cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Insights from Student Solutions to SQL Homework Problems

We analyze the submissions of 286 students as they solved Structured Query Language (SQL) homework assignments for an upper-level databases course. Databases and the ability to query them are becoming increasingly essential for not only computer scientists but also business professionals, scientists, and anyone who needs to make data-driven decisions. Despite the increasing importance of SQL and databases, little research has documented student difficulties in learning SQL. We replicate and extend prior studies of students' difficulties with learning SQL. Students worked on and submitted their homework through an online learning management system with support for autograding of code. Students received immediate feedback on the correctness of their solutions and had approximately a week to finish writing eight to ten queries. We categorized student submissions by the type of error, or lack thereof, that students made, and whether the student was eventually able to construct a correct query. Like prior work, we find that the majority of student mistakes are syntax errors. In contrast with the conclusions of prior work, we find that some students are never able to resolve these syntax errors to create valid queries. Additionally, we find that students struggle the most when they need to write SQL queries related to GROUP BY and correlated subqueries. We suggest implications for instruction and future research.
P67 Evaluating Youth Taste Tests: How Programs Can Shape Healthy Food Preferences

Background Taste tests help introduce new foods; an opportunity particularly important for children from households having limited resources to experiment with foods. Repeated exposure early in life supports the development of healthy food preferences. Children's preferences, willingness to try foods, and asking parents to buy them are positively associated with consumption. Objective This study's objective was to evaluate the large-scale implementation of food tastings as a key component of the CalFresh Healthy Living, University of California SNAP-Ed nutrition education delivered in schools and after-school programs using practitioner-oriented outcome evaluation. Study Design, Setting, Participants A convenience sample of 48,881 kindergarten to eighth grade students participating in 2,291 taste tests conducted during SNAP-Ed nutrition education in schools and after-school programs across 28 California counties during 2018-19 participated. Cooperative Extension programs delivered series-based nutrition education using a variety of age-appropriate, SNAP-Ed approved curricula focused on healthy eating with taste tests to reinforce healthy eating. Measurable Outcome/Analysis An educator-administered Taste Testing Tool conducted immediately following the food tastings captured details about the foods tasted, whether students tasted the food before, if they tasted it today, their willingness to eat it again and ask for it at home. Data were explored using descriptive statistics. Results Foods most commonly tasted were fruits, vegetables, nuts, and legumes. Typically, they were served raw, paired with a familiar food, or included in a mixed dish. On average, 47% of students tasted the food before, 93% tried it today, 70% were willing to eat it again, and 65% were willing to ask for it at home. Findings will also be presented by grade and target food. Conclusions Evaluation of food tasting helps inform future food selection to ensure most children find the foods featured appealing which, in turn, improves food preferences and positively reinforces nutrition education.
FPGA Programming for the Masses: The programmability of FPGAs must improve if they are to be part of mainstream computing.

When looking at how hardware influences computing performance, we have GPPs (general-purpose processors) on one end of the spectrum and ASICs (application-specific integrated circuits) on the other. Processors are highly programmable but often inefficient in terms of power and performance. ASICs implement a dedicated and fixed function and provide the best power and performance characteristics, but any functional change requires a complete (and extremely expensive) re-spinning of the circuits.
Efficient Solution of Maximum-Entropy Sampling Problems

Maximum-entropy sampling is a difficult nonlinear discrete optimization problem that arises in spatial statistics, for example, in the design of weather-monitoring networks. An exact algorithm for ...
Sleep Disordered Breathing in Neurodevelopmental Disorders

Sleep problems are common in children with neurodevelopmental disorders (NDD). In addition to insomnia, sleep disordered breathing (SDB) is ubiquitous and an important therapeutic target within this population. In this review, we discuss the evaluation and management of SDB in children with NDDs, with a particular emphasis on syndrome-specific considerations. Common NDDs that have increased risk of SDB include autism spectrum disorder, Down syndrome, myelomeningocele and Chiari malformation, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, Prader–Willi syndrome, epilepsy, and 22q deletion syndrome. We discuss a variety of treatment options and advocate the need for a personalized treatment plan contingent on the underlying disease characteristics of the child and family preferences. Advancements in drug-induced sleep endoscopy and hypoglossal nerve stimulation represent exciting new surgical options for those children who cannot tolerate positive airway pressure. Children with a myriad of NDDs are at increased risk for SDB, for which treatment may result in clinically important changes in quality of life. Clinicians need to consider syndrome-specific features of SDB in both the evaluation and treatment phases of management.
Tonic endocannabinoid signaling supports sleep through development in both sexes

