cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The dependence of rapid crack propagation in polyethylene pipes on the plane stress fracture energy of the resin

The critical temperature [CT] for rapid crack propagation [RCP] was measured in 11 polyethylene [PE] 200 mm diameter gas pipes each with different resins. The plane stress fracture energy [PSFE] in thin Charpy impact specimens of the resin was found to correlate with the CT. The higher the PSFE, the lower the CT. This result was related to the observation that the PSFE decreases as the temperature decreases. It was found that the impact energy of specimens from compression molded pipe that was remelted at 180°C gave a better correlation with the CT than specimens that were machined from the inner wall of the pipe. Consequently, it is now possible to predict the CT of a pipe by measuring the PSFE of the resin without making the pipe.
Regularization design for breast lesion detection in penalized maximum likelihood image reconstruction

Detecting cancerous lesion is a major clinical application in emission tomography. In a previous work, we have shown that penalized maximum likelihood image reconstruction can improve lesion detection at a fixed location by designing a shift-invariant quadratic penalty function. Here we extend this work to detection of tumors at unknown positions. We present a method to design a shift-variant quadratic penalty function that maximizes the detectability of lesions at all possible locations. We conducted computer-based Monte Carlo simulations to compare the optimized shift-variant penalty with the conventional penalty for detecting a breast lesion. Lesion detectability was assessed by a channelized Hotelling observer and human observer. The results showed a statistically significant improvement in lesion detection by using the optimized shift-variant penalty function compared to using the conventional penalty function.
Is There a Difference Between “Static” And “Dynamic” Moduli of Concrete?

Dynamic techniques have not found widespread use in measuring moduii of Portland cement concrete (PC0 because of uerceived differences between r&d& values measured statically and dynamically. This paper presents results from static and dynamic tests on PCC cylinders. These results show that there is no difference between Young’s modulus, E, determined dynamically and statically when measurements are made in the same strain range. However, longitudinal resonance tests, not direct travel-time measurements, must be used to evaluate E dynamically or else constrained modulus, not E, will be evaluated. It is also shown that the strain level used in static testing influences the value of E measured. Young’s modulus measured dynamically was found to be about 10% greater than the value measured in a conventional static test which is based on stress and strain at 40% of the failure stress.
The Timescales of the Optical Variability of Blazars. V. 3C 371

Optical photometric observations of the blazar 3C 371 are presented as part of an ongoing study of variations in blazars occurring on timescales of minutes to hours, which has been termed microvariability. The observations presented here provide further evidence of the classwide nature of this phenomenon. Timescales as short as these provide important clues about the nature of blazars, and a discussion of the types of possible mechanisms responsible for producing these variations is given.
Unipolar brush cell: a potential feedforward excitatory interneuron of the cerebellum.

Abstract Unipolar brush cells are a class of interneurons in the granular layer of the mammalian cerebellum that receives excitatory mossy fiber synaptic input in the form of a giant glutamatergic synapse. Previously, it was shown that the unipolar brush cell axon branches within the granular layer, giving rise to large terminals. Single mossy fiber stimuli evoke a prolonged burst of firing in unipolar brush cells, which would be distributed to postsynaptic targets within the granular layer. Knowledge of the ultrastructure of the unipolar brush cell terminals and of the cellular identity of its postsynaptic targets is required to understand how unipolar brush cells contribute to information processing in the cerebellar circuit. To investigate the unipolar brush cell axon and its targets, unipolar brush cells were patch-clamped in fresh parasagittal slices from rat cerebellar vermis with electrodes filled with Lucifer Yellow and Biocytin, and examined by confocal fluorescence and electron microscopy. Biocytin was localized with diaminobenzidine chromogen or gold-conjugated, silver-intensified avidin. Light microscopic examination revealed a single thin axon emanating from the unipolar brush cell soma that gave rise to 2–3 axon collaterals terminating in mossy fiber-like rosettes in the granular layer, typically within a few hundred μm of the soma. In some cases, axon collaterals crossed the white matter within the same folium before terminating in the adjacent granular layer. Electron microscopic examination of serial ultrathin sections revealed that proximal unipolar brush cell axons and axon collaterals were unmyelinated and devoid of synaptic contacts. However, the rosette-shaped enlargements of each collateral formed the central component of glomeruli where they were surrounded by dendrites of granule cells and/or other unipolar brush cells, with which they formed asymmetric synaptic contacts. A long-latency repetitive burst of polysynaptic activity was observed in granule cells in this cerebellar region following white matter stimulation. The unipolar brush cell axons, therefore, form a system of cortex-intrinsic mossy fibers. The results indicate that synaptic excitation of unipolar brush cells by mossy fibers will drive a large population of granule cells, and thus will contribute a powerful form of distributed excitation within the basic circuit of the cerebellar cortex.
Automated microscopy in diagnostic histopathology: From image processing to automated reasoning

