cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Study of LSD-Serotonin Central Interaction

Serotonin pretreatment increases the duration of sleep produced by a variety of central depressants. Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) pretreatment inhibits or completely reverses such serotonin potentiation of sleep produced by hexobarbital, mephenesin, and combinations of depressants in which these drugs exert predominant actions. LSD does not suppress serotonin potentiation of hypnosis produced by butabarbital and meprobamate; on the contrary, LSD alone increases the duration of sleep with these compounds to about the same degree that serotonin does.
Enhancement by F‐actin of MgATP‐dependent dopamine uptake into isolated chromaffin granules

Interaction of chromaffin granules with the microfilament network in the cytoplasmic space of adrenal medullary cells has been proposed, but the influence of chromaffin granule-microfilament interaction on granule function has not yet been studied. In the present study, the effect of F-actin on dopamine uptake into isolated chromaffin granules was examined. The MgATP-dependent component of dopamine uptake was significantly enhanced by F-actin. In contrast, catecholamine efflux from the granules was not significantly altered by F-actin under the conditions in which the enhancement of MgATP-dependent dopamine uptake was observed. These findings suggest that the interaction of chromaffin granules with the microfilament network results in the enhancement of MgATP-dependent dopamine uptake into the granules, thus modulating the accumulation and storage of catecholamines in the adrenal medullary cell.
NetGrep: fast network schema searches in interactomes

NetGrep (http://genomics.princeton.edu/singhlab/netgrep/) is a system for searching protein interaction networks for matches to user-supplied 'network schemas'. Each schema consists of descriptions of proteins (for example, their molecular functions or putative domains) along with the desired topology and types of interactions among them. Schemas can thus describe domain-domain interactions, signaling and regulatory pathways, or more complex network patterns. NetGrep provides an advanced graphical interface for specifying schemas and fast algorithms for extracting their matches.
Learning network structure from passive measurements

The ability to discover network organization, whether in the form of explicit topology reconstruction or as embeddings that approximate topological distance, is a valuable tool. To date, network discovery has been based on active measurements. However, it is feasible to envision passive discovery of network topology and distance, simply by monitoring packet traffic. Unfortunately, the lack of explicit control over the choices of which endpoints are measured means that passive network discovery must deal with the problem of missing information. We consider one such example, namely reconstructing embeddings and some network structure information from unwanted network traffic captured at a set of honeypots. We develop a number of algorithms for reconstruction of missing measurements. Our algorithms use insights derived from the known topology of the Internet as well as local imputation techniques from approximation theory. We characterize the degree to which missing information can be reconstructed and show that a limited but useful amount of reconstruction is possible, allowing the recovery of network embeddings and some topological relationships from passively collected data.
The Utility of Media Frames as a Research Tool in Foodservice Operations

Abstract With outbreaks of mad cow, hoof and mouth disease, and the terrorist attacks of September 11, the safety of the American food supply weighs not only on the minds of culinarians, but also on consumers. How is the media framing these issues and how does that affect consumer confidence in the safety of the food supply has come into question. In this experiment, participants were presented with two media frames-food safety and bioterrorism and food security-and were asked questions that measured concern about the safety of the food supply. While the research results did not conclude that media frames of bioterrorism increased concern about the safety of the food supply, it is important to remember that existing media frames of bioterrorism and a general lack of knowledge about pathogens that can threaten food may play an important role in how individuals conceptualize the level of threat to the American food supply.
Quantitative effects of male age on sperm motion

BACKGROUND: Semen quality is associated with fertility status, but there is little quantitative information on risk factors that affect semen quality, especially in non-clinical populations. Advancing male age has been associated with a decline in semen quality, with the largest effect being on sperm motility. However, there is little quantitative data on the specific components of sperm motion that are affected by male age. METHODS: We performed linear regression analyses of 14 aspects of semen quality measured by computer-assisted semen analysis (CASA) in a non-clinical cohort of 90 non-smoking men, aged 22–80 years, who had no history of infertility or reproductive problems. RESULTS: We found age-associated declines in CASA-determined motility (% motile, 0.8% per year; % progressively motile, 0.9% per year; % rapidly motile, 0.4% per year, P £ 0.001) and three quantitative aspects of sperm motion [linearity (LIN), 0.2% per year; straight line velocity (VSL), 0.2% per year, and average path velocity (VAP), 0.3% per year, P < 0.05], with no evidence for age thresholds and no significant association with abstinence duration. Age was not significantly associated with amplitude of lateral head (ALH) displacement, beat cross frequency (BCF) and nuclear elongation or size. CONCLUSIONS: Quantitative analysis of sperm motion indicates that as men age, they produce fewer motile sperm, which are able to travel less along a linear path, thus covering less forward distance per unit time. These findings may have fertility implications for men who choose to delay fatherhood.
Scheduling I/O in virtual machine monitors

