cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Homogeneous Nucleation Rate for Highly Supercooled Cirrus Cloud Droplets

Abstract A mixed-phase hydrometer growth model has been applied to determining the nucleation mode and rate responsible for the glaciation of a highly supercooled liquid cloud studied jointly by ground-based polarization lidar and aircraft in situ probes. The cloud droplets were detected at the base of an orographically induced cirrus cloud at temperatures between −34.3° and −37.3°C. The vertical distribution above cloud base of two independent data quantities, the aircraft-measured water and ice particle concentrations and the lidar linear depolarization ratio, have been compared to model predictions for both the homogeneous and heterogeneous drop-freezing. modes. It is concluded that, although activated ice nuclei may have contributed to the glaciation of the cloud, homogeneous nucleation was the dominant mode. Accordingly, a homogeneous nucleation rate ∼106 times greater than that predicted by classical theory, but ∼103 times less than laboratory measurements would suggest is found to be appropriate at...
Beyond monotherapy: Integrating immunotherapy into current treatment regimens

While we have shown that these urinary metabolites are risk biomarkers for lung cancer in these studies, they are not fully predictive. This is because these biomarkers are mainly measuring exposure but do not take into account the critical metabolic activation step leading to the formation of DNA adducts which cause the multiple mutations observed in lung cancer. Quantitation of DNA adducts is challenging because of their low levels, typically less than 1 adduct per 10 normal bases, and the small amounts of DNA available for studies in living humans. To address this question, we are developing high resolution mass spectrometric methods for quantifying oral cell DNA adducts as a surrogate for DNA adduct formation in the lung. In one recent study, we found remarkably high levels of DNA adducts of tobaccospecific compounds in in the oral mucosa cells of smokers compared to non-smokers. We are also able to quantify formaldehyde-DNA adducts in oral mucosa cells. As mass spectrometric methods for analysis of carcinogen-DNA adducts become increasingly more sensitive and specific, it appears likely that quantitation of a panel of tobacco carcinogen DNA adducts in smokers, leading to identification of susceptible individuals, may be feasible.
Morphological Structure and Genetic Mapping of a New Leaf Color Mutant in Rice

A natural leaf color mutant gwgl in rice,named Baihuaidao 7,showed a typical phenotype of green-white-green leaf at different stages.The mutant character only arose under signal stress induced by mechanical damage such as transplantation.The leaf color,chlorophyll a content and ultra-structure of chloroplast of the mutant were almost the same with the wild typle at the seedling stage.After the leaf changed white,total chlorophyll,chlorophyll a,chlorophyll b and carotenoid contents of the mutant were evidently decreased,the thylakoid of the mutant were gradually degraded,and the chloroplast grana lamella and grana were decreased.At maturity,the plant of the mutant was etiolated and dwarfed.The genetic analysis indicated that the leaf mutant was controlled by a recessive nuclear gene.Genetic mapping of the mutant gene was conducted by using the F2 mapping population of Baihuaidao 7/Jiangxi 1587.The results suggested that the mutant gene was mapped on rice chromosome 11 between InDel markers L59.2-7 and L64.8-11.The physical distances between the two InDel markers were about 740.5 kb.The mutant gene was considered to be a new leaf gene in rice and designated tentatively as GWGL,which laid a good foundation for fine-mapping,cloning and functional analysis of the mutant genes.
Effects of acute hyperoxic exposure on solute fluxes across the blood-gas barrier in rat lungs

Zheng, Lu P., Rui Sheng Du, and Barbara E. Goodman.Effects of acute hyperoxic exposure on solute fluxes across the blood-gas barrier in rat lungs. J. Appl. Physiol. 82(1): 240–247, 1997.—We investi...
Long-term evaluation of tissue valves

The results in 241 patients (131 aortic, 103 mitral, and 7 tricuspid valve operations) with replacement of heart valves by stented tissue valves were analyzed. Autologous fascia lata was used in 78 patients, homologous fascia lata in 65, and heterologous pericardium in 98 patients. The follow-up for the fascia lata group was 38 to 60 months and for the pericardium group 6 to 37 months. Valve function has differed significantly with regard to both the site of valve insertion and the type of tissue used. Aortic pericardial valves have produced the best results and autologous fascial valves in the mitral position the worst. Valve failure has occurred in only 6 patients with autologous fascia in the mitral position. Considerable symptomatic improvement was reported by the majority of patients with either aortic or mitral replacement. The incidence of thromboembolism in the entire series has been very low although anticoagulants were not used. Analysis of clinical and hemodynamic results and the assessment of valve function have shown that preserved heterologous pericardium has the potential qualities for a heart valve substitute.
Suppression of NMDA Receptor Function Using Antisense DNA Blocks Ocular Dominance Plasticity While Preserving Visual Responses

Roberts, Elizabeth B., M. Alex Meredith, and Ary S. Ramoa. Suppression of NMDA receptor function using antisense DNA blocks ocular dominance plasticity while preserving visual responses. J. Neuroph...
Allocation of advertising budget between multiple channels to support sales in multiple markets

