cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Control of sound radiation from an active constrained layer Damping treated plate into an acoustic cavity using structural intensity approach

Considerable attention has been devoted to actively and passively control of the sound radiating from vibrating plates into closed cavities. With the advent of smart materials, extensive efforts have been exerted to control the vibration and sound radiation from flexible plates using smart sensors/actuators. Active Constrained Layer Damping (ACLD) treatment has been used successfully for controlling the vibration of various flexible structures. The treatment provides an effective means for augmenting the simplicity and reliability of passive damping with the low weight and high efficiency of active controls to attain high damping characteristics over broad frequency bands. The proposed study is investigated using a numerically simulated example consisting of an ACLD treated plate/acoustic cavity system excited by a point harmonic force. In this study, an ACLD treated plate/acoustic cavity coupled finite element model is utilized to calculate the structural intensity and sound pressure radiated by vibrating plates. In the passive control, the optimum placements of ACLD patches are determined by structural intensity of ACLD treated plates and compared to the results obtained by modal strain energy approach. The influence on structural intensity of plate due to damping treatment is investigated.
Ovarian steroid deprivation results in a reversible learning impairment and compromised cholinergic function in female Sprague-Dawley rats.

We hypothesized that estradiol (E2) serves as a neurotrophomodulatory substance for basal forebrain cholinergic neurons thought to be involved in learning and memory. Learning/memory was assessed using the two-way active avoidance paradigm and the Morris water task. Female Sprague-Dawley rats were either ovariectomized (OVX) or OVX for 3 weeks, followed by s.c. implantation of a Silastic pellet containing 17-beta E2 (E2 pellet), resulting in a replacement of E2 to physiological levels. Ovary-intact (INTACT) animals served as our positive control. Active avoidance behavior and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) activity in the frontal cortex and hippocampus were assessed at 5 and 28 weeks postovariectomy while performance on the Morris water task and high-affinity choline uptake (HACU) were measured only at the 5-week time point. At the 5-week time point, E2 replacement caused a significant elevation in the level of active avoidance performance relative to OVX animals. At the 28-week time point, OVX animals demonstrated a significantly lower number of avoidances relative to controls (61%) whereas E2-pellet animals not only demonstrated superior performance relative to OVX animals but also showed an accelerated rate of learning. Morris water task performance, on the other hand, was not significantly affected by estrogenic milieu despite a trend towards better performance in the E2-pellet group. Neurochemical analyses revealed that 5 weeks of ovariectomy was sufficient to reduce HACU in both the frontal cortex and hippocampus by 24 and 34%, respectively, while E2 replacement was successful in elevating HACU relative to OVX animals in both regions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Arthroscopic bioabsorbable tack stabilization of initial anterior shoulder dislocations: a preliminary report

Twenty-six consecutive cadet athletes sustained an acute, initial anterior shoulder dislocation. All dislocations required a manual reduction for initial treatment. Arthroscopy was performed within 10 days in all patients. The Beach chair position and interscalene anesthesia were used in each case. At arthroscopy, 25 patients had an avulsion of the anterior-inferior capsulolabral complex (Bankart lesion) from the glenoid rim. One patient had a lateral detachment of the inferior glenohumeral ligament from the humeral neck. Twenty-three patients had a Hill-Sachs lesion and 3 SLAP tears were noted. All Bankart lesions were repaired with a cannulated bioabsorbable fixation device. Nineteen patients, over 1 year postoperative, are the subject of this preliminary report. The average age was 19.5 years (range, 17 to 23 years). Follow-up averaged 19 months (range, 12 to 24 months). The average loss of external rotation was 3°. There have been no recurrent dislocations and 1 patient has had a single episode of resubluxation. Using the Rowe point score, 16 patients were rated excellent, 2 good, and 1 fair. All of the athletes in this study have returned to preinjury performance status. Acute stabilization of initial anterior shoulder dislocations appears to be an effective treatment option in young athletes known to have high recurrence rates with nonoperative treatment. This particular technique has been safe with little morbidity.
Unusually High Pacemaker Threshold in Severe Myxedema: Decrease with Thyroid Hormone Therapy

In a patient with myxedema and complete heart block, an usually high pacemaker threshold was observed initially during transvenous right ventricular endocardial pacing. The pacemaker threshold gradually decreased with thyroid replacement therapy, suggesting that the lack of thyroid hormone in some patients might increase the pacemaker threshold.
Peripheral T-Cell Lymphomas

Peripheral T-cell lymphomas (PTCLs) are malignancies of immunologically mature T-cells that arise in peripheral lymphoid tissues such as lymph nodes, spleen, gastrointestinal tract, and skin. These lymphomas are uncommon as compared with the incidence of B-cell lymphomas, and they comprise only 5% to 10% of non-Hodgkin lymphomas in North America and Western Europe. A variety of specific disease entities have been recognized among PTCLs, and they tend to have lymph node, extranodal/cutaneous, or mixed leukemic/lymphomatous presentations. Most PTCLs have an aggressive clinical course. The clinicopathologic features of the various PTCLs are described herein.
VALIDATION OF AN INVENTORY TO MEASURE ATTRIBUTES OF STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT

234 managers' perceptions of how certain attributes are associated with a particular strategy are important to some research in strategic management. An inventory is validated to match attributes t...
Effect of environmental temperature on naphthalene metabolism by juvenile starry flounder (Platichthys stellatus).

