cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abstract 1083: Caveolin-1 in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma development

Caveolin-1 (Cav1) is the main protein component of a specialized form of lipid raft termed caveolae and serves to compartmentalize and negatively regulate the activity of signaling molecules involved in cell proliferation and survival. Cav1 has been shown to act as a tumor suppressor in several types of cancer, including breast cancer and melanoma, but its role in the pathogenesis of non-melanoma skin cancer remains largely unexplored. Previous work has indicated that Cav1 is expressed in the basal cell layer of both murine and human epidermis; additionally, loss of Cav1 protein has been shown by our lab to render murine skin more susceptible to papilloma development following treatment with a carcinogenic compound. The purpose of the current study was to further examine the role of Cav1 in non-melanoma skin cancer development using various experimental approaches. Given the previous research, our hypothesis is that Cav1 acts as a suppressor of tumor growth and development in the skin. In order to explore this hypothesis, we have used several experimental systems, including human tissue arrays and loss of function and gain of function studies in animal models of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. Manipulation of Cav1 expression in (1) a keratinocyte cell line followed by xenotransplantation and (2) an induced model of skin cancer allowed us to assess the effect of this protein on tumor development, growth, and progression. Using these approaches, we were able to show that Cav1 ablation dramatically increases not only in vitro cell growth and invasion, but also in vivo tumorigenesis, tumor growth, and invasion. In conclusion, these studies provide further evidence in support of the hypothesis that Cav1 acts as a tumor suppressor protein in the skin and serve to identify new potential therapeutic targets in the treatment of cutaneous malignancies. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1083. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-1083
Influence of carbon source on production of a heat stable protease from Thermomonospora fusca YX

Thermomonospora fusca YX produced a very active heat stable protease when incubated in media containing cellulose as the substrate. Cultures grown on Solka-floc generated the highest amount of protease whereas the protease was produced at significantly lower levels when T. fusca YX was grown on cellobiose or glucose. Negligible growth or protease production was observed when protein was used as a carbon source. The production of the protease did not appear to be constitutive. While rapid growth was observed on either cellobiose or glucose, protease levels were at least two to fourfold lower than for the T. fusca YX cultures grown on Solka-floc wich generated 33% less cell mass. Protease production was four times lower in cultures which employed casein hydrolysate (tryptone) or xylan as carbon sources than for cellulose.
THE GEOGRAPHY OF DESPAIR

ABSTRACT The current high incidence of lethal violence has been underway since the mid-sixties. Black males form the primary target population. Some attempts have been made to explain the higher propensity of black participation in actions leading to homicidal outcomes. Although many explanations supporting a differential incidence of homicide have been developed, little attention has been devoted to spatial patterns associated with this differential incidence. Homicides in a three-city sample were concentrated in a few, high-risk environments, although unique differences within cities prevail.
Dose rate dependence of the optical absorption of Cu implanted silica

Abstract High-purity silica (Spectrosil) samples were implanted with Cu at doses from 1.0 × 10 16 to 6.0 × 10 16 ions/cm 2 . Samples implanted to a dose of 6.0 × 10 16 ions/cm 2 were implanted at dose rates of 7.5, 5, 2.6, and 0.7 mA/cm 2 . Some samples were implanted with smaller total doses at dose rates of 7.5 and 2.5 mA/cm 2 . Backscattering measurements determined the concentration of implanted ions as a function of dose and depth. The optical absorption, measured from 1.8 to 6.0 eV at room temperature, was observed to increase with increasing dose rate in samples implanted with a total dose ≥ 3.0 × 10 16 ions/cm 2 . We attribute the increase in optical absorption at energies between 2 and 5 eV with dose in these samples to the formation of spherical copper colloids of various diameters. The peak at 2.2 eV that forms at dose levels ≥ 3.0 × 10 16 was observed to increase nonlinearly with dose rate. We attribute this peak to the formation of prolate copper spheroids with an aspect ratio of ~ 2. We suggest that the dose rate dependence is due to localized heating which increases with increased dose rate. Samples implanted with doses 16 ions/cm 2 did not display this same strong dependence on dose rate. For these doses copper colloids are not a major source of absorption in the 2–5 eV range. In these samples we attribute the absorption to Cu + and to intrinsic defects produced by radiation damage.
Z-axis modulation in neural spike display.

Abstract A device has been described which automatically controls the intensity of the CRT spot to provide even brightness for a slow moving baseline and fast vertical spikes. The device operates in the frequency range of neural unit spikes and provides great improvement in the quality of negatives photographed from the CRO screen. It is in addition very inexpensive and easy to build.
Bonding properties of mercury dimers in the pseudopotential local-density-approximation scheme.

