cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of a Family of ([SnSe]1+δ)m­([{MoxNb1x}Se2]1+γ)1([SnSe]1+δ)m­({Nbx­Mo1–x}Se2)1 Superlattice ­Heterostructures (m = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 ­and 0.8 ≤ x ≤ 1)

A family of multiple-component heterostructures, ([SnSe]1+δ)m([{MoxNb1–x}Se2]1+γ)1([SnSe]1+δ)m({NbxMo1–x}Se2)1 (m = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 0.8 ≤ x ≤ 1), was self-assembled from designed amorphous precursors, and their structure and physical properties were characterized. The compounds consist of MoSe2 and NbSe2 layers with metal centers in a trigonal-prismatic environment interleaved with systematically increasing numbers of SnSe bilayers with a distorted rock salt structure. The extent of alloying of the miscible dichalcogenide constituents decreased from about 20 % for m = 0 to less than 1 % for m = 3 and 4. The decreased alloying with increased SnSe thickness suggests the diffusion lengths of Mo and Nb during self-assembly are about a nanometer. Resistivity and Hall coefficient measurements show that the electrical transport properties are similar to those of ([SnSe]1+δ)m(NbSe2)1 (m = 1–8) compounds, suggesting that the NbSe2 layer dominates the conductivity and that charge transfer from SnSe reduces the carrier concentration in the NbSe2 layer.
Inter-rater reliability of published flow diversion occlusion scales

Background With increasing use of flow-diverting stents for the treatment of intracranial aneurysms, standardized methods and a common language to evaluate angiographic outcomes are needed. Multiple grading scales have been developed for this purpose but none has been widely adopted. Objective To analyze these scales to determine interobserver reliability. Methods Four independent assessors scored the intraprocedural angiograms of patients who underwent flow-diverting stent deployment for an intracranial saccular or fusiform aneurysm at our institution between October 2012 and June 2015. Angiographic outcome immediately after flow-diverting stent deployment was scored using three grading scales (Kamran–Byrne (KB), Simple Measurement of Aneurysm Residual after Treatment (SMART), and O9Kelley, Krings, Marotta (OKM)). Statistical analysis was performed using Light9s κ for multiple raters (κ), Kendall9s coefficient of concordance (W), and intraclass correlation (ICC). Results We included the angiograms of 50 consecutive patients (mean age 58 years, range 30–79) who underwent flow-diverting stent deployment for an intracranial aneurysm (40 saccular, 10 fusiform). Six aneurysms were located in the posterior circulation. The inter-rater reliability was typically poor or fair: SMART aneurysm filling (κ=0.30, W=0.36, ICC=0.12), SMART parent vessel stenosis (κ=0.07, W=0.33, ICC=0.12), KB axis I (κ=0.24, W=0.50, ICC=0.25), KB axis II (κ=0.07, W=0.30, ICC=0.06), OKM aneurysm filling (κ=0.23, W=0.45, ICC=0.13), OKM contrast stasis (κ=0.36,W=0.71, ICC=0.54). Conclusions Existing flow-diverting stent grading scales have low inter-rater reliability for most categories.
Stage-specific regulation of the WNT/β-catenin pathway enhances differentiation of hESCs into hepatocytes

Background & Aims Hepatocytes differentiated from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) have the potential to overcome the shortage of primary hepatocytes for clinical use and drug development. Many strategies for this process have been reported, but the functionality of the resulting cells is incomplete. We hypothesize that the functionality of hPSC-derived hepatocytes might be improved by making the differentiation method more similar to normal in vivo hepatic development. Methods We tested combinations of growth factors and small molecules targeting candidate signaling pathways culled from the literature to identify optimal conditions for differentiation of hESCs to hepatocytes, using qRT-PCR for stage-specific markers to identify the best conditions. Immunocytochemistry was then used to validate the selected conditions. Finally, induction of expression of metabolic enzymes in terminally differentiated cells was used to assess the functionality of the hESC-derived hepatocytes. Results Optimal differentiation of hESCs was attained using a 5-stage protocol. After initial induction of definitive endoderm (stage 1), we showed that inhibition of the WNT/β-catenin pathway during the 2nd and 3rd stages of differentiation was required to specify first posterior foregut, and then hepatic gut cells. In contrast, during the 4th stage of differentiation, we found that activation of the WNT/β-catenin pathway allowed generation of proliferative bipotent hepatoblasts, which then were efficiently differentiated into hepatocytes in the 5th stage by dual inhibition of TGF-β and NOTCH signaling. Conclusion Here, we show that stage-specific regulation of the WNT/β-catenin pathway results in improved differentiation of hESCs to functional hepatocytes.
The French, Belgians, and Dutch Come to Salt Creek

Professor Gressley recounts the escapades of domestic and international promoters in the history of the Salt Creek oil field, demonstrating that fraud and chicanery can play indispensable roles in the process of economic development.
Peyzaj tasarımda yeni bir süreç: GeoTasarım

