cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The physical and optical properties of agglomerated gold films

Abstract Morphological changes in pure gold films 300 A thick were determined as a function of temperature. An extensive examination of these films with a scanning electron microscope, a transmission electron microscope, an optical microscope, X-rays, a laser densitometer and a polarized light nephelometer as well as in visible light by the naked eye provides a comprehensive description of the agglomeration process. Measurements indicate that during the pinhole stage of agglomeration the transmittance of the film changes little. However, after the formation of discrete islands of metal the film may transmit as much as 40% of the incident radiation. In addition, reflected light may be scattered into non-specular angles. This scattering has important implications for instruments designed to use optical coatings at high temperatures for extended periods of time.
Particle aggregation rate in a microchannel due to a dilute suspension flow

Particle-laden flow in a microchannel results in cluster formation and growth on the channel surface and the cluster growth, due to aggregation of polystyrene microparticles, has been investigated in this study. In particular, the initial stage of cluster growth is examined, where particle–cluster interaction is the dominant growth mechanism. Both experimental measurements and theoretical considerations were utilized to explore the functional dependence of the cluster growth rate on the following parameters: suspension void fraction, flow shear strain rate, and channel-height to particle-diameter ratio. The growth rate of an average cluster is found to increase linearly with suspension void fraction which is consistent with previous reports. The growth rate coefficient is found to obey a power-law relationship with respect to the shear strain rate, and predictions based on the modernized flocculation theory agree well with the experimental results. Furthermore, the growth rate coefficient obeys a power-law relationship with respect to the channel-height to particle-diameter ratio as well, qualitatively similar to other reported studies. However, to our knowledge, the exponent value estimated in this study does not agree with any previously published values; this disagreement is likely due to differences in experimental conditions.
Solution techniques for some allocation problems

This paper presents methods for solving allocation problems that can be stated as convex knapsack problems with generalized upper bounds. Such bounds may express upper limits on the total amount allocated to each of several subsets of activities. In addition our model arises as a subproblem in more complex mathematical programs. We therefore emphasize efficient procedures to recover optimality when minor changes in the parameters occur from one problem instance to the next. These considerations lead us to propose novel data structures for such problems. Also, we introduce an approximation method to solve certain equations, which arise during the procedures.
Purification and characterization of a soluble endopeptidase from rat bone

A soluble endopeptidase was purified from rat bone using ammonium sulphate precipitation followed by Fast Protein Liquid Chromatography on gel, anion exchange, and chromatofocusing columns. The enzyme was silver stain-pure (SDS-PAGE) and its apparent molecular weight was 60,000. In general, the enzyme favored the hydrolysis of the X-Y bond in substrates with the sequence of -Pro-X-Y-Pro-, where either X or Y (or both) were hydrophobic residues. The presence of imino acid residues near the scissile bond favored hydrolysis. The enzyme was strongly inactivated by metal chelating agents and p-hydroxymercuribenzoic acid, indicating that SH-groups may be necessary for full activity of the enzyme and that the enzyme may be a metallopeptidase.
Aristotle and incommensurability: Some further reflections

In a recent essay in this Archive S. Marrachia has presented a discussion of Aristotelian passages relating to incommensurability.1 His views are familiar, depending heavily on the standard account of pre-Euclidean geometry. But in recent efforts I have proposed some new ideas in this connection.2 What follows is a sketch of a few of these with indications of their bearing on the broader interpretive issues relating to this period. The author contends that the Aristotelian passages reveal awareness of two different versions of the proof of the incommensurability of the diameter and the side of the square. This is not surprising, in that examination of the mathematical literature bearing directly on the pre-Euclidean tradition indicates that some six or seven different forms of the result were then known, (a) The familiar oddeven proof, sometimes attributed, but only on purely inferential grounds, to early Pythagoreans, is one of these and probably not the oldest.3 (b) This may be modified and generalized via number-theoretical principles in two or more different ways, e.g., with reference to the operation of reducing integral ratios to lowest terms or to the properties of relatively prime integers or of integers in geometric progression.4 (c) Two other forms cast (a) in a more strongly geometric context by means of a diagram like that discussed in Plato's Meno.5 (d) Another form appeals to the properties of integral right triangles.6 (e) Yet another geometric form depends on the application of the Euclidean division algorithm (fck anthyphairesis") and is closely associable with a rule for approximating the ratio known as the "side and diameter numbers."7 The proof in form (a) is alluded to in unmistakable terms in Prior Analytics I, 23 (41 a 23-30). But a second passage singled out by Maracchia seems to point to a very different approach :
A method for incrementally compiling languages with nested statement structure

