cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
THE SOUTHERN CULTURE OF HONOR AND VIOLENT ATTITUDES

ABSTRACT Research on subcultures of violence has mostly focused on the existence of a Southern subculture of violence or a black subculture of violence. Recent theorizing on this topic has addressed many of the deficiencies in this literature and has reframed the issue by developing the notion of a Culture of Honor. Specifically, this perspective argues that if there is a subculture of violence in the U.S., it is most prevalent among Southern white males from rural areas. This study is designed to partially explore the veracity of these claims. Our analysis of GSS data reveals that Southern white males from rural areas are more approving of violence only under certain conditions, some of which may be construed as defensive in nature, and all of which have moderate to low approval ratings to begin with. In other words, when given scenarios in which the overall approval rate from the American public is high, this group is indistinguishable. But when given scenarios where overall approval is moderate to low,...
Combining means-end chain analysis and the Portrait Value Questionnaire to research the influence of personal values on food choice

Abstract Personal values can be measured using quantitative or qualitative methods. This paper aims to investigate the attribute-consequence-value patterns collected from means-end chain analysis and to examine their relationship to personal value domains from Schwartz value theory measured through the use of the Portrait Value Questionnaire. The study was performed on two product categories, potato chips and orange juice, in which two value segments of opposing value domains were found, Conservatism and Openness to change clusters. There was consistency between means-end chain analysis results and the expected traits of the value domains. The Conservatism cluster embracing security, tradition, and conformity values sought financial security through saving money by paying more attention to price and selected familiar brands in order to avoid risks of spending extra money. The Openness to change cluster, which embraced hedonism and stimulation values, emphasized attaining pleasure and enjoyment in life through various consequences that branched out from a number of sensory product attributes. This study illustrates the compatibility between the two instruments. The use of means-end chain analysis confirmed Schwartz’s definition of values as guiding behavior, and that values are ordered by relative importance.
Unconventional Schemes for a Class of Ordinary Differential Equations-With Applications to the Korteweg-de Vries Equation

An unconventional numerical method for solving a restrictive and yet often-encountered class of ordinary differential equations is proposed. The method has a crucial, what we callreflexive, property and requires solving one linear system per time-step, but is second-order accurate. A systematical and easily implementable scheme is proposed to enhance the computational efficiency of such methods whenever needed. Applications are reported on how the idea can be applied to solve the Korteweg?de Vries Equation discretized in space.
Unitary Models of Nuclear Resonance Reactions

While most reaction theories are formally flux conserving, the kinds of models and approximations used to specify the $S$ matrix for resonance reaction processes are often of doubtful unitarity, particularly in the overlapping resonance region. To investigate the consequences of unitarity in this domain, several classes of simple analytically specified unitary $S$ matrices are constructed by means of $R$-matrix models having various periodic arrangements of poles and residues. The resulting reaction amplitudes have a variety of fluctuating resonance spacings and widths as well as nonresonant direct terms and up to three competing channels. Relationships between resonance parameters, channel transmission coefficients, average cross sections, and cross-section fluctuations are discussed. It is found that contrary to common belief unitarity imposes no restriction on the average ratio of channel width to resonance spacing. In all models investigated having no direct coupling between channels, the transmission coefficients are given by ${T}_{c}=1\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{exp}(\ensuremath{-}\frac{2\ensuremath{\pi}{\overline{\ensuremath{\Gamma}}}_{c}}{D})$. Localized structure in the resonance parameters is investigated, and the effects of a single strong $R$-matrix pole are compared with those of a "giant-resonance" distribution of $R$-matrix pole strength. In this way, the shapes of both Robson's analog resonances and Feshbach's doorway state resonances are derived in a different dynamical context. Direct scattering and reaction amplitudes are found to be strongly correlated with resonance amplitudes. Thus, for example, two channels coupled by a direct reaction have correlated resonance width amplitudes, and the pole terms of the resonance reaction amplitude coupling them have a nonzero average. Evidence is found that unitarity imposes resonance-resonance correlations, and these in turn affect the relation between average resonance parameters and average cross sections and even more between these and cross-section fluctuations.
Residuated frames with applications to decidability

Residuated frames provide relational semantics for substructural logics and are a natural generalization of Kripke frames in intuitionistic and modal logic, and of phase spaces in linear logic. We explore the connection between Gentzen systems and residuated frames and illustrate how frames provide a uniform treatment for semantic proofs of cut-elimination, the finite model property and the finite embeddability property. We use our results to prove the decidability of the equational and/or universal theory of several varieties of residuated lattice-ordered groupoids, including the variety of involutive
Growth of optic tract axons in nerve grafts in hamsters

Segments of peripheral nerve, transplanted to the brain or spinal cord, recently have been shown to support regeneration of axons from a variety of central neurons. However, long-tract axons, injured at considerable distances from their cell bodies, have proven refractory to such regenerative support. This report presents evidence for successful, although similarly limited, growth of retinal ganglion cell axons into peripheral nerve grafts placed in the optic tract of adult hamsters. The demonstration of such growth allows the possibility that the primary visual pathways may serve as an advantageous model system in which to study the mechanism of graft-effected regeneration of long-tract axons in the adult mammalian central nervous system.
Utilization of turkey manure as granular activated carbon: Physical, chemical and adsorptive properties

