cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Moving Load on a Fluid-Solid Interface: Supersonic Regime

Abstract : The steady-state response of a semi-infinite solid with an overlying semi-infinite fluid subjected at the plane interface to a moving point load is determined for supersonic load velocities. The exact, closed-form solution valid for the entire space is presented. Some numerical results for the displacements at the interface are calculated and compared to the results obtained when no fluid is present. (Author)
Searching for Camps and Missing the Evidence

One of the first premises of science is that the external world is knowable in terms of itself. For the scientist, however, reality is somewhat more complicated because we seek to know the world in our terms. We approach experience with both prior knowledge and conventions for interpreting experience. Given this situation, the task before us is to seek an understanding and evaluation of the intellectual tools with which we approach and interpret experience. Science should be viewed as a procedure for learning about the limitations of our prior knowledge and the conventions we use for interpreting experience. It is with this understanding of the scientist’s challenge that a further discussion of the “data” from the Early Pleistocene regarding the patterns of life practiced by our ancestors appears to be appropriate.
How Do D'Ambrosio and Wheeler Fit into the Flp Debate?

The article discusses the way in which Kimbell and Turner discuss their respective precedents,Wheeler and D'Ambrosio. Wheeler and D'Ambrosio are the Fifth and the Third Circuit's cases that are ostensibly on the same side of an older debate with the Claims Court's decision in Gradow about the valuation equivalence of partial property interests within the context of the bona fide sale exception of section 2036. While Wheeler and D'Ambrosio seem to draw the same conclusion on what constitutes adequate and full consideration in money or money's worth for section 2036 purposes, Kimbell and Turner are not as in sync on that issue as they first appear. Moreover, while Wheeler and D'Ambrosio look as if they are identical interpretations of the adequate and full consideration exception of section 2036, they may have essential differences that initially were not visible.
Time Deferred Compensation Deductions

The authors primarily address the Tax Court case of Weaver v. Com'r, 121 TC 273 (2003), and its implications on the timing of the deduction of deferred compensation by accrual-method taxpayers. The authors note that the case is distinctive in its application by the Tax Court of the timing rules to independent contractors paid under an arrangement having the effect of a deferred compensation plan. The authors also warn that the case demonstrates the potential unexpected triggering of Section 404 in the context of nonemployee relationships where there may be no formal or even written plan to defer compensation. They note that Weaver illustrates the Tax Court's continued expansive view of the jurisdiction of Section 404. The article includes a review of the regulations and legislative history underlying Section 404 and its application in Weaver. The authors also discuss the integration of the deferred compensation rules of Section 404, the all-events test of Section 461, and collateral Code sections such as Section 267. It is noted that the application of both Section 404 and Section 267 may, in certain circumstances, yield inconsistent results. The article includes a discussion of when payment occurs for purposes of Section 404, including issues surrounding the receipt of an employer's note and a third party note.
Discovering latent strategies

Strategy mining is a new area of research about discovering strategies in decision-making. In this paper, we formulate the strategy-mining problem as a clustering problem, called the latent-strategy problem. In a latent-strategy problem, a corpus of data instances is given, each of which is represented by a set of features and a decision label. The inherent dependency of the decision label on the features is governed by a latent strategy. The objective is to find clusters, each of which contains data instances governed by the same strategy. Existing clustering algorithms are inappropriate to cluster dependency because they either assume feature independency (e.g., K-means) or only consider the co-occurrence of features without explicitly modeling the special dependency of the decision label on other features (e.g., Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA)). In this paper, we present a baseline unsupervised learning algorithm for dependency clustering. Our model-based clustering algorithm iterates between an assignment step and a minimization step to learn a mixture of decision tree models that represent latent strategies. Similar to the Expectation Maximization algorithm, our algorithm is grounded in the statistical learning theory. Different from other clustering algorithms, our algorithm is irrelevant-feature resistant and its learned clusters (modeled by decision trees) are strongly interpretable and predictive. We systematically evaluate our algorithm using a common law dataset comprised of actual cases. Experimental results show that our algorithm significantly outperforms K-means and LDA on clustering dependency.
Yeast vacuolar HOPS, regulated by its kinase, exploits affinities for acidic lipids and Rab:GTP for membrane binding and to catalyze tethering and fusion

Fusion of yeast vacuoles requires the Rab GTPase Ypt7p, four SNAREs (soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptors), the SNARE disassembly chaperones Sec17p/Sec18p, vacuolar lipids, and the Rab-effector complex HOPS (homotypic fusion and vacuole protein sorting). Two HOPS subunits have direct affinity for Ypt7p. Although vacuolar fusion has been reconstituted with purified components, the functional relationships between individual lipids and Ypt7p:GTP have remained unclear. We now report that acidic lipids function with Ypt7p as coreceptors for HOPS, supporting membrane tethering and fusion. After phosphorylation by the vacuolar kinase Yck3p, phospho-HOPS needs both Ypt7p:GTP and acidic lipids to support fusion.
Effect of protamine sulfate in neutralizing coagulation defect produced by paritol.