A method of incremental compilation is presented which applies especially to programming languages in which statements can be nested (such as Algol and PL/I). The method permits editing of the source language using a general purpose text editor, and incremental processing of changes without frequent recompilation of entire routines. The essential points of the method are: (1) the syntax of the language is restricted insofar as which constructs may occur on lines; (2) an internal data structure (called the skeleton) is maintained to represent the statement structure; (3) the recompilation is partially batched in the sense that recompilation of modified lines does not occur until the last of a set of editing commands has been received; and (4) the parsing and compilation are factored into two parts, that done on individual lines and that done globally to handle the relationships between the lines.
A Fluorescence Affinity Hollow Fiber Sensor for Continuous Transdermal Glucose Monitoring

A novel concept of a fluorescence affinity hollow fiber sensor for transdermal glucose monitoring is demonstrated. The glucose-sensing principle is based on the competitive reversible binding of a mobile fluorophore-labeled Concanavalin A (Con A) to immobile pendant glucose moites inside of intensely colored Sephadex beads. The highly porous beads (molecular weight cutoff of 200 kDa) were colored with two red dyes, Safranin O and Pararosanilin, selected to block the excitation and spectrum of the fluorophore Alexa488. The sensor consists of the dyed beads and Alexa488-Con A confined inside a sealed, small segment of a hollow fiber dialysis membrane (diameter 0.5 mm, length 0.5 cm, molecular weight cutoff 10 kDa). In the absence of glucose, the majority of Alexa488-Con A resides inside the colored beads bound to fixed glucose. Thus, excitation light at 490 nm impinging on the sensor is strongly absorbed by the dyes, resulting in a drastically reduced fluorescence emission at 520 nm from the Alexa488-Con A ...
Metastatic non-small cell lung cancer

Abstract Controversy persists as to whether systemic chemotherapy is beneficial treatment for stage IV non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Combination chemotherapy used to treat patients with metastatic NSCLC is not associated with long-term survival. Nevertheless, a survival benefit has been demonstrated in patients receiving chemotherapy compared with those receiving supportive care, although in the majority of studies, the benefit has not been significant. NSCLC patients with a good performance status, no significant weight loss, and adequate bone marrow, liver, and renal function have the best chance of responding to chemotherapy and increasing their survival times. Further studies are needed to identify new active agents and useful combination chemotherapy regimens to treat NSCLC. Both the physician and the patient must weigh the risks and benefits of chemotherapy available to NSCLC.
A 22nm IA multi-CPU and GPU System-on-Chip

This paper describes the 22nm Intel® processor codenamed Ivy Bridge that integrates up to four high-performance Intel Architecture (IA) cores, a power/performance optimized graphics/media processing unit (GPU), as well as memory, PCIe, and display controllers in the same die. The Ivy Bridge architecture is derived from the second-generation Intel Core™ processor [2], seen in Fig. 3.1.1. The processor has about 1.4 billion transistors in about 160mm2 in its largest incarnation. It introduces several enhancements in power, performance, and features over its predecessor. The IA core adds a pipelined divider, a next page prefetcher, additions to the ISA for 16b floating point conversion, fast string moves, and fast access of the FS/GS base registers. The Graphics/Media block provides significantly improved performance along with DX11 API support. Further, display capabilities have been augmented with a third independent display pipeline. The on-die power management control unit (PCU) and its associated firmware have added several power and thermal optimizations to improve performance and yield within the existing platform power envelopes, as well as to improve idle power relative to its predecessor. Power gates are distributed throughout the cores, enabling the PCU to independently either reduce voltage to a state retention voltage, or turn off voltage to a given core, depending on the current core usage conditions. The processor also implements power gating for portions of the DDR I/O buffers, reducing CPU power consumption when memory is in “self-refresh” mode. To optimize core sleep time, Ivy Bridge incorporates smart interrupt routing logic, which sends interrupts to active cores. The PCU also analyzes the processor's inherent voltage-frequency dependency to determine the optimum operating voltages across the entire dynamic range of operation (Fig. 3.1.2). The processor uses die temperature to estimate power and energy consumption in order to maximize performance.
Addendum to “Classification of marginally trapped Lorentzian flat surfaces in E24 and its application to biharmonic surfaces”

Abstract Due to omission, an additional family shall be added to the list of marginally trapped Lorentzian flat surfaces in E 2 4 given in Theorem 4.1 of [B.-Y. Chen, Classification of marginally trapped Lorentzian flat surfaces in E 2 4 and its application to biharmonic surfaces, J. Math. Anal. Appl. 340 (2008) 861–875].
One year later: Evaluation of PMC-Recommended births and transfers