Abstract Sleep is an essential behavior that supports brain function and cognition throughout life, in part by acting on neuronal synapses. The synaptic signaling pathways that mediate the restorative benefits of sleep are not fully understood, particularly in the context of development. Endocannabinoids (eCBs) including 2-arachidonyl glycerol (2-AG) and anandamide (AEA), are bioactive lipids that activate cannabinoid receptor, CB1, to regulate synaptic transmission and mediate cognitive functions and many behaviors, including sleep. We used targeted mass spectrometry to measure changes in forebrain synaptic eCBs during the sleep/wake cycle in developing and adult mice. We find that eCBs are downregulated in response to acute sleep deprivation in juvenile mice, while in young adults eCBs are upregulated during the sleep phase in a circadian manner. Next we manipulated the eCB system using selective pharmacology and measured the effects on sleep behavior in developing and adult mice of both sexes using a non-invasive piezoelectric home-cage recording apparatus. Enhancement of eCB signaling through inhibition of 2-AG or AEA degradation, increased dark phase sleep amount and bout length in developing and adult males, but not in females. Inhibition of CB1 by injection of the antagonist AM251 reduced sleep time and caused sleep fragmentation in developing and adult males and females. Our data suggest that males are more sensitive to the sleep promoting effects of enhanced eCBs but that tonic eCB signaling supports sleep behavior through multiple stages of development in both sexes. This work informs the further development of cannabinoid-based therapeutics for sleep disruption.
Multiple-species analysis of point count data: a more parsimonious modelling framework

1. Although population surveys often provide information on multiple species, these data are rarely analysed within a multiple-species framework despite the potential for more efficient estimation of population parameters. 2. We have developed a multiple-species modelling framework that uses similarities in capture/detection processes among species to model multiple species data more parsimoniously. We present examples of this approach applied to distance, time of detection and multiple observer sampling for avian point count data. 3. Models that included species as a covariate and individual species effects were generally selected as the best models for distance sampling, but group models without species effects performed best for the time of detection and multiple observer methods. Population estimates were more precise for no-species-effect models than for species-effect models, demonstrating the benefits of exploiting species' similarities when modelling multiple species data. Partial species-effect models and additive models were also useful because they modelled similarities among species while allowing for species differences. 4. Synthesis and applications. We recommend the adoption of multiple-species modelling because of its potential for improved population estimates. This framework will be particularly beneficial for modelling count data from rare species because information on the detection process can be 'borrowed' from more common species. The multiple-species modelling framework presented here is applicable to a wide range of sampling techniques and taxa.
Cloning, sequence, and footprint analysis of two promoter/operators from Corynebacterium diphtheriae that are regulated by the diphtheria toxin repressor (DtxR) and iron

DtxR is an iron-dependent sequence-specific DNA-binding protein that binds to the tox operator, an inverted-repeat nucleotide sequence located upstream from the diphtheria toxin gene. In this study, two additional iron-regulated promoter/operator sequences (IRP1 and IRP2) that are controlled by DtxR were cloned from the chromosome of Corynebacterium diphtheriae and characterized. Operon fusions to lacZ were used to analyze expression from IRP1 and IRP2 in Escherichia coli. Transcription from both promoters was strongly repressed in high-iron medium in the presence of the cloned dtxR gene; however, transcription in the absence of dtxR was 50- to 100-fold greater, regardless of the iron concentration. Purified DtxR altered the electrophoretic mobility of DNA fragments carrying IRP1 or IRP2, and the nucleotide sequences of the two promoter/operator regions indicated that they are both homologous with the tox operator. DtxR protected an approximately 30-bp region on both IRP1 and IRP2 from DNase I digestion. A 19-bp consensus DtxR-binding site was derived from a comparison of the various DtxR-regulated operator/promoter sequences. Footprinting experiments using hydroxyl radicals and dimethyl sulfate demonstrated that DtxR interacted with these operators in a symmetrical manner, probably as a dimer or multimer. The deduced amino acid sequence of an open reading frame (ORF1) located downstream from IRP1 was homologous with a family of periplasmic proteins involved in iron transport in gram-negative bacteria and with the ferrichrome receptor, FhuD, from Bacillus subtilis. These findings suggest that ORF1 encodes a membrane-associated lipoprotein that may serve as the receptor for a ferric-siderophore complex in C. diphtheriae.
Biologic and toxic effects of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and dibenzofuran congeners in the guinea pig: Quantitative structure-activity relationships

Abstract The dose-response effects of 2,3,7,8-tetrachorodibenzo- p -dioxin,1,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo- p -dioxin, 1,2,4,7,8-pentachlorodibenzo- p -dioxin, 2,3,4,7,8-, 1,2,3,7,9-, and 2,3,4,7,9-pentachloro-dibenzofuran on body weight loss and hepatic microsomal aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (AHH) and ethoxyresorufin O -deethylase (EROD) induction were determined in the immature male guinea pig. The ED 50 values for each compound were measured for the three in vivo responses. The quantitative structure-activity relationships clearly illustrated that the most toxic congeners were substituted in the lateral 2, 3, 7 and 8 positions, and removal of a lateral chlorine group substantially reduced the potency of the resulting compound. The most toxic congener in this series was 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo- p -dioxin in which the in vivo ed 50 values for AHH and EROD induction and body weight loss were 2.8 × 10 −10 , 9.3 × 10 −11 and 5.6 × 10 −9 mol/kg. The structure-activity relationships observed in this study were comparable to those previously reported in rats and rat hepatoma H-4-II E cells in culture. Moreover, there was an excellent linear correlation between in viuo —log ED 50 values for body weight loss, AHH and EROD induction and the corresponding in vitro -log ec 50 data for AHH induction in rat hepatoma cells [S. Safe, Chemosphere 16, 791 (1987)].
Beyond the Music: An Investigation of the Political Effects of Rap Music

