cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effective-Hamiltonian Approach to Hyperon Beta Decay

Our approach to hyperon $\ensuremath{\beta}$ decay is to restrict the theory, from the beginning, to the first order in the velocity of the recoil nucleon. The resulting effective Hamiltonian leads to an approximation which displays the physical content of the theory more explicitly than the exact expressions, through a simple form already familiar from neutron $\ensuremath{\beta}$ decay. Assuming the current-current form of the weak interaction and a $V\ensuremath{-}A$ lepton current, the most general hadron current is used, and the weak magnetism and pseudotensor terms are retained. We obtain correlation coefficients for the decay angular distribution of polarized hyperons which are in close agreement with the exact theory.
The current role of parathyroid cryopreservation and autotransplantation in parathyroid surgery: An institutional experience

Abstract Background. Hypoparathyroidism after cervical exploration is a rare but problematic complication. Cryopreservation and subsequent autotransplantation of parathyroid tissue are infrequently used to combat this problem; effective usage of this surgical adjunct remains variable. Methods. From 1981 through 1995 we performed 3080 cervical explorations for hyperparathyroidism. Cryopreservation was performed in 112 (3.6%) patients. This review evaluates our indications and usage of cryopreservation and autotransplantation and the eventual outcome after autotransplantation. Results. Of 81 women and 31 men, 106 (95%) had undergone previous exploration for hyperparathyroidism or thyroid disease. The primary indication for cryopreservation was uncertainty about the viability and number of remaining parathyroid glands. After operation 23 patients (20%) were permanently hypocalcemic and became autotransplantation candidates. Thirteen patients underwent a total of 15 autotransplantations (median postoperative interval, 7 months). Although 6 of 15 grafts (40%) were shown to secrete parathyroid hormone, only three patients (23%) were normocalcemic without supplemental therapy. Conclusions. Cryopreservation with autotransplantation is in theory a sound but difficult practice to correct postexploration hypocalcemia. The principal indication for cryopreservation is the uncertainty regarding the status of remaining normal parathyroid tissue. Because we cannot predict postexploration hypocalcemia, cryopreservation plays a small but sometimes integral role in parathyroid surgery. Indications for cryopreservation in our practice are rare, and the rate of cryopreservation tissue usage is low.
All 4-dimensional infra-solvmanifolds are boundaries

Infra-solvmanifolds are a certain class of aspherical manifolds which generalize both flat manifolds and almost flat manifolds (i.e., infra-nilmanifolds). Every 4-dimensional infra-solvmanifold is diffeomorphic to a geometric \(4\)-manifold with geometry of solvable Lie type. There were questions about whether or not all 4-dimensional infra-solvmanifolds bound. We answer this affirmatively. On each infra-solvmanifold \(M\) admitting \(\text {Nil}^{3} \times {\mathbb R},\,\text {Nil}^{4},\,\text {Sol}^{3} \times {\mathbb R}\), or \(\text {Sol}_1^{4}\) geometry, an isometric involution with 2-dimensional fixed set is constructed. The Stiefel–Whitney number \(\omega _1^4(M)\) vanishes by a result of R.E. Stong and from this it follows that all Stiefel–Whitney numbers vanish.
The molecular heterogeneity of purified human liver lysosomal α-Glucosidase (acid α-Glucosidase)

Abstract An α-glucosidase active at acid pH and presumably lysosomal in origin has been purified from human liver removed at autopsy. The enzyme has both α-1,4-glucosidase and α-1,6-glucosidase activities. The K m of maltose for the enzyme is 8.9 m m at the optimal pH of 4.0. The K m of glycogen at the optimal pH of 4.5 is 2.5% (9.62 m m outerchain end groups). Isomaltose has a K m of 33 m m when α-1,6-glucosidase activity is tested at pH 4.2. The enzyme exists in several active charge isomer forms which have p I values between 4.4 and 4.7. These forms do not differ in their specific activities. Electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gels under denaturing conditions indicates that the protein is composed of two subunits whose approximate molecular weights are 88,000 and 76,000. An estimated molecular weight of 110,000 was obtained by nondenaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. When the protein was chromatographed on Bio-Gel P-200 it was separated into two partially resolved active peaks which did not differ in their charge isomer constitution or in subunit molecular weights. One peak gave a strongly positive reaction for carbohydrate by the periodic acid-Schiff method and the other did not. Both had the same specific activity. The enzyme was antigenic in rabbits, and the antibodies so obtained could totally inhibit the hydrolytic action of the enzyme on glycogen but were markedly less effective in inhibiting activity toward isomaltose and especially toward maltose. Using these antibodies it was found that liver and skeletal muscle samples from patients with the “infantile” form or with the “adult” form of Type II glycogen storage disease, all of whom lack the lysosomal α-glucosidase, do not have altered, enzymatically inactive proteins which are immunologically cross-reactive with antibodies for the α-glucosidase of normal human liver.
Solving Free-Boundary Problems with Applications in Finance