The high availability of large quantities of turkey manure generated from turkey production makes it an attractive feedstock for carbon production. Pelletized samples of turkey litter and cake were converted to granular activated carbons (GACs) by steam activation. Water flow rate and activation time were changed to produce a range of activation conditions. The GACs were characterized for select physical (yield, surface area, bulk density, attrition), chemical (pH, surface charge) and adsorptive properties (copper ion uptake). Carbon physical and adsorptive properties were dependent on activation time and quantity of steam used as activant. Yields varied from 23% to 37%, surface area varied from 248 to 472 m(2)/g and copper ion adsorption varied from 0.72 to 1.86 mmol Cu(2+)/g carbon. Copper ion adsorption greatly exceeded the values for two commercial GACs. GACs from turkey litter and cake show considerable potential to remove metal ions from water.
Segment-Based Eyring−NRTL Viscosity Model for Mixtures Containing Polymers

A multicomponent liquid mixture viscosity model based on the Eyring and nonrandom two-liquid (NRTL) theories was recently presented and evaluated over the entire concentration range using data from several polymer−solvent systems. In this paper, the original component-based Eyring−NRTL viscosity model is transformed to a segment-based Eyring−NRTL viscosity model for polymer−solvent and polymer−polymer systems. The segment-based approach provides a more physically realistic model for large molecules when diffusion and flow is viewed to occur by a sequence of individual segment jumps into vacancies rather than jumps of the entire large molecule. Evaluation of a segment-based Eyring−NRTL model with polyisobutylene−isooctane mixture viscosity data demonstrates an improvement in the correlation capability over the Mn range of 900−1 200 000. Additional evaluations with polystyrene in styrene, poly(ethylene glycol) in oxolane (THF), poly(dimethylsiloxane)s in pentamer, and poly(dimethylsiloxane) blends provide f...
Verification of a source-oriented externally mixed air quality model during a severe photochemical smog episode

Abstract The CIT/UCD three-dimensional source-oriented externally mixed air quality model is tested during a severe photochemical smog episode (Los Angeles, 7–9 September 1993) using two different chemical mechanisms that describe the formation of ozone and secondary reaction products. The first chemical mechanism is the secondary organic aerosol mechanism (SOAM) that is based on SAPRC90 with extensions to describe the formation of condensable organic products. The second chemical mechanism is the caltech atmospheric chemistry mechanism (CACM) that is based on SAPRC99 with more detailed treatment of organic oxidation products. The predicted ozone concentrations from the CIT/UCD/SOAM and the CIT/UCD/CACM models agree well with the observations made at most monitoring sites with a mean normalized error of approximately 0.4–0.5. Good agreement is generally found between the predicted and measured NOx concentrations except during morning rush hours of 6–10 am when NOx concentrations are under-predicted at most locations. Total VOC concentrations predicted by the two chemical mechanisms agree reasonably well with the observations at three of the four sites where measurements were made. Gas-phase concentrations of phenolic compounds and benzaldehyde predicted by the UCD/CIT/CACM model are higher than the measured concentrations whereas the predicted concentrations of other aromatic compounds approximately agree with the measured values. The fine airborne particulate matter mass concentrations (PM2.5) predicted by the UCD/CIT/SOAM and UCD/CIT/CACM models are slightly greater than the observed values during evening hours and lower than observed values during morning rush hours. The evening over-predictions are driven by an excess of nitrate, ammonium ion and sulfate. The UCD/CIT/CACM model predicts higher nighttime concentrations of gaseous precursors leading to the formation of particulate nitrate than the UCD/CIT/SOAM model. Elemental carbon and total organic mass are under-predicted by both models during morning rush hour periods. When this latter finding is combined with the NOx under-predictions that occur at the same time, it suggests a systematic bias in the diesel engine emissions inventory. The mass of particulate total organic carbon is under-predicted by both the UCD/CIT/SOAM and UCD/CIT/CACM models during afternoon hours. Elemental carbon concentrations generally agree with the observations at this time. Both the UCD/CIT/SOAM and UCD/CIT/CACM models predict low concentrations of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) (
Reconstitution of the RIG-I Pathway Reveals a Signaling Role of Unanchored Polyubiquitin Chains in Innate Immunity

RIG-I detects invading viral RNA and activates the transcription factors NF-kappaB and IRF3 through the mitochondrial protein MAVS. Here we show that RNA bearing 5'-triphosphate strongly activates the RIG-I-IRF3 signaling cascade in a reconstituted system composed of RIG-I, mitochondria, and cytosol. Activation of RIG-I requires not only RNA but also polyubiquitin chains linked through lysine 63 (K63) of ubiquitin. RIG-I binds specifically to K63-polyubiquitin chains through its tandem CARD domains in a manner that depends on RNA and ATP. Mutations in the CARD domains that abrogate ubiquitin binding also impair RIG-I activation. Remarkably, unanchored K63-ubiquitin chains, which are not conjugated to any target protein, potently activate RIG-I. These ubiquitin chains function as an endogenous ligand of RIG-I in human cells. Our results delineate the mechanism of RIG-I activation, identify CARD domains as a ubiquitin sensor, and demonstrate that unanchored K63-polyubiquitin chains are signaling molecules in antiviral innate immunity.
Synthesis of the first 1,3-ditellurole-containing radialene-type TTF derivatives.

