cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Automatic Sleep Arousal Identification From Physiological Waveforms Using Deep Learning

The 2018 PhysioNet Computing in Cardiology Challenge focused on diagnosing sleep disorders, motivated by enabling treatment to alleviate the associated mental and physical health consequences. The dataset consists of 1,985 patients monitored at an MGH sleep laboratory where vital signs were recorded, and arousal regions were annotated by experts. This work presents a deep-learning method to identify sleep arousals. In traditional machine learning, feature extraction is one of the most time-intensive considerations, requiring a great deal of domain expertise and experimentation. In contrast, deep learning techniques automatically learn variable interactions between pairs or groups of signals, and any relevant temporal dependencies. This allows such algorithms to automatically extract sleep patterns from rich physiological time series. The model presented here integrates ideas from several successful deep learning models to construct a multi-channel time-series convolutional-deconvolutional neural network. This network was trained using crossentropy loss, and evaluated on a 20% held-out validation set. Hyper-parameters were selected on the AUPRC metric, and training utilized early stopping to prevent overfitting. The resultant model achieved an AUPRC of 0.369 and an AUROC of 0.855 on the final competition test set.
2019 Frank Stinchfield Award: A comparison of prosthetic joint infection rates between direct anterior and non-anterior approach total hip arthroplasty.

Aims We studied the impact of direct anterior (DA) versus non-anterior (NA) surgical approaches on prosthetic joint infection (PJI), and examined the impact of new perioperative protocols on PJI ra...
The use of electronic nicotine delivery systems during pregnancy and the reproductive outcomes: A systematic review of the literature.

Introduction Use of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) among pregnant women is of great concern. To our knowledge the current literature provides conflicting views regarding the uncertainties of the effects of ENDS use during pregnancy on the health of the fetus. Methods We searched PubMed, CINAHL, and EMBASE, for the period 2007 to October 2017 for terms to identify publications on ENDS use during pregnancy and the reproductive outcomes. We updated the search for the period November 2017 to November 2018 using Ovid Medline. We obtained full text of articles and present a summary of the contents. Results We found no studies of pregnant women exposed to ENDS use and its effect on their fetus or neonates. However, there is a growing body of experimental studies in animals that suggest that nicotine in ENDS alters DNA methylation, induces birth defects, reduces the birth weight, and affects the development of the heart and lungs of their offspring. A large population-based cohort study in the United States estimated that 5% of pregnant women were current ENDS users in 2014; most of them also smoked cigarettes. Surveys conducted among practitioners indicate that there is a need to screen and counsel pregnant women. Systematic reviews and meta-analysis of studies of women who used smokeless tobacco during pregnancy suggest that prenatal nicotine alone is a risk factor for low birth weight, premature delivery, and stillbirth. Conclusions There were no previous studies assessing the reproductive effects of ENDS use during pregnancy. However, prenatal exposure to nicotine is known to be harmful to the fetus and the pregnancy.
Finite Element Based Optimal Commutation Under Multiple Objective Functions for Magnetically Uncoupled Linear Variable Reluctance Motors with Different Airgap Geometries

Optimal commutation of magnetically uncoupled linear variable reluctance motors depends on their geometry and phase current limits. When subjected to the same phase current limits, tooth geometry differences in these motors lead to significant differences in their maximum force output. This is true for various objectives to maximize force or minimize copper losses with or without constraints on the amount of force ripple. This study uses a finite element data based nonlinear model of a group of linear variable reluctance motors with magnetically uncoupled ux paths to determine the optimal commutation for each motor design that would achieve a specified objective function. Varying tooth widths at constant tooth pitch distinguish the motors in the study. Force ripple is measured by the 2-norm of the force ripple waveform. The results presented provide a basis for identifying which motor tooth geometries are more favorable given an intended application, be that an application where force ripple is tolerated, constant force (minimum ripple) is necessary or copper loss minimization is most important. A subset of tooth geometry shapes is identified as generally favorable, and a new expression for tooth shape factor is introduced to help in analysis and design studies by constraining choices from the range of feasible tooth geometries to this favorable subset.
Third-party vessel allografts in kidney and pancreas transplantation: Utilization, de novo DSAs, and outcomes.

Third-party vascular allografts (VAs) are an invaluable resource in kidney and pancreas transplantation when vascular reconstruction is needed and additional vessels from the organ donor are not available. We report the largest single-center experience to date on VA use, at a high-volume U.S. transplant center. Over a 7-year period, VAs were used for vascular reconstruction of 65 kidneys and 5 pancreases, in 69 recipients. The renal vein required reconstruction more often with right kidney transplantation (72.5% vs 27.5%, P < .001), and the renal artery required reconstruction more often with left kidney transplantation (67.6% vs 32.4%, P = .003). Eleven patients (15.9%) developed anti-VA de novo HLA donor-specific antibodies (dnDSAs) at a median time after transplantation of 19.0 months. Higher number of HLA mismatches between the VA donor and the recipient, and development of anti-organ allograft dnDSAs were significant predictors of anti-VA dnDSA development. Those with anti-VA dnDSAs had a higher rate of organ allograft rejection (45.4% vs 13.8%, P = .03) compared to those without, but there was no significant difference in incidence of vascular complications or graft outcomes. VAs can help circumvent challenging surgical situations. Anti-VA dnDSAs do not adversely affect organ allograft outcomes; however, they can contribute to HLA sensitization in the recipients.
Weight discordant siblings’ ability to reduce energy intake at a meal as compensation for prior energy intake from sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs):

