cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Prevalence and severity of ocular surface Neoplasia in African nations and need for early interventions

Ocular surface squamous neoplasia (OSSN) is a common ocular surface tumor with an increased incidence in African countries (3.4 and 3.0 cases/year/100,000). Despite its potential for vision loss and death, OSSN remains largely neglected by both eye and HIV care programs in Africa. The purpose of this review is to identify the barriers to timely diagnosis and early interventions for OSSN in Africa. PubMed searches were conducted targeting previous use of topical chemotherapy (interferon alpha 2b, Mitomycin-C, 5-Fluorouracil) and Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination in Africa. We found that OSSN is a significant vision and life-threatening health problem in Africa leading to significant loss of vision, as well as facial disfigurement and social stigma. We did not find any reports on the use of topical interferon, Mitomycin-C or HPV vaccination for OSSN in Africa. One report on the use of topical 5-FU for OSSN in Africa was found. Common barriers to early detection and management of OSSN in Africa include lack of sufficient laboratory infrastructure, lack of trained healthcare personnel, lack of compliance with follow-up visits, cost of topical chemotherapies, and cultural preferences for traditional medicines. In conclusion, OSSN is a significant vision and life-threatening health problem in Africa. There is not much literature on prevention or treatment options for early stages of OSSN in Africa. The use of topical chemotherapy as early interventions and judicious use of smart phone Apps to help with remote diagnosis of early OSSN should be further explored.
Heterogeneity of Coronary Plaque Morphology and Natural History: Current Understanding and Clinical Significance

Despite the important progress in identifying high-risk atherosclerotic plaques, many key elements are elusive. Advanced imaging modalities provide valuable information about the anatomic and functional plaque characteristics and underscore the presence of multiple plaque morphologies. However, how the heterogeneity of atherosclerotic plaque can alter our current understanding of coronary artery disease is not fully understood. Along the length of an individual plaque, the morphology patterns display marked heterogeneity. Contrary to previous beliefs, plaque morphology is also highly dynamic over time, with the vast majority of high-risk plaques becoming quiescent and mild plaques becoming severely obstructive in a short period of time. Endothelial shear stress, a local hemodynamic factor known for its critical effects in plaque initiation and progression, also displays longitudinal heterogeneity contributing to the arterial wall response in all time points. Risk stratification of plaques based on the morphological characteristics at one region of the plaque, usually the minimal lumen diameter, and at one point in time may be misleading. The evaluation of both morphological and hemodynamic characteristics along the length of a plaque will improve the risk assessment of individual plaques.
A new homolid crab, Zygastrocarcinus tricki sp. nov., from the Pierre Shale (middle Campanian), Baculite Mesa, Pueblo County, Colorado, USA

A new species of homolid crab, Zygastrocarcinus tricki sp. nov., is reported from the Late Cretaceous (middle Campanian, Baculites scotti Zone) of the Pierre Shale Formation (Baculite Mesa, Pueblo County, Colorado). This nearly complete homolid, hereto described is the sixth species assigned to the genus and extends our knowledge along with the geographical range and geological age of this taxon.
The MIT lincoln laboratory 2008 speaker recognition system.

In recent years methods for modeling and mitigating variational nuisances have been introduced and refined. A primary emphasis in this years NIST 2008 Speaker Recognition Evaluation (SRE) was to greatly expand the use of auxiliary microphones. This offered the additional channel variations which has been a historical challenge to speaker verification systems. In this paper we present the MIT Lincoln Laboratory Speaker Recognition system applied to the task in the NIST 2008 SRE. Our approach during the evaluation was two-fold: 1) Utilize recent advances in variational nuisance modeling (latent factor analysis and nuisance attribute projection) to allow our spectral speaker verification systems to better compensate for the channel variation introduced, and 2) fuse systems targeting the different linguistic tiers of information, high and low. The performance of the system is presented when applied on a NIST 2008 SRE task. Post evaluation analysis is conducted on the sub-task when interview microphones are present.
Phase transformations and structure-property relationships in a rapidly solidified Ni-Al-Mo alloy - Part II Structure-property relationships

In Part I the complex phase transformations occurring on ageing a melt-spun Ni-Al-Mo-V-Re alloy were determined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). In the present paper, electrical resistivity and microhardness measurements on the aged, melt-spun ribbon are reported and correlated with the TEM studies. An initial increase in electrical resistivity on ageing corresponds to the spinodal ordering transformation. This is followed by precipitation of α(Mo). This also gives rise to an increase in microhardness with ageing time. The activation energy for this process was determined to be 270.8 kJ mol -1 , corresponding to the volume diffusion of Mo in Ni
Modeling frictional melt injection to constrain coseismic physical conditions