This paper explores the relationship between domain scheduling in avirtual machine monitor (VMM) and I/O performance. Traditionally, VMM schedulers have focused on fairly sharing the processor resources among domains while leaving the scheduling of I/O resources as asecondary concern. However, this can resultin poor and/or unpredictable application performance, making virtualization less desirable for applications that require efficient and consistent I/O behavior.This paper is the first to study the impact of the VMM scheduler on performance using multiple guest domains concurrently running different types of applications. In particular, different combinations of processor-intensive, bandwidth-intensive, andlatency-sensitive applications are run concurrently to quantify the impacts of different scheduler configurations on processor and I/O performance. These applications are evaluated on 11 different scheduler configurations within the Xen VMM. These configurations include a variety of scheduler extensions aimed at improving I/O performance. This cross product of scheduler configurations and application types offers insight into the key problems in VMM scheduling for I/O and motivates future innovation in this area.
Performance loss due to electrical breakdown of pre-accelerator gas

Railguns that do not ablate material into the bore may be subject to another force loss, electrical breakdown of the gas used to preaccelerate the projectile. A 1-D calculation of this process for helium shows a 42% reduction in the driving force at 10 km/s. When two dimensional effects are taken into account the loss may be much greater. >
Children's fears.

The purpose of this article is to provide nurses with a comprehensive literature review of children's fears and to offer interventions that help children cope with fear. Children's normal fear development and the importance of developmental considerations in the assessment, diagnosis, and treatment of fear are also explored. A preventive model based on the work of Robinson and colleagues highlights several approaches to assist children in dealing with fear. This model provides consultation and counseling strategies that the nurse may use to help children develop control, self-worth, and security. This model may also be used to explore areas of normative developmental fears.
MULTIPLE SERVER SYSTEM WITH FLEXIBLE ARRIVALS

In many service, production, and traffic systems there are multiple types of customers requiring different types of 'servers', i.e. different services, products, or routes. Often, however, a proportion of the customers are flexible, i.e. they are willing to change their type in order to achieve faster service, and even if this proportion is small, it has the potential of achieving large performance gains. We generalize earlier results on the optimality of 'join the shortest queue' (JSQ) for flexible arrivals to the following: arbitrary arrivals where only a subset are flexible, multiple-server stations, and abandonments. Surprisingly, with abandonments, the optimality of JSQ for minimizing the number of customers in the system depends on the relative abandonment and service rates. We extend our model to finite buffers and resequencing. We assume exponential service. Our optimality results are very strong; we minimize the queue length process in the weak majorization sense.
CESR-B, upgrading the CESR facility to B-factory capability

With the design goal of 3*10/sup 33/ cm/sup -2/ s/sup -1/ luminosity, a concept design for an upgrade to the CESR electron-positron facility has been developed. Capable of operating with unequal beam energies of 8 and 3.5 GeV, the two-ring machine will also be operable at equal beam energies up to 6 GeV per beam with minor changes to the interaction region. The design provides for extraction of synchrotron radiation from both electron and positron beams. Parameters and major features of the design are presented. >
In vivo fluorescence confocal microendoscopy

A catheter-based fluorescence confocal microendoscope has been developed for in vivo imaging. The catheter in this system consists of a coherent fiber-optic imaging bundle, a miniature objective, and a focus mechanism. The proximal end of the catheter is coupled to a slit-scan confocal microscope so that high-resolution fluorescence images of cells and tissue microstructure can be viewed in real-time. The performance of the microendoscope is limited by the characteristics of the fiber bundle. The lateral resolution of the system is 1.8 microns and the axial resolution is 25 microns. The field of view is 430 microns. The maximum imaging depth, is around 200 microns below the tissue surface, but this depends on the tissue properties and wavelength range of operation. The slit-scan confocal microscope allows both gray-scale imaging at 8 frames per second and multi-spectral imaging. The frame rate in the multi-spectral imaging mode is determined by the number of spectral channels. The system has been demonstrated using topically-administered exogenous fluorescence dyes in excised tissues and in vivo animal models. A new catheter is under development with a maximum diameter of 3 mm, which will allow it to be routed through the therapeutic instrument channel of a conventional clinical endoscope, making the device practical for routine clinical use.
Dataflow process networks

We review a model of computation used in industrial practice in signal processing software environments and experimentally and other contexts. We give this model the name "dataflow process networks," and study its formal properties as well as its utility as a basis for programming language design. Variants of this model are used in commercial visual programming systems such as SPW from the Alta Group of Cadence (formerly Comdisco Systems), COSSAP from Synopsys (formerly Cadis), the DSP Station from Mentor Graphics, and Hypersignal from Hyperception. They are also used in research software such as Khoros from the University of New Mexico and Ptolemy from the University of California at Berkeley, among many others. Dataflow process networks are shown to be a special case of Kahn process networks, a model of computation where a number of concurrent processes communicate through unidirectional FIFO channels, where writes to the channel are nonblocking, and reads are blocking. In dataflow process networks, each process consists of repeated "firings" of a dataflow "actor." An actor defines a (often functional) quantum of computation. By dividing processes into actor firings, the considerable overhead of context switching incurred in most implementations of Kahn process networks is avoided. We relate dataflow process networks to other dataflow models, including those used in dataflow machines, such as static dataflow and the tagged-token model. We also relate dataflow process networks to functional languages such as Haskell, and show that modern language concepts such as higher-order functions and polymorphism can be used effectively in dataflow process networks. A number of programming examples using a visual syntax are given. >
Toxicogenomic Analysis Reveals Profibrogenic Effects of Trichloroethylene in Autoimmune-Mediated Cholangitis in Mice

