cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Stare Decisis and Nonjudicial Actors

This essay is as an introduction to a symposium on stare decisis and nonjudicial actors. It frames the questions explored in the symposium by pausing to reflect upon the variety of ways in which nonjudicial actors have, over time, registered their disagreement with decisions of the United States Supreme Court. Both public officials and private citizens have battled the Court on any number of occasions since its inception, and historically, they have employed a diverse range of tactics in doing so. They have resisted Supreme Court judgments. They have denied the binding effect of Supreme Court opinions. They have sought to overrule the Court by statute or constitutional amendment. They have sought overruling in the Court itself. They have tried to discipline the Court through jurisdictional limitations or onerous procedural regulation. And they have pressured the Court by appealing to public opinion. Some of these means, like constitutional override of a disfavored opinion, are generally consistent with notion that Supreme Court precedent is the law of the land. Others, like interfering with the enforcement of a Supreme Court judgment, represent a head-on challenge to the Court's authority. This essay describes some notable examples of each of these kinds of protest, noting, along the way, the problems posed by each.
A structural change in the kinesin motor protein that drives motility

Kinesin motors power many motile processes by converting ATP energy into unidirectional motion along microtubules. The force-generating and enzymatic properties of conventional kinesin have been extensively studied; however, the structural basis of movement is unknown. Here we have detected and visualized a large conformational change of an approximately 15-amino-acid region (the neck linker) in kinesin using electron paramagnetic resonance, fluorescence resonance energy transfer, pre-steady state kinetics and cryo-electron microscopy. This region becomes immobilized and extended towards the microtubule 'plus' end when kinesin binds microtubules and ATP, and reverts to a more mobile conformation when gamma-phosphate is released after nucleotide hydrolysis. This conformational change explains both the direction of kinesin motion and processive movement by the kinesin dimer.
Correcting Motion Artifacts in Retinal Spectral Domain Optical Coherence Tomography via Image Registration

Spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) is an important tool for the diagnosis of various retinal diseases. The measurements available from SD-OCT volumes can be used to detect structural changes in glaucoma patients before the resulting vision loss becomes noticeable. Eye movement during the imaging process corrupts the data, making measurements unreliable. We propose a method to correct for transverse motion artifacts in SD-OCT volumes after scan acquisition by registering the volume to an instantaneous, and therefore artifact-free, reference image. Our procedure corrects for smooth deformations resulting from ocular tremor and drift as well as the abrupt discontinuities in vessels resulting from microsaccades. We test our performance on 48 scans of healthy eyes and 116 scans of glaucomatous eyes, improving scan quality in 96% of healthy and 73% of glaucomatous eyes.
Navigation Operations with Prototype Components of an Automated Real-Time Spacecraft Navigation System

At present, ground navigation support for interplanetary spacecraft requires human intervention for data pre-processing, filtering, and post-processing activities; these actions must be repeated each time a new batch of data is collected by the ground data system. ARTSN, the Automated Real-Time Spacecraft Navigation system, is a prototype of a software system for navigation systems that are in the planning stage. It has established new paradigms for deep space navigation operations by introducing new capabilities to the navigation analyst: (1) automated radio metric data validation and correction, (2) real-time monitoring of spacecraft and tracking station performance through radio metric Doppler and range data, (3) real-time orbit and target updates, and (4) “one step” access to trajectory, observable, filter, and mapping information.
Involvement of thioredoxin in sulfoxide reduction by mammalian tissues.

Sulindac, a sulfoxide with antiinflammatory activity, is reduced to the corresponding sulfide by rat hepatic cytosolic enzymes requiring NADPH for maximal activity. This reaction is inhibited by insulin, L-cystine, glutathione disulfide and 5,5′-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid), all of which are known to interact with the thioredoxin system comprised of NADPH, thioredoxin reductase and thioredoxin. Sodium arsenite, a known inhibitor of thioredoxin reductase, also inhibited sulindac reduction. Rat hepatic cytosolic fractions from which thioredoxin had been removed by chromatography on Sephadex G-50 showed minimal sulfoxide reductase activity; activity could be restored by addition of purified Escherichiacoli thioredoxin or dithiothreitol. These findings are the first demonstration of thioredoxin-dependent sulfoxide reduction by mammalian tissues.
Adults in Wilderness Treatment: A Unique Application of Attachment Theory and Research

Research shows how an understanding of adult attachment applies to clinical treatment, such as outpatient therapy, but no literature explores the application of adult attachment to wilderness therapy, a distinct type of residential treatment. This paper explores how an understanding of adult attachment applies to wilderness therapy clients, as the nature of wilderness therapy involves losses, separations, and reunions, all of which evoke attachment needs. Adult wilderness treatment exemplifies an effective method of treatment that provides a secure base and supports healthy attachment relationships.
Melatonin effects on bone: potential use for the prevention and treatment for osteopenia, osteoporosis, and periodontal disease and for use in bone-grafting procedures

