cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Secure data transmission in mobile ad hoc networks

The vision of nomadic computing with its ubiquitous access has stimulated much interest in the Mobile Ad Hoc Networking (MANET) technology. However, its proliferation strongly depends on the availability of security provisions, among other factors. In the open, collaborative MANET environment practically any node can maliciously or selfishly disrupt and deny communication of other nodes. In this paper, we present and evaluate the Secure Message Transmission (SMT) protocol, which safeguards the data transmission against arbitrary malicious behavior of other nodes. SMT is a lightweight, yet very effective, protocol that can operate solely in an end-to-end manner. It exploits the redundancy of multi-path routing and adapts its operation to remain efficient and effective even in highly adverse environments. SMT is capable of delivering up to 250% more data messages than a protocol that does not secure the data transmission. Moreover, SMT outperforms an alternative single-path protocol, a secure data forwarding protocol we term Secure Single Path (SSP) protocol. SMT imposes up to 68% less routing overhead than SSP, delivers up to 22% more data packets and achieves end-to-end delays that are up to 94% lower than those of SSP. Thus, SMT is better suited to support QoS for real-time communications in the ad hoc networking environment. The security of data transmission is achieved without restrictive assumptions on the network nodes' trust and network membership, without the use of intrusion detection schemes, and at the expense of moderate multi-path transmission overhead only.
Generalizing Solution Procedures Learned From Examples

Three experiments tested the hypothesis that when learners are led to group steps from example solutions, they will be more likely to learn subgoals that can be transferred to novel problems, thereby improving problem solving. The results from each experiment suggest that a label serves as a cue for grouping by demonstrating that a relatively meaningless label in an example solution is as effective as a meaningful label in helping learners transfer to novel problems. Experiments 2 and 3 provide converging evidence for subgoal learning by demonstrating that participants studying example solutions with a label were more likely to segment the solution as a function of the label, to mention the corresponding subgoal in their self-explanations while studying the examples, and to mention the subgoal in their descriptions of how to solve problems after they studied the examples.
Unusual properties and reactivity at the nanoscale

Ready transformation and reactivity is observed at the nanoscale. Silica/silicon (SiOx) nanospheres of diameter %30 nm generated from equimolar Si/SiO2 mixtures are found to display enhanced catalytic and reactive properties relative to commonly employed silica support surfaces including fumed silica. A unique oxygen deficient synthesis has been used to generate SnO2Kx nanowires, nanoribbons, and nanotubes displaying the phase coalescence of both ground state rutile and orthohombic structures at pressures well below 0.5 bar. This is in contrast to the bulk where 150 kbar of pressure must be used to generate the orthohombic structure. This unique reactivity and ready transformation is found to accompany the facile (seconds) room temperature nitridation of TiO2 nanocolloids, efficiently producing photocatalytically active TiO2Kx Nx nanoparticles absorbing light well into the visible region. In distinct contrast the direct nitridation of TiO2 submicron particles does not produce the conversion to the oxynitride at room temperature. q 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Model order reduction of linear networks with massive ports via frequency-dependent port packing

Model order reduction has been a driving force for reducing analysis complexity of VLSI systems containing large linear networks. However, most existing reduction techniques are only applicable to networks with a small number of ports, failing to fulfill an even stronger need of reducing massively interconnected subsystems such as power grids and wide buses. In this paper, a port packing scheme is presented wherein the correlation between circuit ports is explored in a frequency-dependent manner. In the proposed McPack (multiport circuit packing) algorithm, port packing is combined with a practical realization of the recently developed tangential interpolation scheme for model reduction. McPack performs feasible moment matching for networks with many ports in the sense of tangential interpolation. With guaranteed passivity, extensibility to multi-point expansion as well as comparable complexity, McPack systematically introduces frequency-domain port packing into the existing projection-based model order reduction framework. For several large networks with high port count, the presented algorithm is shown to be significantly more accurate than the standard block-moment matching algorithm as well as other recently developed alternative.
Histologic evaluation of lentigo maligna with permanent sections: Implications regarding current guidelines

