cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Rhenium carbonyl complexes containing bridging SiPh3 and SiPh2 ligands

The reaction of Re2(CO)8[μ-C(H)C(H)Bun](μ-H) (1) with Ph3SiH at 97 °C has yielded the three new compounds Re(CO)5(SiPh3) (5), Re2(CO)6(μ-η7-SiPh3)(μ-H) (6), and Re2(CO)8(μ-SiPh2)(SiPh3)(μ-H) (7) in 13, 10, and 30% yields, respectively. Compound 5 consists of a single rhenium atom with five carbonyl ligands and a terminal SiPh3 ligand. Compound 6 contains two rhenium atoms with a bridging SiPh3 ligand in which the silicon atom is bonded to one rhenium atom and one phenyl ring is η6-coordinated to the other rhenium atom. A hydrido ligand bridges the Re−Re bond. Compound 7 contains a Re2(CO)8 group with one bridging SiPh2 ligand and one terminal SiPh3 ligand. A hydrido ligand bridges one of the Re−Si bonds of the bridging SiPh2 ligand. The reaction of 1 with Ph3SiH at 125 °C yielded 5 and 6 and a new product, Re2(CO)8(μ-SiPh2)2 (8), which contains two bridging SiPh2 ligands, one on each side of the Re−Re single bond. Compound 7 is a precursor to 8. Compound 7 was converted into 8 at 125 °C via the eliminatio...
Bacillomycin D: an iturin with antifungal activity against Aspergillus flavus.

Aims: In a search for an antifungal peptide with a high activity against Aspergillus flavus, Bacillus subtilis AU195 was selected from a collection of isolates with antagonistic activity against A. flavus. Methods and Results: To identify the antifungal peptides, a protein purification scheme was developed based on the detection of the antifungal activity in purified fractions against A. flavus. Two lipopeptides were purified with anion exchange and gel filtration chromatography. Their masses were determined to be 1045 and 1059 m/z with mass spectrometry, and their peptide moiety was identical to bacillomycin D. Conclusions: AU195 synthesized a mixture of two antifungal bacillomycin D analogues with masses of 1045 and 1059, the 14 mass unit difference representing the difference between a C15 and a C16 lipid chain. Significance and Impact of the Study: Both bacillomycin D analogues were active at the same concentration against A. flavus, but the different lipid chain length apparently affected the activity of the lipopeptide against other fungi.
THE FLOW OF A STABLE ATMOSPHERE OVER A HEATED ISLAND, PART II

Abstract In Part I, the convective motions produced by the flow of a stable air stream over a small flat island were studied when the distribution of heating as a function of the coordinates was assumed. In Part II, the mechanism of the heating is examined. It is found that the heat source obeys an eddy-conduction equation and is established by turbulent eddying in the mixed ground layer. The streamline displacement may be divided into two components, one obeying the equation for air flow over a mountain ridge and the other obeying a heat-conduction equation, the latter component being important only in the near vicinity of the island. An “equivalent mountain” corresponding to the heated island may be specified analytically; it depends only upon the temperature distribution along the surface, the wind speed, the eddy conductivity in the ground layer, and the undisturbed stability. Its amplitude is related to the maximum streamline displacement. The “equivalent mountain” for Nantucket Island is calculated ...
An experiment in the Assimilation of Data in Dynamical Analysis

A system for continuous data assimilation is presented and discussed. To simulate the dynamical development a channel version of a balanced barotropic model is used and geopotential (height) data are assimilated into the models computations as data become available. In the first experiment the updating is performed every 24th, 12th and 6th hours with a given network. The stations are distributed at random in 4 groups in order to simulate 4 areas with different density of stations. Optimum interpolation is performed for the difference between the forecast and the valid observations. The RMS-error of the analyses is reduced in time, and the error being smaller the more frequent the updating is performed. The updating every 6th hour yields an error in the analysis less than the RMS-error of the observation. In a second experiment the updating is performed by data from a moving satellite with a side-scan capability of about 15°. If the satellite data are analysed at every time step before they are introduced into the system the error of the analysis is reduced to a value below the RMS-error of the observation already after 24 hours and yields as a whole a better result than updating from a fixed network. If the satellite data are introduced without any modification the error of the analysis is reduced much slower and it takes about 4 days to reach a comparable result to the one where the data have been analysed. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1971.tb00579.x
Direct test of the MSW effect by the solar appearance term in beam experiments

Abstract We discuss if one can verify the MSW effect in neutrino oscillations at a high confidence level in long-baseline experiments. We demonstrate that for long enough baselines at neutrino factories, the matter effect sensitivity is not suppressed by sin 2 2 θ 13 because it is driven by the solar oscillations in the appearance probability. Furthermore, we show that for the parameter independent direct verification of the MSW effect at long-baseline experiments, a neutrino factory with a baseline of at least 6000 km is needed.
Le Veen shunts in patients with intractable malignant ascites

LeVeen shunts were placed in ten patients bedridden with intractable malignant ascites in order to improve comfort and ambulation. The procedure was done with local anesthesia and mild sedation in all but one patient. Mild prolongations in clotting studies and hypokalemia were noted in several patients, but severe complications were few: a bleeding diathesis in a jaundiced patient, and venous disease in two. Six of the ten had excellent clinical response and were able to undergo therapy impossible in the presence of massive ascites. Two had moderate benefit but remained bedridden. Two patients gained no relief. Elevated bilirubin and inability to tolerate rapid increase in vascular volume and excrete the fluid load contraindicate the procedure, but the LeVeen shunt appears to be of significant clinical benefit in selected cases of malignant ascites.
Bolivia and cocaine: a developing country's dilemmas.

