cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Linking entities in scientific metadata

Linked entity data in metadata records builds a foundation for the Semantic Web. Even though metadata records contain rich entity data, there is no linking between associated entities such as persons, datasets, projects, publications, or organizations. We conducted a small experiment using the dataset collection from the Hubbard Brook Ecosystem Study (HBES), in which we converted the entities and their relationships into RDF triples and linked the URIs contained in RDF triples to the corresponding entities in the Ecological Metadata Language (EML) records. Through the transformation program written in XML Stylesheet Language (XSL), we turned a plain EML record display into an interlinked semantic web of ecological datasets. The experiment suggests a methodological feasibility in incorporating linked entity data into metadata records. The paper also argues for the need for change in the scientific as well as the general metadata paradigm.
Parasites of fish from the Salton Sea, California, U.S.A.

Parasitological monitoring was carried out from 1997 to 1999 in a highly saline (41–45 g/l) lake in southeastern California, Salton Sea. A total of 1473 fishes were examined. Young tilapia, Oreochromis mossambicus, croaker, Bairdiella icistia, and mudsucker, Gillichthys mirabilis, were found infected by ectoparasites. Some persistent foci of fish infestations were found around the perimeter of the lake. The diversity of parasites was limited to three protozoan species, Amyloodinium ocellatum (Dinoflagellida), Ambiphrya ameiuri (Peritricha), Cryptobia branchialis (Bodonida: Kinetoplastida), and two metazoans, the monogeneans Gyrodactylus olsoni and G. imperialis. Both A. ocellatum and A. ameiuri infested fish from spring through fall. The greatest infestations occurred in summer (29–40°C) in the case of A. ocellatum and in spring and autumn (22–27°C) in the case of A. ameiuri. High parasite loads caused severe damage to such respiratory organs as gills and skin. They may depress respiration and osmoregulation and, in combination with other environmental factors, cause fish suffocation and death. These parasites may play a major role in juvenile fish mortality.
Processing and optical properties of sol-gel derived nanostructured CdWO 4 films

Dense and transparent cadmium tungstate (CWO) scintillation films have been first synthesized by sol-gel processing and their optical properties have been studied. Different precursors (tungsten oxychloride and tungstic acid), solvents (alcohol based and aqueous based) and thermal annealing processing conditions were investigated to achieve stable sols and resultant dense nanocrystalline CWO films. XRD showed CWO was the only detectable crystalline phase in the film derived by tungstic acid based sol and fast sintering at 500°C for 20 min, while the slow sintered films derived both from tungstic acid and tungsten oxychloride at 500°C for 1 hour with a heating ramp of 8°C/min resulted in porous films containing some extra tungsten oxide phases besides CWO. The fast sintered CWO film was uniform, fully dense, crack-free and of 0.5 μm in thickness. Optical transparency and photoluminescence of CWO films were characterized, and the results showed that high density and low porosity of CWO film by fast sintering led to higher transmittance and photoluminescence output. By controlling synthesis and sintering methods the nanocrystalline grains in CWO films can be of 15~52 nm in diameter. The relationships between sol-gel processing, precursor and solvent chemistry, nanostructures, densification and optical properties were discussed.
“No Overly Suggestive Photos of Any Kind”: Content Management and the Policing of Self in Gay Digital Communities

This article examines the policies and practices that manage user-submitted content on 3 gay-targeted social networking services. While managing user-generated content is a common practice across social networking services, the policies implemented on gay-targeted services tend to be distinctively restrictive in scope and highly specific in formulation. This analysis identifies the technical, legal, and social affordances that authorized the creation of these policies. Framing content management policies as derived from the technical rules of platforms such as Apple's App Store obscures normative judgments about proper self-presentation and community formation. Identifying the normative character of these policies requires an analysis rooted simultaneously in technology studies, media policy, and subcultural identity politics.
Occupational stress and burnout between male and female police officers: Are there any gender differences?

– The purpose of this paper is to explore whether male and female police officers report different levels of occupational stress and burnout. Also, the research seeks to examine whether various factors that are purported to influence occupational stress and burnout have differential effects on male and female officers., – Using a sample of police officers working in a large metropolitan department in the Northeast, the paper begins by using t‐tests to make gender comparisons between the average levels of occupational stress and burnout between male and female officers. Next, separate multivariate analyses were run for male and female officers to determine how a set of independent variables measuring the work‐environment, coping mechanisms, and other demographic characteristics affected the measures of occupational stress and burnout., – The findings indicate that male and female officers did not report significantly different levels of occupational stress and burnout. Results of the separate multivariate analyses reveal that, although there are similar predictors of stress and burnout for male and female officers, differences did exist in the models, lending support to the assertion that the female officers may experience unique stressors in the police organization. The multivariate results also indicate that African‐American female officers report significantly higher levels of burnout than other officers., – The current research adds to the knowledge about how levels and predictors of work‐related stress and burnout compare between male and female police officers. The current study is limited by its focus on only one police department located in the Northeast. This may limit the generalizability of the results., – The results of the study have implications for programs and policies that seek to prevent stress and burnout among police officers. The results of the current study indicate that a one‐program‐fits‐all approach may not be the best way for departments to help officers to deal with stress and burnout, since male and female officers may not experience or deal with these issues in a similar fashion.
The role of transport phenomena in protein crystal growth

