cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Containment of arthropod disease vectors.

Effective containment of arthropod vectors of infectious diseases is necessary to prevent transmission of pathogens by released, infected vectors and to prevent vectors that escape from establishing populations that subsequently contribute to increased disease. Although rare, past releases illustrate what can go wrong and justify the need for guidelines that minimize risks. An overview of recommendations for insectary facilities, practices, and equipment is provided, and features of four recently published and increasingly rigorous arthropod containment levels (ACLs 1-4) are summarized. ACL-1 is appropriate for research that constitutes the lowest risk level, including uninfected arthropods or vectors that are infected with micro-organisms that do not cause disease in humans, domestic animals, or wildlife. ACL-2 is appropriate for indigenous and exotic arthropods that represent a moderate risk, including vectors infected or suspected of being infected with biosafety level (BSL)-2 infectious agents and arthropods that have been genetically modified in ways that do not significantly affect their fecundity, survival, host preference, or vector competence. ACL-3 is recommended for arthropods that are or may be infected with BSL-3 infectious agents. ACL-3 places greater emphasis on pathogen containment and more restricted access to the insectary than ACL-2. ACL-4 is intended for arthropods that are infected with the most dangerous BSL-4 infectious agents, which can cause lifethreatening illness by aerosol or arthropod bite. Adherence to these guidelines will result in laboratory-based arthropod vector research that minimizes risks and results in important new contributions to applied and basic science.
Immunotherapy for gynaecological malignancies.

Gynaecological malignancies, excluding breast cancer, cause ~ 25,000 deaths yearly among women in the US. Therefore, novel approaches for the prevention or treatment of these diseases are urgently required. In the case of cervical cancer, human papillomavirus (HPV) xenoantigens are readily recognised by the immune system, and their targeting has shown great promise in preclinical models of therapeutic vaccination and in clinical studies of peventative vaccination. A growing body of evidence indicates that ovarian cancer is also immunogenic and can thus be targeted through immunotherapy. This review outlines the principles and problems of immunotherapy for cervical and ovarian cancer, including the authors' personal assessment.
Clonal analysis of cutaneous fibrous histiocytoma (dermatofibroma).

Background: Dermatofibroma (DF) or cutaneous fibrous histiocytoma is a common benign fibrohistiocytic lesion involving the dermis and subcutis. Histologically, it is subclassified into fibroblastic and histiocytoid forms. Its histogenesis is controversial. While often referred to as a neoplastic process, definite evidence of neoplasia in DF has been lacking. Alternatively, some authorities have suggested that DF is a fibrosing inflammatory process. Diagnostically, the most important question faced is the distinction from dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (DFSP). Misdiagnosis can occur, as the early phase of DFSP can simulate DF, particularly the deep and cellular forms of DF. Methods: To address this issue, and to investigate whether DF is in fact a neoplasm, we evaluated 31 examples of DF of various histological types in female patients and assessed clonality by analyzing X-chromosome inactivation as indicated by the methylation status of the androgen receptor gene (HUMARA). Representative cases of DFSP were analyzed for comparison. Results: Among the selected 31 cases of DF, 24 cases provided intact DNA and informative polymorphism at the AR alleles, including one case of recurrent deep fibrous histiocytoma. Among these 24 cases, randomly inactivated AR alleles were observed in 17 cases including a deep, recurrent fibroblastic DF. A non-random inactivation at AR alleles was observed in seven cases, of which six cases showed either typical histiocytoid form of DF (four cases) or mixed cell types with predominant histiocytoid cell type (two cases). One fibroblastic DF also showed a monoclonal pattern. HUMARA analysis of DFSP revealed non-random inactivation of polymorphic AR alleles. Conclusions: These findings suggest that DF is a heterogeneous process. Monoclonal genotype was found in DFs with histiocytoid or mixed type with predominant histiocytoid features, suggesting that histiocytoid cells probably represent the neoplastic component. The fibroblastic form of DF may represent a reactive fibroblastic proliferation. Alternatively, it may represent a true neoplasm whose neoplastic cell type has been obscured by prominent reactive fibroblastic component.
Women’s health issues across the lifespan

This study examines differences and similarities in women's health status, health care needs, and access to care across age groups. Data are from the Commonwealth Fund 1998 Survey of Women's Health. Several age-group specific issues stand out, such as more limited access to health insurance and a usual source of care among younger women, the emergence of chronic health care problems among women in the 45-64 age group, and the presence of multiple health problems among elderly women. The analyses reveal several themes that cut across age groups, such as the relationship between poverty and health status, the importance of health insurance, and the generally limited receipt of physician information about health-related behaviors.
Cases where finding the minimum entropy coloring of a characteristic graph is a polynomial time problem

In this paper, we consider the problem of finding the minimum entropy coloring of a characteristic graph under some conditions which allow it to be in polynomial time. This problem arises in the functional compression problem where the computation of a function of sources is desired at the receiver. The rate region of the functional compression problem has been considered in some references under some assumptions. Recently, Feizi et al. computed this rate region for a general one-stage tree network and its extension to a general tree network. In their proposed coding scheme, one needs to compute the minimum entropy coloring (a coloring random variable which minimizes the entropy) of a characteristic graph. In general, finding this coloring is an NP-hard problem (as shown by Cardinal et al.). However, in this paper, we show that depending on the characteristic graph's structure, there are some interesting cases where finding the minimum entropy coloring is not NP-hard, but tractable and practical. In one of these cases, we show that, having a non-zero joint probability condition on RVs' distributions, for any desired function f, makes characteristic graphs to be formed of some non-overlapping fully-connected maximal independent sets. Therefore, the minimum entropy coloring can be solved in polynomial time. In another case, we show that if f is a quantization function, this problem is also tractable.
Response of rainbow trout to constant-pressure and constant-volume hemorrhage.

