cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The biochemical growth and development of the palate, maxilla, mandible and tongue in the New Zealand white rabbit.

Abstract Seventy-two female New Zealand white rabbits were divided into six groups and killed with Nembutal at 17.0, 17.5, 18.0, 18.5, 19.0 and 19.5 days postconception. The foetuses were removed; the palates, maxilla, mandibles and tongues were dissected from each foetus, weighed and pooled; DNA, RNA and protein were determined in each pooled sample. The results showed three distinct patterns of development. The mandible and maxilla showed similar developmental patterns, while the palate and tongue each showed their own distinct pattern. The palate showed a remarkable rise in protein/DNA at day 18.0, the time corresponding to palatal closure in our rabbits. Further such studies may elucidate the role that relative growth rates of these tissues plays in the aetiology of cleft palate.
MO-D-204B-06: Segmentation Evaluation in the Context of Inter-Physician Variance

Purpose: To evaluate a registration‐based system for intracranial segmentation in the context of multiple physicians and cases of large space‐occupying brain lesions. Method and Materials: Segmentation analyses suffer from the absence of a known ground truth and a single adequate comparison metric. However, these limitations can be overcome by applying multiple metrics and statistical methods to large data sets. We enlisted 8 physicians to delineate the brainstem, chiasm, optic nerves, and eyes in 20 challenging patient volumes. Our system utilizing the adaptive bases algorithm automatically segmented these structures. The expert delineations formed probability maps (p‐maps) that were used to calculate a simulated ground truth. We evaluated inter‐physician and automatic‐physician variation using the Dice similarity coefficient. Each was then evaluated against the ground truth using Dice and Euclidean distance maps. To understand the observed variance at the edges of delineations, we sampled the p‐maps and fitted a linear regression model. Results: Across all structures and patients in pair‐wise Dice comparisons, the automatically derived structures compared as well or better to the physician delineations than did the physicians with one another. The inter‐physician spatial overlap for brainstem and eyes was over 80%, while for the optic chiasm and nerves it was only 40–50 percent. Median Euclidean distances to a simulated ground truth were less than 2 mm for both the automatic and physician delineations, and maximum deviations were generally less than 5 mm. Of the total p‐map variance only 20% was explained by main effects of physician, case and structure, and their interactions, suggesting the delineations are inherently noisy. Conclusion: The fully automatic system produced segmentations geometrically equivalent to those delineated by a group of physician experts. This work underscores the need for multiple physicians and metrics to avoid bias in evaluating segmentation results.
On the Decay of Supercells through a “Downscale Transition”: Visual Documentation

Abstract Photographic and mobile-radar documentation of the dissipation of a supercell and a severe convective storm that had not yet developed into a mature supercell are discussed. It is hypothesized, based on these cases and on others, that when a low-precipitation or classic supercell and/or a developing supercell moves into an environment of cooler surface temperatures and a strong capping inversion, it eventually dissipates through a process of “downscale transition,” in which vertical shear tilts the updraft more in the downshear direction as the CAPE decreases, and the updraft becomes narrower as the storm dissipates. During the downscale transition, it is possible that a cold pool or lack thereof may play a role, but the documentation in the cases detailed herein is not adequate to address this issue.
Effects of innate immunity on herpes simplex virus and its ability to kill tumor cells.

Several clinical trials have or are being performed testing the safety and efficacy of different strains of oncolytic viruses (OV) for malignant cancers. OVs represent either naturally occurring or genetically engineered strains of viruses that exhibit relatively selective replication in tumor cells. Several types of OV have been derived from herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV1). Tumor oncolysis depends on the processes of initial OV infection of tumor, followed by subsequent propagation of OV within the tumor itself. The role of the immune responses in these processes has not been extensively studied. On the contrary, effects of the immune response on the processes of wild-type HSV1 infection and propagation in the central nervous system have been studied and described in detail. The first line of defense against a wild-type HSV1 infection in both naive and immunized individuals is provided by innate humoral (complement, cytokines, chemokines) and cellular (macrophages, neutrophils, NK cells, γδ T cells, and interferon-producing cells) responses. These orchestrate the lysis of virions and virus-infected cells as well as provide a link to effective adaptive immunity. The role of innate defenses in curtailing the oncolytic effect of genetically engineered HSV has only recently been studied, but several of the same host responses appear to be operative in limiting anticancer effects by the replicating virus. The importance of this knowledge lies in finding avenues to modulate such initial innate responses, in order to allow for increased oncolysis of tumors while minimizing host toxicity.
Precision of a fiel Method for determination of pH in dilute lakes

Replicate pH measurements in three dilute lakes made during extreme conditions indicate that pH can be measured in the field with a variance due to measurement error of 0.005 unit. Error of the field technique in measuring the pH of dilute solutions in the laboratory ranges from less than 0.01 unit in dilute strong-acid solutions to about 0.05 unit in air-saturated deionized water.
Modulation of coronary flow rate and cardiac contractility by the divalent cation ionophore A23187 and inhibitors of the cyclooxygenase and 5-lipoxygenase pathways: development of heterogeneous patterns of myocardial ischemia