The first synthesis of dendralene-type TTF derivatives bearing a 1,3-ditellurole ring has been achieved. Preliminary electrochemical results are presented.
Application of Gegenbauer integration techniques to virtual annihilation processes

It is shown that the Gegenbauer or hyperspherical approach to the evaluation of integrals encountered in quantum electrodynamics can be used to great advantage in annihilation processes.
The proton and carbon chemical shift assignments of 2-substituted thioxanthones

The complete proton and carbon chemical shift assignments have been made for thioxanthone, 2-fluorothioxanthone, 2-chlorothioxanthone, 2-bromothioxanthone, 2-N, N-dimethylsulfonamidothioxanthone, 2-methylthioxanthone, 2-methoxythioxanthone and 2-acetylthioxanthone. Assignments were made with the aid of both COSY and CSCM two-dimensional nmr techniques. The C2 substituent alters chemical shifts in the unsubstituted heterocyclic ring.
Positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy of poly(ethylene terephthalate): Contributions from rigid and mobile amorphous fractions

Systematic divergences in the orthopositronium (o-Ps) annihilation lifetimes, τ3, and intensities, I3, are observed, when comparing melt-crystallized and cold-crystallized poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) as a function of crystallinity. Following a previous analysis of corresponding deviations in oxygen permeability, the divergences in I3 and τ3 are traced to distinct characteristic values for the probability of o-Ps formation and o-Ps lifetime in the rigid amorphous phase (RAF) associated with the crystalline lamellae and the mobile amorphous regions (MAF) which are unperturbed by the presence of the crystal phase. Utilizing independent information on the volume fractions of RAF and MAF, a quantitative analysis of the o-Ps annihilation parameters is possible.
A comparison of both neoplastic and non-neoplastic disorders in winter flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus) from eight areas in New England

Abstract Distribution patterns of liver disease observed in winter flounder indigenous to the northeastern USA indicated that hepatocytic neoplasms were absent in populations from uncontaminated offshore areas and endemic in populations from moderately to highly contaminated inshore areas. Liver neoplasms in winter flounder collected from eight different locations ranged from 0% in animals collected offshore from Cape Cod to 32% in the nearshore area of New Bedford, MA. Similarly, an array of other hepatic lesions ranged from 9% in Martha's Vineyard to 79% in Boston Harbor. Proliferate lesions in endocrine, exocrine, respiratory, sensory, excretory and digestive organs and alteration of plasma protein were also characteristic of winter flounder populations residing in the nearshore environment. The concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), other organic compounds and trace metals associated with marine sediment were elevated in urban embayments as compared with offshore locations. Degree of sediment chemical contamination and disease suggest a causal interrelationship.
Measuring health-related quality of life in leukemia: The functional assessment of cancer therapy - Leukemia (FACT-Leu) questionnaire

ABSTRACT Objective Develop and validate a health-related quality-of-life (measure for patients with acute and chronic leukemia. Methods The study consisted of two phases: scale construction and scale validation. For the item-generation phase, a summary of the literature combined with qualitative results from item-generation interviews with 29 acute or chronic leukemia patients and 16 health care providers yielded an initial item pool reflecting leukemia-specific concerns and symptoms. Items underwent iterations of review and reduction according to defined retention criteria to support content validity, as defined by priority concerns of patients. Seventeen final leukemia-specific items were combined with the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy–General to create the FACT-Leukemia (FACT-Leu) scale. For the validation phase, 79 individuals with acute or chronic leukemia completed questionnaires at three time points. Results All FACT-Leu subscale and aggregated scores showed high internal consistency ( α s ranging from 0.75 to 0.96). Test-retest reliability was adequate for all subscales (intraclass correlation range 0.765–0.890). The FACT-Leu scale demonstrated good convergent validity, with significant correlations with quality-of-life criteria and performance status, in the expected direction. FACT-Leu subscale scores were significantly different among the three performance status change groups, suggesting good responsiveness to change. Conclusions The FACT-Leu scale is a valid, reliable, and efficient measure of leukemia-specific health-related quality of life for acute and chronic disease.
Growth rates of arctic juvenile Scolelepis squamata (Polychaeta: Spionidae) isolated from Chukchi Sea fast ice