Plasma oncotic pressure (OC), protein concentration (P), osmolality (Osm), and hematocrit (Hct) were measured in conscious rainbow trout subjected to 120 min of constant-pressure (CPH) or constant-volume (CVH) hemorrhage. Blood volume, tissue red cell, and plasma space were determined in control and CPH trout with 51Cr-labeled red cells and 125I-albumin. At the onset of CPH, blood loss exceeded 1.5 ml.min-1.kg-1 but quickly dropped to a constant rate of 0.1 ml.min-1.kg-1 by 15 min. After 2 h, 73% of the initial blood volume was lost, and Hct, OC, and P were reduced by 55 +/- 3, 39 +/- 4, and 19 +/- 9%, respectively; Osm did not change. Calculated blood volume was reduced by 39% (51Cr method) or by 56% (125I method). Red cell space was reduced in all tissues except brain. Plasma space decreased in stomach, increased in liver and kidney, and was unchanged in other tissues. CVH had similar effects on Hct, OC, and P, while Osm and plasma sodium increased. The time required for arterial pressure to recover to within 90% of control increased with successive bleeding from 39 to greater than 160 min. Twenty-four hours after CVH, Hct remained depressed, while all other parameters were returning toward control levels. Trout incorporate a variety of mechanisms to respond to hemorrhage, including mobilization of stored blood and reabsorption of fluid from interstitial and probably intracellular sources. High permeability of trout capillaries to protein may facilitate the restoration of protein and fluid and allow fish to survive extensive hypovolemia.
SEVERE LIMA-LAD ANASTOMOTIC IN-STENT RESTENOSIS AND A LARGE LIMA SIDE BRANCH: WHAT WOULD YOU DO NEXT?

A large, unligated branch of the left internal mammary artery (LIMA) is occasionally encountered on angiography following coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). The clinical significance of a large LIMA branch is unclear. 66 year old diabetic man presented with angina. Angiography revealed severe
Fermat's Little Theorem from the Multinomial Theorem

10/10/01 Fermat’s Little Theorem From the Multinomial Theorem Thomas J. Osler (osler@rowan.edu) Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ 08028 Fermat’s Little Theorem [1] states that 1 1 p n − − is divisible by p whenever p is prime and n is an integer not divisible by p. This theorem is used in many of the simpler tests for primality. The so-called multinomial theorem (described in [2]) gives the expansion of a multinomial to an integer power p > 0,
Visible Light Driven Benzyl Alcohol Dehydrogenation in a Dye-Sensitized Photoelectrosynthesis Cell

Light-driven dehydrogenation of benzyl alcohol (BnOH) to benzaldehyde and hydrogen has been shown to occur in a dye-sensitized photoelectrosynthesis cell (DSPEC). In the DSPEC, the photoanode consists of mesoporous films of TiO2 nanoparticles or of core/shell nanoparticles with tin-doped In2O3 nanoparticle (nanoITO) cores and thin layers of TiO2 deposited by atomic layer deposition (nanoITO/TiO2). Metal oxide surfaces were coderivatized with both a ruthenium polypyridyl chromophore in excess and an oxidation catalyst. Chromophore excitation and electron injection were followed by cross-surface electron-transfer activation of the catalyst to −RuIV═O2+, which then oxidizes benzyl alcohol to benzaldehyde. The injected electrons are transferred to a Pt electrode for H2 production. The nanoITO/TiO2 core/shell structure causes a decrease of up to 2 orders of magnitude in back electron-transfer rate compared to TiO2. At the optimized shell thickness, sustained absorbed photon to current efficiency of 3.7% was ac...
Recent advances in the management of Hodgkin lymphoma

Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) is a rare cancer of the immune system that typically affects lymph nodes and sometimes other organs. Although the majority of patients can be potentially cured with the use of multi-agent chemotherapy and radiotherapy, a proportion of them will relapse or develop resistant disease for which treatment options are limited. In recent years, new agents have been developed and tested in HL with encouraging results. Two classes of drugs stand out as highly active in advanced HL based on recent study results: antibody-drug conjugates and programmed death 1 inhibitors. Clinical trials in HL with these agents have been completed in the past several years and the results have recently become available. In this review, we discuss the recent advances in the management of HL with a focus on strategies to decrease toxicity and a review of the two drug classes that have the potential to change the landscape of treatment of this disease.
Correlation Investigation on Thermal Decomposition of PET Binder,Its Elastomer and Propellants