We consider the allocation of a limited marketing budget between multiple channels in order to promote sales at multiple markets. The channels differ in their type, level of targetability (or reach), and costliness. We incorporate the “threshold effect” from each market in our resource allocation which requires some positive advertising investment in each market before much sales impact can be observed from it. The increased number of channels in recent years with the advent of digital advertising, along with the added complexity created by the threshold effect, necessitates the development of new allocation approaches. In this paper, we formulate the firm’s resource allocation decision as a nonlinear and nonseparable knapsack problem. We develop a branch and cut solution method which is enhanced by a heuristic approach. A set of numerical experiments illustrate the performance of our methods and evaluate the usefulness of two rule-of-thumb strategies commonly used in practice.
Hittin’ The Prayer Bones: Materiality of Spirit in the Pentecostal South

Early in Anderson Blanton’s absorbing ethnographic study of southern Appalachian Pentecostal prayer practices, we find a reprint of an evocative illustration from Oral Roberts’s 1950 how-to manual,...
Linear turbo equalization with precoding for underwater acoustic communications

Long range underwater acoustic communications are challenging since this channel is severely band limited, time varying, and has a long delay spread. A linear turbo equalizer is a good candidate for communicating over this channel, because it achieves a high level of spectral efficiency with a realizable complexity. As the channel is FIR, the convergence of the turbo equalizer is improved by recursive precoding of the signal before transmission. In this paper, we present a scheme for receiving a precoded transmission using a linear equalizer. Also, experimental results demonstrating high data rates achieved via precoding for long range underwater acoustic communications are presented.
AL Amyloidosis: Prognosis of Cardiac Involvement Reconsidered.

Abstract 4872 Backgroud Prognosis in AL amyloidosis is commonly viewed as dichotomous, based on the presence or absence of cardiac involvement. Patients with cardiac AL amyloidosis are reported to have a dismal prognosis, with a median survival of approximately 6 months. Furthermore, cardiac involvement is often considered a contraindication to hematopoietic cell transplant. Aims To compare the prognosis of patients with cardiac AL amyloidosis with and without presenting symptoms of congestive heart failure (CHF). Methods The study population consisted of individuals with biopsy-proven AL amyloidosis and cardiac involvement seen at the Stanford University Amyloid Center. Cardiac involvement was defined by the presence of amyloid deposits on endomyocardial biopsy or the combination of increased ventricular mass with reduced electrocardiographic voltage. Results A total of 27 patients (median age 64 years, 37% female) were evaluated. The 16 patients with CHF symptoms had a median age of 65 years with a median of 2 organs involved with amyloidosis. The 11 patients without CHF symptoms had a median age of 59 years with a median of 3 organs involved. At diagnosis, NT-proBNP was significantly higher in the group with CHF symptoms (15,938 vs. 2,538 pg/ml, P<0.001), as was the likelihood of detectable troponin I (86% s. 36%, P<0.02). Mean levels of the involved serum free light chain (179.7 vs. 47.9 mg/dL) were nonsignificantly higher in the cohort with CHF. Though there was no difference in the mean interventricular septal width between the two groups (1.5 cm), the mean systolic blood pressure (sBP) (91 vs. 115 mm Hg, P<0.001) and left ventricular ejection fraction (45 vs. 59%, p=0.02) were significantly lower in the group with CHF symptoms. A total of 6 patients (4 without CHF symptoms, 2 with CHF symptoms) received hematopoietic cell transplants, and 3 patients received heart transplants. Other therapies employed included oral melphalan (6 patients), dexamethasone (19 patients), lenalidomide (17 patients), and bortezomib (4 patients). After a median follow-up of 24 months, there were 9 deaths in the cohort with CHF symptoms vs. 0 in the group without CHF symptoms. Six-month survival (50% vs. 100%, P<0.01) and one-year survival (42% vs. 100%, P<0.01) were significantly lower in the group with CHF symptoms. Discussion CHF at presentation is the primary factor which predicts a poor prognosis in patients with cardiac AL amyloidosis. In our cohort, no patient without CHF symptoms at diagnosis later developed CHF, and thus new CHF symptoms do not appear to be a typical consequence of progressive disease. Conclusion Not all patients with cardiac AL amylodosis have an exceptionally poor prognosis. Many patients have ‘incidental’ cardiac involvement in the absence of CHF symptoms and appear to do well with both standard and intensive therapies. Disclosures Witteles: Celgene: Research Funding. Off Label Use: Melphalan, lenalidomide & bortezomib as therapy for AL amyloidosis.. Witteles: Celgene: Research Funding. Schrier: Celgene: Research Funding.
Behavioral pharmacology of 6-hydroxydopamine