In spring, Arctic coastal fast ice is inhabited by high densities of sea ice algae and, among other fauna, juveniles of benthic polychaetes. This paper investigates the hypothesis that growth rates of juveniles of the common sympagic polychaete, Scolelepis squamata (Polychaeta: Spionidae), are significantly faster at sea ice algal bloom concentrations compared to concurrent phytoplankton concentrations. Juvenile S. squamata from fast ice off Barrow, Alaska, were fed with different algal concentrations at 0 and 5 °C, simulating ambient high sea ice algal concentrations, concurrent low phytoplankton concentrations, and an intermediate concentration. Growth rates, calculated using a simple linear regression equation, were significantly higher (up to 115 times) at the highest algal concentration compared to the lowest. At the highest algal concentration, juveniles grew faster at 5 °C compared to those feeding at 0 °C with a Q 10 of 2.0. We conclude that highly concentrated sea ice algae can sustain faster growth rates of polychaete juveniles compared to the less dense spring phytoplankton concentrations. The earlier melt of Arctic sea ice predicted with climate change might cause a mismatch between occurrence of polychaete juveniles and food availability in the near future. Our data indicate that this reduction in food availability might counteract any faster growth of a pelagic juvenile stage based on forecasted increased water temperatures.
A Design for an Absolute Light-Scattering Photometer

An optical design for the receiver of a light-scattering photometer is described. The design lends itself to a simple analysis, in terms of geometrical optics, which shows that absolute measurements of the Rayleigh factor are easily made.Modifications of the receiver of a Brice-Phoenix photometer in use in this laboratory are described and analyzed.A preliminary value of 46×10−6 cm−1 at 436 mμ and 23° C is given for the Rayleigh factor for benzene.
Abuse-specific self-schemas and self-functioning: A prospective study of sexually abused youth

Potential pathways from childhood sexual abuse (CSA) to negative self-schemas to subsequent dissociative symptoms and low global self-esteem were examined in a prospective longitudinal study of 160 ethnically diverse youth with confirmed CSA histories. Participants were interviewed at the time of abuse discovery, when they were 8 to 15 years of age, and again 1 and 6 years later. Abuse-specific indicators of stigmatization, in particular the combination of shame and self-blame more than general self-blame attributions for everyday events, explained which youth with CSA histories experienced more dissociative symptoms and clinically significant levels of dissociation. Abuse-specific stigmatization was found to operate as a prospective mechanism for subsequent dissociative symptoms but not self-esteem.
The importance of isotope-dependent transmission coefficients in calculating low-temperature isotope effects

We compare conclusions which may be drawn from our previous work (Truhlar et al. [5]), on the collinear H + H2 reaction concerning practical calculations of isotope effects with conclusions drawn by Wu et al. [1]. We present calculations designed to elucidate the differences in conclusions. We suggest that one should not assume that accurate isotope effects for reactions involving H and D can be calculated from transition state theory using transmission coefficients equal to unity, especially at room temperature and lower temperatures.
Spectral image destriping using a low-dimensional model

Striping effects, i.e., artifacts that vary systematically with the image column or row, may arise in hyperspectral or multispectral imagery from a variety of sources. One potential source of striping is a physical effect inherent in the measurement, such as a variation in viewing geometry or illumination across the image. More common sources are instrumental artifacts, such as a variation in spectral resolution, wavelength calibration or radiometric calibration, which can result from imperfect corrections for spectral “smile” or detector array nonuniformity. This paper describes a general method of suppressing striping effects in spectral imagery by referencing the image to a spectrally lowdimensional model. The destriping transform for a given column or row is taken to be affine, i.e., specified by a gain and offset. The image cube model is derived from a subset of spectral bands or principal components thereof. The general approach is effective for all types of striping, including broad or narrow, sharp or graduated, and is applicable to radiance data at all optical wavelengths and to reflectance data in the solar (visible through short-wave infrared) wavelength region. Some specific implementations are described, including a method for suppressing effects of viewing angle variation in VNIR-SWIR imagery.
Chlorotyrosine protein adducts are reliable biomarkers of neutrophil-induced cytotoxicity in vivo

A limitation for investigating the pathophysiological role of neutrophils in vivo is the lack of a reliable biomarker for neutrophil cytotoxicity in the liver. Therefore, we investigated if immunohistochemical detection of chlorotyrosine protein adducts can be used as a specific footprint for generation of neutrophil-derived hypochlorous acid in vivo. C3Heb/FeJ mice were treated with 100 micrograms/kg endotoxin (ET) alone or in combination with 700 mg/kg galactosamine (Gal/ET). Some animals received additionally two doses of 10 mg/kg of the pancaspase inhibitor Z-VAD-fmk. An antibody against chlorotyrosine was used for the immunohistochemical analysis. At 6 h after Gal/ET, hepatocellular apoptosis was evident without increase in plasma ALT activities. Neutrophils accumulated in sinusoids but there was no evidence for chlorotyrosine staining. At 7 h after Gal/ET, about 54% of the sequestered neutrophils had extravasated, there was extensive necrosis and increased plasma ALT activities. Extensive immunostaining for chlorotyrosine, mainly colocalized with neutrophils, could be observed. Treatment with Z-VAD-fmk eliminated apoptosis, necrosis and the increase in plasma ALT values. Neutrophil extravasation was prevented but the overall number of neutrophils in the liver was unchanged. Chlorotyrosine staining was absent in these samples. After ET alone (7 h), sinusoidal neutrophil accumulation was similar to Gal/ET treatment but there was no apoptosis, neutrophil extravasation, ALT release or chlorotyrosine staining. Chlorotyrosine staining in liver samples correlated well with evidence of neutrophil-induced liver injury in the endotoxemia model. These results indicate that assessment of chlorotyrosine protein adduct formation by immunohistochemistry could be a useful marker of neutrophil-induced liver cell injury in vivo.
Nitrogen Fertilizer Influences Fruit Quality, Soil Nutrients and Cover Crops, Leaf Color and Nitrogen Content, Biennial Bearing and Cold Hardiness of ‘Golden Delicious’

