cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A simulation model of short-term memory: Parameter sensitivity studies and implications for two current issues

Abstract A simulation model of human short-term memory (STM) has been formulated. The model postulates a number of basic information processes which are executed in a serial fashion and each has an associated time parameter. The model also postulates that information is lost from memory as a result of decay. The nature of this decay is exponential and its rate is a model parameter. Several studies were simulated in which the processing-time and decay-rate parameters were manipulated to determine the model's sensitivity to these parameters. Also, the model's performance was examined as a function of whether or not visual information is stored in STM and whether order information is retained perfectly or lost as a result of decay. The results of these simulated studies were compared to experimental data to determine at which parameter values and under which conditions of visual and order information storage the model performs most appropriately.
Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the Task and Ego Orientation in Sport Questionnaire with Cross-Validation

Although a number of factor analytic studies have been conducted on the factorial validity of the Task and Ego Orientation in Sport Questionnaire (TEOSQ), the results have been equivocal. To further substantiate its evidence of validity, this study cross-validated the measurement model using a rigorous structural equation modeling (SEM) approach. Data collected from a college student sample were first analyzed on a calibration sample (n = 439). Results confirmed the two-factor orthogonal structure representing the underlying task and ego orientations. The results were cross-validated on a validation sample (n = 439) using various SEM-based cross-validation procedures. Collectively, these findings support the construct validity of the TEOSQ as a measure of achievement goal orientation.
Single versus mixture Weibull distributions for nonparametric satellite reliability

Long recognized as a critical design attribute for space systems, satellite reliability has not yet received the proper attention as limited on-orbit failure data and statistical analyses can be found in the technical literature. To fill this gap, we recently conducted a nonparametric analysis of satellite reliability for 1584 Earth-orbiting satellites launched between January 1990 and October 2008. In this paper, we provide an advanced parametric fit, based on mixture of Weibull distributions, and compare it with the single Weibull distribution model obtained with the Maximum Likelihood Estimation (MLE) method. We demonstrate that both parametric fits are good approximations of the nonparametric satellite reliability, but that the mixture Weibull distribution provides significant accuracy in capturing all the failure trends in the failure data, as evidenced by the analysis of the residuals and their quasi-normal dispersion.
Comment on "Origin of friction anisotropy on a quasicrystal surface".

A Comment on the Letter by Aleksander E. Filippov, Andrea Vanossi, and Michael Urbakh, Phys. Rev. Lett. 104, 074302 (2010). The authors of the Letter offer a Reply.
Configuration and conformation of bicuculline, a GABA antagonist.

THERE is growing evidence that γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is an inhibitory transmitter acting at various synapses of the mammalian central nervous system. Bicuculline, a potent convulsant, was discovered to be a specific antagonist of GABA by Curtis et al.1 and there have since been attempts, using molecular models2,3, to explain its mode of action in terms of a stereochemical match with GABA. The X-ray diffraction analysis of bicuculline (BIC) presented here reveals that those model studies were probably based on an incorrect configuration, because the published drawings of the BIC models seem to represent diastereoisomers of the structure of the BIC molecule found here.
Hepatic microsomal mixed-function oxidase activity in the japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes)

Growing interest in the use of the Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes), a small aquarium fish, for carcinogenicity and toxicological studies necessitates an understanding of their xenobiotic metabolizing capabilities. Historically, hepatic mixed-function oxidase activity has been characterized using inducing agents such as beta-naphthoflavone (BNF). Hepatic cytochrome P450, 7-ethoxy-resorufin o-deethylase (EROD) activity, and NADPH-cytochrome c reductase activity were increased in male and female adult medaka following dietary exposure to BNF. In noninduced male and female adult medaka, EROD activity was not detectable. The EROD activity of the male medaka increased to 1.05 nmol/min/mg protein on day 4. Female EROD activity reached a maximum of 0.65 nmol/min/mg protein on day 2. NADPH-cytochrome c reductase activity in the males increased from a control level of 33.02 to 81.9 nmol/min/mg protein by day 4 of BNF exposure. NADPH-cytochrome c reductase activity in females reached a maximum rate of 63.4 nmol/min/mg protein within 48 h of exposure, but returned to noninduced levels (49.6 nmol/min/mg protein) by day 4. Cytochrome P 450 concentration, liver-to-body-weight ratios, and microsomal protein concentration increased in a time-dependent fashion for both sexes following BNF exposure.
Reaction of S2 with ZnO and Cu/ZnO Surfaces: Photoemission and Molecular Orbital Studies