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews the behavioral pharmacology of 6-hydroxydopamine. The ability of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-HDA) to produce a specific degeneration of central catecholamine-containing neurons offers a unique opportunity to study the consequences of loss of these neurons on the performance of a conditioned response. The 6-HDA treatment used in the VI experiment, two injections of 250 μg 6-HDA, produced 80–90% decrease in brain NE and a 70–80% decrease in brain DA. Groups of five rats were treated with either three injections of 50 μg 6-HDA, to destroy NE-containing neurons, or two injections of 250 μg 6-HDA 1 h after 25 mg/kg of desmethylimipramine, to affect only DA-containing neurons. d-Amphetamine has both, rate-increasing and rate-decreasing effects on lever pressing. These effects depend on the schedule of reinforcement maintaining responding. Pre-treatment with AMT blocks the rate-increasing effect of d-Amphetamine but not the rate-decreasing effect.
Safety and efficacy of rivaroxaban compared with warfarin in patients undergoing peripheral arterial procedures

Abstract Objective Rivaroxaban is a United States Food and Drug Administration-approved oral anticoagulant for venous thromboembolic disease; however, there is no information regarding the safety and its efficacy to support its use in patients after open or endovascular arterial interventions. We report the safety and efficacy of rivaroxaban vs warfarin in patients undergoing peripheral arterial interventions. Methods This single-institution retrospective study analyzed all sequential patients from December 2012 to August 2014 (21 months) who were prescribed rivaroxaban or warfarin after a peripheral arterial procedure. Our study population was then compared using American College of Chest Physicians guidelines with patients then stratified as low, medium, or high risk for bleeding complications. Statistical analyses were performed using the Student t -test and χ 2 test to compare demographics, readmissions because of bleeding, and the need for secondary interventions. Logistic regression models were used for analysis of variables associated with bleeding complications and secondary interventions. The Fisher exact test was used for power analysis. Results There were 44 patients in the rivaroxaban group and 50 patients in the warfarin group. Differences between demographics and risk factors for bleeding between groups or reintervention rate were not statistically significant ( P = .297). However, subgroup evaluation of the safety profile suggests that patients who were aged ≤65 years and on warfarin had an overall higher incidence of major bleeding ( P = .020). Patients who were aged >65 years, undergoing open operation, had a significant risk for reintervention ( P = .047) when they received rivaroxaban. Conclusions Real-world experience using rivaroxaban and warfarin in patients after peripheral arterial procedures suggests a comparable safety and efficacy profile. Subgroup analysis of those requiring an open operation demonstrated a decreased bleeding risk when rivaroxaban was used (in those aged
Secondary Bifurcation in Flame Propagation

A great deal of work has been done in attempts to explain the transition from laminar to turbulent fluid flow via successive instabilities, as a critical parameter e.g. the Reynolds number, is varied. The successive instabilities are associated with a sequence of bifurcations, each generating more complex spatial and temporal patterns. Recently, similar attempts have been made to explain the transition from laminar to turbulent flame propagation via a succession of bifurcations and their accompanying instabilities. In this sequence, the steadily propagating planar flame loses stability to successively more complex modes of propagation such as cellular, pulsating or multi-periodic pulsating flames.
Methods of Deducing Slip-Line Orientations from the Geometry of Folds

One of the fundamental elements of the movement history of a deformed rock is the path of relative displacement of adjacent constituent particles during deformation. The orientation of such slip lines relative to the fabric elements of various groups of mesoscopic structures and to macroscopic structural complexes is of principal concern to this study. The methods of gathering this information that have been used in Trollheimen are described here in detail.
Preparation of a Phage DNA Fragment Library for Whole Genome Shotgun Sequencing

The most efficient method to determine the genomic sequence of a dsDNA phage is to use a whole genome shotgun approach (WGSA). Preparation of a library where each genomic fragment has an equal chance of being represented is critical to the success of the WGSA. For many phages, there are regions of the genome likely to be under-represented in the shotgun library, which results in more gaps in the shotgun assembly than predicted by the Poisson distribution. However, as phage genomes are relatively small, this increased number of gaps does not present an insurmountable impediment to using the WGSA. This chapter will focus on construction of a high-quality random library and sequence analysis of this library in a 96-well format. Techniques are described for the mechanical fragmentation of genomic DNA into 2 kb average size fragments, preparation of the fragmented DNA for shotgun cloning, and advice on the choice of cloning vector for library preparation. Protocols for deepwell block culture, plasmid isolation, and sequencing in 96-well format are given. The rationale for determining the total number of random clones from a library to sequence for a 50 and 150 kb genome is explained. The steps involved in going from hundreds of shotgun sequencing traces to generating contigs will be outlined as well as how to close gaps in the sequence by primer walking on phage DNA and PCR-generated templates. Finally, examples will be given of how biological information about the phage genomic termini can be derived by analysis of the organization of individual clones in the shotgun sequence assembly. Specific examples are given for the circularly permuted termini of pac type phages, the direct terminal repeats found in most T7-like phages, variable host DNA at either end as in the Mu-like phages, and the 5' and 3' overhanging ends of cos type phages. The end result of these steps is the entire DNA sequence of a novel phage, ready for gene prediction.
Quantifying Heterogeneity of Individual Organelles in Mixed Populations via Mass Cytometry

