cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The relative influence of industry and corporation on business segment performance: an alternative estimate

Rumelt’s (1991) widely cited paper presents estimates of the relative influence of industry, corporate, business unit, and other influences on business unit profitability. He finds corporations explain almost none of the variability in business unit profitability. Using a simultaneous equation model, we provide alternative estimates of the influence of industry and corporation on business unit performance. We find that both corporations and industries influence business unit profitability but corporations have the larger influence. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dietary juniper berry oil minimizes hepatic reperfusion injury in the rat

Juniper berry oil is rich in 5,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid, a polyunsaturated fatty acid similar to one found in fish oil, yet less prone to peroxidation. Dietary fish oil treatment has been shown to effectively reduce reperfusion injury; therefore, the effects of a diet containing juniper berry oil on hepatic reperfusion injury in a low-flow, reflow reperfusion model were investigated in the rat. Rats were fed semisynthetic diets containing either juniper berry oil, fish oil, or corn oil for 14 to 16 days. Daily food consumption averaged around 20 g/d in both the control and treatment groups; average daily weight gain was around 4 g per 100 g rat weight in all three groups studied, and there were no significant differences in these parameters. Livers were initially perfused at low-flow rates to induce pericentral hypoxia followed by a 40-minute reperfusion period. Peak lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release during reflow averaged 44 U/g/h in the corn oil group and 32 U/g/h in the fish oil group, but was only 21 U/g/h as a result of juniper berry oil treatment. Malondialdehyde (MDA), an end-product of lipid peroxidation, reached a maximum value of 62 nmol/g/h in the corn oil group, but only reached 43 nmol/g/h and 34 nmol/g/h in the fish oil and juniper berry oil groups, respectively. Both juniper berry oil and fish oil treatment improved rates of bile flow from 25 microL/g/h (corn oil) to 36 and 38 microL/g/h, respectively. Importantly, juniper berry oil reduced cell death in pericentral regions of the liver lobule by 75%. Trypan blue distribution time, an indicator of the hepatic microcirculation, was reduced by approximately 25% with fish oil and over 50% by juniper berry oil diets compared with corn oil controls. The rates of entry of fluorescein-dextran, a dye confined to the vascular space, were increased 1.8- and 2.6-fold, and rates of outflow were increased 4.4- and 4.3-fold by fish oil and juniper berry oil, respectively, also reflecting improved microcirculation. Juniper berry oil also blunted increases in intracellular calcium and release of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) by cultured Kupffer cells stimulated by endotoxin. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that feeding a diet containing juniper berry oil reduces reperfusion injury by inhibiting activation of Kupffer cells, thus reducing vasoactive eicosanoid release and improving the hepatic microcirculation in livers undergoing oxidant stress.
A prospective study of venous thromboembolism in relation to factor V Leiden and related factors.

The aim of this study was to examine the occurrence of venous thromboembolism (VTE) in relation to factor V–related risk factors. Using a nested case-control design combining 2 population-based prospective studies, we measured factor V Leiden, HR2 haplotype, activated protein C (APC) resistance, and plasma factor V antigen in 335 participants who developed VTE during 8 years of follow-up and 688 controls. The overall odds ratio (OR) of VTE was 3.67 (95% CI, 2.20-6.12) in participants carrying factor V Leiden compared with noncarriers. APC resistance measured after predilution with factor V–deficient plasma conferred an OR of 2.58 (95% CI, 1.62-4.10). All 3 participants homozygous for the HR2 haplotype had a VTE, and the OR of VTE for homozygosity was estimated to be 5.5 (95% CI, 2.45-12.5). Carriers of the HR2 haplotype otherwise were not at increased risk of VTE overall (OR = 1.05; 95% CI, 0.64-1.72), but double heterozygotes for HR2 and factor V Leiden carried an OR of idiopathic VTE of 16.3 (95% CI, 1.7-159) compared with noncarriers. Factor V antigen also was not associated with VTE overall, but for participants with the combination of high factor V antigen plus factor V Leiden the OR of idiopathic VTE was 11.5 (95% CI, 4.2-31.4). In the general population, APC resistance and factor V Leiden were important VTE risk factors; homozygosity for the HR2 haplotype may be a risk factor but was rare; otherwise, HR2 haplotype and factor V antigen were not risk factors except in carriers of factor V Leiden.
Exhaust ducting effects on takeoff lift loss of two-dimensional hypersonic configuration

The National Aerospace Plane (NASP) configuration was designed to suit propulsion needs at hypersonic speeds. Like many hypersonic configurations, its lower fuselage surface was shaped to suit the propulsion system with an oblique shock compression ramp, scramjet combustion module, and a single expansion ramp nozzle. To minimize drag, the nose was very thin and the upper surface nearly flat. Previous work has shown this configuration produces poor low-speed and in-ground effect performance. This is characterized by significant power-on lift reduction that is intensified by ejector action while in-ground effect. The effects of exhaust ducting on the ground effect lift coefficients and surface pressure distributions of a two-dimensional model based on the NASP fuselage centerline geometry are demonstrated. A two-dimensional configuration was used in an attempt to separate the complex three-dimensional effects from the key problems with this configuration
Tensile behavior and strengthening mechanisms in a submicron B4C-reinforced Al trimodal composite