The adsorption of S2 on ZnO and Cu/ZnO has been investigated using synchrotron-based high-resolution photoemission spectroscopy. On dosing a clean ZnO surface with S2 at 300 K, the molecule dissociates. The S is associated first with Zn and at medium coverages with Zn−O sites. When the sulfur coverage is increased to θS = 0.5 ML, evidence is found for sulfur bound purely to the O sites of ZnO. The sulfur species associated with O and the Zn−O sites are unstable at temperatures above 500 K. Possible reaction pathways for the dissociation of S2 on ZnO(0001)−Zn and Zn(1010) surfaces were studied using ab initio SCF calculations. At low sulfur coverages, an adsorption complex in which S2 is bridge bonded to two adjacent Zn atoms (Zn−S−S−Zn) is probably the precursor state for the dissociation for the molecule. It is possible to get much higher coverages of sulfur on ZnO (0.7 ML) than on Al2O3 (0.1 ML) at similar S2 exposures. This, in conjunction with results previously reported for H2S adsorption on Cr2O3 a...
Adhesion Energy of Electrospun PVDF

Abstract Shaft loaded blaster test (SLBT) is utilized to characterize the adhesion energy of electrospun polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membrane with rigid substrate in this paper. PVDF membrane prepared by electrospinning exhibits a uniform fiber morphology. At the membrane surface, the fiber diameter is 333 ± 59 nm and fiber density is roughly around 77%. When electrospun PVDF membrane is tested in SLBT, it shows full linear elastic response at the beginning. With the increase of central deflection up to 2 mm, the electrospun PVDF membrane exhibits obviously yielding. A clear yield point is observed in the debonding response curves. By analysis the elastic response of electrospun PVDF membrane, adhesion energy between the membrane and rigid substrate is calculated. The average adhesion energy is 210.1 ± 27.7 mJ/m 2 .
How beliefs about substance use differ by socio-demographic characteristics, individual experiences, and neighborhood environments among urban adolescents.

In this article, we tested a series of Item Response Theory (IRT) models to examine the individual and neighborhood variation in perceived risk along dimensions of substance use (alcohol, marijuana, and hard drugs) and usage patterns (light/experimental use, moderate use, heavy/regular use). Data were gathered from 2266 adolescents aged 9,12, and 15 residing in 79 Chicago neighborhoods. Developmental patterns for age and amount of use were observed whereby older respondents rated alcohol and marijuana as less harmful compared to the younger respondents, but rated hard drugs as more harmful. Risk perceptions were found to be more closely tied to one's direct experience with drugs rather than a general constellation of beliefs. Neighborhood variation in risk perceptions was also observed for hard drugs and three patterns of use, controlling for characteristics of individual residents. Neighborhoods did not vary in risk perceptions toward alcohol use. Individuallevel factors rather than characteristics of th...
Expression of complement C1qB and C4 mRNAs during rat brain development.

Abstract This study examined the distribution of complement C1gB and C4 mRNAs during rat brain development by northern blot and in situ hybridization. Both C1q and C4 mRNAs were already present at embryonic day 14 (E14) and showed little change in abundance through six weeks postnatal. At E16, C1gB mRNA was present at high abundance in putative microglia/macrophages in cortical marginal and intermediate zones, and hippocampal anlage, but not in the neurogenic ventricular or sub-ventricular zones. C4 mRNA had a broadly similar regional distribution, but was present at lower abundance in a larger number of cells, putatively neurons. The distribution pattern for C1gB and C4 mRNAs did not change appreciably as brain development proceeded. The lower prevalence of C mRNAs in neuroepithelial or subventricular zones suggests an inverse relationship of C mRNA to cell proliferation. The frequency of apoptotic nuclear profiles, which was as much as ten-fold higher at P7 vs. E17, did not correlate anatomically with C1gB or C4 mRNA levels. Thus, the widespread distribution and consistent presence of each C mRNA during development argues against a role for C in programmed cell death during brain development. We suggest that C1q and C4 components have novel roles during brain development that may be unrelated to normal cytotoxic actions of the activated classical C cascade.
Literature as experience or looking for facts: Stance in the classroom

Drawing on the literary theory of Louise Rosenblatt, among others, the authors explore the power of literature to engage readers, and ask why sometimes efforts to generate enthusiasm and interest through classroom use of literature fall short.
Gynecologic effects of tamoxifen: Case reports and review of the literature

The literature regarding the gynecologic effects of tamoxifen contains very little data on the vagina and lower urinary tract. The authors present two patients receiving tamoxifen who had gynecologic surgery complications that could be associated with tamoxifen use. Both patients had poor healing which improved when the tamoxifen was discontinued. Possible explanations are given for this observation based on what is known about this unusual drug. Owing to the success of tamoxifen in breast cancer patients, its use is currently being extended to include groups of healthy women at risk for the development of breast cancer. Because the number of women receiving tamoxifen may be increasing the authors include a review of its effects, with which all health care providers caring for women should be familiar.
Halftime for repair of sublethal damage in normal bladder and rectum: an analysis of clinical data from cervix brachytherapy

