cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mix and match as you go: beam switch module that splits wavelengths, scrambles beams, and switches fibers in multiplexed replicated astronomical spectrograph systems such as VIRUS2

The Extremely Large Telescopes (ELTs) are promising a profound transformation of our understanding of the universe through large-scale surveys of a myriad of previously unseen astronomical objects across cosmic space-time. For such surveys, the ELTs will need highly multiplexed spectrographs that can super-efficiently target multiple objects at a variety of spatial scales across broad spectral ranges. This can be enabled by (or at least can benefit from) a dedicated device that streamlines this “mix and match” process between different spatial samples at the telescope focus and different kinds of back-end spectrographs by splitting wavelengths to appropriate channels, scrambling beams to maximum spectral PSF stability, and switching between fibers or fiber-integral-field-units. The Beam-Switch Module (BSM), being developed for the VIRUS2 instrument at the McDonald Observatory, is one possible blueprint of such a system and this paper details its design and recent prototype results.
Subclavian Central Lines without Ultrasound

Central lines can be placed in several locations, most commonly internal jugular or femoral. Subclavian central lines are less common due to concern for iatrogenic pneumothorax. However, they are an important skill because there are situations in which internal jugular and femoral access are not available. Subclavian central lines are typically placed without ultrasound using anatomical landmarks. Special precautions are taken to minimize the risk of pneumothorax, secondary to accidental pleural puncture, and hemothorax, secondary to unintentional puncture of the subclavian artery. This chapter outlines equipment, positioning, and instructions for placing a subclavian central line without ultrasound using anatomical landmarks.
Relations among spatial skills, number line estimation, and exact and approximate calculation in young children.

Abstract Decades of research have established that spatial skills correlate with numerical skills. However, because both spatial and numerical skills are multidimensional, we sought to determine how specific spatial skills relate to specific numeracy skills. We used a cohort-sequential design, assessing a large diverse sample of students (N = 612, initially in pre-kindergarten [pre-K]–3rd grade, 4–9 years of age) at four time points spanning 2 years. We examined how initial levels of five spatial skills (visuospatial working memory [VSWM], mental transformation, mental rotation, proportional reasoning, and analog magnitude system [AMS] acuity) related to initial levels and growth rates in exact and approximate calculation skills, and we further investigated number line estimation as a potential mediator. We found unique patterns of relations between spatial skills and numeracy. Initial levels of mental rotation, proportional reasoning, and AMS acuity related to initial levels of exact calculation skill; initial levels of AMS acuity related to initial levels of approximate calculation; and initial levels of proportional reasoning related to initial levels of number line estimation. VSWM and mental transformation did not relate to numeracy skills after controlling for other spatial skills. Initial levels of number line estimation related to both exact and approximate calculation after controlling for spatial skills. Notably, neither spatial skills nor number line estimation predicted growth in exact or approximate calculation skills. These results indicate that there is specificity in the time-invariant relations between spatial skills and numeracy, and they suggest that researchers and educators should treat spatial skills and numeracy as multidimensional constructs with complex and unique interrelations.
Iodine Photodissociation in Solution: New Transient Absorptions

We report new visible transient absorption measurements on I2 photodissociation and recombination in solution, with improved time resolution and greatly enhanced signal-to-noise ratio. We also report the first picosecond absorption studies on I2 in the ultraviolet. New short-time transients are found in both the red and ultraviolet regions.
On the Non-Optimality of Supposedly 'Optimal' Monetary Policy

A burgeoning part of the monetary policy design literature posits that optimal monetary policy is the solution to a constrained optimization problem where the monetary authority has the discretion to minimize a social welfare function, taking the economy and other policies as given. Davig and Gurkaynak (2014) argue convincingly that the solution thus attained may fail to deliver the desired outcome. This note further argues that optimal outcomes are infeasible in an environment where policy discretion is encouraged and the central bank is assigned multiple conflicting objectives. In a democracy, no unelected and unaccountable policymaker should be or act as the residual claimant of all policy. Narrow mandates and rules are needed to protect society from harmful discretion. The Inflation Targeting framework and recent policy challenges faced by the Federal Reserve and the ECB are discussed in this context.
Attitudes of policy makers in Hawaii toward public health and related issues before and after an economic recession in the United States