Summary This article reviews the plight of Bolivia, Latin America's poorest country, and a major production center for the coca leaf and cocaine. Amidst Bolivia's worst economic crisis of the century, the illicit cocaine business during the 1980s has generated much needed foreign exchange along with income and employment for tens of thousands of poor farmers and traders. These economic benefits have been accompanied by a long list of social ills ranging from corruption and drug abuse to decreasing food production and superfluous consumption. Solutions to the drug related problems present Bolivia with a difficult dilemma between economic survival and societal well-being. Moreover, effective opposition to coca leaf eradication programs comes from well organized peasant unions tied closely to the national labor movement. Genuine developmental solutions must provide attractive prices for alternate crops via preferential export markets in the U.S. and Western Europe.
The influence of coating thickness on lubricated rolling contact fatigue life

Abstract The effect of coating thickness on the fatigue life of TiN-coated rollers under lubricated contact was investigated with a twin-disk machine. TiN films of various thicknesses (0.25–5 μm) were deposited on AISI 4118 steel rollers by high rate reactive sputtering. The ratio of the spalled area (Asp) to the observed area (Aob was used as the fatugue damage index for different coating thicknesses at selected cycles. The experimental results revealed that coating thicknesses of 0.25 μm give the best fatigue resistance. On the basis of the test data, fatigue life charts of coated contact are established. The behavior of spalling initiation is described according to the stress state and the coating thickness. The relatively thick coatings have larger initial spalls. The process of spalling propagation can be illustrated by the progressive measurement of spalling areas as related to length of rolling contact cycles. The spalling propagation curve shows a slow propagation mode followed by a fast growth to contact failure.
Light-Emitting Diodes Operating at 2 $\mu{\rm m}$ With 10 mW Optical Power

Light-emitting diodes emitting near 2 μm producing quasi-continuous wave optical power of at room temperature have been demonstrated. The combination of a strain-engineered quantum well active region and a cascaded injection scheme made it possible to achieve an internal efficiency of 120%. The higher wall plug efficiency of the two-cascade devices indicates that Auger recombination is primarily responsible for the efficiency drop at high injection levels.
Property estimation using structural characterizations: Heat capacities of coal liquids

Abstract Three coal liquids were characterized by estimating the concentrations of the functional groups present in the liquids. The concentrations were deduced using data from Chromatographic separations, elemental analysis, 1 H n.m.r., 13 C n.m.r. and mass spectrometry. The concentration estimates were then used, in conjunction with simple group additivity rules, to estimate the heat capacities of the liquids as a function of temperature. The heat capacity estimates were in excellent agreement with experimentally determined values.
On the redundancy of the implicit welfarist axiom in bargaining theory

Abstract Nash's characterization of his famous bargaining solution has long faced the objection of being welfarist: a bargaining situation is captured by a utility possibility set and a utility vector prevailing in case of disagreement, with no further information regarding the underlying economic environment. The present paper shows that a straightforward adaptation of Nash's axioms in a natural economic environment with lotteries does characterize his solution. A similar result holds for Kalai and Smorodinsky's [8] characterization of their solution if and only if the domain contains multiple goods. The non-welfarist characterization of the Nash solution extends to a larger class of preferences that accommodate some forms of non-expected utility.
A comparative study of large magnetic field effect on the radical pair generated by the photo-induced electron transfer from indoles to 2,4,6-triphenyl pyrylium tetrafluoroborate and its thia-analogue in aqueous SDS micellar medium

The effect of external magnetic field on the spin evolution of the radical pair (RP) generated by photo-induced electron transfer from indoles to 2,4,6-triphenyl pyrylium tetrafluoroborate and its thia-anologue for ring-sulfur in aqueous SDS micellar medium has been investigated. The transient signal observed at 555 nm at low fields was found to consist of a fast rise followed by decay; at high fields, an additional slow growth at the intermediate time delay was observed. The observed decay was explained in terms of a kinetic scheme involving multiple channels for radical formation. The yield of escape radicals increases gradually with increase of the field and ultimately reaches saturation. At low fields the magnetic field dependence of the escape yield is ascribed to competition between HFI and Zeeman effect and at higher fields, to the relaxation mechanism induced by anisotropic HFI [δ(hfi)]. Saturation in MFE is observed at high fields which is a consequence of the competition between the spin-re-phasing process and the fast escape process.
A Multi-Crystal Positron Camera

