cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Microclimate Factors in Smoke Pollution from Tall Stacks

A good approximation to the maximum ground concentration, averaged over an hour, may be found from the continuous record of a single anemometer and wind vane mounted at the level of the chimney-top, if nonmeteorological factors such as the nature of the terrain and the conditions of emission are neglected. A classification of the lateral gustiness, as determined from the wind direction trace, combined with the mean hourly wind speed and direction suffice to determine the correction factor which should be applied to O. G. Sutton’s equation for the maximum ground concentration in order to determine its hourly mean value and its distribution in direction. An empirical rule is also given for determining the horizontal distance of the maximum ground concentration. The correction factor, a m , is combined with the mean hourly wind speed to give an index of pollution intensity which can be called the smoke-hour. The results of the method check closely with concentration measurements made at the Brookhaven National Laboratory.
The Universal Enveloping Algebra of a Semi-Simple Lie Algebra

Let g be a reductive Lie algebra over R, G a connected Lie group with Lie algebra g. In the hands of Harish-Chandra (and others) the universal enveloping algebra G of gc (the complexification of g) plays a prominent role in the representation theory of G. This will become apparent in Chapter 4 where we shall see, for instance, how a representation of G on a Banach space E, say, gives rise in a natural manner to various linear representations of G on subspaces of E. Moreover the study of these representations of G yields important information about the given representation of G. This chapter, then, which is algebraic in character, deals on the one hand with the structure of G and, on the other, with various aspects of its representation theory. [Actually it will be just as easy to carry out most of the discussion in the context of a reductive Lie algebra g over an algebraically closed field k of characteristic zero — unless specifically stated to the contrary, this will be the underlying assumption in what follows.]
Beneath the Retinal Pigment Epithelium: Histopathologic Findings in Metastatic Extranodal Natural Killer/T-Cell Lymphoma, Nasal Type.

Purpose To report a case of extranodal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma (ENKTCL), nasal type metastatic to the space beneath the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) with coincident paraneoplastic lymphoma-associated retinopathy. Methods Findings of clinical and histopathologic examination are presented with differential diagnoses and a literature review. Case report A 53-year-old man presented with bilateral blindness and had exudative retinal detachments overlying subretinal masses in both eyes. Flow cytometry of pericardial fluid revealed malignant T lymphocytes. After two cycles of chemotherapy, the patient was hospitalized and quickly expired. Autopsy revealed lymphoma involving the eyes, heart, right lung, and two subcarinal lymph nodes focally. Histopathologic examination of the eyes revealed intraocular metastases from ENKTCL, nasal type. Expression of CD3 and CD56, along with expression of Epstein-Barr virus by in situ hybridization, confirmed the diagnosis. Lymphomatous infiltrates were confined to the space beneath the neurosensory retina and between the RPE and the Bruch membrane, sparing the uveal tissue, similar to other metastatic T-cell lymphomas. Extensive RPE and photoreceptor loss in regions with and without underlying tumor was typical of a concurrent paraneoplastic lymphoma-associated retinopathy. Conclusion Patients diagnosed with ENKTCL should be evaluated by an ophthalmologist, as ophthalmic involvement portends a poor prognosis.
Sulfapyridine appearance in plasma after salicylazosulfapyridine: Another simple measure of intestinal transit***

Abstract The appearance of sulfapyridine in plasma after oral administration of salicylazosulfapyridine (SASP) was evaluated as a method for defining arrival time in the cecum, an index of small bowel transit. After direct instillation of SASP and lactulose into the cecum, the appearances of their metabolites (sulfapyridine in plasma and hydrogen in breath) were rapid (1–10 min) and simultaneous. When a mixture of SASP and lactulose was taken by mouth, times of the respective "signals" varied among individuals from 40 to 180 min (n = 8) but were correlated within individuals. Salicylazosulfapyridine transit times from duodenum to cecum were also very similar to simultaneous measurements of transit by scintigraphic monitoring of technetium 99m. Timing of the sulfapyridine signal corresponded to the arrival of 5%–13% of technetium 99m DTPA in the cecum. Exemplifying the use of this new technique, simultaneous administration of lactulose into the stomach and SASP into the duodenum yielded consistently longer stomach-tocecum than duodenum-to-cecum transits, attributable to the delay caused by gastric emptying. Therapeutic doses of morphine delayed small bowel transit of SASP. Transit of SASP offers a second marker technique for the cecal arrival of the "head" of a bolus; the approach may be useful as an inexpensive, noninvasive measurement of transit.
Towards a Pathological Mechanism for IMPDH1-Linked Retinitis Pigmentosa

Inosine 5′-monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH) is a critical enzyme in the production of guanine nucleotides and an antiproliferative drug target. Recently mutations in IMPDH1 were linked to the RP10 allele of retinitis pigmentosa (RP). The mechanism of disease is puzzling, given that mutations in this ubiquitously expressed enzyme have an effect limited to death of the rod photoreceptors. Some clues to this puzzle include the expression of retina-specific splice variants and their interaction with rhodopsin mRNA.
Combined State Order and Model Order Formulations in the Unified Matrix Polynomial Method (UMPA)

