cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sensory Descriptor Analysis of Whisky Lexicons through the Use of Deep Learning

This paper is concerned with extracting relevant terms from a text corpus on whisk(e)y. “Relevant” terms are usually contextually defined in their domain of use. Arguably, every domain has a specialized vocabulary used for describing things. For example, the field of Sensory Science, a sub-field of Food Science, investigates human responses to food products and differentiates “descriptive” terms for flavors from “ordinary”, non-descriptive language. Within the field, descriptors are generated through Descriptive Analysis, a method wherein a human panel of experts tastes multiple food products and defines descriptors. This process is both time-consuming and expensive. However, one could leverage existing data to identify and build a flavor language automatically. For example, there are thousands of professional and semi-professional reviews of whisk(e)y published on the internet, providing abundant descriptors interspersed with non-descriptive language. The aim, then, is to be able to automatically identify descriptive terms in unstructured reviews for later use in product flavor characterization. We created two systems to perform this task. The first is an interactive visual tool that can be used to tag examples of descriptive terms from thousands of whisky reviews. This creates a training dataset that we use to perform transfer learning using GloVe word embeddings and a Long Short-Term Memory deep learning model architecture. The result is a model that can accurately identify descriptors within a corpus of whisky review texts with a train/test accuracy of 99% and precision, recall, and F1-scores of 0.99. We tested for overfitting by comparing the training and validation loss for divergence. Our results show that the language structure for descriptive terms can be programmatically learned.
The Effects of Experience and Disuse on Crossword Solving

At the annual American Crossword Puzzle Tournament, participants filled out a questionnaire about their experience with crossword solving and related activities for every year since they began solving crossword puzzles. This study focused on the role of crossword-solving disruptions in influencing objective performance at the tournament. The number of breaks (a period of at least a year without crossword solving) predicted decreases in current performance, and the more time since the last break predicted increased performance. The effects of different types of experience on crossword performance are discussed with respect to their influence on performance, such as regular leisure engagement in crossword solving and more focused efforts to improve particular aspects of performance. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Girls Want to Walk in the Sun

The purpose of this essay is to examine how girls’ voices, knowledge, and experiences fail to enter the discourse of classrooms and curriculum at a critical moment when girls are eager to question their own enculturation and the structural and material forces that frame their emerging femininity and sexuality. In order to examine this I will investigate the absence of a discourse of desire in sex education classes and in reading classes for reluctant readers where romance novels are the typical literary choices of adolescent girls. I will also examine the tension between class values and beliefs as they pertain to emerging feminine identities in white working-class girls, and will describe their resistance to this construction and how it is manifested in classrooms. Finally, by analyzing the lost opportunities for teaching, I will show how feminist teachers can provide a legitimate means in classrooms for girls to voice their resistance and engage in self-critique. And I will also discuss means by which teachers may help guide girls to transform and emancipate themselves.
State succession and commercial obligations

Foreword Acknowledgments List of Abbreviations PART I - A NEW APPROACH Chapter 1: Conceptualizing the Law of Succession Chapter 2: Key Concepts PART II - THE MODERN LAW AND POLICY Chapter 3: The Vienna Convention on Succession of States in Respect of Treaties of 1978 Chapter 4: The Vienna Convention on Succession of States in Respect of State Property, Archives and Debts of 1983 PART III - CONTEMPORARY PRACTICE Chapter 5: East Timor Chapter 6: Hong Kong and Macau Chapter 7: Czechoslovakia Chapter 8: Yugoslavia PART VI - POLICY REVIEW Chapter 10: Appraisal Appendix A: Vienna Convention on Succession of States in Respect of Treaties of 1978 Appendix B: Vienna Convention on Succession of States in Respect of State Property, Archives and Debts of 1983 Table of Authorities, Index
Prosodic structure and wh-questions.

This study examines the influence of wh-gaps on the prosodic contour of spoken utterances. A previous study (Nagel, Shapiro, & Nawy, 1994) claimed that the phonological representation of a sentence containing a filler-gap dependency explicitly encodes the location of the syntactic gap. In support of this hypothesis, Nagel et al. presented evidence that the word immediately preceding a gap is lengthened and that there is a reliable increase in pitch excursion across the gap location. Our study challenges Nagel et al.'s claim. We argue that their materials confounded the presence/absence of a gap with other factors that are known to affect intonational phrasing independently. We show that, when these factors are separated, the evidence that syntactic gaps are explicitly encoded in the phonological representation of a sentence disappears.
Pulmonary Artery Sarcoma