Bilgisayar teknolojisinin hizli bir sekilde ilerlemesi ve ArcGIS programinin gelistirilmesi ile birlikte "GeoTasarim" olarak adlandirilan yeni bir surec ortaya cikmistir. GeoTasarim, politikacilarin ve yerel yoneticilerin bilincli kararlar verip uygulayabilmeleri icin tasarimcilar ve plancilar tarafindan cografi mekan teknolojilerinin rolunun bir projenin analiz, tasarim ve ayni zamanda uygulama asamalari boyunca daha dogru ve daha iyi cozumler uretip gorsellestirmek icin formule edilerek genisletildigi surectir. GeoTasarim, peyzaj mimarligi, cografya, sehir bolge planlama vb. farkli bilim dallarina hitap etmektedir. Bu nedenle, Turkiye`de daha dogru ve daha iyi tasarim onerileri ve cozumleri sunup uygulamak icin GeoTasarim'in tanitilmasi, ogretilmesi ve uygulanmasi onemlidir. Bu calismanin amaci GeoTasarim kavramini aciklamak, tarihi gelisimini anlatmak, GeoTasarim'in onemi ve peyzaj tasariminda kullanimi hakkinda bilgi vermektir. Anahtar kelimeler: CBS, GeoTasarim, Peyzaj tasarimi, Doga ile tasarim
Novel esthetic bonded retainers: a blend of art and science.

Novel esthetic S2-glass fiber-reinforced composite wires were fabricated in round (0.022 in.) and rectangular (0.021 x 0.028 in.) profiles, with flexural moduli comparable to martensitic nickel titanium and flexural strengths comparable to beta titanium wires. These wires were bonded clinically to the facial surfaces of teeth in three situations in which flexible-bonded retainers are conventionally used: the retention of a closed median diastema, the retention of space closure following premolar extraction, and the retention of a canine that had been severely malpositioned. These bonded esthetic wires were monitored clinically up to 12 months to ascertain patient's acceptance and structural integrity of the retainer. No clinically observable defects were noted during the study, and no patient described any adverse intraoral effects from the retainer's presence. In this report and on the site http://++www.clinorthodres.com/cor99-c-056, the indications for, and the present design philosophy of, flexible-bonded retainers are discussed, along with the wire properties necessary to achieve optimal stability of tooth position. In addition to demonstrating excellent esthetic characteristics, these photo-pultruded composite wires satisfy the flexural requirements necessary to achieve physiologic stability when used for flexible-bonded retention.
Court and Country: Discourses of Socio-political Collaboration in Northern and Southern Song China

The Northern Song Empire (960–1127) was the most spatially integrated and bureaucratically centralized polity in the late medieval world, and its rulers articulated ideological claims to unitary an...
Impedance phlebography based pulse sensing using inductively-coupled inkjet-printed WRAP sensor

While mobile health (mHealth) provides tremendous opportunity to monitor patient health, continuous monitoring of various physiological data can be enhanced with body-worn sensors. In this paper, we demonstrate impedance phlebography (IPG) based pulse sensing using inductively coupled Wireless Resistive Analog Passive (WRAP) sensors that are prototyped on paper using inkjet printing (IJP) technique. The prototyped sensors were flexible and easy to attach to the body. The wireless scanning was performed at 13.56 MHz utilizing inductive coupling technique. The sensor composes of only a planar spiral coil (PSC), a tuning capacitor, and a MOSFET transducer. The IPG data was collected from IJP printed pads (5mm×10mm). The envelop of the captured signals correspond to the pulse and verified with a pulse oximeter. The computed pulse rate was 72 bpm with a 5-sec. capture window, an acceptable error of 3.5%. The prototype showed the possibility to develop WRAP sensors with IJP technique for various physiological signals that might further enhance mHealth capabilities for improved healthcare.
Super vertex algebras, meromorphic Jacobi forms and umbral moonshine

Abstract The vector-valued mock modular forms of umbral moonshine may be repackaged into meromorphic Jacobi forms of weight one. In this work we constructively solve two cases of the meromorphic module problem for umbral moonshine. Specifically, for the type A Niemeier root systems with Coxeter numbers seven and thirteen, we construct corresponding bigraded super vertex operator algebras, equip them with actions of the corresponding umbral groups, and verify that the resulting trace functions on canonically twisted modules recover the meromorphic Jacobi forms that are specified by umbral moonshine. We also obtain partial solutions to the meromorphic module problem for the type A Niemeier root systems with Coxeter numbers four and five, by constructing super vertex operator algebras that recover the meromorphic Jacobi forms attached to maximal subgroups of the corresponding umbral groups.
Managing Increased Dependencies From Product Recalls:A Stakeholder Approach

Drawing from resource dependence theory (RDT) and stakeholder theory, we establish firms’ dependencies on external organizations, the stakeholders. Product recalls heighten firms’ dependency on the...
The Four ‘Leadership’ Faces of Ezekiel 1, Ezekiel 10, and Revelation 4 Paralleled by the Four Gospels

This chapter presents The Four ‘Leadership’ Faces of Ezekiel 1, Ezekiel 10, and Revelation 4 Paralleled by the Four Gospels. The four faces represent a lion, an ox, a man, and an eagle. Each face is a metaphor of what a leader or manager needs to be—all at the same time. The lion metaphor implies strength and confidence, the ox metaphor implies work, service, and dedication, the man metaphor implies humanity and caring, while the eagle metaphor implies keen vision and awareness of both the immediate and future environment.
Outcomes of de novo CD5+ diffuse large b-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) in the rituximab (R) era.

