cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The tomato high-pigment (hp) locus maps to chromosome 2 and influences plastome copy number and fruit quality.

The tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) high-pigment (hp) locus was originally described as having enhanced fruit-quality characteristics and has also been shown to regulate responses to light during growth and development. Specifically, the hp phenotype suggests that the normal HP gene-product serves as a negative regulator of light signal-transduction, as has been proposed for many of the previously described Arabidopsis thaliana photomorphogenic mutants. Consequently, hp represents a tool for both genetic dissection of light signal-transduction and manipulation of fruit quality in tomato. As a first step toward isolation of the HP gene, the hp locus was mapped to tomato chromosome 2, adjacent to the 45s rDNA locus, using DNA markers and an interspecific cross of L. esculentum×L. cheesmannii. We have simultaneously identified DNA markers which may be useful for gene isolation and marker-assisted selection. We have additionally extended characterization of the hp phenotype to demonstrate increased sucrose and flavonoid accumulation in ripe hp/hp fruit. Analysis of plastid DNA copy number relative to genomic DNA content indicates that the hp locus regulates plastome DNA concentration, and possibly plastid number, in response to light.
Segmental mastectomy without radiotherapy short-term follow-up

Short-term treatment failures following 43 segmental mastectomies without radiation therapy and 157 total mastectomies for primary operable breast cancer Stages I and II (T1-2, N0-1, M0) are compared. Although not randomized by design, the patients in the two treatment groups were of similar age and had tumors of comparable histologic type, size, grade, and stage. The overall recurrence rates in an average follow-up of 24 months (range, 6-48 months) were 5% for patients treated by standard mastectomy and 19% for those treated by segmental mastectomy. Recurrence rates in patients with the more commonly encountered carcinomas of 11 to 50 mm in size treated by surgery alone were 7.5% for total mastectomy and 28.0% for segmental mastectomy. Nearly all of this difference relates to a higher frequency of local recurrence in the segmental mastectomy group (P = less than 0.005). Recurrent disease in both groups developed at comparable intervals, averaging 17 months for segmental mastectomy and 16 months for total mastectomy. Using a serial subgross technique, which permitted detection of clinically unsuspected involvement of resection margin by microscopic foci of carcinoma, it was noted that such involvement was an important prognostic indicator for local recurrence. Five of eleven breast resections with this feature developed local recurrence, compared with only 3 of 32 without such involvement of the resection margin.
Protonic conduction in Ba2In2O5

Abstract Protonic conduction in Ba 2 In 2 O 5 was studied by conductivity and EMF measurements as a function of temperature and oxygen activity. Evidence for protonic conduction was found in this material in moist atmospheres, especially at low temperatures. Three regions of protonic conduction in the Arrhenius plot have been observed and analyzed. At low temperatures ( T ΔH H , m = 0.77 eV) has been obtained from conductivity measurements. At intermediate temperatures between the oxygen order-disorder transition temperature ( T d = 925 °C) and 400 °C, equilibrium with moist atmospheres can be reached. Considering the oxygen vacancy and proton formation mechanisms, the proton formation enthalpy for consuming one H 2 O and creating two protons ( ΔH H , F = −0.90 eV) has been obtained. The observed proton conductivity transition at the oxygen order-disorder transition temperature directly confirms the proton formation mechanism by incorporation of H 2 O molecules into oxygen vacancies.
A Large, Symptomatic, Left Adrenal Mass

A man in his 40s presented with sudden left-sided abdominal pain that was sharp, severe, and associated with emesis. He denied fevers, dizziness, or recent trauma. He had no notable medical or surgical history. He was afebrile with normal vital signs. He was well nourished, alert, and in no acute distress. Results of an abdominal examination revealed normoactive bowel sounds, no distention, but tenderness on the left side. Computed tomography (CT) of the abdomen and pelvis with intravenous contrast revealed a 12 × 13 × 11-cm left-sided adrenal mass (Figure 1). Results of laboratory examination revealed plasma levels of metanephrines, normetanephrines, cortisol, renin, and aldosterone within reference limits. Quiz at jamasurgery.com Lossy 120 mm
Identification of Two Cysteines Closely Positioned in the Ligand- Binding Pocket of the Human Estrogen Receptor: Roles in Ligand Binding and Transcriptional Activation

We have previously identified cysteine 530 in the human estrogen receptor (ER) as the major site of attachment for covalently binding affinity ligands and have shown that when this cysteine is mutated to alanine (C530A mutant), the affinity ligand [tamoxifen aziridine (TAZ)] can still bind covalently to the ER, presumably by interaction with a different cysteine(s) in the hormone-binding domain (HBD). Using site-directed mutagenesis, we have determined the alternative ligand attachment site and the functional importance of the cysteines (residues 381, 417, 447, and 530) in the HBD of the ER to the hormone-binding and transcriptional responses to estrogens and antiestrogens. Cysteine 530 plus one or more of these other cysteines were mutated to alanines. Analysis of these mutant ERs expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells provides strong evidence that cysteine 381 is the residue that is preferentially covalently labeled by TAZ in the C530A mutant. Hence, portions of the HBD that are far apart in the linea...
Quantum Theory and Geometry: Sixty Years After von Neumann

This paper is a brief review of some of the developments in the mathematical foundations of quantum mechanics that have taken place since the publication in 1932 of John von Neumann's celebrated treatiseMathematische Grundlagen der Quantenmechanik.
Body composition and grip strength are improved in transgenic sickle mice fed a high-protein diet.

