cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Depletion of the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate-sensitive intracellular Ca2+ store in vascular endothelial cells activates the agonist-sensitive Ca2+-influx pathway

Previous studies in non-excitable cells have suggested that depletion of internal Ca2+ stores activates Ca2+ influx from the extracellular space via a mechanism that does not require stimulation of phosphoinositide hydrolysis. To test this hypothesis in vascular endothelial cells, the effect of the Ca(2+)-ATPase/pump inhibitor 2,5-di-t-butylhydroquinone (BHQ) on cytosolic free Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) was examined. BHQ produced a dose-dependent increase in [Ca2+]i, which remained elevated over basal values for several minutes and was substantially inhibited in the absence of extracellular Ca2+. Application of bradykinin after BHQ demonstrated that the BHQ-sensitive compartment partially overlapped the bradykinin-sensitive store. Similar results were obtained with thapsigargin and cyclopiazonic acid, two other Ca(2+)-ATPase inhibitors. Although BHQ had no effect on phosphoinositide hydrolysis, both 45Ca2+ influx and efflux were stimulated by this agent. These results suggest that depletion of the agonist-sensitive Ca2+ store is sufficient for activation of Ca2+ influx. Several characteristics of the Ca(2+)-influx pathway activated by internal store depletion were compared with those of the agonist-activated pathway. Bradykinin-stimulated Ca2+ influx was increased at alkaline extracellular pH (pHo), and was inhibited by extracellular La3+, by depolarization of the membrane, and by the novel Ca(2+)-influx blocker 1-(beta-[3-(4-methoxyphenyl)propoxy]-4- methoxyphenethyl)-1H-imidazole hydrochloride (SKF 96365). Additionally, bradykinin stimulated influx of both 45Ca2+ and 133Ba2+, consistent with the hypothesis that the agonist-activated influx pathway is permeable to both of these bivalent cations. Likewise, activation of Ca2+ influx by BHQ, thapsigargin and cyclopiazonic acid was blocked by La3+, membrane depolarization and SKF 96365, but was unaffected by nitrendipine or BAY K 8644. Furthermore, Ca2+ influx stimulated by BHQ was increased at alkaline pHo and BHQ stimulated the influx of both 45Ca2+ and 133Ba2+ to the same extent. These results demonstrate that the agonist-activated Ca(2+)-influx pathway and the pathway activated by depletion of the agonist-sensitive internal Ca2+ store are indistinguishable.
Vascular ring in interruption of the aortic arch with bilateral patent ductus arteriosi

The previously unreported occurrence of a true vascular ring in association with interruption of the aortic arch resulting from bilateral persistence of the ductus arteriosi is described. Division of both ductus is necessary to minimize the potential for tracheobronchial compression. This should be accomplished either during definitive (one-stage) repair of the interrupted aortic arch and associated anomalies or at the initial procedure of a staged repair.
Differences in coder and physician perspectives on the transition to ICD-10-CM/PCS: A survey study

Abstract Background We hypothesized that coders would be less likely than physicians to avoid, delay, or bypass the transition to ICD-10, and more likely to want codes to distinguish between the left and right side of the body and have only one set of codes and documentation to meet both clinical and billing objectives. Objective Assess similarities and differences in perspectives between coders and physicians on the use of ICD-10. Methods A cross-sectional survey study was conducted with a convenience sample of coders and physicians using an online survey. Statistical differences for six a priori hypotheses were analyzed. Thematic analyses were conducted on open-ended responses. Results 71 coders and 56 physicians completed the survey. All six hypotheses were confirmed ( p Discussion Coders and physicians have polarized perspectives on the usefulness of ICD-10. Three strategies may improve data quality and efficiency: Computer-Assisted Coding, templates, and scribes becoming certified to do codes.
Rotating Prism Compensators, Part I: Theory

This first part of a two-part article on the design and analysis of rotating prism compensators is theoretical and provides an overview on the nature of the image in simple compensators while explaining the principles upon which complex designs are based. Some new schemes, consistent with available optical materials and engineering techniques, are developed that offer significantly improved image quality. (The second part, in preparation by the authors, addresses the specification and computer analysis of optical design, with particular emphasis on predicting the effective modulation transfer function in a high-speed rotating prism camera. A new wide-angle lens, based on theoretical considerations, was designed for a conventional 70mm camera. Measurements with the finished lens are compared with prediction and existing lenses. The computer performance of a new compensation scheme is compared with a conventional rotating prism compensator.)
Una-May O'Reilly

The world was so fortunate to have such a wonderful man. He was a brilliant and bold thinker of enormous impact. John's ideas on complexity and, within them on evolutionary computation, might arguably have been articulated in advance of the technical capabilities needed to fully explore their foundations, implications and potential. That kind of scientific vision is hallmark of a great thinker. For GAs and GP, we're only now, in isolated cases, exploring computation at a scale large enough to realize some of the facets of complexity he so clearly abstracted and described in such an inspiring way.
Purification of Mitochondria by Sucrose Step Density Gradient Centrifugation

