cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Conditioning, awareness, and the hippocampus.

For the past 50 years, psychologists have wrestled with questions regarding the relationship between conscious awareness and human conditioned behavior. A recent proposal that the hippocampus mediates awareness during trace conditioning (Clark, Squire, Science 1998;280:77-81) has extended the awareness-conditioning debate to the neuroscience arena. In the following commentary, we raise specific theoretical and methodological issues regarding the Clark and Squire study and place their finding into a broader context. Throughout our discussion, we consider the difficulties in assessing subjective awareness, the importance of establishing necessary and sufficient conditions for cognitive mediation effects, the influence of conditioned response modal- ity, and the nature of hippocampal requirements across conditioning protocols. It is clear that trace eyeblink conditioning is a hippocampal- dependent task, but whether awareness is a necessary component of trace conditioning is not definitively proven. We propose that future functional neuroimaging studies and behavioral experiments using on-line measures of awareness may help clarify the relationship among classical conditioning, awareness, and the hippocampus. Hippocampus 1998;8:620-626. r 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Fabrication process design for complementary metal-cytop-organic-semiconductor integrated circuits

We report on design flows for the fabrication process of n and p type organic transistors onto a single substrate that allows for the integration of integrated circuits. Our fabrication process employs Cytop as the gate dielectric and four different combinations of organic semiconductors. Two p type organic semiconductors were used, Pentacene and alpha-sexithiophene and two n type semiconductors were used, F15NTCDI (bis(pentadecafluorooctyl) naphthalenetetracarboxylic diimide) and F16CuPc (Hexadecafluorocopper phthalocyanine). Combining both p and n type organic semiconductors onto a single, interconnected substrate allows for CMOS digital circuits. Through use of a silicon insulating substrating, individual transistors with separate contacts for gate, drain and source can be fabricated allowing for the development of hybrid silicon/organic integrated circuits. Experimental results from fabricated devices and simple circuits are reported.
Trustworthy Computing under Resource Constraints with the DOWN Policy

Trustworthy computing modules like secure coprocessors (ScP) are already in extensive use today, albeit limited predominantly to scenarios where constraints on cost is not a serious limiting factor. However, inexpensive trustworthy computers are required for many evolving application scenarios. The problem of realizing inexpensive ScPs for large-scale networks consisting of low-complexity devices have not received adequate consideration thus far. We introduce two strategies toward realizing low-cost ScPs. The first is the decrypt only when necessary (DOWN) policy, which can substantially improve the ability of low-cost ScPs to protect their secrets. The DOWN policy relies on the ability to operate with fractional parts of secrets. Taking full advantage of the DOWN policy requires consideration of the nature of computations performed with secrets and even the mechanisms employed for distribution of secrets. We discuss the feasibility of extending the DOWN policy to various asymmetric and symmetric cryptographic primitives. The second is cryptographic authentication strategies which employ only symmetric cryptographic primitives, based on novel ID-based key predistribution schemes that demand very low complexity of operations to be performed by the ScP and can take good advantage of the DOWN policy.
Disruption and infection of median sternotomy: a comprehensive review

Disruption and infection of median sternotomy wounds are grave complications often associated with prolonged hospitalization, high cost, and significant mortality. Effective prevention techniques are still debated. Successful management requires early recognition based on a high index of suspicion, detailed physical examination, appreciation of the clinical signs and symptoms, timely imaging studies, and prompt surgical therapy. Improvements in perioperative management and critical care of patients with multisystem organ failure can reduce morbidity and mortality rates. Sternal salvage and direct sternal reclosure are possible when the infection is diagnosed early. Techniques utilizing lateral sternal support should be first-line options in the condition. Muscle flap techniques should be the next consideration when direct closure has failed or cannot be attempted.
Effect of H2S on Fe corrosion in CO2-saturated brine

The effect of H2S at ppm level concentrations on iron corrosion in 3 wt% NaCl solutions saturated with CO2 in the temperature range of 25–85 °C is examined using electrochemical and surface science techniques. Small H2S concentrations (5 ppm) have an inhibiting effect on corrosion in the presence of CO2 at temperatures from 25 to 55 °C. At 85 °C, however, 50 ppm H2S is needed to provide significant corrosion inhibition. At higher H2S concentrations, the corrosion rate increases rapidly, while still remaining below the rate for the H2S-free solution. Characterization of the iron surfaces after corrosion was carried out using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. A sulfur peak (S2p) is observed at a binding energy of 161.8 eV in all cases, attributable to disulfide $$ ({\text{S}}_{2}^{2-}) $$ formation. Corrosion protection in the temperature range 25–55 °C can be attributed to Fe(II) bonded to S and O. At 85 °C, protection of the iron surface is most likely due to FeS2 formation. Morphological changes on the iron surface after exposure to H2S containing solutions were observed by SEM. A thin protective film was seen after exposure to solutions containing 5 ppm H2S at 25 °C, while at 85 °C, with the addition of 50 ppm H2S to CO2-saturated brine solution, a dense protective film was formed on the iron surface.
Mix Two Parts Interest to One Part Information and Appraise Until Done: Understanding Contemporary Record Selection Processes

