cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Morphological diversity in the sensory system of phyllostomid bats: Implications for acoustic and dietary ecology

Sensory systems perform fitness‐relevant functions, and specialized sensory structures allow organisms to accomplish challenging tasks. However, broad comparative analyses of sensory morphologies and their performance are lacking for diverse mammalian radiations. Neotropical leaf‐nosed bats (Phyllostomidae) are one of the most ecologically diverse mammal groups; including a wide range of diets and foraging behaviours, and extreme morphological variation in external sensory structures used in echolocation (nose leaf and pinnae). We coupled 3D geometric morphometrics and acoustic field recordings under a phylogenetic framework to investigate the mechanisms underlying the diversification of external sensory morphologies in phyllostomids, and explored the potential implications of sensory morphological diversity to functional outputs and dietary ecology. We found that the nose leaf consists of two evolutionary modules—spear and horseshoe—suggesting that modularity enabled morphological and functional diversification of this structure. We found a significant association between some aspects of nose leaf shape and maximum frequency and bandwidth of echolocation calls, but not between pinnae shape and echolocation call parameters. This may be explained by the use of multiple sensory modes across phyllostomids and plasticity of some echolocation call parameters. Species with different diets significantly differed in nose leaf shape, specifically in spear breadth, presence of a midrib, and cupping and anterior rotation of the horseshoe. This may relate to different levels of prey type specificity within each diet. Pinnae shape significantly differed between species that consume non‐mobile, non‐evasive prey (broad rounded, cupped pinnae) and mobile, evasive prey (flattened pinnae with a sharp tapering apex). This may reflect the use of different sound cues to detect prey. Our results give insight into the morphological evolution of external sensory structures in bats, and highlight new links between morphological diversity and ecology. A free Plain Language Summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this article.
Analysis on spatial and temporal clustering of the other infectious diarrhea among students in Zhejiang Province

Objective To discuss and analyze the spatial and temporal clustering of the other infectious diarrhea (except for cholera, dysentery, typhoid and paratyphoid) among students in Zhejiang Province, and compare the detection results based on different parameters, so as to provide reference for more effective epidemic identification. Methods The database was established by case information of other infectious diarrhea and the demographic data of all districts of Zhejiang in 2015. The spatial and temporal clustering of infectious diarrhea was analyzed by SaTScan based on different scanning windows in maximum. Results There were 6 172 cases of other infectious diarrhea in student group in 2015. The cities with more cases were Ningbo (1 572 cases, 25.47%) , Hangzhou (1 327 cases, 21.50%) and Shaoxing (955 cases, 15.47%) , respectively. Based on the default scanning window, there were 4 positive clusters discovered including 1 most likely cluster and 3 secondary clusters. Three epidemics were identified and one epidemic was false positive. By defining 35 km as the maximum spatial cluster size and 15 days as the maximum temporal cluster size, there were 14 positive clusters discovered including 1 most likely cluster and 13 secondary clusters. Nine epidemics were identified and 5 were false positive. The false positive rates between the two models showed no statistical difference (P>0.05) . Conclusions Obvious spatial and temporal clustering of infectious diarrhea distribution is found among students in Zhejiang. Compared with the default parameters, narrow scanning window is more sensitive to find small scale epidemic. Key words: Diarrhea; Students; Spatial-temporal scan
Single cell biomass tracking allows identification and isolation of rare targeted therapy-resistant DLBCL cells within a mixed population

Adaptive resistance is a major limitation in the use of targeted therapies for cancer. Using real time biomass tracking, we demonstrate the isolation and identification of rare (1% fraction) diffuse large B cell lymphoma cells resistant to the PI3K inhibitor idelalisib, from an otherwise sensitive population. This technique allows direct study of these rare, drug tolerant cells.
Ultra-broadband voltage-controlled oscillator linearization for frequency modulated continuous wave MMW imaging systems

Millimeter-wave (MMW) imaging systems require high resolution and spurious free dynamic range (SFDR) to produce images with low artifacts. In these systems, lateral resolution is determined by the center frequency and the ratio of the aperture size to the distance to the target. The downrange resolution is determined by the system bandwidth; for very fine downrange resolution of a target, or material layers/discontinuities, the bandwidth must be very broad. Additionally, the response over the bandwidth must be measured very rapidly to support high speed acquisition over large apertures. A voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) is a standard means of generating the ultra-broadband frequency chirp. This paper investigates the use of a broadband VCO for use in MMW imaging systems, a linear-phase calibration technique, and digital-to-analog converter (DAC) parameter considerations for controlling the VCO.
Conversation Theory and the Message Construct

The purpose of this chapter is to demonstrate that the message construct provided by the architectural theory of instructional design aligns with constructs supplied by an analytic conversation theory that provides tools for research and design pertinent to instructional conversations and opens new avenues for exploring the design of conversational structures for instruction.
Protein Targeting and the Control Of C1− Secretion in Colonic Epithelial Cells