In the present studies, we demonstrate in buffer-perfused isolated working guinea pig hearts that indometacin reduces coronary flow rate in a dose-dependent manner (max 56.7 ± 5.5%, SEM, n = 6, of control at 5 × 10−6 mol/l of indometacin, P < 0.01), and that this leads to a development of heterogeneous patterns of myocardial ischemia (elevated myocardial levels of reduced pyridine nucleotide, NADH) and depressed cardiac work (64.7 ± 11.7%, SEM, of control at 5 × 10−6 mol/l of indometacin, P < 0.05). The effect of indometacin on coronary flow rate and consequently on myocardial tissue oxygenation was completely prevented by the preferential 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) (1 × 10−6 mol/l), or the sulfidopeptide leukotriene receptor antagonist FPL 55712 (2 × 10−5 mol/l), indicating that the isolated working guinea pig heart, even when deprived of blood, is able to produce vasoactive sulfidopeptide leukotrienes at significant levels. At higher concentrations of indometacin (5 × 10−5 mol/l, 1 × 10−4 mol/l), coronary flow rate returned to initial levels while cardiac work became further depressed despite normoxic levels of NADH. These data support that indometacin also has a direct suppressive effect on the myocardium independent of its coronary vascular effect. This conclusion is supported by the observation that addition of sodium arachidonate (6 × 10−5 mol/l) completely inhibited the vascular effect of indometacin, but not the depressive effect on the myocardium. The divalent cation ionophore A23187 (6 × 10−6 mol/l) had a strong positive chronotropic effect on the heart and a biphasic effect on coronary flow rate. After a brief period of increased coronary flow rate, presumably due to coronary vasodilatation, the ionophore caused a sustained reduction in coronary flow, and this was accompanied by high myocardial levels of NADH fluorescence of characteristically heterogeneous pattern. This is presumably caused by vasoconstrictory effects of elevated levels of intracellular Ca2+ of vascular smooth muscle, independent of stimulation of 5-lipoxygenase or cyclooxygenase pathways, since neither indometacin nor nordihydroguaiaretic acid modified the effect of A23187.
Sovereign Immunity: Principles and Application in Medical Malpractice

Background Tort law seeks accountability when parties engage in negligent conduct, and aims to compensate the victims of such conduct. An exception to this general rule governing medical negligence is the doctrine of sovereign immunity. Historically, individuals acting under the authority of the government or other sovereign entity had almost complete protection against tort liability.
Viennese Memories, Art, and Freud

Beginning with a consideration of science and culture in early 20th-century Vienna, Kandel explores the interplay of neuroscience, psychology, and art.
Does historical exposure to hydrocarbon contamination alter the response of benthic communities to diesel contamination

A microcosm experiment was used to compare the influence of diesel contamination on two benthic salt-marsh communities, one chronically exposed to petroleum hydrocarbons for decades (Louisiana [LA]) and the other relatively uncontaminated (Mississippi [MS]). Initial meiofaunal community composition of the two sites was similar. Higher organic content of MS sediments should have reduced bioavailability, and thus the toxicity of hydrocarbons relative to the LA site. Nevertheless, although responses to diesel contamination at the two sites were generally qualitatively similar, a species-specific and several community-response variables were influenced to a much greater degree in the MS community. In particular, the abundance of total nauplii, ostracods, and copepods were negatively impacted to a greater extent in MS than in LA, as was grazing by ostracods on benthic microalgae. Nematode:copepod ratios in contaminated sediments were much higher in MS than in LA sediments. Pseudostenhelia wellsi (a benthic copepod) nauplii suffered greater adverse effects of diesel in MS than in LA. We conclude that the MS community was more sensitive to diesel contamination than was the LA community. The differential sensitivity is presumably a manifestation of different tolerances to hydrocarbon contaminants, mediated by a higher proportion of more tolerant species and/or increased tolerance among individual species in LA. Although the MS site was more sensitive to diesel contamination, qualitative responses of the LA and MS communities were similar, and comparable to previous studies of diesel contamination. The spatial and temporal consistency of diesel impacts on salt-marsh communities suggests that hydrocarbon contamination results in predictable community responses. Specifically, crustacean (e.g. copepods, ostracods, and nauplii) benthos are most sensitive to hydrocarbons. Reductions in abundance and grazing activity of crustaceans leads to enhanced algal biomass, reduced copepod diversity, and alters competitive interactions among meiofauna.
Department of Ophthalmology at the New York University Medical Center, 1960–2001

This autobiographical narrative describes many of the activities of the Department of Ophthalmology at New York University Medical Center that took place under the stewardship of Goodwin M. Breinin, who was chairman from 1958 to 2000. The author recalls his 40 years of collaborative research during this period, exploring the visual system with many faculty members at New York University and participating in departmentally sponsored studies elsewhere.
Extreme environments in the forests of Ushuaia, Argentina

