cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Portable Chest Radiography as an Exclusionary Test for Adverse Clinical Outcomes During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Background Chest radiography (CXR) often is performed in the acute setting to help understand the extent of respiratory disease in patients with COVID-19, but a clearly defined role for negative chest radiograph results in assessing patients has not been described. Research Question Is portable CXR an effective exclusionary test for future adverse clinical outcomes in patients suspected of having COVID-19? Study Design and Methods Charts of consecutive patients suspected of having COVID-19 at five EDs in New York City between March 19, 2020, and April 23, 2020, were reviewed. Patients were categorized based on absence of findings on initial CXR. The primary outcomes were hospital admission, mechanical ventilation, ARDS, and mortality. Results Three thousand two hundred forty-five adult patients, 474 (14.6%) with negative initial CXR results, were reviewed. Among all patients, negative initial CXR results were associated with a low probability of future adverse clinical outcomes, with negative likelihood ratios of 0.27 (95% CI, 0.23-0.31) for hospital admission, 0.24 (95% CI, 0.16-0.37) for mechanical ventilation, 0.19 (95% CI, 0.09-0.40) for ARDS, and 0.38 (95% CI, 0.29-0.51) for mortality. Among the subset of 955 patients younger than 65 years and with a duration of symptoms of at least 5 days, no patients with negative CXR results died, and the negative likelihood ratios were 0.17 (95% CI, 0.12-0.25) for hospital admission, 0.09 (95% CI, 0.02-0.36) for mechanical ventilation, and 0.09 (95% CI, 0.01-0.64) for ARDS. Interpretation Initial CXR in adult patients suspected of having COVID-19 is a strong exclusionary test for hospital admission, mechanical ventilation, ARDS, and mortality. The value of CXR as an exclusionary test for adverse clinical outcomes is highest among young adults, patients with few comorbidities, and those with a prolonged duration of symptoms.
Exploring Sources of Engineering Teaching Self-Efficacy for Pre-Service Elementary Teachers

The Next Generation Science Standards (2013) put a special emphasis on engineering for K-12 science education. However, a significant number of elementary teachers still feel unprepared to integrate engineering into their science programs. It is, therefore, incumbent upon science educators to update their elementary science methods courses to accommodate engineering especially in the states which adopted the NGSS. In this study, we taught an engineering unit in an elementary science teaching methods course to examine what instructional components and learning experiences provided in the engineering unit enhance teachers’ engineering teaching self-efficacy beliefs. Our research questions addressed to what extent the engineering education intervention improved pre-service teachers’ engineering teaching efficacy beliefs and what instructional components and learning experiences served as sources of self-efficacy contributing to the improvement of pre-service elementary teachers’ engineering teaching efficacy beliefs. We also explored how pre-service teachers viewed the relative importance of the sources of teaching efficacy stemming from the engineering unit. The participants comprised 84 pre-service teachers enrolled in an elementary education program at a public university in the Southwestern United States. Data obtained from the Engineering Teaching Efficacy Beliefs Instrument (ETEBI) indicated that the pre-service teachers’ personal teaching efficacy beliefs significantly improved after the engineering intervention; however, the engineering intervention had a small impact on teachers’ engineering teaching outcome expectancy beliefs. Written reflections used to explore the sources of engineering teaching efficacy and the relative importance of each source showed that cognitive content mastery and cognitive pedagogical mastery were the major sources of engineering teaching self-efficacy among the pre-service elementary teachers. Our study illustrated that integrating engineering design activities with explicit-reflective instruction on the nature of engineering concepts could enhance pre-service teachers’ personal engineering teaching efficacy beliefs even though a relatively small impact was observed in their engineering teaching outcome expectancy beliefs. Also, the study indicated cognitive content mastery and cognitive pedagogical mastery were the most important sources of engineering teaching efficacy. Therefore, the study suggests that it is vital to integrate a variety of mastery and vicarious experiences in methods courses to support the development of teachers’ engineering teaching efficacy beliefs. Besides, the current study could provide an example for integrating engineering education in methods courses.
Demographic Composition of the Board and the Managerial Efficiency of Credit Unions

In this paper we use non-parametric envelopment methods to determine whether the demographic composition of the board of directors effects the efficiency in which credit unions offer loans and savings products to their members. We find strong evidence credit unions with boards where the majority of directors are either women or racial and ethnic minorities improves the provision of financial services among the largest and most complex credit unions. We also observe strong evidence that credit unions with minority governed boards operate more efficiently than their counterparts in communities that are more racially diverse, while female governed boards are more efficient in communities where there is greater parity of economic opportunity across genders. These findings suggest greater inclusion of minorities and women on boards of credit unions is not only of importance to these firms’ survival, but is also important to the efficient provision of financial services to their members.
Real-time predictors of body dissatisfaction in females with binge eating: an ecological momentary assessment study.

