primarily Spartina, from algae in water and sediments, from excretion and feces of consumers, and from biological processes in the sediments. Since Spartina detritus is relatively indigestible, much of the flux of organic matter to detritovores must involve conversion of particulate detritus to soluble compounds and their assimilation by microorganisms, which can then be consumed by detritovores. Some dissolved material accumulates as a film on the surface of the water and is formed into organic aggregates. Several lines of evidence suggest that microorganisms in the water actively assimilate dissolved organic material during the growing season. Microorganisms in the sediments, although they reside in a large pool of organic matter, appear to be substrate limited except near the sediment-water surface.
Under the influence of unconscious process: countertransference in the treatment of PTSD and substance abuse in women.

PTSD and addiction are a marriage made in the avoidance of unbearable affect; an avoidance that is costly in the resulting traumatic reenactments experienced by patients whose attempts to escape th...
The library as textbook provider: Administering and assessing a student-based e-textbook pilot

ABSTRACTRising textbook costs are a concern for students, instructors, and educational institutions. In an effort to address this concern, the University at Buffalo Libraries administered a student-based e-textbook pilot program in the spring and summer of 2013. The study was designed to assess students' evolving attitudes toward e-textbooks and to explore more sustainable e-textbook implementation models. A total of 314 students across courses, grade levels, and disciplines were provided with free access to CourseSmart's e-book platform. Usage data and attitudinal data were collected and analyzed. Library insights into student-based e-textbook implementation programs are also discussed.
One-pot synthesis of inorganic nanoparticle vesicles via surface-initiated polymerization-induced self-assembly

The first case of surface-initiated polymerization-induced self-assembly (SI-PISA) of inorganic nanoparticles (NPs) into single-walled vesicles is reported. A solvent-miscible brush was first grafted onto 15 nm silica NPs, and self-assembly was subsequently induced by the polymerization of a second brush that was solvent-immiscible. Self-assembly occurred in situ with the SI-polymerization of the second brush. This approach establishes a method to prepare nanovesicles at relatively high NP concentration, and does not require any post-polymerization processing. Moreover, this strategy provided an opportunity to observe the evolution of nanovesicle formation from well-dispersed NPs, that aided our understanding of how surface-grafted polymers direct the vesicular assembly of NPs.
The p‐filter: multilayer false discovery rate control for grouped hypotheses

Summary In many practical applications of multiple testing, there are natural ways to partition the hypotheses into groups by using the structural, spatial or temporal relatedness of the hypotheses, and this prior knowledge is not used in the classical Benjamini–Hochberg procedure for controlling the false discovery rate (FDR). When one can define (possibly several) such partitions, it may be desirable to control the group FDR simultaneously for all partitions (as special cases, the ‘finest’ partition divides the n hypotheses into n groups of one hypothesis each, and this corresponds to controlling the usual notion of FDR, whereas the ‘coarsest’ partition puts all n hypotheses into a single group, and this corresponds to testing the global null hypothesis). We introduce the p-filter, which takes as input a list of n p-values and M⩾1 partitions of hypotheses, and produces as output a list of n or fewer discoveries such that the group FDR is provably simultaneously controlled for all partitions. Importantly, since the partitions are arbitrary, our procedure can also handle multiple partitions which are non-hierarchical. The p-filter generalizes two classical procedures—when M=1, choosing the finest partition into n singletons, we exactly recover the Benjamini–Hochberg procedure, whereas, choosing instead the coarsest partition with a single group of size n, we exactly recover the Simes test for the global null hypothesis. We verify our findings with simulations that show how this technique can not only lead to the aforementioned multilayer FDR control but also lead to improved precision of rejected hypotheses. We present some illustrative results from an application to a neuroscience problem with functional magnetic resonance imaging data, where hypotheses are explicitly grouped according to predefined regions of interest in the brain, thus allowing the scientist to employ field-specific prior knowledge explicitly and flexibly.
Scheduling of control nodes for improved network controllability