e19019Background: De novo CD5+ DLBCL is associated with poor prognosis. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the MD Anderson Lymphoma Outcome Database and identified 104 patients (pts) with de novo...
Filtering DC Bias in a Hard-Limited Radar Signal Processor Using Code Imbalance

A radar signal processor subchain containing a pulse compression module employing binary $\pm 1$ phase codes is studied in an effort to understand the behavior of the output mean and variance as functions of phase code imbalance, in noise-limited environments. It is a relatively simple subchain consisting of an R/Theta limiter, a pulse compressor using a length- $N$ phase code for match filtering, scaling by $1/N$ , and a squarer (also known as $I^2+Q^2$ ). The input to this system is a sampled input string assumed to be formed of a small dc bias with added two-dimensional Gaussian noise. The output of this system is studied for a range of values of the pulse compression code imbalance. Imbalance is the difference between the number of 1 and $-1$ elements in the binary phase code. A nonzero imbalance is sometimes a cause for concern, since the pulse compression dc gain is proportional to the code imbalance. Hence, the dc gain might be expected to yield a nonzero component at the output, resulting in an increased risk of false alarms on a radar return comprised of noise alone. However, we show that for imbalance of $\pm \sqrt{N}$ , any contribution from the dc bias is nearly eliminated. When $N$ is a perfect square, dc bias is completely eliminated, in theory at least. Analytical formulae are provided, along with simulation results for pulse compression code length $N=512$ .
Concertive resistance: how overlapping team identifications enable collective organizational resistance*

This study describes how overlapping sources of identification allow organizational members to resist managerial influence collectively in the absence of overt talk or leadership communication – la...
Multiomics Analyses of Vesicular Transport Pathway-Specific Transcripts and Proteins in Ovine Amnion: Responses to Altered Intramembranous Transport.

Amniotic fluid volume (AFV) is determined by the rate of intramembranous (IM) transport of amniotic fluid (AF) across the amnion. This transport is regulated by fetal urine-derived stimulators and ...
Mid-term survivorship and patient-reported outcomes of robotic-arm assisted partial knee arthroplasty.

Aims Limited evidence is available on mid-term outcomes of robotic-arm assisted (RA) partial knee arthroplasty (PKA). Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate mid-term survivorship, mod...
Habitat-Specific Clock Variation and Its Consequence on Reproductive Fitness:

The circadian clock controls daily activities at the cellular and organismic level, allowing an organism to anticipate incoming stresses and to use resources accordingly. The circadian clock has therefore been considered a fitness trait in multiple organisms. However, the mechanism of how circadian clock variation influences organismal reproductive fitness is still not well understood. Here we describe habitat-specific clock variation (HSCV) of asexual reproduction in Neurospora discreta, a species that is adapted to 2 different habitats, under or above tree bark. African (AF) N. discreta strains, whose habitat is above the tree bark in light-dark (LD) conditions, display a higher rhythmicity index compared with North American (NA) strains, whose habitat is under the tree bark in constant dark (DD). Although AF-type strains demonstrated an overall fitness advantage under LD and DD conditions, NA-type strains exhibit a habitat-specific fitness advantage in DD over the LD condition. In addition, we show that allelic variation of the clock-controlled gene, Ubiquinol cytochrome c oxidoreductase (NEUDI_158280), plays a role in HSCV by modulating cellular reactive oxygen species levels. Our results demonstrate a mechanism by which local adaptation involving circadian clock regulation influences reproductive fitness.
The safety of in-office laryngologic procedures during active antithrombotic therapy.

Objectives To determine whether patients undergoing in-office laryngologic procedures on antithrombotic therapy are at increased risk for treatment-related complications. Methods Patients were those who underwent at least one in-office laryngologic procedure with any of three fellowship-trained laryngologists. Procedures were identified by current procedural terminology (CPT) code and included biopsies, excisions, laser ablations, and injections (therapeutic and augmentative). Patients were divided into two groups based on the use of antithrombotic therapy at the time of their procedure. Retrospective chart review was performed to identify any complications, with an average follow-up of 186 days. Results Five hundred-sixty-four unique individuals were identified with ages ranging from 18 to 93 years old and with a relatively even distribution between females (45%) and males (55%). They underwent 647 procedures in total, 310 of which were performed while on some form of antithrombotic therapy. Sixteen procedures were associated with complications either during or after the procedure. In comparing overall complication rates, there was no significant difference between non-antithrombotic (2.4%) and antithrombotic (3.3%) cohorts (OR 1.09, 95% CI [0.46-2.60], P = .8454). Conclusions In spite of known risks in other settings, antithrombotic agents do not appear to confer increased risk of treatment-related complications during in-office laryngologic procedures, obviating the need for cessation of therapy prior to these interventions. Level of evidence 4.
Spent nuclear fuel storage: What are the relationships between size and cost of the alternatives?

