cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Special Editorial Note

Volume 39, Issues 2–4 of The Review of Black Political Economy have featured articles on the economic status of women of African descent. These papers were originally presented at a symposium “The Invisible Woman: The Status of and Challenges Facing Black Women” co-sponsored by Bennett College for Women, The Research Network on Racial and Ethnic Inequality, Duke University and the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) on March 18–19, 2011. The symposium papers were to be published as a single special issue. However, due to a miscommunication, the symposium papers were published separately across several issues. In this issue, we publish the remaining papers. This special series of articles is dedicated to the memory of Linda Datcher Loury, A memoriam by Glenn Cartman Loury appeared in Volume 39, Issue 2, “Reflections on an Intellectual Partner: My Life with Linda Datcher Loury,” Pages 223–226. Professor Rhonda Sharpe at Duke University organized the symposium and served as guest editor for the series. The Invisible Woman symposium papers published in Volume 39, Issues 2–4 were
An Informational versus Monetary Incentive in Increasing Physicians' Response Rates:

This study examined return rates for a cancer prevention survey by pediatricians in relation to an informational booklet versus a monetary incentive in the first of a three-wave mailing. Of the 300 surveys sent which included an informational booklet incentive, 189 (64%) were returned. Of the 300 surveys sent which included a $1.00 incentive 227 (79%) were returned, indicating the $1.00 incentive was more effective than the informational incentive in increasing return rates in this sample of physicians.
Water transport characteristics in a passive liquid-feed DMFC

Abstract A two-dimensional, two-phase, non-isothermal model was developed to investigate the water transport characteristics in a passive liquid-feed direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC). The liquid–gas two-phase mass transport in the porous anode and cathode was formulated based on multi-fluid model in porous media, and water and methanol crossover through the membrane were considered with the effect of diffusion, electro-osmotic drag, and convection. The model enabled numerical investigation of the effects of various operating parameters, such as current density, methanol concentration, and air humidity, as well as the effect of the cathode hydrophobic air filter layer, on the water transport and cell performance. The results showed that for the free-breathing cathode, gas species concentration and temperature showed evident differences between the cell and the ambient air. The use of a hydrophobic air filter layer at the cathode helped to achieve water recovery from the cathode to the anode, although the oxygen transport resistance was increased to some extent. It was further revealed that the water transport can be influenced by the ambient relative humidity.
Microstructural Evolution During the Epitaxial Growth of Ag/InP (100)

The initial stages of epitaxial growth of Ag on InP(100) has been studied using in-situ and ex-situ electron microscopy techniques. Vicinal InP substrates were cleaned by heating to about 450°C in ultra-high vacuum. Silver was subsequently deposited at substrate temperatures between 350–500°C. The microstructural evolution was monitored for coverages between 0.5–8ML using high spatial resolution secondary electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. At sub-monolayer coverages, square islands of Ag are formed with edges aligned along InP directions. Subsequent deposition leads to secondary nucleation or growth of pre-existing islands, depending on the substrate temperature. Surfaces with a uniform distribution of steps have a higher island density than those without steps but the steps are not preferred sites for island nucleation. Coalescence of islands begins at a smaller coverage for lower temperatures and for stepped surfaces. At the early stages of coalescence, island shapes with low symmetry are formed, with diminished island heights. These subsequently transform into shapes of higher symmetry. Except at the highest temperatures studied (500°C), island shape transformations (e.g. from square to elongated) are not very significant. Plan view transmission electron microscopy shows that the islands are epitaxially aligned and that even the smallest islands are generally incoherent. Island size distributions are used to analyze the growth mechanisms.
Theory of spin torques and giant magnetoresistance in antiferromagnetic metals

Spintronics in ferromagnetic metals is built on a complementary set of phenomena in which magnetic configurations influence transport coefficients and transport currents alter magnetic configurations. Here, we propose that corresponding effects occur in circuits containing antiferromagnetic metals. The critical current for order parameter orientation switching can be smaller in the antiferromagnetic case because of the absence of shape anisotropy and because spin torques can act through the entire volume of an antiferromagnet. We discuss possible applications of antiferromagnetic metal spintronics.
Altered gene expression in human leukemia K562 cells selected for resistance to etoposide