Over the past several years archivists have discussed a wide range of institutional and extra-institutional policies that affect the appraisal of records. This article attempts to conceptualize how the appraisal process operates and the various appraisal tools fit together. It concludes by discussing the efficacy of current archival vocabulary in accurately portraying what archivists do when they appraise.
The microflora of periodontal sites showing active destructive progression

20 adult periodontitis (AP) subjects were examined every 2 to 4 months and microbiological samples were collected and cultured when 2 mm or more loss of attachment (active sites) was detected by 2 examiners. Similar sites in which no progressive destruction was observed (control sites) also were sampled in the same subjects. By lambda-analysis, there was no statistically significant difference in floras of active (42 sites from 12 subjects) and control (36 sites from 12 subjects) sites or between the floras of the active and control sites and of 63 samples from 22 AP subjects that were examined previously in a cross-sectional study. By paired t test, no microbial species had a significantly greater association with active than with control sites. The only species that were detected in one or more samples from all subjects with active sites were Wolinella recta, Fusobacterium nucleatum, and Peptostreptococcus micros. Porphyromonas gingivalis and 9 other taxa were isolated from one-half or more of the persons with active sites. The composition of microbiological floras of all periodontitis samples was statistically significantly different from that of subjects with healthy gingiva. The composition of microfloras of sites in subjects with naturally-occurring gingivitis was intermediate between that of subjects with healthy gingiva and that of active and control sites in AP subjects.
Image Evaluation and Restoration

The evaluation of an image must depend upon the purpose for which the image was obtained and the manner in which the image is to be examined. Where the goal is extraction of information and where the image is to be processed prior to viewing, the information content of the image is the only true evaluation criterion. Under these conditions, the improvement achieved by processing can be evaluated by comparing the ability of the human observer to extract information from the image before and after processing. The extent to which the processing approaches the optimum can be evaluated by determining the fraction of the total information content of the image which can be visually extracted after processing. The basic mathematical concepts of image processing are indicated, relating the input point spread function (p. s. f. of the unprocessed image), the processing point spread function (p. s. f. which defines the processing operation), and the output point spread function (p. s. f. of the processed image), and their Fourier domain equivalents. Examples are shown of images which have been processed and the details of the processing operations are described.
Expression Profiling of Macrophages Reveals Multiple Populations with Distinct Biological Roles in an Immunocompetent Orthotopic Model of Lung Cancer

Macrophages represent an important component of the tumor microenvironment and play a complex role in cancer progression. These cells are characterized by a high degree of plasticity, and they alter their phenotype in response to local environmental cues. Whereas the M1/M2 classification of macrophages has been widely used, the complexity of macrophage phenotypes has not been well studied, particularly in lung cancer. In this study we employed an orthotopic immunocompetent model of lung adenocarcinoma in which murine lung cancer cells are directly implanted into the left lobe of syngeneic mice. Using multimarker flow cytometry, we defined and recovered several distinct populations of monocytes/macrophages from tumors at different stages of progression. We used RNA-seq transcriptional profiling to define distinct features of each population and determine how they change during tumor progression. We defined an alveolar resident macrophage population that does not change in number and expresses multiple genes related to lipid metabolism and lipid signaling. We also defined a population of tumor-associated macrophages that increase dramatically with tumor and selectively expresses a panel of chemokine genes. A third population, which resembles tumor-associated monocytes, expresses a large number of genes involved in matrix remodeling. By correlating transcriptional profiles with clinically prognostic genes, we show that specific monocyte/macrophage populations are enriched in genes that predict outcomes in lung adenocarcinoma, implicating these subpopulations as critical determinants of patient survival. Our data underscore the complexity of monocytes/macrophages in the tumor microenvironment, and they suggest that distinct populations play specific roles in tumor progression.
How Events Affect Trust: A Baseline Information Processing Model with Three Extensions

This article addresses how trust changes over time. We introduce a social psychology-based Information Processing Model (IPM) that explains how trust changes over time based on three cognitive mechanisms: attention, attribution, and judgment. This model is contrasted with the traditional incremental progression model of trust change. We also explain three extensions of the model. These models are then simulated and the results suggest that incremental progression may be inconsistent with established psychological theory.
Fabrication recipe for nanoscale suspended gold structures such as mushrooms and air bridges used in optical metasurfaces

A repeatable and relatively simple recipe is developed to fabricate optical metasurfaces with three-dimensional gold nanostructures. The recipe avoids any directional etching processes and is particularly useful in the fabrication of gold suspended structures such as air bridges and mushrooms, since dry etching of gold is difficult. Using the recipe, a sample metasurface with feature size of 100 nm is fabricated, and the results show smooth elliptical mushrooms and air bridges with very well-defined edges.
An overview of hemoglobinopathies and the interpretation of newborn screening results.

