cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Convergence Studies of Mass Transport in Disks with Gravitational Instabilities. II. The Radiative Cooling Case

We conduct a convergence study of a protoplanetary disk subject to gravitational instabilities (GIs) at a time of approximate balance between heating produced by the GIs and radiative cooling governed by realistic dust opacities. We examine cooling times, characterize GI-driven spiral waves and their resultant gravitational torques, and evaluate how accurately mass transport can be represented by an {alpha}-disk formulation. Four simulations, identical except for azimuthal resolution, are conducted with a grid-based three-dimensional hydrodynamics code. There are two regions in which behaviors differ as resolution increases. The inner region, which contains 75% of the disk mass and is optically thick, has long cooling times and is well converged in terms of various measures of structure and mass transport for the three highest resolutions. The longest cooling times coincide with radii where the Toomre Q has its minimum value. Torques are dominated in this region by two- and three-armed spirals. The effective {alpha} arising from gravitational stresses is typically a few Multiplication-Sign 10{sup -3} and is only roughly consistent with local balance of heating and cooling when time-averaged over many dynamic times and a wide range of radii. On the other hand, the outer disk region, which is mostly optically thin,more » has relatively short cooling times and does not show convergence as resolution increases. Treatment of unstable disks with optical depths near unity with realistic radiative transport is a difficult numerical problem requiring further study. We discuss possible implications of our results for numerical convergence of fragmentation criteria in disk simulations.« less
Successful Treatment of Postoperative Right Ventricular Heart Failure with the HIA-Medos-Assist System in a 2-Year-Old Girl

One year after total correction of tetralogy of Fallot, reoperation was performed in a 2-year-old infant because of an aneurysm of the right ventricular outflow tract. After removal of the aneurysm, massive right ventricular failure occurred. Maximal medical inotropic support could not reestablish sufficient right ventricular function. Therefore, it was decided to implant the new HIA-Medos system as a right ventricular assist. In the postoperative period, echocardiographic controls showed increasing contractility of the right ventricle. The assist system was removed after 3 days and the infant was discharged in good condition on the 22nd postoperative day.
Combing Tests with Individual Wool Fleeces Indicate That Spinning Value May Not Be Predictable from Single- or Group-Fibre Measurements

The methods of measuring results of research into the problems of wool production have been largely restricted to measurements of the physical and chemical attributes of the single fibre. It has been customary to measure the fineness of wool by taking a mean of the diameters of single fibres, and to observe the length, breaking strength, and stretch by repeated operations on single fibres. Measurements of the fleece as a unit have been almost confined to recording greasy and clean weights.The experiment described in this paper was conducted in the hope of finding a new expression of results relating to the entire fleece which might be used in biological investigations of wool. It is published more as a record of results than an attempt to prove that the objective was reached. Combing tests on individual fleeces have not been reported previously.The results of the test indicate that it is not an easy problem to take a sufficient number of single fibre measurements to yield data in harmony with those obtain...
Modulation of macrophage cytokine production by conjugated linoleic acids is influenced by the dietary n-6:n-3 fatty acid ratio

Abstract Conjugated linoleic acids (CLA) are a mixture of 18:2 isomeric fatty acids that have conjugated double bonds. We undertook this study to determine if CLA altered spleen fatty acid composition, macrophage cytokine production, and liver prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) biosynthesis in the presence of varying ratios of (n-6) and (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). Groups of six rats were fed diets (AIN-93G) containing soybean oil (SBO) or menhaden oil and safflower oil (MSO), with CLA (10 g/kg) or without CLA. Spleens of rats consuming CLA contained the t9,c11 and t10,c12 isomers of CLA and a lower content of 18:1 fatty acids. CLA significantly reduced basal and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6) by resident peritoneal macrophages in rats given SBO. CLA also reduced basal levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) production in both diets, but had no effect on LPS-induced levels of TNF. CLA had no effect on IL-1 production, but macrophage IL-1 production was increased in MSO fed rats compared with SBO fed rats. Rats given MSO had reduced PGE2 production in spleen compared with SBO fed rats. In SBO fed rats, CLA caused some reduction in PGE2, but the effect was not significant. The effect of CLA on PGE2 production may be dependent on the type of dietary fat consumed and the organ being studied.
FISSURAL CYSTS OF THE PALATE.

