cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hidrogeles de polimerización in situ para la regeneración de cartílago articular. [In-situ-forming hydrogels for articular cartilage repair]

Una significativa cantidad de adultos jovenes activos sufre lesiones condrales focales. Estas lesiones, si no se tratan, pueden progresar hacia la artrosis, que es una de las principales enfermedades musculoesqueleticas debilitantes y de gran carga economica que afectan a toda sociedad. Pese a los tratamientos quirurgicos disponibles para la reparacion de defectos condrales focales sintomaticos que mejoran la calidad de vida a mediano plazo, hay un mayor riesgo de progresion hacia la artrosis prematura. Los tratamientos biologicos (celulas madre, bioingenieria tisular) han avanzado a grandes pasos en los ultimos anos. La bioingenieria es un area que ha progresado en la regeneracion de cartilago articular y que potencialmente podria progresar en el terreno de tratamientos articulares, promoviendo la regeneracion y evitando la degeneracion. Las celulas madre y los hidrogeles pueden proveer un tejido simil biologico de comportamiento dinamico-funcional equivalente que induce la regeneracion tisular al ser degradado y reemplazado gradualmente. El abordaje consiste en colocar un hidrogel precursor o un biomaterial tridimensional impreso dentro del defecto condral por ocupar para inducir la regeneracion. Esta revision se focaliza en el uso actual y futuro de hidrogeles y bioimpresion tridimensional para la regeneracion de cartilago articular en el tratamiento de lesiones condrales focales y proporciona datos preliminares de dos estudios piloto en animales. Abstract A significant number of young active adults are affected by focal chondral lesions. These lesions, if left untreated, will progress to osteoarthritis (OA). OA is one of the main debilitating musculoskeletal diseases and leads to a high economic and social burden. Despite surgical cartilage repair for focal chondral lesions, which improve patient-reported outcomes at short- and mid-term, there is a risk of early OA progression. Biological treatments (i.e., stem-cell therapy, bioengineering) have made great progress in the last years. Tissue engineering is an evolving field for articular cartilage repair which could potentially be used for the treatment of focal chondral lesions, promoting regeneration and preventing joint surface degeneration. Stem cells and hydrogels may provide a functional, dynamic and biologically equivalent tissue that promotes tissue regeneration while being gradually degraded and replaced. The standard approach to tissue engineering consists in delivering cells within a hydrogel or a three-dimensional printed biomaterial scaffold into the chondral lesion to induce regeneration. This review focuses on the current and future use of hydrogels and tissue scaffold bioprinting for the treatment of focal chondral lesions, and provides preliminary data from two pilot animal studies.
Bounded by War

The budgetary reforms derived between the War of 1812 and the Civil War were, for the most part, born out of necessity or symbolism. External demands led to innovative ways to raise money to fund the federal government. However, the sinking fund continued to develop as one of the most important mechanisms for debt management. Congress also tried new methods in an attempt to distance the federal government’s finances from that of the economy following banking crises. Tariff policy extended beyond simply the need to raise revenue for the government and into protectionism, causing revenues to become much less predictable and creating a constituency for a growing government. This dynamic foreshadows the inevitability of the income tax.
Genetic Variation Near chrXq22-q23 Is Linked to Emotional Functioning in Cystic Fibrosis:

Introduction:Cystic fibrosis (CF) is an autosomal recessive disease that affects many organ systems, most notably the pulmonary and gastrointestinal systems. Through genome-wide association studies...
Factors associated with counseling and postoperative hormone therapy use in surgically menopausal women.

Objective To determine the rates of and factors associated with preoperative counseling about menopausal symptoms and use of hormone therapy postoperatively in surgically menopausal women. Methods This retrospective chart review included patients who underwent bilateral oophorectomies before age 52 at an academic institution during a 3-year period. We used descriptive analyses to characterize the sample and logistic regression to identify factors associated with preoperative counseling about and postoperative systemic hormone therapy for menopausal symptoms. Results This review included 152 patients with a mean age of 44 ± 5 years (range 28-51). The indications for surgery were risk reduction (66%), BRCA positive (35%), and history of breast cancer (38%). One-third of women were not counseled preoperatively about menopausal symptoms. Women with cardiovascular disease and older age were less likely to receive preoperative counseling. Preoperative counseling was positively associated with risk reducing surgery.Out of 124 women with postoperative data regarding symptoms and treatment, 90 (73%) experienced vasomotor symptoms, 33 (27%) received hormone therapy (systemic or vaginal), 61 (49%) received other therapies, and 41 (33%) did not receive therapy. Younger age and negative history of breast cancer were significantly associated with systemic estrogen therapy use. Conclusions Within our cohort, 66% had no documentation of counseling about menopausal symptoms before surgical menopause. Most women experienced symptoms postoperatively, but less than one-third of symptomatic women received hormone therapy. We have an opportunity to improve anticipatory guidance and informed consent for women undergoing surgical menopause.
Ross Natural History Reservation: A Review of Recent Dynamics from Aerial Photography

