cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Value and Ownership of Intangible Capital

Abstract Intangible capital which relies on essential human inputs, or 'organization capital,' presents a unique challenge for measurement. Organization capital cannot be fully owned by firms' fina...
Isotope effect and superconductivity in metal-doped C60

The mechanism of superconductivity in alkali metal-doped fullerenes remains a fascinating and controversial issue. One powerful probe of this mechanism involves the determination of the shift in transition temperature (δTc) upon isotopic substitution. A series of isotopically substituted Rb3C60 superconductors, where C60 corresponds to 13C60, (13C60)0.5(12C60)0.5, or (13C0.5512C0.45)60, was investigated. The δTc determined for Rb313C60, 0.7 ± 0.1 K, provides an unambiguous value for the isotope shift in fully substituted fullerene superconductors. The δTc determined for Rb3 (13C0.5512C0.45)60, 0.5 K, is also consistent with simple mass scaling of the Rb313C60 result. However, an intermolecular effect not accounted for in existing theories is demonstrated by the unexpectedly large δTc, 0.9 K, that was observed for the Rb3(13C60)0.5(12C60)0.5 materials. These results are used to critically assess proposed mechanisms of fullerene superconductivity.
The development of a new catalytic process: Bu3SnH-catalyzed reductive cyclization of enals and enones

Abstract By sequencing two known reactions, a new catalytic carbon-carbon bond-forming process, the Bu 3 SnH-catalyzed, PhSiH 3 -mediated reductive cyclization of enals and enones, has been developed. The addition of EtOH to the reactions leads to reproducibly good yields of the cyclized products; a rationale for including this additive is provided.
Finite-size effects on long-range correlations: Implications for analyzing DNA sequences

We analyze the fluctuations in the correlation exponents obtained for noncoding DNA sequences. We find prominent sample-to-sample variations as well as variations within a single sample in the scaling exponent. To determine if these fluctuations may result from finite system size, we generate correlated random sequences of comparable length and study the fluctuations in this control system. We find that the DNA exponent fluctuations are consistent with those obtained from the control sequences having long-range power-law correlations. Finally, we compare our exponents for the DNA sequences with the exponents obtained from power-spectrum analysis and correlation-function techniques, and demonstrate that the original "DNA-walk" method is intrinsically more accurate due to reduced noise.
Making automatic differentiation truly automatic: coupling PETSc with ADIC

Despite its name, automatic differentiation (AD) is often far from an automatic process. Often one must specify independent and dependent variables, indicate the derivative quantities to be computed, and perhaps even provide information about the structure of the Jacobians or Hessians being computed. When AD is used in conjunction with a toolkit with well-defined interfaces, however, many of these issues can be dealt with automatically. We describe recent research into coupling the ADIC automatic differentiation tool with PETSc, a toolkit for the parallel numerical solution of PDEs. This research leverages the interfaces and objects of PETSc to make the AD process very nearly invisible.
Robust design of absorbers using genetic algorithms and the finite element-boundary integral method

A new method for the genetic algorithm (GA) based design of broadband, high-performance electromagnetic absorbers is discussed. The method gives rise to novel absorber designs with a geometrical complexity greater than that of absorbers typically in use today. The finite element-boundary integral method is applied to efficiently analyze the scattering from complex geometries occupied by given lossy material, and genetic algorithms are adopted to optimize the geometry parameters to minimize the overall reflection coefficients. In addition, a method is proposed for accelerating the convergence of the GA. Numerical results for absorbers are presented for wide-angle incidence over a broad frequency range considering both polarizations, and demonstrate the new technique's power and robustness.
Employment and Self-Employment in the Wake of Hurricane Katrina

We use data from the monthly Current Population Survey to examine the short- and longer-term effects of Hurricane Katrina on the labor market outcomes of prime-age individuals in the most affected states—Alabama, Florida, Louisiana, and Mississippi— and for evacuees in any state. We focus on rates of labor force participation, employment, and unemployment, and we extend prior research by also examining rates of self-employment. With the exception of Mississippi, employment and unemployment one year after the hurricane were at similar rates as the end of 2003. This aggregate pattern of labor market shock and recovery has been observed for other disasters but masks important differences among subgroups. Those evacuated from their residences, even temporarily, were a harder-hit group, and evacuees who had yet to return to their pre-Katrina state up to one year later were hit especially hard; these findings hold even after controlling for differences in observable characteristics. We also find evidence of an important role for self-employment as part of post-disaster labor market recovery, especially for evacuees who did not return. This may result from poor job prospects in the wage and salary sector or new opportunities for starting businesses in the wake of Katrina.
The anomalous molecular abundances of Comet P/Wolf-Harrington

Production rates of OH, CN, C2, C3, NH, and NH2 were derived from different data sets for the Comet P/Wolf-Harrington, and a dust production measure was calculated. This comet is found to be depleted by more than an order of magnitude in its pure carbon species compared with OH and CN. The data obtained suggest that a nonnegligible fraction of comets or their constituent components formed at a different temperature and thus at a different location and/or time than the majority of comets.
A convenient synthesis of mono-6-hydroxy permethylated β-cyclodextrin via tert-butyldimethylsilylation