Abstract The idiosyncrasies of protein crystal growth are widely known: crystals often stop growing before reaching a size adequate for X-ray diffraction studies; sometimes their quality is poor. The reasons for this behavior are not well understood. We investigated several transport mechanisms to ascertain whether they might play significant roles in protein crystal growth. Scale analyses were used to establish the order-of-magnitude of forces arising from natural convection. They show that shear forces are probably too small to dislodge molecules from the crystal surface or alter protein structure by unfolding. Strong shear fields can align molecules, but we find that the shear arising from natural convection is much too weak to alter the orientation distribution of protein molecules. Crystal growth rates are set by a balance between attachment kinetics and transport to the crystal surface and, according to our analysis, crystals prepared in growth rate studies are usually too small to be affected by either diffusion or convective transport. The role of salt rejection at the crystal-fluid interface was also investigated. Salt rejection could influence growth by changing the transport velocity normal to the interface or by changing the driving force for diffusion. The magnitude of each effect appears too small to be significant.
Theoretical models for grafted homopolymers in poor solvents: Observations of “dimpledrd surfaces

Abstract We introduce two new methods for determining the effect of solvent quality on a layer of end-grafted homopolymers. In the first investigation, we combine the random phase approximation (RPA) with a numerical self-consistent field analysis to examine the structure of the grafted layer. For sufficiently poor solvents, the laterally homogeneous grafted layer is linearly unstable to fluctuations tangential to the grafting plane. In the unstable regime, the grafted layer forms a “dimpled” surface in which the depth of, and the distance between, the dimples depend on chain length, solvent quality and grafting density. We also developed a two-dimensional self-consistent field model for grafted chains. The model allows us to explicitly calculate the density profiles for the grafted layer. These profiles clearly reveal the dimpled surface. Both methods are sufficiently general to be useful in examining a variety of problems involving polymers at interfaces.
A Rational Approach to the Preparation of Polydipyridyldiacetylenes: An Exercise in Crystal Design

Crystals have been designed for the purpose of carrying out the topochemical polymerization of two isomeric dipyridyldiacetylenes, 1,4-di(pyrdin-3-yl)buta-1,3-diyne (3-pda) and 1,4-di(pyrdin-4-yl)buta-1,3-diyne (4-pda). A successful polymerization depends on achieving a monomer spacing, dm, of 4.90 A with a close contact R1,4, between the reacting atoms, C1−C4‘, of neighboring diacetylenes. A series of five oxalamide dicarboxylic acid host molecules were chosen for the study since they were known to form hydrogen-bond networks with spacings near the required 4.90 A. Five host molecules and two diacetylene guests should have given 10 cocrystals, but only eight were successfully obtained. The best parameters were found for the cocrystal of the 4-pyridyl isomer, 4-pda, with the oxalamide of glycine, 1-ox. The repeat distance, dm, was 4.93 A with an R1,4 contact of 3.62 A. The 4-pda:1-ox cocrystals were stable to heat, but ultraviolet irradiation polymerized the compound with an isolated yield of 61%.
Chronic haloperidol decreases dopamine release in striatum and nucleus accumbens in vivo: Depolarization block as a possible mechanism of action

The effects of chronic haloperidol administration on the basal release of endogenous dopamine (DA) in the intact rat striatum and nucleus accumbens were investigated using in vivo electrochemical techniques. Repeated (21 day) treatment with haloperidol produced marked decreases in the release of DA in both brain regions. Administration of apomorphine to vehicle-treated control animals rapidly reduced DA release, in accord with its inhibitory, hyperpolarizing actions on DA neurons. In contrast, apomorphine reversed the haloperidol-induced reductions in DA release to values that were not significantly different from those measured in control animals. The present study is the first report to demonstrate decreased DA release in response to chronic neuroleptic treatment and to present evidence for induction of depolarization block of DA cell firing as a possible mechanism underlying this effect.
A simulation model for the effect of predation on bacteria in continuous culture

A simulation model was developed for the carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) content of bacteria and their medium in a chemostat. Cell components distinguished included the structural component, synthetic machinery, building blocks and intermediates, C reserves, ammonium (NH4), orthophosphate (PO4), and polyphosphate. Growth, incorporation of substrates, and production of waste products were related to physiological status, as indicated by the amounts of various cell components. The model was fitted to data from chemostats on the chemical composition of bacteria growing in C-, N-, and P-limiting media and was used to explore the consequences of predation on bacterial populations. In C-limiting media predation (without the return of nutrients to the medium by the predator) increased NH4 uptake in spite of a decrease in bacterial biomass. In N-limiting media predation decreased both biomass and the rate of N uptake. These results were accounted for by the effect of growth rate on bacterial N demand. In C-limiting media the return of NH4 and PO4 by the predator did not change the effect of predation on bacteria. But in N-limiting media the return of nutrients decreased the effect of predation on biomass, and stimulated respiration and NH4 uptake by the bacteria. The effect of growth rate on the chemical composition of bacteria was proposed as a possible explanation of the stimulatory effect of predators on bacteria.
Photosensitivity of retinular cells in white-eyed crayfish ( Procambarus clarkii )

