cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Influence of self-focusing on stimulated Rayleigh-wing scattering and stimulated librational scattering

Stimulated scattering is a nonlinear process that often results in the generation of a backwardgoing signal. This signal is known to display several unique and interesting properties; perhaps the most notable is phase conjugation. Stimulated Rayleigh-wing scattering (SRWS)1'2 is the stimulated scattering process arising from the optical Kerr effect, and it possesses an extremely fast response time (2 ps in CS2). Under certain experimental conditions, SRWS is known to conjugate both the phase and polarization of an incident field.3 The optical Kerr effect also leads to an intensity-dependent refractive index and is often the dominant contribution to this effect. With a large nonlinear index change, several undesirable effects, such as self-focusing and filamentation,Stimulated scattering is a nonlinear process that often results in the generation of a backwardgoing signal. This signal is known to display several unique and interesting properties; perhaps the most notable is phase conjugation. Stimulated Rayleigh-wing scattering (SRWS)1'2 is the stimulated scattering process arising from the optical Kerr effect, and it possesses an extremely fast response time (2 ps in CS2). Under certain experimental conditions, SRWS is known to conjugate both the phase and polarization of an incident field.3 The optical Kerr effect also leads to an intensity-dependent refractive index and is often the dominant contribution to this effect. With a large nonlinear index change, several undesirable effects, such as self-focusing and filamentation, occur as an intense optical wave propagates through a nonlinear medium.4
Phantom or Phoenix? Industrial Policies in Latin America Today

This book focuses on productive development policies (PDPs) that improve the economy’s aggregate productivity, be it directly through firms’ productivity or by facilitating a more productive allocation of factors of production. As defined by Melo and RodrÞguez-Clare (2006): “Productive development policies can be broadly defined as policies that aim to strengthen the productive structure of a particular national economy” This is evidently a very broad definition, including polices aimed at certain key markets or activities (such as research and development [RD these are called “horizontal” PDPs, because they cut across economic sectors and clusters. This chapter covers “vertical” PDPs and is therefore concerned with policies directed to specific sectors and clusters. For short, vertical PDPs are termed industrial policies because they are PDPs specific to certain “industries,” which are taken to mean sectors or clusters of economic activity. Note that industrial policies refer to any set of related private producers, not just manufacturing.
Enhancing interfacial magnetization with a ferroelectric

Ferroelectric control of the electronic and magnetic properties of a correlated oxide provides new opportunities for fundamental science and practical device applications. However, the exploding interest in ferroelectric control of magnetic interfaces, which typically happens in a few nanometers, has been inhibited by the lack of appropriate characterization techniques. Here, the authors have used polarized neutron reflectivity (PNR), a nondestructive yet powerful technique, to directly probe the evolution of the interfacial magnetism at the interface between ferromagnetic La${}_{0.8}$Sr${}_{0.2}$MnO${}_{3}$ and ferroelectric PbZr${}_{0.2}$Ti${}_{0.8}$O${}_{3}$. Using PNR, the authors find that the orientation of the ferroelectric polarization of the ferroelectric layer critically determines the interfacial magnetism, which occurs within a few nanometers of the interface. When the polarization is oriented towards the manganite layer, it is capable of enhancing the interfacial magnetization above the bulk region of the film. This finding not only proves the ferroelectric field effect control of magnetism, but also emphasizes the necessity of separating bulk properties from interfacial phenomena in magnetoelectric materials.
Conceptualization of Doped Black P Thin Films for Potential Use in Photovoltaics with Validation from First Principle Calculations

Black Phosphorus was recently discovered as a 2D material and it exemplified huge prospects for application in electronics, optoelectronics, photonics and catalysis. It is a direct band semiconductor with tunable band gap varying from 0.35 eV (bulk) to 2 eV (single layer). But the layer dependent band gap of black phosphorus restricts it to make use of the full spectra of sunlight for absorption. First principle calculations were performed using ‘Quantum Wise Atomistic Toolkit’ package with Perdew-Burke-Ernzerhof (PBE) exchange-correlation for black phosphorus doped with non-metallic dopants of B, S and Se and metallic dopants of Ti, Mg and In. It has been found that doping with non-metallic impurities result in a small diminution of the band edges (0.96–0.57 eV), whereas doping with metallic impurities decrease the band edge drastically (0.85–0.025 eV). Moreover, it was also observed that dopants with an even number of valence electrons incorporated a metallic nature of black phosphorus, whereas dopants with odd number of valence electrons further attributed to its semiconducting features. Thus in a holistic discernment, black phosphorus with the incorporation of some dopants in appropriate amounts can absorb more visible range of the optical spectra, making it ideal for use in photovoltaics.
Contraception and Sterilization

Unintended and unplanned pregnancies are high-risk pregnancies with numerous adverse health outcomes. Teen pregnancy reduces a young woman’s chance of completing her education and advancing her career. After decades of stagnation, we are finally seeing a decline in unintended pregnancy in the United States. However, there is still considerable room for improvement. Open communication and dialogue regarding sexual health and contraception will provide the education necessary and the empowerment of women to seek effective contraceptive methods. Our changing health care system, should allow for great access to no-cost contraception as a key preventive service. Clinicians should provide evidence-based counseling and offer all women access to the contraceptive methods of their Choice. All women should be informed about the superior effectiveness of LARC methods, including the intrauterine device (IUD) and contraceptive implant. Family planning is a highly cost-effective preventive service, and allows women and couples to control their reproductive life plan. Increased efforts should be made to reduce health disparities and allow all women access to the most effective contraceptive methods and to the method they find best suits their lifestyle.
The interaction between monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) and childhood maltreatment as a predictor of personality pathology in females: Emotional reactivity as a potential mediating mechanism - ERRATUM.

