cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Calculations for and laboratory measurements of a multistage labyrinthine baffle for SMEI

The spaceborne Solar Mass Ejection Imager (SMEI) is scheduled for launch into near-earth orbit (>800 km) in early 2003. Three SMEI CCD cameras on the zenith-oriented CORIOLIS spacecraft cover most of the sky each 100-minute orbit. Data from this instrument will provide precision visible-light photometric maps. Once starlight and other constant or slowly varying backgrounds are subtracted, the residue is mostly sunlight that has Thomson-scattered from heliospheric electrons. These maps will enable 3-dimensional tomographic reconstruction of heliospheric density and velocity. The SMEI design provides three cameras, one of which views to within 18 degrees of the solar disk with a field of view 60° long by 3° wide. Placed end-to-end, three fields of view then cover a nearly 180° long strip that sweeps out the sky over each orbit. The 3-dimensional tomographic analysis requires 0.1% photometry and background-light reduction below one S10 (the brightness equivalent of a 10th magnitude star per square degree). Thus 10-15 of surface-brightness reduction is required relative to the solar disk. The SMEI labyrinthine baffle provides roughly 10-10 of this reduction; the subsequent optics provides the remainder. We describe the baffle design and present laboratory measurements of prototypes that confirm performance at this level.
Stuttering and Phonology

In the April 2002 issue, in the "Stuttering and Phonology: Is There an Interaction?" article by Marilyn A. Nippold, an editing error (on p. 101, left column) misrepresented who performed certain an...
The frequency of associations between positive and negative symptoms and dysphoria in schizophrenia

Weekly assessments of depression, anxiety, and positive and negative symptoms were performed on 80 subjects with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. Using procedures previously reported in another study, the frequency of significant correlations between the sum of anxiety and depression ratings and positive symptoms was compared with the frequency of significant correlations between the sum of anxiety and depression ratings and negative symptoms. Results confirm that dysphoria in schizophrenia tends to be more frequently associated with positive versus negative symptoms, regardless of diagnostic subtype or symptom type. This provides further evidence of the independence of negative symptoms from dysphoria and suggests that the level of positive symptoms and level of dysphoria may mutually influence one another.
Zero sound spectroscopy of3He-B below 250 μK

Using non-resonant, broadband transducers fabricated from PVDF films, frequency sweeps have been performed in3He-B from nominally 10 to 60 MHz at nearly constant temperatures below 250 μK at about 1 bar. By studying the changes in the group velocity and attenuation as a function of frequency, the real squashing (J=2+) mode has been identified in theT→0 limit.
Design and Performance of the Halogen Occultation Experiment (HALOE) Remote Sensor

HALOE is an optical remote sensor that measures extinction of solar radiation caused by the earth's atmosphere in eight channels, ranging in wavelength from 2.5 to 10.1 microns. These measurements, which occur twice each satellite orbit during solar occultation, are inverted to yield vertical distributions of middle atmosphere ozone (O3), water vapor, nitrogen dioxide, nitric oxide, hydrogen fluoride, hydrogen chloride, and methane. A channel located in the 2.7 region is used to infer the tangent point pressure by measuring carbon dioxide absorption. The HALOE instrument consists of a two-axis gimbal system, telescope, spectral discrimination optics and a 12-bit data system. The gimbal system tracks the solar radiometric centroid in the azimuthal plane and tracks the solar limb in the elevation plane, placing the instrument's instantaneous field-of-view 4 arcmin down from the solar top edge. The instrument gathers data for tangent altitudes ranging from 150 km to the earth's horizon. Prior to an orbital sunset and after an orbital sunrise, HALOE automatically performs calibration sequences to enhance data interpretation. The instrument is presently being tested at the NASA Langley Research Center in preparation for launch on the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite near the end of this decade. This paper describes the instrumenmt design, operation, and functional performance.
The pathology of head and neck tumors: Papillomas of the upper aerodigestive tracts, part 18

The human papillomavirus class of DNA viruses are more than circumstantially related to oral and airway papillomas. Whether they are fully oncogenic, in the malignant sense, without other agents is questionable. Recent advances in molecular virology and the use of genus-specific (common) antigen-antibody reactions have identified papillomavirus in laryngeal and oral papillomas. Laryngeal and oral papillomas could be precancerous lesions, but they show a low-risk and long-time interval leading to malignancy unless significant iatrogenic or host variables--such as radiotherapy or immuno-incompetence--are added. Two different papillomas in the larynx can be recognized; a nonkeratinizing, papillomavirus-related lesion, and a keratinizing, usually solitary papilloma, which may or may not be related to a virus genesis and may be equated with a keratosis or clinical leukoplakia.
On the law of large numbers for mutually T -related L-R fuzzy numbers

Abstract We study a law of large numbers for sequences of mutually T -related L - R fuzzy numbers where T is an Archimedean t-norm and the diameter of the support of the fuzzy numbers is not uniformly bounded. Earlier results of Fuller (1992) and Triesch (1993) in this area are extended. Some conditions concerning the shapes of f∘R and f∘L and spreads of L - R fuzzy numbers are given, where f is the additive generator of the Archimedean t-norm T . Several examples are given to illustrate the results.
Age Stratified Functional Outcomes After Laparoscopic Radical Prostatectomy

