cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Photoionization cross section of 1s orthoexcitons in cuprous oxide

We report measurements of the attenuation of a beam of orthoexciton polaritons by a photoionizing optical probe. Excitons were prepared in a narrow resonance by two photon absorption of a 1.016 eV, 54 ps pulsed light source in cuprous oxide (${\mathrm{Cu}}_{2}\mathrm{O}$) at 1.4 K. A collinear, 1.165 eV, 54 ps probe delayed by 119 ps was used to measure the photoionization cross section of the excitons. Two photon absorption is quadratic with respect to the intensity of the pump and leads to polariton formation. Ionization is linear with respect to the intensity of the probe. Subsequent carrier recombination is quadratic with respect to the intensity of the probe, and is distinguished because it shifts the exciton momentum away from the polariton anticrossing; the photoionizing probe leads to a rise in phonon-linked luminescence in addition to the attenuation of polaritons. The evolution of the exciton density was determined by variably delaying the probe pulse. Using the probe irradiance and the reduction in the transmitted polariton light, a cross section of $(3.9\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.2)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}22}$ ${\mathrm{m}}^{2}$ was deduced for the probe frequency.
Islam Divided Between Salafi-jihad and the Ikhwan

The Muslim Brotherhood poses a unique challenge to efforts to combat Al Qaeda and like-minded groups. It is one of the key sources of Islamist thought and political activism, and plays a significant role in shaping the political and cultural environment in an Islamist direction. At the same time, it opposes Al Qaeda for ideological, organizational, and political reasons and represents one of the major challenges to the salafi-jihadist movement globally. This dual nature of the Muslim Brotherhood has long posed a difficult challenge to efforts to combat violent extremism. Does its non-violent Islamism represent a solution, by capturing Islamists within a relatively moderate organization and stopping their further radicalization (a “firewall”), or is it part of the problem, a “conveyor belt” towards extremism? This article surveys the differences between the two approaches, including their views of an Islamic state, democracy, violence, and takfir, and the significant escalation of those tensions in recent ...
Breast Feeding in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU): A Comparison of Mothers' and Nurses' Creamatocrit (CRCT) Measurements

Breast Feeding in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU): A Comparison of Mothers' and Nurses' Creamatocrit (CRCT) Measurements
Vertical oscillation of earth and rockfill dams: Analysis and field observation.

ABSTRACT Although vertical oscillations may have a profound effect on the seismic stability and deformability of embankment dams, they have received so far little, if any, attention. Filling this gap, the paper develops a simple but realistic two-dimensional method for evaluating the dynamic characteristics and analyzing the seismic behaviour of earth and rockfill dams oscillating in the vertical direction. Shear and dilatational deformations are considered, the dependence of soil stiffness on confining pressure is rationally modeled and the effect of canyon geometry is approximately treated. Numerical results are portrayed in the form of dimensionless graphs of natural frequencies, modal displacement shapes and modal participation factors as functions of characteristic geometric and material parameters. To demonstrate the capability of the developed model to successfully predict the field performance of actual dams, three case studies are presented involving two earth and one rockfill dam from three seismically active countries. Reasonably good agreement is obtained between computed and observed (during earthquake shaking) natural frequencies and vertical crest accelerations.
Molecular Modeling of the Vapor−Liquid Equilibrium Properties of the Alternative Refrigerant 2,3,3,3-Tetrafluoro-1-propene (HFO-1234yf)

The European Union legislation 2006/40/EC results in a phase-out of the presently used tetrafluoroethane refrigerant R134a from automotive heating ventilation and air conditioning systems. This necessitates the adoption of alternative refrigerants, and 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-1-propene (HFO-1234yf) is currently regarded as the most promising alternative refrigerant. However, the lack of experimental data hampers independent studies on its performance in technical applications. We have developed a force field for HFO-1234yf that enables reliable predictions of its thermophysical properties via molecular simulation. The simulation results complement experimental data and provide a molecular-level perspective of the fluid behavior. In this letter we present the force field and its validation using Gibbs ensemble simulations on its vapor liquid equilibria.
Statistical features of heat transfer in grid-generated turbulence Constant-gradient case

Turbulence produced by a grid which simultaneously imparts a mean temperature profile varying linearly with height was investigated in a specially constructed wind tunnel. While the mean temperature profile is preserved downstream of the grid in accordance with the theory of Corrsin (1952), the downstream evolution of the r.m.s. temperature fluctuation is at variance with his prediction. The reason for this discrepancy is shown to lie in the neglect of molecular diffusivity, which leads to unbounded growth of the fluctuations. Along with conventional correlations and spectra, the filtered heat-transfer correlation is presented. About 60% of the heat transport is accomplished by the low wavenumber components having length scales equal to or larger than the integral scale. An intriguing feature of the present experiments is the presence of an inertial-convective subrange for the temperature field notwithstanding the low Reynolds number and the consequent absence of an inertial subrange for the velocity field. Experimental results show that the temperature has a positive skewness everywhere in contrast to the velocity components, which are symmetrically distributed. Measurements of the joint probability density function of the vertical component of the velocity and the temperature indicate that, while the assumption of joint normality is not uniformly valid, the conditional expectations nearly follow the normal law. Marginal and joint moments of up to fourth order are presented. Odd-order joint moments are clearly sensitive to the skewness of the temperature.
Fatigue Failure of the GAP Ring