Abstract Sublines of K562 human leukemia cells were selected for resistance (30- to 80-fold) to etoposide by continuous exposure to 0.5 μM VP-16. Two etoposide-resistant cell lines, K/VP.5 and K/VP.5-1, showed a 5-fold reduction in levels of topoisomerase IIα protein compared with K562 cells. Northern analysis indicated a 2.5-fold reduction in topoisomerase IIα mRNA in etoposide-resistant cell lines, due in part to a 1.7-fold decrease in topoisomerase II mRNA stability with no change in transcription rate. Immunoblotting assays of electrophoresed cell lysates from VP-16-treated cells revealed less drug-induced covalent topoisomerase II/DNA adducts in resistant than in sensitive cells, suggesting a functional alteration in resistant cell topoisomerase II. Recent reports of specific topoisomerase II DNA binding sites near the promoter sites of growth response genes and alterations of gene expression in cells treated with topoisomerase II inhibitory drugs led to experiments to determine if the apparent functional alterations of topoisomerase II were accompanied by changes in the regulation of these genes. Therefore, the expression of several growth response genes was compared by northern analysis in parental K562 and both VP-16-resistant cell lines. Basal levels of c- myc were comparable for all three cell lines, but levels of c- jun and c- fos were elevated 2- to 4-fold in VP-16- resistant cell lines. Increased levels of c- fos and c- jun were not a result of altered rates of transcription, as determined by nuclear run-off assays. Exposure of both sensitive and resistant cells to 200 μM VP- 16 for 5 hr resulted in no further changes in topoisomerase II mRNA levels but caused an additional 2- to 3-fold elevation in the level of c- jun mRNA, indicating that altered basal levels of this gene were not due to deregulation of this gene. Acquired VP-16 resistance in K/VP.5 and K/VP.5-1 cells was accompanied by reduced levels and altered activities of DNA topoisomerase II as well as changes affecting the expression of genes important for growth and differentiation.
THE DECOMPOSITION OF SODIUM N-CHLOROBENZENESULFONAMIDE (CHLORAMINE-B)

Abstract The decomposition pressure of the hydrate of sodium N-chlorobenzenesulfonamide has been measured from 25° to 77°. Thermal analysis show that the compound undergoes two transitions accompanied by a mass loss each time. The first transition occurs at 80° to 125° and is endothermic, whereas the second one, at 188°, is exothermic. The thermal decomposition of the chloramine salt leads to the formation of sodium chloride, benzenesulfonamide, chlorobenzenesulfonamide, diphenyl sulfone, nitrogen and sulfur dioxide.
A Unified Theory of Nuclear Reactions, II

Abstract The effective Hamiltonian method for nuclear reactions described in an earlier paper with the same title, part I, is generalized so as to include all possible reaction types, as well as the effects arising from the identity of particles. The principal device employed, as in part I, is the projection operator which selects the open channel components of the wave function. It is found that the formal structure of part I providing a unified description for direct and compound nuclear reactions including the coupled equation description for direct reactions remains valid in this wider context. A Kapur-Peierls expansion may also be readily obtained. The concept of channel radii is not needed nor is any decomposition of the wave function for the system into angular momentum eigenstates required, so that the expressions for transition amplitudes and widths are invariant with respect to the angular momentum coupling scheme. Since the open channels can only be defined in an asymptotic sense, the corresponding projection operators are not unique. As a consequence the projection operator method has a flexibility which in the first place is consonant with the wide range of phenomena which can occur in nuclear reactions and in the second place can effectively exploit an intuitive understanding of the phenomena. Example of projection operators are obtained including one which leads to the Wigner-Eisenbud formalism, another which is appropriate for the stripping reaction, and, finally, one which takes the Pauli exclusion principle into account. Note that explicit representations of the projection operators are not required for the development of general formal results but are necessary if, eventually, quantitative calculations are made.
A finite difference scheme for solving the heat transport equation at the microscale

Heat transport at the microscale is of vital importance in microtechnology applications. In this study, we develop a finite difference scheme of the Crank-Nicholson type by introducing an intermediate function for the heat transport equation at the microscale. It is shown by the discrete energy method that the scheme is unconditionally stable. Numerical results show that the solution is accurate. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq 15: 697–708, 1999
Genetic determinants of the Ponzo illusion

The Ponzo illusion was studied in 36 pairs of same-sex twins ranging in age from 9 to 11 years. Serological tests indicated that there were 21 identical and 15 fraternal twin pairs. Intrapair differences in the magnitude of the illusion were significantly less for identical pairs, indicating an heredity component in the illusion.
Using Virtualization to Ensure Uninterrupted Access to Software Applications for Financial Services Firms

With inexpensive and stable commodity hardware, virtualization has come of age and is seeing wide implementation. While benefits of virtualization abound, the focus of this paper is on a specific area -- maintaining uninterrupted services. We present a set of functionalities of virtualization software (VMware ESX and Microsoft Hyper-V) that can be used to: (a) provide high availability during planned and unplanned downtime and (b) facilitate easier and more cost-effective disaster recovery. We illustrate their relevance to financial services firms, to which high availability and disaster recovery are particularly important given the nature of their business and regulatory pressure.
Significance of Coronavirus Mutants in Feces and Diseased Tissues of Cats Suffering from Feline Infectious Peritonitis

