cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Electron-impact ionization-rate coefficients for lithiumlike nitrogen and oxygen

The electron-impact ionization-rate coefficients for lithiumlike nitrogen and oxygen are obtained from the time evolution of spectral lines emitted by a hot plasma. The plasma is produced in a 37-kJ theta pinch. Laser scattering diagnostics indicate that ${N}_{e}\ensuremath{\approx}4\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{15}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$ and $k{T}_{e}\ensuremath{\approx}80$ eV during the time of principal interest. Under these conditions, the ionization-rate coefficient for lithiumlike nitrogen is (7.4\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2.2)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}10}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{3}$ ${\mathrm{s}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, and that for lithiumlike oxygen is (4.1\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1.2)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}10}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{3}$ ${\mathrm{s}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. The rate coefficients measured here and all other measurements of lithiumlike ionization rate coefficients are compared to calculations of the ground-state ionization-rate coefficient and the total-ionization-rate coefficient.
Introduction of New Technologies to Competing Industrial Customers

Motivated by several examples from industry, such as the introduction of a biotechnology-based process innovation in nylon manufacturing, we consider a technology provider that develops and introduces innovations to a market of industrial customers---original equipment manufacturers (OEMs). The technology employed by these OEMs determines the performance quality of the end product they manufacture, which in turn forms the basis of competition among them. Within this context of downstream competition, we examine the technology provider's introduction strategies when improving technologies are introduced sequentially. We develop a two-period game-theoretic framework to account for the strategic considerations of the parties involved (i.e., the technology provider and the OEMs). Our main result indicates that the technology provider may find it beneficial to induce partial adoption of the new technology, depending on the technological progress the provider intends to offer in the future. We analyze many technology-specific and market-related characteristics---such as volume-based pricing for new component technologies, upgrade prices, and OEMs with differing capabilities---that correspond to various business settings. Our key result (i.e., partial adoption) proves to be a robust phenomenon. We also develop additional insights regarding the interactions between adoption and OEM capabilities.
Physicians Disciplined for Sex-Related Offenses

Context.—Physicians who abuse their patients sexually cause immense harm, and, therefore, the discipline of physicians who commit any sex-related offenses is an important public health issue that should be examined.Objectives.—To determine the frequency and severity of discipline against physicians who commit sex-related offenses and to describe the characteristics of these physicians.Design and Setting.—Analysis of sex-related orders from a national database of disciplinary orders taken by state medical boards and federal agencies.Subjects.—A total of 761 physicians disciplined for sex-related offenses from 1981 through 1996.Main Outcome Measures.—Rate and severity of discipline over time for sex-related offenses and specialty, age, and board certification status of disciplined physicians.Results.—The number of physicians disciplined per year for sex-related offenses increased from 42 in 1989 to 147 in 1996, and the proportion of all disciplinary orders that were sex related increased from 2.1% in 1989 to 4.4% in 1996 (P<.001 for trend). Discipline for sex-related offenses was significantly more severe (P<.001) than for non–sex-related offenses, with 71.9% of sex-related orders involving revocation, surrender, or suspension of medical license. Of 761 physicians disciplined, the offenses committed by 567 (75%) involved patients, including sexual intercourse, rape, sexual molestation, and sexual favors for drugs. As of March 1997, 216 physicians (39.9%) disciplined for sex-related offenses between 1981 and 1994 were licensed to practice. Compared with all physicians, physicians disciplined for sex-related offenses were more likely to practice in the specialties of psychiatry, child psychiatry, obstetrics and gynecology, and family and general practice (all P<.001) than in other specialties and were older than the national physician population, but were no different in terms of board certification status.Conclusions.—Discipline against physicians for sex-related offenses is increasing over time and is relatively severe, although few physicians are disciplined for sexual offenses each year. In addition, a substantial proportion of physicians disciplined for these offenses are allowed to either continue to practice or return to practice.
NMR relaxation measurements detect four intermediate states of ATPase and transport cycle of sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase

Summary At least four of the intermediate states of Ca 2+ -ATPase (and presumably ion transport) can be trapped and characterized using water proton relaxation measurements. Gd 3+ binds to two occluded Ca 2+ transport sites on Ca 2+ -ATPase which have a low accessibility to solvent water. In the presence of the MgATP analogue Co(NH 3 ) 4 AMPPCP, a new state for bound Gd 3+ with one less water of hydration) is observed. In the presence of Co(NH 3 ) 4 ATP or ATP, two additional states for bound Gd 3+ are detected by NMR, the first of which probably represents an intermediate state of ATP hydrolysis. The latter is the most occluded Gd 3+ site yet observed in these studies and corresponds to the highly occluded E 1 -P state observed with CrATP (Vilsen and Andersen, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 898, 313 (1987).
In vitro enhancement of T-cell receptor-targeted lysis after IL-2 treatment of PBL from HIV-seropositive individuals.

