cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Solution-Oriented Treatment Groups for Assaultive Behavior

ABSTRACT Group practitioners are increasingly expected to offer treatment to persons convicted of assaultive and violent crimes. This article discusses a brief, solution-oriented approach for treatment of this population. We begin by defining the target population for this treatment approach and make distinctions regarding clients that may and may not be appropriate for placement in solution-oriented groups. A brief overview of solution-oriented treatment, including solution-oriented groupwork, is offered. We conclude by applying these concepts to treatment of assaultive behaviors in various stages of group development and offer anecdotal feedback from clients who have participated in our solution-oriented groups.
Contemporary religious studies and science—A postcritical witches' brew

The six preceding essays are written at different levels and range over a complex set of issues which are representative of the methodological and theoretical disorder one finds in religious studies, today. So disordered is religious studies that it should be considered pre-scientific (perhaps like Alchemy), instead of a science. However, out of these essays, a common set of themes emerge. These are: contextualism, reduction, scientific or critical realism, explanation, and scientific models. An examination of the arguments of each of the preceding essays shows a wide variety of views, although two general positions can be discerned: on one hand, the reductionist-contextualist-realist position is (approximately) occupied by Geertz, Goldberg, Saler, and Segal, on the other hand, the anti-reductionist-contextualist-constructivist position is (approximately) occupied by Jensen and Rennie. To conclude, the author of this response paper makes an argument for a scientific approach to the study of religions which is moderately reductionist, contextualist, and critical realist but one which is also capacious enough to include hermeneutical explanation and the role of models in religious studies.
Lens Major Intrinsic Protein (MIP)/Aquaporin 0 Expression in Rat Lens Epithelia Explants Requires Fibroblast Growth Factor-induced ERK and JNK Signaling

Lens major intrinsic protein (MIP), exclusive to the vertebrate lens, otherwise known as MIP26 and Aquaporin 0, is abundantly expressed as a lens fiber membrane protein. Although relatively less efficient compared with other aquaporins, MIP is suggested to function as a water channel, as an adhesion molecule, and is required for lens transparency. Because MIP is specifically expressed in lens fiber cells, we investigated in this study the activation of Mip expression after triggering differentiation of rat lens epithelia explants by fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-2. Here, we show that Mip expression in the lens cells is regulated by FGF-2. Using Real time PCR we demonstrate that endogenous Mip levels in the explants were up-regulated upon FGF-2 stimulation, in a concentration-dependent manner. Up-regulation of Mip at the transcriptional level was simultaneous with the activation of the FGF down-stream signaling components, ERK1/2 and JNK. Specific inhibitors, UO126 for ERK1/2 and SP600125 for JNK, abrogated Mip expression in response to FGF-2 in the explants. This inhibition pattern was recapitulated in reporter assays for transfection of the rat lens epithelia explants, driven by the Mip promoter (-1648/+44). Our studies show that ERK1/2 and JNK signaling pathways are required for Mip expression in lens epithelia explants induced to differentiate by FGF-2.
First Coefficient Ideals and the S2-ification of a Rees Algebra

Let (A, m, k) be a d-dimensional (d ≥ 1) quasi-unmixed analytically unramified local domain with infinite residue field. If I is an m-primary ideal, Shah defined the first coefficient ideal of I to be the largest ideal I{1} containing I such that ei(I) = ei(I{1}) for i = 0, 1. Assume that A is (S2) and let S = ⊕n ∈ ZIntn be the S2-ification of the extended Rees algebra S = A[It, t− 1]. We prove that In = (In){1} for every n ≥ 1. One of the consequences is a procedure of computing first coefficient ideals.
Survey methodology and distribution of a cryptic Jerusalem cricket species, Stenopelmatus cahuilaensis Tinkham (Orthoptera: Stenopelmatidae: Stenopelmatinae)

Abstract The current distribution (2009) and survey methodologies are provided for detecting the Coachella Valley Jerusalem Cricket (Stenopelmatus cahuilaensis Tinkham 1968). When several survey methodologies are assessed, we found that, in the absence of debris, the use of cover-boards and the examination of areas beneath cow manure pats (cow chips) to be the most efficient and least destructive ways of detecting this rare and unique desert species. When using these methods we were able to establish the current distribution of the insect and compare it to historical records. The present distribution of the cricket suggests that it is currently undergoing a westward movement in its range as well as an overall range contraction possibly as a result of climate change.
Personality Characteristics of Adult Children of Alcoholics

A study that attempted to validate the characteristics of Adult Children of Alcoholics (ACOAs) as presented by Woititz (1983) was conducted. Male and female college students self-reported to be ACOAs, non-ACOAs, or individuals who had participated in an ACOA treatment group. These groups were compared on 12 of Woititz's 13 characteristics using objective personality measures. No significant differences were found among the groups on any of the characteristics measured. The results severely question the validity of Woititz's descriptions of ACOAs. The dangers of using these characteristics in the diagnosis and treatment of individuals are discussed.
Increased weight gain after ovariectomy is not a consequence of leptin resistance