Key pathophysiology of sickle cell anaemia includes compensatory erythropoiesis, vascular injury and chronic inflammation, which divert amino acids from tissue deposition for growth/weight gain and muscle formation. We hypothesised that sickle mice maintained on an isoenergetic diet with a high percentage of energy derived from protein (35 %), as opposed to a standard diet with 20 % of energy derived from protein, would improve body composition, bone mass and grip strength. Male Berkeley transgenic sickle mice (S; n 8–12) were fed either 20 % (S20) or 35 % (S35) diets for 3 months. Grip strength (BIOSEB meter) and body composition (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scan) were measured. After 3 months, control mice had the highest bone mineral density (BMD) and bone mineral content (BMC) (P < 0·005). S35 mice had the largest increase in grip strength. A two-way ANOVA of change in grip strength (P = 0·043) attributed this difference to genotype (P = 0·025) and a trend in type of diet (P = 0·067). l-Arginine (l-Arg) supplementation of the 20 % diet was explored, as a possible mechanism for improvement obtained with the 35 % diet. Townes transgenic sickle mice (TS; n 6–9) received 0·8, 1·6, 3·2 or 6·4 % l-Arg based on the same protocol and outcome measures used for the S mice. TS mice fed 1·6 % l-Arg for 3 months (TS1.6) had the highest weight gain, BMD, BMC and lean body mass compared with other groups. TS3.2 mice showed significantly more improvement in grip strength than TS0·8 and TS1.6 mice (P < 0·05). In conclusion, the high-protein diet improved body composition and grip strength. Outcomes observed with TS1.6 and TS3.2 mice, respectively, confirm the hypothesis and reveal l-Arg as part of the mechanism.
Orienting traditional entering students

A wide variety of interventions and strategies must be used to meet the needs of traditional, eighteen-year-old, just-out-of- high-school, entering students.
Effects of grain boundary passivation on the characteristics of p-channel MOSFETs in LPCVD polysilicon

p-channel MOSFETs in LPCVD polysilicon have been built. Grain boundary passivation using a plasma of hydrogen has been explored as a means of improving the device performance. Dramatic enhancement of drive current and curtailment of leakage current have been observed. The devices are well suited for application as load elements in CMOS static RAMs.
Molecular weight changes in irradiated polypropylene

We have shown by two separate measurements that polypropylene when melted after irradiation undergoes crosslinking from the inception of irradiation. The first proof was an immediate increase in the solution viscosity of a narrow molecular weight fraction of polypropylene. The second proof was the marked change in melt-flow properties on irradiation of a broad molecular weight distribution polypropylene. These findings tend to support one of the two currently held views on the action of radiation on polypropylene. In addition we have confirmed previous reports that melting after irradiation contributes to the overall crosslinking reaction.
Multiculturalism and Information and Communication Technology

Research on multiculturalism and information and communication technology (ICT) has been important to understanding recent history, planning for future large-scale initiatives, and understanding unrealized expectations for social and technological change. This interdisciplinary area of research has examined interactions between ICT and culture at the group and society levels. However, there is debate within the literature as to the nature of the relationship between culture and technology. In this synthesis, we suggest that the tensions result from the competing ideologies that drive researchers, allowing us to conceptualize the relationship between culture and ICT under three primary models, each with its own assumptions: 1) Social informatics, 2) Social determinism, and 3) Technological determinism. Social informatics views the relationship to be one of sociotechnical interaction, in which culture and ICTs affect each other mutually and iteratively, rather than linearly; the vast majority of the literature approach the relationships between ICT and culture under the assumptions of social informatics. From a socially deterministic perspective, ICTs are viewed as the dependent variable in the equation, whereas, from a technologically deterministic perspective, ICTs are an independent variable. The issues of multiculturalism and ICTs attracted much scholarly attention and have been explored under a myriad of contexts, with substantial literature on global development, social and political issues, business and public administration as well as education and scholarly collaboration. We synthesize here research in the areas of global development, social and political issues, and business collaboration. Finally we conclude by proposing under-explored areas for future research directions. Table of Contents: Introduction / Social Informatics Approach to Multiculturalism and ICT: Bidirectional Impacts / Social (Cultural) Deterministic Approach to Multiculturalism and ICTs: ICT as the Dependent Variable / Technological Deterministic Approach to Multiculturalism and ICT: ICT as the Independent Variable / Conclusions / Author Biographies
Physical and mathematical modeling of metal flow in the continuous casting of Steel and Aluminum

