cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Integration of speaker and speech recognition systems

A combination of a high-performance speaker identification system and an isolated word recognizer is presented. The front-end text-independent speaker identification system determines the most likely speaker for an input word. The speaker identity is then used to choose the reference word models for the speech recognizer. When used with a closed set of speakers, the combination is capable of automatically producing speech and speaker identification. For an open set of speakers, the speaker recognition system acts as speaker quantizer which associates the unknown speaker with an acoustically similar speaker. The matching speaker's word models are used in the speech recognizer. The application of this front-end speaker recognizer is described for a DTW and HMM speech recognizer. Results on a combination using a DTW word recognizer are 100% for closed set experiments. >
Sleep Disturbance and Serum CPK Activity in Acute Psychosis

SINCE the nature and etiology of acute psychosis are still obscure, the establishment of any abnormal biological parameters for acutely psychotic patients, irrespective of whether such parameters relate to cause or effect of the psychosis, would be of considerable interest. Recently, severe sleep disturbances affecting both rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep and nonrapid-eye-movement (NREM) sleep were reported in patients having psychotic depressions and acute schizophrenic episodes. 1 Secondly, increased activity of creatine-phosphokinase (CPK) (ATP-creatine phosphotransferase) in serum was found in patients having recent onsets of psychosis. 2-4 Both types of abnormalities seem to be present mainly at the onset of the acute psychotic episode and generally last from several days to two weeks, with occasional exceptions. It is of interest that both types of biological abnormalities are present in acutely psychotic patients of a variety of diagnostic types, including patients with manic-depressive psychosis, psychotic depressions, and
Relationship between adiposity and admixture in African-American and Hispanic-American women

The objective of this study was to investigate whether differences in admixture in African-American (AFA) and Hispanic-American (HA) adult women are associated with adiposity and adipose distribution. The proportion of European, sub-Saharan African and Amerindian admixture was estimated for AFA and HA women in the Women's Heath Initiative using 92 ancestry informative markers. Analyses assessed the relationship between admixture and adiposity indices. The subjects included 11 712 AFA and 5088 HA self-identified post-menopausal women. There was a significant positive association between body mass index (BMI) and African admixture when BMI was considered as a continuous variable, and age, education, physical activity, parity, family income and smoking were included covariates (P<10−4). A dichotomous model (upper and lower BMI quartiles) showed that African admixture was associated with a high odds ratio (OR=3.27 (for 100% admixture compared with 0% admixture), 95% confidence interval 2.08–5.15). For HA, there was no association between BMI and admixture. In contrast, when waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) was used as a measure of adipose distribution, there was no significant association between WHR and admixture in AFA but there was a strong association in HA (P<10−4; OR Amerindian admixture=5.93, confidence interval=3.52–9.97). These studies show that: (1) African admixture is associated with BMI in AFA women; (2) Amerindian admixture is associated with WHR but not BMI in HA women; and (3) it may be important to consider different measurements of adiposity and adipose distribution in different ethnic population groups.
An elective course in personal finance for health care professionals.

Objectives. To create, implement, and assess an elective course on the principles and applications of personal finance. Design. A 1.5 unit (15 hours total) elective course was designed using active-learning pedagogy, lecture, and group discussion. Homework assignments were designed to provide practical tools and materials that students could individualize and apply to their personal financial goals. Assessment. Student satisfaction, using a standard course evaluation form, revealed consistent high ratings. Student enrollment increased from 19 students in its initial year to 90 students in its fourth year. Student knowledge, assessed using the Jump$tart Financial Literacy Survey, indicated significant knowledge acquisition. Conclusion. Many pharmacy students are ill equipped to effectively handle the complex financial decisions they face after graduation. This course provides students with practical tools to identify appropriate ways to achieve their financial goals and critically evaluate financial advice...
Normal modes and stability of phase-separated trapped Bose-Einstein condensates

We study the normal modes and the stability of two component condensates in a phase separated regime. In such a regime, the system can undergo a quantum phase-transition upon the change of interaction strength between bosons of the same species or the variation of the trap frequencies. In this transition, the distribution of the two components changes from a symmetric to an asymmetric shape. We discuss the nature of the phase transition, the role of the interface tension, and the phase diagram. The symmetric to asymmetric transition is the simplest quantum phase transition that one can imagine. We found new branches of normal modes which are specific for trapped multicomponent condensates and are analogous to the waves at the interface between two layers of immiscible fluids under gravity. At the point of the phase transition, the frequencies of those modes go to 0 and become imaginary which causes an instability. The interface tension shifts the normal-mode frequencies and changes the stability region of the system.
Pasteurella multocida infections in baboons (Papio cynocephalus)

The respiratory pathogenPasteurella multocida was isolated from infections of the laryngeal air sacs of two baboons and from abscesses in the neck or femoral area of two other baboons. The infections were associated with surgical procedures involving the cervical area, chronic catheterization, and chair restraint. The organism was also detected among the commensal pharyngeal flora in 2 of 15 clinically healthy, wildborn adult baboons. These findings suggest that the organism is harbored naturally in baboons and that exudative infections can occur secondary to specific procedures.
And an ARB makes nine: Polypharmacy in patients with heart failure

