cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Hierarchical Self-Assembly of Eumelanin

Atomic force microscopy is used to examine the structure of a natural eumelanin isolated from the ink sacs of cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis). The experimental data presented clearly show that the 100−200 nm spherical eumelanin particles imaged previously by SEM are not a fundamental structural unit. While these spherical particles are stable structures, as is evidenced by their cohesiveness under mechanical stress, the AFM images reveal that these particles are composed of smaller constituents. Taking recent scattering and mass spectrometry results into consideration, we conclude that the self-assembly of Sepia eumelanin is a hierarchical process with small units assembling into hundred-nanometer structures, which then aggregate to form the morphology of the macroscopic pigment.
Quantitation of fatty acids and hydroxy fatty acids by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Predictively useful correlations of relative response factors with empirical formula

Relative response factors (molar sensitivities relative to dibutyl phthalate) for homologous series of n-alkanes (C12C26), trimethylsilyl esters of C10C20 fatty acids (FAs) and bistrimethylsilyl derivatives of C8C16 ω-hydroxy fatty acids (HOF As) were determined by integration of total ion chromatograms obtained using a conventional gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer in the electron impact ionization mode. For the alkanes up to C22 and for the FA-TMS derivatives up to C18 (C21 including the TMS carbons), response factors increased linearly with total number of carbons (r2 > 0.99). The slope of this correlation (response factor = 0.0775n − 0.338, where n is the total number of carbon atoms in each analyte) is essentially identical with those determined in earlier studies for smaller molecules not containing silicon. For the HOFA derivatives up to C14 (C20 including TMS carbons), the molar response factors also increased linearly with total number of carbons, but for reasons not yet apparent the regression line for these homologs was different (response factor = 0.0330n + 0.456; r2 > 0.99). Response factors for higher homologs in all three series fell below the regression line for the lower homologs, the deviation increasing with increasing molecular mass and increasing GC retention time. In all three series the upper limit to the linear portion of the correlation corresponded to the homolog whose GC retention time was ca 15 min under the conditions used; a high injection port temperature was found to be the most critical factor in extending the linear range of the correlation.
Radiometric model of the transmission cell-reciprocal nephelometer

Abstract A radiometric model has been developed to assess the effects of angular truncation, finite size of the detector, and angle response characteristics of the cosine sensor on the measurement of the total scattering coefficient by a transmission cell-reciprocal nephelometer. These effects are computed for monodisperse polystyrene spheres over the size range 0.02–8 μm based on Mie theory and for smoke agglomerates ranging from 10 to 10 7 primary units based on the Fisher-Burford approximation. The accuracy of the model calculations is determined by comparison with exact solutions for the case of a detector with an infinitesimal area and for a finite area detector with a diffuse scattering function. The predicted results are compared with measured results for six different sizes of monodisperse polystyrene sphere aerosols with particle diameters in the range 0.1–2.35 μm. The measurements were carried out as a function of the distance between the laser beam and detector for 1.3 and 2.7 cm diameter cosine sensors. A table of design parameters for making accurate total scattering measurements is obtained for both spheres and agglomerates. An accuracy of ±5% was obtained for spherical particles with diameters ⩽1.1 μm with our TCRN, and we estimate that similar performance would be obtained for smoke agglomerates with up to 3 × 10 3 primary spheres per agglomerate.
On Inadmissibility of the Yates-Grundy Variance Estimator in Unequal Probability Sampling

Abstract An example is given to show that there exist fixed sample size designs for any sample size greater than two, for which the Yates-Grundy estimator is inadmissible in the class of nonnegative unbiased quadratic estimators of the variance of the Horvitz-Thompson estimator. A necessary condition for the Horvitz-Thompson variance estimator to be nonnegative definite is pointed out. It is also pointed out that a posterior lower bound can be obtained for any nonnegative definite quadratic function of a finite population. An example is given to show that the Yates-Grundy estimator, even when it is nonnegative, can take values smaller than this bound.
Risk of cardiovascular adverse events from trastuzumab (Herceptin®) in elderly persons with breast cancer: a population-based study

Randomized controlled trials have reported a 4–5 times increased risk of heart failure (HF) in breast cancer patients receiving trastuzumab (Herceptin®) compared to patients who do not receive trastuzumab. However, data regarding the cardiac effects of trastuzumab on elderly patients treated in general practice remain very limited. Using the US surveillance, epidemiology, and end results (SEER)-Medicare database, we conducted a retrospective cohort study on the cardiac effects of trastuzumab use in all incident breast cancer patients diagnosed from 1998 to 2007 who were 66 years and older, had no prior recent claims for cardiomyopathy (CM) or HF, and were followed through 2009. We defined our outcome as the first CM/HF event after diagnosis. We performed Cox-proportional hazard models with propensity score adjustment to estimate CM/HF risk associated with trastuzumab use. A total of 6,829 out of 68,536 breast cancer patients (median age: 75) had an incident CM/HF event. Patients who received trastuzumab tended to be younger, non-white, diagnosed more recently, and had a stage IV diagnosis. Trastuzumab use was associated with an increased risk of CM/HF (HR = 2.08, 95 % CI 1.77–2.44, p < 0.001). The trastuzumab-associated CM/HF risk was stronger in patients who were younger (HR = 2.52 for 66–75 years and HR = 1.44 for 76 years and older, p < 0.001) and diagnosed in recent years (HR = 2.58 for 2006–2007 vs. 1.86 for 1998–2005, p = 0.01). The twofold risk of CM/HF associated with trastuzumab remained regardless of patients’ diagnosis stage, presence of hypertension, cardiovascular comorbidities, or receipt of anthracyclines, taxanes, or radiation. Trastuzumab may double CM/HF risk among elderly breast cancer patients. Our findings reinforce the need to prevent and manage cardiac risk among elderly breast cancer patients receiving trastuzumab.
Intelligent computer aided sensitivity analysis of a multi-stage Brayton/Rankine combined cycle

