cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Strategy for Rapid, High-Confidence Protein Identification

A procedure is described for rapid, high-confidence identification of proteins using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization tandem ion trap mass spectrometry in conjunction with a genome database searching strategy. The procedure involves excision of copper-stained bands or spots from electrophoretic gels, in-gel trypsin digestion of the proteins, single-stage mass spectrometric analysis of the resultant mixture of tryptic peptides, followed by tandem ion trap mass spectrometric analysis of selected individual peptides, and database searching of the relevant genomic database using the program PepFrag. The scheme provides sensitive, real-time protein identification as well as facile identification of modifications. A single operator can unambiguously identify 5−10 proteins/day from an organism whose genome is known at a level of >0.5 pmol of protein loaded on a gel. The utility of the technique was demonstrated by the identification and characterization of a band from a human HTLV-I preparation and 11...
Comparison of Methods for the Isolation of Salmonella Species from Lactic Casein

The efficiency of eight pre-enrichment media (lactose broth, two modifications of lactose broth (added NaHCO3 or added NaHCO3 and brilliant green dye), lauryl tryptose broth, nutrient broth, buffered peptone water, trypticase soy broth, and chemically defined M-9 medium) for recovering three Salmonella serotypes from casein was determined. Lowest Salmonella most probable numbers (MPNs) in artificially inoculated casein were found when samples were pre-enriched in either modification of lactose broth. None of the other media consistently gave the highest Salmonella MPNs. When 35 and 43°C incubation temperatures were compared during the pre-enrichment and selective enrichment stages of the isolation procedures, highest MPN values were obtained when 35°C was used throughout the analytical procedure. Blended casein homogenates required adjustment to pH 6.8 ± 0.2 for optimal recovery of Salmonella. Lactose broth used under these conditions of incubation temperature and pH adjustment generally resulted in methods sensitive enough to recover one Salmonella cell per gram of four types of casein (lactic, rennet, acid, and sodium caseinate).
Surprising non-scaling behavior in fractional diffusion

Abstract It is well known that Brownian diffusion is characterized by a mean-squared displacement which varies linearly in time, 〈 r 2 〉∼ t and that anomalous diffusion, by a mean-square displacement which is nonlinear in time, 〈 r 2 〉∼ t α . It is generally accepted that fractional diffusion, which is used to describe anomalous diffusion, is also characterized by the same scaling behavior in the second moment, 〈 r 2 〉∼ t α . It is shown in this paper that this is not always so and that inward radial fractional diffusion in one, two and three dimensions does not exhibit this scaling, where as outward radial fractional diffusion in these cases does exhibit the scaling. The reason for this unexpected behavior is the existence of a characteristic length, and the separation of variables, which occurs because of the boundary conditions.
Menschenbild und Wirtschaftsordnung: Der Menschenbegriff im Kameralismus und in der National?konomie†

This essay addresses the construction of human nature in cameralism and early German political economy. It suggests that the emergent economic sciences in Germany propounded a vision of human beings that stressed the psycho-physiological roots of human behavior in general, and of economic activity in particular. In this vision, human beings possessed a body and soul whose constant interaction gave rise to needs and desires, and thus to the drive to behave as economic agents. Here the cameralists and early German political economists adopted conceptions of human nature current in the ,Sciences of Man' of the Enlightenment. This stress on the non-rational, psycho-physiological aspects of human nature prevented the theoretical construction of a stable human social life, and in this way justified the continued need for governmental oversight and control of economic activity.
Physiological Basis for Transfusion Therapy in Hemorrhagic Disorders: A Critical Review

The theme of this issue is the preservation of plasma clotting factors. Dr. Aggeler was invited to prepare an editorial on this subject. He became so engrossed that before he knew it his editorial had grown to the proportions of this review which is presented as an “editorial review.” (Editor)
URETERAL REIMPLANTATION IN INFANCY: EVALUATION OF LONG-TERM VOIDING FUNCTION

AbstractPurpose: The advisability of early ureteral reimplantation in neonates and infants is controversial and to our knowledge long-term results are not available. We evaluated long-term voiding function after ureteral reimplantation in infancy.Materials and Methods: Between 1984 and 1993, 32 children underwent ureteral reimplantation in year 1 of life at our institution. Long-term results were evaluated in regard to surgical outcome, voiding function, urinary tract infection and the need for prophylaxis. Analysis of voiding function included family interviews, uroflowmetry and post-void residual urine measurement.Results: Complete long-term data were available in 14 girls and 7 boys. The diagnosis was primary bilateral and unilateral vesicoureteral reflux, and ureterovesical junction obstruction in 11, 4 and 6 cases, respectively. Of the 26 refluxing renal units overall disease was grade II in 3, III in 6 and IV to V in 17. Patient age at surgery was 0.6 to 12 months (mean 5.4) and followup was 5 to 13...
The evolution of structure and properties in poly(p-phenylene terephthalamide) fibers