A machine vision system for diagnostic histopathology offers five modules: 1) for the automated detection of regions of abnormality in histopathologic sections; 2) for fully automated image segmentation and diagnostic information extraction by a knowledge-guided procedure; 3) for the derivation of histometric indices, such as a progression index or grade for a lesion; 4) for diagnostic evidence evaluation by Bayesian inference networks; and 5) for individual patient targeted prognosis based on a case-based reasoning process. The system has been in operation for several years. Correct segmentation for even complex scenes such as cribriform glands has been achieved with a high success rate for histopathologic sections from prostate, colon, and breast. The lesion search module and prognostic module have passed feasibility testing and are still undergoing development. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Imaging Syst Technol, 8, 214–223, 1997
Nanoparticle–Cell Interactions: Molecular Structure of the Protein Corona and Cellular Outcomes

ConspectusThe use of nanoparticles (NPs) in biology and medicine requires a molecular-level understanding of how NPs interact with cells in a physiological environment. A critical difference between well-controlled in vitro experiments and in vivo applications is the presence of a complex mixture of extracellular proteins. It has been established that extracellular serum proteins present in blood will adsorb onto the surface of NPs, forming a “protein corona”. Our goal was to understand how this protein layer affected cellular-level events, including NP binding, internalization, and transport. A combination of microscopy, which provides spatial resolution, and spectroscopy, which provides molecular information, is necessary to probe protein–NP–cell interactions. Initial experiments used a model system composed of polystyrene NPs functionalized with either amine or carboxylate groups to provide a cationic or anionic surface, respectively. Serum proteins adsorb onto the surface of both cationic and anionic ...
ED-18PRIMARY INTRACRANIAL SOFT TISSUE SARCOMA IN CHILDREN AND YOUNG ADULTS: RETROSPECTIVE ANALYSIS - MD ANDERSON CANCER CENTER EXPERIENCE.

INTRODUCTION: Primary intracranial sarcoma (ISTS) is rare with unknown origin and ill-defined incidence in pediatric population. There is paucity of literature reporting outcomes of ISTS for children and young adults. Multimodality approach is used in most of the studies to treat this tumor with no well-defined treatment consensus. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A retrospective analysis of pediatric patients with primary diagnosis of ISTS treated at MD Anderson Cancer Center was conducted using descriptive measures, to describe clinical findings, treatment and long-term outcomes of children and adolescents with ISTS. RESULTS: Eleven patients (median age 6 years, range 1-20 year) with primary diagnosis of ISTS treated at our center between 2000 and 2014. Six patients were male, primary diagnosis as follows: Undifferentiated sarcoma (n = 5), Primitive neuroectodermal tumor (n = 2), Hemangiopericytoma (n = 1), Chondrosarcoma (n = 1), Aggressive mesenchymal tumor (n = 1), Neurofibrosarcoma (n = 1). Two patients had extraneural spread to the bone and the spine. Nine patients underwent gross total resection at time of diagnosis. Six cycles of the 3 drug regimens (Etoposide/ifosfamide/ Carboplatin) was the most common chemotherapy given at primary diagnosis or recurrence. Local radiation therapy with/without temozolomide were given to nine patients either after primary surgery or following surgery and adjuvant chemotherapy. Second look surgery was pursued in two patients before starting radiation and microscopic disease was found at site of the primary tumor despite of no radiologic evidence of residual disease. Five patients had disease progression, of whom four died of their disease. CONCLUSION: ISTS is rare neoplasm with dismal outcome. Despite Multimodality therapy, ISTS remains a challenge to treat with high rate of recurrence or treatment failure. Primary surgery followed by systemic chemotherapy and second look surgery at time of local control along with radiation therapy are associated with best chance for complete cure.
Prediction of maximum voluntary ventilation (MVV) in African-American adolescent girls

The purposes of the present study were to: 1) develop original equations to predict maximum voluntary ventilation (MVV) in African-American adolescent girls; and 2) determine the validity of existing MVV prediction equations for use in African-American subjects by comparing predicted MVV values in the literature with actual MVV values obtained in this study. Forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1), forced vital capacity (FVC), and 12 second MVV were measured with a clinical respirometer (Spirometrics model 2451) in 93 African-American adolescent girls (13.5 +/- 1.0 years). Age (r = 0.29), height (r = 0.38), FEV1 (r = 0.52), and FVC (r = 0.48) were significantly (P < 0.01) correlated with MVV. Multiple regression analysis was used to develop equations to predict MVV with age, height, and FEV1 as predictor variables. Using Mallow's Cp criterion, age-FEV1 and FEV1 equations appeared to be the most accurate predictors of MVV. When MVV was regressed on FEV1 in a non-intercept model, the result was the commonly cited equation MVV = 35.0 x FEV1. Thus, the previously established relationship between FEV1 and MVV can be extended to African-American adolescent girls. Comparison of predicted MVV values calculated from other published equations with our subjects' actual values indicated that equations using age and/or height as predictors did not accurately predict MVV in our subjects.
Effects of stylopharyngeus muscle dysfunction on the nasopharynx in exercising horses