Epidemiological studies suggest that exposure to environmental chemicals increases the risk of developing autoimmune liver disease. However, the identity of specific chemical perpetrators and the mechanisms whereby environmental chemicals modify liver disease is unclear. Previous studies link exposure to trichloroethylene (TCE) with the development of autoimmune liver disease and exacerbation of autoimmunity in lupus-prone MRL mice. In this study, we utilized NOD.c3c4 mice, which spontaneously develop autoimmune cholangitis bearing resemblance to some features of primary biliary cirrhosis. Nine-week-old female NOD.c3c4 mice were given TCE (0.5 mg/ml) or its vehicle (1% Cremophor-EL) in drinking water for 4 weeks. TCE had little effect on clinical chemistry, biliary cyst formation, or hepatic CD3+ T-cell accumulation. Hepatic microarray profiling revealed a dramatic suppression of early growth response 1 (EGR1) mRNA in livers of TCE-treated mice, which was verified by qPCR and immunohistochemical staining. Consistent with a reported link between reduced EGR1 expression and liver fibrosis, TCE increased hepatic type I collagen (COL1A1) mRNA and protein levels in livers of NOD.c3c4 mice. In contrast, TCE did not increase COL1A1 expression in NOD.ShiLtJ mice, which do not develop autoimmune cholangitis. These results suggest that in the context of concurrent autoimmune liver disease with a genetic basis, modification of hepatic gene expression by TCE may increase profibrogenic signaling in the liver. Moreover, these studies suggest that NOD.c3c4 mice may be a novel model to study gene-environment interactions critical for the development of autoimmune liver disease.
Genetic interactions among regulators of septin organization.

Septins form a cortical scaffold at the yeast mother-bud neck that restricts the diffusion of cortical proteins between the mother and bud and serves as a signaling center that is important for governing various cell functions. After cell cycle commitment in late G1, septins are assembled into a narrow ring at the future bud site, which spreads to form a mature septin hourglass immediately after bud emergence. Although several septin regulators have been identified, it is unclear how they cooperate to assemble the septin scaffold. We have examined septin localization in isogenic strains containing single or multiple mutations in eight septin organization genes (CDC42, RGA1, RGA2, BEM3, CLA4, GIN4, NAP1, and ELM1). Our results suggest that these regulators act largely in parallel to promote either the initial assembly of the septin ring (CDC42, RGA1, RGA2, BEM3, and CLA4) or the conversion of the ring to a stable hourglass structure at the neck (GIN4, NAP1, and ELM1). Aberrant septin localization patterns in mutant strains could be divided into apparently discrete categories, but individual strains displayed heterogeneous defects, and there was no clear-cut correspondence between the specific mutations and specific categories of defect. These findings suggest that when they are deprived of their normal regulators, septin scaffolds collapse into a limited repertoire of aberrant states in which the nature of the mutant regulators influences the probability of a given aberrant state.
Prenatal genetic counseling: Ethical and legal interfaces with the nurse's role

Prenatal genetic counseling is a newly emerging clinical specialty that is being developed in response to the public's increased demand for comprehensive genetic services. Nurses who are choosing to function in this new clinical specialty as genetic counselors are finding that they are confronted with a unique set of problems and issues that have both ethical and legal implications for their practice. This paper examines the nature of the nurse's role as genetic counselor, explores the types of ethical decisions nurses are likely to confront, and reviews two court cases that have legal implications for nurses functioning in this highly specialized role.
Functional Connection Between Posterior Superior Temporal Gyrus and Ventrolateral Prefrontal Cortex in Human

The connection between auditory fields of the temporal lobe and prefrontal cortex has been well characterized in nonhuman primates. Little is known of temporofrontal connectivity in humans, however, due largely to the fact that invasive experimental approaches used so successfully to trace anatomical pathways in laboratory animals cannot be used in humans. Instead, we used a functional tract-tracing method in 12 neurosurgical patients with multicontact electrode arrays chronically implanted over the left (n = 7) or right (n = 5) perisylvian temporal auditory cortex (area PLST) and the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC) of the inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) for diagnosis and treatment of medically intractable epilepsy. Area PLST was identified by the distribution of average auditory-evoked potentials obtained in response to simple and complex sounds. The same sounds evoked little if there is any activity in VLPFC. A single bipolar electrical pulse (0.2 ms, charge-balanced) applied between contacts within physiologically identified PLST resulted in polyphasic evoked potentials clustered in VLPFC, with greatest activation being in pars triangularis of the IFG. The average peak latency of the earliest negative deflection of the evoked potential on VLPFC was 13.48 ms (range: 9.0–18.5 ms), providing evidence for a rapidly conducting pathway between area PLST and VLPFC.
On the performance of random-projection-based dimensionality reduction for endmember extraction