Abstract The evolution of the mechanical properties and structure of poly( p -phenylene terephthalamide) (PPTA) fibers with different post-treatment methods involving heat, tension, hydrostatic pressure, and different environments was systematically investigated. Wide-angle X-ray diffraction measurements reveal that the crystal structure of PPTA fiber is not stable and changes upon post-treatment. The cooperative changes in the modulus and two structure parameters — the misorientation angle and the paracrystalline parameter upon treatment — indicate a direct structure–property correlation. After studying free-length annealing and heat-tensioning of fibers, several structure parameters — the c -dimension of lattice constants, the paracrystalline parameter, the intensity ratio between (110) and (200), and the orientation angle — were found to be affected greatly by the tension applied during heat stretching; while other structure parameters such as apparent crystal sizes, equatorial crystallinity and a , b dimensions of the lattice constant are insensitive to the applied tension but determined by the applied temperature and time. A sudden change in the crystal structure at 400°C suggests a α-relaxation in the crystalline region, which is supported by the DMTA and TMA measurements.
Photoelectronic properties of ReS2 and ReSe2 single crystals

Abstract Large single crystals of ReS2 and ReSe2 were grown by chemical vapor transport and several of their properties were investigated. Both were found to ben-type semiconductors with resistivities in the range of 1–10 ohm-cm. Photoelectrochemical measurements in aqueous solutions ofI−3/I−resulted in high photocurrent densities, with ReSe2 being the more efficient photoelectrode. Analysis of their optical absorption spectra resulted in lowest-energy indirect optical band gaps of 1.32(5) eV for ReS2 and 1.17(5) eV for ReSe2. Photoelectrochemical spectral response measurements resulted in a measured lowest-energy indirect optical band gap of 1.4 eV for ReS2, which is in close agreement with that measured from optical absorption.
Developing and Benchmarking MH4D, A Tetrahedral Mesh MHD Code

Periodic boundary conditions, applicable to parallel and non-parallel planes have been developed. Mode selection is achieved by modeling a “slice” of a domain. For instance, modeling a 1/4-slice of a cylindrical Z-pinch geometry eliminates the m = 1,2, and 3 modes. M = 4 and higher modes will still be simulated. An insulating boundary condition has been developed. External circuits can be modeled by specifying electric and magnetic surface fields. A specified magnetic field simulates a circuit with constant current where Ampere’s law dictates the current flow. A specified electric field simulates a constant applied voltage. A constant current model is applicable to experiments with relatively high-impedance power supplies. To function with the insulating boundary condition, implicit and semi-implicit solvers require inclusion of surface terms. These solvers are being modified. Also, ionization physics capability is being developed. Progress in boundary condition development is presented, and a benchmarking and verification strategy is described.
Symptomatic Dysrhythmia Caused By a Posterior Mediastinal Angiomyolipoma

the patient’s palpitations and to prevent potentially life-threatening sequelae of progressive cardiovascular compression. At thoracotomy, a noninvasive fatty tumor was removed from the posterior mediastinum. The mass was continuous with, but did not invade, the heart or pulmonary veins. The patient’s palpitations and dysrhythmias have not recurred in the 10 months since surgery. On pathologic examination, the gross specimen had an appearance consistent with an angiomyolipoma (Fig. 2A). Histologic examination showed a predominance of mature adipocytes with some spindle cells and vessels (Fig. 2B), all of which exhibited minimal pleomorphism. Immunohistochemical staining showed positivity in the spindle cell population for HHF-35 (a smooth-muscle actin marker; Fig. 2C), SMA (a smooth-muscle actin marker), and HMB-45 (a marker for melanocytic lesions and for the smooth-muscle component of lymphangioleiomyomatosis and angiomyolipoma; Fig. 2D [1, 2]). In addition, the spindle cells were negative for CD31 (an endothelial marker) and antibodies to pancytokeratin. These findings confirmed the morphologic impression of muscle differentiation of the spindle cells. Although the vasculature did not display marked thickening of the media, the combined morphologic features in association with the immunohistochemical phenotype were diagnostic of a posterior mediastinal angiomyolipoma.
Generation of Electric Potentials by Bone in Response to Mechanical Stress

The amplitude of electrical potentials generated in stressed bone is dependent upon the rate and magnitude of bony deformation, while polarity is determined by the direction of bending. Areas under compression develop negative potentials with respect to other areas. Similar results were obtained both in living and dead bone. Removal of the inorganic fraction from bone abolishes its ability to generate stress potentials. It is probable that these potentials influence the activity of osseous cells directly. Furthermore, it is conceivable that they may direct, in some manner, the aggregation pattern of the macromolecules of the extracellular matrix.
Identification and Management of Prescription Opioid Abuse in Hospitalized Patients

Prescribing of opioids for acute and chronic pain has increased; so has the incidence of abuse of these medications. Patients in the hospital may have hyperalgesia, tolerance, and dependence on opioids which can complicate their overall treatment. Some patients have opioid addiction from prescription opioids as well as heroin with aberrant medicine taking behaviors. Managing these patients takes special knowledge and skills from the whole team. It is important to identify patient concerns and barriers to treatment and work as a team to treat the pain with pharmacological, nonpharmacological, and behavioral techniques to help keep the patient safe and comfortable during their hospitalization. A nonjudgmental attitude and problem-solving approach are necessary for medical (pain) and psychosocial issues. Recommendations for safe prescribing of opioids to the addicted patient at discharge are included.
A note on the mathematics of microsphere division.