Abstract The physical and mechanical characteristics of cryomilled Al 5083-boron carbide (Al-B4C) metal matrix composites (MMCs) render them both scientifically interesting as well as technologically important. Trimodal architectures (containing three components, nano/ultrafine grains, coarse grains and ceramic reinforcements) allow for multiple degrees of freedom in the design of the microstructures that can be engineered, for example, to achieve combinations of strength, ductility and damage resistance that are not attainable with conventional materials. Various manufacturing strategies have been formulated to fabricate trimodal MMCs. Among these, cryomilling, which involves mechanical milling in a cryogenic liquid slurry (e.g., nitrogen), has been widely studied because in addition to minimizing recovery during the formation of nanocrystalline grains, it facilitates the incorporation of reinforcement particles in the metal matrix. In this study, novel trimodal composites reinforced with faceted, submicron (~500 nm), commercially-available B4C with varying volume fractions of coarse grain phase (0–30%) were fabricated. Within this class of engineering materials ultimate tensile strengths of 620–760 MPa and tensile elongations of 1.8–3.7% are observed. The microstructural features are investigated in depth, the strengthening mechanisms quantitatively evaluated and the mechanisms for enhancing strength and/or ductility are discussed.
Automated acquisition of user preferences

Decision support systems often require knowledge of users' preferences. However, preferences may vary among individual users or be difficult for users to articulate. This paper describes how user preferences can be acquired in the form ofpreference predicatesby a learning apprentice system and proposes two new instance-based algorithms for preference predicate acquisition: 1ARCandCompositional Instance-Based Learning(CIBL). An empirical evaluation using simulated preference behavior indicated that the instance-based approaches are preferable to decision-tree induction and perceptrons as the learning component of a learning apprentice system, if representation of the relevant characteristics of problem-solving states, requires a large number of attributes, if attributes interact in a complex fashion, or if there are very few training instances. Conversely, decision-tree induction or perceptron learning is preferable if there are a small number of attributes and the attributes do not interact in a complex fashion unless there are very few training instances. When tested as the learning component of a learning apprentice system used by astronomers for scheduling astronomical observations, both CIBL and decision-tree induction rapidly achieved useful levels of accuracy in predicting the astronomers' preferences.
Synthesis and characterization of new cholesteric monomers and smectic polymers containing menthyl groups

New cholesteric monomers (M2−M5) and the corresponding smectic homopolymers (P2−P5) based on menthyl groups were synthesized. The chemical structures were characterized by Fourier transform infrared and 1H NMR. The specific optical rotations were evaluated with a polarimeter. The structure–property relationships of the new compounds are discussed. The mesomorphism was investigated by differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, polarizing optical microscopy, and X-ray diffraction. The selective reflection property of light was studied with UV/Visible/NIR. The monomers M2−M5 formed the cholesteric or blue phase when a flexible link chain was inserted between the mesogenic core and the terminal menthyl groups by reducing the steric effect. M1 showed no mesomorphism, while M2−M5 revealed enantiotropic cholesteric phase. In addition, M2 and M3 also showed a cubic blue phase on cooling. The selective reflection of light for M2−M5 shifted to the short reciprocal wavelength region with increasing the temperature or intramolecular spacer length. P2−P5 exhibited the smectic A phase. The melting, clearing, and glass transition temperatures increased when increasing the aryl number in the mesogenic core or decreasing the intramolecular spacer length.
Understanding coronary blood flow: the wave of the future.

Fick’s principle states that oxygen consumption of an organ or organism is equal to the product of blood flow and oxygen extraction from the blood. Among all organs, the heart is unique in that oxygen extraction is constantly close to maximal. Thus, the only way that this metabolically demanding organ can increase oxygen consumption is by increasing coronary blood flow. In this aspect of oxygen delivery, the heart also is unique because most flow occurs in diastole instead of in systole. In other organs, blood flows down a pressure gradient from its arterial source through the resistance of the arterioles into the capillary bed and thence venous return. In the heart, the compression of the vasculature by its surrounding muscle during systole impedes flow so that while the pressure head for flow is maximum in systole, flow is maximum in diastole. Thus, a simple “vascular waterfall” model in which flow moves from highest to lowest pressure does not fully explain observed myocardial flow phenomena. Article p 1768 In this week’s Circulation , Davies et al1 used computer analysis of recordings of blood flow and pressure to detect and quantify intracoronary …
Intergranular stress-assisted corrosion cracking of austenitic alloys in water-cooled nuclear reactors

