cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Vitamin D and Omega-3 Fatty Acid Trial 2017: Addressing Effects on Muscle and Bone

Vitamin D is widely used to benefit skeletal health, but effects on bone are inconsistent. The VITamin D and OmegA-3 TriaL (VITAL) is a large, nationwide randomized controlled trial (RCT) in the USA testing the effects of daily supplemental vitamin D and/or omega-3 fatty acids on cardiovascular disease and cancer outcomes. Two ancillary studies, VITAL: Effects on Fractures and VITAL: Effects on Bone Structure and Architecture, are investigating effects of vitamin D on fracture risk and bone health measures, respectively. Fractures are adjudicated through medical record review in the nationwide VITAL cohort, and bone and muscle health measures are assessed in a subcohort in Boston, MA. VITAL will clarify the relationship between supplemental vitamin D and bone health and inform public health guidelines on the use of vitamin D for the prevention of bone loss, fractures, and decreases in physical performance.
Social Functioning Mediates ADHD Symptomatology and Mental Health Functioning in Neurotypical Children versus Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder or Williams Syndrome (P3.312)

Objective: The central aim of this study is to identify relationships between inattention and hyperactive symptomatology, social functioning, autistic spectrum disorder behaviors (i.e., restricted interests and repetitive behaviors), and emotion functioning. Background: Children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) or marked attention difficulties have been linked with increased risk of social dysfunction, problems with peer relations, and both internalizing and externalizing disorders. Prior research has shown social functioning mediates inattention/hyperactive symptoms and emotion functioning in those with ADHD. Although both autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and Williams syndrome (WS) are associated with greater prevalence rates of ADHD and psychopathology (e.g., anxiety), it is unclear the role social functioning plays in risk for these clinical disorders. Design/Methods: A total of 70 children participated in this study. Of these, 20 children had high functioning autism (HFA), 10 with WS, and 40 that are typically developing (TD). Caregivers completed the parent-report inventories (Social Responsiveness Scale, Clinical Assessment of Behavior, Conners Parent Rating Scale) to assess day-to-day social communicative functioning, ASD behaviors with emphasis on repetitive and restricted interests/behaviors, and attention functioning and hyperactivity respectively. Results: Findings from this preliminary study indicate that both social communicative functioning and ASD behaviors mediate inattention/hyperactivity and risk of developing psychopathology in neurotypical children. However, among those with HFA, only ASD behaviors (i.e., repetitive behaviors and restricted interests) mediate ADHD symptomatology and risk of externalizing disorder. Finally, in children with WS, ADHD symptomatology is independent of social and emotion functioning, although ASD behaviors were directly associated with both externalizing and internalizing symptomatology. Conclusions: Social functioning plays varying roles in the pathway between ADHD and mental health functioning in neurotypical, ASD, and WS children, suggesting social skills intervention may differ in efficacy in reducing risk for developing psychopathology across these groups. Additionally, those with WS/ASD may benefit most from treatment to address cognitive rigidity. Study Supported by: This research was supported by NINDS 22343 awarded to Dr. Doris Trauner; NICHD 033113 and The Oak Tree Philanthropic Foundation awarded to Dr. Ursula Bellugi; and the National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship under grant 00039202 as part of Dr. Rowena Ng’s training. Disclosure: Dr. Ng has nothing to disclose. Dr. Bellugi has nothing to disclose. Dr. Trauner has nothing to disclose.
Design of Nonlinear Optical Ring Resonators

We present a design methodology of nonlinear microring resonators based on iterations of matrix analysis. This new method is time/memory efficient and scalable, and can be applied to other nonlinear devices. © 2019 The Author(s)
A Computing-in-Memory Engine for Searching on Homomorphically Encrypted Data

The high volumes of data stored in the cloud, coupled with growing concerns about security and privacy, have motivated research on homomorphic encryption (HE), i.e., a technique that enables computation directly on encrypted data, obviating the need for prior decryption. Recent algorithmic advances have enabled a diverse set of homomorphic operations (e.g., addition, multiplication, and division). Looking at the applications, recent work also suggests extensibility secure, homomorphically encrypted content-addressable memories [or secure content-addressable memories (SCAMs)]. Still, the large datawords that result from homomorphic data encodings (i.e., that must be stored/transferred for computation), compounded with the implicit computational complexity of HE, still impede the deployment of homomorphic computer hardware. As an alternative, computing-in-memory (CiM) architectures could significantly reduce the volume of data transfers for SCAM (and other) applications, leading to considerable energy savings and latency reduction. In this regard, we propose a CiM-compatible engine for SCAM (CiM-SCAM) and analyze the pros and cons of three different memory cells: a 6T CMOS SRAM and two memory cells based on ferroelectric field-effect transistors (FeFETs) (specifically 2T + 1 FeFET and 1-FeFET designs). CiM-SCAM leverages in-place copy buffers (IPCBs), along with customized sense amplifiers that include two types of in-memory adders. Our results suggest that energy (and search time) improvements of up to $16\times $ ( $3.2\times $ ) for 1-FeFET memory cells are possible, compared with an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) approach. Similar improvements are also possible with SRAM and 2T + 1-FeFET memory cells. For the latter, we achieve up to $13\times $ ( $3.1\times $ ) of energy (speedup).
Effect of delayed misoprostol dosing interval for induction of labor: a retrospective study.

