cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Return of alkaline phosphatase in chronic myelocytic leukemia cells in diffusion chamber cultures.

SummaryBone marrow cells of chronic myelocytic leukemic patients were cultured in a diffusion chamber system. The proliferation of neutrophilic granulocytes was orderly, starting in the myeloblasts and promyelocytes, passing through successive phases of maturation to become segmented neutrophils.Leukocyte alkaline phosphatase activity of the neutrophils introduced into the chambers was negative. The neutrophils in the chambers were positive when first tested on Day 2. This suggests that the factor(s) controlling the synthesis of LAP is activated in the culture system environment.The Ph1 chromosome, a hallmark of most CML, was present in the cultures for 21 days, indicating that the chromosome aberration persists and is not influenced by the milieu of the dividing cells in culture, unlike the LAP activity. The results of LAP and chromosome studies together suggest that the defect in CML involves a chromosomal aberration and a defective mechanism for transfer of the genetic message.
The clinical and pathologic aspects of papillomatous disease of the breast: a follow-up study of 97 patients treated by local excision.

Because of the difference of opinion that exists concerning the clinical significance of papillomatous disease of the breast as it relates to cancer and the morphology of the process, viz., papilloma vs . papillomatosis, a follow-up and histologic study was made of 97 patients treated solely by local excision, 57 of whom were followed for 10 to 18 years. This study regards microscopic and macroscopic papillomas as one process. Papillomatous disease is divided into three broad categories: arborescent, solid, and “mixed,” encompassing the terminology used in the British literature. Each of these categories is illustrated and discussed from a morphologic aspect. Of note was the high incidence of bilaterality, the contralateral occurrence of breast cancer, the association of papillomatous disease and lobular carcinoma in situ , as well as the increased risk of developing cancer in women 45 to 65 years of age with papillomatous disease, especially the “mixed” type. Papillomatous disease, like lobular carcinoma in situ , may represent an anatomic response to a carcinogenic stimulus, and it is impossible to predict the type of cancer that will develop—only that it will with increased frequency.
Thiol additions to 1,4-diarylsulfonyl-2 butynes. Stereochemistry of addition and regiospecific eliminations from the adducts

Thiol additions to 1,4-diarylsulfonyl-2-butynes result in stereoselective formation of 1,4-diarylsulfonyl-2-arylthio-2-butenes with a preponderance of the E isomer over the Z. Contrary to the behav...
Yield and quality of cyanobacteria Spirulina maxima in continuous culture in response to sodium chloride

The objective of this article is to determine the yield and chemical composition of the biomass of Spirulina maxima cultures incubated in different concentrations of sodium chloride in steady state.
Researches on the early failure of TP347H and 12Cr1MoV dissimilar steel welded joints

In view of the early failure on TP347H and 12Cr1MoV dissimilar steel welded joints, several tests were performed on the cracked welded joints covering chemical composition, mechanical performance, microhardness and energy spectrum analysis of micro-area chemical analysis, etc.The alloy transference and hardness distribution in the steel joint were found out.Based on the results, the early failure is the low-cycle fatigue failure resulted from the alternate load with larger stress along the weld bond, which is superimposed by the alternate thermal stress in operation and vibration stress inside the boiler tubes.
Dynamic analysis of patients with viral encephalitis by using ARIMA model combined with circle distribution

Objective To dynamically analyze changes of number of patients with viral encephalitis by establishing and applying an autoregressive integrated moving average model(ARIMA)combined with circle distribution.Methods Database of monthly cases of viral encephalitis from Jan.2001 to Dec.2011 was established.Circle distribution analysis was used to verify the peak season.The multiple seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average model,based on model identification was also established and was used to forecast the monthly numbers of cases for 2011.Results Circle distribution analysis showed that most cases appeared in July where it peaked on Jul.28(P0.001).The model was the optimal one with Ljung-Box Q statistic value of 16.628(P=0.342)and Normalized BIC value of 6.590.Conclusions ARIMA model combined with circle distribution analysis is an important method for the analysis of number of patients with viral encephalitis appeared in each month,which also can be used to predict the epidemic trend of the disease.
The second Industrial Revolution at home and abroad