Abstract Individuals with advanced HIV infection have a greater proportion of T-cells that are activated when compared to uninfected individuals. These activated cells are not able to lyse specific targets. The reason for this dysfunction is not well known. In this study we demonstrate that there are CD8 + T-cells from HIV-seropositive individuals that can be targeted to lyse targets with OKT3 (anti-CD3 antibody) but are unable to lyse targets with WT31 (anti-αβ antibody). Treatment of peripheral blood lymphocytes with IL-2 results in an enhancement of WT31-targeted lysis in 9 of 13 individuals evaluated. These findings demonstrate a differential response, in vitro, of CD8 + T-cells to IL-2 treatment. Future work evaluating clinical responses after IL-2 therapy with recovery of targeted lysis in vitro could provide information on screening of individuals for therapeutic intervention.
MRPSO: MapReduce particle swarm optimization

In optimization problems involving large amounts of data, Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) must be parallelized because individual function evaluations may take minutes or even hours. However, large-scale parallelization is difficult because programs must communicate efficiently, balance workloads and tolerate node failures. To address these issues, we present Map Reduce Particle Swarm Optimization(MRPSO), a PSO implementation based on Google's Map Reduce parallel programming model.
Mesozoic contractional deformation in the middle of the Asian tectonic collage: the intraplate Western Ordos fold–thrust belt, China

Abstract Intraplate deformation can occur at great distances from synchronous plate boundaries and is most likely the result of strain concentrations into weak zones. These weak zones may be pre-existing crustal heterogeneities such as faults, thermally weakened zones due to magmatism and/or the effects of a thick sedimentary cover, or mechanical contrasts between adjacent crustal blocks. Intraplate deformation is not exclusively related to continent–continent collision; it can be the result of a change in subduction dynamics or the interaction of two convergent plate boundaries. Asia has many examples of active intraplate deformation that are thought to be related to the Cenozoic Indo-Asian collision. Although much attention is placed on active examples, discerning controls on pre-Cenozoic Asian intraplate deformation will lead to not only a better understanding of the processes involved in intraplate orogens but also the tectonic evolution of Asia. Situated on either side of the Yellow River along the western margin of the Ordos Plateau, the intraplate Western Ordos fold–thrust belt involves units as old as Archean basement and as young as Late Jurassic(?). The fold–thrust belt is spectacularly exposed in two ranges, the Helan Shan and the Zhuozi Shan. Cross-sections drawn through the north-trending fold–thrust belt suggest 30% minimum shortening. A paleocurrent reversal within the Lower–Middle Jurassic section is interpreted to mark the onset of contraction and mountain building. A Late Jurassic(?) synorogenic boulder conglomerate records the final deformation in the fold–thrust belt. Synchronous with contraction, and cutting across the fold–thrust belt, is an ∼E–W-striking strike-slip fault that displays right-lateral drag and sub-horizontal striae. We interpret this fault as an accommodation structure in the thrust belt. Following ∼E–W contraction, the thrust belt was dismembered by an ∼N15°W-trending left-lateral strike-slip fault. The left-lateral fault displaces the frontal portion of the thrust belt (the Zhuozi Shan) 62 km to the north, relative to a more internal portion (the Helan Shan). We propose that the anomalous orientation and intraplate location of the Western Ordos fold–thrust belt is a function of mechanical contrasts between a previously deformed area and a stable crustal block (Ordos) to the east. Pre-existing crustal weakness or anisotropy along the western margin of the Ordos block is most likely related to either a Late Proterozoic–Early Paleozoic aulacogen, a Triassic fault system, or to both. Although its intraplate location and the complexities of Mesozoic Asian plate interactions make it difficult to relate deformation in the Western Ordos fold–thrust belt to a specific contemporaneous plate boundary, its N–S trend may suggest a link with paleo-Pacific subduction along the eastern margin of Asia.
Abstract LB-140: The Hsp90 inhibitor ganetespib overcomes EGFR-based intratumoral heterogeneity to block glioma proliferation

Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2014; April 5-9, 2014; San Diego, CA Intratumoral heterogeneity is evident as distinct subpopulations of cancer cells within and between tumor lesions that profoundly impact therapeutic response and patient outcome. While the advent of targeted therapies to exploit a tumor's dependence on critical proliferative or survival pathways has significantly improved patient outcomes in a range of solid tumor types, it is also apparent that targeted therapeutics do not help all molecularly selected patients and even when clinical benefit is observed, it is often of limited duration. To address this question, we have explored the invariably fatal adult brain tumor glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). Heterogeneous forms of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) arise through amplification or mutation as signature pathogenetic events in this highly aggressive disease. While EGFR deregulation promotes tumor cell proliferation, drug resistance and tumor survival, functional blockade of the EGFR kinase activity alone does not achieve maximal therapeutic benefit. Since intratumoral heterogeneity represents a major impediment to the development of effective therapeutics in GBM, we sought to identify small molecules cytotoxic to glioma cells engineered to overexpress either wildtype (WT), constitutively active mutant EGFR-vIII, kinase-dead (KD) form or a basal level of EGFR-WT using a live cell-based, high-throughput screen (HTS) of ∼2,000 FDA-approved or bioactive compounds. Our screen revealed that the Hsp90 inhibitor ganetespib (STA-9090, Synta Pharmaceuticals, Lexington, MA) was highly cytotoxic (IC50 ∼20nM) to glioma cells that overexpressed each of the EGFR forms. Real-time measurements were then performed to demonstrate that ganetespib at nM concentrations reduced the proliferation of brain tumor cells expressing EGFR-WT, -vIII or KD forms, induced apoptosis and inhibited glioma migration. Ganetespib also potently reduced the proliferation of human GBM patient-derived tumor-initiating stem cells but not that of untransformed glial cells. Ganetespib effectively impaired the growth of subcutaneously implanted human brain tumor xenotransplants that expressed either EGFR-WT, -vIII or both EGFR forms placed in immunocompromised mice. In addition, ganetespib provided a survival benefit compared to untreated mice. The Hsp90 inhibitor ganetespib is a highly potent agent that impairs the growth-promoting functional kinase-dependent and independent activities of EGFR to overcome context-dependent intratumoral heterogeneity with potential benefits for GBM patients. Citation Format: James J. Driscoll, Nitin S. Narayanan, Sajjeev Jagannathan. The Hsp90 inhibitor ganetespib overcomes EGFR-based intratumoral heterogeneity to block glioma proliferation. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-140. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-LB-140
Development of high yield reassortants for influenza type B viruses and analysis of their gene compositions.

Abstract A critical step in producing the annual inactivated influenza vaccine is the development of high yield (hy) seed viruses by reassortment for improved growth in ovo . Although hy reassortants for type A influenza viruses have been developed for many years, hy B influenza reassortant virus development for vaccine production has proven difficult. In this study, we have developed fourteen hy influenza type B reassortants as vaccine candidate strains with B/Lee/40 as the donor virus. Upon characterization by the Influenza Division at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the verification of HA by sequencing, all B reassortants were found to be antigenically indistinguishable from the wild type (wt) parents and suitable for vaccine production. However, only one hy reassortant seed virus from this group was used by a manufacturer for vaccine production. In general, hy reassortants showed an increase in hemagglutination (HA) titers over their wt parents by approximately 8 fold (range 1–32 fold). Gene compositions of the hy B reassortants were analyzed by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and the wt origin of the HA and neuraminidase (NA) were confirmed. However, in contrast to hy A reassortants which require the M gene (hy donor A/PR/8/34) for high yield, all fourteen hy B reassortants obtained the NP gene from the hy donor strain (B/Lee/40). The parental source for the remaining genes varied among the hy B reassortants. The results indicate that the B/Lee/40 NP and PB1 gene segments are important contributors to high yield growth in influenza B reassortant viruses for both Yamagata and Victoria lineages. The B/Lee/40 PB2 gene along with wt NS gene also contributed to the improved growth for hy reassortants of Yamagata lineage.
Thermodynamic Properties of Proteins

8.1 Heat Capacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 8.2 Partial Volume . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 8.3 Thermodynamic Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 8.4 Hydration Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
Diagnosis: Should renal biopsies be performed in the very elderly?

As the population ages, more elderly people are developing kidney disease. Nephrologists are often reluctant to perform renal biopsy in elderly patients, but in many cases, the diagnostic benefits of this procedure outweigh the risks.
A SUBSET SELECTION TECHNIQUE FOR SCORING ITEMS ON A MULTIPLE CHOICE TEST

On a multiple-choice test in which each item hask alternative responses, the test taker is permitted to choose any subset which he believes contains the one correct answer. A scoring system is devised that depends on the size of the subset and on whether or not the correct answer is eliminated. The mean and variance of the score per item are obtained. Methods are derived for determining the total number of items that should be included on the test so that the average score on all items can be regarded as a good measure of the subject's knowledge. Efficiency comparisons between conventional and the subset selection scoring procedures are made. The analogous problem ofr > 1 correct answers for each item (withr fixed and known) is also considered.
Increasing the Effectiveness, Efficiency, and Specificity of Mutation Induction in Flowering Plants

Numerous agents are now available for inducing mutations and chromosome aberrations for a variety of investigations in plant genetics, development, and evolution and in plant breeding (mutation breeding). These include the widely used physical mutagens X-rays, γ-rays, neutrons, and β-rays; the potent alkylating compounds ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS), diethyl sulfate (dES), and ethyleneimine (EI); and nitroso compounds, nitroso ethylurethane (NEH), nitroso methylurethane (NMU), ethyl nitrosourea (ENH), and methyl nitrosourea (MNH). Much of the recent research on induced mutation in plants has been reviewed by Auerbach and Kilbey (4). Thus information in this chapter will be largely confined to experiments with flowering plants.
Young Adults' Responses to News About Sunscreen and Skin Cancer: The Role of Framing and Social Comparison

