cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A tectonics test of the most commonly used geochemical discriminant diagrams and patterns

Abstract During the last two decades many tectonomagmatic geochemical discriminant diagrams were created and are now being widely used in paleotectonic reconstructions. The sources of original data and discriminating quality of fourteen of the most commonly used diagrams are examined herein. Over 200 Jurassic rift basalts, diabases and chilled diabase margins from eastern North America are plotted on these diagrams. The inconsistent results from other regions with known tectonic settings are also discussed. It is found that most diagrams fail to identify continental basalts (CB), the majority of which plot in every field except within-plate basalts (WPB). Because continental basalts do plot in other fields, such as MORB and arc basalts, the discriminating ability of these diagrams is insufficient without additional criteria. Large amounts of chemical data (especially trace- and rare-earth element data) and intensive studies of continental basalts were not available until the late 1980's. Lack of representative data at the time these diagrams were created is a major reason for their failure to identify continental basalts. Moreover, the genesis of continental basalt magma involves a series of complicated processes that may vary from place to place even within the same tectonic province. As a result, the geochemical patterns of continental basalts cover a wide range in compositions of isotopes, trace elements, REE, as well as major and minor elements. It is, therefore, difficult to create a universal chemical diagram that can discriminate continental basalts from all others. Our conclusion is that the reconstruction of paleotectonic settings should not be done by using geochemical data alone. Although this may seem obvious to many, perusal of the literature shows that tectonic setting assignments frequently are based almost entirely on geochemistry. Tectono-stratigraphic analysis based on knowledge of field relations, structure and petrology of epiclastic, volcaniclastic and igneous protoliths is an essential adjunct to geochemistry in determining ancient tectonic environments.
Heat transfer, pressure drop, and fluid flow patterns in yawed tube banks

Abstract Complementary heat transfer, pressure distribution, and flow visualization experiments were performed to investigate the effect of yaw on both staggered and in-line tube tanks. The heat transfer measurements were carried out on a row-by-row basis, and pressures were measured internal to the tube banks as well as upstream and downstream. Air was the heat transfer fluid. The visualization experiments revealed that yaw markedly affected the manner in which the flow impinged on the tubes of the in-line array, with a lesser effect of yaw on the flow field in the staggered array. At a given freestream Reynolds number, the Nusselt number generally decreased as the angle of yaw increased. The yaw effect was well correlated for the staggered array, but not so well for the in-line array because of the aforementioned flow field modifications. The in-line-array Nusselt numbers generally exceeded those for the staggered array, a trend which was accentuated at larger yaw. The pressure drop decreased with increasing yaw. In the present operating range, the in-line-array pressure drops were smaller than the corresponding staggered-array values.
Using focus groups to inform pharmacy research

Abstract Background Focus groups are a powerful research tool for collecting qualitative information across many contexts. The focus group offers pharmacy researchers benefits that support many of the important lines of investigation at the forefront of contemporary pharmacy-based research, particularly within the areas of patient compliance/concordance, customer behavior, patient-provider collaboration, health literacy research, and disease management. This article introduces the focus group as a research method that offers powerful investigative potential to researchers who are attempting to understand human-based phenomena. Objectives To provide sufficient background, examples, and how to information to enable a pharmacy researcher to include focus group methodologies in their initial design decisions, and provide guidance to additional resources necessary for successful implementation of this powerful qualitative approach. Methods The article is organized into sections describing what a focus group is and what it can be used for; the unique benefits and drawbacks of using focus group methodology; organization and planning considerations including participant and recruitment considerations; and sampling strategies, session and question development, practical details of session management, and follow-up activities, including data analysis. Results/Conclusion Although often considered quick and easy focus groups require thoughtful consideration of need and purpose, considerable planning, and effort to succeed. Because of the unique insight that can be gained, their flexibility, and their ability to mesh with other methods, focus group is gaining currency as an important research tool within health care.
Photoemission study of the surface electronic structure of Mo(001) and Mo(001)-2H

We report a high-resolution angle-resolved photoemission study of the surface electronic structure of the room-temperature phase of Mo(001) and Mo(001)-2H. We have focused particularly upon the electron states on the clean surface within a few electron volts of the Fermi level in an attempt to characterize the interplay between the electronic and atomic structures of this surface. We relate these measurements of the surface band structure along the high-symmetry directions to recently published surface Fermi contours. Most importantly, we observe a band to be located at or near the Fermi level over a small region of momentum space, near the middle of the \ensuremath{\Sigma} line. This feature is well placed to couple to phonon modes characteristic of the low-temperature reconstruction observed on this surface. The relationship of these results to existing calculations, to our previous results for W(001), to the wave vector of the reconstruction, and to recent measurements of surface phonon dispersion relations will be discussed.
Using focus groups to understand arthritis patients' perceptions about unconventional therapy

