cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
SCORING PROCEDURES FOR THE EVALUATION OF SPELLING PERFORMANCE

"Heard looks like beard but is pronounced like bird, Meat and great and threat look alike but are pronounced differently—to rhyme with suite and straight and debt" (Dieterich 1972, p. 245). George Bernard Shaw is reputed to have devised ghoti as an appropriate spelling for the word fish. He took the gh from enough, the o from women, and the ti from -tion. It is apparent from these examples that the English language may present problems for the speller and reader, even if one agrees that there is regularity in our orthography. Whether or not the English language is comprised of regularly or irregularly spelled words is still a debatable topic, the solution of which will not alter the fact that individuals need to learn to spell correctly. Regardless of the methodology used to teach correct spelling (e.g., rule based; common-characteristics based, such as homonyms, " l ist" versus "context"), it is the final form presented by the learner that is evaluated. If evaluation procedures are to be effective methods by which instruction is to be redirected, the evaluation of spelling must lend itself to a credibility that is conducive to maximum learner efficiency.
Economical design of material flow paths

In this paper, we suggest a branch-and-bound procedure for designing flow paths of fixed-path material handling systems. The method may be applied to automated monorail systems (AMS), automated guided vehicle systems (AGVS), flexible conveyor systems and other fixed-path material handling systems. We formulate an economic model which considers the construction cost of each path segment as well as the travel cost. A procedure is developed to determine the configuration of flow path and the direction of each flow path segment. A tight lower bound for the optimal objective function and an efficient search strategy are suggested. Computational performance of this procedure is compared with a procedure previously developed by Kaspi and Tanchoco for the special case of AGV systems.
Synthesis of glycoconjugates during the development of mouse embryos in vitro.

Mouse embryos, culturedin vitro through the early stages of organogenesis, were labeled in the presence of [3H]glucosamine and [35S]sulfate at various times in order to assess synthesis of glycoconjugates during embryonic development. During thein vitro culturing and labeling procedures employed, the embryos display the morphogenetic changes corresponding to normal postimplantation development and proceed from gastrula, through primitive streak formation, to the early somite stages. The results of gel filtration analysis of the glycopeptides produced by Pronase digestion of the total glycoconjugates indicated that cultured embryos synthesize three main classes of saccharide chains; the synthesis of these three classes increases markedly during development. One class, derived from proteoglycans, consists of the large molecular weight glycosaminoglycans (>10,000 daltons), heparan sulfate, hyaluronic acid, and chondroitin and/or dermatan sulfate. A second class, derived from glycoproteins, is composed of a mixture of relatively low molecular weight (1500–3200 daltons) glycopeptides, consisting of 40% neutral and 60% acidic oligosaccharide chains. The third class of saccharide chains, intermediate in molecular weight (4000 to >10,000 daltons) and presumed to be derived from glycoproteins, contains a GlcNAc → Gal disaccharide repeating structure as well as terminal sialic acid residues. This recently discovered class of glycopeptides accounts for 30–50% of the total [3H]hexosamine-labeled glycopeptides. Duringin vitro development and organogenesis in these mouse embryos, the proportion of label incorporated into the smaller molecular weight glycopeptides slightly increased, whereas that in glycosaminoglycans decreased. In contrast, the proportion of label found in the glycopeptides containing repeating GlcNAc → Gal disaccharide units remained relatively constant during development from the blastocyst attachment stage through the early somite stages.
Structural and Fractal Properties of Particles Emitted from Spark Ignition Engines

Size, morphology, and microstructure of particles emitted from one light-duty passenger vehicle (Buick Century; model year 1990; PM (particulate matter) mass emission rate 3.1 mg/km) and two light-duty trucks (Chevrolet C2; model year 1973; PM mass emission rate 282 mg/km, and Chevrolet El Camino; model year 1976; PM mass emission rate 31 mg/km), running California's unified driving cycles (UDC) on a chassis dynamometer, were studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). SEM images yielded particle properties including three-dimensional density fractal dimensions, monomer and agglomerate number size distributions, and three different shape descriptors, namely aspect ratio, root form factor, and roundness. The density fractal dimension of the particles was between 1.7 and 1.78, while the number size distribution of the particles placed the majority of the particles in the accumulation mode (0.1-0.3 microm). The shape descriptors were found to decrease with increasing particle size. Partial melting of particles, a rare and previously unreported phenomenon, was observed upon exposure of particles emitted during phase 2 of the UDC to the low accelerating voltage electron beam of the SEM. The rate of melting was quantified for individual particles, establishing a near linear relationship between the melting rate and the organic carbon 1 to elemental carbon ratio.
Evaluation of diazepam and pyridoxine as antidotes to isoniazid intoxication in rats and dogs

