cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Impaired Protein Synthesis Induced by Acute Alcohol Intoxication Is Associated With Changes in eIF4E in Muscle and eIF2B in Liver

Background: Acute alcohol intoxication in rats decreases protein synthesis in skeletal muscle and, to a lesser extent, in liver. The purpose of the present study was to examine potential mechanisms for the inhibitory effect of acute ethanol exposure. Methods: Rats were injected intraperitoneally with either ethanol (75 mmol/kg) or saline, and tissues were examined 2.5 hr later. Rates of protein synthesis in vivo were determined by [ 3 H]phenylalanine incorporation into protein, and various eukaryotic initiation factors (eIFs) were quantitated by Western blot analysis to identify possible mechanisms for regulating translation. Results: Protein synthesis in gastrocnemius and liver was decreased (39% and 21%, respectively) after alcohol administration, compared with saline-injected control animals. Alcohol administration did not alter tissue RNA content but diminished translational efficiency in muscle (43%) and liver (24%). Hepatic eIF2B activity was decreased 24% in alcohol-treated rats, and this was associated with a 95% increase in eIF2α phosphorylation. However, alcohol did not alter the amount of 4E-binding protein 1 (4E-BP1) bound to eIF4E, eIF4E bound to eIF4G, or the phosphorylation state of either 4E-BP1 or eIF4E. In contrast to liver, neither eIF2B activity nor the phosphorylation of eIF2a was affected in muscle of alcohol-treated rats. However, acute alcohol intoxication increased binding of 4E-BP1 to eIF4E (113%). decreased the amount of eIF4E bound to cIF4G (81%), and decreased the amount of 4E-BP1 in the phosphorylated γ-form (77%). The plasma concentrations of insulin and insulin-like growth factor-I were unchanged by alcohol, but muscle insulin-like growth factor-I messenger ribonucleic acid abundance was decreased 35%. Conclusions: These data suggest that acute alcohol intoxication decreases translation initiation and protein synthesis in liver and muscle via different mechanisms. Changes in eIF2B appear to predominate in liver, whereas alterations in eIF4E availability appear more critical in skeletal muscle for controlling translation initiation.
Discovery of root causes of system failures by means of analysis of repair records

Repair records constitute an invaluable source of information for early detection of systematic failures, despite issues such as inherent noise and missing data. In this paper, we present methodology and algorithms for mining repair records to discover root causes of system failure. We employ both domain-driven and data-driven clustering approaches to reduce data noise and to consider system failures at different level of granularity. We use probabilistic graphical models for identifying potential causal relations among clusters of repair records. The models are acquired by learning from data. Our methodology and algorithms are captured in a comprehensive software environment, which assists analysts in performing an interactive discovery of root causes of failures based on repair records.12
Enhancing ethnic food acceptance and reducing perceived risk: The effects of personality traits, cultural familiarity, and menu framing

Abstract This study examined whether innate food-related personality traits (food neophobia), as well as food external factors such as cultural familiarity and menu framing, influence U.S. customers’ reluctance to try ethnic foods. In order to achieve this aim, this study first investigated whether familiarity with cultural contents (e.g., music or movies) helps reduce the perceived risk of ethnic foods and, further, whether it increases acceptance of novel foods. Second, food related behaviors, willingness to try ethnic foods and perceived risk, were examined under various menu conditions with different visual and verbal information frames using a sample of U.S. consumers with varying levels of food neophobia. The results empirically suggest that increasing familiarity with Korean culture through exposure to Korean lifestyles, music, movies, and soap operas could alleviate food neophobia as a barrier to accepting novel ethnic foods. Moreover, the results of the scenario experiments indicate that the menu design format can serve as a tool not only to increase customers’ willingness to accept ethnic foods, but also to reduce the perceived risks of trying ethnic foods.
Role of water, acetic acid and chloride on corrosion and pitting behaviour of carbon steel in fuel-grade ethanol

The role of water, acetic acid, chloride, and oxygen level in corrosion and pitting behaviour of carbon steel in simulated fuel-grade ethanol (SFGE) was investigated. In the absence of the supporting electrolyte, modified cell geometry enabled us to conduct the electrochemical measurement in low-conductivity ethanolic solutions. Results have shown that the water in the SFGE strongly influences the surface film stability and interface electrochemistry in ethanolic environments. The increase in the water concentration induces pitting and metal loss. Dissolved chlorides and higher acidity promote the pit initiation and growth. Alkaline condition inhibits both localized and uniform corrosion.
Adherence to kidney tissue ofEscherichia coli from humans with urinary tract infection

Twelve of 17 strains ofEscherichia coli from patients with proven upper uninary tract infection (UT) were shown to adhere to kidney tissue from rabbits. In contrast, only two of nine strains ofE. coli from humans with lower urinary tract infections (LT) adhered to kidney tissue. In addition, the effect of mannose on adherence to rabbit kidney tissue correlated with the effect of mannose on agglutination of guinea pig or human erythrocytes. Adherent isolated had pili demonstrated by electron microscopic studies and were more hydrophobic than were nonadherent isolates. These studies provide evidence that the surface of the bacillis is important in initiation of infection of kidney tissue byE. coli.
Insurgent Labor, Economic Change, and Social Development: Costa Rica, 1900–1948