The internal FECV→FIPV mutation theory and three of its correlates were tested in four sibs/half-sib kittens, a healthy contact cat, and in four unrelated cats that died of FIP at geographically disparate regions. Coronavirus from feces and extraintestinal FIP lesions from the same cat were always >99% related in accessory and structural gene sequences. SNPs and deletions causing a truncation of the 3c gene product were found in almost all isolates from the diseased tissues of the eight cats suffering from FIP, whereas most, but not all fecal isolates from these same cats had intact 3c genes. Other accessory and structural genes appeared normal in both fecal and lesional viruses. Deliterious mutations in the 3c gene were unique to each cat, indicating that they did not originate in one cat and were subsequently passed horizontally to the others. Compartmentalization of the parental and mutant forms was not absolute; virus of lesional type was sometimes found in feces of affected cats and virus identical to fecal type was occasionally identified in diseased tissues. Although 3c gene mutants in this study were not horizontally transmitted, the parental fecal virus was readily transmitted by contact from a cat that died of FIP to its housemate. There was a high rate of mutability in all structural and accessory genes both within and between cats, leading to minor genetic variants. More than one variant could be identified in both diseased tissues and feces of the same cat. Laboratory cats inoculated with a mixture of two closely related variants from the same FIP cat developed disease from one or the other variant, but not both. Significant genetic drift existed between isolates from geographically distinct regions of the Western US.
Contagious yawning, social cognition, and arousal: an investigation of the processes underlying shelter dogs’ responses to human yawns

Studies of contagious yawning have reported inconsistent findings regarding whether dogs exhibit this behavior and whether it is mediated by social-cognitive processes or the result of physiological arousal. We investigated why some dogs yawn in response to human yawns; particularly, whether these dogs are exceptional in their ability to understand human social cues or whether they were more physiologically aroused. Sixty shelter dogs were exposed to yawning and nonyawning control stimuli demonstrated by an unfamiliar human. We took salivary cortisol samples before and after testing to determine the role of arousal in yawn contagion. Dogs were tested on the object-choice task to assess their sensitivity for interpreting human social cues. We found that 12 dogs yawned only in response to human yawns (i.e., appeared to exhibit yawn contagion), though contagious yawning at the population level was not observed. Dogs that exhibited yawn contagion did not perform better on the object-choice task than other dogs, but their cortisol levels remained elevated after exposure to human yawning, whereas other dogs had reduced cortisol levels following yawning stimuli relative to their baseline levels. We interpret these findings as showing that human yawning, when presented in a stressful context, can further influence arousal in dogs, which then causes some to yawn. Although the precise social-cognitive mechanisms that underlie contagious yawning in dogs are still unclear, yawning between humans and dogs may involve some communicative function that is modulated by context and arousal.
Very low risk of light-induced retinal damage during Boston Keratoprosthesis surgery

Purpose To assess the possibility of light damage to the retina by a surgical microscope during implantation of a Boston Keratoprosthesis (B-KPro) in rabbits. Methods The retinal irradiance from a Zeiss OPMI Lumera S7 operating microscope was measured at its working distance (16.5 cm). Light transmittance through an isolated B-KPro (made of PMMA) was measured. A B-KPro was implanted into one eye of each of 12 rabbits with the optic of the device initially covered during the procedure. Retinoscopy was performed after the implantation, and external additional lenses were used when needed to focus the light on the retina. The operated eyes were then continuously exposed to a fixed light intensity under the microscope for 1 hour. After the exposure, the rabbits were monitored for 9 days and fluorescein angiography (FA) was carried out at days 2 and 9. Results Light transmittance of the B-KPro revealed blockage of short wavelengths (from 0.001% at 200nm to 42% at 390nm) and of long wavelengths (12-35% at 1660-1750nm). In addition, the surgical microscope blocked part of the blue, ultraviolet (UV), and infrared (IR) wavelengths of light. FA showed no leak of dye or other morphological changes. Histological examination with H&E staining showed no morphological retinal changes. Conclusion Our results show that the PMMA of the B-KPro has a very low transmittance of phototoxic wavelengths of light, mostly UV. In addition, modern surgical microscopes have filters for UV and IR wavelengths of the light spectrum. No morphologic damage to the retina from the light exposure from our microscope could be demonstrated. Thus, there should be very low risk of light damage to the retina during routine B-KPro surgery.
Outcome oriented supervision: Advantages of adding systematic client tracking to supportive consultations

We argue in this paper that it is time for therapists and supervisors to incorporate outcome monitoring and brief client assessments into ongoing counseling supervision. Tracking client treatment response, comparing it to expected treatment response, and alerting counselors and supervisors when a client shows poor progress is described. It is suggested that such methods can maximize recovery in those individuals who are not responding to treatment as expected. The degree to which such methods facilitate the recovery of helpful client outcomes is summarized. Incorporating an outcome management system into routine counseling and supervision is encouraged to help actualize the goals of supervision.
The adolescent and systemic lupus erythematosus: a developmental and educational approach.