In this paper, we investigate the use of random-projection-based dimensionality reduction for hyperspectral endmember extraction. It is data-independent and computationally more efficient than other widely used dimensionality reduction methods, such as principal component analysis and maximum noise fraction transform. Based on the preliminary result, random-projection-based dimensionality reduction is capable of providing better endmembers after effective decision fusion.
Time-dependent boundary conditions for hyperbolic systems, II

Nonreflecting boundary conditions are defined for multidimensional fluid dynamics problems where waves enter and leave the interior of a domain modeled by hyperbolic equations. Separate equations are defined for each type of incoming and outgoing wave. Temporally varying problems are considered in terms of a nonreflecting boundary condition which permit the amplitude of incoming waves to remain constant over time. Conservative expressions are presented that include dissipative terms. Applications of the computational techniques are illustrated with sample results for a traveling shock wave, a shock tube, a spherical explosion and expansion problems on one- and two-dimensions.
Setting Quality Expectations When Entering a Market: What Should the Promise Be?

This paper examines optimal advertised quality, actual quality, and price for a firm entering a market. It develops a two-period model where advertised quality influences expectations, and hence trial and the gap between actual quality and expectations determines satisfaction, which in turn impacts second-period sales. In such situations a company makes a choice between advertising high quality and getting trial, but little repeat; and advertising low quality and getting low trial, but high repeat. Results are derived by numerical methods, as well as analytically for a special case of the model. The model suggests it is optimal to overstate quality when i customers rely relatively less on advertising to form quality expectations, and ii customers' intrinsic satisfaction with a product is high. These results are consistent with deceptive advertising cases at the FTC, which showed more deception for unknown firms and for firms whose customers were more satisfied. They are also consistent with the decisions made by future managers MBAs, except that the respondents would advertise higher versus lower quality when advertising was effective.
Estimating Bargaining Effects in Hedonic Models: Evidence from the Housing Market

Bargaining is common in markets for heterogeneous goods and differences in bargaining power between buyer and seller affect the negotiated transaction price. Previous research has found systematic evidence in the housing markets that weak buyers pay higher prices and weak sellers receive lower prices for their homes. Earlier work has modeled the bargaining effect as a parallel shift in the hedonic function, implicitly assuming that attribute shadow prices were unaffected by the bargaining process. In this paper, we use a sample of home sales where the seller's bargaining power is weakened by the fact that the home is vacant at the time of sale to test whether the effect of bargaining is best captured by a shift in the hedonic constant or whether the attribute shadow prices vary as well. The question is significant for property valuation where estimation of the marginal value of an attribute is commonly used to adjust comparable sales data. We find strong confirmation that bargaining power influences the negotiated price. We also find evidence that bargaining power alters attribute prices, although we do not find a consistent pattern across markets.
Cognitive and Neural Hippocampal Effects of Long-Term Moderate Recurrent Hypoglycemia

Recurrent hypoglycemia is the most feared complication of intensive insulin therapy for type 1 diabetes. Study of the cognitive impact of recurrent hypoglycemia in humans has been hampered by difficulty in controlling for prior glycemic history and diabetes status; there have been no prospective studies. We used a rat model of recurrent hypoglycemia with hypoglycemia for 3 h, once weekly, from 1 month of age. At 4, 8, and 12 months of age, cohorts were tested on a hippocampally dependent spatial memory task, during which hippocampal extracellular fluid (ECF) glucose and lactate were measured using microdialysis. At 4 months, recurrent hypoglycemia improved euglycemic task performance (76 4 vs. 64 3% for controls) and reversed the task-associated dip in ECF glucose seen in controls. However, recurrent hypoglycemia impaired performance in animals tested when hypoglycemic (45 4 vs. 55 2%). Recurrent hypoglycemia preserved euglycemic task performance across age: at 12 months, both task performance (62%) and ECF glucose changes in euglycemic recurrently hypoglycemic animals resembled those of 4-month-old control animals, whereas control animals’ performance deteriorated to chance (44%) by 8 months. At 12 months, hippocampal slice physiology was assessed, with results paralleling the cognitive findings: slices from recurrently hypoglycemic rats showed improved -aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic inhibition at euglycemia but much greater loss of this tone at low bath glucose. Our data show that moderate weekly hypoglycemia prevented age-related decline in hippocampally cognitive function and cognitive metabolism, at least when euglycemic. The impact of recurrent hypoglycemia on cognition is multifaceted and includes both metabolic and electrophysiological components. Diabetes 55:1088‐1095, 2006
Publication or presentation of results from multicenter clinical trials: evidence from an academic medical center.