Abstract Fissural cysts of the palate, whether median platine or nasopalatine, are of nonodontogenic origin and are located in the midsuture area of the hard palate. The difficulty in arriving at a definitive diagnosis is due to the fact that both the median palatine cyst and the nasopalatine cyst are located in the midsuture line of the hard palate. Whenever these cysts enlarge peripherally and/or involve adjacent anatomic areas, the radiographs demonstrate a large radiolucent area which extends beyond the characteristic boundaries of either the nasopalatine or median palatine cyst.
A new antifouling assay method: results from field experiments using extracts of four marine organisms

Antifouling is one possible defensive function of marine natural products isolated from sessile benthic organisms, but there is little experimental evidence to support this claim. We developed a technique in which crude organic extracts of marine organisms are incorporated into hard, stable gels that serve as substrata for larval settlement in the field. These gels contain extracts at concentrations that are volumetrically equivalent to those in living tissues, and compounds diffuse from assay gels in a manner that may mimic their natural release from some organisms. After 21 days in flowing seawater, a mean of 56% of the mass of crude extract from the sponge Hymeniacidon heliophila (Parker) remained in gels. Extracts from two sponges, Aplysilla longispina (George & Wilson) and Hymeniacidon heliophila, an ascidian, Eudistoma hepaticum (VanName), and an alga, Codium decorticatum (Woodward & Howe), were incorporated into gels and deployed in the field over a period of 28 days; extracts from A. longispina deterred settlement of invertebrates and algae relative to control gels, while extracts from C. decorticatum enhanced settlement. Mean settlement on control gels was similar to that on plexiglas plates of the same size. This technique represents a more ecologically relevant method for assaying the antifouling properties of extracts of marine organisms because (1) assay gels are exposed to a natural population of settling propagules, (2) extracts are incorporated into gels at natural volumetric concentrations, and (3) extracts within the gel matrix do not alter the physical characteristics of the settlement surface.
Stability of a periodic solution for a system of parabolic equations

In this paper we study the stability of a periodic solution for system of parabolic equations with Neumann boundary conditions. This periodic solution is also solution of an ODE. We compute the Floquet exponents for the linearized system of parabolic equations around this periodic solution. If the diffusion coefficients are close each others and the Floquet exponents for the linearized system of ODE'S around this periodic solution are such that: zero is simple and the others have negative real part, then we prove that this periodic solution is orbitally asymptotically stable for the system of parabolic equations with Neumann boundary conditions.
Immunogenetic analysis of microsomal and non‐microsomal lipoproteins from normal and malignannt mouse tissues for histocompatibility‐2 (H‐2) antigens

The H-2 antigenic properties of lipoprotein fractions from malignant (L-5178Y leukemia) and normal (spleen, thymus, liver, kidney) mouse tissues have been studied by serological and immunological tests, and the results compared to the previously described activities of these fractions in homograft-sensitization tests. Although, in general, the relative activities in the different assays parallel each other some notable exceptions were found. The non-microsomal lipoproteins from leukemic tissue, inactive in homograft-sensitization tests, did elicit H-2 antibody. Also, the liver microsomal lipoproteins, which are inactive in homograft-sensitization tests in amounts 400 × the minimal effective doses of spleen preparations, exhibited, in in vitro agglutinin-inhibition tests, approximately one-fourth the H-2 activity of the latter. Other findings of note include the high antibody-eliciting potency of the spleen and leukemia microsomal lipoproteins (15 μg protein was sufficient to initiate primary immunization and 1 μg protein to cause an anamnestic response); and the quantitive identity of H-2 antigen activity of the microsomal lipoproteins from spleen and thymus.
Amino acid sequence of a 32‐residue region around the thiol ester site in duck ovostatin

Abstract To obtain the amino acid sequence at the thiol ester site in duck ovostatin for comparisons with other proteins, the native ovostatin was labeled with 14 CH 3 NH 2 at the reactive thiol ester site. The modified protein was reduced, carboxymethylated, and digested with trypsin. 14 C-labeled peptides isolated by gel filtration with Sephadex G-50, ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-cellulose and HPLC were subjected to automated sequence analysis, and the stretch of 32 amino acid residues containing the 14 CH 3 NH 2 -binding site were determined. A comparison of this sequence with the corresponding sequences in α 2 -macroglobulin, and complement components C3 and C4 revealed 72, 31 and 34% homology, respectively. The results indicate that ovostatin is a close relative to plasma α-macroglobulins and may share a common ancestor with C3 and C4.
Recollecting vs. "Live" Recording: Organizational Relationships of a Surgeon

It has been a common illusion among professional investigators that a science of human behavior can be based on questionnaire surveys accumulating words with an imprecise meaning and subjective bias. The phrase "behavioral science" is itself misleading in that it connotes a body of data objectively describing behavior. In actual fact the greater proportion of studies of human groups by behavioral scientists is only impressionistic and well below the standard of good novelists. The purpose of this paper is to show one method of translating live, observed behavior into meaningful words and numbers.
Substitution sequences in \mathbb{Z}^{d} with a non-simple Lebesgue component in the spectrum

We construct d-dimensional substitution sequences for which the continuous part of the spectrum is generated by measures equal to Lebesgue measure. A special case is the Rudin–Shapiro substitution sequence. The construction uses Hadamard matrices in an essential way, so the dimension and size of a substitution is restricted by the size of the Hadamard matrix defining it. Each such substitution automatically has a dual substitution, which is defined by the same Hadamard matrix, and which retains a Lebesgue spectral component. We also see that random application of our substitutions produces sequences with a Lebesgue component in their spectrum. Finally, we see that any d-dimensional substitution with d > 1 can be ‘unraveled’ into lower-dimensional substitutions which still have Lebesgue spectral components.
Simulated Annealing Routing and Wavelength Lower Bound Estimation on Wavelength-Division Multiplexing Optical Multistage Networks