Research consistently demonstrates that common polymorphic variation in monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) moderates the influence of childhood maltreatment on later antisocial behavior, with growing evidence that the "risk" allele (high vs. low activity) differs for females. However, little is known about how this Gene × Environment interaction functions to increase risk, or if this risk pathway is specific to antisocial behavior. Using a prospectively assessed, longitudinal sample of females (n = 2,004), we examined whether changes in emotional reactivity (ER) during adolescence mediated associations between this Gene × Environment and antisocial personality disorder in early adulthood. In addition, we assessed whether this putative risk pathway also conferred risk for borderline personality disorder, a related disorder characterized by high ER. While direct associations between early maltreatment and later personality pathology did not vary by genotype, there was a significant difference in the indirect path via ER during adolescence. Consistent with hypotheses, females with high-activity MAOA genotype who experienced early maltreatment had greater increases in ER during adolescence, and higher levels of ER predicted both antisocial personality disorder and borderline personality disorder symptom severity. Taken together, findings suggest that the interaction between MAOA and early maltreatment places women at risk for a broader range of personality pathology via effects on ER.
Mechanistic Investigation of Oxidative Decarboxylation Catalyzed by Two Iron(II)- and 2-Oxoglutarate-Dependent Enzymes.

Two non-heme iron enzymes, IsnB and AmbI3, catalyze a novel decarboxylation-assisted olefination to produce indole vinyl isonitrile, an important building block for many natural products. Compared to other reactions catalyzed by this enzyme family, decarboxylation-assisted olefination represents an attractive biosynthetic route and a mechanistically unexplored pathway in constructing a C═C bond. Using mechanistic probes, transient state kinetics, reactive intermediate trapping, spectroscopic characterizations, and product analysis, we propose that both IsnB and AmbI3 initiate stereoselective olefination via a benzylic C–H bond activation by an Fe(IV)–oxo intermediate, and the reaction likely proceeds through a radical- or carbocation-induced decarboxylation to complete C═C bond installation.
Using Neurofibromatosis Type 1 Mouse Models to Understand Human Pediatric Low-Grade Gliomas

Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is the most common genetic cause for low-grade glioma in children and accounts for 15% of all reported cases of World Health Organization (WHO) grade I astrocytomas. Children with NF1 develop low-grade pilocytic astrocytomas most frequently along the anterior optic pathway with a mean age at diagnosis of 4.5 years. Recent advances in mouse genetic engineering have resulted in the generation of Nf1 mutant mice that form low-grade glial tumors involving the optic nerve and chiasm. These genetically engineered mice have been instructive in identifying the key growth control pathways that regulate glial cell survival and proliferation as well as defining how the tumor microenvironment modulates tumor formation and growth in a temporally and spatially restricted pattern. Lastly, Nf1 mutant mice are now being employed in preclinical therapeutic studies in which new therapies can be evaluated prior to testing in children.
Creativity in Theoretical Physics

Creativity in theoretical physics is illustrated by breakthroughs ranging from the creation of the calculus by Newton to the invention of the neutrino by Pauli. The natural language of science is mathematics. Sometimes, physicists must expand this language, and usually, they take clues from it and its severe constraints.
The mensura of φ in the works of Du Fay

The sign Φ has both mensural and non-mensural meanings in the works of Du Fay. As a mensural sign, Φ almost always represents a mensura on the perfect breve, which may or may not be equated proportionally with a perfect semibreve of major prolation. In one instance, it represents a mensura on the imperfect breve, which is equated proportionally with an imperfect semibreve of perfect tempus. Mensura is only loosely related to tempo. When ol represents a perfect breve mensura in non-simultaneous contexts, it does not specify a fixed tempo relation with uncut signs, even in works that scholars have classified as 'isorhythmic'. Mensura is, however, intimately related to the sense of musical pulse, which governs many aspects of compositional structure. The choice of mensura in performance has a significant impact on the way rhythms are felt by performers and perceived by listeners. Mensural and non-mensural uses of Φ in Du Fay's works can be distinguished with reasonable certainty on the basis of musical style and genre.
Randomized Trial of Motivational Interviewing to Prevent Early Childhood Caries in Public Housing

Introduction:Caries experience among preschool-age children has remained relatively unchanged for the past 2 decades, despite recently documented decreases in untreated decay.Objectives:In a commun...
Reduced frontal slow wave density during sleep in first-episode psychosis.