Juvenile starry flounder (Platichthys stellatus) maintained at 4 degrees or 12 degrees C were forced-fed 3H-1-naphthalene. At 24 hr, after the initiation of exposure, significantly (p less than 0.05) higher concentrations (2 to 15 times) of naphthalene were present in tissues of starry flounder at 4 degrees C than those present in fish held at 12 degrees C. The influence of lowering of water temperature on naphthalene retention was even more marked after one week. At this time, muscle and liver of fish at 4 degrees C contained 26 and 34 times, respectively, more naphthalene than did muscle and liver of fish at 12 degrees C. Concentrations of total metabolites, in most tissues were not substantially higher at the lower temperature either 24 or 168 hr after the naphthalene-exposure. Thin-layer chromatographic separation of the metabolites revealed that at 24 hr, 1,2-dihydro-1,2-dihydroxynaphthalene (dihydrodiol) was the major component in liver (40 to 50% of extracted metabolites) and muscle (approximately 80% of extracted metabolites) regardless of the temperature. Bile contained, primarily conjugates (e.g., glucuronides), which yielded the dihydrodiol as the principal metabolite on enzymatic hydrolysis. From 24 to 168 hr, the concentrations of each metabolite class did not vary directly with the concentrations of total metabolites. Accordingly, at 168 hr, the ratio of total metabolite concentrations in liver of fish at 4 degrees C compared to 12 degrees C was 1.6, whereas the ratios for the dihydrodiol, sulfate/glucoside conjugates and glucuronide conjugates were 4.5, 0.6 and 3.8 respectively. Generally, lowered water temperature increased tissue concentrations of the parent hydrocarbon and its metabolites. However, the magnitude of the increase was dependent upon the compound, the tissue, and the time after the initiation of the exposure. The results emphasize the importance of determining concentrations of individual metabolites together with parent hydrocarbons in tissues of fish when assessing effects of environmental parameters on xenobiotic toxicity.
The inhibition of photochemical smog—IV effect of diethylhydroxylamine on particle production

Abstract Mixtures of 10 Torr H2O, 100 Torr O2, and 650 Torr N2 containing ppm concentrations of SO2, C3H6, and diethylhydroxylamine (DEHA) were irradiated. The particle number density N, for particles with dia. > 25 A was monitored as a function of irradiation time. N depended strongly on the cell wall conditions. For a freshly cleaned cell, and relatively small concentrations of SO2, C3H6, NO, and DEHA, no particles were produced. After the cell was conditioned by repeated experiments particles were produced. The time histories, maximum values of N, or the times to reach the maxima were not markedly altered (less than a factor of 2) by adding the photochemical inhibitors DEHA or aniline (φNH2) at 5–25 per cent of the C3H6 concentrations, either in the absence or presence of SO2.
Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome in a six-year-old female patient

Abstract Purpose To report the first instance of primary antiphospholipid antibody (APA) syndrome in an otherwise healthy 6-year-old female patient with retinal venous thromboses. Design Observational case report. Methods A 6-year-old girl with poor vision in the left eye and preretinal hemorrhage underwent testing for infectious, autoimmune and embolic disease, diabetes, and hypertension. Testing for factor V Leiden and prothrombin G20210A mutations, homocysteine, anticardiolipin antibodies (ACAs), lupus anticoagulant, and functional assays for protein S, protein C, and antithrombin III were performed to detect a hypercoagulable state. No IRB approval was necessary. Results Only a positive lupus anticoagulant and moderately elevated ACA IgG were found. The ACA IgG was moderately elevated on repeat testing 18 months later. Laser to nonperfused retina caused some regression of retinal neovascularization. Aspirin was recommended to reduce the risk of future thromboses. Conclusion Although uncommon, retinovascular thrombosis in children can occur in APA syndrome. Testing for ACA and lupus anticoagulant should be considered.
Ordered Crystals of Fullerenes Produced by Cocrystallization with Halogenated Azatriquinacenes

The growth and structures of three new cocrystalsC9Cl6Br3N·C60, C9Cl6Br3N·C70, and C9Cl6H3N·3C70·3C6H5Clinvolving fullerenes and halogenated azatriquinacenes are reported. In each case, the fullerene is completely ordered and avoids the orientational disorder found in many crystalline fullerenes and fullerene cocrystals. In each structure, the upper Cl6 surface of the halogenated azatriquinacene molecule cups a fullerene. In C9Cl6Br3N·C60 and C9Cl6Br3N·C70, the molecules are arranged alternately in columns with the lower Br3 face of the azatriquinacene also interacting with a neighboring fullerene. In C9H3Cl6N·3C70·3C6H5Cl, one of the fullerenes is cupped by the upper surface of the azatriquinacene, while four chlorobenzene molecules also form a belt around it.
Development and migration of plasma cells in the mouse lymph node.

