cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Brood patch function for the ventral scent gland of the female mongolian gerbil, Meriones unguiculatus

Infants of gerbil mothers whose ventral scent gland had been excised were compared on a number of developmental indices with pups of mothers who had had an equivalent section of lateral skin removed. The removal of the mother's ventral scent gland retarded the offsprings' pattern of ultrasounding during the 1st 21 days of development. In addition, infants from such mothers showed a retarded righting reflex. Inhibitions in the developmental behavior of gerbil pups might have resulted from less effective heat transfer during mother-pup contact. Indeed, excision of the gland resulted in lower ventral temperatures. The duality of function of the gland as an odor source for communication and as a heat source for offspring development suggests integrated communicative and thermoregulatory processes.
A refined diagnostic algorithm for polycythemia vera that incorporates mutation screening for JAK2(V617F)

Historically, red cell mass (RCM) measurement has been promoted as an accurate indicator of the body's red cell content. Both the Polycythemia Vera Study Group and a committee sponsored by the World Health Organization have endorsed its inclusion in their diagnostic criteria without supporting evidence of diagnostic accuracy from a systematic study. Over the years, it has become evident that RCM measurement is a cumbersome and costly test and, as a result, it has been abandoned by many hematologists in practice. The recent discovery that a somatic JAK2-activating mutation, JAK2(V617F), is almost invariably associated with polycythemia vera further supports the use of diagnostic algorithms that are based on biologic parameters in place of traditional diagnostic criteria that are based on RCM measurement. Therefore, a contemporary approach to the diagnosis of polycythemia vera starts with peripheral blood mutation screening for JAK2(V617F) as well as measurement of serum erythropoietin. The results of these tests, along with the clinical scenario, determine the need for further investigation, including bone marrow examination.
Color models for outdoor machine vision

This study develops models for illumination and surface reflectance for use in outdoor color vision, and in particular for predicting the color of surfaces under outdoor conditions. Existing daylight and reflectance models have limitations that reduce their applicability in outdoor contexts. This work makes three specific contributions: (i) an explanation of why the current standard CIE daylight model cannot be used to predict the color of light incident on outdoor surfaces, (ii) a model (table) of the measured color of daylight for a broad range of sky conditions, and (iii) a simplified adaptation of the dichromatic reflectance model for use with the developed daylight model. A series of experiments measure the accuracy of the daylight and reflectance models, and their applicability to outdoor color vision applications, by predicting the colors of surfaces in real images.
Constructing Cathay: John Macgowan, cultural brokerage, and missionary knowledge of China

As relation between China and the West changed precipitately in the middle of the nineteenth century, there was a heightened demand in the West for knowledge about the “Flowery Kingdom”. But until well into the twentieth century, virtually the only direct source of information about China and the Chinese came from missionaries, in which respect they were often lauded as “cultural brokers”. As missionary communication of their experience provided Western readers with a vicarious experience of China, their cultural brokerage inexorably shaped Western popular perceptions of China and the Chinese in the West. These perceptions, when channeled politically, often had a defining effect on the nature and manner of the Western presence in China. This essay examines the China writing of John Macgowan, a veteran missionary from the London Missionary Society. What is interesting about Macgowan’s cultural brokerage is that unlike other missionaries (e.g., Arthur Smith) who often struggled with the difficulties between the missionary enterprise and Western expansionism, Macgowan uninhibitedly affirmed the intimacy between Mission and Empire. His writings on China and Chinese life — their social behavior and habits of thought, their relation with the living environment, the religious and cultural values by which they ordered their lives — therefore gave strong credence not only to the necessity, viability, and nobility of the christianizing project but ultimately to the sanctity of Western presence in China. In other words, Macgowan’s brokerage of his China knowledge exemplified the processes in which knowledge was legislated and communicated to establish the ideological conditions of the Western expansionism in China.
SIGMOBILE FY'07 annual report: July 2006--June 2007

This article reproduces SIGMOBILE's Annual Report to ACM for the period July 1, 2006, through June 30, 2007. Corresponding to ACM's fiscal year cycle, each SIG Chair is required to submit an annual report to ACM's SIG Governing Board that summarizes the highlights of the SIG's activities over the previous year. This has been another great year for SIGMOBILE; we hope you were able to share it with us and hope you will join us for many more in the years to come.
Treatment Options for Sleep Disturbances During Alcohol Recovery

Sleep disturbances are extremely common in the early stages of recovery from alcohol dependence and may persist for several months despite continued abstinence. Studies indicate that sleep disturbances independently increase the risk for relapse to alcohol, suggesting that targeting these problems during recovery may support continued abstinence. However, there is limited information in the addiction literature about available and effective treatments for sleep disturbances in recovering alcoholic patients. The primary goals of this article are to describe the phenomenology of sleep disturbances during recovery from alcohol dependence, to outline the evidence linking sleep problems with alcohol relapse, and to describe available pharmacological and nonpharmacological treatment options, including the evidence regarding their efficacy in recovering alcoholic patients. Recommendations for future research are provided along with special considerations for treating insomnia in this population, including avoiding cross-dependent sedatives, such as benzodiazepines and benzodiazepine receptor agonists (BzRAs).
Novel stray-insensitive SC bandpass filter

