cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The velocity field under breaking waves: coherent structures and turbulence

Digital particle image velocimetry (DPIV) measurements of the velocity eld under breaking waves in the laboratory are presented. The region of turbulent fluid directly generated by breaking is too large to be imaged in one video frame and so an ensemble-averaged representation of the flow is built up from a mosaic of image frames. It is found that breaking generates at least one coherent vortex that slowly propagates downstream at a speed consistent with the velocity induced by its image in the free surface. Both the kinetic energy of the flow and the vorticity decay approximately as t 1 . The Reynolds stress of the turbulence also decays as t 1 and is, within the accuracy of the measurements, everywhere negative, consistent with downward transport of streamwise momentum. Estimates of the mometum flux from waves to currents based on the measurements of the Reynolds stress are consistent with earlier estimates. The implications of the measurements for breaking in the eld are discussed. Based on geometrical optics and wave action conservation, we suggest that the presence of the breaking-induced vortex provides an explanation for the suppression of short waves by breaking. Finally, in Appendices, estimates of the majority of the terms in the turbulent kinetic energy budget are presented at an early stage in the evolution of the turbulence, and comparisons with independent acoustical measurements of breaking are presented.
Evidence for a three-carbon acid intermediate in the metabolism of valine.

Abstract l -Valine-β-C13 has been fed to fasted rats and the glycogen isolated and degraded. Relatively high concentrations of isotope in the 1,6- and 2,5-positions indicate that the amino acid is metabolized to a 3-carbon acid which can be utilized for glycogen formation. Evidence is presented which points to propionate as the precursor of pyruvate.
State notation and SKED: A general system for control and recording of behavioral experiments

State notation is a language for describing behavioral procedures and data acquisition formats. A minicomputer system has been developed for translating state notation into operating computer programs, which can control 10 simultaneous and independent experiments. A description of the system is provided, including the hardware necessary to interface the computer with the experimental environment
Dry wear and friction properties of an A356/SiC foam interpenetrating phase composite

The dry sliding wear and friction behaviors of A356 aluminum alloy and a hybrid composite of A356 aluminum alloy and silicon carbide foam in the form of an interpenetrating phase composite were evaluated using a ball-on-disk apparatus at ambient conditions. The stationary 6.35 mm alumina ball produced a wear track (scar) diameter of 7 mm on the rotating specimen surface. Three different loads; 5 N, 10 N and 20 N were applied at a constant sliding speed of 33 mm/s for both materials. Wear tracks were characterized with a scanning electron microscope and measured with an optical surface profilometer. In general, this novel A356/SiC foam composite reduced the friction coefficient and wear rate from that of the base alloy for all loading conditions. In addition, as the load increased, the friction coefficient and wear rate decreased for both materials. The results indicate the composite could be used in light-weight applications where moderate strength and wear properties are needed.
Circuit-controlled modes of acoustoelectric oscillations in piezoelectric semiconductors

Results are presented for experiments in which circuit-controlled modes of acoustoelectric current oscillations were obtained in piezoelectric semiconductors. The reactive circuits used allowed a 6:1 tuning range from a single specimen. The possible realisation of bulk device r.f. generators giving large peak powers in the region of 1 MHz is discussed.
Uranium detection using small scintillators in a maritime environment

The performance of several commercially available portable radiation spectrometers containing small NaI(Tl) scintillation detectors has been studied. These devices are used by field inspection personnel to detect and identify illicit radioactive materials. The detection and identification of enriched uranium is an important deterrent to undeclared nuclear proliferation and nuclear terrorism. This study was conducted using a variety of shielded and unshielded uranium sources in a simulated maritime environment. The results indicate adequate identification capability for various uranium enrichments using the manufacturer’s spectral analysis firmware. More sophisticated methods for analyzing the spectra can be applied to these short field measurements to determine the isotopic enrichment.
ABANDONED VESSEL AUTHORITIES AND BEST PRACTICES GUIDANCE- A REVIEW OF NRT WORK

ABSTRACT Abandoned and derelict vessels are a problem in almost every U.S. port and waterway, and these vessels can have significant impacts on the coastal environment and economy, including oil po...
Protease inhibitors block hormonal activation of adenylate cyclase.

To investigate the mechanism of serine protease stimulation of rat ovarian adenylate cyclase, a variety of synthetic protease inhibitors were used. These inhibitors blocked trypsin, chymotrypsin and hCG stimulation of adenylate cyclase in nearly the same manner. The inhibition of hormone stimulated adnylate cyclase could not be explained by a loss of [125I]hCG binding. Cholera toxin and epinephrine stimulation of adenylate cyclase were similarly inhibited, whereas basal and fluoride-stimulated activities were only affected by higher doses of the inhibitors. The results suggest that adenylate cyclase in the ovary may be regulated by membrane protease activity.
A much warmer Earth surface for most of geologic time: implications to biotic weathering