Summary In this study, we imaged the differentiation and migratory behavior of nascent plasma cells (PCs) in mouse lymph nodes by intravital microscopy. Pre-PCs exhibited a unique migration pattern characterized by long, linear paths that were randomly oriented. Although chemotaxis via Gαi coupled-receptors has been implicated in PC migration, treatment with Pertussis toxin (Ptx), which ablates these signals, did not prevent movement of pre-PCs while it arrested other lymphocytes. In vitro, pre-PCs displayed processive amoeboid locomotion on surfaces coated with integrin ligand, whereas fully differentiated PCs moved slowly or were arrested. Both PC arrest and differentiation occurred in the medullary cords. Ptx treatment before PC differentiation blocked their accumulation in the medullary cords but pre-PCs still differentiated in other lymph node regions. Taken together, we suggest pre-PCs undergo a persistent random walk to find the medullary cords, where localized chemokines help retain these cells until they undergo differentiation and arrest in situ.
Informing Parents About Educational Options: How Well Are We Doing?

This study explores an aspect of information delivery to parents by focusing on those who have chosen residential school placements for their children. Although most parents choose to send their deaf children to special programs in regular public schools, some do opt for residential school placements. Little is known about the foundations on which such decisions are made, and this study is a preliminary attempt to better understand parents' motives and expectations and to assess the adequacy of information provided to them. In 128 surveys from a sample of parents nationwide, a surprising number reported that they were not given information about placement options. Of those who were, many said they were dissatisfied with the information. A large proportion of the parents were satisfied with the residential school. The relationships among their reasons for this placement, their views of the advantages and disadvantages, and the information provided to them are discussed.
Anna Politkovskaya and Ramzan Kadyrov: Exposing the Kadyrov Syndrome

Politkovskaya held Russia accountable for the war in Chechnya but was outraged that the Chechens did not stop Kadyrov.
Intergroup interactions in wild common marmosets, Callithrix jacchus: territorial defence and assessment of neighbours

Group territoriality associated with aggressive intergroup interactions is characteristic of most cooperatively breeding species. Neighbours, however, are not only competitors but also potential mates. Intergroup interactions might provide a direct mechanism for the assessment of breeding opportunities in neighbouring groups. I studied 228 intergroup interactions in wild cooperatively breeding common marmosets to understand how animals might balance their cooperation in territorial defence with their assessment of neighbours as potential mates. Intergroup interactions included both agonistic and nonagonistic behaviour. Aggression was directed primarily to same-sex individuals. Reproductive females' involvement in intergroup interactions decreased during the last 2 months of pregnancy and during the first 2 months of lactation. Subordinate females participated more often than reproductive females in territorial defence but they were also more involved in nonagonistic interactions with animals from other groups. Intergroup copulations involved mainly subordinate females, and occurred both during forays into other groups and during agonistic intergroup encounters in the subordinate female's territory. Eldest helper females were more likely than younger females to chase away other individuals, but were also more likely to engage in extragroup copulations. Cooperation by helpers in territorial defence might decrease the cost of defence for the breeders. Furthermore, our data indicate that assessment of neighbours does not occur solely during individual forays into other groups' territories. Helpers' participation in intergroup interactions in their own territory might provide direct benefits related to dispersal decisions as well by allowing nonreproductive individuals to assess individuals from neighbouring groups, evaluate potential breeding vacancies and increase familiarity with neighbouring groups.
Numerical studies of concentration estimation and source tracking of a gaseous source using multiple mobile distributed sensors

The objective of this work is to provide the performance-based guidance of multiple mobile sensing agents onboard air vehicles that are used for the state reconstruction associated with gaseous sources. A source is assumed to move freely in the spatial domain of interest and multiple sensing air vehicles (SAV) are employed to assess the effects of the moving source. A model-based estimation scheme is implemented in order to primarily estimate the effects (concentration) of the moving source with a secondary goal of estimating the proximity of the moving source. The proposed guidance scheme provides the spatial relocation of the SAVs based solely on the performance of the estimation scheme. Extensive numerical studies for both stationary and mobile sources are considered to provide a convincing argument on the performance-based guidance of mobile sensors.
Storability of Farmers Stock Peanuts at Two Moisture Levels in Mechanically and Naturally Ventilated Miniature Warehouses

Abstract Farmers stock peanuts from the same field dried to either 8 or 10% seed moisture content were stored for 6 months (October through March) in mechanically and naturally ventilated miniature...
REVIEW ■ : Regulation of Extracellular K and pH by Polarized Ion Fluxes in Glial Cells: The Retinal Müller Cell

Muller cells, the principal glial cells of the retina, exhibit a high degree of functional and morphological polarization. An inward rectifying K+ channel, the dominant ion channel in Muller cells, is localized preferentially to cell endfeet, which terminate on the vitreal surface of the retina and on blood vessels. Two acid/ base transport systems, an Na+/HCO 3- cotransporter and a CI-/HCO3 - anion exchanger, also are localized preferentially to the endfeet. These functional specializations facilitate the ability of Muller cells to regulate extracellular ion levels in the retina. Muller cells regulate extracellular K+ levels by transporting K+ away from the neural retina to the vitreous humor and the subretinal space. Muller cells may also regulate retinal CO2 and pH by the combined action of cell carbonic anhydrase and acid/base transporters localized to the endfeet, and they may control blood flow by the depolarization-induced release of potassium and protons from cell endfeet onto blood vessels. The p...
Infusion pump performance with vertical displacement: effect of syringe pump and assembly type