The basis of U.S. global power in the early twentieth century was economic. From the 1890s on, the nation had emerged as the world’s greatest and most competitive player in the marketplace. Fearful Europeans warned of an “American invasion” (an overwhelming offensive of U.S.-made goods and multinationals), long before they worried about the challenge of U.S. military, political, or cultural power. The invasion, moreover, proved deadly not only because of its magnitude but also because it was fueled by a growing crisis inside the United States, which was, ironically, caused by that very economic success. The crisis’s depth and disorder marked a historic turning point in the development of both American capitalism and the American empire. The imperial visions of Seward and others who followed the New Yorker were primarily made real not by “large-policy” officials, bureaucratic processes, public opinion, or frustrated Progressive reformers. Those visions were realized by the architects of the Second Industrial Revolution, such as Andrew Carnegie, John D. Rockefeller, Cyrus McCormick, J. P. Morgan, and E. H. Harriman, who redesigned the productive system. The first Industrial Revolution occurred in late eighteenth-century England, depended on coal, and remained dependent on the old craft system in many respects. The Second Industrial Revolution emerged from new technology produced by inventors such as Alexander Graham Bell and Thomas A. Edison. Certainly electricity profoundly changed the economy’s structure. Until the immediate pre–Civil War years, U.S. producers had only three alternatives for turning out more goods: adding more laborers (difficult because of labor scarcity), redistributing work into area homes (difficult over long distances because of primitive communications), or producing more power by finding more water, wood, animal, coal, or wind sources.
BrF3 Dry Release Technology for Large Freestanding Parylene MEMS

We report here a dry release technology for making large freestanding surface micromachined Parylene MEMS. The technology is a two-step process that combines wet photoresist dissolution with dry silicon etching by bromine trifluoride (BrF3). With photoresist as the sacrificial layer dissolved using acetone, large Parylene MEMS devices can be achieved. A final dry release in BrF3 vapor helps free the devices. For example, we have successfully fabricated freestanding 1-mm-long cantilevers, 2-mm-long bridges, and 2-mm-diameter diaphragms. These structures are suitable for fully integrated MEMS devices such as accelerometers, gyros and microphones.
The gravity dual of Rényi entropy

A remarkable yet mysterious property of black holes is that their entropy is proportional to the horizon area. This area law inspired the holographic principle, which was later realized concretely in gauge-gravity duality. In this context, entanglement entropy is given by the area of a minimal surface in a dual spacetime. However, discussions of area laws have been constrained to entanglement entropy, whereas a full understanding of a quantum state requires Renyi entropies. Here we show that all Renyi entropies satisfy a similar area law in holographic theories and are given by the areas of dual cosmic branes. This geometric prescription is a one-parameter generalization of the minimal surface prescription for entanglement entropy. Applying this we provide the first holographic calculation of mutual Renyi information between two disks of arbitrary dimension. Our results provide a framework for efficiently studying Renyi entropies and understanding entanglement structures in strongly coupled systems and quantum gravity.
Inference on the Effects of Observed Features in Latent Space Models for Networks

The latent space model (LSM) for network data is a generative probabilistic model that combines a generalized linear model with a latent spatial embedding of the network. It has been used to decrease error in the estimation of and inference regarding the effects of observed covariates. In applications of the LSM, it is assumed that the latent spatial embedding can control for unmeasured confounding structure that is related to the values of edges in the network. As far as we know, there has been no research that considers the LSM’s performance in adjusting for unmeasured structure to reduce estimation and inferential errors. We investigate the LSM’s performance via a Monte Carlo study. In the presence of an unmeasured covariate that can be appropriately modeled using a latent space, estimation and inferential error remain high under even moderate confounding. However, the prediction error of the LSM when unmeasured network structure is present is substantially lower in most cases. We conclude that the LSM is most appropriately used for exploratory or predictive tasks.
Impact of Cystectomy on Ovarian Reserve: Review of the Literature

Ovarian cysts are common in the reproductive age. Pathologic cysts such as endometriomas and dermoids often require surgical intervention if symptomatic. Laparoscopic cystectomy is the first-line treatment for these cysts and is associated with better pain control and less recurrence than drainage or cyst ablation procedures. There has been an emerging concern about the effect of ovarian cystectomy on ovarian reserve with some evidence of short-term and long-term reduction in ovarian reserve. Certain cyst characteristics (endometrioma pathology, large cyst size, bilateral presentation) are associated with a greater decline in ovarian reserve after cystectomy. The impact of surgery on ovarian reserve can be minimized by selecting the appropriate surgery for the patient, careful tissue handling, and limited use of electrosurgery. Patients should be counseled on the risks of surgery on reproductive potential, and the management plan should be individualized to the patient's symptoms and reproductive goals.
Assessment of X-point target divertor configuration for power handling and detachment front control