Abstract Background Sleep disturbances are commonly reported in psychotic patients and often contribute to the manifestation and severity of their symptoms. Slow waves characterize the deepest stage of NREM sleep, and their occurrence is critical for restorative sleep. Slow wave abnormalities have been reported in patient with schizophrenia, especially when experiencing an exacerbation of psychosis. However, their presence and delineation, with an emphasis on topography, in first-episode psychosis patients (FEP) have not yet been characterized. Methods We performed sleep high density (hd)-EEG recordings in twenty FEP patients and twenty healthy control subjects (HC). Slow wave activity (SWA) and several other slow wave parameters, e.g. density, amplitude, up- and down-slopes, were calculated at each electrode location and compared across groups. Additionally, the association between slow wave characteristics and clinical symptoms was assessed. Results FEP patients showed a reduction selectively in slow-wave density relative to HC, and this reduction was significant in a large frontal area, including channels overlying the prefrontal cortex. Furthermore, slow wave density was inversely correlated with the severity of FEP positive symptoms. Conclusions Abnormalities in slow waves are present at the beginning of psychosis, occur in frontal-prefrontal regions that are highly dysfunctional in psychotic patients, and are associated with their positive symptom severity. Building on these findings, future work will help establish the direction of these associations (i.e., if clinical symptoms precede, coincide, or follow SW deficits), which will determine whether ameliorating slow wave sleep deficits is a viable treatment target in early psychosis.
Rapid automated soil preparation for testing planetary rover-soil interactions aboard reduced-gravity aircraft

Abstract Mitigating potential hazards for planetary rovers posed by soft soils requires testing in representative environments such as with Martian soil simulants in reduced gravity. However, constraints imposed by testing aboard an aircraft performing parabolic flights make critical elements of the test procedure, such as soil preparation, challenging. This work describes the design, development, and operation of a novel rover-soil testing system that includes rapid automated soil preparation. The repeatability of the prepared soil condition is demonstrated by cone penetrometer tests in the laboratory as well as in a Falcon 20 aircraft during a parabolic flight campaign.
Control of nonlinear spacecraft attitude motion via state augmentation, Lyapunov-Floquet transformation and normal forms

Abstract This article analyzes and controls the quasi-periodic attitude motion of a gravity-gradient stabilized spacecraft in eccentric orbit by way of system states augmentation, Lyapunov-Floquet transformation and normal forms simplification. Perturbing torques in the ambient space environment can be shown to engender spacecraft attitude motion represented by nonlinear dynamics coupled in the roll-yaw axes; and, uncoupled planar dynamics in the pitch axis. The non-planar dynamics equations are homogeneous and analytically solvable. However, the pitch attitude motion is nonlinear, possesses parameter-varying coefficients and is subjected to external periodic excitations. Consequently, we transform the unwieldy attitude dynamics into relatively more amenable schemes for analysis and control law synthesis. Subsequently, we demonstrate the implementation of linear and nonlinear control laws (i.e. bifurcation and sliding mode control laws) on the relatively acquiescent transformed attitude dynamics. By employing a two-pronged approach, the quasi-periodic planar motion is independently shown to be stabilizable via the nonlinear control approaches.
Primary Cutaneous Follicle Center Lymphoma

Primary cutaneous follicle center lymphoma (pcFCL) is an indolent B-cell lymphoma with a remarkably good prognosis. This neoplasm of mature germinal center B cells constitutes 60 % of all primary cutaneous B-cell lymphomas and 9–11 % of all cutaneous lymphomas [1, 2]. It also includes 5 % of all follicular lymphomas, nodal and extranodal [3]. It typically presents with firm, erythematous to violaceous papules, plaques, and tumors on the scalp, trunk, and upper extremities. When it occurs on the back, it has been referred to in the past as Crosti lymphoma or reticulohistiocytoma of the dorsum [1, 4]. Differentiation of pcFCL from systemic follicle center lymphomas is critical, given the substantially worse prognosis of systemic follicle center lymphomas. This chapter addresses the clinical presentation, prognosis, treatment, histopathology, immunophenotype, and differential diagnosis of pcFCL. It closes with two clinical cases, including clinical images and histopathology.
Induction Program Structures as Mediating Factors for Coach Influence on Novice Teacher Development.

This mixed methods study explores a comprehensive survey administered in one induction program of over 2000 novice teachers and 1000 of their coaches. Quantitative analyses through Structural Equat...
Characterization of the pathogenesis and immune response to Listeria monocytogenes strains isolated from a sustained national outbreak

Listeria monocytogenes is an intracellular pathogen responsible for listeriosis, a foodborne disease that can lead to life-threatening meningitis. The 2011 L. monocytogenes cantaloupe outbreak was among the deadliest foodborne outbreaks in the United States. We conducted in vitro and in vivo infection analyses to determine whether strains LS741 and LS743, two clinical isolates from the cantaloupe outbreak, differ significantly from the common laboratory strain 10403S. We showed that LS741 and LS743 exhibited increased virulence, characterized by higher colonization of the brain and other organs in mice. Assessment of cellular immune responses to known CD8+ T cell antigens was comparable between all strains. However, pre-existing immunity to 10403S did not confer protection in the brain against challenge with LS741. These studies provide insights into the pathogenesis of clinical isolates linked to the 2011 cantaloupe outbreak and also indicate that currently utilized laboratory strains are imperfect models for studying L. monocytogenes pathogenesis.
ChExMix: A Method for Identifying and Classifying Protein–DNA Interaction Subtypes

