cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
ADEQUACY OF TREATMENT RECEIVED BY PRIMARY CARE PATIENTS WITH ANXIETY DISORDERS

Background We examined the adequacy of pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy received by primary care patients with anxiety disorders over up to 5 years of follow-up. Method Five hundred thirty-four primary care patients at 15 US sites, who screened positive for anxiety symptoms, were assessed for anxiety disorders. Those meeting anxiety disorder criteria were offered participation and interviewed again at six and 12 months postintake, and yearly thereafter for up to 5 years. We utilized existing definitions of appropriate pharmacotherapy and created definitions of potentially adequate psychotherapy/cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT). Results At intake, of 534 primary care participants with anxiety disorders, 19% reported receiving appropriate pharmacotherapy and 14% potentially adequate CBT. Overall, 28% of participants reported receiving potentially adequate anxiety treatment, whether pharmacotherapy, psychotherapy, or both. Over up to five years of follow-up, appropriate pharmacotherapy was received by 60% and potentially adequate CBT by 36% of the sample. Examined together, 69% of participants received any potentially adequate treatment during the follow-up period. Over the course of follow-up, primary care patients with MDD, panic disorder with agoraphobia, and with medicaid/medicare were more likely to receive appropriate anxiety treatment. Ethnic minority members were less likely to receive potentially adequate care. Conclusions Potentially adequate anxiety treatment was rarely received by primary care patients with anxiety disorders at intake. Encouragingly, rates improved over the course of the study. However, potentially adequate CBT remained much less utilized than pharmacotherapy and racial-ethnic minority members were less likely to received care, suggesting much room for improved dissemination of quality treatment.
Correcting Emission and Excitation Spectra: A Review of Past Procedures and New Possibilities Using Silicon Photodiodes

A brief review of procedures used to produce corrected excitation and emission spectra is given. Recent advances in silicon photodiodes as detector standards and the possibility of their use to produce both corrected excitation and emission spectra are discussed in more detail. The advantages in the use of the photodiodes based on accuracy, stability, simplicity of use, and extensive linear dynamic range will be reviewed.
Analysis and Synthesis of Resilient Heat Exchanger Networks

Publisher Summary Most recent heat exchanger network (HEN) synthesis algorithms decompose the synthesis problem into at least two stages: targeting of minimum utilities and minimum units and synthesis of a HEN structure with minimum utility consumption and with minimum or close to minimum number of units. Most recent synthesis algorithms are also based upon the principles of the thermodynamic “pinch.” Recognition of the pinch provides great physical insight into the problem of HEN synthesis. The difficulty with these synthesis methods is that they generate HENs for fixed nominal values of the stream supply temperatures and flow rates and for assumed nominal values of the heat transfer coefficients. In general, the entire process plant should be resilient. However, in a tightly energy-integrated plant, it is especially important that the HEN be resilient; if the HEN cannot operate, then neither can the plant. This chapter reviews the systematic methods for HEN resilience analysis and discusses the procedures for synthesis of resilient HENs. The chapter also demonstrates how simple, empirical HEN resilience tests can fail and establishes the need for more systematic HEN resilience analysis methods. Several rigorous analysis methods are presented, the conditions when they are linear are stated, and special nonlinear forms are highlighted.
Deconstructing job satisfaction: Separating evaluations, beliefs and affective experiences

Abstract In this paper I argue that standard treatments of job satisfaction have inappropriately defined satisfaction as affect and in so doing have obscured the differences among three separate, if related, constructs. These key constructs are overall evaluative judgments about jobs, affective experiences at work, and beliefs about jobs. I show that clearly separating these constructs is consistent with current, basic research and theory on attitudes as well as with current research and theory on “subjective well-being” (SWB). I also argue that the separation of the constructs can produce better criterion predictions than job satisfaction has by itself, suggests new areas of research that cannot be envisioned when satisfaction and affect are treated as equivalent constructs, and requires the development of new measurement systems.
Recent developments in optical multistage networks

Fiber optic communication offers a combination of high speed, decreasing switching time, low error probability, and gigabit transmission capacity. It has been extensively used in wide-area networks and has received much attention in distributed processing community as well. Recent progress in electro-optic technologies has made optical communication a promising networking choice to meet the increasing demands for high channel bandwidth and low communication latency by high-performance computing/communication applications [10], [21]. Тhe unique characteristics of optical interconnects have significant implications on architectural freedom and constraints as well as system configuration and complexity. It is expected that optical technology will drastically change the landscape of interconnection schemes.
Micromachined Room-Temperature Air-Suspended Ni/Cr Nanobolometer