Objective. To understand arthritis patients' use of unconventional therapies (UT). Methods. Thirty-three rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis patients followed in university clinics participated in 5 focus groups to discuss: their beliefs about arthritis and UT; UT they have used; reasons for using UT; effectiveness of UT; sources of information on UT; and communication about UT with the physician. Two investigators analyzed focus group transcripts to identify common themes. Results. All patients believed arthritis to be incurable by conventional regimens or UT. Over one-half had used UT to relieve pain; cost was unimportant. Patients trusted information about UT from family, friends, and others with arthritis, but not supermarket tabloids or television commercials. Most discussed UT use with their physician, primarily to prevent interactions with prescribed treatments. Physicians' reactions ranged from ridicule to giving permission to continue using UT. Conclusions. These results provide an understanding of arthritis patients' motives for using UT and for discussing this behavior with their physician.
Battering and the Poverty Trap

Structured interviews with women on welfare (n = 40) reveal the costs of taking a beating. Thirty-five percent of respondents reported having been physically abused by their current or most recent intimate partner. Compared with their peers, physically abused women earned less, worked fewer weeks, and more frequently worked part-time involuntarily. Women whose partners sabotaged their work effort experienced more hardships associated with poverty than did other respondents. The causal connections between the dual traps of poverty and abuse are complex. Irrespective of the direction of causality, battering and poverty diminish the lives of a significant proportion of women on welfare.
Treatment methods for fractures of the mandibular angle

Fractures of the mandibular angle are plagued with the highest rate of complication of all mandibular fractures. Over the past 10 years, various forms of treatment for these fractures were performed on an indigent inner city population. Treatment included: 1) closed reduction or intraoral open reduction and non-rigid fixation; 2) extraoral open reduction and internal fixation with an AO/ASIF reconstruction bone plate; 3) intraoral open reduction and internal fixation using a solitary lag screw; 4) intraoral open reduction and internal fixation using two 2.0 mm mini-dynamic compression plates; 5) intraoral open reduction and internal fixation using two 2.4 mm mandibular dynamic compression plates; 6) intraoral open reduction and internal fixation using two non-compression miniplates; 7) intraoral open reduction and internal fixation using a single non-compression miniplate; and 8) intraoral open reduction and internal fixation using a single malleable non-compression miniplate. This paper reviews the results of those modes of treatment when used for the same patient population at one hospital. Results of treatment show that, in this patient population, the use of either an extraoral open reduction and internal fixation with the AO/ASIF reconstruction plate or intraoral open reduction and internal fixation, using a single miniplate, are associated with the fewest complications.
Modeling Human Vestibular Responses during Eccentric Rotation and Off Vertical Axis Rotation

A mathematical model has been developed to help explain human multi-sensory interactions. The most important constituent of the model is the hypothesis that the nervous system incorporates knowledge of sensory dynamics into an "internal model" of these dynamics. This internal model allows the nervous system to integrate the sensory information from many different sensors into a coherent estimate of self-motion. The essence of the model is unchanged from a previously published model of monkey eye movement responses; only a few variables have been adjusted to yield the prediction of human responses. During eccentric rotation, the model predicts that the axis of eye rotation shifts slightly toward alignment with gravito-inertial force. The model also predicts that the time course of the perception of tilt following the acceleration phase of eccentric rotation is much slower than that during deceleration. During off vertical axis rotation (OVAR) the model predicts a small horizontal bias along with small horizontal, vertical, and torsional oscillations. Following OVAR stimulation, when stopped right- or left-side down, a small vertical component is predicted that decays with the horizontal post-rotatory response. All of the predictions are consistent with measurements of human responses.
Falling and rising in a fluid with both linear and quadratic drag

The falling and rising of objects of arbitrary shapes in incompressible Newtonian fluids with a drag force of the form k1v + k2v2 are investigated. Exact analytical expressions for the velocity and displacement as a function of time are derived and discussed.
Chemical Budgets for Channel Catfish Ponds

Abstract Budgets for water, nitrogen, phosphorus, chemical oxygen demand (organic matter), and dissolved oxygen (DO) were estimated over a growing season (March-October) for three Alabama ponds used for culture of channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus. In addition to rainfall and runoff, 190 cm of water were applied from a pipe line to offset seepage and evaporation. Production of each kilogram of live fish required 1.32 kg of feed and released to the water in metabolic wastes 51.1 g nitrogen, 7.2 g phosphorus, and 1.1 kg chemical oxygen demand (COD). Metabolic wastes resulting from production of 1 kg of fish led to the synthesis of an additional 2.59 kg of COD in photosynthesis. Thus, 1 kg of live fish resulted in 3.69 kg COD. Fish harvest accounted for only 26.8% of nitrogen, 30.1% of phosphorus, and 25.5% of organic matter (COD) applied in feed. The remainder of the nitrogen and organic matter was apparently lost from ponds for no accumulation of these substances was detected in muds. Denitrification and...
Analyzing the extended parallel process model and health belief model constructs in texting while driving: news coverage in leading U.S. news media outlets