To meet their exhibition, conservation, education, and scientific goals, members of the American Zoo and Aquarium Association (AZA) collaborate to manage their living collections as single species populations. These cooperative population management programs, Species Survival Plans s (SSP) and Population Management Plans (PMP), issue specimen-by-specimen recommendations aimed at perpetuating captive populations by maintaining genetic diversity and demographic stability. Species Survival Plans and PMPs differ in that SSP participants agree to complete recommendations, whereas PMP participants need only take recommendations under advisement. We evaluated the effect of program type and the number of participating institutions on the success of actions recommended by the Population Management Center (PMC): transfers of specimens between institutions, breeding, and target number of offspring. We analyzed AZA studbook databases for the occurrence of recommended or unrecommended transfers and births during the 1-year period after the distribution of standard AZA Breeding-and-Transfer Plans. We had three major findings: 1) on average, both SSPs and PMPs fell about 25% short of their target; however, as the number of participating institutions increased so too did the likelihood that programs met or exceeded their target; 2) SSPs exhibited significantly greater transfer success than PMPs, although transfer success for both program types was below 50%; and 3) SSPs exhibited significantly greater breeding success than PMPs, although breeding success for both program types was below 20%. Together, these results
A simulator for MIMD performance prediction: application to the S-1 MkIIa multiprocessor

We describe a MIMD multiprocessor simulator and application of that simulator to a multiprocessor of current interest, the S-1 MkIIa. The simulator runs on the CRAY-1 and is designed so that computational physics benchmarks are actually run and produce results. Simulator output from this run is fed into a second level (hardware) simulator which calculates the behavior of the multiprocessor. The simulator can simulate multiprocessors whose basic architecture is that of a few, large processors with or without data caches, sharing global memory through an interconnection switch. The simulator is applied to the investigation of the behavior of four problems on the S-1: The benchmark physics code SIMPLE, a conjugate gradient linear algebra problem, a simple Monte-Carlo problem, and a new method for neutron transport calculations.
8-amido-bearing pseudomycin B (PSB) analogue: novel antifungal agents

During the course of a structure-activity relationship (SAR) study on novel depsinonapeptide pseudomycin B, we synthesized a total of 12 8-amidopseudomycin analogues via standard two-step sequence from either ZPSB 2 or AllocPSB 3. A number of these amides exhibited good in vitro antifungal activities.
Acute Necrosis and Malformation of Developing Mammalian Brain Caused by X-Ray.∗

SummaryIrradiation of pregnant rats and mice with 200 to 600 r to the whole body resulted in acute necrosis of the rapidly growing parts of the brain, spinal cord and retinas of their fetuses. This developed within a few hours, was highly selective for the central nervous system, and was often severe and extensive at 200 to 600 r. At 150 r damage was less, and was followed in two days by malformations in the neuroblastic zones. Fetuses allowed to go to term and sacrificed after days or weeks showed severe maldevelopments of corpus callosum, hippocampus, striatum and cerebral cortex. Extra-neural lesions were absent below 200 r, rare at 400 r. Below 100 r no destructive lesions occurred.
DIFFERENTIAL PROINFLAMMATORY CYTOKINE RESPONSES OF THE LUNG TO OZONE AND LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE EXPOSURE DURING POSTNATAL DEVELOPMENT

□ Age appears to be a critical variable in the ability of the lung to cope with external stress. Alterations in cellular responses associated with environmental toxicants are likely to modify the developmental processes. This would suggest that the timing and interaction between exposure and developmental events appears to play an important role as susceptible targets for environmental perturbation. C57BL/6 mice ages 2, 4, 7, 10, 14, 28, and 56 days were exposed to 2.5 PPM ozone for 4 hours or to a 10-minute inhalation of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) with an estimated deposited dose of 26 EU and examined 2 hours post exposure. Abundance of proinflammatory cytokine and chemokine mRNA were measured by RNase protection assay. After ozone exposure interleukin (IL)-6 was not detected in 2-, 4-, and 7-day-old mice; however, increases of 18- to 20-fold were measured in 10-, 14-, 28-, and 56-day-old mice. Macrophage inhibitory protein (MIP)-2 and cytokine-induced neutrophil chenocettractant (KC) were elevated slightl...
Pharmacologic interventions for reversing the effects of oral anticoagulants

Purpose To describe the pharmacologic agents and strategies used for urgent reversal of warfarin and the target-specific oral anticoagulants dabigatran, rivaroxaban, and apixaban. Summary To reverse the anticoagulant effects of warfarin in patients who are bleeding or need surgery, exogenous vitamin K (phytonadione) may be used in combination with another, shorter-acting intervention, such as fresh frozen plasma (FFP), prothrombin complex concentrate (PCC), recombinant factor VIIa, or activated PCC (aPCC). Three-factor PCC contains factors II, IX, and X in an inactivated form, and four-factor PCC also includes factor VII in an inactivated form. No four-factor PCC products are available in the United States, but aPCC, which contains the same four factors with factor VII provided in an activated form, is available. The intervention depends on the International Normalized Ratio, presence of bleeding, and need for and timing of surgery. Research suggests that clotting factor concentrates are more effective than FFP alone for warfarin reversal. These products also may be useful for reversing the effects of target-specific oral anticoagulants, but limited efficacy and safety data are available to support their use. The risks and benefits associated with these products need to be weighed before their use for reversal of dabigatran, rivaroxaban, or apixaban. Additional clinical data are needed to clearly define the role of concentrated clotting factor products in reversal and to determine the optimal clotting factor concentrate product and dose for urgent reversal of oral anticoagulation. Conclusion Phytonadione and clotting factor concentrates appear to have a role for reversal of warfarin, and limited evidence suggests that clotting factor concentrates could have a role in reversal of target-specific oral anticoagulants in an emergency situation.
Aggregation of heterogeneous firms in mathematical programming models