Body dissatisfaction (BD) is supported as a maintenance factor for eating disorders (EDs) characterized by binge eating (BE). Although it is traditionally conceptualized as a trait construct, ecological momentary assessment (EMA) studies have shown that it fluctuates within-day and that momentary elevations in BD prospectively predict near-time ED behaviors. However, less is known about the contextual factors that precipitate these fluctuations in BD. The current study thus sought to examine whether certain internal (i.e., negative affect, shape/weight-related cognitions) and environmental (i.e., attending social events, being exposed to thin-ideal media, spending time on social media) factors prospectively predict momentary elevations in BD in females with BE. Participants (n = 25) completed an EMA protocol over 14 days. Data on BD and internal and environmental factors were analyzed using generalized estimating equations. Results showed that (1) greater than one’s usual negative affect and shape/weight-related cognitions, and (2) spending time on social media prospectively predicted momentary elevations in BD. Interestingly, attending social events prospectively predicted momentary reductions in BD. These findings may have important implications for conceptualizing and managing BD to prevent ED behaviors. Level II, controlled trial without randomization.
THE CRISIS IN THRIFT INSTITUTIONS AND HOUSING FINANCE

Fifty years ago the United States federal government did not build or subsidize public housing. It did not make, or guarantee, real estate or home mortgage loans or subsidize any form of home financing. Nor did it provide any type of subsidy or assistance to induce private banks or any other lender to make housing or any other type of loans. This country had a largely free market that allocated resources and distributed credit to industry, housing, consumption, or whatever. But fifty years ago this country was experiencing a deep and worsening depression with economic activity slowing on all fronts. Residential building had virtually ceased because there was a large inventory of unsold houses overhanging the market. New mortgage financing was nearly impossible to obtain. The default rate on existing mortgage loans was climbing, and banks were increasingly forced to foreclose. These bad loans, and difficulties in disposing of foreclosed properties in the depressed market, contributed to the weakened condition of the banks and to a steadily increasing number of bank
Characterization of Ge and C Implanted Si Diodes

Electrical characterization of diodes formed by Ge and C implantations in Si was performed. The results were compared with those obtained for a corresponding Si control device. Current-voltage measurements confirm that carbon doping improves the crystalline quality of the Ge-implanted SiGe layer. However, capacitance-voltage measurements indicate that carbon implantation causes significant dopant deactivation.
Outcomes with porcine acellular dermal matrix versus synthetic mesh and suture in complicated open ventral hernia repair

Abstract Background: Mesh reinforcement as part of open ventral hernia repair (OVHR) has become the standard of care. However, there is no consensus on the ideal type of mesh to use. In many clinical situations, surgeons are reluctant to use synthetic mesh. Options in these complicated OVHRs include suture repair or the use of biologic mesh such as porcine acellular dermal matrix (PADM). There has been a paucity of controlled studies reporting long-term outcomes with biologic meshes. We hypothesized that compared with synthetic mesh in OVHR, PADM is associated with fewer surgical site infections (SSI) but more seromas and recurrences. Additionally, compared with suture repair, we hypothesized that PADM is associated with fewer recurrences but more SSIs and seromas. Methods: A retrospective study was performed of all complicated OVHRs performed at a single institution from 2000–2011. All data were captured from the electronic medical records of the service network. Data were compared in two ways. First, pa...
The effect of marathon training upon menstrual function

Detailed questionnaires were distributed to the 1,841 women who entered the 1979 New York City Marathon; the questions pertained to obstetric, gynecologic, and athletic histories, as well as height and weight. The incidence of oligomenorrhea/amenorrhea among the 394 respondents was 24% during training and 19% prior to training. The incidence of infertility among respondents was 10%. Of those women who had had regular menses prior to training, 93% continued to have regular menses during training. Amenorrheic women were significantly lighter (P < 0.005) than regularly menstruating women and had significantly lower weight/height ratios (P < 0.0005). The best predictor of a woman's menstrual pattern during training was her pretraining menstrual pattern. Thinness was associated with amenorrhea, regardless of training.
Quantitative autoradiography of 4′-ethynyl-4-n-[2,3-3H2]propylbicycloorthobenzoate binding to the GABAA receptor complex

Ethynyl-4-n-(2,3-3H,lpropylbicycloorthobenzoate (13HlEBOB) binding to the GABA, receptor complex was characterized autoradiographically in rat brain and then its binding in human brain was investigated. ( 3H)EBOB binding was saturable, specific and identified a single population of binding sites. The K, obtained from saturation studies was 4.59 nM. Picrotoxin produced dose-dependent inhibition of ( 3H)EBOB binding and saturation analysis indicated a competitive interaction. Isoguvacine inhibited (3H)EBOB binding with regionally different effects. Bicuculline increased (3H)EBOB binding only in the cerebellar granule cell layer. In human cerebellum, a high level of t3H)EBOB binding sites was seen in the granule cell layer. These results suggest that (3H)EBOB binds to the picrotoxin binding site associated with the GABA, receptor complex, that regional differences in GABA, agonist and antagonist modulation of (3H)EBOB binding reflect underlying regional differences in GABA, receptor subunit composition, and that there is a species difference in GABA, receptor distribution between human and rat cerebellum.
African American and Latino youth and post-traumatic stress syndrome: effects on school violence and interventions for school counselors

Post-Traumatic Stress Syndrome (PTSD) is found more frequently in inner-city African American and Latino youth than in European American youth. Previous research on PTSD and its relationship with inner-city violence, minority youth, school violence and institutionalized oppression is examined. School counselor's roles and possible interventions are discussed and an interdisciplinary collaborative model for helping students with PTSD is introduced.
Deacylated transfer ribonucleic acid as a factor for peptide chain initiation in rabbit reticulocyte systems.

