cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Model of the Quaternary Structure of Enolases, Based on Structural and Evolutionary Analysis of the Octameric Enolase from Bacillus subtilis

Purified enolase from Bacillus subtilis has a native mass of approximately 370 kDa. Since B. subtilis enolase was found to have a subunit mass of 46.58 kDa, the quaternary structure of B. subtilis is octameric. The pl for B. subtilis enolase is 6.1, the pH optimum (pHo) for activity is 8.1–8.2, and the K m for 2-PGA is approximately 0.67 mM. Using the dimeric Cα structure of yeast dimeric enolase as a guide, these dimers were arranged as a tetramer of dimers to simulate the electron microscopy image processing obtained for the octameric enolase purified from Thermotoga maritima. This arrangement allowed identification of helix J of one dimer (residues 86–96) and the loop between helix L and strand 1 (HL–S1 loop) of another dimer as possible subunit interaction regions. Alignment of available enolase amino acid sequences revealed that in 16 there are two tandem glycines at the C-terminal end of helix L and the HL–S1 loop is truncated by 4–6 residues relative to the yeast polypeptide, two structural features absent in enolases known to be dimers. From these arrangements and alignments it is proposed that the GG tandem at the C-terminal end of helix L and truncation of the HL–S1 loop may play a critical role in octamer formation of enolases. Interestingly, the sequence features associated with dimeric quaternary structure are found in three phylogenetically disparate groups, suggesting that the ancestral enolase was an octamer and that the dimeric structure has arisen independently multiple times through evolutionary history.
Proceedings of the 2nd international workshop on Petascal data analytics: challenges and opportunities

It is our great pleasure to welcome you to the 2011 International Workshop on Petascal Data Analytics: Challenges and Opportunities. This is the 2nd edition of the workshop held in cooperation with the IEEE/ACM International Conference for High Performance Computing, Networking, Storage, and Analysis (SC). The main objective of this workshop is to provide an international platform to share and discuss recent research results in adopting high-end computing including clouds and distributed computing resources for petascale - exascale data frameworks, analytics, and visualization. In the last ten years, computing capability has increased many-fold, and correspondingly data volumes have grown by an even larger amount. Many traditional application domains have now become data intensive. It is estimated that organizations with high-performance computing infrastructures and data centers are doubling the amount of data that they are archiving every year. Recent advances in computing architectures require that middleware and application software be reengineered to fully exploit heterogeneous resources, memory hierarchies, and I/O pipelines. Cloud computing has become a practical and cost effective solution for providers and consumers, ranging from business analytics to scientific computing. The utility of cloud computing has been shown to provide significant benefits in data mining, machine learning and knowledge discovery. Cloud computing also has great potential to revolutionize extreme scale data analytics; but there are many obstacles which must be overcome to gain wide spread adoption. The integration of HPC and cloud infrastructure, for example, must be addressed in a manner that is both usable and scalable. This workshop welcomes members of academia, government and industry to discuss new and emerging trends in computing architectures, programming models, I/O services, and data analytics. We invite researchers, developers, and users to participate in this workshop to share, contribute, and discuss the emerging challenges in developing knowledge discovery solutions and frameworks targeting clouds and high-end computing platforms. The call for papers attracted eight submissions and after a thorough review process the program committee accepted five papers that covered variety of topics. In addition, the program included a keynote talk from Dr. Lucy Nowell of DOE/ASCR, and invited talks from eminent scholars: Prof. Manish Parashar (Rutgers/NSF), Dr. Dennis Gannon (Microsoft Research), Prof. Geoffrey Fox (Indiana), Dr. Ilkay Altintas (SDSC), Prof. Chris Johnson (Utah), and Prof. Judy Qiu (Indiana). Overall the workshop featured broad range of talks covering both recent advances and future challenges of petascale data analytics on modern high-end computing infrastructures, and has attracted more than 125 participants.
Automated creation of database forms

A form-based query interface is usually the preferred means to provide an unsophisticated user access to a database. Not only is such an interface easy to use, requiring no technical training, but it also requires little or no knowledge of how the data is structured. However, forms do have drawbacks compared to other querying mechanisms. Firstly, forms are highly restrictive, i.e., they only support a precise set of queries and disallow all others. Secondly, the form developer is required to have complete knowledge of the database schema and also have expertise in a structured query language to create useful forms. Thirdly, generating forms is repetitive, tedious and largely manual. This thesis addresses these shortcomings of forms-based interfaces while maintaining ease-of-use. First, the schema and content of the database are used to identify query foci and build forms centered on these entities. Choosing entities, attributes and relationships of likely interest to users and the types of query operations to support is the major challenge of this interface design approach. If queries posed by users to a database are known, form-design can be query-driven and this can improve upon schema-based form generation. Given a trace history of queries to a database the system can generate a minimal set of forms that can be used by subsequent users to express any query similar to any in the workload. Traditional forms are static and can only express a limited set of queries. Users are often unable to issue a desired query to the database because the available forms do not support it. This thesis presents a mechanism that lets a user modify an existing form to express the desired query. These modifications can be specified using operations no harder than form-filling. Finally, unlike auto-generated forms, forms in use today make use of creative layout design, helper text and advanced form controls and widgets to make query specification easier. While these features can be hard to automate and generalize, many of them are incorporated into this automatic form generation system improving usability.
The Role of NKT Cells in the Immune Regulation of Neoplastic Disease

