cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Competition and intraguild predation among three sympatric carnivores

We examined the relative roles of dominance in agonistic interactions and energetic constraints related to body size in determining local abundances of coyotes (Canis latrans, 8–20 kg), gray foxes (Urocyon cinereoargenteus, 3–5 kg) and bobcats (Felis rufus, 5–15 kg) at three study sites (hereafter referred to as NP, CP, and SP) in the Santa Monica Mountains of California. We hypothesized that the largest and behaviorally dominant species, the coyote, would exploit a wider range of resources (i.e., a higher number of habitat and/or food types) and, consequently, would occur in higher density than the other two carnivores. We evaluated our hypotheses by quantifying their diets, food overlap, habitat-specific abundances, as well as their overall relative abundance at the three study sites. We identified behavioral dominance of coyotes over foxes and bobcats in Santa Monica because 7 of 12 recorded gray fox deaths and 2 of 5 recorded bobcat deaths were due to coyote predation, and no coyotes died as a result of their interactions with bobcats or foxes. Coyotes and bobcats were present in a variety of habitats types (8 out of 9), including both open and brushy habitats, whereas gray foxes were chiefly restricted to brushy habitats. There was a negative relationship between the abundances of coyotes and gray foxes (P=0.020) across habitats, suggesting that foxes avoided habitats of high coyote predation risk. Coyote abundance was low in NP, high in CP, and intermediate in SP. Bobcat abundance changed little across study sites, and gray foxes were very abundant in NP, absent in CP, and scarce in SP; this suggests a negative relationship between coyote and fox abundances across study sites, as well. Bobcats were solely carnivorous, relying on small mammals (lagomorphs and rodents) throughout the year and at all three sites. Coyotes and gray foxes also relied on small mammals year-round at all sites, though they also ate significant amounts of fruit. Though there were strong overall interspecific differences in food habits of carnivores (P<0.0001), average seasonal food overlaps were high due to the importance of small mammals in all carnivore diets [bobcat-gray fox: 0.79±0.09 (SD), n=4; bobcat-coyote: 0.69±0.16, n=6; coyote-gray fox: 0.52±0.05, n=4]. As hypothesized, coyotes used more food types and more habitat types than did bobcats and gray foxes and, overall, coyotes were the most abundant of the three species and ranged more widely than did gray foxes. We propose that coyotes limit the number and distribution of gray foxes in Santa Monica Mountains, and that those two carnivores exemplified a case in which the relationship between their body size and local abundance is governed by competitive dominance of the largest species rather than by energetic equivalences. However, in the case of the intermediate-sized bobcat no such a pattern emerged, likely due to rarity or inconsistency of agonistic interactions and/or behavioral avoidance of encounters by subordinate species.
Labor control regimes and worker resistance in global supply chains

This article seeks to examine two inter-related dynamics, the relationship between the international dispersion of apparel production and labor control regimes, and the relationship between labor control regimes and patterns of worker resistance. The article argues that where apparel production has concentrated in the last decade has as much to do with labor control regimes as with wages and other economic factors. It suggests that there are three main labor control regimes in the sector: state control, market despotism, and employer repression. The article then argues that these systems of labor control are conducive to three patterns of worker resistance: wildcat strikes, international accords, and cross-border campaigns. The article explores these arguments by examining examples of apparel global supply chains in Vietnam, Bangladesh, and Honduras.
Uncertainty analysis for absorption and first-derivative electron paramagnetic resonance spectra

Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) experimental techniques produce absorption or first-derivative spectra. Uncertainty analysis provides the basis for comparison of spectra obtained by different methods. In this study it was used to derive analytical equations to relate uncertainties for integrated intensity and line widths obtained from absorption or first-derivative spectra to the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), with the assumption of white noise. Predicted uncertainties for integrated intensities and line widths are in good agreement with Monte Carlo calculations for Lorentzian and Gaussian lineshapes. Conservative low-pass filtering changes the noise spectrum, which can be modeled in the Monte Carlo simulations. When noise is close to white, the analytical equations provide useful estimates of uncertainties. For example, for a Lorentzian line with white noise, the uncertainty in the number of spins obtained from the first-derivative spectrum is 2.6 times greater than from the absorption spectrum at the same SNR. Uncertainties in line widths obtained from absorption and first-derivative spectra are similar. The impact of integration or differentiation on SNR and on uncertainties in fitting parameters was analyzed. Although integration of the first-derivative spectrum improves the apparent smoothness of the spectrum, it also changes the frequency distribution of the noise. If the lineshape of the signal is known, the integrated intensity can be determined more accurately by fitting the first-derivative spectrum than by first integrating and then fitting the absorption spectrum. Uncertainties in integrated intensities and line widths are less when the parameters are determined from the original data than from spectra that have been either integrated or differentiated.
An in-depth investigation into the effect of oil pressure on the complete statistical performance of a high pressure, flowing oil switch

