cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dramatic Variation of Magnetic Exchange through Double End-on Azide Bridges in a Series of Ladder-Like Copper(II) Coordination Polymers

Three ladder-like coordination polymers, [Cu2(phprpy)2-μ-(N3)2(N3)2], 1; [Cu2(terpy)2-μ-(N3)4Cu2-μ-(N3)2(N3)2], 2; and[Cu2(terpy)2-μ-(N3)2(N3)2Cu3-μ-(N3)4(N3)2], 3, consisting of Cu2+ ions with double end-on azide bridges were synthesized, their crystal structures and magnetic properties were determined, and spin dimer analysis was performed to explain the signs and strengths of their strong spin exchange interactions [phprpy is 4-(3-phenylpropyl)pyridine and terpy is 2,2‘:6,2‘ ‘-terpyridine]. Although these compounds have ladder-like arrangements of Cu2+ ions, their magnetic structures are described as isolated dimers for 1 and 2 and as isolated trimers for 3. The predominant spin exchange paths in 1−3 have double end-on azide bridges linking adjacent Cu2+ ions, and the geometrical parameters of these bridging structures are similar. However, the spin dimer of 1 exhibits a strong ferromagnetic coupling; that of 2, a strong antiferromagnetic coupling; and that of 3, a weak ferromagnetic coupling. These fi...
Cold-Sprayed Ni-hBN Self-Lubricating Coatings

Feedstock preparation strategies were explored to produce composite admixed, milled, and precoated (encapsulated) powders of nickel–hexagonal boron nitride (Ni-hBN) for cold-sprayed self-lubricating coatings. The resulting cold-sprayed coatings were then examined for microstructural homogeneity and composition, as well as bond strength, microhardness, and relevant wear behaviors. Though admixed powders were easy to prepare and economical, milled and precoated formulations provided the advantage of aiding contact between Ni and lubricant powders prior to spraying that ultimately improved deposition and properties. The maximum amount of hBN that could be effectively built into the cold-sprayed Ni coatings was approximately 6 wt%. Results of the study also indicated that the composite coatings exhibited slightly higher hardness and reduced adhesive strength relative to a baseline of pure Ni layers. Moreover, some reductions in friction and expected decreases in bond strength and lubricant uniformity were obs...
Planar piecewise algebraic curves

An approach is described for piecing together segments of planar algebraic curves with derivative continuity. The application of piecewise algebraic curves to area modelling (the two-dimensional analogue of solid modelling) is discussed. A technique is presented for expressing a planar rational parametric curve as an algebraic curve segment. An upper bound is derived for the farthest distance between two algebraic curves (one of which may also be a parametric curve) within a specified region.
Seroprotective Titers against 2009 H1N1 Influenza A Virus after Vaccination in Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Recipients

Little data are available regarding the safety and immunologic response to pandemic H1N1 influenza vaccine in recipients of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). We measured serum antibody titers against A/California/7/2009 H1N1 using a hemagglutination inhibition assay in 82 allogeneic HSCT recipients who received the 2009 H1N1 vaccine between November 2009 and January 2010 after it became available at our institution. The median time between HSCT and vaccination was 19 months (range, 2.5-94 months), and the median time from vaccination to specimen collection was 56 days (range, 14-140 days). Seroprotective antibody titers (hemagglutination inhibition titer ≥1:40) against 2009 H1N1 influenza A virus were detected in 51% of patients. The presence of chronic graft-versus-host disease and type of conditioning regimen did not affect the rate of detection of seroprotective titers after vaccination. Patients were more likely to have a seroprotective titer the farther away from HSCT they were (adjusted odds ratio, 1.79 per year; 95% confidence interval, 1.12-2.85). Rituximab administration in the year before vaccination was associated with a lack of seroprotective titer (adjusted odds ratio, 0.11; 95% confidence interval, 0.01-0.97). The vaccine was safe and well tolerated. Strategies are needed to improve the influenza vaccine response in this population, especially those receiving immunotherapy.
Timing and position response of a block detector for fast neutron time-of-flight imaging

Abstract Our research effort seeks to improve the spatial and timing performance of a block detector made of a pixilated plastic scintillator (EJ-200), first demonstrated as part of Oak Ridge National Laboratory׳s Advanced Portable Neutron Imaging System. Improvement of the position and time response is necessary to achieve better resolution and contrast in the images of shielded special nuclear material. Time-of-flight is used to differentiate between gamma and different sources of neutrons (e.g., transmission and fission neutrons). Factors limiting the timing and position performance of the neutron detector have been revealed through simulations and measurements. Simulations have suggested that the degradation in the ability to resolve pixels in the neutron detector is due to those interactions occurring near the light guide. The energy deposition within the neutron detector is shown to affect position performance and imaging efficiency. This examination details how energy cuts improve the position performance and degrade the imaging efficiency. Measurements have shown the neutron detector to have a timing resolution of σ =238 ps. The majority of this timing uncertainty is from the depth-of-interaction (DOI) of the neutron which is confirmed by simulations and analytical calculations.
The Death of Cultural Imperialism — and Power Too?: A Critical Analysis of American Prestige Press Representations of the Hegemony of English