Microspheres, laboratory models of the primordial cell, may correspond to the ideal cell to which Rashevsky's diffusion drag approach to cell division applies, though due to a lack of quantitative data the correspondence can not now be proved.
Salivary cortisol in foster children: A pilot study☆

There are over a half million children in foster care in the United States (U.S. Department of Health, 2005). Due to amultiplicity of genetic and environmental factors, foster children are at high risk for negative behavioral trajectories witha substantial number rated as having a psychiatric disorder. For example, 42–61% of foster children between ages 6 and 18met criteria for a psychiatric disorder, mostly disruptive behavior disorders (Garland et al., 2001); 27% of 17-year-old fosterchildren were reported to suffer from major depression (McMillen et al., 2005).The psychobiology of child maltreatment is in its infancy and the biological mechanisms linking early adversity andabuse to the development of behavior problems are not yet well understood (Pollak, 2005). However, it is likely that geneticvulnerabilitytobehavioralandpsychiatricproblemsoperates,inpart,throughincreasedsusceptibilitytopsychosocialstressand adversity (Rutter, 2000). Alteration in the neural circuitry of the stress-response may contribute to marked individualvariability in the behavioral trajectories among children with maltreatment histories (De Bellis, 2005; Perry, 2002). Fromanimalmodelsthereisevidencethatearlyadversityaltersthehypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal(HPA)-axissystembyhyper-or hypo-regulating the secretion of the stress hormone cortisol (Heim, Owen, Plotsky, & Nemeroff, 1997; Sanchez, Ladd,& Plotsky, 2001). In animal models, basal cortisol plays an essential role in the face of new stressors in that basal cortisolfunction permits a stress response to emerge efﬁcaciously as well as prevents the response from being pathologically overactivated (Sapolsky, Romero, & Munck, 2000).Salivary diurnal cortisol secretion follows a circadian rhythm characterized by relatively high morning levels of cortisolfollowed by a decrease throughout the remainder of the day (e.g., Gunnar & Cheatham, 2003). Previous research indicatesthat alteration of the HPA-axis activity is implicated in anxiety and affective symptomatology (Dawson & Ashman, 2000;Heimetal.,1997;Young,Carlson,B Tennes, Kreye, Avitable, & Wells, 1986), and risk for substance abuse (King, Jones, Scheuer,Curtis, & Zarcone, 1990).
Online Recursive Algorithm for Short-Term Traffic Prediction

Short-term traffic prediction is of great importance to real-time traveler information and route guidance systems. Various methodologies have been developed for dynamic traffic prediction. However, many existing parametric studies focus on fixed-size data and presume time-invariant models. A proposed online adaptive model takes into account historical off-line data. A recursive algorithm is used to obtain computational efficiency and reduced storage. The algorithm is extended to a more general and flexible state-space model, and the predictions are computed recursively with a Kalman filter. A maximum likelihood off-line estimate of the noise covariance matrix and transition coefficients matrix is provided, as well as a recursive calculation of the optimal time-variant parameters on line. The result proves that the state-space model with the nonzero noise covariance matrix outperforms the other algorithms with loop detector data on Interstate 405 near Irvine, California.
Vertical eddy viscosity in the pacific equatorial undercurrent

Abstract The observed velocities in the core of the Equatorial Undercurrent do not agree with those calculated from the pressure gradient according to Bernoulli's equation; thus it seems that friction is important in establishing the velocity distribution. The loss of energy due to friction in the the entire length of the Undercurrent about half of the potential energy is converted into kinetic energy and half dissipated by friction. Close to the Galapagos Islands, the velocity of the current decreases substantially due to the combined action of a retarding pressure gradient and of friction.
Reverse Line Blot Probe Design and Polymerase Chain Reaction Optimization for Bloodmeal Analysis of Ticks from the Eastern United States

ABSTRACT Determining the host preference of vector ticks is vital to elucidating the eco-epidemiology of the diseases they spread. Detachment of ticks from captured hosts can provide evidence of feeding on those host species, but only for those species that are feasible to capture. Recently developed, highly sensitive molecular assays show great promise in allowing host selection to be determined from minute traces of host DNA that persist in recently molted ticks. Using methods developed in Europe as a starting-point, we designed 12S rDNA mitochondrial gene probes suitable for use in a reverse line blot (RLB) assay of ticks feeding on common host species in the eastern United States. This is the first study to use the 12S mitochondrial gene in a RLB bloodmeal assay in North America. The assay combines conventional PCR with a biotin-labeled primer and reverse line blots that can be stripped and rehybridized up to 20 times, making the method less expensive and more straightforward to interpret than previou...
Separating the effects of lead and social factors on IQ