Induction of labor occurs in greater than 22% of all pregnancies in the United States. Previous studies have shown that misoprostol is more effective for induction than oxytocin or dinoprostone alone. The World Health Organization recommends vaginal misoprostol 25mcg every 6 hours and the American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists recommends 25mcg vaginal misoprostol every three to 6 hours. Although route of administration and dosage of misoprostol has been extensively studied, little is known about the optimal dosing interval of vaginal misoprostol. The primary objective of this study is to determine the effect of delayed vaginal misoprostol dosing, defined as any interval longer than 4.5 h, on time to vaginal delivery. Our hypothesis is that the routine dosing interval of 4 hours shortens times to vaginal delivery compared to delayed dosing, even when adjusted for the time of delay. Secondary objectives include the effect of delayed vaginal misoprostol dosing on cesarean section rate, operative vaginal delivery rate, maternal outcomes, and neonatal outcomes. We conducted a retrospective chart review of 323 inductions of labor at one academic institution. The primary outcome was the proportion of patients who achieved a vaginal delivery within 24 h. The group who received all doses of misoprostol within a 4.5 h dosing window (Routine Dosing Interval Group) was compared with the group who had any dosing deviation (Delayed Dosing Interval Group). Of 133 included patients, 64 subjects received routine interval dosing and 69 subjects received delayed interval dosing. The vaginal delivery rates within 24 h were 56% (36/64) and 20% (14/69), respectively (P < 10− 4). Spontaneous vaginal delivery rates were 86% (55/64) vs. 75% (52/69), respectively (P = .13). Kaplan Meier curves demonstrated statistically significant difference in time to vaginal delivery between groups, with a Cox Proportional Hazard ratio for routine dosing interval of 1.73 (P < 10− 5) unadjusted and 1.34 (P = .01) when adjusted for dosing delay. This retrospective study demonstrates a significant increase in delay-adjusted time to vaginal delivery when doses of vaginal misoprostol are delayed past 4.5 h.
Special Issue on "Terrestrial Laser Scanning": Editors' Notes

In this editorial, we provide an overview of the content of the special issue on “Terrestrial Laser Scanning”. The aim of this Special Issue is to bring together innovative developments and applications of terrestrial laser scanning (TLS), understood in a broad sense. Thus, although most contributions mainly involve the use of laser-based systems, other alternative technologies that also allow for obtaining 3D point clouds for the measurement and the 3D characterization of terrestrial targets, such as photogrammetry, are also considered. The 15 published contributions are mainly focused on the applications of TLS to the following three topics: TLS performance and point cloud processing, applications to civil engineering, and applications to plant characterization.
Perfectionism and the Impact of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation in Daily Life

Abstract. Previous research indicates that socially prescribed perfectionism (SPP) and self-oriented perfectionism (SOP) are associated with extrinsic and intrinsic motivation, respectively. Howeve...
DFF Layout Variations in CMOS SOI—Analysis of Hardening by Design Options

Four D flip-flop (DFF) layouts were created from the same schematic in Sandia National Laboratories’ CMOS7 silicon-on-insulator (SOI) process. Single-event upset (SEU) modeling and testing showed an improved response with the use of shallow (not fully bottomed) N-type metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors (NMOSFETs), extending the size of the drain implant and increasing the critical charge of the transmission gates in the circuit design and layout. This research also shows the importance of correctly modeling nodal capacitance, which is a major factor determining SEU critical charge. Accurate SEU models enable the understanding of the SEU vulnerabilities and how to make the design more robust.
Role of cytokines and chemokines in wound healing

Abstract Wound healing of postnatal mammalian dermal tissue is a complex multistep process, which at best restores barrier function of the skin and results in scar formation in normal patients, but is defective in diabetic patients. Diabetes mellitus is a major risk factor for the development of chronic nonhealing wounds. Chronic diabetic wounds are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality, which are a major healthcare and economic burden. Chronic wounds in diabetic patients, particularly those with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), are often characterized as being more prone to chronic inflammation and delayed granulation tissue formation than similar wounds in nondiabetic patients. Although this characterization aptly describes the most prominent pathological features of diabetic wounds, the impaired wound microenvironment is burdened with high oxidative stress, upregulation of proinflammatory cytokines and downregulation of antiinflammatory cytokines, increased proteolysis, altered cellular phenotypes, aberrant growth factor production, poor neovascularization, neuropathy, and increased presence of microbial pathogens. Diabetes deleteriously affects every facet of the distinct but overlapping stages of healing, including hemostasis, inflammation, matrix deposition, angiogenesis, wound contraction, and tissue remodeling. Notably, the cytokine and chemokine milieu of the wound microenvironment orchestrates these processes. Therefore, serious attempts to understand the pathology of chronic diabetic wounds must examine the role these molecules play in diabetes. Multiple human and animal studies have made tremendous contributions toward this end. Chronic diabetic wounds show marked differences not only compared to acute nondiabetic wounds, but also between both chronic healing and nonhealing diabetic wounds. This chapter aims to describe the current knowledge of chemokine and cytokine milieu throughout the wound-healing stages to create a more cohesive narrative of chronic diabetic wounds and explores potential therapeutics to aid in healing. By the end of this chapter, one should have a richer understanding of how abnormal cytokine and chemokine activity is both a product of diabetes and contributes to pathological wound healing seen in diabetic patients, and central to the urgent clinical need for new targeted immune therapeutics.
No independent or combined effects of vitamin D and conjugated linoleic acids on muscle protein synthesis in older adults: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial.

