cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Secondary food reinforcement versus exploratory drive in satiated rats

A previous experiment, which found that satiated rats preferred a goal box containing food to an empty goal box, was replicated and modified to the extent necessary to examine the possibility of the presence of an exploratory drive. Four groups of 10 rats each ran down a runway, one trial per day for 20 days, to a goal box under one of four conditions: (1) primary reinforcement (accessible food), (2) secondary reinforcement (inaccessible food), (3) neutral reinforcement (inaccessible marbles), (4) no reinforcement (empty goal box). The group running to an empty goal box ran more slowly than the other three groups, whose running times were approximately equal. The increased speed of the groups with additional drive-irrelevant stimuli in the goal box indicates the possible operation of an exploratory drive.
A Review of Microwave Plasma Sources in Atomic Emission Spectrometry: Literature from 1985 to the Present

Abstract Microwave plasmas have been used as sources for atomic spectroscopy since the 1970s. Several common forms of this plasma source exist, including the microwaveinduced plasma, the capacitively coupled microwave plasma, the surface-wave or surfatron plasma, the microwave plasma torch, and some other unique designs. Although not as popular as the inductively coupled plasma, microwave plasmas offer the advantage of lower initial and operational costs. This review covers the literature on the various forms of the microwave plasma since 1985, including basic principles of microwave plasmas and design descriptions of a variety of systems.
Latino adults' access to mental health care: a review of epidemiological studies.

Since the early 1980s, epidemiological studies using state-of-the-art methodologies have documented the unmet mental health needs of Latinos adults in the U.S. and Puerto Rico. This paper reviews 16 articles based on seven epidemiological studies, examines studies methodologies, and summarizes findings about how Latino adults access mental health services. Studies consistently report that, compared to non-Latino Whites, Latinos underutilize mental health services, are less likely to receive guideline congruent care, and rely more often on primary care for services. Structural, economic, psychiatric, and cultural factors influence Latinos’ service access. In spite of the valuable information these studies provide, methodological limitations (e.g., reliance on cross-sectional designs, scarcity of mixed Latino group samples) constrict knowledge about Latinos access to mental health services. Areas for future research and development needed to improve Latinos’ access and quality of mental health care are discussed.
IQ-ASyMTRe: Forming Executable Coalitions for Tightly Coupled Multirobot Tasks

While most previous research on forming coalitions mainly concentrates on loosely coupled multirobot tasks, a more challenging problem is to address tightly coupled multirobot tasks that involve close robot coordinations, which often require capability sharing. General methods for autonomous capability sharing have been shown to greatly improve the flexibility of distributed systems. However, in addition to the interaction constraints between the robots and the environment as required by the tasks, these methods may introduce additional interaction constraints between the robots based on how the capabilities are shared. The satisfiability of these constraints in the current situation determines the feasibility of the potential coalitions. To achieve system autonomy, the ability to identify the potential coalitions that are feasible for task execution is critical. In this paper, we demonstrate a general approach that incorporates this capability based on the ASyMTRe architecture. The extended architecture, which is called IQ-ASyMTRe, is able to find coalitions in which these required constraints are satisfied. When used to form coalitions, IQ-ASyMTRe sets up only feasible coalitions, thus enabling tasks to be executed autonomously. We formally present the new architecture and prove that it is sound and complete, given certain assumptions. Simulations and experimental results are provided for different applications in which the robots are able to flexibly form coalitions that are ready to execute.
Phonon Confinement Effects in Hybrid Virus-Inorganic Nanotubes for Nanoelectronic Applications

Genetically modified viruses have been proposed recently as templates for the assembly of nanometer-scale components of electronic circuits. Here we show that, in addition to their role as nanotemplates, viruses can actually improve the electron transport properties in semiconductor nanotubes grown on them. In the considered hybrid virus-inorganic nanostructures, which consist of silica or silicon nanotubes deposited on tobacco mosaic viruses, the confined acoustic phonons are found to be redistributed between the nanotube shell and the acoustically soft virus enclosure. As a result, the low-temperature electron mobility in the hybrid virus-silicon nanotube can increase by a factor of 4 compared to that of an empty silicon nanotube. Our estimates also indicate an enhancement of the low-temperature thermal conductivity in the virus-silicon nanotube, which can lead to improvements in heat removal from the hybrid nanostructure-based nanocircuits.
Real-Time FTIR and in Situ Rheological Studies on the UV Curing Kinetics of Thiol-ene Polymers

Real-time FTIR spectroscopy and in situ dynamic rheology were used to characterize the UV curing kinetics of a thiol-ene system containing trimethylolpropane tris(2-mercaptoacetate) and trimethylolpropane diallyl ether. The combination of these two techniques offered a powerful approach for monitoring changes in the chemical and rheological properties of the system during UV curing. Comparable gel times were independently obtained from both FTIR spectroscopy and rheology, thereby validating the comparison of data obtained from each method. The thiol conversion determined from FTIR spectroscopy was correlated with the elastic modulus obtained from rheology. The conversion increased very rapidly during the initial stages of UV curing. However, the elastic modulus did not have an appreciable value until after 65% of the thiol functional groups have reacted, following which the elastic modulus increased at a rapid rate. From the Flory−Stockmayer theory of gelation, the critical thiol conversion at the gel poi...
A tale of two simples

