cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Normative models in the study of cognition

Abstract The paper describes a normative-descriptive strategy for cognitive research. In a set of illustrative experiments based on models from physics, subjects were asked to judge the positions and weights necessary to maintain equilibrium in mechanical displays of varying complexity. Whenever possible subjects' judgments were accounted for through the appropriate normative models; otherwise descriptive models were generated from the normative models and from the results of the other experiments.
The nature of peer-review: confessions of a formerly-good reviewer and observations of an emerging scholar

I (Tonette) used to write thorough, thoughtful and helpful reviews in a timely fashion. The fact that I did good work resulted in demand for my services as a peer-reviewer. I complete 20 (or more) ...
La visión de Armando Palacio Valdés: Unas notas sobre sus escritos teóricos

(1992). La vision de Armando Palacio Valdes: Unas notas sobre sus escritos teoricos. Romance Quarterly: Vol. 39, Studies in Spanish Literature, 1750–1915, pp. 81-86.
Selective transport of ATP across a phospholipid bilayer by a molecular umbrella.

Acylation of each primary group of spermidine with cholic acid, followed by acylation of the secondary amino group using an activated form of Nα,Nδ,Nω-tri-CBZ-l-arginine, and subsequent hydrogenolysis, afforded a conjugate (i.e., 1) which readily transports adenosine 5-triphosphate, but not glutathione, across phospholipid bilayers made from 1-palmitoyl-2-oleyol-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine and 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylglycerol.
Ca-K bi-ionic action potential in squid giant axons.

Under intracellular perfusion with a solution containing K+ as the sole cation species, squid giant axons were found to be capable of developing all-or-none action potentials when immersed in a medium in which CaCl2 was the only electrolyte. The adequate range of ion concentration for demonstrating this capability was mentioned. The reversal potential level measured by the voltage-clamp technique varied directly with the logarithm of the concentration of extracellular Ca-ion; the proportionality constant was close toRT/2F. The action potential observed under this Ca−K bi-ionic condition could not be suppressed by addition of tetrodotoxin or saxitoxin to the external medium. The external Ca-ion could be replaced with Co- or Mn-ion without eliminating the capability of the axons to develop action potentials. D-600 could not suppress the inward current observed under the voltage-clamp condition, but 4-aminopyridine could suppress it. The experimental findings were interpreted based on the current channel hypothesis and on the macromolecular theory.
Efficient Jitter Analysis for Spacecraft

Typically in space missions, the science instruments require a specific degree of pointing accuracy as well as dynamical quietness. This dynamical quietness, which is needed to allow the instruments to make measurements (remote sensing applications) or perform other functions, is usually characterized in terms of jitter and stability specifications. In order to insure that the spacecraft meets the requirements of its instruments, several jitter analyses are performed throughout the design phase of the spacecraft and beyond as the models of the spacecraft, its components, and disturbances mature. Each such analysis involves the simulation of the spacecraft and instrument dynamical response to all known disturbance scenarios, followed by the computation of jitter values for each instrument based on the specified jitter time windows. The direct approach for computing jitter values by sweeping maxima and minima throughout the time history may be costly in the computational sense as the size and number of the time histories involved could be quite large. Keeping in mind that typical spacecraft simulation time histories may easily involve hundreds of thousands or millions of points, it is imperative that a jitter analysis algorithm be developed which is more efficient than the direct approach. This paper presents a vectorized algorithm for efficient computation of spacecraft jitter values. The algorithm identifies the extreme points in the time history, which are the points that may dominate the jitter values depending on the location of the jitter window along the time history. The span of influence of each extremum is then computed by the algorithm and used in an efficient and vectorized fashion to obtain the jitter values. The algorithm deals with the multiple jitter windows 2 sequentially, first computing jitter values for the smallest time window, then looping over the remaining time windows until all jitter values are computed. A numerical example is carried out to demonstrate the efficiency and feasibility of the proposed jitter analysis technique.
PSYCHOSOCIAL CONFUSION: Authors' response

this conclusion from our article. We have only stated that none of the instrumentation, none of the techniques used in the study and neither Biolase nor Profile NiTi instruments could alone remove bacteria. When it comes to mechanical instrumentation, this is not a new finding, and the manufacturers of rotary instruments have never claimed that their products can do this. Finally, we want to address another quote from Dr Kolzet’s letter: “The conclusion is not a valid one. Moreover, its inaccurate conclusion can serve to deter conscientious clinicians from delivering more comfortable and safe conventional and surgical endodontic therapy by discouraging its integrated use in patient care.” We all want to give our patients “more comfortable and safe conventional and surgical endodontic therapy.” The way to achieve this goal is to seriously evaluate new methods, and not to accept often-exaggerated claims of manufacturers. Divya Jha, DDS Clinical Instructor School of Dental and Oral Surgery Columbia University New York
On the topology of Wheeler universes

Abstract Marsden and Tipler have shown that under reasonable conditions a Wheeler universe can be foliated by compact spacelike hypersurfaces of constant mean curvature. By imposing a certain energy (or curvature) condition we obtain restrictions on the topology of these hypersurfaces.
INDIVIDUAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS ON SUPPLY CHAIN INVENTORY MANAGEMENT: AN EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF INFORMATION AVAILABILITY AND PROCEDURAL RATIONALITY

