cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Marginal and Non-Marginal Persons in the Professions: A Comparative Study of Recruitment in Law, Medicine, and Social Work*

A sample of students from the Schools of Law, Medicine, and Social Work of a Midwestern University (N=1,319), which consisted of all students enrolled in these schools for over a given number of years, suggests that there are at least three discernible types of marginality which are related to the status of the given professions. Such marginality may depend on one or more of the following: class origin, academic performance, and sex roles. The students of social work are high in both classand rolemarginality, but are favorably comparable to law students in performance-marginality. The study suggests that prestige of a given profession (as was rank ordered by North and Ratt in 1947) is neither necessarily nor always dependent on performance-marginality, but is related to role-marginality of persons in the professions. *This paper was presented before The Society for the Study of Social Problems on August 29, 1971 in Denver, Colorado. The author wishes to acknowledge the help of his former student, Mrs. Margaret Seelbach Watterson, in gathering and tabulating the data for this study. He also wishes to thank Professor Morris Janowitz of the University of Chicago and Professor Sumati Dubey of The Tata Institute of Social Sciences (Bombay) for valuable criticism and comments in various stages of preparation of this paper. .A brief descriptive report on recruitment in law, medicine, and social work on the basis of this research was published by The Council on Social Work Education in The Social Work Education Reporter, 21, 1 (December-January, 1972-73).
Effects of Exercise and Physical Interventions on Bone: Clinical Studies

Perhaps the best evidence that physical activity is essential for the maintenance of bone mass and strength is the rapid and profound loss of bone mineral that occurs during conditions of disuse, such as immobilization, bed rest, and spaceflight. Physical activity throughout the lifespan has the potential to reduce the risk for osteoporotic fracture by augmenting the development of peak bone mass during childhood, maintaining bone mass during early adulthood, and slowing the inevitable loss of bone mass in old age. However, the types and amounts of physical activity needed to optimize skeletal integrity across the lifespan and reduce osteoporotic fracture risk have not been precisely defined. This chapter reviews the clinical evidence that physical activity is associated with reduced fracture risk and that exercise training can increase or slow the decline in bone mineral density (BMD) in adults. The clinical relevance of the key determinants of the response of bone to mechanical loading that have evolved from preclinical studies of animals (e.g., high strain magnitude, high strain rate, few repetitions, unique strain distribution) is discussed. Novel factors that may influence the skeletal adaptation to exercise in humans are also discussed.
Case Study A: Fuel Cell Power Train for Mopeds

This chapter refers to an experimental study of a 3.5 kW electric power train equipped with a fuel cell system based on a H2/air PEM fuel cell stack of about 2 kW and realized according to the analysis reported in the Chap. 4 . The fuel cell system is characterized in both steady-state and dynamic conditions. The energy losses associated with auxiliary components of the fuel cell system are evaluated, while its dynamic performance is analyzed starting from warm-up operation and investigating different load variation rates, in relation with air supply management issues. Hydrogen purge and membrane humidification strategies are discussed in order to individuate the optimal working conditions for a reliable stack operation. The results of tests on the whole power train during two European driving cycles are finally analyzed, with the aim to evaluate the effect of different control strategies on the power train efficiency.
Study of Damage in Particulate Composites

The problem of damage in particulate composites with a soft matrix and rigid inclusions is experimentally studied. Two different approaches are used. In one approach the damage is evaluated though the increment of the material porosity. In the other approach a microscopic measurement of adherence between particle and matrix is used. The last approach provides a more realistic picture of the damage process and leads to simple models for numerical simulation.
The vegetarian diet. Scientific and practical considerations.

Without sound nutritional knowledge, following a vegetarian diet can be hazardous. However, as shown by a number of studies reviewed here, it is perfectly possible to construct a vegetarian diet that provides all essential nutrients.
Evaluation of anticoagulation and nonsurgical major bleeding in recipients of continuous-flow left ventricular assist devices.

Continuous-flow left ventricular assist device (LVAD) placement has become a standard of care in advanced heart failure treatment. Bleeding is the most frequently reported adverse event after LVAD implantation and may be increased by antithrombotic agents used for prevention of pump thrombosis. This retrospective cohort included 85 adult patients implanted with a Heartmate II LVAD. Major bleeding was defined as occurring >7 days after implant and included intracranial hemorrhage, events requiring 2 units of packed red blood cells within a 24-h period, and death from bleeding. Primary outcome was intensity of anticoagulation between patients with or without at least one incidence of nonsurgical major bleeding. Major bleeding occurred in 35 (41%) patients with 0.48 events per patient year and a median (IQR) time to first bleed of 134.5 (39.3, 368.5) days. The median (IQR) INR at time of bleed was 1.7 (1.4, 2.5). Median INR during follow-up did not differ between groups and patients with major bleeding were not more likely to have a supra-therapeutic INR. Patients who bled were more likely to have received LVAD for destination therapy, to have lower weight, worse renal function, and lower hemoglobin at baseline. Duration of LVAD support and survival were similar between groups with no difference in occurrence of thrombosis. Incidence of nonsurgical major bleeding was not significantly associated with degree of anticoagulation. Certain baseline characteristics may be more important than anticoagulation intensity to identify patients at risk for bleeding after LVAD implant. Modification of anticoagulation alone is not a sufficient management strategy and early intervention may be required to mitigate bleeding impact.
Quantifying the dosimetric impact of organ-at-risk delineation variability in head and neck radiation therapy in the context of patient setup uncertainty

