cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Characteristics of junction field effect devices with small channel length-to-width ratios

Abstract The characteristics of junction field effect devices with small channel length-to-width ratios are discussed. For such devices, the junctions deviate significantly from the parallel planar junction case normally considered in the analysis of field effect devices. The spreading of the junction depletion region beyond the ends of the gate junctions becomes important. A model is developed for calculating the shape of the junction depletion region including circular gate geometries near the ends of the channel. The model is essentially an extension of Shockley's original model to nonparallel gate junctions. Numerical results for several channel length-to-width ratios show slight deviations from Shockley's model in the terminal I–V characteristics for small length-to-width ratios but reduce to the results of Shockley's model for large length-to-width ratios. A significant feature of the model which differs from previous models is the absence of complete channel pinch-off in the current saturation region. The effect of carrier velocity saturation near the drain end of the channel is also discussed. For devices with small values of channel length-to-width ratio, carrier velocity saturation greatly reduces the saturation value of drain current. The importance of velocity saturation is found to depend upon a single parameter which is a function of the material constants and device dimensions.
THE RECOGNITION AND COMPARISON OF PROLAN AND PROLAN-LIKE SUBSTANCES

The synergism phenomenon has made possible the recognition of substances, which we have called "prolan-like," in a wide variety of conditions. Indeed, it has been possible to demonstrate a prolan-like material in the urine of normal men. The method has shown a wide distribution of prolan-like substances in sera and urines of non-primates without demonstrating, however, significant difference in the reactions secured from pregnant as contrasted with non-pregnant states, or in males as contrasted with females. The synergism phenomenon with pregnancy prolan can also be shown in the increased development of the seminal vesicles of immature male rats. However, such males cannot be advantageously employed in the detection of prolan-like gonadotropic substances occurring in the blood and urine in conditions other than pregnancy, for the prolan-like substances usually do not effect appreciable development of the seminal vesicles.
Radiation effects — The whys and hows

The response of electronic systems to radiation environments depends upon the circumstances of exposure. Space and orbiting satellites are generally more concerned with the long term exposure to environments than are military electronic applications. Two criteria are generally of importance to the design engineer, he wants the electronics to survive, and he wants it to continue to operate properly. Each application has its own criteria, its own problems and its own conditions of survival. The paper answers the following questions: What is radiation? Where does it come from? Why are designers concerned? How does radiation effect electronic components? What can be done to eliminate or minimize radiation effects? How can predictions be made to determine the effectiveness of minimization efforts? and What predictive techniques are available?
Neamphamide A, a new HIV-inhibitory depsipeptide from the Papua New Guinea marine sponge Neamphius huxleyi.

A new HIV-inhibitory cyclic depsipeptide, neamphamide A (2), was isolated from a Papua New Guinea collection of the marine sponge Neamphius huxleyi. Its structure was established through interpreta...
Macroeconomic determinantsof workers' remittances: Hostversus home country's economic conditions

This study examines the determinants of worker's remittances. Variance decompositions, impulse response functions and Granger causality tests derived from a vector error correction model are used to test if remittances are affected by the macroeconomic conditions of the host (remittance sending) or home (remittance receiving) country. Data from Brazil, Colombia, the Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Mexico and the US are used. The results indicate that remittances respond more to changes in the macroeconomic conditions of the host country, than to changes in the macroeconomic conditions of the home country.
Embryology and Disorders of Sexual Development

Recent consensus is that individuals with atypical male or female phenotype are to be considered to have a"disorder of sexual development."The goal is to eliminate previous terminology that included the terms intersex , hermaphrodite , or pseudohermaphrodite . However, the teaching of embryology, and particularly teaching aboutthedevelopmentofthereproductivesystem,stillhasnotmadethechangetothe new terminology. If those who teach embryology to health-care professionals remain unawareofthecontroversiesassociatedwiththeoldterminologyandcontinuetouse it,theywillperpetuateanomenclaturethatcanbedestructive.Anyterminologymust beusedcarefullytoavoiddehumanizingtheindividualtoadiseaseoramedicalstate. Weshouldbeabletostateclearlythevariationsinmorphologythatexist,attendtothe immediatehealthoftheindividual,andavoidanyattempttostigmatizegender-atypi- calindividuals.
Effective use of Cray supercomputers

A discussion is presented of several areas where system management and user support can have a large impact in the overall efficiency of the Cray supercomputer. After an introduction to the environment at the Numerical Aerodynamic Simulation Project is given as background, the areas which are common to UNIX system management are examined. Then, the specific areas of the UNICOS supercomputer which must be used to operate the system efficiently are discussed. Methods of supporting individual users in order to increase their effectiveness and the efficiency of their programs are also discussed.
Spectacularly Bad: Hume and Aristotle on Tragic Spectacle

