cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On shouting "Fire!": regulating decoupled communication in distributed systems

Decoupled communication, which requires no direct association between the producers of information and its consumers -- as under the publish/subscribe (P/S) middleware -- is often essential for the integration of distributed and heterogeneous applications. But the indefinite, and potentially global, reach of decoupled communication -- the very reason for its power -- has a dark side, which may complicate the system using it, making it less predictable, more brittle, and less safe. Just think about the effect of shouting "fire" in a packed theatre, particularly, but not only, if it is a false alarm.It is our thesis that the inherent drawbacks of decoupled communication can be tamed by decentralized regulation of its use. We show how such regulation can be carried out scalably by means of a distributed control mechanism called Law-Governed Interaction (LGI), and a middleware called Moses that implements this mechanism. Along the way, we illustrate the importance of such regulation, and its effectiveness, by considering the treatment of alarms in a large hospital.
Effects of Intravenous Infusions of Glucose, Lactate, Propionate or Acetate on the Induction of Lipogenesis in Bovine Adipose Tissue

Crossbred steers (seven to nine per treatment) fed a pelleted alfalfa hay diet were biopsied (preinfusion) to obtain subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT). Five days later a continuous intravenous infusion was begun of either 0.9% NaCl, glucose (2.75 moles/day), DL-lactate (5.5 moles/day of L-lactate), propionate (5.5 moles/day) or acetate (8.25 moles/day); after infusion for 14 days, a second biopsy sample of SAT was obtained. Glucose and DL-lactate infusion increased acetyl-CoA carboxylase activity about 12-fold compared to preinfusion activity of 5.3 +/- 4.2 nmoles/minute/g of wet weight. Glucose infusion induced activities of fatty acid synthetase (2.6 fold) and NADP+-malate dehydrogenase (7-fold) relative to preinfusion activities of 26.8 +/- 5.2 and 30.3 +/- 15.5 nmoles/minute/g of wet weight, respectively. Glucose, DL-lactate and propionate infusion increased NADP-isocitrate dehydrogenase activity 20-30% compared to preinfusion activity. Activity of NAD-malate dehydrogenase was not altered by any infusion treatment (P > 0.05). Activity of ATP-citrate lyase was decreased 48% by lactate infusion. Glucose, lactate and propionate infusion increased the rates of lactate and glucose incorporation into fatty acids in SAT incubated in vitro three to fourfold over preinfusion incorporation rates. Increased availability of glucose or gluconeogenic precursors may be responsible for induction of lipogenesis in steers fed high concentrate diets.
A Finite Load Analytical Model for the IEEE 802.11 Distributed Coordination Function MAC

CSMA/CA protocols such as IEEE 802.11b are considered to be attractive MAC protocols for wireless LANs. In this paper, we extend a saturation throughput model for the IEEE 802.11 Distributed Coordination Function (DCF) MAC protocol to finite loads. The analytical model can help in the optimization of the protocol parameters as well as leading to the performance modeling of multi-hop ad hoc networks. The model is verified using simulations, and it is shown that the model is extremely accurate.
A comparative study of prediction techniques

This study deals with the techniques for predicting the future demands of spare parts. The results of studies about the Air Force Inventory problem have led us to believe that any improvement in the demand forecast could result in important savings. Demand prediction is actually based upon two separate estimating procedures. First, an estimate is made about the underlying pattern of demands per program element, Second, an estimate is made about the pattern of future program elements. It is the marriage of these two estimates that allows us to make predictions of the number of demands in future time periods. This study is restricted to finding ways of improving the estimates of the demands per program element, We used past demand data with the pattern of program elements known. We also used the known pattern of future program elements to make the prediction of future demand. There are seven prediction techniques used in this study. The first four techniques are based on the assumption that demand rate (demand per program element) is constant through time. The other three techniques assume that failures (demands) are related to the age of the part. These three techniques are routines for estimating the service Life characteristics of parts. We used as inputs to the study two batches of data: 33 months of demand, data on a sample of 300 B-52 parts and 26 months of failures of 27 missile components. We made monthly estimates of demand for a year in the future and measured the prediction errors. In the evaluation of the estimating procedures, we used three measures of the accuracy of the forecasts, namely average monthly error, relative error expressed as percent of the actual demand and root mean square of the errors of the predictions.
Microsecond minority carrier lifetimes in HWCVD-grown films and implications for thin film solar cells

We determine the minority carrier lifetimes of nearly intrinsic Si films 1.5–15 μm thick grown by HWCVD at 300 °C on Si (100) and large-grained polycrystalline templates formed by selective nucleation and solid-phase epitaxy (SNSPE) using resonant-coupled photoconductive decay (RCPCD). Although the microstructure of these films is mostly microcrystalline, minority carrier lifetimes for films on Si (100) range from 5.7 to 14.8 μs while those for films on SNSPE templates range from 5.9 to 19.3 μs. Residual nickel present in the SNSPE templates may contribute a recombination center but does not significantly decrease the lifetime of films grown on SNSPE templates, making the growth of epitaxial layers by HWCVD on SNSPE templates a viable design for thin-film photovoltaics.
Controlling optical traps: performance and analytical limits