[1] A survey over two mountain slopes (Glaciar Martial and Cerro Guanaco) in the vicinity of Ushuaia (Tierra del Fuego, Argentina) showed normal results for the region in terms of chlorophyll concentration in the leaves of the dominant tree species Nothofagus antarctica, N. pumilio and N. betuloides, and soil variables such as temperature, moisture, pH, and concentration of nitrogen, sodium and potassium. Solar radiation, on the other hand, showed high values of ultraviolet over the 200-400 nm range, suggesting that the environment is extreme in terms of incoming solar radiation. The forest canopy absorbs and/or reflects a significant amount of that radiation. In separate analyses we showed that these tree species contain UV-absorbing pigments (cyanidin, delphidin, and flavonol glycosides). We submit that the rippled and glossy surface of leaves serves as a reflection/backscattering mechanism that protects their inner structure and function. The presence of krummholz (= twisted, dwarf trees) in the upper end of the forest shows the effects of an extreme environment.
Geometry of the numerical range of matrices

Abstract Some techniques for the study of the algebraic curve C ( A ) which generates the numerical range W ( A ) of an n × n matrix A as its convex hull are developed. These enable one to give an explicit point equation of C ( A ) and a formula for the curvature of C ( A ) at a boundary point of W ( A ). Applied to the case of a nonnegative matrix A , a simple relation is found between the curvature of the function Φ ( A )= p ((1− α ) A + αA T ) ( p being the Perron root ) at α= 1 2 and the curvature of W ( A ) at the Perron root of 1 2 (A+A T ) . A connection with 2-dimensional pencils of Hermitian matrices is mentioned and a conjecture formulated.
The dielectric behavior of glassy amorphous polymers at 2.45 GHz

The dielectric behavior of glassy thermoplastic polymer in the microwave frequency range was investigated. Specifically, the relationship between energy absorption and temperature for several thermoplastic systems was examined to test the theoretical basis for heating under microwave irradiation. Irradiation under traveling and standing wave conditions were explored. The heating rate versus temperature data at a frequency of 2.45 GHz yielded a microwave calorimetry procedure for examination of the dielectric and relaxation behaviors. Correlations were drawn between (a) the apparent activation energy and the critical temperature, and (b) the shape of the dielectric spectra at 2.45 GHz and its shape in the kHz region. WLF relationships were examined for glassy thermoplastics to show the difference in changing activation energy with temperature.
Purple is not a Primary Color: Budget Politics in Colorado, 2012

DOI 10.1515/cjpp-2013-0022 Calif. J. Politics Policy 2013; 5(3): 401–414 Kenneth N. Bickers* Purple is not a Primary Color: Budget Politics in Colorado, 2012 Abstract: This paper focuses on the challenges to the Colorado state budget, in particular the potential impact that recent court decision may have for the budget- ary choices available to the state in light of existing fiscal institutions. Among the most important of these fiscal institutions is Colorado’s Tax Payer Bill of Rights, commonly known as TABOR. In the second portion of the paper, I ask the ques- tion of how much the budget constraints facing the state are a function of fiscal institutions and how much is instead a function of the underlying political com- petition between reds and blues. This analysis involves calculation of PVI-type scores comparing Colorado to the entire country from the early 1990s through the present. This analysis provides the basis of a discussion of whether partisan composition, rather than fiscal institutions, imposes the primary constraint on the state’s budgetary choices. Keywords: Colorado; TABOR; fiscal institutions; budget; school finance; higher education. *Corresponding author: Kenneth N. Bickers, Department of Political Science, University of Colorado, Ketchum 131a, 333 UCB, Boulder, CO 80309-0333, USA, e-mail: Kenneth.Bickers@colorado.edu 1 Introduction Purple is not a primary color. It results when red and blue are mixed together. In a color chart, the hues are thoroughly blended. In politics, the reds and blues that form a purple state rarely flow together into a homogeneous blend but are more often in fierce competition with one another, giving the purple at some points a greater tinge of red and at others a greater tinge of blue. So it is in Colorado. In this most purple of states, budgeting, taxation, and politics are all subject to the ongoing contest between reds and blues. Indicators abound of the competition in Colorado between red and blue. Cur- rently, registered voters in the state of Colorado (including both those classified as active and as inactive) are slightly more than 32% Republicans, slightly fewer than 32% Democrats, and 35% unaffiliated with any party (Colorado Secretary of State 2012). The Governor is a Democrat who won election in 2010 with 51% of the
Mental health services for rural children and adolescents

Abstract Rural children and adolescents have rates of mental disorders comparable to metropolitan youth, but face additional barriers to effective delivery of mental health care that are unique to rural areas. These barriers include transportation, communication, laws, and attitudinal issues that affect the process and structure of mental health services for rural youth. In addition, the recruitment and retention of trained professionals continues to plague mental health organizations that serve children and adolescents in rural areas. Rural communities and providers have responded by changing the structure and organization of mental health services for youth, relying more often on federal and state dollars, and focusing on noncategorical and preventive services. Rural communities have also relied more heavily on alternative types of providers for mental health services for children and adolescents while increasing efforts to retain current providers. The effectiveness of the adaptations used by rural mental health organizations is largely unknown, although most children and adolescents with mental disorders in rural areas do not receive adequate mental health services.
Microplankton population structure in Southern California nearshore waters in late spring