A high pressure, flowing oil dielectric switch was developed for high performance, high voltage switching, and extensively evaluated by a team at the University of Missouri—Columbia. The switch was designed to produce a continuous train of nanosecond-rise, electrical impulses, with a peak output power ranging up to several gigawatts, and at repetition frequencies ranging up to several kilohertz. High pressure, flowing oil was proposed for the switching medium as a means of enabling rapid recovery of the insulating properties of the dielectric following electrical breakdown. The switch was developed for self-breakdown operation, with an anticipated lifetime of greater than 107 switching cycles. An experimental study of the statistical performance of the high pressure, flowing oil switch was conducted over a range of oil pressures from 0.5 – 10 MPa (72 – 1450 psig), oil flow rates from 10 – 40 Lpm (2.6 – 10.6 gpm), peak modulator charge voltages from 12.5 – 25.0 kV, and gap separations from 0.40 – 1.00 mm, utilizing self-breakdown at repetition frequency of 2 Hz. In this paper, we review the effects of operating the switch over the full range of oil pressures at constant modulator charge voltage, constant gap separation, and constant oil flow rate in a study of the complete statistical performance of the high pressure oil switch. The breakdown characteristics of the high pressure oil switch demonstrate remarkable properties, including a linear dependence relating the oil pressure to both the mean and maximum breakdown electric field strength, independence of the minimum break-down electric field strength on oil pressure, and a decidedly non-linear relationship between oil pressure and breakdown electric field strength standard deviation.
An object-oriented framework for simulating automatic data collection systems

In this paper, we discuss the design and use of a proto-type object-oriented framework for simulating automatic data collection systems within their operational contexts. We motivate the purpose of the framework and how the framework can be used through the use of a simple scenario on an airbase. In addition, we overview the design by examining the major conceptual artifacts within the object-oriented model. The framework is built on a Java Simulation Library (JSL) and permits easy modeling and execution of simulation models. The results and discussion indicate the flexibility and power of modeling with the framework. Finally, we summarize our future research efforts to model more complicated automatic collection systems which include health monitoring systems within the Air Force's new sense and respond logistics paradigm.
Incorporating uncertainty into a supplier selection problem

Abstract Supplier selection is an important strategic supply chain design decision. Incorporating uncertainty of demand and supplier capacity into the optimization model results in a robust selection of suppliers. A two-stage stochastic programming (SP) model and a chance-constrained programming (CCP) model are developed to determine a minimal set of suppliers and optimal order quantities with consideration of business volume discounts. Both models include several objectives and strive to balance a small number of suppliers with the risk of not being able to meet demand. The SP model is scenario-based and uses penalty coefficients whereas the CCP model assumes a probability distribution and constrains the probability of not meeting demand. Both formulations improve on a deterministic mixed integer linear program and give the decision maker a more complete picture of tradeoffs between cost, system reliability and other factors. We present Pareto-optimal solutions for a sample problem to demonstrate the benefits of the SP and CCP models. In order to describe the tradeoffs between costs and risks in an analytical form, we use multi-parametric programming techniques to more completely analyze the alternative Pareto-optimal supplier selection solutions in the CCP model. This analysis gives insights into the robustness of the solutions with respect to number of suppliers, costs and probability of not meeting demand.
Exploring Traditional and Emerging Parallel Programming Models Using a Proxy Application

Parallel machines are becoming more complex with increasing core counts and more heterogeneous architectures. However, the commonly used parallel programming models, C/C++ with MPI and/or OpenMP, make it difficult to write source code that is easily tuned for many targets. Newer language approaches attempt to ease this burden by providing optimization features such as automatic load balancing, overlap of computation and communication, message-driven execution, and implicit data layout optimizations. In this paper, we compare several implementations of LULESH, a proxy application for shock hydrodynamics, to determine strengths and weaknesses of different programming models for parallel computation. We focus on four traditional (OpenMP, MPI, MPI+OpenMP, CUDA) and four emerging (Chapel, Charm++, Liszt, Loci) programming models. In evaluating these models, we focus on programmer productivity, performance and ease of applying optimizations.
Approximation and Idealization: Why the Difference Matters

It is proposed that we use the term “approximation” for inexact description of a target system and “idealization” for another system whose properties also provide an inexact description of the target system. Since systems generated by a limiting process can often have quite unexpected—even inconsistent—properties, familiar limit processes used in statistical physics can fail to provide idealizations but merely provide approximations.
Transient Enhanced Diffusion and Dose Loss of Indium in Silicon

