cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
‘The surface management system’ (SuMS) database: a surface–based database to aid cortical surface reconstruction, visualization and analysis

Surface reconstructions of the cerebral cortex are increasingly widely used in the analysis and visualization of cortical structure, function and connectivity. From a neuroinformatics perspective, dealing with surface-related data poses a number of challenges. These include the multiplicity of configurations in which surfaces are routinely viewed (e.g. inflated maps, spheres and flat maps), plus the diversity of experimental data that can be represented on any given surface. To address these challenges, we have developed a surface management system (SuMS) that allows automated storage and retrieval of complex surface-related datasets. SuMS provides a systematic framework for the classification, storage and retrieval of many types of surface-related data and associated volume data. Within this classification framework, it serves as a version-control system capable of handling large numbers of surface and volume datasets. With built-in database management system support, SuMS provides rapid search and retrieval capabilities across all the datasets, while also incorporating multiple security levels to regulate access. SuMS is implemented in Java and can be accessed via a Web interface (WebSuMS) or using downloaded client software. Thus, SuMS is well positioned to act as a multiplatform, multi-user 'surface request broker' for the neuroscience community.
Improvements of Biomass Physical and Thermochemical Characteristics via Torrefaction Process

Various types of feedstocks such as straws and cotton gin waste are characterized by their low bulk density and relatively low energy content as well as irregular particle sizes and shapes. These factors impact the production of bioenergy from these fluffy feedstocks. The goal of this research is to improve the physical and thermochemical characteristics of biomass via torrefaction process. Torrefaction involves the heating of biomass to moderate temperature of 200 to 300°C in an inert atmosphere. Thus, the properties of the biomass undergo chemical and physical changes under torrefaction process. Several batches of wheat straw, rice straw, and cotton gin waste were torrefied at 260°C for 0, 15, 30, 45, and 60 min using a batch torrefaction system located at the bioenergy lab, Stuttgart, AR. Another set of experiments took place in which wheat straw was used as the feedstock. The effects of torrefaction temperature (200, 260, and 3Z5°C) and residence time (60, 120, and 180 min) on the physical and thermochemical characteristics of wheat straw were studied. During 1 hour torrefaction at 260°C, moisture content was reduced by 70.5%, 49.4%, and 48.6% for wheat straw, rice straw, and cotton gin waste, respectively. Insignificant reduction (<1.9%) of the volatile solids was observed under the same torrefaction conditions. The heating value increased by 25.3%, 16.9%, and 6.3% for wheat straw, rice straw, and cotton gin waste, respectively. Rice straw showed the highest weight loss of 30. 7% under the same torrefaction conditions. The second set of experiment showed that the torrefaction temperature have stronger effect compared with residence time. The highest heating value (22.75 MJ/kg) and the highest weight loss (54%) of wheat straw were observed at torrefaction temperature of 315°C and 3-h residence time. Also, improvement of size reduction was visually observed, which has the favorable properties for application for gasification and/or Pyrolysis.
Exploring Evolutionary Dynamics of nrDNA in Carex Subgenus Vignea (Cyperaceae)

Nuclear ribosomal DNA (nrDNA) has been used for more than a decade in species level phylogenetic analyses. While nrDNA can often be a powerful phylogenetic marker, intraindividual polymorphisms of the internal and external transcribed spacers (ITS, ETS) can lead to problems in their use for phylogeny reconstruction. Incomplete concerted evolution coupled with hybridization and incomplete lineage sorting can further exacerbate these problems. Previous phylogenetic analyses using nrDNA of Carex subgenus Vignea suggest that the current sectional classifications may be highly artificial. We endeavored to identify what influence incomplete concerted evolution, lineage sorting, and hybridization have played in the complex patterns of relationships previously inferred from ITS and ETS sequences for subgenus Vignea. Through comprehensive cloning we identified high levels of intraindividual polymorphisms and in many cases this led to the polyphyly of individuals. Furthermore, individuals identified with novel mutations in the 5.8S ribosomal subunit did not show a significant deviation in G-C percentage and free energy. Based on these results we suggest that nrDNA contains multiple paralogs in many species and clades within Carex subgenus Vignea which greatly complicates its use for phylogenetic inference of relationships and future studies in Carex need to take this into account.
When it comes to radiofrequency catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation, have all of our wishes been granted?: A perspective on the SMART-AF trial

During the 16 years that have passed since first identification of the pulmonary veins (PVs) as a common site for focal triggers that initiate atrial fibrillation (AF), catheter ablation of AF has matured as a treatment modality. AF ablation is now recommended as a Class 1 therapy for treatment of
The Mast Cell-IgE Paradox: From Homeostasis to Anaphylaxis