For a long time it has been recognized that flow of metal in the liquid pool at the head of a continuous caster can have a significant effect on the operability of the caster and the quality of the steel produced. Poorly engineered flows can result in thinning of the shell produced in the mold, with consequent danger of breakouts, entrapment of inclusions or gas bubbles, as well as macrosegregation. There can be similar impacts of the flow in the DC casting of aluminum, Flows are controlled, in the case of steel casting, by the design of the submerged entry nozzle (SEN) and by auxiliary devices sych as electromagnetic brakes and stirrers. In the case of aluminum casting, it is common practice to place a ceramic “bag” around the SEM to control the flow. Usually the design of these devices involves much empiricism; the metal pools arc hot and difficult to access, and flow measurements are therefore difficult. Some use has been made of mathematical and physical models in developing flow control devices. The difficulty with the former is that the flows are turbulent and in a volume with an irregular geometry; consequently, model predictions are questionable unless tested in some way. Such testing can be done using physical models which can also provide their own insights into the nature of the flow. Unfortunately, most physical modeling of casters in the past has been qualitative, or semi-quantitative. The paper describes a project at Berkeley where quantitative results are being obtained from a physical model of a caster with the help of particle image velocimctry (PIV), In this technique (cross correlation PIV), a digital camera records an image of tracer particles scattered throughout the flow. A second image is recorded 33milliseconds later and the two digital images are interrogated by commercial software (Optical Flow Systems. Edinburgh. Scotland) to determine the motion of the particles from one image to the next and yield a vector map of the flow. The technique has been extended to yield time averaged velocity vectors for turbulent flows (the case in the casters and models) by ensemble averaging the vectors from many pairs of images. Water models, including full sized ones, have been constructed for steel and aluminum casters. Various SENs and bags can be used in the model and their effects measured by PIV. Results show that the orientation of the two ports at the bottom of the SEN has a strong effect on the flow in steel casting. The water model of the aluminum caster has shown the strong effect of the bag geometry, and of bag misalignment, on flow in the liquid pool. The commercial software FIDAP has been used to compute time averaged velocities in the physical models. Agreement between measurements and predictions varies from good to fair, depending on conditions.
Laser-induced decomposition of dimethyl cadmium on a quartz substrate

Abstract The photochemistry of adsorbed dimethyl cadmium at submonolayer levels on a fused quartz surface has been investigated at 193 and 248 nm using a rare-gas fluoride excimer laser. The desorbed gaseous products, which include CH 2 , CH 3 , CH 4 , C 2 H 4 , C 2 H 5 , C 2 H 6 , Cd, CH 3 Cd and (CH 3 ) 2 Cd, have been detected by time-of-flight mass spectrometry with either electron impact or resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization. The translational energies of these desorption products could be characterized in terms of Maxwell-Boltzmann temperatures, T MB ‘ s , which depend strongly on sample dosage (surface coverage), laser fluence and photon energy. The T MB ‘ s of the C 1 and C 2 hydrocarbon species were found to be much lower than those of Cd, CH 3 Cd and (CH 3 ) 2 Cd, suggesting that the electronic excitation/relaxation mechanism may be involved in the desorption of Cd and Cd-containing species. The rotational temperature of the CH 3 radical, determined by analysis of REMPI spectra, was found to be much colder than its translational temperature. A realistic mechanism is proposed for the UV-photochemistry of adsorbed (CH 3 ) 2 Cd.
Enantioselective Chemisorption on Model Chirally Modified Surfaces: 2-Butanol on α-(1-Naphthyl)ethylamine/Pd(111)

The enantioselective adsorption of propylene oxide and 2-butanol is explored on α-(1-naphthyl)-ethylamine (NEA) covered Pd(111) using temperature-programmed desorption (TPD), reflection−absorption ...
Prediction of new tightly-bound states of H2+ (D2+) and “cold fusion” experiments

Abstract It is suggested that in the “cold-fusion” experiments of Fleischmann and Pons and others new tightly-bound molecular states of D2+ are formed with binding energies predicted to be of the order of 50 keV accounting for the heat released without appreciable fusion. Other tests of the suggested mechanism are proposed and the derivation of the new energy levels is given.
Psychosocial responses of children to cardiac pacemakers

To examine the psychosocial responses of children and adolescents with a cardiac pacemaker and compare their responses to those of their peers, we evaluated 30 pediatric pacemaker patients, aged 7 to 19 years, and two age- and sex-matched comparison groups, including 30 patients with similar heart disease but without pacemakers and 30 physically healthy children, using standardized psychometric tests and a specific interview format. We postulated that children with pacemakers would experience greater stress in psychosocial adaptation. No significant differences on standardized measures of trait anxiety, self-competence, or self-esteem were found between the pacemaker group and the comparison groups. In contrast, pacemaker subjects were significantly ( p p p
Infection of cotton by Aspergillus flavus: Epidemiology of the disease

Abstract The amount of damage done to cotton seeds by Aspergillus flavus is nil in the central valley (San Joaquin Valley) of California. Results of our experiments indicate that A. flavus is not apt to be a problem in that area. This is because bolls escape infection, due to the prevailing low relative humidity which allows them to open and dry quickly. Other conditions for infection (namely inoculum potential of the fungus and air temperature) are adequate in the San Joaquin Valley and also in southern California. Moderate to relatively large amounts of infection may occur in southern California, depending upon weather conditions. But in each of the years 1965, 1966, and 1967, significant amounts of seed infection occurred. This is because bolls are prone to infection, and to aflatoxin accumulation, for a greater length of time in southern California than in the San Joaquin Valley. Skip-row planting (4 rows planted and 4 rows unplanted), together with chemically induced defoliation of the lowermost third part of the plants, offers some hope for control of the problem in the field.
The effect of a discontinuity in wall blowing on the turbulent incompressible boundary layer