Abstract Initial evaluations of 104 low-socioeconomic status black children screened by the local community health departments in North Carolina showed significant effects of lead in the range 6–59 μg/dl on IQ after controlling for concomitant social factors, such as socioeconomic status, home environment, and maternal IQ. The main concomitant variable was socioeconomic status, which was multicolinear with other social factors. Five years later, when all blood lead levels were 30 μg/dl or less, lead effects on IQ were no longer significant. The correlation between maternal and child IQ, which had been suppressed initially in children with higher lead levels, returned to expected levels when decreases in blood lead level occurred, while concomitant variables remained stable over the 5-year period.
PREDATION ON RED TREE VOLES BY OWLS AND DIURNAL RAPTORS

*HAYES MP 1997. Status of the Oregon spotted frog (Rana pretiosa sensu stricto) in the Deschutes Basin and selected other systems in Oregon and northeastern California with a rangewide synopsis of the species' status. Unpublished report prepared for the Nature Conservancy, Portland, OR. 57 p. + Appendices. Available from U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 26000 SE 98th Avenue, Portland, OR 97266. LICHT LE. 1986. Food and feeding behavior of sympatric red-legged frogs, Rana aurora, and spotted frogs, Rana pretiosa, in southwestern British Columbia. Canadian Field Naturalist 100:22-31. MCALLISTER KR, LEONARD WP, STORM RM. 1993. Spotted frog (Rana pretiosa) surveys in the Puget Trough of Washington, 1989-1991. Northwestern Naturalist 74:10-15.
In search of a new working class

This paper examines the contemporary “theory of the new middle class” in so far as it purports to be the definitive rejection of Marx' original theory of class dynamics. Dealing with the question of an adequate definition of the “middle class,” the paper pursues two themes. First, it addresses the increasingly common argument that the various social classes in modern American society have become effectively indistinguishable in matters of consciousness and social outlooks. Second, it concerns itself with the outlook of the new working class. Data based on the 1972 – 1976 NORC General Social Surveys is examined in an attempt to clarify these issues.
Smart large-area actuators

Local control of an acoustic projector or boundary can, in principal, be accomplished using large area locally controlled actuators with an imbedded or intimately bonded sensor array. However, in practice the marriage of an actuator and sensor array is not straightforward. Issues of area sampling, nearfield sensing, internal resonances, and both direct and extraneous coupling mechanisms all can contribute to complicate the system transfer functions and limit the applicability of this approach. In a basic research study, this paper considers the design and performance of a generic smart actuator for underwater acoustic applications. Both surface pressure and surface velocity sensing are included. Models are presented for understanding the importance of some of the mechanisms and construction issues involved, and for predicting the resulting system transfer functions. The predictions are compared with freefield experimental results.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Detection of Oil within the Water Column

ABSTRACT Current technology makes it difficult to detect and locate oil in the water column and make timely decisions to prevent significant ecological and economic damages. There is a very short t...
Design of a Silicon Carbide JFET based operational amplifier for gain and CMRR performance

Although Silicon Carbide (SiC) JFETs are superior candidates for high temperature and harsh environment applications, they exhibit significant design challenges even at room temperature, such as low intrinsic gain and low Gate to Source Voltage Range (GSVR) requirement. The primary goal of this paper is to present an opportunity demonstrating the feasibility of a fully SiC JFET based operational amplifier (opamp). Considering wide bandgap property of SiC material, the same design is not feasible using silicon JFETs. An opamp based on two types of enhancement and depletion mode SiC JFETs is designed, fabricated, and tested. Before designing the opamp, enhancement and depletion mode SiC JFETs are characterized and modeled for SPICE and simulation. In order to offset the low intrinsic gain effect of the transistors and achieve high overall gain and Common Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR), gain enhancing design techniques such as cascoding and bootstrapping are applied in a way that low GSVR requirement is taken into account. The performance of the final opamp shows 67 dB of open loop gain and 73 dB of CMRR.
Underestimating the effects of spatial heterogeneity due to individual movement and spatial scale: infectious disease as an example