Background:Insufficient compensation for energy from sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) consumed prior to meals may promote greater overall energy intake. If so, ability to compensate for prior energ...
Levels in U 239

Thirty-seven levels have been observed in $^{239}\mathrm{U}$ up to an excitation energy of 1692 keV with 12-MeV deuterons and the reaction $^{238}\mathrm{U}(d,p)^{239}\mathrm{U}$. The ground-state $Q$ value was determined as 2579\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}7 keV. A germanium detector, operated as a pair spectrometer for high-energy capture gamma rays and as a total-energy anticoincidence spectrometer for low-energy gamma rays, has been used to measure 27 high-energy transitions between 3150 and 4850 keV and 27 low-energy transitions between 490 and 900 keV. Analysis of the combined data suggests fairly definite assignments for 13 states below 373 keV. The presence of the 152-neutron energy gap is clearly indicated by the absence of states between 373 and 692 keV. From 692 keV upward, nine additional tentative assignments are made. The spectroscopic assignments are [band-head energy (keV) in parenthesis, followed by spin, parity, and (in brackets) asymptotic quantum numbers]: (ground state), $\frac{5}{2}+[622]$ with superimposed rotational band to 11/2+; (133),\textonehalf{}+[631] with rotational band to $\frac{9}{2}+$; (\ensuremath{\sim}173), $\frac{7}{2}+[624]$ with rotational band to 13/2+; (692), \textonehalf{}+[620] with rotational band to $\frac{5}{2}+$, and (742),\textonehalf{}-[761] with anomalous rotational spacings to 11/2-. A table of ${C}_{j,l}$ values for deformation $\ensuremath{\beta}$ of 0.20, 0.25, and 0.30 is presented in the Appendix for all Nilsson orbitals of interest in the actinide region. The relative intensities or signatures of the bands are found for the most part to be in good agreement with theory. Absolute magnitudes are a factor of 2 too high. This discrepancy is ascribed to Coulomb stripping effects.
The Crossroads: Selling Your Soul for Rock n' Roll

The allure of rock n’ roll is born of mystique and fantasy, and rock helps fans channel their affective needs, making it an accessible forum to build identity and connect with others. Music has als...
591-P: Glucose Dynamics during OGTT Identify Metabolic Subphenotypes in Individuals with Glucose Dysregulation

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a heterogeneous disorder, with a complex physiologic basis. Muscle insulin resistance, beta-cell dysfunction, and impaired incretin effect may be present to differing degrees. Identifying the underlying physiology of glucose dysregulation in a given individual would allow for tailored treatment. We hypothesized that glucose dynamics (i.e., glucotypes) during a frequently-sampled 3-hour OGTT could identify the underlying pathophysiology of glucose dysregulation. If true, glucotypes from OGTT and/or continuous glucose monitoring devices may extend current diagnostic approaches for T2D by defining the dominant metabolic subphenotype. A total of 33 participants underwent gold-standard metabolic tests including: OGTT with blood sampled every 5-10 min for 180 min with c-peptide deconvolution, isoglycemic intravenous glucose infusion (IIGI), and modified insulin suppression test (IST), to quantify beta-cell function, incretin effect, and insulin resistance. Glucotypes were constructed from a time series with glucose values from the OGTT. Missing timepoints were imputed using cubic smoothing splines. Each series was Z-normalized to focus on the shape of the curve rather than the amplitude. Singular value decomposition was performed and the first two principal components were used in cluster analysis, and related to gold-standard metabolic tests. Cluster analysis of glucose dynamics variables revealed 2 separable clusters identifying individuals classified as insulin resistant or sensitive based on IST. Beta-cell dysfunction was also distinguishable by cluster analysis. Although impaired incretin effect status was identified using the deconvolution of the c-peptide from the OGTT and IISI, it was not clearly separable through glucotypes. Glucotypes may be used to identify metabolic subphenotypes in glucose-dysregulated states, with the potential to personalize treatment approaches that address the dominant physiologic defect. Disclosure A. A. Metwally: None. D. Perelman: None. H. Park: None. A. Celli: None. T. Mclaughlin: Board Member; Self; January, Inc. M. Snyder: Research Support; Self; Fitbit, Inc., Stock/Shareholder; Self; January, Inc., Qbio. Funding National Institutes of Health (5R01DK110186-02); Precision Health and Integrated Diagnostics Center at Stanford
Transformative transportation survey methods: Enhancing household transportation survey methods for hard-to-reach populations

Abstract This study utilizes explores the challenges that hard-to-reach populations face in completing household activity surveys. We draw on qualitative data from hard-to-reach populations regarding the limits of the Oregon Household Activity Survey and find evidence that the survey methods lack social, cultural, and linguistic applicability for Black, Indigenous and other people of color, as well as low-income populations. We argue that Oregon’s household travel survey prioritizes certain ways of understanding and experiencing mobility that are, by default, exclusionary. We conclude in sharing insights regarding how we might enhance data collection efforts. Broader efforts for transportation equity (and ultimately towards transportation justice) cannot be achieved when the data used to inform transportation planning fails to accurately reflect all populations.
Whole-brain steady-state CEST at 3 T using MR Multitasking.