The authors present two scenarios for the temperature history of Earth. One scenario is conventional, the other relies on a warmer history. Both scenarios include surface cooling determined by the evolution of the biosphere and are similar until the Proterozoic period. The warmer scenario requires a higher plant/lichen terrestrial biota to increase weathering intensity. Justification for a warmer surface includes period temperatures from the oxygen isotope record of coexisting phosphates and cherts, an upper limit of 58 degrees C from primary gypsum precipitation, and the lack of fractionation of sulfur isotopes between sulfide and sulfates in Archean sediments.
Vibrational frequencies and structural determination of Ge3O3

Abstract The normal mode frequencies and corresponding vibrational assignments of the germanium monoxide trimer (Ge 3 O 3 ) in D 3h symmetry are examined theoretically using the gaussian 03 set of quantum chemistry codes. All normal modes were successfully assigned to one of three types of motion (Ge–O stretch, Ge–O–Ge bend, and out-of-plane bending) predicted by a group theoretical analysis. Comparing the vibrational frequencies with IR and Raman spectra available in the literature, scaling factors are derived. Molecular orbitals and bonding are examined.
Vitellogenin of the northern leopard frog (Rana pipiens): Development of an ELISA assay and evaluation of induction after immersion in xenobiotic estrogens

Abstract An immunoassay for leopard frog ( Rana pipiens ) vitellogenin was developed for studying endocrine disruption. Male frogs were injected with estradiol-17β to stimulate vitellogenin for purification. SDS–PAGE revealed high amounts of a 170–180 kDa protein, which was confirmed to be vitellogenin by Western blotting. Vitellogenin was purified by DEAE chromatography and used to generate a polyclonal antibody. A competitive ELISA was developed for leopard frog vitellogenin with a detection limit of 6.0 ng mL −1 and a working range of 20–1000 ng mL −1 . The intra-assay coefficient of variation averaged 5.47% for control sera and 9.71% for estrogen-treated sera. The inter-assay coefficient of variation averaged 8.21% for control sera and 9.93% for estrogen-treated sera. Recovery of purified vitellogenin averaged 95.2%. Vitellogenin was measured in male frogs immersed in the estrogenic compound diethylstilbestrol (DES) for various times and doses. Serum vitellogenin was detected within five days after immersion in 1.0 mg L −1 DES and levels continued to increase through 20 d. In a 20-day dose–response experiment, serum vitellogenin was detected in frogs immersed in 0.01 mg L −1 DES and vitellogenin concentration increased with dose. Immersion of frogs in one of several xenobiotic estrogens (nonylphenol, octylphenol, bisphenol-A) for 20 d did not increase vitellogenin for any treatment, suggesting that this frog may be less sensitive than fish to endocrine disruptors. Vitellogenin induction in R. pipiens may be a useful amphibian model system for field studies of endocrine disruption, due to its broad geographic range.
Nitroglycerin in chronic stable angina pectoris

Abstract Recent evidence suggests that traditional approaches to the use of nitroglycerin (NTG) in patients with chronic stable angina should be reconsidered. Studies of the time to onset of hemodynamic effects of sublingual NTG suggest that the first detectable effect, on left ventricular end-diastolic pressure, occurs at a mean of 90 seconds after administration. By timing the duration of exertional angina after formal exercise testing, one can show that, on average, chest pain is gone within 2 minutes. Thus, in many patients, it is unlikely that sublingual NTG can further shorten episodes of exertional angina. The value of sublingual NTG is greater when patients exercise beyond the onset of pain, when patients have more protracted episodes of exertional pain and when there is a need to resume immediately the activity that brought on the angina. With respect to angina prophylaxis, the pioneering studies of Parker and co-workers have now been amply confirmed. Continuous nitrate administration by oral, transdermal or intravenous routes results in substantial, albeit incomplete, tolerance. Tolerance occurs even when high plasma concentrations are achieved and persist over time. Tolerance can eliminate responsiveness to sublingual NTG. Preliminary evidence suggests that tolerance to the antianginal effects of NTG at maximal exercise may be more marked than tolerance to the effects of NTG on silent ischemia at submaximal activity levels. The significance of this dissociation in time course and its implications are unclear at this time. Three potential strategies exist for avoiding NTG tolerance in patients with chronic stable angina. Administration of a thiol donor has been shown to reverse some hemodynamic manifestations of tolerance. Whether it can be used effectively for prevention of antianginal tolerance is unclear. Intermittent nitrate administration can, clearly, avoid antianginal tolerance and is quite practical for many patients with chronic stable angina. Finally, increased reliance on short-acting nitrates wherever possible seems appropriate.
Hydromagnetic surface waves with alternating magnetic fields

Hydromagnetic surface waves propagating on finitely conducting fluid using alternating magnetic field, including electromagnetic skin depth effects in computing theoretical wave dispersion
Helical wave oscillations in a row of cylinders in a cross-flow