Ross Natural History Reservation (RNHR) is a Natural Area of Emporia State University, located at the eastern edge of the Flint Hills in east-central Kansas. Previous analysis of aerial photographs covered the period 1945 to 2006. More recent developments and trends are presented here for the period 2007 to 2020. We employ conventional, large-format National Agriculture Imagery Program (NAIP) imagery along with small-format aerial photography (SFAP) taken with kites, helium blimp, and unmanned aerial systems (UAS) to document qualitative changes in land cover and land use.A wildfire in July 2012 was a major event that burned >90% of RNHR. Other significant developments include a reduction in the number of human-built structures, establishment and later realignment of experimental disturbance plots, rediscovery of the 19th-century Fruitland Schoolhouse remains, and a severe wind storm in 2019. The combination of NAIP and SFAP provides spatial and temporal resolutions for general interpretation as well as detailed analyses, which have revealed a mosaic of botanical and archaeological footprints.
Vesicular stomatitis virus nucleocapsids diffuse through cytoplasm by hopping from trap to trap in random directions

Within 2–6 hours after infection by vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), newly assembled VSV particles are released from the surface of infected cells. In that time, viral ribonucleoprotein (RNP) particles (nucleocapsids) travel from their initial sites of synthesis near the nucleus to the edge of the cell, a distance of 5–10 μm. The hydrodynamic radius of RNP particles (86 nm) precludes simple diffusion through the mesh of cytoskeletal fibers. To reveal the relative importance of different transport mechanisms, movement of GFP-labeled RNP particles in live A549 cells was recorded within 3 to 4 h postinfection at 100 frames/s by fluorescence video microscopy. Analysis of more than 200 RNP particle tracks by Bayesian pattern recognition software found that 3% of particles showed rapid, directional motion at about 1 μm/s, as previously reported. 97% of the RNP particles jiggled within a small, approximately circular area with Gaussian width σ = 0.06 μm. Motion within such “traps” was not directional. Particles stayed in traps for approximately 1 s, then hopped to adjacent traps whose centers were displaced by approximately 0.17 μm. Because hopping occurred much more frequently than directional motion, overall transport of RNP particles was dominated by hopping over the time interval of these experiments.
Pansomatostatin agonist pasireotide long-acting release for patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney or liver disease with severe liver involvement a randomized clinical trial

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES We assessed safety and efficacy of another somatostatin receptor analog, pasireotide long-acting release, in severe polycystic liver disease and autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Pasireotide long-acting release, with its broader binding profile and higher affinity to known somatostatin receptors, has potential for greater efficacy. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS, & MEASUREMENTS Individuals with severe polycystic liver disease were assigned in a 2:1 ratio in a 1-year, double-blind, randomized trial to receive pasireotide long-acting release or placebo. Primary outcome was change in total liver volume; secondary outcomes were change in total kidney volume, eGFR, and quality of life. RESULTS Of 48 subjects randomized, 41 completed total liver volume measurements (n=29 pasireotide long-acting release and n=12 placebo). From baseline, there were -99±189 ml/m absolute and -3%±7% change in annualized change in height-adjusted total liver volume (from 2582±1381 to 2479±1317 ml/m) in the pasireotide long-acting release group compared with 136±117 ml/m absolute and 6%±7% increase (from 2387±759 to 2533±770 ml/m) in placebo (P<0.001 for both). Total kidney volumes decreased by -12±34 ml/m and -1%±4% in pasireotide long-acting release compared with 21±21 ml/m and 4%±5% increase in the placebo group (P=0.05 for both). Changes in eGFR were similar between groups. Among the n=48 randomized, adverse events included hyperglycemia (26 of 33 [79%] in pasireotide long-acting release versus four of 15 [27%] in the placebo group; P<0.001), and among the 47 without diabetes at baseline, 19 of 32 (59%) in the pasireotide long-acting release group versus one of 15 (7%) in the placebo group developed diabetes (P=0.001). CONCLUSIONS Another somatostatin analog, pasireotide long-acting release, slowed progressive increase in both total liver volume/total kidney volume growth rates without affecting GFR decline. Participants experienced higher frequency of adverse events (hyperglycemia and diabetes). CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRY NAME AND REGISTRATION NUMBER Pasireotide LAR in Severe Polycystic Liver Disease, NCT01670110 PODCAST: This article contains a podcast at https://www.asn-online.org/media/podcast/CJASN/2020_08_28_CJN13661119.mp3.
Implementation of a Smoking Cessation e-Learning Education Program for Oncology Clinic Healthcare Providers: Evaluation With Implications for Evidence-Based Practice