A multicrystal positron camera designed for use with radionuclides produced with a medical cyclotron is described. The camera uses coincidence techniques for collimation by detecting the positron annihilation radiation. Typical radionuclides are 11C, 13N, 15O with half lives of 20, 10, and 2 minutes, respectively. The principal object of the design is to achieve a data rate capacity to 5 × 104 coincidence events per second, as well as high sensitivity and resolution. This will allow time sequential images of fractional second duration. Each of the camera's two identical detectors consist of a planar array of 127 small NaI(Tl) crystals viewed by an array of 72 phototubes. Timing signals are derived from the phototubes and are subsequently used to identify 2549 crystal pairs. The coincidence data is stored in a magnetic-core memory and used for a local data display; alternatively data may be transferred under program control to a PDP-9 computer. The sensitive field area is 27 cm × 30 cm and the spatial resolution is less than 1 cm at the midplane. The camera is currently being used for a number of clinical applications.
Effects of nerve growth factor on catalase and glutathione peroxidase in a hydrogen peroxide-resistant pheochromocytoma subclone

Abstract Stepwise selection in increasing H2O2 concentrations was used to obtain a PC12 cell variant designated HPR. This variant was stably resistant to H2O2 as compared with the parental PC12 cell line. HPR cells responded to nerve factor (NGF) by further enhancing H2O2 resistance. This variant was subcloned by limiting dilution to obtain the line referred to as HPR-C, which was stably resistant to H2O2 toxicity and retained NGF responses, including morphologic changes and further reduction of H2O2 toxicity. When compared with the parental PC12 line, the HPR-C subclone did not have higher levels of catalase or glutathione peroxidase (GSH Px) activity or mRNA expression (as assessed by PCR analysis of cDNA reverse transcribed from total cellular RNA). HPR-C cells retained the ability to respond to NGF treatment by increasing catalase and GSH Px activity and expression. These data suggest that the protective effects of conditioning lesions, unlike those of neurotrophins, are in part independent of changes in the activity or expression of antioxidant enzymes.
“Is everybody getting it?”: Sustained support for English as a second language students

The needs of ESL students do not end after the first year. Paulette Henderson describes one community college's approach to supporting ESL students throughout their academic career.
MicroRNA ‘signature’ during estrogen-mediated mammary carcinogenesis and its reversal by ellagic acid intervention

Dysregulated miRNA expression has been associated with the development and progression of cancers, including breast cancer. The role of estrogen (E2) in regulation of cell proliferation and breast carcinogenesis is well-known. Recent reports have associated several miRNAs with estrogen receptors in breast cancers. Investigation of the regulatory role of miRNAs is critical for understanding the effect of E2 in human breast cancer, as well as developing strategies for cancer chemoprevention. In the present study we used the well-established ACI rat model that develops mammary tumors upon E2 exposure and identified a 'signature' of 33 significantly modulated miRNAs during the process of mammary tumorigenesis. Several of these miRNAs were altered as early as 3 weeks after initial E2 treatment and their modulation persisted throughout the mammary carcinogenesis process, suggesting that these molecular changes are early events. Furthermore, ellagic acid, which inhibited E2-induced mammary tumorigenesis in our previous study, reversed the dysregulation of miR-375, miR-206, miR-182, miR-122, miR-127 and miR-183 detected with E2 treatment and modulated their target proteins (ERα, cyclin D1, RASD1, FoxO3a, FoxO1, cyclin G1, Bcl-w and Bcl-2). This is the first systematic study examining the changes in miRNA expression associated with E2 treatment in ACI rats as early as 3 week until tumor time point. The effect of a chemopreventive agent, ellagic acid in reversing miRNAs modulated during E2-mediated mammary tumorigenesis is also established. These observations provide mechanistic insights into the new molecular events behind the chemopreventive action of ellagic acid and treatment of breast cancer.
Ingestion, body weight and activity of rats receiving repeated intracerebroventricular infusions of rat satietin

Abstract Satietin is a putative satiety agent that is found in a variety of species including man and the rat. In the first experiment male Sprague-Dawley rats were fitted with chronic third ventricle cannulas and placed in activity wheels. After recovery, animals were intracerebroventricularly (ICV) infused with either sterile rat satietin (r-SAT) (100 μg/rat) dissolved in 10 μl saline (n=6) or sterile saline (n=8). Infusions were repeated the next two days. Infusions of r-SAT had no effect on the rats' water intake or activity but did suppress ( p p
Community as Client — A Multivariate Model for Analysis of Community and Aggregate Health Risk

Today's high-level technology has produced at least a twofold impact upon the current health-illness picture. Industrial, occupational, and environmental problems form the bases for many modern diseases, and thus shift the emphasis from a pattern of infection to one of stress and chronicity. Also, biochemical technology, currently dominating the illness industry in both method of analysis and modes of intervention and allocation of resources at the expense of health, is rapidly evolving into obsolescence. The increasing complexity of the structure of disease is no longer based on direct causality, but rather on the interrelationship of economic, social, psychologic, biologic, and ecologic factors. The outcome of community assessment and analysis therefore presents an aggregate risk profile evolving from knowledge of such problems as unrelieved poverty, environmental abuse, inadequate housing, undernutrition and overnutrition, and occupational structure, and the factor of age distribution of a community. Thus risk profiles form the foundations of community health nursing diagnoses. This model is intended as a tool to assist nurses in meeting the challenge confronting us today and in the future to improve health care in collaboration with and independent of the illness industry.
E- and P-selectin expression depends on the resuscitation fluid used in hemorrhaged rats.

