cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Regulation of Growth and Intracellular Signaling by Integrins

I. Introduction INTEGRINS are a family of more than 20 different transmembrane receptors composed of noncovalently associated α- and β-subunit heterodimers (1). Twelve different α-subunits, each approximately 1000 residues in length, and eight different β-subunits, each approximately 750 residues, have been identified. The receptor consists of a very large extracellular domain, a transmembrane region, and a relatively short cytoplasmic region. The extracellular domain binds to various ligands including extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, such as fibronectin (FN), vitronectin (VN), and collagen (Col), and to other cell surface receptors such as ICAM-1 (intercellular adhesion molecule) and VCAM-1 (vascular cell adhesion molecule). The receptor cytoplasmic domains interact with cytoskeletal proteins. In addition to their role as adhesion receptors, integrins also function as signaling receptors and have been shown to regulate reorganization of the cytoskeleton, intracellular ion transport, lipid metabolism,...
Wavelet subspaces with an oversampling property

Abstract In the classical Shannon sampling theorem, the same sequence of functions is both orthonormal and a sampling sequence. This is not true for most wavelet subspaces in which the sampling functions and the orthonormal bases are different. However by oversampling at double the rate the property of the Shannon wavelets is extended to a much larger class which includes the Meyer wavelets. In fact together with another condition, it characterizez them.
Microvascular perfusion and transport in the diabetic heart

Diabetes is a chronic disease of metabolic dysfunction that is increasing world-wide. The hyperglycemia associated with diabetes causes significant protein alterations and an oxidative stress. In the heart, all cell types are affected by diabetes: the myocyte, the vasculature and the blood cells. Four out of five diabetics die from ischemic heart disease and stroke, suggesting that the diabetic is quite vulnerable to ischemic injury. It is important to understand the pathophysiologic challenges that occur in the diabetic heart in order to develop thoughtful treatments to limit this serious complication. This review focuses on the anatomical and functional alterations that occur in the diabetic circulation of the heart, with emphasis on the coronary microcirculation. Coronary microvascular dysfunction combined with blood cellular alterations are presented to explain the amplified oxidative stress that occurs in the diabetic heart under ischemic conditions.
Devices and monitoring during neonatal ECMO: survey results.

A survey of active ECMO centres regarding neonatal ECMO equipment and personnel was obtained by telephone interview in late summer 1989. Forty-seven of the centres in the USA listed in the Ann Arbor ELSO (Extracorporeal Life Support Organization) Registry at the time (>90%) were contacted and all participated. Nearly all use a roller pump, while less than 5% use a centrifugal pump. All programmes use a SciMed membrane oxygenator and 91 % a SciMed heat exchanger. Heat exchanger water sources include the Gaymar T-pump (42%), Seabrook (25%) and Cincinnati Sub-Zero (23%) units. Eighty-seven per cent use a bladder box servo-regulated to the roller pump; these are most often custom-made (69%) but 13% of programmes use a commercially available (Seabrook) bladder box. Ten per cent use a pressure-regulated roller pump rather than a conventional (displacement) bladder box to detect decreases in venous return. Nearly 80% monitor circuit line pressures between the pump and patient. Seventeen per cent use an air bubbl...
Thyroid hormones stimulate in vivo oxygen consumption of adult Rana pipiens berlandieri at high environmental temperatures.

Abstract Thyroxine injected frogs ( Rana pipiens berlandieri ) showed a 25.2% increase in oxygen consumption after 17 days of injection. Frogs injected with thyroid powder showed a 36.8% increase after only 3 days of injection.
Hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass alters oxygen/glucose uptake in the pediatric brain

Abstract Objectives: Neurologic morbidity related to cardiac surgery has been recognized as a major morbidity. A variety of causes related to cardiopulmonary bypass, including microemboli, nonpulsatile flow, hemodilution, and inflammatory mediation, have been proposed. Because oxygen and glucose are the predominant metabolic substrates for the brain, we sought to examine the uptake of these substrates by the pediatric brain during hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass. Methods: Eleven children (median age 5 months, range 1 day-17 years) undergoing a variety of cardiac surgical procedures with the use of hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass were studied. Cerebral arteriovenous differences for oxygen, glucose, and lactate were obtained before, during, and after bypass. On the basis of the predictable stoichiometric relationship for the oxidation of glucose, the relationship of substrate uptake was expressed as the oxygen/glucose index. Oxygen/glucose index (%) = (arteriovenous oxygen difference [μmol/mL]/arteriovenous glucose difference [μmol/mL] × 6) × 100 Results: All children survived with no obvious neurologic sequelae. During cooling on cardiopulmonary bypass, the oxygen/glucose indexes fell significantly from prebypass values (53% ± 19% at 28°C and 54% ± 25% at 24°C vs 117% ± 70%; P P Conclusions: Hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass alters the relationship between oxygen and glucose uptake in the pediatric brain. The relationship of these findings to bypass-related neurologic morbidity remains to be explored. (J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2001;121:366-73)
Kinetic-structural analysis of neuronal growth cone veil motility.