Bonding properties of the mercury dimers ${\mathrm{Hg}}_{2}$ and ${\mathrm{Hg}}_{2}^{+}$ are investigated with accurate computations carried out in the density-functional local-density-approximation (LDA) scheme, within the pseudopotential framework. Our calculation accounts for several characteristic properties of these molecules, without, however, full quantitative agreement with experiment. Nevertheless, we argue that the pseudopotential LDA scheme provides a suitable model to study the size evolution in the electronic structure of mercury clusters. Furthermore, the investigation of such systems containing a large number of atoms may be simplified by including in the valence charge the 6s electrons only, and properly taking into account the short-range repulsion of the filled 5d shells.
Conflict-Handling Behavior in Work Groups: Effects of Group Structure, Decision Processes, and Time

Using theoryfrom both small group and conflict management research, this study examined how conflict is managed within work groups performing decision-making tasks. It was proposed that larger and more cohesive groups would show less competing and more avoidance, compromise, and accommodation in response to conflict. We assessed whether conflict would be handled differently depending on whether the group is focused on problem analysis, solution evaluation, or group process management, and whetherconflict handling would change as afunction of time. Contingency analyses of 25 group decisions content-codedfor conflict-handling behavior, task achievementfunction, group size, cohesiveness, and temporalphase indicated mixed supportforour expectations. Conflict-handling behaviors reflecting high concern for others occurred mostfrequently, whereas behaviors representative of low concern for others occurred leastfrequently. Results are discussed in terms of hypothesis generation and suggestionsforfuture research t...
The use of a group mural project to increase self-esteem in high-functioning, cognitively disabled adults

Abstract Between 10 and 40% of the population of people with Intellectual Disability (ID) also meet the criteria for some form of psychopathology and are more likely to experience lower levels of self-esteem and self-concept. Traditional therapies may not always be appropriate for ID clients’ and alternative types of therapies have not been empirically tested. The present study hypothesized that a group art therapy intervention would increase self-concept and self-esteem in a group of clients with mild ID. The Tennessee Self-Concept Scale:2 (TSCS:2) was used as a pre- and post-test in a treatment and comparison group design. Participants in the study were not different at pre-test, but the experimental group at post-test had increases on the Social and Identity subscales, as well as a marginal difference on the in Family subscale and Total self-concept score. The efficacy of the mural project is explained in terms of its’ social, empowering, and positive group experience.
A Computational Strategy to Analyze Label-Free Temporal Bottom-Up Proteomics Data§

Biological systems are in a continual state of flux, which necessitates an understanding of the dynamic nature of protein abundances. The study of protein abundance dynamics has become feasible with recent improvements in mass spectrometry-based quantitative proteomics. However, a number of challenges still remain related to how best to extract biological information from dynamic proteomics data, for example, challenges related to extraneous variability, missing abundance values, and the identification of significant temporal patterns. This paper describes a strategy that addresses these issues and demonstrates its values for analyzing temporal bottom-up proteomics data using data from a Rhodobacter sphaeroides 2.4.1 time-course study.
ENERGY‐CONFORMATION STUDIES OF FREQUENCY OF β‐TURNS IN TETRAPEPTIDE SEQUENCES

The optimized energies of seven beta-bends, repeating C5 and C7, and right- and left-handed alpha-helical conformations for each of eight tetrapeptides have been computed using empirical methods. Eight tetramers were selected: four helix-forming sequences with hydrophobic residues such as Val, Leu, Ile and Trp, and four helix-breaking sequences with hydrophilic residues such as Asp, Asn and Ser, as determined by their frequency of occurrence in beta turns in proteins. Analysis of the optimized conformations with energies less than or equal to 2.1 kcal/mol from the absolute minimum energy conformer for each tetramer reveals a correlation between low-energy conformations and those predicted from observed protein structures. These results show that energy calculations on small peptide fragments may be usefulin predicting protein structure.
The Use of Small Intestinal Submucosa as an off-the-shelf Urethral Sling Material for Pediatric Urinary Incontinence

ABSTRACTPurpose: Use of autologous rectus fascia for urethral slings in the pediatric population has produced reliable and predictable results. However, the potential morbidity and complications associated with harvesting the autologous rectus fascia have driven efforts to find a reliable off-the-shelf material for urethral slings. Small intestinal submucosa is a collagen based material that has been shown to promote tissue specific regeneration in a variety of organs. We report the clinical experience at 4 institutions with small intestinal submucosa for urethral slings.Materials and Methods: A total of 20 patients 3 to 18 years old (mean age 8.7) received urethral slings using the commercially available form of small intestinal submucosa (STRATASIS, Cook Urologic Spencer, Indiana) via a sling suspension procedure from a suprapubic approach.Results: The material was consistently uniform to work with and user-friendly. All 20 patients tolerated the procedure well with no intraoperative complications. Post...
Books Have Their Stories: From My History of Pharmacy Collection

Cowen informs us of the joys and conundrums of collecting his large collection of historic pharmacopoeias that was donated to RutgersA¢â‚¬â„¢ Special Collections and University Archives.
THE SCATTERING OF A DIRAC PARTICLE ON A CENTRAL SCALAR POTENTIAL