Abstract Background. E- and P-selectins are adhesion molecules that effect neutrophil-mediated reperfusion injury. Our hypothesis was that the expression of E- and P-selectins is dependent on the type of fluid used for resuscitation and that lactated Ringer's (LR) solution would result in an early upregulation of these molecules. Methods. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 36) were subjected to a 27 ml/kg hemorrhage over 5 min followed by a 1-h shock period and 1-h of resuscitation. The animals were randomized into the following resuscitation groups: (1) sham; (2) hemorrhage, no resuscitation; (3) whole blood (27 ml/kg); (4) 3:1 lactated Ringer's (81 ml/kg); (5) sham hemorrhage, infusion of lactated Ringer's (81 ml/kg); (6) 7.5% hypertonic saline (9.7 ml/kg). Immediately after resuscitation, the spleen and lung were harvested for measurement of E- and P-selectin mRNA expression with reverse transcriptase- polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and protein expression with immunostaining. Results. LR resuscitation and LR infusion without prior hemorrhage significantly increased the E- and P-selectin mRNA in the lung and spleen. Immunostaining demonstrated that the adhesion molecule expression was mainly located in perivascular/peribronchial areas in the lung, and the marginal and trabecular areas in the spleen. Pulmonary edema and inflammatory cell infiltration were observed only in the animals that were hemorrhaged and resuscitated with LR. No resuscitation and resuscitation with whole blood caused no significant increase in selectin expression. Conclusion. LR resuscitation and LR infusion without hemorrhage are associated with early increased expression of E- and P-selectin molecules in the lung and spleen.
Structure of chitin-protein complexes: ovipositor of the ichneumon fly Megarhyssa.

A model has been developed for the three-dimensional arrangement of the chitin fibrils and matrix proteins in a typical chitin-protein complex from insect cuticles. This model is based on the X-ray fiber diagrams of ichneumon fly (Megarhyssa) ovipositor, which is a highly oriented example of one of the most common types of structure in chitin-protein systems. The basic structural unit in the complex is a microfibril with a diameter of 7.25 nm, consisting of a crystalline chitin core surrounded by a sheath of ordered protein. Small and wide angle equatorial reflections show that these fibrils are hexagonally packed, as has been reported in electron microscope studies, and the small angle intensities are in good agreement with the squared Fourier transform of a solid cylinder. The layer-line spacings indicate that the protein repeat along the fibril is 3.06 nm, which corresponds to six. N-acetyl glucosamine residues of the chitin chains. The relative intensities on the layer-lines suggest that the protein consists of subunits arranged in a 61 helix around the crystalline chitin core. From the positions of the off-meridional maxima we estimate that the radius of the protein helix is ~2.5 nm, which is close to the center of the protein sheath. Finally, splitting and fanning of the layer-lines indicate that the chitin-protein microfibril has a longer axial repeat of 15.3 nm, possibly due to super coiling.
Frequency and distribution of vascular dementia.

It remains difficult to draw conclusions about the frequency and distribution of vascular dementia (VaD). The data from current studies cannot be compared and reconciled easily. Disagreement on diagnostic criteria and their field implementation remains the major problem. In particular, there is uncertainty about the classification of patients who show both vascular and degenerative features, about the advantages and disadvantages of using brief clinical scales (e.g., the Hachinski Ischemic Score), about the use of imaging findings in defining VaD, and about the minimal level of severity to be included in epidemiologic studies. Nevertheless, we can tentatively summarize current epidemiologic data in four points. (1) Both the prevalence and the incidence of VaD increase steeply with age. (2) The prevalence of VaD is generally higher among men than among women; the sex difference is more controversial for incidence. (3) There are sizeable differences in both incidence and prevalence across countries. (4) A declining trend in both the prevalence and the incidence of VaD was reported from one population; however, the decline was restricted to the age class 80-89 years. No trends data are available after the 1970s.
Three-dimensional 13C shift/1H-15N coupling/15N shift solid-state NMR correlation spectroscopy.

Abstract Triple-resonance experiments capable of correlating directly bonded and proximate carbon and nitrogen backbone sites of uniformly 13 C- and 15 N-labeled peptides in stationary oriented samples are described. The pulse sequences integrate cross-polarization from 1 H to 13 C and from 13 C to 15 N with flip-flop (phase and frequency switched) Lee–Goldburg irradiation for both 13 C homonuclear decoupling and 1 H– 15 N spin exchange at the magic angle. Because heteronuclear decoupling is applied throughout, the three-dimensional pulse sequence yields 13 C shift/ 1 H– 15 N coupling/ 15 N shift correlation spectra with single-line resonances in all three frequency dimensions. Not only do the three-dimensional spectra correlate 13 C and 15 N resonances, they are well resolved due to the three independent frequency dimensions, and they can provide up to four orientationally dependent frequencies as input for structure determination. These experiments have the potential to make sequential backbone resonance assignments in uniformly 13 C- and 15 N-labeled proteins.
Total thyroidectomy for benign thyroid disease.