BACKGROUND Continued smoking after a cancer diagnosis increases the risk for treatment complications, primary cancer recurrence, and secondary malignancy development, while also reducing treatment efficacy, survival, and overall health. The lack of formal evidence-based smoking cessation education programs for oncology healthcare providers is a barrier to smoking cessation practices. PURPOSE To evaluate the use of an evidence-based, smoking cessation e-learning education program for oncology healthcare providers. METHODS A single group, pre- and post-test, nonexperimental design was used in this evidence-based quality improvement project. To assess the provider's knowledge in smoking cessation, a baseline assessment, a post-test, and an online survey were completed by the providers. A telephone survey was conducted to assess the patients' perception of cessation services received. RESULTS The healthcare providers' (N = 58) test scores on smoking cessation knowledge increased significantly (p < .0001) after completing the e-learning education program. A majority of the providers reported that the education program increased their confidence (86%) in successfully helping the patient to quit smoking and agreed to make smoking cessation a priority (89%) in their practice. A majority of the patients (85%) were satisfied or extremely satisfied with the smoking cessation services received. Many patients (71%) self-reported having tried to quit smoking. CONCLUSION An evidence-based e-learning education program is effective in increasing oncology healthcare providers' knowledge and confidence in tobacco dependence treatment practices. The program also has a positive impact on oncology patients' perception of cessation services received. LINKING EVIDENCE TO ACTION A self-paced e-learning program is a feasible and effective way to educate healthcare providers in smoking cessation treatment. Incorporating evidence-based tobacco dependence treatment into their daily oncology practice is warranted.
Other Therapies and Emerging Options for Management of OSA

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a common disorder caused by repetitive collapse of the upper airway during sleep. Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) is the gold standard treatment for OSA but suboptimal adherence and poor tolerance to CPAP limits treatment effectiveness. It is not uncommon for patients to seek an alternate treatment for management of OSA. Given the chronic nature of the condition, its detrimental effects on sleep quality, quality of life, executive functioning, and the long-term metabolic and cardiovascular sequela of untreated moderate-to-severe OSA, alternatives to CPAP may be necessary for these patients who are unable or unwilling to use CPAP. Often these alternatives may reduce the burden of sleep-disordered breathing with a treatment strategy that is acceptable to, and tolerated by the patient. This chapter highlights several alternatives to CPAP for management of OSA. Therapies reviewed include medical and surgical weight loss, positional therapy, nasal expiratory positive airway pressure, oral pressure therapy, and hypoglossal nerve stimulation. For oral appliance therapy and surgical interventions, please refer to separate chapters in this textbook.
The Financial Impact of Healthy Buildings: Rental Prices and Market Dynamics in Commercial Office

While the benefits of healthy spaces have long been qualitatively understood and appreciated, it has not been financially analyzed to derive their value and impact on economic decision-making. We use CompStak and Healthy Building public databases from Fitwel and WELL to operationalize a real estate hedonic model in order to ascertain the value of healthy spaces on the effective rent of offices spaces in ten cities within the United States: Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Denver, Los Angeles, New York, Philadelphia, San Francisco, Seattle, and Washington DC. We find that healthy building effective rents transact between 4.4 and 7.7% more per square foot than their nearby non-certified and non-registered peers. This premium for healthy spaces is independent of all other factors, such as LEED certification, building age, renovation, lease duration, and submarket. These results indicate that healthy buildings are seen as an asset that correlates with employee or tenant well-being and productivity.
What Predicts Quality of Learners’ Study Efforts? Implicit Beliefs and Interest Are Related to Mastery Goals but Not to Use of Effective Study Strategies

What goes into motivating students to take effective action? Ideally, students are not only motivated to invest time into their studying, but that they use their time in effective and productive ways. In the present study, we surveyed college undergraduates (N = 366) about how they engage in one of their college courses. Specifically, we explored how their motivation-related implicit beliefs (ease and difficulty mindsets, intelligence mindset; Dweck, 2000; Fisher & Oyserman, 2017) interact with perceived course interest and course importance to predict their achievement goal orientation for the course and the quality of their study strategies. We used a person-centered latent profiles analysis approach categorize meaningful profiles of implicit beliefs. Those who were likely to highly endorse motivation-increasing implicit beliefs and who found a course interesting were also more likely to hold mastery-approach goals; the relationship however was more complicated for performance-approach and performance-avoidance goals. Implicit beliefs profiles themselves did not directly relate to strategy use, but goal orientation did. In particular, mastery-approach goal orientation was uniquely related to all three of the effective study strategies subscales (e.g. elaborative, standard testing, generative testing). Mastery-avoidance was related to less use of elaborative strategies, and performance-goals were not related to any type strategy use. Perceived course importance was positively related to increased passive and elaborative strategies, but not the standard testing or generative testing strategies. We discuss implications for interventions.
Source Code Transformations for Improving Security of Time-bounded K-variant Systems