Abstract Evidence is presented that is interpreted as reflecting a codon-directed specific requirement for deacylated transfer RNA in reactions associated in sequence with the initiation of polyphenylalanine synthesis in a fractionated transfer system derived from rabbit reticulocytes. The ability of deacylated transfer RNA to participate in these early reactions, as measured by a shift in the optimum Mg++ concentration for the synthesis of polyphenylalanine, is destroyed by mild oxidation with sodium periodate under conditions which destroy the ability of transfer RNA to accept amino acids. After periodate oxidation (to remove activity due to contaminating deacylated transfer RNA), preparations of transfer RNA containing phenylalanyl-tRNA or N-acetylphenylalanyl-tRNA are also inactive in these early reactions of chain initiation. Evidence is also presented that is interpreted as indicating that N-acylated amino acids may play no role in the initiation of α and β chains of globin. N-Formylmethionyl-tRNA was not detected in preparations containing methionyl-tRNA formed in intact reticulocytes. Similar results were obtained for the N-acetyl and N-formyl derivatives of phenylalanine, valine, alanine, leucine, and serine. Furthermore, very little formate, if any, is present as the NH2-terminal residues of incomplete globin peptide chains that are initiated in intact cells and that remain attached to polysomes during isolation. Most, if not all, of these nascent globin chains exist with valine with a free amino group as the NH2-terminal amino acid. It is suggested that the initiation of synthesis of globin peptides may involve a codon-directed requirement for deacylated transfer RNA, by a mechanism similar to that involved in the initiation of polyphenylalanine synthesis.
An endpoint estimate for the discrete spherical maximal function

We prove that the discrete spherical maximal function extends to a bounded operator from L d/(d-2),1 (Z d ) to L d/(d-2), ∞(Z d ) in dimensions d > 5. This is an endpoint estimate for a recent theorem of Magyar, Stein and Wainger.
Killing of Cells in Bacterial Colonies

Bacterial colonies grown on membrane filters and transferred to plates of inhibitor-containing medium decrease in number of total viable colony-forming cells. The decrease in viable cell count occurs in direct proportion to the concentration of inhibitor present and the length of time the colonies are exposed to the inhibitor, suggesting that the kinetics of cell kill approximate a first-order chemical reaction.
What Do Unsuccessful Online Students Want Us To Know

Over the past twelve years, Monroe Community College (MCC), in Rochester, NY, has administered three surveys to non-successful online students to ask about their perceptions of online learning and to learn about student perceived barriers in the online environment. For these surveys, non-successful students were defined as those students who received a grade of F or W in an MCC online course. Typically, these particular students do not share their perceptions of online learning with the college because they rarely participate in end of the year student satisfaction surveys. Thus, their perceptions are often invisible and unknown to institutions. In the MCC surveys, students were asked to: share their perspectives on why they felt that were not successful in their online class; comment on their expectations for online classes; and share the advice that they would give to a student who was considering taking an online MCC class. The students’ responses to these questions were fairly consistent over the course of time that the surveys were conducted, 2000-2001, 2005-2006, and 2009-2010. The combined responses for the three surveys indicated that the number one reason why students felt that they were not successful in their online course was because they “got behind and couldn’t catch up.” Although online student satisfaction surveys provide insights into the perceptions of online students, the voluntary respondents to these surveys are those students who typically did well in the course. A review of the results of the responses from unsuccessful online students broadens the scope of the voice of the students and brings to the forefront the perspectives of students who were not successful. These data can help to inform the types of student services support that unsuccessful online MCC students feel are needed.
Negativity Bias in Attribution of External Agency.

This research investigated whether people are more likely to attribute events to external agents when events are negative rather than neutral or positive. Participants more often believed that ultimatum game partners were humans rather than computers when the partners offered unusually unfavorable divisions than unusually favorable divisions (Experiment 1A), even when their human partners had no financial stake in the game (Experiment 1B). In subsequent experiments, participants were most likely to infer that gambles were influenced by an impartial participant when the outcomes of those gambles were losses rather than wins (Experiments 2 and 3), despite their explicitly equal probability. The results suggest a negative agency bias—negative events are more often attributed to the influence of external agents than similarly positive and neutral events, independent of their subjective probability.
Heat Pipe Performance in Microgravity: Lessons From the Constrained Vapor Bubble, CVB, Capillary Fin Experiment