There is very little empirical research completed on the connection of rap music and ideology. Similarly, the research on rap and gender or Black Nationalist ideology and gender are also lacking. Research on rap music usually focuses on rap as a form of information exchange or a comparison of rap listeners to supporters of specific ideologies. This paper considers the affect of rap music on the acceptance and support of Black Nationalist ideology while exploring the differences of this acceptance between women and men. With data from the 1993-1994 National Black Politics Study, I show that those who listen to rap and those who do not listen to rap music differ on their support of Black Nationalist ideology. Those who listen to rap are more supportive of Black Nationalist ideology. Among those who listen to rap, men are more supportive of Black Nationalism than women. This support is partially explained by the patriarchal nature of both rap and Black Nationalist ideology as well as the connections between Black Nationalist organizations and rap artists. I also demonstrate through experimentation that political rap increases support of Black Nationalism among Black listeners.
Why Pirates (Still) Won't Behave: Regulating P2P in the Decade After Napster

Since the birth of Napster in 1999, corporate copyright owners have attempted to "govern" file sharing aggressively at three discrete points of intervention: the content level, the network level, and the user level. Their efforts have met with resistance at each of these points, however, because they have failed to appreciate the insight articulated by Michel Foucault that governing people, in the broad sense, is not only a matter of making them behave; it's also a matter of making them want to behave. This article surveys a decade's worth of anti-piracy regulation and examines the ways in which the entertainment industry's recourse to coercion at every point of intervention has functioned to undermine rather than advance the anti-piracy cause.
Higher dependability and security for mobile applications

In this paper, we are concerned with the detection software faults and tampering of the mobile application as well as the mobile device theft. We want to disable mobile device cryptographically once either of these problems are detected. Basically the device needs to receive a new cryptographic key after each pre-set period of time in order to continue function. The mobile application execution integrity is checked by the authority when deciding whether or not to give out a new key. The detection can be done via a run-time result checking when the device connects to the authority. The authority can also proactively examine whether or not software tampering is happening. This paper will show approaches that each standalone can improve the dependability and security of a mobile application. We will show how these approaches can work together seamlessly to form a stronger scheme.
Minimizing weighted sum delay for one-to-many file transfer in peer-to-peer networks

This paper considers the problem of transferring a file from one source node to multiple receivers in a peer-to-peer (P2P) network. The objective is to minimize the weighted sum delay (WSD) for the one-to-many file transfer where peers have both uplink and downlink bandwidth constraints specified. The static scenario is a file-transfer scheme in which the network resource allocation remains static until all receivers finish downloading. This paper shows that the static scenario can be optimized in polynomial time by convex optimization, and the associated optimal static WSD can be achieved by linear network coding. This paper also proposes a static rateless-codingbased scheme which has almost-optimal empirical performance. The dynamic scenario is a file-transfer scheme which can re-allocate the network resource during the file transfer. This paper proposes a dynamic rateless-coding-based scheme, which provides significantly smaller WSD than the optimal static scheme does.
Physiology of the Cardiac Conduction System

The diagnosis and management of cardiac arrhythmias has progressed rapidly as a science. Advances in the ability to diagnose and either suppress or eliminate arrhythmic substrates has taken an exponential trajectory. Whether utilizing three-dimensional electro-anatomic mapping systems for examining complex arrhythmias in patients with palliated congenital heart disease or genetic analysis in a search for evidence of heritable arrhythmia syndromes, technological advances have improved our ability to observe, diagnosis, and manage rhythm disturbances in patients from fetal life through adulthood. To fully harness the possibilities and continue advancements offered by these new technologies, an understanding of cardiac anatomy and cellular electrophysiology is imperative.
Pion condensation in relativistic heavy ion collisions

Abstract Recently it was pointed out that coherent or condensated states of pions may account for the explanation of the Centauro events observed in cosmic ray showers. We argue that an occurence of condensed pions requires that the system evolves far out of thermal equilibrium. Besides an unusual charge ratio distribution we show that such a produced state also would lead to strong isospin correlations.
Dendritic cell therapy for Type 1 diabetes suppression

While dendritic cell-based therapy is a clinical reality for human malignancies, until now, some conceptual concerns have served to delay its consideration to treat human autoimmune diseases, even in light of almost two decades' worth of overwhelmingly supportive preclinical animal studies. This article provides an overview of the development of dendritic cell-based therapy for Type 1 diabetes mellitus, given that this is the best-studied autoimmune disorder and that there is a good understanding of the underlying immunology. This article also highlights data from the authors' pioneering Phase I clinical trial with tolerogenic dendritic cells, which hopes to motivate the clinical translation of other dendritic cell-based approaches, to one or more carefully selected Type 1 diabetic patient populations.
Immunoglobulin gene rearrangement analysis in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with lymphoproliferative processes.

