cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Epidemiological Correlates of NIDDM in Hispanics, Whites, and Blacks in the u.s. Population

Characteristics, prevalence, and risk factors for non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) among Hispanics, blacks, and whites aged 20-74 yr in the United States population were investigated with two national surveys that used a household interview to ascertain diagnosed diabetes and a 75-g 2-h oral glucose tolerance test to measure undiagnosed diabetes. The Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey of 1982-1984 studied Mexican Americans in the southwest U.S., Cuban Americans in the Miami, Florida, area, and Puerto Ricans in the New York City area. The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey of 1976-1980 examined a national sample of U.S. residents, of whom data on blacks and whites were analyzed. People with diagnosed diabetes in the five populations were similar with respect to mean age (53-57 yr), age at diagnosis (45-48 yr), duration of diabetes (6.9-8.7 yr), and diabetes therapies (58-67% using pharmacological treatment). Mean age of people with undiagnosed diabetes (51-59 yr) was comparable to that of diagnosed cases, and mean fasting (7.1-7.8 mM) and 2-h postchallenge plasma glucose (14.1-15.5 mM) values for people with undiagnosed diabetes were similar among the five populations. However, obesity levels varied by race, sex, and whether diabetes was diagnosed or undiagnosed. Age-standardized prevalence of diabetes (sum of diagnosed and undiagnosed cases) was 6.2% in whites, 9.3% in Cubans, 10.2% in blacks, 13% in Mexican Americans, and 13.4% in Puerto Ricans. Thus, compared to whites, diabetes rates were 50-60% higher among Cubans and blacks and 110-120% higher among Mexican Americans and Puerto Ricans. Age-standardized rates of impaired glucose tolerance were similar among the five populations (10.3-13.8%). Increasing age, obesity, and family history of diabetes were associated with higher rates of diabetes but sex, physical activity, education, income, and acculturation were not risk factors or were only weakly associated with diabetes prevalence.
A foreign transcription unit in the inactivated VSG gene expression site of the procyclic form of Trypanosoma brucei and formation of large episomes in stably transformed trypanosomes

Transcription of the variant surface glycoprotein (VSG) gene expression site (ES) in Trypanosoma brucei is inactivated upon differentiation from the bloodstream form to the insect-adapted, procyclic form. This paper demonstrates that a foreign transcription unit, containing a procyclic acidic repetitive protein (PARP) gene promoter driving a neomycin phosphotransferase (neo) gene, can be fully active once integrated at the lingering, transcriptionally inactive VSG ES of procyclic trypanosomes. Following targeting into the ES two types of transformants were identified. Type one transformants were generated by integration of the PARP-neo gene into the region downstream of the long 70-bp repeat array of the silent telomeric ES encoding VSG gene 118. alpha-amanitin-resistant transcription at the neo locus proceeded from the PARP promoter to approximately 2.5 kb downstream of the integration site and terminated in front of the VSG 118 gene. Type two transformants contained variously sized large episomes (ranging from 135 kb to 500 kb), consisting of tandemly linked input plasmids. Transcription of the neo gene in the episomes was also resistant to alpha-amanitin. The presence of large amounts of the active episomal PARP promoter did not significantly affect the transcription of most RNA polymerase II transcribed genes, but resulted in a significant and equal reduction of the transcriptional efficiency of the endogenous PARP genes and VSG gene promoter sequences. This observation suggests that transcription of the PARP gene and the VSG gene expression sites in insect form trypanosomes may share a common transcriptional machinery.
Review of equatorial scintillation phenomena in light of recent developments in the theory and measurement of equatorial irregularities

Abstract Recent developments in the understanding of equatorial irregularities have come from a unique combination of rocket, satellite, radar, theoretical, and computer simulation investigations. These will be reviewed with emphasis on the effect of the irregularities upon the propagation of radio waves. Recent scintillation calculations based upon in situ rocket and satellite irregularity measurements are also reviewed and a new composite model presented here which explains many properties of the scintillation phenomena associated with equatorial spread-F.
Hydrogen bonding. Part 77. Molecular orbital study of C–H⋯F hydrogen bonds in tetramethylammonium fluoride; potential effects on solid state structure

Abstract The infrared (IR) spectrum of tetramethylammonium fluoride suggests that it contains the strongest C–H⋯F− hydrogen bonds yet observed. Ab initio 3-21G(∗) calculations were used to examine potential solid state arrangements of cation about anion. The favored state is one in which four cations surround each F− in a D2d arrangement and four F− surround each cation. Each F− acts as acceptor of four hydrogen bonds of −10.8 kcal mol−1, one from each cation. This arrangement, similar to that of tetramethylammon chloride, is consonant with the IR spectrum of the cation in solid tetramethylammonium fluoride. In the preferred form of the monomeric gas phase ion-pair F− lies against one triangular face of the Td cation with three CHF hydrogen bonds of −11.5 kcal mol−1 each. Constraint of F− in the gas phase ion-pair to interaction with a single cation hydrogen results in a tightly bound molecular complex between HF and trimethylammonium methylide with an interaction energy of −27 kcal mol−1; however, this structure is not seen elsewhere and apparently does not play a role in the solid salt.
Migration, economic opportunity, and the quality of life: An analysis for the United States according to race, sex, and age

