cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The free moment of ground reaction in distance running and its changes with pronation

Abrtrrt--Many running injuries are succeaclully treated with footwear modification8 designed to reduce pronatioq, but the underlying mechaniem of treatment ia not well undcntood. Previous attempt8 to correlate @duction in pronation with changes in ground reaction parameters have been unsuccessful. In this study, the1 free moment of ground reaction (Mi) was measured for 10 rearfoot strikera running at 4.5 m 8-l in each of three different pairs of running shoes designed to vary the extent of pronation during ground contact. Mz patterns were highly variable between feet, but were repeatable within a given foot/footwear combination. Mz' was greateat in magnitude during the first half of support, when it acted in a dimotion resisting @ot abduction, a component of pronation. It was opposite in sign and smaller in magnitude during the last 3b% of support. The peak magnitude and the net angular impulse of Mz' were both incmaaed signiflcan~y with increases in pronation. A net ground reaction moment was also cakadated about a vertical axis fixed fin the shoe, and was used in a first approximation model of the shoe/ground interface to predict when the 'foot is most likely to ab/adduct during nmning. In conclusion, this study characterized the Mz' pattern for a welldefined group of runners, and found that hfz' is sensitive to relatively large within-subject changes in pronation.
NeuroHIV and Use of Addictive Substances

In the past three decades, substance abuse has been identified as a key comorbidity of human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) infection. Many studies have found that the use and abuse of addictive substances hastens the progression of HIV-1 infection and HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders. Advances in highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in the mid-1990s have been successful in limiting the HIV-1 viral load and maintaining a relatively healthy immune response, allowing the life expectancy of patients infected with HIV to approach that of the general population. However, even with HAART, HIV-1 viral proteins are still expressed and eradication of the virus, particularly in the brain, the key reservoir organ, does not occur. In the post-HAART era, the clinical challenge in the treatment of HIV infection is inflammation of the central nervous system (CNS) and its subsequent neurological disorders. To date, various explicit and implicit connections have been identified between the neuronal circuitry involved in immune responses and brain regions affected by and implicated in substance abuse. This chapter discusses past and current medical uses of prototypical substances of abuse, including morphine, alcohol, cocaine, methamphetamine, marijuana, and nicotine, and the evidence that systemic infections, particularly HIV-1 infection, cause neurological dysfunction as a result of inflammation in the CNS, which can increase the risk of substance abuse.
Creating Corporate Reputations: Identity, Image, and Performance

The article reviews the book "Creating Corporate Reputations: Identity, Image, and Performance," by Grahame Dowling.
Community walking speed, sedentary or lying down time, and mortality in peripheral artery disease:

We studied whether slower community walking speed and whether greater time spent lying down or sleeping were associated with higher mortality in people with lower extremity peripheral artery disease (PAD). Participants with an ankle-brachial index (ABI) 3 miles/hour): HR = 0.55, 95% CI = 0.07-4.30. These associations were not significant after additional adjustment for the six-minute walk. Relative to sleeping or lying down for 8-9 hours, fewer or greater hours sleeping or lying down were associated with higher CVD mortality: 4-7 hours: HR = 2.08, 95% CI = 1.06-4.05; 10-11 hours: HR = 4.07, 95% CI = 1.86-8.89; ⩾ 12 hours: HR = 3.75, 95% CI = 1.47-9.62. These associations were maintained after adjustment for the six-minute walk. In conclusion, slower walking speed outside the home and less than 8 hours or more than 9 hours lying down per day are potentially modifiable behaviors associated with increased CVD mortality in patients with PAD.
Membranes for the removal of fermentation inhibitors from biofuel production

Abstract Decreasing world fossil fuel reserves combined with increasing greenhouse gas emissions have led to significant interest in developing alternative renewable energy resources. Lignocellulosic biomass represents one of the largest renewable energy resources. Production of biofuels from lignocellulosic biomass is particularly attractive because competition between food and energy crops is eliminated. Lignocellulosic biomass is highly recalcitrant to hydrolysis and requires several steps before the product biofuel is produced. These pretreatment steps lead to the production of inhibitory compounds that adversely affect subsequent fermentation steps. Consequently, biomass detoxification or conditioning is needed to remove these inhibitory compounds before fermentation. Here, a number of potential membrane-based processes are described for the removal of inhibitory compounds. Because of the large number and variety of inhibitory compounds that could be present, it is likely that the actual unit operations used will depend on the specific hydrolysate and pretreatment conditions employed in a particular process. When more than one unit operation is required, membrane-based processes offer the promise of process intensification in which two unit operations can be combined into one.
Digital Imaging Network Systems in the U.S. Military: Past, Present, Future