In the design and operation of a power system, significant resources must be utilized in order to maximize the system s thermal efficiency. Sensitivity analysis of a multi-stage Brayton/Rankine combined cycle is performed in this paper. Traditional cycle sensitivity analysis is a long and tedious process. This paper describes the use of an intelligent computer software to obtain the sensitivity analysis of the combined cycle quickly and accurately.
Pore distributions in nanocrystalline metals from small-angle neutron scattering

Abstract Recent upgrades in inert-gas condensation processing equipment have produced nanocrystalline metal samples with high densities and low-impurity levels. Typical Cu and Pd samples have densities ≥98% of theoretical and oxygen and hydrogen impurity concentrations ≤0.5 at.%. Lower porosity and impurity levels may make it difficult to produce and maintain samples with the smallest nanocrystalline grain sizes. These improved samples were studied by small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) to determine the volume fraction and size distribution of pores. Excellent correlation was obtained between the total volume fraction of pores and the Archimedes density for Pd, signifying that most of the pores were relatively small and in the detectability range of SANS (≈1–100 nm). Nanocrystalline Cu is shown to exhibit a wider pore size distribution. For Pd, the average pore sizes were slightly smaller than the average grain size, while for Cu the pore size and grain size were about the same. Both materials exhibited a trend of increasing pore size with increasing grain size. In terms of processing prerequisites, the principal condition for the production of high-density nanocrystalline Cu is an exceptionally clean synthesis environment, while nanocrystalline Pd requires compaction at elevated temperatures. These differences are the result of Cu having both a lower melting point and a greater susceptibility to contamination by gaseous impurities such as oxygen.
Bicarbonate and fluid absorption by renal proximal straight tubules

Bicarbonate and fluid absorption by renal proximal straight tubules. Rabbit proximal straight tubules from superficial nephrons were perfused in vitro in order to elucidate the mechanism of fluid and bicarbonate absorption. Both processes were greatly inhibited when sodium was replaced in the perfusate and bath by other cations, when ouabain was added to the bath, or when potassium was removed from the bath. We infer that these experimental manipulations inhibit active sodium transport, and that active sodium transport is a primary process leading to fluid and bicarbonate absorption. Fluid absorption also decreased (but only by 22 to 36%) when bicarbonate was replaced by chloride in the perfusate and bath or when acetazolamide (10 -3 M) was added, suggesting that fluid and sodium transport depend in part on bicarbonate. We infer that the links between fluid, sodium, and bicarbonate trans-port are complex and involve at least two mechanisms: 1) a sodium for hydrogen ion exchange mechanism located in the brush border membrane and 2) the transepithelial concentration difference for bicarbonate, which results from its absorption and which acts as an additional driving force for fluid and sodium absorption. Finally, bicarbonate absorption was unaltered when chloride was replaced by nitrate in the perfusate and bath, suggesting that chloride is not necessary for acidification in this nephron segment. Reabsorption de bicarbonate et de liquide par les tubes proximaux droits du rein. Des tubes proximaux droits de nephrons superficiels de lapins ont ete perfuses in vitro afin d'etudier le mecanisme de la reabsorption de liquide et de bicarbonate. Ces deux processus sont fortement inhibes quand le sodium est remplace, dans le perfusat et le bain, par d'autres cations, quand de l'ouabaine est ajoutee au bain ou quand le potassium est supprime du bain. Nous en concluons que ces manipulations experimentales inhibent le transport actif de sodium et que le transfert actif de sodium est le processus primaire conduisant a la reabsorption de liquide et de bicarbonate. La reabsorption de liquide diminue aussi (mais seulement de 22 a 26%) quand le bicarbonate est remplace par du chlore dans le perfusat et le bain ou quand l'acetazolamide (10 -3 M) est ajoute, ce qui suggere que le transport d'eau et de sodium depend en partie du bicarbonate. Nous en concluons que les liens entre les transports de liquide, de sodium et de bicarbonate sont complexes et impliquent au moins deux mecanismes: 1) un mecanisme d'echange sodium—hydrogene dans la bordure en brosse de la membrane et 2) la difference de concentration transepitheliale de bicarbonate qui resulte de sa reabsorption et qui agit comme une force supplementaire pour la reabsorption de liquide et de sodium. Enfin, la reabsorption de bicarbonate n'est pas modifiee quand le chlore est remplace par du nitrate dans le perfusat et le bain, ce qui suggere que le chlore n'est pas necessaire a l'acidification dans ce segment du nephron.
Piperazine Degradation in Pilot Plants