Nearly a fifth of automobile crashes involve distractions, particularly texting while driving. Yet, communication regarding this phenomenon, particularly from the media, is understudied. This study examined major U.S. traditional media outlets' (i.e., television networks, cable channels, and newspapers) news coverage of texting while driving between March 2007 and August 2011. Employing a media framing content analysis guided by the extended parallel process model (EPPM) and the health belief model (HBM), applications of the perceived threat (i.e., susceptibility and severity), perceived efficacy (i.e., self-efficacy and response efficacy), and perceived barriers constructs in 139 major U.S. television and newspaper news reports message construction were evaluated. Overall, news report practices by traditional U.S. news outlets regarding texting while driving utilize many of the theoretical suggestions by EPPM and HBM. Four of five key constructs (i.e., perceived barriers (23%), responsive efficacy (78%),...
Rice and Butterfly Wing Effect Inspired Low Drag and Antifouling Surfaces: A Review

In this article, a comprehensive overview of the reported rice and butterfly wing effect discovered by the authors is presented with the hope to attract and inspire others in the field. Living nature has inspired researchers for centuries to solve complex engineering challenges with much attention given to unique structures, materials, and surfaces. Such challenges include drag reducing and antifouling surfaces to save energy, lives, and money. Many flora and fauna exhibit low drag and antifouling characteristics, such as shark skin and lotus leaves, due to their hierarchical microstructured morphologies. The authors have reported that rice leaves and butterfly wings combine the shark skin (anisotropic flow leading to low drag) and lotus leaf (superhydrophobic and self-cleaning) effects, producing the so-called rice and butterfly wing effect. Such surfaces have been fabricated with photolithography, soft lithography, hot embossing, and coating techniques. Fluid drag, anti-biofouling, anti-inorganic foulin...
The role of colonoscopy for screening of colorectal cancer.

C OLORECTAL CANCER (CRC) is the third most commonly diagnosed cancer in the United States, with approximately 135,000 new cases expected each year, and the second most common cause of death from cancer, with about 55,000 deaths annually. ~ There is evidence that detection of CRC at an early stage by screening can improve survival (secondary prevention)? -4 There is a significant difference in survival between those diagnosed at an early stage compared with those diagnosed at a later stage as demonstrated by estimated 5-year survival rates of 90% for those with localized disease, 60% for those with regional disease, and 5% for those with distant metastases. 5 Screening identifies individuals with CRC or adenomatous polyps from among those without signs and symptoms of the disease. Screening is effective in the primary prevention of cancer through removal of adenomatous polyps that are precursors of most cancers . 6'7
A broader perspective of sexual differentiation.

Human sexual differentiation is customarily depicted as a series of embryonic events that lead to male and female gonadal development and differential hormone expression that have behavioral as well as biological outcomes. The salient components of these events are the differential expression of two hormones - testosterone and Muellerian inhibiting substance - and the SRY gene, regulating, in turn, the transcription of other genes and culminating in male differentiation. Sex determination, then, is generally described as initially proceeding down a path toward female development unless the bipotential, indifferent gonad is modified toward male development by genes on the Y chromosome. 28 refs.
New and emended descriptions of gregarines from flour beetles (Tribolium spp. and Palorus subdepressus: Coleoptera, Tenebrionidae)

The following new gregarine taxa are described from larvae of flour beetles (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae): Awrygregarina billmani, n. gen., n. sp., from Tribolium brevicornis; Gregarina cloptoni, n. sp., from Tribolium freemani; Gregarina confusa, n. sp., from Tribolilum confusum; and Gregarina palori, n. sp., from Palorus subdepressus. In addition, the description of Gregarina minuta Ishii, 1914, from Tribolium castaneum, is emended. Scanning electron micrograph studies of these species' oocysts reveal differences in surface architecture. The Gregarina species have oocysts with longitudinal ridges, visible with SEM, whereas Awrygregarina billmani oocysts have fine circumferential striations; surface architecture is the main feature distinguishing the 2 gregarine genera. Although parasites from adult beetles are not included in the descriptions, adults of all host species can be infected experimentally using oocysts from the new taxa.
Integrating medical care and addiction treatment.