This paper considers the problem of controlling a linear time-invariant network by means of (possibly) time-varying set of control nodes. As control metric, we adopt the worst-case input energy to drive the network state from the origin to any point on the unit hypersphere in the state space. We provide a geometric interpretation of the controllability Gramian of networks with time-varying input matrices, and establish a connection between the controllability degree of a network and its eigenstructure. Based on the geometric structure of the controllability Gramian, we then propose a scheduling algorithm to select control nodes over time so as to improve the network controllability degree. Finally, we numerically show that, for a class of clustered networks, our algorithm improves upon the performance obtained by a constant set of control nodes, and outperforms an existing heuristic-based on column subset selection.
Tetherin Inhibits Cell-free Virus Dissemination and Retards Murine Leukemia Virus Pathogenesis

The relative contributions of cell-free virion circulation and direct cell-to-cell transmission to retroviral dissemination and pathogenesis are unknown. Tetherin/Bst2 is an antiviral protein that blocks enveloped virion release into the extracellular milieu but may not inhibit cell-to-cell virus transmission. We developed live-cell imaging assays which show that tetherin does not affect Moloney murine leukemia virus (MoMLV) spread, and only minimally affects vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) spread, to adjacent cells in a monolayer. Conversely, cell-free MLV and VSV virion yields and VSV spread to distal cells were dramatically reduced by tetherin. To elucidate the roles of tetherin and cell-free virions during in vivo viral dissemination and pathogenesis, we developed mice carrying an inducible human tetherin (hTetherin) transgene. While ubiquitous hTetherin expression was detrimental to the growth and survival of mice, restriction of hTetherin expression to hematopoietic cells gave apparently healthy mice. The expression of hTetherin in hematopoietic cells had little or no effect on the number of MoMLV-infected splenocytes and thymocytes. However, hTetherin expression significantly reduced cell-free plasma viremia and also delayed MoMLV-induced disease. Overall, these results suggest that MoMLV spread within hematopoietic tissues and cell monolayers involves cell-to-cell transmission that is resistant to tetherin but that virion dissemination via plasma is inhibited by tetherin and is required for full MoMLV pathogenesis.IMPORTANCE Retroviruses are thought to spread primarily via direct cell-to-cell transmission, yet many have evolved to counteract an antiviral protein called tetherin, which may selectively inhibit cell-free virus release. We generated a mouse model with an inducible tetherin transgene in order to study how tetherin affects retroviral dissemination and on which cell types its expression is required to do so. We first developed a novel in vitro live-cell imaging assay to demonstrate that while tetherin does indeed dramatically reduce cell-free virus spreading, it has little to no effect on direct cell-to-cell transmission of either vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) or the retrovirus MoMLV. Using our transgenic mouse model, we found that tetherin expression on hematopoietic cells resulted in the specific reduction of MoMLV cell-free plasma viremia but not the number of infected hematopoietic cells. The delay in disease associated with this scenario suggests a role for cell-free virus in retroviral disease progression.
Research at Work: Administrative Data and Behavioral Sciences Research

Administrative data may provide rich, relatively inexpensive, unbiased, and accurate information that can be used to explore various research questions without imposing any additional burden to the participants. Understanding the data, having the ability to deal with its complexity, and ensuring data security are the keys to the successful use of administrative data sets.
m-Noncrossing trees

We examine m-cluster theory from an elementary point of view using a generalization of m + 1-ary trees which we call m-noncrossing trees. We show that these trees are in bijection with m-clusters in the m-cluster category of a quiver of type A. Similar trees are in bijection with complete exceptional sequences. Most of this paper is expository, explaining definitions and known results about these topics in representation theory. One application of these trees is that the mutation formula for m-clusters is derived from the more elementary mutation of trees. The main new result is that the natural map of an m-noncrossing tree into the plane is an embedding. We also explain the relationship between m-noncrossing trees and finite Harder–Narasimhan systems in the derived category of the module category of type A.
Validity of Teleneuropsychological Assessment in Older Patients with Cognitive Disorders.