Using feedback control, a versatile optical trap can be constructed that can be used to control either the position of trapped objects or apply specified forces. Yet, while the design, development, and use of optical traps has been extensive and feedback control has played a critical role in pushing the state of the art, it is surprising to note that few comprehensive examinations of feedback control of optical traps have been undertaken. Furthermore, as the requirements are pushed to ever smaller distances and forces, the performance of optical traps reach limits. It is well understood that feedback control can result in both positive and negative effects in controlled systems. This paper discusses the performance and analytical limits that must be considered in the development and design of control systems for optical traps.
Immunochemical comparisons of three avian ovalbumins

Abstract 1. 1. Schematic immunochemical models of chicken, turkey and duck ovalbumins have been constructed from data obtained from reactions with goat IgG antibodies to chicken and turkey ovalbumins. 2. 2. Chicken and turkey ovalbumins each have an f -valence of 6, 5 being common to both and 4 or 5 are common to duck ovalbumin. 3. 3. The phylogenetic relationship implicit in these results is consistent with taxonomic classification.
Systemic Colchicine Inhibits Goldfish Optic Nerve Regeneration

carried out to further investigate the regenerating goldfish optic nerve as a preparation for screening drugs or environmental toxins for adverse effects on neuronal circuit development. Regeneration was induced by unilateral retrobulbar optic nerve crush, and the opposite eye was kept intact. The time to recovery of vision was measured, as an index of regeneration and neurotoxicity, by an improved behavioral technique. The visual stimulus was changed to eliminate extraretinal photoresponding and to permit testing for vision with the right or left eye independently in a trial. Visual recovery occurred within 14 to 25 days. Colchicine, a potent inhibitor of microtubules and axonal transport, was administered semiweekly by ip injection, as in earlier experiments, to study the efficacy of the protocol. The drug resulted in an inhibition of regeneration at doses up to 0.2 erg/g body wt which did not impair responding with the control eye. Administration of @-lumicolchicine, a photoisomer of colchicine that is a weak inhibitor of microtubules or axonal transport, up to 2.0 pg/g body wt, had no effect on regeneration or maintenance of visual responding. The results support the thesis that regenerating circuits are more sensitive indicators of neurotoxicity than arc established circuits and confirm that the regenerating optic nerve can be used to screen molecules that may impair neuronal circuit development
Meta-Analysis of Gene Expression Signatures Reveals Hidden Links among Diverse Biological Processes in Arabidopsis

The model plant Arabidopsis has been well-studied using high-throughput genomics technologies, which usually generate lists of differentially expressed genes under various conditions. Our group recently collected 1065 gene lists from 397 gene expression studies as a knowledgebase for pathway analysis. Here we systematically analyzed these gene lists by computing overlaps in all-vs.-all comparisons. We identified 16,261 statistically significant overlaps, represented by an undirected network in which nodes correspond to gene lists and edges indicate significant overlaps. The network highlights the correlation across the gene expression signatures of the diverse biological processes. We also partitioned the main network into 20 sub-networks, representing groups of highly similar expression signatures. These are common sets of genes that were co-regulated under different treatments or conditions and are often related to specific biological themes. Overall, our result suggests that diverse gene expression signatures are highly interconnected in a modular fashion.
Regulatory Mechanisms of the Calcium Transport System of Fragmented Rabbit Sarcoplasmic Reticulum: I. The effect of accumulated calcium on transport and adenosine triphosphate hydrolysis

The rate of ATP hydrolysis decreases very rapidly during the first 2 sec of calcium uptake. It changes with time in a manner similar to that described for calcium net uptake by other workers, suggesting that the two activities are coupled. The decline in both rates may be ascribed to an inhibitory effect of accumulated calcium on calcium influx and ATPase activity for the following reasons. During the steady state, Ca-Ca and Sr-Ca exchange and the rate of ATP hydrolysis are much slower than the initial rate of net calcium uptake and the associated ATP hydrolysis. If the accumulation of free calcium is prevented by calcium-oxalate precipitation the initial rate of net calcium uptake does not decay during prolonged periods of transport. Furthermore, passive preloading of vesicles with calcium inhibits the rate of hydrolysis in proportion to the extent of preloading. The inhibition of steady-state flux is alleviated by free ATP; i.e., not chelated with magnesium, but not by free ITP.
Effects of Roadside Deposition on Growth and Pollutant Accumulation by Willow (Salix miyabeana)