The approach to potential scattering, previously developed for Schrodinger particles, is now extended to Dirac, particles. It yields a neat formulation of the theory. Variational formulas for the tangent of the phase shift and the phase shift itself are obtained. Approximate formulas are also given.
From Enemy Combatant to Strange Bedfellow The Role of Religious Narratives in the Work of W. R. D. Fairbairn and D. W. Winnicott

Psychoanalysis has a well-documented history of antipathy toward religion. As a consequence of the postmodern shift in philosophy, however, there are those who, albeit cautiously, are attempting to approach religion with a renewed spirit of dialogue and inquiry as a narrative among many narratives that has informed and even enriched the development of psychoanalysis. In this spirit of dialogue, the author traces the influence of early religious affiliations on two object relations theorists, W. R. D. Fairbairn and D. W. Winnicott. Fairbairn's early imbibing of Calvinist theology in Scotland and Winnicott's involvement in the Wesleyan church are detailed. The theological differences between these Protestant perspectives (which form counterpoints to one another) are clarified and the perspectives are positioned within the framework of British culture. These religious themes are then identified within the works of Fairbairn and Winnicott. As a final consideration, the relational nature of the Judeo-Christian...
Natural killer cells: Influence of the home environment

Abstract Recent results show that the repertoire of anti-MHC class I-specific inhibitory receptors expressed by natural killer cells is influenced by self class I molecules in such a way as to minimize the number of cells with multiple self-reactive inhibitory receptors.
Westward Propagating Predecessors of Monsoon Depressions

Sea-level pressure data for the period 1969-1978 are used to investigate the relation between Bay of Bengal lows and depressions and disturbances propagating from the east. Of the 52 lows and depressions studied, 45 were associated with such predecessor disturbances. In 12 cases, the predecessor was associated with a typhoon or named tropical storm in the South China Sea, while the remaining 33 were weaker systems originating over a broad region of land and sea. From examination of time sections over the same period from eastern Thailand to the Burmese coast, 50 westward-moving disturbances with considerable vertical extent were identified, 64% of which developed into lows or depressions on reaching the Bay. In 60% of the 50 instances, the disturbance could be traced to the South China Sea (32% typhoons and 28% weaker circulations). The remaining 40% of the 50 disturbances appeared to originate over land.
On Properties of Forbidden Zones of Polygons and Polytopes

Given a region $R$ in a Euclidean space and a distinguished point $p \in R$, the \emph{forbidden zone}, $F(R,p)$, is the union of all open balls with center in $R$, having $p$ as a common boundary point. For a polytope, the forbidden zone is the union of open balls centered at its vertices. The notion of forbidden zone was defined in \cite{mollified} and shown to be instrumental in the characterization of \emph{mollified zone diagrams}, a relaxation of \emph{zone diagrams}, introduced by Asano, et al. \cite{zone diagrams}, itself a variation of Voronoi diagrams. In this article we focus on properties of $F(P,p)$ where $P$ is a convex polygon. We derive formulas for the area and circumference of $F(P,p)$ when $p$ is fixed, and for minimum areas and circumferences when $p$ is allowed to range in $P$. Moreover, we give formulas for the area and circumference of a flower-shaped region corresponding to intersecting circles in $F(P,p)$, and for optimal values as $p$ ranges in $P$. We also extend our formulas for $p \not \in P$. We then develop a formula for the area of the intersection of circles having a common boundary point. The optimization problems associate interesting \emph{centers} to a polygon, even to a triangle, different from their classical versions. Aside from geometric interest, applications could exist. Finally, we extend some of the above results and optimizations to arbitrary poly topes and bounded convex sets.
DIETARY ISOLEUCINE INHIBITION OF LIVER TRYPTOPHAN HYDROXYLASE.

Abstract Dietary isoleucine administered to weanling rats for 25–32 days reduces 5-hydroxylation of tryptophan by liver homogenates. This inhibition occurs without alteration of central amines and appears unrelated to dietary stress.
Use of Patient Characteristics to Determine Nonpharmacologic Interventions for Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia

This article addresses the following questions about the use of patient characteristics to determine nonpharmacologic interventions for behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD): Why use patient characteristics to determine intervention?How does individualization of treatment fit with the theory of BPSD?What is known about individualization of the treatment of BPSD?How can individualization of nonpharmacologic intervention work in clinical practice?
Pyruvate is the source of the two carbons that are required for formation of the imidazoline ring of 4-demethylwyosine.