The purpose of this study was to quantify the potential dosimetric impact of delineation variability (DV) in head and neck radiation therapy (RT) when inherent patient setup variability (SV) is also considered. The impact of DV was assessed by generating plans with multiple structure sets, cross-evaluating them, including SV, across sets, and determining P PQM: the probability of achieving organ-specific plan quality metrics (PQM). DV was incorporated by: (1) using multiple organ at risk (OAR) structure sets delineated by independent manual observers; and (2) randomly perturbing manually generated OARs to generate alternatives with varying levels of uncertainty (low, medium, and high DV). For each structure set, independent VMAT plans were auto-generated to meet clinical PQMs. Each plan was cross-evaluated using OARs from multiple structure sets with simulated SV including per-fraction random (σ s) and per-treatment-course systematic (Σs) setup errors. The dosimetric impact of DV was assessed by examining P PQM with and without SV/DV. Clinically significant differences were defined by those that exceeded differences caused by a +2% output variation. Without including SV, simulated DV at the medium level reduced P PQM by an average of 5.5% for all OARs with D max PQMs. This reduction decreased to 2.8% for SV = 2 mm and 2.4% for SV = 4 mm (the average P PQM reduction due to 2% output errors was 2.7%). For OARs with D mean PQMs, the average P PQM reduction was 0.9% for SV = 0 and ⩽0.1% for SV ⩾ 2 mm. The effect of DV was larger for OARs that directly abutted a target volume than for those that did not. These trends were also observed with real DV from multi-observer delineations. The dosimetric impact of DV appeared to decrease when random and systematic SV was considered. Sensitivity to DV was affected by OAR objective type (i.e. D mean versus D max objectives) as well as distance from the target volume.
Non-climatic control of glacier-terminus fluctuations in the Wrangell and Chugach Mountains, Alaska, U.S.A

Fluctuations of glacier termini were studied in two regions in Alaska. In the Wrangell Mountains, 15 glaciers on Mount Wrangell, an active volcano, have been monitored over the past 30 years by surveying, photogrammetry and satellite. Results, which are consistent between different methods of measurement, indicate that the termini of most glaciers were stationary or retreating slightly. However, the termini of the 30 km long Ahtna Glacier and the smaller Center and South MacKeith Glaciers began to advance in the early 1960s and have advanced steadily between 5 and 18 m a−1 since then. These three glaciers flow from the active North Crater, where increased volcanic heating since 1964 has melted over 7 x 107 m3 of ice. We suspect that volcanic meltwater has changed the basal conditions for the three glaciers, resulting in their advance. The terminus fluctuations of six tide-water and near-tide-water glaciers in College Fjord, Prince William Sound, have been monitored since 1931 by surveying, photogrammetry and, most recently, by satellite imagery. Harvard Glacier, a 40 km long tide-water glacier, has been advancing at an average rate of nearly 20 ma−1 since 1931, while the adjacent Yale Glacier has retreated at approximately 50 ma−1 during the same period though, for short periods, both of these rates have been much higher. The striking contrast between the terminus behavior of Yale and Harvard Glaciers, which parallel each other in the same fiord, and are derived from the same snowfield, supports the hypothesis that their terminus behavior is largely the result of dynamic controls rather than changes in climate.
Thatcher's Progress: From Social Democracy to Market Liberalism through an English New Town

During the quarter of a century after the Second World War, the United Kingdom designated thirty-two new towns across England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland. Why, even before selling council houses or denationalising public industries, did Margaret Thatcher's government begin to privatise these new towns? By examining the most ambitious of these projects, Milton Keynes, Guy Ortolano recasts our understanding of British social democracy, arguing that the new towns comprised the spatial dimension of the welfare state. Following the Prime Minister's progress on a tour through Milton Keynes on 25 September 1979, Ortolano alights at successive stops to examine the broader histories of urban planning, modernist architecture, community development, international consulting, and municipal housing. Thatcher's journey reveals a dynamic social democracy during its decade of crisis, while also showing how public sector actors begrudgingly accommodated the alternative priorities of market liberalism.
When Experts Fail: Use of a Short Turning Radius Colonoscope Facilitates Successful Completion of Colonoscopy in Patients with Bowel Fixity