"Of Tragedy"' is David Hume's attempt to account for the paradoxical nature of tragic fiction, the spectators of which "are pleased in proportion as they are afflicted" (OT 217). Hume concludes the essay by providing a catalog of cases in which a balance between easy and uneasy passions is subverted in such a way that the negative emotion dominates spectator response. This is to be expected in the case of nonfictional narratives. When a catastrophic incident is not fictional, pity and fear and indignation can overwhelm any pleasure we take in the eloquence with which it is described (OT 223). When artistry and insight are lacking in the recitation of afflictions that forms the con-
Difference sets and sum-free sets in groups of order 16

Transversals for sum-free sets in the nine nonabelian order 16 groups are given. It is shown that exactly eight of the order 16 groups have difference sets [email protected] = 2and D = -D. It is proven that the only (@u, k, @l) difference sets with @u = 2^t and @l = 2, have parameters (16, 6, 2). It is shown that exactly four of the order 16 groups can be partitioned into three sum-free sets.
Can computers answer behavioral questions

One of the most enduring, though time-consuming,pleasures of a scientific research career is showingvisitors through the laboratory. Not only do visitorsoften help brighten those tedious, harrassing days wesometimes encounter, but by their grateful and puzzledexpressions confirm the profundity of our work. I havefound the presence of a computer in the laboratory,together with a short description of its operationvigorously embellished with technical jargon, a superbvehicle for eliciting such a response from visitors. I canthink ofonly one other activity that is as reinforcing.From time to time I have wondered, in the intervalsbetween visitors (the IVI), whether computers in thebehavior laboratory could serve some other function.During one such episode I conceived the project of abook comprised of chapters contributed by a variety ofinvestigators who had survived the manic-depressiveillness often associated with the installation of acomputer. This project, I am glad to say, is finallycoming to fruition.
Developmental changes in the secondary xylem ofAcer rubrum induced by various auxins and 2,3,5-tri-iodobenzoic acid

TIBA has been applied laterally to actively growing stems of uprightAcer rubrum seedlings. The frequency of initiation of tracheary elements is reduced and a complete ring of tension wood is developed in the stem locally below the TIBA application site. Rings of tension wood were never formed above the TIBA treatment site. In regard to anatomy, lignin distribution and peroxidase activity, the tension wood fibers formed as a result of TIBA treatment are identical to those which can be induced by bending. In the region of the stem above the site of TIBA application there is a particularly strong alteration in the development of tracheary elements. Application of IAA, NAA, or 2,4-D to the TIBA treatment site suppresses the capacity of TIBA to induce the development of tension wood and at the same time generally increases the frequency of initiation of tracheary elements. The effect of auxin alone on theAcer rubrum system has been studied. The secondary xylem formed during treatment with auxins (especially 2,4-D and NAA) at the stated concentrations is generally characterized by large groups of tracheary elements with a conspicuous angular outline in transverse section. The evidence suggests that auxins are involved in the regulatory systems which bring about the orderly development of the secondary xylem in arborescent angiosperms.
A mechanistic model for enzymatic saccharification of cellulose using continuous distribution kinetics I: depolymerization by EGI and CBHI.

A mechanistically based kinetic model for the enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulosic biomass has been developed that incorporates the distinct modes of action of cellulases on insoluble cellulose polymer chains. Cellulose depolymerization by an endoglucanase (endoglucanase I, EGI) and an exoglucanase (cellobiohydrolase I, CBHI) is modeled using population-balance equations, which provide a kinetic description of the evolution of a polydisperse distribution of chain lengths. The cellulose substrate is assumed to have enzyme-accessible chains and inaccessible interior chains. EGI is assumed to randomly cleave insoluble cellulose chains. For CBHI, distinct steps for adsorption, complexation, processive hydrolysis, and desorption are included in the mechanistic description. Population-balance models that employ continuous distributions track the evolution of the spectrum of chain lengths, and do not require solving equations for all chemical species present in the reacting mixture, resulting in computationally efficient simulations. The theoretical and mathematical development needed to describe the hydrolysis of insoluble cellulose chains embedded in a solid particle by EGI and CBHI is given in this article (Part I). Results for the time evolution of the distribution of chain sizes are provided for independent and combined enzyme hydrolysis. A companion article (Part II) incorporates this modeling framework to study cellulose conversion processes, specifically, solution kinetics, enzyme inhibition, and cooperative enzymatic action. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2012; 109:665–675. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A Functional Genetic Variant (N521D) in Natriuretic Peptide Receptor 3 Is Associated with Diastolic Dysfunction: The Prevalence of Asymptomatic Ventricular Dysfunction Study

