cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Early child growth: How do nutrition and infection interact?

It is well known that the relationship between child nutrition and infection is bidirectional, i.e. frequent illness can impair nutritional status and poor nutrition can increase the risk of infection. What is less clear is whether infection reduces the effectiveness of nutrition interventions or, vice versa, whether malnutrition lessens the impact of infection control strategies. The objective of this paper is to review the evidence regarding this interaction between nutrition and infection with respect to child growth in low-income populations. Even when there are no obvious symptoms, physiological conditions associated with infections can impair growth by suppressing appetite, impairing absorption of nutrients, increasing nutrient losses and diverting nutrients away from growth. However, there is little direct evidence that nutrition interventions are less effective when infection is common; more research is needed on this question. On the other hand, evidence from four intervention trials suggests that the adverse effects of certain infections (e.g. diarrhoea) on growth can be reduced or eliminated by improving nutrition. Interventions that combine improved nutrition with prevention and control of infections are likely to be most effective for enhancing child growth and development.
Adaptive Instruments for Students With Physical Disabilities

The main adaptations that will be made for music students with physical disabilities are those that make the classroom accessible and those that make classroom instruments accessible. There are a number of principles to guide one when selecting instruments for students with physical disabilities. These principles can assist one in determining the instruments best suited to meet selected therapeutic and educational goals, as well as instruments that can accommodate students’ physical limitations.
Isolation and Sequence of a cDNA Clone of β‐Nerve Growth Factor from the Guinea Pig Prostate Gland

Abstract The guinea pig prostate gland contains high levels of nerve growth factor similarly to the mouse submandibular gland. Nerve growth factor from the guinea pig prostate gland cross-reacts weakly with antisera directed against mouse nerve growth factor, is associated with different proteins, and may be processed by a different mechanism. We have isolated a full-length cDNA clone for nerve growth factor from a library prepared from RNA of the guinea pig prostate gland. The guinea pig cDNA contains 1,075 nucleotides and is very similar to the shorter of two predominant nerve growth factor transcripts present in the mouse submandibular gland. The cDNA sequence predicts a precursor protein of 241 amino acids that is 86% identical to the mouse amino acid sequence. Only 10 amino acid changes are present in the C-terminal region corresponding to the mature 118 amino acid β-nerve growth factor of the mouse. Dibasic amino acid processing sites that are present at the N- and C-termini of the mature protein sequence and two other dibasic amino acid sites, representing potential processing sites within the propeptide, are all conserved, suggesting a similar mechanism of processing.
A modern view of pharmacokinetics

Publication of the mathematics of accumulation in the one compartment open model by Widmark and Tandberg (1924) and the two papers on the two-compartment open model by the organizer of this conference, Professor Torsten Teorell (1937), were the origins of pharmacokinetics. Many of us who have studied the literature of pharmacokinetics have been amazed at the insight and foresight embodied in Professor Teorell’s two papers. The classical one- and two-compartment open linear models have withstood the test of time, achieved accurate assessment of rates of absorption, metabolism, and excretion when applied to certain specific drugs, and been very useful for predictive purposes. Undoubtedly in the future these classical models will continue to be as useful as they have in the past. These classical pharmacokinetics models are based upon systems of linear differential equations, which may conveniently be integrated using Laplace transforms. Kinetic linearity was defined by Kruger-Thiemer (1968a) as direct proportionality of transfer rates to concentrations or concentration differences.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE: WALKING THE BOUNDARY

. Theology and science generally conduct research independently, with no interchange. The possibility for mutual enrichment often is thwarted because people working in the two fields have very different worldviews, which are mostly held subconsciously. In this paper I will try to establish a dialogue of mutual enrichment. I have chosen artificial intelligence (AI) as an exemplary scientific discipline and the theology of Paul Tillich as a complement. I reinterpret Tillich's concept of sin to introduce a framework for a dialogue between the two. This framework aims to prevent people from either camp from assuming the existence of absolute truth and thus creating a dogmatism. Paradoxically, it also prevents people from being relativistic. The aim is to overcome mutual indifference and ignorance.
Race and residential accessibility to shopping and services

Abstract Predominantly black, upper‐income census tracts in the 10‐county Atlanta region have lower accessibility to certain personal consumption opportunities than comparable white tracts do; black residents are more likely to have to leave their neighborhoods to eat out (other than at fast food restaurants), grocery shop, or see movies. Accessibility is calculated as a function of travel time to providers of local goods and services. Such accessibility is a desirable attribute and contributes to neighborhood quality and housing value. We find that differences in residential accessibility to shopping and services by race are not explained by income differences, but could result from real differences in consumption patterns, though these are more likely due to demographic differences between black and white populations of comparable incomes; inaccurate information on neighborhood attributes and personal consumption preferences; or racially biased business decisions. We conclude by summarizing the policy i...
Horton: Award, medal, and grant