Although natural killer T cells comprise only a small proportion of lymphocytes, they have profound effects on immune function. NKT cells are equipped to rapidly respond to stimulation to activate effector mechanisms and bridge the gap between the innate and adaptive immune systems. NKT cells play important roles in many disease settings including infection, autoimmunity, and cancer. This review focuses on the roles of NKT cells in tumor immunology and discusses how the balance between type I and type II NKT cells, which promote and suppress anti-tumor immunity, respectively, influences disease outcome. Manipulation of NKT cells in preclinical tumor models has generated many promising results, suggesting that shifting the balance between type I and type II NKT cells may be an important component of immunotherapy for cancer.
Effects of solid-state diffusion on the incubation time for nucleation in solids

Most nucleation in solids is predicated on the aggregation of single atoms into a critical nucleus, which typically contains from tens to thousands of atoms. Clearly solid state diffusion is required for this accumulation. In addition, regardless of how rapid steady state nucleation might be, a characteristic time, known as an incubation time, is required for the formation of even a single critical nucleus. Clearly, the length of this incubation time depends strongly on the diffusional process which is operative in nucleus formation. In some cases, the operative diffusive process is not at all self evident. This paper demonstrates how the quantum mechanical principle of time reversal symmetry may be utilized to identify the path of activation for nucleation, and therefrom the operative diffusive process and the incubation time. Time reversal symmetry will be utilized to obtain the incubation times for homogeneous and heterogeneous nucleation in solids. By contrast, mathematical derivations of the incubation time are cumbersome at best, have been performed only for extremely simple cases, and are often non-physical.
The Price of Virtue for the Medieval Woman: Chastity and the Crucible of the Virgin

This article distinguishes the gendered identity of virtue for medieval women in a detailed account of the significance of their chastity as a private monetary concern and a public mark of respecta...
A brain-penetrant triazolopyrimidine enhances microtubule-stability, reduces axonal dysfunction and decreases tau pathology in a mouse tauopathy model.

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and related tauopathies are neurodegenerative diseases that are characterized by the presence of insoluble inclusions of the protein tau within brain neurons and often glia. Tau is normally found associated with axonal microtubules (MTs) in the brain, and in tauopathies this MT binding is diminished due to tau hyperphosphorylation. As MTs play a critical role in the movement of cellular constituents within neurons via axonal transport, it is likely that the dissociation of tau from MTs alters MT structure and axonal transport, and there is evidence of this in tauopathy mouse models as well as in AD brain. We previously demonstrated that different natural products which stabilize MTs by interacting with β-tubulin at the taxane binding site provide significant benefit in transgenic mouse models of tauopathy. More recently, we have reported on a series of MT-stabilizing triazolopyrimidines (TPDs), which interact with β-tubulin at the vinblastine binding site, that exhibit favorable properties including brain penetration and oral bioavailability. Here, we have examined a prototype TPD example, CNDR-51657, in a secondary prevention study utilizing aged tau transgenic mice. 9-Month old female PS19 mice with a low amount of existing tau pathology received twice-weekly administration of vehicle, or 3 or 10 mg/kg of CNDR-51657, for 3 months. Mice were examined in the Barnes maze at the end of the dosing period, and brain tissue and optic nerves were examined immunohistochemically or biochemically for changes in MT density, axonal dystrophy, and tau pathology. Mice were also assessed for changes in organ weights and blood cell numbers. CNDR-51657 caused a significant amelioration of the MT deficit and axonal dystrophy observed in vehicle-treated aged PS19 mice. Moreover, PS19 mice receiving CNDR-51657 had significantly lower tau pathology, with a trend toward improved Barnes maze performance. Importantly, no adverse effects were observed in the compound-treated mice, including no change in white blood cell counts as is often observed in cancer patients receiving high doses of MT-stabilizing drugs. A brain-penetrant MT-stabilizing TPD can safely correct MT and axonal deficits in an established mouse model of tauopathy, resulting in reduced tau pathology.
Covariance Matching Kalman Filter for Observable LTI Systems

It is well known that the Kalman filter is globally optimal for linear time-invariant systems excited with white Gaussian noise along the process and measurement channels. However, its application to practical situations is often suboptimal because the noise covariance matrices typically are not accurately known. This paper presents a new covariance matching Kalman filter (CMKF) algorithm which estimates the measurement $(R)$ or the process $(Q)$ noise covariance matrix in addition to the state. The convergence of the filter for estimating $Q$ or $R$ matrices respectively is proved for discrete stochastic linear time-invariant systems under relatively mild conditions of observability.
Increased Oxidative Stress, Loop Gain And The Arousal Threshold Are Clinical Predictors Of Increased Apnea Severity Following Exposure To Intermittent Hypoxia.