Objective: To evaluate the effect of different infusion pump models on continuity of drug delivery during vertical displacement of syringe pumps. Design: Zero-drug delivery time (ZDDT), retrograde aspiration volume, and infusion bolus were recorded using the same syringe in three different models of syringe pump after lowering and elevating the pump. Compliance of each infusion assembly was measured using the occlusion release technique at 38 mmHg. Results: Lowering the pump by 50 cm at an infusion rate of 1 ml/h resulted in ZDDT values ranging from 2.78±0.29 to 5.99±1.09 min. Elevating the syringe pump to its original position caused infusion boluses between 44.1±3.2 and 77.1±5.1 µl. The results demonstrated that there are large differences between syringe pump models (F=66.8, df=2/33, p<0.0001) and between pumps of the same model (F=21.3, df=1/34, p<0.0001). A similar pattern was found in retrograde aspiration volume and infusion bolus. Conclusion: All tested pumps led to clinically relevant flow irregularities during vertical displacement of the syringe pump. Thus, vertical displacement of any syringe pump connected to an infusion line delivering highly potent drugs at low infusion rates should be avoided. The variability across syringe pumps indicates that syringe pump design remains an area of potential further improvement for reducing the risk of adverse patient events.
Patient-Nurse Interrater Reliability and Agreement of the Richards-Campbell Sleep Questionnaire

Background The Richards-Campbell Sleep Questionnaire (RCSQ) is a simple, validated survey instrument for measuring sleep quality in intensive care patients. Although both patients and nurses can complete the RCSQ, interrater reliability and agreement have not been fully evaluated.
RADIATIVE L-SHELL TRANSITIONS IN Fe XIX AND Fe XX IONS

We compute the wavelengths and oscillator strengths for the 3s, 3d → 2p, and 3p → 2s emission lines in Fe XIX and Fe XX ions by using a configuration interaction Dirac-Fock and Dirac-Fock-Sturm method combined with second-order Brillouin-Wigner perturbation theory. We provide a complete list of computed wavelengths and oscillator strengths in both the velocity and length gauge for these transitions, many of which have never previously been reported. A comparison of our data with laboratory measurements and other theoretical predictions allows us to estimate an uncertainty of ~2 mA in the wavelengths and an uncertainty of 2%-3% in the oscillator strengths. We expect that our calculations will provide a means of identifying emission lines from astrophysical sources and improve the ability to detect blending in X-ray grating spectra from Chandra and XMM-Newton. As an example, we present a simulated emission spectrum of Capella and find improved agreement between the observations and our calculations, compared with previous data sets.
Disruption, segregation, and passivation for Pd and noble-metal overlayers on YBa2Cu3O6.9.

We have investigated interfaces formed when Pd and the noble metals Cu, Ag, and Au are deposited onto polycrystalline samples of Y${\mathrm{Ba}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}$${\mathrm{O}}_{6.9}$ fractured in an ultrahigh vacuum. Synchrotron-radiation photoemission results show that Cu and Pd overlayers leach oxygen from the underlying Y${\mathrm{Ba}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}$${\mathrm{O}}_{6.9}$ substrate, disrupt the superconductor, and destroy electronic states near the Fermi level. Interface reactions become kinetically limited at room temperature after the deposition of \ensuremath{\sim}4 \AA{} of Cu or Pd, significantly sooner than for the reactive metals Fe, Al, Ti, and In. The presence of Ba near the surface after the deposition of more than 100 \AA{} of Cu and Pd reflects substrate disruption and subsequent surface segregation. In contrast, overlayers of Ag and Au do not disrupt the superconductor substrate, no segregation is observed, but the overlayers are nonuniform and the quality of passivation is in question for coverages 100 \AA{}.
Model-based feedback control of an ammonia-water absorption chiller.

In this study, potential control strategies for a small-scale, 3.5-kW ammonia–water absorption chiller are developed and investigated numerically using a dynamic simulation model. The dynamic model is employed to study the response of the system under varying ambient temperatures and cooling load demands. Two strategies are investigated for feedback control of the system. The first control loop maintains the evaporator temperature glide set-point (Tevap,out – Tevap,in), while the second control loop regulates desorption temperature to provide the desired cooling duty and maintain the delivered coolant temperature at a set-point. At design operating conditions, the proposed control for evaporator temperature glide requires ∼250 s to reach the set-point of 3°C, starting from ambient conditions. With the proposed implementation of desorption temperature control, the system can respond to changes in ambient temperature and cooling load demand, and maintain the delivered coolant temperature within ±0.75°C of t...
Studies of high Z exploding foils irradiated by combined long (2 ns) and short (10 ps) pulses of 1w light