A new stray-insensitive SC bandpass filter derived from Moschytz's modified Tarmy-Ghausi configuration is described. Design equations and comparison with the Fleischer-Laker biquad are presented.
Selective inhibition by tetraphenylphosphonium chloride

Etudes de l'influence de l'adsorption du chlorure de tetraphenylphosphonium sur certaines reactions d'electrodes: reductions polarographiques d'ions Cu(II), In(II), etc.
Mt. Pinatubo SO2 column measurements from Mauna Loa

Absorption features of the nu(sub 1) band of SO2 have been identified in high resolution infrared solar absorption spectra recorded from Mauna Loa, Hawaii, on July 9 and 12, 1991, shortly after the arrival of the first eruption plume from the Mt. Pinatubo volcano in the Phillipines. A total SO2 vertical column amount of (5.1 +/- 0.5) x 10(exp 16) molecules/sq cm on July 9 has been retrieved based on nonlinear least- squares spectral fittings of 9 selected SO2 absorption features with an updated set of SO2 spectral parameters. A SO2 total column upper limit of 0.9 x 10(esp 16) molecules/sq cm deduced from measurements on September 20-24, 1991, is consistent with the dispersion of the SO2 cloud and the rapid conversion of the SO2 vapor into volcanic aerosol particles.
Persistent effect of in utero meso-2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) on immune function and lead-induced immunotoxicity.

Abstract Meso-2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) is a drug currently employed for cheltion therapy in lead poisoning; however, little is known about its potential effects on the immune system. To examine the effect of DMSA and its capacity to reverse immunotoxicity resulting from exposure to lead in utero, female Fischer 344 rats were administered lead acetate in drinking water from 2 weeks prior to mating until parturition; DMSA was given by gavage on days 6–21 of gestation. The immune function of the female offspring was tested at 13 weeks of age. The results showed that lead (250 ppm) suppressed Th1-type responses (delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH), interferonγ (IFNγ) production), enhanced a Th2-type response (interleukin-4 (IL-4) production), and increased tumor necrosis factor α (TNF α ) production from macrophages. DMSA treatment (60 mg/kg per day) during pregnancy significantly lowered the blood lead levels of both the embryos and the lactating dams as well as the milk lead level of lactating dams. The chelation treatment also reversed the lead-induced alterations in pup body weight, relative spleen weight, TNF α , and IL-4 production. But in utero exposure to DMSA alone resulted in decreased DTH response in adult offspring. This was likely due to a reduced cell recruitment, since plasma monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) levels were decreased. The DMSA-exposed offspring also demonstrated increased interleukin-2 (IL-2) production. These results suggest that DMSA reverses some of the lead-induced immunotoxicity; however, this treatment itself during embryonic development produces subsequent adult immunomodulation.
Sequential estimation of ratio of normal parameters

Abstract Sequential point estimation of the ratio of normal parameters μ σ is considered. The sequential estimator considered here is based on the natural estimator of μ σ . For a fully sequential sampling scheme, second order asymptotic expansions are obtained for the expected sample size as well as for the regret of the sequential procedure.
EFFICIENT MULTIPLE-ITEM BROADCAST IN THE LogP MODEL

A common arising problem in many parallel algorithms is broadcast. Many multiprocessors do not have dedicated hardware for this purpose. In this paper, we address the problem of simulating multiple-item broadcast by point-to-point message transmission, where a source processor has many messages which it wishes to disseminate to P−1 other processors. In a step, a processor can send at most one item from among those in its possession and receive at most one item. An item is received at most L steps after it is sent. The goal is to find a schedule that achieves the broadcast in minimum time. We improve on previous results by developing a simpler and almost optimal solution which makes no assumptions about L or P. We also provide a bound on the performance degradation when the latency, L, is allowed to vary.
An Evaluation of Antimycin a as a Parasiticide

Abstract The parasiticidal activity of Antimycin A was tested against Cleidodiscus pricei Mueller, 1936 on fingerling and adult channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus (Raf.). C. pricei was eliminated from two groups of fingerlings after 24 hr and 48 hr at Antimycin A concentrations of 0.5 μg, 1.0 μg, and 5.0 μg/liter. In two field tests, C. pricei was eliminated from adults after 48 hr of Antimycin A concentrations at 1.0 μg and 3.5 μg/liter.
Modification of the Growth-rate of Sarcoma-37 during Culture

THERE has been a conflict of opinion in the past as to whether tumour cells are altered in their biological properties when grown in contact with the chick embryo. Some workers have contended that an experience with the avian embryo does not provoke any readily recognizable transformation in the tumour cells1–3, while others4,5 take the opposing view. The present experimental work was designed to evaluate the effect of culture on one type of tumour (sarcoma-37) in several ways on one biological characteristic of the cells, namely, their growth potential.
The potential of III‐nitride laser diodes for solid‐state lighting

