cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Electronic-Raman-scattering study of the low-lying energy levels of trivalent cerium-doped yttria.

Electronic-Raman (ER) transitions from the ground level of the $^{2}$${\mathit{F}}_{5/2}$ manifold to other 4f levels of trivalent cerium (${\mathrm{Ce}}^{3+}$) in yttria (${\mathrm{Y}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$) have been studied as a function of excitation wavelength and temperature. ER transitions were observed for ${\mathrm{Ce}}^{3+}$ occupying both the ${\mathit{C}}_{3\mathit{i}}$ and ${\mathit{C}}_{2}$ sites in ${\mathrm{Y}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$. Energy-level positions of the Kramer doublets of ${\mathrm{Ce}}^{3+}$ in the ${\mathit{C}}_{3\mathit{i}}$ site were determined from this measurement. The levels of the $^{2}$${\mathit{F}}_{5/2}$ manifold were at 978 and 1503 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$, while three of the four levels of the $^{2}$${\mathit{F}}_{7/2}$ manifold were at 2270, 2996, and 3402 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$ above the ground level. Previous literature values of three of the four energy levels of the $^{2}$${\mathit{F}}_{7/2}$ manifold of the ${\mathit{C}}_{2}$ site were confirmed. A level of the $^{2}$${\mathit{F}}_{5/2}$ manifold of ${\mathrm{Ce}}^{3+}$ in the ${\mathit{C}}_{2}$ site at 666 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$ was also identified. For resonant excitation involving a 5d intermediate state, two-orders-of-magnitude enhancement in the ER transition strength was observed. This resonant enhancement effect makes the electronic-Raman-scattering technique site selective, since for resonant excitation of the intermediate state of a particular site the ER lines of that site become more intense than those belonging to the other site. The differential scattering cross section for the transition from the ground state to the lowest $^{2}$${\mathit{F}}_{7/2}$ level was measured to be 2.2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}30}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ ${\mathrm{sr}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$ ${\mathrm{ion}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$ for the ${\mathit{C}}_{2}$ site, and 8.8\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}30}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$ ${\mathrm{sr}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$ ${\mathrm{ion}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$ for the ${\mathit{C}}_{3\mathit{i}}$ site. These experimental values of cross sections are compared to the theoretical estimates.
Obtaining effective metamaterial parameters through modal analysis

We develop a general method for analyzing the behavior of MTMs using modal decomposition. We replace the inclusions by equivalent lumped circuit elements and use transmission-line theory to solve the propagation problem in the longitudinal direction. This approach calculates physically observable quantities, such as the input impedance, reflection coefficient, dispersion relation, etc., directly without relying on homogenization first. Unlike previous methods, our method can handle complex configurations such as multiple graduated or random inclusion layers within an MTM unit cell. We calculate equivalent constitutive parameters that take into account the entire unit cell and any interactions among the shunt and series elements of the unit cell. We illustrate the utility of our model by evaluating the performance of a MTM composed of unit cells that consist of several layers of SRRs with graduated resonant frequency.
Establishing underground medical clinics in rural Afghanistan: the International Medical Corps experience.

Excerpt In 1973, and again in 1978, presidents were installed in coups backed by the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan, a pro-Soviet regime (1). Due to government-sponsored repression, revol...
Transrectal ultrasound in early detection of clinical stage a prostate cancer

Abstract A group of 40 select men were studied to assess the value of transrectal ultrasound in the early detection of prostate cancer. All had a benign digital rectal examination and had either irritative lower tract symptoms, hematospermia, microhematuria, or an elevated acid phosphatase. Of the men, 28 had an abnormal ultrasound and underwent a directed prostate needle biopsy to assess the ability to detect clinical Stage A cancer. Eleven men (40 %) were found to have cancer, all having hypoechoic lesions. The remainder were found to have benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) with hyperechoic lesions predominating (88 %). Our results suggest that transrectal ultrasound is a useful and sensitive method for the detection of prostate tumors not clinically evident on digital rectal examination in select patients.
The Glucocorticoid Attenuated Response Genes GARG-16, GARG-39, and GARG-49/IRG2 Encode Inducible Proteins Containing Multiple Tetratricopeptide Repeat Domains

Abstract In a search for glucocorticoid attenuated response genes (GARGs) induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in murine Swiss 3T3 cells, we cloned 12 GARG cDNAs (J. B. Smith and H. R. Herschman, 1995,J. Biol. Chem.270, 16756–16765). Analysis of complete cDNA sequences indicates that three of these genes encode members of a highly conserved family of proteins containing multiple tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR) domains. GARG-16 is a homologue of the interferon-induced human IFI-56K gene. GARG-39 is a homologue of the interferon-induced human ISG-54K and hamster CL-54K genes. The predicted GARG-49/IRG2 protein is 60–75 amino acids shorter than other known members of this gene family, and its carboxyl-terminal half is relatively divergent. Homologues of GARG-49/IRG2 in other species have not been reported. The predicted GARG-16 and GARG-39 proteins, and their homologues, contain 10 TPR domains. GARG-49/IRG2 shares the first 6 domains and part of the 7th, but lacks domains 8, 9, and 10. Message levels of GARG-16, GARG-39, and GARG-49/IRG2 are increased by LPS stimulation in Swiss 3T3 cells and in peritoneal macrophages. Unlike many primary response genes, these three genes are not induced by serum stimulation in Swiss 3T3 cells. All three are induced in the RAW 264.7 macrophage cell line by LPS, by interferons-α/β, and by interferon-γ. Despite these similarities, quantitative differences in their responses to different stimuli indicate that GARG-16, GARG-39, and GARG-49/IRG2 are regulated independently. We speculate that the proteins encoded by these LPS- and interferon-inducible genes may participate in multicomponent assemblies via their TPR domains.
Ultra-Thin Layer Chromatography and Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy on Silver Nanorod Array Substrates Prepared by Oblique Angle Deposition