In the January 17, 1984, issue of Eos (p. 22), you will find the citation and acceptance of the 1983 winner of the Robert E. Horton Award, David A. Woolhiser. This edition of WaterWatch contains a listing of past winners of both the Horton Award and the Horton Medal. In addition there is a call for proposals for the 1984 Horton Research Grant. That's a lot of Horton, and experience has shown it to generate considerable confusion. Here I hope to clarify matters by drawing upon the historical research of our past president, James R. Wallis.
A Ketogenic Very Low Calorie Diet (VLCD) in the Treatment of Children with NIDDM † 500

A form of early-onset diabetes, with persistent C-peptide production and negative islet cell antibodies has been reported with increasing frequency in various ethnic groups throughout the US. While insulin is often an essential part of the initial therapy of these patients, the clinical manifestations of this disease eventually become more characteristic of NIDDM. Prolonged insulin therapy may increase the risks of weight gain and progressive insulin resistance. We evaluated the use of a ketogenic very low calorie diet (VLCD) in the treatment of NIDDM in 10 African-American children (mean age 13.9±2.3 years). Patients were admitted to the General Clinical Research Center for 3-5 days, and consumed 7-800 calories daily. The ketogenic VLCD was high in protein (1.5 grams per kg of lean body mass), and contained less than 30 grams each of fat and carbohydrate. At study entry, patients had a mean BMI of 44.4±2.5 (SEM), and a HgbA1c of 8.8±0.8%. Prior to starting the diet, 5/10 were treated with insulin (mean dose = 0.49±0.20 unit/kg/day) and 3/10 were taking metformin and/or acarbose. Insulin and oral agents were weaned as preprandial blood sugars fell below 80 mg/dl, and all patients were able to discontinue medications within three days of instituting the VLCD. Upon follow-up, 1-3 months later, all but one had sustained weight loss on this diet, and 7/10 had lost more than 5 kg. Overall, BMI fell to 41.5±2.3 (p=0.02), while HgbA1c dropped to 7.6±0.9%(p<0.005), off of all pharmacologic therapies. Systolic blood pressure also declined from 133.5±3.0 to 120.5±3.0 mmHg (p=0.01).
Diffusion in Silicon from a Spin‐On Heavily Phosphorus‐Doped Oxide Source

A highly doped, spin‐on phosphorus source, 12% wt phosphorus in the dry film, was characterized for shallow emitter diffusions. Microprocessor control of diffusion experiments allowed repeatable and accurate control and optimization of process parameters. A prebake of the spun source in nitrogen before diffusion improved sheet resistance uniformity. A skewed temperature profile minimized the "first in‐last out" effect. The sheet resistance uniformity, in terms of 2 times the standard deviation, achieved was 2% for the individual wafer and <5% for fifty wafer loads of 75 mm wafers. Some oxygen in the nitrogen diffusion ambient promoted the best doping efficiency. Sheet resistance‐junction depth products of with junction depths of were obtained using appropriately developed cycles. No diffusion induced slip or dislocations were seen with fast push‐pull of loads up to 1120°C.
The technology maturation process and the role of competitive intelligence

U.S. businesses often seem more concerned with their quarterly financial statements than with developing new technologies that, in the long run, could revitalize American manufacturing and provide domestic products with a competitive over imports. The authors present a model of how new technologies can be effectively “matured” and then commercialized through the creation of voluntary strategic alliances among industry, universities, and government laboratories. The result: swifter commercialization of technologies developed from “pure research,” magnifying the intellectual property into numerous new product applications. Deciding how to structure technology maturation teams revolves around a series of issues that blend technological and commercial factors, but critical players include the intellectual property creators (university or federal lab researchers), technology developers (scientists and engineers), and entrepreneurial commercializers, either within or outside the firm. Of critical importance is staffing the project team with qualified members as they are needed, since only a few members will be involved during the entire cycle, and deciding which of many potential “paths of opportunity” to wander, allocating resources to the most promising opportunities while retaining the commitment of team members whose ideas were rejected. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Youth Supervision While Mothers Work: A Daily Diary Study of Maternal Worry

Using data from a daily diary study of hourly hotel employees in the US and their children, this study examined links between youth supervision arrangements and maternal worry while at work, examining both differences between individuals and day-to-day variation within individuals. Multilevel model analyses revealed both between- and within-person effects linking youth supervision to maternal worry. Mothers’ partner status functioned as moderator, and maternal knowledge also emerged as a protective factor when youth were in self-care, highlighting a potential target for future work–family interventions, particularly those for hourly employees with limited access to family-friendly workplace policies.
Solid-state NMR and rigid body molecular dynamics to determine domain orientations of monomeric phospholamban.