The halftime for repair of sub-lethal damage is an important radiobiological parameter in analysing radiation responses and in designing new treatments involving different dose rates. This work is to resolve an inconsistency existing in the repair halftime for the bladder and rectum, two of the most dose limiting critical structures for pelvic irradiation. Both long (1.5–2 h) and short (0.3–1 h) repair halftimes have been reported previously. In this work, by reconciling clinical data from cervical brachytherapy of different dose rates and by introducing a sparing factor to consider the dose sparing occurring for critical structures, we have estimated that the most likely value of the repair halftime for bladder and rectum is short, 0.2–0.4 h if assuming α/β = 2–4 Gy. The present analysis does not support the long repair halftimes reported previously for the bladder and rectum and for other normal structures.
Estimating dilutions for patch testing skin care products: A practical method

When patch testing, it is helpful to patch test with the patient's own topical products. However, the thickness (viscosity) of the product often prevents easy measurement for dilution. A method of estimating volume: volume dilutions that requires minimal investment in supplies is presented. This method is only applicable to personal products and is not suitable for industrial or household chemicals.
Genetic influence on development of reticulum cell sarcomas in SJL-J mice.

Erste Hinweise, dass ein autosomales Gen, das die spezifische Reaktion von SJL/J-Mausen auf Infektion durch das LDH-Virus kontrolliert, ebenfalls die Entwicklung von Endothelzellsarkomen beeinflussen konnte und zusatzlich eine Wirkung auf die retikuloendotheliale Funktion hat. Behandlung mit Zyklophosphamid hat eine Vermehrung von Tumoren in F2-Mischlingen der Stamme SJL/J und BALB/c zur Folge.
Hydrologic impacts of brush management with tebuthiuron and prescribed burning on post oak savannah watersheds, Texas

Abstract Selected hydrologic variables were evaluated following conversion of heavily wooded sites to open grassland with a herbicide—prescribed burning treatment sequence in east-central Texas. Terminal infiltration rates and sediment production 3 years after aerial application of tebuthiuron pellets at 2.2 kg ha −1 (active ingredient) for brush management differed little from values for untreated (wooded) areas. Prescribed burning in the winter (December–February) temporarily decreased infiltration rates and increased sediment production. Infiltration rates has equilibrated among brush management treatments with re-instatement of the herbaceous cover 5.5 months after burning. Sediment production was generally greater from burned than unburned plots after 5.5 months, but the absolute amount of sediment produced on the near-level (1–3% slope) fine sandy loam sites was not great, regardless of treatment. Moreover, sediment production from burned sites was not significantly different from that of untreated sites 1 year after burning. The brush management treatments had no effect on nitrate concentrations in run-off. However, in one of two experiments, total unfiltered nitrogen and phosphorus contents in run-off were greater during the growing season following burning than from unburned sites.
Microbial manganese(II) oxidation in the marine environment: a quantitative study

A great number of important chemical reactions that occur in the environment are microbially mediated. In order to understand the kinetics of these reactions it is necessary to develop methods to directly measure in situ reaction rates and to develop models to help elucidate the mechanisms of microbial catalysis. The oxidation of Mn(II) in a zone above the O2/H2S interface in Saanich Inlet, B.C., Canada is one such reaction. We present here a method by which in situ rates of microbial Mn(II) oxidation are measured and a model based on our experimental results to describe the general mechanism of Mn(H) oxidation. We propose a two step process in which Mn(II) is first bound by a site on the bacterial surface and then oxidized. The model is analogous to the Langmuir isotherm model for surface catalyzed gas reactions or the Michaelis-Menten model for enzyme kinetics. In situ Mn(II) oxidation rates were measured during five cruises to Saanich Inlet during the summers of 1983 and 1984. We use the model to calculate the apparent equilibrium binding constant (Ks ≈ 0.18 μM), the apparent half saturation constant for biological Mn(H) oxidation (Km = 0.22 to 0.89 μM), the maximum rate of Mn(II) oxidation (Vmax = 3.5 to 12.1 nM·h-1) and the total microbial surface binding site concentration (Σ E ≈ 51 nM). Vmax for Mn(II) oxidation agrees with the rates calculated from the value of the flux of Mn(II) to the oxidizing zone using the Mn(II) gradient and estimates of the eddy diffusion coefficient. This consistancy verifies our methodology and indicates that the rate of Mn(II) oxidation is nearly equal to the (Vmax for the reaction. We conclude that in this environment the Mn(II) oxidation rate is more a function of the total number of surface binding sites than the Mn(H) concentration.
Can advertising influence experience

A study is reported in which exposure to advertising has no immediate effect on subjects' beliefs, but subsequently influences the beliefs of those subjects who have had experience with the topic of the advertised claim. The study supports a model of advertising as an influence on the interpretation of experience.
Effects of smoking on pulmonary function and symptomatology in occupationally exposed groups

ABSTRACT Records of 3006 employees of nine companies in southeast Texas screened by a local lung association during the years 1974–1975 were examined to assess the effect of smoking, age, and occupational and residential ambient air pollution exposure. The effects of smoking and occupational exposure were strong when tested against a respiratory morbidity response questionnaire considered to be diagnostic for early-stage bronchitis. Occupational exposure lost statistical significance after place of residence was controlled in the analysis. Smoking and age variables exhibited significant effects when the response variable was pulmonary function test results. The differences between questionnaire and pulmonary function test results may indicate early-stage vs. later-stage respiratory morbidity ascertainment. Agreement in classifying “abnormal” subjects with these two methods decreased with increasing levels of smoking.
Temperature-phased anaerobic digestion of wastewater sludges