Currently, all 50 states and the District of Columbia perform newborn screening (NBS) for SCD. Although the initial focus of NBS was to identify newborns with SCD, identification of beta ( β) and alpha (α) thalassemia has gained importance in recent years. With an increase in Asian immigration to the United States, hemoglobin disorders common in Asian populations, such as α thalassemia (hemoglobin H [HbH] disease and HbH
CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES ON PENDULAR ROTATION TEST BEFORE AND AFTER FUROSEMIDE ADMINISTRATION

For the purpose of detecting endolymphatic hydrops, the author developed "furosemide test for pendular rotation" (the furosemide test) and clinically applied the test on patients with Meniere's disease and patients with other peripheral or central vertiginous disorders. It was also experimentally studied on guinea pigs with endolymphatic hydrops induced by surgical obliteration of unilateral endolymphatic sac and on normal ones. In the present report, the author concluded that this test would be a useful method for diagnosis of endolymphatic hydrops.1. Twenty seven out of 60 patients with Meniere's disease (45%) were positive on the furosemide test. Of the above 60, 39 were tested in the attack stage and 25 (64%) were positive, but among the 21 patients tested in their remission stages, only 2 (10%) were positive.2. The patients with Meniere's disease who had been positive on the furosemide test before the endolymphatic shunt operation all had uneventful post-operative courses without any further attacks.3. None of the 25 patients who had vertigo with other causes than Meniere's disease were positive on the furosemide test whether they were in peripheral or central disorders.4. The guinea pigs with experimental endolymphatic hydrops induced by surgical obliteration of unilateral endolymphatic sac showed positive results in the furosemide test in a similar way as Meniere's disease patients.5. The histological view of the inner ears of the guinea pigs with positive furosemide test revealed either normalizing or collapsing of the endolymphatic hydrops once produced in the affected ear, while the opposite ear was almost normal.6. In the control group of normal guinea pigs, the positive furosemide test was not found, and histologically the bilateral inner ears of them had almost normal endolymphatic space.
Effect of quinidine on ventricular fibrillation in hypothermic dogs.

SummaryIn a series of animals with esophageal temperatures reduced to 10°C or lower by core cooling, ventricular fibrillation has been regularly prevented with intravenous infusion of quinidine.
Antimicrobial textiles for treating skin infections and atopic dermatitis

Abstract Clothing, or “the second skin,” not only provides an additional shield for most parts of the body, but also creates a portable living microclimate that improves human survival. A growing interest in the use of antimicrobial active textiles/clothing has being developed as a desirable goal of prevention and nonpharmacological treatment for the management of atopic dermatitis and skin infective diseases. This review focuses on new development of antimicrobial active textiles using appropriate natural or special-treated fabrics coated with antimicrobial agents or using nanotechnology and nanomaterial in the care of atopic dermatitis or other skin diseases. Clinical evaluations of current available antimicrobial active textiles were summarized according to the aim, design, human subjects, intervention/control, duration, and SCORAD index and other outcomes. Lastly, evaluation of the safety of antimicrobial textiles for humans and the environment is also discussed.
Open Doors Field Trips: Making Connections with Minority Students Through the Creation of Vision Boards

This chapter highlights a service-learning experience for pre-service teachers offered the semester prior to their student teaching experience. The chapter details the program, entitled Open Doors, its implementation, descriptions of the pre-service teachers, descriptions of the partnering elementary school and its community, feedback from participants, implications for pre-service students, and topics to consider. The basis for implementing the Open Doors Service-learning Program is rooted in the theoretical works of John Dewey’s educational philosophy which addresses the importance of learning through interaction between the learner and the environment. The Open Doors Program is presented to predominately white pre-service teachers and provides them an opportunity to engage in a school community serving mostly students of color. Specific responses and reflections regarding the program from multiple stakeholders are included.
The Effects of Alcohol Use on High School Absenteeism

Controversy has surrounded the effects of alcohol use on educational outcomes such as GPA, and, while some issues have been addressed, important questions regarding human capital effects remain. Fo...
69 – Endothelial Cell and Smooth Muscle Cell Biology in Vascular Disease