Costa Rica in the 1930s had a level of social development typical of a peripheral society, yet today Costa Ricans enjoy a level equivalent to the wealthier US and Italy. This paper examines the contribution of labor to state formation and social development. Beginning around the First World War, labor gradually forced the adoption of social legislation that altered the distribution of social power and reshaped the ideological and institutional character of the state. Reactions to the increasing power of labor and the state culminated in the 1948 social pact among labor, the middle strata and the dominant class that institutionalized the existing ideological and strategic trends responsible for the present level of social development.
Exploring the Adaptiveness of Moderate Dissociation in Response to Betrayal Trauma

Freyd‟s (1996) betrayal trauma theory posits that evolutionarily important attachment bonds make dissociation in response to trauma more likely when a relationship exists between victim and perpetrator. This dissociation, despite its immediate benefits in regards to attachment, is commonly thought to have harmful consequences over time. However, although negative mental and physical sequelae may result from chronic dissociation, it may also continue to serve a protective function in regards to attachment. This online study explores the relationship between dissociation, resiliency, betrayal trauma, and attachment using self-report questionnaires with a college student sample (400 participants, 68.7% female). We hypothesized that participants with moderate dissociation would be more resilient to childhood abuse and utilize multiple attachment strategies. Results revealed that higher dissociation was associated with poorer resiliency scores, although in a curvilinear analysis very high dissociative scores correlated with higher resiliency. Dissociation did not seem to be related to attachment; however, participants with a history of betrayal trauma were associated with more variability in attachment styles. These findings are particularly relevant because it could inform attachment theory and the effects of trauma on attachment.
Human angiotensin II type-2 receptor inhibition of insulin-mediated ERK-2 activity via a G-protein coupled signaling pathway

Abstract While it has been shown that the angiotensin type-2 (AT2) receptor plays an important role in the development and differentiation of many tissues, the second messengers involved in its signaling pathways are just beginning to be understood. To further determine the signaling pathways for the AT2 receptor, we have investigated whether human angiotensin type-2 receptor transfected into Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells can modulate insulin-induced extracellular signal-related protein kinase (ERK-2) phosphorylation via a G-protein coupled mechanism. Our results indicate that the human AT2 receptor decreases insulin-induced ERK-2 phosphorylation through a G-protein mediated pathway since inhibition was attenuated by pertussis toxin (a Gi/G0 inhibitor). Our findings further indicate that the inhibitory response was insensitive to sodium orthovanadate (a PTPase inhibitor), but sensitive (attenuated) to okadaic acid, suggesting an important role for protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A). We have also shown that alanine substitution of the putative G-protein coupling DRY141–143 motif of the second intracellular loop significantly decreases the human AT2 receptor's ability to inhibit insulin-induced ERK-2 phosphorylation. Our results support the hypothesis that the AT2 receptor inhibits insulin-induced ERK-2 activity via a G-protein coupled pathway involving the up-regulation of PP2A.
Love wave dispersion in central North America determined using absolute displacement seismograms from high‐rate GPS

[1] We use seismic array processing of high-rate GPS (HRGPS) displacement time series from the Great, 2004, Mw 9+, Sumatra-Andaman earthquake recorded at over 90 nonuniformly distributed HRGPS stations in central North America to determine the fundamental Love wave phase velocity dispersion curve there. These measurements were performed using frequency domain beam forming, which we show reduces the effects of GPS multipath and common mode noise on the measurement of surface wave phase velocity and azimuth. Our HRGPS based results for surface wave phase velocity agree well with those obtained from 28 broadband seismometers between periods of 20 to 300 s. By separating waves based on their apparent velocity, beam forming supports the simple model for relative displacement HRGPS time series as being the difference between the reference and kinematic station's absolute displacements. Beam forming also demonstrates that for differential GPS processing the infinite apparent velocity beam of an array is composed of the sum of common mode noise and the reference station's absolute displacements, multipath and noise. We show the infinite apparent velocity beam, which we call the generalized spatial filter, is similar to the spatial filter commonly used to remove common mode noise from HRGPS seismograms and can be used to produce absolute displacement time series for the kinematic stations with reduced common mode noise. Beam forming also suggests a filtering method, complimentary to sidereal filtering, to produce GPS multipath reduced HRGPS time series.
Universities, business, and the state government: partners in progress.