SummaryThis study indicates that protamine sulfate is an active antagonist of paritol in the human subject. Larger doses than those used in neutralizing the effect of heparin are required to counteract the defect produced by paritol. Large amounts of protamine sulfate may produce toxic symptoms and therefore should be used with caution.
Addition of Liraglutide to Insulin in Patients With Type 1 Diabetes: A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial of 12 Weeks.

OBJECTIVE To investigate whether addition of three different doses of liraglutide to insulin in patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D) results in significant reduction in glycemia, body weight, and insulin dose. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We randomized 72 patients (placebo = 18, liraglutide = 54) with T1D to receive placebo and 0.6, 1.2, and 1.8 mg liraglutide daily for 12 weeks. RESULTS In the 1.2-mg and 1.8-mg groups, the mean weekly reduction in average blood glucose was −0.55 ± 0.11 mmol/L (10 ± 2 mg/dL) and −0.55 ± 0.05 mmol/L (10 ± 1 mg/dL), respectively ( P 1c fell significantly (−0.78 ± 15%, −8.5 ± 1.6 mmol/mol, P P = 0.39) and 0.6-mg group (−0.26 ± 0.17%, −2.8 ± 1.9 mmol/mol, P = 0.81) vs. the placebo group (−0.3 ± 0.15%, −3.3 ± 1.6 mmol/mol). Glycemic variability was reduced by 5 ± 1% ( P P P P P P CONCLUSIONS Addition of 1.2 mg and 1.8 mg liraglutide to insulin over a 12-week period in overweight and obese patients with T1D results in modest reductions of weekly mean glucose levels with significant weight loss, small insulin dose reductions, and frequent gastrointestinal side effects. These findings do not justify the use of liraglutide in all patients with T1D.
Arachnoid cysts: diagnosis and treatment.

Sophisticated neuroimaging techniques are making it possible to diagnose intracranial and intraspinal arachnoid cysts more readily. A consensus has yet to be reached regarding surgical management of such cysts.
Allies of Intersectionalities

This chapter highlights the critical need for educational leaders to educate themselves and their communities to become Allies of Intersectionalities who support the multiple and intersecting identities of Queer students. It is important for educational leaders to validate and affirm the various racial, gender, sexuality, ability, and socioeconomic identities and struggles of all marginalized students, people, and communities. Supporting the Queer identity of a student is not enough when students hold multiple, intersecting, and complex identities.
Perceptions of Bilingual Education Model in Spain: How to Implement a Bilingual Education Model in Turkey

The main target of the study is to examinethe bilingual education program in the Basque Country, and identify whether or not their bilingual education can be implemented in Turkey. In thisresearch study, we used a qualitative method including data collection through an open-ended survey and interview that illustrates the issues surrounding bilingual education in the Basque region. The survey and interviewencompassed30 participants from K-12 teachers and the scholars in the Basque Country. The participants’ answers from both survey and interviewwere gathered and analyzed. The researcher coded emergent themes in the survey and interview. According to results, the Basque region over the last decade has established a bilingual education model, which offers multiple options for the linguistic study of the Basque language, and this model is still a reputable ongoing bilingual education system. Since Turkey and Spain historically and politically have many similarities, the Basque bilingual model can be implemented in Turkey as well.
Digital spectroscopy systems for high rate events in active interrogation applications

Two digital spectroscopy systems have been developed to handle high rate events in active interrogation applications. In the first system, signal from a PMT is directly digitized by a digitizer and then processed on a PC offline, using deconvolution method. By bypassing the preamplifier, this system can handle extremely high count rate without sacrificing energy resolution very much. To reduce the amount of data needed to be transferred between the DAQ system and the PC, another system is developed based on fast ADC and FPGA. In addition to the merits of the first system, real-time DSP is implemented on the FPGA chip and energy spectrum is generated simultaneously during the measurement. Systems are used in photofission experiments utilizing a 6 MeV pulse mode radiation therapy LINAC and nuclear resonance fluorescence (NRF) experiments utilizing a 3 MeV Van de Graff accelerator. Delayed gamma rays from photofission products are measured in between interrogation pulses. Resonant peaks from NRF reaction are observed in various samples.
The nexus of white collar crimes: shadow economy, corruption and uninsured motorists

ABSTRACTThis article empirically examines the nexus of three white collar crimes: shadow economy, corruption and uninsured motorists. Whereas the shadow economy–corruption linkage has been studied, the linkages with uninsured motorists have not been formally studied. Results, based on US data and accounting for possible bidirectional causalities, show complementarity between shadow economy and corruption and between uninsured motorists and the shadow economy. The magnitude of the impact of uninsured motorists on the shadow economy is greater than that of corruption. In other findings, shadow economy was lower in most prosperous states and in states that did not impose a sales tax.
Breaking News: High Schools Surpass Elusive Goal for Physical Education Minutes per Week!