This paper presents the influence of the surrounding air on air-suspended microbolometers and nanobolometers. If the air-suspended bolometer is long and thin due to a low sheet resistance, the thermal loss through the air can be comparable to that through the bolometer structure, and therefore, the surrounding air can greatly affect the bolometer performance. The thermal models with the surrounding air effect are newly developed and verified using finite-element method simulations, and it is seen that bolometers with widths ${ $\mu$ m are required so as to minimize the effect of the surrounding air. Ni/Cr microbolometers and nanobolometers with the sheet resistance of 5.3–5.6 $\Omega$ /sq. and widths of 2–0.6 $\mu$ m are fabricated and tested at room temperature. As the bolometer resistance increases, the microbolometer ( $w_{{b}}=2 \ \mu$ m) responsivity saturates at 83 V/W (limited by the surrounding air), while that of the nanobolometer ( $w_{{b}}=0.6$ $\mu$ m) continuously increases up to 315 V/W. Also, the 3-dB cutoff frequency of the nanobolometer (65 kHz) is three times higher than that of the microbolometer. The measured nanobolometer noise equivalent power is 14 pW/ $\surd$ Hz for $w_{{b}}=0.6$ $\mu$ m, $l_{{b}}=20$ $\mu$ m, and $R_{{b}}=184$ $\Omega$ , which is $\sim {\hbox{2}}{\times}$ better than the previous state-of-the art. Application areas are in terahertz power measurements and room-temperature imaging systems.
A climatological study of the effect of sea-surface temperature on North Atlantic hurricane intensification

The climatic influence of sea-surface temperature (SST) on intensification is examined for North Atlantic hurricanes by averaging hourly intensity increases from best-track data over the period 1986–2013 in 4° by 4° latitude–longitude grid cells. Independent monthly SST data over the same period are averaged in the same cells. After removing cells with cold water or fast moving hurricanes, the SST effect on intensification, at the climate scale, is quantified by regressing intensification onto SST while controlling for average intensity. The regression is performed using a generalized linear model from a gamma family and a logarithmic link function. The model shows a statistically significant relationship, with higher intensification values associated with higher SST values. On average, mean intensification increases by 16% [(9, 20)% uncertainty interval] for every 1 °C increase in mean SST. A clustered region where the model underpredicts intensification is noted over the southeastern Caribbean Sea, perh...
Parental Experiences of Having a Child with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Associations with Clinical Characteristics and Caregiver Adjustment

We examined parental experience of having a child with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) in 62 parent–child dyads. Youth with a primary diagnosis of OCD and their parent(s) were administered the CY-BOCS jointly by a trained clinician. Parents completed several measures about their child’s OCD-related impairment and accommodation, emotional and behavioral functioning, parental distress, caregiver stress, and parental experiences of having a child with OCD. Results indicated that parents of children with OCD are considerably distressed about their child’s condition. As expected, negative parental experiences (e.g., anxiety about child’s condition, uncertainty about their future) were directly related to OCD symptom severity and impairment, as well as child internalizing and externalizing problems, family accommodation of symptoms, and caregiver strain. The presence of emotional resources was negatively related to most outcomes, although some of these relationships did not achieve statistical significance. The presence of internalizing symptoms mediated the relationship between parental experiences and parental distress. Given these findings, addressing parental experiences as part of a family based cognitive-behavioral treatment program for pediatric OCD may help reduce parental distress and improve patient prognosis.
Absence of crystallization during cylindrical indentation of a Zr-based metallic glass

Abstract The deformation zone formed by a cylindrical indenter on a Zr-based metallic glass was examined by using high-energy synchrotron X-ray diffraction in transmission to obtain a bulk analysis of a relatively large sample volume (0.08 mm 3 ). In addition, individual shear bands were examined by extracting specific sections using a focused ion beam technique followed by transmission electron microscopy. No evidence of crystallization was observed. The lack of formation of any crystalline phase during the course of the cylindrical indentation, in contrast to reports of crystallization in the same Zr-based metallic glass composition under a nano-indenter, is attributed to the evolution of the large differences in the pressure levels between these two deformation modes.
Religious Motivation in Middle Age: Correlates and Implications

The purpose of this study was to determine the relative relationship of self-rated health, age, sex, race, three measures of self-concept (actual, appearance, and ideal), education, occupation, and locus of control to religious motivation in middle age. The subjects were 301 men and women between the ages of 45 and 65 years from 22 randomly selected United Methodist churches. The results of the study show that factors reflective of the process of acculturation such as sex, ideal self-concept, and locus of control maintain the strongest relationship with religious motivation. Women, persons who have high idealized self-concepts, and adults who believe that what happens to them is under their personal control are less likely than others to be extrinsically motivated or to show a "self-centered" dependence upon religion. Consequently, the findings suggest that an important relationship may exist between the "comfort" or "challenge" functions of religion and spiritual well-being in later life for middle-aged groups.
Separation of Casein Micelles from Milk for Rapid Determination of Casein Concentration

Abstract Size exclusion chromatography was used to separate casein micelles from whey protein in milk for rapid measurement of casein. Casein concentration was measured by size exclusion separation monitored by ultraviolet spectroscopy and by acid precipitation followed by Kjeldahl estimation of protein. The correlation coefficient between the two methods was .92. Effects of temperature, pH, and calcium on separation were evaluated. Addition of calcium was used to incorporate all casein into micelles before separation.
Variable Sequencing Is Actively Maintained in a Well Learned Motor Skill

