cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Raf Inhibition Causes Extensive Multiple Tissue Hyperplasia and Urinary Bladder Neoplasia in the Rat

Seven novel and potent Raf small molecule kinase inhibitors (C1-7) were evaluated in seven-day oral repeat dose rat toxicity studies. All compounds tested induced hyperplasia in multiple tissues. Consistently affected was stratified squamous epithelium at a number of sites and transitional epithelium of urinary bladder and kidney. A seven-day time course study in rats showed morphologic evidence of epithelial proliferation in the nonglandular stomach within four to five hours after a single dose of C-1. Similar indications of cellular proliferation were observed in the urinary bladder by day 2 and in the heart, kidney, and liver by day 3. Transcriptional evidence of proliferation in the urinary bladder was detected within four to five hours after a single dose consistent with activation of the PI3K/AKT and ERK/MAPK pathways. In a twenty-eight-day rat toxicity study of C-1, hyperplasia was observed in the esophagus, nonglandular stomach, skin, urinary bladder, kidney, and heart. Hyperplasia of transitional epithelium of the urinary bladder was particularly severe and in one female rat was accompanied by the presence of a transitional cell carcinoma. These results suggest that these Raf inhibitors induce early transcriptional changes driving unchecked cell proliferation, resulting in marked tissue hyperplasia that can progress to carcinoma within a short time frame.
Daily variation in the shoaling behavior of zebrafish Danio rerio

Shoaling behavior provides numerous fitness benefits for fish, including enhanced access to mates, increased success in foraging and protection from predators. We were interested in determining whether shoaling intensity differed throughout the day. To do this we kept adult zebrafish Danio rerio in different lighting conditions for 10 days: "Normal" (12:12LD, lights on at 0800 hrs), "Reverse" (12:12LD, lights on at 2000 hrs), DD, or LL, and then observed the shoaling behavior at different times during the day. Our findings suggest that daily variations exist in shoaling behavior, with mean shoaling times for fish from the 'normal' group being the lowest at the mid-point of the dark phase in the fish's subjective day (00:00 hrs), then rising signifi- cantly throughout the day, reaching their highest intensity at 20:00 hrs (lights out). Fish from the "reverse" LD cycle (lights on at 20:00 hrs) showed differences in the mean shoaling times at different times of day, but did not show a gradual increase in shoaling throughout their subjective day. Fish from the DD and LL groups did not show significant differences in the mean shoaling values at different times of day, suggesting that the differences observed in LD fish may not represent circadian rhythms. Therefore, these results demonstrate the existence of daily variations in the shoaling behavior of fish and suggest that environmental cues in the form of light/dark cycles play an important role in regulating these variations (Current Zoology 58 (1): 129-137, 2012).
Optical Properties and Internal Photoemission in Epitaxial Composites of CoSi2 Particles in Silicon

An analysis of optical absorption and internal photoemission in epitaxial CoSi2 particles buried in silicon is carried out. The optical absorption is dominated by the well-known surface plasma resonance, and calculations of the surface plasma frequencies, using the previously measured dielectric constant of CoSi2, agree well with experiment. A model for the photoemission yield is presented which includes the effects of the surface plasmon excitation and decay. The model can reproduce the observed features of the yield in photoresponse experiments. A model for the replenishment of photoemitted carriers is also presented, in which the metal particles acquire a small steady-state charge under illumination.
Facilitating Students' Integration of Textiles and Clothing Subject Matter Part One: Dimensions of a Model and a Taxonomy:

Scholars have written literature elucidating the integration of textiles and clothing subject matter. However, this literature does not clearly explicate how students can integrate subject matter or how integration can serve professional development of students. The purpose of part one of a two part paper is to describe elements of two learning aids, a model and a taxonomy, that may be used to help students conceptually integrate textiles and clothing subject matter and assist their professional development. The model illustrates how the outcome ofprofessional decision-makingregarding aspects of theproductand/or productenvironmentaffects perceived aesthetic and instrumentalvaluethat the targetedconsumerderives from the product and environment. The model also shows that socio-cultural and individual differences of the targeted consumer influence perceived or, desired value derived from the product and environment. Furthermore, theglobal context(e.g., technological, political, economic factors) affects ever...
Employment and Economic Security for Victims of Domestic Abuse

Employment and Economic Security for Victims of Domestic Abuse examines laws, policies, and cases related to insuring that victims of domestic abuse are not discriminated against when they apply for jobs, are accommodated while working, have a cause of action for wrongful discharge, and have access to unemployment if they lose their jobs because of domestic violence. The article explains why employment policies that require victims to get Orders for Protection are misplaced. Responding to arguments made by scholars, such as Professor Nicole Buonocore Porter, in the 2006 Michigan Journal of Gender and Law, the author advocates that individual autonomy is critical to economic security for domestic violence victims.
Mahatma Gandhi and the Politics of Memory: Revisiting His Years in South Africa