Purpose: We assessed health related quality of life in men treated for prostate cancer with laparoscopic radical prostatectomy.Materials and Methods: Urinary continence and potency were prospectively assessed in 369 men stratified into age groups, including group 1—younger than 50, group 2—50 to 59 and group 3—60 years or older, by analyzing answers to the Expanded Prostate Cancer Index Composite questionnaire collected preoperatively, and 3, 6 and 12 months after laparoscopic radical prostatectomy.Results: Younger men were more likely to achieve urinary continence (1 pad or less daily) 1 year after laparoscopic radical prostatectomy (groups 1 to 3 100%, 91% and 81%, respectively, p <0.01). Younger men were also more likely to be potent and engaging in intercourse 1 year after bilateral nerve sparing laparoscopic radical prostatectomy (groups 1 to 3 70%, 67% and 46%, respectively, p <0.01). The mean percent return to baseline Expanded Prostate Cancer Index Composite urinary continence subscale at 1 year i...
A selected annotated bibliography of empirical investigations of research personnel

THERE HAVE BEEN relatively few systematic empirical investigations of the behavior of Research and Development personnel. However, as the findings of sociologists and psychologists working in such areas as creativity, leadership, occupational values, and organizational change have been made available, the Transactions has tried to keep its readers posted on new developments through the publication of relevant articles. In accord with this policy, the present section has attempted to bring to Transactions readers summaries of recent research on researcher behavior with which they may not be familiar. Most of the studies summarized here were first published in professional sociology and psychology journals, although a few books and unpublished papers are also included.
Treatment of Photoaging

A 45-year-old fair-skinned woman has noted increasing sallowness, roughness, fine wrinkles, and mottled hyperpigmentation on her face. She is bothered by these changes and is worried about the development of nonmelanoma skin cancer. What treatments may minimize skin aging and lower the risk of skin cancer?
Retributive and restorative justice: Importance of crime severity and shared identity in people's justice responses

Retributive and restorative justice present two different responses to wrongdoing: one that focuses on addressing the moral wrong through punitive sanctions (retribution) and one that focuses on ad...
Empirical Analysis of Spatial Transferability of Tour-Generation Models

This study examines the transferability of tour-generation models between three metropolitan regions in Florida. Naive transfer methods are examined to assess the performance of the transferred models (from two other regions) to that of the locally estimated model. The assessment is done in the context of the generation of four tour purposes. Transferability is evaluated with multiple measures such as aggregate and disaggregate predictive abilities and the aggregate elasticities to specific socioeconomic factors. The results indicate that a transferred model that does best with aggregate predictions is not guaranteed to give better performance with elasticities regarding specific factors. For any pair of regions, and for a given metric for assessing transferability, the models for all tour purposes are not equally transferable. Finally, transferability is not symmetric. All these issues underscore the need to administer caution in borrowing parameters from one region for use in another.
Evaluation of a Presidential Election Game

The Shapley value of the presidential election “game” is approximated by the method of multilinear extensions; the likely error in this approximation is computed by studying the error in the electoral college game. A comparison with the Banzhaf ratio is also given. The several biases inherent in the electoral system are analyzed from a mathematical point of view. It is shown that the system incorporates a strong bias in favor of the larger states, and a small bias in favor of the smallest states.
Arthroscopic glenoid retrieval in failed TSA: Search and rescue

Aseptic loosening of the glenoid is one of the most common reasons for revision surgery. Radiographs often demonstrate lucencies, of which only a small percentage are clinically significant. Diagnosing a loose glenoid can therefore be extremely challenging. Arthroscopy may be used to diagnose and remove the polyethylene in select patients where revision surgery is contraindicated. Results demonstrate acceptable outcomes and clinically significant improvements in preoperative pain and function.
Prospect theory in international relations: The Iranian hostage rescue mission.

This article uses prospect theory, a descriptive theory of decision-making under risk, to examine the failed rescue mission of the American hostages in Iran in April 1980. The argument is that President Carter was in a domain of losses both internationally and domestically at the time of the crisis. In this context, loss aversion predisposed him to take military risks to secure the release of the hostages that he would not ordinarily have been willing to pursue. This article also discusses the relationship between political and military risk in the options that were considered at the time.
Metamaterial Apertures for Computational Imaging

By leveraging metamaterials and compressive imaging, a low-profile aperture capable of microwave imaging without lenses, moving parts, or phase shifters is demonstrated. This designer aperture allows image compression to be performed on the physical hardware layer rather than in the postprocessing stage, thus averting the detector, storage, and transmission costs associated with full diffraction-limited sampling of a scene. A guided-wave metamaterial aperture is used to perform compressive image reconstruction at 10 frames per second of two-dimensional (range and angle) sparse still and video scenes at K-band (18 to 26 gigahertz) frequencies, using frequency diversity to avoid mechanical scanning. Image acquisition is accomplished with a 40:1 compression ratio.
Effect of phosphate-solubilizing bacteria and vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae on tomato growth and soil microbial activity