The Constrained Vapor Bubble (CVB) is a prototype for a wickless heat pipe and was developed into an experiment that was run in the microgravity environment of the International Space Station during 2010. Since the CVB is transparent, we can visualize the flow processes within the device in a way not possible before. Results from the experiment indicate that the CVB operates at higher pressures and temperatures in microgravity, a consequence of radiation being the only mechanism for removing heat from the device. The temperature profile data along the heat pipe and corresponding heat transfer calculations indicate that CVB performance is enhanced in the microgravity environment due to increased capillary flow even though heat transfer to the external environment is diminished by the absence of natural convection. Image data of the liquid profile in the grooves of the heat pipe indicate that the curvature gradient is considerably different from that on Earth and supports the conclusion that capillary flow and internal heat transfer is increased. Operations with the 20 mm version of the device allowed us to view explosive nucleation within the CVB upon device start-up. In this scenario, bubble nucleation occurred spontaneously and periodically at the hot end of the device. The nucleation process sent a shock wave through the pipe that collapsed the original bubble as a new vapor space was generated. The newly formed bubble returned to its original size, shape and location as heat loss from the CVB reestablished the original, pseudo-steady-state temperature and pressure profiles.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
An improved algorithm for video compression

The use of permutations in data compression is an aspect that is worthy of further exploration. The work that has been done in video compression based on permutations was primarily oriented toward lossless algorithms. The study of previous algorithms has led to a new algorithm that could be either lossless or lossy, for which the amount of compression and the quality of the output can be controlled. The lossless version of our algorithm performs close to lossy versions of H.264 and it improves on them for the majority of the videos that we analyzed. Our algorithm could be used in situations where there is a need for lossless compression and the video sequences are part of a single scene, e.g., medical videos, where loss of information could be risky or expensive.
Combined first-trimester versus second-trimester serum screening for Down syndrome: a cost analysis.

Abstract Objective: The purpose of this study was to compare the cost-effectiveness of combined first-trimester screening for fetal Down syndrome with second-trimester maternal serum triple screening. Study Design: A first-trimester screening approach that used nuchal translucency measurement and maternal serum screening was evaluated against second-trimester maternal serum triple screening in a hypothetic population. Screening sensitivities and screen-positive rates were 91% and 5% for the first-trimester approach and 70% and 7.5% for the second-trimester approach, respectively. The costs of fetal Down syndrome, live-born Down syndrome cost, and total costs (screening plus live-born costs) were calculated for each screening program. Results: First-trimester screening was associated with lower screening and live-born Down syndrome costs versus second-trimester serum screening. Total Down syndrome screening costs were 29.1% lower with first-trimester screening. Conclusion: In this hypothetic model, combined first-trimester screening for fetal Down syndrome was more cost-effective than universal second-trimester triple serum screening. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 2003;188:745-51.)
Children and the Environment: Ecological Awareness among Preschool Children

The present study examined ecological awareness among preschool children. Three tasks were employed with 3-to 5-year-old boys and girls residing in rural and urban communities: a picture discrimination, a picture arrangement, and a picture comprehension task. It was found the young children are able to identify graphically depicted ecological issues with accuracy, relative to the nature of the task and its level of difficulty. It was also found that boys and girls, within the age range surveyed, were comparably aware of ecological issues. Moreover, no differences were found relative to the children's place of residence. The implications of these findings for ecological education and for advancing our knowledge of the development of ecological attitudes and behavior are discussed.
Chemotherapy of Canine Hemangiosarcoma With Doxorubicin and Cyclophosphamide

Sixteen dogs with a histologic diagnosis of hemangiosarcoma were treated with surgery and doxorubicin/cyclophosphamide. The patients' characteristics, ie, age, size, and breed, were similar to those of previous studies. Historic controls for surgery alone were used to evaluate efficacy of the chemotherapy. The results show a trend of improved survival in dogs with localized disease (Stage I) receiving combination therapy. The median survival was 250 days, with a mean of 403 days. The survival times for dogs with stage I, II, and III disease was also improved with combination therapy, when compared to historical controls treated with surgery alone. The overall median survival was 202 days with a mean of 285 days. Toxicities included mild to moderate neutropenia (9 of 16) and clinical signs, such as lethargy, anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea, and fever (13 of 16). Three dogs had severe neutropenia requiring hospitalization and supportive care. One dog died from sepsis and related complications. Chemotherapy with doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide appears to improve survival with acceptable morbidity in patients with early stage disease.
Stagnation-point heat transfer during impingement of laminar liquid jets : analysis including surface tension

The stagnation-zone characteristics of an impinging liquid jet are of great interest because the maximum heat transfer coefficient occurs in that region. This is an analytical study of the fluid flow and heat transfer in the stagnation zone of an unsubmerged liquid jet. The role of surface tension is emphasized. Stagnation-zone transport is strongly dependent on the potential flow above the boundary layer. Numerical solutions for a laminar unsubmerged jet are obtained, using a simulation method for steady, inviscid, incompressible flow with surface tension
The effects of extrinsic product cues on consumers’ perceptions of quality, sacrifice, and value