The thermal decomposition characteristics and pyrolysis products of PET binder system,PET/TDI elastomer and simple component propellants containing PET binder system were investigated by using differential scanning calorimetry/thermal gravimetry(DSC/TG) and pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrum(Py-GC/MS) analysis techniques.The correlation between the thermal decomposition of the PET elastomer and the thermal decomposition performance of the propellants containing PET binder system was explored.The research results show that the thermal decomposition processes of mixed nitric acid ester-plasticized PET binder system and PET/TDI elastomer include two stages: volatilization and decomposition of nitric acid ester,decomposition of PET.The thermal decomposition behavior of propellants prepared by adding AP oxidizer is the interaction of such thermal decompositions.The exist of AP accelerates the decomposition of mixed nitric acid ester and PET in binder system.The Al powder has no obvious effect on thermal decomposition behavior of such system.The thermal decomposition behavior of PET elastomer is an important component part for thermal decomposition of such propellants,and it can reflect the thermal decomposition behavior of correlated propellants.
Distributed Algorithm for Mending Barrier Gaps via Sensor Rotation in Wireless Sensor Networks

When deploying sensors to monitor boundaries of battlefields or country borders, sensors are usually dispersed from an aircraft following a predetermined path. In such scenarios sensing gaps are usually unavoidable. We consider a wireless sensor network consisting of directional sensors deployed using the line-based sensor deployment model. In this paper we proposed a distributed algorithm for weak barrier coverage that allows sensors to determine their orientation such that the total number of gaps and the total gap length are minimized. We use simulations to analyze the performance of our algorithm and to compare it with two related work algorithms.
Performance Enhancement of a Time-Delay PUF Design by Utilizing Integrated Nanoscale ReRAM Devices

Currently the semiconductor industry is in search of a Physically-Unclonable-Function (PUF) implementation, which combines high reliability and uniqueness with low area and power consumption. The characteristics of emerging nanoscale Resistive Random Access Memory (ReRAM) devices fulfill most of these properties, as they exhibit inherent variability with low area consumption. Of particular interest is that the resistive states of ReRAM devices show a strong dependence on the distribution of grain boundaries within the device, which leads to variability in total device resistance. In this work we transform the classic CMOS time-delay PUF (TD-PUF) utilizing integrated nanoscale ReRAM devices to achieve better performance metrics including uniqueness and reliabilitiiy. The enhanced design exploits the property of high resistance variability of ReRAMs for the design of a ReRAM based delay stage that exhibits excellent uniqueness. Accurate simulation and characterization of the proposed PUF was achieved by extracting resistance values, temperature dependence and usage stress of ReRAM devices fabricated in-house and their application in the proposed TD-PUF are discussed. A 24 stage time-delay PUF utilizing 48 ReRAM devices was simulated and results show excellent reliability with respect to environmental parameters. A temperature range of 0 to 125°C was simulated and an optimum reliability was observed at 0.79 V. A supply voltage noise of ±30 mV had no impact on the uniqueness and reliability. The proposed design was compared against two pure CMOS implementations of a TD-PUF. The comparison was performed with respect to the aforementioned metrics and under the same environmental conditions, showing up to 5 times increase in performance.
Vowel and speaker identification in natural and synthetic speech.

The study describes the results of a listening test in which subjects were required to identify both the vowel and the sex of the speaker. Ten monophthongal American English vowels were selected: /i I e ae a u Λ 3/. These vowels were produced by a male speaker, a female speaker, and a child. Formant values were read from spectrograms made of these vowels and used for synthesizing the same 30 vowels on a Glace-Holmes synthesizer. A third set of vowels was generated synthetically using formant and fundamental frequency values reported by Peterson and Barney (1952). In this set, the fundamental frequency characteristic of male, female and children's voices was combined with male, female and children's formants. The set of 150 stimuli was presented to 60 listeners, who were asked to identify the speakers and vowels. Overall speaker identification scores were higher than overall vowel identification scores for both normal speakers and vowels synthesized from measurements; for the Peterson-Barney set, the scores...
Endorectal Doppler echography of prostate cancer. Potential role in therapeutic evaluation. A case report

The use of serial transrectal duplex sonography of the prostate in a patient treated for prostatic carcinoma is reported. Pre-treatment transrectal duplex sonography revealed abnormal Doppler signals in the prostate. After multiple-agent chemotherapy and bilateral orchiectomy, the prostate volume decreased by 65% and no abnormal Doppler signal could be recorded. Transrectal Doppler sonography of the prostate is expected to provide additional, original data on the response of prostatic tumors to endocrine manipulation or chemotherapy.
Conversion based in love : Miguel Angel Asturias and his concept of ultimate reality and meaning in El Señor Presidente