There are many excellent high school physical educators who continue to make a good-faith effort to provide their students with very good physical education experiences. But high school physical education programs in part have been hijacked by interscholastic athletics. For well over two decades now, experts have argued how school physical education should be a central player in improving the nation's public health (including strength development). This implies a focus on all students, not just the athletes. Moreover, the 2016 United States Report Card on Physical Activity for Children and Youth gave schools a D+, in part because over 50 percent of the high school students reported participating in only one physical education class in the previous week — despite the national recommendations for daily physical education. Reducing the inequities because of athletic mission creep would be one way of improving this grade in the future. It is time for strength development and sport programs to return to their ...
Metabolic In Vivo Visualization of Pituitary Adenomas: a Systematic Review of Imaging Modalities.

Objective Pituitary adenomas (PAs) are the most common intrasellar mass. Functional PAs constitute most of pituitary tumors and can produce symptoms related to hormonal overproduction. Timely and accurate detection is therefore of vital importance to prevent potentially irreversible sequelae. Magnetic resonance imaging is the gold standard for detecting PAs, but is limited by poor sensitivity for microadenomas and an inability to differentiate scar tissue from tumor residual or predict treatment response. Several new modalities that detect PAs have been proposed. Methods A systematic review of the PubMed database was performed for imaging studies of PAs since its inception. Data concerning study characteristics, clinical symptoms, imaging modalities, and diagnostic accuracy were collected. Results After applying exclusion criteria, 25 studies of imaging PAs using positron emission tomography (PET), magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), and single photon emission computed tomography were reviewed. PET reliably detects PAs, particularly where magnetic resonance imaging is equivocal, although its efficacy is limited by high cost and low availability. Single photon emission computed tomography possesses good sensitivity for neuroendocrine tumors but its use with PAs is poorly documented. MRS consistently detects cellular proliferation and hormonal activity, but warrants further study at higher magnetic field strength. Conclusions PET and MRS appear to have the strongest predictive value in detecting PAs. MRS has the advantage of low cost, but the literature is lacking in specific studies of the pituitary. Due to high recurrence rates of functional PAs and low sensitivity of existing diagnostic workups, further investigation of metabolic imaging is necessary.
A full factorial study on the effect of tannins, acidity, and ethanol on the temporal perception of taste and mouthfeel in red wine

Abstract Wine is a globally appreciated alcoholic beverage, with complex sensory properties. Ethanol, acid and tannin play a primary role in the aroma, taste and mouthfeel perception of wine, and ultimately on product liking. This study utilized a factorial design to explore the relationship among these factors in Merlot wine. The design encompassed three acid concentrations: 5, 6, 7 g/L tartaric acid eq., three ethanol concentrations: 14, 14.5, 15% (v/v), and two tannin concentrations: low (approx. 700 mg/L CE), and high (approx. 1200 mg/L CE). The 18 wines were achieved through post fermentation additions of tartaric acid and water. Descriptive analysis (DA) and temporal dominance of sensation (TDS) were applied to profile static and temporal sensory perception. Descriptive analysis (DA) was used to asses 16 aroma, 4 mouthfeel, and 3 taste attributes. The evaluated factors showed no impact on the 16 aroma descriptors. Tannin concentration showed the greatest impact on taste and mouthfeel, significantly increasing sourness, bitterness, astringent texture, drying, and overall astringency. Acid concentration significantly increased the perception of sourness, while decreasing bitterness. Ethanol concentration was not a significant source of variation within the descriptive analysis. A novel way of analyzing TDS curves was applied, based on the factorial design, which allows for the temporal effect of specific factors to be studied. Wines were grouped by factor followed by TDS curve construction. Both normalized and standard TDS curves were constructed. Normalization captured the initial dominant perception, while standardized curves show the decline in dominance as the evaluation proceeds. Overall, the data demonstrates the dominance of astringency over multiple red wine taste factors.
Instant and efficient second-harmonic generation and downconversion in unprepared graded-index multimode fibers.

We show that germanium-doped graded-index multimode silica fibers can exhibit relatively high conversion efficiencies (∼6.5%) for second-harmonic generation when excited at 1064 nm. This frequency-doubling behavior is also found to be accompanied by an effective downconversion. As opposed to previous experiments carried out in single- and few-mode fibers where hours of preparation were required, in our system, these χ(2) related processes occur almost instantaneously. The efficiencies observed in our experiments are, to the best of our knowledge, among the highest ever reported in unprepared fibers.
Groups with the same cohomology as their pro-p completions

For any prime p and group G, denote the pro-p completion of G by Gˆp. Let C be the class of all groups G such that, for each natural number n and prime number p, Hn(Gpˆ,Z/p)≅Hn(G,Z/p), where Z/p is viewed as a discrete, trivial Gˆp-module. In this article we identify certain kinds of groups that lie in C. In particular, we show that right-angled Artin groups are in C and that this class also contains some special types of free products with amalgamation.
Alternans during fascicular ventricular tachycardia due to digitalis toxicity