An important role for melatonin in bone formation and restructuring has emerged, and studies demonstrate the multiple mechanisms for these beneficial actions. Statistical analysis shows that even with existing osteoporotic therapies, bone-related disease, and mortality are on the rise, creating a huge financial burden for societies worldwide. These findings suggest that novel alternatives need to be developed to either prevent or reverse bone loss to combat osteoporosis-related fractures. The focus of this review describes melatonin's role in bone physiology and discusses how disruption of melatonin rhythms by light exposure at night, shift work, and disease can adversely impact on bone. The signal transduction mechanisms underlying osteoblast and osteoclast differentiation and coupling with one another are discussed with a focus on how melatonin, through the regulation of RANKL and osteoprotegerin synthesis and release from osteoblasts, can induce osteoblastogenesis while inhibiting osteoclastogenesis. Also, melatonin's free-radical scavenging and antioxidant properties of this indoleamine are discussed as yet an additional mechanism by which melatonin can maintain one's bone health, especially oral health. The clinical use for melatonin in bone-grafting procedures, in reversing bone loss due to osteopenia and osteoporosis, and in managing periodontal disease is discussed.
Roles of magnetic gradient field and transverse relaxation in distant dipolar field signal

Distant dipolar field (DDF) effect as an alternative signal formation mechanism has attracted a lot of attention in the magnetic resonance community in the past two decades. The signal formed under the influence of DDF is usually much smaller than the signal acquired with the conventional method, and is observable only when magnetic field gradients are utilized to modulate the magnetization distribution spatially. This article reviews the formation of the DDF signals and explains in detail the roles of the gradient fields in observing the DDF effect by examining the evolution of magnetization according to the classical Bloch equation. The magnetization evolution is calculated analytically in two common pulse sequences: i) the COrrelation SpectroscopY (COSY) sequence and ii) the COSY Revamped by Asymmetric Z-gradient Echo Detection (CRAZED) sequence. The detailed comparison of the two sequences elucidates how the implementation of the gradient fields introduces extra dephasing to the signal and why gradient fields are indispensable in observing the DDF effect in biological samples. In addition, the DDF signal is analytically shown to have an intrinsically higher sensitivity to the change of transverse relaxation (T2) than the signal acquired with the conventional method for biological tissues. This manifests that the DDF signal has a higher T2 contrast than the conventional signal under the same signal-to-noise ratio and provides a potential new contrast mechanism in magnetic resonance imaging. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Concepts Magn Reson Part A 34A: 76–90, 2009.
Unusual topside ionospheric density response to the November 2003 superstorm

[1] We use observations from a variety of different ground- and space-based instruments, including ionosonde, ground- and space-based Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers, magnetometers, and solar wind data from the Advanced Composition Explorer (ACE), to examine the response of the ionospheric F2-layer height during the November 2003 superstorm. We found that the topside ionosphere responded unusually to the 20 November 2003 severe storm compared to behavior observed in a number of previous storms. While ground-based GPS receivers observed a large enhancement in dayside TEC, the low-Earth orbiting (∼400 km) CHAMP satellite did not show any sign of dayside TEC enhancement. The real-time vertical density profiles, constructed from ground-based GPS TEC using a tomographic reconstruction technique, clearly revealed that the ionospheric F2-layer peak height had been depressed down to lower altitudes. Ionospheric F-layer peak height (hmF2) from the nearby ionosonde stations over Europe also showed that the dayside F2-layer peak height was below 350 km, which is below the orbiting height of CHAMP. The vertical E × B drift (estimated from ground-based magnetometer equatorial electrojet delta H) showed strong dayside downward drifts, which may be due to the ionospheric disturbance dynamo electric field produced by the large amount of energy dissipation into high-latitude regions. This storm demonstrates that data from LEO satellites varies widely among different superstorms.
Long-domain simulation of flow in open-cell mesoporous metal foam and direct comparison to experiment

Abstract Open-cell metal foam is a class of modern mesoporous media that possesses high thermal conductivity, large accessible surface area per unit volume and high porosities (often greater than 90%). When a fluid passes through the foam, the internal structure of the foam, which is web-like, produces a complex flow field including flow reversal and vigorous mixing. All of these attributes make metal foam a very attractive core for many engineering applications, e.g. heat exchangers, filtration devices and reactors. The rather complex and intrinsically random architecture of the foam is extremely difficult to capture exactly. In this paper, we use a unit cell geometrical model to numerically investigate the flow field and pressure drop inside commercial open-cell aluminum foam. The Navier–Stokes equations are solved directly, and velocity and pressure fields are obtained for various approach velocities using a commercial numerical package. The details of the modeling process are given in this paper. The pressure drop results are compared to the Forchheimer equation, from which the permeability and form drag coefficient are calculated. Comparisons to experimental data were also carried out. The commercial foam that was used in the experiment had 10 pores per inch and porosity of 90% approximately. Air was forced to flow inside the foam using an open-loop wind tunnel. Good agreement between the modeling and experimental results are obtained for low velocities, with the agreement becoming poorer for larger velocities. The results for the low-velocity range are encouraging and lend confidence to the modeling approach, which paves the way for investigating other phenomena inside the foam, using the same unit cell, e.g. heat transfer. The limitations of the models are outlined and discussed.
Intensity-modulated Radiation Therapy for Anal Cancer: Results From a Multi-Institutional Retrospective Cohort Study.