Abstract Pseudotachylyte, a fault rock formed through coseismic frictional melting, provides an important record of coseismic mechanics. In particular, injection veins formed at a high angle to the fault surface have been used to estimate rupture directivity, velocity, pulse length, stress drop, as well as slip weakening distance and wall rock stiffness. These studies have generally treated injection vein formation as a purely elastic process and have assumed that processes of melt generation, transport, and solidification have little influence on the final vein geometry. Using a pressurized crack model, an analytical approximation of injection vein formation based on dike intrusion, we find that the timescales of quenching and flow propagation may be similar for a subset of injection veins compiled from the Asbestos Mountain Fault, USA, Gole Larghe Fault Zone, Italy, and the Fort Foster Brittle Zone, USA under minimum melt temperature conditions. 34% of the veins are found to be flow limited, with a final geometry that may reflect cooling of the vein before it reaches an elastic equilibrium with the wall rock. Formation of these veins is a dynamic process whose behavior is not fully captured by the analytical approach. To assess the applicability of simplifying assumptions of the pressurized crack we employ a time-dependent finite-element model of injection vein formation that couples elastic deformation of the wall rock with the fluid dynamics and heat transfer of the frictional melt. This finite element model reveals that two basic assumptions of the pressurized crack model, self-similar growth and a uniform pressure gradient, are false. The pressurized crack model thus underestimates flow propagation time by 2–3 orders of magnitude. Flow limiting may therefore occur under a wider range of conditions than previously thought. Flow-limited veins may be recognizable in the field where veins have tapered profiles or smaller aspect ratios than expected. The occurrence and shape of injection veins can be coupled with modeling to provide an independent estimate of minimum melt temperature. Finally, the large aspect ratio observed for all three populations of injection veins may be best explained by a large reduction in stiffness associated with coseismic damage, as injection vein growth is likely to far exceed the lifetime of dynamic stresses at any location along a fault.
Conservation and divergence of C-terminal domain structure in the retinoblastoma protein family

The retinoblastoma protein (Rb) and the homologous pocket proteins p107 and p130 negatively regulate cell proliferation by binding and inhibiting members of the E2F transcription factor family. The structural features that distinguish Rb from other pocket proteins have been unclear but are critical for understanding their functional diversity and determining why Rb has unique tumor suppressor activities. We describe here important differences in how the Rb and p107 C-terminal domains (CTDs) associate with the coiled-coil and marked-box domains (CMs) of E2Fs. We find that although CTD–CM binding is conserved across protein families, Rb and p107 CTDs show clear preferences for different E2Fs. A crystal structure of the p107 CTD bound to E2F5 and its dimer partner DP1 reveals the molecular basis for pocket protein–E2F binding specificity and how cyclin-dependent kinases differentially regulate pocket proteins through CTD phosphorylation. Our structural and biochemical data together with phylogenetic analyses of Rb and E2F proteins support the conclusion that Rb evolved specific structural motifs that confer its unique capacity to bind with high affinity those E2Fs that are the most potent activators of the cell cycle.
Quantification in Hindi

After presenting some basic genetic, historical and typological information about Hindi, this chapter outlines the quantification patterns it expresses. It illustrates various semantic types of quantifiers, such as generalized existential, generalized universal, proportional, definite and partitive which are defined in the Quantifier Questionnaire in chapter “The Quantifier Questionnaire”. It partitions the expression of the semantic types into morpho-syntactic classes: Adverbial type quantifiers and Nominal (or Determiner) type quantifiers. For the various semantic and morpho-syntactic types of quantifiers it also distinguishes syntactically simple and syntactically complex quantifiers, as well as issues of distributivity and scope interaction, classifiers and measure expressions, and existential constructions. The chapter describes structural properties of determiners and quantified noun phrases in Hindi, both in terms of internal structure (morphological or syntactic) and distribution.
Meltblown Polymer Fabrics as Candidate Scaffolds for Rotator Cuff Tendon Tissue Engineering

Various biomaterial technologies are promising for tissue engineering, including electrospinning, but commercial scale-up of throughput is difficult. The goal of the study was to evaluate meltblown fabrics as candidate scaffolds for rotator cuff tendon tissue engineering. Meltblown poly(lactic acid) fabrics were produced with several polymer crystallinities and airflow velocities [500(low), 900(medium) or 1400(high) m3air/h/m fabric]. Fiber diameter, alignment, and baseline bidirectional tensile mechanical properties were evaluated. Attachment and spreading of human adipose-derived stem cells (hASCs) were evaluated over 3 days immediately following seeding. After initial screening, the fabric with the greatest Young's modulus and yield stress was selected for 28-day in vitro culture and for evaluation of tendon-like extracellular matrix production and development of mechanical properties. As expected, airflow velocity of the polymer during meltblowing demonstrated an inverse relationship with fiber diameter. All fabrics exhibited fiber alignment parallel to the direction of collector rotation. All fabrics demonstrated mechanical anisotropy at baseline. Cells attached, proliferated, and spread on all fabrics over the initial three-day culture period. Consistent with the observed loss of integrity of the unseeded biomaterial, hASC-seeded scaffolds demonstrated a significant decrease in Young's modulus over 28 days of culture. However, dsDNA, sulfated glycosaminoglycan, and collagen content increased significantly over 28 days. Histology and polarized light microscopy demonstrated collagen deposition and alignment throughout the thickness of the scaffolds. While fiber diameters approximated an order of magnitude greater than those previously reported for electrospun scaffolds intended for tendon tissue engineering, they were still within the range of collagen fiber diameters found in healthy tendon. The extent of matrix production and alignment was similar to that previously observed for multilayered electrospun scaffolds. While the Young's modulus of scaffolds after 28 days of culture was lower than native rotator cuff tendon, it approximated that reported previously following culture of electrospun scaffolds and was on the same order of magnitude as of current Food and Drug Administration-approved patches for rotator cuff augmentation. Together, these data suggest that with minor polymer and parameter modifications, meltblown scaffolds could provide an economical, high-throughput production alternative method to electrospinning for use in rotator cuff tendon tissue engineering.
Survival after treatment with curative intent for hepatocellular carcinoma among patients with vs without non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