The positive correlation between leptin and body fat mass has caused some investigators to speculate that leptin resistance contributes to obesity. Loss of ovarian function in human and rat is asso...
Differentiable parameterization of Catmull-Clark subdivision surfaces

Subdivision-based representations are recognized as important tools for the generation of high-quality surfaces for Computer Graphics. In this paper we describe two parameterizations of Catmull-Clark subdivision surfaces that allow a variety of algorithms designed for other types of parametric surfaces (i.e., B-splines) to be directly applied to subdivision surfaces. In contrast with the natural parameterization of subdivision surfaces characterized by diverging first order derivatives around extraordinary vertices of valence higher than four, the derivatives associated with our proposed methods are defined everywhere on the surface. This is especially important for Computer-Aided Design (CAD) applications that seek to address the limitations of NURBS-based representations through the more flexible subdivision framework.
A combined bacterial and liver test system for detection and classification of carcinogens as mutagens.

ave described our test system for mutagen and carcinogen detection in wE :cries of recent papers and I will only give a summary of some of these results, omitting references to other work which is credited in our original papers. Mutagens are detected using a special set of bacterial tester strains. A simple procedure for combining human (or rat) liver for carcinogen activation and the bacteria for detection and classification is used. Using this combined system a wide variety of carcinogen-aflatoxin B,, benzo (a) pyrene, 2-acetylaminofluorine, etc.-are detected as active frameshift mutagens. The structural features of these carcinogens have been discussed on the basis of the theory of frameshift mutagenesis. Other carcinogens have been detected as mutagens causing base pair substitutions. We postulate that carcinogens cause cancer by somatic mutation and suggest that the combined bacteria/liver system be used as a simple procedure for carcinogen detection. A simple test for detecting mutagens in urine has also been developed.
Characterization of RFRS9, a second member of the Rhizobium fredii repetitive sequence family from the nitrogen-fixing symbiont R. fredii USDA257.

Herewe characterize asecond family member, RFRS9.TheEcoRIfragment containing RFRS9is1,248 bpinlength and contains asingle 666-bp openreading framethat isflanked byperfect 8-bpinverted repeats. Nucleic andamino acid sequencescorresponding totheC terminus oftheputative RFRS9protein arenearly identical tothose of RFRS3,andtheyretain homology toDNA fromA.rhizogenes. Thecentral portion oftheRFRS9protein also appearstoberelated totheSlocus-specific glycoprotein family ofpolenstigma incompatibility glycoproteins fromBrassica oleracea,whichareinvolved insignal perception. Sequences thatdefine theRFRSfamily are restricted totheopenreading frameofRFRS9andassociated upstream sequences.Theseregions also contain a second groupofrepetitive sequences,whichispresent infourcopies within thegenome ofUSDA257.Both families ofrepetitive sequencesareubiquitous inR.fredii, andthey arepreferentially localized on symbiosis plasmids. Southern hybridization confirms that sequenceshomologous toRFRS9arepresent inbroad-host-range Rhizobium sp.strain NGR234,inA.rhizogenes, andintwobiotype 3strains ofAgrobacterium tumefaciens. Thegenomesofnitrogen-fixing rhizobia arecharacterized bythepresenceofvarious sortsofrepetitive DNA sequences (3,5).Theseelements include bothgene and promoterduplications (2,40), aswell asinsertion sequences andotherreiterated regions. Although thebiological significance ofmostoftheseDNA duplications isobscure (1), some multicopy genesinrhizobia arerecognized asplaying pivotal roles inroot-nodule symbiosis. nodD,forexample, whichispresentintwo or threecopies per Rhizobium genome,isknowntoencodea family ofhostrecognition proteins. Thereisevidence thattheinterplay between these related sensorsservestofine tunethebacterial hostrange withlegumes (7). nodH,whichencodes nitrogenase reductase(24), andnodPQ,whichencodesulfation enzymes (29, 34), also arereiterated. Insertion sequencescompose another subclass ofrepetitivesequencesfromrhizobia. Theseelements havetwo diagnostic features. First, theytendtoberestricted intheir occurrencetojust one or afewspecies ofrhizobia. ISRml, whichwas first discovered inthealfalfa andsweetclover symbiont, Rhizobium meliloti (31), isan example. This insertion sequenceispresentin80%ofthestrains froma NorthAmerican collection ofR.meliloti (42) and97%ofthe strains froma similar European collection (10). Onlyone strain ofRhizobium leguminosarum bv.phaseoli andtwo taxonomically intermediate isolates fromalfalfa alsoharbor this sequence(42). ISRm2(4)andISRm3(41) aresimilarly distributed inR meliloti, butbothalso havebeendetected in biovars ofR leguminosarum. A secondcharacteristic of Rhizobium insertion sequences istheir strongassociation withandoftenpreferential transposition intonodulation
Lessons from Korea inc. [Spectral Lines]

While the United States struggles to convert scientific and engineering prowess into commercial victories and robust employment, Korea Inc. is doing exactly that. South Korea's unemployment rate is about a third that of the United States, and household income is about two-thirds of America's-on track to equal the U.S. level in a generation.
Opportunities lost: Zoos and the marsupial that tried to be a wolf