Abstract A study of long-legged tokamak divertor configurations is performed with the edge transport code UEDGE (Rognlien et al., J. Nucl. Mater. 196, 347, 1992). The model parameters are based on the ADX tokamak concept design (LaBombard et al., Nucl. Fusion 55, 053020, 2015). Several long-legged divertor configurations are considered, in particular the X-point target configuration proposed for ADX, and compared with a standard divertor. For otherwise identical conditions, a scan of the input power from the core plasma is performed. It is found that as the power is reduced to a threshold value, the plasma in the outer leg transitions to a fully detached state which defines the upper limit on the power for detached divertor operation. Reducing the power further results in the detachment front shifting upstream but remaining stable. At low power the detachment front eventually moves to the primary X-point, which is usually associated with degradation of the core plasma, and this defines the lower limit on the power for the detached divertor operation. For the studied parameters, the operation window for a detached divertor in the standard divertor configuration is very small, or even non-existent; under the same conditions for long-legged divertors the detached operation window is quite large, in particular for the X-point target configuration, allowing a factor of 5–10 variation in the input power. These modeling results point to possibility of stable fully detached divertor operation for a tokamak with extended divertor legs.
Sequential Investment Decisions

Management must regularly make decisions under conditions of uncertainty that exist because of an inability to forecast the future accurately. More specifically, a firm may be unable to determine the level of demand for some product in the future; it may be unable to predict rivals’ reactions to some particular action of its own; or it may be unable to estimate costs satisfactorily. These conditions of uncertainty are particularly critical when the firm is contemplating an investment in a fixed asset. Therefore, the organizational unit responsible for the original definition of the project may be able to estimate profit potential only within a wide range. In addition, the personnel who provide the impetus necessary to have the project considered may tend to understate certain perceived risks in order to obtain funding. In this institutional context, the top management must face the problem of making a decision on a large investment without adequate knowledge. The most promising approach to decision making in these circumstances is a sequential approach in which the decision in each phase is designed to gather information that is useful for subsequent decisions (Harpaz and Thomadakis 1982).
Endodontic Board Certification: A Review of Factors Affecting the Certification Rate.

Abstract Introduction Board certification identifies clinicians who possess advanced proficiency and expertise within their field. Only 23% of endodontists are board certified (the lowest among all dental specialties). The aim of this study was to determine the factors that influence endodontists' decisions regarding the completion of board certification. Methods A 16-question survey was e-mailed to 5073 US endodontists and residents who are American Association of Endodontists members. Results A total of 1603 endodontists and residents responded, corresponding to an overall response rate of 31.6%. Of those respondents, 73.8% felt board certification was important. Among endodontists, 32% were board certified, 24.4% had plans of becoming board certified, and 43.6% had no plans to become board certified. The most common reasons for not pursuing board certification were “graduated too long ago,” “don't have time,” “process is too long,” and “not required to become an endodontist.” Board-certified endodontists were more likely to believe board certification was important compared with their non–board-certified counterparts (97.5% vs 60.3%, P Conclusions Despite widespread agreement regarding the importance of board certification, a strikingly low percentage of endodontists are board certified. Views provided by endodontists and endodontic residents provide insight that may be used to guide changes that will effectively increase the percentage of board-certified endodontists.
A Survey of RFID Data Processing

Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is a new technology which allows a sensor (reader) to read, from a distance, and without line of sight, a unique product identification code (EPC) associated with a tag. Such tags are very useful in inventory management and logistics, because they can be used in order to track the movement and locations of large volumes of items in a cost effective way. This leads to massive streams of noisy data, which can be used in the context of a variety of data management and event processing algorithms. The use of RFID also has a number of privacy challenges associated with it, because a tag on an item being carried by a person, also becomes a unique location tag for that person. Therefore, methods need to to be designed to increase the privacy and security of RFID technology. This chapter will provide a broad overview and survey of a variety of RFID data management, mining and processing techniques. We will also discuss the privacy and security issues associated with the use of RFID technology.
The Ozone Dilemma: a reference handbook (Contemporary World Issues Series)

Review: The Ozone Dilemma: a reference handbook By David E. Newton Reviewed by Haipeng Li Oberlin College Library, Oberlin College Newton, David E. The Ozone Dilemma: a reference handbook (Contemporary World Issues Series) Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, Inc. 1995. 195 pp. US $39.50 hardcover ISBN: 0-87436-719-0. Recycled, acid-free paper. As part of the ABC-CLIO's award-winning Contemporary World Issues Series, this informative reference book discusses issues and concerns related to the depletion of the earth's ozone -- its cause, impact, and solutions. The book is unique in that it embraces, in one single volume, the main features of the debate on ozone depletion. It successfully provides background information on a number of topics related to this issue, such as an overview of ozone depletion and the role of human- made chemicals in ozone loss. Unlike many other publications on the ozone, most of which are science- oriented and technical, this book focuses on important topics such as potential threats to the ozone layer, additional discoveries, potential effects, and some proposed solutions for ozone depletion. The Ozone Dilemma: a reference handbook is targeted at both specialists and general readers. Also included are the views, opinions, and results from important scientific studies and significant international conferences, as well as different approaches to the proposed solutions for ozone depletion. The book serves as a useful reference tool by summarizing some of the most important events that have taken place in this field over the past two centuries, such as the discovery of ozone in 1840 and the creation of The United Nations Environmental Program (UNEP) in 1972. It also provides brief biographical information on some of the most important figures in the ozone question, such as Mario J. Molina and F. Sherwood Rowland, who together wrote a historic paper in 1974 on the effects of chlorine on ozone in the stratosphere. Current, annotated listings of organizations and resources will further assist readers in their studies. The glossary will help readers who are not familiar with scientific terms; listings of acronyms and abbreviations, and formulas and nomenclature
The Influence of Social Communication Impairments on Gaze in Adolescents with Social Anxiety Disorder.