The dose loss and transient enhanced diffusion of indium in silicon were studied as a function of dose. Indium was implanted into silicon through a 90 A oxide at 50 keV for doses ranging from 3x 1012 to 2x14 cm−2. These conditions provide peak concentrations that approximately range from 1x1018-1x1020 cm−3. After an RTA anneal at 1000°C for 5s, indium exhibits substantial motion at both the tail and peak regions for high doses. The enhanced diffusion is mostly over within 5s. There was not any observable enhanced diffusion in the tail region at the lowest dose although there was significant movement at the peak region. The dose loss correlates very well with the enhancement in the diffusivity. TEM images show that the amorphization dose lies between 3x1013 and 8x1013 cm−2. In spite of the amorphization, diffusion enhancement in the tail region still keeps increasing with dose, which is contrary to a model of “+1” interstitials and complete removal of interstitials in the regrown layer. The 550°C lh anneals show that the dose loss can partially be attributed to the sweeping of the dopant by the growing a/c interface. Previously, the solubility of indium has been estimated to be around 1–2×1018 cm−3. At high doses, significant movement is observed at the peak of the indium profile although the peak concentration exceeds the solubility level by at least an order of magnitude. This shows that indium is not precipitating into an immobile phase like antimony or boron.
Possidle Isomers and Electronic Structure of C60H36

Newly developed empirical hydrocarbon potentials and self-consistent first-principles local density functional methods are used to investigate possible isomers and the electronic structure of C60H36. Within the high symmetry Th structure conjectured by the groups at Rice University there are two inequivalent sets of hydrogen atoms containing twelve and twenty-four atoms respectively. Binding each set either inside or outside of the C60 cage leads to four isomers of C60H36 with inequivalent strain energies. Although we find that placing twelve hydrogens inside the cage can lead to a metastable structure, our calculated total energies suggest that the isomer with all the hydrogens on the outside of the cage is the energetically most stable.
Dynamic Evaluation of Sutureless Vitrectomy Wounds : An Optical Coherence Tomography and Histopathology Study

Purpose To investigate the in vitro dynamic wound morphology of fresh 25- and 23-gauge sutureless sclerotomy wounds. Design Experimental study; laboratory investigation. Participants Sixteen eyes of New Zealand white rabbits. Methods Eight cadaver heads were obtained, and the eyes were enucleated with their conjunctiva intact to simulate an intact globe. Four eyes were analyzed using 4 different wound types and cannula sizes: 25-gauge straight incision (group a); 25-gauge angled incision (group b); 23-gauge straight incision (group c); and 23-gauge angled incision (group d). Three incisions were created in each eye using either a 25- or 23-gauge trocar/cannula system. Intraocular pressure (IOP) was controlled with intraocular balanced salt solution infused through the infusion cannula. The incisions were imaged with a prototype, anterior segment spectral domain optical coherence tomography device under variable IOP to simulate successive blinks or rubbing of the eye and to evaluate the wounds in a dynamic state. Finally, India ink was applied to the surface of the eye under variable IOP to evaluate for wound leakage and potential ink ingress. The eyes were then analyzed by frozen section. Main Outcome Measures Wound gaping as evaluated with optical coherence tomography (OCT) and presence of India ink particles in incisions evaluated by histology. Results Gross examination revealed obvious leakage of intraocular fluid in groups A and C (straight incisions) under variable IOP, with some even developing conjunctival blebs. Groups B and D (angled incisions) demonstrated minimal to no clinical leakage. Spectral domain optical coherence tomography demonstrated open wounds in straight incisions under all IOP conditions, with a slightly larger open wound under high IOP. Angled incisions demonstrated less wound gap overall and better wound apposition under high IOP versus low IOP. Histologic examination revealed India ink particles in all straight incisions with penetration across the whole incision in some wounds, whereas no ink particles were observed in angled incisions. Conclusions Angled incisions have been proposed for sutureless vitrectomy to prevent wound leakage, hypotony, and the secondary risk of endophthalmitis. This study demonstrates that angled incisions provide better wound apposition under dynamic IOP conditions immediately after formation that simulate real-world situations: blinking, squeezing, or even rubbing of the eye. Financial Disclosure(s) Proprietary or commercial disclosure may be found after the references.
Breastfeeding and the risk of postneonatal death in the United States.

Objective. Breastfed infants in the United States have lower rates of morbidity, especially from infectious disease, but there are few contemporary studies in the developed world of the effect of breastfeeding on postneonatal mortality. We evaluated the effect of breastfeeding on postneonatal mortality in United States using 1988 National Maternal and Infant Health Survey (NMIHS) data. Methods. Nationally representative samples of 1204 infants who died between 28 days and 1 year from causes other than congenital anomaly or malignant tumor (cases of postneonatal death) and 7740 children who were still alive at 1 year (controls) were included. We calculated overall and cause-specific odds ratios for ever/never breastfeeding among all children, conducted race and birth weight–specific analyses, and looked for duration–response effects. Results. Overall, children who were ever breastfed had 0.79 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.67–0.93) times the risk of never breastfed children for dying in the postneonatal period. Longer breastfeeding was associated with lower risk. Odds ratios by cause of death varied from 0.59 (95% CI: 0.38–0.94) for injuries to 0.84 (95% CI: 0.67–1.05) for sudden infant death syndrome. Conclusions. Breastfeeding is associated with a reduction in risk for postneonatal death. This large data set allowed robust estimates and control of confounding, but the effects of breast milk and breastfeeding cannot be separated completely from other characteristics of the mother and child. Assuming causality, however, promoting breastfeeding has the potential to save or delay ~720 postneonatal deaths in the United States each year.
AGE‐RELATED SENSORY CHANGES: USING SIMULATIONS IN GERIATRIC EDUCATION