Abstract Concentrated, aqueous piperazine (PZ) has shown promise as a solvent for use in amine scrubbing of post - combustion flue gas to reduce CO2 emissions. Compared with 1-ethanolamine (MEA), PZ has a greater CO2 absorption rate, capacity, and thermal stability. These properties should reduce the overall energy requirements of a CO2 capture facility operating with PZ solvent compared to one operating with MEA. Between 2009 and 2011, 4 campaigns were run at the pilot plant at the Separations Research Program (SRP) of the University of Texas using an inventory of 8 m PZ. Synthetic flue gas consisting of CO2 mixed with air was used at a flow rate equivalent to a 0.1 MW coal-fired power plant. Due to the high oxygen content of the synthetic flue gas, substantial oxidative degradation was anticipated in this campaign. Another campaign was run at “Pilot Plant 2” (PP2) using PZ. This pilot plant used a slipstream of real flue gas drawn from a coal-fired power plant. Solvent samples were collected during campaigns at both SRP and PP2. The operating CO2 capacity of the SRP PZ solvent decreased approximately 10% compared to fresh, undegraded 8 m PZ. The heat of CO2 absorption and the CO2 absorption rate at 40 °C (absorber operating conditions) did not change significantly, but greater temperature dependence was observed at higher temperature. These property changes indicate that changes in the solvent have occurred, but that the resulting solvent is not significantly worse than clean piperazine. It is known from bench-scale studies that PZ can degrade into a variety of products, including ethylenediamine (EDA), formate, N-formylpiperazine (FPZ), acetate, and 1-(2-aminoethyl)-piperazine (AEP). These products were observed in the degraded solvents of both pilot plants, in small concentrations compared to bench-scale results. As a secondary amine, PZ could potentially react with nitrite to form the known carcinogens N-nitrosopiperazine (MNPZ). Nitrite could accumulate in the solvent either through absorption of NO2 from the flue gas or degradation of the amine solvent. The synthetic SRP flue gas contained only ambient atmospheric levels of NOx. MNPZ was observed in the SRP solvent at a low concentration of 0.09 mmol/kg. The flue gas used in PP2 was drawn from a coal boiler and was treated by selective catalytic reduction to reduce NOx concentration. Samples collected at regular intervals from PP2 show that after an initial spike up to 2.87 mmol/kg early in the campaign, MNPZ settled at a steady state concentration of around 0.9 1.2 mmol/kg. It is hypothesized that thermal degradation of the MNPZ in the stripper prevented further accumulation beyond these levels.
Low temperature CO oxidation on Au(111) and the role of adsorbed water

This paper presents results of an investigation of low-temperature CO oxidation and the role of moisture on an atomic oxygen covered Au(111) surface by employing molecular beam scattering techniques under ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) conditions. The effect of atomic oxygen precoverage on CO oxidation was examined at sample temperatures as low as 77 K. Prompt CO2 production was observed when the CO beam impinges on the sample followed by a rapid decay of CO2 production in all cases. At oxygen precoverages above 0.5 ML, CO2 production decreases with increasing oxygen precoverage primarily due to the decrease in CO uptake. CO oxidation at 77 K goes through a precursor mediated reaction mechanism, where CO is in a precursor or trapped state and oxygen atoms are in a chemisorbed state. The role of adsorbed water was studied by using isotopically labeled water [H 2 18 O] to distinguish the oxygen species from that used in oxygen atom exposures [16O]. Evidence is presented that shows activated water or OH groups formed from water can directly participate in oxidizing CO on an atomic oxygen covered Au(111) surface.
Colloidal and polymeric nature of fossil amber

Abstract Fossilized ambers from several geographical origins, copal from the Kauri pine tree of New Zealand and modern white spruce tree resin have been analyzed by the following analytical techniques: dynamic light scattering, optical and scanning electron microscopy, gel permeation chromatography, IR spectroscopy, rheology and viscometry. The results dispute the prevailing view that amber is largely an insoluble, continuously crosslinked, integral polymer network. Rather, the data indicate that a large portion of amber consists of insoluble though solvent-swellable colloidal particles, ranging from submicron to multimicron in size, which can be dispersed in organic solvents such as N,N-dimethyl-formamide. The presence of colloidal particles in fossil amber, copal and even fresh resin suggests a mechanism for resin exudation involving the presence or formation of discrete ‘packets’ of resin, where the surface of each packet has been modified by the interaction with oxygen and water.
NSAID-induced peptic ulcer disease: a critical review of pathogenesis and management.

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) initiate gastroduodenal ulceration and promote complications such as bleeding and perforation. Age greater than 60 years, a prior history of ulcer disease
Influence of Psoroptes ovis on the energy metabolism of heifer calves.

Abstract To determine the effect of Psoroptes ovis on the energy metabolism of heifers, 32 calves were randomly assigned to four treatments in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. Calves were fed the same diet at two intake levels, high or low, and were either infested or were not infested with P. ovis mites. Calves were housed in antigrooming stanchions. Body composition was determined by urea dilution on Days 0 and 63. Ration digestibility was determined on fecal grab samples using acid-insoluble ash as a marker. Infested calves had developed a severe P. ovis infestation 7 weeks following exposure and had significantly lower daily gain, gain:feed, and energy retention and higher serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transminase than control calves. P. ovis infestation increased the maintenance energy requirement of calves by > 50% (79 vs 123 kcal net energy kg −1 body wt .75 ). For each 10% increase in the body surface affected by P. ovis , maintenance energy requirement increased 0.5 mcal day −1 .
Intravesical robotically assisted bilateral ureteral reimplantation.