Abstract Irradiated or Spent Nuclear Fuel (SNF, where it could be “used nuclear fuel” if reprocessing facilities are available) is periodically removed from nuclear power reactors and allowed to decay in suitable storage facilities. This paper attempts to calculate the relationships between sizes and costs of wet/dry and onsite/offsite SNF storage. The methodology is (1) to propose cost models based on publicly available data and (2) to estimate cost equations to compare the various storage costs. When the fuel pool nears capacity, the cheapest alternative is to transfer SNF to onsite dry storage. Once a nuclear power plant has been decommissioned, and only the onsite dry storage facility remains, there appears to be little economic reason (from the nuclear power plant owner/operator’s viewpoint) to move the SNF to consolidated facilities because of extra monetary and non-monetary costs. Unless there are explicit national policies and funded programs to manage SNF, there are likely to be legacy sites with stranded SNF. On the other hand, there is a consensus that consolidated facilities (1) would be more safe and secure than dispersed onsite storage locations, (2) would facilitate final disposal, and (3) might reduce the risks perceived by local communities of storing SNF.
Historic fish samples from the Southeast USA lack microplastics

Abstract Most of earth's systems and the organisms that inhabit them are known to contain microplastics, which are well documented to have lethal and sublethal effects on living things. Due to their generally short timeframe and recent focus, contemporary studies of microplastics in fish are unable to inform past patterns of microplastic ingestion, and as such there is a knowledge gap regarding when microplastics began showing up in fishes. We examined n = 185 historical (museum) fish samples representing seven species from five freshwater systems across 51 years in order to look for microplastic samples over time. We found only three microplastic particles, two of which were in the more recent years of collection (1996 and 2006). Although our results are not conclusive toward understanding the true nature of microplastic occurrence over time in fishes, our findings present strong evidence that southeast U.S. stream fish likely did not ingest large numbers of microplastics during the 20th century.
Comparison of the effectiveness of antimicotic extract of ethanol temu kunci and temulawak on candida albicans

Introduction: Candida albicans are normal flora bacteria on the skin and mucous membranes of humans. Candida albicans are said to be one of the causes of vaginal discharge or fluor albus. Temu kunci (Boesenbergia pandurata (Roxb.) Schlect) and temulawak (Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb) are the ingredients of herbal medicines with the potential as an antifungal. Purpose: This study aims to explain the differences in the antifungal effect of the Temu kunci (Boesenbergia pandurata (Roxb.) Schlect) and Temulawak (Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb) extracts and explain how the combination of Temu kunci (Boesenbergia pandurata (Roxb.) Schlect) and Temulawak (Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb) extracts has an antifungal effect on Candida albicans by using the experimental study of post-test control group design. Method: This study uses the Kirby-Baurer method and then measures the inhibitory zone by using calipers then comparing the inhibition zone of each extract. Results: The research results show no difference in the effectiveness of each extract, and no inhibition zone was found for each extract. Conclusion: This study concludes that the two extracts are not effective against C.albicans.
Nonlinear Gaussian Mixture Filtering with Intrinsic Fault Resistance

Because of limitations in onboard computing, spaceflight navigation has long been relegated to estimation processes that promote computational efficiency over increased model accuracy. Such is the ...
Cell Physiology and Molecular Mechanism of Anion Transport by Erythrocyte Band 3/AE1

The major transmembrane protein of the red blood cell, known as band 3, AE1, and SLC4A1, has two main functions: 1) catalysis of Cl-/HCO3- exchange, one of the steps in CO2 excretion; 2) anchoring ...
A sparse combined regression-classification formulation for learning a physiological alternative to clinical post-traumatic stress disorder scores

Current diagnostic methods for mental pathologies, including Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), involve a cliniciancoded interview, which can be subjective. Heart rate and skin conductance, as well as other peripheral physiology measures, have previously shown utility in predicting binary diagnostic decisions. The binary decision problem is easier, but misses important information on the severity of the patients condition. This work utilizes a novel experimental set-up that exploits virtual reality videos and peripheral physiology for PTSD diagnosis. In pursuit of an automated physiology-based objective diagnostic method, we propose a learning formulation that integrates the description of the experimental data and expert knowledge on desirable properties of a physiological diagnostic score. From a list of desired criteria, we derive a new cost function that combines regression and classification while learning the salient features for predicting physiological score. The physiological score produced by Sparse Combined Regression-Classification (SCRC) is assessed with respect to three sets of criteria chosen to reflect design goals for an objective, physiological PTSD score: parsimony and context of selected features, diagnostic score validity, and learning generalizability. For these criteria, we demonstrate that Sparse Combined Regression-Classification performs better than more generic learning approaches.
Branching Formulae and Tableaux

If G ⊃ H are groups, a branching rule is an explicit description of how representations of G decompose into irreducibles when restricted to H. By Frobenius reciprocity, this is equivalent to asking how representations of H decompose into irreducibles on induction to G. In this chapter, we will obtain the branching rule for the symmetric groups.
Safety of Perflutren Ultrasound Contrast Agents: A Disproportionality Analysis of the US FAERS Database