Legislation and regulation at the state and local level can often have a greater impact on the public’s health than individual-based approaches. Elected and appointed officials have an essential role in protecting and improving public health. Despite this important role, little systematic research has been done to assess the relative importance of public health issues compared to other policy issues in times of economic hardship. This study assessed attitudes of elected and appointed decision makers in Hawaii in 2007 and 2013 to determine if priorities differed before and after the economic recession. Methods: Elected and appointed state and county officials were mailed surveys at both time points. Respondents rated the importance of 23 specified problems, of which 9 asked about specific public health issues. Results: The survey was completed by 126 (70.4%) respondents in 2007 and 117(60.9%) in 2013. Among the public health issues, five saw significant mean decreases. These variables included: climate change, pedestrian safety, government response to natural disasters, access to healthcare, and pandemic influenza. Obesity was the only public health issue to increase in importance across the two time points. In terms of relative ranking across the time points, only drug abuse and obesity were among the top ten priorities. Lack of public health training, pandemic influenza, and government response to natural disasters were among the bottom five priorities. Conclusions: After the economic recession, many public health issues have a lower priority among Hawaii’s policy makers than before the downturn. Additional education and advocacy is needed to keep public health issues on the minds of decision makers during tough economic times.
Model Reference Variable Structure Switched-Mode Regulators

Model reference variable structure controllers are applied to switched-mode circuits, and their performance robustness is investigated. A generalized formulation together with its solution is presented for a class of problems, in variable structure control, involving state-space analysis of inherently time-varying regulators. The effects of the design averaging model and its description on tracking error dynamics and convergence rates are also discussed.
Integrating AD with object-oriented toolkits for high-performance scientific computing

Often the most robust and efficient algorithms for the solution of large-scale problems involving nonlinear PDEs and optimization require the computation of derivatives. We examine the use of automatic differentiation (AD) for computing first and second derivatives in conjunction with two parallel toolkits, the Portable, Extensible Toolkit for Scientific Computing (PETSc) and the Toolkit for Advanced Optimization (TAO). We discuss how the use of mathematical abstractions in PETSc and TAO facilitates the use of AD to automatically generate derivative codes and present performance data demonstrating the suitability of this approach.
Principles of smart home control

Seeking to be sensitive to users, smart home researchers have focused on the concept of control. They attempt to allow users to gain control over their lives by framing the problem as one of end-user programming. But families are not users as we typically conceive them, and a large body of ethnographic research shows how their activities and routines do not map well to programming tasks. End-user programming ultimately provides control of devices. But families want more control of their lives. In this paper, we explore this disconnect. Using grounded contextual fieldwork with dual-income families, we describe the control that families want, and suggest seven design principles that will help end-user programming systems deliver that control.
Utilizing Google Docs as an Assessment Tool for Academic Reference Librarians

Â Gathering patron feedback is necessary for all reference librarians who wish to understand their strengths and weaknesses as viewed through the eyes of those they assist. Such feedback is especially important for individuals seeking tenure or advancement in places of higher education as it provides evidence of institutional value. However, it can be a daunting task to create an effective means of performance assessment that is easily distributed and palatable to patrons. This paper describes the use of Google Docs to establish an effective method of gathering feedback with a modicum of computer skills.
Security Studies and Higher Education

Security studies within higher education face many challenges. This article discusses items related to security education and research: placement of security programs within American colleges, prevalence of graduate theses and doctoral dissertations related to general security studies, graduate theses and doctoral dissertations related to specific aspects of security, and finally the need for a college security program accreditation.
A Modified Fuzzy C-Means Algorithm for MRI Bias Field Estimation and Adaptive Segmentation

In this paper, we present a novel algorithm for adaptive fuzzy segmentation of MRI data and estimation of intensity inhomogeneities using fuzzy logic. MRI intensity inhomogeneities can be attributed to imperfections in the RF coils or some problems associated with the acquisition sequences. The result is a slowly-varying shading artifact over the image that can produce errors with conventional intensity-based classification. Our algorithm is formulated by modifying the objective function of the standard fuzzy c-means (FCM) algorithm to compensate for such inhomogeneities and to allow the labeling of a pixel (voxel) to be influenced by the labels in its immediate neighborhood. The neighborhood effect acts as a regularizer and biases the solution towards piecewise-homogeneous labeling. Such a regularization is useful in segmenting scans corrupted by salt and pepper noise. Experimental results on both synthetic images and MR data are given to demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed algorithm.
Locally advanced breast cancer - strategies for developing nations

Worldwide, cancer incidence and cancer-related deaths are steadily rising. According to the International Agency for Research on Cancer, new cancer cases rose from 12.7 million in 2008 to 14.1 million in 2012 (1). Similarly, 7.6 million cancer-related deaths occurred in 2008 compared to 8.2 million in 2012. A significant proportion of these cases are attributed to breast cancer, the predominant malignancy affecting women worldwide. Since 2008, breast cancer incidence has increased by over 20% and breast cancer deaths have risen by 14% (1). Although the incidence of breast cancer is still highest in developed countries, women in developing nations are disproportionately dying as a result of this disease. Six of the 10 countries with the highest breast cancer mortality rate are low- to middle-income countries (LMICs) (Figure ​(Figure1).1). Moreover, breast cancer in LMICs often presents when locally advanced breast cancer (LABC) (2–4) that can be easily appreciated at physical exam but is still limited to the breast and draining lymph nodes, without clinical evidence of metastatic spread. LABC is defined as tumors: (1) more than 5 cm in diameter, (2) involve the skin or the underlying pectoral muscles, (3) involve axillary, supraclavicular, and/or infraclavicular lymph nodes, or (4) inflammatory breast cancer. Despite being confined to the breast and regional nodes, locally advanced stage often heralds the rapid onset of metastatic disease, explaining high mortality rates. Solutions are needed to address this health issue. We propose practical strategies to improve the early detection of breast cancer and the treatment of LABC within developing nations. Figure 1 Age-standardized mortality rates, number of deaths per 100,000 women (1).
Al solubility in M6X compounds in the Ti-Cu-O system