The interaction of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae (VAM) and phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (PSB) on plant growth, soil microbial activities, and the production of organic acids was studied in non-sterile soil containing hydroxyapatite and glucose. Glomus etunicatum (VAM), a fungus, and Enterobacter agglomerans, a bacterium able to solubilize insoluble phosphate, were used as inocula. Three treatments and a control were used: inoculation with E. agglomerans (treatment E), inoculation with G. etunicatum (treatment G), inoculation with E. agglomerans+G. etunicatum (treatment E+G) and the control (C). Inoculation with E, G, or E+G had increased plant growth by days 35, 55, and 75 compared with the control. Microbial biomass carbon (C) and alkaline phosphatase activity in the rhizosphere generally increased with time. Alkaline phosphatase activity was higher in treatments G and E+G compared with the control at 35 and 55 days. The highest acid phosphatase activity was observed in treatment E at 35 days; however, this markedly decreased with time. A significantly higher soluble phosphorus (P) concentration was observed in treatments E and E+G on day 55 compared with C. However, there was no significant difference in soluble P concentration in the rhizosphere between treatments with time. The P concentration was greatest in all treatments on day 55. The highest oxalic acid concentration was observed in the rhizosphere of the non-sterile soil in E+G on day 35. Total N and P uptake in plants from treatments E and G were higher compared with the control. However, the highest N and P uptake was observed in treatment E+G. This study suggests a synergistic interaction between E. agglomerans and G. etunicatum.
Biogenerative life-support system: farming on the moon.

Plants can be used to recycle food, oxygen, and water in a closed habitat (e.g., on the moon, Mars, or in a space craft. A variety of crops might be grown, probably in underground growth units to avoid harmful radiation and micrometeorites. Artificial light will be necessary although some sunlight might be brought in via fiber optics. Transpired water will be condensed in coils exposed to space and shaded from sunlight. Oxygen and CO2 levels will be maintained by controlling photosynthesis and waste oxidation. Plants will be grown hydroponically. Wheat has been produced at the rate of 60 g m-2 d-1, which could feed a human continuously from a farm only 13 m2, but nearly continuous light equivalent to sunlight is required along with ideal temperatures, enriched CO2, suitable cultivars, etc. Lower light results in more efficient photosynthesis but requires a larger farm, as do safety considerations and many crops.
Beiträge zur Chemie der Si‐N‐Bindung, XIV: Oligo‐α,ω‐dimethylchlorsilyl‐substituierte Cyclodisilazane: Vorläufige Mitteilung

1,3-dimethylchlorosilyl-tetramethylcyclodisilazane and oligomeric α,ω-dimethyl-chlorosilyl-substituted cyclodisilazanes were prepared by the reaction of hexamethylcyclotrisilazane with dimethyldichlorosilane in the ratios 1:3 to 1:1.
Friction, Restitution, and Energy Loss in Planar Collisions

Both particle and rigid body planar collisions are covered in this paper. For particles, the classical equations for oblique impacts are derived using Newton’s laws along with definitions of the coefficient of restitution and equivalent coefficient of friction. A general expression is obtained for the kinetic energy loss explicity containing the two coefficients. This expression for energy loss as a function of the friction coefficient possesses a maximum. The value of the friction coefficient at the maximum is a limiting value which can be used to determine whether or not sliding exists at separation. The maximum energy loss is independent of the physical mechanism of generation of tangential forces (friction) and serves as an upper bound for two-particle collisions. It is shown that to properly formulate and solve the rigid body problem, a moment must be considered at the common “point” of impact. A moment coefficient of restitution must be defined. This leads to six linear algebraic equations from which the six final velocity components can be calculated. An analytical solution is obtained for the general rigid body problem. In a reduced form, it is used to solve the problem of a single rigid body impacting a rigid barrier. This solution is then applied to a classical textbook problem. As shown for particle impacts, the concepts of limiting friction coefficient and maximum energy loss apply to rigid body impacts.
Why Cholesterol should be Found Largely in the Cytoplasmic Leaf of the Plasma Membrane

In the mammalian plasma membrane, cholesterol can translocate rapidly between the exoplasmic and cytoplasmic leaves, and has been found predominantly in the latter. We hypothesize that it is drawn to the inner leaf to reduce the bending free energy of the membrane caused by the presence there of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE). It does this in two ways: first by simply diluting the amount of PE in the inner leaf and second by ordering the tails of the PE so as to reduce its spontaneous curvature. Incorporating this mechanism into a model free energy for the bilayer, we find that between 50 and 60% of the total cholesterol should be in the inner leaf of human erythrocytes.
Just-for-me training: personalized options for training on demand