The unified matrix polynomial (coefficient) method (UMPA) has been used by the authors to provide a single, educational framework that encompasses most commercial and research methods used to estimate modal parameters from measured input-output data (normally frequency response functions). In past publications of this methodology, the issue of state order has not clearly been identified in the formulation of the UMPA model. State order refers to the order of the base vector that is an elementary part of the basic UMPA model and has been a part of the modal parameter estimation development since the Ibrahim Time Domain methods in the mid 1970s. The UMPA model is restated to clearly identify the role of base vector order and the relationship between base vector (state) order and polynomial model order. This relationship provides a mechanism for explaining a number of modal parameter estimation methods that have not previously been identified and helps to explain the sensitivity of different modal parameter estimation methods to noise.
Restricted simplicial decomposition: computation and extensions

Restricted simplicial decomposition (RSD) is a very useful technique for certain large-scale pseudoconvex programming problems such as the traffic assignment problem and other network flow problems. The “restricted” version of this method allows the user to treat the maximum size of the generated simplices as a parameter. When the parameter is at its minimum value, the method reduces to the Frank-Wolfe algorithm; when at its maximum, the original simplicial decomposition of von Hohenbalken and Holloway results. Computer storage requirements increase linearly with the parameter, but our computational experiments on a variety of test problems show that there is a payoff in improved progress of the method as measured by the relative error in the objective function. Included in the tests are a number of real-world traffic networks, some large electrical networks, a water distribution network, and linearly constrained problems of the Colville study.
On the modeling of oral drug delivery

Abstract In this chapter, tablet designs (oral drug dosage forms), which could lead to desired drug release profiles, are discussed. The targeted drug release profiles include constant (i.e., zero-order) release and pulsatile release. The proposed designs are supported through mathematical modeling and simulations. Since the excipients affect the performance of the tablet, a computer-aided molecular design approach is proposed for generating the polymer (an excipient). Finally, a desirability function has been used to rank the generated polymers based on a desired property value. The proposed new polymers need further investigation to be practical for oral drug delivery.
On the elastic stress singularities and mode I notch stress intensity factor for 3D printed polymers

Abstract Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) is an extrusion-based technology in which a heated print-head extrudes a thermoplastic material layer by layer onto a platform. Due to the partial healing at the interface between extruded filaments in the FFF process, stress singularity points are created. These stress singularity points significantly reduce the reliability of FFF parts and result in premature interlaminar fracture. This work is a comprehensive study of fracture toughness evaluation of FFF parts. Another aim of this study is to provide recommendations on how to tune process parameters such as “gap setting” for improvements of fracture mechanics properties of FFF parts. Although the stress singularity points resemble V-notches, we have shown that for FFF manufactured parts with a negative gap setting up to 2%, the hairline crack solution could be used as the singularity order of the singular points remain close to (1/2). In other words, the classical linear fracture mechanics solution can be applied for such notch geometries and the stress intensity factor could be used as a measure for fracture toughness. In addition, for filaments with different cross-section geometries or higher negative gap settings, depending on the opening angle of the notch at the interface, singularity order of the singular points may increase. Hence, the Eigenfunction Expansion Method should be used to determine the singularity order of the singular points. Overall, it is determined that with increase of the notch angle, singularity order increases, and better fracture properties are achieved at the interface. Furthermore, the fracture mechanics properties of FFF parts can be significantly improved by increasing the diameter of filaments and the negative gap setting. Alternatively, new extrusion geometries could be utilized to optimize the interface length of the filaments.
2210. An Online Survey of Hepatitis C Testing Attitudes and Practice Habits Among Residents at an Urban Medical Center.

AbstractBackgroundThe hepatitis C virus (HCV) is the most common blood-borne infection; treatments are well tolerated, highly effective, and improve health outcomes. A recent blinded seroprevalence study of ED patients identified an undiagnosed HCV prevalence 0.8%. New York State recently highlighted a strategic plan to reduce the incidence and prevalence of HCV through aggressive testing, linkage, and treatment. To evaluate HCV screening practices, we conducted a survey of resident attitudes and practice habits surrounding HCV screening.MethodsFrom August 1, 2017 to April 30, 2018 we conducted an anonymous online survey to examine attitudes about sexual health screening among residents at an upper Manhattan academic medical center. Response rates were 22% (33) for internal medicine (IM), 45% (35) for pediatrics (Peds), and 21% (10) for emergency medicine (EM).ResultsA majority of IM residents (61%) agreed that HCV screening was one of their responsibilities as compared with Peds (23%, P = 0.002) and EM residents (20%). This differed from HIV testing where the majority of residents across disciplines (73, 71, 60%) considered HIV screening to be their responsibility. IM residents were more likely to agree that it is important to screen for HCV in all care settings. However, less than half of them considered HCV screening (42%) or successfully screened (45%) the majority of their eligible patients. Barriers to HCV screening were diverse across specialty groups with the majority of EM residents concerned about inadequate resources (90%) and issues surrounding minors (90%). IM residents were concerned about higher priority issues (85%) and time constraints (58%). Peds residents were concerned that HCV testing was outside their scope of practice (69%) and that the prevalence was too low (63%). When informed that one-third of individuals diagnosed with HCV were outside of the birth cohort both Peds and EM providers were more likely to consider screening their patients for HCV. ConclusionIM residents acknowledged the importance of HCV screening and felt it was appropriate to screen in all settings but identified challenges to screening. Barriers to HCV screening differed between IM, Peds, and EM residents highlighting opportunities for individualized targeted interventions.Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.
Proceedings of the 2003 joint workshop on Foundations of mobile computing