The temperature-phased anaerobic bioreactor (TPAB) has been under study by Dague and co-workers at Iowa State University. The temperature-phased approach involves a two-stage reactor system with the first stage operated at a thermophilic temperature (commonly 55°C) and the second stage operated at a mesophilic temperature (commonly 35°C). The purpose of laboratory study was to compare the performance of the temperature-phased system with the conventional single-stage mesophilic system for treating mixtures of primary and waste activated sludge. Of particular interest in the research was a comparison of the two systems from the standpoint of coliform reduction, volatile solids (VS) destruction, and biogas production. The temperature-phased system achieved complete destruction of total and fecal coliforms over a range of SRTs from 11 to 28 days. The concentration of fecal coliforms in the effluent from the temperature-phased system never exceeded 1000 MPN/g total solids (TS), which can meet the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 40 (40 CFR), Part 503 coliform requirements for Class A sludge. At the optimal SRTs ranging from 11 to 17 days, the capacity of VS removal of temperature-phased system was more than double that of the conventional single-stage system. The foaming problem associated with the digestion of waste activated sludge was eliminated.
The short-term impact of smoke-free workplace laws on fatal heart attacks

Using data from across the US, we find that as the number of communities adopting smoking bans in workplaces in a state increases or an entire state goes smoke-free, there are significant reductions in fatal Myocardial Infarctions (MI) among those aged 25–54. The result proves durable, as we subject it to an extensive battery of robustness checks. These results are smaller in magnitude, however, than published case studies analysing the experiences of individual communities passing bans.
Three New Ferrite Phase Shifters

Three new devices for the electrical control of microwave phase shift are discussed. The first of these, the bucking rotator phase shifter, is a reciprocal unit. It employs two series ferrite rotators, the field coils of which are connected so as to produce opposing longitudinal magnetic fields. It is shown that the total rotation is zero independent of coil current, whereas the phase shift is a function of the current. The operation and limitations of the device are discussed. Curves of phase shift vs coil current for several configurations are presented. The other two devices are based on the use of a circular polarized phase shifter between quarter wave plates. In the new types, a reflection technique is described wherein only one quarter wave plate is required and the phase shift section is used twice. A nonreciprocal phase shifter and an electrically controllable short circuit based on this technique are described. The principles of operation are discussed, and the devices are compared with other types as to performance, size, and bandwidth.
Is Ankle–Brachial Blood Pressure Measurement of Clinical Utility for Asymptomatic Elderly?

Abstract The article by Abbott, et al. “Ankle–Brachial Blood Pressure in Elderly Men and the Risk of Stroke: The Honolulu Heart Program,” further extends the strong, consistent association of lower ankle-brachial blood pressure ratios to the risk of stroke.
The Structure of the Stratosphere in the Southern Hemisphere During Late Winter 1973 as Observed by Satellite.

Abstract The use of satellite data of constructing synoptic analyses is appropriate in the stratosphere where the most important disturbances are very large scale and slowly moving. Nimbus 5 data are applied to a study of the structure of the stratosphere in the Southern Hemisphere during the period 1 July to 6 September, 1973. The eddy amplitudes and transports are highly variable in time and are greatest during active periods which occur approximately once a month. The structure of the waves identified by zonal Fourier analysis is also variable in time and is related to the stages of growth and decay of the wave amplitude. The characteristic scales of the disturbances are determined by space-time cross-spectral analysis. In the stratosphere the circulation is dominated by wavenumbers 1 and 2 which have time scales in excess of two weeks. Wavenumber 1 is primarily stationary and oscillates in time, while wavenumber 2 travels eastward. Also apparent is a wavenumber 3 component which travels eastward with ...
Epidemiology of Cervical Spinal Cord Injury

Spinal cord injury has a devastating effect on patients, families, and society that is out of proportion to the relatively small numbers of individuals affected. The study of the epidemiology of spinal cord injury is essential to understanding this impact. This article will focus on the incidence and prevalence of spinal cord injury. Societal factors such as ethnic group, age of injury, marital status, occupational status, and discharge placement will be addressed. In addition, etiology of spinal cord injury, neurological level of injury, associated injuries, life expectancy, and lifetime costs will be addressed.
Changes in the perception of spatial location: A test of potentiation vs. recalibration theory

Two experiments tested recalibration and muscle potentiation theories of adaptation to prismatic displacement of the visual field. Each experiment included a condition in which only recalibration could occur and another condition in which only potentiation was possible. In one experiment, the displacement was simulated on a computer-driven cathode ray tube, and in the other, the displacement was produced by actual prisms. In both experiments, significant adaptation occurred only in the potentiation condition. Implications of this finding for recent criticisms of potentiation theory are discussed.
Reconsidering the use of adjunctive corticosteroids in Pneumocystis pneumonia