Solid-state NMR spectroscopy, in conjunction with rigid body molecular dynamics calculations, shows that monomeric phospholamban in lipid bilayers has two distinct helical domains, with an interhel...
Thermally driven motion of highly viscous fluids

Abstract Using a formal, unified method described in a previous paper, several sets of equations are derived governing the thermally driven motion of highly viscous fluids. The cases covered are (i) a strongly heated fluid; (ii) a strongly heated, shallow fluid; (iii) a strongly heated, deep liquid with a small coefficient of volume expansion; (iv) a weakly heated, deep fluid; (v) a weakly heated, deep fluid with large Prandtl number; and (vi) a strongly heated, deep liquid with large Prandtl number and small coefficient of volume expansion. These cases are distinguished by the orders of magnitude of the following five parameters: the Prandtl number, the nondimensionalized depth of the fluid, the nondimensionalized coefficient of volume expansion, the ‘absolute’ Grashof number, and the heat addition parameter. In all six sets of equations obtained, the inertia terms are absent from the momentum equations. The thermal inertia terms are absent from the energy equations for cases (i), (ii) and (iii). The unperturbed situations arising in cases (iii)–(vi) are supposed to be steady and quiescent. Corresponding unperturbed solutions are presented in detail.
Biosynthesis, processing, and extracellular release of α-L-fucosidase in lymphoid cell lines of different genetic origins

In humans, the quantity of α-l-fucosidase in serum is determined by heredity. The mechanism controlling levels of the enzyme in serum is unknown. Lymphoid cell lines derived from individuals with either low, intermediate, or high α-l-fucosidase in serum were established. Steady-state levels of intracellular and extracellular α-l-fucosidase as well as rates of synthesis and secretion of enzyme overlapped among the cell lines. Thus,vivo} serum phenotypes were not expressed in this system. No appreciable differences in the qualitative processing of newly made α-l-fucosidase were observed among these lymphoid cell lines. Cells pulse-labeled with35S-methionine from 0.25 to 2 hr had an intracellular form of enzyme with aMr=58,000. Cells pulsed for 1.5 hr and chased for 21 hr with unlabeled methionine had an intracellular form ofMr=60,000 and an extracellular form ofMr=62,000. All three enzyme forms were glycoproteins with a common polypeptide chain ofMr=52,000 but with different carbohydrate moieties. No evidence for a high molecular mass precursor form of α-l-fucosidase was found. Fucosidosis is a rare, inherited disease in which α-l-fucosidase activity in tissues and body fluids is low or absent. The mutations for fucosidosis and the serum polymorphism map separately. Lymphoid cells from two siblings with fucosidosis had 8-fold to 341-fold less intracellular α-l-fucosidase protein with 11-fold to 56-fold lower specific activities than control cells. Residual mutant enzyme was a glycoprotein with a polypeptide chain virtually the same size (Mr=52,000) as control enzyme. However, residual mutant enzyme was hypoglycosylated and hypersecreted as compared to control enzyme.
Difference score measures of social perceptions revisited: A comparison of alternatives

Abstract A response is made to Johns' (1981) critique of difference scores by way of a suggested alternative. Results of one application of this technique are compared to that yielded by a more traditional measure, Mahalanobis' D. The data indicates that although the overall proportion of variance in the criterion is the same, albeit modest, specific conclusions that might be drawn are much different.
Muscles flex, axons die.

Molecules that regulate contraction in skeletal muscle have now found a place in the axon. In response to injury, the ryanodine receptor mediates the release of internal calcium stores, which contributes to axonal damage.
Prediction of elastic properties of heterogeneous materials with complex microstructures

Abstract The phase-field microelasticity (PFM) is adapted into a homogenization process to predict all the effective elastic constants of three-dimensional heterogeneous materials with complex microstructures. Comparison between the PFM approach and the Hashin–Shtrikman variational approach is also given. Using 3D images of two-phase heterogeneous media with regular and irregular microstructures, results indicate that the PFM approach can accurately take into account the effects of both elastic anisotropy and inhomogeneity of materials with arbitrary microstructure geometry, such as complex porous media with suspended inclusions.
Generating and using evidence to guide public policy and practice: Lessons from the Campbell Test-bed Project

This paper offers lessons from a three-year Test-bed project that tested systematic review practices developed by the Campbell Collaboration and the Cochrane Collaboration. Under the Test-bed project 14 systematic reviews were completed of interventions in crime prevention, social welfare, and education. (References to the products of these test-bed reviews are included in the reference list, preceded by an asterisk). Building on this experience, the authors recommend structuring future reviews around well-defined review topics more explicitly focused on particular interventions, and constraining literature search to evaluations of relevant interventions. Reviewers should analyze and report findings from RCTs separately from non-RCT studies and report on impact estimates in natural units, instead of relying solely on effect size metrics. Further, reviewers should report intent-to-treat estimates as the causally valid outcomes from RCTs. Analyses of impacts for treated sub-groups should be reported as non-experimental findings. More attention should be given to the minimum detectable effect a study can support, as well as any information on the possible costs and benefits of the intervention. Pooling results from studies of disparate interventions, populations, and contexts is not recommended. Meta-analysis should be reserved for homogeneous clusters of interventions studies. Forest plots are helpful for presenting study findings and confidence limits. However, simple bar charts preserve important information on the base levels for the outcomes. Finally reviewers should define a priori the minimum data set or required elements that allow study inclusion, and use this information systematically in making decisions about what evidence to admit into the review.
Naloxone inhibits the centrally-mediated hypotensive actions of BHT-933 (azepezole)