ABSTRACT Four rates of ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) (0, 151, 454, and 908 g actual N/tree) were applied each spring for 6 years to ‘Golden Delicious’ (Malus domestica) apple trees. High rates of nitrogen (N) increased N concentration of Orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata) blades and increased cover-grass growth whereas various legume species were prevalent at the low rates. Leaf N in spur or mid-terminal leaves increased yearly, and was related to leaf color by visual comparison and reflectance. Fruit from the higher N rates had greener peel and lower firmness, soluble solids content and titratable acidity. In vitro freeze tests indicated trees fertilized with lower rates of N were more cold hardy during the fall, winter and spring than those receiving the higher rates. In a similar long-term study on ‘Delicious,’ cold hardiness was related not only to seasonal temperature cycles and shoot dry matter, but to total sugars and sorbitol content in wood or sap.
Multiple cell origin of traumatically induced keloids

Six keloids from five patients heterozygous for the X-linked glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) locus were studied. Both the B and A enzymes were found in the keloids in similar proportions to the normal tissues. This finding indicates that keloids have a multicellular origin and that they do not develop clonally as do most neoplasms. (J AM ACRD DERMATOL 10:986–988, 1984.)
Development and Evaluation of a Genetics Literacy Assessment Instrument for Undergraduates

There is continued emphasis on increasing and improving genetics education for grades K-12, for medical professionals, and for the general public. Another critical audience is undergraduate students in introductory biology and genetics courses. To improve the learning of genetics, there is a need to first assess students' understanding of genetics concepts and their level of genetics literacy (i.e., genetics knowledge as it relates to, and affects, their lives). We have developed and evaluated a new instrument to assess the genetics literacy of undergraduate students taking introductory biology or genetics courses. The Genetics Literacy Assessment Instrument is a 31-item multiple-choice test that addresses 17 concepts identified as central to genetics literacy. The items were selected and modified on the basis of reviews by 25 genetics professionals and educators. The instrument underwent additional analysis in student focus groups and pilot testing. It has been evaluated using approximately 400 students in eight introductory nonmajor biology and genetics courses. The content validity, discriminant validity, internal reliability, and stability of the instrument have been considered. This project directly enhances genetics education research by providing a valid and reliable instrument for assessing the genetics literacy of undergraduate students.
A closer look at the physical and protocol models for wireless ad hoc networks with multi-packet reception

In this paper, we compute the throughput capacity of wireless ad hoc network when nodes are capable of multi-packet reception (MPR) under the physical model. Earlier results show that the optimistic protocol model [1] provides a tight bound of Theta(D(n)) where D(n) and n denote the decoding range and the number of nodes in the network respectively. On the other hand, the throughput capacity under the more practical physical model using successive interference cancelation (SIC) [2] has a tight bound of Theta(D(n)(1-2/Theta)/n1/Theta) where Theta is the path loss parameter. Motivated by the fact that protocol model provides higher throughput capacity than physical model, we investigated the throughput capacity with MPR in physical model utilizing maximum likelihood decoding(MLD) algorithm. Using this optimum decoding strategy, we demonstrate that the physical and protocol models render the same capacity.
Control of translation by mRNA secondary structure: the importance of the kinetics of structure formation.

Summary RNA secondary structure is important in a wide variety of biological processes, but relatively little is known about the pathways and kinetics of RNA folding. When the IS 10 transposase (tnp) gene is transcribed from a promoter outside the element, little increase in tnp expression is observed. This protection from outside transcription (pot) occurs at the translational level, presumably resulting from mRNA secondary structure proposed to sequester the tnp ribosomebinding site. Here, we confirm the pot RNA structure and show that it blocks 30S ribosomal subunit binding in vitro. Point mutations that abolish protection in vivo map to the pot structure. Surprisingly, these pot mutations do not severely alter the pot secondary structure or increase 30S subunit binding in vitro, except in one case. Using an oligonucleotide hybridization assay, we show that most of the pot mutations slow the kinetics of pot structure formation, with little or no effect on the inhibitory function of the final structure. Moreover, a suppressor mutation reverses this effect. We propose a pathway for pot mRNA folding that is consistent with the mutations and implicates the formation of important kinetic intermediates. The signficance of these observations for the RNA folding problem in general is discussed.
Repeat Gamma Knife Radiosurgery for Trigeminal Neuralgia