A rationale for using simulations, experiential activities, and games in geriatric education is presented. The educational considerations are discussed, and the benefits and limitations of these activities are delineated. Various types of experiential learning experiences that simulate the normal age‐related sensory changes are discussed. Specific examples of learning experiences that can be replicated are described. The importance of debriefing is discussed and specific debriefing protocols are outlined.
Hazard Communication in a Large U.S. Manufacturing Firm: The Ecology of Health Education in the Workplace:

This article describes the design, implementation, and evaluation of a workplace health and safety education program intended to bring a large U.S. manufacturing firm into compliance with a Federal regulation, the Hazard Communication Standard. The methods of program delivery and levels of resources allocated were decided by local plant management and union representatives resulting in marked variations among the five plants studied. These differences in program delivery were associated with differ ences in employee assessment of the training's usefulness, changes in employee work practices, working conditions, and organizational handling of health and safety prob lems. In all five plants, the program evidenced indirect beneficial effects on the use of hazard control measures and organizational approaches to health and safety issues which went beyond the requirements of the federal Standard. The results appear well- explained by an ecological model which views health and disease as outcomes of a complex s...
Evaluation of single-use masks and respirators for protection of health care workers against mycobacterial aerosols

Abstract Background: The recent increase in multidrug-resistant tuberculosis has spawned a major controversy concerning the degree of respiratory protection needed by health care workers, particularly during sputum-inducing procedures. The objective of thsi study was to measure the filtration efficiencies of a single-use submicron surgical mask, two disposable dust/mist respirators, a dust/mist/fume respoirator, and a high-efficiency particulate air respirator against aerosolized mycobacteria. Facial fit was not addressed. Methods: In a specially designed enclosed test apparatus, an aerosol was generated with a Collison nebulizer from a known concentration of Mycobacteria chelonae , used as a surrogate for Mycobacterium tuberculosis . Aerosol concentrations were measured with Andersen samplers upstream and downstream of the test masks and respirators, which were heat sealed to a metal plate. Results: Mean efficiencies ranged from approximately 97% for the surgical mask and a dust/mist respirator to more than 99% for the high-efficiency particulate aire respirator. Measurements of filter efficiency with an Aerodynamic Particle Sizer for the M. chelonae aerosol and independent challenge tests with latex spheres correlated closely with measurements of M. Chelonae collection efficiency determind with Andersen samplers. Conclusions: Analysis of variance and Tukey's method for multiple comparisons indicated that the dust/mist/fume respirator and the HEPA respirator collected M. chelonae with significantly greater efficiency that did either the surgical mask or the dust/mist respirator. Even the least efficient mask tested, however, had a filter efficiency of more than 97% against particles averaging less than 1 μm in aerodynamic diameter.
Drug Testing with Alternative Matrices I. Pharmacological Effects and Disposition of Cocaine and Codeine in Plasma, Sebum, and Stratum Corneum

This study examined the disposition of cocaine, codeine, and metabolites in stratum corneum, sebum, and plasma collected from five African-American males after administrations of cocaine and codeine during a 10-week inpatient clinical study. The subjects were experienced, healthy drug users with a recent history of cocaine and heroin abuse. The first drug administration was delayed by three weeks to allow for the elimination of previously administered drugs from the body. Subjects received three 75 mg cocaine hydrochloride/70 kg doses by the subcutaneous route and three 60 mg codeine sulfate/70 kg doses by the oral route on alternating days beginning in week 4. The same dosing sequence was repeated in week 8 with doubled (x 2) doses. Pharmacological measures (heart rate, pupil diameter, subject "High" and "Liking") were obtained simultaneously with blood. Stratum corneum was collected by scraping regions of the back once each week. Sebum was collected periodically from the forehead by applying Sebutape patches for 1-2-h intervals. Plasma, stratum corneum, and sebum were analyzed for cocaine, codeine, and metabolites by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Peak plasma cocaine concentrations occurred within the 30 min following dosing and followed peak pharmacological effects. Peak plasma codeine concentrations occurred within 1-2 h of dosing and before peak pharmacological effects. Cocaine and codeine were the primary analytes in sebum and stratum corneum. After dosing, these drugs appeared in sebum within 1-2 h and were detected for 1-2 days. Peak-drug concentrations in stratum corneum occurred one day after completion of dosing; elimination of the drugs continued over the next 1-2 weeks after dosing. Overall, no definitive relationship was observed between drug concentrations in sebum and stratum corneum compared with dose. Interpretation of drug distribution and elimination in sebum and stratum corneum was complicated by possible contamination of specimens with drugs from sweat. The mechanism(s) for deposition of cocaine and codeine in sebum and stratum corneum appeared to be complex and could involve the transfer of drugs between different body fluids (i.e., sebum and sweat) and other matrices (i.e., skin and hair). Language: en
Isotope shifts and hyperfine structure of Pt I transitions in a hollow-cathode discharge