Roadside plants have the potential to accumulate pollutants and safeguard waterways. To assess growth and pollutant accumulation of roadside plants, the willow Salix miyabeana was grown (a) in a greenhouse on soil collected at different distances from an interstate highway to test the longer-term effects of pollutant deposition as manifested in soil, and (b) in the field on reference soil placed at different distances from that highway to test the shorter-term effects of proximity to pollutant sources during a single growing season. In the first experiment, relative growth rate (RGR) increased 150 % with distance of soil collection from the roadway, from a baseline near the highway to 100 m away. Relative nitrogen and phosphorus accumulation rates were positively correlated with RGR (P <0.0001), and total contents of zinc, strontium, copper, nickel, cadmium, and lead in new shoots were also positively correlated with RGR (P <0.05). Thus more rapidly growing plants accumulated more N, P, and metals. Reduced growth for plants grown on soils collected near the roadway was associated with very high tissue concentrations of sodium and soil concentrations of chloride, implicating the deposition of deicing agents in this northern temperate roadside ecosystem. In contrast, S. miyabeana showed the opposite pattern on reference soil in the field, with RGR decreasing 31 % as distance from the roadside increased. The latter trend appears to have resulted from greater soil moisture and reduced shading near the highway. We suggest that reducing road salt applications will promote growth and pollutant accumulation by roadside vegetation.
Valganciclovir for Cytomegalovirus Prevention in Solid Organ Transplant Patients: An Evidence-Based Reassessment of Safety and Efficacy

Background Several anti-viral drugs have demonstrated efficacy in preventing Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infections in solid organ transplant (SOT) patients. The recently approved valganciclovir is the most commonly used and most expensive drug for CMV prevention. The safety and efficacy data have been drawn from a single trial. We hypothesized that valganciclovir may not be as safe as nor more effective than other therapies for CMV prevention.
Women's Ambitions: A Three-Generational Study:

The purpose of this study was (a) to describe the nature of women's ambitions across three generations of women within families, (b) to assess the women's perceptions of factors influencing their a...
A partitioning scheme and iterative solution for sparse bordered systems

Abstract Sparse bordered matrix systems arise in certain classes of problems. An example is the Jacobian system for the finite difference or finite element approximation and continuation solution of nonlinear PDE's. We develop a partitioning scheme that can be exploited in residual-based iterative methods and permits easy implementation in existing software. The scheme has been examined for several iterative methods, and particularly the Lanczos algorithms which proves very effective for the representative nonlinear test problems examined. The scheme vectorizes well and performance studies on vectorized supercomputers are given.
Pituitary Portal Plasma Levels of Oxytocin during the Estrous Cycle, Lactation, and Hyperprolactinemia

The median eminence receives fibers from both parvocellular and magnocellular OT neurons in the hypothalamus. The OT neuronal terminal in the median eminence is secretory and is the major source of the neuropeptide in the blood of pituitary portal vessels. The OT secretion into pituitary portal plasma increases by ovarian steroids, PRL, and the suckling stimulus. The OT secretion into the blood of pituitary portal vessels changes in parallel with the altered secretion of PRL from the pituitary. Because of correlative association between pituitary portal plasma OT and systemic plasma PRL and much abundant evidence for a direct stimulatory action of OT on PRL release, we propose that the pituitary portal vascular system serves as the window for the central OT neurotransmission to the pituitary lactotropes.
Detecting glaucoma with visual fields derived from frequency-domain optical coherence tomography.

PURPOSE To compare the assessment of glaucomatous damage based on visual fields (VFs) derived from frequency-domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) to actual VFs obtained from static automated perimetry. METHODS A total of 84 eyes from 84 glaucoma patients or suspects and 128 eyes from 128 healthy subjects were included. The retinal ganglion cell (RGC) and retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thicknesses measured with macular and disc RNFL cube scans were combined and decomposed into 48 principal components (PCs). For each eye, an OCT to VF transformation map was built using multiple linear regression (MLR) and the OCT and VF data from the other eyes. Using this transformation map, the combined 24-2- and 10-2-derived VF for this eye was then obtained. RESULTS With 98.0% specificity, the sensitivity of the derived VF reached 78.0% for all hemifields, whereas 74.4% of the actual VF hemifields were classified as abnormal. The agreement between the derived and the actual VFs was 82.2%. For each VF location, the derived VF values were linearly related to the actual values. CONCLUSIONS The derived VF based on the OCT data appears as sensitive as the actual VF for detecting glaucomatous damage. Because the derived and actual VFs should have largely independent sources of variability, the combination of the two should provide a more powerful diagnostic tool.
Computer-aided Diagnosis of the Solitary Pulmonary Nodule1

Rationale and objectives We sought to investigate the utility of a computer-aided diagnosis in the task of differentiating malignant nodules from benign nodules based on single thin-section computed tomography image data. Materials and methods Eighty-one thin-section computed tomography data sets of solitary pulmonary nodules with proven diagnoses (48 malignant and 33 benign) were contoured manually on a single representative slice by a thoracic radiologist (>10 years of experience). Two separate contours were created for each nodule, one including only the solid portion of the nodule and one including any ground-glass components. For each contour 75 features were calculated that measured the attenuation, shape, and texture of the nodule. These features were than input into a feature selection step and four different classifiers to determine if the diagnosis could be predicted from the feature vector. Training and testing was conducted in a resubstitution and leave-one-out fashion and performance was evaluated using ROC techniques. Results In a leave-one-out testing methodology the classifiers resulted with areas under the ROC curve (A Z ) that ranged from 0.68 to 0.92. When evaluating with resubstitution the A Z ranged from 0.93 to 1.00. Conclusion Computer-aided diagnosis has the potential to assist radiologists in the task of differentiating solitary pulmonary nodules and in the management of these patients.
Gross variations in the response to man among yellow-fever mosquito populations in the laboratory.