In the 199Os, the opportunities in biomedical research place mankind on the threshold of a new era. Revolutionary advances in genetics at the molecular level, originally developed in simple bacteria and their viruses, have produced powerful new technologies that make possible the discovery of the causes and cures of most human diseases. Today, there is the prospect of unparalleled progress in the understanding of human diseases at the molecular level and in developing innovative strategies for their prevention and treatment. While a decade ago it seemed unlikely that scientists would be able to understand the molecular pathogenesis of cystic fibrosis, Duchenne’s dystrophy, or neurofibromatosis, each of these genetic diseases has yielded to this new molecular biology. The abnormal genes involved have been identified and there are promising experiments under way to evaluate rational treatments. It is exciting to realize that the time has come when scientists will be able to analyze each of the genes that make up the human body. Scientists are at the very brink of discovering how genes direct or influence human development and characteristics, from physical traits to intellectual endowment, to diseases. This scientific revolution has been compared to other great periods of intellectual and creative accomplishments; the periods dominated by Michelangelo and other great artists of the Renaissance; the music of Beethoven, Bach, and Mozart in the 18th
Shapes of Dendrimers from Rotational-Echo Double-Resonance NMR

The solid-state shape, size, and intermolecular packing of a fifth-generation dendritic macromolecule were determined by a combination of site-specific stable-isotope-labeling, rotational-echo double-resonance (REDOR) NMR and distance-constrained molecular dynamics simulations. REDOR experiments measured dipolar couplings between 13C atoms located near the chain ends and an 19F label placed at the core of benzyl ether dendrimers (generations 1−5) based on 3,5-dihydroxybenzyl alcohol as the monomeric repeat unit. Intramolecular 13C−19F coupling was distinguished from intermolecular coupling by dilution with nonlabeled dendrimer. The average intramolecular 13C−19F distances for generations 3−5 were each approximately 12 A, which indicates inward-folding of chain ends with increasing generation number. The average intermolecular 13C−19F dipolar coupling decreased with increasing generation number, consistent with decreased interpenetration for larger dendrimers. The measured intra- and intermolecular distanc...
Gravitational Compensation and the Phototropic Response of Oat Coleoptiles

Avena seedlings were germinated and grown while continuously rotated on the horizontal axis of a clinostat. The coleoptiles of these gravity-compensated plants were phototropically more responsive than those of plants rotated on a vertical axis. When the plants were compensated after unilateral irradiation, phototropic curvature of the shoot progressed for the next 6 hours, with the rate of curving decreasing about 3 hours after irradiation. The decrease in rate was less in the plants gravity-compensated before irradiation than in those vertically rotated. In the period 70 to 76 hours after planting, the growth rate of the compensated coleoptiles was significantly less than that of the vertically rotated seedlings. The greater phototropic curvature, the decreased growth rate, and the slower rate of straightening of the curved, compensated shoot can be correlated with several consequences of compensation: an increase in sensitivity to auxin, a lowering of auxin content in the coleoptile tip, and possibly, from an interaction between compensation and phototropic stimulation, an enhanced difference in auxin transport between the illuminated and shaded halves of the unilaterally irradiated shoot. The phototropic response of the vertically rotated seedling was significantly different from that of the vertical stationary, indicating the importance of vertically rotated controls in clinostat experiments.
“It is Better to Light a Candle Than to Curse the Darkness”: Ethel Thompson Overby and Democratic Schooling in Richmond, Virginia, 1910–1958

In 1933, Ethel Thompson Overby became the first African American female principal in Richmond, Virginia. Her motto was “It is better to light a candle than to curse the darkness” (Overby 1975, 1). Before becoming principal, Overby had been a teacher in the southern urban de jure segregated schools of the city. How did the racially segregated context impact her understanding of democracy as an African American woman? As a teacher, what educational practices did she subscribe to? What educational theorizing underpinned her educational practices as a teacher and as a principal? Who was she? These were the questions that guided this research into the educational theorizing of Ethel T. Overby. This research seeks to further the understanding of the theorizing that underpinned the educational practices of African American female teachers and principals who taught and led in public urban de jure segregated southern schools (Charron 2009; Johnson 2000; May 2007; Walker 2009). This historical qualitative research ...
Deamidation in Human Lens βB2-Crystallin Destabilizes the Dimer

Two major determinants of the transparency of the lens are protein-protein interactions and stability of the crystallins, the structural proteins in the lens. βB2 is the most abundant β-crystallin in the human lens and is important in formation of the complex interactions of lens crystallins. βB2 readily forms a homodimer in vitro, with interacting residues across the monomer-monomer interface conserved among β-crystallins. Due to their long life spans, crystallins undergo an unusually large number of modifications, with deamidation being a major factor. In this study the effects of two potential deamidation sites at the monomer-monomer interface on dimer formation and stability were determined. Glutamic acid substitutions were constructed to mimic the effects of previously reported deamidations at Q162 in the C-terminal domain and at Q70, its N-terminal homologue. The mutants had a nativelike secondary structure similar to that of wild type βB2 with differences in tertiary structure for the double mutant, Q70E/Q162E. Multiangle light scattering and quasi-elastic light scattering experiments showed that dimer formation was not interrupted. In contrast, equilibrium unfolding and refolding in urea showed destabilization of the mutants, with an inflection in the transition of unfolding for the double mutant suggesting a distinct intermediate. These results suggest that deamidation at critical sites destabilizes βB2 and may disrupt the function of βB2 in the lens.
Self-organized criticality in the 'Game of Life"

