cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Transmutation of carbon-14 within DNA ofDrosophila melanogaster spermatozoa

Summary Transmutation of14C to14N within the thymidine moiety of DNA inDrosophila melanogaster spermatozoa was studied. To separate any transmutation effect from the known genetic effect of the accompanying beta radiation,14C-labeled spermatozoa were stored in unlabeled females under conditions of sufficient dilution to give in significant radiation from other labeled sperm cells and seminal fluids. There was also minimal absorption of beta radiation from beta decay within each cell as most ionizations occurred beyond the limits of the thin cylindrical Drosophila sperm cell (0.3μ × 9 μ). Therefore, we were able to label with a dose higher than the lethal limit in a generally labeled experiment. Our highest dosage was obtained by pulse labeling larvae with uniformly labeled [15C]thymidine and produced a total of 60014C disintegrations per sperm cell or 80 per Y- or X-chromosome euchromatin during a 3-week storage period in unlabeled females. The following genetic tests were conducted: (1) loss of a dominant marker on the Y-chromosome which could result from breakage followed by loss of the chromosome tip to loss of the entire chromosome; (2) sex-linked recessive lethals observed in the F2, F3 and F4. All of these genetic tests were negative in that they showed no significant increase in the mutation rate in progeny from sperm stored for 3 weeks over progeny from unstored sperm cells. In a previous experiment with transmutation of32P we obtained positive results in the F3, a consequence of F1 females with mosaic gonads. The negative results in the present experiment with14C could be due to the lower energy of the recoil nuclide or to position within the DNA molecule. That 8014C disintegrations in the DNA per X- or Y-chromosome did not produce a detectable genetic effect is evidence for the stability of the eukaryote chromosome and the efficiency of its repair systems.
Interaction of Deuterium with Buried Oxides in Silicon

Silicon with buried oxides formed by ion implantation (SIMOX) or zone-melt recrystallization (ZMR) was exposed to deuterium gas at temperatures from 773 K to 1273 K, and the depth profile of the D was then determined by nuclear-reaction analysis. The D was localized within the buried oxide, with no measurable quantity in the Si phase. Uptake was controlled by permeation through the Si overlayer, and the permeability of D in Si was determined at 873 K. The sample dependence of D uptake indicated substantially fewer defect-trap sites in SIMOX oxide annealed at 1678 K as opposed to 1548 K, with still smaller defect densities in the ZMR oxide. Hydrogen exposure at 1273 K substantially disrupted the SIMOX structures.
The singing behavior of female northern cardinals

Observations were made and playback experiments were performed in central Kentucky in an attempt to determine the function(s) of singing by female Northern Cardinals (Cardinalis cardinalis). Singing by female cardinals was uncommon and was noted primarily during the period after males had established territories and before nesting had begun (early March to mid-May). When singing, females were generally joined by singing mates. Experiments revealed that females rarely sang in response to playback of male or female songs. Such evidence suggests that singing by female Northern Cardinals is important in pair bonding and, perhaps, in reproductive synchronization.
Research on real-time messages transmission scheduling over master-slave-based multi-switch Ethernet

To schedule the messages transmission over master-slave-based multi-switch Ethernet and meet the real-time requirements,we propose a method for calculating the arrival time of the messages scheduled in each elementary cycle to the switch output.In addition,we also present a novel feasibility analysis algorithm called ECSchedTest f for periodic real-time messages scheduled in one elementary cycle,and prove its correctness.Moreover,an EDF-based real-time scheduling algorithm and an admission control algorithm for periodic messages are presented to take full advantage of multiple transmission paths of the switched network.In every elementary cycle,by calculating the time of each message's arrival to the output ports of the switches that it traverses,and considering the FCFS message scheduling policy used in the switch,the scheduler with ECSchedTest can handle the message transmission precisely and efficiently.Simulation results show the advantages of the proposed real-time scheduling algorithm in terms of the network bandwidth utilization,thus enhancing real-time communication over a masterslave-based multi-switch Ethernet.
Management of impotence. Diagnostic considerations and therapeutic options.

PreviewMultiple therapeutic choices are available for patients with impotence, and results are satisfactory in the majority of cases. Much of the initial evaluation and management of impotence is now within the province of primary care physicians. In this article, Dr Morley discusses the major causes of impotence and summarizes various treatment options.
BAFF overexpression increases lymphocytic infiltration in Sjögren's target tissue, but only inefficiently promotes ectopic B-cell differentiation.