Gandhis twenty-year sojourn in South Africa was central to his political and spiritual evolution as a non-violent activist for radical social change. However, the memory of Gandhis work in South Africa has been contested recently along two lines: After its transition to democracy, South Africa embraced the rhetoric of the rainbow nation as a way of overcoming its deeply fractured apartheid past. The memory of Gandhi in South Africa became a flashpoint of debate in the emerging narrative of a unified South African nation, as segments of the Indian and African populations contested Gandhis contribution to the South African freedom struggle. Second, Joseph Lelyveld, in his widely publicized recent biography of Gandhi, resurrected the claim that Gandhi was a Victorian apologist who harbored racism toward Africans, thus re-igniting previous disputes about Gandhis legacy. The aim of this paper is to explore Gandhis activism in South Africa, with a focus on his relationship with Africans. The paper will (a) survey the existing literature on Gandhis years in South Africa and identify conceptual gaps; (b) examine the controversy regarding Gandhis ethnocentricism toward Africans; and (c) sketch out a framework for interpreting his contribution to South Africas struggle for democracy.
Flourishing and Floundering in Emerging Adult College Students

The purpose of this study was to (a) use mixture modeling to identify different groups of emerging adults based on differences in beliefs/attitudes, attributes, and behaviors and (b) examine whethe...
Modeling Rate Dependent Damage Evolution in Composite Structures

In this paper we propose a reduced order multiscale model for prediction of damage evolution in composite structures. Eigendeformation-based reduced order homogenization is employed in conjunction with rate-dependent constituent damage evolution to model the accumulation of diffuse damage in the microstructure. The homogenized microstructural constitutive response is exercised in the macroscopic finite element simulation modeling the composite behavior. We utilize Markov chain Monte Carlo simulation in the calibration of the material parameters for the proposed computational model.
Current status of international experiences in general surgery residency programs in the United States

Background The aim of this study is to identify, quantify, and characterize the international experiences available for general surgery residents in the general surgery residency programs in the United States (US).
Mechanism of biogenic amine transport. II. Relationship between sodium and the mechanism of ouabain blockade of the accumulation of serotonin and norepinephrine by synaptosomes.

When ouabain and labeled serotonin ( 14 C-5-HT) or norepinephrine ( 3 H-NE) are simultaneously introduced into a suspension of isolated nerve endings (synaptosomes) in Krebsbicarbonate solution, the initial accumulation of 3 H-NE by the synaptosomes proceeds for a few minutes, then abruptly stops. When ouabain is first incubated with synaptosomes in the absence of substrate, the initial accumulation of 14 C-5-HT subsequently added is blocked. Thus, a lapse of time is required for the inhibitory effect of ouabain to develop. Moreover, Na + must also be present with the ouabain. In contrast, ouabain inhibits (Na + + K + )-ATPase activity immediately. It appears, therefore, that ouabain blocks the accumulation of amine by an indirect process resulting from the inhibition of (Na + + K + )-ATPase. The indirect process requires Na + and is probably the increase in the intracellular Na + concentration which occurs in the presence of ouabain.
Mating Tactics and Mating Strategies

One might expect a single solution to the question of ‘how best’ to mate and reproduce. In nature, however, discrete variation in mating patterns is common (called alternative mating tactics (AMTs)). Two main evolutionary explanations exist for the persistence of AMTs: a genetic polymorphism under negative frequency-dependent selection and phenotypic plasticity where the fitness associated with AMTs depends on environmental or individual conditions. Understanding how and when a single species generates such striking differences in behavior is essential to understanding AMTs, individual variation, and the evolution of novelty.
In Praise of Descriptive Science: A Breath of Fresh AIRE

Meyer et al. find that subjects lacking the AIRE gene, critical for self-tolerance in T lymphocytes, show a broad range of autoantibody specificities, which can have extremely high affinities. The data also suggest that some of these autoantibodies can, surprisingly, prevent some types of autoimmunity, particularly type I diabetes.
Moiré assisted fractional quantum Hall state spectroscopy

Intra-Landau level excitations in the fractional quantum Hall regime are not accessible via optical absorption measurements. We point out that optical probes are enabled by the periodic potentials produced by a moir\'e pattern. Our observation is motivated by the recent observations of fractional quantum Hall incompressible states in moir\'e-patterned graphene on a hexagonal boron nitride substrate, and is theoretically based on $f\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{sum}$ rule considerations supplemented by a perturbative analysis of the influence of the moir\'e potential on many-body states.
Bernoulli, poly-Bernoulli, and Cauchy polynomials in terms of Stirling and r-Stirling numbers

In this short review we discuss some results on the representation of Bernoulli, poly-Bernoulli, and Cauchy polynomials in terms of Stirling numbers and in terms of r-Stirling numbers. Representation of higher order Bernoulli numbers in terms of Stirling numbers is also included.
Scalable Anti-Censorship Framework Using Moving Target Defense for Web Servers