In recent years, the increased concern with environmental matters and the quality of life has led to a propagation of studies on these topics. The present paper attempts to add to this literature by analyzing the impact of the quality of life on interstate migration in the United States over the 1965–1970 time period according to race, age, and sex traits of migrants. The results imply that such factors as climate, medical care, and pollution were all important factors.
Rate of saturation of target L shell vacancy probability,pl, with projectile charge as given by coupled-channels calculations

The distribution of intensities of KL/sup n/ K/sub ..cap alpha../-satellites is nearly binomial, with parameter p/sub L/, the mean L-shell vacancy probability per electron. The chemical environment of an atom produces a shift, ..delta..p/sub L/ of p/sub L/ from its value for an isolated target atom. ..delta..p/sub L/ tends to increase as p/sub L/ increases, so for greatest chemical sensitivity one wants p/sub L/ as large as possible. p/sub L/ increases with Z/sub p/ but, because it must remain <1, p/sub L/ must saturate for large Z/sub p/. Thus, little additional sensitivity is gained, for a given target and impact speed, by using heavy-ion projectiles of charge greater than some moderate value. We have made theoretical calculations of p/sub L/ to provide information on the rate of this saturation. Whereas all earlier calculations have employed a single-particle model and a simple collision approximation, we use the Hartree-Fock independent Fermi particle model, which contains Pauli correlations, and refined coupled-channels collision theory. Because of a tendency toward random phases in the scattering amplitudes, the intensity distribution is nearly binomial in most cases, but has the possibility of deviating strongly when one or two channels are dominant. We show, as a typical example,more » p/sub L/ as a function of Z/sub p/ and E/A for isolated Ar targets, where the tendency toward saturation appears for F/sup +9/ and even for C/sup +6/.« less
Chemical factors in carbon brush wear

Abstract Chemical factors involved in the wear of carbon brushes on metal slip rings are discussed. Under conditions of elevated temperature operation in an oxidizing atmosphere, a correlation is found between the oxidation characteristics and the wear rates of carbon brushes. It is demonstrated that temperatures in the oxidation range can readily be generated by current converging through high resistance constrictions in the contact zone. Copper and other metals present in the slip ring can act as catalysts for the oxidation, the metal oxide particles migrating into the interior of the brush and causing enhanced gasification rates and increased porosity. Treatment of the brush with oxidation inhibitors, such as phosphorus oxychloride, and surface alloying of the ring with non-catalytic materials, such as zinc, can reduce the wear rate at elevated temperatures under favorable conditions. Graphite surfaces are also attacked by reactive gaseous species such as atomic nitrogen and oxygen, ozone and nitrogen oxides which may form near the brush surface during arcing.
What Process Mediates Predictions of Childhood IQ from Infant Habituation and Recognition Memory? Speculations on the Roles of Inhibition and Rate of Information Processing.

Abstract This editorial proposes that the dependent variables that predict childhood IQ from habituation and recognition memory assessments made during infancy may or may not primarily reflect individual differences in the rate of information processing as widely suggested. For example, although information must be processed, the speed of such processing, nevertheless, may not be responsible for the prediction. Instead, individual differences in the ability of infants to inhibit attention to, or disengage from, less salient stimuli, including the familiar stimulus, may be crucial to the prediction of later IQ. The case is made for inhibition as a potentially stable thread in the fabric of mental development, which is then discussed in relation to other theoretical viewpoints focusing on inhibition in infant and mature mental behavior. It is possible that both inhibition and rate of information processing are involved.
Is nostalgia becoming digital? Ecuadorian diaspora in the age of global capitalism

Focusing on the recent phenomenon of massive Ecuadorian migration to the United States and Europe, this essay explores how digital technologies are changing the experience of displacement, and how nostalgia – the longing for a home and a time left behind – may feel different in this era of global capitalism when, as advertisements posted on immigrant-oriented web sites claim, home is ‘just a click away’. Due to the encounter with new technologies intent upon shrinking space and time, nostalgia might be becoming digital – a quest for continuity of space and time through the simultaneity offered by digital technologies. This essay, then, proposes the category of digital nostalgia as a critical tool for analysing the experience of displacement within the contradictory discourses of globalization, which relentlessly sell the erasure of space, distance and borders, while encouraging legal and territorial barriers that prevent the free circulation of people. For Ecuadorian migrant workers, digital technologies ...
Effects of the Atypical Antipsychotic Remoxipride on Alcohol Self-Administration