Abstract Objective To determine the sensitivity and specificity of clonal immunoglobulin heavy chain gene rearrangement (IGHR) analysis in the distinction of benign and malignant lymphoproliferative diseases. Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted of patients in whom a malignant lymphoproliferative process was suspected. Cells of CSF samples were collected by centrifugation, resuspended in 100 μl of the supernatant and boiled. A 10 μl aliquot of this lysate served as template for semi-nested polymerase chain reaction using variable and joining region consensus primers. PCR products were analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Cytopathological diagnosis and flow cytometry results were recorded. Sensitivity and specificity of IGHR analysis, cytopathology and flow cytometry were calculated. Results Eleven patients (12 specimens) had involvement of leptomeninges at the time of lumbar puncture. Another 25 cases (27 specimens) had normal CSF findings or were diagnosed with benign lymphoproliferative conditions. Sensitivity of CSF cytopathology, flow cytometry and IGHR analysis were 0.27 [95% confidence interval 0.06, 0.61], 0.1 [0.003, 0.45] and 0.58 [0.28, 0.85]. Specificity was 1 [0.86, 1], 0.95 [0.77, 1.0] and 0.85 [0.66, 0.96]. Interpretation IGHR analysis appears to be a useful addition to morphological and flow cytometry analysis of cerebrospinal fluid in the evaluation of CNS lymphoproliferative processes.
Emergency and Critical Care Imaging

Care for patients who have time-sensitive disease processes in the emergency department and critical care settings is optimized with rapid diagnosis and intervention. Recent advances in medical imaging have increased portability, decreased image acquisition time, improved data resolution, and increased use of noninvasive studies. This article discusses the use of portable imaging techniques such as bedside ultrasound and radiography as well as CT and CT angiography in the diagnosis and care of critically ill patients.
Using real-coded genetic algorithms for Weibull parameter estimation

Abstract Genetic algorithms (GAs) represent a class of adaptive search techniques based on a direct analogy to Darwinian natural selection and mutations in biological systems. “Standard” GAs have emphasized the utilization of binary codes. However, recent empirical results have indicated that a chromosome representation which utilizes real values have enhanced the performance of these GAs in certain engineering problems. A real-valued Genetic Algorithm method described in this paper estimates the parameter values from an unconstrained population of data points for a Weibull distribution function using a simultaneous random search function by integrating the principles of the Genetic Algorithm and the method of Maximum Likelihood Estimation. The results of the real-coded GA technique for parameter estimation are compared to the results of the Newton-Raphson Algorithm.
Effects of difluoromethylornithine on proliferation, polyamine content and plating efficiency of cultured human carcinoma cells.

We investigated the effects of an irreversible inhibitor of ornithine decarboxylase, difluoromethylornithine (DFMO), on the proliferation, polyamine content, and plating efficiency of five human adenocarcinoma cell lines in vitro. DFMO inhibited the growth of all five lines when added at concentrations between 0.1 and 5.0 mM. The cell lines varied in their sensitivity to DFMO-induced cytostasis, HuTu-80 being most sensitive and HT-29 being most resistant. These differences appeared to be related to the ability of DFMO to prevent continued production of putrescine in the treated cells. Exogenous putrescine (5–50 μM) reversed the growth inhibition for all five cell lines when added 48 h after DFMO treatment. The lowest concentration of exogenous putrescine (5 μM) only restored intracellular polyamine content of DFMO-treated cells to control levels for the first 24 h after its addition. After that time, spermidine content declined once again to that observed for cells treated with DFMo alone. The higher concentrations of exogenous putrescine restored the content of all three polyamines to control levels for as much as 3 days after its addition, but did not cause a greater increase in cell growth rates that did 5 μM putrescine. These data suggest that human adenocarcinoma cell proliferation is dependent on continued polyamine biosynthesis, but that the basal content of intracellular polyamines is greatly in excess of the minimum level required to support cell growth. In the 1.0–5.0 mM concentration range, DFMO treatment for 48 h caused a slight, but statistically significant, reduction in plating efficiency for three of our cell lines, and had no significant effect on the two others.
Activation of Cdk9 represses PGC-1 and predisposes to heart failure