Neuronal growth cone advance was investigated by correlative light and electron microscopy carried out on chick dorsal root ganglion cells. Advance was analyzed in terms of the two principal organelles responsible for protrusive motility in the growth cone – namely, veils and filopodia. Veils alternated between rapid phases of protrusion and retraction. Electron microscopy revealed characteristic structural differences between the phases. Our results provide a significant advance in three respects: first, protruding veils are comprised of a densely branched network of actin filaments that is lamellipodial in appearance and includes the Arp2/3 complex. On the basis of this structural and biomarker evidence, we infer that the dendritic nucleation and/or array-treadmilling mechanism of protrusive motility is conserved in veil protrusion of growth cones as in the motility of fibroblasts; second, retracting veils lack dendritic organization but contain a sparse network of long filaments; and third, growth cone filopodia have the capacity to nucleate dendritic networks along their length, a property consistent with veil formation seen at the light microscopic level but not previously understood in supramolecular terms. These elements of veil and filopodial organization, when taken together, provide a conceptual framework for understanding the structural basis of growth cone advance.
Rearrangement of chromosome 15 in the region q11.2→q12 in an individual with obesity syndrome and her normal mother

Rearrangements of the proximal long arm of chromosome 15 have been found in most patients with the Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) and in some with Angelman syndrome. We present an individual with syndromic obesity and her normal mother, who both have an abnormal chromosome 15. The proposita is a 26-year-old woman with marked obesity, acanthosis nigricans, short fingers, and severe cone degeneration of the retina. She has high plasma insulin levels, hypothyroidism, and an empty sella on CT scan. High-resolution chromosome banding demonstrated an increase in band 15q12. Further analysis showed the same abnormal 15 in her normal mother but not in her normal sister. This case and recent reports in the literature indicate that duplications of chromosome 15q in the PWS region may be associated with a syndrome of obesity, acanthosis nigricans, empty sella, and rodcore dystrophy as well as with a normal phenotype. Whether normal individuals with such a duplication carry increased risk of having offspring with an obesity syndrome is yet to be determined.
A fully automated method for immunochemical quantitation by passive hemolysis inhibition.

Abstract A single-channel fully automated continuous flow system, employing Auto-Analyzer components, for immuno-chemical quantitation by passive hemolysis inhibition is described. An optical erythrocyte counter is used as the detection device. The system has been applied to measurements of Insulin, Ferritin, Transferrin, Ceruloplasmin, Fibrinogen and Immunoglobulins; its maximum sensitivity is in the range of 0·1 to 0·4 μg/ml of these substances. Productivity should be in excess of 200 tests per day; results are available 30 min after sampling. These automated techniques should be particularly useful in mass screening programs for disease states and in research requiring numerous accurate quantitative determinations in complex biological fluids of antigen which occur in concentrations of 0·2 μg/ml or greater.
Development of a new oxidation stability test method for lubricating oils using high-pressure differential scanning calorimetry

There is an industry-wide need for a rapid oxidation bench test that can be used to establish the oxidation stability of engine oils, greases, transmission and hydraulic fluids, turbine oils and vegetable oils. The oxidation stability of lubricants as estimated by high-pressure differential scanning calorimeter (PDSC) has long been of interest to the thermal science community. A group of industrial lubricating oils were used to establish a relationship between certain standard variables and oxidation induction times (OITs) by PDSC. The variables studied were temperature, pressure, heating rate, sample mass, sample pan types, soluble catalyst concentration and gas flow rate. Several oxidation induction time methods were developed to rank a series of lubricating oils. These results correlated well with an oxidation stability test (ASTM D943) used widely to characterize industrial oils. The new method is rapid, employs a soluble metal catalyst and requires only microliter samples for testing with good precision.
A Monte Carlo investigation of the Fisher Z transformation for normal and nonnormal distributions.

The Fisher transformation of the sample correlation coefficient r (1915, 1921) and two related techniques by Gayen (1951) and Jeyaratnam (1992) are examined for robustness to nonnormality. Monte Carlo analyses compare combinations of sample sizes and population parameters for seven bivariate distributions. The Fisher, Gayen, and Jeyaratnam approaches are shown to provide useful results for a bivariate normal distribution with any population correlation coefficient ρ and for nonnormal bivariate distributions when ρ = 0. In contrast, the techniques are virtually useless for nonnormal bivariate distributions when ρ#0.0. Surprisingly, small samples are found to provide better estimates than large samples for skewed and symmetric heavy-tailed bivariate distributions.
Cooling Process for Precipitation Strengthening of Vanadium in Ferrite