Abstract M6X-type compounds in the Ti-Cu-O system, Ti3Cu3O and Ti4Cu2O, have been identified as reaction products at Al2O3/ Ag-Cu-Ti braze alloy interfaces. These compounds which form as a result of the brazing process usually have other elements in solution, the most predominant being Al released from reduction of Al2O3. Microprobe analysis and X-ray diffraction show that the M6X structure accommodates a maximum of 15 at% Al, corresponding to a stoichiometry of Ti3Cu2AlO. The compositions Ti3Cu2AlO and Ti3Cu3O belong to the same phase field, whereas Ti4Cu2O has an independent phase field with a marginal (1.5 at%) solubility of Al. The Al atoms occupy Wyckoff position c in the Fd3m M6X structure.
Getting the best from formal methods

Abstract This paper reviews the progress made in the use of formal methods in the last 15 years and suggests some reasons for the failure of formal methods in places where they promised to be most effective. It proposes a way in which formal methods can nevertheless be infiltrated into software development activities with beneficial results.
Can’t philosophers tell the difference between science and religion?: Demarcation revisited

In the 2005 Kitzmiller v Dover Area School Board case, a federal district court ruled that Intelligent Design creationism was not science, but a disguised religious view and that teaching it in public schools is unconstitutional. But creationists contend that it is illegitimate to distinguish science and religion, citing philosophers Quinn and especially Laudan, who had criticized a similar ruling in the 1981 McLean v. Arkansas creation-science case on the grounds that no necessary and sufficient demarcation criterion was possible and that demarcation was a dead pseudo-problem. This article discusses problems with those conclusions and their application to the quite different reasoning between these two cases. Laudan focused too narrowly on the problem of demarcation as Popper defined it. Distinguishing science from religion was and remains an important conceptual issue with significant practical import, and philosophers who say there is no difference have lost touch with reality in a profound and perverse way. The Kitzmiller case did not rely on a strict demarcation criterion, but appealed only to a “ballpark” demarcation that identifies methodological naturalism (MN) as a “ground rule” of science. MN is shown to be a distinguishing feature of science both in explicit statements from scientific organizations and in actual practice. There is good reason to think that MN is shared as a tacit assumption among philosophers who emphasize other demarcation criteria and even by Laudan himself.
Design of a 3D interactive math learning environment

Can 3D graphics help high-school students learn advanced mathematics? Can we create a sufficiently compelling application such that students would choose to play with advanced math concepts for fun? What usability problems does this technology pose for novice users? AquaMOOSE 3D is a desktop 3D environment designed to help students learn about the behavior of parametric equations. AquaMOOSE is based on an educational philosophy called constructionism, which advocates learning through design and construction activities [14]. Students use mathematics to design interesting graphical forms and also create mathematical challenges to share with others. In this paper, we present our iterative design process and the results from a formative evaluation with 105 high-school students in a six-week honors summer math program. We analyse their experiences through log-file analysis, a questionnaire, and interviews. A more detailed case study of one student's positive experiences shows the potential of the system. We conclude that students find the aesthetic qualities of the environment motivating, but usability still poses problems. Opportunities and challenges in leveraging 3D graphics for math learning are discussed. Trade-offs are presented between designing for learner's immediate needs versus leveraging technology to create fundamentally new learning opportunities.
Augmented Lagrangians which are quadratic in the multiplier

We present a class of new augmented Lagrangian functions with the essential property that each member is concave quadratic when viewed as a function of the multiplier. This leads to an improved duality theory and to a related class of exact penalty functions. In addition, a relationship between Newton steps for the classical Lagrangian and the new Lagrangians is established.
Design and validation of a diaphragm pump for pediatric CRRT during ECMO

PurposeChildren requiring artificial heart-lung support through extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) are at increased risk of developing acute kidney injury (AKI). Continuous renal replacemen...
A complete analysis of a model nonlinear singular perturbation problem having a continuous locus of singular points

