cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Prediction of retail product and trimmable fat yields from the four primal cuts in beef cattle using ultrasound or carcass data.

The most widely used system to predict percentage of retail product from the four primal cuts of beef is USDA yield grade. The purpose of this study was to determine whether routine ultrasound measurements and additional rump measurements could be used in place of the carcass measurements used in the USDA yield grade equation to more accurately predict the percentage of saleable product from the four primals. This study used market cattle (n = 466) consisting of Angus bulls, Angus steers, and crossbred steers. Live animal ultrasound measures collected within 7 d of slaughter were 1) scan weight (SCANWT); 2) 12th- to 13th-rib s.c. fat thickness (UFAT); 3) 12th- to 13th-rib LM area (ULMA); 4) s.c. fat thickness over the termination of the biceps femoris in the rump (URFAT; reference point); 5) depth of gluteus medius under the reference point (URDEPTH); and 6) area of gluteus medius anterior to the reference point (URAREA). Traditional carcass measures collected included 1) HCW; 2) 12th-to 13th-rib s.c. fat thickness (CFAT); 3) 12th- to 13th-rib LM area (CLMA); and 4) estimated percentage of kidney, pelvic, and heart fat (CKPH). Right sides of carcasses were fabricated into subprimal cuts, lean trim, fat, and bone. Weights of each component were recorded, and percentage of retail product from the four primals was expressed as a percentage of side weight. A stepwise regression was performed using data from cattle (n = 328) to develop models to predict percentage of retail product from the four primals based on carcass measures or ultrasound measures, and comparisons were made between the models. The most accurate carcass prediction equation included CFAT, CKPH, and CLMA (R 2 = 0.308), whereas the most accurate live prediction equation included UFAT, ULMA, SCANWT, and URAREA (R 2 = 0.454). When these equations were applied to a validation set of cattle (n = 138), the carcass equation showed R 2 = 0.350, whereas the ultrasound data showed R 2 = 0.460. Ultrasound measures in the live animal were potentially more accurate predictors of retail product than measures collected on the carcass.
Poly (adenosine diphosphate ribose) synthesis in soluble extracts of animal organs.

Abstract Poly(adenosine diphosphate ribose) (poly(ADP-ribose)) which is normally synthesized in chromatin is also synthesized from NAD by soluble extracts of animal organs prepared in 0.5 m NaCl, KCl, or NH4Cl. Extracts of thymus, bone marrow, lymph nodes, and spleen are the most active. The enzymically active species in liver extracts is a complex, somewhat larger than 120,000 daltons, containing ADP-ribose transferase and nucleoprotein. The synthesis of poly(ADP-ribose) is inhibited by DNase and is often stimulated by double-stranded DNA, especially in tissue extracts which have been stored for several days at -20°. Heat-denatured DNA inhibits. Net accumulation of ADP-ribose ceases after a few minutes incubation when the rate of polymer synthesis equals its rate of hydrolysis by endogenous enzymes. The maximum incorporation at 37° is less than that at 20°. Poly(ADP-ribose) synthesis is inhibited by nicotinamide, EDTA, GTP, adenine and derivatives of imidazole. Very small quantities of radioactively labeled NAD can be assayed accurately by reacting the NAD completely with partially purified elongation factor 2 in the presence of activated diphtheria toxin and then counting the ADP-ribosyl EF-2 formed. This provides the basis for a sensitive assay for enzymes that hydrolyze NAD.
Flavor Chemistry of Vegetables

Vegetables are edible plant products which can be modified stems, roots, leaves, flowers, or even fruits. They are usually classified on the basis of the part of the plant that is used for food. Stem vegetables include asparagus and kohlrabi while beets, carrots, radishes and turnips are root vegetables. Among the leaf and leafstalk vegetables are brussel sprouts, cabbage, celery, endive, kale, lettuce, rhubarb and spinach. The head or flower vegetables include artichokes, broccoli, and cauliflower. Garlic, leeks, and onions are classified as bulb vegetables. Botanically, the term “fruit” applies to the structure, usually containing seeds, which develops from the flower ovary after pollination and fertilization (Vaughan and Geissler, 1997). Therefore, beans, cucumbers, eggplant, okra, peppers, squash, sweet corn and tomatoes would be classified as fruits according to this definition. However, the important distinction between fruits and vegetables has come to be made on a usage basis; those plant products that are usually consumed with the main course of a meal are considered to be vegetables while those used mainly as desserts are considered fruits.
Reflections on T. Berry Brazelton, MD's influence on pediatric nursing

Purpose The purpose of this article is to provide examples of Dr. Brazelton's important influence on pediatric nursing, and by extension, the work of child psychiatric mental health nurses, the care of children and families, and ultimately, the healthcare delivery system. Sources Dr. Brazelton's professional colleagues, research, professional journals, and books. Conclusion Over the past 40 years, T. Berry Brazelton has had a major impact on the development of pediatric nursing, infant mental health, and the nurse practitioner movement. He has influenced the growth and development of nursing organizations, nursing education, nursing research, nursing practice, and health policy affecting nurses.
Regulation of M-Type Potassium Current by Intracellular Nucleotide Phosphates