This study reports the results and early failures using the Graft Augmentation Prosthesis ring in the reconstruction of acetabular defects encountered during total hip arthroplasty. Seventeen consecutive Graft Augmentation Prosthesis rings were used during 7 complex primary and 10 revision hip arthroplasties. Five patients died during the follow-up period. Of the remaining 12 patients, 7 had been revised at an average of 5 years follow-up. Five cases were revised because of fatigue failure of the implant associated with allograft resorption. Two cases were revised for recurrent dislocations. Because of this high mechanical failure rate (5 of 12 cases at only 5 years follow-up), we have abandoned this device in favor of implants with more mechanical strength.
UPTAKE OF ORGANIC MATERIAL BY AQUATIC INVERTEBRATES. II. ACCUMULATION OF AMINO ACIDS BY THE BAMBOO WORM, CLYMENELLA TORQUATA.

Abstract 1. 1. The maldanid worm, Clymenella torquata , is capable of removing glycine, lysine, phenylalanine and valine from dilute solution in the surrounding medium. 2. 2. The rate of uptake of these compounds from solutions of the order of 10 −6 moles/l depends on the compounds and is linear with time for at least 30 min. 3. 3. This uptake represents an accumulation of amino acid by the worm since the concentration per unit volume of body water is approximately four to ten times greater than the concentration in the medium after a 15 min exposure to an ambient solution. 4. 4. This process takes place across the body wall and does not require the participation of the digestive tract. Removal or ligation of the head or tail of the organism does not modify the rat of uptake. The rate of uptake under given conditions is an exponential function of the wet weight of the organism. 5. 5. The uptake process for these compounds exhibits kinetics which are similar to those for an enzyme-catalyzed process, indicating that uptake is probably limited by an adsorptive step at higher concentrations. 6. 6. The rate of accumulation of amino acids is independent of the oxygen tension of the medium for periods as long as 24 hr. 7. 7. Radioactivity appears in other compounds in the worms and labeled carbon dioxide can be recovered from the medium. Hence at least a portion of the amino acid taken up from solution enters functional metabolic pools. 8. 8. Samples of interstitial water, from the mud flat where the worms are abundant, were collected and free amino acids were estimated. Five estimates of ninhydrin-positive material in an extract of such samples range from 60 to 104 μmoles/l expressed as amino acid equivalents. An inventory of neutral and acidic amino acids in one sample totalled 74 μmoles/l. 9. 9. The oxygen consumption of Clymenella was measured and found to be 0·09 ml O 2 /hr per g wet weight for 100 mg animals. 10. 10. Calculations, based on the amino acid levels found in the environment and the rate of uptake measured in the laboratory indicate that the amino acids obtained by the process under natural conditions may represent a significant supplement to food obtained by other methods.
Research of Oracle Bone Inscriptions Ontology Construction Based on Relational Database

Abstract According to the difficulty of Oracle Bone Inscriptions(OBI) knowledge sharing, a scenario of OBI ontology construction is proposed. Because of the hard work of ontology building, a transformation method from existing OBI database to ontology is discussed. Firstly, analysed the similarity between entity-relationship model and RDF model. Secondly, introduced the transformation ideas and process. Finally, implemented OBI ontology by using the transformation method. It is a semi-automatic method because there requires manual intervention during the process of transformation. Results show that the method can really reduce the burden of ontology researchers.
A spike-timing mechanism for action selection

In Drosophila melanogaster, descending interneurons known as giant fibers (GFs) are associated with escape behavior. The authors demonstrate that a synthetic looming predator stimulus can trigger GF-mediated short escape and parallel circuit–mediated long escape modes, and the relative spike timing between these circuits determines which escape mode is elicited.
Investigation of the interaction of cardiotoxic anticancer agents using the fetal mouse heart organ culture system.

The fetal mouse heart organ culture system was utilized in an effort to document and predict the potential cardiotoxic effects of ionizing radiation, Adriamycin (ADR), and Dihydroxyanthraquinone (DHAQ); alone and in combination. These antineoplastic agents have been shown to produce clinical cardiomyopathy which is often dose-limiting. Fetal mouse hearts (gestational day 17) were removed and placed in a culture system of 6-well microtiter plates. A single heart was placed in each well on a piece of aluminium mesh, above the culture medium but bathed by capillary action. The plates were then placed in a 100% oxygen environment and incubated at 37°C. Treatments performed on day 1 after culture were Cs-137 irradiation (10, 20, or 40 Gy); ADR (10, 30, or 100 μg/ml); DHAQ (5, 20, or 50 μg/ml); or various combinations of drugs and radiation. Hearts were checked every day for functional activity as evidenced by continuous heart best. Untreated hearts beat rhythmically for up to 9 days (average = 6.8 days); treated hearts stopped beating between 2 and 7 days after treatment. Using this endpoint of functional retention time (FRT), dose response curves were obtained for all individual agents. Combinations of ADR and DHAQ (at concentrations that resulted in FRTs of 3.5 days) produced no greater effect than either agent alone. However, the combination of radiation (FRT = 5.3 days) with ADR, DHAQ or both drugs was more effective than was drug alone. This system may help to predict the cardiotoxic effects that result from the use of these drugs and radiation. It may also aid in the assessment of cardiotoxic potential of new anthrasquinone anticancer agents as they are developed.
Fatigue crack growth and fracture toughness behavior of an Al-Li-Cu alloy