Consider the boundary value problem @ey'' = (y^2 - t^2)y', - 1 @? t @? 0, y(- 1) = A, y(0) = B. Depending on the choice of A and B, one can ensure the existence of ''turning points,'' t@^; y(t, @e)^2 - t@^^2 = 0. However, due to the nonlinear nature of the problem, one does not know the position or number of such turning points. In the case when A >f 0 = B Kedem, Parter and Steuerwalt gave a development of this problem based on an abstract bifurcation analysis which in turn was based on ''degree theory.'' In this paper we give a complete analysis of the problem based entirely on a priori estimates and the ''shooting'' method.
Prediction of Resumption of Drinking in Posttreatment Alcoholics

The ability of five factors (depressive symptomatology, neuropsychological performance, psychosocial maladjustment, previous treatment history, and childhood attention deficit disorder symptomatology) to predict relapse was examined in a follow-up experimental design. Fifty-eight male and 45 female alcoholics were interviewed immediately following release from inpatient treatment units. Fourteen months later, 41 subjects (41%) were classified as resumers; 62 (59%) were abstainers. Resumers showed significantly poorer scores than abstainers on all five of the predictor variables. Discriminant function analysis resulted in 75% correct classification of resumers and abstainers (χ2 22.1, p<. 001). Stepwise multiple regression resulted in isolation of depressive symptomatology as the best single predictor of relapse
Spectral estimation of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation in corn canopies

Most models of crop growth and yield require an estimate of canopy leaf area index (LAI) or absorption of radiation. Relationships between photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) absorbed by corn canopies and the spectral reflectance of the canopies were investigated. Reflectance factor data were acquired with a LANDSAT MSS band radiometer. From planting to silking, the three spectrally predicted vegetation indices examined were associated with more than 95% of the variability in absorbed PAR. The relationships developed between absorbed PAR and the three indices were evaluated with reflectance factor data acquired from corn canopies planted in 1979 through 1982. Seasonal cumulations of measured LAI and each of the three indices were associated with greater than 50% of the variation in final grain yields from the test years. Seasonal cumulations of daily absorbed PAR were associated with up to 73% of the variation in final grain yields. Absorbed PAR, cumulated through the growing season, is a better indicator of yield than cumulated leaf area index. Absorbed PAR may be estimated reliably from spectral reflectance data of crop canopies.
Topography of Martian central volcanoes

Results are presented of the topographic mapping of six large central volcanoes on Mars. Stereo images of the volcanoes Olympus Mons, Elysium Mons, Albor Tholus, Ceraunius Tholus, Uranius Tholus and Uranius Patera were acquired by Viking Orbiter 1, and pairs of images were compiled into topographic maps through the use of digital image measurement techniques. Olympus Mons is found to have the general form of a terrestrial basaltic shield constructed almost entirely from lava flows, however with an altitude of 20-23 km and flank slopes averaging about 4 deg; a high nominal density indicates that anomalously dense lithosphere underlies the shield. Uranius Patera is observed to be a similar feature of present relief about 2 km, with its lower flanks buried by later lava flood deposits. Elysium Mons has about 13 km of local relief with average slopes of 4.4 deg, although its upper flank slopes are significantly steeper than those of Olympus Mons, suggesting a shield volcano modified by a terminal phase of mixed volcanic activity. Albor Tholus is found to be a partially buried 3-km shield-like construct, while Ceranius and Uranius Tholus are steeper cone-like features with reliefs of about 6 and 2 km, respectively, which may be lava shield constructs modified by a terminal stage of explosive activity.
Association of tobacco dependence and quit attempt duration with Rasch-modeled withdrawal sensitivity using retrospective measures.

Aim To examine whether Rasch modeling would yield a unidimensional withdrawal sensitivity measure correlating with factors associated with successful smoking cessation. Design The psychometric Rasch modeling approach was applied to estimate an underlying latent construct (withdrawal sensitivity) in retrospective responses from 1644 smokers who reported quitting for 3 or more months at least once. Setting Web-based, passcode-controlled self-administered computerized questionnaire. Participants Randomly selected convenience sample of 1644 adult members of an e-mail invitation-only web panel drawn from consumer databases. Measurements Lifetime Tobacco Use Questionnaire, assessing tobacco use across the life-span, including demographics and respondent ratings of the severity of withdrawal symptoms experienced in respondents' first and most recent quit attempts lasting 3 or more months. Findings Rasch-modeled withdrawal sensitivity was generally unidimensional and was associated with longer periods of smoking cessation. One latent variable accounted for 74% of the variability in symptom scores. Rasch modeling with a single latent factor fitted withdrawal symptoms well, except for increased appetite, for which the fit was marginal. Demographic variables of education, gender and ethnicity were not related to changes in sensitivity. Correlates of greater withdrawal sensitivity in cessation attempts of at least 3 months included younger age at first quit attempt and indicators of tobacco dependence. Conclusion The relationship between tobacco dependence symptoms and Rasch-model withdrawal sensitivity defines further the relationship between sensitivity and dependence. The findings demonstrate the utility of modeling to create an individual-specific sensitivity measure as a tool for exploring the relationships among sensitivity, dependence and cessation.
Improving what we do: Putting scientist-practitioner training into practice in a Master's-level counsellor education program