High Z exploding foil targets are used in many soft x-ray laser schemes. The foils are typically irradiated with a long ('1 ns) optical laser pulse that burns through the foil to produce a large hot plasma with long density scale lengths suitable as an amplifier. While it is expanding, and before the plasma conditions are suitable for stimulated emission, a large fraction of the heating laser energy is lost through radiation and conduction. We report the results of experiments attempting to increase the efficiency of exploding foil amplifiers through the following procedure. A laser beam ('1 2 W/cm2) is used to heat the foil sufficiently to expand it to approximately 200 pm. A high intensity (''1 5 W/cm2) short pulse (1 0 ps) laser beam is then used to raise the plasma to the desired temperature and ion state. Temporally resolved x-ray spectra from Yb foils are presented.© (1990) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Direct detection of fatty acid ethyl esters using low temperature plasma (LTP) ambient ionization mass spectrometry for rapid bacterial differentiation

Low temperature plasma mass spectrometry (LTP-MS) was employed to detect fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEE) from bacterial samples directly. Positive ion mode FAEE mass spectrometric profiles of sixteen different bacterial samples were obtained without extraction or other sample preparation. In the range m/z 200–300, LTP mass spectra show highly reproducible and characteristic patterns. To identify the FAEE's associated with the characteristic peaks, accurate masses were recorded in the full scan mode using an LTQ/Orbitrap instrument, and tandem mass spectrometry was performed. Data were examined by principal component analysis (PCA) to determine the degree of differentiation possible amongst different bacterial species. Gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria are readily distinguished, and 11 out of 13 Salmonella strains show distinctive patterns. Growth media effects are observed but do not interfere with species recognition based on the PCA results.
Utility of a set of microsatellite primers developed for the massasauga rattlesnake (Sistrurus catenatus) for population genetic studies of the timber rattlesnake (Crotalus horridus)

I tested six microsatellite DNA primer pairs developed for the massasauga rattlesnake (Sistrurus catenatus) on a sample population of the timber rattlesnake (Crotalus horridus). It had been speculated in a previous publication that cross-species amplification would not be worthwhile across the two rattlesnake genera. However, for this primer set (the only one currently published for the genus Sistrurus), successful amplification at each locus was accomplished for all loci with an annealing temperature of 57 °C and locus-specific buffer conditions. Each locus was polymorphic, with the number of alleles per locus ranging from two to 12. Significant heterozygote deficits were detected for three loci (Scu01, Scu05 and Scu07). For Scu01, all individuals were homozygous for the same allele except one female who was homozygous for a different allele. This same female was also homozygous for a rare allele at Scu07. When this female was removed from the data set, the number of observed heterozygotes at Scu01 and Scu07 did not differ significantly from random expectations. However, a large heterozygote deficit persisted at Scu05 (despite subsampling), suggesting that this locus may not be useful for population genetic studies of timber rattlesnakes. Despite some limitations, this set of primers may be a useful complement to those already developed for the genus Crotalus. Moreover, the results of this study seem to provide new justification for further studies of cross-species amplification of microsatellite loci across the two rattlesnake genera.
Affinity of chromatin constituents for isopeptidase

Abstract Isopeptidase is a novel eukaryotic enzyme that cleaves a structural chromatin protein, A24, stoichiometrically into H2A and ubiquitin. To understand the rapid turnover of ubiquitin in mitosis as wells as the high specific activity of the enzyme associated with metaphase chromosomes, attempts were made to determine chromatin constituents that show high affinity for this enzyme. Endogenous protease-free isopeptidase was prepared from calf thymus and applied to a Sepharose 4B affinity column on which histones, DNA, NHCP and ubiquitin were respectively immobilized. The enzyme proved to bind only histones. To further determine which of the histone fractions is involved, affinity columns with each histone fraction were also used. The enzyme showed affinity for all histone fractions. However, the strength of affinity varied in the order H2A>H 3 H2B≥H4≫H1, being inversely correlated with the ratio of basic/acidic amino acids in these molecules. These results suggest that the turnover of A24 in mitosis is controlled, at least in part, by the affinity of enzyme for histones, and also that such affinity is caused by a mechanism which cannot be explained simply by the electrostatic interaction between negatively charged enzyme molecules and positively charged histones.
The diffusion-solubility of oxygen in lipid bilayers

The product, Do alpha, of the oxygen diffusion coefficient, Do, and the oxygen solubility, alpha, is determined in phosphatidylcholine bilayers at temperatures above the lipid phase transitions from ESR spin-exchange measurements. The resulting values of Do alpha are in good agreement with those obtained from fluorescence-quenching experiments. The use of fatty acid spin labels makes it possible to measure Do alpha as a function of the coordinate perpendicular to the bilayer surface. The results indicate that do alpha is a strong function of this coordinate; it is greatest in the bilayer center and least near the bilayer head groups.
Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia, Small Lymphocytic Lymphoma, and Monoclonal B-Cell Lymphocytosis

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), small lymphocytic lymphoma (SLL), and monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis (MBL) are clonal proliferations of small, mature B cells. CLL and SLL are considered neoplastic, although they are indolent and many patients with these lymphomas never require treatment. Most MBL cases share immunophenotypic and genetic features with CLL and SLL but have a small burden of clonal cells. This review focuses on the pathologic features of CLL, SLL, and MBL and their differential diagnoses. Guidelines are provided to separate the entities from one another and to avoid pitfalls in distinguishing these entities from other lymphomas and from reactive lymphoid proliferations.
Mechanisms of Dendritic Cell Trafficking Across the Blood–brain Barrier