Variation in sequencing of actions occurs in many natural behaviors, yet how such variation is maintained is poorly understood. We investigated maintenance of sequence variation in adult Bengalese finch song, a learned skill with rendition-to-rendition variation in the sequencing of discrete syllables (i.e., syllable “b” might transition to “c” with 70% probability and to “d” with 30% probability). We found that probabilities of transitions ordinarily remain stable but could be modified by delivering aversive noise bursts following one transition (e.g., “b→c”) but not the alternative (e.g., “b→d”). Such differential reinforcement induced gradual, adaptive decreases in probabilities of targeted transitions and compensatory increases in alternative transitions. Thus, the normal stability of transition probabilities does not reflect hardwired premotor circuitry. While all variable transitions could be modified by differential reinforcement, some were less readily modified than others; these were cases that exhibited more alternation between possible transitions than predicted by chance (i.e., “b→d ” would tend to follow “b→c ” and vice versa). These history-dependent transitions were less modifiable than more stochastic transitions. Similarly, highly stereotyped transitions (which are completely predictable) were not modifiable. This suggests that stochastically generated variability is crucial for sequence modification. Finally, we found that, when reinforcement ceased, birds gradually restored transition probabilities to their baseline values. Hence, the nervous system retains a representation of baseline probabilities and has the impetus to restore them. Together, our results indicate that variable sequencing in a motor skill can reflect an end point of learning that is stably maintained via continual self-monitoring.
Long‐term data reveal patterns and controls on stream water chemistry in a forested stream: Walker Branch, Tennessee

We present 20 years of weekly stream water chemistry, hydrology, and climate data for the Walker Branch watershed in eastern Tennessee, USA. Since 1989, the watershed has experienced a ∼1.0°C increase in mean annual temperature, a ∼20% decline in precipitation, and a ∼30% increase in forest evapotranspiration rates. As a result, stream runoff has declined by ∼34%. We evaluate long-term trends in stream water concentrations and fluxes for nine solutes and use wet deposition data to calculate approximate watershed input–output budgets. Dissolved constituents were classified as geochemical solutes (Ca2+, Mg2+, and SO42−) or nutrients (NH4+, NO3−, soluble reactive phosphorus [SRP], total soluble nitrogen [TSN], total soluble phosphorus [TSP], and dissolved organic carbon [DOC]). Geochemical solutes are predominantly controlled by discharge, and the long-term changes in catchment hydrology have led to significant trends in the concentrations and fluxes of these solutes. Further, the trends in geochemical solut...
Esophagectomy for End Stage Achalasia

Esophageal myotomy is the standard primary therapy for achalasia. However, reports on long-term results of myotomy have suggested a deterioration of outcome over time with many patients presenting with end stage disease several years after esophagomyotomy. Eight patients who had previously undergone esophagomyotomy for achalasia presented with recurrent or worsening symptoms, and after preoperative evaluation, were treated by esophagectomy via laparotomy and right thoracotomy. The mean age at the time of myotomy was 52 years (range 18 to 62 years), and the mean time until esophagectomy was 12.5 years (range 2 to 18 years) after the initial myotomy. The median time until esophagectomy was performed after myotomy was 14 years. All patients in this series gained weight (mean, 23 pounds; range, 9 to 42 lbs) following esophagectomy, and none of the patients complained of dysphagia at follow-up or developed stricture. There were no major complications (including anastomotic leak) or deaths in this series. Five of the patients have been followed a mean of six years and remain well. Esophagectomy is a safe and appropriate treatment option in the setting of recurrent and end stage achalasia.
Pervaporation study for the dehydration of tetrahydrofuran-water mixtures by polymeric and ceramic membranes.

Pervaporation technology can effectively separate a tetrahydrofuran (THF) solvent-water waste stream at an azeotropic concentration. The performance of a Sulzer® 2210 polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) membrane and a Pervatech BV® silica membrane were studied, as the operating variables feed temperature and permeate pressure, were varied. The silica membrane was found to exhibit a flux of almost double that of the PVA membrane, but both membranes had comparable separation ability in purifying the solvent-water mixture. At benchmark feed conditions of 96 wt% THF and 4 wt% water, 50°C and 10 torr permeate pressure, the silica membrane flux was 0.276 kg/m2hr and selectivity was 365. For both membranes, flux was found to increase at an exponential rate as the feed temperature increased from 20 to 60°C. The flux through the silica membrane increases at a 6% faster rate than the PVA membrane. Flux decreased as permeate pressure was increased from 5 to 25 torr for both membranes. The amount of water in the permeate decreas...
Deformation and Fracture of Lamellar and Cylindrical Block Copolymers with Unentangled Glassy Matrices: Effect of Chain Architecture and Microdomain Orientation

We investigate the influence of chain architecture and microdomain orientation on the deformation and fracture properties of relatively thick films (600−800 nm) of poly(cyclohexylethylene)−poly(eth...
Diagnostic Value and Limitations of Orbital Biopsy in Wegener's Granutomatosis

