cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Assessment of oil content and fatty acid composition variability in different peanut subspecies and botanical varieties

Within the cultivated peanut species (Arachis hypogaea L.), there are two subspecies compris- ing six botanical varieties, and the effect of botanical taxon on oil content and fatty acid com- position variability is unclear. To gauge the variability, 83 peanut accessions were analyzed for oil content (expressed at 0% moisture) and fatty acid composition. We found that within the subsp. hypogaea, var. hypogaea contained a much higher amount of oil in seeds than did the var. hirsuta Kohler (520 vs. 473 g/kg, P , 0.05); within the subsp. fastigiata Waldron, the vars. aequatoriana Krapov. & W.C. Gregory and vulgaris Harz contained a similar amount of oil in seeds (491 g/kg), not significantly different from other botanical varieties, but var. fastigiata contained a higher amount of oil (500 g/kg) than the var. peruviana Krapov. & W.C. Gregory (483 g/kg). In terms of the fatty acid composition, oil from seeds of var. hypogaea contained much more oleic acid than did var. hirsuta (491 vs. 377 g/kg, P , 0.05), but much less palmitic acid (97 vs. 138 g/kg, P , 0.05%) and linoleic acid (308 vs. 402 g/kg, P , 0.05). Oil from seeds of var. vulgaris contained much more oleic acid than did var. aequatoriana (437 vs. 402 g/kg, P , 0.05), but much less linoleic acid (346 vs. 380 g/kg, P , 0.05). Significant negative correlations of oleic with palmitic and linoleic acids were detected. The information on the oil content and fatty acid composition variability among botanical varieties would be useful for peanut breeders seeking germplasm containing both high oil content and proper fatty acid composition.
A theoretical and observational analysis on the formation of fair-weather cumuli

Abstract The formation of fair-weather cumuli (FWC) has been analyzed in this study based on both a simple mixed layer model and a subset of the data collected from the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Program at the southern Great Plains (SGP) site. By analyzing conditions for the formation of FWC, the authors illustrate how different processes—such as the surface heat fluxes, the surface thermodynamic conditions, the entrainment processes at the boundary layer top, the vertical thermodynamic structure above the boundary layer, and large-scale subsidence—control the formation of clouds. The results of the analysis show that it is the highly nonlinear interaction among these factors that gives rise to the formation of FWC. For this reason, the occurrence of FWC may not simply follow changes in the surface conditions. The analysis indicates that the entrainment of moisture and surface processes play important roles in the formation of FWC, and the net effects of these processes can be evaluated by a...
Mars aerosol studies with the MGS TES emission phase function observations: Optical depths, particle sizes, and ice cloud types versus latitude and solar longitude

[1] Emission phase function (EPF) observations taken in 1999–2001 by Mars Global Surveyor Thermal Emission Spectrometer (MGS TES) support the broadest study of Martian aerosol properties to date. TES solar band and infrared (IR) spectral EPF sequences are analyzed to obtain first-time seasonal/latitudinal distributions of visible optical depths, particle sizes, and single scattering phase functions. This combined angular and wavelength coverage enables identification of two distinct ice cloud types over 45°S–45°N. Type 1 ice clouds exhibit small particle sizes (reff = 1–2 μm) and a distinctive backscattering increase. They are most prevalent in the southern hemisphere during aphelion, but also appear more widely distributed in season and latitude as topographic and high-altitude (≥20 km) ice hazes. Type 2 ice clouds exhibit larger particle sizes (reff = 3–4 μm), a distinct side-scattering minimum at 90–100° phase angles (characteristic of a change in particle shape relative to the type 1), and appear most prominently in the northern subtropical aphelion cloud belt. The majority of retrieved dust visible-to-IR optical depth ratios are indicative of reff = 1.5 ± 0.1 μm, consistent with Pathfinder and Viking/Mariner 9 reanalyses. However, increased ratios (2.7 versus 1.7) appear frequently in the northern hemisphere over LS = 50–200°, indicating substantially smaller dust particles sizes (reff = 1.0 ± 0.2 μm) at this time. In addition, larger (reff = 1.8–2.5 μm) dust particles were observed locally in the southern hemisphere during the peak of the 2001 global dust storm. Detailed spectral modeling of the TES visible band pass indicates agreement of EPF-derived dust single scattering albedos (0.92–0.94) with the spectrally resolved results from Pathfinder observations.
Hemodialysis catheter-associated fibrin sheaths: treatment with a low-dose rt-PA infusion.