The United States Military (Army, Navy and Air Force) has been active in Picture Archiving and Communications (PACS) for over ten years. Early work includes three teleradiology studies and a full scale prototype PACS implementation at two civilian universities. An Educational PACS and Computer Aided Instructional (CAI) programs have been developed by the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (USUHS) to support Gross Anatomy, Neuroanatomy, Pathology and Radiology training of military medical students. Current activities include PACS implementation into military hospitals and clinics under the Medical Diagnostic Imaging Support Systems (MDIS) program and developing additional digital image based CAI programs to supplement first year (GME-2) medical, surgical and radiology residency training. Future plans include implementation of PACS in all military treatment facilities, operational units and combat medical support units.
X-ray computed tomography imaging: A not-so-nondestructive technique

X-ray computed tomography has become a popular means for examining the interiors of meteorites and has been advocated for routine curation and for the examination of samples returned by missions. Here, we report the results of a blind test that indicate that CT imaging deposits a considerable radiation dose in a meteorite and seriously compromises its natural radiation record. Ten vials of the Bruderheim L6 chondrite were placed in CT imager and exposed to radiation levels typical for meteorite studies. Half were retained as controls. Their thermoluminescence (TL) properties were then measured in a blind test. Five of the samples had TL data unaltered from their original (~10 cps) while five had very strong signals (~20,000 cps). It was therefore very clear which samples had been in the CT scanner. For comparison, the natural TL signal from Antarctic meteorites is ~5000–50,000 cps. Using the methods developed for Antarctic meteorites, the apparent dose absorbed by the five test samples was calculated to be 83 ± 5 krad, comparable with the highest doses observed in Antarctic meteorites and freshly fallen meteorites. While these results do not preclude the use of CT scanners when scientifically justified, it should be remembered that the record of radiation exposure to ionizing radiations for the sample will be destroyed and that TL, or the related optically stimulated luminescence, are the primary modern techniques for radiation dosimetry. This is particularly important with irreplaceable samples, such as meteorite main masses, returned samples, and samples destined for archive.
Hotspot of Glyoxal Over the Pearl River Delta Seen from the OMI Satellite Instrument: Implications for Emissions of Aromatic Hydrocarbons

Abstract. The Pearl River delta (PRD) is a densely populated hub of industrial activity located in southern China. OMI (Ozone Monitoring Instrument) satellite observations reveal a large hotspot of glyoxal (CHOCHO) over the PRD that is almost twice as large as any other in Asia. Formaldehyde (HCHO) and NO2 observed by OMI are also high in the PRD but no more than in other urban/industrial areas of China. The CHOCHO hotspot over the PRD can be explained by industrial paint and solvent emissions of aromatic volatile organic compounds (VOCs), with toluene being a dominant contributor. By contrast, HCHO in the PRD originates mostly from VOCs emitted by combustion (principally vehicles). By applying a plume transport model to wind-segregated OMI data, we show that the CHOCHO and HCHO enhancements over the PRD observed by OMI are consistent with current VOC emission inventories. Prior work using CHOCHO retrievals from the SCIAMACHY satellite instrument suggested that emission inventories for aromatic VOCs in the PRD were too low by a factor of 10–20; we attribute this result in part to bias in the SCIAMACHY data and in part to underestimated CHOCHO yields from oxidation of aromatics. Our work points to the importance of better understanding CHOCHO yields from the oxidation of aromatics in order to interpret space-based CHOCHO observations in polluted environments.
Managing the patient with episodic sinus tachycardia and orthostatic intolerance

Patients with episodic sinus tachycardia and associated orthostatic intolerance present a diagnostic and management dilemma to the clinician. We define this group of disorders to include sinus node reentrant tachycardia (SNRT), inappropriate sinus tachycardia (IAST), and postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS). After a brief review of the current understanding of the pathophysiology and epidemiology of this group of disorders, we focus on the diagnosis and management of IAST and POTS. Our approach attempts to recognize the considerable overlap in pathophysiology and clinical presentation between these two heterogeneous conditions. Thus, we focus on a mechanism-based workup and therapeutic approach. Sinus tachycardia related to identifiable causes should first be ruled out in these patients. Next, a basic cardiovascular and autonomic workup is suggested to exclude structural heart disease, identify a putative diagnosis, and guide therapy. We review both nonpharmacologic and pharmacologic therapy, with a focus on recent advances. Larger randomized control trials and further mechanistic studies will help refine management in the future.
An Internet-Based Tailored Hearing Protection Intervention for Firefighters: Development Process and Users’ Feedback

Background. Noise-induced hearing loss is a significant occupational injury for firefighters exposed to intermittent noise on the job. It is important to educate firefighters about using hearing protection devices whenever they are exposed to loud noise. Computer technology is a relatively new health education approach and can be useful for tailoring specific aspects of behavioral change training. The purpose of this study is to present the development process of an Internet-based tailored intervention program and to assess its efficacy. Method. The intervention programs were implemented for 372 firefighters (mean age = 44 years, Caucasian = 82%, male = 95%) in three states (California, Illinois, and Indiana). The efficacy was assessed from firefighters’ feedback through an Internet-based survey. Results. A multimedia Internet-based training program was developed through (a) determining program content and writing scripts, (b) developing decision-making algorithms for tailoring, (c) graphic design and aud...
High-Resolution Electron Microscopy of Hematite Formed by External Oxidation of Iron-Bearing Olivine