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a complicated immune complex disorder most commonly occurring in women of childbearing years and often diagnosed during adolescence. This article focuses on the female adolescent with SLE. ‘The epidemiology, etiology, immunology, symptomatology, diagnosis, and treatment of the disease are reviewed. The possible effects of SLE on three components of adolescent development are examined: the development of body-image, the establishment of independence and future goals, and identity formation. The suggestion is made to educate the adolescent and her family about the disease, including immunology, symptoms, preventive measures. and treatment.I wish to acknowledge Barbara Brodie, Jane Baht, and Carolyn M. Brunner, all of the University of Virginia for their guidance and help in the preparation of this article.
SEASONAL VARIATIONS IN PLANT SPECIES EFFECTS ON SOIL N AND P DYNAMICS

It is well established that plant species influence ecosystem processes, but we have little ability to predict which vegetation changes will alter ecosystems, or how the effects of a given species might vary seasonally. We established monocultures of eight plant species in a California grassland in order to determine the plant traits that account for species impacts on nitrogen and phosphorus cycling. Plant species differed in their effects on net N mineralization and nitrification rates, and the patterns of species differences varied seasonally. Soil PO4- and microbial P were more strongly affected by slope position than by species. Although most studies focus on litter chemistry as the main determinant of plant species effects on nutrient cycling, this study showed that plant species affected biogeochemical cycling through many traits, including direct traits (litter chemistry and biomass, live-tissue chemistry and biomass) and indirect traits (plant modification of soil bioavailable C and soil microclimate). In fact, species significantly altered N and P cycling even without litter inputs. It became particularly critical to consider the effects of these multiple traits in order to account for seasonal changes in plant species effects on ecosystems. For example, species effects on potential rates of net N mineralization were most strongly influenced by soil bioavailable C in the fall and by litter chemistry in the winter and spring. Under field conditions, species effects on soil microclimate influenced rates of mineralization and nitrification, with species effects on soil temperature being critical in the fall and species effects on soil moisture being important in the dry spring. Overall, this study clearly demonstrated that in order to gain a mechanistic, predictive understanding of plant species effects on ecosystems, it is critical to look beyond plant litter chemistry and to incorporate the effects of multiple plant traits on ecosystems.
The Ethnography of Natural Selection in the 1990s

There were perhaps two thousand Indians living on Cape Cod when the Pilgrims arrived. No one knew for certain. But white diseases had already begun their work on the naive immune systems of the native American. Within a century and a half, there were only five hundred adult Indians on Cape Cod. Their ancestors had sold most of their lands for kettles and English hoes, then moved to reservations, known as plantations, or to Praying Towns where well-meaning ministers taught of the white god who sent diseases in his wrath and took them away in his mercy. [Martin 1991:156]
How does land use policy modify urban growth? A case study of the Italo-Slovenian border

This study examines the impact of land use policy variations on urban growth in a transborder region. A primary analysis is conducted using multitemporal maps and satellite imagery for the adjacent cities of Gorizia, Italy, and Nova Gorica, Slovenia, twin towns historically trapped on a political border, a line that has changed in its degree of separation from extreme during the Cold War to minimal today. The SLEUTH land use change model is calibrated and used for forecasting land use change from 2005 to 2040. The model is run under three different scenarios, once for the whole area and twice independently for the two sides of the border, allowing a comparison of the resulting differences. The validation of the results shows that both the cities are growing independently and that territorial cohesion has no impact on change in land use pattern of the region. To plan for a sustainable future, it is invaluable to be able to successfully demonstrate policy impacts via computer modeling, simulation, and visua...
Vortex flows impart chirality-specific lift forces.

The separation of enantiomers by flows holds promise in food and pharmaceutical industries, but the feasibility remains uncertain. Here, Hermans et al. separate macroscopic particles of opposite chirality at a liquid interface using shear flows, which provides insights into the mechanism at nanoscale.
Development of software for spectral imaging data acquisition using LabVIEW

Developing data acquisition software is a major challenge in integrating a spectral imaging system. This paper presents the design and implementation of a data acquisition program using LabVIEW for a liquid crystal tunable filter based spectral imaging system (900-1700nm). The module-based program was designed in a three-tier structure. The image acquisition process, modelled by a finite state machine, was implemented in LabVIEW to control the spectral imaging system to collect hyperspectral or multispectral images. The collected spectral images were encoded in general format and could be further processed by other common spectral image analysis tools. In addition, the program could be used to observe band ratio images of the test object in real-time, collect spectral images after ensemble averaging, and select region of interest for spectral image acquisitions. This program is a useful data acquisition tool for the filter-based spectral imaging system. The design and implementation techniques described in this article could also be used to develop similar spectral image acquisition programs.
Predictors of persistent ADHD: An 11-year follow-up study

Objective Despite the existence of several follow-up studies of children with ADHD followed up into adulthood, there is limited information on whether patterns of persistence and remission in ADHD can be predicted over the long term. The main aim of this study was to evaluate predictors of persistence of ADHD in a large sample of boys with and without ADHD followed prospectively for 11 years into young adulthood. Method Subjects were Caucasian, non-Hispanic boys with (N = 110) and without (N = 105) ADHD who were 6-17 years old at the baseline assessment (mean age 11 years) and 15 to 31 years old at the follow-up assessment (mean age 22 years). Subjects were comprehensively and blindly assessed with structured diagnostic interviews and assessments of cognitive, social, school, and family functioning. Results At the 11-year follow-up, 78% of children with ADHD continued to have a full (35%) or a partial persistence (subsyndromal (22%), impaired functioning (15%), or remitted but treated (6%)). Predictors of persistence were severe impairment of ADHD, psychiatric comorbidity, and exposure to maternal psychopathology at baseline. Conclusions These findings prospectively confirm that persistence of ADHD over the long term is predictable from psychosocial adversity and psychiatric comorbidity ascertained 11 years earlier.
Expression, Function of the Human Androgen-Responsive Gene AD11 in Prostate Cancer

