cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Temporal stability of soil moisture spatial pattern and subsurface preferential flow pathways in the Shale Hills Catchment

Hydropedologic approaches utilize a strategy of “map first, then design” and “direction first, then velocity” in enhancing the understanding of complex landscape processes. This is illustrated in this study by examples dealing with (i) the mapping of soils and landforms in monitoring and interpreting soil moisture dynamics and (ii) the identification of flow pathways in determining landscape water fluxes. Year-round monitoring at 77 sites in the Shale Hills Catchment in central Pennsylvania revealed a temporal stability of soil moisture spatial pattern as governed by soil types and landforms, and suggested the significance of subsurface preferential flow in rapid channeling of precipitation to stream discharge. The five soil series identified in the catchment had the following decreasing trend of moisture storage within the upper 1.1-m solum: Ernest > Blairton ≥ Rushtown ≥ Berks > Weikert. The four landform units showed a decreasing trend of soil moisture storage: Valley > Swale > Hillslope > Hilltop. The 77 monitoring sites exhibited considerable ranking stability throughout the monitoring year at multiple depths, with the subsurface9s moisture ranking stability being slightly stronger than that at the surface. A slope-intercept analysis of linear regression further described the four conditions of temporal stability as related to soil moisture and hydrologic dynamics. Because of more extensively distributed deeper soils and hydrologically active swales, plus favorable subsurface lateral flow pathways and slightly higher cumulative rainfall, the south-facing slope in this V-shaped catchment was hydrologically more active than the north-facing slope in terms of draining more water at a faster rate to the stream. Approximately two-thirds of the soil horizons measured in the catchment had lateral saturated hydraulic conductivity ( K sat ) values 1.5 to 142.5 higher than vertical values. Because of a moderate slope (up to 25–48%), horizontally dipping shale bedrock (11.5–17.1°), and shallow tree rooting systems (branching laterally), subsurface lateral flow was prominent in this humid forested catchment.
Power, cost and circuit IP reuse: The real limiter to Moore's Law over the next 10 years

Long ago predicted limits for the planar CMOS structure, Silicon (Si) materials, and optical lithography are now present and being addressed in present day 32 and 28nm technology logic nodes. However, as the market emphasis shifts from high performance computing to consumer mobile in the race to produce the next 15 billion intelligent, connected devices by 2015, new issues such as extreme low power constraints and low cost have now became a priority as the industry has hit a power supply "1V Wall" [1] for logic technologies. This paper looks at the logic technology roadmap for the next 10 years with a new perspective. With power, cost, and System On a Chip (SOC) being the present day industry market drivers, do many of the projects started ~30 years ago to address scaling and fundamental limits to Si planar CMOS (e.g. Multigate MOSFETs, III-V materials, etc), still make sense today?
Improving life expectancy: how many years behind has the USA fallen? A cross-national comparison among high-income countries from 1958 to 2007.

Objective Many studies have documented higher mortality levels in the USA compared to other high-income nations. We add to this discussion by quantifying how many years behind comparison countries the USA has fallen and by identifying when US mortality rates began to diverge. Design We use full life tables, for men and women, for 17 high-income countries including the USA. We extract the life expectancy at birth and compute the mortality rates for each 5-year age group from birth up to age 80. Using the metric of how many ‘years behind’ a country has fallen, we compare US mortality levels with those in other high-income countries (‘comparators’). Results We report life expectancy for 17 high-income countries, for the period 1958–2007. Up to the late 1970s, US men and especially women closely tracked comparators in life expectancy. In the late 1970s in the USA, most strikingly women began to diverge from comparators so that the US female life expectancy in 2007 corresponded to that of the comparators’ average 10 years earlier. Mortality rates also began to diverge from the late 1970s, and the largest mortality gap was in the 15–49 age group, for both men and women, where the USA had fallen about 40 years behind the comparators by 2007. Conclusions Some causes proposed for the relatively high US mortality today—racial differences, lack of universal health insurance, US exceptionalism—changed little while the mortality gap emerged and grew. This suggests that explanations for the growing gap lie elsewhere. Quantification of how many years behind the USA has fallen can help provide clues about where to look for potential causes and remedies.
Determinants of Residential Location Choice: How Important Are Local Public Goods in Attracting Homeowners to Central City Locations?*

A hybrid conditional logit choice model is estimated using data on the characteristics and destination of homeowners who engaged in intrametropolitan moves among 17 school districts within the Columbus, Ohio area in 1995. The model is used to test the relative influence of local fiscal and public goods versus household-level characteristics in determining household location choices across central city and suburban school districts. Results provide evidence of both a ''nat- ural evolution'' of households to the suburbs, due to job location, residential filtering, and household income and lifecycle effects, and ''flight from blight,'' due to lower school quality, higher crime levels, and lower average income levels in the city. In comparing the magnitudes of these variables, we find that school quality exerts the strongest influence: a 1-percent increase in the school quality of the city district increases the probability of choosing a city residence by 3.7 percent. In contrast, the effects of household income and other individual characteristics are relatively mod- est. The findings provide support for a ''flight from blight'' suburbanization process that is dominated by differences in neighborhood quality between the city and suburbs. An implication is that investments that promote central city development and reduce suburbanization are justified on efficiency grounds if negative external- ities are generated by increased concentration of poverty, crime, and low school quality.
Improved vibration sensitivity of the all quartz package surface acoustic wave resonator