For many years, Wellesley College's User Services department has offered formal software training sessions in lecture and hands-on formats to faculty, staff, and students. As the range of technical ability in the user community steadily increases and the variety of applications we support grows, these one-size-fits-all classes have become inadequate to meet the campus's widely varying needs.Over the course of the past two years, we have focused our training efforts on devising new strategies and leveraging new technologies to bring users exactly the training they need, exactly when they need it. For students, we implemented a just-in-time peer-to-peer training network called Computing First Aid in the fall of 1999. Computing First Aid provides individualized drop-in software consulting to students in a format similar to that of academic tutoring; in the winter of 2000, Computing First Aid was expanded to include remote support via on-line chat. In the spring of 2000, we introduced the Deskside Coaching program, which provides faculty and staff members with one-on-one instruction on topics of their choice in their own offices.User response to Computing First Aid and Deskside Coaching has been overwhelmingly positive: Computing First Aid served over 10% of our student body in its first semester alone, and an average of 14 Deskside Coaching sessions are held each month. Due in large part to the success of both programs, we have been able to substantially reduce the number of traditional introductory-level classroom sessions we offer and focus our instructor-led classes on new technologies and advanced techniques.
Upper Extremity Nerve Blocks for the Trauma Patient

Abstract Regional anesthesia can provide a number of benefits for the patient with upper extremity injury but requires careful consideration of several problems unique to the trauma victim. When planning the approach to the brachial plexus, both the site of injury as well as associated conditions, such as the presence of a cervical immobilization device, become important. The practitioner should learn several approaches to the plexus as well as supplemental blocks at the wrist. The use of a nerve stimulator or portable ultrasound device may improve success in patients with difficult landmarks. Intravenous regional anesthesia remains an effective alternative to brachial plexus block for short surgical procedures. Copyright © 2002 by W.B. Saunders Company
Magnetic probe signals of a laser induced spark in a dc magnetic field

Abstract A study has been made of the magnetic probe signals of a laser induced spark in a dc magnetic field in different gases and at different pressures. The observations are explained in terms of a collision-dominated expression of the magnetic moment of the spark plasma.
Acute effects of propylthiouracil (PTU) on thyroidal iodide organification and peripheral iodothyronine deiodination: correlation with serum PTU levels measured by radioimmunoassay.

Propylthiouracil (PTU) levels in serum have been measured by RIA in five normal volunteers and four patients with untreated Graves' disease. Peak PTU levels after 50, 200, and 300 mg PTU were 0.91 ± 0.13, 2.9 ± 0.6, and 4.0 ± 0.6 jug/ml in the normal subjects and 1.04 ± 0.1, 4.5 ± 0.7, and 7.1 ± 0.4 jug/ml in the hyperthyroid patients, respectively. Peak PTU levels and PTU area under the curve were significantly greater at the 300-mg dose (P < 0.01) in the hyperthyroid patients compared to the normal subjects. The effect of PTU on iodide organification was assessed by perchlorate discharge testing. Both the normals and the hyperthyroid patients had normal basal perchlorate-dischargeable 123I. Four hours after an oral dose of PTU, the hyperthyroid patients had a greater percentage of perchlorate-dischargeable 123I than the euthyroid controls (+38 ± 5% vs. +13 ± 2% P < 0.02). There was a highly significant correlation between serum PTU levels and perchlorate-dischargeable iodide in both normals (r = 0.86; P...
FACTORS INFLUENCING IN VITRO SYNTHESIS OF PROGESTERONE12

Pituitary homogcnates from gilts at different stages of the estrous cycle and gestation did not stimulate or inhibit in vitro progesterone synthesis by gilt luteal tissue in Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate buffer medium containing 200 mg. glucose. Non-pituitary gonadotrophins, PMS and HCG; relaxin; and oxytocic materials, Syntocinon and Purified Oxytocic Principle, had no effect on in vitro synthesis of progesterone by swine luteal tissue. Ovine lactogenic hormone (prolactin, uteotrophic hormone or LTH) had no detectable effect on in vitro or in vivo luteal function. Subtotal hysterectomy prolonged the functional life of gilt corpora lutea as indicated by progesterone content and capacity of tissue to synthesize the hormone in vitro. Endometrial filtrates from days 12 and 13 of the estrous cycle increased in vitro progesterone synthesis by luteal tissue whereas filtrates from days 16 and 18 showed a definite inhibitory effect on hormone production.
Derrick Bell's Re-Sounding: W. E. B. Du Bois, Modernism, and Critical Race Scholarship

James R. Hackney Jr. is professor of law at Northeastern University School of Law. This essay is dedicated to his aunt, Allie Christine Gavin, in memory of her years of dedicated service to inner-city children. 1. The term critical race theory is a misnomer because the phenomenon really serves as a site of contestation and debate rather than as a school of thought with an overarching, replicable theoretical formulation. In this regard, it is more precise to say that there is a group of intellectuals in the field of law, critical race theorists, who choose to do a certain type of scholarship-critical race scholarship. In this regard, my framing of CRS follows Duncan Kennedy's definition of a project: "A project is a continuous goal-oriented practical activity based on an analysis of some kind (with a textual and oral tradition), but the goals and the analysis are not necessarily internally coherent or consistent over time. It is a collective effort, but all the players can change over time, and people at any given moment can be part of it without subscribing to or even being interested in anything like all its precepts and practical activities (Kennedy 1997, 6). This essay is a case study limited to only one member of this group, Derrick Bell, and although at times I make references to critical race scholarship as a whole, such connections are merely speculative at this point.
Double-diffusive flow and heat transfer for a cylindrical source submerged in a salt-stratified solution