We demonstrate the potential use of silver nanorod (AgNR) array substrates for on-chip separation and detection of chemical mixtures by ultra-thin layer chromatography (UTLC) and surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). The capability of the AgNR substrates to separate different compounds in a mixture was explored using a mixture of the food colorant Brilliant Blue FCF and lactic acid, and the mixtures of Methylene Violet and BSA at various concentrations. After the UTLC process, spatially-resolved SERS spectra were collected along the mobile phase development direction and the intensities of specific SERS peaks from each component were used to generate chromatograms. The AgNR substrates demonstrate the capability of separating Brilliant Blue from lactic acid, as well as revealing the SERS signal of Methylene Violet from the massive BSA background after a simple UTLC step. This technique may have significant practical implications in actual detection of small molecules from complex food or clinical backgrounds.
Does Choice of College Textbook Make a Difference in Students' Comprehension?

The authors investigate whether the choice of college textbook affects students' comprehension of the material. Forty-eight students from educational psychology courses were randomly assigned to one of two conditions: (1) unfamiliar passages drawn from the textbook used in the course, or (2) comparable passages selected from a competitor textbook. Students read three passages and completed comprehension tests and an opinion survey. No significant differences were found. Implications for textbook selection practices are presented in the discussion section.
Abstract noun classification: using a neural network to match word context and word meaning

Psychologists have used artificial neural networks for a few decades to simulate perception, language acquisition, and other cognitive processes. This paper discusses the use of artificial neural networks in research on semantics—in particular, in the investigation of abstract noun meanings. It is widely acknowledged that a word’s meaning varies with its contexts of use, but it is a complex task to identify which context elements are relevant to a word’s meaning. The present study illustrates how connectionist networks can be used to examine this problem. A simple feedforward network learned to distinguish among six abstract nouns, on the basis of characteristics of their contexts, in a corpus of randomly selected naturalistic sentences.
A Rossby-wave dynamo for the Sun, II

To make the analysis more tractable, we simplify the equations of Part I to apply to two superposed layers of fluid, with horizontal variations in the motion and magnetic field represented by a small number of Fourier harmonics. The resulting set of eighteen ordinary nonlinear differential equations in time for the Fourier amplitudes is integrated numerically. We analyze in detail the dynamo action from a typical Rossby wave motion and compare it with the solar cycle. The field reversal process is similar in some respects to that put forth by Babcock. Toroidal fields are dragged up by vertical motions in the Rossby waves to form large-scale vertical fields, whose polarities alternate with longitude roughly like bipolar magnetic regions. Vertical fields of preferentially one polarity are carried toward the pole by the meridional motion in the wave to form an axisymmetric poloidal field. This poloidal field is then stretched out by the differential rotation into a new toroidal field of the opposite sign from the original. The poloidal field changes sign when the toroidal and bipolar region like fields are maximum, and vice versa. For the case studied, the reversal period is too short (∼ 2 years) and the poloidal fields too large (∼ 40 G) for the sun. Improvements for the model are discussed.
Design and Implementation of 3D Focus Stabilization for Fluorescence Microscopy

Focus stabilization is critical for many imaging modalities like TIRF, PALM and STORM. The focus stabilization device presented here, named pgFocus, is an open source and open hardware solution that can be integrated into microscopes with an existing objective positioner. pgFocus is a programmable and inexpensive circuit board consisting of a micro-controller, linear sensor array, DAC and an ADC. While pgFocus can stabilize on a single focal plane within ±3nM at 30Hz, it can also follow and correct 3D focus changes when imaging multiple Z positions. pgFocus works by monitoring the reflection of an 808nm laser beam that is internally reflected at a glass/water interface. The translation of the reflected laser beam is converted into Δ distance change between the objective and the glass/water interface. The relationship between movement of the objective and the translation of the return laser beam is determined through an calibration procedure. This Δ distance change measurement is used to modify and adjust a pass-through voltage signal that is directed to a piezo objective positioner. The pass-through voltage is continually adjusted to move the reflected laser beam back to the original focus position.View Large Image | View Hi-Res Image | Download PowerPoint Slide
Mapping the terrain of pharmacy: Co-classification analysis of theInternational Pharmaceutical Abstracts database