The effects of intracellular application of various concentrations of adenine nucleoside phosphates and nucleotide analogs on the M-type K current ( I M ) of single neurons isolated from sympathetic ganglia were studied. With 1 mmMgATP intracellularly I M decreased to 25% of its initial level 39 min after the start of whole-cell recording. In the absence of ATP the current decreased more rapidly. Addition of glucose and pyruvate extracellularly was equivalent to adding 1 mm MgATP intracellularly. AMP-PNP, a nonhydrolyzable ATP analog, at a concentration of 1 or 3 mm was unable to maintain I M in the absence of ATP. When ATP and AMP-PNP were combined in the pipette, however, the maintenance of I M was prolonged. A series of nucleotides and analogs have been combined with ATP to test for their ability to maintain I M and to alter calcineurin phosphatase activity. There was a positive correlation between the ability of a nucleotide to prevent the rundown of I M and its ability to inhibit calcineurin phosphatase activity. These findings show that the amplitude of I M is dually regulated by cellular levels of adenine nucleotide diphosphates and triphosphates. A hydrolyzable form of ATP is necessary to maintain the M current. The maintenance of I M is further enhanced by the simultaneous presence of ADP or other adenine nucleotides that alter calcineurin activity, but not by higher concentrations of ATP alone. These results are consistent with regulation of I M by phosphorylation events that maintain I M and dephosphorylation events that lead to current rundown.
Globalization, Product Market Competition and Corporate Investment

This paper examines the interplay between globalization, product market competition, and corporate investment. We find that imports and foreign direct investment adversely affect domestic firms’ market power, but the effect of imports is more pronounced. We also find that firms with larger losses in market power cut their capital expenditures more when their market power is stronger. Internal funds and market power show a complementary effect on corporate investment. Also, the sensitivity of investment to cash flow declines more when the impact of import competition on firms’ market power increases. Overall, our results suggest that advances in globalization contribute to changes in the structure of the product markets, and firms react by adjusting their investments decisions.
Thallium(I) 2‐Methyl‐2‐propanethiolate

[56393-79-4] C4H9STl (MW 293.58) InChI = 1S/C4H10S.Tl/c1-4(2,3)5;/h5H,1-3H3;/q;+1/p-1 InChIKey = JEBPQEKNHAWADM-UHFFFAOYSA-M (nucleophile; reagent for preparation of thiol esters) Physical Data: mp 170–175 °C (dec). Solubility: sol organic solvents. Form Supplied in: bright yellow solid. Drying: can be dried under vacuum. Preparative Methods: can be readily prepared starting from t-butyl thiol and thallium(I) ethoxide.1 Handling, Storage, and Precautions: the compound should be stored in a dark bottle under argon. All thallium compounds are extremely toxic to inhalation, skin contact, and ingestion. Toxicity is cumulative. Extreme caution should be used when handling these materials. Use in a fume hood.
Truncations of the C-Terminus Have Different Effects on the Conformation and Activity of Phosphatidylinositol Transfer Protein†

Contributions of the C-terminus toward the conformation and activity of phosphatidylinositol transfer protein (PITP) were studied by comparing properties of the 271 amino acid, full-length protein, PITP(1-271), and two truncated species, PITP(1-259) and PITP(1-253). Using recombinant proteins and an in vitro phospholipid transfer assay with phosphatidylcholine vesicles, the activities of PITP(1-271) and PITP(1-259) were identical, while the activity of PITP(1-253) was almost totally abolished. By most physical and chemical criteria, however, PITP(1-259) and PITP(1-253) were virtually indistinguishable and differed significantly from the full-length protein. Results of second derivative analysis of absorbance spectra were consistent with an additional two Tyr residues being exposed to the solvent in PITP(1-259) and PITP(1-253) in comparison to PITP(1-271). Only one out of four Cys residues in PITP(1-271) reacted with dithiobisnitrobenzoic acid, while two Cys residues were accessible in both truncated species. Quenching of intrinsic Trp fluorescence by acrylamide demonstrated an increase in exposure of Trp residues in both PITP(1-259) and PITP(1-253); binding of the fluorescence probe 1,8-ANS to these proteins was also significantly higher compared to PITP(1-271). These results describe a more relaxed overall tertiary structure brought about by the C-terminal truncations. This altered structure did not affect the stability of the truncated proteins, as indicated by equilibrium unfolding in guanidinium chloride. Refolding of the denatured PITP(1-259), however, was considerably slower than that of full-length PITP. Our study suggests a critical role of the C-terminal residues 254-259 in transfer activity of PITP. Residues 260-271, on the other hand, appear to be more important for the rapid folding and maintenance of a compact native conformation of the protein.
Haematologic toxicities associated with the addition of bevacizumab in cancer patients