Abstract Background: Obtaining clear margins of resection of lentigo maligna (LM), a subtype of melanoma in situ, from sun-damaged skin of the head and neck continues to be a surgical challenge. The margins may be uncertain both clinically and histologically, causing difficulty in determining the surgical excision perimeter. Objective: We sought to determine whether the current National Institutes of Health consensus conference (1992) recommendation of 5-mm margins is adequate for the removal of LM and to evaluate at what stage tumor-free margins are ultimately attained by using polygonal, staged excisions. Methods: Ninety-two cases of LM were evaluated and treated in a university tertiary care setting. Straight-edge polygonal resections in a staged fashion of LM variants of MIS were evaluated by means of permanent serial histopathologic sections. Each stage of resection used a 5-mm margin. Specimens were color-coded and mapped. Any sites of tumor at resected margins were identified by a dermatopathologist and noted on the map of the excised specimen. Positive margins and areas with markedly atypical melanocytes were further resected, color-coded, mapped, and evaluated as previously described until margins free of tumor were attained. Results: The patient distribution was 37% female and 63% male, with ages ranging from 24 to 100 years (median age, 70 years). Sixty-nine patients had a biopsy-proven diagnosis of LM involving the head and neck (75%), and 23 patients (25%) had LM elsewhere. Thirty-nine patients (42%) were tumor-free after one stage, 25 (27%) required 2 stages, 14 (15%) required 3 stages, 6 (7%) required 4 stages, and 8 (9%) needed 5 or more stages to achieve tumor-free margins. The central portion of the submitted polygonal excisions revealed an invasive component in 16% of cases. Conclusions: Use of polygonal perimeter excisions with serial histopathologic permanent sections in a staged fashion is an accurate and thorough method of evaluating and treating LM. This study demonstrates that the standard recommendation of 5-mm margins is adequate in less than 50% of cases and reiterates the need for the careful evaluation of peripheral margins in LM. Because an invasive component can be present and would alter recommended surgical depths and margins, all of the tumor should be submitted at the first stage rather than peripheral margins only. (J Am Acad Dermatol 2002;47:743-8.)
The Permeability of the Nuclear Envelope in Dividing and Nondividing Cell Cultures

The objective of this study was to determine whether the permeability characteristics of the nuclear envelope vary during different phases of cellular activity. Both passive diffusion and signal-mediated transport across the envelope were analyzed during the HeLa cell cycle, and also in dividing, confluent (growth-arrested), and differentiated 3T3-L1 cultures. Colloidal gold stabilized with BSA was used to study diffusion, whereas transport was investigated using gold particles coated with nucleoplasmin, a karyophilic Xenopus oocyte protein. The gold tracers were microinjected into the cytoplasm, and subsequently localized within the cells by electron microscopy. The rates of diffusion in HeLa cells were greatest during the first and fifth hours after the onset of anaphase. These results correlate directly with the known rates of pore formation, suggesting that pores are more permeable during or just after reformation. Signal-mediated transport in HeLa cells occurs through channels that are located within the pore complexes and have functional diameters up to 230-250 A. Unlike diffusion, no significant differences in transport were observed during different phases of the cell cycle. A comparison of dividing and confluent 3T3-L1 cultures revealed highly significant differences in the transport of nucleoplasmin-gold across the envelope. The nuclei of dividing cells not only incorporated larger particles (230 A versus 190 A in diameter, including the protein coat), but the relative uptake of the tracer was about seven times greater than that in growth-arrested cells. Differentiation of confluent cells to adipocytes was accompanied by an increase in the maximum diameter of the transport channel to approximately 230 A.
Localization of laminin B1 mRNA in retinal ganglion cells by in situ hybridization.

In the nervous system, neuronal migration and axonal growth are dependent on specific interactions with extracellular matrix proteins. During development of the vertebrate retina, ganglion cell axons extend along the internal limiting (basement) membrane and form the optic nerve. Laminin, a major component of basement membranes, is known to be present in the internal limiting membrane, and might be involved in the growth of ganglion cell axons. The identity of the cells that produce retinal laminin, however, has not been established. In the present study, we have used in situ hybridization to localize the sites of laminin B1 mRNA synthesis in the developing mouse retina. Our results show that there are at least two principal sites of laminin B1 mRNA synthesis: (a) the hyaloid vessels and the lens during the period of major axonal outgrowth, and (b) the retinal ganglion cells at later development stages. Muller (glial) cells, the major class of nonneuronal cells in the retina, do not appear to express laminin B1 mRNA either during development or in the adult retina. In Northern blots, we found a single transcript of approximately 6-kb size that encodes the laminin B1 chain in the retina. Moreover, laminin B1 mRNA level was four- to fivefold higher in the postnatal retina compared to that in the adult. Our results show that in addition to nonneuronal cells, retinal ganglion cells also synthesize laminin. The function of laminin in postnatal retinas, however, remains to be elucidated. Nevertheless, our findings raise the possibility that neurons in other parts of the nervous system might also synthesize extracellular matrix proteins.
A numerical study of buried biomass effects on ground-penetrating radar performance

It is widely acknowledged that tree roots and other forms of buried biomass can have an adverse effect on the performance of ground-penetrating radars (GPRs). In this paper, we present analyses that examine that effect for ground-contacting GPR systems. A test site containing extensive root infiltration at Eglin Air Force Base, Florida, was excavated, and the root structure and soil were thoroughly characterized. A numerical simulator based on the discrete dipole approximation, which is an integral-equation-based method, was developed, validated, and subsequently used to compute scattering from root structures modeled by an ensemble of buried cylinders. An examination of the results is presented that quantifies the potential for false alarms and increased clutter due to buried roots.
Aspiration-based and reciprocity-based rules in learning dynamics for symmetric normal-form games

