cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A study on retention and recruiting of program managers in defense industry organizations

A study focusing on the retention and recruiting of program managers in US defense-industry organizations is discussed. The author addresses the question of why former US military trained program managers are leaving the military before reaching retirement as well as what motivates private defense industry to hire these people. The study compared perceptions of (1) former nonretired members of the US military who are functioning as program managers in private defense industry and (2) industrial supervisors in program management organizations to determine what managerial leadership attributes were motivating factors in hiring former US-military-trained program managers rather than civilian-trained program managers into private defense-industry organizations. The findings indicated that skilled workers are leaving the military for private defense-industry organizations because of the strong influence of noneconomic factors such as poor job choices, an inadequate promotion system, and poor chance to use educational skills in the military. >
International Graduate Students' Perceptions of Their Academic Experience.

This study used a mailed questionnaire to examine the academic experiences of 497 international graduate students who were studying at an American university. Most students viewed their academic ex...
PREPARATION AND SOLVATION PROPERTIES OF SOME VARIABLE CHARGE MONTMORILLONITES

Li-, Na-, K- and Ca-saturated Wyoming montmorillonites have been prepared and used to obtain Li.Na-, Li,K-, and Li,Ca-montmorillonites with a range of Li contents. These were heated at 220°C for 24 hr, causing the Li+ ions to migrate mainly into the layer structure and leaving varying amounts of Li+, Na+, K+, and Ca2+ ions in the interlayer positions as determined by exchange with NH4+ ions. The results are only partially consistent with a migration of the Li+ ions into vacant octahedral sites up to the limit of the octahedral layer charge. Solvation of the resulting clays with water and various organic liquids showed the following results: With water, acetone and 3-pentanone, expansion of the montmorillonites increased in a step-wise manner with increasing numbers of interlayer cations qualitatively in accord with the field strength of the cations and the dipole moments of the molecules. With ethanol, ethylene glycol and morpholine, swelling with each liquid was practically independent of the number of interlayer cations, within the limits of the prepared materials. It is suggested that for the second group of liquids some mechanism additional to cation-dipole interactions, such as hydrogen bonding to silicate oxygen surfaces, may play an important part.
Low Expansivity Organic Substrate for Flip-Chip Bonding

Organic substrate materials with thermal expansion coefficients (TEC) approaching that of silicon have been fabricated with laminate composites using DuPont's Kevlar® fiber. When combined with controlled-collapse solder chip joining technology, chip-to-substrate interconnections are essentially free of fatigue failure caused by thermal cycling. This failure mode limits the ultimate silicon chip size on products joined by flip-chip bonding to alumina substrates. By using conventional printed circuit board fabrication techniques, extensions of these organic structures to multilevel applications have been shown feasible.
A very-high resolution SPECT system based on the energy-resolved photon counting CdTe detectors

This paper presents preliminary experimental results obtained with a prototype SPECT system for small animal studies. This system is based on novel energy-resolved photon counting (ERPC) detectors we have recently developed for gamma ray imaging applications. The ERPC detector has basic modular configuration that offers an overall detection area of 4.5 cm × 4.5 cm, comprising of eight CdTe/CMOS detector hybrids. Each hybrid has a CdTe detector of 11 mm × 22 mm bump-bonded onto a dedicated readout ASIC that has 32 × 64 readout pixels with 350 μm pitch size. The 1mm and 2mm thickness CdTe detector have both been developed. This configuration offers a very-high spatial resolution of around 350 μm and an excellent energy resolution of around 3∼4 keV at 140 keV. The prototype SPECT system that consists of two or four ERPC detectors is mounted on a system gantry rotating around a horizontal axis. The detectors are coupled to apertures with differently sized pinholes. In order to utilize the imaging information provided by the ERPC detector, we have developed a comprehensive system modelling and calibration method that accounts for the irregular shapes and physical details in the collimation apertures. Detailed system design and experimental procedures will be described in this paper.
Comparison of buried bag and PVC core methods for in situ measurement of nitrogen mineralization rates in an agricultural soil

Abstract We compared estimates of soil nitrogen (N) mineralization rates using the buried bag and PVC core methods in an ongoing investigation of the effects of earthworms and N fertilizer sources on agroecosystem N dynamics. Over a seven‐month period, we paired monthly buried bag and PVC core soil incubations within research plots receiving one of three N treatments (inorganic, legume, or manure fertilizers) and with manipulated earthworm populations (reduced, ambient, or increased numbers). Soil moisture within both the buried bags and the PVC cores fluctuated in response to changes in the surrounding soil, violating assumptions of the buried bag method that soil moisture remains constant during incubation. For both methods, overall CV's for net ammonification, nitrification, and N mineralization rates were very high (104 ‐ 628%). Overall, results for the two methods were significantly correlated for net ammonification (r = 0.89), net nitrification (r = 0.58), and net N mineralization (r = 0.24). In gen...
Critical social theory approach to disclosure of genomic incidental findings

