cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
063 The Human Forearm Biopsy Model for Acute Wound Healing

Background: The study of wound biology and effects of advanced modalities would benefit from a reliable human model for normal healing. Eaglstein et al. previously suggested that the forearm biopsy may be useful in acute wound healing studies (J Am Acad Dermatol 45:857, 2001). The Wound Healing Cooperative Group (WHCG) here validates this model in healthy individuals treated with topical growth factor therapy. Methods: In our randomized, double-blinded study design, 20 normal healthy volunteers underwent four 6 mm biopsies of the flexor surface of both forearms. Biopsy sites were randomly assigned to a control arm (daily bacitracin) or to one of three treatment arms: i) rhPDGF-BB 0.01% gel (Q.D.), ii) rhPDGF-BB (Q.O.D.), iii) rhPDGF-BB (Q.D. × 7 days followed by bacitracin alone daily). The wounds were examined, measured and photographed daily until complete healing was achieved. Adverse events were monitored. Rates of healing and time-to-complete closure were measured. Repeat biopsies of a subset of healing wounds were performed for gene microarray analysis. Results: The forearm biopsy model allowed direct quantitative and qualitative comparisons of acute wound healing outcomes achieved by rhPDGF-BB regimens versus standard care alone. There were no infectious complications. Subject compliance was excellent with < 3% of visits missed. Conclusion: The forearm biopsy model has several advantages in the study of acute wounds: it allows for comparison of topical agents in a controlled fashion; studies can be conducted easily with good patient compliance; and the forearm allows for repeat imaging and tissue harvesting for gene profiling during healing. Acknowledgements: Funding from The Angiogenesis Foundation.
Inelastic neutron-deuteron scattering at 152 MeV

Abstract The spectra of protons from the reaction 2 H(n, p)2n have been measured for 152 MeV incident neutrons. These spectra are compared to theoretical predictions into which the energy spread of the neutron beam and the energy resolution of the apparatus have been folded. The folding procedure uses the spectra of protons measured in an n-p charge-exchange scattering experiment performed with the same equipment. The predictions are in excellent agreement with the observed results.
Expression of cellular retinoc acid-binding protein I is specific to neurons in adult transgenic mouse brain☆

Abstract Cellular retinoic acid binding protein I (CRABP-I) plays a role in retinoic acid (RA) metabolism or transport. This report shows specific neuronal expression of CRABP-I in adult transgenic mouse brain using CRABP-I promotor-driven lac-Z and neuron- and astrocyte-markers. Double staining indicates that CRABP-I is expressed in neurons and large cells (>12 μm) but to much lesser degree the astrocytes. CRABP-I-lac-Z + neurons were distributed throughout the brain, but in a very discreet pattern in each brain region. CRABP-I expression in specific populations of brain neurons suggests that RA is extensively metabolized in mature brains, mostly in neurons. Additionally, the genetic basis of its specific expression in these brain areas is located in the 5′ regulatory region of this gene.
Damage generated in cyclically loaded PZT

A soft PZT was subjected to cyclic loading at its resonance frequency. Both the piezoelectric coefficient, d31, and the transverse coupling coefficient, k31, decreased in a manner consistent with 90 degrees and 180 degrees domain reorientation, with the greatest decrease coinciding with the largest stress and temperature. In contrast, for high loads and temperatures, the elastic compliance, S11E, and the dielectric constant, K33 decreased in a manner consistent with increased, rather than decreased, alignment of the c-axes.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Controlled functional waxing instrumentation for fixed occlusal reconstruction

Abstract A method of controlling the waxing of a posterior occlusal reconstruction has been described. This method produces an occlusal scheme which has a common Curve of Spee and Wilson on a plane of occlusion which has common arcial central fossae, cusp heights and inclination of buccolingual grooves, and marginal ridge heights. This procedure develops an occlusal morphology to which an opposing occlusal functional reconstruction can be made.
Comparison of pure inositol hexaphosphate and high‐bran diet in the prevention of DMBA‐induced rat mammary carcinogenesis

Inositol hexaphosphate (IP6), abundant in cereals and legumes, has been demonstrated to be a promising anticancer agent in different in vivo and in vitro models. Because IP6 is particularly abundant in the bran part of certain mature seeds such as wheat, we investigated whether a high-fiber bran diet containing high IP6 shows a dose-response inhibition of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)-induced rat mammary carcinogenesis. Starting at two weeks before DMBA intubation, rats were divided into five groups and fed AIN-76A diet only or AIN-76A diet containing 5%, 10%, or 20% Kelloggs' All Bran; the fifth group received 0.4% IP6 given in drinking water, an amount equivalent to the IP6 content in 20% bran. After carcinogen administration, the rats remained on these regimens for 29 weeks. Compared with the carcinogen control, at 29th week, tumor incidence was reduced by 16.7%, 14.6%, and 11.4% in rats fed 5%, 10%, and 20% bran, respectively (not statistically significant). However, rats given 0.4% IP6 in drinking water, equivalent to that in 20% bran, had a 33.5% reduction in tumor incidence (p < 0.02) and 48.8% fewer tumors (p < 0.03). These data show that supplemental dietary fiber in the form of bran exhibited a very modest, statistically nonsignificant inhibitory effect, which was also not dose dependent. In contrast, animals given IP6 showed significant reduction in tumor number, incidence, and multiplicity. Thus IP6 an active substance responsible for cereal's beneficial anticancer effect, is clearly more effective than 20% bran in the diet. In practical terms, intake of IP6 may be a more pragmatic approach than gorging enormous quantities of fiber for cancer prophylaxis.
Cutaneous horns of the penis: An approach to management