Abstract The dynamics of a row of cylinders oscillating in a cross-flow is investigated using experiments and analysis. Through experiments, a bifurcation diagram that classifies the nonlinear behavior of the cylinder row is obtained. The experiments show that the stability of the cylinder row is lost through a sub-critical Hopf bifurcation. As the number of oscillating cylinders is increased, the experiments show that the critical flow velocity decreases. To analyze the motions of the cylinder system, a linear model is studied using wave propagation theory. The motion-dependent fluid forces acting on the cylinders are assumed to be linear functions of the relative motion between adjacent cylinders only. A system identification technique is used to measure some of the fluid force coefficients. The analysis of the model shows the presence of modal patterns for the cylinder row that are analogous to standing helical waves in a string. The modes predicted by the linear model are similar to the experimentally observed nonlinear modes. The co-existence of more than one stable mode (limit cycle) for a range of flow velocities, not predictable by the linear model, is a noteworthy nonlinear phenomenon observed in the experiments of this study.
Optical detection of electron paramagnetic resonance for intrinsic defects produced in ZnO by 2.5-MeV electron irradiation in situ at 4.2 K

Intrinsic defects produced in ZnO by 2.5-MeV electron irradiation in situ at 4.2 K are studied by optical detection of electron paramagnetic resonance (ODEPR). Observed in the photoluminescence (PL) are ODEPR signals, which are identified with the oxygen vacancy, ${\mathrm{V}}_{\mathrm{O}}^{+}$, interstitial zinc, ${\mathrm{Zn}}_{i}^{+}$, and zinc-vacancy--zinc-interstitial Frenkel pairs. The Frenkel pairs are primarily observed in their $S=1$ exchange-coupled state, supplying strong evidence that interstitial zinc is a shallow effective mass double donor in ZnO. Annealing stages at $\ensuremath{\sim}65\text{--}119\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$ and $\ensuremath{\sim}145\text{--}170\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$ are observed for the defects associated with the zinc sublattice and are identified with the migration of interstitial zinc. Although interstitial oxygen is not observed in the ODEPR, a higher-temperature annealing stage observed in the PL at $\ensuremath{\sim}160\text{--}230\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$ is tentatively identified with the onset of its migration. The oxygen vacancy is stable to $\ensuremath{\sim}400\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}\mathrm{C}$. The relationship between the spin-dependent processes producing the ODEPR signals and the PL of the material remains unclear.
Surface passivation of cadmium zinc telluride radiation detectors by potassium hydroxide solution

The spectral resolution of cadmium zinc telluride (CZT) room temperature nuclear radiation detectors is often limited by the presence of conducting surface species that increase the surface leakage current. Surface passivation plays an important role in reducing this surface leakage current and thereby decreasing the noise of the detectors and improving the spectral energy resolution. Chemical etching with a Br-MeOH solution leaves CZT surfaces rich in Te and is considered as one of the primary causes of the increased surface leakage current. Previous studies have shown that hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) forms oxides of tellurium on the CZT surface and thus acts as a good passivating agent. In this study we will present results on the use of potassium hydroxide (KOH) as an alternative passivating agent. The KOH aqueous solution leaves a more stoichiometric (evaluated from the trends in the surface Cd:Te ratio) and smoother CZT surface. The passivation effects of KOH solution on the surface of the CZT have been characterized by current-voltage measurements for different KOH concentrations and etching times for both parallel strip electrodes as well as a metal-semiconductor-metal configuration. The surface chemical composition and its morphology were studied by scanning x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy. The comparison and demonstration of improvements in the spectral resolution of the CZT detectors (based on 241Am spectra) with and without the KOH treatment are presented.
HOW THE TIME OF DAY AFFECTS PRODUCTIVITY: EVIDENCE FROM SCHOOL SCHEDULES

Abstract Increasing the efficiency of the school system is a primary focus of policymakers. I analyze how the time of day affects students’ productivity and if efficiency gains can be obtained by rearranging the order of tasks they perform throughout the school day. Using a panel data set of nearly 2 million sixth- through eleventh-grade students in Los Angeles County, I perform within-teacher, class type, and student estimation of the time-of-day effect on students’ learning as measured by GPA and state test scores. I find that given a school start time, students learn more in the morning than later in the school day. Having a morning instead of afternoon math or English class increases a student’s GPA by 0.072 (0.006) and 0.032 (0.006), respectively. A morning math class increases state test scores by an amount equivalent to increasing teacher quality by one-fourth standard deviation or half of the gender gap. Rearranging school schedules can lead to increased academic performance.
Identifying Paraplegia Risk Associated with Thoracic Endografting

Endografting, like open surgical repair of the thoracic aorta, can be complicated by paraplegia. We reviewed our thoracic endografting experience regarding the incidence and treatment of spinal cord neurologic events. Between February 2000 and July 2008, 346 patients underwent endoluminal grafting of the descending thoracic aorta. Indications for intervention included atherosclerotic aneurysms (45.9%), acute and chronic dissections (31.5%), miscellaneous lesions (13.6%), and penetrating aortic ulcers (8.9%). Ten women and 4 men (4.0%), with a mean age of 71.3 years, developed either paraparesis (1.7%) or paraplegia (2.3%). Nine (64.3%) of these patients had an aneurysm, 4 (28.6%) had acute or chronic type B aortic dissection, and 1 (7.1%) had a penetrating aortic ulcer; 3 (21.4%) of them had previously undergone open abdominal aortic aneurysm repair, and 13 (92.9%) required coverage of more than 20 cm of the aorta. Cerebrospinal fluid drainage was instituted in 7/8 paraplegic patients. Eight (57.1%) of th...
Conformal Anomalies and the Index Theorem