L'A. de cette etude sur l'ecrivain guatemalteque, Miguel Angel Asturias (1899-1874), propose pour commencer une presentation de sa vie et de ses oeuvres. Puis il s'arrete longuement sur sa plus grande realisation comme styliste et critique de la societe, Monsieur le President (1946) qui, sans nommer personne, reflete des aspects de la dictature de Manuel Estrada Cabrera (1898-1920) au Guatemala, et est une chronique de terreur, d'oppression et de mort. Il interroge ensuite la conversion de ce «president» pour savoir si celle-ci est metaphysique ou morale, et montre qu'Asturias pense que realite ultime et sens se trouvent dans un amour qui conduit au respect de toute forme de vie et qui s'exprime par l'acceptation de la loi morale.
Under 100-cycle thread migration latency in a single-ISA heterogeneous multi-core processor

This article consists of a single slide from the authors' conference presentation. Single-ISA Heterogeneous Multi-core: General purpose cores with different microarchitectures, tuned for different energy/performance points. Performance and energy of a program can be optimized by migrating among the core types as program characteristics change. Prior research has shown as much as a 50% improvement in energy when migrating every 1,000 cycles versus every 10,000 cycles. Such fine-grained thread migration requires very low migration overhead. We propose hardware support for fast thread migration. To migrate a thread, committed register values and the program counter must be moved from the source core to the destination core.
Preferential uptake of antioxidant carbon nanoparticles by T lymphocytes for immunomodulation

Autoimmune diseases mediated by a type of white blood cell—T lymphocytes—are currently treated using mainly broad-spectrum immunosuppressants that can lead to adverse side effects. Antioxidants represent an alternative approach for therapy of autoimmune disorders; however, dietary antioxidants are insufficient to play this role. Antioxidant carbon nanoparticles scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS) with higher efficacy than dietary and endogenous antioxidants. Furthermore, the affinity of carbon nanoparticles for specific cell types represents an emerging tactic for cell-targeted therapy. Here, we report that nontoxic poly(ethylene glycol)-functionalized hydrophilic carbon clusters (PEG-HCCs), known scavengers of the ROS superoxide (O2•−) and hydroxyl radical, are preferentially internalized by T lymphocytes over other splenic immune cells. We use this selectivity to inhibit T cell activation without affecting major functions of macrophages, antigen-presenting cells that are crucial for T cell activation. We also demonstrate the in vivo effectiveness of PEG-HCCs in reducing T lymphocyte-mediated inflammation in delayed-type hypersensitivity and in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, an animal model of multiple sclerosis. Our results suggest the preferential targeting of PEG-HCCs to T lymphocytes as a novel approach for T lymphocyte immunomodulation in autoimmune diseases without affecting other immune cells.
Effect-specific analysis of pathogenic SNVs in human interactome: Leveraging edge-based network robustness

Study of genetic variants in the context of molecular networks has recently gained much attention. However, many of these studies suffer from the lack of functional information about the network rewiring effect of genetic variants. After large-scale homology modeling, plus extracting native structure from PDB database, we performed structure-based prediction about the rewiring effect using our SNP-IN tool, and it covers significantly more variants than experimental characterization. The analysis result confirms the widespread perturbations in human interactome and reveals the network rewiring behavior based on edge-based network robustness concept.
Teacher Evaluation: Done to You or with You?

Educational reform in the past decade has placed a very strong emphasis on teacher accountability and student achievement. This change in focus has caused a thorough reexamination of how teacher quality and effectiveness are defined in the field, and has triggered a reform of the teacher evaluation process. As a result, generic, all-encompassing evaluation systems are being developed to evaluate teachers across all subject areas, including physical education. This one-size-fits-all approach meets the more obvious goal of evaluation, which is to review and appraise the competence level of teachers, but questions arise about whether the evaluation will improve teacher effectiveness. This generic approach overlooks the actual context in which teaching takes place and disregards the subject matter being taught. If the primary goal of teacher evaluation is to help teachers become more effective, the evaluation system must provide teachers with objective, content-specific feedback to inform practice and guide t...
Antioxidant activity of onion and garlic juices in stored cooked ground lamb.

The effects of onion juice on several characteristics of cooked ground lamb were investigated. Onion juice was a more effective antioxidant than garlic juice in reducing development of rancidity in meat. TBA values for onion-treated samples were lower (P .05). Mean hedonic scores were higher (P<0.05) for the onion-treated samples, indicating a more acceptable flavor after storage.
What’s Love Got To Do With It?: Emotion, Rationality, and Framing LGBT Rights

AbstractRecent years have a seen a dramatic and rapid shift in attitudes about same-sex marriage—quite possibly one of the largest shifts in public opinion ever recorded. Another shift has occurred regarding the framing of persuasive appeals by gay rights advocacy organizations. Earlier campaigns focused on rationality by highlighting the idea of equal rights for Lesbian Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender individuals; more recent campaigns have focused on love and commitment. Is one type of framing more effective than the other? Are attitudes about marriage equality more likely to shift when arguments are framed rationally or when they are framed emotionally? We conducted a series of randomized experiments to explore these questions. We find that rights are more effective in the abstract but that videos highlighting same-sex couples in loving and committed relationships are more effective than videos focused on rights and equality.
Relationship between head-turn gait speed and lateral balance function in community-dwelling older adults