Regulatory proteins can employ multiple direct and indirect modes of interaction with the genome. The ChIP-exo mixture model (ChExMix) provides a principled approach to detecting multiple protein-DNA interaction modes in a single ChIP-exo experiment. ChExMix discovers and characterizes binding event subtypes in ChIP-exo data by leveraging both protein-DNA cross-linking signatures and DNA motifs. In this study, we present a summary of the major features and applications of ChExMix. We demonstrate that ChExMix does not require high-resolution protein-DNA binding assay data to detect binding event subtypes. Specifically, we apply ChExMix to analyze 393 ChIP-seq data profiles in K562 cells. Similar binding event subtypes are discovered across multiple proteins, suggesting the existence of colocalized regulatory protein modules that are recruited to DNA through a particular sequence-specific transcription factor. Our results thus suggest that ChExMix can characterize protein-DNA binding interaction modes using data from multiple types of protein-DNA interaction assays.
6 – Clean Coal Technologies for Advanced Power Generation

One approach to reduce emissions of air pollutants and greenhouse gases, specifically carbon dioxide (CO2), is to increase the energy efficiency of existing thermal cycles and to develop advanced, higher efficiency cycles. An increase in energy efficiency reduces the amount of fuel consumed and consequently the quantity of pollutants and greenhouse gases emitted. Increasing the thermal efficiency of a power plant is one of three primary techniques to reduce pollutants and CO2 emissions. In this chapter, technologies to increase thermal efficiency and environmental performance are discussed. This includes supercritical pulverized coal combustion; fluidized-bed combustion, both atmospheric and pressurized; and IGCC, which is a technology that both improves cycle efficiency and is a CO2 capture technique. Similarly, oxy-fuel combustion, which is an advanced power generation technology, is also presented in this chapter for both pulverized coal and FBC systems. Post-combustion CO2 capture is presented in Chapter 13. This chapter begins with an overview of thermodynamic cycles because of the major efforts underway worldwide to increase their efficiency in power generation facilities.
Constrained Control of Moored Ocean Current Turbines With Cyclic Blade Pitch Variations

In this article, a new method to control an ocean current turbine (OCT) is examined. The key innovation, inspired by helicopter control, is to use cyclic blade pitch angle variations. Output variance constrained controllers are designed for OCT flight control and their performance is analyzed.
Comparison of Flow Stress of Aluminum Alloy 6061-T6 Obtained From Chip Pulling Orthogonal Cutting and Kolsky Bar Testing

Abstract Machining can be used as a test for the flow stress of materials under conditions of high strain (e > 1) and strain rate (102/s to 106/s). Constitutive models of metallic materials are conventionally obtained by dynamic compression tests such as the Split-Hopkinson (Kolsky) bar test at lower strain (e
Intra-operative referencing technique is non-inferior to use of fluoroscopy for acetabular component positioning in anterior hip arthroplasty.

Abstract Background Intra-operative fluoroscopy has been shown to improve the accuracy of acetabular component positioning when compared to no fluoroscopy in direct anterior approach (DAA) total hip arthroplasty (THA). Due to logistical reasons, our senior author has been performing DAA THA at one institution without the use of fluoroscopy and has created an intraoperative referencing technique to aid in acetabular component positioning. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the accuracy of acetabular component positioning using fluoroscopy when compared to an intra-operative referencing technique without fluoroscopy. Methods A total of 214 consecutive primary DAA THA were performed by one surgeon at two institutions and were retrospectively reviewed over a 3-year period. Intra-operative fluoroscopy was used with all patients at Institution A (N = 154). At institution B (N = 60), no fluoroscopy was used, and an intra-operative referencing technique was employed to assist in placement of the acetabular component. Results In the fluoroscopy group, 91% of components met our abduction target, 90% met our anteversion target, and 82.5% simultaneously met both targets. In the non-fluoroscopy group, 98% of components met our abduction target, 92% met our anteversion target, and 90% simultaneously met both targets. There was no difference between groups for placement of the component within both targets simultaneously (p = .171). Conclusion Use of our intra-operative referencing technique is non-inferior in placing acetabular components within a pre-defined safe zone when compared to use of intraoperative fluoroscopy. The intra-operative reference technique can be a helpful adjunct for ensuring accurate acetabular component positioning while simultaneously reducing cost and limiting radiation exposure.
Endovascular versus open repair of isolated superficial femoral and popliteal artery injuries