Abstract Central administration of BHT 933, a highly selective alpha 2 agonist, to pentobarbital-anesthetized, normotensive dogs resulted in a rapid, significant decrease in blood pressure. The maximal response occurred at 30 min and remained significantly decreased for 60 min. Concomitant with the hypotensive response was a decrease in heart rate. Pretreatment with naloxone 15 min prior to the administration of BHT 933 completely abolished the hypotensive response and significantly inhibited the bradycardia. These results suggest a role for central opioidergic systems in the control of blood pressure which may serve as important sites of antihypertensive drug action. The central regulation of sympathetic tone by catecholaminergic systems plays an important role in the control of cardiovascular function in both normal and pathological states. A high density of catecholaminergic nerve terminals is found in regions of the brainstem involved in cardiovascular control. Stimulation of the alpha receptors in these areas decreases peripheral sympathetic tone and subsequently lowers blood pressure (1). Recent histochemical evidence has demonstrated the presence of opioid peptides in the nucleus tractus solitarii, nucleus ambiguous and hypothalamus as well as other discrete brain areas associated with cardiovascular control. Activation of the opiate receptors in these brain areas decreases sympathetic tone and blood pressure (2,3). Additionally, both catecholaminergic and opioidergic systems have been implicated in the reaction to certain stimuli (i.e, pain, stress) which entail important hemodynamic adaptations (4,5). The similarity between the central opiate and catecholaminergic systems suggests a relationship between the two systems in blood pressure control and a potential site of antihypertensive drug action.
The lack of effect of phototherapy on serum bilirubin-binding capacity in newborn infants

Using a Sephadex G-25 separation technique, the total bilirubin-binding capacity was measured in 18 jaundiced infants before and after phototherapy. The initial total bilirubin-binding capacity obtained at 20 to 113 hours of age averaged 17.5±4.4 mg/dl (mean±SD) and was unchanged during phototherapy at 34 to 135 hours of age. In ten infants, the total bilirubin-binding capacity was measured before, during, and 24 hours after the cessation of phototherapy. Here too, phototherapy did not significantly influence the TBBC. These data indicate that in vivo, phototherapy does not alter the serum bilirubin binding capacity of newborn infants.
Toward global inverse solutions for current and past ice mass variations: Contribution of secular satellite gravity and topography change measurements

[1] We investigate the accuracy and resolution of estimating global ice mass variations using secular gravity and ice elevation change observations by the planned Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) and ICESat missions. The gravity and altimetry data combination can determine the total bedrock uplift rate with root-mean-square (RMS) errors of 0.2–1.3 mm/yr when Gaussian averaged over a half scale of 250 km. Moreover, covariance analyses indicate that the mean snow compaction error can be constrained to the level of 3 mm/yr in equivalent Antarctic ice thickness change. The mean Antarctic present-day ice mass change could then be determined to about 4 mm/yr. For a known viscosity profile, such data sets provide a spatial estimate of a linear combination of the late Pleistocene deglaciation and a more recent past trend (last few thousand years) in the Greenland and Antarctica mass balance. For example, when the linear rate of the recent past trend is estimated solely for ice history, the RMS errors of the 450-km Gaussian averages range between 1 and 3 cm/yr. Although contaminated by the signature of present-day hydrological variations over the deglaciated areas, the 450-km Gaussian-averaged Last Glacial Maximum height of the ancient ice sheets can be determined to a RMS level of 300 m. The mean recovery errors are less than 100 m. However, the gravity/altimeter data cannot resolve the load history and lower mantle viscosity simultaneously. Additional data such as relative sea level records must be invoked to overcome this difficulty.
Dynamic Channel Reservation to Enhance Channel Access by Exploiting Structure of Vehicular Networks

VANET protocols need to exploit the special structure of vehicular networks. This structure includes the one-dimensional nature of roads, the structure of lanes, the group mobility of vehicles, and the communication patterns of the envisaged applications. It is therefore of interest to examine how to specifically tailor VANET protocols to exploit all the above properties. In this paper, motivated by the goal of providing significantly better application level QoS, we study the MAC problem, and examine to what extent one can improve the performance of the mechanism employed in the IEEE 802.11p protocol. We design a dynamic channel reservation (DCR) protocol which leverages the special structure of VANET, and provides greater predictability in channel access, simplifying QoS provision. The key idea, in light of the periodic communication pattern of VANET applications, is to transform the per-packet channel contention mechanism of 802.11p into a per-vehicle one in DCR. We implement the protocol on NS-2 for a comparative evaluation against 802.11p under realistic VANET scenarios. DCR demonstrates lower packet loss probability and higher throughput over 802.11p, and the simulation results appear promising enough to develop a complete protocol specifically for vehicular networks.
Closed-form solution for reachable workspace of axially symmetric hexapod robots