A material simple is a material object that has no proper parts. Some philosophers have argued for the possibility of extended simples. Some have even argued for the possibility of heterogeneous simples or simples that have intrinsic variations across their surfaces. There is a puzzle, though, that is meant to show that extended, heterogeneous simples are impossible. Although several plausible responses have been given to this puzzle, I wish to reopen the case against extended, heterogeneous simples. In this paper, I briefly canvass responses to this puzzle which may be made in defense of extended, heterogeneous simples. I then present a new version of this puzzle which targets simples that occupy atomic yet extended regions of space. It seems that none of the traditional responses can be used to successfully save this particular kind of extended simple from the new puzzle. I also consider some non-traditional defenses of heterogeneous extended simples and argue that they too are unsuccessful. Finally, I will argue that a substantial case can be made against the possibility of extended heterogeneous simples of any kind.
Photochemical hole burning in free-base porphyrin and chlorin in n-alkane matrices

In inhomogeneously broadened lines, selective photochemistry with narrow band lasers leads to photochemical hole burning. We describe this phenomenon with particular reference to free-base porphyrin (H2P) and chlorin molecules in nalkane matrices at low temperatures. It is shown that hole burning, which is permanent at low temperatures, can be used to study homogeneous optical dephasing processes as a function of temperature, to measure fast vibronic relaxation, and to assign complex vibronic spectra. Some of the parameters that are important to the potential use of photochemical hole burning for information storage in inhomogeneously broadened lines are measured and discussed.
Adaptive Backstepping Control of a McKibben Actuator Driving an Inertial Load

McKibben artificial muscles are pneumatic linear actuators with high strength-to-weight ratio and natural compliance. The actuator consists of an elastic cylindrical tube within an inelastic braided shall. With a sufficiently shallow braid angle, increasing internal pressure causes the muscle to expand radially and contract longitudinally, providing a large actuation force. When McKibben actuators attach to an inertial load, however, PID position control cannot provide accurate tracking due to excessive vibration. Based on a third-order system model, two adaptive position controllers are developed, proven stable using Lyapunov Theory, and tested experimentally. First, adaptive control with a PID pressure loop yields acceptable sine wave tracking up to 3 Hz. Second, backstepping compensation for the pressure dynamics ensures accurate tracking of a 4 Hz since wave with increased amplitude.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Ventilation and oxygen consumption in rosy finches and house finches at sea level and high altitude

Rosy finches (Leucosticte arctoa) breed at altitudes above 3500 m in eastern California. House finches (Carpodacus mexicanus) belong to the same subfamily (Carduelinae), but breed at much lower elevations. Oxygen consumption ( $$\dot V_{O_2 }$$ ) and ventilatory parameters of these two species were measured over a wide range of ambient temperatures (T a) at low altitude (LA; 150 m) and at high altitude (HA; 3800 m). Minimal nighttime $$\dot V_{O_2 }$$ 's of rosy finches and house finches at LA (T a=30°C) were close to allometrically predicted values for passerine birds. At both altitudes, $$\dot V_{O_2 }$$ increased linearly with decreasingT a betweenT a=20 and −10°C. Resting $$\dot V_{O_2 }$$ 's were slightly higher at HA than at LA on average. In both species, minute volume ( $$\dot VI$$ ) was inversely related toT a.T a-correlated increases in $$\dot VI$$ resulted from significant increases in both ventilatory frequency (f) and tidal volume (V T) at both altitudes. Oxygen extraction efficiency ( $$E_{O_2 }$$ ) was independent ofT a in rosy finches at LA, but declined significantly with decreasingT a in rosy finches at HA and in house finches at both altitudes. At a givenT a, both species had significantly greater $$\dot VI$$ (BTPS) at HA than at LA. Altitude-correlated increases in $$\dot VI$$ resulted primarly from increases inf with little change inV T. $$E_{O_2 }$$ was significantly greater at HA than at LA in both species. In spite of the difference in altitudinal distributions of rosy finches and house finches, there were few conspicuous interspecific differences in metabolic or ventilatory adaptation to altitude or lowT a over the range of conditions examined.
Supersonic jet sampling for combustion diagnostics

The purpose of this note is to describe a novel application of supersonic molecular beam spectrometry to the study of combustion processes in piston engines. In this technique, combustion gases are cooled by expansion from a nozzle integral with the cylinder head wall into an adjacent vacuum chamber. The rotationally cooled combustion products are analyzed by laser-induced fluorescence spectrometry with gigaHertz spectral resolution. Because of the rapid passage of the sample into a relatively collision-free state, it should be possible to isolate and identify intermediates as well as the final reaction products. Time resolution can be obtained by synchronizing the pulsed laser excitation source to the engine cycle.
722 LONGITUDINAL STUDY OF CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY (CMI) IN INTRAUTERINE GROWTH RETARDED (IUGR) INFANTS