Abstract Experiments are reported for two-dimensional incompressible turbulent boundary layers for which there was an abrupt change in wall blowing. Skin-friction and mean velocity profile results indicate that asymptotically downstream the flow behaves according to the local momentum thickness Reynolds number and blowing conditions. It is found that during the relaxation length, the flow is separated by a ‘penetration point’ trajectory into an outer region described by upstream conditions and an inner region dependent upon local blowing conditions. The path of these trajectories appear very independent of the downstream wall condition. The penetration point trajectories are found to closely coincide with the last upstream outgoing characteristic of the hyperbolic set of governing partial differential equations presented by Bradshaw, Ferriss and Atwell [4]. These results suggest that the outgoing characteristic is more than a mathematical result and can be observed experimentally with flows with abrupt changes in wall blowing.
Co-stimulation of antigen-specific CD4 T cells by 4-1BB ligand

4-1BB is a member of the TNF receptor family predominantly expressed on activated T cells, and binds an inducible ligand found on B cells, macrophages and dendritic cells. Whereas ligation of 4-1BB has been shown to enhance response of purified CD8 T cells to mitogens, and to augment NK activity and generation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes in vivo, there are little direct data on 4-1BB action during CD4 responses. Using pigeon cytochrome c-presenting fibroblast antigen-presenting cells transfected with 4-1BB ligand (4-1BBL), we show that engaging 4-1BB on naive CD4 cells promotes proliferation, cell cycle progression and IL-2 secretion, and suppresses cell death, all to a similar extent as B7-1 engagement of CD28. In addition, 4-1BBL synergizes with B7 and ICAM to enhance naive CD4 proliferation when antigen is limiting. 4-1BBL alone, and to a greater extent with B7, also augmented IL-2 secretion resting antigen-experienced CD4 cells, as typified by T helper clones, whereas short-term effector cells showed similar levels of proliferation and cytokine secretion regardless of whether 4-1BB was engaged. A major role in augmenting IFN-gamma, IL-4 or IL-5 was not demonstrated. Blocking studies with activated B cells presenting antigen showed that 4-1BB participates in promoting IL-2 production by resting CD4 cells, confirming that 4-1BBL can play a role in antigen-specific CD4 T cell responses.
A population of very diffuse Lyman-α clouds as the origin of the He + absorption signal in the intergalactic medium

KNOWLEDGE of the physical state of the relatively uniform component of the intergalactic medium (the 'substrate') is critical to understanding the propagation of ionizing radiation and dynamical energy through intergalactic space, and for establishing the boundary conditions for the formation of the intergalactic gas clouds and galaxies that are assumed to have condensed from it. Uniformly distributed hydrogen, and, even more so, He+ will produce characteristic smooth absorption in the spectra of high-redshift quasars1–4, but at low spectral resolution it is difficult to distinguish such an absorption trough from the cumulative effect of absorption by the Lyman-α 'forest' of clouds. We report the detection of a population of weak 'forest' clouds with column density down to 2 x 1012 cm−2, and show that absorption in these clouds can account for a recent measurement1 of strong He+ absorption without necessarily having to invoke a diffuse intergalactic medium.
Color center formation in KCl and KBr single crystals with femtosecond laser pulses

Because of their extremely high instantaneous powers, femtosecond lasers can color many nominally transparent materials. Although the excitations responsible for this defect formation occur on subpicosecond time scales, subsequent interactions between the resulting electronic and lattice defects complicate the evolution of color center formation and decay. These interactions must be understood in order to account for the long-term behavior of coloration. In this work, we probe the evolution of color centers generated by femtosecond laser radiation in potassium chloride and potassium bromide single crystals on time scales from microseconds to hundreds of seconds. By using an appropriately chosen probe laser focused through the femtosecond laser spot, we follow the changes in coloration due to individual or multiple femtosecond pulses and the evolution of that coloration for long times after femtosecond laser radiation is terminated.
Imitation or Exploration? Young Infants' Matching of Adults' Oral Gestures

The claim that very young infants can imitate rests largely on reports that infants match adult displays of mouth opening (MO) and tongue protrusion (TP). Recent reviews suggest that only tongue protruding is reliably matched by young infants. This study tests the proposal that infants' "imitation" of tongue protruding reflects a coincidental match between a sight that infants find interesting and a behavior by which infants express interest. In Study 1, 4-week-old infants who looked longer at a nonsocial light display also produced TPs at higher rates than infants showing less interest. In Study 2, 4-week-old infants showed more interest (looked longer at) a tongue-protruding adult face than a mouth-opening face. Study 3 tracked 2 infants' responses to interesting objects for several weeks before and after the onset of manual reaching. Both infants produced tongue protrusions in response to objects within reach before but not after reaching developed. Together, the results of the 3 studies suggest that infants' tongue protrusions in response to a tongue-protruding adult reflect very early attempts at oral exploration of interesting objects.
New findings from qualitative data using hyper media: microcomputers, control and equity