Saturation spectroscopy in a hollow-cathode discharge is used to measure isotope shifts and hyperfine splittings for the 270.24- and 270.59-nm transitions in Pt i. From a systematic analysis of these and other data, the following relative changes in nuclear-charge ratios are derived: 192–190 = 0.8164(45), 194–192 = 0.8997(26), 196–194 = 0.9253(17), 198–196 = 1, and 195–194 = 0.4254(16). An improved value of 63.95(3) mK is also derived for the hyperfine constant A of the 37769-cm−1 state. These constants are also used to assess the accuracy of techniques for extracting centroids, hyperfine constants, and isotope shifts from Fourier-transform spectra.
Memorial to Marc Los

Our ,colleague, Marc Los, died September 22, 1981, at the close of a devastating six-month illness. With a heavy heart I approach the task of expressing our feeliugs on his death and our appreciation of his life. There seems to be no justice when a brilliant and talented colleague half one'.,; own age dies in the midst of a greatly promising career. Marc Los came to the University of Pennsylvania a decade ago not only with enormous abilities but with excellent training and a zest to tackle new problems. His dissertation research was in the field of combinatorial optimization, dealing with the joint problem of network design and quadratic location. Subsequently at the University of Montreal he worked on a number of other problems with great success. These include urban residential location, freight flows and freight demand and supply; in particular, the application of equilibrium methodology to these problems and spatial equilibrium problems. At the same time that he worked so well at the Center for Transportation Research he also served as a member of the Economics Department, where he taught spatial economics and quantitative methods. His intellectual and personal drive motivated many students to carry out their thesis research under his direction. Marc was a splendid human being. With all his productive work and brilliant contributions he had the time and the spirit to be a kind and supportive colleague and teacher. He was, indeed, even supportive of his own teachers. This is not to say that Marc depended heavily on others. Indeed, his variety of work and accomplishment indicates courage, resolution, and even stubbornness in tackling new ideas. He thus had a core of independence and originality which gave great promise for his future work, and which deepened the meaning of his warmth toward others. It is entirely fitting that the proceedings of this conference be dedicated to Marc's memory. I hope, however, that in our own personal memories and in our work we will make and keep an even better memorial to him.
Nonlocal stability analysis of the MHD Kelvin‐Helmholtz instability in a compressible plasma

A general stability analysis is given of the Kevin-Helmholtz instability, for the case of sheared MHD flow of finite thickness in a compressible plasma which allows for the arbitrary orientation of the magnetic field, velocity flow, and wave vector in the plane perpendicular to the velocity gradient. The stability problem is reduced to the solution of a single second-order differential equation including a gravitational term to represent the coupling between the Kelvin-Helmholtz mode and the interchange mode. Compressibility and a magnetic field component parallel to the flow are found to be stabilizing effects, with destabilization of only the fast magnetosonic mode in the transverse case, and the presence of both Alfven and slow magnetosonic components in the parallel case. Analysis results are used in a discussion of the stability of sheared plasma flow at the magnetopause boundary and in the solar wind.
Pathogenesis of diabetic neuropathy.

Samples of lumbosacral trunk, posterior tibial nerve, and sural nerve obtained at autopsy from diabetic and nondiabetic patients without mononeuropathy multiplex were evaluated using 1-μ-thick epoxy sections and teased nerve fiber preparations. Focal fascicular lesions characterized by reduced density of myelinated axons within fascicles were found predominantly in the specimens from diabetics, mainly in the posterior tibial nerve and lumbosacral trunk. In severe examples, the perineurium and even surrounding epineurium were damaged, stamping the lesions as ischemic. In addition, identical lesions were found in biopsies of nerves of nondiabetics with vascultis. Density of myelinated fibers at the three sites demonstrated a proximal–distal graded loss that was significantly greater in the diabetic samples. The loss from the lumbosacral trunk to the posterior tibial nerve was correlated with the density of focal lesions in the lumbosacral trunk in the diabetic (p = 0.025), indicating that distal fiber loss was partly due to the focal lesions. Teased nerve fiber abnormalities were common only in sural nerves of diabetics, suggesting that they are secondary. We conclude that beyond the possible metabolic abnormalities involved in the genesis of diabetic polyneuropathy, focal fascicular lesions, likely due to diabetic microangiopathy, are also important in the development of diabetic neuropathy.
Cluster analysis of cloud regimes and characteristic dynamics of midlatitude synoptic systems in observations and a model