Abstract Context Source code transformation techniques can improve the security of systems against memory exploitation attacks. As such, the chance of exploitation of security vulnerabilities can be decreased by using different controlled source code transformation techniques. In K-variant architecture, multiple variants of a program are generated through a controlled source code transformation to improve the security of systems. Objective To investigate the effectiveness and practicality of source code program transformations in improving the security of time-bounded K-variant systems for memory exploitation attacks. Method The effectiveness of program transformations in improving the security of time-bounded K-variant systems is experimentally investigated for different memory attacks. Results The results suggest that generating multiple variants using the presented transformations significantly improves the survivability of time-bounded K-variant systems under memory exploitation attacks. Conclusion We conclude that generating multi-variants in time-bounded K-variant systems in accordance with the presented program transformations may improve the security of time-bounded K-variant systems significantly for memory exploitation attacks with a reasonable cost and overhead.
Clinical Reasoning: A 40-Year-Old Woman With Scapular Winging and Dysphonia

A 40-year-old woman presented to the neuromuscular clinic for evaluation of chronic right shoulder weakness of 1-year duration. During that time, she noticed progressive difficulties lifting her right arm overhead and reaching for objects on the back seat of her car. Around 3 months after the onset of shoulder weakness, she started to develop an intermittent achy sensation behind the right ear and hoarseness of her voice. She noted difficulty talking over loud noises and in phone conversations. She denied vision, taste, or hearing changes, dysphagia, dyspnea, numbness, or weakness in other limbs.
Outcomes of redo-transversus abdominis release for abdominal wall reconstruction

Transversus abdominis release (TAR) is increasingly used to address complex ventral hernias; consequently, associated complications are seen more frequently. Our hernia center has a growing experience with redo-transversus abdominis release (redo-TAR) to address large, complex hernia recurrences after failed TAR. Here, we describe our outcomes after abdominal wall reconstruction with redo-TAR. Adults undergoing elective open, redo-TAR at our institution from January 2015 to February 2021 were queried from a prospectively collected database in the Abdominal Core Health Quality Collaborative. The primary outcome was 30-day wound morbidity. Secondary outcomes were long-term composite hernia recurrence and patient-reported quality of life. Sixty-five patients underwent redo-TAR. Median age was 60 years, 50.8% were female, and median BMI 31.8 kg/m2. Median recurrent hernias were 16 cm wide by 25 cm long. Frequent mechanisms of recurrence included linea semilunaris injury (27.7%), mesh fracture (18.5%), infection (16.9%), and posterior sheath disruption (15.4%). Wound complications occurred in 33.8% and 16.9% required procedural intervention. With median clinical and PRO follow-up of 12 and 19 months, respectively, the composite hernia recurrence rate was 22.5% and patients reported significantly improved quality of life (HerQLes: median + 36.7, PROMIS: median – 9.5). Redo-TAR may be performed as a salvage procedure to reconstruct complex defects after failed TAR, however, in our center, it is associated with increased wound morbidity and fairly high composite recurrence rates. Despite this, patients report improvements in quality of life and pain. Tracking outcomes after TAR will facilitate understanding how to manage its failures.
Multiple Epitopes of Hepatitis B Virus Surface Antigen Targeted by Human Plasma-derived Immunoglobulins Coincide with Clinically Observed Escape Mutations

Hepatitis B Immune Globulin (HBIG) is a human plasma-derived IgG concentrate that contains a high titer of neutralizing antibodies (anti-HBs) to the hepatitis B virus (HBV) surface antigen (HBsAg). HBIG is known to be highly effective in treating HBV infections, however, a more systematic characterization of the antibody binding sites on HBsAg and their correlation with emerging "escape" mutations in HBsAg was lacking. By using anti-HBs antibodies from HBIG lots to screen random peptide phage display libraries, we identified five clusters of peptides that corresponded to five distinct anti-HBs binding sites on the HBsAg. Three sites, Site II (C121-C124), Site III (M133-P135), and Site IV (T140-G145), were mapped within the "a" determinant, while the two other sites, Site I (Q101-M103) and Site V (I152-S154), were outside the "a" determinant. We then tested in binding assays HBsAg peptides containing clinically relevant mutations previously reported within these sites, such as Y134S, P142S and G145R, and observed a significant reduction in anti-HBs binding activity to the mutated sites, suggesting a mechanism the virus may use to avoid HBIG-mediated neutralization. The current HBIG treatment could be improved by supplementing it with site-specific neutralizing monoclonal antibodies that target these mutations for control of HBV infections. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
76 – Puberty in Boys and Girls

Publisher Summary This chapter reveals that the study of behavior related to the hormonal changes of puberty in human beings is fraught with difficulties. The obvious ethical limitations of the study of children and adolescents are only the beginning. The endocrine changes of puberty begin in fetal life. The effects of hormones on central nervous system (CNS) development during gestation may only manifest a decade later, during puberty. Social influences on human development are far more variable than those found in any experimental animal, and in the human being, in contrast to all other models, social influences can overcome some patterns that might be otherwise determined by endocrine development. Pubertal development is a continuous process, but may, for convenience, be broken down into five stages of physical development; physiological changes relate better to these stages than to chronological age.
Creating Our Own: Folklore, Performance, and Identity in Cuzco, Peru