Macroautophagy is a complex degradative intracellular process by which long-lived proteins and damaged organelles are cleared. Common methods for the analysis of autophagy are bulk measurements which mask organelle heterogeneity and complicate the analysis of interorganelle association and trafficking. Thus, methods for individual organelle quantification are needed to address these deficiencies. Current techniques for quantifying individual autophagy organelles are either low through-put or are dimensionally limited. We make use of the multiparametric capability of mass cytometry to investigate phenotypic heterogeneity in autophagy-related organelle types that have been isolated from murine brain, liver, and skeletal muscle. Detection and phenotypic classification of individual organelles were accomplished through the use of a lanthanide-chelating membrane stain and organelle-specific antibodies. Posthoc sample matrix background correction and nonspecific antibody binding corrections provide measures of ...
An algorithm for stabilizing hybridizable discontinuous Galerkin methods for nonlinear elasticity

Abstract It is now a well known fact that hybridizable discontinuous Galerkin for nonlinear elasticity may not converge to the exact solution if their inter-element jumps are not properly penalized or, equivalently, if the values of their stabilization function are not suitably chosen. For example, if their stabilization function is of order one, the method generates spurious oscillations in the region in which the elastic moduli tensor is indefinite. This phenomenon disappears when the values of the stabilization function are increased. Mixed methods display the same problem, as their stabilization function is identically zero. Here, we find explicit formulas for the lower bound of the values of the stabilization function which allow us to avoid this unpleasant phenomenon. Our numerical experiments show that, when we use polynomials of degree k > 0 for the approximate gradient, first-order Piola-Kirchhoff and displacement, all the approximations converge with the optimal order, k + 1 . They also show that, if we increase the polynomial degree of the local spaces by one and update the values of the stabilization function only for the elements for which the elasticity tensor is indefinite, we obtain that all approximate solutions converge with order k + 1 and that a local post processing of the displacement converges with order k + 2 .
Prevalence and race-based differences of suspected inherited renal cell cancer: Implications for genetic counseling referral and cancer susceptibility syndrome testing from a 10-year institutional experience.

e15606 Background: To gain insight into the scope of patients who may warrant genetic counseling and genetic testing for inherited renal cell cancer (RCC), we evaluated the overall prevalence of su...
Development of Dust Storm Modeling for Use in Freeway Safety and Operations Management: An Arizona Case Study:

Extreme weather conditions such as strong winds, hail, heavy rainfall, heavy snowfall, and high air temperature impact roads, traffic, and operational decisions. Strong winds in arid regions may pi...
Molecular and clinical features of hospital admissions and immunotherapy related adverse events of immune checkpoint inhibitors in thoracic malignancies.

e18192Background: Immunotherapy related adverse events (irAEs) and hospital admissions with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors (ICIs) in thoracic malignancies remain poorly characterized. Methods: Admiss...
Characterization of nanocellulose and activated carbon nanocomposite films' biosensing properties for smart packaging.

Abstract The goal of this research is to develop a functional nanocellulose and activated carbon (NAC) film and characterize its biosensing properties for smart packaging applications. The NAC film was prepared from activated carbon powder and nanocellulose gel using the casting method. The nanocellulose contents in the films were varied from 15% to 50% (w/w). Physicochemical properties of the produced films such as electrical conductivity, water absorption capacity, solubility in water and mechanical properties were measured. The electrical conductivity of the NAC film decreased when nanocellulose content increased. The tensile strength (TS), strain and Young’s modulus of films increased significantly from 0.03 to 4.78 MPa, 0.13 to 1.94% and 97.64 to 247.3 MPa, respectively, when the nanocellulose contents increased. Thermal stability was also determined using thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The results showed that thermal decomposition was occurred in a temperature range of 300–400 °C.
Design and Construction of a 1m×1m Thermal Neutron Imager Operating in Ionization Mode with Pad Readout *

We have developed a 3He based thermal neutron imager with an active area of 1m×1m, for the small-angle neutron scattering beamline QUOKKA at the Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO). The detector operates in ionization mode without any electron multiplication in the gas. The electrons created by the neutron-3He interaction are collected by discrete anode pads, each connected to an input channel of an ASIC directly mounted on the back of the anode pad plane. These custom ASICs and their readout boards can process up to 25k /s per channel. Combining the nearly 40,000 parallel channels on this detector, a total count rate of 108 cps can be achieved.Design and construction details of this detector, as well as some early test results are described.
An A for Cosmetics and a C for Substance: Assessing Gender Quotas in the Middle East and North Africa