Welcome to the ACM DIALM-POMC Joint Workshop on Foundations of Mobile Computing. Mobile computing and communications devices are proliferating exponentially. The mobility of distributed computing components raises a number of interesting, and difficult, algorithmic issues. This one-day workshop is intended to bring together researchers in mobile computing and distributed algorithms. To facilitate such interaction, the workshop was co-located with the ACM International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking (MobiCom).DIALM-POMC 2003 is sponsored by ACM SIGMOBILE in cooperation with ACM SIGACT. This workshop is a merging of two workshops, DIAL-M (Discrete Algorithms and Methods for Mobile Computing and Communications), which was held annually in 1997-2002 as a workshop in conjunction with MOBICOM; and POMC (Principles of Mobile Computing), which was held in 2001 in conjunction with the ACM Symposium on Principles of Distributed Computing (PODC), and in 2002 in conjunction with the International Symposium on Distributed Computing (DISC).This volume contains the abstracts of the two keynote lectures and the eight contributed papers presented at DIALM-POMC, which was held September 19, 2003. The keynote lectures were given by Amotz Bar-Noy and Deborah Estrin. We received 27 submissions, which were read and evaluated by the program committee, with the help of external reviewers when needed. Overall the quality of the submissions was excellent, and we were unable to accept many deserving papers. It is expected that many of the contributed papers will appear in more polished and extended form in fully refereed journals. Selected accepted papers will be invited for submission to a special issue on "Foundations of Mobile Computing" of the ACM Baltzer Mobile Networks and Applications (MONET) journal.
Mitigation of Distributed Controller Failure

While power flow between buses cannot be directly controlled, the use of Flexible AC Transmission systems allow a reasonable degree of control of power flow in the lines through changes in the effective impedance of the line. In cases of failure of Distributed FACTS [1], where they fail to inject the reactive power that is expected, the lines can be overloaded or have flows that create unstable bus voltages. This paper proposes an algorithm to modify the settings of the other D-FACTS controllers in the system to achieve stable operation, given the failure of one or more distributed controller (malicious or benign). This paper presents results for corrective operation settings for D-FACTS controller that can be extended to other FACTS.
Bad blood: A coagulopathy associated with trauma and massive transfusion review

Coagulopathy in trauma patients is a known contributor to death due to hemorrhage. In fact, it seen as frequently as 35% of the time. The complexity of the coagulopathy pathway requires a deliberate and planned approach. The methods used to assess and detect if a patient is coagulopathic remain challenging, but tools have been developed to assist the practitioner to effectively manage and even quickly reverse the coagulopathy. The purpose of this review is to educate trauma and emergency medicine staff on the currently available diagnostic tools to assess coagulopathy, to provide an overview of the coagulopathy pathway, as well as provide examples of how to intervene and treat coagulopathy, including the use of crew resource management during mass transfusion protocol activations.
Splenogonadal fusion: An important differential diagnosis for testicular masses

Splenogonadal fusion is a rare cause of scrotal swelling. We present a case of a 9-year-old boy with a left testicular mass and phocomelia who was found to have splenogonadal fusion upon scrotal exploration. We discuss the etiology, pathophysiology and management of splenogonadal fusion.
Purine Metabolizing Capability of Enterobacter agglomerans Affects Volatiles Production and Attractiveness to Mexican Fruit Fly

We investigated two strains of Enterobacter agglomerans that differ in their ability to metabolize uric acid for (1) attractiveness to sugar-fed Mexican fruit flies, and (2) production of volatile chemicals that may be responsible for the attractiveness. The two strains were cultured on a medium that contained uric acid as the primary nitrogen source to simulate bird feces, a natural substrate for this bacterium. Active cultures of both strains were more attractive than uninoculated uric acid medium to both sexes of sugar-fed flies in wind-tunnel bioassays. The uricase(+) strain was more attractive than the uricase(−) strain to males and to females <9 days old, but not to older females. Volatiles found by solid-phase microextraction in greater amounts in headspace above active cultures of both strains than above uninoculated medium were ammonia, dimethyldisulfide, 3-methylbutanol, 2-phenylethanol, 2,5-dimethylpyrazine, and trimethylpyrazine. The uricase(+) strain produced more ammonia, dimethyldisulfide, and trimethylpyrazine than the uricase(−) strain. An additional chemical, 3-hydroxybutanone, appears to be produced exclusively by the uricase(+) strain. The uricase(−) strain produced more 2-phenylethanol than the uricase(+) strain. Differences in volatiles are consistent with the generally greater attractiveness of the uricase(+) strain compared with the uricase(−) strain as ammonia, 3-hydroxybutanone, and trimethylpyrazine have been demonstrated attractive to sugar-fed Mexican fruit flies.
Thermal Spray Processing of Nanocrystalline Materials