By exploiting the unique nature of the all-quartz-package (AQP) surface-acoustic-wave resonator (SAWR), the magnitude of the three-dimensional vibration sensitivity, mod r/sub 3D/ mod , of the devices is reduced to below 3*10/sup -10//g. By altering the geometry of the glass frit which forms the seal between the SAW substrate and matching quartz cover, the vibration sensitivity can be significantly reduced. By fabricating two matched SAWR devices on opposite sides of the same substrate and connecting them in parallel, the vibration sensitivity can be further reduced, even with nonideal mounting support structures. These steps have resulted in the lowest values ever reported for all three vibration axes. >
Secure and efficient key management in mobile ad hoc networks

In mobile ad hoc networks, due to unreliable wireless media, host mobility and lack of infrastructure, providing secure communications is a big challenge in this unique network environment. Usually cryptography techniques are used for secure communications in wired and wireless networks. The asymmetric cryptography is widely used because of its versatileness (authentication, integrity, and confidentiality) and simplicity for key distribution. However, this approach relies on a centralized framework of public key infrastructure (PKI). The symmetric approach has computation efficiency, yet it suffers from potential attacks on key agreement or key distribution. In fact, any cryptographic means is ineffective if the key management is weak. Key management is a central aspect for security in mobile ad hoc networks. In mobile ad hoc networks, the computational load and complexity for key management is strongly subject to restriction of the node's available resources and the dynamic nature of network topology. In this paper, we propose a secure and efficient key management framework (SEKM) for mobile ad hoc networks. SEKM builds PKI by applying a secret sharing scheme and an underlying multicast server group. In SEKM, the server group creates a view of the certification authority (CA) and provides certificate update service for all nodes, including the servers themselves. A ticket scheme is introduced for efficient certificate service. In addition, an efficient server group updating scheme is proposed.
Sunburns and Risk of Cutaneous Melanoma : Does Age Matter? A Comprehensive Meta-Analysis

Purpose Sunburns are an important risk factor for melanoma and those occurring in childhood are often cited as posing the greatest risk. We conducted a meta-analysis to quantify the magnitude of association for melanoma and sunburns during childhood, adolescence, adulthood and over a lifetime. Methods After reviewing over 1300 article titles and evaluating 270 articles in detail, we pooled odds ratios from 51 independent study populations for “ever” sunburned and risk of cutaneous melanoma. Among these, 26 studies reported results from dose-response analyses. Dose-response analyses were examined using both fixed-effects models and Bayesian random-effects models. Results An increased risk of melanoma was seen with increasing number of sunburns for all time-periods (childhood, adolescence, adulthood, and lifetime). In an attempt to understand how risk between life-periods compares, we also report these same linear models on a scale of five sunburns per decade for each life-period. The magnitude of risk for five sunburns per decade is highest for adult and lifetime sunburns. Conclusions Overall, these results show an increased risk of melanoma with increasing number of sunburns during all life-periods, not just childhood. Prevention efforts should focus on reducing sunburns during all life-periods.
Treatment of Pulmonary Disease Due to Mycobacterium kansasii: Recent Experience with Rifampin

Records of 244 patients with Mycobacterium kansasii isolated from their sputum were reviewed. Of the 244 patients, 82 failed to meet study criteria and were excluded. Response to treatment and posttreatment follow-up was evaluated in 162 patients. Overall, 135 patients (83%) achieved negative sputum cultures within six months. Among 32 patients whose drug regimen included rifampin, all 32 (10007) had negative cultures at the fourth and fifth months, but two relapsed during the sixth month, with cultures resistant to 1.0 and 25 jg of rifampin/ml. Among 130 patients whose regimen did not include rifampin, negative sputum cultures were achieved by the sixth month in 101 (80%o). In these patients, no significant influence could be attributed to (1) the use of three-drug vs. two-drug regimens; (2) the in vitro susceptibility of pretreatment cultures to isoniazid; (3) the coexistence of obstructive airway disease; or (4) the early use of pulmonary resection. The susceptibility of pretreatment cultures to streptomycin in those who received this drug may have influenced outcome. The late follow-up showed a cumulative relapse rate of 13% over five years in those who had achieved negative cultures initially, and the relapse rate did not appear to be influenced by pulmonary resection as part of the treatment.
Spectra of MHD Turbulence in Coronal Active Regions

We present results of a search for observational evidence for MHD turbulence in coronal active regions. We have chosen three active regions observed by N1XT in its rocket flight of September 11, 1989. For each of these regions we obtained a broadband omni directional power spectrum for the soft X-ray intensity, indicating the presence of a fully developed turbulent state.
MATERNAL TRAITS AND REPRODUCTIVE EFFORT IN NORTHERN ELEPHANT SEALS