1. The eyes of a white-eyed mutant of the crayfishProcambarus clarkii have been examined by several techniques. The white phenotype is due to the absence of the distal and retinular screening pigments. The accessory pigments, around the basal ends of the rhabdoms, are still present. As in the wild-type, the accessory pigments are white in reflected light and brown in transmitted light. 2. Animals kept in darkness for several days have normal rhabdoms. Difference spectra for total bleaches have λmax at 531 nm, and the metarhodopsin has λmax at 515 nm. These pigments are spectrally indistinguishable from the rhodopsin and metarhodopsin of wild-type crayfish. 3. Several days exposure to normal indoor lighting causes extensive atrophy of the rhabdom and loss of visual pigment, as well as a 70-fold decrease in sensitivity. 4. Spectral sensitivity of the eye (ERG) has λmax at about 560 nm (close to the wild-type) after several days in darkness, but shifts to 546 nm as the rhabdoms atrophy. Neither curve is displaced by adaptation with blue light. Both values are red-shifted from the λmax of the pigment of the rhabdom, most likely by the accessory screening pigment. The shift is smaller when the screening pigment is separated from the (atrophied) rhabdom by several μm. 5. If the distal screening pigments of the wild-type are removed surgically and precautions are taken to stabilize the effects of remaining screening pigments, intracellular recordings have λmax at 562 nm and show much less variation than has previously been reported. 6. The mutant, like the wild-type, has violet receptors whose contribution to the ERG is unmasked by long wavelength adaptation. Their λmax is at 440 nm.
State Trading and China's Agricultural Import Policies

WTO rules on state trading operating through provisions on state trading (Article XVII) and on tariff bindings (Article II) discipline import protection in line with countries' tariff bindings as long as sufficient information is available to monitor the behavior of state trading enterprises. China's economic reforms have left state trading a minor part of its trade regime overall, although it applies to trade in important agricultural commodities, and oil. China's commitments in its WTO accession package will make policy much more transparent and allow China to develop a highly efficient agricultural sector. This policy stance also highlights the pressing need for improved policies to counter rural poverty.
The effect of temporary devaluation on foreign investment: A trade-theoretic analysis and an application to Mexico

We develop a two-period model with foreign investment and international borrowing and lending. We find that temporary devaluation has no effect on contemporaneous foreign investment, but the effect on future foreign investment is positive via the working of the credit market. These findings are then tested for Mexico with regression analysis.
1045. Targeted Elimination of the Brain Tumor Initiating Cell Population with Adoptively Transferred T Cells

Top of pageAbstract The cancer stem cell hypothesis suggests that neoplastic clones are maintained exclusively by a rare fraction of cells with stem cell properties, which include the ability to proliferate, self-renew, and to exhibit multi-lineage differentiation. Human brain tumors have been shown to consist of a subset of cells identified by the cell- surface marker CD133 that exhibit stem cell-like properties, and which can drive tumor formation. We have isolated and expanded the CD133+ cancer stem cell (CSC) population from primary human brain tumors and have demonstrated that these cells do exhibit stem cell like properties: 1) grow in neurophere-like clusters in and EGF and FGF dependent manner; 2) self-renew in vitro in a CD133- dependent manner to reform secondary neurospheres 3) express stem cell markers such as SOX2, OCT3/4, and Nanog; 4) differentiate to express lineage specific markers such as GFAP; and 5) form tumors in nod-SCID mice with implantation of as few as 100 cells. These low passage primary CSC neurosphere cultures form highly invasive tumors in nod-scid mice. We are currently investigating the immunobiology of targeting CSC xenografts with CTLs engineered to target and eliminate IL13R|[alpha]|2+ glioma cells.
Application of a stochastic production frontier to slave agriculture: an extension

Free, small slave and large slave farms in the antebellum American South are compared using a stochastic production frontier approach, which allows a distinction to be drawn between technological superiority and technical efficiency. Previous studies using this approach had only considered slave farms. In addition, cotton share is included as an independent variable in the production function in order to control for variations in crop mix across farm types that might make slave farms look more efficient. I find that the gang system did make large slave farms technologically superior, but that without the gang system, slave agriculture was not superior. In contrast to previous findings, large slave farms were not less technically efficient than small slave farms. Overall, slave farms were more efficient than free farms.
Flow NMR applications in combinatorial chemistry

Flow NMR techniques are now well accepted and widely used in many areas of drug discovery. Although natural-product-, rational-drug-design-, and NMR-screening-programs have begun to use flow NMR more routinely, flow NMR has not yet gained widespread acceptance in combinatorial chemistry, even though it has been shown to be a potentially useful tool. Recent developments in DI-NMR, FIA-NMR, and LC-NMR will help flow NMR eventually gain a wider acceptance within combinatorial chemistry. These developments include LC-NMR-MS instrumentation, flow probe improvements, new pulse sequences, improved automation of NMR data analysis, and the application of flow NMR to related fields in drug discovery.
Determination of pyrophosphorylated forms of lipid A in Gram-negative bacteria using a multivaried mass spectrometric approach.