This report describes a digitalis-induced regular fascicular ventricular tachycardia characterized by marked QRS alternans a manifestation not usually associated with this arrhythmia. The striking alternation of QRS configuration suggested alternating ventricular activation from either a single focus with two exits in distal branches of the left anterior fascicle or 2 different foci localized in the Purkinje-myocardial network of the left anterior fascicle.
From the Growth Cone to the Synapse

The development of specific neuronal connections must be based on a set of intricate control mechanisms. The complexity of this fascinating problem results from (1) the enormous number of elements involved (in the human CNS, an estimated 1014 synapses are formed), (2) the long pathway of certain nerve fibers, and (3) the high selectivity of their synaptic connections, not only between and within groups of neurons, but even with regard to the localization of the synapse on an individual postsynaptic cell. Numerous papers (e.g., Sperry, 1944; Attardi and Sperry, 1963; Crossland et al., 1974a; for review, see Gaze, 1970; Jacobson, 1970; Jacobson, this volume) have suggested predetermined, high specificity of synaptic connections. Other experimental work with developing and regenerating parts of the central nervous system (for review, see Jacobson, 1970; Crossland et al., 1974a; Raisman and Field, 1973) as well as studies on synapse formation in vitro (Rees and Bunge, 1974) clearly indicate that the specificity of synaptic connections is not absolute and that it is strictly effective only during a certain period of embryonic development. This suggests that the constellation of neurons—i.e., the availability of certain postsynaptic candidates and the timing of their appearance—in a development brain area may greatly influence the resulting selectivity in synapse formation.
Flow Coherence: Distinguishing Cause from Effect

The geodesic transport theory unveils the especial fluid trajectory sets, referred to as Lagrangian Coherent Structures (LCS), that cause a flow to organize into ordered patterns. This is illustrated through the analysis of an oceanic flow dataset and contrasted with the tendency of a widely used flow diagnostic to carry coherence imprints as an effect of the influence of LCS on neighboring fluid trajectories.
Dialogue: The Prosecutorial State The Prosecutorial State

(2003). Dialogue: The Prosecutorial State The Prosecutorial State. Administrative Theory & Praxis: Vol. 25, No. 1, pp. 63-90.
Prior Bullying, Delinquency, and Victimization as Predictors of Teen Dating Violence in High School Students: Evidence of Moderation by Sex

Bullying, delinquency, and teen dating violence (TDV) victimization have been found to correlate with and potentially predict TDV perpetration. It has also been noted that boys and girls differ in ...
Retrospective analysis of porous tantalum trabecular metal-enhanced titanium dental implants.

Abstract Statement of problem The design of porous tantalum trabecular metal–enhanced titanium (TM) dental implants promises improved osseointegration, especially when grafting materials such as demineralized bone matrix are used; however, studies are lacking. Purpose The purpose of this retrospective study was to compare TM implants with conventional titanium alloy (Ti) implants with and without demineralized bone matrix in terms of peri-implant bone remodeling in the first year after implant loading. Material and methods A chart review was used for all patients receiving Tapered Screw-Vent Ti and TM implants. Implants were placed and restored by a single provider between 2011 and 2015. Peri-implant bone remodeling was compared by using a paired t test (α=.05). Results A total of 82 patients received 205 implants, 44 TM and 161 Ti implants (control). No implants failed in the TM group (survival rate of 100%), and 3 implants in total, 1 immediate, failed in the Ti groups (survival rate of 98.1%). TM implants exhibited a 0.28-mm bone gain on average, whereas the control group demonstrated 0.20 mm of marginal bone loss after the first year of implant loading. Multivariate logistic regression analysis demonstrated that the odds of having bone loss was 64% less (odds ratio: 0.36; 95% confidence interval: 0.14-0.94) in the TM group than in the Ti group after controlling for bone grafting, implant location, immediate placement, bone type, and pretreatment bone level. Conclusions TM implants exhibited less peri-implant bone loss than the control Ti implants.
ProSave: an application for restoring quantitative data to manipulated subsets of protein lists.

In proteomics studies, liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry data (LC-MS/MS) is quantified by spectral counts or by some measure of ion abundance. Downstream comparative analysis of protein content (e.g. Venn diagrams and network analysis) typically does not include this quantitative data and critical information is often lost. To avoid loss of spectral count data in comparative proteomic analyses, it is critical to implement a tool that can rapidly retrieve this information. We developed ProSave, a free and user-friendly Java-based program that retrieves spectral count data from a curated list of proteins in a large proteomics dataset. ProSave allows for the management of LC-MS/MS datasets and rapidly retrieves spectral count information for a desired list of proteins. ProSave is open source and freely available at https://github.com/MahajanLab/ProSave . The user manual, implementation notes, and description of methodology and examples are available on the site.
Performance enhancement of hard disk drives through data-driven control design and population clustering