An efficient laparoendoscopic technique for bilateral intravesical ureteral reimplantation would offer the certainty of cure provided by open surgery with the reduced morbidity of laparoscopy. We have assessed the clinical utility of robotically assisted intravesical bilateral ureteral reimplantation in children. Ports are placed in the dome of the bladder, and the procedure is performed in a fashion identical to that used for open transtrigonal reimplantation. A catheter is left in place for 1 or 2 days. With modifications in port placement using the VersaStep® radially dilating sheath system, we have not had any port-site leakage. One patient has unilateral persisting low-grade reflux. This technique may be a useful option for antireflux surgery and should be further refined.
On the use of switch functions in describing pulsed neutron moderators

Abstract In describing the energy spectrum of neutrons emanating from small pulsed hydrogenous moderators, it is normal practice to think of a sum of a “Maxwe
Non-steady state simulation of BOM removal in drinking water biofilters: applications and full-scale validation.

Abstract A biofilter model called “BIOFILT” was used to simulate the removal of biodegradable organic matter (BOM) in full-scale biofilters subjected to a wide range of operating conditions. Parameters that were varied included BOM composition, water temperature (3.0–22.5°C), and biomass removal during backwashing (0–100%). Results from biofilter simulations suggest a strong dependence of BOM removal on BOM composition. BOM with a greater diffusivity or with faster degradation kinetics was removed to a greater extent and also contributed to shorter biofilter start-up times. In addition, in simulations involving mixtures of BOM (i.e. readily degradable and slowly degradable components), the presence of readily degradable substrate significantly enhanced the removal of slowly degradable material primarily due to the ability to maintain greater biomass levels in the biofilters. Declines in pseudo-steady state BOM removal were observed as temperature was decreased from 22.5 to 3°C and the magnitude of the change was significantly affected by BOM composition. However, significant removals of BOM are possible at low temperatures (3–6°C). Concerning the impact of backwashing on biofilter performance, BOM removal was not affected by backwash resulting in biomass removals of 60% or less. This suggests that periodic backwashing should not significantly impact biofilter performance as observed biomass removals from full-scale biofilters were negligible. In general, the simulation results were in good qualitative and quantitative agreement with experimental results obtained from full-scale biofilters.
Salmonella typhimurium metE operator-constitutive mutations

Abstract We used a metE-lacZ fusion phage (λElac) to select for mutants with operator-constitutive mutations in the Salmonella typhimurium metE control region. All of the mutations identified were found to lie within a region containing tandemly-repeating 8-bp palindromes with the consensus sequence 5′-AGACGTCT-3′, previously proposed to be the binding region for the metJ -encoded represser. Lysogens carrying mutant λElac phage exhibit high β-galactosidase levels that are only partially repressible by methionine. Although repression of metE expression by vitamin B 12 is not disrupted in metJ + lysogens, vitamin B 12 repression is disrupted in lysogens lacking an active MetJ repressor. These results suggest that there is an interaction between the metJ -encoded repressor and the vitamin B 12 repression system mediated by the metH gene product.
A quantitative approach to probe the dependence and correlation of food‐effect with aqueous solubility, dose/solubility ratio, and partition coefficient (Log P) for orally active drugs administered as immediate‐release formulations

The purpose of the present review was to systematically evaluate if aqueous solubility, dose/solubility ratio, and partition coefficient (Log P) could be used as useful parameters to quantitatively probe the dependence and correlation of in vivo food effects with these physicochemical properties of orally active drugs administered as immediate-release (IR) formulations. Mean AUC data obtained under fasted and fed states of over 100 structurally diverse orally active drugs with different physicochemical properties were obtained from the primary literature. Correlations of AUC ratio (Fed/Fasted) with aqueous solubility, dose/solubility ratio, and Log P were derived and statistically evaluated by Pearson's correlation test (two-tailed). A negative correlation was obtained between the logarithm of the aqueous solubility and the AUC ratio (r=−0.5982, N=93), whereas a positive correlation existed between AUC ratio and Log P (r=0.5147, N=110) and between AUC ratio and dose/solubility ratio (r=0.5511, N=87). All these correlations were significant (P<0.0001). Based on this study, the estimated range within which a drug is not expected to be significantly affected by food falls between 0.148–89.39 mg/ml for aqueous solubility and between 0.23–624 ml for the dose:solubility ratio. The corresponding range of Log P for expecting a lack of food-effect lies between −1.13 and 2.98. Quantitatively, the effect of food was most pronounced for lipophilic, poorly water-soluble drugs (with only a few exceptions), irrespective of whether the drug is acidic, basic, or neutral. It is concluded that aqueous solubility, dose/solubility ratio, and partition coefficient can be used as useful parameters to probe the dependence and correlation of food-effect with these physicochemical parameters for immediate-release formulations. Drug Dev. Res. 65:55–75, 2005. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Potentiometric titration of potassium aurocyanide with mercuric ions

Abstract Gold in gold cyanide plating solutions and in solid potassium gold cyanide was determined by titration with a standard solution of mercuric ions. Free cyanide and aurocyanide can be sequentially estimated. Electromotive forces were monitored with a silver/sulfide ionselective electrode and a double-junction reference electrode.
Cyclic AMP produced inside mitochondria regulates oxidative phosphorylation