Background Nonpublication of research results threatens the integrity of clinical research, but the extent of nonpublication and factors associated with publication remain poorly documented. We sought to examine rates of publication or presentation of research findings from multicenter clinical trials and determine what factors are associated with dissemination of results. Methods We conducted a follow-up study of 217 prospective, multicenter clinical trials of treatment approved in 1998 by the institutional review board of a large academic medical center, of which 197 had enrolled participants and were not known to be ongoing. Follow-up included searches of the literature and the Internet and telephone and e-mail inquiries to investigators and research sponsors. The main outcome measures were manuscript publication or other presentation of research results. Results Results of 110 (56%) out of 197 multicenter clinical trials have been published in the peer-reviewed literature. Results of 87 (44%) studies have not been published, and results of 52 (26%) studies have not been disseminated in any form. The rate of dissemination of trial results was highest for studies that were phase 3 (81%), lowest risk (86%), and investigational (76%). The dissemination rate was lowest for studies that were supported by internal funds (50%). However, none of these associations were statistically significant. Conclusions Results of almost half of the multicenter clinical trials conducted in part at a large academic medical center have never been published. Mechanisms to ensure public dissemination of clinical trial results are needed.
Noninvasive Bioimpedance Imaging by Means of Current Reconstruction Magnetic Resonance Electrical Impedance Tomography

We have developed a novel magnetic resonance electrical impedance tomography (MREIT) algorithm -current density reconstruction MREIT algorithm - for noninvasive imaging of electrical impedance distribution of a biological system. The newly proposed algorithm uses the inverse of Biot-Savart law to reconstruct the current density distribution from one component of magnetic flux density, and then uses a modified J-substitution algorithm to reconstruct the conductivity images. Computer simulations were conducted to evaluate the performance of the proposed MREIT algorithm for breast cancer imaging. The simulation results are highly promising and suggest the proposed approach may become a useful method for noninvasive impedance imaging.
From “Scientism Without Determinism” to “Interpretation Without Politics”: A Reply to Sarat, Harrington and Yngvesson

It is always flattering to have one's work taken seriously. We had hoped that our article1 would encourage reflection on the Amherst project and thus further the interests we hold in common with members of the Amherst Seminar: namely, the reconstruction of law and society work. It is important, however, that any debate be clearly framed and that we argue over genuine points of disagreement, not misunderstandings. The purpose of this reply is to try to sort the former from the latter.
Generalized Mesh and Node Systems of Equations

IN THE PAST, great precision or breadth in techniques for establishing the equations for electrical networks has not been of too great importance since the large scale use of systems of equations for computations or even for theoretical investigations has not been of major interest. At the present time, however, two factors are appearing which alter this situation. First, computers are making it entirely feasible to design and study, by way of very extensive numerical calculations, electrical networks of considerable complexity. The effective use of computers requires that the defining equations must be formed with precision and complete assurance. Second, the complexity of the transient response problems (analysis and synthesis) now being encountered makes it imperative that the broadest and most general formulation of network equations be established.
Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Growth Hormone Action on Skeletal Muscle: Implications for Treatment of Age-Associated Sarcopenia

The cellular and molecular bases of growth hormone (GH) action on skeletal muscle will be reviewed. Since almost all actions of GH on skeletal muscle occur via locally produced insulin-like growth factor (IGF), this review will focus on the mechanisms of IGF action in skeletal muscle. IGF has profound effects on skeletal muscle precursor cell activities, including stimulation of myoblast proliferation and differentiation, and inhibition of myoblast apoptosis. However, it is unclear whether IGF has any direct actions on skeletal muscle fibers themselves, or contributes to muscle hypertrophy only indirectly through increases in muscle fiber nuclear numbers. Therefore, it is unclear whether IGF can maintain muscle mass without stimulating cell proliferation. The changes that occur in aging skeletal muscle, and the role of declining IGF and IGF receptor expression levels in these changes will also be outlined. There is ample experimental evidence that IGF is essential for normal skeletal muscle growth and reg...
Federalism from the Neighborhood Up: Los Angeles's Neighborhood Councils, MinorityRepresentation, and Democratic Legitimacy

In 1999, the Los Angeles electorate approved an ambitious new charter for the city. One of the most important and controversial parts of the charter was the creation of a system of Neighborhood Councils. The Councils were designed to foster local ownership over municipal issues and to increase civic participation. Unlike systems of neighborhood governance in other cities, where a central board appointed representatives, these Councils were to be created from within the neighborhoods themselves.'This Essay discusses the objectives of the Councils, assesses their performance, and offers recommendations for their improvement. In so doing, the Essay builds on the work of one author, Erwin Chemerinsky, who was one of the central backers of the Council system.'This Essay proceeds in four sections. In Part I, the Essay offers Dean Chemerinsky's recollections of the development of the Councils and discusses the rationale for this system. In Part II, the Essay offers an overview of the history of minority representation in Los Angeles. This Part also documents the need for a decentralized system that would empower minorities to exert greater political influence.In Part III, the authors analyze the impact of the Neighborhood Councils on minority representation in Los Angeles. While noting that the Councils have lagged in Hispanic representation, the Essay argues that the Councils have provided a unique forum for minorities to meaningfully engage in the political life of the city. In particular, the Councils have been a source of strong political participation for Asian-Americans. In Part IV, the Essay offers suggestions to improve the Neighborhood Councils. Part IV also recommends that this model be expanded to other cities.
Foreseeing meaningful choices