Slip behavior, fracture toughness, and fatigue thresholds of a high purity Al-Li-Cu alloy with Zr as a dispersoid forming element have been studied as a function of aging time. The fracture toughness variation with aging time has been related to the changes in slip planarity,i.e., slip band spacing and width. Although the current alloy exhibits planar slip for all aging conditions examined, the crack initiation toughness,Klc, compares favorably with those of 2XXX and 7XXX aluminum alloys. Near threshold fatigue crack growth results in air and vacuum suggest that irregularities in the crack profile and the fracture surfaces and slip reversibility are some of the major contributing factors to the crack growth resistance of this alloy.
Spectroscopic and Functional Characterization of Iron–Sulfur Cluster-Bound Forms of Azotobacter vinelandiiNifIscA

The mechanism of [4Fe-4S] cluster assembly on A-type Fe–S cluster assembly proteins, in general, and the specific role of NifIscA in the maturation of nitrogen fixation proteins are currently unknown. To address these questions, in vitro spectroscopic studies (UV–visible absorption/CD, resonance Raman and Mossbauer) have been used to investigate the mechanism of [4Fe-4S] cluster assembly on Azotobacter vinelandiiNifIscA, and the ability of NifIscA to accept clusters from NifU and to donate clusters to the apo form of the nitrogenase Fe-protein. The results show that NifIscA can rapidly and reversibly cycle between forms containing one [2Fe-2S]2+ and one [4Fe-4S]2+ cluster per homodimer via DTT-induced two-electron reductive coupling of two [2Fe-2S]2+ clusters and O2-induced [4Fe-4S]2+ oxidative cleavage. This unique type of cluster interconversion in response to cellular redox status and oxygen levels is likely to be important for the specific role of A-type proteins in the maturation of [4Fe-4S] cluster-...
Optimization of a combined heat and power system with wind turbines

Abstract In this paper, an optimization model is developed for a system consisting of both combined heat and power units and wind turbines. The analysis is conducted in the scope of economic dispatch. In the present model, the probability (rather than the average) of stochastic wind power is considered as a constraint. This approach avoids the probabilistic infeasibility appearing in conventional approaches. It is shown that the effects of wind speed on the generated power and heat can be readily assessed in terms of reliability.
Bird song: Of tone and tempo in the telencephalon

Songbirds learn a new song by matching the sound they produce to a memorized model. A distributed central pattern-generating circuit has now been identified that governs song production; the new results have important implications for the way songs are learned.
Spatial variation in population dynamics of Sitka mice in floodplain forests.

Population dynamics and demography of the Sitka mouse, Peromyscus keeni sitkensis, were studied by mark-recapture live-trapping over a 4-year period in four floodplain and upland forest habitats: old-growth Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis) floodplain; red alder (Alnus rubra) floodplain; beaver-pond floodplain; and nearby old-growth Sitka spruce-western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla) upland forest. We did not find the expected source-sink population dynamics resulting from flood disturbance or between-habitat variation in food resources. We found significant between-year differences (P < 0.05) in population densities, age and sex ratios, survival rates, growth rates, and movements. Within-year differences in all demographic variables were consistently greater between replicate trapping grids within habitat types than between habitat types, and there was no year-to-year consistency in any demographic difference between replicates or habitat types. We conclude that floodplain forests, per se, do not provide unique habitat for Sitka mice in either a strongly positive or negative sense compared with upland old-growth forests.
Cleopatra's cocktail challenge.

# Springer-Verlag 2010 We would like to invite you to participate in the Analytical Challenge, a series of puzzles to entertain and challenge our readers. This special ABC feature has established itself as a truly unique quiz series, with a new scientific puzzle published everyothermonth.Readerscanaccessthecompletecollection
Design and Characterization of a Two-Stage Human Subject Exposure Chamber