Technology has expanded genomic research and the complexity of extracted gene-related information. Health-related genomic incidental findings pose new dilemmas for nurse researchers regarding the ethical application of disclosure to participants. Consequently, informed consent specific to incidental findings is recommended. Critical Social Theory is used as a guide in recognition of the changing meaning of informed consent and to serve as a framework to inform nursing of the ethical application of disclosure consent in genomic nursing research practices.
Choosing sampling rates for robot control

In our previous research, we experimentally implemented and evaluated the effect of dynamics compensation in model-based control algorithms. In this paper, we evaluate the effect of changing the control sampling period on the performance of the computed-torque and independent joint control schemes. While the former utilizes the complete dynamics model of the manipulator, the latter assumes a decoupled and linear model of the manipulator dynamics. We discuss the design of controller gains for both the computed-torque and the independent joint control schemes and establish a framework for comparing their trajectory tracking performance. Our experiments show that within each scheme the trajectory tracking accuracy varies slightly with the change of the sampling rate. However, at low sampling rates the computed-torque scheme outperforms the independent joint control scheme. Based on our experimental results, we also conclusively establish the importance of high sampling rates as they result in an increased stiffness of the system.
Invited review: Assessing experimental designs for research conducted on commercial dairies

Because of increasing constraints placed on conducting large studies at universities, more research is being conducted on commercial dairies, thereby raising some implications for experimental designs and data analysis. For example, experimental units are often specified to be pens of animals in on-farm studies, thereby requiring that at least 2 pens be used per treatment group in a single-dairy study. Even when treatments are compared within pens, the precision of inference on treatment differences is still primarily limited by the number of pens in the study, rather than the number of cows per treatment in each pen. Other challenges with on-farm studies include proper blocking and randomization of cows or pens to treatments. On the other hand, multiple farm studies are attractive, because they facilitate a broader scope of inference on treatment effects across a wider range of management or climatic conditions and genetic backgrounds compared with single-site university studies. Furthermore, studies based on multiple farms or multiple pens within a single large farm can facilitate greater power for treatment comparisons on binary reproduction or health responses than can be achieved at a smaller research herd. Because quantitative geneticists have been analyzing commercial dairy data for decades, they have developed useful data analysis techniques that should be harnessed to facilitate even greater statistical scope and power for on-farm studies.
Evaluation of weed control provided by three winter cereals in conservation-tillage soybean

Information is needed on the role of cover crops as a weed control alternative due to the high adoption of conservation tillage in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] production. Field experiments were conducted from fall 1994 through fall 1997 in Alabama to evaluate three winter cereal cover crops in a high-residue conservation-tillage, soybean production system. Black oat (Avena strigosa Schreb.), rye (Secale cereale L.), and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were evaluated for their weed-suppressive characteristics compared to a winter fallow system. Three herbicide systems were utilized: no herbicide, a mixture of two pre-emergence (PRE) herbicides, or PRE plus post-emergence (POST) herbicides. The PRE system contained pendimethalin plus metribuzin. The PRE plus POST system contained pendimethalin plus a prepackage of metribuzin and chlorimuron ethyl applied PRE, followed by an additional chlorimuron ethyl POST application. No cover crop was effective in controlling weeds without a herbicide. However, when black oat or rye was utilized with only PRE herbicides, weed control was similar to the PRE plus POST input system. Thus, herbicide reductions may be attained by utilizing cover crops that provide weed suppression. Rye and black oat provided more effective weed control in the PRE only herbicide input system than wheat in conservation-tillage soybean. The winter fallow, PRE plus POST herbicide input system yielded significantly less soybean one out of three years when compared to systems that included a winter cover crop.
Phase noise in multi-gigahertz CMOS ring oscillators

An analysis of the phase noise in differential and single-ended ring oscillators using a time-variant model is presented. An expression for the RMS value of the impulse sensitivity function (ISF) is derived. A closed-form equation for phase noise of ring oscillators is calculated and a lower limit on the phase noise of ring oscillators is shown. Phase noise measurements of oscillators running up to 5.5 GHz are in good agreement with the theory.
Superconductivity and spin-glass regime in amorphous La80Au20 alloys doped with Gd

Abstract Magnetization and resistivity measurements are performed on amorphous La80Au20 alloys doped with Gd impurities. The anomalous behavior observed in the dependence of the superconducting transition temperature on Gd concentration is related to the onset of spin-spin correlations among the Gd impurities. This study suggests the co- existence of superconductivity and spin-glass regime in several previously investigated superconductors doped with Gd.
Studying Framing in Political Communication with an Integrative Approach

This article explores the nature of framing as being an inherently integrative approach to political communication research. It proposes a two-part definition of integrative: “bring together” and “...
Regulation of mouse hepatic genes in response to diet induced obesity, insulin resistance and fasting induced weight reduction.