Mitochondrial fractions isolated from tissue culture cells or tissue such as liver after differential centrifugation can be purified further by density gradient centrifugation. Here we describe the use of sucrose for this purpose because it is commonly used and inexpensive and the resulting mitochondria preparations are useful for many purposes.
Cooperation in Partly Observable Networked Markets

Abstract We present a model of repeated games in large two-sided networks between clients and agents in the presence of third-party observability networks via which clients share information about past transactions. The model allows us to characterize cooperation networks—networks in which each agent cooperates with every client that is connected to her. To this end, we show that: [1] an agent a's incentives to cooperate depend only on her beliefs with respect to her local neighborhood—a subnetwork that includes agent a and is of a size that is independent of the size of the entire network; and [2] when an agent a observes the network structure only partially, her incentives to cooperate can be calculated as if the network were a random tree with agent a at its root.
Miniature atomic scalar magnetometer for space based on the rubidium isotope 87Rb

A miniature atomic scalar magnetometer based on the rubidium isotope 87Rb was developed for operation in space. The instrument design implements both Mx and Mz mode operation and leverages a novel microelectromechanical system (MEMS) fabricated vapor cell and a custom silicon-on-sapphire (SOS) complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) integrated circuit. The vapor cell has a volume of only 1 mm3 so that it can be efficiently heated to its operating temperature by a specially designed, low-magnetic-field-generating resistive heater implemented in multiple metal layers of the transparent sapphire substrate of the SOS-CMOS chips. The SOS-CMOS chip also hosts the Helmholtz coil and associated circuitry to stimulate the magnetically sensitive atomic resonance and temperature sensors. The prototype instrument has a total mass of fewer than 500 g and uses less than 1 W of power, while maintaining a sensitivity of 15 pT/√Hz at 1 Hz, comparable to present state-of-the-art absolute magnetometers.
Computer Vision for Structural Health Monitoring and Damage Detection of Bridges

Structural performance of Civil Infrastructure Systems (CIS) often decreases due to reasons such as damage, over loading, severe environmental conditions, and aging due to normal continued use. These effects will result in long-term structural damage and deterioration. As a result, novel Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) strategies are increasingly becoming more important. In this paper, integrated use of video images and sensor data in the context of SHM is demonstrated as promising technologies for safety and security of bridges. The synchronized image and sensing data are analyzed to obtain Unit Influence Line (UIL) as an index for monitoring bridge behavior under identified loading conditions. The UCF 4-span bridge model is used to explore the use of imaging devices and traditional sensing technology with UIL for damage detection. Different damage scenarios such as changes in boundary conditions and loss of connectivity between composite sections are analyzed. Experimental data is processed by means of statistical methods. Outlier detection algorithms are used to identify structural changes in large data sets obtained by monitoring and results are presented. Finally, advantages and disadvantages of the method are discussed.
Country-of-Origin and Airline Brand Effects: A Study of Brand Associations

This study examines linkages between country-of-origin brand (country brand) and operator brand using examples in the airline industry. A review of literature examines brand associations that may be (a) shared among the country brand and an airline or (b) are unique to an airline. The importance of both shared and unique association is highlighted. The level of engagement that these associations generate in the consumer audience is exemplified.
PLANA/2.1-Enhanced Control Software for Network Analyzer Systems

PLANA/2.1 is an extensive software package for controlling the HP-8409 network analyzer. PLANA has been updated to allow on-line statistical analyses of data and operation with mm-wave test sets. A version of PLANA that controls the HP-8510 network analyzer will appear in the near future.
Passing the Torch and the Samples: When microbiologists retire, what happens—or should happen—to the resources they have amassed over their careers?

I was at a meeting recently and one of my younger colleagues referred to a group of us as “microbiologists of a certain age”—a polite way of saying that many of us not only are getting older, but that several are clearly in that category. It is true: a surprising number of currently active microbiologists were born between 1940 and 1950. We lived through the heyday of molecular biology. As a former department chairman, this group showed up on my radar screen as a large group of faculty who could retire en masse over the next few years. As I talked to other department chairs around the country, it was clear we all were looking at a similar situation. While various administrative buzz phrases were used to describe this phenomenon (e.g., changing of the guard, energizing the faculty, removing dead wood), many people began to realize that this group of a “certain age” had amassed some valuable resources that could disappear with them. I refer not only to knowledge and experience, but also to culture and mutant collections, virus stocks, plasmid and vector collections, and information of their provenance and curation.
Automated and Manual Measurements of the Aortic Annulus with ECG-Gated Cardiac CT Angiography Prior to Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement: Comparison with 3D-Transesophageal Echocardiography.