Technological advancements in many sectors of modern society depend strongly on the materials science and engineering community’s ability to conceive of novel materials with attractive combinations of physical and mechanical properties. For instance, in the aerospace industry, the ever increasing demand to manufacture lighter aircraft that can travel at higher speeds and can withstand a higher payload capacity has fueled the development of high strength/low density materials with improved damage tolerance and enhanced temperature capabilities. Driven in part by this critical need, research in materials science and engineering has shifted towards the study and application of non-equilibrium processes. The significant departure from thermodynamic equilibrium associated with these types of processes allows material scientists and engineers to develop materials with unusual combinations of microstructure and physical attributes.
Influence of Fine-Scale Alpha Precipitation on the Mechanical Properties of the Beta Titanium Alloy Beta-21S

Mechanical response of β-21S alloy microstructures with fine-scale and coarser alpha phase was compared via microstructural and mechanical characterization. Results indicate that work-hardening behavior of β-21S is a strong function of alpha size scale. Specimens with fine-scale alpha exhibited substantially higher strengths (~1200 MPa) compared to those containing coarser alpha precipitates (~950 MPa). Furthermore, reasonable tensile elongation values, ~8 pct, to failure could be achieved for these high strengths, provided grain boundary fracture can be limited.
Protective Effects of Maternal Education against Low Birth Weight Deliveries: Blacks' Diminished Returns.

Background: Racial and economic disparities in low birth weight (LBW) deliveries is among the most well-established differences between Blacks and Whites. As LBW is an established risk factor for chronic diseases such as asthma and diabetes, it is particularly important to understand drivers of racial and economic disparities in LBW deliveries in urban areas. Aims: Built on the Minorities’ Diminished Returns framework, which argues that educational attainment generates fewer positive health outcomes for Black than White Americans, we conducted this study with three aims: 1) to test the association between mothers’ educational attainment and LBW of babies born in urban areas, 2) to compare Blacks and Whites for the effect of mothers’ educational attainment on LBW, and 3) to test whether LBW is predictive of future chronic diseases 15 years later. Methods: Data came from the Fragile Families and Child Well-being / included a random sample of births in cities larger than 200,000 population. For the aims 1 and 2, we analyzed data of 2,922 births to Black (n = 2,146) or White (n = 776) mothers. For aim 3, we analyzed data of a subsample of 1,604 Black or White newborns who were followed to age 15. The presence or absence of chronic diseases was determined at age 15. Logistic regression was used for data analysis. Results: Maternal educational attainment was inversely associated with LBW overall. We, however, found a significant interaction between maternal educational attainment and race, suggesting that the inverse association between maternal education and LBW is weaker for Black than White babies. At the same time, LBW increased the odds of chronic disease 15 years later. Conclusions: Diminished returns of maternal educational attainment contribute to racial disparities in LBW, which in turn contributes to future racial inequalities in chronic diseases in urban settings. That is, smaller protective effects of maternal education on reducing LBW for Black than White children contribute to the high prevalence of chronic diseases among adolescents in urban settings. Health disparities are not just due to racial differences in socioeconomic status but also diminishing returns of socioeconomic status indicators such as education for racial and ethnic minorities. Research should study contextual factors that reduce Blacks’ ability to translate their human capital to health outcomes in urban settings.
Low-cost wireless testbed for Internet of Things ad hoc networks prototyping and evaluation

There is a distinct gap in IoT research between simulation and implementation of new networking protocols. While simulations allow fast validation of new ideas, it is not until implemented into a real system that a novel protocol gains tracking. We build an ad hoc network system to enable energy- aware protocol testing in real devices with reusable code. We demonstrate how to use low-cost components with open-source libraries to implement the system. We implemented models to allow the energy-awareness using a network simulator, and experiments to compare different routing protocols through indoor and outdoor experiments, showing the feasibility of the system.
A new robust delayless subband adaptive filtering algorithm with variable step sizes for active control of broadband noise

Abstract Conventional delayless subband active noise control (ANC) systems can be degraded by the unexpected impulsive disturbances in the reference signal and/or the residual error signals despite the fact that the step sizes have been normalized by the variances of subband signals. Another inherent drawback is that an undesirable delay is introduced into the weight update path by using analysis filter banks, which reduces the upper bound of the step sizes thus limits the convergence rate. This paper proposes a novel robust and effective ANC algorithm configured in the delayless subband architecture for broadband noise cancellation. Instead of real-time providing threshold(s) on the reference and/or error signal as applied in most of the existing ANC algorithms for robustness, an online tuning scheme of bounded step sizes for the adaptive learning is developed for better convergence and outlier suppression. Box-constraint and time-averaging scheme deployed in the step size tuning guarantee robustness without requiring very accurate a priori information of the noises which might be corrupted by the impulses in real-world applications. In particular, this paper presents the stability and convergence analysis of the proposed closed-loop ANC system. Moreover, the computational complexity advantage is justified when compared to other state-of-the-art robust ANC algorithms. Numerical simulations are performed to validate the enhanced performance of the proposed algorithm for various colored noises with or without impulsive interferences.
Region-specific effects of ultrasound on individual neurons in the awake mammalian brain.