Summary Reasons for performing study: Nasopharyngeal collapse has been observed in horses as a potential cause of exercise intolerance and upper respiratory noise. No treatment is currently available and affected horses are often retired from performance. Objective: To determine the effect of bilateral glossopharyngeal nerve block and stylopharyngeus muscle dysfunction on nasopharyngeal function and airway pressures in exercising horses. Methods: Endoscopic examinations were performed on horses at rest and while running on a treadmill at speeds corresponding to HRmax50, HRmax75 and HRmax, with upper airway pressures measured with and without bilateral glossopharyngeal nerve block. Results: Bilateral glossopharyngeal nerve block caused stylopharyngeus muscle dysfunction and dorsal nasopharyngeal collapse in all horses. Peak inspiratory upper airway pressure was significantly (P = 0.0069) more negative at all speeds and respiratory frequency was lower (P = 0.017) in horses with bilateral glossopharyngeal nerve block and stylopharyngeus muscle dysfunction compared to control values. Conclusions: Bilateral glossopharyngeal nerve anaesthesia produced stylopharyngeus muscle dysfunction, dorsal pharyngeal collapse and airway obstruction in all horses. Potential relevance: The stylopharyngeus muscle is probably an important nasopharyngeal dilating muscle in horses and dysfunction of this muscle may be implicated in clinical cases of dorsal nasopharyngeal collapse. Before this information can be clinically useful, further research on the possible aetiology of stylopharyngeus dysfunction and dysfunction of other muscles that dilate the dorsal and lateral walls of the nasopharynx in horses is needed.
Paper: Area decomposition for electromechanical models of power systems

Coherency and time scale properties of power system models are shown to be related by the dichotomic solution of a matrix Riccati equation. A grouping algorithm is proposed which reduces the area decomposition problem to obtaining a basis for the slow subsystem and performing a Gaussian elimination. Since the slow coherency measure allows for a lack of coherency in fast parts of machine transients, the resulting area decomposition is independent of fault locations. The procedure is illustrated by a 16-machine example.
Diseases and parasites of the sea lamprey, Petromyzon marinus, in the Lake Huron basin

Abstract Sea lampreys from the Lake Huron basin carried no external parasites and showed a fairly low degree of infection by internal parasites. The material examined represented three life-history stages of the sea lamprey. Recently transformed downstream migrants (215 specimens) harbored only nematodes belonging to the genus Camallanus. The percentage of infection was 2.3. Active feeders from the lake (29 lampreys) revealed the highest degree of parasitism (31.0 percent) with the following parasites present: Echinorhynchus coregoni Linkins; Triaenophorus crassus Forel; and Camallanus sp. Among the 257 sexually mature upstream migrants (14.8 percent infected) Echinorhynchus coregoni and E. leidyi Van Cleave were the most common. Only occasional nematodes and cestodes were found, which fact indicates a failure of the lamprey to carry these parasites to the end of its natural life. Of the parasites observed, only the nematodes gave evidence of serious damage to the host. The study suggests that the role pl...
Influence Of Sterilization On Bulk And Surface Morphologies Of Copolyether-Urethane-Ureas

The influence of sterilization on the bulk and surface morphologies of a copolyether-urethane-urea was studied. The bulk morphology was altered due to annealing by autoclaving and ethylene oxide sterilization. Radiation sterilization did not significantly alter the morphology. Surface morphology was not significantly altered by any of the sterilization procedures. Changes in chemical structure as the result of sterilization were not observed.© (1981) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Genetic analysis of the folding pathway for the tail spike protein of phage P22

Abstract Temperature-sensitive mutations in the gene encoding the trimeric tail spike protein of phage P22 interfere with protein maturation at 39 degrees C. We show here that temperature-sensitive mutations at many sites block the folding pathway prior to accumulation of the partially folded protrimer intermediate. Temperature-shift experiments indicate that at least some of the mutants accumulate an earlier intermediate in the folding pathway. Immunoprecipitation experiments suggest that the conformation of the isolated temperature-sensitive polypeptide chains is closer to that of the unfolded chain than to that of the mature spike formed at permissive temperature. The sites of these mutations probably represent amino acid sequences that play key roles during the folding of the tail spike polypeptide chain but are not important in the mature protein.
Towards an integrated e-mail forensic analysis framework

Due to its simple and inherently vulnerable nature, e-mail communication is abused for numerous illegitimate purposes. E-mail spamming, phishing, drug trafficking, cyber bullying, racial vilification, child pornography, and sexual harassment are some common e-mail mediated cyber crimes. Presently, there is no adequate proactive mechanism for securing e-mail systems. In this context, forensic analysis plays a major role by examining suspected e-mail accounts to gather evidence to prosecute criminals in a court of law. To accomplish this task, a forensic investigator needs efficient automated tools and techniques to perform a multi-staged analysis of e-mail ensembles with a high degree of accuracy, and in a timely fashion. In this article, we present our e-mail forensic analysis software tool, developed by integrating existing state-of-the-art statistical and machine-learning techniques complemented with social networking techniques. In this framework we incorporate our two proposed authorship attribution approaches; one is presented for the first time in this article.
Modeling of microwave semiconductor devices using simulated annealing optimization

A combinatorial optimization method is applied to the problem of device model optimization. A heuristic optimization technique called simulated annealing is applied to optimize the model parameters so that the device can be accurately simulated by the resulting model. This method avoids entrapment in the local minima of the objective function. Another application of this optimization process is to provide useful device parameters for a device process engineer. The effectiveness of this approach has been demonstrated by results from three test cases. >
The New Political Environment in Aging: Challenges to Policy and Practice