Taxonomic composition, biomass as organic carbon, numerical abundance, and size distribution of the microplankton were determined at 6 Southern California nearshore locations in late May–early June, 1970. Samples were taken at approximately 5 m (10 m at one station) intervals through the upper 40 to 50 m to reveal some of the small-scale differences and levels of variability in the populations. Total microplankton biomass over all euphotic zone samples varied by more than two orders of magnitude (7.6 to 1,200 μg C l-1). Average biomass at comparable sites (n=5) ranged from 48 to 240 μg C l-1; biomass range within stations varied from about 5-fold to 120-fold. Total microplankton numbers varied approximately 22-fold (4.3×105 to 9.5×106 organisms l-1) over all euphotic zone samples, but the range within stations was always less than an order of magnitude. At comparable stations, nanoplankton biomass had ranges extending from 3.7-fold to 12-fold; its average percentage contribution (±1 SD) to the total microplankton biomass varied from 39±5% to 54±13%. Netplankton biomass showed a similar minimal range, but its greatest range was more than two orders of magnitude. Ranges of abundance of major taxonomic groups within stations varied considerably from about 2-fold to more than three orders of magnitude. The small-scale variability of the populations probably affects the reliability of the microplankton as a food source for pelagic consumers.
Compact GdBa2Cu3O7–δ coated conductor cables for electric power transmission and magnet applications*

Bundling high-temperature superconductors together to form high-current cables is required in, for instance, power transmission and low-inductance magnet applications. Cabling techniques that have been applied so far have not resulted in compact, mechanically robust, high-current cables that remain flexible. Here, we demonstrate that the cabling technique that we have introduced only recently enables the construction of cables from high-temperature superconducting coated conductors that meet these requirements. We present details of a cable, wound from GdBa2Cu3O7–δ coated conductors, that has an outer diameter of 7.5 mm and a critical current of about 2800 A at 76 K and self-field. The compact size and flexibility make the cable suitable for Navy and Air Force power transmission, and would allow superconducting power transmission lines that have been installed in the electric power grid to be reduced in diameter. The potential of increasing the engineering current density of the cable, while maintaining flexibility, makes them also suitable for high-field magnet applications.
Interference Alignment: A Building Block of Coordinated Beamforming Transceiver Designs

Interference alignment (IA) has recently been used for the transceiver design of the K-user constant MIMO interference channel. Since this system is a coordinated beamforming system and there are other design criteria, it is important to evaluate IA transceiver designs in light of other designs. In this paper, relationships between IA and the MMSE, Max Min SINR, Max Sum Capacity, and Min BER transceiver designs are rigorously established for all SNR’s and power constraints. A MMSE based transceiver design approach, applicable for general linear equality power constraints, is also proposed—the first such design for this system. It is used, along with some IA transceiver designs, to demonstrate numerically the derived relationships and to perform a comparison of the designs. One of the main conclusions is that IA is a building block of the traditional transceiver designs considered (MMSE, Max Min SINR, etc.) and generally should not be pursued alone.
A note concerning the TR-transformation

The canonical transformation which Scheifele (1970) proposes to make a coordinate of the true anomaly is the product of a Whittaker transformation by an extension to space-time of the one-parameter family of canonical transformations that Hill (1913) defined for the same purpose.
Increased expression of messenger ribonucleic acid encoding cytochrome P450 cholesterol side-chain cleavage and P450 17α-hydroxylase enzymes in ovarian hyperthecosis ☆

Abstract Objective: To investigate whether the increased ovarian androgen synthesis in hyperthecosis is due to increased expression of the steroidogenic enzymes essential for androgen synthesis. Design: Controlled study to investigate concentration of steroidogenic enzymes in the ovarian stroma of women with hyperthecosis of the ovaries. Setting: Academic research environment. Patient(s): Three women with ovarian hyperthecosis and eight with normal ovulatory cycles. Intervention(s): Ovarian stromal tissues were obtained from women with hyperthecosis and women with normal ovaries. Diagnosis of hyperthecosis was confirmed by histologic examination of the ovaries. Steroid levels were measured in the ovarian vein serum of one patient with hyperthecosis. Main Outcome Measure(s): Tissues were frozen immediately in liquid nitrogen and kept frozen until RNA was extracted. Total RNA was examined by Northern blot analysis using 32 P-labeled complementary DNA (cDNA) probes encoding human P450 scc and P450 17α enzymes. Result(s): P450 scc and P450 17α messenger RNAs (mRNAs) were detected in the normal ovarian stroma and stromal hyperthecosis. Compared with normal ovarian stroma, P450 scc mRNA was increased twofold and P450 17α mRNA was increased threefold in stromal hyperthecosis. Conclusion(s): [1] Ovarian stroma is probably the site of androgen production in ovarian hyperthecosis. [2] Increased stromal androgen synthesis in hyperthecosis could be due to increased expression of the enzymes P450 scc and P450 17α in the ovarian stroma. [3] Markedly increased concentrations of 17α-hydroxyprogesterone in the ovarian vein serum indicate possible dysregulation of P450 17α in ovarian hyperthecosis.
Maintaining osmotic balance with an aglomerular kidney