Abstract Corrosion-cracking incidents of structural components and fuel-element cladding in 30 water-cooled reactors have been reported. All pressure boundary penetrations have small seeping leaks, but pipe severance has not occurred. Failures of the non-pressurized boundary components have been limited to small fasteners and screws, none of which have constituted potential nuclear safety hazards, directly or indirectly, nor damage involving other components. The cracking incidents involving Types 304, 304L, and 347 stainless steel, Incoloy 800, and Inconel 600 were attributed to intergranular stress-assisted corrosion cracking associated with (1) oxygen, (2) caustic, or (3) hydrogen. Sensitization increases the susceptibility to cracking in dissolved oxygen, but it is not a factor in caustic solution. Other material conditions, corrective actions, and mechanisms of intergranular stress-assisted corrosion cracking are discussed.
Multipoint Estimation of Genetic Maps for Human Trisomies with One Parent or Other Partial Data

Centromeric-mapping methods have been used to investigate the association between altered recombination and meiotic nondisjunction in humans. For trisomies, current methods are based on the genotypes from a trisomic offspring and both parents. Because it is sometimes difficult to obtain samples from both parents and because the ability to use sources of DNA previously not available (e.g., stored paraffin-embedded pathological samples) has increased, we have been interested in creating similar maps for trisomic populations in which one of the parents of the trisomic individual is unavailable for genotyping. In this paper, we derive multipoint likelihoods for both missing-parent data and conventional two-parent data. We find that likelihoods for two-parent data and for data generated without a sample from the correctly disjoining parent can be maximized in exactly the same way but also that missing-parent data has a high frequency of partial data of the same sort produced by intercross matings. Previously published centromeric-mapping methods use incorrect likelihoods for intercross matings and thus can perform poorly on missing-parent data. We wrote a FORTRAN program to maximize our multipoint likelihoods and used it in simulation studies to demonstrate the biases in the previous methods.
A more efficient approach to parallel-tempered Markov-chain Monte Carlo for the highly structured posteriors of gravitational-wave signals

We introduce a new Markov-chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) approach designed for the efficient sampling of highly correlated and multimodal posteriors. Parallel tempering, though effective, is a costly technique for sampling such posteriors. Our approach minimizes the use of parallel tempering, only applying it for a short time to build a proposal distribution that is based upon estimation of the kernel density and tuned to the target posterior. This proposal makes subsequent use of parallel tempering unnecessary, allowing all chains to be cooled to sample the target distribution. Gains in efficiency are found to increase with increasing posterior complexity, ranging from tens of percent in the simplest cases to over a factor of 10 for the more complex cases. Our approach is particularly useful in the context of parameter estimation of gravitational-wave signals measured by ground-based detectors, which is currently done through Bayesian inference with MCMC, one of the leading sampling methods. Posteriors for these signals are typically multimodal with strong nonlinear correlations, making sampling difficult. As we enter the advanced-detector era, improved sensitivities and wider bandwidths will drastically increase the computational cost of analyses, demanding more efficient search algorithms to meet these challenges.
A method to predict failure of solder joints caused by thermal shock using finite element analysis for RF power amplifier applications

Due to price competition, low-cost design plays an important role in the power amplifier (PA) market. The cost of new single board design saves about 50% of direct material cost. Other advantages include decreasing direct labor cost, increasing maximum power output, increasing PA efficiency, and decreasing piece part count. For quality and reliability of solder joints, liquid-to-liquid thermal shock test would be considered during the design cycle. It was postulated that the failure is related to the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) mismatch between different materials, in the PCB, heat spreader, lead, cast heat sink, and device. The high power RF devices used in power amplifiers for base station applications have pushed the requirements of advanced materials and processes to provide new low-cost packaging solutions. A methodology is presented for design option evaluation and failure possibility prediction for solder joints on single board power amplifier. This method integrates the finite element analysis models and experimental data. The finite element model identifies the displacement at the solder joint locations. Several sets of experimental tests have been conducted and analyzed to evaluate the design improvements. Good correlation has been achieved between finite element analysis (FEA) predictions and experimental tests on design options.
Adaptive cross-layer MAC design for improved energy-efficiency in multi-channel wireless sensor networks

We present a novel cross-layer design for improving energy efficiency in a wireless sensor network that utilizes a multi-channel non-persistent CSMA MAC protocol with adaptive MQAM modulation at the physical layer. Cross-layer interactions are achieved through joint, traffic-dependent adaptation of the backoff probability at the MAC layer and the modulation order at the physical layer. The joint optimization of the backoff probability and the modulation order is conducted subject to a constraint on the packet retransmission delay. Such an optimization is shown to produce a significant improvement in the per-bit energy requirement for successful packet delivery. Our analytical findings are verified through numerical results and computer simulations.
A Perspective on the Genetic Composition of Eastern Coyotes

