cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Direct fifth-order electronically nonresonant Raman scattering from CS2 at room temperature

In this paper we report the measurement of the direct fifth-order electronically nonresonant intermolecular response from liquid CS2 at room temperature. We recently demonstrated that all previous attempts to measure the direct fifth-order response were dominated by third-order cascaded signals [J. Chem Phys. 111, 3105 (1999)]. Here we show that phase matching considerations can be used to provide substantial discrimination against the cascaded third-order signals, and the direct fifth-order response can be measured. The measured responses indicate that the intermolecular spectrum of liquid CS2 at room temperature is well described as homogenous. Comparisons of the data to simulations are discussed.
Accommodative astigmatism and patten acuity.

Visual acuity for vertical and horizontal lines on targets containing both was found to be unequal, though there was no detectable astigmatism in the unaccommodated eye. This difference in acuity, which tends to favor the vertical lines, is a function of accommodation and is affected systematically by changes in the vergence of the light rays. The findings suggest that the observed asymmetry in acuity resulted from a vertical–horizontal astigmatism produced by accommodation. Thus, the absence of detectable astigmatism in the unaccommodated eye is not sufficient to rule out dioptric factors as a cause of the often-reported effects of orientation on pattern acuity.
Stimulants, neuroleptics, and children's friendship training for children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders.

Background: Peer relationship problems are a significant part of the clinical presentation of children with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD). Many of these children have been prescribed psychotropic medications by community practitioners. The present study reports on the interaction between medication status and parent and teacher-reported outcomes for parent-assisted Children's Friendship Training (CFT). Methods: Seventy seven children (40 boys and 37 girls, age range was 71–139 months) diagnosed with FASD were given 12 sessions of CFT. Parent- and teacher-reported social outcomes were compared across four subgroups of children who were prescribed either stimulant or neuroleptic medication, neither or both types of medications. Results: According to parent and teacher reports, children prescribed neuroleptic medication showed greater improvement on all outcome measures when compared to children not prescribed neuroleptics. In contrast, children prescribed stimulant medication either failed to show...
Solutions to some problems in the implementation of conjoint analysis

Methodological problems encountered in implementing conjoint analysis include (1) the impractically large set of multiattribute choice alternatives created by the factorial combination of more than a few attributes, (2) the hypothetical nature of the alternatives in the choice set, and (3) the assumption that each individual’s preferences can be described by the same composition rule. The techniques of tailoring, belief matching, and axiom testing are suggested as solutions to these problems, and their use is demonstrated in a conjoint analysis study of individuals’ contraceptive preferences. It is noted that tailoring and belief matching can also be used as methodological enhancements in functional measurement studies.
Role of CD38 in TNF-α-induced airway hyperresponsiveness

CD38 is involved in normal airway function, IL-13-induced airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), and is also regulated by tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α in airway smooth muscle (ASM) cells. This study ai...
Research advances and management of soybean sudden death syndrome

Abstract Fusarium virguliforme causes soybean sudden death syndrome (SDS) in the United States. The disease was first observed in Arkansas in 1971, and since has been reported in most soybean-producing states, with a general movement from the southern to the northern states. In addition to F. virguliforme, three other species, Fusarium brasiliense, Fusarium crassistipitatum, and Fusarium tucumaniae, have been reported to cause SDS in South America. Yield losses caused by F. virguliforme range from slight to 100%. Severely infected plants often have increased flower and pod abortion, reduced seed size, increased defoliation, and prematurely senescence. Foliar symptoms observed in the field are most noticeable from mid to late reproductive growth stages. To manage SDS, research on crop rotations, soil types, tillage practices, seed treatments, and the development and utilization of host resistance has been investigated. This review focuses on what is known about F. virguliforme, the management of SDS in the United States, and how genetic engineering along with other traditional management options may be needed as integrated approaches to manage SDS.
14-MeV Neutron Activation Analysis of Complex Materials

In principle, activation analysis of chemical samples by use of 14-MeV neutrons (Fast Neutron Activation Analysis, or FNAA) is a straightforward instrumental technique. As attempts are made to improve the accuracy and precision of the method, and to use the technique for several elements in a wider variety of samples, however, several important effects must be considered. These are categorized as instrumental, chemical, or nuclear and are examined briefly. It may be concluded that most determinations by FNAA are not "routine" except in the case of determination of a single element in a series of closely related samples in one laboratory. Some of the parameters are examined in more detail and illustrated with examples from mostly coal analyses performed in the authors' laboratory.
Prediction of Tropical Atlantic Sea Surface Temperatures Using Linear Inverse Modeling

The predictability of tropical Atlantic sea surface temperature on seasonal to interannual timescales by linear inverse modeling is quantified. The authors find that predictability of Caribbean Sea and north tropical Atlantic sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTAs) is enhanced when one uses global tropical SSTAs as predictors compared with using only tropical Atlantic predictors. This predictability advantage does not carry over into the equatorial and south tropical Atlantic; indeed, persistence is a competitive predictor in those regions. To help resolve the issue of whether or not the dipole structure found by applying empirical orthogonal function analysis to tropical Atlantic SSTs is an artifact of the technique or a physically real structure, the authors combine empirically derived normal modes and their adjoints to form ‘‘influence functions,’’ maps highlighting the geographical areas to which the north tropical Atlantic and the south tropical Atlantic SSTs are most sensitive at specified lead times. When the analysis is confined to the Atlantic basin, the 6-month influence functions in the north and south tropical Atlantic tend to be of the opposite sign and evolve into clear dipoles within 6 months. When the analysis is performed on global tropical SSTs, the 6-month influence functions are connected
Collagen synthesis in the secondary palate of the developing rat.