Editorial comment on a study of the use of adjunctive corticosteroid therapy in moderate to severe Pneumocystis pneumonia.
Parallel Threshold-based ILU Factorization

The sparse linear systems arising in finite element applications are commonly solved using iterative methods. In particular, as the size of these problems increases, the increased computational and memory requirements of these problems render in-core direct solution methods unusable, leaving iterative methods as the only viable alternative for solving these problems in core.The major computational kernels of an iterative method are (i) computation of preconditioner, (ii) multiplication of a sparse matrix with a vector, and (iii) application of the preconditioner. Threshold-based incomplete LU factorization have been found to be quite effective in preconditioning iterative system solvers [14]. However, because these factorizations allow the fill elements to be created dynamically, their parallel formulations had not been well understood, and they have been considered to be unsuitable for distributed-memory parallel computers [13]. Furthermore, solution of the resulting sparse triangular system (which is required for the application of the preconditioner) is generally more difficult to parallelize than the multiplication of a sparse matrix with a vector.In this paper we show that highly parallel graph partitioning algorithms in conjunction with parallel algorithms for computing maximal independent sets can be used to develop scalable parallel formulations of incomplete factorization algorithms. We present a highly parallel formulation of the ILUT factorization algorithm [14] for distributed memory parallel computers. This algorithm uses our parallel multilevel k-way graph partitioning algorithm [6,8] in conjunction with a parallel maximal independent subset algorithm to parallelize both the factorization as well as the solution of the resulting triangular factors. We also present a modified ILUT factorization algorithm (ILUT*) that requires less time and is more scalable than ILUT. Our experiments on Cray T3D show that our parallel ILUT* algorithm achieve a high degree of concurrency, and when used as a preconditioner, it is comparable in quality to the unmodified ILUT algorithm. Furthermore, our experiments using the GMRES iterative solver show that the amount of time spent in computing the factorization using the ILUT* algorithm is usually much less than the amount of time required to solve the systems.
Changes in nutritive value of tall fescue hay as affected by natural rainfall and moisture concentration at baling

Relatively little is known about the combined effects of rain damage and spontaneous heating on the storage characteristics and nutritive value of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) hay. Objectives were to assess effects of these variables in five management situations. ‘Kentucky 31’ tall fescue infested with the fungal endophyte (Neotyphodium coenophialum [Morgan-Jones & Glenn, Bacon, and Hamlin comb. nov.]) was packaged in conventional rectangular bales at 99 g/kg (low, L), 164 g/kg (ideal, I), and 225 g/kg (high, H) of moisture prior to rainfall, and at 246 g/kg of moisture after a 23 mm rainfall event (H–R) and at 93 g/kg of moisture after a total accumulation of 72 mm of rain (L–R). Concentrations of neutral-detergent fiber (NDF), acid-detergent fiber (ADF), and lignin immediately after baling increased (P≤0.017) with rain damage, but concentrations of total N and fiber-associated N components were little affected. Immediately after baling, the in situ dry matter (DM) disappearance for L–R hay was 32–44 g/kg lower (P=0.0001) than observed for hays baled without rain damage. After a 40–45-day storage period, L and I hays had a 31–36 g/kg advantage for in situ DM disappearance over hays damaged by spontaneous heating (H), rainfall (L–R), or both (H–R). Generally, the effects of a single 23 mm rainfall event on the nutritive value of tall fescue hay was relatively small, but damage increased substantially with multiple rainfall events.
Counter-intuitive throughput behaviors in networks under end-to-end control

It has been shown that as long as traffic sources adapt their rates to aggregate congestion measure in their paths, they implicitly maximize certain utility. In this paper we study some counter-intuitive throughput behaviors in such networks, pertaining to whether a fair allocation is always inefficient and whether increasing capacity always raises aggregate throughput. A bandwidth allocation policy can be defined in terms of a class of utility functions parameterized by a scalar a that can be interpreted as a quantitative measure of fairness. An allocation is fair if /spl alpha/ is large and efficient if aggregate throughput is large. All examples in the literature suggest that a fair allocation is necessarily inefficient. We characterize exactly the tradeoff between fairness and throughput in general networks. The characterization allows us both to produce the first counter-example and trivially explain all the previous supporting examples. Surprisingly, our counter-example has the property that a fairer allocation is always more efficient. In particular it implies that maxmin fairness can achieve a higher throughput than proportional fairness. Intuitively, we might expect that increasing link capacities always raises aggregate throughput. We show that not only can throughput be reduced when some link increases its capacity, more strikingly, it can also be reduced when all links increase their capacities by the same amount. If all links increase their capacities proportionally, however, throughput will indeed increase. These examples demonstrate the intricate interactions among sources in a network setting that are missing in a single-link topology.
System-level synthesis: From specification to transaction level models