B-cell activating factor (BAFF) levels are increased in rheumatoid arthritis, lupus and primary Sjogren's syndrome (pSS). However, BAFF contribution to pathogenesis is not completely understood. In pSS, immune infiltration of the salivary and lacrimal glands leads to xerostomia and xerophtalmia. Glandular B cell hyperactivation, differentiation into germinal center (GC)-like structures and plasma cell accumulation are histopathological hallmarks that were attributed to increased BAFF. Here, we experimentally tested this hypothesis by overexpressing BAFF in a mouse model of pSS. BAFF overexpression enhanced lymphocytic infiltration and MHCII expression on B cells. Increased BAFF also induced B cell differentiation into GC B cells within the autoimmune target tissue. However, even in these conditions, GC B cells only accounted for <1% of glandular B cells, demonstrating that BAFF is not efficiently promoting ectopic GC formation in pSS and warranting further investigation of therapeutics targeting both BAFF and the related TNF-family member APRIL.
Natural Human Rights: A Theory

This timely book by internationally regarded scholar of ethics and social/political philosophy, Michael Boylan, focuses on the history, application and significance of human rights in the West and China. Boylan engages the key current philosophical debates prevalent in human rights discourse today and draws them together to argue for the existence of natural, universal human rights. Arguing against the grain of mainstream philosophical beliefs, Boylan asserts that there is continuity between human rights and natural law and that human beings require basic, essential goods for minimum action. These include food, clean water and sanitation, clothing, shelter and protection from bodily harm, including basic healthcare. The achievement of this goal, Boylan demonstrates, will require significant resource allocation and creative methods of implementation involving public and private institutions. Combining technical argument with four fictional narratives about human rights, the book invites readers to engage with the most important aspects of the discipline.
3D microsystems: a move from sensing to understanding the battlespace

The increasing complexity of today's battlespace environment has driven the use of multiple sensors to improve target acquisition and discrimination. This has resulted in an explosion in signal processing demands in order to make an actuation decision on the battlefield. As traditional semiconductor gate scaling approaches fundamental physical limits, a new model is needed to address the signal processing needs of these systems. The model proposed in this paper is the 3D microsystem, which integrates functionality and scaling in three dimensions and enables new materials-driven integrated sensing capabilities. In the short term, this approach will overcome the conventional 2D scaling limits and enable a new generation of functional scaling. In the longer term, 3D microsystems will make targeting techniques such as very compact multispectral imaging practical. As more processing power is integrated with the sensor, the 3D microsystem may begin to take on some on-chip discrimination activities and adapt and reconfigure itself to its changing environment. With these smart sensors, the decision-maker will have a much better understanding of the battlespace, and be able to minimize the sensor-to-shooter cycle time.
Phase Transitions in Possible Dynamics of Cellular and Graph Automata Models of Sparsely Interconnected Multi-Agent Systems

We are interested in Communicating Finite State Machine (CFSM) based models of large-scale multi-agent systems and their emerging behavior. CFSM-based models are suitable for studying large ensembles of simple reactive agents, and collective dynamics of such ensembles. In this paper, we focus on the asymptotic dynamics of a class of the classical (finite) Cellular Automata (CA) and more general Network or Graph Automata (GA). We restrict our attention to CA and GA with Boolean-valued linear threshold functions as the node update rules, inspired by the well-known classical models of biological neurons. The linear threshold update rules on which we focus the most are the Boolean-valued functions that do not allow negative weights. We fully characterize the configuration spaces of such simple threshold CA, with a focus on the Majority update rule that results in the most interesting dynamics among the CA in this class. In particular, we show the combinatorics behind determining the total number of fixed point configurations for simple threshold CA. Even when the combinatorics is non-trivial, such as in the case of Majority update rule, the counting problems of interest are computationally tractable. We then discuss a stark contrast with respect to intractability of counting for the related classes of Boolean graph automata with the same restrictions on the node update rules. The GA with proven complex dynamics have only slightly more complex structures when it comes to (i) the underlying interconnection topologies (``cellular spaces'') and (ii) the diversity of the node update rules, i.e., whether all the nodes use the same update rule (as in the classical CA), or just two different rules from the given class are allowed.
What drives cooperative breeding

Cooperative breeding, in which more than a pair of conspecifics cooperate to raise young at a single nest or brood, is widespread among vertebrates but highly variable in its geographic distribution. Particularly vexing has been identifying the ecological correlates of this phenomenon, which has been suggested to be favored in populations inhabiting both relatively stable, productive environments and in populations living under highly variable and unpredictable conditions. Griesser et al. provide a novel approach to this problem, performing a phylogenetic analysis indicating that family living is an intermediate step between nonsocial and cooperative breeding birds. They then examine the ecological and climatic conditions associated with these different social systems, concluding that cooperative breeding emerges when family living is favored in highly productive environments, followed secondarily by selection for cooperative breeding when environmental conditions deteriorate and within-year variability increases. Combined with recent work addressing the fitness consequences of cooperative breeding, Griesser et al.'s contribution stands to move the field forward by demonstrating that the evolution of complex adaptations such as cooperative breeding may only be understood when each of the steps leading to it are identified and carefully integrated.
Melting Behavior of a DNA Four-Way Junction Using Spectroscopic and Calorimetric Techniques