A convenient method to prepare mono-6-hydroxy permethylated β-cyclodextrin (3) via tert-butyldimethylsilylation is described. Mono-6-tert-butyldimethylsilyl-β-cyclodextrin was prepared and treated with NaH and CH3I in the same pot. The protecting group was removed by refluxing with NH4F in CH3OH to give 3 in an overall yield of 43%.
Cross-coupling reactions of primary alkylboronic acids with aryl triflates and aryl halides

Abstract The cross-coupling reactions of primary alkylboronic acids with aryl triflates and aryl halides has been successfully achieved using PdCl2(dppf)·CH2Cl2 in the presence of potassium carbonate to provide the corresponding Suzuki coupled products in high yields.
A Search for Fallback Disks in Four Young Supernova Remnants

We report on our search for the optical/infrared counterparts to the central compact objects in four young supernova remnants: Pup A, PKS 1209−52, RCW 103, and Cas A. The X-ray point sources in these supernova remnants are excellent targets for probing the existence of supernova fallback disks, since irradiation of a disk by a central X-ray source should lead to an infrared excess. We used ground-based optical and near-infrared imaging and Spitzer Space Telescope mid-infrared imaging to search for optical/infrared counterparts at the X-ray point source positions measured by the Chandra X-Ray Observatory. We did not detect any counterparts, and hence find no evidence for fallback disks around any of these sources. In PKS 1209−52, we are able to exclude a nearby optical/infrared candidate counterpart. In RCW 103, a blend of 3 faint stars at the X-ray source position prevents us from deriving useful limits. For the other targets, the upper limits on the infrared/X-ray flux ratio are as deep as (1.0–1.7)×10 −4 . Comparing these limits to the ratio of ≈ 6 × 10 −5 measured for 4U 0142+61 (a young pulsar recently found with an X-ray irradiated dust disk), we conclude that the non-detection of any disks around young neutron stars studied here are consistent with their relatively low X-ray luminosities, although we note that a similar dust disk around the neutron star in Pup A should be detectable by deeper infrared observations. Subject headings: ISM: individual (Puppis A, PKS 1209−52, RCW 103, Cassiopeia A) — supernova remnants — X-rays: stars — stars: neutron
Scalable self-organizing resource management for multi-function radars in a sensor network

Networking radars to form a common air picture has provided a significant leap forward in tracking capability. These advances have existed largely without any capability for coordinating the resources of the networked sensors. In sensor-networking applications, multi-function radars, which have the ability to allocate resources to different radar tasks such as surveillance and tracking, operate largely in a sensorcentric fashion. That is, they make resource decisions based on a local-only tracking capability, and then pass valid measurements to a sensor-networking function that compiles a common air picture. As the list of required missions grows, sensors may no longer be able to operate in such a sensor-centric fashion, and will need to leverage contributions of other networked sensors to meet all performance requirements. This paper discusses the use of self-organizing principles for managing radar resources in a network-centric fashion. Radars make resource allocation decisions relative to the common, multi-sensor track picture versus a local track picture. By proper construction of the resource decision rules, the sensors adapt to an efficient global resource allocation using indirect coordination. That is, knowledge of other sensors' contributions to the common air picture is sufficient for the local sensor to apply local resources to tasks where it has a competitive advantage. This approach can offer significant resource savings to the individual sensors and improved tracking performance across the network. Further, the ability to coordinate tracking resources across the network allows for much greater scalability as network size increases.
Study of jet fragmentation in p+p collisions at 200 GeV in the STAR experiment

The measurement of jet fragmentation functions in p+p collisions at 200 GeV is of great interest because it provides a baseline to study jet quenching in heavy-ion collisions. It is expected that jet quenching in nuclear matter modifies the jet energy and multiplicity distributions, as well as the jet hadrochemical composition. Therefore, a systematic study of the fragmentation functions for charged hadrons and identified particles is a goal both in p+p and Au+Au collisions at RHIC. Studying fragmentation functions for identified particles is interesting in p+p by itself because it provides a test of NLO calculations at RHIC energies. We present a systematic comparison of jet energy spectra and fragment distributions using different jet-finding algorithms in p+p collisions in STAR. Fragmentation functions of charged and neutral strange particles are also reported for different jet energies.
Modeling defective interfering virus therapy for AIDS: Conditions for DIV survival

The administration of a genetically engineered defective interfering virus (DIV) that interferes with HIV-1 replication has been proposed as a therapy for HIV-1 infection and AIDS. The proposed interfering virus, which is designed to superinfect HIV-1 infected cells, carries ribozymes that cleave conserved regions in HIV-1 RNA that code for the viral envelope protein. Thus DIV infection of HIV-1 infected cells should reduce or eliminate viral production by these cells. The success of this therapeutic strategy will depend both on the intercellular interaction of DIV and HIV-1, and on the overall dynamics of virus and T cells in the body. To study these dynamical issues, we have constructed a mathematical model of the interaction of HIV-1, DIV, and CD4+ cells in vivo. The results of both mathematical analysis and numerical simulation indicate that survival of the engineered DIV purely on a peripheral blood HIV-1 infection is unlikely. However, analytical results indicate that DIV might well survive on HIV-1 infected CD4+ cells in lymphoid organs such as lymph nodes and spleen, or on other HIV-1 infected cells in these organs.
Picogram Determination of an Avermectin Analog in Dog Plasma by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with Fluorescence Detection