The precipitation of vanadium takes place mainly in ferrite by interphase precipitation or nucleation on dislocation line, which makes sense for the industry production due to the precipitation strengthening. The objective is to analysize the cooling process of V-steels to exert the precipitation strengthening of vanadium. The steels with 0.09%C-0.055%N/0.0107%N/0.0168%N/0.0193%N-0.08%V/0.085V steel are the researched steel grades. Using solid solubility products model and thermodynamic equation, the full solid solution temperature, nucleation rate curve and PTT curve of precipitation process are calculated. The effect of nitrogen on the precipitation behaviour of V(C,N) in γ and the precipitation of V(C,N) in α are simulated. Based on the calculation results the trial process is determined. The laboratorial trials are carried out with ultra fast cooling. The precipitate particles are observed by TEM. The solid solution amount increases monotonously and the size of precipitate particle decreases with the nitrogen content. The solid solution temperature of 0.055%N, 0.0107%N, 0.0168%N and 0.0193%N are 977.0°C, 1028.0°C, 1062.3 and 1078.9°C respectively. The laboratorial trial results shows that the tensile strength is improved about 100 MPa due to the precipitation strengthening. The relationship between the coiling temperature and the strength is parabolic curve downward and the relationship between the coiling temperature and the elongation is parabolic curve upward. This calculation can determine both the proper nitrogen content and the optimal cooling process. The trial results proves this method is feasible and efficiency.
Design and Packaging of Adeno-Associated Virus Gene Targeting Vectors

Adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors can transduce cells by several mechanisms, including (i) gene addition by chromosomal integration or episomal transgene expression or (ii) gene targeting by modification of homologous chromosomal sequences. The latter process can be used to correct a variety of mutations in chromosomal genes with high fidelity and specificity. In this study, we used retroviral vectors to introduce mutant alkaline phosphatase reporter genes into normal human cells and subsequently corrected these mutations with AAV gene targeting vectors. We find that increasing the length of homology between the AAV vector and the target locus improves gene correction rates, as does positioning the mutation to be corrected in the center of the AAV vector genome. AAV-mediated gene targeting increases with time and multiplicity of infection, similar to AAV-mediated gene addition. However, in contrast to gene addition, genotoxic stress did not affect gene targeting rates, suggesting that different cellular factors are involved. In the course of these studies, we found that (i) vector genomes less than half of wild-type size could be packaged as monomers or dimers and (ii) packaged dimers consist of inverted repeats with covalently closed hairpins at either end. These studies should prove helpful in designing AAV gene targeting vectors for basic research or gene therapy.
In Vitro Cultivation of Cryptosporidium Species

The in vitro cultivation of protozoan parasites of the genus Cryptosporidium has advanced significantly in recent years. These obligate, intracellular parasites colonize the epithelium of the digestive and respiratory tracts, are often difficult to obtain in significant numbers, produce durable oocysts that defy conventional chemical disinfection methods, and are persistently infectious when stored at refrigerated temperatures (4 to 8°C). While continuous culture and efficient life cycle completion (oocyst production) have not yet been achieved in vitro, routine methods for parasite preparation and cell culture infection and assays for parasite life cycle development have been established. Parasite yields may be limited, but in vitro growth is sufficient to support a variety of research studies, including assessing potential drug therapies, evaluating oocyst disinfection methods, and characterizing life cycle stage development and differentiation.
Algorithmic techniques for computer vision on a fine-grained parallel machine

The authors describe several fundamentally useful primitive operations and routines and illustrate their usefulness in a wide range of familiar version processes. These operations are described in terms of a vector machine model of parallel computation. They use a parallel vector model because vector models can be mapped onto a wide range of architectures. They also describe implementing these primitives on a particular fine-grained machine, the connection machine. It is found that these primitives are applicable in a variety of vision tasks. Grid permutations are useful in many early vision algorithms, such as Gaussian convolution, edge detection, motion, and stereo computation. Scan primitives facilitate simple, efficient solutions of many problems in middle- and high-level vision. Pointer jumping, using permutation operations, permits construction of extended image structures in logarithmic time. Methods such as outer products, which rely on a variety of primitives, play an important role of many high-level algorithms. >
Systems Biology Update: Cell Type-Specific Transcriptional Regulatory Networks

Plant cells use regulatory networks composed of numerous components, such as DNA, RNA, proteins, and small molecules, to regulate multiple biological processes, allowing plants to adapt to changing environments or to respond to developmental cues. The availability of high-throughput experimental
Exploring Interruptions in the Wild How are Interruptions Experienced in Dynamic Action Teams

In the healthcare domain, interruptions to procedures have the potential to result in severe patient harm and in some cases can be fatal. However, it is difficult to determine whether this holds true for complex healthcare team environments that may not mirror the interruption anatomy studied in the laboratory. The investigation of interruptions in trauma resuscitation teams can provide insight into how these complex healthcare teams are affected by interruptions and what types of interruption management strategies are in place to mitigate potential adverse effects. The goal of this qualitative inquiry was to determine how interruptions are experienced and managed in the dynamic environment of trauma resuscitation. The results have provided the first insights into interrupted task performance in a complex healthcare team environment.
Empirical correlates of low scores on MMPI-2/MMPI-2-RF restructured clinical scales in a sample of university students.