/ A condensed chapter from a recently completed dissertation, this article critically examines selected texts taken from a pool of 275 accounts of the global rise of English published from 1991 to 2003 in five American-owned prestige press publications — the Los Angeles Times, the International Herald Tribune, The New York Times, The Wall Street Journal and The Washington Post. In particular, it interrogates representations that declare the death of cultural imperialism. The article deconstructs and problematizes these representations along a number of theoretical and analytical lines. The author notes, and challenges, a powerful propensity toward conceiving globalization through the lens of cultural consumption, contending that to focus on cultural consumption and creative appropriation, and to loosely use the catchphrase `cultural flow', is to lose sight of the specific, and considerable, cultural production and distribution inequities that characterize the contemporary global social order. The author a...
A dynamically-based method for forecasting tropical cyclogenesis location in the Atlantic sector using global model products

[1] A real-time forecast method is developed for prediction of the tropical cyclogenesis location over the Atlantic using global model operational products. The method is based on the marsupial theory for tropical cyclogenesis proposed in a recent observational study. A moisture front is usually found ahead of the precursor wave trough, which separates the relatively dry air outside of the wave pouch (a region of closed circulation) from the relatively moist air inside the wave pouch. The propagation speed of the pouch can be determined by tracking the propagation of this moisture front, and the intersection of the critical surface and the trough axis pinpoints the predicted genesis location. Using the global model operational products the genesis location can be predicted up to three days in advance with an error less than 200 km, which can provide useful guidance for forecasters and flight planning.
Membrane mimetic surface functionalization of nanoparticles: Methods and applications

Nanoparticles (NPs), due to their size-dependent physical and chemical properties, have shown remarkable potential for a wide range of applications over the past decades. Particularly, the biological compatibilities and functions of NPs have been extensively studied for expanding their potential in areas of biomedical application such as bioimaging, biosensing, and drug delivery. In doing so, surface functionalization of NPs by introducing synthetic ligands and/or natural biomolecules has become a critical component in regard to the overall performance of the NP system for its intended use. Among known examples of surface functionalization, the construction of an artificial cell membrane structure, based on phospholipids, has proven effective in enhancing biocompatibility and has become a viable alternative to more traditional modifications, such as direct polymer conjugation. Furthermore, certain bioactive molecules can be immobilized onto the surface of phospholipid platforms to generate displays more reminiscent of cellular surface components. Thus, NPs with membrane-mimetic displays have found use in a range of bioimaging, biosensing, and drug delivery applications. This review herein describes recent advances in the preparations and characterization of integrated functional NPs covered by artificial cell membrane structures and their use in various biomedical applications.
Endoluminal therapy for Barrett's esophagus

This article reviews methods to minimize the complications associated with endoscopic therapy for patients with Barrett's esophagus. To place this discussion in context, the natural history of Barrett's esophagus and the risks associated with progression to dysplasia and invasive carcinoma are reviewed. Operative esophageal resection traditionally is recommended for patients with Barrett's high-grade dysplasia and early carcinoma, and these surgical risks also are reviewed. Finally, all currently approved and commercially available methods for endoscopic ablation and resection of Barrett's disease are categorized according to their application methods of ablation: focal ablation, field ablation, and mucosal resection. The clinical experience with these devices is reviewed with their associated adverse events and complications. Caveats, concerns, and recommendations are discussed to help minimize the complications associated with the use of these important technologies that hold the promise of removing or destroying Barrett's disease to prevent the development of invasive carcinoma.
Use of amino acid analogue-resistant cell lines for selection of Nicotiana sylvestris somatic cell hybrids.

Nicotiana sylvestris cell lines resistant to the amino acid analogues S-2-aminoethyl-cysteine (AECR), or 5-methyl-tryptophan (5MTR), were isolated in suspension culture. Assuming these resistances to be dominant, we have attempted to determine if such variant cell lines can be used to select double resistant somatic cell hybrids. A total of 1.8 × 104 control calli from mixed AECR and 5MTR protoplasts, and AECR and 5MTR homokaryotic fusions were placed on double analogue selection, but none survived. Eight somatic hybrid calli (0.8%), able to grow without inhibition on the double analogue selection medium, were obtained after AECR + 5MTR protoplast fusion. These were further determined as hybrids on the basis of resistance level, chromosome number, and chlorophyll content, all characteristics differing in the parental cell lines.
Angiogenesis in the Mouse Cornea

We have developed a method that permits analysis of neovascular responses in the mouse cornea. Using this method we have demonstrated that both allogeneic lymphocytes and a variety of tumors can induce angiogenesis, but that only the latter appear capable of eliciting secondary capillary sprouting.
MEASUREMENT OF RECOIL-FREE FRACTIONS IN STUDIES OF THE MOSSBAUER EFFECT

