cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fast X-ray shutters

ABSTRACTRapid switching and interruption of x -ray diffraction from crystals provide interesting possibilitiesas fast x -ray measurement techniques. This article describes measurements that have been made on an acousto -optic x -ray shuttering device. The shuttering mechanism is provided by acoustic interruption of .x -ray transmission through a low dislocation density silicon single crystal oriented for Laue geometry diffraction. A discussion is given of possible methods for the development of subnanosecond x -ray acousto -optic devices. INTRODUCTIONWith the advent of laser produced plasmas subnanosecond x -ray pulses are readily produced. The x- ray emission comes from such sources as recombination, and line radiation from highly ionized atomic species. The measurement of spectral, spatial, and temporal properties of this x -ray emission is highlyimportant, as a diagnostic of plasma conditions such as temperature and density.The laser plasma x -ray source is also interesting in its own right.(1) The,source size is usuallybetween 10 and 200 microns, the pulse width would be roughly in the range of 10-ii to 10 -sec., totalenergy could be as much as a few 10 of joules. The primary interest of the present article is thetemporal behavior of the
Photonic crystal slab sensor with enhanced surface area

In this work, we demonstrate improved molecular detection sensitivity for silicon slab photonic crystal cavities by introducing multiple-hole defects (MHDs), which increase the surface area available for label-free detection without degrading the quality factor. Compared to photonic crystals with L3 defects, adding MHDs into photonic crystal cavities enabled a 44% increase in detection sensitivity towards small refractive index perturbations due to surface monolayer attachment of a small aminosilane molecule. Also, photonic crystals with MHDs exhibited 18% higher detection sensitivity for bulk refractive index changes.
Comments On the Population Structure of the Benthic Marine Isopod Politolana Concharum Collected By the Atlantic Sturgeon, Acipenser Oxyrhynchus

Examination of the stomach contents of 17 Atlantic sturgeons, Acipenser oxyrhynchus, collected over a period extending from November 1992 through June 1994, yielded sufficient numbers (703) of the marine benthic isopod Politolana concharum for an evaluation of its population structure and first order population dynamics. Of the 703 isopods examined, 262 were clearly identified as male and 441 were female; yielding a sex ratio of 1:1.68. A second order polynomial regression, Y = 0.049X2+0.015X-0.066, was found to best describe the length-weight relationship of these isopods. Logarithmic transformation of these data allowed for the determination of the growth coefficient of this population sample, and a statistical test indicated that growth was isometric. The utility of using fish stomach content analysis to gain insights into the population structure and first order population dynamics of invertebrate prey items is discussed.
Quantitating Hemodialysis: A Comparison of Three Kinetic Models

Three urea kinetic analyses were applied to hemodialysis and their conformity assessed. Sixteen patients underwent 50 measurements of dialyzer clearance (K), protein catabolic rate (PCR), and dialysis quantification (Kt/V) using the urea kinetic model (UKM) of Gotch and Sargent, Malchesky's direct dialysis quantification (DDQ), and the graphic technique of urea reduction analysis (URA) devised by Keshaviah. Additionally, the equations proposed by Jindal (percent urea reduction), and Daugirdas were used to calculate KtN values for each study. Dialyzer performance determined by whole blood urea clearance consistently exceeded simultaneous dialysate urea removal and was 55% greater than the clearance calculated by DDO. Despite these variations, dialysis adequacy (Kt/V) and normalized protein catabolic rate (nPCR) were remarkably constant when derived by fixed-volume single-pool analyses (ie, UKM, DDQ, and URA). Application of variable-volume corrections increased KtN and nPCR, but caused DDQ values to diverge from those of UKM and URA. During rapid high-efficiency dialysis (RHED), the UKM predicted urea removal in excess of that documented by DDO. During this trial (low-level RHED with K=2.98 ml·kg −1 per min), urea dysequilibrium across blood-cell interfaces was sufficient to cause UKM to overestimate protein catabolism by 5%. The basic assumption of single-pool kinetics may be inappropriate during RHED, and further increases in dialyzer clearance will increase the discrepancy between projected and actual urea removal. Future comparisons of RHED prescriptions should employ mass balance data, or redesigned kinetic analyses.
Neural mechanisms for sodium appetite: hypothalamus positive-hypothalamofugal pathways negative