Way et al. (2010) defi ne a "coywolf" population in the northeastern United States and eastern Canada that originated through hybridization between Canis lycaon (Eastern Wolf) and Canis latrans (Coyote), but they maintain that it is now genetically uniform and only minimally infl uenced by either parental spe- cies. An alternative interpretation of available data is that this northeastern Coyote population is genetically diverse, substantially more Coyote than Eastern Wolf in its genetic composition, and part of a larger population of Coyotes that interbreeds with a hybrid Coyote/Eastern Wolf population in southern Ontario and western Coyotes in western New York and Pennsylvania.
Partitioning and reduction of RC interconnect networks based on scattering parameter macromodels

This paper presents a linear time algorithm to reduce a large RC interconnect network into subnetworks which are approximated with lower order equivalent RC circuits. The number of RC elements can be reduced between 50% and 90%. Instead of increasing approximation order for a network with large number of ports which will result in inefficiency at best and ill-conditioned matrices at worst, we partition the original network into several subnetworks, each of which is approximated by lower order model. The reduced circuits are guaranteed to be stable. The experiment results show that the number of circuit elements in a reduced network is O(N) for typical clock networks, where N is the number of external ports. The simulation time can be reduced by two to three orders of magnitude while the response of the reduced circuits is within five percent of that of the original circuits.
The identification and transfer of timesharing skills

Abstract Performance on two different task combinations was examined for evidence that timesharing skills are learned with practice and can transfer between task combinations. One combination consisted of two discrete informaion processing tasks, a short-term memory task and a classification task; the other consisted of two identical one-dimensional compensatory tracking tasks. Three groups of 16 subjects were employed in the experiment. The first received dual-task training on both combinations; the second received single-task training on the discrete-task combination and dual-task training on the tracking combination; the third received dual-task training on the tracking combination only. Evidence for distinct timesharing skills was found in both combinations using a new technique designed to separate improvements in timesharing skills from improvements in single-task performance. Transfer of timesharing skills also was found. Several fine-grained analyses performed on the data from the discrete task combination and a Control Theory Analysis of the tracking data indicated that skills in parallel processing were learned in each combination and transferred between them.
Proteomics: a technology-driven and technology-limited discovery science

An emerging field for the analysis of biological systems is the study of the complete protein complement of the genome, the 'proteome'. There are several complementary tools available for proteome analysis including 2D protein electrophoresis and mass spectrometry. Emerging technologies for proteome analysis include spotted-array-based methods and microfluidic devices. Taken together, these technologies provide a wealth of information that is useful in discovery-based science. However, there are some key limitations of these approaches and new technology is required to be able to fully integrate proteomic information with information obtained about DNA sequence, mRNA profiles and metabolite concentrations into effective models of biological systems.
The Truth About Truth and Reconciliation in South Africa

South Africa's truth and reconciliation process is perhaps the best-known example of an institutionalized attempt to build a more democratic future by confronting human rights atrocities from the past. Yet the South African case is often quite misunderstood, with many misconceptions widely accepted and asserted. This article addresses five facts about the South African experience. Using data from a large national survey of ordinary people, it demonstrates both that the truth and reconciliation process is viewed as effective by most people and that in fact systematic evidence indicates that the process achieved several of its primary goals. From the South African case we learn that, despite their various shortcomings and compromises, truth processes can attain legitimacy among ordinary people in transitional systems and that they can contribute to societal reconciliation.
Euro Area Sovereign Risk During the Crisis

While the use of public resources is critical to cushion the impact of the financial crisis on the euro-area economy, it is key that the entailed fiscal costs not be seen by markets as undermining fiscal sustainability. From this perspective, to what extent do movements in euro area sovereign spreads reflect country-specific solvency concerns? In line with previous studies, the paper suggests that euro area sovereign risk premium differentials tend to comove over time and are mainly driven by a common time-varying factor, mimicking global risk repricing. Since October 2008, however, there is evidence that markets have become progressively more concerned about the potential fiscal implications of national financial sectors' frailty and future debt dynamics. The liquidity of sovereign bond markets still seems to play a significant (albeit fairly limited) role in explaining changes in euro area spreads.
Optical interconnects in high-density data communications

Development in both systems and applications are driving semiconductor technology towards gigascale and terascale integration. The electrical interconnection networks are severely limiting this effort due to RC delay, clock skew, crosstalk, and electromigration. Many novel communication mechanisms have been proposed, but the optical interconnection remains as the most promising candidate. This paper is to review the optical interconnection in high-density data communications, from the point of view of semiconductor technology, and present the most recent developments and results.© (2000) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Preferential feeding by an aquatic consumer mediates non-additive decomposition of speciose leaf litter

Forest soils and streams receive substantial inputs of detritus from deciduous vegetation. Decay of this material is a critical ecosystem process, recycling nutrients and supporting detrital-based food webs, and has been attributed, in part, to leaf litter species composition. However, research on why speciose leaf litter should degrade differently has relied on a bottom-up approach, embracing interspecific variation in litter chemistry. We hypothesized that preferential feeding by an aquatic detritivore interacts with species-specific leaf palatability and slows decay of speciose leaf litter. We addressed this by offering four single- and mixed-species leaf resources to field densities of a leaf-shredding consumer. Mixing leaf species resulted in slower total leaf decomposition. Decreases in mixed-species decomposition was partly explained by preferential feeding by the consumers in one case, but the lack of preferential feeding in other mixtures suggested an interactive effect of feeding and microbial degradation. Loss of riparian tree biodiversity may have implications for in-stream consumer-resource interactions.
Reduced Postvasectomy Semen Analysis Testing With the Implementation of Special Clearance Parameters.