Cutaneous horns of the penis are rare lesions, only seventeen previous cases having been reported in the English literature. The lesions usually appear following adult circumcision for long-standing phimosis. Frequently they are unusual presentations for squamous cell carcinoma of the penis. One third of the cases of penile horns were associated with underlying malignancies; therefore prompt surgical intervention is warranted.
An Approximate Model for the Performance and Acoustic Predictions of Counterrotating Propeller Configurations

An approximate method was developed to analyze and predict the acoustics of a counterrotating propeller configuration. The method employs the analytical techniques of Lock and Theodorsen as described by Davidson to predict the steady performance of a counterrotating configuration. Then, a modification of the method of Lesieutre is used to predict the unsteady forces on the blades. Finally, the steady and unsteady loads are used in the numerical method of Succi to predict the unsteady acoustics of the propeller. The numerical results are compared with experimental acoustic measurements of a counterrotating propeller configuration by Gazzaniga operating under several combinations of advance ratio, blade pitch, and number of blades. In addition, a constant-speed commuter-class propeller configuration was designed with the Davidson method and the acoustics analyzed at three advance ratios. Noise levels and frequency spectra were calculated at a number of locations around the configuration. The directivity patterns of the harmonics in both the horizontal and vertical planes were examined, with the conclusion that the noise levels of the even harmonics are relatively independent of direction whereas the noise levels of the odd harmonics are extremely dependent on azimuthal direction in the horizontal plane. The equations of Succi are examined to explain this behavior.
The AIN-76A defined rodent diet accelerates the development of heart failure in SHHF rats: A cautionary note on its use in cardiac studies

Previous studies from our laboratory have shown positive benefits of linoleic acid (LA) feeding for attenuation of rat heart failure (HF). However, another research group concluded LA feeding was detrimental to cardiac function, using the American Institute of Nutrition 76A (AIN) diet as a background diet for the experimental animals only. To reconcile these conflicting results and determine whether (i) AIN has effects on cardiovascular function, and (ii) AIN reverses the positive effects of LA feeding, studies were performed using spontaneously hypertensive heart failure (SHHF) rats in both a survival study with lifetime feeding of AIN (control: Purina 5001) and a 2 × 2 factorial design for 6 weeks in young male SHHF rats with background diet and LA as variables. During a lifetime of AIN feeding, mortality from heart failure is significantly accelerated, cardiolipin altered and triglycerides increased. In young rats, 6 weeks on the AIN diet promoted increased systolic and diastolic blood pressure, increased fed and fasting blood glucose, increased serum inflammatory eicosanoids, decreased docosahexanoic acid, increased posterior wall thickness in diastole and an altered cardiolipin subspecies profile. The addition of LA to the AIN diet was able to rescue blood pressure. However, the combination increased retroperitoneal fat mass, body weight and fed blood glucose beyond the levels with the AIN diet alone. Because the AIN diet has wide ranging effects on cardiovascular parameters, our results suggest that it should not be used in animal studies involving the cardiovascular system unless induction of cardiac dysfunction is the desired outcome.
Research on critically ill and injured patients: rules, reality, and ethics.

Abstract Much of today's medical care relies on experience unsupported by investigation, and emergency medical care is no exception; research is necessary to improve this care. Critically ill and injured patients are the patients who will benefit the most from improvements in emergency medical diagnostic and treatment methods. Yet, the federal bureaucracy has effectively banned research on these patients, since they cannot generally give “informed consent.” We argue that, with the proper safeguards, research on critically ill and injured patients should be performed in the emergency medicine (EDs and EMS) settings without informed consent. To require such consent when not obtainable compromises both the researchers who must get such consent and the patients who must continue to endure old, and often untested therapies.
Simultaneous Characterization of Somatic Events and HPV-18 Integration in a Metastatic Cervical Carcinoma Patient Using DNA and RNA Sequencing