Although the Internet has become a hub around which every aspect of our lives—from commerce to leisurely activities—is centered, many around the world are not able to freely access information over the Internet. Some governments censor what the people can and cannot see. In this paper, regardless of the socio-political view points, we focus on the design of anti-censorship technology that can be implemented on the side of the information purveyors. The primary objective is to develop a framework for combating censorship. Our approach aims to make it too expensive and impractical for the adversary to censor Web sites. In particular, we propose the use of Mobile IPv6 to form a moving target defense strategy, where the Web servers logically behave as if they are the mobile nodes (without actually moving). The potential efficacy of this framework is modeled analytically. Probabilistic models are used to derive important metrics and parameters. One key factor termed swarming ratio enables hosting sites to reason about the amount of resources needed to force the adversary’s costs over practical limits. This model is used to guide the performance goals and architectural setup of the prototype implementation (modifications are made on the server-side software and Kernel without changing the standard Mobile IPv6 protocol). Hence, the solution can be utilized without any changes to the existing network infrastructure. Furthermore, we introduce a novel, credit-based accounting strategy for grouping of users to drastically shift resource requirements in our favor. Lab-based tests are used to measure performance overheads, and based on the findings, targeted optimizations are performed to consider practical deployment scenarios. The end result is a solution that may also be combined with existing anti-censorship methods (that are end-user-based and/or assisted by friendly network assets) to form a robust anti-censorship solution.
Expediting analytical databases with columnar approach

The approaches and discussions given in this paper offer applicable solutions for a number of scenarios taking place in the contemporary world that are dealing with performance issues in development and use of analytical databases for the support of both tactical and strategic decision making. The paper introduces a novel method for expediting the development and use of analytical databases that combines columnar database technology with an approach based on denormalizing data tables for analysis and decision support. This method improves the feasibility and quality of tactical decision making by making critical information more readily available. It also improves the quality of longer term strategic decision making by widening the range of feasible queries against the vast amounts of available information. The advantages include the improvements in the performance of the ETL process (the most common time-consuming bottleneck in most implementations of data warehousing for quality decision support) and in the performance of the individual analytical queries. These improvements in the critical decision support infrastructure are achieved without resulting in insurmountable storage-size increase requirements. The efficiencies and advantages of the introduced approach are illustrated by showing the application in two relevant real-world cases. A novel method for development and use of analytical databases is introduced.The method combines columnar database technology with denormalizing data tables for analysis and decision support.The method making critical information more readily available and widens the range of feasible queries.The efficiencies and advantages of the introduced approach are illustrated by showing two real-world implementations.
Biological and Chemical Adaptation to Endogenous Hydrogen Peroxide Production in Streptococcus pneumoniae D39.

ABSTRACT The catalase-negative, facultative anaerobe Streptococcus pneumoniae D39 is naturally resistant to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) produced endogenously by pyruvate oxidase (SpxB). Here, we investigate the adaptive response to endogenously produced H2O2. We show that lactate oxidase, which converts lactate to pyruvate, positively impacts pyruvate flux through SpxB and that ΔlctO mutants produce significantly lower H2O2. In addition, both the SpxB pathway and a candidate pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDHC) pathway contribute to acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA) production during aerobic growth, and the pyruvate format lyase (PFL) pathway is the major acetyl-CoA pathway during anaerobic growth. Microarray analysis of the D39 strain cultured under aerobic versus strict anaerobic conditions shows upregulation of spxB, a gene encoding a rhodanese-like protein (locus tag spd0091), tpxD, sodA, piuB, piuD, and an Fe-S protein biogenesis operon under H2O2-producing conditions. Proteome profiling of H2O2-induced sulfenylation reveals that sulfenylation levels correlate with cellular H2O2 production, with endogenous sulfenylation of ≈50 proteins. Deletion of tpxD increases cellular sulfenylation 5-fold and has an inhibitory effect on ATP generation. Two major targets of protein sulfenylation are glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GapA) and SpxB itself, but targets also include pyruvate kinase, LctO, AdhE, and acetate kinase (AckA). Sulfenylation of GapA is inhibitory, while the effect on SpxB activity is negligible. Strikingly, four enzymes of capsular polysaccharide biosynthesis are sulfenylated, as are enzymes associated with nucleotide biosynthesis via ribulose-5-phosphate. We propose that LctO/SpxB-generated H2O2 functions as a signaling molecule to downregulate capsule production and drive altered flux through sugar utilization pathways. IMPORTANCE Adaptation to endogenous oxidative stress is an integral aspect of Streptococcus pneumoniae colonization and virulence. In this work, we identify key transcriptomic and proteomic features of the pneumococcal endogenous oxidative stress response. The thiol peroxidase TpxD plays a critical role in adaptation to endogenous H2O2 and serves to limit protein sulfenylation of glycolytic, capsule, and nucleotide biosynthesis enzymes in S. pneumoniae.
Effects of phonons on mobility of dislocations and dislocation arrays

Abstract This work presents a coarse-grained atomistic study of the effect of phonons on the mobility of edge dislocations. A variety of phenomena, including phonon focusing and phonon-induced dislocation drag, are reproduced in the simulations. Results show that interaction with phonons slows down the dislocations and phonon focusing results in the arrest of dislocations. A wavelet analysis, together with visualization, reveals that the phonon-dislocation interaction leads to a reduction of the energy associated with the dislocation core, with some energy lagging behind the decelerated dislocation or dispersed around the arrested dislocation through emission of secondary phonon waves, thus clarifying the underlying physics.
Prostatic adenocarcinoma in the setting of persistent müllerian duct syndrome: a case report