Background: Obesity is associated with insulin resistance that can often be improved by caloric restriction and weight reduction. Although many physiological changes accompanying insulin resistance and its treatment have been characterized, the genetic mechanisms linking obesity to insulin resistance are largely unknown. We used DNA microarrys and RT-PCR to investigate significant changes in hepatic gene transcription in insulin resistant, diet-induced obese (DIO)-C57/BL/6J mice and DIO-C57/BL/6J mice fasted for 48 hours, whose weights returned to baseline levels during these conditions. Results: Transcriptional profiling of hepatic mRNA revealed over 1900 genes that were significantly perturbed between control, DIO, and fasting/weight reduced DIO mice. From this set, our bioinformatics analysis identified 41 genes that rigorously discriminate these groups of mice. These genes are associated with molecular pathways involved in signal transduction, and protein metabolism and secretion. Of particular interest are genes that participate in pathways responsible for modulating insulin sensitivity. DIO altered expression of genes in directions that would be anticipated to antagonize insulin sensitivity, while fasting/ weight reduction partially or completely normalized their levels. Among these discriminatory genes, Sh3kbp1 and RGS3, may have special significance. Sh3kbp1, an endogenous inhibitor of PI-3-kinase, was upregulated by high-fat feeding, but normalized to control levels by fasting/weight reduction. Because insulin signaling occurs partially through PI-3-kinase, increased expression of Sh3kbp1 by DIO mice may contribute to hepatic insulin resistance via inhibition of PI-3-kinase. RGS3, a suppressor of G-protein coupled receptor generation of cAMP, was repressed by high-fat feeding, but partially normalized by fasting/weight reduction. Decreased expression of RGS3 may augment levels of cAMP and thereby contribute to increased, cAMP-induced, hepatic glucose output via phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PCK1), whose mRNA levels were also elevated.
The pentameric vertex proteins are necessary for the icosahedral carboxysome shell to function as a CO2 leakage barrier.

Background: Carboxysomes are polyhedral protein microcompartments found in many autotrophic bacteria; they encapsulate the CO2 fixing enzyme, ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RubisCO) within a thin protein shell and provide an environment that enhances the catalytic capabilities of the enzyme. Two types of shell protein constituents are common to carboxysomes and related microcompartments of heterotrophic bacteria, and the genes for these proteins are found in a large variety of bacteria. Methodology/Principal Findings: We have created a Halothiobacillus neapolitanus knockout mutant that does not produce the two paralogous CsoS4 proteins thought to occupy the vertices of the icosahedral carboxysomes and related microcompartments. Biochemical and ultrastructural analyses indicated that the mutant predominantly forms carboxysomes of normal appearance, in addition to some elongated microcompartments. Despite their normal shape, purified mutant carboxysomes are functionally impaired, although the activities of the encapsulated enzymes are not negatively affected. Conclusions/Significance: In the absence of the CsoS4 proteins the carboxysome shell loses its limited permeability to CO2 and is no longer able to provide the catalytic advantage RubisCO derives from microcompartmentalization. This study presents direct evidence that the diffusion barrier property of the carboxysome shell contributes significantly to the biological function of the carboxysome.
Regulation of myocardial triacylglycerol synthesis and metabolism

Studies showing a correlation of excess myocardial triacylglycerol stores with apoptosis, fibrosis, and contractile dysfunction indicate that dysregulation of triacylglycerol metabolism may contribute to cardiac disease. This review covers the regulation of heart triacylglycerol accumulation at the critical control points of fatty acid uptake, enzymes of triacylglycerol synthesis, lipolysis, and lipoprotein secretion. These pathways are discussed in the context of the central role myocardial triacylglycerol plays in cardiac energy metabolism and heart disease.
Antimycobacterial activity in vitro of pigments isolated from Antarctic bacteria

In this study, we describe the antimycobacterial activity of two pigments, violacein, a purple violet pigment from Janthinobacterium sp. Ant5-2 (J-PVP), and flexirubin, a yellow-orange pigment from Flavobacterium sp. Ant342 (F-YOP). These pigments were isolated from bacterial strains found in the land-locked freshwater lakes of Schirmacher Oasis, East Antarctica. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of these pigments for avirulent and virulent mycobacteria were determined by the microplate Alamar Blue Assay (MABA) and Nitrate Reductase Assay (NRA). Results indicated that the MICs of J-PVP and F-YOP were 8.6 and 3.6 μg/ml for avirulent Mycobacterium smegmatis mc²155; 5 and 2.6 μg/ml for avirulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis mc²6230; and 34.4 and 10.8 μg/ml for virulent M. tuberculosis H₃₇Rv, respectively. J-PVP exhibited a ~15 times lower MIC for Mycobacterium sp. than previously reported for violacein pigment from Chromobacterium violaceum, while the antimycobacterial effect of F-YOP remains undocumented. Our results indicate these pigments isolated from Antarctic bacteria might be valuable lead compounds for new antimycobacterial drugs used for chemotherapy of tuberculosis.
Extending the joint problem space: time and sequence as essential features of knowledge building