Abstract This paper discusses the techniques of measurement of recoil-free fractions ƒ of resonance gamma rays. A theoretical analysis extends the validity of the resonance dip area method, to permit relative ƒ measurements to be made on emission lines of arbitrary shape. The method is also applicable to relative ƒ′ measurements on thin absorbers. Some forms of instrumental broadening do not affect the result. A discussion on background intensity measurements includes some techniques for making precise background corrections. Absolute ƒ measurements are discussed in terms of a very wide absorption line, which can be considered to approach the ideal of a “black” resonance absorber. A mixture of fluoroferrates, having a composite line width of more than 1.4 mm/sec, has been developed. The preparation of nearly black absorbers by compounding the mixture with iron enriched in Fe 57 , is described in a detailed recipe. The absorbers are so nearly ideal that many ƒ measurements can be made simply, comparing intensities transmitted by a stationary absorber with the corrected intensity transmitted at high Doppler shifts. These absorbers have been used to measure the ƒ of 14.4 keV gamma rays of Fe 57 in Cu, Pt, and Be hosts at room temperature. The results are ƒ( Cu ) = 0.175 ± 0.021, ƒ( Pt ) = 0.736 ± 0.023 ; ƒ( Be ∥ to c axis ) = 0.805 ± 0.028; ƒ( Be ⊥ to c axis ) = 0.809 ± 0.028 . Relative ƒ measurements, made with a potassium ferrocyanide absorber, are in agreement with the ratios of the absolute ƒ values.
An Experimental Approach to Integrating Mathematics and Literacy Methods Courses in Teacher Education

Abstract There is a large body of research that supports the integration of school subjects in the elementary school. This integration results in deeper understanding and greater satisfaction on the part of students. Pre-service teachers are frequently encouraged by their methods instructors to integrate the subjects they teach so as not to fragment the children's learning. Unfortunately, those same instructors rarely teach their courses in such a way as to demonstrate this integration themselves. As a result, pre-service teachers enter the profession without having experienced this important component of their professional development. This paper discusses the purposes, process, and findings of an experimental approach to integrating mathematics and literacy methods courses for a cohort of elementary education students. The results suggest areas of success and areas requiring modification of the integration process. Student reflections indicate a maturing understanding of integrated planning and teaching...
The structure of antiviral agents that inhibit uncoating when complexed with viral capsids.

Abstract The tertiary structure of most icosahedral viral capsid proteins consists of an eight-stranded antiparallel β-barrel with a hydrophobic interior. In a group of picornaviruses, this hydrophobic pocket can be filled by suitable organic molecules, which stop viral uncoating after attachment and penetration into the host cell. The antiviral activity of these agents is probably due to increased rigidity of the capsid protein, thereby inhibiting disassembly. The hydrophobic pocket may be an essential functional component of the protein and may have been conserved in the evolution of many viruses from a common precursor. Since eight-stranded antiparallel β-barrels, with a topology as in viral capsid proteins, are not generally found in other proteins involved in cell metabolism, antiviral agents that bind in the interior of viral capsid proteins are likely to be more virus-specific and less cytotoxic. Furthermore, the greatest conservation of viral capsid proteins occurs within this pocket, whereas the least conserved part is the antigenic exterior. Thus, compounds that bind to such a pocket are likely to be effective against a broader group of serologically distinct viruses. Discovery of antiviral agents of this type depends on designing compounds that can enter and fit snugly into the hydrophobic pocket of a particular viral capsid protein.
Constraint comparisons for common fracture specimens: C(T)s and SE(B)s

Abstract New testing standards (e.g., ASTM E1921) remain under continuing development to measure the fracture toughness of ferritic steels over the ductile-to-brittle transition. The procedures assume that relatively small, deep-notch test specimens maintain near small-scale yielding conditions at fracture, which simplifies greatly the interpretation of measured values. However, 3-D finite element analyses suggest that the geometry and small size of common fracture specimens leads frequently to constraint loss, e.g., the decay of small-scale yielding conditions, at only moderate levels of deformation. The Weibull stress micromechanical model, or “local approach,” is employed here to quantify these constraint effects. Previous research along these same lines quantifies constraint loss in common fracture specimens relative to strict plane-strain, small-scale yielding conditions with a zero T-stress. Here we present a more practical approach for application within experimental testing programs by comparing directly the two most commonly tested fracture specimens, the single-edge notched bend, SE(B), and the compact tension, C(T), specimens. Developers of testing standards may thus choose a “reference” specimen then correct values measured with other specimens to the adopted reference configuration.
Is a pressor necessary during aortic perfusion and oxygenation therapy of cardiac arrest