Abstract Background: The goal of this study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of total thyroidectomy performed for benign thyroid disease. Methods: A total of 106 consecutive patients undergoing total thyroidectomy for benign disease from October 1982 to July 1995 were reviewed. The 33 men and 73 women had an average age of 46 years (range, 16 to 82 years). Indications for total thyroidectomy were a thyroid nodule with the history of head and neck radiation in 36 patients, bilateral thyroid nodules in 35, needle biopsy of a follicular neoplasm or frozen section diagnosis of a possible malignancy in 18, and toxic goiter in 17. Total thyroidectomy was performed as the primary operation in 98 patients, and 8 patients had a completion reoperation for recurrent disease. Results: Pathology findings revealed benign nodular goiter in 49 patients, follicular adenoma in 26, hyperplasia in 19, and Hashimoto's thyroiditis in 12. Postoperative hemorrhage requiring operative hemostasis occurred in two patients (1.9%). Two patients had unilateral recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) palsy before operation (1.9%). Three patients had unilateral postoperative RLN palsy (2.8%). Two cases resolved in 3 and 4 months. The only permanent RLN injury occurred in a patient reoperated for a compressive goiter. Early postoperative hypocalcemia (8.0 mg/dl or less) was found in nine patients (8.5%). No patient had permanent hypoparathyroidism at long-term follow-up evaluation. Conclusions: Total thyroidectomy for benign thyroid disease can avoid reoperation for nodular goiter and hyperthyroidism and eliminate any subsequent risk of malignant change in radiated thyroid glands. A low complication rate can be achieved with meticulous surgical technique. Total thyroidectomy can be performed safely for bilateral benign thyroid disease. (Surgery 1998;123:2-7.)
Michelangelo and medicine.

Dr Strauss and Dr Marzo-Ortega (October 2002 JRSM1) and indeed the other authors they cite, do not refer to two other aspects of medical interest in Michelangelo's David. The first is the very large right hand which is quite disproportionate to the size of the rest of the statue, although, as far as I am aware, anatomically normal. The second feature is the depiction of David with his sling over his left shoulder with a stone in his right hand. This strongly implies that the subject was left-handed. The only commentary I have found on this point is that the stone from which the statue was carved was difficult to work, and indeed it had already been worked on by others before Michelangelo used it. While this may have affected the way the sculpture was made it does not seem entirely convincing that it necessitated making a left-handed subject.
Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Tumor-Induced T-Cell Tolerance

The spontaneous interaction between tumor cells and the immune system has been shown to result in reciprocal changes leading to a less immunogenic tumor and immune cells less capable or unable to mount an effective response against a growing malignancy. Although several mechanisms have been proposed to account for the ability of tumor cells to render immune cells less efficient, one that has gained particular attention relates to the recognition of tumor antigens by T-cells, a process that unfortunately leads to the induction and establishment of antigen-specific T-cell tolerance rather than T-cell priming. Here, we present the experimental and clinical evidence that help identify this remarkable barrier that the immune system itself and more specifically its mechanisms of tolerance induction has imposed to our efforts to effectively harness the immune system against tumors. In particular, we will discuss the central role of bone marrow-derived antigen-presenting cells (APCs) in the induction of this state of T-cell unresponsiveness and the potential role of the tumor microenvironment in determining the tolerogenic properties of these APCs. Finally, we provide information on receptor-ligands and intracellular signaling pathways that given their role in influencing the inflammatory properties of APCs are being exploited as targets to revert mechanisms of T-cell unresponsiveness in cancer.
An Advanced Look at Surgical Performance under Medicare's Hospital-Inpatient Value-Based Purchasing Program: Who is Winning and Who is Losing?

Background The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) is beginning to shift from paying providers based on volume to more explicitly rewarding quality of care. The hospital value-based purchasing (VBP) program is the first in a series of mandatory programs to financially reward and penalize US hospitals based on quality measure performance. Our objective was to identify the characteristics of hospitals that perform well (and those that perform poorly) on the surgical measures in CMS' hospital VBP program. Study Design Using 2008 to 2010 performance data from CMS' Hospital Compare website and the 2009 American Hospital Association annual survey, we examined surgical measure performance for all acute care general hospitals in the US. Outcomes were determined by a composite surgical performance score indicating the percentage of eligible surgical performance points that a hospital received. Results There were 3,030 hospitals included in our study. Composite surgical performance scores were 15.6% lower at public hospitals than at for-profit hospitals (p Conclusions The results of our study indicate that public hospitals perform worse on the surgical measures in the hospital VBP program. This study raises important questions about the impact that this new, mandatory program will have on public hospitals, which serve an important safety-net role and appear to be disadvantaged in the hospital VBP program. This issue should continue to be investigated as these mandatory quality programs are updated in future years.
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF PERIODIC LATERALIZED EPILEPTIFORM DISCHARGES IN EEG: AN ELECTROGRAPHIC, CLINICAL AND PATHOLOGICAL STUDY.