Rates of incomplete colonoscopy in non-expert settings range up to 13%. Expert colonoscopists can complete ~ 95% colonoscopies when other endoscopists fail; however, a small number remain incomplete even in expert hands, typically due to bowel fixity. Pentax Retroview™ (EC-3490TLi) is a new slim colonoscope with a short turning radius (STR) and greater tip deflection (210°), which allows easy maneuverability across sharply angulated/fixed colonic bends. We evaluated the utility of this colonoscope for completing colonoscopies that fail even in the hands of expert colonoscopists. Retrospective chart review was performed, and main outcomes measured included cecal intubation rate, lesions detected, dosage of sedation used, and complications. Using the STR colonoscope, complete colonoscopy to the cecum was possible in 34/37 patients (91.9%). No loss of lumen/blind advancement was necessary in any of the procedures. No adverse events occurred. Among the completed colonoscopies, 6/34 (17.6%) patients had adenomas, all proximal to the site of prior failure, including one advanced adenoma. All failures (n = 3, 8.1%) had a history of cancer surgeries, with peritoneal carcinomatosis/extensively fixed/frozen bowel (two patients) and an additional diverticular stricture with colo-vesical fistula (one patient). STR colonoscope facilitates completion of a high proportion (91.9%) of colonoscopies that previously failed in expert hands. Its STR allows easy maneuverability across segments of sharp angulation with bowel fixity without need for blind advancement. The use of this colonoscope led to the detection of adenomas in 17.6% of patients, all proximal to the site of prior failed colonoscopy.
Non-ventilator health care-associated pneumonia (NV-HAP): NV-HAP Risk Factors

Several risk factors have a significant impact on the development of nonventilator health care-associated pneumonia (NV-HAP). This section discusses both the modifiable and nonmodifiable risk factors contributing to the incidence of NV-HAP. Lack of mobility, malnutrition, high blood glucose, inhibition of gastric acid and central nervous system depressants underscored in this section. Efforts to treat, modify, or alter these risk factors as opportunities to decrease the incidence of NV-HAP. In addition, we to address and assess nonmodifiable risk factors.
Chapter 15 – Parkinsonism

Parkinsonism is defined by the presence of two or more of tremor at rest, bradykinesia, rigidity, and postural instability. It is a relatively uncommon class of movement disorder in children, but can arise through a variety of pathological processes. Juvenile Parkinson’s disease is a rare neurodegenerative condition with several known causes. More commonly, parkinsonism accompanies other signs and symptoms in a variety of degenerative, metabolic, postinfectious, or drug-induced conditions. Many children with parkinsonism receive symptomatic benefit from levodopa or dopamine agonist, but they often develop treatment-limited side effects. Others have no benefit from these medications.
Hybrid War and the “Gulliverization” of Israel

(2011). Hybrid War and the “Gulliverization” of Israel. Israel Journal of Foreign Affairs: Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 59-72.
Growth characteristics of different heart cells on novel nanopatch substrate during electrical stimulation

During a heart attack, the heart's oxygen supply is cut off, and cardiomyocytes perish. Unfortunately, once these tissues are lost, they cannot be replaced and results in cardiovascular disease-the leading cause of deaths worldwide. Advancements in medical research have been targeted to understand and combat the death of these cardiomyocytes. For example, new research (in vitro) has demonstrated that one can expand cardiomyocyte adhesion and proliferation using polylactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) (50:50 (weight percent)) supplemented with carbon nanofibers (CNFs) to create a cardiovascular patch. However, the examination of other cardiovascular cell types has not been investigated. Therefore, the purpose of this present in vitro study was to determine cell growth characteristics of three different important cardiovascular cell types (aortic endothelial, fibroblast and cardiomyocyte) onto the substrate. Cells were seeded onto different PLGA:CNF ratio composites to determine if CNF density has an effect on cell growth, both in static and electrically stimulated environments. During continuous electrical stimulation (rectangle, 2 nm, 5 V/cm, 1 Hz), cardiomyocyte cell density increased in comparison to its static counterparts after 24, 72 and 120 hours. A minor rise in Troponin I excretion in electrical stimulation compared to static conditions indicated nominal cardiomyocyte cell function during cell experiments. Endothelial and fibroblast cell growth experiments indicated the material hindered or stalled proliferation during both static and electrical stimulation experiments, thus supporting the growth of cardiomyocytes onto the dead tissue zone. Furthermore, the results specified that CNF density did have an effect on PLGA:CNF composite cytocompatibility properties with the best results coming from the 50:50 [PLGA:CNF (weight percent:weight percent)] composite. Therefore, this study provides further evidence that a conductive scaffold using nanotechnology should be further research for various cardiovascular applications.
The Impact of Codification on the Judicial Development of Copyright

Despite the Supreme Court’s rejection of common law copyright in Wheaton v. Peters and the more specific codification by the Copyright Act of 1976, courts have continued to play an active role in determining the scope of copyright. Four areas of continuing judicial innovation include fair use, misuse, third-party liability, and the first sale doctrine. Some commentators have advocated broad judicial power to revise and overturn statutes. Such sweeping judicial power is hard to reconcile with the democratic commitment to legislative supremacy. At the other extreme are those that view codification as completely displacing courts’ authority to develop legal principles. The problem with this position is that not all codifications are intended to be comprehensive or to displace all preexisting law.One way to reconcile democratic legitimacy with current practice would be to adopt a less categorical approach that recognizes that the proper scope for judicial development is itself a question of legislative intent. In some cases, Congress has affirmatively delegated to the courts the explicit authority to continue to develop the law. In others, Congress modeled certain provisions of the copyright statutes on patent or other areas of law, which provides leeway for judicial development. Either approach would not conflict with the democratic commitments reflected in legislative supremacy.Applying this framework to the four areas of law of judicial development identified above reveals that the courts’ record in applying these principles consistently is mixed. With respect to fair use and misuse, the courts have adopted readings that either follow or are consistent with legislative intent. With respect to third-party liability and the first sale doctrine, the courts have invoked broad analogies between copyright and patent law or canons of construction without analyzing directly whether such approaches were consistent with legislative intent.
Stuck in the middle with you: master's-level curricula: panel discussion