This research uses descriptive multivariate data-analytic techniques—in particular, multidimensional scaling and hierarchical cluster analysis—to explore and visualize the structure of the pharmacy literature as refracted through the editorial policies of theInternational Pharmaceutical Abstracts (IPA) database. Specifically, the co-occurrence of the section headings/codes, used to exhaustively categorize publications in the IPA database, are clustered and mapped to evaluate the usefulness of two methods of section heading assignment. A secondary purpose of this research is to evaluate the use of descriptive multivariate data-analytic techniques and co-classification analysis to explore and depict the structure of an inherently heterogeneous and multidisciplinary professional literature, such as pharmacy.
Structure in the differential cross section of the reaction p + p → p + M (M < 2.1 GeV) for ∣t∣ < 0.8 (GeV/c)2 at 29 GeV/c)

Abstract Bubble chamber and spectrometer data are combined to study the differential cross section, d σ d t , of the reaction p + p → p + M for ∣t∣
Approximation by semi-non-linear functions

Abstract In this paper we discuss the best Chebyshev approximation of continuous real or complex valued functions by a large class of non-linear functions. These functions, which we call semi-non-linear, are non-linear functions of linear functions defined in a general multivariate setting. Full use is made of the concept of H-sets for constrained non-linear approximation, and a characterization of best approximation is stated in terms of H-sets. Unicity of best approximation is discussed, and the special case of approximation by functions of ax + by + c is shown to give uniqueness. This extends a well-known theorem of Collatz (Z. Angew. Math. Mech. 36 (1956), 198–211.
Effects of different rates of fly ash and sewage sludge mixture amendments on cation availability and their leachability.

A leaching column study was conducted to evaluate the leaching of cations from soils amended with a mixture of (1:1) fly ash (FA) from Port Wentworth power plant, Savannah, GA: sewage sludge (SS) from President Street water pollution control plant, Savannah, GA. Two sets of soil-leaching columns (30-cm high and 7.5-cm diameter; 15 columns per soil) were prepared with a fine sandy soil from Florida (Candler fine sand; pH 6.8) and Georgia (Ogeechee loamy sand; pH 5.6). The top one inch of soil from each of these columns was amended (3 columns per treatment) with 1:1 mixture of SS and FA at either 0, 24.7, 49.4, 98.8 or 148.3 Mg ha− 1 rate. After saturating the columns with deionized water, 18 cycles of intermittent leaching and drying was performed on weekly basis. Leaching of major cations and changes in ionic strength and pH were evaluated on half pore volume (220 mL) of leachate collected at each event. Results of this study indicated that leaching of cations increased rapidly up to the 3rd leaching even...
Patient-Reported Outcomes for Acquired Dysarthria

The purpose of this article is to review the state of the art in patient-reported outcome (PRO) development for acquired dysarthria for clinicians and researchers interested in adding the patient's...
Gould’s replay revisited

This paper develops a critical response to John Beatty’s recent (2006) engagement with Stephen Jay Gould’s claim that evolutionary history is contingent. Beatty identifies two senses of contingency in Gould’s work: an unpredictability sense and a causal dependence sense. He denies that Gould associates contingency with stochastic phenomena, such as drift. In reply to Beatty, this paper develops two main claims. The first is an interpretive claim: Gould really thinks of contingency has having to do with stochastic effects at the level of macroevolution, and in particular with unbiased species sorting. This notion of contingency as macro-level stochasticity incorporates both the causal dependence and the unpredictability senses of contingency. The second claim is more substantive: Recent attempts by other scientists to put Gould’s claim to the test fail to engage with the hypothesis that species sorting sometimes resembles a lottery. Gould’s claim that random sorting is a significant macroevolutionary phenomenon remains an intriguing and largely untested live hypothesis about evolution.
Theoretical, Methodological, and Ethical Challenges to the Study of Immigrants: Perils and Possibilities

Research on immigrant communities has often been reductionist, stereotypical, and simplistic, and even the most well-intentioned researchers are susceptible to using cultural deficit models. This chapter critically evaluates some of the dominant tensions and problem areas with respect to researching immigrant communities. Specifically, we analyze three primary challenges that researchers encounter: the heterogeneity of immigrant lives, adequate representations of immigrant communities, and researcher privilege. In addition to identifying these unique theoretical, methodological, and ethical concerns, we draw from critical theory, feminist scholarship, and cultural psychology to provide an interdisciplinary solution. For researchers investigating immigrant communities, we advocate the following: (a) grounding of intersectional frameworks; (b) reliance on a risk and resilience framework; (c) phenomenological understanding of immigrants' everyday lives; (d) inclusion of immigrant participants' voices; and (e) cultivation of negative capability. Finally, we briefly review selected studies that address three recurring challenges that researchers face and heed our five recommendations.
Theoretical criterion for acoustic aggregation