TYW1 catalyzes the condensation of N-methylguanosine with two carbon atoms from an unknown second substrate to form 4-demethylwyosine, which is a common intermediate in the biosynthesis of all of the hypermodified RNA bases related to wybutosine found in eukaryal and archaeal tRNAPhe. Of the potential substrates examined, only incubation with pyruvate resulted in formation of 4-demethylwyosine. Moreover, incubation with C1, C2, C3, or C1,2,3-13C-labeled pyruvate showed that C2 and C3 are incorporated while C1 is not. The mechanistic implications of these results are discussed in the context of the structure of TYW1.
Do Gender and Racial Differences Between Patient and Therapist Affect Therapeutic Alliance and Treatment Retention in Adolescents

Parents, referral sources, and even therapists wonder whether the gender and racial match between therapists and patients contributes to poorer alliances and treatment dropout. Six hundred adolescent substance abusers andtheir therapists from a large randomized clinical trial were grouped according to matches and mismatches on both gender and race, and alliance ratings were collected from both patients and therapists. Results revealed that gender-matched dyads reported higher alliances and were more likely to complete treatment. Racial matching predicted greater retention but not patient-rated alliance. However, therapists in mismatched dyads rated significantly lower alliances. Results suggest that. although multicultural training remains critical, training emphasis should also be placed on understanding how gender and racial differences affect therapeutic processes.
An excitable compass guides chemotaxis

Directional cell migration in response to external stimuli is vital for numerous physiological processes ranging from the inflammatory response to embryonic development. The striking similarity of migration characteristics among evolutionarily divergent cell types ranging from human leukocytes to amoeba suggests a conserved underlying mechanism is responsible for chemotaxis. This mechanism can be loosely broken into three distinct subprocesses:Subprocesses 1 and 2 collectively form an internal biochemical compass that directs biophysical processes responsible for motility.
Polymer nanowire/fullerene bulk heterojunction solar cells: how nanostructure determines photovoltaic properties.

We report studies of bulk heterojunction solar cells composed of self-assembled poly(3-butylthiophene) nanowires (P3BT-nw) as the donor component with a fullerene acceptor. We show that the nanostructure of these devices is the single most important variable determining their performance, and we use a combination of solvent and thermal annealing to control it. A combination of conductive and photoconductive atomic force microscopy provides direct connections between local nanostructure and overall device performance. Films with a dense random web of nanowires cause the fullerene to aggregate in the interstices, giving a quasi-ordered interpenetrating heterojunction with high short-circuit current density (10.58 mA/cm2), but relatively low open circuit voltage (520 mV). Films with a low density of nanowires result in a random bulk heterojunction composed of small crystalline PCBM and P3BT phases. Fewer nanowires result in higher open circuit voltage (650 mV) but lower current density (6.02 mA/cm2). An aver...
Electrostrictive stresses near crack-like flaws

Slit cracks in purely dielectric material systems do not perturb any applied uniform electric field. Furthermore, when the dielectric is unconstrained and does not support any conducting plates or mechanical loads, there are no additional mechanical stresses generated in the material upon introduction of the crack. This situation applies to both electrostrictive and piezoelectric materials. However, flaws which have finite thickness such as thin elliptical or ellipsoidal voids will cause severe inhomogeneous concentration of the electric field. In turn, this can generate substantial mechanical stress from electrostrictive or piezoelectric sources. The effect of an elliptical through flaw in an infinite isotropic body is considered. It is found that, in the case of thin ellipses, the near flaw tip mechanical stresses approximate the singular stresses near a slit crack with an equivalent stress intensity factor. In that sense, the flaw may be considered as a slit crack and treated in terms of linear elastic fracture mechanics. However, except for impermeable and conducting flaws, the value of the equivalent stress intensity factor depends on the aspect ratio of the flaw. As the aspect ratio of the flaw diminishes, the magnitude of the equivalent stress intensity factor falls and disappears in the limit of a slit crack. The results are used to show that a flaw-like crack in a material with a very high dielectric constant can be treated by fracture mechanics as an impermeable slit crack when the flaw aspect ratio is an order of magnitude greater than the ratio of dielectric permittivities (flaw value divided by the value for the surrounding material).
Recent advances in molecularly targeted therapy in advanced renal cell carcinoma

In the last few years, enhanced understanding of the biology of clear cell renal cell carcinoma has led to the development of molecular signaling inhibitors, which, with their superior anti-tumor activity demonstrated in randomized clinical trials, have led to a paradigm shift in the treatment of advanced renal cell carcinoma from cytokine-based therapy to signaling-inhibitor therapy. Relevant therapeutic signaling pathways that have emerged are VEGF receptor and mammalian target of rapamycin pathways, and signaling inhibitors sunitinib, sorafenib, temsirolimus and, most recently, everolimus are approved by the FDA for treatment of advanced renal cell carcinoma in the USA. Newer agents with promising anti-tumor activity are in continued development, as are efforts to uncover additional therapeutic targets. Currently, the optimal use of available agents, such as sequence and combination strategies, as well as their role in the adjuvant and neoadjuvant setting, remain unclear and investigative efforts are underway.
The Introduction of Neuroleptics: A Psychiatric Revolution

In the commentary below, Robert Cancro, M.D., discusses the article on page 327, reprinted from the February 1956 issue of Mental Hospitals, describing how hospitals were dealing with clinical and administrative issues surrounding the use of neuroleptic drugs. Although Dr. Cancro considers the introduction of neuroleptics one of the great psychiatric revolutions of the 20th century, he believes that the changes in patient care and treatment following their introduction have not always been positive.
Validity of the Diagnostic Category of Attention Deficit Disorder Without Hyperactivity A Review of the Literature