Abstract Previous studies showed that lesions of the lateral or ventromedial hypothalamus impair sodium appetite but that lesions of the anterior or posterior medial forebrain bundle or periventricular system which carry hypothalamofugal fibers have no observable effect. In the present study other known or potential hypothalamofugal pathways were disjoined with no observable effect upon sodium appetite. Lateral hypothalamic lesions completely abolished sodium appetite under the same experimental conditions. It was concluded that no single neural pathway is necessary for transmission of hypothalamic natrorectic functions. In addition to data on sodium appetite, observations on disturbances of feeding behavior following certain subthalamic lesions are described, and motor and motivational functions of the subthalamus and hypothalamus are discussed.
Update methods for reduction of computing time in simulation studies

A method for reducing simulation time in statistical studies is proposed. Unlike previous methods, which are based on reducing the variances of the simulation output values, the proposal here directly reduces the computational work itself. This is accomplished by arranging common statistical computations for a given parameter value to be reused in updated form for other parameter values.
The Interview for Antisocial Behavior: Psychometric characteristics and concurrent validity with child psychiatric inpatients.

The present study evaluated psychometric features and correlates of the Interview for Antisocial Behavior (IAB), a new measure designed to assess antisocial child behavior. Parents of 264 psychiatric inpatients (ages 6–13 years) completed the measure to evaluate antisocial behavior of their children. The investigation evaluated the relation of IAB scores to clinically derived diagnoses and to aggression and externalizing behaviors, as measured by different raters (parents, teachers), across different settings (home, school, hospital), and with different assessment methods (rating scales, behavioral role-play test). The results indicated that the IAB showed acceptable levels of internal consistency. A priori scores (severity, duration, total antisocial behavior) and factor analytically derived scales (Arguing/Fighting, Covert Antisocial Behaviors, Self-Injury) distinguished children with a DSM III diagnosis of conduct disorder, and scores on the IAB were more consistently related to other measures of aggression and externalizing behavior than to measures of internalizing behavior or overall severity of dysfunction. The implications of the results for use of the measure, particularly in relation to evaluation of the overt-covert dimension of antisocial behavior, are discussed.
Chronic pain in the older patient: management strategies

This is the second of a two-part series, which highlights issues and strategies related to pain assessment in older adults and current problems of pain management in older adults and analgesic regimens pertinent to this population. The complexities of assessing pain in older adults and assessment techniques for accomplishing a careful evaluation of pain were presented in the first part of this series, which was published in the January issue of the Journal of Gerontological Nursing (Vol. 28, No. 1). This article addresses issues and strategies related to management of pain, particularly analgesic use, in this challenging population.
Strategies combining total and percent free prostate specific antigen for detecting prostate cancer: a prospective evaluation

Purpose: Determining total prostate specific antigen (PSA) in plasma can often identify men who are subsequently diagnosed with prostate cancer. However, excess false-positives create large financial and psychological burdens in prostate cancer screening. The percent free PSA is lower when prostate cancer is present, although to our knowledge no large prospective analyses to date have evaluated whether adding testing for free PSA may decrease false-positives, while maintaining or perhaps improving the detection of potentially curable tumors.Materials and Methods: We measured total and percent free PSA in banked plasma samples from the Physicians’ Health Study in 430 men who were later diagnosed with prostate cancer and 1,642 age matched controls who were not diagnosed with prostate cancer during a 12-year observation period. We calculated the number of cancers detected and the number of false-positives for various strategies of combined free and total PSA levels, and compared them to the use of total PSA ...
Concurrent Validity and Informant Agreement of the ADHD Module of the Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule for DSM-IV

Examined the concurrent validity of the attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) module of the Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule for DSM-IV, Child and Parent versions (ADIS-C/P). One hundred eighty-four clinic-referred children were categorized into three ADIS-generated groups: No diagnosis of ADHD (No ADHD; n = 63), parent-only diagnosis of ADHD (Parent Only; n = 81), and parent plus child diagnosis of ADHD (Parent + Child; n = 40). The groups were compared on demographics, comorbid diagnoses, parent and child-report measures, and a computerized test of attention. Results support the concurrent validity of the ADIS ADHD module and highlight the positive relationship between internalizing symptomatology and parent-child agreement on ADHD diagnoses. The clinical implication of this study is that parent-child agreement on ADHD may serve as a marker of internalizing symptomatology. Future research on child self-perceptions is suggested in developing treatments for this internalizing ADHD group.
Temperature-dependent, collision-induced dissociations in an ion-trap mass spectrometer

Abstract In an ion trap mass spectrometer, daughter ion intensities are improved significantly by increasing the ion trap manifold temperature. At the higher temperature, dissociation is achieved at lower excitation voltages which facilitates selective excitation and reduces the excitation times required. The effect is illustrated by results for the trifluoroacetyl derivative of 2,4,5-trihydroxymethamphetamine.
On the Scattering of Waves by a Disk