In the archives of the National Zoo there is a story of an opportunity lost. Aszoo stories go, it is not unique. There are many others like it. Such stories sometimestell us about ourselves.It started sometime in early 1902. Zoo director William Hornaday wanted toexhibit a thylacine: Thylacinus cynocephalus—the pouched beast with a dog’s head.Depicted by Patterson as “a species perfectly distinct from any of the animal cre-ation hitherto known…” [Quammen, 1997:281], the thylacine had been describedalmost 100 years earlier. Though sometimes called the Tasmanian tiger because ofits striped coat, this strange marsupial was actually a “wannabe” wolf. The long-muzzled head with its short ears, the deep chest, and the feet and legs were distinc-tively dog-like, but the rear end and long tail hinted of marsupial ancestry. True dogscan wag their tails. This one could not. All the same, the thylacine remains a remark-able example of convergent evolution, and the largest carnivorous marsupial to sur-vive into the 20th century.Hornaday made his wishes known to a Washington diplomat and zoo buff, Dr.F.W. Goding, who was U.S. Consul of New South Wales. Although thylacines haddisappeared from mainland Australia before Europeans arrived on the scene, theystill survived in Tasmania where they preyed on sheep and consequently were con-sidered a nuisance. Goding used his influence. In due course, a Tasmanian trappercaught a female, which was shipped to the states. The creature endured the confinesof a crate for over 3 weeks as the steamer carried it across the Pacific and a trainconveyed it to the nation’s capital.Upon arrival in September 1902, the animal’s shabby condition showed thatthe journey had taken its toll. Until then, the strange-looking animal also had kept asecret. She was a mother. Three pouch young, no bigger than rats, had miraculously
Computerized Detection of Masses from Digitized Mammograms: Comparison of Single-Image Segmentation and Bilateral-Image Subtraction

Rationale and Objectives. Two methods—single-image segmentation and bilateral-image subtraction have been used commonly as the first stage in computer-aided detection (CAD) schemes to detect masses on digitized mammograms. In the current study, we investigated and compared the advantages and disadvantages of the two methods in achieving a high sensitivity for mass detection. Methods. Two CAD schemes were tested. One used Gaussian filtering based on single-image segmentation, and the other used bilateral-image subtraction based on left-right image pairs to identify suspicious mass regions. A clinical database that contained 152 verified mass cases was used to compare the two approaches. Results. The single-image segmentation method yielded 100% sensitivity and had a somewhat higher number of initial suspicious regions. The bilateral-image subtraction method missed several true-positive regions at the initial phase. Each approach achieved more than 90% sensitivity at a false-positive rate of approximately 0.8 per image. Conclusion. Optimal initial image segmentation schemes may depend on the complete detection and classification method used. Single-image segmentation methods may perform comparably with bilateral-image segmentation schemes, and these techniques appear to be more versatile and easily adaptable to future clinical CAD applications.
Stability of procaine hydrochloride in a buffered cardioplegia formulation

The stability of procaine hydrochloride in a buffered cardioplegia solution was studied. The formulation of Ringer's injection with added increments of potassium and magnesium plus procaine hydrochloride was buffered to a pH of 7.3-7.6 with tromethamine. Procaine hydrochloride content was measured in triplicate by ultraviolet spectrophotometry at set time intervals and at temperatures of 22, 40, and 61 degrees C. The time required for procaine to degrade to the lower shelf-life limit of 90% of its initial concentration was extrapolated to be approximately two days at room temperature and 11 days under refrigeration. It is recommended that the basic buffered cardioplegia solvent be manufactured separately, and the procaine hydrochloride be added at the time of dispensing to minimize its loss of potency.
Modeling and Simulation for Mission Operations Work System Design

Work system analysis and design is complex and nondeterministic. In this paper we describe Brahms, a multiagent modeling and simulation environment for designing complex interactions in human-machine systems. Brahms was originally conceived as a business process design tool that simulates work practices, including social systems of work. We describe our modeling and simulation method for mission operations work systems design, based on a research case study in which we used Brahms to design mission operations for a proposed discovery mission to the Moon. We then describe the results of an actual method application project - the Brahms Mars Exploration Rover. Space mission operations are similar to operations of traditional organizations; we show that the application of Brahms for space mission operations design is relevant and transferable to other types of business processes in organizations.
Bioequivalence revisited: Influence of age and sex on CYP enzymes