Objective To determine and compare gait speed during head-forward and side-to-side head-turn walking in individuals with lower versus greater lateral balance.
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Study of RNA Structures at the 3′-End of the Hepatitis C Virus Genome

The 3′-end of the genomic RNA of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) embeds conserved elements that regulate viral RNA synthesis and protein translation by mechanisms that have yet to be elucidated. Previous studies with oligo-RNA fragments have led to multiple, mutually exclusive secondary structure predictions, indicating that HCV RNA structure may be context-dependent. Here we employed a nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) approach that involves long-range adenosine interaction detection, coupled with site-specific 2H labeling, to probe the structure of the intact 3′-end of the HCV genome (385 nucleotides). Our data reveal that the 3′-end exists as an equilibrium mixture of two conformations: an open conformation in which the 98 nucleotides of the 3′-tail (3′X) form a two-stem–loop structure with the kissing-loop residues sequestered and a closed conformation in which the 3′X rearranges its structure and forms a long-range kissing-loop interaction with an upstream cis-acting element 5BSL3.2. The long-range kissin...
Communicating About Evaluation: A Conceptual Model and Case Example

Background: Despite consensus within the evaluation community about what is distinctive about evaluation, confusion among stakeholders and other professions abounds. The evaluation literature describes how those in the social sciences continue to view evaluation as applied social science and part of what they already know how to do, with the implication that no additional training beyond the traditional social sciences is needed. Given the lack of broader understanding of the specialized role of evaluation, the field struggles with how best to communicate about evaluation to stakeholders and other professions. Purpose: This paper addresses the need to clearly communicate what is distinctive about evaluation to stakeholders and other professions by offering a conceptual tool that can be used in dialogue with others. Specifically, we adapt a personnel evaluation framework to map out what is distinctive about what evaluators know and can do. We then compare this map with the knowledge and skill needed in a related profession (i.e., assessment) in order to reveal how the professions differ. Setting: Not applicable. Intervention: Not applicable. Research Design: Not applicable. Data Collection and Analysis: Not applicable. Findings: We argue that using a conceptual tool such as the one presented in this paper with comparative case examples would clarify for outsiders the distinct work of evaluators. Additionally, we explain how this conceptual tool is flexible and could be extended by evaluation practitioners in a myriad of ways. Keywords: evaluation knowledge; evaluation skill; profession; professionalization
Progress In Interoperability: Measuring US Hospitals’ Engagement In Sharing Patient Data

Achieving an interoperable health care system remains a top US policy priority. Despite substantial efforts to encourage interoperability, the first set of national data in 2014 suggested that hosp...
Reciprocity in Caregiving Relationships: Contexts in Later Life

Abstract Reciprocity is an important quality in caring relationships that influences social support and impacts both psychological and physical wellbeing among older adults. Reciprocity is a broad psychosocial concept and susceptible to challenges due to ambiguity making this concept analysis essential for ongoing development, particularly in advancing the science of caring. The aim of this article is to clarify the concept of reciprocity within the care relationships of older adults. The Norris method (1982) of concept clarification is the primary method used in analysis of this concept based on a sample of 35 research publications representing multiple disciplines over three decades. A concept process model is proposed that explains reciprocity as an outcome of social exchange that results from dynamic and multilevel contexts. These contextual features influence one another, yet perception of reciprocity is highly individualized. Reciprocity is an essential concept in understanding caregiving relationsh...
Editorial comment: the future of compositional MRI for cartilage.

This editorial comment refers to the article: “Detection of early cartilage damage: feasibility and potential of gagCEST imaging at 7T” by Brinkhof et al, Eur Radiol 2018.
Teaching Sociology in a Men's Prison: How Total Institutions Shape Pedagogy and Engagement with Content.

Sociology can be a highly emancipatory discipline, permitting students and researchers to identify and thus alter the structures that contour their lives. Nowhere has this been clearer to me than i...
Bases for Coinvariants and Cyclic Permutations

28.1.1. In this chapter we assume that (I, ·) is of finite type. Let \(\lambda \in X^ + \). For any sequence i = (i1,i 2 ,…, i N ) in I such that \({\rm{s}}_{i_1 } {\rm{s}}_{i_2 } \cdots {\rm{s}}_{i_N } \) is a reduced expression of an element w\( \in \)W, we consider the element \(\theta {\rm{(i,}}\,\lambda {\rm{)}}\,{\rm{ = }}\theta _{i_1 }^{(a_1 )} \theta _{i_2 }^{(a_2 )} \cdots \theta _{i_N }^{(a_N )} \in {\rm{f}}\) where $$a_1 = \left\langle {s_{i_N } \cdots s_{i_2 } (i_1 ),\lambda } \right\rangle , \cdots ,a_{N - 1} = \left\langle {s_{i_N } (i_{n - 1} ),\lambda } \right\rangle ,a_N = \left\langle {i_N ,\lambda } \right\rangle ;$$
Slow Reacting Substances