Some strategies for mitigating ordering inefficiencies in supply chains advise sharing information among decision-makers. However, there has been little consideration of how individual perceptions intervene in the use of available information in decision-making processes. This article reports the results of an experiment in which participants were instructed to minimize inventory holding and backlog costs for their supply chains as a whole. The analysis suggests that additional information affects supply chain inventory management costs only when rational decision-making processes are followed. Decreased costs are observed when rational decision-making is applied with backlog information. In contrast, increased costs are observed when consumer demand information is available.
Isolation and Characterization of a Sulfated Glyceroglucolipid from Alveolar Lavage of Rabbit

A major acidic glycolipid of the rabbit alveolar lavage has been isolated and characterized. The isolation procedure involved extraction of lipids, column fractionation on DEAE-Sephadex and silicic acid, and thin-layer chromatography. Chemical analysis of the glycolipid revealed the presence of glucose, fatty acids, glycerol mono-ethers and sulfate. By partial acid and alkaline methanolysis, oxidation with periodate and chromium trioxide, and methylation analysis of the native and desulfated compound, the structure of this glycolipid is proposed to be: SO3H-6Glcα1→6Glcαt1→6Glcα1→6Glcα1→3-1,(3)-O-alkyl-2-O-acylglycerol.
Formation of the yeast mitochondrial membrane. V differences in the assembly process of cytochrome oxidase and coenzyme QH2: Cytochrome c reductase during respiratory adaptation

Abstract The induction of enzymes of the mitochondrial respiratory chain and cytochrome formation were examined during aerobic adaptation of yeast cultures grown anaerobically. Coordinate increases in the activities of succinate dehydrogenase (EC 1.3.99.1), cytochrome c oxidase (EC 1.9.3.1) and succinate:, coenzyme QH2:, and antimycin-sensitive NADH: cytochrome c reductase were observed immediately upon aeration. The formation of cytochromes a—a3, b and c1, however, preceded the development of cytochrome oxidase and coenzyme QH2: cytochrome c reductase activities. Addition of cycloheximide to the culture prior to aeration prevented the induction of all enzymes, while addition of chloramphenicol blocked the formation of cytochrome oxidase but inhibited to different extents the induction of the three cytochrome c reductases. The possible accumulation of proteins synthesized by either cytoplasmic or mitochondrial ribosomes was investigated by determining the antibiotic-resistant enzyme induction when cycloheximide or chloramphenicol were added at various times during aeration. The results obtained suggest that a significant accumulation of proteins synthesized in the mitochondria occurs for both cytochrome oxidase and the cytochrome b · c1 complex. By contrast, almost no accumulation of proteins synthesized in the cytoplasm for either enzyme complex occurred during the first 30 min of aeration. After this time, the pattern of accumulation of cytoplasmically made proteins differed for the two enzyme complexes. The accumulation of precursor proteins was also investigated by the sequential addition of cycloheximide and chloramphenicol (or the reverse order) to cultures during respiratory adaptation. Increases in both cytochrome oxidase and coenzyme QH2: cytochrome c reductase were observed whe yeast were aerated in cycloheximide for 70 min and then in chloramphenicol suggesting that a pool of proteins synthesized in the mitochondria had accumulated for both enzyme complexes. When yeast were aerated in chloramphenicol for 70 min followed by cycloheximide, an increase in cytochrome oxidase activity was observed but not in coenzyme QH2: cytochrome c reductase. These results suggest that a pool of cytoplasmically made proteins had accumulated in a usable form for cytochrome oxidase but not for the cytochrome b · c1 complex when mitochondrial protein synthesis was blocked by chloramphenicol. Furthermore, concomitant mitochondrial protein synthesis is apparently necessary for the synthesis and/or integration of proteins in the cytoplasm for this enzyme complex.
Effect of beam voltage on the properties of aluminium nitride prepared by ion beam assisted deposition

The effects of nitrogen-beam voltage on the structure, stress, energy band gap and hardness of AIN thin films deposited on Si (111), Si (100) and sapphire (0001) by ion beam assisted deposition (IBAD) are reported. As the nitrogen-beam voltage was increased from 50 to 200 V, the stress and disorder in the AIN films increased as determined by X-ray diffraction, FTIR and Raman spectroscopy. The preferred orientation of the film's c-axis changed from completely normal to the film at 100 V, to a mixture of normal and in the plane of the film at 200 V. For AIN films deposited under the same conditions, the films were more highly oriented on sapphire (0001) than in Si (111). The hardness of the films increased from 18.2 to 23.7 GPa with the nitrogen-beam voltage, and possible reasons for this change in hardness are considered.
Microbial hydroxylations II. Oxidative cleavage of the 17β-acetyl side-chain of progesterone by Aspergillus ochraceus☆