We have previously identified an androgen-responsive gene in rat prostate that shares homology with the aci-reductone dioxygenase (ARD/ARD′) family of metal-binding enzymes involved in methionine salvage. We found that the gene, aci-reductone dioxygenase 1 (ADI1), was downregulated in prostate cancer cells, whereas enforced expression of rat Adi1 in these cells caused apoptosis. Here we report the characterization of human ADI1 in prostate cancer. Androgens induced ADI1 expression in human prostate cancer LNCaP cells, which was not blocked by cycloheximide, indicating that ADI1 is a primary androgen-responsive gene. In human benign prostatic hyperplasia specimens, epithelial cells expressed ADI1. Immunohistochemistry of prostate tumor tissue microarrays showed that benign regions expressed more ADI1 than tumors, suggesting a suppressive role for ADI1 in prostate cancer. Bacterial lysates containing recombinant ADI1 produced a five-fold increase in aci-reductone decay over controls, demonstrating that ADI1 has ARD activity. We generated point mutations at key residues in the metal-binding site of ADI1 to disrupt ARD function, and we found that these mutations did not affect intracellular localization, apoptosis, or colony formation suppression in human prostate cancer cells. Collectively, these observations argue that ADI1 may check prostate cancer progression through apoptosis and that this activity does not require metal binding.
Selectivity of elliptic filters

The problem of determining the band-edge selectivity of elliptic filters is addressed. First, the band-edge selectivity is derived with respect to the nth order elliptic function. The sensitivity of the selectivity to the various design parameters such as passband and stopband requirements is studied next. The maximisation of the band-edge selectivity of elliptic filters without increasing their order is finally considered. Examples are submitted and reviewed in support of the proposed methods.
Deformation of prestressed thin shells

Abstract Starting from the equations of a 3-dimensional medium, governing equations for infinitesimal, elastic deformations, superimposed upon a prestressed state, are derived for a thin shell. No further approximations are made except those of the Kirchhoff hypothesis of shell theory. The equations are referred to the prestressed state for which geometry, initial stress, and material properties are assumed known. The final equations are listed in terms of physical components of all variables and are referred to the lines of curvature of the reference surface of the shell in the prestressed state. They can be used directly for such problems as the stability or free vibration of initially stressed shells.
Evidence for the Conversion of Noise Envelope Statistics by Radio Propagation Processes

Results of experiments that bear upon the hypothesized transformation of impulsive noise envelope statistics are presented and interpreted in light of the existing theory. In particular, recently published data by Sheikh and Parsons are found to be consistent with the envelope conversion concept.
The problem of the relation between double pomeron exchange in inclusive and exclusive experiments

Abstract The pionization region of the inclusive single-particle spectrum is accounted for by double pomeron exchange in the absorptive part of a six-point amplitude. In this paper a multiperipheral model for the six-point amplitude with double pomeron exchange is used for continuation by crossing and analyticity to the physical region of the exclusive two particle → four particle production process. The cross section for π − p → π − ( π + π − )p in the double-Regge region is then calculated and compared with the experimental analysis of Lipes, Zweig and Robertson which sets an upper bound to the strength of the double pomeron exchange coupling. This upper bound, coupled with the model for continuation to the inclusive cross section, is shown to give too small a magnitude for the double pomeron exchange in the pionization region. Further avenues for investigation are discussed.
Multiple organ-reactive monoclonal autoantibodies

Autoantibodies directed against a wide range of normal tissue antigens have been found in the sera of patients with autoimmune diseases1–8. It is generally thought that different and specific autoantibodies react with different tissues but the possibility exists that some autoantibodies may react with common antigens found in different tissues and organs. Recently, we showed that mice infected with reovirus developed a polyendocrine disease with autoantibodies to the pancreas, anterior pituitary, thymus and gastric mucosa9,10. Using hybridoma technology, we obtained a number of monoclonal autoantibodies11 which reacted with antigens in single organs. We now report the production and pattern of reactivity of seven multiple organ-reactive monoclonal autoantibodies. By using antibody-affinity columns, autoantigens also have been isloated and their molecular weights determined. The results suggest that monoclonal multiple organ-reactive autoantibodies react either with the same molecule present in several organs or with common antigenic determinants on different molecules in multiple organs. In either case, the existence of multiple organ-reactive antibodies may be a partial explanation for multiple organ autoimmunity.
A novel bispecific ligand-directed toxin designed to simultaneously target EGFR on human glioblastoma cells and uPAR on tumor neovasculature