The authors report the results of two experiments designed to test the effects of extrinsic cues—price, brand name, store name, and country of origin—on consumers’ perceptions of quality, sacrifice, and value. The results of the experiments support hypothesized linkages between (a) each of the four experimentally manipulated extrinsic cues and perceived quality, (b) price and perceived sacrifice, (c) perceived quality and perceived value, and (d) perceived sacrifice and perceived value. The results also indicate that the linkages between the extrinsic cues and perceived value are mediated by perceived quality and sacrifice.
Accuracy of approximate confidence bounds computed from interval censored weibull and lognormal data

Interval censored data arise frequently in industrial life tests and other applications. Maximum likelihood estimation provides a convenient means for making inferences on important distribution properties like quantiles and failure probabilities. The asymptotic normal distribution of the maximum likelihood estimators provides a simple method of setting approximate confidence bounds on these quantiles. Inverting likelihood ratio tests is another alternative. This paper uses Monte Carlo Simulation to investigate the finite sample properties of maximum likelihood estimators of Weibull and lognormal parameters and quantiles from interval censored data. We evaluate the accuracy of large sample one- and two-sided confidence bounds based on asymptotic normal theory and compare their accuracy (with respect to coverage probability) to those obtained by inverting likelihood ratio tests. Even though these procedures are asymptotically equivalent, our results show that the intervals based on inverting a likelihood r...
Assessing ex vivo dental biofilms and in vivo composite restorations using cross-polarization optical coherence tomography

A cross-polarization 1310-nm optical coherence tomography system (CP-OCT), using a beam splitter based design, was used to assess ex vivo growth of complex multi-species dental biofilms. These biofilm microcosms were derived from plaque samples along the interface of composite or amalgam restoration in children with a history of early childhood caries. This paper presents a method of measuring the mean biofilm height of mature biofilms using CP-OCT. For our in vivo application, the novel swept source based CP-OCT intraoral probe (Santec Co. Komaki, Japan) dimensions and system image acquisition speed (20 image frames/second) allowed imaging pediatric subjects as young as 4 years old. The subsurface enamel under the interface of composite resin restorations of pediatric subjects were imaged using CP-OCT. Cavitated secondary caries is clearly evident from sound resin composite restorations.
Reviewing NSF proposals: learn about effective proposal writing via the review process (abstract only)

This workshop focuses on the NSF proposal review process. Via close examination of the review process, participants gain an understanding of how to write good reviews and how to improve their own proposal writing. The workshop covers the following topic areas: the proposal review process from submission of a proposal to award or decline; elements of a good review; NSF merit criteria (intellectual merit and broader impacts); elements of a good proposal; and how to volunteer to review proposals.The workshop uses a structured guided-interactive methodology to lead participants through each topic by introducing related issues, engaging participants in group exercises designed to explore and share their understanding of the issues, and then providing some "expert" opinion on these issues. Good and bad examples and a Top Ten List of Do's and Don'ts will be provided.
Web 2.0: A New Generation of Learners and Education

ABSTRACT New social-sharing applications are transforming the Internet from a read-only (Web 1.0) environment to a read-write ecology that many are calling Web 2.0. These tools (e.g., weblogs and wikis) enable Internet users to publish information online almost as easily as they can read online, and they have tremendous potential for learning. This article provides illustrative comparisons of Web 1.0 and Web 2.0 tools to illuminate three key characteristics of the Web 2.0 platform: (a) user-initiated publishing of information without significant technical knowledge, (b) social networking, and (c) online communities formed around specific content. Key concepts, terms, and technologies central to Web 2.0, including Education 2.0, Web 2.0 students, Web 2.0 platforms and tools, and collective wisdom, are considered, along with implications for education and future research.
The stress sensitization hypothesis: Understanding the course of bipolar disorder

Abstract Background The influence of psychosocial stress on the course of bipolar disorder has been increasingly recognized. The authors tested hypotheses about both stress and early adversity “sensitization” on the course of bipolar disorder over a one-year period. Methods The participants were 58 adults (29 male and 29 female) with a diagnosis of bipolar I disorder. They were evaluated every three months for one year. Stressful life events and the presence of early adversity were assessed by structured interview. Results There was no significant interaction between stress and episode number in the prediction of bipolar recurrence. The interaction of early adversity severity and stressful life events significantly predicted recurrence in a manner consistent with the sensitization hypothesis. Participants with early adversity reported lower levels of stress prior to recurrence than those without early adversity. Individuals with early adversity also had a significantly younger age of bipolar onset. Limitations The sample size was small and the number of past episodes was determined retrospectively, mainly through self-report. Conclusions Severe early adversity may result in a greater effect of stress on bipolar recurrence and earlier onset of bipolar disorder, suggesting the need for further studies of stress mechanisms in bipolar disorder and of treatments designed to intervene early among those at risk.
The Battle for Okinawa