This type of pulmonary vascular tumor differs primarily from epithelioid hemangioendothelioma and angiosarcoma on account of its intravascular location and fibroblastic or leiomyomatous nature. Clinically, pulmonary artery sarcoma may present as a single large pulmonary embolus or multiple smaller emboli. Some may present with symptoms and signs right sided cardiac failure. CT tomography, MRI and angiography are of great value in the detection of these tumors but even with these technologies a premortem diagnosis is only made in half of the cases. Intraluminal masses can be detected by pulmonary angiography showing smooth tapering of pulmonary arteries and “to and fro” motion of pedunculated or lobulated tumors. By virtue of their intravascular FIGURE 19.1 Axial CT of chest showing pulmonary artery sarcoma. The sarcoma forms a large mass (arrow) outlined by contrast material straddling the bifurcation of the pulmonary artery and extending into the left lower lobe (dashed arrow )( Courtesy of Dr. ES Yi, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN). With permission from Cardiology Clinics (see chapter references for complete citation). location,endoscopydoesnotcontributemuchtothevisualization of these tumors unless they have directly spread in the lumen of the airways. On gross inspection, pulmonary artery sarcomas can have a distinct multinodular appearance made up of nodules kept together by thin or broad connecting bridges, ultimately assuming the appearance of an intravascular cast with prominent branching. Most vascular sarcomas are intraarterial and a minority intravenous. The arterial variants tend to be poorly differentiated with fibroblastic or myofibroblastic differentiation while the venous variants are likely to be leiomyosarcomas of intermediate or high grade of differentiation.
Microbial transformation of nitroaromatics in surface soils and aquifer materials.

Microorganisms indigenous to surface soils and aquifer materials collected at a munitions-contaminated site transformed 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), 2,4-dinitrotoluene (2,4-DNT), and 2,6-dinitrotoluene (2,6-DNT) to amino-nitro intermediates within 20 to 70 days. Carbon mineralization studies with both unlabeled (TNT, 2,4-DNT, and 2,6-DNT) and radiolabeled ([14C]TNT) substrates indicated that a significant fraction of these source compounds was degraded to CO2.
New Martian Paradigms

Several interrelated paradigms concerning the nature and the evolution of Mars are discussed. These include an impact origin of the northern lowland, Mars as a water-rich planet, former oceans in the northern lowlands, a warm wet climate on early Mars, and the possibility of ancient life on Mars. Locations on Mars suggested for the search of possible ancient life include the heavily cratered terrain dissected by valley networks, possible lacustrine deposits in Valles Marineris, the oxidizing layer below the surface, sites along the fringes of the hypothetical northern circumpolar ocean, and in evaporite deposits.
Biochemical Mechanisms for Short-Term Information Storage at the Cellular Level

This chapter discusses the mechanisms unique to inducing and maintaining the long-lasting, late phase of long-term potentiation (LTP). The late phase of LTP (L-LTP) is defined in terms of the protein synthesis-dependent form of synaptic potentiation in area CA1. The particular mechanisms that are being worked out to explain L-LTP are likely to have impact far beyond understanding L-LTP at Schaffer/collateral and perforant-path synapses. This area of LTP research is frequently discussed as an analogue of long-term memory as opposed to being limited to a description of a specific neuronal plasticity phenomenon. This chapter provides a brief overview of the data indicating that altered gene expression becomes manifest at just the appropriate synapse, looking at Arc mRNA as a prototype molecule. The chapter discuses N-Methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor coupling to the genome and the receptor-effector coupling mechanisms in the context of transcriptional regulation. The chapter discusses some identified gene targets in L-LTP and the issue of the way the products of these genes get to the right synapses. The chapter examines the read-outs of altered expression of these target genes—suggesting that these changes mediate structural and morphological changes in neurons. The altered expression of gene products gets translated into structural changes at the synaptic spine and altered connectivity of the neuron. Ultimately these changes are manifested as changes in the synaptic circuit in which the neuron resides. The chapter explores the induction mechanisms of L-LTP and the way a triggering calcium signal gets converted into a genomic read-out.
Measurements of N2O5 near Fairbanks, Alaska

We report measurements of N 2 O 5 , CO, and O 3 at a subarctic site near Fairbanks, Alaska (65°N), during two periods of approximately 2 weeks each, one in December 2002 and the other in February 2004. N 2 O 5 mixing ratios range from below the instrument detection limit of 2 parts per trillion by volume (pptv) up to approximately 250 pptv. Ozone and carbon monoxide measurements help distinguish several different air mass types: "clean" (near background CO and ozone), "titrated" (ozone titrated to near zero and elevated CO), and "mixed" (intermediate ozone and some CO elevation). Observed N 2 O 5 mixing ratios are near zero for air masses that are either clean or titrated. Times with measurable N 2 O 5 are almost always associated with mixed air masses. Measurements of CO and the CO:NOx emissions ratio in Fairbanks are used to estimate NO 2 mixing ratios and calculate steady state lifetimes for N 2 O 5 . The lifetime estimates vary from subminute to 4 hours, with a median for the February study of 10 min and a median for the December study of 4 min. These lifetimes are quite short compared to the lifetime of NO 2 with respect to reaction with ozone and formation of NO 3 , suggesting that the rate limiting step of NOx oxidation in the nighttime atmosphere is the formation of NO 3 , not the losses of NO 3 and N 2 O 5 . These data show sinks of N 2 O 5 (presumably mostly heterogeneous hydrolysis) are an efficient mechanism of NOx removal near the surface in the dark, high-latitude winter.
Growth failure in children with inflammatory bowel disease: a prospective study.