Lipid A isolated from several bacteria (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella enterica, and various strains of Yersinia) showed abundant formation of pyrophosphate anions upon ion dissociation. Pyrophosphate [H3P2O7]− and/or [HP2O6]− anions were observed as dominant fragments from diphosphorylated lipid A anions regardless of the ionization mode (matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization or electrospray ionization), excitation mode (collisional activation or infrared photoexcitation), or mass analyzer (time-of-flight/time-of-flight, tandem quadrupole, Fourier transform–ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry). Dissociations of anions from model lipid phosphate, pyrophosphate, and hexose diphosphates confirmed that pyrophosphate fragments were formed abundantly only in the presence of an intact pyrophosphate group in the analyte molecule and were not due to intramolecular rearrangement upon ionization, ion-molecule reactions, or rearrangement following activation. This indicated that pyrophosphate groups are present in diphosphorylated lipid A from a variety of Gram-negative bacteria.
2-Phenyl-N-(2-pyridylmeth­yl)acetamide

The geometrical parameters for the title compound, C14H14N2O, are normal. There are two mol­ecules in the asymmetic unit. The mol­ecules assemble via N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds into one-dimensional chains.
Estimation of yield through component placement accuracy in surface mount PWB assembly

Abstract The effectiveness of the placement process in ultra fine pitch Printed Wiring Board (PWB) assembly is influenced primarily by the accuracy of the PWBs, the dimensional stability of the Surface Mount Components (SMCs), and the capability of the pick and place machine used. The objective of this research was to understand how variations in the functional parameters of the PWBs, SMCs and placement affects the objective function of lead to pad coverage. A system model was formulated to quantitatively determine the impact of each set of inputs on this objective function. Computer based simulation software was designed and developed to estimate the Lead To Pad Coverage (LTPC). It provides a reasonable estimate of the distribution of the LTPC based on board, SMC, and the placement machine parameters.
Helical complexes of polyriboinosinic acid with copolymers of polyribocytidylic acid containing inosine, adenosine and uridine residues.

Abstract The consequences of incorporating non-complementary residues into the poly (I) · poly (C) helix have been investigated. Complexes of poly (I) and copolymers of C with different mole-ratios of I, A and U residues have been prepared and denatured in a variety of solvents. The results of both denaturation and analysis of the stoichiometry of the reactions suggest that in poly (I)· poly (C, I x ) complexes, the I residues are excluded from the helix matrix, whereas in the poly (I) · poly (C, U x ) and poly (I) · poly (C, A x ) systems the minor component bases are retained. Preliminaries to a quantitative analysis of the transition data are presented, permitting rough estimates of the difference in stability between poly (I) · poly (C) and poly (I) · poly (U) or poly (I) · poly (A) pairs in these complexes—the results being 1.7 kcal./mole and 1.3 kcal./mole, respectively. The differences in behavior of poly (I) · poly (C, I) complexes are found to be most evident in the presence of 8 m -urea.
Structural studies of pulsed-laser deposited Ba4Fe4Ti3O16 oxide films

For this paper the pulsed laser deposition on single-crystal MgO substrates of Ba 4 Fe 4 Ti 3 O 16 target was studied by transmission electron microscopy and x-ray diffraction. The initial stage of the deposition resulted in the formation of the perovskite Ba(Fe, Ti)O 3 phase in an epitaxial, cube-on-cube orientation relationship with a substrate. Further growth of the pseudo-cubic phase was interrupted by the formation of oriented grains with a disordered structure. This disordered structure had a mixture of lamellae of the cubic and hexagonal Ba(Fe, Ti)O 3 phases. No formation of the Ba 4 Fe 4 Ti 3 O 16 (E) phase was observed. Formation of the disordered phase was explained by the higher stability of hexagonal Ba(Fe, Ti)O 3 where accommodation of Fe 3+ occurred on a twinning plane. The development of the V-shape morphology and a limited number of orientations of the D structure were explained by the faceting and columnar morphology of the perovskite phase.
Astronomy of the Vedic altars

Abstract In this paper, two ancient Indian texts, the Śatapatha Brāhmana and the Rigveda , are examined for their astronomical content. It is argued that the 95 year ritual of agnicayana had an astronomical basis, which implies a knowledge of the length of the tropical year being equal to 365.24675 days. An astronomical code has been discovered in the structure of the Rigveda , which has been partially deciphered. This code expressed the knowledge that the sun and the moon are about 108 times their respective diameters away from the earth. This analysis leads to a major revision of our understanding of the history of ancient astronomy.
The Oculocardiac Reflex may Mimic Signs of Intracranial Hypertension in Patients with Combined Cerebral and Ocular Trauma