PURPOSE To perform fast 3D steady-state CEST (ss-CEST) imaging using MR Multitasking. METHODS A continuous acquisition sequence with repetitive ss-CEST modules was developed. Each ss-CEST module contains a single-lobe Gaussian saturation pulse, followed by a spoiler gradient and eight FLASH readouts (one "training line" + seven "imaging lines"). Three-dimensional Cartesian encoding was used for k-space acquisition. Reconstructed CEST images were quantified with four-pool Lorentzian fitting. RESULTS Steady-state CEST with whole-brain coverage was performed in 5.6 s per saturation frequency offset at the spatial resolution of 1.7 × 1.7 × 3.0 mm3 . The total scan time was 5.5 min for 55 different frequency offsets. Quantitative CEST maps from multipool fitting showed consistent image quality across the volume. CONCLUSION Three-dimensional ss-CEST with whole-brain coverage can be done at 3 T within 5.5 min using MR Multitasking.
- ScPKA: cAMP-dependent PK (S. cerevisiae)

The chapter focuses on ScPKA cAMP-dependent PK . In Saccharomyces cerevisiae , Ras proteins activate adenylyl cyclase. Three genes (TPK1, TPK2, and TPK3) encode catalytic subunits, while BCYl encodes the regulatory subunit of ScPKA. Yeast strains carrying deletions of all three TPK genes grow very slowly but are not completely inviable, a phenotype indistinguishable from that resulting from deletion of the gene encoding adenylyl cyclase, CYR1. The yeast PKAs mediate cellular responses to various extracellular stimuli, including nutrients and heat shock. Both Bcyl and the Tpk proteins exhibit substantial homology to their mammalian counterparts. Genetic studies suggest that Tpk 1–3 are functionally redundant. Bcyl appears to be the sole regulatory subunit and, like its mammalian counterparts, is a dimer.
ALLOY PHASE STABILITY CRITERIA.

The electron pairing theory1–3 combined with the postulate that the simple, most common metallic structures are controlled by one, two or three outer electrons, as proposed by the author,4 enables the metallurgist to understand and predict phase formation in many alloy systems on an empirical basis. Brewer5,6 has used this approach to make extensive surveys of transition metal systems, and Brewer type diagrams may be helpful in predicting unknown alloy phases and phase diagrams. In this paper the theories mentioned above will be applied to phase diagrams of the transition elements with elements of the second period, and to compound formation in general.
The Depression of 1873-1879: An Austrian Perspective

This paper analyzes the period 1867-79 in American economic history from an "Austrian" perspective. The post-Civil War boom, the Panic of 1873, and the subsequent downturn are investigated in light of Austrian Business Cycle Theory (ABCT) and its structure of production framework. This paper shows how recent legislation allowed for monetary inflation and a boom to develop that inevitably turned into a bust. However, since the federal government pursued a policy of relative laissez faire, the economy successfully recovered. Consequently, there was no prolonged depression in the 1870s.
On the Duality Between Or-parallelism and And-parallelism in Logic Programming

Or-parallelism and And- parallelism have often been considered as two distinct forms of parallelism with not much in common. The purpose of this paper is to highlight the inherently dual nature of the two forms of parallelism and the similarities that exist between them. The dualities and similarities observed are then exploited for gaining new insights into the design, implementation, and optimization of and- and or-parallel systems. The ideas developed in this paper are illustrated with the help of ACE system-a parallel Prolog system incorporating both and- and or-parallelism.
On the Reduction Theory for Average Case Complexity

This is an attempt to simplify and justify the notions of deterministic and randomized reductions, an attempt to derive these notions from (more or less) first principles.
The Synthesis of Isoquinolines by the Pomeranz‐Fritsch Reaction

Acid-catalyzed cyclization of benzalaminoacetal results in the formation of the isoquinoline nucleus. This reaction, first reported by Pomeranz and Fritsch, has been used in the synthesis of a variety of isoquinoline compounds. The process is carried out in two stages. In step one, a condensation leads to the benzalaminacetal. In step two, a ring closure leads to the isoquinoline. An alternative route involves the condensation of the corresponding benzylamine witth glyoxal semiacetal. The yield of isoquinoline products varies widely. The Pomeranz-Fritsch synthesis offers the possibility of preparing isoquinolines with the substituent groups in an orientation difficult to achieve with other methods. Keywords: Pomeranz-Fritsch reaction; isoquinolines; cyclization; Schiff base; acetals; glyoxyl semiacetal; experimental procedures
The effects of hydration on the target to background ratio in bone scintigraphy