Serious aggregation errors may arise in mathematical programming sector models when aggregation is not properly done. Existing aggregation literature mostly focuses on exact aggregation of homogenous groups of firms. However, homogeneity rarely holds in real problem situations. Moreover, theoretical aggregation developments are generally based on the assumption of availability of full information about the firms to be aggregated. Such full information is hardly a plausible assumption when modeling the agricultural sector. This paper discusses an empirical aggregation approach based on decomposition theory, which may be particularly helpful while aggregating heterogenous firms under the absence of full information. Copyright 1989 by Oxford University Press.
Verbal Dichotic Listening in Boys at Risk for Behavior Disorders

ABSTRACT Objective The association between deficits in verbal processing skills and disruptive psychopathology remains one of the most frequently replicated findings in all of child psychiatry. This study uses a dichotic consonant-vowel listening test to examine the potential neural basis for this association. Method A series of 87 young boys recruited from a sample at risk for disruptive disorders received standardized psychiatric, neuropsychological, and language skills assessments. Approximately 1 year later, these boys received a reassessment of their psychiatric status and a test that assesses the neural basis of language-processing ability, a dichotic consonant-vowel listening test. Results Disruptive psychopathology predicted reduced right ear accuracy for dichotic syllables, indicative of a deficit in left hemisphere processing ability. Deficits in reading and language ability also correlated with right ear accuracy for dichotic syllables. Conclusions Boys with disruptive behavior disorders, relative to at-risk but nondisruptive boys, exhibit a deficit in verbal processing abilities on dichotic listening tasks. This deficit in verbal processing ability is also manifested as low scores on standardized tests of reading achievement and language comprehension.
Effect of plasmonic nanostructures and nanofilms on fluorescence resonance energy transfer

We investigate the effect of silver nanostructures and nanofilms on fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET). Thin layers of poly (vinyl alcohol) of 10 or 20 nm with homogenously distributed donor (Cy3) and acceptor (Cy5) molecules were coated on silver islands and continuous silver films. Several geometrical configurations were studied with multiple donor-acceptor (D-A) samples with various acceptor concentrations. The acceptor concentrations were adjusted to yield FRET efficiencies from about 10 to 92% on bare glass surfaces. Time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy was used to determine the energy transfer efficiency and the relative transfer rate. It was found that the relative transfer rate increased 2-fold in the presence of continuous silver films and about 25-fold in presence of silver island films. The largest enhancements in the energy transfer efficiency, up to 90%, were observed for low acceptor concentrations (large donor-acceptor separations). To a first approximation, observed changes in FRET efficiencies were explained by an increase of the quantum yield of the donor molecules in the presence of silver islands.
Unidimensional theories are superstable

Abstract A first order theory T of power λ is called unidimensional if any twoλ+-saturated models of T of the same (sufficiently large) cardinality are isomorphic. We prove here that such theories are superstable, solving a problem of Shelah. The proof involves an existence theorem and a definability theorem for definable groups in stable theories, and an analysis of their relation to regular types.
Manufacturing consent: Framing the liberation war of Bangladesh in the US and UK media

This study examined how The New York Times and The Times (London) framed the liberation war of Bangladesh. This study looked comprehensively at the framing, the tones, and sources of news in the ne...
Phosphorescence properties of 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine and benzo[f]quinoline in glucose glasses via temperature variation and spectral characterization

Phosphorescence intensities and lifetimes of 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP) and benzo[f]quinoline (B[f]Q) in glucose glasses were measured over a wide range of temperatures. As the temperature decreased, both the phosphorescence lifetimes and the phosphorescence intensities for PhIP and B[f]Q in glucose glasses increased. However, the phosphorescence intensity-to-lifetime ratio was not constant at different temperatures, which indicated that the triplet state formation efficiency was a function of temperature. Also, the ln(1/τp − 1/τp0) vs 1/T plots for both PhIP and B[f]Q in glucose glasses with and without a heavy-atom salt gave nonlinear plots. From the plots for the samples with and without a heavy-atom salt, activation energies were obtained. The activation energies were related to low-frequency vibrational modes in the solid matrix, rotational relaxation of functional groups, and diffusion of water in the solid matrix. Infrared spectrometry revealed water in the glasses, and ...
Internal representation of hierarchical sequences involves the default network

Background The default network is a set of brain regions that exhibit a reduction in BOLD response during attention-demanding cognitive tasks, and distinctive patterns of functional connectivity that typically include anti-correlations with a fronto-parietal network involved in attention, working memory, and executive control. The function of the default network regions has been attributed to introspection, self-awareness, and theory of mind judgments, and some of its regions are involved in episodic memory processes.
Esperanto, Klingon, or Other: Metadata Implications for Global Marine Observations