Purpose Repeat gamma knife stereotactic radiosurgery (GKRS) for recurrent or persistent trigeminal neuralgia induces an additional response but at the expense of an increased incidence of facial numbness. The present series summarized the results of a repeat treatment series at Wake Forest University Baptist Medical Center, including a multivariate analysis of the data to identify the prognostic factors for treatment success and toxicity. Methods and Materials Between January 1999 and December 2007, 37 patients underwent a second GKRS application because of treatment failure after a first GKRS treatment. The mean initial dose in the series was 87.3 Gy (range, 80–90). The mean retreatment dose was 84.4 Gy (range, 60–90). The dosimetric variables recorded included the dorsal root entry zone dose, pons surface dose, and dose to the distal nerve. Results Of the 37 patients, 81% achieved a >50% pain relief response to repeat GKRS, and 57% experienced some form of trigeminal dysfunction after repeat GKRS. Two patients (5%) experienced clinically significant toxicity: one with bothersome numbness and one with corneal dryness requiring tarsorraphy. A dorsal root entry zone dose at repeat treatment of >26.6 Gy predicted for treatment success (61% vs. 32%, p = .0716). A cumulative dorsal root entry zone dose of >84.3 Gy (72% vs. 44%, p = .091) and a cumulative pons surface dose of >108.5 Gy (78% vs. 44%, p = .018) predicted for post-GKRS numbness. The presence of any post-GKRS numbness predicted for a >50% decrease in pain intensity (100% vs. 60%, p = .0015). Conclusion Repeat GKRS is a viable treatment option for recurrent trigeminal neuralgia, although the patient assumes a greater risk of nerve dysfunction to achieve maximal pain relief.
Archaeal nucleic acids in picoplankton from great lakes on three continents

Phylogenetic analysis of PCR-amplified 16S rRNA genes revealed the presence of archaea in picoplankton collected from the Laurentian Great Lakes in North America, Africa’s Lake Victoria, and Lakes Ladoga and Onega in northeastern Eurasia. From 1 to 10% of the rRNA extracted from size-fractionated picoplankton (>0.2 µm but <1.2 µm) collected in the epilimnion and hypolimnion of these lakes was specific to the Archaea, whereas the majority of rRNA was derived from Bacteria. Analysis of the 16S rRNA genes cloned from these samples indicated they were closely related to crenarchaeal sequences that have been widely characterized from marine environments. The presence of nearly identical 16S rDNA clones in several of these geographically disparate lakes suggests a cosmopolitan distribution of specific subgroups of these Archaea in freshwater environments. Despite their abundance in the water column of freshwater lakes, we have no representatives of these crenarchaea in pure culture, and so their physiological characteristics and ecological role remain unknown.
A Knowledge Visualization of Database Content Created by a Database Taxonomy

The synergy between information visualization and knowledge visualization is explored using the "DatabaseTaxonomy" to guide the way. Drawing extensively on Burgin's mathematical theory of named sets, this new knowledge visualization treats all database content as ifit were scientific data, regardless of the database application. This mathematical tool penetrates deep into the logical structure of data and data relations, enabling a single algorithm to generate a conceptual knowledge structure, which pre-structures raw data in the database into a list of nested data-topic lists that works like a book index. For end-users, this visualization is familiar, convenient and precise. For the research community, this knowledge structure and the techniques used to build it offer an empirical tool for investigating the underlying properties of data, information, and knowledge on a computing device. The transformation from data to information to knowledge is automatic and seamless, thanks to a novel analysis of the logical structure of the symbols on these mechanical devices, one which reveals meta-symbols consisting of physical values(v) and constructed-types (t). The Database Taxonomy also provides a first glimpse into how navigating this structure can generate a predicate logic expression, an outcome which the author believes promises to advance our theoretical understanding of knowledge visualization and of the influence of a digital media on symbolic logic.
Tidal Load and Salt Water Influences on Submarine Ground Water Discharge

Field measurements were conducted to characterize the influences of salt water and tidal loading on submarine ground water discharge (SGD) into West Neck Bay on Shelter Island, New York. SGD was continuously recorded at three sites using an ultrasonic ground water seepage meter, and the spatial extents of the terrestrially derived SGD and the salt water/fresh water mixing zone were inferred from electrical conductivity profiling. While SGD increases with increasing hydraulic gradient in the far field of the coastal aquifer, shorter temporal variations of SGD were inversely correlated with tidal stage. SGD and hydraulic heads in the onshore unconfined aquifer near the coast responded asymmetrically to tidal loading, with discharge and head increasing faster than decreasing. A time lag of ~1 h was observed between the tidal load and responses in onshore head and SGD. This lag represents a manifestation of the travel time required for tidal influences to propagate landward before the hydraulic gradient adjusts and influences seepage. The spatial extent of the fresh water component of SGD determined by electrical conductivity profiles, seepage velocity, and the time lag between tide and SGD amplitudes are in reasonable agreement with analytic estimates.
Diagnosis of secondary dysmyelopoiesis via costochondral rib aspirate in a dog