2201 Objectives The aim of this study was to determine if there is a significant effect on the target to background ratio in bone scintigraphy, with varying degrees of hydration, and to try and find a threshold level of hydration which will produce maximum image quality. Pervious research indicates that hydration may not be essential in obtaining high quality images and excessive hydration might not increase the target to background ratio significantly. Methods After injection patients were instruct to prepare for their scans in accordance with the BIDMC protocol for bone scans. The patients were instructed to drink fluids during the time between injections and scan, and when they returned for a scan they were shown a cup and asked to quantify how many cups they drank. Equal size regions of interest were drawn over the hip region to determine the number of ROI counts in the bone as well as the soft tissue. For analysis and comparison patients were grouped according to sex and age. Results ROI counts were not significantly different based on degree of hydration alone. In most cases patients who hydrated significantly more than another age and sex matched patient did not have a scan of significantly better quality. Conclusions Hydration helps in soft tissue clearance of bone imaging agents, but only minimal amounts of hydration are required. Other factors such as age and general metabolic rate are more important in producing scans of high quality as compared to hydration alone.
Intravenous omeprazole in patients with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome undergoing surgery

Twenty patients with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome who were undergoing surgery were studied prospectively to assess the efficacy and safety of IV omeprazole. During the preoperative period, in 19 of 20 patients, omeprazole 60 mg administered as an IV bolus every 12 hours inhibited acid output to less than 5 mEq/h measured in the last hour before the next dose of drug. In one patient, acid output was 25 mEq/h 12 hours after omeprazole, 60 mg, and increasing the dose to 100 mg every 12 hours reduced acid output to less than 5 mEq/h. During the operative and postoperative periods, IV omeprazole controlled gastric acid hypersecretion in all patients for up to 15 days. During this time, all patients received the dose determined preoperatively. No patient developed any clinical, hematological, or biochemical toxicity that could be attributed to omeprazole therapy during the preoperative or postoperative period. The present study demonstrates that omeprazole administered by IV bolus is safe and effective for controlling gastric acid hypersecretion. In contrast to IV histamine H2-receptor antagonists, IV omeprazole has the advantages of not requiring continuous infusion or postoperative dose adjustments. Intravenous omeprazole will become the drug of choice in patients with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome undergoing surgery.
Estimating Cycle Time In Complex Job Shops

The development of Little's Law has been shown to give relatively precise and replicable estimates of the true cycle time in a variety of production (or network queuing) systems. The majority of the work performed using Little's Law has been done with queuing systems involving single products and single operations. However many queuing systems, such as semiconductor fabrication, are much more complex and involve several products with hundreds of operations. In this paper we compare the expected cycle time as computed by Little's Law to the actual cycle time determined from simulation analysis in a single and multiple product, multiple operation semiconductor fabrication system (a network queue environment). It was found that under simple environments, Little's Law works well. However, in complex job shop processes, such as semiconductor manufacturing, it does not. Factors that cause Little's Law to break down and the factors that are required to accurately estimate cycle time in complex job shops are addressed.
Developmental biologist Eric H. Davidson, 1937–2015

Eric H. Davidson, a world leader in developmental biology, demonstrated that most of development is, indeed, regulated by the genome. He was a pioneer researcher and theorist of the gene regulatory networks that execute the most complex biological processes, such as the cascade of molecular mechanisms that transform a single-celled egg into a complex creature. He insisted that the seemingly infinite details of classical developmental biology had to be explained in terms of the function of DNA sequences inherited in the genome, and showed how genomic information is used to initiate and drive forward development. His work emphasized a quantitative understanding of the biological mechanisms and the logic functions encoded in genetic networks, and focused on the question of how the genomic DNA could encode not only protein sequences but also the complex “software” needed for differentiating a myriad of cell types in the right places and proportions to make complex animals. He authored six books, ranging from his classic 1968 monograph, Gene Activity in Early Development, to his final book, Genomic Control Process: Development and Evolution (coauthored with Isabelle Peter), published this year.
Comparison of Observations from a Laboratory Model with Stochastic Theory: Initial Analysis of Hydraulic and Tracer Experiments