Patients with Wegener's granulomatosis may present with ophthalmic involvement Pin either the classic or limited forms. Although the overall clinical picture and serologic testing for antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA) are important, biopsy is often necessary for a definitive diagnosis. Accurate interpretation of these orbital biopsies is essential. The authors reviewed the histopathologic features of 13 orbital biopsies in patients with well-documented Wegener's granulomatosis. The classic triad of vasculitis, tissue necrosis, and granulomatous inflammation was seen in 7 of 13 biopsies (54%). Vasculitis in combination with other microscopic findings was seen in 4 of 13 (31%) biopsies. Giant cells were seldom seen. Two biopsies showed only perivascular infiltrates. Based on this study, it appears that a spectrum of histopathologic features can be seen in orbital biopsies in Wegener's granulomatosis. This study underscores the importance of clinical correlation, the application of the ANCA test, and comparison with extraorbital biopsies, if available, when interpreting orbital biopsies in the diagnosis of Wegener's granulomatosis.
DIHEMATOPORPHYRIN ETHER‐PHOSPHOLIPID INTERACTIONS. THE ROLES OF SURFACE CHARGE and LATERAL PHASE SEPARATIONS

Fluorescence spectroscopy was utilized to investigate the equilibrium interaction of dihem-atoporphyrin ether(s) (DHE) with binary and ternary phospholipid mixtures of defined composition in order to define the roles of net negative surface charge and lateral phase separations in DHE-membrane partitioning. Binary phospholipid mixtures employed were composed of dimyristoyl-phosphatidylcholine (DMPC) mixed with increasing weight percentages of dimyristoylphosphatidylgly-cerol (DMPG) providing controlled variation of net membrane surface charge. Two types of ternary phospholipid mixtures were utilized. Ternary acid mixtures contained various percentages of palmitoyl-lysophosphatidyl choline (LPC) + palmitic acid (PA) dispersed in DMPC. Ternary alcohol mixtures contained various percentages of LPC + hexadecanol (OL) dispersed in DMPC. The ternary phospholipid mixtures are known to be phase separated. At total DHE concentrations of 0.33 μA/ and using 100% DMPC, the DHE partition coefficient (P) is 250 000. This partition coefficient is to some extent dependent on the DHE concentration. The observed partition coefficients show little dependence on surface charge in DMPC-DMPG mixtures. However, P decreases markedly with increasing phase separation in the ternary lipid mixtures. The fluorescence of membrane-bound DHE is dependent on the composition of the ternary mixtures in a manner suggesting micropartitioning of DHE into the phospholipid bulk phase as well as into the disordered regions between laterally phase separated phospholipid domains.
Characterization of N‐acyl homoserine lactone overproducing mutants of Burkholderia multivorans ATCC 17616

Burkholderia multivorans ATCC 17616 ordinarily produces insufficient amounts of N-acyl homoserine lactones (AHLs) to promote AHL-dependent formation of the pigment violacein by the reporter strain Chromobacterium violaceum CV026. We have isolated AHL-overproducing mutants of strain 17616 by screening for variants which do cross-feed AHLs to strain CV026. Nucleotide-sequence analysis of the bmuIR locus which specifies AHL synthase (BmuI) and AHL-binding transcriptional activator protein (BmuR) indicated that the increased capacity to produce AHLs was not a consequence of changes upstream or internal to the bmuI or bmuR genes. We conclude that the mutations leading to AHL overproduction lie outside the bmuI/bmuR locus.
Anciently duplicated Broad Complex exons have distinct temporal functions during tissue morphogenesis

Broad Complex (BRC) is an essential ecdysone-pathway gene required for entry into and progression through metamorphosis in Drosophila melanogaster. Mutations of three BRC complementation groups cause numerous phenotypes, including a common suite of morphogenesis defects involving central nervous system (CNS), adult salivary glands (aSG), and male genitalia. These defects are phenocopied by the juvenile hormone mimic methoprene. Four BRC isoforms are produced by alternative splicing of a protein-binding BTB/POZ-encoding exon (BTB BRC ) to one of four tandemly duplicated, DNA-binding zinc-finger-encoding exons (Z1 BRC , Z2 BRC , Z3 BRC , Z4 BRC ). Highly conserved orthologs of BTB BRC and all four Z BRC were found among published cDNA sequences or genome databases from Diptera, Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera, and Coleoptera, indicating that BRC arose and underwent internal exon duplication before the split of holometabolous orders. Tramtrack subfamily members, abrupt, tramtrack, fruitless, longitudinals lacking (lola), and CG31666 were characterized throughout Holometabola and used to root phylogenetic analyses of Z BRC exons, which revealed that the Z BRC clade includes Z abrupt . All four Z BRC domains, including Z4 BRC , which has no known essential function, are evolving in a manner consistent with selective constraint. We used transgenic rescue to explore how different BRC isoforms contribute to shared tissue-morphogenesis functions. As predicted from earlier studies, the common CNS and aSG phenotypes were rescued by BRC-Z1 in rbp mutants, BRC-Z2 in br mutants, and BRC-Z3 in 2Bc mutants. However, the isoforms are required at two different developmental stages, with BRC-Z2 and -Z3 required earlier than BRC-Z1. The sequential action of BRC isoforms indicates subfunctionalization of duplicated Z BRC exons even when they contribute to common developmental processes.
Weak Plaquette Valence Bond Order in the S = 1 / 2 Honeycomb J 1 − J 2 Heisenberg Model