The reachable workspace of hexapod robots is a key performance parameter in robot design. This paper presents an analytical solution for the reachable workspace of axially symmetric hexapod robots. The solution methodology decomposes the hexapod robot into three intersecting modified four-bar mechanisms. The contribution of each modified four-bar mechanism to the overall workspace is found and combined to form the reachable workspace. The presented methodology for finding the analytical solution to the reachable workspace is extendible to other types of workspaces, hexapod robot geometries, and applicable to any n-pod robot. An example is provided to mathematically illustrate the presented methodology.
Physical properties of hot, dense matter: The general case

Abstract The thermodynamic properties of hot, dense matter are examined in the density range 10 −5 fm −3 ⩽ n ⩽ 0.35 fm −3 and the temperature range 0 ⩽ T ⩽ 21 MeV, for fixed lepton fractions Y l = 0.4, 0.3 and 0.2 and for matter in β-equilibrium with no neutrinos. Three phases of the matter are considered: the nuclei phase is assumed to consist of Wigner-Seitz cells with central nuclei surrounded by a nucleon vapor containing also α-particles; in the bubbles phase the cell contains a central spherical bubble of nucleon vapor surrounded by dense nuclear matter; the third phase is that of uniform nuclear matter. All are immersed in a sea of leptons (electrons and neutrinos) and photons. The nuclei and bubbles are described by a compressible liquid drop model which is self-consistent in the sense that all of the constituent properties — bulk, surface, Coulomb energies and other minor contributions — are calculated from the same nuclear effective hamiltonian, in this case the Skyrme 1' interaction. The temperature dependence of all of these energies is included, for bulk and surface energies by direct calculation, for the Coulomb energy by combining in a plausible way the usual electrostatic energy and the numerical results pertaining to a hot Coulomb plasma. Lattice contributions to the Coulomb energy are an essential ingredient, and lattice modifications to the nuclear translational energy are included. A term is constructed to allow also for the reduced density of excited states of light nuclei. All of these modifications incorporate necessary physical effects which modify significantly the matter properties in some regions.
Trans-ovum transmission of a nuclear-polyhedrosis virus in the gypsy moth and the inducement of virus susceptibility

Abstract Eggs of the gypsy moth, Porthetria dispar, were collected from six sites differing in topography from wet to dry, in density of the gypsy-moth population, and in age or duration of the outbreak. Eggs collected from one site on March 23, 1968, responded differently than eggs of any of the other collections after as little as 7 days at 0–2°C. About 80% of the larvae hatching from these eggs died of nuclear polyhedrosis in the first instar. These virus-susceptible larvae made it possible to demonstrate, by surface disinfection, that trans-ovum transmission of the nuclear-polyhedrosis virus (NPHV) takes place via the surface of the egg. The hatching larva becomes infected by ingesting part of the egg shell. (An improved method of surface disinfection with 0.1% sodium hypochlorite is described. This reduced the incidence of polyhedrosis in the susceptible larvae from 80% to 0.1%.) Larvae from eggs collected at hatching time from the same site as the susceptible group of March 23 had less than 10% polyhedrosis. This was also true for larvae from eggs collected at the other sites both at hatching time and in the previous months of December and January. Larvae from eggs collected in the winter months and refrigerated at 0–2°C for up to 7 months suffered less than 10% polyhedrosis. Thus, long periods of refrigeration did not induce susceptibility to the NPHV. The data suggest that initial mortality of first-instar larvae in the field, exclusive of larva-to-larva transmission typically would be less than 10%. By comparison with the 80% polyhedrosis observed in the virus-susceptible larvae it appears that there is normally a high incidence of transmission of the virus and that most larvae become infected as they hatch. Since less than 10% die in early instars there appears to be some natural resistance to acute infection. Apparently by March 23 eggs in the field undergo some change as the weather begins to moderate. After this the unhatched larvae cannot tolerate prolonged chilling at 0–2°C without becoming susceptible to acute infection from NPHV.
Analysis and purification of alcohol-sensitive chiral compounds using 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol as a modifier in supercritical fluid chromatography.

Abstract 2,2,2-Trifluoroethanol (TFE) is evaluated as an alternative modifier for the analysis and purification of alcohol-sensitive chiral compounds using supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC). Four chiral compounds, selected for their sensitivity to alcohols, in addition to a variety of standard chiral compounds were analyzed by SFC using TFE with polysaccharide and Pirkle-type chiral stationary phases (CSPs) to produce selectivities (α) and resolutions (Rs) as high as 1.4 and 7.2. A preparative isolation of 2-phenylglutaric anhydride was achieved using TFE as the mobile phase modifier to produce clean enantiomers.
Identity and the health information consumer: a research agenda