The last quarter-century has seen a notable shift in the context of social policy as it relates to older adults in the United States and those who work with them. Critical dimensions in this shift include changes in the size and makeup of today's older population, the rise of conservatism in contemporary U.S. politics, and the more central place older Americans are coming to assume in policymaking around a host of social and economic policy issues. After briefly reviewing thesecontextual developments, the author presents 5 challenges they bring to social workers and other professionals working with the aged. Each of these reflect changing expectations, opportunities, and options confronting both policymakers and older people themselves as the dynamics of aging politics and policy evolve in ways that would have been hard to imagine 25 or 30 years ago.
Metallic Foreign Body in a Patient With Knee Pain

The patient was a 26-year-old man with a history of a nonhealing, complicated right clavicle fracture. He also complained of right medial knee pain that was thought to be insidious in onset and made worse during magnetic resonance imaging, which was done to evaluate the status of the right clavicle fracture. Subsequent to the patient reporting his right knee pain to his orthopaedic surgeon, magnetic resonance imaging of the right knee was ordered. Anterior-to-posterior and lateral radiographs were then ordered by the physical therapist, which identified a radioopaque foreign body along the medial knee within the subcutaneous tissues. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2011;41(9):696. doi:10.2519/jospt.2011.0419
The impact of accruals and lines of business on analysts’ earnings forecast superiority

In this paper, we examine the linkage between analyst advantage (AA) (compared to the seasonal random walk model) in the prediction of quarterly earnings-per-share (EPS) and a broad set of economic determinants. Specifically, we employ a pooled cross-sectional time-series regression model where AA is linked to a set of firm-specific economic determinants that have been employed in extant work (e.g., Brown et al. in J Account Res 22:49–67, 1987; Kross et al. in Account Rev 65:461–476, 1990). We refine this set of independent variables by including a new variable (RATIODEV) based upon Sloan (Account Rev 71(3):289–315, 1996) who documents that differential levels of accruals impact future earnings performance. This variable is particularly salient in explaining AA since analysts may be in a position to identify the permanent component of accruals via fundamental financial analysis. Additionally, we refine the measurement of lines of business—consistent with the reporting requirements of SFAS No. 131 relative to extant work that operationalized proxies for this variable based upon SFAS No. 14. Parameters for these aforementioned variables are significantly positively related to AA, consistent with theory.
Your comments are requested SIGUCCS futures study

The ACM Special Interest Group in University and College Computing Services was established in 1963 under the name SIGUCC, University Computer Centers. As it approaches its twentieth anniversary, the SIGUCCS Board has appointed a Futures Study Group to make recommendations on future directions, interests, organizational structure, and affiliations. Members of the Futures Study Group, with mailing addresses, are listed following this article. The author was appointed to chair the study group and make a report at the next SIGUCCS Board meeting which will be held in Chicago in November 1982, in conjunction with the SIGUCCS User Services Conference.
Towards an Understanding of the Structurally Based Potential for Mechanically Activated Disordering of Small Molecule Organic Crystals

The potential for various small molecule organic crystals to undergo complete mechanically induced disordering is investigated. A model is proposed, which considers changes in free energy required for lattice incorporation of a critical dislocation density. Application requires knowledge of a few physical properties, namely the elastic shear modulus, Burgers vector magnitude, molar volume, melting temperature, and heat of fusion. The model was tested using seven compounds; acetaminophen, aspirin, γ-indomethacin, salicylamide, sucrose, and two proprietary drug compounds, PFZ1 and PFZ2. Crystalline solids were subjected to high shear, controlled temperature comminution for various durations, after which the samples were examined using powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The results verified that acetaminophen, aspirin, and salicylamide, which were suggested by the model to be resistant to complete mechanical disordering, remained fully crystalline, even after 5 h of milling. Sucrose and γ-indomethacin were both predicted to be susceptible to amorphization, which was confirmed by physical characterization. Single, 3-h grinding experiments were performed on two proprietary compounds, PFZ1 and PFZ2. The model indicated that each should be resistant to complete disordering, a trend held by PFZ1. Evidence of partial disordering of PFZ2 was unexpected and is discussed with respect to possible temperature effects.
Large eddy simulation of particle‐laden turbulent channel flow

Particle transport in fully‐developed turbulent channel flow has been investigated using large eddy simulation (LES) of the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations. Calculations were performed at channel flow Reynolds numbers, Reτ, of 180 and 644 (based on friction velocity and channel half width); subgrid‐scale stresses were parametrized using the Lagrangian dynamic eddy viscosity model. Particle motion was governed by both drag and gravitational forces and the volume fraction of the dispersed phase was small enough such that particle collisions were negligible and properties of the carrier flow were not modified. Material properties of the particles used in the simulations were identical to those in the DNS calculations of Rouson and Eaton [Proceedings of the 7th Workshop on Two‐Phase Flow Predictions (1994)] and experimental measurements of Kulick et al. [J. Fluid Mech. 277, 109 (1994)]. Statistical properties of the dispersed phase in the channel flow at Reτ=180 are in good agreement with the DNS; reas...
Ethylene bromonium and 1-bromoethyl cations and their neutral and anionic counterparts: a tandem mass spectrometry study of dissociations and gas phase redox reactions