Compared on one hand with the ongoing attention that is given to virtually all aspects of the undergraduate computer science curriculum and on the other with active organizations devoted to advanced domain-specific research in Ph.D. programs, master's-level computer science seems often to be squeezed into a small range of the educational spectrum.
Increased glutathione in cultured hepatocytes associated with induction of cytochrome P-450: Lack of effect of glutathione depletion on induction of cytochrome P-450 and δ-aminolevulinate synthase

Abstract Cellular glutathione concentrations in primary cultures of chick embryo hepatocytes were 15.3 ± 5.3 nmoles/mg protein (mean ± S.D.) and remained stable for up to 3 days in culture. The presence of insulin was not essential for the maintenance of glutathione concentrations. Induction of cytochrome P-450 by phenobarbital-like inducers (2-propyl-2-isopropylacetamide, 2-allyl-2-isopropylacetamide, and 2,4,5,2′,4′,5′-hexabromobiphenyl) was accompanied by 2- to 3-fold increases in glutathione concentrations and by increased glucuronidation of phenol red. The 3-methylcholanthrene-like inducers of cytochrome P-450 (β-naphthoflavone and 3,4,3′,4′-tetrachlorobiphenyl) did not have these effects. Glutathione was rapidly depleted to 15–30% of control levels in hepatocytes treated with buthionine sulfoximine, an inhibitor of γ-glutamylcysteine synthase. No toxicity was observed with glutathione depletion. Glutathione depletion did not affect the ability of 2-propyl-2-isopropylacetamide to induce cytochrome P-450, glucuronidation of phenol red, or δ-aminolevulinate synthase.
The Spring System: Integrated Support for Complex Real-TimeSystems

The Spring system is a highly integrated collection of software and hardware that synergistically operates to provide end-to-end support in building complex real-time applications. In this paper, we show how Spring‘s specification language, programming language, software generation system, and operating system kernel are applied to build a flexible manufacturing testbed. The same ingredients have also been used to realize a predictable version of a robot pick and place application used in industry. These applications are good examples of complex real-time systems that require flexibility. The goal of this paper is to demonstrate the integrated nature of the system and the benefits of integration; in particular, the use of reflective information and the value of function and time composition. The lessons learned from these applications and the project as a whole are also presented.
Customer attitudes towards restaurant reservations policies

Reservations give restaurants the capability to select the most profitable mix of customers and help them better control their time. Reservations are not without problems because of the uncertainty associated with customers honoring their reservation and with the uncertainty associated with the length of time that customers will use the service. Many restaurants have developed policies to handle these uncertainties; the question is how customers react to such policies. An online survey on customer attitudes towards restaurant reservation policies was conducted in the United States. Respondents considered table-holding policies and credit card guarantees to be the most acceptable and fairest of the five policies considered. Entire party seating policies were viewed in a mostly neutral manner, while respondents had a mixed view of maximum duration policies. Short-show policies were considered to be the least understandable and acceptable. In all cases, customers who were more familiar with a policy were more likely to consider that policy to be acceptable and fair.
Chapter 8 - The Thermal Stability of Explosives

This chapter discusses thermal stability of explosives. A number of laboratory thermal analysis tests are devised specifically for energetic materials. Many are useful to compare relative thermal stability among similar compounds. Most are based upon monitoring product formation—gas formation, or heat production. These are used to obtain kinetic rate constants at a fixed temperature, but that is not their common application; in fact, most are used in a dynamic heating mode. The only limitation is the requirement for ultra-small sample size. Commercial explosives are generally mixtures of oxidizer and fuel. Ammonium nitrate (AN) is the usual oxidizer. The key to their functioning is an intimate mix of the oxidizer (AN) and fuel, such as in the formulation ANFO (ammonium nitrate/fuel oil), where the fuel is allowed to soak into the AN. Composite explosives—intimate mixtures of fuel and oxidizer—are adequate if gas and temperature output are high, creating lots of PAV (expansion) work. Thermal stability assessment testing can be categorized in a number of ways: (1) by sample size, (2) by the quantitativeness of the outcome, and (3) by the assessment mode.
The Nuclear Pregnane X Receptor Regulates Xenobiotic Detoxification

The pregnane X receptor (PXR), which is a member of the nuclear receptor family of ligand-activated transcription factors, is an integral component of the body's defense mechanism against toxic xenobiotics. PXR is activated by a broad spectrum of lipophilic xenobiotics including prescription drugs, herbs, pesticides, endocrine disruptors and other environmental contaminants. The promiscuous ligand-binding properties of PXR are facilitated by the large volume and smooth shape of its ligand-binding pocket. PXR binds to DNA as a heterodimer with the 9-cis retinoic acid receptor (RXR) and regulates a large number of genes involved in the detoxification and excretion of toxic substances. Although PXR evolved to protect the body, its activation by various prescription drugs and herbs such as St. John's wort represents the molecular basis for an important class of drug-drug interactions. Assays that detect PXR activation can now be used to predict and prevent these drug-drug interactions.
Relationship between Exercise Parameters and Noninvasive Indices of Right Ventricular Function in Patients with Biventricular Circulation and Systemic Right Ventricle.