There is currently a need to better understand the impacts of emerging technologies used to support health and health information needs as they relate to users. In the discussion of health information searching behavior, human individual differences and identity are factors to be considered. Identity, specifically, is a key to understanding the health-related self-maintenance behaviors of individuals with a variety of illnesses. As a result, this position paper will identify a research program that supports the investigation of identity in the context of the human information consumer. A number of research questions will be posed that are meant to encourage further research, debate, and discussion around developing e-health technologies that are tailored to a patient’s individual health background and needs. Thus, beginning to situate the user appropriately within these characteristics is a challenge that will yield more understanding of the individual and increase the usability of the technology for health-related purposes.
Concentric and Eccentric Torque of the Hip Musculature in Individuals With and Without Patellofemoral Pain

Abstract Context: Individuals suffering from patellofemoral pain have previously been reported to have decreased isometric strength of the hip musculature; however, no researchers have investigated...
Effects of fastener load on wave propagation through lap joint

Experimental results on the propagation of guided waves through a bolted joint under various bolt load values are presented. Piezoelectric wafer active sensor (PWAS) transducers are used for the generation and reception of the guided waves. Two specimen types are used, a strip lap joint and a plate lap joint. The signals measured under various bolt load values and frequency values are studied in order to identify relevant features that change drastically with bolt load. We found that some of the signals, especially those at S0 tuning frequency of 320 kHz, were very much simplified by the change from strip to plate conditions. The main contribution of this paper to the advancement of the state of the art consists in highlighting the need for removing the confounding effects of the strip side reflections on the correct interpretation of guided wave changes as they travel through a lap joint with various fastener loads.
Action: Phenomenology of wishing and willing in Husserl and Heidegger

The problem of distinguishing between willing and wishing and their significance for both the constitution of our consciousness as well as the constitution of our practical life runs all the way through the history of philosophy. Given the persuasiveness of the problem, it might be helpful to draw a sharp distinction between a metaphysical and a psychological or phenomenological approach to the problem. The first approach may be identified with the positions that Fichte, Schelling, Hegel, Schopenhauer and Nietzsche held, which involved an identification of the will with reality/actuality in general, and which Heidegger tried to analyze in his later writings on the basis of his confrontation with Nietzsche. In this paper, however, I will not consider the metaphysical approach to the distinction; rather, I will focus on the second approach to distinguishing wishing and willing, which was initiated by Aristotle in his Nicomachean Ethics, and of which as we will see soon – Husserl and the early Heidegger are ultimately still heirs. Hence I will begin my consideration by recalling briefly the main claim in Aristotle’s discovery of the central position of will within our life.
Gene Therapy in Type 1 Diabetes

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is caused by the autoimmune-mediated destruction of insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. T1D affects as many as 3 million patients in the United States alone, with 15,000 new cases developing every year (Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation), and presently there is no cure for T1D. In recent years, there has been a great deal of interest in developing gene therapy approaches to treat T1D. Gene therapy approaches tend to fall into three broad categoriesthose aimed at preventing or curing autoimmunity, those aimed at restoring insulin production through islet transplant or genetically engineered insulin production, and approaches that aim to prevent the morbidity and mortality associated with this complex disease. We review these studies here.
Experiencing flow with instant messaging and its facilitating role on creative behaviors

The goal of this study is to explore how experiencing flow with IM, an Internet-based communication technology, can facilitate an individual's perception on creativity. We argue that certain capabilities in IM, telepresence and perceived control, provide users a means to experience flow. We further investigate whether flow and its outcomes, positive affect and exploratory behavior have any influence on the perception of creativity of the users. Using an online survey with 207 observations we found that user's perceived control over the technology and its ability to transport the user to a virtual environment were shown to facilitate the experience of flow. We found that flow in itself does not influence perceived expected creativity in its users but does indirectly influence perceived expected creativity through exploratory behavior and positive affect. From these initial findings we believe that our study provides implications for both users and designers on IT. Furthermore, managers can apply the findings during implementation and use of interactive information technologies for communications in the workplace.
Intranuclear accumulation of subgenomic noninfectious human cytomegalovirus DNA in infected cells in the presence of ganciclovir.

In preparation for an attempt to elucidate some aspects of the interaction between ganciclovir and human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) DNA replication in cells infected with HCMV, we developed a dot blot DNA-DNA hybridization technique to quantify intracellular HCMV DNA replication. We studied the effect of ganciclovir on the time course of HCMV DNA replication in human fibroblasts. Ganciclovir resulted in complete cessation of the production of infectious virus, as detected by the plaque assay. However, viral DNA synthesis, as measured by dot blot DNA-DNA hybridization with cloned HCMV DNA BamHI C fragment probe, continued in the presence of ganciclovir at 10 times the 50% effective dose (i.e., 10 micrograms/ml). The continuation of viral DNA synthesis in ganciclovir-treated cultures leads to the intranuclear accumulation of short (subgenomic) HCMV DNA fragments. These DNA fragments are neither packaged nor released into the culture medium. Furthermore, the short DNA fragments were detected only by the BamHI C probe from the center of the unique long segment of the HCMV genome. The failure of the DNA probes from the termini of HCMV genome (BamHI-Q and HindIII-M) to detect the short DNA fragments and the intranuclear localization of these fragments suggest that these short fragments may lack the signal sequences necessary for packaging and release as infectious virions. These data strongly suggest that the anti-HCMV activity of ganciclovir is due mainly to the prevention of viral DNA chain elongation which results in the intranuclear accumulation of incomplete noninfectious viral DNA fragments.
Agitation and resistiveness to care are two separate behavioral syndromes of dementia.