The validity of the diagnostic category of Attention Deficit Disorder Without Hyperactivity (ADD/WO) has been the subject of debate since it was first introduced in DSM-III. The differentiation of two syndromes of ADD is supported by factor analytic studies that indicate two dimensions of maladjustment: (1) inattention and disorganization, and (2) motor hyperactivity and impulsive responding. Cluster analyses of these two dimensions have yielded two profiles of deviance that correspond to the DSM-III subtypes. Furthermore, clinic-referred children who meet DSM-III criteria for ADD/WO have been shown to exhibit less serious conduct problems, are less impulsive, are more likely to be characterized as sluggish and drowsy, are less rejected by peers but more socially withdrawn, and are more likely to exhibit depressed mood and symptoms of anxiety disorder than children with Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity (ADD/H).
Floral visitation by Chihuahuan Desert ants

Summary Janzen's (1977) hypothesis that ants do not feed on lowland tropical floral nectar is extended to desert flowers, and tested by field observations and experimentation. Based on our results, no evidence was found to suggest that nectar palatability to ants may be reduced by repugnant, indigestible, or toxic chemicals (Janzen 1977). Floral nectar may serve as an important carbohydrate and water source for desert ants.
Subtle but variable conformational rearrangements in the replication cycle of Sulfolobus solfataricus P2 DNA polymerase IV (Dpo4) may accommodate lesion bypass.

The possible conformational changes of DNA polymerase IV (Dpo4) before and after the nucleotidyl-transfer reaction are investigated at the atomic level by dynamics simulations to gain insight into the mechanism of low-fidelity polymerases and identify slow and possibly critical steps. The absence of significant conformational changes in Dpo4 before chemistry when the incoming nucleotide is removed supports the notion that the “induced-fit” mechanism employed to interpret fidelity in some replicative and repair DNA polymerases does not exist in Dpo4. However, significant correlated movements in the little finger and finger domains, as well as DNA sliding and subtle catalytic-residue rearrangements, occur after the chemical reaction when both active-site metal ions are released. Subsequently, Dpo4’s little finger grips the DNA through two arginine residues and pushes it forward. These metal ion correlated movements may define subtle, and possibly characteristic, conformational adjustments that operate in some Y-family polymerase members in lieu of the prominent subdomain motions required for catalytic cycling in other DNA polymerases like polymerase β. Such subtle changes do not easily provide a tight fit for correct incoming substrates as in higher-fidelity polymerases, but introduce in low-fidelity polymerases different fidelity checks as well as the variable conformational-mobility potential required to bypass different lesions.
The chronology of circulatory changes in poliomyelitis.

1. Serial observations of cutaneous and muscle temperatures were made on patients with paralysis of one lower extremity only to ascertain the chronological appearance of changes in its peripheral circulation after the onset of poliomyelitis. 2. The data were subjected to statistical analysis for the determination of the significance of the alterations in circulation which were found. 3. Significant vasoconstriction in the skin of the paralyzed extremity was not present during the acute phase and appeared only after five to six months from the onset of the disease. 4. When vasospasm first appeared, it was minimal and sporadic; but after six months of the disease, the extremities of those with poor and fair muscles became consistently colder. The only exception in the distal portion of the extremity was the great toe which did not follow the circulatory pattern of the remainder of the extremity. 5. In the paralyzed muscle significant coldness appeared five to six months after onset of poliomyelitis in those groups with moderate and severe paralysis but was not present at any time in the group with mild paralysis. 6. Coldness of skin and muscle showed definite relationship to degree of paralysis.
Endogenous and exogenous regulation of gamma-secretase

The gamma-secretase complex is an intramembrane aspartyl protease comprised of at least four known subunits: Presenilin (PS), Nicastrin (Nct), Aph, and Pen2. Presenilin is the catalytic subunit of the complex. Mutations in PS1 and PS2, which lead to familial early-onset Alzheimer disease, alter the activity and specificity of gamma-secretase. Investigation of gamma-secretase specificity and development of gamma-secretase based therapies have been a huge challenge because of its nature of intramembranal catalysis and macromolecular complex as well as cleavage of multiple substrates. We have developed an integrated approach of biochemistry, chemical biology and cell biology for the study of gamma-secretase structure and function. We will discuss how to apply this approach to elucidate the role endogenous and exogenous factors in regulation of gamma-secretase. We will focus on the development of chemical probes and utilize them to define the mechanism of action of gamma-secretase modulators.
First-Order Logical Duality