Rationale and Objectives Multimodality evaluation of the aortic annulus is generally advocated to plan for transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR). We compared aortic annular measurements by cardiac computed tomography angiography (cCTA) to three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography (3D-TEE), and also evaluated the use of semi-automated software for cCTA annular measurements. Materials and Methods A retrospective cohort of 74 patients underwent 3D-TEE and electrocardiogram-gated cCTA of the heart within 30 days for TAVR planning. 3D-TEE measurements were obtained during mid-systole; cCTA measurements were obtained during late-systole (40% of R-R interval) and mid-diastole (80% of R-R interval). Annular area was measured independently by manual planimetry and with semi-automated software. Results cCTA measurements in systole and diastole were highly correlated for short-axis diameter (r = 0.91), long-axis diameter (r = 0.92), and annular area (r = 0.96), although systolic measurements were significantly larger (P Conclusions Although all cCTA measurements are highly correlated with measurements by 3D-TEE, diastolic phase cCTA measurements tend to be closer to standard mid-systolic 3D-TEE measurements. Semi-automated measurement of the aortic annulus with cCTA is highly correlated with manual planimetry. Nonetheless, annular contours derived by semi-automated software should be visually inspected, as the variability in area estimates for individual cases between manual and automated measurements may alter the sizing of an aortic prosthesis.
How acidic is the lumen

Proton motive force (pmf), established across the thylakoid membrane by photosynthetic electron transfer, functions both to drive the synthesis of ATP and initiate processes that down-regulate photosynthesis. At the same time, excessively low lumen pH can lead to the destruction of some lumenal components and sensitization of the photosynthetic apparatus to photoinhibition. Therefore, in order to understand the energy budget of photosynthesis, its regulation and responses to environmental stresses, it is essential to know the magnitude of pmf, its distribution between ΔpH and the electric field (Δϕ) as well as the relationships between these parameters and ΔGATP, and down-regulatory and inhibitory processes. We review past estimates of lumen pH and propose a model that can explain much of the divergent data in the literature. In this model, in intact plants under permissive conditions, photosynthesis is regulated so that lumen pH remains mod erate (between 5.8 and 6.5), where it modulates the activity of the violaxanthin deepoxidase, does not significantly restrict the turnover of the cytochrome b6f complex, and does not destabilize the oxygen evolving complex. Only under stressed conditions, where light input exceeds the capacity of both photosynthesis and down-regulatory processes, does lumen pH decrease below 5, possibly contributing to photoinhibition. A value of n = 4 for the stoichiometry of protons pumped through the ATP synthase per ATP synthesized, and a minor contribution of Δϕ to pmf, will allow moderate lumen pH to sustain the observed levels of ΔGATP.
Stingers and Burners

A stinger or burner is a common athletic injury characterized by the sudden onset of burning pain on the ipsilateral upper extremity following a traumatic event with transient paresthesias and/or weakness radiating from the supraclavicular region into the limb. The athlete’s symptoms often follow the C5, C6, or C7 dermatome and present with shoulder girdle weakness. With each subsequent injury, the experienced symptoms often last longer than the previous occurrence. How stingers occur is controversial but includes traction injury to the cervical roots and/or brachial plexus, compression injury to the cervical nerve roots, or direct trauma to the brachial plexus. The most common exam findings include unilateral arm pain without neck pain, negative Spurling’s test, full active shoulder and neck range of motion, neurovascularly intact upper extremity, decreased Torg ratio, foraminal-vertebral body ratio, and the mean subaxial space available for the cord. The most common treatment for stingers includes rest, physical therapy, and equipment modifications. However, the use of neck collars for stinger prevention is controversial.
Measurement of Currents in the Coastal Oceans

The term ‘currents’ in water bodies refers to the time variation of water movements. Currents are generated by a complex interaction of forces acting on the water surface. In general, water movement results from the mechanical mixing due to wind stress and thermal effects due to alternate heating and cooling through the surface. In oceans and lakes, accurate measurement of the local current structure is fundamental for predicting the physical and biochemical characteristics of a given region. Historically, current measurements were used for shipping and oceanographic applications. Contemporary research, however, has seen the extension of this analysis to include the study of water movement in the coastal areas of the oceans and in large lakes. In this, coastal engineers and limnologists have benefited from the experience gained in the development of ocean-scale technology. With some modification to comply with the constraint imposed by shallow waters, practical means have evolved to study processes and potential problems imposed by industrial and municipal pressures—especially in the near-shore regime.
Coronary microvascular function in cardiac amyloidosis