To assess toxicity and efficacy of intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) for anal cancer.Records of 152 patients were reviewed retrospectively from multiple institutions. Data on disease control and toxicity were collected as well as patient and treatment characteristics. Acute (<6 mo) and late (≥6 mo) severe toxicity (grade ≥3) were graded. Four patients were excluded due to the presence of metastatic disease or stage TX. Late toxicity data were available for 120 patients.Median cumulative IMRT dose was 51.25 Gy (median, 28 fractions). All but 2 patients received chemotherapy. With median follow-up of 26.8 months, local control at 3 years was 87%, worse for patients with T3-T4 than T1-T2 disease on univariate analysis (79% vs. 90%; P=0.04). Regional control, distant control, and overall survival were 97%, 91%, and 87%, respectively, at 3 years. Nodal status was associated with regional control, distant control, and overall survival (P<0.01 for each). Most common severe acute toxicity was hematologic (41%), skin (20%), and gastrointestinal tract (11%). Two grade 5 toxicities occurred (hematologic and gastrointestinal tract). Severe late toxicity affected skin (1%) and gastrointestinal tract (3%).IMRT with chemotherapy resulted in excellent local control. Although T stage predicted worse local control, most T3-T4 disease was controlled with IMRT. Nodal status predicted regional and distant control and overall survival. Severe toxicity was acceptable.
Computer simulation: A case of conflict

Herein is described an 18-month adventure involving the translation to computer-aided instruction (CAI) format of a traditional module that had been successfully used for years in an experimental psychology course. The primary focus of the paper is on the lessons learned during this transition. The major problems of translation that were encountered are discussed, as are unanticipated, often seemingly trivial, human-factors problems that were the most troublesome, and, consequently, the most educational.
Pension Incentives, Mandatory Retirement and Retirement Behavior in Higher Education.

Abstract Incentives to retire at 26 high quality private colleges and universities are analysed. These incentives are then embedded in a structural retirement model, which is estimated using data for tenured, male faculty employed at these institutions in the 1970s. Simulations suggest that raising or abolishing the mandatory retirement age will substantially delay retirement by faculty members at these institutions. Early retirement incentive programs would appear to be unlikely to offset the increase in work due to changes in mandatory retirement. Moreover, rents created by these programs exceed savings from induced early retirements, with salaries of replacements further adding to costs.
Copper and endogenous mediators of estradiol action

Divalent copper increases by severalfold specific estradiol binding in rat uterine cytosol at 37 degrees C. Two endogenous substances have now been isolated from the cytosol one of which sharply inhibits the copper effect while the other sharply promotes it. The inhibitor is thermostable, it is adsorbed by dextran coated charcoal and elutes from Sephadex columns with water. The promoter is thermolabile at 60 degrees C, it is not readily adsorbed by the charcoal and elutes from Sephadex columns with KCl. The two substances are thought to be mediators of estradiol action.
Chloramines V: Products and Implications of the Chlorination of Lysine in Municipal Wastewaters

The chlorination reactions of lysine (Lys) in water and wastewater were studied. 5-Chloraminopentanal (VIII) and 5-dichloraminopentanal (IX) are the main products at Cl2/Lys molar ratios of 1 and 2...
Antibody to testicular cells in the serum of normal mice

The mixed hemadsorption hybrid antibody (MHA.HA) test was applied successfully to the detection of antigens on the surface of testicular cells separated into sub-populations by velocity sedimentation at unit gravity in the “staput” apparatus. Normal serum from mice of all strains tested, both male and female, was found to contain a natural autoantibody that reacts with testicular cells of all mice tested, but not with sperm or other cells. This autoantibody is detectable at an age of 4–6 weeks in females, and reaches a plateau at about 10 weeks of age. The corresponding antigen is denoted TCDA, because it is evidently a Testicular Cell Differentiation Antigen. Microscopy of the cells forming rosettes in the MHA.HA test confirmed that the TCDA+ cells belong to the gametogenetic series. Because females as well as males produce the autoantibody we presume that TCDA is also present on female gametic cells although it was not feasible to test this adequately. The anti-TCDA autoantibody is not related to the natural autoantibody against sperm, which according to MHA.HA test occurs in the serum of males but not of virgin females.
Value of Water: Political Ecology and Water Reform in Southern Africa