In the setting of head trauma, progressive bradycardia may raise suspicion for intracranial hypertension, especially when accompanied by pupillary abnormalities or systemic hypertension. We describe the case of a patient with concomitant cerebral and ocular trauma who presented with a fixed and dilated pupil and progressive bradycardia due to an oculocardiac reflex. The oculocardiac reflex is an unusual cause of bradycardia due to stimulation of the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve and has been described in a variety of clinical settings. Clinicians should be aware that the oculocardiac reflex might mimic signs of intracranial hypertension in patients with combined facial and cerebral trauma.
Technology and the effects of cultural differences and task relatedness: A study of shareholder value creation in domestic and international joint ventures

Abstract Drawing on the organizational learning literature, we seek to enhance our understanding of joint ventures by developing a theory to explain the influence of technology on shareholder value creation. We also explain the moderating effects of national culture and task relatedness. Using an event-study methodology to examine the shareholder value creation for the parents of US partners in joint ventures, we found support for our hypotheses. The results thus shed light on the complex interaction between type of knowledge, national cultural difference, and task relatedness.
The Avenue Effect, Landmark Externalities, and Cubic Transformation: Manhattan Office Valuation

A functional form for the valuation of office buildings is a third-order function that replicates the constrained cost function in which one of the inputs, land, is fixed. The third-order transformation improves a hedonic regression pricing model and reduces the autocorrelation. The presence of neighborhood landmarks, selected avenue address, and building size influence the office building value. The data set includes 103 midtown Manhattan office building sales transactions from 1980 to first quarter 1990.
Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome: The First 100 US Cases

In the spring of 1993, hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) "emerged" in the southwestern United States, where a multiagency investigation led to the rapid description of this new clinical entity and its etiology. Analysis of the first 100 US cases identified showed that the disease was distributed in 21 states, had gone unrecognized since at least 1959, and had a distinct spring-early summer seasonality. Of the infected persons, 54% were male; 63% were Caucasian, 35% were Native American, and 2% were African American. The average age of case-patients was 34.9 years, and 8 were children or adolescents aged < or = 16 years. The overall case-fatality rate was 52%. There was a 91% concordance among serologic, immunohistochemical, and molecular results. HPS in the United States is caused by at least three newly described pathogenic hantaviruses, each of which has a distinct rodent host, and cases of HPS have been recently recognized in Canada and South America. National surveillance of this sporadic disease remains essential for further defining the epidemiology and clinical spectrum.
Triply resonant and near resonant wave mixing in I2 vapor

Wave mixing in I2 vapor is studied in a triply resonant and near resonant scheme that uses two circularly polarized laser beams. One of the laser beams (v1) is tuned to the wavelength such that v1 and 2v1 are in resonance or near resonance with one and two quantum transitions simultaneously. The second beam (v2) is superimposed collinearly with the beam v1 to generate the mixed wave at frequency 2v1 + v2. Strong resonance in the mixed wave is observed as v2 is scanned. By tuning v1 and v2 simultaneously, it is found that the mixed wave is continuously tunable over a range of approximately 2 A for any particular resonance. In the laser power level studied (intensity of beam 1 is < 4 mJ/pulse), it is also found that there is no significant saturation in triply resonant wave mixing while the intensity of doubly resonant third harmonic generated is seriously saturated. Vibrational constant of the three quantum state as well as the Rabi frequency of the first and second quantum transitions are also measured.
Global-scale simulation of foreshock structures at the quasi-parallel bow shock

[1] A two-dimensional, global-scale hybrid simulation is carried out to study the kinetic structure of the quasi-parallel bow shock. In the simulation the bow shock forms by the interaction of the supersonic solar wind and the geomagnetic field. Strong temporal electromagnetic waves occur in the shock transition and foreshock regions due to backstreaming and reflected ions at the bow shock. This self-consistent, global-scale simulation shows the formation of diamagnetic cavities in the foreshock regions of the parallel and quasi-parallel shocks, where ion beams interact with the incoming solar wind plasma. The cavities are crater-like and saturate at a width ∼1–2 RE, with a low-density and low-magnetic field center bounded by a rim of high density and high magnetic field. The bulk flow speed decreases slightly in the center of the cavity, while the ion temperature often, but not always, increases. The craters convect downstream with the solar wind flow. When the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) lies nearly parallel to the solar wind flow, the craters develop into elongated phase-standing spatial structures along the field lines, both upstream and downstream, with alternate increases and decreases in the density and corresponding in-phase variations in the magnetic field strength. In the general cases with an oblique IMF the foreshock cavities can convect toward the Earth as transient compressional structures and impinge on the magnetopause. The generation and structure of the diamagnetic cavities are compared with those of hot flow anomalies. The simulation results are also compared with satellite observations of the foreshock of quasi-parallel shocks.
A phalanx flame model for the combustion of composite solid propellants