Abstract Background Bevacizumab is currently approved for the treatment of several malignancies. Haematologic toxicities are not among the main concerns associated with bevacizumab, but they have been occasionally reported. We performed a meta-analysis to determine the incidence and risk of haematologic toxicities associated with bevacizumab. Methods Pubmed databases from 1966 to September 2010 were searched for studies reported, as well as American Society of Clinical Oncology meetings. Bevacizumab randomised clinical trials with adequate safety data profile were included. Statistical analyses were conducted to calculate the summary incidence, relative risk (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results 15,263 patients were included. The incidence of bevacizumab-associated all-grade and high-grade haematologic toxicities were, respectively: anaemia: 18.7% and 3.9%; neutropenia: 25.0% and 18.5%; and thrombocytopenia: 13.9% and 3.4%. Febrile neutropenia incidence was 3.8%. Compared to placebo/control arms, bevacizumab was associated with a decreased risk of all-grade (RR = 0.81; 95%CI 0.68–0.96; p = .016) and high-grade (RR = 0.73; 95%CI 0.60–0.89; p = .002) anaemia, and increased risks of all-grade (RR = 1.15; 95%CI 1.01–1.30; p = .033) and high-grade (RR = 1.08; 95%CI 1.02–1.13; p = .005) neutropenia, all-grade thrombocytopenia (RR = 1.22; 95%CI 1.00–1.48; p = .047) and febrile neutropenia (RR = 1.31; 95%CI 1.08–1.58; p = .006). Conclusions Bevacizumab is associated with a lower risk of anaemia and increased risks of neutropenia, thrombocytopenia and febrile neutropenia.
Wide-field off-axis new planetary telescope: science and design, new opportunities

Astronomical research requiring high photometric dynamic range is restricted by all current telescopes. Fundamental diffraction limitations and practical difficulties associated with conventional `centered' telescope optics and their mounts leads to unavoidable light scatter which can be the limiting noise source in observations of faint or diffuse objects in the presence of much brighter contaminating sources. We describe here an off-axis design for a 6.5 m astronomical telescope optimized for low scattered light and low emissivity. This is part of a new concept for a facility which we call the New Planetary Telescope (NPT). We shown how its geometrical optical performance can equal that of an on-axis conventional telescope while the diffractive performance fundamentally surpasses conventional telescopes because of the absence of pupil obstruction. The decentered NPT concept also allows wide-field and versatile instrumentation configurations that are not possible with more conventional designs.
Early detection of hepatitis C allograft reinfection after orthotopic liver transplantation: a molecular and histologic study.

Early Detection of Hepatitis C Allograft Reinfection after Orthotopic Liver Transplantation: A Molecular and Histologic Study
Fast, cheap, and easy system for outside vision on Mars

In the design and construction of mobile robots, vision has always been one of the most potentially useful sensory systems. In practice however, it has also become the most difficult to successfully implement. At the MIT Mobile Robotics (Mobot) Lab we have designed a small, light, cheap, and low power Mobot Vision System that can be used to guide a mobile robot in a constrained environment. The target environment is the surface of Mars, although we believe the system should be applicable to other conditions as well. It is our belief that the constraints of the Martian environment will allow the implementation of a system that provides vision based guidance to a small mobile rover. The purpose of this vision system is to process realtime visual input and provide as output information about the relative location of safe and unsafe areas for the robot to go. For the first part of the project, which is nearly complete, we have built a small self contained vision system. As to the second half of the project, it is our hypothesis that a simple vision algorithm does not require huge amounts of computation and that goals such as constructing a complete three dimensional map of the environment are difficult, wasteful, and possibly unreachable.
A Comparison Between Zeolites and Crystalline State as Reaction Media: Asymmetric Induction During Photocyclization of α-Mesitylacetophenones to 2-Indanols

The effectiveness of chiral auxiliaries in inducing diastereoselectivity during photocyclization of ten differnt α-mesitylacetophenones to 2-indanols in crystalline state and as zeolite inclusion complexes has been examined. In the systems examined the chiral auxiliary functioned better within zeolites than in crystals. Crystal structure analysis of three α-mesitylacetophenones revealed that the low chiral induction in the crystalline state is either due to the presence of conformational isomerism in the reactant part of the molecule or the absence of communication between the chiral auxiliary and the reactant part of the ketone.
The Extreme Values of Reflectivity and the Conditions for Zero Reflection from Thin Dielectric Films on Metal

The equations for the film thickness necessary to achieve the maximum and minimum values of reflectivity and the conditions for zero reflection for systems with one or two dielectric films over a metallic substrate are derived. Extension of results to multilayer systems are made on the basis of simple relationships obtained for the single- and double-layer systems in order to improve the effectiveness and the practical applicability of the systems. A simple system requiring an impractical value for film thickness or refractive index can be substituted by an equivalent symmetric multilayer system consisting of films with optical parameters within practical range of use.
DISTRIBUTION VOLUMES OF SUGARS IN RAT UTERUS, ILEUM AND SKELETAL MUSCLE AS AFFECTED BY ESTRADIOL.