Human colonic epithelial cells can secrete chloride in response to cAMP-dependent stimulation following cellular polarization. This is correlated with the presence of 8 pS cAMP-activated Cl- channels within the apical membranes of these cells and their absence from the plasma membranes of unpolarized cells (Morris et al., 1992). The protein responsible for this cAMP-activated Cl-conductance is now recognized to be the Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator (CFTR, Rommens et al., 1989; Bear et al., 1992). We have, therefore, postulated that the apical membrane expression of CFTR, and the ability of these cells to secrete Cl- in response to cAMP, is manifest when this protein targets to the apical membrane during epithelial cell differentiation (Morris et al., 1992).
A REST Framework for Dynamic Client Environments

The REST Framework for Dynamic Client Environments (RFDE) is a method for building RESTful Web applications that fully exploit the diverse and rich feature-sets of modern client environments while retaining functionality in the absence of these features. For instance, we describe how an application may use a modern JavaScript library to enhance interactivity and end-user experience while also maintaining usability when the library is unavailable to the client (perhaps due to incompatible software). These methods form a framework that we have developed as part of our work on a Web application for presenting large volumes of scientific datasets to nonspecialists.
Democracy and the Market: The political dynamics of economic reform

Introduction The goal of recent economic reforms, undertaken in several countries around the globe, is to organize an economy that rationally allocates resources and in which the state is financially solvent. These are market-oriented reforms. Rationalizing the allocation of resources requires organizing new markets, deregulating prices, attenuating monopolies, and lowering protection. Making the state solvent entails reducing public expenditures, increasing revenues, and at times selling public assets. Such reforms necessarily cause a temporary fall in aggregate consumption. They are socially costly and politically risky. Perhaps in the long run reforms do accomplish all one former Polish minister of the economy announced they would: motivate, generate market clearing, and satisfy social justice (Baka 1986: 46). Yet meanwhile they hurt large social groups and evoke opposition from important political forces. And if that happens, democracy may be undermined or reforms abandoned, or both. Even if governments that launch such reforms often hate to admit it, a temporary economic deterioration is inevitable. Inflation must flare up when prices are deregulated. Unemployment of capital and labor must increase when competition is intensified. Allocative efficiency must temporarily decline when the entire economic structure is being transformed. Structural transformations of economic systems are costly. Can such transformations be accomplished under democratic conditions?
Corn Rootworm Insecticide Performance

Introduction Commercially available corn rootworm insecticides are evaluated yearly for their ability to protect corn root systems from corn rootworm feeding injury. Three newly registered products, Cruiser and Poncho seed treatments (at the rootworm rate) and YieldGard Rootworm seed (transgenic seed containing a Bt protein), are included in the tests. 2003 data from tests conducted at the Crawfordsville, Sutherland, and Nashua farms are presented in this report.
Mathematical Development of the Complex Variable Boundary Element Method

In this chapter, the underlying mathematics for the CVBEM will be systematically and rigorously developed. For the subsequent formulation of a workable computer algorithm, two basic approximations are made to the familiar classic Cauchy integral formula; the discretization of the problem boundary and the representation of the exact function by a trial function for boundary integration.
Consent to Neoliberal Hegemony through Coercive Urban Environmental Governance

Milwaukee County, Wisconsin was renowned for its investment in 6,000 hectares of public parks. However, park system budgets were slashed, its unionized work force diminished and its infrastructure required hundreds of millions of dollars in repairs. How did this transition occur? This article uses Antonio Gramsci's work on the integral state to argue capital interests and middle-class property owners are ideologically opposed to raising taxes to pay for government services. This coalition elected a County Executive who had their consent to carry out a fiscally austere agenda. The County parks employee union resisted this action; therefore the County Executive used layoffs to publicly coerce the remaining parks employees to capitulate to wage and benefit reductions. The Parks Director, acting as the ethical state's intellectual, in turn built civil sector capacity for market-based environmental governance to justify fewer paid employees. Residents who value their neighborhood parks consent to volunteer in them for fear they may be lost entirely. Volunteering, however, plays into coercive market-based logic that further reduces the need for unionized employees. These strategies result in the maintenance of a few spectacular parks while many others deteriorate.
In Vivo Changes in Lamina Cribrosa Microarchitecture and Optic Nerve Head Structure in Early Experimental Glaucoma