Hydraulic and tracer tests were conducted in a flow cell containing a mixture of sediments designed to mimic a two-dimensional, log-normally distributed, second-order stationary, exponentially correlated random conductivity field. With 60 integral scales in the direction of mean flow and 25 integral scales perpendicular to this direction, behavior of flow and transport in the interior of the flow cell can be compared directly with stochastic solutions for flow and transport. Using 144 piezometers and 361 platinum electrodes, the distribution of hydraulic head and the concentrations of an ionic tracer could be monitored in substantial detail. The present discussion presents the details of the experimental equipment. Results and initial analysis of hydraulic measurements and characterization of a two-dimensional tracer plume are also presented. Analysis using first-order hydraulic theory shows that the flow through the medium was consistent with an effective conductivity equal to the geometric mean of the conductivity distribution. Further, the semivariogram of head increments as observed in the experimental results was consistent with the semivariogram predicted by theory. The chemical transport experiments are here compared with the early solutions presented by Dagan (1984, 1987). The observed rate of longitudinal spread of two tracer plumes was slightly less than that predicted using this theory. Further, the spread in the transverse dimension was observed to decline from the initial plume dimensions and then remain constant or increase slightly, but at a rate lower than predicted by the theory. The difference between the hydraulic and transport results is believed to be related to the fact that the hydraulic results were averaged over a very large portion of the flow cell such that ergodic conditions could be assumed. In contrast, the initial geometry of the plume covered only approximately five integral scales in the transverse direction such that the validity of the assumption of ergodic conditions must be questioned in the analysis of results for the chemical transport.
Insights Into Genome Differentiation: Pheromone-Binding Protein Variation and Population History in the European Corn Borer (Ostrinia nubilalis)

Examination of sequence variation at nuclear loci can give insights into population history and gene flow that cannot be derived from other commonly used molecular markers, such as allozymes. Here, we report on sequence variation at a single nuclear locus, the pheromone-binding protein (PBP) locus, in the European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis). The European corn borer has been divided into three races in New York State on the basis of differences in pheromone communication and life history. Previous allozyme data have suggested that there is a small but significant amount of genetic differentiation between these races. The PBP does not appear to be involved in the pheromone differences between these races. Examination of variation at the PBP locus in the three races reveals no fixed differences between races despite high levels of polymorphism. There also appears to have been considerable recombination in the history of the pheromone-binding protein alleles. Observation of both recombination between alleles and lack of significant nucleotide or insertion/deletion divergence between races leads us to suggest that these populations are either recently diverged or have continued to exchange genetic material subsequent to divergence in pheromone communication and life history.
Reconfigurable systems: A generalization of reconfigurable computational strategies for space systems

Space may be the final frontier for the application of reconfigurable technologies. With the successful adoption of anti-fuse FPGAs in a number of spacecraft systems and improved knowledge and mitigation options for single-event phenomena, interest in exploiting reconfigurable (SRAM-based) FPGAs is growing. use is controversial, as the same features that provide seemingly unbounded flexibility may also be viewed as a risk factor. Fault detection and containment approaches, combined with sufficiently robust configuration setting and checking approaches, will provide greater confidence in the use of reconfigurable digital systems for a growing class of applications in space systems, which stand to benefit most from the ability to focus and reshape silicon (or other semiconductor) resources. The ability to reconfigure digital systems at varying degrees of granularity open exciting possibilities and suggests a natural extension of a DoD roadmap that has largely been based on fixed silicon. But relegating more digital functionality in systems to a malleable form is only a first step in a much larger possibility space. Beyond digital, approaches to reconfigure electronics in analog, microwave, and power electronic domains are emerging, leading to a more "totalistic" view of a reconfigurable system. This presentation will review a number of approaches, from software radios and chalcogenide-based neural networks, all of which offer to expand access of more electrical functionality to the direct influence of software or algorithmic thought processes, which could be implemented both autonomously and by remote control. The implications of the fully reconfigurable spacecraft are staggering, and an aggressive, open systems protocol is suggested for the 21st century. Finally, the issue of a hierarchy in adaptive systems is addressed. Systems can be considered fixed or adaptive, and the nature and extent of adaptive-ness can be at least qualitatively described. When a system has the trait of adaptive functionality, then a number of mechanisms for exploiting it can be suggested, ranging from the traditional off-line compilation of an FPGA bitstream to the more intriguing possibility of systems capable of self-organizing, even self-compiling a part of its inherent structure. This talk will propose a hierarchy of reconfigurable systems approaches.
Translocation breakpoint mapping: Molecular and cytogenetic studies of chromosome 22

Abstract A number of clinically significant human diseases are associated with rearrangements of chromosome #22. These include the t(9;22) of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), the t(8;22) of Burkitt's lymphoma (BL), the t(11;22)(q23;q11) constitutional rearrangement and the t(11;22) of Ewing's sarcoma (ES) and neuroepithelioma (NE). All of these translocations have breakpoints in 22q11. Using a molecular cytogenetic approach and various cloned portions of the lambda light chain gene as probe, we have assigned a linear order within 22q11 to these breakpoints. Using chromosomal in situ hybridization we have determined that the 22q11 breakpoint in BL2, a t(8;22) Burkitt's lymphoma is proximal to the breakpoint of the t(9;22) of CML. We have demonstrated that the 22q11 breakpoint of PA682, another t(8;22) BL cell line, interrupts the lambda light chain locus. Using a combination of variable and constant region probes and PA682 cells, we have shown that the lambda light chain locus is oriented such that Vλ is proximal to Cλ in 22q11. Our results for the constitutional t(11;22) indicate that the 22q11 breakpoint is distal to that of BL, proximal both to that of CML and ES and, in addition, it interrupts the Cλ gene cluster. Our studies of the 22q11 breakpoint of the t(11;22) of ES and NE suggest that they are the most distal of the breakpoints we studied on chromosome #22.
Cognitive Maps: Encoding and Decoding Information