Abstract Background: Growth failure frequently complicates the clinical course of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in children. This study was designed to investigate the role of disease activity versus steroid therapy on growth faltering in this disorder. Methods: We studied growth failure and its relationship to disease activity and steroid therapy in 69 children who have IBD by prospectively monitoring height for a maximum of 3 years. Disease activity and steroid use were recorded at entry into the study. Results: The prevalence of growth failure was 24%, 23%, and 39% by height velocity, Z score, and height-for-age criteria, respectively; deficits were equally prevalent regardless of the stage of pubertal development. A delay in linear growth persisted throughout puberty and was not reversed after surgery. Patients who had Crohn's disease were twice as likely to have growth abnormalities than patients who had ulcerative colitis. We detected significant negative associations between linear growth and disease activity but not steroid therapy. Conclusions: In a unique group of children, growth failure is an early, "prepatterned" manifestation of IBD. The inflammatory process, rather than steroid use, has a predominant influence on the development of growth faltering.
Comparing post-operative human breast specimen radiograph and MRI in lesion margin and volume assessment

The purpose of this research is to evaluate the potential for identifying malignant breast lesions and their margins on large specimen MRI, in comparison to specimen radiography and clinical dynamic contrast enhanced MRI (DCE-MRI). Breast specimens were imaged with an MR scanner immediately after surgery, with an IRB-approved protocol and with the patients’ informed consent. Specimen sizes were at least 5 cm in diameter and approximately 1 to 4 cm thick. Coronal and axial gradient echo MR images without fat suppression were acquired over the whole specimens using a 9.4T animal scanner. Findings on specimen MRI were compared with findings on specimen radiograph, and their volumes were compared with measurements obtained from clinical DCE-MRI. The results showed that invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) lesions were easily identified using MRI and the margins were clearly distinguishable from nearby tissue. However, ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) lesions were not clearly discernible and were diffused with poorly defined margins on MRI. Calcifications associated with DCIS were visualized in all specimens on specimen radiograph. There is a strong correlation between the maximum diameter of lesions as measured by radiograph and MRI (r = 0.93), as well as the maximum diameter measured by pathology and radiograph/MRI (r>0.75). The volumes of IDC measured on specimen MRI were slightly smaller than those measured on DCE-MRI. Imaging of excised human breast lumpectomy specimens with high magnetic field MRI provides promising results for improvements in lesion identification and margin localization for IDC. However, there are technical challenges in visualization of DCIS lesions. Improvements in specimen imaging are important, as they will provide additional information to standard radiographic analysis.
Series approximation methods for divide and square root in the Power3/sup TM/ processor

The Power3 processor is a 64-bit implementation of the PowerPC/sup TM/ architecture and is the successor to the Power2/sup TM/ processor for workstations and servers which require high performance floating point capability. The previous processors used Newton-Raphson algorithms for their implementations of divide and square root. The Power3 processor has a longer pipeline latency, which would substantially increase the latency for these instructions. Instead, new algorithms based on power series approximations were developed which provide significantly better performance than the Newton-Raphson algorithm for this processor. This paper describes the algorithms, and then shows how both the series based algorithms and the Newton-Raphson algorithms are affected by pipeline length. For the Power3, the power series algorithms reduce the divide latency by over 20% and the square root latency by 35%.
Nanomaterial-based barcodes

Two-dimensional (2D) barcodes ubiquitously used to label, track and authenticate objects face increasing challenges of being damaged, altered and falsified. The past effort in nanomaterials has paved the way for controlled synthesis of nanomaterials with desired size, shape and function. Due to their extremely small sizes, these nanomaterials are promising as next generation barcodes that can be added into or mixed with objects of interest without being noticed. These barcodes can be effectively read owing to their physical properties by manufacturers, law enforcement and security agencies. Meanwhile, nanomaterial-based barcodes are hard to reverse-engineer or imitate without advanced knowledge and technical expertise. This review describes how nanomaterials can be used as barcodes, discusses advantages and limitations of each type of nanomaterial-based barcode, and points out ways that could help design and prepare better nanomaterial-based barcodes.
Interferon-γ stimulates human Clara cell secretory protein production by human airway epithelial cells

Clara cell secretory protein (CCSP) is an inhibitor of secretory phospholipase A2. It is produced by airway epithelial cells and is present in airway secretions. Because interferon (IFN)-γ can indu...
Examining Differentiation and Utilization of iPads Across Content Areas in an Independent, PreK–4th Grade Elementary School