The lamina cribrosa likely plays an important role in retinal ganglion cell axon injury in glaucoma. We sought to (1) better understand optic nerve head (ONH) structure and anterior lamina cribrosa surface (ALCS) microarchitecture between fellow eyes of living, normal non-human primates and (2) characterize the time-course of in vivo structural changes in the ONH, ALCS microarchitecture, and retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (RNFLT) in non-human primate eyes with early experimental glaucoma (EG). Spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SDOCT) images of the ONH were acquired cross-sectionally in six bilaterally normal rhesus monkeys, and before and approximately every two weeks after inducing unilateral EG in seven rhesus monkeys. ONH parameters and RNFLT were quantified from segmented SDOCT images. Mean ALCS pore area, elongation and nearest neighbor distance (NND) were quantified globally, in sectors and regionally from adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscope images. In bilaterally normal monkeys, ONH parameters were similar between fellow eyes with few inter-eye differences in ALCS pore parameters. In EG monkeys, an increase in mean ALCS Depth (ALCSD) was the first structural change measured in 6 of 7 EG eyes. A decrease in mean minimum rim width (MRW) simultaneously accompanied this early change in 4 of 6 EG eyes and was the first structural change in the 7th EG eye. Mean ALCS pore parameters were among the first or second changes measured in 4 EG eyes. Mean ALCS pore area and NND increased in superotemporal and temporal sectors and in central and peripheral regions at the first time-point of change in ALCS pore geometry. RNFLT and/or mean ALCS radius of curvature were typically the last parameters to initially change. Survival analyses found mean ALCSD was the only parameter to significantly show an initial change prior to the first measured loss in RNFLT across EG eyes.
Martha Graham's Modern Dance and its Impact on France during the Fifties

My paper explores the role that modern dance and its leader, Martha Graham, played in the cultural offensive of the United States during the Cold War. After decades of being considered a country which produced just culture for entertainment, the United States wanted to show the world that it had not only brilliant scientists and engineers, but creative artists too. Graham, one of the cultural ambassadors of her country, and her company toured Europe in 1950 and in 1954. But the way they were received showed that the European cultural borders were hard to be conquered, and that the Western European countries were not open toward American culture. While Graham’s tours were not a success in the fifties, just a decade later Graham was already a celebrity in Europe. Were the fifties a “special decade”, when the Europeans wanted to preserve at least their cultural superiority over the United States? Or is the fact that the American culture did not have a “tradition” in Europe the reason why modern dance, an American innovation, had to struggle to be accepted as a part of the big family of arts? Or, perhaps, did Graham herself not pick the best strategy in order to show the power of American culture outside of its borders? The goal of our paper is to answer these questions, being also homage to one of the most fascinating personalities of world culture, who made modern dance an art without frontiers: Martha Graham.
Differential Effects of Pharmacologic and Genetic Modulation of NMDA Receptor Activity on HIV/gp120-Induced Neuronal Damage in an In Vivo Mouse Model

HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND) consists of motor and cognitive dysfunction in a relatively large percentage of patients with AIDS. Prior work has suggested that at least part of the neuronal and synaptic damage observed in HAND may occur due to excessive stimulation of NMDA-type glutamate receptors (NMDARs). Here, we compared pharmacological and genetic manipulation of NMDAR activity using an improved derivative of the NMDAR antagonist memantine, termed NitroMemantine, and the modulatory NMDAR subunit GluN3A in the HIV/gp120 transgenic (tg) mouse model of HAND. Interestingly, we found that while both NitroMemantine and GluN3A have been shown to inhibit NMDAR activity, NitroMemantine protected synapses in gp120-tg mice, but overexpression of GluN3A augmented the damage. Given recent findings in the field, one explanation for this apparently paradoxical result is the location of the NMDARs primarily affected, with NitroMemantine inhibiting predominantly extrasynaptic pathologically activated NMDARs, but GluN3A disrupting normal NMDAR-mediated neuroprotective activity via inhibition of synaptic NMDARs.
Bandwidth upper bounds for matching coupled loads

The Bode-Fano bounds on the integral over all frequency of the logarithm of the reflection coefficient between a source and a load, connected to each other through a matching network, are well-known measures of the bandwidth of the matching network and load. For multiple coupled loads being driven by multiple independent sources, we define a bandwidth measure for the coupled loads based on the integral logarithm of their collective power reflection, and develop an upper bound on this measure. This upper bound can be used to evaluate the broadband performance of matching networks for coupled loads.
Effect of iron and liver injury on the pathogenesis of Vibrio vulnificus

Noncholera vibrio species can cause necrotizing soft tissue infections and cellulitis in addition to gastroenteritis. Cellulitis and necrotizing soft tissue infections frequently occur in people with liver disease or in people who are in some way a compromised host. We studied the effect of Vibrio vulnificus on the mortality of mice treated with carbon tetrachloride, an agent that causes liver damage, Desferal, an iron-chelating agent, or iron. The LD50 of V. vulnificus is approximately 2.5 X 10(6) CFU. In mice, desferal lowered the LD50 to less than 100 CFU, and carbon tetrachloride lowered the LD50 to approximately 1000 CFU. Twenty percent of the mice that survived had necrosis of the skin overlying the injection site. These studies demonstrate that liver damage and iron chelating agents increase mortality and necrotizing soft tissue infections caused by V. vulnificus.
Principles for helicopters as platforms for optical wavelength remote sensing and the NASA GSFC/WFF helicopter remote sensing system