The gulf toadfish, Opsanus beta, is a marine teleost fish with an aglomerular kidney that is highly specialized to conserve water. Despite this adaptation, toadfish have the ability to survive when in dilute hypoosmotic seawater environments. The objectives of this study were to determine the joint role of the kidney and intestine in maintaining osmotic and ionic balance and to investigate whether toadfish take advantage of their urea production ability and use urea as an osmolyte. Toadfish were gradually acclimated to different salinities (0.5, 2.5, 5, 10, 15, 22, 33, 50 and 70 ppt (1.5%, 7.5%, 15%, 30%, 45%, 67%, 100%, 151% and 212% seawater)) and muscle tissue, urine, blood and intestinal fluids were analyzed for ion and in some cases urea concentration. The renal and intestinal ionoregulatory processes of toadfish responded to changes in salinity and when gradually acclimated, toadfish maintain a relatively constant plasma osmolality at environmental salinities of 5 to 50 ppt. However, at salinities lower (2.5 ppt) or higher (70 ppt) than this range, a significant deviation from resting plasma and urine osmolality as well as changes in muscle water content was measured, suggesting osmoregulatory difficulties at these salinities. The renal system compensates for dilute seawater by reducing Na+ reabsorption by the bladder, which allowed excess water to be excreted. In the case of hypersalinity, Na+ reabsorption was increased, which resulted in a conservation of water and the concentration of Mg2+, Cl-, SO(4)2- and urea. A similar pattern was observed within the gastrointestinal system. Notably, Mg2+, HCO3- and SO4(2-) were the dominant ions in the intestinal fluid under control and hypersaline conditions due to the absorption of Na+, Cl- and water. When exposed to dilute seawater conditions, the absorption of Na+ was greatly reduced which likely increased water elimination. As a result of decreased environmental levels and a reduction in drinking rate, Mg2+ and SO4(2-) in intestinal fluids under hypoosmotic conditions were greatly reduced. While urea did play a minor role in renal osmoregulation, toadfish appear to preferentially regulate Na+ and to some extend Cl- in urine and intestinal fluids.
Raman and infrared studies of cupric oxide

Polarized Raman and fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) measurements have been made on a single crystal of CuO. Group theory predicts nine vibrations of which three (A g , 2B g ) are Raman-active and six (3A u , 3B u ) are infrared-active. We have observed three Raman modes at 296 (A g ), 346 (B 1 ) and 636 (B 2 ) cm−1. We have also observed six infrared modes at 146 (B 3 ), 164 (A 2 ), 355 (A 3 ), 480 (B 1 ), 542 (?) and 603 (B 2 ) cm−1. The normal frequencies and eigenvectors have been calculated using Wilson’s FG method; a good fit between theory and experiment has been obtained.
Mortality Morality: Effect of Death Thoughts on Journalism Students' Attitudes Toward Relativism, Idealism, and Ethics

This study, based on terror management theory from social psychology, examines how the thought of death affects journalism students' views toward relativism, idealism, and unethical journalistic behavior. College journalism students (N = 101) participated in an experiment where half were primed to think about death and the other half, the control group, thought about dental pain. Then, all of them completed a questionnaire measuring their attitudes toward ethics. Results showed that although those in the death group were no more fearful, they were less relativistic and more strongly opposed to socially undesirable behavior by journalists, such as lying, publishing the names of rape victims, and reporting a public official's sexual affair. Implications for ethics research and journalists are discussed.
Disorders of steroid 11β-hydroxylase isozymes

Steroid 11 beta-hydroxylase activity in the adrenal cortex is required for the synthesis of the major glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids, but different isozymes mediate this conversion in the zona fasciculata, where cortisol is produced, and the zona glomerulosa, the site of aldosterone synthesis. The isozyme in the latter zone also has 18-hydroxylase and 18-oxidase activities that are required for aldosterone synthesis. Mutations in the genes encoding these isozymes respectively result in defective synthesis of cortisol and aldosterone. Recombinations between the two genes that alter the regulation of the isozyme responsible for aldosterone synthesis cause an inherited form of hypertension, glucocorticoid-suppressible hyperaldosteronism.
Magnetic behavior of antiferromagnetically coupled layers connected by ferromagnetic pinholes

The magnetic behavior of a sandwich structure, where two ferromagnetic films are coupled antiferromagnetically across a nonmagnetic spacer film, can be described reasonably well by a simple theoretical model. However, sandwich structures produced experimentally in the laboratory sometimes show behavior not accounted for by this model. These multilayers can exhibit an increased net magnetic moment at low temperatures, as well as a net magnetic moment in the absence of an external field. It has been proposed that the presence of ferromagnetic pinholes could account for some of these features. Our work investigates the temperature-dependent properties of a system with pinholes, and relates this to the size of the pinholes. We also examine some assumptions made in previous work and determine the limits of validity for these assumptions.
Distributed computing in universities and colleges

Abstract The implications of distributed computing in institutions of higher education are analyzed. The issues addressed are: the extent to which the quality of computing might be enhanced by adopting a distributed computing approach; the variations in distributed systems design, the cost of adoption; and administration of distributed systems.
Some insights on visual and verbal processing strategies