Abstract The presence of hydroxyproline in whole rat foetuses and isolated palates was used to calculate collagen synthesis from the 13th day of gestation to the first neonatal day. In the palate the amount of collagen per unit dry weight increased significantly during the gestational period just prior to and during palatal closure, while a much greater rate of increase was noted after closure during the period of bone formation. In the whole foetus, the amount of collagen per unit dry weight was similar to the values observed in the palate during the period prior to and during closure, while a marked difference was noted at later gestational stages. The total amount of collagen in the palate and foetus increased in an exponential manner during the time of palatal closure.
Quality of colonoscopy withdrawal technique and variability in adenoma detection rates (with videos)

Background Studies suggest that endoscopist-related factors such as colonoscopy withdrawal time are important in determining the adenoma detection rate (ADR). Objective To determine the importance of withdrawal technique in differentiating among endoscopists with varying ADRs. Design Prospective, multicenter study. Setting Five academic tertiary-care medical centers. Participants This study involved 11 gastroenterology faculty endoscopists. Intervention A retrospective review of screening colonoscopies was performed to categorize endoscopists into low, moderate, and high ADR groups. Video recordings were randomly obtained for each endoscopist on 20 (10 real, 10 sham) withdrawals during colonoscopies performed for average-risk colorectal cancer screening. Three blinded reviewers assigned withdrawal technique scores (total of 75 points) on 110 video recordings. A separate reviewer recorded withdrawal times. Main Outcome Measurements Withdrawal technique scores and withdrawal times. Results Mean (± standard deviation [SD]) withdrawal technique scores were higher in the moderate (62 ± 2.5) and high (59.5 ± 3) ADR groups compared with the low (40.8±3) ADR group ( P = .002). Mean (± SD) withdrawal times were 6.3 ± 1.8 minutes (low ADR), 10.2 ± 1.5 minutes (moderate ADR), and 8.2 ± 1.8 minutes (high ADR) ( P = .29). A comparison of the withdrawal times and technique scores of the two individual endoscopists with the lowest and highest ADRs did not find a significant difference in withdrawal times (6.6 ± 1.7 vs 7.4 ± 1.7 minutes) ( P = .36) but did find a nearly 2-fold difference in technique scores (36.2 ± 9 vs 62.8 ± 9.9) ( P = .0001). Limitations Not adequately powered to detect small differences in withdrawal times. Conclusion Withdrawal technique is an important indicator that differentiates between endoscopists with varying ADRs. It is possible that withdrawal technique is equal to, if not more important than, withdrawal time in determining ADRs.
An Institutional Postdoctoral Research Training Program: Increasing Productivity of Postdoctoral Trainees

Postdoctoral training is a critical stage of career development, and there has been a national effort to increase the consistency and quality of postdoctoral experiences. However, much of the effort has gone towards improving the process of training with less effort focusing on the content of what should be achieved during postdoctoral training, primarily because of a lack of empirical evidence in this area. One possible predictor of later scientific productivity is the number of peer-reviewed papers published during postdoctoral training. This manuscript reports on efforts to increase postdoctoral productivity. A single institution made postdoctoral training program changes designed to increase postdoctoral publication productivity. Postdoctoral publication productivity was compared between 114 trainees who matriculated prior to the changes and 20 trainees who matriculated after the changes. Postdoctoral trainees who matriculated after program changes had higher publication rates than postdoctoral trainees who matriculated prior to program changes [χ 2(df = 15) = 31.4, p = .002]. Four or more postdoctoral publications are associated with the greatest likelihood of sustained posttraining publications; postdocs matriculating after the program changes were more than twice as likely to have four or more publications (55 vs 26 %). Postdoctoral program changes designed to increase postdoctoral publication rates can be successful. Defining, for each postdoc, a minimal postdoctoral publication rate may be an appropriate component of individualized development plans.
The Impact of Reference Price Effects on the Profitability of Price Promotions