III-nitride laser diodes (LDs) are an interesting light source for solid-state lighting (SSL). Modelling of LDs is performed to reveal the potential advantages over traditionally used light-emitting diodes (LEDs). The first, and most notable, advantage is LDs have higher efficiency at higher currents when compared to LEDs. This is because Auger recombination that causes efficiency droop can no longer grow after laser threshold. Second, the same phosphor-converted methods used with LEDs can also be used with LDs to produce white light with similar color rendering and color temperature. Third, producing white light from direct emitters is equally challenging for both LEDs and LDs, with neither source having a direct advantage. Lastly, the LD emission is directional and can be more readily captured and focused, leading to the possibility of novel and more compact luminaires. These advantages make LDs a compelling source for future SSL.
Moderator Variables in Personality Research: The Problem of Controlling for Plausible Alternatives

Alternative variable problems are common in personality research. Given a restriction to correlational designs, it is always possible that a particular personality variable is related to a particular behavior because both are related to some third, unmeasured construct. This being the case, researchers often use designs that involve the measurement of potential alternatives and analysis of covariance or multiple regression to statistically "control" their influence. Unfortunately, when using these techniques to control for the moderating influence of an alternative variable, some rearchers appear to use the wrong covariate. These researchers enter a linear covariate when in fact the postulation of an alternative moderator requires the entry of a covariate interaction. The authors elaborate the logic of this argument and provide an empirical example.
Reusing a Simulation Facility Software Architecture for Embedded Simulation

The authors take a ground vehicle simulation software architecture, which was designed for stationary simulation in crewstations in a laboratory environment, and reuse it to add embedded simulation capabilities to fielded ground vehicles. The purpose of embedded simulation is to enhance soldier effectiveness both before and during actual battlefield conditions. As a result, in a fielded ground vehicle, the computer specialist responsible for setting up, starting, controlling, monitoring, and stopping the simulation is not present. Unlike in a laboratory environment, in a fielded vehicle, the simulation software itself is responsible for performing these functions. The authors provide a case study illustrating characteristics of a system architecture that allow it to be long-lived by evolving not only to changing requirements due to technological and methodological changes but also to changes due to new and previously unthought-of patterns of system utilization.
Planning alcoholism services: a technique for projecting specific service needs.

In response to an increasing emphasis on health services planning, a technique for projecting in-residence and outpatient alcoholism treatment and rehabilitation needs has been developed. This technique relies on services data from 34 comprehensive alcoholism treatment programs, funded by the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. For in-residence services, the methodology involves an analysis of the use of available in-residence services such that it is possible to determine how many beds of a given service type are needed to serve those admitted to the treatment system. Because all who come in contact with the system do not need or receive services, it is possible to calculate how many beds of a given service type are needed to serve each person coming in contact with the system. This is called the “beds per contact.” The product of the beds per contact
Early surgical treatment of gastrinoma

Medical treatment of the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome has been generally accepted because of the proven efficacy of the histamine (H2)-receptor antagonists in achieving symptomatic relief, and because of early reports indicating that few, if any, gastrinomas were resectable for cure. Gastrin radioimmunoassay (RIA) has made earlier and more certain diagnosis possible, and therefore reevaluation of the surgical management of gastrinomas is necessary. Experience with 60 gastrinoma patients is reported. Comparison between the pregastrin RIA years (before 1970) and post-gastrin RIA years was made to determine whether there was evidence to support the continuation of medical treatment without attempts to resect the gastrinoma. Twenty-five cases were diagnosed in the pre-RIA years. Age at diagnosis ranged from 17 to 68 years (median, 45 years). All patients were operated on. Metastases were found in 56 percent. No tumor was identified in 8 percent. Tumor was resected for "cure" (normal fasting gastrin levels for two years postoperatively) in one patient. Seventeen patients have died, and tumor was the cause of death in 70 percent. The five-year survival rate was 44 percent; the 10-year survival rate was 40 percent. Thirty-five cases were diagnosed after 1970. Age at diagnosis ranged from 39 to 61 years (median, 46 years). Thirty patients were operated on. Metastases were identified in 23 percent and no tumor was found in 17 percent. Tumor was resected for "cure" in 30 percent of patients. Seven patients have died and tumor caused death in 42 percent. The five-year survival rate was 82 percent; the 10-year rate was 64 percent. Advances in diagnosis and surgical technique since 1970 have made early operative treatment applicable in patients with gastrinoma. Because death in most cases is caused by progression of the tumor, an aggressive surgical approach to resect the tumor is advised soon after the diagnosis of Zollinger-Ellison syndrome is established.
Family Photographs: Expressions of Parents Raising Children With Disabilities