297 Objectives To assess myocardial blood flow (MBF) and coronary vasodilator reserve using N-13 ammonia PET in subjects with cardiac amyloidosis and to compare them to normal subjects and to subjects with left ventricular hypertrophy. Amyloid deposits in the heart could compress the microvasculature, resulting in coronary microvascular dysfunction and angina, even in the absence of epicardial coronary artery disease (CAD). Methods We prospectively enrolled 24 subjects in this study. A group of healthy subjects (Normal, N=10) and subjects with hypertensive left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH, N=5) were recruited as controls. Ten subjects had biopsy-proven light chain (N=7) or senile (N=3) amyloidosis (Amyloid), with typical cardiac involvement on echocardiography. Exclusion criteria included, EF Results The results are summarized in the Table and Figure. The MBF at rest was similar between the groups, but, peak stress MBF was significantly lower in the amyloid (0.91) compared to normal (1.94) and LVH subjects (2.1), P Conclusions Subjects with cardiac amyloidosis demonstrate significantly lower peak stress MBF and vasodilator coronary flow reserve compared to normal volunteers and subjects with LVH. Research Support Amyloidosis Foundation; American Society of Nuclear Cardiology, NIH-NHLB
The Copyright-Innovation Trade-Off: Property Rules, Liability Rules, and Intentional Infliction of Harm

Should the law secure to copyright owners control over new technological uses of their works? Or should the law leave technological innovators free to explore and exploit such uses? The greater control afforded to copyright owners, the greater the incentive to produce content, but also the greater the disincentive to produce better technologies to enjoy it. This Article studies the degree to which protecting copyright owners or technological innovators by property rules or liability rules over new technological uses of content would drive members of each group to invest desirably in their respective creations and in reducing the interference between their activities. The Article offers three major contributions: (1) it assesses the degree to which different entitlements promote authorship and innovation as well as investments to minimize the interference between them, (2) it shows that a property rule in technological innovators might drive them to harm copyright owners intentionally, and (3) it suggests a way of modifying legal entitlements that can improve copyright owners and innovators’ incentives to invest.
Classical Test Theory

This chapter gives a succinct introduction to classical test theory, an early attempt to formalize a statistical theory of psychological measurement. The main focus is on reliability. After introducing the true score model, the following reliability coefficients are presented: Cronbach’s α, greatest lower bound, and McDonald’s ω’s. In the second part of this chapter, this simple definition of reliability idea is extended to multiple error sources. This leads to generalizability theory which includes concepts like G-studies and D-studies, as well as generalizability and dependability coefficients.
Circuit Level ESD Simulation with SPICE: Successes and Challenges

The present state of compact device modelling for circuit level ESD simulation with SPICE has been reviewed. An industry perspective on the key factors that are important for successful ESD event simulation is provided. The main challenges for the future ESD model developments are also discussed.
A Paper-based Enzymatic Sensor Array for Visual Detection of Glucose Levels in Urine

We developed a novel glucose sensor that enabled simple visual screening of specific glucose concentrations in urine. This non-invasive glucose biosensor integrated a disposable, paper-based sensing strip and a simple amplifier circuit with a visual readout. The paper sensor consisted of five enzyme-functionalized electrodes which were individually connected to a specifically designed LED indicator circuit with a predefined threshold value regarding glucose levels. The device features (i) low-cost paper-based glucose oxidase (GOX)/poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) sensing electrodes, (ii) simple signal amplification and (iii) on-site, rapid and visual detection. The sensor showed reliable, discrete visual responses for determination of five glucose levels (1, 2, 3, 4 and higher than 4 mM) in urine in less than 2 minutes. This sensor will address the limitations of conventional glucose measurements.
Clostridium difficile Colitis Following Revision Total Knee Arthroplasty: Incidence and Risk Factors.

Abstract Background Clostridium difficile–associated diarrhea (CDAD) is associated with adverse events and financial liability. As institutions continue to adopt CDAD rates as a quality control metric, it is important to identify patients at risk before surgery, including revision total knee arthroplasty (rTKA). This study was conducted to (1) determine the incidence of CDAD within 30 days of rTKA and (2) identify perioperative risk factors for CDAD following rTKA. Methods The American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program was queried to identify 6023 rTKA procedures from 2015-2016. Preoperative and perioperative variables, including patient demographics, lab values, comorbidities, operative time, procedure type, presence of postoperative infections, and rates of CDAD were collected. Chi-square and Fisher’s exact tests were used to detect differences between categorical variables, and t-tests were used to compare continuous variables. A stepwise logistic regression model was used to identify the risk factors for CDAD. Results The rate of CDAD within 30 days of rTKA was found to be 0.4% (24/6024). The CDAD rate following aseptic revision was 0.2% (12/4893), while the incidence of CDAD after septic revision was 1.1% (12/1130). Preoperative functional dependence (odds ratio [OR] = 5.14; P = .002), septic revision (OR = 2.77; P = .026), and cancer (OR = 14.26; P = .016) were statistically significant independent risk factors for CDAD after rTKA. Conclusion The incidence of CDAD after rTKA is approximately 0.4% in the United States. Independent risk factors for CDAD include septic revision, preoperative functional dependence, and cancer. Prevention of CDAD in these higher risk patients must be considered before surgery and antibiotic selection for other infections should be managed judiciously.
Urinary levels of Bcl-2 are elevated in ovarian cancer