In the present study, the authors explored the meaning of low scores on the MMPI-2/MMPI-2-RF restructured clinical (RC) scales. Using responses of a sample of university students (N = 811), the authors examined whether low (T 65) score levels on the RC scales are differentially associated with multidimensional personality questionnaire (MPQ)-defined personality descriptions. Eleven primary MPQ scales and three higher order MPQ scales (negative emotionality, positive emotionality, and constraint) were used to yield these descriptions. MANOVAs were conducted for each RC scale and followed up by univariate ANOVAs and post hoc Dunnett T3 tests to identify reliable RC-scale-defined group differences for the individual MPQ scales. For those cases that exhibited significant differences between the low and within-normal subgroups on the Dunnett T3 tests, effect sizes were computed. The authors identified and discussed meaningful MPQ-based personality characteristics of the low scoring subjects.
Prediction of amino acid profiles in feed ingredients

Linear regression (LR) has been used to predict the amino acid (AA) profiles of feed ingredients, given proximate analysis (PA) input. Artificial neural networks (ANN) have also been trained to predict AA levels, generally with better results. Past projects have indicated that ANN more effectively identified the complex relationship between nutrients and feed ingredients than did LR. It was shown that the maximum R2 value, a measurement of the amount of variability explained by the model, was highest when a general regression neural network (GRNN) with iterative calibration (GRNNIT) was used to train the ANN. This was in comparison to LR, Ward backpropagation (WBP) or 3-layer backpropagation (3BP) architectures. The current study investigated the potential of a new, advanced method of calibration using the genetic algorithm (GA) to optimize GRNN smoothing values. Calibration of an ANN allows the neural network to generalize well and therefore provide good results on new data. A GRNN architecture (NeuroShell 2® Software) with GA calibration (GRNNGA) was used to train an ANN to predict AA levels in maize, soya bean meal (SBM), meat and bone meal, fish meal and wheat, based on proximate analysis input. Within the GRNNGA architecture, ANN were trained with either an Euclidean or City Block distance metric and a (0,1), (−1,1), (logistic) or (tanh) input scale. Predictive performance was judged on the basis of the maximum R2 value. In general, maximum R2 values were higher when the GA calibration was used in comparison to LR. For example, the highest methionine (MET) R2 value for SBM was 0.54 (LR), 0.81 (3BP), 0.87 (WBP), 0.92 (GRNNIT) and 0.98 (GRNNGA). Genetic algorithm calibration of GRNN architecture led to further improvements in ANN performance for AA level predictions in most of the cases studied. Exceptions were the TSAA level in SBM (0.94 with GRNNIT vs. 0.90 with GRNNGA) and the TRY level in maize (0.88 with GRNNIT vs. 0.61 with GRNNGA).
The abuse of prescription medications: borderline personality patients in psychiatric versus non-psychiatric settings.

Objective:In this study, the prevalence of prescription substance abuse among those with borderline personality symptomatology was examined in a large cohort of respondents who participated in one ...
Numerical Tests of the Weak Pressure Gradient Approximation

AbstractCloud-resolving simulations of convection over a surface temperature hot spot are used to evaluate the weak pressure gradient (WPG) and weak temperature gradient (WTG) approximations. The premise of the relaxed form of WTG—that vertical velocity is equal to buoyancy times a positive time scale—is found to be violated by thick layers of negative buoyancy in steady-state ascent. The premise of WPG—that horizontal divergence and pressure anomalies are collocated—is validated by these simulations. When implemented in a cloud-resolving model, WPG replicates buoyancy transients exceptionally well, including the adiabatic lifting of air below buoyancy anomalies. WTG captures neither this effect nor the associated triggering of moist convection. For steady states, WTG produces vertical velocity profiles that are too top heavy. On the other hand, WPG generates velocity profiles that closely match fully resolved hot-spot simulations. Taken together, the evidence suggests that WPG is a relatively accurate me...
Leaf area index and site water balance of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) across a precipitation gradient in East Texas