The segregation of addiction treatment and medical care is an unfortunate consequence of policies and practices that have developed in the United States over many years. New research points toward the benefits of integrating these 2 systems of care, and the development of new behavioral and pharmacologic treatments for addiction is destined to render their separation increasingly untenable. However, movement toward integration faces substantial regulatory and political obstacles.
Identifying Children's Peer Social Networks in School Classrooms: Links Between Peer Reports and Observed Interactions

Links between peer reports of social cluster membership and observed classroom interactions were examined in a sample of 72 children in 4th grade and 7th grade. All participating children in each classroom identified as many social clusters in the classroom as they could recall. Using the social-cognitive map (SCM) procedure, these individual reports were aggregated to summarize the number of times a given child was nominated as being in the same social cluster as each of his or her classmates (i.e., a co-nomination profile) and to identify the classmates in each child's social cluster. Extensive classroom observations allowed for a parallel summary of the number of times a given child was observed to interact with each of his or her classmates (i.e., an interaction profile). Results indicated that correlations between conomination profiles and interaction profiles were positive and statistically reliable. Children were observed to interact with members of their SCM-identified social cluster at a rate four times higher than with other same-sex classmates. These effects did not vary reliably by grade, sex or aggressive risk status.
Homologous regulation of brain oxytocin receptors.

Specific receptors for oxytocin have been identified in rat forebrain. Previous studies have demonstrated that in select regions, these receptors are dependent on heterologous induction by gonadal steroids. To investigate whether brain oxytocin receptors are homologously regulated by oxytocin, we measured oxytocin receptor binding after hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus lesions, repeated central injections of oxytocin, and continuous central infusion of oxytocin via osmotic minipump. Neither lesions of the paraventricular nucleus nor repeated oxytocin injections altered the binding of the selective oxytocin receptor ligand [125I]OTA [125I] d(CH2)5[Tyr(Me)2,Thr4,Tyr-NH2(9)] ornithine vasotocin, as measured by in vitro receptor autoradiography. After 10 days of continuous oxytocin infusion by osmotic minipump, oxytocin receptor binding decreased in every target field by at least 50%. This decrease appeared to represent a down-regulation of receptors and not displacement by exogenous peptide, as it persis...
Strong Understanding and Immoderate Feelings: A Case for the Influence of Hugh Blair’s Concept of Taste on Jane Austen’s Sense and Sensibility

This article presents the case that the perspective on taste set forth in Hugh Blair’s Lectures on Rhetoric and Belles Lettres significantly influenced Jane Austen’s novel Sense and Sensibility. Austen’s version of the Scots’s concepts—sense, sensibility, understanding, feeling, delicacy, correctness, and so forth—features the tendency in individuals of taste to favor either sense or sensibility, as well as the novelist’s decided tilt toward the former. Despite her inclination toward sense, however, Austen ultimately follows Blair in characterizing these faculties as complementary and cooperative, rather than competitive or oppositional. Just as Lectures provides potential insight into Sense and Sensibility, so, correspondingly, study of Austen’s novel provides a better understanding of Blair and his influence.
Predicting concurrency bugs: how many, what kind and where are they?

Concurrency bugs are difficult to find and fix. To help with finding and fixing concurrency bugs, prior research has mostly focused on static or dynamic analyses for finding specific classes of bugs. We present an approach whose focus is understanding the differences between concurrency and non-concurrency bugs, the differences among various concurrency bug classes, and predicting bug quantity, type, and location, from patches, bug reports and bug-fix metrics. First, we show that bug characteristics and bug-fixing processes vary significantly among different kinds of concurrency bugs and compared to non-concurrency bugs. Next, we build a quantitative predictor model to estimate concurrency bugs appearance in future releases. Then, we build a qualitative predictor that can predict the type of concurrency bug for a newly-filed bug report. Finally, we build a bug location predictor to indicate the likely source code location for newly-reported bugs. We validate the effectiveness of our approach on three popular projects, Mozilla, KDE, and Apache.
EFFECT OF FILIPIN ON THE TERMINAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT SYSTEM OF SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE.

Abstract Treatment of yeast with filipin causes an inhibition of the terminal electron transport system. Mitochondria prepared from filipin treated yeast are unable to oxidize NADH or succinate; however, they retain about 50% of their NADH and succinate-cytochrome c reductase (EC 1.6.2.1 and EC 1.3.99.1 respectively) activities and about 60% of their cytochrome oxidase (EC 1.9.3.1) activity. Partial restoration of NADH oxidase system but not of succinate oxidase system activity occurs with exogenous cytochrome c. Mitochondrial preparations from yeast inactivate filipin.
Model-based reasoning for fault isolation

The author attempts to explore the promise or limitations of a model-based reasoning approach for a system of practical size and complexity. Specifically, a target system was chosen which contained the order of a hundred components and featured complex feedback looping. A prototype fault isolation system has been developed for the system. Features of the prototype system include analog feedback loops, components modeled by piecewise linear functions, measurement selection based on a priori known failure-rate and observation data, and identification of minimal single- or multiple-fault candidates and their probabilities at any time during fault isolation. >
Polyploidy and the petal transcriptome of Gossypium