Abstract In some two-dimensional field theories, the family index theorem can be used to calculate the conformal anomaly. This is surprising since there is no known underlying topological origin for the conformal anomaly. The index theorem approach provides a different way of understanding Friedan's theorem relating the conformal anomaly to the Virasoro charge. Various aspects of string models are discussed within the context of the index theorem.
Pathways to Gender- equitable Men: Findings from the International Men and Gender Equality Survey in Eight Countries

Efforts to promote gender equality have recognized the importance of involving men and boys. Yet, in general, we have done little in terms of large-scale research in the Global South to understand ...
Development of an organic wafer-level packaging platform for highly integrated RF transceivers

We present the development of a novel organic-micromachined packaging scheme at the wafer level for highly integrated RF transceivers. This process enables the integration of on-chip passive devices and isolation structures at the wafer level. We demonstrate the development of inductors that achieve a Q-factor of about 61 at 1.7 GHz and on-chip isolation structures that provide an isolation of more than 50 dB in the GHz range.
The present state of aspirin and clopidogrel resistance

Antiplatelet therapy has demonstrated significant clinical benefit in the treatment of acute coronary syndrome. However, as with any treatment strategy it has been unable to prevent all cardiovascular events. This is far from surprising when considering the complexity of arterial thrombosis and more specifically platelet physiology. This lack of treatment success has provoked the introduction of various diagnostic tests and testing platforms with the intent of guiding and optimizing clinical treatment. Such tests have resulted in the generation of clinical data that suggest suboptimal response to antiplatelet agents such as aspirin and clopidogrel. In the case of both aspirin and clopidogrel, this suboptimal response has been termed resistance. Drug resistance would imply a lack of pharmacological response that has not been specifically investigated in many of the clinical studies performed to date. Rather, the term resistance has been used to describe various facets of platelet activation and aggregation relative to the testing method. Many of these measured parameters are not addressed in the therapeutic intent of the antiplatelet drug in question.
On kq representations in quantum mechanics

The Bloch-type functions for linear harmonic oscillators introduced recently by Krivoshlykov et al. (1977) are shown to be identical to the kq representation functions of Zak (1972). As a by-product of this analysis an interesting linear partial differential equation is obtained for Jacobi's theta 3 function with certain periodic boundary conditions. Finally the authors point out briefly the relation between the so called coherent angular momentum states and kq-type representations.
Blackbody Infrared Radiative Dissociation of Oligonucleotide Anions

The dissociation kinetics of a series of doubly deprotonated oligonucleotide 7-mers [d(A) 7 2− , d(AATTAAT)2−, d(TTAATTA)2−, and d(CCGGCCG)2−] were measured using blackbody infrared radiative dissociation in a Fourier-transform mass spectrometer. The oligonucleotides dissociate first by cleavage at the glycosidic bond leading to the loss of a neutral nucleobase, followed by cleavage at the adjacent (5′) phosphodiester bond to produce structurally informative a-base and w type ions. From the temperature dependence of the unimolecular dissociation rate constants, Arrhenius activation parameters in the zero-pressure limit are obtained for the loss of base. The measured Arrhenius parameters are dependent on the identity of the nucleobase. The process involving the loss of an adenine base from the dianions, d(A) 7 2− , d(AATTAAT)2−, and d(TTAATTA)2− has an average activation energy (E a ) of ∼1.0 eV and a preexponential factor (A) of 1010 s−1. Both guanine and cytosine base loss occurs for d(CCGGCCG)2−. The average Arrhenius parameters for the loss of cytosine and guanine are E a =1.32 ± 0.03 eV and A=1013.3±0.3 s−1. No loss of thymine was observed for mixed adenine-thymine oligonucleotides. Neither base loss nor any other fragmentation reactions occur for d(T) 7 2− over a 600 s reaction delay at 207 °C, a temperature close to the upper limit accessible with our instrument. The Arrhenius parameters indicate that the preferred cleavage sites for mixed oligonucleotides of similar mass-to-charge ratio will be strongly dependent on the internal energy of the precursor ions. At low internal energies (effective temperatures below 475 K), loss of adenine and subsequent cleavage of the adjacent phosphoester bonds will dominate, whereas at higher energies, preferential cleavage at C and G residues will occur. The magnitude of the A factors ≤1013 s−1 measured for the loss of the three nucleobases (A, G, and C) is indicative of an entropically neutral or disfavored process as the rate limiting step for this reaction.
Commercialization of university research in Canada: An NRC/IRAP perspective

The National Research Council's Industrial Research Assistance Program (NRC-IRAP) is one of several Government of Canada programs that seek to bridge the gap between invention and successful commercialization. In order to successfully bring an invention to market, several key elements must co-exist: 1) the invention itself, 2) a viable and addressable market to consume the invention, 3) sufficient funds to convert the invention into a product, 4) a viable business model with acceptable gross margins to generate sufficient profits from product sales and 5) the people with the passion to transition the invention into a product. NRC-IRAP's considerable experience in supporting small technology companies has enabled it to more effectively identify and recognize the issues that these new firms must address before they can succeed in the market. This, in turn, has allowed NRC-IRAP to develop innovative support pillars that help new firms succeed.
HUMAN EXPOSURE TO VOLATILE ORGANIC POLLUTANTS: Implications for Indoor Air Studies ⁄