The unimolecular chemistry of ethylene bromonium cation (cyclo-CH2CH2Br+, 1+) and 1-bromoethyl cation (CH3CH+Br, 2+) has been probed by metastable ion (MI) characteristics, collisionally activated dissociation (CAD) and neutral fragment reionization (NfR). These isomers undergo many common decompositions but can, nevertheless, be distinguished based on the structurally indicative >˙>CH3vs. CH2 losses. Neutralization–reionization (NR) experiments have further shown that the gas phase reduction of 1+ and 2+ leads to 2-bromoethyl (>˙>CH2CH2Br, 3) and 1-bromoethyl (CH3ĊHBr, 2) radicals, respectively, both of which are stable species. However, from the incipient C2H4Br– anions emerging upon charge reversal of 1+ and 2+, only CH3CH–Br (2–) is found to be a bound anion.
Pathways Linking Intimate Partner Violence and Posttraumatic Disorder

Intimate partner violence (IPV), which includes physical violence, sexual violence, and psychological or emotional abuse, is a significant public health threat. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimate that each year 1.5 million women are physically assaulted and/or raped by an intimate partner. However, because many victims of IPV are repeatedly abused, a more accurate accounting of the extent of violence suggests that approximately 4.8 million intimate partner physical assaults and rapes are perpetrated annually against women in the United States. The article discusses a survey involving 3,429 English-speaking women enrolled in a health maintenance organization (HMO) for 3 or more years. The findings are 46% of participants who were screened reported a lifetime history of any IPV and 14.7% reported a history within the past 5 years, including physical, sexual, and nonphysical types.
Discourse Level Opinion Relations: An Annotation Study

This work proposes opinion frames as a representation of discourse-level associations that arise from related opinion targets and which are common in task-oriented meeting dialogs. We define the opinion frames and explain their interpretation. Additionally we present an annotation scheme that realizes the opinion frames and via human annotation studies, we show that these can be reliably identified.
Perspectivas sobre la enseñanza del español a los hablantes de herencia en los Estados Unidos

Hay casi 50 millones de personas en los Estados Unidos (EE.UU.) que hablan espanol. Se estima que el 40% son inmigrantes y el otro 60% nace en EE.UU., en su mayoria hijos, nietos o bisnietos de inmigrantes. Al ser expuestos al espanol en el hogar o en redes sociales comunitarias o relaciones de familia extendida, muchos han adquirido capacidades comunicativas en este idioma pero son principalmente angloparlantes. Se les ha denominado “hablantes de herencia”, “bilingues” o incluso “hablantes nativos” en el ambito educativo; la ensenanza del espanol para ellos se conoce como heritage language teaching o espanol para hablantes de herencia (EHH). Este articulo considera las bases sociolinguisticas y pedagogicas de la ensenanza del espanol a la poblacion bilingue de EE.UU., enfocandose en algunos retos que se presentan a todos los niveles educativos: (1) la heterogeneidad sociolinguistica y cultural; (2) los fenomenos evidentes en sus repertorios comunicacionales asi como en los aspectos linguisticos, afectivo...
Effects of nicotine and acetylcholine on denervated chick biventer cervicis muscles.

Chick biventer cervicis muscle was chronically denervated for various periods of time. The muscle lost its responses to indirect electrical stimulation on the nerve as expected. It remained responsive to ACh although the contraction force was somewhat reduced, depending on the length of time after denervation. The denervated muscle was approximately 10-fold more sensitive to ACh than the innervated one was. This is presumably due to the reduction of cholinesterase activity in the denervated muscle. The responses of nicotine were reduced much more than those of ACh in denervated muscles. The result supports the hypothesis that ACh is released by nicotine to produce nicotine responses. The residual responses produced by nicotine in denervated muscle could be due to the release of ACh from the fine diffuse nerve fibres which can not be denervated completely with surgical procedures, and to the reduction of cholinesterase activity which potentiates the responses of minute quantities of ACh released by nicotine.
Ideal shocks in 2-layer flow Part II: Under a passive layer

In this second part of the study, ideal shock theory in two-layer stratified flow is extended toinclude a third passive layer (i.e., a two and a half layer system). With the presence of a passivelayer, two linear wave modes and ‘‘viscous tail modes’’ exist, complicating the solubility conditionsand uniqueness proofs for two layer shocks. It is found however, that shocks can beunambiguously classified as external or internal based on the states of criticality that theyconnect. The steepening condition, while still necessary, provides a less restrictive constraintthan it did with a rigid lid. Thus, we have to rely more on solutions to the full viscous shockequations to establish shock existence. The detailed structure, momentum exchange, andBernoulli loss in a viscous shock are examined using an analytical weak shock solution and aset of numerical solutions for shocks with finite amplitudes. A shock regime diagram (F 1 by F 2 )is constructed based on the numerical integration of the full viscous shock equations. For strongexternal jumps, a cusp region (i.e., in the sense of catastrophe theory) is identified on the regimediagram. For pre-shock states within the cusp, three end states are possible and two of theseare realizable. The cusp has several physical implications. It indicates that an equal distributionof dissipation between the two layers in shocks is mathematically possible but physically inaccessible.It also allows hysteresis in time varying flows, and promotes the occurrence of doubleshocks (i.e., closely spaced shocks of different character). The results are compared with classicalshock solutions and a set of time dependent numerical experiments. DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0870.2001.00097.x
Rapid development of keratoaganthoma and accelerated transformation into squamous cell carcinoma of the skin. A mutagenic effect of polychemotherapy in a patient with hodgkin's disease?