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of maternal traits on reproductive expenditure and energy delivery to the offspring in a capital breeder, the northern elephant seal (Mirounga angustirostris). Changes in maternal and offspring energy reserves and milk-energy delivery were examined in relation to maternal parturition mass, body composition, and age in females and pups breeding at Ano Nuevo State Reserve, California. Maternal body mass and composition had significant effects on maternal energy expenditure over lactation. Path analysis suggested no significant effects of maternal age on reproductive effort of parous females. The efficiency of milk production increased significantly with maternal age. Offspring metabolism was a relatively small component of maternal energy expenditure, with pups storing 84% of the energy obtained from milk. These effects are an important consequence of the phocid strategy for enabling terrestrial parturition despite marine feeding. This strategy has resulted in an abbreviated and highly efficient lactation system that is strongly impacted by body reserves, linking foraging success at sea with reproductive success on land. Maternal size, body composition, and age were important features of reproduction in northern elephant seals. These characteristics are rarely considered concurrently in life history studies.
Ethics, Economics and the Value of Safety

Economists view private risk as a commodity — riskier jobs receive higher wages to compensate workers for voluntarily accepting job related risks of death. In the economist’s view, it is then a simple task to determine a money-risk trade-off derived from the job market and apply this trade-off in making decisions on social or public risks (as opposed to private risks). However, whereas private risks are typically compensated (payment is made a priori to accept risk), social or public risks are typically uncompensated. This distinction, compensated versus uncompensated risks, has long been observed, but in terms of a parallel terminology, voluntary versus involuntary risks. Society seems much more averse to the latter as opposed to the former. Economics as a behavioral science does not provide any clues as to this distinction. However, ethics, or rather the study of ethical systems, does provide a rationale for distinguishing between compensated and uncompensated risks. In this paper, four ethical systems — Utilitarian, Nietzschean, Rawlsian, and Libertarian — are examined as they apply to the question of the right or wrong of imposing or accepting risks. The conclusion of this analysis is that all of the four ethical systems examined accept compensated risks but reject uncompensated risks under at least some circumstances. The technical implication for economic analysis is that if any of these four ethical systems are used to construct a social welfare function, that function may imply lexicographic social preferences between public and private safety.
Socio-Cultural Dimensions of Cluster vs. Single Home Photovoltaic Solar Energy Systems in Rural Nepal

This paper analyzes the socio-cultural dimensions of obstacles facing solar photovoltaic projects in two villages in rural Nepal. The study was conducted in Humla District, Nepal, one of the most remote and impoverished regions of the country. There are no roads in the district, homes lack running water and villagers’ health suffers from high levels of indoor air pollution from open cooking/heating fires and the smoky torches traditionally burned for light. The introduction of solar energy is important to these villagers, as it removes one major source of indoor air pollution from homes and provides brighter light than the traditional torches. Solar energy is preferable in many villages in the region due to the lack of suitable streams or rivers for micro-hydroelectric projects. In the villages under study in this paper, in-home solar electricity is a novel and recent innovation, and was installed within the last three years in two different geo-spatial styles, depending upon the configuration of homes in the village. In some villages, houses are grouped together, while in others households are widely dispersed. In the former, solar photovoltaic systems were installed in a “cluster” fashion with multiple homes utilizing power from a central battery store under the control of the householder storing the battery bank. In villages with widely spaced households, a single home system was used so that each home had a separate solar photovoltaic array, wiring system and battery bank. It became clear that the cluster system was the sensible choice due to the geographic layout of certain villages, but this put people into management groups that did not always work well due to caste or other differences. This paper describes the two systems and their management and usage costs and benefits from the perspective of the villagers themselves.
Comparing neural correlates of visual target detection in serial visual presentations having different temporal correlations.

Most visual stimuli we experience on a day-to-day basis are continuous sequences, with spatial structure highly correlated in time. During rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP), this correlation is absent. Here we study how subjects' target detection responses, both behavioral and electrophysiological, differ between continuous serial visual sequences (CSVP), flashed serial visual presentation (FSVP) and RSVP. Behavioral results show longer reaction times for CSVP compared to the FSVP and RSVP conditions, as well as a difference in miss-rate between RSVP and the other two conditions. Using mutual information, we measure electrophysiological differences in the EEG for these three conditions. We find two peaks in the mutual information between EEG and stimulus class (target vs. distractor), with the second peak occurring 30-40ms earlier for the FSVP and RSVP conditions. In addition, we find differences in the persistence of the peak mutual information between FSVP and RSVP conditions. We further investigate these differences using a mutual information based functional connectivity analysis and find significant fronto-parietal functional coupling for RSVP and FSVP but no significant coupling for the CSVP condition. We discuss these findings within the context of attentional engagement, evidence accumulation and short-term visual memory.
Chk2 Activation and Phosphorylation-Dependent Oligomerization