This mixed methods case study examined the implementation of a 1:1 iPad initiative in a suburban, co-educational, independent, preK–4th grade elementary school in the United States. This article focuses on how teachers used iPads to differentiate instruction and across multiple content areas. Findings show the processes by which teachers employed iPads demonstrated a myriad of teaching and learning opportunities. Overall, teachers integrated iPads into the existing curriculum to complement or enhance their lessons, provide different choices for students to engage with content, or for them to delve deeper into the content. Additionally, iPads were often used in interdisciplinary ways, involving a combination of at least two different content areas during one lesson.
Entrapment of pacemaker leads in bone

t a s l s l b t u l A 71-year-old man underwent right pectoral dual-chamer pacemaker implantation for sinus node dysfunction in 991. He was severely injured in a motor vehicle accident in ebruary 2004, with prolonged hospitalization for fractures nd internal injuries. In December 2004, he underwent acemaker generator replacement for battery depletion, as ell as a new atrial lead insertion for old atrial lead fracture, resumably a consequence of the accident. Two weeks later, e had dehiscence of the wound and was referred to our nstitution for a pacemaker system extraction because of acemaker pocket infection. The new atrial lead was easily emoved, but the 13-year-old leads required formal extracion. A laser sheath was sequentially advanced over each old ead, but despite laser activation at a presumed site of scar inding near the shoulder, forward progress beyond the nferior clavicular margin was impossible. Surgical dissecion was performed down the leads to identify the problem,
Process descriptions as organisational accounting devices: the dual use of workflow technologies

Workflow technologies present a problem for CSCW. On the one hand, they are perhaps the most successful form of groupware technology in current use; but on the other, they have been subject to sustained and cogent critiques, particularly from perspective of the analysis of everyday working activities. This leads inevitably to the question: in the face of these critiques, just why and how do work-flow technologies prove effective? This paper suggests that part of the solution lies in the fact that workflow technologies play more than one role in organisations, and that, in fact, the success of work flow technologies may have little to do with the typical relationship of those technologies to the accomplishment of everyday work. On the basis of the notion of a dual role for workflow technologies, I lay out a framework for considering the design and analysis of workflow systems that may help to bridge between these two roles.
Hamiltonian formalism for relativistic perfect fluids

We apply Arnowitt, Deser, and Misner (ADM) reduction techniques to Taub's variational principle for self-gravitating, relativistic perfect fluids. We derive conditions upon the fluid configuration which are sufficient to ensure that the constraint equations can be solved for the lapse function and shift vector field. We show that with Taub's coordinate conditions the ADM Hamiltonian is always equal to the total baryon number of the fluid and is thus a conserved quantity. Finally, we derive the Hamiltonian explicitly for the particular equations of state p = (..gamma.. - 1) rho.
Optical design for imaging spectroscopy

Design examples are given for imaging spectrometer systems operating in the solar reflected spectrum. Design considerations and procedures are outlined for incoherently and coherently coupled systems. The case of a partially coupled system is also examined and it is shown why it is generally to be avoided.
Review of Harwood, Nigel (2014). English Language Teaching Textbooks: Content, Consumption, Production. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan

In Chapter 1 Nigel Harwood stresses the need for “more theoretical and methodological rigour” (2) in textbook research and recommends that ELT textbook researchers should learn from the “more developed, rigorous and sophisticated” (2) research which has been conducted in mainstream education. He then surveys the published research in ELT and other fields on textbook content, textbook consumption and textbook production. (...)
The Transition Experience of Academic Library Directors

Abstract Academic library administration is challenging work, and this is especially the case during a leader's transition into a new director role. This phenomenological study examines the transition experience of three academic library directors who have been in their positions for approximately one year. This study investigates strategies for success, lessons learned, and pitfalls during the transition period. The findings explore actions and strategies that were taken by the participants to help ensure success during their own transitions, information that may prove useful to new and aspiring academic library directors.
Off-Resonance TROSY-Selected R1ρ Experiment with Improved Sensitivity for Medium- and High-Molecular-Weight Proteins

NMR spin relaxation techniques that utilize relaxation interference phenomena (TROSY) enable chemical exchange processes to be characterized in high-molecular-weight proteins. A TROSY-selected (TS) approach for measuring off-resonance R1ρ relaxation in the spin-locked rotating reference frame is developed using three principles: (i) deuteration of nonexchangeable 1H sites to minimize remote dipole−dipole interactions, (ii) selective excitation of the slowly relaxing 15N doublet component to obtain optimal initial conditions, and (iii) selective inversion of one of the 15N doublet components to suppress cross-relaxation during the spin-lock period. The method is validated using [90%-15N, 70%-2H] ubiquitin at 280 K. The TROSY-selected R1ρ experiment enables characterization of backbone dynamics on the microsecond time scale in large proteins.
Dui bu dui as a pragmatic marker: evidence from chinese classrom discourse

Abstract Seeking evidence from its discursive purposes, its sequential positions in interaction, and the nature of the activity it is situated in, we re-examine the form dui bu dui ‘correct-not-correct’ that was used during four class meetings, a total of six hours, in a Chinese language school. We propose that besides functioning as an A-not-A question, dui bu dui can also be used for pragmatic purposes. We show that appearing at the beginning or the end of TCU, dui bu dui is used as a basic marker to reinforce the illocutionary force of the sentence proposition it is tagged to; whereas at the beginning or as an independent TCU, dui bu dui is used as a discourse marker to signal transitions of interactional sequences at different levels of discourse and to help the speaker maintain the addressee's attention in given activities. Such an approach to analyze the functions of dui bu dui suggests that (a) grammatical meanings in part emerge from interactional contexts, within which speakers construct, validate, or modify each other's meanings on a moment-by-moment basis; and (b) functions of specific language forms can also be assigned by the specific activities the speakers are engaged in.
Thermionic emission-diffusion theory of isotype heterojunctions