Young adults read a news article about skin cancer that used a gain frame (e.g., using sunscreen keeps skin healthy) or a loss frame (e.g., not using sunscreen increases skin cancer risk), and included a personal exemplar (healthy or ill). Compared to a control group, both frames increased intentions to use sunscreen. Planned SPF was higher for men in the loss frame but was unaffected by framing for women. The framing manipulation had opposite effects on sun protection behaviors among individuals who were high versus low in perceived similarity to the exemplar. Overall, the gain frame was more effective for people who were high in similarity, whereas the loss frame was more effective for those low in similarity. In addition, individuals who felt more similar to the exemplar reported more personal risk in the loss frame but stronger intentions to use sun protection behaviors in the gain frame. Last, social comparison orientation was associated with more personal risk in the gain frame (suggesting upward co...
Mechanism for acivicin inactivation of triad glutamine amidotransferases.

Acivicin [(αS,5S)-α-amino-3-chloro-4,5-dihydro-5-isoxazoleacetic acid] was investigated as an inhibitor of the triad glutamine amidotransferases, IGP synthase and GMP synthetase. Nucleophilic substitution of the chlorine atom in acivicin results in the formation of an imine−thioether adduct at the active site cysteine. Cys 77 was identified as the site of modification in the heterodimeric IGPS from Escherichia coli (HisHF) by tryptic digest and FABMS. Distinctions in the glutaminase domains of IGPS from E. coli, the bifunctional protein from Saccharomyces cerevisiae (HIS7), and E. coli GMPS were revealed by the differential rates of inactivation. While the ammonia-dependent turnover was unaffected by acivicin, the glutamine-dependent reaction was inhibited with unit stoichiometry. In analogy to the conditional glutaminase activity seen in IGPS and GMPS, the rates of inactivation were accelerated ≥25-fold when a nucleotide substrate (or analogue) was present. The specificity (kinact/ ) for acivicin is on t...
Nearshore fish assemblage structure and habitat relationships in protected and open habitats in the upper St. Lawrence River

Abstract Biological integrity of nearshore habitat in the Thousand Islands region of the upper St. Lawrence River is threatened by the cumulative effects of anthropogenic stressors such as water level regulation, habitat alteration, and invasion of non-native plant and animal species. To better understand how fish-habitat associations and fish assemblage structure differed based on existing environmental conditions, fish assemblages were compared from three protected and five open nearshore habitats within embayments. Two distinct and diverse fish assemblages were identified: a protected nearshore and an open nearshore assemblage. Protected nearshore areas contained a diverse fish assemblage that harbored predominantly phytophilic species dependent upon densely vegetated habitats whereas open nearshore areas contained a diverse assemblage of Notropis sp. minnows dependent on wind exposed habitats with firmer substrates. Increased macrophyte column density was associated with protected nearshore assemblages whereas firmer substrates and increased fetch were correlated with open nearshore assemblages. Nearshore areas within the Thousand Islands region support populations of sensitive and intolerant fish species. Management strategies should focus on protecting high-quality nearshore habitats and restoring connectivity between habitats.
Interleukin-2 receptor levels in the sera of rheumatoid arthritis patients treated with methotrexate.

Objective. To evaluate the association of the level of soluble serum interleukin-2 receptor (sIL-2R) with disease activity and response to therapy in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Methods. The sIL-2R levels of 148 patients with refractory RA were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. This parameter was correlated with other clinical observations obtained during a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of methotrexate, sponsored by the Cooperative Systematic Studies of Rheumatic Diseases consortium. Using statistical modeling, the usefulness of sIL-2R as a measure of disease activity and a predictor of outcome was evaluated. Results. The mean sIL-2R level in all RA patients was markedly elevated compared with that in normal control subjects, and decreased significantly during the trial. There was no correlation of the sIL-2R level and the joint pain/tenderness count either at study entry or study end. There was a significant correlation of the sIL-2R level and the erythrocyte sedimentation rate, both at study entry and study end. A multiple linear regression model showed that treatment with methotrexate, but not the sIL-2R level or the change in sIL-2R level, predicted a change in joint count. A stepwise multiple logistic regression model defined no significant predictive information for outcome for the level of sIL-2R at study entry. Conclusion. After controlling for the simultaneous effects of other important clinical variables, the level of sIL-2R does not appear to predict the response to methotrexate in patients with refractory RA. Further analysis of cohorts of patients with earlier RA needs to be performed.
The study of change as a concept—In rural sociology

(1966). The study of change as a concept—In rural sociology. Theory Into Practice: Vol. 5, Planning for Educational Change, pp. 20-24.
Bringing salivary diagnostics into the 21st century.