Using the density matrix renormalization group, we investigate the $S=1/2$ Heisenberg model on the honeycomb lattice with first (${J}_{1}$) and second (${J}_{2}$) neighbor interactions. We are able to study long open cylinders with widths up to 12 lattice spacings. For ${J}_{2}/{J}_{1}$ near 0.3, we find an apparently paramagnetic phase, bordered by an antiferromagnetic phase for ${J}_{2}\ensuremath{\lesssim}0.26$ and by a valence bond crystal for ${J}_{2}\ensuremath{\gtrsim}0.36$. The longest correlation length that we find in this intermediate phase is for plaquette valence bond order. This correlation length grows strongly with cylinder circumference, indicating either quantum criticality or weak plaquette valence bond order.
Influence of Lineage, Broodstock Conditioning, and Hormone Injection on Gila Trout Reproductive Success and Egg Fatty Acid Composition

Abstract Successful reproduction of captive-reared fishes depends on hatchery practices and proper broodstock nutrition. Nutrient requirements and environmental conditions stimulating reproductive development are unknown for many threatened and endangered species and may differ between lineages within species. Accordingly, prior to spawning, Main Diamond Gila Trout Oncorhynchus gilae broodstock were exposed to different thermal cycles and hormonal injection to improve reproductive success. Additionally, egg fatty acid composition and hatching success of Main and South Diamond Gila Trout were evaluated to determine the extent of phenotypic differences between lineages. Thermal conditioning of broodstock accompanied with injections of exogenous luteinizing hormone releasing hormone analog (LHRHa) prior to spawning improved progeny survival over historic hatchery means as well as means for broodstock reared in raceways at constant temperatures without LHRHa. Egg n-6 fatty acid content appears to be associate...
The Contradictions of Real Socialism: The Conductor and the Conducted

Michael Lebowitz, The Contradictions of Real Socialism: The Conductor and the Conducted (New York: Monthly Review Press, 2012) The issue of “Real Socialism” has plagued the global Left since 1917. ...
Microscopic studies of nonlocal spin dynamics and spin transport (invited)

Understanding the behavior of spins coupling across interfaces in the study of spin current generation and transport is a fundamental challenge that is important for spintronics applications. The transfer of spin angular momentum from a ferromagnet into an adjacent normal material as a consequence of the precession of the magnetization of the ferromagnet is a process known as spin pumping. We find that, in certain circumstances, the insertion of an intervening normal metal can enhance spin pumping between an excited ferromagnetic magnetization and a normal metal layer as a consequence of improved spin conductance matching. We have studied this using inverse spin Hall effect and enhanced damping measurements. Scanned probe magnetic resonance techniques are a complementary tool in this context offering high resolution magnetic resonance imaging, localized spin excitation, and direct measurement of spin lifetimes or damping. Localized magnetic resonance studies of size-dependent spin dynamics in the absence of lithographic confinement in both ferromagnets and paramagnets reveal the close relationship between spin transport and spin lifetime at microscopic length scales. Finally, detection of ferromagnetic resonance of a ferromagnetic film using the photoluminescence of nitrogen vacancy spins in neighboring nanodiamonds demonstrates long-range spin transport between insulating materials, indicating the complexity and generality of spin transport in diverse, spatially separated, material systems.
RNASeq profiling of UTR expression during neuronal plasticity

Background Neurons interact with, and are influenced by, tissues that are remote from the cell body. For example, sensory neuron cell bodies are located within peri-spinal ganglia but are connected to both the spinal cord and skin via their axons projecting through dorsal roots and peripheral nerves. Biochemical signals from anatomical compartments (spinal cord / root / ganglion / nerve / skin) modulate the molecular biology of neurons which can respond to signals from any/all of these remote regions. One mechanism by which neurons respond to these signals and interact with their targets is by actively transporting mRNA to that region. There, the mRNA is translated to produce protein at locally-determined positions and times. A growing body of evidence shows that untranslated regions (UTRs) of genes are important for this targeting. For example, 3’-UTRs contain 50nt “zip code” consensus binding sites for cis-acting zip code-binding proteins (ZPBs) that drive axonal targeting of mRNA [1]. We therefore hypothesized that gene expression during collateral sprouting, an axonal growth process that is highly responsive to target-derived factors, might involve differential regulation of UTR components.
Spacing patterns in terebellid polychaetes

Abstract The spatial distribution of a terebellid polychaete, Thelepus crispus Johnson, living in an intertidal mudflat of San Juan Island, Washington, was examined. Statistical methods, which analyze spatial patterns of polychaete tubes on the mudflat surface, revealed even spacing ( P P
Structure and Folding of Nascent Polypeptide Chains during Protein Translocation in the Endoplasmic Reticulum