Hypertrophic growth allows the heart to adapt to workload but typically culminates in eventual pump failure. It remains unsettled how mechanical signals are coupled to either the initial growth or the resultant decompensation. Cardiac hypertrophy is accompanied by the activation of the atypical cyclin-dependent kinase cyclin T/Cdk9, which phosphorylates the C-terminal domain (CTD) of the large subunit of RNA polymerase II and stimulates transcription elongation and pre-mRNA processing. Previously, we showed that Cdk9 activity was required for hypertrophic growth in culture and heart specific activation of Cdk9 by cyclin T1 overexpression (alphaMHCcyclin T1) sufficed to induce cardiac hypertrophy in mice. Here, we show that Cdk9 activities are increased in both mice and human failing myocardium. The alphaMHC-cyclin T1 mice appear functionally normal at baseline, but suffer fulminant apoptotic cardiomyopathy when challenged to pathological or genetic stress, such as pressure-overload or the small G-protein Gq. Excess Cdk9 activity globally suppresses genes for mitochondrial function along with downregulation of two master regulators of mitochondrial biogenesis: peroxisome-proliferatoractivated receptor-gamma co-activator-1 (PGC-1), a transcriptional co-activator, and nuclear respiratory factor-1 (NRF-1), transcription factor. The alphaMHC-cyclin T1 mice showed impaired mitochondrial respiratory chain enzyme activities and ultrastructure. In cultured cells, expression of cyclin T1/Cdk9 suppresses PGC-1 expression. Downregulation of genes for mitochondrial function caused by cyclin T1/Cdk9 can be reversed by exogenous PGC-1. Cyclin T1/Cdk9 reduces both baseline and MEF2-induced PGC-1 promoter activities in a dose-dependent manner. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assay demonstrates that cyclin T1/Cdk9 particularly perturbates PGC-1 expression at the level of preinitiation complex assembly. Cyclin T1/Cdk9 decreases mitochondrial membrane potential and sensitizes cardiomyocytes to apoptosis, especially in the context of Gq stimulation, both of which can be reversed by either PGC-1 or Bcl-2. Analogously, direct dysregulation of PGC-1/NRF-1-mediated mitochondrial transcription by dominant negative NRF-1 suppresses the genes for mitochondrial biogenesis and increases the susceptibility to apoptosis. Thus, chronic activation of Cdk9 at the levels found in pathophysiological settings causes not only cardiomyocyte enlargement, but also defective mitochondrial function via downregulation of PGC-1 and a resulting susceptibility to heart failure by stimulating apoptosis. 136
Shingles Vaccine: Effective and Costly or Cost-Effective?

Is it worthwhile to use the new varicella-zoster virus vaccine to protect against shingles? In their cost-effectiveness analysis in this issue, Hornberger and Robertus demonstrate that assumptions ...
Hot oxygen atoms in the upper atmospheres of Venus and Mars

The altitude distribution of the hot oxygen density was calculated for the upper atmospheres of Venus and Mars for solar cycle maximum and minimum conditions, respectively. The calculated values for Venus are in good agreement with the observed values and are about a factor of twenty larger than the calculated values for Mars at the exobase.
Axisymmetric computation of Taylor cylinder impacts of ductile and brittle materials using original and dual domain material point methods

Abstract Although the Taylor cylinder impact itself has limited practical applications, the experiments are often conducted to infer the constitutive relations of materials under high strain rate through numerical calculations. Compared to other numerical methods, the material point method (MPM) has the accuracy advantage on severely deformed specimens. The MPM has been successfully applied in the study of ductile materials, but encounters significant difficulty because of stress noise in its application to brittle materials. The dual domain material point (DDMP) method has been recently developed to reduce the noise. In this paper we extend the DDMP method to axisymmetric cylindrical coordinates. Numerical characteristics of both methods are evaluated by performing computations of Taylor cylinder impacts for ductile and brittle materials. For ductile materials, there is no significant improvement in the results by using the DDMP method, because of the stress smoothing effect provided by the yield surface. For a brittle material, noise reduction is necessary because of the sudden and irreversible stress changes at material failure, and the transition from a continuous state to a granular state of the material. Although physical models for such a transition are still research topics, the newly developed DDMP method is shown to be numerically capable of simulating this transition of states. Dilation bands and formation of force chains in the resulting granular material are observed. The numerical results from the DDMP method compare well with experimental data for both ductile and brittle materials.
Electroretinogram responses and refractive errors in patients with a history of retinopathy of prematurity

Ametropias, particularly myopia, and mild retinal dysfunction are found in eyes with a history of retinopathy of prematurity. The retina is an important controller of refractive development. The aims of this study were to find out whether altered measures of retinal function and ametropias are associated and to consider mechanisms by which the retina might control refractive development. Nine infants and children with a history of stage 1, 2 or 3 retinopathy of prematurity and known courses of refractive development were studied. Spherical equivalents at the time of the electroretinogram ranged from +5.50 to −9.00 diopters. Rod photoresponse characteristics were derived from the a-wave, and postreceptoral components were also analyzed with calculation of the sensitivity and saturated amplitude of the b-wave, the sensitivity of oscillatory wavelet OP2, and average amplitudes of OP3 and OP4. In hyperopic and myopic patients alike, the saturated amplitude and gain of the rod cell response were attenuated. In all patients, b-wave sensitivity was low, but in most there was little effect on saturated b-wave amplitude. In patients with courses toward myopia, the amplitude of OP4, an ‘OFF’ signal, is relatively more attenuated than that of OP3, an ‘ON’ signal. OP4 is relatively larger in patients with courses toward hyperopia. The OP results suggest that an imbalance of ‘ON’ and ‘OFF’ activity in the retina is associated with development of ametropias in retinopathy of prematurity.
Structural Studies and the Assembly of the Heptameric Post-translational Translocon Complex