▪ Abstract Over the past 20 years, a new scientific discipline based on direct measurement of human exposure to environmental pollutants has developed. The fundamental principle of the new science is to “measure where the people are.” This has required developing small, lightweight, quiet personal monitors for volatile organic compounds and other pollutants. A second principle has been to measure body burden, particularly exhaled breath, whenever possible to determine the relationship between exposure and dose. Studies employing the new monitors and breath measurements have overturned accepted ideas about the sources of most volatile organic pollutants. The main sources turn out surprisingly often to be small, close to the person, and completely unregulated. These findings should result in major changes in our approach to environmental regulation; however, powerful forces of resistance would need to be overcome.
Robust sliding mode harmonic oscillator suitable for low frequencies

Sliding mode control technique, including recently developed integral sliding mode control, is used to robustly stabilize the amplitude and frequency of the output of a second-order harmonic oscillator system. It is shown that the output of the proposed configuration is a sinusoidal signal whose amplitude and frequency are robust to bounded disturbances. The structure of the proposed sliding mode controlled oscillator is appropriate to generate low frequency sinusoidal oscillations. A computer simulation is performed to manifest the theoretical analysis.
Isolation, purification and partial characterization of novel fluorophores from aging human insoluble collagen-rich tissue.

Collagen undergoes progressive browning with aging and diabetes characterized by yellowing, fluorescence and crosslinking, the cause of which remains unelucidated. As an initial step towards understanding the mechanism(s) of insolubilization of collagen in aging, the major fluorophores/chromophores from the insoluble fraction of human dura mater were isolated and their spectroscopic properties were characterized. High molecular weight tryptic peptides of insoluble collagen were cleaved by sequential enzymatic digestion followed by separation into high (HMW) and low molecular weight (LMW) fractions by gel filtration chromatography. LMW was further separated by paper and reverse phase chromatography (HPLC). Two fluorescent peaks, nicknamed P and M, were obtained from LMW which had UV maxima at 325 and 350 nm and excitation/fluorescence maxima at 335/385 and 360/460 nm, respectively. Fluorophore M was borohydride reducible and unstable to acid-hydrolysis, while P remained unaffected. Large quantities of fluorophore M and pyridinoline were found in the highly crosslinked HMW fraction remaining following exhaustive proteolytic digestion. Fluorophore P and M were the major fluorophores recovered from the tryptic digest of insoluble dura mater. Fluorescence spectra of M suggest an iminopropene type of configuration which could result from nonenzymatic browning of collagen with, e.g., glucose or malonyldialdehyde, as a result of lipid peroxidation. Spectroscopic and chemical properties of fluorophore P were reminiscent but not identical with those of pyridinium crosslinks. Structure elucidation of these fluorophores is expected to provide important insight into the aging processes of the extracellular matrix.
Managed care gatekeeping, emergency medicine coding, and insurance reimbursement outcomes for 980 emergency department visits from four states nationwide

Abstract Study Objective: We analyzed 980 emergency department visits for 951 patients with managed care insurance to document gatekeeping interactions and compare ED coding with professional fee billing reimbursements. Methods: A prospective cohort study was performed at 12 academic and community hospital EDs in 4 states involving consecutive ED patients with managed care insurance. The main outcomes measured were gatekeeper decisions, coding levels, and reimbursement. Results: Preauthorization for payment was required from managed care gatekeepers for 876 (89%) patients. Authorization was granted for 490 (56%) of these visits and denied in 176 (20%) visits; gatekeepers were not available for 210 (24%) visits. Reimbursement was initially denied for 211 (43%) of the ED visits preapproved by managed care gatekeepers. Reimbursement was initially denied for most (634 or 65%) visits, and downcoding occurred in the other 346 (35%) visits. Appeals for 560 (57%) visits resulted in a decrease in the number of unreimbursed ED visits to 193 and an increase in the number of reimbursed ED visits to 787. Conclusion: Preauthorization gatekeeping is not predictive of whether managed care third-party payers will initially reimburse ED visits. Overall, almost two thirds of all ED claims were initially denied, and reimbursed claims were uniformly downcoded. On appeal, reimbursement was often reinstated or increased, although billing services only appealed about half of ED visits. [Young GP, Ellis J, Becher J, Yeh C, Kovar J, Levitt MA. Managed care gatekeeping, emergency medicine coding, and insurance reimbursement outcomes for 980 emergency department visits from four states nationwide. Ann Emerg Med. January 2002;39:24-30.]
Not Your Father's Civil War: Engaging Students through Social History