Abstract A closed-form expression for the current-voltage characteristics of isotype heterojunctions is developed. Unlike previous treatments of this problem which considered only thermionic emission, this theory, in analogy to metal-semiconductor theory, includes both transport by thermionic emission across the interface and by drift-diffusion in the space charge region. A representative isotype heterojunction is analyzed and it is found that both transport mechanisms must be considered when calculating the current-voltage characteristics.
Compact Dielectric Resonator Antenna Array for Microwave Breast Cancer Detection

A compact stair shaped DRA sensor is designed and fabricated for microwave breast cancer detection. A quarter wavelength choke was incorporated to minimize the finite ground plane. A 10 dB return loss of about 43% simulated bandwidth and 50% measured bandwidth are achieved with a 50 Ohms coaxial port. The design is performed numerically and confirmed experimentally. Simple model for the tissue is considered and interaction of the sensor with the tissue is investigated. The good matching with the tissue is remained without adding any matching materials or lumped loads. A two-element sensor array is studied numerically. Preliminary results are obtained for the case with and without tumor.
Mechanisms for regularization of chain folds during annealing of polyhexamethylene adipamide

The regular fold content of polyhexamethylene adipamide depends on the initial crystallization conditions, the degree of orientation, and the annealing time and temperature. At low an annealing temperatures, the regular fold content increases linearly with crystallinity and arises from lamellar crystallization of isolated amorphous or interlamellar regions. At intermediate annealing temperatures, the increase in regular fold content greatly exceeds the crystallinity increase. The excessive increase in folds in this temperature range arises from regularization of loose loops and melting and recrystallization from extended to more folded type of crystals. At the higher annealing temperature, the crystallinity shows an increase relative to the fold content, and this implies that the increase in fold period occurs at the expense of folding.
Acid-inhibition studies using the vagally denervated pyloric glands

The pyloric gland area or antrum was completely transected from the stomach as an isolated vagally denervated cutaneous fistula. The secretory responses from vagally innervated Pavlov pouches and vagally denervated Heidenhain pouches were determined. Acidification of this denervated antrum preparation did not alter secretion stimulated by food, insulin hypoglycemia, or histamine.
Global change and biological soil crusts: effects of ultraviolet augmentation under altered precipitation regimes and nitrogen additions

Biological soil crusts (BSCs), a consortium of cyanobacteria, lichens, and mosses, are essential in most dryland ecosystems. As these organisms are relatively immobile and occur on the soil surface, they are exposed to high levels of ultraviolet (UV) radiation and atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition, rising temperatures, and alterations in precipitation patterns. In this study, we applied treatments to three types of BSCs (early, medium, and late successional) over three time periods (spring, summer, and spring-fall). In the first year, we augmented UV and altered precipitation patterns, and in the second year, we augmented UV and N. In the first year, with average air temperatures, we saw little response to our treatments except quantum yield, which was reduced in dark BSCs during one of three sample times and in Collema BSCs two of three sample times. There was more response to UV augmentation the second year when air temperatures were above average. Declines were seen in 21% of the measured variables, including quantum yield, chlorophyll a, UV-protective pigments, nitrogenase activity, and extracellular polysaccharides. N additions had some negative effects on light and dark BSCs, including the reduction of quantum yield, β-carotene, nitrogenase activity, scytonemin, and xanthophylls. N addition had no effects on the Collema BSCs. When N was added to samples that had received augmented UV, there were only limited effects relative to samples that received UV without N. These results indicate that the negative effect of UV and altered precipitation on BSCs will be heightened as global temperatures increase, and that as their ability to produce UV-protective pigments is compromised, physiological functioning will be impaired. N deposition will only ameliorate UV impacts in a limited number of cases. Overall, increases in UV will likely lead to lowered productivity and increased mortality in BSCs through time, which, in turn, will reduce their ability to contribute to the stability and fertility of soils in dryland regions.
Compressive failure of fibre-reinforced composites: buckling, kinking, and the role of the interphase

Recent experimental studies of compressive failure in fibre-reinforced polymeric composites have been analysed. It is shown that the parametric basis for most compressive strength models, i.e. pure plastic buckling controlled by matrix shear strength and initial fibre misorientation, is probably incomplete. It is argued that, instead, failure is triggered by the initiation of an unstable kink band prior to buckling instability, and that additional parameters (interfacial shear stress/strain; fibre strength) are responsible for this transition in mechanisms.
Correlation functions on the critical line of the two-dimensional planar model: Logarithms and corrections to scaling