Fermentation of 17α-ethinyl-19-nortestosterone and its related homolog dl-17α-ethinyl-13β-ethyl-17 β-hydroxygon-4-en-3-one with Aspergillus ochraceus NRRL 405 did not produce an hydroxylated product, even when progesterone was used as hydroxylase inducer. Progesterone metabolites 11α-hydroxypregn-4-ene-3,20-dione and 6β, 11α-dihydroxypregn-4-ene-3,20-dione were isolated as was 11α,17β-dihydroxy-androst-4-en-3-one, the latter constituting the first instance of side-chain degradation of a C21-steroid with concomitant 11α-hydroxylation by A. ochraceus. 11α-Hydroxy-pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione and 11α,17β-diacetoxyandrost-4-en-3-one also gave 11α,17β-dihydroxyandrost-4-en-3-one with A. ochraceus. 20-Hydroxypregnane substrates were not degraded by A. ochraceus. Evidence is presented for a Baeyer-Villiger-type oxidative cleavage mechanism via a 17β-acetate intermediate for the observed degradations.
Features of the thermodynamics of two-phase distribution reactions of americium(III) and europium(III) nitrates into solutions of 2,6-bis[(bis(2-ethylhexyl)phosphino)methyl]pyridine N,P,P'-trioxide.

New bifunctional and trifunctional organophosphorus ligands, 2-[(bis(2-ethylhexyl)phosphino)methyl]pyridine N,P-dioxide, DEH(MNOPO), and 2,6-bis[(bis(2-ethylhexyl)phosphino)methyl]pyridine N,P,P‘-trioxide, TEH(NOPOPO), have been synthesized. In contrast with previously reported phenyl derivatives, the increased solubility of these ligands in normal paraffinic hydrocarbon solvents make them attractive reagents for actinide partitioning. While the bifunctional reagent DEH(MNOPO) interacts with Eu3+ and Am3+ comparatively weakly, the trifunctional TEH(NOPOPO) exhibits moderate to high ability to transfer the trisnitrato complexes of these ions into n-dodecane from acidic aqueous solutions. We report here the details of TEH(NOPOPO) and DEH(MNOPO) preparation and of their ability to extract HNO3, Am(NO3)3, and Eu(NO3)3 into paraffinic hydrocarbons. The trifunctional TEH(NOPOPO) can extract up to two molecules of HNO3. The dominant extracted species for both Am(NO3)3 and Eu(NO3)3 has two TEH(NOPOPO) ligands ass...
Biology and Control of the Little House Fly, Fannia canicularis, in Massachusetts

The little house fly ( Fannia canicularis (L.)) has become a serious annoyance problem on many Massaehusetts poultry farms. In the laboratory, the larvae were reared in a modified Chemical Specialties Manufacturers Association (C.S.M.A.) medium. At an air temperature of 80°, the approximate developmental periods for the immature stages were as follows: egg 1½ to 2 days, larva 8 to 10 days and pupa 9 to 10 days. The total developmental period from egg to adult was 18½ to 22 days and from egg to egg, 22 to 27 days. The sex ratio of emerging adults was approximately 0.5. At 80°. and 65% relative humidity, 50% of the male population died within 14 days after emergence, with some living up to 28days, while 50% of the female population died within 24 days with a few living for 54 days. Chicken manure was a preferred oviposition medium. Adults were unable to fly against winds that exceeded 16 m.p.h In the field, more than one-half of the poultry farms inspected employed the pit system of droppings management and these farms had heavier fly populations than farms which effectively employed the open floor system. Observations on the distribution of overwintering larvae in the dropping pits are presented. All stages except the egg were found during the winter months. Adults became active in early March and were Present in large numbers throughout the summer until mid-October. Adults were also present in homes near poultry farms except during the month of February. A preference of adults for cooler areas under 84. was apparent. Field recognition characters of the adult and larvae are discussed. The use of parathion-Diazinon® ( O,O-diethyl O- (2-isopropyl-4-methyl-6-pyrimidinyl) phosphorothioate) treated cords gave excellent seasonal control of the little house fly but supplemental treatments with baits were necessary against Musca domestica L.
Lithium Chloride as a Preferred Extractant of Fish Muscle Proteins

Lithium chloride yielded better extraction of fish muscle protein than sodium or potassium chloride under most conditions. In addition, constancy of extracted protein was better with lithium compared to potassium or sodium chlorides with respect to blending time, salt concentration, pH, temperature and foaming. With stored red hake muscle, LiCl was superior to NaCl with better extractability of protein and more linear reduction of extractability with storage time. Evidence indicated the superior performance of lithium compared to sodium was due to stabilization by lithium chloride of fish proteins towards denaturation.
Toxicology of nitrogen trifluoride.