Jill L. Maron, MD, MPH The integration of a noninvasive platform for disease surveillance into clinical care has been a long-sought-after goal of modern medicine. Saliva and its diverse constituents are known for both their healing and diagnostic potential. Combined with its ease of collection, saliva, in theory, is an ideal biofluid to noninvasively assess a patient’s health status, particularly when the feasibility of blood draws is limited or in remote locations where infections are numerous, resources are scarce, and timely diagnosis is essential for improved outcomes. However, although the concept of analyzing saliva for infection or disease may seem straightforward, the reality of integrating it into clinical practice has proven difficult. Not only must informative salivary biomarkers be identified and validated across large patient populations and demographics, but also technological advances must permit their rapid identification and quantification. Furthermore, patients, caregivers, and insurers must be assured that salivary diagnostic tests are better than current standard of care and may ultimately improve patient outcomes while reducing health care costs. Only once each of these goals is achieved can salivary diagnostics become a mainstay of our health care system. In October 2014, the first annual North American Salivary Symposium was held at the Tufts School of Dental Medicine in Boston, Massachusetts. For 3 days, multidisciplinary expert investigators, leaders in industry, and executive officers of insurance companies gathered to share ideas, form collaborations, and identify ongoing limitations to salivary diagnostics that could be targeted to expedite their integration into patient care. The meeting not only highlighted emerging salivary research and technological advances but also aimed to engage relevant stakeholders who will ultimately play a large role in its applicability and translatability to the bedside. Such comprehensive conferences are an essential and much needed aspect of ensuring the successful translation of this rapidly emerging field. In this issue of the Clinical Therapeutics, we highlight the research findings presented at the North American Salivary Symposium. Salivary research is moving well beyond detection of oral diseases and microbial infections and is delving into assessment of systemic disease. Research presented at the meeting included the use of saliva to better understand disrupted developmental patterns and infectious risks in the vulnerable preterm newborn and the development of real-time platforms to assess stress reactivity and regulation in psychobiological research. Exploration of cell-to-cell communication through the analysis of salivary exosomes is providing investigators with a noninvasive window to further our understanding of complex biological mechanisms. Finally, the emergence of point-of-service devices that are capable of rapid identification of protein, microbial, and/or gene targets is laying the foundation to finally bring the reality of salivary diagnostics into the 21st century.
Electronic Stabilizer for Power Transmission

Voltage regulation of an alternator historically has depended upon variation of the field current, and high-speed regulators have been developed in order to improve synchronous stability. This paper describes a voltage control brought about by varying the output current. A reactive load is connected to the generator terminals. This load is varied electronically in such a way as to maintain the desired voltage and line current. Whereas regulation by field control is limited by the long time constant of the field winding, the electronic stabilizer acts upon the transient reactance and therefore it has the fast response needed to regulate the terminal voltage. The paper describes a new method for increasing the stability limits by supplementing present known methods and extending the limits of a-c power transmission. The electronic stabilizer is intended to take care of certain regulating functions which cannot be performed by a field regulator. The use of the two in combination, therefore, can be expected to yield still further improvement. No attempt has been made to compare this method with other methods of compensating the line and it is intended that these methods may be used in combination. Tests of a model equipment are described. A rough comparison has been made between this system and the use of series capacitors. Using present costs and parameters, the cost of the series capacitors was somewhat less. Further cost changes may alter this comparison, or there may be cases where series capacitors are not acceptable.
The Role of Trastuzumab in Early Stage Breast Cancer: Current Data and Treatment Recommendations

Treatment of early stage breast cancer requires a multimodality approach in order to eradicate residual cancer and prevent recurrent disease. Targeting the pathways that promote or sustain cancer cell growth and invasion is critical to the effective treatment of breast and other cancers. Overexpression of the family of HER receptors have been associated with a variety of malignancies; the first and best studied is the association of overexpression of the HER2/neu receptor with a more aggressive breast cancer phenotype and poorer survival. A humanized antibody to HER2/neu, trastuzumab, is now FDA approved for the treatment of early stage, HER2/neu overexpressing breast cancer sequenced with chemotherapy including doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide, and paclitaxel. Additional international and national studies support the significant impact of trastuzumab on both disease free and overall survival in women with this aggressive form of breast cancer. Toxicity includes a low but clear risk of congestive heart failure, and the large phase III trials have helped to determine which patients are at higher risk for this complication. Non-anthracycline containing regimens are an alternative therapy associated with reduced cardiac toxicity. Trastuzumab therapy is now the standard of care for the treatment of early stage, HER2/neu positive breast cancer given in combination with one of several chemotherapy regimens. Ongoing questions include the appropriate duration of trastuzumab treatment as well as the optimal chemotherapy regimen and sequence. The next large phase III adjuvant trial for this subset of breast cancer is an international collaboration designed to evaluate the added or alternative benefit of an oral tyrosine kinase inhibitor targeting HER2/neu as well as the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), lapatinib. Other trials are investigating differences in duration. Studies in the neoadjuvant setting should help to define markers of trastuzumab and lapatinib sensitivity and resistance. Preliminary data combining trastuzumab with the antiangiogenic antibody bevacizumab is encouraging; this combination will be tested in both early stage and late stage disease.
Design of electrocardiography measurement system with an algorithm to remove noise