As one in a series of papers examining the application of scientist-practitioner training in different contexts, an early-career master's-level counsellor educator describes how his training has positively influenced his professional work. Specifically addressed are his work setting, his own individual training experiences, how his training affects what he does, and challenges he faces. Observations on the status of the scientist-practitioner model in his context are shared, with the broad applicability of the model highlighted as a major strength. *This paper is based on a symposium paper entitled “Collaboration of science and practice in a master's-level program,” presented at the 112th Annual Meeting of the American Psychological Association, Honolulu, Hawaii.
Effect of pH on the Reductive Dissolution Rates of Iron(III) Hydroxide by Ascorbate

The kinetics of reductive dissolution of iron(III) hydroxide by ascorbate have been investigated as a function of pH and temperature. The reductive dissolution rate is relatively constant in the pH range of 4.3−6.0 and decreases markedly from pH 6.0 to 7.6. This pH effect is examined (1) by evaluating the dependence of the reductive dissolution rate of iron(III) hydroxide on the extent of ascorbate adsorption and on temperature and (2) by investigating the adsorption of iron(II) onto the surface of iron(III) hydroxide as a function of pH in the absence and in the presence of ascorbate. The experimental results demonstrate that the rate of reductive dissolution of iron(III) hydroxide is proportional to the extent of ascorbate adsorption over the pH range of 4.3−7.6. The dissolution rate shows the same pH-dependence trend as the surface coverage of ascorbate. The adsorption of iron(II) onto the surface of iron(III) hydroxide occurs above pH 7.0 in the absence of ascorbate but is pH independent in the presen...
ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE OF GAN WITH STRAIN AND PHONON DISTORTIONS

The full-potential linear muffin-tin orbital method is used to study the electronic and structural properties of zinc-blende GaN. The total energy and electronic band structures under uniaxial strain and zone-center TO phonon distortions were calculated. This yields the cubic elastic constants, the zone-center TO phonon frequency, and the internal-strain parameter \ensuremath{\zeta}. The elastic constants of hexagonal GaN are obtained using the transformation method of Martin [Phys. Rev. B 6, 4546 (1972)]. The corresponding deformation potentials are calculated for some of the important eigenvalues.
Foreword: 101 Reasons To Learn More Plant Biochemistry.

Photosynthetic organisms are the principal primary producers on Earth. Our dependence on these power plants is total. Our lifestyles, and the lifestyles of all other consumers in the food chain, derive from our positions with respect to these primary sources. In addition, green plants (I include algae under this term) provide the base for much of our civilization as we go about the business of deriving food, shelter, clothing, toys, tools, and medicines from them. A stable civilization requires a stable relationship between man and plants. In recent decades, it has become apparent that our collective lifestyles threaten the stability of this relationship. Ozone layer depletion, increased UV irradiation, desertification, topsoil loss, injury to long-established ecologies, monoculture cropping, and overfertilization are some of the stresses now placed on green plants. On an evolutionary time scale, the onset of these stresses is instantaneous. And because we do not know enough about green plants and their interactions with their environment to predict the effects of such stresses, we simply do not know what the net consequences of the green plants’ responses to these sudden changes will be. What we do know about green plants has grown remarkably in the last 50 years. Many aspects of this increase in knowledge are reviewed in this special issue of THE PLANT CELL. In this essay, I shall try to provide an introduction to the broader issues raised by the reviews.
Human hybridoma technology

In light of recent developments in the production of human monoclonal antibodies, particularly the method based on isolation of immunoglobulin genes from antigen-specific B cells, the hybridoma technology has become obsolete to some extent. However, the method requires a relatively simple procedure at a low cost and has inherently valuable features, includ- ing continuous production of the whole molecule of specific antibodies that retain their native structure. Furthermore, several technical improvements, including accessibility to a panel of various partner cells, enhanced Epstein-Barr virus transformation and optimized electroporation, have increased the fusion efficiency for production of hybrids. Finally, a hybridoma-produced monoclonal antibody (mAb) can be used to test whether certain functions of a recombinant mAb, produced by molecular techniques from the same clone of B cells, correspond to the native antibodies. Access to several different methods of mAb production, including hybridoma technology, potentiates our capability to understand the human immune response to various invading pathogens and tumors with the perspective of using the antibodies for diagnosis and
Automation of temperature control for large-array microwave surface applicators