Based on strong evidence, a patient with advanced ischemic cardiomyopathy should be taking nine medications. But it is difficult not to worry about polypharmacy.
Fast CMB lensing using statistical interpolation on the sphere

We describe a accurate and fast pixel-based statistical method to interpolate fields of arbitrary spin on the sphere. We call this method Fast and Lean Interpolation on the Sphere (FLINTS). The method predicts the optimal interpolated values based on the theory of isotropic Gaussian random fields and provides an accurate error estimate at no additional cost. We use this method to compute lensed Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) maps precisely and quickly, achieving a relative precision of 0.02% at a HEALPix resolution of Nside=4096, for a bandlimit of l_max=4096 in the same time it takes to simulate the original, unlensed CMB map. The method is suitable for efficient, distributed memory parallelization. The power spectra of our lensed maps are accurate to better than 0.5% at l=3000 for the temperature, the E and B mode of the polarization. As expected theoretically, we demonstrate that, on realistic cases, this method is between two to three orders of magnitude more precise than other known interpolation methods for the same computational cost.
Viscosity of Oceanic Asthenosphere Inferred from Remote Triggering of Earthquakes

A sequence of large interplate earthquakes from 1952 to 1965 along the Aleutian arc and Kurile-Kamchatka trench released accumulated stresses along nearly the entire northern portion of the Pacific Plate boundary. The postseismic stress evolution across the northern Pacific and Arctic basins, calculated from a viscoelastic coupling model with an asthenospheric viscosity of 5 x 10(17) pascal seconds, is consistent with triggering of oceanic intraplate earthquakes, temporal patterns in seismicity at remote plate boundaries, and space-based geodetic measurements of anomalous velocity over an area 7000 by 7000 kilometers square during the 30-year period after the sequence.
Preparation of lutropin with acetyl or acetimidinyl substituents on the amino groups of the β-subunit

The free amino groups in ovine lutropin beta subunit were acylated with acetic anhydride and methyl acetimidinate-HCl to produce the corresponding acetyl and acetimidinyl ovine lutropin beta derivative. These two derivatives recombined with ovine lutropin alpha as well as native ovine lutropin beta, but produced lutropin derivatives which were 33-50% less active than the ovine lutropin alpha + ovine lutropin beta in biological assays.
Mars: An Evolving Atmosphere

Photochemical reactions in the martian exosphere produce fast atoms of oxygen, carbon, and nitrogen and provide large escape fluxes of these elements. They appear to play a crucial role in the evolution of the martian atmosphere. The relative outgassing rates of H2O and CO2 on Mars are comparable with terrestrial values, although absolute rates for Mars are lower by a factor of 103. Nitrogen is a trace constituent, less than 1 percent, of the present martian atmosphere.
Purification and properties of N-acetyl-β-hexosaminidases from human urine

Abstract Two isozymes N-acetyl-β-hexosaminidase (2-acetamido-2-deoxy-β- d -glucoside acetamidodeoxy glucohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.30) from human urine were purified. The N-acetyl-β-hexosaminidase form A was purified 520-fold by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, sulfopropyl-Sephadex C-25, Sephadex G-100 followed by concanavalin A-Sepharose affinity chromatography. The N-acetyl-β-hexosaminidase form B was purified 800-fold by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, Sephadex G-100, concanavalin A-Sepharose followed by hydroxyapatite gel chromatography. The N-acetyl-β-hexosaminidase B was homogeneous by electrophoretic criteria. Three isozymes of N-acetyl-β-hexosaminidases (A, B, and M) from human urine were separated by DEAE-cellulose chromatography. The molecular weights of N-acetyl-β-hexosaminidases A, B, and M were estimated by gel filtration to be about 110,000. The purified N-acetyl-β-hexosaminidases A and B were practically free from all other glycosidases tested. The three isozymes from human urine have optimum activity at pH 4.5. The three activities were inhibited by a number of compounds; the most potent being Hg2+ and Ag+ thus suggesting the presence of thiol groups in the three proteins.
Mutations in type 1 procollagen that cause osteogenesis imperfecta: effects of the mutations on the assembly of collagen into fibrils, the basis of phenotypic variations, and potential antisense therapies