Objective Integration of carcinogenic human papillomaviruses (HPVs) into the host genome is a significant tumorigenic factor in specific cancers including cervical carcinoma. Although major strides have been made with respect to HPV diagnosis and prevention, identification and development of efficacious treatments for cervical cancer patients remains a goal and thus requires additional detailed characterization of both somatic events and HPV integration. Given this need, the goal of this study was to use the next generation sequencing to simultaneously evaluate somatic alterations and expression changes in a patient’s cervical squamous carcinoma lesion metastatic to the lung and to detect and analyze HPV infection in the same sample. Materials and Methods We performed tumor and normal exome, tumor and normal shallow whole-genome sequencing, and RNA sequencing of the patient’s lung metastasis. Results We generated over 1.2 billion mapped reads and identified 130 somatic point mutations and indels, 21 genic translocations, 16 coding regions demonstrating copy number changes, and over 36 genes demonstrating altered expression in the tumor (corrected P Conclusions We demonstrate that DNA and RNA sequencing can be used to concurrently characterize somatic alterations and expression changes in a biopsy and delineate HPV integration at base resolution in cervical cancer. Further sequencing will allow us to better understand the molecular basis of cervical cancer pathogenesis.
Vibration Analysis of a Floating Roof Taking Into Account the Nonlinearity of Sloshing

The vibration of a floating roof hydroelastically coupled with nonlinear sloshing is analyzed. influences of the nonlinearity of sloshing on the magnitude of stresses arising in a floating roof are investigated. Numerical results show that (i) neglecting the nonlinearity of sloshing significantly underestimates the magnitude of the stresses, even when the nonlinear effect is small for the roof displacement; and (ii) the underestimation associated with the use of the linear approximation becomes more marked with the decrease in the liquid depth. The reasons for these results are explained based on the fact that in the nonlinear sloshing, the modal component with circumferential wave number 2 is excited.
Thinning of the ozone layer: Facts and consequences

The ozone layer is showing small but definite signs of depletion. Despite this, significantly increased UV radiation transmission at ground level has been found only in the Antarctic and Arctic regions. The potential for increased transmission of UV radiation will exist for the next several hundred years. Although little damage from increased UV radiation has occurred so far, the potential for long-term problems is great. The natural history of ozone and the causes and consequences of, and possible solutions to ozone depletion are examined in this article.
Epigenetics online: multimedia teaching resources.

The Human Genome Project, declared complete in 2003, elucidated the sequence of our genome. Researchers are now learning that another level of information—the epigenome—controls gene expression in part by controlling access to DNA. The gene-reading machinery is blocked when methyl molecules bind to DNA or histones. Conversely, when acetyl molecules bind to histones, DNA becomes less tightly wound and genes become available for transcription. The pattern of these chemical tags can be copied across cell divisions and may even be passed on to an individual's offspring. However, because acetylation and methylation are driven by cell signals, the epigenome is dynamic, enabling it to respond to the environment. Thus, epigenetic tags in a cell lineage can change over the course of an individual's lifetime, even leading to differences between identical twins. This feature focuses on multimedia resources that can be used in teaching epigenetics at the undergraduate and secondary level; several hands-on activities also are included.
Optical Imaging of Steady Flow in a Phantom Model of Iliac Artery Stenosis: Comparison of CFD Simulations with PIV Measurements ∗

A flexible flow phantom system was designed and fabricated for the purpose of validation of i) CFD models proposed in conjunction with vascular imaging and ii) medical imaging techniques (such as MRI) that can produce flow velocities. In particular, one of the most challenging flows for both CFD models when modeling flow velocities and imaging techniques when measuring flow velocities are stenotic flows. Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) is an optical technique for accurate measurement of in-vitro flow velocities and visualization of fluid flow. The fluid is seeded with tracer particles and the motion of the particles, illuminated with a laser light sheet, reveal particle velocities. Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) was used to measure the flow fields across a Gaussian-shaped 90% area stenosis phantom. The flow parameters were adjusted to the phantom geometry to mimic the blood flow through the human common iliac artery. In addition, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulation of the same flow was performed and the results were validated with those from PIV measurements. Steady flow rate of 46.9 ml/s was used, which corresponds to a Reynolds number of 188 and 595 at the inlet and stenosis throat, respectively. A maximum discrepancy of 15% in peak velocity was observed between the two techniques.
Computational Analysis of the Regulation of EGFR by Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases

The tyrosine phosphorylated epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) initiates numerous cell signaling pathways. Although EGFR phosphorylation levels are ultimately determined by the balance of receptor kinase and protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) activities, the kinetics of EGFR dephosphorylation are not well understood. Previous models of EGFR signaling have generally neglected PTP activity or computed PTP activity by considering data that do not fully reveal the kinetics and compartmentalization of EGFR dephosphorylation. We developed a compartmentalized, mechanistic model to elucidate the kinetics of EGFR dephosphorylation and the coupling of this process to phosphorylation-dependent EGFR endocytosis. Model regression against data from HeLa cells for EGFR phosphorylation response to EGFR activation, PTP inhibition, and EGFR kinase inhibition led to the conclusion that EGFR dephosphorylation occurs at the plasma membrane and in the cell interior with a timescale that is smaller than that for ligand-mediated EGFR endocytosis. The model further predicted that sufficiently rapid dephosphorylation of EGFR at the plasma membrane could potentially impede EGFR endocytosis, consistent with recent experimental findings. Overall, our results suggest that PTPs regulate multiple receptor-level phenomena via their action at the plasma membrane and cell interior and point to new possibilities for targeting PTPs for modulation of EGFR dynamics.
Modeling the effects of Deep Brain Stimulation on sensorimotor cortex in normal and MPTP conditions

Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) is an effective surgical therapy for the treatment of movement disorders in Parkinson's disease (PD) and other neurological pathologies. DBS is known to modulate the spiking activity of the neurons within the basal ganglia, but how such modulation impacts the primary sensorimotor cortex is still uncertain. In this study a monkey was stimulated with DBS at several frequencies in the subthalamic nucleus (STN) before and after treatment with 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) to develop PD symptoms, while single unit recordings are simultaneously obtained from the sensorimotor cortex. We exploit such data to develop point-process input-output models of the cortical neurons. Our models describe the effects of stimulation in normal and MPTP conditions and investigate the influence of the stimulation frequency on the neuronal activity. Our models show increased synchronization of the cortical neurons in MPTP vs. normal conditions before stimulation, suggest that STN DBS impacts the cortical activity by antidromically eliciting spikes at the stimulation frequency, and support the hypothesis that high frequency DBS partially masks the effects of thalamo-cortical input.
Derivation of non-infectious envelope proteins from virions isolated from plasma negative for HIV antibodies

Natural membrane-bound HIV-1 envelope proteins (mHIVenv) could be used to produce an effective subunit vaccine against HIV infection, akin to effective vaccination against HBV infection using the hepatitis B surface antigen. The quaternary structure of mHIVenv is postulated to elicit broadly neutralizing antibodies protective against HIV-1 transmission. The founder virus transmitted to infected individuals during acute HIV-1 infection is genetically homogeneous and restricted to CCR5-tropic phenotype. Therefore, isolates of plasma-derived HIV-1 (PHIV) from infected blood donors while negative for antibodies to HIV proteins were selected for expansion in primary lymphocytes as an optimized cell substrate (OCS). Virions in the culture supernatants were purified by removing contaminating microvesicles using immunomagnetic beads coated with anti-CD45. Membrane cholesterol was extracted from purified virions with beta-cyclodextrin to permeabilize them and expel p24, RT and viral RNA, and permit protease-free Benzonase to hydrolyze the residual viral/host DNA/RNA without loss of gp120. The resultant mHIVenv, containing gp120 bound to native gp41 in immunoreactive form, was free from infectivity in vitro in co-cultures with OCS and in vivo after inoculating SCID-hu Thy/Liv mice. These data should help development of mHIVenv as a virally safe immunogen and enable preparation of polyclonal hyper-immune globulins for immunoprophylaxis against HIV-1 infection.
Rotation energies for deuterated H+3 oscillators in zero-point states of vibration

Abstract Previous ab initio studies of deuterated H+3 molecular ions are extended to include rotational modes for the zero-point states of vibration. Rotation energies are obtained using direct numerical diagonalization of vibration—rotation hamiltonian matrices, and nuclear wavefunctions as superpositions of mode-coupled anharmonic rotationless vibrators and related prolate symmetric top eigenfunctions. Relevance to recent searches for interstellar H2D+ is noted.
Primary Cutaneous Fungal Infection after Solid-Organ Transplantation: Report of Five Cases and Review

Solid-organ transplant recipients who are receiving immunosuppressive therapy are at increased risk of acquiring opportunistic infections, particularly fungal infections. We present the cases of five liver transplant recipients who developed primary cutaneous opportunistic fungal infections that remained localized to the skin. These cases are compared with 27 previously reported cases of primary cutaneous fungal infections. In these previously reported cases, administration of systemic antifungal medications, including amphotericin B, ketoconazole, griseofulvin, and miconazole, resulted in a 71% survival rate. Medical and surgical therapy together resulted in an 86% survival rate, and surgical excision resulted in a 100% survival rate. Thus, regardless of the age of the patient, type of immunosuppressive therapy, clinical presentation, or organisms involved, surgical excision yielded the highest cure rate. When possible, surgical excision should be performed on solid-organ transplant recipients who acquire opportunistic fungal infections.
Valve reconstruction procedures for nonobstructive venous insufficiency: Rationale, techniques, and results in 107 procedures with two- to eight-year follow-up ☆

Abstract Among 211 limbs with nonobstructive chronic venous insufficiency, valve reflux of the deep system was the predominant (more than 70%) pathologic condition. Superficial venous or perforator incompetence when present invariably occurred in combination with valve reflux of the deep veins, suggesting that the latter is a common denominator for symptom production. Single level—single system reflux was only occasionally symptomatic (10%), whereas the incidence of single level—multisystem reflux (25%) and multilevel-multisystem reflux (65%) in symptomatic limbs was much higher. Our experience with 107 venous valve reconstructions with a 2- to 8-year follow-up is described. Different techniques of valve reconstruction employed are detailed. The most common pathologic feature is a redundant valve with malcoaptation probably of nonthrombotic origin. Valsalva foot venous pressure elevation is a useful hemodynamic technique for assessing surgical results. Valvuloplasty may be superior to other reconstruction techniques in relieving symptoms of stasis, including stasis ulceration. (J VASC SURG 1988;7:301-10.)
Ranking of laminates for edge delamination resistance

Abstract Edge delamination is a problem of some concern in laminated fibre composites. In the present study, energy release rates for potential edge delamination propagation are calculated using finite element techniques, for various stacking sequences of quasi-isotropic laminates under tension loading. Gap elements are included in the calculations to prevent non-physical material interpenetration that can occur in calculations. The results permit a ranking of stacking sequences based on minimizing the energy release rate. Experiments show that the newer, high toughness resin systems are effective in reducing strength loss associated with edge delamination under monotonic loading.
Polymerase chain reaction-based species verification and microsatellite analysis for canine cell line validation.