Objective The feasibility and reliability of neuropsychological assessment at a distance have been demonstrated, but the validity of this testing medium has not been adequately demonstrated. The purpose of this study was to determine the ability of video teleconferencing administration of neuropsychological measures (teleneuropsychology) in discriminating cognitively impaired from non-impaired groups of older adults. It was predicted that measures administered via video teleconference would distinguish groups and that the magnitude of differences between impaired and non-impaired groups would be similar to group differences achieved in traditional administration. Methods The sample consisted of 197 older subjects, separated into two groups, with and without cognitive impairment. The cognitive impairment group included 78 individuals with clinical diagnoses of mild cognitive impairment or Alzheimer's disease. All participants completed counterbalanced neuropsychological testing using alternate test forms in both a teleneuropsychology and a traditional face-to-face (FTF) administration condition. Tests were selected based upon their common use in dementia evaluations, brevity, and assessment of multiple cognitive domains. Results from FTF and teleneuropsychology test conditions were compared using individual repeated measures ANCOVA, controlling for age, education, gender, and depression scores. Results All ANCOVA models revealed significant main effects of group and a non-significant interaction between group and administration condition. All ANCOVA models revealed non-significant main effects for administration condition, except category fluency. Conclusions Results derived from teleneuropsychologically administered tests can distinguish between cognitively impaired and non-impaired individuals similar to traditional FTF assessment. This adds to the growing teleneuropsychology literature by supporting the validity of remote assessments in aging populations.
Underground utility sensing network using LoRa and magnetic telemetry (Conference Presentation)

Many cities seek utilities monitoring with centrally managed Internet of Things (IoT) systems. This requires the development of many reliable low-cost wireless sensors, such as water temperature and flow meters, that can transmit information from subterranean pipes to surface-mounted receivers. Traditional radio communication systems are either unable to penetrate through multiple feet of earthen and manmade material, or have impractically large energy requirements which necessitate either frequent replacement of batteries, or a complex (and expensive) built-in energy harvesting system. Magnetic signaling systems do not suffer from this drawback: low-frequency electromagnetic waves are shown to penetrate well through several feet of earth and water. In the past, these signals were too weak for practical use; however, this has changed with the recent proliferation of high-sensitivity magnetometers and compact antennas using mechanically actuated rare-earth magnets. A permanent magnet can be either rotated or vibrated to create an oscillating magnetic field. Utilizing this phenomenon, two flow meter designs are proposed: one which uses a propeller to directly rotate a diametrically magnetized neodymium magnet; and, another which uses an oscillating tail to move a permanent magnet back-and-forth across a novel soft-magnet Y-stator, which projects a switching magnetic field. These oscillating magnetic fields are used to send water flow rate information to an above ground LoRa-capable Arduino receiver equipped with a magnetometer. Simulation software is used to model the oscillating electromagnetic fields. Complete system performance with remote datalogging is tested, with the aim of integrating many sensors and surface receivers into a single LoRa wireless IoT network.
Unsolved mysteries: How does lipid peroxidation cause ferroptosis?

Ferroptosis is a cell death process driven by damage to cell membranes and linked to numerous human diseases. Ferroptosis is caused by loss of activity of the key enzyme that is tasked with repairing oxidative damage to cell membranes—glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4). GPX4 normally removes the dangerous products of iron-dependent lipid peroxidation, protecting cell membranes from this type of damage; when GPX4 fails, ferroptosis ensues. Ferroptosis is distinct from apoptosis, necroptosis, necrosis, and other modes of cell death. Several key mysteries regarding how cells die during ferroptosis remain unsolved. First, the drivers of lipid peroxidation are not yet clear. Second, the subcellular location of lethal lipid peroxides remains an outstanding question. Finally, how exactly lipid peroxidation leads to cell death is an unsolved mystery. Answers to these questions will provide insights into the mechanisms of ferroptotic cell death and associated human diseases, as well as new therapeutic strategies for such diseases.
PARTICIPATION OF CALMODULIN IN THE REGULATION OF DOPAMINE RECEPTORS