Abstract Study objective: Occlusion of the descending aorta and infusion of oxygenated ultrapurified polymerized bovine hemoglobin may improve the efficacy of advanced cardiac life support (ACLS). Because selective aortic perfusion and oxygenation (SAPO) directly increases coronary perfusion pressure, exogenous epinephrine may not be required. The purpose of this study was to determine whether exogenous epinephrine is necessary during SAPO by comparing the rate of return of spontaneous circulation and aortic and coronary perfusion pressures during ACLS-SAPO in animals treated with either intra-aortic epinephrine or saline solution. Methods: A prospective, randomized, interventional before-after trial with a canine model of ventricular fibrillation cardiac arrest and ACLS based on external chest compression was performed. The ECG, right atrial, aortic arch, and esophageal pulse pressures were measured continuously. A descending aortic occlusion balloon catheter was placed through the femoral artery. Ventricular fibrillation was induced, and no therapy was given during the 10-minute arrest time. Basic life support was then initiated and normalized by standardization of esophageal pulse pressure and central aortic blood gases. After 3 minutes of basic life support, the aortic occlusion balloon was inflated, and 0.01 mg/kg epinephrine or saline solution was administered through the aortic catheter followed by 450 mL of ultrapurified polymerized bovine hemoglobin over 2 minutes. Defibrillation was then attempted. The outcomes and changes in intravascular pressures were compared. Results: Aortic pressures were higher during infusions in animals treated with epinephrine. During infusion, the mean aortic relaxation pressure increased by 58±5 mm Hg in animals that had received epinephrine versus 20±11 mm Hg in those that had received saline placebo. The coronary perfusion pressure during infusion increased by 52±8 mm Hg in animals that had received epinephrine versus 26±10 mm Hg in those that had received saline. Only 2 of 7 animals in the placebo group had return of spontaneous circulation versus 7 of 8 in the epinephrine group. Conclusion: The addition of epinephrine to ACLS-SAPO increases vital organ perfusion pressures and improves outcome from cardiac arrest. There appears to be a profound loss of arterial vasomotor tone after prolonged arrest. This loss of vasomotor tone may make exogenous pressors necessary for resuscitation after prolonged cardiac arrest. [Paradis NA: Is a pressor necessary during aortic perfusion and oxygenation therapy of cardiac arrest? Ann Emerg Med December 1999;34:697-702.]
Cofactor-dependent specificity of a DEAD-box protein

DEAD-box proteins, a large class of RNA-dependent ATPases, regulate all aspects of gene expression and RNA metabolism. They can facilitate dissociation of RNA duplexes and remodeling of RNA–protein complexes, serve as ATP-dependent RNA-binding proteins, or even anneal duplexes. These proteins have highly conserved sequence elements that are contained within two RecA-like domains; consequently, their structures are nearly identical. Furthermore, crystal structures of DEAD-box proteins with bound RNA reveal interactions exclusively between the protein and the RNA backbone. Together, these findings suggest that DEAD-box proteins interact with their substrates in a nonspecific manner, which is confirmed in biochemical experiments. Nevertheless, this contrasts with the need to target these enzymes to specific substrates in vivo. Using the DEAD-box protein Rok1 and its cofactor Rrp5, which both function during maturation of the small ribosomal subunit, we show here that Rrp5 provides specificity to the otherwise nonspecific biochemical activities of the Rok1 DEAD-domain. This finding could reconcile the need for specific substrate binding of some DEAD-box proteins with their nonspecific binding surface and expands the potential roles of cofactors to specificity factors. Identification of helicase cofactors and their RNA substrates could therefore help define the undescribed roles of the 19 DEAD-box proteins that function in ribosome assembly.
Treatment of Partial Tendon Lacerations

We treated twenty six patients with thirty four partial tendon lacerations by not suturing the tendons and by early mobilization of the digit. These partial tendon lacerations varied from 25 to 95 per cent of the cross sectional area. The mean and median cross-sectional area lacerated was 60 per cent. Twenty three of these patients obtained excellent function, one patient obtained good to excellent function and one patient obtained fair function. One patient was lost to follow-up. No tendon ruptured but one patient did develop trigger finger which spontaneously resolved. Partial flexor tendon lacerations should not be repaired and early active motion should be used if bevelling of the laceration is not present. Bevelled partial tendon lacerations of less than twenty five per cent of the cross sectional area can be either excised or repaired with a simple interrupted suture. If greater than twenty five per cent of the cross-sectional area is lacerated and bevelled, the laceration should be repaired with a few simple sutures. Regardless of the treatment of the tendon early active motion is necessary.
Epithelial Sodium Channel Regulation by Cell Surface-associated Serum- and Glucocorticoid-regulated Kinase 1