Our attempts at describing the processes involved in learning and knowledge building activities depend on our ways of conceptualizing the context in which such activities take place. Here we trace the development of the concept of "problem space" from its inception within the information-processing perspective as a characterization of individual problem-solving activity. We review reformulations and extensions made to the concept within the Learning Sciences, and explore them as attempts to better describe small-group interactions in complex knowledge-building contexts. Using a detailed analysis of sustained, online collaborative problem solving activity, we propose that a new aspect of the problem space needs to be carefully considered in order to fully account for these kinds of experiences: temporal and sequential orientation to inter-subjective meaning making.
RESPONSIVENESS OF ELF OWLS TO CONSPECIFIC AND GREAT HORNED OWL CALLS

A common assumption made when conducting broadcast surveys for owls is that vocalizations of larger owls reduce the responsiveness of smaller owls. We tested this assumption by comparing the responsiveness of Elf Owls (Micrathene whitneyi) exposed to the taped calls of conspecifics and to imitations of Great Horned Owls (Bubo virginianus). Elf Owls were more responsive to conspecific calls during courtship and incubation, but less responsive during the nestling stage, than they were to Great Horned Owl calls. This was because responsiveness to conspecific calls decreased through the nesting season, but responsiveness to Great Horned Owl calls was consistent throughout the nesting season. Singing Elf Owls switched from song to scold vocalizations more frequently after hearing a Great Horned Owl call (83.3%) than when hearing a conspecific call (33.3%). The responsiveness of Elf Owls to Great Horned Owl calls may benefit studies conducted throughout the breeding season.
Evidence for Association Between Polycystic Ovary Syndrome and Premature Carotid Atherosclerosis in Middle-Aged Women

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common reproductive endocrine disorder characterized by obesity, hyperandrogenism, and insulin resistance. An adverse lipid profile has also been observed in PCOS-affected women, suggesting that these individuals may be at increased risk for coronary heart disease at a young age. The objective of the present study was to evaluate subclinical atherosclerosis among women with PCOS and age-matched control subjects. A total of 125 white PCOS cases and 142 controls, aged >/=30 years were recruited. Collection of baseline sociodemographic data, reproductive hormone levels, and cardiovascular risk factors was conducted from 1992 to 1994. During follow-up (1996 to 1999), these women underwent B-mode ultrasonography of the carotid arteries for the evaluation of carotid intima-media wall thickness (IMT) and the prevalence of plaque. A significant difference was observed in the distribution of carotid plaque among PCOS cases compared with controls: 7.2% (9 of 125) of PCOS cases had a plaque index of >/=3 compared with 0.7% (1 of 142) of similarly aged controls (P=0.05). Overall and in the group aged 30 to 44 years, no difference was noted in mean carotid IMT between PCOS cases and controls. Among women aged >/=45 years, PCOS cases had significantly greater mean IMT than did control women (0.78+/-0.03 versus 0.70+/-0.01 mm, P:=0. 005). This difference remained significant after adjustment for age and BMI (P:<0.05). These results suggest that (1) lifelong exposure to an adverse cardiovascular risk profile in women with PCOS may lead to premature atherosclerosis, and (2) the PCOS-IMT association is explained in part by weight and fat distribution and associated risk factors. There may be an independent effect of PCOS unexplained by the above variables that is related to the hormonal dysregulation of this condition.
Bioactive sutures enhance T cell expression of CD40L in HNSCC patients

Proc Amer Assoc Cancer Res, Volume 46, 2005 5993 Background: In previous studies from our lab we have transformed surgical suture from its classical purpose of wound closure into a vehicle, which carries immune-stimulants. Bioactive sutures of IFNγ, IL-2, anti-CD3/CD28, anti-CD3/CD28 + IL-2, or anti-CD3/CD28 + IFNγ sutures have been generated. These sutures are unique in that it may be placed in vivo to target the regional lymphatics or tumor bed of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) patients in hopes of stimulating an anti-cancer immune response. We have demonstrated the generation of a prolong TH1 response. Purpose: To define the mechanism by which bioactive suture generate a prolonged TH1 immune response in vitro . Experimental Design: Bioactive sutures of anti-CD3/CD28, anti-CD3/CD28 + IL-2, or anti-CD3/CD28 + IFNγ sutures were used to stimulate PBMCs or T cells from normal donors and advanced stage HNSCC patients in vitro . Cellular supernatants were harvested over a 6-day period and analyzed by ELISA for IL-12 (TH1), IFNγ (TH1) and IL-5 (TH2) to characterize the immune response generated. In addition, T cells were phenotyped on day 6. Lymphocytes alone or in the presence of MG-132 inhibitor were phenotyped at 24, 48 and 72 hrs for expression of CD40L. Results: Anti-CD3/CD28, anti-CD3/CD28 + IL-2 or anti-CD3/CD28 + IFNγ stimulated PBMCs to generated high levels of IL-12 and IFNγ in vitro. Only minimal levels of IL-5 were demonstrated. T cells alone did not generate any IL-12 and moderate levels of IFNγ. Bioactive sutures expanded all populations of T cells tested (CD3, CD4, CD8, CD28, CD45RO). There was increased T cells expression of CD40L (10-15%) within 72 hours of stimulation, which was inhibited by MG-132. MG-132 also suppressed IL-12 expression. Conclusion: Bioactive sutures can generate a TH1 immune response in vitro demonstrated by increased levels of IL-12 and IFNγ. Anti-CD3/CD28, anti-CD3/CD28 + IFNγ or anti-CD3/CD28 + IL-2 sutures not only direct stimulate T cells but also enhances their expression of CD40L which in turn stimulates APCs to secret IL-12. This further drives the TH1 immune response forward.
Mechanism of fracture of aluminum blanks subjected to stretching along the sheared edge