Abstract After briefly describing Wyer's general conceptual framework, the information system, and Barsalou's related perspective, a summary of many of the contributions made by Wyer, Hung, and Jiang (in press) is done. Next shortcomings of the style of processing scale are mentioned, as this is the primary way that chronic processing styles are implemented in the studies discussed in Wyer et al. (in press) . Following this, a number of philosophical and neuroscience issues are raised. Finally, the commentary closes with questions concerning the role of visual and verbal processing strategies and styles in persuasive communication, the role of affect and sensory processes in social comprehension and judgment, and the need to consider comprehension, judgment, and other cognitive processes in post-decision phases of goal striving.
Aerosol mass spectrometry: An introductory review

Abstract Aerosol mass spectrometry has become an essential tool in monitoring tropospheric aerosols. Various approaches have been developed for analyzing particles that range in size from 10 nm to 10 μm in diameter, and which consist of salts, soot, crustal matter, metals, and organic molecules, often mixed together. This wide variety of particle types has generated an equally wide variety of ionization sources, which include electron impact, laser ionization, laser desorption, chemical ionization, and electron capture ionization. Some instruments are capable of single particle analysis, while others require the collection of an ensemble of particles to obtain sufficient sample for analysis. Most instruments have been designed to ionize and analyze particular classes of compounds (e.g. salts, soot, or organics). This review provides a very broad overview of the aerosol mass spectrometry field and serves as an introduction to the many papers in this issue that deal with details about specific instruments.
Problems of sexuality as encountered in a general family practice.

In this brief presentation we shall attempt to identify a philosophical attitude in the development of a meaningful approach to the problems of sexuality as encountered in a general family practice. Our patient population is fairly homogeneous, mostly middle class, and semi-rural. Weare committed to the delivery of a comprehensive health care to individual and family, within the framework of a psychiatric orientation. Sexuality must be conceptualized as far more than a physical phenomenon. It is a major aspect of the total personality, related to one's emotional and social adjustment as well as to physical development. The significance of human sexuality can be fully understood only by relating it to the total adjustment pattern of the individual, within the context of family and society. An individual's sense of identity, his thinking and behavior, social and occupational activities, and many other facets of his existence are related to his total sexuality. Today, for the first time in our short history as a nation, the individual is confronted with an incredible array of competing sexual value systems. For the first time, also, he is granted a relative degree of freedom to make personal choices on a much broader spectrum than was formerly possible. Socially acceptable patterns of behavior today have a multi-variable range of normality. Since sexual behavior is a function of the total personality, sex education must concern itself with the biological, psychological, and social aspects which effect formation of person-
The genetic toxicology of metal compounds: I. Induction of lambda prophage in E coli WP2s(lambda).

A number of metal compounds have been shown to be human carcinogens. Others, while not proven human carcinogens, are able to cause tumors in laboratory animals. Short-term bacterial assays for genotoxic effects have not been successful in predicting the carcinogenicity of metal compounds. The authors report here the ability of some metal compounds to cause the induction of lambda prophage in E coli WP2/sub s/(lambda). By far the strongest inducing ability was observed with K/sub 2/CrO/sub 4/, followed by Pb(NO/sub 3/)/sub 2/ > Ni(OOCCH/sub 3/)/sub 2/ > CrCl/sub 2/ > NaWO/sub 4/ > Na/sub 2/MoO/sub 4/ > KMnO/sub 4/. With the exception of chromate, long-term exposures in a narrow, subtoxic dose range were required in order to demonstrate phage induction. A new microtiter assay for lambda prophage induction, which incorporates these features, is described. This system also was able to detect very small amounts of organic carcinogens.
Is it possible to predict suicide

Suicide remains a major public health concern. Suicide and suicidal behaviours are statistically infrequent, even in populations at risk [1–3]. The central problem confronting clinicians working in...
ACTION OF PROTEOLYTIC ENZYMES ON BOVINE MYOFIBRILS

The effect of cathepsin D from muscle and spleen on bovine myofibrils has been examined under postmortem pH conditions using sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electron spin resonance spectroscopy (ESR). Cathepsin D causes a degradaticy of 2 disks of the myofibrils and has a relatively selective action on the myofibrillar proteins in comparison to the plant derived enzyme papain. The heavy chain of myosin (200,000 daltons) was degraded to fragments of about 170,000, 150,000, and 80,000 daltons at 25°C. Degradation becomes more extensive at 37°C. ESR studies on spin-labeled myofibrils indicated that the proteolytic attack of cathepsin D occurred more distal to the globular region of the myosin when compared to papain or trypsin. Although there appears to be little proteolytic effect on D actinin or actin, changes in the gel electrophoresis pattern below 42,000 daltons indicate alterations of the regulatory complex and myosin light chains.
Trunk Muscles Activation Pattern During Walking in Subjects With and Without Chronic Low Back Pain: A Systematic Review