The 30th anniversary of CEDAW renewed debate on proposed mechanisms to increase women’s presence in the public sphere across the developing and developed world. In particular, such debates are becoming increasingly salient across the Middle East and North Africa as countries attempt to impress donors and investors with “good marks” on their gender report cards, hoping these translate into greater donor and investor confidence in other indicators of development and democratization. Inglehart and Norris claim gender discrimination is an important component of substantive democratization, echoing the sentiments of many prominent multilateral, as well as bilateral aid and development agencies. Outside of the humanitarian interest underlying the promotion of women, there is a decidedly material interest for countries receiving significant financial inputs through associated development projects conflating gender and democratization. The promotion of gender equality as a value has even spread to the Gulf where humanitarian agencies hold less financial sway. One of the most controversial tools to promote women into the public arena has been the quota. This article explores the mix of incentives and the variation in quota implementation across the Middle East and North Africa. I run a 19-year analysis of 22 Arab League member states’ adoption of quotas to uncover the motivation behind this policy choice and contend the nature of foreign financial inputs, specifically a reliance on foreign aid predicts the choice of quotas -- specifically reserved seats, as a gender promotion strategy.
Satellite observations of the 2016–2017 eruption of Bogoslof volcano: aviation and ash fallout hazard implications from a water-rich eruption

Satellite data (GOES, VIIRS, MODIS, AVHRR) were used in near real-time during the 2016–2017 eruption of Bogoslof volcano, Alaska, to detect explosive eruptive activity and to characterize the resulting volcanic clouds. This study examines satellite data to estimate volcanic cloud heights and mass eruption rates for 47 of the 70 explosive events. Eighteen of the volcanic clouds reached an altitude in excess of 8.5 km asl, where they posed a potential hazard to aviation. We estimate eruption rates were in the range of 104–107 kg/s. Eruption durations were available for 28 events, and the total mass of these events was 5.7 × 1010 kg. Most of the explosions occurred from submarine vents, producing volcanic clouds with water-rich characteristics in satellite data. We infer that these water-rich (phreatomagmatic) events contained ice-coated ash particles, which changed their visible and multispectral characteristics. Only two of the explosions produced clouds with satellite characteristics that would be considered ash-rich. We conclude that these events were relatively dry eruptions with limited access to ocean water. Although some of the explosive events transitioned from submarine to subaerial vents, we observed no change in the character of the volcanic clouds during these transitions. We speculate that enhanced removal of fine-grained volcanic ash likely occurred due to aggregation, with implications for modeling ash transport and fallout. We conclude that the majority of Bogoslof’s water-rich volcanic clouds did contain volcanic ash despite the lack of conventional “ash signature” in satellite data. This has implications for satellite monitoring of future water-rich/shallow submarine eruptions.
Impact of atrial fibrillation on the outcomes of transcatheter mitral valve repair using MitraClip: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a common arrhythmia in patients with mitral regurgitation (MR) undergoing transcatheter mitral valve repair (TMVR). In this systematic review, we aimed to investigate the outcomes of TMVR using MitraClip in AF patients. We performed a systematic search using PubMed, SCOPUS, EMBASE, and Google Scholar, from inception to May 10, 2020, for studies that reported outcomes following MitraClip, in patients with AF versus without AF. Seven studies with a total of 7678 patients met the inclusion criteria. The risk of 1-year all-cause mortality following TMVR was higher in AF patients (RR 1.40, 95% CI 1.27–1.54, p ≤ 0.001). Similarly, the risk of heart failure hospitalization was higher in patients with AF (RR 1.17, 95% CI 1.06–1.30, p = 0.002) and the risk of bleeding was elevated in AF patients (RR 1.29, 95% CI 1.15–1.45, p ≤ 0.001). The risk of procedural failure, in-hospital mortality, cardiovascular mortality, and stroke was not significantly different between the two groups. The higher risk of all-cause mortality, HF hospitalization, and risk of bleeding in AF patients undergoing MitraClip warrants attention.
Active Phase – Week 5

In week 5 of the active phase of ACCESS, information about the increased risk for depression, anxiety, emotion regulation issues, low self-esteem, and risky behaviors is presented in the group. In addition, the group session introduces strategies for effective studying and the use of a distractibility delay technique to increase attention. The group session concludes with the group leader engaging the students in a discussion of how to manage emotional distress and reduce engagement in risky behavior through adaptive thinking techniques. Mentors begin their session by monitoring student efforts to use more effective note taking strategies, as well other assigned between-session practice activities. Mentors next engage their mentee in a discussion of the increased risk for co-occurring emotional problems and risky behaviors associated with ADHD. Mentors also work closely with their mentees to tailor their use of effective studying strategies and the distractibility delay technique to their individual needs. One-on-one mentoring guidance is also provided to facilitate mentee use of adaptive thinking skills to reduce emotional distress and engagement in risky behaviors.
A Linguistic View of a Twitter Apology

This study examines a Twitter apology posted by Bella Thorne after an OnlyFans scandal of August 2020. This study broke down the language used in multiple tweets to examine the types of phrases being used, the connotation of the words used, and its overall success in serving as an apology. While the apology tweeted by Thorne has some qualities of a standard apology, the order of these conventions did not serve her apology well. Thorne also fails to show that she understands the online sex work community and reinforces a stigma of online sex work both in her actions and in the words of her apology. This study briefly highlights the importance of move structures for being successful in its genre, especially online.
Peer training in surgery: The SSuRF model approach.