The purpose of this qualitative, descriptive study was to capture the everyday lives of parents raising a child with a disability. Fifteen parental dyads raising a child with Down syndrome, developmental disabilities, visual impairments, or speech disorders used a disposable camera to photograph images important to them. Interviews about these photographs reflected everyday life. Four themes emerged from content analysis of the photos: active activities, quiet activities, activities of daily living, and care of the child with a disability. Six themes emerged when discussing photographs participants would have liked to take but did not. These themes were acceptance, concern for the future, joys, struggles, balance of good and bad times, and normalcy. Findings support the usefulness of photography as a method of obtaining information from parents raising a child with a disability through qualitative means and provide nurses with a beginning understanding of these parents' lives.
The Reactivity Of Nucleophilic Reagents With Furoyl-Chymotrypsin

This report is the second of two papers dealing with the effect of structure on reactivity in a single, defined step of a chymotrypsin-catalyzed reaction. A previous study of the rates of hydrolysis of a series of substituted benzoyl-chymotrypsins provided evidence for a significant amount of participation of basic or nucleophilic groups in the reaction (l), a conclusion which was reached independently by Bender and Nakamura from a study of the rates of acyl-enzyme formation from a series of substituted phenyl esters (2). The present study was carried out to determine the effect of structure on the reactivity of a series of nucleophilic reagents toward an acyl-chymotrypsin, in the hope that the results would shed some light on the role played by the enzyme in activating the nucleophilic reagent or the acyl group or both for react,ion. It is well known that many alcohols and amines react with acyl-chymotrypsins and there is scattered quantitative data in the literature (3-10). The studies described here were carried out with furoyl-chymotrypsin (1, 3) which is similar to the cinnamoyl-chymotrypsin studied by Bender, Schonbaum, and Zerner (11, 12) in that it undergoes an easily measurable spectral change on reaction, which facilitates rate measurements.
Impact of prostate median lobe anatomy on robotic-assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy.

Objectives Robotic-assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy (RALP) is becoming widely used for the management of prostate cancer. Although prostate size does not affect operative times for RALP, the effect of a large median prostate lobe has not been described. Methods One hundred fifty-four men underwent RALP by one surgeon between 2005 and 2007. Patients were categorized into 2 groups based on the presence or absence of a large median prostate lobe identified during RALP. The RALP was divided into sections from bladder mobilization to vesicourethral anastomosis. Operative times and outcomes were recorded prospectively. Results Of the 154 patients, 29 (18%) of the men had large median prostate lobes. Men with large median lobes were slightly older, but had similar prostate-specific antigen, body mass index, clinical and pathologic stage, biopsy and prostatectomy Gleason grade, tumor volumes, and surgical margin rate compared with men without median lobes. Yet, prostate weight, estimated blood loss, and hospital stay was significantly greater in men with large median lobes. The overall operative time for the RALP was greater in men with a large median lobe caused by an increased time required for posterior bladder neck and seminal vesicle dissection. There was no difference in complications such as urine leaks, bladder neck contractures, and migration of Hem-o-lok clips into the bladder. Continence at 3 and 6 months after RALP were not significantly different in men with large median lobes. Conclusions Despite equivalent oncological outcomes, we demonstrate a significant increase in operative times among men with large median lobes.
Genomic organization and 5'-flanking DNA sequence of the murine stomatin gene (Epb72).

Stomatin is a poorly understood integral membrane protein that is absent from the erythrocyte membranes of many patients with hereditary stomatocytosis. This report describes the cloning of the murine stomatin chromosomal gene, determination of its genomic structure, and characterization of the 5{prime}-flanking genomic DNA sequences. The stomatin gene is encoded by seven exons spread over {approximately}25 kb of genomic DNA. There is no concordance between the exon structure of the stomatin gene and the locations of three domains predicted on the basis of protein structure. Inspection of the 5{prime}-flanking DNA sequences reveals features of a TATA-less housekeeping gene promoter and consensus sequences for a number of potential DNA-binding proteins. 12 refs., 2 figs., 1 tab.
Insulin and insulin-like growth factor I in early development: peptides, receptors and biological events.

THE goal of this paper is to sketch the present understanding of the role that insulin and insulin receptors, as well as insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) and its receptors, seem to play in early embryogenesis. This approach overturns ideas of previous decades which have suggested that hormones function relatively late in embryogenesis, i.e. only after the individual glands envelop (1, 2); that insulin acts largely as a regulator of metabolic events in a narrow range of metabolically important target tissues (e.g. muscle, fat, and liver); and that IGF-I is mainly a postnatal growth stimulator (3). In contrast, it is now broadly accepted that 1) insulin is expressed before there is an embryonic pancreas, 2) IGFI is expressed before liver develops, and 3) both insulin and IGF-I influence metabolic, growth, and differentiation processes in a very wide range of cell types (4). We shall begin with an overview of the receptors, essential components of the hormone action cascade. Over the last decade it has b...
A counterexample to dispersive estimates for schrödinger operators in higher dimensions