Although the central nervous system (CNS) is considered to be an immunoprivileged site, it is susceptible to a host of autoimmune as well as neuroinflammatory disorders owing to recruitment of immune cells across the blood–brain barrier into perivascular and parenchymal spaces. Dendritic cells (DCs), which are involved in both primary and secondary immune responses, are the most potent immune cells in terms of antigen uptake and processing as well as presentation to T cells. In light of the emerging importance of DC traficking into the CNS, these cells represent good candidates for targeted immunotherapy against various neuroinflammatory diseases. This review focuses on potential physiological events and receptor interactions between DCs and the microvascular endothelial cells of the brain as they transmigrate into the CNS during degeneration and injury. A clear understanding of the underlying mechanisms involved in DC migration may advance the development of new therapies that manipulate these mechanistic properties via pharmacologic intervention. Furthermore, therapeutic validation should be in concurrence with the molecular imaging techniques that can detect migration of these cells in vivo. Since the use of noninvasive methods to image migration of DCs into CNS has barely been explored, we highlighted potential molecular imaging techniques to achieve this goal. Overall, information provided will bring this important leukocyte population to the forefront as key players in the immune cascade in the light of the emerging contribution of DCs to CNS health and disease.
Laparoscopic treatment of intestinal malrotation in children

Background: Laparoscopic treatment of intestinal malrotation in children is difficult, and most of our pediatric surgeon colleagues active in the field of laparoscopic surgery tell us that more often than not they must convert to an open procedure. Initially, we experienced much difficulty too, but after modification we were able to master the technique, and now we feel confident. We here describe the actual technique we use.
Maintaining mental models of agents who have existential misconceptions

Abstract This work describes methods for using and maintaining models of agents who have existential misconceptions. Existential misconceptions are situations where agents are in disagreement about the existence of objects in some domain of discourse. This paper characterizes existential misconceptions, discusses related literature, and describes how to construct a model of an agent who has an existential misconception. This paper is concerned with two kinds of existential misconception. These are compression-based and dispersion-based. We provide algorithms to test for these existential misconceptions, to describe them, and to correct one kind of existential misconception (dispersion-based). We prove correctness theorems for these algorithms and have implemented them in COMMON LISP.
Rigorous new limits on magnetic helicity dissipation in the solar corona

Abstract The Cauchy-Schwarz inequality is employed to find geometry-independent limits on the magnetic helicity dissipation rate in a resistive plasma. These limits only depend upon the total energy of the plasma, the energy dissipation rate, and a mean diffusion coefficient. For plasmas isolated from external energy sources, limits can also be set on the minimum time necessary to dissipate a net amount of helicity ΔH. As evaluated in the context of a solar coronal loop, these limits strongly suggest that helicity decay occurs on a diffusion timescale which is far too great to be relevant to most coronal processes. Furthermore, rapid reconnection is likely to approximately conserve magnetic helicity. The dilliculties involved in determining the free energy residing in a magnetic structure (given the constraint of magnetic helicity conservation) are discussed.
Transplantation of the pineal gland in the mammalian third cerebral ventricle.

Abstract Fine structural correlates and functional parameters were measured in pinealectomized rats following grafting of the pineal gland into the third cerebral ventricle. Pinealectomy caused a significant decrease in serum melatonin concentration of animals compared to that in normal controls. No significant difference was observed in the serum melatonin concentration between pinealectomized rats and those receiving sham transplantation with fragments of occipital cortex. By 6 weeks nearly 50% of pinealectomized rats receiving pineal transplants demonstrated a significant increase in the serum melatonin concentration in contrast to that of pinealectomized rats and pinealectomized animals receiving sham transplants. Pinealocytes survived and flourished following transplantation from the epithalamic region to the third cerebral ventricle of the hypothalamus in host rats. These cells were found to be arranged individually or in clusters surrounding fenestrated capillaries of the graft. Moreover, these pinealocytes demonstrated ultrastructural features indicative of an active secretory process, including densecore and clear vesicles as well as vacuoles containing flocculent material. Additional characteristics distinctive of normal control pinealocytes were observed in surviving cells of grafts, such as synaptic ribbons, synaptic ribbon fields, and myeloid bodies. Bundles of unmyelinated axons and apparent adrenergic nerve endings were observed with transmission electron microscopy and immunocystochemistry using antisera against tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). Nerve fibers and terminals were found within perivascular spaces surrounding fenestrated capillaries of viable grafts. These reported observations suggest that a significant population of transplanted pinealocytes recover functional activity (e.g., heightened melatonin secretion) following stereotaxic grafting into the third cerebral ventricles of pinealectomized animals. This apparent recovery of function may be linked directly to reinnervation of the gland by nerve fibers that appear to arise from the underlying median eminence.
Elementary School Career Awareness: A Visit to a Hospital.