Objectives To evaluate the impact of a functional genetic variant in the natriuretic peptide clearance receptor, NPR3, on circulating natriuretic peptides (NPs) and myocardial structure and function in the general community. Background NPR3 plays an important role in the clearance of NPs and through direct signaling mechanisms modulates smooth muscle cell function and cardiac fibroblast proliferation. A NPR3 nonsynonymous single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs2270915, resulting in a N521D substitution in the intracellular catalytic domain that interacts with Gi could affect receptor function. Whether this SNP is associated with alterations in NPs levels and altered cardiac structure and function is unknown. Methods DNA samples of 1931 randomly selected residents of Olmsted County, Minnesota were genotyped. Plasma NT-proANP1-98, ANP1-28, proBNP1-108, NT-proBNP1-76, BNP1-32 and BNP3-32 levels were measured. All subjects underwent comprehensive echocardiography. Results Genotype frequencies for rs2270915 were as follows: (A/A 60%, A/G 36%, G/G 4%). All analyses performed were for homozygotes G/G versus wild type A/A plus the heterozygotes A/G. Diastolic dysfunction was significantly more common (p = 0.007) in the homozygotes G/G (43%) than the A/A+A/G (28%) group. Multivariate regression adjusted for age, sex, body mass index and hypertension demonstrated rs2270915 to be independently associated with diastolic dysfunction (odds ratio 1.94, p = 0.03). There was no significant difference in NPs levels between the 2 groups suggesting that the clearance function of the receptor was not affected. Conclusions A nonsynonymous NPR3 SNP is independently associated with diastolic dysfunction and this association does not appear to be related to alterations in circulating levels of natriuretic peptides.
A New Approach to Argument by Analogy: Extrapolation and Chain Graphs

This essay sketches an account of extrapolation in terms of analogical reasoning that generalizes the notion of comparative process tracing. The account offered here relies on something known as chain graphs, which are used to explicate the role of “fingerprints,” or distinctive markers, as a strategy for avoiding an underdetermination problem having to do with spurious analogies. Moreover, I show how the extrapolator’s circle, one of the central challenges for extrapolation, is closely tied to distinctive markers and the Markov condition as it applies to chain graphs.
Economic Dependence, Gender, and the Division of Labor in the Home: A Replication and Extension

The fundamental question in the study of the gendered division of household labor has come to be why, in the face of dramatic changes in women's employment and earnings, housework remains “women's work.” As a possible answer to this question, Brines (1994) presented a provocative conceptual model of the relationship between economic dependence and the performance of housework by wives and husbands. She concluded that the link between economic dependence and housework follows rules of economic exchange for wives, but among husbands, a gender display model is operative. This paper replicates and extends Brines' model by (a) replicating her work using a different data set; (b) adding additional controls to the model, including a measure of gender ideology; and (c) modeling a distributional (as opposed to absolute) measure of housework. For a measure of hours spent doing housework, the results of my analyses are consistent with Brines' suggestion of separate gender-specific processes linking economic dependence and amount of housework performed. For a distributional measure of housework, on the other hand, my analyses contradict Brines' findings and suggest that both husbands and wives are acting to neutralize a nonnormative provider role when they do housework. Further analyses suggest that the phenomenon is more likely one of deviance neutralization than of gender display.
On the semigroup of linearized forced elongation

Abstract In this note we analyze the linearized equations of forced elongation. We prove that solutions of these equations are given by a quasi-contraction C 0 -semigroup on the physically correct state space L 1 ( 0 , 1 ) and that the semigroup is eventually differentiable.
COLLAPSE OF STRUCTURE DURING DRYING OF CELERY

ABSTRACT Collapse of structure of foodstuffs during air drying affects quality. In many materials the soluble components, mainly sugars, are an important part of the tissue in which case collapse may be related to their glass transition temperature (Tg). It has been speculated that collapse occurs at a temperature (Tc) related to, but greater than, Tg. Plant tissues with high moisture contents, such as celery, have low TgS. Therefore considerable collapse is expected at drying temperatures. The aim of this study was to determine how air drying temperature affected the quantity characteristics of the tissue. Celery, air dried at temperatures between 5 and 80°C, was examined for volumetric shrinkage, rehydration characteristics and porosity changes. significant shrinkage occurred at all drying conditions. At low water content collapse was limited, probably due to a higher collapse temperature. porosity development was insignificant during drying until the sample was very dry. Lower air-drying temperatures g...
Substrate voltage and accumulation-mode MOS varactor capacitance

To adjust the capacitance of an accumulation-mode MOS varactor, a voltage is applied to the drain/source with the gate grounded. In this novel arrangement, a voltage is applied to the gate V/sub gate/ and another to the substrate V/sub sub/ with the drain/source grounded. Applying V/sub sub/ between the p/sup +/-type substrate and the varactor's n-well adjusts the minimum capacitance C/sub min/ and flattens the overall capacitance-voltage (C-V) curve over a wide range of negative V/sub gate/. Measurements show the tuning range using V/sub sub/ to be as wide as that using V/sub gate/. By tuning with V/sub sub/, the capacitance C/sub min/ is constant over a range of negative V/sub gate/. In this region, it may be possible to apply a large ac signal on V/sub gate/ without modulating the capacitance. To illustrate this technique, C-V measurements of a MOS varactor are simulated in a differential LC-tank VCO circuit. Simulations show how adjusting both V/sub gate/ and V/sub sub/ alters the oscillation frequency.
Evaluating the Roomba: A low-cost, ubiquitous platform for robotics research and education