Abstract Because information regarding efficacious treatment of acute isoniazid (INH) toxicity is incomplete and controversial, diazepam and pyridoxine were investigated as iv antidotes in rats and dogs following administration of po lethal doses of INH. There is a marked species variation in the lethality of INH; the lowest consistently lethal dose is 1500 mg/kg for rats and 75 mg/kg for dogs. Of the two species, the dog more closely approximates man's sensitivity to the lethal effect of INH overdose (80–150 mg/kg). Species variation was also observed in the effects of the antidotes. Diazepam exerted dose-related protection against convulsions in rats; paradoxically, survival was increased by the lowest dose (1 mg/kg) but not by higher doses. In dogs, however, diazepam failed to prevent convulsions but provided dose-related protection against death. Pyridoxine, in rats, did not protect against INH toxicity, but in dogs it showed dose-related effectiveness against convulsions, and all doses (75–300 mg/kg) prevented lethality. Significantly, the highest dose of pyridoxine tested in rats (750 mg/kg) was substantially below the optimal pyridoxine-to-INH antidotal ratio recommended for man (a dose that at least equals the amount of INH ingested), but that dose of pyridoxine would be larger than its LD50 for rats. Combined administration of diazepam with pyridoxine protected against convulsions and death in rats and dogs. Used concurrently, the two antidotes are clearly synergistic for controlling the manifestations of experimental INH overdose. These results have important implications for the management of acute INH intoxication in man.
Cell Cycle Length Affects Gene Expression and Pattern Formation in Limbs

The relationship between growth and pattern specification during development remains elusive. Some molecules known to function as growth factors are also potent agents of pattern formation. This raises the possibility that growth factors could act in pattern formation via an effect on the cell cycle. We have tested the significance of the length of the cell cycle for gene expression and pattern formation in developing chick limb buds by locally slowing the cell cycle. When anterior cell cycles are lengthened by reversible inhibition of DNA replication or by other means, some genes characteristic of the posterior polarizing region are expressed, and digit duplication is observed. Conversely, when posterior cell cycles are slowed, expression of some posterior-specific genes is inhibited, but the pattern is normal. These results indicate that control of the length of the cell cycle could play a primary role in pattern formation by influencing the complement of genes expressed in a particular region of the embryo.
Pollination ecology of Yucca elata : An experimental study of a mutualistic association.

The pollination biology of a population of 250 Yucca elata (Liliaceae) plants was studied in southern New Mexico. Yucca elata and the prodoxid yucca moth Tegeticula yuccasella have a mutualistic association that is essential for the successful sexual reproduction of both species. However, a wide range of other invertebrate species visit flowers during the day and at night. Our aim was to quantify the role of yucca moths and other invertebrate visitors in pollination and fruit set, using manipulative field experiments. Inflorescences were bagged during the day or night (N=12 inflorescences) to restrict flower visitors to either nocturnal or diurnal groups. Yucca moths were active exclusively nocturnally during the flowering period and thus did not visit inflorescences that were unbagged during the day. None of the 4022 flowers exposed only to diurnal visitors set fruit, whereas 4.6% of the 4974 flowers exposed only to nocturnal visitors (including yucca moths) produced mature fruit. The proportion of flowers producing fruit in the latter treatment was not significantly different from unbagged control inflorescences. In a series of experimental manipulations we also determined that: (1) flowers opened at dusk and were open for two days on average, but were only receptive to pollen on the first night of opening; (2) pollen must be pushed down the stigmatic tube to affect pollination; and (3) most plants require out-cross pollination to produce fruit. The combination of these results strongly suggests that yucca moths are the only species affecting pollination in Y. elata, and that if another species was to affect pollination, it would be a rare event.
The dissolution of quartz in dilute aqueous solutions of organic acids at 25°C

Abstract The dissolution of quartz in dilute aqueous solutions of organic acids at 25° and standard pressure was investigated by the batch dissolution method. The bulk dissolution rate of quartz in 20 mmole/Kg citrate solutions at pH 7 was 8 to 10 times faster than that in pure water. After 1750 hours the concentration of dissolved silica in the citrate solution was 167 μmole/Kg compared to 50 μmole/Kg in water and a 20 mmole/Kg solution of acetate at pH 7. Solutions of salicylic, oxalic, and humic acids also accelerated the dissolution of quartz in aqueous solution at pH 7. The rate of dissolution in organic acids decreased sharply with decreasing pH. The possibility of a silica-organic acid complex was investigated using UV-difference spectroscopy. Results suggest that dissolved silica is complexed by citrate, oxalate and pyruvate at pH 7 by an electron-donor acceptor complex, whereas no complexation occurs between silica and acetate, lactate, malonate, or succinate. Three models are proposed for the solution and surface complexation of silica by organic acid anions which result in the accelerated dissolution and increased solubility of quartz in organic rich water.
Interactive Effects of Dietary Protein and Lipid on Growth and Protein Utilization of Age-0 Striped Bass

Abstract Nine dietary combinations of crude protein (37, 47, or 57%) and lipid (7, 12, or 17%) concentrations were evaluated for their effects on growth, feed efficiency, protein-efficiency ratio, protein retained, and whole-body composition of age-0 striped bass Morone saxatilis (initial mean weight, 1.4 g) over 10 weeks. Increasing dietary protein concentration generally improved weight gain of striped bass. Striped bass fed diets containing 37% crude protein plus 7% lipid had lower weight gain than fish fed 47% crude protein plus 12% lipid or 57% crude protein plus 17% lipid. Whole-body protein concentrations increased with higher dietary protein concentrations and lower dietary lipid concentrations. Highest whole-body protein concentration occurred in fish fed 57% crude protein plus 7% lipid. Lowest whole-body protein concentration occurred in fish fed 37% crude protein plus 17% lipid. Whole-body lipid concentrations increased with higher dietary lipid concentrations and lower dietary protein concentr...
Retroperitoneal masses with associated human chorionic gonadotropin production: Report of two cases.