Purpose We determined if oxidative stress prior to sleep onset is correlated to loop gain (LG) and the arousal threshold (AT) during non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep. We also explored if LG and AT are correlated with apnea severity and indices of upper airway collapsibility during NREM sleep. Methods Thirteen male participants with obstructive sleep apnea (apnea-hypopnea index > 5 events/hr) were administered an antioxidant or placebo cocktail while exposed to mild intermittent hypoxia in the awake state. Thereafter, loop gain and measures of arousal, apnea severity and upper airway collapsibility were ascertained during NREM sleep. Results Modification in oxidative stress (i.e., 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine) prior to sleep onset was correlated to LG (r = 0.8, P = 0.003), the number (r = 0.71, P = 0.01) and duration (r = 0.63, P = 0.04) of apneic events and the percentage of time breathing was stable (r = -0.66, P = 0.03) during sleep. Using a forward stepwise regression analysis, our results showed that LG, AT, the ventilatory response to arousal and nadir end-tidal carbon dioxide were determinants of the apnea-hypopnea index (P value range = 0.04-0.001). In addition, the AT was a predictor of measures of upper airway collapsibility, including the hypopnea/apnea + hypopnea ratio and the degree of flow reduction that accompanied hypopneic events (P < 0.001). Conclusion Modifications in oxidative stress following exposure to intermittent hypoxia during wakefulness are positively associated with loop gain and apnea severity during NREM sleep. Moreover, an increase in the arousal threshold is a predictor of increased upper airway collapsibility.
Accounting and Business Research: the first 50 years, 1970–2019

This article is a historical review and analysis of the first 50 years of Accounting and Business Research.
Cross-Country Comparisons of Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior among 5-Year-Old Children.

Purpose Previous studies have observed that physical activity (PA) levels tend to be lower in the U.S. population than in many other countries. Within the U.S., PA levels in children are lower in the South than in other regions. Cross-country and interregional differences in PA have not been studied in young children. Methods In an ongoing study of children at genetic risk for Type 1 diabetes, PA was measured by accelerometry in samples of 5-year-old children (n = 2008) from Finland (n = 370), Germany (n = 85), Sweden (n = 706), and the U.S. (n = 847). The U.S. sample was drawn from centers in Washington State, Colorado, and Georgia/Florida. Children wore accelerometers for 7 days, and the data were reduced to daily minutes of light-, moderate- (MPA), vigorous- (VPA), and moderate-to-vigorous- (MVPA) intensity PA and sedentary behavior. Multiple regression was used to compare children across countries and across regions in the U.S, adjusting for wear time, body mass index, and demographic characteristics. Results After adjusting for previously mentioned factors, MVPA and MPA were lower in U.S. children than those in Finland and Sweden. Estimates of physical activity were higher in Finland than in other countries, although not all comparisons were significantly different. U.S children spent significantly more time in sedentary behavior than children in Finland (p < 0.0001). Within the U.S., children's PA was consistently lowest in Georgia/Florida and highest in Washington. Conclusions Cross-country differences in PA, previously reported for adults and adolescents, are evident in 5-year-old children. In general, PA levels are lower in U.S. children than their European counterparts, and within the U.S., are lower in Georgia/Florida and Colorado than in Washington. Future studies should be designed to identify the factors that explain these differences.
Piezoelectric Modulation of Excitonic Properties in Monolayer WSe 2 under Strong Dielectric Screening.

We investigate the interaction of excitons in monolayer WSe2 with the piezoelectric field of surface acoustic wave (SAW) at room temperature using photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy and report a large in-plane exciton polarizability of 8.43 ± 0.18 × 10-6 Dm/V. Such large polarizability arises due to the strong dielectric screening from the piezoelectric substrate. In addition, we show that the exciton-piezoelectric field interaction and population distribution between neutral excitons and trions can be optically manipulated by controlling the field screening using photogenerated free carriers. Finally, we model the broadening of the exciton PL line width and report that the interaction is dominated by type-II band edge modulation, because of the in-plane electric field in the system. The results help understand the interaction of excitons in monolayer transition-metal dichalcogenides that will aid in controlled manipulation of excitonic properties for applications in sensing, detection, and on-chip communication.
Food Additives

According to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), a food additive in its broadest sense is any substance added to food. Legally, the term refers to “any substance the intended use of which results or may reasonably be expected to result directly or indirectly in its becoming a component or otherwise affecting the characteristics of any food.”
Monitoring exploitation of chosen logistic methods for management of the actual state and stock level in manufacturing enterprises

The paper is oriented on the level of exploitation of stock management methods in foodstuff-, consumer goods and engineering industry. Main attention is devoted to the MRP-1 and Kanban methods from the view of managing the stock changes in production. The same attention is devoted to the methods EOQ and ABC analysis from the view of optimization of batch sizes and subsequent optimization of warehouses stocks with the target of logistics cost optimization. These costs influence the product prices for the final consumer.
Stare Decisis in Constitutional Cases: Reconsidering National League of Cities.