Mast cells and IgE are so inextricably linked to the pathology of allergic disorders, including fatal anaphylaxis, that it can be difficult to think of them in other contexts. Surely, we do not have mast cells and IgE so that we can eat a peanut and die! It is thought that mast cells and IgE and basophils (circulating granulocytes, whose functions partially overlap with those of mast cells) can contribute to host defense as components of adaptive T helper cell type 2 immune responses to helminths, ticks, and certain other parasites. Accordingly, it was suggested that allergies are misdirected type 2 immune responses in which IgE antibodies are produced against any of a broad variety of apparently harmless antigens. However, components of animal venoms also can sensitize individuals to develop severe IgE-associated allergic reactions, including fatal anaphylaxis, on subsequent venom exposure. Here, I describe evidence that mast cells can enhance innate host resistance to reptile or arthropod venoms during responses to an initial exposure to such venoms and that acquired type 2 immune responses, IgE antibodies, the high-affinity IgE receptor FceRI, and mast cells can contribute toward acquired resistance in mice to the lethal effects of honeybee or Russell's viper venom. These findings support the hypothesis that mast cells and IgE can help protect the host against noxious substances.
Quantitative Modeling Approaches for Understanding the Role of Phosphatases in Cell Signaling Regulation: Applications in Metabolism

The regulation of cell signaling occurs through a complex set of coupled processes occurring over multiple length and time scales. Computational modeling approaches have been applied to dissect this complexity over these various time and length scales, which range from the molecular level to the cell and tissue level, but these approaches have not focused heavily on the regulation or roles of phosphatases. Because of the clear importance of phosphatases in cell signaling, significant opportunities exist to expand our understanding of the regulation of cell signaling in metabolism and other cell regulatory processes by focusing modern computational approaches on phosphatases and the processes they regulate. The aim of this chapter is to provide a brief review of some computational modeling approaches that have been usefully applied to study the regulation of signaling, mainly by kinases, over a range of length and time scales and to describe opportunities to apply similar approaches for understanding signaling regulation by phosphatases. Some specific examples of key relevance to metabolism are described.
Distribution of actin filament lengths measured by fluorescence microscopy

We analyzed the distribution of actin filament lengths by optical microscopy (OM). OM avoids possible alterations in the size or structure of actin filaments occurring during sample preparation for electron microscopy (EM). Images of F-actin labeled with tetramethylrhodamine isothiocyanate (TRITC)-phalloidin were analyzed for both size distribution and flexibility. In the standard buffer [25 mM potassium acetate, 4 mM MgSO4, 25 mM tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane acetate, pH 7.5, 20 mM beta-mercaptoethanol] filaments did not aggregate into bundles and remained stable at nanomolar concentrations for at least 1 h. At the same concentration, actin labeled directly with rhodamine (no phalloidin) formed unstable filaments whose average length decreased with time. The number average length of TRITC-phalloidin labeled filaments (Ln) was 4.90 microns, the ratio (rho) of the weight average length to the number average length was 2.06, and the correlation length (1/lambda) was 8.33 microns. These parameters were in good agreement with the values determined by EM for filaments shorter than 8 microns. Passing G-actin through a Sephadex G-150 column before polymerization did not have a significant effect on the distribution of lengths but made filaments more stiff (1/lambda = 12.5 microns). Millimolar concentration of ATP increased the correlation length, and gelsolin had the expected fragmenting effect on filaments. These results show that OM can be used as a fast and reliable method to analyze the distribution and flexibility of actin filaments and suggest that, in spite of extensive manipulation of actin filaments during sample preparation, EM is a valid tool for determination of size parameters of actin filaments.
Investigation of Genetic Variants Associated with Alzheimer Disease in Parkinson Disease Cognition.

BACKGROUND Meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies have implicated multiple single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and associated genes with Alzheimer disease. The role of these SNPs in cognitive impairment in Parkinson disease (PD) remains incompletely evaluated. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to test alleles associated with risk of Alzheimer disease for association with cognitive impairment in Parkinson disease (PD). METHODS Two datasets with PD subjects accessed through the NIH database of Genotypes and Phenotypes contained both single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) arrays and mini-mental state exam (MMSE) scores. Genetic data underwent rigorous quality control and we selected SNPs for genes associated with AD other than APOE. We constructed logistic regression and ordinal regression models, adjusted for sex, age at MMSE, and duration of PD, to assess the association between selected SNPs and MMSE score. RESULTS In one dataset, PICALM rs3851179 was associated with cognitive impairment (MMSE 70 years old (OR = 2.3; adjusted p-value = 0.017; n = 250) but not in PD subjects ≤ 70 years old. CONCLUSIONS Our finding suggests that PICALM rs3851179 could contribute to cognitive impairment in older patients with PD. It is important that future studies consider the interaction of age and genetic risk factors in the development of cognitive impairment in PD.
Varying the Entanglement of 1.55 μm Photon Pairs Generated by a Silicon Nanophotonic Chip

We characterize the strength of entanglement corresponding to different Joint Spectral Intensities of telecommunications-wavelength photon pairs generated using spontaneous four-wave mixing in a diode-pumped compact CMOS-compatible silicon chip
Assessment of cardiovascular risk in patients with erectile dysfunction: focus on the diabetic patient.