Many ecological and epidemiological studies occur in systems with mobile individuals and heteroge- neous landscapes. Using a simulation model, we show that the accuracy of inferring an underlying biological process from observational data depends on movement and spatial scale of the analysis. As an example, we focused on estimating the relationship between host density and pathogen transmission. Observational data can result in highly biased inference about the under- lying process when individuals move among sampling areas. Even without sampling error, the effect of host density on disease transmission is underestimated by approximately 50 % when one in ten hosts move among sampling areas per lifetime. Aggregating data across larger regions causes minimal bias when host movement is low, and results in less biased inference when movement rates are high. However, increasing data aggregation reduces the observed spatial variation, which would lead to the misperception that a spatially targeted control effort may not be very effective. In addition, averaging over the local heterogeneity will result in underestimating the importance of spatial covariates. Minimizing the bias due to movement is not just about choosing the best spatial scale for analysis, but also about reducing the error associated with using the sampling location as a proxy for an individual's spatial history. This error associated with the exposure covariate can be reduced by choosing sampling regions with less move- ment, including longitudinal information of individuals' movements, or reducing the window of exposure by using repeated sampling or younger individuals.
A review of arsenicals in biology

The most toxic form of arsenic is arsine gas. Arsenite is also highly toxic and arsenate is moderately toxic. Arsine gas will lyse red blood cells, arsenite inactivates particular enzymes and arsenate uncouples oxidative phosphorylation. Arsenic does not appear to be a significant mutagen. Epidemiological studies have implicated arsenic as a cause of lung cancer and skin cancer, but arsenic generally does not induce cancer in laboratory animals. Arsenic may bioaccumulate in some plants and marine organisms. Bacteria can be resistant to arsenic by preventing arsenate from entering the cell (chromosomal resistance) or pumping arsenic out of the cell (plasmid resistance). Many different organisms, including mammals, have the ability to methylate inorganic arsenic. Biomethylation seems to be a mechanism of arsenic detoxification.
Transapical off-pump removal of the native aortic valve: A proof-of-concept animal study

Objective This study evaluates the feasibility of off-pump native aortic valve removal in preparation for transapical aortic valve replacement. Off-pump aortic valve replacement is performed by balloon predilatation of the native valve followed by insertion of a stented prosthesis. In patients with calcified annuli and cusps, particulate embolization, suboptimal prosthesis sizing, and perivalvular leaks may occur. Therefore, native valve removal may improve outcomes after transapical aortic valve replacement. Methods The aortic cusps were sequentially removed from 10 pigs in an off-pump procedure. A temporary valve was inserted percutaneously into the ascending aorta to prevent aortic regurgitation. The electrocardiogram, coronary blood flow, and arterial, left atrial, and ventricular pressures were continuously monitored. Results Removal of the aortic cusps caused a drop in diastolic arterial pressure and its equalization with left ventricular diastolic pressure. Systolic pressure decreased by 13.5%. Left atrial pressure increased by 86.0%. Coronary blood flow decreased by 39.9% and its pattern changed from mostly diastolic to mostly systolic. Electrocardiographic signs of ischemia appeared almost immediately. Percutaneous insertion of a temporary valve in the ascending aorta increased diastolic pressure and caused a tendency toward echocardiographic normalization. Conclusions Aortic valve removal in a healthy beating heart causes acute massive aortic regurgitation, hemodynamic instability, and the rapid onset of myocardial ischemia. Reduction of left ventricular volume overload, by placement of a temporary valve in the ascending aorta, mitigates myocardial distress, helps stabilize hemodynamic parameters, and may be a useful tool to allow surgical manipulations of the aortic valve and annulus during transapical aortic valve replacement procedures.
Classification of the histologic reactions in allergic diseases

Abstract An attempt to classify the histologic lesions seen in allergic diseases is herein presented. It is shown that anatomic differences in these lesions divide them into a relatively small number of groups, each of which has not only a certain histologic identity but clinical and immunologic similarities as well. Pathognomonic significance cannot be claimed for any of the lesions described but all of them are highly characteristic and their presence suggests allergy as a possible cause. Many of the lesions can, no doubt, be caused by both allergic and non-allergic mechanisms. The position of some of the diseases in this classification is uncertain and may have to be changed. It is hoped, however, that the classification may suggest considerations which will clarify these anomalous positions and lead to a more useful classification.
Network QoS games: stability vs optimality tradeoff

We study noncooperative games whose players are selfish, distributed users of a network and the game's broad objective is to optimize Quality of Service (QoS) provision. Our classes of games are based on realistic microeconomic market models of QoS provision (Proceedings of the First International Conference on Information and Computation Economics ICE'98, 1998) and have two competing characteristics--stability and optimality. Stability refers to whether the game reaches a Nash equilibrium. Optimality is a measure of how close a Nash equilibrium is to optimizing a given objective function defined on game configuration. The overall goal is to determine a minimal set of static game rules based on pricing that result in stable and efficient QoS provision. We give a new and general technique to establish stability and demonstrate a close trade-off between stability and optimality for our game classes. We also state several open problems and directions together with initial observations and conjectures.
Effects of uninstructed verbal behavior on nonverbal responding: Contingency descriptions versus performance descriptions.