Background and objective The activity of cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes, which determine the rate of elimination of lipid-soluble drugs, demonstrates considerable interindividual variability. The extent to which age and sex influence CYP activity remains unclear in humans. Our objectives were to determine whether in vivo activity of selected CYP enzymes is affected by age or sex and to evaluate sex bioequivalence in a large sample size. Methods We have assessed in vivo activity of the CYP1A2, 2C19, 2D6, 2E1, and 3A4 enzymes in 161 normal subjects (51% female subjects and 40% aged >50 years). After simultaneous administration of a cocktail of selective probes (caffeine, mephenytoin, debrisoquin [INN, debrisoquine], chlorzoxazone, and dapsone, respectively), phenotypic indices for metabolism of these drugs were used as measures of individual CYP activity. Sex bioequivalence analysis used the bootstrap method. Results There were no sex differences associated with CYP1A2 activity. A significant negative correlation (r = −0.572, P < .01) between enzyme activity and age was observed for CYP2C19, but there were no sex differences. CYP2D6 activity showed no dependence on age or sex. In contrast, CYP2E1 activity showed an age-associated increase (r = 0.393, P < .01), which developed earlier in life in male subjects compared with female subjects. These results were further supported by the sex bioequivalence analysis of CYP phenotypic activity, which revealed that sexes were equivalent with respect to CYP2C19 (90% confidence interval [CI], 0.874–1.04), CYP3A4 (90% CI, 0.95–1.176), and CYP2D6 (90% CI, 0.928–1.09) phenotype and just exceeded the 0.8 to 1.25 limits to be equivalent with respect to CYP2E1 (90% CI, 0.785–1.08) and CYP1A2 (90% CI, 0.736–1.03) phenotype. Conclusion These observations suggest that the presence of selective mechanisms of regulation for individual CYP enzymes can be influenced by age and sex. However, we suggest that sex has a limited ability to explain intersubject variation of activity for these phenotypic measures of CYP enzyme activity. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2004) 76, 618–627; doi: 10.1016/j.clpt.2004.08.021
Basics of Stem and Progenitor Cells

This chapter will define key terms and introduce important basic information about the fundamental building blocks of the entire text: the stem and progenitor cells. After a brief discussion of terminology central to the field, we will explore the various stem and progenitor cells including bone marrow-derived cell populations, specific niche-derived cell populations, as well as special situations such as umbilical cord-derived cell populations. We will draw distinction between adult and embryonic stem cell populations. We will look at how recent scientific ingenuity has begun to address ethical concerns, via induced pluripotent stem cells and somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT). Potential issues specifically relating to cell age will be examined. Finally, we will tackle issues surrounding interaction between stem cells and the immune system and discuss autologous, allogenic, and xenogenic cell therapy. If we are to fully understand how the cell therapy promise and potential of yesterday will emerge to become the treatment and solutions of tomorrow, we must start with the basic unit of cell therapy.
Pathways to naturally small neutrino masses

In the minimal standard electroweak gauge model, there is an effective dimension-five operator which generates neutrino masses, and it has only three tree-level realizations. One is the canonical seesaw mechanism with a right-handed neutrino. Another is having a heavy Higgs triplet as recently proposed. The third is to have a heavy Majorana fermion triplet, an example of which is presented here in the context of supersymmetric $\mathrm{SU}(5)$ grand unification. The three generic one-loop realizations of this operator are also discussed.
Global Measurements of Low-Frequency Radio Noise

We report illustrative results obtained by Stanford University’s global survey of ELF/VLF radio noise (frequencies in the range 10 Hz – 32 kHz). Particular comparison is made between the noise measurements made at high (polar) latitudes with those at lower latitudes. Although most of the natural ELF/VLF noise observed everywhere in the world is lightning-generated, the high-latitude noise often contains additional components that are of magnetospheric origin. In the data we have examined, this noise consists predominantly of polar chorus, which is concentrated in the range 300 Hz–2 kHz. It produces a characteristic signature in the noise statistics. Less frequent occurrences of broad-band (auroral) hiss can occasionally mask most or all of the lightning-generated noise in the ELF/VLF range.
Climatology and Formation of Tropical Midlevel Clouds at the Darwin ARM Site

AbstractA 4-yr climatology of midlevel clouds is presented from vertically pointing cloud lidar and radar measurements at the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program (ARM) site at Darwin, Australia. Few studies exist of tropical midlevel clouds using a dataset of this length. Seventy percent of clouds with top heights between 4 and 8 km are less than 2 km thick. These thin layer clouds have a peak in cloud-top temperature around the melting level (0°C) and also a second peak around −12.5°C. The diurnal frequency of thin clouds is highest during the night and reaches a minimum around noon, consistent with variation caused by solar heating. Using a 1.5-yr subset of the observations, the authors found that thin clouds have a high probability of containing supercooled liquid water at low temperatures: ~20% of clouds at −30°C, ~50% of clouds at −20°C, and ~65% of clouds at −10°C contain supercooled liquid water. The authors hypothesize that thin midlevel clouds formed at the melting level are formed differen...
Runx and ThPOK: A balancing act to regulate thymocyte lineage commitment

CD4-positive helper T cells and CD8-positive cytotoxic T cells comprise the majority of T lymphocytes present in secondary lymphoid organs and are essential for acquired immunity. These two populations are derived from common precursors in the thymus and selected through interaction between their clonal T-cell receptors and major histocompatibility complex molecules. Although intensely studied as a model system for binary cell fate decisions, the mechanisms underlying the helper versus cytotoxic lineage choice in the thymus has been elusive. In the past few years, it has been demonstrated that the Runx family of transcription factors, particularly Runx3, is essential for the generation of cytotoxic lineage T cells, whereas the ThPOK zinc finger transcription factor that plays a crucial role in the differentiation of the helper lineage. Recent works have implied that a cross-regulation between Runx and ThPOK contributes to appropriate thymocyte lineage commitment. In this article, recent findings on the transcription factor networks governing thymocyte lineage decisions are discussed, focusing on the two factors, and provide insights into mechanisms of lineage-specific gene regulation in the process of T-cell commitments.
Blocking the blue.