Gross differences were observed among different laboratory colonies of Aedes aegypti (L.) in their response to the human palm. The response was measured by mosquitoes landing and probing and those flying in a 1 ft3 cage over a 1-cm-diameter hole in the bottom, under which the palm was exposed. Some mosquito colonies responded very actively, others very slowly, and the difference in the mean response between the active and slow mosquito colonies was significant ( P <.05). Also, the slow mosquitoes continued to respond slowly for the following 10 days, and the active mosquitoes maintained their high activity for the same period. Therefore, the active and slow mosquito colonies constitute 2 distinct populations from the viewpoint of host-seeking behavior. Larval density in the breeding pans was examined as a possible reason for this variation. Adults obtained from larvae at 2000 per pan were compared for host-seeking activity with adults from larvae at 200 per pan (control). No significant difference in the host-seeking activity or avidity was observed between them. Therefore, crowding of the larvae was not the factor responsible for the slow response.
A simple laser speckle dilatometer for thermal expansion measurements

Abstract A simple laser speckle method utilizing a 4 mW HeNe laser for thermal expansion measurements is described. The method utilizes the rotation of a probe kept on the sample and reference rods. For 5 cm long sample and reference rods kept 0.5 cm apart, a measurement sensitivity of 5 × 10−6 for ΔL L can easily be obtained.
Time series analysis of residuals from the St. Louis model

Abstract The residuals of the equations of the St. Louis model are analyzed individually and in pairs, using time series techniques in an attempt to discover mis-specifications in the model, in the form of incorrect lags or missing variables. The relationships discovered are,checked both inside and outside the sample. A variety of mis-specifications are apparent, and a much improved specification should be possible. The assumption made in the model that money supply is exogenous does not agree with the data.
Dynamic scheduling of a multiclass make-to-stock queue

Motivated by make-to-stock production systems, we consider a scheduling problem for a single server queue that can process a variety of different job classes. After jobs are processed, they enter a finished goods inventory that services customer demand. The scheduling problem is to dynamically decide which job class, if any, to serve next in order to minimize the long-run expected average cost incurred per unit of time, which includes linear costs which may differ by class for backordering and holding finished goods inventory. Under the heavy traffic condition that the server must be busy the great majority of the time in order to satisfy customer demand, the scheduling problem is approximated by a dynamic control problem involving Brownian motion. The Brownian control problem is solved, and its solution is interpreted in terms of the queueing system to obtain a scheduling policy. A simulation experiment is performed that demonstrates the policy's effectiveness.
Kinetic studies of folding of the B-domain of staphylococcal protein A with molecular dynamics and a united-residue (UNRES) model of polypeptide chains.

Langevin dynamics is used with our physics-based united-residue (UNRES) force field to study the folding pathways of the B-domain of staphylococcal protein A (1BDD (α; 46 residues)). With 400 trajectories of protein A started from the extended state (to gather meaningful statistics), and simulated for more than 35 ns each, 380 of them folded to the native structure. The simulations were carried out at the optimal folding temperature of protein A with this force field. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first simulation study of protein-folding kinetics with a physics-based force field in which reliable statistics can be gathered. In all the simulations, the C-terminal α-helix forms first. The ensemble of the native basin has an average RMSD value of 4 A from the native structure. There is a stable intermediate along the folding pathway, in which the N-terminal α-helix is unfolded; this intermediate appears on the way to the native structure in less than one-fourth of the folding pathways, while the remaining ones proceed directly to the native state. Non-native structures persist until the end of the simulations, but the native-like structures dominate. To express the kinetics of protein A folding quantitatively, two observables were used: (i) the average α-helix content (averaged over all trajectories within a given time window); and (ii) the fraction of conformations (averaged over all trajectories within a given time window) with C α RMSD values from the native structure less than 5 A (fraction of completely folded structures). The α-helix content grows quickly with time, and its variation fits well to a single-exponential term, suggesting fast two-state kinetics. On the other hand, the fraction of folded structures changes more slowly with time and fits to a sum of two exponentials, in agreement with the appearance of the intermediate, found when analyzing the folding pathways. This observation demonstrates that different qualitative and quantitative conclusions about folding kinetics can be drawn depending on which observable is monitored.
Management of recurrent varicose veins.