PURPOSE To prospectively evaluate the efficacy of a low-dose, 3-hour recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA) infusion for the treatment of hemodialysis catheter (HDC)–associated fibrin sheaths. MATERIALS AND METHODS Seventeen patients with end-stage renal disease (female, n = 11; male, n = 6), who were undergoing catheter-directed hemodialysis, were evaluated for 28 episodes of HDC dysfunction. This patient group ranged in age from 25 to 92 years (mean, 57 years). Radiographic contrast and/or clinical evaluation were consistent with the presence of a fibrin sheath on either the arterial and/or venous port in all cases. Patients subsequently underwent a thrombolytic infusion consisting of 2.5 mg rt-PA in 50 mL normal saline at a rate of 17 mL/h (3-hour infusion) per port. All infusions were performed in the interventional radiology recovery room, on an outpatient basis. Patients were followed-up prospectively for technical success, complications, catheter patency, and long-term outcome. RESULTS The immediate technical success rate, defined as return of manual aspiration and infusion capabilities to both ports, was 100%. No potential patients required exclusion from thrombolytic therapy secondary to contraindications, and no procedure-related complications occurred. The arithmetic mean and median catheter patency at the end of the study was 41 and 25 days, respectively (range, 1–116 days). A Kaplan-Meier survival analysis yielded a 30-, 60-, and 90-day probability of patency of 0.67, 0.61, and 0.51, respectively. At the end of the study period, all 17 patients remained on catheter-directed hemodialysis and 13 (76%) were utilizing the same catheter present at the time of entrance into the study. CONCLUSION Thrombolytic therapy utilizing a 2.5-mg rt-PA infusion through each port during a 3-hour period would appear to be a safe, efficient method for treating HDC-associated fibrin sheaths. Three-month patency rates are comparable to those reported for other methods of restoring function to HDC catheters, including new catheter placement, catheter exchange over a guide wire, thrombolytic infusions with urokinase, and percutaneous fibrin sheath stripping.
Host density influences parasitism of the armyworm Pseudaletia unipuncta in agricultural landscapes

Summary Several studies have shown positive responses of parasitism to either host density or landscape complexity. However, no experiments have manipulated host density in landscapes of differing complexity. Here we report the results of a field experiment conducted to determine how host density and agricultural landscape structure jointly affect parasitism and parasitoid diversity of Pseudaletia unipuncta (Haworth) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Parasitism was assessed by experimentally adding P. unipuncta sentinel larvae at low (1 larvae/plant) and high (3 larvae/plant) densities to detect parasitism in commercial cornfields located in a complex and a simple agricultural landscape. The braconid wasps Glyptapanteles militaris (Walsh) and Meteorus spp. accounted for 98.4% of the observed parasitism. Landscape structure did not influence parasitism (80.2% on average) and contrary to expectations, showed a trend towards increased parasitoid richness and diversity in the simple landscape. Increasing host density revealed a trend of increasing parasitoid richness and diversity, and differentially affected parasitism at the parasitoid specific level. G. militaris parasitized a significantly greater proportion of hosts at low host density, while the opposite occurred for Meteorus spp. (primarily M. communis ). These offsetting responses of parasitoids resulted in the lack of an overall host density effect on parasitism. The differential response of these parasitoids to host density is discussed in relation to differences in morphological and life history characteristics. Our results suggest that the specific composition of parasitoid assemblages could significantly alter parasitism at different host densities independently of landscape structural complexity.
Diffusion of Surgical Techniques in Early Stage Breast Cancer: Variables Related to Adoption and Implementation of Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy

Understanding how physicians acquire and adopt new technologies for cancer diagnosis and treatment is poorly understood, yet is critical to the dissemination of evidence-based practices. Sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) has recently become a standard technique for axillary staging in early breast cancer and is an ideal platform for studying medical technology diffusion. We sought to describe the timing of SLNB adoption and patterns of surgeon interactions with the following educational sources: local university training program, surgical literature, national meetings/courses, national specialty centers, and other local surgeons. A cross-sectional survey that used semistructured interviews was used to assess timing of adoption, practice patterns, and learning sources for SLNB among surgical oncologists and general surgeons in a single metropolitan area. A total of 44 eligible surgeons were identified; 38 (86%) participated. All surgical oncologists (11 of 11) and most general surgeons (26 of 27) had implemented SLNB. Surgical oncologists were older (mean 51 vs. 48 years, P = .02) and had used SLNB longer (6.1 vs. 3.3 years, P = .01) than general surgeons. By use of social network diagrams, surgical oncologists and the university training program were shown to be key intermediaries between general surgeons and national specialty centers. Surgeons in group practice tended to use more learning sources than solo practitioners. Surgical oncologists and university-based surgeons play key educational roles in disseminating new cancer treatments and therefore have a professional responsibility to educate other community physicians to increase the use of the most current, evidence-based practices.
A strategy for quadruped walking on uneven terrain

We describe the design and construction of a quadruped robot which walks on uneven terrain. A control system which produces a statically stable gait has been implemented; results showing a straight and turning gait are presented. The control of quadruped robots poses interesting challenges due to a small stability margin (when compared to hexapods for example). For this reason most implemented systems for outdoor walking on uneven terrain have been hexapods. The system described here has the added virtue of using very few inexpensive sensors and actuators. One of the aims of this work is to build a reduced complexity (low power, low mass and direct drive) walking robot for statically stable walking. The other aim is to compare the performance of this robot with a wheeled robot roughly the same size and weight. In this paper we report on progress towards the first of these two goals.
Specific Cellular and Humoral Immunity after Immunization with Live Towne Strain Cytomegalovirus Vaccine