Objectives To distinguish two behavioral syndromes of dementia: Agitation and resistiveness to care. Design Analysis of Minimum Data Set (MDS) data. Setting MDS data from Veterans Administration nursing homes collected from October 13, 2000, through October 14, 2004. Participants Participants were 23 837 residents with a positive diagnosis for Alzheimer’s disease or dementia other than Alzheimer’s. Measurements Presence of agitation in each patient was based on the recorded value for 6 MDS variables: repetitive questions, repetitive verbalizations, expressions of what appear to be unrealistic fears, repetitive health complaints, repetitive anxious complaints or concerns, and repetitive physical movements. Patients who exhibited the MDS variable “resists care; resisted taking medications/injections, ADL assistance or eating” anytime within the last 7 days of the assessment and whose behavior was not easily altered were considered “resistive to care.” Severity of dementia was measured by the Cognitive Performance Scale using 3 MDS items: short-term memory, cognitive skills for daily decision making, and making self understood. Results Agitation alone was present in 17%, resistiveness to care alone in 9%, and both syndromes in 8% of residents. Agitation was present in a significant number of residents who were borderline intact, was most common in subjects with moderate cognitive impairment, and decreased thereafter. In contrast, resistiveness to care was relatively rare in borderline intact and mildly impaired residents and increased gradually, with the highest prevalence in those with very severe cognitive impairment. The prevalence of resistiveness to care increased as the ability to understand deteriorated. Most residents who were rated as having abusive symptoms were also resistive to care. Conclusion Agitation and resistiveness to care are 2 separate behavioral syndromes that may also occur together. It is important to distinguish between agitation and resistiveness to care because these syndromes require different management strategies.
Mutagenic and epigenetic influence of caffeine on the frequencies of UV-induced ouabain-resistant Chinese hamster cells

Abstract Caffeine, given as a post-treatment to UV-irradiated Chinese hamster cells in vitro, modified the frequency of induced mutations at the ouabain resistance locus. Mutation frequencies were increased when caffeine was added only for the DNA repair and mutation fixation period. When caffeine was added after the DNA repair and mutation fixation period, or immediately after DNA damage and for the entire repair and selection period, mutation frequencies were reduced. A hypothesis, given to explain both results, is that caffeine, by blocking a constitutive “error-free” postreplication repair process, allows an “error-prone” DNA repair process to produce many mutations. Moreover, caffeine, possibly by modifying C-AMP metabolism, causes a repression of induced mutations which, in effect, explains its anti-mutagenic and anti-carcinogenic properties.
Hearing loss in children with congenital cytomegalovirus infection born to mothers with preexisting immunity.

Objective To define hearing outcomes in children with congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection born to mothers with non-primary CMV infection. Study design A cohort of 300 children with congenital CMV infection identified by newborn virologic screening at the University of Alabama Hospital and a private community hospital in which the type of maternal infection could be classified constituted the study population. Maternal infections were categorized by analyzing serum samples. Children were followed prospectively and underwent serial audiologic evaluations. Results The frequency of hearing loss was not different between children born to mothers with non-primary infection (10%) and those with primary infection (11%). Significantly more children in the primary infection group had progressive and severe/profound hearing loss compared with children in the non-primary group. The frequency of bilateral, delayed onset, high-frequency, and fluctuating hearing loss was not different between the 2 groups. The mean age of diagnosis of hearing loss was 39 ± 53 months for children born to mothers with non-primary infection and 13 ± 21 months for the primary infection group ( P = .16). Conclusions Maternal preexisting seroimmunity to CMV does not provide complete protection against hearing loss in infants with congenital CMV infection.
Photo-oxidation of Organic Matter in Sea Water by Ultra-violet Radiation, Analytical and Other Applications

Photo-oxidation of Organic Matter in Sea Water by Ultra-violet Radiation, Analytical and Other Applications
Comment on Raychaudhuri's "Relation of Creativity and Sex to Rorschach M responses".