A choice positively contributes to a player's sense of agency when it leads to meaningfully different content. We shed light on what a player may consider meaningfully different by developing a formalism for interactive stories in terms of the change in situational content across choices. We hypothesized that a player will feel a higher sense of agency when making a choice if they foresee the available actions lead to meaningfully different states. We experimentally tested our formalism's ability to characterize choices that elicit a higher sense of agency and present evidence that supports our claim. Study participants (n = 88) played a choose-your-own-adventure game and reported a higher sense of agency when faced with choices that differed in situational content over choices that didn't, despite these choices differing in non-situational ways. We contend our findings are a step toward principled approaches to the design of interactive stories that target specific cognitive and affective states.
The Impact of the Sectoral Allocation of Foreign aid on Gender Inequality

While many developing countries have made progress in human development, gender equality remains a challenge for most. This study uses data on bilateral official aid disbursements from the OECD Development Assistance Committee (OECD-DAC) to examine the impact of aid and its sectoral allocation on overall gender inequality as well as on gender inequality in health and education. We find that the impact of aid on gender inequality is dependent on initial human development and per capita income. However, increased aid to the health and education sectors appears to be effective in reducing maternal mortality and gender inequality in youth literacy regardless of initial conditions. © 2016 UNU-WIDER. Journal of International Development published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A forecasting model for mosquito population densities.

A heuristic model to forecast mosquito densities is constructed from light-trap data using an autoregressive integrated moving average process. The model predicts mosquito densities up to 6 days in the future. Using the model a simulation study was performed to examine the influence of several pesticide application strategies on mosquito populations.
Cocaine and cocaethylene binding to human milk.

Abstract The binding of cocaine and its ethyl analog, cocaethylene, to human milk was studied using equilibrium dialysis at 4°C. For cocaine, a low-affinity, high-capacity binder was noted (equilibrium constant of association, K a , 3.12 × 10 3 L/mol; concentration of binding sites, B 0 3.85 × 10 -4 mol/L), as well as a very low affinity, high-capacity binder (K a , 7.54 × 10 2 L/mol; B 0 , 1.42 × 10 -3 mol/L). For cocaethylene, 2 low-affinity, high-capacity binders were suggested. a stronger (K a , 3.79 × 10 3 L/mol; B 0 , 3.27 × 10 -4 mol/L) and a weaker (K a , 1.84 × 10 3 L/mol; B 0 , 8.91 × 10 -4 mol/L) binder The low-affinity, high-capacity binder for cocaine and cocaethylene seems to be albumin, while the weaker nonspecific binding may be due to lipids. Up to 55% of cocaine and up to 61% of cocaethylene were bound to milk; such binding, coupled with the lower pH of milk (6.9) relative to that of serum (7.4), may enhance the mammary secretion of these 2 basic drugs, having important consequences for the nursing infant.
Nitrogen storage and its interaction with carbohydrates of young apple trees in response to nitrogen supply

Bench-grafted 'Fuji/M.26' apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) trees received a constant nitrogen (N) supply (10.7 mM) from bud break to the end of June, and were then fertigated with 0, 5, 10, 15 or 20 mM N in a modified Hoagland's solution for 2 months during the summer. In mid-October, half of the trees fertigated at each N concentration were sprayed twice with 3% urea, whereas the remaining trees served as controls. All trees were harvested after natural leaf fall and were stored at 2 degrees C. Five trees from each of the N treatment combinations were destructively sampled during dormancy to determine the composition of N and total nonstructural carbohydrates (TNC). As the N supply from fertigation increased, amounts of N in both free amino acids and proteins increased, whereas C/N ratios decreased. Foliar urea applications in the fall significantly increased amounts of N in both free amino acids and proteins, but decreased their C/N ratios. Arginine, the most abundant amino acid in both free amino acids and in proteins, accounted for an increasing proportion of N in free amino acids and proteins with increasing N supply from fertigation or foliar urea application. The ratio of protein N to free amino acid N decreased from about 27.1 to 3.2 as N supply from fertigation increased from 0 to 20 mM, and decreased further to 3.0 in response to foliar urea applications in the fall. Concentrations of glucose, fructose, sucrose and TNC decreased as the N supply from fertigation increased, whereas concentrations of sorbitol and starch remained relatively unchanged. Foliar urea applications decreased the concentration of each TNC component and the TNC concentration in each N fertigation treatment. A negative linear relationship was found between carbon in TNC and N in proteins and free amino acids. The sum of carbon in TNC, proteins and free amino acids remained constant in response to N supply from fertigation. However, foliar urea applications decreased the sum of carbon in proteins, free amino acids and TNC because about 21% of the decrease in TNC carbon was not recovered in free amino acids or proteins. Young apple trees store N and carbon dynamically in response to N supply. As N supply increases, an increasing proportion of N is found in the form of free amino acids, which have a low carbon cost, although proteins remain the main form of N storage. Furthermore, part of the carbon from TNC is incorporated into amino acids and proteins, decreasing the carbon stored as TNC and increasing the carbon stored as amino acids and proteins.
A First Study on Temporal Dynamics of Topics on the Web