The in vitro stimulation of smooth muscle preparations has been utilized to identify and initially characterize biologically active substances since the early work on the action of β-imidazolylethylamine (Dale and Laidlaw, 1910). The term “slow reacting substance” was introduced by Feldberg and Kellaway (1938) to describe the in vitro smooth muscle activity of material obtained during perfusion of guinea pig lung with cobra venom. Anaphylactic shock of the same tissue (Kellaway and Trethewie, 1940) produced a material with similar smooth muscle activity. In addition, the perfusion of cat paw with a condensation product of p-methoxyphenethylmethylamine and formaldehyde (compound 48/80) resulted in the release of a smooth muscle stimulating principle (Paton, 1951; Chakravarty et al, 1959). These three slow reacting substances (SRSs) are generated by unique methods but have a common activity on the guinea pig ileum (Vogt, 1969). The physicochemical characterization of the SRSs, although not complete, has demonstrated both common and distinct properties. Additional naturally occurring substances with smooth muscle activity similar to that of the SRSs include substance P (von Euler and Gaddum, 1931), which is extractable from nervous and intestinal tissue (Lembeck and Zetler, 1971) and is now identified as an undecapeptide of 1340 mol wt (Chang and Leeman, 1970), the prostaglandins and their precursors, and Darmstoff and other lipid- soluble acids (Vogt, 1958). These compounds are of biological interest and have a possible relationship to the SRSs but will not be reviewed in this Chapter.
Introduction: Applications & Motivations

This chapter discusses the numerous reasons for why one might wish to study the subject of neuroevolution. I cover a number of different applications of such a system, giving examples and scenarios of a neuroevolutionary system being applied within a variety of different fields. A discussion then follows on where all of this research is heading, and what the next step within this field might be. Finally, a whirlwind introduction of the book is given, with a short summary of what is covered in every chapter.
Risk and Resilience in Pediatric Pain: The Roles of Parent and Adolescent Catastrophizing and Acceptance.

Objectives Both pediatric and parent pain catastrophizing and pain acceptance are key factors associated with pediatric pain outcomes; however, the interactive effects of these factors within the parent-child dyad have yet to be tested. The aims of this study were to examine: (1) the mediating role of child catastrophizing between parent catastrophizing and child outcomes (pain interference and mobility), (2) the mediating role of child acceptance between parent acceptance and child outcomes, and (3) whether child acceptance buffers the relation between parent catastrophizing and child catastrophizing, which in turn impacts child outcomes. Materials and methods Cross-sectional data from 324 youth with chronic pain ages 10 to 17 years (mean age=14.72, [SD=2.12]; 73.1% female; 59% Caucasian) and their parents were collected. Participants completed measures assessing pediatric Patient-Reported Outcome Measurement Information System (PROMIS) domains (mobility and pain interference), pain catastrophizing, pain acceptance, and child pain intensity. Mediation was conducted via 1000-draw bootstrap-adjusted analyses in Mplus. Results Parent pain catastrophizing was indirectly associated with child pain interference via child catastrophizing but was not associated with mobility difficulties in the mediation model. Parent pain acceptance was indirectly associated with both child pain interference and mobility via child acceptance. We did not find evidence of child acceptance-buffering parent and child pain catastrophizing. Discussion The findings of this study highlight the need for caregiver involvement in multidisciplinary treatments to mitigate risk and enhance resilience in youth with chronic pain.
POINT: An Intent-Driven Framework for Integrated Packet-Optical In-Band Network Telemetry

Emerging packet-optical networks have exposed flexibility and scalability limitations of current network telemetry mechanisms. Recent work in packet networks has explored the possibility of improving network telemetry for devices that have programmable data planes with encouraging results. Extending those mechanisms into optical networks, however, is far from straightforward due to factors such as layering and presence of devices that do not process packets. We introduce a framework that overcomes those challenges for packet-optical networks with constructs to unify telemetry across packet and optical network segments. We demonstrate the utility of the proposed framework with an implementation of use-case examples in packet-optical network telemetry.
DéjàVu: Bringing Black-box Security Analytics to Cloud

Emerging security solutions for cloud commonly operate in two phases, data collection and analytics. Data collection phase provides visibility into cloud resources (images, containers, VMs, etc.) and analytics derives insights built on data. Analytics phase is commonly decoupled from data collection and cloud resources as a separate, scalable pipeline. This enables cloud-scale operation via separation of concerns and overheads. Analytics focus on deriving high-value insights from data, and data collection focuses on efficient and minimally-intrusive inspection and introspection techniques. However, this model breaks traditional security solutions, such as endpoint managers, malware and compliance checkers, that are designed to run locally inside the systems they are securing. The common cloud strategy to address this problem has been to rewrite existing solutions to "work from data" instead of "working inside the system". This requires huge amount of resources and effort, and has fueled a slew of new "cloud-native security" solutions in the field.In this paper we approach this problem from a different angle. Instead of rewriting security solutions to work from data, we explore how to reuse existing security solutions as black-box analytics in the cloud. We present DejaVu, a framework that makes data accessible to traditional software by mimicking a system veneer over the data. We achieve this by re-building a standard native POSIX system interface over the data. We enable traditional security applications to run unmodified in a black-box fashion. We validate our framework with state of the art third party security solutions and demonstrate that they can be operated with modest overhead.
Digital health: a path to validation