Abstract Background The production of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) can be stimulated by both pregnancy and malignancy. Methods Two patients with increased serum hCG and a retroperitoneal mass were monitored throughout the course of disease to evaluate fluctuations in hCG concentrations. Pathologic examination was performed on the resection specimens. Results The retroperitoneal masses were identified as a benign epidermoid cyst and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. The serum hCG concentration of the patient with the splenic epidermiod cyst decreased upon resection of the mass, and immunohistochemical staining demonstrated that the cyst lining expressed hCG. This is the first report of hCG secretion by an epidermoid cyst. The serum hCG concentrations of the patient with pancreatic adenocarcinoma paralleled the secretion of cancer antigen 19-9 and reflected the course of disease progression. Additional testing suggested that a different form of hCG was produced by each neoplasm. Conclusions hCG secretion may be associated with both benign and malignant neoplasms. Laboratory testing can be utilized to further characterize increased serum hCG, and may help to determine the etiology of the increased hCG.
Angular correlation studies of excited states in 23Mg

Abstract Alpha-gamma angular correlation measurements in the reaction 24Mg(3He, αγ)23Mg lead to the assignments J = 5 2 , 7 2 , ≦ 5 2 , ≦ 5 2 , ( 3 2 , 5 2 , 7 2 ) and ≦ 5 2 to the 23Mg levels at 0.45, 2.04, 2.35, 2.78, 3.78 and 4.35 MeV, respectively. The branching ratios of these levels and the mixing ratios of some of the γ-rays are reported.
Randomizing the superstring.

We find a simpler formulation of the Green-Schwarz action, for which the Wess-Zumino term is the square of supersymmetric currents, like the rest of the action. On a random lattice it gives Feynman diagrams of a particle superfield theory.
Insights into catheter/doppler discrepancies in congenital aortic stenosis

Abstract Despite inherent discrepancies between Doppler and catheter gradients in aortic stenosis, the simplified Bernoulli equation is still the accepted noninvasive technique to quantitate severity. The Reynolds number is a dimensionless parameter that characterizes the nature of flow as being viscous, turbulent, or transitional. Recently, in vivo and animal studies have successfully used a Reynolds number-based approach to reconcile Doppler-estimated and catheter-measured discrepancies. At the midrange of Reynolds number, pressure recovery effects are most evident, resulting in “overestimation” of catheter gradients by Doppler. At the lower range of the Reynolds number viscous effects are important, whereas at a higher range, turbulent factors are dominant; both result in a tendency toward agreement. We recorded 18 peak instantaneous gradients from dual left ventricular catheters (15 to 95 mm Hg), while simultaneously recording Doppler velocities before and after intervention in 11 pediatric patients (ages 0.5 to 16 years, mean 4.5). Doppler correlated but overestimated catheter-measured peak instantaneous gradients (y = 0.84x + 18.4, r = 0.8, SEE ± 15.2 mm Hg, mean percent difference 29.9 ± 36) over the range of catheter gradients measured. Accounting for the Reynolds number successfully collapsed data onto a single curve. Our study confirms in a clinical setting the importance of applying fluid dynamic principles such as the Reynolds number to explain apparent discrepancies between catheter and Doppler gradients. These principles provide a foundation for developing clinically appropriate correction factors.
Polyandry and enhanced reproductive success in the harlequin-beetle-riding pseudoscorpion

The growing molecular evidence that females of many species mate with several males calls for a critical reassessment of the selective forces which act to shape female mating tactics. In natural populations of the harlequin-beetle-riding pseudoscorpion, Cordylochernes scorpioides, females are polyandrous and typically produce mixed-paternity broods. Laboratory behavioral analyses and breeding experiments indicate that polyandry in this pseudoscorpion is an active strategy which increases female reproductive success. Females restricted to mating with a single male experienced a higher rate of embryo failure and produced significantly fewer offspring than either females mated to more than one male in the laboratory or females naturally inseminated in the field. Forced copulation, insufficient sperm from a single mating, male nutrient donations and variation in inherent male genetic quality cannot explain the greater number of nymphs hatched by polyandrous females in this study. Evidence suggests that, by mating with several males, C. scorpioides females may exploit postcopulatory mechanisms for reducing the risk and/or cost of embryo failure resulting from fertilization by genetically incompatible sperm.
Abstract B37: Increased expression of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) and phospho-p65 in human HER2+ breast cancer

