cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The generation of multidimensional autoregressive series by the herringbone method

The generation of isotropic artificial series in two or three dimensions by the autoregressive process is of considerable interest for the purpose of modeling environmental properties such as ore grade or reservoir porosity. The relations needed to produce bilateral symmetry using the one-sided autoregressive recursion equations have been attained on the square net and on the isometric lattice by an alternation procedure. In the case of the square net, the one-sided autoregressive (AR) process is alternated between the two diagonals of the net, while in three dimensions, the alternation takes place among the four body diagonals of the isometric cell.
Ignition and combustion of Al·Mg alloy powders prepared by different techniques

Abstract Alloys of aluminum and magnesium have long been explored as potential reactive materials and replacements of pure aluminum powders in energetic formulations. It has been recently shown that mechanical alloying (MA) can be used to prepare a range of Al·Mg powders with different compositions and particle sizes. Conventionally, such alloys are prepared by melt processing; however, no direct comparisons of combustion characteristics of such alloys prepared using different methods are available. This work is aimed at comparing the oxidation, ignition, and combustion characteristics for MA and cast-alloyed (CA) Al·Mg powders with similar bulk compositions and particle sizes. Particle size distributions are measured using low-angle laser light scattering. Electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction are used to examine particle morphology and phase makeup, respectively. Thermal analysis is used to identify the low-temperature reactions that could affect ignition. Ignition behavior of the two powders is studied using a heated filament ignition apparatus. Constant volume explosion experiments are performed to compare effectiveness and rate of combustion of the aerosolized alloy particles. A laser ignition setup is used to characterize combustion rates and temperatures for individual alloy particles. Low-temperature exothermic features were observed for the MA powder but not for the CA powder in thermo-analytical experiments. MA powders had slightly lower ignition temperatures than CA powders. Aerosol combustion experiments showed a substantial increase in both the maximum pressure and rate of pressure rise for the MA powders as compared to the CA powders. In single particle laser ignition experiments, MA particles ignited more readily than CA particles. MA powders burned in a staged sequence, with the first stage dominated by combustion of Mg and the second stage primarily representing combustion of Al. No similar staged combustion behavior was observed for the CA powders, which generated very short emission pulses with a relatively low brightness, and thus might not have burned completely. It is proposed that the difference in the structure and morphology between the MA and CA particles results in different ignition and combustion scenarios.
Mexican-American, Black-American and White-American differences in reporting illnesses, disability and physician visits for illnesses

Abstract This paper presents data on the reporting of illnesses, disability due to illnesses and the decision to seek medical attention for illnesses among a representative sample of Mexican-Americans, Black-Americans and White-Americans in Los Angeles. Few differences were observed among these groups with respect to the reporting of illnesses, disability due to illnesses or in the frequency with which illnesses were brought to medical attention. Hierarchical stepwise multiple regressions were run for each of these variables within each of these subgroups. Some differences were found among these groups in the variables that predicted illness reporting, disability and the use of physician services for illnesses. These differences indicate that ethnicity affects health behaviour through its interaction with other variables. Speculations are offered regarding the meaning and historical sources of the differences observed.
A simplified assay for cyclic AMP using protein kinase binding

The protein kinase binding assay for cAMP was modified by substitution of adsorption by QAE cellulose for the membrane filtration. This modification obviates the variation of recovery of cAMP with the volume of buffer used to wash the filter. The assay is reproducible and technically simpler than those currently employed.
Magnetic hyperfine interaction and curie temperatures of amorphous (FexNi1−x)80P14B6

Abstract Amorphous magnetic glasses (FexNi1−x)80P14B6 (0.1 ⩽ x ⩽ 1) have been studied by Mossbauer spectroscopy. At 4.2 K, well-defined and very similar spectra have been observed for samples with different Fe concentration. This suggests that the Fe hyperfine field distribution is insensitive to the amount of dilutant. The value of the average hyperfine field at 4.2 K increases with Fe concentration. A value of 232 kOe is obtained by extrapolating to zero Fe concentration. The relationship H eff (O) = (232 + 33 μ ) kOe , similar to that of crystalline Fe-Ni alloys describes the results. The values of Tc = 60 K, 234 K and 425 K have been determined for samples with x = 0.125, 0.25 and 0.375 respectively. The TC vs. x relation suggests a critical concentration of xc ≅ 0.1, above which ferromagnetism exists. By fitting the measured values of TC to the results of a coherent potential approximation, exchange interaction temperatures of JFeFe = 617 K, JFeNi = 800 K and JNiNi ≅ 0 K have been obtained.
Rectification of data in a dynamic process using artificial neural networks

Abstract A consistent set of data is needed in any process for the purposes of control, cost accounting, hazard reduction, and so on. What we call here by the term rectification refers to the adjustment of process measurements to eliminate noise and/or random gross errors. Because artificial neural networks (ANN) are networks of basis functions, they can serve as good nonparametric models of processes. We describe using ANN to rectify data in dynamic processes. To control the rectification and evaluate the results we use simulated rather than actual data. By showing that the rectified data give unbiased estimates of the true process variables (which are not known for plant data), and that the estimated variances of the variables are reduced by rectification, we hope to build up trust that the procedure of using ANN is valid. Two examples indicate what can be accomplished.
Foldy-Wouthuysen transformations in an indefinite-metric space. III. Relation to Lorentz transformations for first-order wave equations and the Poincare generators