Intramolecular four-way junctions are structures present during homologous recombination, repair of double stranded DNA breaks, and integron recombination. Because of the wide range of biological processes four-way junctions are involved in, understanding how and under what conditions these structures form is critical. In this work, we used a combination of spectroscopic and calorimetric techniques to present a complete thermodynamic description of the unfolding of a DNA four-way junction (FWJ) and its appropriate control stem-loop motifs (Dumbbell, GAAATT-Hp, CTATC-Hp, GTGC-Hp, and GCGC-Hp). The overall results show that the four-way junction increases the cooperative unfolding of its stems, although the reason for this is unclear, as the arms do not unfold as coaxial stacks, and thus its melting behavior cannot be accurately described by its control molecules. This is in contrast to what has been seen for two- and three-way junctions. In addition, the lack of base stacking and the ΔHvH/ΔHcal ratio seen ...
The Economics of Primary Markets

This paper provides an overview of the economics of primary markets to be used in the development of a new Special Study on securities markets. The topics include initial public offerings, follow-ons, and exempt securities issuance. In addition, reasons for the prolonged decline in IPOs are explored. Many of the issues raised in the 1963 Special Study are salient today. The rise of unregistered offerings as well as high underpricing and conflicts of interest in IPOs are all concerns mentioned in the original report. Given the longevity of these issues, researchers should address whether the offering process can be improved or whether the current environment adequately balances the needs of issuers with those of investors and investment bankers.
The Use of a Magnetic Port Finder in the Retrieval of Air Rifle BBs to the Upper Extremity.

Air-powered rifles shoot ball bearings with enough kinetic energy to penetrate skin and fracture underlying bones. In addition, there are reports of these ball bearings embolizing within the vascular network, causing serious injuries such as ischemic stroke with resultant blindness. The severity of these complications warrants occasional removal of these foreign bodies; however, they can be difficult to localize. In this case report, we describe the use of a magnetic port finder, a sterilizable tool used in breast reconstruction, to localize the foreign body in situ . We believe that this tool is effective at locating ferrous foreign bodies precisely, allowing for surgical retrieval while minimizing damage to surrounding tissue.
MBRS-56. SYSTEMATIC DRUG REPURPOSING IDENTIFIES DIGOXIN AS A DRUG THAT PROLONGS SURVIVAL IN PDOX MODELS OF GROUPS 3 AND 4 MEDULLOBLASTOMA AT CLINICALLY RELEVANT DOSES

Medulloblastoma (MB) is the most common malignant brain tumor of childhood. While current 5-year EFS is >75 %, recurrent MB continues to have dismal outcomes and survivors face significant treatment-related sequelae. Drug repositioning is a promising strategy which allows for accelerated translation into the clinical setting. To apply this approach to Groups 3 and 4 medulloblastoma, we used a novel algorithm to identify driver signaling pathways by integrating mRNA expression, DNA-copy number, DNA-methylation and DNA-seq profiles from >1,800 patients. By combining these driver pathways with the targeted effects of 1,309 drugs from connectivity map database, we identified the cardiac glycoside family of compounds as potential inhibitors of tumor growth. These findings were first validated in MB-derived cell lines which showed high rates of growth inhibition. Patient-derived orthotopic-xenograft (PDOX) models of Group 3 (ICb-2555MB) and 4 MB (ICb-1078MB) were then treated with digoxin (2 mg/kg i.p.) for 2 cycles of 14 days. Digoxin treatment significantly prolonged survival in both models compared to untreated controls (p=0.001; p=0.031). Studies using the Group 3 model further demonstrated that the observed survival benefit is synergistic with radiation. Furthermore, the average digoxin trough levels in treated mice (2.4 ng/mL +/- 0.4) were similar to target levels in patients taking digoxin, suggesting the potential for rapid translation of these findings into a clinical setting. Finally, digoxin-mediated cell killing occurs in vivo via apoptosis and does not require loss of HIF-1 alpha protein.
CHAPTER 3 – THE DERIVATIVE

Publisher Summary This chapter presents the concept of a derivative. The derivative of a product is the first times the derivative of the second, plus the second times the derivative of the first. The derivative of a quotient is the denominator times the derivative of the numerator minus the numerator times the derivative of the denominator all over the denominator squared. It must be emphasized that not every function is differentiable. A function may even be continuous at a point but not differentiable there. The chapter presents a theorem that states that if F is defined and continuous on [a, b], then it has a derivative at each point of (a, b). Moreover, if F(a) = F(b) = 0, then there is an x0 (a, b) so that F'(x0) = 0.
Endocannabinoids, Monoamines and Stress