Work by a large number of investigators over the last decade has established that over 90% of patients with osteogenesis imperfecta have mutations in one of the two genes for type I procollagen, that most unrelated probands have different mutations in the genes, and that the mutations found in most of the serious variants of the disease cause synthesis of abnormal pro alpha chains of the protein. The results have demonstrated that synthesis of structurally abnormal but partially functional pro alpha chains can interfere with folding of the central region of the protein into a triple-helical conformation, prevent processing of the N-terminal propeptides of procollagen, or produce subtle alterations in conformation that interfere with the self-assembly of the protein into collagen fibrils. One of the unsolved mysteries about the disease is why some mutations produce severe phenotypes, whereas very similar mutations produce mild phenotypes. Recent studies in transgenic mice suggest that nongenetic factors, such as stochastic events during development, may determine the severity of the disease phenotype produced by a specific mutation. Also, recent results raised the possibility that strategies of antisense gene therapy may be effective in treating the disease some time in the future. Specific inhibition of expression of a mutated collagen gene has been obtained with antisense oligonucleotides in cell culture experiments. However, there is no means of selective delivery of antisense oligonucleotides to the appropriate tissues.
Second Messengers and the Action of Prothoracicotropic Hormone in Manduca sexta

SYNOPSIS. The large (26 kDa) prothoracicotropic hormone of Manduca sexta stimulates ecdysteroid secretion by the prothoracic glands through the action of cyclic AMP (cAMP). Adenylate cyclase in the prothoracic glands is sensitive to calcium/calmodulin, and enhancement of intracellular calcium levels may be the means by which PTTH stimulates cAMP synthesis. The cyclic nucleotide in turn activates cAMP-dependent protein kinase and protein phosphorylation, most notably of a 34 kDa membraneassociated protein. It does not appear that protein kinase C plays a role in the acute action of PTTH, nor has the hormone been found to stimulate formation of inositol trisphosphate undercurrent assay conditions. PTTH rapidly increases protein synthesis by the prothoracic glands, and translation inhibitors block PTTH-stimulated ecdysteroid secretion. Connections between protein phosphorylation, protein synthesis, and ecdysone secretion remain to be clarified.
Supernovae, neutrinos, and neutron stars

Abstract In this paper the final stage of stellar evolution is studied from a theoretical point of view. Two types of stellar instabilities (hydrostatic instability and dynamical instability) are studied. It is concluded that at a temperature of T ∼ 6 × 109 °K, both hydrostatic instability, which is induced by the photodisintegration of iron into helium (phase change), and dynamical instability, which is induced by the annihilation process of neutrino production, can cause a star to collapse to beyond recovery. Moreover, neutrino processes involving electron-neutrinos and μ-neutrinos prohibit any temperature rise in the star during the collapse phase. Hence the collapse will take place under zero temperature conditions (kT ⪡ Fermi energy of electrons). The structure of static, zero temperature stars is reviewed. When the density is less than 108 gm/cm3 the star is composed of ordinary ionized nuclei. When the mass approaches 1.4 M⊗ (M⊗ = solar mass = 2 × 1033 gm) the density reaches a value that the electron zero point energy (Fermi energy) exceeds the energy difference between isobars. Inverse beta reactions then take place, decreasing the number of electrons, causing instability (hydrostatic instability). Because of this instability, no star exists whose density ranges from 109 to 1013 gm/cm3. After a density of 1013 gm/cm3 is reached, inverse beta reactions have eliminated all but a very small number of electrons. No nuclei can exist and the star is predominantly made of neutrons (neutron stars). Such a high concentration of mass produces a large curvature of space-time near the star. General relativity theory is used to describe the structure of such stars. General relativity theory predicts the existence of singularities. Two kinds of gravitational singularities may exist, according to a static, general relativistic description of cold stars. One kind of singularity corresponds to a classical situation that, at the center of such a star the gravitational potential of a test body is equal to its rest energy. Hence matter “disappears” through this kind of singularity. The other singularity corresponds to the same situation except the whole star “cuts itself off” from the rest of the universe by producing a large curvature near the star such that not even photons may leave it. However, it is indicated by work done in the past that a static description is probably unrealistic. Even in a gedanken sense, slowly adding material to a star will inevitably cause it to collapse dynamically. No completely satisfactory solution for a dynamically collapsing star has been found. The fate of collapsing massive stars (which are believed to be related to supernovae which occur at a rate of around one per hundred years per galaxy) is hence unknown, even in a theoretical sense. The surface of the remains of such stars, if visible at all, will have a temperature of around 106 °K–107 °K. Most of the radiation from such stars will be in the x-ray band and will not penetrate through our atmosphere. Hence, for the detection of such stars an orbiting telescope working in the near x-ray band will be most useful.
Clutter model for VHF SAR imagery

We present a physically-based clutter model for low frequency synthetic aperture radar that includes both distributed scatterers and large-amplitude discrete clutter. The model is used to generate a synthetic forest clutter scene comprised of two components, a background component and a heavy-tailed discrete component. Model parameters are based on characteristics of the scene, such as the radar cross-section of trees, forest thickness, and background radar cross-section. A synthetic SAR image of the scene is generated by modelling the radar imaging process as a lowpass filter and convolving the scene with the impulse response of the radar. We compare the synthetic, single-pass clutter image to measured data and present a metric for evaluating model fit. We also extended the model to describe correlated, multi-pass images for change detection applications.
Power and network exchange: an essay toward theoretical unification