Erectile dysfunction (ED) is commonly associated with risk factors for cardiovascular disease, including diabetes. The prevalence of ED in diabetic patients is high—about 75% of diabetic men 60 yr of age or older had ED in one study. Endothelial dysfunction, accelerated atherosclerosis, and diabetic neuropathy likely contribute to ED in diabetics. As silent ischemia is common in the diabetic patient, and diabetes is now often thought of as a coronary heart disease risk equivalent, diabetic men seeking therapy for ED may be considered candidates for exercise stress testing. Phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE5) inhibitors improve erectile function in diabetic men with ED; however, efficacy rates may be somewhat lower than in nondiabetic men. Studies to date have suggested that PDE5 inhibitors per se do not cause an increase in myocardial infarction rates in men being treated for ED.
Catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome in a patient with immune thrombocytopenic purpura

A 47-year old Caucasian male with 7-year history of Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura (ITP) presented with acute onset pain and purplish-blue discoloration of the left fifth toe and pleuritic chest pain. At the time of ITP diagnosis, he was positive for lupus anticoagulant (LA) and high titer of IgG anticardiolipin antibodies (aCL). However, his platelet count had previously remained stable at approximately 40,000/μL and he never required treatment. His examination was normal except for dusky cyanosis and coolness of the left fifth toe associated with extreme tenderness. Abnormal laboratory studies on admission included leukocytosis (11.610/μL), thrombocytopenia (76,000 /μL) and elevated D-dimer (770 ng/mL FEU). Cardiac enzymes, EKG and Chest X-ray were normal. A lower extremity arterial study done prior to admission was normal.
Kinematics of meniscal- and ACL-transected mouse knees during controlled tibial compressive loading captured using roentgen stereophotogrammetry.

Pre-clinical studies of post-traumatic OA have examined the pathways that lead to disease after injury by using surgical models such as the destabilization of the medial meniscus (DMM) and anterior cruciate ligament transection (ACLT). While the morphological, molecular, and genetic pathways leading to OA have been examined extensively; the effects of these injuries on joint kinematics, and thus disease progression, have yet to be fully characterized. To this end, we sought to understand the kinematics in the DMM and ACLT joints compared to intact joints subjected to controlled tibial compressive loading. We hypothesized that the DMM and ACLT models would result in different patterns of joint instability compared to intact joints, thus explaining the different patterns of OA initiation and severity in these models. Cadaver adult C57BL/6 mice were subjected to either a DMM or ACLT in their right knee joints, while the left limbs remained as intact controls. All limbs were labeled with fiducial markers, and the rigid body kinematics of the tibia and femur were examined using roentgen stereophotogrammetry (RSA) with application of compressive loads from 0 to 9 N. DMM and intact joints demonstrated similar kinematics under compressive loading, in contrast to ACLT joints, which dislocated even before load application. These results demonstrate the importance of rigorous kinematic analysis in defining the role of joint instability in animal models of OA and suggest significant differences in DMM and ACLT joint instabilities in the context of controlled mechanical loading. © 2016 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 35:353-360, 2017.
Experimental Results of an Efficient Active Magnetic Regenerator Refrigerator

The Active Magnetic Regenerator (AMR) refrigerator, a test apparatus device used to demonstrate magnetic refrigeration, has yielded a high percentage of Carnot efficiency. The refrigerator employs two particle beds of a single magnetic material. A reciprocating superconducting magnet alternately magnetizes one bed at a time. When the magnet is stationary, a piston displacer forces a heat transfer fluid (helium) through the circuit. Two room temperature linear actuators drive the magnet and the displacer separately. Cooling loads are applied using resistive heaters attached to a central Cold Heat EXchanger (CHEX). Recent modifications of the AMR included installing new Hot Heat EXchangers (HHEXs) immersed in a liquid nitrogen (LN2) bath, to serve as a hot sink and provide a 77 Kelvin (K) environment.
Preliminary Study on Correlation between the Contributing Factor of Lop Nur Great Ear Rings and Electromagnetic Induction Measurements (EM38)

The Electromagnetic Induction Measurements(EM38) were applied to investigate electromagnetic induction of the salt crust in Lop Nur Great Ear region and the deposit sampling and measurements were made in different scales and varied space differential rate.The results showed that: Each characteristic parameter values of the salt crust soil all expressed distinct space variability.There is better correlation between the formation of the Great Ear and the physical quantity expressed by the electromagnetic induction.Then the electric conductivity value in the black district of the great ear is higher than that in white region.
Analysis of HFMD Epidemic Characteristics and Pathogen Detection in Yuhong District of Shenyang from 2008 to 2012