The tumor suppressor gene CHK2 encodes a versatile effector serine/threonine kinase involved in responses to DNA damage. Chk2 has an amino-terminal SQ/TQ cluster domain (SCD), followed by a forkhead-associated (FHA) domain and a carboxyl-terminal kinase catalytic domain. Mutations in the SCD or FHA domain impair Chk2 checkpoint function. We show here that autophosphorylation of Chk2 produced in a cell-free system requires trans phosphorylation by a wortmannin-sensitive kinase, probably ATM or ATR. Both SQ/TQ sites and non-SQ/TQ sites within the Chk2 SCD can be phosphorylated by active Chk2. Amino acid substitutions in the SCD and the FHA domain impair auto- and trans-kinase activities of Chk2. Chk2 forms oligomers that minimally require the FHA domain of one Chk2 molecule and the SCD within another Chk2 molecule. Chk2 oligomerization in vivo increases after DNA damage, and when damage is induced by gamma irradiation, this increase requires ATM. Chk2 oligomerization is phosphorylation dependent and can occur in the absence of other eukaryotic proteins. Chk2 can cross-phosphorylate another Chk2 molecule in an oligomeric complex. Induced oligomerization of a Chk2 chimera in vivo concomitant with limited DNA damage augments Chk2 kinase activity. These results suggest that Chk2 oligomerization regulates Chk2 activation, signal amplification, and transduction in DNA damage checkpoint pathways.
The antidromic compound action potential of the auditory nerve.

1. The antidromic compound action potential (ACAP) of the auditory nerve was evoked by shocks to the auditory nerve root and recorded at the round window of the cochlea in anesthetized guinea pigs....
A promising carbon-11-labeled sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1-specific PET tracer for imaging vascular injury

Sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1 (S1PR1) is highly expressed in vascular smooth muscle cells from intimal lesions. PET imaging using S1PR1 as a biomarker would increase our understanding of its role in vascular pathologies including in-stent restenosis. The S1PR1 compound TZ3321 was synthesized for in vitro characterization and labeled with Carbon-11 for in vivo studies. The biodistribution of [11C]TZ3321 was evaluated in normal mice; microPET and immunohistochemistry (IHC) studies were performed using a murine femoral artery wire-injury model of restenosis. The high potency of TZ3321 for S1PR1 (IC 50 = 2.13 ± 1.63 nM), and high selectivity (>1000 nM) for S1PR1 over S1PR2 and S1PR3 were confirmed. Biodistribution data revealed prolonged retention of [11C]TZ3321 in S1PR1-enriched tissues. MicroPET imaging of [11C]TZ3321 showed higher uptake in the wire-injured arteries of ApoE−/− mice than in injured arteries of wild-type mice (SUV 0.40 ± 0.06 vs 0.28 ± 0.04, n = 6, P .05). Post-PET autoradiography showed >4-fold higher [11C]TZ3321 retention in the injured artery of ApoE−/− mice than in wild-type mice. Subsequent IHC staining confirmed higher expression of S1PR1 in the neointima of the injured artery of ApoE−/− mice than in wild-type mice. This preliminary study supports the potential use of PET for quantification of the S1PR1 expression as a biomarker of neointimal hyperplasia.
Positron Annihilation Studies of High Temperature Superconductors

The discovery1 of high temperature superconductivity in Cu-O based perovskite materials has initiated a large effort in the study of the various physical properties of these materials with a view to obtain a basic understanding of the mechanism of superconductivity in these systems2 In this paper we provide an overview of the positron annihilation studies on high temperature superconductors (HTS). After a brief introduction to the experimental method, the results of positron annihilation studies on high temperature superconductors are presented in three major parts: (1) Studies on the temperature dependence of the annihilation characteristics across Tc, (2) Investigation of the Fermi surface in these materials, and (3) Studies on the structure and defect properties.
EFFECTS OF HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION IN EARLY INCIDENCE OF SYMPTOMATIC CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE

Data on the effect of CD4 count and HIV- viral load on cardiovascular disease is not consistent. Most studies suggest that lower CD4 count and higher HIV- viral load are associated with greater cardiovascular risk. In this study, we evaluated the early incidence of symptomatic CAD in HIV-infected
The Bayesian Sequential Testing Analysis

In this paper, the Bayesian sequential testing method is studied by consociating the Bayesian method with the sequential testing. The author deduce from the superficial formula to the really testing decision, simulate and calculate the accuracy of the fail point of vehicles in detail. Finally, the conclusion is given that the Bayesian sequential testing method is quite important and valuable to aerospace enterprise of our country or the product experiment with expensive cost.
Clinical distribution and drug resistance of acinetobacter baumannii in children

Objective To investigate the clinical distribution and drug resistance of acinetobacter baumannii in children. Methods The K-B method was used to detect the drug sensitivity of 124 acinetobacter baumannii isolated from Jan to Dec in 2010. Results Among the 124 strains of acinetobacter baumannii,79(63.71%) were isolated from sputum and 20(16.13%) from blood.Strains isolated from the Intensive Care Unit accounted for 40.32%,followed by those from the Respiratory Department(21.77%).Among the 19 antibiotics tested,13(68.42%) had resistance rate higher than 50.0%,and 71(57.26%) were multi-resistant stains.Resistant rate to piperacillin(81.45%) was the highest.Resistance rate to polymyxin B(1.61%) was the lowest,followed by cefoperazone-sulbactam(15.32%). Conclusion Most clinically isolated acinetobacter baumannii are from respiratory specimens.Strains are mainly isolated from the Intensive Care Unit,Neurosurgery Department and Respiratory Department,with serious multi-resistance.Monitor of drug resistance of acinetobacter baumannii should be strengthened,and antimicrobial drugs should be used more rationally.
A compact electrolytic-free two-stage universal input offline LED driver