Stochastic control problems in which there are no bounds on the rate of control reduce to so-called free-boundary problems in partial differential equations (PDEs). In a free-boundary problem the solution of the PDE and the domain over which the PDE must be solved need to be determined simultaneously. Examples of such stochastic control problems are singular control, optimal stopping, and impulse control problems. Application areas of these problems are diverse and include finance, economics, queuing, healthcare, and public policy. In most cases, the free-boundary problem needs to be solved numerically. In this survey, we present a recent computational method that solves these free-boundary problems. The method finds the free-boundary by solving a sequence of fixed-boundary problems. These fixed-boundary problems are relatively easy to solve numerically. We summarize and unify recent results on this moving boundary method, illustrating its application on a set of classical problems, of increasing difficulty, in finance. This survey is intended for those are primarily interested in computing numerical solutions to these problems. To this end, we include actual Matlab code for one of the problems studied, namely, American option pricing.
Enantioselective heterogeneous catalysis. 3. Effect of oxygen on catalyst activity and selectivity in the enantioselective hydrogenation of pyruvates

Data are presented which are in agreement with previous reports concerning the enhanced activity and enantioselectivity of freshly re-reduced platinum catalysts when used for the chiral hydrogenation of α-ketoesters. Catalyst deactivation was observed on heating the platinum catalyst in either hydrogen or helium at 350°C for two hours and then using it without exposure to oxygen. The presence or absence of cinchonidine had no effect on the rates of pyruvate hydrogenations run using these catalysts. These data establish that the deactivation of the catalyst was not caused by a strong adsorption of the alkaloid on the platinum surface. The activity and enantioselectivity of these catalysts were increased on addition of air to the reaction mixture. The reported enhanced activity and enantioselectivity shown by freshly re-reduced catalysts depend, then, not only on the re-reduction step but also on a brief exposure of this catalyst to air. It appears from published experimental details that the oxygen present in the solvent used in the hydrogenation is probably sufficient for this purpose.
Induction of innate lymphoid cell-derived interleukin-22 by the transcription factor STAT3 mediates protection against intestinal infection

Inhibitors of the transcription factor STAT3 target STAT3-dependent tumorigenesis but patients often develop diarrhea from unknown mechanisms. Here we showed that STAT3 deficiency increased morbidity and mortality after Citrobacter rodentium infection with decreased secretion of cytokines including IL-17 and IL-22 associated with the transcription factor RORγt. Administration of the cytokine IL-22 was sufficient to rescue STAT3-deficient mice from lethal infection. Although STAT3 was required for IL-22 production in both innate and adaptive arms, by using conditional gene-deficient mice, we observed that STAT3 expression in RORγt(+) innate lymphoid cells (ILC3s), but not T cells, was essential for the protection. However, STAT3 was required for RORγt expression in T helper cells, but not in ILC3s. Activated STAT3 could directly bind to the Il22 locus. Thus, cancer therapies that utilize STAT3 inhibitors increase the risk for pathogen-mediated diarrhea through direct suppression of IL-22 from gut ILCs.
Late-onset medullary carcinoma of the thyroid: need for genetic testing and prophylactic thyroidectomy in adult family members.

Objective: Sporadic late-onset medullary carcinoma of the thyroid is quite rare. Usually, the patient presents with a thyroid mass or neck node metastasis along with high levels of calcitonin and preoperative fine needle aspiration biopsy suggestive of medullary carcinoma of the thyroid. The role of genetic testing in such individuals, along with testing of other family members, remains somewhat unclear at this stage, especially in patients presenting with familial medullary thyroid carcinoma. Genetic testing with RET proto-oncogene mutational studies is very popular in familial medullary thyroid carcinoma, especially in children, with routine prophylactic thyroidectomy. However, its indications in adults remain unclear at this time. Case Study: Recently, a 69-year-old woman presented with a thyroid mass and underwent total thyroidectomy and central compartment dissection. She was found to have medullary carcinoma of the thyroid. The patient had four children, three of whom were found to have a RET mutation similar to their mother's, V804M. In view of the RET mutation, the three children were offered prophylactic thyroidectomy at ages 42, 45, and 47. The patient's son was noted to have extensive C-cell hyperplasia in both lobes of the thyroid. The other two individuals had benign pathology with no evidence of C-cell hyperplasia. Conclusions: There is no definite consensus of opinion about the need for prophylactic total thyroidectomy in adults with RET mutation. The rarely reported 804 mutation is, however, a predictor of medullary carcinoma of the thyroid. One individual in this group had extensive C-cell hyperplasia, suggesting that he would have developed medullary carcinoma of the thyroid in the future. Prophylactic thyroidectomy should be recommended in patients with RET mutation and a family history of medullary carcinoma of the thyroid; however, its role in adult family members needs to be evaluated with larger registry of prophylactic thyroidectomy. Whether these adults with rare 804-mutation could be observed and followed with serial calcitonin, ultrasound, or calcitonin stimulation tests remains to be studied.
Fine Structure of Jupiter's Decametric Source ?