A new model for the combustion of composite solid propellants is developed. The flame is represented as burning at the interfacial region between streams of fuel and oxidant which are generated by vaporization of each solid component. The interface between the two solid phases receives the greatest heat flux from the reaction zone and vaporization occurs most rapidly near the interface. The reaction zone is a ‘phalanx’ which spearheads the attack of hot reaction gases on the solid. The model provides a rational physical explanation for many qualitative observations of solid propellant combustion and successfully correlates the pressure dependence of burning rates.
Quadratic control problems

The present paper is concerned with the study of quadratic control problems on linear spaces. In particular, we are concerned with the conditions under which a quadratic criterion function is positive on certain linear spaces. This involves the elementary theory of conjugate and focal points, the existence of a conjugate system with a nonvanishing determinant, and the existence of extremal fields. The results given are in part a translation into control language of known theory for the problem of Bolza. The method used is based on the Hilbert space techniques developed earlier by the author.
The determination of sedimentation constant with the Spinco ultracentrifuge.

Abstract The sedimentation constant of bovine plasma albumin, s20, w = 4.32 − 0.235 c, agrees with the values determined in other Spinco ultracentrifuges but is significantly lower than that reported from Uppsala. Several potential errors have been excluded. Similar results with other proteins are mentioned and the significance of the findings is discussed.
A preliminary study on the differences in male and female muscle force distribution patterns during squatting and lunging maneuvers

In the United States, 250,000 people tear their anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) annually with females at higher risk of ACL failure than males. By predicting muscle forces during low impact maneuvers we may be able to estimate possible muscle imbalances that could lead to ACL failure during highly dynamic maneuvers. The purpose of this initial study was to predict muscle forces in males and females similar in size and activity level, during squat and lunge maneuvers. We hypothesized that during basic low impact maneuvers (a) distribution of quadriceps forces are different in males and females and (b) females exhibit quadriceps dominance when compared to males. Two males and three females performed squatting and lunging maneuvers while electromyography (EMG) data, motion capture data, and ground reaction forces were collected. Nine individual muscle forces for muscles that cross the knee were estimated using an EMG-driven model. Results suggest that males activate their rectus femoris muscle more than females, who in turn activate their vastus lateralis muscle at their maximum flexion angle, and more their vastus medialis muscle when ascending from a squat. During the lunge maneuver, males used greater biceps femoris force than females, throughout the lunge, and females exhibited higher semitendinosus force. Quadriceps dominance was evident in both males and females during the prescribed tasks, and there was no statistical difference between genders. Understanding individual muscle force distributions in males and females during low impact maneuvers may provide insights regarding failure mechanisms during highly dynamic maneuvers, when ACL injuries are more prevalent.
Economic value of instream flow for non-commercial whitewater boating using recreation demand and contingent valuation methods

Whitewater river kayaking and river rafting require adequate instream flows that are often adversely affected by upstream water diversions. However, there are very few studies in the USA of the economic value of instream flow to inform environmental managers. This study estimates the economic value of instream flow to non-commercial kayakers derived using a Travel Cost Method recreation demand model and Contingent Valuation Method (CVM), a type of Contingent Behavior Method (CBM). Data were obtained from a visitor survey administered along the Poudre River in Colorado. In the dichotomous choice CVM willingness to pay (WTP) question, visitors were asked if they would still visit the river if the cost of their trip was $Y higher, and the level of $Y was varied across the sample. The CVM yielded an estimate of WTP that was sensitive to flows ranging from $55 per person per day at 300 Cubic Feet per Second (CFS) to a maximum $97 per person per day at flows of 1900 CFS. The recreation demand model estimated a boater’s number of trips per season. We found the number of trips taken was also sensitive to flow, ranging from as little as 1.63 trips at 300 CFS to a maximum number of 14 trips over the season at 1900 CFS. Thus, there is consistency between peak benefits per trip and number of trips, respectively. With an average of about 100 non-commercial boaters per day, the maximum marginal values per acre foot averages about $220. This value exceeds irrigation water values in this area of Colorado.
A two wavelength holographic technique for simultaneous measurement of temperature and concentration during the solidification of two component systems

Simultaneous measurement of the temperature and concentration distribution within a fluid can be made using a 'two wavelength holographic' setup. The technique is successfully applied to the study of temperature, concentration, and flow fields in the melt of a transparent 'model alloy' during solidification.
Activation of c‐Jun NH2‐terminal kinases by interleukin‐1β in normal human osteoblastic and rat UMR‐106 cells