A human subject exposure chamber, designed to hold six to eight subjects, coupled to an approximately 30-m3 Teflon reaction bag was designed and built to provide exposures that mimic the production and photochemical oxidation of atmospheric pollutants resulting from the combustion of coal or wood from a stove. The combustion products are introduced into the Teflon bag under atmospheric conditions. Photochemical oxidation of this mixture is accomplished by exposure to tropospheric sun-like radiation from an array of ultraviolet and black lamps. The aerosol in the Teflon reaction bag is then transferred into the exposure room to maintain a constant, lower exposure level. Continuous and semicontinuous monitoring of the gas and particulate matter (PM) pollution in the exposure room and the reaction bag is accomplished using a suite of instruments. This suite of instruments allows for the measurement of the concentrations of total and nonvolatile PM, nitric oxide, nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and ozone. The concentration of the particles was monitored by an R&P tapered element oscillating microbalance monitor. The chemical composition of the PM and its morphological characterization is accomplished by collecting samples in filter packs and conducting ion chromatography, elemental X-ray fluorescence, and scanning electron microscopy analyses. The concentration and composition of emissions from combustion of wood and coal is described. The results of this study suggest that although the bulk compositions of particulate emissions from the combustion of coal or wood in a stove have many similarities, the wood smoke aerosol is photochemically reactive, whereas the coal smoke aerosol is not.
Comparable firms and the precision of equity valuations

Abstract I investigate the relationship between the amount of information provided by a firm's comparables (i.e., firms in the same line of business as the firm being valued) and the precision of the firm's equity valuation. When investors have more information, previous studies argue that investors can make a more precise estimate of a firm's true equity value and this implies a lower (excess) stock return volatility around corporate events such as earnings announcements. I develop a simple model that shows a negative relationship between the amount of information provided by a firm's comparables and the firm's stock return volatility. Using alternative measures of information provided by comparables and different definitions of comparables, I consistently find a negative and significant relationship between these information measures and stock return volatility, ceteris paribus.
Resolution of Multiple ssDNA Structures in Free Solution Electrophoresis

By using high concentrations of buffer, electroosmotic flow within uncoated channels of a microfluidic chip was minimized, allowing the free solution electrophoretic separation of DNA. More importantly, because of the ability to efficiently dissipate heat within these channels, field strengths as high as 600 V/cm could be applied with minimal Joule heating (<2 °C). As a result of the higher field strengths, separations within an 8-cm-long channel were achieved within a few minutes. However, when the electrophoretic separation of single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) less than 22 bases in length was performed, containing the fluorophore Texas Red as an end label, more than the expected single peak was observed at this high electric field. On the other hand, the free solution electrophoresis of a double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) consisting of a random sequence did exhibit the expected single peak. The appearance of these multiple peaks for ssDNA is shown to be dependent upon the base content and sequence of the ssDNA as w...
Detection of NAD:arginine ADPribosyltransferases in animal tissues using 125I-labeled 1-(p-hydroxyphenyl) 2-guanidinoethane as ADPribose acceptor.

125I-labeled 1-(p-hydroxyphenyl) 2-guanidinoethane (N-guanyltyramine), previously used to assay for the bacterial toxin choleragen (Mekalanos, J.J., Collier, R.J. And Romig, W.R. (1979) J. Biol. Chem. 254, 5894-5854) was utilized to identify NAD: arginine ADPribosyltransferases in animal tissues. The use of this radiolabelled ADPribose acceptor, rather than radiolabelled NAD, would bypass the problem posed by the almost ubiquitous presence of enzymes that degrade NAD. With a homogeneous ADPribosyltransferase from turkey erythrocytes, NAD and 125I-labelled guanyltyramine as ADPribose acceptor, formation of ADPribosyl 125-I-guanyltyramine was linear with time and enzyme concentration. The product was distinguishable on both thin-layer and high-performance liquid chromatography from that formed by cholerangen. Using 125I-guanyltyramine, ADPribosyltransferase acitivity was also demonstrated in crude turkey erythrocyte cytosolic and membrane fractions. When rat liver was fractioned, apparent activity was detected primarily in the microsomes. The NAD-dependent product of the microsomal reaction was, however, distinguished from the turkey erythrocyte transferase by thin-layer and DEAE-Sephadex chromatography; this product had a retention time identical to that of free 125I on high-performance liquid chromatography. In addition to NAD, the microsomal deiodinase activity was supported by NADH, NADP and NADPH. Phenyl boronate selectively bound ADPribosyl 125I-guanyltyramine and other metabolites of 125I-guanyltyramine which were formed by microsomes in a NAD-dependent process. These metabolites were distinguished from ADPribosyl 125I-guanyltyramine by high-performance liquid chromatography. These results indicate that in some cases, for example, turkey erythrocyte cytosolic and membrane fractions, 125I-guanyltyramine can be used to quantify ADPribosyltransferases in crude mixtures, whereas in others, for example, rat liver microsomes, high-performance liquid chromatographic analysis must be used to identify products.
The End Is Just the Beginning : Megakaryocyte Apoptosis and Platelet Release