Background Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is expected to become a leading aetiology of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)-related mortality in the United States. HCC treatments with curative intent (OLT, orthotopic liver transplantation; resection; RFA, radiofrequency ablation) can improve survival in carefully selected patients. Aim To compare survival after receipt of curative treatment for NAFLD and non-NAFLD-HCC aetiologies (HCV, chronic hepatitis C; HBV, chronic hepatitis B; ALD, alcoholic liver disease) and by treatment was performed. Methods A cohort of 17 664 patients was assembled using linked Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results and Medicare data from 1991 to 2011 with confirmed diagnosis of HCC. Results The cohort was mostly male, aged 70 (21-106) years, without cardiovascular disease, and had liver cirrhosis without decompensation, metastatic HCC or large tumour size (>5 cm). The NAFLD-HCC group was mostly female and older with more cardiovascular disease, metastatic HCC, and large tumour size and less cirrhosis and decompensated liver disease than the non-NAFLD-HCC groups. The NAFLD group was 47% less likely to receive any curative treatment as compared with non-NAFLD aetiologies (OR 0.53, P < .001). NAFLD-HCC had worse median survival after OLT (3.2, 0-12.9 years, P = .01) but had improved survival after resection (2.4, 0-12.0 years, P < .001) as compared with non-NAFLD-HCC. No significant survival differences existed for RFA by HCC aetiology. NAFLD was not an independent predictor of mortality after OLT, resection or RFA. Conclusion Patients with NAFLD-HCC had worse survival after OLT but favourable survival after resection, particularly in the absence of cirrhosis, as compared with non-NAFLD-HCC aetiologies.
MANAGEMENT OF PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA IN THE SETTING OF ACUTE STROKE

Objective: Stroke is a rare presenting symptom of pheochromocytoma; therefore, a balance between adequate pre-operative medical blockade and expedition of surgery to minimize the risk of further peri-operative stroke is needed. However, currently there are no established guidelines regarding timing of surgery or length of pre-operative blockade in these patients. We report a case of pheochromocytoma in a 53-year-old woman presenting with a hemorrhagic transformation of an ischemic stroke. We describe the clinical course, diagnosis, and management of our case and then discuss similar cases in the literature as well as optimal pre-operative management. Methods: We review all clinical data and describe the patient presentation and treatment. A comprehensive literature review of the topic is discussed. Results: Pheochromocytoma in our patient presented as a combination of stroke, severe hypertension, and tachycardia. A computed tomography scan, evaluation of catecholamine levels, and 123iodine-labeled metaiod...
Nest predation risk explains variation in avian clutch size

The risk that an animal’s offspring are eaten by predators is thought to strongly influence an animal’s decisions regarding reproductive effort. We found that birds breeding in locations with a high risk of nest predation laid fewer eggs than their conspecifics nesting in areas with a lower risk of nest predation. Montane birds nesting at higher elevations lay fewer eggs than at lower elevations because of the higher risk of nest predation at higher elevations.
Science Signaling Podcast: 30 June 2015

This Podcast features an interview with Kristopher Kahle, author of a Research Article that appears in the 30 June 2015 issue of Science Signaling , about how the kinase WNK1 helps ensure that the neurotransmitter GABA stimulates rather than inhibits neuronal activity in immature neurons. The neurotransmitter GABA causes immature neurons to depolarize, which provokes firing. In mature neurons, GABA instead causes the cells to hyperpolarize, which suppresses firing. Whether GABA causes depolarization or hyperpolarization depends on the concentration of Cl - inside the neurons. After birth, the concentration of Cl - inside neurons decreases, which switches GABA signaling from being excitatory to being inhibitory. Friedel et al . demonstrate that the kinase WNK1 phosphorylates and inhibits the K + -Cl - cotransporter KCC2 to help immature neurons maintain a high intracellular chloride concentration so that GABA stimulates, rather than inhibits, these neurons. Listen to Podcast
Immigrant Respiratory Health: a Diverse Perspective in Environmental Influences on Respiratory Health.