Persistent mullerian duct syndrome (PMDS) is a form of disordered sex development in which rudimentary mullerian structures are identified in phenotypically and genotypically normal males. It is caused by defects in the anti-mullerian hormone (AMH) system. Since patients with PMDS present with undescended testes, testosterone production by Leydig cells later in life is often decreased. The role of androgens in prostate cancerogenesis is well known. Cryptorchid testes and diminished testosterone levels in post-pubertal life in patients with PMDS play a protective role against prostate cancer, and hence, prostate cancer is a rare event in patients with PMDS. Herein, we present a patient who underwent prostatectomy for high-grade prostatic adenocarcinoma with persistent mullerian structures (such as rudimentary uterus, fallopian tubes, and cervix) identified during surgery. To our knowledge, this is the second case reported in the English language literature where PMDS was associated with prostate cancer.
Can We Use Social Policy to Enhance Compliance with Moral Obligations to Animals

Those who wish to abolish or restrict the use of non-human animals in so-called factory farming and/or experimentation often argue that these animal use practices are incommensurate with animals’ moral status. If sound, these arguments would establish that, as a matter of ethics or justice, we should voluntarily abstain from the immoral animal use practices in question. But these arguments can’t and shouldn’t be taken to establish a related conclusion: that the moral status of animals justifies political intervention to disallow or significantly diminish factory farming and animal experimentation. In this paper, we set out to do two things: First, we argue that while the arguments mentioned above may establish the moral impermissibility or injustice of the practices they condemn, they are not sufficient to justify political interventions or social policies to abolish or restrict such practices. It is one thing to argue that some moral imperative or imperative of justice exists, and quite another thing to call for the use of political power to induce compliance with that imperative. Our second task is to assess the prospects for developing an argument that is sufficient to justify political interventions to restrict or abolish the use of non-human animals in factory farming or experimentation. Beyond establishing the immorality or injustice of animal consumption or experimentation, one must show that the interventions in question constitute legitimate use of political power. Would prohibiting or discouraging animal use be legitimate? We attempt to answer this question within the context of fundamental liberal constraints on the legitimate use of coercive political power.
Platelet-derived growth factor-coated decellularized meniscus scaffold for integrative healing of meniscus tears

Abstract The aim of this study was to examine the potential of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-coated decellularized meniscus scaffold in mediating integrative healing of meniscus tears by inducing endogenous cell migration. Fresh bovine meniscus was chemically decellularized and covalently conjugated with heparin and PDGF-BB. In vitro PDGF release kinetics was measured. The scaffold was transplanted into experimental tears in avascular bovine meniscus explants and cultured for 2 and 4 weeks. The number migrating and proliferating cells at the borderline between the scaffold and injured explant and PDGF receptor-β (PDGFRβ) expressing cells were counted. The alignment of the newly produced ECM and collagen was analyzed by Safranin-O, picrosirius red staining, and differential interference contrast (DIC). Tensile testing of the explants was performed after culture for 2 and 4 weeks. Heparin conjugated scaffold showed immobilization of high levels of PDGF-BB, with sustained release over 2 weeks. Insertion of the PDGF-BB treated scaffold in defects in avascular meniscus led to increased PDGFRβ expression, cell migration and proliferation into the defect zone. Safranin-O, picrosirius red staining and DIC showed tissue integration between the scaffold and injured explants. Tensile properties of injured explants treated with PDGF-BB coated scaffold were significantly higher than in the scaffold without PDGF. In conclusion, PDGF-BB-coated scaffold increased PDGFRβ expression and promoted migration of endogenous meniscus cells to the defect area. New matrix was formed that bridged the space between the native meniscus and the scaffold and this was associated with improved biomechanical properties. The PDGF-BB-coated scaffold will be promising for clinical translation to healing of meniscus tears. Statement of Significance Meniscus tears are the most common injury of the knee joint. The most prevalent forms that occur in the inner third typically do not spontaneously heal and represent a major risk factor for the development of knee osteoarthritis. The goal of this project was to develop an approach that is readily applicable for clinical use. We selected a natural and readily available decellularized meniscus scaffold and conjugated it with PDGF, which we had previously found to have strong chemotactic activity for chondrocytes and progenitor cells. The present results show that insertion of the PDGF-conjugated scaffold in defects in avascular meniscus led to endogenous cell migration and proliferation into the defect zone with tissue integration between the scaffold and injured explants and improved tensile properties. This PDGF-conjugated scaffold will be promising for a translational approach to healing of meniscus tears.
A New Paradigm for Leadership: An Inquiry into Transformational Leadership.