Theory was given previously for the radiation force between two spherical particles immersed in a fluid and subjected to a sound field. From this theory an expression has been obtained for the effective energy of interaction. A minimum energy, defining a "binding energy" Wmin, occurs when the particles are in contact and aligned with their line of centers perpendicular to the oscillatory motion in the local sound field. When Wmin is large enough, dimers are formed which combine to build larger aggregates. A criterion for aggregation was obtained, similar to one arrived at by Schwan for aggregation produced by alternating electric fields, by setting Wmin equal to the thermal energy kT. Calculations suggest that aggregation of blood cells may occur during applications of medical ultrasound under some conditions. Experiments are needed to test possibilities.
A further test of pair-potential theory in sodium vapor☆

Abstract A simple test of pair-potential theory is made for the alkali metal fluids by evaluation of the third virial coefficient of sodium vapor as a function of temperature based on the actual pair potential of sodium. Some corrective measures are proposed.
Purification and characterization of protein synthesis initiation factors IF1, IF2, and IF3 from Escherichia coli

Abstract A simple procedure is described for the purification in high yields of protein synthesis initiation factors IF1, IF2, and IF3 from Escherichia coli strain MRE 600. IF2 was separated from IF1 and IF3 by ammonium sulfate fractionation and was purified by column chromatography on phosphocellulose and diethylaminoethyl (DEAE) Sephadex. IF1 and IF3 were separated by phosphocellulose column chromatography. IF1 was purified by molecular sieve chromatography, and IF3 by phosphocellulose column chromatography in urea buffer. Each factor was analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate or urea polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and was greater than 98% pure. Only one form of IF1 and IF3 was found, with molecular weights of 8,500 and 22,500, respectively. Two forms of IF2 were isolated: IF2a with a molecular weight of 118,000 and IF2b with a molecular weight of 90,000. The amino acid composition of each factor was determined, and their stimulation in a variety of assays for initiation of protein synthesis is reported.
A Preoperative Nomogram to Predict the Risk of Perioperative Mortality Following Gastric Resections for Malignancy

Introduction Surgery remains one of the major treatment options available to patients with gastric cancer. The aim of this study was to develop a preoperative nomogram based on the presence of comorbidities to predict the risk of perioperative mortality following gastric resections for malignancy.
Spectrally accurate numerical solution of the single-particle Schrödinger equation

We have formulated a three-dimensional fully numerical (i.e., chemical basis-set free) method and applied it to the solution of the single-particle Schr\"odinger equation. The numerical method combines the rapid ``exponential'' convergence rates of spectral methods with the geometric flexibility of finite-element methods and can be viewed as an extension of the spectral element method. Singularities associated with multicenter systems are efficiently integrated by a Duffy transformation and the discrete operator is formulated by a variational statement. The method is applicable to molecular modeling for quantum chemical calculations on polyatomic systems. The complete system is shown to be efficiently inverted by the preconditioned conjugate gradient method and exponential convergence rates in numerical approximations are demonstrated for suitable benchmark problems including the hydrogenlike orbitals of nitrogen.
DISTRIBUTION AND DISPERSAL OF CENTRAL PACIFIC LESSER FRIGATEBIRDS ‘FREGATA ARZEL*

Summary During the period from March 1963 to July 1965 the Pacific Ocean Biological Survey Program made an extensive study of the islands of the Central Pacific in the area bounded by 10°N.,180° W., 10° S. and 150° W. In the course of this study much new information was obtained on the distribution and dispersal of the Lesser Frigatebird. We have found that Lesser Frigatebirds are an abundant and widely distributed breeding bird in the Central Pacific, although only once previously reported breeding. Most of the young Lesser Frigatebirds from the Phoenix Islands travel to the Solomon Islands, Bismarck Archipelago, New Guinea, or the Philippines. A few travel farther north to the Ryukyu Islands, Japan, Taiwan, and Siberia, and a few also move to areas southwest and southeast of the Phoenix Islands. Most of the dispersal to these latter areas apparently occurs earlier than the dispersal to the Solomons. The dispersal pattern may be dependent in part on the surface wind pattern.
Methodologies for computational studies of quininoidal diiminediyls: Biradical vs dinitrene behavior

Density functional and post Hartree−Fock ab initio computations were carried out on the lowest singlet, triplet, and quintet states of 1,4-phenylenedinitrene, biphenyl-4,4‘-dinitrene, (E)-stilbene-4,4‘-dinitrene, and (E,E)-1,4-bis(4-nitrenophenyl)-1,3-butadiene, and (E,E,E)-1,6-bis(4-nitrenophenyl)-1,3,5-hexatriene. Near-degenerate singlet and triplet quinonoidal ground states were found for all systems using CASSCF methodology, with a slight favoring of the singlet, in accord with experimental results. The aromatic quintet dinitrene states lie much higher in energy. Restricted B3LYP hybrid density functional theory (DFT) methods give artifactually high biradical singlet state energies relative to the triplet biradical states, but unrestricted (mixed-state) B3LYP methods correctly give singlet energies that lie somewhat below the triplet state energies, as well as giving geometric results that compare well to the best CASSCF results we could achieve for these biradical states. Appropriate guidelines for s...
Closely watched clocks: molecular analysis of circadian rhythms in Neurospora and Drosophila.