With design complexities increasing daily, the multi-core community is entertaining the idea of increasing the level of abstraction to transaction-level modeling (TLM) and design. However, the proper definition, style or semantics of TLM is not clear. Nor is it clear how to synthesize or verify TLMs. In this paper, we will introduce several TLM models and define their semantics. This formalism will allow us to define design decisions and corresponding model transformations that can be used to transform one model into another. These tr ansformations and refinements are the enabler for automatic synthesis and verification on TLM. We will also discuss the algorithms and flow for model transformation according to the OSI network layers and show how to build tools with inputs and outputs at transaction level. We will conclude with preliminary tools and results that promise a productivity gain of several orders of magnitude.
The role of positive-based research in building the science of organizational behavior

The role of the positive organizational movement continues to garner significant attention in the applied sciences. Using Kipling's “six honest serving men” framework (What, Why, When, How, Where, and Who), we discuss six potential challenges and opportunities facing the positive organizational movement. First, we review what constitutes the realm of positive behavior. Next, we discuss why an awareness of the holistic model is highly germane to any discussion of the positive organizational movement. Third, and addressing a key methodological issue confronting the positive movement, we examine when a “trait” is really a trait. Fourth, how we study what we study is examined. Fifth, where the positive movement can best contribute to employee betterment is introduced. Finally, we close with a discussion of just who really benefit from our research.
Serious games, sustainable civilizations and trading zones

What does it take to sustain a civilization in an environment where emerging technologies can have a progressive or disruptive effect—or both at the same time? One way of approaching this question from a social-psychological standpoint is to use games or simulations that allow participants to experiment, making decisions about sustaining or transforming civilizations.
Methods to Detect and Quantitate Complement Activation

This chapter will describe various approaches and laboratory tests which have been employed to analyze the reaction mechanisms of the complement system and to demonstrate its involvement in model systems and in human diseases. Emphasis will be placed on new assay systems which detect specific features of the activated complement system. In addition to the unequivocal demonstration of complement activation, such assays are highly sensitive and have the ability to detect and quantitate low levels of complement activation in the circulation, in tissues, or in vitro.
Analog/mixed-signal circuit verification using models generated from simulation traces

Formal and semi-formal verification of analog/mixed-signal circuits is complicated by the difficulty of obtaining circuit models suitable for analysis. We propose a method to generate a formal model from simulation traces. The resulting model is conservative in that it includes all of the original simulation traces used to generate it plus additional behavior. Information obtained during the model generation process can also be used to refine the simulation and verification process.
Lessons learned during dengue outbreaks in the United States, 2001-2011.

Since 2001, three autochthonous dengue fever outbreaks have occurred in the United States: in Hawaii (2001); Brownsville, Texas (2005); and southern Florida (2009–2011). We sought to characterize and describe the response to these outbreaks from the perspectives of public health and vector control officials. By conducting a medical literature review through PubMed and news media searches through Google, we identified persons involved in managing each outbreak; 26 persons then participated in qualitative, semistructured interviews. After analyzing the 3 outbreaks, we found the following prominent themes in the response efforts: timely detection of illness; communication of up-to-date, correct information; and development of a rapid response that engages the community. We therefore recommend that public health authorities involve the clinical and laboratory community promptly, provide accurate information, and engage the local community in vector control and case identification and reporting.
Aspects of Precipitation Development in Trade Wind Cumulus Revealed by Differential Reflectivity at S Band

Abstract Early radar echo development in trade wind cumulus clouds is studied using the equivalent reflectivity factor Ze combined with the differential reflectivity Zdr. The clouds studied are among the largest of trade wind cumulus, developing significantly positive values of Zdr and attaining at least about a 30-dBZ equivalent reflectivity factor. The measures used for analysis are values calculated for entire constant–elevation angle sweeps through the clouds and entire volume scans—not maximum single-pulse-volume values. The radar echo evolution follows fairly closely the Marshall–Palmer distribution with scatter toward higher values of Zdr especially in the earliest stages of echo intensification, where some of the scatter in the whole-sweep values is caused by size sorting. The data provide no evidence for an important role of ultragiant aerosols (UGA) in initiating coalescence. They are in strong contrast with similar data from a cloud over northern Alabama that do suggest a major role for UGA in ...
Molecular genetic bases of Salmonella entry into host cells

Salmonella spp. can enter into non-phagocytic cells, a property that is essential for their pathogenicity. Recently, considerable progress has been made in the understanding of the molecular genetic bases of this process. It is now evident that Salmonella entry functions are largely encoded on a 35-40 kb region of the Salmonella chromosome located at centisome 63. The majority of the loci in this region encode components of a type III or contact-dependent secretion system homologous to those described in a variety of animal and plant-pathogenic bacteria as well as a number of proteins that require this system for their export to the extracellular environment. A somewhat unexpected finding has been the remarkable homology between the Salmonella and Shigella proteins that mediate the entry of these organisms into cultured epithelial cells.
Multi-bunch beam-break-up studies for a SWFEL/TBA