Es wird gezeigt, dass das Problem, die Beugung einer ebenen Welle an einer kreisformigen Offnung oder Scheibe zu bestimmen, auf die Losung von regularen Fredholmschen Integralgleichungen zweiter Art zuruckgefuhrt werden kann. Die Losungen dieser Integralgleichungen liefern uns fur die Scheibe im Falle der Neumannschen Bedingung die radiale Variation der Unstetigkeiten der Wellenfunktion und im Dirichletschen Falle die Unstetigkeiten ihrer normalen Ableitung. Ist das Produkt von Offnungsradius und Wellenzahl klein, so konnen die Integralgleichungen gelost werden. Fur die Ableitung der Integralgleichungen verwenden wir einerseits die Poissonsche Darstellung fur die Wellenfunktion und andererseits die Fortsetzung der Helmholtzschen Darstellung in die komplexe Ebene.
LH-RH analogue acts as substance P antagonist by inhibiting spinal cord vasomotor responses.

Abstract Intrathecal injections of the luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) analogue, [ d -pGlu1- d -Phe2- d -Trp3,6]-LH-RH caused dose-dependent decreases in mean arterial blood pressure in anesthetized rats similar to those seen with [ d -Pro4- d -Trp7,9]-substance P4–11. Similarly, intrathecal injections of either peptide reversed the pressor response elicited by application of kainic acid on the ventral surface of the medulla oblongata. Both analogues also had similar IC50 values (∼ 10−5 M) for the inhibition of specific [3 H] substance P binding in tissue-sections of the intermediolateral cell column. However, the LH-RH analogue failed to block substance P (SP)-induced contractions of the isolated guinea pig ileum and did not affect tail-flick withdrawal time in a thermal nociceptive test, whereas the SP analogue acted as an antagonist in both of these bioassays. These results suggest that [ d -pGlu1- d -Phe2- d -Trp3,6]-LH-RH may act as an antagonist which can inhibit the sympathetic vasomotor outflow and potentially be a substance P-physalaemin (SP-P) receptor antagonist in the central nervous system but without effect on peripheral SP-P receptors.
Biochemical and physiological investigations into the delayed toxicity produced by O,O,S-trimethyl phosphorothioate in rats

Abstract Oral administration of O,O,S -trimethyl phosphorothioate (OOS), an impurity in several technical organophosphorus insecticides, causes delayed toxicity in rats with death occurring up to 28 days after the treatment. The oral LD 50 was determined to be 60 mg/kg. The effect of a single nonlethal dose of OOS (20 mg/kg) on in vivo protein synthesis in different organs was determined by measurement of the incorporation of [ 14 C]leucine at 6 hr to 28 days after treatment. As early as 6 hr after OOS treatment the incorporation of [ 14 C]leucine into the liver, lung, thymus, kidney, and spleen was elevated and remained elevated for up to 7 days. With the exception of the lung, organ weights were significantly decreased during the same time period. On Day 28 after treatment, the amount of [ 14 C]leucine incorporation had decreased to the control level in all of the organs studied. Treatment with OOS at 20 mg/kg caused a significant increase in hematocrit on Days 3,5, and 7, and as early as 6 hr after treatment at 60 mg/kg. The clinical biochemistry of plasma indicated that there was no significant change from control values in the glutamic pyruvic transaminase, glutamic oxalic transaminase, lactate dehydrogenase, or alkaline phosphatase activities with the 20 mg/kg dose. The analysis of the intermediary metabolites indicated that the redox state of cytosol was more reduced on Day 5, whereas that of mitochondria was not affected by OOS. Data obtained at selected times after oral administration of a 60 mg/kg dose of OOS and that obtained from animals starved for 3 days are also discussed.
Attacking others online: The formation of cyberbullying in late adolescence.