We show that there exists a definite relationship between a Lorentz transformation and a Foldy-Wouthuysen (FW) transformation for any relativistic wave equation in an indefinite-metric space which satisfies the following criteria: (i) The equation is first order with no external constraint equations. (ii) An adjoint equation (or, equivalently, a parity operator) exists. (iii) Lorentz transformation operators and related Poincare generators are well defined. (iv) Any built-in subsidiary components can be decoupled. Our result allows us to obtain the explicit forms of the FW-transformed Poincare generators from the original generators and in principle allows us to determine the exact, closed-form FW transformation. (AIP)
Interpretation of augered cast in place pile capacity using static loading tests

AbstractInstrumented static loading tests present an effective tool for appropriate engineering of piled foundations. Whether instrumented or not, considerable effort can be expended to determine the interpreted failure load developed during the loading test, and the determination of an appropriate capacity is often subject to regulatory review and discussion, which may be complicated by the large number of interpretation methods available and the large range in interpreted capacities that could result. This paper focuses on the differences in the interpreted failure load for augered cast in place (ACIP) piles and seeks to determine which methods are suitable and which methods are inappropriate for the interpretation of ACIP piles. First, a review of various capacity interpretation methods is provided with emphasis on those methods cited in the International Building Code (). Then, an ACIP pile case history database used to illustrate differences in interpreted capacity is described, followed by the prese...
Measurement errors in fluorescence microscopy image registration

Image registration is an important processing step in fluorescence microscopy, for example in tracking or super-resolution methods. Precision localization of single fluorescent molecules from a quantum limited photon detection process, subject to Gaussian readout noise, is key to the use of single molecule microscopy. It is therefore important to know the effect that registration has on the accuracy of localizing a single molecule. Here we demonstrate a suitable approach to image registration that accounts for point-wise errors in localizing the control points typically used in fluorescence microscopy. This allows expressions for the localization errors caused by the registration process to be derived, showing dependence on the number of control points and their associated photon counts.
The preservation and storage of urine samples for the determination of mercury.

The use of various preservatives and storage containers for the sampling of urine and water samples for mercury analysis was evaluated. The results indicated that glass storage containers were preferred over paper or plastic containers and that potassium persulfate, when added to the sample at the time of collection, would preserve the sample for several days without significant losses. Potassium permanganate was found to he unacceptable for preserving mercury in aqueous solution because of the formation of insoluble manganese dioxide.
Qualitative Research as Living Within/Transforming Complex Power Relations:

Upon the twentieth anniversary of the publication of Qualitative Inquiry, the author discusses the history of qualitative research as the location for our academic critical pedagogy. Additionally, ...
Familial Eunuchoid Gigantism

THE USUAL classification of giants differentiates between the so-called normal giants and true endocrine giants. The normal giants are tall men, often with tall forebears, with normal sexual development and normal hair growth in whom procreative ability is not known to be impaired. Examples of this type of overgrowth are Falta's (1) giant and Carnera, the boxer. Even in individuals who have been classified as normal giants there are usually the stigmata of hyperpituitarism evident from prognathism, wide spacing of teeth and very large hands and feet. Since, as far as we know at present, growth in length of long bones is dependent upon a stimulus from the anterior lobe of the hypophysis, it is evident that whatever the classification is, abundant or excessive pituitary stimulus must be present in every case of abnormal height. Familial gigantism has seldom been recorded. Davenport (2) in his studies on inheritance of stature has collected data on a few families with tall members.
Acquisition of Multiple Questions in the Context of Social Conversation in Children with Autism

Verbal initiations, such as questions, are essential components of social conversation often lacking in children with autism. Building on research showing that single questions can be taught in isolation, this study used a multiple baseline design to investigate whether a self-management intervention was effective for teaching concurrent acquisition and discrimination of three social questions in the context of conversation. Following intervention, participants rapidly increased their appropriate use of all three questions in a conversational context and maintained these gains over time. The participants also used questions appropriately with partners uninvolved in treatment. Additionally, the occasional presence of appropriate questions during baseline coupled with rapid improvement during intervention support theories that a lack of question-asking may be motivation-based rather than ability-based.
Helicobacter pylori and reflux disease