An adaptive temperature control system has been developed for the microstrip antenna array applicators used for large area superficial hyperthermia. A recursive algorithm which allows rapid power updating even for large antenna arrays and accounts for coupling between neighbouring antennas has been developed, based on a first-order difference equation model. Surface temperatures from the centre of each antenna element are the primary feedback information. Also used are temperatures from additional surface probes placed within the treatment field to protect locations vulnerable to excessive temperatures. In addition, temperatures at depth are observed by mappers and utilized to restrain power to reduce treatment-related complications. Experiments on a tissue-equivalent phantom capable of dynamic differential cooling have successfully verified this temperature control system. The results with the 25 (5 x 5) antenna array have demonstrated that during dynamic water cooling changes and other experimentally simulated disturbances, the controlled temperatures converge to desired temperature patterns with a precision close to the resolution of the thermometry system (0.1 degree C).
Generalized morphological center: self-duality

In this paper, we present an investigation of the generalized morphological center. The generalized morphological center is first introduced. Conditions are subsequently derived for the self-duality of the generalized morphological center. Several important examples of self- dual generalized morphological centers are finally presented.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Derivation of projection methods from formal integration of the Navier-Stokes equations

Projection methods constitute a class of numerical methods for solving the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations. These methods operate using a two-step procedure in which the zero-divergence constraint on the velocity is first relaxed while the velocity evolves, then after a certain period of time the resulting velocity field is projected onto a divergence-free subspace. Although these methods can be quite efficient, there have been certain concerns regarding their formulation. In this paper we show how a formal integration of the Navier-Stokes equations leads to a new and general procedure for the derivation of projection methods. By following this procedure, we show how each of three practical projection methods approximates a system of equations that is equivalent to the Navier-Stokes equations. We also show how the auxiliary boundary conditions required in projection methods are related to the physical boundary conditions. These results should allay the concerns regarding the legitimacy of projection methods, and may assist in their future development.
Thin film bonding using ion beam techniques—a review

Ion beam technologies provide a variety of well-proven means for creating or enhancing strong, stable, direct adhesion of thin films deposited on substrates. Interface chemical bonding and structure are critical. Yet success with such approaches has been reported for a great variety of systems that have little or no bulk chemical affinity, including metals, polymers, ceramics, and semiconductors. This review paper describes the established techniques of reactive and nonreactive ion beam sputtering, ion-beam-assisted deposition, ion implantation, and ion beam stitching. It then presents representative examples of adhesion enhancement selected from the current literature, in order to clarify the roles of interface chemistry, morphology, contaminants, and stability. The review offers a basis upon which interface tailoring for adhesion may be planned in order to optimize both performance and fabrication of specific materials systems.
Composition of antibodies against acidic and basic azoproteins.

Abstract Rabbits were injected with azoproteins prepared by coupling bovine γ-globulin with diazotized arsanilic acid, anthranilic acid, or p -aminophenyltrimethylammonium chloride. The antibodies to these three antigens were isolated, purified, and analyzed. Their amino acid composition did not differ significantly. They contained approximately 3% carbohydrate. Their serological specificity may be due to differences in the amino acid sequence or tertiary structure, rather than to different amino acid content.
Issues and Patterns in the Comparative International Study of Police Strength

Published studies have examined patterns of police strength in only a handful of industrialized, and mostly English-speaking, democracies. There are primarily two reasons for this. First, practical limitations, especially language, make it difficult to collect international data on police strength. Second, even when such data are available, they are often riddled with errors related to erratic reporting and other reliability and validity problems. Perhaps the most important source of these problems is simply confusion among researchers and/or survey respondents about the meaning of the term "police." We begin by reviewing existing research and theory on police strength. Using a new data set compiled from multiple sources, we then explore differences in police strength, both between nations (cross-sectionally) and over time (longitudinally). After summarizing what is and what remains to be known about police strength from a comparative perspective, we close with an explicit agenda for future theory, research and data collection on this topic.
N95 respirator use during advanced pregnancy.

Background To determine the physiological and subjective effects of wearing an N95 filtering facepiece respirator (N95 FFR) in advanced stages of pregnancy. Methods Healthy pregnant women (n = 22) and nonpregnant women (n = 22) had physiological and subjective measurements taken with and without wearing an N95 FFR during exercise and postural sedentary activities over a 1-hour period. Results There were no differences between the pregnant and nonpregnant women with respect to heart rate, respiratory rate, oxygen saturation, transcutaneous carbon dioxide level, chest wall temperature, aural temperature, and subjective perceptions of exertion and thermal comfort. No significant effect on fetal heart rate was noted. Conclusions Healthy pregnant women wearing an N95 FFR for 1 hour during exercise and sedentary activities did not exhibit any significant differences in measured physiological and subjective responses compared with nonpregnant women.
Oxygen isotope constraints on surface ocean temperatures

Published oxygen isotope results from benthic and planktonic foraminifera are used to constrain the extent to which surface ocean temperatures in the tropics changed between glacial and interglacial time. The possible impacts of bioturbation and of the redistribution of 18O16O ratios within the sea, putting aside the oxygen isotope results, are consistent with the CLIMAP project conclusion that tropical ocean temperatures remained within ±2°C of their present value.
Channelization for dynamic multi-frequency, multi-hop wireless cellular networks