Background: Despite the efficacy of targeted agents against the HER2 receptor, many patients with HER2+ breast cancer will develop resistance, thus necessitating novel treatment strategies. Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors (PARPi) are a well-tolerated class of drugs that target tumors with defective DNA repair pathways. Interestingly, we previously reported that HER2+ breast cancer cells are sensitive to PARPi alone both in vitro and in vivo independent of a basal or induced DNA repair defect (Nowsheen et al., Cancer Research 2012). Further, we found that attenuation of NF-κB signaling may account for this intriguing susceptibility. To further substantiate the potential utility of PARPi in HER2+ breast cancer, we investigated the expression and cellular location of PARP and phospho-p65, indicators of activity of the PARP and NF-κB pathways, respectively, in human HER2+ breast cancer specimens and compared to HER2- breast tumors. Methods: Breast cancer patients treated at UAB with available stored tissue blocks between the years 1999 and 2012 were identified. Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue blocks were stained for PARP and phospho-p65 and evaluated independently by two blinded physicians, including a board-certified pathologist. An H-score was calculated by multiplying the percent of tumor cells with staining intensity of 0, 1, 2, and 3+ and subsequently adding these together for a final score of 0-300. Nuclear and cystosolic staining were scored separately for both proteins. The number of samples with 2 or 3+ staining of PARP or phospho-p65 in each group was also assessed. Results: Forty-one HER2+ and 32 HER2- cases were examined. PARP and phospho-p65 were found to be almost exclusively nuclear in both groups. The mean H-score for nuclear PARP was 122.3 in HER2+ cases compared to 61.6 in HER2- cases (p value Conclusions: Our study suggests that HER2+ breast cancers have elevated markers for PARP and NF-κB activity compared to HER2- cancers. A direct correlation between PARP and phospho-p65 levels was also found. Furthermore, staining of ≥2+ for either protein was significantly different between the two groups suggesting this as a potential biomarker for clinical application. When combined with our previously published preclinical findings, the current research supports the potential clinical utility of PARPi in patients with this aggressive form of breast cancer. Citation Format: Lisa Klepczyk, Shi Wei, Jason Brazelton, Kimberly Keene, Yufeng Li, James Bonner, Andres Forero, Albert LoBuglio, William Grizzle, Eddy Yang. Increased expression of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) and phospho-p65 in human HER2+ breast cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Precision Medicine Series: Synthetic Lethal Approaches to Cancer Vulnerabilities; May 17-20, 2013; Bellevue, WA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Ther 2013;12(5 Suppl):Abstract nr B37.
Three‐periodic nets and tilings: regular and related infinite polyhedra

The six infinite regular (flag-transitive) polyhedra with finite faces of Grunbaum and Dress are described as tilings of the P and D periodic minimal surfaces. The three polyhedra formed by analogous tiling of the G surface are also described. The nets of these polyhedra are identified. It is shown how these polyhedra, and the nets they carry, could be found by mining the EPINET database of structures. The nets of regular three-periodic polyhedra with infinite helical or zigzag faces are also identified.
Evaluation of a patient teaching skills course disseminated through staff developers

Effective Patient Teaching (EPT), a course designed to improve health professionals' and health professions students' teaching skills, reliably produces gains in participants' skills when presented by its developers. The objective of this dissemination research study was to investigate whether, using a 'training of trainers' approach, seven nurses with staff development responsibilities in five different sites could teach EPT with similar effectiveness. The evaluation included pre- and post-course analysis of audiotaped patient education sessions conducted by 48 health professional participants who took EPT from one of the trainers in their home institutions. Post-course participant satisfaction surveys were also administered. EPT resulted in teaching skill improvements in four of five sites, and overall teaching skills scores improved significantly (P < 0.01). EPT can improve participants' teaching skills when taught by health professional trainers with staff development responsibilities who have recently received EPT training.
Depression and social context: Primary supporter relationship factors associated with depressive symptoms among a disadvantaged population with HIV/AIDS

Social support is associated with better health outcomes among chronically ill individuals, yet support receipt can be stressful. The study examined supporter relationship factors, among n=156 main-supporter–HIV+support-recipient dyads, associated with recipient's depression (CES-D≥16). Results indicated that support recipient's depression was associated with a 3.6-times higher odds of main supporters' depression, a 2.5-times higher odds of supporters' being a friend or same-generatin kin (versus partner or other kin), and a 3.7-times higher odds of support recipients' financial reliance on the supporter. Support recipients' depression was positively associated with supporter–recipient conflict, and negatively associated with supporter–recipient communication. The model explained over half the deviance in recipients' depressive symptoms. Results suggest prevention interventions ought to target HIV seropositives and their main supporters and promote communication and conflict resolution skills. Such intervention approaches may alleviate their depression and promote sustained HIV-related support, with potential implications to HIV treatment outcomes. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Changes in Risk Profile Over Time in the Population of a Pediatric Heart Transplant Program