Cell line cross-contamination as well as genetic drift during passaging have been acknowledged as widespread problems since the 1960s. Improper cell line identification can invalidate results and, if not discovered, pollute the scientific community’s body of knowledge with regard to cancer cell lines, their gene expression, and their drug susceptibilities. Despite the obvious need, validation of cell line identity is not yet widely required, and the problem persists. A highly sensitive polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based approach and short tandem repeat (STR) profiling were used to examine the prevalence of inter- and intraspecies cell line contamination in a veterinary research setting. First, 60 cell lines from 6 laboratories were tested with multiplex species-specific PCR capable of identifying 6 commonly used species. Of these, 3 were determined to be misidentified by species. Second, to identify intraspecies contamination among canine cancer cell lines, 29 canine lines from 3 different laboratories...
Keyboard Arrangements and Original Compositions

between bks. IV and V he inserts nine original organ 1 compositions (13 pages). He prefaces these with the promise that all the required accidentals have been included 2 (from fols. 114–120). Actually, he does omit the necessary flats in alto and bass at mm. 503 and 553 of the “true sixth mode” piece (fols. 116v.–117), as well as the necessary sharp in the tenor at meas. 573. Sharps are needed at mm. 383 (alto) and 534 (tenor) of the “eighth mode” piece (fols. 117v.–118). But he does come remarkably close to redeeming his promise.3 All nine pieces were specifically composed for keyboard, he says at fol. 113v. That this was so can be readily proved by looking at the two lower parts of Ave maris stella (fol. 114), mm. 81, 113–4, 151; of the “eighth mode” piece at meas. 551; of the “fourth mode” at mm. 403, 554; of the “true sixth” at mm. 341, 391–2, 401, 521–3, 582; and of Pange lingua at meas. 201. In each of these places the bass goes lower than Spanish basses were ever required to sing. The distance from bass to tenor is a tenth which must be taken in the left hand alone but which is easily possible because of the short octave. He also prescribes over a dozen unvocal melodic intervals. No less than eight are mandatory augmented seconds (“first mode with touches of the fourth” [fols. 114v.–115], mm. 10–11 and 43–44, altus; “fourth mode” [fols. 115v.–116], mm. 10 and 12, cantus; “true sixth mode” [fols. 116v.–117], mm. 9 and 39, altus; 22, basis; 57, cantus. What is more, he prescribes five arrant chromaticisms (Conditor alme siderum, meas. 10 [altus], “true sixth mode,” mm. 9 [cantus], 19 [altus], Vexilla regis, meas. 27 [altus], Veni Creator, meas. 12 [altus]).
Fuzzy object oriented design approaches to systems development

The potential for addressing problems of uncertainty and nonstationarity in systems design using object-oriented representational techniques is considered. The author investigates cases where object instances are not presumed to be members of object classes with certainty; rather, they have a probability distribution over the set of available object classes. Other characteristics of object-oriented representational techniques are presumed to be carried over intact. The objective is the creation of more robust and adaptable design methodologies. It is shown that certain troublesome concepts in traditional information systems specification, such as the effect of a complex or unstable organizational structure and the application of internal controls, are simplified in a fuzzy object-oriented representational approach. >
Replacement rates may vary for amalgam versus nonmetal restorations.

Article Title and Bibliographic Information Prevalence and incidence of caries lesions in relation to placement and replacement of fillings: a longitudinal observational radiographic study of an adult Danish population. Kirkevang LL, Vaeth M, et al. Caries Res 2009;43:286-93 . Reviewer Eleni D. Roumanas, DDS Purpose/Question Is there a difference in caries incidence and in the frequency of replacement of amalgam verses nonmetal restorations? Source of Funding Information not available Type of Study/Design Cohort study Level of Evidence Level 2: Limited-quality, patient-oriented evidence Strength of Recommendation Grade Not applicable
The human central nervous system needs time to organize task-specific covariation of finger forces.