A longitudinal study was carried out from birth on 149 IUGR Kenyan infants and 111 controls to see if intrauterine malnutrition adversely affects CMI. Three birth weight (BW) groups were studied: 76 infants 2800 gms. T-cell function was assessed by rosette forming cells (RFC) with sheep erythrocytes (mean ± SD). Simultaneous nutritional studies were obtained. Studies were done on cord blood, at 6 to 7 mos. and at 12 mos. of age with 58% of the original group available at 6 to 7 mos. and 48% of the original group available at 12 mos. for follow-up. At birth the %RFC was 51.8 ± 12.6% in infants < 2500 gm; 53.0 ± 12.2% in the 2500-2800 gm infants; and 60.2 ± 11.9% in the controls. Both IUGR groups were significantly lower than controls, p < .05. At 6 to 7 mos. partial recovery took place with the < 2500 gm BW infants with %RFC of 56.6 ± 7.0%; 2500-2800 gm BW infants 57.8 ± 7.2% and control infants 58.6 ± 7.3%. At 12 mos. %RFC in the < 2500 gm BW infants was 55.6 ± 8.3%; in the 2500-2800 gm BW infants 57.8 ± 9.7% and in the controls 60.1 ± 6.0%. The < 2500 gm BW infant group was still significantly lower (p < .05) than the control group. Thus, there is a significant depression of CMI in IUGR infants < 2500 gm and between 2500-2800 gm at birth with partial recovery but still showing significant differences from normal in the < 2500 gm BW group by 12 mos. of age.
Diffusion tensor imaging segmentation of white matter structures using a Reproducible Objective Quantification Scheme (ROQS)

Reproducible Objective Quantification Scheme (ROQS) is a novel method for regional white matter measurements of diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) parameters that overcomes the limitations of previous approaches for analyzing large cohorts of subjects reliably. ROQS is a semi-automated technique that exploits the fiber orientation information from the diffusion tensor in conjunction with a binary masking and chain-linking algorithm to segment anatomically distinct white matter tracts for subsequent quantitative analysis of DTI parameters such as fractional anisotropy and apparent diffusion coefficient. When applied to 3-T whole-brain DTI of normal adult volunteers, ROQS is shown to segment the corpus callosum much faster than manual region of interest (ROI) delineation, and with better reproducibility and accuracy.
A note on the consistency of the modified fisher prediction function

Abstract Regularity conditions for, and proof of, the weak consistency of the modified Fisher prediction function are presented.
A practical method for solving free-surface seepage problems

Abstract Free-surface (unconfined) seepage problems are commonly encountered in geotechnical engineering. In these problems, the determination of the free surface usually requires sophisticated numerical techniques, unfamiliar to most engineers and students. Herein we present a practical finite difference method for unconfined seepage, which can be easily implemented in spreadsheets. The finite difference equations are based on the concepts of extended pressure and flux conservation. The method is illustrated by several free-surface seepage problems previously analyzed with more sophisticated numerical techniques. The proposed method eliminates the formation of matrix systems at the expenses of slower convergence rate for large problems. It has not only educational but also practical values as it applies to various engineering problems.
Interleukin-6 promoter −174 polymorphism and spontaneous preterm birth

Abstract Objective We assessed the relationship between interleukin-6 (IL-6) promoter −174 polymorphism and spontaneous preterm birth (sPTB) less than 34 weeks and the relationship of polymorphism status with race. Study design Polymerase chain reaction was used to evaluate DNA from 156 controls who delivered after spontaneous labor at term and 51 subjects who had sPTB less than 34 weeks. Results Among the 156 controls, the C/C variant was present in 30 (19.2%). Among the 51 subjects, the C/C variant was present in 2 (6.3%) (odds ratio 0.17, 95% CI 0.04-0.74). Among white women, the C/C variant was present in 30 (27.2%) controls but only 2 (5.2%) cases. No African American women carried the C/C variant. The racial disparity was statistically significant. (P Conclusion The IL-6 promoter −174 allelic variant C/C is significantly less frequent among women with sPTB less than 34 weeks. There is a dramatic racial disparity in the distribution of allelic variants of this polymorphism.
The 'Refoldability' of Selected Proteins in Ionic Liquids as a Stabilization Criterion, Leading to a Conjecture on Biogenesis

The folding of proteins is usually studied in dilute aqueous solutions of controlled pH, but it has recently been demonstrated that reversible unfolding can occur in other media. Particular stability is conferred on the protein (folded or unfolded) when the process occurs in ‘protic ionic liquids’ (pILs) of controlled proton activity. This activity (‘effective pH’) is determined by the acid and base components of the pIL and is characterized in the present study by the proton chemical shift of the N–H proton. Here we propose a ‘refoldability’ or ‘refolding index’ (RFI) metric for assessing the stability of folded biomolecules in different solvent media, and demarcate high RFI zones in hydrated pIL media using ribonuclease A and hen egg white lysozyme as examples. Then we show that, unexpectedly, the same high RFIs can be obtained in pIL media that are 90% inorganic in character (simple ammonium salts). This leads us to a conjecture related to the objections that have been raised to ‘primordial soup’ theories for biogenesis, objections that are based on the observation that all the bonds involved in biomacromolecule formation are hydrolyzed in ordinary aqueous solutions unless specifically protected. The ingredients for primitive ionic liquids (NH3, CO, HCN, CO2, and water) were abundant in the early earth atmosphere, and many experiments have shown how amino acids could form from them also. Cyclical concentration in evaporating inland seas could easily produce the type of ambient-temperature, non-hydrolyzing, media that we have demonstrated here may be hospitable to biomolecules, and that may be actually encouraging of biopolymer assembly. Thus a plausible variant of the conventional ‘primordial soup’ model of biogenesis is suggested.
Vitreous hemorrhage after vitrectomy for diabetic retinopathy.