While much work has been devoted to understanding Web dynamics and using this knowledge to efficiently maintain the freshness of the indexes of generic search engines, the same is not true for domain-specific indexes constructed by focused crawlers. For the latter, the problem is compounded by the fact that it is important not only to maintain already-crawled pages fresh, but also to identify new relevant content and expand the collection. In this paper, we discuss the challenges involved in this problem and describe our preliminary efforts in building a testbed to better understand the dynamics of specific topics and characterize how they evolve over time. We propose a data collection methodology and a set of experiments to answer important questions about temporal dynamics and evolution of topics. We also present the results of the experimental analysis we carried out using data collected over a period of four weeks using two distinct topics. These results suggest that topic-specific refreshing strategies can be beneficial for focused crawlers.
Pathogen detection and analysis of one case of food poisoning caused by Vibrio parahemolyticus

Objective To investigate a food poisoning event in a wedding dinner,and use pulsed field gel electrophoresis(PFGE) technology with isolated strains for homology analysis. Methods The epidemiological characteristics of the case of food poisoning were investigated.The anal swabs of patients and cooks,the residual food samples and link samples were collected,and were identified and serotyped by the traditional bacterial detection.The isolated strains were analysed by PFGE molecular technology,and cluster analysis of PFGE classification photographs was performed by BioNumerics software. Results There were 28 confirmed cases reported,and 12 strains of Vibrio parahemolyticus were detected from 10 anal swabs and 2 residual food samples.The serotype of these strains was O4:K8,and 3 band types were identified by PFGE molecular technology and cluster analysis.These 3 band types were extremely similar,only with differences in 2 to 4 electrophoretic bands. Conclusion This case of food poisoning is caused by Vibrio parahemolyticus.
Distribution and growth pattern of ancient super-large ginkgo in Guizhou:Guizhou ancient Ginkgo biloba germplasm resources investigation XI

A specific super-large ancient ginkgo population,characterized by different morphology,size and age with very specific old growth pattern and growth rhythm was discovered.The characteristics,quantity and distribution of this super-large ancient ginkgo population was studied.There are three important discoveries: the phenomenon of "multi-generations in one body"called as atavism or reversion individuals currently,was widespread existence in the early geological time.Partially-fused-trunk with new branches sprouts periodically creates the appearance of a single tree but in fact "multi-generations in one tree".Guizhou central mountain plateau has been the original habitats for ancient ginkgo start from Anshun,Changshun,Guiyang,Longli,Guiding,Fuquan to Majiang for 5 000 years.The distribution of the super-large ancient ginkgo and the modern ginkgo overlapped compeletly,this discovery further verified that the wild properties of Guizhou gingko tree.
The Cinema of Satyajit Ray: Between Wonder, Intuition, and Suggestion: Rasa in Satyajit Ray's The Apu Trilogy and Jalsaghar

To my “Hari” and “Sarbojaya” – my father and mother; my “Durga” – my sister and her family; and my “Apu” of fourteen years, Nikhil, who many times behaves like a zamindar Rasa Theory: An Overview Although Satyajit Ray had a Western education and was deeply influenced by occidental modes of filmmaking – namely, Hollywood, the French cinema, and Italian neorealism – it is very important to remember that he was equally influenced by Indian culture and the various art forms, especially during his prolonged studies at Tagore's Fine Arts Academy at Santiniketan. As Ray describes it, such a fusion between the East and West should be considered as a strength all along. But you have to have the backing of your own culture very much. Even when I made my first film the awareness was there. I had a western education. I studied English, but more and more over the last ten years I have been going back to the history of my own country, my people, my past, my culture. … Ray's early films provide us with a rich evidence of this, especially in his handling of the elaborate and often intricate theories of rasa as laid down by classical Sanskrit theoreticians like Dandin (seventh century), Anandvardhana (ninth century), and Abhinavagupta (tenth century).
“REGARDING EACH SUGGESTION OVER WHAT SHOULD BE DONE IF THE ENEMY CROSSES THE RHINE” 31 OCTOBER 1813, BY RADETZKY