Reviewed Medium: book Authors: Zoila S. Mendoza Year: 2008 Pages: 256 Publisher: Duke University Press ISBN: 978-0-8223-4130-7 (hard cover).
Mono‐ and digalactosyldiacylglycerol composition of glaucocystophytes (Glaucophyta): A modern interpretation using positive‐ion electrospray ionization/mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry

SUMMARY Glaucocystophytes are freshwater algae that possess an almost-intact cyanobacterium, referred to as a cyanelle, as their photosynthetic organelle. Because the cyanelle represents an intermediate state in plastid evolution, glaucocystophytes have been the subject of several studies to characterize the genetics and biochemistry of their cyanelles. However, only a small handful of older studies exist on the composition of their lipids, particularly two major plastid lipids, mono- and digalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG and DGDG, respectively), found in all photosynthetic life. Our study has used a modern mass spectrometry approach, namely positive-ion electrospray ionization/mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry, to provide a fresh interpretation of the MGDG and DGDG composition of the species, Cyanophora paradoxa Korshikov and Glaucocystis nostochinearum Itzigsohn, representing two glaucocystophyte genera. We have found that the major forms of MGDG and DGDG (with sn-1/sn-2 regiochemistry) are 20:5/16:0 MGDG, 20:5/20:5 MGDG, 20:5/16:0 DGDG, and 20:5/20:5 DGDG. A comparison of these four forms, along with other more minor forms of MGDG and DGDG, to two examples of cyanobacteria has revealed that glaucocystophytes do not share intact forms of MGDG and DGDG with extant cyanobacteria, but may have maintained certain C16 and C18 cyanobacterial fatty acids.
Low observable target motion analysis using amplitude information

In conventional passive and active sonar system, target amplitude information (AI) at the output of the signal processor is used only to declare detections and provide measurements. We show that the AI can be used in passive sonar system, with or without frequency measurements, in the estimation process itself to enhance the performance in the presence of clutter where the target-originated measurements cannot be identified with certainty, i.e., for "low observable" or "dim" (low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR)) targets. A probabilistic data association (PDA) based maximum likelihood (ML) estimator for target motion analysis (TMA) that uses amplitude information is derived. A track formation algorithm and the Cramer-Rao lower bound (CRLB) in the presence of false measurements, which is met by the estimator even under low SNR conditions, are also given. The CRLB is met by the proposed estimator even at 6 dB in a cell (which corresponds to 0 dB for 1 Hz bandwidth in the case of a 0.25 Hz frequency cell) whereas the estimator without AI works only down to 9 dB. Results demonstrate improved accuracy and superior global convergence when compared with the estimator without AI. The same methodology can be used for bistatic radar.
The Illusion of the Psychotherapist-Patient Privilege: Overview of How the Best Interest of the Child Standard Has Eroded Privacy Rights for Parents in Florida Trial Courts

An analysis of how the best interest of child standard in Florida trial courts has eroded the psychotherapist-patient privilege.
Regression Diagnostics and Specification Tests

Sources of influential observations include: (i) improperly recorded data, (ii) observational errors in the data, (iii) misspecification and (iv) outlying data points that are legitimate and contain valuable information which improve the efficiency of the estimation. It is constructive to isolate extreme points and to determine the extent to which the parameter estimates depend upon these desirable data.
Morphine enhances high-affinity choline uptake in mouse striatum

Abstract The effects of morphine (2 mg/kg–60 mg/kg) on cholinergic neuronal activity were examined by the method of high-affinity, Na+-dependent [3H]choline uptake into synaptosomes isolated from mouse corpus striatum. Acute administration of analgesic doses of morphine (10 mg/kg, 20 mg/kg) significantly stimulated choline uptake into synaptosomes in a naloxone-reversible manner. When synaptosomes were directly exposed to pharmacologically effective concentrations of morphine (0.1 μM–10.0 μM) in vitro however, choline transport was not significantly different from control transport, suggesting that morphine (10 mg/kg, 20 mg/kg) does not stimulate choline uptake by a direct effect on the cholinergic nerve terminal. The possibility that acute morphine administration indirectly enhances striatal cholinergic neuronal activity by inhibiting dopaminergic function was supported pharmacologically since the dopaminergic agonists, apomorphine (10 mg/kg), or amaltadine (50 mg/kg), reversed the stimulatory effect of morphine on choline uptake. High-affinity choline transport into synaptosomes was not significantly different from control uptake in response to a sub-analgesic dose of morphine (2 mg/kg) or in response to 60 mg/kg, a dose that elicited hypermotility. These data suggest that analgesic doses of morphine may indirectly enhance cholinergic neuronal activity in the mouse corpus striatum.
A consumer guide to neuronal modeling software

Abstract This review compares seven packages for simulating single neuron models, and discusses which software features should be considered when selecting a program.
Late Eocene rings around the earth