The falling prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection and related diseases (peptic ulcer disease, gastric cancer) in developed countries has been paralleled by an increased recognition of gastro-oesophageal reflux and its complications. These epidemiological data do not support a role for H. pylori in the pathogenesis of reflux disease, but suggest a negative association with the increasing incidence of oesophageal diseases. This has led some investigators to propose a 'protective' role of H. pylori infection against the development of oesophageal diseases. In these patients, pre-existing lower oesophageal sphincter dysfunction, susceptibility to reflux, unmasking of latent reflux and the patterns and severity of gastritis are probably important factors contributing to the development of oesophageal diseases. The most likely mechanism by which H. pylori infection may protect against reflux is by decreasing the potency of the gastric refluxate in patients with corpus-predominant gastritis. The prevalence of H. pylori infection in patients with reflux disease is probably no greater than that in those without reflux, and there are conflicting data indicating that reflux symptoms or erosive oesophagitis develop after H. pylori eradication. It is also unclear whether H. pylori augments the antisecretory effects of proton pump inhibitors or accelerates the development of atrophic gastritis.
Aqueous solubility behavior of three cyclodextrins

Abstract The solubilities in water of α-, β-, and γ-cyclodextrins were measured over the temperature range 23.7–48°. Dissolution rate studies and microscopy showed that the stable solid phase was the hydrate. van't Hoff plots were linear, yielding these thermodynamic paramters of solution (in the order α, β, γ): Δ H 0 = 7.67, 8.31, 7.73 kcal/mol; Δ S 0 = 13.8, 11.7, 14.7 e.u. Methyl α- d -glucopyranoside, studied in the same way, gave Δ H 0 = 3.95 kcal/mol, Δ S 0 = 8.4 e.u. The cyclodextrins are less soluble than acyclic saccharides because of their relatively unfavorable enthalpies of solution, partially offset by more favorable entropies of solution. Among the cyclodextrins, cyclomaltoheptaose (β-cyclodextrin) is less soluble than the others because both its enthalpy and its entropy are less favorable. The following empirical equations satisfactorily correlate the thermodynamic parameters of the three cyclodextrins: Δ H 0 / n = −0.155 n + 2.232, and Δ S 0 / m = 1.95 n - 8.10, where n is the number of glucose residues per cyclodextrin molecule, and m is the number of cyclodextrin molecules per unit cell of the hydrate.
Symbolic identification of dynamical systems: Theory and experimental validation

This paper proposes a syntactic method of system identification in dynamical systems. The underlying concept involves abstraction of a qualitative description of the dynamical system by state-space embedding of the output data-stream and discretization of the resultant pseudo-state and input spaces. The task of system identification is achieved through grammatical inference techniques, and the deviation of the plant output from the nominal estimated language generates a measure of anomaly in the system. This system identification technique has been experimentally validated for detection of anomalous behavior on a laboratory apparatus of a permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) undergoing gradual demagnetization.
Efficiency with Uncertain Supply

As Oliver Hart (1975) has forcefully shown, economies with incomplete markets can have surprising welfare properties. These examples, or counter-examples, bring out the need for further analysis of public policies in the presence of uncertainty and incomplete markets. Various policies are examined here in simple models with two goods, two types of agents, and two states of nature. The basic model has an ex ante decision by suppliers, made with rational expectations, followed by a competitive exchange economy after the state of nature is known. The paper analyses the changes in expected utilities of demanders and suppliers from small changes in the ex ante decision away from the competitive equilibrium. Such changes generally have the potential of increasing the sum of expected utilities and can result in a Pareto improvement. The paper focuses on distinguishing between situations where the gain comes from stabilizing output across states of nature and those where the gain comes from destabilizing. Then two policies are examined which work on the ex post market-use of taxes and subsidies to stabilize suppliers' incomes and use of government demand policy to maximize social welfare.
Text-signaling devices and their effects on reading and memory processes.

Signals are writing devices that emphasize aspects of a text's content or structure without adding to the content of the the text. Findings are reviewed for studies of several different types of signaling devices, including: titles, headings, previews, overviews, summaries, typographical cues, recall sentences, number signals, importance indicators, and summary indicators. Most investigations have examined how the presence of signals in a text affects subsequent memory for the text. Virtually all types of signals produce better memory for information they cue in a text, whereas memory for unsignaled information often is unaffected. Less attention has been directed to signaling effects on other cognitive processes, such as attention, basic reading processes, and comprehension. It is argued that an understanding of how signals influence these processes will contribute to the application of signaling research to reading and writing instruction and to our general understanding of reading.
Nonorganic failure to thrive: A theoretical approach

Nonorganic failure to thrive (NOFTT) is a significant health problem of infancy. Although NOFTT is thought to be a result of multiple factors, exactly what these factors are is unclear. Explaining the development of NOFTT has been hindered by a lack of a theoretical approach. The purpose of this article is to provide a review of the literature and the discussion of a theoretical framework to guide future research in the area of NOFIT
Spectroscopic characterization of the F1Π1 'Rydberg' state of the MgO molecule

Abstract The F1Π1 ‘Rydberg’ state of 24Mg16O has been characterized by two-color Resonance-Enhanced Two-Photon Ionization (R2PI) spectroscopy in the 37 000–39 000 cm−1 region. Several rotationally resolved bands, assigned to 24Mg16O(F1Π1 ← X1Σ+) vibronic transitions, have been analyzed to yield spectroscopic constants for the F1Π1 state. Consistent with the ab initio calculations of Peyerimhoff and co-workers, the F1Π1 state appears to have mixed Rydberg–valence character.
Toxicological and Pharmacological Actions of Methacrylate Monomers I: Effects on Isolated, Perfused Rabbit Heart

A series of 12 methacrylate esters and methacrylic acid was investigated for activity upon the isolated, perfused rabbit heart. Each compound was dissolved in the perfusing fluid and tested at concentrations of 1:1000, 1:10,000, and 1:100,000 (v/v). All compounds reduced heart rate and force of contraction at one or more of these concentrations, and most, but not all, of the compounds reduced coronary flow rate.
A view of the current status of antisickling therapy.