JUPITER'S decametric radio emission exhibits two strong periodicities, one associated with the planet's rotation1 and the other with the orbital revolution of Io2. This double periodicity is effectively displayed in a two-dimensional diagram (Fig. 1), in which one coordinate is the longitude ??? of Jupiter's central meridian and the other is Io's angular position ?? relative to geocentric superior conjunction. In the analysis leading to Fig. 1, we divided ˜K m and ?? into 5° zones with each “dot” in the diagram representing one radio event at a time corresponding to that combination of coordinates. The clusters of dots at favourable combinations of ??? and ?? are conventionally referred to as “sources” and the three most conspicuous sources have been designated A, B and C as indicated in Fig. 1. Source ? is of particular interest because it is received with nearly 100% reliability for the proper combination of coordinates, it is the most clearly defined of all the sources over a wide range of frequencies in diagrams such as Fig. 1 and it also consistently produces the highest flux3.
Spontaneous recovery from anti-NMDAR encephalitis.

-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) can occur in aparaneoplastic or non-paraneoplastic form. It is character-ized by a broader clinical spectrum than typical limbicencephalitis, generally presenting with psychiatric symp-toms, progressing to seizures and movement disorders, upto coma with hypoventilation [1, 2]. Although early treat-ment, based on tumor removal, when appropriate, andimmunotherapy is associated with positive outcome, manypatients require prolonged hospitalization and respiratoryassistance [3]. We report a young woman with non-para-neoplastic anti-NMDAR encephalitis who experiencedspontaneous recovery.Neuropsychological evaluation was performed with atest battery including mini mental state examination andtests exploring episodic memory (Rey’s auditory verballearning test), short-term memory (digit and visual–spatialspan), language [phonological word ﬂuency, semanticword ﬂuency (SWF)], object naming, executive functions(Stroop test), constructional praxis (copy of ﬁgures withand without landmarks), attention (multiple features targetscancellation) and intelligence tasks (Raven’s coloredmatrices ‘47). Abs in samples taken at presentation wereassayed by Prof. Vincent; these and subsequent sampleswere re-tested with a commercial assay (Euroimmun,Lu¨beck, Germany).In September 2007, a 27-year-old Romanian womanwas admitted to another hospital on the grounds of mildfever, confusion, extreme anxiety, and fear, followed, in afew days, by tonic–clonic seizures. Brain MRI was unre-markable and CSF analysis showed a mild increase inprotein content (76 mg/dl) and lymphocytosis (25 cells/ﬁeld). The patient was transferred to our hospital Depart-ment of Infectious Diseases, where a new CSF evaluationshowed normal glucose, proteins 84 mg/dl, 2 cells/ﬁeld;no oligoclonal bands. Treatment with phenobarbital andcarbamazepine was started and, after exclusion of aninfectious etiology (negative PCR for Mycobacteriumtuberculosis, VZV, HSV, enterovirus, EBV, CMV on bothCSF and serum; negative HIV-serology), the patient wasadmitted to our department. Brain MRI detected a T2 andFLAIR signal hyperintensity in the left temporal mesiallobe and insula (Fig. 1a). EEG showed slow activity in theleft hemisphere. Neurological examination was unremark-able except for confusion, ideomotor slowing, and verbalreduction; dyskinesias, dystonia, rigidity, autonomic andbreathing instability were not detected. Neuropsychologi-cal evaluation showed a multitask cognitive impairmentmainly consisting of retrograde amnesia and lexical andsemantic language disorder (see Table 1). In the followingweeks, the patient’s cognitive status and brain MRIimproved spontaneously. Of an extensive Ab panel,including anti-Hu, -AMPAR, -CASPR2, -GABAR1 and-LGI1 Abs, NMDAR Abs were positive in CSF and serum.At the ﬁrst control visit, in November 2007, the patient stillshowed an impairment of language abilities, with partialrecovery of memory function (see Table 1). The patient’sconditions remained stable until January 2008, when twogeneralized seizures occurred, possibly because of therapy
Experiments on electric field-BZ chemical wave interactions: Annihilation and the crescent wave

Abstract Experimental evidence of the influence of an electric field on chemical waves is found in the Belousov-Zhabotinskii (BZ) medium. Effects found include (1) the variation of wave velocity with field, (2) the existence of a critical field beyond which waves propagating toward the negative electrode are annihilated, and (3) a new crescent-shaped wave phenomenon. The experimental findings are in qualitative agreement with earlier theoretical predictions based on a new reduction of the FKN kinetics. A theory for the crescent wave is also presented.
A study of patients attitudes toward medical care

Summary Attitudes toward doctors, hospital. and illness were studied in two groups of medical inpatients: one having vaguely defined diagnoses and the other having clearly defined diagnoses on admission. Their responses to Q-sort statements and interview questions differentiated the groups. Those with vaguely defined illness expressed naive confidence in physicians, were threatened by and fearful of the hospital, and considered themselves to be essentially healthy. Yet, they described more turmoil at work and at home and believed their family relationships to be less stable; also they were more disturbed, using increased denial. Those with well-defined diagnoses also expressed confidence in doctors, but they viewed the hospital as a sanctuary and accepted the fact that they might be ill the rest of their lives. The apparently realistic attitudes toward their illnesses and medical care displayed by those with well-defined illnesses are at variance with their views of the effects of their illnesses on their families. For patients with ambiguous diagnoses and contradictory, baflling attitudes, psychiatric consultation should be considered.
Stimulation of DNA synthesis, cell multiplication, and ornithine decarboxylase in 3T3 cells by multiplication stimulating activity (MSA)†