Psychologically based rules are important in human behavior and have the potential of explaining equilibrium selection and separatrix crossings to a payoff dominant equilibrium in coordination games. We show how a rule learning theory can easily accommodate behavioral rules such as aspiration-based experimentation and reciprocity-based cooperation and how to test for the significance of additional rules. We confront this enhanced rule learning model with experimental data on games with multiple equilibria and separatrix-crossing behavior. Maximum likelihood results do not support aspiration-based experimentation or anticipated reciprocity as significant explanatory factors, but do support a small propensity for non-aspiration-based experimentation by random belief and non-reciprocity-based cooperation.
Osteoporosis management in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: Evidence for improvement

Objective Osteoporosis in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is increasingly recognized as a major comorbidity. We examined past management patterns for glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis and attempted to improve care through an educational intervention. The goal was to examine the frequency of osteoporosis management in patients with RA treated at a large academic rheumatology practice. Methods We performed a structured chart review on randomly selected patients seen during 2004 for RA. Osteoporosis management was defined as a bone mineral density test or receipt of a medication for osteoporosis in the prior 24 months. The frequency of osteoporosis management among our study group was assessed. We also examined how glucocorticoid dosage affected osteoporosis management in adjusted models. Results We reviewed the records for 193 patients, 99 had not used glucocorticoids in the prior 24 months, and 94 had used them. Of the total study population, 48% had received a bone mineral density test or medication for osteoporosis. Some form of osteoporosis management was present for 64% of patients taking ≥5 mg prednisone for ≥3 months compared with 38% for patients taking none (P = 0.002). Predictors of osteoporosis management included older age, female sex, glucocorticoid dosage, and prior osteoporosis diagnosis or fracture. Conclusion The frequency of osteoporosis management appears to have increased compared with a prior chart review.
Effective tag mechanisms for evolving coordination

Tags or observable features shared by a group of similar agents are effectively used in real and artificial societies to signal intentions and can be used to infer unobservable properties and choose appropriate behaviors. Use of tags to select partners has been shown to produce stable cooperation in agent populations playing the Prisoner's Dilemma game. Existing tag mechanisms, however, can promote cooperation only if that requires identical actions from all group members. We propose a more general tag-based interaction scheme that facilitates and supports significantly richer coordination between agents. Our work is motivated by previous research that showed the ineffectiveness of current tag schemes for solving games requiring divergent actions. The mechanisms proposed here not only solves those problems but are effective for other general-sum games. We argue that these general-purpose tag mechanisms allow new application possibilities of multiagent learning algorithms as they allow an agent to reuse its learned knowledge about one agent when interacting with other agents sharing the same observable features.
Sturm Oscillation and Comparison Theorems

This is a celebratory and pedagogical discussion of Sturm oscillation theory. Included is the discussion of the difference equation case via determinants and a renormalized oscillation theorem of Gesztesy, Teschl, and the author.
The attractiveness of an eliminated choice alternative

Abstract A recent theory by Brehm implies that the elimination of a choice alternative will tend to increase the attractiveness of that alternative to the person who is about to make the choice. Two experiments, in which college students rated the attractiveness of four recordings of music in order to be able to choose one for themselves, found that the third most attractive record increased in attractiveness when it became unavailable as one of the choice alternatives. In order to rule out alternative explanations of this finding, the second experiment included a condition in which some subjects were given no prior freedom to choose which record they would receive. The results of this second experiment indicated that the tendency to see the eliminated record as more attractive occurred only when subjects had prior freedom to choose which record they would take. Those subjects who had no prior freedom to choose tended to see the eliminated record as having decreased in attractiveness.
Treatment modalities for colorectal cancer

D URING the past century, the treatment of colorectal cancer has consisted of adequate surgical excision; no other treatment modality has been as effective.’ Historically, a wide variety of surgical procedures was carried out with removal of the cancerous segment and the formation of a stoma. The introduction of antibiotics in the post World War II era, a better understanding of fluids and electrolytes, and improved nutritional support and anesthetics have influenced treatment patterns for the patient with colorectal cancer. Major advances in medical science and improved surgical techniques, such as stapling devices and colonoscopy, have increased the options available to the surgeon, reducing the incidence of ostomy surgery. This article will discuss current treatment modalities for colorectal cancer including patient preparation, surgical management, and adjuvant therapy. sary; therefore, the surgeon is obligated to prepare the patient and family for a possible change in plans. Surgical options range from wide resections with bowel re-anastomosis to wide resections with permanent colostomy. The location and extent of the cancer will dictate the necessity for permanent colostomy. The potential complications are also reviewed with patients and families. The patient and family will benefit from early services of the enterostomal therapy (ET) nurse, who reviews the information patients have received and if an ostomy is necessary, coordinates the preoperative and postoperative management of the patient. A collaborative approach to the surgical, medical, and nursing management of the patient with colorectal cancer enhances the level of rehabilitation, reduces the possibility of patient concerns, and increases the communications and planning for holistic care.
Cell proliferation is associated with enhanced capacitative Ca2+ entry in human arterial myocytes