Abstract The records of 596 consecutive vitrectomy cases performed for complications of diabetic retinopathy were reviewed to determine the incidence of intraoperative and postoperative vitreous hemorrhage and to determine if blood cleared more rapidly in aphakic compared to phakic eyes. Uncontrollable intraocular bleeding occurred in two eyes (0.5%). Vitreous hemorrhage was present on the first postoperative day in 278 eyes (63%). This early hemorrhage cleared in an average of 9.1 weeks in phakic eyes and 3.4 weeks in aphakic eyes. Further vitreous hemorrhage occurred in 88 eyes (23%). Sixty-four percent of later hemorrhages occurred within six months of the operation and 80% occurred within one year. Later vitreous hemorrhage cleared in an average of 16.2 weeks in phakic eyes and 5.3 weeks in aphakic eyes. Of the 311 eyes with vitreous hemorrhage at some time during the postoperative course, twenty-nine eyes (9%) underwent reoperation to remove nonclearing blood. Nonclearing vitreous hemorrhage was the main cause of final visual loss in only 15 (3.4%) of 438 eyes with adequate follow-up, and 6 of these 15 eyes had final vision of 5/200 or better.
Tribology of laser modified surface of stainless steel in physiological solution

The laser surface treatment of stainless steel (SS) 316L, an important alloy for biomedical applications, was used to improve its corrosion and wear-corrosion resistance in bio-environment. Microstructural and X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern analysis showed presence of an austenitic phase in both untreated and laser-treated SS316L. Laser melting produced homogenized and refined microstructure on the surface with higher hardness (143–171 HV) compared to untreated SS316L (131 HV). Increase in intensity of γ (200) peaks in XRD pattern for laser-treated (>800 W) SS316L indicated possible crystallographic orientation along γ (200) plane. Passive currents were reduced to +344 mV for samples laser surface treated at greater than 1200 W. The volume-loss and wear-rate of laser-treated SS316L were significantly reduced compared to untreated sample. Abrasive wear was the main wear mechanism for both untreated and laser surface treated SS316L. Wear particles/debris were found to be cold welded on the surface of SS316L and showed brittle cracking with further wear-straining.
Treatment of drug-induced thrombocytopenia.

Estimates on the incidence of drug-induced thrombocytopenia range 5 – 40% in patients receiving heparin to < 1% with other causative agents. Systematically assessing drug-induced thrombocytopenia t...
Measurements on a shock wave generated by a solar flare

It is shown that path-integrated radio-scattering measurements of the solar wind velocity yield higher estimates than those of point measurements. The post-shock speed is determined from radio scattering measurements by selection of the maximum of the radio-scattering deduced from the velocity-time curve, whereas velocity points on the rising edge of the shock underestimate the post-shock gas velocity, and therefore the shock speed. However, it is suggested that large uncertainties reside in using radio techniques for measurements of parameters of the shock wave, and the uncertainties may be large enough to encompass the lower velocity values calculated by a point method of measurement.
Anxiety, attentiveness-alertness: A phenomenological study of the CNV ☆

Anxiety, attentiveness-alertness reaction to anticipation of physical or mental performance, studying surface-negative potential appearing in human brain frontal region
Linking Coastal Disasters and Migration: A Case Study of Kutubdia Island, Bangladesh

On 4 August 2012, the southeastern part of Kutubdia Island, Bangladesh, experienced coastal erosion and flooding associated with tidal waves, storms, and continuous heavy rainfall for two days. This provided a unique opportunity to study the relationship between rapid-onset disasters and migration decisions of individual households perpetually living under environmental risk. Using Kutubdia Island as a case study, this article examines the migration decisions of respondents in the immediate aftermath of two extreme natural events. Relevant data were primarily collected from a questionnaire survey conducted nearly two months after the occurrence of the event. The study's findings support the view that both environmental and nonenvironmental factors lead to migration. The article outlines several areas for further research on the links between migration and environmental stress.
Switchgrass and Big Bluestem Hay, Biomass, and Seed Yield Response to Fire and Glyphosate Treatment