In dimension n > 3 we show the existence of a compactly supported potential in the differentiability class \(C^\alpha, \alpha < \frac{n-3} 2\), for which the solutions to the linear Schrodinger equation in\(\mathbb{R}^n\), $$-i\partial_t u = - \Delta u + Vu , \quad u(0)=f, $$ fail to satisfy an evolution estimate of the form $$ ||u(t, \cdot)||_{\infty} \leq C |t|^{-\frac{n}{2}} ||u(0,\cdot)||_{1}. $$ This contrasts with known results in dimensions n ≤ 3, where a pointwise decay condition on V is generally sufficient to imply dispersive bounds.
"DePo": a "delayed pointer" neural net model with superior evolvabilities for implementation in a second generation brain building machine BM2

For nearly a decade, the author has been planning of building artificial brains by evolving neural net circuits at electronic speeds in dedicated evolvable hardware and assembling tens of thousands of such individually evolved circuits into humanly defined artificial brain architectures. However, this approach will only work if the individual neural net modules have high evolvabilities (i.e. the capacity to evolve desired functionalities, both qualitative and quantitative). This paper introduces a new neural net model with superior evolvabilities compared to the model implemented in the first generation brain building machine CBM. This model may be implemented in a second generation brain building machine BM2.
MASH1 activates expression of the paired homeodomain transcription factor Phox2a, and couples pan-neuronal and subtype-specific components of autonomic neuronal identity

We have investigated the genetic circuitry underlying the determination of neuronal identity, using mammalian peripheral autonomic neurons as a model system. Previously, we showed that treatment of neural crest stem cells (NCSCs) with bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) leads to an induction of MASH1 expression and consequent autonomic neuronal differentiation. We now show that BMP2 also induces expression of the paired homeodomain transcription factor Phox2a, and the GDNF/NTN signalling receptor tyrosine kinase c-RET. Constitutive expression of MASH1 in NCSCs from a retroviral vector, in the absence of exogenous BMP2, induces expression of both Phox2a and c-RET in a large fraction of infected colonies, and also promotes morphological neuronal differentiation and expression of pan-neuronal markers. In vivo, expression of Phox2a in autonomic ganglia is strongly reduced in Mash1 -/- embryos. These loss- and gain-of-function data suggest that MASH1 positively regulates expression of Phox2a, either directly or indirectly. Constitutive expression of Phox2a, by contrast to MASH1, fails to induce expression of neuronal markers or a neuronal morphology, but does induce expression of c-RET. These data suggest that MASH1 couples expression of pan-neuronal and subtype-specific components of autonomic neuronal identity, and support the general idea that identity is established by combining subprograms involving cascades of transcription factors, which specify distinct components of neuronal phenotype.
A maximum enhancing higher-order tensor glyph

Glyphs are a fundamental tool in tensor visualization, since they provide an intuitive geometric representation of the full tensor information. The Higher-Order Maximum Enhancing (HOME) glyph, a generalization of the second-order tensor ellipsoid, was recently shown to emphasize the orientational information in the tensor through a pointed shape around maxima. This paper states and formally proves several important properties of this novel glyph, presents its first three-dimensional implementation, and proposes a new coloring scheme that reflects peak direction and sharpness. Application to data from High Angular Resolution Diffusion Imaging (HARDI) shows that the method allows for interactive data exploration and confirms that the HOME glyph conveys fiber spread and crossings more effectively than the conventional polar plot.
Physiological ecology of four Polysiphonia species (Rhodophyta, Ceramiales)

Photosynthesis and respiration of 4 species of the marine red algal genus Polysiphonia were evaluated under a variety of light, temperature and salinity conditions. The manometric results were compared with the local distribution and abundance of each species. The species can be separated into two distinct categories based on their overall distribution and temperature optima: (1) cold water plants [P. lanosa (L.) Tandy and P. elongata (Hudson) Sprengel], with peak photosynthesis at 21° to 24°C, but with active photosynthesis as low as 5°C; (2) plants with warm-water affinities [P. nigrescens (Hudson) Greville and P. subtilissima Montagne], having photosynthetic optima at 27° to 30°C, and exhibiting little or no photosynthesis below 10°C. The plants from the first group exhibit thermal injury at temperatures of 25°C and show a narrow tolerance to low salinities during periods of high temperatures. The plants from the second group show thermal injury at 30°C and have a wider tolerance to low salinities. The horizontal distribution of the 4 Polysiphonia species within the Great Bay Estuary System of New Hampshire, USA, is primarily governed by their tolerances to high temperatures and low salinities. The temperature optimum for each of the species corresponds to its particular estuarine distribution. Thus, P. subtilissima, having the highest temperature optimum, penetrated furthest into the Estuary, while P. lanosa, having the lowest temperature optimum, was restricted to the more coastal stations. There was a good correspondence between the natural distribution patterns and the manometric results.
Regional Cortical Thinning Associated with Detectable Levels of HIV DNA