Cyberbullying frequency is related to a wide range of negative outcomes. Little research has attempted to delineate the long-term predictors and mechanisms to predict cyberbullying. Study 1 (N 493) used a correlational study that tested our long-term model of cyberbullying. This model predicted that cyberbullying is a function of positive attitudes toward cyberbullying, which are formed by attitudes toward strength and anonymity that exists in aggressing against others in the mediated world. Results showed strong support for our model. Study 2 (N 181) used a longitudinal design to further test our model. Participants completed measures of cyberbullying and cyber-victimization at Wave 1, and again two months later. Positive attitudes toward cyberbullying and reinforcement of cyberbullying tactics were also assessed at Wave 2. Results showed that positive attitudes and reinforcement mediated the stability in cyberbullying. Future research and implications are discussed.
Money and Liberty in Modern Europe: A Critique of Historical Understanding

The concept of class, along with its correlates -m class interest, class conflict, class consciousness - ramain indispensable tools of historical explanation. Yet research over the last twenty-five years, especially on the histories of England, France, and Germany, has revealed an increasingly poor fit between these concepts and the reality they purport to explain. Some historians have reacted by rejecting class; others have proposed bold revisions in our understanding of it that enable it to encompass new research findings. This study does neither. Instead, building on interpretive method Professor Reddy proposes to replace class with an alternative concept that seeks to capture from a new angle the fundamental relations of exchange and authority that have shaped social life in modern Europe.
Increased agonist and antagonist sensitivity of N-methyl-D-aspartate stimulated calcium flux in cultured neurons following chronic ethanol exposure

Abstract Cortical cultures of rat brain neurons were exposed to ethanol (100 mM) for 4 days in order to examine whether the pharmacological characteristics of N -methyl- d -aspartate (NMDA) receptors expressed by these neurons were altered by this treatment. In fura-2 loaded control neurons, NMDA (plus 10μM glycine) stimulated a dose-dependent increase in intracellular calcium concentrations with an estimated EC 50 value of 6.8 μM. NMDA-stimulated increases in intracellular calcium reached a plateau at approximately 30 μM with no further increases observed at 100 μM. The EC 50 value for NMDA in ethanol-exposed neurons was reduced to 1.8 μM with no alteration in the maximal response. Similarly, the EC 50 value for glycine (tested with 100 μM NMDA) was reduced from 2.3μM in control cultures to 0.67 μM in ethanol-treated cultures. Ifenprodil inhibited NMDA-stimulated increases in intracellular calcium in control cultures only at concentrations of 3 μM and above, with 100 μM producing approximately a 58% inhibition. In ethanol-treated cultures, 0.3 μM ifenprodil inhibited the NMDA response by approximately 60% with 100 μM ifenprodil producing a 72% inhibition. Over the concentration range of ifenprodil tested, half-maximal inhibition occurred at 1.4 μM and 0.18 μM, respectively, for control and ethanol-treated neurons. Although chronic ethanol treatment appeared to alter the sensitivity of neurons to NMDA agonists and antagonists, the inhibitory effects of 50 mM ethanol on NMDA-stimulated increases in intracellular calcium were not different between control (28% inhibition) and ethanol-treated neurons (27% inhibition). Finally, the changes in NMDA receptor sensitivity observed in ethanol-treated neurons were accompanied by an enhanced sensitivity to the neurotoxic effects of NMDA as measured by propidium iodide staining. These results suggest that chronic exposure of neurons to ethanol may result in an altered expression of agonist-sensitive/ifenprodil selective NMDA receptor subunits.
Ground states for Schrödinger-type equations with nonlocal nonlinearity

Abstract The problem of the existence of stable solitary wave solutions for nonlinear Schrodinger-type equations with a generalized cubic nonlinearity is considered. These types of equations have recently arisen in the context of optical communications as averaging approximations to nonlinear dispersive equations with widely separated time scales. In this paper, it is shown that under general conditions on the kernel of the nonlocal term, stable standing wave solutions exist for these equations.
Ancient lentiviruses leave their mark

One of the most remarkable insights from the human genome project was that more genetic material is devoted to vertically transmitted and defective remnants of once-infectious retroviruses, commonly referred to as endogenous retroviruses (ERVs), than to human protein-coding DNA (1). Current estimates place the ERV component of the human genome at 5–8%, comprising at least 31 distinct families, the largest of which, HERV-H, carries ≈1,300 full-length copies (2). Similarly high numbers are likely to hold for other mammalian species and paint a picture in which ERVs are ubiquitous genomic elements; thus, the exogenous ancestors of ERVs must have plagued mammalian species for millennia. The paper by Katzourakis et al. (3) in this issue of PNAS now shows that this is true of the retroviruses associated with the one of the most serious of all human diseases.
A computer laboratory for studying resource dilemmas

This article deals with decision making in small human groups that share renewable resources. It describes a computer-controlled laboratory that was developed to study factors that influence group members' decisions about resource uses in situations which may lead to the so-called “tragedy of the commons,” in which common resources are depleted unless all users exercise self-restraint. Simular situations can arise in organizations, societies, and supranational systems.
Ethics Workshop at 2013 AGU Fall Meeting