Abstract We locate network exchange research on power development in the broad historical perspective given by neoclassical economic theory and the structuralist tradition in network analysis. We then compare the particular explanatory approaches represented by papers in this volume, noting convergences and divergences both at the conceptual, theoretical level and at the level of specific predictions for particular networks and in comparison with available observations. Our review suggests that the theoretical unification of the various approaches will require going beyond the current ‘comparative statics’ analyses to a fully formal, dynamic process conceptual- ization of power development in exchange networks. We offer some preliminary ideas in this direction based on the Coleman's recent work in which the problem is framed as one of actors exchanging control over resources in which each has interests.
A bit-serial architecture for digital signal processing

This paper describes the architecture of a bit-serial VLSI circuit designed for digital signal processing applications. This circuit is capable of performing matrix-vector multiplications in a totally pipeline fashion. Although this circuit naturally performs multiplication of a 3 \times 3 matrix with a 3-element vector at a time, it can perform a (matrix) \times (vector) operation of any size. Under different control modes, the same architecture can also perform vector addition and scalar multiplication of vectors of arbitrary length. The circuit has been designed for a single chip implementation using 4 \mu -NMOS technology. The word size of the chip is 16 bits, and the data is provided in 2's complement form. The chip contains approximately 6000 transistors in an area of 5.7 {mm}^{2} and operates with a 6-MHz two-phase clock in direct interface with a 6-MHz microprocessor. It can also be interfaced with a programmable digital signal processor. The chip is housed in a 64-pin DIP. A self-testing scheme incorporated into the design allows fault detection and isolation in a particular unit (storage or arithmetic unit) during the data processing.
Sensitive fluorogenic substrates for the detection of trypsinlike proteases and pancreatic elastase

Abstract Several new fluorogenic substrates capable of measuring the proteolytic activities of pancreatic elastase, trypsin, and trypsinlike enzymes were prepared. The fluorophore utilized in these substrates is 6-aminoquinoline (6-AQ), a leaving group that affords significant improvement over the use of other chromogenic moieties in that (i) the appearance of 6-AQ can be measured fluorimetrically at its excitation and emission maxima, while at these wavelengths the substrate is essentially nonfluorescent; (ii) the reduction of background emission confers an enhanced detection limit to the substrate; and (iii) the amino group of 6-AQ very readily undergoes acylation by peptides and enables substrates to be synthesized in good yields.
White matter hyperintensities and cortical acetylcholinesterase activity in parkinsonian dementia.

Objective – To investigate the relationship between the severity of white matter hyperintensities (WMH) and cortical acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in parkinsonian dementia (PDem). Methods – PDem (n = 11) and control subjects (n = 14) underwent [11C]methyl-4-piperidinyl propionate (11C-PMP) AChE brain positron emission tomography and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. Presence of WMH on proton density and T2 MR images was scored using a modified version of the semi-quantitative rating scale by Scheltens et al. [J Neurol Sci114 (1993)]. Results – Analysis demonstrated significantly lower mean cortical 11C-PMP k3 hydrolysis rates in PDem (−19.9%) when compared with control subjects (P < 0.0001). PDem subjects had higher mean severity of WMH (+20.1%) when compared with control subjects (P < 0.05). When WMH severity was entered into the analysis of variance model, there was no significant co-variate effect on cortical AChE activity (F = 0.24, ns). Conclusions – The concomitant presence of mild to moderate WMH in patients with PDem does not have a significant effect on cortical AChE activity.
The effect of phenolphthalein and other purgative drugs on rat intestinal (Na+ + K+) adenosine triphosphatase.

Abstract Phenolphthalein noncompetitively inhibited the (Na + + K + )-adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activity of microsomes from the rat small intestine ( K i = 6 × 10 −5 M). Quinone, hydroquinone and the purgative drugs, danthron and bisacodyl, were also inhibitory at 10 −4 M, while phlorizin, phenolphthalein disulfate and phenolphthalein monoglucuronide were without effect. It is suggested that inhibition of intestinal sodium transport by purgative drugs results from inhibition of intestinal (Na + + K + )-ATPase. Since danthron inhibited the intestinal (Na + + K + )-ATPase, but did not affect glucose transport across the intestine, it appeared unlikely that (Na + + K + )-ATPase was directly involved in glucose transport.
Albumin is encoded by 2 messenger RNAs in Xenopus laevis

Abstract A cDNA clone library was prepared from liver poly(A) RNA pf non-estrogenized Xenopus laevis. Albumin coding sequences were screened by hybridization to a cDNA prepared from poly(A) RNA enriched by sucrose density gradient centrifugation, and by a sensitive solid-phase radioimmunoassay to detect clones that contain templates for albumin antigenic determinants. Nine clones were obtained by this approach, and all but one have the cDNA inserted in phase with the beta-lactamase gene of pBR322. Mapping of these clones with restriction endonucleases yielded 2 distinct patterns, suggestive of heterogeneity in the coding sequences. This was confirmed by heteroduplex analyses of hybrids formed between clones representative of each of the 2 classes. Both classes of albumin cDNA clones were used to select mRNAs of the same size (2.3kb) that code for peptides that are indistinguishable by SDS gel electrophoresis. Examination of the organization of the albumin genes by blot hybridization of the cDNA clones to restriction fragments of Xenopus DNA failed to detect any differences at the genomic level. The considerable diversity of the albumin cDNAs is suggestive of a multiplicity of albumin genes, rather than differential processing of a common precursor RNA.
Centrifugation assay of IgE‐mediated cell adhesion to antigen‐coated gels