Multi-hop relaying in cellular networks can greatly increase capacity and performance by exploiting the best available links to a base station. We envision an environment in which relay networks are dynamically formed when performance on the radio access network is degraded and then dissolved when the performance improves or the radio spectrum on which the relay network is operating is reclaimed. Each relay network operates on a different frequency band. Likewise, a relay network may channelize its frequency band to offer non-interfering links among the mobile nodes within a single relay network. We propose a set of algorithms used to form such relay networks on-demand. Each algorithm provides a simple and distributed frequency assignment scheme. We also propose two enhancements to improve network throughput of resulting relay networks. We evaluate these algorithms in terms of the overhead of the relay network formation. The evaluation results show that having nodes outmost from the BS initiate route discovery first is the best approach for reducing the formation overhead. The results also show that there is a large increase in throughput when using multiple frequencies in a relay network. Further, the performance of the network using multiple frequencies based on our simple frequency assignment is very close to that of a network using optimal frequency assignment.
Aesthetics-based graph layout for human consumption

Automatic graph layout is an important and long-studied problem. The basic straight-edge graph layout problem is to find spatial positions for the nodes of an input graph that maximize some measure of desirability. When graph layout is intended for human consumption, we call this measure of desirability an aesthetic. We seek an algorithm that produces graph layouts of high aesthetic quality not only for general graphs, but also for specific classes of graphs, such as trees and directed acyclic graphs. The Aesthetic Graph Layout (AGLO) approach described in this paper models graph layout as a multiobjective optimization problem, where the value of a layout is determined by multiple user-controlled layout aesthetics. The current AGLO algorithm combines the power and flexibility of the simulated annealing approach of Davidson and Harel (1989) with the relative speed of the method of Fruchterman and Reingold (1991). In addition, it is more general, and incorporates several new layout aesthetics to support new layout styles. Using these aesthetics, we are able to produce pleasing displays for graphs on which these other methods flounder.
Reflex seizures and non-ketotic hyperglycemia: an unresolved issue.

Reflex seizures are a rare form of epilepsy, the pathogenesis of which is unclear. They have been reported in the setting of non-ketotic hyperglycemia (NKH) and are considered to be neuroendocrine in origin. We report a diabetic patient with movement-induced seizures whose presentation suggests that brain ischemia may be the precipitating event in focal seizures seen in the setting of NKH. We recommend that in such instances a focal lesion such as stroke should be ruled out.
Increased intestinal permeability in rats with graft versus host disease.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: The study of graft versus host disease of the intestine has significant clinical relevance and may also be a model for other immune mediated intestinal diseases. There presently is no simple non-invasive test that can be used to evaluate graft versus host disease induced intestinal injury in humans or animal models. This study tested the hypothesis that graft versus host disease leads to an increase in host bowel permeability as assessed by the relative urinary excretion of orally administered lactulose and rhamnose. METHODS: The urinary excretion ratio of orally administered lactulose and rhamnose was determined daily for two weeks in (Lewis x Brown-Norway) F1 rats with graft versus host disease caused by either the transplantation of parental (Lewis) small bowel or the intraperitoneal injection of parental (Lewis) splenic lymphocytes. RESULTS: Significant twofold to fourfold increases in the lactulose to rhamnose ratio were seen in both small bowel transplant and splenic lymphocyte transfer animals suffering from graft versus host disease during the second postoperative week. This effect occurred sooner in small bowel transplant than in splenic lymphocyte transfer animals (postoperative day 7 versus 11, respectively). The signs of graft versus host disease, including splenomegaly and altered intestinal mucosal architecture, as well as the increased lactulose to rhamnose ratio were significantly attenuated in small bowel transplant animals treated with cyclosporine A (10 mg/kg/day). CONCLUSIONS: Graft versus host disease is associated with an increase in the lactulose to rhamnose clearance ratio reflecting an increase in host bowel permeability. This increase, along with the signs of systemic graft versus host disease, can be significantly ameliorated by cyclosporine A. The lactulose to rhamnose clearance ratio is a non-invasive technique that can be used to assess the intestinal effects of graft versus host disease and the associated increase in intestinal permeability.
A comparison of cholecystectomy and observation in children with biliary dyskinesia.