We studied how the central nervous system (CNS) organizes outputs of effectors in a redundant motor task. During four-finger ramp force production, finger forces show positive covariations across trials at low forces, which turn into negative covariations at a critical force value (FCR). Subjects performed such tasks with different target amplitudes and durations of the ramp. FCR showed significant linear relations to the rate of force change. The slopes of the relations varied across subjects corresponding to a critical time (TCR) ranging from 0.13 to 0.84 s. Across subjects, TCR showed no relation to maximal force production; TCR increased with the ramp duration. We conclude that the CNS needs a certain time to organize stabilization of total force by a negative covariation among finger forces. q 2003 Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd.
Subsequence principles for vector-valued random variables

1. Introduction. Revesz(8) has shown that if (fn) is a sequence of random variables, bounded in L2, there exists a subsequence (fnk) and a random variable f in L2 such that converges almost surely whenever . Komlos(5) has shown that if (fn) is a sequence of random variables, bounded in L1, then there is a subsequence (A*) with the property that the Cesaro averages of any subsequence converge almost surely. Subsequently Chatterji(2) showed that if (fn) is bounded in LP (where 0 < p ≤ 2) then there is a subsequence (gk) = (fnk) and f in Lp such thatalmost surely for every sub-subsequence. All of these results are examples of subsequence principles: a sequence of random variables, satisfying an appropriate moment condition, has a subsequence which satisfies some property enjoyed by sequences of independent identically distributed random variables. Recently Aldous(1), using tightness arguments, has shown that for a general class of properties such a subsequence principle holds: in particular, the results listed above are all special cases of Aldous' principal result.
A Diffusion Tensor Imaging Tractography Algorithm Based on Navier–Stokes Fluid Mechanics

We introduce a fluid mechanics based tractography method for estimating the most likely connection paths between points in diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) volumes. We customize the Navier-Stokes equations to include information from the diffusion tensor and simulate an artificial fluid flow through the DTI image volume. We then estimate the most likely connection paths between points in the DTI volume using a metric derived from the fluid velocity vector field. We validate our algorithm using digital DTI phantoms based on a helical shape. Our method segmented the structure of the phantom with less distortion than was produced using implementations of heat-based partial differential equation (PDE) and streamline based methods. In addition, our method was able to successfully segment divergent and crossing fiber geometries, closely following the ideal path through a digital helical phantom in the presence of multiple crossing tracts. To assess the performance of our algorithm on anatomical data, we applied our method to DTI volumes from normal human subjects. Our method produced paths that were consistent with both known anatomy and directionally encoded color images of the DTI dataset.
The Placenta as a Research Biospecimen

The placenta provides a unique opportunity to study the prenatal environment of the fetus to better understand subsequent infant and child health and illness. In this article we describe the role of the placenta as a research biospecimen, including placental morphology and cytokine biomarkers. Because of the role of the placenta in contemporary research, members of the perinatal health care team involved in birth have an important role in advancing science.
The Complement Inhibitors Crry and Factor H Are Critical for Preventing Autologous Complement Activation on Renal Tubular Epithelial Cells

Congenital and acquired deficiencies of complement regulatory proteins are associated with pathologic complement activation in several renal diseases. To elucidate the mechanisms by which renal tubular epithelial cells (TECs) control the complement system, we examined the expression of complement regulatory proteins by the cells. We found that Crry is the only membrane-bound complement regulator expressed by murine TECs, and its expression is concentrated on the basolateral surface. Consistent with the polarized localization of Crry, less complement activation was observed when the basolateral surface of TECs was exposed to serum than when the apical surface was exposed. Furthermore, greater complement activation occurred when the basolateral surface of TECs from Crry(-/-)fB(-/-) mice was exposed to normal serum compared with TECs from wild-type mice. Complement activation on the apical and basolateral surfaces was also greater when factor H, an alternative pathway regulatory protein found in serum, was blocked from interacting with the cells. Finally, we injected Crry(-/-)fB(-/-) and Crry(+/+)fB(-/-) mice with purified factor B (an essential protein of the alternative pathway). Spontaneous complement activation was seen on the tubules of Crry(-/-)fB(-/-) mice after injection with factor B, and the mice developed acute tubular injury. These studies indicate that factor H and Crry regulate complement activation on the basolateral surface of TECs and that factor H regulates complement activation on the apical surface. However, congenital deficiency of Crry or reduced expression of the protein on the basolateral surface of injured cells permits spontaneous complement activation and tubular injury.
A Brief Historical Overview of the Past Two Decades of Soy and Isoflavone Research

During the past 20 years, a remarkable amount of research into the health effects of soy consumption has been conducted, which in large part can be attributed to the presence of isoflavones in the soybean. Isoflavones first came to the attention of the scientific community in the 1940s because of fertility problems observed in sheep grazing on a type of isoflavone-rich clover. In the 1950s, as a result of their estrogenic effects in rodents, isoflavones were studied as possible growth promoters for use by the animal feed industry, although shortly thereafter, it was shown that isoflavones could also function as antiestrogens. Despite this early work, it was not until the 1990s, largely because of research sponsored by the U.S. National Cancer Institute, that the role of soyfoods in disease prevention began to receive widespread attention. Subsequently, isoflavones and soyfoods were being studied for their ability to alleviate hot flashes and inhibit bone loss in postmenopausal women. In 1995, soy protein attracted worldwide attention for its ability to lower cholesterol. At this same time, isoflavones began to be widely discussed as potential alternatives to conventional hormone therapy. In 2002, it was hypothesized that individuals possessing the intestinal bacteria capable of converting the soybean isoflavone daidzein into the isoflavan equol were more likely to benefit from soy intake. More recently, in vitro and animal research has raised questions about the safety of isoflavone exposure for certain subsets of the population, although the human data are largely inconsistent with these concerns.
Analytical estimation of transition activity for DSP architectures