Objective To describe a novel bone marrow sampling technique utilized in a dog diagnosed with secondary dysmyelopoiesis. Case Summary A 1.5-year-old female spayed Lhasa Apso was treated for generalized seizures, aspiration pneumonia, and severe sepsis. Pertinent history included administration of phenobarbital (2.1 mg/kg PO q 12 h) for the 6 months prior to presentation for suspected idiopathic epilepsy. Initial leukopenia and thrombocytopenia was attributed to underlying sepsis and disseminated intravascular coagulation. Progressive decline in all cell lines (ie, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, and anemia), along with history of phenobarbital administration, suggested myelodysplastic disease. Bone marrow cytology via serial costochondral rib aspirates confirmed secondary dysmyelopoiesis. Phenobarbital therapy was abruptly discontinued and replaced with alternative anticonvulsant therapy. Complete resolution of the observed leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, and anemia were observed 2 weeks after discontinuation of phenobarbital. New or Unique Information Provided Costochondral rib aspirate appears to be a simple, viable method for bone marrow evaluation in dogs. Dysmyelopoiesis is a rare adverse effect of phenobarbital administration that can possess fatal consequences if not quickly recognized. Prompt diagnosis and discontinuation of the inciting drug is imperative to successful case management. Prognosis for return of bone marrow function appears good following drug discontinuation.
Acreage Decisions Under Risk: The Case of Corn and Soybeans

An acreage supply response model is developed under expected utility maximization. The resulting framework is used to specify and estimate a system of risk-responsive acreage equations for corn and soybeans in the United States. Particular attention is given to the truncation effects of government price supports on the distribution of corn and soybean prices. Also, a wealth variable is included in the acreage equations. The empirical results indicate that risk and wealth variables play an important role in cornsoybean acreage decisions. The analysis also shows that cross-commodity risk reduction is important in acreage allocation decisions.
Protecting publicly-available images with an invisible image watermark

A method is presented for marking high-quality digital images with a robust and invisible watermark. A broad definition of robustness, stated as fundamental, is used. It requires the invisible mark to survive and remain detectable through all image manipulations that in themselves does not damage the image beyond useability. These manipulations include JPEG "lossy" compression and, in the extreme, the printing and rescanning of the image. The watermark is imparted onto an image as a random, bur reproducible, small modulation of its pixel brightnesses, and becomes a permanent part of the marked image. Detecting the imparted watermark, especially after image manipulation, is a daunting task. It is one of detecting the presence of a known small modulation of a random carrier where the carrier is composed of the pixel brightness values of the unmarked image. The method presented exploits the not well understood but superb ability of the human visual system to recognize a correlated pattern in a scatter diagram called a "visualizer-coincidence image." Results of application of the method are presented.
Punishment and persistence pay: a new model of territory establishment and space use

Abstract Existing game theory on aggressive interactions associated with territory establishment typically assumes that pairs of contestants engage in ‘winner takes all' fights for indivisible space. New work by Stamps and Krishnan explores an alternative scenario where space use emerges from a series of aggressive interactions where punishment and persistence, rather than winning per se , shape observed patterns. This new approach generates novel predictions for game theory, such as the possibility of gaining space not by winning, but by ‘nagging'.
Share your voice: Online community building during reaffirmation of accreditation

Generic University recently underwent a successful reaffirmation of accreditation process with The Higher Learning Commission of the North Central Association of Colleges and Schools. As part of the 3-year process, a committee, named the Education and Communication working group, was formed to inform and engage with the entire Generic community. The aim of this report is to describe the process and strategies this working group employed to achieve those goals in a distance learning environment. The primary charges of the Education and Communication working group were to (1) educate stakeholders about the Higher Learning Commission (HLC), the importance of accreditation, and their role in the accreditation process; (2) provide consistent and quality communication to ensure stakeholders are appropriately informed about HLC and the self-study process; and (3) create and execute an appropriate and supportive communication and education plan during the HLC self-study process. The Education and Communication working group primarily focused on internal stakeholders, including students, faculty, and staff. Additional outreach specifically addressed associated individuals, such as alumni and field site supervisors. Other institutions may define their constituencies differently but will find that the goals, plans, and strategies described here will help them to achieve involvement by their stakeholders in accreditation processes. DOI: 10.18870/hlrc.v3i3.114
High frequency saturation measurements of an InGaAs/InP waveguide photodetector

The high frequency saturation characteristics of an InGaAs/InP waveguide pin photodetector are measured. At a wavelength of 1.3 μm, the detector has a responsivity of 0.5 A/W and a flat frequency response from 800 MHz to 20 GHz. With a bias of −4 V, the normalised frequency response of the detector remains unchanged when optical powers up to l0 mW are incident on the detector.
Acoustic microscopy of human metaphase chromosomes.

SUMMARY Acoustic micrographs of human metaphase chromosomes have been recorded with wavelengths as short as 470 nm using liquid argon near 85 K as the acoustic wave coupling medium. Chromosomes prepared by trypsin-Giemsa staining exhibit acoustic banding patterns similar to the G-bands seen in optical images. Unstained chromosomes exhibit acoustic markings that do not correspond to traditional banding patterns. The observed acoustic contrast may arise from spatial variations in chromosomal mechanical properties, or from thickness variations in the fixed chromosomes.
Kinetics of High‐Temperature Hydrolysis of Magnesium Fluoride: I, Evaluation of Reaction Mechanism