Abstract Periodic lateralized epileptiform discharges (PLEDs) were recorded in 33 subjects. In their most typical form the PLEDs consisted of sharp wave discharges repeating periodically or quasi-periodically at rates generally close to 1/sec and separated by intervals of apparent quiescence. Twenty-nine of 33 patients experienced epileptic seizures consisting of epilepsia partialis continua in seven cases, reiterative, sporadic or isolated focal motor seizures in eighteen cases and continuous psychical seizures in four cases. Four subjects did not present detectable clinical signs of seizure activity. All patients with PLEDs exhibited other symptoms and signs of impaired neurological and mental function, motor and sensory deficits, visual field defects and alterations of symbolic functions. The etiology of the lesion(s) or disorders was: cerebral infarct(s) in thirteen cases, recent infarct or chronic focal seizure disorder in seven cases, chronic focal seizure disorder in three cases, space-occupying lesion (metastases and glioblastomas) in eight cases, pneumococcal meningitis in one case and post-vaccinal encephalomyelitis in one case. Twenty-four subjects suffered from uremia, alterations of fluid, electrolyte and acid-base balance, impairment of liver function (18 cases) and/or had histories of previous epileptic seizures (7 cases) and chronic alcoholism (12 cases). The role played in these focal seizure disorders by local anoxia, systemic metabolic derangements, alcohol withdrawal and pre-existing convulsive disorders is discussed. Most of the cases ran fairly benign courses with recovery in a few days to several weeks. In six of twelve patients who expired, autopsy was obtained. Correlation of the electrographic, clinical and pathological findings suggested that the central cortex implicated in the seizure discharge was generally the farthest from the anatomical lesion. Maximal increase of cerebral excitability peripheral to the bulk of the edema and of the metabolic derangement surrounding the lesion may account for this discrepancy. Between the site of lesion and general neurologic and electrographic abnormalities better correlation was found.
Two-dimensional high-voltage, low-temperature paper electrophoresis of 14C-labeled products of photosynthesis with 14CO2

Abstract The separation of early products of 14 CO 2 reduction during photosynthesis by two-dimensional high-voltage, low-temperature paper electrophoresis is described. Although excellent resolution was obtained under very mild conditions of analysis, no new products were found.
Previous experience matters in the stalk-eyed fly Teleopsis dalmanni

Previous experiences can play a significant role in determining future behaviors. Winner and loser effects, where the outcome of previous aggressive encounters influences the behavioral approach to and outcomes of future conflicts, have been documented in many taxa and illustrate this phenomenon. These effects are prevalent in species that interact frequently because modulation of these potentially costly social interactions may influence fitness. Stalk-eyed flies of the dimorphic species Teleopsis dalmanni engage in frequent fights over food resources, as well as over access to harems of females, with larger males typically prevailing when size disparities exist. However, whether and how prior experience influences fighting decisions and outcomes remains unexplored. To test for winner and loser effects in stalk-eyed flies, sexually mature flies were paired in size-mismatched dyads to establish winning and losing experiences. After their first contest, the flies were paired with size-matched individuals and allowed to interact. We determined whether an initial winning or losing experience significantly altered the outcome probabilities in the second size-matched encounter. Initial winning experience did not significantly affect the second interaction, providing no evidence for a winner effect. However, initial losers were significantly more likely to lose a subsequent interaction which provides evidence for a loser effect in stalk-eyed flies. In addition, smaller males experienced an increased probability of losing their second interaction regardless of prior winning or losing experience. This effect was not seen in large males. Our data suggest that the loser effects we observed, which were more pronounced in small males, could result from the energetic costs of fighting that they were less able to absorb than large males.
Intrinsic curvature of plasmid DNAs analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis

The electrophoretic mobility of two small DNA plasmids, pUC19 and Litmus 28, linerarized by digestion with a variety of single-cut restriction enzymes, has been studied. The permuted sequence isomers migrate with identical mobilities in agarose gels, as expected, but exhibit different mobilities in large-pore polyacrylamide gels, suggesting that the parent plasmids contain sequencespecific sites of curvature and/or anisotropic flexibility. Both plasmids contain apparent bend centers near their origin(s) of replication; pUC19 also has a major apparent bend center near the promoter of the ampicillin resistance gene. These apparent bend centers are observed under a variety of experimental conditions, suggesting that they correspond to sites of stable curvature in the parent plasmids. Both plasmids also contain minor bend centers that are observed under a sub-set of electrophoretic conditions and disappear when divalent cations are added to the solution, suggesting that these apparent bend centers may correspond to localized regions of variable flexibility.
Impacts of Nonnative Plant Species on Production and Diversity in the Front Range of Colorado

Nonnative plant species are considered one of the greatest threats to biodiversity, yet we still are unable to predict how production and diversity of a community will change once a species has invaded. Ponderosa pine woodlands in the Front Range of Colorado are ideal for studying the impacts of nonnative plants on production and species richness. We selected 5 sites along the northern Front Range with varying proportions of nonnative and native species and compared understory production and species richness along the gradient of nonnative species dominance. Total species production was positively and significantly related to total species richness, and total species production increased significantly with increasing nonnative species richness. There was a negative relationship between native and nonnative species production, and there was no relationship between nonnative species richness and native species richness. This study demonstrates the complex nature of species richness and productivity relationships and should serve as a starting point for future research in which a variety of other variables are considered.
Congenital primary hypothyroidism and HLA.