Abstract A characteristic problem of qualitative research is the large volume of data associated with research project[1]. This paper describes how the collection, analysis and reporting of qualitative data was facilitated by using a microcomputer. The original research was conducted in 1986–1987 as a multiple-site case study of the implementation of microcomputers in a school district [2]. Subsequently the large amount of data from numerous sources were consolidated into one hypermedia database to facilitate further analysis of the data and to be used as a prototype for future research. Two new themes related to classroom control and equitable use of computers were found. The new research findings and the methodological implications of the new computerized tools for qualitative research are discussed.
Juvenile hormone esterases of Lepidoptera - I. Activity in the hemolymph during the last larval instar of 11 species

The juvenile hormone esterase (JHE) titer was measured during the last larval instar of 11 species of Lepidoptera (Pieris rapae, Junonia coenia, Danaus plexippus, Hemileuca nevadensis, Pectinophora gossypiella, Spodoptera exigua, Orgyia vetusta, Ephestia elutella, Galleria mellonella, Manduca sexta andEstigmene acrea). All species had a peak of JHE at or near the time of wandering. The peak activity at this time ranged from 0.8 to 388 nmoles JH III cleaved/min·ml. All species exceptJ. coenia had a second peak of JHE during the late prepupal stage. The height of the second peak ranged from 0.4 to 98.4 nmoles/min·ml. However, there was no apparent correlation between size of the first and second JHE activity peaks for the lepidopteran species examined. There was an apparent relationship between the height of the first and second JHE peaks and reports on titer of JH just prior to these peaks. These data support, with some qualifications, the extension of developmental information obtained on several well studied species to a variety of Lepidoptera.
Microstructures of Mullite Sintered from Seeded Sol—Gels

Mullite has been prepared by firing colloidal aluminosilicate gels seeded with crystalline mullite. The seeded gel samples exhibited a variety of microstructures which were dependent on seed concentration. In samples where the volume fraction of seeds was relatively high, an equiaxed grain microstructure was observed. Insamples with a low seed concentration, seed particles grew to form whiskerlike grains with a high aspect ratio within a fine grain matrix.
Role Stress and Inability to Leave as Predictors of Mental Health

A new source of job stress, inability to leave, was investigated with role over-load, role ambiguity, participation in decision making, equity, and group cohesiveness and support for their predictive impact on acute and chronic mental health problems. Canonical correlation analysis was performed on this predictor-criteria framework across two hospitals consisting of 140 and 95 respondents, respectively. One significant canonical variate was derived for each hospital. Inability to leave one's job and role overload predicted acute and chronic mental health problems in both hospitals. Role ambiguity and lower group cohesiveness and support also predicted both health phenomenon in the smaller hospital. Discussion focused on the implications, limitations, and conclusions of these findings.
Efficient memory access checking

A new approach provides efficient concurrent checking of memory accesses using a signature embedded into each instance of a data structure, and using a new LOAD/STORE instruction that reads the data structure signature as a side effect. Software memory-access faults are detectable using this approach, including corrupted pointers, uninitialized pointers, stale pointers, and copy overruns. Hardware memory-access faults are also detectable, including faults in the memory access path and the register file. Instruction scheduling minimizes the cost of the side-effect reads, and signatures are checked with little overhead using the hardware monitor previously proposed for signature monitoring. Benchmark results for the MIPS R3000 executing code scheduled by a modified GNU C Compiler show that an average of 53% of the memory accesses are checked, and that access checking causes an average of less than 5% performance overhead.
Water Quality and Land Use Changes in the Alafia and Hillsborough River Watersheds, Florida, USA1

: Spatial distribution of land use can have a substantial effect on surface and groundwater quality. Our objective was to test for trends in flow components and water quality related to changes in land use in the Alafia and Hillsborough River watersheds in Florida, USA, over the period 1974-2007. In addition, water quality statistics were evaluated in the perspective of numeric water quality criteria and proposed reclassification of segments of the Alafia River. Trends in 10 water quality parameters and three discharge variables were evaluated using a nonparametric trend detection test. Results of land use analysis indicated substantial urbanization and loss of agricultural land in the study area. Discharge variables did not exhibit significant trends, whereas trends in the majority of water quality concentrations were negative or nonsignificant with total nitrogen and total Kjeldahl nitrogen as exceptions showing positive trends. Changes in nutrient pathways could not be clearly identified. Considering recently promulgated numeric nutrient criteria and standards for dissolved fluoride, much of the Alafia River was found to be out of compliance. While there were land use changes and changes in water quality over the study period, it was difficult to identify a direct cause-effect relationship. Responses to regulatory efforts, such as the Clean Water Act and improvements in phosphate mining practices, may have had greater impacts on water quality than changes in land use.
RNA-dominant diseases