For two years, the Marine Metadata Interoperability (MMI) project has focused on improving marine data systems interoperability. Through community organizing and technical development, MMI has broadened awareness of the problems, increased community participation in its solutions, and advanced efforts toward interoperable data systems design. These universal themes match MMI's vision and mission, and demand an open cultural and technical approach. In this presentation we pursue the following questions: - How do we ensure the technical needs and perspectives of the international marine data management community are well met? - What cultural challenges must we overcome to engage the widest possible membership and participation? - How can we contribute to a truly common observing infrastructure, and not just theoretical ideas? Good practices in data management, metadata, and engineering all represent international ambitions. Although funding sources for the Marine Metadata Interoperability project have been exclusively American, the project has always had international participation and flavor. Our original Steering Committee included international membership (Roy Lowry, of the British Oceanographic Data Centre), and several of our technical contributors are not from the United States. In presentations and meetings in 2005 in Brest, France, and Sardinia, Italy, the Principal Investigator found eager listeners and much agreement on goals and methods. That said, the project is not yet a consistent leader in the realm of international community participation. As a key element of many architectural and metadata development processes in the U.S.
Sustainability and vulnerability: integrating equity into plans for central city redevelopment

Cities around the US are promoting redevelopment efforts in central city neighborhoods in order to foster more-sustainable development patterns. In this paper, we argue that such plans must be grounded in an assessment of the current conditions and existing populations in these neighborhoods. We propose a new way to frame plans for existing communities, using the concept of vulnerability to help us connect current conditions and future goals. Through a case study of the planning process for a transit-oriented redevelopment plan for a central neighborhood in Austin, Texas, we illustrate the difference between current approaches and an alternative approach.
Mechanical properties of a transformation-toughened glass-ceramic

The fracture toughness of a transformation-toughened glass-ceramic containing 12 vol% t-ZrO2 was measured. Heat-treatment conditions were selected to produce from the same glass composition a glass-ceramic which contained 12 vol% m-ZrO2 in a nearly identical matrix. The transformation-toughened material was found to have a fracture toughness 65% greater than the m-ZrO2-containing material at room temperature. However, at 77 K both materials were found to have approximately the same fracture toughness. Additionally, the susceptibility of the two glass-ceramics to fatigue was determined. No improvement in fatigue behaviour of the transformation-toughened glass-ceramic over the other glass-ceramic was observed.
Linearly variable networks: II— synthesis

Abstract Synthesis techniques are given for any one element kind driving point function in two variables, s and x. Conditions for the realization of some two element kind driving point functions in s and x are also developed. Using active elements, any such function is shown to be realizable. Driving point functions in s and x with certain types of fixed (independent of x) and varying (dependent on x) real zeros and poles are shown to be realizable using only F-elements. Applications are presented.
Evidence for a Role of Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor in Vascular Disease

Objective— Inflammation plays an essential role in atherosclerosis and restenosis. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a proinflammatory cytokine that is widely expressed in vascular cells. However, there is no in vivo evidence that MIF participates directly in vascular injury and repair. Therefore, we investigated the effect of MIF blockade on the response to experimental angioplasty in atherosclerosis-susceptible mice. Methods and Results— Carotid artery dilation (2.5 atm) and complete endothelial denudation were performed in male C57BL/6J LDL receptor-deficient mice treated with a neutralizing anti-MIF or isotype control monoclonal antibody. After 7 days and 28 days, intimal and medial sizes were measured and intima/media area ratio (I/M) was calculated. Intimal thickening and I/M were reduced significantly by anti-MIF compared with control antibody. Vascular injury was accompanied by progressive vessel enlargement or “positive remodeling” that was comparable in both treatment groups. MIF blockade was associated with reduced inflammation and cellular proliferation and increased apoptosis after injury. Conclusion— Neutralizing MIF bioactivity after experimental angioplasty in atherosclerosis-susceptible mice reduces vascular inflammation, cellular proliferation, and neointimal thickening. Although the molecular mechanisms responsible for these effects are not yet established, these data prompt further research directed at understanding the role of MIF in vascular disease and suggest novel therapeutic interventions for preventing atherosclerosis and restenosis.
Bringing Order Out of Chaos: The Challenge of Managing E-Reserves Copyright Permissions

ABSTRACT After two years of solidifying the procedures for offering electronic reserves at UNC-CH, the process is now in place. Scanning, cataloging and allowing access to e-reserves at last works like oiled machinery. Now the library's attention is turning to copyright management. While the library anticipated copyright to be a great challenge, it is proving to raise even more issues than first expected. An analysis of the copyright management statistics for the last three semesters highlights many of the areas that the library has had to address in order to develop a successful copyright management system. Yet, in light of the chaotic nature of copyright management, this paper also addresses the need for change in the current practices by publishers and universities alike and offers one suggestion for harnessing copyright management efforts based on the ASCAP model of the radio and television industry.
Crystallography: Sources of inspiration