Abstract A sensitive and automated method for the determination of a new avermectin analog (MK-324) in dog plasma has been developed and validated. The drug and internal standard were extracted from plasma via solid-phase extraction using an automated Gilson ASPEC XL system. The extracts were evaporated to dryness and reconstituted in a mixture of N,N-diethylmethylamine and acetonitrile. Automated pre-column derivatization of the reconstituted extracts using trifluoroacetic anhydride was performed prior to injection onto the HPLC system. The fluorescent derivatives of the drug and internal standard were chromatographed using a Zorbax RX-C18 column and a mobile phase composed of acetonitrile, water and tetrahydrofuran [6:1:1 (v/v/v)]. The assay was validated in the concentration range of 100 - 5,000 pg/mL. Its applicability, inter-day performance and specificity were demonstrated by analyzing plasma samples from six studies with MK-324.
HST/WFC3 OBSERVATIONS OF LOW-MASS GLOBULAR CLUSTERS AM 4 AND PALOMAR 13: PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND IMPLICATIONS FOR MASS LOSS

We investigate the loss of low-mass stars in two of the faintest globular clusters known, AM 4 and Palomar 13 (Pal 13), using HST/WFC3 F606W and F814W photometry. To determine the physical properties of each cluster—age, mass, metallicity, extinction, and present day mass function (MF)—we use the maximum likelihood color–magnitude diagram (CMD) fitting program MATCH and the Dartmouth, Padova, and BaSTI stellar evolution models. For AM 4, the Dartmouth models provide the best match to the CMD and yield an age of >13 Gyr, metallicity log Z/Z_☉ = −1.68 ± 0.08, a distance modulus (m − M)V = 17.47 ± 0.03, and reddening AV = 0.19 ± 0.02. For Pal 13 the Dartmouth models give an age of 13.4 ± 0.5 Gyr, log Z/Z_☉ = −1.55 ± 0.06, (m − M)V = 17.17 ± 0.02, and AV = 0.43 ± 0.01. We find that the systematic uncertainties due to choice in assumed stellar model greatly exceed the random uncertainties, highlighting the importance of using multiple stellar models when analyzing stellar populations. Assuming a single-sloped power-law MF, we find that AM 4 and Pal 13 have spectral indices α = +0.68 ± 0.34 and α = −1.67 ± 0.25 (where a Salpeter MF has α = +1.35), respectively. Comparing our derived slopes with literature measurements of cluster integrated magnitude (MV) and MF slope indicates that AM 4 is an outlier. Its MF slope is substantially steeper than clusters of comparable luminosity, while Pal 13 has an MF in line with the general trend. We discuss both primordial and dynamical origins for the unusual MF slope of AM 4 and tentatively favor the dynamical scenario. However, MF slopes of more low luminosity clusters are needed to verify this hypothesis.
The molecular structure of a complex of a 2,6-diimino-pyridine as a bidentate ligand with molybdenum carbonyl

Abstract Reaction of the pyridyl-diimine ligand, 2,6-[1- (2,2-dimethylpropanimino)ethyl]pyridine (1) with Mo(CO)6 has unexpectedly yielded [Mo(CO)41], in which the normally tridentate ligand, even under forcing conditions, is bidentate. A single crystal X-ray structure determination reveals the distorted octahedral molecule with the MoC distances trans to the nitrogen donor atoms 0.1 A shorter than the other two MoC distances. Other bond lengths suggest delocalization of charge in the chelate ring and this is reinforced by proton NMR data which suggests electron flow from the metal into the pyridine ring.
Feasibility of a national fatal asthma registry: more evidence of IRB variation in evaluation of a standard protocol.

Purpose. Approximately 4,500 Americans die from asthma each year. Our objective was to determine the feasibility of creating a national fatal asthma registry to better understand this problem.Methods. Using a standard questionnaire, 18 state vital statistics departments and 22 medical examiners offices were contacted in 2001 to assess availability of fatal asthma data. Funding was obtained in 2002 to implement a fatal asthma registry. During 2003, the project was put on hold due to uncertainty about the impact of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA). The project was revived in 2004 when a standard protocol was submitted to Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) in four different states.Results. All vital statistics departments reported that they were able to identify the decedent's name and demographic characteristics. Contact information for a relative or doctor was available in all states. Demographic characteristics and autopsy findings were available from 100% of the medical exa...
Egg transmission studies of Type II leukosis infection (Marek's disease).