Abstract Surgical training traditionally has been afforded an apprenticeship model of learning but has since strived to become a structured programme of learning events and progress. Peer led training in an undergraduate course is increasingly utilised but its role in postgraduate/speciality training is not widely published. This paper reviews the historical roots of surgical training and current educational theories which underpin the proposal of a new tool, the SSuRF approach, an innovate aide memoire to assist peer led technical/operative surgical training with the hope that this approach will allow peers, especially those who do not have much formal educational training, to teach those junior using a structured format and document this within their workplace based assessment. This contrasts with the rather tick box exercise that it is currently, and hence may promote a deeper learning throughout the teaching experience.
The Role of Siderophores in Iron Oxide Dissolution

For over 50 years microbiologists have been aware of a class of compounds, produced by microorganisms, called siderophores. This chapter examines the type of Iron(Fe) to which siderophores bind and the location where they do so. The assumption in the literature has been that the purpose of siderophores is to supply Fe to the cell-so often stated that this quote is rarely referenced. Even though the dissolution of Fe oxides has been reviewed extensively in the literature, it is worthwhile to briefly review dissolution mechanisms, since they apply to the potential involvement of siderophores. In a study, Fe release and siderophore production by Azotobacter vinelandii (a gram-negative, asymbiotic nitrogen-fixing soil bacterium with an absolute requirement for Fe) was investigated by using several Fe oxide minerals as sources of Fe. Undoubtedly, siderophores are used by microorganisms to acquire Fe and are produced by microorganisms in response to a limited availability of Fe. These two observations are supported by hundreds of publications in the open literature. However, the results discussed in the chapter suggest that siderophores may not be entirely responsible for Fe oxide dissolution, that the role that siderophores play in the dissolution of Fe oxides remains unclear, and thus that the microbial dissolution of Fe oxides merits further investigation.
From carbon dioxide to C2 organic molecules mediated by Aresta's nickel carbon dioxide complex

Abstact The key to the success of the conversion of carbon dioxide into C2 or higher organic molecules is carbon-carbon coupling. This paper reports the modified synthesis of Aresta's nickel carbon dioxide complex, (Cy3P)2NiCO2, (Cy = cyclohexyl) and a “Wittig Reaction” of the complex with trimethyl phosphorous ylide. The formed nickel ketene complex, (Cy3P)2Ni[η2-(C,O)-CH2=C=O], has an unusual η2-C,O bonding mode instead of the η2-C,C normally found for the later transition metals. The pathway of this “Wittig Reaction” is an unprecedented example for a transition metal carbon dioxide complex.
A tracing load flow program for total transfer capability calculations

The paper presents a tracing load flow (TLF) program that is designed to calculate the total transfer capability (TTC) in addition to many other applications. TLF is basically a load flow program that has the flexibility to change any input parameters in a systematic way and trace the state variable changes. TTC calculations are based on running different load flow cases from the base case until hitting thermal, voltage, or transit stability limits. TLF is able to calculate area-to-area TTC or point-to-point TTC with any generation/load dispatch. TLF can be used in many different applications besides the calculations of TTC such as voltage collapse studies, contingency analysis, power systems studies under different dispatch conditions, and can also be used for analysis of impact of series compensators/shunt compensators on power systems. TLF is developed using MATLAB and has been tested for many power system models of different sizes up to 4,000 buses.
Loss of intestinal nuclei and intestinal integrity in aging C. elegans

The roundworm C. elegans is widely used as an aging model, with hundreds of genes identified that modulate aging (Kaeberlein et al., 2002. Mech. Ageing Dev.123, 1115-1119). The development and bodyplan of the 959 cells comprising the adult have been well described and established for more than 25 years (Sulston & Horvitz, 1977. Dev. Biol.56, 110-156; Sulston et al., 1983. Dev. Biol.100, 64-119.). However, morphological changes with age in this optically transparent animal are less well understood, with only a handful of studies investigating the pathobiology of aging. Age-related changes in muscle (Herndon et al., 2002. Nature419, 808-814), neurons (Herndon et al., 2002), intestine and yolk granules (Garigan et al., 2002. Genetics161, 1101-1112; Herndon et al., 2002), nuclear architecture (Haithcock et al., 2005. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA102, 16690-16695), tail nuclei (Golden et al., 2007. Aging Cell6, 179-188), and the germline (Golden et al., 2007) have been observed via a variety of traditional relatively low-throughput methods. We report here a number of novel approaches to study the pathobiology of aging C. elegans. We combined histological staining of serial-sectioned tissues, transmission electron microscopy, and confocal microscopy with 3D volumetric reconstructions and characterized age-related morphological changes in multiple wild-type individuals at different ages. This enabled us to identify several novel pathologies with age in the C. elegans intestine, including the loss of critical nuclei, the degradation of intestinal microvilli, changes in the size, shape, and cytoplasmic contents of the intestine, and altered morphologies caused by ingested bacteria. The three-dimensional models we have created of tissues and cellular components from multiple individuals of different ages represent a unique resource to demonstrate global heterogeneity of a multicellular organism.
Ephedrine reduces weight of viable yellow obese mice (avy/a).