This paper presents the iRobot corporation's Roomba vacuum as a low-cost resource for robotics research and education. Sensor and actuation models for unmodified Roombas are presented in the context of both special- and general-purpose spatial-reasoning algorithms, including Monte Carlo Localization and FastSLAM. Further tests probe the feasibility of sensor extensions to the platform. Results demonstrate that, with some caveats, the Roomba is a viable foundation for both classroom and laboratory use, especially for work seeking to leverage robots to other ends, as well as robotics per se with a computational focus.
IL-10 and TGF-β Control the Establishment of Persistent and Transmissible Infections Produced by Leishmania tropica in C57BL/6 Mice

Leishmania tropica is the causative agent of Old World anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis, which is characterized by lesions that take an extended period of time to heal, often resulting in disfiguring scars, and are more refractory to treatment than leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania major. Immunologic studies involving experimental animal models of L. tropica infection are virtually nonexistent. In the current study, infectious-stage L. tropica were used to establish dermal infections in C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice. In both strains, the lesions were slow to develop and showed minimal pathology. They nonetheless contained a stable number of between 10(4) and 10(5) parasites for over 1 year, which were efficiently picked up by a natural sand fly vector, Phlebotomus sergenti. Control of parasite growth depended on the development of a Th1 response, as C57BL/6 mice genetically deficient in Th1 cytokines and BALB/c mice treated with Abs to IFN-gamma harbored significantly more parasites. By contrast, IL-10-deficient mice harbored significantly fewer parasites throughout the infection. To further study the immunologic mechanisms that may prevent efficient clearance of the parasites, IL-10 and TGF-beta signaling were abrogated during the chronic phase of infection in wild-type C57BL/6 mice. Distinct from chronic L. major infection, IL-10 blockade alone had no effect on L. tropica, but required simultaneous treatment with anti-TGF-beta Abs to promote efficient parasite clearance from the infection site. Thus, chronic infection with L. tropica appears to be established via multiple suppressive factors, which together maintain the host as a long-term reservoir of infection for vector sand flies.
Critical thermal issues in nanoscale IC design

The array of thermal modeling tools demonstrated here provided a new methodology to improve design and reliability evaluations as we tackle the power-thermal issues with current IC design. Net-specific Tj and interconnect SH prediction, when applied on large megablock designs, lead to significant thermal margins and benefit for electromigration. The analysis here also highlighted challenges associated with device and interconnect scaling, especially the small-scale thermal interaction and power density increases. Global-local CAD approaches and research into nano-scale heat transfer are critical in making sure that future design can make efficient use of the silicon scaling that is afforded by Moore's law, as we enter the new era of scaling for energy-efficient processors [8].
METHANE OXY-COMBUSTION FOR LOW CO2 CYCLES: MEASUREMENTS AND MODELING OF CO AND O2 EMISSIONS

Concerns about green house gas emissions have encouraged interest in hydrocarbon combustion techniques that can accommodate carbon dioxide capture and sequestration. Oxy-fuel combustion, where the fuel is combusted in oxygen diluted with steam or CO2 , is seen as one promising approach. In this paper we focus on CO2 dilution effects and, in particular, on CO and O2 emissions from these flames. The emissions issue must be considered from a different perspective than conventional power plants as the combustor effluents will be sequestered, and, thus, their interactions with the terrestrial atmosphere are not relevant. Equilibrium CO emissions from CO2 diluted systems are much higher than conventional air systems. In addition, for carbon sequestration application, pipeline specifications impose limitations on CO and O2 levels which also must then be controlled. Equilibrium and kinetic modeling of CH4 /O2 /CO2 combustion systems was performed in order to analyze CO2 dilution effects upon CO and O2 emissions level. Companion experiments were also performed in an atmospheric pressure, swirl stabilized combustor. These numerical and experimental results quantify the strong dependence of emissions on stoichiometry, CO2 dilution and residence time.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Biocompatible nanopolymers: the next generation of breast cancer treatment?

-related tumors. Triple-negative tumors are often positive for EGF receptor-1. The individual patient treatment for these types of cancers is particularly important, as their therapy response, outcomes and man-agement are significantly different. Currently, the success of treatment of these tumors with Herceptin
Munchausen's syndrome by proxy (child abuse) presenting as apparent autoerythrocyte sensitization syndrome: an unusual presentation of Polle syndrome.