Multistage interconnection networks (MINs) are popular in switching and communication applications and have been used in tele- communication and parallel computing systems for many years. Crosstalk a major problem introduced by an optical MIN, is caused by coupling two signals within a switching element. We focus on an efficient solution to avoiding crosstalk by routing traffic through anN3N optical network to avoid coupling two signals within each switching element us- ing wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) and a time-division ap- proach. Under the constraint of avoiding crosstalk, the interest is on realizing a permutation that uses the minimum number of passes for routing. This routing problem is an NP-hard problem. Many heuristic al- gorithms are already designed by researchers to perform this routing such as a sequential algorithm, a degree-descending algorithm, etc. The genetic algorithm is used successfully to improve the performance over the heuristic algorithms. The drawback of the genetic algorithm is its long running times. We use the simulated annealing algorithm to improve the performance of solving the problem and optimizing the result. In addition, a wavelength lower bound estimate on the minimum number of passes required is calculated and compared to the results obtained using heu- ristic, genetic, and simulated annealing algorithms. Many cases are tested and the results are compared to the results of other algorithms to show the advantages of simulated annealing algorithm. © 2004 Society of
Medication may be required for the development of automatic information processing in schizophrenia.

Abstract Medicated and unmedicated schizophrenic patients and normal subjects ( n 's = 4) were examined on the extent to which their information-processing performance became automated over time, as reflected by increased competence in dual task performance. The central task was a computerized version of the Continuous Performance Test, and the secondary task was a wordlist shadowing task. Normal subjects and medicated schizophrenic patients became much more efficient at performing both tasks simultaneously with practice, with unmedicated patients showing no improvement over time.
Clinical management of aplastic anemia

Acquired aplastic anemia is a potentially fatal bone marrow failure disorder that is characterized by pancytopenia and a hypocellular bone marrow. Hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation or bone marrow transplantation (BMT) is the treatment of choice for young patients who have a matched sibling donor. Immunosuppression with either anti-thymocyte globulin and cyclosporine or high-dose cyclophosphamide is an effective therapy for patients who are not suitable BMT candidates owing to age or lack of a suitable donor. Results of BMT from unrelated and mismatched donors are improving, but presently this treatment option is best reserved for those patients who do not respond, relapse or develop secondary clonal disorders following immunosuppressive therapy. Efforts are currently underway to both improve immunosuppressive regimens and to expand the application of BMT.
Long term results of treatment of carcinoma of cervix.

Summary In this survey of 602 patients treated for carcinoma of the uterine cervix during the period 1944–1968 (with a 100 per cent follow-up) survival rates at 5, 10, 15 and 20 years after radiotherapy were 41, 28, 18 and 11 per cent. The crude five-year cure rate of over 70 per cent for Stage I and 58 per cent for Stage II cases and an overall five-year survival rate of 42 per cent for all stages compares favourably with results published from other institutions in the United Kingdom.
A multiple-wavelength selector for a continuous spectrophotometric column monitoring system

Abstract A versatile, automated analytical system for quantitating proteins, peptides, and nucleic acid derivatives has been described by Anderson (1). In this system, absorbance at one or two wavelengths is continuously monitored and recorded. The two wavelengths in Anderson's dual-beam monitoring system are positioned by an air piston driven mechanical device which may offer some disadvantages. For example, wavelength selection is limited to the stroke length of the air piston, and air lines with pressure gages and regulators are required. Also, the time spent in assembly and disassembly of the modification to the spectrophotometer is lengthy. In the present report, an inexpensive electronic wavelength selector is described which, while performing the same function, eliminates these drawbacks in the Anderson system.
Approximation Algorithms for Intersection Graphs

We study three complexity parameters that, for each vertex v, are an upper bound for the number of cliques that are sufficient to cover a subset S(v) of its neighbors. We call a graph k-perfectly groupable if S(v) consists of all neighbors, k-simplicial if S(v) consists of the neighbors with a higher number after assigning distinct numbers to all vertices, and k-perfectly orientable if S(v) consists of the endpoints of all outgoing edges from v for an orientation of all edges. These parameters measure in some sense how chordal-like a graph is—the last parameter was not previously considered in literature. The similarity to chordal graphs is used to construct simple polynomial-time approximation algorithms with constant approximation ratio for many NP-hard problems, when restricted to graphs for which at least one of the three complexity parameters is bounded by a constant. As applications we present approximation algorithms with constant approximation ratio for maximum weighted independent set, minimum (independent) dominating set, minimum vertex coloring, maximum weighted clique, and minimum clique partition for large classes of intersection graphs.
The politics of scientific social reform, 1936–1960: Goodwin Watson and the Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues

This paper explores the development and subsequent transformation of a “radical” professional model in American psychology. Its focal point is Goodwin Watson and the Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues (SPSSI), an organization Watson helped found in 1936. During the Depression, he and many of his SPSSI colleagues called upon psychologists to abandon value neutrality and political disinterestedness in favor of an explicit set of social democratic goals and left-wing political alliances. Government service and political persecution during World War II led Watson to conclude that his Depression-era calls for sweeping change in psychology had neglected a number of significant political dimensions. Of particular importance was the problematic interface between psychological expertise and policy formation. In response to this concern, Watson encouraged the development of the now familiar model of the psychologist as a disinterested purveyor of value-neutral expertise. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
An Interview with RFID Security Expert Ari Juels

An interview with Ari Juels, chief scientist and director of RSA Laboratories and a leading expert in computer security in general and in RFID security and privacy in particular. This interview is part of a special issue on implantable electronics.
Imaging Techniques for Quantifying Passive Diffusion Across Lipid Bilayer Membranes

Passive diffusion of small-molecule species across the cell membranes is an essential step in drug delivery since molecules that can easily permeate the plasma membrane have high oral bioavailability. There are several techniques for characterizing the passive transmembrane transport of small molecules; however, there are many instances in which these techniques produce widely varying results. For instance, literature values for the permeabilities of low-molecular-weight carboxylic acids across phosphatidylcholine membranes span three orders of magnitude.We have developed a technique for precisely quantifying lipid membrane permeability to small molecules based on imaging of the concentration field surrounding giant unilamellar lipid vesicle (GUV) membranes. High-speed spinning disk confocal microscopy can be used to image dynamic changes in the concentration field and precisely measure permeabilities as fast as 0.2 cm/s. This technique can be used to measure the transport of both dye-containing species and species that result in a change of fluorescence intensity of a dye molecule. For instance, by using a pH-sensitive fluorophore, the transport of non-fluorescent carboxylic acid molecules can by observed.This technique can be combined with direct imaging of the membrane to simultaneously measure distinct transport rates across different phase-separated regions of a lipid vesicle. We have also imaged transport across GUVs with compositionally asymmetric membranes. These GUVs are formed in a multiphase microfluidic flow system in which the composition of each leaflet of the membrane can be controlled independently. We have measured proton and carboxylic acid transport across membranes with charge asymmetry. Early results show that the permeability of membranes with charge asymmetry depends on the direction in which small molecules and proton species are moving with respect to the membrane.
Capture and sequence analysis of RNAs with terminal 2',3'-cyclic phosphates

The combination of ligation-based RNA capture methods and high-throughput sequencing has facilitated the characterization of transcriptomes and the identification of novel noncoding RNAs. However, current ligation-based RNA capture methods require RNA substrates with terminal 3′-hydroxyl groups, limiting their utility for identifying RNAs with modified termini like 2′,3′-cyclic phosphates. Cyclic phosphate-terminated RNAs are generated by endonucleolytic cleavages and self-cleaving ribozymes and are found as stable modifications on cellular RNAs such as the U6 spliceosomal RNA. We developed a method that uses the Arabidopsis thaliana tRNA ligase to add an adaptor oligonucleotide to RNAs that terminate in 2′,3′-cyclic phosphates. The adaptor allows specific priming by reverse transcriptase, which is followed by additional steps for PCR amplification and high-throughput DNA sequencing. Applying the method to total human RNA, we found 2836 sequencing reads corresponding to the 3′ terminus of U6 snRNA, validating the method. In addition to a large background of reads that map throughout abundantly transcribed RNAs, we also found 42,324 reads of specific fragments from several tRNA isoacceptor families, suggesting that this method may identify processing events previously undetected by other RNA cloning techniques.
Treatment of Metastatic Carcinoid Tumors Using Multimodality Therapy of Octreotide Acetate, Intra-Arterial Chemotherapy, and Hepatic Arterial Chemoembolization

Background Overall survival and quality of life in patients with metastatic carcinoid tumors depend on control of tumor growth and suppression of amine-induced symptoms. Methods We report on a series of 10 patients with carcinoid tumors metastatic to the liver who were treated with long-term octreotide acetate therapy (100 to 500 μg three tunes a day), sequential intra-arterial 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) infusions, and hepatic tumor chemoembolization. Results All 10 patients remained asymptomatic or had extremely mild symptoms after combined modality therapy (mean follow-up duration of 51.5 months). Sixty percent of the patients had a >50% reduction of their tumor size (mean duration 42 months). An additional 30% experienced stabilization of tumor growth for 6 months or longer. Five of the 10 patients are currently alive. The mean group survival is 58 months since diagnosis (range 33 to 115) and 40 months since starting therapy (range 12 to 65). Conclusions Combining octreotide acetate, intra-arterial 5-FU, and tumor chemoembolization effectively retards tumor growth while providing excellent symptom control.
Impact of pretreatment body mass index on patients with head-and-neck cancer treated with radiation.