Abstract Objective Despite the increasing use of endovascular therapy for traumatic arterial injuries, little is known about the outcomes of endovascular repair of superficial femoral artery (SFA) and popliteal artery (PA) injuries. In the present study, we compared the characteristics and outcomes of endovascular vs open repair of traumatic SFA and PA injuries. Methods We performed a retrospective National Trauma Data Bank analysis of trauma patients with a blunt or penetrating injury of the SFA and/or PA who had undergone endovascular or open repair from 2007 to 2014. Multivariate logistic regression was used to compare the outcomes, with propensity score matching used for sensitivity analysis. Results The incidence of SFA and PA injuries was 0.2%, with an overall increase in the annual use of endovascular stent repair from 3.2% in 2007 to 7.6% in 2014 (P = .002). A total of 2,873 patients with an isolated SFA and/or PA injury were included in the present study, of whom 163 (5.7%) had undergone endovascular repair. SFA injuries were more frequently treated with endovascular repair (70% vs 27%) and PA injuries were more often associated with open repair (41.1% vs 54.7%). Open repair was more frequently associated with a concomitant femur fracture or knee dislocation (30.7% vs 38.8%; P = .039). Endovascular repair was not associated with worse in-hospital amputation-free survival (AFS) compared with open repair on univariate analysis (91.1% vs 89.7%; P = .573) or multivariate logistic regression (odds ratio [OR], 1.053; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.551-2.012; P = .876). Propensity score matching revealed that in-hospital mortality was higher (OR, 3.69; 95% CI, 1.37-9.82; P = .01) and fasciotomy was lower (OR, 0.23; 95% CI, 0.14-0.37; P Conclusions Endovascular repair of SFA and PA injuries has in-hospital AFS comparable to that for open repair, supporting the increasing use of endovascular repair for traumatic SFA and PA injuries in appropriately selected cases. Given the unexpected finding of increased in-hospital mortality after endovascular repair, further studies are necessary to determine the appropriate patient selection and the durability of endovascular repair.
Loss of PTEN expression induces tissue factor expression and resistance to doxorubicin in neuroblastoma

729 Tissue factor (TF) is a transmembrane protein that acts as a receptor for coagulation factor VII initiating the coagulation cascade, but also mediates intracellular signaling that is relevant to tumor growth, apoptosis and metastasis. High levels of TF expression have been observed in patients with advanced and metastatic cancer. Here we report that the expression of TF was regulated by the tumor suppressor PTEN and was associated with sensitivity to chemotherapeutic drugs in neuroblastoma. Two neuroblastoma cell lines SK-N-SH and SK-N-MC were examined for the expression of TF and PTEN as well as their response to doxorubicin-induced apoptosis. SK-N-SH expressing high levels of PTEN was TF negative and sensitive to doxorubicin, whereas SK-N-MC lacking PTEN expression expressed high levels of TF and was relatively resistant to doxorubicin. Inhibition of PTEN expression in SK-N-SH cells by PTEN siRNA upregulated TF expression. In contrast, TF was downregulated in SK-N-MC cells by enforced expression of PTEN as well as treatment with the PI3k/Akt inhibitor LY294002. Both PTEN gene transfection and LY294002 sensitized SK-N-MC cells to doxorubicin, which was also obtained by direct inhibition of TF with siRNA. These results suggest that the expression of TF is regulated by the PI3k/Akt pathway, and TF-mediated cellular signaling is at least one of the mechanisms by which loss of PTEN expression confers resistance to chemotherapy and cancer progression.
Evaluation of two intelligent packaging prototypes with a pH indicator to determine spoilage of cow milk

Abstract Intelligent packaging utilizes chemical sensors that could identify the quality and help determine the safety of packaged cow milk for consumers. The objective of this study was to evaluate cow milk packaged in two different prototypes of intelligent packaging during the cow milk’s shelf life based on volatile compounds, pH, color change, and sensory attributes. For this evaluation, two intelligent packaging prototypes were filled with cow milk. The prototype bottles were created using High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) with bromothymol blue as a pH indicator (the color of the bottle was designed to change when the pH changes). Treatment 1 changed color from green to yellow when the cow milk changes pH over time. Treatment 2 changed color from blue to green and from green to yellow. Measurements and sensory panels were performed during the shelf life of the cow milk samples, over four separate days. For the cow milk samples, GC–MS was used to identify and quantify the volatile compounds (n = 48) and the pH was determined by a pH meter (n = 48). The color change of the bottle was measured using the Minolta L*a*b* colorimeter (n = 48). Thirtytwo panelists evaluated the samples. There was a correlation of the color parameter chroma and the pH. Sensory panelists could not distinguish the difference of cow milk packaged in the control bottle with the prototypes bottles, HDPE-G and HDPE-B bottles. Our findings suggested HDPE-G and HDPE-B bottles could be used as an intelligent packaging and indicate spoilage of refrigerated cow milk with further studies.
Glenohumeral joint loading is impacted by rotator cuff tear severity during functional task performance.