Institutional dialogues contribute at least as much to constitutional law as their more celebrated colleague, logic. Principles of judicial restraint sometimes lead courts to initiate a dialogue with the legislature designed to alter public policy through institutional cooperation rather than judicial fiat. I Principles of stare decisis promote a different, internalized dialogue. This dialogue is twosided, at least figuratively, when judges in effect engage in an imaginary argument about the validity of a precedent with their predecessors. When the precedent in question is recent, however, the dialogue of stare decisis can become a soliliquy by judges who may wish to overrule their own previous decision. Considerations of stare decisis differ depending upon whether this dialogue is historical or soliliqual-that is, depending upon whether the precedent in question was born of a different court from that considering overruling it. These differences are highlighted by the Supreme Court's current deliberation into whether to overrule a rather recent and highly questionable decision. On the last day of the 1983 Term, the Court ordered reargument in two cases raising the issue whether the Fair Labor Standards Act2 (FLSA) may constitutionally apply to San Antonio's municipal transportation employees in light of National League of Cities v. Usery.3 The Court sua sponte requested the parties to discuss "[w]hether or not the principles of the Tenth Amendment as set forth in [National League of Cittes] should be reconsidered."4 In answering this question, the Court must consider the role of
Punishment and Psychology in Plato’s Gorgias

In the Gorgias, Socrates argues that just punishment, though painful, benefits the unjust person by removing injustice from her soul. This paper argues that Socrates thinks the true judge (i) will never use corporal punishment, because such procedures do not remove injustice from the soul; (ii) will use refutations and rebukes as punishments that reveal and focus attention on psychological disorder (= injustice); and (iii) will use confiscation, exile, and death to remove external goods that facilitate unjust action.
A computational model of tissue movements during early heart assembly

Development of a contractile layer of the heart, the myocardium, involves the movement of bilateral progenitor fields to the embryonic midline in amniotes. The driving forces for this antero-medial...
Celecoxib, a selective COX-2 inhibitor, induces apoptosis and reduces VEGF levels in a preclinical model of metastatic breast cancer

1383 Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors are rapidly emerging as a new generation of therapeutic drug for treatment of various types of cancer. The mechanisms underlying its anti-tumor effects are not fully understood and more thorough preclinical trials are needed to determine if COX-2 inhibition represents a useful approach to treatment of breast cancer. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the mechanism of action of a highly selective COX-2 inhibitor, celecoxib, in an in vivo oncogenic mouse model of spontaneous metastatic breast cancer. The oncogenic mice carry the polyoma middle T antigen (MTag) driven by the MMTV promoter and develop primary adenocarcinomas of the breast with secondary metastasis to the lungs and bone marrow. We evaluated the effect of celecoxib on tumor cell proliferation, apoptosis, angiogenesis and cell cycle status in the MTag mice post celecoxib treatment. Experimental Design: Ten-week old, mammary tumor-bearing MTag mice were orally gavaged with three different doses of celecoxib or vehicle every day for 4 weeks. At the time of sacrifice sera and tumors were collected for further analysis. Tumors from individual mice were processed for tumor lysate and single cells. Single cells were utilized for determination of cellular proliferation by 3 H-thymidine uptake, analysis of apoptosis by Annexin V/PI staining and cell cycle status by flow cytometry. Lysates and sera were utilized for western blot analysis and ELISAs. Results: Oral administration of celecoxib induced significant apoptosis of tumor cells in vivo . However, celecoxib treatment did not affect tumor cell proliferation or cell cycle status. Since celecoxib-induced apoptosis is associated with de-phosphorylation of the anti-apoptotic protein, Akt, we determined levels of pAkt, which were reduced in the treated mice. Furthermore, there was reduction in levels of a pro-angiogenic factor, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), in the tumor lysates derived from celecoxib-treated mice, suggesting a role of celecoxib in suppression of angiogenesis in this model. Activity of COX-2 was assessed by quantification of PGE 2 levels, one of the major downstream products of COX-2 enzyme activity and a potent inducer of tumor cell proliferation. PGE 2 level was significantly reduced in tumor lysate and sera of treated mice. Thus, it was surprising that there was no effect on cell proliferation or cell cycle status in the celecoxib treated tumors. Ongoing studies will elucidate additional mechanisms whereby celecoxib modulates tumor growth in MTag mice. Results from these preclinical studies will be used as a basis for assessing the feasibility and practicality of using celecoxib alone or in combination with other therapies for breast cancer prevention and/or treatment.
Involvement of Protein and Ribonucleic Acid in the Association of Deoxyribonucleic Acid with Other Cell Components of Escherichia coli