The preparation of interfaces for TEM investigation is inherently prone to the production of artifacts. In some cases it is possible to avoid potential hazards in the interpretation of high-resolution images by creating the interfaces in pre-existing, thin, TEM specimens so that no further preparation is required. As an example of this approach, results from a study of interfaces produced by the heat-treatment of iron-bearing olivine TEM samples are presented. Image simulations are presented which show that even in these favorable situations, the greatest care must be taken in interpreting image contrast at interfaces in high-resolution electron micrographs.
Computer Simulations to Address Pu-Fe Eutectic Issue in 3013 Storage Vessel

On November 22, 2005, the Manager of the Plutonium Finishing Plant (PFP) in Richland, WA issued an Occurrence Report involving a potential Pu-Fe eutectic failure mechanism for the stainless steel (SS) 3013 cans containing plutonium (Pu) metal. Four additional reports addressed nuclear safety concerns about the integrity of stainless steel containers holding plutonium during fire scenarios. The reports expressed a belief that the probability and consequences of container failure due to the formation of a plutonium-iron eutectic alloy had been overlooked. Simplified thermal model to address the Pu-Fe eutectic concerns using axisymmetric model similar to the models used in the 9975 SARP were performed. The model uses Rocky Flats configuration with 2 stacked Pu buttons inside a 3013 assembly. The assembly has an outer can, an inner can, and a convenience can, all stainless steel. The boundary conditions are similar to the regulatory 30 minutes HAC fire analyses. Computer simulations of the HAC fire transients lasting 4 hours of burn time show that the interface between the primary containment vessel and the Pu metal in the 9975 package will not reach Pu-Fe eutectic temperature of 400 C.
Relation of Changes in Proximal Segment of Renal Nephron to Maintenance of Acid Base Equilibrium.

SummaryTwenty-three senile dogs showing varying degrees of glomerular injury and at the same time a fairly diffuse change in the type of epithelium in the proximal segment of the renal nephron from a normal order of cuboidal cell to one of a flattened, less specialized type of cell when subjected to the anesthetic action of chloroform for 45 minutes fail to show, as the result of the use of this body, a reduction in the elimination of phenolsulphanephthalein, or a reduction in the reserve alkali of the blood from that value which these animals have established as their pathological normal. In a group of 29 control senile animals, with a normal urine, both chemically and microscopically, with the same order of change in the glomeruli but with, in general, a normal order of cytological structure in the proximal segment of the renal nephron when anesthetized for 45 minutes with chloroform show a marked decrease in the elimination of phenolsulphanephthalein and a reduction in the reserve alkali of the blood.
Aspects of cellulin deposition and chitin biosynthesis in the Leptomitaceae

Barr, M. E. 1979. A classification of Loculoasco? mycetes. Mycologia 71: 935-957. Chesters, C. G. C, and A. Bell. 1970. Studies in the Lophiostomataceae Sacc. Mycol. Pap. 120: 1-55. Cribb, A. B., and J. W. Cribb. 1955. Marine fungi from Queensland. I. Pap. Univ. Queensland Dept. Bot. 3: 77-81. Eriksson, O. 1981. The families of bitunicate asco? mycetes. Opera Botanica 60: 1-220. Kohlmeyer, J., and E. Kohlmeyer. 1979. Marine my? cology. The higher fungi. Academic Press, New York. 690 p.
Breeding of Indica CMS Line Fengtian 1 A with Soft and Small Grains in Rice

Fengtian 1 A,developed from the cross of Yuanfeng A /(Yuanfeng B /Bai B) F4 through successive backcrossing,is a new indica CMS line in rice with characteristics of soft grains and good grain quality.It shows also good agronomic characters,stable and complete male sterility,favorable outcrossing habits and high combining ability.Most of the F1 hybrids from Fengtian 1 A are photoperiod-sensitive.Fengtian 1 A was technically identified by Guangxi Crop Variety Appraisal Committee in October,2012.
Interface for Augmenting Spatial Orientation of Pilots via Low Cognitive Load, Peripheral Vision

Untrained pilots flying in reduced visibility are at a high risk of losing control of a small aircraft when using typical instrumentation. The reduced visibility makes it impossible for the pilot to see outside references, which increases the workload and cognitive stress on the pilot. An advanced visual interface that focuses on the use of non-central vision to allow pilots to feel rather than compute the basic spatial orientation of their small aircraft is presented in this paper. To promote our goal of reducing the pilot's cognitive load, the interface is controlled by a single input button in addition to the routine controls of the aircraft. The visual display aims to provide an immersive experience to the user, while not relying on the pilot's central focus of attention. Thus, the user can fully exploit and focus their attention on any available instrumentation and technology present in the cockpit, such as glass displays, synthetic or enhanced vision, GPS devices, with our interface offering an additional layer of awareness. The visualization provides both instantaneous and trend information to the user. A preliminary user study that revealed additional future improvements to the visual display is also briefly described.
Myelomonocytic Antigen Positive Multiple Myeloma