This paper presents a single phase, two-stage electrolytic-free offline LED driver that utilizes a hybrid film-ceramic stacked switched capacitor (SSC) energy buffer (EB) in place of limited-life electrolytic capacitors for twice-line-frequency energy buffering. The proposed LED driver comprises a front-end power factor correction (PFC) stage, followed by an isolated dc-dc conversion stage, with an SSC energy buffer connected across the intermediate dc bus. Compared to a single capacitor, the use of SSC energy buffer reduces the passive volume of the energy buffer by a factor of two. A simple and robust control scheme is proposed to interface the SCC energy buffer with the PFC converter. A prototype 300 W LED driver for universal input voltage range (90–265 Vrms) and 12 V output voltage is designed, built and tested based on the proposed architecture. The SSC energy buffer achieves a peak efficiency of 98.5% and maintains an efficiency of above 96% across a wide output power range, thus minimally impacting the overall system efficiency. In addition, the impact of the intermediate dc bus voltage ripple on overall system efficiency is investigated. It is found that there is negligible change in overall system efficiency when the intermediate bus voltage ripple ratio is varied between 3% and 7.5%.
The United States and the European Pillar in the late 1970s and the 1980s

With the development of the EC’s political cooperation since the early 1970s, and with movement toward West European defence cooperation as well, US support for a European pillar in an Atlantic framework continued as a staple of US public diplomacy. As in earlier formulations linking the Atlantic and European ideas, US statements typically have included assumptions and expectations that the emerging West European pillar(s) would reinforce the overall solidarity and strength of the West. Barely more than two years after the bruising Atlantic crisis had challenged the proposition, Henry Kissinger, still Secretary of State during the Ford administration, could affirm to European audiences that the most meaningful Atlantic cooperation ‘will occur only after Europe has achieved political unity’ (ignoring the earlier pain to the US of European attempts to do just that), and that ‘European unity and Atlantic partnership are both essential and mutually reinforcing’.1 In his address to the European Parliament in 1985, President Reagan invoked Kennedy’s Atlantic partnership theme, including its twin pillar imagery, as a continuing aim of US policy.2 In two major speeches in 1987, Reagan stated that ‘the Alliance must become more and more an alliance among equals’ and that the US must ‘welcome a European identity in defense which… is bound to spur Atlantic cooperation’.3 And while in Europe for the NATO summit in May 1989, President Bush affirmed that the drive toward European unity ‘and the transatlantic partnership reinforce each other’.4
Discrete Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Biomolecules

Biological molecules are highly dynamic and coexist in multiple conformations in solution [1]. Molecular motions are observed on a broad range of time and length scales using spectroscopy and hydrogen–deuterium exchange experiments [2, 3, 4, 5]. The internal motions and resulting conformational changes of these molecules play an essential role in their function. Sampling the structural and dynamic properties of biomolecules remains a challenge due to the large range of time and length scales associated with molecular life. Molecular modeling, especially molecular dynamics simulations of biomolecules and molecular complexes, has played a crucial role in bridging time and length scale gaps and has been pivotal to our understanding of the dynamic aspect of biomolecules[6].
Little things that count: A call for organizational research on microbusinesses

Summary The purpose of this Incubator is to encourage organizational researchers to attend to the most common type of business in the United States—the microbusiness. After defining and describing these businesses, we propose research questions on defining and managing performance, organizational citizenship, and work–family conflict in this novel business setting. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Salinity impacts on water solubility and n-octanol/water partition coefficients of selected pesticides and oil constituents

Salinity has been reported to influence the water solubility of organic chemicals entering marine ecosystems. However, limited data are available on salinity impacts for chemicals potentially entering seawater. Impacts on water solubility would correspondingly impact chemical sorption as well as overall bioavailability and exposure estimates used in the regulatory assessment. The pesticides atrazine, fipronil, bifenthrin, and cypermethrin, as well as the crude oil constituent dibenzothiophene together with 3 of its alkyl derivatives, all have different polarities and were selected as model compounds to demonstrate the impact of salinity on their solubility and partitioning behavior. The n-octanol/water partition coefficient (KOW ) was measured in both distilled-deionized water and artificial seawater (3.2%). All compounds had diminished solubility and increased KOW values in artificial seawater compared with distilled-deionized water. A linear correlation curve estimated salinity may increase the log KOW value by 2.6%/1 log unit increase in distilled water (R2 = 0.97). Salinity appears to generally decrease the water solubility and increase the partitioning potential. Environmental fate estimates based on these parameters indicate elevated chemical sorption to sediment, overall bioavailability, and toxicity in artificial seawater. These dramatic differences suggest that salinity should be taken into account when exposure estimates are made for marine organisms. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:2274-2280. © 2017 SETAC.
Depression and Antidepressant Use Among Asian and Hispanic Adults: Association with Immigrant Generation and Language Use