OBJECTIVE Analysis on hand, food and mouth disease(HFMD)epidemic, to provide a scientific basis for prevention and control measures for the development from 2008 to 2012. METHODS Descriptive epidemiological methods to analyze data from the national disease surveillance information reporting system; pathogen detection by RT-PCR methods for nucleic acid detection. RESULTS Yuhong District HFMD epidemic is mainly characterized by early epidemic, many reported cases; cases widely distributed, was gradually spread; primarily children features. CONCLUSION Children under 6 years old, especially preschool children are the focus of the disease prevention and control populations, to comprehensively strengthen the monitoring and analysis of the epidemic, the epidemic reporting work earnestly and resolutely implement prevention and control measures in key places, in-depth advocacy training to ensure HFMD epidemic has been effective control.
Analysis on the fairness of the human resources of the primary health services in Wuhan City

Objective To evaluate the fairness of the allocation of the human resources of the primary health services on the ground of the service population and service area.Methods Descriptive statistical method and Lorenz curve and Gini coefficient were used to analyze the fairness of the allocation of the resources of the primary health services.Results On the ground of the service population,the quantity of technical staff and primary health institutions were relatively fair,the Gini coefficient was 0.08 and 0.13 respectively.The geographical distribution was relatively unfair,the Gini coefficient was 0.38 and 0.41 respectively.The training opportunity for the technical staff was unfair,the Gini coefficient was 0.34.Conclusions The allocation of the human resource in the primary health institutions was relatively reasonable in Wuhan city.However,more attention should be paid to the geographical distribution of the human resources,and the fairness of the training for technical staff should be improved.
Construction of Safety Monitoring Automation System for Three Gorges Ship Gate

The construction of safety monitoring automation system for Three gorges ship gate which includes the structure,composition and main functions of the system is mainly introduced.It focuses on the multi-level lightning proof measures,improving system communication reliability with ring and star hybrid topology network architecture and data access of system integration.This paper provides a reference of safety monitoring automation systems of dams and hydraulic structures for new construction or modernization projects.
Text message appointment reminders.

Text message reminders increase attendance at health care appointments compared with no reminders or postal reminders. They are as effective as telephone call reminders but are less expensive.
Experimental studies of strong-field interactions with molecules and solids

Advances in femtosecond lasers are extending the exploration of multiphoton interactions well into the strong-field regime, the physical situation in which the external field is greater than an atomic unit ( e / a 0 2 ). The performance projected for ultraviolet rare-gas halogen technology is cur rently being realized,1-11 and new near-infrared solid-state systems, such as Ti:Al2O3, are under vigorous development. Both technologies12 should reach a field strength of ~100 e / a 0 2 with instruments that produce an output energy of ~1 J.
Vegetable juicing- a strategy for enhancing vegetables in the Indian diet -

The production of vegetables in India is sufficient to meet the recommended dietary allowance (RDA) for its population. Yet, it is a challenge for many Indians to consume adequate amounts of vegetables through their daily diets. The per capita production of vegetables in India stands at 318 g while the per capita consumption figure is 216 g. 1 The RDA for vegetables in the Indian diet is 300 g.The deficit of approximately 80 g/day of vegetables in the Indian diet needs to be made up.
Walking through the statistical black boxes of plant breeding

The main statistical procedures in plant breeding are based on Gaussian process and can be computed through mixed linear models. Intelligent decision making relies on our ability to extract useful information from data to help us achieve our goals more efficiently. Many plant breeders and geneticists perform statistical analyses without understanding the underlying assumptions of the methods or their strengths and pitfalls. In other words, they treat these statistical methods (software and programs) like black boxes. Black boxes represent complex pieces of machinery with contents that are not fully understood by the user. The user sees the inputs and outputs without knowing how the outputs are generated. By providing a general background on statistical methodologies, this review aims (1) to introduce basic concepts of machine learning and its applications to plant breeding; (2) to link classical selection theory to current statistical approaches; (3) to show how to solve mixed models and extend their application to pedigree-based and genomic-based prediction; and (4) to clarify how the algorithms of genome-wide association studies work, including their assumptions and limitations.
Fever unknown origin: 18F-FDG PET/CT case based review

1272 Learning Objectives After viewing this exhibit, the participant will understand the definition of FUO; the three major diagnostic categories of FUO; the clinical workup of FUO and its shortfalls; the limitations of other radiological imaging; the advantages of F-18 FDG PET/CT and its implication for differential diagnosis of FUO. F-18 FDG PET/CT is an established diagnostic tool predominantly utilized in Oncology patients. With F-18 FDG PET/CT becoming more widely available, its role may become more promising in the diagnosis of fever of unknown origin (FUO). FUO can be related to infectious, non-infectious inflammatory and oncological conditions. It remains a challenging and serious clinical dilemma with no definitive diagnosis established in up to 50% of cases. FUO requires extensive, invasive and repetitive work up, which often times is unyielding. Considering the growing and pressing need for more careful consideration in order to provide the most cost-effective care, F-18 FDG PET/CT may offer a unique role as an imaging modality among patients with FUO. F-18 FDG PET/CT has an affinity for tumor cells, inflammatory cells and granulation tissues, and these advantages of the modality may help to formulate a timely diagnosis and treatment. In this presentation, we will review the role of F-18 FDG PET/CT in the diagnosis of FUO and illustrate FUO cases into three major categories: infectious, inflammatory, and neoplastic origin.
Geographic variation in apparent competition between native and invasive Phragmites australis.