Multiplication stimulating activity (MSA) has been purified from the conditioned media of rat liver cells in culture by a modification of the procedure of Dulak and Temin. Purified MSA stimulates [3H] thymidine incorporation into DNA in subconfluent, serum starved 3T3 cells. Cell cycle analysis by the flow microfluorometer shows that the [3H] thymidine incorporation data reflects DNA synthesis. MSA also stimulates the multiplication of serum starved subconfluent 3T3 cells. MSA is approximately 10-fold less active in 3T3 cells than in chick embryo fibroblasts in stimulating [3H] thymiding incorporation into DNA. MSA causes a 2--10-fold increase in ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity in 3T3 cells and the dose response curve parallels the dose response curve for [3H] thymidine incorporation into DNA. The Km of ODC for ornithine is 0.12 mM. There is a 30% decrease in the activity of ornithine transaminase (OTA) during the time period in which MSA causes an increase in ODC activity. Insulin also stimulates [3H] thymidine incorporation into DNA, cell multiplication and ODC activity over the same concentration range as shown for MSA, however, the extent of stimulation by insulin is less than that observed following MSA addition.
The Influence of Size Differential On Agonistic Encounters in the Mantis Shrimp, Gonodactylus Viridis

The influence of size on the aggressive behavior of Gonodactylus viridis was examined by matching large animals against others 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, and 100% their size. With size discrepancies of 10% or greater, the larger animals won significantly more of their fights. The smaller participants of a contest avoided more, attacked less, and threatened more than did their larger opponents. When the contestants were evenly matched, attack and avoid values were intermediate, but the animals threatened as often as did the smaller animals. These results are reviewed in light of recent game theory analyses which suggest that threat should be used by the smaller contestant or when the risk of escalation is great compared to the expected pay-off.
The Validity of the Spherical Cap Approximation in Heterogeneous Nucleation

Abstract On the basis of a general formulation of the Gibbs free energy change for heterogeneously nucleating systems, the difference in the free energy change for the formation of a spherical cap embryo and a sessile drop-shaped embryo is evaluated. This difference represents the error introduced by assuming the embryo is a spherical cap in the presence of a gravitational field. Power series expressions for the volume and surface areas of the sessile drop, based on the work of Bashforth and Adams, are used to arrive at the free energy change. Ratios allowing a comparison of the error for different systems are presented along with numerical values for a hypothetical, unit system. This hypothetical system is compared to water and to mercury with the result that the maximum relative error is 10−6. Based on this value, it is concluded that the spherical cap model is an adequate and useful approximation of the shape of an embryo in heterogeneous nucleation under the action of gravity.
A Bijective Proof of Loehr-Warrington's Formulas for the Statistics {\rm{ctot}_\frac{q}{p}} and {\rm{mid}_\frac{q}{p}}

Loehr and Warrington introduced partitional statistics \({\rm{ctot}_\frac{q}{p}}\) (D) and \({\rm{mid}_\frac{q}{p}}\) (D) and provided formulas for these statistics in terms of the boundary graph of the Young diagram D. In this paper we give a bijective proof of Loehr-Warrington's formulas by using the following simple combinatorial observation: given a Young diagram D and two numbers a and l, the number of boxes in D with the arm length a and the leg length l is one less than the number of boxes with the same properties in the complement to D. Here the complement is taken inside the positive quadrant or, equivalently, a very large rectangle.
First-principles determination of the interatomic-force-constant tensor of Au.

Using the plane-wave-based linear response method recently developed, the interatomic-force-constant tensor for the noble metal Au is obtained. Using an optimized pseudopotential to model the ion-electron interaction requires only a modest number of plane waves, and the calculated phonon dispersion curves are in excellent agreement with experiment. The force-constant tensor is studied in detail and is compared with those obtained from Born\char21{}Von Karman fits to the experimental data. Excellent agreement with experiment is found when the range of interaction is taken to fourth neighbors, however, longer-ranged interactions need to be included to accurately determine the lattice specific heat.
Effects of uniaxial cyclic strain on adipose-derived stem cell morphology, proliferation, and differentiation

Cells and tissues in vivo are subjected to various forms of mechanical forces that are essential to their normal development and functions. The arterial blood vessel wall is continuously exposed to mechanical stresses such as pressure, strain, and shear due to the pulsatile nature of blood flow. Vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) populate the media of blood vessels and play important roles in the control of vasoactivity and the remodeling of the vessel wall. It is well documented that the phenotype and functions of vascular SMCs are not only regulated by chemical factors such as transforming growth factor-beta(1) (TGF-beta(1)), but also by mechanical factors such as uniaxial strain. The purpose of our study was to explore the effects of TGF-beta(1) alone or in combination with uniaxial cyclic strain on adipose-derived stem cell (ASC) morphology, proliferation, and differentiation. Low passage ASCs were stimulated with 10% strain at 1 Hz for 7 days, with or without TGF-beta(1). Cyclic strain inhibited proliferation, and caused alignment of the cells and of the F-actin cytoskeleton perpendicular to the direction of strain. Strain alone resulted in a decrease in the expression of early SMC markers alpha-SMA and h (1)-calponin. While the response of SMCs and other progenitor cells such as bone marrow stromal cells to mechanical forces has been extensively studied, the roles of these forces on ASCs remain unexplored. This work advances our understanding of the mechanical regulation of ASCs.
Retinoids and skin: Microarrays shed new light on chemopreventive action of all‐trans retinoic acid