About 5-10 years ago it became popular to say that we understood the genetic and molecular basis for sickle cell anemia better than for any other disease and yet had no effective treatment. It was correctly pointed out that very little money was being spent at that time on sickle cell research relative to diseases of equal frequency which occur primarily in whites. The implication was that this contemporary financial and scientific neglect of the disease was a major reason for the lack of an adequate therapeutic approach. In the succeeding years a significant incremental amount of money was spent on sickle cell research, yet we still have no widely accepted antisickling* agent to offer sickle cell anemia patients. Sickle cell anemia has proven to be a formidable foe. These days, I hear molecular biologists frequently saying that if we could simply better understand the molecular mechanisms of sickle hemoglobin polymerization, we could surely design a drug which would be effective in preventing that process and would then have a therapy to offer patients. If the implication is that we should make our strongest efforts in the direction of hemoglobin polymerization and antipolymerization studies, I tend to disagree. A recent new insight offers hope for a different approach to the disease, one involving the red cell membrane, which I will briefly review. But first I wish to briefly review recent efforts at therapy and deal with some thoughts on why the frontal assault on sickle hemoglobin itself has not worked and probably will not work, at least for the near future. Following the hypothesis of Murayama (1, 2) that polymerization of deoxyhemoglobin-S molecules occurs because of hydrophobic bonding between molecules, Nalbandian et al. (3–5) began a search for agents which might interfere with this type of aggregation. They came up with urea and were able to show that urea inhibited and even reversed this area are in their infancy and need to be strongly pursued. Such a course, coupled with vigorous exploration of new insights into some of the complications of sickle cell anemia, may yet turn the tide in the not too distant future against this crippling disease.
Nonprofit classification decisions in response to a change in accounting rules

Abstract This study analyzes the response of nonprofit managers to a change in accounting regulation. A 1990 change in hospital accounting rules disclosed new information about bad debt and charity care expenses. This change provided managers with incentives to reclassify some bad-debt expense to charity care. Using univariate and multivariate analyses, we find that nonprofit managers respond to their current cash position when making classification decisions to disclose bad-debt expense and charity care amounts. While we expected that charity care levels would influence these managers differentially, cash levels appear to be more important in their disclosure decision making.
CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM-MECHANICAL TURBULENCE IN He II HEAT FLOW

The theory of the He II thermal counterflow process in wide ($dg{10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$ cm) channels is investigated on the assumption that both the normal and superfluid components make a transition from a laminar to a turbulent type of flow. A critical heat current ${W}_{0}$ is identified with the superfluid transition. The superfluid turbulent state is taken to be essentially that described by Vinen in terms of quantized vortex line and has an associated mutual friction. A second critical heat current ${W}_{c}$ is identified with the normal-fluid transition. It is argued that this transition is essentially of a classical turbulent type, with the added condition that the critical value of the Reynolds number must depend on the extent of mutual-friction coupling. This interpretation is shown to be consistent with experimentally observed critical heat currents, as well as with critical-velocity effects found in other types of flow. The assumption of two critical heat currents defines three distinct flow regions. It is shown that these three regions are essentially the same as those found experimentally by Allen, Griffiths, and Osborne. On the basis of some simplifying assumptions regarding the normal-fluid turbulent state, the temperature and pressure gradients accompanying thermal counterflow are calculated. Comparison with experiment shows good qualitative and often quantitative agreement. It is also shown that the model developed can be successfully used to interpret experiments involving flows of a nonthermal counterflow type.
Deletion of (11)(q24.2) in a mother and daughter with similar phenotypes.

A del(11) (q24.2) was ascertained in a 2-year-old child and subsequently in her 20-year-old mother. Both mother and daughter had developmental delay, short stature, and {open_quotes}coarse{close_quotes} facial appearance. We compare our patients` manifestations to those associated with the distal 11q2 deletion phenotype ({open_quotes}Jacobsen{close_quotes} syndrome), and to the one other reported case of del(11)(q24.2). Our patients did not resemble this latter case, but had some findings in common with Jacobsen syndrome. We present our findings in order to contribute to the information on 11q2 deletions. 13 refs., 3 figs., 1 tab.
Effects of ovariectomy and estrogen and androgen treatment on sildenafil-mediated changes in female genital blood flow and vaginal lubrication in the animal model.