High levels of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) DNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), and specifically within CD14+ blood monocytes, have been found in HIV-infected individuals with neurocognitive impairment and dementia. The failure of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) to eliminate cognitive dysfunction in HIV may be secondary to persistence of HIV-infected PBMCs which cross the blood-brain barrier, leading to perivascular inflammation and neuronal injury. This study assessed brain cortical thickness relative to HIV DNA levels and identified, we believe for the first time, a neuroimaging correlate of detectable PBMC HIV DNA in subjects with undetectable HIV RNA. Cortical thickness was compared between age- and education-matched groups of older (>40 years) HIV-seropositive subjects on HAART who had detectable (N = 9) and undetectable (N = 10) PBMC HIV DNA. Statistical testing revealed highly significant (P < 0.001) cortical thinning associated with detectable HIV DNA. The largest regions affected were in bilateral insula, orbitofrontal and temporal cortices, right superior frontal cortex, and right caudal anterior cingulate. Cortical thinning correlated significantly with a measure of psychomotor speed. The areas of reduced cortical thickness are key nodes in cognitive and emotional processing networks and may be etiologically important in HIV-related neurological deficits.
Embedding care management in the medical home: a case study.

Introduction: Care managers are playing increasingly significant roles in the redesign of primary care and in the evolution of patient-centered medical homes (PCMHs), yet their adoption within day-to-day practice remains uneven and approaches for implementation have been minimally reported. We introduce a strategy for incorporating care management into the operations of a PCMH and assess the preliminary effectiveness of this approach. Methods: A case study of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Family Medicine Center used an organizational model of innovation implementation to guide the parameters of implementation and evaluation. Two sources were used to determine the effectiveness of the implementation strategy: data elements from the care management informatics system in the health record and electronic survey data from the Family Medicine Center providers and care staff. Results: A majority of physicians (75%) and support staff (82%) reported interactions with the care manager, primarily v...
Explicit treatment of force contribution from alignment tensor using overdetermined linear equations and its application in NMR structure determination

Residual dipolar coupling (RDC) provides valuable information about the orientation of each internuclear vector in a macromolecule with respect to the static magnetic field. However, structure determination utilizing RDC still remains challenging without additional restraints such as NOE. In this context, a novel approach has been developed to efficiently extract structural information from RDC by successive application of singular value decomposition (SVD) method in the course of NMR structure determination. Force contribution from the alignment tensor is rigorously formulated in the context of SVD, and assessments have been made to verify its numerical accuracy. The efficacy of this approach is illustrated by showing that RDC restraints alone can restore a distorted β-hairpin to native-like structure using the replica-exchange molecular dynamics simulations. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem, 2007
MUTATION OF THE YXXL ENDOCYTOSIS MOTIF IN THE CYTOPLASMIC TAIL OF PSEUDORABIES VIRUS GE

The role of alphaherpesvirus membrane protein internalization during the course of viral infection remains a matter of speculation. To determine the role of internalization of the pseudorabies virus (PRV) gE and gI proteins, we constructed viral mutants encoding specific mutations in the cytoplasmic tail of the gE gene that inhibited internalization of the gE-gI complex. We used these mutants to assess the role of gE-gI endocytosis in incorporation of the proteins into the viral envelope and in gE-mediated spread or gE-promoted virulence. In addition, we report that another viral mutant, PRV 25, which encodes a gE protein defective in endocytosis, contains an additional, previously uncharacterized mutation in the gE gene. We compared PRV 25 to another viral mutant, PRV 107, that does not express the cytoplasmic tail of the gE protein. The gE protein encoded by PRV 107 is also defective in endocytosis. We conclude that efficient endocytosis of gE is not required for gE incorporation into virions, gE-mediated virulence, or spread of virus in the rat central nervous system. However, we do correlate the defect in endocytosis to a small-plaque phenotype in cultured cells.
The Demand for, and Impact of, Learning HIV Status

This paper evaluates an experiment in which individuals in rural Malawi were randomly assigned monetary incentives to learn their HIV results after being tested. Distance to the HIV results centers was also randomly assigned. Without any incentive, 34 percent of the participants learned their HIV results. However, even the smallest incentive doubled that share. Using the randomly assigned incentives and distance from results centers as instruments for the knowledge of HIV status, sexually active HIV-positive individuals who learned their results are three times more likely to purchase condoms two months later than sexually active HIV-positive individuals who did not learn their results; however, HIV-positive individuals who learned their results purchase only two additional condoms than those who did not. There is no significant effect of learning HIV-negative status on the purchase of condoms.
The Year in Valvular Heart Disease

This review includes articles published from July 2002 to June 2003, with three exceptions. ### Percutaneous transcatheter prosthetic heart valve (PHV) insertion The first human implantation of an aortic PHV was performed by the percutaneous transcatheter technique [(1)][1]. This was a “last
Dual antiplatelet therapy reduces stroke but increases bleeding at the time of carotid endarterectomy.