Abstract An experimental study has been performed to delineate the nature of double-diffusive flows induced by a heated horizontal cylinder submerged in a salt-stratified solution. Flow conditions depend strongly on a stratification parameter, N , which measures the initial degree of stable solute stratification relative to destabilizing thermal effects. For large N flow is initially confined to multiple recirculating fluid layers which exist around and above the heat source and are separated by diffusive interfaces. With increasing time the interfaces are eroded, causing merger of the convecting fluid layers and envelopment of the heat source by a single layer. With decreasing N , or in the later stages of an experiment for large N , conditions are strongly influenced by plume development above the cylinder. Flow in the convection layer about the cylinder is driven by the plume, which also enhances degradation of the diffusive interface separating the layer from the overlying fluid. For all values of N , steady-state conditions are only reached after the plume penetrates to the free surface and achievement of a uniform salt concentration eliminates the existence of double-diffusive effects. For a prescribed time the average cylinder Nusselt number decreases with increasing N . However, irrespective of N the Nusselt number increases with time to the limiting value associated with free convection in an unstratified, infinite medium.
The battle with the host over microbial size

An eponymous feature of microbes is their small size, and size affects their pathogenesis. The recognition of microbes by host factors, for example, is often dependent on the density and number of molecular interactions occurring over a limited surface area. As a consequence, certain antimicrobial substances, such as complement, appear to target particles with a larger surface area more effectively. Although microbes may inhibit these antimicrobial activities by minimizing their effective size, the host uses defenses such as agglutination by immunoglobulin to counteract this microbial evasion strategy. Some successful pathogens in turn are able to prevent immune mediated clearance by expressing virulence factors that block agglutination. Thus, microbial size is one of the battlegrounds between microbial survival and host defense.
Family Foundations: High Risk, High Reward

This article briefly analyzes the social role of family foundations—their attractions, hazards, and rewards—and some of the elements and considerations contributing to the effectiveness of foundations.
Impacts of NASA's remote sensing data on policy and decision making at state and local agencies in the United States

Under the aegis of the EOSDIS program, NASA's Synergy program has been exploring the development of applications for users at the state, local and tribal level in the US using remote sensing data in six application sectors. Eleven information centers or InfoMarts have been established during the past two years, and the data sets and products from these InfoMarts are having a significant impact on decision making abilities within their user communities. Selected impacts of the Synergy project and lessons learned are presented.
Heart Rate Variability during Simulated Hemorrhage with Lower Body Negative Pressure in High and Low Tolerant Subjects.

Heart rate variability (HRV) decreases during hemorrhage, and has been proposed as a new vital sign to assess cardiovascular stability in trauma patients. The purpose of this study was to determine if any of the HRV metrics could accurately distinguish between individuals with different tolerance to simulated hemorrhage. Specifically, we hypothesized that 1) HRV would be similar in low tolerant (LT) and high tolerant (HT) subjects at presyncope when both groups are on the verge of hemodynamic collapse; and 2) HRV could distinguish LT subjects at presyncope from hemodynamically stable HT subjects (i.e., at a submaximal level of hypovolemia). Lower body negative pressure (LBNP) was used as a model of hemorrhage in healthy human subjects, eliciting central hypovolemia to the point of presyncopal symptoms (onset of hemodynamic collapse). Subjects were classified as LT if presyncopal symptoms occurred during the -15 to -60 mm Hg levels of LBNP, and HT if symptoms occurred after LBNP of -60 mmHg. A total of 20 HRV metrics were derived from R-R interval measurements at the time of presyncope, and at one level prior to presyncope (submax) in LT and HT groups. Only four HRV metrics (Long-range Detrended Fluctuation Analysis, Forbidden Words, Poincare Plot Descriptor Ratio, and Fractal Dimensions by Curve Length) supported both hypotheses. These four HRV metrics were evaluated further for their ability to identify individual LT subjects at presyncope when compared to HT subjects at submax. Variability in individual LT and HT responses was so high that LT responses overlapped with HT responses by 85%-97%. The sensitivity of these HRV metrics to distinguish between individual LT from HT subjects was 6%-33%, and positive predictive values were 40%-73%. These results indicate that while a small number of HRV metrics can accurately distinguish between LT and HT subjects using group mean data, individual HRV values are poor indicators of tolerance to hypovolemia.
Improving public information about large hydroelectric dams: Case studies in France and West Africa