Abstract Objective: Our purpose was to investigate the effects of ovariectomy and estradiol and testosterone treatment on sildenafil- induced changes in genital hemodynamics and vaginal lubrication. Study Design: Female New Zealand White rabbits were either kept intact or underwent ovariectomy. Two weeks after ovariectomy, animals were treated with vehicle, testosterone, or a combination of estradiol and testosterone for 14 days. Genital hemodynamics and vaginal lubrication were recorded at the end of the treatment period. Results: Ovariectomy caused a marked decrease in vaginal lubrication but did not significantly alter genital hemodynamics. In contrast to testosterone treatment of ovariectomized animals, estradiol treatment significantly increased genital blood flow and vaginal lubrication above that observed in control animals. Sildenafil administration caused a significant increase in genital hemodynamics irrespective of the hormonal status. Conclusion: This study suggests that estradiol but not testosterone modulates genital hemodynamics and that sildenafil enhances genital blood flow irrespective of hormonal status. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 2002;187:1370-6.)
Coercivity mechanisms in positive exchange-biased Co films and Co/Pt multilayers

We describe magnetization measurements on a simple model system that mimics the behavior of positive exchange bias. The system consists of an antiferromagnetic CoO layer exchange coupled to antiferromagnetically coupled Co/Ru/Co or $[\mathrm{C}\mathrm{o}/\mathrm{P}\mathrm{t}{]}_{N}/\mathrm{C}\mathrm{o}/\mathrm{R}\mathrm{u}/[\mathrm{C}\mathrm{o}/\mathrm{P}\mathrm{t}{]}_{M}$ multilayer films with in-plane and out-of-plane anisotropy, respectively. In both cases, the two ferromagnetic layers were chosen to have different thickness with the thinner layer coupled to the CoO layer. When cooled below the blocking temperature of the CoO layer the thinner ferromagnetic layer is pinned and the low-field response is governed by the reversal of the thicker ferromagnetic layer with an effective exchange bias that is mediated via the Ru interlayer. For all the films studied we observe a transition in the effective bias from negative to positive with increasing cooling field. However, when varying the cooling field we find three distinct coercivity behaviors during the transition from positive to negative bias that depends on the anisotropy and microstructure of the ferromagnetic layers.
Synthesis of Amino-Acid-Derived Nucleo(side/tide) Analogs for Peptide-Derived Enantiospecific Nucleic Acid Analogs

Abstract A convergent and cost-effective strategy to synthesize enantiospecific nucleoside/ nucleotide analogs from readily available α-amino acids has been described. Both ( L )- and ( D )-methionine were transformed in four steps to the corresponding key intermediates ( L )- and ( D )- 2-(tert-butyloxycarbonylamino)-4-bromomethyl butyrate. Nucleophilic displacement of the bromide by nucleic acid bases (e.g., adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine) provided the enantiomerically pure monomers required for the solid-phase synthesis of novel peptide-derived enantiospecific nucleic acid analogs.
A Convergent Synthetic Platform for Single-Nanoparticle Combination Cancer Therapy: Ratiometric Loading and Controlled Release of Cisplatin, Doxorubicin, and Camptothecin

The synthesis of polymer therapeutics capable of controlled loading and synchronized release of multiple therapeutic agents remains a formidable challenge in drug delivery and synthetic polymer chemistry. Herein, we report the synthesis of polymer nanoparticles (NPs) that carry precise molar ratios of doxorubicin, camptothecin, and cisplatin. To our knowledge, this work provides the first example of orthogonally triggered release of three drugs from single NPs. The highly convergent synthetic approach opens the door to new NP-based combination therapies for cancer.
Effects of oxygen and salinity on ammonium uptake by Spartina alterniflora Loisel. and Spartina patens (Aiton) Muhl.

Abstract Upon the onset of anaerobic conditions in the rhizospheres of Spartina alterniflora Loisel. and S. patens (Aiton) Muhl., the root weight-specific uptake rates ( V max ) of NH + 4 decreased by 60% and 40%, respectively. This result can account for the nitrogen limitation of growth found in the short S. alterniflora plants in salt marshes. Increasing the salinity of aerobic nutrient solutions from 3%. to 32%. decreased V max by 30% in both species; while under anoxic conditions this same increase in salinity decreased V max in S. patens by 57% but had no effect on S. alterniflora . The uptake inhibition in S. patens at high salinity and anoxia may provide insight into the factors that control the distribution of this species within a marsh. Under most conditions tested, S. patens had equivalent or higher specific uptake rates than S. alterniflora ; in outdoor cultures the specific uptake rates by S. patens were about five times greater. However, the accumulation of nitrogen per unit of growth, 11.0 and 20.9 mg N/g dry wt for S. alterniflora and S. patens respectively, were less different because S. patens maintained a lower ratio of root: total plant weight.
Homogeneous Optical Properties of Semiconductor Nanocrystals

Abstract In between the molecular and bulk forms of matter, semiconductor nanocrystals are novel materials with interesting optical and electronic properties. We present a study of the homogeneous optical properties of two nanocrystal systems. First, the homogeneous absorption of InP nanocrystals is studied via hole burning experiments. The optical spectrum consists of a HOMO-LUMO transition with a 10 meV width and a second electronic transition shifted by 0.11 eV. The optical transitions are assigned within a three valence-band model. The CdS/HgS/CdS quantum-dot/quantum-well system is also investigated and a transmission electron microscopy study shows that the growth of the HgS well region and the CdS outer layer is epitaxial. Selective optical techniques are used to study the electronic level structure. In hole burning, a discrete transition (width of 7 meV) with pronounced phonon side bands at a frequency of 250 cm−1 is observed. In fluorescence, the line narrowed spectrum also shows phonon replicas a...
Autism severity as a predictor of inattention and impulsivity in toddlers.