The 150th anniversary of the American Civil War has brought renewed interest in the war itself and in how social studies educators teach the Civil War in their U.S. history courses. The authors encourage teachers to use social history as a vehicle to engage their students in a more complete examination of the war and to foster a deeper understanding of how wars are fought by societies as well as armies. The article discusses ways in which teachers can focus on the experiences of women, African Americans, and civilians to help students see the war through new lenses. By working with visual images and letters as well as government documents and firsthand accounts from sources such as the Southern Claims Commission surveys, students see the active role played by groups of ordinary people as they sought to advance their political and economic interests. In addition to providing a rationale for using social history in the teaching of the Civil War, the authors include two lesson plans that teachers can easily ...
Ileal pouch anal anastomosis in pediatric familial adenomatous polyposis: A 24-year review of operative technique and patient outcomes

Abstract Background Total proctocolectomy with ileal pouch anal anastomosis (IPAA) is the operative procedure of choice for familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) patients. We review 24years of operative experience and outcomes in pediatric patients with FAP. Methods Patients with FAP, age Results 95 patients with FAP underwent IPAA. Mean age at IPAA was 15.5years with a mean follow-up of 7.6years. 29 patients underwent 1-stage IPAA, 65 patients had a two-stage IPAA, and 1 patient underwent a 3-stage procedure. 67 patients had an open procedure, 25 underwent a laparoscopic approach, and more recently 3 patients underwent single incision laparoscopic IPAA. Patients with 1-stage IPAA demonstrate better long term bowel control vs. 2-stage IPAA patients (10.7% vs. 36.0% occasional incontinence, p=0.018). However, 1-stage IPAA patients suffered increased short-term complications, such as anastomotic leak (17.2% vs. 0%, p=0.002) and reoperation (20.7% vs. 4.6%, p=0.02) compared to 2-stage IPAA. Anal anastomosis polyp recurrence occurred in 22.7% of 1-stage patients and 10.0% of 2-stage patients. Short-term complications, polyp recurrence, or long-term continence were equivalent between open and laparoscopic cases. Conclusion Single-stage IPAA in children with FAP is associated with better bowel control but increased anastomotic leak, reoperative rate, and polyp recurrence. In experienced hands, laparoscopic IPAA is equivocal to open IPAA.
On Similarities Between Causal Judgments in Experienced and Described Situations

Wasserman (1990a) has reported an experiment that shows that people's attributions of causality in circumstances where they have to make inferences from brief verbal descriptions correspond to the attributions they make in situations where they actually experience causal sequences, and on the basis of that result he has suggested that psychologists should search for general laws of learning that might account for correspondences such as this one. I briefly describe some further similarities that can be obtained between causal judgments in experienced and described situations. However, the suggestion that a common mechanism may be involved in the two cases is questioned. Instead, I suggest that the correspondence is little more than a coincidence: It does not arise from the operation of a common mechanism. Instead, I argue that people, along with other organisms, possess an associative learning mechanism that operates in experienced situations, but we also possess domain-specific causal beliefs and metabel...
Facilitating prelinguistic communication skills in young children with developmental delay.

Very little research has focused on the development and evaluation of intervention strategies designed to facilitate the acquisition of prelinguistic communication skills. We conducted two experime...
Methylotrophy in a Lake: from Metagenomics to Single-Organism Physiology

This review provides a brief summary of ongoing studies in Lake Washington (Seattle, WA) directed at an understanding of the content and activities of microbial communities involved in methylotrophy. One of the findings from culture-independent approaches, including functional metagenomics, is the prominent presence of Methylotenera species in the site and their inferred activity in C1 metabolism, highlighting the local environmental importance of this group. Comparative analyses of individual genomes of Methylophilaceae from Lake Washington provide insights into their genomic divergence and suggest significant metabolic flexibility.
Optimizing the Remedial Process at a Petroleum Hydrocarbon Contaminated Site Using a Three-Tier Approach

Pump and treat (PT in the second tier, we used multivariate analysis include principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least square regression (PLSR) to identify the spatial and temporal pattern in the monitoring data, and to construct a statistical model to predict future contaminant levels; in the third tier, we used MODFLOW, a USGS developed finite-difference flow module for aquifer simulation, and interpretation of the hydraulic capture of extraction wells and contaminant migration. Based on the tiered analysis, we designed an improved groundwater monitoring program and pumping strategy. The RPO is expected to save 68% groundwater monitoring cost, and 30% P&T operation and maintenance (O&M) cost.
Pediatric and neonatal interfacility transport: results from a national consensus conference.

The practice of pediatric/neonatal interfacility transport continues to expand. Transport teams have evolved into mobile ICUs capable of delivering state-of-the-art critical care during pediatric and neonatal transport. The most recent document regarding the practice of pediatric/neonatal transport is more than a decade old. The following article details changes in the practice of interfacility transport over the past decade and expresses the consensus views of leaders in the field of transport medicine, including the American Academy of Pediatrics’ Section on Transport Medicine. * Abbreviations: AAP — : American Academy of Pediatrics EMS — : emergency medical services EMTALA — : Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act SOTM — : Section on Transport Medicine
Targeted Disruption of the Leukotriene B4Receptor in Mice Reveals Its Role in Inflammation and Platelet-Activating Factor–Induced Anaphylaxis