Perflutren microbubble/microsphere ultrasound contrast agents have a black-box warning based on case reports of serious cardiopulmonary events. There have been several subsequent observational safety studies. Large spontaneous reporting databases may help detect/refine signals of rare adverse events that elude other data sources/study designs. The objective of this study was to supplement existing knowledge of the reported safety of perflutren using statistical analysis of spontaneous reports. We analyzed information from the US Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System using a disproportionality analysis. Analysis of overall reporting for perflutren was supplemented by subset (age, indication) analysis. A signal of disproportionate reporting (SDR) was defined as EB05 >2. Overall, 18/380 Preferred Terms and 1/83 Standardized Medical Queries had SDRs. Most were small (EB05 = 2–4). Back pain and flank pain were the largest SDRs followed by events compatible with signs/symptoms of hypersensitivity. The general pattern of SDRs in the subset analysis was consistent with the overall analysis. Almost all events with SDRs were literally or conceptually labeled. Except for chest pain (higher in the age <65 years subgroup) and back pain (higher in the age ≥65 years subgroup), there were no statistically significant differences between age subsets. Except for the Preferred Terms Pruritus and Urticaria and the narrow Standardized Medical Queries Ventricular tachyarrhythmia, Angioedema, Oropharyngeal allergic conditions, and Hypersensitivity (higher in the stress test subgroup), there were no statistically significant reporting differences between indication subsets. There were no SDRs associated with the major cardiovascular events of death, myocardial infarction/ischemia, angina, arrhythmias, or convulsions in any analysis. Our combined signal detection/evaluation analysis did not identify SDRs of novel adverse events or major cardiovascular events associated with perflutren ultrasound contrast agents. The negative results for major cardiovascular events extend previous signal evaluation exercises supporting the relative cardiovascular safety of these agents.
Novel Antiplatelet Agents: The Current State and What Is Coming Down the Pike

Antiplatelet therapy is the cornerstone of treatment for patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) or undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Despite the use of dual antiplatelet therapy with aspirin and clopidogrel, a considerable number of patients still experience atherothrombotic events, which may be explained at least in part by inadequate platelet inhibition induced by this treatment regimen. This underscores the need for more potent antithrombotic strategies for the acute and long-term treatment of ischemic complications, especially in high-risk patients. These include novel generation P2Y12 receptor antagonists, such as prasugrel, ticagrelor and cangrelor, or adjunctive antiplatelet agents targeting different pathways, such as the thrombin protease-activated receptors-1 receptor inhibitor vorapaxar. Moreover, since ischemic events accrue over time after an acute event, prolonging intensified antiplatelet therapy beyond 1-year has also been investigated. This manuscript provides an overview on the current status and future directions of antithrombotic therapies for the treatment of patients with ACS or treated with PCI, mainly focusing on novel agents.
Between Logic and Group Theory

This article consists of the talk given by the author to the Congress, but together with various extensions. It is certainly in the area claimed by the title, focusing on connections between recursive functions and groups. Some results are stated and a reference given as to where the proofs may be found, some results are stated and the proofs promised as forthcoming, a weakened form of one of the latter is proved in outline here, but otherwise the article consists of a wild array of obiter dicta, questions, and speculations.
The Empirical Inadequacy of Species Cohesion by Gene Flow

This paper brings needed clarity to the influential view that species are cohesive entities held together by gene flow, and then develops an empirical argument against that view: Neglected data suggest gene flow is neither necessary nor sufficient for species cohesion. Implications are discussed.
The diagnosis and treatment of late-life depression

Depression in the elderly occurs commonly and is a major public health problem. Unfortunately, despite the availability of safe and effective treatments, late-life depression is often underdiagnosed because the symptoms are unrecognized by the patient and the health care provider. Late-life depression is described in this review, with a focus on symptoms, prevalence, diagnosis, and available treatment modalities.
Cholecystokinin: A Molecular Negative-Feedback Control of Eating

Cholecystokinin (CCK), released from the small intestine by the digestive products of ingested food, was the first molecular mechanism of the negative feedback control of meal size identified in animals and humans. Because of the compelling evidence for its physiological function, CCK is the gold standard for evaluating claims for the satiating function of other peptides. The chapter has two parts: First, it reviews the development of the evidence for the satiating function of CCK. This shows that the evidence required the convergence of behavioral, pharmacological, and neurophysiological experiments. Second, it discusses current investigation of the interactions of CCK with other peripheral and central mechanisms, its role in the syndrome of hyperphagia with and without obesity that results from the null mutation of the CCKI receptor in mice and rats, and its therapeutic promise for the treatment of human hyperphagia and obesity, a promise that has not yet been fulfilled.
The politics of ideas in reforming the dutch disability fund

This article looks at the long struggle to reform the Dutch disability insurance fund, which covered close to 10% of the labor force in 2002. Ideas played a strategic role in the framing and discourse of the policy reforms. A template propagated by the European Commission was used by center-left reform advocates to soften a neoliberal campaign to overhaul the disability insurance scheme. Center-left politicians used European deliberations to convince their colleagues to accept increased spending on activation programs rather than rely on rounds of cutbacks. Labor market activation also resonated with voters, for very different reasons. Voters in the 2000s rallied around activation in order to bar ethnic minorities from taking advantage of the disability program. By the time that the disability law was repealed in 2006, many voters had altered their minds about the disability fund, resenting the fact that “problematic” minorities lived off welfare state benefits.
Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy using metallic nanostructures