The experiences of learning a city by direct experience or navigating through it and studying a map of it provide people with different types of spatial information. Navigation is thought to provid...
Introducing project management theory into a capstone design sequence

The capstone design sequence in the Electrical Engineering Program at Western Kentucky University is a two semester sequence. Student teams design and execute a solution to an industrial or applied research problem during the academic year. In order to improve the capstone sequence, project management techniques have been introduced into this sequence. These techniques include acquainting students with project management theory and teaching students to manage the projects more effectively. This paper will present the basic structure of the sequences, discuss the assessment results which led to this new focus in the sequences, describe the project management techniques incorporated into the courses, and explain the impact the new emphasis has had on the capstone design sequence.
Access and surgical approach to the isolated intranasal basal cell carcinoma

Summary Primary intranasal basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is a rare tumour that presents a therapeutic challenge. Here we present two cases illustrating the lateral alarotomy to gain access to an isolated BCC involving only the intranasal lining. Successful intranasal access was achieved in both cases using the alarotomy technique. We also review other methods of repair for the isolated intranasal lining defect. The presentation of intranasal BCC purely as an isolated entity without cutaneous involvement is rare, and our surgical approach via alarotomy allows optimum visibility for tumour resection.
Effect of unsignaled delays between stimuli in a chain schedule on responding and resistance to change

Behavioral momentum theory is an evolving theoretical account of the strength of behavior. One challenge for the theory is determining the role of signal stimuli in determining response strength. This study evaluated the effect of an unsignaled delay between the initial link and terminal link of a two-link chain schedule on resistance to change using a multiple schedule of reinforcement. Pigeons were presented two different signaled delay to reinforcement schedules. Both schedules employed a two-link chain schedule with a variable interval 120-s initial link followed by a 5-s fixed time terminal link schedule. One of the schedules included a 5-s unsignaled delay between the initial link and the terminal link. Resistance to change was assessed with two separate disruption procedures: extinction and adding a variable time 20-s schedule of reinforcement to the inter-component interval. Baseline responding was lower in the schedule with the unsignaled delay but resistance to change for the initial link was unaffected by the unsignaled delay. The results suggest that not all unsignaled delays are equal in their effect on resistance to change.
Rheo-optical study of magnetic particle orientation under external fields

Abstract The orientation distribution of magnetic particle suspensions subjected to external magnetic and hydrodynamic fields is of considerable practical interest as it relates to the manufacture of particulate recording media. Polarization modulated linear dichroism, a non-invasive optical technique developed in recent years for studying suspension microrheology, is adopted in this paper to investigate the orientational ordering in ethylene glycol suspensions of rod-like γ-Fe2O3, and plate-like barium ferrite particles subjected to applied magnetic fields up to 2000 Oe. Particle concentrations range from a volume fraction φ of 10−5 to 10 −4, which is hydrodynamically but not magnetically dilute. Linear dichroism measurements /LDmax (where LDmax is the dichroism at uniaxial alignment), which reflect the degree of particle alignment about the field axis, are shown to be sensitive indicators of particle magnetic interactions (Δn″ vs. φ), of the effects of particle intrinsic magnetic properties (Δn″ vs. the coercivity Hc), of the effects of particle shape (γ-Fe2O3 vs. barium ferrite), and of qualitative microstructural changes during suspension aging. A scaling theory for uniaxial single domain systems is presented, which qualitatively reproduces the observed φ, Hc and shape dependences of the order parameter deduced from the data. The theory modifies the classical Debye—Langevin approach to paramagnetism by including magnetic anisotropy. Finally, we report preliminary observations which suggest an empirical equivalence between the magnitude of independently applied hydrodynamic and magnetic fields required to produce a suspension order for these particle systems.
Reduction of faecal coliform, coliform and heterotrophic plate count bacteria in the household kitchen and bathroom by disinfection with hypochlorite cleaners

Fourteen sites evenly divided between the household kitchen and bathroom were monitored on a weekly basis for numbers of faecal coliforms, total coliforms and heterotrophic plate count bacteria. The first 10 weeks comprised the control period, hypochlorite cleaning products were introduced into the household during the second 10 weeks, and a strict cleaning regimen using hypochlorite products was implemented during the last 10 weeks. The kitchen was more heavily contaminated than the bathroom, with the toilet seat being the least contaminated site. The highest concentrations of all three classes of bacteria were found on sites that were moist environments and/or were frequently touched; these included the sponge/dishcloth, the kitchen sink drain area, the bath sink drain area, and the kitchen faucet handle(s). The implementation of a cleaning regimen with common household hypochlorite products resulted in the significant reduction of all three classes of bacteria at these four sites and other household sites.
Factors relating to frequency of breast self-examination among low-income Mexican American women. Implications for nursing practice