The aim of this review is to examine the prevalence of and impact of environmental exposures in the workplace and home on immigrant respiratory health in the USA. Few studies report levels of workplace and home environmental exposures for immigrant children and adults, and documenting these findings is an important first step to addressing their respiratory health concerns. Rates of respiratory disease are lowest upon first arrival and increase with duration of residency in the USA. Community Health Workers may be an efficacious intervention to reducing exposures and improving lung health among immigrant populations. Immigrant children and adults have a high risk of occupational and home environmental exposures that can negatively affect their respiratory health. While limited studies exist, more documentation of these exposures and their impact on immigrant person’s respiratory health are needed to begin to tackle these disparities.
Working with Other Ion beams

A feature of the GFIS ion source is that every aspect of its operation and behavior—from its imaging resolution, the energy range over which it operates, the efficiency of signal production, and the damage it does to the materials that it examines—is ultimately affected by the choice of imaging gas. Ideally, the same source could rapidly be reconfigured to select and generate any one of a number of different ion beams. Because each type of ion has its own strengths and weaknesses, this feature would add substantially to the utility of the ion microscope.
Scalability and Elevation

At the end of the first chapter, two approaches to measurement were introduced, elevation and consistency. In the second chapter, several interpretations of consistency were considered, leading to the conception of consistency as scalability. In the present chapter, the two approaches of elevation and scalability are made more explicit, and some rudimentary statistical properties of the scalability approach are discussed. Scalability is compared with measures of response idiosyncrasy with roots in the cognitive domain, including measures of person fit (Smith, 1986; Wright, 1977) and test appropriateness (Hulin, Drasgow, & Parsons, 1983). Some reasons for assessing scalability are presented.
Prayer, Process, and the Future of Medicine

The wall of separation between spirituality and medicine is crumbling. Physicians are discovering the importance of prayer, spirituality, and religious participation in enhancing physical and mental health and responding to stressful life circumstances. A new metaphysical model is needed to replace the dualistic Cartesian-Newtonian model that has undergirded modern biomedicine. The process-relational metaphysics, influenced by the seminal thought of Alfred North Whitehead, is a fruitful alternative model for the future partnership of spirituality and medicine. A process-relational metaphysic supports this new partnership through its affirmation of (1) the relational nature of life, (2) the essential relatedness of mind, body, and spirit, (3) the multifactorial nature of causation in terms of health and illness, and (4) the affirmation of creativity and the redefinition of divine and human power in terms of partnership. This new metaphysical foundation provides a basis for including spiritual concerns in the care of patients, the education of physicians, and in professional self-care. Physicians are called to be partners with their patients, nurturing their own spiritual well-being even as they care for the spiritual well-being of their patients.
Legal Issues Related to Intellectual Disabilities

Persons with intellectual disabilities (ID) may be vulnerable to mistreatment and coercion and often require legal protection and support in multiple circumstances. This chapter discusses civil rights and entitlements related to abuse and neglect, education, employment, and general living. Medicolegal issues such as decisional capacity, civil competencies, guardianship, and civil commitment are addressed. Finally, issues related to forensic evaluations, including competency to stand trial, criminal responsibility, the death penalty, and malingering are also covered. The chapter summarizes Supreme Court case law and federal statutes that are relevant to intellectual disabilities, as well as noting where laws may differ in different jurisdictions.
Immunotoxin therapy in animal model of HuD antigen positive small cell lung cancer.

3033 Background: Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is a highly aggressive form of lung cancer. Most patients exhibit clinically detectable metastases at diagnosis and have an extremely poor prognosis d...
Primary Cutaneous Marginal Zone B-Cell Lymphoma

Primary cutaneous marginal zone B-cell lymphoma is an indolent skin lymphoma composed of small B cells, including marginal zone (centrocyte-like) cells, lymphoplasmacytoid cells, and plasma cells, admixed with small numbers of centroblast- or immunoblast-like cells and many reactive T cells. Reactive germinal centers are frequently observed. This lymphoma is considered part of the broad group of extranodal marginal zone lymphomas commonly involving mucosal sites, called MALT (mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue) lymphomas.
Genetic basis of improving the palatability of beef cattle: current insights

ABSTRACTBeef palatability is a complex concept and could be described through an array of features such as tenderness, juiciness and flavor traits. Improving the eating experience when consuming be...
Group work: a haven for people living with mental illness

During my advanced-year field placement as a social work intern, I worked in an outpatient psychiatric clinic. Part of my experience involved working with groups. Although I had worked with groups ...
Examining the Impact of Estrogen on Binge Feeding, Food-Motivated Behavior, and Body Weight in Female Rats.