Abstract This article provides an overview of the development and application of the surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) techniques using metal-coated nanostructures on solid substrates. An introduction to theoretical principles of the SERS effect and the different SERS-active media is presented. The focus is on nanostructured solid substrates and their practical applications in chemical, environmental and biomedical areas. Specific examples of analytical techniques, instruments and sensors developed in the author's laboratory will be discussed to illustrate the usefulness and potential of the SERS techniques.
Metal-insulator transition in Si: X ( X =P,B): Anomalous response to a magnetic field

The zero-temperature magnetoconductivity of just-metallic Si:P scales with magnetic field {ital H} and dopant concentration {ital n} lying on a single universal curve: {sigma}(n,H)/{sigma}(n,0)=G[H{sup {minus}{delta}}{Delta}n] with a magnetic-field crossover exponent {delta}{approx}2. We note that Si:P, Si:B, and Si:As all have unusually large crossover exponents near 2, and suggest that this anomalously weak response to a magnetic field, {Delta}n{sub c}{proportional_to}H{sup {delta}}, is a common feature of uncompensated doped semiconductors. {copyright} {ital 1998} {ital The American Physical Society}
Inter-American Studies as an Emerging Field: The Future of a Discipline

Inter-American Studies is an exciting and fast developing new field, one that has the potential to revolutionize not only how we think about the Americas (including their relationships with Europe1 and Africa and their pre-Columbian worlds) but about the various disciplines — from literature to economics, from politics to law, and from anthropology to music — that link them together. Although we must credit historians like Herbert E. Bolton with having charted the original conceptual framework for this undertaking early in the twentieth century, and though we have seen interest in the Inter-American project wax and wane through the years, we are now living in a time when, for a variety of reasons, interest in Inter-American relations suddenly looms larger and more urgent than it ever has before. Concerned with a wide range of issues and agencies, such as NAFTA, popular music, literature, and law, the Americas have become, in the early years of the twenty-first century, a deeply interconnected site of tremendous energy and potential. And of conflict. However, as an emergent (and therefore disruptive) intellectual discipline, Inter-American Studies must also be considered part of the larger process of “globalization” that, like the arrival of the banana company train in Garcia Marquez’s Cien anos de soledad [One Hundred Years of Solitude], is causing so much upheaval and consternation in so many places. Major players in this vast international game, the Americas are taking note of each other as never before, and the Inter-American paradigm (understood as involving both Francophone and Anglophone Canada, the United States, Spanish America, Brazil and the Caribbean) offers an excellent, though by no means foolproof, method of ensuring that this difficult process of rediscovery and reconsideration proceeds with fairness and accuracy. This is our challenge. But nowhere is the pressure of change being felt as acutely, perhaps, as in the closely related fields of American Studies and American literature, mainstream academic areas involving vast numbers of students and where
The Distributed Intelligent Defense System

The authors describe the Distributed Intelligent Defense System (DIDS), a prototype research testbed targeted to a helicopter defense system developed under the IBM Systems Integration Division (SID) High Performance Inference Processing (HPIP) Independent Research and Development (IR&D) project. A brief overview of artificial intelligence (AI) in IBM's SID leading up to the development of the DIDS system is given, followed by a description of the development of the system itself. Performance measurement methodologies and results are then discussed. Several conclusions based on these results are given, along with plans for future system enhancements. >
INFRA-RED METHOD FOR ASSESSMENT OF SMALL AND LARGE EYE MOVEMENTS IN CLINICAL EXPERIMENTS

Problems in measuring eye movements are briefly reviewed and a simple, inexpensive technique is presented for counting either the number of small eye movements during fixation or the number of small plus large eye movements during visual search. Details are given for building the system, which reflects infra-red light from the corneal-scleral margin of the eye to a photocell. The methods of operation and analysis of data are presented and the strengths and weaknesses of the technique are summarized. Examples of its use in particular experiments are presented.
Does cardiac sympathetic innervation imaging fulfill an unmet need for managing atrial fibrillation

Meta -iodobenzylguanidine ( m IBG) is a structural analog of guanethidine that shares the same uptake and storage mechanisms as norepinephrine in nerve endings. By radiolabeling m IBG with iodine-123, the uptake and storage of m IBG can be imaged with a gamma camera. Because m IBG is not metabolized
Hydroelastic Tailoring of Composite Naval Propulsors