Plasma and tissue samples were removed from spayed rats 15 min after iv injection of inulin, sucrose-ul-uC, D-mannosel- l4 C, or the nonmetabolizable glucose analogue, 3-0-methyl(14CH3)-D-glucose and at intervals up to 4 hr following injection of estradiol (0.5 μg/100 g body wt). Distribution volumes based on tissue: plasma concentration ratios were calculated utilizing those of inulin and sucrose as measurements of extracellular spaces. Within 1-2 hr following hormone injection, distributions in uterus of arabinose, mannose and methyl glucose were expanded significantly above 0-hr controls and above the 2-hr inulin-sucrose level; uterine water content also was significantly elevated. Further increases were observed at 4 hr for each sugar including sucrose. Estradiol did not affect sugar distributions in psoas muscle or ileum, except that a consistent decrease in methyl glucose volume occurred in psoas 2 hr after treatment. Increasing tracer circulation time to 60 min, in the absence of estrogen, expanded...
Epidermal‐mesodermal interaction during morphogenesis of the limb regeneration blastema in larval salamanders

The question was asked whether the proximo-distal regional organization of regenerating urodele limbs is the result of an epidermal-mesodermal interaction, as is the case in the embryonic limb bud. Epidermal deletion experiments on regeneration blastemas of various stages have answered this question in the affirmative. The mechanisms involved in the morphogenesis of the regeneration blastema are therefore very similar to those operating in the morphogenesis of embryonic limb buds.
On the Origin of the Asymmetric Helicity Injection in Emerging Active Regions

To explore the possible causes of the observed asymmetric helicity flux in emerging active regions between the leading and following polarities reported in a recent study by Tian & Alexander, we examine the subsurface evolution of buoyantly rising ?-shaped flux tubes using three-dimensional, spherical-shell anelastic MHD simulations. We find that due to the asymmetric stretching of the ?-shaped tube by the Coriolis force, the leading side of the emerging tube has a greater field strength, is more buoyant, and remains more cohesive compared to the following side. As a result, the magnetic field lines in the leading leg show more coherent values of local twist ? ? (? ? B) ? B/B 2, whereas the values in the following leg show large fluctuations and are of mixed sign. On average, however, the field lines in the leading leg do not show a systematically greater mean twist compared to the following leg. Due to the higher rise velocity of the leading leg, the upward helicity flux through a horizontal cross section at each depth in the upper half of the convection zone is significantly greater in the leading polarity region than that in the following leg. This may contribute to the observed asymmetric helicity flux in emerging active regions. Furthermore, based on a simplified model of active region flux emergence into the corona by Longcope & Welsch, we show that a stronger field strength in the leading tube can result in a faster rotation of the leading polarity sunspot driven by torsional Alfv?n waves during flux emergence into the corona, contributing to a greater helicity injection rate in the leading polarity of an emerging active region.
Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Exhibit Limited Transport in Soil Columns

The increased production and commercial use of nanomaterials combined with a lack of regulation to govern their disposal may result in their introduction to soils and ultimately into groundwater systems. In this study, we investigated the transport behavior of carboxyl-functionalized single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) in columns packed with a natural soil. In general, SWNT deposition (filtration) rate increased with increasing solution ionic strength, with divalent cations (Ca2+) being more effective in increasing SWNT retention than monovalent cations (K+). However, SWNT deposition rate over a very wide range of monovalent and divalent cation concentrations (0.03 to 100 mM) was relatively high and changed only slightly above 0.3 mM KCl or 0.1 mM CaCl2. In contrast, filtration of another type of engineered carbon-based nanomaterial, namely aqueous fullerene (C60) nanoparticles (radius of 51 nm), was more sensitive to solution ionic strength, displaying lower deposition rate and more effective transpor...
Seasonal Development, Flight Activity, and Density of Sympiesis marylandensis (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), a Parasitoid of Leaf- Mining Phyllonorycter spp. (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae), in Connecticut Apple Orchards and Forests

The development, flight activity, and density of the native eulophid, Sympiesis marylandensis Girault, a major parasitoid of Phyllonorycter spp., were examined in apple orchards, forests or both at two Connecticut sites between 1985 and 1988. In orchards, S. marylandensis had two or three generations per generation of P. crataegella (Clemens), for a total of six or seven per year. The proportion of parasitoid pupae in diapause steadily increased from September to November. Males numerically dominated the pupal samples. In apple orchards, adults of P. crataegella captured on yellow sticky traps had three major periods of activity, whereas S. marylandensis had three or four that corresponded to periods of adult parasitoid emergence. The trap catch of S. marylandensis in June to early July was relatively low in a commercial orchard, but not in an unsprayed orchard. Autumn activity was the greatest in years when an insecticide for leafminers was not applied. Parasitoid abundance on traps was lower in forests than in orchards, and higher in spring and autumn than at other times in forests. From September to November of 1988, the density of P. crataegella immatures in a sprayed orchard was negatively correlated with the density of S. marylandensis . The effect of S. marylandensis is greater than was suggested previously.
Design and Synthesis of an Activity-Based Probe Template for Protein Kinases

A potential activity-based probe for protein kinases was designed around mechanism-based inhibitors of insulin receptor kinase. The probe was synthesized by a chemoselective conjugate addition of ATPγS to an epoxyenone.
Catalysis and Selectivity in Prebiotic Synthesis: Initiation of the Formation of Oligo(U)s on Montmorillonite Clay by Adenosine-5′-methylphosphate