This paper investigates the impact of reference price effects on retailer price promotions and describes why these effects can make promoting profitable. First, we analyze the profit impact of reference price effects generated by a single period of promotion. The promotion can increase profit if the gain that these effects create in the promotion period outweighs the loss they create in future periods. We then describe how retailers can estimate the optimal strategy of recurring promotions that maximizes profits from reference price effects over a time horizon. Examples of such strategies are presented for a retailer selling a national brand of peanut butter. We obtain insights into how promotion prices, timing, and profits are affected by changes in costs, interest rates, consumers' reactions to reference price effects, and error in estimates used in the model. The retailer's optimal reaction to a trade deal is also examined. This strategy involves a phase of increased promotion activity sandwiched between phases of decreased activity. We explain these results using the effects described in the single-period model.
Deficiency of TNFα Converting Enzyme (TACE/ADAM17) Causes a Lean, Hypermetabolic Phenotype in Mice

Energy homeostasis involves central nervous system integration of afferent inputs that coordinately regulate food intake and energy expenditure. Here, we report that adult homozygous TNFα converting enzyme (TACE)-deficient mice exhibit one of the most dramatic examples of hypermetabolism yet reported in a rodent system. Because this effect is not matched by increased food intake, mice lacking TACE exhibit a lean phenotype. In the hypothalamus of these mice, neurons in the arcuate nucleus exhibit intact responses to reduced fat mass and low circulating leptin levels, suggesting that defects in other components of the energy homeostasis system explain the phenotype of TaceΔZn/ΔZn mice. Elevated levels of uncoupling protein-1 in brown adipose tissue from TaceΔZn/ΔZn mice when compared with weight-matched controls suggest that deficient TACE activity is linked to increased sympathetic outflow. These findings collectively identify a novel and potentially important role for TACE in energy homeostasis.
Children's perception of gender-role-congruent and -incongruent behavior in peers: Fisher-price meets price waterhouse

This study evaluated whether traditional gender-role stereotypes still pervade children's judgments of peers. One hundred seventy-three predominantly Caucasian, middle class boys and girls (ages 7 to 12) watched either a female or a male dyad discuss fundraising activities on videotape. In each dyad, one actor portrayed either masculine or feminine stereotyped behavior, whereas the other actor was neutral. Results indicated that performance judgments of a girl who behaves in a stereotypically masculine fashion are positive, but that personality ratings are more negative.
Native Invasions, Homogenization, and the Mismeasure of Integrity of Fish Assemblages

Abstract Human activities, particularly habitat destruction and species introductions, are resulting in increased homogenization of once unique biogeographic regions. In the southeastern United States, extensive endemism occurs among highland fish species that have specialized ecologies, are adapted to cool, clear, nutrient-poor conditions, and are sediment-intolerant. Highland streams flow into lower elevation systems, which are often inhabited by more widespread, generalist fish species adapted to warmer, more turbid, fine-sediment-rich, and nutrient-rich conditions. Common land use practices, such as deforestation, degrade stream habitats and reduce habitat diversity, which is often correlated with taxonomic and ecological diversity. Habitat homogenization can thus cause assemblage homogenization via loss of native species and addition of nonindigenous species. However, midpoints in the homogenization process may be characterized by constant or even increased species diversity because generalist, sedim...
Screening and Selection of High Carotenoid Producing in Vitro Tomato Cell Culture Lines for [13C]-Carotenoid Production

Isotopically labeled tomato carotenoids, phytoene, phytofluene, and lycopene, are needed for mammalian bioavailability and metabolism research but are currently commercially unavailable. The goals of this work were to establish and screen multiple in vitro tomato cell lines for carotenoid production, test the best producers with or without the bleaching herbicides, norflurazon and 2-(4-chlorophenyl-thio)triethylamine (CPTA), and to use the greatest carotenoid accumulator for in vitro 13C-labeling. Different Solanum lycopersicum allelic variants for high lycopene and varying herbicide treatments were compared for carotenoid accumulation in callus and suspension culture, and cell suspension cultures of the hp-1 line were chosen for isotopic labeling. When grown with [U]-13C-glucose and treated with CPTA, hp-1 suspensions yielded highly enriched 13C-lycopene with 45% of lycopene in the M+40 form and 88% in the M+35 to M+40 isotopomer range. To the authors’ knowledge this is the first report of highly enriche...
Cuticular lipid composition of Heliothis virescens and Helicoverpa zea pupae

Abstract The cuticular lipids of laboratory-reared tobacco budworms, Heliothis virescens (Fabricius), and corn earworms, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie), pupae were characterized. Quantities of cuticular lipid were greater for pupae in diapause than for non-diapausing pupae. Major cuticular lipids of H. virescens pupae were longchain n-alcohols (42%) and aldehydes (41%) with chain lengths of mainly C26, C28 and C24 in decreasing order of abundance. Lesser amounts (2–5%) of wax esters and hydrocarbons were identified. The wax ester fraction was a complex mixture of C32-C52 components composed mainly of C24-C28 n-alcohol and saturated, monounsaturated and diunsaturated fatty acid (C16-C22) moieties. For H. zea, the major fractions were wax esters (38%), hydrocarbons (19%), n-alcohols (17%), diols (16%) and lesser amounts (2–5%) of aldehydes, acetate esters of alcohols and oxoalcohols. Triacontanyl hexadecanoate comprised 85% of the wax ester fraction. The H. zea alcohols, alcohol ester moieties and aldehydes consisted of a homologous series of C32-C52 compounds with the 30 carbon chain length as major constituents. The H. zea diols were C30-C36 even-chain n-alcohols with hydroxyl groups on carbon numbers 11, 12, 13, 14 or 15. Mass spectral analysis indicated the presence of unsaturation in the alkyl chain of the major diol components.
Theory into Practice: A Bridge Too Far?