Abstract From a logical point of view, Stone duality for Boolean algebras relates theories in classical propositional logic and their collections of models. The theories can be seen as presentations of Boolean algebras, and the collections of models can be topologized in such a way that the theory can be recovered from its space of models. The situation can be cast as a formal duality relating two categories of syntax and semantics, mediated by homming into a common dualizing object, in this case 2. In the present work, we generalize the entire arrangement from propositional to first-order logic, using a representation result of Butz and Moerdijk. Boolean algebras are replaced by Boolean categories presented by theories in first-order logic, and spaces of models are replaced by topological groupoids of models and their isomorphisms. A duality between the resulting categories of syntax and semantics, expressed primarily in the form of a contravariant adjunction, is established by homming into a common dualizing object, now Sets , regarded once as a boolean category, and once as a groupoid equipped with an intrinsic topology. The overall framework of our investigation is provided by topos theory. Direct proofs of the main results are given, but the specialist will recognize toposophical ideas in the background. Indeed, the duality between syntax and semantics is really a manifestation of that between algebra and geometry in the two directions of the geometric morphisms that lurk behind our formal theory. Along the way, we give an elementary proof of Butz and Moerdijkʼs result in logical terms.
Capsular antibodies induce type-specific phagocytosis of capsulated Staphylococcus aureus by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes.

Abstract Capsular types 5 and 8, which account for about 70% of Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from the blood of patients, resisted in vitro phagocytosis by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN). Antisera and monoclonal antibody to type 5 and 8 capsular polysaccharides (CPS) induced type-specific in vitro phagocytosis of capsulated organisms by PMN. Antibodies directed against the O-acetyl moiety of the type 8 CPS were more effective in inducing phagocytosis of type 8 organisms by PMN. Either type-specific antiserum or monoclonal antibody reactive with the native O-acetylated type 8 CPS was most effective in inducing in vitro phagocytosis of type 8 organisms by PMN. These results provide further evidence that CPS of S. aureus are associated with host immunity to this organism.
Near-optimal sensor placements: maximizing information while minimizing communication cost

When monitoring spatial phenomena with wireless sensor networks, selecting the best sensor placements is a fundamental task. Not only should the sensors be informative, but they should also be able to communicate efficiently. In this paper, we present a data-driven approach that addresses the three central aspects of this problem: measuring the predictive quality of a set of sensor locations (regardless of whether sensors were ever placed at these locations), predicting the communication cost involved with these placements, and designing an algorithm with provable quality guarantees that optimizes the NP-hard tradeoff. Specifically, we use data from a pilot deployment to build non-parametric probabilistic models called Gaussian Processes (GPs) both for the spatial phenomena of interest and for the spatial variability of link qualities, which allows us to estimate predictive power and communication cost of un-sensed locations. Surprisingly, uncertainty in the representation of link qualities plays an important role in estimating communication costs. Using these models, we present a novel, polynomial-time, data-driven algorithm, pSPIEL, which selects Sensor Placements at Informative and cost-Effective Locations. Our approach exploits two important properties of this problem: submodularity, formalizing the intuition that adding a node to a small deployment can help more than adding a node to a large deployment; and locality, under which nodes that are far from each other provide almost independent information. Exploiting these properties, we prove strong approximation guarantees for our pSPlEL approach. We also provide extensive experimental validation of this practical approach on several real-world placement problems, and built a complete system implementation on 46 Tmote Sky motes, demonstrating significant advantages over existing methods.
Non-aflatoxigenic Aspergillus flavus to prevent aflatoxin contamination in crops: advantages and limitations

Aspergillus flavus is a diverse assemblage of strains that include aflatoxin-producing and non-toxigenic strains with cosmopolitan distribution. The most promising strategy currently being used to reduce preharvest contamination of crops with aflatoxin is to introduce non-aflatoxin (biocontrol) A. flavus into the crop environment. Whether or not introduction of biocontrol strains into agricultural fields is enough to reduce aflatoxin contamination to levels required for acceptance of the contaminated food as fit for consumption is still unknown. There is no question that biocontrol strains are able to reduce the size of the populations of aflatoxin-producing strains but the available data suggests that at most only a 4- to 5-fold reduction in aflatoxin contamination is achieved. There are many challenges facing this strategy that are both short term and long term. First, the population biology of A. flavus is not well understood due in part to A. flavus’s diversity, its ability to form heterokaryotic reproductive forms, and its unknown ability to survive for prolonged periods after application. Second, biocontrol strains must be selected that are suitable for the environment, the type of crop, and the soil into which they will be introduced. Third, there is a need to guard against inadvertent introduction of A. flavus strains that could impose an additional burden on food safety and food quality, and fourth, with global warming and resultant changes in the soil nutrients and concomitant microbiome populations, the biocontrol strategy must be sufficiently flexible to adapt to such changes. Understanding genetic variation within strains of A. flavus is important for developing a robust biocontrol strategy and it is unlikely that a “one size fits all” strategy will work for preharvest aflatoxin reduction.
Blood flow in a continuous flow ventricular assist device.