Abstract There has been no report to date to indicate that Type II leukosis infection is transmitted via the egg from infected parent to offspring. There are, however, reports indicating transmission via the excreta, air and other means (Sevoian et al., 1963; Witter and Burmester, 1967). One recommended method of control has been to raise chickens in isolation, away from older infected stock, but this means has not always prevented outbreaks of the disease. Blood samples collected from such isolated stock, even at a very early age, has almost invariably indicated a high incidence of Type II viremic chickens (Sevoian, 1968a, b). It has also been established that the infection is widespread and persistent including breeding stock. Furthermore, experimental trials indicated that JM virus, a prototype of this infection, propagated in chicken embryos (Anderson and Sevoian, 1968). Studies were initiated in this laboratory in 1965 to investigate the role of the . . .
Inclusion of cool roofs in nonresidential Title 24 prescriptive requirements

Abstract Roofs that have high solar reflectance (high ability to reflect sunlight) and high thermal emittance (high ability to radiate heat) tend to stay cool in the sun. The same is true of low-emittance roofs with exceptionally high solar reflectance. Substituting a cool roof for a non-cool roof tends to decrease cooling electricity use, cooling power demand, and cooling-equipment capacity requirements, while slightly increasing heating energy consumption. Cool roofs can also lower citywide ambient air temperature in summer, slowing ozone formation and increasing human comfort. DOE-2.1E building energy simulations indicate that use of a cool roofing material on a prototypical California nonresidential (NR) building with a low-sloped roof yields average annual cooling energy savings of approximately 3.2 kW h/m 2 (300 kW h/1000 ft 2 ), average annual natural gas deficits of 5.6 MJ/m 2 (4.9 therm/1000 ft 2 ), average annual source energy savings of 30 MJ/m 2 (2.6 MBTU/1000 ft 2 ), and average peak power demand savings of 2.1 W/m 2 (0.19 kW/1000 ft 2 ). The 15-year net present value (NPV) of energy savings averages $4.90/m 2 ($450/1000 ft 2 ) with time-dependent valuation (TDV), and $4.00/m 2 ($370/1000 ft 2 ) without TDV. When cost savings from downsizing cooling equipment are included, the average total savings (15-year NPV+equipment savings) rises to $5.90/m 2 ($550/1000 ft 2 ) with TDV, and to $5.00/m 2 ($470/1000 ft 2 ) without TDV. Total savings range from 1.90 to 8.30 $/m 2 (0.18–0.77 $/ft 2 ) with TDV, and from 1.70 to 7.10 $/m 2 (0.16–0.66 $/ft 2 ) without TDV, across California's 16 climate zones. The typical cost premium for a cool roof is 0.00–2.20 $/m 2 (0.00–0.20 $/ft 2 ). Cool roofs with premiums up to $2.20/m 2 ($0.20/ft 2 ) are expected to be cost effective in climate zones 2–16; those with premiums not exceeding $1.90/m 2 ($0.18/ft 2 ) are expected to be also cost effective in climate zone 1. Hence, this study recommends that the year-2005 California building energy efficiency code (Title 24, Part 6 of the California Code of Regulations) for NR buildings with low-sloped roofs include a cool-roof prescriptive requirement in all California climate zones. Buildings with roofs that do not meet prescriptive requirements may comply with the code via an “overall-envelope” approach (non-metal roofs only), or via a performance approach (all roof types).
Current Star Formation in Post-Starburst Galaxies?

Radio continuum observations are a probe of star formation in galaxies and are unaffected by dust extinction. Observations of the distant rich cluster Cl 0939+4713 have detected radio galaxies classified as post-starburst (k+a) on the basis of their optical spectra, and presumably this situation arises from heavily dust-obscured star formation. We present the results of a radio continuum survey of post-starburst galaxies identified by Zabludoff and coworkers from the Las Campanas Redshift Survey. This sample was selected using very stringent criteria and therefore provides an estimate on the incidence of potential star formation in galaxies whose optical spectra exhibit the strongest post-starburst features. We detected two of 15 such galaxies at radio luminosities consistent with moderate levels of star formation. This result underscores the potential importance of dust extinction when one investigates star formation in galaxies.
Light quark mass difference and isospin breaking in electromagnetic pion production

Abstract It is demonstrated that there is a dynamic isospin breaking effect in the near threshold γ ∗ N→πN reaction due to the mass difference of the up and down quarks, which also causes isospin breaking in the πN system. The photopion reaction is affected through final state πN interactions (formally implemented by unitarity and time reversal invariance). It is also demonstrated that the near threshold γ N →πN reaction is a practical reaction to measure isospin breaking in the πN system, which was first predicted by Weinberg about 20 years ago but has never been experimentally tested.
Gravitationally squeezed light

Normally, pure states of coherent light have equal uncertainties for pairs of conjugate variables. In recent years, however, it has become possible to produce and detect light in which fluctuations of one of the quadrature components are suppressed below the corresponding flutuations of a coherent state. Such radiation is said to be in a squeezed state. We explore the possibility that a strong gravitational field can produce a squeezed state of light. Such squeezing does in fact occur, and we derive an expression for the resulting uncertainties in a high frequency or long time limit. These results comprise a new, testable prediction of general relativity.
Comparison of Data-Driven Link Estimation Methods in Low-Power Wireless Networks