THE 'Game of Life'1,2 is a cellular automaton, that is, a lattice system in which the state of each lattice point is determined by local rules. It simulates, by means of a simple algorithm, the dynamical evolution of a society of living organisms. Despite its simplicity, the complex dynamics of the game are poorly understood. Previous interest in 'Life' has focused on the generation of complexity in local configurations; indeed, the system has been suggested to mimic aspects of the emergence of complexity in nature1,2. Here we adopt a different approach, by using concepts of statistical mechanics to study the system's long-time and large-scale behaviour. We show that local configurations in the "Game of Life" self-organize into a critical state. Such self-organized criticality provides a general mechanism for the emergence of scale-free structures3–5, with possible applications to earth-quakes6,7, cosmology8, turbulence9, biology and economics10. By contrast to these previous studies, where a local quantity was conserved, 'Life' has no local conservation laws and therefore represents a new type of universality class for self-organized criticality. This refutes speculations that self-organized criticality is a consequence of local conservation11, and supports its relevance to the natural phenomena above, as these do not involve any locally conserved quantities. The scaling is universal in the sense that the exponents that characterize correlation functions do not depend on details of the local rules.
Turbofan engine demonstration of sensor failure detection

In the paper, the results of a full-scale engine demonstration of a sensor failure detection algorithm are presented. The algorithm detects, isolates, and accommodates sensor failures using analytical redundancy. The experimental hardware, including the F100 engine, is described. Demonstration results were obtained over a large portion of a typical flight envelope for the F100 engine. They include both subsonic and supersonic conditions at both medium and full, nonafter burning, power. Estimated accuracy, minimum detectable levels of sensor failures, and failure accommodation performance for an F100 turbofan engine control system are discussed.
Nonenzymatic preparative-scale synthesis of dityrosine and 3-bromotyrosine.

Dityrosine (3,3 -bityrosine) occurs in many biological systems and is formed by the action of peroxidases, reactive oxygen species/free radicals, or ionizing radiation. Dityrosine is found in extensible proteins such as elastin, resilin, and calmodulin and polymeric structures found in insect eggs, yeast spores, and sea urchin egg developmental stages [1]. Dityrosine has shown promise as a marker for identiWcation of cellular aging and damage from protein cross-linking in several pathological conditions such as atherosclerosis [2] and amyloid Wbril formation [3]. Eosinophil peroxidase has been postulated to promote oxidative tissue injury in conditions such as asthma, allergic inXammatory disorders, and helminthic infections [4]. Halogenated tyrosine residues in proteins are speciWc biomarkers of eosinophilmediated tissue injury in vivo. Recent reports in the literature have identiWed 3-bromotyrosine as a speciWc indicator of eosinophil-peroxidase-mediated protein oxidation [5]. To adequately measure dityrosine and 3-bromotyrosine formation in biological samples, an eYcient method for production of suYcient quantities of standard compounds is necessary. Several methods that employ an enzymatic synthesis of dityrosine using
Constitutive variants of the pC194 cat gene exhibit DNA alterations in the vicinity of the ribosome binding site sequence.

Abstract The chloramphenicol-inducible regulation of the expression of cat genes from two Gram-positive bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus pumilus has been suggested to result from the presence of inverted repeat sequences that span the ribosome-binding site (RBS) for cat. In support this hypothesis, we demonstrate that two derivatives of the pC194 cat gene which are constitutively expressed in Bacillus subtilis are deleted for all or a major portion of the inverted-repeat sequences.
Ancient Chromosomal Polymorphism in Hawaiian Drosophila

POLYMORPHISM due to inverted chromosome segments is known in natural populations of many living species, including man1,2. A specific inversion arises in one member of a monomorphic chromosome pair and is apparently monophyletic. Where fine-scale mapping of the breaks is possible, as in giant polytene chromosomes, an indelible marker, unique in the history of the species, is produced. Accordingly, in favourable geographical circumstances, inversions can be used as tracers of ancient populations3. Such precision is not possible with visible mutations or electrophoretically detected variants.
Comparison of Hydration Behavior of Bovine and Caprine Caseins As Determined by Oxygen-17 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance: Temperature Dependence of Colloidal Stability

Oxygen-17 nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) transverse relaxation rates for bovine and caprine casein micelles at various temperatures were analyzed by nonlinear regression analysis and a protein activity model. The dependence of the NMR transverse relaxation rates was markedly nonlinear due to interactions between protein molecules. Temperature dependences of the hydration parameters of the bovine and caprine casein micelles were in accordance with the hypothesis that hydrophobic interactions are the predominant forces responsible for the self-association of the caseins. Relaxation differences between reconstituted micelles of bovine and caprine caseins strongly suggest that important structural dissimilarities exist between these milk proteins that are due to differences in the ratios of αs1- to β-casein. A higher degree of hydration, characteristic of a more open and looser structure, is observed for caprine casein micelles high in αs1-casein at 21 and 37 °C. The observed hydration behavior of bovine ca...
Configurational equilibrium at twin-grain boundary intersections in F.C.C metals and alloys, and the measurement of relative interfacial torque