Depletion of Ca2+ stores in the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) activates extracellular Ca2+ influx via capacitative Ca2+ entry (CCE). Here, CCE levels in proliferating and growth-arrested human pulmon...
Knowledge-Enabled Customer Relationship Management

The author examines two key aspects of CRM: knowledge and relationship capital. He echoes the advice of Tamminga and O'Halloran that a successful CRM initiative is one in which the vendor knows more about the customer than the customer knows about himself, a concept Tiwana refers to as digital capital. If exploited successfully, digital capital can help create customer lock-in, by which Tiwana means that "the financial and nonfinancial costs of [customers'] switching to another business are high enough to dissuade them from switching." He argues that one of the strongest forms of lock-in is based on customer loyalty, which companies create through a combination of knowledge, anticipation of future customer requirements, and superior communication. To properly exploit this knowledge, Tiwana suggests a knowledge-enabled CRM framework, whose key dimensions consist of (1) the business environment, (2) the strategic context of the CRM initiative, (3) the company's overall e-business strategy, and (4) enabling technology.
Natural/(1978–2004)

His typifies the life and times of an elderly white male from the Middle. This one is a straightforward request for eulogy, a standard send-off with full artistic license. He was Joseph Fox, born in Hydesville, New York on July 7, 1932, before he moved to the Bluegrass State at the age of five. (I make notes on the margins as I read.) Briefly then: Joseph dropped out of the University of Kentucky after his second year; he drifted around the country doing odd jobs until he returned home to marry his girlfriend of four years in Lexington, at the age of twenty-three.
Avoiding the Valley of Death: A Cross-Case Analysis of SBIR Innovation Processes

Small Business Innovation Research grant recipients experience a challenging and complex environment from innovation and product commercialization. This study examined the dynamics of small and med...
Final Fantasies Virtual Women's Bodies

In the last decades videogames have become very popular. In this article I argue that they establish a new relationship between bodies and identities. In videogames, the storylines are based on a m...
Development of the Confucianism at Its Fifth Stage and the Positioning of New Neo-Confucianism

The development of Confucianism can be divided into the following five stages: First, the original stage; Secondly, from classic Confucianism to the Han Confucianism; Thirdly, neo-Confucianism of the Song and Ming dynasties; the Fourth, Confucianism of the Qing dynasty; the Fifth, contemporary neo-Confucianism. The new neo-Confucianism arises in the fifth stage and, in face of what neglected and misunderstood by contemporary neo-Confucianism, it undergoes the work of re-enlightenment and make a restart by returning to the original point. There are two stresses in doing this: one is to capture the universe itself by capturing the self and capture the self by capturing universe itself; the other is to capture the whole of the union of heaven and man in order to face the reality and to discover, analyze and dissolve problems.
Balancing Inventory and Stockout Risk in Retail Supply Chains Using Fast‐Ship

In this study, we consider a two-retailer, one-supplier supply chain in which retailers satisfy excess demand by offering to directly ship out-of-stock items on an expedited basis at no extra cost to customers. This practice is referred to as the fast-ship option. We consider two scenarios along with the fast-ship option. In the first scenario, retailers transship when out of stock, whereas in the second scenario, they do not. If they do not transship, some customers may perform the search on their own. In each scenario, the wholesale prices are either exogenous, or chosen endogenously by the supplier. For both cases, we determine the supplier's and the retailers’ optimal decisions. The key research question we ask and answer is the following: which of the two scenarios is preferred by either player when all decisions are made optimally? We show that when fewer customers are willing to search on their own and wholesale prices are exogenous, both the supplier and the retailers prefer to transship. In addition, the decision maker in a centralized chain will have the exact same preference as that of players in a decentralized setting when the retailers’ and the supplier's preferences coincide and wholesale prices are exogenous. This preference concordance does not hold if wholesale prices are endogenous.
Observations of Chiral Odd GPDs and Their Implications

Our original suggestion to investigate exclusive π0 electroproduction as a method for extracting the tensor charge, transversity, and other quantities related to chiral odd generalized parton distributions from cross section and asymmetry data is reviewed. We explain some of the details of the process: i) the connection between the helicity description and the cartesian basis; ii) the dependence on the momentum transfer squared, Q2, and iii) the angular momentum, parity, and charge conjugation constraints (JPC quantum numbers).
The complete mitogenome of the rockweed Fucus distichus (Fucaceae, Phaeophyceae)