Objectives In patients with systemic right ventricles (RVs) in a biventricular circulation, exercise capacity and RV function often deteriorate over time and echocardiographic assessment of systemic RV function is difficult. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between exercise capacity and RV function and to determine which noninvasive imaging parameters correlate most closely with exercise capacity. Design Patients with a systemic RV (D-loop transposition of the great arteries [TGA] after atrial switch procedure or physiologically “corrected” TGA) who underwent cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPX) and noninvasive imaging (cardiac magnetic resonance [CMR] and echocardiography [echo]) within 1 year of CPX were identified. Regression analysis was used to evaluate the relationship between exercise variables and noninvasive indices of ventricular function. Results We identified 92 patients with 149 encounters (mean age 31.0 years, 61% men, 70% D-loop TGA) meeting inclusion criteria. Statistically significant correlations between % predicted peak oxygen uptake (%pVO2) and RV ejection fraction (EF) (r = 0.29, P = .0007), indexed RV end-systolic volume (r = −0.25, P = .002), and Tei index (r = −0.22, P = .03) were found. In patients without additional hemodynamically significant lesions, the correlations between %pVO2 and RV EF (r = 0.37, P = .0007) and the Tei index (r = −0.28, P = .03) strengthened and a correlation emerged between %pVO2 and dP/dtic (r = 0.31, P = .007). On multivariable analysis, Tei index was the only statistically significant correlate of %pVO2 (P = .04). Conclusions In patients with systemic RVs in a biventricular circulation, CMR-derived RVEF and echo-derived Tei index correlate with %pVO2. On multivariable analysis, the Tei index was the strongest predictor of peak %pVO2 response.
Effects of Bloom's syndrome fibroblasts on genetic recombination and mutagenesis of herpes simplex virus type 1.

The effects of Bloom's syndrome (BS) fibroblasts on genetic recombination and the mutation frequency of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) was determined by employing two factor crosses of selected temperature-sensitive (ts)mutants. A significant increase in the recombination frequency (RF) was observed in seven of nine crosses when multiple BS fibroblast lines were compared to normal human fibroblasts. The RF of HSV-1 ts mutants increased following 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) treatment of normal, but not BS fibroblasts, suggesting that BS fibroblasts express higher constitutive levels of genetic recombination activity. HSV-1 ts mutants demonstrated significantly higher reversion frequencies to the nontemperature sensitive (ts+)phenotype following growth in BS rather than normal fibroblasts, indicating that exogenous viral DNA encoding many of the enzymes necessary for its own replication is affected by the mutator phenotype of BS.
Comparison of Laboratory and Field Avoidance Behavior of Fish in Heated Chlorinated Water

Abstract The effects of intermittent chlorination and temperature selection on the movement of fish were studied in an integrated field and laboratory project on the New River at the Glen Lyn Power Plant in southwestern Virginia. Over a temperature range of 7–36 C, the total number of fish sampled from the intermittently chlorinated thermal effluent was lower than control values (P ⩽ 0.09) when total residual chlorine (TRC) concentrations were ⩾ 0.15 mg/liter. After seasonal variations were segregated into discrete intervals of field temperature and fish avoidance of TRC, a decline in fish abundance in the chlorinated, heated discharge was observed within 95% confidence limits. In summer field temperatures of 27–30 C, fish avoided a TRC concentration that ranged from (95% confidence limits) 0.19 to 0.28 mg/liter TRC; when temperatures were falling from 26 to 7 C, they avoided 0.23–0.42 mg/liter TRC. The two most consistently sampled fish species, spotfin shiner Notropis spilopterus and whitetail shiner N....
Emergent Comorbidity in At Risk Children with and without Autism Spectrum Disorder—A Cross-Sectional Study

Individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are noted to be at an increased risk for developing comorbid psychiatric conditions. Little is known about the emergence and etiology of comorbid conditions in ASD. We investigated if this pattern of comorbidity can be detected in those with ASD at an early age. Two-hundred and sixty-nine atypically developing toddlers classified as ASD (n = 109) or non-ASD (n = 160) were studied using the Baby and Infant Screen for aUtIsm Traits-Part 2 (BISCUIT-Part 2). Participants were divided into four age groups: 12–18 months, 19–24 months, 25–31 months, and 32–39 months. A factorial MANOVA was used to assess age and diagnostic group differences on BISCUIT-Part 2 domains. A general trend emerged where toddlers with ASD appeared to have more severe symptoms than atypically developing non-ASD toddlers with there being an increasing trend of comorbid behaviors as age increased. Results and implications are discussed.
A new pepstatin-insensitive thermopsin-like protease overproduced in peptide-rich cultures of Sulfolobus solfataricus.