Summary Ultrasound modulates brain activity. However, it remains unclear how ultrasound affects individual neurons in the brain, where neural circuit architecture is intact and different brain regions exhibit distinct tissue properties. Using a high-resolution calcium imaging technique, we characterized the effect of ultrasound stimulation on thousands of individual neurons in the hippocampus and the motor cortex of awake mice. We found that brief 100-ms-long ultrasound pulses increase intracellular calcium in a large fraction of individual neurons in both brain regions. Ultrasound-evoked calcium response in hippocampal neurons exhibits a rapid onset with a latency shorter than 50 ms. The evoked response in the hippocampus is shorter in duration and smaller in magnitude than that in the motor cortex. These results demonstrate that noninvasive ultrasound stimulation transiently increases intracellular calcium in individual neurons in awake mice, and the evoked response profiles are brain region specific.
Black, White, and Gold: Litigating Slavery in the American West

In May 1852, Charles Perkins decided he wanted his slaves back. Perkins was from Mississippi, but in 1849 he caught gold fever and moved to California in search of easy fortune. When he came, like hundreds of others from the southern states, he also brought an enslaved man with him, and later had two others sent from his family’s plantation. In 1851, following California’s admission to the Union as a free state, Perkins returned to his home in Mississippi, leaving the three men behind. A year later they were in court, litigating the question of whether California’s recently enacted Fugitive Slave Act—which promised the resources of the state to help slaveholders recover their slaves—was constitutional, and with it the larger issue of whether slavery could exist on free soil. The answer, provided five years before Dred Scott, foreshadowed the coming of the Civil War, and firmly planted the West in the middle of the national debate over race, slavery, and the law. This paper is a narrative history of In re Perkins, the case involving Charles Perkins and the three men he maintained were his slaves. In takes place during the Gold Rush and the decade that followed, and it has two primary goals. First, by centering a story about slavery in the American West, it provides a critical lens through which we can explore how the ideological conflicts animating the North-South axis also extended horizontally to the Pacific Ocean. With rare exception, scholars of American slavery and those of the West do not engage in the type of rich discussions that allow for the West to be brought into the national discourse over slavery and the growing sectional crisis. Yet, as In re Perkins demonstrates, these issues very much shaped both the experiences of those who settled the area and the positions of those back east. Second, as a narrative history, this paper also affords an opportunity to dig down deep into the main participants in the case and reconsider who we think the makers and interpreters of the law are. Unlike like most legal histories, which place primary emphasis on court decisions and legislative enactments, the focus here is on how the law was experienced on a local and more nuanced level. By shifting the emphasis from the high courts to the county courtrooms, this paper is part of a larger story of how people of color and their allies turned to the courts in an effort to protect their rights in ways that have not always been understood or appreciated.
NONENLARGED BOX CULVERT INLETS

THE EFFECT OF VARIATION IN THE DIMENSIONS OF BEVELED LEADING EDGES ON THE DISCHARGE CAPACITY OF BOX CULVERT INLETS OF RECTANGULAR CROSS SECTION IS INVESTIGATED. IT IS DEMONSTRATED THAT THE EFFECTIVE CONTROL SURFACE OF A BEVELED EDGE MAY BE EITHER THE FACE OF THE HEADWALL OR THE BEVELED SURFACE OF THE EDGE GEOMETRY, DEPENDING ON THE RELATIVE DIMENSIONS OF THE BEVELED EDGE. THE BEVEL DIMENSIONS REQUIRED TO ENSURE BEVEL SURFACE CONTROL ARE DETERMINED. THE DEPENDENCE OF THE DISCHARGE COEFFICIENT ON THE DIMENSIONS OF THE BEVELED LEADING EDGE AND ON THE CROSS-SECTIONAL SHAPE OF THE BARREL IS DEMONSTRATED. METHODS FOR ESTIMATING THE CAPACITY IN SUBMERGED ENTRANCE FLOW OF BOX CULVERT INLETS OPERATING IN ENTRANCE CONTROL ARE DEVELOPED FOR VARIOUS BEVELED LEADING EDGE GEOMETRIES. /ASCE/
The "Exile" of Malcolm Watson: Was this United States Citizen and Convicted Sexual Offender Really Expatriated to Canada?