Abstract For practical purposes all varicose veins which develop subsequent to any surgical procedure have been classified as being recurrent. These are considered and treated as primarily untreated varicosities. The operation to be performed is carefully selected for each patient and may be a high ligation with sclerosing therapy; a high ligation with segmental ligations; a complete or partial stripping; a high and low ligation with sclerosing therapy or a ligation with segmental excision.
Quorum sensing in Vibrio harveyi: probing the specificity of the LuxP binding site

Quorum sensing activity was investigated in the bacterium Vibrio harveyi using a series of both natural and nonnatural analogs of DPD, the penultimate precursor to autoinducer AI-2. The progression of molecules that were both synthesized and investigated includes enantiomeric variants, carbon-chain extension, and hydroxyl-functional group addition/deletions of DPD. The compilation of these studies reveals a binding cleft that can accommodate a number of different structural variants of DPD, albeit with invariably lower activities.
Spectral analysis of charcoal on soils: Implications for wildland fire severity mapping methods

Recent studies in the Western United States have supported climate scenarios that predict a higher occurrence of large and severe wildfires. Knowledge of the severity is important to infer long-term biogeochemical, ecological, and societal impacts, but understanding the sensitivity of any severity mapping method to variations in soil type and increasing charcoal (char) cover is essential before widespread adoption. Through repeated spectral analysis of increasing charcoal quantities on six representative soils, we found that addition of charcoal to each soil resulted in linear spectral mixing. We found that performance of the Normalised Burn Ratio was highly sensitive to soil type, whereas the Normalised Difference Vegetation Index was relatively insensitive. Our conclusions have potential implications for national programs that seek to monitor long-term trends in wildfire severity and underscore the need to collect accurate soils information when evaluating large-scale wildland fires.
FRANCESCO OF FERRARA'S " QUESTIO DE PROPORTIONIBUS MOTUUM "

title RIASSUNTO /title Il presente lavoro riguarda il testo completo della Questio de proportionibus motuum che Francesco da Ferrara scrisse in Padova nel 1352 ed esso stato preparato sull'unica copia esistente in Oxford, presso la Bodleian Library, MS Can. Misc. 226, 58r-63r. Nell'introduzione viene messa in evidenza la potenziale importanza del trattato per la valutazione della influenza in Italia del Tractatus de proportionibus che il Bradwardine scrisse nel 1328: esso infatti costituisce il punto di partenza del lavoro di Francesco da Ferrara. Viene inoltre affermato con assoluta certezza che l'unica copia del trattato di Francesco quella analizzata in questo scritto. Il testo corredato da un Index verborum che include termini filosofici e scientifici e i ?CTRLerr type="1" mess="Doute Cars isoles avec recollage" ?nomi degli autori ai quali Francesco da Ferrara ha attinto.
An Empirical Examination of Reverse Auction Appropriateness in B2B Source Selection

Electronic reverse auctions (e-RAs) are receiving attention as an effective strategy for reducing the price of purchased goods and services. To optimize their use, sourcing professionals will need to match firm requirements to market characteristics and supplier capabilities through the application of optimal sourcing strategies. To date, explanations of why sourcing managers decide to utilize an e-RA strategy are incomplete. This study relies upon strategic sourcing concepts coupled with extant research on e-RA use to develop a conceptual model of antecedents to the perceived appropriateness of e-RA usage. The model is tested and supported via structural equation modeling. Findings demonstrate that a sourcing professional's perception as to the appropriateness of using an e-RA for sourcing a particular requirement is influenced by (1) the specifiability of the requirement (2) supplier competition, (3) leadership influence, and (4) a price-based selection criterion. Further, a requirement with higher specifiability was found to increase competition in an e-RA bidding event. Contributions to theory, practice, and future research directions are identified.
Ethical and Methodological Complexities in Research Involving Sexual Minorities.

While there is growing attention to sexual minorities in adult education (AE) and human resource development (HRD) literature, lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) people have received very little attention in AE or in HRD research. This article captures methodological issues and concerns from LBGTQ-related research from psychological, sociological, social work, and related bodies of knowledge, as well as lessons learned from the author's empirical research, to inform and prepare AE and HRD researchers regarding the greater complexities in conceptualizing research on LGBTQ populations, potential ethical dilemmas, and specific safeguards that may be appropriate for LGBTQ research participants.
Alterations in the epithelial surface of A-Jax mouse palatal shelves prior to and during palatal fusion: a scanning electron microscopic study.

The surfaces of palatal shelves from carefully staged A/Jax mouse embryos were examined with the scanning electron microscope prior to and during palatal fusion. No change was observed in the appearance of cells covering the oral and nasal surfaces of the shelves. A change was observed, however, in the region of presumptive fusion, and was detectable on vertical shelves just prior to transposition. This change initially involved surface cells along the future medial edge of the shelf at the level of the second to third rugae. It was characterized by a loss of distinct cellular boundaries, the appearance of intercellular gaps caused by apparent retraction of adjacent cells, and a progressive accumulation of filamentous material at the surface. These alterations spread posteriorly along the medial edge of the shelf during transposition and fusion. While it was impossible to determine the precise nature of the surface change from S.E.M. data alone, the fact that it both preceded closure and was restricted to the region of subsequent contact and fusion between the shelves suggests it may be a prerequisite for normal palatal fusion and may represent an expression of the acquisition of a potential to fuse similar to that proposed for palatal fusion in vitro.
Future (transverse) spin physics at Jefferson Lab