Abstract Correlation functions are calculated on the critical line of the planar or XY model. A crossover is found between simple scaling behavior for 2 πK eff > 4 and more complex scaling behavior for 2 πK eff = 4. At the Kosterlitz-Thouless critical point, 2 πK eff = 4, logarithmic factors appear in the correlation functions. These corrections to simple scaling behavior are calculated for many correlation functions, including correlation functions not previously studied. The calculation is carried out in the closely related generalized Villain model using a combination of perturbation and renormalization techniques.
Intracellular signals trigger ultrastructural events characteristic of meiotic maturation in oocytes of Xenopus laevis

Oocytes of Xenopus laevis were treated with agents which induce individual intracellular signals normally evoked during the process of meiotic maturation. Ultrastructural analysis of these oocytes allowed identification of specific second messengers that individually trigger single ultrastructural changes characteristic of the meiotic maturation process: Manipulation of intracellular cAMP levels induced changes in cortical granule position. Cytoplasmic alkalinization triggered a disruption of the annulate lamellae, a specialized organelle in the periphery of oocytes. Activation of protein kinase C caused rapid formation of a cortical endoplasmic reticulum and subsequent disruption of cortical granules. Manipulation of transmembrane calcium flux had varied results dependent upon the agent employed. Two of the treatments, Verapamil and zero external calcium, induced a reorganization in the oocyte periphery. The results indicate that these ultrastructural events are under the control of specific intracellular signals known to be elicited during meiotic maturation.
Direct and complex-forming collisions in a collinear model for the barrierless proton transfer reaction CH3OH + −OCH3 → CH3O− + HOCH3

Abstract A simplified collinear model for the title reaction is studied using classical trajectory methods. By treating the methoxy groups as united atoms, we reduce the reaction to a three-body heavy—light—heavy system. At low collision energies, both long-lived, complex-forming collisions and ‘direct’ collisions are observed. The reaction probability for direct collisions is considerably lower than the statistical value 0.5 found for complex trajectories. The observed behavior is analyzed in terms of the phase space structure of the collinear heavy—light—heavy system.
TLR7 Influences Germinal Center Selection in Murine SLE

TLR7 enhances germinal center maturation and migration of B cells to the dark zone where proliferation and somatic hypermutation occur. Our goal was to determine how Tlr7 dose influences selection of the autoreactive B cell repertoire in NZW/BXSB. Yaa mice bearing the site-directed heavy chain transgene 3H9 that encodes for the TLR7 regulated anti-CL response. To create a physiologic setting in which autoreactive B cells compete for survival with non-autoreactive B cells, we generated bone marrow chimeras in which disease onset occurred with similar kinetics and the transferred 3H9+ female non-Yaa, male Yaa or male TLR7-/Yaa cells could be easily identified by positivity for GFP. Deletion of 3H9 B cells occurred in the bone marrow and the remaining 3H9 follicular B cells manifested a decrease in surface IgM. Although there were differences in the naive repertoire between the chimeras it was not possible to distinguish a clear pattern of selection against lupus related autoreactivity in TLR7-/Yaa or female chimeras. By contrast, preferential expansion of 3H9+ B cells occurred in the germinal centers of male Yaa chimeras. In addition, although all chimeras preferentially selected 3H9/Vκ5 encoded B cells into the germinal center and plasma cell compartments, 3H9 male Yaa chimeras had a more diverse repertoire and positively selected the 3H9/Vκ5-48/Jκ4 pair that confers high affinity anti-cardiolipin activity. We were unable to demonstrate a consistent effect of Tlr7 dose or Yaa on somatic mutations. Our data show that TLR7 excess influences the selection, expansion and diversification of B cells in the germinal center, independent of other genes in the Yaa locus.
The Effect of Laser Power Density on Laser Covered Graphene

Laser reduction is a facile method for the synthesis of laser converted graphene from graphite oxide (GO) The laser power density of semiconductor laser can effect on the reduced graphene quality. The research on relationship between laser power density and reduction of graphene oxide can help to determine the optimum technology parameter in the synthesis of laser covered graphene.
cis-Inhibition of Notch by endogenous Delta biases the outcome of lateral inhibition.

Summary Lateral inhibition mediated by Delta/Notch (Dl/N) signaling is used throughout development to limit the number of initially equivalent cells that adopt a particular fate [1–3]. Although adjacent cells express both Dl ligand and N receptor, signaling between them ultimately occurs in only one direction. Classically, this has been explained entirely by feedback: activated N can downregulate Dl, amplifying even slight asymmetries in the Dl or N activities of adjacent cells [1–5]. Here, however, we present an example of lateral inhibition in which unidirectional signaling depends instead on Dl's ability to inhibit N within the same cell, a phenomenon known as cis -inhibition [6–11]. By genetically manipulating individual R1/R6/R7 photoreceptor precursors in the Drosophila eye, we show that loss of Dl-mediated cis -inhibition reverses the direction of lateral signaling. Based on our finding that Dl in R1/R6s requires endocytosis to trans -activate but not to cis -inhibit N, we reexamine previously published data from other examples of lateral inhibition. We conclude that cis -inhibition generally influences the direction of Dl/N signaling and should therefore be included in standard models of lateral inhibition.
Higher Education Literature Revisited: Citation Patterns Examined.