Abstract : The preponderance of research on leadership stems from either of the two dominant models of leadership. The transactional model and the transformational model have provided the backbone for a theoretical understanding of leadership. This report views both of these models through a factor analytic framework. It also provides answers to a series of fundamental questions concerning what we know about leadership, what we do not know, and identifies areas for further research.
La rapamicina: del laboratorio al tratamiento de las arterias en los pacientes

La historia de la rapamicina se origino en 1965, cuando fue aislada a partir de un microorganismo del suelo y se comprobo que podia actuar como un antibiotico. En los anos que siguieron a este descubrimiento aparecieron un gran numero de publicaciones cientificas que demostraban sus propiedades antifungicas e inmunodepresoras. Nuestro grupo fue pionero en el estudio del mecanismo de accion de la rapamicina por su enorme potencial terapeutico en la enfermedad aterosclerotica. Asi, describimos su capacidad para inhibir la proliferacion y migracion de las celulas musculares lisas despues de una agresion mecanica, y demostramos que este efecto estaba mediado por la capacidad de la rapamicina para activar la p27. La participacion de la p27 en la senalizacion molecular de la rapamicina, una ciclina clave en la modulacion de la replicacion celular, desperto asimismo grandes expectativas en el ambito de la investigacion oncologica, por constituir un sistema de regulacion del ciclo celular de tipo no redundante, susceptible de las mutaciones. Las interesantes caracteristicas de este principio activo nos animaron a investigar su posible efecto protector despues de practicar una angioplastia en un modelo experimental porcino y, de esta forma, demostramos que la rapamicina es capaz de disminuir notablemente el engrosamiento de la pared vascular y de preservar la luz arterial tras una angioplastia. Poco despues, la utilizacion de stents recubiertos con rapamicina disenados para liberar el principio activo en la zona de la lesion aterosclerotica se acompano de una preservacion eficaz de la luz arterial en modelos experimentales, y de una reduccion muy significativa de la tasa de reestenosis post-stent en diversos estudios clinicos en humanos. Sin embargo, el potencial de este tipo de stents en pacientes diabeticos todavia no se conoce, y estamos a punto de emprender un amplio ensayo clinico (el estudio FREEDOM) para investigar su impacto en el manejo de estos enfermos. Las evidencias experimentales y clinicas indican que el desarrollo de agentes orales, capaces de modificar la progresion de la enfermedad aterosclerotica actuando sobre dianas moleculares implicadas en el control del ciclo celular, es un reto que debemos afrontar en los proximos anos.
The Meaning of Religious Liberty in the Middle States

In New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware, whether to have an established church or laws dealing directly with religious matters was not an issue, because those states, as colonies established by Quakers, had long before 1776 committed themselves to complete and equal religious liberty. In those states, the main issue was whether the free exercise of religion gives persons/groups a right to be exempt from obeying valid secular laws that burden the exercise of their religion. More specifically, does it give pacifists a right to be exempt from having to serve in the military? After intense debate, citizens of those states answered, no. In New York, the main issue was whether religious freedom prohibits discrimination against Catholics and the answer was, yes.
Alliances, NATO, and the Post-Cold War Era

This chapter proceeds in two parts. First, it provides an examination of the existing the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) scholarship, in pursuit of situating the contributions of this book in advancing explanations for how and why the alliance persists with inclusion of a US-specific approach. Two somewhat disparate strands of literature endure: the first strand addressing the alliance’s evolution and persistence, and the second strand centering on interpreting US-NATO relations. From this, the framework upon which this book’s analysis is built. Disaggregation of the American influence on NATO reveals its role in facilitating change within the alliance, ensuring the alliance’s survival as well as American interests in doing so.
The Evolution of the Everglades as a Perturbed Ecosystem

Much has been written about the origin and evolution of the Everglades (for review, see Chap. 1, this volume). The objective here is not to restate what has already been written but instead to highlight the environmental features and processes, both natural and those altered by humans that combine to make the Everglades extraordinarily susceptible to mercury.
Chemical consequences of extended maceration and post-fermentation additions of grape pomace in Pinot noir and Zinfandel wines from the Central Coast of California (USA).

Abstract Pinot noir and Zinfandel wines were produced with traditional maceration (Control), and extended maceration for one (1 month-EM), and six months (6 months-EM). Addition of an extra amount of pomace during EM was also evaluated through a treatment referred to as Double pomace. The application of EM and Double pomace decreased the chromatic as well as the anthocyanin and anthocyanin-derived pigment composition of the wines. Large polymeric pigments were favored in EM and Double pomace wines, but the total polymeric pigment content was not improved by any of the winemaking treatments. The 6 months-EM wines showed a 13-fold (Pinot noir) and a 1.6-fold increase (Zinfandel) in tannins, respectively, relative to Control wines. However, the 1 month-EM and Double pomace treatments did not affect tannin levels, suggesting that in these wines, the extraction of tannins during EM may depend upon desorption of previously extracted tannins during extended contact time.
ANÁLISE DAS PRESCRIÇÕES DE ANTIMICROBIANOS DISPENSADOS EM UMA DROGARIA DO MUNICÍPIO DE SANTO ÂNGELO - RS