This chapter reviews in vivo and in vitro methods used to address various questions regarding the vascular response to injury. The tools of biochemistry, biophysics, cell biology, physiology, pharmacology, and pathology are used to study the vascular response to injury and other vascular diseases. Cells of the vascular wall—endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, and fibroblasts—are central to normal function of the vessel as a conduit for blood. Endothelial cells provide a nonthrombogenic surface and mediate the effects of shear forces and blood-borne growth factors and cytokines. Smooth muscle cells and adventitial fibroblasts play a dynamic role in the structure and tone of the vessel, thus regulating luminal area. These cells, which are coupled through complex autocrine and paracrine interactions, also play critical roles in the pathogenesis of atherosclerotic and aneurysmal degeneration of the vessel wall. Stroke, angina, myocardial infarction, and claudication result from atherosclerotic disease, which is thought to be the result of recurrent endothelial cell injury. Ironically, the surgical- and catheter-based interventions available for treatment of diseased arteries (endarterectomy, bypass grafting, percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty, directional and rotational atherectomy, and stents) are themselves injurious and have significant failure rates because of luminal narrowing. Thus, understanding how the arterial wall and its component cells respond to injury and the regulatory factors involved in these responses will ultimately lead to better treatments for vascular disease.
Capturing the Ultrafast Vibrational Decoherence of Hydrogen Bonding in Interfacial Water.

Vibrational sum-frequency generation (vSFG) measurements in the frequency and time domains reveal that the interfacial hydrogen bonded OH stretch at the water/calcium fluoride interface is composed of two populations oriented oppositely. The time-resolved vSFG free-induction decay suggested that, whereas the strongly hydrogen bonded OH vibrational stretches, centered near 3140 ± 11 cm–1, are oriented toward bulk water and lose their collective coherence within ∼70 ± 7 fs, the weakly hydrogen bonded OH species, centered near 3410 ± 12 cm–1, are pointed toward the interface and dephase within ∼50 ± 6 fs.
Designing a Free Academic Early Alert System

This manuscript describes the development and implementation of a cloud-based, academic early alert system using Google Sheets. It was written for a non-computer savvy person to be able to develop the early alert system. By creating a Master Sheet and using the syntax from the share function of Google Sheets, a unique sheet can be created for each advisor that limits information sharing of their specific advisees. By adding a Google Form to the sheet, advisor interventions can be captured that reflect interventions made as a result of the early alert sheet. Approximately 52% of students were identified on the early alert sheet by having at least one non-passing score on an exam. There were 35-50% of faculty advisors who documented their interventions in the sheet. The template and coding used to develop this academic early alert sheet may be applied to other central documentation needs, such as professionalism early alert. Conflict of Interest Dr. Welch reports owning stock in Alphabet, Inc, however, was not involved in the selection of Google as the preferred platform at this institution. Type: Note
Brief Overview of E-commerce

The study focuses on the various aspects viz. strategy, trust, security and benefits which are interrelated with the e-commerce in different ways. These aspects elaborate how they can impact on the e-commerce business in the positive way or in the negative way. This topic is widely considered on the online platform where these factors play a vital role. The motivation to write this paper was coming from the growth in the internet users and the wide range of people preferring online purchase rather than going in shop. This paper will able to provide the knowledge in the e-commerce era.
Flow Behavior of Volume-Heated Boiling Pools: Implications with Respect to Transition Phase Accident Conditions

Observations of two-phase flow fields in single-component volume-heated boiling pools were made. Photographic observations, together with pool-average void fraction measurements, indicate that the churn-turbulent flow regime is stable for superficial vapor velocities up to nearly five times the Kutateladze dispersal limit. Within this range of conditions, a churn-turbulent drift flux model provides a reasonable prediction of the pool-average void fraction data. An extrapolation of the data to transition phase accident conditions suggests that intense boilup could occur where the pool-average void fraction would be >0.6 for steel vaporization rates equivalent to power levels >1% of nominal liquid-metal fast breeder reactor power density. The extended stability of bubbly flow to unusually large vapor fluxes and void fractions, observed in some experiments, is a major unresolved issue.
Abstract 2171: Multi-CDK inhibition efficiently suppresses AR function and cell growth in prostate cancer

Metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) continues to result in over 26,000 deaths per year in the United States. For 70 years, therapy for advanced prostate cancer has relied on AR-directed therapies. Unfortunately, even with the second generation androgen deprivation compounds, treated cancers commonly progress to castration resistance and lethality. This progression to castration resistance remains the central therapeutic roadblock for advanced prostate cancer. Importantly, in the vast majority of CRPC cases, the tumor still depends on AR signaling, but this signaling becomes androgen independent. The most common mechanisms, including mutation, protein truncation, and alternative splicing, affect the C-terminal domain, suggesting that antagonism of AR function via the N-terminal domain may be a promising target for CRPC therapy. Several groups have shown that CDKs 1, 5 and 9 activate AR by phosphorylation of the N-terminal domain. Here, we show that the multi-CDK inhibitor roniciclib (BAY1000394) inhibits activation of AR in a panel of prostate cancer cell lines, including several cell lines which exhibit androgen-independent AR signaling via AR-V7 alternative splicing. In vivo, roniciclib inhibited growth of prostate cancer xenografts. Since AR inhibition in prostate cancer has been shown to induce compensatory PI3K signaling, we also treated xenografts with a combination of roniciclib and the PI3K inhibitor copanlisib (BAY 80-6946). This combination was especially effective, and was well tolerated by the mice. Our results suggest that a combination of a multi-CDK inhibitor and a PI3K inhibitor may be promising for CRPC therapy. Citation Format: Brian W. Simons, Maria Ybanez, Emmanuel S. Antonarakis, Jun Luo, Barry D. Nelkin. Multi-CDK inhibition efficiently suppresses AR function and cell growth in prostate cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 2171. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-2171
Persistent Frequent Emergency Department Use: Core Group Exhibits Extreme Levels Of Use For More Than A Decade.