Cytomegalovirus-specific lymphocyte proliferation and immunofluorescent antibody responses were measured serially in five normal adults and eight candidates for renal transplant immunized with Towne strain cytomegalovirus vaccine. All of the normal adults developed cellular and humoral immune responses. Five of the eight immunized renal transplant candidates developed proliferative responses comparable to those of normal adults, although in two instances maximal responses were delayed. Vaccinees developed proliferative responses to antigens prepared from the Towne strain as well as heterologous strains of cytomegalovirus. The appearance of immunofluorescent antibodies was generally delayed for the renal transplant candidates, and two of the individuals who had poor proliferative responses also had low antibody titers.
Characterization of the fatigue properties of bonding wires

Bonding wire fatigue reliability is one of the key issues in PPGA (and other cavity type packages) wire bonding process development. This paper describes a unique technique to measure the fatigue properties of bonding wires for IC interconnections. This system allows for long lengths of wire to be strained in bending by wrapping the wire around two mandrels in sequence; the diameter of the mandrels determines the strain at the surface of the wire. Long lengths of wire are managed by winding the wire on 3-inch take up reels of Teflon. Testing at elevated temperatures is accomplished by heating the entire machine. The results of this work clearly show differences in fatigue properties between three types of bonding wire.
Phase diagram of the Z 3 parafermionic chain with chiral interactions

Parafermions are exotic quasiparticles with non-Abelian fractional statistics that can be realized and stabilized in one-dimensional models that are generalizations of the Kitaev $p$-wave wire. We study the simplest generalization, i.e., the ${Z}_{3}$ parafermionic chain. Using a Jordan-Wigner transform we focus on the equivalent three-state chiral clock model, and study its rich phase diagram using the density matrix renormalization group technique. We perform our analyses using quantum entanglement diagnostics which allow us to determine phase boundaries, and the nature of the phase transitions. In particular, we study the transition between the topological and trivial phases, as well as to an intervening incommensurate phase which appears in a wide region of the phase diagram. The phase diagram is predicted to contain a Lifshitz type transition which we confirm using entanglement measures. We also attempt to locate and characterize a putative tricritical point in the phase diagram where the three above mentioned phases meet at a single point.
Mapping Northern Wetlands with High Resolution Satellite Images and Lidar

Most wetland maps must be updated for much of North America. High-resolution satellite images and LiDAR-based elevation data have been developed in recent years, and these may prove useful in wetland mapping. We compared the accuracy of the Wisconsin Wetland Inventory maps (WWI) to maps derived from IKONOS high resolution satellite data and LiDAR data for a 63.4 km2 study area in north-central Wisconsin. One-meter, resolution merged multispectral and panchromatic IKONOS data were used with a 1-m resolution LiDAR-based digital elevation model in a manual interpretation of wetland types. IKONOS/LiDAR data were significantly more accurate (74.5% classification accuracy) than WWI data (56%) when wetlands were categorized into WWI classes. Improved accuracies were largely due to less confusion between upland and wetland classes, and generally better distinction among the various wetland classes. LiDAR data improved upland/wetland distinction, based on relative terrain heights and derived terrain-shape indices. Confusion in all classifications was particularly common among lowland coniferous species, and among evergreen shrub and moss classes.
Naturalistic Teenage Driving Study: Findings and Lessons Learned

INTRODUCTION: This paper summarizes the findings on novice teenage driving outcomes (e.g., crashes and risky driving behaviors) from the Naturalistic Teenage Driving Study. METHOD: Survey and driving data from a data acquisition system (global positioning system, accelerometers, cameras) were collected from 42 newly licensed teenage drivers and their parents during the first 18months of teenage licensure; stress responsivity was also measured in teenagers. RESULT: Overall teenage crash and near-crash (CNC) rates declined over time, but were >4 times higher among teenagers than adults. Contributing factors to teenage CNC rates included secondary task engagement (e.g., distraction), kinematic risky driving, low stress responsivity, and risky social norms. CONCLUSIONS: The data support the contention that the high novice teenage CNC risk is due both to inexperience and risky driving behavior, particularly kinematic risky driving and secondary task engagement. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Graduated driver licensing policy and other prevention efforts should focus on kinematic risky driving, secondary task engagement, and risky social norms. Keywords: Driver distraction; Language: en
Nucleocytoplasmic transport and processing of small nuclear RNA precursors.