AbstractObjective: Evaluate how severity of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) symptoms predicts attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms in atypically developing toddlers.Method: Parents/caregivers of 2300 atypically developing toddlers’ ages 18–37 months were assessed about their children’s behaviours using the Baby and Infant Screen for Children with aUtIsm Traits (BISCUIT) Part 1 and the inattention/impulsivity subscale of the BISCUIT-Part 2.Results: ASD symptom severity was positively and significantly correlated with inattention/impulsivity, indicating that children with more severe symptoms of ASD tended to have higher scores on the measure of inattention/impulsivity, R2 = 0.49, F (1, 2298) = 2234.72, p < 0.001. Additionally, ASD symptom severity significantly predicted inattention/impulsivity, β = 0.70, t (2298) = 47.27, p < 0.001.Conclusions: ASD symptom severity predicts rates of ADHD symptoms in atypically developing toddlers. The implications of these findings are discussed in the ...
Controlled assembly of dendrimer-like DNA

DNA possesses many desirable chemical/physical properties as a polymeric material. With the myriad of tools available to manipulate DNA, there is great potential for using DNA as a generic instead of a genetic material. Although much progress has been made in DNA computing and DNA nanotechnology, the full achievement of DNA-based materials has not yet been realized. As almost all DNA molecules are either linear or circular, to rationally construct DNA materials one must first create additional shapes of DNA as basic building blocks. In addition, these DNA building blocks must be readily incorporated into larger structures in a controlled manner. Here, we show the controlled assembly of dendrimer-like DNA (DL-DNA) from Y-shaped DNA (Y-DNA). The synthesis of Y-DNA and controlled assembly of DL-DNA were robust and efficient; the resulting DL-DNA was stable and almost monodisperse. The multivalent DNA dendrimers can be either isotropic or anisotropic, providing great potential to link other entities.
Shock Wave Behavior in Inertial Confinement Fusion Implosions

Fuel heating caused by viscous dissipation of shock waves is an important mechanism in inertial-confinement fusion (ICF) implosions. The premature heating (preheating) of the fuel degrades performance, but if a shock wave is thin compared to the initial fuel radius, a small inner volume can be ignited with minimum preheat.
Diversion effects, incentive effects, and the goals of research ethics promulgations

It was with great sadness that the philosophical and ethical communities noted the recent passing of Alan Wertheimer. It is not possible to engage in serious work regarding international research ethics (nor much of political philosophy more broadly) without encountering and wrestling with his careful contributions. He was welcoming of discussion and generous with his intellectual energies. Ongoing work in these areas will be so much the poorer for his absence.
A statistical physics view of financial fluctuations: Evidence for scaling and universality

Abstract The unique scaling behavior of financial time series have attracted the research interest of physicists. Variables such as stock returns, share volume, and number of trades have been found to display distributions that are consistent with a power-law tail. We present an overview of recent research joining practitioners of economic theory and statistical physics to try to understand better some puzzles regarding economic fluctuations. One of these puzzles is how to describe outliers, i.e. phenomena that lie outside of patterns of statistical regularity. We review recent research, which suggests that such outliers may not in fact exist and that the same laws seem to govern outliers as well as day-to-day fluctuations.
A Newton-like algorithm for complex variables with applications in blind equalization

Although the Newton algorithm has been extended to the complex domain in different forms, none of them seems to be directly applicable to blind equalization. Therefore, the objective of this correspondence is to develop an algorithm for blind equalization in the complex domain. We propose a Newton-like algorithm based on a complex Taylor series. Stochastic Newton-like algorithms (SNLA) for two blind equalization cost functions are developed. Simulations show that the new algorithms perform slightly better than the self-orthogonalizing algorithm.
Intimate Selving in Arab Families: Gender, Self, and Identity

Intimate Selving in Arab Families: Gender, Self, and Identity. Suad Joseph. ed. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1999. ix. 318 pp., notes, references, index.
Circuit-aware device reliability criteria methodology

Meeting reliability requirements is an increasingly more difficult challenge with each generation of CMOS technology. The disconnection between conventional one-size-fits-all reliability specifications and the wide range of circuit applications might be a huge waste of resources. By taking into consideration circuit-level figures of merit, a novel methodology to establish device reliability criteria that reflects real-world operation of devices in circuits is proposed and demonstrated. This “circuit-aware” methodology makes a real step toward realizing the goal of application-aware reliability standards which do not require additional measurements. The beauty is its simplicity — a simple transformation to solve an important problem. The simplicity makes it attractive as a standard methodology.
Techno‐economic analysis of biobased chemicals production via integrated catalytic processing