Background Aging is associated with skeletal muscle anabolic resistance (i.e., reduced muscle protein synthesis during anabolic conditions such as hyperaminoacidemia). The results from studies conducted in cell culture systems and animals suggest that both vitamin D and conjugated linoleic acids (CLAs) stimulate muscle protein synthesis. Objectives To conduct a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial to determine the independent and combined effects of dietary vitamin D and CLA supplementation on myofibrillar protein synthesis rates in sedentary older adults. Methods Thirty-two sedentary, older adults were randomized to receive either: 1) 2000 IU vitamin D-3 (Vit D) per day; 2) 4000 mg CLA per day; 3) both Vit D (2000 IU/d) and CLA (4000 mg/d); or 4) placebo for 8 wk. Myofibrillar protein synthesis rates were evaluated by using intravenous [ring-2H5]phenylalanine infusion in conjunction with muscle biopsies during basal, postabsorptive conditions and during combined amino acid and insulin infusion before and after the supplementation period. Results Before the intervention, basal myofibrillar protein synthesis rates were not different among groups (Placebo: 0.033 ± 0.003; Vit D: 0.034 ± 0.002; CLA: 0.029 ± 0.005; Vit D + CLA: 0.038 ± 0.005 %·h-1), and hyperinsulinemia-hyperaminoacidemia increased myofibrillar protein synthesis rates by ∼35%. Compared with placebo, neither Vit D nor CLA nor combined Vit D + CLA supplementation affected the basal myofibrillar protein synthesis rates (placebo: 0.040 ± 0.004%/h; Vit D: 0.044 ± 0.006%/h; CLA: 0.039 ± 0.006%/h; Vit D + CLA: 0.040 ± 0.007%/h) or the hyperinsulinemia-hyperaminoacidemia-induced increase in myofibrillar protein synthesis (percentage increase from basal before and after the interventions: placebo, 30 ± 11 and 36 ± 11; Vit D, 38 ± 8 and 34 ± 10; CLA, 50 ± 14 and 51 ± 16; Vit D + CLA, 29 ± 15 and 35 ± 8). Conclusions Vitamin D and/or CLA supplementation, at the doses provided in our study, does not have muscle anabolic effects in sedentary older adults.The study was registered at clinicaltrials.gov (NCT03115775).
DNA damage and repair in aging

Abstract Aging is manifested as progressive deterioration in form and physiological fitness of an organism, being accompanied by a decline in fecundity and an increase in susceptibility to various disorders. Despite considerable effort in aging research, it still remains a relatively mysterious phenomenon because of a dearth in the molecular understanding of what drives the process. In this chapter, we focus on the DNA damage response and repair pathways and how their efficiency and usage become altered during aging. We summarize the evidence for the DNA damage theory of aging, which hypothesizes a direct, causative role for DNA damage in aging. We will describe several disorders that are characterized by an accelerated aging phenotype and that occur as a result of mutations in various DNA repair factors.
Methods of mixing donor human milk during bottling results in fat differences between samples within a pool.

ABSTRACT The influence of milk-banking processes on nutrients in donor human milk (DHM) is largely unknown. Previous studies have measured nutrients between pools of DHM, but within-pool nutrient differences (between bottles from the same pool) have yet to be elucidated. The objective of this study was to gain a better understanding of the effect of different mixing characteristics on the distribution of fat, protein, IgA, and lysozyme in bottled, raw DHM. Pools of DHM were created in a laboratory setting according to published human milk-banking guidelines and assigned to a mixing treatment (mixing during bottling method, pooling container material, and refrigerated hold time). Four mixing protocols using glass pooling containers and a 1-h refrigerated hold time were tested: control (no mixing during bottling); manual-A (Man-A, hand swirl after pouring 3 bottles); manual-B (Man-B, hand swirl after pouring every bottle); and mechanical-G (Mech-G, continuous stirring with a magnet). As secondary objectives, we compared the effect of a glass and a plastic pooling container with mechanical mixing (mechanical-P, Mech-P), and compared refrigerated delays of 1 and 24 h before bottling with manual mixing (manual-A24, Man-A24). To control for differences in nutrient content, comparisons between treatments were made using absolute percent difference from the treatment-specific mean; and comparisons within a treatment were made using the ratio of fat content in a bottle to fat content in the first bottle of the same pool. We did not observe differences in nutrient distribution between Man-A, Man-B, and Mech-G in pools held for 1 h, but all were significantly different from the control for fat. There were no differences between glass or plastic pooling containers when mechanical mixing was used. Holding a pool in the refrigerator for 24 h before bottling created significantly greater fat distribution than holding a pool for 1 h. Outcomes were the result of controlled experiments. In summary, manual and mechanical mixing of 1,700-mL DHM pools produces similar fat and protein distributions when DHM is pooled and bottled after a 1-h hold time. When DHM is held for 24 h before bottling, more research is needed to determine the duration of initial mixing needed to reduce fat variability between bottles.
Once and Future History of eBooks