To investigate the role of protein folding and chaperone-nascent chain interactions in translocation across the endoplasmic reticulum membrane, the translocation of wild type and mutant forms of preprolactin were studied in vivo andin vitro. The preprolactin mutant studied contains an 18-amino acid substitution at the amino terminus of the mature protein, eliminating a disulfide-bonded loop domain. In COS-7 cells, mutant prolactin accumulated in the endoplasmic reticulum as stable protein-protein and disulfide-bonded aggregates, whereas wild type prolactin was efficiently secreted. In vitro, wild type and mutant preprolactin translocated with equal efficiency although both translation products were recovered as heterogeneous aggregates. Studies with translocation intermediates indicated that aggregation occurred co-translationally. To evaluate the contribution of lumenal chaperones to translocation and folding, in vitro studies were performed with native and reconstituted, chaperone-deficient membranes. The absence of lumenal chaperones was associated with a decrease in translocation efficiency and pronounced aggregation of the translation products. These studies suggest that chaperone-nascent chain interactions significantly enhance translocation and indicate that in the absence of such interactions, aggregation can serve as the predominant in vitro protein folding end point. The ramifications of these observations on investigations into the mechanism of translocation are discussed.
AN APPLICATION OF THE FINITE ELEMENT TECHNIQUE TO BOUNDARY VALUE PROBLEMS OF POTENTIAL FLOW

This report summarizes an experimental application of the finite element approach to two-dimensional inviscid fluid flow. The method results in a matrix equation relating the vector of velocities at the nodal points with the vector of singularities. The singularities, which are concentrated at the nodes, consist of a source and a vortex. On solution of this equation (defining the flow in the region), boundary conditions must te stipulated. This usually involves setting the internal singularities to zero and making certain modifications ro those lying on the boundary of the region. Some results of the application to a particular problem are included in the paper.
An experimental and theoretical study of creep of a graphite/epoxy woven composite

The creep behavior of woven fiber polymer composites has been investigated through both an experimental study and analytical modeling. In the modeling, the matrix is assumed to be a 4-parameter model (a Maxwell-Voigt combination) and the fibers to be elastic. The fiber undulation model developed by Ishikawa and Chou for elastic behavior of woven fiber composites has been extended to the viscoelastic system by the correspondence principle. This considers the longitudinal and transverse fibers separately. The weave geometry and dimensions are accounted for, thus bringing the model closer to the actual composite. While this model has been used previously to predict the composites elastic behavior, this is the first time it is considered as a viscoelastic solid, which helps determine its time dependent behavior. The resultant model takes into account the different parameters associated with the weave (the density of the fibers in the weave, the radius of the fibers and the profile of the fill and warp fibers), volume concentration of the fiber and matrix in the composite, and the elastic moduli of the fill and warp fibers and the viscoelastic properties of the polymer matrix. We have conducted creep tests on graphite fiber/epoxy composites to evaluate our model. Experiments have been conducted from room temperature (22°C) to 200°F (93°C). The results from experiments have been analyzed and an inverse simulation has been performed to obtain the unknown parameters of the matrix and fibers in the composite. The model is then used to predict the creep behavior of the woven fiber composite under other loading conditions and temperature levels, showing satisfactory agreement with the data.
Senior citizens' credibility assessment of online health information: a proposal of a mixed methods study

This study aims to examine senior citizens' credibility assessment of online health information by using mixed methods consisting of a log analysis and focus groups. In particular, a log analysis will show "which" websites senior citizens often visit and stay at for a long time. In addition, focus groups will show "why" senior citizens use certain websites frequently and for how long. Based on the P-I Theory, this study will explain "which" markers (elements) of websites catch seniors' attention and "why" they perceive the websites to be credible. Considering credibility assessment is a research topic in the field of social sciences that cannot be fully understood by using either purely quantitative or purely qualitative techniques, mixed methods involving qualitative and quantitative data sources and analyses are a useful methodology. In addition, in light of the expected increase in the population of senior citizens and their great concern for and interest in health information, findings from the proposed study will provide important data only for researchers in this area but also librarians and system developers.
Comparison of Normal and Pathological Hemodynamics in Coronary Artery Aneurysms Caused by Kawasaki Disease

Kawasaki disease (KD) is an acute febrile illness occurring primarily in children less than 5 years of age. It is the leading cause of acquired heart disease in children, with over 4000 cases of KD diagnosed annually in the US alone. There is currently no clinical diagnostic test for KD, and diagnosis is made via a combination of symptoms including rash, swollen extremities, and fever. Approximately 20–25% of the untreated cases develop large aneurysms in the coronary arteries, which put the patient at severe risk for myocardial infarction. In this project we performed patient specific computational simulations of blood flow in aneurysmal left and right coronary arteries of a 10-year old KD patient and compared the hemodynamics to that of a normal coronary. Several relevant hemodynamic parameters such as WSS, WSS gradients and recirculation time were obtained, as a first step towards developing a risk assessment tool for thrombosis in KD patients.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Evidence for the involvement of TNF and NF-κB in hippocampal synaptic plasticity