Leukotrienes are derived from arachidonic acid and serve as mediators of inflammation and immediate hypersensitivity. Leukotriene B4 (LTB4) and leukotriene C4 (LTC4) act through G protein–coupled receptors LTB4 receptor (BLTR) and Cys-LTR, respectively. To investigate the physiological role of BLTR, we produced mice with a targeted disruption of the BLTR gene. Mice deficient for BLTR (BLTR−/−) developed normally and had no apparent hematopoietic abnormalities. Peritoneal neutrophils from BLTR−/− mice displayed normal responses to the inflammatory mediators C5a and platelet-activating factor (PAF) but did not respond to LTB4 for calcium mobilization or chemotaxis. Additionally, LTB4 elicited peritoneal neutrophil influx in control but not in BLTR−/− mice. Thus, BLTR is the sole receptor for LTB4-induced inflammation in mice. Neutrophil influx in a peritonitis model and acute ear inflammation in response to arachidonic acid was significantly reduced in BLTR−/− mice. In mice, intravenous administration of PAF induces immediate lethal anaphylaxis. Surprisingly, female BLTR−/− mice displayed selective survival (6 of 9; P = 0.002) relative to male (1 of 11) mice of PAF-induced anaphylaxis. These results demonstrate the role of BLTR in leukotriene-mediated acute inflammation and an unexpected sex-related involvement in PAF-induced anaphylaxis.
Isolation of a reovirus from coho salmon ( Oncorhynchus kisutch ) in Oregon, USA

Reoviruses isolated from aquatic animals share certain common characteristics: (1) a typical reovirus-like morphology which shows an icosahedral particle with a double caps id that is approximately 75 nm in diameter; (2) a genome with eleven segments of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) distributed as three large, three medium and five small segments with a total molecular weight of approximately 15 x 10; (3) a virion composed of five major and several minor structural proteins that range in molecular weight from 32,000 to 137,000; and (4) form plaque-like syncytia in monolayer cultures of fish cells. Intact virus particles have buoyant densities in CsCl of 1.34 to 1.36 g/ml. The viruses have been isolated from fish and shellfish collected in both the marine and freshwater environments and will replicate in several fish cell lines (Plumb et sd., 1979; Meyers and Hirai, 1980; Winton et al., 1981; Nagabayashi and Mori, 1983; Hedrick et al., 1984; Chen and Jiang, 1984). The original four aquatic reovirus isolates have been compared by Winton et al., 1 987.
Metabolic Pathways in Green Algae with Potential Value for Biofuel Production

This chapter examines the basic metabolic pathways in algae that might be developed to produce advanced biofuels in the next 20 years as viable alternatives to currently exploited ethanol pathways used in the production of first- and second-generation biofuels.
Distribution of Elastomers and Silica in Polymer Blends Characterized by Raman Microimaging Technique

Abstract Raman microimaging technique was used to study the distribution of silica filler and elastomer domains in binary and ternary polymer blends containing cis1–4-polybutadiene BR; brominated poly(isobutylenecoparamethylstyrene) BIMS; Natural Rubber, NR; and/or Styrene-Butadiene Rubber, SBR. Contour maps depicting distribution of the elastomer phases and silica within each phase were obtained for 1 μm thick sections of blends having different compositions. All polymers were uniformly distributed throughout the blends. However, on a micrometer scale local fluctuations were clearly observed using Raman microimaging. The BR component is not as compatible with BIMS as are the other polymers based upon the presence of some single-phase BR domains exceeding 5 μm. Addition of the third polymer, either SBR or NR, to the blend improves the BR compatibility with BIMS since the BR domains are not as large. At low concentrations in a ternary blend, the NR phase appears concentrated near the BR domains, but in sam...
Effect of Simple Duodenal Obstruction upon the Combined Gastric, Pancreatic, Biliary and Duodenal Secretions.

Dragstedt and Dragstedt1 found in anesthetized animals prepared for the simultaneous collection of gastric, pancreatic and duodenal secretions that the intravenous injection of sublethal doses of fluid obtained from an obstructed duodenum or a closed intestinal loop produced “a striking increase in all of the secretions . . . . ” Ivy et al.2 later reported that in 7 animals with Pavlov pouches of the stomach the production of a pyloric stenosis decreased at first the secretion of the pouch in response to a test meal. Later 4 of the 7 animals showed a moderate “hypersecretion”. Dragstedt, Montgomery, Ellis and Matthews3 stated that the experiments referred to above1 “suggest that under conditions similar to those existing in acute dilatation of the stomach, there occurs an absorption of toxic substances from the duodenum which have a pronounced secretogogue action”. Recently Sungchin Kim4 observed an increase in the amount of gastric juice in dogs with a duodenal obstruction.These experiments differ from t...
VALORAÇÃO DA QUALIDADE DO CAMARÃO SETE-BARBAS (Xiphopenaeus kroyeri) DESEMBARCADO NO LITORAL DE SÃO PAULO, BRASIL