BACKGROUND Rotator cuff tear is a common musculoskeletal injury, negatively affecting shoulder function. Rotator cuff tear severity ranges from small to massive tears, but it is unclear how tear severity affects glenohumeral joint loading and how changes contribute to secondary injury. This study's objective was to determine how glenohumeral joint contact force changes with tear severity during functional task performance using computational models. METHODS Eight models of increasing tear severity were developed, ranging from no rotator cuff tear to massive three-tendon tears. Simulations were performed using models representing increasing tear severity and kinematics for five functional tasks (n = 720 simulations). For each task, magnitude and orientation of peak resultant joint contact force for each tear severity was identified, then compared to the no rotator cuff tear model. FINDINGS For all tasks, compared to the no rotator cuff tear model, joint contact force magnitude decreased 9.5% on average with infraspinatus involvement, then plateaued at 20.8% average decrease with subscapularis involvement. Projected orientation of peak joint contact force vector was located more superior in the glenoid with increased tear severity, with significant changes (p < 0.0003) for all tasks with infraspinatus involvement. INTERPRETATION Decreased magnitude and superior orientation of joint contact force suggest fewer intact muscles contribute to force distribution across the joint, although more work is needed characterizing associated compensation strategies. All force vectors remained oriented within the glenoid rim for all tasks and models, suggesting the system prioritizes joint stability. This work identifies how joint contact force changes with rotator cuff tear severity.
Sequence Diversity, Locus Structure, and Evolutionary History of the SpTransformer Genes in the Sea Urchin Genome

The generation of large immune gene families is often driven by evolutionary pressure exerted on host genomes by their pathogens, which has been described as the immunological arms race. The SpTransformer (SpTrf) gene family from the California purple sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, is upregulated upon immune challenge and encodes the SpTrf proteins that interact with pathogens during an immune response. Native SpTrf proteins bind both bacteria and yeast, and augment phagocytosis of a marine Vibrio, while a recombinant SpTrf protein (rSpTrf-E1) binds a subset of pathogens and a range of pathogen associated molecular patterns. In the sequenced sea urchin genome, there are four SpTrf gene clusters for a total of 17 genes. Here, we report an in-depth analysis of these genes to understand the sequence complexities of this family, its genomic structure, and to derive a putative evolutionary history for the formation of the gene clusters. We report a detailed characterization of gene structure including the intron type and UTRs with conserved transcriptional start sites, the start codon and multiple stop codons, and locations of poly-adenylation signals. Phylogenetic and percent mismatch analyses of the genes and the intergenic regions allowed us to predict the last common ancestral SpTrf gene and a theoretical evolutionary history of the gene family. The appearance of the gene clusters from the theoretical ancestral gene may have been driven by multiple duplication and deletion events of regions containing SpTrf genes. Ectopic duplications and insertion events, indels and point mutations in the exons likely resulted in the extant genes and family structure. This theoretical evolutionary history is consistent with the involvement of these genes in the arms race in responses to pathogens and suggests that the diversification of these genes and their encoded proteins have been selected for based on the survival benefits of pathogen binding and host protection.
Spirituality, religiosity and attitudes toward addiction

While negative attitudes within the social work community toward clients struggling with addiction may not be ubiquitous, there is evidence that such attitudes remain problematic. Interestingly, wh...
Kant's Critique of Pure Reason : Background Source Materials

1. Christian Wolff: rational thoughts on God, the world and the soul of human beings also all things in general (1720) 2. Martin Knutzen: system of causes (1735) philosophical treatise on the immaterial nature of the soul (1744) 3. Alexander Baumgarten: metaphysics (1739) 4. Christian August Crusius: sketch of the necessary truths of reason (1745) 5. Leonhard Euler: letters to a German princess (1760-1762) 6. Johann Heinrich Lambert: treatise on the criterion of truth (1761) new organon (1764) 7. Marcus Herz: first letter (1770) second letter (1771) third letter (1771) observations from speculative philosophy (1771) fourth letter (1772) fifth letter (1776) 8. Johann August Eberhard: universal theory of thinking and sensing (1776) 9. Johann Nicolaus Tetens: philosophical essays on human nature and its development (1777).
Comparative data of childhood and adolescence molestation in heterosexual and homosexual persons

In research with 942 nonclinical adult participants, gay men and lesbian women reported a significantly higher rate of childhood molestation than did heterosexual men and women. Forty-six percent of the homosexual men in contrast to 7% of the heterosexual men reported homosexual molestation. Twenty-two percent of lesbian women in contrast to 1% of heterosexual women reported homosexual molestation. This research is apparently the first survey that has reported substantial homosexual molestation of girls. Suggestions for future research were offered.
Oxyhemoglobin dissociation characteristics of human and sheep maternal and fetal blood.

Abstract 1.1. Oxyhemoglobin dissociation curves were obtained from in vivo studies of maternal, fetal and neonatal sheep blood. Similar studies using slightly different techniques were performed on human maternal and fetal blood. 2.2. In the sheep, the in vivo analysis results in oxygen dissociation curves that are shifted to the left of those reported by others. The fetal curves lie to the left of maternal with the neonatal in between. In the human, the fetal curve is shifted to the right and is not significantly different from the maternal curve. 3.3. Oxyhemoglobin dissociation characteristics are probably influenced by the use of metabolic antagonists and by the passage of time required for analysis of the blood. These factors may alter the ionic distribution between plasma and erythrocytes and, hence, affect the oxygen affinity of the blood.
Pari-mutuel as a system of aggregation of information