Electrocardiography (ECG) is an important diagnostic tool that can provide vital information about diseases that may not be detectable with other biological signals like, SpO2(Oxygen Saturation), pulse rate, respiration, and blood pressure. For this reason, EKG measurement is mandatory for accurate diagnosis. Recent development in information technology has facilitated remote monitoring systems which can check patient's current status. Moreover, remote monitoring systems can obviate the need for patients to go to hospitals periodically. Such representative wireless communication system is Zigbee sensor network because Zigbee sensor network provides low power consumption and multi-device connection. When we measure EKG signal, another important factor that we should consider is about unexpected signals mixed to EKG signal. The unexpected signals give a severe impact in distorting original EKG signal. There are three kinds of types in noise elements such as muscle noise, movement noise, and respiration noise. This paper describes the design method for EKG measurement system with Zigbee sensor network and proposes an algorithm to remove noises from measured ECG signal.
Torsional Vibrations of Synchronous Motor Driven Trains Using p-Method

Synchronous motors produce damaging oscillating torques during startup. If the system is not properly analyzed and designed, the torsional excitation can be very destructive. This paper presents a systematic approach to the dynamic analysis of synchronous motor driven rotating machinery. The p-version of the finite element method is used in the formulation of the equations of motion which provides a great deal of simplicity in the modeling process. The convergence is achieved by increasing the polynomial order of the basis functions of the geometric elements. The system damping matrix can be constructed from the element level or can be calculated by specifying the critical damping factors for a given number of modes of interest. A modified Newmark integration method is employed in the nonlinear transient response calculation. The nonlinearity of the flexible resilient couplings can be easily implemented into this direct numerical integration algorithm. The dynamic stiffness and damping of the resilient couplings are updated at each time step to ensure the dynamic equilibrium. Two examples have been employed to illustrate the validity of the proposed algorithm. The effectiveness, accuracy, and simplicity of the use of p-method on the torsional vibration of synchronous motor driven trains are demonstrated in this paper.
Force constants for pure and mixed halides of boron

Abstract ir spectra have been observed for all the binary mixed halides of boron and vibrational modes corresponding to the observed regions of absorption have been assigned. Frequencies of the fundamental modes of vibration above 300 cm −1 for BF 2 I and BI 2 F have been observed and assigned for the first time. Several new bands have been observed and assigned in other mixtures of the boron halides which before this work have been less thoroughly investigated. Good agreement has been obtained for most of the values reported in the literature for the BX 2 Y vibrational modes. Calculations have been made for all the vibrational modes for all the binary mixtures of boron halides by transferring force constants obtained for the pure halides. In general a transfer of valence force constants gave better agreement with observed frequencies than did a transfer of symmetry force constants. Likewise, the inclusion of a bond length tends to give better agreement between calculated and observed frequencies.
Electrode Motion Artifacts in Electrical Impedance Pneumography

For electrical impedance pneumography, we measured electrode motion artifacts for four different electrode circuits (bipolar, tetrapolar, guarded bipolar, and guarded tetrapolar). Experiments used 10 different electrode configurations each with 4 different subject activities on 10 subjects. These show that 1) the common small-area bipolar electrode configuration is the worst in several measures of artifact sensitivity; 2) increasing the electrode area from 0.8 to 33 cm2 reduces the mean compliant, arm-motion and body-motion artifacts to 57, 45, and 32 percent, respectively, of normal; 3) changing the circuit from bipolar to tetrapolar without changing area changes these artifacts to 106, 65, and 65 percent of normal; 4) changing the circuit from bipolar to guarded bipolar without changing area reduces these artifacts to 87, 57, and 55 percent of normal; and 5) changing the circuit from guarded bipolar to guarded tetrapolar without changing area changes these artifacts to 106, 91, and 110 percent of normal. These results suggest that developers of apnea monitors use larger area electrodes and consider use of a tetrapolar or guarded bipolar circuit.
Gravity and magnetic study of the crustal structure of the San Francisco volcanic field, Arizona, USA

Abstract Bouguer gravity, residual aeromagnetic, high- and strike-passed filtered gravity and magnetic anomaly maps are analyzed to model the general crustal structure of the San Francisco volcanic field in northern Arizona. Analysis of these maps indicate that the sources of the gravity and magnetic anomalies reflect predominately Precambrian tectonic, Cenozoic volcanic and possibly Laramide-age (Cretaceous/Tertiary) tectonic events. Northeast- and north-trending gravity and magnetic maxima and minima are thought to be caused by Precambrian metavolcanics and granites intruded along regional fault systems although the gravity minima may be caused by Laramide-age igneous intrusions known to exist southwest of the study area. A strike-pass filtered gravity anomaly map and seismic tomographic models roughly delineate the lateral extent of a high-density/velocity zone which may represent the crystallized source material of the San Francisco volcanic field. Two gravity and magnetic models constrained by magnetotelluric models, seismic tomographic models, petrologic studies and geologic mapping indicate that surficial volcanic material of up to 1.5 km in thickness overlie a silicic/intermediate body which may be the part of the San Francisco volcanic field source. This body is approximately 3 km below the Earth's surface and extends to 8 km with a width of 15 km. Below this now crystallized body is a low-density zone extending to 34 km which is interpreted as a partially melted zone and may ultimately be the source of the volcanic field.
Meta-Analyses of Dexamethasone (Dex) Therapy Started in the First 15 Days of Life for Prevention of Chronic Lung Disease (CLD) in Premature Infants. 951