The role of blue light exposure from ophthalmic diagnostic equipment deserves further study
Reward-potentiating effects of D-1 dopamine receptor agonist and AMPAR GluR1 antagonist in nucleus accumbens shell and their modulation by food restriction.

Rationale Previous studies have suggested that chronic food restriction (FR) increases sensitivity of a neural substrate for drug reward. The neuroanatomical site(s) of key neuroadaptations may include nucleus accumbens (NAc) where changes in D-1 dopamine (DA) receptor-mediated cell signaling and gene expression have been documented.
Statistical Inference for Unified Garch-Ito Models with High-Frequency Financial Data

The existing estimation methods for the model parameters of the unified GARCH–Ito model (Kim and Wang, 2014) require long period observations to obtain the consistency. However, in practice, it is hard to believe that the structure of a stock price is stable during such a long period. In this article, we introduce an estimation method for the model parameters based on the high-frequency financial data with a finite observation period. In particular, we establish a quasi-likelihood function for daily integrated volatilities, and realized volatility estimators are adopted to estimate the integrated volatilities. The model parameters are estimated by maximizing the quasi-likelihood function. We establish asymptotic theories for the proposed estimator. A simulation study is conducted to check the finite sample performance of the proposed estimator. We apply the proposed estimation approach to the Bank of America stock price data.
Prevalence of Abnormal Liver function Tests in Laboratory Workers

AbstractStandard clinical biochemical tests were reviewed from 170 asymptomatic and presumably healthy volunteers who participated in 14 drug research projects in order to determine the prevalence of abnormal liver function tests (LFT) in laboratory vs. non-laboratory workers. Forty percent of the laboratory workers had abnormal LFT while LFT were abnormal in only 10.5% of non-laboratory exposed persons (p = >0.005). Total serum billrubin was increased in 18.7% of the laboratory workers as opposed to only 4.7% of non-laboratory workers (p => 0.005). Twenty-one percent of the laboratory workers had an abnormal LFT other than total bilirubin as compared to only 5.9% of the non-laboratory workers (p = > 0.005). There was no evidence for Hepatitis B in any person with abnormal LFT. We postulate that the abnormal LFT seen in laboratory workers most likely results from chronic low-dose exposure to xenobiotics found in the laboratory work situation. Drug study volunteers from this occupational group should be ch...
Economic Deprivation, Opportunity Structure, and Robbery Victimization: Intra- and Interracial Patterns

Intraracial and interracial robbery victimization rates for a sample of 25 cities are used to test hypotheses derived from economic deprivation and macrostructural opportunity theories. Robbery victimization rates are computed separately for four race-of-victim-race-of-offender combinations: whites victimized by whites, whites victimized by blacks, blacks victimized by blacks, and blacks victimized by whites. The effects of variables important to economic deprivation theory (percent of the offending group in poverty and racial economic inequality) and macrostructural opportunity theory (relative group size and residential segregation) are evaluated through multiple regression analysis. The hypotheses derived from macrostructural theory clearly fare better than those derived from economic deprivation theory. Whereas both relative group size and residential segregation are related to victimization rates in a manner consistent with macrostructural theory, neither the poverty measure nor the measure of racial inequality exhibits the theoretically predicted associations with the dependent variables.
Lewis Acid Adducts of Narrow Band Gap Conjugated Polymers

We report on the interaction of Lewis acids with narrow band gap conjugated copolymers containing donor and acceptor units. Examination of the widely used poly[(4,4-bis(2-ethylhexyl)cyclopenta-[2,1-b:3,4-b′]dithiophene)-2,6-(diyl-alt-benzo[2,1,3]thiadiazole)-4,7-diyl] (1) shows weaker binding with B(C6F5)3 when compared with a small molecule that contains a cyclopenta-[2,1-b:3,4-b′]dithiophene (CDT) unit flanked by two benzo[2,1,3]thiadiazole (BT) fragments. Studies on model compounds representative of 1, together with a comparison between B(C6F5)3 and BBr3, indicate that the propensity for Lewis acid coordination is decreased because of steric encumbrance surrounding the BT nitrogen sites. These observations led to the design of chromophores that incorporate an acceptor unit with a more basic nitrogen site, namely pyridal[2,1,3]thiadiazole (PT). That this strategy leads to a stronger B−N interaction was demonstrated through the examination of the reaction of B(C6F5)3 with two small molecules bis(4,4-bis(...
Intramolecular charge- and energy-transfer rates with reduced modes: comparison to Marcus theory for donor-bridge-acceptor systems.