[1] Global climate models typically do not correctly simulate cloudiness associated with midlatitude synoptic systems because coarse grid spacing prevents them from resolving dynamics occurring at smaller scales and there exist no adequate parameterizations for the effects of these subgrid-scale dynamics. Comparison of modeled and observed cloud properties averaged over similar regimes (e.g., compositing) aids the diagnosis of simulation errors and identification of meteorological forcing responsible for producing particular cloud conditions. This study uses a k-means clustering algorithm to objectively classify satellite cloud scenes into distinct regimes based on grid box mean cloud fraction, cloud reflectivity, and cloud top pressure. The spatial domain is the densely instrumented southern Great Plains site of the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program, and the time period is the cool season months (November–March) of 1999–2001. As a complement to the satellite retrievals of cloud properties, lidar and cloud radar data are analyzed to examine the vertical structure of the cloud layers. Meteorological data from the constraint variational analysis is averaged for each cluster to provide insight on the large-scale dynamics and advective tendencies coincident with specific cloud types. Meteorological conditions associated with high and low subgrid spatial variability are also investigated for each cluster. Cloud outputs from a single-column model version of the GFDL AM2 atmospheric model forced with meteorological boundary conditions derived from observations and a numerical weather prediction model were compared to observations for each cluster in order to determine the accuracy with which the model reproduces attributes of specific cloud regimes.
In situ identification of T6-positive cells in normal human dermis by immunoelectron microscopy

Monoclonal anti-T6 antibody, which reacts with the majority of cortical thymocytes but not peripheral T cells, also reacts with human epidermal Langerhans cells, as shown by a four-step immunoperoxidase method and immunoelectron microscopy. To define whether T6-positive cells are also present in normal human dermis, we used these techniques to demonstrate two immunologically distinct populations of histiocyte-like cells in normal human dermis. The first population contains cells devoid of phagolysosomes or Birbeck granules. These cells react with anti-T6 antibody, but not with monoclonal anti-T3 antibody which defines peripheral T cells, and are found predominantly in and around dermal lymphatic vessels. The second is composed of phagolysosome-containing cells which do not react with anti-T6 antibody or anti-T3 antibody. Because to date, Langerhans cells are the only cells in normal human epidermis that react with anti-T6 antibody, these data provide immunological evidence for a specific link between Langerhans cells and a T6-positive dermal mononuclear cell, possibly the so-called indeterminate cell. In addition, application of these techniques should, for the first time, permit the immunological distinction of these T6-positive mononuclear cells from other cells bearing Ia antigens, such as dermal histiocytes and certain lymphocytes, in normal and diseased skin.
Inherently Stealthy and Highly Tumor-Selective Gold Nanoraspberries for Photothermal Cancer Therapy

Owing to their unique optical properties such as large absorption and scattering cross section and large enhancement of electromagnetic field at the surface, plasmonic nanostructures have received extensive attention as a highly promising class of materials for nano-oncology. Most of the existing plasmonic nanostructures require extensive post-synthesis treatments and biofunctionalization routines to mitigate their cytotoxicity and/or make them tumor-specific. Here, we report one-pot synthesis of a novel class of plasmonic nanostructures, namely, gold nanoraspberries (GRBs) with tunable size and localized surface plasmon resonance by using a naturally abundant polysaccharide, chitosan, which acts as a template and capping agent. Significantly, the GRBs, which do not require any further biofunctionalization, exhibit excellent selectivity to tumor cells, thus enabling locoregional therapy at the cellular level. We demonstrate the tumor-selectivity of GRBs by photothermal ablation of tumor cells selectively from their co-culture with normal cells. The simple, scalable and tumor-selective nature of GRBs makes them excellent candidates for translational plasmonics-based nanomedicine.
Use of Co-Current Dialysis in an Improved Estimation of Free Thyroxine in Serum

A new method is described for measuring free thyroxine in serum, in which co-current dialysis is used to simplify and speed the determination. The patient's serum is mixed with 125I-labeled thyroxine and buffer (28 ml of serum per deciliter) and co-currently dialyzed for 15 min against a mixture of pooled serum (8 ml/dl) in buffer. After dialysis, the free thyroxine of the patient's serum, which is now bound to the protein of the recipient stream (pooled serum), is precipitated with trichloroacetic acid. The radioactivity of this precipitate and of an undialyzed serum aliquot is measured, to obtain the total count. Use of pooled serum and trichloroacetic acid eliminates the need for the amounts of carrier thyroxine required in most other methods. The procedure is both simple and rapid (3 to 4 samples/unit/h). The values for free thyroxine correlate well with those obtained by the method of Lee and Pileggi [ Clin. Chem. 17, 166 (1971)] and by others participating in the proficiency program of the College of American Pathologists.
The genetic revolution and the physician's duty of confidentiality. The role of the old Hippocratic virtues in the regulation of the new genetic intimacy.