This article proposes a research agenda that addresses the gap between theory and practice in the area of instructional theory. It reflects the beliefs of this writer and attempts to address current issues in the field of instructional technology. Citing the limited literature that currently exists, the purpose of this article is to bring to the forefront the need for research in the area of the application of instructional theories. Although many theories abound, this article mentions a few of the most prominent instructional theories in vogue today. Instructional theory is of crucial importance and should guide both research and practice. To present a thorough research agenda it is important to consider the following: (a) a glimpse of past research initiatives; (b) a systematic methodology that would guide research; and (c) questions that should be pursued to address the apparent gap between theory and practice. This article proposes a research agenda that addresses the gap between theory and practice in the field of Instructional Technology (IT). The area selected is a subset of the field called the application of instructional theory. The purpose is to provide a framework for practitioners, researchers, and theorists. It is a rigorous and determined plan that encourages a coordinated and collaborative research effort to help bridge this gap. To present a thorough research agenda, it is necessary to provide: (a) a definition of instructional theory; (b) a glimpse of past research initiatives; (c) an outline of the steps in the proposed research agenda; (d) a discussion of a systematic method for building a “bridge” that would fill the gap Defazio, J. (2006). Theory into practice: A bridge too far? AACE Journal, 14(3), 221-233.
Oblivious routing in directed graphs with random demands

Oblivious routing algorithms for general undirected networks were introduced by Racke, and this work has led to many subsequent improvements and applications. More precisely, Racke showed that there is an oblivious routing algorithm with polylogarithmic competitive ratio (w.r.t. edge congestion) for any undirected graph. Comparatively little positive results are known about oblivious routing in general directed networks. Using a novel approach, we present the first oblivious routing algorithm which is O(log2n) competitive with high probability in directed graphs given that the demands are chosen randomly from a known demand-distribution. On the other hand, we show that no oblivious routing algorithm can be o(logn/log log n) competitive even with constant probability in general directed graphs.Our routing algorithms are not oblivious in the traditional definition, but we add the concept of demand-dependence, i.e., the path chosen for an s-t pair may depend on the demand between s and t. This concept that still preserves that routing decisions are only based on local information proves very powerful in our randomized demand model.Finally, we show that our approach for designing competitive oblivious routing algorithms is quite general and has applications in other contexts like stochastic scheduling.
THE INFLECTED ALARM CAW OF THE AMERICAN CROW: DIFFERENCES IN ACOUSTIC STRUCTURE AMONG INDIVIDUALS AND SEXES

Abstract Previous research on individual differences in the acoustic structure of vocalizations and vocal recognition has largely focused on the contexts of parent-offspring interactions, territory defense, sexual interactions, and group cohesion. In contrast, few studies have examined individual differences in the acoustic structure of mobbing and alarm calls. The purpose of this study was to explore individual differences in the acoustic structure of the inflected alarm caw of the American Crow (Corvus brachyrhynchos). The alarm caws of 15 wild, marked individuals were recorded and 25 acoustic measurements were made automatically using customized software. A stepwise discriminant function analysis showed that 20 of the 25 variables were important in discriminating among individuals, with 65% classification success. We used factor analysis to reduce the large number of variables to a set of seven meaningful call features. All of these features differed among individuals, suggesting that American Crows ha...
The diverse antioxidant systems of Helicobacter pylori

The gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori induces a strong inflammatory host response, yet the bacterium maintains long-term persistence in the host. H. pylori combats oxidative stress via a battery of diverse activities, some of which are unique or newly described. In addition to using the well-studied bacterial oxidative stress resistance enzymes superoxide dismutase and catalase, H. pylori depends on a family of peroxiredoxins (alkylhydroperoxide reductase, bacterioferritin co-migratory protein and a thiol-peroxidase) that function to detoxify organic peroxides. Newly described antioxidant proteins include a soluble NADPH quinone reductase (MdaB) and an iron sequestering protein (NapA) that has dual roles - host inflammation stimulation and minimizing reactive oxygen species production within H. pylori. An H. pylori arginase attenuates host inflammation, a thioredoxin required as a reductant for many oxidative stress enzymes is also a chaperon, and some novel properties of KatA and AhpC were discovered. To repair oxidative DNA damage, H. pylori uses an endonuclease (Nth), DNA recombination pathways and a newly described type of bacterial MutS2 that specifically recognizes 8-oxoguanine. A methionine sulphoxide reductase (Msr) plays a role in reducing the overall oxidized protein content of the cell, although it specifically targets oxidized Met residues. H. pylori possess few stress regulator proteins, but the key roles of a ferric uptake regulator (Fur) and a post-transcriptional regulator CsrA in antioxidant protein expression are described. The roles of all of these antioxidant systems have been addressed by a targeted mutant analysis approach and almost all are shown to be important in host colonization. The described antioxidant systems in H. pylori are expected to be relevant to many bacterial-associated diseases, as genes for most of the enzymes carrying out the newly described roles are present in a number of pathogenic bacteria.
An efficient fault-tolerant tuple space