Mitochondria constantly respond to changes in substrate availability and energy utilization to maintain cellular ATP supplies, and at the same time control reactive oxygen radical (ROS) production. Reversible phosphorylation of mitochondrial proteins has been proposed to play a fundamental role in metabolic homeostasis, but very little is known about the signaling pathways involved. We show here that protein kinase A (PKA) regulates ATP production by phosphorylation of mitochondrial proteins, including subunits of cytochrome c oxidase. The cyclic AMP (cAMP), which activates mitochondrial PKA, does not originate from cytoplasmic sources but is generated within mitochondria by the carbon dioxide/bicarbonate-regulated soluble adenylyl cyclase (sAC) in response to metabolically generated carbon dioxide. We demonstrate for the first time the existence of a CO(2)-HCO(3)(-)-sAC-cAMP-PKA (mito-sAC) signaling cascade wholly contained within mitochondria, which serves as a metabolic sensor modulating ATP generation and ROS production in response to nutrient availability.
Finite-Element Investigation and Design Recommendations for Perforated Steel Plate Shear Walls

This paper presents results from an investigation of the behavior of unstiffened thin steel plate shear wall (SPSW) having a regular pattern of openings (a.k.a. perforated SPSW). Finite element monotonic pushover analyses were conducted, first on a series of individual perforated strips with variation in perforation diameter, to develop a fundamental understanding of the behavior of complete perforated SPSW, then on a corresponding series of complete perforated SPSW having various perforation diameters. Three different sets of wall boundary conditions are considered, namely: flexible beam laterally braced, rigid floor, and rigid beam. Though some differences between the SPSW panel strips and the individual strip results are observed at large monitored strain, at lower monitored strain however the two models are in a good agreement. Based on the analytical results design recommendations of these perforated SPSWs are presented. The shear strength of a SPSW infill plate having a pattern of multiple regularly spaced circular perforations can be calculated as a function of the shear strength of a solid panel, perforation diameter, and distance between perforations.
AN INVESTMENT MODEL ANALYSIS OF RELATIONSHIP STABILITY AMONG WOMEN COURT-MANDATED TO VIOLENCE INTERVENTIONS

This investigation examined relationship stability among 60 women court-mandated to violence interventions by applying a general model (i.e., Rusbult's 1980 Investment Model) to predict intentions to leave current relationships. As in past research, results showed that Investment Model predictions were supported such that court-mandated women who reported lesser relationship satisfaction, greater alternatives, and fewer investments in current relationships endorsed lower levels of commitment and greater intentions to leave those relationships. Secondary analyses showed that court-mandated women's violence perpetration and experiences of being victimized were minimally related to model factors or women's intentions to leave. Taken together, results of this study provide additional evidence that general models should be used to predict relationship termination decisions among women involved in violent relationships, and violence experiences alone do not affect that decision.
Intravenous Immunoglobulin (IVIG) for the Therapy of Autoimmune Disorders

The weight of evidence from numerous clinical studies supports the use of IVIG, particularly at higher doses, in the treatment of a wide range of autoimmune disorders. Extensive experience has documented the safety of IVIG therapy but its present relatively high cost necessitates firmly establishing its efficacy. There is an acute need to define those disease states where IVIG is indicated and effective. Large-scale, possibly multicentered, clinical trials employing rigorous controls will resolve these questions. Concurrent fundamental immunologic studies will elucidate the mechanisms underlying the clinical effects. We are experiencing an exciting new era of effective immunotherapies and intravenous gamma-globulin preparations have already secured an important place in the therapeutic armamentarium. While one must guard against unsubstantiated applications, critical exploration of new uses for this unique product is warranted.
Language at Work: Children's Gendered Interpretations of Occupational Titles

A large literature has shown that children's beliefs and aspirations about occupations reflect cultural gender stereotypes. One channel that may create or sustain occupational stereotypes is language. Two studies were designed to examine whether children interpret occupational titles as gender specific or gender neutral. In Study 1, children (6- to 11-year-olds, N = 64) were asked directly if various job titles could be used for both men and women doing the job. In Study 2, children (6- to 10-year-olds, N = 51) were shown pictures of men and women engaged in job activities and asked which one(s) showed someone who could be called a(n)__. Titles were linguistically unmarked for gender (e.g., doctor), strongly marked (e.g., policeman), or weakly marked (e.g., postmaster). Marked titles were given in masculine and feminine forms. Findings reinforced past work showing that marked titles are exclusionary, revealed that some children harbor confusions about even unmarked titles, and demonstrated the mediating role of individual differences in attitudes. Implications for the changing lexicon and for educational programs are discussed.
Prevalence of deep venous anomalies in congenital vascular malformations of venous predominance.