Abstract This paper presents a frequency-domain data-driven control design method for improving the robustness and performance of a large population of hard disk drives. First, a multi-rate notch filter design method is presented to prevent the aliasing of post-Nyquist frequency resonant modes. The tradeoff between aliasing and system phase loss due to the multi-rate notch filters is investigated and discussed using a set of real HDD plant data. A data-driven servo control design framework for a dual-stage HDD system is then proposed, where the stability, robustness, and performance properties of the closed-loop system are simultaneously computed and optimized. The validity of the proposed notch filter and controller design methods is evaluated through a set of time-domain simulations. Finally, a clustering-based control optimization method is discussed to further improve the population-level system performance. Simulation results indicate that the proposed data-driven controller with frequency domain plant clustering is an effective approach for designing high-performance servo controllers for HDDs.
Content to share with expectant fathers: Views of professionals focused on father involvement.

Abstract Objective To examine whether there is a consensus on what guidance to share with expectant fathers from the prenatal through early infancy period among a multidisciplinary group of professionals with expertise on father involvement. Design Consensus-building approach using mixed methods involving two rounds of data collection. In Round 1, participants were requested to individually generate content as text messages to share with expectant fathers that a father should know or do for his infant, his partner, and himself starting prenatally and through early infancy. A content analysis of Round 1 data was conducted to identify domain content to share with fathers. During Round 2, experts were asked to rate their perceived level of importance of the content generated in Round 1. Descriptive statistics, including frequencies, means, and standard deviations were calculated for Round 2. Setting Electronic survey. Participants Nine multidisciplinary professionals with expertise on father involvement, representing psychology, pediatrics, nursing/midwifery, and sociology. Measurements and findings During Round 1, participants individually generated 302 message content items across domains in the following contexts: plan for/participate in birth (n = 71); his infant (n = 95); his partner (n = 107); and himself (n = 38). During Round 2, participants achieved greatest consensus in more content items in two contexts: infant support and partner support. For infant support, content domains that participants perceived it important to share with for fathers included: knowledge about signs of infant illness, feeding, sleep patterns, and impact of second hand smoke/drug use; training on providing newborn care; and taking action including participating in infant care, providing verbal stimulation, engaging in age-appropriate play and physical contact, supporting safe sleep, and making/attending doctor appointments. For partner support, content domains that participants perceived it important to share with fathers included: communicating with partners with regular check-ins, and about parenting styles and shared responsibilities, signs/symptoms of maternal depression, and hopes/dreams for infant; and taking actions to support partner's physical and emotional health and breastfeeding. Although less content was generated in the other two contexts - plan for/participate in birth and father support - participants achieved consensus on some content in these domains as being important to share with fathers. Key conclusions Despite lack of professional guidelines for expectant fathers, experts generally agreed on the content that should be shared with expectant fathers from pregnancy through early infancy, especially in the domains of infant support and partner support. Implications for practice This study can assist clinicians and practitioners on guidance to share with expectant fathers during their partner's pregnancy and the early postnatal period. Dissemination of such guidance to fathers can assist in benefiting all members of the family.
Correction to: Growth and Movements of Mummichogs (Fundulus heteroclitus) Along Armored and Vegetated Estuarine Shorelines

The article Growth and Movements of Mummichogs (Fundulus heteroclitus) Along Armored and Vegetated Estuarine Shorelines, written by Kevin P. Crum, Richard G. Balouskus, and Timothy E. Targett, was originally published electronically on the publisher’s internet portal (currently SpringerLink).
A Novel GelMA-based Bioadhesive for Repair of Corneal Stromal Defects

Author(s): Sun, Zhongmou; Kheirkhah, Ahmad; Al Karmi, Rani; Foulsham, William; Sani, Ehsan Shirzaei; Annabi, Nasim; Dana, Reza
Microbial responses to experimental soil warming: Five testable hypotheses

Abstract Soil microbes are key regulators of Earth's biogeochemical cycles, and their growth, turnover, and efficiency are important controls of organic matter decay and soil carbon (C) storage. A central roadblock to scaling microbial activity is explaining the incongruence between long- and short-term warming responses. In addition to the well-described kinetics which dominate the short-term warming response, the long-term response is also subject to indirect effects, such as substrate availability, soil moisture, and shifts in plant community composition, that influence microbial activity and community dynamics. Here we discuss possible mechanisms of this attenuation, synthesized in the context of five testable hypotheses, presented in order of decreasing current empirical support.
‘Market failure’ arguments are a poor guide to policy

‘Market failure’ is frequently offered as a justification for government intervention in the economy. Proponents of interventions can point to almost limitless examples of markets which do not meet all the criteria for Pareto optimality and argue that government taxation, subsidies or regulation can perfect them, maximising social welfare. But comparing market outcomes with an unattainable and unidentifiable ideal is not useful in a world of imperfect knowledge and government failure. It is better to compare market outcomes against realistic alternatives. Furthermore, even within the market failure paradigm, concepts such as ‘public goods’ and ‘negative externalities’ are routinely misunderstood and inconsistently applied. This leads to predictably poor policy outcomes.
Prediction of New Stable Compounds and Promising Thermoelectrics in the Cu—Sb—Se System.