Purpose: To investigate the association of pretreatment body mass index (preT BMI) with outcomes of head-and-neck cancer in patients treated with radiotherapy (RT). Methods and Materials: All 1,562 patients diagnosed with head-and-neck cancer and treated with curative-intent RT to a dose of 60 Gy or higher were retrospectively studied. Body weight was measured both at entry and at the end of RT. Cancer-specific survival (CSS), overall survival (OS), locoregional control (LRC), and distant metastasis (DM) were analyzed by preT BMI ( =}25 kg/m{sup 2}). The median follow-up was 8.6 years. Results: Patients with lower preT BMI were statistically significantly associated with poorer CSS and OS than those with higher preT BMI. There was no significant difference between preT BMI groups in terms of LRC and DM. Body weight loss (BWL) during radiation did not influence survival outcomes. However, in the group with higher preT BMI, CSS, OS, and DM-free survival of patients with less BWL during radiation were statistically longer when compared with greater BWL. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that higher preT BMI positively influenced survival outcomes for patients with head-and-neck cancer. Patients with higher preT BMI who were able to maintain their weight during radiation hadmore » significantly better survival than patients with greater BWL.« less
Two graphical methods for planar contact problems

Graphical methods are often applied to planar mechanics problems, especially in the context of robotic manipulation, but there are limitations. In particular, the friction cone is an elegant representation of the set of forces generated by a single frictional contact, but there was previously no simple extension to problems of multiple frictional contacts. The paper shows a simple generalization of the friction cone to include multiple contacts. It demonstrates applications to dynamics problems and manipulation planning problems. >
Brief Communication: Sudden drainage of a subglacial lake beneath the Greenland Ice Sheet

Abstract. We report on the appearance of a 2 km wide, 70 m deep circular depression located 50 km inland of the southwestern margin of the Greenland Ice Sheet that provides the first direct evidence for concentrated, long-term storage, and sudden release, of meltwater at the bed. Drainage of the lake may have been triggered by the recent increase in meltwater runoff. The abundance of such lakes and their potential importance to the ice sheet's hydrologic system and flow regime remain unknown.
Specificity of Isoniazid on Growth Inhibition and Competition for an Oxidized Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Regulatory Site on the Electron Transport Pathway in Mycobacterium phlei

The mechanism of action of isoniazid (INH) on saprophytic and atypical mycobacteria is thought to be different from that on Mycobacterium tuberculosis because higher concentrations are required to be effective in these species. In this investigation, M. phlei was inhibited by INH at a concentration of 25 mug/ml. Benzoic acid hydrazide (BZH) and nicotinic acid hydrazide (NAH) were inhibitory at levels of 300 and 500 mug/ml, respectively. Inhibition by these compounds was not inoculum dependent. An isolated M. phlei mutant resistant to 100 mug of INH per ml (Inh(r)) was inhibited by INH only at concentrations about equal to those inhibitory for BZH and NAH. When NAH and BZH were below their minimal inhibitory concentrations, INH inhibition was antagonized. Hence, there appears to be a single target site for INH in mycobacteria with different affinities for various hydrazide analogs of INH. The increased inhibitory levels required for the atypical and saprophytic species are due to a decreased affinity of the target site for INH in these species. INH also inhibited both the oxidized nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD(+)) and adenosine 5'-monophosphate stimulation of reduced NAD (NADH) oxidase activity associated with the M. phlei and M. tuberculosis H(37)R(a) electron transport particles. INH did not reverse the NAD(+) stimulation of oxidase activity in the Inh(r) strain of M. phlei. No direct inhibitory effect of INH on NADH oxidase activity was observed. Incubation of M. phlei electron transport particles at 0 degrees C with INH resulted in a dramatic loss of oxidase activity which could have been prevented if NAD(+) were present. However, INH had no effect upon the NADH oxidase when stored with electron transport particles isolated from the Inh(r) strain. Therefore, INH inhibition of regulation and/or stabilization of the electron transport pathway by NAD(+) or adenosine 5'-monophosphate may account, in part, for the lethal action of the drug on mycobacteria.
Changing the Public's Attitude toward Braille: A Grassroots Approach:

This study addressed the effect of casual exposure to braille on the attitudes toward blindness and the use of braille of three groups of sighted university students: students in two sections of a ...
The Myth of Eve: The Temptress

Sample comments on Gen 3:6b from the theological literature of patristic, medieval and modern periods show a deep-seated and wide-spread conviction that Eve tempted Adam to commit the first sin. Such comments sometimes go so far as to draw parallels between Eve and the serpent, and even make her the cause responsible for Adam's fall. Nevertheless, Gen 3:6b says nothing whatever about any temptation of Adam by Eve. Nor does Gen 3:17 lend the legend any serious support. The myth of Eve the temptress in its various forms cannot be explained except in terms of each commentator's own presuppositions and cultural expectations.
“Drink Milk for Fitness”: The Cultural Politics of Human Biological Variation and Milk Consumption in the United States