Abstract Circadian rhythms represent a type of cellular regulation common to most eukaryotes. Analysis of the genetic basis of this phenomenon is beginning to provide information about how clocks function at the molecular level. Surprisingly, the first two cloned ‘clocl genes', one from a fruit fly end one from a fungus, share some common characteristics both genetically and in the nature of the proteins they encode. In related work, the recent identification and molecular analysis of clock-controlled genes is revealing how biological clocks control gene expression, and may pave the way for the isolation of navel ‘clock genes' in the future.
The Abd-B-like Hox Homeodomain Proteins Can Be Subdivided by the Ability to Form Complexes with Pbx1a on a Novel DNA Target

Previous studies showed that the Hox homeodomain proteins from paralog groups 1–8 display cooperative DNA binding with the non-Hox homeodomain protein Pbx, mediated by a canonical YPWM. Although the Abd-B-like Hox proteins in paralogs 9–13 lack this sequence, Hoxb-9 and Hoxa-10 were reported to bind with Pbx1a to DNA. We show that these interactions require a tryptophan 6 amino acids N-terminal to the homeodomain. Binding site selection for Hoxb-9 with Pbx1a yielded ATGATGAC, containing a novel TTAC Hox-binding site adjacent to a Pbx site. In the presence of Pbx1a, Hoxb-9 and Hoxa-10 bound to targets containing either TTAC or TTAT. These data extend previous findings that interactions with Pbx define a Hox protein binding code for different DNA sequences across paralog groups 1 through 10. Members of the 11, 12, and 13 paralogs do not cooperatively bind DNA with Pbx1a, despite the presence of tryptophan residues N-terminal to the homeodomain in Hoxd-12 and Hoxd-13. Hoxa-11, Hoxd-12, or Hoxd-13, in the presence of Pbx1a, selected a TTAC Hox site but lacking a Pbx1a site. These data suggest that Abd-B-like Hox proteins bind to a novel TTAC site and can be divided by their cooperative binding to DNA with Pbx1a.
Test cassette for measuring peak tube potential of diagnostic x-ray machines.

A test cassette employing a modification of the Ardran--Crooks attenuation technique for measuring peak tube potential (and half-value layer) is described. The technique employs a radiographic intensifying screen which is exposed to a hardened x-ray beam. Copper penetrameters are used to determine the attenuator thickness which reduces the light output from the screen to that transmitted by an optical attenuator over an adjacent area of the screen. The test cassette was calibrated by using x-ray machines whose high voltages were measured electrically. The test cassette has a measurement precision of +-1 kVp and an accuracy of +-3 kVp or better in the range 50--130 kVp for x-ray generators with the same voltage waveform. (AIP)
Multimodal Analysis for Identification and Segmentation of Moving-Sounding Objects

In this paper, we propose a novel method that exploits correlation between audio-visual dynamics of a video to segment and localize objects that are the dominant source of audio. Our approach consists of a two-step spatiotemporal segmentation mechanism that relies on velocity and acceleration of moving objects as visual features. Each frame of the video is segmented into regions based on motion and appearance cues using the QuickShift algorithm, which are then clustered over time using K-means, so as to obtain a spatiotemporal video segmentation. The video is represented by motion features computed over individual segments. The Mel-Frequency Cepstral Coefficients (MFCC) of the audio signal, and their first order derivatives are exploited to represent audio. The proposed framework assumes there is a non-trivial correlation between these audio features and the velocity and acceleration of the moving and sounding objects. The canonical correlation analysis (CCA) is utilized to identify the moving objects which are most correlated to the audio signal. In addition to moving-sounding object identification, the same framework is also exploited to solve the problem of audio-video synchronization, and is used to aid interactive segmentation. We evaluate the performance of our proposed method on challenging videos. Our experiments demonstrate significant increase in performance over the state-of-the-art both qualitatively and quantitatively, and validate the feasibility and superiority of our approach.
Incorporation of decision, game, and Bayesian game theory in an emergency evacuation exit decision model

This paper explores the use of utility and game theory to model egress decisions for exit choices found in evacuations. These mathematically rigorous theories serve as a basis for individual exit decision making that captures interactions between evacuees. The model presented in this paper is fundamentally different from traditional evacuation simulators that capture the exit selection behaviour through simple heuristics or objective functions. A utility function based on energy consumption of exit alternatives is created that captures evacuee risk preferences and beliefs. Multiple game forms are created to allow for trade-offs between model fidelity and computational complexity. These models range from Bayesian games to simplified normal games. Multiple examples and validations are used to show that the decision analysis model developed here captures natural human tendencies and characteristics. This enables creation of a high fidelity exit decision model that simulates exit selection of evacuees.
Toxicities after radioembolization with yttrium-90 SIR-spheres: incidence and contributing risk factors at a single center.