Apparent competition, the negative interaction between species mediated by shared natural enemies, is thought to play an important role in shaping the structure and dynamics of natural communities. However, its importance in driving species invasions, and whether the strength of this indirect interaction varies across the latitudinal range of the invasion, has not been fully explored. We performed replicated field experiments at four sites spanning 900 km along the Atlantic Coast of the United States to assess the presence and strength of apparent competition between sympatric native and invasive lineages of Phragmites australis. Four herbivore guilds were considered: stem-feeders, leaf-miners, leaf-chewers and aphids. We also tested the hypothesis that the strength of this interaction declines with increasing latitude. Within each site, native and invasive plants of P. australis were cross-transplanted between co-occurring native and invasive patches in the same marsh habitat and herbivore damage was evaluated at the end of the growing season. Apparent competition was evident for both lineages and involved all but the leaf-chewer guild. For native plants, total aphids per plant was 296% higher and the incidence of stem-feeding and leaf-mining herbivores was 34% and 221% higher, respectively, when transplanted into invasive than native patches. These data suggest that invasive P. australis has a negative effect on native P. australis via apparent competition. Averaged among herbivore types, the indirect effects of the invasive lineage on the native lineage was 57% higher than the reverse situation, suggesting that apparent competition was asymmetric. We also found that the strength of apparent competition acting against the native lineage was comparable to the benefits to the invasive lineage from enemy release (i.e., proportionately lower mean herbivory of the invasive relative to the native taxa). Finally, we found the first evidence that the strength of apparent competition acting against the native lineage (from stem-feeders only) decreased with increasing latitude. These results suggest that not only could apparent competition be of tantamount importance to enemy release in enhancing the establishment and spread of invasive taxa, but also that these indirect and direct herbivore effects could vary over the invasion range.
Antimicrobial resistance patterns of bovine Salmonella enterica isolates submitted to the Wisconsin Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory: 2006–2015

Salmonellosis on the dairy continues to have a significant effect on animal health and productivity and in the United States. Additionally, Salmonella enterica ssp. enterica causes an estimated 1.2 million cases of human illness annually. Contributing to the morbidity and mortality in both human and domestic animal species is emergence of antimicrobial resistance by Salmonella species and increased incidence of multidrug-resistant isolates. This study describes serotype distribution and the antimicrobial resistance patterns for various Salmonella serotypes isolated from bovine samples submitted to the Wisconsin Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (WVDL) over the past 10 yr. Salmonella serotyping and antimicrobial susceptibility testing data were obtained from the laboratory information management system at WVDL. Data from accessions were limited to bovine samples submitted to the WVDL between January 2006 and June 2015 and those that had both a definitive serotype and complete results for antimicrobial susceptibility testing. A total of 4,976 isolates were identified. Salmonella enterica ser. Dublin was the most prevalent serotype identified among bovine samples submitted to the WVDL, accounting for a total of 1,153 isolates (23% of total isolates) over the study period. Along with Dublin, Salmonella enterica ser. Cerro (795, 16%), Newport (720, 14%), Montevideo (421, 8%), Kentucky (419, 8%), and Typhimurium (202, 4%) comprised the top 6 most commonly isolated serotypes during that time. Overall, resistance of bovine Salmonella isolates in the study population remained stable, although decreases in resistance were noted for gentamicin, neomycin, and trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole during the study period. All isolates remained susceptible to enrofloxacin. These data show that antimicrobial susceptibility for bovine Salmonella has changed in the population served by WVDL in the past 10 yr. This information is important for understanding Salmonella disease ecology in Wisconsin. Our findings are also relevant for animal and public health by improving informed antimicrobial use, new drug development, and regulation of their use in food animals.
Late Hemphillian Colubrid Snakes (Serpentes, Colubridae) from the Gray Fossil Site of Northeastern Tennessee

Abstract The Gray Fossil Site (GFS) of northeastern Tennessee is a late Hemphillian fossil locality in the southern Appalachian mountain region of eastern North America with a diverse vertebrate fauna. Snakes make up a substantial microfossil portion of the GFS herpetofauna, particularly the Colubridae, comprised of members of the Colubrinae and Natricinae. Seven colubrid taxa have been identified from the site so far, including three natricines (cf. Neonatrix, Nerodia, Thamnophis) and at least four colubrines (Coluber/Masticophis, Pantherophis, Pituophis, gen. et sp. nov.). Indeed, cf. Neonatrix and the new genus (and species) are the only extinct genera identified. Although Neonatrix is tentatively identified for the first time east of Nebraska, the new species represents a distinct taxon. In addition, the oldest reported definitive occurrence of Masticophis is presented herein. Some of the snakes suggest a pond or other aquatic habitat at GFS, particularly cf. Neonatrix and Nerodia, whereas others, suc...
Oxidation of Methane by Deep-Sea Mytilids in the Gulf of Mexico