Background Single-center data on pediatric heart transplantation spanning long time frames is sparse. We attempted to analyze how risk profile and pediatric heart transplant survival outcomes at a large center changed over time. Methods We divided 320 pediatric heart transplants done at Stanford University between 1974 and 2014 into three groups by era: the first 20 years (95 transplants), the subsequent 10 years (87 transplants), and the most recent 10 years (138 transplants). Differences in age at transplant, indication, mechanical support, and survival were analyzed. Results Follow-up was 100% complete. Average age at time of transplantation was 10.4 years, 11.9 years, and 5.6 years in eras 1, 2, and 3, respectively. The percentage of infants who received transplants by era was 21%, 7%, and 18%, respectively. The indication of end-stage congenital heart disease vs cardiomyopathy was 24%, 22%, and 49%, respectively. Only 1 patient (1%) was on mechanical support at transplant in era 1 compared with 15% in era 2 and 30% in era 3. Overall survival was 72% at 5 years and 57% at 10 years. Long-term survival increased significantly with each subsequent era. Patients with cardiomyopathy generally had a survival advantage over those with congenital heart disease. Conclusions The risk profile of pediatric transplant patients in our institution has increased over time. In the last 10 years, median age has decreased and ventricular assist device support has increased dramatically. Transplantation for end-stage congenital heart disease is increasingly common. Despite this, long-term survival has significantly and consistently improved.
Individual-based models of copepod populations in coastal upwelling regions: implications of physiologically and environmentally influenced diel vertical migration on demographic success and nearshore retention

We link a two-dimension coastal upwelling circulation hydrodynamic-ecosystem (NPZ) model with an individual-based model (IBM) for an intermediate sized (ca. 2.5 mm) copepod capable of diel vertical migration (DVM) at larger sizes. The NPZ model is that of Franks, Wroblewski and Flierl (1986), with the zooplankton state variable parameterized for macrozooplankton. IBM simulations are done with different scenarios for behavioral responses; the interaction of the organisms with the circulation is evaluated by examining growth/development, reproduction, survival and distribution. Since ocean productivity in coastal upwelling systems is greatest nearshore, zooplankton production is favored by nearshore retention. Model results, using an idealized, intermittently wind-forced, upwelling circulation, indicate that non-migrating copepods are flushed from the nearshore system in offshore zonal surface flow; highest population abundances occur offshore, in a region of relatively low food resources. Conversely, migrating copepods interact with the stratified zonal flow within the upwelling system and are retained nearshore when the amplitude of the DVM is sufficient to place the individuals in near-bottom onshore flow during the day. Environmental features, like deep-extending food resources, and physiological controls, like satiation or body size, that permit copepods to remain deeper, or spend more time away from the surface, favor nearshore retention. Diel vertical migration is one mechanism, which may permit animals to exploit favorable habitats located nearshore in upwelling systems.
Cyclooxygenase-2: a target for the prevention and treatment of breast cancer.

Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), an inducible prostaglandin synthase, is normally expressed in parts of the kidney and brain. Aberrant COX-2 expression was first reported in colorectal carcinomas and adenomas, and has now been detected in various human cancers, including those of the breast. Strikingly, COX-2 overexpression in murine mammary gland is sufficient to cause tumour formation. To date, the role of COX-2 in tumorigenesis has been most intensively studied in the colon. Thus, the relationship between COX-2 and neoplasia can best be illustrated with reference to intestinal tumorigenesis. Here we consider the potential utility of selective COX-2 inhibitors for the prevention and treatment of breast cancer. Data for cancers of the colon and breast are compared where possible. In addition, the mechanisms by which COX-2 is upregulated in cancers and contributes to tumorigenesis are discussed. Importantly, several recent studies of mammary tumorigenesis in animal models have found selective COX-2 inhibitors to be effective in the prevention and treatment of breast cancer. Clinical trials will be needed to determine whether COX-2 inhibition represents a useful approach to preventing or treating human breast cancer. Endocrine-Related Cancer (2001) 8 97–114
Return of the Covert Channel, Data Center Style

This work characterizes an interference-based covert timing channel in a highly virtualized, active data center. The adversary leaks sensitive data from a compromised machine without any direct TCP/IP communication pathway between it and the channel's external sink. The attack exploits a publicly facing innocuous and uncompromised commercial server in a shared resources attack. This victimized server unwittingly partakes in a stealthy operation by providing the exfiltration medium. The channel exhibits a one bit per second data rate that can increase proportionally with the decrease in the victim's content transmission time. The channel operates 24x7 in a major university's Computer Science department's data center that experiences highly dynamic loads. Bit Error Rate and capacity are evaluated with the application of spreading gain, a technique used in wireless spread spectrum designs. Additionally, time synchronization drift characterization and channel tolerance to clock skew are demonstrated. A technique for identifying symbol discrimination thresholds requiring no a priori knowledge of truth is demonstrated.
News Media Framing of Childhood Obesity in the United States From 2000 to 2009