The suggestion of O'Keefe (1980) that the terminal Eocene event was caused by rings of tektite material encircling the earth is discussed. It is argued that the assumption that the tektites are of lunar volcanic origin is unwarranted and contrary to existing data, including the lack of lunar rocks of suitable composition, the lack of lunar rocks of the correct age, the lack of evidence that the North American tektites fell throughout a sedimentary rock column of a few million years, and the nondetection of a tektite with a measurable cosmic ray exposure age. Alternatively, it is suggested that the terminal Eocene event may be associated with volcanic ash, air-fall tuff and bentonite in the late Eocene. O'Keefe replies that the hypothesis of the terrestrial origin of the tektites conflicts with the laws of physics, for example in the glass structure and shaping of the tektites. Furthermore, evidence is cited for lunar rocks of the proper major-element composition and ages, and it is noted that the proposed solar Poynting-Robertson effect would account for the particle fall distributions and cosmic ray ages.
Mapping the changing technological landscape: The university of Washington's 2005 faculty and student surveys on educational technology

In this paper, we discuss key findings from the University of Washington's 2005 faculty and student surveys on educational technology. Positioning data from the current surveys against personal accounts gathered during focus groups and results from a previous study allows us to begin mapping the complex interactions that shape campus technology use. We offer an in-depth look at the availability of educational technologies and analyze when and how issues of access impact teaching and learning.
Multi-agent system for target-adaptive radar tracking

Sensor systems such as distributed sensor networks and radar systems are potentially agile - they have parameters that can be adjusted in real-time to improve the quality of data obtained for state-estimation and decision-making. The integration of such sensors with cyber systems involving many users or agents permits greater flexibility in choosing measurement actions. This paper considers the problem of selecting radar waveforms to minimize uncertainty about the state of a tracked target. Past work gave a tractable method for optimizing the choice of measurements when an accurate dynamical model is available. However, prior knowledge about a system is often not precise, for example, if the target under observation is an adversary. A multiple agent system is proposed to solve the problem in the case of uncertain target dynamics. Each agent has a different target model and the agents compete to explain past data and select the parameters of future measurements. Collaboration or competition between these agents determines which obtains access to the limited physical sensing resources. This interaction produces a self-aware sensor that adapts to changing information requirements.© (2012) COPYRIGHT Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE). Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Emotional Reactions to Simulations of Auditory Hallucinations

There is variability on how auditory hallucinations (AH) impact individuals, ranging from distress to comfort. A systematic study of how simulations of AH impact a non-clinical sample can address not only how AH simulations influence the general public, but also inform how actual AH influence individuals. Utilizing 504 undergraduates, different simulations of AH were presented to examine their impact on emotions and identify moderating variables. The simulations increased negative affect and decreased positive affect. Sex of the participant and differing levels of duration, volume, and context of the simulation did not influence the magnitude of the emotional responses. However, simulations with derogatory content led to greater increased negative affect and decreased positive affect than simulations with benevolent/neutral content. These results suggest that the content of simulations have a substantial effect, which is pertinent to administering simulations for training purposes and implementing psychosocial rehabilitation programs for those who hallucinate.
Real-time motion tracking on a cellphone using inertial sensing and a rolling-shutter camera

All existing methods for vision-aided inertial navigation assume a camera with a global shutter, in which all the pixels in an image are captured simultaneously. However, the vast majority of consumer-grade cameras use rolling-shutter sensors, which capture each row of pixels at a slightly different time instant. The effects of the rolling shutter distortion when a camera is in motion can be very significant, and are not modelled by existing visual-inertial motion-tracking methods. In this paper we describe the first, to the best of our knowledge, method for vision-aided inertial navigation using rolling-shutter cameras. Specifically, we present an extended Kalman filter (EKF)-based method for visual-inertial odometry, which fuses the IMU measurements with observations of visual feature tracks provided by the camera. The key contribution of this work is a computationally tractable approach for taking into account the rolling-shutter effect, incurring only minimal approximations. The experimental results from the application of the method show that it is able to track, in real time, the position of a mobile phone moving in an unknown environment with an error accumulation of approximately 0.8% of the distance travelled, over hundreds of meters.
Health Risk Appraisal at the College Level

Abstract This study attempted to determine if health risk appraisals with personalized conferences affected the “health age” of undergraduates at a large, midwestern university. One hundred thirteen (113) students enrolled in four undergraduate health education classes served as subjects. A nonequivalent control group design was employed with two of the classes consisting of students majoring in health-allied disciplines. On the first and last day of class during the ten week course, all students completed a health risk appraisal questionnaire—“Health Evaluation Learning Program”—used to acquire past and present health history and present lifestyle practices. Data from the questionnaires were analyzed by a computer into a printout known as the “Health Risk Index.” All groups received their instruction from lectures. The control groups followed a popular college text and did not receive any feedback via the index or personalized conference. Each student in the experimental classes received a personalized c...
Isolation and characterization of a mung bean leaf polyphenol oxidase