RESUMO O setor pesqueiro mantem sua importância em relacao a oferta de alimentos e cumpre importante papel, visto proporcionar mais de 15% do consumo total de proteina animal. Os crustaceos ocupam o quarto lugar em volume de captura no mundo e o alto valor comercial destes os tornam relevantes em relacao ao montante financeiro gerado pela atividade pesqueira. Atualmente, a garantia da qualidade e requisito para a permanencia no mercado, sendo exigida dentro de especificacoes previamente estabelecidas, tanto pelas autoridades sanitarias brasileiras como dos paises para os quais o pescado e exportado. No caso do camarao marinho, o conceito de qualidade envolve atributos sensoriais, caracteristicas fisicas, quimicas, biologicas, e ainda as tecnicas de captura, processamento, armazenamento, rastreabilidade, apresentacao do produto, atencao da empresa com os aspectos ambientais e contribuicao para o bem estar social. No entanto, a comercializacao de camaroes envolve alguns entraves que afetam sua qualidade, dentre eles, a melanose e o uso abusivo de aditivos sao os que trazem maiores prejuizos. A oferta de produtos com qualidade deficiente pode gerar consequencias graves a saude do consumidor. Considerando que o camarao marinho continua sendo o principal responsavel pela oferta global do produto e sua importância em termos de divisas geradas pela exportacao, existe necessidade de se implementar programas de gestao da qualidade deste alimento e para tal, e imprescindivel o desenvolvimento de padroes e/ou regulamentos de qualidade especie especificos, visto a enormidade de fatores intrinsecos a especie na determinacao da qualidade.
Parallel Incision, Unstented Extravesical Ureteroneocystostomy: Followup of 203 Kidney Transplants

AbstractA parallel incision, unstented extravesical ureteroneocystostomy was used in 203 human kidney transplants. The reoperation rate was 1 per cent. Extravasation of urine occurred in 3 patients, 1 of whom required surgical repair. One patient required transurethral fulguration of a ureteral bleeder. Two patients had grade 1 reflux and none required repair. No patient had ureteral obstruction at the anastomosis. This simple technique is useful because ureteral length and bladder dissection are minimal, and no separate cystotomy is required. The adequacy of the submucosal tunnel is judged when the ureter is passed through it.
The Parentage Testing Proficiency Survey Program of the College of American Pathologists

External proficiency testing is a requirement for accreditation of parentage testing laboratories by the American Association of Blood Banks (AABB). In 1993 the College of American Pathologists (CAP), in collaboration with the AABB, created a joint parentage testing proficiency survey program, PI, to replace the PSP program of the AABB.
The Psychometrics of the Children’s Depression Inventory When Used With Children Who Are Chronically Ill and Matched Community Comparison Peers:

The Children’s Depression Inventory (CDI) is used to screen for depression in children aged 7 years to 16 years. The purpose of this study is to examine the psychometrics of the CDI in a sample of ...
Nausea, Vomiting, and Hormonal Disorders

Many hormonal and metabolic alterations are associated with nausea and vomiting, symptoms which may mimic gastrointestinal diseases and result in difficult diagnostic challenges. Metabolic/hormone alterations causing nausea and vomiting can be diagnosed with routine laboratory tests; others require a higher index of clinical suspicion and more elaborate diagnostic testing. Current approaches to the differential diagnosis of selected hormonal diseases associated with nausea and vomiting are reviewed with a focus on Addison’s disease and diabetes and gastroparesis. The management of glycemia in patients with diabetic gastroparesis, a formidable challenge for clinicians and patients, is reviewed.
Powder characterisation techniques and effects of powder characteristics on part properties in powder-bed fusion processes

ABSTRACTPowder-bed fusion is a class of Additive Manufacturing (AM) processes that bond successive layers of powder to facilitate the creation of parts with complex geometries. As AM technology transitions from the fabrication of prototypes to end-use parts, the understanding of the powder properties needed to reliably produce parts of acceptable quality becomes critical. Consequently, this has led to the use of powder characterisation techniques such as scanning electron microscopy, laser light diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and differential thermal analysis to study the effect of powder characteristics on part properties. Utilisation of these powder characterisation methods to study particle morphology, chemistry, and microstructure has resulted in significant strides being made towards the optimisation of powder properties. This paper reviews methods commonly used in characterising AM powders, and the effects of powder characteristics on the part properties in powder-bed fusion processes.
On the Intended and Unintended Consequences of Enhanced U.S. Border and Interior Immigration Enforcement: Evidence From Mexican Deportees

Since about 2000, a number of federal and state policies have been implemented in the United States with the intention of stemming the flow of illegal immigration. In this article, we focus on two initiatives: (1) Operation Streamline, as an example of increased border enforcement by the federal government; and (2) state-level omnibus immigration laws, as an illustration of enhanced interior enforcement by state governments. We investigate whether these policies have reduced the intentions of deported Mexican immigrants to attempt a new unauthorized crossing. Although state-level omnibus immigration laws reduce the proportion of deportees intending to attempt a new crossing, increased border enforcement has proven to be far less effective. In addition, we ascertain the human costs associated with these policies. Our findings are mixed in this regard. Noteworthy is how the adoption of more stringent interior enforcement seems to result in a “herding” or “ganging-up” effect, whereby the incidence of verbal and physical abuse rises with the number of states enacting such measures. Additionally, our estimates suggest that deportees are more likely to respond that they have risked their lives to cross into the United States as a result of enhanced border enforcement.