Our study draws attention to the multiple ways water is “valued” in international, national, and local discourses and how these different dialogues are used by actors to position themselves and their interests in Zimbabwe’s water reform process. It raises questions concerning the liberatory nature of Zimbabwe’s supposed populist political agenda in land and water reform. Water reform in Zimbabwe serves as a means of demonstrating the grounded, decentered, and engaged approach of political ecology. Focusing only on one pervasive discourse, such as neoliberal economic policy or the growing scarcity of water, and studying its effects on people and the environment, misses much of the complexity embodied in the reform. Our emphasis draws attention to the role of multiple actors, history, ambiguities, and contestations. We have found that the old systems for managing water are no longer functioning while the new systems are not in place. This means that the years of careful planning and implementation of water ...
Utilizing a Youth Development Framework to Establish and Maintain a Youth Advisory Committee

There is a growing trend to involve young people in a range of advisory roles. As a research institution focused on healthy adolescent development, the Johns Hopkins Center for Adolescent Health recognizes its need for youth input on applied research activities as well as its ability to contribute to the positive development of the young people who serve in this capacity. Due to the lack of a tested theoretical model for establishing and maintaining a youth advisory committee, the Center’s Youth Advisory Committee is examined through the lens of a youth development framework that includes opportunities and supports for adult-youth relationships, youth participation, youth as resources, and program flexibility. Challenges and facilitating factors in the development and maintenance of a youth advisory committee are also discussed.
Optimal sequencing of individually rational contracts

Multiagent researchers have worked on the problem of determining optimal contracts between self-interested agents. In particular, Sandholm et al. [1,8] have both theoretically and experimentally studied the necessity and usefulness of different contract types under the assumption of individually myopically rational contracting. We study a variant of sequential contracting where the goal is to maximize social welfare through a fixed-length sequence of individually rational contracts. The space of possible contract sequences is exponential. We compare a greedy deterministic heuristic with a stochastic genetic algorithm based approach for this optimal sequential contract selection problem. We focus on sub-additive domains where individually rational contracts are feasible with side payments. We show that the GA-based approach consistently outperforms the deterministic heuristic by generating larger social welfare.
The Influence of Discordance in Pain Assessment on the Functional Status of Patients with Chronic Nonmalignant Pain

ABSTRACT Background Chronic pain is a frequent cause of suffering and disability that seriously affects patients’ quality of life and imposes a staggering socioeconomic toll on society. Little is known about the impact of patient-physician disagreement (discordance) regarding the assessment of chronic pain on patients’ quality of life in primary care settings. This study evaluates the role of discordance and other potentially modifiable factors that affect the quality of life and functional status of chronic pain patients. Methods We evaluated 436 patient-physician encounters at 12 academic medical centers in the United States. We surveyed chronic nonmalignant pain patients to understand their pain perceptions. We concurrently surveyed their physicians about their perceptions of their patient’s pain in primary care settings. Results More than 50% of physicians disagreed with their patient’s pain. Thirty-nine percent of primary care physicians underestimated their patient’s pain. In the multivariate analysis, this discordance was associated with poor physical functioning and worse bodily pain ( P P Conclusion Patients with chronic nonmalignant pain have poor physical functioning and worse bodily pain. Discordance, obesity, and depression are other modifiable factors. Prospective studies are needed to design interventions. However, a multifaceted approach appears to represent the best opportunity to reduce the pain and suffering of this challenging population.
Screening/Meaning: Hollywood’s Long Career in India

This article provides a brief and concise account of Hollywood’s long engagement with cinema and the audience in India. The focus is on the new phase that this complex relationship has entered, with Hindi films being produced under the direct and total control of Hollywood-based producers and financiers, on an experimental basis.
A remark on Dubins—Savage inequality

Abstract Let {Xn, F n, n ⩾ 0} be a martingale difference sequence with E(Xn∥ F n−1) = 0 and Vn = E(X2n∥ F n−1) 0, b > 0. The famous Dubins—Savage inequality P(Sn ⩾ b + a(V1 + ⋯ + Vn) for some n ⩾ 1) ⩽ 1/(1 + ab) is improved and a few variations are given.
Insulin receptor-related receptor expression in non-A intercalated cells in the kidney

Insulin receptor-related receptor expression in non-A intercalated cells in the kidney. Insulin receptor- related receptor (IRR) is a novel receptor tyrosine kinase in the insulin receptor family. Previous studies have demonstrated that the mammalian organ with the highest level of IRR mRNA is the kidney. By in situ hybridization, kidney expression of IRR transcript is only in the distal nephron and the collecting ducts; however, the specific cellular distribution of IRR is unknown. The purpose of this study was to examine IRR protein expression in the adult mouse kidney using immunohistochemical techniques. IRR was specifically present in a subset of cells in the connecting tubule, the initial collecting tubule, and the cortical collecting duct. IRR protein is detected in cells that express vacuolar H + -ATPase and carbonic anhydrase 2, but not in cells that express band 3 (anion exchanger 1). In the cortical collecting duct, the IRR positive cells are likely B intercalated cells. In the connecting tubule and the initial collecting tubule, the cells are B cells and/or non-A non-B cells. Thus, IRR is a specific marker for non-A intercalated cells in the kidney.
Free‐water lake metabolism: addressing noisy time series with a Kalman filter