In a four year span, between 1983 and 1987, 215 bone marrow and cell culture samples from 125 myeloma patients were immunotyped and coexpression of myelomonocytic and plasma cell antigens occurred in 16 (13%). We employed both immunohistochemical and flow cytometry methods including coplots and double labelling. Three types of myeloma cases were found: (1) those with isolated myeloid antigen coexpression, usually Leu M1 or esterase (BE, CE) positive (11 cases); (2) those with multiple myeloid antigens (Leu M1, M3, M5, MY7, BE, CE) (four cases); and (3) one case beginning as 1 and ending as 2. Isolated myeloid antigen expression was generally associated with typical features of myeloma with survival close to the anticipated median (33 months), while multiple myeloid antigen expression was associated with more aggressive disease and shorter survival duration (median survival 16 months). The latter subgroup also had other poor prognostic factors including high labelling index and common acute lymphoblastic leukemia antigen (CALLA) positivity. Other features found overall were frequent abnormal karyotypes (seven of 12 abnormal) and coexpressed IgA (eight of 16); all IgA+ cases also coexpressed Leu M1. We conclude that there is an unusual and unexpected predilection for coexpression of myelomonocytic antigens in myeloma cells. The reasons are not immediately obvious. Whether the coexpression indicates that myeloma cells truly have latent multilineage potential or just aberrantly coexpress other hematopoietic antigens as a manifestation of malignancy remains to be explained. However, a cell line established from the bone marrow of one patient is a valuable scientific tool allowing detailed analysis of these questions.
PAF and Related Lipids Regulate Events in the Vascular Wall

PAF is a phospholipid that causes inflammatory responses including neutrophil activation and adhesion to endothelial cells. Oxidized phospholipids can produce similar effects, which are blocked by antagonists to the PAF receptor. Both PAF and oxidized phospholipids are degraded by the PAF acetylhydrolase, which may thereby suppress inflammation.
Poisson-Markov Mixture Model and Parallel Algorithm for Binning Massive and Heterogenous DNA Sequencing Reads

A major computational challenge in analyzing metagenomics sequencing reads is to identify unknown sources of massive and heterogeneous short DNA reads. A promising approach is to efficiently and sufficiently extract and exploit sequence features, i.e., k-mers, to bin the reads according to their sources. Shorter k-mers may capture base composition information while longer k-mers may represent reads abundance information. We present a novel Poisson-Markov mixture Model (PMM) to systematically integrate the information in both long and short k-mers and develop a parallel algorithm for improving both reads binning performance and running time. We compare the performance and running time of our PMM approach with selected competing approaches using simulated data sets, and we also demonstrate the utility of our PMM approach using a time course metagenomics data set. The probabilistic modeling framework is sufficiently flexible and general to solve a wide range of supervised and unsupervised learning problems in metagenomics.
A Joyful Noise: The Vocal Health of Worship Leaders and Contemporary Christian Singers

Contemporary commercial music (CCM) is a term that encompasses many styles of music. A growing subset of CCM is contemporary Christian music, a genre that has outpaced other popular styles such as Latin, jazz, and classical music. Contemporary Christian singers (CCSs) and worship leaders (WLs) are a subset of CCM musicians that face unique vocal demands and risks. They typically lack professional training and often perform in acoustically disadvantageous venues with substandard sound reinforcement systems. The vocal needs and risks of these singers are not well understood, and because of this, their training and care may be suboptimal. The aim of the present study was to investigate the vocal health of this growing population and their awareness of standard vocal hygiene principles. An online questionnaire was designed and administered to participants in the Americas, Europe, Australia, and Asia. A total of 614 participants responded to the questionnaire, which is made available in English, Portuguese, and Spanish. Many participants reported vocal symptoms such as vocal fatigue (n = 213; 34.7%), tickling or choking sensation (n = 149; 24.3%), loss of upper range (n = 172; 28%), and complete loss of voice (n = 25; 4.1%). One third of the participants (n = 210; 34%) indicated that they do not warm up their voices before performances and over half of the participants (n = 319; 52%) have no formal vocal training. Results suggest that this population demonstrates low awareness of vocal hygiene principles, frequently experience difficulty with their voices, and may face elevated risk of vocal pathology. Future studies of this population may confirm the vocal risks that our preliminary findings suggest.
Spinal Cord Infarction.