Digital health solutions continue to grow in both number and capabilities. Despite these advances, the confidence of the various stakeholders — from patients and clinicians to payers, industry and regulators — in medicine remains quite low. As a result, there is a need for objective, transparent, and standards-based evaluation of digital health products that can bring greater clarity to the digital health marketplace. We believe an approach that is guided by end-user requirements and formal assessment across technical, clinical, usability, and cost domains is one possible solution. For digital health solutions to have greater impact, quality and value must be easier to distinguish. To that end, we review the existing landscape and gaps, highlight the evolving responses and approaches, and detail one pragmatic framework that addresses the current limitations in the marketplace with a path toward implementation.
Vacilaciones y planificación discursiva en entrevistas de la Asamblea Legislativa del Distrito Federal: la elección de la ombudsperson de derechos humanos en 2013

espanolEl presente trabajo estudia seis tipos de fenomenos orales identificados como vacilaciones (sonidos breves, repeticiones no intencionales, frases cortadas, palabras cortadas, sonidos largos y alargamientos de palabra), en un corpus compuesto por entrevistas realizadas en la Comision de Derechos Humanos de la VI Legislatura de la Asamblea Legislativa del Distrito Federal (hoy Congreso de la Ciudad de Mexico) en 2013. Estas entrevistas fueron disenadas y conducidas por legisladores de esta Comision con el proposito de elegir de entre un grupo de ciudadanos al "mejor" para ocupar el cargo de ombudsperson de la Comision de Derechos Humanos de la ciudad. Luego de proponer una definicion de vacilacion, se plantea que, asi como el tipo de vacilacion y su frecuencia de aparicion muestran patrones de variacion distintos de una secuencia discursiva a otra en las entrevistas, estos patrones tambien estan estrechamente relacionados con el grado de planificacion que muestra el discurso. A partir de esta correlacion de variables se propone asi una clasificacion de fenomenos segun las funciones discursivas de estos en la interaccion. EnglishThis article analyses six types of hesitation markers (short fillers, non-intentional repetitions, unfinished phrases, unfinished words, long fillers, and word lengthening), identified in a corpus of interviews designed by the Comision de Derechos Humanos of the 6th Asamblea Legislativa del Distrito Federal (today Mexico City's Congress) in 2013. These interviews were carried out by representatives ascribed to this legislative entity and its purpose was to find "the best" candidate among a group of citizens, to fill the ombudsperson position at the city's Human Rights local office. After presenting a definition of hesitation marker, I argue that the type of hesitation marker and its frequency show variation patterns that change from one discursive sequence to the other within the interviews; these patterns are also closely related to the discourse planning degree. From this variable correlation, I propose a classification of phenomena based on the discursive functions they have in interaction.
Bernstein inequality and holonomic modules

Abstract In this paper we study the representation theory of filtered algebras with commutative associated graded whose spectrum has finitely many symplectic leaves. Examples are provided by the algebras of global sections of quantizations of symplectic resolutions, quantum Hamiltonian reductions, and spherical symplectic reflection algebras. We introduce the notion of holonomic modules for such algebras. We show that, provided the algebraic fundamental groups of all leaves are finite, the generalized Bernstein inequality holds for the simple modules and turns into equality for holonomic simples. Under the same finiteness assumption, we prove that the associated variety of a simple holonomic module is equi-dimensional. We also prove that, if the regular bimodule has finite length, then any holonomic module has finite length. This allows one to reduce the Bernstein inequality for arbitrary modules to simple ones. We prove that the regular bimodule has finite length for the global sections of quantizations of symplectic resolutions, for quantum Hamiltonian reductions and for Rational Cherednik algebras. The paper contains a joint appendix by the author and Etingof that motivates the definition of a holonomic module in the case of global sections of a quantization of a symplectic resolution.
Multiple Resource Loading and Auditory Preemption during a Continuous Signal Detection Task

Performance is typically reduced for dual-versus single-tasks, and potential interference between tasks can often be predicted by resource theories such as Multiple Resource Theory (MRT). MRT sugge...
Immunotoxicity and allergenic potential induced by topical application of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) in a murine model.

Abstract Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) is a per- and polyfluoroalkyl substance (PFAS) once used as a surfactant in the polymerization of chemicals. Because of its ubiquitous nature and long half-life, PFOA is commonly detected in the environment, wildlife, and humans. While skin exposure to PFOA is of concern, studies evaluating the immunotoxicity of dermal exposure are lacking. These studies evaluated the immunotoxicity of PFOA (0.5–2% w/v, or 12.5–50 mg/kg/dose) following dermal exposure using a murine model. PFOA (0.5–2%) was not identified to be an irritant or sensitizer using the local lymph node assay. The IgM antibody response to sheep red blood cell. was significantly reduced in the spleen following 4-days of dermal exposure (2%). PFOA exposure produced a significant decrease in thymus (1 and 2%) and spleen (0.5–2%) weight along with an increase in liver weight (0.5–2%). Immune cell phenotyping identified a reduction in the frequency (1 and 2%) and number (0.5–2%) of splenic B-cells. To further define the mechanism of immunotoxicity, gene expression was also evaluated in the skin. The findings support a potential involvement of the nuclear receptor PPARα. These results demonstrate that dermal exposure to PFOA is immunotoxic and raise concern about potential adverse effects from dermal exposure.
Laser thermal therapy in the management of high-grade gliomas.