Adenosine-5′-methylphosphate (MepA) initiates the oligomerization of the 5′-phosphorimidazolide of uridine (ImpU) in the presence of montmorillonite clay. Longer oligomers form because the 5′-phosphate is blocked with a methyl group that prevents the formation of cyclic- and pyrophosphate-containing compounds. The MepA initiates 69–84% of the 5–9 charge oligomers, respectively. The montmorillonite catalyst also provides selectivity in the oligomerization reactions so that the main reaction pathway is MepA → MepA3′pU → MepA3′pU2′pU → MepA3′pU2′pU3′pU. MepA did not enhance the oligomerization of ImpA. The relative rates of the reactions were determined from an investigation of the products in competitive reactions. Selectivity was observed in the reaction of ImpU with equimolar amounts of MepA3′pU and MepA2′pU where the relative reaction rates are 10.3:1, respectively. In the reaction of ImpA with MepA3′pA and MepA2′pA the ImpA reacts 5.2 times faster with MepA3′pA. In the competitive reaction of ImpU and ImpA with MepA3′pA and MepA3′pU the elongation proceeds on MepA3′pA 5.6 times more rapidly than with MepA3′pU. There is no correlation between the extent of binding to the montmorillonite and reaction rates in the formation of longer oligomers. The formation of more than two sequential 2′,5′-linkages in the oligomer chain proceeds more slowly than the addition to a single 2′,5′-link or a 3′,5′-link and either chain termination or elongation by a 3′,5′-linage occurs. The central role that catalysis may have had in the prebiotic formation of biopolymers is discussed.
Mechanisms of phenylalanine-induced pressor effects in conscious rats.

Phenylalanine and tyrosine reportedly decrease blood pressure in conscious restrained rats. However, tyrosine has recently been found to increase blood pressure in anesthetized animals, questioning the generality of findings obtained in restrained animals. The present study therefore evaluated the effects of phenylalanine on mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) in unrestrained, conscious rats. Phenylalanine (0.32-1.33 mmol/kg i.p.) increased MAP and decreased HR, effects that were antagonized by carbidopa and prazosin but not by desipramine. In addition, both DOPA and tyrosine (1.33 mmol/kg) increased MAP. In contrast, phenylalanine-induced increases in plasma concentrations of its indirectly acting sympathomimetic amine metabolite, phenethylamine, were small and temporally unrelated to the phenylalanine-induced MAP elevation, and desipramine inhibited MAP increases produced by exogenous phenethylamine. These observations indicate that phenylalanine increases MAP in conscious, unrestrained animals by augmenting peripheral catecholamine synthesis and release rather than by affecting phenethylamine bioavailability.
Unemployment and the 1976 presidential election

A considerable number of authors have analyzed relationships between economic conditions and election outcomes. This note seeks to add to this literature by empirically examining the impact of unemployment upon the 1976 Presidential election outcome. The 1976 Presidential race pitted the thenincumbent Gerald Ford against Jimmy Carter. The inflation rate (of the CPI) in 1976 was a mere 4.9 percent. Compared to the preceeding three years, 1973, 1974, and t975, where the inflation rate was 8.8 percent, I2.3 percent, and 7.1 percent, respectively, the t976 inflation rate was comparatively mild. Hence, inflation would not seem to have been a critical issue for the 1976 campaign. However, the issue of unemployment rate during 1976 was not only relatively high but rising as well. The central hypothesis in this note is that the higher the unemployment rate in a state during the months directly prior to the November 1976 election, the greater the proportion of the votes cast for President (within that state) that would go in favor of Jimmy Carter (and, hence, against Gerald Ford). Presumably, as the incumbent, then-President Gerald Ford would be held accountable by the electorate for the higher unemployment rate. To examine this hypothesis, the following regression estimate was generated by OLS: CVi = + 41.6715 + 0.87709 Vi 0.20906//i (1) (+5.21) (+2.42) (-2.32)
Managing academic and research libraries partnerships

USA academic libraries are rethinking their activities and repositioning themselves to take advantage of new opportunities to build partnerships with faculty members and campus related entities to support teaching, learning, and research endeavours.
On the validity of the standard model for primary charge separation in the bacterial reaction center

Abstract In the standard model the primary electron donor state (P∗) is localized on the special pair, meaning that the coupling between the lowest excited state (P_) of the special pair and charge transfer states involving radical anions of accessory cofactors is weak. This model is scrutinized using hole burning data for bacterial and green plan reaction centers (RC), antenna protein complexes and ππ ∗ states of probe molecules imbedded in glasses and polymers. Attention is focused on the linear electron-phonon coupling strength (optical reorganization energy) and the dynamics afforded by the zero-phonon hole of the P ∗ ← P transition. The hole burning data, together with the structural differences between the special pair of bacterial and green plant RC as well as quantum chemical calculations pertaining to the contribution of internal charge transfer states (of P) to P_, indicate that the standard model is invalid. A model is proposed that has P_ strongly coupled to a quasi-degenerate P+BL− state, where BL is the necessary bacteriochlorophyll on the L branch of the RC. In the adiabatic limit this model appears to be capable of explaining the non-single exponential decay of P870∗ (Rhodobacter sphaeroides) while resolving a serious discrepancy between the hole burning and time domain results on the decay of P∗. In the strong coupling limit, the long-standing question of whether or not P+BL− serves as a real or virtual state in the primary charge separation process becomes irrelevant. The model, especially in the adiabatic limit, may well provide the basis for understanding the extraordinarily fast energy transfer dynamics from higher energy Qy-states to P∗ in the bacterial RC. Potential problems with the strong coupling model are considered and possible approaches to its testing discussed.
Identification of a Campylobacter jejuni‐secreted protein required for maximal invasion of host cells