Abstract Purpose The success rate of ameliorating the preoperative symptoms of biliary dyskinesia in a pediatric population has been reported to be approximately 80%. The purpose of this study was to identify patient characteristics that may help to predict successful clinical outcomes in pediatric patients with biliary dyskinesia by comparing 2 groups of pediatric patients: those who underwent cholecystectomy and those who received no surgical intervention (control group). Methods The medical charts of pediatric patients who had an ejection fraction of less than 35% and no other identifiable abnormalities revealed on diagnostic testing were retrospectively reviewed. Information regarding psychological diagnoses/treatment, diagnostic examination findings, histologic findings, and outcomes were collected. Patients were evaluated at 1 month and 2 years postoperatively. Results From 1995 through 2003, 55 pediatric patients were identified. All patients had an abnormal ejection fraction on hepatobiliary iminodiacetic acid scan. The patients were divided into 2 groups: those who underwent cholecystectomy (n = 35) and a control group who did not receive surgical intervention (n = 20). Of those who underwent cholecystectomy, 74% improved, whereas 75% of the control group showed improvement after 2 years. Of all patient characteristics evaluated, only weight loss was found to be significant for determining patient outcomes. Conclusion When followed for a long enough period of time, outcomes were similar between the 2 groups. Of the patients whose symptoms improved, those who underwent cholecystectomy had a quicker resolution of abdominal pain than those who did not undergo surgery. With the exception of weight loss, none of the patient characteristics evaluated in this study proved to be statistically significant for predicting a positive outcome.
Viscoelastic flow in the lower crust after the 1992 landers, california, earthquake

Space geodesy showed that broad-scale postseismic deformation occurred after the 1992 Landers earthquake. Three-dimensional modeling shows that afterslip can only explain one horizontal component of the postseismic deformation, whereas viscoelastic flow can explain the horizontal and near-vertical displacements. The viscosity of a weak, about 10-km-thick layer, in the lower crust beneath the rupture zone that controls the rebound is about 10 18 pascal seconds. The viscoelastic behavior of the lower crust may help to explain the extensional structures observed in the Basin and Range province and it may be used for the analysis of earthquake hazard.
In vivo incorporation of 14C-1-palmitate and 3H-u-glucose into lung lecithin.

Abstract Incorporation of 14 C-1-palmitate and 3 H-U-glucose into lung lecithins was studied by injection of the doubly-labeled isotopic solution intravenously into fed and fasted (72 hr) rats. Radioactivity was measured in lecithins from whole-lung homogenates as well as the hydrolytic products of these lecithins (fatty acid and glyceride-glycerol fractions) at 1, 2, 6, 15 and 24 hr after intravenous injection. Biological half-life of lecithins from control animals was calculated to be 12 hr and 11 hr for 14 C- and 3 H-decay curves, respectively. Fasting did not significantly alter the half-life of whole-lung lecithins. Hydrolysis of lecithins and analysis of the 14 C-labeled fatty acid and 3 H-labeled glyceride-glycerol fractions yielded similar half-lives for these moieties, indicating that the lung phosphatide is being turned over as an entity.
A cautionary alert - limited investors' guidance by small companies: as evidenced by FIN 48 related Topic 11.M disclosures within micro cap firms

The purpose of this study is to assess the factors associated with investor guidance required by SAB 74 (codified as SAB Topic 11.M) by 206 micro cap firms as they implement FIN 48. Logistic regression results support, overall, the expectation that industry affiliation is a significant predictor of the presence (or absence) of reliable investor guidance provided prior to FIN 48 adoption. On the other hand, the number of open tax years and the obligation of multi-state income tax reporting are not statistically significant predictors. Having an in-house tax department plays a significant role as a predictor of FIN 48 related Topic 11.M investor guidance. Corporate governance was found to be moderately significant in this prediction. This information may provide tax and SEC regulators, investors, managers and other interested parties with insight into possible issues micro caps may face as other major changes to the financial reporting arena are encountered.
Acute and Chronic Nicotinic Interactions with Dopamine Systems and Working Memory Performancea

Nicotine has been found to improve memory performance in a variety of tests in rats, monkeys, and humans. Interactions of nicotinic systems with dopamine (DA) systems may be important for this effect. We conducted a series of studies of nicotinic agonist and antagonist interactions with DA systems using rats in a win-shift working memory task in the radial-arm maze. The working memory deficit caused by the nicotinic antagonist mecamylamine was potentiated by the D1/D2 DA antagonist haloperidol and the specific D2 antagonist raclopride. In contrast, the mecamylamine-induced deficit was reversed by co-administration of the D2/D3 agonist quinpirole. Nicotine also has significant interactions with dopamine drugs with regard to working memory performance in the radial-arm maze. The DA agonist pergolide did not by itself improve radial-arm maze memory performance, but when given together with nicotine it produced an elevated dose-dependent increase in choice accuracy. The D1 agonist SKF 38393 significantly impaired radial-arm maze choice accuracy. Nicotine was effective in reversing this deficit. When given together with nicotine, the D2/D3 agonist quinpirole improved RAM choice accuracy relative to either drug alone. Acute local infusion of mecamylamine to the midbrain DA nuclei effectively impairs working memory function in the radial-arm maze. In contrast to acute nicotinic manipulations, considerably less evidence exists that the effects of chronic nicotine administration are influenced by DA systems. This may be an example of the different neural substrates that underlie the memory improvement caused by acute and chronic nicotine.