Despite the use of retinoids in the clinic for many years, their mode of action in the prevention of skin cancer is still unclear. Recent microarray analyses of the chemopreventive effect of all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA), one of the primary naturally occurring biologically active retinoids, in the two-stage mouse skin chemical carcinogenesis model have provided novel insight into their action. Comparison of the gene expression profiles of control skin to skin subjected to the two-stage protocol for 3 wk, with or without ATRA, has shown that approximately half of the genes regulated by 12-o-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) are oppositely regulated when ATRA is coadministered with TPA. It was further shown the Raf/Mek/Erk branch of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase pathway contains a disproportionate number of oppositely regulated genes, thereby implicating it as one of the key pathways involved in tumor promotion by TPA, that is blocked by ATRA. This result has pointed the way toward the detailed study of Raf/Mek/Erk pathway signaling in skin cancer development and its potential as a target pathway for chemoprevention by ATRA and other chemopreventive drugs.
Selective processing of multiple features in the human brain: effects of feature type and salience.

Identifying targets in a stream of items at a given constant spatial location relies on selection of aspects such as color, shape, or texture. Such attended (target) features of a stimulus elicit a negative-going event-related brain potential (ERP), termed Selection Negativity (SN), which has been used as an index of selective feature processing. In two experiments, participants viewed a series of Gabor patches in which targets were defined as a specific combination of color, orientation, and shape. Distracters were composed of different combinations of color, orientation, and shape of the target stimulus. This design allows comparisons of items with and without specific target features. Consistent with previous ERP research, SN deflections extended between 160–300 ms. Data from the subsequent P3 component (300–450 ms post-stimulus) were also examined, and were regarded as an index of target processing. In Experiment A, predominant effects of target color on SN and P3 amplitudes were found, along with smaller ERP differences in response to variations of orientation and shape. Manipulating color to be less salient while enhancing the saliency of the orientation of the Gabor patch (Experiment B) led to delayed color selection and enhanced orientation selection. Topographical analyses suggested that the location of SN on the scalp reliably varies with the nature of the to-be-attended feature. No interference of non-target features on the SN was observed. These results suggest that target feature selection operates by means of electrocortical facilitation of feature-specific sensory processes, and that selective electrocortical facilitation is more effective when stimulus saliency is heightened.
Involvement of multiple translocating DNA segments and recombinational hotspots in the structural evolution of bacterial plasmids

Previous studies from our laboratory (Kopecko & Cohen, 1975) have shown that two different antibiotic resistance-coding segments of the pSC50 plasmid are capable of recA-independent translocation to the small non-conjugative plasmid pSC101. Both of the transposable units are structurally defined DNA segments containing 130 to 145-nucleotide long inverted repeat DNA sequences at each end. The present electron microscope heteroduplex investigations indicate that one of the transposable genetic elements (TnA) is contained within the length of the other (TnS) on both the parental and recombinant plasmids. The movement of TnA and TnS among plasmids as discrete structural units implies that specific sites at their termini are involved in the translocation process. Although multiple insertion sites for these elements exist on the pSC101 plasmid, the non-random distribution of recipient loci suggests that insertion is site-specific and that it may involve recognition of a frequently recurring nucleotide sequence. In addition to their role in the intergenomic transfer of DNA sequences, the termini of transposable genetic elements can serve as hotspots for other types of recombinational events: in the R1-19 plasmid, a Km-Nm resistance segment that separates the right terminus of TnS from an IS1 (insertion sequence) element can be deleted spontaneously, bringing the termini of TnS and IS1 in juxtaposition. Recombination of another DNA segment containing inverted repeats and a gene for Km-Nm resistance occurs at the left terminus of TnS. Our findings suggest that evolutionary divergence of several groups of related cointegrated antibiotic resistance plasmids has occurred segmentally by a series of site specific recombinational events involving the translocation, insertion, and/or deletion of structurally defined segments of DNA.
Digital signal processing with interleaved ADC systems

This paper addresses a problem associated with interleaved ADC systems from the digital signal processing algorithm design perspective. The output streams of an interleaved ADC system are inherently in parallel format. It would be nice if DSP algorithms can be designed to take advantage of the inherently parallel signal streams in the interleaved ADC system without the need of a high speed parallel-to-serial multiplexer. Frequency response of a parallel filter bank is derived. It is found that the overall frequency response is the average of each individual interpolated channel filter plus the aliasing components. The aliasing components come from the deviation of each individual channel from the average response.Results are applied to characterize the gain mismatch of ADC arrays. Sinusoidal response is also investigated. The results can be used to characterize the frequency response mismatch of ADC arrays.
A CPU: GPU Hybrid Implementation and Model-Driven Scheduling of the Fast Multipole Method