Abstract One hour of exposure to 1% nitrogen trifluoride (NF3) in air was usually lethal to rats, probably as a result of methemoglobin (MHb) formation and consequent failure of oxygen transport. After ip administration of NF3 the LD50 was about 8.2 ml (0.37 mmole)/kg, and death did not occur until at least 1 hr after MHb began to decrease. NF3 apparently did not influence the rate at which high concentrations of MHb were reduced, but residual concentrations of MHb or a derivative spectrally similar to MHb persisted at concentrations of as much as 5% for several days. Total hemoglobin (Hb) was increased for at least 7 days following NF3 inhalation. Following NF3 intoxication, significant amounts of fluorine were firmly and persistently associated with an ammonium sulfate precipitate of erythrocyte proteins, including Hb and MHb. Spectral examination indicated that this complex is not fluoromethemoglobin.
A Model for Correlating Flow Boiling Heat Transfer in Augmented Tubes and Compact Evaporators

The additive model for the convective and nucleate boiling components originally suggested by Bergles and Rohsenow (1964) for subcooled and low-quality regions was employed in the Kandlikar correlation (1990a) for flow boiling in smooth tubes. It is now extended to augmented tubes and compact evaporators. Two separate factors are introduced in the convective boiling and the nucleate boiling terms to account for the augmentation effects due to the respective mechanisms. The fin efficiency effects in the compact evaporator geometry are included through a reduction in the nucleate boiling component over the fins due to a lower fin surface temperature. The agreement between the model predictions and the data reported in the literature is within the uncertainty bounds of the experimental measurements.
Regionalization in Water Resource Projects

ABSTRACT Regionalization is the integration or coordination of the physical, economic. social, informational, orpersonnel structure of water resource projects to better achieve national, regional, and local societal objectives and constraints. Seven degrees of regionalizationare identified in general terms and illustrated with actual project examples. Among the common advantages of regionalization are: cost reduction through economies of scale; internalization of external diseconomies; higherproduct quality; greater public participation; consideration of more alternatives and project impacts; greater certainty in development plans; easier financing; and increased political power. If not adequately planned, however, regional projects may involve: greater external diseconomies; greater overall consequences of system failure; a prolonged planning process; political opposition; and cost sharing impediments. Where implemented, regional projects have shown advantages to far outweigh disadvantages. Societal tren...
6.4.2 Applying Technical Readiness Levels to Software: New Thoughts and Examples

The concept of Technical Readiness Levels has been applied to software. However, the criteria for levels are more related to design maturity of a specific product than to software technologies. This paper reviews the current work and addresses areas that are more technology related including examples.
Barrett's metaplasia and adenocarcinoma of the esophagus in scleroderma

Gastroesophageal reflux is well documented in scleroderma, but the complications of Barrett's metaplasia and adenocarcinoma are not well described. The records of 75 patients with scleroderma seen over a four-year period at the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania were retrospectively reviewed to determine the prevalence of Barrett's metaplasia and adenocarcinoma of the esophagus and to identify clinical, manometric, laboratory, or radiographic criteria that might predict the presence of these lesions. Twenty-four of these patients underwent endoscopy. In this group, the prevalence of Barrett's metaplasia was 37 percent (nine patients) and adenocarcinoma was also present in two of these patients. The patients with and without Barrett's metaplasia were similar in age (range, 22 to 64 compared with 28 to 79, respectively), sex (six of nine compared with 12 of 15 female, respectively), frequency of esophageal motility disorders, presence of proximal skin involvement, digital ulceration, and pulmonary involvement as measured by diffusion capacity. Barrett's metaplasia was diagnosed on the basis of double-contrast esophagographic results in only one of eight patients with Barrett's metaplasia so-studied. Patients with Barrett's metaplasia tended to have longer duration of heartburn (90 +/- 40 months compared with 11 +/- 35 months) and dysphagia (39 +/- 22 months compared with 7 +/- 3 months). Patients with Barrett's metaplasia also tended to have greater impairment of lower esophageal sphincter pressure either at end-expiration (4.0 +/- 2.1 compared with 6.1 +/- 1.8 mm Hg) or mid-respiration (13.0 +/- 3.0 compared with 16.9 +/- 2.5 mm Hg). Using chi-square analysis, however, none of these differences reached statistical significance. Discrimination did occur on the basis of the presence of the CREST (calcinosis, Raynaud's phenomenon, esophageal manifestations of scleroderma, sclerodactyly, and telangiectasis) variant (55 percent compared with 7 percent, p less than 0.01), a duration of dysphagia of more than five months (p less than 0.03), and mid-respiratory lower esophageal sphincter pressure of less than 10 mm Hg (p less than 0.05). It is suggested that: Barrett's metaplasia of the esophagus occurs in one third of patients with scleroderma; clinical, manometric, laboratory, and radiographic features are poor predictors of the presence of Barrett's metaplasia; patients with CREST syndrome, prolonged dysphagia, or a very low lower esophageal sphincter pressure may have an increased risk for the development of metaplasia; patients with scleroderma and Barrett's metaplasia have an increased risk of complications such as stricture or adenocarcinoma.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Solving the redundancy allocation problem using a combined neural network/genetic algorithm approach

Abstract This paper optimizes a well known NP-hard combinatorial problem—redundancy allocation—using a combined neural network and genetic algorithm (GA) approach. The GA searches for the minimum cost solution by selecting the appropriate components for a series-parallel system, given a minimum system reliability constraint. A neural network is used to estimate the system reliability value during search. This approach is an example of a computationally efficient method to apply GA optimization to problems for which repeated calculation of the objective function is impractical.
'Dirty' displacive ferroelectrics