Under influence of hematopoietic growth factors, particularly thrombopoietin (TPO), hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow go through a process of commitment, proliferation, differentiation, and maturation and become mature megakaryocytes. At this critical point, terminally differentiated megakaryocytes face a new fate: ending the old life as mature megakaryocytes by induction of apoptosis and beginning a new life as platelets by fragmentation of the large megakaryocyte cytoplasm. These events are as important as megakaryocyte commitment, proliferation, differentiation, and maturation, but the molecular mechanisms regulating these events are not well established.Although TPO drives megakaryocyte proliferation and differentiation and protects hematopoietic progenitor cells from death, it does not appear to promote platelet release from terminally differentiated megakaryocytes. Although mature megakaryocyte apoptosis is temporally associated with platelet formation, premature megakaryocyte death directly causes thrombocytopenia in cancer therapy and in diseases such as myelodysplastic syndromes and human immunodeficiency virus infection.Also, genetic studies have shown that accumulation of megakaryocytes in bone marrow is not necessarily sufficient to produce platelets. All of these findings suggest that platelet release from megakaryocytes is an important and regulated aspect of platelet production, in which megakaryocyte apoptosis may also play a role. This review summarizes recent research progress on megakaryocyte apoptosis and platelet release.
Degradation of double-walled polymer microspheres of PLLA and P(CPP : SA)20 : 80. I. In vitro degradation

Double-walled (DW) polymer microspheres with a core of poly(1,3-bis-(p-carboxyphenoxy propane)-co-(sebacic anhydride)20:80 (P(CPP:SA)20:80) and an external coat of poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA) were degraded for up to 6 months in vitro. The effects of hydrolytic degradation on the polymers were studied by Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The inner core of the polyanhydride copolymer (P(CPP:SA)20:80) degraded first, breaking down into oligomers during the first week and then into monomers which were trapped by the outer shell of PLLA, crystallized, and remained in the core for the duration of the study. As expected, the PLLA coat degraded at a slower rate due to the ester bonds between lactic acid monomers being more hydrolytically resistant than the anhydride bonds. The PLLA in the DW microspheres decreased from its original molecular weight (Mw) of 24,000 g mol(-1) to approximately 5,000 g mol(-1) over the 6 month study. The melting temperature of the PLLA decreased more than 30 degrees C during the study, but no changes were observed in the FTIR spectra. The 6 month samples were very brittle, showing the concomitant drop in mechanical strength with the decrease in Mw.
ISOTOPIC SPIN SELECTION RULE /$delta$I/ = 1/2 FOR THE DECAYS OF STRANGE PARTICLES

Decay processes of strange particles are re-examined under the assumption of the selection rule $|\ensuremath{\Delta}I|=\frac{1}{2}$, when all particles concerned have isotopic spins, but parity is not necessarily conserved. Some of the results obtained before still hold as they are, even if parity nonconservation is taken into consideration. However, the relation between the branching ratio $\frac{({\ensuremath{\Sigma}}^{+}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}p+{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0})}{({\ensuremath{\Sigma}}^{+}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}n+{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+})}$ and the ratio of lifetimes $\frac{\ensuremath{\tau}({\ensuremath{\Sigma}}^{\ensuremath{-}})}{\ensuremath{\tau}({\ensuremath{\Sigma}}^{+})}$ is changed by parity nonconservation. The experimental results on $\ensuremath{\Sigma}$ particles may be interpreted as indicating comparable magnitudes for parity-conserving and parity-nonconserving terms. Some results based on $|\ensuremath{\Delta}I|=\frac{1}{2} \mathrm{and} \frac{3}{2}$ are also discussed for these particles.
Stable carbon isotope evidence for two sources of organic matter in coastal sediments: seagrasses and plankton

Abstract Organic carbon from sediments collected in Texas seagrass meadows was enriched in 13C by an average of 6.6% relative to organic carbon from offshore sediments. Within the South Texas hay system examined. δ13C values became increasingly more typical of offshore sediments with increasing distance from seagrass meadows. This permits the use of carbon isotope data as a measure of the relative contributions of seagrasses and plankton to sedimentary organic matter.
The string amplitude on surfaces with boundaries and crosscaps

Abstract We express the string integrand for a surface Σ with boundaries or crosscaps as a “square root” of the string integrand for the closed, oriented double Σ of Σ, up to a calculable factor determined by the specific string problem. Integration over a slice of the Teichmuller space of Σ gives the string amplitude for Σ. As an example, we derive an explicit formula for the three closed-string scattering amplitude.
The Need Of A National Beekeepers Organization

A national beekeepers' organization is necessary because today the industry in this country has no head. and no center of activity. There is no one guiding power to direct cooperation, and no council to give advice. All worth-while efforts being made at present are individual and as such largely lose their power.
Characteristics of a Rubidium Metal Vapor Filter for Laser Scatter Rejection in Single Molecule Detection

The characteristics of a rubidium metal vapor filter (MVF) for its use as a laser scatter filter for single molecule detection (SMD) were investigated. This investigation was done by a simulation along with experimental observation. A monochromator was used to elucidate the spectral components of the background in SMD. The major contributors to the background were laser transmission and fluorescence of the rubidium vapor. Experiments on the filter's performance under varying conditions such as MVF temperature, MVF pressure, and laser power were done. It was found that the integrated transmission intensity decreased with increasing pressure and temperature while it increased for increasing laser powers. The computer simulation modeled the experimentally observed profiles very well. Through the simulation, it was determined that the limitation on the attenuation by the MVF was due to the transmission of the broad-band stimulated emission "wings" of the Ti:sapphire laser.
Cerebellar changes in partial seizures: Clinical correlations of quantitative SPECT and MRI analysis