At least four different species of mytilids which harbor abundant bacterial symbionts in their gills have been discovered in three general areas of the Gulf of Mexico. Two of the species harbor methanotrophic symbionts, one harbors both methanotrophic and chemoautotrophic sulfur-oxidizing symbionts, and the fourth harbors only chemoautotrophic sulfur-oxidizing symbionts. Mytilids with methanotrophic symbionts can reach very high densities and dominate the habitats in which they occur. Estimates of methane oxidation by the most shallow of these mytilid communities (500–700 m) are made based on mussel population size structures and densities, measurements of live animal methane oxidation rates and requirements for methane, in situ levels of dissolved methane, and the empirically determined relation between shell size and tissue biomass. This estimation indicates that oxidation rates between 22.4 and 42.4 g CH4 m-2 d-1 are occurring within beds of these mytilids.
The promise and realities of Pay for Success/ Social Impact Bonds

This article considers proponents’ arguments for Pay for Success also known as Social Impact Bonds. Pay for Success allows banks to finance public services with potential profits tied to metrics. Pay for Success has received federal support through the Every Student Succeeds Act of 2016 and is predicted by 2020 to expand in the US to a trillion dollars. As school districts, cities, and states face debt and budget crises, Pay for Success has been advocated by philanthropists, corporate consulting firms, politicians, and investment banks on the grounds of improving accountability, cost savings, risk transfer, and market discipline. With its trailblazing history in neoliberal education, Chicago did an early experiment in Pay for Success. This article provides a conceptual analysis of the key underlying assumptions and ideologies of Pay for Success. It examines the claims of proponents and critics and sheds light on the financial and ideological motivations animating Pay for Success. The article contends that Pay for Success primarily financially benefits banks without providing the benefits that proponents promise. It concludes by considering Pay for Success in relation to broader structural economic considerations and the recent uses of public schooling to produce short-term profit for capitalists.
Residual Deep Convolutional Neural Network Predicts MGMT Methylation Status.

Predicting methylation of the O6-methylguanine methyltransferase (MGMT) gene status utilizing MRI imaging is of high importance since it is a predictor of response and prognosis in brain tumors. In this study, we compare three different residual deep neural network (ResNet) architectures to evaluate their ability in predicting MGMT methylation status without the need for a distinct tumor segmentation step. We found that the ResNet50 (50 layers) architecture was the best performing model, achieving an accuracy of 94.90% (+/− 3.92%) for the test set (classification of a slice as no tumor, methylated MGMT, or non-methylated). ResNet34 (34 layers) achieved 80.72% (+/− 13.61%) while ResNet18 (18 layers) accuracy was 76.75% (+/− 20.67%). ResNet50 performance was statistically significantly better than both ResNet18 and ResNet34 architectures (p < 0.001). We report a method that alleviates the need of extensive preprocessing and acts as a proof of concept that deep neural architectures can be used to predict molecular biomarkers from routine medical images.
Impact of measurement uncertainty from experimental load distribution factors on bridge load rating

Load rating and testing of highway bridges is important in determining the capacity of the structure. Experimental load rating utilizes strain transducers placed at critical locations of the superstructure to measure normal strains. These strains are then used in computing diagnostic performance measures (neutral axis of bending, load distribution factor) and ultimately a load rating. However, it has been shown that experimentally obtained strain measurements contain uncertainties associated with the accuracy and precision of the sensor and sensing system. These uncertainties propagate through to the diagnostic indicators that in turn transmit into the load rating calculation. This paper will analyze the effect that measurement uncertainties have on the experimental load rating results of a 3 span multi-girder/stringer steel and concrete bridge. The focus of this paper will be limited to the uncertainty associated with the experimental distribution factor estimate. For the testing discussed, strain readings were gathered at the midspan of each span of both exterior girders and the center girder. Test vehicles of known weight were positioned at specified locations on each span to generate maximum strain response for each of the five girders. The strain uncertainties were used in conjunction with a propagation formula developed by the authors to determine the standard uncertainty in the distribution factor estimates. This distribution factor uncertainty is then introduced into the load rating computation to determine the possible range of the load rating. The results show the importance of understanding measurement uncertainty in experimental load testing.
Training and Supervision Across Disciplines to Engage in Cross-Cultural Competence and Responsiveness: Counseling and Family Therapy

In this chapter, I explore the definitions of cultural competence and responsiveness in the counseling and family therapy fields. I outline professional competencies related to clinical training and supervision of counselors and family therapists in training based on my experience working with students and post-master’s supervisees for over 25 years, as well as my work in the past two decades researching cultural issues in supervision and the therapy room. A review of the education and supervision literature regarding cross-cultural competency will be provided as a launching point into discussions of more process-oriented perspectives in the learning paradigm. In this chapter, I explore the use of active voices in the integration of cultural responsiveness and responsibility in the educator/student and the supervisee/supervisor relationships via literature, case examples, and experiential exercises.
Thomae’s formula and moduli of hyperelliptic curves

As a consequence of the formula expressing the polynomial UD (t) in terms of theta functions, we can directly relate the cross-ratios of the branch points ai to the “theta-constants” ϑ[η](0,Ω). This result goes back to Thomae: Beitrag zur bestimmung von ϑ(0,...,0) durch die Klassenmoduln algebraischer Funktionen, Crelle, 71 (1870).
Questions 71–80

This chapter illustrates a variety of different scenarios of rheumatic disease in succinct question and answer format. It contains ten complex cases with potentially unusual diagnoses designed to stimulate thought and further reading in this rapidly evolving specialty.
Imputing race and ethnic information in administrative health data.