AbstractSpinal cord infarction (SCI) is uncommon and, therefore, not extensively studied. Little is known about the epidemiology and individual risk factors for SCI. The prognosis for functional recovery after SCI from any cause is not well documented. Despite these deficiencies, useful clinical information regarding SCI following surgical procedures is available. Many nonsurgical causes of SCI are also recognized, including aortic pathology, systemic hypoperfusion, atherosclerotic emboli, or other embolic materials. An understanding of the patterns of blood supply to the spinal cord and the more common causes of SCI will aid in guiding future trials of neuroprotective medications, growth factors, and various perioperative techniques aimed at decreasing functional disability following SCI.
Estimation of In-Situ Shear Strength Parameters for Subgrade Layer Using Non-destructive Testing

The Falling Weight Deflectometer (FWD) test has been widely used for evaluating the structural condition and load-carrying capacity of asphalt pavement systems as a non-destructive testing device. Conventionally, the in situ stiffness properties of the various pavement layers are estimated from the analysis of the surface deflection measurements using a backcalculation procedure. In this pilot study, an innovative and novel approach was investigated for estimating the shear strength parameters (C and ϕ) of the subgrade layer by means of FWD testing. Such parameters become important and necessary when assessing the risk of instantaneous shear failure in asphalt pavement layers under non-standard heavy vehicles. In order to assess the applicability of proposed approach, numerically simulated FWD test as well as measured FWD field data conducted on the APT asphalt pavement sections at the National Airport Pavement Test Facility (NAPTF) were analyzed. The surface deflection measurements from the FWD testing at multiple load levels were used in conjunction with backcalculation process to capture the stress dependent behavior of unbound layers and subsequently used to determine the shear strength parameters of the subgrade layer. It was found that the proposed approach was capable of estimating the in situ shear strength parameters of the subgrade material and the results were consistent with those obtained from conventional laboratory testing. Based on the findings from this study, work is currently undergoing to extend and validate the proposed approach for different type of asphalt pavement structures and subgrade properties.
8.7 Chromatographic Separations and Analysis: Chromatographic Separations and Analysis of Enantiomers

Drugs of different chiralities, when present in chiral environments (e.g., human body), usually have different pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics and thus have different therapeutic values. For this reason, in 1992, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration issued guidelines requiring drug companies to investigate the pharmacologic properties of racemic drugs in each of their enantiomeric forms. As a result, chiral separation techniques are of great importance today and are performed on a routine basis in pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries. This chapter will provide an overview of the approaches to chiral separations and application of chromatographic techniques in chiral recognition. Separation by physical process, such as enantiomeric crystallization, is not within the scope of this chapter. A brief overview will be provided to introduce the development of techniques that laid the groundwork for chiral chromatography. Classic theoretical models and interaction mechanisms for chiral recognition will be outlined. The most popular chiral chromatographic techniques, that is, HPLC, GC, and SFC, will be discussed in terms of the chiral selectors, separation mechanisms, strengths, limitations, and applications.
Advancing Climate Change Adaptation: Borrowing from the Natural Hazard Research (NHR) Tradition in Geography

Extreme events have widespread impact on human and natural systems, and the response to such extreme events is examined by several academic and practicing communities. For decades, the Natural Hazard Research (NHR) tradition in geography, led by White and expanded by scholars like Mitchell, have looked at possibilities of blending and applying technological fixes and societal adjustments to reduce the risk of losses from extreme events. While knowledge about potential impacts of climate change related to extreme events has grown substantially, the consolidation of knowledge to plan for and respond to extreme climate events in the short and long terms has only begun in the past few years. These scholars have emphasized the importance of context, understanding and including the broader range of options, and systematic study of past experiences to elicit knowledge pertaining to effective societal responses to extreme events. Such lessons from the NHR tradition and the works of Mitchell are key to finding the way forward with climate change adaptation.
A Synoptic Review of the 1932 National Research Council Bulletin, “Possibilities and Need for Development of Legal Medicine in the United States”:

In 1932, the National Research Council (NRC) published a Bulletin titled “Possibilities and Need for Development of Legal Medicine in the United States.” This article is a synopsis of the major poi...
Tumor Microenvironment Heterogeneity: Challenges and Opportunities

The tumor microenvironment (TME) has been recognized as an integral component of malignancies in breast and prostate tissues, contributing in confounding ways to tumor progression, metastasis, therapy resistance, and disease recurrence. Major components of the TME are immune cells, fibroblasts, pericytes, endothelial cells, mesenchymal stroma/stem cells (MSCs), and extracellular matrix (ECM) components. Herein, we discuss the molecular and cellular heterogeneity within the TME and how this presents unique challenges and opportunities for treating breast and prostate cancers.
Chemical and cellular oxidant production induced by naphthalene secondary organic aerosol (SOA): effect of redox-active metals and photochemical aging.