Objective To determine the applicability of postvasectomy special clearance parameters ( Materials and Methods We retrospectively reviewed the cohort of men undergoing vasectomy from December 2009 to August 2012 at a single institution. Patient demographics and postvasectomy semen analysis (PVSA) results were collected for clearance parameter comparisons. Results During the study period, 230 patients underwent vasectomy with a mean ± SD age of 36.4 ± 6.5 years. Among the cohort, 83.5% were married and 95.2% had one or more children. The initial PVSA was completed by 111 (48.3%) patients at a mean of 17.8 weeks (range 4-45) following vasectomy. Sperm was identified on initial PVSA in 40 patients (36.0%); 1 patient was found to have motile sperm. Of 39 patients, 38 (97.4%) with nonmotile sperm on PVSA could be cleared to cease other contraceptives based on the most recent clearance guidelines. For those completing an initial PVSA, postvasectomy clearance increased from 64.0% to 98.2% representing a potential cost savings of $2356 in repeat semen testing. Conclusion Postvasectomy contraceptive clearance can be greatly increased when rare nonmotile sperm parameters are included although postvasectomy semen testing compliance remains poor.
Altered ratios of beta-endorphin: beta-lipotropin released from anterior lobe corticotropes with increased secretory drive. II. Repeated stress

A number of stimuli including acute footshock and electrically-induced seizures lead to release of beta-endorphin immunoreactivity from the anterior pituitary corticotropes. Gel filtration of this beta-endorphin immunoreactivity indicates that approximately 3-fold more beta-endorphin than beta-lipotropin is released into plasma following these acute stressors. A similar preponderance of beta-endorphin over beta-lipotropin is seen in the media of short-term anterior lobe cell suspensions stimulated with ovine corticotropin-releasing hormone. Previous studies indicated that footshock stress, when administered repeatedly, can increase the biosynthesis of anterior lobe proopiomelanocortin (POMC) as indicated by increased steady state adrenocorticotropin/beta-endorphin content as well as increased POMC mRNA levels and increased POMC biosynthesis and rate of processing as measured by pulse-labeling and pulse-chase studies. The goal of the present studies was to determine whether this increased biosynthetic drive results in an alteration in the end products secreted with repeated stress. Acute footshock in a rat which has received 14 days of chronic footshock releases proportionately more beta-lipotropin than is released in a naive rat. Chronic electrically-induced seizures, which also increase anterior lobe POMC derived peptide stores, lead to a similar shift in the ratio of beta-lipotropin:beta-endorphin released following stress. These data suggest that chronic drive and the subsequent changes in POMC peptide stores may lead to a decrease in the proportion of beta-endorphin size immunoreactivity in the releasable pool of the anterior lobe corticotrope, thus altering the hormonal signal from the anterior lobe corticotrope.
Re-evaluation of the Relationship of Master Streams and Drainage Basins

A specific equation describing the relationship of stream length to drainage area was originally formulated for very small rivers and basins in localized areas of the eastern United States. Use of the same equation for larger rivers and basins on a world-wide scale produces gross error of prediction. A general or best-fit equation is offered which describes more accurately the length-area relationship for moderate and large-size drainage systems. The theoretical implications of the general equation are just the inverse of those inherent in the original equation.
Transverse colonic volvulus in a 16-year-old female with congenital myotonic dystrophy: A case report

Abstract Transverse colonic accounts for 2–4% of all forms of colonic volvulus and has its highest mortality rate (33) [1] , [2] , [3] . Only forty cases of pediatric transverse colonic volvulus have been reported in the literature to date [4] . We report on a 16-year-old female with congenital myotonic dystrophy who underwent operative repair for transverse colonic volvulus, the first reported case of these two entities in combination.
Observations of Ship Tracks from Ship-Based Platforms

Abstract Ship-based measurements in June 1994 provided information about ship-track clouds and associated atmospheric environment observed from below cloud levels that provide a perspective different from satellite and aircraft measurements. Surface measurements of latent and sensible heat fluxes, sea surface temperatures, and meteorological profiles with free and tethered balloons provided necessary input conditions for models of ship-track formation and maintenance. Remote sensing measurements showed a coupling of ship plume dynamics and entrainment into overlaying clouds. Morphological and dynamic effects were observed on clouds unique to the ship tracks. These morphological changes included lower cloud bases early in the ship-track formation, evidence of raised cloud bases in more mature tracks, sometimes higher cloud tops, thin cloud-free regions paralleling the tracks, and often stronger radar returns. The ship-based lidar aerosol measurements revealed that ship plumes often interacted with the over...
Activation of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase in severe hemorrhagic shock and resuscitation.