Meta-Analyses of Dexamethasone (Dex) Therapy Started in the First 15 Days of Life for Prevention of Chronic Lung Disease (CLD) in Premature Infants. 951
SLP76 and SLP65: complex regulation of signalling in lymphocytes and beyond

SLP76 and SLP65 are adaptor proteins that lack intrinsic enzymatic activity but contain multiple protein-binding domains. These proteins are essential for signalling downstream of integrins and receptors that contain immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs. The absence of these adaptor proteins profoundly affects various lineages in the haematopoietic compartment and severely compromises vascular development, highlighting their importance as regulators of signalling cascades. In this Review, we discuss the role of SLP76 and SLP65 in several signalling pathways in haematopoietic cells, with an emphasis on recent studies that provide insight into their mechanisms of action.
Cellulase Activity and Localization During Induced Abscission of Coleus blumei

Treatment with dimethipin (2,3-dihydro-5,6-dimethyl-1,4-dithiin 1,1,4,4 tetroxide) inhibited the increase in cellulase activity and decrease in breakstrength associated with the normal course of abscission in Coleus. Application of the surfactant UBI-1126 (Emery OAL 20 in isopropyl alcohol) increased cellulase activity and accelerated the process of abscission in Coleus expiants within 24 h of application. Cellulase activity was localized histochemically at the electron microscopic level in surfactant-treated tissue. The enzyme activity was localized primarily in the cell wall, middle lamella, and paramural bodies of abscission zone cells.
Glow Phenomenon and Crystallization: Evidence That They Are Different Events for Hafnium-Zirconium Mixed Oxides

Abstract If hydrous zirconia is heated at a controlled rate, an exothermic event occurs at about 723 K. Several investigators attributed this to a "glow phenomenon," while others termed this a "crystallization" process. These two events occur at the same temperature (723 K) for zirconia. However, evidence is presented to show that crystallization and the glow phenomenon occur at different temperatures for hafnia and Hf/Zr mixed oxides. In the first step of the transformation, the amorphous material undergoes a crystallization process to yield small crystals which diffract X-rays and possess a high surface area. In the second transformation, these small crystals coalesce to form larger particles which contain multiple domains since the crystal size obtained from X-ray line broadening does not change significantly during the exothermic event. The present results demonstrate that crystallization and the exothermic events, commonly referred to as a glow phenomenon, may be two separate events.
Driver Behavior Classification at Intersections and Validation on Large Naturalistic Data Set

The ability to classify driver behavior lays the foundation for more advanced driver assistance systems. In particular, improving safety at intersections has been identified as a high priority due to the large number of intersection-related fatalities. This paper focuses on developing algorithms for estimating driver behavior at road intersections and validating them on real traffic data. It introduces two classes of algorithms that can classify drivers as compliant or violating. They are based on (1) support vector machines and (2) hidden Markov models, which are two very popular machine learning approaches that have been used successfully for classification in multiple disciplines. However, existing work has not explored the benefits of applying these techniques to the problem of driver behavior classification at intersections. The developed algorithms are successfully validated using naturalistic intersection data collected in Christiansburg, VA, through the U.S. Department of Transportation Cooperative Intersection Collision Avoidance System for Violations initiative. Their performances are also compared with those of three traditional methods, and the results show significant improvements with the new algorithms.
Elastic deformation of a monolithic perfect crystal interferometer: implications for gravitational phase shift experiments

Abstract A calculation of the gravitationally induced distorsion of a monolithic silicon interferometer using the finite element method has been used to analyze the data from a gravitational phase shift experiment using neutrons. The observed dependence of the X-ray phase shift on interferometer rotational angle has been reproduced. An additional interferometer distortion has been identified which can explain the discrepancy between the observed neutron phase shift and the theoretical value.
Optimizing motion scaling and magnification in robotic surgery.