(1997). The genetic revolution and the physician's duty of confidentiality. Journal of Legal Medicine: Vol. 18, No. 4, pp. 401-441.
The Theory of Ultra-Coarse-Graining. 1. General Principles

Coarse-grained (CG) models provide a computationally efficient means to study biomolecular and other soft matter processes involving large numbers of atoms correlated over distance scales of many covalent bond lengths and long time scales. Variational methods based on information from simulations of finer-grained (e.g., all-atom) models, for example the multiscale coarse-graining (MS-CG) and relative entropy minimization methods, provide attractive tools for the systematic development of CG models. However, these methods have important drawbacks when used in the “ultra-coarse-grained” (UCG) regime, e.g., at a resolution level coarser or much coarser than one amino acid residue per effective CG particle in proteins. This is due to the possible existence of multiple metastable states “within” the CG sites for a given UCG model configuration. In this work, systematic variational UCG methods are presented that are specifically designed to CG entire protein domains and subdomains into single effective CG parti...
Macro-element model of a steel moment frame subjected to fire-induced column loss

A progressive collapse mitigation strategy is to ensure load redistribution when a column fails due to fire. The study seeks to understand whether welded unreinforced flange-bolted web (WUF-B) moment connections can effectively redistribute loads in a structural system subjected to fire when a critical column is lost. A component (or macro-element) model was derived to simulate the WUF-B connection and validated against experimental tests and high-resolution finite element (FE) models of subassemblies at room temperature and at elevated temperature. The component model was then utilized in a 2D macro FE model of a ten-story steel-framed building subjected to the loss of a column during long fire exposure. This paper presents the collapse mechanisms and quantifies structural performance based on acceptance criteria. A parametric study on location of column loss and fire occurrence is also included.
How Similar Are Indigenous North American and Leopoldian Environmental Ethics

Aldo Leopold’s land ethic is often compared to the ethics of many North American Indigenous communities, like Tribes and First Nations. Such comparisons can be considered important today because they are a potential option for bringing together environmentalists of all heritages in North America based on a common ethical orientation. At a theoretical level, the potential for comparison is certainly present. I argue, however, that there are at least three serious issues that must be reckoned with by any actual attempts to bring people together around the idea of a similar ethical orientation in Leopoldian and Indigenist ethics. The first issue is that Leopoldian ideas may be similar in the abstract to some Indigenous ethics, but Leopold’s own work does not provide a model of environmental stewardship that many Indigenous peoples would identify with or find useful. The second issue is that Leopold’s history of ethics is based on a narrative the plot of which goes in the opposite direction of the narratives many Indigenous peoples would provide of their ethics. The third issue is the tendency to prioritize Leopold as the interpreter and translator of Indigenous ethics, which can grant unsubstantiated and even offensive privilege to Leopold in relation to Indigenous ethics. If left unaddressed, each issue threatens to silence important dimensions of many North American Indigenous ethics that matter deeply to the Indigenous persons who adhere to them. I conclude the paper by arguing that a better exercise would involve approaching any potential comparison with a sobering acknowledgment of and openness to differences between Leopoldian and Indigenist ethics.
Degradation of polyacrylamide in water with UV-H_2O_2

UV-H2O2 was used for the oxidation degradation of polyacrylamide in water,the effects of concen-tration of H2O2,reaction temperature,reaction time,pH value and water quality on the degradation of polyacrylamide were studied.The experimental results showed that,under the optimal reaction condition that the mass concentration of H2O2 was 330 mg/L,the reaction time was 90 min,the reaction temperature was 50 ℃,the pH value was 4.6,the removal rate of polyacrylamide was 100% in distilled water which polyacrylamide mass concentration was 250 mg/L;meanwhile,for the simulant formation water and the oilfield polymer-bearing sewage which the mass concentration of polyacrylamide were 250 and 276 respectively,the removal rate reached 68.9% and 56.0% respectively.Water quality had effect on the deagradation of polyacrylamide.
Vapor-Gel Deposition Method for Oxide Thin Films

In this paper, we attempt to formally establish the chemistry of a vapor-gel process for the low temperature deposition of thin films. A number of applications of such a process will be discussed mostly on a theoretical basis, with the exception of one or two particular aspects that we have experimentally demonstrated so far. The essential components of the deposition apparatus will be described in detail along with some discussions on their operation conditions. Finally, we conclude this paper by systematically comparing the vapor-gel method to other well-known thin film fabrication techniques including the sol-gel method.
Helenalin: mechanism of toxic action.

Several range plants, including Hymenoxys odorata (bitterweed) and Helenium microencephalum DC (smallhead sneezeweed) contain toxic principles believed to be the etiologic agents responsible for severe losses of grazing livestock1. Hymenoxon, a sesquiterpene lactone, has been isolated from Hymenoxys odorata and studies with laboratory animals have demonstrated that this compound elicits toxic effects which resemble those reported for field case studies. Helenalin, a structurally related sesquiterpene lactone isolated from Helenium microencephalum DC, exhibits toxic properties which resemble those reported for hymenoxon and suggests that these compounds act via a common mechanism.
Tracing the Wild Man in Shakespeare’s England