This paper presents an optimized CPU--GPU hybrid implementation and a GPU performance model for the kernel-independent fast multipole method (FMM). We implement an optimized kernel-independent FMM for GPUs, and combine it with our previous CPU implementation to create a hybrid CPU+GPU FMM kernel. When compared to another highly optimized GPU implementation, our implementation achieves as much as a 1.9× speedup. We then extend our previous lower bound analyses of FMM for CPUs to include GPUs. This yields a model for predicting the execution times of the different phases of FMM. Using this information, we estimate the execution times of a set of static hybrid schedules on a given system, which allows us to automatically choose the schedule that yields the best performance. In the best case, we achieve a speedup of 1.5× compared to our GPU-only implementation, despite the large difference in computational powers of CPUs and GPUs. We comment on one consequence of having such performance models, which is to enable speculative predictions about FMM scalability on future systems.
N-terminal amino acid sequences of human carboxypeptidases A, B1, and B2

Abstract Carboxypeptidases A, B1, and B2 were purified from human pancreas and stored at −20°C for 3 months. The molecular weights of carboxypeptidases B1a and B1b were determined by gel filtration to be 71,800 and 34,360, respectively. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of carboxypeptidases B1a and B1b that had been pretreated with 2-mercaptoethanol and sodium dodecyl sulfate yielded MW of 103,000, 71,600, 34,060, 71,600 and 34,060, respectively. Carboxypeptidase B2 was separated by gel filtration into B2a, B2b, and B2c with MW 51,900, 25,460 and 10,230, respectively. The molecular weights of carboxypeptidases B2a, B2b, and B2c, by using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate, were estimated to be 23,940, 23,940, and 8640. The amino acid content of the enzyme and fragment was analyzed. The cleavage of the peptide substrate hippurylarginine and the ester substrate hippurylargininic acid was different for carboxypeptidases B1a, B1b, and B2b. N-Terminal amino acid sequences of carboxypeptidases B1a, B1b, B2a, B2b, and B2c were determined. The fraction B1a was found to have the same sequence as carboxypeptidase B1b up to residue 6 from the N-terminal. The sequences of the first 20 residues of human carboxypeptidases B1b and B2c were found to be the same: Ala-Thr-Gly-His-Ser-Tyr-Glu-Lys-Tyr-Asn-Asn-Trp-Glu-Thr-Ile-Glu-Ala-Trp-Tyr-Gln. Based on the homology between bovine carboxypeptidase B and human carboxypeptidase B2b, the sequence of residues 93 to 113 for the human enzyme was found to be: Glu-Ile-Gln-Val-Thr-Glu-Leu-Leu-Asp-Lys-Leu-Asp-Phe-Tyr-Val-Leu-Pro-Val-Leu-Asn. Fragment B2a was found to have the same sequence as fragment B2b up to residue 10 from the N-terminal. Human carboxypeptidase A was found to have the following N-terminal sequence: Ser-Thr-Asp-Thr-Phe-Asn-Tyr-Ala-Thr-Tyr-His-Thr-Leu-Asp-Glu-Ile-Tyr-Asp-Phe-Leu. These N-terminal sequences for human carboxypeptidases A, B1b, B2a, B2b, and B2c, are homologous with those for bovine carboxypeptidases A and B.
Stability of self-control and gender

Abstract Purposes This study provides a rigorous test of gendered nature of self-control stability hypothesis by examining the existence and persistence of gender differences in self-control, and gender differences in developmental patterns of self-control and in source of self-control. Methods Five-wave longitudinal data of Korean youths from age 10 to 14 are analyzed. t-tests are conducted to examine whether males have significantly lower self-control than females and whether the self-control differences across two genders persist. To test gender differences in developmental patterns of self-control, growth mixture modeling is utilized. Finally, hierarchical linear modeling is used to examine gender differences in the relationships between social factors and self-control. Results The study shows that gender differences in self-control persist over the short term but not over the long term, that males and females experience similar developmental patterns of self-control, and that similarities appear in the relationships between social factors and self-control across both genders. Conclusions This study provides partial support for Gottfredson and Hirschi’s arguments on persistent gender differences in self-control and parenting’s main effect on self-control, while strong relative stability is found. The findings indicate that the stability postulate and the relationships between social factors and self-control are applicable to both genders.
Cardiovascular risk reduction and diabetes education: what are we telling our patients?

PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to determine the extent to which diabetes education encounters include evidence-based content aimed at reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease. METHODS During a 2-week period in November 2001, 3 certified diabetes educators (CDEs) listed the statements they made while teaching patients. These statements/comments were then assigned to the 7 outcome areas identified by the Diabetes Self-Management Assessment Report Tool (D-SMART). All educational encounters completed during that same month by 21 educators were reviewed for content areas or modules consistent with the American Diabetes Association National Standards. RESULTS Of all statements made by the 3 CDEs, 63% were about glycemic control while only 5% were directly relevant to cardiovascular risk reduction. There were 1043 educational encounters in November 2001, of which only 10% targeted cardiovascular risk. Educators focused most of their educational efforts (62%) on glycemic control. CONCLUSIONS Despite its potential impact and strong evidence base, diabetes education gives little attention to the reduction of cardiovascular risk. Diabetes educators should emphasize interventions that are most likely to be effective in reducing cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in patients with diabetes.
Skills for success: Preparing blind and low vision children and youth for life beyond school

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to describe the unique career education needs of children and adolescents with visual impairments: high expectations from others; structured learning of social skills; instruction in compensatory skills; realistic feedback about their performance; and opportunities to work at home, in school, and in the community. By having their career education needs met, these youngsters are more likely to succeed in the transition form school and home life to work and independent living.
Hospital type as a metric for racial disparities in pediatric appendicitis.