We recently demonstrated the activation of extracellular signal- regulated protein kinase 1 and 2 (ERK1 and ERK2) by IGF-1, FGF-2, and PDGF-BB in normal human osteoblastic (HOB) cells as well as in rat and mouse osteoblastic cells. In this report, we have examined whether c-Jun NH2-Terminal Kinase (JNK) pathway is activated by growth factors and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta) in normal HOB and rat UMR-106 cells using immune-complex kinase assay and anti-active JNK antibody, which recognizes activated forms of both JNK1 and JNK2. Results have demonstrated the presence of JNK1 and JNK2 proteins in normal HOB and UMR-106 cells. Both JNK1 and JNK2 were activated by IL-1 beta. IL-1 beta preferentially activated JNK pathway in a dose- and time-dependent manner and had little effect on ERK pathway. On the other hand, FGF-2 did not activate JNK but most strongly activated ERK pathway. The activation of JNK was maximal at 20 min whereas maximal activation of ERK1 and ERK2 was observed within 10 min. Results have clearly demonstrated that IL-1 beta preferentially activates JNK pathway whereas FGF-2 activates ERK pathway in normal human and rat UMR-106 osteoblastic cells.
Prostate tumor progression is mediated by a paracrine TGF-β/Wnt3a signaling axis

Transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta is an important paracrine factor in tumorigenesis. Ligand binding of the type I and II TGF-beta receptors initiate downstream signaling. The role of stromal TGF-beta signaling in prostate cancer progression is unknown. In mice, the conditional stromal knockout of the TGF-beta type II receptor expression (Tgfbr2(fspKO)) resulted in the development of prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia and progression to adenocarcinoma within 7 months. Clinically, we observed a loss of TGF-beta receptor type II expression in 69% of human prostate cancer-associated stroma, compared to 15% of stroma associated with benign tissues (n=140, P-value <0.0001). To investigate the mechanism of paracrine TGF-beta signaling in prostate cancer progression, we compared the effect of the prostatic stromal cells from Tgfbr2(fspKO) and floxed TGF-beta type II receptor Tgfbr2(floxE2/floxE2) mice on LNCaP human prostate cancer cells in vitro and tissue recombination xenografts. Induction of LNCaP cell proliferation and tumorigenesis was observed by Tgfbr2(fspKO) prostate stroma as a result of elevated Wnt3a expression. Neutralizing antibodies to Wnt3a reversed LNCaP tumorigenesis. The TGF-beta inhibition of Wnt3a expression was in part through the suppression of Stat3 activity on the Wnt3a promoter. In conclusion, the frequent loss of stromal TGF-beta type II receptor expression in human prostate cancer can relieve the paracrine suppression of Wnt3a expression.
Transgenic ‘Malling 26’ apple expressing the attacin E gene has increased resistance to Erwinia amylovora

Apple (Malus domestica) transgenic T1 was obtained by Agrobacterium tumefaciens- mediated transformation of Mailing 26 rootstock using the plasmid binary vector pLDB 15. pLDB 15 contains within its T-DNA a gene encoding the lytic protein attacin E. The integration of the attacin E gene into the apple genome was confirmed by Southern analysis. Northern analysis indicated the presence of an attacin E mRNA in plants inoculated with Erwinia amylovora. After inoculation of in vitro grown plants of T1, Mailing 26, and Mailing 7 (resistant control) with E. amylovora, the log10 of the inoculum concentration lethal to 50% of the plants was 5.4, 4.4, and 5.6, respectively. In greenhouse trials for resistance to fire blight, T1 was significantly more resistant than‘Mailing 26’.
Oxaliplatin-induced peripheral neuropathy's effects on health-related quality of life of colorectal cancer survivors.

Oxaliplatin is a highly neurotoxic chemotherapeutic agent routinely used for the treatment of colorectal cancer. Recent data suggest that oxaliplatin-induced peripheral neuropathy may be long-lasting; however, the effects of persistent neuropathy on colorectal cancer survivors’ physical and emotional well-being are not well understood. This cross sectional, descriptive study included persons who had received oxaliplatin-based chemotherapy for treatment of colorectal cancer at Moffitt Cancer Center between 2003 and 2010. Questionnaires including the Chemotherapy-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy Assessment Tool, Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D), Insomnia Severity Index, Medical Outcomes Study Short Form 36, and a demographic survey were administered. Pearson’s correlations and linear regression analyses were used to examine relationships between neuropathy and depressive symptoms, sleep quality, and health-related quality of life (HRQOL). Eighty-nine percent of participants reported at least one symptom of peripheral neuropathy with a mean of 3.8 (±2.4) neuropathic symptoms. Depressive symptoms on the CES-D were significantly associated with more severe peripheral neuropathy(r = 0.38, p = 0.0001) and interference with activities (r = 0.59, p < 0.0001). Higher degrees of sleep disturbance on the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) were significantly associated with more severe peripheral neuropathy (r = 0.35, p = 0.0004) and interference with activities(r = 0.52, p < 0.0001). HRQOL was significantly associated with peripheral neuropathy and interference with activities.
Order-Based Cost Optimization in Assemble-to-Order Systems

We study a multi-item stochastic inventory system in which customers may order different but possibly overlapping subsets of items, such as a multiproduct assemble-to-order system. The goal is to determine the right base-stock level for each item and to identify the key driving factors. We formulate a cost-minimization model with order-based backorder costs and compare it with the standard single-item, newsvendor-type model with item-based backorder cost. We show that the solution of the former can be bounded by that of the latter with appropriately imputed parameters. Starting with this upper bound, the optimal base-stock levels of the order-based problem can be obtained in a greedy fashion. We also show that the optimal base-stock levels increase in replenishment lead times but may increase or decrease in lead-time variability and demand correlation. Finally, we devise closed-form approximations of the optimal base-stock levels to see more clearly their dependence on the system parameters.
Antibiotic blocks mRNA path on the ribosome.