Whole-ecosystem metabolism is often estimated in lakes using high frequency free-water measurements of dissolved oxygen (DO) taken in the upper mixed layer. DO dynamics in the metalimnion are not adequately captured by measurements made in the upper mixed layer, which could reduce the accuracy of whole-lake metabolism estimates made from such data. However, estimating metabolism from metalimnetic DO time series can be challenging because of high variability (noise). This study used simulated and field data to determine if metabolism estimates from metalimnetic data containing noise can be improved by accounting for both process and observation error in models. When DO time series exhibited high variability, free-water metabolism estimates obtained using a Kalman filter (which accounts for both process and observation error) were substantially more accurate than estimates obtained from models that did not account for error or accounted for process error only.
Left behind? The impact of leaves of absence on managers' career success.

We examined the relationship between taking a leave of absence and rewards among 11,815 managers in a financial services organization. Results indicated that leaves of absence, regardless of the re...
Control of in vivo protein synthesis and peroxidase formation by DNA-containing extracts of normal and crown gall tissues

Abstract Nucleic acids extracted from normal bean hypocotyl tissue (NE) and crown gall tumors (TE) affect amino acid incorporation into protein and the development of peroxidase activity when vacuum infiltrated into normal receptor tissues. TE enhances and NE inhibits both processes; NE from successively older tissues produces progressively greater inhibitions per unit of infiltrated nucleic acid. The active material has an absorption maximum at 257 nm with an A 260:280 ratio of more than 2·0. On acrylamide gel electrophoresis it shows a small DNA peak, four typical r -RNA peaks and a small low molecular weight RNA peak. Activity in such extracts is completely destroyed by hydrolysis with 0·3 N KOH or DNAase; RNAase is only slightly effective and pronase ineffective. It is deduced that the effective material contains DNA that may be complexed with RNA or other materials in the extract. Pretreatment of donor tissues with actinomycin d or 5-fluorouracil diminishes or annuls the activity of the extract. Pretreatment of receptor tissue with actinomycin d inhibits the action of TE but not of NE; pretreatment with cycloheximide prevents the action of both NE and TE.
Comparison of haemodynamic effects of anaesthetic doses of alphaprodine and sulfentanil in the dog

The haemodynamic effects of equi-anaesthetic doses of alphaprodine and sufentanil were evaluated in mongrel dogs ventilated mechanically. The effects of the addition of atropine were assessed for each drug, as were the effects of breathing nitrous oxide 60 per cent with oxygen and nitrogen 60 per cent with oxygen and the administration of naloxone. The results of this study demonstrate that anaesthetic doses of sulfentanil produce little change in cardiovascular dynamics in atropinized dogs and only small changes in dogs without atropine premedication, irrespective of the infusion rate. In contrast alphaprodine causes a significant cardiovascular depression irrespective of the presence or absence of atropine premedication. Naloxone reversed the anaesthetic effects in all dogs anaesthetized with alphaprodine but did not reverse the anaesthetic state in any dog given sulfentanil. Our data suggest that sulfentanil deserves evaluation as a narcotic anaesthetic in man.
Entropy and the complexity of graphs. II. The information content of digraphs and infinite graphs.

In a previous paper (Mowshowitz, 1968), a measureIg(X) of the structural information content of an (undirected) graphX was defined, and its properties explored. The class of graphs on whichIg is defined is here enlarged to included directed graphs (digraphs). Most of the properties ofIg observed in the undirected case are seen to hold for digraphs. The greater generality of digraphs allows for a construction which shows that there exists a digraph having information content equal to the entropy of an arbitrary partition of a given positive integer.
Poptube approach for ultrafast carbon nanotube growth

Microwave irradiation can be used to heat conductive materials and metallocene precursors to initiate ultrafast CNT growth. It takes only 15–30 seconds to grow CNTs at room temperature in air, without the need for any inert gas protection and additional feed stock gases.
Uniform refinement of curves

Abstract We propose and analyze a class of algorithms for the generation of curves and surfaces. These algorithms encompass some well-known methods of subdivision for Bernstein-Bezier curves (de Casteljau's algorithm) and B -spline curves (Lane and Riesenfeld's algorithm). Several results concerning properties of the limiting curves as well as related questions are discussed.
A Nationally Consistent NHDPlus Framework for Identifying Interstate Waters: Implications for Integrated Assessments and Interjurisdictional TMDLs