963 Ovarian cancer is the leading cause of gynecologic cancer death in women in the US. It is estimated that 23,000 new cases are diagnosed annually and that 14,000 women die annually from this disease. The lack of early symptoms and the absence of a reliable screening test result in over 70% of women being diagnosed after the disease has spread beyond the ovary so that the prognosis is poor (5-year survival is no better than 37%). Deregulation of apoptosis due to overexpression of anti-apoptotic proteins contributes to the malignant phenotype by supporting cancer cell growth and therapeutic resistance. Building on a previous pilot study to assess whether urinary levels of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 could be used to detect ovarian cancer, urine was collected from normal healthy volunteers (N=58), patients with benign gynecologic disease (N=122) and patients with ovarian cancer (N=115) and measured for Bcl-2 by ELISA (mean ng/ml ± S.E.). The average amount of Bcl-2 in the urine of cancer patients was > 2 ng/ml and up to 10X greater than healthy controls or patients with benign disease. Using logistic regression, the predicted odds of cancer (early or late) increased 26.9%, (p
Automated Congressional Redistricting

Every 10 years, when states are forced to redraw their congressional districts, the process is intensely partisan, and the outcome is rarely fair and democratic. In the past few decades, the growing capabilities of computers have offered the promise of objective, computerized redistricting. Unfortunately, the redistricting problem can be shown to be NP-Complete, but there are a number of heuristics that are effective. We specifically define the redistricting problem and analyze several variations of a new divide and conquer algorithm, comparing the compactness and population deviation of our new algorithm to existing algorithms and the actual districts. We offer a comparative component-based analysis that demonstrates the strengths and weaknesses of each algorithm component and the type of input. The comparative analysis shows that there are several ways to produce valid redistricting plans, but each approach has benefits and consequences. Our new algorithm produces valid results to the redistricting problem in almost every state that undergoes congressional redistricting, offering a new solution to this challenging real-world problem. In one version, the algorithm produces plans with the optimal population deviation in 42 out of 43 multi-district states, which is better than most algorithms in the literature. While compactness scores vary, this approach offers new opportunities to improve population deviation. Our output files comply with the accepted format at most government hearings and redistricting competitions, so the results would be compatible with most public participation efforts in 2020.
Beyond Internal and External: A Taxonomy of Mechanisms for Regulating Corporate Conduct

Corporate discourse often distinguishes between internal and external regulation of corporate behavior. The former refers to internal decisionmaking processes within corporations and the relationships between investors and corporate managers, and the latter refers to the substantive mandates and prohibitions that dictate how corporations must behave with respect to the rest of society. At the same time, most commenters would likely agree that these categories are too simplistic; relationships between investors and managers are often regulated with a view toward benefitting other stakeholders. This Article, written for the New Realism in Business Law and Economics symposium, will seek to develop a taxonomy of tactics available to, and used by, regulators to influence corporate conduct, without regard to their nominal categorization of “external” or “internal” (or “corporate” and “non-corporate”) in order to shed light on how those categories both obscure and misdescribe the existing regulatory framework. By reframing the shareholder/stakeholder debate, we can identify underutilized avenues for encouraging prosocial, and discouraging antisocial, corporate action, and recognize areas of contradiction and incoherence in current regulatory policy. Finally, this exercise will demonstrate how corporations, far from being “privately” ordered, are in fact the product of an overarching set of choices made by state actors in the first instance.
Control of hybrid boosting in highly diluted internal combustion engines

A novel hybrid system enabling both flexible supercharging and limited torque assist is studied to mitigate transient response challenges of a turbocharged spark ignition engine equipped with low p...
Human leukocyte antigen expression in paired primary lung tumors and brain metastases in non-small cell lung cancer

Loss of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class 1 expression is a mechanism of tumor immune escape and may contribute to resistance to immunotherapy. Patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors can have discordant responses between brain metastases and extracranial sites of disease. We sought to evaluate whether HLA class 1 expression was retained in metastatic NSCLC. Patients with paired primary NSCLC and brain metastases were identified from our institution’s tissue registry. HLA class 1 cell membrane expression on tumor cells was determined by immunohistochemistry. Tumors with greater than the median of 10% HLA expression were considered positive. Agreement statistics (κ) were used to assess the congruence of HLA expression. 51 patients with paired primary NSCLC and brain lesions were identified. The median HLA class 1 expression was 20% in the primary tumors (IQR 0–65%) and 10% in the brain metastases (IQR 5–40%). 27 primary tumors and 24 brain metastases were positive for HLA expression. There was disagreement in HLA positivity between paired lesions in 11 patients (22%, 95% CI 12–35%) (κ = 0.57, 95% CI 0.35–0.79) (p = 0.0001). None of the patients received checkpoint inhibitors for treatment of these lesions. The results show that while there is moderate agreement in HLA class 1 expression between primary lung tumor and brain metastasis pairs, HLA expression is incongruent in nearly one quarter of patients. Loss of antigen presentation may represent one of the many potential mechanisms of discordant responses to checkpoint inhibitor therapy.
Near Magnetic Field Emission Analysis for IGBT and SiC Power Modules

Power modules with high-speed power devices such as IGBTs and SiC MOSFETs have become crucial components of medium to high power applications. However, their faster switching speed and compact design raise near magnetic field emission issues. The near magnetic field from the high-speed power modules could contaminate the peripheral circuits and filters. In this paper, the near magnetic field emission is analyzed for three power modules. The root cause and sources of the near magnetic emission are identified. Based on the analysis, the near magnetic field is predicted and verified with finite element analysis (FEA) simulation and measurement.
Self-reported Burnout: Comparison of Radiologists to Nonradiologist Peers at a Large Academic Medical Center.