Abstract Ephedrine administered subcutaneously or in the diet reduces the weight of viable yellow obese mice ( A vy / a ) and normal mice. The compound has some appetite-suppression activity; however, reduced food consumption could not account for all of the weight loss. Ephedrine did not affect lipogenesis or lipolysis acutely. The major portion of the weight loss was due to the loss of triacylglycerol. The rectal temperature of long-term treated A vy / a mice was elevated suggesting that ephedrine may alter energy metabolism.
Structural and functional domains of Escherichia coli ribosomal protein L7/L12 : the hinge region is required for activity

Variant forms of Escherichia coli ribosomal protein L7/L12 were constructed, overexpressed, and purified. These included proteins that deleted residues 35-52 (delta 35-52) and 42 to 52 (delta 42-52), others that contained single cysteine substitutions at residues 63 and 89, and combinations of the deletions and cysteine substitutions. Chemical modification of the introduced cysteine residues with [14C]iodoacetamide was used to radiolabel the protein variants in order to quantify their binding to the ribosome. Neither of the deletions in the hinge domain, delta 35-52 and delta 42-52, had any effect on L7/L12 dimer formation as detected by cross-linking by dimethyl suberimidate. Perpendicular urea gradient gel electrophoresis showed that both deletion variants retained a compact structural element attributable to the globular C-terminal domain. Reconstitution of core particles depleted of wild type L7/L12 with the deletion proteins showed that delta 42-52 bound normally in 4 copies per particle, whereas delta 35-52 bound in only 2.5 copies following isolation of the particles by high speed centrifugation or gel filtration. Ribosomes mixed with an excess of the deletion variants and assayed directly for polyphenylalanine synthesis were completely inactive. The results suggest that the flexibility conferred by the hinge is required for activity, perhaps by allowing the C-terminal domain to occupy a location near the base of the L7/L12 stalk.
Triple Analysis of the Cancer Epigenome An Integrated Microarray System for Assessing Gene Expression, DNA Methylation, and Histone Acetylation

We developed a novel microarray system to assess gene expression, DNA methylation, and histone acetylation in parallel, and to dissect the complex hierarchy of epigenetic changes in cancer. An integrated microarray panel consisting of 1507 short CpG island tags located at the 5′-end regions (including the first exons) was used to assess effects of epigenetic treatments on a human epithelial ovarian cancer cell line. Treatment with methylation (5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine) or deacetylation (trichostatin A) inhibitors alone resulted in up-regulation of 1.9 or 1.1% of the genes analyzed; however, the combined treatment resulted in synergistic reactivation of more genes (10.4%; P versus either treatment alone). On the basis of either primary or secondary responses to the treatments, genes were identified as methylation-dependent or -independent. Synergistic reactivation of the methylation-dependent genes by 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine plus trichostatin A revealed a functional interaction between methylated promoters and deacetylated histones. Increased expression of some methylation-independent genes was associated with enhanced histone acetylation, but up-regulation of most of the genes identified using this technology was because of events downstream of the epigenetic cascade. We demonstrate proof of principle for using the triple microarray system in analyzing the dynamic relationship between transcription factors and promoter targets in cancer genomes.
Structural Design of Double Skin Facades as Damping Devices for Tall Buildings

Abstract Double skin facade (DSF) systems are more effective environmental mediators than conventional single skin facade systems, and, due to this reason, their use for tall buildings has increased despite their higher initial costs. While many studies have been carried out on the environmental performance of the DSF system, research on its structural capability has been very rare. In tall buildings, excessive movement/acceleration can cause serious human discomfort problem. This paper investigates the potential of the DSF system as a structural motion control device in tall buildings. Two design strategies are investigated. In the first scheme, the connectors between the inner and outer skins of the DSF system is designed to have very low axial stiffness with a damping mechanism. Through this design, the dynamic motion of the primary building structure can be substantially reduced. However, the excessive vibration of the DSF outer skins is a serious design limitation. The second scheme is investigated to overcome this challenge. While DSF outer skins are fixed like those in conventional DSF systems, additional small masses are inserted into the DSF cavity and act as distributed tuned mass dampers (TMDs). Compared to the conventional TMD system, usually located in the occupiable space near the top of the building, the second scheme has the substantial benefit of saving this valuable occupiable space.
The biogeography of species, with special reference to ferns

An important element of the biogeography of species is the geographic aspects of speciation. The geography of species has a role in the processes of speciation which have a reciprocal role in species geography.
The Economic Role of Foreclosures

We consider the economic consequences of changing the foreclosure rules. By incorporating renegotiation into the analysis, we show that although renegotiation decreases the number of foreclosures it can make the effects of foreclosure more significant. Even when foreclosure does not actually occur, a change in foreclosure rules changes the threat points of lender and borrower in any renegotiation, and thus changes the effective interest rate that the lender receives. In the long run, stated interest rates on loans will adjust to compensate for any change in the effective interest rate. We also examine the impact of a change in foreclosure laws on the borrower's welfare.
Relationship between fat-free weight and urinary 3-methylhistidine excretion in man☆