We evaluate the economic feasibility of a fast pyrolysis facility producing biobased commodity chemicals based on various manifestations of Integrated Catalytic Processing (ICP). Five scenarios are analyzed: fl uid catalytic cracking (FCC) of whole pyrolysis oil (WPO); one-stage hydrotreating and FCC of WPO; FCC of the aqueous phase of pyrolysis oil (APPO); one-stage hydrotreating and FCC of the APPO; and two-stage hydrotreating followed by FCC of the APPO. We calculate the internal rate of return (IRR) for each scenario as functions of the costs of feedstock, hydrogen, and catalyst, and projected revenues for the facility. The assumed feedstock cost is $83/MT for mixed wood. The assumed hydrogen cost is $3/kg. Catalyst costs are based on December 2010 prices and projected revenues are based on August 2010 petrochemical prices. The analysis indicates that a facility employing FCC of WPO or APPO without hydrotreating is unable to gener- ate a positive IRR. Employment of two-stage hydrotreating signifi cantly increases the facility IRR, although IRRs in excess of 10% are only attained when higher pyrolysis oil yields (70 wt%) are assumed. © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Intrinsic and Extrinsic Control of Hemopoietic Stem Cell Numbers: Mapping of a Stem Cell Gene

We evaluated in vivo interactions between extrinsic (growth factor induced) and intrinsic (genetically determined) effectors of mouse primitive hemopoietic stem cell proliferation and numbers. Accordingly, stem cell frequency and cell cycle kinetics were assessed in eight strains of inbred mice using the cobblestone area–forming cell (CAFC) assay. A strong inverse correlation was observed between mouse lifespan and the number of autonomously cycling progenitors (CAFC day 7) in the femur. The population size of primitive stem cells (CAFC day 35) varied widely (up to sevenfold) among strains, unlike total CAFC day 7 numbers (cycling and quiescent), which were similar. Administration of the early acting cytokine flt-3 ligand to these strains resulted in activation of quiescent primitive stem cells exclusively in strains with high endogenous stem cell numbers (DBA and AKR), but was unrelated to strain-specific progenitor cell cycling. To map loci affecting stem cell frequency, we quantified stem cells in BXD recombinant inbred mice (offspring of C57BL/6 and DBA/2). The resulting strain distribution pattern showed high concordance with a marker that mapped to chromosome 18 (19 cM). Linkage with this genomic interval was associated with a likelihood of odds score of 3.3, surpassing the level required for significance. Interestingly, this segment, containing the EGR-1 gene, shows synteny with human chromosome 5q, a region strongly associated with various hematological malignancies. Our findings indicate that a gene mapping to this region is mutated in either C57BL/6 or DBA/2 (and possibly AKR) mice. These studies in apparently healthy mice may facilitate the identification of a gene implicated in human 5q-syndromes.
Towards the design of a secure data/knowledge base management system

Abstract This paper describes the notion of Multilevel Secure Database Management System (MLS/DBMS) and the difficulties encountered in designing such a system. It then states a security policy for an MLS/DBMS and describes a design for query and update operation. Finally, the notion of a Multilevel Secure Knowledge Base Management System (MLS/KBMS) and a design for query operation in an MLS/KBMS is discussed.
Isotope effects in peptide group hydrogen exchange

Kinetic and equilibrium isotope effects in peptide group hydrogen exchange reactions were evaluated. Unlike many other reactions, kinetic isotope effects in amide hydrogen exchange are small because exchange pathways are not limited by bond-breaking steps. Rate constants for the acid-catalyzed exchange of peptide group NH, ND, and NT in H2O are essentially identical, but a solvent isotope effect doubles the rate in D2O. Rate constants for base-catalyzed exchange in H2O decrease slowly in the order NH > ND > NT. The alkaline rate constant in D2O is very close to that in H2O when account is taken of the glass electrode pH artifact and the difference in solvent ionization constant. Small equilibrium isotope effects lead to an excess equilibrium accumulation of the heavier isotopes by the peptide group. Results obtained are expressed in terms of rate constants for the random coil polypeptide, poly-DL-alanine, to provide reference rates for protein hydrogen exchange studies as described in Bai et al. [preceding paper in this issued].
BISTSYN-a built-in self-test synthesizer

The author presents a unifying procedure, called three phase cluster partitioning (TPCP), for automated synthesis of a pseudo-exhaustive test generator for built-in self-test (BIST) design. The procedure minimizes the number of test patterns that are required for pseudo-exhaustive testing. A design generator named BISTSYN, based on the TPCP algorithm, was developed and implemented to facilitate the BIST design with this methodology. The input to the design generator can be a circuit description at the gate level which is viewed as a netlist or the circuit output functional dependency sets. BISTSYN provides the BIST mechanisms as the output. The hierarchical design procedure is computationally efficient and produces test generation circuitry with lower hardware overhead and fewer pseudo-exhaustive test patterns than existing techniques. >
Chronic Hypervitaminosis A with Intracranial Hypertension and Low Cerebrospinal Fluid Concentration of Protein: Two Illustrative Cases