Many frequent emergency department (ED) users do not sustain high use over time, which makes it difficult to create targeted interventions to address their health needs. We performed a retrospectiv...
Highlighting the Utility of the Consultation Analysis Record for Consultation Research and Training

What we say in consultation is important, and thus studying spoken messages has been an important topic in consultation research and training for decades. Here we raise awareness of the Consultatio...
Innate Functions of Epithelial γδ T Cells

γδ T cells are present in every epithelial tissue tested. Several features of the ontogeny, tissue tropism, and antigen receptor diversity of the epithelial γδ T cells are distinct from lymphoid γδ and αβ T cells(1), γδ T cells are the first T cells which appear during ontogeny in the thymus. Vγ and Vδ gene segments of the T cell antigen receptor (TCR) are rearranged and expressed sequentially according to location on the chromosome. In the adult mouse, there is localization of specific V region expressing subsets of γδ T cells to distinct tissue sites. This V region tissue tropism is conserved in all mouse strains tested. In humans, there is also preferential expression of specific Vγ and Vδ regions in tissue and lymphoid locations. αβ TCR are quite diverse with random pairing of V gene segments and extensive addition of non-germline encoded nucleotides at recombination junctions. In contrast, there is biased pairing of Vγ and Vγ segments with decreased or absent junctional diversity. Indeed the populations of γδ T cells present in murine skin and vaginal epithelium express monoclonal TCR only found in those tissues. These results suggest that γδ T cells may be capable of recognizing a much more limited repertoire of antigens than the αβ T cells.
Introduction to Pancreatic Cytopathology

The use of fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNA) and duct brushing and aspiration in the management of patients with pancreatic masses has been well established. These procedures are considered accurate and minimally aggressive for obtaining tissue diagnoses.
Modeling Contact and Mobility Based Social Response to the Spreading of Infectious Diseases

We present here a set of prototypical mechanisms aimed at modeling the social adaptation and response triggered in the population by the knowledge of the spreading of an infectious disease. We define models that couples the spreading of information and behavioral changes with the spreading of the infectious disease by considering the local and non-local prevalence-based information available to individuals in the population. The behavioral changes are modeled both as the onset of effective social distancing and contact reduction as well as changes in the mobility patterns of individuals. The defined models exhibit a rich phase space with multiple epidemic peaks and threshold behavior. In addition, we show that in specific cases the change of mobility pattern may counterintuitively enhance the disease spreading. The class of models presented here can be used in the case of data-driven computational approaches to analyze scenarios of social adaptation and behavioral change.
Abstract 198: Myd88 Signaling Promotes Il6 Release and Slows Muscle Regeneration After Limb Ischemia

Introduction MyD88 is an adapter protein involved in sensing tissue damage by innate immune receptors. We have previously shown that the absence of MyD88 protected against ischemia induced muscle injury in mice. This dramatic finding could be due to resistance to ischemia and/or accelerated regeneration. We hypothesize that MyD88 promotes ischemic muscle injury through increased inflammation and cell necrosis. Methods MyD88KO (KO) and WT littermates underwent femoral artery ligation (FAL) on the right hindlimb. Serum TNFα and IL6 were measured by ELISA at 24 hrs. After 1 wk, hindlimb muscle was examined for inflammatory cell infiltration, muscle necrosis, fat replacement, regenerating myocytes, and myofiber area (1 wk). Results After 24 h, serum TNFα levels were increased in mice undergoing FAL but were similar in KO and WT mice. Serum IL6, a myokine that inhibits muscle growth, was higher in WT than KO mice (79.3 ± 18.4 vs. 22.9 ± 11.8 pg/ml; p<0.05). One wk after FAL, inflammatory infiltration, fat replacement and muscle necrosis were extensive in both WT and KO mice. Regenerating myofibers, represented by multinucleated cells, were more numerous and larger in size in KO mice (148.7 ± 14.4 μm2 vs. 77.3 ± 23.5 μm2, N=4-6 each; p=0.03; Fig 1). Discussion Ischemia promotes muscle inflammation and necrosis independent of MyD88. Instead, the absence of MyD88 enhanced regeneration, potentially through a reduction in IL6 production. Thus, contrary to our hypothesis, MyD88 appears to increase muscle injury following ischemia by inhibiting muscle regeneration and not through increased inflammation and necrosis. ![Graphic][1] [1]: /embed/inline-graphic-1.gif
Maternal-induced shifts in allostatic demands: Reproductive experience alters emotional and cognitive biobehavioral responses in rats (Rattus norvegicus).