In this study, we gain insight into the extracellular proteolytic system of Sulfolobus solfataricus grown on proteinaceous substrates, providing further evidence that acidic proteases were specifically produced in response to peptide-rich media. The main proteolytic component was the previously isolated SsMTP (Sulfolobus solfataricus multi-domain thermopsin-like protease), while the less abundant (named SsMTP-1) one was purified, characterized and identified as the sso1175 gene-product. The protein revealed a multi-domain organization shared with the cognate SsMTP with a catalytic domain followed by several tandemly-repeated motifs. Moreover, both enzymes were found spread across the Crenarchaeota phylum and belonging to the thermopsin family, although segregated into diverse phylogenetic clusters. SsMTP-1 showed a 75-kDa molecular mass and was stable in the temperature range 50–90 °C, with optimal activity at 70 °C and pH 2.0. Serine, metallo and aspartic protease inhibitors did not affect the enzyme activity, designating SsMTP-1 as a new member of the pepstatin-insensitive aspartic protease family. The peptide-bond-specificity of SsMTP-1 in the cleavage of the oxidized insulin B chain was uncommon amongst thermopsins, suggesting that it could play a distinct, but cooperative role in the protein degradation machinery. Interestingly, predictions of the transmembrane protein topology of SsMTP and SsMTP-1 strongly suggest a possible contribution in signal-transduction pathways.
Methylation inhibits the interaction of DNA binding proteins with a potential c-abl intron regulatory element.

We have identified DNA binding proteins which interact with a sequence found in an intron of the tyrosine kinase coding portion of the murine c-abl gene. Several specific DNA:protein complexes were observed. Those complexes of approximate molecular weights 64 and 66kDa were detected when an Msp I site (CCGG) within the sequence was unmethylated, but were not observed when that site was methylated. Insertion of the intron sequence 5′ to the rat somatic cytochrome C promoter and chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (CAT) sequences resulted in at least four-fold stimulation of CAT activity. These data suggest a potential role for the intron sequence in the regulation of gene expression.
EDTA and mixed-ligand complexes of tetravalent and trivalent plutonium.

EDTA forms stable complexes with plutonium that are integral to nuclear material processing, radionuclide decontamination, and the potentially enhanced transport of environmental contamination. To characterize the aqueous Pu4+/3+EDTA species formed under the wide range of conditions of these processes, potentiometry, spectrophotometry, and cyclic voltammetry were used to measure solution equilibria. The results reveal new EDTA and mixed-ligand complexes and provide more accurate stability constants for previously identified species. In acidic solution (pH < 4) and at 1:1 ligand to metal ratio, PuY (where Y4- is the tetra-anion of EDTA) is the predominant species, with an overall formation constant of log β110 = 26.44. At higher pH, the hydrolysis species, PuY(OH)- and PuY(OH)22-, form with the corresponding overall stability constants log β11 - 1 = 21.95 and log β11 - 2 = 15.29. The redox potential of the complex PuY at pH = 2.3 was determined to be E1/2 = 342 mV. The correlation between redox potential, ...
A Review of Pharmacological Treatments Used in Experimental Models of Traumatic Brain Injury

Primary objective: We provide a review of recent chronic and delayed rehabilitative pharmacological treatments examined in experimental models of traumatic brain injury. There is a specific emphasis on studies aiming to enhance cognitive recovery.Main outcomes and results: Decreased neuronal activity is believed to contribute to persistent cognitive disabilities. Neurotransmitter based rehabilitative treatments that increase neuronal activity may assist in the recovery of cognitive function. However, timing and dosage of drug treatment are influential in cognitive enhancement. Drug treatments that affect single and multiple neurotransmitter systems have the ability to significantly influence recovery of function following brain injury.Conclusions: Understanding the relationship between neural disturbances and functional deficits following brain injury is challenging. Cognitive impairment may be the result of a single event or multiple events that occur after the initial insult. Increasing neuronal activit...
Severe Cholestasis and Renal Failure Associated with the Use of the Designer Steroid Superdrol™ (Methasteron™): A Case Report and Literature Review

The use of over the counter (OTC) nutritional supplements is widespread among amateur bodybuilders. Reports suggest that up to 30% of people who train regularly with weights use androgenic/anabolic steroids (AAS) and that a significant percentage of male high school students use AAS, not just for muscle gain but also to improve their physical appearance [1, 2]. The use of AAS is associated with a variety of potential liver injuries including toxic hepatitis and cholestasis [3, 4] but is often under-reported because of its clandestine use. Renal toxicity with the use of AAS has recently been demonstrated, which was thought to be related to IgA nephropathy [5]. We report a case of liver and renal injury secondary to a nutritional supplement called Superdrol, with the anabolic steroidmethasteron as its active ingredient.
CRIMINALS' AND NONCRIMINALS’ PERCEPTIONS OF URBAN CRIME

This paper offers an exploration of criminals’ and non-criminals’ perceptions of crime in an urban milieu. Specifically. we examine perceptions of the incidence of crime within the city, of variations in police pratection. and of variations in the likely difficulty of committing crimes in different parts of the city. The analysis examines the distinctiveness of; and interrelationships among, these variables controlling for the racial status and criminal-non-criminal status of the respandents. Additionally. perceptions of the difficulty of committing crimes m different parts of the city are related to generalized perceptions of the city for our racial subgroups of criminals. The results provide evidence on the distinctiveness of criminals in such terms, on some factors influencing strategic criminal decision-making, and on ways m which criminal behavior shares common elements with other social behavior.
Identification of a key structural feature of cobalt(III)-bleomycins: an exogenous ligand (e.g. hydroperoxide) bound to cobalt.