Objective To improve on existing methods to infer race/ethnicity in health care data through an analysis of birth records from Connecticut. Data source A total of 162 467 Connecticut birth records from 2009 to 2013. Study design We developed a logistic model to predict race/ethnicity using data from US Census and patient-level information. Model performance was tested and compared to previous studies. Five performance measures were used for comparison. Principal findings Our full model correctly classifies 81 percent of subjects and shows improvement over extant methods. We achieved substantially improved sensitivity in predicting black race. Conclusions Predictive models using Census information and patients' demographic characteristics can be used to accurately populate race/ethnicity information in health care databases, enhancing opportunities to investigate and address disparities in access to, utilization of, and outcomes of care.
Outcomes using indocyanine green angiography with perforator-sparing component separation technique for abdominal wall reconstruction

Usage of intraoperative indocyanine green (ICG) to assess skin flaps prior to abdominal wall closure has been shown to decrease postoperative wound-related complications. Primary outcome assessed is the utility of ICG in intraoperative decision making. Secondary outcomes analyzed are the incidence of surgical site occurrence (SSO) and hernia recurrence rates. A retrospective study using the MedStar Georgetown University Hospital database was conducted, incorporating all consecutive patients undergoing complex incisional hernia repair from 2008 to 2018. 146 patients underwent perforator-sparing component separation (PSCST), 88 underwent flap assessment using intraoperative ICG angiography; they were then analyzed based on patient comorbidities, Ventral Hernia Working Group grade, operative factors, and complications. A total of 146 patients were analyzed with no statistical difference in patient characteristics between the SPY and no SPY group except in BMI (30.2 vs. 33.2 kg/m2, p = 0.036). The no SPY group also had higher numbers of patients undergoing concurrent panniculectomy (12 vs. 1, p < 0.001), and extensive lysis of adhesions (30 vs. 31, p = 0.048). Of the 88 patients undergoing intraoperative SPY, 37 (42%) patients had a change of intraoperative management as defined by further subcutaneous skin flap debridement. Despite this change, there was no statistical difference in incidence of SSO between SPY and no SPY (24.3% vs. 11.8%, p = 0.12), and no difference in hernia recurrence rates 5.6% (n = 5) versus 13.7% (n = 8), p = 0.09. Intraoperative ICG assessment of subcutaneous skin flaps with a perforator-sparing component separation does not result in a decrease in surgical site occurrences.
An Alternative to the Carnegie Classifications: Identifying Similar Doctoral Institutions With Structural Equation Models and Clustering

The Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education is a commonly used framework for institutional classification that classifies doctoral-granting schools into three groups based on re...
Peri-operative pain management in hip arthroscopy: a systematic review of the literature.

The purpose of this article was to review current literature on peri-operative pain management in hip arthroscopy. A systematic review of the literature on pain control in hip arthroscopy published January 2008 to December 2018 was performed. Inclusion criteria consisted of English language or articles with English translations, subjects undergoing hip arthroscopy with documented peri-operative pain control protocols in studies reporting Level I to IV evidence. Exclusion criteria were non-English articles, animal studies, prior systematic review or meta-analyses, studies not reporting peri-operative pain control protocols, studies documenting only pediatric (<18 years of age) patients, studies with Level V evidence and studies including less than five subjects. Statistical analysis was performed to assess pain protocols on narcotic consumption in PACU, VAS score on discharge, time to discharge from PACU and incidence of complications. Seventeen studies were included, comprising 1674 patients. Nerve blocks were administered in 50% of patients (n = 838 of 1674), of which 88% (n = 740 of 838) received a pre-operative block while 12% (n = 98 of 838) post-operative block. Sixty-eight complications were recorded: falls (54%, n = 37), peripheral neuritis (41%, n = 28), seizure (1.5%, n = 1), oxygen desaturation and nausea (1.5%, n = 1) and epidural spread resulting in urinary retention (1.5%, n = 1). No significant differences in narcotic consumption, VAS score at discharge, time until discharge or incidence of complication was found based on pain control modality utilized. No statistically significant difference in PACU narcotic utilization, VAS pain scores at discharge, time to discharge or incidence of complications was found between peri-operative pain regimens in hip arthroscopy.
Investigation of Structural and Magnetic Phase Behaviour of Nickel Oxide Nanoparticles under Shock Wave Recovery Experiment