Laser interstitial thermal therapy (LITT) is a minimally invasive therapy that have been used for brain tumors, epilepsy, chronic pain, and other spine pathologies. This therapy is performed under ...
Accelerated aging among childhood, adolescent, and young adult cancer survivors is evidenced by increased expression of p16 INK4a and frailty

Background Cellular senescence, measured by expression of the cell cycle kinase inhibitor p16INK4a , may contribute to accelerated aging in survivors of childhood, adolescent, and young adult cancer. The authors measured peripheral blood T-lymphocyte p16INK4a expression among pediatric and young adult cancer survivors, hypothesizing that p16INK4a expression is higher after chemotherapy and among frail survivors. Methods A cross-sectional cohort of young adult survivors and age-matched, cancer-free controls were assessed for p16INK4a expression and frailty. Newly diagnosed pediatric patients underwent prospective measurements of p16INK4a expression before and after cancer therapy. Frailty was measured with a modified Fried frailty phenotype evaluating sarcopenia, weakness, slowness, energy expenditure, and exhaustion. Results The cross-sectional cohort enrolled 60 survivors and 29 age-matched controls with a median age of 21 years (range, 17-29 years). The prospective cohort enrolled 9 newly diagnosed patients (age range, 1-18 years). Expression of p16INK4a was higher among survivors compared with controls (9.6 vs 8.9 log2 p16 units; 2-sided P = .005, representing a 25-year age acceleration in survivors) and increased among newly diagnosed patients from matched pretreatment to posttreatment samples (7.3-8.9 log2 p16 units; 2-sided P = .002). Nine survivors (16%) were frail and had higher p16INK4a expression compared with robust survivors (10.5 [frail] vs 9.5 [robust] log2 p16 units; 2-sided P = .055), representing a 35-year age acceleration among frail survivors. Conclusions Chemotherapy is associated with increased cellular senescence and molecular age in pediatric and young adult cancer survivors. Frail survivors, compared with robust survivors, exhibit higher levels of p16INK4a , suggesting that cellular senescence may be associated with early aging in survivors.
Programmable mechanical metastructures from locally bistable domes

Abstract Mechanical metamaterials have introduced a paradigm shift in materials development by offering property control through geometrical design at the micro/mesoscale. The ensuing design flexibility has opened up avenues to leverage geometrical nonlinearities in the microstructure design to allow for realizing uncharacteristic global functionalities beyond the scope of traditional materials. In this work, we report on a class of programmable stiffness metastructures designed by patterning locally bistable dome units in structural element geometries. The global response characteristics of our metastructures reversibly switch between a plate-like response and a shell-like response as the bistable domes are switched locally between their two stable states. This allows for up to an order of magnitude variation in the global stiffness. Furthermore, we demonstrate the ability of our metastructures to enable in-situ property programmability in the presence of boundary conditions, thus paving the way for successful integration into larger structures. Uniquely, our architecture allows for multi-directional linear and nonlinear response programmability, while operating under different loading environments. As such, the presented designs can potentially serve as blueprint models to realize a new class of load-carrying, robust, programmable systems for soft robotics and morphing aerospace structures.
Toward the Development of Capstone Design Guidelines in Newly Established Engineering Programs

Our university has recently launched a new engineering department in the College of Engineering and Technology to serve the community needs and satisfy the increasing demand for engineers in the region. The engineering department, consisting of four different programs: Mechanical, Electrical, Computer, and Civil, was established at the beginning of Fall 2018. The challenge faced by these programs was developing an up to date and comprehensive curriculum that encompasses a wide range of subjects to provide students with a substantial engaged learning experience through multidisciplinary and hands-on projects. To achieve this, the department has conducted an ambitious hiring process to attract new faculty possessing various working experiences that will enrich the development of capstone design guidelines. This paper, therefore, discusses the shared values and experiences between the faculty in developing capstone design courses in their respective schools and presents an opportunity for the newly established Engineering department to build on this diversity in order to establish sound capstone design guidelines suitable for the new programs.
Do Intergovernmental Grants Improve Public Service Delivery in Developing Countries

I exploit unusual policy variation in Indonesia to examine how local responses to intergovernmental grants depend on their persistence. A national reform produced permanent increases in the general grant that were larger for less densely populated districts. Hydrocarbon-rich districts experienced transitory shocks to shared resource revenue. Public service delivery strongly responded to the permanent shock, but not to the transitory shocks, consistent with districts providing lumpy public services as a function of lifetime fiscal resources. I provide supporting evidence for this mechanism and rule out other potential mechanisms. I discuss implications for decentralization policy and research on taxation and accountability.