The discourse of the field of higher education is complex, as is its analysis. Citation analysis is means of examining communicative processes. This study investigates citations in the papers of three core journals in higher education, Research in Higher Education, Review of Higher Education, and Journal of Higher Education. The results demonstrate that citation practices have remained relatively stable over time with regard to the format of cited items and the people and sources cited. The consistency applies, even with the electronic availability of a greater amount, and greater diversity, of materials. Some differences from past practices are also presented.
Potentiation of acute chloroform nephrotoxicity by the glutathione depletor diethyl maleate and protection by the microsomal enzyme inhibitor piperonyl butoxide.

Abstract Administration of chloroform (CHCl 3 ) to adult, male, ICR mice produced dose-dependent nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity. Prior administration of the glutathione-depleting agent diethyl maleate increased the susceptibility of the kidney to CHCl 3 injury, while prior administration of the microsomal enzyme inhibitor piperonyl butoxide reduced susceptibility to acute CHCl 3 injury. Piperonyl butoxide pretreatment did not alter the time sequence or the pathophysiological manifestations of acute CHCl 3 nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity. Treatment with piperonyl butoxide 1 hr after CHCl 3 exposure and treatment with the microsomal enzyme inhibior SKF 525-A 2 hr before or 1 hr after CHCl 3 failed to reduce the susceptibilities of the kidney and liver to acute CHCl 3 injury and, in fact, generally increased susceptibility to CHCl 3 . These results suggest that renal glutathione may protect the kidney from acute CHCl 3 injury and indicate that CHCl 3 may be metabolized to a nephrotoxicant by an enzymatic pathway inhibited by piperonyl butoxide, but not by SKF 525-A.
Multi-component population balance modeling of continuous granulation processes: A parametric study and comparison with experimental trends

Abstract In the recent few years, continuous processing has been considered as a promising process alternative to batch processing in pharmaceutical manufacturing. Via a novel population balance model framework, a multi-dimensional multi-component model for a continuous granulation process was developed, describing time evolutions of distributions with respect to granule size, liquid distribution and granule composition. A parametric study was performed to analyze the effects of various process and design parameters, including granulator size and configuration, liquid spray rate and particle velocity, on evolutions and distributions of key granule properties. Simulation results capture experimentally observed sensitivities and trends thus demonstrating the use of a model-based framework for granulation process design, control and optimization to enable QbD in drug product development.
A dual mechanism for low-stress hemolysis in laminar blood flow

Human blood is sheared in cone-and-plate and parallel-plate rotational viscometers, the latter with variable plate spacings h. Plasma is analyzed for hemoglobin and LDH content before and after shearing to determine the extent of shear-induced blood damage within the low-stress regime (stress ⩽ 13 Pa). Geometrical variations in the test apparatus can be accommodated by correlating blood damage with the radially-averaged shear rate. Data on expired blood are shown to imply that much of the damage arises in the bulk fluid, with a smaller contribution from surface effects. Models are proposed to explain these results, obtained over a shear rate range to 5,000 s−1; parallel-plate platen separation is 0.25 < h < 1.00 mm, cone-and-plate angle is 0.5°, and both systems have platens 100 mm in diameter.
Phenylpropanolamine: reinforcing and subjective effects in normal human volunteers.

The reinforcing and subjective effects of phenylpropanolamine (PPA, 25 and 75 mg, PO) were compared with those of d-amphetamine (AMP, 5 mg) in a group of normal, healthy adults (eight males, nine females) with no history of drug abuse. A discrete-trial choice procedure was used in which subjects first sampled placebo and a dose of one of the drugs. Subjects were then allowed to choose between self-administration of drug or placebo on three separate occasions. The relative frequency with which active drug was chosen over placebo was used as the primary index of the drug's reinforcing efficacy. Subjective effects were measured with the Profile of Mood States, a short version of the Addiction Research Center Inventory and a series of visual analog scales. Ratings of drug liking, drug labelling, general activity level and strength of drug preference were also obtained. As expected, AMP was chosen significantly more often than expected by chance (69% of occasions). AMP also increased ratings of drug liking, preference strength, and activity level, and produced a profile of subjective effects consistent with its well-established stimulant and euphorigenic properties. The low dose of PPA was without effect on most measures. PPA 75 mg was chosen significantly less often than expected by chance (39% of occasions). This dose of PPA was most frequently labelled as a stimulant, and produced significant increases on ratings of Anxiety and “stimulated,” and decreases on ratings of “sedated” and “hungry.” Unlike AMP, PPA did not affect ratings of drug liking or mood scales reflecting euphoria. In sum, these results indicate that PPA does not possess AMP-like dependence potential.
The Beatific Vision as a Posing Exhibition: Revelation's Hypermasculine Deity