Phase stabilities and a prediction of as yet unreported compounds are given for the title system on the basis of a combination of total energies from DFT calculations with vibrational entropies from phonon calculations within the harmonic approximation and configurational entropies treated with cluster expansions.
Co-viewers support participation in video chat interactions, but live experiences promote richer word learning for 24- to 36-month-olds in the USA

The 2016 recommendations by the American Academy of Pediatricsto limit screen time for young children now provide exceptions for moderate video chat usage. We tested whether co-viewer supported fac...
Neuronal signal strength is enhanced by rhythmic firing

Abstract Recent discoveries of rhythmic firing patterns in cortex suggest the brain might use phase locked oscillations to coordinate activity in separate areas (Gray & Singer, 1989). Theoretical studies have suggested mechanisms by which these rhythms might propagate through cortex (Lytton & Sejnowski, 1990). This paper presents preliminary results from a study of the biophysical effects of rhythmic signals at the single cell level. The work presented here considers the transmissibility of rhythmic signals and suggests their efficacy is increased by their rhythmicity. This is demonstrated by simulations in which a train of regularly spaced synaptic inputs at an appropriate frequency causes a neuron to fire more often than an irregularly spaced train does. The reason is the arhythmic signal is diminished by transient after-hyperpolarizations. Some recent attentional phenomena (Spitzer, Desimone & Moran, 1988; Wise & Desimone, 1988) are discussed in light of these results.
Study on Protective Effects of HSHS on Rats with Occlusion of the Middle Cerebral Artery

Objective:To study the protective effects of HOUSHIHEISAN(HSHS) on rats with focal cerebral ischemia injury.Methods:Focal cerebral ischemia in rats was produced by occlusion of the middle cerebral artery(MCAO).Observe the influence of HSHS on mortality rate,neurological deficiency and determine the LDH activity during the focal cerebral ischemia.Result:HSHS has significantly protective effects against focal cerebral ischemic injury.
The interactive global fire module pyrE

Abstract. Fires affect the composition of the atmosphere and Earth’s radiation balance by emitting a suite of reactive gases and particles. An interactive fire module in an Earth System Model (ESM) allows us to study the natural and anthropogenic drivers, feedbacks, and interactions of open fires. To do so, we have developed pyrE, the NASA GISS interactive fire emissions module. The pyrE module is driven by environmental variables like flammability and cloud-to-ground lightning, calculated by the GISS ModelE ESM, and parameterized anthropogenic impacts based on population density data. Fire emissions are generated from the actual flaming phase in pyrE (fire count), not the scar left behind (burned area), as is commonly done in other interactive fire modules. Using pyrE, we examine fire behavior, regional fire suppression, burned area, fire emissions, and how it all affects atmospheric composition. To do so, we evaluate pyrE by comparing it to satellite-based datasets of fire count, burned area, fire emissions, and aerosol optical depth (AOD). We demonstrate pyrE’s ability to simulate the daily and seasonal cycles of open fires and resulting emissions. Our results indicate that interactive fire emissions are bias low by 32–42 %, depending on emitted species, compared to the GFED4s inventory. The bias in emissions drives underestimation in column densities, which is diluted by natural and anthropogenic emissions sources and production and loss mechanisms. Yet, in terms of AOD, a simulation with interactive fire emissions performs just as well as a simulation with prescribed fire emissions.
Thermomechanical Triaxial Cell for Rate-Controlled Heating-Cooling Cycles

This article presents the development, calibration, and performance of a triaxial cell developed to study the thermomechanical behavior of soils under controlled heating and cooling rates and sinusoidal temperature changes mimicking real field conditions. This cell uses bipolar thermo-electrical devices to fully control the applied thermal loads. The cell can accommodate specimens up to 75 mm in diameter with a height-to-diameter ratio of 2 to 2.5. Tested soil specimens can be subjected to temperatures ranging from −5°C to 70°C with the specimen temperature change rate ranging from ±0.001°C/min and ±0.4°C/min. First, the modifications implemented on a conventional triaxial cell are presented to facilitate controlling of the boundary temperature applied to the specimen and the applied heating/cooling rates. Then, the thermal calibrations of the modified triaxial cell under different isotropic stresses and temperatures in drained and undrained conditions are presented. Finally, the capabilities of the modified triaxial cell are demonstrated using a thermomechanical test on a remolded kaolinite clay subjected to a drained heating-cooling cycle. The specimen was saturated and consolidated under 500 kPa confining stress at 20°C; then it was subjected to a drained thermal cycle (20 – 70 – 10 – 20°C) using a temperature change rate of ±0.1°C/min. Upon completing the thermal cycle, the specimen was sheared under undrained conditions at 20°C. The results of this test show a thermally induced contractive plastic volume change agreeing with the thermomechanical behavior of saturated normally consolidated clays in the literature. Furthermore, the drained heating-cooling cycle caused a dramatic increase in the undrained shear strength compared to the value measured at 20°C.
Electrospun three-dimensional nanofibrous scaffolds based on polycaprolactone for stem cells differentiation and bone regeneration