At the current moment only two proposals can be considered: 1) The enemy will cross the Rhine and the Allied armies will move into winter posts and quarters on the Right Bank. 2) The enemy crosses the Rhine and the Allied army moves into winter quarters, while a portion will turn to the conquest of Holland and Italy. 1. The Rhine will be divided into three main sectors for observation: a) from Basel to Rastatt; b) from Rastatt to the Lahn; c) from the Lahn to Wesel; d) although separate, to this sector will be added the stretch from Wesel to the mouth of the Ems. a. The army of Gen. Wrede will cover from Basel to Rastatt. It will consist of: 35,000 Bavarians; 15,000 Wurttembergers and Badenese; 6,000 Hessen-Darmstadters, Wurzburgers, and Frankfurters; 10,000 Austrians; total: 66,000 men. The headquarters of this sector will be at Freiburg-im-Breisgau. According to circumstances, the majority of the troops will be posted partly in the Breisgau and partly in the Black Forest. b. 60,000 Austrians will cover from Rastatt to the Lahn. The headquarters will be at Heidelberg. The Austrian Reserve will be established between the Neckar, Tauber, and Main in the line from Rothenburg-am-der-Tauber and Alsace. … The majority of the troops will be billeted in winter quarters between the Bergstrase and the Rhine, then up the Lahn. c. Field-Marshal Blucher will occupy from the Lahn to Wesel with 60,000 men.
Clay minerals in Upper Permian evaporites from the Northern Calcareous Alps (Alpine Haselgebirge Formation, Austria)

The clay mineral assemblages of argillaceous halites, mudrocks, and sandstones from the Upper Permian Alpine Haselgebirge formation are composed of dioctahedral illited and trioctahedral Mg-chlorite (clinochlore) plus varying traces of quartz ± alkali feldspar ± magnesite. Interstratified clay phases are entirely absent. Illite contains <5% smectite and is predominantly of the 1Md/1M polytype with <20% 2M 1 component. Chlorite is likewise non-expandable and belongs to the IIb polytype. SEM and TEM investigations show that most clay particles are well-crystallized, suggesting that they formed diagenetically. Measurements of illite crystallinity' show distinct ranges for each lithology with almost no overlap. Illites from halites yield the lowest IC values (mean 0.42±0.02 Δ°2θ), implying and incipient anchizonal overprint. IC values from mudrock and sandstones samples, however, are significantly higher (mean values of 0.47±0.01 and 0.56±0.03, respectively) and indicate high-grade diagenesis rather than anchimetamorphism. The low IC values of illites from halite samples probably reflect the high availability of potassium in these evaporites
The Problem of the Other and the Ethics of Resistance: Confronting the Ethical Deadlock of Phenomenology with Jacques Lacan

A problem lurks at the heart of the phenomenological account of the Other. The problem is how to reconcile phenomenology’s ability to describe the ethical power of the Other with its inability to prescribe an appropriate response to it. In this chapter, Drew M. Dalton shows how this problem can be solved only by first excavating the hard core of this problem by tracing its development through the work of Husserl, Heidegger, and Levinas, respectively. Dalton concludes by showing how this problem might be surmounted through a reappraisal of the work of Jacques Lacan as a kind of phenomenological ethics. Thusly, he makes a case for the enduring power of phenomenology to address a few of the most pressing social and political issues of the day.
Snowstorm climatology derived from NASA MERRA reanalysis as an example for event-based virtual collections

Most of the climatological studies derived from reanalysis datasets to-date have been presence-based rather than event-based. We have gathered event-based climatological statistics from thirty-seven-plus (37+) years of blizzard-like snowstorms, identified and individually tracked, using hourly high-resolution datasets from the NASA's Modern Era Retrospective-analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA) data collection. We have not only extracted summary statistics for all storms, such as cumulative-probability density functions (CDFs, in percentiles) of storm duration and cumulative area coverage, but also per-event statistics for each storm, e.g. beginning/ending times, hourly locations, hourly mean snowfall intensities, and snowfall intensity probability distribution. In addition, we have constructed a web portal where users can view the hourly locations of each snowstorm annotated with conditions of the storm at that hour. Users with accounts on the portal can discover coincident data granules of relevant satellite remote-sensing observations by querying NASA metadata repository, i.e. EOS Clearing House (ECHO) or upcoming Common Metadata Repository (CMR) and create/share individualized virtual collections apposite to their research.
Role of Piezo Ion Channels in Mechanosensation

Mechanotransduction is perhaps the last sensory modality not understood at the molecular level. Proteins/ion channels that sense mechanical force are postulated to play critical roles in sensing touch/pain (somatosensation), sound (hearing), sheer stress (cardiovascular function), etc.; however, the identity of ion channels involved in sensing mechanical force has remained elusive. We identified Piezo1 and Piezo2, mechanically-activated cation channels that are expressed in many mechanosensitive cell types. We demonstrated that Piezos constitute an evolutionarily conserved family of mechanically-activated cation channels. We further showed that Piezo1 is a shear stress sensor in vascular endothelial cells, while Piezo2 is the major transducer of mechanical forces for touch sensation in mice. Current efforts focus on understanding structure-function relationship of Piezo proteins, and elucidating their physiological roles in various biological processes and diseases that depend on mechanotransduction. Finally, we are searching for novel mechanosensors.