. Previous studies have suggested an association between congenital hypothyroidism and HLA-Aw24 or B18 antigens. The frequencies of HLA-A, B and C antigens were studied in 33 unrelated Danish patients with congenital hypothyroidism (5 with aplasia of the thyroid gland, 16 with ectopic thyroids and 8 with thyroid hyshormonogenesis). HLA-Aw24 only appeared in patients with ectopic thyroids and HLA-B18 was only seen in patients with dyshormonogenesis. However, the frequencies of HLA antigens in patients and in a large number of controls did not differ statistilly significantly. We conclude that HLA typing is without any predictive value in determining the risk of developing or giving birth to a child with congenital hypothyroidism.
The role of fatty acid binding protein on the metabolism of fatty acids in isolated rat hepatocytes.

In isolated rat hepatocytes flavaspidic acid, a competitor with free fatty acids for the fatty-acid-binding-protein, decreased the uptake of oleic acid and triglyceride synthesis but stimulated the formation of CO2 and ketone bodies from oleic acid. Flavaspidic acid had no effect on the utilization of octanoic acid. Stimulation of the microsomal fatty-acid-activating enzyme by the fatty-acid-binding protein was reversed by flavaspidic acid. In contrast, the binding protein inhibited the mitochondrial fatty-acid-activating enzyme. Flavaspidic acid not only prevented this inhibition but actually stimulated the enzyme activity. The results indicate that the cytosol fatty-acid-binding protein directs the metabolism of long chain fatty acids toward esterification as well as enhancing their cellular uptake.
Possible bound states of repulsive potentials

The Dirac equation predicts the existence of deeply bound states in the field of a repulsive potential. We discuss some of the implications of these states, especially with regard to the possible existence of the ''charged vacuum.'' We also suggest an experiment to detect the V/sup + +/: a bound state of a proton and a positron.
Interpretation of Dental Radiographs

Interpretation of dental radiographs is fairly straightforward, with a handful of common patterns making up the majority of pathology. This article covers normal radiographic anatomy, endodontic disease, periodontal disease, neoplastic changes, tooth resorption, caries, and radiographic signs of oral trauma.
Vibrational levels in the 86-neutron nucleus Gd 150

The decay of 3.6-h $^{150}\mathrm{Tb}$ to levels in $^{150}\mathrm{Gd}$ has been studied by $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-ray and conversion-electron spectroscopy. A level scheme is proposed which accounts for all but 35 of the 256 $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ rays assigned to this decay. Most of the low-lying levels in $^{150}\mathrm{Gd}$ show a remarkably close correspondence with the predictions of the simple vibrator model. Possible candidates are observed for three-phonon quadrupole states and for the states coupling quadrupole and octupole phonons. The low-lying positive-parity levels can be adequately described by the phenomenological collective model of Gneuss and Greiner. The microscopic boson-expansion model of Kishimoto and Tamura, however, appears to predict $^{150}\mathrm{Gd}$ to be more transitional than the data imply. Systematics of the 86-neutron isotones show increased stability at 64 protons. This can be correlated with the filling of the ${g}_{\frac{7}{2}}$ and ${d}_{\frac{5}{2}}$ spherical proton orbitals.RADIOACTIVITY $^{150}\mathrm{Tb}$ [from $^{151}\mathrm{Eu}(^{3}\mathrm{He},4n)$], measured ${T}_{\frac{1}{2}}$, ${E}_{\ensuremath{\gamma}}$, ${E}_{\ensuremath{\beta}+}$, ${I}_{\ensuremath{\gamma}}$, ${I}_{\mathrm{ce}}$, $\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\gamma}$, and ${\ensuremath{\beta}}^{+}\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\gamma}$ coin; deduced $Q$, $log\mathrm{ft}$. $^{150}\mathrm{Gd}$ deduced levels, ICC, $J$, $\ensuremath{\pi}$. Enriched target, Ge(Li), and Si(Li) detectors.
Iodo­tris(triphenyl­phosphine)nickel(I) diethyl ether hemisolvate

A comparison of the title compound, [NiI(C18H15P)3]·0.5C4H10O, with the previously reported chloro- and bromo-analogues suggests that bond-angle distortion may not always be required for steric relief. The asymmetric unit contains two complex molecules and one disordered diethyl ether molecule.
Removal of Isobaric Interferences by Resonance Ionization Mass Spectrometry

The technique of resonance ionization mass spectrometry (RIMS) has been successfully applied to the measurement of isotope ratios for several elements. In the case of neodymium and samarium, isobaric interference was removed at isotopic masses 144, 148 and 150. Isotope ratios were measured for these two elements in an equimolar mixture, with a significant improvement in accuracy compared to conventional thermal ionization mass spectrom-etry. In addition, RIMS was applied to the elements uranium and plutonium in order to eliminate isobaric interferences at mass 238 and potentially at mass 241 (due to americium). Recent results are presented for measurements made on nanogram size samples loaded on resin beads.
Metals in downtown Washington, DC gardens.