Several examples have come to light in which mutations in non-protein-coding regions give rise to a deleterious gain-of-function by non-coding RNA. Expression of the toxic RNA is associated with formation of nuclear inclusions and late-onset degenerative changes in brain, heart or skeletal muscle. In the best studied example, myotonic dystrophy, it appears that the main pathogenic effect of the toxic RNA is to sequester binding proteins and compromise the regulation of alternative splicing. This review describes some of the recent advances in understanding the pathophysiology of RNA-dominant diseases.
Mandatory Continuing Education for Opioid Prescribers

Continuing education (CE) should be mandatory for opioid prescribers. Three trends support this position. First, the amount of time devoted to educating health care professionals to assess and treat pain is disproportionally low in comparison to the prevalence of pain across the lifespan. Severe pain is common. Over 100 million U.S. adults suffer from chronic pain [1]; and everyone is at risk for acute pain from illness or injury. Pain is a common reason for seeking health care services, taking medications, and missing work or school. Pain affects quality of life, physical and mental functioning, and results in significant financial burden for affected individuals, families, employers, and the nation [2]. Yet, pain receives insufficient attention in virtually all phases of health care education. On average, 11 hours are spent teaching about pain in medical schools [3] …
The Unreliability of the Titan Yellow Method for the Determination of Magnesium in Patients Receiving Intravenous Calcium Gluconate

Gluconate was found to interfere with the determination of magnesium by the Titan yellow method. With this method, false low results were found in the serum and urine of patients receiving intravenous calcium gluconate. The interference can be prevented by ashing of the specimen.
NITROGEN MINERALIZATION AND PRODUCTIVITY IN 50 HARDWOOD AND CONIFER STANDS ON DIVERSE SOILS

The generality of relationships between soil net nitrogen (N) mineralization, aboveground N cycling, and aboveground net primary production (ANPP) for temperate forest ecosystems is unclear. It is also not known whether these variables and their rela- tionships differ between evergreen and deciduous forests, or across soil types. To address these questions we compiled data on annual rates of in situ net N mineralization and ANPP for 16 conifer and 34 hardwood forests, including plantations and natural stands on a range of soils at six locations in Wisconsin and Minnesota, USA. For 31 natural stands, 48 stands with native species (including plantations), and all data, ANPP increased linearly with annual net N mineralization rates. Native evergreen conifer and two deciduous hardwood types (oaks and mesic hardwoods) followed similar patterns in this regression, indicating common functional relationships at the ecosystem level. The relationship of N mineraliza- tion and ANPP differed between finer textured Alfisol soils and sandier Entisols, with higher ANPP at any given N mineralization level in Alfisols. A multiple regression of N mineralization on soil texture (percentage silt plus clay), litterfall N, and mean annual temperature explained 81% of the variance in annual N mineralization for natural stands, and a multiple regression of ANPP on soil texture and annual N mineralization rate explained 83% of the variance in ANPP. Naturally regenerated forest types differed in mean annual net N mineralization, litterfall N, and ANPP, and all were greater in oaks than in mesic hardwoods or conifers, respectively. However, differences among the 50 stands and six locations were largely a result of dif- ferences in soils and stand origin. For all natural hardwood stands, ANPP and N miner- alization were greater on fine-textured Alfisols than on sandy Entisols. For evergreen co- nifers, ANPP and N mineralization were greater in plantations on Alfisols than in natural stands on Histosols, Entisols, or Spodosols. Hardwood and evergreen conifer stands did not differ significantly in ANPP or N mineralization on comparable soils and stand origin: they differed neither as plantations on Alfisols nor as natural stands on Entisols. This suggests that observed average differences among natural forest types in ANPP and N mineralization resulted largely from variation in their distribution on differing soils, and not from feedback effects on N mineralization or differing productivity per available N. These data suggest that, at a regional scale, at least half of the variation in ANPP can be attributed to variation in annual N mineralization. Both ANPP and N mineralization differ more strongly with soil type/parent material than with forest type; ANPP at any given level of N mineralization is higher on silty/loamy Alfisols than on sandy Entisols, Histosols, or Spodosols, but not different for coniferous and broad-leaved deciduous species. There is no indication of N saturation of ANPP within the range of natural N availability in these
Turbulence attenuation by small particles in the absence of gravity