Abstract We have analyzed the structures and locations of small nuclear RNA (snRNA) precursors at various stages in their synthesis and maturation. In the nuclei of pulse-labeled Xenopus laevis oocytes, we detected snRNAs that were longer than their mature forms at their 3' ends by up to 10 nucleotides. Analysis of the 5' caps of these RNAs and pulse-chase experiments showed that these nuclear snRNAs were precursors of the cytoplasmic pre-snRNAs that have been observed in the past. Synthesis of pre-snRNAs was not abolished by wheat germ agglutinin, which inhibits export of the pre-snRNAs from the nucleus, indicating that synthesis of these RNAs is not obligatorily coupled to their export. Newly synthesized U1 RNAs could be exported from the nucleus regardless of the length of the 3' extension, but pre-U1 RNAs that were elongated at their 3' ends by more than about 10 nucleotides were poor substrates for trimming in the cytoplasm. The structure at the 3' end was critical for subsequent transport of the RNA back to the nucleus. This requirement ensures that truncated and incompletely processed U1 RNAs are excluded from the nucleus.
Assessment of the CCSD and CCSD(T) Coupled-Cluster Methods in Calculating Heats of Formation for Cu Complexes.

Heats of formation for nine complexes of the form CuX n (X = Cu, H, O, OH, S, F, F2, Cl, Cl2) were calculated using the CCSD and CCSD(T) coupled cluster methods with the 6-31G** and TZVP basis sets as well as the LANL2DZ basis set/pseudopotential on Cu with both the 6-31G** and TZVP basis sets applied to the nonmetal atoms. These values were compared with literature heat of formation values. A second-order Douglas–Kroll–Hess relativistic correction was applied at the CCSD/TZVP and CCSD(T)/TZVP levels of theory. Overall, the CCSD(T)/TZVP level of theory with the relativistic correction was most suited for the heat of formation calculations possessing low absolute average error and RMSD and the ability to analyze each copper complex, except for the problematic case of copper(II) fluoride. Finally, experimental geometric parameters were compared with the calculated structures in such cases where these data were available. None of the investigated levels of theory predicted bond lengths consistently better th...
Ultrawideband RF compressed sensing using spectrally-encoded ultrafast laser pulses

We experimentally demonstrate a photonic RF sampling system that utilizes chirp processing of ultrafast laser pulses to achieve all-optical high-rate pseudorandom patterning and inner product integration for compressed sensing measurement. We successfully acquire multi-tone sparse radio frequency (RF) signals at arbitrary offsets from the reconstruction basis frequencies in an 11.95 GHz bandwidth utilizing less than 1% of the measurements traditionally required for Nyquist sampling. Pseudorandom binary sequence (PRBS) patterns are modulated onto time-stretched optical pulses, encoding them onto the optical spectra at a rate of one unique pattern per pulse. Thus patterned, the pulses are then partially-compressed, increasing the system's effective sampling rate by 2.07×, well beyond the electronic modulation rate. The partially-compressed patterned pulses are then modulated again with the RF signal under test and fully compressed to perform optical integration of the PRBS-RF inner product before output photodetection and digitization. This achieves a reduction in required electronic sampling rate by two orders of magnitude.
Representing TCP/IP connectivity for topological analysis of network security

The individual vulnerabilities of hosts on a network can be combined by an attacker to gain access that would not be possible if the hosts were not interconnected. Currently available tools report vulnerabilities in isolation and in the context of individual hosts in a network. Topological vulnerability analysis (TVA) extends this by searching for sequences of interdependent vulnerabilities, distributed among the various network hosts. Model checking has been applied to the analysis of this problem with some interesting initial results. However previous efforts did not take into account a realistic representation of network connectivity. These models were enough to demonstrate the usefulness of the model checking approach but would not be sufficient to analyze real-world network security problems. This paper presents a modem of network connectivity at multiple levels of the TCP/IP stack appropriate for use in a model checker. With this enhancement, it is possible to represent realistic networks including common network security devices such as firewalls, filtering routers, and switches.
Transmission System Equipment Maintenance: On-line Use of Circuit Breaker Condition Data

This paper defines a frame work of system level maintenance strategy based on probabilistic maintenance models. A concept of 'top-down' approach, listing various steps in operation and planning affected by maintenance strategy, is introduced. Illustration of these steps in detail is explained in 'bottom-up' approach with application to circuit breaker. A failure rate estimation model for circuit breaker is proposed using the on-line condition data. A brief discussion of probabilistic maintenance model is presented, followed by problem formulation for system level maintenance strategy.
Shared Decision Making Guidance Reminders in Practice (SDM-GRIP)

Abstract Objective Develop a system of practice tools and procedures to prompt shared decision making in primary care. SDM-GRIP (Shared Decision Making Guidance Reminders in Practice) was developed for suspected stable coronary artery disease (CAD), prior to the percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) decision. Methods Program evaluation of SDM-GRIP components: Grand Rounds, provider training (communication skills and clinical evidence), decision aid (DA), patient group visit, encounter decision guide (EDG), SDM provider visit. Results Participation – Physician training = 73% (21/29); patient group visits = 25% of patients with diagnosis of CAD contacted (43/168). SDM visits = 16% (27/168). Among SDM visit pairs, 82% of responding providers reported using the EDG in SDM encounters. Patients valued the SDM-GRIP program, and wanted to discuss comparative effectiveness information with a cardiologist. SDM visits were routinely reimbursed. Conclusion Program elements were well received and logistically feasible. However, recruitment to an extra educational group visit was low. Future implementation will move SDM-GRIP to the point of routine ordering of non-emergent stress tests to retain pre-decision timing of PCI and to improve coordination of care, with SDM tools available across primary care and cardiology. Practice implications Guidance prompts and provider training appear feasible. Implementation at stress testing requires further investigation.
A simple distributed loop-free routing strategy for computer communication networks