A set of parameters minimizing BBU is obtained for a high current, low energy "drive beam" in a standing wave free electron laser two-beam accelerator(FEL/TBA). A large reduction in the transverse wake function is obtained by making the cavity-iris junction gradual by means of a cone. BBU is examined under various BBU reduction schemes. >
Angiotensin II Receptor Blockade and Myocardial Fibrosis of the Infarcted Rat Heart

Tissue angiotensin II (AngII) is increased in the infarcted rat heart, where it may have autocrine or paracrine properties that influence cellular protein synthesis and growth and therefore tissue repair. It was our hypothesis that treatment with an AT1 receptor antagonist would attenuate fibrous tissue formation after myocardial infarction (MI). To investigate a role for local AngII in the regulation of connective tissue formation during early and late wound healing that follows MI, this study was undertaken. Animals were randomized into two groups in which rats were or were not treated with the AT1 receptor antagonist losartan (10 mg x kg(-1) daily gavage). At 1 and 4 weeks after experimental MI was induced by coronary artery ligation, rat hearts were examined. Infarct size, infarct area, and collagen volume fraction at the site of infarction and in noninfarcted myocardium were determined by picrosirius red staining with videodensitometry. Quantitative in vitro autoradiography was used to detect AngII receptor binding density ((125)I-(Sar1,Ile8)AngII). Compared with an untreated MI control group, in losartan-treated rats we found (1) infarct size was comparable in both groups at weeks 1 and 4, (2) infarct area was comparable between groups at week 1 but was significantly reduced (p < 0.05) at week 4 in losartan-treated rats, (3) a detectable reduction in collagen volume fraction at the site of MI was not found at week 1 but was reduced (p < 0.05) at remote sites at week 4, (4) AngII receptor binding density was reduced (p < 0.05) by 50% at the site of MI at both weeks 1 and 4 in keeping with delivery of losartan to this site of injury. Thus AT1 receptor antagonism appears to influence late phase wound healing at and remote to the site of MI and suggests an association between AngII and the fibrogenic response that appears in the injured rat heart. Although still speculative, an attenuation in fibrosis after MI may account for less ventricular dysfunction and geometric remodeling of right and left ventricles and ventricular arrhythmias that have been observed in such rats treated with angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor or AT1 receptor antagonist.
A Field Test of a Procedure for Identifying Learning Disability

An identification procedure based on a developmental model of learning disability was tested against public school placement of children in services for the learning disabled. Discriminant analyses indicated that the subtests chosen for hypothesized age-related deficits (from ages 7 through 16 classified from 77% to 89% of the cases as compared with the school district's selection. Our battery for ages 4 to 7 did not discriminate well. An application of the procedure is given in the article. The authors do not suggest that the tests used in this procedure are the best ones necessarily, but the procedure could be tested with other instruments.
Multi-connection and rate allocation in heterogeneous wireless networks

Heterogeneous wireless network (HWN) technology has emerged as an important option for the next generation mobile network, where mobile client (MC) are capable of simultaneously connecting to multiple access networks for better quality of services (QoS) at a lower cost. Different from a conventional HWN that uses a single connection and performs vertical handover, we observe the performance of MCs that use multiple interfaces simultaneously. We adjust the traffic rate over different interfaces with a proposed rate allocation algorithm, with an objective to optimize multi-user performance. Extensive simulation has been performed to validate effectiveness of using multi-connection in a HWN.
Benevolent Repression: Social Control and the American Reformatory-Prison Movement

The opening, in 1876, of the Elmira Reformatory marked the birth of the American adult reformatory movement and the introduction of a new approach to crime and the treatment of criminals. Hailed as a reform panacea and the humane solution to America's ongoing crisis of crime and social disorder, Elmira sparked an ideological revolution. Repression and punishment were supposedly out. Academic and vocational education, military drill, indeterminate sentencing and parole--"benevolent reform"--were now considered instrumental to instilling in prisoners a respect for God, law, and capitalism. Not so, says Al Pisciotta, in this highly original, startling, and revealing work. Drawing upon previously unexamined sources from over a half-dozen states and a decade of research, Pisciotta explodes the myth that Elmira and other institutions of "the new penology" represented a significant advance in the treatment of criminals and youthful offenders. The much-touted programs failed to achieve their goals; instead, prisoners, under Superintendent Zebulon Brockway, considered the Father of American Corrections, were whipped with rubber hoses and two-foot leather straps, restricted to bread and water in dark dungeons during months of solitary confinement, and brutally subjected to a wide range of other draconian psychological and physical abuses intended to pound them into submission. Escapes, riots, violence, drugs, suicide, arson, and rape were the order of the day in these prisons, hardly conducive to the transformation of "dangerous criminal classes into Christian gentleman," as was claimed. Reflecting the racism and sexism in the social order in general, the new penology also legitimized the repression of the lower classes. Highlighting the disparity between promise and practice in America's prisons, Pisciotta draws on seven inmate case histories to illustrate convincingly that the "March of Progress" was nothing more than a reversion to the ways of old. In short, the adult reformatory movement promised benevolent reform but delivered benevolent repression--a pattern that continues to this day. A vital contribution to the history of crime, corrections, and criminal justice, this book will also have a major impact on our thinking about contemporary corrections and issues surrounding crime, punishment, and social control.
Deposition and diagenesis of Clinton ironstones (Silurian) in the Appalachian Foreland Basin of Pennsylvania