Abstract By considering the misorientation of directions between certain unique crystallographic orientations at twin-grain boundary intersections in thin metal and alloy foils, a configurational theory has been developed which is applicable in explaining the origin of intrinsic interfacial torque. This theory is shown to be applicable with an average confidence of 80% in the analysis of twin-boundary-grain boundary intersection systems using electron transmission and selected-area electron diffraction microscopy techniques. Defining intrinsic interfacial torques to arise primarily because of a change in grain boundary free energy with a variation in misorientation, Θ, low-torque configurations are described as those where the relative interfacial free energy free ratios which arise at the interface between grains A and B, γtb/γAB, and between the twin of grain A, TA, and grain B, γtb/γT A B, are essentially equal. High-torque configurations are those where geometrical ratios related to the in...
Correlation of the appearance of γ-carboxyglutamic acid with the onset of mineralization in developing endochondral bone

Abstract γ-Carboxyglutamic acid (Gla) is a constituent of the non-collagenous bone protein osteocalcin. The appearance of γ-carboxyglutamic acid during de novo differentiation and development of endochondral bone has been correlated with the onset of mineralization. Discrete stages of endochondral bone development were studied by subcutaneous implantation of demineralized rat diaphyseal bone matrix. Residual Gla in acid-demineralized bone matrix was lost rapidly on implantation. Gla levels were basal during mesenchymal cell proliferation (day 3) and chondrogenesis (days 5–7). Gla and calcium levels began to increase during cartilage mineralization (day 9) and continuously increased after day 10 concomitant with bone differentiation.
Modeling Seizure Self-Prediction: An E-Diary Study

SummaryPurpose A subset of patients with epilepsy successfully self-predicted seizures in a paper diary study. We conducted an e-diary study to ensure that prediction precedes seizures, and to characterize the prodromal features and time windows that underlie self-prediction. Methods Subjects 18 or older with localization-related epilepsy (LRE) and ≥3 seizures per month maintained an e-diary, reporting a.m./p.m. data daily, including mood, premonitory symptoms, and all seizures. Self-prediction was rated by, “How likely are you to experience a seizure (time frame)?” Five choices ranged from almost certain (>95% chance) to very unlikely. Relative odds of seizure (odds ratio, OR) within time frames was examined using Poisson models with log normal random effects to adjust for multiple observations. Key Findings Nineteen subjects reported 244 eligible seizures. OR for prediction choices within 6 h was as high as 9.31 (CI 1.92–45.23) for “almost certain.” Prediction was most robust within 6 h of diary entry, and remained significant up to 12 h. For nine best predictors, average sensitivity was 50%. Older age contributed to successful self-prediction, and self-prediction appeared to be driven by mood and premonitory symptoms. In multivariate modeling of seizure occurrence, self-prediction (2.84; CI 1.68–4.81), favorable change in mood (0.82; CI 0.67–0.99), and number of premonitory symptoms (1.11; CI 1.00–1.24) were significant. Significance Some persons with epilepsy can self-predict seizures. In these individuals, the odds of a seizure following a positive prediction are high. Predictions were robust, not attributable to recall bias, and were related to self-awareness of mood and premonitory features. The 6-h prediction window is suitable for the development of preemptive therapy.
Nasal mucosal metabolism of an LH-RH fragment and inhibition with boroleucine

This study is a continuation of investigations of the metabolism of peptides by the rat nasal mucosa, and methods to inhibit metabolism. LH-RH3–10 was rapidly metabolized by aminopeptidases when perfused through the isolated rat nasal cavity. Metabolism was almost completely inhibited by co-perfusing a very low concentration of boroleucine, an aminopeptidase inhibitor. LH-RH3–10 is different from peptides previously evaluated in similar studies, in that non-polar amino acids are adjacent to the site of peptidase cleavage. This study shows that such peptides are metabolized by nasal aminopeptidases, and that metabolism can be inhibited by boroleucine.
Perforation of the sigmoid colon by an intrauterine contraceptive device

A case of perforation of the sigmoid colon by a Cu-7 intrauterine contraceptive device (IUCD) complicated by septic pelvic thrombophlebitis is presented.
Technical Note-A Note on the Group Theoretic Approach to Integer Programming and the 0-1 Case

While the group-theoretic approach is in many ways useful for 0-1 problems too, in this latter case the sufficient condition given by Gomory for a solution to the group problem to solve the initial integer program is never satisfied. This underscores the need to use information about the constraints that are slack at the linear programming optimum.
Spatio-temporal distribution of beaked whales in southern California waters

Cuvier’s beaked whales are the dominant beaked whales offshore of southern California. Their abundance, distribution, and seasonality are poorly understood. Insights on the spatio-temporal distribution of both Cuvier’s and a rare beaked whale with signal type BW43, likely Perrin’s beaked whale, have been derived from long-term autonomous recordings of beaked whale echolocation clicks. Acoustic recordings were collected at 18 sites offshore of southern California since 2006, resulting in a total of ~26 years of recordings. About 23,000 acoustic encounters with Cuvier’s beaked whales were detected. In contrast, there were ~100 acoustic encounters of the BW43 signal type. Cuvier’s beaked whales were predominantly detected at deeper, more southern, and farther offshore sites, and there appears to be a seasonal pattern to their presence, with lower probability of detection during summer and early fall. The BW43 signal type had higher detection rates in the central basins, indicating a possible difference in habitat preference and niche separation between the two species. Further investigation is needed to reveal if these distribution patterns are purely based on bathymetric preference, driven by water masses that determine prey species composition and distribution, or possibly by anthropogenic activity.
Early draining vein occlusion after gamma knife surgery for arteriovenous malformations.