Genes duplicated by polyploidy (homoeologs) may be differentially expressed in plant tissues. Recent research using DNA microarrays and RNAseq data have described a cacophony of complex expression patterns during development of cotton fibers, petals, and leaves. Because of its highly canalized development, petal tissue has been used as a model tissue for gene expression in cotton. Recent advances in cotton genome annotation and assembly now permit an enhanced analysis of duplicate gene deployment in petals from allopolyploid cotton. Homoeologous gene expression levels were quantified in diploid and tetraploid flower petals of Gossypium using the Gossypium raimondii genome sequence as a reference. In the polyploid, most homoeologous genes were expressed at equal levels, though a subset had an expression bias of AT and DT copies. The direction of gene expression bias was conserved in natural and recent polyploids of cotton. Conservation of direction of bias and additional comparisons between the diploids and tetraploids suggested different regulation mechanisms of gene expression. We described three phases in the evolution of cotton genomes that contribute to gene expression in the polyploid nucleus. Compared to previous studies, a surprising level of expression homeostasis was observed in the expression patterns of polyploid genomes. Conserved expression bias in polyploid petals may have resulted from cis-acting modifications that occurred prior to polyploidization. Some duplicated genes were intriguing exceptions to general trends. Mechanisms of gene regulation for these and other genes in the cotton genome warrants further investigation.
Attitude toward and Propensity to Engage in Unethical Behavior: Measurement Invariance across Major among University Students

This research examines business and psy- chology students' attitude toward unethical behavior (measured at Time 1) and their propensity to engage in unethical behavior (measured at Time 1 and at Time 2, 4 weeks later) using a 15-item Unethical Behavior mea- sure with five Factors: Abuse Resources, Not Whistle Blowing, Theft, Corruption, and Deception. Results suggested that male students had stronger unethical atti- tudes and had higher propensity to engage in unethical behavior than female students. Attitude at Time 1 pre- dicted Propensity at Time 1 accurately for all five factors (concurrent validity): If students consider it to be unethical, then, they are less likely to engage in that unethical behavior. Attitude at Time 1 predicted only Factor Abuse Resources for Propensity at Time 2. Pro- pensity at Time 1 was significantly related to Propensity at Time 2. Attitude at Time 1, Propensity at Time 1, and Propensity at Time 2 had achieved configural and metric measurement invariance across major (business vs. psy- chology). Thus, researchers may have confidence in using these measures in future research.
AN EMPIRICAL STUDY OF KNOWLEDGE TRANSFER IN WORKING RELATIONSHIPS WITH SUPPLIERS IN NEW PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT

This study examines the factors (trust, communication, supplier relationship specific adaptations, supplier flexibility, and relationship history) that influence knowledge transfer from the supplier to the customer firm in new product development, and the impact of knowledge transfer on product development performance. It also suggests that knowledge tacitness moderates these relationships. Based on a sample of 186 US firms, this study finds that trust, communication, supplier relationship specific adaptations, and supplier flexibility influence knowledge transfer. Knowledge transfer, in turn, has an effect on new product development performance. Mixed findings have also been reported in this paper with respect to the moderating effects of knowledge tacitness. Trust, supplier flexibility, and relationship history are more important for tacit knowledge transfer than for explicit knowledge. Knowledge tacitness does not moderate the relationship between knowledge transfer and NPD performance. However, the results show that both tacit and explicit knowledge transfer significantly affects NPD performance.
Mass measurements using isotopically labeled solvents reveal the extent of solvent transport during redox in thin films on electrodes.

Transport of solvent during the redox reactions of thin films on electrodes has been identified as a possible influence on both the thermodynamic and kinetic aspects of their electrochemical responses. A variety of methods has been used in attempts to measure solvent content of these films, including ellipsometry and profilimetry. However, those techniques which rely on measurement of thickness suffer from inability to deconvolute the contributions to swelling (or deswelling) from ion and solvent transport. Thus, the situation remains one in which speculation abounds, but accurate measurements are unavailable. In this communication, the authors report on the application of the quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) technique to the determination of solvent transport during redox in thin films of nickel ferrocyanide (the nickel analogue of Prussian Blue) by comparing the difference in the total mass change (comprised of contributions from both ion and solvent transport) which results from use of isotopically substituted solvent. To their knowledge, these experiments represent the first accurate, unambiguous measurements of solvent transport in thin films on electrodes. It is especially significant that these measurements are made in the presence of simultaneous ion transport.
Enhanced Induction of Intestinal Cellular Immunity by Oral Priming with Enteric Adenovirus 41 Vectors