* J.D., California Western School of Law; M.A., Pepperdine University; B.A., Wilfrid Laurier University. The author is a criminal defense attorney in San Diego, California and wishes to thank Mr. Clive Joakim for his input and Ms. Kathryn Caretti for her editorial comments. This article is dedicated to the long and warm friendship between the people of Canada and the United States. 1. As President John F. Kennedy declared on May 17, 1961 in his address before the Canadian Parliament in Ottawa, ". . .we share more than a common border. We share a common heritage, traced back to those early settlers who traveled from the beachheads of the Maritime Provinces and New England to the far reaches of the Pacific Coast. . .[w]e share common values from the past, a common defense line at present, and common aspirations for the future-our future, and indeed the future of all mankind. Geography has made us neighbors. History has made us friends. Economics has made us partners." 2. See, Embassy of the United States of America, Ottawa, Canada, A Canada/ United States of America Accord on Our Shared Border at http://canada.usembassy. gov/content/textonly.asp?section=can_usa&subsectionl=borderissues&document= sharedborder_accord_0295 (last visited Feb. 20, 2007) (noting the common past, interests and objectives of the two countries). The Canada Unites States Border is nearly 9000 kilometers or 5,550 miles long including the border between Canada and Alaska. See, The International Boundary Commission The International Boundary
Fall and Injury Prevention

Falls and related injuries are increasingly being recognized as a nursing-sensitive quality indicator, and they continue to be an unsolved patient safety problem in inpatient and outpatient care areas as well as in the community at large. The purpose of this review is to summarize the current research related to fall and injury prevention. The chapter is organized presenting research in (1) the community and (2) acute and long-term care settings. For each setting, the research that addresses risk factors, risk assessment instruments, and fall and injury prevention efforts are reviewed. There is a large body of research that investigates fall and injury prevention across the care continuum. In the community setting, targeted risk evaluation in the emergency department and management of vitamin D deficiency appear to be promising preventive methods. However, further research needs to explore staffing ratios, automated methods of assessing and communicating fall risk, improved methods and timing of risk evaluation and methods by which existing and new evidence might be translated into practice.
Hydrophobic surfaces of tubulin probed by time-resolved and steady-state fluorescence of nile red.

Abstract Binding of Nile Red to tubulin enhances and blue-shifts fluorescence emission to about 623 nm with a "shoulder" around 665 nm. Binding is reversible and saturable with an apparent Kd of approximately 0.6 microM. Nile Red does not alter tubulin polymerization, and polymerization in 2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid (Mes) buffer does not alter the spectrum of the Nile Red-tubulin complex. In contrast, polymerization in glutamate buffer results in a red shift, reduction of intensity, and a decrease in lifetime, suggesting an increase in "polarity" of the binding environment. Lifetimes of 4.5 and 0.6 ns fluorescence in Mes buffer are associated with the 623-nm peak and the 665-nm shoulder, respectively. Indirect excitation spectra for these components are distinct and the 4.5-ns component exhibits tryptophan to Nile Red energy transfer. Acrylamide quenching yields linear Stern-Volmer plots with unchanged lifetimes, indicating static quenching. Apparent quenching constants are wavelength-dependent; global analysis reveals a quenchable component corresponding to the 4.5 ns component and an "unquenchable" component superposing the 0.6-ns spectrum. Analysis of anisotropy decay required an "associative" model which yielded rotational correlation times of greater than 50 ns for the 4.5-ns lifetime and 0.3 ns for the 0.6-ns lifetime. Dilution of tubulin in Mes results in an apparent red shift of emission without lifetime changes, due only to loss of the 623-nm component. These data are reconciled in terms of a model with two binding sites on the tubulin dimer. The more "nonpolar" site is located in a region of subunit-subunit contact which accounts for the fluorescence changes upon dilution; this permits estimation of a subunit dissociation constant of 1 microM.
EVALUATION OF JET-TYPE AND ULTRASONIC NEBULIZERS IN MIST TENT THERAPY FOR CYSTIC FIBROSIS

Measurements of the water content of the air in a "mist tent" revealed only .026 to .029 gm of water per liter of air in jet-type tents and .044 to .075 gm of water per liter of air in ultrasonic tents. Forty-one cystic fibrosis patients who showed persistent pulmonary function test evidence of hyperinflation and airway obstruction despite intensive, comprehensive home therapy, including the use of a jet-type mist tent, were studied after two pre-substitution control periods, after 1 month in an ultrasonic mist tent, and then 1 month and 4 months after return to the jet-type tent. During the 1 month in the ultrasonic mist tent significant changes in the direction of improvement were observed in all parameters of pulmonary function studied. Reversal of these changes was observed 1 month after return to the jet-type tent. These results provide objective evidence of the value of "mist tent" therapy in the treatment of the obstructive pulmonary lesion of cystic fibrosis and of the effectiveness of the ultrasonic nebulizer, at least for the short-term treatment of patients with advanced pulmonary disease.
WIMPless dark matter from an anomaly-mediated supersymmetry breaking hidden sector with no new mass parameters