In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, some of the nascent chains can be post-translationally translocated into the endoplasmic reticulum through the heptameric post-translational translocon complex (post-translocon). This membrane-protein complex is composed of the protein-conducting channel and the tetrameric Sec62/63 complex. The Sec62/63 complex plays crucial roles in targeting of the signal recognition particle-independent protein substrate to the protein-conducting channel and in assembly of the post-translocon. Although the molecular mechanism of the post-translational translocation process has been well established, the structure of the post-translocon and how the channel and the Sec62/63 complex form the heptameric complex are largely uncharacterized. Here, we report a 20-Å resolution cryo-electron microscopy structure of the post-translocon. The purified post-translocon was found to have a mass of 287 kDa, which is consistent with the unit stoichiometry of the seven subunits as determined by a cysteine labeling experiment. We demonstrated that Triton X-100 dissociated the heptameric complex into three subcomplexes identified as the trimeric translocon Sec61-Sbh1-Sss1, the Sec63-Sec71-Sec72 trimer, and the heterotetramer Sec62-Sec63-Sec71-Sec72, respectively. Additionally, a role of the sixth cytosolic loop of Sec61 in assembly of the post-translocon was demonstrated. Mutations of conserved, positively charged amino acid residues in the loop caused decreased formation of the post-translocon. These studies provide the first architectural description of the yeast post-translocon.
Third Shift Women in Business-Owning Families

Using data from the 1997 National Family Business Survey (NFBS), this study identifies factors associated with married women’s employment involvement in business-owning families. While focusing on married women in a third shift situation—working for the family business, for the marketplace, and for managing the household—this study compares business and family characteristics by women’s employment status. The results of multinomial logit regression analysis indicated that family cash flow problems, presence of children age under 6, age of women, business assets, age of business, home-based family business, establishment of business, and industry type were significant predictors of women’s employment decision. The results of the study have further implications for women in a third shift situation among business-owning families.
Cosecretion of protease inhibitor stabilizes antibodies produced by plant roots.

A plant-based system for continuous production of monoclonal antibodies based on the secretion of immunoglobulin complexes from plant roots into a hydroponic medium (rhizosecretion) was engineered to produce high levels of single-chain and full-size immunoglobulins. Replacing the original signal peptides of monoclonal antibodies with a plant-derived calreticulin signal increased the levels of antibody yield 2-fold. Cosecretion of Bowman-Birk Ser protease inhibitor reduced degradation of the immunoglobulin complexes in the default secretion pathway and further increased antibody production to 36.4 μg/g root dry weight per day for single-chain IgG1 and 21.8 μg/g root dry weight per day for full-size IgG4 antibodies. These results suggest that constitutive cosecretion of a protease inhibitor combined with the use of the plant signal peptide and the antibiotic marker-free transformation system offers a novel strategy to achieve high yields of complex therapeutic proteins secreted from plant roots.
Quantitative Comparison of Measurements of Cerebral Glucose Metabolic Rate Made with Two Positron Cameras

The rapid progress in PET technology has created the dilemma of how to compare data from old and new tomographs. We examined cerebral metabolic data from two scanners, with different spatial resolutions and methods of attenuation correction, to see if metabolic values from the lower-resolution tomograph (ECAT II) could be adjusted to make them comparable to data from the higher-resolution scanner (Scanditronix PC1024-7B). Nine subjects were scanned on both tomographs after a single injection of [18F]2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose. Regional and lobar gray matter metabolic rates for glucose were obtained from comparable images from each scanner. Ratios of lobar to global gray matter metabolism also were calculated. Regression coefficients and percent differences were computed to compare ECAT II and PC 1024 data. Two-thirds of the region pairs showed significant regressions, although percent differences were quite variable, with measures of glucose utilization ranging from 30 to 120% higher on the PC 1024 compar...
In the black: explanations for the federal budget surplus

Abstract When Bill Clinton was elected president in 1992, the United States had the largest peacetime budget deficit in the nation’s history. By 1998, however, the federal government produced a budget surplus for the first time since 1969 and in 2000 the federal government had a surplus of a staggering $232 billion, the eighth consecutive year with a declining deficit or increased surplus. So how has the federal government suddenly found itself in the black? Spending cuts have played only a relatively minor role in the reduction of the federal budget deficit compared to revenue increases. The creation of federal budget surplus is a result of the fact that the federal government is taking in considerably more revenue due to the combination of the progressive nature of the tax increases of the 1993 Budget Reconciliation Bill coupled with a very strong economy. As a result of the 1993 Budget Reconciliation Bill, the individual income tax revenue received by the federal government from those making over $100,000 increased over 108% in the 5 years after the tax provisions of the 1993 Budget became law.
Associations of self-rated health and socioeconomic status with information seeking and avoiding behavior among post- treatment cancer patients.