Abstract Purpose To report the incidence of liver function test (LFT) toxicities after radioembolization with yttrium-90 ( 90 Y) SIR-Spheres and review potential risk factors. Materials and Methods Patients receiving 90 Y for radioembolization of primary or metastatic liver tumors had follow-up LFTs 29–571 days after treatment. The incidence and duration of bilirubin, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) toxicities were documented using common terminology criteria. Factors that were assessed included previous intra-arterial (IA) therapy, systemic chemotherapy, low tumor-to-normal liver tissue ratio at mapping angiography, vascular stasis, and higher prescribed 90 Y doses. Results There were 81 patients who underwent 122 infusions and had follow-up LFTs. Of 122 infusions, 71 (58%) were associated with toxicity. One patient died with radiation-induced liver disease. Grade 3 or greater toxicities occurred in seven (7%) patients after nine procedures. The median durations of laboratory elevations for bilirubin, AST, and ALT were 29 days, 29 days, and 20 days. Toxicity developed after 51 (71%) of 72 infusions with previous IA therapy versus 20 (40%) of 50 infusions in treatment-naive areas ( P = .0006). Absence of previous systemic therapy was associated with greater risk of toxicity versus previous chemotherapy (47% vs 66%, P = .03). Other factors were not associated with increased toxicity. Conclusions Mild hepatotoxicity developed frequently after infusion of SIR-Spheres using the body surface area method, with normalization of LFTs in most patients. Grade 3 or greater toxicities were seen in
Examiner Errors in Administering and Scoring the WPPSI-R:

We investigated administration and scoring errors on 57 WPPSI-R protocols completed by 7 examiners. These examiners made frequent errors, such as failing to record examine responses, assigning incorrect point values to examinee responses, and determining incorrect basals and/or ceilings. When examiner errors were corrected, Full Scale IQs were changed on 53% of protocols. The incorrect IQs assigned by examiners resulted in one potential diagnostic error. Examiner errors appeared to stem from three sources: examiner carelessness, inadequate training, and complex scoring procedures.
What Is the Question

Asking questions is a vital part of information seeking: it begs an answer, it allows for modifi cation in response to fi ndings, it aids in comprehension, it fosters self-regulation, and it invites conversation. The skill of posing questions throughout the information-seeing process is often undervalued and under-taught. To ask quality, higher-level questions requires explicit instruction. Moreover, such instruction needs to take into account age-appropriate developmental processes. This paper examines the questioning behavior of youth, confronts the issue of question locus of control, and offers guidance in helping youth develop effective question strategies for comprehending information and questioning authority.
Conformational mapping of the N-terminal peptide of HIV-1 gp41 in membrane environments using (13)C-enhanced Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.

Abstract The N-terminal domain of HIV-1 glycoprotein 41 000 (FP; residues 1–23; AVGIGALFLGFLGAAGSTMGARSCONH2) participates in fusion processes underlying virus–cell infection. Here, we use physical techniques to study the secondary conformation of synthetic FP in aqueous, structure-promoting, lipid and biomembrane environments. Circular dichroism and conventional, 12C-Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy indicated the following α-helical levels for FP in 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoylphosphatidylglycerol (POPG) liposomes∼hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP)>trifluoroethanol (TFE)>phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). 12C-FTIR spectra also showed disordered FP structures in these environments, along with substantial β-structures for FP in TFE or PBS. In further experiments designed to map secondary conformations to specific residues, isotope-enhanced FTIR spectroscopy was performed using a suite of FP peptides labeled with 13C-carbonyl at multiple sites. Combining these 13C-enhanced FTIR results with molecular simulations indicated the following model for FP in HFIP: α-helix (residues 3–16) and random and β-structures (residues 1–2 and residues 17–23). Additional 13C-FTIR analysis indicated a similar conformation for FP in POPG at low peptide loading, except that the α-helix extends over residues 1–16. At low peptide loading in either human erythrocyte ghosts or lipid extracts from ghosts, 13C-FTIR spectroscopy showed α-helical conformations for the central core of FP (residues 5–15); on the other hand, at high peptide loading in ghosts or lipid extracts, the central core of FP assumed an antiparallel β-structure. FP at low loading in ghosts probably inserts deeply as an α-helix into the hydrophobic membrane bilayer, while at higher loading FP primarily associates with ghosts as an aqueous-accessible, β-sheet. In future studies, 13C-FTIR spectroscopy may yield residue-specific conformations for other membrane-bound proteins or peptides, which have been difficult to analyze with more standard methodologies.
Networks of Waiting Lines

One of the least understood classes of operations problems is that concerned with the design, loading, and, especially, the scheduling of discrete, statistically varying flows through complex networks. The present paper abstracts what is perhaps the simplest theoretical question related to this class of problems, and derives expressions for certain steady-state parameters.
Osmotic and ionic regulation in the Dungeness crab, Cancer magister dana

Abstract 1. 1. Ionic and osmotic regulation by Cancer magister in sea water and dilute sea water was studied. 2. 2. C. magister hyperosmoregulates in brackish water. 3. 3. A relationship between body weight and the sustained osmotic differential is present. 4. 4. Patterns of Na+, Cl−, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+ and SO2−2 regulation in isosmotic and hypoosmotic media are discussed. 5. 5. These patterns are altered when crabs are in 30% sea water. 6. 6. The primary ionic regulatory role of the antennal gland in C. magister is magnesium secretion. 7. 7. Na+, K+, Cl− and SO2−4 concentrations in the urine are associated with magnesium movements.
Sexual orientation disparities in mental health: the moderating role of educational attainment.