A mechanism is presented for a fault-tolerant tuple space. By augmenting the MOM model of fault tolerance, a LINDA-style system is proposed that supports failure and recovery of worker processes and tuple-space in any state. System tuple space is replicated using local tuple-space segments. Each local tuple space replicates tuples and states produced or processed by local workers. All tuple requests are handled through local tuple-space agents prior to being forwarded to a system tuple-space manager in order to update tuple states. A MOM extension to LINDA operators allows local managers to know when tuple states can be committed. In the event of a local tuple-space failure, the local tuple-space segment is reconstructed from system tuples and states associated with the failed local node. The reconstructed local tuple space is inherited by another local tuple-space. For a system tuple-space failure, system tuple space is reconstructed by interrogating local tuple space managers. Tuple replicas and states are maintained with minimal system message overhead during nonfailure operation.
Understanding the Formation and Temperature Dependence of Thick-Film Ag Contacts on High-Sheet-Resistance Si Emitters for Solar Cells

Physical and electrical properties of screen-printed Ag thick-film contacts were studied and correlated to understand and achieve good-quality ohmic contacts to high-sheet-resistance emitters for solar cells. Analytical microscopy and surface analysis techniques were used to study the Ag-Si contact interface of three different screen-printed Ag pastes (A, B, and PV168) subjected to high (∼835°C) and conventional (740-750°C) temperature firing conditions. At ∼750°C firing, all three pastes failed on a 100 Ω/□ emitter because of incomplete etching of the silicon nitride film (PV168), an irregular small distribution of regrown Ag crystallites (paste A), or an excessive diffusion of Ag into the p-n junction (paste B). At a firing temperature of ∼835°C, paste A gave a lower open-circuit voltage because of the diffusion of Al from the glass frit into the emitter region. Paste B failed because of the formation of very large (0.3-1 μm) Ag crystallites that shunted the p-n junction. Of the three pastes, the PV168 paste from DuPont gave the best contact quality on a 100 Ω/□ emitter with a solar cell fill factor of 0.782 only after annealing in a hydrogen atmosphere.
Inner models and ultrafilters in L($\mathbb{R})

We present a characterization of supercompactness measures for cal in L(llt), and of countable products of such measures, using inner models. We give two applications of this characterization, the first obtaining the consistency of J3 = co2 with ZFC+ADL(2), and the second proving the uniqueness of the supercompactness measure over Wcf,l (i) in L(IR) for i > J2. Starting with the work of Steel [ 13] it became clear that there is a deep connection between inner model theory, particularly for minimal inner models with co Woodin cardinals, and the study of L(Di) under determinacy. The connection centers on the discovery that HODL(2) is a fine structural inner model, in the exact sense of the notion developed previously through the work of [4, 8, 9] up to @,1 and above @ in a more general sense due to Woodin (see Steel [14]) that puts iteration strategies as well as extenders into the models. HODL(2) is in fact the direct limit of a collection of countable fine structural models (see Section 1) together with a partial iteration strategy for this direct limit. This fact was used extensively by Woodin and Steel, among other things to study measures and ultrafilters: Steel used the directed system to show that for every regular N < (D, the co-club filter over ec is an ultrafilter in L(R). Woodin used the system to show that cl)l is <O-supercompact in L(R) (meaning that there is a sequence (,u, | i < (9) e L(R) so that ,u, is a supercompactness measure over P<,1 (i) for each A) and, improving results of Becker [3], deduced from the supercompactness that c()l is huge to X for each measurable N below @. Here we use the directed system to obtain and analyze an ultrafilter over [PC()I (A)]<01, use the ultrafilter in forcing over L(Et), and finally use the directed system again to prove the uniqueness of the supercompactness measure over Pa,1 (i) for each i < @, including A above b2. Received November 3, 2005. This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. DMS-0094174. lBy @ and 2 here and throughout the paper we mean eL(2) and (oSl2)L(2). (2) 2007, Association for Symbolic Logic 1 079-8986/07/ 1 30 1 -0003/$3 .30
Adjuvant therapy of stage III colon cancer.