Cells of Escherichia coli were labeled with precursors of ribonucleic acid (RNA), deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), and protein, lysed with detergent, and examined by starch-block electrophoresis and CsCl density gradient centrifugation. A large amount of the DNA was seen to remain at positions of low electrophoretic mobility and light density along with tryptophan and arginine-containing proteins and some RNA. Addition of labeled, phenol-extracted DNA to unlabeled cells prior to lysis and electrophoresis showed that only a small amount of the DNA became associated during or after lysis. Sonic treatment of a lysate removed most of the DNA to a position of electrophoretic mobility and density similar to that of free DNA, whereas pronase and ribonuclease released only a part of the DNA. We concluded that binding of DNA to cell membranes or other cell components occurs in the cell prior to lysis and involves protein and probably a specific type of RNA.
Housing in premodern cities: Patterns of social and spatial variation

This paper describes a broad comparative perspective on urban housing in cities before the modern era, including the newly-defined category of low-density city. My objective is to promote comparative analysis of premodern urban housing forms. I present a typology of house types that is based on the concepts of dwelling and household. The types are: individual house; house group; contiguous houses; walled compound; and apartment building. Among the many factors that influenced the forms and nature of premodern urban housing, I single out three causal forces: cultural tradition, density, and political dynamics.
Coping with Trauma-Related Dissociation: Skills Training for Patients and Therapists, by S. Boon, K. Steele, and O. van der Hart

As the first treatment manual for people with complex developmental trauma disorders, Coping with Trauma-Related Dissociation: Skills Training for Patients and Therapists is a must-have resource fo...
Regulation of genes in the arachidonic acid metabolic pathway by RNA processing and RNA-mediated mechanisms.

Arachidonic acid (AA) is converted by enzymes in an important metabolic pathway to produce molecules known collectively as eicosanoids, 20 carbon molecules with significant physiological and pathological functions in the human body. Cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes work in one arm of the pathway to produce prostaglandins (PGs) and thromboxanes (TXs), while the actions of 5-lipoxygenase (ALOX5 or 5LO) and its associated protein (ALOX5AP or FLAP) work in the other arm of the metabolic pathway to produce leukotrienes (LTs). The expression of the COX and ALOX5 enzymes that convert AA to eicosanoids is highly regulated at the post- or co-transcriptional level by alternative mRNA splicing, alternative mRNA polyadenylation, mRNA stability, and microRNA (miRNA) regulation. This review article will highlight these mechanisms of mRNA modulation.
Requirements Modeling and Validation Using Bi-layer Use Case Descriptions

Extension of the modeling notations and formal languages for use case description are the commonly suggested solutions for adding precision to use case models. Practitioners have often argued against adoption of such techniques citing reasons like the steep learning curve for formal languages; and the quickness in using imprecise use case descriptions for communicating to different stake-holders of the system. In this paper we introduce the Archetest modeling environment, which through a unique bi-layer approach accepts use case descriptions in their imprecise form and then assists in adding precision through a wizard driven process. Thereby, it lends itself to both quick and precise modeling. Also the two forms of the use case models are self contained and cross-linked. This allows different modelers, the precise and the imprecise, to collaborate and also supports stake-holder specific feedbacks of the automated analysis. We describe the structure of Archetest's use case models, and show how these models are amenable to automated processing. We present a case study which reports on typical modeling times using Archetest and demonstrates its scalability.
Translating Health Communication Research Into Practice: The Importance of Implementing and Sustaining Evidence-Based Health Communication Interventions

This article examines the connections between health communication research and applications. It appears that many health care and health promotion practitioners have been slow to use research to help them accomplish their complex health communication goals. The result is that many complex health communication efforts that might benefit from research are guided more by good intentions, precedent, and expedience than by strong evidence. The complexity of achieving desired health communication goals, such as influencing health behaviors and guiding health-related decision making, demands strategic guidance from relevant and rigorous research. This article examines strategies for promoting the application of the best health communication research to guide development, implementation, and institutionalization of evidence-based health communication programs, policies, and practices.
Enantioselective Fluorination of Organic Molecules. I. Synthetic Studies of the Agents for Electrophilic, Enantioselective Fluorination of Carbanions.

In order to develop novel methods for electrophilic and enantioselective fluorination of active methine compounds, preliminary experiments were carried out. The N-tosyl derivative 5 obtained from D-phenylglycine was fluorinated with FClO3 or diluted F2 gas to give the N-fluoro-N-tosyl derivative 6. N-Tosyl- or N-mesyl-(S)-α-phenethylamine 7 or 8 was sujected to FClO3 fluorination to produce the corresponding N-fluoro derivative, 10 or 11, respectively.Enantioselective flurination of some methine compounds was attempted employing the above N-fluoro agents. Best result was obtained when 2-benzyl-1-tetralone/KHMDS was treated with 10 to produce the fluorinated tetralone 17 in 53% yield with enantiomeric excess (ee) of 48%.
Forest banking and forest landowners forgoing management rights for guaranteed financial returns