The food-borne pathogen Campylobacter jejuni is dependent on a functional flagellum for motility and the export of virulence proteins that promote maximal host cell invasion. Both the flagellar and non-flagellar proteins exported via the flagellar type III secretion system contain a sequence within the amino-terminus that directs their export from the bacterial cell. Accordingly, we developed a genetic screen to identify C. jejuni genes that encode a type III secretion amino-terminal sequence that utilizes the flagellar type III secretion system of Yersinia enterocolitica and a phospholipase reporter (yplA). We screened a library of 321 C. jejuni genes and identified proteins with putative type III secretion amino-terminal sequences. One gene identified by the screen was Cj1242. We generated a mutation in Cj1242, and performed growth rate, motility, secretion and INT 407 cell adherence and internalization assays. The C. jejuni Cj1242 mutant was not altered in growth rate or motility when compared with the wild-type strain, but displayed an altered secretion profile and a reduction in host cell internalization. Based on the phenotype of the C. jejuni Cj1242 mutant, we designated the protein Campylobacter invasion antigen C (CiaC). Collectively, our findings indicate that CiaC is a potentially important virulence factor.
Manager in the international economy

The International Economy: A Manager's Perspective. THE ENTERPRISE FROM WITHIN. Going Multinational: Firm Motives and Characteristics. Case. Lotus Development Corporation: Entering International Markets. Managing the Multinational: Goals and Strategies. Case. Gerber Products Company: Investing in the New Poland. Managing the Multinational: Organizations and Networks. Case. Xerox and Fuji-Xerox. National Units in Multinational Networks. Case. Shell Brasil S.A.: Performance Evaluation in the Oil Products Division. THE ENTERPRISE AND THE NATION. Comparing National Economies. Case. Global Computer Industry. Exploring National Policies. Case. Collision Course in Commercial Aircraft: Boeing-Airbus-McDonnell Douglas (A). THE INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENT. The National Economy in an International Setting. Case. Volkswagen de Mexico North American Strategy (A). International Money Markets. Case. CIBA-GEIGY AG: Impact of Inflation and Currency. The International Rules of the Game: Money. Case. Fluctuations. The International Rules of the Game: Goods and Services. Case. Pfizer: Protecting Intellectual Property in a Global Marketplace. Balance of Payments Exercises (TBD) The Foreign Exchange Market: Problem Set (TBD).
A experiência afro-americana numa perspectiva comparativa: a situação atual do debate sobre a escravidão nas Américas

Este ensaio reconsidera o tema das diferencas comparativas em sistemas escravistas no Novo Mundo. Apesar da rejeicao a quaisquer diferencas comparativas de norte-americanos no ultimo quarto de seculo, pesquisas recentes tem mostrado importantes variacoes nesses regimes. Essas variacoes dependem de diferencas entre os mercados de trabalho, nas estruturas demograficas e, sobretudo, nas atitudes face a alforria e a classe de pessoas de cor livres anteriores a emancipacao. Apesar de todos os regimes escravistas de plantation terem muito em comum, houve diferencas na participacao de escravos e de pessoas de cor livre em ocupacoes nao agricolas. Isso muitas vezes dependia da disponibilidade de mao-de-obra branca alternativa. Alem disso, no seculo XIX, muitos dos regimes latinoamericanos aumentaram o ritmo das alforria e aprenderam a aceitar os de cor livres como parte fundamental de sua economia , mesmo ao adotar atitudes racistas em relacao aos novos libertos. Ao mesmo tempo, os Estados Unidos e alguns dos regimes de plantation do Caribe diminuiram o ritmo de alforria e criaram severas restricoes a mobilidade espacial, social, geografica e economica a sua pequena classe livre de cor. As causas e consequencias dessas diferencas sao discutidas neste ensaio.
Information Technology Committee explores future needs

The newly formed Information Technology Committee met October 18–19, 1996, to review its charge and examine AGU's current systems, network, systems strategy, and Information Services staffing. There are currently three positions open in the Information Services group that are proving hard to fill on a permanent basis. The committee recommended that staff develop a relationship with local universities and intensively canvass the membership for people who have acquired computer skills during their geoscience training and who might consider attractive 1–3 years of information services experience at AGU.
Interacting localized waves for the regularized long wave equation via a Galerkin spectral method

We develop a Fourier-Galerkin spectral technique for computing the solutions of type of interacting localized waves. To this end, a special complete orthonormal system of functions in L^2(-~,~) is used and a time-stepping algorithm implementing the spectral method is developed. The rate of convergence of the coefficients is shown to be exponential. We consider the regularized long wave equation (RLWE) which is not fully integrable. We demonstrate the stability of the algorithm and find numerically the threshold for the existence of such interactions. We also calculate the phase shifts of the interactions and compare them to the finite-difference solution.
The Measurement of Assessment Center Situations: Bem's Template Matching Technique for Examining Exercise Similarity