Objective Controversy persists regarding the perioperative management of clopidogrel among patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy (CEA). This study examined the effect of preoperative dual antiplatelet therapy (aspirin and clopidogrel) on in-hospital CEA outcomes. Methods Patients undergoing CEA in the Vascular Quality Initiative were analyzed (2003-2014). Patients on clopidogrel and aspirin (dual therapy) were compared with patients taking aspirin alone preoperatively. Study outcomes included reoperation for bleeding and thrombotic complications defined as transient ischemic attack (TIA), stroke, or myocardial infarction. Secondary outcomes were in-hospital death and composite stroke/death. Univariate and multivariable analyses assessed differences in demographics and operative factors. Propensity score-matched cohorts were derived to control for subgroup heterogeneity. Results Of 28,683 CEAs, 21,624 patients (75%) were on aspirin and 7059 (25%) were on dual therapy. Patients on dual therapy were more likely to have multiple comorbidities, including coronary artery disease ( P P P P P P = .003) but was protective against TIA or stroke (OR, 0.61; 95% CI, 0.43-0.87; P = .007), stroke (OR, 0.63; 95% CI, 0.41-0.97; P = .03), and stroke/death (OR, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.44-0.98; P = .04). Propensity score matching yielded two groups of 4548 patients and showed that patients on dual therapy were more likely to require reoperation for bleeding (1.3% vs 0.7%; P = .004) but less likely to suffer TIA or stroke (0.9% vs 1.6%; P = .002), stroke (0.6% vs 1.0%; P = .04), or stroke/death (0.7% vs 1.2%; P = .03). Within the propensity score-matched groups, patients on dual therapy had increased rates of reoperation for bleeding regardless of carotid symptom status. However, asymptomatic patients on dual therapy demonstrated reduced rates of TIA or stroke (0.6% vs 1.5%; P P = .01), and composite stroke/death (0.5% vs 1.0%; P = .02). Among propensity score-matched patients with symptomatic carotid disease, these differences were not statistically significant. Conclusions Preoperative dual antiplatelet therapy was associated with a 40% risk reduction for neurologic events but also incurred a significant increased risk of reoperation for bleeding after CEA. Given its observed overall neurologic protective effect, continued dual antiplatelet therapy throughout the perioperative period is justified. Initiating dual therapy in all patients undergoing CEA may lead to decreased neurologic complication rates.
Asthma: Undoing millions of years of coevolution in early life?

Early microbiome composition can predict asthma risk, and asthma development can be subverted when missing protective microbes are restored (Arrieta et al., this issue).
Modulation of Na+-H+ exchange activity by intracellular Na+, H+, and Li+ in IMCD cells

In the present study, cultured inner medullary collecting duct (IMCD) cells loaded with the pH-sensitive dye 2',7' bis(carboxyethyl)-carboxyfluorescein were used to study the interaction of H+, Na+, and Li+ with the intracellular face of the Na+-H+ exchanger. The interaction of Na+ with the external face of the exchanger followed simple saturation kinetics with an apparent affinity for Na+ of 19.5 +/- 2 mM (n = 3) at an extracellular pH of 7.4. Extracellular H+ and Li+ inhibit Na+o-H+i exchange, mainly due to interference with Na+ binding to an external site or the same enzyme intermediate species in the turnover cycle of the Na+-H+ exchanger. The interaction of H+ with the internal face of the exchanger does not follow simple saturation kinetics. The calculated Hill coefficient for H+ interaction with intracellular sites was 1.92. Na+ and Li+ also interact with the intracellular face of the Na+-H+ exchanger. This interaction of Li+ and Na+ with internal sites results in inhibition of Na+-H+ exchange activity in the forward direction (Na+ influx/H+ efflux). The inhibitory effect of intracellular Na+ and Li+ is pHi dependent and most apparent under physiological conditions, i.e., at an intracellular pH of 7.1, an extracellular pH of 7.4, and an extracellular Na+ of 140 mM. This study shows the importance of intracellular Na+ concentration in determining exchanger activity.
An Examination of the Local Dynamics of Ice Giant Atmospheric Phenomena

Meteorological phenomena are commonly studied by computational simulations combining computational fluid dynamics with other numerical models. One such phenomenon is geophysical vortices. Though hurricanes on Earth and the Great Red Spot on Jupiter are probably the most familiar examples of these features, much can also be gained by examining vortices on other planets. The Ice Giants, Uranus and Neptune, have sported multiple large vortex features, some of which have exhibited remarkable dynamics. For example, the Great Dark Spot, discovered by Voyager II in 1989, was tracked over eight months and traveled towards the equator by ten degrees in latitude. It also oscillated in shape over an eight-day period during the month of closest observation. In several cases, these dark spots were accompanied by bright companion clouds that were linked to the spot motions. Recent simulations have shown the clouds might have significant effects on the vortex dynamics, indicating a more complex system with possibly more commonalities with hurricanes than previously expected. This paper will examine the local behavior of vortex and cloud features, emphasizing the Uranian Dark Spot. High resolution simulations will study the effects these clouds have on the observed vortex motions, including attention to vertical influences. This continuing study of these features will enhance our understating of Ice Giant meteorology, including the prediction of future Ice Giant vortex feature movements, but may also provide insight into the dynamics of vortex features in other atmospheres including Earth.
Effects of Competitive Context and of Additional Information on Price Sensitivity