Remoxipride is a dopamine (DA) D2 antagonist that produces fewer of the side effects normally associated with chronic DA antagonist administration. It has been demonstrated that DA antagonists can reduce the desire for a second drink in alcoholics. However, because of the usual side effects associated with DA antagonist administration, chronic use as an adjunct to alcoholism treatment has not been considered. Because the DA D2 antagonist haloperidol reduces ethanol self-administration in an operant animal model of ethanol self-administration, this study was designed to determine whether remoxipride would produce similar results. Six Long-Evans rats were initiated to self-administer ethanol in daily 30-min operant sessions using a sucrose-substitution procedure. Following establishment of ethanol-reinforced lever pressing, remoxipride (0.5, 1.0, 5.0, or 10.0 mg/kg) or haloperidol (0.01, 0.05, or 0.1 mg/kg) were injected 30 min prior to the sessions. Remoxipride produced an approximate 50% reduction in the number of ethanol presentations per session at the highest dose tested (10.0 mg/kg) and did so by terminating the ethanol-drinking bout earlier in the session. Haloperidol also decreased ethanol presentations with the highest dose tested (0.1 mg/kg) producing the largest effect. These data indicate that remoxipride produces reductions in ethanol-reinforced responding similar to those observed with another DA antagonist. Because remoxipride produces fewer of the side effects commonly observed with chronic DA antagonist administration, it could prove to be a useful adjunct in the treatment of excessive alcohol consumption.
Implications of industry changes for producer price indexes for the U.S. domestic telephone service

Abstract Important changes have recently swept the telecommunications industry into a new era. AT&T's divestiture of its local exchange telephone operations and the transition to equal access to the local telephone network for all long-distance providers are two of the most recent and most visible of these changes. The Federal Communications Commission also has been promoting competition in telecommunications and has moved to deregulate parts of the industry and to change the arcane way costs are recovered for the parts remaining under regulation. These changes have raised concerns about the course of telephone service prices. In this paper I discuss the implications of some of these changes for the construction of output price indexes for the telephone industry. I discuss the coverage of telephone services in the Producer Price Index program of the Bureau of Labor Statistics, and I discuss the implications of these changes for the PPI program.
On the numerical solution of the Goursat problem

Abstract In this paper, we present a nonlinear trapezoidal formula for the solution of the Goursat problem. The new scheme implements the harmonic mean (HM) averaging of the functional values rather than the arithmetic mean (AM) or the geometric mean (GM) averaging. A comparison is made with the existing techniques, and the results obtained show better approximations related to the accuracy level in favor of the HM strategy.
The identification of phosphatidylglycerol in the rat, rabbit, monkey and human lung.

Abstract There is some controversy in the literature as to whether phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidyldimethylethanolamine or both are present in the lung. In order to clarify the confusion, we have studied the lung lipid composition of the adult rabbit, rat and rhesus monkey. We have also examined the lipid composition of fetal lung fluid and adult tracheobrorichial aspirates and lung wash from humans. 1. 1. In the rabbit, neutral lipid accounts for 50% of the lipid in whole lung but only 5% of that in lung wash. Phosphatidylcholine accounts for over 50% of the phospholipid in whole lung and 80–90% of that in lung wash. In addition, phosphatidylethanolamine and sphingomyelin are major components of the whole lung phospholipid but are present in only trace amounts in lung wash. Phosphatidylglycerol is the second most abundant phospholipid in lung wash where it accounts for 2–9% of the phospholipid. The phospholipid composition of rat and monkey whole lung is similar to that of rabbit. 2. 2. Phosphatidylglycerol was identified by comparison of its Chromatographic properties with those of standard Phosphatidylglycerol, by its glycerol/ phosphate ratio and by identification of its deacylation product. 3. 3. Phosphatidylglycerol is also present in the human lung material examined, where it accounts for up to 14% of the total phospholipid. 4. 4. A highly surface active fraction of phosphatidylglycerol from rabbit lung wash was obtained by mercuric acetate adduction of the unsaturated species. 5. 5. Phosphatidyldimethylethanolamine was not detectable in any sample studied.
Synergism between hemopoietic growth factors (HGFs) detected by their effects on cells bearing receptors for a lineage specific HGF: Assay of hemopoietin‐1

The preceding paper describes a new approach to the detection and assay of growth factors for developmentally early multipotent hemopoietic cells (Bartelmez et al., J. Cell. Physiol., 1985). This approach, involving measurement of the increase in the number of receptors for the mononuclear phagocyte specific hemopoietic growth factor (HGF), colony stimulating factor-1 (CSF-1), in cultures of developmentally early murine cells incubated with putative HGFs, has been used to define and assay hemopoietin-1. Hemopoietin-1 (Mr approximately 20,000) is found in the medium derived from serum-free cultures of cells of the human urinary bladder carcinoma line 5637. In contrast to both hemopoietin-2 and CSF-1, which also stimulate an increase in CSF-1 receptor numbers in cultures of developmentally early hemopoietic cells, hemopoietin-1 alone has no detectable effect. However, hemopoietin-1 exhibits dramatic synergism with CSF-1. In the presence of CSF-1, hemopoietin-1 stimulates the proliferation of developmentally earlier cells than those that respond to either CSF-1 alone or hemopoietin-2 alone or their combination. These cells proliferate for at least 3 days with no alteration of the average CSF-1 receptor density. However, by 5 days of incubation, the progeny of developmentally early hemopoietic cells that have proliferated in response to hemopoietin-1 + CSF-1 exhibit an approximately tenfold increase in the average CSF-1 receptor density per cell, which immediately precedes their differentiation to adherent mononuclear phagocytes. As hemopoietin-1 does not possess colony stimulating or burst promoting activities for murine bone marrow cells, but acts on multipotent hemopoietic cells, the analysis of the mechanism of its synergistic effects with HGFs such as CSF-1 are of special relevance to the regulation of early events in hemopoiesis.
A Circulating Water Cooling System for a CAMAC Crate