The loops resulting from either component failures or load changes in a computer communication network degrade the performance and the adaptability of conventional distributed adaptive routing strategies, such as ARPANET's previous routing strategy (APRS). The authors develop distributed loop-free routing strategy by adding only one additional piece of information-the total number of minimum-delay paths-to the commonly used routing messages and tables. The proposed routing strategy requires only easily obtainable information, yet removes loops completely. It is far more efficient in both time and space than its conventional counterparts, especially for sparse computer networks. The authors prove the correctness of the proposed strategy, and give several illustrative examples. The performance of this strategy is shown to be better than, or at least as good as, that of APRS and any multiorder routing strategies, in which the order of a routing strategy is determined by the amount of routing information carried in each routing message. >
Black Voters, Black Candidates, and Social Issues: Does Party Identification Matter?*

Objective. Much is known about voting behavior generally; less is known about voting behavior of African Americans in particular due in part to the overwhelming support of black voters for Democratic candidates. However, some argue that black conservatism on social issues could lead to more Republican voting. Methods. We test this question with a set of data on black voting behavior in a 2004 congressional race where two black candidates ran against each other. We thus hold race of candidate constant and look at the influence of social issues and party identification on black vote choice. Results. We find evidence to suggest that evangelicalism and support for the war in Iraq is related to being Republican, but that Democratic Party identification plays the dominant role in black voter decision making. Conclusions. Black conservatism on at least certain social issues is real and has the potential to influence vote choice, but the influence of Democratic Party allegiance is still a very powerful cue for black voters.
Eicosapentaenoic acid preserves diaphragm force generation following endotoxin administration

Infections produce severe respiratory muscle weakness, which contributes to the development of respiratory failure. An effective, safe therapy to prevent respiratory muscle dysfunction in infected patients has not been defined. This study examined the effect of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), an immunomodulator that can be safely administered to patients, on diaphragm force generation following endotoxin administration. Rats were administered the following (n = 5/group): (a) saline, (b) endotoxin, 12 mg/kg IP, (c) endotoxin + EPA (1.0 g/kg/d), and (d) EPA alone. Diaphragms were removed and measurements made of the diaphragm force-frequency curve, calpain activation, caspase activation, and protein carbonyl levels. Endotoxin elicited large reductions in diaphragm specific force generation (P < 0.001), and increased diaphragm caspase activation (P < 0.01), calpain activation (P < 0.001) and protein carbonyl levels (P < 0.01). EPA administration attenuated endotoxin-induced reductions in diaphragm specific force, with maximum specific force levels of 27 ± 1, 14 ± 1, 23 ± 1, and 24 ± 1 N/cm2, respectively, for control, endotoxin, endotoxin + EPA, and EPA treated groups (P < 0.001). EPA did not prevent endotoxin induced caspase activation or protein carbonyl formation but significantly reduced calpain activation (P < 0.02). These data indicate that endotoxin-induced reductions in diaphragm specific force generation can be partially prevented by administration of EPA, a nontoxic biopharmaceutical that can be safely given to patients. We speculate that it may be possible to reduce infection-induced skeletal muscle weakness in critically ill patients by administration of EPA.
Should Creationism be Taught in the Public Schools

This article discusses philosophicalarguments relevant to the question of teachingcreationism, especially with regard to developments inthe debate since the early 1990s.Section 1 reviews the newfactions within the creationist movement, and theoverlapping views from ‘young earth’ to ‘intelligentdesign’ creationism, as well as non-Christianvarieties. It also considers what are the relevantdifferences for the policy question for private,public schools, and for home schoolers, as well aspossible differences in what it means to ‘teach’creationism. Sections 2 & 3 discuss the main legal argumentsthat have ruled in the public school case, as well asarguments from academic freedom, fairness, censorship,parental rights and majority rule. Section 4 evaluates theepistemological issues regarding competing claims oftruth, and the contention that excluding ‘whatChristians know’ (Alvin Plantinga) amounts to‘viewpoint discrimination’ (Phillip Johnson). Section 5argues that religious protection arguments actuallyfavor excluding creationism more than including it. Section 6 considers the goals of education, especiallyDewey's views on science education, and what theseimply regarding the teaching of a ‘theistic science’. In Section 7, I review a new argument of Alvin Plantingabased upon a purported Rawlsian basic right of aparent not to have her children taught anything thatviolates her comprehensive beliefs, and show whyRawlsian agents would reject it.
Comparison Study of Three Different Image Reconstruction Algorithms for MAT-MI