Abstract Crude extracts from mung bean leaves, roots, stems and dark grown seedlings contained multiple forms of polyphenol oxidase (PPO) with subunit Mr values of 65 × 103, 59 × 103, 52 × 103, 47 × 103, 31 × 103 and 21 × 103. Only two of these forms were present in broken and intact leaf chloroplasts. A mature form of PPO, purified to apparent homogeneity from leaf chloroplasts, contained two proteins with subunit Mr values of 65 × 103 and 59 × 103, respectively. The purified enzyme had a pH optimum of 6.0, a pI of 5.1, and oxidized a variety of o-diphenols. The Km for l -dopa was 24 mM. o-Diphenol oxidation was inhibited by salicyl hydroxamic acid and 2,3-naphthalenediol, whereas methimazole, tropolone and 4-hexylresorcinol only resulted in partial inhibition.
Commentary on Mazlish: “The hi-jacking of global society”

This is a cogent and thought-provoking piece that would do admirably well for discussion in a graduate seminar, or similar. It raises important questions of both theory and practice, of what we mig...
TELEVISION FLOWS IN LATIN AMERICA

Compared to a decade previously, there is less importing of television programs in Latin America especially from the United States. Mexico's Televisa and Brazil's TV GLOBO have become major television exporters to other Latin American nations, particularly of telenovelas. A more balanced flow between the Americas also is due in part to the importing of telenovelas and other programs to the Spanish-speaking audience in the United States through Televisa's Spanish International Network (SIN). Significantly, this change in television flows is due more to capitalistic profit-motivation than because of national or international government policies intended to correct unbalanced media flows.
Consumers' and Clients' Pretreatment Acceptability Ratings of Classroom Group Contingencies.

Abstract Group contingencies are popular with teachers and have been demonstrated to be effective for managing children's classroom behavior. Children's views of the acceptability of such techniques, however, have not been assessed systematically and may have important consequences for long-term treatment effectiveness. In addition, little is known about psychologists' sense of the acceptability of such techniques. The present analog study investigated fifth graders', teachers', and school psychologists' assessment of the acceptability of three types of group contingencies (dependent, independent, and interdependent) that entail a consequence of positive reinforcement for appropriate behavior. Variables of treatment type, sex of rater, and the severity of a hypothetical classroom problem were examined to determine their influence on intervention acceptability scores on a child's and an adult's version of the Intervention Rating Profile. Fifth graders rated all three types of group contingencies mildly acceptable. Teachers and school psychologists rated the dependent form of the group contingency unacceptable, and the independent and interdependent forms acceptable.
Bridging the Gap between Sequence and Function

Structural genomics initiatives have generated a massive quantity of high resolution structures and sequenced genomes from archaea, bacteria, viruses and eukaryotes. These numbers are expected to grow rapidly within the coming years. The available data constitute an invaluable resource for the prediction of protein structure and function and will allow us to obtain a more comprehensive structure-based understanding of biological function. The acquisition of new biochemical functionality in the course of evolution does not necessarily involve the transfer of whole genes, but may be limited to the transfer of functional domains. In fact, most of a protein's amino acids serve structural roles and may exhibit a low degree of sequence conservation even among closely related genomes. Therefore, it is critical to identify and compare structurally related domains across a wide spectrum of organisms to reveal unique metabolic functionalities.This presentation will outline examples that have combined sequence alignments, homology modeling and biophysical approaches to predict function. Integration of models with existing knowledge about genomic context, biochemical pathways and sparse experimental data, such as small-angle X-ray scattering and spectroscopic data, enables us to accurately identify domains of unknown function. We also show how minor changes in otherwise highly conserved active sites can significantly affect functionality. There is a growing need for intelligent prediction-based strategies that can tap into our enormous genomic and structural databases and help bridge the gap between sequence and function.
Adolescent suicidal behavior across the excess weight status spectrum

The present study examined relative suicidal behavioral risks (ideation, attempts) for overweight, obese, and extremely obese adolescents (vs. healthy weight) and who did/did not accurately perceive themselves as overweight utilizing cross-sectional data from the publicly available Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS). A new variable (weight status/accuracy) was computed that combined actual weight status (based on BMI) with weight perception accuracy. To evaluate the effect of weight status/accuracy on each suicidal risk behavior, logistic regression was performed to calculate odds-ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Potential model covariates included gender, age, race, survey year, and whether they had felt sad/hopeless. Weight perception accuracy increased as the degree of excess weight increased. Relative to healthy weight, being obese or extremely obese (but not overweight) was associated with significantly greater risk for adolescent engagement in suicidal ideation, but was unrelated to suicide attempts. Adolescents in all excess weight categories who were accurate in their weight perception were at significantly greater odds of suicidal ideation, whereas those who were inaccurate of no greater odds of suicidal ideation than healthy weight youth who accurately perceived their weight. Findings regarding suicide attempts varied based on actual weight/weight perception accuracy and race/ethnicity. The present findings are both important and clinically relevant. While widely accepted that there are multiple pathways to suicide, our understanding of adolescent suicidal behavior risks and accordingly, prevention efforts, will be informed by comprehensive prospective studies that should also, from here forward, consider categorization of the entire weight spectrum (e.g., extreme obesity).
A step in embryonic axis specification in Xenopus laevis is simulated by cytoplasmic displacements elicited by gravity and centrifugal force.