A prescricao de antimicrobianos e regulamentada por legislacao e deve ser realizada em receituario privativo do prescritor ou do estabelecimento de saude. Este trabalho objetivou verificar a qualidade das prescricoes, em relacao as informacoes dos prescritores, dos pacientes e dos medicamentos. O presente estudo analisou 511 prescricoes de antimicrobianos dispensados numa drogaria de Santo Ângelo, no periodo de novembro de 2017 a abril de 2018. O antimicrobiano mais prescrito foi a amoxicilina (16,64%) e a via mais utilizada foi a oral (72%). De acordo com as exigencias legais, 88,27% dos receituarios possuiam o numero do conselho profissional, 78,28% continham o nome e o endereco da instituicao, 27% das receitas nao possuiam data de emissao, 20,55% estavam escritas de forma ilegivel ou rasuradas, 51,27% encontravam-se com ausencia de informacoes como a posologia, concentracao ou quantidade e o genero dos pacientes estava ausente em 100% das prescricoes. Conclui-se que apesar da existencia da RDC 20/2011, muitos receituarios medicos ainda sao preenchidos de forma irregular, o que leva a infidelidade dos dados informados ao Sistema Nacional de Gerenciamento de Produtos Controlados, cabendo aos orgaos fiscalizadores da classe medica atuarem com mais enfase, evitando assim prejuizos a saude da populacao. Descritores : Antimicrobianos; prescricao de medicamentos; legislacao.
AASHTO Design Specifications for GFRP-RC Bridges: 2nd Edition

The development of a comprehensive bridge design national standard is paramount to allow for a wider and safe deployment of Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) Reinforced Concrete (RC) in the transportation infrastructure. To respond to this demand, a task force of researchers, practitioners, and transportation officials lead by the University of Miami (UM), the University of South Carolina (USC), and the Florida Department of Transportation (FDOT), has developed a draft of the second edition of the Bridge Design Guide Specifications for GFRP-RC (BDGS-GFRP), now under consideration by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) committee T6. This paper deals with the salient contents of the document, with specific emphasis on the design of flexural members. Compared to the first edition, changes were proposed to reflect the state-of-the-art from archival literature and harmonize the design philosophy with that of other authoritative national and international standards.
Actions of annatto-extracted tocotrienol supplementation on obese postmenopausal women: study protocol for a double-blinded, placebo-controlled, randomised trial.

Introduction Obesity is a major health concern in postmenopausal women, and chronic low-grade inflammation contributes to the development of obesity. Cellular studies and high-fat-diet-induced obese mouse model mimicking obesity show the antiobesity effect of annatto-extracted tocotrienols (TT) with antioxidant capability. We aim to assess the safety and efficacy of TT consumption for lipid-related parameters in obese postmenopausal women. Methods and analysis Eligible obese postmenopausal women will be randomly assigned to placebo group (430 mg olive oil) and TT group (DeltaGold Tocotrienol 70%) for 24 weeks. In the present study, the primary outcome is total/regional fat mass and visceral adipose tissue. The secondary outcomes include lipid profile in serum, mRNA expression of fatty acid synthase and carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A in fat tissue, oxylipins and endocannabinoids in plasma and adipose tissue, abundance and composition of intestinal microbiome in faeces, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) in serum and leptin in serum. Every participant will be evaluated at 0 (prior to starting intervention) and 24 weeks of intervention, except for serum lipid profile and hs-CRP at 0, 12 and 24 weeks. ‘Intent-to-treat’ principle is employed for data analysis. Hierarchical linear modelling is used to estimate the effects of dietary TT supplementation while properly accounting for dependency of data and identified covariates. To our knowledge, this is the first randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blinded study to determine dietary TT supplementation on an obese population. If successful, this study will guide the future efficacy TT interventions and TT can be implemented as an alternative for obese population in antiobesity management. Ethics and dissemination This study has been approved by the Bioethics Committee of the Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock. An informed consent form will be signed by a participant before enrolling in the study. The results from this trial will be actively disseminated through academic conference presentation and peer-reviewed journals. Trial registration number NCT03705845.
Robotic Inspection Crawler for Small Diameter Complex Piping

This paper discusses a prototype pipe-crawling robot for inspection and maintenance. The robot is designed for small diameter complex piping systems with frequent intersections, turns, and obstructions. The modular design of the robot consists of propelling and inspection modules with an integrated steering mechanism. The basic propulsion system consists of four locomotion modules connected by compliant joints. Each module uses a hybrid gripping and extending motion where four feet extend outwards to ‘grip’ to interior walls of the pipe. Locomotion is then achieved by a system inspired by natural peristalsis. The innovation of the hybrid design allows more modules to contribute in gripping the pipe wall improving the pull force. Using a sensorless control strategy gripping range can be varied to conform to variable piping diameters. The steering mechanism consists of four shape-memory alloy springs that connect the first two modules. This allows the crawler to navigate itself through branches in a piping network. Both laboratory experiments and field testing of the robot demonstrated payload carrying capacity and adaptability with varying pipe diameter and obstructions. The design goals, requirements, and initial investigation into the system are discussed. The pull force experiment showed that the robot can afford up to 3 times payload versus its weight. When the payload is 3.65 kg, the robot maintained a speed of 35 cm/min.
Quality of life and the negative impact of comorbidities in long-term colorectal cancer survivors: a population-based comparison