The adhesion of biological cells to substrates is often mediated by binding between cellular receptors andsubstrate-bound ligand. In this work, we used a centrifugation assay to measure the adhesion of rat basophilic leukemia (RBL) cells coated with immunoglobulin E (IgE) to substrates coated with the ligand dinitrophenol (DNP). Increasing force, decreasing DNP substrate density, and decreasing cell surface IgE density all led to decreasing adhesion. Experiments performed at low IgE cell surface densities, in which few tethers from between cell and substrate suggest individual tethers have a binding strength of 2 to 4 microdyne, in agreement with previous measurements of the force to uproot receptors from the plasma membrane
Control plate for shock-boundary layer interaction

Paper describes tests and computations for a relatively unique technique to greatly reduce/eliminate the separation region for shock-boundary layer interactions. A number of studies have shown that the usual effects of such interactions include increased local heating and wall pressures, thickening of the boundary layer and a decrease in the momentum of the flow and, for stronger waves, flow separation. This flow situation is particularly prevalent in supersonic and hypersonic inlets where severe performance degradation can occur due to flow separation. High performance engine design generally requires a uniform entering flow field with little stagnation pressure loss. Previous approaches to the problem involved primarily active devices (e.g., suction or blowing); the present paper considers a passive device. The boundary layer separation control technique considered herein involves the placement of an embedded plate in the outer portion of the boundary layer and parallel to the wall. This control plate is situated such that the incident shock impinges upon and reflects from its surface, thus greatly lessening the pressure gradient in the low momentum near wall region.
The Influence of Three Phonological Rules of Black English on the Discrimination of Minimal Word Pairs

Minimal word pairs that are presumed to be perceptually difficult to differentiate when spoken in black English were examined relative to (1) black children’s performance in differentiating the meanings of their own word pair productions and those of other blacks and whites and (2) white children’s performance in differentiating the meanings of word pairs produced by black children. Perceptual errors were significantly greater for whites listening to word pairs produced by blacks than for blacks listening to themselves, other blacks, or whites. No significant differences were found among blacks listening to themselves, other blacks, and whites. Perceptual errors followed predictable patterns that were influenced by three phonological rules of black English. Also, the data suggest that there are phonemic cues that are imperceptible to non-black-English speakers which allow black-English speakers to differentiate word pairs.
Bioequivalence testing of immunosuppressants: concepts and misconceptions

Immunosuppressants are considered critical dose/narrow therapeutic index drugs and there is the lingering suspicion among physicians and patients that generic versions may differ in quality and therapeutic efficacy from the brand name drug. The innovator's and the generic active drug molecule are exactly the same and are produced following exactly the same tight rules of good manufacturing practice. Upon oral administration, the drug molecule separates from the formulation and passes the membranes of gut mucosa cells; from this point on, the formulation has no influence on the kinetics of a drug and its biological effects. As formulations may differ, bioequivalence testing in healthy volunteer studies establishes equal relative oral bioavailability. Due to the number of patients required to achieve sufficient statistical power, to test the therapeutic equivalence of two formulations of the same drug with the same bioavailability is an unrealistic goal. An often overlooked fact is that the approval by drug regulatory agencies of several post-approval versions of the innovators' immunosuppressants is based on the identical guidelines used for approval of generics. The FDA has issued specific guidelines describing the requirements for approval of generic versions of tacrolimus, sirolimus, and mycophenolic acid. The standard average bioequivalence approach is recommended and in the cases of tacrolimus and sirolimus, the effect of food should also be tested. No studies in the patient population are requested. Immunosuppressants are not regarded as drugs that require a special status to establish bioequivalence between generic and the innovator's versions.
Ossification in the hand and foot of the macaque (Macaca nemestrina). I. General features

The appearance of the secondary centers of ossification was investigated in hand and foot radiographs of 112 fetal and neonatal Macaca nemestrina and a maturational index calculated using a scoring system that differentiated between the initial and later stages of ossification. Cumulative incremental curves of skeletal maturation, constructed by plotting the maturational indices against gestational age, demonstrated three distinct periods of ossification: the First Acceleration when primary centers appear, the Plateau, and the Second Acceleration when the secondary centers ossify. Similar curves are constructed for human prenatal and postnatal ossification. The results are also compared with those reported for M. mulatta, and the bases of the observed differences are discussed. Compared with other primates, the fetal and neonatal macaque shows a developmental precocity which may be an ontogenetic adaptation to the socioecological setting of terrestrial life.
Staphylococcal Pneumonia and Its Complications

The records of 50 patients treated at Children's Hospital of Philadelphia for staphylococcal pneumonia and its complications have been reviewed. Nine of these patients died despite vigorous treatme...
Four-dimensional computed tomography scan analysis of tumor and organ motion at varying levels of abdominal compression during stereotactic treatment of lung and liver.