This chapter provides an insight into factors that influence the design and use of electronic books and is organized to answer questions that define the factors that guide the design of electronic books.
Expanding the Genetic Code for a Dinitrophenyl Hapten.

Haptens, such as dinitrophenyl (DNP) are small molecules that induce strong immune responses when attached to proteins or peptides and, as such, have been exploited for diverse applications. We engineered a Methanosarcina barkeri pyrrolysyl-tRNA synthetase (mbPylRS) to genetically encode a DNP-containing unnatural amino acid, N(6) -(2-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)acetyl)lysine (DnpK). Although this moiety was unstable in Escherichia coli, we found that its stability was enhanced in mammalian HEK 293T cells and was able to induce selective interactions with anti-DNP antibodies. The capability of genetically introducing DNP into proteins is expected to find broad applications in biosensing, immunology, and therapeutics.
ChemCom’s Evolution

For people interested in how curricular innovations find their way to the people who could benefit from them and why some curricula survive and keep growing and adapting while others whither and die, this case study of a survivor chemistry curriculum has many lessons to teach. There are lessons for policymakers who want to protect and nurture investments and for administrators seeking to make the best use of in-service monies in a changing curricular landscape. For developers, there are useful lessons to be learned about dissemination, about relations with publishers, and about adapting to a variety of state curricular frameworks and testing initiatives as well as to competitor programs.
On the perceptual distortion of data: early intervention programs are effective in overcoming environmental deprivation.

Your publication of a series of papers1-4 on early intervention with handicapped children is an important contribution to a critical area of theory and research, and your introductory caveat needs increased emphasis. As a scientist with a more than passing knowledge of early intervention programs, I was astonished at the sweeping generalizations and selective use of the literature which characterized Ferry9s contribution to this senes.4 By lumping together all forms of intervention and all kinds of conditions she ignores the considerable knowledge we do have, and, potentially, discourages fellow practitioners from the appropriate use of these techniques.
Ultrastructural studies of H-1 parvovirus replication: III. Intracellular localization of viral antigens with immunocytochrome c☆

Abstract Immunoelectron microscopy with cytochrome c conjugated anti-H-1 IgG was used to localize antigens of the parvovirus H-1 within synchronized human NB cells. Since glutaraldehyde destroyed H-1 antigenicity, a fixative containing formaldehyde was developed which preserved both cellular ultrastructure and antigenic function. The earliest H-1 specific staining occurred on the heterochromatin bordering the nuclear envelope at 8 h post infection (p.i.). At 10 h p.i., labeling was found on the chromatin associated with the nucleolar surface and tufts of heterochromatin distributed throughout the nucleoplasm. Except for this H-1 labeling, the chromatin appeared indistinguishable from that of uninfected cells. By 12 h p.i., however, coinciding with the abrupt rise in synthesis of H-1 hemagglutinin and infectious virus, H-1 labeled intranuclear chromatin had condensed and migrated toward the nuclear membrane. Also, trabeculae of intranuclear chromatin were tagged with anti-H-1 conjugate as contraction of nucleolar chromatin and disintegration of nucleolar ultrastructure began. Condensation of the nucleolar associated chromatin and nuclear heterochromatin appeared complete by 18–36 h p.i. when thick zones of this H-1 labeled material were observed at the nucleolar and nuclear periphery. Our results indicate that the binding of unassembled H-1 proteins to specific regions of chromatin is associated with their condensation and margination, resulting in early nucleolar destruction and subsequent nuclear damage during H-1 infection.
What is a Universal Higher-Order Programming Language?

Classic recursion theory asserts that all conventional programming languages are equally expressive because they can define all partial recursive functions over the natural numbers. This statement is misleading because programming languages support and enforce a more abstract view of data than bitstrings. In particular, most real programming languages support some form of higher-order data such as potentially infinite streams (input and output), lazy trees, and functions. In this paper, we develop a theory of higher-order computability suitable for comparing the expressiveness of sequential, deterministic programming languages. The theory is based on the construction of a new universal domain T and corresponding universal language KL. The domain T is universal for “sequential” domains; KL can define all the computable elements of T, including the elements corresponding to computable sequential functions. In addition, T preserves maximality of finite elements in embeddings, so the termination behavior of programs is preserved by embeddings in T.
The Boy's Guide to Pricing & Hedging