The rockweed F. distichus is a one of the most common intertidal seaweeds in the northern hemisphere. The systematics of F. distichus however remains open to discussion. Here, we contribute to the bioinformatics and systematics of F. distichus by deciphering its complete mitogenome. The F. distichus mitogenome is 36,400 bp in length, contains 67 genes, and has a gene content, organization, and sequence that are similar to the generitype, F. vesiculusus. These data support the continued recognition of F. distichus as a polymorphic entity with a broad distribution and high degree of ecological diversity.
The Neuropsychology of Sport and Performance

Neuropsychological theory has been a mainstay for understanding pathology within the brain-behavior context. However, our theories for predicting superior behavior are not as well developed. Sport ...
Lasers for Treatment of Vascular Lesions

Lasers for the treatment of vascular lesions are continually improving using the principles of selective photothermolysis.
Free energy change of a dislocation due to a Cottrell atmosphere

The free energy reduction of a dislocation due to a Cottrell atmosphere of solutes is computed using a continuum model. We show that the free energy change is composed of near-core and far-field co...
Finding Functional Modules

Biological systems can be modeled as complex network systems with many interactions between the components. These interactions give rise to the function and behavior of that system. For example, the protein–protein interaction (PPI) network is the physical basis of multiple cellular functions. One goal of emerging systems biology is to analyze very large complex biological networks such as protein–protein interaction networks, metabolic networks, and regulatory networks to identify functional modules and assign functions to certain components of the system. Network modules do not occur by chance, so identification of modules is likely to capture the biologically meaningful interactions in large-scale PPI data. Unfortunately, existing computer-based clustering methods developed to find those modules are either not so accurate or are too slow. We devised a new methodology called SCAN (Structural Clustering Algorithm for Networks) that can efficiently find clusters or functional modules in complex biological networks as well as hubs and outliers. More specifically, we demonstrated that we can find functional modules in complex networks and classify nodes into various roles based on their structures. In this chapter, we show the effectiveness of our methodology using the budding yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) PPI network. To validate our clustering results, we compared our clusters with the known functions of each protein. Our predicted functional modules achieved very high purity comparing with state-of-the-art approaches. Additionally the theoretical and empirical analysis demonstrated a linear running time of the algorithm, which is the fastest approach for networks. We compare our algorithm with well-known modularity-based clustering algorithm CNM. We successfully detect functional groups that are annotated with putative Gene Ontology (GO) terms. Top-10 clusters with minimum p-value theoretically prove that newly proposed algorithm partitions network more accurately then CNM. Furthermore, manual interpretations of functional groups found by SCAN show superior performance over CNM.
Perceived Genetic Risks for Bipolar Disorder in a Patient Population: An Exploratory Study

Thirty-one subjects with bipolar illness completed a questionnaire about genetic risk for bipolar disorder. Subjects estimated both quantitative and qualitative genetic risk for bipolar disorder for the following categories: general population, siblings, parents, spouses, and children. Results showed that quantitative risks were inflated when compared to qualitative risks and that subjects routinely overestimated the risk for developing bipolar illness. These findings suggest that genetic counseling may be useful for this population.
Evidence for Environmental Sex Determination in the American eel, Anguilla rostrata

Males have predominated among migrating silver eels in the Annaquatucket River, Rhode Island, for at least two decades, with no significant variation in mean total length in either sex. Because the species is panmictic (random breeding), this consistency suggests environmental sex determination (ESD). Most yellow (feeding phase) eels <300mm total length in the Annaquatucket are sexually undifferentiated, and in contrast to all other published sex ratios, males greatly outnumber females (3:1) among differentiated yellow eels. Estimates of yellow eel population densities are 4–10 times greater than published values for other habitats. We propose that this crowding results in a long period of undifferentiation and the suppression of femaleness. Published field and experimental evidence indicates that high population density results in high proportions of males in Atlantic Anguilla, and that low population density results in the predominance of females. This ESD may be adaptive, resulting in vast numbers of small males in coastal habitats, relatively close to the spawing area, and much larger and more fecund females that occupy most of the available eel habitat.
Schottky Barrier Height Quantification of Plasma Treated P(VDF-TRFE) Thin Films

Angle-resolved XPS and ToF-SIMS are employed to determine the impact of O 2 /CF 4 plasma treatment on P(VDF-TrFE) surface chemistry. Results indicate that chemical modification by plasma increases the percentage of F and O at the film surface, with the grafted species remaining within the first 5-10nm of the film. Analysis of current-voltage I(V) data reveals that high field conduction is an interfacially dominated phenomenon in the modified P(VDF-TrFE) thin films. A parametric study of Schottky emission theory indicates that conduction is dominated by change in Schottky barrier height relative to change in both material permittivity and Richardson constant. Schottky barrier height quantification estimates a lowering of the barrier height by 0.041eV due to plasma treatment, further supporting that conduction is surface dominated in thin P(VDF -TrFE) films, and that conduction can be significantly influenced via surface chemical modification.
An Adaptive Classifier for Detecting Helicopter Drivetrain Damage Using Acoustic Emission