This paper describes a circulating water cooling system used at SLAC for cooling and maintaining cleanliness of the SLC type Camac Crates.
Direct Reprogramming of Melanocytes to Neural Crest Stem-Like Cells by One Defined Factor†‡§

Mouse and human somatic cells can either be reprogrammed to a pluripotent state or converted to another lineage with a combination of transcription factors suggesting that lineage commitment is a reversible process. Here we show that only one factor, the active intracellular form of Notch1, is sufficient to convert mature pigmented epidermal-derived melanocytes into functional multipotent neural crest (NC) stem-like cells. These induced NC stem cells (iNCSCs) proliferate as spheres under stem cell media conditions, re-express NC-related genes, and differentiate into multiple NC-derived mesenchymal and neuronal lineages. Moreover, iNCSCs are highly migratory and functional in vivo. These results demonstrate that mature melanocytes can be reprogrammed toward their primitive NC cell precursors through the activation of a single stem cell-related pathway. Reprogramming of melanocytes to iNCSCs may provide an alternate source of NCSCs for neuroregenerative applications.
Study of Effect on Teeth of Intermittent Fluoridation of a Community Water Supply

THE city of Pulaski in Giles County, Tenn., affords an area in which the intermittent fluoridation of water can be studied. The effect on the teeth of children of intermittent fluoridation of a municipal water supply has not been reported. The Pulaski water supply is derived from Richland Creek, while the surrounding area is served by ground water. The intermittent fluoridation of the water supply of Pulaski possibly is related to the water saturation in the ground. Alexander' suggested that when the ground is completely saturated with water there is less passage of water over the phosphate rock and therefore less solution of fluorides. The fluoride content of Pulaski water varies from 0.2 to 1.3 ppm. The ground waters of the adjacent study area in the county have unknown fluoride values. The condition of the teeth of the children using the municipal water supply of Pulaski (0.2 to 1.3 ppm. F.) has been compared with the condition of the teeth of the children living outside of the city using ground water (wells or springs) of unknown fluoride content, to determine whether a correlation exists between the surface water supplies of known high intermittent fluoride content and the ground water supplies. Dean," Arnold,3 Klein,17 and many other investigators have shown that groups of children who consume waters containing small amounts of fluorine (0.5 ppm. or more) experience less dental decay than do comparable groups of children who use fluoride-free water. Arnold3 has shown that children who are born and reared in communities whose domestic water supplies contain more than 0.5 ppm. fluorine experience less dental caries than do children living in areas where the domestic water supply is fluoride-free. Arnold2 has proposed that water containing 0.5 to 0.7 ppm. fluorine in the southwestern United States might have an effect equal to that of water of 1.0 to 1.5 ppm. fluoride in the north central section, and concluded that only a small amount of fluorine is necessary to produce the desired effects. McKay,33 Churchill,30 Smith,34 and Dean6' 7, 1 have demonstrated that small quantities of fluorine consumed in a water supply during tooth development may result in mottled enamel, 1 ppm. representing a safe threshold.31 Russell'9 has reported a study of a community in which the water supply was accidentally fluoridated to a mean level of 1.15 ppm. fluorine for eighteen months. On the basis of caries prevalence, he found no demonstrable inhibition of dental caries in the younger children of the community. In the same group he did find that 1 per cent of the girls and 5 per cent of the boys had
Pupal remodeling and the development and evolution of sexual dimorphism in horned beetles.

Abstract: Horns or hornlike structures in beetles have become an increasingly popular study system for exploring the evolution and development of secondary sexual trait diversity and sexual dimorphisms. The horns of adult beetles originate during a rapid growth phase during the prepupal stage of larval development, and differential activation of growth during this time is either implicitly or explicitly assumed to be the sole mechanism underlying intra‐ and interspecific differences in adult horn expression. Here I show that this assumption is not based on developmental reality. Instead, after their initial prepupal growth phase, beetle horns are extensively remodeled during the subsequent pupal stage via sex‐ and size‐dependent resorption of horn tissue. I show that adult sexual dimorphism in four Onthophagus species is shaped partly or entirely by such pupal remodeling rather than by differential growth. Specifically, I show that after a sexually monomorphic growth phase, differential pupal horn resorpt...
Effect of an allozyme polymorphism on regulation of cell volume.