Abstract Leaf area index (LAI, m2 m−2) and site water balance were measured in closed-canopy loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) plantations in East Texas. LAI was measured using littertrap collections and the LI-COR LAI-2000 Plant Canopy Analyzer (PCA) and site water balance was determined using a model developed by Thornthwaite and Mather [Thornthwaite, C.W., Mather, J.R., 1957. The water balance. Publications in Climatol. Vol. 8, pp. 1–104.]. The site water balance model uses precipitation, temperature and soil texture and moisture holding capacity to determine the balance of moisture inputs and outputs. The relationship between loblolly pine LAI and soil moisture availability indices (actual evapotranspiration and moisture deficit) was analyzed across a naturally occurring 50-cm precipitation gradient in East Texas. Results indicated no significant relationship between LAI using the PCA estimates and actual evapotranspiration (r2=0.062) or moisture deficit (r2=0.057). The lack of correlation was attributed to the deviation from historical precipitation patterns during the years just prior to sampling, which largely eliminated the precipitation gradient during the sampling period. One interesting result was the significant relationship found between LAI and nutrient content of the pine foliage. Although no correlation was found with PCA-based LAI, a significant correlation was found between littertrap LAI estimates and foliar concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus (r2=0.863 and 0.873, respectively), suggesting that, given the recent precipitation patterns, site fertility may be a stronger determinant of stand LAI than water availability.
Microcomputer/Videodisc System for Construction Education

Abstract: This paper addresses the need to improve the flexibility, productivity and effectiveness of educational methods, especially in teaching subjects invoving largescale phenomena that do not lend themselves well to lectures or laboratory experiments. The central part presents a multimedia educational system for teching construction equipment and methods. It describes the main objectives in developing this system, and illustrates its upproach with one ofn the prototype modules that deals with earthmoving scrapers. The educational results are mentined, along with suggestions for cooperation among universities to make more systems of this type widely available. The description of the development methodology also coments on its limitations, but these are rapidly being overcome with improved standards and availability of similar tools on other computers.
Superresolution image reconstruction using panchromatic and multispectral image fusion

Hyperspectral imagery is used for a wide variety of applications, including target detection, tacking, agricultural monitoring and natural resources exploration. The main reason for using hyperspectral imagery is that these images reveal spectral information about the scene that is not available in a single band. Unfortunately, many factors such as sensor noise and atmospheric scattering degrade the spatial quality of these images. Recently, many algorithms are introduced in the literature to improve the resolution of hyperspectral images using co-registered high special-resolution imagery such as panchromatic imagery. In this paper, we propose a new algorithm to enhance the spatial resolution of low resolution hyperspectral bands using strongly correlated and co-registered high special-resolution panchromatic imagery. The proposed algorithm constructs the superresolution bands corresponding to the low resolution bands to enhance the resolution using a global correlation enhancement technique. The global enhancement is based on the least square regression and the histogram matching to improve the estimated interpolation of the spatial resolution. The introduced algorithm is considered as an improvement for Price’s algorithm which uses the global correlation only for the spatial resolution enhancement. Numerous studies are conducted to investigate the effect of the proposed algorithm for achieving the enhancement compared to the traditional algorithm for superresolution enhancement. Experiments results obtained using hyperspectral data derived from airborne imaging sensor are presented to verify the superiority of the proposed algorithm.
Impact of size effects on the resistivity of copper wires and consequently the design and performance of metal interconnect networks

The impact of surface and grain boundary scattering on the design of multi-level interconnect networks and their latency distributions is reported. For the 18-nm technology node (year 2018), it is shown that, despite more than 4/spl times/ increase in resistivity of copper for minimum size interconnects, the increase in the number of metal levels is negligible (less than 6.7%), and interconnects that will be affected most are so short that their impact on the chip performance is inconsequential.
Predicting the Onset of Flash Sintering

Analyzing the temperature trajectory during flash sintering, this study demonstrates that Joule heating alone is responsible for thermal runaway that is the most likely cause for rapid densification. The calculated onset temperature Ton is in good agreement with the literature data. As predicted by the analysis the Ton data follow a 1/Ton~log(field) linear dependence, which affords an expeditious means to estimate the activation energy of resistivity/conductivity of the sintered ceramics.
Fluorescent Dye and Media Properties Affecting Sorption and Tracer Selection

This paper discusses the importance of fluorescent dye sorption when selecting dyes for tracer studies. The effect of dye and media properties on dye sorption was evaluated using four fluorescent dyes (fluorescein, rhodamine B, rhodamine WT, and sul-forhodamine B), two oppositely charged mineral surfaces (alumina and silica), and n-octanol (as a neutral organic phase). Fluorescein, which has only negative functional groups, sorbed least onto negatively charged silica but most onto positively charged alumina. The rhodamine dyes, with a permanent positive charge and negatively charged functional groups, sorbed onto both alumina and silica. Sulforhodamine B, with two strongly electronegative sulfonic groups, sorbed less onto negatively charged silica than did rhodamine WT, which has two carboxyl groups. Dye partitioning into n-octanol was strongly pH dependent with fluorescein being the most hydrophobic, followed by rhodamine WT and sulforhodamine B. Since fluorescent dyes are subject to sorption, dye selection should be based on their chemical properties, media characteristics, and laboratory batch and column studies.
A Shift from Phonological Recoding to Direct Access in Reading as a Result of Previous Exposure

The present study examined the effect of repeated exposures of a visually presented phrase on the mode of lexical access (phonological recoding vs. visual mediation) used. Subjects made meaningfulness decisions about two- and three-word phrases. Following five exposures to each phrase, some of which sounded meaningful but were not (“drops of do”), and others which were neither (“nut and bout”), the significant reaction time advantage on the first exposure for rejecting the latter phrase type was eliminated. Results supported the dual access hypothesis that subjects use phonological recoding upon initial exposure to a phrase, but following repeated exposures are able to use direct visual access. A dual access model compatible with these results is discussed.
Obesity increases nociceptive activation of the trigeminal system.