Abstract The arrival and subsequent care of offspring require abrupt shifts in biobehavioral responses in mammalian mothers. In the current study, female rats with one reproductive experience [primiparous (PRIM) rats, n = 8] or no reproductive experience [nulliparous (NULL) rats, n = 8] were assessed in a dry land maze to determine both learning acquisition and responses to uncertainty/prediction errors during the probe trial. Additionally, rats were observed in a swim task and an open field arena to assess responsiveness to varied environmental challenges. Results indicated that the PRIM rats investigated more previously baited wells during the probe trial (on-task behavior) whereas the NULL rats exhibited more peripheral-oriented rearing responses (off-task behavior). Further, a nonsignificant trend was observed indicating more dive responses in the PRIM animals. Focusing on endocrine markers, the PRIM animals had higher DHEA/CORT ratios than the NULL animals following the probe trial. Finally, PRIM animals had less hippocampal glucocorticoid receptor immunoreactivity and more hippocampal BDNF immunoreactivity than NULL animals. In sum, behavioral, endocrine and neural markers suggest that PRIM rats exhibit long-lasting modifications to stress responsivity.
A trojan horse for treatment of brain tumors

Encapsulation and molecular targeting of therapeutic antibodies enhance CNS uptake and treatment efficacy in brain metastases.
Lump on the Neck Increasing in Size

A 58-year-old man presents with a right-sided neck mass that has been increasing in size over the past 3 months. He denies fever, chills, or recent weight loss. He also denies sore throat, difficulty swallowing, changes in his voice, or difficulty breathing. Past medical history is significant for hypertension and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Social history is significant for 20 pack-years of smoking. He averages two alcoholic drinks every day. Physical exam of the oral cavity/oropharynx including close visualization of the tongue, tonsils, and floor of the mouth reveals no obvious lesions that are suspicious for malignancy. Examination of the neck reveals a 2 × 3-cm firm right-sided neck mass that is poorly mobile, non-erythematous, and not tender to palpation.
Stability analysis and discretization of A-Φ time domain integral equations for multiscale electromagnetics

Abstract The growth of applications at the intersection between electromagnetic and quantum physics is necessitating the creation of novel computational electromagnetic solvers. This work presents a new set of time domain integral equations (TDIEs) formulated directly in terms of the magnetic vector and electric scalar potentials that can be used to meet many of the requirements of this emerging area. Stability for this new set of TDIEs is achieved by leveraging an existing rigorous functional framework that can be used to determine suitable discretization approaches to yield stable results in practice. The basics of this functional framework are reviewed before it is shown in detail how it may be applied in developing the TDIEs of this work. Numerical results are presented which validate the claims of stability and accuracy of this method over a wide range of frequencies where traditional methods would fail.
Laser Beam Propagation Effects on Secure Key Rates for Satellite CV-QKD with Discrete Modulation

Laser beam diffraction and turbulence can potentially reduce secure key rates for CV-QKD in satellite to ground communications. Using previously derived formulas for discrete four-state modulation and reverse reconciliation, we highlight parameters that yield rates exceeding 50 Mbps and estimate percentage reduction due to turbulence.
Theory for hierarchical assembly with dielectrophoresis and the role of particle anisotropy

Nonuniform electric fields cause polarizable particles to move through an effect known as dielectrophoresis (DEP). Additionally, the particles themselves create nonuniform fields due to their induced dipoles. When the nonuniform field of one particle causes another to move, it represents a path to hierarchical assembly termed mutual DEP (mDEP). Anisotropic particles potentially provide further opportunities for assembly through intense and intricate local field profiles. Here, we construct a theoretical framework for describing anisotropic particles as templates for assembly through mDEP by considering the motion of small nanoparticles near larger anisotropic nanoparticles. Using finite element analysis, we study eight particle shapes and compute their field enhancement and polarizability in an orientation-specific manner. Strikingly, we find a more than tenfold enhancement in the field near certain particle shapes, potentially promoting mDEP. To more directly relate the field intensity to the anticipated assembly outcome, we compute the volume experiencing each field enhancement versus particle shape and orientation. Finally, we provide a framework for predicting how mixtures of two distinct particle species will begin to assemble in a manner that allows for the identification of conditions that kinetically bias assembly toward specific hierarchical outcomes.
Atrial Fibrillation Triggered by Premature Ventricular Complexes: An Under-Recognized Trigger.