The studies of GPDs and TMDs with polarizations at 6 GeV at Jefferson Lab have already shown great promises. The 12-GeV spin program will significantly advance our knowledge about the three-dimensional structure of the nucleon in the valence quark region, and the QCD dynamics responsible for the structure. With the possibility of a future electron ion collider with polarized beams, the next frontier of QCD will be reached. This proceeding paper will focus on future studies of TMDs using polarizations.
Research on Electrical Properties of Severe Thunderstorms in the Great Plains

Abstract In 1978 we began a coordinated effort to study the electrical behavior of large and severe thunderstorms that form over the Great Plains of the central United States. Methods of approach include the study of characteristics of individual phenomena and storm case studies. Our goal is to understand the interrelationships between electrical phenomena and the dynamics and precipitation of storms. Evidence that interrelationships do exist can be seen in the results to date. In one squall-line storm we have studied. 44% of all observed lightning flashes wore cloud-to-ground (CG); the total flashing rate averaged 12 min−1 and coarsely followed the changes in Doppler-derived maximum updraft speed. Most of the intracloud (IC) discharge processes in a supercell severe storm were located predominately around the region of the intense updraft of the mesocyclone and near large gradients in reflectivity and horizontal velocity. Both 10 cm and 23 cm wavelength radars have been used to detect lightning radar ech...
Enhancing multiple disulfide bonded protein folding in a cell‐free system

A recombinant plasminogen activator (PA) protein with nine disulfide bonds was expressed in our cell-free protein synthesis system. Due to the unstable and reducing environment in the initial E. coli-based cell-free system, disulfide bonds could not be formed efficiently. By treating the cell extract with iodoacetamide and utilizing a mixture of oxidized and reduced glutathione, a stabilized redox potential was optimized. Addition of DsbC, replacing polyethylene glycol with spermidine and putrescine to create a more natural environment, adding Skp, an E. coli periplasmic chaperone, and expressing PA at 30 degrees C increased the solubility of the protein product as well as the yield of active PA. Taken together, the modifications enabled the production of more than 60 microg/mL of bioactive PA in a simple 3-h batch reaction.
Contralateral turning evoked by the intranigral microinjection of muscimol and other GABA agonists

Contraversive turning was evoked by the microinjection of GABAergic agents into the substantia nigra (SN) of the rat. Muscimol, the most potent GABA agonist, evoked contralateral turning when injected into the SN in doses of 0.005, 0.05, 0.5 and 5 microgram, whereas 0.5 microgram of muscimol applied at extranigral sites produced no turning. A shorter lived contraversive turning response was evoked by the intranigral micro-injection of imidazole acetic acid (10 or 50 microgram), ethanolamine-O-sulphate (25 or 50 microgram), or GABA (50 microgram). No increase in GABA-induced turning was produced by local pretreatment with pipecolic acid (5 microgram). When injected into the SN, neither picrotoxin, in doses of 0.1, 0.5, 1.0 or 2.0 microgram, nor bicuculline methiodide (Bm), in doses of 0.1 or 0.2 microgram, elicited a significant amount of turning. Picrotoxin, however, partially blocked the turning evoked by the intranigral injection of muscimol, both via the i.p. and intranigral routes of administration whereas Bm did not. In addition, haloperidol (1 mg/kg i.p.) antagonized the muscimol-induced turning. Hence, we feel GABA mimetic substances injected within the SN might evoke contralateral turning via activation of a heretofore undescribed neural system arising from the SN or by activating the ipsilateral dopaminergic neurons projecting from the SN.
Interaction of sugar acetals with the human erythrocyte glucose transport system

All of the eleven tested bi-and tricyclic sugar acetals were found to be competitive inhibitors of glucose exit from human red cells. The highest-affinity agents were those locked into a Cl conformation by fusion with am-dioxane ring attached to a phenyl group (methyl-4,6-O-benzylidene-d-glucopyranoside,K i =0.73mm; 4,6-O-benzylidene-d-glucopyranose,K i =0.13mm at 23°C). All of the isopropylidene acetals had less affinity thand-glucose (Sen-WiddasK m=2.5mm) for the transport system. Sugars in which two or more hydroxyl group were cross-linked by isopropylidene group apprently penetrated the red cell membrane by simple diffusion, as shown by a lack of (1) saturation in the entry process (2) competition for entry with other acetals ord-glucose, and (3) inhibition by phloretins or Hg2+ on entry rates.
Substance Abuse Treatment Staff: Recovery Status and Approaches to Treatment:

Recovery status is an important characteristic of staff members working within substance abuse treatment. Recovering and nonrecovering staff members were contrasted previously, however there is a third group: Individuals who are not recovering themselves but are part of families with recovering or addicted members. The purpose of the present study is to compare background, roles within program and approaches to treatment of these three groups. Six hundred and thirty-four staff members of fifty-one treatment programs completed questionnaires. Five hundred and seventy-five completed an item indicating their recovery status. Forty-four percent identified themselves as nonrecovering, 30 percent as recovering, and 26 percent as nonrecovering but part of families with an addicted or recovering member. Nonrecovering staff with addicted or recovering family members differed from the other two groups on gender, more of them were female, but were similar to nonrecovering staff in their approach to treatment but fell between recovering and nonrecovering staff on measures of roles within programs and background. Recovering counselors reported to pursue a wider range of treatment goals and to use more varied treatment techniques than nonrecovering counselors. The implication of these findings for training and licensure of paraprofessionals in the field of substance abuse treatment is discussed.
Electronic structure of molecular icosahedra films

Using angle-resolved photoemission and inverse photoemission, the electronic structure of films of the molecular icosahedron orthocarborane (C2B10H12) on Cu(100) has been studied. The measured gap between the highest occupied molecular orbitals and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals is in good agreement with modified neglect of differential overlap calculations. An unoccupied exopolyhedral state has been found and is ascribed to molecular orbital hybridization. This hybridization is consistent with the observed dispersion of the orthocarborane molecular orbitals. This molecular orbital dispersion indicates a surface Brillouin zone edge with an average radius of 0.7 AA-1, and suggests that the molecules adopt local close-packed ordering in the overlayers, with an intermolecular distance of 5.58 AA.
Surface waves on a radially stratified earth

It is well known that the normal modes of free oscillations of the earth may be interpreted in terms of surface waves. We elaborate on this connection by demonstrating that a normal mode may be viewed as being physically created by the resonant reinforcement of multiply-circumnavigating surface waves. The dispersion curves for the phase and group velocities of these surface waves may accordingly be determined from the eigenfrequency spectrum of the earth's oscillations, which is done here using the set of eigenfrequencies empirically obtained by Gilbert and Dziewonski. These “empirical” dispersion curves are compared with global surface wave data furnished by a standard earth model, as well as with local surface wave measurements, and some possibly significant differences are found.
Detection of xenophobic response in the periostracum of the bivalve,Corbicula fluminea, through laser-induced mass spectrometry

Aqueous-phased xenobiotic contaminant exposure can biochemically modify newly generated periostracum of the Asian freshwater bivalve,Corbicula fluminea. Laser-induced desorption of partially polymerized periostracum produces spectra distinguishable from mass spectral images generated from uncontaminated periostracum. Organic xenobiotic contamination putatively impedes full polymerization of the periostracin protein. The detection of the effects of pollution on periostracum by the laser microprobe mass analyzer constitutes a novel bioprobe for the definitive but qualified detection of xenobiotic contamination.
The Complex Case of Fear and Safe Space

Here I shine light on the concept of and call for safe space and on the implicit argument that seems to undergird both the concept and the call, complicating and problematizing the taken for granted view of this issue with the goal of revealing a more complex dynamic worthy of interpretive attention when determining educational response. I maintain that the usual justification for safe space covers rather than clarifies the logic of safe space and makes it difficult for an educator to respond to harassment in a constructive and fitting way. I also claim that calls for safe space can only be properly interpreted—and responded to—when the link between fear and safety is uncovered and deconstructed. In the process, I note that the assumption of “safety” as a “positive condition” for education is problematic and warrants careful consideration.
Nonelective laparoscopic donor nephrectomy can be done safely

Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, aryland; Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Naval Medical Center Portsmouth, Portsmouth, irginia; Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland; Division f Urology, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland
Locally derived cytokines and upregulation of MHC class II genes in allografts

Abstract Background In vitro, various cytokines can modulate the level of expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) Class II antigens. Major histocompatibility complex Class II hyperexpression occurs in many immunologic disorders in vivo, but the cytokines that affect this are difficult to analyze because they are produced in small amounts, they act locally, and their mRNAs have short half-lives. Methods We studied the expression of cytokines known to up-regulate MHC Class II genes in heart allografts in mice from B10.BR donors to B10.D2 recipients by reverse transcription of mRNA and polymerase chain reaction amplification. The I-Aβ k gene expression was also studied in the same fully MHC incompatible strain combination. Results Messenger RNA for interferon (INF)-γ, interleukin (IL)-4, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, known inducers of MHC Class II expression in vitro, could be detected in allografts either 24 hours before or simultaneously with massive induction of graft specific I-Aβ mRNA. Interleukin-6 mRNA could be detected as early as 1 day after grafting. Conclusions These data suggest that known cytokine up-regulators of MHC Class II genes, i.e., IFN-γ, IL-4, and TNF-α may contribute to the upregulation of graft-specific MHC Class II antigens during an allograft reaction. Also, IL-6 expression in allografts may result from the stress of the grafting procedure, as it is evident very early after grafting.
A preprandial intake pattern in weanling rats ingesting a high fat diet.