Serum- and glucocorticoid-regulated kinase 1 (sgk1) participates in diverse biological processes, including cell growth, apoptosis, and sodium homeostasis. In the cortical collecting duct of the kidney, sgk1 regulates sodium transport by stimulating the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC). Control of subcellular localization of sgk1 may be an important mechanism for modulating specificity of sgk1 function; however, which subcellular locations are required for sgk1-regulated ENaC activity in collecting duct cells has yet to be established. Using cell surface biotinylation studies, we detected endogenous sgk1 at the apical cell membrane of aldosterone-stimulated mpkCCDc14 collecting duct cells. The association of sgk1 with the cell membrane was enhanced when ENaC was co-transfected with sgk1 in kidney cells, suggesting that ENaC brings sgk1 to the cell surface. Furthermore, association of endogenous sgk1 with the apical cell membrane of mpkCCDc14 cells could be modulated by treatments that increase or decrease ENaC expression at the apical membrane; forskolin increased the association of sgk1 with the apical surface, whereas methyl-β-cyclodextrin decreased the association of sgk1 with the apical surface. Single channel recordings of excised inside-out patches from the apical membrane of aldosterone-stimulated A6 collecting duct cells revealed that the open probability of ENaC was sensitive to the sgk1 inhibitor GSK650394, indicating that endogenous sgk1 is functionally active at the apical cell membrane. We propose that the association of sgk1 with the apical cell membrane, where it interacts with ENaC, is a novel means by which sgk1 specifically enhances ENaC activity in aldosterone-stimulated collecting duct cells.
Use of optical characterization for optimization of epitaxial growth

Optical spectroscopies of semiconductor crystals can be very useful for the optimization of epitaxial growth. This paper discusses two of the most useful optical measurements, photoluminescence and Raman spectroscopy, and their applications to III-IV epitaxial structures grown by molecular beam epitaxy and organo-metallic vapor phase epitaxy.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Gold nanocages: bioconjugation and their potential use as optical imaging contrast agents.

Gold nanocages of <40 nm in dimension have been synthesized using the galvanic replacement reaction between Ag nanocubes and HAuCl4 in an aqueous solution. By controlling the molar ratio between Ag and HAuCl4, the gold nanocages could be tuned to display surface plasmon resonance peaks around 800 nm, a wavelength commonly used in optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging. OCT measurements on phantom samples indicate that these gold nanocages have a moderate scattering cross-section of ∼8.10 × 10-16 m2 but a very large absorption cross-section of ∼7.26 × 10-15 m2, suggesting their potential use as a new class of contrast agents for optical imaging. When bioconjugated with antibodies, the gold nanocages have also been demonstrated for specific targeting of breast cancer cells.
SUPERCRITICAL FLUID CHROMATOGRAPHY APPLIED TO THE CHARACTERIZATION OF A SILOXANE-BASED GAS CHROMATOGRAPHIC STATIONARY PHASE.

Abstract Supercritical fluid chromatography using n-pentane as a mobile phase and Porasil C as a column packing was applied to the characterization of Dow-Corning 710 fluid, a commonly used gas chromatographic stationary phase. Under the experimental conditions, decomposition of the polymer was observed on columns of alumina, and derivatized Porasil packings were found to be unstable. Linear pressure programming variables were studied at 206 and 216°C by normalizing the total analysis time on a fixed length of column. A series of homologous polymer components was used to demonstrate the effects upon resolution of density-isotherm nonlinearity associated with the mobile phase. The results showed that optimal temperature conditions existed for the use of linear pressure programming, with the choice of temperature conditions dependent upon the molecular weight range. Operational guidelines are suggested. Mixed solvent behavior was investigated for this separation. The effect of changing the polarity of the m...
Detection of gaps in sinusoids and pulse trains by patients with cochlear implants

Gap detection thresholds were measured in patients with the Nucleus and Symbion cochlear implants as a function of several current waveform parameters. Detection of gaps in an electrical sinusoidal stimulus or in a train of biphasic pulses by implanted patients was similar to detection of gaps in comparable acoustic stimuli by normal listeners. Threshold gaps were 20–50 ms for low‐level stimuli and improved with stimulus level to 2–5 ms for high‐level stimuli. Gap detection performance was not affected by the electrode position in the cochlea or by the distance between stimulating electrodes. The data from most patients were well fitted by a trading relation between the duration of the gap and the square of stimulus intensity, indicating energy detection. The similarity of gap thresholds for normal subjects and implant patients suggests that many details of the peripheral neural activity are probably not important for this task, and that there is no retrocochlear loss of auditory temporal resolution with sensorineural hearing loss.
A special graphics system for PHIGS

Abstract PHIGS specifies a high-level device independent interface to graphics systems. This interface emphasizes the modeling and articulation of hierarchically related graphical entities. It is essential that a graphics system supports the PHIGS functions at an adequate level of performance to achieve the articulations rapidly. A system is presented that is based on general purpose hardware modules assembled together in a special pipelined architecture to meet the above functional and performance needs. The main result is that the middle stages of the pipeline have similar requirements, and are best mapped to identical general purpose floating point processors. The design and performance of such a processor are discussed in detail. It is then shown how the system is expandable to meet foreseen future extensions to PHIGS. Finally, the suggested pipelined architecture is compared and contrasted to a parallel one.
A system for studying the composting process

Abstract A bench-scale composting system has been developed that permits the natural composting process to occur in the laboratory. The composting material is enclosed in an airtight chamber from which heat loss is restricted by a temperature-controlled water jacket. Carbon dioxide and ammonia are removed from the air in the enclosed chamber and quantified. Test runs demonstrate that temperature increases in the composting material result entirely from internally generated heat.
PREDICTING MARITAL THERAPY DROPOUTS