Mental health disparities between sexual minorities and heterosexuals remain inadequately understood, especially across levels of educational attainment. The purpose of the present study was to test whether education modifies the association between sexual orientation and mental disorder. We compared the odds of past 12-month and lifetime psychiatric disorder prevalence (any Axis-I, any mood, any anxiety, any substance use, and comorbidity) between lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) and heterosexual individuals by educational attainment (those with and without a bachelor’s degree), adjusting for covariates, and tested for interaction between sexual orientation and educational attainment. Data are drawn from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions, a nationally representative survey of non-institutionalized US adults (N = 34,653; 577 LGB). Sexual orientation disparities in mental health are smaller among those with a college education. Specifically, the disparity in those with versus those without a bachelor’s degree was attenuated by 100 % for any current mood disorder, 82 % for any current Axis-I disorder, 76 % for any current anxiety disorder, and 67 % for both any current substance use disorder and any current comorbidity. Further, the interaction between sexual orientation and education was statistically significant for any current Axis-I disorder, any current mood disorder, and any current anxiety disorder. Our findings for lifetime outcomes were similar. The attenuated mental health disparity at higher education levels underscores the particular risk for disorder among LGBs with less education. Future studies should consider selection versus causal factors to explain the attenuated disparity we found at higher education levels.
Single-Camera Three-Dimensional Laparoscopic System

ABSTRACTA fully-operational single-camera system for three-dimensional medical laparoscopy has been devel-oped. Problems reported 2 with earlier prototypes have been overcome with the present de-sign. Our first efforts were to optimize the optical design to increase the amount of light through thesystem. Second, we improved the image quality through an increase in resolution and a reduction of theflicker. We report here the details of the present embodiment of the laparoscope and note the specific differences between the current version and those previously described. The original design of the three-dimensional laparoscope3 used the VISIDEP alternating-frame tech- nology in which stereoscopically related views were presented alternately to a single video camera at a rate of about 10 Hz. No special viewing aids were required. In order to improve image stability, a second model was built that retained the single camera but with the two viewpoints presented field-sequentially at 60 Hz. Shuttered glasses were then used for viewing the monitor. The present embodiment retains thesingle-camera concept and the shuttered glasses, but now switches at 120 Hz to present a flickerlessimage. Light losses in the original laparoscope have been overcome through improved placement of fiberbundles, modifications to the optics to achieve higher f/number for the system, and better cameras thatrespond well at low light levels. Although the latest scope has twisted-nematic liquid-crystal shutters,
Hostility, oral contraceptive use, and cardiovascular reactivity in women

Abstract Hostility, task instructions, social desirability and cardiovascular reactivity were investigated in a exploratory study of 70 female college students and employees. Women were administered the Videotaped Clinical Interview (VC1), the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale (MC), the Cook-Medley Hostility Scale (CM), the Buss-Durkee Hostility Index (BD) and the Personal Attributes Questionnaire (PAQ) before undergoing a stressful discussion. Oral contraceptive users had significantly higher DBP at baseline. Based on PAQ scores, women were given instructions for the discussion task consistent or inconsistent with their gender-relevant styles. Instruction type predicted heart rate changes, and interacted with hostility to predict DBP reactivity. Interview-based hostility (VCI-H) was associated with increased DBP during the discussion task, as was being high hostile (low MC/high VCI-H). The CM and the BD had less association with heart rate and blood pressure changes. Oral contraceptive (OC) use wa...
Wavelenghth switching in an optical klystron

Abstract A symmetric optical klystron consists of two identical undulator sections separated by a dispersive region. For a device of a fixed length, an optical klystron is capable of producing more bunching, and therefore more gain, than a traditional undulator. It is also possible for the gain spectrum of an optical klystron to have multiple positive peaks. If the strength of the dispersion section is adjusted to provide nearly equal gain on the largest of these peaks, then they will compete, and the FEL may switch wavelengths based on noise, cavity length, or other perturbations. We provide the first observations of this behavior, using the FIREFLY system at the Stanford Picosecond FEL Center. In FIREFLY, relative wavelength switching by more than 3% - more than twice the laser linewidth - has been observed by varying dispersion section strength. Stable switching has also been observed as a function of cavity length.
The use of conjugated dienones in friedel-crafts annulations

Abstract Lewis acid-activated conjugated dienones add to electron-rich arenes to create tricyclic compounds containing a central cycloheptane ring.
Pleural effusions in lymphoblastic lymphoma: A diagnostic alternative