Abstract Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a triggered rhythm, and ablation of the trigger is a common strategy for rhythm control. We describe a patient with symptomatic AF who was found to have episode...
Influence of random fluctuations in the Lambda-effect on meridional flow and differential rotation

We present a mean field model based on the approach taken by Rempel (astro-ph/0604451) in order to investigate the influence of stochastic fluctuations in the Reynolds stresses on meridional flow and differential rotation. The stochastic fluctuations found in the meridional flow pattern directly resemble the stochastic fluctuations of the Reynolds stresses, while the stochastic fluctuations in the differential rotation are smaller by almost two orders of magnitude. It is further found that the correlation length and time scale of the stochastic fluctuations have only a weak influence on meridional flow, but a significant influence on the magnitude of variations in the differential rotation. We analyze the energy fluxes within the model to estimate time scales for the replenishment of differential rotation and meridional flow. We find that the time scale for the replenishment of differential rotation (~10 years) is nearly four orders of magnitude longer than the time scale for the replenishment of meridional flow, which explains the differences in the response to stochastic fluctuations of the Reynolds stress found for both flow fields.
Immunotherapies Old and New: Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant, Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cells, and Bispecific Antibodies for the Treatment of Relapsed/Refractory Diffuse Large B Cell Lymphoma.

Diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is curable in a majority of patients; however, a significant portion of patients develop relapsed or refractory disease. High-dose chemotherapy followed by autologous stem cell transplant is the standard approach in appropriately selected patients. Many patients are not candidates for transplant and many who do receive autologous transplant relapse. Therapies which harness T cells including chimeric antigen receptor T cells (CAR-T) and bispecific antibodies are active in this chemotherapy-resistant population. We review the role of autologous and allogeneic stem cell transplant, CAR-T therapy, and bispecific antibodies in the treatment of relapsed or refractory DLBCL. Phase I studies of bispecific antibodies directed against CD20 × CD3 have shown activity in heavily pre-treated DLBCL including in patients who have progressed following autologous transplant and/or CAR-T therapy. Two CAR-T products have received regulatory approval in relapsed or refractory DLBCL, with other products in clinical trials. CAR-T treatment has resulted in durable remissions and trials are ongoing to determine if CAR-T should replace autologous transplant as second-line therapy for DLBCL. The development of multiple T cell–directed therapies for DLBCL offers new treatment options for chemotherapy-resistant disease. We discuss our approach to relapsed or refractory DLBCL patients and the open question of optimal sequencing of autologous transplant (a current standard treatment), CAR-T therapy (FDA approved), and bispecific antibodies (in clinical trials).
Going Backward to Move Forward? The Effects of Backward Compatibility on the Sales of Previous and New Generation Console Video Games

In several product categories, such as electronics, video games, computer hardware and software, and other hi-tech products, backward compatibility--the property of a current generation of hardware to allow previous generation of software or accessory to work with it--is an important strategic decision for firms introducing hardware upgrades. We empirically investigate the effect of Microsoft Xbox’s decision to make its new generation console (NGC, Xbox One) backward compatible with selected games for its previous generation console (PGC, Xbox 360) on the sales of video games for both PGC and NGC. We assemble a unique dataset containing aggregate and individual data from a large proprietary game retailer and data scraped from gaming websites during 2013-2017. We analyze the effects of backward compatibility using a difference-in-differences approach and appropriate synthetic control methods. Our results show that when a video game console firm makes its NGC compatible with some PGC games, the average unit sales of backward compatible PGC games decrease relative to non-backward compatible PGC games. However, the dollar sales of backward compatible PGC games increase relative to non-backward compatible PGC games due to a relative price increase effect. The effects are heterogeneous across games; unlike low-selling games, high-selling games experience disproportionately large revenue lifts. Interestingly, the results also show that the sales (units and dollars) of NGC games increase due to a spillover effect, driven by console upgrades and enhanced budget for new games for the previous owners of backward compatible games. Based on our results, managers should consider high-selling games, games for general audience, action games, and those with high user ratings as the primary candidates for backward compatibility.
Epidemiology and risk factors for the development of cutaneous toxicities in patients treated with immune-checkpoint inhibitors: A United States population-level analysis

Background A variety of dermatoses have been reported in the growing number of patients treated with immune-checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), but the current understanding of cutaneous immune-related adverse events (irAEs) is limited. Objective To determine the cumulative incidence, distribution, and risk factors of cutaneous irAEs after ICI initiation. Methods This was a retrospective cohort study of patients in a national insurance claims database including cancer patients treated with ICIs and matched controls. Results The study included 8637 ICI patients and 8637 matched controls. The overall incidence of cutaneous irAEs was 25.1%, with a median onset time of 113 days. The ICI group had a significantly higher incidence of pruritus, mucositis, erythroderma, maculopapular eruption, vitiligo, lichen planus, bullous pemphigoid, Grover disease, rash, other nonspecific eruptions, and drug eruption or other nonspecific drug reaction. Patients with melanoma and renal cell carcinoma and those receiving combination therapy were at a higher risk of cutaneous irAEs. Limitations Retrospective design without access to patient chart data. Conclusions This study identifies cutaneous irAEs in a real-world clinical setting and highlights patient groups that are particularly at risk. The results can aid dermatologists at the bedside in the diagnosis of cutaneous irAEs and in formulating management recommendations to referring oncologists regarding the continuation of ICI therapy.
Improving Inertial Navigation Accuracy with Bias Modeling

Navigation-grade gyroscopes and accelerometers are well-known to have bias in their output. This bias contributes significantly to the error in the time-evolving position solution of the inertial navigation systems (INS).
Neural Dynamics in Primate Cortex during Exposure to Subanesthetic Concentrations of Nitrous Oxide.