Rejecting recent apologetic readings of Revelation that affirm the otherness of its deity, this article attempts to demonstrate the extent to which Revelation's theology is a male fantasy. For the ...
Speech Pathologist Practice Patterns for Evaluation and Management of Suspected Cricopharyngeal Dysfunction

Speech pathologists are often the first professionals to identify signs of a cricopharyngeal (CP) dysfunction and make recommendations for further care. There are many care options for patients with CP dysfunction, but it is unclear how certain interventions are used in practice. A paper-based survey employing two clinical cases involving suspected CP dysfunction (Case 1 with adequate pharyngeal strength and Case 2 with coexisting pharyngeal weakness) was sent to members of American Speech-Language Hearing Association's Special Interest Group 13. Respondents ranked the order of management approaches (swallowing therapy, further evaluation, and referral to another medical professional) and selected specific interventions under each approach that they would recommend for each case. Completed surveys from 206 respondents were entered into analysis. The majority of the respondents recommended swallowing therapy as a first approach for each case (Case 1: 64 %; Case 2: 88 %). The most prevalent swallowing exercises recommended were the Shaker (73 %), effortful swallow (62 %), and Mendelsohn maneuver (53 %) for Case 1 and effortful swallow (92 %), Shaker (84 %), and tongue-hold swallow (73 %) for Case 2. 76 % of respondents recommended a referral for Case 1, while 38 % recommended the same for Case 2. Respondents with access to more types of evaluative tools were more likely to recommend further evaluation, and those with access to only videofluoroscopy were less likely to recommend further evaluation. However, the high degree of variability in recommendations reflects the need for best practice guidelines for patients with signs of CP dysfunction.
Evaluation of the operating parameters of the liquid sampling-atmospheric pressure glow discharge (LS-APGD) ionization source for elemental mass spectrometry.

The liquid sampling-atmospheric pressure glow discharge (LS-APGD) has been assessed as an ionization source for elemental analysis with an interdependent, parametric evaluation regarding sheath/cooling gas flow rate, discharge current, liquid flow rate, and the distance between the plasma and the sampling cone of the mass spectrometer. In order to better understand plasma processes (and different from previous reports), no form of collision/reaction processing was performed to remove molecular interferents. The evaluation was performed employing five test elements: cesium, silver, lead, lanthanum and nickel (10−4 mol L−1 in 1 mol L−1 HNO3). The intensity of the atomic ions, levels of spectral background, the signal-to-background ratios, and the atomic-to-oxide/hydroxide adduct ratios were monitored in order to obtain fundamental understanding with regards to not only how each parameter effects the performance of this LS-APGD source, but also the inter-parametric effects. The results indicate that the discharge current and the liquid sampling flow rates are the key aspects that control the spectral composition. A compromise set of operating conditions was determined: sheath gas flow rate = 0.9 L min−1, discharge current = 10 mA, solution flow rate = 10 μL min−1, and sampling distance = 1 cm. Limits of detection (LODs) were calculated using the SBR-RSDB (signal-to-background ratio/relative standard deviation of the background) approach under the optimized condition. The LODs for the test elementals ranged from 15 to 400 ng mL−1 for 10 μL injections, with absolute mass values from 0.2 to 4 ng.
Cold Nuclear Matter Effects at PHENIX

Abstract While the study of the quark-gluon plasma has been the primary focus of the RHIC experiments, much work has also been done to understand so-called cold nuclear matter (CNM) effects through d + Au collisions where no hot plasma is produced. Effects such as nuclear shadowing, Cronin enhancement, and initial-state parton energy loss, among others, are not only interesting in their own right, but have direct implications on QGP-related measurements in A + A collisions. Recently PHENIX has measured CNM effects at midrapidity in s NN = 200 GeV d + Au collisions. Measurements of reconstructed jets reveal the centrality dependence of both jet suppression and broadening of the away-side jet. Meanwhile, single electrons from heavy flavor decays exhibit enhancement, increasing with centrality, over a broad p T range. J / ψ and ψ ′ modification have also been measured and are quite different in magnitude, in contrast with our expectations. The above results are presented here and compared to our present understanding of CNM effects.
A Quasichemical Theory for a Short Range Ordered Alloy with Vacancies.

A quasichemical theory for a short range ordered binary alloy containing vacancies is developed using a kinetic approach. The vacancy–atom a posteriori probabilities are obtained. It is shown that if the vacancies are in their equilibrium environment then the atom–atom pair probabilities should also have the values corresponding to the state of thermodynamic equilibrium. Es wird eine quasichemische Theorie fur nahgeordnete, binare Legierungen, die Leerstellen enthalten, mit einer kinetischen Behandlungsweise entwickelt. Fur den Fall, das sich die Leerstellen in ihrer Gleichgewichtsumgebung befinden, wird gezeigt, das die Atom–Atom-Paarwahrscheinlichkeiten ebenfalls Werte haben, die den Zustanden des thermischen Gleichgewichts entsprechen.