Some examples of particle-laden turbulent flows that can be found in nature and industry include dust storms, chemical reactors, and pollutant abatement systems. In these type of flows particles are not only dispersed by the turbulence but they may also affect it in such a way that the carrier-phase turbulence level may be modified. Depending on the flow conditions and particle characteristics, augmentation and attenuation of turbulence levels have both been observed. Turbulence attenuation can become a problem if high turbulence levels are required, in areas such as heat transfer and mixing. Kulick et al. (1994) and Paris and Eaton (2001) have shown that the carrier-phase turbulence level can be attenuated up to 80% by a dilute dispersion of particles that has negligible volume fraction. The addition of an extra phase to a turbulent flow poses a very complex problem, however, and it is still not clear what causes this phenomenon of turbulence attenuation. Previous researchers have attempted to use optical measurements in simple flows to study this problem. Parthasarathy and Faeth (1990), Mizukami et al. (1992) and Chen et al. (2000) created stationary homogeneous turbulence by dropping particles through stagnant water, air, and a counterflowing upward wind tunnel, respectively. The carrier-phase velocity fluctuations depended only on the viscous dissipation rate, which was obtained from the potential energy loss of particles and particle drag. Grid-generated turbulence has also been investigated. Schreck and Kleis (1993), Geiss et al. (2004) and Poelma et al. (2006) observed turbulence modification using laser Doppler velocimetry (LDV), phase Doppler anemometry (PDA), and particle image velocimetry/particle tracking velocimetry (PIV/PTV), respectively. Nishino et al. (2004) created a nearly stationary dispersion of particles using an upward water flow and eliminated the transfer of potential to kinetic energy of settling particles. The ideal environment to study turbulence attenuation by particles would be in stationary homogeneous and isotropic turbulence without mean flow, in the absence of gravity so a stationary dispersion of particles
PHONON-POLARITON EXCITATION IN COUPLED FERROELECTRIC WAVEGUIDES

ABSTRACT Unique THz phonon-polariton properties in coupled LiNbO3 rectangular waveguides are examined experimentally and compared to theoritical expectations.
Variations in abundance: genome-wide responses to genetic variation... and vice versa

How do naturally occurring polymorphisms in DNA sequence relate to variation in gene expression? Recent work to map genetic sources of expression variation has shown a surprising balance between cis and trans effects. Other work suggests some chromosomal clustering of genes by expression pattern. A synthesis of approaches may provide new insight in to adaptive mechanisms in evolution and the population basis of complex traits.
Actin and Septin Ultrastructures at the Budding Yeast Cell Cortex

Budding yeast has been a powerful model organism for studies of the roles of actin in endocytosis and septins in cell division and in signaling. However, the depth of mechanistic understanding that can be obtained from such studies has been severely hindered by a lack of ultrastructural information about how actin and septins are organized at the cell cortex. To address this problem, we developed rapid-freeze and deep-etch techniques to image the yeast cell cortex in spheroplasted cells at high resolution. The cortical actin cytoskeleton assembles into conical or mound-like structures composed of short, cross-linked filaments. The Arp2/3 complex localizes near the apex of these structures, suggesting that actin patch assembly may be initiated from the apex. Mutants in cortical actin patch components with defined defects in endocytosis disrupted different stages of cortical actin patch assembly. Based on these results, we propose a model for actin function during endocytosis. In addition to actin structures, we found that septin-containing filaments assemble into two kinds of higher order structures at the cell cortex: rings and ordered gauzes. These images provide the first high-resolution views of septin organization in cells.
Engendering Wyrd: Notional Gender Encoded in the Old English Poetic and Philosophical Vocabulary

This article is a re-assessment of the role of notional gender in Old English poetry and prose, specifically in a poem known today as “The Wanderer” and in King Alfred’s translation of Boethius’ Consolation of Philosophy. By examining the glossary evidence and the portrayal of the figures of Fortune and Lady Philosophy in Boethius’ text, we see that Alfred’s translation and the Old English poem have adapted certain ideas about the conventionalized figures of Fortune and Philosophy, both traditionally figured as women, that have made their way into the Old English poetic and philosophical discourses. The term Wyrd is scrutinized for its possible gender valences, and we see that both Alfred’s text and the “The Wanderer” invoke ideas from Boethius: that Fortune (Wyrd) is fickle, hostile, and unstable, causing the individual to lose stoic virtue. Contemporary scholars tend to reject the idea that Wyrd in Old English poetry and prose carried any gender significations; this study argues that in certain instances, such as in “The Wanderer” and Alfred’s Boethius, Wyrd carried certain structures of notional gender that should inflect our understanding of this much-discussed word and Old English poetic and philosophical writing.
Neonatal Long QT Syndrome Due to a De Novo Dominant Negative hERG Mutation

A 4-day-old girl with ventricular tachyarrhythmias, sinus bradycardia, and 2:1 atrioventricular block had prolongation of the QT interval. She was symptomatic with arching, gasping, and cyanosis presumably due to a life-threatening ventricular tachyarrhythmia such as torsades de pointes. Molecular genetic studies indicated a heterozygous, de novo, dominant negative mutation in hERG, a gene that encodes a protein in a potassium ion channel. The parents do not have the mutation. The patient's clinical scenario was produced by the convergence of 3 events: a de novo mutation occurred in hERG, the mutation was dominant negative, and the action of the mutation resulted in neonatal long QT syndrome. The child was treated aggressively and is doing well at age 6 years.
Niacin Requirement of Broiler Chickens Fed a Corn-Soybean Meal Diet from 1 to 21 Days of Age