Many translation initiation inhibitors block transfer RNA binding or placement in the ribosome. Structures of kasugamycin bound to the bacterial ribosome now indicate that it instead blocks proper mRNA placement.
An effective initialization of interference cancellation algorithms for distributed MIMO systems in wireless datacenters

We discuss a method for interference cancellation in distributed MIMO systems which accommodate K Tx and Rx node pairs (links) and d streams for each link. The method is a geometric iterative optimization of SIR by natural gradients on matrix manifolds. We also apply partial linear zero-forcing to obtain more interference-suppressive initial points that can improve convergence property of the iterative algorithm. The proposed method is applied to a channel model for a typical datacenter and the simulation results show that our method can improve SIR and achieve higher sum rate at high SNR.
Exploring the therapeutic rationale for angiogenesis blockade in cervical cancer.

Abstract Purpose This review highlights the molecular and pathologic evidence that cervical cancer is driven by angiogenesis and presents a summary of the recent clinical research in antiangiogenesis therapy for advanced cervical cancer with a focus on the use of bevacizumab. Methods The articles chosen for this review reveal the rationale for antiangiogenesis agents in cervical cancer from 3 perspectives: pathologic, molecular, and clinical data. Findings Several translational investigations have revealed that proangiogenic signaling cascades are active in cervical carcinogenesis and can be used to improve patient outcomes in advanced disease. For example, in a recently published study of patients with recurrent and metastatic cervical cancer, bevacizumab was the first targeted agent to improve overall survival in a gynecologic cancer when successfully combined with 2 different chemotherapy regimens. Implications Because of recent advances in screening, aggressive management of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, and human papillomavirus vaccination, cervical cancer is preventable and curable with radical surgery plus lymphadenectomy surgery or chemoradiation plus brachytherapy if detected early. Unfortunately, for patients with metastatic or recurrent disease, effective therapeutic options are limited for this aggressive life-threatening condition. However, molecularly targeted agents have provided a critical opportunity to improve patient outcomes beyond optimizing cytotoxic chemotherapy regimens so that they may benefit from other agents or emergent therapies in the future.
Comparative effects of sugars on the hemolytic activity of Schistosoma mansoni and other hemolytic agents.

Abstract 1. 1. The rate of red blood cell lysis by the hemolytic agent in adult worm homogenates of Schistosoma mansoni is slowed in the presence of added sugars (50 mM). 2. 2. Trisaccharides were the most effective in slowing and reducing lysis. Disaccharides were more effective than monosaccharides. 3. 3. The addition of sodium, potassium or lithium chloride salts (25 mM) stimulated hemolysis by the S. mansoni agent. 4. 4. Hemolysins with known mechanisms were tested to determine the effects of added sugars (50 mM) or salts (25 mM). 5. 5. The S. mansoni hemolytic agent responds to the addition of sugars and salts in a manner similar to small membrane pore formers.
Energy-gain spectroscopy of electron-capture collisions between low-energy Ar and Ne projectiles and atomic and molecular deuterium targets.

Translational energy-gain spectroscopy is used to determine the final-state (nl) populations following single-electron capture by Ar/sup q//sup +/ (q = 4--8) and Ne/sup q//sup +/ (q = 4--7) projectiles in atomic and molecular deuterium targets at an energy of 545q eV. The importance of kinematics in analyzing these systems is discussed. The final-state populations are found to be very sensitive to the energy-level structure of the collision system. The results are interpreted in terms of a ''reaction window'' in the energy gain which is calculated using a multichannel Landau-Zener model.
The Role of the Hydration Configuration in Electronic Processes involving Ions in Aqueous Solution

The nature of small ions in electrolytic (e.g., aqueous) solutions is discussed in terms of the configuration of the adjoining polarized medium, and the role of this configuration in electronic transitions involving one or a pair of ions is treated in a general way. Light absorption by a single ion is shown to depend critically on this configuration; a theory developed previously by the authors is reviewed, and future possibilities of exploring the nature of the configuration by investigation of such spectra are explained. Electronic transitions, such as an “electron transfer” process, during binary collisions of ions are treated, and a general method is developed, based uponDebye's “diffusion” theory for ion collision rates and a nonadiabatic type of potential curve. Rates of chemical processes are found to depend decisively on the interaction of two ions at separations where the simple coulomb law is not valid.