We present an analytical method to estimate the average number of transitions, T, for a given DSP architecture. First, an exact relation between the transition activity, probability, and autocorrelation for a 1-bit signal is derived. Next, we estimate word-level signal transition activity using word-level signal statistics, the signal generation model, and the signal encoding. Input signal statistics are propagated through the DSP operators in a system and then employed to estimate T. Simulations with filters result in errors in T between 1% and 12%. Also, the transpose form is shown to have fewer signal transitions than the direct form for the same input.
Role of Radiology for Imaging and Biopsy of Solitary Pulmonary Nodules

Both imaging and image-directed biopsy play a major role inevaluating solitary pulmonary nodules. Imaging is used to determinewhether the nodule is actually solitary or if multiple nodules arepresent. Once a nodule has been detected, imaging techniques can beused to characterize the nodule in terms of whether it is likely benignor malignant. As technology has improved, smaller nodules are now moreeasily detected, which may create a management dilemma. With the adventof video-assisted thoracoscopic techniques, however, sampling of theselesions has become much easier. Once a solitary pulmonary nodule isdetected, image-guided biopsy is often considered, which can beundertaken using CT or fluoroscopy. Technical limitations, the locationof the solitary pulmonary nodules, and clinical conditions must beconsidered when determining the role of image-guided biopsy. Otherconcerns include the role of on-site cytology and the use of morerecent technical advances. Image-guided biopsy should be used aspart of a multimodality approach to patient management, and decisionsshould be discussed with the radiologist and other caregivers todetermine the cost-effectiveness and safety of the procedure for eachpatient.
Experimental observation and statistics of multipath from terrain with application to overland height finding

Data is presented from an airborne experiment designed to evaluate electromagnetic pulse scattering from a variety of terrain types for the application of overland height finding. The one-way propagation data was collected at ultrahigh frequency (UHF) and very high frequency (VHF) frequencies using a 3-MHz pulsed CW signal with the radars mounted on two aircraft. A statistical analysis of the data shows that the probability of a detectable ground reflection and the strength of that reflection vary as a function of the terrain roughness. We introduce a broad-band synthesis technique in which Fourier theory is used to generate a time-domain response from a CW propagation model. Results from this technique agree well with the experimental observations, but the lack of detailed terrain information does not allow exact reproduction of the fine details.
Assessing the integrity of motivational interviewing interventions: Reliability of the motivational interviewing skills code

The motivational interviewing skills code (MISC) was used to review 86 audiotaped interactions between clinicians and patients participating in a smoking cessation intervention. Intraclass correlations (ICCs) were completed for two of the MISC elements: global evaluations and behavior counts. Results indicate 75% of the global ratings yielded ICCs in the good to excellent range, while only 44% of the behavior counts yielded this level of accuracy. Adherence scores were created to form overall ratings of clinician adherence to using motivational interviewing and 80% of these competence measures yielded ICCs in the good to excellent range. Specific recommendations regarding modifications for the MISC are suggested based on the data presented.
An iteratively refined distillation line method

The focus of this article is distillation design feasibility. It is shown that existing methods for determining feasibility can give incorrect results or produce feasible designs that waste energy due to over-specification and mass balance errors. An iterative refinement procedure based on direct substitution is proposed within the distillation line method of Lucia et al. that automatically adjusts one product composition to determine feasibility. Direct substitution equations are presented in detail and 14 literature examples are used to illustrate the efficacy of iterative refinement. Numerical results show that iterative refinement can find feasible designs that other methods cannot find, often resulting in significant reductions in energy requirements, and that it is all product compositions, not just trace compositions that affect most shortcut methods for distillation design. Iterative refinement can also find minimum energy requirements and identify sets of specifications that give infeasible designs. V C 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 57: 2164–2173, 2011
Looking Closely at Medusa: Star-forming Knots at the Center of NGC 4194*

We report high-resolution ultraviolet and visible-wavelength imaging of the blue compact galaxy NGC 4194 (the Medusa) using the Hubble Space Telescope. A complete sample of 38 UV-bright knots is identified. These knots produce 20% of the ultraviolet emission from the area of the galaxy observed. The bright end of the knot flux distribution can be fitted by a power law with exponent α = -1.47 ± 0.27. The complete flux distribution is Gaussian. Comparison with starburst evolutionary tracks indicates that two-thirds of the knots are younger than 20 Myr. There is one concentration of very young knots less than 5 Myr old. The knot masses are large, comparable to those found in other major merger galaxies. The mass distribution is a power law with exponent -1.85 ± 0.24. The difference between the far-ultraviolet flux distribution and the mass distribution can be understood by the rapid decrease in a knot's far-ultraviolet flux due to stellar evolution. The star formation rate calculated from knots younger than 20 Myr is ~6 M⊙ yr-1, suggesting that the star formation rate throughout the galaxy may be as high as 30 M⊙ yr-1. Estimates of knot stability suggest that at least half the knots are bound protoclusters and will become globular clusters in several gigayears. The location and masses of individual star-forming regions in NGC 4194 and the rate of star formation are typical of major merger galaxies.
Telomere binding of checkpoint sensor and DNA repair proteins contributes to maintenance of functional fission yeast telomeres.