Adolescents with social anxiety disorder (SAD) often present distorted beliefs related to expected social rejection, coupled with avoidance of social stimuli including interpersonal interactions and others’ gaze. Social communication (SC) deficits, often seen in SAD, may play a role in avoidance of social stimuli. The present study evaluated whether SC impairment uniquely contributes to diminished or heightened attention to social stimuli. Gaze patterns to social stimuli were examined in a sample of 41 adolescents with SAD (12–16 years of age; 68% female). Unexpectedly, no significant relationship was observed between SC impairment and fixation duration to angry or neutral faces. However, SC impairment did predict greater fixation duration to happy faces, after controlling for social anxiety severity [adjusted R 2 = 0.201, F(2, 38) = 4.536, p = 0.018]. Clinical implications are discussed, focusing on the potential utility of targeting SC impairments directly in light of the role of SC difficulties in youth with SAD.
A zero-inflated beta-binomial model for microbiome data analysis

The microbiome is increasingly recognized as an important aspect of the health of host species, involved in many biological pathways and processes and potentially useful as health biomarkers. Taking advantage of high-throughput sequencing technologies, modern bacterial microbiome studies are metagenomic, interrogating thousands of taxa simultaneously. Several data analysis frameworks have been proposed for microbiome sequence read count data and determining the most significant features. However, there is still room for improvement. We introduce a zero-inflated beta-binomial (ZIBB) to model the distribution of microbiome count data and to determine association with a continuous or categorical phenotype of interest. The approach can exploit mean-variance relationships to improve power and adjust for covariates. The proposed method is a mixture model with two components: (i) a zero model accounting for excess zeros and (ii) a count model to capture the remaining component by beta-binomial regression, allowing for overdispersion effects. Simulation studies show that our proposed method effectively controls type I error and has higher power than competing methods to detect taxa associated with phenotype. An R package ZIBBSeqDiscovery is available on R CRAN.
Origin Narratives of the Tibetan Medical Tradition

The three excerpts translated below were selected from two of the earliest sources depicting the origins of medicine in Tibet. Despite their differences in terms of detail, style, and genre, each narrative emphasizes the Buddhist origins of either the Tibetan medical tradition itself, the tradition of canonical Buddhist medicine that was transmitted from India to Tibet, or even the entire field of healing knowledge. Read separately, each narrative promotes a distinct account of the origin and transmission of medical knowledge among mythical, legendary, and historical figures in India and Tibet. Read together, however, these three accounts depict attempts at the reconciliation of several competing narratives that were developing in the medical schools of twelfth- and thirteenth-century Tibet and that continue to affect the representation of the Tibetan medical tradition today.
Why Shouldn't Higher IQ Audit Partners Deliver Better Audits?: A Discussion of Kallunki, Kallunki, Niemi and Nilsson

Kallunki, Kallunki, Niemi, and Nilsson (2018, hereafter KKNN) obtain a comprehensive dataset of cognitive abilities (i.e., intelligence quotient or IQ) for 407 male audit partners in Sweden. They find negative associations between partner IQ and the propensity to make errors in the issuance of going concern opinions and income-increasing discretionary accruals, as well as a positive association between partner IQ and audit fees. KKNN argue that this evidence is consistent with smarter auditors delivering higher quality audits. While the evidence in KKNN may not appear too surprising, I discuss how it advances our understanding of whether individual engagement partner characteristics matter from an audit quality standpoint. This discussion highlights the factors that could strengthen or moderate the relation between partner IQ and audit quality. IQ likely can affect audit quality through several channels, such as a more effective application of prior knowledge, a higher ability to learn, and reduced incentives to shirk. I highlight particularities of KKNN’s setting and show that their evidence probably cannot be directly generalized to publicly traded corporations outside of Sweden. Finally, I provide suggestions for future research.
Variability in surface reverberation observed with a high-frequency obstacle avoidance sonar

Sea-surface reverberation and, in particular, near-surface bubble backscatter, can pose a strong limitation on HF sonar performance. Recent high-frequency obstacle-avoidance sonar measurements showed significant variability in low grazing angle sea-surface reverberation. The sonar used in these sea-trials operated at 90kHz covering a 90-degree angular sector with 128 beams at ranges up to 600 m. It was projected horizontally forward from a ship at a depth of 3.5 m in deep water. The statistics of the background reverberation under Sea-State 3 to 4 conditions were investigated. The time- and spatially averaged background reverberation levels agreed with well-known APL-UW models. However, the instantaneous reverberation amplitudes exhibited non-Rayleigh statistical distributions, in better agreement with log-normal distributions. This variability was attributed to scattering patchiness and surface wave effects.
Low level DUX4 expression disrupts myogenesis through deregulation of myogenic gene expression.