Soil samples from 95 gardens and leaf vegetables from 33 gardens in an approximately 3 km2 area of downtown Washington, DC were analyzed for Pb, Cd, Cu, and Zn. The mean soil Pb was 680 μg/g with a range of 40–5300 μg/g. Soil Pb values in this sample were considerably higher than those previously found for a sample of 70 gardens distributed throughout the city. In the downtown sample, 46% of the soil Pb values were above 500 μg/g and 17% were above 1000 μg/g. Soil Pb levels were found to be higher near the house than away from the house, a pattern that was also evident, though less pronounced, for Zn and Cd. Lead-based exterior paint was identified as the most likely source of soil Pb in several cases. The mean leaf vegetable Pb was 6.4 μg/g dry weight, a small but significant difference from the mean value of 4.5 μg/g obtained from the city-wide sample of 38 gardens.
Ideodynamics: The kinetics of the evolution of ideas

A mathematical model is proposed for the evolution of ideas. This model is different from previous mathematical models in two important respects. First, ideas are structured as mutually exclusive states within issues. Second, the emphasis is on the content of the messages transmitted between people and not on the people transmitting the ideas. Such a structure permits predictions about the rate of change of ideas in society based solely on the information available to the population. This information is codified in new units called infons.
A TGA study correlating polymer characteristics with smoke and flammability properties of polyester and phenolic resins

Abstract Because of the unacceptable amount of smoke produced from styrene cross-linked polyester composites, when tested for specific optical density of smoke generated by solid materials (ASTM E662), phenolic resins are currently under investigation as an alternative to polyesters in marine applications. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), NBS smoke chamber tests, oxygen index tests, flame spread tests, and toxic gas production tests have been used to study the fire and flammability characteristics of two styrene cross-linked polyester resins, Vibrin F1029 and Hetron 692TP, and three resol phenolic resins, J2018L, OCFHJ1 and Plenco 11956. Results of thermogravimetric analyses on the phenolic and polyester resins, in both air and nitrogen, indicate that the phenolic resins are superior to the polyester resins from a “smoke and flammability” point-of-view. That is, the phenolics are more stable thermally, produce less smoke, have a higher oxygen index, have a lower flame spread rating and produce less toxic gas than the polyester resins. The higher thermal stability and lower smoke release of the phenolic resins relative to the polyester resins is discussed in terms of the degradation mechanisms and degradation products of these resins.
A Generalized Kalman Filter for Fixed Point Approximation and Efficient Temporal Difference Learning

The traditional Kalman filter can be viewed as a recursive stochastic algorithm that approximates an unknown function via a linear combination of prespecified basis functions given a sequence of noisy samples. In this paper, we generalize the algorithm to one that approximates the fixed point of an operator that is known to be a Euclidean norm contraction. Instead of noisy samples of the desired fixed point, the algorithm updates parameters based on noisy samples of functions generated by application of the operator, in the spirit of Robbins---Monro stochastic approximation. The algorithm is motivated by temporal-difference learning, and our developments lead to a possibly more efficient variant of temporal-difference learning. We establish convergence of the algorithm and explore efficiency gains through computational experiments involving optimal stopping and queueing problems.
Isolation of oxygen‐evolving phycobilisome—photosystem II particles from Porphyridium cruentum

Photosystem II phycobilisome particles were isolated from the red alga Porphyridium cruentum in a sucrose—phosphate—citrate—magnesium medium. These particles showed high rates of oxygen evolution in the water-to-silicomolybdate reaction (2300 μmol O2.mg chl-1.h-1). Photosystem I, according to fluorescence emission spectra (−196°C), was greatly reduced or absent. The results demonstrate a close physical relationship of photosystem II with the phycobilisomes which are the major light harvesting antennae in this organism.
Intra-parenchymal injection of tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin 1-β produces dopamine neuron loss in the rat

Inflammatory processes are thought to underlie the dopamine (DA) neuron loss seen in Parkinson’s disease (PD). However, it is not known if the inflammation precedes that loss, or is a consequence of it. We injected tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) and interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β) into the median forebrain bundle to determine if these pro-inflammatory cytokines could induce DA neuron loss in the substantia nigra (SN) by themselves. The magnitude of the DA cell loss as well as the decreases in striatal DA, were both dose and time to sacrifice dependent. Injecting both cytokines together produced greater cell losses and DA reductions than that seen when the cytokines were injected alone. The DA neuron loss seen was more pronounced in the lateral nigra and its ventral tier and similar to that seen when other toxins are injected. These data suggest that TNFα and IL-1β can induce DA neuron loss by themselves and could produce DA neuron loss independent of other inflammatory events.
Stevens dot patterns for 2D flow visualization

This paper describes a new technique to visualize 2D flow fields with a sparse collection of dots. A cognitive model proposed by Kent Stevens describes how spatially local configurations of dots are processed in parallel by the low-level visual system to perceive orientations throughout the image. We integrate this model into a visualization algorithm that converts a sparse grid of dots into patterns that capture flow orientations in an underlying flow field. We describe how our algorithm supports large flow fields that exceed the capabilities of a display device, and demonstrate how to include properties like direction and velocity in our visualizations. We conclude by applying our technique to 2D slices from a simulated supernova collapse.