An airborne system developed by NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) and Wallops Flight Facility (WFF) utilizing a helicopter as the platform has proven to be a versatile means of acquiring calibrated remote sensing data emphasizing spatial, spectral, temporal, bidirectional and polarization information domains. As the system evolved, it has been used for the acquisition of data in support of field measurement campaigns, such as: a study of the effects of atmospheric deposition on forest health, the First International Satellite Land Surface Climatology Project (ISLSCP) Field Experiment (FIFE), the Forest Ecosystems Dynamics (FED) Project, and the Boreal Ecosystem and Atmosphere Study (BOREAS). The data collected with the helicopter system during these projects have been used to develop fundamental relationships between vegetation parameters and remotely sensed measurements, validate atmosphere and vegetation models, address scaling issues, and provide low altitude data for use with instrument calibrat...
Spectrophotometric determination of aqueous cyanide using a revised phenolphthalin method

This paper focuses on a revision of the phenolphthalin method for cyanide analysis, with the intent of producing a robust and sensitive spectrophotometric method. Limitations of the phenolphthalin chemistry were overcome by the addition of EDTA to the reagent. The revised reagent was found to have suitably fast kinetics, a linear dynamic range of 0.01-3.0 ppm cyanide, and a detection limit of 5 ppb. The method was tested for interferences and applied to the determination of cyanide in environmental waters.
Simulated Red Blood Cell Motion in Microvessel Bifurcations: Effects of Cell–Cell Interactions on Cell Partitioning

Partitioning of red blood cell (RBC) fluxes between the branches of a diverging microvessel bifurcation is generally not proportional to the flow rates, as RBCs preferentially enter the higher-flow branch. A two-dimensional model for RBC motion and deformation is used to investigate the effects of cell–cell mechanical interactions on RBC partitioning in bifurcations. The RBC membrane and cytoplasm are represented by sets of viscoelastic elements immersed in a low Reynolds number flow. Several types of two-cell interactions that can affect partitioning are found. In the most frequent interactions, a ‘trade-off’ occurs, in which a cell entering one branch causes a following cell to enter the other branch. Other types of interactions include ‘herding,’ where the leading cell is caused to enter the same branch as the following cell, and ‘following,’ where the trailing cell is caused to enter the same branch as the leading cell. The combined effect of these cell–cell interactions is a tendency towards more uniform partitioning, which results from the trade-off effect but is reduced by the herding and following effects. With increasing hematocrit, the frequency of interactions increases, and more uniform partitioning results. This prediction is consistent with experimental observations on how hematocrit affects RBC partitioning.
Spin-polarized Superfluid 3He A1

Abstract Spin entropy wave (second sound) propagation in Superfluid 3 He–A 1 is used to measure Ginszburg–Landau parameters, to observe nonlinear propagation due to texture deformations, to observe kinetically driven texture transitions, and to extract spin diffusion coefficient from attenuation coefficient. Magnetic fountain effect detector is used to measure the magnetization relaxation in A 1 phase with and without the presence of Superfluid interfacial boundaries. Fields up to 11 T are applied to produce A 1 phase.
Effects of stimulus configuration on psychophysical operating levels and on speech recognition with cochlear implants

Abstract Effects of electrode configuration and pulse duration on operating levels and on speech recognition performance were studied in a group of 14 adult postlingually deaf human subjects with Nucleus cochlear implants. The operating levels (based on detection threshold and maximum comfortable loudness levels) for narrowly spaced bipolar (BP) stimulation were found to be about 11 dB higher on average than those for widely spaced bipolar (BP+6) or monopolar (MPI) stimulation. Operating levels for common ground (CG) stimulation fell between those for BP and BP+6; the difference between BP and CG detection thresholds depended on pulse duration. Variation in detection thresholds and maximum comfortable loudness levels across the electrode array (electrodes 1–15) was larger for BP and CG stimulation than for BP+6 or MP 1 stimulation, suggesting narrower spread of activation for the BP and CG configurations despite the higher current levels. Speech recognition performance was tested using experimental processor configurations. Among the experimental electrode configurations tested (BP, CG, and BP+6), the highest speech recognition scores were obtained with the BP+6 configuration in many subjects. Effects of pulse duration on speech recognition were less consistent and usually smaller than the effects of electrode configuration. The results indicate that electrode configuration is an important variable determining speech recognition performance and suggest that restriction of the size of neural population activated by individual channels of the prosthesis is not necessarily advantageous.
Volume dependence of the Grüneisen parameter: Alkali metals and NaCl

Direct high-pressure measurements for the alkali metals and NaCl of the temperature change due to an adiabatic pressure variation are compared, for room temperature, with the values which can be calculated from equation-of-state experiments. These independent determinations are consistent for lithium, sodium, potassium, and NaCl, and with a Gr\"uneisen parameter which is proportional to the volume. Inconsistencies occur for rubidium and cesium which are not understood.
COMPARATIVE MORPHOLOGY OF THE CARPEL IN THE ROSACEAE. V. POMOIDEAE: AMELANCHIER, ARONIA, MALACOMELES, MALUS, PERAPHYLLUM, PYRUS, SORBUS