Loss of silencing of the DUX4 gene on chromosome 4 causes facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy. While high level DUX4 expression induces apoptosis, the effects of low level DUX4 expression on human myogenic cells are not well understood. Low levels and sporadic expression of DUX4 have been reported in FSHD biopsy samples and myoblast cultures. Here, we show that a large set of human myogenic genes is rapidly deregulated by DUX4, including MYOD1 and MYF5, which are efficiently repressed even by low, non-toxic levels of DUX4. Human myoblasts modified to express low nontoxic levels of DUX4 were significantly impaired from differentiating into myotubes in vitro. Surprisingly, inhibition of differentiation does not require the transcriptional activation domain, thus is likely a feature of all mammalian DUX genes. DUX4 does not bind near the MYF5 gene, but has a prominent ChIP-seq peak within the MYF5 −118 kb enhancer. We find that when DUX4 binds at this site, it directs enhancer activity towards a nearby transcriptional start site for a noncoding nonfunctional RNA we name DIME (DUX4-induced MYF5 enhancer) transcript. These data highlight the anti-myogenic properties of DUX4 in human myogenic progenitor cells, and provide an example of enhancer disruption in the downregulation of MYF5.
Control of Shoot Meristem Size by an Aminoacyl tRNA Synthetase, OKI1, in Arabidopsis

Abstract In plants, the stem cells that form the shoot system reside within the shoot apical meristem (SAM), which is regulated by feedback signaling between the WUSCHEL (WUS) homeobox protein and CLAVATA (CLV) peptides and receptors. WUS-CLV feedback signaling can be modulated by various endogenous or exogenous factors such as chromatin state, hormone signaling, reactive oxygen species (ROS) signaling and nutrition, leading to a dynamic control of SAM size corresponding to meristem activity. Despite these insights, however, the knowledge of genes that control stem cell fate is still limited, and in particular the regulation by ROS signaling is only beginning to be comprehended. Here, we report a new regulator of SAM size, OKINA KUKI (OKI1), which is expressed in the SAM and encodes a mitochondrial aspartyl tRNA synthetase (AspRS). oki1 mutants display enlarged SAMs with abnormal expression of WUS and CLV3, and overaccumulation of ROS in the meristem. Our findings support the importance of normal AspRS function in the maintenance of the WUS-CLV3 feedback loop and SAM size.
Techniques for the Field Measurement and Analysis of the Orientation of Strata Dipping < 10 degrees

Abstract This chapter describes the field collection and analysis of bedding plane orientation data in areas where strata dip
A mixed methods study to adapt and implement integrated mental healthcare for children with autism spectrum disorder.

There is a critical need for effective implementation of integrated healthcare systems for children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Children with ASD have many service needs, including the need to access effective mental healthcare, given high rates of co-occurring psychiatric conditions. Pediatric primary care is an ongoing point of healthcare that is well positioned to identify mental health concerns and facilitate linkage to mental health services for children with ASD. However, identifying mental health problems in children with ASD by primary care providers is complex, subject to being overlooked and may significantly vary based on primary care organizational characteristics. Efforts targeting integrated primary-mental healthcare implementation require a tailored approach for children with ASD. This mixed methods, community-partnered study will apply the Exploration, Preparation, Implementation, Sustainment (EPIS) framework (Aarons et al., 2011; Moullin et al., in press) to adapt and implement an integrated care model, “Access to Tailored Autism INtegrated Care” (ATTAIN), in pediatric practices within three diverse healthcare settings for children ages 4–18 years. Key inner context factors from the Exploration, Preparation, and Implementation phases of the EPIS framework will guide three objectives of this study: (1) to identify targets to improve mental health screening and linkage to mental health services in primary care for children with ASD, (2) to adapt integrated care procedures to facilitate identification of mental health problems and linkage to evidence-based care for children with ASD, and (3) to examine feasibility, acceptability, and uptake of the adapted integrated mental healthcare model through a pilot study in pediatric primary care. Improving integrated mental healthcare for children with ASD could have a significant public health impact on mental healthcare access, child clinical outcomes, and reduction in healthcare costs. Results from this mixed methods study will inform selection of implementation strategies to conduct larger-scale implementation of tailored integrated mental healthcare for children with ASD that will ultimately help to address the high unmet mental health needs for these children.
A Universal Map Matching Framework Based on Dynamic System and Optimal Control