The US Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA’s) Total Maximum Daily Loads (TMDL) program promotes nationally consistent approaches for documenting the progress in restoring impaired waters. EPA’s TMDL program provides tracking systems comprising both database and geographic information systems (GIS) mapping components. The GIS mapping is implemented using the National Hydrography Dataset (NHD). The EPA and the US Geological Survey have developed an enhanced NHD product (NHDPlus) that is applied in this study to define an interstate waters framework for the conterminous United States. This NHDPlus-based framework provides an efficient watershed-oriented approach for selecting interstate waters. Greater consistency in approaches for interstate waters is essential for providing improved techniques for integrated assessment and management programs. Improved analysis tools for interstate waters are clearly important from a federal perspective. Insights based on tools for federal interstate waters are also of interest for state water quality agencies when they deal with complicated interjurisdictional challenges that can require leveraging support from a wide range of stakeholders. Summaries are provided on the degree of consistency documented for inland waters where states have provided TMDL listing GIS information for shared interstate NHD reaches, and summaries are provided on the patterns for interstate assessments organized according to the ecoregions developed for EPA’s Wadeable Streams Assessment. The relevance of this interstate waters framework in leveraging the TMDL program to provide enhanced support for watershed oriented management approaches is also explored.
Improved Prediction of Local Trabecular Strain Enhances Non-Invasive Assessment of Micro Bone Strength Using a Surface Smoothing Technique in FEA

One key issue in clinical, non-invasive assessment of bone quality and fracture risk is the accurate prediction of localized trabecular strength through the determination of peak stress values and locations. Additionally, it has been suggested that peak stress/strain concentrations may play an important role in driving the bone remodeling process. Micro-CT based voxel finite element (FE) meshes have been widely used in nondestructive evaluation of global stiffness. Subsequently, this technique has been advantageous in studies addressing changes in bone volume and microstructure.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Aggressive and Tender Navigations: Teacher Educators Confront Whiteness in Their Practice

Although attention has been focused on transforming preservice teachers’ beliefs and developing practice with antiracist pedagogy, this study suggests that similar attention should be paid to teacher educators’ beliefs and practice. This article combines self-study of teacher education practices and focus group research to examine three elementary-level teacher educators’ treatment of antiracist pedagogy. The findings paint a frank portrait of what happens when scholars fail to interrogate whiteness in teacher education. Lessons learned from the authors’ struggle may provide illumination for teacher educators grappling with similar challenges.
Fluid Transport and Tubular Intercellular Spaces in Reptilian Kidneys

Renal tubules of crocodiles, lizards, snakes, and turtles have intercellular spaces similar in type to those observed in the mammalian gall bladder, but different from those of mammalian renal tubules. The fluid movements across renal tubules of reptiles are correlated with the width of the tubular intercellular spaces. In the proximal tubules, where transport is always isosmotic, the spaces are open whenever the tubular epithelium is tranporting, but closed when no transport is taking place. In distal tubules, intercellular spaces are wide open when the osmolality of the urine is close to that of the blood, that is, when the fluid resorbed is almost isosmotic to the tubular fluid. The apical two-thirds of the intercellular spaces are closed when the urine is hypoosmotic. They are also closed when the tubules are not transporting, as in collapsed tubules or tubules poisoned with ouabain. Thus, as in the gall bladder, the open intercellular spaces appear to be found whenever there is fluid transport across the epithelium.
A brief primer on sleep for pediatric and child clinical neuropsychologists

Sleep problems are common in the children seen by pediatric and child clinical neuropsychologists, and these problems have the potential to significantly impact the child and his or her family. All are treatable to some degree, and some respond extremely well to existing treatments. This article provides a brief overview of the impact, nature, screening, and treatment for childhood sleep problems, with a particular emphasis on issues relevant to practicing neuropsychologists.
The gibbs method for molecular-based computer simulations of phase equilibria

Abstract A recently proposed method, Monte Carlo simulation in the Gibbs ensemble, is the first molecular-based technique specifically developed for phase equilibrium calculations. This paper presents a review of the current applications of the methodology to systems of chemical engineering interest. Such applications include vapor-liquid and liquid-liquid equilibria for model mixtures of non-polar and polar components, high pressure phase equilibria, adsorption and capillary condensation of fluids in pores and equilibria in the presence of semipermeable membranes. The current limitations of the method are discussed, along with prospects for the future.
Roxarsone: Efficacy Against Eimeria brunetti Infections in Chickens

Abstract Roxarsone (3-nitro-4-hydroxyphenylarsonic acid) as a feed additive at 0.005% improved growth rate and feed efficiency while reducing macroscopic lesion scores and mortality in broiler chickens. Each bird was inoculated with 200,000 oocysts of Eimeria brunetti in two laboratory experiments. Addition of roxarsone to amprolium+ethopabate or zoalene improved the control of E. brunetti infection. These results establish efficacy of roxarsone in control of E. brunetti. Use of roxarsone in feed of uninoculated birds produced no differences compared to unmedicated controls in weights or feed conversions.
The Body: Focal Point of 20th Century Cultural Contradictions