Background Increased signals on T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging usually interpreted as radiation-induced changes or brain edema is a common short- to mid-term complication after Gamma Knife surgery (GKS) for intracranial arteriovenous malformations (AVMs), although its nature remains to be clarified. Early draining vein occlusion with resultant brain edema or hemorrhage, although well established in surgical series, was not described in radiosurgical literature until recently. Objective To outline the incidence, clinical manifestations, and outcomes of this unusual complication in our series of 1256 AVM patients treated with GKS. Methods From 1989 to 2008, 1400 patients underwent GKS for cerebral AVMs or dural arteriovenous fistulae at the University of Virginia. In 1256 patients, magnetic resonance imaging after GKS was available for analysis of radiation-induced changes and early draining vein occlusion. Results After GKS, 456 patients (36%) developed radiation-induced changes surrounding the treated nidi. Among these patients, 12 had early thrombosis of the draining vein accompanied by radiation-induced changes. Venous thrombosis occurred 6 to 25 months (median 11.6 months) after GKS. Three patients were asymptomatic on the image findings of venous occlusion and brain edema, 3 experienced headache, 1 had seizure and headache, and neurological deficits developed in 5. Patients with neurological deficits were treated with corticosteroids; 2 of the patients recovered completely, 1 still had slight hemiparesis, 1 had short-term memory deficits, and 1 died of massive intracerebral hemorrhage. Conclusion Although venous structures are considered more radioresistant, endothelial damage accompanied by venous flow stasis might cause early venous thrombosis and premature venous occlusion after radiosurgery for AVMs. In our series, all patients had a favorable outcome except 1 with a fatal hemorrhage.
Comparison of integrated filter and automated carbon aerosol measurements at Research Triangle Park, North Carolina

Carbon aerosol measurements from the Rupprecht & Patashnick Series 5400 carbon analyzer, the Magee Scientific AE-21 Aethalometer and a filter-based Andersen RAAS2.5-410 Chemical Speciation sampler with quartz filters analyzed by Thermal Optical Transmittance (TOT) were compared. The Series 5400 total carbon (TC) and organic carbon (OC) were moderately correlated (r = 0.64 and 0.67) with the RAAS TOT method and the elemental carbon (EC) was poorly correlated (r = 0.37). The 5400 underestimated the RAAS TC and OC by 64% and 78%, respectively. The underestimate is attributed in part to the positive OC artifact of the filter-based sampling method. Another difference between the 5400 measurements and the RAAS TOT is a correction for char. The lack of correction for any char that occurs in the 5400 could cause and underestimate of OC and an overestimate of EC. The 5400 overestimated RAAS EC by 89%. The Aethalometer black carbon (BC) was compared to the 5400 EC and the RAAS TOT EC measured. The Aethalometer BC c...
The role of pretreatment outcome expectancies and cognitive-behavioral skills in symptom improvement in an acute psychiatric setting.

Background Prior research has found that pretreatment expectations of symptom improvement are positively correlated with depressive symptom change. The current investigation extends previous research by examining whether pretreatment outcome expectancies predict symptom change across several diagnostic categories within the context of an acute, naturalistic psychiatric setting.
An Energy-Efficient Memristive Threshold Logic Circuit

Researchers have claimed that the memristor, the fourth fundamental circuit element, can be used for computing. In this work, we utilize memristors as weights in the realization of low-power Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) using threshold logic which is necessary not only for low power embedded systems, but also realizing biological applications using threshold logic. Boolean functions, which are subsets of threshold functions, can be implemented using the proposed Memristive Threshold Logic (MTL) gate, whose functionality can be configured by changing the weights (memristance). A CAD framework is also developed to map the weights of a threshold gate to corresponding memristance values and synthesize logic circuits using MTL gates. Performance of the MTL gates at the circuit and logic levels is also evaluated using this CAD framework using ISCAS-85 combinational benchmarking circuits. This work also provides solutions based on device options and refreshing memristance, against drift in memristance, which can be a potential problem during operation. Comparisons with the existing CMOS look-up-table (LUT) and capacitor threshold logic (CTL) gates show that MTL gates exhibit less energy-delay product by at least 90 percent.
How 2 txt: an exploration of crafting public health messages in SMS