Map matching is the process of matching a time sequence of location coordinate points into a digital road map. Currently there are different map matching algorithms designed for different types of location data with different frequencies, different accuracies, and different types of additional information that can be used to improve the results. However, there is not yet a universal map matching framework that considers all the map matching criteria and covers all these different scenarios. This paper presents a batch map matching framework that works well for high-frequency, high-accuracy location data and low-frequency low-accuracy location data, and it can consider different types of additional data for data fusion. The map matching problem is formulated as an optimal control problem for a discrete-time domain dynamic system, and the problem can be solved using dynamic programming. This framework will greatly benefit the map matching application development, as the core building blocks for the algorithm are the same for all types of data.
The Case Against Phase-Locked Loops in Weak AC Grids

With increasing deployment of inverter-based sources in microgrids, inverter control methods are constantly being modified and improved. What remains constant, however, is the phase-locked loop (PLL). Regardless of the control technique adopted and the type of microgrid, a PLL is used to synchronize the output PWM signal of the inverter with the main grid or other inverters. But as penetration of inverter-based sources increases and grids become weaker, the impact of PLLs on controller behavior becomes more pronounced. The issues caused by these influences are described in this paper to make a case for finding a solution for inverter synchronization that better fits the needs of inverter-dominated microgrids than PLLs. Simulation results from a study of a low-voltage microgrid supported by parallel inverters are also presented to demonstrate some of these characteristics.
Teachers’ Use and Perceptions of Research-to-Practice Articles

The practitioner journal article has been suggested as a tool to increase teaching professionals’ use of evidence-based educational practices in the classroom. Not much is known about teacher use a...
Is Education Possible Today

Background/ ContextThis article was presented as the Weinberg Lecture at Teachers College, Columbia University, on September 26, 2013. On that occasion the author was formally inducted as the John ...
Investigating the Influence of COVID-Related Worry on University Enrollment Intentions: An Application of the Reasoned Action Model

The current study was designed to investigate the influence of COVID-19-related worry and online learning attitudes on enrollment behavior using the Reasoned Action Model. Participants (N = 246) co...
Moiré physics in twisted van der Waals heterostructures of 2D materials

Artificial moire superlattices are formed by vertically stacking two monolayers of two-dimensional (2D) materials and rotating one of the layers with a finite twist angle. The resultant moire pattern in the twisted heterostructures exhibits periodic length scale larger than that of lattice atoms of the individual layers. Furthermore, the moire pattern is found to control the interlayer hybridization in a twisted bilayer heterostructure creating strongly correlated quantum states. Owing to the moire pattern–introduced interlayer hybridization, several exotic quantum phenomena such as flat bands, moire excitons, surface plasmon polaritons, surface phonon polaritons, surface exciton polaritons, interlayer magnetism, and 2D ferroelectricity are recently found in the engineered materials with additional twist degree of freedom. Here we review some notable advances in moire physics associated with twisted bilayer heterostructures of 2D crystals including (A) flat bands in the twisted bilayer graphene, (B) exciton superlattices in the twisted transition metal dichalcogenides, (C) topological polaritons and photonic superlattices in the twisted 2D metal oxides, (D) interlayer magnetism in the stacked 2D magnetic semiconductors, and (E) ferroelectricity in moire quantum materials. This story-of-twist begins with (1) an introduction to twisted heterostructures, (2) a correlation between van der Waals heterostructures and moire superlattices, (3) how to design and fabricate moire quantum materials, (4) discussion on five emergent quantum phenomena associated with twisted bilayer heterostructures as listed above, and finally (5) what are the challenges in fabrication, characterization, and applications of twisted heterostructures. This review concludes with an outlook pointing toward innovation in large-area design of twisted heterostructures for their potential applications in quantum nanoelectronics, quantum photonics, optoelectronics, quantum computing, nonvolatile memory, quantum emission, and quantum communication. Moire physics of moire quantum materials is a relatively new and extremely exciting area of research. This article provides a general overview of recent advances of moire physics in twisted van der Waals heterostructures of 2D materials.
Photochemical Isomerization Viewed as a Model for Activated Barrier Crossing in Solution

Measurements of the influence of solvent on the rate of photochemical isomerization are described. The results are discussed in terms of models of one-dimensional activated barrier crossing. The possible influence of a frequency dependent friction is suggested for isomerizations with sharp barriers.
Request and Response Analysis Framework for Mitigating Clickjacking Attacks