Rationale and Objectives Relatively little data exist on factors associated with radiologists’ burnout versus other medical specialties. We compared self-reported burnout among academic medical center radiologists versus nonradiologist peers to inform initiatives to increase wellbeing and professional satisfaction. Materials and Methods In 2017, our large urban academic medical center administered the Stanford Physician Wellness Survey to faculty in fifteen clinical departments (fourteen academic, one community-based). Faculty rated burnout via Likert scale (0—no burnout; 1—occasional stress/no burnout; 2—one or more burnout symptoms; 3—persistent burnout symptoms; 4—completely burned out); burnout defined as >=2. Responses in 11 domains (professional fulfillment, emotional exhaustion, interpersonal disengagement, sleep difficulties, self-compassion, negative work impact on personal relations, perceived appreciation, control over schedule, organizational/personal values alignment, electronic health record, perceived quality of supervisory leadership) compared radiologists versus nonradiologists for association with burnout, using Whitney-Mann U test to calculate Z scores. Results There was no significant difference in overall self-reported burnout between radiologists and nonradiologists, nor in self-rating for emotional exhaustion, interpersonal disengagement, self-compassion, control over schedule, organizational/personal values alignment, or electronic health record experience. Radiologists had significantly lower self-rating for work happiness (Z = -2.669, p = 0.0076), finding work meaningful (Z = -2.77351, p = 0.0055), perceiving physicians as highly valued (Z = -2.5486, p = 0.0108), and believing leadership treated them with respect and dignity (Z = -3.44149, p = 0.0006). Conclusion Compared to nonradiologist colleagues, radiologists were less likely to find work meaningful and more likely to feel unhappy and undervalued in the workplace and by leadership. Initiatives to increase perceived appreciation, leadership relationships, and meaningfulness of work for radiologists may reduce burnout.
Model-Based Feature Information Network (MFIN): A Digital Twin Framework to Integrate Location-Specific Material Behavior Within Component Design, Manufacturing, and Performance Analysis

The digital transformation of manufacturing requires digitalization, including automatic and efficient data exchange. Model-based definitions (MBDs) capture digital product definitions, in order to eliminate error-prone information exchange associated with traditional paper-based drawings and to provide contextual information through additional metadata. The flow of MBDs extends throughout the product lifecycle (including the design, analysis, manufacturing, in service life, and retirement stages) and can be extended beyond the typical geometry and tolerance information within a computer-aided design. In this paper, the MBDs are extended to include materials information, via dynamic linkages. To this end, a model-based feature information network (MFIN) is created to provide a comprehensive framework that facilitates storing, updating, searching, and retrieving of relevant information across a product’s lifecycle. The use case of a damage tolerant analysis for a compressor bladed-disk (blisk) is demonstrated, in Ti-6Al-4V blade(s) linear friction welded to the Ti-6Al-4V disk, creating well-defined regions exhibiting grain refinement and high residuals stresses. By capturing the location-specific microstructure and residual stress values at the weld regions, this information is accessed within the MFIN and used for downstream damage tolerant analysis. The introduction of the MFIN framework facilitates access to dynamically evolving data for use within physics-based models (resulting in the opportunity to reduce uncertainty in subsequent prognosis analyses), thereby enabling a digital twin description of the component or system.
When good deals need help getting done: Articulating side payment strategies

Abstract Value creation often requires coordinated action by multiple firms. Existing research on value-based strategy emphasizes situations where both parties reasonably anticipate sharing the gains to cooperation and develop arms-length contracts through bargaining. Less existing research on value-based strategy addresses situations where value-creating market transactions fail to occur because one party expects to be worse off from coordinated action, precluding their participation. Although vertical integration or informal contracts potentially overcome this reticence, these solutions are not always feasible or incur costs of their own. We model how firms may be able to strike a stable deal and create value by employing a side payment strategy. This technique mitigates transactional frictions by playing a biform game with a cooperative first stage, which modifies the payoffs in a non-cooperative second stage so that coordinated action becomes feasible in a stable agreement. We also extend the basic analysis to consider variations in contract enforceability, reneging, and presence of multiple counterparties.
Adaptation in the face of adversity: Decrements and enhancements in children's cognitive control behavior following early caregiving instability