Health care providers are an important target audience for public health emergency preparedness, response and recovery communications. Short Message Service or text messaging to cell phones may be a promising supplemental or alternative technique for reaching health care providers with time-sensitive public health information. However, studies to date have yet to investigate the message content and formatting requirements of providers with respect to public health alerts and advisories or sought to understand how to meet these needs using Short Message Service technology. Data collection was completed using a two-part online survey. In the first part, health care providers identified their use of different technologies for receiving information and provided input on the message components most important in a public health message. In the second part, health care providers participated in an exercise in which they shortened three public health emergency messages, ranging from 2024–2828 characters per message, to meet the 160-character limitation for text delivery. Results were analyzed to determine associations between provider types, age ranges, gender, access to various media (text, email, fax, social media, etc.), and smart phone ownership. The following components were most frequently selected as essential for a public health message: Topic, Recommendation, Geographic Location, Signs & Symptoms, Population Affected, and Link to Additional Information. There was no statistically significant association between message component selection and provider type, age ranges, or gender. In the message conversion exercise, we found a statistically significant association between providers who reported receiving information by SMS and/or smart phone ownership and including a link to additional information in the converted message, ranging from 61% to over 72% on a per message analysis. A substantive recommendation derived from this study is that public health agencies include a link to additional website information when sending messages in SMS format. SMS could be a useful public health tool for communicating with health care providers but further investigation of how to effectively use SMS and other mobile technologies is needed to inform public health decisions regarding adoption of messaging systems utilizing these newer technologies.
Boat conformations. Analysis and simulation of the complex 1H NMR spectrum of methyl 2,6:3,4-dianhydro-α-d-altropyranoside☆

Abstract The complex 1 H NMR spectrum of methyl 2,6:3,4-dianhydro-α- d -altropyranoside ( 1 ) has been analyzed and simulated in detail by using input parameters derived from experimental 1 H chemical shifts, long- and short-range coupling constants, spin–lattice relaxation times, and effective, spin–spin relaxation times obtained by trial and error matching of the experimental and simulated spectra. The 13 C spin–lattice relaxation times of 1 have also been measured, and along with the 1 H 1 H long- and short-range coupling constants, have been interpreted in terms of the geometry of 1 defined by molecular dynamics with simulated annealing.
Total synthesis of (+)-phyllanthocindiol and (+)-phyllanthostatin 3

Abstract The antineoplastic glycoside (+)-phyllanthostatin 3 ( 4 ) has been synthesized for the first time, together with its aglycone (+)-phyllanthocindiol ( 5 ).
The Moral (and Real‐World) Hazard of Pro Forma Financials

There's a widening chasm between pro forma earnings and companies' actual earnings—those based on generally accepted accounting principles. It's time to step on the brakes so we don't fall in. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Infrared Spectroscopy at the University of Michigan

This is an account of the development of infrared spectroscopy at the University of Michigan.
The genetics of congenital diaphragmatic hernia

Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) is a common birth defect with a high mortality and morbidity. A clear understanding of the pathogenesis of CDH is critical for determining prognosis and planning treatment, but to date, information on the genetic etiology of both nonsyndromic and syndromic CDH is limited. This paper summarizes the current knowledge concerning the genes, syndromes, and chromosome aberrations associated with CDH in humans and in animal model systems. Mutations in several different genes have been described in syndromic CDH, but there is only one mutation that has been reported in non-syndromic CDH to date. However, animal models suggest that genes involved in cell migration, myogenesis, and connective tissue formation are critical to normal diaphragm formation, and these data provide a starting point for the search for other genes involved in the pathogenesis of CDH.
High resolution infrared spectra of C212H2, C12C13H2, and C213H2☆

Abstract Two parallel bands in Fermi resonance, ν3, and ν2 + ν41 + ν51, have been studied in the 3200–3400 cm−1 region of C212H2. The calculated unperturbed frequencies for ν3 and ν2 + ν41 + ν51 are 3288.66 cm−1 and 3288.11 cm−1, respectively. The assignment of ν3 to the higher frequency transition is confirmed by the study of this diad in C13C12H2 and C213H2. In addition the absorption spectra of C13C12H2 and C213H2 have been obtained in the 2600–2800 cm−1, 3300–3400, and 6400–6600 cm−1 spectral regions. The unperturbed vibrational frequencies have been obtained for C13C12H2, and a few of these frequencies have been calculated for C213H2. Equilibrium B values have been obtained for the isotopic carbon molecules, and these values have been used to calculate accurate rc distances for acetylene. The “substitution structure” has also been calculated.
Sexual attitudes and behavior of high school students in relation to background and contextual factors.