It is becoming more common for public authorities in charge of dam construction and management to inform the population living in the area soon to be submerged by a proposed dam. However, populations living further downstream along a river to be dammed, have often been left to find out by chance, despite the fact that the changes to the river flow regime will have an important impact on their lives, sometimes serious negative impacts. This article makes a comparison between two dams, one at Bort-les-Orgues across the upper Dordogne River in southern France, the other the Bagre Dam over the Nakambe (or White Volta) River in south-eastern Burkina Faso. The article discusses dam construction and operation from the point of view of the concerned populations living in the reservoir and downstream areas. In 2000, a study was carried out in the Dordogne Valley to ascertain downstream impacts of dam operations and information needs of the population. Suggestions from local river users related mostly to improving public information about predicted and actual flow rates and actual flow in real time along the 300 km course of the Dordogne between the dams and the estuary. Such information should be disseminated as widely as possible through available media, including the Internet, and also displayed visibly in key locations along the length of the river.
A Toolchain for the Design and Simulation of Foldable Programmable Matter

This paper presents a toolchain for the design and simulation of reconfigurable robots that can be built from a single rigid sheet of smart material with embedded actuators and sensors along regular crease patterns. We call such sheets Foldable Programmable Matter (FPM ). The toolchain we have created comprises an editor for drafting or modifying FPM , including locations and angles for folds. Algorithms for generating a class of folding structures are available for use. Also included is a dynamic simulation of the fold process, which provides collision detection and visualization. Thus our Foldable Programmable Matter Editor allows us to synthesize and design FPMs and simulate them in a virtual environment before committing to manufacture. The toolchain also incorporates a method of strength analysis, which is used to determine the suitability of a folded shape for specific loadings. Examples are shown for each subsection, including a beam example spanning the toolchain.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Approximations to ideal-observer performance on signal-detection tasks.

The ideal-observer performance, as measured by the area under the receiver’s operating characteristic curve, is computed for six examples of signal-detection tasks. Exact values for this quantity, as well as approximations based on the signal-to-noise ratio of the log likelihood and the likelihood-generating function, are found. The noise models considered are normal, exponential, Poisson, and two-sided exponential. The signal may affect the mean or the variance in each case. It is found that the approximation from the likelihood-generating function tracks well with the exact area, whereas the log-likelihood signal-to-noise approximation can fail badly. The signal-to-noise ratio of the likelihood ratio itself is also computed for each example to demonstrate that it is not a good measure of ideal-observer performance.
The effect of an intervention to break the gender bias habit for faculty at one institution: a cluster randomized, controlled trial.

PurposeDespite sincere commitment to egalitarian, meritocratic principles, subtle gender bias persists, constraining women’s opportunities for academic advancement. The authors implemented a pair-matched, single-blind, cluster randomized, controlled study of a gender-bias-habit-changing intervention
A rat gene with sequence homology to the Drosophila gene hairy is rapidly induced by growth factors known to influence neuronal differentiation

Several genes encoding transcription factors with a helix-loop-helix (HLH) motif are involved in the early process of neural development in Drosophila spp. We report the isolation from the rat a homolog of one of these genes, called hairy. The rat-hairy-like (RHL) gene is expressed early during embryogenesis. In contrast to the restricted expression of hairy mRNA in Drosophila spp., however, the mRNA encoded by RHL is detectable in all tissues examined. Stimulation of PC12 pheochromocytoma cells by nerve growth factor, basis fibroblast growth factor, or epidermal growth factor or of Rat-1 fibroblasts by epidermal growth factor causes a rapid and transient induction of the RHL gene. Thus, RHL acts as an immediate-early gene that can potentially transduce growth factor signals during the development of the mammalian embryo.
International partnerships, collaborative learning, and interactive communications technology: using a Global Forum on School Leadership to enhance the preparation of school leaders

Challenging tomorrow's school leaders to develop deep understanding and respect for alternative conceptions and responses to everyday leadership issues is a major undertaking. Incorporating layers of deep reflection in exchange for surface learning approaches to common practices and everyday events in the life of school leaders amounts to a challenge against the status quo of leadership tradition. This paper presents a description of the rationale and developmental stages of the Global Forum on School Leadership. Conceived as an extension to the existing reflective and dialogic practices of a pre-service leader preparation program in the mid-west of the United States, the forum attempts to incorporate die perspectives of global colleagues on issues related to everyday practices and school leadership conundrums in a mediated, asynchronous, web-based discussion format. This project adds a needed global orientation to leadership preparation in a post September 11th international context.
SisterTalk: final results of a culturally tailored cable television delivered weight control program for Black women

Background Obesity among Black women continues to exceed that of other women. Most weight loss programs created without reference to specific cultural contexts are less effective for Black than White women. Weight control approaches accessible to Black women and adapted to relevant cultural contexts are important for addressing this problem. This paper reports the final results of SisterTalk, the randomized controlled trial of a cable TV weight control program oriented toward Black women.
Phonation-related rate coding and recruitment in the genioglossus muscle.