This study examines activation of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) in the ileum during hemorrhage and resuscitation and determines if inhibition of PARP reduces organ dysfunction and metabolic acidosis. Awake, nonheparinized rats were hemorrhaged (40 mmHg, 60 min). Resuscitation used Ringer's solution (2![Formula][1] × shed volume) and packed red blood cells (![Formula][2] shed volume). Ileal PARP activity was elevated at the end of hemorrhage (3.6-fold) and 10 min of resuscitation (5-fold). The subsequent decline in PARP activity observed after 60 min of resuscitation was not due to cleavage by caspase-3. Ileum permeability increased 10-fold and circulating liver enzymes increased 4- to 6-fold following 60 min of resuscitation in animals pretreated with 3-aminobenzoic acid, a structural analog that does not inhibit PARP. Pretreatment with 3-aminobenzamide (3-AB), a PARP inhibitor, reduced these changes, whereas posttreatment with a bolus of 3-AB was ineffective. Metabolic acidosis, accumulation of lactate, and base deficit was reduced by pretreatment with 3-AB. PARP is activated in the ileum by hemorrhage and by resuscitation. Activation of PARP contributes to organ dysfunction in the ileum and liver and appears to be central to the development of metabolic acidosis. [1]: /embed/mml-math-1.gif [2]: /embed/mml-math-2.gif
The Effects of Rotation and River Discharge on Net Mixing in Small-Mouth Kelvin Number Plumes

AbstractSmall-mouth Kelvin number plumes, or plumes with a source width smaller than the deformation radius, are characterized by near-field plume regions of rapid lateral expansion and strong vertical mixing. Net plume mixing, or the dilution of a plume by ocean water between the estuary mouth and the far-field plume, is examined using idealized numerical experiments with the Regional Ocean Modeling System (ROMS). The density anomaly of plume water entering the far field is determined from isohaline analysis of the modeled salinity field. The experiments indicate that when estuarine discharge increases, net plume mixing decreases in a rotating environment but increases in a nonrotating environment. Scaling analysis supports that this opposite trend in behavior is related to rotation turning the plume, limiting the lateral expansion and suppressing shear mixing. The results of this study explain different trends in net plume mixing reported in previous studies and compare favorably to observations of the ...
Legal Issues in Aging Families

The objective of this chapter is to assist readers involved in planning, providing, monitoring, and studying services for older Americans to better deal with some of the legal intricacies of family aging. The author delves into a selective identification and analysis of roles and responsibilities involving the interaction of older persons and their families. This endeavor concentrates mainly on the following contexts: families assisting older individuals to exercise their legal rights; families acting as surrogate decision makers for decisionally incapacitated older persons; families protecting and advocating for their older members; and families qua recipients of services from their aging relatives. The chapter concludes with some thoughts regarding directions for future research in this arena, focusing on the wisdom of examining relevant laws affecting older persons under the analytic lens of Therapeutic Jurisprudence, which asks about the actual good or bad impact of specific laws and forms of legal involvement on the intended beneficiaries of those laws and processes.
Wire Spring Fractures-Configurations and Countermeasures

There are many properties required in wire springs and the most important is that the spring must be cagable of maintaining its elasticity for a long period of time. Nevertheless, fractures in wire springs caused by a variety of factors are not uncommon, and as a manufacturere of steel wire for mechanical springs, we have many opportunities to analyze such fractured springs. This report is a summary of the results of th spring fracture analyses which we have carried out, and herein we have attemped to classify the configurations and causes of such fractures, especially for cold-coiled helical springs, and to offer some preventive measures.
Selection for Permethrin Resistance in the Tobacco Budworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Selection of larvae of Heliothis virescens (F.) with permethrin at the LD90 level produced resistance. After 11 generations of continuous selection pressure, the LD50 in the F12 generation increased 37-fold compared to the LD50 of the F1. Cross-resistance to cypermethrin in this strain was high. In the F12 generation, LD50 and LD95 values were 7.9- and 50-fold greater, respectively, than LD50 and LD95 values of a strain collected in the field in 1981.
Heat capacities of binary mixtures of n-heptane with hexane isomers

Abstract Volumetric heat capacities were measured for binary mixtures of n-dodecane with 2-methylpentane, 3-methylpentane, 2,2-dimethylbutane, and 2,3-dimethylbutane at 298.15 K in a Picker flow microcalorimeter. The results were combined with previously published excess molar volumes to obtain excess molar isobaric heat capacities. Use of the Flory theory of mixtures to interpret the results is discussed.
Correlation of Plasma Calcium with Experimentally Elevated Cholesterol and Triglycerides in Laying Hens