Abstract Forest banking provides a new tool for forest conservation in which a landowner cedes development rights on their forested property in exchange for an annual payment, based on the assessed value of the timber. The Nature Conservancy is in the process of establishing a Forest Bank in Virginia, Indiana, and possibly elsewhere in the US to protect water quality and imperiled species. This study examines monetary willingness to accept payments for enrollment in the Forest Bank through a referendum-type survey of forest landowners in Southwestern Virginia. A logistic regression model that predicts the probability of enrollment is estimated using survey data that includes the landowner acceptance or rejection of a given annual payment level, landowner demographic characteristics, and tract characteristics. Findings suggest that landowners are responsive to annual payment bid levels and that financially viable bid levels (relative to local land prices) may generate reasonable probabilities of Forest Bank enrollment. Further, some tract and landowner characteristics are significant in predicting enrollment probability, including the desire to bequeath land to heirs, which suggests that forest-banking arrangements should take the target owners and properties into account—especially recognizing the potential reluctance to accept perpetual arrangements.
Influence of age-related maculopathy on visual functioning and health-related quality of life

Abstract PURPOSE: To describe the influence of age-related maculopathy on visual functioning and health-related quality of life. METHODS: A prospective, cross-sectional, observational cohort sample of 201 persons with various stages of age-related maculopathy was recruited from the Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary as part of a longitudinal study of age-related macular degeneration. Persons were considered to have age-related maculopathy if one or more of the following clinical characteristics were present: drusen, retinal pigment epithelial changes, geographic atrophy, or evidence of exudative disease. Median corrected visual acuity for this sample was 20/25 in the better eye, with all subjects having 20/200 or better visual acuity in at least one eye at baseline. All participants underwent a comprehensive ophthalmologic examination with a dilated pupil. In addition to the usual clinical data collection, severity of age-related maculopathy was graded by an ophthalmologist who used standard clinical criteria and was masked to the participants’ descriptions of visual functioning and health-related quality of life. All participants completed an interview that included the Activities of Daily Vision Scale, a survey designed to assess difficulties with routine daily activities that require vision, and the Short Form-36 Health Survey, a generic measure of multidimensional health-related quality of life. RESULTS: Severity of age-related maculopathy was associated with poorer scores of the Activities of Daily Vision Scale. This association was most significant for near vision and driving activities. In this sample, the SF-36 Health Survey scales were not significantly correlated with severity of age-related maculopathy. CONCLUSIONS: Reported visual functioning is significantly associated with the clinical severity of age-related maculopathy. However, once visual acuity is taken into consideration, clinical grading of age-related maculopathy did not explain a significant portion of the variation in visual functioning. The lack of significant correlation between severity of age-related maculopathy and the SF-36 Health Survey may have resulted from the small number of participants in our sample with severe bilateral age-related maculopathy.
Thatcherism, Class Politics, and Urban Development in London

This paper uses class analysis to explore the politics of urban development in London in the 1980s. It shows how the Thatcher government's economic and urban policies had the strategic effect of shaping economic restructuring in the city and transforming the sociological bases of class politics. The broad impact of Thatcherism in London is discussed, with particular attention being paid to the financial district ("the City") and the Docklands. The paper concludes with a discussion of the struggle between the Thatcher government and the London Labour Party which culminated in the "poll tax."
Creating an idyllic world for children’s spiritual formation

Christian camps claim to create spaces where children and youth are more likely to encounter God and experience spiritual living, and yet contemporary camp ministries in the United States struggle to distinguish their environments from the cultural contexts in which their campers usually reside. This article reflects on the practices of 23 diverse camps in Indiana, USA, and the pervasive cultural captivity that hinders their facilitation of children’s spiritual experiences. It questions common assumptions about the efficacy of camp ‘mountaintop’ and day‐to‐day experiences for long‐term spiritual formation and challenges current practices of counsellor training.
Analysis of light strip images on cutting tools to extract 3D wear information

A 3-D tool wear analysis method has been developed to measure erosive wear parameters such as area and volume automatically and objectively. Parallel light stripes are projected onto a wear area at a known angle. Knowledge about the light pattern is utilized in processing the digitized image data to compute local depth. The new method was successfully applied to sub- optimal images where magnification is necessary, such as cutting tool wear. Since this is a general image processing problem with a structured light source, this method can be easily adapted to other applications.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Transition from mechanical equilibrium to thermal equilibrium in a chain of unstable springs

Abstract A mathematical model is studied numerically for a chain of unstable springs with a non-monotone force function. When the chain contracts slowly, the state of the chain changes abruptly. This change is shown to be a transition from mechanical equilibrium to thermal equilibrium by comparing the theoretical force–elongation and temperature–force relations with corresponding relations determined by numerical experiment.
Multifunctional Co–C nanocomposite thin films