Abstract Background Motion scaling is one possible advantage of robotic surgery. The aim of this study was to determine which scaling optimized precision and speed at different magnifications. Methods Three levels of motion scaling were tested at each of 3 camera magnifications. Surgically naive subjects (n = 12) were randomized as to the order of magnification level testing (3.5×, 6.5×, 9.5×) and motion scalings (10:1, 5:1, 1:1). The subjects were asked to pierce a needle through 6 printed microtargets; then accuracy and drill completion time were scored. Results At 3.5× magnification, no differences between groups were observed. At 6.5× magnification, the 5:1 scaling was superior to the 1:1 scaling in total errors, and the 10:1 scaling was significantly slower. At 9.5× magnification, 10:1 scaling resulted in fewer errors than 1:1 with no difference in time. Overall, the 10:1 and 5:1 scalings resulted in fewer errors. The 5:1 scaling resulted in less drill completion time than the 10:1 scaling. The 9.5× magnification resulted in the fewest errors. Conclusions Motion scaling reduces the number of errors at higher magnifications, but can increase the task completion time. It is necessary to optimize both the motion scaling and magnification components of robotic systems to balance precision and speed.
Microfibrous entrapment of small catalyst particulates for high contacting efficiency removal of trace CO from practical reformates for PEM H2-O2 fuel cells

Preferential oxidation (PROX) of CO in H2 is the most efficient way to remove CO from a practical reformate stream for PEM H2-O2 fuel cells. Pt/Al2O3 has long been known as a suitable catalyst for this purpose. Over the conventional Pt/Al2O3 catalyst, however, PROX of CO in H2 has been known to occur at temperatures above 150°C, and the maximum CO conversion usually takes place at about 200°C. In this study, the promotion of Pt/Al2O3 with a transition metal results in significantly enhanced catalytic performance in the temperature range of 25 to 150°C. The active reaction temperature window is enlarged to 25 to 200°C compared with a narrow window at about 200°C over the conventional Pt/Al2O3. A high void and a tailorable sintered microfibrous carrier consisting of 5 vol.% of 4 and 8 µm diameter Ni fibers is used to entrap 15 vol.% 150 to 250 µm diameter Al2O3 particulates. The alumina support particulates are uniformly entrapped into a sinter-locked, three-dimensional network of 4 and 8 µm Ni fibers. Promoter and Pt are then dispersed onto the microfibrous entrapped alumina support particles by the incipient-wetness impregnation method. The composite catalysts possess 80 vol.% voidage. At equivalent bed volumes, microfibrous entrapped catalysts achieve complete CO reduction (GC detection limit ∼40 ppm CO) at five times the higher gas hourly space velocity value compared with packed beds of 1 to 2 mm catalyst particles demonstrating ultrahigh contacting efficiency provided by the microfibrous entrapped catalysts.
Organ specificity of metastatic tumor colonization is related to organ-selective growth properties of malignant cells

In cancers such as malignant melanoma, tumor spread or metastasis occurs preferentially to certain organ sites. Mouse B16 melanoma cell sublines that have been selected sequentially in vivo for enhanced blood-borne colonization of lung, brain, or ovary were tested for their survival and growth stimulation in vitro by soluble factors released from suspensions of mouse lung, brain, liver, ovary or kidney tissues. In general, the growth rate of lung-colonizing B16 cells was stimulated by high concentrations of lung-tissue-derived factors significantly more than by factors from the other tissues, whereas the growth rate of ovary-colonizing B16 cells was stimulated by ovary or lung-tissue-derived factors significantly more than by factors from the other tissues. In contrast, the growth of brain-colonizing B16 cells was not stimulated by factors released from brain tissue. When it occurred, stimulation of B16 cell growth by factors released from mouse organ tissues was dose-dependent. Liver tissue factors, and at high concentrations kidney tissue factors, inhibited cell growth of the B16 sublines, an inhibition correlating with the low potential of B16 cells to colonize liver and kidney in vivo. In addition to preferential target-organ cell adhesion found previously with B16 sublines (Nicolson et al., 1985a), the present results suggest that metastasis to specific organ sites is also dependent on the survival and growth of B16 cells affected by soluble organ-derived factors.
Algorithmic music composition as an introduction to computing

Educators have long debated the best way to introduce programming concepts. Should we teach using objects or functions or web page design? Should we use Java or Basic or HTML or Python? Should we solve problems or tell stories or create games? This paper describes a novel approach to introducing computing to the non-programmer: algorithmic music composition. We have implemented a small functional language based on Haskore (1), a domain-specific language for music composition, for use in settings from elementary school through college. We have assembled anecdotal evidence that this approach is able to engage students while keeping the basic ideas of programming at the fore.
Postseismic response of repeating aftershocks

The recurrence intervals of repeating earthquakes on the San Andreas Fault in the Loma Prieta aftershock zone follow the characteristic 1/t decay of Omori's law. A model in which these earthquakes occur on isolated patches of the fault that fail in stick-slip with creep around them can explain this observation. In this model the recurrence interval is inversely proportional to the loading rate due to creep. Logarithmic velocity strengthening friction predicts 1/t decay in creep rate following the mainshock. The time dependence of recurrence is inconsistent with a simple viscous constitutive relationship, which predicts an exponential decay of loading rate. Thus, our observations imply postseismic slip at seismogenic depth under a power law rheology. The time dependence of postseismic deformation measured geodetically may be diagnostic of whether postseismic deformation is caused by creep or possible viscoelastic deformation at greater depths.