This descriptive study of low-income Mexican American women examined the central role of self-efficacy, or perceived capacity to perform a given activity, as it related to the frequency of breast self-examination (BSE), an important health practice for the early detection of breast cancer. Previous studies document the importance of self-efficacy as a predictor of health status, preventive self-care, and disease self-management. In turn, social support from others is a factor relating to self-efficacy. For Mexican Americans, previous research substantiates English language proficiency and barriers to access of health care as other predictors of compliance with recommended health care behaviors. Using bivariate correlations and analysis of variance, the findings revealed a strong relationship between self-efficacy and frequency of BSE. Neither social support nor barriers to health care had a significant effect on self-efficacy or frequency of BSE. The effects of English language proficiency are indirect and mediated by self-efficacy. This paper describes how these findings can be applied to the clinical practice goal of facilitating consistent and correct usage of BSE in the Mexican American community.
The Myth of Meritocracy:Career Failure in the U.S.

Falling From Grace: The Experience of Downward Mobility in the American Middle Class. Katherine S. Newman. (The Free Press: New York, 1988)
A nutrient medium for diverse applications and tissue growth of plant species in vitro

The basal salt formulation of a medium is a vital but often overlooked component in many in vitro applications, as it regulates the growth and morphology of plant tissues by providing essential nutrients. The MS and B5 formulations are the two most widely used basal media, yet they are suboptimal for many species. The objective of this study was to evaluate the BDS (modified B5) basal salt formulation for in vitro growth and development using rice, maize, soybean, cotton, onion, tobacco, muscadine, raspberry, and gerbera daisy as test species. The responses measured for each species included callus growth (biomass production), plant regeneration, micropropagation rate, hairy root growth, and production of secondary metabolites. BDS was compared to MS, B5, and BABI, a high-calcium version of BDS (440 mg/l CaCl2). For the majority of the species and responses measured, the results obtained with BDS and/or BABI were equal to or better than those obtained with MS or B5. Because of the wide range of plant species and in vitro systems included in this study, we conclude that BDS—or simple variations of BDS, such as BABI—are better balanced for a variety of uses in plant biotechnology, research, and production systems than either MS or B5.
Temperature effects on metabolic rate and torpor in southern forest bats (Vespadelus regulus)

I measured the metabolic rate (MR) of four male southern forest bats (Vespadelus regulus; 5.5 g) exposed to a diurnal increase in air temperature (Ta) from 13 to 26°C, simulating conditions in natural tree roosts. Three bats remained in torpor throughout the day, despite the rise in Ta, whereas one bat aroused at a Ta of 25.2°C and was normothermic for 108 min until re-entering torpor when Ta declined in the afternoon. All bats aroused shortly after lights off. Torpid MR increased exponentially with rising Ta, yet even at 26°C remained only 16% of minimum resting MR at the same Ta. Rest-phase energy expenditure (12 h), including the estimated cost of an evening arousal, ranged from 0.62 to 1.23 kJ. Thus, torpor provides these small bats with an enormous reduction in energy consumption even at Ta close to their thermoneutral zone.
Energy Restriction Negates NMDA Receptor Antagonist Efficacy in Ischemic Stroke

Preclinical evaluation of drugs for neurological disorders is usually performed on overfed rodents, without consideration of how metabolic state might affect drug efficacy. Using a widely employed mouse model of focal ischemic stroke, we found that that the NMDA receptor antagonist dizocilpine (MK-801) reduces brain damage and improves functional outcome in mice on the usual ad libitum diet, but exhibits little or no therapeutic efficacy in mice maintained on an energy-restricted diet. Thus, NMDA receptor activation plays a central role in the mechanism by which a high dietary energy intake exacerbates ischemic brain injury. These findings suggest that inclusion of subjects with a wide range of energy intakes in clinical trials for stroke may mask a drug benefit in the overfed/obese subpopulation of subjects.
The tale of two oaths: Inaugural gaffes, technical memories, and Presidential Investiture

This essay examines memory strategies of the Obama Administration in the days immediately after the President's gaffe-laden 2009 oath of office. Inaugurals are significant legal and symbolic moments in American memory. However, Obama's gaffe troubled the legal and symbolic memories of the first oath, forcing Obama to retake the oath a second time. In an attempt to modify these rhetorical challenges, I argue the Obama administration sought to minimize the second oath by refiguring it as a technical memory that concerned only a narrow group of legal experts. In doing so, the administration was able to preserve the symbolic power of the first inaugural oath, while muting questions of presidential investiture.
Effect of subacute low level dietary sodium arsenite on dogs.