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer in the USA. The objective of this study was to compare quality of life (QoL) across long-term colorectal cancer survivors and unaffected matched controls while adjusting for comorbidities. The National Cancer Institute (NCI)-funded Colon Cancer Family Registry (CCFR) was used to randomly select and recruit CRC survivors (≥ 5 years from diagnosis) and matched controls for a cross-sectional survey. Nine geographically diverse sites in the USA from the CCFR participated in the study. Telephone interviews were conducted using computer-assisted methods to assess QoL. A total of 403 cases and 401 controls were included in the final sample. Unadjusted comparison revealed no significant difference between CRC survivors and controls with respect to measures of fatigue, social, emotional, functional, and physical well-being. Multivariate logistic regression revealed that case status had a significant negative influence on colorectal cancer-specific QoL measures. Higher comorbidity indices had a significant negative influence on overall QoL regardless of case status. Quality of life among long-term CRC survivors is similar to control subjects, with the exception of worse CRC-specific QoL measures. Higher comorbidity indices were independently associated with poor QoL for both cases and controls. Survivors and healthcare providers should be aware that long-term QoL is comparable to the general population; however, there is potential that digestive tract-specific issues may persist.
Preparing the field for an Open Resource Infrastructure: the role of the FLaReNet Network of Excellence

In order to overcome the fragmentation that affects the field of Language Resources and Technologies, an Open and Distributed Resource Infrastructure is the necessary step for building on each other achievements, integrating resources and technologies and avoiding dispersed or conflicting efforts. Since this endeavour represents a true cultural turnpoint in the LRs field, it needs a careful preparation, both in terms of acceptance by the community and thoughtful investigation of the various technical, organisational and practical aspects implied. To achieve this, we need to act as a community able to join forces on a set of shared priorities and we need to act at a worldwide level. FLaReNet ― Fostering Language Resources Network ― is a Thematic Network funded under the EU eContent program that aims at developing the needed common vision and fostering a European and International strategy for consolidating the sector, thus enhancing competitiveness at EU level and worldwide. In this paper we present the activities undertaken by FLaReNet in order to prepare and support the establishment of such an Infrastructure, which is becoming now a reality within the new MetaNet initiative.
An ensemble of perturbed analyses to approximate the analysis error covariance in 4dvar

The analysis error covariance is not readily available from four-dimensional variational (4dvar) data assimilation methods, not because of the complexity of mathematical derivation, but rather its ...
A CRISPR view of the 2020 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.

Katherine Uyhazi and renowned gene therapy pioneer Jean Bennett share their perspective on the 2020 Nobel Prize in Chemistry awarded to Emmanuelle Charpentier and Jennifer Doudna for their discovery of the CRISPR/Cas9 genetic scissors that have revolutionized genome editing.
Secondary Student and Teacher Perceptions of Classroom Physical Activity

Recent literature has shown that the implementation of classroom physical activity (PA) has had a positive impact on overall student performance. However, most of the classroom-based PA literature has explored the impact on elementary students. The purpose of this study was to examine how high school students and teachers feel about the implementation, feasibility, and application of integrating movement into the classroom. Findings from nine individual teacher interviews, one teacher focus group (n = 4), and five student focus groups (n = 20) were analyzed. Four themes were created from the teacher interviews and student focus groups: (a) implementation time of classroom PA, (b) desirable minutes of classroom PA, (c) yoga is the preferred activity, and (d) classroom PA value. Results from this study suggest that students and teachers value the integration of classroom PA but that they have conflicting viewpoints on various components that go into providing movement opportunities.Subscribe to TPE
Unprecedented Fluorophore Photostability Enabled by Low‐Loss Organic Hyperbolic Materials

The dynamics of photons in fluorescent molecules plays a key role in fluorescence imaging, optical sensing, organic photovoltaics, and displays. Photobleaching is an irreversible photodegradation process of fluorophores, representing a fundamental limitation in relevant optical applications. Chemical reagents are used to suppress the photobleaching rate but with exceptionally high specificity for each type of fluorophore. Here, using organic hyperbolic materials (OHMs), an optical platform to achieve unprecedented fluorophore photostability without any chemical specificity is demonstrated. A more than 500-fold lengthening of the photobleaching lifetime and a 230-fold increase in the total emitted photon counts are observed simultaneously. These exceptional improvements solely come from the low-loss hyperbolic dispersion of OHM films and the large resultant Purcell effect in the visible spectral range. The demonstrated OHM platform may open up a new paradigm in nanophotonics and organic plasmonics for super-resolution imaging and the engineering of light-matter interactions at the nanoscale.
Subleading corrections to the $S^3$ free energy of necklace quiver theories dual to massive IIA

We investigate the $S^3$ free energy of $\mathcal N=3$ Chern-Simons-matter quiver gauge theories with gauge group $U(N)^r~(r\geq2)$ where the sum of Chern-Simons levels does not vanish, beyond the leading order in the large-$N$ expansion. We take two different approaches to explore the sub-leading structures of the free energy. First we evaluate the matrix integral for the partition function in the 't~Hooft limit using a saddle point approximation. Second we use an ideal Fermi-gas model to compute the same partition function, but in the limit of fixed Chern-Simons levels. The resulting expressions for the free energy $F=-\log Z$ are consistent with each other at the leading and first sub-leading order. The Fermi-gas approach also hints at a universal $\frac{1}{6}\log N$ correction to the free energy. Since the quiver gauge theories we consider are dual to massive Type IIA theory, we expect our results to match sub-leading corrections to the holographic dual free energy, which have not yet been fully investigated.
Prospects for Food Prices and Their Implications for Ways to Enhance Food Security in Egypt أفاق أسعار الغذاء وانعکاساتها علي سبل تعزيز الأمن الغذائي في مصر