In this paper, we report a theoretical study on magnetoacoustic tomography with magnetic induction (MAT-MI). According to the description of signal generation mechanism using Green's function, the acoustic dipole model was proposed to describe acoustic source excited by the Lorentz force. Using Green's function, three kinds of reconstruction algorithms based on different models of acoustic source (potential energy, vectored acoustic pressure, and divergence of Lorenz force) are deduced and compared, and corresponding numerical simulations were conducted to compare these three kinds of reconstruction algorithms. The computer simulation results indicate that the potential energy method and vectored pressure method can directly reconstruct the Lorentz force distribution and give a more accurate reconstruction of electrical conductivity.
Efficient Extraction of Oracle-best Translations from Hypergraphs

Hypergraphs are used in several syntax-inspired methods of machine translation to compactly encode exponentially many translation hypotheses. The hypotheses closest to given reference translations therefore cannot be found via brute force, particularly for popular measures of closeness such as BLEU. We develop a dynamic program for extracting the so called oracle-best hypothesis from a hypergraph by viewing it as the problem of finding the most likely hypothesis under an n-gram language model trained from only the reference translations. We further identify and remove massive redundancies in the dynamic program state due to the sparsity of n-grams present in the reference translations, resulting in a very efficient program. We present runtime statistics for this program, and demonstrate successful application of the hypotheses thus found as the targets for discriminative training of translation system components.
Laser Surface Modification of Electrophoretically Deposited Hydroxyapatite Coating on Titanium

Laser surface treatment was used on electrophoretically deposited hydroxyapatite (HAP) coatings on Titanium (Ti) to improve interfacial bonding. First, electrophoretic deposition (EPD) was used to produce thick HAP coatings on Ti substrate. Both heat treatment and laser surface treatment were used to create a strong metal–ceramic interface. X-ray diffraction results for laser-treated surface indicated the presence of HAP and Ti phases along with CaTiO3. A second layer of HAP was electrophoretically deposited on laser-treated coatings to improve biological properties further. Our results show that laser surface treatment can eliminate delamination of weak interface of HAP coatings by forming a strong Ti–HAP composite layer at the interface. The coating hardness increased to 582±98 Hv compared with the base metal hardness of 306±20 Hv. Bone cell–material interactions for both laser treated and untreated samples with human osteoprecursor cells showed no sign of toxicity due to laser processing, and increased bioactivity due to HAP coatings.
A new technique for transbronchial biopsy in infants and small children

We describe a technique of transbronchial biopsy (TBB) in small children, using a plastic suction catheter as the working channel through which biopsy forceps are introduced. An ultrathin (2.2 mm) flexible fiberoptic bronchoscope (FFB) was used to direct the catheter visually into the desired lung segment and to biopsy selectively. This technique was used nine times to obtain biopsy specimens in six different patients, ranging in age from 3 months to 3 and 4/12 years (mean, 19.2 months). Adequate specimens were obtained in eight of nine procedures (89%). Complications included one pneumothorax that did not require evacuation and one episode of sedation-induced hypoventilation that required brief bag-mask ventilation. No significant bleeding occurred. This technique enabled us to obtain lung tissue in infants and small children without resorting to general anesthesia and rigid bronchoscopy. Pediatr Pulmonol. 1995; 20:253–257. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Changes in a Head and Neck Cancer Patient with Wernicke Encephalopathy and Visual Loss

A woman suffering from cancer presented with headache, confusion, and blurred and double vision with an unsteady gait. Magnetic resonance imaging and lumbar puncture were normal. Subsequently her visual loss and mental status worsened: examination then revealed moderate confusion; light perception vision bilaterally; upbeat nystagmus in primary gaze with gaze evoked vertical and horizontal nystagmus; and disc swelling with retinal haemorrhages. Repeat magnetic resonance imaging showed changes in her thalami, caudate, periaqueductal gray matter, and tectum. A serum thiamine level was measured and she was treated with thiamine replacement for Wernicke encephalopathy. She had near complete recovery of vision, mentation, and eye movements. Optical coherence tomography showed swelling of the retinal nerve layer, and visually evoked potential demonstrated delayed signals consistent with optic nerve demyelination. The case is the first to demonstrate rapid onset of imaging changes having a documented normal scan...
Learning to talk Philadelphian: Acquisition of short a by preschool children

Recent work in the acquisition of variation has shown that children begin to learn patterns of stable variation at a very early age. In fact, it appears that they acquire variable rules at about the same time as they are acquiring related categorical rules. Little is known, however, about the transmission from generation to generation of features undergoing sound change in progress. Therefore, this study examines the acquisition of the Philadelphia short a pattern by 18 3- and 4-year-old children. Even though this pattern of the raising and tensing of short a is a complex one, the children had, for the most part, acquired it. In almost all cases, the children matched the short a distribution both of their parents and a group of adult Philadelphians who were interviewed in the mid 1970s and described in Labov (1989b). These results indicate that even the youngest members of the speech community are actively participating in ongoing sound change.
Treatment of type 2 diabetes. Use of fixed-dose oral combinations.