Cognitive control is typically described as disrupted following exposure to early caregiving instability. While much of the work within this field has approached cognitive control broadly, evidence from adults retrospectively reporting early-life instability has shown more nuanced effects on cognitive control, even demonstrating enhancements in certain subdomains. That is, exposure to unstable caregiving may disrupt some areas of cognitive control, yet promote adaptation in others. Here, we investigated three domains of cognitive control in a sample of school-age children (N = 275, Age = 6-12 years) as a function of early caregiving instability, defined as the total number of caregiving switches. Results demonstrated that caregiving instability was associated with reduced response inhibition (Go/No-Go) and attentional control (Flanker), but enhanced cognitive flexibility (Dimensional Change Card Sort Task Switching). Conversely, there were no statistically significant associations with group (i.e., institutional care versus foster care) or maltreatment exposure and these patterns. These findings build on the specialization framework, suggesting that caregiving instability results in both decrements and enhancements in children's cognitive control, consistent with the hypothesis that cognitive control development is scaffolded by early environmental pressures.
METTL3 Regulates Liver Homeostasis, Hepatocyte Ploidy, and Circadian Rhythm-Controlled Gene Expression in Mice.

N6-methyladenosine (m6A), the most abundant internal modification of mRNAs and is installed by METTL3 at the (G/A)(m6A)C motif, plays a critical role in gene expression regulation. METTL3 is essential for embryonic development, and its dysregulation is linked to various diseases. However, the role of METTL3 in liver biology is largely unknown, and, here, METTL3 function was unraveled in mice depleted of Mettl3 in neonatal livers (Mettl3fl/fl; Alb-Cre, "M3LKO"). M3LKO livers exhibited global decrease in m6A on polyadenylated RNAs, and pathological features associated with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease e.g., hepatocyte ballooning, ductular reaction, microsteatosis, pleomorphic nuclei, DNA damage, foci of altered hepatocytes, focal lobular and portal inflammation, and elevated serum ALT/ALP levels. Mettl3-depleted hepatocytes were highly proliferative, with decreased numbers of binucleate hepatocytes and increased nuclear polyploidy. M3LKO livers were characterized by reduced m6A and expression of several key metabolic transcripts regulated by circadian rhythm, and nuclear protein levels of core clock transcription factors, BMAL1 and CLOCK, were also decreased. Significant decrease in total Bmal1 and Clock mRNAs but increase in their nuclear levels were observed in M3LKO livers, suggesting impaired nuclear export. Consistent with the phenotype, meRIP-seq and RNA-seq revealed transcriptome-wide loss of m6A marks and alterations in abundance of mRNAs involved in metabolism in M3LKO. Collectively, METTL3 and m6A modifications are critical regulators of liver homeostasis and function.
0 – Review of Linear Algebra (Optional)

This chapter provides a review of linear algebra material. A matrix is a rectangular array of numbers—usually real numbers for linear programming—arranged in horizontal rows and vertical columns. The chapter describes the properties of matrix addition and scalar multiplication and the transpose of a matrix. The transpose of a matrix is obtained by merely interchanging the rows and columns of a matrix. The chapter discusses a systematic way of eliminating variables that will allow the reader to solve larger systems of equations. It is more efficient to carry out the operations on the augmented matrix of the given linear system instead of performing them on the equations of the linear system. Therefore, the augmented matrix of the given linear system is calculated and transformed to a matrix of a certain special form. The new matrix formed represents a linear system that has exactly the same solutions as the given system. The method is called Gauss–Jordan reduction. The chapter explains homogenous systems and describes trivial and nontrivial solutions.
Using attributed event grammar environment models for automated test generation and software risk assessment of system-of-systems

This paper presents some concepts, principles, and techniques for automated testing of system-of-systems based on attributed event grammar (AEG) modeling of the system's operational environment. AEG provides a uniform approach for automatically generating, executing, and analyzing tests. Quantitative and qualitative software risk assessment can be performed based on statistics gathered during automatic test execution within the specified environment model.
Lasing emission from stable and unstable modes of deformed GaN microdisks

Summary form only given. We report data from GaN microdisk lasers at various deformations, where the lasing modes are also found to be based on distinct periodic ray orbits (PROs), but with varying stabilities. The quadrupolar-deformed laser (QD) at /spl epsiv/ = 0.12 is found to lase on unstable triangular PROs, which strike the boundary near the critical angle. In the case of the hexa-decapolar deformed laser (Q-HD), it is shown that one and the same PRO is responsible for lasing over a wide range of deformations, although it undergoes a stable-to-unstable transition in that range. Furthermore, we show that a naive application of Snell's law to the ray orbit yields erroneous results for the far-field emission pattern. We find that there is an angular shift with respect to the expected far-field pattern based on ray tracing, which becomes maximum close to the critical angle.
Tunneling, α 2 F (ω), and transport in superconductors: Nb, V, VN, Ba 1 − x K x BiO 3 , and Nd 1.85 Ce 0.15 CuO 4