The cytokine tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF), well-known for its roles in cellular responses to tissue injury, has recently been shown to be produced in response to physiological activity in neuronal circuits. TNF stimulates receptors in neurons linked to the activation of the transcription factor NF-kappaB, and recent findings suggest that this signaling pathway can modulate neuronal excitability and vulnerability of neurons to excitotoxicity. Because data indicate that TNF is produced, and NF-kappaB activated, under conditions associated with learning and memory, we performed experiments in the hippocampal slice preparation aimed at elucidating roles for TNF and NF-kappaB in modulating synaptic plasticity. Whereas stimulation of Schaffer collateral axons at a frequency of 1 Hz induced long-term depression (LTD) of synaptic transmission in region CA1 of wild-type mice, LTD did not occur in slices from TNF receptor knockout mice. Stimulation at 100 Hz induced long-term potentiation (LTP) in slices from both wild-type mice and mice lacking TNF receptors. Basal transmission was unaltered in mice lacking TNF receptors. Pretreatment of slices from wild-type mice with kappaB decoy DNA prevented induction of LTD and significantly reduced the magnitude of LTP. Collectively, these data suggest important roles for TNF and signaling pathways that modulate NF-kappaB activity in regulation of hippocampal synaptic plasticity.
The rediscovery of infant feeding formula with magnetic resonance imaging

In six newborns, regular infant feeding formula given approximately one-half hour to four hours prior to MR examination, demonstrated a high intensity signal within the infant's stomach, small bowel, and colon. This effect was observed on both 0.5 Tesla and 1.5 Tesla magnets on T1 (SE TR/TE 433-600/20-25) and on T2 (SE TR/TE 1500/30-80) weighted images. Infant feeding formula has the potential to be used as an oral contrast agent for visualization of the newborn gastrointestinal tract. Chloral hydrate and other agents were also tested.
Gauge-invariant de Gennes model

A gauge-invariant formulation of the de Gennes model for the nematic---to---smectic-$A$ transition is presented. In this formulation the energy associated with the gauge field $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{A}$ reduces to the Frank elastic energy with the application of the constraint ${\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{n}}_{0}\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{A}=0$ where ${\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{n}}_{0}$ is the uniform equilibrium director and $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{A}$ is to be identified with deviations $\ensuremath{\delta}\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{n}$ of the director from equilibrium. It is shown that thermodynamic quantities and renormalization-group recursion relations are gauge invariant. All gauge dependence appears in the exponent $\ensuremath{\eta}$ describing order-parameter correlations. The gauge invariance of a negative dielectric anisotropy smectic-$A$ in an external electric field is also studied.
A Real Time Social Norms Intervention to Reduce Male Sexism

College males’ overestimation of peers’ sexism may result in reluctance to challenge these toxic attitudes. Researchers investigated the power of a brief intervention to correct these cognitive distortions in Southeastern U.S. undergraduate samples of unacquainted (N = 65; 86.2% Caucasian) and acquainted males (N = 63; 82% Caucasian). Participants first reported selfperceptions of attitudes toward women and then estimated the attitudes of other men present. Intervention participants attended brief presentations that included feedback on discrepancies between actual and perceived norms within their groups. At 3 week follow up, there was a significant decrease in perceptions of peers’ sexism for intervention groups, indicating that a brief intervention may be useful in sexism reduction.
An improved method for managing catastrophic supply chain disruptions

Abstract This article analyzes the differences between frequent and rare risks for supply chain disruptions, and proposes a new, improved risk measurement and prioritization method to account for the characteristics of rare risks. The varying idiosyncrasies of decision makers are integrated into this method such that risk management can be brought into alignment with an individual manager's preferences. Also woven into this tapestry is the notion of detection, which is familiar to those who have applied failure modes and effects analysis (FMEA), but novel in the arena of supply chain risk management. Rare risks in the supply chain are, by their nature, unsettling: unforeseen disruptions are always present, probability estimates are imprecise, and comprehensive data collection is impossible. These difficulties are taken into account by the presented risk management framework. While the proposed ordinal scales are perhaps unsettling to many who desire greater precision, measurement methods must fit the precision that is possible. By considering rare risks along with frequent risks, managers can be better positioned to deal with the unforeseen.
A Novel Set of Wnt-Frizzled Fusion Proteins Identifies Receptor Components That Activate β-Catenin-dependent Signaling

Wnt proteins initiate the canonical (β-catenin-regulated) signaling cascade by binding to seven-transmembrane spanning receptors of the Frizzled (Fz) family together with the coreceptors LRP5 and -6, members of the low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein family (LRP). Several reports have shown physical and functional associations between various Wnt, LRP, and Frizzled molecules; however, the underlying mechanisms for selectivity remain poorly understood. We present data on a novel set of Wnt-Fz fusion constructs that are useful for elucidating mechanisms of Wnt signal transduction specificity in both Xenopus embryos and 293T cells. In 293T cells, coexpression of several Wnt-Fz fusion proteins with LRP6, but not LRP5, significantly activated a Wnt-responsive promoter, Optimized TOPFlash. Interestingly, Wnt proteins from both the Wnt1 and Wnt5A classes, when fused to the same Frizzled, can synergize with LRP6 to activate signaling and induce secondary axes in Xenopus embryos. However, when several Wnt-Fz constructs containing different Frizzled molecules were tested, it was found that all Frizzled molecules are not equivalent in their ability to activate the canonical Wnt pathway in this context. The data suggest that the distinction between the two Wnt classes lies not in intrinsic differences in the molecules but via the Frizzled molecules with which they interact.
Buckling and Stable Tearing Responses of Unstiffened Aluminum Shells with Long Cracks