Abstract The objective of this study was to investigate the mechanisms of fracture of aluminum blanks subjected to shearing and stretching along the sheared edge. In this study, a new imaging technique was implemented to track the stretching of the sheared edge until fracture. A 1 mm square grid was etched onto the sheared samples and a video of the sheared surface was taken incrementally during tensile test of the sample. The influence of cutting clearance in the trimming operation on sheared edge stretchability and mechanism of fracture of sheared surface during its stretching were investigated. Excessive plastic deformation of the burr area during the trimming operation was identified as a major factor leading to early fracture initiation from the tip of the burr. Deburring or solution heat treatment of samples trimmed with excessive clearance may increase stretchability to the level observed for the samples trimmed with accurate alignment of the tools. Roughening of the sheared surface produced with 5% cutting clearance did not have any significant effect on elongation of the sheared edge. Trimming process with scarp support eliminated burrs on the sheared edge for a large range of cutting clearances and substantially improved sheared edge stretchability.
THE RISK OF THROMBOEMBOLIC COMPLICATIONS WITHOUT ANTICOAGULATION AFTER SURGICAL AORTIC VALVE REPLACEMENT WITH A BIOPROSTHESIS

Guidelines recommend that patients (pts) undergoing bioprosthetic aortic valve replacement (AVR) receive at least 3 months of anticoagulation with warfarin because it is believed to reduce thromboembolic events. We sought to determine the risk of events in such pts treated and not treated with
QUANTUM LANDSCAPES: A ‘Ventriloquism of Spirit’

The rise of natural history as a discipline and as an area of inquiry was the result of European colonial activity in the New World tropics. While postcolonial studies has been concerned with the spatial contours of empire, it has only recently begun to explore the epistemological and ecological consequences of this construction of ‘natural’ history. Edouard Glissant has argued that the relationship between humans and nature in the Caribbean was fractured by the brutalities of the plantation system. Contemporary anglophone writers have begun to reconstruct that relationship through the use of non-realist narrative. Pauline Melville's novel The Ventriloquist's Tale brings together Amerindian mythology and Western physics in order to complicate the materialist and anthropomorphic bias of Caribbean historiography and to press against the realist boundaries of ecocritical studies.
Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy.

Abstract The development of an endoscopic procedure for the placement of a gastrostomy feeding tube has revived interest in the use of this technique for nutritional support. The medical literature has reported a considerable amount of experience which attests to its ease of placement and low incidence of complications associated with placement. The "push" and "pull" techniques both have been used effectively to establish access to the stomach. Innovations by numerous practitioners have helped reduce some of the minor complications associated with percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) placement. Serious complications from pulmonary aspiration and stomal infection remain important management issues after gastrostomy placement and initiation of feeding. The adequacy of nutritional support should be the final measure of successful PEG placement.
Design of AC loss testing system of HTS cable based on LabVIEW

The AC loss is an important factor in design and operation of the superconducting equipment. In order to study the cold insulation AC loss of HTS( High Temperature Superconducting) cable variation,proposed based on LabVIEW cable AC loss measurement methods and build AC loss measurement system. Experiments using NI's data acquisition system to obtain the voltage and current signals of a short sample HTS cable outer and inner layers.Based on cross-correlation algorithm derived phase difference of voltage and current signals,in the elimination of the effect of joint resistance and then calculate the AC losses. At 50 and 60Hz,the measurement of the 0. 2m long,110kV /1. 5kA HTS cable AC losses of the cable sample model. The results show that in logarithmic coordinates,the AC loss with transport current increases linearly,after normalized frequency,the loss of the cable curve under different frequencies was consistent,unit cycles of ac loss values are the same. The research results have certain reference value for the research and application of HTS cable.
Impact of molecular (DNA) testing on determination of parentage.