Munchausen's syndrome was initially described in 1951. It has become increasingly recognized since that time. Recently, Munchausen's syndrome by proxy or Polle syndrome has been described. In this disease entity, a parent causes a factitious disease in a child. The disease may require extensive medical testing and the result may even be death. A wide variety of presentations of Polle syndrome have been reported including cardiac arrest, recurrent sepsis, and factitious bleeding. Autoerythrocyte sensitization, a syndrome of spontaneous purpura, was initially described in 1955. The diagnostic test described is intradermal injection of autologous blood which produces an area of painful purpura. The syndrome is therefore postulated to be due to hypersensitivity in the patient's own RBCs. The majority of patients with autoerythrocyte sensitization have had psychiatric disorders and the symptoms have improved only with psychotherapy. An infant who had a clinical picture of autoerythrocyte sensitization and who was later found to be a victim of Polle syndrome is reported. Language: en
Built-In Self-Test and Recovery Procedures for Molecular Electronics-Based Nanofabrics

In this paper, a built-in self-test (BIST) procedure is proposed for testing and fault tolerance of molecular electronics-based nanofabrics. The nanofabrics are assumed to include up to 1012 devices/cm2; this requires new test strategies that can efficiently test and diagnose the nanofabrics in a reasonable time. Our BIST procedure utilizes nanofabric components as small test groups containing test pattern generator and response analyzer. Small test groups (fine-grained test) result in higher diagnosability and recovery. The proposed technique applies the test in parallel with a low number of test configurations resulting in a manageable test time. Due to high defect density of nanofabrics, an efficient diagnosis procedure is done after BIST procedure to achieve high recovery. This is called recovery-increase procedure, and this increases the available number of fault-free components detected in a nanochip. Finally, a defect database called defect map is created to be used by compilers during the configuration of the nanofabrics to avoid defective components. This results in a reliable system constructed from unreliable components. Our simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed BIST and recovery-increase procedures
Transient ischemic attacks.

The occurrence of fleeting episodes of numbness or paralysis was known to early physicians. One referred to them as “straws which show how the intracranial wind is blowing.” In 1950, a patient with...
Faustian Phenomena: Teleology in Goethe's Interpretation of Plants and Animals

J.W. von Goethe was a daring and wide-ranging biologist as well as a great playwright. His work was a whole: for him, theory and theatre were both based on keen observation of life. Even 'Faustian' striving, the blind upward urge of life, can be found in significant details of organisms and their evolution, according to Goethe. Such observations cannot be dismissed as sheer poetry. On the contrary, his teleology provides a broad empirical background for the organismic approach in bio-medical science, while exposing inconsistencies in strict reductionist doctrines.
Pharmacist-Run Travel Medicine Clinic

Les deplacements vers des destinations eloignees ont augmente enormement dans les dernieres annees. La clinique du voyageur international (CVI) de Kaiser Permanente a ete implantee en 1991 afin d'offrir a ses membres des conseils d'usage avant leurs deplacements et tenter ainsi de reduire les problemes de sante et les reclamations inherentes a ces deplacements. Cette clinique se distingue des autres cliniques du voyageur puisqu'elle est geree par un pharmacien et qu'elle offre des services de telepharmacie. L'equipe du CVI est composee d'un medecin et d'un pharmacien, tous 2 specialises en maladies infectieuses, de 4 pharmaciens cliniciens, et d'un technicien en pharmacie. Les pharmaciens cliniciens de l'equipe offrent des services de consultation telephonique. L'information reliee au patient et au deplacement colligee afin d'identifier les problemes potentiels de sante auxquels le voyageur pourrait faire face. Des recommandations sont fournies au sujet des maladies transmises par l'eau et la nourriture, des maladies transmises par les piqures d'insectes et les morsures d'animaux, et des maladies transmises sexuellement. Une information sur les vaccins qui peuvent etre requis de facon preventive peut egalement etre fournie. La consultation est documentee de facon electronique. Une copie de la consultation de meme que certaines brochures d'information sont envoyees par la poste au patient. Le succes de cette clinique du voyageur est retentissant. Initialement, cette clinique offrait des services de consultation aux membres de Kaiser Permanente dans la region immediate du Colorado. Puis le mandat du service s'est elargi afin de desservir les membres de Kaiser Permanente demeurant dans la region de l'Ohio et dans la region du Nord Ouest des Etats-Unis. Les clients sont tres satisfaits des services rendus et des economies importantes de couts sont generees suite a la non-utilisation de certains vaccins et certains medicaments inappropries.
The Effect of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy on Binding and Neutralizing Antibody Responses to Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infection

The effect on humoral immune responses of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) commenced during primary or chronic human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection was investigated. HAART inhibited the development of anti-gp120 antibodies when initiated during primary infection and could sometimes reduce antibody titers in patients treated within 2 years of HIV-1 infection. Conversely, antibody responses in patients infected for several years were less sensitive to HAART. Administering HAART during primary infection usually did not substantially affect the development of weak neutralizing antibody responses against autologous virus. However, 2 patients treated very early after infection did not develop neutralizing responses. In contrast, 3 of 4 patients intermittently adherent to therapy developed autologous neutralizing antibodies of unusually high titer, largely coincident with brief viremic periods. The induction of strong neutralizing antibody responses during primary HIV-1 infection might require the suppression of virus replication by HAART, to allow for the recovery of immune competency, followed by exposure to native envelope glycoproteins.
Diagnosis of migrainous vertigo: validity of a structured interview.