PREVIEWEarly initiation of therapy to decelerate the decline in beta cell function and achieve low hemoglobin A1c levels is advantageous in patients with type 2 diabetes. In this first of two articles on treatment of type 2 diabetes, the authors share their experience in optimizing therapy and advocate fixed-dose oral combinations because of lower cost, improved efficacy, better compliance, and fewer side effects. The second article (on page 15) looks at the use of injection therapy when oral therapy is not enough.
Some observations on nature of refractoriness to histamine liberators.

SummaryThe administration of a series of graded doses of compound 48/80 produces a refractory state to the histamine liberating action of this cornpound. This refractory state appears to be effected by a means other than that of depletion of available histamine body stores.
An Aircraft Development Methodology Aligning Design and Strategy to Support Key Decision Making

Commercial aviation is currently a very financially attractive sector for aircraft manufacturers, with strong growth and very positive outlooks. While the sector is very profitable, aerospace programs are considered to be some of the most costly and risky projects among businesses. A lot of money has to be committed to the development of a single vehicle, exposed to a broad range of significant risks, and to harsh competition. Past examples illustrate the economic failure of great engineering programs due to an uncontrolled exposure to such risks. The difficulty of making good decisions does not only stem from the aleatory aspect of the performance of an airplane and the health of the market. The multiplicity of business divisions involved in the full life-cycle of an aircraft program complicates the task of top managers. In order to plan the aircraft development program, a manufacturer does not only need its R&D division, but also its marketing and sales division and its financial division. These divisions determine the program budgeting, and perform some financial analyses and optimizations. Strategic executives then make the final decisions on the project. This paper addresses shortcomings of current aircraft design, by providing decision makers with a methodology that will enable them to collect the information they need, to integrate the different business divisions in order to align them towards a single company objective, and to make risk-aware decisions in an uncertain multi-objective environment.
Adenomatoid tumors of the genital tract with special reference to the female.

Abstract A group of 12 adenomatoid tumors, uncommon lesions involving the female and male genital tracts, is presented. Their origin is still a controversial matter, but it seems likely that they arise from primitive urogenital ridge structures either as hamartomas or true neoplasms. As no cases with definite malignant behavior have been reported, local excision seems indicated for these benign lesions.
Rat Bladder Irrigation with PVP-I2

Despite technical advances, Foley catheter associated urinary tract infections continue to be the leading cause of nosocomial infections. PVP-I2 has been shown to be nonirritating to abraded tissue and we have shown that dilute solutions are bactericidal for organisms causing Foley catheter associated urinary tract infections. The purpose of this study was to ascertain the toxicity of PVP-I2 on the catheterized rat bladder and to measure the systemic absorption of I2. Bladder catheters were surgically placed into each of 3 groups of rats: group 1, catheters only; group 2, irrigation with PBS q.8h; and group 3, irrigation with a 1:3 dilution of a 10 per cent PVP-1 per cent I2 solution q.8h. One-half of each group was sacrificed at 1 and 2 weeks respectively. Photographs of mounted bladders and histologic sections were then graded by 3 independent observers. Blood for protein bound iodine (PBI), T3 and T4 levels was obtained before the study and at sacrifice. No difference in ulcerations, erythema or inflammation was noted. PBI was higher in group 3 rats at conclusion than group 1 and 2 (6.88 mg./dl. versus 3.42 mg./dl.) (p < 0.05). There was no difference in T3 or T4 levels. In this study, PVP-I2 was no more toxic to the bladder than catherization alone or irrigation with PBS.
Practical Qualitative Research Strategies: Training Interviewers and Coders

The increased emphasis on incorporating qualitative methodologies into nutrition education development and evaluation underscores the importance of using rigorous protocols to enhance the trustworthiness of the findings. A 5-phase protocol for training qualitative research assistants (data collectors and coders) was developed as an approach to increase the consistency of the data produced. This training provides exposure to the core principles of qualitative research and then asks the research assistant to apply those principles through practice in a setting structured on critical reflection.
Cluster-based Instance Consolidation For Subsequent Matching

Instance consolidation is a way to merge instances that are thought to be the same or closely related that can be used to support coreference resolution and entity linking. For Semantic Web data, consolidating instances can be as simple as relating instances using owl:sameAs, as is the case in linked data, or merging instances that could then be used to populate or enrich a knowledge model. In many applications, systems process data incrementally over time and as new data is processed, the state of the knowledge model changes. Previous consolidations could prove to be incorrect. Consequently, a more abstract representation is needed to support instance consolidation. We describe our current research to perform consolidation that includes temporal support, support to resolve conflicts and an abstract representation of an instance that is the aggregate of a cluster of matched instances. We believe that this model will prove flexible enough to handle sparse instance data and can improve the accuracy of the knowledge model over time.
The cohesive energy density of polymers and its relationship to surface tension, bulk thermodynamic properties, and chain structure

The cohesive energy density (CED) and the internal pressure (Pi) have similar values for most liquids at low pressures. For most polymers CED cannot be directly measured, unlike Pi which is readily obtained in the melt from PVT or other related data. Directly measured CED are available for the oligomer linear alkane series over a moderate molecular weight (MW) range. Scaling CED with measured surface tensions (ɣ) leads to separation into two universal scaling curves, which provides a measure of surface configurational entropy, as does the MW dependence of experimental surface tensions for two polymer series. A novel polymer scaling curve based on CED is shown to provide improved accuracy in the prediction of ɣ for any polymer or solvent. For polymers that interact predominately through Van der Waals forces, correlations between the average interchain separation distances and the magnitude of CED (or Pi), are shown to give a universal derivation of CED. In contrast, polymers like P4VP having strong polar interactions provide dramatic evidence of the different physical basis of CED and Pi. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 44431.
BCL6, p53 and Molecular Targeted Therapy in B-Cell Lymphomas.