The carpels of 2 groups of pomoid genera, Amelanchier, Malacomeles, Peraphyllum and Aronia, Malus, Pyrus, and Sorbus, were analyzed morphologically. Open sutures are associated with a lesser extent of tegumentary fusion and ovular bundle-wing bundle fusion than are closed sutures. However, in the genera as a whole (and particularly in Aronia and Sorbus), the extent of sutural closure is inversely related with the amount of intercarpellary adhesion and with the fusion of carpels to the floral cup. In the Amelanchier group and in Malus and Pyrus, ovularand wingbundle fusion is directly related with intercarpellary adhesion. Malus and Pyrus have closer structural resemblances with one another than they have with Aronia and Sorbus.
The ionization constant of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide.

The pKa of carefully purified oxidized nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide has been determined by potentiometric titration with sodium hydroxide at 25°. Values are reported for six ionic strengths up to 0.250. Extrapolation to zero ionic strength yields 3.88 ± 0.02 for the thermodynamic pKa.
Experimental and Numerical Studies of Thermally Induced Acoustic Waves in an Enclosure

The behaviors of thermally induced acoustic waves generated by the rapid heating of a bounding solid wall in a closed cylindrical tube are investigated experimentally. The induced flow and pressure fields due to rapid heating are also numerically simulated. In the experiments, a resistance-capacitance circuit is used to generate a rapid temperature increase in a thin nickel foil located at one end of the closed cylindrical tube. The thermally generated pressure (acoustic) waves undergo repeated reflections at the two ends of the tube and gradually decay. The time-dependent pressure variation in the tube and the voltage and temperature histories at the foil are recorded by a fast-response measurement system. The characteristics of the generation, propagation, and decay of the acoustic waves are measured by two different transducers (Bruel & Kjaer model 4193 and Endevco model 8507C-1). To simulate the experiments numerically, the compressible unsteady axisymmetric Navier-Stokes equations are solved by a highly accurate algorithm. Both the experimental and numerical studies predict similar pressure wave shapes and profiles. The measured decay rate of the acoustic waves is found to be somewhat faster than the numerically predicted rate.
On Confidence-Constrained Rank Recovery in Topic Models

Topic models have been proposed to model a collection of data such as text documents and images in which each object (e.g., a document) contains a set of instances (e.g., words). In many topic models, the dimension of the latent topic space (the number of topics) is assumed to be a deterministic unknown. The number of topics significantly affects the prediction performance and interpretability of the estimated topics. In this paper, we propose a confidence-constrained rank minimization (CRM) to recover the exact number of topics in topic models with theoretical guarantees on recovery probability and mean squared error of the estimation. We provide a computationally-efficient optimization algorithm for the problem to further the applicability of the proposed framework to large real world datasets. Numerical evaluations are used to verify our theoretical results. Additionally, to illustrate the applicability of the proposed framework to practical problems, we provide results in image classification for two real world datasets and text classification for three real world datasets.
The role of dayside merging in generating the ionospheric potential during the Whole Heliospheric Interval

Abstract In this paper we examine the role of dayside merging between the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) and the geomagnetic field in the generation of the polar cap potential in the ionosphere during the Whole Heliospheric Interval using the Coupled Magnetosphere Ionosphere Thermosphere (CMIT) and Lyon–Fedder–Mobarry (LFM) global simulations of the geospace system from the Center for Integrated Space Weather Modeling (CISM). We isolate the portion of the total ionospheric potential due to the viscous interaction by simulating the interval with a zero IMF, but with the same solar wind plasma conditions. For southward IMF, the cross polar cap potential is the sum of the merging potential and the viscous potential, so we can determine the merging potential by subtracting the viscous potential from the total potential. From the dependence of the merging potential on southward IMF we calculate a geoeffective length of 5 R E . For northward IMF the situation is more complicated since the cross polar cap potential, defined as the peak to peak potential, will be almost always either the value of the viscous potential or of the merging potential, whichever is larger. We find that during periods of northward IMF the cross polar cap potential can be less than what the viscous interaction would produce with no IMF present. This means that the viscous interaction is weakened by the cycle of merging and reconnection for northward IMF. Our results also indicate that current representations of merging rates or electric fields are flawed in the manner in which they describe northward IMF. Typical representations simply produce a weak reconnection rate when the IMF is northward that adds to the viscous potential to create a cross polar cap potential that is larger than the viscous potential, whereas the effect of merging for northward IMF reduces the viscous interaction so that the cross polar cap potential for moderate northward IMF values is smaller than the value that would be expected from solar wind plasma conditions of the viscous potential in isolation.
A novel approach to the solution of boundary-layer problems

By replacing a differential equation boundary-layer problem by its discrete lattice equivalent we are able to treat the resulting equation as a regular perturbation problem. We obtain the solution on the lattice as a regular perturbation series in inverse powers of the lattice spacing. To obtain the answer to the continuum problem we extrapolate the solution to the lattice problem to zero lattice spacing. This extrapolation, which is a Pade-like procedure, yields good numerical results for a wide range of problems.
Anomalous atrioventricular excitation (Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome).