تهدف الدراســة إلى معرفة أثر التقلبات السعرية للمواد الغذائية علي سبل تعزيز الأمن الغذائي، لاسيما بعدي توافر الغذاء، وإمکانية الحصول علي الغذاء وفق منهج قياسي، ولتحقيق هذا الهدف تقوم بتحليل تقلب أسعار بعض السلع الغذائية للتعرف علي مدي توافر الغذاء، فضلا عن تناول السعرات الحرارية کمؤشر بسيط للأمن الغذائي لـ 11 مجموعة غذاء رئيسية متضمنه 34 سلعة خلال الفترة (يناير2000 – ديسمبر 2020)، وذلک بتحليل العلاقة بين مستوي استهلاک الکالوري ومستوي الدخل، وتقدير الطلب علي الکالوري وفقا لنظم الطلب الجزئية بالتحليل الاستاتيکي والديناميکي، وتقدير الطلب علي الکالوري وفقا لنظم الطلب الکاملة بتقدير نموذج الطلب المقيد(RDS)، ونموذج الطلب شبه الأمثل (LA/AIDS)، وأظهرت النتائج أن المنتجات الغذائية النباتية المصدر الرئيسى للفرد المصري لحصوله علي الکالوري وخاصة مجموعة الحبوب إذ ينفق عليها المستهلک 31% من متوسط قيمة الإنفاق الشهرية (نموذج AIDS)، وأن هناک وجود تقلبات سعرية ملموسة علي مستوي القمح والذرة الشامية لاسيما بعد عام 2013، لکن الأمر أزداد سوءا بعد تعويم العملة المحلية "نوفمبر2016" ولکونها سلع استيرادية تتحمل الدولة عبء توافر الغذاء، ووفقا لنتائج نيرلوف فإن المجموعات المدروسة ضرورية لتلبية احتياجات المستهلک من الکالوري والطلب عليها أساسي ولا يصبح مرن بمرور الوقت. وعلي مستوي المرونات التقاطعية لنموذجي نظم الطلب الکاملة فهناک العديد من العلاقات التکاملية جنبا إلي جنب مع العلاقات الإحلالية، إذ أن التنوع الغذائي يعد أحد أهم الطرق لضمان توازن العناصر الغذائية للمستهلک. کما تقل مرونة السعر المعوض للأسماک، البصل، الزيوت، البيض، اللحوم، والفاکهه، بکثير عن المرونات غير المعوضة، أي أن ارتفاع أو انخفاض سعر تلک المجاميع السلعية المعنية سيکون له تأثير کبير علي الإنفاق الحقيقي.
Effects of Lactobacillus reuteri and Streptomyces coelicolor on Growth Performance of Broiler Chickens.

There are well documented complications associated with the continuous use of antibiotics in the poultry industry. Over the past few decades, probiotics have emerged as viable alternatives to antibiotics; however, most of these candidate probiotic microorganisms have not been fully evaluated for their effectiveness as potential probiotics for poultry. Recent evaluation of a metagenome of broiler chickens in our laboratory revealed a prevalence of Lactobacillus reuteri (L. reuteri) and Actinobacteria class of bacteria in their gastrointestinal tract. In this study Lactobacillus reuteri and Streptomyces coelicolor (S. coelicolor) were selected as probiotic bacteria, encapsulated, and added into broiler feed at a concentration of 100 mg/kg of feed. In an 8-week study, 240 one day-old chicks were randomly assigned to four dietary treatments. Three dietary treatments contained two probiotic bacteria in three different proportions (L. reuteri and S. coelicolor individually at 100 ppm, and mixture of L. reuteri and S. coelicolor at 50 ppm each). The fourth treatment had no probiotic bacteria and it functioned as the control diet. L. reuteri and S. coelicolor were added to the feed by using wheat middlings as a carrier at a concentration of 100 ppm (100 mg/kg). Chickens fed diets containing L. reuteri and S. coelicolor mixture showed 2% improvement in body weight gain, 7% decrease in feed consumption, and 6–7% decrease in feed conversion ratios. This research suggests that L. reuteri and S. coelicolor have the potential to constitute probiotics in chickens combined or separately, depending on the desired selection of performance index.
The hormonal response of endometrium in endometriotic implants and its relationship to symptomatology

Abstract 1. 1. Endometrial implants with sufficient tissue to allow recognition of the status in the endometrial cycle are relatively difficult to obtain. 2. 2. Ectopic endometrium corresponded in phase to the uterine endometrium in the majority of the 88 cases studied. 3. 3. In some instances, the ectopic endometrium, while corresponding in phase in general, is more or less ahead of the uterine endometrium in response. 4. 4. The presence or absence of symptoms and/or findings in a given patient was not shown to be dependent upon the endocrine response of the endometriosis in this series. 5. 5. Various individual symptoms and signs have been discussed.