We present a new, fully ab initio approach for computing intramolecular charge- and energy-transfer rates. Using a time-convolutionless master equation approach and parametrizing using couplings obtained using an accurate quantum chemical approach, we benchmark the approach against experimental results and Marcus theory rates for triplet energy transfer for a series of donor–bridge–acceptor systems. An important component of our analysis is the use of a projection operator scheme that parses out specific internal nuclear motions that accompany the electronic transition. Using an iterative Lanczos approach, we concentrate the coupling between the electronic and nuclear degrees of freedom into a small number of reduced harmonic modes. We find that by using only a single reduced mode termed the “primary mode”, one obtains an accurate evaluation of the golden rule rate constant and insight into the nuclear motions responsible for coupling the initial and final electronic states. In particular, the primary mod...
Fasting stimulates 2-AG biosynthesis in the small intestine: role of cholinergic pathways

The endocannabinoids are lipid-derived signaling molecules that control feeding and energy balance by activating CB1-type cannabinoid receptors in the brain and peripheral tissues. Previous studies have shown that oral exposure to dietary fat stimulates endocannabinoid signaling in the rat small intestine, which provides positive feedback that drives further food intake and preference for fat-rich foods. We now describe an unexpectedly broader role for cholinergic signaling of the vagus nerve in the production of the endocannabinoid, 2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycerol (2-AG), in the small intestine. We show that food deprivation increases levels of 2-AG and its lipid precursor, 1,2-diacylglycerol, in rat jejunum mucosa in a time-dependent manner. This response is abrogated by surgical resection of the vagus nerve or pharmacological blockade of small intestinal subtype-3 muscarinic acetylcholine (m3 mAch) receptors, but not inhibition of subtype-1 muscarinic acetylcholine (m1 mAch). We further show that blockade of peripheral CB1 receptors or intestinal m3 mAch receptors inhibits refeeding in fasted rats. The results suggest that food deprivation stimulates 2-AG-dependent CB1 receptor activation through a mechanism that requires efferent vagal activation of m3 mAch receptors in the jejunum, which, in turn, may promote feeding after a fast.
Poetry as a parable

The article examines the evolution of the understanding of poetry as a specific variety of the language arts. Based on materials from Spanish, Russian, and French poetic discourses, the article reviews the analysis of the essence of poetry, and it recapitulates poetry’s systematic interpretation in the works of scholars from different countries and periods.
Chapter 5 Poverty, Personal Experiences of Violence, and Mental Health: Understanding Their Complex Intersections Among Low-Income Women

Low-income women face myriad challenges in maintaining good psychological well-being and receiving mental health treatment. Women living in poverty in the USA experience extremely high rates of mental illness, particularly depression, anxiety disorders, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) compared with the general population. The stress of having highly constrained financial resources, as well as increased exposure to personal and neighborhood violence, leads to anxiety, depression, and PTSD. Studies suggest that the negative effects of exposure to personal violence and poverty may synergistically impair low-income women’s mental health. Furthermore, women’s roles, both traditionally and often in actuality, add to the stressors that women face, as they carry the primary responsibility for parenting and, increasingly, as primary breadwinners. This chapter reviews the literature demonstrating the intersection between having a low income, exposure to personal violence, and maintenance of psychological well-being. We then present qualitative and quantitative data from the HPTN 064 study demonstrating women’s lived experiences of these factors. This chapter also explores the role of resiliency in these women’s lives and ends with recommendations for enhancing mental health of low-income women.
A black and white issue? Learning to see the intersectional and racialized dimensions of gynecological pain

Population-based data suggest that African-American and Latina women in the United States are equally or more likely to complain of vulvar pain than are their White counterparts, yet these two groups of women remain largely missing from published clinical studies. This essay describes a set of interrelated variables that contribute to this discrepancy: (1) clinicians’ racialized perceptions of genital-sexual pain, and the diagnostic trajectories that map on to these perceptions; (2) discriminatory health-care practices that undertreat the pain of racial minorities; and (3) the stigmatized and “unmentionable” nature of genital pain, a condition for which up to half of symptomatic women do not seek treatment. I use the feminist theoretical concept of intersectionality to argue that racializing framing mechanisms intersect with well-documented discriminatory clinical practices and a gendered embarrassment unique to female genitalia, making it exceedingly difficult for Black and Latina women to report their vulvar pain to primarily White providers. I conclude by offering strategies by which all clinicians can better identify and treat the gynecological pain conditions of their Black and Latina patients.
New Records of Ant Species for Rockwall County, TX

Abstract. Collection of ants in Rockwall County, TX, resulted in three new records for the county: Aphaenogaster texana Wheeler, Tapinoma sessile Say, and Temnothorax schaumii Roger. Camponotus discolor was identified to species. This increased the number of documented species of ants in Rockwall County to 15.
Differential diagnosis and psychopharmacology of dual disorders