Link estimation is a basic element of routing in low-power wireless networks, and data-driven link estimation using unicast MAC feedback has been shown to outperform broadcast-beacon-based link estimation. Nonetheless, little is known about how different data-driven link estimation methods affect routing behaviors. To address this issue, we classify existing data-driven link estimation methods into two broad categories: L-NT that uses aggregate information about unicast and L-ETX that uses information about the individual unicast-physical-transmissions. Through mathematical analysis and experimental measurement in a testbed of 98 XSM motes (an enhanced version of MICA2 motes), we examine the accuracy and stability of L-NT and L-ETX in estimating the ETX routing metric. We also experimentally study the routing performance of L-NT and L-ETX. We discover that these two representative, seemingly similar methods of data-driven link estimation differ significantly in routing behaviors: L-ETX is much more accurate and stable than L-NT in estimating the ETX metric, and accordingly, L-ETX achieves a higher data delivery reliability and energy efficiency than L-NT (for instance, by 25.18 percent and a factor of 3.75, respectively, in our testbed). These findings provide new insight into the subtle design issues in data-driven link estimation that significantly impact the reliability, stability, and efficiency of wireless routing, thus shedding light on how to design link estimation methods for mission-critical wireless networks which pose stringent requirements on reliability and predictability.
Message storage and processing with a magnetic drum system

In large-volume Teletype network operation, such as the periodic collection and dissemination of weather observations or the filing and processing of aircraft flight plans, certain basic clerical operations can be mechanized. Mechanization of this kind greatly improves the effectiveness of a given number of human operators and traffic controllers, since their attention can be concentrated almost completely on the decision-making portion of their work.
Teacher Asthma Management and Information Seeking Scale

This article presents the design and evaluation of the Teacher Asthma Management and Information Seeking Scale. Based on a sample of 593 kindergarten to eighth grade teachers, the scale yielded two factors: the Asthma Management (= 0.90) and the Information Seeking Factor (= 0.71). This scale fills a needed gap in the literature regarding assessment tools for school-based asthma management that focus on teacher behavior.
Inelastic neutron scattering investigation of spin waves and magnetic interactions in Cr2O3

Abstract The dispersion relation E(q) for spin waves in Cr2O3 has been measured at 78 K by means of inelastic neutron scattering using a triple-axis spectrometer. Thespin-wave energy is found to vary between 7.9 K (0.68 meV) at the Brillouin zone centre to 635 K (54.7 meV) at the zone boundary near (111). The data were fitted to a theoretical E(q) derived from a Heisenberg Hamiltonian involving neighbours out to about 6.1 A distance. It is found that the interactions to the first and second neighbours are strong, but weak interactions exist out to at least the fifth neighbours (4.1 A). The sublattice magnetization, the Neel point, the Curie-Weiss temperature and the perpendicular susceptibility are calculated using the spin-wave data and are found to agree well with observations. The density of spin-wave states is also calculated.
Atomic data for astrophysics. I. Radiative recombination rates for H-like, He-like, Li-like, and Na-like ions over a broad range of temperature

We present new calculations and analytic fits to the rates of radiative recombination toward H-like, He-like, Li-like, and Na-like ions of all elements from H through Zn ({ital Z}=30). The fits are valid over a wide range of temperature, from 3 K to 10{sup 9} K. {copyright} {ital 1996 The American Astronomical Society.}
Electroabsorption spectroscopy of charge transfer states of transition metal complexes

Abstract The use of electroabsorption spectroscopy to determine the dipole-moment changes that occur in the metal-to-ligand, ligand-to-metal, and metal-to-metal charge-transfer transitions in mononuclear and binuclear transition metal complexes is reviewed. The ground-excited state dipole-moment differences are much smaller than expected for the transfer of unit electronic charge between the donor and acceptor centers. The results are discussed in terms of a model in which two factors, electron delocalization and polarization of the acceptor, donor or bridging ligand electrons in response to the changed charge on the metal centers, are considered to be primarily responsible for the relatively small dipole-moment changes. The implications of the results for electronic coupling elements and reorganization energies are also discussed.
Halfspace range search: an algorithmic application of k -sets

Given a fixed setS ofn points inE3 and a query plane?, the halfspace range search problem asks for the retrieval of all points ofS on a chosen side of?. We prove that withO(n(logn)8 (loglogn)4) storage it is possible to solve this problem inO(k+logn) time, wherek is the number of points to be reported. This result rests crucially on a new combinatorial derivation. We show that the total number ofj-sets (j=1, ...,k) realized by a set ofn points inE3 isO(nk5); ak-set is any subset ofS of sizek which can be separated from the rest ofS by a plane.
Estrogen sex-reversal of Tilapia aurea

Abstract Chemical treatments were used to produce sex-reversed female (genetic male) Tilapia aurea, which can be bred to produce monosex offspring. Various combinations of estrogens, two synthetic and one natural, an antiandrogen, and a ‘pituitary blocking agent’ were orally administered to sexually undifferentiated fry. Treatment periods were 4, 5, 6 and 8 weeks. Seven of the 36 treatments produced more than 50% females (α = 0.05). Two treatments were more successful than the others: (1) 17-α-ethynylestradiol (EE) at 100 mg kg−1 diet in combination with methallibure (ME) at 100 mg kg−1 for 6 weeks and (2) EE-100 with ME-100 and cyproterone acetate (CA) at 100 mg kg−1 for 6 weeks. These treatments produced fish that were 90% female. Comparisons of the treatments with and without CA indicated that CA may lessen the hormone effectiveness of the treatments. Diethylstilbestrol was as potent as EE in comparable CA treatments.
Assessing fuzzy sets and the potential of possibility theory