Abstract Determination of the body pattern in Xenopus embryos is known to involve at least six steps. One of these steps can be experimentally simulated by inclining the fertilized egg with respect to gravity or centrifugal force (10–30 g × 4 min, directed 90° to the animal-vegetal axis). In these eggs, the dorsal structures of the body axis form from the side of the egg that was uppermost in the gravitational or centrifugal field. This topography is seen even if the sperm entry point side (the prospective ventral side in control eggs) was uppermost. In addition, conjoined twin embryos form at very high frequencies in response to certain conditions of single or double centrifugation. Cytological analysis shows that the dorsal structures invariably form from the side(s) of the egg away from which vegetal cytoplasm was displaced. This is similar to the situation in the unperturbed egg, where the subcortical cytoplasm of the vegetal hemisphere rotates some 30° relative to the surface, and the dorsal structures form from the side of the egg away from which the subcortical cytoplasm moved. The displacements elicited by centrifugation probably substitute for the normal displacements brought about by the subcortical rotation. These and other data suggest that the subcortical rotation is a crucial step in the process of axis determination. The subcortical rotation is an autonomous activity of the activated egg, and can displace cytoplasm against gravity. I believe that the subcortical rotation will function normally at microgravity, and I expect that overall development and axis polarity at microgravity will be normal. This will be tested in spaceflight.
Parenting in Dependency Drug Court

The Dependency Drug Court (DDC) in Miami, Florida, addresses the needs of families affected by substance abuse through a comprehensive and therapeutic approach. The DDC works with community agencies to provide services that effectively treat the family as a unit. This article discusses the process of adapting a parenting program to meet the needs of families in the DDC.
THE EFFECT OF A HINDERED AMINE LIGHT STABILIZER ON THE AGING OF DAMMAR AND MASTIC VARNISH IN AN ENVIRONMENT FREE OF ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT

AbstractLong-term accelerated aging in an environment free of ultraviolet (UV) light of dam mar resin films, containing the hindered amine light stabilizer (HALS) Tinuvin 292, shows that for best results the concentration of the additive may be increased to 3% from the previously recommended level of 2%, and also that the benzotriazole UV-absorber Tinuvin 328 can be omitted. Stabilized dammar films last virtually unchanged for 3,000 hours in the fadeometer and suffer only minor changes after twice that amount of time. Assuming that the law of reciprocity holds, stabilized dammar varnish would retain its transparency and solubility for more than 136 years in a gallery free of UV light illuminated at 1,000 lux. Because films of gum mastic are less stable than dammar films, they may need 4% HALS in order to be stabilized successfully. The results of tests on dammar and mastic films containing HALS, naturally aged for several years, confirm the results of accelerated aging experiments. Differential scanning c...
Rural mobility and mode choice: evidence from the 2001 National Household Travel Survey.

This article uses data from the 2001 National Household Travel Survey (NHTS) to compare travel behavior in rural and urban areas of the U.S. As expected, the car is the overwhelmingly dominant mode of travel. Over 97% of rural households own at least one car vs. 92% of urban households; 91% of trips are made by car in rural areas vs. 86% in urban areas. Regardless of age, income, and race, almost everyone in rural areas relies on the private car for most travel needs. Mobility levels in rural areas are generally higher than in urban areas. That results from the more dispersed residences and activity sites in rural areas, which increase trip distances and force reliance on the car. Somewhat surprisingly, the rural elderly and poor are considerably more mobile than their urban counterparts, and their mobility deficit compared to the rural population average is strikingly less than for the urban elderly and poor compared to the urban average. Data limitations prevented a measurement of accessibility, however, and it seems likely that rural areas, by their very nature, are less accessible than urban areas, especially for the small percentage of car-less poor and elderly households.
Stalinism at Work: Teacher Certification (1936–39)and Soviet Power

On a February morning in 1937, a small group of teachers waited outside Moscow School No. 61 for interviews with a certification commission. Some teachers hastily reviewed political study lessons while others made sure that pupils' notebooks were in order. Rumors circulated that A. Perov, the chairman of the commission and director of the district educational department, would seek to uncover details about the personal backgrounds of teachers. During his interview, a young history teacher, Demchenko, spent a full hour answering biographical questions but was not asked anything about instructional methods or his knowledge of history. As he left the commission, Demchenko passed through a crowd of teachers anxiously asking what had happened. With each teacher, the commission asked three times as many questions about biographies as about methods of instruction, knowledge of subjects, or the achievements of pupils. Not surprisingly, Pravda reported, teachers waiting to be summoned by the commission were as upset as school children on the eve of major examinations.' This encounter was one incident in a larger campaign to certify all elementary and secondary teachers that began in April 1936 when the Communist party Central Committee, in addition to introducing substantial pay increases and new requirements for training, also called for an evaluation of the "fitness" (prigodnost') of each teacher. Seeking to raise the educational level of teachers and the quality of instruction in the schools, the Central Committee decreed that possession of a certificate