Recently, there is an increased interest to use composites as alternative materials for naval structures. In addition to the important advantage of weight reduction, the deformation of the structure can be tailored to improve the hydrodynamic and/or elastodynamic performance. For naval propulsors in particular, hydroelastic tailoring can help to reduce load variations, delay cavitation inception, and improve propeller efficiency by allowing each blade to automatically adjust its shape with the local inflow. In this work, a coupled boundary element method (BEM)-finite element method (FEM) is presented for the hydroelastic analysis of flexible composite propellers in wake inflow. An overview of the formulation for both the fluid and solid domains, and the fluid-structure interaction algorithms are presented. Experimental validation studies are shown for two 0.6096 m (24 inch) model-scale composite propellers: a flexible composite propeller and a rigid composite propeller. The deformed shape of the flexible composite propeller was designed to match the rigid propeller so both propellers yield the same thrust and efficiency under the design condition. The propellers were manufactured by A.I.R. Fertigung-Technologie GmbH and designed in cooperation with the Naval Surface Warfare Center Carderock Division (NSWCCD). The experimental studies were conducted by NSWCCD. The numerical predictions compared well with experimental measurements. Additional numerical results were also shown for a different rigid and flexible composite propeller pair using the same strategy. Both steady (open water flow) and unsteady (wake inflow) results show that the flexible composite propeller achieved higher efficiency than the rigid propeller at off-design conditions by tailored load-dependent deformations that changes with the local inflow. Moreover, the enhancement in propeller efficiency due to load-dependent deformations increases when the operating condition is moved further away from the design condition for both open water inflow and wake inflow.
Phase equilibrium in the LaMg (0 – 65 at.% Mg) and GdMg systems

Abstract The phase relationships in the LaMg (up to 65 at.% Mg) and the GdMg phase diagrams were established. A special effort was made to determine the extent of the solid solubility of magnesium in the high temperature b.c.c. phases of lanthanum (γ) and gadolinium (β), and the eutectoid decomposition temperature and composition of these b.c.c. solid solution phases.
Force interactions in the synthetic environment using the isu force reflecting exoskeleton

Abstract With the increasing development of sophisticated computer graphic displays, attention has been focused on methods to provide force feedback to the human operator in the virtual environment. This work presents results from a prototype exoskeleton device for use in virtual reality force feedback systems. This design is based on the use of an electro-magnetic interface to couple a robotic exoskeleton with the human operator. In this system, a robotic mechanism provides an absolute link to ground and supports the weight of the actuation devices and tracking sensors. The mechanical link to ground allows the application of arbitrary interaction forces and provides the position, velocity, and force reference information needed to update graphical displays and generate accurate force feedback. An electromagnetic interface eliminates heavy and bulky mechanical attachments to the operator, and provides the capability for high bandwidth force application. By using a robotic manipulator to support the heavy parts of the system, the working range of motion is increased. The system provides the flexibility of producing a wide range of both relative forces between two fingers and absolute forces between fingers and the environment. This two-degree-of-freedom functional prototype is currently in the testing phase, and preliminary results show adequate motion tracking and force generation capabilities.
The Single Species Hypothesis

Pilbeam, D., and M. Zwell 1973 The Single Species Hypothesis, Sexual Dimorphism, and Variability in Early Hominids. Yearbook of Physical Anthropology, 1972 16:69-79. Robinson, J. T. 1972 Early Hominid Posture and Locomotion. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Tuttle, R. 1974 Darwin's Apes, Dental Apes, and the Descent of Man: Normal Science in Evolutionary Anthropology. Current Anthropology 15:389-398. Wolpoff, M. H. 19 71 In te rstitial Wear. American
Image enhancement of high digital magnification for patients with central vision loss

We have developed a mobile vision assistive device based on a head mounted display (HMD) with a video camera, which provides image magnification and contrast enhancement for patients with central field loss (CFL). Because the exposure level of the video camera is usually adjusted according to the overall luminance of the scene, the contrast of sub-images (to be magnified) may be low. We found that at high magnification levels, conventional histogram enhancement methods frequently result in over- or under-enhancement due to irregular histogram distribution of subimages. Furthermore, the histogram range of the sub-images may change dramatically when the camera moves, which may cause flickering. A piece-wise histogram stretching method based on a center emphasized histogram is proposed and evaluated by observers. The center emphasized histogram minimizes the histogram fluctuation due to image changes near the image boundary when the camera moves slightly, which therefore reduces flickering after enhancement. A piece-wise histogram stretching function is implemented by including a gain turnaround point to deal with very low contrast images and reduce the possibility of over enhancement. Six normally sighted subjects and a CFL patient were tested for their preference of images enhanced by the conventional and proposed methods as well as the original images. All subjects preferred the proposed enhancement method over the conventional method.
T-cell subsets in the thyroids of mice developing autoimmune thyroiditis

Abstract To examine the role of T-cell subsets in the development of thyroid lesions, female CBA/J mice were immunized with 60 μg mouse thyroglobulin (MTg) in 0.1 ml complete Freund's adjuvant in both hind footpads. The thyroids were removed 12–21 days later, pooled, and dispersed. The cell suspension was examined by membrane immunofluorescence for the distribution of Thy-1 + , Lyt-1 + , Lyt-2 + , and sIg + lymphocytes. For comparison, peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) from the same animals were similarly examined. Throughout this 10-day interval, B cells in the thyroid were consistently below 5%, whereas B cells represented 19–24% of PBL. Thy-1 + cells in PBL ranged from 45 to 59%, whereas Thy-1 + cells in the thyroid were 37–50%. However, only thyroidal T cells showed a consistent decline with time and were replaced gradually by cells without T or B cell markers. In particular, there was a clear shift in the Lyt-1 + :Lyt-2 + ratio from about 7 down to 2 in the thyroid as the early predominance of Lyt-1 + cells was followed by a relative increase in Lyt-2 + cells. Our results show that there is an accumulation of Lyt-1 + and Lyt-2 + cells in the infiltrated thyroid. These cells may include MTg-reactive, helper, and cytotoxic T cells which localize (or differentiate) in the thyroid and initiate the lesions.
The narrative paradigm: An elaboration