This research investigates the psychological well-being and usage of medical treatments by Asian and Hispanic immigrant descendants. Using data from all four waves of Add Health study, this paper focuses on two outcomes: (1) depression and (2) levels of antidepressant use by race/ethnicity, immigrant generation, and linguistic acculturation levels during adulthood. Findings reveal that depression is prevalent among Mexican Americans, other Hispanics, and Asian Americans. Furthermore, Mexican Americans and Asian Americans have reported a lower level of antidepressant use than whites, with Asian Americans attaining the lowest level when immigrant generation, language acculturation levels, and other socioeconomic factors are held constant. We also find that those who are linguistically less acculturated have much lower levels of antidepressant use than their monolingual English-speaking counterparts.
Supported two- and three-dimensional vanadium oxide species on the surface of β-SiC

A series of supported two- and three-dimensional vanadium oxide surface species on β-SiC with various V coverages are prepared via incipient wetness impregnation and characterized by a variety of ex and in situ techniques. The oxidative dehydrogenation of propane (ODHP) is also used as a probe reaction to complementarily distinguish between two- and three-dimensional VOx surface species. Herein, we show that treating pristine β-SiC with oxygen transforms the existing amorphous SiOxCy surface layer into a more SiO2-type layer, though with a negligible formation of Si–OH sites, which initially were expected to be the anchor sites for VOx species. In its place, the C–OH functional groups identified by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) act as anchor sites for the VOx species during the impregnation process, and are consumed as a function of V coverage. Our experimental observations all corroborate the formation of two- and three-dimensional VOx species on the surface of β-SiC.
Predictive Analytics for City Agencies: Lessons from Children's Services.

Abstract Many municipal agencies maintain detailed and comprehensive electronic records of their interactions with citizens. These data, in combination with machine learning and statistical techniques, offer the promise of better decision making, and more efficient and equitable service delivery. However, a data scientist employed by an agency to implement these techniques faces numerous and varied choices that cumulatively can have significant real-world consequences. The data scientist, who may be the only person at an agency equipped to understand the technical complexity of a predictive algorithm, therefore, bears a good deal of responsibility in making judgments. In this perspective, I use a concrete example from my experience of working with New York City's Administration for Children's Services to illustrate the social and technical tradeoffs that can result from choices made in each step of data analysis. Three themes underlie these tradeoffs: the importance of frequent communication between the d...
Tolerance and toxicity of the PARP inhibitor olaparib in older women with epithelial ovarian cancer.

Abstract Objectives The objective of this study was to determine the overall tolerability and toxicity of olaparib capsules among older (≥65years) patients with recurrent ovarian cancer treated on 8 completed prospective trials of olaparib. Methods An ancillary data analysis of 398 patients with recurrent ovarian cancer enrolled on eight prospective trials of olaparib capsules was performed. Patients aged 65years and older were stratified into age groups by 5year increments (ages 65–69, 70–74, ≥75years) and compared to those Results Of the 398 patients included, 78 were ≥65 (age 65–69 n =38, age 70–74 n =23, age≥75 n =17). The majority of elderly patients were Caucasian (n=2 Asian) and had received ≥5 prior lines of chemotherapy. In patients p =0.62). In patients p =0.11). There were no occurrences of myelodysplastic syndrome or acute myeloid leukemia in any of the older cohorts. Toxicities, including grade 3/4 nausea, were similar across age groups. Conclusions Tolerability and toxicity of olaparib capsules is similar between women ≥65years and
Enabling silicon photoanodes for efficient solar water splitting by electroless-deposited nickel

Enabling Si photoanodes for efficient solar water oxidation would facilitate the development of solar fuel conversion, but it is challenging owing to Si surface passivation via photo-induced corrosion in aqueous electrolytes. To overcome this challenge, most approaches have focused on improving the stability of Si by coating dense and thin protective layers using high vacuum-based techniques such as atomic layer deposition. However, these procedures are costly, making scalability for practical applications difficult. Herein, we report a modified electroless deposition (ELD) method to uniformly deposit protective and catalytic Ni films on Si wafers, resulting in efficient and stable Si photoanodes for solar water oxidation. The optimized Ni/n-Si photoanode achieves an onset potential of ∼ 1.09 V vs. a reversible hydrogen electrode and a saturation current density of ∼ 27.5 mA/cm2 under AM 1.5 G illumination at pH 14. The ELD method is additionally capable of Ni deposition on a 4-inch n-Si wafer, demonstrating the first 4-inch Si photoanode. The solar water oxidation of the ELD-Ni/n-Si photoanode can be further improved by surface texturing, built-in n–p junctions, or coupling with more efficient catalysts.
Ultrasound-Guided Sacroiliac Joint Injection

The sacroiliac joint (SIJ) is a true diarthrodial joint with the articular surfaces of the sacrum and ilium separated by a joint space enclosed in a fibrous capsule [1]. It bears the characteristics of a synovial joint, especially in the superoanterior and inferior aspects. The superoposterior joint surface lacks a joint capsule and contains the interosseous ligament. The anterior joint capsule gives origin to the anterior sacroiliac ligament. The posterior aspect also contains the posterior sacroiliac, sacrotuberous, and sacrospinous ligaments that stabilize the joint. With increasing age, degenerative changes occur with narrowing of the synovial cleft inferiorly and subsequent fibrous ankylosis [2, 3].
Economic Model Predictive Control : Handling Valve Actuator Dynamics and Process Equipment Considerations