Abstract Objective.—To examine changes in parentage testing practices since the introduction of DNA polymorphisms. Methods.—Comparison of data from American Association of Blood Banks (AABB) annual questionnaires and the responses of participants to AABB–College of American Pathologists proficiency test panels. Results.—DNA polymorphisms have led to a complete change in the technical methods used by parentage testing laboratories. Conclusions.—The widespread use of DNA methods has increased the power of the information routinely provided to the courts in cases of disputed paternity, to agencies needing information about relatedness, and to the individuals who are tested.
How to Deal with Difficult Antegrade Issues

Percutaneous revascularization of a chronically occluded coronary artery requires the interventional cardiologist to deal with challenges that are not often met in routine coronary intervention. The Hybrid algorithm provides strategies on how to proceed with initial, secondary and tertiary approaches to CTO PCI, based on anatomy, but within each of these approaches (antegrade, retrograde, dissection reentry, etc.) unique problems can arise that require a set of potential solutions to be considered by the operator (ie, the “algorithms within the algorithm”).
Coping with Romantic Betrayal: Sex Differences in Responses to Partner Infidelity

The current research tested the hypothesis that, because infidelity entails somewhat different negative consequences for men and women, men and women display different emotional and behavioral reac...
Using Tree Growth Rates to Evaluate Urban Tree Planting Specifications

Abstract Annual growth was measured from increment cores extracted from 105 willow oaks (Quercus phellos L.) growing in seven locations in the metropolitan Washington, DC, area. Sample sites were s...
Tooth Enamel Maturation Reequilibrates Oxygen Isotope Compositions and Supports Simple Sampling Methods

Abstract Oxygen isotope and major element zoning patterns of several disparate ungulate teeth were collected to evaluate the timing and geometry of enamel formation, records of isotope zoning, and tooth enamel sampling strategies. Isotopic zoning in mammalian tooth enamel encodes a sub-annual time series of isotopic variation of an animal’s body water composition, with a damping factor that depends on the specifics of how enamel mineralizes. Enamel formation comprises two stages: precipitation of appositional enamel with a high CO3:PO4 ratio, followed by precipitation of maturational enamel with a lower CO3:PO4. If appositional and maturational enamel both contribute to isotope compositions (but with different CO3:PO4), and if isotope compositions vary seasonally, paired δ18O values from CO3 and PO4 profiles should show a spatial separation. CO3 isotope patterns should be shifted earlier seasonally than PO4 isotope patterns. Such paired profiles for new and published data show no resolvable shifts, i.e. CO3 and PO4 δ18O profiles show coincident maxima and minima. This coincidence suggests that enamel maturation reequilibrates appositional isotope compositions. If enamel maturation establishes enamel isotope compositions, the geometry of maturation, not apposition, should be considered when devising sampling protocols. X-ray maps of Ca zoning show that the majority of enamel (inner and middle layers) mineralizes heavily at a high angle to the external tooth surface and the enamel-dentine junction over length scales of 2–4 mm, while the outer enamel surface mineralizes more slowly. These data suggest that isotopic sampling strategies should parallel maturational geometry and focus on interior enamel to improve data fidelity. The magnitude of isotopic damping is also smaller than implied in previous studies, so tooth enamel zoning more closely reflects original body water isotopic variations than previously assumed.
Determination of the five parameter grain boundary character distribution of nanocrystalline alpha-zirconium thin films using transmission electron microscopy

Abstract Grain boundary engineering and other fundamental materials science problems (e.g., phase transformations and physical properties) require an improvement in the understanding of the type and population of grain boundaries in a given system – yet, databases are limited in number and spare in detail, including for hcp crystals such as zirconium. One way to rapidly obtain databases to analyze is to use small-grained materials and high spatial resolution orientation microscopy techniques, such as ASTAR™/precession electron diffraction. To demonstrate this, a study of grain boundary character distributions was conducted for α-zirconium deposited at room temperature on fused silica substrates using physical vapor deposition. The orientation maps of the nanocrystalline thin films were acquired by the ASTAR™/precession electron diffraction technique, a new transmission electron microscope based orientation microscopy method. The reconstructed grain boundaries were classified as pure tilt, pure twist, 180°-twist and 180°-tilt grain boundaries based on the distribution of grain boundary planes with respect to the angle/axis of misorientation associated with grain boundaries. The results of the current study were compared to the results of a similar study on α-titanium and the molecular dynamics results of grain boundary energy for α-titanium.
More Than Words? Computer-Aided Text Analysis in Organizational Behavior and Psychology Research

Computer-aided text analysis (CATA) offers great promise for scholars who aspire to capture the beliefs, cognitions, and emotions of individuals as reflected in their narratives and written texts. We review advancements in the use of CATA in organizational studies and highlight the increased momentum towards incorporating rigor when using CATA. We review key CATA software and note the variance in possibilities of approaches when extracting meaning from languages. We then outline the potential for this technique to build knowledge surrounding organizational psychology and organizational behavior. Specifically, we highlight specific research streams that might benefit from the use of CATA and highlight cross-cultural perspectives that might further advance the use of this technique.
Timing of INR reversal using fresh-frozen plasma in warfarin-associated intracerebral hemorrhage.