Clinton ironstones (mid-Silurian) on the southeastern margin of the Appalachian Foreland Basin in central Pennsylvania consist largely of skeletal grainstone storm beds whose skeletal fragments are extensively impregnated and replaced by ferric oxide. Other forms of iron mineralization consist of ooids, superficial ooids, cavity fillings and cements composed of ferric oxide and/or chamositic clay, and two generations of iron-rich carbonate spar. True oolite is rare. Small proportions of ferruginized grains are present in coarse lags at tops of some small-scale, 1- to 5-m coarsening-upward sequences, which are the record of mid-shelf shoals from which the skeletal grainstone storm beds were derived. Ooids and superficial ooids are likely to have formed in dysaerobic conditions where the pycnocline of a highly stratified sea intersected shoal flanks. Ferrous iron from anaerobic deeper waters precipitated on quartz and skeletal fragment nuclei in weakly reducing conditions with episodic gentle agitation. Several stages of early diagenetic ferruginization affected skeletal grainstone storm beds and sequence-capping coarse lags: chamositic clay precipitated in pores and cavities of skeletal fragments, within quartz sand adjacent to crinoid ossicles, and as bed-parallel connectors of large skeletal fragments. As diagenesis progressed with further burial, many skeletal fragments were extensively replaced by ferric oxide, most chamositic clay altered to ferric oxide, other chamositic clay matured from berthierine to chamosite, and clusters of bladed specularite replaced parts of primary grains and secondary carbonate cements. Paleomagnetic and fluid-inclusion analysis indicates that many late diagenetic changes took place at elevated temperatures during deen burial, in an early phase of the Alleghanian orogeny.
An Ammonia Abatement System for Whole-Body Small Animal Inhalation Exposures to Acid Aerosols

AbstractConducting whole-body acid aerosol inhalation exposures of laboratory animals is complicated by ammonia arising from the excrement of the test animals which is sufficient to completely neutralize much of the acid aerosol. The neutralization of acid by ammonia can only be controlled by the use of head-only exposure systems (Schlesinger et al., 1983), which are tedious for repetitive exposures for large numbers of rodents, or by complete elimination of ammonia as it is formed during the whole-body exposure. This latter approach appears to be most appropriate; therefore, the development of a small animal whole-body ammonia reduction system (SAWBARS) for inhalation exposures was desirable for long-term rodent exposure studies.The removal of ammonia was accomplished by designing and fabricating stainless steel excreta pan manifolds to exhaust ammonia from the pans as it was generated. These manifolds were situated between neomycin-treated paper lining the excreta pans and a stainless steel screen that ...
A High Resolution Full Earth Disk Model for Microwave Observations from GEO

A proposed instrument for deployment on next generation Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) platforms is the Geostationary Synthetic Thinned Aperture Radiometer (GeoSTAR) [1,2]. A high resolution full earth disk model has been developed to aid in the development of the instrument design and to characterize sensor performance. A variety of publicly available geophysical fields are used as data inputs into a full radiative transfer model that also accounts for the propagation and viewing geometries from GEO. The resulting model simulates full disk microwave images with the highest known resolution. The model can be used in concert with an instrument simulator to conduct design tradeoff studies. With the capability of generating high resolution brightness images at different frequencies, atmospheric profile retrievals can be evaluated.
Preparation and Characterization of a Series of Liquid Crystalline Diesters

Continuing our interest in the relationship between molecular structure and liquid crystalline properties of compounds, we have prepared three series of aromatic diesters and examined their thermodynamic properties. Two of these are symmetric diesters of trans 1,4-cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid; the other is a series of diesters derived from terephthalic acid. The preparation of the cyclohexane esters is carried out starting from trans 1,4-cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid, converting to the acid chloride and reacting with the appropriately substituted phenol in pyridine, or more conveniently by direct esterification of the acid using dicyclohexycarbodimide as condensing agent and 4-dimethylaminopyridine as catalyst.1 The esters of terephthalic acid must be prepared through the acid chloride as the acid is too insoluble to react directly. These reactions are summarized in Fig. 1. The compounds were all purified by recrystallization at least two times, followed by column chromatography. The purity was then checked by thin layer chromatography using two different elution solvents. The structure was also verified by NMR spectrometry. Because slight impurities can be of so much importance, particularly when measuring transition enthalpies of the magnitude found in mesomorphic transitions, the purity was also determined using the differential scanning calorimetric technique.