Synchrotrons have long been the preferred X-ray sources for crystallography, but competition has arrived with the advent of X-ray free-electron lasers. A synchrotron expert and an advocate of free-electron lasers discuss the prospects of the respective source types for applications in structural biology.
Influence of char fragmentation on ash particle size distributions

The influence of char fragmentation on the size distribution of combustion-generated ash has been investigated in a detailed laboratory study utilizing both coals and synthetic chars. Combustion of three different coal types resulted in production of ash particles in the 1-10-..mu..m size range at all conditions considered (1500 and 1750 K, 8% O/sub 2/ and above). The amount of ash in the 1-5-..mu..m range was relatively invariant with combustion conditions, and typically represented 10%-20% of the total ash mass, which greatly exceeds the mass predicted from a model assuming that one ash particle is produced per char particle. The macroporosity of the char was found to be the important variable in determining fragmentation behavior, as evidenced by results obtained from combustion of synthetic chars. Macroporous Spherocarb doped with sodium silicate yielded 75 ash particles greater than 1 ..mu..m in diameter per char particle, whereas nonmacroporous sucrose/carbon black chars doped with sodium silicate yielded only 1 ash particle per char particle. A site percolation model was developed to stimulate the process of fly ash formation during pulverized coal combustion. Modeling results, utilizing a monodisperse mineral grain size distribution for the cases of 0% and 10% porosity, qualitatively predicted the features ofmore » experimentally observed ash particle size distributions obtained from combustion of synthetic chars.« less
Soviet historians review their own past: The rehabilitation of M. N. Pokrovsky

HISTORIANS arrived at a post-Stalin interpretation of Pokrovsky before the party publicly took up the matter of his standing. Pokrovsky's name was bruited about in the flurry of disputation surrounding the XX Party Congress. If-there was favourable reference to him in I956,1 then there was at least one reversion to the formula 'anti-Leninist' in 95 7.2 But by that time those who stood against a favourable evaluation of him had thrown out the old catchwords. In I959, with the publication of Volume VII of the third edition of the Small Engclopaedia3 Pokrovsky was brought back into the Marxist fold despite his 'vulgar errors' and 'economic materialism'. Praise of his energy, his devotion and his practical leadership, coupled with warnings against a revival of ideas long ago transcended might be considered the essence of the official interpretation. The formula included remarks about the harmful consequences of the cult of personality. Such pronouncements, praising Pokrovsky and abusing Stalin, are to be found in all the authoritative writings-party statements, the preface to Pokrovsky's republished works, and the writings of Academician Nechkina's Council on Historical Scholarship. Even though one might take issue with this official interpretation or deem it shallow, undeniably it is reasonable in its sobriety and based on facts. Most noteworthy, the official interpretation is sufficiently general to let disagreements that are more than trivial arise in its context.
Integrated analysis of content and construct validity of psychometric instruments

Establishing adequacy of psychometric properties of an instrument involves acquisition and evaluation of evidence based on item content and internal structure. Content validity evidence consists of subject matter experts providing quantitative ratings of the extent to which items are a representative sample of targeted domain. Evidence of internal structure includes factor analytic studies and examination of item interrelationships based on item responses from participants. Although subject matter expert ratings and participant response data are traditionally analyzed separately, each serves to inform the other in important ways. We propose integrating subject matter experts’ and participants’ data seamlessly to establish a unified model of validity evidence. The approach is applied to an instrument designed to measure nursing home culture change (i.e., resident-centered care). The proposed method has been demonstrated to be useful with a posterior distribution resulting in stable estimates of psychometric parameters superior to traditional analytic approaches. To illustrate the efficacy of the methodology, we present a simulation study and discuss its place in psychometric methods.
Orm Proteins Integrate Multiple Signals to Maintain Sphingolipid Homeostasis

Sphingolipids are structural components of membranes, and sphingolipid metabolites serve as signaling molecules. The first and rate-limiting step in sphingolipid synthesis is catalyzed by serine palmitoyltransferase (SPT). The recently discovered SPT-associated proteins, Orm1 and Orm2, are critical regulators of sphingolipids. Orm protein phosphorylation mediating feedback regulation of SPT activity occurs in response to multiple sphingolipid intermediates, including long chain base and complex sphingolipids. Both branches of the TOR signaling network, TORC1 and TORC2, participate in regulating sphingolipid synthesis via Orm phosphorylation in response to sphingolipid intermediates as well as nutritional conditions. Moreover, sphingolipid synthesis is regulated in response to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress by activation of a calcium- and calcineurin-dependent pathway via transcriptional induction of ORM2. Conversely, the calcium- and calcineurin-dependent pathway signals ER stress response upon lipid dysregulation in the absence of the Orm proteins to restore ER homeostasis.
Interpersonal communication at a turning point: An analysis of cultural change in Taiwan