A 59-year-old white man developed keratoacanthoma of the nose immediately following one course of MOPP polychemotherapy for clinical state IV B mixed cellularity Hodgkin's disease. Despite the dramatic response of Hodgkin's disease to intensive chemotherapy, the skin lesion was rapidly transformed into squamous cell carcinoma in 10 weeks. The immunosuppressive effect of intensive polychemotherapy may play a significant role in accelerating the malignant transformation. We report here our results concerning this complication which may occur in any patient with Hodgkin's disease undergoing intensive therapy.
Bioenergetic Measurements in Children with Bipolar Disorder: A Pilot 31P Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Study

Background Research exploring Bipolar Disorder (BD) phenotypes and mitochondrial dysfunction, particularly in younger subjects, has been insufficient to date. Previous studies have found abnormal cerebral pH levels in adults with BD, which may be directly linked to abnormal mitochondrial activity. To date no such studies have been reported in children with BD. Methods Phosphorus Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (31P MRS) was used to determine pH, phopshocreatine (PCr) and inorganic phosphate (Pi) levels in 8 subjects with BD and 8 healthy comparison subjects (HCS) ages 11 to 20 years old. Results There was no significant difference in pH between the patients and HCS. However, frontal pH values for patients with BD increased with age, contrary to studies of HCS and the pH values in the frontal lobe correlated negatively with the YMRS values. Global Pi was significantly lower in subjects with BD compared with HCS. There were no significant differences in PCr between the groups. Global PCr-to-Pi ratio (PCr/Pi) was significantly higher in subjects with BD compared with HCS. Conclusions The change in Pi levels for the patients with BD coupled with the no difference in PCr levels, suggest an altered mitochondrial phosphorylation. However, our findings require further investigation of the underlying mechanisms with the notion that a mitochondrial dysfunction may manifest itself differently in children than that in adults. Limitations Further investigations with larger patient populations are necessary to draw further conclusions.
Sea ice and iceberg dynamic interaction

[1] A model of iceberg motion has been implemented in the Los Alamos sea ice model (CICE). Individual bergs are tracked under the influence of winds, currents, sea surface tilt, Coriolis, and sea ice forcing. In turn, sea ice is affected by the presence of icebergs, primarily as obstacles that cause the sea ice to ridge on the upstream side or create open water on the downstream side of the bergs. Open water formed near icebergs due to sea ice ridging and blocking of sea ice advection increases level and ridged ice downstream of the bergs through increased frazil ice formation. Resulting anomalies in sea ice area and thickness (compared with a simulation without icebergs) are transported with the sea ice flow, expanding over time. Although local changes in the sea ice distribution may be important for smaller-scale studies, these anomalies are small compared with the total volume of sea ice and their effect on climate-scale variables appears to be insignificant.
Environmental exposure to carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii as a risk factor for patient Acquisition of A. baumannii

We aimed to determine the association between environmental exposure to carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii and the subsequent risk of acquiring this organism. Patients exposed to a contaminated hospital environment had 2.77 times the risk of acquiring carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii than did unexposed patients (relative risk, 2.77 [95% confidence interval, 1.50–5.13]; P = .002).
Pharmacogenomics primer course for first professional year pharmacy students

Background: The importance of pharmacogenomics (PGx) is widely recognized in healthcare; however, PGx knowledge and confidence is lacking among many healthcare professionals. Pharmacists are the most logical PGx experts, yet most pharmacy schools do not require the basic science foundations of PGx as admission prerequisites. Methods: A PGx primer course was developed for first year pharmacy students. In addition to genomics-based didactic material, this course also contains ‘journaling’ exercises and a group term paper based on a self-genotyping/phenotype exercise. The effectiveness of this course was evaluated by anonymous genomics knowledge surveys, course evaluations and unsolicited student comments. Results: Data demonstrate this course engendered a significant increase in genomics knowledge and a positive perspective towards PGx. Conclusion: A course such as this bridges the current PGx basic science knowledge gap and can serve as a template for providing fundamental genomics knowledge until admissio...
CASHIER: A Cache Energy Saving Technique for QoS Systems