Summary: Purpose: To determine the frequency and patterns of periictal cerebellar hyperperfusion, whether it is associated with increased cerebellar atrophy, and whether cerebellar hyperperfusion and cerebellar atrophy are associated with predisposing clinical factors or with the outcome of epilepsy surgery. Methods: Periictal and interictal SPECT scans and volumetric brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were quantitatively analyzed in 54 consecutive patients with medically refractory partial epilepsy. Their histories were reviewed and their postsurgical outcomes assessed. Results: Significant periictal cerebellar hyperperfusion was found in 26 (48.1%) patients, of whom 18 had CCH, two had homolateral cerebellar hyperperfusion (HCH), and six had symmetrical bilateral hyperperfusion (BCH). No relation found between the site of the SPECT seizure localization and the presence or type of cerebellar hyperperfusion. CCH was more common when the injected seizure involved unilateral clonic motor activity (p 0.05). However, patients without a focal structural MRI lesion had significantly smaller cerebellar volumes (p < 0.05). In patients who underwent epilepsy surgery (n = 31), there was a trend for those without excellent outcomes to have smaller relative cerebellar volumes than did those with excellent outcome (10.6 vs. 11.8%; p = 0.08). Conclusions: Periictal changes in cerebellar perfusion, particularly CCH, are common in patients with intractable partial epilepsy. However, periictal hyperperfusion does not appear to be a major contributor to the development of cerebellar atrophy.
How Children Learn Mathematics: Teaching Implications of Piaget's Research by Richard W. Copeland. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1970. 310 pp. $7.95.

(1971). How Children Learn Mathematics: Teaching Implications of Piaget's Research by Richard W. Copeland. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1970. 310 pp. $7.95. The Educational Forum: Vol. 35, No. 4, pp. 564-565.
Distribution and Pharmacokinetics of Active Recombinant Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 in the Rat and Rabbit

Recombinant plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (rPAI-1) produced and purified in active form from E. coli, was labelled with [125]-iodine using the Bolton-Hunter method. The distribution of the radiolabelled protein was determined in the rat. The greatest percentage of 1'251I-rPAI-1/(g of tissue) was found in the liver, followed by the spleen, kidney, lungs and heart. Radioactivity was detected in the urine up to 9h after injection of [251]-rPAI-1. In addition, a crossover study was performed in rabbits to determine the pharmacokinetics of unlabelled rPAI-1(100 μg/kg i.v. and 2.5 mg/kg i.v.). PAI-1 antigen levels determined by an ELISA were used to calculate pharmacokinetic parameters using a two compartment open model. Significant dose dependent changes for t12α, Vd and CIp were observed while rPAI-1 cleared from the circulation in a biphasic manner with a t12β of approximately 15 min for both doses. Clearance of rPAI-1 activity closely paralleled the disappearance of the antigen. The pharmacokinetic profile of rPAI-1 with its short half-life, liver metabolism and limited tissue distribution may allow for the safe therapeutic use of rPAI-1 as an antifibrinolytic agent.
Gap junctions and connexin-interacting proteins

Gap junctions form channels between adjacent cells. The core proteins of these channels are the connexins. Regulation of gap junction communication (GJC) can be modulated by connexin-associating proteins, such as regulatory protein phosphatases and protein kinases, of which c-Src is the best-studied. Structural proteins, notably zona occludens-1 (ZO-1) and microtubules, have been found recently at gap junctions. Along with the expansion of the list of connexin-associating proteins, reports have appeared that suggest that connexins might have additional roles in addition to their channel function, such as transcriptional and cytoskeletal regulation. Here, gap junction interacting proteins are reviewed and their function is addressed. The striking similarity of proteins present at the cytoplasmic face of tight junctions, adherens junctions and gap junctions and their possible role in gene transcription and cytoskeletal anchorage is highlighted.
Adult literacy education and human rights: A view from Afghanistan

In this article, we argue that adult literacy as part of international development is an issue of both human rights and women’s rights. We explore this by presenting a case study of the effects of one innovative adult literacy program in Afghanistan that places men and women, as well as various ethnicities, together in the same classroom as couples, using principles that social psychological research has shown can reduce inter‐group tension and interpersonal discord. We focus on interviews with the married couples taking part in this program. They learn to support each other’s learning, and to treat each other with respect and kindness in spite of differences. These interviews indicated that they felt their newfound literacy skills had changed their daily lives, their view of themselves and their relationships with spouse, family and community, even nation. Since the vast majority of Afghans cannot read or write, the findings stand as a reminder that literacy education can have transformative value and th...
Color Stability of Edible Coatings During Prolonged Storage

: The yellowing rates of edible coatings were determined at 23, 40, and 55 °C at 75% relative humidity (RH). Whey protein isolate (WPI) coatings had lower yellowing rates than whey protein concentrate (WPC) and the same rates as shellac coatings. Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) coatings had the lowest yellowing rates. Zein coatings became less yellow during storage; however, their color was still pronounced. Activation energies and Q10 values for the yellowing of whey protein coatings were similar to those previously reported for the browning of whey powder. The results indicate that WPI coatings can be used in place of shellac coatings when low-color development is desired. WPC coatings can be used to tailor color development of a food.
Steps Toward a Constructive Nominalism