The American public holds mixed views about the desirability of government action to combat childhood obesity. The framing of coverage by news media may affect citizens9 views about the causes of childhood obesity and the most appropriate strategies for addressing the problem. We analyzed the content of a 20% random sample of news stories on childhood obesity published in 18 national and regional news sources in the United States over a 10-year period (2000–2009). News media coverage patterns indicated that by 2003, childhood obesity was firmly on the news media9s agenda and remained so until 2007, after which coverage decreased. We identified changes in news media framing over time and significant differences according to news source. News coverage of causes of childhood obesity that were linked to the food and beverage industry increased in the early years of the study but then decreased markedly in later years. Similarly, mention of solutions to the problem of childhood obesity that involved restrictions on the food and beverage industry followed a reverse U-shaped pattern over the 10-year study period. News stories consistently mentioned individual behavioral changes most often as a solution to the problem of childhood obesity. Television news was more likely than other news sources to focus on behavior change as a solution, whereas newspapers were more likely to identify system-level solutions such as changes that would affect neighborhoods, schools, and the food and beverage industry.
Eco-visualization: combining art and technology to reduce energy consumption

Can creative visualizations of real time energy consumption patterns trigger more ecologically responsible behavior? Media art that displays the real time usage of key resources such as electricity offers new strategies to conserve energy in the home and workplace. This paper details the development of a public art project created for the National Center for Supercomputing Applications that measures electricity usage in real time for the purpose of education and curtailment of power usage. A version of this piece will be on view in the exhibition, Speculative Data and the Creative Imaginary, a component of the 2007 Creativity and Cognition conference.
The Relationship of Stress, Impulsivity, and Beliefs to Drug Use Severity in a Sample of Women Prison Inmates

There is a paucity of research examining substance abuse issues among women prisoners. This study explored relationships between perceived stress, impulsivity, and beliefs in the efficacy of drugs as these variables pertain to self-reported drug use severity. Women prisoners (N = 100) participated in structured face-to-face interviews based on established research instruments. Although there was no significant correlation between demographic characteristics and substance use severity, positive relationships were found between substance use severity, perceived stress, impulsivity, and beliefs. A multiple linear model was estimated regressing drug use severity on beliefs, impulsivity, and perceived stress. Only the measures of beliefs and impulsivity were significant correlates of drug use severity. Implications are discussed for prison substance abuse programming and future research.
Technique for decompressive craniectomy using Seprafilm as a dural substitute and anti-adhesion barrier

Surgeons in abdominal and gynecological fields have pioneered the use of Seprafilm (a chemically modified sodium hyaluronate/carboxymethylcellulose absorbable adhesion barrier, Genzyme Biosurgery, Cambridge, MA, USA) to prevent adhesion but its use outside these specialties is not well documented. The authors have used Seprafilm for craniectomy closure in several patients as a dural substitute and anti-adhesion barrier. During emergent craniectomy, the dura mater is reapproximated and a layer of Seprafilm is placed over the dura as an onlay and anti-adhesion barrier. During subsequent surgery for bone flap replacement, dissection between the dural plane and overlying tissues has been completed easily. There has been minimal adhesion to the underlying Seprafilm/dural layer. The Seprafilm has been incorporated into the surrounding dural plane. No postoperative complications have been noted. Seprafilm's anti-adhesive properties and biodegradable characteristics make it useful as a dural onlay for craniectomy in which a second surgery is planned.
National Collaborative for Bio-Preparedness

The National Collaborative for Bio-Preparedness (NCB-Prepared) is a public-private partnership to develop, test and implement an advanced biosurveillance system. It is a collaborative effort of academic, government and industry leaders focused on developing a local, bottom-up approach to situational awareness and emergency preparedness.
Old Times There Are Not Forgotten: Race and Partisan Realignment in the Contemporary South

Our focus is the regional political realignment that has occurred among whites over the past four decades. We hypothesize that the South's shift to the Republican party has been driven to a significant degree by racial conservatism in addition to a harmonizing of partisanship with general ideological conservatism. General Social Survey and National Election Studies data from the 1970s to the present indicate that whites residing in the old Confederacy continue to display more racial antagonism and ideological conservatism than non-Southern whites. Racial conservatism has become linked more closely to presidential voting and party identification over time in the white South, while its impact has remained constant elsewhere. This stronger association between racial antagonism and partisanship in the South compared to other regions cannot be explained by regional differences in nonracial ideology or nonracial policy preferences, or by the effects of those variables on partisanship.
Informing public deliberation: value sensitive design of indicators for a large-scale urban simulation

We investigate informing public deliberation regarding major land use and transportation decisions with the results from a sophisticated computer simulation of urban development. Our specific focus is on indicators that portray key results from the simulations. Our design addresses a number of challenges, including responding to the values and interests of diverse stakeholders, making documentation ready-to-hand, and balancing the value of fairness with presenting a diverse set of advocacy positions. We use Value Sensitive Design as our theory and design methodology; our theoretical framework also draws on Habermas's theories of legitimation and communicative action. Our work contributes to CSCW as an example of designing a system for effective use in an environment with multiple stakeholders who have fundamental disagreements, and we conclude by drawing lessons for other environments with these characteristics.
Diabetic eye disease