There is considerable evidence that signaling through cannabinoid 1 receptors (CB1Rs) contributes to the effects of stress on the brain as well as stress-adaptation. Similarly, serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine are important modulators and effectors of stress. The purpose of this review is to present and discuss the results of studies that have investigated the interactions between endocannabinoid-CB1 receptor signaling and each of the biogenic amines in the context of stress.
Nanotechnology Enabled Inhalation of Bio-therapeutics for Pulmonary Diseases: Design Considerations and Challenges

This review aims to critically discuss design considerations for the development of nanoparticle-based formulations for inhalation delivery of bio-therapeutics in pulmonary diseases. We will also discuss the challenges towards clinical translation of this approach, highlighting the directions for future research. Nanotechnology-based inhalation delivery of bio-therapeutics in pulmonary diseases can potentially overcome the shortcomings of clinically used parenteral route. Exploration of inhalable nanoparticles for delivery of bio-therapeutics in pulmonary diseases is still at an early stage. While most of these approaches have been developed for the delivery of nucleic acids, a few have focused on delivering monoclonal antibodies and proteins. However, multiple challenges need to be addressed for successful translation of this approach. We summarize the design considerations and challenges that may help in creating a roadmap for the development of clinically translatable nanoparticle-based inhalable formulations of bio-therapeutics for pulmonary diseases.
Wills Formalities in the Twenty-First Century

Individuals have executed wills the same way for centuries. But over time, traditional traditional requirements have relaxed. This Article makes two principal claims, both of which disrupt fundamental assumptions about the purposes and functions of wills formalities. First, the traditional requirements that a will must be in writing and signed by the testator in the presence of (or acknowledged before) witnesses have never adequately served the stated their stated purposes. For that reason, strict compliance with formalities cannot be justified by their cautionary, protective, evidentiary and channeling functions. Reducing or eliminating most of the long-standing requirements for execution of a will is consistent with the true purpose of wills formalities – authenticating a document as the one executed by the testator with the intention of having it serve as the binding directive for the post-mortem distribution of the testator’s property. This Article’s account has important implications for the way that legal scholars, lawmakers and lawyers think about wills. The Article’s second claim is that the substantive standard of the harmless error rule – that the decedent intended a particular document to be the decedent’s last will and testament – should be the only threshold that must be satisfied for a court to admit the document to probate. Widespread adoption of such an intent-based rule is preferable to one that is overly formalistic. Current formalism leads both to false positives (i.e., grant of probate to a document not intended by the decedent as the decedent’s will) and false negatives (i.e., denial of probate of document clearly intended by the decedent as the decedent’s will). An intent-based rule would make more likely the valid execution of wills by poor and middle-income people who typically cannot or do not consult attorneys. An intent-based standard also sets the stage for widespread recognition of electronic wills, if states are able to address concerns about authentication, fraud and safekeeping of electronic documents. Technological developments could make estate planning in the twenty-first century more accessible than ever before to people of all wealth and income levels if the legal profession is prepared to embrace new ways of executing wills.
Global Solution of Optimization Problems with Dynamic Systems Embedded

In previous papers [17,18], we have described an algorithm for globally solving dynamic optimization problems with integral objective functions subject to ordinary differential equations. The method employs a branch-and-bound algorithm on a Euclidean space utilizing convex relaxations of the dynamic optimization problem. We show that convex relaxations for an integrand pointwise in time imply convex relaxations for an integral. The integrand is treated as a function only of the parameters (and time) known only by composition with the solution of the embedded nonlinear differential equations. Combining the composition technique attributed to McCormick, differential inequalities, and a novel outer approximation technique, convex relaxations for the integrand are derived. This paper addresses the concepts from a tutorial perspective.
Strong-field coherence breaking as a tool for identifying methyl rotor states in microwave spectra: 2-hexanone

The rotational spectrum of 2-hexanone was recorded over the 8-18 GHz region using a chirped pulse Fourier transform microwave spectrometer. Strong field coherence breaking (SFCB) was utilized to selectively modulate the intensities of rotational transitions belonging to the two lowest energy conformers of 2-hexanone, aiding the assignment. In addition, the SFCB method was applied for the first time to selectively identify rotational transitions built off the two lowest energy hindered methyl rotor states of each conformer, 0a1 and 1e. Since these two states have rotational energy levels with different nuclear spin symmetries, their intensities could be selectively modulated by the resonant monochromatic pulses used in the SFCB method. The difference spectra, final fit, and structural parameters are discussed for the three assigned conformers of 2-hexanone.
IRG1 and iNOS act redundantly with other interferon gamma induced factors to restrict intracellular replication of Legionella pneumophila.