A well-conceived field trip to a hospital serves several important purposes for elementary school students: (1) it acquaints students with local places of employment while demonstrating the essentiality of work and the need for employees to work together to provide valuable community services, and (2) it helps to reduce the level of anxiety children generally associate with their own hospitalization. In order for a field trip to be something more than a relatively meaningless out-of-school frill, it needs to be carefully planned and carried out. This article offers numerous practical suggestions for getting ready for the hospital visit, the tour itself, and ways to follow-up on the visit, thereby maximizing the educational value of the field trip for elementary age students.
Flooding Frequency of Hypersaline Coastal Environments Determined by Orbital Imagery: Geologic Implications

Available satellite imagery in the infrared and near-infrared wavelengths provides a simple, rapid, and low-cost method for monitoring the extent and duration of the flooding of coastal ecosystems....
The changing role of intellectuals in the revolutionary order

In addressing the place of 'intellectuals' in the 'revolutionary order', it would be well to first define terms. In particular it is necessary to clear up some confusion in sociological and political literature between the term 'intel lectuals' and the term 'intelligentsia'. There is an essential difference between these two groups of people. In short, 'intellectuals' designates collectively the members of certain occupations, while 'intelligentsia' is a social stratum encompassing among others the intellectuals together with their wives and children.1 Prince Sergei Nikolaevich Trubetskoi, for example, is called "an intellec tual among the intelligentsia in prerevolutionary Russia", and the author of a book about him wrote: "The distinction between the intelligentsia and the intellectuals is always tenuous and depends as much on the person using the characterization as upon the object of the discussion."2 At the turn of the century, the Russian and Polish intelligentsia possessed such a high standard of general education that the revolutionary intellectuals differed from the members of the intelligentsia only by some particular specialization. For example, although Lenin and Trotsky were intellectuals, they were primarily Russian intelligenty, whereas Bogdanov3 and Lunacharsky4 were intelligenty but primarily intellectuals. It was a matter of degree. We should remember that while intellectuals in their main role as "the explorer of the sacred"5 do revolutionize social life (even when they are the most faithful supporters of the establishment), the intelligentsia may or may not be re volutionary, depending on social and historical circumstances, and never as an entire stratum. Nevertheless, in certain cases we have to treat intellec tuals and the intelligentsia collectively. In revolutionary movements (particularly that of the Marxist type), the entire stratum was needed to prepare the ground for the revolution, as well as ? later to construct the new social order. The intellectuals have been
Cytochrome P450 2D6 and glutathione S‐transferase genotype in sudden infant death syndrome

Objectives: The risk of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) has been linked with xenobiotic exposures, race and inheritance. Because cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) and glutathione S-transferases (GSTM1 and GSTT1) are genetically regulated, polymorphically distributed, and responsible for detoxification of many centrally acting exogenous and endogenous bioactive compounds, our objective was to determine whether the prevalences of deficiencies in CYP2D6, GSTM1, and GSTT1 differ in SIDS victims compared to healthy controls. Methods: CYP2D6 mutations (deletion, A, B, and T alleles) and GSTM1 and GSTT1 null genotypes were assessed in DNA from 50 SIDS victims. CYP2D6 phenotype, assigned using dextromethorphan urinary ratios, was assessed in 25 unrelated parents of SIDS victims. Results: The CYP2D6B mutation was the only mutant CYP2D6 allele found in SIDS victims, present in 26.2% of patients (11/42) and 13.1% (11/84) of alleles. Adjusting for race, the prevalence of wild-type CYP2D6 alleles and of homozygous wild-type CYP2D6 phenotype was not different in SIDS victims compared to controls (P= 0.585 and 0.224, respectively). Among the 25 parents of SIDS victims, all subjects were extensive metabolizers, a prevalence not different from controls (P= 0.243). The prevalence of the null genotype for GSTM1, GSTT1 and double-null for GSTM1 and GSTT1 was 33.3%, 21.4% and 9.5%, respectively, among SIDS victims, and was not different than controls (P=0.61, 0.1, 0.28, respectively). The combination of CYP2D6 homozygous wild-type genotype and the null genotype for GSTM1, GSTT1, or both GSTM1 + GSTT1 also did not differ in SIDS victims and controls. Conclusions: The frequencies of CYP2D6 mutant genotypes and the null genotypes for GSTM1 and GSTT1 were not different among SIDS victims compared to normal controls, and thus these polymorphisms are unlikely to identify families with a high risk of SIDS.
What is the value of early endoscopy in upper gastrointestinal bleeding

Endoscopy is an established tool for the diagnosis and treatment of patients with upper gastrointestinal bleeding. The timing of endoscopy is, however, a matter of controversy. This Viewpoint article argues that endoscopy has the greatest potential for therapeutic benefit and reductions in costs and resource use when it is performed urgently, before a patient is admitted to hospital.
ACF7 Regulates Cytoskeletal-Focal Adhesion Dynamics and Migration and Has ATPase Activity