Macro sociopolitical milieu and micro interpersonal interaction are intimately connected, since transformation of one’s cultural identity is realized in the ways in which one interacts with others through words. This paper outlines the modern Taiwanese cultural landscape — engendered through political, social, linguistic changes, as well as modern technological advances — which gives rise to new forms of talk. Political openness and rising local consciousness, changing social values to prioritize the self, emphasis on multiculturalism and multilingualism, revolution in modern technology and communication devices, and so on, have contributed to ways of language use diverging from traditional Chinese cultural values. No longer a subdued, other-oriented, reserved society subscribing to traditional cultural norms, Taiwan has embraced new forms of talk as it stands at a turning point. In light of the need for a contextualized and updated understanding of Chinese communication, as in the case of Taiwan, it is argued that many taken-for-granted assumptions endorsed through lens of “collectivism,” must be scrutinized and re-examined.
Metabolism of N-ethyl-3-piperidyl benzilate in rats

The metabolic fate of N-ethyl-3-piperidyl benzilate (I) and its potential metabolites 3-piperidyl benzilate (II), N-ethyl-3-hydroxypiperidine (III), and 3-hydroxypiperidine (IV) was studied. Incubation of I with rat liver homogenates resulted in the formation of II and III. Only a trace of unchanged drug appeared in urine after intraperitoneal injection of I. Approximately 9% of the injected dose of I was excreted in urine as III and 2% in the form of metabolites that produced III after acid hydrolysis. After intraperitoneal injection of II in rats, 18% of the dose was excreted in urine as IV. Approximately 26% of the injected dose of III was present in urine as the unchanged drug, and 63% of the dose was excreted in the urine in the form of conjugates that produced III on acid hydrolysis. Urine of rats injected with IV contained approximately 50% of the injected dose as the unchanged drug and 50% of the dose in the form of a conjugate that produced IV on acid hydrolysis. The identity of the metabolites in extracts from urine was established by GLC-mass spectrometry. It is concluded that hydrolysis was one metabolic pathway for I and II. The major routes of elimination of these compounds are not yet known and may include excretion in feces or metabolic transformations resulting in the degradation of the piperidine ring.
Responses of soil respiration, soil nutrients, and litter decomposition to inputs from canopy herbivores

Abstract We tested whether inputs from canopy herbivores would affect soil processes such as respiration, nutrient cycling, and decomposition along an elevation gradient. The five treatments we used were frass additions, throughfall additions, removal of all litter that fell during the study, removal of greenfall that fell during the study, and controls. Soil respiration was significantly reduced on low and mid elevation sites in litter exclusion, greenfall exclusion and throughfall addition treatments (from 0.846 g CO 2 /m 2 /h for controls to 0.618, 0.667, and 0.708 g CO 2 /m 2 /h, respectively, for the three treatments). Throughfall additions containing PO 4 and NH 4 contributed to significant increases in PO 4 (as much as 0.737 mg/l in 100 ml KCl extract greater then controls), but decreases in NO 3 , (0.306 mg/l in 100 ml KCl extract less than con trols), in soil solution samples compared to controls. We observed no significant treatment effects on litter decomposition. Precipitation and temperature influenced soil respiration, but both factors showed a significant interaction with elevation. Phosphate concentrations in soil solutions differed significantly with elevation (low elevation mean 0.097 mg/l, mid elevation mean 0.192 mg/l). Elevation had no significant effect on decomposition.
Seasonal and short term fluctuations in zooplankton abundance in tropical Lake Malawi1

A growing body of data documents seasonal variations in the abundance of tropical zooplankton populations, in contrast to persistent impressions that these populations are stable in size and in age structure. Four of the six most common crustacean zooplankton species in southern Lake Malawi exhibited seasonal changes in population size over a period of 2.5 years. Seasonal trends were repeated between years, but both seasonal and annual patterns in zooplankton abundance were confounded by short term fluctuations in population size. These short term fluctuations represented demographic changes and could not be dismissed as sampling error. As a result, patterns of zooplankton abundance varied considerably between years, and no one year’s data accurately described the dynamics of zooplankton in this tropical lake.
Admissibility and complete class results for the multinomial estimation problem with entropy and squared error loss