Partial table of contents: PREPARATIONS FOR BATTLE. Plans for 32nd Army: Yahara Versus Imperial Headquarters. THE AMERICAN ASSAULT. The Grand Strategy Unfolds. Challenge and Response. RETREAT UNDER FIRE. Counteroffensive Halted. The Headquarters Cave. Choosing a Last-Stand Location. Retreat and Attack. Farewell to Shuri. Civilians at the Last Stand. Kiyan Peninsula. The Last Battle. Cave Fantasies. EXODUS. Gushichan Cave. Coolie on a New Battlefield. Reversal of Fortune. The Colonel's Postcript. Epilogue: The Battle Ended--Capture and Return. Prisoner of War Interrogation Reports. Index.
DNA-BINDING PROTEIN AND THE CELL CYCLE IN CRYPTOTHECODINIUM COHNII. I. ON THE RESOLUTION OF METABOLICALLY STABLE COMPONENTS1

SUMMARY A soluble protein extract, obtained after 35S labeling exponential cultures of Cryptothecodinium cohnii for 4–5 generations, was fractionated on DNA-cellulose. The protein eluted at high salt concentrations from this homologous DNA-containing matrix was then separated, by chromatography on BioGel P150 and P200 sieve gels. Two prominent chromatographic species of 22,000 and 35,000 daltons plus a substantial amount of material in the molecular weight range of 80,000–140,000 were resolved. The application of this analytical procedure to the study of transcriptional control in the cell cycle is discussed.
Diet and habitat of toxodont megaherbivores (Mammalia, Notoungulata) from the late Quaternary of South and Central America

Abstract The toxodont megaherbivores Toxodon and Mixotoxodon were endemic to South and Central America during the late Quaternary. Isotopic signatures of 47 toxodont teeth were analyzed to reconstruct diet and ancient habitat. Tooth enamel carbon isotope data from six regions of South and Central America indicate significant differences in toxodont diet and local vegetation during the late Quaternary. Toxodonts ranged ecologically from C3 forest browsers in the Amazon (mean δ13C = −13.4‰), to mixed C3 grazers and/or browsers living either in C3 grasslands, or mixed C3 forested and grassland habitats in Honduras (mean δ13C = −9.3‰), Buenos Aires province, Argentina (δ13C = −8.7‰), and Bahia, Brazil (mean δ13C = −8.6‰), to predominantly C4 grazers in northern Argentina (δ13C = −4.4‰), to specialized C4 grazers in the Chaco of Bolivia (δ13C = −0.1‰). Although these toxodonts had very high-crowned teeth classically interpreted for grazing, the isotopic data indicate that these megaherbivores had the evolutionary capacity to feed on a variety of dominant local vegetation. In the ancient Amazon region, carbon isotope data for the toxodonts indicate a C3-based tropical rainforest habitat with no evidence for grasslands as would be predicted from the Neotropical forest refugia hypothesis.
An entropy approach to size and variance heterogeneity in U.S. commercial banks

In this paper, we investigate the effect of bank size differences on cost efficiency heterogeneity using a heteroskedastic stochastic frontier model. This model is implemented by using an information theoretic maximum entropy approach. We explicitly model both bank size and variance heterogeneity simultaneously. We find that non-performing loans, federal insurance premium, legal expenses and director fees drive bank inefficiency as the bank becomes larger. Moral hazard, bank management and a “too big to fail” doctrine are likely explanations for the results from this study.
On-filter analysis of quartz in respirable coal dust by infrared absorption and X-ray diffraction.

An infrared spectrometric and an independent X-ray diffraction method were developed for the analysis of α-quartz in airborne respirable coal dust. Sensitivity is such that the procedures can be used for analysis of the material from a single membrane filter such as is used for personal samplers by the Mining Enforcement and Safety Administration (MESA) in its enforcement program. Sensitivity down to less than 10 µg of quartz is obtainable. The methods are reasonably precise with good agreement between them. Their accuracy is limited by the unavailability of a true quartz standard. In both procedures dust is transferred ultarsonically from the collection filter to a small area of a second filter which is relatively infrared-transparent and has a weak X-ray background. This technique provides a substantial increase in area concentration and attendant sensitivity. Both methods, in principle, are capable of use with a wide variety of solid materials.
Current Perspectives on Distance Education in Veterinary Medicine

A brief review of technologies currently used in distance-education endeavors in veterinary curricula is presented. The article provides the results of a survey on how distance education has been used in veterinary curricula.
Spinodal decomposition during step-flow growth

Relatively little is known about the epitaxial growth of alloys that are thermodynamically unstable. An analysis here suggests that spinodal decomposition can take place by formation of step bunches with alternating composition. This provides a possible mechanism for the spontaneous formation of superlattices during molecular beam epitaxy alloy growth. Kinetic effects reduce the degree of decomposition, relative to equilibrium. At sufficiently high growth rates, decomposition is completely suppressed.
Experimental Evidence for a Temperature Dependent Transition between Normal and Inverse Equilibrium Isotope Effects for Oxidative Addition of H2 to Ir(PMe2Ph)2(CO)Cl