Objective Binge-eating disorder is associated with diminished self-control, emotional distress, and obesity. In this context, women are nearly twice as likely to develop binge-eating disorder and depression relative to men. Here, the physiological, psychological, and endocrine parameters were characterized in female rats subjected to a binge-eating protocol. Methods Nonrestricted female Long Evans rats (n = 8/group) received 2-hour restricted access to a high-fat diet (HFD) (4.54 kcal/g) every day or every third day. The progression of estrous cycling, the functional relevance of estrogen signaling for binge feeding, and binge-induced changes in food motivation were measured. Results Female rats developed a binge pattern of feeding that included alternation between caloric overconsumption and compensatory voluntary restriction without impacting estrous cycling. Notably, rats that received daily HFD exposure progressively decreased binge meals. Estrogen replacement in normal cycling or ovariectomized rats mimicked the reduction in body weight in female rats that received daily HFD access. Operant responding was unaffected by binge feeding; however, estrogen augmented operant performance in HFD-exposed rats. Conclusions Collectively, these data suggest that estrogen protects against binge-induced increases in body weight gain without affecting food motivation in female rats.
Isolated, Idiopathic Splenic Vein Thrombosis, Presenting with Massive Lower GI Bleeding.

Isolated, also called idiopathic, splenic vein thrombosis (SVT) is a very rare clinical condition, which usually results in left-sided portal hypertension and isolated fundal varices. This syndrome is a rare cause of mostly upper, gastrointestinal bleeding. There are only a few hundreds of cases reported in the literature. Colonic varices are even much rarer, 0.07% post mortem autopsies, and 0.2% in a prospective large endoscopic trials. Pancreatic disorders, including malignancies are the most common underlying causes for SVT. Congenital aneurysm of the splenic vein is one of the theoretical explanations of the Isolated, Idiopathic SVT. Case report: A 53 year old Caucasian female with history of hypertension, and no history of smoking or alcohol abuse, presented with chronic lower gastrointestinal bleeding. Upper endoscopy and flexible colonoscopy revealed perigastric varices without any source of acute bleeding. A bleeding scan demonstrated marked splenomegaly and source of bleeding from left colon. Mesenteric angiogram during venous phase showed splenic vein thrombosis and extensive perigastric varices. In addition, a single large left colonic varix from the lower pole of the spleen was identified as the source of bleeding. The patient was treated with splenic artery embolization with coils, followed by splenectomy, without any major complication. Coagulation studies 8 weeks after the procedure did not show any hypercoagulable state. Conclusion: The Isolated, Idiopathic SVT, itself is a very rare syndrome. Our center has reported four cases of SVT, secondary to medical conditions, such as; pancreatic malignancy, MRSA sepsis, and multi-organ failure. Upper gastrointestinal bleeding has been more frequently reported than lower bleeding. Interestingly, in our case report, a single colonic varix secondary to SVT was proved to be the cause of chronic lower gastrointestinal bleeding. SVT should be suspected in any patient with a triad of gastric varices, splenomegaly, and normal liver function tests, who presents with gastrointestinal bleeding secondary to left sided or so called “sinistral” portal hypertension. Mesenteric angiography with venous phase is the gold standard for the diagnosis of SVT, as endoscopic studies may not be diagnostic of this syndrome. Splenectomy is the only and definitive procedure of choice in the patients with isolated SVT, followed by post splenectomy vaccination.
P16 and human papillomavirus in sinonasal squamous cell carcinoma.

Human papillomavirus (HPV) in oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is a well-known cause and prognostic indicator, and the utility of p16 as a surrogate marker for HPV status has been established. P16 and its relationship with HPV have not been defined in sinonasal malignancy nor has a link with outcomes been established. Patients with sinonasal SCC from 2011 to 2017 were identified from our pathology database. P16 immunohistochemistry and HPV RNA in situ hybridization were performed on tissue specimens. Forty-seven patients were included. Disease-free survival for p16+ patients was significantly higher than p16- patients (P = .043). Fewer HPV+ patients died (P = .052) or experienced recurrence (P = .0437). Odds ratio between p16 and HPV status was 14.19 (95% CI: 1.72, 442.03). Our findings demonstrate improved survival in both the p16+ and HPV+ groups and a positive association between p16 and HPV. There may be similar potential for modifying classification for HPV+ sinonasal SCC.
Progress of programmed cell death 5 gene and tumors

Programmed cell death 5 ( PDCD5 ),formerly designated as TFAR19 ( TF-1 cell apoptosis-related gene 19),is an apoptosis-regulated gene cloned by Peking University Center for Human Disease Genomics.PDCD5 is expressed in many human tissues,with a high degree of homology,plays a regulatory role during cell apoptosis.Disorders of PDCD5 expression is correlated with tumorigenesis.This article reviews the structure,expression and functions of PDCD5,makes a summary of its relationship with kinds of tumors.Further studies about clinical application of PDCD5 are needed. Key words: PDCD5; Tumor; Apoptosis
Pipe Designs of the Closed Feedwater Heater Rankine Cycle Power Plant