We do not believe in abstract entities. No one supposes that abstract entities—classes, relations, properties, etc.— exist in space-time; but we mean more than this. We renounce them altogether.We shall not forego all use of predicates and other words that are often taken to name abstract objects. We may still write ‘x is a dog,’ or ‘x is between y and z’; for here ‘is a dog’ and ‘is between … and’ can be construed as syncate-gorematic: significant in context but naming nothing. But we cannot use variables that call for abstract objects as values. In ‘x is a dog,’ only concrete objects are appropriate values of the variable. In contrast, the variable in ‘x is a zoological species’ calls for abstract objects as values (unless, of course, we can somehow identify the various zoological species with certain concrete objects). Any system that countenances abstract entities we deem unsatisfactory as a final philosophy.
Statin Use in Children in the United States: In Reply

The letter by Dr Lasky in reference to the recently published “Lipid Screening and Cardiovascular Health in Childhood” clinical report1 from the American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Nutrition makes the point that statins are already being used across the United States in children at least 8 years of age or older, presumably for their cholesterol-lowering effect. In Dr Lasky's review of CVS Caremark pharmacy and Medicaid databases, it would seem that …
Antichains of Bounded Size in the Class of Tournaments

Tournament embedding is an order relation on the class of finite tournaments. An antichain is a set of finite tournaments that are pairwise incomparable in this ordering. We say an antichain $$\mathcal{A}$$ can be extended to an antichain $$\mathcal{B}{\text{ if }}\mathcal{A} \subseteq \mathcal{B}$$ . Those finite antichains that can not be extended to antichains of arbitrarily large finite cardinality are exactly those that contain a member of each of four families of tournaments. We give an upper bound on the cardinality of extensions of such antichains. This bound depends on the maximum order of the tournaments in the antichain.
A medical center is not a hospital: reflections of a department chair still in the game.

Dr. Thomas Lansdale’s commentary in the September issue resonated with many physicians because he so eloquently captured the increasing frustration that many physicians feel.
Human gingival lipids.

Lipid analyses were performed on gingival biopsies obtained from 28 patients with periodontal disease. For each of the patients studied, biopsies were taken from areas with well-defined periodontal pathology as well as from areas showing no obvious disease. The individual specimens were assayed for total lipids, neutral and phospholipids, collagen, non-collagen protein, DNA and RNA. The phospholipids and the neutral lipids were further separated into their individual constituents, and the amount of each and its fatty acid composition was determined. The results were compared between the diseased and non-diseased samples and with previous results with pig gingiva. No statistically significant differences were evident between diseased and non-inflammed gingival areas. However, since all patients had been initially treated by scaling, root planing, and personal hygiene for weeks prior to Surgery. it is not possible to conclude that no changes in gingival lipids accompany periodontal disease. In comparison with pig gingival tissue, human tissue showed a higher DNA and non-collagen protein content on a wet weight basis. All other parameters measured were about the same for the two species except that the sphingomyelin content of human gingiva was lower.
Private fiat money with many suppliers

A dynamic rational expectations model of money is used to investigate whether a Nash equilibrium of many firms, each supplying its own brand-name currency, will optimally deflate their currencies in Friedman's (1969) sense. The optimal deflation does arise under an open loop dynamic structure, but the equilibrium breaks down under a more realistic feedback control structure.
Tenuous Surface Layer on the Moon: Evidence Derived from Radar Observations

By radar backscattering, observations of the moon have been made which show a systematic difference between the backscattering coefficient of waves polarized in, and perpendicular to, the local plane of incidence. The results arein agreement with a model consisting of a tenuous top layer at least 10 centimeters thick, supported by a denser underlying layer.
Hypersonic shockwave/turbulent boundary-layer interactions on a porous surface

The passive control of hypersonic shock/boundary-layer interactions is numerically studied. A previously developed Navier-Stokes code is applied, after modifications to the code to account for passive control have been implemented.
Immobilized Pepsin Treatment of Skim Milk and Skim Milk Fractions

Abstract Columns and batch reactors of pepsin immobilized on glass were used to study the mechanism of enzymic clotting of milk. A linear relationship existed between nonprotein nitrogen release and the logarithm of coagulation time of skim milk within limits tested. A nearly linear relationship was found between the logarithm of nonprotein nitrogen release and increase in curd tension of skim milk. Ultracentrifuged skim milk supernate treated with immobilized pepsin caused skim milk or washed micelles to clot. The coagulation time for treated skim milk, treated micelles, treated ultracentrifuged skim milk supernate plus micelles, and treated ultracentrifuged skim milk supernate plus skim milk decreased as the contact time with immobilized pepsin on glass was increased.
Staging prostate cancer and its relationship to prognosis