Background Appendiceal perforation (AP) is a marker of health care disparities. We propose that racial disparities in children, as measured by AP, may change according to the type of hospital in which a child receives care. Study Design Children 2 to 18 years old, with appendicitis diagnosed from 1999 to 2007, were retrospectively reviewed from the California Patient Discharge Dataset and sorted by community, children's, and county hospitals. Risk of AP within and between hospital types was analyzed with multivariate logistic regression controlling for hospital and patient level factors. Results Overall, 107,727 children (white, 36%; Hispanic, 53%; black, 3%; Asian, 5%; other, 8%) were treated at 386 California hospitals (community, 74%; children's, 17%; county, 10%). Hispanic (odds ratio [OR] 1.23, 99% CI 1.16 to 1.32) and Asian (OR 1.34, 99% CI 1.19 to 1.52) children treated at community hospitals experienced increased risk of AP compared with white children. Hispanic children cared for at children's hospitals also exhibited increased odds of AP (OR 1.18, 99% CI 1.05 to 1.33). Odds of AP did not differ by race within county hospitals. When comparing AP risk between hospital types, black children treated at county (OR 1.12, 99% CI 0.90 to 1.38) and children's (OR 2.01, 99% CI 1.18 to 3.42) hospitals exhibited increased odds of AP compared with black children treated at community hospitals. Conclusions These results underscore differential patterns of AP at the hospital level and deserve immediate attention because they may reflect far larger disparities in access and quality of care for children in California. Future interventions aimed at eliminating racial disparities in children must account for racial differences in access to timely diagnostic and surgical intervention for rapidly progressive and preventable clinical conditions such as AP.
The genus zero Gromov-Witten invariants of the symmetric square of the plane

We study the Abramovich–Vistoli moduli space of genus zero orbifold stable maps to [Sym P], the stack symmetric square of P. This space compactifies the moduli space of stable maps from hyperelliptic curves to P, and we show that all genus zero Gromov–Witten invariants are determined from trivial enumerative geometry of hyperelliptic curves. We also show how the genus zero Gromov–Witten invariants can be used to determine the number of hyperelliptic curves of degree d and genus g interpolating 3d+ 1 generic points in P. Comparing our method to that of Graber for calculating the same numbers, we verify an example of the crepant resolution conjecture.
The role of lazy evaluation in amortized data structures

Traditional techniques for designing and analyzing amortized data structures in an imperative setting are of limited use in a functional setting because they apply only to single-threaded data structures, yet functional data structures can be non-single-threaded. In earlier work, we showed how lazy evaluation supports functional amortized data structures and described a technique (the banker's method) for analyzing such data structures. In this paper, we present a new analysis technique (the physicist's method) and show how one can sometimes derive a worst-case data structure from an amortized data structure by appropriately scheduling the premature execution of delayed components. We use these techniques to develop new implementations of FIFO queues and binomial queues.
Lipid-dependent targeting of G proteins into rafts.

Domains rich in sphingolipids and cholesterol, or rafts, may organize signal transduction complexes at the plasma membrane. Raft lipids are believed to exist in a state similar to the liquid-ordered phase. It has been proposed that proteins with a high affinity for an ordered lipid environment will preferentially partition into rafts (Melkonian, K. A., Ostermeyer, A. G., Chen, J. Z., Roth, M. G., and Brown, D. A. (1999)J. Biol. Chem. 274, 3910–3917). We investigated the possibility that lipid-lipid interactions between lipid-modified proteins and raft lipids mediate targeting of proteins to these domains. G protein monomers or trimers were reconstituted in liposomes, engineered to mimic raft domains. Assay for partitioning of G proteins into rafts was based on Triton X-100 insolubility. Myristoylation and palmitoylation of Gαi were necessary and sufficient for association with liposomes and partitioning into rafts. Strikingly, the amount of fatty-acylated Gαi in rafts was significantly reduced when myristoylated Gαi was thioacylated withcis-unsaturated fatty acids instead of saturated fatty acids such as palmitate. Prenylated βγ subunits were excluded from rafts, whether reconstituted alone or with fatty-acylated α subunits. These results suggest that the structural difference between lipids that modify proteins is one basis for the selectivity of protein targeting to rafts.
Neuropeptides derived from prosomatostatin that do not contain the somatostatin-14 sequence