Abstract Objective The purpose of this study was to identify how activity patterns of trunk muscles change in chronic LBP during walking. Type This was a systematic review Literature Survey ELSEVIER, Pro Quest, PubMed, Google scholar and MEDLINE electronic databases were explored for the period from the earliest researchable time to August 2014. Articles investigating patients with chronic LBP and analyzing trunk muscles with surface electromyography (EMG) during walking were included. Methodology All studies had a case-control design. Characteristics of the LBP patients, sample size, studied muscles and EMG parameters, and gait condition and velocity were investigated. Studies were rated as "A" to "E" (5 grades defined) based on study design and performance. Results Multifidus (MF), erector spinae (ES), external oblique (EO), and rectus abdominus (RA) muscle activity level were found to be increased in LBP subjects in comparison with controls. ES activity in subjects with LBP was found not to be as adaptive to walking velocity alterations as in healthy controls. Conclusions Individuals with chronic LBP exhibit higher global trunk muscle activity. However, the activation pattern appears to vary depending on subphases of gait. It seems that increased walking velocity challenges the stability of the spine and the control system increases muscular activation and variability level to cope with this problem. Further standardized studies with subtyped LBP cases are needed to clarify the controversial findings.
Student Response to Teaching of Memory Cues and Resumption Strategies in Computer Science Classes

Programming is a creative process that requires the ability to concentrate and juggle multiple concepts simultaneously in one's mind. Existing research shows there is a tangible cost when a programmer is interrupted as the programmer must recover the context of his work and refocus on the task at hand. However, CS students are rarely taught about interruptions and how to manage them. Instead, teaching tends to focus only on technical concepts. In addition, there is little research on interruptions with respect to CS students. Therefore, our research examines what happens when CS students are taught about interruptions and how to cope with them.The objective of this paper is to determine if CS students are affected by interruptions, what knowledge CS students possess regarding memory cues and resumption strategies, and what their opinion is of this material. We conducted a study with approximately two-hundred undergraduate CS students to answer these questions. Our study was comprised of an initial questionnaire, a seminar on memory cues and resumption strategies, and a follow-up questionnaire. Our results demonstrate that CS students are affected by interruptions, but 73% of students report not knowing methods to mitigate them. After learning about memory cues and resumption strategies, students report that the material was useful and that they want to study it. Their most significant feedback is that they have a strong desire to include these techniques in CS curriculums, reporting a mean score of 7.78 out of 10, where 0 signifies strong disagreement and 10 signifies strong agreement.
Determination of benzo[a]pyrene in cigarette smoke condensate by liquid chromatography on amberlite xad-2

Abstract A method is described for the determination of benzo[a]pyrene in cigarette smoke condensate which utilizes chromatographic fractionation on Amberlite XAD-2. PAH are initially separated by step-wise gradient elution, progressing from reverse to normal-phase modes of operation. Other separation steps involve automated column chromatography on silica gel and thin-layer chromatography on 20% acetylated cellulose. Benzo[a]pyrene is finally determined by u.v. spectrophotometry and liquid scintillation counting of 14 C—benzo[a]pyrene tracer. Results obtained compare favorably with those of the more traditional liquid—liquid extraction methods.
Calcium Tschermak's pyroxene, CaAlAlSIO6, from the Allende and Murray meteorites: EBSD and micro-Raman characterizations

Calcium Tschermak’s pyroxene (CaTs), CaAlAlSiO_6, is well known as an important component in pyroxene. It is a member of the Ca clinopyroxene group in which Al dominates in the M1 site. Pyroxenes with more than 80 mol% CaTs were observed previously in Ca-,Al-rich refractory inclusions (CAI) from five carbonaceous chondrites. This study re-investigated the near end-member CaTs in the Allende and Murray chondrites. Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) is used to establish that its crystal structure is monoclinic, C2/c; a = 9.609 A, b = 8.652 A, c = 5.274 A, β =106.06°, V = 421.35 A^3, and Z = 4. Its EBSD pattern is an excellent match to that of synthetic CaAlAlSiO_6 with the C2/c structure. MicroRaman is also carried out to confirm the crystal structure. The Allende CaTs, with 46.00 wt% Al_(2)O_3 and 97 mol% Al in the M1 site, has the formula Ca_(1.02)(Al_(0.97)Fe_(0.01)Mg_(0.01))0.99(Si_(1.00)Al_(1.00))_(Σ2.00)O_6. It occurs as micrometer-sized crystals along with melilite, hibonite, perovskite, spinel, corundum, Ti^(3+)-rich pyroxene, and grossular in a fluffy Type A CAI. It is probably a secondary phase resulting from the alteration of gehlenitic melilite. The CaTs in Murray, with a formula Ca_(0.98)(Al_(0.81)Mg_(0.16)Ti_(0.04)^(4+))_(Σ1.01)(Si_(1.11)Al_(0.89))_(Σ2.00)O_6, occurs with hibonite and Al-rich diopside in a glass-free refractory spherule. This sample formed by solidification of a once-molten droplet early in the history of the solar system.
The multiplication of an influenza virus strain in a continuous line of mammalian cells.