A bettor is faced with the problem of choosing optimal bets, given his (subjective) probabilities of outcomes of an experiment (horse race), and the payoff odds on these outcomes. Conversely, a bookie (pari-mutuel system), faced by several bettors with different subjective probabilities, has the problem of choosing payoff odds so as to avoid the risk of loss. It is shown that, under certain reasonably broad conditions on the several bettors’ utility functions and subjective probabilities, such an equilibrium set of payoff odds always exists. Some examples are worked out in detail.
Eastern U.S. summer streamflow during extreme phases of the North Atlantic oscillation

[1] Numerous studies have suggested streamflow discharge in the conterminous U.S. has been increasing, particularly in the east starting in the latter half of the 20th century. Northern Hemisphere (NH) hydroclimatic variability has been connected to shifts in large-scale atmospheric teleconnection patterns. This study ascertained the spatial and temporal influences of the extreme phases of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) on interannual streamflow variability across the eastern U.S. during the summer season. We also assessed the presence of any delayed streamflow responses to NAO configurations during previous spring (March-April-May) and winter (December-January-February) seasons across the study area. Methods of inquiry included the use of various statistical and compositing analyses applied to records of mean daily summer streamflow obtained from the Hydro-Climatic Data Network between 1950 and 2010. Results of this study suggest that summer streamflow across eastern U.S. may be related to and thus potentially predicted from the NAO up to three seasons in advance, information of significant hydrologic consequences for the area. Depending upon the season and geographic location, the relationships may be both linear and nonlinear in nature and may be masked by the presence of temporal trends in the index. Summer streamflow across the eastern U.S., in general, displays greatest response to the negative phase of the NAO during the previous winter and the concurrent summer seasons. Geographically, the greatest potential for predictability exists across the Northeast where cohesive responses to NAO exist in all three seasons, winter, spring, and summer.
Pulmonary mucosa-associated lymphoma in a patient with von Hippel–Lindau disease

A 61-year-old female with a past medical history significant for von Hippel–Lindau (VHL) syndrome presented with multiple bilateral pulmonary lesions found on surveillance computed tomography scan. Positron emission tomography demonstrated avidity in a lesion in the right upper lobe. After an equivocal biopsy, a lobectomy via a thoracoscopic approach was performed as this lesion was concerning for a primary lung cancer. Pathology revealed a diagnosis of pulmonary mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of a pulmonary MALT lymphoma in a patient with VHL.
Magnetic edge states in a 1D channel with a periodic array of antidots

Abstract Recent experiments in transport through a ballistic constriction with a periodical corrugation on one wall to modulate the width [1] have revealed miniband structure in the presence of a magnetic field. We have previously explored the properties of edge states in a similar structure[2]. Here we present our calculation of bandstructure and edge states on a 1D channel having an array of antidots placed along its central axis. Our interest is to examine the allowed states in such a channel and, by direct calculating the particle current density, to visualize the current flow via magnetic edge states as well as localized Landau states.
Determination and Quantification of the Local Environments in Stoichiometric and Defect Jarosite by Solid-State 2H NMR Spectroscopy

The nature and concentrations of the local environments in a series of deuterated jarosite (nominally AFe3(SO4)2(OD)6 with A = K, Na, and D3O) samples with different levels of iron and cation vacancies have been determined by 2H MAS NMR spectroscopy at ambient temperatures. Three different local deuteron environments, Fe2OD, FeOD2, and D2O/D3O+, can be separated based on their very different Fermi contact shifts of δ ≈ 237, 70, and 0 ppm, respectively. The FeOD2 group arises from the charge compensation of the Fe3+ vacancies, allowing the concentrations of the vacancies to be readily determined. Analysis of the 2H quadrupole interaction indicates that the FeOD2 groups are mobile, undergoing rapid 180° flips on the NMR time scale; the D2O/D3O+ species (located on the A sites) undergo close to isotropic motion, whereas the Fe2OD groups are rigid and are hydrogen-bonded to nearby sulfate O atoms, with a (Fe)OD−O(S) distance of 2.79(4) A. No evidence for the intrinsic protonation reaction Fe2OH + H3O+ → Fe2OH...
The function of pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase in human erythrocytes.

Pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase, which converts pyrroline-5-carboxylate to proline, has been identified for the first time in human erythrocytes. The function of the enzyme in erythrocytes may be related to glucose metabolism through the hexosemonophosphate-pentose pathway. In both intact erythrocytes and erythrocyte extracts, pyrroline carboxylate added to the medium markedly stimulated the activity of the HMP pathway. The effect of pyrroline-5-carboxylate on HMP activity is mediated by the generation of NADP+ accompanying the reduction of pyrroline-5-carboxylate to proline.
Global stabilization of a dynamic von Kármán plate with nonlinear boundary feedback

We consider a fully nonlinear von Karman system with, in addition to the nonlinearity which appears in the equation, nonlinear feedback controls acting through the boundary as moments and torques. Under the assumptions that the nonlinear controls are continuous, monotone, and satisfy appropriate growth conditions (however, no growth conditions are imposed at the origin), uniform decay rates for the solution are established. In this fully nonlinear case, we do not have, in general, smooth solutions even if the initial data are assumed to be very regular. However, rigorous derivation of the estimates needed to solve the stabilization problem requires a certain amount of regularity of the solutions which is not guaranteed. To deal with this problem, we introduce a regularization/approximation procedure which leads to an “approximating” problem for which partial differential equation calculus can be rigorously justified. Passage to the limit on the approximation reconstructs the estimates needed for the original nonlinear problem.
Pavlov and the demise of the influence of Gestalt psychology in the Soviet Union