The decision for adjuvant therapy of colon cancer by both physicians and patients requires many factors, including knowledge of the risk for recurrence (prognosis), the likelihood of significant clinical benefit (prediction), toxicity of treatment, comorbiditie3s, and the patient’s understanding and acceptance of both the relative and absolute benefit of therapy. To predict the risk of recurrence, clinicopathologic features have typically been used such as the number of positive and negative nodes, T stage, tumor differentiation, obstruction and lymphovascular invasion. More recent quantitative prognostic markers include microsatellite instability, with MSI-H conferring better prognosis. In addition, in combination with MSI, gene expression profiles have been developed which may be especially helpful in stage II disease, and in some low risk stage III patients to decide on whether they should receive combination chemotherapy, capecitabine or no adjuvant treatment. The standard treatment for most stage III patients is a combination of oxaliplatin with infusional and bolus 5-FU (FOLFOX) or with an oral agent such as capecitabine (XELOX), with equivalent results. Although irinotecan is active in advanced colorectal cancer, two trials of this drug with 5-FU failed to show improvement over the fluoropyrimidines alone. The antiangiogenic agent bevacizumab also failed to improve treatment compared to FOLFOX alone, as did the EGFR agent, cetuximab. Studies are currently underway to compare the standard 6 months of FOLFOX with 3 months of therapy, to reduce the risk of neurotoxocity associate with oxaliplatin, while maintaining treatment efficacy.
Supporting augmentative and alternative communication use by beginning communicators with severe disabilities

Augmentative and alternative modes of communication (AAC) have assumed an increasingly important role in meeting the communicative needs of individuals with severe disabilities. Despite the potenti...
Interpersonal Psychotherapy for Depression: Overview, Clinical Efficacy, and Future Directions

In this report we review the history of the development of interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT) and the content of this intervention in both its acute and maintenance treatment forms. We trace its theoretical bases to the therapeutic traditions established by Adolf Meyer and Harry Stack Sullivan, as well as to the attachment theory of Bowlby. We examine its empirical foundation in studies linking change in the social environment to the onset and maintenance of major depression. We describe two acute treatment studies of IPT, each of which suggests that short-term IPT is equivalent in efficacy to well-controlled pharmacotherapy. Two of the prophylactic studies suggest that IPT Is superior to a no-treatment or medication clinic and placebo approach in the prevention of new episodes. In examining flow IPT exerts its affect, we first consider studies of process and then studies of process as it relates to outcome. Finally, we make suggestions for future directions in research on IPT of depression.
Genetic basis for conversion of rough-to-smooth colony morphology in Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans.

The basis of the rough-to-smooth conversion of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans was examined. Smooth variants often contained mutations at the flp promoter region. Replacing the mutated flp promoter with the wild-type promoter restored the rough phenotype. The expression level of the flp promoter was ∼100-fold lower in smooth than in rough strains. Mutations of the flp promoter are a cause of the rough-to-smooth conversion.
Treatment Adherence in Paediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Perceptions from Adolescent Patients and Their Families

The objective of this study was to examine patient- and parent-perceived factors that impact adherence to inflammatory bowel disease treatment using a qualitative descriptive individual interview approach. Sixteen adolescents and their parents were recruited from May through August 2007 and interviewed about medication adherence using an open-ended semi-structured interview format. Interviews were audio recorded, transcribed, and coded into themes. Parent-child dyads identified forgetting, interfering activities, parent-child conflict and oppositional behaviour, and inadequate planning for treatment as challenges to adherence. Participants reported that family support and good parent-child relationships, routines, monitoring and reminding, and organizational tools such as pill boxes facilitated treatment adherence. Other issues that emerged included immediacy of treatment effects and parent-adolescent responsibility for treatment. Patients and parents experience a number of challenges related to adherence within behavioural, educational, organizational, and health belief domains. Behavioural interventions should focus on these issues, reduction of perceived barriers, and effective transition of responsibility for treatment adherence. Future research considerations are discussed.
The control of hand equilibrium trajectories in multi-joint arm movements

According to the equilibrium trajectory hypothesis, multi-joint arm movements are achieved by gradually shifting the hand equilibrium positions defined by the neuromuscular activity. The magnitude of the force exerted on the arm, at any time, depends on the difference between the actual and equilibrium hand positions and the stiffness and viscosity about the equilibrium position. The purpose of this paper is to test the validity and implications of this hypothesis in the context of reaching movements. A mathematical description of the behavior of an arm tracking the equilibrium trajectory was developed and implemented in computer simulations. The joint stiffness parameters used in these simulations were derived from experimentally measured static stiffness values. The kinematic features of hand equilibrium trajectories which were derived from measured planar horizontal movements gave rise to the suggestion that the generation of reaching movements involves explicit planning of spatially and temporally invariant hand equilibrium trajectories. This hypothesis was tested by simulating actual arm movements based on hypothetical equilibrium trajectories. The success of the predicted behavior in capturing both the qualitative features and the quantitative kinematic details of the measured movements supports the equilibrium trajectory hypothesis. The control strategy suggested here may allow the motor system to avoid some of the complicated computational problems associated with multi-joint arm movements.
Worldwide electricity used in data centers