Purpose To investigate the effectiveness of different abdominal compression levels on tumor and organ motion during stereotactic body radiotherapy of lower lobe lung and liver tumors using four-dimensional (4D)-CT scan analysis. Methods and Materials Three 4D-CT scans were acquired for 10 patients first using with no compression and then compared with two different levels of abdominal compression. The position of the tumor and various organs were defined at the peak inspiratory and expiratory phases and compared to determine the maximum motion. Results Mean (±SD) medium compression force (MC) and high compression force (HC) were 47.6 ± 16.0 N and 90.7 ± 27.1 N, respectively. Mean overall tumor motion was 13.6 mm (2σ [2 sigma] 11.5–15.6), 8.3 mm (2σ 6.0–10.5), and 7.2 mm (2σ 5.4–9.0) for no compression, MC, and HC, respectively. A significant difference in the control of both superior–inferior (SI) and overall motion of tumors was seen with the application of MC and HC when compared with no compression (p < 0.0001 for both). High compression force improved SI and overall tumor motion compared with MC, but this was only significant for SI motion (p = 0.04 and p = 0.06). Significant control of organ motion was only seen in the pancreas (p = 0.01). Conclusions Four-dimensional CT shows significant control of both lower lobe lung and liver tumors using abdominal compression. High levels of compression improve SI tumor motion when compared with MC.
Resilient Allocation Rules for Bilateral Trade

Abstract In decision problems where agents hold private information, an uninformed central planner may be unable to identify Pareto improvements that each agent himself could identify. We examine allocation rules in a simple bilateral bargaining problem which are "resilient" in the sense that no improvements could be both identified and collectively achieved when the traders themselves can bargain over the mechanism. Specifically, recursively resilient rules are status quo, sequential equilibrium outcomes of any finite game of offers and counter offers of alternative mechanisms. These rules can survive regardless of the order in which the traders speak. The main result gives a simple characterization of recursively resilient rules showing that interim efficient rules are recursively resilient, but there is a nonnull set of interim inefficient, recursively resilient rules as well. Since certain allocation rules can only result when one or the other trader "speaks first," recursively resilient rules are a natural choice for a planner who does not possess the precise details of the negotiation process between the traders. Journal of Economic Literature Classification Numbers: C70, C72, C78, D82.
Mutational Studies of Human DNA Polymerase α LYSINE 950 IN THE THIRD MOST CONSERVED REGION OF α-LIKE DNA POLYMERASES IS INVOLVED IN BINDING THE DEOXYNUCLEOSIDE TRIPHOSPHATE

The function of a lysine residue, Lys950, of human DNA polymerase α located in the third most conserved region and conserved in all of the α-like polymerases was analyzed by site-directed mutagenesis. Lys950 was mutagenized to Arg, Ala, or Asn. The mutant enzymes were expressed in insect cells infected with recombinant baculoviruses and purified to near homogeneity. The mutant enzymes had specific activities ranging from 8 to 22% of the wild type. All three Lys950 mutants utilized Mn2+ as metal activator more effectively than the wild type enzyme and showed an increase in Kmvalues for deoxynucleoside triphosphate but not kcat values in reactions with either Mg2+ or Mn2+ as the metal activator. Although mutation of the Lys950 residue caused an increase in Km values for deoxynucleoside triphosphates, mutations of Lys950 to Arg, Ala, or Asn did not alter the mutant enzymes' misinsertion efficiency in reactions with Mg2+ as a metal activator as compared with that of the wild type, suggesting that the base of the incoming deoxynucleoside triphosphate is not the structural feature interacting with the Lys950 side chain. In reaction with Mn2+ as a metal activator, all three Lys950 mutants had an improved fidelity for deoxynucleotide misinsertion compared to wild type. Inhibition studies of the three Lys950 mutant derivatives with an inhibitor, structural analogs of deoxynucleoside triphosphate, and pyrophosphate suggest that the deoxyribose sugar and β-,γ-phosphate groups are not the structural feature recognized by the Lys950 side chain. Comparison of the mutant enzymes to the wild type enzyme for their affinities for dCTPαS versus deoxynucleoside triphosphate suggests that this highly conserved Lys950 is involved in interacting either directly or indirectly with the oxygen moiety of the α-phosphate of the incoming deoxynucleoside triphosphate.
Comparison of maize, wheat and triticale in broiler diets

1. Wheat, triticale 131 or triticale 72‐S could replace up to half the maize in broiler diets without affecting performance. Replacing more of the maize on either an equal nitrogen basis or a weight basis adversely affected performance. 2. Triticale 72‐S appeared to be superior to triticale 131 as a direct replacement for maize, but both grains were inferior to maize as energy sources.
Verbal Reports of Strategies in a Two-Person Interaction: A Note