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection is characterized by the rapid onset of intestinal T-cell depletion that initiates the progression to AIDS. The induction of protective immunity in the intestinal mucosa therefore represents a potentially desirable feature of a preventive AIDS vaccine. In this study, we have evaluated the ability of an enteric adenovirus, recombinant adenovirus 41 (rAd41), to elicit intestinal and systemic immune responses by different immunization routes, alone or in combination with rAd5. rAd41 expressing HIV envelope (Env) protein induced cellular immune responses comparable to those of rAd5-based vectors after either a single intramuscular injection or a DNA prime/rAd boost. Oral priming with rAd41-Env followed by intramuscular boosting with rAd5-Env stimulated a more potent CD8+ T-cell response in the small intestine than the other immunization regimens. Furthermore, the direct injection of rAd41-Env into ileum together with intramuscular rAd5-Env boosting increased Env-specific cellular immunity markedly in mucosal as well as systemic compartments. These data demonstrate that heterologous rAd41 oral or ileal priming with rAd5 intramuscular boosting elicits enhanced intestinal mucosal cellular immunity and that oral or ileal vector delivery for primary immunization facilitates the generation of mucosal immunity.
A Primer of Primate Pathology: Lesions and Nonlesions

Nonhuman primates are important laboratory animals for biomedical, pharmacology, and toxicology research. To effectively use primates as models, their gross and histologic anatomy, physiology and natural history, as well as common health problems and the source from which the primate is obtained, must be known and understood by pathologists involved in study design and/or interpretation. The first very important lesson in the "primer" is: there is no such thing as a generic monkey. Brand names (ie, species and subspecies) are important. Several taxonomic groups of primates are used in research including: prosimians, such as galagos and lemurs; New World monkeys, particularily marmosets; Old World monkeys, especially macaques and baboons; and the chimpanzee, an African ape. Differences between taxa are exemplified by the glucocorticoid resistance of New World monkeys compared to Old World monkeys, which results in the requirement for Vitamin D3 and their high circulating levels of steroids such as cortisone and progesterone. Differences in ovarian histology between Old and New World monkeys probably relate to steroid receptor biology as well. There are also variations in disease manifestations, even among closely related primate species such as rhesus and cynomolgus macaques (cynos). For example type D retrovirus infection is accompanied by lymphomas in cynos, but not rhesus. The second important lesson in this "primer" is: "not test article related" does not always mean "normal." Lymphoid nodules in bone marrow or salivary gland, a common background finding in macaques, often signal the presence of type D retrovirus. Other histologic changes and normal anatomic variations may be confusing to individuals not routinely examining primate tissues. The objective of this paper is to familiarize pathologists with the use of primates in research as well as lesions and nonlesions (normal anatomy or physiology) of primates that may influence study design and confound interpretation.
Activation of Heat Shock and Antioxidant Responses by the Natural Product Celastrol: Transcriptional Signatures of a Thiol-targeted Molecule

Stress response pathways allow cells to sense and respond to environmental changes and adverse pathophysiological states. Pharmacological modulation of cellular stress pathways has implications in the treatment of human diseases, including neurodegenerative disorders, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. The quinone methide triterpene celastrol, derived from a traditional Chinese medicinal herb, has numerous pharmacological properties, and it is a potent activator of the mammalian heat shock transcription factor HSF1. However, its mode of action and spectrum of cellular targets are poorly understood. We show here that celastrol activates Hsf1 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae at a similar effective concentration seen in mammalian cells. Transcriptional profiling revealed that celastrol treatment induces a battery of oxidant defense genes in addition to heat shock genes. Celastrol activated the yeast Yap1 oxidant defense transcription factor via the carboxy-terminal redox center that responds to electrophilic compounds. Antioxidant response genes were likewise induced in mammalian cells, demonstrating that the activation of two major cell stress pathways by celastrol is conserved. We report that celastrol's biological effects, including inhibition of glucocorticoid receptor activity, can be blocked by the addition of excess free thiol, suggesting a chemical mechanism for biological activity based on modification of key reactive thiols by this natural product.
Family structure and substance use problems in adolescence and early adulthood: examining explanations for the relationship.

Aims Our study has two goals: to evaluate variation in symptoms of substance abuse/dependence by family structure and to examine several potential explanations for this association, including differences in socio-economic status, social support, social stress and perceived approval and use of substances by family and friends. Design Ordinary least squares (OLS) regression is used to examine the association between family type and problematic substance use and to assess the hypothesized mediators. Setting Data were collected between 1998 and 2000 as part of a study of the prevalence and social distributions of psychiatric and substance use disorders. The study involved face-to-face interviews with a representative sample of young adults in a South Florida community. Participants Respondents (n = 1760) were between 18 and 23 years of age. Approximately 25% were of Cuban origin, 25% other Caribbean basin Hispanic, 25% African American and 25% non-Hispanic white. Measurements Four family types are examined: mother–father families, single-parent families, single-parent families that include other adult relative(s) and stepfamilies. Problematic substance use is measured by a set of 22 substance abuse/dependence symptoms. Findings Controlling for race–ethnicity and gender, respondents from single-parent families report a significantly higher level of problematic substance use than those from mother–father families. Although nearly all explanations receive support, we find the strongest evidence for differential association with deviant peers and exposure to stress. Conclusions Our findings suggest that—rather than representing a unique and independent predictor of substance use problems—family structure can be viewed as a marker of the unequal distribution of factors influencing the risk of problematic substance use.
Regulation of Insulin and Glucose Plasma Levels by Central Nervous System β-Endorphin in Preweanling Rats*