There is often an unfortunate strain of pedantry running through the teaching of quantitative finance, one involving an excess of abstraction, formality, rigor and axiomatization that makes the subject unnecessarily daunting and difficult. This article contains a short guide to quantitative finance with a human face.
Coupled ISO-NE real-time energy and regulation markets for reliability with natural gas

Reliability of the electricity grid against insufficient natural gas supply is becoming an increasingly relevant topic as the number of natural gas-fired generation units continues to grow. Without sufficient natural gas quantities at the market the loss of multiple generating units may occur with high probability. Existing power system operation practices are not designed to cope with the wide-spread fuel scarcity problem and great efforts are made by independent system operators (ISOs) and pipeline operators to improve interdependent system resiliency at all levels. In this paper we propose a combined real-time and regulation market which includes fuel scarcity signal to balance the requirements for optimal and resilient generation dispatch near real-time. The proposed approach is based on a distributed decision making algorithm known as dynamic market mechanism (DMM). On an example of the IEEE 14 bus system we show how the newly derived coupled market mechanism compares to today's decoupled operation of ISO-NE real-time and regulation markets under insufficient natural gas supply.
Pneumonia and disseminated bacteremia with Pasteurella multocida in the immune competent host: A case report and a review of the literature

Pasteurella multocida is primarily an opportunistic infection, most commonly of skin and soft tissue following animal bites particularly in the elderly and immunocompromised. While invasive disease with P. multocida has been documented in patients at high risk, such as those with organ transplants, malignancy, and cirrhosis, infections other than cellulitis associated with this pathogen are exceedingly rare in the immunocompetent population. We report a 70 year old Caucasian female with occurrence of a P. multocida pneumonia and resultant bacteremia in an immunocompetent host. Similar to prior case studies, the patient presented with a history of having significant exposure to animals at her residence. We undertook a review of the literature for reports of disseminated P. multocida in immunocompotent hosts in the absence of the typical presentation of cellulitis. Literature has suggested the possibility of nasal and oropharyngeal colonization of patients with frequent interactions with domestic animals, in whom periods of suppressed immune function may lead to activation of infection. P. multocida is commonly susceptible to most beta-lactams, including those utilized for the treatment of community acquired pneumonia. The utilization of macrolides should be avoided in these patients as susceptibilities are unpredictable, however fluoroquinolones maintain activity and may be an alternative therapy.
N,N‐Diethyl‐1,3,2‐benzodioxaborol‐2‐amine

[125928-78-1] C10H14BNO2 (MW 191.04) InChI = 1S/C10H14BNO2/c1-3-12(4-2)11-13-9-7-5-6-8-10(9)14-11/h5-8H,3-4H2,1-2H3 InChIKey = SXGVJVOSHXGJNN-UHFFFAOYSA-N (an efficient iminium ion generator) Physical Data: bp 72 °C/0.1 mmHg. Solubility: soluble in pentane. Form Supplied in: not commercially available. Preparative Methods: the reagent is prepared from diethylamine and o-phenylene chloroboronate in pentane at −80 °C (eq 1).1, 2 (1) Purification: distillation.
Calculation of diffusion-limited kinetics for the reactions in collision coupling and receptor cross-linking

Both enzyme (e.g., G-protein) activation via a collision coupling model and the formation of cross-linked receptors by a multivalent ligand involve reactions between two molecules diffusing in the plasma membrane. The diffusion of these molecules is thought to play a critical role in these two early signal transduction events. In reduced dimensions, however, diffusion is not an effective mixing mechanism; consequently, zones in which the concentration of particular molecules (e.g., enzymes, receptors) becomes depleted or enriched may form. To examine the formation of these depletion/ accumulation zones and their effect on reaction rates and ultimately the cellular response, Monte Carlo techniques are used to simulate the reaction and diffusion of molecules in the plasma membrane. The effective reaction rate at steady state is determined in terms of the physical properties of the tissue and ligand for both enzyme activation via collision coupling and the generation of cross-linked receptors. The diffusion-limited reaction rate constant is shown to scale with the mean square displacement of a receptor-ligand complex. The rate constants determined in the simulation are compared with other theoretical predictions as well as experimental data.
Computational design optimization of an SMA-based active steerable needle

Shape memory alloy (SMA) actuated needle is currently being developed to assist surgeons/physicians in their percutaneous interventional procedures. The proposed active surgical needle can potentially compensate the possible misplacements of the needle tip in the tissue benefiting from the improved navigation provided by the attached SMA actuators. In this study finite element tools have been utilized in order to maintain an optimum design of the active needle configuration. There are several parameters involved in the design affecting the active needle’s applicability and maneuverability; among them are the length, diameter and the maximum residual strain of the SMA wires, the stiffness and diameters of the surgical needle and the offset distance between the needle and the actuator. For analyzing the response of the active needle structure a parametric model was developed in ANSYS. This model was linked to the automated optimization tools for an improved design of the active needle. The most sensitive parameters affecting the active needle’s steerability were found to be the offset distance and the length of the needle. Considering the results and the clinical limitations, an improved design of the active needle was presented.
Fighting words and challenging expectations: language alternation and social roles in a family dispute