The demise of the influence of the classical Gestalt psychology in the Soviet Union has been linked to I.P. Pavlov's negative stance toward Gestalt tenets. Actually, Pavlov's attitude toward Gestalt psychology was by no means uniform. Pavlov was receptive to, as well as critical of a number of substantive issues. He acknowledged the Gestalt interpretation of transposition, but criticized the Gestalt rejection of association and learning by trial and error. Pavlov's strongest objection to Gestalt psychology centered on the philosophical issues of causality, methodology, and on the problem of “mind and body.” Despite these objections, no direct evidence links Pavlov's criticism of Gestalt theses to the weakening of their influence on Soviet psychology. Instead, the demise of classical Gestalt psychology in the Soviet Union should be attributed to political exigency. Soviet authorities, in a period of political crises, were intent upon the elimination of all traces of “bourgeois” psychologies.
In defense of C.S. Lewis's analysis of God's goodness

L'A. repond a la critique de John Beversluis au sujet de la solution donnee au probleme du mal par C. S. Lewis. Les objections de Beversluis portent sur l'analyse de la bonte de Dieu dans Le Probleme du mal de Lewis. La premiere partie veut corriger les affirmations selon lesquelles la redefinition du bien par Lewis conduit a un abandon de son platonisme souvent professe. Dans une seconde partie, l'A. dement que le concept de bien developpe par Lewis soit une violation des standards de la morale qui repose sur chaque homme. Enfin, l'A. repond a l'objection faite au sujet de la fonction redemptrice de la souffrance. Cette conception ne conduit pas a des consequences odieuses lorsqu'on l'applique aux hommes qui souffrent reellement
Iron methionine as a source of iron for the neonatal pig

Neonatal pigs (143) were used to determine if adequate iron (Fe) would be stored following a single oral dose of Fe methionine (FeMet) to prevent anemia through 21 d of age. Treatments consisted of: control (no Fe), 200 mg injectable Fe as gleptoferron within 12 h of birth (at birth), 100 or 200 mg Fe as FeMet orally at birth, or 200 mg Fe as FeMet or FeSO4 orally on d 3. Pigs given injectable Fe had higher hemoglobin concentrations than other treatments at 14 and 21 d. Utilization of Fe from FeMet was greatest when given at 3 d compared to at birth. Based on hemoglobin concentrations at 21 d, relative bioavailability of Fe from FeMet given on d 3 was 180% compared to FeSO4. Iron methionine given orally was a safe, effective source of Fe, but a single oral dose of FeMet was not equivalent to injectable Fe.
Survey of Usual Practice: Dysphagia Therapy in Head and Neck Cancer Patients

There is no standardized dysphagia therapy for head and neck cancer patients and scant evidence to support any particular protocol, leaving institutions and individual speech-language pathologists (SLPs) to determine their own protocols based on “typical” practices or anecdotal evidence. To gain an understanding of current usual practices, a national internet-based survey was developed and disseminated to SLPs who treat head and neck cancer (HNC) patients. From a random sample of 4,000 ASHA SID13 members, 1,931 fit the inclusion criteria, and 759 complete responses were recorded for a 39.3 % response rate. Results were analyzed by institution type as well as by individual clinical experience. While some interesting trends emerged from the data, a lack of uniformity and consensus regarding best practices was apparent. This is undoubtedly due to a paucity of research adequately addressing the efficacy of any one therapy for dysphagia in the HNC population.
Emergence of homeostasis and “noise imprinting” in an evolution model

Homeostasis, the creation of a stabilized internal milieu, is ubiquitous in biological evolution, despite the entropic cost of excluding noise information from a region. The advantages of stability seem self evident, but the alternatives are not so clear. This issue was studied by means of numerical experiments on a simple evolution model: a population of Boolean network “organisms” selected for performance of a curve-fitting task while subjected to noise. During evolution, noise sensitivity increased with fitness. Noise exclusion evolved spontaneously, but only if the noise was sufficiently unpredictable. Noise that was limited to one or a few stereotyped patterns caused symmetry breaking that prevented noise exclusion. Instead, the organisms incorporated the noise into their function at little cost in ultimate fitness and became totally noise dependent. This “noise imprinting” suggests caution when interpreting apparent adaptations seen in nature. If the noise was totally random from generation to generation, noise exclusion evolved reliably and irreversibly, but if the noise was correlated over several generations, maladaptive selection of noise-dependent traits could reverse noise exclusion, with catastrophic effect on population fitness. Noise entering the selection process rather than the organism had a different effect: adaptive evolution was totally abolished above a critical noise amplitude, in a manner resembling a thermodynamic phase transition. Evolutionary adaptation to noise involves the creation of a subsystem screened from noise information but increasingly vulnerable to its effects. Similar considerations may apply to information channeling in human cultural evolution.