The alpha-cut is generalized to depend on relations other than greater-than-or-equal-to. Various measures of fuzziness and specificity are also generalized as assessment functions. A consistent notation and terminology are developed. Possibility theory is introduced, and the assessment functions are recast as potential functions. The nonspecificity function is seen to have special relevance.
Category equivalences involving graded modules over weighted path algebras and weighted monomial algebras

Abstract Let k be a field, Q a finite directed graph, and kQ its path algebra. Make kQ an N -graded algebra by assigning each arrow a positive degree. Let I be an ideal in kQ generated by a finite number of paths and write A = k Q / I . Let QGr A denote the quotient of the category of graded right A -modules modulo the Serre subcategory consisting of those graded modules that are the sum of their finite dimensional submodules. This paper shows there is a finite directed graph Q ′ with all its arrows placed in degree 1 and an equivalence of categories QGr A ≡ QGr k Q ′ . A result of Smith now implies that QGr A ≡ Mod S , the category of right modules over an ultramatricial, hence von Neumann regular, algebra S .
"Wired," yet intoxicated: modeling binge caffeine and alcohol co-consumption in the mouse.

BACKGROUND: The combination of highly caffeinated "energy drinks" with alcohol (ethanol [EtOH]) has become popular among young adults and intoxication via such beverages has been associated with an elevated risk for harmful behaviors. However, there are discrepancies in the human literature regarding the effect of caffeine on alcohol intoxication, perhaps due to confounding factors such as personality type, expectancy, and history of exposure. Animal models of co-exposure are resistant to such issues; however, the consequences of voluntary co-consumption have been largely ignored in the animal literature. The primary goal of this work was to characterize a mouse model of binge caffeine and EtOH co-consumption employing the limited access "Drinking-in-the-Dark" (DID) paradigm. METHODS: Caffeine was added to a 20% alcohol solution via DID. Alcohol/caffeine intake, locomotor behavior, ataxia, anxiety-like behavior, and cognitive function were evaluated as a consequence of co-consumption in adult male C57BL/6J mice. RESULTS: Caffeine did not substantially alter binge alcohol intake or resultant blood EtOH concentrations (BECs), nor did it alter alcohol's anxiolytic effects on the elevated plus maze or cognitive-interfering effects in a novel object-recognition task. However, no evidence of alcohol-induced sedation was observed in co-consumption groups that instead demonstrated a highly stimulated state similar to that of caffeine alone. The addition of caffeine was also found to mitigate alcohol-induced ataxia. CONCLUSIONS: Taken together, our mouse model indicates that binge co-consumption of caffeine and alcohol produces a stimulated, less ataxic and anxious, as well as cognitively altered state; a state that could be of great public health concern. These results appear to resemble the colloquially identified "wide awake drunk" state that individuals seek via consumption of such beverages. This self-administration model therefore offers the capacity for translationally valid explorations of the neurobiological consequences of binge co-consumption to assess the public health risk of this drug combination. Language: en
Evaluation of Si(Li) detectors for use in Compton telescopes

Abstract Si(Li) detectors are currently being developed for use in large Compton telescopes. A major advantage of silicon when compared with germanium is its ability to operate at significantly higher temperatures. To determine the feasibility of using Si(Li) detectors in a Compton telescope, their performance as a function of temperature has been studied. We present leakage current, noise data and gamma-ray spectral performance at various temperatures for single 6-mm-thick planar devices. It has been determined that for detectors without a guard ring, the noise began to rise significantly around 210 K. Adding a guard ring improved the leakage current by about an order of magnitude and reduced the total noise (detector plus electronics) by about 25%. The noise of the detectors with ∼130 mm2 area and a guard ring did not exceed our performance goal of 2 keV FWHM until the temperature was approximately 240 K. For 122 keV gamma rays, no evidence of ballistic deficit was seen at 8 μs peaking time and bias voltages corresponding to an internal electric field of ∼1150 V/cm. Some evidence of ballistic deficit was seen for 662 keV gamma rays at temperatures above 220 K.
Estimating the Social Cost of Non-CO2 GHG Emissions: Methane and Nitrous Oxide

Abstract Many estimates of the social cost of CO2 emissions (SCCO2) can be found in the climate economics literature. However, to date few estimates of the social costs of other greenhouse gases have been published, and most are not comparable to current estimates of the SCCO2. We construct an integrated assessment model that combines MAGICC and economic components from DICE to estimate the social costs of CO2, CH4, and N2O for the years 2010–2050, using assumptions similar to the recent U.S. government interagency SCC working group. We compare our estimates of the social costs for non-CO2 gases to those produced using the SCCO2 to value “CO2-equivalent” emissions, calculated using global warming potentials (GWPs). We examine the estimation error associated with using GWPs for single- and multi-gas abatement policies. In both cases the error can be large, so estimates of the social costs of these gases should be used whenever possible. However, if direct estimates are not available the value of reductions estimated using GWPs will typically have lower absolute errors than default estimates of zero, and provide lower bounds of the abatement benefits.
Response to Franz, Freedman, Goldstein, and Ridout