We present a model with dark matter in an anomaly-mediated supersymmetry breaking hidden sector with a $\mathrm{U}(1)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}\mathrm{U}(1)$ gauge symmetry. The symmetries of the model stabilize the dark matter and forbid the introduction of new mass parameters. As a result, the thermal relic density is completely determined by the gravitino mass and dimensionless couplings. Assuming nonhierarchical couplings, the thermal relic density is ${\ensuremath{\Omega}}_{X}\ensuremath{\sim}0.1$, independent of the dark matter's mass and interaction strength, realizing the WIMPless miracle. The model has several striking features. For particle physics, stability of the dark matter is completely consistent with $R$-parity violation in the visible sector, with implications for superpartner collider signatures; also the thermal relic's mass may be $\ensuremath{\sim}10\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{GeV}$ or lighter, which is of interest given recent direct detection results. Interesting astrophysical signatures are dark matter self-interactions through a long-range force, and massless hidden photons and fermions that contribute to the number of relativistic degrees of freedom at big bang nucleosynthesis and cosmic microwave background. The latter are particularly interesting, given current indications for extra degrees of freedom and near future results from the Planck observatory.
Analyst Coverage Of Small Cap Firms In A Period Of Brokerage Firm Retrenchment

We examine analysts’ incentives to cover small cap firms in the year 2002, a period following stock market declines and brokerage firm retrenchment. Brokerage companies were losing a substantial number of sell-side analysts during this period and small firms were having unusual difficulty in attracting analyst coverage. Consistent with analysts’ normal economic incentives and earlier research, we find that firm size, trading volume, and beta are all positively related to the number of analysts that cover a firm, whereas firm complexity is negatively related to analyst coverage. In contrast to some earlier research, we find no evidence that analysts were more likely to follow glamour (or growth) stocks. Specifically, price-to-book and revenue growth are not related to analyst coverage, and recent stock performance (price momentum) is negatively related to analyst coverage. Our interpretation of this evidence is that analysts had reduced incentives to cover glamour stocks following the severe stock market declines in the early 2000s, the increased regulatory scrutiny of securities firms, and the resulting brokerage firm retrenchment.
Comparison of eikonal and multiple-scattering representations of internuclear scattering in charge transfer at forward angles

In near-symmetric charge transfer at high-impact velocities and forward-scattering angles, the internuclear-scattering component of the second-order Faddeev representation of the generalized Thomas mechanisms, which, though generally associated with large-angle scattering, is valid at forward angles also, has been shown previously to agree with both the eikonal treatment in a continuum distorted-wave theory and the experimental data. A comparison of the multiple-scattering and eikonal methods using the same electronic amplitude is made in this paper. Significant differences are found between the results of the two methods, especially in the region where there is substantial cancellation among the partial amplitudes. At high velocities the Faddeev amplitude is a factor of 2 larger than the eikonal amplitude, a result attributable to the inclusion of two generalized Thomas channels in the former. The leading asymptotic form of the amplitude is also given.
Androstenediol administration after trauma-hemorrhage attenuates inflammatory response, reduces organ damage, and improves survival following sepsis

Although androstenediol (adiol or 5-androstene-3β,17β-diol), a metabolite of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), has protective effects following trauma-hemorrhage (T-H), it remains unknown whether admi...
Global Solutions of Functional Evolution Equations Involving Locally Defined Lipschitzian Perturbations

Soit X un espace de Banach reel a dual uniformement convexe X * et norme ∥•. On etablit un resultat d'existence et d'approximation pour le probleme d'evolution fonctionnelle dx/dt+A(t)x(t)=G(t,x t ), t∈[0,T], x(t)=O(t) t∈[−r,o], ou O∈C est une fonction donnee, A(t):D(A(t))≡DCX→X est m-accretif pour tout t∈[o,T] et G est definie localement par rapport a sa seconde variable
Electron beam control rf discharges for plasma processing

Summary form only given. Reactive ion etching (RIE) discharges for microelectronics fabrication suffer from the inability to separately control plasma density and ion power flux to the wafer. Inductively coupled plasma (ICP) and electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) reactors have been developed to provide some degree of independent control. This is accomplished by arranging for ionization to be provided dominantly by the applied electromagnetic instead of the rf bias to the substrate. Both ICP and ECR reactors, though, optimally operate at low gas pressures (<10 s mTorr), and are not typically used for intermediate to high pressure etching and deposition systems (10 s-100 s mTorr). To address the higher pressure range, a hybrid electron beam/RIE discharge system (EB-RIE) has been developed In the EB-RIE system, a planar electron beam (1-3 kV) is injected into the plasma chamber above and parallel to the wafer. An rf bias is separately applied to the substrate. For appropriate combinations of e-beam energy and gas pressure, the e-beam can dominantly provide the ionization and dissociation of the gas, while the rf bias can be used to independently control the ion power flux to the wafer. A 2-dimensional model of the EB-RIE reactor has been developed to investigate the scaling of the device and analyze previous experimental measurements. The model is a hybrid plasma equipment model (HPEM) which combines an electron Monte Carlo module with a fluid simulation.
The Interaction of Taxes and Inflation in a Macroeconomic Model

This paper presents a closed economy macroeconomic model in which the nominal income of some assets is taxed, whereas that of others is not. The short-run and long-run implications of a change in expected inflation are examined. An increase in the expected rate of inflation shifts the composition of aggregate demand, since asset holders shift their portfolios from the taxed asset (corporate capital) to the untaxed asset (consumer durables). In the long run, this shift implies a stock adjustment decline in capital with a consequent decrease in the rate of growth of productivity over the transition period.
The role of strain ratcheting and mesh refinement in finite element analyses of plasticity induced crack closure