The purpose of this study was to predict therapy dropouts using data gathered at marital therpay intake. Intake data included standardized assessments and demographic information. The sample consisted of 474 couples who were seeking marital therapy and who attended at least one therapy session. Seventy-two couples met the dropout criteria, and a random sample of equal size was drawn from the rest of the couples for the analyses. Data from these two groups of couples were analyzed with multiple regression and discriminant analysis formulas. Three variables-having less than two children, having a male intake clinician, and a presenting problem relating only to one spouse-were significant predictors in accounting for couples who would drop out of therapy. In the best model, high phobic anxiety scores for husbands and a presenting problem relating to parenting, along with the other three variables, produced a model that accurately classified 82% of the couples who dropped out of therapy.
Long-term effects of prior cocaine exposure on Morris water maze performance

Cocaine addiction is associated with long-term cognitive alterations including deficits on tests of declarative/spatial learning and memory. To determine the extent to which cocaine exposure plays a causative role in these deficits, adult male Long-Evans rats were given daily injections of cocaine (30 mg/kg/day x 14 days) or saline vehicle. Three months later, rats were trained for 6 sessions on a Morris water maze protocol adapted from Gallagher, Burwell, and Burchinal [Gallagher, M., Burwell, R., & Burchinal, M. (1993). Severity of spatial learning impairment in aging: development of a learning index for performance in the Morris water maze. Behavioral Neuroscience, 107, 618-626]. Rats given prior cocaine exposure performed similarly to controls on training trials, but searched farther from the platform location on probe trials interpolated throughout the training sessions and showed increased thigmotaxis. The results demonstrate that a regimen of cocaine exposure can impair Morris water maze performance as long as 3 months after exposure. Although the impairments were not consistent with major deficits in spatial learning and memory, they may have resulted from cocaine-induced increases in stress responsiveness and/or anxiety. Increased stress and anxiety would be expected to increase thigmotaxis as well as cause impairments in searching for the platform location, possibly through actions on ventral striatal dopamine signaling.
Altered configuration of Gc on the plasma membrane of transformed and malignant human B lymphocytes

Normal human peripheral blood B cells exhibit strong membrane fluorescence for Gc (vitamin D-binding protein), and this protein can form a close spatial relationship with integral membrane immunoglobulin (mIg) with evidence of codistribution in the lipid bilayer. In contrast, fluorescence for both Gc and mIg has been found in this study to be weak or absent in several B lymphoblastoid cell lines and in chronic lymphocytic leukemia B cells. Moreover, the comobility of these components, where detectable, was also impaired. In abnormal B cells, the intensity of membrane fluorescence for Gc was substantially increased after crosslinking of mIg with antibody, and the latter was also associated with increased specific radioiodination of Gc by lactoperioxidase. These results indicate that Gc can apparently become displaced under certain circumstances within or through the lipid bilayer. The altered content or membrane topography of Gc in such abnormal B cells might be associated with impaired expression and mobility of mIg.
Effects of demand response on retail and wholesale power markets

Demand response has grown to be a part of the repertoire of resources used by utilities to manage the balance between generation and load. In recent years, advances in communications and control technology have enabled utilities to consider continuously controlling demand response to meet generation, rather than the other way around. This paper discusses the economic applications of a general method for load resource analysis that parallels the approach used to analyze generation resources and uses the method to examine the results of the US Department of Energy's Olympic Peninsula Demonstration Testbed. A market-based closed-loop system of controllable assets is discussed with necessary and sufficient conditions on system controllability, observability and stability derived.
Laser induced fluorescence study of the B~-X~ transition of FCH 2 CH 2 O

Abstract The β -substituted halogen and hydroxy alkoxy radicals are important intermediates in the atmospheric chemistry of alkenes while hydroxy substituted alkoxy radicals are key intermediates in the combustion of alcohols. The FCH 2 CH 2 O radical is an example of these radicals. Jet-cooled excitation spectra of the B ∼ - X ∼ transition of FCH 2 CH 2 O were obtained using laser induced fluorescence and were assigned to two different conformers of FCH 2 CH 2 O with G(±60°) and T(180°) orientations of the OCCF dihedral angle. Rotational and vibronic analyses were performed to obtain rotational constants for both the X ∼ and B ∼ states and origin and vibrational frequencies of the B ∼ state.
Pyrrolo(1,4)benzodiazepine antitumor antibiotics. Comparative aspects of anthramycin, tomaymycin and sibiromycin.