Interferon gamma (IFN{gamma}) restricts the intracellular replication of many pathogens, but how IFN{gamma} confers cell-intrinsic pathogen resistance remains unclear. For example, intracellular replication of the bacterial pathogen Legionella pneumophila in macrophages is potently curtailed by IFN{gamma}, but consistent with prior results, no individual genetic deficiency we tested compromised IFN{gamma}-mediated control. Intriguingly, however, we observed that the glycolysis inhibitor 2-deoxyglucose (2DG) partially rescued L. pneumophila replication in IFN{gamma}-treated macrophages. 2DG inhibits glycolysis and triggers the unfolded protein response, but unexpectedly, it appears these effects are not responsible for perturbing the antimicrobial activity of IFN{gamma}. Instead, we found that 2DG rescues bacterial replication predominantly by inhibiting the induction of two key antimicrobial factors, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and immune responsive gene 1 (IRG1). Using immortalized and primary macrophages deficient in iNOS and IRG1, we confirm that loss of both iNOS and IRG1, but not individual deficiency in each gene, partially reduces IFN{gamma}-mediated restriction of L. pneumophila. Further, using a combinatorial CRISPR/Cas9 mutagenesis approach, we find that mutation of iNOS and IRG1 in combination with four other genes (CASP11, IRGM1, IRGM3 and NOX2) results in a total loss of L. pneumophila restriction by IFN{gamma} in primary bone marrow macrophages. There are few, if any, other examples in which the complete set of cell-intrinsic factors required for IFN{gamma}-mediated restriction of an intracellular bacterial pathogen have been genetically identified. Our results highlight the combinatorial strategy used by hosts to block the exploitation of macrophages by pathogens.nnImportanceLegionella pneumophila is one example among many species of pathogenic bacteria that replicate within mammalian macrophages during infection. The immune signaling factor interferon gamma (IFN{gamma}) blocks L. pneumophila replication in macrophages and is an essential component of the immune response to L. pneumophila and other intracellular pathogens. However, to date, no study has determined the exact molecular factors induced by IFN{gamma} that are required for its activity. We generated macrophages lacking different combinations of IFN{gamma}-induced genes in an attempt to find a genetic background in which there is a complete loss of IFN{gamma}-mediated restriction of L. pneumophila. We successfully identified six genes that comprise the totality of the IFN{gamma}-dependent restriction of L. pneumophila replication in macrophages. Our results clarify the molecular basis underlying the potent effects of IFN{gamma} and highlight how redundancy downstream of IFN{gamma} is key to prevent exploitation of the macrophage niche by pathogens.
Fitting local, low-dimensional parameterizations of optical turbulence modeled from optimal transport velocity vectors

Abstract This work exploits a connection between optimal transport theory and the physics of image propagation to yield a locally low-dimensional model of turbulence-corrupted imagery. Optimal transport produces an invertible, pixel-wise linear trajectories to approximate the globally nonlinear turbulence between a clean and turbulence corrupted image pair. We use the low-dimensional model to fit subsets of the optimal transport vector fields and stitch the local models into a surrogate for the global map to be used for image cleaning. Experiments are performed on laboratory generated data of beam propagation using different values of the Fried parameter (a scale measuring turbulence coherence) as well as a toy data set. The results suggest this is a fruitful direction, and first step, towards using multiple realizations of turbulence corrupted images to learn a blind surrogate for the optimal transport vector field for image cleaning.
Tunable magnetic domain walls for therapeutic neuromodulation at cellular level: Stimulating neurons through magnetic domain walls

Cellular-level neuron stimulation has attracted much attention in the areas of prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of neurological disorders. Herein, we propose a spintronic neurostimulator based on the domain wall movement inside stationary magnetic nanostructures driven by the spin transfer torques. The electromotive forces generated by the domain wall motion can serve as highly localized stimulation signals for neuron cells. Our simulation results show that the induced electric field from the domain wall motion in permalloy nanostructures can reach up to 14 V / m, which is well above the reported threshold stimulation signal for clinical applications. The proposed device operates on a current range of several microamperes that is 103 times lower than the current needed for the magnetic stimulation by microcoils. The duration and amplitude of the stimulating signal can be controlled by adjusting the applied current density, the geometry of the nanostructure, and the magnetic properties of the material.
Sensitization of small‐diameter sensory neurons is controlled by TRPV1 and TRPA1 association