Biochemical differences have been described among allozymes1–4, but the physiological consequences (that is, physiological phenotypes) of such differences have only rarely been demonstrated5–7. Such a relationship is necessary both to the argument that natural selection maintains allozymic diversity in natural populations and for understanding biochemical mechanisms of adaptation8. We report here a genotype-dependent difference in the rate of cellular free amino acid accumulation during adjustment to hyperosmotic conditions in the mussel Mytilus edulis. The product of the Lap locus in M. edulis is the lysosomal enzyme aminopeptidase-I (AM-I; E.C.3.4.11.-) which hydrolyses oligopeptides to their constituent amino acids9. Total AM-I activity is positively correlated with salinity; a 120% increase in salinity increases AM-I activity twofold10–13. Adjustment to hyperosmotic stress in osmoconforming marine bivalves, including M. edulis, involves rapid accumulation of cellular free amino acids14,15. The biochemical properties of AM-I, and its activation by salinity changes, suggest that it is important for providing cellular free amino acid pools during adjustment to hyperosmotic stress11. We show that individuals carrying the allele for high catalytic efficiency (kcat) accumulated cellular amino acids more rapidly than other genotypes. The difference in accumulation rate was also demonstrated by an interruption of hyperosmotic adjustment, which resulted in genotype-dependent rates of amino acid excretion. These results demonstrate the role of AM-I in the physiological processes that regulate cell volume. Thus, differing catalytic properties of allozymes are manifested as phenotypic differences at the physiological level and provide a mechanism for the known selective mortality of mussels in natural populations7.
Slow active potentials in ventral inhibitory motor neurons of the nematode Ascaris.

The ability of ventral inhibitory motor neurons of the nematode Ascaris to generate slow depolarizing potentials was investigated using intracellular recording and current injection. In quiescent cells, regenerative depolarizations with peak amplitudes of approximately 20 mV and durations of several 100 ms were evoked in response to brief depolarizing current pulses. Repetitive slow potentials were produced in response to sustained depolarizing currents in a threshold-dependent manner.
The central, compact source in the Cygnus A galaxy

Single, optically thin, component models as well as double, optically thick at low frequencies, component models have been examined in trying to explain the central source in the nucleus of Cygnus A. In the course of exploring those models, it is found that this compact radio source may be quite similar to other compact and variable sources in Seyfert galaxies and quasars. Double component models generally do better because they fit the X-rays, and there is a good chance that the X-rays arise in the central source; these models can naturally explain variability which may already have been detected in X-rays. The IR is most likely due to emission by cold dust in the nucleus of Cygnus A. Optical emission is, very likely, primarily thermal, except perhaps at UV wavelengths. A number of observations are suggested to check the predictions of this work.
A linear trinuclear chromium(III) complex with mixed thiolate/alkoxide ligation: Preparation and properties of (PPh4)2(Na)[Cr3(SCH2CH2O)6]

Abstract The reaction between CrCl 3 (THF) 3 , NaOEt and 2-hydroxyethanethiol (hetH 2 ) gave the complex (PPh 4 ) 2 Na[Cr 3 (het) 6 ] ( 1 ) as a highly crystalline solid in good yield. Analytical data and structural characterization show the presence also of solvate molecules, one of which is an EtOH group, and another which may be a second EtOH or a H 2 O molecule hydrogen-bonded to an Et 2 O group; the true formulation is thus 1 · 2EtOH or 1 · EtOH · H 2 O · Et 2 O, or a combination. Complex 1 · EtOH · solvent crystallizes in monoclinic space group P 2 1 / n with (at − 155°C): a = 23.605(24), b = 17.390(14), c = 17.668(20) A, β = 107.09(4)°, Z = 4 and V = 6931.98 A 3 . The structure was solved and refined using 4350 unique data with F > 3.0 σ( F ) p]collected in the range 6° ⩽ 2θ ⩽ 45°. Final values of R ( R w ) were 10.98 (10.75)%. The high values of R ( R w ) are a consequence of thelimited number of strong reflections and the large number of independent atoms arising from the presence of two independent PPh 4 + cations and two independent anions, both lying on inversion centres. As a result, not all atoms were refined anisotropically; the uncertainty in the identity of the disordered second solvate molecule was also detrimental. The two anions are essentially superimposable. The three chromium(III) atoms are linearly disposed (Cr … Cr, ∼ 2.7 A) with each Cr 2 pair bridged by oxygen atoms from three het 2− groups whose sulphur atoms are terminally ligated. The inversion centre at the central chromium leads to idealized S 6 symmetry with distorted octahedral geometry at each metal. Variable-temperature, solid-state magnetic susceptibility data were collected in the temperature range 2–300 K. The effective magnetic moment, μ eff per Cr 3 , decreases from 4.77 μ B at 299.9 K to 3.71 μ B at 75.0 K, is then almost constant to 8.0 K and then decreases to 3.16 μ B at 2.08 K. The data were least-squares fit to the theoretical expression derived for isotropic exchange interactions between three S = 3/2 centres. The fitting parameters were found to be J = −37.7cm −1 , J' = 0 cm −1 and g = 1.90, where J refers to interactions between adjacent chromium(III) centres and J' to the interaction between the terminal chromium(III) centres. The metals are thus antiferromagnetically coupled and the complex has an S = 3/2 ground state. The structure of the anion of 1 is compared to that found for the [Cr 3 (E 4 )6 3− (E = Se, Te) complexes which also possess a linear Cr 3 unit and tetra-atomic chelating ligands.
Mitigating the Effects of Misleading Graphs on Decisions by Educating Users about the Principles of Graph Design