Abstract Six male albino rats were weaned at 16 days and their intake of a high fat liquid diet was subsequently monitored with drinkometers for a 25-day period. Intake increased during growth via an increase in meal size and duration; meal frequency declined and intake rate remained stable. Light-dark differences were found only on the meal frequency measure. Immediately after weaning, there was a significant positive correlation between the duration of the preceding interval and the size of the meal; preprandial correlation. This relationship subsequently declined while the magnitude of the correlation between the meal size and the following interval (postprandial correlation) increased. These results indicate that there is a changeover in the mode of food intake regulation during the early postweaning period.
Neonatal Predictors of 18 Month Behavioral Inhibition in Term and Preterm Infants † 66

Recent findings suggest a relationship between early indicators of reactivity and later expression of inhibited temperament. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between neonatal medical and behavioral characteristics and behavioral inhibition at 18 months. The sample included 126 infants; 34 term (FT) and 92 preterm (<34 weeks gestational age and <1750g at birth), including 16 healthy preterm (HPT), 37 sick preterm (SPT), 18 preterm with Grade III or IV IVH (CNS), and 21 SGA. At one month (corrected), the Brazelton Scale was administered with simultaneous HR and the infant's cry was recorded and acoustically analyzed. At 18 months, infant behavior in response to a robot was videotaped. Behavioral inhibition was coded as approach and withdrawal behaviors to the robot. ANOVA results showed longer first contact (sec) in CNS and SGA, P<.05, longer latency to first withdrawal in CNS, P<.05, and longer latency to first contact in CNS and SPT, P<.05. Correlations between neonatal measures and 18 month inhibition scores showed higher Brazelton regulation related to more approaches (r =.23, P<.05) and higher HR on the Brazelton related to fewer approaches(r = -.23,P<.05). For cry, more energy was related to more approaches (r=.36, P<.01) and more withdrawals (r =.23, P<.05); more hyperphonation (high pitch) related to less exploration (r = -.23,P<.05); more dysphonation (dysregulated cry) related to less exploration (r = -.24, P<.05), fewer approaches (r = -.23,P<.05), and shorter latency to first withdrawal (r = -.24,P<.05). More variability in pitch was related to longer latency to first approach (r =.26, P<.05) and longer latency to first contact (r =.29, P<.01). Findings suggest effects of prematurity and medical complications on later expression of behavioral inhibition. In addition, neurobehavioral measures of neonatal dysregulation and increased reactivity predict more behavioral inhibition at 18 months.
The nature of the transport ATPase—Digitalis complex: III. Rapid binding studies and effects of ligands on the formation and stability of magnesium plus phosphate-induced glycoside—Enzyme complex

Abstract The [ 3 H]ouabain-Na + ,K + -ATPase complex formed in the presence of magnesium and inorganic phosphate (Complex II) may represent a different conformation than that formed in the presence of ATP, magnesium, and sodium (Complex I). The nomenclature, Complex I and II, are operational in nature. The differences in binding may, e.g., be due to different levels of phosphorylation and/or to different conformations of the enzyme prior to binding. The kinetics of binding under conditions that lead to Complex II formation can be characterized by a hyperbolic curve arbitrarily divided into three phases. Sodium and potassium exert differential effects on these three phases of binding, with sodium having a greater inhibitory effect than potassium. Potassium primarily retards the reaction. When added to the binding medium (Complex II) after maximal binding, sodium and potassium are found not only to dissociate a portion of the glycoside-enzyme complex, but also appear to convert the unbound enzyme into a conformation which may bind only a small amount of glycoside.
Communicative Language Teaching: An Incomplete Revolution.

ABSTRACT Communicative language teaching has been hailed as a revolution, and it has achieved a solid base of widely accepted principles setting it apart from previous paradigms. Yet its transmission from scholars to teachers has been hampered by unnecessary debate and confusion. This paper explores the reasons why the channels of diffusion in the field have been unsuccessful, and suggests that further progress depends on overcoming disunity and translating consensus into standard course materials appropriate to local teaching conditions.
Testosterone biosynthesis in the canine in vivo following infusion of 17α-hydroxy[4-14C]progesterone and [7α-3H]dehydroepiandrosterone via the spermatic artery

Abstract 17α-Hydroxyprogesterone labelled with 14 H in position 4 has been infused simultaneously with either [7α- 3 H]dehydroepiandrosterone or [7α- 3 H]dehydroepiandrosterone acetate at a constant rate via the left spermatic artery. Testosterone and Δ 4 -androstenedione containing both 3 H and 14 C were isolated from the venous blood of the left testis. These two compounds were recrystallized at least three times and the 3 H/ 14 C ratio determined. 1. 1. All three compounds are capable of being metabolized to testosterone and Δ 4 -androstenedione. 2. 2. Dehydroepiandrosterone is metabolized to Δ 4 -ansdrostenedione at a faster rate than 17α-hydroxyprogesterone as evidenced by a higher 3 H/ 14 C ratio than was infused. Dehydroepiandrosterone acetate is metabolized at a much slower rate than free dehydroepiandrosterone. 3. 3. The 3 H/ 14 C ratio is much higher in isolated testosterone than in isolated Δ 4 -androstenedione suggesting the Δ 4 -androstenedione is not an “obligatory” intermediate and that dehydroepiandrosterone may be metabolized to testosterone by another pathway not invloving the formation of Δ 4 -androstenedione.