Timing of spring fire and glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine] treatments is critical to control weeds without compromising production of warm-season grasses. To determine the forage and seed yield response we burned or applied glyphosate to switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) and big bluestem (Andropogon gerardii Vitman) in mid-April, early May, and late May in 1998 and 1999 at Rock Springs, PA. Compared with fire in mid-April or early May, a late May burn in 1998 reduced July dry matter yields (simulating a hay harvest) by 40 to 48% but did not affect dry matter yields in September (simulating a biomass feedstock harvest) of either grass. In switchgrass, glyphosate applied in late May reduced July yields by 70% and September yields by 30%. In bluestem, late May application of glyphosate reduced July yields by 90% and September yields by 40%. In both grasses, fire in late May reduced yields less than a late May application of glyphosate. Late May glyphosate treatments reduced seed yield compared with the mid-April date. We conclude that in central Pennsylvania switchgrass or bluestem can be burned through the first week of May (10-15 cm growth) with little effect on hay or biomass yield. Glyphosate should be applied (i) before mid- to late April (just before green-up) if switchgrass or big bluestem is to be harvested as hay in July or for seed in September, or (ii) by the first week of May if the cumulative growth is to be harvested once in autumn.
A POSSIBLE VIRUS INFECTION IN THE GREEN ALGA OEDOGONIUM1

SUMMARY Developing germlings of the green alga Oedogonium have been sectioned and some were found to contain particles presumed to be those of a virus. Fully formed particles were hexagonal in a 2-dimensional section, about 240 nm in diameter with a densely stained surface layer and core; what appear to be different stages in their assembly were also seen. Many of the particles were clustered together in groups surrounded by aggregations of ribosomes. In cells containing many of the particles, the germlings' cytoplasm and organelles showed considerable evidence of disruption and breakdown. These particles have only been detected in germlings, so infection by this presumed virus was probably initiated in the naked, motile zoospore.
Concurrent radical retropubic prostatectomy and inguinal hernia repair through a modified Pfannenstiel incision

OBJECTIVE To describe a technique for concurrent radical retropubic prostatectomy (RRP) and inguinal hernioplasty, using a modified Pfannenstiel incision. PATIENTS AND METHODS RRP is usually done through a midline lower abdominal incision but some patients with localized prostate cancer have an inguinal hernia. Concurrent inguinal hernia repair at the time of RRP with the usual method is only possible by either a preperitoneal mesh repair or formal hernioplasty, requiring an additional incision(s). A 10-12 cm Pfannenstiel incision is made along the pubic hairline centred over the pubic symphysis, and a 'Y'-shaped incision in the rectus sheath. The rectus muscle is split vertically along the midline, followed by RRP. After removing the prostate and completing the anastomosis, the surgeon identifies the inguinal canal along the inferior and lateral aspect of the transverse incision and uses a formal tension-free hernioplasty with a 3 x 5 cm polypropylene mesh. We used this technique in fifteen concurrent inguinal hernioplasties (two bilateral hernias and thirteen unilateral) at the time of RRP, with no additional incisions, using the formal tension-free Lichtenstein technique. One patient with bilateral hernias had a right indirect inguinal hernia, and all the remaining men had a direct inguinal hernia. RESULTS All patients were discharged 2 days after surgery, with no complications associated with the procedure and no recurrences; however, the follow-up was short (mean 5.5 months). CONCLUSION A modified Pfannenstiel incision is ideal for concurrent RRP and inguinal hernioplasty, providing excellent exposure of the pelvic structures and allowing the surgeon to use a formal tension-free mesh hernioplasty through the same incision. Wound healing and cosmetic results are excellent.
The synthesis of 5,8-difluoronaphtho[2,3-c]thiophene-4,9-dione and its facile conversion to 2-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]- 5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethylamino]-8-fluoro-naphtho[2,3-c] pyrrole-4,9-dione

The synthesis of 5,8-difluoronaphtho [2,3-c] thiophene-4,9-dione (2a) has been accomplished. Treatment of 2a with 2,2-dimethylaminoethylamine leads to 2-[2-(dimethylamino) ethyl]-5-[2-(dimethylamino) ethylamino]-8-fluoronaphtho [2,3-c] pyrrole-4,9-dione
Indomethacin Enhances the Proliferation of Mitogen- Stimulated T Lymphocytes of Homosexual Males with Persistent Generalized Lymphadenopathy

The possibility that cyclooxygenase products of arachidonic acid might contribute to the defective T lymphocyte function of homosexual men with the reactive lymph node syndrome was examinedin vitro. T lymphocyte proliferation, assessed by the uptake of [3H]thymidine after the addition of phytohemagglutin, was 72,870±66,816 counts per minute (mean±SD) for eight patients and 119,589 ± 64,913 counts per minute for 30 controls (P<0.05, Student'st test). Treatment with the cyclooxygenase inhibitor indomethacin increased the phytohemagglutin-induced proliferation of the T lymphocytes from five of eight patients, but none of 12 healthy homosexual and heterosexual control subjects. The production of prostaglandin E2 by T lymphocytes from six patients was 16.1±10.5 pg/5×106 cells/hr, as contrasted with that of 4.9±1.3 and 4.3±2.1 pg/5×106 cells for four healthy homosexual and six healthy heterosexual control subjects, respectively (P<0.01, Student'st test). The production of prostaglandin E2 by the patients' monocytes was normal. Abnormalities of the cyclooxygenase pathway of T lymphocytes of patients with the reactive lymph node syndrome may reflect an immuno-regulatory defect, which predisposes to infections and may evolve into the more severe abnormalities of the acquired immune deficiency syndrome.
Passive Stiffness of Rat Cardiac Myocytes