The equilibrium isotope effect (EIE) for oxidative addition of H2 and D2 to Ir(PMe2Ph)2(CO)Cl has been measured over a large temperature range, thereby demonstrating that the inverse ( 1) at high temperature (>90 °C). The temperature dependence of the EIE for oxidative addition of H2 and D2 to Ir(PH3)2(CO)Cl has been calculated using the geometry and vibrational frequencies obtained from DFT (B3LYP) calculations on Ir(PH3)2(CO)ClH2 and Ir(PH3)2(CO)ClD2, and is in accord with the experimentally observed transition from an inverse to normal EIE for oxidative addition of H2 and D2 to Ir(PMe2Ph)2(CO)Cl: the EIE is calculated to be inverse between 0 and 510 K, reach a maximum value of 1.15 at 867 K and then slowly decrease to unity as the temperature approaches infinity. This deviation from simple van't Hoff behavior, and the occurrence of a maximum in the EIE, is the result of the entropy term being temperature dependent. At low temperature, ...
Parallel tree pattern matching

Tree pattern matching is a fundamental operation that is used in a number of programming tasks such as code optimization in compilers, symbolic computation, automatic theorem proving and term rewriting. An important special case of this operation is linear tree pattern matching in which an instance of any variable in the pattern occurs at most once. In this paper we describe a new parallel algorithm for linear tree pattern matching using a parallel random access machine model.
Emergence of self-organized patterns in arc discharges by anode cooling

The spontaneous formation of self-organized patterns is a captivating phenomenon found in numerous physical systems. Self-organized electrode patterns have been observed experimentally in diverse types of electrical discharges, but rarely captured in general-purpose computational plasma dynamics simulations. Simulations using a thermodynamic nonequilibrium (two-temperature) model have revealed for the first time1 the spontaneous formation of self-organized anode attachment spot patterns in the free-burning arc, a canonical dc discharge. The model is implemented using a monolithic second-order-accurate variational multiscale finite element method. The simulations show the gradual emergence of spot patters with increasing levels of anode cooling: from a single diffuse spot for low cooling levels to the eventual coverage of the anode region by small spots for intense cooling (Fig. 1). Additionally, the patterns transition from steady to dynamic with decreasing total current for high cooling levels. The pattern dynamics show the formation of new spots occurring in the center of the plasma, as well as the eventual extinction of spots at the plasma boundaries. The different types of anode patterns (from diffuse to self-organized spots) have a significant effect on the total voltage drop across the plasma column, but a minor effect on other plasma characteristics away from the anode region. The obtained patterns qualitatively agree with experimental observations and confirm the hypothesis that the attachment spots originate at the fringes of the arc - anode interface.
de-Orientalizing the Chinese family firm

Since the 1960s, East Asia's «four little dragons» have become the fastest growing areas of the world economy. Inspired by a newfound pride in the traditions of Chinese culture, Chinese scholars and China specialists have traced the roots of the region's economic dynamism to its «traditional ConAjcian culture,» one of familism, collectivism, and mutual benefit. Focusing in this article on one embodiment of Confucian culture, the Chinese family firm, I question the substantive interpretations and emancipatory implications of this new discourse. Historical study of 25 Taiwanese enterprises suggests that the reality is one of conspicuous gender disparities in the distribution of work and reward. The division of labor in these firms was not a natural reflection of tradition but a political construction of the family/firm head, who was pressed to build his firm out of family resources by several features of the national and global political economies. I argue that the Confucian thesis is a form of Orientalist economics that arose in the context of, and in turn supported, a very conservative politics. By simultaneously valorizing Chinese «collectivism» and obfuscating the gender, ethnic, and other inequalities on which it is based, this discourse not only reproduced Orientalist constructions of Chinese culture, but it also discouraged the discovery of subjugated knowledges and lent support to a new, flexible form of capitalist accumulation that is based on exploitation of gender and other social inequalities. [Orientalism, power/knowledge, gender inequality, family business, political economy, flexible accumulation, China/Taiwan]
Age and Growth of the Skipjack Tuna, Katsuwonus pelamis (Linnaeus), in North Carolina Waters

Skipjack tuna, Katsuwonus pelamis, were collected from charter fishing boats operating from Hatteras and Oregon Inlet, North Carolina, from June–August for the years 1964–1965. Length-weight data were subdivided by year, area, and sex; and analysis of covariance indicated that one regression equation adequately described this relationship. Dorsal spine cross-sections were employed to assign absolute ages to the skipjack tuna. It was concluded that rings observed on the spine cross-sections were growth-marks, and that the growth-marks were annuli. Of 558 spine sections, 46 or 8.2% were unreadable. Back-calculated lengths were determined from spine radius measurements by direct proportion. At the end of the first year the average fish length was 406 mm, 2nd year—493 mm, 3rd year—569 mm, and 4th year—638 mm. Asymptotic length and growth rate was estimated to be 872 mm (K=0.154) and 784 mm (K=0.195) for males and females. Mean lengths of fish of each age group were well separated; yet a great deal of overlap existed in the ranges. This was attributed to the relatively rapid-growing, short-lived fish. Length data were subdivided according to year, area, and sex. Analysis of variance of these data indicated a statistically significant difference between years and areas, but not between sexes. This was attributed to the differences in the age composition of the skipjack tuna collected at Hatteras and Oregon Inlet.
Walter Mahlberg's Valuation Theory: An Anomaly in the Development of Inflation Accounting