The article claims that the changes taking place both factually and attitudinally with respect to the body in the 20th century can be used to exemplify the cultural contradictions that many contemporary critics have been emphasizing. Eight dimensions indicative of these changes in relation to the body are discussed: world (environment), space, time, sexuality, health and sickness, limits of existence (birth and death), growth and aging, and philosophy. An analysis shows that all of the contradictions emerged in part, at least, because of the presence of a technological attitude and its achievements which emphasize (a) a fragmentation of wholes, (b) a manipulative attitude, (c) isolation and explicitness, (d) statistical communities and a quantitative perspective, (e) a refusal of limits and (f) reductionism. The pervasiveness of the attitude that supports such characteristics sharpens all the more clearly that how to study human phenomena in a human way is the crisis of the 20th century.
Performance evaluation of linux file systems for data warehousing workloads

Many database users store data on raw or block devices for performance reasons, since file caching and file locking by the file system can be bypassed. However, many database users would prefer to use file systems for the ease of long-term maintenance. To our knowledge, there have not been any major efforts to systematically assess the performance of Linux file systems for database workloads. In this paper, we present our initial performance study on data warehousing systems. We first provide a brief introduction to various Linux file systems, namely Ext2, Ext3, ReiserFS, XFS and JFS. We examine the performance impact of asynchronous I/O, direct I/O, file caching, I/O schedulers, file fragmentation, and database storage methods. We then quantify the performance of these Linux file systems utilizing a well-known data warehousing workload. Finally, system configurations are recommended and future work is suggested.
Dose to contralateral breast—A comparative study

Radiation, especially subtherapeutic doses, has been proven to be carcinogenic. During therapeutic irradiation, normal tissue is exposed to some dose due to internal and external scatter from the primary beam. The dose to the contralateral breast during primary irradiation may cause secondary breast malignancies. For example, studies have shown that half-beam block techniques can dramatically increase the opposite breast dose. An attempt has been made to calculate the dose delivered during primary breast irradiation. Materials used will include previously published articles in medical and science journals. Preliminary results from a study currently being done by Marilyn Stovall will also be utilized. Isodose distributions demonstrating various treatment techniques will be shown.
Unsteady Entrance Flow Development in a Straight Tube

The entrance conditions for pulsatile flow are important in the understanding blood flow out of the heart and in developing regions at branches. The pulsatile entrance flow was solved using a spectral element simulation of the full unsteady Navier-Stokes equations. A mean Reynolds number of 200 and a range of Womersley parameters from 1.8 to 12.5 was used for a sinusoidal inlet flow waveform 1 + sin (omega t). Variations in the entrance length were observed during the pulsatile cycle. The amplitude of the entrance length variation decreased with an increase in the Womersley parameter. The phase lag between the entrance length and the inlet flow waveform increased for Womersley parameter alpha up to 5.0 and decreased for alpha larger than 5.0. For low alpha, the maximum entrance length during pulsatile flow was approximately the same as the steady entrance length for the peak flow. For high varies; is directly proportional to, the pulsatile entrance length was more uniform during the cycle and tended to the entrance length for the mean flow. The wall shear rate reached its far downstream value after only about half of the entrance length and also exhibited a dependence on alpha. The results quantify the entrance conditions typically encountered in studies of the arterial system.
A randomized, double-blind study of the use of droperidol for conscious sedation during therapeutic endoscopy in difficult to sedate patients.

Background: Droperidol has been used in combination with narcotics and benzodiazepines to achieve conscious sedation. We performed a randomized, double-blind, study of droperidol in patients at risk for difficult sedation scheduled for therapeutic endoscopy. Methods: Patients with regular ethanol, narcotic, or benzodiazepine usage, suspected sphincter of Oddi dysfunction, or a history of difficult sedation were eligible for the study. Patients were randomized to receive either droperidol or placebo along with midazolam and meperidine as preprocedure sedation. Time to achieve sedation, interruptions due to undersedation, medication dosages, recovery time, and subjective assessments of sedation were recorded. Results: One hundred one patients were randomized. The droperidol group had significantly fewer procedure interruptions and observer ratings of difficulty with sedation and required significantly less midazolam (23%) and meperidine (16%) than the placebo group. There were no significant differences in time to achieve sedation, incomplete procedures, procedure length, recovery room time, or complications. There were significantly higher observer ratings of the quality of sedation for patients who received droperidol. Conclusions: Droperidol is a useful adjunct to conscious sedation in patients who are difficult to sedate. Its use results in significantly fewer interruptions due to poor sedation and improved sedation ratings compared with sedation using midazolam and meperidine alone. (Gastrointest Endosc 2000;51:546-51.)
Duration of immunity (DOI) and booster vaccination—dealing with the issue at practice level in the UK