Abstract Thirty female beagle dogs, 7 to 8 months old, were assigned to five groups. Control, low dosage, medium dosage, high dosage, and pair-fed groups were offered 0, 1, 2, 4, and 0 mg of sodium arsenite per killigram of body weight per day (mg/kg/day), respectively, in their feed. On Day 59, the dosage was doubled for the rest of the experiment, which ended on Day 183. Nominal dosages of 4 and 8 mg/kg/day caused a significant decrease in feed consumption. The initial decreased feed consumption was followed by increased intake over time. Nominal dosages of 4 and 8 mg/kg/day caused a significant decrease in body weight. Body weight loss of high dosage and pair fed groups were not significantly different. Serum aspartate aminotransferase was elevated in dogs exposed to 4 and 8 mg/kg/day of sodium arsenite. Serum alanine aminotransferase was elevated in dogs exposed to 2, 4, and 8 mg/kg/day. No gross or light microscopic lesions were present in the liver of any group. This study shows that dietary sodium arsenite causes a dose-dependent decrease of feed consumption and body weight. Weight loss is caused by decreased feed consumption, not by the direct effect of the sodium arsenite.
Viral hepatitis: A, B, C, D, and E--prevention.

The article in the June 1992 issue of Pediatrics in Review included a detailed discussion of the etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, course, complications, epidemiology, and prognosis of hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. This second section reviews prevention and treatment of these infections. Prevention of Hepatitis A GENERAL MEASURES Procedures designed to prevent fecaloral spread of hepatitis A virus should be used for control. These include scrupulous handwashing, proper sterilization of food utensils, fly abatement, and exclusion of potentially infectious food handlers. Although close contact is the most common mode of transmission, common source epidemics stemming from contaminated food, milk, and water supplies may occur. PASSIVE IMMUNIZATION Postexposure prophylaxis with standard immune globulin is recommended for all individuals who have had intimate exposure to a person with the disease. Immune globulin also is indicated for persons living in the same household because they are likely to have contact with the virus. However, routine use of immune globulin in schools, offices, and factories is not warranted; disease spread is unlikely under the conditions existing in these open facilities. The recommended 0.02-mL/kg dose of immune globulin should be given within 48 h, if possible, but not later than 1 wk after exposure. Preexposure prophylaxis with standard immune globulin is recommended for persons traveling to or working in areas where type A hepatitis is highly endemic.
TC-PTP directly interacts with connexin43 to regulate gap junction intercellular communication

Protein kinases have long been reported to regulate connexins; however, little is known about the involvement of phosphatases in the modulation of intercellular communication through gap junctions and the subsequent downstream effects on cellular processes. Here, we identify an interaction between the T-cell protein tyrosine phosphatase (TC-PTP, officially known as PTPN2) and the carboxyl terminus of connexin43 (Cx43, officially known as GJA1). Two cell lines, normal rat kidney (NRK) cells endogenously expressing Cx43 and an NRK-derived cell line expressing v-Src with temperature-sensitive activity, were used to demonstrate that EGF and v-Src stimulation, respectively, induced TC-PTP to colocalize with Cx43 at the plasma membrane. Cell biology experiments using phospho-specific antibodies and biophysical assays demonstrated that the interaction is direct and that TC-PTP dephosphorylates Cx43 residues Y247 and Y265, but does not affect v-Src. Transfection of TC-PTP also indirectly led to the dephosphorylation of Cx43 S368, by inactivating PKCα and PKCδ, with no effect on the phosphorylation of S279 and S282 (MAPK-dependent phosphorylation sites). Dephosphorylation maintained Cx43 gap junctions at the plaque and partially reversed the channel closure caused by v-Src-mediated phosphorylation of Cx43. Understanding dephosphorylation, along with the well-documented roles of Cx43 phosphorylation, might eventually lead to methods to modulate the regulation of gap junction channels, with potential benefits for human health.
Digital control of a brushless DC motor

The design of a high-performance capstan servo using a brushless DC motor is investigated. The implementation of the digital control uses classical control techniques with actual performance specifications used to design the controller. Details of hardware and software design are presented.
The natural killer T cell ligand α-galactosylceramide prevents or promotes pristane-induced lupus in mice

Systemic lupus erythematosus is a systemic autoimmune disease characterized by inflammation in organs such as kidneys and presence of autoantibodies against nuclear antigens. We have previously shown that CD1d deficiency in BALB/c mice exacerbates lupus nephritis and autoantibody production induced by the hydrocarbon oil pristane. Here, we have tested the impact of activating CD1d-restricted natural killer T (NKT) cells on pristane-induced lupus-like autoimmunity in BALB/c and SJL mice. Repeated in vivo treatment of pristane-injected BALB/c mice with the NKT cell ligand α-galactosylceramide (α-GalCer) prior to the onset of florid disease suppressed proteinuria, in a manner that was dependent on CD1d and IL-4 expression. In sharp contrast, however, similar treatment of pristane-injected SJL mice with α-GalCer resulted in increased proteinuria. Consistent with these dichotomous effects of NKT cell activation on the development of lupus-like autoimmunity, NKT cells in BALB/c and SJL/J mice exhibited a mixed Th1/Th2 and a Th1-biased cytokine production profile, respectively. These findings demonstrate that NKT cell activation with α-GalCer suppresses or promotes pristane-induced lupus-like autoimmunity in mice, in a strain-dependent manner.