The present study was concerned with investigating the nature of assessment center exercises. Bem and Funder's (1978) technique of classifying and comparing situations in behavioral terms was applied to the measurement of exercises in an assessment center with ratings reflecting exercise factors. Six assessors created templates for each of the four exercises. Intercorrelations between the mean template ratings suggested that the exercises were not viewed as similar situations. Moreover, some relationship was found between exercise similarity and performance consistency. It is proposed that these differences in exercise content may be responsible for the inability to find cross-situational consistencies in candidate behavior in a typical assessment center. Practical implications and extensions of this study are discussed.
Chaotic control of a piezomagnetoelastic beam for improved energy harvesting

Linear cantilevered piezoelectric energy harvesters do not typically operate efficiently through a large span of excitation frequencies. Beam theory dictates optimum displacement at resonance excitation; however, typical environments evolve and vary over time with no clear dominant frequency. Nonlinear, non-resonant harvesting techniques have been implemented, but none so far have embraced chaotic behavior as a desirable property of the system. This work aims to benefit from chaotic phenomena by stabilizing high energy periodic orbits located within a chaotic attractor to improve operating bandwidth. Delay coordinate embedding is used to reconstruct the system states from a single time series measurement of displacement. Orbit selection, local linearization, and control perturbation are all computed from the single time series independent of an explicit system model. Although chaos in non-autonomous systems is typically associated with harmonic inputs, chaotic attractor motion can also exist throughout other excitation sources. Accelerometer data from inside a commercial vehicle and a stochastic excitation signal are used to illustrate the existence of chaos in dynamic environments, allowing such environments to be likely candidates for the proposed bandwidth improving energy harvesting technique.
Constrained best approximation in Hilbert space, II

In this paper we study the characterization of the solution to the extremal problem inf{‖x‖x ∈C ∩M}, wherex is in a Hilbert spaceH, C is a convex cone, andM is a translate of a subspace ofH determined by interpolation conditions. We introduce a simple geometric property called the “conical hull intersection property” that provides a unifying framework for most of the basic results in the subject of optimal constrained approximation. Our approach naturally lends itself to considering the data cone as opposed to the constraint cone. A nice characterization of the solution occurs, for example, if the data vector associated withM is an interior point of the data cone.
Products of Chromate Reduction on Proposed Subsurface Remediation Material

Recent studies have shown promising results for subsurface remediation of dissolved chromate using permeable-reactive redox walls. Chromate reduction in the presence of iron filings and quartz grains was studied to determine the fate of reduced chromium in proposed wall material. Using a flow-through column apparatus, iron filings mixed with quartz grains were reacted with solutions that contained about 20 mg/L dissolved Cr(VI). Reacted iron filings developed coatings comprised of goethite with chromium concentrated in the outermost edges. Surface analysis showed all detectable chromium occurred as Cr(III) species. In addition, in regions of increased chromium concentration, goethite acquired chemical and structural characteristics similar to Fe2O3 and Cr2O3. Results of the study show that complete reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) occurred and that Cr(III) was incorporated into sparingly soluble solid species.
Salivary antibody responses to oral and parenteral vaccines in children.

Salivary IgA antibody to poliovirus and tetanus toxoid was measured in whole salivas of 151 children between 2 and 48 months of age from North America and from Scandinavia. Children from urban and suburban populations in the greater Boston, MA, area receive both oral poliovaccine and a parenteral injection with tetanus toxoid (TT), initially at approximately 2 months of age. Children from Goteborg, Sweden, initially receive parenteral injections of TT at 2 months of age and parenteral injections of killed polio vaccine initially at 9 to 10 months of age. Twenty-six percent of the Boston subjects who were less than 12 months old had detectable salivary IgA antibody to poliovirus after oral immunization. In contrast, within the first year after parenteral immunization with killed poliovirus, the Swedish group had detectable salivary antibody in 9% (1 of 13) of the subjects. Forty to 65% of the children in the older Boston-area age groups had positive salivary IgA antibody levels to this antigen. No differences were seen in salivary IgA antibody to TT among the three populations. By 36 months of age at least 50% of all populations had detectable salivary antibody to TT. The ratio of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) activity using rabbit anti-human secretory component versus rabbit anti-human alpha chain was significantly higher in subjects less than 12 months of age compared with older groups. This suggested either that free secretory component was binding to tetanus toxoid or that secretory antibody of isotypes other than IgA was present in these youngest subjects.
A Stochastic simulation analysis of the effects of Indian wheat production instability on the world wheat market

Abstract Adverse weather factors in India augment the instability in wheat supply and trade. Consequently, India's wheat trade is a classic example of stochastic supply being the dominant factor in determining trade flows. This study analyzes the effects of random fluctuations in India's wheat supply on domestic and world price variability and trade flows of India and major exporters and importers by using stochastic simulation analysis. Trade mitigates price variability and, thus, acts as a buffer stock program in reducing price variability. The results show that production shortfalls (surpluses) in India benefit wheat exporters (importers) and hurt importers (exporters).
An advanced intelligent control system framework