The presentation offers a UK veterinary practitioners viewpoint on issues of DOI and booster vaccination with reference to both dog and cat vaccines. The current use of vaccines and issues surrounding their use are discussed, including motivations for and against vaccinating in a climate of reduced fear of disease, and increased suspicion of vaccines. Attitudes to extended DOI and routine booster vaccinations are explored, and specific disease and prevention issues concerning leptospirosis in particular are presented. The strategy and tactics of implementation of extended DOI vaccines at general practice level are discussed based on the author's own experiences, and thoughts offered on how vaccine manufacturers might support the process at local and national levels, as well as communicating a positive message for continued routine vaccination of dogs and cats, and the advantages that extended DOI offers.
Loss of receptor activity-modifying protein 3 exacerbates cardiac hypertrophy and transition to heart failure in a sex-dependent manner

Sex differences exist in the hypertrophic response, cardiac remodeling, and transition to heart failure of hypertensive patients, and while some of these differences are likely influenced by estrogen, the genetic pathways downstream of estrogen that impact on cardioprotection have yet to be fully elucidated. We have previously shown that the cardioprotective effects of adrenomedullin (AM), an emerging clinical biomarker for cardiovascular disease severity, vary with sex in mouse models. AM signaling during cardiovascular stress is strongly modulated by receptor activity-modifying protein 3 (RAMP3) via its interaction with the G protein-coupled receptor calcitonin receptor-like receptor (CLR). Like AM, RAMP3 expression is potently regulated by estrogen, and so we sought to determine the consequences of genetic Ramp3 loss on cardiac adaptation to chronic hypertension, with a particular focus on characterizing potential sex differences. We generated and bred RAMP3−/− mice to RenTgMK mice that consistently display severe angiotensin II-mediated CV disease and compared CV disease progression in RenTgMK to that of RenTgMK:RAMP3−/− offspring. As expected, RAMP3 gene expression was higher in cardiovascular tissues of RenTgMK mice and more strongly up-regulated in female RenTgMK mice relative to wildtype controls. RAMP3 loss did not affect the development of hypertension or the presence and severity of perivascular and interstitial fibrosis in the left ventricle (LV). However, echocardiography revealed that while RenTgMK mice developed concentric cardiac hypertrophy with sustained systolic function, male RenTgMK:RAMP3−/− mice showed evidence of LV chamber dilatation and depressed systolic function, suggestive of cardiac decompensation. Consistent with these measures of heart failure, male RenTgMK:RAMP3−/− mice had increased cardiac apoptosis and elevated activation of Akt. These phenotypes were not present in female RenTgMK:RAMP3−/− mice. Collectively, these data demonstrate a sex-dependant, cardioprotective role of RAMP3 in the setting of chronic hypertension.
On the properties of the input pattern fault model

A review of traditional IC failure analysis techniques strongly indicates the need for fault models that directly analyze the function of circuit primitives. The input pattern (IP) fault model is a functional fault model that allows for both complete and partial functional verification of every circuit module, independent of the design level. We describe the IP fault model and provide a method for analyzing IP faults using standard single stuck-line- (SSL-) based fault simulators and test generation tools. The method is used to generate test sets that target the IP faults of the ISCAS85 benchmark circuits and a carry-lookahead adder. Improved IP fault coverage for the benchmarks and the adder is obtained by adding a small number of test patterns to tests that target only SSL faults. We also conducted fault simulation experiments that show IP test patterns are effective in detecting nontargeted faults such as bridging and transistor stuck-on faults. Finally, we discuss the notion of IP redundancy and show how large amounts of this redundancy exist in the benchmarks and in SSL-irredundant adder circuits.
Exterior interface cracks

Abstract Continuing a recent investigation of interface cracks, attention is paid to the exterior crack. Two elastic solids bonded over a finite segment of their boundary and capable of transmitting shear and tensile tractions are considered. It is found that one of the edge cracks remains completely closed under shear alone, and opens gradually as the level of tension is increased. Both crack tips, however, must remain closed at least over a small interval. Stress intensity factors and bond and contact stresses are given for a specific example.
L(φ,μ)-averaging domains and Poincaré inequalities with Orlicz norms

Abstract We characterize L ( φ , μ ) -averaging domains using the Whitney covers and the quasihyperbolic metric and study the invariance of L ( φ , μ ) -averaging domains under some mappings. As applications of the L ( φ , μ ) -averaging domains, we prove the Poincare inequality with Orlicz norms for solutions of the non-homogeneous A -harmonic equation in L ( φ , μ ) -averaging domains.
Linear acceleration and horizontal eye movements in man

Thesis (Sc. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1990.
Some information measures for testing stochastic models

Abstract The sorts of models which are currently being developed in mathematical psychology are more sophisticated and often contain more free parameters than earlier models; as a result, it is especially difficult to evaluate the performance of these models. In the present paper an information-theoretic approach to model testing is proposed as a supplement to existing techniques. Among other things, the present approach provides a measure of the information taken from (or transmitted by) the data in estimating parameters. It turns out that the “effect” of parameters is not related in a simple way to their number. In fact, an example is presented in which more information is required to estimate the one free parameter of a particular model than is required to estimate the two free parameters of a more general model of which the former model is a special case. This counter-intuitive result points up the danger of overemphasizing the “number of free parameters” in comparing alternative models.