The direct electricity used by data centers has become an important issue in recent years as demands for new Internet services (such as search, music downloads, video-on-demand, social networking, and telephony) have become more widespread. This study estimates historical electricity used by data centers worldwide and regionally on the basis of more detailed data than were available for previous assessments, including electricity used by servers, data center communications, and storage equipment. Aggregate electricity use for data centers doubled worldwide from 2000 to 2005. Three quarters of this growth was the result of growth in the number of the least expensive (volume) servers. Data center communications and storage equipment each contributed about 10% of the growth. Total electricity use grew at an average annual rate of 16.7% per year, with the Asia Pacific region (without Japan) being the only major world region with growth significantly exceeding that average. Direct electricity used by information technology equipment in data centers represented about 0.5% of total world electricity consumption in 2005. When electricity for cooling and power distribution is included, that figure is about 1%. Worldwide data center power demand in 2005 was equivalent (in capacity terms) to about seventeen 1000 MW power plants.
Circularly cylindrical and plane layered media in antiplane elastostatics

We consider the problem of circularly cylindrical and plane layered media under antiplane deformations. The layers are, in the first instance, coaxial cylinders of annular cross sections with arbitrary radii and different shear moduli. The number of layers is arbitrary and the system is subjected to arbitrary loading (singularities). The solution is derived by aplying the heterogenization technique. Our formulation reduces the problem to solving linear functional equations and leads naturally to a group structure on the set t of real numbers such that -1<t<1
Experimental Study of Boundary Layer Flow Control Using an Array of Ramp-shaped Vortex Generators

The objective of this study was to obtain a database on the flowfield past an array of vortex generators (VGs) in a turbulent boundary layer. All testing was carried out in a low speed wind tunnel with a flow velocity of 29 ft/sec, giving a Reynolds number of 17,500 based on the width of the VG. The flowfield generated by an array of five ramp-shaped vortex generators was examined with hot wire anemometry and smoke flow visualization. The magnitude and extent of the velocity increase near the wall, the penetration of the velocity deficit into the core flow, and the peak streamwise vorticity are examined. Influence of various parameters on the effectiveness of the array is considered on the basis of the ability to pull high momentum fluid into the near wall region.
Concentration and composition of atmospheric aerosols from the 1995 SEAVS experiment and a review of the closure between chemical and gravimetric measurements

ABSTRACT We summarize the results from the various measurements and the inter-sampler comparisons from Southeastern Aerosol and Visibility Study (SEAVS), a study with one of its objectives to test for closure among chemical, gravimetric and optical measurements of atmospheric aerosol particles. Sulfate and organics are the dominant components of the SEAVS fine particles (nominally, particles with aerodynamic diameter <2.5 u,m) but between 28 and 42% (range over various samplers) of the gravimetrically measured total fine particle concentration is unidentified by the chemical measurements. Estimates of water associated with inorganic components and measurement imprecision do not totally explain the observed difference between gravimetric and chemical measurements. We examine the theoretical and empirical basis for assumptions commonly made in the published literature to extrapolate total fine particle concentration on the basis of chemical measurements of ions, carbon and elements.
Antibody profiles to the group B streptococcal beta antigen in maternal and infant paired sera

Antibody profiles to the purified beta antigen of the c protein of group B streptococci (GBS) were studied by ELISA and Western immunoblot (WB). The sera from 139 parturient women colonized with GBS, 35 non-colonized parturients and their newborn infants were studied by ELISA; WB was done on 76 maternal and 26 infant sera. Enzyme-labeled anti-IgA (alpha), -IgG (gamma), -IgM (mu), or -IgG (H&L) were used as secondary antibodies. A high prevalence of antibody to the beta antigen was observed by both ELISA and WB among parturient women and their newborns. IgG (H&L) ELISA titers > or = 200 were found in 84% and > or = 800 in 31% of the maternal sera. A significantly higher percentage of women colonized than those non-colonized with GBS had IgG (gamma) titers > or = 800. A significantly higher percentage of women colonized with c protein-positive than c-negative strains of GBS had IgG (H&L) titers > or = 3200. Twelve of 27 women with IgM antibody to the beta antigen also had IgG (gamma) titers > or = 800 and were, in addition, colonized with GBS. Multiple molecular forms of the antigen from 25 to 140 kDa were blotted by the maternal and infant sera. Concordance in the IgG but not in IgA or IgM antibody profiles of maternal and infant paired sera was observed in the overall blotting patterns and ELISA titers. The same titer as the mother was found in 55% of the infant sera and within one dilution in 97%. This suggests active transfer of IgG antibody to the beta antigen across the placenta from mother to baby.
A COMPACT CMOS POWER-ON-RESET PULSE GENERATOR DESIGN WITH LOW-POWER AND WIDE OPERATION RANGE

A compact power-on-reset pulse generator (POR-PG) circuit with a low-power and low-voltage operation capability is presented. Proposed POR-PG was fabricated in 0.5 μm 2P3M CMOS process. It was determined from simulations and measurements that proposed POR-PG works supply voltage levels between 1.8 V and 3.3 V and supply voltage rise times between 100 ns and 1 ms. POR-PG has very small silicon footprint. Layout size of proposed POR-PG circuit was 120 μm × 5 μm in 0.5 μm CMOS process. Comparing with other POR-PG circuits in the literature, proposed design enjoys lowest power consumption (< 6 μW), smallest silicon footprint, widest supply voltage range, and additional features such as brown-out detection capability. These achieved by using a unique cascadable POR delay element that consumes very low-power.
Slice-selective adiabatic magnetization T2 -preparation (SAMPA) for efficient T2 -weighted imaging at ultrahigh field strengths.