A bispecific ligand-directed toxin (BLT), called EGFATFKDEL, consisting of human epidermal growth factor, a fragment of urokinase, and truncated pseudomonas exotoxin (PE38) was assembled in order to target human glioblastoma. Immunogenicity was reduced by mutating seven immunodominant B-cell epitopes on the PE38 molecule to create a new agent, EGFATFKDEL 7mut. In vitro, the drug selectively killed several human glioblastoma cell lines. EGFATFKDEL is our first BLT designed to simultaneously target EGFR on solid tumors and uPAR on the tumor neovasculature. In vitro assays revealed that the agent is effective against glioblastoma cell lines as well as human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). Additionally, the bispecific drug displayed enhanced binding to overexpressed epidermal growth factor receptor and urokinase receptor when compared to similar monospecific drugs, EGFKDEL and ATFKDEL. In vivo, an aggressive human glioblastoma cell line was genetically marked with a firefly luciferase reporter gene and administered to the flanks of nude mice. Treatment with intratumoral injections of EGFATFKDEL 7mut eradicated small tumors in over half of the treated mice, which survived with tumor free status at least 100 days post tumor inoculation. ATFKDEL, which primarily targets the tumor neovasculature, prevented tumor growth but did not result in tumor-free mice in most cases. Specificity was shown by treating with an irrelevant BLT control which did not protect mice. Finally, immunization experiments in immunocompetent mice revealed significantly reduced anti-toxin production in EGFATFKDEL 7mut treated groups. Thus, EGFATFKDEL 7mut is an effective drug for glioblastoma therapy in this murine model and warrants further study.
Dominance of SOX9 function over RUNX2 during skeletogenesis

Mesenchymal stem cell-derived osteochondroprogenitors express two master transcription factors, SOX9 and RUNX2, during condensation of the skeletal anlagen. They are essential for chondrogenesis and osteogenesis, respectively, and their haploinsufficiency causes human skeletal dysplasias. We show that SOX9 directly interacts with RUNX2 and represses its activity via their evolutionarily conserved high-mobility-group and runt domains. Ectopic expression of full-length SOX9 or its RUNX2-interacting domain in mouse osteoblasts results in an osteodysplasia characterized by severe osteopenia and down-regulation of osteoblast differentiation markers. Thus, SOX9 can inhibit RUNX2 function in vivo even in established osteoblastic lineage. Finally, we demonstrate that this dominant inhibitory function of SOX9 is physiologically relevant in human campomelic dysplasia. In campomelic dysplasia, haploinsufficiency of SOX9 results in up-regulation of the RUNX2 transcriptional target COL10A1 as well as all three members of RUNX gene family. In summary, SOX9 is dominant over RUNX2 function in mesenchymal precursors that are destined for a chondrogenic lineage during endochondral ossification.
A measurement model for subjective marital solidarity: Invariance across time, gender, and life cycle stage

We use LISREL to assess the measurement properties of a unidimensional indicator of subjective marital solidarity based on four questionnaire items. A rigorously assessed measure containing more than one, yet relatively few items, is solely needed for research on marriage; such a measure can combine high reliability with low cost. Using 1971 and 1978 waves of the Quality of American Life data, we evaluate a measure based on four items: how well the respondent thinks his or her spouse understands him or her, how well the respondent understands his or her spouse, the amount of time spouses spend together in companionate activities, and reported marital satisfaction. With one correlated error term, these items are found to be a unidimensional indicator and to show substantial invariance across gender, survey year, and life cycle stage. We rejected inclusion of an item on how much the couple agrees on finances because this item created invariance by gender and survey year. This item apparently changed its meaning during the 1970s when many women became wage earners.
Effects of Indomethacin and ICI 46,474 Administered During Ovum Transport on Fertility in Rabbits

Prostaglandins, prostaglandin synthesis inhibitors and an antiestrogen (ICI 46,474) have been administered during ovum transport in inseminated rabbits. Fertility was not significantly altered by 15 methyl derivatives of prostaglandins or prostaglandin F20, at the doses used. Prostaglandin E2, indomethacin (1 mg/kg/dose) meclofenamate and ICI 46,474 decreased the mean number of implantations. Higher doses of indomethacin (10 mg/kg/dose) increased implantations. Prostaglandin F20 and ICI 46,474 accelerated ovum transport. lndomethacin (both doses) caused retention of ova in the oviducts at 66 h after HCG compared to controls but not at 72 h after HCG; the lower dose caused rapid expulsion of ova from the uterus. These experiments suggest that ovum transport and/or embryo maintenance is susceptible to disruption by drugs acting at a variety of sites.
Reciprocal learning: Learning from global health programs to improve domestic health outcomes and global health pedagogy

step in the program’s evolution will therefore be to have targeted UHM faculty join the program and to track their progress, following both what educational sessions they attend as well as how their performance on a range of educational activities changes over time. Thiswill provide uswith discrete data allowing for improved program evaluation and refinement. Other challenges include increasing the interactivity of educational sessionsemodeling what we teache and better bridging the language gap between teachers and participants. Funding: There is no specific funding for this project. Abstract #: 02ETC039
Improving Pharmacy Students' Understanding and Long-term Retention of Acid-Base Chemistry