With each CMOS technology generation, leakage energy has been increasing at an exponential rate and hence, managing the energy consumption of large, last-level caches is becoming a critical research issue in modern chip design. Saving cache energy in QoS systems is especially challenging, since, to avoid missing deadlines, a suitable balance needs to be made between energy saving and performance loss. We present CASHIER, a Cache Energy Saving Technique for Quality of Service Systems. Cashier uses dynamic profiling to estimate the memory subsystem energy and execution time of the program under multiple last level cache (LLC) configurations. It then reconfigures LLC to an energy efficient configuration with a view to meet the deadline. In QoS systems, allowed slack may be specified either as percentage of baseline execution time or as absolute slack and Cashier can work for both these cases. The experiments show the effectiveness of Cashier in saving cache energy. For example, for an L2 cache size of 2MB and 5% allowed-slack over baseline, the average saving in memory subsystem energy by using Cashier is 23.6%.
Creation of a knowledge-based system to accelerate drug development

All major pharmaceutical companies have speed-to-market efforts which are driven by the need to deliver innovation to patients, the changing face of the industry, and the advent of new research technologies. Lilly’s program was undertaken in the early 1990s and has achieved significant progress. One recent speed-to-market initiative was the construction of a Projects Management Workbench designed to facilitate the flow of information to those involved in drug development.
Exploiting local logic structures to optimize multi-core SoC floorplanning

We present a throughput-driven partitioning algorithm and a throughput-preserving merging algorithm for the high-level physical synthesis of latency-insensitive (LI) systems. These two algorithms are integrated along with a published floorplanner [5] in a new iterative physical synthesis flow to optimize system throughput and reduce area occupation. The partitioning algorithm performs bottom-up clustering of the internal logic of a given IP core to divide it into smaller ones, each of which has no combinational path from input to output and thus is legal for LI-interface encapsulation. Applying this algorithm to cores on critical feedback loops optimizes their length and in turn enables throughput optimization via the subsequent floorplanning. The merging algorithm reduces the number of cores on non-critical loops, lowering the overall area taken by LI interfaces without hurting the system throughput. Experimental results on a large system-on-chip design show a 16.7% speedup in system throughput and a 2.1% reduction in area occupation.
Size, strength and allometry of joints in the articulated coralline Calliarthron.

Articulated coralline algae (Corallinales, Rhodophyta) dominate low-intertidal, wave-exposed habitats around the world, yet the mechanics of this diverse group of organisms has been almost completely unexplored. In contrast to fleshy seaweeds, articulated corallines consist of calcified segments (intergenicula) separated by uncalcified joints (genicula). This jointed construction makes calcified fronds as flexible as fleshy seaweeds, allowing them to ‘go with the flow’ when struck by breaking waves. In addition to functioning as joints, genicula act as breakage points along articulated fronds. Here, I describe the allometric scaling of geniculum size, breaking force and tissue strength along articulated fronds in two species of Calliarthron. Genicular material is much stronger than tissue from fleshy macroalgae. Moreover, as fronds grow, genicula get bigger and their tissue strengthens, two processes that help them resist breakage. Within individual fronds, larger branches, which presumably experience greater drag force, are supported by bigger, stronger genicula. However, frond growth greatly outpaces genicular strengthening. As a result, Calliarthron fronds most likely break at their bases when critically stressed by incoming waves. Shedding fronds probably reduces the drag force that threatens to dislodge coralline crusts and may constitute a reproductive strategy.
Recovery and germinability of native seed fed to cattle

Abstract Using livestock as seed dispersal agents may be an effective method for increasing species diversity on degraded and previously seeded rangelands. We quantified seed passage and recovery rates, and post-passage germinability of Wyoming big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata Nutt. ssp. wyomingensis Beetle & Young), bottlebrush squirreltail (Elymus elymoides [Raf.] Swezey), and gooseberry globemallow (Sphaeralcea grossulariaefolia [H. & A.] Rydb.) by feeding Holstein heifers seeds of each species at 3 levels (15,000; 30,000; and 60,000 seeds) over a period of 3 weeks. One-kg fecal samples were collected 1, 2, 3, and 4 days after seed ingestion. Undamaged seeds were extracted from the samples and tested for germinability. Globemallow had the highest percentage of recovered, undamaged seed, followed by squirreltail and sagebrush. Globemallow and sagebrush seed passage was highest on Day 1, after which seed numbers dropped sharply. Squirreltail passage and recovery were more consistent through time, with...
A comparison of the point spread functions for polarization-difference and intensity-only imaging in scattering media

A possible reason for the observed improvement in the detectability of polarizing targets in polarization-difference (PD) images obtained in scattering media is examined. The point spread function (PSF) of an imaging system indicates how a particular system degrades the image of a point source. Through a convolution with a particular intensity distribution, the effects of scatterers on the image as a whole can also be determined. When imaging in a dense scattering medium, multiple scattering effects causes a widening of the PSF beyond that of the optical imaging system alone (without scatterers). Since multiple scattering also tends to depolarize radiation, it has been hypothesized that polarization-difference imaging (PDI) has a narrower PSF than polarization-sum (PS) imaging because PDI is insensitive to unpolarized radiation. A narrower PSF would allow for less blurring in images and, therefore, better resolution of targets in a scattering medium. Through the use of a Monte-Carlo simulation, the PSFs for an elemental electric dipole source imaged by PS and PD imaging through a slab of scattering medium are explored.
Multiparity leads to obesity and inflammation in mothers and obesity in male offspring