The rates of hydrolysis of polycrystalline magnesium fluoride slabs were investigated by a gravimetric method as functions of temperature from 745° to 835°C and water-vapor pressure from 1 to 20 mm Hg. A linear rate law was found, and it was concluded that the rate-determining process was chemical reaction at the MgF2-MgO interface. A three-step reaction mechanism is proposed: (1) the chemisorption of water vapor. (2) formation of a hydroxyfluoride complex. and (3) decomposition of the hydroxyfluoride complex to form products. Assuming that the chemisorption step was in equilibrium and that the HF pressure was negligible, an expression was developed showing that the rate was proportional to the concentration of chemisorbed water vapor. The rate dependence on water-vapor pressure was expressed in terms of the Langmuir adsorption isotherm equation. Values of –16.9 kcal/mole and–4.2 eu were obtained for the enthalpy and entropy of chemisorption. The activation enthalpy and frequency factor for the decomposition of the chemisorbed intermediate, MgF2.H2O(chem), were 46.0 ± 0.5 kcal/mole and 1.75 × 1O10 sec−1.
Radial artery occlusion: Preventing Insult to Injury

Key Points Intra-arterial nitroglycerin prior to transradial sheath removal may reduce the incidence of radial artery occlusion (RAO). Operators must observe careful attention to all aspects of transradial catheterization, particularly patent hemostasis; as well as independently monitor the institutional incidence of RAO to prompt improvements in practice. Future studies on the impact of pre-puncture ultrasound, novel sheaths, hemostatic devices, and potent oral and intravenous antithrombotic therapy on 30-day RAO diagnosed by ultrasound may allow further reduction of RAO in a real-world practice.
Crystal Fluidity Reflected by Fast Rotational Motion at the Core, Branches, and Peripheral Aromatic Groups of a Dendrimeric Molecular Rotor

Low packing densities are key structural features of amphidynamic crystals built with static and mobile components. Here we report a loosely packed crystal of dendrimeric rotor 2 and the fast dynamics of all its aromatic groups, both resulting from the hyperbranched structure of the molecule. Compound 2 was synthesized with a convergent strategy to construct a central phenylene core with stators consisting of two layers of triarylmethyl groups. Single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed a low-density packing structure consisting of one molecule of 2 and approximately eight solvent molecules per unit cell. Three isotopologues of 2 were synthesized to study the motion of each segment of the molecule in the solid state using variable temperature quadrupolar echo 2H NMR spectroscopy. Line shape analysis of the spectra reveals that the central phenylene, the six branch phenylenes, and the 18 periphery phenyls all display megahertz rotational dynamics in the crystals at ambient temperature. Arrhenius a...
Hyperbolic-cosine waveguide tapers and oversize rectangular waveguide for reduced broadband insertion loss in W-band electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. II. Broadband characterization

Experimental results have been reported on an oversize rectangular waveguide assembly operating nominally at 94 GHz. It was formed using commercially available WR28 waveguide as well as a pair of specially designed tapers with a hyperbolic-cosine shape from WR28 to WR10 waveguide [R. R. Mett et al., Rev. Sci. Instrum. 82, 074704 (2011)]. The oversize section reduces broadband insertion loss for an Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) probe placed in a 3.36 T magnet. Hyperbolic-cosine tapers minimize reflection of the main mode and the excitation of unwanted propagating waveguide modes. Oversize waveguide is distinguished from corrugated waveguide, overmoded waveguide, or quasi-optic techniques by minimal coupling to higher-order modes. Only the TE10 mode of the parent WR10 waveguide is propagated. In the present work, a new oversize assembly with a gradual 90° twist was implemented. Microwave power measurements show that the twisted oversize waveguide assembly reduces the power loss in the observe and pump arms of a W-band bridge by an average of 2.35 dB and 2.41 dB, respectively, over a measured 1.25 GHz bandwidth relative to a straight length of WR10 waveguide. Network analyzer measurements confirm a decrease in insertion loss of 2.37 dB over a 4 GHz bandwidth and show minimal amplitude distortion of approximately 0.15 dB. Continuous wave EPR experiments confirm these results. The measured phase variations of the twisted oversize waveguide assembly, relative to an ideal distortionless transmission line, are reduced by a factor of two compared to a straight length of WR10 waveguide. Oversize waveguide with proper transitions is demonstrated as an effective way to increase incident power and the return signal for broadband EPR experiments. Detailed performance characteristics, including continuous wave experiment using 1 μM 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl in aqueous solution, provided here serve as a benchmark for other broadband low-loss probes in millimeter-wave EPR bridges.
Borderlands Praxis: The Immigrant Experience in Latino Pentecostal Churches

L'A. rend compte de l'evolution de la praxis de la solidarite pentecotiste chez les latino-americains dans les regions limitrophes des Etats-Unis et du Mexique pendant les 5 premieres decennies de sa croissance. Une rapide comparaison avec d'autres paradigmes suggere des approches alternatives pour evaluer les interractions entre la pratique religieuse et l'engagement social. L'experience religieuse relative a l'existence de frontieres pose des questions d'identite, de solidarite culturelle, de (dis)continuites religieuses. Elle s'interroge sur les cycles de migration et entraine une reinterpretation des narrations religieuses et ideologiques hegemoniques.