Diabetes mellitus affects most organs in the body. The manifestations of these effects are generally detected by changes in function that may or may not be peculiar to diabetes. For example, effects on the kidneys may be indicated by the development of albuminuria, and effects on the peripheral nervous system by diminished perception of hot or cold. Anatomical effects of diabetes on the eye, especially in the retina, can, however, be seen by direct observation through a dilated pupil with a hand-held ophthalmoscope. Retinopathy generally occurs early in the course of diabetes and, even though no other symptoms are present, may progress and threaten vision. Therefore, because of potential sequelae to visual function that are preventable and reflect complications of diabetes throughout the body, it is important for clinicians to assess the status of the retina routinely and they should be skilled in their ability to diagnose the severity of diabetic retinopathy. Patients must be aware of the need for early detection of diabetic retinopathy by a thorough examination through a fully dilated pupil, to assess whether prompt treatment is needed to prevent loss of vision.
An effective local dynamic strategy to clear congested multidestination networks

The solution of a local routing problem for a congested node with two alternative paths to M destinations of a traffic network is presented. The solution shows that the admissible state space is divided into a finite number of regions within which a different set of optimal flow conditions must be satisfied. A specific realization of these optimal conditions is presented which can be utilized by local node controllers in decentralized control strategies for larger networks.
THE EFFECTS OF DRAINAGE AND NITROGEN ENRICHMENT ON PHRAGMITES AUSTRALIS, SPARTINA ALTERNIFLORA, AND THEIR ROOT-ASSOCIATED MICROBIAL COMMUNITIES

Salt marshes along the northeastern coast of the United States are increasingly subject to changes in hydrology and enrichment with nitrogen as a result of human activities. We conducted a greenhouse experiment to determine the response of Phragmites australis, Spartina alterniflora, and their root-associated microbial communities to these environmental perturbations. Two sets of treatments were compared: 1) saturated versus drained hydrology under low N enrichment and 2) low versus high N enrichment under drained hydrologic conditions. Unvegetated sediments were planted with either Phragmites australis or Spartina alterniflora, and after one growing season, sediment characteristics, macrophyte biomass, and sediment microbial community structure, as described by phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs), were analyzed. Under all conditions tested, Spartina root production was significantly greater than Phragmites. While Spartina invested more biomass in roots, Phragmites invested proportionally more biomass in shoots and rhizomes, and Phragmites response to drained hydrology or to an increase in N also differed from that of Spartina. Under N enrichment, the rate of Phragmites stem production doubled, and under drained conditions the ratio of Phragmites shoot:root biomass increased, while Spartina biomass ratios remained unchanged. Although Spartina root biomass was significantly greater than that of Phragmites, under drained conditions the Spartina sediment PLFA diversity was significantly lower than the PLFA diversity in both Phragmites and unvegetated sediments. Under saturated conditions, vegetated sediments exhibited greater PLFA diversity, while no diversity differences were seen in unvegetated sediments under the two hydrologic conditions. Six PLFAs were responsible for 80% of the separation seen within the Principal Components Analysis ordination space. Significant differences in these PLFAs were due to hydrology when comparing saturated vs. drained sediments, and predominantly due to the plant species when comparing N treatments under drained conditions. Our results suggest that macrophyte root association can influence the structure of estuarine sediment microbial communities, but that saturated hydrological conditions may override the plant influences.
OVIPOSITION PREFERENCE OF HOMALODISCA COAGULATA FOR TWO CITRUS LIMON CULTIVARS AND INFLUENCE OF HOST PLANT ON PARASITISM BY GONATOCERUS ASHMEADI AND G. TRIGUTTATUS (HYMENOPTERA: MYMARIDAE)

Abstract Oviposition preference of Homalodisca coagulata (Say) and two of its mymarid egg parasitoids, Gonatocerus ashmeadi Girault and G. triguttatus Girault, for two Citrus limon L. cultivars (‘Eureka’ and ‘Lisbon’) was investigated. In laboratory oviposition choice tests, the number of leaves containing H. coagulata egg masses, the number of H. coagulata egg masses, and the total number of H. coagulata eggs were significantly higher at 187.2%, 204.2%, and 181.7%, respectively, on ‘Eureka’ versus ‘Lisbon’. In the field, there was no significant difference in the number of H. coagulata motiles counted in five-minute searches of foliage on ‘Eureka’ and ‘Lisbon’ trees, and numbers of leaves with old (emerged) and new (unemerged) H. coagulata egg masses were equivalent between field-planted cultivars. In the laboratory, parasitism of H. coagulata egg masses by G. ashmeadi and G. triguttatus was 18.6% and 23.2% higher, respectively, for eggs laid on ‘Eureka’ leaves compared to ‘Lisbon’, but these differences...
The Tax Provisions Denying a Deduction for Illegal Expenses and Expenses of an Illegal Business Should Be Repealed