Unique features of sensory neuron subtypes are manifest by their distinct physiological and pathophysiological functions. Using patch-clamp electrophysiology, Ca2+ imaging, calcitonin gene-related peptide release assay from tissues, protein biochemistry approaches, and behavioral physiology on pain models, this study demonstrates the diversity of sensory neuron pathophysiology is due in part to subtype-dependent sensitization of TRPV1 and TRPA1. Differential sensitization is influenced by distinct expression of inflammatory mediators, such as prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), bradykinin (BK), and nerve growth factor (NGF) as well as multiple kinases, including protein kinase A (PKA) and C (PKC). However, the co-expression and interaction of TRPA1 with TRPV1 proved to be the most critical for differential sensitization of sensory neurons. We identified N- and C-terminal domains on TRPV1 responsible for TRPA1-TRPV1 (A1-V1) complex formation. Ablation of A1-V1 complex with dominant-negative peptides against these domains substantially reduced the sensitization of TRPA1, as well as BK- and CFA-induced hypersensitivity. These data indicate that often occurring TRP channel complexes regulate diversity in neuronal sensitization and may provide a therapeutic target for many neuroinflammatory pain conditions.
Librarian integration into health care conferences: a case report

Background: Health care continuing education conferences are important educational events that present opportunities for structured learning, interactive sharing, and professional networking. Conference presenters frequently cite published literature, such as clinical trials, to supply an evidence-based foundation, with presenters’ slides often shared with conference attendees. By using social media, these conferences can have greater impact, assist in supporting evidence-based clinical practice, and increase stakeholder engagement. Case Presentation: The authors present a case of embedding a health sciences librarian into the Annual Johns Hopkins Critical Care Rehabilitation Conference. The librarian served multiple roles, including social media ambassador, conference exhibitor, and presenter. We explore how these roles contributed to the field of early rehabilitation research through information dissemination and education. We also address best practices for librarian support of the conference, with a discussion of tools, platforms, and work flows that were beneficial. Conclusions: Librarian integration facilitated education about bibliographic literature database content, database searching, critical appraisal, and reporting of search methodology. Additionally, the librarian contributed to real-time distribution of scholarly literature through proficiency with web platforms, citation management programs, and social media. Librarians’ expertise in information organization and dissemination, as well as various technology platforms, make them a valuable addition to health care conferences. This article has been approved for the Medical Library Association’s Independent Reading Program .
Comparison Between Conventional Rectilinear and Multiplane Tomographic Nuclear Imaging of the Liver

This chapter presents the results of a comparative study between a conventional rectilinear imaging system and a commercially available multiplane tomographic scanner (Searle Radiographics, Inc.) as applied to liver imaging.
Reframing Holocaust Testimony: By Noah Shenker. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2015. 248 pp. ISBN 978-0-253-01713-0, Softcover, $30.00

Since the televised trial of Nazi leader Adolf Eichmann in Israel in 1960, Holocaust scholars and educators have looked to witnesses as the bearers of the Holocaust experience narrative. Three spec...
Mnemonic Flash Card Education Campaign Decreases Hospital-Onset Clostridioides difficile Infections

Background Clostridioides difficile (C. difficile) is now the most common healthcare-acquired pathogen. The pathogen causes life-threatening diarrhea and colitis. The hospital-onset C. difficile rate of a southern California hospital was significantly higher than that of local community hospitals in 2018. A review of the hospital-onset cases revealed that the majority were due to missed sample collection through patient day 3. The objective of this study is to create an education campaign that promotes smarter C.difficile testing in order to reduce hospital-onset C.difficile infections. Methods The C. difficile education campaign was centered around a mnemonic flash card (5 by 2.5 inches) titled “THE RUNS”. The first word (THE) of the acronym had phrases focused on the importance of collecting specimens through patient admission day 3. The first word's phrases also emphasized prompt patient isolation and hand hygiene with soap and water. The second word (RUNS) had phrases that promoted C.difficile testing stewardship after patient day 3. Nursing conversations with unit leadership and physicians regarding the appropriateness of C.difficile testing were encouraged. The flash card was fastened to the majority of nursing unit computer monitors. The card's education was presented at nursing leadership meetings and unit huddles. Results The rate of hospital-onset C.difficile decreased from 4.4 cases per 10,000 patient days (January through October 2018) to 2.6 cases per 10,000 patient days (January through October 2019), representing a 41% reduction in rate. Conclusions The education campaign centered around the mnemonic flash card “THE RUNS” was successful in reducing the hospital onset C.difficile rate. Frontline healthcare providers became more knowledgeable about the importance of preventing hospital-onset C.difficile infections through smarter C.difficile testing.
Constructive Gauge Theory and Phase Cell Localization

The methods described in this book also apply to gauge theories: both electromagnetism and Yang-Mills theories. The approach based on phase cell localization can be used to study both ultraviolet properties and infra-red properties of gauge models. The existence question is more complicated for these models, and the stability bounds are subtler to establish. Gauge theories are central to particle physics, where they provide the theoretical framework for the unification of weak, electromagnetic, and possibly also strong forces.1
The Assault on Parental Rights in America