ABSTRACT: Prior to training about the principles of proper graph design, effort‐inducing interventions (warning decision makers about the possibility that graphs create misleading impressions and/or requiring them to write a brief justification of their choices) reduced the decision‐biasing effects of misleadingly designed graphs, but only for decision makers with prior task experience. In contrast, a 30‐minute training session on the principles of graph design improved decision quality for all participants, regardless of prior task experience. Moreover, after the training, neither type of effort‐inducing intervention affected the decision quality of experienced decision makers. These results suggest that the best way to counteract the decision‐biasing effects of misleadingly designed graphs is to educate decision makers about the principles of proper graph design. Our results, however, indicate that such training does not totally eliminate the decision‐biasing effects of misleadingly designed graphs. The...
The Strategic Management Process at the Public Planning Unit Level

This paper describes a normative strategic management process for the public sector. It focuses on the state agency or department as the strategic public planning unit (SPPU). Each department within a state Government provides a distinctly different service to a more or less homogeneous segment of the state's citizenry. Therefore, for strategic management purposes, each state unit operates in its unique context and must meet the demands of varied constituency publics if it is to be a viable and effective provider of its service. The process herein described recognizes the unique aspects of public sector strategic management and integrates several stages that are specific to the public sector into an established private sector strategic management framework.
Multiple Scientific Paradigms in Environmental Psychology

Abstract The developmental-historical pattern of environmental psychology is analyzed. It is seen to reflect primarily the discovery of engaging puzzles within the man-environment context by several mature research paradigms currently viable within scientific psychology. This invasion of the paradigms is illustrated by brief accounts of: 1) ecological psychology; 2) environmental perception; 3) environmental assessment; 4) personality and the environment; 5) environmental cognition, and 6) analysis of functional adaptations. The implications of this perspective are noted for the new fielďs pure and applied research potential; for communication between researchers and environmental decisionmakers; for the prospects of a common conceptual framework, and for advanced research training in the field.
Hydrodynamic Modeling of Active Region Loops

Recent observations with the Transition Region and Coronal Explorer (TRACE) have shown that many apparently cool (Te ~ 1-1.5 MK) active region loops are much brighter and have flatter temperature profiles than static loop models predict. Observations also indicate that these loops can persist much longer than a characteristic cooling time. Using time-dependent hydrodynamic simulations, we explore the possibility that these active region loops are actually a collection of small-scale filaments that have been impulsively heated and are cooling through the TRACE 171 A (Fe IX/X) and 195 A (Fe XII) bandpasses. We find that an ensemble of independently heated filaments can be significantly brighter than a static uniformly heated loop and would have a flat filter ratio temperature when observed with TRACE.
Product Quality in Optimization Models

Definition of a "quality margin" concept permits putting product quality into an optimization model in the constraints instead of only in the objective function, as in Taguchi's method. This permits incorporating not only more than one quality attribute, but also other performance constraints, such as power or strength, into a single optimization model solvable by standard techniques, here monotonicity analysis These ideas are applied to an extended version of Taguchi's didactic electric circuit problem to obtain five very different designs. These illustrate the trade-offs between quality, power consumption, and cost characteristic of many consumer products
Greater screen time is associated with adolescent obesity: a longitudinal study of the BMI distribution from ages 14 to 18

Previous research has examined the association between screen time and average changes in adolescent body mass index (BMI). Until now, no study has evaluated the longitudinal relationship between screen time and changes in the BMI distribution across mid to late adolescence. Participants (n=1,336) were adolescents who were followed from age 14 to age 18 and surveyed every six months. Time spent watching television/videos and playing video games was self-reported (<1hr/d, 1hr/d, 2hrs/d, 3hrs/d, 4hrs/d, or 5+hrs/d). BMI (kg/m2) was calculated from self-reported height and weight. Longitudinal quantile regression was used to model the 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th and 90th BMI percentiles as dependent variables. Study wave and screen time were the main predictors, and adjustment was made for gender, race, maternal education, hours of sleep and physical activity. We observed increases at all the BMI percentiles over time, with the greatest increase at the 90th BMI percentile. Screen time was positively associated with changes in BMI at the 50th (0.17, 95% CI: 0.06, 0.27), 75th (0.31, 95% CI: 0.10, 0.52) and 90th BMI percentiles (0.56, 95% CI: 0.27, 0.82). No associations were observed between screen time and changes at the 10th and 25th BMI percentiles. We observed positive associations between screen time and changes in the BMI at the upper tail of the BMI distribution. Therefore lowering screen time, especially among overweight and obese adolescents, could contribute to reducing the prevalence of adolescent obesity.
Abstract 1063: BRAFV600Estatus predicts higher uPA levels in papillary thyroid cancer