Multiparity is an independent risk factor for obesity in parous females. In addition to being a health issue for the mother, offspring of multiparous females may also be at risk for obesity later in life. The aim of the current study was to establish a mouse model that mimics the human pathology of multiparity and determine the effects of multiparity-induced obesity (MIO) on offspring in adulthood. C57BL/6 mice were mated and studied when primiparous (1st pregnancy) or multiparous (4th pregnancy). Dams became obese with multiparity, an effect that was independent of the age of the dam. Multiparous dams also had increased markers of inflammation (JNK activation, cytokine expression) in adipose tissue and liver that was greater than inflammation in nulliparous females made obese with a high-fat diet. Placental inflammation was prevalent in multiparous vs. primiparous dams as well. Male offspring of the multiparous dams developed increased adiposity by 24 wk of age relative to the progeny of primiparous dams, although food consumption was similar in both groups. Lipid metabolism was altered in liver and fat in that mRNA levels of regulatory genes (PGC-1α) as well as metabolic genes (CPT I) and Akt phosphorylation were decreased in offspring of multiparous dams. Thus, in mice, as in humans, multiparity increases adiposity and is associated with hepatic and placental inflammation and abnormal glucose tolerance. Importantly, MIO leads to increased body fat and metabolic dysfunction in the offspring, suggesting a role in the propagation of obesity.
Prerigor infusion of lamb with sodium chloride, phosphate, and dextrose solutions to improve tenderness.

Abstract Combinations of sodium chloride, phosphate, and dextrose solutions were infused prerigor into lamb carcasses to evaluate effects on tenderness, palatability, color change and microbiological growth during simulated retail display. Each carcass ( n =48) was randomly assigned to one of the following: (1) deionized water (dH 2 O), (2) 2% NaCl (S), (3) 3% dextrose (D), (4) 0.5% tri-polyphosphate (P), (5) 2% NaCl and 3% dextrose (SD), (6) 2% NaCl and 0.5% tri-polyphosphate (SP), (7) 0.5% tri-polyphosphate and 3% dextrose (PD), and (8) 2% NaCl, 0.5% tri-polyphosphate, and 3% dextrose (SPD). The right side was pumped to 120% its original green weight and the corresponding left side served as the paired control in a nested design. The SD, SP and SPD solutions improved ( P
Human RISC Couples MicroRNA Biogenesis and Posttranscriptional Gene Silencing

RNA interference is implemented through the action of the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC). Although Argonaute2 has been identified as the catalytic center of RISC, the RISC polypeptide composition and assembly using short interfering RNA (siRNA) duplexes has remained elusive. Here we show that RISC is composed of Dicer, the double-stranded RNA binding protein TRBP, and Argonaute2. We demonstrate that this complex can cleave target RNA using precursor microRNA (pre-miRNA) hairpin as the source of siRNA. Although RISC can also utilize duplex siRNA, it displays a nearly 10-fold greater activity using the pre-miRNA Dicer substrate. RISC distinguishes the guide strand of the siRNA from the passenger strand and specifically incorporates the guide strand. Importantly, ATP is not required for miRNA processing, RISC assembly, or multiple rounds of target-RNA cleavage. These results define the composition of RISC and demonstrate that miRNA processing and target-RNA cleavage are coupled.
Thermoelectric properties of nanostructured (Pb1·mSn mTe)1-x (PbS)x with Pb and Sb precipitates.

We report the physical characterization and thermoelectric properties of (Pb 0.95 Sn 0.05 Te) 0.92 (PbS) 0.08 containing excess Pb and Sb prepared using the matrix encapsulation technique. Samples of (Pb 0.95 Sn 0.05 Te) 0.92 (PbS) 0.08 : Pb 0.5 - 4 at. % rapidly quenched from the melt show microscale Pb inclusions that increase the thermal conductivity while slightly increasing the power factor, compared to (Pb 0.95 Sn 0.05 Te) 0.92 (PbS) 0.08 . Samples of (Pb 0.95 Sn 0.05 Te) 0.92 (PbS) 0.08 : Pb 0.5%, Sb 2% prepared using the same technique show microscale Sb and Pb inclusions that upon heating cause rapid PbS and Sb segregation from the PbTe matrix. This behavior significantly alters the microstructure and degrades the transport properties of the material.
Coordinated Accumbal Dopamine Release and Neural Activity Drive Goal-Directed Behavior

Intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) activates the neural pathways that mediate reward, including dopaminergic terminal areas such as the nucleus accumbens (NAc). However, a direct role of dopamine in ICSS-mediated reward has been questioned. Here, simultaneous voltammetric and electrophysiological recordings from the same electrode reveal that, at certain sites, the onset of anticipatory dopamine surges and changes in neuronal firing patterns during ICSS are coincident, whereas sites lacking dopamine changes also lack patterned firing. Intrashell microinfusion of a D1, but not a D2 receptor antagonist, blocks ICSS. An iontophoresis approach was implemented to explore the effect of dopamine antagonists on firing patterns without altering behavior. Similar to the microinfusion experiments, ICSS-related firing is selectively attenuated following D1 receptor blockade. This work establishes a temporal link between anticipatory rises of dopamine and firing patterns in the NAc shell during ICSS and suggests that they may play a similar role with natural rewards and during drug self-administration.