Chemical process equipment e.g., sensors, valves, pumps, and vessels can impact the dynamics, profitability, and safety of plant operation. While continuous chemical processes are typically operate...
Imagelab - a platform for image manipulation assignments

This paper describes an image-processing platform called ImageLab. ImageLab provides the infrastructure to allow students to experiment with image manipulation in Java, practice using two-dimensional arrays, and follow specifications to develop a class that is part of a much larger program.
Coupled Eulerian-Lagrangian simulations using a level set method

Publisher Summary This chapter presents an algorithm for the coupled solution of high-velocity fluid-structure interaction problems, in which the simulation of the fluid is accomplished using Eulerian methods, whereas the simulation of the solid utilizes a Lagrangian approach. The algorithm is a variant of the ghost fluid method coupled with a new linear time approach to compute the distance function. The approach wherein the solid boundary is captured using level-set-based techniques is used. The level-set information is used to inform the fluid mechanics solver of the location, velocities, and accelerations of the solid and, in turn, can inform the solid solver of the load induced by the fluid. The “solid solver” in this approach can be as simple as a purely rigid solid to something as complex as a fully Lagrangian solver based on finite elements. An advantage of this approach is that there is no need to generate dynamically conforming meshes for the fluid mechanics.
An improved method for the quantitation of cellular migration : Role of αvβ3 integrin in endothelial and smooth muscle cell migration

The present study was undertaken to develop a simple and improvedmethod for the accurate quantitation of cellular migration and to examinethe role of αvβ3 integrins in different cellular migration. Usingour newly developed micro-volume chemotaxis assay, we developed an improvedquantitative method to measure in vitro chemotaxis of smooth muscle orendothelial cells toward different extracellular matrix proteins. Theconvenience in setup and counting of migrated cells using this methodallows for large capacity screening and for various research applicationswith other cells as well. The signal. to noise ratios were in the range of10/1, along with about 10–20% intra- or inter-assayvariabilities. Using this method, we have determined that eithervitronectin at 0.4 µg/well or osteopontin at 0.4 µg/well areselective αvβ3 chemoattractants for endothelial or smooth musclecells (0.5 × 105 cells/well). Additionally, a selective αvβ3small molecule peptiddomimetic, monoclonal antibody LM609, or an anti-β3 (αvβ3/αIIβ3) anti-body, c7E3 demonstratedmaximal inhibition of cellular migration toward vitronectin or osteopontin.These data suggest the potential utility of this method in assessing therole of various mechanisms in cellular migration and also suggests the potential implication of an αvβ3 antagonist in blocking pathologicalprocesses involving endothelial or smooth muscle cell adhesion/migration.
Gate Leakage in Non-Volatile Ferroelectric Transistors: Device-Circuit Implications

Ferroelectric FETs (FEFETs) offer intriguing possibilities for the design of steep switching and non-volatile (NV) transistors [1]. FEFETs may be realized either: (i) with an internal metal layer (w-IML) between ferroelectric (FE e.g. HZO) and dielectric (DE) or (ii) direct integration of FE on DE without the use of internal metal (w/o-IML). Each of these devices have their own issues [2], [3]. FEFETs w/o-IML may be affected by defects in HZO (resulting in trapping/de-trapping [2]), and non-uniform FE electric fields (due to the underlying FET), which may lead to performance degradation/variability [4]. On the other hand, in FEFETs w-IML, the IML is floating and the gate leakage (GL) can result in several issues. The effect of GL in the context of steep switching of FEFETs has been discussed in [3]. Similarly, there is a need to understand the impact of GL in NV FEFETs. In this paper, we analyze the implications of gate leakage in NV FEFETs w-IML and describe how distinguishability between the two NV states can be lost due to GL. We propose gate workfunction (GWF) engineering along with a modified read scheme for FEFET based memory to counter the effect of GL.
Neurotoxicity after CTL019 in a pediatric and young adult cohort.