Abstract Using the powder Raman technique we have measured most of the lattice vibrational modes in the Pb 1− x La x Ti 1− x /4 O 3 perovskite solid solution series. From the data for these disordered systems the clamped dielectric constant at zero frequency, ϵ m , was determined and compared with the clamped dielectric constant, ϵ cap , measured by standard capitance techniques. We find that ϵ cap /ϵ m exceeds one, and increases as the transition temperature is approached from below. Strikingly, we also find similar behavior for the ‘classical’ ferroelectrics BaTiO 3 , LiNbO 3 and LiTaO 3 , as well as for ferroelectrics with the tungsten bronze crystal structure.
Effects of cross-modal transfer on direct and reversal learning in the rat

In the first experiment, using within- and between-sensory modality CSs, direct and reversal transfer of active avoidance learning was studied in 48 male and 48 female albino rats. Training in each of two sessions employed either a high- or low-intensity light or noise CS. The analyses of both raw score data and proportional or savings score data indicated significant cross-modal transfer in direct as well as reversal learning conditions. Although females learned faster than males, there were no sex differences in amount of transfer. A second experiment, which examined the potential of compound conditioning within the cross-modal learning procedures, replicated the cross-modal results of the first experiment without finding evidence for compound conditioning. These results are interpreted in terms of specific and nonspecific transfer effects during avoidance learning.
The sport‐stress connection

The paradoxical nature of sport and the multidimensional nature of stress render complex the relationship between sport and stress. Stressors may be associated with physiological, psychological, or social dimensions. However, an examination of the research suggests that psychological dimensions of stress may be the most significant operating in the sport environment. Sport is viewed as "the totality of those institutionalized games whose outcomes are dependent upon physical prowess. Associated with such activities are certain cultural values, such as 'norms' and 'sanctions,' which reflect the values and ideologies peculiar to sport" (Kenyon, 1972, p. 34). The purpose of this paper is to provide a conceptual framework of the relationship between organized sport and psychological stress. A conceptual framework of this nature is warranted because of (1) the pervasiveness of organized sport, (2) the fact that stress is a universal human phenomenon, and (3) the importance of understanding the relationship between sport and stress in order to initiate appropriate stress management techniques. The sport-stress connection will be examined by considering sport as a situational stressor, and sport and psychological stress.
Histology and angiography in a bifurcation aneurysm model

Laser-sealed arteriotomy has recently been shown to produce a reliable saccular aneurysm model. By applying this method to the rat abdominal aorta and performing serial angiography, the behavior of this aneurysm model at an arterial bifurcation has been studied for the first time. Three days after laser-sealed arteriotomy, no aneurysms were found, but in animals studied 7, 14, 21, and 28 days after laser-sealed arteriotomy, a 100% (17/17) aneurysm formation rate was achieved. Serial angiography did not demonstrate significant changes in size when performed at 2-week intervals, but angiography significantly underestimated true aneurysm size (p less than 0.001) as a function of increasing aneurysm diameter (p less than 0.001). By light-microscopic analysis, these aneurysms were similar to human cerebral saccular aneurysms. This saccular aneurysm model could be used to study various surgical and interventional radiology techniques in experimental animals.
Nicotine usage is associated with elevated processing speed, spatial working memory, and visual learning performance in youth at ultrahigh-risk for psychosis

Research has stressed a link between nicotine and cognition in schizophrenia but this has not been examined in youth at ultrahigh-risk (UHR) for psychosis. A total of 35 UHR and 32 control participants were assessed for naturalistic nicotine-use and administered a cognitive battery. Smoking was reported more frequently in the UHR group (46%) than controls (22%). Frequent smoking was associated with elevated cognitive performance in the UHR group, highlighting a need for experimental investigations.
Developing local multidimensional screening procedures for identifying giftedness among Mexican American border population

After over two decades of discussions regarding the identification of giftedness among non‐traditional populations in the United States, the issues remain the same. Many students continue to be under represented in programs for the gifted because of traditional assessment instruments used to identify gifted students. Moreover, the sociocultural influences on giftedness still have not been integrated into the identifying process. This article presents the efforts of a project responding to the need for culturally relevant alternatives to present assessment practices in the identification of giftedness among the rural Mexican American population in the southwest United States.
Experimental Study of Vitiation Effects on Scramjet Mode Transition