How to lower global energy consumption and improve energy conversion efficiency remains a major challenge in the fields of science and technology. Scientists have done tremedous work to save energy. For example, scientists have improved and designed the different parts of heating systems to make it approach the thermal idealized cycle, in order to increase the waste-heat utilization rate and convert heat into other forms of useable energy. After thorough study of the Closed Feedwater Heater (FWH) Rankine Cycle power plant, this paper shows two possible designs to increase energy efficiency: the Cylinder and Sphere Feedwater Heater, and the Pipeline Mini Turbine. Compared with the old system components, they convert steam's kinetic energy into usable electricity or other forms of energy and reduce the waste of energy caused by temperature differences and circulations. As a result, they increase the heat transfer efficiency between water and steam in the feedwater heater and save more money because of the reused component.
Tailored porous carbons enabled by persistent micelles with glassy cores

Porous nanoscale carbonaceous materials are widely employed for catalysis, separations, and electrochemical devices where device performance often relies upon specific and well-defined regular feature sizes. The use of block polymers as templates has enabled affordable and scalable production of diverse porous carbons. However, popular carbon preparations use equilibrating micelles which can change dimensions in response to the processing environment. Thus, polymer methods have not yet demonstrated carbon nanomaterials with constant average template diameter and tailored wall thickness. In contrast, persistent micelle templates (PMTs) use kinetic control to preserve constant micelle template diameters, and thus PMT has enabled constant pore diameter metrics. With PMT, the wall thickness is independently adjustable via the amount of material precursor added to the micelle templates. Previous PMT demonstrations relied upon thermodynamic barriers to inhibit chain exchange while in solution, followed by rapid evaporation and cross-linking of material precursors to mitigate micelle reorganization once the solvent evaporated. It is shown here that this approach, however, fails to deliver kinetic micelle control when used with slowly cross-linking material precursors such as those for porous carbons. A new modality for kinetic control over micelle templates, glassy-PMTs, is shown using an immobilized glassy micelle core composed of polystyrene (PS). Although PS based polymers have been used to template carbon materials before, all prior reports included plasticizers that prevented kinetic micelle control. Here the key synthetic conditions for carbon materials with glassy-PMT control are enumerated, including dependencies upon polymer block selection, block molecular mass, solvent selection, and micelle processing timeline. The use of glassy-PMTs also enables the direct observation of micelle cores by TEM which are shown to be commensurate with template dimensions. Glassy-PMTs are thus robust and insensitive to material processing kinetics, broadly enabling tailored nanomaterials with diverse chemistries.
Immunothrombosis: a COVID-19 concerto.

The paradigm of immunothrombosis observed in COVID-19 intertwines hyperinflammation and hypercoagulability in a hematologic crescendo that parallels the spectrum of disease severity observed in patients afflicted with COVID-19. In an unparalleled global effort, the cellular and non-cellular mechanisms at play continue to be elucidated daily, in addition to the initial and subsequent descriptions of COVID-19 associated coagulopathy.
A Randomized Controlled Trial Evaluating the FIT Game's Efficacy in Increasing Fruit and Vegetable Consumption.

Few children eat the recommended amounts of fruits and vegetables (FV). Although incentive-based interventions can increase FV consumption, this approach is costly and may be viewed as controversial due to the possible negative effects on intrinsic motivation. The FIT Game was designed to address these challenges. Four elementary schools were randomly assigned to either cooperatively play the FIT Game (n = 881) for ~8 weeks or to a no-game Control condition (n = 978). The FIT Game was presented daily as comic-book formatted episodes projected onto a large screen in the school cafeteria throughout lunchtime. All children could see the episodes which communicated daily whole-school vegetable-eating goals and illustrated the progress of the game’s heroes when these goals were collectively met. Photo estimates of FV consumption and skin carotenoid concentrations (biomarker of carotenoid consumption) were collected at baseline, during the last 5 days of the FIT Game, and 3 months after the intervention concluded. Control schools followed the same FV consumption-monitoring procedures for the same duration. At the conclusion of the intervention phase, children attending the FIT Game schools consumed more vegetables (d = 0.41), more fruit (d = 0.39), and had higher skin carotenoids (d = 0.66) than at baseline. These statistically significant increases were maintained at a 3-month follow-up for vegetables (d = 0.21, the food targeted for change) and carotenoids (d = 0.53). Thus, the no-cost virtual incentives of the FIT Game increased FV consumption in the short- and long-run, without negatively impacting intrinsic motivation.
Polarization Degrees of Freedom in Electron Scattering from Nuclei

Various aspects of polarization degrees of freedom in electron scattering are discussed in these lectures, including what happens when incident or scattered electrons are polarized and what happens when the target nucleus is polarized or when some part of the final-state polarization is measured (for instance, the polarization of the recoilling nucleus or of some emitted particle). In addition, even when the polarizations of the external particles are not themselves determined directly, there are important polarization degrees of freedom to consider such as those for the exchanged virtual photon or those implied by angular distributions in coincidence reactions. All of these aspects are touched upon here.
Evidence for Iron Mismanagement in the Brain in Neurological Disorders