Exposure to air pollution is a leading global health risk. Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) constitute a large portion of ambient particulate matter (PM). In this study, the water-soluble oxidative potential (OP) determined by dithiothreitol (DTT) consumption and intracellular reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) production was measured for SOA generated from the photooxidation of naphthalene in the presence of iron sulfate and ammonium sulfate seed particles. The measured intrinsic OP varied for aerosol formed using different initial naphthalene concentrations, however, no trends were observed between OP and bulk aerosol composition or seed type. For all experiments, aerosol generated in the presence of iron-containing seed induced higher ROS/RNS production compared to that formed in the presence of inorganic seed. This effect was primarily attributed to differences in aerosol carbon oxidation state $${\boldsymbol{(}}{\bar{{\bf{O}}{\bf{S}}}}_{{\bf{c}}}{\boldsymbol{)}}$$ . In the presence of iron, radical concentrations are elevated via iron redox cycling, resulting in more oxidized species. An exponential trend was also observed between ROS/RNS and $${\boldsymbol{(}}{\bar{{\bf{O}}{\bf{S}}}}_{{\bf{c}}}{\boldsymbol{)}}$$ for all naphthalene SOA, regardless of seed type or aerosol formation condition. This may have important implications as aerosol have an atmospheric lifetime of a week, over which $${\boldsymbol{(}}{\bar{{\bf{O}}{\bf{S}}}}_{{\bf{c}}}{\boldsymbol{)}}$$ increases due to continued photochemical aging, potentially resulting in more toxic aerosol.
Contact with a glyphosate-based herbicide has long-term effects on the activity and foraging of an agrobiont wolf spider.

Animals that live in conventional agroecosystems must cope with a variety of anthropogenic chemicals. Most of the focus of toxicology is on lethality, deformities, or short-term shifts in behavior. However, for animals that succeed in spite of their exposure, it is important to determine if long-term changes are brought on by their experience. We tested the hypothesis that contact with a commercial formulation of a glyphosate-based herbicide would affect the behavior of subsequent instars in the wolf spider, Pardosa milvina, a species that thrives in the agroecosystems of eastern United States. In one experiment, we housed females carrying egg sacs on a surface treated with the herbicide for 7 h. Then we monitored their activity and foraging of the offspring 4 weeks after emergence. We repeated the same tests on adults that had been housed with herbicide during their penultimate stage. In both studies, exposed spiders displayed higher levels of activity and greater capture success than their unexposed counterparts. Exposure of penultimate instar to herbicide had larger effects on the behavior of adult males than adult females. These results suggest that herbicides have the potential to adjust the behavior of individuals in the predator community. Thus, impact on the food web and their positive or negative potential for biological control may extend beyond their role in controlling weeds.
Glioma tumor suppressor candidate region gene 1 (GLTSCR1) and its paralog GLTSCR1-like form SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling subcomplexes.

The mammalian SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex is a heterogeneous collection of related protein complexes required for gene regulation and genome integrity. It contains a central ATPase (BRM or BRG1) and various combinations of 10-14 accessory subunits (BAFs for B RM/BRG1 A ssociated F actor s ). Two distinct complexes differing in size, BAF and the slightly larger polybromo-BAF (PBAF), share many of the same core subunits but are differentiated primarily by having either AT-rich interaction domain 1A/B (ARID1A/B in BAF) or ARID2 (in PBAF). Using density gradient centrifugation and immunoprecipitation, we have identified and characterized a third and smaller SWI/SNF subcomplex. We termed this complex GBAF because it incorporates two mutually exclusive paralogs, GLTSCR1 (glioma tumor suppressor candidate region gene 1) or GLTSCR1L (GLTSCR1-like), instead of an ARID protein. In addition to GLTSCR1 or GLTSCR1L, the GBAF complex contains BRD9 (bromodomain-containing 9) and the BAF subunits BAF155, BAF60, SS18, BAF53a, and BRG1/BRM. We observed that GBAF does not contain the core BAF subunits BAF45, BAF47, or BAF57. Even without these subunits, GBAF displayed in vitro ATPase activity and bulk chromatin affinity comparable to those of BAF. GBAF associated with BRD4, but, unlike BRD4, the GBAF component GLTSCR1 was not required for the viability of the LNCaP prostate cancer cell line. In contrast, GLTSCR1 or GLTSCR1L knockouts in the metastatic prostate cancer cell line PC3 resulted in a loss in proliferation and colony-forming ability. Taken together, our results provide evidence for a compositionally novel SWI/SNF subcomplex with cell type-specific functions.
Evaluating and improving the implementation of a community-based hereditary cancer screening program

Healthcare disparities exist in the provision of cancer genetic services including genetic counseling and testing related to BRCA1/2 mutations. To address this in a community health setting a screening tool was created to identify high-risk women. This study evaluates the implementation of the tool and identifies opportunities for improved cancer genetic screening, including regular clinician education. A mixed-method approach was used to evaluate clinician utilization of the screening tool at Planned Parenthood affiliates. Novel surveys that evaluated acceptance and implementation were administered to clinicians (n = 14) and semi-structured interviews (n = 6) were used to explore clinicians’ perspectives and identify gaps in its utilization. Educational modules that addressed gaps were developed, implemented, and evaluated using a post-education survey (n = 8). Clinicians reported confidence in administering and interpreting the screening tool, but reported less confidence in their knowledge of cancer genetics and ability to connect clients with genetic counseling and testing (p = .003). Educational modules resulted in significant gains in clinician knowledge on genetic topics (p < .05) and increased self-reported confidence in connecting clients with genetic services. The modules reinforced the belief that genetic testing is beneficial for patients at increased risk (p = .001) and is important to inform subsequent medical management (p = .027). While building community clinicians’ capacity to connect clients with genetic services is crucial, it is challenged by knowledge and confidence gaps in discussions of genetic services with clients. Consistent genetic-focused education with non-genetic clinicians can improve confidence and knowledge, enabling a more effective screening program in community health settings.
Biophysical heterogeneity in the tympanic membrane of the Asian water monitor lizard, Varanus salvator