Abstract A series of cobalt(III) complexes of the anticancer antibiotic bleomycin has been prepared. Mass spectrometry and enzymatic analysis show that the green cobalt-bleomycinscomplex contains a hydroperoxide (-OOH) group bound to cobalt with unusual stability. Under appropriate conditions, cobalt-bleomycins containing other monodentate ligands to cobalt can be formed; fast-atom bombardment mass spectra of such complexes show peaks for cobalt-bleomycin at the expected mass, and also peaks for the intact complexes at the required higher mass.
Who reacts to food safety scares?: Examining the Alar crisis

The 1989 Alar crisis developed in the wake of television news reports on the dangers to children from consuming apples treated with Alar. These hazards received extensive media coverage over the following five months. This study investigated public reaction to the crisis. Awareness of the crisis was more common among older adults, those with more formal education, and those who reported more frequent television news viewing. Those who were aware of the crisis and reduced their use of apples and apple products had a different set of characteristics. Reduced use was more common among females, those 50 and under, and non-Whites. Reductions were not, however, more common among those who reported frequent television news viewing. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The Millipede: more than one thousand tips for future AFM data storage

We report on a new atomic force microscope (AFM)-based data storage concept called the “Millipede” that has a potentially ultrahigh density, terabit capacity, small form factor, and high data rate. Its potential for ultrahigh storage density has been demonstrated by a new thermomechanical local-probe technique to store and read back data in very thin polymer films. With this new technique, 30–40-nm-sized bit indentations of similar pitch size have been made by a single cantilever/tip in a thin (50-nm) polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) layer, resulting in a data storage density of 400–500 Gb/in. 2 High data rates are achieved by parallel operation of large two-dimensional (2D) AFM arrays that have been batch-fabricated by silicon surface-micromachining techniques. The very large scale integration (VLSI) of micro/nanomechanical devices (cantilevers/tips) on a single chip leads to the largest and densest 2D array of 32 × 32 (1024) AFM cantilevers with integrated write/read storage functionality ever built. Time-multiplexed electronics control the write/read storage cycles for parallel operation of the Millipede array chip. Initial areal densities of 100–200 Gb/in. 2 have been achieved with the 32 × 32 array chip, which has potential for further improvements. In addition to data storage in polymers or other media, and not excluding magnetics, we envision areas in nanoscale science and technology such as lithography, high-speed/large-scale imaging, molecular and atomic manipulation, and many others in which Millipede may open up new perspectives and opportunities.
Extubation of pediatric patients by PACU nurses

Traditionally, the role of the PACU nurse has been to evaluate patient readiness for extubation, with the responsibility of tracheal extubation performed by the anesthesiologist or Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist (CRNA). In our PACU, registered nurses routinely evaluate and extubate the majority of surgical cases. Our experience has shown that extubation by the PACU nursing staff improves airway management skills without compromising patient safety and facilitates OR turnover time. In this article, tracheal extubation performed by PACU nurses is detailed and a case study is presented.
Cardiovascular disease risk reduction with sleep apnea treatment

Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death among adults in developed countries. An increase in prevalent cardiovascular risk factors (e.g., obesity, hypertension and diabetes) has led to a concerted effort to raise awareness of the need to use evidence-based strategies to help patients at risk of developing cardiovascular disease and to reduce their likelihood of suffering a stroke. Sleep apnea has emerged as an important risk factor for the development of cardiovascular disease. Epidemiologic and clinical evidence has prompted the American Heart Association to issue a scientific statement describing the need to recognize sleep apnea as an important target for therapy in reducing cardiovascular disease risks. This article examines evidence supporting associations of sleep apnea with cardiovascular disease and considers evidence suggesting cardiovascular risk reductions through sleep apnea treatment. Perspectives on emerging therapeutic approaches and promising areas of clinical and experimenta...
Abdominal Lymphangiomas in Adults

Abdominal lymphangiomas are rare benign cystic tumors that can become locally invasive and often require resection. They arise in all ages and have a variable presentation. We performed a retrospective review of a single institution surgical experience with this lesion in adults. The pathology prospective database was reviewed to identify patients with surgically resected abdominal lymphangiomas from January 1986 to May 2004. Retrospective review and follow-up was performed for each patient. The six patients with abdominal lymphangiomas ranged in age from 38 to 66 years. They presented with a variety of signs and symptoms. All underwent CT scan that demonstrated a cystic lesion, but in only one third was the diagnosis made preoperatively. Tumors were located in the retroperitoneum, small bowel mesentery, liver, and pancreas. Five of the six tumors were completely resected. Two of the six required resection of adjacent or involved organs. Follow-up ranged between 6 months and 18 years. All had symptomatic relief after resection, and no patient showed evidence of recurrence in this time period. Abdominal lymphangiomas are rare. The correct diagnosis often remains elusive until tissue is obtained. The treatment of choice is complete surgical resection. When completely resected, these lesions seem not to recur, and the overall prognosis is excellent.
M1 muscarinic receptor‐mediated facilitation of acetylcholine release in the rat urinary bladder.