Coordinated interactions between microtubule (MT) and actin cytoskeletons are involved in many polarized cellular processes. Spectraplakins are enormous (>500 kDa) proteins able to bind both MTs and actin filaments (F-actin) directly. To elucidate the physiological significance and functions of mammalian spectraplakin ACF7, we've conditionally targeted it in skin epidermis. Intriguingly, ACF7 deficiency compromises the targeting of microtubules along F-actin to focal adhesions (FAs), stabilizes FA-actin networks, and impairs epidermal migration. Exploring underlying mechanisms, we show that ACF7's binding domains for F-actin, MTs, and MT plus-end proteins are not sufficient to rescue the defects in FA-cytoskeletal dynamics and migration functions of ACF7 null keratinocytes. We've uncovered an intrinsic actin-regulated ATPase domain in ACF7 and demonstrate that it is both functional and essential for these roles. Our findings provide insight into the functions of this important cytoskeletal crosslinking protein in regulating dynamic interactions between MTs and F-actin to sustain directional cell movement.
THE INFLUENCE OF EARLY REMOVAL OF THE THYROID AND PARATHYROID GLANDS UPON NITROGENOUS METABOLISM IN THE SHEEP

From a study of three sheep, each of which had been deprived at an early age of its thyroid, and somewhat later of its parathyroids, it is concluded that such animals— 1. Excrete during a fast rather more nitrogen and rather more purine derivatives, in relation at any rate to body weight, than do normal animals; 2. Are liable, although by no means certain, to succumb very early to the effects of inanition; 3. May fail to exhibit such signs of hunger acidosis as a high output of ammonia, and the elimination of aceto-acetic acid; 4. Excrete, while fasting, urine which is generally alkaline and never acid; 5. Invariably react to the withdrawal of food by the excretion of creatine in excess of creatinine; 6. Exhibit in the relations of the purine catabolites no evidence of diminished oxidative power; 7. Have a degree of sugar tolerance which is almost certainly above the normal.
Regional admixture mapping and structured association testing: conceptual unification and an extensible general linear model.

Individual genetic admixture estimates, determined both across the genome and at specific genomic regions, have been proposed for use in identifying specific genomic regions harboring loci influencing phenotypes in regional admixture mapping (RAM). Estimates of individual ancestry can be used in structured association tests (SAT) to reduce confounding induced by various forms of population substructure. Although presented as two distinct approaches, we provide a conceptual framework in which both RAM and SAT are special cases of a more general linear model. We clarify which variables are sufficient to condition upon in order to prevent spurious associations and also provide a simple closed form “semiparametric” method of evaluating the reliability of individual admixture estimates. An estimate of the reliability of individual admixture estimates is required to make an inherent errors-in-variables problem tractable. Casting RAM and SAT methods as a general linear model offers enormous flexibility enabling application to a rich set of phenotypes, populations, covariates, and situations, including interaction terms and multilocus models. This approach should allow far wider use of RAM and SAT, often using standard software, in addressing admixture as either a confounder of association studies or a tool for finding loci influencing complex phenotypes in species as diverse as plants, humans, and nonhuman animals.
Thermodynamic Property Modeling for Chemical Process and Product Engineering: Some Perspectives

Thermodynamic properties have always played essential roles in the engineering of chemical products and in the processes that manufacture them. Further, contemporary and future chemical technologies depend more than ever on property model formulation and application. This work explores how properties are utilized in process and product engineering, including opportunities and constraints of current property models, the current status of data availability and needs, and the interplay of data and models. Several case studies are given to illustrate underlying concepts, strategies for development, and methods of application to some industrial systems.
Relation between nodule size and 18F-FDG-PET SUV for malignant and benign pulmonary nodules.

The most common semiquantitative method of evaluation of pulmonary lesions using 18F-FDG PET is FDG standardized uptake value (SUV). An SUV cutoff of 2.5 or greater has been used to differentiate between benign and malignant nodules. The goal of our study was to investigate the correlation between the size of pulmonary nodules and the SUV for benign as well as for malignant nodules. Retrospectively, 173 patients were selected from 420 referrals for evaluation of pulmonary lesions. All patients selected had a positive CT and PET scans and histopathology biopsy. A linear regression equation was fitted to a scatter plot of size and SUVmax for malignant and benign nodules together. A dot diagram was created to calculate the sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy using an SUVmax cutoff of 2.5. The linear regression equations and (R2)s as well as the trendlines for malignant and benign nodules demonstrated that the slope of the regression line is greater for malignant than for benign nodules. Twenty-eight nodules of group one (≤ 1.0 cm) are plotted in a dot diagram using an SUVmax cutoff of 2.5. The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy were calculated to be 85%, 36% and 54% respectively. Similarly, sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy were calculated for an SUVmax cutoff of 2.5 and found to be 91%, 47%, and 79% respectively for group 2 (1.1–2.0 cm); 94%, 23%, and 76%, respectively for group 3 (2.1–3.0 cm); and 100%, 17%, and 82%,, respectively for group 4 (> 3.0 cm). The previous results of the dot diagram indicating that the sensitivity and the accuracy of the test using an SUVmax cutoff of 2.5 are increased with an increase in the diameter of pulmonary nodules. The slope of the regression line is greater for malignant than for benign nodules. Although, the SUVmax cutoff of 2.5 is a useful tool in the evaluation of large pulmonary nodules (> 1.0 cm), it has no or minimal value in the evaluation of small pulmonary nodules (≤ 1.0 cm).