A numerical analysis was performed to predict the shear stresses, flow rates, and the velocity profiles in a continuous flow ventricular assist device, the CFVAD3. The problem was modeled as a rotating disk over a stationary disk. A variety of clearances was tested for the CFVAD3 coupled with a range of rotational speeds and pressure gradients. Velocity fields were generated using solutions obtained with FLOW3D software (AEA Technology, Pittsburgh, PA, U.S.A.) Analysis of these solutions shows that the pressure differential effect has a stronger influence on the flow than the rotational effect of the impeller Ekman layer. The predicted shear stresses reflect these changes in the volume flow rates and the speeds shown in the velocity profiles. Based on the predictions of the software, the optimum clearance and rotational speed were chosen. The conclusion is that a speed in the range of 2,200-2,400 rpm should be chosen depending on the efficiency of the pump.
Ignition and extinction in combustion of initially unmixed reactants

The adequacy of direct one-step chemical kinetics for describing ignition and extinction in initially unmixed gases is studied through the particular case of inviscid axisymmetric stagnation-point flow. Oxidant is assumed to blow from upstream infinity at a non-gaseous reservoir of pure fuel at its boiling (or sublimating) temperature. Before reaching the reservoir the oxidant reacts with gaseous fuel flowing in the opposite direction to form product and release heat. This heat is in part conducted and diffused to the reservoir interface to transform more fuel into the gaseous state and continue the steady-state burning. Second-order Arrhenius kinetics for Lewis-number unity is examined. A critical parameter characterizing the phenomenon is shown to be the first Damkohler similarity group D1, the ratio of a time characterizing the flow to a time characterizing the chemical activity.For small D1 the reactants convect away heat without releasing the energy stored in their chemical bonds. Regular perturbation about chemically frozen flow establishes this condition as the weak burning limit. For large D1 singular perturbation describes a narrow region of intense chemical activity. For infinite D1 (indefinitely fast rate of reaction) the region is reduced to a surface of discontinuity (the thin-flame kinetics of Burke & Schumann).For intermediate D1 numerical techniques establish that a solution describing burning of moderate intensity joins the two previously mentioned asymptotic limits. It is suggested that sudden transition of the system between the various branches in this domain of intermediate D1 accounts for the phenomena of ignition and extinction of burning.
Far-IR Studies of Carbon Acid Complexes of 18-Crown-6

Bands in the far-IR spectra of 18-crown-6 complexes of nitromethane, acetronitrile, and malonodinitrile are attributed to hydrogen bonding. The vσ vibrational mode is assigned for these neutral complexes. Solution studies of the complexes in CHCl3 show that a substantial amount of both the nitromethane complex and the malonodinitrile complex remains intact. The acetonitrile complex, however, appears to dissociate in CHCl3.
Depth layers from occlusions

We present a method to extract relative depth information from an uncalibrated monocular video sequence. Our method detects occlusions caused by an object moving in a static scene to infer relative depth relationships between scene parts. Our approach does not rely on any strong assumptions about the object or the scene to aid in this segmentation into layers. In general, the problem of building relative depth relationships from occlusion events is underconstrained, even in the absence of observation noise. A minimum description length algorithm is used to reliably calculate layer opacities and their depth relationships in the absence of hard constraints. Our approach extends previously published approaches that are restricted to work with a certain type of moving object or require strong image edges to allow for an a-priori segmentation of the scene. We also discuss ideas on how to extend our algorithm to make use of a richer set of observations.
Glaciers, second edition

Glaciers, second edition. By Michael Hambrey and Jurg Alean. Cambridge, U.K., and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2004. 394 pp. $60.00. ISBN 0521828082.The second edition, like its predecesso...
Use of Aortic Endograft for Repair of Intraoperative Iliocaval Injury during Anterior Spine Exposure

Vascular injury during anterior lumbar interbody fusion (ALIF) is a well-documented occurrence. Most vascular injuries continue to be managed with direct open repair. We report the outcome of a 61-year-old woman who experienced inferior vena cava and left common iliac vein injury during a difficult exposure for multilevel ALIF. The distal cava and common iliac vein were repaired with a Gore Excluder cuff and limb. The endovascular repair permitted control of the injury without more morbid maneuvers such as iliac artery transection. Thus endovascular repair of intraoperative caval injury is a valuable option in emergent situations with low morbidity and good durability.
Cerebral Blood Flow Alterations in Acute Sport-Related Concussion

Abstract Sport-related concussion (SRC) is a major health problem, affecting millions of athletes each year. While the clinical effects of SRC (e.g., symptoms and functional impairments) typically resolve within several days, increasing evidence suggests persistent neurophysiological abnormalities beyond the point of clinical recovery after injury. This study aimed to evaluate cerebral blood flow (CBF) changes in acute SRC, as measured using advanced arterial spin labeling (ASL) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). We compared CBF maps assessed in 18 concussed football players (age, 17.8 ± 1.5 years) obtained within 24 h and at 8 days after injury with a control group of 19 matched non-concussed football players. While the control group did not show any changes in CBF between the two time-points, concussed athletes demonstrated a significant decrease in CBF at 8 days relative to within 24 h. Scores on the clinical symptom (Sport Concussion Assessment Tool 3, SCAT3) and cognitive measures (Standardized Assess...
Seasonal and sexual differences in the thermal preferences and movements of American lobsters1

Thermal preferences of lobsters (Homarus americanus) were determined in the laboratory and compared with seasonal movements and distribution of lobsters in the Great Bay Estuary, New Hampshire. Lob...
A planar QRS-T angle >90 degrees is associated with multivessel coronary artery disease in patients undergoing coronary angiography.