Abstract The development of highly biomimetic nanofibrous scaffolds that possess a morphological structure similar to the natural extracellular matrix is a major technological challenge in tissue engineering. Electrospun nanofibers have been demonstrated as promising scaffold materials. However, as-electrospun nanofibrous mats are limited to the overlaid two-dimensional (2D) structure with apparent pore sizes typically in the sub-micrometer range, which are not suitable for cell diffusion/penetration. To address this challenge, we have developed the novel technique of thermally induced (nanofiber) self-agglomeration (TISA) followed by freeze-drying, a process by which the electrospun polycaprolactone (PCL) nanofibrous mats can be converted into three-dimensional (3D) electrospun PCL nanofibrous scaffolds with interconnected and hierarchically structured pores (including macropores with sizes in hundreds of micrometers). We have further explored the improvement on bioactivity of PCL scaffolds by incorporating poly(lactic acid) (PLA), thus making PCL/PLA blend nanofibers. The PCL/PLA-3D scaffolds can significantly promote more osteogenic differentiation in vitro and new bone formation in vivo than the PCL-3D scaffolds.
Knowledge, Use, and Perceived Value of University Student Services: International and Domestic Student Perceptions

Universities throughout the United States struggle with fiscal issues that can be improved by greater retention and graduation rates. One step often taken is to cut student service spending, which hurts students’ ability to finish a degree. While some have advocated for greater spending in student services, we contend that current services may suffice. Since many students do not understand the services available, many do not take advantage of university offerings. This study looks at differences in perceptions between international and domestic students concerning awareness, use, and value of services available at a western U.S. land-grant university. We found many students, both international and domestic, are not aware of available programs, which correlates to less use and perceived value of these services and programs.
Adaptive latent state modeling of brain network dynamics with real-time learning rate optimization.

Objective. Dynamic latent state models are widely used to characterize the dynamics of brain network activity for various neural signal types. To date, dynamic latent state models have largely been developed for stationary brain network dynamics. However, brain network dynamics can be non-stationary for example due to learning, plasticity or recording instability. To enable modeling these non-stationarities, two problems need to be resolved. First, novel methods should be developed that can adaptively update the parameters of latent state models, which is difficult due to the state being latent. Second, new methods are needed to optimize the adaptation learning rate, which specifies how fast new neural observations update the model parameters and can significantly influence adaptation accuracy. Approach. We develop a Rate Optimized-adaptive Linear State-Space Modeling (RO-adaptive LSSM) algorithm that solves these two problems. First, to enable adaptation, we derive a computation- and memory-efficient adaptive LSSM fitting algorithm that updates the LSSM parameters recursively and in real time in the presence of the latent state. Second, we develop a real-time learning rate optimization algorithm. We use comprehensive simulations of a broad range of non-stationary brain network dynamics to validate both algorithms, which together constitute the RO-adaptive LSSM. Results. We show that the adaptive LSSM fitting algorithm can accurately track the broad simulated non-stationary brain network dynamics. We also find that the learning rate significantly affects the LSSM fitting accuracy. Finally, we show that the real-time learning rate optimization algorithm can run in parallel with the adaptive LSSM fitting algorithm. Doing so, the combined RO-adaptive LSSM algorithm rapidly converges to the optimal learning rate and accurately tracks non-stationarities. Significance. These algorithms can be used to study time-varying neural dynamics underlying various brain functions and enhance future neurotechnologies such as brain-machine interfaces and closed-loop brain stimulation systems.
Abandonment and Adverse Possession

The number of vacant properties nationwide jumped by 4.5 million between 2000 and 2010, an increase of 44%, due to a variety of factors, such as the financial crisis and natural disasters. Vacant properties create a vicious cycle of negative externalities: abandoned property breeds blight and crime, thereby further depressing the economy, which leads to more abandoned property. Solving the problem of abandonment is a top priority for municipal leaders, but effective means of putting abandoned property in the hands of a private owner are hard to come by. Cities have experimented with a variety of solutions ranging from eminent domain to land banks to enticing owners to return to their abandoned property through grant money.This Article proposes an alternative solution for abandoned property: adverse possession with a reformed possession requirement. This Article argues that the traditional application of the possessory requirement for adverse possession should be modified when the true owner has vacated his property. In this instance, actual possession should be unnecessary; instead, a notice of intent to possess should be sufficient to acquire abandoned property through adverse possession. By altering the doctrine in this manner, adverse possession can be an efficient solution for private parties to acquire ownership of abandoned properties while still offering a temporal safety net to protect true owners. Furthermore, expanding possession in this manner allows the doctrine to serve as a tool for market discovery that encourages adverse possessors and true owners to transfer ownership through voluntary bilateral transactions.
Management of colonic diverticulitis