This paper describes recent developments in a program to detect damage to helicopter drivetrains using acoustic emission (AE)1,2. Data obtained from an SH-60 drivetrain on an NAWC test stand was correlated with seeded fault damage in order to identify acoustic emission characteristics unique to the various sources. The objective is to extend prior work in applications of pattern recognition techniques and advanced machine intelligence to AE3,4,5 by designing and implementing an autonomous adaptive procedure to recognize and classify drivetrain damage from AE data.
A tablet-based home practice program paired with telepractice promotes maintenance and learning of objects and actions in individuals with chronic aphasia

Q (1) 1Will individuals with chronic aphasia demonstrate less decline (over time) in naming accuracy of recently treated nouns and verbs by participating in an unsupervised home practice program wi...
Browsing for Content Across Pay TV and On Demand Video Options

Viewers have more content available to them than ever across multiple services but they are also spending a lot of time looking for content to watch. To better understand and identify opportunities to improve the experience for TV watchers, we set out to understand how viewers look for content when they have multiple choices but nothing specific in mind. Twenty-eight individuals submitted diary entries every time they found themselves looking for content to watch without specific content in mind. Findings describe browsing scenarios, viewer criteria, where they browse and why, as well as pain points.
Pan-Africanism, Emerging Technologies, and Sustainable Development

This chapter examines an array of emerging technologies that serve facilitative roles in contributing to African continental sustainable development and ultimately toward sustainable unification. Among the case studies to be examined are South Africa’s Center for High Performance Computing in Cape Town, which for the first time put Africa in the Top 500 Supercomputer list, and the African Association for Remote Sensing of the Environment (AARSE) whose membership now includes multiple African countries that have their own telecommunications and earth observing satellites in orbit. Other case studies identified are the NATO Science for Peace funded Mediterranean Dialogue Earth Observatory for Early Warning of Biogenic & Anthropogenic Disasters and Epidemics based in Morocco, as well as the Great Green Wall Project along the Sahara and the emergence of large-scale solar farms.
Assessment of Novel Cardiovascular biomarkers in patients with chronic heart failures

In a recent analysis, incessant heart failure (HF) stays a significant remedial test with decreased launch division. There is a growing need to tame HF in contemporary. In a bid to the reduction of financial burden and mortality rate brought by chronic heart, failure medics have developed approaches to deal with situations to enhance the better living condition of people. The current study was aimed to the investigation of new cardiovascular biomarkers, for instance, development factor 15 (GDF-15),soluble suppression of tumorigenicity (sST2), heart-type fatty acid-binding protein (H-FABP), and urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) in patient with dilative cardiomyopathy (DCM) or ischaemic (ICM).200 patients from different parts were enrolled in the study for analysis of the diseases. The various test was carried out on patients who presented themselves in the lab. As the control measure in the study, they included around 76 patients without heart failure or coronary artery diseases. 59 patients who were suffering from ICM and 65 who were diagnosed with DCM were included in the study. The analysis was conducted through the use of ELISA by taking a sample of samples from all patients.H-FABP, suPAR and sST2 were high in patients with DCM and ICM contrasted with the control gathering (p <0.00010).The analysis also indicated that there was no significant difference between DCM and ICM biomarker levels. Analysis indicates that novel cardiovascular biomarkers, for instance, GDF-15, ST2, H-FABP, and uPAR, offers high potential for diagnostic DCM and ICM patient precisely.
How to Evaluate a Letter of Offer or Contract

The letter of offer or contract documents the intent of a hiring institution to engage a candidate. This chapter reviews the process of evaluating the letter of offer or contract and discusses how to navigate the search process with the final negotiation phase in mind. Navigating the search process involves accurate self-assessment of personal and career goals; meeting with mentors; preparing questions for the interview; accumulating institutional information before, during, and after the interview; and creating decision grids. This chapter discusses what to look for in the letter of offer or contract and what the most common negotiable components are. Components of the legally binding contract or letter of offer that are usually not reviewed in enough detail include job-specific responsibilities articulated in amendments and employee handbooks. Contract components covered include terms, terminations, and restrictive covenants; academic rank; duties and responsibilities; and compensation. The components and importance of employee handbooks are discussed. The rationale for retaining legal counsel depends on the complexity of the job, rights related to intellectual property, and an individual’s personal situation. In this chapter, we focus on the approach for a typical clinician educator agreement, as an illustration of an academic letter of offer. A sample letter of offer is included.
Using Cathodic Poised Potential Experiments to Investigate Extracellular Electron Transport in the Crustal Deep Biosphere of North Pond, Mid-Atlantic Ridge