Background The aim of the study was to investigate the severity of coronary artery disease (CAD) in patients who had a planar QRS-T angle >90 degrees versus Material/methods Coronary angiography was performed in 1,229 consecutive patients. Obstructive CAD was diagnosed if there was >50% obstruction of >or=1 major coronary artery. All QRS-T angle measurements were made from a 12-lead electrocardiogram by 2 authors who agreed on the measurement and who were blinded to the coronary angiographic findings. A QRS-T angle >90 degrees was considered abnormal. Results Obstructive CAD of 2 or 3 vessels was present in 309 of 495 patients (62%) with a planar QRS-T angle >90 degrees and in 250 of 734 patients (34%) with a planar QRS-T angle or=30 kg/m2 (odds ratio =1.5). Conclusions The prevalence of 2- or 3-vessel obstructive CAD was significantly higher in patients with a planar QRS-T angle >90 degrees than in patients with a planar QRS-T angle
Photo-doped silicon in split ring resonator gap towards dynamically reconfigurable terahertz metamaterial

We demonstrate reconfigurable metamaterial by actively switching constituent resonators from split-ring to closed-ring configuration. Both fundamental and third order resonances damps out while the second order resonance emerges at high pump power.
The Determination of Trace Metals in Air

Environmental pollution has become a matter of great concern to all sections of this country, affecting rich and poor alike. The nature, extent, and the ultimate control of pollution requires reliable analytical methods capable of accurately delineating the problem in all of its aspects. All too often “black boxes” are used to measure pollutants. The instruments used may provide valid information but more often than not they measure some general, rather than specific, property of the species to be determined. Obviously such devices lack specificity and therefore may provide misleading and erroneous data. Finally, there is an unfortunate tendency to introduce exotic methods and expensive instruments which are beyond the capability and budgets of many concerned organizations.
Geophysical Location, Identification, And Characterization Of Archaeological Structures Of The Jornada Mogollon People At The Three Rivers National Petroglyph, New Mexico

We present preliminary results of an ongoing study regarding the application of shallow geophysical methods to archeological sites using a unique combination of geophysical techniques. This approach adds precision, greater spatial resolution, and time efficiency. In 1976 a group of archaeologists discovered and reconstructed prehistoric structures at the Three Rivers National Petroglyph Site, New Mexico. The area is covered by dense vegetation and, moreover, it is often occupied by cattle and tunnel-digging, den-building mammals, which destroy both surface and subsurface features that could indicate centers of past human activity. The 1976 excavations successfully made use of magnetometry to help locate structures of interest. In the 30 years that followed no further geophysical investigations were conducted, although periodic mapping of surface features and excavations continued. Between December 2005 and December 2006, a new set of geophysical campaigns were carried out at the site, in order to locate new structures. The surveys included ground conductivity, magnetometry (including gradiometry), and ground penetrating radar (GPR). We first used conductivity and magnetic gradiometry to delineate anomalies that could represent structures, followed by GPR. As of October 2006, three areas have been targeted as suspicious, and one of them represents an adobe structure that is currently being excavated. Further reconnaissance studies were carried out throughout December 2006.
Issues in the Use of Verbal Data to Assess Children's Affective Responses to Music

Affective responses are at the core of musical thinking: they form the basis for meaning and value in music, and provide motivation for future musical experiences. Therefore, the development of musical affect in children is a primary concern for music education, as are the methods most effective and convenient for measuring this development. This article examines the history, use, and structure of verbal response methodologies to study children's affective reactions to music, describes the conceptual and philosophical framework underlying the use of verbal data to assess cognition in the arts, presents music education research that adopts this framework, and offers suggestions for future directions in music education research.
Basic Data Types: Lists and Tuples

GIS scripting frequently involves manipulating collections of items, such as files or data records. For example, you might have multiple tabular data files with special characters in the fields preventing direct import into ArcGIS. A script to replace the characters can use lists to hold the file names and field names. Then the files and fields can be batch processed. Built-in Python data types, such as lists, are useful for solving this kind of GIS problem. This chapter presents the Python list data type, list operations and methods, the range function, mutability, and tuples. The chapter concludes with a debugging walk-through to demonstrate syntax checking and tracebacks.
Gangs, Media, and Technology

While the government exaggerated the role of social media in the 2011 UK riots—to the extent that the same politicians who criticized Arab rulers for attempting to block digital communications during anti-government uprisings in the Middle East contemplated banning instant messaging during incidents of civil unrest in Britain (Halliday, 2011)—the importance of media and technology in the lives of gang members cannot be overstated. The global transmission of popular culture, the narrowing of the digital divide, and enhanced technologies made possible through a more user-created and user-friendly ‘Web 2.0’ are changing the ways in which gangs work and gang members communicate. This chapter explores how.