Rapid reversal of coagulopathy is recommended in warfarin-associated intracerebral hemorrhage (WAICH). However, rapid correction of the INR has not yet been proven to improve clinical outcomes, and the rate of correction with fresh-frozen plasma (FFP) can be variable. We sought to determine whether faster INR reversal with FFP is associated with decreased hematoma expansion and improved outcome. We performed a retrospective analysis of a prospectively collected cohort of consecutive patients with WAICH presenting to an urban tertiary care hospital from 2000 to 2013. Patients with baseline INR > 1.4 treated with FFP and vitamin K were included. The primary outcomes are occurrence of hematoma expansion, discharge modified Rankin Scale (mRS), and 30-day mortality. The association between timing of INR reversal, ICH expansion, and outcome was investigated with logistic regression analysis. 120 subjects met inclusion criteria (mean age 76.9, 57.5% males). Median presenting INR was 2.8 (IQR 2.3–3.4). Hematoma expansion is not associated with slower INR reversal [median time to INR reversal 9 (IQR 5–14) h vs. 10 (IQR 7–16) h, p = 0.61]. Patients with ultimately poor outcome received more rapid INR reversal than those with favorable outcome [9 (IQR 6–14) h vs. 12 (8–19) h, p = 0.064). We find no evidence of an association between faster INR reversal and either reduced hematoma expansion or better outcome.
Optimal Bandwidth for Multitaper Spectrum Estimation

A systematic method for bandwidth parameter selection is desired for Thomson multitaper spectrum estimation. We give a method for determining the optimal bandwidth based on a mean squared error (MSE) criterion. When the true spectrum has a second-order Taylor series expansion, one can express quadratic local bias as a function of the curvature of the spectrum, that can be estimated by using a simple spline approximation. This is combined with a variance estimate, obtained by jackknifing over individual spectrum estimates, to produce an estimated MSE for the log spectrum estimate for each choice of time-bandwidth product. The bandwidth that minimizes the estimated MSE then gives the desired spectrum estimate. Additionally, the bandwidth obtained by using our method is also optimal for cepstrum estimates. We give an example of a damped oscillatory (Lorentzian) process in which the approximate optimal bandwidth can be written as a function of the damping parameter. The true optimal bandwidth agrees well with that given by minimizing estimated the MSE in these examples.
Membranome 2.0: database for proteome-wide profiling of bitopic proteins and their dimers.

Motivation Structural studies of TM domains of single-spanning (bitopic) membrane proteins are impeded by their instability, flexibility and heterogeneity. The new computational method TMDOCK allows reliable modeling of homodimers of transmembrane (TM) α-helices on a proteomic scale. Results 3D models of 2129 parallel homodimers formed by TM α-helices of bitopic proteins from six evolutionarily distant organisms were modeled by TMDOCK, verified through experimental data available for nearly 600 proteins, and included in the Membranome database (v.2.0) along with related information to facilitate structural and evolutionary analysis of bitopic proteins. Availability and implementation http://membranome.org. Contact almz@umich.edu. Supplementary information Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
The Gut Microbiota of Mosquitoes: Diversity and Function

Abstract The digestive system of most animals including mosquitoes contains communities of microbes referred to as the gut microbiota. Early studies reported that the most abundant microbes in the mosquito gut are bacteria, while culture- and sequence-based approaches over the last 10 years provide more detailed information on community acquisition, diversity, and richness. The first part of this chapter summarizes this literature. The second part of the chapter discusses the known or hypothesized functions of the gut microbiota in different aspects of mosquito biology.
Peer Pressure in Paris: Country Reviews at the OECD in the 1960s and 1970s

This chapter examines the early history of the Economic and Development Review Committee (EDRC) to illuminate the process of peer review at the OECD. Each year the EDRC conducted annual examinations of OECD participants behind closed doors, evaluating economic performance and the effectiveness of each government’s policies in turn. Because the final results were eventually published as “country surveys,” member governments sometimes tried to evade close scrutiny or soften the EDRC’s conclusions. Nevertheless, the published surveys enjoyed a solid international reputation, and overall the review process contributed to the transparency of Western economic activity and fostered a sense of mutual accountability within the Organization.
Cancer Among Adolescents and Young Adults in Massachusetts from 2004 to 2014.

This brief report describes the burden of cancer among adolescents and young adults (AYAs), aged 15–39 years, in Massachusetts from 2004 to 2014 using data from the Massachusetts Cancer Registry and Registry of Vital Records and Statistics. In Massachusetts, 4.6% of cancer cases and 1.3% of cancer deaths occurred among AYAs. The incidence rate of cancer among AYAs was 77.6 cases per 100,000 and the mortality rate was 8.0 deaths per 100,000. The incidence rates of melanoma and Hodgkin lymphoma have been decreasing annually. The incidence rate of thyroid cancer has been increasing for females aged 15–24 years and males aged 25–39 years.
Restricted and free-form cheap-talk and the scope for efficient coordination

Abstract This paper is the first to compare the efficiency-enhancing capacity of two communication protocols in experimental stag-hunt games. The traditional restricted protocol that allows communicating intentions only fails to improve efficiency over the no-communication conditions. When players are allowed to send any messages (free-form), the majority of them send messages that underscore a reason for which players should choose the efficient action. To explore further whether the absence of such a richer message in the traditional restricted communication protocol can be the cause of its ineffectiveness, we ran an additional treatment that included the intention-based message as well as a reason-based message. The data show that the richer restricted communication is as effective as free-form communication, and that reason-based messages are an effective efficiency-enhancing device in this class of coordination games regardless of whether the protocol is restricted or free-form.
Enhancing vital non-technical workplace competencies for early career seed scientists