An opportunity to study the mechanism in pre-excitation was provided by 3 patients with unusual features: coexistence of right bundle-branch block and pre-excitation, occurrence of 2 types of anomalous ventricular complex, and simultaneous occurrence of pre-excitation and varying grades of atrioventricular block (first degree to complete). The conclusion was reached that a functioning structural atrioventricular neuromuscular bypass is present in these cases.
Analysis of water‐soluble polymers using hydrodynamic chromatography

Hydrodynamic chromatography (HDC) has been successfully applied to measurements of the molecular size and molecular size distribution of high molecular weight, water-soluble polymers. The scope of the method has been probed by experiments with xanthan, a comparatively stiff polysaccharide, and hydrolyzed polyacrylamide, which possesses a more flexible backbone. Separation occurs during convection of dissolved polymer through the interstitial volume of a chromatography column packed with nonporous beads. Nonequilibrium polymer configurations are readily created by the complex flow between these beads. Such altered configurations strongly affect molecular size measurements. To maximize resolution, hydrodynamic stress must be reduced by employing extremely low flow rates. These low flow rates, particularly important for ultrahigh molecular weight samples, unavoidably lengthen analysis time. Conditions under which chromatograms reflect the size distribution of an injected sample are elucidated. A complete description includes selection of column packing, solvent composition, flow rate, column calibration, and sample detection.
π -electron theory of transverse optical excitons in semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes

We present a quantitative theory of optical absorption polarized transverse to the tube axes in semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes. Within one-electron theory, transverse optical absorption occurs at an energy that is exactly in the middle of the two lowest longitudinal absorption energies. For nonzero Coulomb interactions between the $\ensuremath{\pi}$ electrons, transverse optical absorption is to an exciton state that is strongly blueshifted relative to the longitudinal excitons. Very similar behavior is observed in the $\ensuremath{\pi}$-conjugated polymer polyparaphenylenevinylene, where the optical absorption polarized predominantly perpendicular to the polymer chain axis is blueshifted relative to the absorptions polarized predominantly along the chain axis. The binding energy of the transverse exciton in the nanotubes is considerably smaller than those of the longitudinal excitons. Electron-electron interactions also reduce the relative oscillator strength of the transverse optical absorption. Our theoretical results are in excellent agreement with recent experimental measurements in four chiral nanotubes.
Regional variability of price and expenditure elasitcities: The case of spaghetti sauces

Using IRI Infoscan data for six brands of spaghetti sauce and employing the Rotterdam model, estimates were obtained for own-price, cross-price, and total expenditure elasticities for 43 market areas of the United States. Variability of own-price, cross-price, and expenditure elasticities across different regions was evident, particularly for the own-price elasticities. Manufacturers may use our results to conduct appropriate pricing and promotion strategies by market and region. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Spatial properties of flicker adaptation

Prolonged viewing of a flickering region reduces sensitivity to a subsequently flickered test patch of identical extent, but the spatial properties of this adaptation are unknown. What happens to the sensitivity to a smaller flickered test patch completely contained in, but inset from, the adapted region? We show that sensitivity to the inset test patch is only slightly affected by adaptation of the larger region. This suggests that neurons that respond to the edges of the smaller test patch are not adapted by the larger flickering region. We then show that an annulus adapter designed specifically to adapt only those edges only slightly reduces sensitivity, demonstrating that neurons that do not adapt to the flickered edges are also involved in detecting flicker. This gives further evidence that flicker detection depends on at least two mechanisms – one sensitive to flickering edges and one sensitive to local flicker, and shows that these mechanisms can operate in isolation.
Becoming a teacher: struggles of a second‐career beginning teacher

Second‐career individuals are entering the teaching profession in greater numbers. These older, mature individuals bring diffent experiences to teaching than do younger, traditional preservice and beginning teachers. Lyle, a second‐career teacher, began his first year of teaching in a junior high school, a setting that did not allow him to teach in ways that he believed he should. This paper presents a record of Lyle's struggles as he negotiates the role of teaching and his relationships with students. The conclusions examine some factors that mitigated against Lyles’ smooth transition into the teaching profession and suggest that second‐career teachers such as Lyle may be disadvantaged by traditional teacher education programs, the pressures under which they accept teaching positions, and their sometimes distant perspective of teachers, teacher's work, and students.
Asymptotics of a τ-function arising in the two-dimensional Ising model

The short-distance assymptotics of the τ-function associated to the 2-point function of the two-dimensional Ising model is computed as a function of the integration constant defined from the long-distance behavior of the τ-function. The result is expressible in terms of the Barnes double gamma function (equivalently, the BarnesG-function).
A model mosaic membrane: Association of phospholipids and cytochrome oxidase