Motor unit recruitment was assessed in two muscles with similar muscle fiber-type compositions and that participate in skilled movements: the tongue muscle, genioglossus (GG), and the hand muscle, first dorsal interosseous (FDI). Our primary objectives were to determine in the framework of a voluntary movement whether muscle force is regulated in tongue as it is in limb, i.e., via processes of rate coding and recruitment. Recruitment in the two muscles was assessed within each subject in the context of ramp force (FDI) and in the tongue (GG) during vowel production and specifically, in the context of ramp increases in loudness, and subsequently expressed relative to the maximal. The principle findings of the study are that the general rules of recruitment and rate coding hold true for both GG and FDI, and second, that average firing rates, firing rates at recruitment and peak firing rates in GG are significantly higher than for FDI (P < 0.001) despite tasks performed across comparable force ranges (~2–40 % of max). The higher firing rates observed in the tongue within the context of phonation may be a function of that muscle’s dual role as (prime) mover and hydrostatic support element.
Enhancement and inhibition of soil petroleum biodegradation through the use of fertilizer nitrogen: An approach to determining optimum levels

Laboratory studies were conducted to evaluate the relationship between soil water content and microbial response to soil nitrogen (N) in petroleum‐contaminated soils. Various levels of N were added to a sand, a sandy loam, and a silt loam. Measurements of the extent of biodegradation in each soil (petroleum loss or CO2 production) indicated that biodegradation was related to soil N expressed as a function of soil water (mg N/kg soil H2O or mg N/I) better than N expressed as a function of soil dry matter (mg N/kg soil). A loamy sand was treated with four levels of N (0, 250, 500, 750 mg N/kg soil) and incubated at three water contents (5.0, 7.5, and 10.0% on a dry soil weight basis). Soil water potential and O2 consumption were best related to N expressed on the basis of soil water. It is concluded that expressing N in units of mg N/kg soil H2O (easily obtained by dividing [mg N/kg dry soil] by [soil moisture content]) can be used to determine fertilization rates for bioremediation processes. On this basis...
Pyruvate-Carbon Dioxide Exchange Reaction of Desulfovibrio desulfuricans

Abstract Suh, Byungse (University of Kansas, Lawrence), and J. M. Akagi. Pyruvate-carbon dioxide exchange reaction of Desulfovibrio desulfuricans. J. Bacteriol. 91:2281–2285. 1966.—The pyruvate-CO2 exchange reaction, catalyzed by Desulfovibrio desulfuricans, required the presence of phosphate and coenzyme A. However, the requirement for phosphate disappeared when the concentration of coenzyme A was increased to a level of 3.8 × 10−3m. Passing crude extracts through a diethylaminoethyl-cellulose column and an Amberlite CG-50 ion-exchange column, to remove ferredoxin and cytochrome c3, resulted in a marked decrease in exchange activity; full activity was restored by the addition of ferredoxin or cytochrome c3. Fe++ or Co++ stimulated the exchange of CO2 into pyruvate.
DNA looping by two-site restriction endonucleases: heterogeneous probability distributions for loop size and unbinding force

Proteins interacting at multiple sites on DNA via looping play an important role in many fundamental biochemical processes. Restriction endonucleases that must bind at two recognition sites for efficient activity are a useful model system for studying such interactions. Here we used single DNA manipulation to study sixteen known or suspected two-site endonucleases. In eleven cases (BpmI, BsgI, BspMI, Cfr10I, Eco57I, EcoRII, FokI, HpaII, NarI, Sau3AI and SgrAI) we found that substitution of Ca 21 for Mg 21 blocked cleavage and enabled us to observe stable DNA looping. Forced disruption of these loops allowed us to measure the frequency of looping and probability distributions for loop size and unbinding force for each enzyme. In four cases we observed bimodal unbinding force distributions, indicating conformational heterogeneity and/or complex binding energy landscapes. Measured unlooping events ranged in size from 7 to 7500 bp and the most probable size ranged from less than 75 bp to nearly 500 bp, depending on the enzyme. In most cases the size distributions were in much closer agreement with theoretical models that postulate sharp DNA kinking than with classical models of DNA elasticity. Our findings indicate that DNA looping is highly variable depending on the specific protein and does not depend solely on the mechanical properties of DNA.
The Occupational Impact of Single-Level Cervical Disc Arthroplasty in an Active Duty Military Population

ABSTRACT Introduction: Degenerative cervical disease is a common condition affecting the general population. This process can have a detrimental effect on operational readiness and is a concern for military spine surgeons. Cervical disc arthroplasty (CDA) is a relatively new surgical treatment for cervical disease. Objective: To evaluate the occupational impact of CDA used to treat single-level cervical disease in a high demand military population. Methods: Case series of 34 patients with prospective follow-up who had undergone single-level CDA at our institution. Results: Average follow-up was 21.4 months. Noncommissioned officer was the most common rank. C5-C6 was the most common operated level. 30/34 (88.2%) returned to active duty service. 4/34 (11.8%) went on to medical evaluation board for separation from active duty service. 28/30 (93.3%) returned to duty patients vs. 2/4 (50%) medical board patients reported relief with surgery. Average return to duty time was 8.5 weeks. All patients who returned ...
Pelagic shrimp (Crustacea: Decapoda) from shelf and oceanic waters in the southeastern Atlantic Ocean off South Africa