M ANY ground test facilities for studying dual-mode scramjet (DMSJ) propulsion rely on stagnation enthalpy simulationvia combustion of hydrogen or hydrocarbon fuel. This heating process results in levels of vitiates in the test flow, such as water and carbon dioxide, that are not present in atmospheric air. The effects of these vitiates on DMSJ performance and operability must therefore be understood if accurate extrapolations to flight can be made. The Supersonic Combustion Facility [1] provides a unique opportunity to study such effects since the facility is electrically heated and supplies a test gas that is free of combustion generated vitiates. However, water vapor, in the form of steam, and carbon dioxide can be added to the flow to examine the effects these vitiates have on a DMSJ. Previous work to study vitiation effects has been performed using up to 7% H2O and 2.5% CO2, both by mole [1]. However, these results were only obtained over a limited range of fuel equivalence ratios and the study did not fully investigate mode-transition with a precombustion shock train due to the lack of a flowpath isolator. The present study was conducted with vitiate levels closer to those encountered in combustion heated facilities and with an isolator installed. Reference [2] provides details of the new configuration. Basically it consists of the DMSJ of [1], a rectangular, direct connect combustor with a single ramp fuel injector, and a new constant area, rectangular isolator that is ten duct heights long. This Note reports on experimental pressure measurements in the scramjet combustor at twovitiated conditions and compares the resultswith that of clean air. Water and carbon dioxide levels are examined such that the effects of water vapor vitiation can be isolated for conditions that are representative of a methane combustion heated facility operating at Mach 5 simulation. Trends in the data are examined, particularly with respect to the effect vitiates have on the mode-transition characteristics of the DMSJ.
Rudimentary left coronary artery.

Abstract A rather unique cardiac anomaly, a rudimentary left coronary artery, has been described, with electrocardiographic and pathologic correlation. The presence of left bundle branch block was an important clinical sign. The cardiac anomaly was the presumptive cause of death.
Reduction of Half-Scan Shading Artifact Based on Full-Scan Correction1

Rationale and Objectives Temporal studies (such as blood perfusion) commonly are used to measure function. Radiation dosage is a primary limiting factor for these scans. Half-scan reconstruction can decrease dosage and improve temporal resolution, but is not viable for quantitative studies because of shading artifact. We propose a method for identifying the artifact and minimizing its effect. Materials and Methods It is possible to measure the shading artifact by producing both a full-scan and a half-scan reconstruction from the same projection data. A correlation was shown between the subset of data used for reconstruction and per-pixel variation. Furthermore, this variation can be parameterized by only the center angle of the projection data. By performing a single full-scan acquisition, it is possible to generate many half-scan reconstructions and measure the artifact; then future half-scan acquisitions can be corrected. Results The artifact is caused by the inhomogeneity in the object being scanned. Before correction, the root mean square error between the half-scan reconstruction and the full-scan is 41.0. After correction, the error is decreased to 10.7, or 26% of the original value. Conclusion We present a method that can measure and correct for object-dependent half-scan shading artifact. This can enable half-scan reconstruction for use in quantitative temporal studies.
Application-Specific, Agile and Private (ASAP) Platforms for Federated Computing Services over WDM Networks

Under the emerging paradigm of federated computing services (FCS), one can create multiple virtual infrastructures (VI), one for each distributed computing application or service offering. Each VI may consist of a number of geographically distributed computing clusters that are connected with a set of dedicated circuits. In general, a VI submitted by a user to the FCS provider is unmapped at the time of the submission in that the user does not specify which computing clusters to use. The primary challenge to the FCS provider in supporting these novel applications is to establish a VI optimally over the substrate network such as a WDM network connecting many computing clusters. In this paper, we study the optimization problems of jointly allocating computing and wavelength resources for establishing Vis. First, we devise a branch and bound algorithm based on the decomposition and Lagrangian relaxation techniques to obtain the exact optimal solution with the objective being the minimization of the resource leasing cost of a VI. Second, we propose efficient heuristics to deal with a large number of online requests for Vis and compare their performance with the optimal solution.
Detection of Fetal Aneuploidy Using Cell-Free DNA: A Literature Review

Cell-free fetal DNA (cffDNA) is a highly accurate screening test for major aneuploidies. Despite high detection rates and low false-positive rates compared to current screening methods, cffDNA test...
Effects of residue management and controlled traffic on carbon dioxide and water loss

Management of crop residues and soil organic matter is of primary importance in maintaining soil fertility and productivity and in minimizing agricultural impact on the environment. Our objective was to determine the effects of traffic and tillage on short-term carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O) fluxes from a representative soil in the southeastern Coastal Plain (USA). The study was conducted on a Norfolk loamy sand (FAO classification, Luxic Ferralsols; USDA classification, fine-loamy siliceous, thermic Typic Kandiudults) cropped to a corn (Zea mays L.) — soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr) rotation with a crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.) winter cover crop for eight years. Experimental variables were with and without traffic under conventional tillage (CT) (disk harrow twice, chisel plow, field cultivator) and no tillage (NT) arranged in a splitplot design with four replicates. A wide-frame tractive vehicle enabled tillage without wheel traffic. Short-term CO2 and H2O fluxes were measured with a large portable chamber. Gas exchange measurements were made on both CT and NT at various times associated with tillage and irrigation events. Tillage-induced CO2 and H2O fluxes were larger than corresponding fluxes from untilled soil. Irrigation caused the CO2 fluxes to increase rapidly from both tillage systems, suggesting that soil gas fluxes were initially limited by lack of water. Tillage-induced CO2 and H2O fluxes were consistently higher than under NT. Cumulative CO2 flux from CT at the end of 80 h was nearly three times larger than from NT while the corresponding H2O loss was 1.6 times larger. Traffic had no significant effects on the magnitude of CO2 fluxes, possibly reflecting this soil’s natural tendency to reconsolidate. The immediate impact of intensive surface tillage of sandy soils on gaseous carbon loss was larger than traffic effects and suggests a need to develop new management practices for enhanced soil carbon and water management for these sensitive soils. # 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Development of the first-mention bias