1. Release of [3H]ACh in response to electrical field stimulation (10 Hz) was measured in strips of rat urinary bladder and cardiac atrial tissues previously incubated with [3H]choline. 2. The volley output of [3H]ACh release was positively correlated with frequency of stimulation in the urinary bladder but negatively correlated in the atrium. 3. The quantity of [3H]ACh release was influenced by the pattern and duration of stimulation. Continuous stimulation (CS) with trains of 100 shocks released 10 times larger amounts of ACh than the same number of shocks presented as short trains of intermittent stimulation (IS): ten shocks per train with 5 s inter-train intervals. 4. The facilitation of transmitter release was antagonized completely by the administration of atropine (1 microM) or pirenzepine (0.05 microM), a selective M1 antagonist. Eserine, an anticholinesterase agent, markedly facilitated ACh release induced by CS and IS. This effect was blocked by atropine. 5. Release of ACh from atrial strips did not exhibit CS-induced facilitation. Eserine decreased IS- and CS-evoked ACh release in the atrium. 6. It is concluded that continuous stimulation of postganglionic cholinergic nerves in the rat urinary bladder leads to the activation of M1 muscarinic, facilitatory presynaptic receptors which enhance the release of ACh. Presynaptic facilitation may be an important mechanism for modulating neural input to the bladder during micturition.
Deformation of a viscoelastic drop in planar extensional flows of a Newtonian fluid

Abstract This communication presents experimental data for steady and transient deformations of a purely elastic drop (PIB/PB Boger fluid) suspended in a Newtonian fluid (PDMS) undergoing a planar extensional flow produced by a four-roll mill. The viscoelastic effects alter the steady drop shape from being ellipsoidal to drop shapes with more blunt ends. The results reflect a balance between the direct tensile stress contribution of the viscoelastic fluid to the normal stress balance, and modifications of the viscous (i.e. Newtonian) stress and pressure due to viscoelastic changes in the flow. This is qualitatively consistent with the conclusion from recent simulation results [S. Ramaswamy, L.G. Leal, The deformation of a viscoelastic drop subjected to steady uniaxial extensional flow of a Newtonian fluid, Journal of Non-Newtonian Fluid Mechanics 85 (2–3) (1999) 127–163]. There is no overshoot of the drop deformation upon start-up of the flow, and a relative insensitivity to the Deborah number. However, when the external flow is turned off, there is a broad spectrum of relaxation times for the drop to return to a spherical shape, between the characteristic capillary timescale for a Newtonian fluid, aμ / σ , to the longer polymer relaxation time, τ R .
Families and superfamilies of transport proteins common to prokaryotes and eukaryotes

Abstract Several classes of transport systems function by different mechanisms, couple different forms of energy to transmembrane solute translocation and comprise distinct families of homologous proteins. Some of these permease classes, most of which extend across the prokaryotic-eukaryotic boundary, share structural and functional characteristics which suggest that they form a superfamily, i.e. share a common evolutionary origin.
Multivariate analysis of factors associated with post-anesthetic times to standing in isoflurane-anesthetized horses: 381 cases.

Abstract Objective To identify anesthesia-related variables which may independently predict time to standing in horses anesthetized with ketamine/diazepam/isoflurane. Study design Retrospective case series. Animals Three hundred and eighty-one horses. Methods Case records were searched for the years 2000–2003 and 381 horses older than 12 months which weighed at least 200 kg were identified. Data were extracted from the records, and only horses that were anesthetized with xylazine, ketamine, diazepam and isoflurane were included in the analysis. Multiple linear regression was used to relate time to standing with demographic, intraoperative and anesthetic variables. Results Most (326; 86%) horses recovered unassisted and 55 (14%) were assisted in recovery. The model for unassisted recovery had an R 2 of 0.228 with colic ( p p p p R 2 of 0.314 with emergency status ( p p p Conclusions and clinical relevance Variables which could be impacted by the anesthetist which would result in a faster time to standing include duration of anesthesia, hypothermia and intraoperative hypotension. However, the contribution of anesthesia factors explained
An Integration of Industry and Classroom in Graduate Research: A Case Study

With students' requests for relevancy and employers' desire to hire students with practical experience, there has been a resurgence of interest in courses and programs both at the graduate and undergraduate level which provide this type of environment for students (Devino, French, Luby, Snodgrass, Thomas). As Snodgrass and others have noted, work experience education has taken a variety of forms and goes by various names. However, almost all involve the concept of off-campus work or study organized by the university with a private business or government agency for which academic credit and/or pay is received by the student.