D uring presidential elections, most voters in contested states face a barrage of campaign ads. While these commercials are meant to persuade and not necessarily mobilize voters, there are ample theoretical grounds to suspect they stimulate turnout by informing viewers and activating their sense of civic duty (Freedman, Franz, and Goldstein 2004) or by signaling a competitive election (Cox and Munger 1989). The behavioral consequences of exposure to campaign ads is interesting in its own right, but important political and policy issues hang in the balance as well. Candidates and their consultants have reason to wonder the extent to which their advertising spurs turnout as they allocate resources. Proposals to regulate campaign financing or campaigns themselves inevitably meet the objection that any reduction in the volume of campaigns will lead to a less informed, interested, and active electorate (Ansolabehere and Snyder 2000). Our position is that presidential campaign ads have a minimal impact on voter turnout. In their response, Franz, Freedman, Goldstein and Ridout (FFGR) seem equivocal on this point. Their analysis of individual-level survey data (Freedman, Franz, and Goldstein 2004) produced very large effects. We have nothing against survey data per se, but we are particularly cautious about using the nonvalidated vote item as a dependent variable given respondents’ propensity to misremember or exaggerate. That is not necessarily a fatal error: a recent paper by Ashworth and Clinton (2007) that controls for potential endogeneity of ad exposure and turnout concludes that presidential campaign ads in 2000 had little effect on survey respondents’ professed intention of voting. Indeed, FFGR’s aggregate analyses generate an array of much smaller effects. They point out that their forthcoming book reports that exposure to 10,000 campaign ads increases turnout by a meager 0.3 percentage points, leading them to back away from their survey results, describing them as the product of ‘‘irrational exuberance’’. If that is their position, then both sides now agree: presidential advertising does not stimulate turnout (Franz et al. 2008, p. 265). However, FFGR caution against inferring that advertising’s effect is ‘‘universal or consistent across election years.’’ Perhaps, but their essay provides no evidence about any election other than the 2000 election. We look forward to applying our natural experiments framework to other elections when the data gathered by FFGR become publicly available. We expect to continue to find that presidential ads have a small impact on turnout, as they do not engage voters personally and rarely encourage viewers to vote (Franz et al. 2008, p. 265).
Stereospecific approach to the synthesis of [18F]2-deoxy-2-fluoro-D-mannose.

Abstract The reaction of methyl 4,6-O-benzylidene-3-O-benzyl-2-O-trifluoromethanesulfonyl-β- d -glucopyranoside in acetonitrile at 75°C for 30 min with [ 18 F]tetra-n-butylammonium fluoride, followed by silica gel column chromatographic purification, gave the corresponding [ 18 F]methyl 4,6-O-benzylidene-3-O-benzyl-2-fluoro-β- d -mannopyranoside with complete regio- and stereoselectivity (42% radiochemical yield). Hydrolysis of the radiolabeled fluoromannopyranoside intermediate with either 6 N HCl or 50% methanesulfonic acid for 30 min at 120°C, followed by purification by column chromatography (ion retardation resin and neutral alumina), gave pure [ 18 F]2-deoxy-2-fluoro- d -mannose ([ 18 F]2-FDM) with an overall radiochemical yield (from [ 18 F]fluoride ion) of 34%. Extension of this methodology to the no carrier added (nca) synthesis under phase transfer conditions (Kryptofix 222/K 18 F/acetonitrile) gave nca [ 18 F]2-FDM in a radiochemical yield of 75%. Purity and identity of the fluorinated products were confirmed by 1 H and 19 F NMR spectroscopy. The synthetic procedure described here permits for the first time the routine preparation of large amounts of [ 18 F]2-FDM for tomographic studies.
Coordination-driven self-assembly of functionalized supramolecular metallacycles.

Coordination-driven self-assembly that combines rigid ditopic Pt(II) metal acceptors and bis-pyridyl organic donors provides a facile means of synthesizing well-defined metallacycles of predetermined size and geometry. Functionalization of the component acceptor or donor building blocks allows for the preparation of multifunctional supramolecular materials wherein the stoichiometry and position of individual functional moieties can be precisely controlled. The design, self-assembly, and applications of polyfunctional supramolecules incorporating functional moieties with host–guest, photonic, materials, and self-organizational properties is discussed.
Stress and Strain in Flat Piling of Disks

We have created a flat piling of disks in a numerical experiment, using the Distinct Element Method (DEM), by depositing them under gravity. In the resulting pile, we then measured increments in stress and strain that were associated with a small decrease in gravity. We first describe the stress in terms of the strain using isotropic elasticity theory. Then, from a micro-mechanical view point, we calculate the relation between the stress and strain using the mean strain assumption. We compare the predicted values of Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio with those that were measured in the numerical experiment.
Proximity Queries Between Convex Objects: An Interior Point Approach for Implicit Surfaces