The tympanic membrane of the Asian water monitor lizard (Varanus salvator) is functionally divided into dorsal, more pliant, and ventral, stiffer regions. The ventral portion is smaller and vibrates significantly (up to 12×) more to the same stimuli. The pattern of tympanic membrane response is frequency-dependent with a peak response centered around 2.5 kHz, and a lower response at 0.5 kHz. This pattern of tympanic membrane frequency response coincides with the high- and low-frequency ranges of the varanid auditory response. The functional relationship between the tympanic heterogeneity and the internally coupled ears of the varanid auditory system is uncertain, as is the exact role of the tympanum in modulating pharyngeal pressure. The middle ear dynamics of Varanus salvator, and likely those of other squamates, are more complex than previously reported.
Metabolic coupling on roots.

The coupling of root nutrient exudation by plants with microbial nutrient utilization preferences helps drive the assembly of rhizosphere microbiomes, enabling the use of metabolite interaction traits to engineer favourable microbial communities on roots.
Laparoscopic and Robotic Orchiopexy for the Impalpable Undescended Testicle

Approximately 1% of males are diagnosed with cryptorchidism [1]. In the majority of cases the undescended testicle is palpable. However, as many as 20% of cryptorchid patients will have a non-palpable testis [2]. In these cases, the testis might be absent, intra-abdominal, or within the inguinal canal (canalicular). Prior to the advent of laparoscopic exploration for the non-palpable testicle in 1976, management of the undescended testicle consisted of an inguinal exploration with extension into the peritoneum [3]. The testicle was either absent (vanishing), removed, positioned scrotally, or in the worst case scenario, not located by the surgeon.
Impact of Economic Growth on Income Distribution: Are the Effects Asymmetric?

Kuznets’ inverted-U hypothesis asserts that at the early stages of economic growth income inequality gets worse. It only improves after a threshold growth level is reached. Like previous research, when we considered time series data from each of the 41 countries in our sample and a linear ARDL approach, we only found support for the hypothesis in four countries. However, when we shifted to nonlinear ARDL approach which separates economic booms from recessions, we were able to find support for the hypothesis in 15 countries. In many countries we found economic activity to have asymmetric effects on income inequality which is not considered by previous research.
Enhancement of Junior Level Curriculum through the Utilization of "Lunch and Learn" Sessions

The Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences at Virginia Commonwealth University incorporated "Lunch and Learn" sessions into the junior level Immunology course. Students attended the sessions during their regularly scheduled lunch on days that their Immunology course was scheduled. The sessions included guest speakers who lectured on a variety of topics. These topics included careers in Immunohematolgy, interviewing skills, the interview process, mock interviews and membership in the American Society for Clinical Laboratory Sciences. The sessions allowed students to gain knowledge about Immunohematology a semester earlier than in previous years. This was especially important because it allowed them to apply for an Immunohematology related scholarship. Several sessions focused on enhancing the students9 interviewing skills to make them more competitive for student worker positions and post-graduation employment. Feedback from students indicated that these sessions made them feel more prepared for student worker interviews and feedback from interviewers was very positive indicating an overall improvement from previous years. Additionally, students received information about the benefits of American Society for Clinical Laboratory Sciences membership, which resulted in student attendance at the annual Virginia American Society for Clinical Laboratory Sciences meeting. Overall, the Lunch and Learn sessions that were incorporated allowed our department to expose students to valuable topics that are not part of our traditional Clinical Laboratory Sciences curriculum.
Increasing Clinical and Economic Burden of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Among Hospitalized Adults in the United States.

GOALS The aim of this study was to understand the burden of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) among hospitalized patients in the United States. BACKGROUND A major driver of the rapidly increasing US clinical and economic burden of NAFLD is attributed to inpatient health care resource utilization. METHODS We performed a cross-sectional study of the 2007 to 2014 Nationwide Inpatient Sample. A total of 481,122 hospitalizations in patients with NAFLD were identified using ICD-9 codes after excluding other etiologies of chronic liver disease. We analyzed survey-weighted annual trends in national estimates of hospitalizations in patients with NAFLD, stratified by metabolic comorbidities, cirrhosis, and other liver-related complications. Annual trends in total hospitalization charges were inflation adjusted to 2014 USD. RESULTS From 2007 to 2014, hospitalizations in patients with NAFLD increased by 83.4% (42,060 to 77,143, P<0.0001), and the proportion of total hospitalizations represented by patients with NAFLD increased by 104.4% (6.34 to 13.0 per 1000 hospitalizations). During this time, there was a 159% increase in total inpatient hospitalization charges in patients with NAFLD ($7.7 billion in 2007 to $19.9 billion in 2014, P<0.001). This increasing clinical and economic burden was observed across all metabolic comorbidities and liver complications evaluated among hospitalizations in patients with NAFLD. CONCLUSIONS With the rising prevalence of NAFLD in the United States, the inpatient clinical and economic burden of NAFLD is also rapidly rising. In 2014, total estimated national hospitalization charges in patients with NAFLD reached nearly $20 billion, with metabolic comorbidities and liver-related complications being major contributors to this rising burden.
Laparoscopic Low Anterior Resection for Rectal Cancer: TME Planes and Surgery of the Upper and Mid-Rectum