Despite repeated exposure to the principles underlying the behavior of organic acids and bases in aqueous solution, some pharmacy students remain confused about the topic of acid-base chemistry. Since a majority of organic drug molecules have acid-base character, the ability to predict their reactivity and the extent to which they will ionize in a given medium is paramount to students' understanding of essentially all aspects of drug action in vivo and in vitro. This manuscript presents a medicinal chemistry lesson in the fundamentals of acid-base chemistry that many pharmacy students have found enlightening and clarifying
Recombinant Erythropoietin Is Neuroprotective in a Novel Mouse Oxidative Injury Model

To identify neuroprotective changes in gene expression, we developed a neonatal mouse model of moderate to severe oxidative brain injury and hypothesized that recombinant erythropoietin (rEpo) would decrease the expression of proapoptotic and proinflammatory genes 24 and 48 h, respectively, after injury and increase the expression of neurogenic and angiogenic genes 168 h after injury. Postnatal day 10 BALB-c mice underwent sham surgery or right common carotid artery occlusion followed by alternating hypoxia and hyperoxia and were then treated with rEpo (5,000 U/kg s.c.) or saline (vehicle) daily for up to three doses. At death, gross brain injury was assessed, then hippocampus, cortex, and thalamus were isolated for RNA or protein extraction. Microarray analysis, real-time polymerase chain reaction, and Bio-Plex® suspension array system validation were performed. rEpo decreased both incidence and severity of brain injury (median injury score 3 vs. 0, p
The impact of race and ethnicity on receipt of family planning services in the United States

Abstract Objective: This study sought to examine the independent effect of patient race or ethnicity on the use of family planning services and on the likelihood of receiving counseling for sterilization and other birth control methods. Methods: This study used national, cross-sectional data collected by the 2002 National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG). Our analysis included women aged 18–44 years who had heterosexual intercourse within the past 12 months, who were not actively seeking to get pregnant, and who had not undergone surgical sterilization. The primary outcome was receipt of family planning services within the past 12 months. Specific services we examined were (1) provision of or prescription for a method of birth control, (2) checkup related to using birth control, (3) counseling about sterilization, and (4) counseling about birth control. Results: Although we found no racial/ethnic differences in the overall use of family planning services, there were racial/ethnic differences in the specific...
Why Truth Matters: Research versus Propaganda in the Policy Debate

I begin my remarks with a confession: I wrote the title of my talk—“Why Truth Matters”—before I wrote the talk. I know such behavior is neither unique nor egregious. But it has caused me some anxiety. First came the challenge from my son, who is studying philosophy. To paraphrase his reaction: “Mom—What are you thinking? Surely you know there's no such thing as truth.” Second came my fear that some in the audience, recalling my political experience, might leap to the microphone saying: “This woman claims to know what truth is?” And third—worst of all—came my conversation with myself, when (in the middle of the night, of course), I said: “So, hot shot, why does truth matter in the policy debate?”
463 CLINICAL RELEVRNCE OF THE INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTORS

We have reviewed our experience with radioinmunoassays of the insulin-like growth factors, IGF-I and II, to determine their utility in the evaluation of short stature. IGF-I and II were treasured in normal (NL) (height 5-95%), normal short (NS) (height > 2 s.d. below mean, GH peak < 7ng/ml) and growth hormone deficient (GHD)children by radioimmunoassay using the NIADDK anti-serum for IGF-I and a specific antibody to the C-peptide region of IGF-II. An age-related boundary for IGF-I and a level of 300ng/ml for IGF-II were used to classify values as normal or low. Results are given in the table as [low values]/[total per group]. IGF-I is a far better indicator of GHD than IGF-II. Using a criterion of either low IGF-I or II, 62/65 (95%) of GHD cases and 18/195 (9%) of NL would have been identified. 5/7 false positives for IGF-I occurred below age 5 and 4/5 false negatives occurred above age 8. Interestingly, the proportion of low values for both IGF-I and II in the NS group are similar to those observed for the GHD group. We conclude that IGF-I and to a lesser extent IGF-II levels are useful in identifying a child with possible GHD. Our data also demonstrate significant overlap in IGF-I and II levels in GHD and NS children, suggesting that a subset of NS has abnormalities in physiologic GH secretion which are not revealed by provocative testing.
Factors mediating seasonal and influenza A (H1N1) vaccine acceptance among ethnically diverse populations in the urban south.