The BCL6 transcriptional repressor is an oncogene often constitutively expressed in diffuse large B-cell lymphomas (DLBCL). The oncogenic mechanism of action of BCL6 presumably involves repression of its direct target genes. We recently developed a targeted therapy agent (called BPI - BCL6 peptide inhibitor) that specifically blocks transcriptional repression by BCL6, and which causes apoptosis in lymphoma cells in vitro and in vivo. We present here potent and stable derivatives of BPI able to specifically eradicate lymphoma cells after a single dose in vitro. Expression array studies of BCL6 target genes reactivated by BPI revealed that one such gene is the p53 tumor suppressor. p53 was also recently shown to be BCL6 target gene by Phan et. al., Nature 2004. We find that BCL6 represses p53 in DLBCL cells through recruitment of the SMRT and N-CoR corepressors, which explains how BPI, which blocks recruitment of these corepressors, reactivates p53. We next wished to determine the contribution of BCL6-mediated repression of p53 to lymphomagenesis, and how p53 modulation might affect BCL6 targeted therapy strategies for DLBCL. We found that BPI could induce p53 target gene expression in DLBCL cells with wild-type p53 and that small molecules or peptides that block p53 rescue apoptosis induced by BPI. In contrast, although BPI also induces p53 in DLCBL cells with mutant p53, there was no activation of p53 target genes and no rescue by p53 blocking molecules. However BPI causes apoptosis of DLBCL cells regardless of p53 status indicating the BCL6 mediates its oncogenic actions through both p53 dependent and independent pathways. p53 is usually wild-type in DLBCL and our analysis of >100 patients show that p53 protein is, surprisingly, still expressed in these tumors. These data suggest that p53 is not fully active in DLBCL cells, consistent with the fact that we found that BCL6 also directly represses upstream activators of p53 such as Chk1 and ATR. BCL6 blockade thus can fully restore activity of p53, both by increasing its expression levels and by enhancing its activation by upstream mediators. Accordingly, sequential administration of p53 activating molecules that enhance p53 activity, potently synergizes with BPI in killing lymphoma cells. BPI also synergizes with chemotherapy drugs that act in part through p53, such as doxorubicin. From these studies we conclude that i) BCL6 mediates lymphomagenesis by direct repression of p53 and upstream target gene pathways; ii) BCL6 positive lymphomas are dependent on BCL6 for their survival regardless of whether p53 is wild type or mutated; iii) Sequential targeting of BCL6 and p53 with BPI and a p53 activating molecule or doxorubicin is likely to be a highly effective therapeutic regimen for patients with DLBCL, especially for the majority who have wild-type p53; iv) The new BPI derivatives are sufficiently potent and stable to be tested in the clinical setting.
Speech coding using EM sensor and acoustic signals

Low-power, miniature EM radar-like sensors have made it possible to measure properties of the human speech production system in real-time, without acoustic interference, at low cost. Compression and other applications use an EM sensor measured glottal signal, combined with one or more acoustic signals, to robustly estimate voiced excitation functions, transfer functions, unvoiced speech segments, articulator gestures, and background noise. Applications are speech coding, de-noising, verification, recognition, voice (and music) synthesis, and medical uses. In speech compression, an almost 10-fold bandwidth reduction has been demonstrated, compared to a standard 2.4 kbps LPC10 protocol.
Helminthic Diseases: Trichinellosis and Other Helminthic Tissue Helminthic Infections

Humans suffer from numerous parasitic foodborne zoonoses, many of which are caused by helminths (‘worms’). The parasites discussed in this article include some of those which are transmitted by ingestion of raw or improperly prepared foods, such as meat, fish, and plants. While many people in developed countries are commonly aware of meat-borne parasites such as Trichinella (trichinosis or trichinellosis), they are less familiar with those transmitted by fish, invertebrates, and plants. The parasites selected for this article were chosen because they represent these different food hazards. In the discussion of these parasites, basic information on the biology and epidemiology of the parasitic zoonosis is presented, along with information on the major human pathogenic and clinical problems caused by the accidental infection with them. Diagnostic challenges and treatments for these parasites are also described; however, emphasis is placed on measures that should be taken by people to prevent exposure to them. The information presented in this article is an overview, therefore, for a more detailed understanding of these zoonoses the reader is encouraged to consult the sources listed in the citation list.