Summary Contrary to a statement by Raychaudhuri, studies of the relationship between Rorschach M and creativity have yielded contradictory evidence. Because intelligence and education were not adequately controlled, Raychaudhuri's findings cannot be regarded as further proof of a relationship between creativity and sex and Rorschach M.
Few-cycle ultrafast probes of quasi-1D charge dynamics

We discuss the use of few-cycle near-IR and THz pulses to investigate ultrafast processes in quasi-1D nanomaterials, yielding insight into low-energy excitations of photoexcited e-h pairs in carbon nanotubes and plasmon-assisted photoemission in gold nanopillars.
Effect of Certain Additives on the Photochemistry of Riboflavin

The quantum efficiency of riboflavin under aerobic conditions was determined by using a microirradiation method. It was found that the initial quantum efficiency was constant and independent of intensity of light, wavelength of light, and concentrations employed. The quantum efficiency of riboflavin in the presence of phenols and other compounds was also determined. Only in the presence of phenols was the quantum efficiency decreased yielding a linear relationship between the Hammett's sigma values and the rate of photodecomposition. Benzyl alcohol and benzoic acid were found to be relatively ineffective as photochemical stabilizers compared to phenols. Cinnamyl alcohol, as an electron donor, enhanced the photodecomposition of riboflavin. It appears, from the compounds tested, that the hydroxyl group should be either attached to the benzene ring or be in conjugation with the benzene ring in order to be an effective photochemical stabilizer. The effects of temperature and pH on the system were also determined. Kinetic studies were made to elucidate the reaction mechanism.
Partial purification of actin from wheat germ

Abstract A protein, one of two major components in a preparation obtained from wheat germ, has been identified as actin by its solubility properties, mobility in SDS-acrylamide gel electrophoresis, ability to react with an antiserum against turkey-gizzard actin, and ability to form needle-shaped fibrils.
Internet privacy concerns and beliefs about government surveillance - An empirical investigation

This U.S.-based research attempts to understand the relationships between users' perceptions about Internet privacy concerns, the need for government surveillance, government intrusion concerns, and the willingness to disclose personal information required to complete online transactions. We test a theoretical model based on a privacy calculus framework and Asymmetric Information Theory using data collected from 422 respondents. Using LISREL, we found that privacy concerns have an important influence on the willingness to disclose personal information required to transact online. The perceived need for government surveillance was negatively related to privacy concerns and positively related to willingness to disclose personal information. On the other hand, concerns about government intrusion were positively related to privacy concerns. The theoretical framework of our study can be applied across other countries.
Preparation of thin-film targets of chlorine

Abstract A method has been developed for making stable thin-film targets of chlorine in the thickness range 0.5−1.5 μg/cm 2 . The targets are found to be stable in a charged-particle beam current of several microamperes in the bombardment energy range of 1−4 MeV. This method may be suited to the production of stable targets of other halogens.
Use of micropathways to improve oxygen transport in a hepatic system.

Establishing suitable oxygen transport pathways within bioartificial liver replacement devices continues to be an important engineering challenge. Oxygen delivery is critical since this is one of the nutrients necessary to maintain hepatocyte viability and function. In the current study, the microporosity of a collagen extracellular matrix has been modified to permit both diffusion and convection mass transport. Using fluorescent visualization, the enhancement technique was found to extend the oxygen transport distance from 170 μm to 360 μm. Furthermore, in hepatocyte culture studies, the enhancement technique was observed to yield a sixfold increase in the amount of viable hepatocytes able to be sustained by a single O 2 source. Normalized function studies confirm that hepatocyte function was also improved in the enhanced collagen configurations.
Characterization of Specific DNA-binding Factors Activated by Double-stranded RNA as Positive Regulators of Interferon α/β-stimulated Genes

Viral infection results in transcriptional activation of the cellular interferon α/β-stimulated genes (ISGs) independent of the autocrine action of interferon α/β (IFN-α/β). Induction of ISG expression by virus appears to be mediated through production of viral double-stranded RNA (dsRNA). Previously, we identified two novel dsRNA-activated factors (DRAFs) that bind to the interferon-stimulated response element (ISRE), the DNA sequence that mediates transcriptional activation by IFN-α/β. In this report we define sequences that flank the classical ISRE to be necessary for DRAF1 binding. More significantly, it is shown that the sequences required to bind DRAF1 correlate with the ability to mediate ISG induction by virus. These results strongly suggest that DRAF1 is a positive regulator of ISG transcription. DRAF1 is shown to bind selectively to the promoters of those ISGs which are strongly induced by viral infection, again suggesting the functional significance of this factor. UV cross-linking experiments indicate that DRAF1 and DRAF2 share a common DNA-binding subunit of approximately 70 kDa which is referred to as the DRAF binding component (DRAFB). DRAFB is shown to preexist in the cytoplasm of unstimulated cells. Consistent with this observation, both DRAF1 and DRAF2 are activated in the cytoplasm prior to nuclear translocation.
Biphasic effects of intraaccumbens μ-opioid peptide agonist DAMGO on locomotor activities

Abstract The effects of bilateral microinjections of μ-opioid receptor agonist DAMGO (0.00, 0.01, 0.1, or 1.0 μg/side) were tested in rats for 12 min in activity monitors. The horizontal movement, rearing, and stereotypy times in seconds were measured during 12 consecutive 10-min time blocks. DAMGO (0.01, 0.1, and 1.0 μg) resulted in biphasic effects, inhibition followed by activation for each of the three measures. These data replicate the behavioral effects of ICV DAMGO except that the duration of the behavioral effects were longer with Acb injections.