This essay situates the narrative paradigm in regard to major social scientific and humanistic theories, and applies the paradigm in an interpretation and assessment of the conversation between Socrates and Callicles in Plato's Gorgias.
Comparison of 3.0 T proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy short and long echo-time measures of intramyocellular lipids in obese and normal-weight women

Purpose To compare correlations of intramyocellular lipids (IMCL) measured by short and long echo-time proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) with indices of body composition and insulin resistance in obese and normal-weight women.
ADAMTS13 modulates atherosclerotic plaque progression in mice via a VWF‐dependent mechanism

Summary Background ADAMTS13 reduces the adhesiveness of hyperactive ultra-large von Willebrand factor (ULVWF) multimers by cleaving them into smaller, less active multimers. Recently, we and others have demonstrated that ADAMTS13 reduces atherosclerosis in hypercholesteremic apolipoprotein E (ApoE−/−) deficient mice. It is not known whether ADAMTS13 modulates atherosclerosis directly or indirectly by cleaving ULVWF multimers. Objective We generated triple knockout Adamts13−/−/Vwf−/−/ApoE−/− mice to determine whether ADAMTS13 modulates atherosclerosis through its proteolytic effects on VWF or other potential mechanisms. Methods Female mice were fed a high-fat Western diet beginning at 6 weeks of age until they were sacrificed at 4 months. We compared the extent of atherosclerosis in the serial cross-sections of the aortic sinus using the Verhoeff-Van Gieson stain. Macrophage and neutrophil infiltration were quantified by immunohistochemistry. Under plain polarized light interstitial collagen content in the serial cross-sections of the aortic sinus was quantified using picrosirius red stain. Results Deficiency of VWF in Adamts13−/−/ApoE−/− mice (Adamts13−/−/Vwf−/−/ApoE−/−) completely reversed exacerbated atherosclerosis (P < 0.05 vs. Adamts13−/−/ApoE−/− mice). The lesion size, macrophage and neutrophil infiltration in the aortic sinus of Adamts13−/−/Vwf−/−/ApoE−/− mice were significantly decreased compared with Adamts13−/−/ApoE−/− mice (P < 0.05), but similar to Vwf−/−/ApoE−/− mice. Additionally, interstitial collagen content in the aortic sinus of Adamts13−/−/Vwf−/−/ApoE−/− mice was significantly reduced compared with Adamts13−/−/ApoE−/− mice (P < 0.05), but similar to Vwf−/−/ApoE−/− mice. Total cholesterol and triglyceride levels were similar among groups. Conclusions ADAMTS13 modulates inflammatory plaque progression in hypercholesterolemic mice through a VWF-dependent mechanism. These findings provide further evidence on the pathophysiological role for the ADAMTS13/VWF axis in atherosclerosis.
Diffractive Production and Rescattering of Three Particle Systems

A new relativistic $n$-body scattering formalism is introduced, which explicitly satisfies the cluster property, and reproduces the analytic structure of the lowest-order Feynman graphs. Applied to a three-particle system, this formalism defines an alternative form of the relativistic Faddeev equation; specific formulas are presented for the case of an $s$-wave separable interaction. A generalization of this equation is proposed for the purpose of three-particle data analysis, and is shown to provide an exactly unitary description in a form suitable for ${\ensuremath{\chi}}^{2}$-minimalization techniques. This exact description further suggests an approximate formalism, which effectively generalizes the isobar model (including realistic thresholds and some three-body cut structure). When applied to a four-body system in lowest order, the formalism defines a model for diffractive production of three-body states such as $3\ensuremath{\pi}$, $K\ensuremath{\pi}\ensuremath{\pi}$, $N\ensuremath{\pi}\ensuremath{\pi}$, etc. Combined with subsequent rescattering of the three-particle system, this treatment confirms the recent result of Aitchison and Bowler concerning very strong production-resonance interference; this is shown to be related to the difference in the off-shell structure of the corresponding amplitudes. In the particular context of diffractive three-body production, this translates to significant differences in calculated cross sections when the subenergy dependence of the isobar amplitudes is neglected. It is further shown that off-shell (vertex) corrections to the Deck amplitude can produce both strong subenergy dependence and dramatic changes in the cross sections (as a function of three-body mass). These effects are illustrated via an analysis of the ${1}^{+}$${0}^{+}$ state of $K\ensuremath{\pi}\ensuremath{\pi}$ produced in the reaction ${K}^{+}p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{K}^{+}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}p$ at 13 GeV/c. In particular, a ${Q}_{2}$ state of ${K}^{*}\ensuremath{\pi}$ is found at 1.2 GeV (compared to 1.4 GeV in previous analyses), whereas a ${Q}_{1}$ state (coupling predominantly to $\ensuremath{\rho}K$)is found at 1.3 GeV (in agreement with past analyses). Implications of this result for ${A}_{1}$ production in various reactions are discussed.