An unusually high dietary intake can lead to vitamin A intoxication. These two children had clinical and radiologic evidences of increased intracranial pressure and low cerebrospinal fluid protein concentrations.
24-Pulse active front end rectifier with low switching frequency

High-power medium voltage converters face the issues of the network interaction, reliability and efficiency. In addition, 4-quadrant operation is needed for FACTS, distributed generation and regenerative drive systems. This work presents a 24-pulse active-front-end rectifier (AFE) with low switching frequency. The system has four units, each one configured with a three-phase three-level NPC AFE rectifier (3LAFE). The 24-pulse behavior is built by the transformers' connection with /spl plusmn/7.5/spl deg/-degree displacement at the primary side. For achieving low switching frequency, a modulation pattern based on a selective harmonic elimination PWM technique (SHEPWM) is employed. With only 3 switching angles, the lowest injected harmonic orders are the 47/sup th/ and 49/sup th/. Simulated and experimental results show the good performance at the mains side with unity power factor and low harmonic distortion. Further reduction of remaining 47/sup th/ and 49/sup th/ harmonic orders is discussed. This solution may be applied in high-power regenerative systems like downhill conveyors, mill drives and windmills, allowing the improvement of the overall system efficiency and the reduction of size and cost of large power harmonic filters.
Prostatic Transition Zone Directed Needle Biopsies Uncommonly Sample Clinically Relevant Transition Zone Tumors

Purpose: We compared prostate cancer detected in transition zone directed needle biopsies with those in corresponding radical prostatectomy specimens.Materials and Methods: We reviewed needle biopsy and radical prostatectomy slides from 61 patients in whom cancer was present on transition zone directed needle biopsy. We assessed needle biopsy cancer features as well as transition zone lesions and dominant tumor sites on radical prostatectomy.Results: Prostate cancer was detected in 25 of 61 left (41%), 23 of 61 right (38%) and 13 of 61 bilateral (21%) transition zone directed needle biopsies. On radical prostatectomy 24 of 61 cases (39.5%) had no tumor in the transition zone, 24 of 61 (39.5%) had nondominant transition zone cancer and 13 of 61 (21%) had a dominant transition zone lesion. Of cases with cancer in the left and right transition zone directed needle biopsy 18 of 38 (47%) and 17 of 36 (47%), respectively, had no transition zone tumor or showed tumor in the contralateral transition zone only at ...
Does Investment Horizon Matter? Disentagling the Effect of Institutional Herding on Stock Prices

Exiting studies document that institutional herding has a stabilizing effect on stock prices, as stock returns over one- to three-quarter horizons are positively correlated with herding. The literature also shows that short-term institutions are better informed than long-term institutions. Motivated by heterogeneity in the level of informativeness between short-term and long-term institutional trading, this study disentangles the price impact of short-term and long-term institutional herding. Our results show that herding by short-term institutions promotes price discovery. In contrast, herding by long-term institutions drives stock prices away from fundamentals. Taken together, our findings suggest that the stabilizing effect documented in the existing literature is mainly driven by short-term institutions, and the destabilizing effect of long-term institutional herding persists up to eight quarters.
Metamorphosis of the amphibian eye.

For many metamorphosing amphibians, the visual system must remain functional as the animal changes from an aquatic to a terrestrial habitat. Thyroid hormone, the trigger for metamorphosis, brings about changes at all levels of the animal, and profoundly alters the visual system, from cellular changes within the eye to new central connections subserving the binoculr vision that develops during metamorphosis in some species. I will survey the alterations in the visual system in the metamorphosis of several Amphibian groups, and consider the role of thyroid hormone in bringing about these transformations through action at the molecular level.
AUTORADIOGRAPHIC STUDIES OF INTRACELLULAR CALCIUM IN FROG SKELETAL MUSCLE.

Autoradiographs consisting of a 1000 A thick tissue section and a 1400 A thick emulsion film have been prepared from frog toe muscles labeled with Ca45. The muscles had been fixed with an oxalate-containing osmium solution at rest at room temperature, at rest at 4°C, during relaxation following K+ depolarization or after prolonged depolarization. From 6 to 39 per cent of K+ contracture tension was produced during fixation. The grains in the autoradiographs were always concentrated in the center 0.2 to 0.3 µ of the I band and the region of the overlapping of the thick and thin filaments. The greater the tension produced during fixation, the greater was the concentration in the A band and the smaller the concentration in the I band. Autoradiographs of two muscles fixed by freeze-substitution resembled those of muscles which produced little tension during osmium fixation. Muscles which shortened during fixation produced fewer grains. In the narrow (<2.0 µ) sarcomeres of the shortened muscles, grain density decreased with decreasing sarcomere width. A theoretical analysis of the significance of these grain distributions is proposed and discussed.