ABSTRACT Calmodulin participates in the regulation of cAMP-phosphodiesterase (PDE). Stimulation of dopamine receptors by ligands which in vivo and in vitro activate adenylate cyclase elicits a decrease of the apparent K m of PDE for cAMP. This decrease in the apparant K m is Ca 2+ -dependent and associated with an increased complex-formation between calmodulin and PDE.
Sterically Stabilized Nanoparticles in Solutions and at Interfaces

This chapter examines the synthesis and composition of sterically stabilized, ligand-functionalized nanoparticles and describes their behavior in polymers and at interfaces (oil-in-water (o/w) and polymer–polymer). The contribution of the organic ligand shell is noted as critically important for both stabilizing the particles and providing control over their solution and interfacial behavior. The chapter connects the practice of nanoparticle assembly at interfaces across the fields and concepts of emulsion droplets, bijels, microphase-separated copolymers, and Langmuir–Blodgett assembly.
Gait adaptations during overground walking and multidirectional oscillations of the visual field in a virtual reality headset.

Abstract Background Virtual reality (VR) has been used to study locomotor adaptability during balance-demanding tasks by exploring how humans react and adapt to the virtual environment (VE) and discordant sensorimotor stimulations. Previous research primarily focused on treadmill walking and little is known regarding the propensity for gait adaptations during overground walking and over time. Research question To what extent healthy young adults modify and adapt gait during overground walking in a VE and with continuous multidirectional perturbations of the visual field while wearing a VR headset? Methods Twelve healthy young adults walked for 6 min on an instrumented walkway in four different conditions: RE, VE, and VE with antero-posterior (AP) and medio-lateral (ML) pseudo-random oscillations of the visual field. For each condition, stride length (SL), stride width (SW), stride time (ST) and their variability (SLV, SWV, and STV) were calculated using one-minute walking intervals. A 2-way repeated-measures ANOVA was performed to determine the main and interaction effects of the walking conditions and time. Results Participants took shorter SL and showed higher SWV while walking in the VE. Perturbations of the visual field resulted in reduced SL, larger SW, and higher stride variability (i.e., SLV, SWV, and STV). The response was anisotropic, such that effects were more pronounced during the ML compared to AP perturbations. Over time, participants adapted to the VE and the visual perturbations by increasing SL and reducing SW, SLV, STV, and ST (only during VE and ML conditions). SWV did not adapt over time. Significance The paper provided first evidence for visuomotor adaptations during unperturbed overground walking and during visual perturbations while wearing a VR headset. It represents an initial investigation that may help the development of new VR methods for early detection and remediation of gait deficits in more ecological conditions.
LEARNING TO DYNAMICALLY PRICE ELECTRICITY DEMAND BASED ON MULTI-ARMED BANDITS

We consider the electricity price design problem faced by an aggregator running a real-time pricing program to shape the demand of its population of customers. To capture the effects of the stochastic and unknown nature of the load’s price response structure, we adopt a multi-armed bandit framework and propose a Thompson Sampling based algorithm to minimize the aggregator’s regret from running the real-time pricing program given exogenously changing grid conditions. We provide a discussion on regret bounds for our algorithm.
My body and other objects: The internal limits of self‐ownership