Abstract This paper investigates the part that social roles play in the interpretation of code-switching in a Chinese American family dispute. In this dispute, a mother and her adult daughter argue over where the mother should be employed, frequently switching between Cantonese and English, despite definite, and different, language preferences. Calling this argument a mother–daughter dispute is problematic, as the daughter repeatedly attempts to adopt an authoritative ‘parent’ role, while the mother sometimes takes on an advice-seeking ‘child’ role. At the same time, these challenges to social expectations, and the mother's persistent rejection of many of these attempts, are important parts of this argumentative context. Applying a conversation analytic approach that examines the relevance of these social roles empirically and sequentially, we find that social roles and expectations can be, but are not always, useful in understanding language alternation in this family dispute, and that language alternation can be involved in structuring and restructuring family relationships in talk.
Magnetic properties of Cr alloys containing dilute concentrations of Co, Ni and Fe

Abstract Magnetic-susceptibility measurements on CrCo alloys containing less than 10 at.% Co and on a Cr0·99 Ni alloy have been made over a wide range of temperatures. The behavior of these alloys is compared with that of the relatively well-documented CrFe alloys of comparable solute concentration. At temperatures higher than the Neel temperatures, T N , the susceptibilities of the CrCo alloys follow a Curie-Weiss law enabling a localized magnetic moment (∼ 1.9 μβ) associated with the cobalt atoms to be deduced. The overall behavior shows no gross disagreement with a model in which an exchange splitting Δ ∼ 300°K exists between the impurity spins and the surrounding matrix below T N . The susceptibility of the CrNi alloy has a temperature variation similar to that of unalloyed chromium suggesting zero or a very small moment. The effects of Co, Ni and Fe on the antiferromagnetic transition temperature are shown to be anomalous in that they cannot be categorized in terms of changes of electron concentration as can the effects of other transition-metal solutes.
An unusual cause of transient ischemic attacks: Case report

A 42-year-old black man, a physician, presented with a three week history of intermittent right arm and leg numbness and weakness, lasting about five minutes. This was not associated with headache, visual changes, seizures, aphasia or loss of consciousness. There was no history of head trauma, migraines, or previous attacks. Positive findings on physical examination were confined to a blood pressure of 182/80; evidence of hypertensive retinopathy; normal carotid pulses without bruits; and a Grade II/VI systolic ejection murmur with normal sinus rhythm. Initial hematocrit was 25.7%; white blood cell count 14,000 cu/mm with a normal differential; platelet count 532,000 cu/mm. An electrocardiogram showed left ventricular hypertrophy. Duplex scan demonstrated normal carotid bifurcations bilaterally, and arteriogram revealed no carotid or intracranial pathology. Hemoglobin electrophoresis revealed sickle cell disease of the SS type. He was treated with transfusion therapy and has remained asymptomatic at 40 months. Approximately 20% of children with the SS type sickle cell disease will have cerebrovascular symptoms caused by small intracranial artery occlusion due to sludging of the abnormal hemoglobin. This unusual cause of transient ischemic attacks can occur in older patients of African-American ancestry and must be recognized to enable early and effective therapy with exchange transfusion.
Stress-Related Changes in the Hematological Profile of the American Eel (Anguilla rostrata)

Abstract The authors investigated the impact of environmentally realistic concentrations of cadmium (Cd) on the hematological responses of the eel to acute stress. After 8 weeks of exposure to 150 μg Cd/liter, there was a significant reduction in the total erythrocyte count, hemoglobin (Hb), and hematocrit (Hct). Total leukocyte counts, leukocrit, and large lymphocytes were significantly increased, while the proportion of small lymphocytes fell. After 8 weeks of Cd exposure, acute stress was induced by a 2-min exposure to CO2 bubbles. The untreated control fish responded strongly by erythrocyte swelling, which was evident from a marked increase in the Hct and mean cellular volume, and a decreased mean cellular hemoglobin concentration. Furthermore, there was a marked granulocytosis and a strong drop in the thrombocyte count. After Cd treatment, the erythrocyte changes were attenuated and shorter, granulocytes were increased, and there was no drop in the thrombocyte count. It appears that the Cd exposure decreased the erythrocyte response to adrenergic stress signals. It also decreased the stress-related granulocytosis, and it prevented the drop of the thrombocyte count.
Biosystematics of Lysimachia section Seleucia (Primulaceae)