Abstract Four experiments were conducted to determine the niacin requirement of broiler chicks fed a corn-soybean meal diet from 1 to 21 days of age. Day-old, feather-sexed, broiler chicks (1,408) were used. The unsupplemented basal diet of corn and soybean meal contained 21 mg of niacin per kg and .29% tryptophan, by calculation, and 25 mg of niacin per kg, by analysis. Eight pens and 6 pens, with 8 chicks per pen, were fed 0, 3, 6, 12, 33, and 66 mg of supplemental niacin per kg of diet in Experiments 1 and 2, respectively. Ten pens and 6 pens, with 8 chicks per pen, were fed 0, 3, 6, 12, and 15, and 0, 3, 12, 33, 66, and 132 mg of supplemental niacin per kg of diet in Experiments 3 and 4, respectively. The birds were weighed at 3 wk of age, and feed intake was determined. At the end of each experiment, each bird was evaluated for leg disorders. Using a two-phase regression analysis of the four experiments combined, a minimum requirement of total niacin (basal by analysis, plus supplemental) of 32 mg per kg of diet was found to be adequate in order to maximize broiler performance at 21 days of age.
Student preferences regarding didactic content and practical experiences of influenza vaccination clinic business operations in a pharmacy business and entrepreneurship elective

Abstract Objective Elicit student preferences for didactic content and practical experiences of vaccination clinic business operations. Design Pharmacy students who worked at least one shift in a campus-wide vaccination clinic managed by the College of Pharmacy during the fall 2012 and fall 2013 semesters were invited to participate in an online survey. Students were sent a link to the survey immediately after working in the vaccination clinic and were given two weeks to electronically complete the survey. Assessment In all, 83 out of 110 students (75.5%) responded to the online survey. A majority of students indicated that didactic content and practical experiences of business operations related to vaccination clinics were needed. The two business operations for which the largest proportions of students agreed they would like to have included were didactic content of billing information (62.5%), and practical experience of managing clinic staff (78.5%). Conclusion Students indicated preference for both didactic content and practical experiences related to vaccination clinic business operations. Didactic content about operations will be implemented in an entrepreneurship elective in the College of Pharmacy, and related practical experiences will be made available to students who work in the vaccine clinic. Course coordinators will assess student learning following implementation of the integrated didactic and experiential instructional model.
Tissue Factor Residues That Modulate Magnesium-Dependent Rate Enhancements of the Tissue Factor/Factor VIIa Complex

The blood coagulation cascade is initiated when the cell-surface complex of factor VIIa (FVIIa, a trypsin-like serine protease) and tissue factor (TF, an integral membrane protein) proteolytically activates factor X (FX). Both FVIIa and FX bind to membranes via their γ-carboxyglutamate-rich domains (GLA domains). GLA domains contain seven to nine bound Ca(2+) ions that are critical for their folding and function, and most biochemical studies of blood clotting have employed supraphysiologic Ca(2+) concentrations to ensure saturation of these domains with bound Ca(2+). Recently, it has become clear that, at plasma concentrations of metal ions, Mg(2+) actually occupies two or three of the divalent metal ion-binding sites in GLA domains, and that these bound Mg(2+) ions are required for full function of these clotting proteins. In this study, we investigated how Mg(2+) influences FVIIa enzymatic activity. We found that the presence of TF was required for Mg(2+) to enhance the rate of FX activation by FVIIa, and we used alanine-scanning mutagenesis to identify TF residues important for mediating this response to Mg(2+). Several TF mutations, including those at residues G164, K166, and Y185, blunted the ability of Mg(2+) to enhance the activity of the TF/FVIIa complex. Our results suggest that these TF residues interact with the GLA domain of FX in a Mg(2+)-dependent manner (although effects of Mg(2+) on the FVIIa GLA domain cannot be ruled out). Notably, these TF residues are located within or immediately adjacent to the putative substrate-binding exosite of TF.
Effects of Solidification Parameters on Lamellar Microstructures of Near Eutectic Cr-Cr3Si Alloys

Directional solidification of Cr-Cr3Si eutectic alloys has been carried out using a high temperature optical floating zone furnace. Uniform and well-aligned lamellar structures were obtained over a fairly wide range of intermediate growth rates but not at very low or very high growth rates where degenerate and cellular structures, respectively, were obtained. The lamellar spacing was found to increase with decreasing solidification rate, in agreement with the Jackson-Hunt theory. In addition, for a fixed growth rate, the lamellar spacing was found to increase with increasing rotation rate. Lamellar structures could also be produced at off-eutectic compositions, but only for a limited range of growth conditions. The Cr-rich lamellae are effective in stopping indention cracks nucleated in the brittle Cr3Si phase.
Induction of tumors by a virus-like agent (s) released by tissue culture.

Summary(1) The observations reported by Stewart and Eddy have been confirmed and extended by using inbred strains of mice, rats, and hamsters treated with tissue culture fluids prepared by Stewart and Eddy and at this laboratory. (2) Injection of such tissue culture fluids into newborn and young animals produced multiple types of tumors in mice of DBA/1, Swiss/ICR-Ha, C57 Black/Ha, AKR x Swiss F1, and AKR/Sn strains as well as in hamsters and rats. (3) Although most control tissue culture fluids possessed no tumor inducing ability, in one instance a control tissue culture fluid (line 1) did produce parotid tumors in 2 DBA/mice, 1 Swiss/ICR-Ha mouse, and multiple tumors in 1 hamster. (4) Transplantation of some of these induced tumors occurring in inbred mouse strains has been successful into the strain of origin if newborn and preconditioned irradiated hosts are used.