The relationship between body composition determined by densitometry and urinary 3-methylhistidine (3-Mehis) output was studied in 16 healthy men (range 23–52 yr) who consumed a self-selected meat-free diet for 3 days and collected a 24-hr urine sample on the third day. Urinary 3-Mehis and creatinine outputs were 225 ± 8 μmoles/day (mean ± SEM) and 1.6 ± 0.1 g/day, respectively. Mean fat-free weight (FFW) was 61.5 kg (range 46.9–76.4 kg). FFW correlated more closely with urinary 3-Mehis excretion (r = 0.89, p < 0.001) than with urinary creatinine excretion (r = 0.67, p < 0.01). These results suggest that endogenous urinary 3-Mehis may be related to muscle weight, which is a major component of FFW.
Teaching object-oriented software design within the context of software frameworks

Object-oriented software design and programming is an essential part of a computer science curriculum. We have observed that novice software developers, such as fresh college graduates who have been taught object-oriented design, are able to apply good design principles in theory. However, this rarely extends into their professional practice, when they are asked to design software intended to run inside a software framework. In fact, we observe that even advanced software developers abandon good design practices when developing software while using a framework, and focus on simply “making it work.” This paper presents and discusses a methodology developed for designing software in the context of frameworks to overcome these issues. We show how design patterns can serve as the bridge between the paradigms imposed by the framework and the ideal, unconstrained design of the system. We also suggest an evaluation method for observing the results of using this methodology when used by the students.
The fundamental unit of pain is the cell

The molecular/genetic era has seen the discovery of a staggering number of molecules implicated in pain mechanisms [18,35,61,69,96,133,150,202,224]. This has stimulated pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies to invest billions of dollars to develop drugs that enhance or inhibit the function of many these molecules. Unfortunately this effort has provided a remarkably small return on this investment. Inevitably, transformative progress in this field will require a better understanding of the functional links among the ever-growing ranks of "pain molecules," as well as their links with an even larger number of molecules with which they interact. Importantly, all of these molecules exist side-by-side, within a functional unit, the cell, and its adjacent matrix of extracellular molecules. To paraphrase a recent editorial in Science magazine [223], although we live in the Golden age of Genetics, the fundamental unit of biology is still arguably the cell, and the cell is the critical structural and functional setting in which the function of pain-related molecules must be understood. This review summarizes our current understanding of the nociceptor as a cell-biological unit that responds to a variety of extracellular inputs with a complex and highly organized interaction of signaling molecules. We also discuss the insights that this approach is providing into peripheral mechanisms of chronic pain and sex dependence in pain.
Differential weighting in choice versus advice: I’ll do this, you do that

We propose that when individuals make a decision for themselves they weight attributes more uniformly compared to when they give advice. In Study 1, 138 participants were given a hypothetical choice between two jobs varying on two dimensions and asked either to choose for themselves, offer advice to a best friend, or offer advice to an acquaintance. We hypothesized that respondents offering advice would favor the option with the higher value on the more important dimension. More participants in the acquaintance condition recommended the job with a higher value on the important dimension than participants making the choice for themselves. Study 2 (N=62) tested the hypothesis in a situation where the options consisted of three dimensions. One option was relatively high on two of the three dimensions and the other option was relatively high on the remaining ‘socially important’, or ‘prominent’, dimension. The uniform weighting hypothesis for self-choice predicts higher frequency of choice for the former option. Data were consistent with this prediction. Study 3 (N=170) tested the hypothesis in students' choice of major at the university. We made use of an actual event, a pending university budget cut, that would require some students to change majors. Participants either made the decision for themselves, made a recommendation to a student in their same department, or made a recommendation to a student in another department facing the analogous dilemma. Replicating the findings of the first two studies, participants offering advice to a student in another department suggested staying with their current major significantly more than participants making the choice for themselves. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On the periodic coupling of propagating structures

An analysis of two propagating structures periodically coupled together, based on a method developed by J. R. Pierce, is presented. A periodic structure that supports a backward wave may be coupled to a structure that supports a forward wave by coupling to alternate cells of the former. The coupling is completely analogous to the case of continuously coupled waves; i.e., energy is transferred back and forth between the two guides periodically and the period of the transfer is inversely proportional to the strength of the coupling. The period of the transfer is also a function of the number of couplers per unit length. A method of measuring the coupling coefficient is presented and application to a coupled-structure attenuator is discussed.
New π -Bonded Chain Model for Si(111)-(2×1) Surface

Several qualitatively different structural models have been examined in a critical evaluation of spectroscopic and other data for the Si(111)-(2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1) surface. Within the one-electron theory, only a novel $\ensuremath{\pi}$-bonded chain model with a covalent surface, and not the generally accepted buckled model with an ionic surface, is consistent with the data.