Abstract Nanocomposite cobalt–carbon (Co–C) thin films with a Co concentration ranging from 26 to 63 at.% were synthesized using a dual electron beam evaporation system. Transmission electron microscopy observations showed that the as-deposited films were nanocomposites consisting of nanocrystalline Co particles encapsulated in an amorphous C matrix. The spherical Co nanoparticles had a grain size between 2 and 5 nm depending on Co concentration. Magnetic properties were measured using a superconducting quantum interference devices magnetometer, which inferred that the Co–C films with a high Co content had a high saturation magnetization and low coercivity. Co–C films with a low Co content exhibited coercivity only at low temperature (10 K). The (magneto) transport properties of the Co–C films were also investigated. Additionally, nanomechanical and tribological properties were evaluated by nanoindentation and pin-on-disc experiments, respectively. Addition of C into the films was found to significantly improve the mechanical and tribological properties. Nanocomposite Co–C films can meet several requirements (electromagnetic, mechanical, tribological, etc.) and thus are multifunctional and have potential for demanding technological applications (such as microdevices and sensors).
Superconducting contacts in high magnetic fields

Abstract “Supercurrents” through-contacts between oxidized superconductors have previously been observed at biases in excess of 2 Δ at H = 0 and now they have also been observed at magnetic fields greater than H c2 . An anomalous magnetoresistance occurs in Pb-PbO-Pb contacts.
Umlagerungen in der Chemie der Aminosäuren und Peptide

Umlagerungsreaktionen sind in der Petidchemie u. a. zur Synthese von Aminosauren und hohermolekularen Verbindungen oder als Verfahrensschritte beim Abbau zur Bestimmung von Aminosauresequenzen von Bedeutung. Andererseits konnen unkontrollierte Umlagerungen, wie der Disulfid-Austausch, Sequenzanalysen empfindlich storen. Es ist daher wichtig, die Bedingungen zu kennen, unter denen Umlagerungen eintreten bzw. sich vermeiden lassen. Die Arbeit gibt einen Uberblick uber dieses Gebiet. Wo eine theoretische Deutung des Reaktionsverlaufs moglich ist, wurde sie beschrieben.
Self-consistent, Poincaré-invariant and unitary three-particle scattering theory

A Poincar\'e-invariant formalism for the scattering of three distinguishable scalar particles is developed. Lorentz invariance in the form of velocity conservation and a parametric relation between the two- and three-body off-shell continuations in energy are introduced in order to satisfy unitarity and physical clustering. The three-body-invariant probability amplitude is derived from the two-body transition matrix elements.
MUCH MORE THAN AN ANTIFEMINIST: ELIZA LYNN LINTON’S CONTRIBUTION TO THE RISE OF VICTORIAN POPULAR JOURNALISM

IT IS DIFFICULT TO DISCUSS the Victorian women’s rights movement and the antifeminist backlash which ensued without mentioning Eliza Lynn Linton’s contribution. Known primarily as the author of the notorious Saturday Review essay, “The Girl of the Period” (1868), Linton was and has been viewed primarily as an essayist who verbally lashed middle-class, progressive women. As late as the 1880s and 1890s, she maintained an active role in the woman-question debate, publishing her “Wild Women” essays, writing a New Woman novel, The New Woman in Haste and At Leisure, and reissuing her Girl of the Period (G.O.P) essays in volume form. Linton scholars have been particularly intrigued by the discrepancies between Linton’s emancipated lifestyle and the restricted one she advocated for other women. How could the first salaried woman journalist in England maintain such a hostile attitude towards her professionally inclined cohorts? More significantly, how could a woman who wrote one of the most radical, protofeminist novels of her time, Realities (1851), suddenly shift to promoting women’s subjection? Various, compelling answers have been offered to such questions. Vineta Colby, in The Singular Anomaly: Women Novelists of the Nineteenth Century, and Elizabeth Helsinger, Robin Sheets, and William Veeder in The Woman Question. Society and Literature in Britain and America, 1837–1883 contend that the contradictions between Linton’s lifestyle and her antifeminist essays mirror Victorian England’s own contradictory attitudes regarding gender relations.1
Long-term and short-term plasticity in the CA1, CA3, and dentate regions of the rat hippocampal slice.

Abstract Subregions of the rat hippocampal slice were investigateed in relation to (a) the presence of long-term potentiation and (b) responsiveness to low-frequency stimulation. Long-term potentiation was observed in CA1, CA3 and dentate. The effect occasionally lasted up to 6 h, developed gradually, and depended up repeated low-frequency tetani maximal effect. To low-frequency monosynaptioc stimulation, areas CA3 and CA1 exhibit response facilitation whereas the dentate gyrus response depression. Responsiveness in all areas was influenced by stimulus frequency. Recovery was rapid in all areas.
Complexidade narrativa na televisão americana contemporânea