Graduate training programs often produce technically ‘savvy’ scientists with inadequate non-technical skill sets essential for workplace success. The challenges associated with lack of non-technical competency may be exacerbated in highly specialized fields such as seed science. This brief communication describes recent efforts conducted at the 12th Triennial Conference of the International Society for Seed Science to address non-technical skill development for pre-career professionals. Furthermore, I propose a few adaptable ideas to begin confronting the divide between graduate education and professional development.
Oxidative Metabolism of Nicotine In Vivo

Nicotine undergoes a variety of metabolic reactions involving oxidation, most of which result in transformations of the pyrrolidine ring. The major route of metabolism in most mammalian species involves oxidation of the 5′-carbon atom to give the γ-lactam derivative cotinine. Oxidation of the N-methyl group results in demethylation to nornicotine, which is a minor metabolite in humans. Nicotine also undergoes oxidation of the pyrrolidine nitrogen atom to give a diasteriomeric mixture of N-oxides. Cotinine is extensively metabolized in humans, with only 10–20% being excreted unchanged in urine. It appears that the major urinary metabolite of cotinine is trans-3′-hydroxycotinine which results from oxidation adjacent to the carbonyl. Formation of this metabolite in humans has been shown to be highly stereoselective. Cotinine is also metabolized by N-oxidation of the pyridine nitrogen atom to give cotinine N-oxide which is a minor metabolite in humans, accounting for only a few percent of the nicotine absorbed by smokers. Other metabolites resulting from oxidative degradation of the pyrrolidine ring have been reported, but the pathways by which they are formed are not well understood, and their quantitative importance in humans is unknown. In this paper the various oxidative pathways will be discussed, with emphasis on quantitative and stereochemical aspects of nicotine metabolism in humans. Applications of metabolic data in clinical research will also be discussed.
The Concept of Harm in Constitutional Criminal Procedure

Harm is a pervasive doctrinal concept in constitutional criminal procedure. The Sixth Amendment protects a criminal defendant’s right to effective assistance of counsel — so long as she can prove that counsel’s deficient performance prejudiced her defense. On direct appeal, a reviewing court must vacate a criminal conviction obtained in violation of constitutional rights — unless the government can prove that the error was harmless. When challenging the constitutionality of a conviction via the writ of habeas corpus, a state prisoner is only permitted to advance claims previously raised in the state court system — unless she can demonstrate good cause for not raising the claim earlier, as well as actual prejudice flowing from the constitutional violation. No constitutional or statutory provision dictates that harm-related constructs ought to play a role in these rules. Nevertheless, courts have grafted such elements deeply into their doctrinal structure. The same pattern recurs in countless other facets of constitutional criminal procedure. Harm is not only pervasive; it is also problematic. Harm is often transplanted into rights and remedies without adequate attention to constitutional text, history and structure. Moreover, the Constitution recognizes and protects against many forms of harm — harm to innocence, to dignity, and to robust civic engagement —, yet judicial approaches to harm tend to flatten out this complexity and focus solely on the accuracy-promoting and innocence-protecting functions of procedural rights. Even once the relevant category of harm has been identified, measuring harm can be exceptionally difficult — sometimes, impossible — in view of the epistemic and institutional limitations of courts. Nevertheless, judges routinely charge into this thicket, fully confident in their ability to discern when constitutionally significant procedural lapses have harmed criminal defendants, without the guidance of general principles or theoretical foundations. This article aims to sketch the general outlines of such a theory. Most of the insights that, taken together, would comprise a sensible theory of harm can be found, in fragmentary form, dispersed in many different doctrinal niches. At the same time, however, other procedural rules reflect a failure to grasp those very same insights. My task, therefore, is threefold: first, to gather together the diverse threads of wisdom reflected in existing law; second, to weave those threads into a unified whole, which I will refer to as a common law of harm; and finally, to demonstrate the potency of this reconstructed common law of harm as a method of critique and reform for constitutional criminal procedure.
In-Situ Mechanical Properties of Nanotubes and Nanowires

Due to the highly size and structure selectivity of nanomaterials, their physical properties can be quite diverse, depending on their atomic-scale structure, size, and chemistry. To maintain and utilize the basic and technological advantages offered by the size specificity and selectivity of the nanomaterials, there are three key challenges that we need to overcome for the future technological applications of nanomaterials. First, synthesis of size, morphology, and structurally controlled nanomaterials, which are likely to have the precisely designed and controlled properties. Second, novel techniques for characterizing the properties of individual nanostructures and their collective properties. This is essential for understanding the characteristics of the nanostructures. Finally, integration of nanomaterials with the existing technology is the most important step for their applications, especially in nano-scale electronics and optoelectronics.