The electron-phonon contribution to the normal-state resistivity, \ensuremath{\rho}(T), has been calculated for the following conventional and oxide superconductors: Nb, V, VN, ${\mathrm{Ba}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{K}}_{\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{BiO}}_{3}$, and ${\mathrm{Nd}}_{1.85}$${\mathrm{Ce}}_{0.15}$${\mathrm{CuO}}_{4}$ (NCCO). The resistivity formula developed from the Boltzmann equation by Ziman and Allen is used, incorporating measured physical constants. The calculations are novel in that they incorporate the electron-phonon spectral function, ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\alpha}}}^{2}$F(\ensuremath{\omega}), for each material as obtained from superconducting tunneling measurements, the same function that yields the superconducting transition temperature ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$. New tunneling and transport data are presented for VN. Fits to the experimental \ensuremath{\rho}(T) are obtained over a wide temperature range with only two parameters: the plasma frequency ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\omega}}}_{\mathit{p}}$, which is in good agreement with independent measurements and a saturation resistivity, ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\rho}}}_{\mathit{s}}$, which manifests itself at high temperatures. We find that the T-dependent normal state \ensuremath{\rho}(T) is completely accounted for by phonon scattering in all materials except NCCO, where an additional electron-electron scattering term appears to be present. Apart from developing a consistent description of superconductivity and normal-state transport, several important issues are raised by the present work including indications of a conventional Fermi-liquid normal state in NCCO, insight into the importance of the shape of the Fermi surface in determining \ensuremath{\rho}(T), and the role of high-energy optical phonons in oxide and nitride superconductors.
Le chirurgien et la maladie métastatique

For a long time, metastatic disease was a prohibited zone for surgeons locked into their roles in controlling primary non-disseminated tumours. However, this has changed at the end of the 20th century with the apparition of effective chemotherapies and targeted therapies. Since then, surgeons have been able to treat hepatic, pulmonary, peritoneal and brain metastases. The more chemotherapy progresses and controls disease, the more surgeons can operate on residual disease. With this final surgery acting on the defined perimeter of systemic treatment efficacy, it appears to offer gains in progression-free survival. Gains in overall survival have not yet been demonstrated. Further, new technologies should enable surgeons to reduce the lower limits of their fields of action, increasing their therapeutic perimeters. Metastatic disease constitutes a unique model of therapeutic synergy that can be accredited to multidisciplinary strategy.
The Chemopreventive Bioflavonoid Apigenin Modulates Signal Transduction Pathways in Keratinocyte and Colon Carcinoma Cell Lines

Apigenin is a nonmutagenic chemopreventive agent found in fruits and green vegetables. In this study, we used two different epithelial cell lines (308 mouse keratinocytes and HCT116 colon carcinoma cells) to determine the effect of apigenin on the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade. Apigenin induced a dose-dependent phosphorylation of both extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK) and p38 kinase but had little effect on the phosphorylation of c-jun amino terminal kinase (JNK). We used immunoprecipitation-coupled kinase assays to show that apigenin increased the kinase activity of ERK and p38 but not JNK. Consistent with these results, we found that apigenin induced a 7.4-fold induction in the phosphorylation of Elk, the downstream phosphorylation target of ERK kinase. Similarly, apigenin induced a 3.2-fold induction in the phosphorylation of activating transcription factor-2, the downstream phosphorylation target of p38 kinase. Little change was observed in the phosphorylation of c-jun, the phosphorylation target of JNK. These data suggest that part of the chemopreventive activity of apigenin may be mediated by its ability to modulate the MAPK cascade.
Disappearing Arctic tundra ponds: Fine‐scale analysis of surface hydrology in drained thaw lake basins over a 65 year period (1948–2013)

Long-term fine-scale dynamics of surface hydrology in Arctic tundra ponds (less than 1 ha) are largely unknown; however, these small water bodies may contribute substantially to carbon fluxes, energy balance, and biodiversity in the Arctic system. Change in pond area and abundance across the upper Barrow Peninsula, Alaska, was assessed by comparing historic aerial imagery (1948) and modern submeter resolution satellite imagery (2002, 2008, and 2010). This was complemented by photogrammetric analysis of low-altitude kite-borne imagery in combination with field observations (2010–2013) of pond water and thaw depth transects in seven ponds of the International Biological Program historic research site. Over 2800 ponds in 22 drained thaw lake basins (DTLB) with different geological ages were analyzed. We observed a net decrease of 30.3% in area and 17.1% in number of ponds over the 62 year period. The inclusion of field observations of pond areas in 1972 from a historic research site confirms the linear downward trend in area. Pond area and number were dependent on the age of DTLB; however, changes through time were independent of DTLB age, with potential long-term implications for the hypothesized geomorphologic landscape succession of the thaw lake cycle. These losses were coincident with increases in air temperature, active layer, and density and cover of aquatic emergent plants in ponds. Increased evaporation due to warmer and longer summers, permafrost degradation, and transpiration from encroaching aquatic emergent macrophytes are likely the factors contributing to the decline in surface area and number of ponds.