Anthramycin, sibiromycin and tomaymycin are structurally related antibiotics produced by various actinomycetes. Anthramycin was originally isolated from the fermentation broth of a thermophilic actinomycete, Streptomyces refruineus var. thermotolerans found in a compost heap in the 1950's by M. D. TENDLER1). The active compound, originally called "refuin" (from the Hebrew "refuah" meaning a medicine), was isolated as a pure crystalline antibiotic by LEIMGRUBER2, 3) in 1965. This antibiotic was subsequently shown to have antibiotic, antitumor, antiprotozoal and chemosterilant activity against houseflies. Tomaymycin, a Japanese antibiotic, produced by Streptomyces achromogenes var. tomaymyceticus, was isolated from a soil sample collected in Musashikoganei-city. The isolation and properties of this antibiotic were first reported by ARIMA and coworkers4) in 1972. The structure of tomaymycin and the structurally related but biologically inactive compound, oxotomaymycin, were reported by KARIYONE5) in 1971. Tomaymycin has been shown to have antitumor, antiviral and antibiotic activities. Sibiromycin, the most recent of the three antibiotics to be fully characterized, is produced by the actinomycete, Streptosporangium sibiricum and was first reported by GAUSE and coworkers6) at the Moscow Institute for New Antibiotics. The isolation and partial characterization of this antibiotic was published in 1972.7) However, its full structure was not published until 1974 by MESENTEV and coworkers.8) Sibiromycin has been shown to have antitumor as well as antibiotic activity. In addition to anthramycin, sibiromycin and tomaymycin, three further structurally related antibiotics have appeared in the literature, although full structural information has not been published. The first of these compounds, dextrochrysin which is produced by Streptomyces calms var. dextrochrysus9), has been demonstrated to have antiviral as well as antibiotic activity. Most recently two isomeric anthramycin-related compounds, neothramycins A and B produced by Streptomyces No. MC916-C410) have been reported. These compounds have been shown to have weak antibiotic and antifungal activity as well as antitumor activity. Reviews on the mechanism of action of anthramycin11, 12) and sibiromycin have appeared.13-15)
Sir Richard Arkwright: Premier Crook in the Industrial Revolution

Remarks on the parallel in the basis of the riches of the aristocracy and plutocracy. Illustrates the argument from the history of the development of the cotton textile industry, the underpinnings for its growth being the inventions prior to and during the eighteenth century. Exemplifies the part of inventions as the begetter of plutocratic wealth. Sir Richard Arkwright, notably, was its salacious issue.
Absorption, Distribution, and Excretion of Ammonium Perfluorooctanoate (APFO) After Oral Administration to Various Species

Male and female mice, rats, hamsters, and rabbits were treated with a single oral dose of 14C-ammonium perfluorooctanoate (APFO), and the excretion and tissue distributions were followed for 120 h (168 h in the rabbit). Substantial sex and species differences in the excretion and disposition of 14C-radioactivity derived from 14C-labeled APFO were observed in this study. The female rat and the male hamster excreted more than 99% of the original 14C activity by 120 h after dosing; conversely, the male rat and the female hamster excreted only 39% and 60% of the original 14C activity, respectively, by 120 h postdosing. The male and female rabbits excreted the 14C activity as rapidly and completely as the female rat and the male hamster, whereas male and female mice excreted only 21% of the original 14C activity by 120 h postdosing. The rapid excretors (female rat, male hamster, and male and female rabbits) contained negligible amounts of 14C in organs and tissues at sacrifice. The slow excretors exhibited the highest 14C concentrations in the blood and liver followed by the kidneys, lungs, and skin.
Electrophysiological and ultrastructural characterization of the cornea during in vitro perfusion

Abstract Functional and ultrastructural changes in rabbit cornea during in vitro perfusion were studied by means of electrical measurements and electron microscopy. Electrical measurements were used to provide information on membrane potential, resistance, and capacitance. Membrane potential reflects cellular metabolic activity and thus is used to monitor tissue viability. On the other hand, since electrical resistance and capacitance indicate charge flow and the ability of the membrane dielectric to store charges, they can be used to detect structural changes in the aqueous transport pathway, i.e., intercellular space, and membrane surface, respectively. Studies on the current-voltage relationship of the cornea indicate self-generated membrane potential and non-ohmic resistive behavior of the cornea. However, the electrical resistance remains constant and is invariant to the external applied voltage. Problems associated with the use of ohmic resistance as an indication for membrane resistance are discussed. During in vitro perfusion, the cornea undergoes a biphasic change in resistivity with an initial rise and subsequent fall. The initial rise of the resistance appears to be induced by a change in membrane potential while the declining portion, at longer time periods, correlates well with the change in tissue morphology, i.e., expansion of the aqueous intercellular spaces. With the exception of this structural change, the overall integrity of the cornea is preserved and its viability is maintained for at least 6 h in vitro. The effect of polarization current on the d.c. electrical resistance was investigated by means of discharging kinetic measurements. Results indicate that under direct current, the cornea, due to its capacitive property, undergoes rapid, exponential-like, charging and discharging with an average time constant of approx. 50 μs. The polarization current, however, was found to have no significant effect on determination of membrane resistance. In addition to the kinetic study, the capacitive property of the cornea was further investigated by phase difference and impedance measurements. The use of a range of frequencies of measuring current results in a model of the cornea as electrically equivalent to a parallel RC circuit. Unlike resistance, the capacitance of the cornea remains remarkably constant during in vitro perfusion. This finding is in agreement with electron microscopic studies of the tissue. The use of electrical methods to study membrane transport properties as well as to assess tissue viability and integrity is discussed.
TAIL EQUIVALENT LINEARIZATION METHOD FOR NONLINEAR RANDOM VIBRATION