Intact single cells were isolated from adult rat hearts by enzymatic digestion and suspended in 0.25 mM Ca++ Tyrode's solution. Quiescent, clearly striated rodlike cells were selected for study of the elastic properties of the cells at various stages of membrane and myofilament extraction. Selected cells were placed in a relaxing solution (pCa + 9, 10 mn EGTA) and then each end gently pulled into the tip of a closely fitting suction micropipette for attachment to a force transducer and length perturbation driver. This procedure was performed in low Ca++ to prevent Ca++ loading of the cell during attachment and at room temperature to prevent chemical skinning of the cell. Stiffness was measured by applying a 5-Hz sinusoidal length perturbation (5 percent L0) to one end of the cell while measuring the induced tension change at the other. The ratio of sinusoidal tension change to applied length change (stiffness) was determined for each cell over a length range of about 1-1.3 L0 before removal of the contractile filaments and up to 3.0 L0 after treatment with 0.6 M KI. The stiffness-length relation was measured first in relaxing solution and then in 0.25 mM Ca++ Tyrode's. If spontaneous contractions or contracture occurred the cell was rejected. If the cell remained quiescent and relaxed it was treated again with relaxing solution and 1 percent Triton X-100 to remove the membranes. The stiffness-length relation was again measured and then the cell was superfused with 0.47 M KCl/10 mM pyrophosphate solution to remove the myosin filaments.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Experimental and Numerical Investigations on Machining Induced Surface Integrity in Inconel-100 Nickel-Base Alloy

Abstract Nickel-base alloys such as Inconel-100(IN-100) are still the most preferred material for jet engine and gas turbine components.Machining induced surface integrity plays a vital role for component fatigue life and reliability.This studyinvestigates the effects of machining conditions (tool geometry, coating, and cutting parameters) on the resultant residual stress, microhardness and grain size inmachiningIN-100. Experimental results for measured forces, residual stress, microhardness, and grain size have been presented. In addition, finite element modeling based investigations have been performed to predict not only residual stresses but also microstructureincluding dynamic recrystallization by implementing the Johnson-Mehl-Avrami-Kolmogorov model. Numerical modeling results were compared with experimental measurements in residual stresses, grain size and microhardness. The effects of cutting conditions on machining induced residual stress, microhardness, and average grain size have been reported.
ASP, The Art and Science of Practice: Elements of a Theory of the Practice of Operations Research: Practice as a Business

In the previous two articles in this series (Murphy 2005a, b), I looked at practice from the perspective of doing operations research (OR). Because OR practitioners have careers and often found businesses, we need to understand practice as a business. Operations research/management science (OR/MS) businesses face many of the same issues as other technology and consulting businesses. However, the product is intangible, creating marketing problems. The businesses operate in a complex ecology with different levels of competition and cooperation among OR and software firms, depending on their different areas of expertise. Social networks play an important role in the way individuals and companies market and develop new strands of practice.
Patient as teacher

The author provides some reflections based on her experiences as a member of Becky's treatment team (see Werth, this issue). She briefly highlights some of the areas that were most important in her work with Becky and others with life-limiting illnesses, including information-seeking, social support, maintaining normalcy, depression and decision-making, nausea and vomiting, post-traumatic stress disorder, and the role of psychotherapy. She ends with her reactions to working with Becky and how Becky touched her personally and professionally.
A Bone Morphogenetic Polypeptide

In this report, we demonstrate that bone matrix gelatine (BMG) prepared under specified conditions (17, 18) and implanted in diffusion chambers produces transfilter osteogenesis in a muscle pouch in allogeneic rats. We also report that a bone morphogenetic polypeptide BMP) can be isolated from a collagenase digest of 35 S-cysteine labelled BMG by column chromatography.
Microwave resonances in low-filling insulating phase of two-dimensional electron system

Abstract We present data on finite frequency (0.2 ≤ f ≤ 8.6 GHz) conductivity, Re(σxx), of the insulator terminating a fractional quantum Hall effect series in the high magnetic field (B) limit. As B is increased within the insulator, at temperatures of 50 and 200 mK Re(σxx) vs f evolves from a decreasing curve into a peak. The height and f of the peak increase with B. Integrals of Re(σxx) vs f become B-independent at large enough B. The results are discussed within the framework of the Fukuyama-Lee model of the dynamics of a pinned Wigner crystal.
Asymmetric synthesis by metal BINAP catalysts