Background Obesity is a risk factor associated with several pain syndromes. However, the mechanisms underlying the association between obesity and pain are not known. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that obesity enhances neuronal responses to nociceptive stimulation within the trigeminal nucleus caudalis (TNC). Methods Male and female C57BL/6J mice were fed a high-fat or regular diet from the time of weaning until 20 weeks of age. We then quantified neuronal activation by measuring Fos immunoreactivity within the TNC in response to a facial injection of a low dose of capsaicin (1 μg/10 μL). Results We found that 0.01% capsaicin did not significantly increase Fos immunoreactivity in control mice fed a regular diet. In contrast, this low dose of capsaicin caused a 3.3-fold increase in Fos in the TNC in obese mice (p < 0.001). Conclusions These results support the hypothesis that diet-induced obesity in mice enhances nociceptive processing within the TNC. Diet-induced obesity may be a useful model for mechanistic studies. Future studies will improve our understanding of how obesity may contribute to trigeminal pain by sensitizing the trigeminal nociceptive system.
Bureaucratic Ethics: IRBs and the Legal Regulation of Human Subjects Research

Much of the literature on human subject regulation asserts that Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) have failed at the task of regulating human subjects research. These critiques of IRB law can be grouped into three loose categories: critiques of IRB law as law, critiques of IRBs as regulation, and critiques of IRBs as a system of norm creation. Moving beyond critique, we rethink the literature on IRBs drawing on the tools and scholarship of the social sciences. In particular, we examine human subjects regulation as an insufficient remedy to inequalities between weak and powerful actors, as a site of professional claims- and career-making, and as an occasion for institutionalization. Finally, distinguishing between the regulation of science and the regulation of ethics, we observe that the latter is far more difficult because ethics are contextual and subject to social construction. For these reasons, IRBs often substitute bureaucratic ethics for professional ethics.
Fibrosis-Related Biomarkers and Risk of Total and Cause-Specific Mortality The Cardiovascular Health Study

Fibrosis has been implicated in diverse diseases of the liver, kidney, lungs, and heart, but its importance as a risk factor for mortality remains unconfirmed. We determined the prospective associations of 2 complementary biomarkers of fibrosis, transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and procollagen type III N-terminal propeptide (PIIINP), with total and cause-specific mortality risks among community-living older adults in the Cardiovascular Health Study (1996-2010). We measured circulating TGF-β and PIIINP levels in plasma samples collected in 1996 and ascertained the number of deaths through 2010. Both TGF-β and PIIINP were associated with elevated risks of total and pulmonary mortality after adjustment for sociodemographic, clinical, and biochemical risk factors. For total mortality, the hazard ratios per doubling of TGF-β and PIIINP were 1.09 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.01, 1.17; P = 0.02) and 1.14 (CI: 1.03, 1.27; P = 0.01), respectively. The corresponding hazard ratios for pulmonary mortality were 1.27 (CI: 1.01, 1.60; P = 0.04) for TGF-β and 1.52 (CI: 1.11, 2.10; P = 0.01) for PIIINP. Associations of TGF-β and PIIINP with total and pulmonary mortality were strongest among individuals with higher C-reactive protein concentrations (P for interaction < 0.05). Our findings provide some of the first large-scale prospective evidence that circulating biomarkers of fibrosis measured late in life are associated with death.
Use of gonadotropin-releasing hormone for hastening ovulation in transitional mares

Natural GnRH and its analog have potential for hastening ovulation in mares. A study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of a GnRH agonist given either as an injectable or s.c. implant for induction of ovulation in mares. Forty-five seasonally anestrous mares (March) were assigned to one of three groups (n = 15/group): 1) untreated controls; 2) i.m. injection of the GnRH agonist buserelin at 12-h intervals (40 micrograms/injection for 28 d or until ovulation) and 3) GnRH agonist administered as a s.c. implant (approximately 100 micrograms/24 h for 28 d). Six mares per group were bled on d 0, 7, 14 and 21 after injection or insertion of implant. Samples were taken at -1, -.5 and 0 h and at .5, 1, 1.5, 2, 4, 6 and 8 h after GnRH. Additional daily samples were drawn for 28 d after injection or until ovulation. Samples were assayed for concentration of LH and FSH. Progesterone concentrations were determined in samples collected on d 4, 6 and 10 after ovulation. Number and size of follicles and detection of ovulation were determined by ultrasonography. Number of mares induced to ovulate within 30 d was 0 of 15, 7 of 15 and 9 of 15 for groups 1, 2 and 3, respectively. During treatment, follicle sizes were smaller for mares in group 3 (implant). The LH response to GnRH agonist (area under curve) was similar among groups at d 0 but was greater (P less than .05) for mares in group 3 on d 7 and 14 and groups 2 and 3 on d 21 than for controls. A similar pattern was detected for peak concentrations of LH after GnRH on d 0, 7, 14 and 21. Daily concentrations of LH remained low in untreated control mares compared with GnRH-treated mares throughout the sampling period. Concentrations of LH for mares in group 3 that ovulated were elevated greatly above those for group 2 mares, whereas concentrations of FSH were similar in both treatment groups prior to ovulation.
Isolating the Effect of Molecular Weight on Ion Transport of Non-Ionic Diblock Copolymer/Ionic Liquid Mixtures