The structure and physical properties of model membranes formed from lipids and cytochromec oxidase have been examined. The lipid-depleted protein is in the form of 90 A rods or globules. When phospholipid is added the rods swell and then. form sheets and concentric membrane vesicles. The protein is saturated with lipid at 65 g/atoms of phosphorus per mole of hemea. Electron microscope examination by negative staining, sectioning, and freeze etching indicates a 50 A thick unit membrane with 50–60 A protein globules in the lipid bilayer. Infrared, circular dichroism and fluorescence binding studies are consistent with globular protein units surrounded with lipid. Diolein will substitute for phospholipid but the membrane formed remains as sheets rather than vesicles. Saturated phospholipids will not interact with the oxidase to form membrane. The capacity to form membrane is specific to protein associated with the hemea, and other insoluble protein in the original oxidase preparation cannot form membrane.
An example of the utility of linear programming—II. Nonlinear application

Abstract We present a nonlinear programming technique to test for structural congruency between samples in an oriented film and in solution. We postulate that the structures are congruent and that the solid state and solution polarized absorption spectra are related by a simple rotation. The elements of this rotation matrix are then determined by the nonlinear programming process which is constrained to produce a matrix consistent with the known properties of a rotation matrix. The nonlinear programming process is described.
Boiling Heat Transfer From a Horizontal Tube in an Upward Flowing Two-Phase Crossflow

An experimental investigation has been performed to determine the effects of a low-quality (< or =20 percent) upward flowing mixture on the nucleate boiling on a single horizontal tube. An electrically heated, 12.7-mm-dia tube was centered in a plane wall vertical channel, the width of which resulted in channel width-to-tube diameter ratios (w/d) of 1.16 and 1.95. The working fluid was R-113. The two-phase heat transfer data showed a variety of effects. For a fixed w/d, pressure, (P), and quality (x), the average heat transfer coefficients (h-bar) increased with increasing mass velocity (G), but the effect of G decreased as the wall superheat (..delta..T) increased. For a fixed w/d, G and x, h-bar increased as the pressure increased except at low ..delta..T's where the reverse was found. For fixed w/d, P and G, h-bar increased with increasing quality with the effect appearing to be more pronounced at the lower pressure. At a fixed, P, G, and x, h-bar was at larger w/d ratios at small ..delta..T's, but as the wall superheat increased an inversion occurred and h-bar became smaller at the larger w/d ratio. The behavior exhibited in this experiment can be explained in terms of the velocity of themore » fluid flowing past the test section. The data were successfully predicted to within an average deviation of +- 11.6 percent using a Chen-type correlation. Data from the literature also were predicted well.« less
The Overabundant Self and the Transcendental TraditionDietrich Bonhoeffer on the Self-Reflective Subject

ON 30 MAY, 1944, Dietrich Bonhoeffer wrote to this friend Eberhard Bethge from Tegel prison: "I'm sitting alone upstairs. Everything is quiet in this building; a few birds are singing outside, and if I were not 'reasonable,' I might do something foolish. I wonder whether we have become too reasonable" (1971:120). Bonhoeffer longs to be outside, to be rid of the bluntness of the monadic cell. His thoughts digress. "Smoke in the emptiness of time. . .The significance of illusion. . .Suicide, not because of consciousness of guilt but because I am already dead, draw a line, summing up" (1971:35). Bonhoeffer in prison-the familiar metaphor of intolerable self-enclosure has now become concretely real. "Dissatisfaction, tension, impatience, longing, boredom. . .indifference" (1971:35). A decade and a half earlier in 1929, in the habilitation thesis Act and Being, Bonhoeffer describes reason's claims to master the real as a cry that only "dissembles the mute loneliness of isolation," moving "without echo into the world governed and construed by the self," holding the self a "prisoner to itself" (1983:158). Mind, which presumes lordship of the world, signifies the depth of isolation--cor curvum in se. Bonhoeffer longs to get outside the circularities of this insidious monotony. How does he find his way? In another letter from Tegel, this time to his parents the morning after a long night of air raids and sirens, Bonhoeffer's thoughts are charged by a different possibility: "It's remarkable how we think at such time about the people that we should not like to live without, and almost or entirely forget about ourselves. It is only then we feel how
Metastatic calcification of the myocardium.