Abstract Two neuropeptides reacting with antibodies directed against the C-terminal region of somatostatin 281–12 were purified to homogeneity from rat brain extracts. Amino acid analysis revealed that the larger peptide (8 kdaltons) consisted of 76 amino acids. Microsequencing established its aminoterminal structure as: Ala-Pro-Ser-Asp-Pro-Arg-Leu-Arg-Gln-Phe-X-Gln-Lys. The 8 kdalton somatostatin 281–12-like peptide corresponds to the whole prosomatostatin molecule without Arg-Lys-somatostatin-14. The smaller peptide (5 kdaltons) consists of 44 amino acids and is generated after cleavage of a Leu-Leu bond at position 56–57 of pre-prosomatostatin. Both 8 kdalton and 5 kdalton somatostatin 281–12-like peptides contain somatostatin 281–12 at their C-termini. The 4 most abundant neuropeptides derived from pre-prosomatostatin (pre-proSS) and presently characterized are: somatostatin-14, somatostatin 281–12, somatostatin 28 and pre-proSS25–100.
The ectopically erupted mandibular lateral incisor

Seven cases of ectopically erupting permanent mandibular lateral incisors are reported and their orthodontic management is described. In severely crowded cases the ectopic lateral incisor was extracted. When complete transposition occurred, the teeth were aligned in their transposed positions. If malposition is detected early, orthodontic correction may prevent development of a transposition. Panoramic survey of the developing dentition at the age of 6 to 8 years is a very useful tool in the early detection of this as well as many other dental developmental anomalies.
Human Serum Processing and Analysis Methods for Rapid and Reproducible N-Glycan Mass Profiling

Glycans constitute a new class of compounds for biomarker discovery. Glycosylation is a common post-translational modification and is often associated with transformation to malignancy. To analyze glycans, they are released from proteins, enriched, and measured with mass spectrometry. For biomarker discovery, repeatability at every step of the process is important. Locating and minimizing the process variability is key to establishing a robust platform stable enough for biomarker discovery. Understanding the variability of the measurement devices helps understand the variability associated with the chemical processing. This report explores the potential use of methods expediting the enzymatic release of glycans such as a microwave reactor and automation of the solid-phase extraction with a robotic liquid handler. The study employs matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry but would be suitable with any mass spectrometry method. Methods for system-wide data analysis are examined because proper metrics for evaluating the performance of glycan sample preparation procedures are not well established.
Ageing changes the cellular basis of the “fight-or-flight” response in human adrenal chromaffin cells

Abstract Stress-induced increases in plasma epinephrine in man have been reported to decrease with age. To investigate the possible cellular basis for this decline we determined the characteristics of calcium currents and their relationship to catecholamine secretion in isolated human adrenal chromaffin (AC) cells. Cells derived from young individuals displayed prominent prepulse facilitation of L-type Ca channels but this property was absent in cells from older subjects. Robust quantal secretion in young cells as determined by amperometry was strongly coupled to the activation of these channels with an average delay of only ∼3 msec. N- and P-type Ca channels also contributed to secretion but were more weakly coupled to catecholamine release sites. Cells from older subjects secreted much less efficiently and showed only weak coupling between Ca channels and secretion. These studies suggest that the magnitude and timing of adrenal secretion changes with age and that the facilitation Ca channel is key to rapid activation of the fight-or-flight response in young individuals.
Abstract only: SPIRAL-generated modular FFTs

In this poster we present the use of the SPIRAL system (www.spiral.net) to generate code for modular Fast Fourier Transforms (FFTs). SPIRAL is a library generation system that automatically generates platform-tuned implementations of digital signal processing algorithms with an emphasis on fast transforms. Currently, SPRIAL can generate highly optimized fixed point and floating-point FFTs for a variety of platforms including vectorization, multi-threaded and distributed memory parallelization. The code produced is competitive with the best available code for these platforms and SPIRAL is used by Intel for its IPP (Intel Performance Primitives) and MKL (Math kernel Library) libraries. The SPIRAL system uses a mathematical framework for representing and deriving algorithms. Algorithms are derived using rewrite rules and additional rules are used to symbolically manipulate algorithms into forms that take advantage of the underlying hardware. A search engine with a feedback loop is used to tune implementations to particular platforms. New transforms are added by introducing new symbols and their definition and new algorithms can be generated by adding new rules. We extended SPIRAL to generate algorithms for FFT computation over finite fields. This addition required adding a new data type, several new rules and a new transform (ModDFT) definition. In addition, the unparser (where code is generated) was extended so that it can generate scalar and vectorized code for modular arithmetic. With these enhancements, the SPRIAL machinery can be applied to modular transforms that are of interest to the computer algebra community. This provides a framework for systematically optimizing these transforms, utilizing vector and parallel computation, and for automatically tuning them to different platforms. In this poster we present preliminary results from this exploration. We show that the code generated by SPIRAL, with improved cache locality and vectorization, is approximately ten times faster than the modular FFT code in the modpn library.
Analysis of n-3 fatty acids in fish oils by high-performance liquid chromatography

A chromatographic method has been developed for the determination of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in fish oil dietary supplements containing triglycerides rich in (n−3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). Following the ester saponification, free fatty acids were resolved by TLC into two fractions: i) a more mobile group of saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids and ii) a less mobile group containing PUFAs. The PUFA fraction was further analyzed by HPLC to determine the levels of EPA and DHA in the fish oil sample.