Proceedings: AACR 102nd Annual Meeting 2011‐‐ Apr 2‐6, 2011; Orlando, FL Of the 44,670 new cases of thyroid cancer predicted for this year in the US by the American Cancer Society, 80% will be papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). PTC typically arises from a gain-of-function mutation in the RET, RAS, or BRAF genes which make up a linear signaling cascade for ERK activation in over 90% of PTC cases. PTCs possessing the BRAFV600E mutation have been associated with greater local invasion and regional metastatic potential. Urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) has been shown to be an important mediator of invasion and metastasis in several cancers. To determine the extent to which BRAFV600E mutation status predicts up-regulation of the uPA in PTC, a study using patient thyroid tissue samples obtained over a 6-year period at a single tertiary care center was undertaken. DNA and RNA were obtained from patient PTC and matched, normal thyroid tissue samples using the Trizol method. BRAFV600E mutational status of the DNA was determined using the TaqMan SNP genotyping assay, while RNA was analyzed for differences in uPA transcription levels (relative to matched, normal thyroid tissue) by qRT-PCR. Fifty-four percent of the PTC samples possessed the BRAFV600E mutation. PTC samples bearing the BRAFV600E mutation displayed significantly higher uPA RNA levels (relative to matched control tissue) than those samples with wild-type BRAF (5.883 vs. 1.27-fold, p<0.05, Wilcoxon signed-rank test). Additionally, uPA RNA levels were significantly higher in patients with nodal metastasis (p<0.05). These data provide new evidence of the roles of BRAFV600E and uPA in PTC invasive pathology and demonstrate for the first time that BRAFV600E status is able to predict higher uPA levels in PTC. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1063. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-1063
Light propagation through photonic crystal waveguide bends by eigenmode examinations

Propagation of electromagnetic (EM) waves through sharp bends of photonic crystal waveguides is usually understood using the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) technique. In this approach, the waveguide arms must be sufficiently long to separate the useful pulses from other parasite pulses. In addition, there is strong fluctuation in the transmission and reflection spectra near the waveguide cutoff frequency. To overcome these difficulties, we propose a frequency-domain approach in which the EM field profile for the guided mode at each single frequency is examined and then taken as a reference to decompose the total field within each waveguide of the bend system into the superposition of two counterpropagating guided modes. A theoretical model describing the multireflection processes within each waveguide is developed to retrieve the transmission and reflection coefficients for the bend from the superposition coefficients of the guided modes. The proposed approach has been applied to two-dimensional photonic crystal waveguide bend structures, with a simulation domain significantly smaller than in the FDTD technique. Good agreement with existing results is achieved, and no apparent fluctuation is found in the spectra even at frequencies close to the waveguide cutoff frequency, indicating the effectiveness and efficiency of the new method.
Reaction of methoxide ion with the Z‐ and E‐isomers of O‐methylbenzohydroximoyl cyanide. Theoretical calculations on the conformations of the tetrahedral intermediate

Theoretical calculations (HF/6–31 + G*, MP2/6–31 + G*//HF/6–31 + G*, B3LYP/6–31 + G*//HF/6–31 + G*, HF-SCIPCM/6–31 + G*//HF/6–31 + G*, and B3LYP-SCIPCM/6–31 + G*//HF/6–31 + G*) were carried out on the tetrahedral intermediate RC(CN)(OCH3)—NOCH3−, where R = C6H5, CH2CH or H, generated by nucleophilic attack of methoxide ion on (Z)- or (E)-O-methylhydroximoyl cyanide [RC(CN)NOCH3]. These calculations indicate that the staggered conformation 4C, which would lead to an E-substitution product, is approximately 7 (R = H) or 8 kcal mol−1 (R = CH2CH) less stable than conformation 4A, which leads to a Z-substitution product. Furthermore, the lowest energy transition state leading to a Z-substitution product is approximately 5 kcal mol−1 lower in energy than the lowest energy transition state leading to an E-substitution product. These results provide an explanation for the experimental results reported recently that (Z)-O-methylbenzohydroximoyl cyanide gives only the less thermodynamically stable Z-substitution product under conditions where the purported tetrahedral intermediate should have a long enough lifetime to establish an equilibrium between all the staggered conformations. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A NEW SPECIES OF PICEA BASED ON SILICIFIED SEED CONES FROM THE OLIGOCENE OF WASHINGTON

Picea eichhornii n. sp. is described from anatomically preserved seed cones. The fossils are from the Early Oligocene Jansen Creek Member of the Makah Fm. which is exposed along the northern shore of the Olympic Peninsula, Washington. The cones are at least 5.5 cm long and up to 3.5 cm in diameter. The cone axis is 4-6 mm in diameter and contains a pith made up of thick-walled parenchyma cells. Resin canals occur in a single ring in the secondary xylem in some specimens but are absent in others. The cortex is mostly parenchymatous and contains numerous large axial resin canals that branch to supply the bract and scale. Vascular traces to each scale and its subtending bract diverge separately from the vascular cylinder of the cone axis. The bract is tongue-shaped and keeled at its base. It is 5 mm wide and up to 9 mm long. The bract trace fades out before entering the bract base while two resin canals extend into the bract base. The ovuliferous scale is about 2.3 cm long and has a thin, probably papery, apex. Resin canals of the scale occur abaxial to the vascular tissue in the scale base, but some bend around the margins of the vascular strand to become adaxial outward. About 20 resin canals occur in the abaxial scale sclerenchyma, and this is the main anatomical feature that distinguishes these cones as a new species. There are less than 14 such canals in cones in a reference collection of 15 modem species and in the two fossil species known from anatomically preserved material. While the new species adds to our knowledge of the diversity of Cenozoic Picea, its affinities within the genus remain undetermined. PICEA iS the one of the largest genera of the Pinaceae. It includes 28-49 modem species which occur widely in the Northern Hemisphere (Lacassagne, 1934; Dallimore and Jackson, 1966; Schmidt-Vogt, 1977). The fossil record of genus is uncertain before the Cenozoic. Seed cones resembling those of Picea were reported from Cretaceous sediments, but none of those studied further have proved to belong to the genus (Miller, 1974, 1977, 1978). Winged seeds, foliage, pollen grains, and occasional seed cones are well known from the Late Eocene onward. Two species of permineralized seed cones have been reported from the Tertiary of western North America (Miller, 1970; Crabtree, 1983), and a third that is slightly older than the other two is described in the present
A two-microphone dual delay-line approach for extraction of a speech sound in the presence of multiple interferers