Abstract The objective of staging is to group malignancies with similar prognosis and therapeutical approach, to be able to compare clinicopathologic data from different institutions, and to perform clinical trials or research studies on a homogeneous population of patients. Accurate pathology staging for prostate cancer is critical to determine treatment of individual patients and it reflects ultimate expected clinical outcome. Radical prostatectomy Gleason score, pathologic T stage, lymph node and surgical margin status are independent predictors of biochemical recurrence-free survival. The TNM staging system is the most widely used system for prostate cancer staging, assessing the extent of primary tumor, the absence or presence of regional lymph node involvement, and the absence or presence of distant metastases. This system is in constant evolution and several modifications have been made over time in an attempt to improve the uniformity of patient evaluation, and to maintain a clinically relevant classification system.
Simulating Cavitation and Hydraulic Flip Inside Hydroentangling Nozzles

Hydroentangling owes its success to the peculiar properties of coherent water jets. For hydroentangling to be feasible at higher pressures, it is extremely important that water jets maintain their ...
Torralba and Aridos: elephant exploitation in Middle Pleistocene Spain

Abstract The Middle Pleistocene site of Aridos near Madrid provides clear evidence for organized elephant exploitation by hominids; this kind of behavior is quite different from the marginal scavenging and minimal involvement with elephants hypothesized by Binford at Torralba. Either hominid behavior was very variable and included both marginal scavenging and a more organized, planned approach to meat procurement, or the Torralba evidence is too poor and problematic to support a specific scenario of hominid activities. While neither Torralba nor Aridos provide evidence of elephant hunting. Binford's inferences about marginal scavenging and ad hoc exploitation of elephant carcass remnants by poorly equipped hominids are based on ambiguous data from a disturbed site and remain to be tested at other sites.
Lymph node dissection in malignant melanoma.

Regional node dissection was performed in 120 patients with malignant melanoma. Patients with clinically negative nodes had a 90% survival, where-as patients with enlarged nodes had a 15% survival. In 45 inguinal dissections, usually associated with a high morbidity, there was only a 4.5% incidence of infection and a 6.5% incidence of skin edge necrosis. For all types of node dissection, the overall incidence of wound infection was 5.8%, and that of necrosis of skin edges was 5%.
CYTOTOXIC EFFECTS OF AUTOXIDATIVE GLYCATION

Incubation of the RNA phage Q beta at 37 degrees C with a mixture of 100 mM ribose and 10 microM CuSO4 resulted in a complete loss of viable phage after 20 min. This cytotoxic effect required both ribose and cupric ions. There was a direct correlation between the decrease in the percentage of phage survival and: (a) the length of incubation, and (b) the concentrations of both ribose and CuSO4. Addition of the strong chelator diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid abolished the cytotoxic effect. These results are consistent with an initial production of superoxide free radicals by transition metal catalyzed autoxidation of ribose and Amadori products, followed by dismutation of superoxide to hydrogen peroxide and generation of lethal hydroxyl radicals by the Fenton reaction. RNA isolated from phage incubated with ribose and CuSO4 retained its infectivity, suggesting that the cytotoxic effect may be mediated by a free radical attack on proteinaceous components of the phage through a site specific generation of hydroxyl radicals on protein-bound transition metal ions.
Jet engine gas path fault diagnosis using dynamic fusion of multiple classifiers

Jet engine gas path fault diagnosis is not only important in modern condition-based maintenance of aircraft engines, but also a challenging classification problem. Exploring more advanced classification techniques for achieving improved classification performance for gas path fault diagnosis, therefore, has been increasingly active in recent years in PHM community. To that end, in this paper, we apply a recently developed dynamic fusion scheme to gas path fault diagnosis. Through designing a real-world gas path fault diagnostic system, we demonstrate that dynamic fusion of multiple classifiers can be effective in improving classification performance of gas path diagnosis.
Acute Testicular Ischemia following Endovascular Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Repair Identified in the Emergency Department

Endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) is perhaps the most widely utilized surgical procedure for patients with large abdominal aortic aneurysms. This procedure is minimally invasive and reduces inpatient hospitalization requirements. The case involves a 72-year-old male who presented to the emergency department with right testicular ischemia two days following EVAR. Given the minimal inpatient hospitalization associated with this procedure, emergency physicians are likely to encounter associated complications. Ischemic and thromboembolic events following EVAR are extremely rare but require prompt vascular surgery intervention to minimize morbidity and mortality.
Defective polymorphonuclear leukocyte chemotaxis in homosexual men with persistent lymph node syndrome.

Persistent lymph node syndrome, epidemiologically related to acquired immune deficiency syndrome, is characterized by reactive lymphadenopathy and an increased incidence of localized bacterial, viral, and fungal infections. Seven typical patients were found to have a localized infection every 4.5 ± 2.0 months (mean ± SD) since onset of adenopathy. Because recurrent bacterial infections may be associated with defective polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMNL) function, studies of PMNL function in these patients were undertaken. The patients' PMNLs had diminished chemotactic responses to high concentrations of two structurally distinct chemotactic factors, leukotriene B4 and N-formylmethionylleucylphenylalanine. The patients' PMNLs also had deficient degranulating responses to the former but not to the latter. Diminished PMNL function may contribute to the observed increased incidence of localized infections, which are a major source of morbidity, in these patients.