Cow's milk is accorded a high cultural value in the contemporary United States. Its white color, association with the maternal and the pastoral, and repeated mention in the Bible add positive symbolic weight to this major national agricultural commodity. Thus, it comes as no surprise that influential policy-making institutions in the United States recommend milk consumption for all U.S. groups. This is despite variation in adult populations' abilities to digest milk, which has been documented by biological anthropologists. This article assesses various U.S. “stories” about milk consumption and its relationship to biological variation against the biological anthropological explanation of variation in lactase activity/lactose tolerance. Many of these serve as normalizing discourses that ultimately pathologize biological difference and may undermine the dietary traditions of some ethnic groups. In particular, the close relationship between government and the dairy industry leads to policies that fail to seriously consider variation in digestive physiology among the diverse U.S. populations.
Maintaining Workplace Friendships: Perceived Politeness and Predictors of Maintenance Tactic Choice

Workplace friendships are linked to many important processes and outcomes such as employee satisfaction, career development, creativity, and decision-making influence (Sias, 2009). Research has examined how workplace peer friendships develop and deteriorate, but largely ignored their maintenance. The studies reported here addressed this void. Study 1 identified communicative tactics individuals use to maintain friendships with peer coworkers. Study 2 assessed the perceived politeness/positive face threat of the tactics. Study 3 examined the extent to which perceived politeness, task interdependence and individual attachment style predict the likelihood an individual will use specific maintenance tactics.
Phytol-based novel adjuvants in vaccine formulation: 1. assessment of safety and efficacy during stimulation of humoral and cell-mediated immune responses

Vaccine efficacy depends significantly on the use of appropriate adjuvant(s) in the formulation. Phytol, a dietary diterpene alcohol, is similar in structure to naturally occurring isoprenoid adjuvants; but little is known of its adjuvanticity. In this report, we describe the relative safety and efficacy of phytol and its hydrogenated derivative PHIS-01 compared to commercial adjuvants. We tested adjuvant properties using a formulation consisting of either a hapten, phthalate-conjugated to a protein, keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH), or ovalbumin (OVA) emulsified with the test adjuvants in mice without any surfactant. Humoral immunity was assessed in terms of titer, specificity, and isotypic profiles. The effect on cell-mediated immunity was studied by assaying the induction of either OVA- or B-lymphoma-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) activity. The phytol compounds, particularly PHIS-01, elicit increased titers of all major IgG subclasses, especially IgG2a. Unlike commercial adjuvants, both phytol compounds are capable of inducing specific cytotoxic effector T cell responses specific to both OVA and B-lymphoma tested. Phytols as adjuvants are also distinctive in that they provoke no adverse anti-DNA autoimmune response. Intraperitoneally administered phytol is comparable to complete Freund's adjuvant in toxicity in doses over 40 ug/mouse, but PHIS-01 has no such toxicity. These results and our ongoing studies on antibacterial immunity show that phytol and PHIS-01 are novel and effective adjuvants with little toxicity.
Impact of particle morphology on surface oxidation of nanoparticles: A kinetic Monte Carlo based study

A high-fidelity coagulation driven kinetic Monte Carlo (KMC) model is developed to study the physics of the nonlinear interplay between competing exothermic collision-coalescence mediated surface oxidation and complex morphologies in aggregated nanostructures generated during gas-phase synthesis of nanoparticles. Results suggest a twofold oxidation mechanism in which thermally activated processes form a critical oxide shell, beyond which morphological complexity of nanoparticles gives rise to enhanced oxidation. Simulation results for the example case-study of Al nanoparticle synthesis in air under different prototypical processing conditions, i.e., temperature, pressure and volume loading, show the efficacy of the model in determining optimal process variables for tuning the structural and chemical makeup of energetic nanomaterials. Finally, it is demonstrated that inclusion of nonisothermal coalescence that leads to the formation of fractallike nanoparticles (particularly, < 15 nm) gives rise to higher degrees of oxidation when compared to instantly coalescing spherical particles. V C 2012 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 58: 3341–3353, 2012
Derivative Lawsuits as a Corporate Governance Mechanism: Empirical Evidence on Board Changes Surrounding Filings

Legal rights of investors have been recognized as an essential component of corporate governance. We assess the efficacy of these rights by an examination of the corporate governance effects of 215 shareholder derivative lawsuits filed in U.S. courts over the period, 1982-1994. We find significant negative stock price reactions at the filings of derivative lawsuits, with important cross-sectional variability in the cumulative abnormal returns (CARs). We observe that larger firms with higher R&D expenses, larger boards, and greater insider board representation tend to experience more negative CARs. We also find that the incidence of derivative suits is higher for firms with a greater likelihood of managerial agency problems. Most importantly, we find that derivative suits are associated with significant improvements in the boards of directors, which have been recognized as a critical aspect of corporate governance. We find that firms, whose managers lose derivative lawsuits, have smaller boards, a higher percentage of outside directors on their boards, and a greater departure rate among board directors in the periods following the filings of lawsuits. These findings suggest that shareholder derivative lawsuits have the intended benefits, affirming the useful role of U.S. courts in producing better corporate governance.
The Value of Winter Pasture and Sweet Potato Meal for Lactating Dairy Cows