Abstract Objective We examined the acceptability of the influenza A (H1N1) and seasonal vaccinations immediately following government manufacture approval to gauge potential product uptake in minority communities. We studied correlates of vaccine acceptance including attitudes, beliefs, perceptions, and influenza immunization experiences, and sought to identify communication approaches to increase influenza vaccine coverage in community settings. Methods Adults ≥18 years participated in a cross-sectional survey from September through December 2009. Venue-based sampling was used to recruit participants of racial and ethnic minorities. Results The sample ( N = 503) included mostly lower income (81.9%, n = 412) participants and African Americans (79.3%, n = 399). Respondents expressed greater acceptability of the H1N1 vaccination compared to seasonal flu immunization ( t = 2.86, p = 0.005) although H1N1 vaccine acceptability was moderately low (38%, n = 191). Factors associated with acceptance of the H1N1 vaccine included positive attitudes about immunizations [OR = 0.23, CI (0.16, 0.33)], community perceptions of H1N1 [OR = 2.15, CI (1.57, 2.95)], and having had a flu shot in the past 5 years [OR = 2.50, CI (1.52, 4.10). The factors associated with acceptance of the seasonal flu vaccine included positive attitudes about immunization [OR = 0.43, CI (0.32, 0.59)], community perceptions of H1N1 [OR = 1.53, CI (1.16, 2.01)], and having had the flu shot in the past 5 years [OR = 3.53, CI (2.16, 5.78)]. Participants were most likely to be influenced to take a flu shot by physicians [OR = 1.94, CI (1.31, 2.86)]. Persons who obtained influenza vaccinations indicated that Facebook ( χ 2 = 11.7, p = 0.02) and Twitter ( χ 2 = 18.1, p = 0.001) could be useful vaccine communication channels and that churches ( χ 2 = 21.5, p χ 2 = 21.5, p Conclusions In this population, positive vaccine attitudes and community perceptions, along with previous flu vaccination, were associated with H1N1 and seasonal influenza vaccine acceptance. Increased immunization coverage in this community may be achieved through physician communication to dispel vaccine conspiracy beliefs and discussion about vaccine protection via social media and in other community venues.
Acute traumatic rupture of the aortic isthmus: Repair with cardiopulmonary bypass

In an attempt to prevent paraplegia, a devastating complication common after the repair of traumatic rupture of the aorta, we have used partial cardiopulmonary bypass. Most of the patients in our series (79.5%) underwent other major surgical procedures immediately before or after the aortic repair. Eight of the 110 patients died before aortic repair could be performed. The aorta was not repaired in 3, because of other injuries. In 9, the repair was done without a shunt or bypass; 4 patients died and 2 (22.2%) survived without paraplegia. One of the 2 who underwent repair with a Gott shunt died; the survivor suffered no cord damage. Of the 88 patients whose repair was carried out under cardiopulmonary bypass, 6 died and 80 (90.9%) survived without paraplegia. None of the last 39 patients has become paraplegic, as vasodilator treatment is now discontinued during the cross-clamp period. Serious intracranial injury was present in 19 patients; in 3 (15.8%) the injury became worse after repair. There was no evidence of new or increased intraabdominal bleeding during heparinization. Except in the event of pulmonary lacerations, systemic heparin therapy was not associated with major problems.
Adrenocortical responses to submaximal exercise in postmenopausal black and white women

The purpose of this study was to determine whether racial differences exist in the dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS), and cortisol concentrations of black and white postmenopausal women at rest and in response to submaximal exercise. Twenty-three postmenopausal women (13 white and 10 black) were studied on 2 occasions. On one occasion subjects rested quietly for 4 hours (control day), whereas on the other occasion after 50 minutes of rest, subjects exercised at 70% of Vo2 peak for 30 minutes on a cycle ergometer (exercise day). Blood was sampled at rest, during exercise, and during recovery and assayed for DHEA, DHEAS, and cortisol concentrations. Resting DHEA and cortisol concentrations and integrated area under the curve (AUC) were similar between the black and white women; however, the black women had lower resting DHEAS concentrations compared with the white women (DHEAS, black: 1.32 ± 0.29 v white: 2.18 ± 0.25 μmol · L−1, P < .05). Regardless of race, DHEA and cortisol AUC increased significantly above resting values (P < .01), but the exercise AUC for DHEA and cortisol were not different between the black and white women (DHEA: 607 ± 133 and 824 ± 108 min × nmol · L−1; cortisol: 9,604 ± 1,247 and 8,076 ± 1,093 min × nmol · L−1, respectively). No exercise-induced change in integrated DHEAS AUC was found in either group. In conclusion, racial differences exist in the resting DHEAS levels of postmenopausal women, but with no racial differences in resting DHEA and cortisol concentrations. Race had no impact on these adrenal hormone responses to submaximal exercise.
Parfit's unified theory of morality

Insofar as much of commonsense morality is solely rights-focused, insofar as our commonsense duties to our M-relations often involve comparative and not noncomparative goods, and insofar as commonsense morality is a morality of rule following, to those extents Parfit's claim that commonsense morality is self-defeating does not apply. Furthermore, even if Parfit's claim that morality is self-defeating does have a substantive basis and so we amend M as Parfit recommends, because Parfit's revisions of M fail to move M toward C we will be as far from a unification of M and C as we were at the beginning of the project. In short, although there may be a unity to morality, Parfit has not uncovered it.