Left sided colonic diverticulitis is a common and costly gastrointestinal disease in Western countries, characterized by acute onset of often severe abdominal pain. Imaging is necessary to make an initial diagnosis and determine disease severity. Colonoscopy should be done six to eight weeks after diagnosis to rule out a missed colon malignancy. Antibiotic treatment is used selectively in immunocompetent patients with mild acute uncomplicated diverticulitis. The clinical course of diverticulitis commonly includes unpredictable recurrences and chronic gastrointestinal symptoms, which are a detriment to quality of life. A better understanding of prognosis has prompted a shift toward non-operative approaches. The decision to undergo prophylactic colon resection should be individualized to consider the severity of diverticulitis, the patient's health and immune status, and the patient's preferences and values, as well as benefits and risks. Because only a section of colon is removed, recurrent diverticulitis remains a risk. Acute diverticulitis with an abscess is treated with antibiotics that cover Gram negative and anaerobic bacteria, with or without percutaneous drainage. Acute diverticulitis with purulent or feculent contamination of the peritoneal cavity is managed with surgery; primary resection and anastomosis is the procedure of choice in stable patients.
Implementation Drivers of Pay-for-Success Projects: The U.S. Experience

Despite mounting worldwide use of Pay-for-Success (PFS) projects to deliver social services, available research consists largely of commentary with scant details on the actual implementation of the...
Quorum-sensing molecules increase ethanol yield from Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

One strategy to increase the yield of desired fermentation products is to redirect substrate carbon from biomass synthesis. Non-genetic approaches to alter metabolism may have advantages of general applicability and simple control. The goal of this study was to identify and evaluate chemicals for their ability to inhibit the growth of Saccharomyces cerevisiae while allowing ethanol production with higher yields. Eight potential growth-inhibitory chemicals were screened for their ability to reduce cell growth in 24-well plates. Effective chemicals were then evaluated in cultivations to identify those that simultaneously reduced biomass yield and increased ethanol yield. The yeast quorum-sensing molecules 2-phenylethanol, tryptophol, and tyrosol, were found to increase the ethanol yield of S. cerevisiae JAY 270. These molecules were tested with seven other yeast strains and ethanol yields of up to 15% higher were observed. The effects of 2-phenylethanol and tryptophol were also studied in bioreactor fermentations. These findings demonstrate for the first time that the ethanol yield can be improved by adding yeast quorum-sensing molecules to reduce the cell growth of S. cerevisiae, suggesting a strategy to improve the yield of ethanol and other yeast fermentation products by manipulating native biological control systems.
Nanoribbons or weakly connected acenes? The influence of pyrene insertion on linearly extended ring systems

Derived from the lateral fusion of benzene rings, acenes are a class of π-conjugated molecules containing a single aromatic sextet, where system size is inversely correlated with chemical stability. In the pursuit of creating graphene nanoribbons/nanowires, several extended-ring structures have been synthesized through linear combinations of azaacenes and pyrene. Importantly, these extended systems demonstrate enhanced chemical stability and allow for the construction of macromolecular-sized structures. Here, we present a combined quantum-chemical and experimental study to reveal the cost of these improved characteristics in fully carbon-based systems. The results clearly show that pyrene moieties inserted among acene units do not result in long acene-like structures, rather the pyrene-inserted acene is, electronically, a series of (nearly) isolated acenes. The origin of pyrene's electronic blocking effect and implications on oxidized and photoexcited states of these extended-ring systems are detailed. The results of this investigation definitively show that coupling pyrene in an orthogonal orientation (through the 4, 5/9, 10 positions or e/l faces) to acenes should be eschewed if nanographene-/nanowire-like structures are desired.
Physical Disabilities and Food Access Among Limited Resource Households

Food is a basic need of all people. The degree to which people have access to food influences food choice, quality of life, health, and illness. We examined how physically impaired and disabled food shoppers from low-income households managed food provision for their families and the impact health and physical disabilities had on family food choice among those with limited resources. This qualitative study examined food access among 28 low-income rural, village, and inner city families in upstate New York selected by purposive and theoretical sampling. An unanticipated finding emerged that nearly one-half of participants, all primary grocery shoppers for their families, had a variety of health conditions and disabilities that limited food access and, in turn, healthy, affordable food. These findings suggest that physical abilities, agency, and context interact in food access.
Natural Law and the Limits to Judicial Review

As Aristotle bluntly put it, "He who asks Law to rule is asking God and Intelligence and no others to rule; while he who asks for the rule of a human being is bringing in a wild beast." The Massachusetts Constitution of 1780 directs that the powers of government must be separated "to the end it may be a government of laws and not of men." And Chief Justice John Marshall declared, "The government of the United States has been emphatically termed a government of laws, and not of men." Today, no one disputes that judges must uphold the rule of law. Every judge claims that as a sacred duty.