Information obtained from cytological investigations, analyses of local population samples and herbarium specimens, transplant studies, and hybridization experiments is presented and used to establish a classification ofLysimachia sectionSeleucia. Chromosome numbers, including first counts for six of the seven species in the section, are reported. The number 2n = 34 exists in all seven species. The basic chromosome number for the section isx = 17. Aneuploids are present inLysimachia ciliata (2n = 34, 92, 96, 100, 108, 112). Some plants ofL. tonsa are 2n= 34, others are hexaploid 2n = 102. Fertile hybrids have been obtained from crosses between all diploids and from crosses among aneuploids and between hexaploids. On the basis of this study, seven species are recognized in sectionSeleucia, i.e.,L. ciliata, L. graminea, L. hybrida, L. lanceolata, L. quadriflora, L. radicans, andL. tonsa. Keys, descriptions, synonymies, and distribution maps are provided. Seasonal isolation is documented betweenL. quadriflora andL. graminea. The seven species in sectionSeleucia are closely related and species integrity is apparently maintained through seasonal and ecological isolating mechanisms.
ResearchCompendia.org: Cyberinfrastructure for Reproducibility and Collaboration in Computational Science

We outline three goals to consider in building cyberinfrastructure to support scientific research and dissemination, and present our demonstration project ResearchCompendia. We posit that cyberinfrastructure should reinforce scientific norms, such as transparency and reproducibility, while embedding and encouraging best practices in scientific research, such as citation. Finally, we believe cyberinfrastucture should consider the entire soup-to-nuts discovery pipeline, even if focusing only on a subset of the workflow. In this article, we develop these ideas in the context of the ResearchCompendia project. ResearchCompendia is designed to facilitate reproducibility in computational science by persistently linking data and code that generated published findings to the article, and executing the code in the cloud to validate or certify those findings. We conclude with a discussion of the future vision of cyberinfrastructure and ResearchCompendia in support of science.
Neurofibrosarcoma-derived Schwann cells overexpress platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) receptors and are induced to proliferate by PDGF BB

Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is characterized by the formation of neurofibromas, benign tumors of the peripheral nerve consisting essentially of Schwann cells, which can sometimes turn malignant to form neurofibrosarcomas. The mechanism of progression toward a malignant phenotype remains largely unknown. In this report, we show that platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) BB, and to a lesser extent fibroblast growth factor 2, are mitogenic for two neurofibrosarcoma-derived Schwann cell lines, but not for a Schwann cell line derived from a schwannoma (from a non-NF1 patient) or for transformed rat Schwann cells. Levels of expression of both PDGF receptor alpha and beta are significantly increased in the two neurofibrosarcoma-derived cell lines compared to the non-NF1 Schwann cell lines. The level of tyrosyl-phosphorylated PDGF receptor beta is strongly increased upon stimulation by PDGF BB. In comparison, only modest levels of tyrosyl-phosphorylated PDGF receptor alpha are observed, upon stimulation by PDGF AA or PDGF BB. Accordingly, PDGF AA is only a weak mitogen for the neurofibrosarcoma-derived cells by comparison to PDGF BB. These results indicate that the mitogenic effect of PDGF BB for the neurofibrosarcoma-derived Schwann cell lines is primarily transduced by PDGF receptor beta. Neu differentiation factor beta, a potent mitogen for normal Schwann cells, was unable to stimulate proliferation of the transformed Schwann cell lines, due to a dramatic down-regulation of the erbB3 receptor. Therefore, aberrant expression of growth factor receptors by Schwann cells, such as the PDGF receptors, could represent an important step in the process leading to Schwann cell hyperplasia in NF1.
Computation of Cosmic Ray Ionization and Dose at Mars: a Comparison of HZETRN and Planetocosmics for Proton and Alpha Particles

The ability to evaluate the cosmic ray environment at Mars is of interest for future manned exploration. To support exploration, tools must be developed to accurately access the radiation environment in both free space and on planetary surfaces. The primary tool NASA uses to quantify radiation exposure behind shielding materials is the space radiation transport code, HZETRN. In order to build confidence in HZETRN, code benchmarking against Monte Carlo radiation transport codes is often used. This work compares the dose calculations at Mars by HZETRN and the Geant4 application Planetocosmics. The dose at ground and the energy deposited in the atmosphere by galactic cosmic ray protons and alpha particles has been calculated for the Curiosity landing conditions. In addition, this work has considered Solar Energetic Particle events, allowing for the comparison of varying input radiation environments. The results for protons and alpha particles show very good agreement between HZETRN and Planetocosmics.
Behavior therapy and its malcontents—II. Multimodal eclecticism, cognitive exclusivism and “exposure” empiricism

Abstract The term “malcontent” is applied to critics of behavior therapy whose criticisms are attributable to inadequacies in their understanding of it. Part I of this article discussed the malcontentedness of those who deny the bases of behavior therapy and of those who advocate a merger with psychoanalysis. Part II rebuts those who advocate the accretion of “multimodal” techniques, those who see behavior therapy as based entirely on cognitive change, and those who see it as an “exposure” technology. An important factor behind the positions taken by most malcontents is their dividing the human personality into a biological realm and a cognitive realm—Ryle's “ghost in the machine”. Awareness of the unity of the organism is an essential requisite for the scientific study of the most complex levels of human behavior.
An Investigation of Student Response to a Potential Tuition Cap Increase at Casper College