Common practices such as donating blood or selling hair assume rights of disposal over oneself that are similar to, if not indistinguishable from, property rights. However, a simple view of self‐ownership fails to capture relevant moral differences between parts of a person and other objects. In light of this, we require some account of the continuity in the form of ownership rights a person has over herself and other objects, which also acknowledges the normative differences between constitutive parts of a person, on the one hand, and external objects, on the other. This paper provides such an account by arguing that there are reasons internal to a general justification of property rights to limit the extent of powers included in ownership of different kinds of object, depending on how the person is situated in relation to them. Rejecting a typical Hohfeldian view of property as a univocal, gradable concept allows us to make space for a new approach to property and self‐ownership: one which can make sense of various uses of the body as property without entailing that our relation to those parts is exhaustively characterised by an ordinary property right.
Erlotinib monotherapy in the treatment of advanced non-small cell lung carcinoma: A single center experience with 187 patients from 2005-2018.

e20718Background: Inhibition of epidermal growth factor receptors (EGFR) bearing somatic mutations in the tyrosine kinase domain is an important molecular target in the treatment of advanced non-sm...
The priority of injustice: locating democracy in critical theory

If books were paintings, Clive Barnett’s The Priority of Injustice might be a Jackson Pollock. It is densely layered with materials from multiple disciplines, but at the end of the day, it is as mu...
The Many Moral Rationalisms

This volume showcases updated defences of views that can be treated as aspects of a Kantian idea (although mostly without subscribing to it): we rational agents are committed to universal moral req...
Strategies for Incorporating Catalytically Active Polyoxometalates in Metal-Organic Frameworks for Organic Transformations.

Polyoxometalates (POMs) can benefit from immobilization on solid supports to overcome their difficulty in processability and stability. Among the reported solid supports, metal–organic frameworks (...
Physician Burnout: A Lifestyle Medicine Perspective

Physician burnout, as described in North America, is a multidimensional work-related syndrome that includes emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and a low sense of accomplishment from work. More than 50% of physicians were reporting symptoms of burnout prior to the COVID-19 pandemic. This silent epidemic of burnout is bound to become less silent as the pandemic continues. Lifestyle medicine is an evidence-based discipline that describes how daily habits and health practices can affect overall health and well-being of individuals. Lifestyle Medicine can potentially play a significant role in preventing and ameliorating physician burnout. This article explores the burnout process, including the historical context, international definitions, symptoms, and imprecision of the clinical diagnosis. The systemic etiological issues are discussed, and the psychological underpinnings are explored, including physicians' personal vulnerabilities contributing to burnout. The stress response and lifestyle medicine's role in healthy coping are described. A prevention model for risk factor reduction is proposed, focusing on primordial, primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention. Lifestyle medicine clinicians' role in prevention, treatment, and advocacy to ameliorate the potential for burnout is discussed along with specific recommendations.
Plenty of blame to go around: Attributions of responsibility in a fatal autonomous vehicle accident

Autonomous vehicles (AV) promise a reduction in the number of deadly traffic accidents. However, should accidents occur, attributions of responsibility are complicated by the fact that there is a human agent (driver) and a non-human agent (AV), and thus responsibility is likely shared between parties. In two studies, participants (n = 310 and n = 260) read a vignette modeled after an actual lethal AV accident. Across four experimental conditions, participants were told that the human driver either needed to maintain oversight of the AV; did not need to maintain oversight of the AV; did not specify whether the human needed to maintain oversight of the AV; or the artificial intelligence was turned off and the human driver was fully in control. Participants assigned responsibility to the human driver, the AV company, the pedestrian, and an act of God, and determined whether the human driver and company CEO should be held criminally responsible in court. Consistent with previous research, the human driver was held most responsible regardless of oversight condition. However, companies were not absolved of responsibility, even when they required the human driver to maintain oversight of the AV. Implications of these findings for the introduction and legal regulation of AVs are discussed.
Temporal Metabolic Response Yields a Dynamic Biosignature of Inflammation