Nitrous oxide (N2O) is a hypnotic gas with antidepressant and psychedelic properties at subanesthetic concentrations. Despite long-standing clinical use, there is insufficient understanding of its effect on neural dynamics and cortical processing, which is important for mechanistic understanding of its therapeutic effects. We administered subanesthetic (70%), inhaled N2O and studied the dynamic changes of spiking rate, spectral content, and somatosensory information representation in primary motor cortex (M1) in two male rhesus macaques implanted with Utah microelectrode arrays in the hand area of M1. The average sorted multiunit spiking rate in M1 increased from 8.1 ± 0.99 to 10.6 ± 1.3 Hz in Monkey W (p < 0.001) and from 5.6 ± 0.87 to 7.0 ± 1.1 Hz in Monkey N (p = 0.003). Power spectral densities increased in beta- and gamma-band power. To evaluate somatosensory content in M1 as a surrogate of information transfer, fingers were lightly brushed and classified using a naive Bayes classifier. In both monkeys, the proportion of correctly classified fingers dropped from 0.50 ± 0.06 before N2O inhalation to 0.34 ± 0.03 during N2O inhalation (p = 0.018), although some fingers continued to be correctly classified (p = 0.005). The decrease in correct classifications corresponded to decreased modulation depth for the population (p = 0.005) and fewer modulated units (p = 0.046). However, the increased single-unit firing rate was not correlated with its modulation depth (R 2 < 0.001, p = 0.93). These data suggest that N2O degrades information transfer, although no clear relationship was found between neuronal tuning and N2O-induced changes in firing rate.
Critical Turning Points During Lesson Study: Student Misconceptions Spark Teacher Learning

During lesson study teachers collaborate to design, teach, observe, and reflect on a lesson with the overarching goals of improving instruction and increasing student learning. This article examines how a 6th grade mathematics lesson study project challenged teachers’ ideas and assumptions about their students’ understanding of fraction concepts. Significant misconceptions were revealed during the teaching of the lesson, prompting teacher learning and changes to instruction. The results highlight critical turning points during the process where evidence collected during lesson observations revealed student struggles and changed how teachers supported their students’ thinking moving forward. This article also documents one teacher’s journey as she recognizes the need for visual modeling and justification of math concepts to build deeper understanding. There are many different ways lesson study has been implemented in the United States, yet in many ways the effectiveness of lesson study remains uncertain. This paper focuses on key points during the lesson study process that can lead to the development of knowledge and practice.
Natural language processing for prediction of readmission in posterior lumbar fusion patients: which free-text notes have the most utility?

Abstract BACKGROUND CONTEXT The increasing volume of free-text notes available in electronic health records has created an opportunity for natural language processing (NLP) algorithms to mine this unstructured data in order to detect and predict adverse outcomes. Given the volume and diversity of documentation available in spine surgery, it remains unclear which types of documentation offer the greatest value for prediction of adverse outcomes. STUDY DESIGN/SETTING Retrospective review of medical records at two academic and three community hospitals. PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to conduct an exploratory analysis in order to examine the utility of free-text notes generated during the index hospitalization for lumbar spine fusion for prediction of 90-day unplanned readmission. PATIENT SAMPLE Adult patients 18 years or older undergoing lumbar spine fusion for lumbar spondylolisthesis or lumbar spinal stenosis between January 1, 2016 and December 31, 2020. OUTCOME MEASURES The primary outcome was inpatient admission within 90-days of discharge from the index hospitalization. METHODS The predictive performance of NLP algorithms developed by using discharge summary notes, operative notes, nursing notes, physical therapy notes, case management notes, medical doctor (MD) (resident or attending), and allied practice professional (APP) (nurse practitioner or physician assistant) notes were assessed by discrimination, calibration, overall performance. RESULTS Overall, 708 patients were included in the study and 83 (11.7%) had 90-day inpatient readmission. In the independent testing set of patients (n=141) not used for model development, the area under the receiver operating curve of NLP algorithms for prediction of 90-day readmission using discharge summary notes, operative notes, nursing notes, physical therapy notes, case management notes, MD/APP notes was 0.70, 0.57, 0.57, 0.60, 0.60, and 0.49 respectively. CONCLUSION In this exploratory analysis, discharge summary, physical therapy, and case management notes had the most utility and daily MD/APP progress notes had the least utility for prediction of 90-day inpatient readmission in lumbar fusion patients among the free-text documentation generated during the index hospitalization.