Abstract Purpose : The overall incidence of congenital vascular malformations in the general population is 1.5%. Approximately two thirds of them are malformations of venous predominance. Abnormalities of the deep venous trunks have been observed in association with large superficial compensatory varices in these type of malformations. Knowledge of the integrity of the deep venous system is important in their management because excision of the enlarged superficial veins may be deleterious if there is aplasia or hypoplasia of the deep venous trunks. The objective was to investigate the prevalence and nature of deep venous anomalies that occur in patients with congenital vascular malformations of venous predominance both in our series and in the series from the medical literature. Methods : From the last 35 years of medical literature, we reviewed seven series of congenital vascular malformations that provided pertinent information on the subject of our study. We also reviewed our own series of 392 patients with congenital vascular malformations studied at Children's Hospital of Mexico City (1963-1983; n=223 children) and at Walter Reed Army and National Naval Medical Centers (1984-1998; n=169 children). Of 392 patients, 257 (65.5%) had malformations of venous predominance; these were the subject of our analysis. Prevalence of the following deep venous anomalies was recorded: phlebectasia, aplasia or hypoplasia of venous trunks, aneurysms, and avalvulia. Diagnosis was made by one or more of the following methods: Doppler scanning, duplex scanning, plethysmography, computerized tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and angiography. Results : At least one anomaly of the deep venous system was present in 47% of the congenital vascular malformations of venous predominance reviewed. Phlebectasia was recorded in 36% of the cases, and aplasia or hypoplasia of deep venous trunks was observed in 8% of the cases. Venous aneurysms also were present in 8% of the cases; avalvulia was recorded in 7% of the cases. Conclusion : Anomalies of the deep venous system occur in almost one half of congenital vascular malformations of venous predominance. The most common is the relatively innocuous phlebectasias that occur in over one third of cases. Aplasia/hypoplasia, venous aneurysms, and avalvulia were less frequent, each less than 10%; but failure to detect the latter three anomalies may lead to serious therapeutic errors. (J Vasc Surg 2000;31:462-71.)
Folate Network Genetic Variation Predicts Cardiovascular Disease Risk in Non-Hispanic White Males

Genes functioning in folate-mediated 1-carbon metabolism are hypothesized to play a role in cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk beyond the current narrow focus on the MTHFR 677 C→T (rs1801133) polymorphism. Using a cohort study design, we investigated whether sequence variants in the network of folate-related genes, particularly in genes encoding proteins related to SHMT1, predict CVD risk in 1131 men from the Normative Aging Study. A total of 330 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 52 genes, selected for function and gene coverage, were assayed on the Illumina GoldenGate platform. Age- and smoking-adjusted genotype-phenotype associations were estimated in regression models. Using a nominal P ≤ 5.00 × 10(-3) significance threshold, 8 SNPs were associated with CVD risk in single locus analyses. Using a false discovery rate (FDR) threshold (P-adjusted ≤1.00 × 10(-1)), a SNP in the GGH gene remained associated with reduced CVD risk, with a stronger association in early onset CVD cases (<55 y). A gene × folate interaction (MAT2B) and 2 gene × vitamin B-12 interactions (BHMT, SLC25A32) reached the FDR P-adjusted ≤2.00 × 10(-1) threshold. Three biological hypotheses related to SHMT1 were explored and significant gene × gene interactions were identified for TYMS by UBE2N, FTH1 by CELF1, and TYMS by MTHFR. Variations in genes other than MTHFR and those directly involved in homocysteine metabolism are associated with CVD risk in non-Hispanic white males. This work supports a role for SHMT1-related genes and nuclear folate metabolism, including the thymidylate biosynthesis pathway, in mediating CVD risk.
Heparin sensitive and resistant vascular smooth muscle cells: biology and role in restenosis.

Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC)s are characterized by their acute growth inhibition by heparin and heparan sulfates; however, recently the isolation of VSMCs which display greatly diminished sensitivity to the antiproliferative action of heparin have been reported. These heparin resistant (HR) VSMCs have been derived through multiple passage of normal rat VSMCs in culture media containing high heparin doses, by transformation of VSMCs with oncogene-containing vectors, or have been isolated from vascular tissues of spontaneously hypertensive rats, healthy humans, or humans with restenosis where their presence is not limited to sites of injury. Initial characterizations of HR VSMCs are reviewed, and here we propose a definition of HR VSMCs. To date the mechanisms underlying heparin insensitivity remain elusive. Further study of HR VSMCs may expand our understanding of cell growth regulation by heparin, establish whether HR VSMCs contribute to the reported failure of heparin to combat restenosis in human...
Patient-Reported Factors Associated With Poor Phosphorus Control in a Maintenance Hemodialysis Population.

Objective The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of patient-reported medication adherence and phosphorus-related knowledge on phosphorus control and pharmacy-reported adherence to phosphorus binding medication among patients on maintenance hemodialysis. Design Retrospective, cross-sectional cohort study. Subjects Seventy-nine hemodialysis patients (mean age 64.2 years, SD = 14 years; 46.8% female) in a stand-alone hemodialysis unit within an integrated learning healthcare system. Ten percent (10%) of subjects were Caucasian, 42% Latino, 19% African American, and 29% Asian. Forty-eight percent had diabetes; 72% had BMI ≥ 30. Inclusion criteria included the provision of survey data and having medication refill data available in the pharmacy system. 77.2% had mean phosphorus levels ≤ 5.5 mg/dL; 22.8% had mean phosphorus levels > 5.5 mg/dL. Intervention Subjects were administered the 8-item Morisky Medication Adherence Scale (MMAS-8) and also reported on their phosphorus-related knowledge. Main outcome measure Phosphorus levels within an adequate range. Results The mean serum phosphorus level was 4.96 mg/dL (SD = 1.21). In the well-controlled group, mean phosphorus was 4.44 mg/dL (SD = 0.76). In the poorly controlled group, mean phosphorus was 6.69 mg/dL (SD = 0.74). A total of 61% of patients reported at least some unintentional medication nonadherence, and 48% reported intentional medication nonadherence. Phosphorus-specific knowledge was low, with just under half of patients reporting that they could not name two high-phosphorus foods or identify a phosphorus-related health risk. Phosphorus binder-related nonadherence was substantially higher in the uncontrolled than the controlled group. Adjusting for age, individuals with poorer self-reported binder adherence were less likely to have controlled phosphorus levels (odds ratio = 0.71, P = .06). Conclusion Phosphorus-related non-adherence, but not low phosphorus-specific knowledge, was associated with poorer phosphorus control. Such findings provide important information for the development of evidence-based strategies for improving phosphorus control among patients on dialysis.
The impact of cyberbullying on the self esteem and academic functioning of arab american middle and high school students