Studies of human behavior occasionally require Ss to report verbally on individual strategies, hypotheses, or contingencies associated with performance on the experimental task. Generally these reports are requesred either at the conclusion or during the course of the experimental session and are in answer to inquiries from a formalized questionnaire. Although the choice of locus depends on the experimental purpose, it is of methodological interest to ask whether interruption has a detrimental effect on continuing task performance and/or whether verbal responses resulting from either method of questioning correlate positively with changes in task performance. The primary purpose of this note is to report the results of an exploratory study comparing the two loci of interrogation during a cwo-choice learning task using pairs of interconnected Ss. Merhod.-The basic procedure utilized in this cype of two-person interaction has been described elsewhere (Sidowski & Smith, 1961; Sidowski, Stevens, & Greene, 1961). Briefly, each S's panel had two pushbutcons by means of which S could win or lose points on an add-subtract counter; the object of the game was to win points. Two Ss were run at the same time, each being stationed in a separate room and kept uninformed of the presence of the other. The total 500 consecutively paced trials were divided into a pretraining period for a single S and a subsequent period of direct two-S interaction. The first 100 trials involved pretraining during which E controlled the number of reinforcements received by S on all button-pressing trials (a typical two-choice probability learning situation), with each member of the pair randomly assigned to one of seven pretraining reinforcement conditions: 70/10, 85/15, 70/30, 75/25, 65/35, and 60/40. On Trial 101 the two Ss of a pair were immediately interconnected for 400 paced trials so that the responses of S, controlled the negative and positive points presented on the counter of Sz, and vice versa; but neither S was told of the interconnection. This resulted in four interconnected conditions (12 Ss each) in which Ss pretrained on one schedule of reinforcement interacted with Ss pretrained on a different or identical schedule: 90/10 connected to 60/40, 85/15 to 65/35,80/20 to 70/30, and 75/25 to 75/25. One-half of the pairs in each condition were randomly assigned to either an interrupted or terminal verb
Ecologically Appropriate Xenobiotics Induce Cytochrome P450s in Apis mellifera

Background Honey bees are exposed to phytochemicals through the nectar, pollen and propolis consumed to sustain the colony. They may also encounter mycotoxins produced by Aspergillus fungi infesting pollen in beebread. Moreover, bees are exposed to agricultural pesticides, particularly in-hive acaricides used against the parasite Varroa destructor. They cope with these and other xenobiotics primarily through enzymatic detoxificative processes, but the regulation of detoxificative enzymes in honey bees remains largely unexplored.
Fundamental limitation on large-signal modulation of semiconductor lasers and its implications for lightwave transmission

The performance of single-mode semiconductor lasers under large signal modulation is found to be limited by intraband gain saturation occurring when the on-state output power becomes comparable to the saturation level. The main effect of intraband gain saturation is to increase the fall time associated with the optical pulse. At high bit rates the pulse stretches over several neighbouring bits, thereby affecting the system performance. In the case of 1.55 mu m InGaAsP laser operating at bit rates approximately 10 Gbit/s intraband gain saturation limits the average power in the range approximately 10-20 mW for an acceptable system performance.
Cryostat design and construction at the IRTF

Over the past 6 years the instrumentation team at the NASA IR Telescope Facility (IRTF) has designed and built 3 major facility instruments, two cameras and a spectrometer, for use by the IR astronomical community. We will report on many new techniques for cryostat construction that have been developed that deviate from traditional practices. These include aluminum electron beam welded vacuum and cryogenic enclosures, rectangular cryostat formats, use of closed cycle coolers and their performance, use of all aluminum structures, optimization of cryogenic performance without super insulation, activated charcoal getters, and optomechanical mounting. Cryostat performance data and methods for estimating cryostat performance will also be included.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
HIV-1 entry inhibitor entrances

Abstract BMS-378806 is a newly described small-molecule inhibitor of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) replication. It acts by binding to the gp120 surface glycoprotein of the virus within, or very close to, the pocket normally occupied by the CD4 antigen, the primary cell-surface receptor protein of HIV-1. Consequently, BMS-378806 inhibits gp120–CD4 binding and the subsequent events of virus–cell attachment and fusion. Thus, BMS-378806 or a derivative could be highly suitable to treat HIV-1 infection, and perhaps also to prevent infection when used in combination with other inhibitors of HIV-1 entry.
The nature and development of sex attractant specificity in cockroaches of the genus periplaneta. IV. Electrophysiological study of attractant specificity and its determination by juvenile hormone

The antennae of male Periplaneta americana acquire a large number of olfactory receptors at the adult stage. Electrophysiological methods (single unit and electroantennogram recording) show that a portion of the receptors added at the adult ecdysis are sex attractant receptors. Sex attractant receptors are not present in large numbers on larval and adult female antennae. The differentiation of pheromone receptors is inhibited during normal larval development by juvenile hormone. Topical application of juvenile hormone-mimic to male antennae during the terminal larval instar inhibits their development. Comparative electrophysiological studies indicate a high degree of cross-reactivity of the P. americana sex attractant among four other species within the genus Periplaneta.
Rating and application of Germanium and Silicon rectifiers

GERMANIUM and silicon P-N junctions are becoming well known for their very nearly ideal combination of efficiency, flexibility, and reliability factors. Despite their high efficiency, the small internal losses of this type of rectifier cell are the chief criterion for rating and application.
Incidence and characterization of canine rheumatoid factor.