Recently, our laboratory has reported that central administration of beta-endorphin to rat pups decreases hepatic and renal ornithine decarboxylase activity, a sensitive biochemical index of tissue metabolic activity. Since these organs are the major sites of insulin catabolism, it seemed possible that the plasma levels of this hormone could be altered by changes in central nervous system (CNS) beta-endorphin levels. In the current study we tested this hypothesis by administering beta-endorphin to rat pups intracisternally (ic), followed by insulin sc, and then analyzing for plasma levels of insulin and glucose at various times after the second injection. We found that the apparent biological half-life of administered insulin markedly increased in 6-day-old rats pretreated with beta-endorphin ic. Similarly, this neuropeptide prolonged the half-life of endogenous insulin, as indicated by a small but significant increase in the plasma levels of this hormone in animals given only beta-endorphin. As expected, hypoglycemia in rats injected with beta-endorphin and insulin was more pronounced than in animals given insulin alone. Naloxone administered ic reversed both actions of beta-endorphin, indicating the involvement of opioid receptors in the response. beta-Endorphin also altered insulin and glucose plasma levels in 2-, 10-, and 18-day-old rats, but there were no effects in 30-day-old animals at any of the doses used in these studies. Peripheral administration of beta-endorphin had no effect, indicating that CNS beta-endorphin's influences on insulin and glucose metabolism occur through brain-based mechanisms. The results from these studies suggest that CNS beta-endorphin may be an important modulator of insulin and glucose metabolism in preweanling rats. In as much as insulin is a major regulator of somatic growth, our findings further suggest that CNS beta-endorphin may have a major role in the control of growth during early postnatal development by influencing insulin homeostasis.
Long-Term Health-Related Quality of Life, Growth, and Spiritual Well-Being After Hematopoietic Stem-Cell Transplantation

Purpose To examine health-related quality of life (HRQOL) and growth, and spiritual well-being in adult survivors of hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation (HSCT) for a malignant disease. Methods HSCT survivors (n = 662) were recruited through the International Bone Marrow Transplant Registry/Autologous Blood and Marrow Transplant Registry and were drawn from 40 transplantation centers. HSCT survivors completed a telephone interview and a set of questionnaires a mean of 7.0 years post-HSCT (range, 1.8 to 22.6 years). Study measures included a variety of standardized measures of HRQOL and growth and spiritual well-being. An age- and sex-matched healthy comparison (HC) group (n = 158) was recruited using a peer nomination method. The HC group completed a parallel telephone interview and set of questionnaires. Results Multivariate analysis of variance analyses found the HSCT survivor group reported poorer status relative to the HC group for all HRQOL outcome clusters including physical health, physical func...
Free Water Can Leach Mycotoxins from Fusarium‐infected Wheat Heads

The objective of this study was to examine the impact of free environmental moisture, such as from rainfall, on disease development and mycotoxin production and accumulation in planta. In greenhouse experiments in 2009, two single Fusarium graminearum isolates were used to inoculate spikes of three wheat cultivars: ‘Alsen’, ‘2375’ and ‘Wheaton’ at anthesis. On each wetting event/sampling day (7, 14, 21 or 28 days after inoculation), FHB severity was assessed and five pots of each of the two cultivar/isolate treatments were subjected to a wetting event. At the end of the wetting event, the spikes were sampled both from the plants that received the wetting treatment and those that did not and analysed for mycotoxins. Run-off water samples were also taken 3 h after the start of irrigation and immediately after the wetting treatment concluded and analysed for mycotoxins. The results showed despite statistically similar FHB severity, the levels of DON and other mycotoxins detected were significantly lower in the plants receiving a single wetting event compared to the control. The levels of DON in wetted plants were lower up to 36% in ‘Alsen’, 52% in ‘2375’ and 41% in ‘Wheaton’ compared to that of corresponding controls. DON and 15-ADON were also detected in run-off water from the inoculated heads of all cultivars examined. Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that DON and its derivatives produced in planta can be leached out from the host tissues by free water on contact with plant surfaces.
Insertion of a Classical Nuclear Import Signal into the Matrix Domain of the Rous Sarcoma Virus Gag Protein Interferes with Virus Replication