Summary Fifteen dairy cows of the University herd were used to study the value of winter pasture and sweet potato meal for lactating dairy animals during the winter of 1947. The project was conducted for three 28-day periods in accordance with the latin square design (1, 19). Analysis of variance was employed in analyzing the milk, butterfat and flavor data. The cows that were on winter grazing consumed approximately 46 per cent less dry roughage and produced 15.6 per cent more milk and 18 per cent more butterfat than did the animals that were dry-lot fed. These differences in yields were highly significant. The mean flavor scores of the afternoon milk samples were 36.2, 37.6 and 36.9 when the cows were fed ration B (containing pasture and corn), ration C (containing dry roughage and corn) and ration D (containing dry roughage and sweet potato meal), respectively. The differences in the flavor scores of the milk from cows fed rations B and C were statistically significant. The differences in the flavor scores of the milk from cows fed rations C and D were non-significant. The differences in the mean flavor scores of the morning milk samples from cows fed each of the rations were non-significant. There was no significant difference in the amount of milk and butterfat produced or in the flavor score of the milk when the cows were fed a concentrate mixture consisting of 30.2 per cent of either corn or sweet potato meal. The animals ate one ration just as readily as the other. The sweet potato meal did not cause an excessive or objectionable laxative effect upon the digestive system of the cows.
Asymmetric Weakness and West Nile Virus Infection

Abstract Background Weakness is a common presentation in the emergency department (ED). Asymmetric weakness or weakness that appears not to follow an anatomical pattern is a less common occurrence. Acute flaccid paralysis with no signs of meningoencephalitis is one of the more uncommon presentations of West Nile virus (WNV). Patient may complain of an acute onset of severe weakness, or even paralysis, in one or multiple limbs with no sensory deficits. This weakness is caused by injury to the anterior horn cells of the spinal cord. We present a case of acute asymmetric flaccid paralysis with preserved sensory responses that was eventually diagnosed as neuroinvasive WNV infection. Case Report A 31-year-old male with no medical history presented with complaints of left lower and right upper extremity weakness. Computed tomography scan was negative and multiple other studies were performed in the ED. Eventually, he was admitted to the hospital and was found to have decreased motor amplitudes, severely reduced motor neuron recruitment, and denervation on electrodiagnostic study. Cerebrospinal fluid specimen tested positive for WNV immunoglobulin (Ig) G and IgM antibodies. Why Should an Emergency Physician Be Aware of This? Acute asymmetric flaccid paralysis with no signs of viremia or meningoencephalitis is an unusual presentation of WNV infection. WNV should be included in the differential for patients with asymmetric weakness, especially in the summer months in areas with large mosquito populations.
Power Scheduling for MIMO Relay Channels Employing Rateless Codes

We propose a simple power scheduling algorithm for relay channels with multiple antennas. The algorithm combines seamlessly with a low complexity communication protocol that employs rateless coding for the relay channel. The goal of the algorithm is to achieve a target average total transmission power. It requires little signaling and can be used whenever the destination node can predict future channel states. The scheduling works by a power on/off control of the source and relay nodes. It has about 1 dB gain in low SNR. It has little gain in moderate to high SNR due to the very small amount of signaling, but can be used to achieve a range of target average total transmission power without adjusting the on-power.
How will the reduction of tariffs and taxes on insecticide- treated bednets affect household purchases?

L'une des mesures qui s'impose dans la lutte contre le paludisme est la suppression des droits de douane et des taxes sur les moustiquaires impregnees d'insecticide, sur les materiaux utilises pour leur fabrication et sur les insecticides afin de les rendre moins cher et d'encourager leur utilisation. Les auteurs du present article ont mis au point une formule pour etudier la mesure dans laquelle une reforme de la politique douaniere et fiscale pourrait favoriser l'achat de telles moustiquaires. Les points suivants ont ete examines : 1) baisse du prix de detail qu'entrainerait la reduction ou la suppression des droits de douane et des taxes ; 2) effets du changement du prix de detail sur la demande des consommateurs. Si les informations sur l'elasticite de la demande en fonction du prix sont peu nombreuses, elles laissent toutefois entendre que la demande ne reagit guere a la baisse du prix si les preferences des menages restent constantes. La reduction du prix de detail liee a la suppression des droits de douane et des taxes depend de la structure du marche de chaque pays. Ainsi, au Nigeria, la reduction des droits de 42 a 0 % sur les insecticides et de 40 a 5 % sur les materiaux utilises pour la fabrication de moustiquaires devrait entrainer une augmentation de 9 a 27 % des achats de moustiquaires selon l'elasticite retenue Pour prevoir la facon dont un changement de politique affectera les achats de moustiquaires impregnees d'insecticide il faut pouvoir disposer d'informations sur la structure du marche et les conditions de couts de chaque pays.
An Econometric Model of the Regulated Emissions for Fuel-Efficient New Vehicles