Uma nova forma de entretenimento tem surgido nas ultimas duas decadas conseguindo sucesso de publico e critica na televisao americana. Tal modelo se diferencia por usar a complexidade narrativa como uma alternativa as formas episodicas e seriadas. O objetivo deste artigo e remontar as caracteristicas formais deste modelo de narracao, o storytelling , explorar as particularidades de seu modo de fruicao e de compreensao, alem de apontar justificativas para sua emergencia nos anos 1990. Para entender este fenomeno, precisamos utilizar a narratologia formal de modo a tracar sua estrutura e suas fronteiras, e ao mesmo tempo incorporar outros metodos para investigar como este modelo narrativo se cruza com os campos das industrias criativas, das inovacoes tecnologicas, das praticas participatorias e da compreensao dos espectadores.
Effect of Changing the Position and Orientation of Asp85 Relative to the Protonated Schiff Base within the Retinal Cavity on the Rate of Photoisomerization in Bacteriorhodopsin

Replacement of either Val49 with Ala or Ala53 with Val by site-specific mutagenesis is known to change the position and orientation of the protonated Schiff base relative to Asp85 within the retinal cavity of bacteriorhodopsin (bR) (Brown, L. S.; Gat, Y.; Sheves, M.; Yamazaki, Y.; Maeda, A.; Needleman, R.; Lanyi, J. K. Biochemistry 1994, 33, 12001). The effect of mutation on the rate of the subpicosecond photoisomerization of retinal in bR is examined by using a pump−probe technique. A decrease in the rate of photoisomerization of retinal in V49A and A53V is observed. This is discussed in terms of the previously proposed mechanism of the protein catalysis to the retinal photoisomerization process in bR.
Queer Aesthetics of Film Noir: Born to Kill

“Perhaps you don't realize—it's painful being killed. A piece of metal sliding into your body, finding its way into your heart. Or a bullet tearing through your skin, crashing into a bone. It takes...
The dielectric constant effect upon the acid hydrolysis of ethyl acetate

Abstract The dielectric constant effect upon the rate of acid hydroly.sis of ethyl acetate is presented from the standpoint of electrostatics and the results compared to like effects upon the acid hydrolysis of methyl propionate.
Topological Studies of Bimodal Networks

A new cross-linking algorithm, NETSIM, is described which enables the study of continuously spatially distributed (off-lattice) polymer networks and reveals some topological features possibly associated with the enhanced mechanical properties seen in certain bimodal elastomer networks. These features are identified based on trends in their occurrence at various mole fraction and molecular weight combinations and comparison with data found in the literature. A length scale, the linear cross-link spacing, is defined which is associated with these features, to characterize optimal bimodal mixture combinations. NETSIM is unique among cross-linking algorithms in that it employs nearest-neighbor periodic boundary conditions to eliminate edge effects and reduce the necessary computational size from over 10000 primary chains to roughly 1000. Computational size reduction eliminates the need for subdivision of the cell, a possible source of bias in results reported in previous research. This work also offers, for t...
Embryonic cell motility can be guided by physiological electric fields.

Abstract Migratory embryonic quail somitic fibroblasts display a striking sensitivity to small, steady electric fields. There are three components to their response. 1. 1. They begin to orient their long axes perpendicular to the field lines within 5 min of current application at the optimal field strength of 600 mV/mm. The threshold field for significant orientation in 90 min is 150 mV/mm (only 3 mV/cell width). 2. 2. The cells migrate toward the cathode with a similar low threshold. 3. 3. At field strengths greater than 400 mV/mm, the cells also elongate beginning about 1 h after field application. The importance of this embryonic cell galvanotaxis and orientation by electric fields lies in the possible utilization of this behavior both by the embryo in the guidance of embryonic cell migration in vivo and by the investigator to control cell morphology and directionality of movement in vitro in order to study mechanisms of motility.
Oxidative stress in Alzheimer disease: synergy between the Butterfield and Markesbery laboratories.

William R. Markesbery, M.D., a 35-year wonderful colleague and deep personal friend of mine, as well as a gifted clinician, neuropathologist, and researcher of Alzheimer disease (AD), died on January 30, 2010. His is a legacy of excellence in all aspects of his life, and a tribute memorial article to his life has been recently published (Butterfield 2010). Bill and I together were among the first to develop the notion that oxidative stress in brain was associated with AD and arguably its earliest form, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and that oxidative stress may underlie the progression of MCI to AD (Smith et al. 2001; Hensley et al. 1995; Markesbery 1997; Butterfield and Lauderback 2002; Butterfield et al. 2001, 2002, 2003, 2006a, 2007a, b; Keller et al. 2005; Castegna et al. 2002a, b, 2003; Butterfield 2004; Sultana et al. 2006a, b, 2007; Perluigi et al. 2009; Reed et al. 2008).
The Effect of Semantic Structure on Descriptions of Similarity

Summary Stimulus items consisting of English words from nonoverlapping semantic clusters were presented in pairs to subjects (39 American undergraduates) who were asked how each pair was similar. Strategies used in the verbal comparison task were classified into types, and the types related to the type of stimulus pair presented. Multivariate scaling procedures were used to determine clusters of strategy usage. Certain strategies were characteristically applied as a function of pair type, but not all structural differences among stimulus words were represented in the strategies used. It is suggested that hierarchical models of semantic memory are not sufficient to represent word meanings, as revealed in a task of this nature.