An experiment was conducted to determine the relationship between plasma Ca, cholesterol, and triglycerides in commercial laying hens. A 2 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments was used with two levels of dietary iodine (0 and 5,000 ppm) from KI and two levels of beta-estradiol (0 and 12 mg in a single subcutaneous injection), in a corn oil carrier. Feeding iodine or injecting beta-estradiol resulted in increased plasma Ca, cholesterol and triglycerides. The increases were additive for the two treatments. Plasma Ca and cholesterol was significantly correlated. Plasma Ca was negatively correlated with triglycerides when the hens were injected with beta-estradiol. Cholesterol and triglycerides were correlated when hens were injected with beta-estradiol. However, feeding KI decreased the correlation between Ca and triglycerides, and cholesterol and triglycerides.
Comments on Stafford's "alluvial Geology and Archaeological Potential of the Texas Southern High Plains"

Denevan, William M. 1980 Latin America. In World systems of traditional resource management, edited by Gary A. Klee, pp. 217-244. Halsted Press, New York. Engel, Frederic 1966 Geografia humana prehist6rica y agricultura precolombina de la quebrada de Chilca. Universidad Agraria, Lima. Knapp, Gregory 1982 Prehistoric flood management on the Peruvian coast: reinterpreting the "sunken fields" of Chilca. American Antiquity 47:144-154. Raimondi, Antonio 1945 Notas de viaje para su obra "El Perui" (Vol. 3). Torres Aguirre, Lima.
Optimal Taxation of Capital Income: A Mirrleesian Approach to Capital Accumulation

Many authors have argued that capital income risk is a major determinant of wealth inequality. Inspired by this, I develop a model of optimal taxation of capital income in which wealth and income inequality is a result of capital income shocks together with frictions in financial markets. I use the model to study optimal taxation of various types of capital income: capital income from controlled businesses, outside the business as well as bequests. In presence of risk-return trade-offs, i.e., when more productive investments are riskier, I show that it is typically optimal to have progressive saving taxes. Furthermore, in an intergenerational context, I show that bequest taxes should be negative. Finally, I study the implications of the model on long run efficient distribution of wealth. I show that the long-run distribution of wealth has a fat-tail distribution and compare the efficient tail of the wealth distribution to the one resulting from an incomplete market model.
Applying traditional signal processing techniques to social media exploitation for situational understanding

Signal processing techniques such as filtering, detection, estimation and frequency domain analysis have long been applied to extract information from noisy sensor data. This paper describes the exploitation of these signal processing techniques to extract information from social networks, such as Twitter and Instagram. Specifically, we view social networks as noisy sensors that report events in the physical world. We then present a data processing stack for detection, localization, tracking, and veracity analysis of reported events using social network data. We show using a controlled experiment that the behavior of social sources as information relays varies dramatically depending on context. In benign contexts, there is general agreement on events, whereas in conflict scenarios, a significant amount of collective filtering is introduced by conflicted groups, creating a large data distortion. We describe signal processing techniques that mitigate such distortion, resulting in meaningful approximations of actual ground truth, given noisy reported observations. Finally, we briefly present an implementation of the aforementioned social network data processing stack in a sensor network analysis toolkit, called Apollo. Experiences with Apollo show that our techniques are successful at identifying and tracking credible events in the physical world.
Comparison of Gastrointestinal and Rectal Temperatures During Recovery After a Warm-Weather Road Race.

Context: It has been well established that gastrointestinal temperature (TGI) tracks closely with rectal temperature (TREC) during exercise. However, the field use of TGI pills is still being examined, and little is known about how measurements obtained using these devices compare during recovery after exercise in warm weather. Objective: To compare TGI and TREC in runners who completed an 11.3-km warm-weather road race and determine if runners with higher TGI and TREC present with greater passive cooling rates during recovery. Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: Field. Patients or Other Participants: Thirty recreationally active runners (15 men, 15 women; age = 39 ± 11 years, weight = 68.3 ± 11.7 kg, body fat = 19.2% ± 5.0%). Main Outcome Measure(s): The TGI and TREC were obtained immediately after the race and during a 20-minute passive rest at the 2014 Falmouth Road Race (heat index = 26.2°C ± 0.9°C). Temperatures were taken every 2 minutes during passive rest. The main dependent variables were mea...
Life cycle assessment of jointly produced solar energy materials: Challenges and best practices