Abstract Extensive myocardial calcification occurred in an adult woman with hypercalcemia treated with large doses of prednisone and sodium phosphate. The findings are presented and compared with similar findings in experimental calciphylaxis. Further investigation is needed to determine the relation of steroid and phosphate therapy to the production of myocardial calcification in man.
Analytical modeling of helium II in forced flow conditions

A numerical model was developed to examine the flow behavior of He II under forced flow conditions. The model basically solves the governing equations in the two-fluid model of He II, and can be used to assess the pump requirement for transferring He II in spaceborne systems. Predictions of liquid temperature and pressure drop agree well with empirical data obtained from small scale tests. At high transfer rates, the model predicts that the forced convection dominates the Gorter-Mellink conduction in heat transfer, and the classical turbulent flow correlation is sufficient for calculating the pressure drop across the transfer line.
The Large-Scale Response of the Tropical Atmosphere to Cloud-Modulated Infrared Heating

Abstract Infrared beating rates determined from the Line Islands Experiment radiometersonde measurements vary from −4 to −0.5°C day−1 at 250 nib. Correspondingly, the beating rates at 500 mb vary from +0.5 to −3°C day−1. These variations result from high-middle cloudiness occurring every 6–8 days. The structure of waves forced by the observed differences in radiative beating is determined through the use of a large-scale diagnostic model. In this model, the diabatic heating is specified and the response of the atmosphere to this forcing is computed. When the radiative beating is combined with convective heating, the vertical structure of the forced motions is shown to be very sensitive to the phase difference between the convective and the radiative beating. The amplitude of the weridional wind perturbations at 200 mb varies from 1 m s−1 for the use when radiatively active upper tropospheric clouds am centered over the convective beating to 5.5 m s−1 when the cloud is centered a half wavelength from the c...
Endothelial cells contain beta adrenoceptors.

The direct identification of beta adrenoceptors in endothelial cell cultures has not been possible until the advent of a new beta-adrenergic radioligand, [125I]iodocyanopindolol ([125I]ICYP). Using [125I]ICYP, we report the successful identification of a beta adrenoceptor in cultured bovine aortic endothelial cells. At 37 degrees C, specific binding is saturable, stable and reversible. There is a single class of binding sites (21,500 +/- 2,900 sites/cell) with an equilibrium dissociation constant (Kd) of 109 +/- 26 pM. The rate constant of association, k1, is 1.22 X 10(9) M-1 min-1 and of dissociation, k-1, is 0.01 min-1. Binding studies on monolayers of endothelial cells grown in microtiter plates yield similar data (Kd = 53 +/- 9 pM, Bmax = 20,000 +/- 1,900 sites/cell). Stereoselectivity of binding for the (-)-isomer is demonstrable for both agonists and antagonists. A series of adrenergic agonists competes with [125I]ICYP for binding with an order of potency suggesting beta 2 subselectivity ; isoproterenol (0.73 microM) greater than epinephrine (15 microM) greater than norepinephrine (71 microM). Furthermore, the beta 2 inhibitor butoxamine is more potent than the beta 1 inhibitor practolol (7.7 microM vs 22 microM respectively). The GTP analogue, Gpp(NH)p, reduces isoproterenol affinity to 1.9 microM and increases the Hill coefficient from 0.62-0.90.
A Comparison of the Packing Behavior of Egg Phosphatidylcholine with Cholesterol and Biogenically Related Sterols in Langmuir Monolayer Films

Cholesterol and selected derivatives were studied as mixed Langmuir monolayers with egg phosphatidylcholine (PC). As an extension of our earlier work, which employed binary sterol/PC mixtures, here we examined ternary mixed monolayers containing cholesterol along with an alternate sterol and PC in different molar ratios, using pressure-area isotherms. The ternary systems behaved similarly to the binary sterol/PC systems reported previously, with similar condensation noted for the sterol/PC films. To better understand how variations in sterol structure affect sterol packing in such membrane monolayers, binary mixtures containing cholestenone, cholestanol, and lanosterol with PC were also studied. Cholestanol behaved similarly to cholesterol when incorporated with PC, while cholestenone and lanosterol did not cause as much film condensation. The observed differences in molecular packing, and attributed sterol structural differences, are considered within the context of sterol/phospholipid mixtures in biological membranes.
Radiation pressure and dust particle dynamics

Abstract The dynamics of small dust grains orbiting a planet are investigated when solar radiation pressure forces are added to the planet's gravitational central field. In the first part a set of differential equations is derived in a reference frame linked to the solar motion. The complete solution of these equations is given for particles lying in the planet's orbital plane, and we show that the orbital eccentricity may undergo considerable variation. At the same time the pericenter longitude librates or circulates according to initial conditions. With this result we establish a criterion for any orbiting particle (because of its highly eccentric orbit) to collide with its planet's atmosphere. The case of inclined orbit is studied through a numerical integration and allows us to draw conclusions related to the stability of the orbital plane. All solutions are periodic, with the period being independent of the initial conditions. This last point permits us to investigate the different time scales involved in that problem. Finally, the Poynting-Robertson drag is included, along with the radial radiation pressure forces, and the secular trend is considered. A coupling effect between the two components is ascertained, yielding a systematic behavior in the eccentricity and thus in the pericenter distance. Our solutions generalize the results of S. J. Peale (1966, J. Geophys. Res. 71, 911–933) and J. A. Burns, P. Lamy, and S. Soter (1979, Icarus 40, 1–48) by allowing eccentricities to be large (of order 1) and inclinations to be nonzero and by considering Poynting-Robertson drag.