The crustal sub-seafloor covers a large portion of the Earth’s surface but is poorly understood as a habitat for life. It is unclear what metabolisms support the microscopic cells that have been observed, and how they survive under resource limitation. As the deep crustal subsurface represents a significant portion of the Earth’s surface, microbially-mediated reactions may therefore be significant contributors to biogeochemical cycling. In the present study, we used electrochemical techniques to investigate the possibility that crustal subsurface microbial groups can use the solid rock matrix (basalts, etc.) as a source of electrons for redox reactions via extracellular electron transfer (EET). Subsurface crustal fluids and mineral colonization experiments from the cool and oxic basaltic crustal subsurface at the North Pond site on the western flank of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge were used as inocula in cathodic poised potential experiments. Electrodes in oxic microbial fuel cells were poised at -200 mV versus a standard hydrogen electrode to mimic the delivery of electrons in an energy range equivalent to iron oxidation. In this way, microbes that use reduced iron in solid minerals for energy were selected for from the general community onto the electrode surface for interrogation of extracellular electron transfer activity, and potential identification by scanning electron microscopy and DNA sequencing. The results document that there are cathodic EET-capable microbial groups in the low biomass crustal subsurface at this site. The patterns of current generation in the experiments indicate that these microbial groups are active but likely not growing under the low-resource condition of the experiments, consistent with other studies of activity versus growth in the deep biosphere. Lack of growth stymied attempts to determine the phylogeny of EET-capable microbial groups from this habitat, but the results indicate that these microbial groups are a small part of the overall crustal deep biosphere community. This first demonstration of using electromicrobiology techniques to investigate microbial metabolic potential in the crustal deep biosphere reveals the challenges and opportunities for studying EET in the crustal deep biosphere.
CHAPTER 10 – LAPLACE TRANSFORMS

Publisher Summary This chapter describes Laplace transforms and discusses the applications of Laplace transforms to differential equations. Laplace transforms are useful in the solution of initial value problems for certain types of differential equations. The chapter describes the properties of Laplace transforms. The product of the two single integrals can be interpreted as an improper double integral, whose region of integration is the first quadrant of a plane. The chapter presents a method, which applies to those problems, where the differential equation, or system of differential equations, is linear and has constant coefficients.
Atrioventricular Reentrant Tachycardia

This case describes a 21-year-old with narrow-complex, supraventricular tachycardia (SVT). Narrowing the differential diagnosis of SVT requires a synthesis of all information available including baseline characteristics, tachycardia features, and diagnostic pacing maneuvers during SVT.
Sexual Identity and Racial/Ethnic Differences in Awareness of Heart Attack and Stroke Symptoms: Findings From the National Health Interview Survey:

Purpose:Investigate sexual identity and racial/ethnic differences in awareness of heart attack and stroke symptoms.Design:Cross-sectional.Setting:2014 and 2017 National Health Interview Survey.Samp...
Sex Trafficking in the United States: A Scoping Review.

Human trafficking is a public health social work issue. This review aimed to present the current state (nature and extent) of sex trafficking research, categorize best practices, and identify recom...
Diagnostic Evaluation Low Yield for Patients with a Lower-Risk Brief Resolved Unexplained Event.

In contrast to patients with an apparent life-threatening event (ALTE), the American Academy of Pediatrics recommends very limited evaluation for patients categorized as lower-risk brief resolved u...
Access to Health Care: Judging Implementation in the Context of AIDS: Treatment Action Campaign v. Minister of Health TPD 21182/2001 (Unreported)

Despite a growing recognition that all human rights are inextricably linked and interconnected, there has traditionally been an ingrained skepticism among lawyers about the possibility of judicially enforcing socio-economic rights. The inclusion of justiciable socio-economic rights in the 1996 South African Constitution has therefore both been heralded as a mark of its extraordinary status as possibly the most progressive national constitution in existence today, and has raised questions about how these provisions will be interpreted in a situation of vast socioeconomic inequalities and limited governmental capacity. The recent decision of the Pretoria High Court in TAC v Minister of Health, interpreting the right to health care as requiring the government to provide the anti-retroviral drug Nevirapine to HIV-positive women in childbirth and to their newborn babies, marks another important step in the extraordinary development of South Africa’s constitutional jurisprudence in this regard.
Using optogenetics to link myosin patterns to contractile cell behaviors during convergent extension