It is a well-established constitutional principle protected as fundamental that parents have the right to direct the upbringing of their children. A fit parent is presumed to be the best authority to accommodate the best interests of his or her children. The United States Supreme Court has traditionally protected parental rights, but today in America governments and third parties are interfering with fit parents exercising their rights over their children in caring for their best interests. What is happening in America today to parents is an assault on their rights as parents, resulting in the law being used as a vehicle of opposition to those rights, toward deconstruction of parental authority and America’s best interest legal structure. This article considers these concerns, highlighting recent attacks on parental rights and authority in the wake of the Covid-19 pandemic, in life support, in education, in gender dysphoria, illustrating that parents have been undermined and denied their rights to protect the best interests of their children. Section I details recent events surrounding Covid-19, and then illustrates that long before the pandemic parents have been fighting for the very lives of their children, and losing. Section II discusses state efforts to protect parental rights in statutory code and legislative measures, in the context of constitutional authority already granted to parents to protect the best interests of their children. Section III then examines the difference between children’s rights and parental rights to protect the best interests of the child, and why emerging international notions on children’s rights should never replace constitutional parental rights in America. They do only to the harm of children and their parental protection. By examining these concerns, this article raises and explains some of the most important policy debates on parental rights, children’s rights, and families today. It will reveal the unwitting if not active deconstruction of the family, and how we think about rights and duties between family members, while arguing that the relationship between a parent and child is a constitutionally protected liberty interest that deserves renewed protection under parental rights.
Factors considered in ranking orthopedic shoulder and elbow fellowship applicants: a survey of program directors

Background Orthopedic fellowship positions continue to be increasingly competitive, with most orthopedic residency graduates pursuing fellowship after completion of residency. Shoulder and elbow fellowship training represents an increasingly competitive and relatively smaller cohort of applicants than other subspecialties; there are only 29 programs with a total of 40 offered positions. The purpose of this survey is to identify and rank factors considered most important by shoulder and elbow fellowship directors when identifying potential fellowship candidates. Methods A web-based survey was emailed to all 29 orthopedic shoulder and elbow fellowship directors recognized by American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons. Demographic information was collected regarding program size, total number of applicants interviewed, and total number of applicants subsequently ranked. The survey also included a list of twelve applicant characteristics which each program director was asked to rank in a sequential order (most important to least). The median score of each factor was calculated, and a weighted score was applied to the top five (of twelve) categories selected by each program. Five points were given to the top-ranked factor. Four points were given to factors ranked 2nd, three points to factors ranked 3rd, two points to factors ranked 4th, and one point to factors ranked 5th. The weighted scores were then used to determine the most highly desired applicant characteristics. Results Twenty-two of 29 (76%) orthopedic shoulder and elbow fellowship programs responded to the survey. Fourteen of 22 (64%) programs interview 20 or fewer applicants each year. No programs ranked more than 25 applicants. Twelve of 22 (55%) of program directors rated the interview as the most important factor, whereas 6 of 22 (27%) selected letters of recommendation. Based on the weighted score calculation, interviews, letters of recommendation, and personal connections to the applicant/letter writers comprised the top three categories, respectively, and captured 193 of 330 (58%) of the total available points in the weighted score. Strength of shoulder/elbow experience in residency, ties to the geographical area, and comments made regarding technical competence scored among the lowest factors. Conclusion Orthopedic shoulder and elbow fellowship directors consistently ranked interviews, letters of recommendation, and personal connection to applicant/letter writer higher than other factors when ranking applicants. This information provides both program directors as well as applicants with important information to consider when navigating the shoulder and elbow fellowship application process.
Probabilistic Risk Assessment of Coupled Natural-Physical-Social Systems: Cascading Impact of Hurricane-Induced Damages to Civil Infrastructure in Galveston, Texas

AbstractThe combined effect of storm surge and wave action during severe storms in coastal regions can cause significant damage to civil infrastructures with cascading consequences to coastal commu...
Round Robin Study Evaluating Consistency of 4340 Steel Specimens Manufactured by Different Laser Powder Bed Fusion Machines

The US Army is evaluating metals additive manufacturing as a next-generation technology to enhance capabilities. To fully benefit from this technology, challenges of manufacturing maturity must be overcome for part qualification and certification. The Combat Capabilities Development Command Armaments Center located at Picatinny Arsenal, NJ, conducted a round robin build demonstration of Laser Powder Bed Fusion (L-PBF) using 4340 steel. Six participants took part in the demonstration, with equipment including the EOSINT M270, EOSINT M280, 3D Systems ProX 300, and SLM 280. Round robin builds consisted of tensile specimens in the horizontal (XY) and vertical (Z) orientations in the four corners and center location of the build platform. The specimens were heat-treated and machined to specifications. The mechanical property test results were analyzed as a function of build plate location and orientation across a series of L-PBF machines. Statistical analysis was used to detect data relationships and general trends.
A Team's Three-Dimensional Approach to Assisting the End-Stage Renal Disease Family