Telomeres, the ends of linear chromosomes, are DNA double-strand ends that do not trigger a cell cycle arrest and yet require checkpoint and DNA repair proteins for maintenance. Genetic and biochemical studies in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe were undertaken to understand how checkpoint and DNA repair proteins contribute to telomere maintenance. On the basis of telomere lengths of mutant combinations of various checkpoint-related proteins (Rad1, Rad3, Rad9, Rad17, Rad26, Hus1, Crb2, Chk1, Cds1), Tel1, a telomere-binding protein (Taz1), and DNA repair proteins (Ku70, Rad32), we conclude that Rad3/Rad26 and Tel1/Rad32 represent two pathways required to maintain telomeres and prevent chromosome circularization. Rad1/Rad9/Hus1/Rad17 and Ku70 are two additional epistasis groups, which act in the Rad3/Rad26 pathway. However, Rad3/Rad26 must have additional target(s), as cells lacking Tel1/Rad32, Rad1/Rad9/Hus1/Rad17, and Ku70 groups did not circularize chromosomes. Cells lacking Rad3/Rad26 and Tel1/Rad32 senesced faster than a telomerase trt1 Δ mutant, suggesting that these pathways may contribute to telomere protection. Deletion of taz1 did not suppress chromosome circularization in cells lacking Rad3/Rad26 and Tel1/Rad32, also suggesting that two pathways protect telomeres. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analyses found that Rad3, Rad1, Rad9, Hus1, Rad17, Rad32, and Ku70 associate with telomeres. Thus, checkpoint sensor and DNA repair proteins contribute to telomere maintenance and protection through their association with telomeres.
A simian virus 5 (SV5) P/V mutant is less cytopathic than wild-type SV5 in human dendritic cells and is a more effective activator of dendritic cell maturation and function.

Human epithelial cells infected with the parainfluenza virus simian virus 5 (SV5) show minimal activation of host cell interferon (IFN), cytokine, and cell death pathways. In contrast, a recombinant SV5 P/V gene mutant (rSV5P/V-CPI) overexpresses viral gene products and is a potent inducer of IFN, proinflammatory cytokines, and apoptosis in these cells. In this study, we have compared the outcomes of wild-type (WT) SV5 and rSV5-P/V-CPI infections of primary human dendritic cells (DC), important antigen-presenting cells for initiating adaptive immune responses. We have tested the hypothesis that a P/V mutant which activates host antiviral responses will be a more potent inducer of DC maturation and function than WT rSV5, which suppresses host cell responses. Infection of peripheral blood mononuclear cell-derived immature DC with WT rSV5 resulted in high levels of viral protein and progeny virus but very little increase in cell surface costimulatory molecules or secretion of IFN and proinflammatory cytokines. In contrast, immature DC infected with the rSV5-P/V-CPI mutant produced only low levels of viral protein and progeny virus, but these infected cells were induced to secrete IFN- and other cytokines and showed elevated levels of maturation markers. Unexpectedly, DC infected with WT rSV5 showed extensive cytopathic effects and increased levels of active caspase-3, while infection of DC with the P/V mutant was largely noncytopathic. In mixed-culture assays, WT rSV5-infected DC were impaired in the ability to stimulate proliferation of autologous CD4 T cells, whereas DC infected with the P/V mutant were very effective at activating T-cell proliferation. The addition of a pancaspase inhibitor to DC infected with WT rSV5 reduced cytopathic effects and resulted in higher surface expression levels of maturation markers. Our finding that the SV5 P/V mutant has both a reduced cytopathic effect in human DC compared to WT SV5 and an enhanced ability to induce DC function has implications for the rational design of novel recombinant paramyxovirus vectors based on engineered mutations in the viral P/V gene.
Influence of sex differences on microRNA gene regulation in disease

Sexual dimorphism is observed in most human diseases. The difference in the physiology and genetics between sexes can contribute tremendously to the disease prevalence, severity, and outcome. Both hormonal and genetic differences between males and females can lead to differences in gene expression patterns that can influence disease risk and course. MicroRNAs have emerged as potential regulatory molecules in all organisms. They can have a broad effect on every aspect of physiology, including embryogenesis, metabolism, and growth and development. Numerous microRNAs have been identified and elucidated to play a key role in cardiovascular diseases, as well as in neurological and autoimmune disorders. This is especially important as microRNA-based tools can be exploited as beneficial therapies for disease treatment and prevention. Sex steroid hormones as well as X-linked genes can have a considerable influence on the regulation of microRNAs. However, there are very few studies highlighting the role of microRNAs in sex biased diseases. This review attempts to summarize differentially regulated microRNAs in males versus females in different diseases and calls for more attention in this underexplored area that should set the basis for more effective therapeutic strategies for sexually dimorphic diseases.