Chronic low-grade inflammation is a subclinical condition directly and indirectly linked to the development of a wide range of highly prevalent diseases responsible for the vast majority of morbidity. To examine mechanisms coupled to chronic disease, a group of overweight and obese human subjects without known inflammatory diseases were selected. Study participants underwent a high-fat meal challenge as an inflammation stimulus. Fasting and post-prandial serum samples were analyzed for pro-inflammatory cytokines and metabolites. Analysis of serum metabolites grouped by baseline cytokine levels revealed that single samples had little power in differentiating the groups. However, an analysis that incorporated temporal response separated high and low inflammatory response phenotypes and allowed us to create a metabolic signature of inflammation. The use of temporal response rather than absolute concentrations dramatically improved clinical diagnostics in this study and suggests that dynamic biosignatures may be a powerful tool for stratifying risk to a wide range of diseases.
22 Chemical Engineering: Its Role in the Medical and Health Sciences

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the role of chemical engineering in the medical and health. It focuses on health science that includes hemodynamics, water and solute transport, pharmacokinetics, biomaterials, organ analogs, and blood processing. Many applications of engineering in the health and medical sciences involve contact between a physiological fluid or tissue and a nonphysiological artificial surface. Resulting undesirable responses include thrombogenesis, encapsulation, and activation of the immune system. It is now generally recognized that the initial consequence of exposing a virgin artificial material to blood is the deposition of plasma proteins on its surface. The type of proteins and their geometric and spatial arrangement on the surface are all thought to influence the subsequent physiological reactions. The opportunities for chemical engineers to participate in advancing the medical and health sciences fields are abundant. That the human body is a complex reactor that takes in a variety of feedstocks and catalytically converts them to new forms or to energy is so self-apparent as to sometimes go unnoticed. Thus, there is virtually no aspect of a chemical engineer's training that cannot be put to use in addressing problems associated with a living system. Three broad areas in which chemical engineers could have a substantial influence in the years to come include interfacial phenomena, transport phenomena, and macromolecules.
Strain Sensors in Wearable Devices

This chapter discusses the use of strain sensors in wearable devices. Strain sensors are used to monitor deformation under applied load. Various techniques for the fabrication of strain sensors are discussed and some example applications are presented. Special focus is placed on textile based and inkjet-printed strain sensors. Textile based strain sensors open new frontiers for wearable systems by integrating sensors into garments which can be used for extended periods of time. Inkjet printing along with conductive inkjet inks provides low cost, efficient, and rapid prototyping solution for implementation of strain sensors in wearable devices. Applications in the area of remote monitoring of physiological signals, vital signs, and human activity are presented.
Aortic dimensions in Turner syndrome

In Turner syndrome, linear growth is less than the general population. Consequently, to assess stature in Turner syndrome, condition-specific comparators have been employed. Similar reference curves for cardiac structures in Turner syndrome are currently unavailable. Accurate assessment of the aorta is particularly critical in Turner syndrome because aortic dissection and rupture occur more frequently than in the general population. Furthermore, comparisons to references calculated from the taller general population with the shorter Turner syndrome population can lead to over-estimation of aortic size causing stigmatization, medicalization, and potentially over-treatment. We used echocardiography to measure aortic diameters at eight levels of the thoracic aorta in 481 healthy girls and women with Turner syndrome who ranged in age from two to seventy years. Univariate and multivariate linear regression analyses were performed to assess the influence of karyotype, age, body mass index, bicuspid aortic valve, blood pressure, history of renal disease, thyroid disease, or growth hormone therapy. Because only bicuspid aortic valve was found to independently affect aortic size, subjects with bicuspid aortic valve were excluded from the analysis. Regression equations for aortic diameters were calculated and Z-scores corresponding to 1, 2, and 3 standard deviations from the mean were plotted against body surface area. The information presented here will allow clinicians and other caregivers to calculate aortic Z-scores using a Turner-based reference population. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Poised chromatin and bivalent domains facilitate the mitosis-to-meiosis transition in the male germline