Abstract This article covers catalytic asymmetric syntheses effected by BINAP (R or S 2,2′-diphenylphosphino-1,1′-binaphthyl) ligand. The atropisomeric ligand is outstanding in its extremely high enantioselective recognition of hydrogen, when coordinated to rhodium or ruthenium metal. A unique chiral multiplication (asymmetric catalysis) derived from the isomerization of allylic amines to enamines by Rh-BINAP catalysis is reviewed from discovery to industrialization. The catalyst converted isoprenoid allylic amine to citronellal enamine in perfect selectivities (99% yield and 98% enantiomer excess) and activity (TON > 400 000) that promised the commercial manufacturing of enantiomerically pure terpene aldehydes. The industrial application of the highly sensitive and expensive Rh-BINAP catalyst for the production of 1500 t/y scale of chiral terpene compounds is introduced with some technical know how. A series of new ruthenium BINAP complexes was prepared and evaluated for asymmetric hydrogenation. Neutral Ru-BINAP dicarboxylato complexes catalyzed the hydrogenation of activated carbon-carbon double bonds enantioselectively. Prochiral unsaturated substrates including α-(acylamino)acrylic acids, allylic alcohols, α,β-unsaturated carboxylic acids and cyclic enamides were easily reduced to give saturated products in quantitative yields with 90–99% enantiomer excesses. Cationic Ru-BINAP complexes catalyzed the hydrogenation of functionalized ketones enantioselectively. Prochiral ketones bearing hetero atom-containing functional groups at α,β or γ position were smoothly reduced affording corresponding alcohols in quantitative yields with high enantiomeric excesses. Industrial applications of these methodologies for pharmaceuticals and new materials are summarized.
A boundary-layer theory for cellular convection

Abstract A theory is developed for finite amplitude, steady cellular convection. The theory requires that the Prandtl number be large compared with unity and that the Rayleigh number be large compared with the critical Rayleigh number; only two-dimensional, laminar cells are considered. The core of each cell is an isothermal, highly viscous rotating flow. Thin thermal boundary layers are formed on the horizontal boundaries. When the thermal boundary layers from adjacent cells meet they separate from the horizontal boundary and form a thermal plume on the vertical boundary between cells. The body force in the plumes drives the viscous core flow. It is found that the Nusselt number for the total heat transfer between the horizontal boundaries is proportional to the Rayleigh number to the one-quarter power. Good agreement with experiment is obtained.
Embryo-derived teratocarcinoma: I. The role of strain and gender in the control of teratocarcinogenesis.

The role of gender and genetic (strain-specific) factors in the regulation of teratocarcinogenesis was studied by monitoring the outgrowth of benign and malignant embryo-derived teratoid tumors, i.e., teratomas and teratocarcinomas in several mouse strains. Teratocarcinomas were produced in all mouse strains tested, but the ratio of teratoma to teratocarcinoma varied from one strain to another. A high yield of teratocarcinomas was obtained in A/J, BALB/cJ, DBA/2J, CBA/J and C3H/J mice, irrespective of the sex of the recipient. A low yield of teratocarcinomas was obtained in both male and female C57BL/6J and AKR/J recipients, and in 129/J female recipients. For all strains but 129/J and eventually AKR/J the sex of the recipients did not significantly affect the outgrowth of embryo-derived tumors. These data suggest the existence of mouse strains with high and low permissiveness for embryo-derived teratocarcinogenesis. The sex of the recipients may influence the yield of embryo-derived teratocarcinomas in some mouse strains but is of no consequence in others.
Inflammation and breast cancer. Cyclooxygenase/prostaglandin signaling and breast cancer

Many human cancers exhibit elevated prostaglandin (PG) levels due to upregulation of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), a key enzyme in eicosanoid biosynthesis. COX-2 over-expression has been observed in about 40% of cases of invasive breast carcinoma and at a higher frequency in preinvasive ductal carcinoma in situ tumors, Extensive pharmacologic and genetic evidence implicates COX enzymes in neoplasia. Epidemiologic analyses demonstrate a protective effect of COX-inhibiting nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs with respect to human cancer. Complementary experimental studies have established that both conventional nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and selective COX-2 inhibitors suppress mammary tumor formation in rodent breast cancer models. Furthermore, knocking out Cox-2 reduces mammary tumorigenesis and angiogenesis, and, conversely, transgenic COX-2 over-expression induces tumor formation. The utility of COX/PG signaling as a target for chemoprevention has been established by randomized controlled clinical trials. However, these studies also identified increased cardiovascular risk associated with use of selective COX-2 inhibitors. Thus, current efforts are directed toward identifying safer approaches to antagonizing COX/PG signaling for cancer prevention and treatment, with a particular focus on PGE2 regulation and signaling, because PGE2 is a key protumorigenic prostanoid.
Senescence of aortic endothelial cells in vitro: Influence of culture conditions and preliminary characterization of the senescent phenotype