In many contexts, pronouns are interpreted as referring to the character mentioned first in the previous sentence, an effect called the ‘first-mention bias’. While adults can rapidly use the first-mention bias to guide pronoun interpretation, it is unclear when this bias emerges during development. Curiously, experiments with children between two and three years old show successful use of order of mention, while experiments with older children (four to five years old) do not. While this could suggest U-shaped development, it could also reflect differences in the methodologies employed. We show that children can indeed use first-mention information, but do so too slowly to have been detected in previous work reporting null results. Comparison across the present and previously published studies suggests that the speed at which children deploy first-mention information increases greatly during the preschool years.
Tests and Measurements Department

The work of the subcommittee of the Research Council which is devoted to the topic announced above is hardly well started and a considerable period of investigation and experimentation will have elapsed before it can announce any formal findings. In the meantime it is glad to share with readers of the Journal portions of the material which is passing under review. Anything, therefore, which is presented before a formal PETER M report from the subcommittee, which must be passed upon by the entire Research Council before it can be authorized, must be considered as informal only. Tests for Children Several sets of music tests are now in the market, and these in succeeding issues will be brought to the attention of Journal readers. In this issue we summarize those by Torgerson-Fahnestock (obtainable from the authors at West Allis, Wis.) Their introductory remarks and general directions are as follows:
Attentional and eye tracking deficits correlate with negative symptoms in schizophrenia

Abstract Thirty patients with a DSM-III-R diagnosis of schizophrenia were assessed for severity of schizophrenic symptoms using the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) and were tested on a Continuous Performance Test (CPT) and a smooth pursuit eye tracking task. Negative symptoms were significantly correlated with eye tracking impairment ( r =0.43, p r =0.67, p r =0.39, p
Effects of combined prostaglandin and alendronate treatment on the histomorphometry and biomechanical properties of bone in ovariectomized rats

Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) has been shown to stimulate both bone resorption and formation in experimental animals, leading to augmentation of trabecular and cortical bone. The amino bisphosphonate alendronate (ALN) is a potent inhibitor of bone resorption. The objectives of this study were to examine if PGE2 stimulation of bone formation was dependent on bone resorption and if the bone accrued as a result of PGE2 treatment contributed to bone strength. The 48 female Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned to six groups as follows: five groups (8/group) were ovariectomized at the age of 6 months. One group was sacrificed 2 months later to establish baseline conditions, and four groups were treated for 25 days with (1) vehicle, (2) PGE2 at 3 mg/kg/day, (3) ALN sc at 0.8 μg/kg/day, and (4) PGE2 + ALN at the respective doses. The sixth group served as nonovariectomized untreated controls. Histomorphometric analysis of 6–10 μm thick tibial sections after in vivo fluorochrome double labeling showed that treatment with PGE2 alone increased endo-cortical mineral apposition rate and bone formation rate, stimulated production of bone trabeculae in the marrow cavity, and increased cortical porosity. Combined ALN + PGE2 treatment prevented the resorption induced by PGE2 but not the stimulation of bone formation on endocortical and periosteal surfaces and resulted in a significant increase in cortical thickness. Consistent with these observations, the femoral midshaft tested to failure in three-point bending showed a significant increase in strength in the PGE2 + ALN group (181 ± 15 N) compared to time 0 controls (145 ± 23 N) or to the ovariectomized vehicle-treated group (141 ± 28 N). Similarly, there was a statistically significant increase in femoral midshaft stiffness. There was also a statistically significant increase in the ash content of bones from animals treated with PGE2 + ALN relative to vehicle-treated animals. No statistically significant differences among groups were observed in femoral neck or vertebral strength or stiffness. These findings show that PGE2 stimulation of bone formation is not blocked by inhibition of bone resorption and that combined treatment with PGE2 and the bone resorption inhibitor ALN increased the mechanical strength of ovariectomized rat femoral shaft compared to nonovariectomized animals.
Intracerebral inoculation of pathological α-synuclein initiates a rapidly progressive neurodegenerative α-synucleinopathy in mice.

The accumulation of misfolded proteins is a fundamental pathogenic process in neurodegenerative diseases. However, the factors that trigger aggregation of α-Synuclein (α-Syn), the principal component of the intraneuronal inclusions known as Lewy bodies (LBs), and Lewy neurites (LNs), which characterize Parkinson’s disease (PD) and dementia with LBs (DLB), are poorly understood. We show here that in young asymptomatic α-Syn transgenic (Tg) mice, intracerebral injections of brain homogenates derived from older Tg mice exhibiting α-Syn pathology accelerate both the formation of intracellular LB/LN-like inclusions and the onset of neurological symptoms in recipient animals. Pathological α-Syn propagated along major central nervous system (CNS) pathways to regions far beyond injection sites and reduced survival with a highly reproducible interval from injection to death in inoculated animals. Importantly, inoculation with α-Syn amyloid fibrils assembled from recombinant human α-Syn induced identical consequences. Furthermore, we show for the first time that synthetic α-Syn fibrils are wholly sufficient to initiate PD-like LBs/LNs and to transmit disease in vivo. Thus, our data point to a prion-like cascade in synucleinopathies whereby cell–cell transmission and propagation of misfolded α-Syn underlie the CNS spread of LBs/LNs. These findings open up new avenues for understanding the progression of PD and for developing novel therapeutics.
Optical properties of vanadium pentoxide