The federal income tax law denies a deduction for illegal expenses, for any expense (legal or otherwise) of an illegal business that is trafficking in controlled substances, for losses incurred by an unlawful business, and for bribes, kickbacks and rebates connected with the Medicare or Medicaid program. In this article, the authors first describe the current treatment of those items by the tax law. The authors explain that the current treatment constitutes a penalty for the taxpayer whose deduction is denied, and then explain why that penalty is a bad policy and conflicts with the traditional purposes and goals of punishing wrongful behavior. The principal objection to the penalty imposed by the tax law’s denial of deductions for business and profit-oriented expenses is that the manner in which the size of the tax law’s penalty is determined is completely arbitrary and bears no relationship to the seriousness of the crime or the conditions under which it was committed. Another objection to the penalty is that it would be litigated in a civil tax suit in which the taxpayer would not have the protections and rights accorded to criminal defendants even though it constitutes a punishment for criminal behavior. The penalty is especially harsh as applied to the legal expenses of a marijuana business under a more stringent Code provision given the decriminalization of marijuana by many states. The authors also contend that the denial of a deduction for unlawful medical expenses conflicts with the principle allowing the patient a deduction for whatever treatment the patient chooses so long as it is based on a bona fide effort to deal with the illness. The authors recommend that Congress act to eliminate all of those tax penalties.
PMU Optimal Placement using sensitivity analysis for power systems fault location

This article presents a novel algorithm to find optimal sets of Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs) in power systems using measurement sensitivity analysis aiming for fault detection without multi-estimation. The algorithm generalizes the impedance method in fault detection through optimizing PMU utilization in order to detect a fault with desired precision in interconnected power systems. By deriving bus voltage and currents sensitivity indices to the fault location and impedance, possible deviations of the estimated fault location and/or impedance due to measurement noise, accuracy, precision limits, or simply the inability of a measurement point to sense a fault is evaluated. Therefore, the algorithm can solve Optimal PMU Placement (OPP) for desired fault detection precision based on these indices for various points of measurement observing faults in the system. Finally, avoiding multi-estimation guarantees the unique mapping between measurements of the selected PMU sets and faults throughout the system. The proposed algorithm is performed on the IEEE 7-bus and 14-bus benchmark systems and the fault location capability is evaluated through neural networks.
Thin-film Polydimethylsiloxane-based Optical Phantoms for Epithelial Tissue Simulation

A method for producing thin film PDMS optical phantoms using a spin coater can be used to simulate epithelial tissues. These PDMS phantoms may be used to evaluate the performance and depth sensitivity of optical imaging systems.
STATIN USE AND ANEURYSM RISK IN PATIENTS WITH BICUSPID AORTIC VALVE DISEASE

More than 50% of patients with bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) develop aortic dilatation, placing them at an 8-12 fold increased risk of aortic dissection compared to the general population and thereby warranting prophylactic aortic surgery. Previous studies have indicated that statin therapy might be
Correlates of Co-Occurring Diabetes and Obesity Among Community Mental Health Program Members With Serious Mental Illnesses.

Objective:This study examined the prevalence and correlates of co-occurring obesity and diabetes among community mental health program members.Methods:Medical screenings of 457 adults with serious mental illnesses were conducted by researchers and peer wellness specialists in four U.S. states. Body mass index was measured directly. Diabetes was assessed via glycosylated hemoglobin and interview self-report. Multivariable logistic regression analysis examined associations with known predictors.Results:In the sample, 59% were obese, 25% had diabetes, and 19% had both conditions. When gender, diagnosis, and site were controlled, co-occurring diabetes and obesity was almost three times as likely among African Americans (OR=2.93) as among participants from other racial groups and half as likely among smokers as among nonsmokers (OR=.58). Older persons and those with poorer self-rated physical health also were more likely to have these co-occurring conditions.Conclusions:Results support the need for culturally ...
Three-dimensional patterning in polymer optical waveguides using focused ion beam milling

Waveguide (WG) photonic-bridge taper modules are designed for symmetric planar coupling between silicon WGs and single-mode fibers (SMFs) to minimize photonic chip and packaging footprint requirements with improving broadband functionality. Micromachined fabrication and evaluation of polymer WG tapers utilizing high-resolution focused ion beam (FIB) milling is performed and presented. Polymer etch rates utilizing the FIB and optimal methods for milling polymer tapers are identified for three-dimensional patterning. Polymer WG tapers with low sidewall roughness are manufactured utilizing FIB milling and optically tested for fabrication loss. FIB platforms utilize a focused beam of ions (Ga+) to etch submicron patterns into substrates. Fabricating low-loss polymer WG taper prototypes with the FIB before moving on to mass-production techniques provides theoretical understanding of the polymer taper and its feasibility for connectorization devices between silicon WGs and SMFs.
Animal-based studies will be essential for precision medicine.

![Figure][1] K. C. Kent Lloyd CREDIT: CHAERIN YOON (K.C.K.L.) ![Figure][1] Peter N. Robinson CREDIT: TOMASZ ZEMOJTEL (P.N.R.) ![Figure][1] Calum A. MacRae CREDIT: SUSAN R. SYMONDS (C.A.M.) At an inspiring White House ceremony on 25 February 2016, President Obama celebrated