Formato ISO 690-2 (Articulos de revistas electronicas) Mohammed Yousef, Wael Shaher, Bellamy, Al, The Impact of Cyberbullying on The Self-Esteem and Academic Functioning of Arab American Middle and High School StudentsElectronic Journal of Research in Educational Psychology [en linea] 2015, 13 ( ) : [Fecha de consulta: 22 de diciembre de 2017] Disponible en: ISSN
Pair Language Models for Deriving Alternative Pronunciations and Spellings from Pronunciation Dictionaries

Pronunciation dictionaries provide a readily available parallel corpus for learning to transduce between character strings and phoneme strings or vice versa. Translation models can be used to derive character-level paraphrases on either side of this transduction, allowing for the automatic derivation of alternative pronunciations or spellings. We examine finitestate and SMT-based methods for these related tasks, and demonstrate that the tasks have different characteristics ‐ finding alternative spellings is harder than alternative pronunciations and benefits from round-trip algorithms when the other does not. We also show that we can increase accuracy by modeling syllable stress.
EVOLUÇÃO HISTÓRICO-CONCEITUAL DO PRINCÍPIO DA IGUALDADE E OS LIMITES DA DISCRIMINAÇÃO LEGAL

A igualdade e um principio orientador, um valor, uma virtude, e e tambem associada ao termo Justica e ao Estado Social. As sim, historicamente considerada, e um principio juridico-filosofico, desencadeado pelas rev olucoes mundiais . Dessa forma, vem expresso na Constituicao Federal de 1988, no seu art. 5o, sendo historicas tambem as discrepâncias entre igualdade na lei e igualdade perante a lei. Por um lado, o ser humano e por natureza desigual e as leis acabam por criar discriminacoes, a exemplo dos generos (sexos). Por outro lado, o que se busca e uma igualdade de tratamento, que ja esta constitucionalmente assegurada, bas ta ndo efetiva-la.
Rebuilding Oklahoma City: The Development of Automobile Alley in the Wake of the Bombing*

Objective This essay examines the connection between Oklahoma City's current revitalization and the community work conducted after the 1995 bombing, which damaged 324 buildings and caused $652 million of damage. Method Team leader and architect Ron Frantz recounts his experience working on the reconstruction of North Broadway Avenue, now known as Automobile Alley. He reflects on how the process of reconstruction offered a means to commemorate those lost and those forever changed. Results Twenty years ago, Automobile Alley was dilapidated and desolate; today it is one of the most lively and active urban areas in Oklahoma City. The street is lined with distinctive neon signs and home to an array of early 20th-century car dealerships that now house chic restaurants, coffee shops, and more. Conclusion The story of Automobile Alley is a great case study of how one community responded to unprecedented acts, extensive damage, and horrifying deaths by working together, offering their talents, and committing to the rebuilding of their damaged downtown.
Acid-Induced Opening of [closo-B10H10]2– as a New Route to 6-Substituted nido-B10H13 Decaboranes and Related Carboranes

Protonation of the polyhedral anion [closo-B10H10]2– under superacidic conditions apparently generates an electrophilic intermediate, [B10H13]+, that forms 6-R-nido-B10H13 (R = aryl, alkyl, triflate) derivatives by electrophilic aromatic substitution, C–H bond activation, or ion-pair collapse, respectively. The proposed mechanism of formation of the 6-R-nido-B10H13 derivatives via the boranocation [B10H13]+ is discussed. The synthesis of carboranes, starting from 6-R-nido-B10H13 decaboranes, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction analyses of several 6-R-nido-B10H13 decaboranes and carboranes are described.
Diffuse optical spectroscopic imaging of subcutaneous adipose tissue metabolic changes during weight loss