The three principal complex refractive indices of vanadium pentoxide were measured by ellipsometry at seven wavelengths spanning the visible spectrum. Two iterative methods for solving the six-parameter Drude reflection equations are presented. One of these, which converges rapidly, requires measurements from two faces of the crystal. The second converges much more slowly, but has the advantage that measurements may be taken from only a single crystal face.
Parasitics extraction, wideband modeling and sensitivity analysis of through-strata-via (TSV) in 3D integration/packaging

This paper reports on a number of extraction techniques to investigate the TSV parasitics in 3D integration/packaging, including 3D fullwave electromagnetic (EM) simulator, 3D quasi-static EM simulator, static SPICE simulator, and empirical calculations. All the TSV RLGC values extracted from the fullwave simulation are in good agreement among different approaches over the entire frequency range of interest. Empirical calculations indicate close results to fullwave extractions, while the quasi-static simulation underestimates TSV parasitics. A wideband SPICE model is generated from TSV EM solution with good agreement for both magnitudes and phases of return loss and insertion loss. Further sensitivity analysis results indicate the isolation layer thickness weighs most in the signal gain at 20 GHz. This work provides some insight to TSV electrical characteristics and helps TSV physical design to maximize the benefits of 3D systems.
Optical dielectric rod antenna for on-chip communications

Recent advances in micro-fabrication technologies have enabled an exponential increase in the density of on-chip components. Many-core chips are expected to be the main stream of future central processing units (CPUs). Dual- and quad-core CPUs are already available; however, if additional cores are integrated on a single chip, the low power efficiency and high signal latency appear as serious issues. Traditional core-to-core communication is enabled using copper wires. As more cores are integrated, the sizes of metallic interconnects shrink, while the network complexity increases. As a result, the power losses in the interconnection network are considerably higher. It is estimated that a 256-core CPU will have power loss in excess of 150W [1]. Due to this large network loss, the cores in a many-core system must also serve as signal repeaters before passing on signals. In this case, the signal latency is dramatically increased, since data packets may require many hops to find their destinations.
Effects of Physical and Chemical Heterogeneity on Water-Quality Samples Obtained from Wells

Factors that affect the mass of chemical constituents entering a well include the distributions of flow rate and chemical concentrations along and near the screened or open section of the well. Assuming a layered porous medium (with each layer being characterized by a uniform hydraulic conductivity and chemical concentration), a knowledge of the flow from each layer along the screened zone and of the chemical concentrations in each layer enables the total mass entering the well to be determined. Analyses of hypothetical systems and a site at Galloway, NJ, provide insight into the temporal variation of water-quality data observed when withdrawing water from screened wells in heterogeneous ground-water systems. The analyses of hypothetical systems quantitatively indicate the cause-and-effect relations that cause temporal variability in water samples obtained from wells. Chemical constituents that have relatively uniform concentrations with depth may not show variations in concentrations in the water discharged from a well after the well is purged (evacuation of standing water in the well casing). However, chemical constituents that do not have uniform concentrations near the screened interval of the well may show variations in concentrations in the well discharge water after purging because of the physics of ground-water flow in the vicinity of the screen. Water-quality samples were obtained through time over a 30 minute period from a site at Galloway, NJ. The water samples were analyzed for aromatic hydrocarbons, and the data for benzene, toluene, and meta+para xylene were evaluated for temporal variations. Samples were taken from seven discrete zones, and the flow-weighted concentrations of benzene, toluene, and meta+para xylene all indicate an increase in concentration over time during pumping. These observed trends in time were reproduced numerically based on the estimated concentration distribution in the aquifer and the flow rates from each zone. The results of the hypothetical numerical experiments and the analysis of the field data both corroborate the impact of physical and chemical heterogeneity in the aquifer on water-quality samples obtained from wells. If temporal variations in concentrations of chemical constituents are observed, they may indicate variability in the ground-water system being sampled, which may give insight into the chemical distributions within the aquifer and provide guidance in the positioning of new sampling devices or wells.
Response to NaCl taste in mixture with HCl by sodium deficient rats

Abstract Sodium deficient, adrenalectomized rats and nondeficient control rats were offered, for 20 min, a mixture of 0.1 M NaCl and 0.02 N HCl. The sodium deficient rats drank substantial amounts whereas control animals were essentially indifferent to the mixture. Further tests on the sodium deficient rats with a stronger NaCl concentration in the mixture did not alter the amount drunk, which was about 1 3 the amount ingested of singly presented 0.1 NaCl. These results suggest that the sodium deficient rat can recognize the similarity of the mixture to NaCl but that the other mixture component influences the behavioral outcome in a way other than simple intensity suppression.