Strains of influenza A have been propagated in fertile eggs (1), in membranes from fertile eggs (2), and in a var ie ty of pr imary cell cultures, including chick embryo fibroblasts (3) and hamster kidney cells (4). The virus has been grown in established cell lines: several strains of influenza A were propagated in the slow-growing 1-5C-4 line of Chang's conjunetival cells (5, 6), and a strain of influenza A2 replicated to a low titer in KB cells (7). Our interest in certain biochemical aspects of influenza virus prompted us to search for a cell host which would grow rapidly and support virus multiplication to high infectivity titers in a fluid as nearly chemically defined as possible. The WSN strain of influenza A (3), which forms plaques on monolayers of chicken embryo fibroblast (CEF) and 1-5C-4 cells, was serially passaged in three hosts. After several passages the virus was given a designation indicating its particular host: WSNE virus was grown in 10-day old embryonated eggs using 0.005 to 0.1 hemagglutinating units of diluted allantoic fluid as inoculum and incubating 40 hours at 37 ~ C. Hemagglutination (HA) titrations were performed as previously described (8).
Effects of help fields on navigating through hierarchical menu structures

Abstract The results of two experiments on simple menu selection are reported in which participants searched for target words through hierarchical menu displays consisting of binary choices at six levels. The menu hierarchy contained 64 words at the lowest level. Category descriptor terms were provided at higher levels and participants were required to select a sequence of options which would lead to the target word. In addition to the standard menu options, participants in experimental groups were shown help fields containing either previous selections, the target word, or upcoming selections. Participants who selected options in the presence of options at the next lower level in the menu (upcoming selections) searched with greater accuracy than participants in the control condition (no additional information), but neither continuous display of the target nor providing a list of previous selections within a trial benefited search performance. This pattern of results was found both when participants had no previous experience on the task and when help fields were introduced after 64 trials on the standard menu. Similar trends were found when help fields were introduced after 128 trials on the standard menu, but between-group differences failed to reach significance in that condition. The results of these experiments suggest that when required to use menus with multiple levels in simple menu selection, the options at a given level should include information about options at deeper levels in the menu.
The effect of α1-acid glycoprotein on the pharmacological activity of α1-adrenergic antagonists in rabbit aortic strips

The pharmacological activity of three alpha 1-adrenergic antagonists, prazosin, tiodazosin and WB4101 has been studied in the presence and absence of 20 microM alpha 1-acid glycoprotein (AAG) in rabbit aortic strips, and measured as the ability to increase the EC50 value of the alpha 1-adrenergic agonist phenylephrine. For all three drugs, the presence of AAG diminished the pharmacological activity when compared with equivalent unbound concentrations in the absence of AAG. In the presence of AAG the EC50 value of phenylephrine at 5.69 nM unbound prazosin was on average 47% lower than in the absence of AAG (P less than 0.002), at 122 nM unbound tiodazosin, 39% lower (P less than 0.01), and at 25.6 nM unbound WB4101, 68% lower (P less than 0.002). Albumin showed no ability to modify the alpha 1-adrenergic blocking activity of prazosin (P greater than 0.7). The EC50 value for phenylephrine in the absence of antagonists was not affected by AAG. The effect of AAG on the antagonistic activity of prazosin was concentration-dependent with a maximum suppression of prazosin activity of 79% and with a half-maximum concentration of 1.1 microM AAG. AAG significantly decreased prazosin's ability to reduce alpha 1-adrenergic stimulation of calcium influx (P less than 0.05), while it had no effect on prazosin's ability to decrease alpha 1-adrenergic-stimulated formation of inositol phosphate. These results suggest that the effect of AAG on adrenoceptors appears to act selectively via alpha 1 a-receptors. Consistent with these observation was the observation that WB4101, a selective alpha 1a-antagonist was more affected by AAG than was prazosin or tiodazosin.
A neglected welfare cost of monopoly—and most other product market distortions

Abstract A neglected effect of monopoly is the distortion in the quantity of resources supplied. Monopoly not only affects the economy's output mix, it also results in factor prices that are below social marginal value products. This latter distortion is shown to be quantitatively important when other policies, such as taxes on labor earnings, also depress factor prices. Under plausible conditions, the welfare cost due to this distortion of monopoly is shown to be between five and fifteen times larger than the more familiar “Harberger triangle” output mix distortion of monopoly. It is suggested that the resource supply effects of many other policies are similarly likely to be more important than their commonly evaluated output market effects.
Transvenous endomyocardial biopsy using the gastrointestinal biopsy (Olympus GFB) catheter.

Abstract The use of a GFB biopsy catheter (Olympus) for endomyocardial biopsy in 23 patients is described. The catheter may be introduced alone or through a Cournand catheter. This technique is simple and safe and has a success rate of 100 per cent. There is little problem with cleaning out the blood. The technique of introducing the biopsy catheter through an already positioned Cournand catheter avoids any damage to the veins or perforation through the vein or right atrium; even in patients with large right atria, the procedure of first manipulating a soft rather than a stiff catheter into the right ventricle, and then introducing the biopsy through the Cournand catheter, becomes technically easy. The biopsy specimens measure 2 by 2.5 mm., which are adequate for microscopic examination and bacterial or viral culture studies. There have been no immediate or late complications.