This paper addresses the detection of clickjacking attacks, which is an emerging web application security issue. The authors propose a web application request and response page analysis framework to detect clickjacking attacks. Their framework considers not only inspects visual features related to frame, JavaScript code pattern in details to match with known attack signatures. The proposed approach is able to detect advanced clickjacking attacks such as cursorjacking, double click, and history object-based attacks. The authors evaluate the proposed approach with a set of legitimate and malicious websites. The results indicate that their approach has low false positive and false negative rates. The overhead imposed by the proposed approach is negligible.
Novel approaches in psychiatric genomics

A central challenge in biomedical research remains identification of genetic factors influencing human behavior and susceptibility to common disease. Recent advances in genotyping technologies, coupled with the fundamental information provided by the Human Genome and International HapMap Projects, permit characterization and analysis of high-density SNP genotype data for thousands of individuals. Using genotype data obtained on the Illumina HumanHap550 SNP platform, for 1000 individuals (in 170 autism multiplex families from Autism Genetic Resource Exchange, 120 HapMap samples and 320 neurologically normal children from Children's Hospital of Philadelphia) we performed a pilot study to identify genetics risk factors for autism susceptibility. Using these data we illustrate that novel statistical and computational biology approaches provide additional insights than can not be observed when using simple association tests. These novel approaches include: a) phylogenetic analysis of population structure; b) pathway-based analysis of genome-wide association data c) selection of variants based on a priori potential to affect phenotypes and d) analysis of copy number variation (CNVs) in autistic and healthy (control) children. In addition, our results demonstrate that high-density SNP genotyping array can be used to detect copy number variants (CNV) at an unprecedentedly high resolution and that regions with a high density of CNVs in many cases correspond to syntenic breakpoints, providing further support for the importance of evolutionary analysis of structural variation to disease and disease susceptibility. This is a joint work with Junhyong Kim (Penn), Mingyao Li (Penn) and Hakon Hakonarson (CHOP).
The generative lexicon

In this paper, I will discuss four major topics relating to current research in lexical semantics: methodology, descriptive coverage, adequacy of the representation, and the computational usefulness of representations. In addressing these issues, I will discuss what I think are some of the central problems facing the lexical semantics community, and suggest ways of best approaching these issues. Then, I will provide a method for the decomposition of lexical categories and outline a theory of lexical semantics embodying a notion of cocompositionality and type coercion, as well as several levels of semantic description, where the semantic load is spread more evenly throughout the lexicon. I argue that lexical decomposition is possible if it is performed generatively. Rather than assuming a fixed set of primitives. I will assume a fixed number of generative devices that can be seen as constructing semantic expressions. I develop a theory of Qualia Structure, a representation language for lexical items, which renders much lexical ambiguity in the lexicon unnecessary, while still explaining the systematic polysemy that words carry. Finally, I discuss how individual lexical structures can be integrated into the larger lexical knowledge base through a theory of lexical inheritance. This provides us with the necessary principles of global organization for the lexicon, enabling us to fully integrate our natural language lexicon into a conceptual whole.
The evolving understanding of the analgesic mechanism of action of flupirtine

What is known and objective Flupirtine is a widely known analgesic drug that is approved for the treatment of acute and chronic pain, particularly musculoskeletal pain. However, it is neither an NSAID nor an opioid. Given pending trials of flupirtine for the treatment of fibromyalgia pain, an understanding of flupirtine's (unique?) mechanism of analgesic action is of both clinical and basic science interest. Our objective was to trace the evolution of the understanding of flupirtine's mechanism of analgesic action to its current status. Methods Information was gathered from various bibliographic sources, such as PubMed and others, and integrated for insight into postulated mechanism(s) of analgesic action of flupirtine. Results and discussion The major site of action of flupirtine appears to be the central nervous system (both spinal and supraspinal). Initial studies suggested involvement of descending adrenergic pathways, followed by a postulated (indirect) action at N-Methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, to the present view of activation of a G-protein regulated inwardly rectifying K(+) (GIRK) ion channel. The mechanism and relative contribution of metabolites (such as the active acetylated moiety) has not been fully defined. What is new and conclusion Flurpirtine might represent a novel class of analgesic agent. As such, it could be useful for the treatment of types of pains normally not amenable to conventional (NSAID or opioid) pharmacotherapy. It could also spawn new avenues of analgesic drug discovery efforts.
Tandem photovoltaic solar cells and increased solar energy conversion efficiency