Undergraduates' button presses occasionally made available points that were exchangeable for money. Lights over left and right buttons were respectively correlated with multiple random-ratio random-interval components. During interruptions of the multiple schedule, students filled out sentence-completion guess sheets. When shaping of these guesses produced performance descriptions (e.g., "press slowly" for the left button and "press fast" for the right), button-pressing rates typically were consistent with the verbal behavior even when rates were opposite to those ordinarily maintained by the respective schedules. When shaping instead produced contingency descriptions (e.g., the button works "after a random number of presses" or "a random time since it worked before"), pressing rates were inconsistently related to the descriptions; for some students descriptions of ratio contingencies generated higher corresponding pressing rates than were produced by descriptions of interval contingencies, but for others contingency descriptions and pressing rates were unrelated.
Determination of an Empirical Transfer Function of a Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Gas Turbine Hybrid System Via Frequency Response Analysis

This paper presents the study of the effect variations in the heat effluence from a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) has on a gas turbine hybrid configuration. The SOFC is simulated through hardware at the U.S. Department of Energy, National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL). The gas turbine, compressor, recuperative heat exchanger, and other balance of plant components are represented by actual hardware in the Hybrid Performance Test Facility at NETL. Fuel cell heat exhaust is represented by a combustor that is activated by a fuel cell model that computes energy release for various sensed system states System structure is derived by means of frequency response data generated by the sinusoidal oscillation of the combustor fuel valve over a range of frequencies covering three orders of magnitude. System delay and order are obtained from Bode plots of the magnitude and phase relationships between input and output parameters. Transfer functions for mass flow, temperature, pressure, and other states of interest are derived as a function of fuel valve flow, representative of fuel cell thermal efftuent The Bode plots can validate existing analytical transfer functions, provide steady state error detection, give a stability margin criterion for the fuel valve input, estimate system bandwidth, identify any nonminimum phase system behavior, pinpoint unstable frequencies, and serve as an element of a piecewise transfer function in the development of an overall transfer function matrix covering all system inputs and outputs of interest. Further loop shaping techniques and state space representation can be applied to this matrix in a multivariate control algorithm.
Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate may represent the site of release of plasma membrane-bound calcium upon stimulation of human platelets.

Abstract Thrombin stimulation of human blood platelets caused an extensive (up to 45 %) and rapid (5–10 s) decline in endogenous phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PI-P2). Thrombin initiated an equally rapid loss of membrane-bound Ca, as indicated by the decrease in fluorescence of chlortetracycline (CTC)-loaded platelets. PI-P2 breakdown also correlated with decreased CTC fluorescence upon use of other platelet stimuli: Arachidonate caused moderate and slow decreases in both PI-P2 and CTC fluorescence, while ionophore only induced minimal changes. Thrombin-induced decreases in PI-P2 content could account for release of sufficient membrane-bound Ca to raise cytoplasmic free [Ca2+] to 1–2 uM, supporting the hypothesis that PI-P2 represents the Ca-binding site involved in the stimulus-dependent increase in cytoplasmic Ca2+ evoked by receptor-ligand interactions.
Immunocytochemical localization of methionine enkephalin: Preliminary observations

Abstract Antiserum directed against methionine enkephalin (metenkephalin) was used to determine its anatomical distribution in rat brain. Cross reactivity of that antiserum was not detectable against leucine enkephalin (leu-enkephalin), β-lipotropin (β-LPH), β-endorphin or assorted peptide fragments of met-enkephalin; alpha-endorphin was 370 times less active than met-enkephalin. The localization of met-enkephalin was carried out in the presence of excess leu-enkephalin and yet could be blocked with equal amounts of met-enkephalin. Met-enkephalin was detected in several structures in the spinal cord, medulla, pons, mesencephalon, diencephalon and telencephalon. No met-enkephalin was detected in cerebellum or cerebral cortex.
Contingent versus noncontingent rewards for promoting seat belt usage

The seat-belt wearing practices of automobile drivers were examined at two separate drive-in locations of the same bank in a study of incentive strategies for promoting seat-belt use. Drivers at one bank branch received informational prompts and a chance to win a prize regardless of seat-belt usage. Drivers at the other branch received the same informational prompt and a chance to win a prize only if they were wearing a seat belt. Seat-belt wearing increased initially as a function of the obtrusive observation procedures, as well as both noncontingent and contingent reward conditions. However, an analysis of belt usage with respect to sequential observation experiences per driver revealed that initial increases in belt wearing were not maintained after subsequent exposure to belt observation or to incentives that were not contingent upon belt wearing. However, with contingent rewards, record-high levels of belt usage were obtained and maintained beyond the initial, transient increases which followed the observational procedures. Implications of this study for further research are discussed.
Ranking Auctions with Risk Averse Bidders