Abstract A new, non-parametric linearization method for nonlinear random vibration analysis is developed. The method employs a discrete representation of the stochastic excitation and concepts from the first-order reliability method, FORM. For a specified response threshold of the nonlinear system, the equivalent linear system is defined by matching the “design points” of the linear and nonlinear responses in the space of the standard normal random variables obtained from the discretization of the excitation. Due to this definition, the tail probability of the linear system is equal to the first-order approximation of the tail probability of the nonlinear system, this property motivating the name Tail-Equivalent Linearization Method (TELM). It is shown that the equivalent linear system is uniquely determined in terms of its impulse response function in a non-parametric form from the knowledge of the design point. The paper examines the influences of various parameters on the tail-equivalent linear system, presents an algorithm for finding the needed sequence of design points, and describes methods for determining various statistics of the nonlinear response, such as the probability distribution, the mean level-crossing rate and the first-passage probability. Applications to single- and multi-degree-of-freedom, non-degrading hysteretic systems illustrate various features of the method, and comparisons with results obtained by Monte Carlo simulations and by the conventional equivalent linearization method (ELM) demonstrate the superior accuracy of TELM over ELM, particularly for high response thresholds.
Design and dosimetric characteristics of a new endocavitary contact radiotherapy system using an electronic brachytherapy source

Purpose: To present design aspects and acceptance tests performed for clinical implementation of electronic brachytherapy treatment of early stage rectal adenocarcinoma. A dosimetric comparison is made between the historically used Philips RT-50 unit and the newly developed Axxent{sup Registered-Sign} Model S700 electronic brachytherapy source manufactured by Xoft (iCad, Inc.). Methods: Two proctoscope cones were manufactured by ElectroSurgical Instruments (ESI). Two custom surface applicators were manufactured by Xoft and were designed to fit and interlock with the proctoscope cones from ESI. Dose rates, half value layers (HVL), and percentage depth dose (PDD) measurements were made with the Xoft system and compared to historical RT-50 data. A description of the patient treatment approach and exposure rates during the procedure is also provided. Results: The electronic brachytherapy system has a lower surface dose rate than the RT-50. The dose rate to water on the surface from the Xoft system is approximately 2.1 Gy/min while the RT-50 is 10-12 Gy/min. However, treatment times with Xoft are still reasonable. The HVLs and PDDs between the two systems were comparable resulting in similar doses to the target and to regions beyond the target. The exposure rate levels around a patient treatment were acceptable. The standard uncertaintymore » in the dose rate to water on the surface is approximately {+-}5.2%. Conclusions: The Philips RT-50 unit is an out-of-date radiotherapy machine that is no longer manufactured with limited replacement parts. The use of a custom-designed proctoscope and Xoft surface applicators allows delivery of a well-established treatment with the ease of a modern radiotherapy device. While the dose rate is lower with the use of Xoft, the treatment times are still reasonable. Additionally, personnel may stand farther away from the Xoft radiation source, thus potentially reducing radiation exposure to the operator and other personnel.« less
Psychosocial Modifiers of Response to Stress

The impact of stress upon an organism is far more complex than the simple design of most stress research implies. We offer an expanded model for studying the relation of stressors to pathological outcomes, which takes into account both the adaptive capacity of the organism before the stressor occurs and the defenses marshalled in response to the stressor. The model also distinguishes among the initial responses of alarm, sustained defensive behaviors, and the relatively irreversible endstates which remain after resistance has ended. Realizing that only a multidiscomplinary approach can begin to capture the wholeness of human experience, this research paradigm anticipates that stressors, adaptive capacities, defenses, alarm reactions, and pathologial end-states will take place at the biological, psychological, interpersonal and sociocultural levels simultaneously and successively. Data on life change stress and psychological health outcomes gathered as part of the Air Traffic Controller Health Change Study are analyzed to illustrate the use of the model in identifying psychosocial and biological modifiers of response to stress.
Hydrogen Raman shifts in carbon nanotubes from molecular dynamics simulation

Shifts in Raman peak position relative to the gas-phase vibrational frequency have been calculated for molecular hydrogen in individual single-shell carbon nanotubes and nanotube ropes using a semiclassical model. The calculations predict that isolated hydrogen molecules inside of nanotubes have a Raman frequency that increases with nanotube size for radii less than about 2 nm, while intercalated hydrogen frequencies are independent of nanotube size. The model indicates that shifts in Raman frequencies could be used experimentally to distinguish between hydrogen inside and intercalated between nanotubes.