ABSTRACT Thirty-two species of pelagic decapod shrimps are recorded from 57 stations off the southeastern coast of South Africa. The material was trawled from between 200 m and the surface. The assemblage includes typical shelf forms like Solenocera africana Stebbing, 1917 and Pasiphaea semispinosa Holthuis, 1951, as well as typically oceanic species of Sergestes H. Milne Edwards, 1830, Sergia Stimpson, 1860 and Gennadas Bate, 1881. Several species seem to co-occur consistently, especially in the oceanic component of the fauna.
The Danger of Ignoring Plain Meaning: Individual Relief for Breach of Fiduciary Duty Under ERISA

The article analyzes individual claims for breach of fiduciary duty under ERISA. It does so in light of ERISA's text and legislative history.
A Guide to Elementary Number Theory: Gauss's Lemma

Gauss's Lemma is needed to prove the Quadratic Reciprocity Theorem, that for odd primes p and q , (p/q) = (q/p) unless p ≡ q ≡ 3 (mod 4), in which case (p/q) = -(q/p), but it also has other uses. Theorem (Gauss's Lemma) Suppose that p is an odd prime, p ∤ a, and that among the least residues (mod p ) of a, 2a , …, (( p -1)/2)a exactly g are greater than (p - 1)/2. Then (a/p) = (-1) g . Proof Divide the least residues (mod p ) of a, 2a , …, (( p - 1)/2)a into two classes: r 1 , r 2 , …, r k that are less than or equal to ( p - 1)/2 and s 1 , s 2 , …, s g that are greater than ( p - 1)/2. Then k + g = ( p - 1)/2. By Euler's Criterion, to prove the theorem it is enough to show that a ( p -1)/2 ≡ (-1) g (mod p ). No two of r 1 , r 2 , …, r k are congruent (mod p ). If they were we would have k 1 a ≡ k 2 a (mod p ) and, because (a, p) = 1, k 1 ≡ k 2 (mod p ). Because k 1 and k 1 are both in the interval [1, ( p -1)/2] we have k 1 = k 1 .
Role functions of staff nurse preceptors for undergraduate pre-licensure nursing students

Preceptorships are an indispensable part of undergraduate clinical education and are prevalent among schools of nursing. However, there is wide interpretation and implementation of preceptorships which leaves many facets of the preceptor role poorly understood. Research has suggested preceptors experience several benefits from serving; however, the role has also been described as one leading to overload, conflict, and burnout. There is a lack of studies exploring preceptor role functions from the perspective of those who serve in it. The purpose of this qualitative study was to explore staff nurse experiences as preceptors to undergraduate, pre-licensure nursing students with emphasis on the RN’s perceptions of the role, specifically the preparation for, support in, and understanding of what the role entails. Focus groups were used to collect data. Transcripts were analyzed using conventional content analysis. Findings suggest that the primary role function is Protector, with Socializer and Teacher as secondary role functions. Preceptors in this study described a strong empathetic drive to protect students from negative experiences, to protect patients from harm, to protect their own professional identities, and to protect the nature of the nursing profession. Within each role function, there are specific behaviors in which the preceptor engages to varying degrees depending on the needs of the individual student. Findings have implications for continued development of the preceptor role.
Effect of Crop Rotations on Emergence of Overwintered Pink Bollworm Populations in the Imperial Valley, California

A 5-acre field planted the previous season to cotton was rotated with sorghum, cotton, barley, alfalfa hay, and rye grass. Diapause termination and subsequent moth emergence was delayed in barley, alfalfa hay, and rye grass plots. Moth emergence occurred earlier in sorghum and cotton plots with a greater percentage of suicidal emergence.
Chapter 5: The Influence of Policy on the Differential Expansion of Male and Female Self-Run Recovery Settings

The present study used archival data to examine the differential growth among self-governed substance abuse recovery homes for men (N = 443) and women (N = 125). The number of these homes increased dramatically across the U.S. from 1988-1999 when state loan funds were made available to states and technical assistance was utilized by organizations developing the houses. State loan programs and the utilization of technical assistance, however, had the strongest impact on the expansion of women's houses compared to men's houses. The implications of these findings in relation to the scarcity of recovery options for women are discussed.
Courtship and Mating Behavior of Eucelatoria bryani (Diptera: Tachinidae), a Larval Parasitoid of Heliothis Species (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

The courtship and mating behavior of Eucelatoria bryani (Sabrosky), a larval parasitoid of Heliothis spp. and a potentially significant biological control agent, was examined. This laboratory study is the first quantitative study of courtship and mating behavior in the Tachinidae. A stereotypical sequence of behaviors was evident, although the number of behavioral repetitions was variable. Courtship began when a male flew and grasped a walking or flying female from behind. The remainder of courtship following this pair flight occurred on the substrate. The male courted while standing on the female dorsum and copulated with his body positioned behind that of the female. The most conspicuous part of courtship was the male waving his forelegs. Females rejected some copulatory attempts by bucking, although in all cases where a male grasped and held a female, copulation eventually occurred. Mating success depended on the ability of the male to grasp and hold the female.