This paper describes algorithms for signal extraction for use as a front-end of telecommunication devices, speech recognition systems, as well as hearing aids that operate in noisy environments. The development was based on some independent, hypothesized theories of the computational mechanics of biological systems in which directional hearing is enabled mainly by binaural processing of interaural directional cues. Our system uses two microphones as input devices and a signal processing method based on the two input channels. The signal processing procedure comprises two major stages: (i) source localization, and (ii) cancellation of noise sources based on knowledge of the locations of all sound sources. The source localization, detailed in our previous paper [Liu et al., J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 108, 1888 (2000)], was based on a well-recognized biological architecture comprising a dual delay-line and a coincidence detection mechanism. This paper focuses on description of the noise cancellation stage. We designed a simple subtraction method which, when strategically employed over the dual delay-line structure in the broadband manner, can effectively cancel multiple interfering sound sources and consequently enhance the desired signal. We obtained an 8–10 dB enhancement for the desired speech in the situations of four talkers in the anechoic acoustic test (or 7–10 dB enhancement in the situations of six talkers in the computer simulation) when all the sounds were equally intense and temporally aligned.
A Dual Function Exposure System for Acute Exposure of Mice to Chemical Vapors

A new and innovative portable system, allowing for the exposure of up to 24 mice to chemical vapors for a period of at least 4 hours, is presented. With this apparatus, mice can be selectively exposed to a chemical agent strictly by the dermal route or by inhalation. Specially designed animal cassettes or holders containing slots in the rear portion were developed for use in this system. These slotted areas in the holders provide adequate ventilation and permit mice to be exposed dermally to test substances. Operating parameters of the exposure system were evaluated with test atmospheres of ethylene dichloride (EDC). Distribution of vapor in the chamber was tested for 2 different concentrations of EDC, 500 ppm and 1200 ppm. Vapor distribution was found to be uniform throughout the chamber for both concentrations. The capability of the exposure system to maintain a consistent desired test atmosphere over a 4-hour period was also investigated. EDC was used at concentrations of 900 and 1000 ppm, and it was d...
Fate of the exposed saphenous vein graft.

Patients with functioning vein grafts may present with wound problems resulting in exposure of the graft. We reviewed the courses of 16 patients presenting with this problem to determine the causative factors and the most appropriate management of this therapeutic dilemma. Diabetes mellitus (11 of 16, 68.7%) and wound infection (12 of 16,75%) were frequent pre-existing conditions associated with exposed venous grafts. All patients with exposed vein grafts were initially treated conservatively with regular application of moist sterile dressings, followed by split-thickness skin graft coverage of the wounds when clean. The wounds healed in 7 patients, whereas 9 patients developed complications of hemorrhage (7 patients) and graft thrombosis (2 patients). The outcome of therapy was highly dependent on the type of organism originally cultured from the wounds. The incidence of vein graft disruption was lowest when the wounds were sterile (25%) or when gram-positive bacteria grew (25%). Gramnegative infection uniformly resulted in disruption of the exposed venous graft. When a new graft was placed, the secondary graft became reinfected in all patients with gram-negative primary graft infection. There were no instances of secondary graft reinfection when gram-negative bacteria were not present. These data suggest that the outcome of patients presenting with exposed vein grafts is highly dependent on the bacterial flora of the process. Vein graft disruption is frequent in patients with gram-negative infection, suggesting that these patients should be treated with distant graft ligation and extra-anatomic bypass. By contrast, patients without gramnegative infection may be successfully managed with local wound care.
Measuring Discharge with ADCPs: Inferences from Synthetic Velocity Profiles

Synthetic velocity profiles are used to determine guidelines for sampling discharge with acoustic Doppler current profilers (ADCPs). The analysis allows the effects of instrument characteristics, sampling parameters, and properties of the flow to be studied systematically. For mid-section measurements, the averaging time required for a single profile measurement always exceeded the 40 s usually recommended for velocity measurements, and it increased with increasing sample interval and increasing time scale of the large eddies. Similarly, simulations of transect measurements show that discharge error decreases as the number of large eddies sampled increases. The simulations allow sampling criteria that account for the physics of the flow to be developed.