The male germline transcriptome changes dramatically during the mitosis-to-meiosis transition to activate late spermatogenesis genes and to transiently suppress genes commonly expressed in somatic lineages and spermatogenesis progenitor cells, termed somatic/progenitor genes. These changes reflect epigenetic regulation. Induction of late spermatogenesis genes during spermatogenesis is facilitated by poised chromatin established in the stem cell phases of spermatogonia, whereas silencing of somatic/progenitor genes during meiosis and postmeiosis is associated with formation of bivalent domains which also allows the recovery of the somatic/progenitor program after fertilization. Importantly, during spermatogenesis mechanisms of epigenetic regulation on sex chromosomes are different from autosomes: X-linked somatic/progenitor genes are suppressed by meiotic sex chromosome inactivation without deposition of H3K27me3. Our results suggest that bivalent H3K27me3 and H3K4me2/3 domains are not limited to developmental promoters (which maintain bivalent domains that are silent throughout the reproductive cycle), but also underlie reversible silencing of somatic/progenitor genes during the mitosis-to-meiosis transition in late spermatogenesis.
To simulate or not to simulate

A simple decision analysis framework is used to illustrate the key factors to consider in deciding whether or not to use microsimulation to estimate the effects of transportation projects. Microsimulation is useful if it (1) results in implementation of a worthwhile project that would not have been implemented without the simulation or (2) prevents implementation of a project that is not cost-effective that would otherwise have been implemented. Key factors to consider are (1) the magnitude of project benefits and costs, (2) the accuracy of the microsimulation model, and (3) the cost of the simulation.
Navigating the heteronormativity of engineering: the experiences of lesbian, gay, and bisexual students

While much is known about the experiences of women and racial/ethnic minorities in male-dominated fields such as engineering, the experiences of lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) identifying individuals remain unstudied. Our article breaks this silence with an exploratory study of the ways LGB students at a major research university in the western United States both experience and navigate the climate of their engineering college. Based on interviews and focus groups, we find that both pervasive prejudicial cultural norms and perceptions of competence particular to the engineering profession can limit these students' opportunities to succeed, relative to their heterosexual peers. Nevertheless, through coping strategies which can require immense amounts of additional emotional and academic effort, LGB students navigate a chilly and heteronormative engineering climate by ‘passing’ as heterosexual, ‘covering’ or downplaying cultural characteristics associated with LGB identities, and garnering expertise to ma...
PROTEIN KINASE C INHIBITORS SUPPRESS LPS-INDUCED TNF PRODUCTION IN ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES AND IN WHOLE BLOOD : THE ROLE OF ENCAPSULATION INTO LIPOSOMES

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is a pivotal mediator of endotoxin shock, but the regulation of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced TNF production in different populations of mononuclear cells has not been fully clarified. Protein kinase C (PKC) is thought to play a central role in signal transduction in response to inflammatory stimuli. We studied the effect of two PKC inhibitors, staurosporine (STP) and sphingosine (SPG), on TNF production in rat alveolar macrophages (AM) and in whole blood (BM) incubated with 0.25-25,000 ng/ml of LPS. We also assessed the role of STP encapsulation into pH-sensitive and pH-insensitive liposomes composed of cholesterolhemisuccinat/dioleoylphosphatidyl ethanolamine and cholesterolhemisuccinat/distearylphosphatidyl choline, respectively. LPS induced a dose-dependent TNF response that was 2.5-4.5-times higher in AM than in BM with the same amount of monocytes. SPG and STP significantly reduced TNF in both cultures by 40-96%. Encapsulation of STP into pH-sensitive, but not pH-insensitive liposomes, significantly increased the effectiveness of TNF suppression. We conclude that the LPS-induced TNF production by AM and BM is strongly dependent on PKC activation. However, AM were less sensitive to PKC inhibition than BM.
Vasectomy: What are community standards?