Abstract Background : Children with large anterior mediastinal masses frequently present with severe respiratory compromise and often pose a difficult diagnostic dilemma. A biopsy is preferred for diagnosis before treatment can begin; however, many of these children are at risk of acute clinical deterioration and cardiovascular arrest with the induction of anesthesia. The authors noted a correlation between pleural effusions and lymphoblastic lymphoma and recently diagnosed three cases of lymphoblastic lymphoma in children with a large anterior mediastinal mass and pleural effusion through cytological and flow cytometric examination of the pleural fluid. Methods : To focus on this problem, 101 pediatric patients presenting with an anterior mediastinal mass between January 1980 and September 1994 were reviewed to determine if pleural effusions occur more frequently at initial presentation with lymphoblastic lymphoma than with Hodgkin's disease, thus offering a means of diagnosis in children with severe respiratory compromise. The patients' chest radiographs and/or computed tomograms for the 88 cases in which they were available were reviewed retrospectively in a blinded fashion to identify those children with pleural effusions at the time of presentation. Results : In this study, 71% of patients with lymphoblastic lymphoma (10 of 14) had a pleural effusion at presentation, whereas only 11.7% of patients with Hodgkin's disease (7 of 60) had a pleural effusion on initial presentation. ( P Conclusion : This retrospective review suggests that there is a significantly greater association of pleural effusions in patients with lymphoblastic lymphoma than with Hodgkin's disease. Our experience supports the conclusion that thoracentesis may provide a means of diagnosis in children presenting in severe respiratory compromise obviating the need for anesthesia and open biopsy.
City-scale urban transport and dispersion simulation using geographic information system footprints

A large volume of urban models describing urban objects in major international cities has been re-constructed and become freely and publicly available via software like Arc-Globe and Google Earth. However, these models are mostly created for visualization and are loosely structured. For example, current GIS software such as ESRI ArcGIS and urban model synthesis methods typically use overlapping 2D footprints with elevation and height information to depict various components of buildings. In this paper, we present a robust and efficient framework that generates seamless 3D architectural models from these footprints that usually contain small, sharp, and various (nearly) degenerate artifacts due to machine and human errors. We demonstrate the benefits of the proposed method by showcase an atmospheric dispersion simulation in a New York City (NYC) dataset. Finally, we discuss several examples of visualizing and analyzing the simulated Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) data into the GIS for further geospatial analysis.
Assessment by Simu ation of Benefits of New HEV Powertrain Configurations

During the past couple of years, numerous powertrain configurations for Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEV) have been introduced into the marketplace. The current dominant architecture is the power-split configuration with the input split (single-mode) from Toyota and Ford. General Motors (GM) recently introduced a two-mode power-split configuration for applications in sport utility vehicles. Also, the first commercially available Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV) — the GM Volt — was introduced into the market in 2010. The GM Volt uses a series-split powertrain architecture, which provides benefits over the series architecture, which typically has been considered for Electric-Range Extended Vehicles (E-REV). This paper assesses the benefits of these different powertrain architectures (single-mode versus multi-mode for HEV) (series versus GM Voltec for PHEV) by comparing component sizes, system efficiency and fuel consumption over several drive cycles. On the basis of dynamic models, a detailed component control algorithm was developed for each configuration. The powertrain components were sized to meet all-electric-range, performance and grade-capacity requirements. This paper presents and compares the impact of these different powertrain configurations on component size and fuel consumption.
Interaction of Bracon hebetor (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) and Trichogramma pretiosum (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) in suppressing stored-product moth populations in small inshell peanut storages.

Biological control tests in small inshell peanut storages indicated that the release of Bracon hebetor Say as a parasite of moth larvae and Trichogramma pretiosum Riley as a moth egg parasite have considerable potential for suppression of stored-product moth populations. Population suppression of the Indian meal moth, Plodia interpunctella (Hiibner), but not of the almond moth, Cadra cautella (Walker), was dependent on the species of parasite released. Population suppression of Indian meal moth over the storage season was 37.3% of the check treatment for T. pretiosum alone, 66.1% for B. hebetor alone, but 84.3% when parasites were used in combination. For the much more abundant almond moth, reductions averaged 96.7, 97.3, and 98.0% for the three treatments, respectively. Larval feeding damage to peanut kernels was reduced to ≤1.12% by all three parasite treatments as compared with 15.84% in the untreated checks. Thus, B. hebetor and Trichogramma spp. may be useful as parts of an integrated pest control program for lepidopteran pests of stored inshell peanuts.
Neural basis of hunger, appetite, and satiety.

designated. Since this lecture will attempt to bring together two somewhat different fields of study, it may be appropriate to begin with a reminder that gastro­ enterology and' neurophysiology are often found not at all far apart. Dis­ tinguished investigators have even combined the two fields in their own research, and their observations have given us an important part of our under­ standing of the autonomic nervous system, as well as of the functions of the digestive tract. Now, within the past 15 years, our respective disciplines have overlapped once again in studies of hunger, appetite, and satiety. In this . period a new attention has been directed toward central (i.e., nervous) as well as peripheral (i.e., gastric or intestinal) mechanisms in these phenomena. The preservation of appetite in patients following vagotomy, section of the splanchnic nerves, or gastrectomy was known to Sherrington 1 and others as early as 1900. Later, the experiments of Ivy, Grossman, and their associates 2. 3 showed that sensation from the gastrointestinal tract is not needed for many aspects of normal feeding behavior. These investigators found a normal food intake in dogs having complete denervation of the stomach and intestine, together with a normal feeding response following insulin or amphetamine