This paper ranks first- and second-price, independent value auctions with risk-averse bidders when entry is endogenous. Unless bidders exhibit decreasing absolute risk aversion (DARA), the “fixed-n” ranking of first-price over second-price is sustained. However, when bidders exhibit DARA, we show that the effect of entry sometimes reverses the ranking. We discuss how elements of the auction environment such as the relative magnitude of entry costs, the number of potential bidders, and the degree of risk aversion affect the ranking.Journal of Economic LiteratureClassification Numbers: D44, D82, C72.
Simulated Self-Assembly of the HIV-1 Capsid: Protein Shape and Native Contacts Are Sufficient for Two-Dimensional Lattice Formation

We report Monte Carlo simulations of the initial stages of self-assembly of the HIV-1 capsid protein (CA), using a coarse-grained representation that mimics the CA backbone structure and intermolecular contacts observed experimentally. A simple representation of N-terminal domain/N-terminal domain and N-terminal domain/C-terminal domain interactions, coupled with the correct protein shape, is sufficient to drive formation of an ordered lattice with the correct hexagonal symmetry in two dimensions. We derive an approximate concentration/temperature phase diagram for lattice formation, and we investigate the pathway by which the lattice develops from initially separated CA dimers. Within this model, lattice formation occurs in two stages: 1), condensation of CA dimers into disordered clusters; and 2), nucleation of the lattice by the appearance of one hexamer unit within a cluster. Trimers of CA dimers are important early intermediates, and pentamers are metastable within clusters. Introduction of a preformed hexamer at the beginning of a Monte Carlo run does not directly seed lattice formation, but does facilitate the formation of large clusters. We discuss possible connections between these simulations and experimental observations concerning CA assembly within HIV-1 and in vitro.
Retrograde Lymphatic Spread: A Likely Route for Metastatic Ovarian Cancers of Gastrointestinal Origin

In order to outline the pathways of gastrointestinal malignancies metastasizing to the ovaries, we reviewed 103 cases of metastatic ovarian tumors, and also performed para-aortic lymph node sampling on 11 patients at operation for metastatic ovarian tumors. Of the 103 patients, 74% (26/35) with gastric cancer and 67% (45/67) with colorectal cancer had lymph node metastasis at or before the diagnosis of ovarian tumor. Intraperitoneal metastases presented in 49 and 42% of patients with gastric and with colorectal cancers, respectively. Twenty-three percent of gastric cancer patients and 25% of colorectal cancer patients presented with both lymph node and intraperitoneal metastases. The ovary was the first or among the early metastatic organs diagnosed in 51 of the 53 patients with metachronous ovarian metastases. Only 4 patients with colorectal cancer and none with gastric cancer showed parenchymal organ metastases. These 4 patients also showed intraperitoneal lesions, and 3 of these 4 patients had node metastasis. Among the 11 patients who underwent prospective para-aortic lymph node sampling during operation for the ovarian tumors, only 1 had enlarged para-aortic nodes depicted by computed tomography, 2 had grossly enlarged (>/=1.5 cm) para-aortic lymph nodes noted at surgery, and 6 of the 7 patients with gastric cancer and all 3 with colorectal cancer had metastatic nodes histologically. Among the 58 nodes taken from these patients, 67% showed metastatic foci. We concluded that lymph node metastasis is frequently seen in patients with metastatic ovarian tumors of gastrointestinal origin, and hypothesized that retrograde lymphatic spread is a likely route for the metastases.
An Organophosphate Sensor Based on Photo-crosslinked Hydrogel-entrapped E. coli

This paper describes a whole cell sensor using E. coli entrapped within photocrosslinked hydrogel beads. Hydrogel beads containing organophosphorus hydrolase (OPH)-expressed E. coli were prepared by adding a hydrogel precursor solution containing the E. coli to an oil phase using a precision syringe pump, forming droplets, and photopolymerizing them. The beads showed good monodispersity with an average size of 1.2 mm. We detected organophosphates (OPs) using the beads. The detection relied on a pH-sensitive fluorescence dye that responds to protons produced from the intracellular OPH reaction with the OPs. This sensor could detect up to 80 μM of paraoxon with a detection limit of 3 μM. The enzyme activity of E. coli entrapped within the hydrogel beads showed stable enzyme activity for at least two weeks. This whole cell sensor will be implemented in a microfluidic system by directly photopolymerizing the hydrogel precursor solution within microfluidic channels.
Maximal elements for non-ordered preferences

Abstract Using Reich’s [1] definition of the measure of noncompactness for locally convex spaces, we extend a recent result of Mehta [2], on the existence of maximal elements for nonordered preferences defined on a noncompact set, from Banach spaces to a larger class of locally convex spaces.
Malignant melanoma of the vulva treated by radical hemivulvectomy. A prospective study of the Gynecologic Oncology Group.