Standing in the Lady Chapel at Ely Cathedral, it is hard not to be over-whelmed by the structure that confronts you (Figure 3.1). The scope and intensity of the iconoclastic destruction is matched, over matched, by the wonder produced by that which has survived. What was it like when all the brilliantly painted statues were still in place; when the walls were completely colored in patterns of red, green, and gold; when the windows displayed a kaleidoscope of figures and color; when all the stone wall carving and statuary in its marvelously innovative detail was still intact; when beautiful paintings still covered the walls; when the magnificently carved and decorated altar dedicated to the Virgin, framed by the huge window, caught the eye? Whatever the affect on the fourteenth-century viewer, the senses must have been saturated by the layers of decorative riches. Such musing is now possible and demanded both by what remains and by the visible effects of the fear and fury, and vigor, of the destruction. Empty unadorned windows, with incongruously complex window tracery, shed plain light upon a kind of massacre. All the free-standing statuary has been abducted: the missing bodies marked by scores of empty niches. Of the figures carved into gabled arcade, most every head has been hacked off. Architectural forensics clearly reveals the line and depth of the gouges that trace the ferocity of the blows by hammer and chisel as they deface or obliterate their target.
Multiple nested elements in As2S3 anti-resonant negative-curvature tube-lattice fibers

We computationally demonstrate that the inclusion of multiple nested elements in As2S3 anti-resonant fibers, as in the silica case, has no effect on the overall loss. We show the dominant loss mechanisms for both cases.
Human corneal and conjunctival epithelia express MUC1 mucin.

Purpose. To determine if human corneal and conjunctival epithelia synthesize MUC1 mucin, a membrane-spanning mucin present in a variety of simple epithelia. Methods. Reverse transcription - polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was carried out to examine the expression of MUC1 mRNA by epithelial cells, using total cellular RNA prepared from cultured corneal epithelial cells and conjunctival epithelial cells stripped from the ocular surface with nitrocellulose filter paper. Northern blot analysis was performed to examine the transcription of MUC1 gene in cultured corneal epithelial cells. In situ hybridization histochemistry was performed to determine distribution of MUC1 mRNA in ocular surface epithelium. Human milk fat globule antibody (HMFG-1) and monoclonal antibody 139H2, which are specific for MUC1 core protein, were used in immunoblot analysis, immunohisto-chemistry, or both, to determine the presence and distribution of MUC1. Results. MUC1 mRNA was detected in cultured corneal and ex vivo conjunctival epithelial cells by RT-PCR. Northern blot analysis showed production of two different sizes of transcripts in the cultured corneal epithelium. Expression of MUC1 mRNA was observed in all layers of corneal epithelium. By immunoblot analysis, HMFG-1 binding (>200 kd) was detected in human cultured corneal epithelium, and its binding was enhanced by neuraminidase pretreatment. Immunohistochemically, HMFG-1 binding was observed along the apical membranes of corneal epithelium after neuraminidase pretreatment. In the conjunctiva, HMFG-1 and 139H2 binding were detected in the basal region and sporadically on the apical surface, but not in the goblet cells. Conclusions. The stratified epithelia of the cornea and conjunctiva synthesize MUC1 mucin. This transmembrane mucin may have a role in tear film spread and may prevent adhesion of foreign debris, cells, or pathogens to the ocular surface. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1995 ;36 :1818-1827.
Effectiveness of Inhalant Abuse Legislation.

ABSTRACTBackground: Since peaking in the 1990s, inhalant abuse has steadily decreased over the past two decades. Concurrently, nearly every state has passed legislation aimed at minimizing inhalant abuse. While males have historically been more likely to abuse inhalants than females, there is no longer a sex effect in self-reported rates of inhalant abuse. Objectives: The objective of the present study is to evaluate the effect of anti-inhalant abuse legislation on self-reported rates of inhalant abuse, in high school age males and females. Methods: Beginning in 1993, the CDC's biannual Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance Survey asked respondents if they have ever used inhalants to get high. Data from these surveys were collected, along with the date of passage of anti-inhalant abuse legislation in 46 of 50 states. ANOVAs were conducted to assess the effect of legislation on self-reported inhalant abuse rates. Results: There were no significant main effects or interactions that demonstrated that inhalant abu...
The chemokine, CXCL16, and its receptor, CXCR6, are constitutively expressed in human annulus fibrosus and expression of CXCL16 is up-regulated by exposure to IL-1ß in vitro.

Chemokines are an important group of soluble molecules with specialized functions in inflammation. The roles of many specialized chemokines and their receptors remain poorly understood in the human intervertebral disc. We investigated CXCL16 and its receptor, CXCR6, to determine their immunolocalization in disc tissue and their presence following exposure of cultured human annulus fibrosus cells to proinflammatory cytokines. CXCL16 is a marker for inflammation; it also can induce hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α), which is a phenotypic marker of heathy nucleus pulposus tissue. We found CXCL16 and CXCR6 immunostaining in many cells of the annulus portion of the disc. Molecular studies showed that annulus fibrosus cells exposed to IL-1s, but not TNF-α, exhibited significant up-regulation of CXCL16 expression vs. control cells. There was no significant difference in the percentage of annulus cells that exhibited immunolocalization of CXCL16 in grade I/II, grade III or grade IV/V specimens. The presence of CXCL16 and its receptor, CXCR6, in the annulus in vivo suggests the need for future research concerning the role of this chemokine in proinflammatory functions, HIF-1α expression and disc vascularization.