A reusable rocket-engine intelligent control system (RREICS) framework was developed to a define a control framework for rocket-engine systems that reduces the required engine maintenance, extends the useful operating life, and maximizes the probability of mission success. The RREICS framework defines a controller that handles a rocket engine cluster as a single system rather than as a collection of individual engines. This enables the controller to alter individual engine operations in response to engine performance or integrity degradations while maintaining the propulsion subsystem external parameters at the levels required for mission success. A simplified model of a three engine cluster and the associated propulsion subsystem controller is also described.
Dash Designer: A Multi-Modal Design Tool for Vehicle Interactivity

We present Dash Designer: a mixed-reality design tool for vehicle interiors. The tool consists of a tablet and projector that can be used to create and organize new interactive components for vehicle dashboards. A user can use a freehand sketching interface to draw a new interactive element on the tablet, and a simple set of gestures to motion the created item onto a real dashboard. A simple interface is provided to connect the created components to vehicle data published by an integrated driving simulator. The system is currently a work in progress, and future work will include integration with real vehicle dashboards, autonomous vehicles, and support for participatory design sessions.
Marital Status, Marital Transitions, and Health: A Gendered Life Course Perspective

We work from a life course perspective to assess the impact of marital status and marital transitions on subsequent changes in the self-assessed physical health of men and women. Our results suggest three central conclusions regarding the association of marital status and marital transitions with self-assessed health. First, marital status differences in health appear to reflect the strains of marital dissolution more than they reflect any benefits of marriage. Second, the strains of marital dissolution undermine the self-assessed health of men but not women. Finally, life course stage is as important as gender in moderating the effects of marital status and marital transitions on health.
Effect of Age at Ovariectomy on Mammary Gland Development in C3H/He Grgl Mice.∗

SummaryC3H/He Crgl virgin female mice were ovariectomized at approximately monthly intervals between 2 and 8.5 months, and the mammary glands were examined at the time of mammary tumor development. Normal alveolar development of the mammary gland was greatest in animals ovariectomized at an early age and less in animals ovariectomized at later ages. In mice ovariectomized at 6.5 and 8.5 months, normal alveolar development was absent, the sole alveolar development being in the form of hyperplastic nodules. The secretory products of the transformed adrenal in the older mice thus appear to be adequate for development of hyperplastic nodules, but not for normal alveoli.
Microstructural Evolution of Epitaxial LiNbO3 Thin Films Derived From Metal Alkoxide Solutions

The evolution of the microstructure of sol-gel derived LiNbO3 thin films was investigated to understand the growth of epitaxial films. LiNbO3 films were prepared from a precursor solution of lithium ethoxide and niobium pentaethoxide. Prehydrolysis promoted the development of polycrys-talline LiNbO3 films, whereas nonhydrolysis produced solid-state epitaxial growth of LiNbO3 films on sapphire substrates. Although the films looked smooth after annealing at 400°C, the morphology of the films changed, depending on substrates and precursors, due to grain growth at high annealing temperature. Prehydrolysis of the alkoxides caused a decrease in the temperature at which grain growth occurred, whereas the film prepared from the nonhydrolyzed precursor on a sapphire substrate showed denser texture and contained abnormally large domains that appeared to be single phase.
Anomalous X-ray scattering study of disordered C24Rb

Abstract We have studied the energy dependence of the Bragg peaks at the graphite reciprocal lattice points in disordered HOPG C 24 Rb. Systematic effects that vary with energy enable us to assess the in-plane wave vector(q)-dependent Rb contribution to the Bragg peaks. We thereby estimate the Fourier coefficients of the graphite modulation potential as it appears in the 2-D Rb liquid.
On the flexural and extensional behavior of a large-tow triaxial braided composite

The lamina level extensional and flexural properties of a large-tow, triaxially braided, carbon-fiber/polymeric-matrix composite are examined. The braid's architecture is idealized with a single representative volume element. The homogenized lamina level properties are determined analytically by using concepts similar to beam theory as well as with three-dimensional finite-element techniques. The homogenized extensional and bending lamina properties are found to be distinct properties, not simply related to each other as in monolithic materials or in composites with very fine and highly periodic microstructures. Specifically, the ratio of the effective flexural to effective extensional Young's moduli is 0.52 and 0.92 in the longitudinal and transverse directions, respectively. The homogenized laminate properties of a two-ply composite were measured and compared to the numerical predictions. The ratio of the effective laminate flexural to extensional moduli predicted compares favorably with the experimental findings. Thus, in laminates with relatively few laminae, the actual flexural rigidity is lower than that based solely upon the extensional moduli.
Molecular director and layer response of chevron surface stabilized ferroelectric liquid crystals to low electric field

Abstract Recent papers on chevron surface stabilized ferroelectric liquid crystal cells claim that the chevron layer structure can be reversibly uprighted by application of the low to moderate electric fields typically employed to produce director reorientation. In this paper we show, using optical microscopy and X-ray scattering, that there is no significant change in the smectic layer thickness or chevron layer structure of our chevron surface stabilized ferroelectric liquid crystal cells under typical director switching conditions. Furthermore, we present arguments, based on the known elastic properties of smectics, that there is not likely to be a significant elastic layer response to these levels of applied electric field in any surface stabilized ferroelectric liquid crystal cell with anchored layers. Both the switching and observed continuous optical response to applied field can be understood on the basis of electric field induced reorientation of a non-uniform molecular director distribution. We ...