Studies on manipulation of iron in the diet, both during development and in adults, have clearly established that iron is required for normal neurological function. A deficiency in iron availability to the brain may directly affect the general metabolic activity of the brain by decreasing the function of cytochrome oxidase, glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase, NADH dehydrogenase, succinic dehydrogenase, and aldehyde dehydrogenase—all of which require iron as an essential cofactor and are relatively elevated in brain (Cammer, 1984). Also, the brain is rich in myelin, and iron is required for the biosynthesis of cholesterol and lipids, which are key components of myelin and whose biosynthesis occurs in the brain at higher levels than in other organs (Larkin and Rao, 1990; Pleasure et al., 1984). Finally, specific neurotransmitter systems such as GABA, dopamine, and norepinephrine require iron for synthesis (see Chapter 1). The link between dopaminergic dysfunction and iron is particularly strong; indeed the substantia nigra (SN), the site of dopaminergic cell bodies in the brain, is an iron-rich area in the brain (Benkovic and Connor, 1993).
Two 60-year records of 129I from coral skeletons in the South Pacific Ocean

129I is an important radionuclide tracer for certain natural and anthropogenic nuclear processes. 129I has a half-life of 15.7 Myr and can be measured by accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS). This paper presents 129I results made at the University of Arizona with a NEC 3 MV Pelletron accelerator. For this study, we selected living corals from the Solomon Islands and Easter Island to monitor increases in anthropogenic 129I in the surface waters of the Pacific Ocean. 129I/127I values were measured in cores taken from massive Porites head coral skeletons. Typical sample sizes for this study were 10 g for the Solomon Islands corals, and 30 g for the Easter Island corals. Temporal resolution was semi-annual at the Solomon Islands, and annual at Easter Island. Iodine was extracted from the corals without the use of carrier iodine. Results of our study produced records at both sites from roughly 1935 to 1996. While 129I/127I values have increased at both locations since the beginning of atmospheric nuclear weapons testing, different bomb-pulse curves at these sites suggest different transport mechanisms and/or 129I inputs at the two sites. The implications of these measurements are discussed below.
Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Mycoplasma salivarium: Electron Microscopy of Colony Growth in Agar

Colonies of Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Mycoplasma salivarium grown in PPLO agar were examined by light and electron microscopy. The main objective of the investigation was to attempt in situ fixation and minimize tonic changes in the organisms. Microscopy revealed that both organisms grew both in and upon the agar. The agar and surface growths of M. pneumoniae exhibited similar profiles, whereas those of M. salivarium differed strikingly. Both organisms are highly pleomorphic, but their matrix was denser and appeared more intact than in previously reported profiles. Cells which resemble the commonly reported mycoplasma were occasionally observed. The significance of these discrepant profiles remains unanswered. It is suggested that they may represent aged or osmotically damaged cells.
Exploring the Effect of Foreign Currency Volatility on Foreign Capital: The Case of Turkey?

This paper, explores devaluation as a reason for the lack of long term foreign capital investments in countries such as Turkey. It touches the application of International Accounting Standards in Turkish Capital Market as Turkey’s being a candidate for European Union. The detrimental consequences of applying existing taxation rules on the financial statements of foreign invested capital in Turkey is investigated by means of a case study. Suggestions are made for tax rule change in order to attract more foreign investment flow to Turkey.
Compressive graph clustering from random sketches

Graph clustering, where the goal is to cluster the nodes in a graph into disjoint clusters, arises from applications such as community detection, network monitoring, and bioinformatics. This paper describes an approach for graph clustering based on a small number of linear measurements, i.e. sketches, of the adjacency matrix, where each sketch corresponds to the number of edges in a randomly selected subgraph. Under the stochastic block model, we propose a computationally tractable algorithm based on semidefinite programming to recover the underlying clustering structure, by motivating the low-dimensional parsimonious structure of the clustering matrix. Numerical examples are presented to validate the excellent performance of the proposed algorithm, which allows exact recovery of the clustering matrix under favorable trade-offs between the number of sketches and the edge density gap under the stochastic block model.
Towards a Model-Driven Approach to Reuse

A model-driven reuse approach that is based on an organization’s Enterprise Architecture (EA) and on the Unified Modeling Language (UML) is proposed. The framework embodying the approach allows an organization to evolve, from a repository-based to a model-based reuse approach in which reusable experiences are embedded in modeling languages, as an application domain becomes more stable and well-understood over time.
Development of a case-based integrated nutrition curriculum for medical students