The effects of molecular weight and microdomain orientation on the ionic conductivities of poly(styrene-b-methyl methacrylate) diblock copolymer/1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (SM/IL) mixtures are assessed through complementary experimental and theoretical techniques. Small-angle X-ray scattering revealed that SM/IL mixtures have anisotropic lamellar morphologies, preferentially oriented parallel to the casting substrate. A method for quantifying the morphology factor, or microdomain orientation within the Sax–Ottino model, using 2-D SAXS data is presented and applied to SM/IL mixtures. Ionic conductivity increases by up to an order of magnitude with a 2-fold increase in molecular weight, even when accounting for the morphology type, composition, microdomain orientation, and PMMA/IL glass transition temperature. Self-consistent field theory calculations predict a nonuniform solvent distribution in PMMA/IL microdomains, suggesting that polymer mobility and ion transport are r...
Modelling confrontation naming and discourse performance in aphasia

Background: It is well documented in the literature that the ability to produce discourse is what matters most to people with aphasia (PWA) and their families. However, quantifying discourse in typical clinical settings is a challenging task due to its dynamic and multiply determined nature. As a result, professionals often depend on confrontation naming tests to identify and measure impaired underlying cognitive mechanisms that are also hypothesised to be important for discourse production.Aims: The main goals of the study were to investigate the extent to which confrontation naming test (CNT) scores are predictive of (i) the proportion of paraphasias in connect speech, and (ii) the amount of information PWA can effectively communicate.Methods & Procedures: Data from 98 monolingual PWA were retrieved from AphasiaBank and analysed using structural equation modelling. Performance in CNTs was modelled as a latent variable based on the Boston Naming Test, the Western Aphasia Battery–R Naming Subtest, and the...
Thyroid in Pulmonary Injury Induced by 02 in High Concentration at Atmospheric Pressure.

Summary1. In a study of the influence of O2 in high concentrations (94% at atmospheric pressure) it was found that the administration of desiccated thyroid augments the adverse effects of O2 on normal and on hypophysectomized rats as shown 1) by a shortening of both the onset of the symptoms—hyperpnea, lethargy, dyspnea, coma—and the survival times, and 2) by increasing the severity of macroscopic pathological changes, including massive pleural effusion and hydrothorax, congestion, oedema and hepatization of the lungs and enlargement and congestion of the liver. 2. The pronounced protection which hypophy-sectomy provides against the adverse pulmonary effects of increased O2 is in large degree counteracted by the administration of thyroid to the hypophysectomized animal. This protection is, therefore, attributable not only to the loss of adrenocortical principles but also to the loss of thyrotropin. The possible involvement of an increased CO2 in the thyroid effects is discussed.
Molecular markers located on the DGAT1, CAST, and LEPR genes and their associations with milk production and fertility traits in Holstein cattle

The objective of the present study was to investigate single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) located in three candidate genes previously reported to have effects on fertility and milk production traits in a population of 123 Holstein cows. The milk production traits evaluated included lifetime averages of milk yield, protein concentration, and fat concentration. Fertility traits evaluated included lifetime averages of services per conception and days-open. Candidate genes included those encoding diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT1), leptin receptor (LEPR), and calpastatin (CAST). A total of 60 SNPs were selected (20 per gene) at equidistant locations on each candidate gene to identify potential linkage with causative mutations. Four SNPs were identified as being significantly associated with the evaluated fertility traits. Specifically, SNPs rs109663724 and rs137673193 were significantly associated with lifetime average days-open, while rs109663724 and rs135560721 were significantly associated with lifetime average number of services per conception. Five SNP (rs109663724, rs132699547, rs135423283, rs135576599, and rs13675432) were significantly associated with lifetime averages of milk protein concentration and milk fat concentration, with only one SNP (rs109663724) being significantly associated with the average lifetime milk yield. Although multiple SNPs were identified in the current study as being significantly associated with milk production and fertility traits, it is essential that these SNPs are validated in larger populations, under more diverse environments, and that additional SNPs and candidate genes are evaluated prior to their implementation into selection strategies.
Rorschach space response and aggression.