PURPOSE At high field, T2 -weighted (T2 w) imaging is limited by transmit field inhomogeneity and increased radiofrequency power deposition. In this work, we introduce SAMPA (Slice-selective Adiabatic Magnetization T2 PrepAration) and demonstrate its use for efficient brain T2 w imaging at 7 Tesla (T). METHODS SAMPA was designed by subsampling an optimized B1 insensitive rotation (BIR4) waveform with small tip angle linear subpulses. To perform T2 w imaging, SAMPA was inserted before a fast gradient echo acquisition. The off-resonance behavior, B1 robustness, and slice selectivity of the novel T2 preparation module were analyzed using Bloch simulations. The performance of SAMPA for T2 w imaging was demonstrated in phantom experiments as well as in the brains of healthy volunteers at 7T. RESULTS Based on simulations, the proposed design operates at peak B1 of 15 μT and higher, within a 400 Hz bandwidth. T2 values were in strong agreement with spin echo-based T2 mapping in phantom experiments. Whole brain, interleaved multislab three-dimensional imaging could be acquired with 0.8 mm3 isotropic resolution in 5:36 min per T2 weighting. CONCLUSION Compared with previous adiabatic T2 preparation techniques, SAMPA allows for slice-selectivity, which can lead to efficient and robust acquisitions for T2 w imaging at high field. Magn Reson Med 76:1741-1749, 2016. © 2015 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
Glycemic and insulinemic responses to multiple preexercise carbohydrate feedings

This investigation was undertaken to determine whether consuming several small feedings of preexercise carbohydrate (CHO), rather than a single bolus, would affect blood glucose and insulin responses during rest and exercise. Eight trained cyclists ingested 22.5, 45, or 75 total g maltodextrin and dextrose dissolved in 473 ml of water or an equal volume of placebo (PL). Drinks were divided into four portions and consumed at 15-min intervals in the hour before a 120-min ride at 66% VO2max. Serum glucose values were elevated by the CHO feedings at rest and fell significantly below baseline and PL at 15 min of exercise. However, glucose concentrations were similar in each of the CHO trials. Insulin concentrations also increased rapidly during rest, then fell sharply at the onset of exercise. The findings demonstrate that CHO consumed within an hour before exercise, even when taken in several small feedings, can produce transient hypoglycemia near the onset of exercise. Additionally, the magnitude of the response appears to be unrelated to either the amount of CHO ingested or the insulin response.
Cardiac “Morphomics”: Do We Need to Measure LV Mass and Geometry in Everyone?

Morphometry refers to the quantitative analysis of form, including parameters such as size and shape. The study of morphometrics enables investigators to test hypotheses about the factors that affect shape. Cardiovascular physiologists have had a long-standing interest in size, shape, and structure
Epistemic Politics at Work: National Policy, an Upstate New York Synchrotron, and the Rise of Protein Crystallography

This chapter explores the linkage of local and trans-local forces in the rise of synchrotron x-ray protein crystallography. In considering how a new kind of laboratory organization, whose purpose was to spur the growth of synchrotron x-ray protein crystallography in the U.S., played a crucial role as an incubator and proving ground for experimental techniques and methods that spread throughout the burgeoning field, the chapter describes the national and regional forces involved in the birth and growth of the organization, local actions and conceptions at the laboratory, and the ‘epistemic politics’ that operationalized these factors into successful change. The chapter shows how a renegotiation of the relationship between authority, control, and knowledge production – the epistemic politics – at the lab was the crucial mechanism by which the dialectic of larger forces and local work was engaged as an ‘agent’ of growth for this emerging field.
Human Navigation Attempts to Replicate Baker’s Displacement Experiment

Baker (1980, 1981) reported a seemingly robust ability of blindfolded human subjects to indicate the direction toward home (the starting point of the journey) by written and verbal estimates or by pointing. The orientation of the subjects was sufficiently good that statistically significant results were obtained with sample sizes of 10–20 individuals. Furthermore, the ability to indicate correctly the homeward direction seemed sometimes to deteriorate when the subjects wore magnets or Helmholtz coils (but see Dayton’s commentary, this volume). With the apparent exception of one collaborative test at Cornell (see Adler and Pelkie, this volume), several attempts to repeat Baker’s straightforward experiment failed to yield comparable results (Gould and Able, 1981; Dayton, this volume).