There are multiple potential interactions of substances of abuse with psychiatric illnesses. The individual agents, the stage of abuse, withdrawal, or recovery, and the patient's psychiatric illness must be considered as an integrated whole to ascertain the appropriate interventions. Polysubstance abuse can cause still more complicated interactions. Assessment of differential treatment needs for both the psychiatric illness component and the substance use disorder component permits both elements to be approached, often simultaneously, and can facilitate treatment of both. Ignoring either component can lead to inappropriate treatment or exacerbation of illness. The high rate of comorbidity of chemical dependence and other psychiatric illnesses is intriguing in light of studies that demonstrate vulnerability to drug abuse associated with specific alleles of the dopamine D2 receptor gene in some families. It is hoped that further investigations will shed light on the complex interactions and associations between chemical dependency and other psychiatric illnesses and result in new treatment strategies for both. In the past, many substance abuse treatment programs used to emphasize the complete cessation of all medications including some potentially beneficial prescription medications. This was likely because of previous excessive prescription by physicians of sedatives or benzodiazepines. Increasingly, recovery programs support intelligent, responsible use of nonaddictive psychiatric medications, and AA World Services prints a pamphlet supporting such physician-supervised use. Conversely, psychiatrists previously frequently overlooked or neglected diagnosis and treatment of chemical-dependency disorders. Greater efforts are needed to focus equal energy on diagnosis and treatment of chemical-dependency disorders in "psychiatric" populations. Many studies show that physicians neglect to collect adequate information and are not sufficiently aggressive in referring patients to chemical dependence treatment programs. By combining knowledge and appropriate therapeutic interventions from both psychiatric and addiction treatment fields, the needs of the dually diagnosed patient can be met more adequately.
Pricing Health Behavior Interventions to Promote Adoption: Lessons from the Marketing and Business Literature

The relatively high cost of delivering many public health interventions limits their potential for broad public impact by reducing their likelihood of adoption and maintenance over time. Practitioners identify cost as the primary factor for which interventions they select to implement, but researchers rarely disseminate cost information or consider its importance when developing new interventions. A new approach is proposed whereby intervention developers assess what individuals and agencies adopting their interventions are willing to pay and then design interventions that are responsive to this price range. The ultimate goal is to develop effective and affordable interventions, called lean interventions, which are widely adopted and have greater public health impact.
The English School and the Laws of War: A Taxonomy for Examining State Practice

Though the laws of war have taken on increasing prominence in public discourse, a review of the scholarly literature shows that this branch of international law remains under-theorized. This research note proposes a comprehensive theoretical model for examining the laws of war based on the English School tradition of international relations. I first examine theoretical tensions associated with the English School, including the tripartite classification (international system, international society, and world society) and pluralism and solidarism. I argue that the English School provides a nuanced and dynamic perspective for examining the laws of war. Next, this paper proposes a taxonomy based on the English School which places laws of war concepts and examples of state practice into theoretical perspective. Included are historical and contemporary examples of laws of war practice. Finally, potential avenues for future research are proposed. Ultimately, this paper aims to stimulate discussion regarding the potential role of the English School in theorizing the laws of war.
Influence of Foliar Application of Boron and Copper on Growth and Yield of Tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum L. cv ‘Thilina’)

An experiment was conducted at the Crop farm, Eastern University, Sri Lanka during the period of December 2013 to April 2014 to find out the response of foliar application of H3BO3 and CuSO4 on growth and yield of tomato. Treatments were arranged in Completely Randomized Design (CRD) and replicated eight (8) times. There were 10 treatments namely, (T1) H3BO3 =150 ppm; (T2) H3BO3 = 250 ppm; (T3) H3BO3= 350 ppm; (T4) CuSO4= 150 ppm; (T5) CuSO4= 250 ppm; (T6) CuSO4= 350 ppm; (T7) H3BO3 (150 ppm) + CuSO4(150 ppm); (T8) H3BO3 (250 ppm) + CuSO4 (250 ppm); (T9) H3BO3 (350 ppm) + CuSO4(350 ppm); (T10) Control. The foliar applications were done thrice at 10-days intervals starting from 40 days after transplanting. Seedlings were raised in the nursery and transplanted in polybags (30cm x 45cm x 30 cm) 30 days after planting. The seedlings were raised following the recommendations developed by the Department of Agriculture, Sri Lanka. Potting media was prepared by mixing sand: top soil: decomposed cow dung at 1:1:1 ratio. The results showed that foliar application of CuSO4 at 150 and 250 ppm increased the plant height, and H3BO3 at 250 ppm and combined application of H3BO3 (250 ppm) + CuSO4 (250 ppm) increased the number of leaves/plant than control, respectively. Application of CuSO4 at 250 and 350 ppm and combined application of H3BO3 (250 ppm) + CuSO4 (250 ppm) produced the highest length of roots than that of control whereas application of H3BO3 at 150 and 250 ppm recorded the highest fruit yield compared to control on a dry basis and H3BO3 at 350 ppm increased the number of fruits. In all parameters tested, the poor performance was recorded in the control treatment.
Psychosocial Development in Adult Missionary Kids

The article reports on a study of psychosocial development in adult missionary kids (MKs) based on Erikson's theory, using the Measure of Psychosocial Development (MPD). Responses from 292 adult mi...
DOSE–RESPONSE EFFECTS OF STIMULANT DRUGS: A CLARIFICATION OF ISSUES