The Nutrition Education and Prevention Program at the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine is a successful program that can be used as a model for the development and implementation of a case-based nutrition curriculum across the 4-y medical school experience. This article gives a broad overview of the development, implementation, evaluation, and dissemination processes used by the Nutrition Education and Prevention Program administration and core faculty group at the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine. Beginning in 1990, the nutrition curriculum was initiated with the assistance of several funding sources. The program was structured using a multidisciplinary faculty group of physicians and registered dietitians from multiple departments, centers, and institutes. The outcome of this process is a textbook, Medical Nutrition and Disease, currently required by numerous medical schools, residency programs, and other health professional programs across the nation. With the use of data from the Association of American Medical Colleges All Schools Survey of Graduating Medical Students, perceptions of the adequacy of nutrition education were tracked over time. In 1991, 80% of University of Pennsylvania medical students felt that nutrition coverage was inadequate compared with 10% of medical students in 1998, a significant change resulting from the nutrition program's effect. The University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine has developed and implemented a successful nutrition curriculum, despite national trends. The case-based integrated curricular model presented in Medical Nutrition and Disease and on our Web site, www.med.upenn.edu/nutrimed, can be used by medical institutions and other health professionals.
Reinjury of Arterial Lesions Induces Intimal Smooth Muscle Cell Replication That Is Not Controlled by Fibroblast Growth Factor 2

In this study we have examined the response of rat carotid arteries with intimal lesions to an angioplasty injury. Rat carotid arteries were subjected to injury with a 2F Fogarty catheter (first injury), and 28 days later the same arteries were subjected to reinjury with a 1.5-mm-diameter coronary dilation catheter (second injury) or a sham operation. After the second injury, the injured arterial surfaces were covered by a platelet monolayer, with occasional small thrombi. The size of the intimal area was significantly increased 28 days after the second injury, although the luminal area was not changed at this time. Intimal and medial cell replication, measured by 5-bromo-2 prime-deoxyuridine labeling, was significantly increased at 2 days after the second injury but was markedly reduced by 7 days. Addition of fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF2, 60 micro g IV) did not increase smooth muscle cell (SMC) replication in arteries subjected to the second injury, and replication was not inhibited with an antibody against FGF2 (120 mg IV). Both these reagents, however, did significantly affect SMC replication in normal carotid arteries subjected to Fogarty catheter injury. In a similar manner, heparin (888 UPS units/kg body wt IV) did not inhibit cell replication after second injury, although it did suppress SMC replication after a single injury. One conclusion is that rat intimal cells in vivo are different from medial SMCs and that other, as-yet-unknown, factors are important for their proliferation.
Irradiation-Suppressed Graphite and Cementite Precipitation in Fe-Ni-C and Ni-C Alloys

The results of a theoretical and experimental study of the effect of ion irradiation on phase stability in austenitic Ni-C and Fe-Ni-C alloys are presented. Calculations modeling the precipitation of graphite or cementitefrom Ni-C or Fe-Ni-C alloys indicate that irradiation may induce precipitation of either phase in alloys that are thermally undersaturated in carbon. Graphite precipitation occurred readily in supersaturated thermally aged specimens. Although the theoretical calculations predict that rapid graphite nucleation may occur in a range of undersaturated and supersaturated alloys as a result of 4-MeV Ni 2 + ion irradiation, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) studies reveal no indication of such precipitation. The irradiated alloys remained single phase even for one time-temperature cycle, which produced the beginning of graphite precipitation under purely thermal aging. We conclude that a trapping mechanism involving the redistribution of carbon from solid solution to radiation-induced dislocation loops, voids, and other traps, perhaps via a solute drag effect, operates in such a manner as to suppress the precipitation promoted by irradiation induced vacancies. The results of this study have important implications on the radiation stability of austenitic steels that lack strong carbide formers.
Learning joint quantizers for reconstruction and prediction

We consider the problem of empirical design of variable-rate quantizers for reconstruction and prediction. When a discriminative model (conditional distribution of the unobserved output given the observed input) is known or can be accurately estimated from a separate training set, we show that this problem reduces to designing a certain type of a generalized quantizer by means of empirical risk minimization on unlabeled input samples only. We derive a high-probability upper bound on the resulting expected performance of such a quantizer in terms of the training sample size and the complexity parameters of the reconstruction and the prediction problems. We also discuss two illustrative examples: binary classification with absolute loss and the information bottleneck.
Surface-induced pressure-gradient formation in a gas mixture.

We predict a previously unidentified phenomenon, the drift of a gas mixture arising from the difference in masses of resonant and buffer molecules scattered by a cell-wall surface at velocity-selective excitation. The transverse profile of the mixture flux and pressure drop along the cell with closed ends are calculated. Recent experimental results [R. W. M. Hoogeveen, R. J. van der Oord, and L. J. F. Hermans, in 2 Proceedings of the 15th International Symposium on Rarefied Gas Dynamics, Grado, Italy (Teubner, Stuttgart, 1986), Vol. 1, p. 321] are discussed in connection with the phenomenon.