Abstract Rheumatoid factor (RF) was found in titers > 1:8 in 72.2% of cases of classical or definite canine rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and in 5.9% of normal sera. Serum fractionation and immunoabsorbant studies that much of the RF present was IgG, although activity was demonstrated in all 3 major immunoglobulin classes. Evidence of involvement of both IgG and IgM to form complexes of varying sizes was obtained.
Monitoring Real-Time Microtubule Spool Formation in a PDMS Microfluidic Device

The motor-driven self-assembly of microtubule rings and spools has been reported by several research groups and attributed to one of two potential mechanisms: pinning by inactive motors or mechanical strain from oligomer rotation. Here we used a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microfluidic device that decreases photodamage via deoxygenation to study the initial stages of ring formation in absence of photodamage-related effects to kinesin motors. Specifically, valves on the devices were used to control the addition of biotinylated microtubules and streptavidin-coated quantum dots to the system, while effectively removing oxygen from the sample. This approaches enabled us to use relatively high excitation intensities and high frame rates to characterize the early events of microtubule ring formation. We show that both proposed mechanisms occur, and we characterize the conditions under which each mechanism predominates. In the pinning mechanism, it was observed that a single microtubule may be pinned at the head, leading the tail to loop and contact itself, forming a single ring. Once the initial ring is formed, additional bundling occurred as other microtubules encountered the ring and became attached. For the mechanical strain mechanism, microtubule oligomers were observed to undergo ring formation in the absence of detectable pinning events. Here, the presence of non-13mer microtubules induces oligomers to rotate axially, resulting in twisted nano-domains that introduce mechanical strain, coercing the bundle to move in a curved path and form a ring. Together, these data provide a critical insight as to the mechanism underlying the self-assembly of dynamic material structures based on active transport systems.Sandia National Laboratories is a multi-program laboratory managed and operated by Sandia Corporation, a wholly owned subsidiary of Lockheed Martin Corporation, for the U.S. Department of Energy's National Nuclear Security Administration under contract DE-AC04-94AL85000.
Corticosterone-induced changes in hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) content after stress.

Central and peripheral humoral responses of the adrenocortical system were measured for 2 h after the application of several stimuli. Two min after the onset of the stressesof shamadrenalectomy or laparotomy with intestinal traction there was a 4-6-fold increase inhypothalamic CRF content as compared to control content. This is the usual CRF response to stress. In contrast, after adrenalectomy or manipulation of the pedicles of adrenal glands, CRF content at 2 min was only slightly increased above baseline values. This finding suggests that touching the adrenal vascular and nervous supply results in a direct neural input to the hypothalamus that is qualitatively different from most other stimuli. At times later than 2 min after stress, when plasma corticosterone levels rise in the intact rat, the patterns of CRF and ACTH responses that were observed after adrenalectomy were determined by whether corticosterone replacement therapy was given. Without corticosterone replacement, the CRF and ACTH responses to...
Comparison of Different Numerical Schemes for Condensational Growth of Aerosols

Three commonly used numerical schemes for condensational growth of aerosols are compared with analytical solutions. The sectional method is interpreted in light of the upwind differencing and the Smolarkiewicz method. Case studies for fast and slow condensation processes are used to demonstrate the performance of various numerical schemes.
Ideological reactions to the national performance review

In 1993 the National Performance Review (NPR) conducted a six-month evaluation of the responsibilities of the federal public service and issued a report favoring a new model of governance. This approach embraced a net devolution in the overall national role through numerous steps involving debureaucratization and extensive deregulation within the national executive branch as well as an increased use of federalism and privatization outside it. This outlook had been popularized by journalist David Osborne and former city manager Ted Gaebler, in their book Reinventing Government, who in turn credited management luminary Peter F. Drucker. This article analyzes public ideological reactions to the NPR report within a six-month period prior to and after its release—responses (from a population of sources found in indexes) that manifested a substantial degree of convergence. Middle-of-the-road, conservative, and liberal observers endorsed the overall direction of this report, reflecting a consensus on its utility...
Tracking: Concepts, methods and tools

Tracking can be defined as the tendency of an individual, or a collection of individuals, to maintain a particular course of growth over time relative to other individuals. A measure of tracking based on Cohen's kappa statistic and the tracking indices proposed by Foulkes-Davis and McMahan are considered. Applications, including significance testing, are made to a study of the growth of Guatemalan school children whose stature was measured longitudinally malan school children whose stature was measured longitudinally from 7 to 12 years of age. User-friendly programs for computing these indices are described and made available to interested readers.