Walter Mahlberg's inflation-accounting treatise of 1921, Bilanztechnik und Bewertung bei schwankender Wahrung, contains the first book-length price-level-adjustment model in the literature. As the title of the book indicates, Mahlberg treated the matter of restatement technique and the matter of asset valuation during inflation as distinct topics. Mahlberg's restatement technique was not without immediate influence in Germany and has been addressed previously in English-language publications. His valuation theory, on the other hand, had little effect on contemporary developments and remains an anomaly in the literature today. In particular, Mahlberg saw the effect of certain specific price-level changes—those whose rate of change exceeded general inflation—as giving rise to unavoidable future losses; losses, he maintained, that should be recognized currently. Since Mahlberg's theory is generally unknown outside Germany, the present paper first provides English-speaking audiences with an explication of the logic that led Mahlberg to his unique conclusion. It then argues that although Mahlberg's valuation theory represents a cul-de-sac in the development of inflation accounting itself, it ironically may have contributed to Henry Sweeney's 1936 concept of ‘unrealized appreciation’, which is an early conceptualization of a holding gain, net of inflation.
Multicenter randomized controlled trial of pediatric constraint-induced movement therapy: 6-month follow-up.

OBJECTIVE. Pediatric constraint-induced movement therapy (CIMT) is a promising intervention for children with unilateral cerebral palsy (CP). This multisite randomized controlled trial (RCT) tested the hypothesis that 6 hr versus 3 hr per day for 21 days would produce larger maintenance of gains 6 mo posttreatment. METHOD. Three sites recruited 18 children (6 per site) ages 3–6 yr with unilateral CP. Children were randomly assigned to 3 or 6 hr/day of CIMT for 21 days and wore a cast on the unaffected extremity the first 18 days. Occupational therapists applied a standardized pediatric CIMT protocol. Evaluators blinded to condition administered the Assisted Hand Assessment and the Quality of Upper Extremity Skills Test, and parents completed the Pediatric Motor Activity Log pre- and posttreatment (1 wk, 1 mo, and 6 mo). RESULTS. Both CIMT dosage groups showed significant gains on all five assessments with no significant group differences at 6-mo follow-up. Effect sizes (n = 15) comparing preintervention to postintervention measures (partial η2) ranged from .33 to .80. CONCLUSION. This first multisite RCT of pediatric CIMT confirmed the maintenance of positive effects at 6 mo follow-up across multiple functional performance measures. The hypothesis that maintenance of effects would differ for children who received 6 versus 3 hr/day of CIMT (126 vs. 63 total hr) was not supported.
BOLD fMRI and somatosensory evoked potentials are well correlated over a broad range of frequency content of somatosensory stimulation of the rat forepaw

Electrical stimulation of the rat paw is commonly used to study the hemodynamic, metabolic and neuronal mechanisms of functional MRI (fMRI) responses in somatosensory cortex. Several groups have reported good correlation between the blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) fMRI signal and somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) using short, typically 300 micros, square stimulation pulses. The spectral power of these short pulses is evenly distributed over a wide range of frequencies and thus the effects of the frequency content of the stimulation pulse on fMRI responses have not been previously described. Here, the effects that different stimulation pulse waveforms with a range of frequency content have on neuronal activity, as measured by SEPs, and on the amplitude of the BOLD fMRI signal in rat somatosensory cortex are investigated. The peak-to-peak SEP amplitudes increased as the power in the high frequency harmonics of the different pulse waveforms increased, using either triangular or sinusoidal stimuli waveforms from 9 Hz to 180 Hz. Similarly, BOLD fMRI response increased with increased high frequency content of the stimulation pulse. There was a linear correlation between SEPs and BOLD fMRI over the full range of frequency content in the stimulations.
Hepatoma and arteriosclerosis in a woodchuck.

A four year old female woodchuck had a metastasizing hepatoma and Monckeberg type of arteriosclerosis.
The role of social perspective in perceiving the causes of success and failure1

An experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that observers' causal attributions about an actor's performance at a task would be affected by their social perspective in observing the situation. Observer subjects were either assigned to serve in a role comparable to that of observer-subjects in most actor-observer experiments or were assigned a distinctive role more divergent from the social perspective of the actor. As expected, observers with a similar social perspective to that of the actor made more flattering attributions about the actor's performance than observers with a dissimilar social perspective. We concluded that actor-observer differences in attribution for an actor's performance in any one experiment cannot be taken as definitive evidence either for or against the defensive attribution idea.