Keywords : Hyperactivity; Methylphenidate; Dose-response effects; Cognitive performance; Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.
Geological Structures of the Red Sea Area Inferred from Satellite Pictures

Photographs of the Red Sea area taken during the Gemini earth-orbiting missions show the gross structural relationship between the highlands of the Arabian-Nubian shield, the sediment-filled Red Sea “graben” system and the marginal sedimentary cover with large areas of volcanic activity.
Instabilities in MBE growth: The SLUG model

Molecular Beam Epitaxy (MBE) is a widely practiced technique for depositing atoms from a vapor phase onto a surface. The atoms stick to the surface and then diffuse until they find a favorable site. This technique is important in growing thin films and can be used to produce “quantum wires” and other nanostructures. Theories of this sort of growth have a long history, starting with step-flow models1,2. These involve growth on a vicinal surface which is modelled as a series of steps. Growth may involve either step-bunching or step equalization. More recently there have been attempts to link MBE with surface growth ideas from statistical physics. The main thrust of these studies has been to concentrate on the surface roughness and to use stochastic, coarse-grained equations such as the KPZ equation3. Unfortunately, MBE surfaces are poorly described by such models for a number of reasons2. Versions of the simpler step-flow models seem to provide a reasonable description of many MBE systems.
Comprehensive Investigation of Harmonic Signatures Resulting from Inter- Tum Short-Circuit Faults in DTC Driven IM Operating in Harsh Environments

In this paper the harmonic components in the stator's current and the developed torque of a faulty induction machine (IM) driven by Direct Torque Control (DTC) is investigated. The fault under consideration is the inter-turn short-circuit (ITSC) in stator's winding. Deep study of the harmonic and inter-harmonic content is conducted for fault detection (FD) purposes. The harmonics in the spectrum appear as a result of diverse causes including stator fault, DTC reaction to the fault, switching activities of the inverter, core saturation effect, and noise signal for IM operating in harsh industrial environment. Simulation reinforced by experimental results demonstrated the correctness of the frequency domain analysis.
Solar Variability and Cosmic RaysOpen image in new window

The Earth receives energy from the Sun, insolation, at an average rate of 340 W/m2 at the top of the atmosphere.
Optimized material management in construction using multi-layer perceptron

Construction material represents a major component of the project cost. Therefore, it is essential to control material on construction job sites. Efficient material management system requires trade...
On the law of large numbers for nonlinear mean random variables

We consider variants of the law of large numbers with respect to the average power, average geometric and mean harmonic systems of random variables and establish various forms of convergence of the indicated means to the limiting values.
Health outcomes and cost-effectiveness of diversion programs for low-level drug offenders: A model-based analysis.

Background Cycles of incarceration, drug abuse, and poverty undermine ongoing public health efforts to reduce overdose deaths and the spread of infectious disease in vulnerable populations. Jail diversion programs aim to divert low-level drug offenders toward community care resources, avoiding criminal justice costs and disruptions in treatment for HIV, hepatitis C virus (HCV), and drug abuse. We sought to assess the health benefits and cost-effectiveness of a jail diversion program for low-level drug offenders. Methods and findings We developed a microsimulation model, calibrated to King County, Washington, that captured the spread of HIV and HCV infections and incarceration and treatment systems as well as preexisting interventions such as needle and syringe programs and opiate agonist therapy. We considered an adult population of people who inject drugs (PWID), people who use drugs but do not inject (PWUD), men who have sex with men, and lower-risk heterosexuals. We projected discounted lifetime costs and quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) over a 10-year time horizon with and without a jail diversion program and calculated resulting incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) from the health system and societal perspectives. We also tracked HIV and HCV infections, overdose deaths, and jail population size. Over 10 years, the program was estimated to reduce HIV and HCV incidence by 3.4% (95% CI 2.7%–4.0%) and 3.3% (95% CI 3.1%–3.4%), respectively, overdose deaths among PWID by 10.0% (95% CI 9.8%–10.8%), and jail population size by 6.3% (95% CI 5.9%–6.7%). When considering healthcare costs only, the program cost $25,500/QALY gained (95% CI $12,600–$48,600). Including savings from reduced incarceration (societal perspective) improved the ICER to $6,200/QALY gained (95% CI, cost-saving $24,300). Sensitivity analysis indicated that cost-effectiveness depends on diversion program participants accessing community programs such as needle and syringe programs, treatment for substance use disorder, and HIV and HCV treatment, as well as diversion program cost. A limitation of the analysis is data availability, as fewer data are available for diversion programs than for more established interventions aimed at people with substance use disorder. Additionally, like any model of a complex system, our model relies on simplifying assumptions: For example, we simplified pathways in the healthcare and criminal justice systems, modeled an average efficacy for substance use disorder treatment, and did not include costs associated with homelessness, unemployment, and breakdown in family structure. Conclusions We found that diversion programs for low-level drug offenders are likely to be cost-effective, generating savings in the criminal justice system while only moderately increasing healthcare costs. Such programs can reduce incarceration and its associated costs, and also avert overdose deaths and improve quality of life for PWID, PWUD, and the broader population (through reduced HIV and HCV transmission).