Wyoming Community College Commission policy currently states any student enrolled for more than 12 credit hours will be charged tuition for only 12 credit hours. This policy is referred to as the tuition cap. In November 2010, the commission discussed increasing the tuition cap to 15 credits. An increase from 12 to 15 credits would have represented a 25% increase in tuition for students enrolled for 15 or more credits. Casper College president Dr. Walter Nolte commissioned a study to examine the impact such an increase would have on Casper College and its students. A survey instrument was designed to determine if students carrying more than 12 credit hours would reduce their enrollment credits and what sources of funding they would seek to defray the increased cost. Using a multistage sampling design, a sample of 67 Casper College course sections was selected to respond to the survey. The data were analyzed with logistic regression models, and the estimates were adjusted using sampling weights and a finit...
Involvement of α2-Adrenoceptors in mechanism of intragastric nicotine protection against ethanol injury in rat stomach

To elucidate the role of α- and β-adrenoceptors in the mechanism of intragastric nicotine protection against ethanol-induced gastric mucosal injury, the following studies were performed. At 0.5-hr prior to the injury study, rats were pretreated with: subcutaneous control, prazosin (0.5 mg/kg) or yohimbine (5 mg/kg) to block α1- or α2-adrenoceptors; or intraperitoneal control, metoprolol (2 mg/kg) or butoxamine (4 mg/kg) to block β1- or β2-adrenoceptors, respectively. At 1-hr intervals, rats received intragastric vehicle or nicotine (4 mg/kg) and 40% ethanol (10 ml/kg). Total lengths of the linear gastric corpus mucosal lesions were measured by an unbiased observer using a caliper. In a separate study, 0.5-hr after subcutaneous control or yohimbine (5 mg/kg), rats were treated with intragastric vehicle or nicotine (4 mg/kg). One hour later, gastric mucus volume, gastric juice volume and pH, and titratable acid in the gastric juice were measured. In the rat stomach, the intragastric nicotine protection against 40% ethanol-induced mucosal injury was not blocked by selective α1-(prazosin), β1-(metoprolol), or β2-(butoxamine) adrenoceptor antagonists. The protection was significantly reduced although not completely abolished by selective α2-(yohimbine) adrenoceptor antagonist. Yohimbine also significantly reduced basal and nicotine-stimulated increase in gastric mucus volume. These data suggest that α2-adrenoceptors are involved in the protective effect of intragastric nicotine against 40% ethanol-induced gastric mucosal injury possibly by a mucus-dependent mechanism.
VIRAL HEPATITIS A, B, AND C

Mankind probably has known viral hepatitis for many centuries; however, the major and most dramatic developments in our knowledge of these diseases have taken place during the second half of the 20th century. During this relatively short period of time, the infectious nature of hepatitis A, B, and C has been proven, leading to their identification and description. The advent of serologic markers has provided the means for establishing the diagnosis. Epidemiologic studies have provided important information that led to exciting achievements in detection and prevention of transmission. Molecular biology studies and cell culture techniques have established our knowledge of the viral genomes, and led to the development of specific vaccines for hepatitis A and B. Anti-viral therapy has been developed and aggressive combination therapy has emerged as a promising strategy for chronic hepatitis B and C. This article reviews some of the main fields of progress and achievement related to viral hepatitis A, B, and C in the 20th century.
Biosensors into the 1990s

The current status and future prospects for biosensors are viewed from a personal perspective of 30 years. It is suggested that the principal obstacles to progress in the biosensor field are at least as much human and organizational as scientific or technical.
The Role of Residential Segregation in Contemporary School Segregation

Inaction to address housing segregation in metropolitan areas has resulted in persistently high levels of residential segregation. As the Supreme Court has recently limited school districts’ volunt...
Spatial Divisions of Corporate Services Occupations in the United States, 1983–88

This article examines corporate services from a regional perspective, using the concept of “spatial divisions of labor.” We examine non-routine, control-related activity as well as routine activity, bridging the literatures on white- and pink-collar work. Using the Geographic Profile on Employment and Unemployment, published by the U.S. Department of Labor, we examine occupational data across the nine census divisions continuously from 1983 through 1988. This data source is unique because it reports on occupational data annually, in relatively disaggregate form, and does so by geographic regions. Location quotients for the occupational data serve to identify a “core” with respect to concentrations of control-related activity. This core comprises the New England, Middle Atlantic, and Pacific divisions. In contrast, routine activity generally is more dispersed, although some regional separation is evident for specific occupations, showing regional concentration in subordinate or “peripheral” regions. The results of the study identify regional patterns, which are heuristically valuable in raising questions regarding the complex processes responsible for spatial divisions of labor. In particular, the findings suggest a geography of modes of production, a subject that requires substantially more attention.
Evaluation of permeability characteristics of FGD materials

Abstract The suitability of clean coal technology by-products as impervious liners in place of commonly used clay or geomembranes is investigated. A laboratory program to characterize the permeability of stabilized flue gas desulfurization (FGD) material is presented. Several mixes were prepared and tested. The laboratory samples exhibit low permeabilities and high strengths necessary for liner applications. The permeability values measured in the laboratory for some samples are much lower than the 1×10 −7 cm s −1 value required by EPA for constructing liners for waste containment facilities.