This study investigated how self-rated health and socioeconomic status are associated with behaviour of cancer survivors regarding desire for information. For this association, we compared survivors who did not seek information about cancer with those who did. We examined how sociodemographic, socioeconomic, cancerrelated, and health information factors are associated with self-rated health (SRH) by health information seeking/ avoiding behavior in a survey of 502 post-treatment cancer patients. In the information seeking group, all four factors exhibited significant relationships with SRH. SRH values were significantly high for women (p<0.05), non-Hispanic White (p<0.05), and educated (p<0.01) participants, and for those who had high self-efficacy to use health information by themselves (p<0.01). Furthermore, in the information avoiding group, not only were there no significant relationships between socioeconomic status (SES) and SRH, but there were negative associations between their attitude/capacity and the SRH. In terms of communication equity, the promotion of information seeking behavior can be an effective way to reduce health disparities that are caused by social inequalities. Information avoiding behavior, however, does not exhibit a negative contribution toward the relationship between SRH and SES. Information seeking behavior was positively associated with SRH, but avoiding behavior was not negatively associated. We thus need to eliminate communication inequalities using health intervention to support information seeking behavior, while simultaneously providing support for avoiders.
Lattice dynamics of Mg2Ge

The longitudinal and transverse sound velocities of Mg2Ge in the [100] and [111] directions have been measured from 80–300°K. The thermal expansion of Mg2Ge has been measured over the same temperature range. The elastic constants obtained from these measurements were combined with optical data to calculate the lattice vibration frequencies and specific heat. Two point charge models were considered. In Model I, the short range second nearest neighbor interactions were assumed to be central; in Model II, the short range forces between Mg atoms were assumed to be zero. Model II gave a lower Raman frequency and lower acoustic mode frequencies near the Brillouin zone boundaries. The experimental specific heats agree quite well with the values calculated from Model I at high temperatures, and with the values calculated from Model II at low temperatures. The calculated Debye temperature at 0°K of492 ± 8°K was in good agreement with the experimental value of 488°K.
Trauma activation: Are we making the right call? A 3-year experience at a Level i pediatric trauma center

Abstract Background Trauma is the leading cause of death in children, accounting for half of all deaths in patients between birth and 18 years of age, and is the cause of a significant number of hospital admissions. We reviewed our experience at a Level I pediatric trauma center with a 2-level trauma activation (TA) system for mobilization of personnel over a 3-year period. The aim was to assess severity of injury of the trauma patients, resource use, and outcome. Methods After obtaining institutional review board approval, a retrospective analysis of all trauma patients between January 2006 and December 2008 was performed. Data analyzed included number of admissions, level of TA (STAT vs ALERT), mechanism of injury, intensive care unit (ICU) admission, injury severity score (ISS), need for operative intervention, and survival. Results In 3 years, there were 4502 patients entered. Trauma activation was initiated in 1315 patients (29.2%), divided between 211 STATs (4.7%) and 1104 ALERTs (24.5%). Mean patient age was 5.9 ± 4.1 years, 65% of the patients were boys, and blunt trauma accounted for 92% of the admissions. An ICU admission was required in 736 (16.3%) of the entire group, whereas 502 (38.2%) patients in the TA group were admitted to the ICU 1 1(P 1 . An ISS listed as severe (16-24) or very severe (>24) was found in 468 (10.4%) and 232 (5.2%) patients, respectively. An ISS listed as 16 or higher was found in 144 (68.2%) of the STATs and 264 (23.9%) of the ALERTs 1 . Operative intervention was required in 2118 patients (47%). The overall mortality rate was 1.9%, and this increased to 5.8% in the TA group 1 . There were 48 deaths (22.7%) in the STAT group, 29 deaths (2.6%) in the ALERT group, and 9 deaths (0.28%) in patients with no TA 1 . When emergency department deaths were excluded, the remaining 60 deaths resulted in a mortality rate of 1.3%. Conclusions Our Level I pediatric trauma center manages a large volume of patients with significant acuity and, evidenced by a TA in 29% of the patients, a severe or very severe ISS in 16% of the patients, 16% of the patients requiring ICU admission, and 47% requiring operative intervention. The TA patients had markedly higher rates of ICU admission, ISS, and mortality. Deaths in the study were lower by almost an order of magnitude comparing TA STATs with TA ALERTs and TA ALERT patients with patients without TA. The TA criteria are in many ways very helpful and is integral to a Level I trauma center. However, opportunities were identified for improvement because of areas of "overutilization" and discordance between TA and ISS.
Statistical analogues for fundamental equation of state derivatives