In this current research article, nickel oxide (NiO) nanoparticles were synthesised by hydrothermal process. The stability of structural and magnetic properties of NiO nanoparticles has been examined by shock wave loading experiment. In the present experiment, authors employed the shock waves with Mach number 2.2, and different shock pulses such as 100 and 200 pulses were loaded on the test samples. The test sample’s molecular and crystalline structure stabilities are scrutinized by FTIR and PXRD techniques. SEM and VSM techniques are utilized to understand the surface and magnetic behaviour of NiO nanoparticles. The obtained crystallographic structure, molecular structure and surface changes are not showing any significant changes, but in magnetic properties, the value of the saturated magnetization has gradually reduced by the impact of shock waves. The obtained results of NiO nanoparticles have stable crystalline properties against the impact of shock waves; hence, the test material is suggested to the aerospace and military including high-temperature and high-pressure operation conditions.
Comparing Patients’ Experiences with Electronic and Traditional Consultation: Results from a Multisite Survey

There have been no large-scale studies to date of patients’ experiences with electronic consultation (eConsult) between primary and specialty care. Compare experiences with eConsult and referral for in-person specialist consultation. Online survey 2–6 weeks following eConsult or referral at 9 US academic medical centers. Adult patients with no more than one eConsult or referral order from a primary care provider (PCP) in the prior month. Over 9 months, 29,291 email invitations were sent (88% referral; 12% eConsult). Trust in and satisfaction with PCP; consult type awareness; agreement with decision to seek specialist input; timeliness of care; mode of PCP-patient eConsult communication; satisfaction with specialist’s recommendations; future preference for eConsult or referral. A 27.6% response rate yielded 8087 respondents (88.4% referral; 11.6% eConsult). Many did not know that their PCP had placed a referral (32.8% unaware) or eConsult (52.9%), and eConsult awareness was significantly higher among patients reporting better health (OR 1.62, 95% CI 1.18–2.23). Most (81.4% eConsult; 82.0% referral) were satisfied with the specialist’s recommendations. Those who had a good primary care experience were more likely to be satisfied (eConsult: OR 10.63, 95% CI 2.95–38.32; referral: OR 2.87, 95% CI 1.86–4.44). For a similar problem in the future, 78% of eConsult and 32% percent of referral patients preferred eConsult. This multisite study demonstrates that many patients find virtual consultation to be an acceptable strategy for the management of their medical condition and that trust and confidence in one’s PCP are crucial ingredients for a satisfying eConsult experience. The lack of awareness of eConsult among many patients who were beneficiaries of the service warrants an increased effort to include patients in eConsult decision-making and communication. Further research is needed to assess eConsult acceptability and satisfaction in more diverse patient populations.
Abdominal Access for Laparoscopic Surgery

Most laparoscopic surgeries surgeries require entry into the abdomen as the first step. The following chapter describes the most commonly used techniques for abdominal access.
Roles of the ocular pressure, pressure-sensitive ion channel, and elasticity in pressure-induced retinal diseases

The intraocular pressure inside the human eye maintains 10–21 mmHg above the atmospheric pressure. Elevation of intraocular pressure is highly correlated with the retinopathy in glaucoma, and changes in the exterior pressure during mountain hiking, air traveling, and diving may also induce vision decline and retinopathy. The pathophysiological mechanism of these pressure-induced retinal disorders has not been completely clear. Retinal neurons express pressure-sensitive channels intrinsically sensitive to pressure and membrane stretch, such as the transient receptor potential channel (TRP) family permeable to Ca2+ and Na+ and the two-pore domain K channel family. Recent data have shown that pressure excites the primate retinal bipolar cell by opening TRP vanilloid 4 to mediate transient depolarizing currents, and TRP vanilloid 4 agonists enhance the membrane excitability of primate retinal ganglion cells. The eyeball wall is constructed primarily by the sclera and cornea of low elasticity, and the flow rate of the aqueous humor and intraocular pressure both fluctuate, but the mathematical relationship between the ocular elasticity, aqueous humor volume, and intraocular pressure has not been established. This review will briefly review recent literature on the pressure-related retinal pathophysiology in glaucoma and other pressure-induced retinal disorders, the elasticity of ocular tissues, and pressure-sensitive cation channels in retinal neurons. Emerging data support the global volume and the elasticity and thickness of the sclera and cornea as variables to affect the intraocular pressure level like the volume of the aqueous humor. Recent results also suggest some potential routes for TRPs to mediate retinal ganglion cell dysfunction: TRP opening upon intraocular pressure elevation and membrane stretch, enhancing glutamate release from bipolar cells, increasing intracellular Na+, Ca2+ concentration in retinal ganglion cells and extracellular glutamate concentration, inactivating voltage-gated Na+ channels, and causing excitotoxicity and dysfunction of retinal ganglion cells. Further studies on these routes likely identify novel targets and therapeutic strategies for the treatment of pressure-induced retinal disorders.