Background Beginning in 1983, the Gynecologic Oncology Group (GOG) conducted a prospective clinicopathologic study of primary malignant melanoma of the vulva. The objectives of this study were to determine the relationship of histopathologic parameters and microstaging to the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) staging and prognosis. Methods All patients with primary untreated malignant melanoma of the vulva and no history of previous or subsequent other primary invasive malignancy were eligible for study entry. All patients were required to have modified radical hemivulvectomy as minimal therapy. Groin dissection was optional. Histopathologic specimens were reviewed for capillary space involvement, Clark's level, Breslow's depth of invasion, cell type, and melanin distribution. Patient characteristics were analyzed in their relationship to groin node status and recurrence-free interval. Results Between 1983 and 1990, 81 patients were entered in the study. Of these, 71 were evaluable. Thirty-four patients underwent radical hemivulvectomy, and 37 patients underwent radical vulvectomy. In addition, 56 patients underwent groin node dissection. The factors that were independently correlated with groin node status were: capillary lymphatic space involvement (p = 0.0001) and central primary tumor location (i.e., bilateral/clitoral/T3) (P = 0.003). The other factors that were significant--clinical tumor size, vulvar staging (FIGO), GOG performance status, and Breslow's depth of invasion--were not independent predictors of positive nodes. The factor with the highest significant correlation with recurrence-free interval was the 1992 staging system of the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) for malignant melanoma of the skin. Using multiple regression, AJCC stage was the only independent prognostic factor. In the absence of AJCC stage, Breslow's depth of invasion was the most prognostic. Conclusion The biologic behavior of vulvar melanoma is similar to other nongenital cutaneous malignant melanoma.
Mechanism of Cardiogenic Shock

The acute hemodynamic changes that result from coronary embolization were studied in the intact dog. Coronary embolization with lycopodium spore suspension resulted in an immediate and marked decrease in cardiac output, hypotension to shock level, elevation of pulmonary arterial and left atrial pressures, and marked increase in total peripheral resistance. These profound hemodynamic responses were partially blocked in dogs previously atropinized. The therapeutic implications of the results were discussed.
Simulating the controllability of feebates

System dynamics is used to simulate the impact of feebates to encourage the sale of cleaner vehicles in southern California. With a feebate system, fees would be imposed on dirty vehicles to finance rebates for clean vehicles. The model is used to learn whether the State of California could operate a feebate system in a financially prudent manner. I consider an example in which fees are imposed on conventional vehicles, and rebates are used to encourage the sale of electric vehicles. The simulations show that feebates can be controlled despite the many uncertainties in predicting the future sales of both conventional and electric vehicles.
PTEN deficiency mediates a reciprocal response to IGFI and mTOR inhibition.

Recent evidence implicates the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) pathway in development of Ewing sarcoma, a highly malignant bone and soft-tissue tumor that primarily affects children and young adults. Despite promising results from preclinical studies of therapies that target this pathway, early-phase clinical trials have shown that a significant fraction of patients do not benefit, suggesting that cellular factors determine tumor sensitivity. Using FAIRE-seq, a chromosomal deletion of the PTEN locus in a Ewing sarcoma cell line was identified. In primary tumors, PTEN deficiency was observed in a large subset of cases, although not mediated by large chromosomal deletions. PTEN loss resulted in hyperactivation of the AKT signaling pathway. PTEN rescue led to decreased proliferation, inhibition of colony formation, and increased apoptosis. Strikingly, PTEN loss decreased sensitivity to IGF1R inhibitors but increased responsiveness to temsirolimus, a potent mTOR inhibitor, as marked by induction of autophagy. These results suggest that PTEN is lost in a significant fraction of primary tumors, and this deficiency may have therapeutic consequences by concurrently attenuating responsiveness to IGF1R inhibition while increasing activity of mTOR inhibitors. The identification of PTEN status in the tumors of patients with recurrent disease could help guide the selection of therapies. Implications: PTEN status in Ewing sarcoma affects cellular responses to IGFI and mTOR-directed therapy, thus justifying its consideration as a biomarker in future clinical trials. Mol Cancer Res; 12(11); 1610–20. ©2014 AACR.
The effect of systox on rubidium absorption by excised barley leaf tissue.

The influence of various concentrations of the thiol isomer of Systox on Rb absorption by excised barley leaf tissue was compared with the effect of DNP and DCMU.
The challenge of combatting non-communicable diseases in Trinidad: Access to hospital care

Chronic illnesses, or non-communicable diseases (NCDs), account for a growing number of deaths worldwide. The English-speaking Caribbean has the highest per capita burden of NCDs in the region of the Americas [1]. This paper presents an overview of hospital availability on the island of Trinidad in the West Indies and examines rates of NCDs as reported in hospital discharge summaries. The project integrates a Geographic Information System (GIS) with epidemiologic and bio-statistical data to provide essential spatial analysis not otherwise possible. It examines the island’s ability to effectively deliver treatment to residents with NCDs by providing a geographic perspective to public data published on the internet by the Trinidad-Tobago Ministry of Health and the Central Statistical Office. The study reveals a significant variability in several dimensions of access to health care.