Abstract Results of recent studies suggested that because of the way the auto emissions are regulated, increasing the fuel economy of new vehicles may lead to a degradation in air quality. These results rest on the hypothesis that increasing the fuel economy of new vehicles leaves the emission rate of the of the regulated pollutants unchanged. This paper develops an econometric model of the emission rate of new vehicles and uses the model to test the null hypothesis that increased fuel economy leaves the emission rate unchanged. The estimation results do not reject the null. We subject the model to extensive specification tests as well, to be reasonably confident of its adequacy.
Chronology of the Last Glacial Maximum in the Upper Bear River Basin, Utah

ABSTRACT The headwaters of the Bear River drainage were occupied during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) by outlet glaciers of the Western Uinta Ice Field, an extensive ice mass (∼685 km2) that covered the western slope of the Uinta Mountains. A well-preserved sequence of latero-frontal moraines in the drainage indicates that outlet glaciers advanced beyond the mountain front and coalesced on the piedmont. Glacial deposits in the Bear River drainage provide a unique setting where both 10Be cosmogenic surface-exposure dating of moraine boulders and 14C dating of sediment in Bear Lake downstream of the glaciated area set age limits on the timing of glaciation. Limiting 14C ages of glacial flour in Bear Lake (corrected to calendar years using CALIB 5.0) indicate that ice advance began at 32 ka and culminated at about 24 ka. Based on a Bayesian statistical analysis of cosmogenic surface-exposure ages from two areas on the terminal moraine complex, the Bear River glacier began its final retreat at about 18.7 to ...
Digital fluoroscopy as a valuable adjunct to open vascular operations

Abstract The increasing availability of and vascular surgeons’ familiarity with digital cine-fluoroscopy in the operating room has been facilitated by the advent and growing popularity of endovascular aortoiliac aneurysm repair and other endovascular techniques that are being incorporated into vascular surgical practice. Digital cine-fluoroscopy can also be used as a valuable adjunct to standard open vascular procedures in several ways including: performance of completion angiography, fluoroscopically-assisted thromboembolectomy, intraoperative planning angiography, fluoroscopically-guided pressure gradient measurements, achieving vascular control of proximal arteries, intraoperative thrombolysis of compromised outflow tracts, and angioplasty and stenting of lesions detected intraoperatively. These techniques can improve the outcome of standard vascular procedures by permitting the identification of inflow, outflow, conduit, and anastomotic defects intraoperatively and guiding their repair. Additionally, in many cases they can reduce the amount of exposure required, reduce intraoperative blood loss, and minimize trauma to vessels during thrombectomy. Fluoroscopic guidance can facilitate and improve these and other aspects of standard open vascular procedures. Conversely, the ability to perform open interventions can facilitate the performance of many endovascular interventions. It is becoming increasingly important to be facile with both open and E fluoroscopically guided techniques in order to fully treat the spectrum of vascular disease in an optimum fashion.
Effect of Particle Size of the Calcium Source on Performance of Broiler Chicks Fed Diets with Different Calcium and Phosphorus Levels

Abstract Broiler chicks were fed diets differing in calcium (Ca) level, source, and particle size. The basal diet fed in most experiments contained .62% total phosphorus and .49% Ca from sources other than the Ca sources being compared. Performance was not affected by Ca source in diets with .9% Ca. In diets with 1.5% Ca, gain and bone ash were significantly lower with a powdered, USP grade calcium carbonate than with limestone particles passing through a l,000-μ screen and retained by a 417-μ screen. Crushing these particles to allow them to pass through a 74-μ screen caused them to behave like the powdered calcium carbonate. Particles of this limestone had to at least pass through a 147-μ screen to cause a greater reduction in gain; the finest particles tested (passed a 74-μ screen) reduced performance most. When graded levels of fine and medium particles were fed, the higher levels reduced gain, and less of the fine particles was required to produce a given reduction. In a high Ca-low P diet, fine particles of the Ca source were more deleterious than medium. Apparently, chicks can shunt excess Ca in the form of medium particles (150 to 1,000 μ) through the digestive system better than they can the more reactive, fine particles.
Minority College Aspirations, Expectations and Applications under the Texas Top 10% Law

The Texas legislature passed the Top 10% Law in 1996 guaranteeing automatic admission to any Texas public college or university for seniors who graduate in the top decile of their high school class. Using data on a representative sample of seniors (N = 12,029) enrolled in 96 Texas public high schools, we examine whether and how this law affects the educational aspirations and expectations of graduating seniors, as well as whether they apply to college. Hierarchical generalized linear models demonstrate that the knowledge of a percent plan has played an important role in raising the sights of students who might not otherwise consider college. This effect is particularly pronounced for minority students, although peer family and high school context play pivotal roles.