Previous marketing research on the effects of price has tended to ignore the role of such moderating variables as competitive context and the availability of additional information. The authors presented subjects with forced-choice decisions in several product categories. Using a multinomial logit formulation to measure price sensitivity, they find relatively lower price sensitivity (1) when a brand is placed at the upper price-quality boundary of a choice set rather than in the middle, (2) when only brand names are provided as opposed to only quality ratings, and (3) when quality information is added to available brand-name information. They discuss the theoretical and managerial implications of these findings.
Genomic analysis of allele-specific expression in the mouse liver

Genetic differences in gene expression contribute significantly to phenotypic diversity and differences in disease susceptibility. In fact, the great majority of causal variants highlighted by genome-wide association are in non-coding regions that modulate expression. In order to quantify the extent of allelic differences in expression, we analyzed liver transcriptomes of isogenic F1 hybrid mice. Allele-specific expression (ASE) effects are pervasive and are detected in over 50% of assayed genes. Genes with strong ASE do not differ from those with no ASE with respect to their length or promoter complexity. However, they have a higher density of sequence variants, higher functional redundancy, and lower evolutionary conservation compared to genes with no ASE. Fifty percent of genes with no ASE are categorized as house-keeping genes. In contrast, the high ASE set may be critical in phenotype canalization. There is significant overlap between genes that exhibit ASE and those that exhibit strong cis expression quantitative trait loci (cis eQTLs) identified using large genetic expression data sets. Eighty percent of genes with cis eQTLs also have strong ASE effects. Conversely, 40% of genes with ASE effects are associated with strong cis eQTLs. Cis-acting variation detected at the protein level is also detected at the transcript level, but the converse is not true. ASE is a highly sensitive and direct method to quantify cis-acting variation in gene expression and complements and extends classic cis eQTL analysis. ASE differences can be combined with coding variants to produce a key resource of functional variants for precision medicine and genome-to-phenome mapping.
On the Modernity Complex of Marx's Thought

The modernity is the grand recount background of Marx's thought in the western cultural tradition. The modernity complex of Marx's thought shows concretely as follows:as a successor,Marx carried on the valuable ideals and fundamental spirits of modernity;as a critic,Marx looked reality in the predicament of modernity and reflected profoundly the capitalism of his age;as a constructor,Marx widened the vision threshold of world history and made the modernity as the process to negate capitalism.
Dynamic Reactive Power Control Strategy of Generators Based on WAMS

To improve delayed voltage recovery after system fault,a dynamic voltage / reactive power sensitivity model based on integral mapping is set up and a generator excitation control strategy based on WAMS is presented in this paper. It provides voltage supporting after voltage drop by increasing the reactive power output by implementing excitation control to the generator units. According to this control strategy,the problem of delayed voltage recovery of Guangdong grid in 2014 ultimate operation model is analyzed by using PSD-BPA,and simulation results showthat the strategy is effective to shorten the voltage recovery time and improve the dynamic voltage stability of power system.
Dissolution of Calcium Calculi with Potassium Citrate

We have noted radiological evidence of diminution and even complete disappearance of pre-existing calcium stones in a number of patients being treated with potassium citrate (K-Cit) for the prevention of new stone formation. Two prospective studies were initiated to more closely investigate this clinical phenomenon.
Thyroid Nodules in Children and Cancer Risk

Thyroid nodules are diagnosed less frequently in children and adolescents when compared to adults. However, similar to adults, the incidence of both thyroid nodules and thyroid cancer in pediatric patients has increased over the last several decades. The reason for the increase is not entirely clear but is likely related to a combination of several factors, to include an increase in incidentally discovered thyroid nodules found during non-thyroid-related head and neck imaging (ultrasound (US), CT, and MRI), increased use of radiological surveillance for children at risk of developing thyroid malignancy (i.e., survivors of primary malignancy exposed to radiation therapy), and variety of additional factors with unknown but confounding impact such as the presence of autoimmune thyroid disease, the degree of iodine sufficiency, and exposure to medical and environmental ionizing radiation. In adult patients, there is controversy whether the increasing incidence of thyroid cancer is related to the identification of subclinical disease. This same concern is relevant to the pediatric age as well, however, because of a fivefold risk of malignancy for a nodule discovered in a child or adolescent when compared to an adult patient (25 % vs 5 %, respectively). Thorough evaluation of the nodule found in a child or adolescent should be based on individual risk factors and ultrasound features rather than on the method of discovery.
Control of Germline Stem Cell Lineages by Diet and Physiology

Tight coupling of reproduction to environmental factors and physiological status is key to long-term species survival. In particular, highly conserved pathways modulate germline stem cell lineages according to nutrient availability. This chapter focuses on recent in vivo studies in genetic model organisms that shed light on how diet-dependent signals control the proliferation, maintenance, and survival of adult germline stem cells and their progeny. These signaling pathways can operate intrinsically in the germ line, modulate the niche, or act through intermediate organs to influence stem cells and their differentiating progeny. In addition to illustrating the extent of dietary regulation of reproduction, findings from these studies have implications for fertility during aging or disease states.