Tandem photovoltaic cells, as proposed by Jackson (1955) to increase the efficiency of solar energy conversion, involve the construction of a system of stacked p/n homojunction photovoltaic cells composed of different semiconductors. It had been pointed out by critics, however, that the total power which could be extracted from the cells in the stack placed side by side was substantially greater than the power obtained from the stacked cells. A reexamination of the tandem cell concept in view of the development of the past few years is conducted. It is concluded that the use of tandem cell systems in flat plate collectors, as originally envisioned by Jackson, may yet become feasible as a result of the development of economically acceptable solar cells for large scale terrestrial power generation.
New research in local public finance: Introduction

The advantages of decentralized resource allocation mechanisms, long a central focus of the analysis of our private economy, has become a central issue to the study of our public economy as well. Beginning with the pathbreaking papers of Tiebout (1956) and Buchanan (1965), there has developed in the past twenty years an impressive literature examining the efficiency and equity implications of the decentralized, competitive provision of public goods, Given assumptions comparable to those usually required for efficiency in the provision of private goods, it has been shown [Bewley (1981)] that a decentralized economy involving goods with an ‘appropriate degree’ of publicness can provide those goods efficiently without the coordinating guidance of a central government. The required assumptions include: (1) utility-maximizing households who earn exogenous (i.e., endowment) incomes and who are fully informed regarding the quantity, quality and costs of public good production by any supplier; (2) suppliers who can purchase all inputs at competitive market prices and who provide public goods using a common technology which permits a minimum average cost for some finite and sufficiently small number of households; (3) costless relocation by households across suppliers; and (4) no production or consumption externalities across suppliers. In this stylized Tiebout-Buchanan economy, suppliers are local governments or community developers and households select their utility-maximizing levels of public and private goods by locating in their one preferred community. The final allocation gives each household its hreferred
Colon water transport in transgenic mice lacking aquaporin-4 water channels

Transgenic null mice were used to test the hypothesis that water channel aquaporin-4 (AQP4) is involved in colon water transport and fecal dehydration. AQP4 was immunolocalized to the basolateral m...
Legalism and Decisionism in Crisis

In the years since September 11, 2001, scholars have advocated two main positions on the role of law and the proper balance of powers among the branches of government in emergencies. This Article critiques these two approaches - which could be called Legalism and Decisionism - and offers a third way. Debates between Legalism and Decisionism turn on (1) whether emergencies can be governed by prescribed legal norms; and (2) what the balance of powers among the three branches of government should be in emergencies. Under the Legalist approach, legal norms can and should guide governmental response to emergencies, and the executive branch is constrained by law in emergencies. In contrast, under the Decisionist approach, legal norms cannot respond to all emergencies, and therefore the executive branch is and should be the primary decision-maker in emergencies. Legalists emphasize the importance in emergencies of norms, and Decisionists emphasize the importance in emergencies of decisions. This Article shows not only the disagreements between Legalism and Decisionism but also the three key political assumptions that they often share. First, they agree that emergencies trigger a necessity for security measures that may curtail civil liberties. Second, they perceive public enemies as distinct from private enemies. Third, they share the view that the primary goal of the state and its laws is the prevention of future catastrophes. This Article offers an alternative approach, which I call “Humanist Decisionism.” Humanist Decisionism departs from both Legalism and Decisionism in its attempt to replace the prevailing politics of necessity, enmity, and catastrophe with a politics of friendship and hospitality. This approach has normative implications for the desirability of the legal distinction between public and private enemies, for the level of judicial scrutiny regarding the existence of an emergency, and for the possibility of adopting political and legal measures of friendship and hospitality towards the so-called enemy.
Toward Improved Assessment of Sea Lamprey Population Dynamics in Support of Cost-effective Sea Lamprey Management

Cost-effective integrated pest management of sea lampreys requires good assessment information. Assessment of sea lamprey populations is used to inform decisions about which control methods to use, as well as where and when to apply them. Additionally, assessment data are used to evaluate the performance of past management actions. This theme paper identifies key research questions that limit our understanding of sea lamprey population dynamics, as well as the quality of the assessment information currently used to inform management. The discussion is organized by dividing the sea lamprey life history into four stages—spawning, recruitment to age 1, larval, and parasitic—and examining the state of knowledge about population dynamics and assessment for each life stage. For spawning lamprey key research questions include migration timing, mating systems, and factors influencing spawning success. For recruitment to age 1, factors affecting recruitment variation and methods for age determination are critical needs. For larval lampreys, the primary target of control using lampricides, the key questions concern the accuracy of assessment methods used to guide lampricide treatment decisions and the effects of uncertainty on the utility of these methods. For parasitic lampreys, the main questions center on the nature of the host attack process and variation in survival during the parasitic phase. Finally, this review noted that the development of integrated models to evaluate control strategies remains a high priority for research. Because resources available for sea lamprey management are limited, high quality assessment information and good knowledge of sea lamprey population dynamics are key ingredients of a cost-effective control program.