The replicative lifespan of a cloned strain of adult bovine aortic endothelial cells has been examined by serial passage in culture using conditions where the cells were either dependent on fibroblast growth factor (FGF) for rapid growth or relatively independent on FGF for growth. In FGF-dependent cultures a replicative lifespan of 130 generations was attained with a phase III period which spanned approximately 20 generations. Withdrawal of FGF at generation 55 and repeated passage of such cultures in the absence of the growth factor resulted in the loss of proliferative potential within 15 generations. The morphological changes occurring upon FGF withdrawal were different than those that occurred when cultures senesced in the presence of FGF, FGF withdrawn cells showed a homogeneous increase in cell size and after several passages overgrew one another at confluency. Endothelial cells which senesced in the presence of FGF showed a very heterogeneous distribution of enlarged cells, many of which were binucleated but continued to form a confluent monolayer at high cell densities. Under FGF-independent conditions (begun at generation 48) a replicative lifespan of 105 generations was attained in the presence of the growth factor. FGF withdrawal under these conditions only decreased the replicative lifespan to 95 generations. Under these conditions the morphological changes occurring during phase III were identical in the presence and absence of FGF. Examination of the sensitivity of endothelial cells to FGF as they entered phase III showed that their dose-response characteristics were not qualitatively altered after the onset of phase III, although the number of cells responding to FGF progressively dropped. Comparison of the patterns of proteins synthesized in phase II and phase III cultures showed that phase III cultures even when plated at sparse densities continued to synthesize proteins which were normally observed in phase II confluent cultures. The results indicate that onset of the phase III period in aortic endothelial cells cloned and maintained in the presence of fibroblast growth factor can be delayed to a greated extent if the cells are maintained under conditions where they are made dependent on FGF for rapid growth in culture.
Preventing discoloration of squalene-soiled cotton fabrics with antioxidants

Removal of discoloration caused by aged oily soils is difficult because oily soils undergo autoxidation, which results in polymerization and formation of chromophores. Use of antioxidants and a reducing agent was investigated for their impact on appearance retention and soil removal. The effect of a reducing agent, sodium dithionite, on the removal of aged squalene from cotton fabrics was studied as a pretreatment to laundering, which enhanced the removal of squalene as well as whiteness restoration. Increases in treatment concentration and time increased color removal. However, no significant increase was found in oil removal, suggesting that the role of the reducing agent is mainly a reductive bleaching action. Thus, the color will probably reverse by oxidation over time making this approach a not-so-promising laundry treatment. As a method of preventing discoloration of oily soiled textile materials, antioxidants Irganox® 1010, t-butylhydroxyanisole and α-tocopherol were examined; they were found to be effective antioxidants for this purpose by preventing the discoloration of squalene upon aging. With Irganox® 1010, this prevention occurred without decreasing the detergency of the oil. Most importantly, these antioxidants either did not stain the substrate or showed very low levels of staining upon usage. The biggest barrier to applying antioxidants on textiles is their hydrophobic nature. A search for water-soluble antioxidants with nonstaining and good oxidation inhibiting properties is necessary.
Potential Exposures and Risks from Beryllium‐Containing Products

Beryllium is the strongest of the lightweight metals. Used primarily in military applications prior to the end of the Cold War, beryllium is finding new applications in many commercial products, including computers, telecommunication equipment, and consumer and automotive electronics. The use of beryllium in nondefense consumer applications is of concern because beryllium is toxic. Inhalation of beryllium dust or vapor causes a chronic lung disease in some individuals at concentrations as low as 0.01 microg/m3 in air. As beryllium enters wider commerce, it is prudent to ask what risks this might present to the general public and to workers downstream of the beryllium materials industry. We address this question by evaluating the potential for beryllium exposure from the manufacturing, use, recycle, and disposal of beryllium-containing products. Combining a market study with a qualitative exposure analysis, we determine which beryllium applications and life cycle phases have the largest exposure potential. Our analysis suggests that use and maintenance of the most common types of beryllium-containing products do not result in any obvious exposures of concern, and that maintenance activities result in greater exposures than product use. Product disposal has potential to present significant individual risks, but uncertainties concerning current and future routes of product disposal make it difficult to be definitive. Overall, additional exposure and dose-response data are needed to evaluate both the health significance of many exposure scenarios, and the adequacy of existing regulations to protect workers and the public. Although public exposures to beryllium and public awareness and concern regarding beryllium risks are currently low, beryllium risks have psychometric qualities that may lead to rapidly heightened public concern.
All the School's A Stage: Critical Performative Pedagogy in Urban Teacher Education

The authors of this article investigate how a performance module was integrated into a graduate course on children's literature to provide teachers with a space to re-enact and challenge the institutional tensions that were impacting their work as multicultural educators. Based on a combined ethnographic and systemic functional linguistics analysis, this study investigates how performance functioned in the context of this course. Did teachers co-construct a collaborative and transgressive space to challenge the top-down discourses informed by deficit views of diverse students and communities in the school district? Data collected for the study include videotapes of course sessions, field notes, teachers’ written critiques, and curriculum materials. Findings show that the use of this performance module helped expose and challenge institutional power dynamics. However, the invoked heteroglossia of voices and perspectives also maintained deficit discourses about students and parents. Implications about how t...
United States governmental efforts to improve the regulation of toxic substances

The U.S.'s efforts to improve its regulation of toxic substances presently have their focus in the administration of the Toxic Substance Control Act (TSCA), the Interagency Liaison Group (IRLG), the Toxic Substances Strategy Committee (TSSC), the Cancer Policy of the regulatory agencies, and the Drug Regulation Reform Act. By improving interagency communication and cooperation as well as establishing a coherent federal approach to the control of toxic substances with public and industrial input, the U.S. government should significantly strengthen the functioning of its regulatory agencies while decreasing the financial burden for everyone involved.