OBJECTIVE To characterize the incidence and clinical characteristics of neurotoxicity in the month following CTL019 infusion in children and young adults, to define the relationship between neurotoxicity and cytokine release syndrome (CRS), and to identify predictive biomarkers for development of neurotoxicity following CTL019 infusion. METHODS We analyzed data on 51 subjects, 4 to 22 years old, who received CTL019, a chimeric antigen receptor-modified T-cell therapy against CD19, between January 1, 2010 and December 1, 2015 through a safety/feasibility clinical trial (NCT01626495) at our institution. We recorded incidence of significant neurotoxicity (encephalopathy, seizures, and focal deficits) and CRS, and compared serum cytokine levels in the first month postinfusion between subjects who did and did not develop neurotoxicity. RESULTS Neurotoxicity occurred in 23 of 51 subjects (45%, 95% confidence interval = 31-60%) and was positively associated with higher CRS grade (p < 0.0001) but was not associated with demographic characteristics or prior oncologic treatment history. Serum interleukin (IL)-2, IL-15, soluble IL-4, and hepatocyte growth factor concentrations were higher in subjects with neurotoxicity than those with isolated CRS. Differences in peak levels of select cytokines including IL-12 and soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor-1 within the first 3 days were seen in subjects with neurotoxicity. INTERPRETATION Neurotoxicity is common after CTL019 infusion in children and young adults, and is associated with higher CRS grade. Differences in serum cytokine profiles between subjects with neurotoxicity and those with isolated CRS suggest unique pathophysiological mechanisms. Serum cytokine profiles in the first 3 days postinfusion may help identify children and young adults at risk for neurotoxicity, and may provide a foundation for investigation into potential mitigation strategies. Ann Neurol 2018;84:537-546.
Longitudinal 5-Year Evaluation of Bone Density and Microarchitecture After Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass Surgery.

Context Bone health declines in the initial years after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB), but long-term skeletal effects are unclear. Objective To document longitudinal changes in bone mineral density (BMD) and microarchitecture 5 years after RYGB. Design, Setting, and Participants Prospective 5-year observational study of 21 adults with severe obesity receiving RYGB at an academic medical center. Main Outcome Measures Spine and hip areal BMD were measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, and trabecular volumetric BMD (vBMD) of the spine was assessed by quantitative CT (QCT). We measured vBMD and microarchitecture of the distal radius and tibia by high-resolution peripheral QCT in a subset of subjects. Serum type I collagen C-terminal telopeptide (CTX) and procollagen type I N-terminal propeptide (P1NP) were also measured. Results Areal BMD declined by -7.8% ± 7.6% at the spine and -15.3% ± 6.3% at the total hip by 5 years after RYGB (P ≤ 0.001), although the rate of bone loss slowed in later years. Trabecular spine vBMD decreased by -12.1% ± 12.3% by 5 years (P ≤ 0.001). At peripheral sites, vBMD continued to decrease steadily throughout 5 years, with parallel declines in cortical and trabecular microarchitecture, leading to decreases in estimated failure load of -20% and -13% at the radius and tibia, respectively (P < 0.001). Five years after RYGB, CTX and P1NP were 150% and 34% above baseline (P < 0.001 and P = 0.017, respectively). Conclusions Sustained high-turnover bone loss and bone microarchitectural deterioration occur in the 5 years after RYGB. Adults receiving RYGB warrant assessment of bone health.
Numerical discretization of completely integrable nonlinear Hamiltonian systems

Completely integrable nonlinear Hamiltonian systems offer attractive models for novel accelerator systems that are being developed to push the frontiers of high intensity and high power beam applications. However, all known numerical methods used to discretize and simulate these systems spoil the integrability property of the original, time-continuous, theoretically integrable system. Since the hallmark of integrability is the existence of sufficiently many functionally independent first integrals in involution, we investigated several methods' performance in terms of invariant preservation over longer timescales. We conclude that, while novel structure preserving integrators would be ideal, symplectic methods under mild restrictions offer adequate invariant preservation. We especially highlight the very good performance of the Stormer-Verlet method at low accuracy and a modified Lobatto method at high accuracy for the Integrable Optics Test Accelerator (IOTA). However, we show that symplectic integrators are limited by numerically induced resonances, which make interpretation of some simulation results challenging. These limitations and workarounds are discussed.
Sentinel lymph node mapping in endometrial and cervical cancer: a survey of practices and attitudes in gynecologic oncologists.

Objective To determine patterns among gynecologic oncologists in sentinel lymph node mapping (SLNM) for endometrial cancer (EC) and cervical cancer (CC). Methods A online survey assessing the practice of SLNM, including incidence, patterns of usage, and reasons for non-use was distributed to Society of Gynecologic Oncology candidate and full members in August 2017. Descriptive statistics and univariate analysis was performed. Results The 1,117 members were surveyed and 198 responses (17.7%) were received. Of the 70% (n=139) performing SLNM, the majority reported use for both CC and EC (64.0%) or EC alone (33.1%). In those using SLNM in EC, the majority (86.6%) performed SLNM in >50% of cases for all patients (56.3%), International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics grade 1 (43.0%) and 2 (42.2%). Reported benefits of SLNM in EC were reduced surgical morbidity (89.6%), lymphedema (85.2%), and operative time (63.7%). Among those using SLNM for CC, the majority (73.1%) did so in >50% of cases. In EC, 77.2% and 21.3% reported that micro-metastatic disease (0.2-2.0 cm) and isolated tumor cells (ITCs) should be treated as node positive, respectively. In those not using SLNM for EC (n=64) and CC (n=105), concerns were regarding efficacy of SLNM and lack of training. When queried regarding training, 73.7% felt that SLNM would impact skill in full lymphadenectomy (LND). Conclusion The SLNM is utilized frequently among gynecologic oncologists for EC and CC staging. Common reasons for non-uptake include uncertainty of current data, lack of training and technology. Concerns exist regarding impact of SLNM in fellowship training of LND.