Summary.-The study investigated the construct validity of the Rorschach space response by factor analyzing the stress-coping reactions to highly stressful conditions. Self-report reactions to stress of 173 medical students measured on the Habits of Nervous Tension showed that space responding loaded highest on a factor identified as "anger affect" and secondarily loaded negatively on a factor identified as "regressive withdrawal." Findings were consistent with earlier results for space response on validity. The interpretation of oppositional tendencies for the Rorschach space response (S) remains the most prominent and frequently employed meaning in spite of the only meager support for its validity. Reviews of S responses have concluded that "the behavior attributed to S has not been proved'' (Beck & Molish, 1967) and the "full meaning of S remains to be fully explored" (Fonda, 1977). Alternate interpretations for S responses suggest significant traits to be ego strength, aggression, paranoid tendencies, and obsessive-compulsive features. The present study exam~ned the constructs underlying S responses by factor analyzing the stress-coping to highly stressful conditions with the expectation of providing additional information on construct validity. From a larger pool of 570 medical students (527 male and 43 female), whose average age was 23.8 yr. (Thomas, Freed, & Ross, 1971) a subgroup of 173 was selected who had taken both the Habits of Nervous Tension (Thomas, 1966), a selfreport measure of subjects' reactions to stressful conditions which was adopted from the Thomas study, and the individual Rorschach test administered and scored in accordance with the principles of Beck. To control for the effects of Rorschach productivity (R) on the determination of S% protocols with extreme Rs, less than 28 and more than 80
Sobre educação, antropologia, ética e linguagem, na era tecnológica

This paper develops fundamental issues of Brazilian education as anthropology, Ethics and Thecnology in order to discuss profoundly and contribute to discussions and actions to improve a sustainable development. The work points out anthropology as a first philosophy and the solicitude ethics as main dimentions of teacher formation. The work develops also communication and technological problems to significant learning.
Implantable ferrite antenna for biomedical applications

We have developed a miniaturized implantable ferrite antenna, operating in the industrial, scientific, and medical band (2.4–2.5 GHz). The dip-coated NiCo ferrite films effectively reduces the antenna resonance by 110 MHz, with a 4.2 dB reflection coefficient improvement as compared with an antenna without ferrite. The ferrite antenna also reveals a 6 dBi and 35 MHz improvement in realized gain and −10 dB bandwidth, respectively, at resonance. The effects of ferrite film loading on antenna performance are further investigated with parametric simulations and experimental comparisons.© 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 58:2745–2749, 2016
Two stories, one vision: A plea for an ecological turn in intercultural communication

ABSTRACTThis paper calls for a “fifth moment” in the field of intercultural communication that re-examines modern culture’s values, beliefs, and assumptions about human being in the world and the role of such in fomenting today’s ongoing planetary-wide ecological crises. To conduct this re-examination, we turn to ethnoautobiography, a framework rooted in story and in the indigenous paradigm. We raise deep questions regarding the default assumptions of a discipline ensconced almost exclusively within the monocultural logic of modern culture and civilization. We end by posing key problematics that we deem crucial for renewing the discipline toward contemporary relevance, ecological awareness, and responsibility.
Evolving therapies for the management of chronic and acute decompensated heart failure

Purpose The pharmacology, clinical efficacy, and safety profiles of evolving therapies for the management of chronic heart failure (HF) and acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) are described. Summary HF confers a significant financial burden despite the widespread use of traditional guideline-directed medical therapies such as angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, β-blockers, and aldosterone receptor antagonists, and the rates of HF-related mortality and hospitalization have remained unacceptably high. In response to a demand for novel pharmacologic agents, several therapeutic compounds have recently gained approval or are currently under review by the Food and Drug Administration. Sacubitril–valsartan has demonstrated benefit in reducing cardiovascular mortality and HF-related hospitalizations in clinical trials, while ivabradine and ferric carboxymaltose have proven efficacious in reducing HF-related hospitalizations. Lastly, the role of serelaxin in ADHF is currently under investigation in an ongoing Phase III study. While large, outcome-driven clinical trials are fundamental in informing the clinical application of these therapeutic agents, careful patient selection is imperative to ensuring similar outcomes postmarketing. In addition, optimization of current guideline-directed medical therapy remains essential as new therapies emerge and are incorporated into guideline recommendations. Additional therapeutic agents currently undergoing investigation include bucindolol hydrochloride, cimaglermin alfa, nitroxyl, omecamtiv mecarbil, TRV027, and ularitide. Clinical practitioners should remain abreast of emerging literature so that new therapeutic entities are optimally applied and positive patient outcomes are achieved. Conclusion Recently introduced agents for the treatment of patients with HF include sacubitril–valsartan, ivabradine, and ferric carboxymaltose. Additional agents worthy of attention include serelaxin and other therapies currently under investigation.