Despite years of literature demonstrating the safety, feasibility, and benefit of a minimally invasive surgical approach to colon cancer, half of the colectomies in the USA are still performed via an open approach. In this chapter, we will outline the workup, surgical setup, and operative steps for laparoscopic low anterior resection with special considerations for mid- and upper rectal cancers. We also provide tips for exposing the proper planes and how to avoid common intraoperative missteps. Our goal is to equip the novice minimally invasive surgeon with the tools needed to safely perform laparoscopic colorectal resections.
Hemp: Can Cooperative-run Quotas Prevent Overproduction?

First paragraph: The legalization of hemp provides a new oppor­tunity for small farmers in the U.S., and com­ing on the heels of trade wars and depressed crop returns, the timing couldn’t be better. However, while hemp production could support a decent living for these small farmers, production opportu­nities such as this will draw interest from producers of all sizes, which may determine its profitability. Hemp, just like any other crop, can be produced on a massive scale. The industrial system stands at the ready with machines, inputs, land-grant agricul­tural research universities, transportation systems, markets, and capital to plant hemp on large acre­ages and then process, market, and deliver it to consumers. Once unleashed, the vast majority of the crop could be grown on large acreages under industrial management, mechanized, and with few people on the land. Organic hemp could be an­other option offered by the industrial model, but could be equally mechanized. Within five to 10 years, any current profit advantage of hemp to farmers could diminish to the low level of market returns offered by other industrial crops like corn or beans. . . . See the press release for this article.
Some generalizations of the ASR search algorithm for quasitwisted codes

One of the most important and challenging problems in coding theory is explicit construction of linear codes with the best possible parameters. It is well known that the class of quasitwisted (QT) codes is asymptotically good and contains many linear codes with best known parameters (BKLCs). A search algorithm (ASR) on QT codes has been particularly effective to construct such codes. Recently, the ASR algorithm was generalized based on the notion of code equivalence. In this work, we introduce a new generalization of the ASR algorithm to include a broader scope of QT codes. As a result of implementing this algorithm, we have found eight new linear codes over the field 𝔽 5 . Furthermore, we have found seven additional new codes from the standard constructions of puncturing, shortening or Construction X. We also introduce a new search algorithm that can be viewed as a further generalization of ASR into the class multitwisted (MT) codes. Using this method, we have found many codes with best known parameters with more direct and desirable constructions than what is currently available in the database of BKLCs.
Racial Differences in Clinical Characteristics and Risk of Readmissions among Left Ventricular Assist Device Patients

Purpose The purpose of this study was to compare clinical characteristics and risk of readmissions by race among patients with left ventricular assist device (LVAD). Methods The study population included 349 patients implanted with LVADs at the University of Rochester Medical Center, NY from May 5, 2008 to September 19, 2018. Patients were stratified by race as White (N=304 [87%]) and Black (N=45 [13%]). The Anderson-Gill recurrent regression analysis was used to assess the independent association between race and recurrent readmissions during an average follow-up of 2.49 ± 2.19 years. Results Black patients displayed significant differences in the baseline clinical characteristics prior to LVAD implantation compared to White patients (Table 1), including a younger age and a lower frequency of ischemic etiology (10 (22%) vs 176 (58%), and a higher baseline serum creatinine. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed that mortality rates at 2- years of follow-up were non-significantly lower among Black patients as compared with White patients (14% vs. 25%, respectively; log-rank p-value = 0.163 for the overall difference). However, after multivariate adjustment, Black patients were shown to experience a significant 41% increased risk for recurrent admission after LVAD implantation (Hazard ratio 1.41, 95% CI; 1.05-1.90, p 0.022). Conclusion Black patient were younger than White patient with LVAD but remain at higher risk of readmissions following LVAD implant. These findings suggest the need for careful follow-up with appropriate interventions to reduce readmissions in Black patients who undergo LVAD implantation.
Integrated Circuits, MEMS, and Nanoelectronics for Sensor Applications

By nature, Engineering is a difficult field to study that requires rigorous work. However, it is also a rewarding field with great opportunity for innovation and creativity. Now, with advances in technology and the convergence of several scientific fields, it is a great time to be able to understand how things are made and how they work. This chapter is the story of a woman engineer who pushed her way through many challenges, adapting to different technologies and uses them to create several novel devices for the benefit of society.