Let X ≡ (X1, …, Xt) have a multinomial distribution based on N trials with unknown vector of cell probabilities p ≡ (p1, …, pt). This paper derives admissibility and complete class results for the problem of simultaneously estimating p under entropy loss (EL) and squared error loss (SEL). Let S, X and f(x¦p) denote the (t − 1)-dimensional simplex, the support of X and the probability mass function of X, respectively. First it is shown that δ is Bayes w.r.t. EL for prior P if and only if δ is Bayes w.r.t. SEL for P. The admissible rules under EL are proved to be Bayes, a result known for the case of SEL. Let Q denote the class of subsets of S of the form T = ⌣j=1kFj where k ≥ 1 and each Fj is a facet of S which satisfies: F a facet of S such that F naFj⇒F ncT. The minimal complete class of rules w.r.t. EL when N ≥ t − 1 is characterized as the class of Bayes rules with respect to priors P which satisfy P(S0) = 1, ξ(x) ≡ ∫ f(x¦p) P(dp) > 0 for all x in {x∈X: supS0 f(x¦p) > 0} for some S0 in Q containing all the vertices of S. As an application, the maximum likelihood estimator is proved to be admissible w.r.t. EL when the estimation problem has parameter space Θ = S but it is shown to be inadmissible for the problem with parameter space Θ = (S minus its vertices). This is a severe form of “tyranny of boundary.” Finally it is shown that when N ≥ t − 1 any estimator δ which satisfies δ(x) > 0 ∀x ∈ X is admissible under EL if and only if it is admissible under SEL. Examples are given of nonpositive estimators which are admissible under SEL but not under EL and vice versa.
Determination of trace low-molecular-weight volatile polar organics in water by gas chromatography using distillation method

Abstract The distillation technique has been investigated as a means of concentrating in the distillate the low-molecular-weight volatile polar organic compounds such as alcohols, ketones, and aldehydes in aqueous solution. The volatility of these compounds relative to that of water was found to be a useful parameter in determining the concentration of the respective compounds in the distillate. By directly injecting the distillate onto a gas chromatographic column, low-molecular-weight volatile polar organics can be determined quantitatively at the ppb level. The relative standard deviation for the distillation technique is approximately 5% based on triplicate runs using an internal standard. This study shows that the distillation technique is a simple, unique, and efficient method of concentrating low-molecular-weight volatile polar organics at the ppb level for subsequent gas chromatographic analysis.
Comparison of Metoclopramide with Other Dynamic Tests of Prolactin Secretion

Abstract Metoclopramide, a derivative of procainamide, was compared with thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH), N31m-methyl-TRH and chlorpromazine as a prolactin (PRL) releaser in 11 euthyroid males. The peak response of serum PRL and the maximum increment of serum PRL (max APRL) were greater (P < 0.0005) after the administration of metoclopramide (δPRL 24.1 ± 1.5 (SE) ng/ml) than after either TRH (14.9 ± 1.5 ng/ml) or chlorpromazine (7.0 ±2.1 ng/ml). There were no significant differences between the peak and max δPRL responses to metoclopramide or N3im-methyl-TRH. Metoclopramide produced a small increase in serum thyrotropin and small reductions of serum growth hormone, luteinizing hormone and folliclestimulating hormone. Metoclopramide may be useful for dynamic testing of PRL release. It offers the advantage of oral administration; a 10 mg dose produces a larger, more sustained increment in serum PRL than other agents used to evaluate prolactin reserve.
Nature on trial in California's legal battle for same-sex marriage

Popular and political discussions of sex differences often appeal to biology in misleading ways. The briefs filed in the trials leading up to and including the recent U.S. Supreme Court ruling on Hollingsworth v. Perry (the case dealing with an antisame-sex marriage law in California, known widely as Proposition 8) perseverate on biological bases of sex differences to argue that the state should restrict marriage to opposite-sex couples. The arguments in these briefs depict sex-linked traits as static, opposing entities, ignoring the contexts in which such traits develop, committing what I refer to as contextual whitewashing. In doing so, the proponents of Proposition 8 reveal their logic to be not only out of touch with the biology that they misappropriate, but also inconsistent, as their depictions of the relationships between culture and biology as well as environments and trait development are contradictory. As such, the briefs filed on behalf of the proponents of California’s Proposition 8 provide a clear case study in science being misused to ideological ends. This essay highlights new modes of critiquing deterministic narratives of sex differences by emphasizing the importance of understanding the relationships between social environments and the development of sex-linked
The reduced nearest neighbor rule (Corresp.)

A further modification to Cover and Hart's nearest neighbor decision rule, the reduced nearest neighbor rule, is introduced. Experimental results demonstrate its accuracy and efficiency.
LIPA implementation of real-time stability monitoring in a CIM compliant environment

This paper addresses the practical implementation of real-time stability assessment and monitoring at Long Island Power Authority (LIPA). After a brief introduction of the power system under LIPA's jurisdiction in the context of the Eastern US interconnection, the CIM compliant functionality added to the existing SCADA/EMS facilities is presented. On this background, the implementation of real-time stability assessment by loosely integrating an off-the-shelf third-party application with the existing CIM compliant SCADA/EMS is described. The most important aspects of the implementation are addressed, including the extensive benchmarking of the real-time stability program. The operational results obtained to date are illustrated with actual pictures taken directly from the application's displays.
Formation of a long-term memory for visuomotor adaptation following only a few trials of practice.

The term savings refers to faster motor adaptation upon reexposure to a previously experienced perturbation, a phenomenon thought to reflect the existence of a long-term motor memory. It is commonl...