The results of an analytical and experimental study of the nonlinear response of thin, unstiffened, aluminum cylindrical shells with a long longitudinal crack are presented. The shells are analyzed with a nonlinear shell analysis code that accurately accounts for global and local structural response phenomena. Results are presented for internal pressure and for axial compression loads. The effect of initial crack length on the initiation of stable tearing and unstable crack growth in typical shells subjected to internal pressure loads is predicted using geo- metrically nonlinear elastic-plastic finite element analyses. The results of these analyses and of the experiments indicate that the pressure required to initiate stable tearing and unstable tearing in a shell subjected to internal pressure loads decreases as the crack length increases. The effects of crack length on the prebuckling, buckling and postbuckling responses of typical shells subjected to axial compression are also described. For this loading condition, the crack length is held constant. The results of the analyses illustrate the influence of crack length on shell buckling instabilities. The experimental and analytical results correlate well.
Use of native and derivatized cyclodextrin chiral stationary phases for the enantioseparation of aromatic and aliphatic sulfoxides by high performance liquid chromatography

The enantioselectivity of native and derivatized cyclodextrin stationary phases for aromatic and aliphatic chiral sulfoxides was evaluated using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Many sulfoxide enantiomers could be baseline resolved using the derivatized cyclodextrin stationary phases in the reverse phase mode. The most important factor influencing enantioselectivity is the presence of steric bulk alpha to the chiral center. However, substituents on an aromatic ring bonded to the sulfoxide have less pronounced effects on enantioselectivity. The 2,3-dimethyl β-cyclodextrin exhibits the broadest anantioselectivity for neutral chiral sulfoxides. Native cyclodextrins and hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrins were much less effective in separating this class of molecules. The hydrogen bonding ability of the organic modifier does not significantly affect enantioselectivity.
Studies with labelled anterior pituitary preparations; adrenocorticotropin.

THE determination of the in vivo effects of the anterior pituitary hormones has depended largely upon classical endocrinological techniques. These have included hypophysectomy with or without hormone replacement as well as the direct administration of the hypophyseal hormones to normal as well as prepared animals. The fate of these protein hormones has not been adequately elucidated with such methods. It was considered of interest to study the distribution of anterior pituitary hormone preparations after being labelled with different radioactive reagents. Many investigators have reported that such procedures as the coupling of a diazonium compound to protein, or the direct iodination of protein may alter the protein’s previous specificity and possibly lead to the acquisition of new immunologic properties (Landsteiner, 1945, Haurowitz, Sarafian and Schwerin, 1941, Shahrokh, 1943). The average number of substituent groups introduced (Landsteiner, 1945, Haurowitz, Sarafian and Schwerin, 1941, Shahrokh, 1943)...
Hydrogen adsorption on copper: Embedding theory based on orbital localization

Abstract The chemisorption of H on Cu(100) is treated (a) using small cluster models, and (b) using an embedding theory based on orbital localization (Whitten and Pakkanen, Phys. Rev. B21 (1980) 4357). The small cluster calculations on Cu9 and Cu9H show adsorption in the four-fold coordination site to be much more stable than atop atom adsorption; binding energies are 3.3 and 0.6 eV, respectively. The entry of H into the eigenvalue spectrum is primarily below the d levels for an in-plane, four-fold site and above for atop atom adsorption. Cu remains d10 with hydrogen bonding essentially with the 4s band. Calculations on Cu25 and Cu25H, carried out with a s basis only, illustrate the effects of embedding. The binding energy is reduced to 2.0 eV (SCF) and 2.3 eV (CI) consistent with experiment, for a four-fold site 0.8 A above the surface.
Epigenetic silencing of SOCS3 identifies a subset of prostate cancer with an aggressive behavior

BACKGROUND Chronic inflammation and subsequent tissutal alterations may play a key role in prostate carcinogenesis. In this way, molecular alterations of the suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3), one of the most important inhibitory molecule of inflammatory signal transduction circuitries, could contribute to explain the pleiotropic role of interleukin-6 (IL-6) in this type of cancer. METHODS We analyzed the methylation status and mRNA expression of SOCS3 in 20 benign prostate hyperplasias (BPH) and in 51 prostate cancer specimens. We analyzed the SOCS3 methylation status using methylation-specific PCR. Hypermethylation was confirmed by sequencing after subcloning. Epigenetic silencing of this gene was also demonstrated by real-time PCR and by immunohistochemestry. Results and correlation with clinical data were statistically analyzed. RESULTS We found that the promoter of SOCS3 was methylated in 39.2% of prostate cancer. On the contrary, all BPH and normal controls had an unmethylated pattern. Real-time analysis showed that in methylated cases SOCS3 mRNA expression was reduced by three and four folds as compared to BPH and unmethylated cases, respectively. Interestingly, SOCS3 mRNA level was higher in unmethylated prostate cancer than in BPH. The immunohistochemical staining analysis for SOCS 3 confirmed mRNA results. Moreover, methylation of SOCS3 promoter significantly associated with intermediate–high grade Gleason score (P = 0.0007) and with an unfavorable clinical outcome (P = 0.0019). CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that SOCS3 hypermethylation may be involved in the pathogenesis of prostate cancer and could identify a tumor subset with an aggressive behavior. Prostate 71:318–325, 2011. © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.