BACKGROUND Migraine and vestibular symptoms are co-morbid. Migraine is increasingly recognized as a cause of benign, recurrent vertigo. Although the International Headache Society does not currently include the diagnosis of migrainous vertigo, specific criteria have been proposed and utilized in clinical trials. MATERIAL/METHODS Seventeen adult migraineurs were separately screened for the diagnosis of migrainous vertigo using a standardized structured interview for migrainous vertigo (SIM-V) and a clinical evaluation by an experienced neurotologist. The SIM-V was administered by a nurse who read and recorded subject responses, obtaining no additional information for the diagnosis of migrainous vertigo. Comparison of diagnoses between clinician and SIM-V was made using Cohen's kappa reliability testing. Subjects were asked to return for a second interview by the same nurse using the SIM-V, at least 2 weeks after the initial assessment. Testing stability was evaluated by comparing diagnoses obtained with each SIM-V administration. RESULTS Cohen's kappa demonstrated excellent test validity (kappa=0.75). Fourteen subjects returned for repeat testing, with excellent retest stability (kappa=0.85). The additional three subjects could not be relocated or were not interested in attending a retest appointment. CONCLUSIONS The SIM-V is an easy-to-administer screening tool for the diagnosis of migrainous vertigo. Diagnostic comparison to a standard clinical assessment shows good test validity. Retest stability was also demonstrated. The SIM-V may be a useful screening tool for migraineurs with an additional complaint of dizziness.
Kindness Is Society

We have elected to define social justice pragmatically. More specifically, the practice of social justice in a nation reflects the values embodied in that nation’s constitution. A nation’s highest court interprets its laws and its government enacts its policies on the basis of the constitution. Therefore, systems established by that nation to address the needs of its citizens, such as education, welfare, defense, etc., can be examined to determine the extent to which they reflect those constitutional values.
Effort expenditure following control deprivation

The experiment was designed to obtain a direct measure of effort expenditure following control deprivation. It was found that control-deprived subjects chose to take significantly more trials before making a judgment of control than did baseline subjects. However, the additional effort expenditure did not increase either response accuracy or confidence. Several factors that may influence effort expenditure following control deprivation are discussed.
Test Analysis: Searching for Faults in Tests (N)

Tests are increasingly specified as programs. Expressing tests as code is advantageous in that developers are comfortable writing and running code, and tests can be automated and reused as the software evolves. Tests expressed as code, however, can also contain faults. Some test faults are similar to those found in application code, while others are more subtle, caused by incorrect implementation of testing concepts and processes. These faults may cause a test to fail when it should not, or allow program faults to go undetected. In this work we explore whether lightweight static analyses can be cost-effective in pinpointing patterns associated with faults tests. Our exploration includes a categorization and explanation of test patterns, and their application to 12 open source projects that include over 40K tests. We found that several patterns, detectable through simple and efficient static analyses of just the test code, can detect faults with a low false positive rate, while other patterns would require a more sophisticated and extensive code analysis to be useful.
The Sacrifice of Profits in Non-Price Predation

The current legal tests for monopolization and abuse of dominance are unsatisfactory. In both the U.S. and the EC, the tests ask whether the dominant firm engaged in exclusionary conduct, a standard that is notoriously vague. But both jurisdictions also offer a more fruitful analytical approach in asking whether the defendant's conduct had legitimate or objective business justifications. In the U.S., this criterion has led defendants and the U.S. antitrust agencies to argue that monopolization requires a sacrifice of short-term profits, at least in certain circumstances. This essay argues that the sacrifice-of-profits test is an appropriate one, but that it should be understood more specifically to ask whether a dominant firm has excluded its competitors from an input and whether the monopolist has sacrificed profits in doing so. Understood in this way, the test is consistent with both U.S. and EC law. Moreover, the essay shows that with this additional specificity, the test is neither as favorable for defendants as its proponents suggest nor as dangerous as its opponents fear.
Time and the otherwise: Plantations, garrisons and being human in the Caribbean

In this essay, I will argue that one of the insights we can glean about ontology from the theoretico-ethnographic space of the Caribbean has to do with what its foundational histories can tell us a...
Vacuum or Modified Atmosphere Packaging and EDTA-Nisin Treatment to Increase Poultry Product Shelf Life

Abstract These experiments sought to increase the shelf life of poultry by treatment with a disodium ethylenediametetra-acetate (EDTA) and nisin (NIS) combination and storage under modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) or vacuum packaging (VP). Chicken drummettes were soaked with various combinations of EDTA and NIS for 30 min at 15°C and stored at 4°C. Parts treated with EDTA-NIS stored under VP had significantly lower (P≤.01) total aerobic plate counts than untreated controls stored under aerobic conditions. EDTA-NIS increased shelf life by a minimum of 4 days when packaged in aerobic conditions and a maximum of 9 days when vacuum packed. A second experiment evaluated the VP and EDTA-NIS combinations in more detail. Parts treated with EDTA-NIS stored under VP had significantly different (P≤.01) aerobic counts from parts treated with EDTA-NIS stored under aerobic conditions or untreated control parts. EDTA-NIS treatment increased shelf life 4 to 7 days in the second experiment. The results indicate that a combination of EDTA-NIS treatment and vacuum packaging has the potential to significantly increase the shelf life of raw processed poultry.
Effects of charge separation, effective concentration, and aggregate formation on the phase transfer catalyzed alkylation of phenol.