The Rous sarcoma virus Gag protein undergoes transient nuclear trafficking during virus assembly. Nuclear import is mediated by a nuclear targeting sequence within the MA domain. To gain insight into the role of nuclear transport in replication, we investigated whether addition of a “classical ” nuclear localization signal (NLS) in Gag would affect virus assembly or infectivity. A bipartite NLS derived from nucleoplasmin was inserted into a region of the MA domain of Gag that is dispensable for budding and infectivity. Gag proteins bearing the nucleoplasmin NLS insertion displayed an assembly defect. Mutant virus particles (RC.V8.NLS) were not infectious, although they were indistinguishable from wild-type virions in Gag, Gag-Pol, Env, and genomic RNA incorporation and Gag protein processing. Unexpectedly, postinfection viral DNA synthesis was also normal, as similar amounts of two-long-terminal-repeat junction molecules were detected for RC.V8.NLS and wild type, suggesting that the replication block occurred after nuclear entry of proviral DNA. Phenotypically revertant viruses arose after continued passage in culture, and sequence analysis revealed that the nucleoplasmin NLS coding sequence was deleted from the gag gene. To determine whether the nuclear targeting activity of the nucleoplasmin sequence was responsible for the infectivity defect, two critical basic amino acids in the NLS were altered. This virus (RC.V8.KR/AA) had restored infectivity, and the MA.KR/AA protein showed reduced nuclear localization, comparable to the wild-type MA protein. These data demonstrate that addition of a second NLS, which might direct MA and/or Gag into the nucleus by an alternate import pathway, is not compatible with productive virus infection.
The importance of canopy structure in controlling the interception loss of rainfall: Examples from a young and an old-growth Douglas-fir forest

The canopy water storage capacity (S), direct throughfall fraction ( p), the ratio of evaporation to rainfall intensity ( ¯ E= ¯ R) and interception loss (In), of a Douglas-fir forest are influenced by short (seasonal) and long-term (decades to centuries) changes in the forest canopy. Gross precipitation (PG) and net precipitation (Pn) were measured in a young (25-year-old) Douglas-fir forest and the results compared with measurements previously made in a nearby old-growth (>450-year-old) Douglas-fir forest [Link, T.E., Unsworth, M.H., Marks, D., 2004. The dynamics of rainfall interception by a seasonal temperate rainforest. Agric. Forest Meteorol. 124, 171‐191.]. Canopy rainfall variables were estimated using a regression-based method that estimates S, p and ¯ E= ¯ R for individual storms using the relationship between PG and Pn. The individual storm estimates of S, p and ¯ E= ¯ R for the young forest were applied to a rainfall interception model (Gash model [Gash, J.H.C., 1979. An analytical model of rainfall interception by forest. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 105, 43‐55.]) to determine the effect of seasonal changes in canopy hydrologic variables have on estimates of In (young forest only). The Gash model was previously applied to the old-growth forest [Link, T.E., Unsworth, M.H., Marks, D., 2004. The dynamics of rainfall interception by a seasonal temperate rainforest. Agric. Forest Meteorol. 124, 171‐191.]. The young forest had significantly different S (1.40 mm � 0.27) and p (0.12 � 0.07) relative to the old-growth forest (S = 3.32 � 0.35; p = 0.42 � 0.07). Seasonal variation in canopy structure, such as deciduous leaf senescence and coniferous needle drop, were correlated with decreases in S. The differences in S and p between the two forests resulted in an In that was only slightly larger in the old-growth forest because the ¯ E= ¯ R for the two forests were similar (young = 0.18 � 0.06; old
Electricity generation by thermophilic microorganisms from marine sediment

The search for microorganisms that are capable of catalyzing the reduction of an electrode within a fuel cell has primarily been focused on bacteria that operate mesobiotically. Bacteria that function optimally under extreme conditions are beginning to be examined because they may serve as more effective catalysts (higher activity, greater stability, longer life, capable of utilizing a broader range of fuels) in microbial fuel cells. An examination of marine sediment from temperate waters (Charleston, SC) proved to be a good source of thermophilic electrode-reducing bacteria. Electric current normalized to the surface area of graphite electrodes was approximately ten times greater when sediment fuel cells were incubated at 60°C (209 to 254 mA/m2) vs 22°C (10 to 22 mA/m2). Electricity-generating communities were selected in sediment fuel cells and then maintained without sediment or synthetic electron-carrying mediators in single-chambered fuel cells. Current was generated when cellulose or acetate was added as a substrate to the cells. The 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid genes from the heavy biofilms that formed on the graphite anodes of acetate-fed fuel cells were cloned and sequenced. The preponderance of the clones (54 of 80) was most related to a Gram-positive thermophile, Thermincola carboxydophila (99% similarity). The remainder of clones from the community was most related to T. carboxydophila, or uncultured Firmicutes and Deferribacteres. Overall, the data indicate that temperate aquatic sediments are a good source of thermophilic electrode-reducing bacteria.