Vasectomy has become an increasingly popular mode of contraception in our society. It is also a procedure which places the urologist at an uncommonly high risk for litigation. To better assess the manner in which urologists within a geographical region treat their vasectomy patients, a survey was conducted of the members of the New England Section, American Urological Association. The results of that survey are presented.
Faculty Viewpoints on Teaching Quantway

Quantway is a quantitative reasoning-based pathway for developmental math that has been developed as an alternative to the traditional remedial algebra sequence. To explore the experiences of faculty involved with Quantway, we interviewed eight individuals who have taught the course in the past year to survey their attitudes and opinions about students in their classes, the materials and pedagogies in use, and the collegial interaction of networked faculty. Faculty were selected with the intention of gathering a broad set of opinions resulting from differences of location, experience, and other factors. In this paper, we summarize those interviews by identifying common themes reported by the faculty that highlight strengths and challenges of teaching Quantway. Themes include perceptions about changes in student engagement and attitudes as well as changes in their own mindset; the evolution of teaching strategies and materials used inside and outside the classroom; and the relevance of connections between faculty at different institutions involved in the project.
Characterization of the drug-positive adolescent trauma population: should we, do we, and does it make a difference if we test?

Abstract Purpose Substance abuse (SA) is a significant cofactor for adolescent injury. Characterization of this population will help define a list of variables that are critical for designing interventions. The purpose of this study is to determine the frequency of SA testing and describe the injury characteristics of the adolescent trauma SA population. Methods A urine drug screening (alcohol, cannabis, and opiates) protocol for all injured adolescents (14-17 years old) was used. Four years of data were analyzed. Three groups were defined: not tested (NT), negative (NEG), and positive (POS). Transfers from an outside hospital and those who received opiate pain medication before drug screening were excluded. A patient may have had more than one positive test. Tests were analyzed to compare sex, injury severity score (ISS), survival, mechanism, and length of stay (LOS). Results Four hundred forty-three patients met the criteria (308 males and 135 females). Mean ISS was 13.5 ± 0.5 SEM with a 2.9% mortality rate. One hundred ninety-three of 443 (44%) were screened ( m = 120, f=73) with 39% testing positive in each group. Twenty-nine percent of positive tests were opiates, 11.2% alcohol, and 20% cannabis. No sex differences for alcohol, cannabis, or opiate use were noted. There were no differences between the NT and the NEG/POS groups with respect to sex, LOS, or mechanism of injury. Fourteen-year olds were less likely to be drug screened. Mean ISS score was lower in the NT group (11.4 ± 0.6 vs 15.7 ± 1.0, P P Conclusions Forty percent of the patients screened positive, thus, supporting screening in adolescent trauma patients. Selective criteria based on injury characteristics are not justified.
Big endothelin changes the cellular miRNA environment in TMOb osteoblasts and increases mineralization.

AbstractIntroduction: Endothelin (ET1) promotes the growth of osteoblastic breast and prostate cancer metastases. Conversion of big ET1 to mature ET1, catalyzed primarily by endothelin converting enzyme 1 (ECE1), is necessary for ET1’s biological activity. We previously identified the Ece1, locus as a positional candidate gene for a pleiotropic quantitative trait locus affecting femoral size, shape, mineralization, and biomechanical performance. Methods: We exposed TMOb osteoblasts continuously to 25 ng/ml big ET1. Cells were grown for 6 days in growth medium and then switched to mineralization medium for an additional 15 days with or without big ET1, by which time the TMOb cells form mineralized nodules. We quantified mineralization by alizarin red staining and analyzed levels of miRNAs known to affect osteogenesis. Micro RNA 126-3p was identified by search as a potential regulator of sclerostin (SOST) translation. Results: TMOb cells exposed to big ET1 showed greater mineralization than control cells. B...
Why Don't Parents Participate in School Health Education?.

This study examined factors that inhibit parent involvement in school health education. Parents of middle school children were surveyed to determine what factors constituted barriers to their parti...