The factors that influence the rate of alkylation of phenol under phase transfer catalysis (PTC) have been investigated in detail. Six linear, symmetrical tetraalkylammonium cations, Me4N+, Et4N+, (n-Pr)4N+, (n-Bu)4N+, (n-Hex)4N+, and (n-Oct)4N+, were examined to compare the effects of cationic radius and lipophilicity on the rate of alkylation. Tetraalkylammonium phenoxide·phenol salts were prepared, and their intrinsic reactivity was determined from initial alkylation rates with n-butyl bromide in homogeneous solution. The catalytic activity of the same tetraalkylammonium phenoxides was determined under PTC conditions (under an extraction mechanism) employing quaternary ammonium bromide catalysts. In homogeneous solution the range in reactivity was small (6.8-fold) for Me4N+ to (n-Oct)4N+. In contrast, under PTC conditions a larger range in reactivity was observed (663-fold). The effective concentration of the tetraalkylammonium phenoxides in the organic phase was identified as the primary factor influe...
A WEIGHTED HYBRID INDEX

The use of multivariate statistical analysis in biological research should be advocated with caution. Multivariate analysis is an exact tool which can give misleading answers if applied inappropriately. Impressive results may even induce research workers to abandon serviceable but perhaps unspectacular methods. Fortunately, the latter danger is remote in the case of hybrid indices, since results produced by less specialized techniques are required before a multivariate analysis can be attempted. The data used in the present study were obtained by Dr. Edgar Anderson (1954) for a study on stemless white violets. By means of powerful general methods he showed that introgression had occurred in his violets and predicted the exact appearance of the parental species. The analysis presented here confirms Anderson's results. It extends them in suggesting that approximate genetic relationships among members of the hybrid swarm can be determined from his data.
A Semantic Similarity Based Dispatching Rule Selection System for Job Shop Scheduling With Multiple Production Objectives

Job shop scheduling is an important activity which properly assigns production jobs to different manufacturing resources before production starts. Compared to other scheduling approaches that use optimal branch and bound algorithms, meta-heuristics, etc., the dispatching rule based approach has been widely used in the industry because it is easier to implement, and it yields reasonable solutions within a very short computation time. The dispatching rule based approach uses a selected single dispatching rule (e.g. Shortest Processing Time or Earliest Due Date) or a rule combination depending on the current production objective like maximizing productivity, minimizing makespan or meeting the due dates. However, a dispatching rule or a pre-set rule combination always pursues a single and fixed production objective. This characteristic confines the flexibility of the scheduling system in practice. In order to address this issue, this paper proposes a semantic similarity based dispatching rule selection system that can achieve the intelligent selection of dispatching rules based on the user selected one or more production objectives for job shop scheduling. The intelligent selection is addressed by measuring the semantic similarities (based on ontology) between the user selected production objectives and the characteristics of the dispatching rules. The rule combinations will then be constructed by combining individual dispatching rules with similarity value based weights. A proof-of-concept demo has also been provided as a case study in this paper.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Characterization of Individual Nanoparticles with Nanoprojectile-SIMS

The uniqueness of nanoparticles, NPs, due to their functionalities not present in bulk size is well documented. A nuanced understanding of their functionalities depends on their accurate characterization. Generally the analysis is done on an ensemble of NPs. However, there is likely some variation in the NP population and ensemble averaging can limit insight into the relationships between size, composition, and chemical reactivity of NPs. This is especially the case for very small NPs where minor changes in size, shape, or composition can significantly affect chemical reactivity. We have developed an innovative methodology for analyzing individual NPs, in particular objects of 2-50 nm in size.
Inhibition of Growth and Development of Heliothis zea (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) by a Nonprotein Imino Acid, L-Azetidine-2-Carboxylic Acid

The growth and development of corn earworm, Heliothis zea (Boddie), larvae fed on artificial diets containing L-azetidine-2-carboxylic acid (AZC) were markedly disrupted. This naturally occurring lower homolog of proline caused severe retardation of larval development, larval mortality resulting from exuvial ligature, death at larval-pupal ecdysis, formation of grossly deformed pupae, and nonsclerotization of the anterior ventral half of the pupal integument. The symptoms were dependent on the instar at which larvae were first reared on AZC, and on the concentration of AZC in the artificial diets. Late instars coped better with the toxic effects of this imino acid. The toxicity increased with temperature.
Analysis of category A and B infectious diseases in Changde city of Hunan Province in 2006-2012