Although premarital sexuaUty has been an important area of research for several decades, researchers (e.g., Ehrmann, 1964; Reiss, 1960, 1967) empha? sized attitudes or standards and mostly used college-age samples. One of the major recent shifts in this area has been toward studying younger adolescents (Chilman, 1983; Coales & Stokes, 1986; Diepold & Young, 1979; Sorensen, 1973). National sample surveys have documented that the proportion of adolescents who have had intercourse increased during the 1970s (Zelnik, Kantner, & Ford, 1981) and increases with age (Pratt, Mosher, Bachrach, & Horn, 1984). Estimates in 1986 were that 53% of female and 61% of male 17-year-olds have had intercourse (Harris & Associates, 1986). Another factor traditionally associated with adolescent sexual behavior is more widespread sexual activity among males than females, but there is con? siderable evidence that sex differences are diminishing (Coales & Stokes, 1986; Jessor & Jessor, 1975; Robinson & Jedlicka, 1982). ReUgious participation and church attendance are inversely related to sexual permissiveness of college students (Davids, 1982; Notzer, Leuvan, Mashiach, & Soffer, 1984; Reiss, 1967; Reiss & Miller, 1979; Sack, Keller, & Hinkle, 1984; Young, 1982) and younger teenagers (Harris & Associates, 1986). Living with a single parent is related to more permissive teen sexual attitudes and behavior (Harris & Associates, 1986), even after controlling relevant contaminating variables (Rodgers, 1983; Thornton & Camburn, 1987) as is lower social class (Chilman, 1983; Harris & Associates). The present analyses were undertaken, first, to go beyond the previously reported bivariate relationships and ascertain how a number of background and contextual variables relate to sexual attitudes and behavior when they are combined in a multivariate analysis. A second purpose was to do this analysis with a recent and younger (high school-aged) sample of adolescents.
Rural Seniors' Perceptions of Quality of Life

The purpose of this study was to explore the perceptions of quality of life (QoL) among seniors in a rural region in the United States. Two men and two women aged 65 and older participated in qualitative interviews to reflect on their perceptions of their QoL. Data were analyzed using a phenomenological method. Six themes emerged including autonomy, altruism, engagement in occupation, responsibility for own life, sense of community, and changes in relationships. The seniors' values and attitudes may influence health care workers and community leaders in developing programs aimed at maintaining good QoL for seniors in rural areas.
Continuous Fentanyl Infusion: Use in Severe Cancer Pain:

OBJECTIVE:To describe the use of a continuous fentanyl infusion in an adult cancer patient.CASE SUMMARY:A 66-year-old white woman diagnosed with metastatic pancreatic carcinoma required hospital admission for pain control after receiving five different chemotherapy regimens. Morphine 2 mg/h iv was initiated and the dosage was titrated upward to a total of 6613 mg/d by hospital day 16. As hospital supplies of opioids became depleted over a holiday weekend, therapy was changed to a continuous infusion of hydromorphone 70 mg/h on hospital day 17, then changed to a continuous fentanyl infusion beginning with a dosage of 500 μg/h. The fentanyl dosage was titrated to 4250 μg/h by hospital day 20. She died comfortably on hospital day 22 while receiving this dosage.DISCUSSION:Continuous infusions of opioids, particularly morphine and hydromorphone, are frequently used for control of cancer pain and are safe and effective when administered by this route. Transdermal fentanyl has been shown to effectively manage ch...
Evidence-based medicine and geriatric psychiatry.

The vast amount of clinical information available today and the difficulties that clinicians have in applying this information have given rise to interest in evidence-based medicine. An additional impetus for the development of the evidencebased medicine movement has been the increasing recognition that much of medical practice is not evidence-based. This article presents a brief overview of the principles of evidence-based medicine and its historical development, discusses some common criticisms of evidence-based practice, and illustrates its application to address a clinical problem. Suggestions are also provided for clinicians interested in developing evidence-based medicine skills.
Governance over the years: A trustee's perspective

This chapter provides an overview of board governance, its effectiveness, and changes over more than four decades. The authors also offer strategies for creating partnerships between presidents and trustees that lead to future institutional success.
Endovenous Radiofrequency Ablation for the Treatment of Varicose Veins

Chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) is the most common vascular disease and represents a significant health care problem in the United States. Reflux of the great saphenous vein is the most common cause of this condition, whose symptoms include varicose veins, leg swelling, skin discoloration, and ulceration. The traditional treatment of this condition is saphenofemoral ligation with stripping of the saphenous vein followed by varicose vein removal, if necessary. Recent advances in minimally invasive endovenous therapy have led to the development of catheter-based radiofrequency ablation (RFA) of the saphenous vein, which has gained an increasing acceptance in clinical practice. Endovenous RFA was introduced into clinical practice in Europe in 1998 and in the United States in 1999. Since then, over 250,000 procedures have been performed worldwide. Procedure safety and efficacy are well understood, with over 60 publications on the subject in the peer review literature, including four randomized trials comparing this technology with traditional vein stripping surgery. With the advent of tumescent anesthesia, the majority of RFA procedures are now performed in an office setting. This article examines the current technology using RFA in saphenous vein ablation with the Closure catheter system. Procedural techniques and clinical outcome using RFA in saphenous vein ablation are discussed. Clinical data comparing RFA versus saphenous vein stripping are also examined. Lastly, the clinical utility of a new RFA catheter, ClosureFAST, is discussed. ClosureFAST is a new generation of RFA catheter and has exhibited significant improvement in the ease of use and the procedure speed over the previous generation catheters while maintaining the favorable patient recovery profile seen with the RFA technology.