This review will identify ways in which the interdisciplinary team assists a family confronting end-stage renal disease (ESRD) for the first time. The developmental models of the family life cycle and the ESRD life cycle are used to understand the family's needs. The treatment team uses a three-dimensional approach of education, support, and communication to enhance family coping.
Investigation of the limitations of acoustic airway measurement

The analysis includes a consideration of the errors introduced by deviation from the simple model and the sensitivity of the algorithm to noise in the data. The procedure is tested by simulations based on analytical solutions for a cone and on a model of the central airways of the human respiratory tract. >
A qualitative study of work and work return in cancer survivors.

Few studies have examined the impact of cancer on the survivor's quality of work life. The purpose of this qualitative study is to describe the work experiences among a diverse group of cancer survivors and to explore factors influencing decisions about work after cancer diagnosis and treatment. We interviewed 28 participants with a broad range of socioeconomic backgrounds and primary cancer sites. Qualitative results indicate that after learning about their cancer diagnosis, participants had diverse and complex patterns of work return and work change, and experienced a variety of factors that influenced post-cancer decisions. Experiences at work after cancer also varied in relation to how others responded, changes in productivity, effects of cancer and treatment on work, and feelings about work. Most respondents received little guidance from their physicians about work, and many participants described their cancer as impacting their priority of work relative to other aspects of their lives. Our findings reinforce the complexity of measuring employment outcomes and the range of adaptations made to improve the quality of work life. Additional research is needed to identify prognostic factors that can guide clinical or workplace efforts to restore cancer survivors to their desired level of work function and economic productivity. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Linear regression with randomly dispersed parameters

SUMMARY Consider a collection of individual linear regression models, in which each individual parameter vector is independently drawn from a common multivariate normal distribution and is fixed over successive observations on that individual. Maximum likelihood estimators of the mean and dispersion of the parameters and of the disturbance variance are derived. These estimators yield empirical Bayes estimators of the individual parameter vectors. The properties of the estimators are exhibited in the case where the parameter dispersion is known.
Attosecond electron bunches.

Electron bunches of attosecond duration may coherently interact with laser beams. We show how $p$-polarized ultraintense laser pulses interacting with sharp boundaries of overdense plasmas can produce such bunches. Particle-in-cell simulations demonstrate attosecond bunch generation during pulse propagation through a thin channel or in the course of grazing incidence on a plasma layer. In the plasma, due to the self-intersection of electron trajectories, electron concentration is abruptly peaked. A group of counterstream electrons is pushed away from the plasma through nulls in the electromagnetic field, having inherited a peaked electron density distribution and forming relativistic ultrashort bunches in vacuum.
Recent Studies of RF Breakdown Physics in Normal Conducting Cavities

The operating accelerating gradient in normal conducting accelerating structures is often limited by rf breakdown. The behavior of the rf breakdown depends on multiple parameters, including the input rf power, rf circuit, cavity shape and material. Here we discuss recent experimental data and theoretical studies of rf breakdown physics.
Effect of Tooth Height, Tooth Width and Shaft Diameter on Carry-Over Coefficient of Labyrinth Seals

The accuracy of rotodynamic analysis of any turbomachinery is dependent upon the accuracy of seal leakage prediction. An expression for the leakage through a labyrinth seal can be developed by combining the coefficient of discharge under each tooth and a carryover coefficient to account for the dissipation of kinetic energy of the jet emerging from under each tooth in the subsequent cavity through turbulence viscosity interaction. While most popularly used leakage models consider the carry-over coefficient only as a function of clearance and pitch, it was established in our earlier work that Reynolds number and clearance/pitch ratio have a major effect on the carry-over coefficient. This work extends the carry-over coefficient model presented by Saikishan Suryanarayanan and G.L. Morrison [1] for incompressible, straight through, rectangular cavity, tooth on stator labyrinth seals by studying and incorporating the effect of tooth width, pitch, tooth height and shaft diameter in addition to Reynolds number and clearance on the carry-over coefficient. It is shown that the tooth width/pitch ratio has a significant effect upon the carry-over coefficient.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
The role of health services research in developing state health policy

ABSTRACT: As their responsibility for health policy making grows, states are pursuing a variety of strategies for getting the research and analytical assistance they need, including expanding their relationships with university-based health services research and policy analysis programs. These collaborations raise a number of questions about the fit between states' analytic needs and universities' interest and capacity, and about the appropriate role of the university research organization in the often highly politicized state environment. This paper discusses these questions in light of case studies of universities involved in state health policy in five states: Maryland, Minnesota, North Carolina, Washington, and Wisconsin.