ABSTRACT Distinct spatiotemporal patterns of actomyosin contractility are often associated with particular epithelial tissue shape changes during development. For example, a planar polarized pattern of myosin II localization regulated by Rho1 signaling during Drosophila body axis elongation is thought to drive the cell behaviors that contribute to convergent extension. However, it is not well understood how specific aspects of a myosin localization pattern influence the multiple cell behaviors—including cell intercalation, cell shape changes, and apical cell area fluctuations—that simultaneously occur within a tissue during morphogenesis. Here, we use optogenetic activation (optoGEF) and deactivation (optoGAP) of Rho1 signaling to perturb the myosin pattern in the germband epithelium during Drosophila axis elongation and analyze the effects on contractile cell behaviors within the tissue. We find that uniform photoactivation of optoGEF or optoGAP is sufficient to rapidly override the endogenous myosin pattern, abolishing myosin planar polarity and reducing cell intercalation and convergent extension. However, these two perturbations have distinct effects on junctional and medial myosin localization, apical cell area fluctuations, and cell packings within the germband. Activation of Rho1 signaling in optoGEF embryos increases myosin accumulation in the medial-apical domain of germband cells, leading to increased amplitudes of apical cell area fluctuations. This enhanced contractility is translated into heterogeneous reductions in apical cell areas across the tissue, disrupting cellular packings within the germband. Conversely, inactivation of Rho1 signaling in optoGAP embryos decreases both medial and junctional myosin accumulation, leading to a dramatic reduction in cell area fluctuations. These results demonstrate that the level of Rho1 activity and the balance between junctional and medial myosin regulate apical cell area fluctuations and cellular packings in the germband, which have been proposed to influence the biophysics of cell rearrangements and tissue fluidity. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Tissues are shaped by forces produced by dynamic patterns of actomyosin contractility. However, the mechanisms underlying these myosin patterns and their translation into cell behavior and tissue-level movements are not understood. Here, we show that optogenetic tools designed to control upstream regulators of myosin II can be used to rapidly manipulate myosin patterns and analyze the effects on cell behaviors during tissue morphogenesis. Combining optogenetics with live imaging in the developing fruit fly embryo, we show that acute perturbations to upstream myosin regulators are sufficient to rapidly perturb existing myosin patterns and alter cell movements and shapes during axis elongation, resulting in abnormalities in embryo shape. These results directly link myosin contractility patterns to cell behaviors that shape tissues, providing new insights into the mechanisms that generate functional tissues.
Case 24. Extranodal NK/T-Cell lymphoma, nasal type

NK/T-cell lymphomas are extremely rare lymphomas in the western world. The population of CD3+CD56+ NK/T-cells that seems to be the progenitor cells for those types of lymphomas is not homogeneous, which may explain the reason for polymorphic presentation. Several functionally distinct NK/T-cell subsets diverge after their development in the thymus. Organ-specific antigen-presenting cells may modulate NK/T-cell function and post-thymic development. The organs with the highest content of NK/T cells are tonsils, lymph nodes, spleen, skin, testis, and stomach. Not surprisingly, those are the places of the most frequent localization of NK/T-cell lymphoma. The Waldeyer’s tonsillar ring is involved most commonly. The patient sometimes may present with a single cutaneous nodule, but the asymptomatic nasal involvement could be detected on PET/CT frequently, still placing the patient into “the nasal” category. Extranasal presentation comprises around 20% of all cases and most likely arises from the dermal NK/T cells in contrast to tonsillar NK/T cells in “the nasal” cases. Unusual cases of such rare cancer are characterized by the unusual expression of non-NK/T-cell markers and rare morphologic presentations. The aberrant expression of γδ TCR on EBV+ CD56+ cells is still a matter of debate of appropriate classificational categorization. Despite semantics, the prognosis is universally gravid.
The ICP22 protein of Herpes Simplex Virus 1 promotes RNA Polymerase II activity on Viral Immediate Early Genes

Abstract To determine the role of herpes simplex virus (HSV-1) ICP22 in viral transcription we performed precise nuclear run-on followed by deep sequencing (PRO-Seq) to map active RNA polymerase II (Pol II) on viral and cellular genomes in cells infected with a viral mutant lacking the entire ICP22-encoding α22 (US1/US1.5) gene, or a virus derived from the deletion mutant but bearing a restored α22 gene. At 3 hours post infection (hpi), the lack of ICP22 reduced Pol II activity at promoter proximal pause (PPP) sites on the α4 and α0 genes, and on the bodies of the α4, α0, and α27 genes. The decreased activity at α0 and α4 PPP sites at 3 hpi was distinguishable from effects caused by treatment with a viral DNA polymerase inhibitor. The ICP22 mutant had multiple defects at 6 hpi, including lower viral DNA replication and reduced Pol II activity on viral genes of all temporal classes. Between 3 and 6 hpi the repair virus, like wild type HSV-1, redirected Pol II activity from cellular genes to viral genes. In the absence of ICP22, the opposite occurred inasmuch as Pol II activity returned from the viral genome to cellular genes. These data indicate that ICP22 acts to increase Pol II activity at the PPP sites and bodies of viral immediate early genes at early times post infection, and directly or indirectly helps retain Pol II activity on the viral genome later in infection. Importance Using a mutant lacking the full US1/US1.5 gene, this study establishes a role for ICP22 in increasing Pol II activity on viral immediate early genes by enhancing transcription initiation and/or elongation onto immediate early gene bodies. Unlike truncation mutants studied previously, the full null virus is unable to sustain DNA replication and Pol II activity on late genes, precluding later stages of the viral life cycle.