Objective To gain an insight into the epidemiologic characteristics of category A and B infectious diseases in Changde city. Methods The information of category A and B infectious diseases in Changde city during 2010-2011 was collected from the China Informati System for Disease Control and Provention,descriptive epidemiological method was used to analyze the data. Results A total of 81 924 cases were reported between 2010-2011,including 22 kinds of category A and B infectious diseases,the average incidence rate was 204.55/100 000.The occurence of intestinal infectious diseases and respiratory infectious disease showed a declining trend,the natural transmission and arbo infectious disease were in a highly sporadic situation,the blood-borne diseases and STDs rose year by year. The top 7 category A and B infectious diseases in average incidence rate were pulmonary tuberculosis,hepatitis B,syphilis,dysentery,hepatitis(non classification), gonorrhea,respectively. Most infections were peasant and adults. Conclusions The infectious disease spectrum in Changde is changing and control activities be focused on farmers and pulmonary tuberculosis,viral hepatitis,syphilis,dysentery, gonorrhea. In addition,behavioral intervention be put into action to block the rising trend of the blood-borne diseases and STDs.
Influence of Infections on Immunoglobulin and Glucocorticoid Efficacy in Children with Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura

OBJECTIVE To study infectionrate in children with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura(ITP) and the influence of infections on the efficacy of ITP treatment.METHODS On check if children with acute ITP infect with special causative agents or not,according to infections of different kinds,the patients were separated into three groups(special infection group,common infection group and no-infection group),and according to different managements,the children with ITP were separated into two sets:intravenous immunoglobulin(IVIG) treated group and IVIG combined with glucocorticoid treated group,and the influence of infections on the two kinds of management in childhood ITP was analyzed.RESULTS The effective rates of special infection group,common infection group and no-infection group were 40.6%,78.4%,and 73.2%,respectively.Either effective rates of common infection group or no-infection group exceeded that of special infection group;The effective rates between common infection group and no-infection group had no difference.IVIG treated was better than IVIG combined with glucocorticoid treated for special infection group on effective rate(81.8% and 19.5%,respectively);however,these two kinds of management showed no difference between common infection group(85.7% and 73.3%,respectively)and no-infection group(80.0% and 76.9%,respectively)on effective rates.For those patients who responded well to treatments,about 87% excellence was in the first three days.CONCLUSIONS Curative effect of naive ITP children together with special infections is poor,IVIG treated alone is better than IVIG combined with glucocorticoid treated for those childhood ITP with special infections,for that early glucocorticoid application may impede the clearance of infection.
Clinical Observation of 58 Cases of BCG Polysaccharide Nucleic Acid in Combination with Epinastine in the Treatment of Chronic Eczema

Objective To investigate the clinical efficacy and adverse reactions of BCG polysaccharide nucleic acid in combination with epinastine in the treatment of chronic eczema. Methods 116 cases of patients with chronic eczema were randomly divided into observation group and control group, with 58 cases in each group. The observation group received BCG polysaccharide nucleic acid by intramuscular way once every other day for 4 weeks and taken epinastine 10 mg orally every day combined with topical butyric acid Hydrocorti-sone Ointment. The control group was given daily oral epinastine 10 mg combined with topical butyric acid Hydrocorti-sone Ointment, which was applied to the affected area twice every day. The adverse reactions and therapeutic effect of two groups were compared. Results In the observation group, 26 cases were cured, 26 cases took significant effect, 6 cases took effect, the total efficiency was 100%; in the control group, 13 cases were cured, 20 cases took significant effect, 20 cases took effect, the total effective rate was 91.4%,with statistically significant difference(P 0.05). 3 cases of the observation group relapsed(5.17%), 13 cases of the control group relapsed(22.4%), with statistically significant difference(P 0.05). Serious adverse events in the two groups were not found. Conclusions The effect of BCG polysaccharide nucleic acid combined with epinastine in treating chronic eczema is curative, with fewer adverse reactions, and can significantly reduce the relapse rate.
Is it our turn to be CEO yet

Physician executives continue to have ambitions for the health care CEO role, despite the difficult economic times. And though few have yet been chosen for the position, the expectation is that this will change markedly in the next five to seven years. Today, physician executives have legitimate, relevant professional experiences that directly qualify them for CEO roles in health initiatives. And no executive is more qualified to deal with medical care management issues than the physician executive. Key elements of preparedness are: Executive thinking, bundling projects, and learning to manage managers. The opportunities will be open to those who are ready to take them on.
Cholesterol Turnover and Metabolism in Normal and Hyperlipidemic Patients

The turnover of plasma cholesterol has been studied in recent years in order to provide information about the metabolism of cholesterol in humans. Initial studies of the plasma cholesterol specific radioactivity-time curves in subjects studied as outpatients during a 10 week interval indicated that the turnover curves conformed to a simple two-pool model (1,2). In 1970 Samuel and Perl (3) reported that in some patients the slow slope of the plasma decay curve deviated from monoexponential behavior. Subsequent studies with six subjects for periods of 32–41 weeks indicated that the best description of long-term data was provided by a three-pool rather than a two-pool model (4). These studies have now been extended to include 24 subjects in whom plasma cholesterol turnover has been examined for intervals of 32–49 weeks. In an additional 5 normal subjects a greatly simplified sampling strategy has been tested in a preliminary fashion.