Changes in subcutaneous adipose tissue (AT) structure and metabolism have been shown to correlate with the development of obesity and related metabolic disorders. Measurements of AT physiology could provide new insight into metabolic disease progression and response to therapy. An emerging functional imaging technology, diffuse optical spectroscopic imaging (DOSI), was used to obtain quantitative measures of near infrared (NIR) AT optical and physiological properties.Ten overweight or obese adults were assessed during 3 months on calorie-restricted diets. DOSI-derived tissue concentrations of hemoglobin, water and lipid and the wavelength-dependent scattering amplitude (A) and slope (b) obtained from 30 abdominal locations and three time points (T0, T6, T12) were calculated and analyzed using linear mixed-effects models and were also used to form 3D surface images.Subjects lost a mean of 11.7±3.4% of starting weight, while significant changes in A (+0.23±0.04 mm(-1), adj. P<0.001),b (-0.17±0.04, adj. P<0.001), tissue water fraction (+7.2±1.1%, adj. P<0.001) and deoxyhemoglobin (1.1±0.3 μM, adj. P<0.001) were observed using mixed-effect model analysis.Optical scattering signals reveal alterations in tissue structure that possibly correlate with reductions in adipose cell volume, while water and hemoglobin dynamics suggest improved AT perfusion and oxygen extraction. These results suggest that DOSI measurements of NIR optical and physiological properties could be used to enhance understanding of the role of AT in metabolic disorders and provide new strategies for diagnostic monitoring of obesity and weight loss.
Barriers to sustainability in mature-age adult learners: working toward identity change

While research on K-12 environmental education (EE) has been quite robust, there has been less focus on effective approaches for mature-age adult learners. This qualitative study examined perceptions of barriers to sustainability in American, mature-age adult learners. Results revealed two interacting, superordinate themes: personal relevance and social environmental context, which each included several thematic barriers that resulted in a hypothesized model of internalized sustainable identity. This identity is the personal orientation/responsibility toward living a sustainable lifestyle and aligns with other environmentally-based identity models present in the literature. Implications for educators are discussed, including the recommendation to examine EE for mature-age adults through the lens of identity change.
Chinese Text Classification System Based On Statistical Word Segmentation

In the article I described the designation and accomplishment of a Chinese text classifycation system,and introduced system construction? feature selection? training arithmetic and classification arithmetic,achieved the goal that comminute word on condition that having no vocabulary.
Application of climate risk index in hand-food-mouth disease forecast in Baoji City

Objective To explore the relationship between hand-food-mouth disease( HFMD) and climatic factors,and provide a scientific basis for HFMD forecast. Methods Data of HFMD incidence and meteorological of Baoji City from 2009 to 2011 were collected,principal component analysis and curve fitting were used to analyze data. HFMD weather index was design and the methods of other human health weather index were referred. Results The four meteorological factors,including average temperatures( X 1),the precipitation( X 2),average air pressure( X 3) and average vapor pressure( X 4),were analyzed by principal component. The first principal component( Z 1) and weekly incidence of HFMD( Y) were used to get incidence prediction equation [Y = 1. 136 + 0. 914Z 1- 0. 198Z 1 2- 0. 210Z 1 3( F =30. 644,P 0. 001) ] by curve fitting,and to further get predictive value of weekly HFMD incidence from 14th to 30th week in 2012 in Baoji City. In accordance with HFMD meteorological risk index classification standard,17 simulated forecast of HFMD weather risk index of the same period were made in total,among which 16 forecasted values were of the same level as the actual HFMD incidence,with accuracy rate of 94. 12%. Conclusion HFMD weather index had practically significant implementation in comprehensive prevention and control of HFMD.
Activated neutrophils inhibit Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase in canine renal basolateral membrane.

To examine the effects of activated neutrophils (PMNs) on Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)-stimulated PMNs were incubated with canine renal cortical basolateral membrane (BLM), and BLM ouabain-sensitive Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase activity was subsequently quantified. Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase activity decreased to 40.0 +/- 8.7% (SE) of control in the presence of activated PMNs, from 0.89 +/- 0.12 to 0.34 +/- 0.05 mumol Pi.mg protein-1.min-1. This inhibition coincided with a decrease in the apparent Michaelis constant (Km) for ATP from 0.18 +/- 0.02 to 0.05 +/- 0.01 mM. Inclusion of catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in the BLM/PMN/PMA incubation mixture resulted in partial preservation of enzyme activity, with an increase to 57.0 +/- 4.6% of control with CAT alone and to 70.0 +/- 5.3% with both CAT and SOD. SOD alone had no protective effect. Neither the myeloperoxidase inhibitor azide nor the hypochlorous acid scavenger L-methionine preserved enzyme activity. Hydroxyl radical scavengers and iron chelators were also ineffective in attenuating Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase inhibition by activated PMNs. These results indicate that activated PMNs mediate a decrease in BLM Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase activity characterized by a reduction in maximum velocity and Km for ATP that appears to be mediated in part by reactive oxygen metabolites.
The Prevalence of Reading Fluency and Vocabulary Difficulties Among Adolescents Struggling With Reading Comprehension

This study sought to better understand the prevalence of concurrent and specific difficulties in reading fluency and vocabulary among adolescents with low reading comprehension. Latent class analysis (LCA) was used to identify a sample of 180 students in sixth through eighth grades with reading comprehension difficulties. A subsequent LCA identified subgroups of students with common patterns of strengths and weaknesses in reading fluency and vocabulary. Results indicated that more than 96% of the students demonstrated deficits in at least one area, with the largest subgroup exhibiting co-occurring difficulties in fluency and vocabulary. Difficulties in fluency were more common than difficulties in vocabulary. Students with low reading comprehension but adequate scores in reading fluency or vocabulary represented only a very small portion of the sample. Coupled with findings from prior studies, results indicate that large numbers of adolescents with reading comprehension difficulties are likely in need of ...