Abstract Numerical investigations of plasticity induced crack closure using the finite element method typically assume: (1) the opening behavior remains independent of the simulated rate of crack growth, and (2) a threshold element size exists below which crack opening loads become mesh independent. Nevertheless, examples in the recent literature and also in the present work indicate these assumptions do not always hold. The current work demonstrates the field results (displacements, stress–strain) for cyclic loading of stationary cracks converge with mesh refinement. However, when the cyclic load regime includes systematic crack extension, certain conditions lead to highly mesh dependent fields and opening loads. The cyclic accumulation of permanent deformation (strain ratcheting) necessarily produces mesh dependence when the finite element size dictates the rate of crack growth. Moreover, extensive ratcheting leads to physically unrealistic shapes of the crack opening profiles. This work explores the link between strain ratcheting, mesh dependence and load-cycle effects within a small-scale yielding framework, including the influence of plane strain vs. plane stress constraints, constitutive definition (non-hardening, linear kinematic hardening and nonlinear kinematic hardening) and the monotonic flow properties. Key conclusions from this work include: (1) near-tip strain ratcheting generally increases with decreased hardening and can be much more pronounced in plane strain than in plane stress; (2) for models with significant ratcheting, slower rates of simulated growth due to smaller element size and/or more load cycles between crack advancements generally reduce the opening loads; and (3) the computed opening loads depend intrinsically on the amount of ratcheting, and the rate of crack growth as determined by the element size and number of load cycles between crack advancements.
Control of Shock Loading from a Jet in a Flexible Structure's Presence

The control of shock noise or screech from a jet near a flexible structure is discussed. The pressure from the supersonic jet consists of a shock with spiral and flapping nonaxisymmetric modes superimposed on broadband response. This shock induces a nonlinear-nonstationary loading problem associated with acoustic wave generation and propagation coupled with structural vibration. Control of the shock is achieved by placing a ring at the nozzle lip oscillating at the shock fundamental frequency. The ring prevents the shock characteristics originating in the column of the shear layer from sustaining connection with the out-of-phase surface vibration. Shock-free flow is maintained over a large pressure ratio. The peak power spectral density of the pressure due to shock fundamental and harmonics is converted to broadband level. The experiment is motivated by consideration of aircraft structural fatigue and interior noise.
Unintended murder and corporate risk-taking: Defining the concept of justifiability

The Film Recovery Systems and Ford Pinto cases are examples of the use of conventional homicide laws to prosecute harms arising out of business activities. When workers, consumers, or members of the public die due to the reckless conduct of corporations or corporate executives, one legal option available in many states is to charge the reckless parties with unintended murder. This article reviews the variety of definitions of unintended murder and applies these to examples involving corporate defendants. This analysis highlights a special issue in relation to corporate defendants–the role of risk assessment efforts in establishing culpability. Definitions of unintended murder, in relation to corporate defendants, must attend to both the mens rea of corporate decision-makers and the justifiability of risks that result in death.
GABA estimation in the brains of children on the autism spectrum: measurement precision and regional cortical variation

(1)H magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((1)H MRS) and spectral editing methods, such as MEGA-PRESS, allow researchers to investigate metabolite and neurotransmitter concentrations in-vivo. Here we address the utilization of (1)H MRS for the investigation of GABA concentrations in the ASD brain, in three locations; motor, visual and auditory areas. An initial repeatability study (5 subjects, 5 repeated measures separated by ~5days on average) indicated no significant effect of reference metabolite choice on GABA quantitation (p>0.6). Coefficients of variation for GABA+/NAA, GABA+/Cr and GABA+/Glx were all of the order of 9-11%. Based on these findings, we investigated creatine-normalized GABA+ ratios (GABA+/Cr) in a group of (N=17) children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and (N=17) typically developing children (TD) for Motor, Auditory and Visual regions of interest (ROIs). Linear regression analysis of gray matter (GM) volume changes (known to occur with development) revealed a significant decrease of GM volume with Age for Motor (F(1,30)=17.92; p<0.001) and Visual F(1,16)=14.41; p<0.005 but not the Auditory ROI (p=0.55). Inspection of GABA+/Cr changes with Age revealed a marginally significant change for the Motor ROI only (F(1,30)=4.11; p=0.054). Subsequent analyses were thus conducted for each ROI separately using Age and GM volume as covariates. No group differences in GABA+/Cr were observed for the Visual ROI between TD vs. ASD children. However, the Motor and Auditory ROI showed significantly reduced GABA+/Cr in ASD (Motor p<0.05; Auditory p<0.01). The mean deficiency in GABA+/Cr from the Motor ROI was approximately 11% and Auditory ROI was approximately 22%. Our novel findings support the model of regional differences in GABA+/Cr in the ASD brain, primarily in Auditory and to a lesser extent Motor but not Visual areas.