Abstract Life cycle assessment (LCA) offers valuable insights for solar firms, including identification of opportunities for potential cost reduction at energy and material usage hotspots and establishment of environmental performance advantages over competitors. However, many advanced solar photovoltaic (PV) technologies contain key functional materials that are challenging to assess with LCA because they are jointly produced as coproducts or byproducts. Joint production is inherently challenging to LCA because it introduces the methodological problem of allocation, or the need to distribute environmental impact among multiple products of a single process. Additionally, these materials suffer from increased risk of price volatility, which further confound allocation approaches. Using two case studies of jointly-produced PV-relevant raw materials, tellurium and terbium, the present work demonstrates some of the unique methodological challenges faced during LCA; namely, variation in results based upon choice of allocation method and parametric variability in allocation factor inputs. Results show that choice of allocation method leads to variation in cumulative energy demand (CED) by a factor of 6 for tellurium and a factor of 27 for terbium while choice of averaging period for time-dependent data (i.e. price), while nearly negligible for tellurium (1–3% decrease), leads to variation in CED by 25% for terbium. Further, despite representing smaller contributions by mass to total joint process output, not all coproducts and byproducts are affected the same way by choice of allocation method, i.e. tellurium CED was greater by mass allocation than economic, whereas the reverse was true for terbium. These findings inform best practices helpful for LCA practitioners to generate more robust environmental impact assessments and inform decision making with greater resolution.
Use of dermal graft and free urethral graft in penile reconstruction.

AbstractFrom 1979 to 1987 we treated 28 patients with severe penile malformations who required a dermal graft to straighten the shaft and a free graft to construct a urethra. In 10 patients the 2 grafts were placed simultaneously with good results. In 15 patients the dermal graft was placed initially and a urethral graft was placed over it later. In 3 patients the urethroplasty has not been done yet. No complications resulted from the combined use of dermal and urethral free grafts. The principle of 舠graft on graft舡 can be applied successfully to correct certain severe penile problems. Indications, technique and results are presented.
SRI Magnetic Suspension Studies for High-Speed Vehicles

The fact that vehicles can be levitated magnetically has been known for quite a long time [1], but practical means of constructing them are only now emerging. The effort being Applied to the development of these vehicles and their associated transportation systems is considerable, both in the United States and elsewhere.
The Niger Delta Amnesty Program: The Challenges of Transitioning From Peace Settlements to Long-Term Peace

The armed conflict between militias and government forces in Nigeria’s Niger Delta region has spanned for more than two decades, defying all solutions. A disarmament, demobilization, and reintegration (DDR) program was established in August 2015 in effort to end the violence and has remained in place. It is a radically different approach from past approaches that displayed zero tolerance to all political challenges to oil production or the allocation of oil profits. The approach appeared to be immediately successful in that it forced a ceasefire, engaged militants in planned programs to rehabilitate and reintegrate them into civilian society, and opened up the oil wells (many of which had been shut due to the crisis) with the effect of increasing government revenue, which depends 85% on oil exports. Yet, few studies have attempted to understand the dynamics within the country that are responsible for the design and implementation of this broad policy shift or to understand whether and how the current init...
Tenzel Semicircular Flap

The Tenzel semicircular flap was first described by Dr. Richard Tenzel in 1975. The semicircular flap is useful for reconstruction of central lower eyelid defects. The Reverse Tenzel semicircular flap is performed for central upper eyelid defects. While canthotomy and cantholysis alone may be used to reconstruct defects comprising up to 25 %, the addition of the semicircular flap is useful to reconstruct defects as large as two-thirds of the eyelid with the caveat that tarsus is present on both sides of the surgical defect. The semicircular flap is rotated and advanced into the defect allowing for adequate wound closure. The procedure also requires reconstruction of the lateral canthus to restore the canthal angle and the blink dynamic. This is accomplished through fixation of the flap to the periosteum of the lateral orbital rim.
Prediction of acute graft rejection in renal transplantation: the utility of cyclosporine blood concentrations.

While cyclosporine is recommended to be used only in conjunction with monitoring of its blood concentrations, the utility of these measurements in preventing treatment failure is not established. In a group of 52 patients trough levels and steady-state concentrations were monitored in serum and whole blood by specific (SP) and nonspecific (NS) assays (polyclonal radioimmunoassay, PR; fluorescence polarization immunoassay, FP; high-pressure liquid chromatography, HP). From as many as 10 determinations of trough level and steady state concentrations during the first 40 days after renal transplantation, the lowest measurement was selected. In the case of an acute rejection episode within that time period, only values until that event were considered. Trough level measurements in serum by PR/NS and by FP/NS and in whole blood by HP/SP were not significantly different between patients with and patients without rejection episodes. However, simultaneously measured steady-state values (serum/PR/NS and serum/FP/NS) were significantly lower in patients suffering from rejection (with rejection SS/ serum/PR/NS mean = 127 ng/ml, SD = 41 ng/ml; without rejection mean = 163 ng/ml, SD = 60 ng/ml; P = 0.027, t test). This difference could not be demonstrated for steady state/whole blood/HP/SP measurements. A logistic regression analysis demonstrated that the probability of rejection can be decreased by up to 40% if steady state/serum/PR/NS or steady state/serum/FP/NS values never drop below 250 ng/ml early after renal transplantation.