A generalized methodology for statistical analogues of derivatives of the fundamental equation of state in the microcanonical and canonical ensembles is suggested. Those analogues include rigorous measuring prescriptions for any thermodynamic property in molecular NVE and NVT simulation. In particular, optimal data sets for exhaustive thermodynamic data correlation become rigorously accessible.
Lovely pairs of models: the non first order case

We prove that for every simple theory T (or even simple thick compact abstract theory) there is a (unique) compact abstract theory whose saturated models are the lovely pairs of T. Independence-theoretic results that were proved in [5] when is a first order theory are proved for the general case: in particular is simple and we characterise independence.
On Taking Notice — Learning Mindfulness from (Boston) Brahmins

Although the great physicians of past centuries might have called it something else, proficiency at promoting mindfulness has always been and should remain part of a doctor's clinical toolkit.
Immunological properties of the kallikreins.

Abstract Rabbits immunized with crude or partially purified human urinary and pancreatic kallikreins developed antibodies which inhibited the vasodilator activity of the kallikreins in dogs. The antigenic heterogeneity of the kallikreins was shown by the presence of multiple precipitin bands in agar gel. The kallikrein-antikallikrein band was tentatively identified with the use of purified kallikreins. Antibody to human urinary kallikrein showed cross reaction both in agar gel and by inhibition of the vasodilator activity with human pancreatic kallikrein but not with dog urinary or hog pancreatic kallikrein. The normal inhibitor in rabbit serum could be differentiated from antibody by its stability to acetone and to storage at pH 3.0. Unlike the normal inhibitor, anti-body was not competitively inhibited by p- toluenesulfonyl - l - arginine methyl ester (TAMe) and was a more potent inhibitor of the vasodilator activity than the TAMe activity of kallikrein.
Multiple neutral amino acid transport systems in chicken small intestine: evidence for a separate proline transfer agency.

Die Darmresorption von Prolin, Alanin,β-Alanin, Sarkosin und Taurin bei Huhnern wurde in vitro untersucht und ein spezielles Resorptions-system fur Prolin beschrieben.
Hooking Mortality of Chinook Salmon Released by Commercial Trollers

Abstract Immediate and short-term (1–5-d) hooking mortality associated with the incidental catch of chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha was assessed during periods when troll fishing for that species (only) was prohibited. Two chartered power trollers fished their normal complements of gear directed at coho salmon O. kisutch in Hawk Inlet, southeastern Alaska. Wound location, fork length, and lure type were the factors principally associated with mortality of incidentally caught chinook salmon. Severity of the hooking wound was also related to mortality. Maximum-likelihood estimates (with 95% confidence intervals in parentheses) of total mortality were 24.5% (20.1–29.0%) for sublegal-sized (<66 cm fork length) chinook salmon and 20.5% (9.0–31.9%) for legal-sized chinook salmon. The delayed-mortality rates were used to recalculate hooking mortality estimates from previous tagging experiments in which it was assumed that no delayed mortality occurred for certain locations and severities of wounds. The r...
Experimental Renal Hypertension Mechanism of Production and Maintenance

The evidence is reviewed that the primary cause of essential hypertension in man is intrarenal obliterative vascular disease, from any cause, usually arterial and arteriolar sclerosis, or any other condition which brings about the same disturbance of intrarenal hemodynamics.
X-ray sources: Tabletop X-ray lasers

The application of chirped pulse amplification may overcome existing drawbacks of X-ray lasers and could lead to intensities that rival large free-electron-laser facilities.
Erectile impotence as complication of direct vision cold knife urethrotomy

Abstract Of 179 patients with urethral strictures who were treated by direct vision cold knife urethrotomy between 1976 and 1979, 4 cases of temporary or permanent erectile impotence occurred. In all, the strictures were long and dense, requiring extensive incising, and were complicated by extravasation with postoperative penile edema. These cases are presented and the possible factors in the development of impotence analyzed.
Evolution among competing organizational forms

Abstract The relative roles of chance and competition in organizational evolution are assessed using computer simulation methods. Two competing organizational populations are simulated within the framework of organizational ecology's density‐dependent model of legitimation and competition. The findings show that chance plays a major role in affecting competitive outcomes, sometimes producing what seems to be an irrational result. Implications for theory and research on organizations are discussed.
The chemistry of death by gunshot

Abstract When a firearm is discharged, a complex series of events takes place within an interval of approximately 1 millisecond. Many of these events are associated with chemical as opposed to mechanical processes, and an understanding of these processes, and of the materials involved in these processes, may be of value in the reconstruction of the factual circumstances at the instant of discharge. These chemical processes include the formation of uprange and downrange gunshot residues of several diverse sorts. Proper analysis and interpretation of gunshot residues and other components of ammunition may provide useful information in the investigation of shooting incidents.