This paper presents a general method for exact distance computation between convex objects represented as intersections of implicit surfaces. Exact distance computation algorithms are particularly important for applications involving objects that make intermittent contact, such as in dynamic simulations and in haptic interactions. They can also be used in the narrow phase of hierarchical collision detection. In contrast to geometric approaches developed for polyhedral objects, we formulate the distance computation problem as a convex optimization problem. We use an interior point method to solve the optimization problem and demonstrate that, for general convex objects represented as implicit surfaces, interior point approaches are globally convergent, and fast in practice. Further, they provide polynomial-time guarantees for implicit surface objects when the implicit surfaces have self-concordant barrier functions. We use a primal-dual interior point algorithm that solves the Karush-Kuhn-Tucker (KKT) conditions obtained from the convex programming formulation. For the case of polyhedra and quadrics, we establish a theoretical time complexity of O(n1.5), where n is the number of constraints. We present implementation results for example implicit surface objects, including polyhedra, quadrics, and generalizations of quadrics such as superquadrics and hyperquadrics, as well as intersections of these surfaces. We demonstrate that in practice, the algorithm takes time linear in the number of constraints, and that distance computation rates of about 1 kHz can be achieved. We also extend the approach to proximity queries between deforming convex objects. Finally, we show that continuous collision detection for linearly translating objects can be performed by solving two related convex optimization problems. For polyhedra and quadrics, we establish that the computational complexity of this problem is also O(n1.5).
Learning from incidents of violence in health care. An investigation of 'case reports' as a basis for staff development and organisational change.

Abstract How can health care staff be helped by learning about aggression and violence in health care settings. This is a report of how ‘Case Reports’ were used as a basis for staff development through educational intervention and organisational change. The project was carried out in two stages. Firstly, ‘Case Reports’ were collected to document and illuminate the experiences of health care staff, and these reports were used as a basis for teaching and learning. Secondly, opportunities were provided for health care staff to review existing policies and guidelines relevant to aggression and violence in health care settings. The views of 253 health care staff from five Health Authorities were explored. Health care staff reported 1) experiencing verbal abuse, hostility, actual contact violence, fears and anxieties during work; 2) that although they were exposed to aggression and/or actual contact violence, training was sparse or non-existent; 3) that policies and guidelines where they existed were out of date and were not relevant to the variety of health care settings in which they worked; and 4) that their skills in this area could be improved through training, with particular attention to listening skills, facilitation skills, verbal and non-verbal communication and assertion skills.
DISK IMAGING SURVEY OF CHEMISTRY WITH SMA. II. SOUTHERN SKY PROTOPLANETARY DISK DATA AND FULL SAMPLE STATISTICS

This is the second in a series of papers based on data from DISCS, a Submillimeter Array observing program aimed at spatially and spectrally resolving the chemical composition of 12 protoplanetary disks. We present data on six Southern sky sources-IM Lup, SAO 206462 (HD 135344b), HD 142527, AS 209, AS 205, and V4046 Sgr-which complement the six sources in the Taurus star-forming region reported previously. CO 2-1 and HCO{sup +} 3-2 emission are detected and resolved in all disks and show velocity patterns consistent with Keplerian rotation. Where detected, the emission from DCO{sup +} 3-2, N{sub 2}H{sup +} 3-2, H{sub 2}CO 3{sub 03} - 2{sub 02} and 4{sub 14} - 3{sub 13}, HCN 3-2, and CN 2{sub 33/4/2} - 1{sub 22/3/1} are also generally spatially resolved. The detection rates are highest toward the M and K stars, while the F star SAO 206462 has only weak CN and HCN emission, and H{sub 2}CO alone is detected toward HD 142527. These findings together with the statistics from the previous Taurus disks support the hypothesis that high detection rates of many small molecules depend on the presence of a cold and protected disk midplane, which is less common around F and Amore » stars compared to M and K stars. Disk-averaged variations in the proposed radiation tracer CN/HCN are found to be small, despite a two orders of magnitude range of spectral types and accretion rates. In contrast, the resolved images suggest that the CN/HCN emission ratio varies with disk radius in at least two of the systems. There are no clear observational differences in the disk chemistry between the classical/full T Tauri disks and transitional disks. Furthermore, the observed line emission does not depend on the measured accretion luminosities or the number of infrared lines detected, which suggests that the chemistry outside of 100 AU is not coupled to the physical processes that drive the chemistry in the innermost few AU.« less
Studies in silanol synthesis: internal nucleophiles and steric hindrance

As a model system for the synthesis of complex silanediols, N,N-dimethyl 3-(tert-butyldiphenylsilyl)propionamide was prepared and treated with triflic acid, resulting in the removal of one phenyl group and yielding a silanol. Even with a large excess of triflic acid, only a single phenyl group could be removed. This contrasts with a diphenylsilyl group flanked by a pair of amides, for which both phenyl groups are rapidly cleaved. A combination of steric hindrance by the tert-butyl group and lack of a second internal nucleophile appears to limit triflic acid-mediated phenyl hydrolysis from the silicon. © 2001 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd.
Computation of Unsteady Turbulent Boundary Layers with Flow Reversal, and Evaluation of Two Separate Turbulence Models

A procedure which solves the governing boundary layer equations within Keller's box method was developed for calculating unsteady laminar flows with flow reversal. This method is extended to turbulent boundary layers with flow reversal. Test cases are used to investigate the proposition that unsteady turbulent boundary layers also remain free of singularities. Turbulent flow calculations are performed. The governing equations for both models are solved. As in laminar flows, the unsteady turbulent boundary layers are free from singularities, but there is a clear indication of rapid thickening of the boundary layer with increasing flow reversal. Predictions of both turbulence models are the same for all practical purposes.