Many important questions surround the topic of scientific integrity and professional ethics for AGU members and all Earth and space scientists, including the following:
Earth limb calibration of scanning spaceborne microwave radiometers

We introduce a new technique for absolute “through-theantenna” calibration of cross-track-scanning passive microwave radiometers viewing earth from a low-earth orbit. This method offers significant advantages, in that neither internal calibration targets nor noise diodes are needed to calibrate the radiometer. The algorithm does require periodic updates of the atmospheric state, which can be readily provided by GPS radio occultation observations, for example. An iterative algorithm retrieves the radiometer gain given a sequence of observations of the earth's limb. The algorithm uses a parameterized radiative transfer model of a spherically-stratified atmosphere. The algorithm works best for opaque temperature sounding channels. This method, when used on idealized radiometer measurements (impulse response functions in frequency and space), yields calibration accuracies similar to those that could be obtained with ideal internal calibration targets. This analysis is based on global Monte Carlo simulations using the NOAA88b profile set. An analysis will also be presented showing how calibration performance degrades as the radiometer characteristics deviate from the ideal case. Among the factors considered are: 1) antenna pattern, 2) spectral passband, 3) pointing errors, 4) atmospheric state variability, 5) the number of limb observations required, and 6) sensitivity to sensor noise.
Some Problems in John Milton's Theological Vocabulary

Throughout the history of western Christianity, a major stumbling block has been agreement upon the definition of certain terms. Milton and his critics have shared in the difficulty of communication which lack of a common terminology has caused. Nowhere is this more evident than in his discussion of the Son of God in the Christian Doctrine, where his employment of “substance,” “subsistence,” “essence,” and “hypostasis” has confused students who were attempting to understand the complex meanings which lie back of these words. Milton has often not followed the interpretations of these words usually held in Christianity; rather, he has adopted meanings which were very early associated with them but which lost currency centuries ago, even though they have never been completely forgotten.
Transgenic Dairy Cattle: Genetic Engineering on a Large Scale

Amid the explosion of fundamental knowledge generated from transgenic animal models, a small group of scientists has been producing transgenic livestock with goals of improving animal production efficiency and generating new products. The ability to modify mammary-specific genes provides an opportunity to pursue several distinctly different avenues of research. The objective of the emerging gene "pharming" industry is to produce pharmaceuticals for treating human diseases. It is argued that mammary glands are an ideal site for producing complex bioactive proteins that can be cost effectively harvested and purified. Consequently, during the past decade, approximately a dozen companies have been created to capture the US market for pharmaceuticals produced from transgenic bioreactors estimated at $3 billion annually. Several products produced in this way are now in human clinical trials. Another research direction, which has been widely discussed but has received less attention in the laboratory, is genetic engineering of the bovine mammary gland to alter the composition of milk destined for human consumption. Proposals include increasing or altering endogenous proteins, decreasing fat, and altering milk composition to resemble that of human milk. Initial studies using transgenic mice to investigate the feasibility of enhancing manufacturing properties of milk have been encouraging. The potential profitability of gene "pharming" seems clear, as do the benefits of transgenic cows producing milk that has been optimized for food products. To take full advantage of enhanced milk, it may be desirable to restructure the method by which dairy producers are compensated. However, the cost of producing functional transgenic cattle will remain a severe limitation to realizing the potential of transgenic cattle until inefficiencies of transgenic technology are overcome. These inefficiencies include low rates of gene integration, poor embryo survival, and unpredictable transgene behavior.
Dynamic time warping as a novel tool in pattern recognition of ECG changes in heart rhythm disturbances

We present a novel method for the classification and identification of electrocardiograms (ECGs) of various heart rhythm disturbances. This is an essential step in the automatic analysis of heart rhythm disturbances. Dynamic time warping (DTW) is used for this purpose. DTW is utilized successfully in speech recognition. Wavelet analysis is used in some implantable cardioverter defibrillators currently for ECG waveform recognition and classification purpose. The simulations of time-series ECG data of various rhythm disturbances are produced. Normal sinus rhythm ECG templates are compared to the simulated rhythms by both methods. DTW analysis successfully differentiates the ECGs of various arrhythmias. Of note, DTW is able to differentiate ventricular tachycardia from supraventricular tachycardia unlike wavelet analysis. Differentiation of these two rhythm types has significant clinical implications. DTW can potentially be used for automatic pattern recognition of ECG changes representative of various rhythm disturbances.
Characterizing the Intermediates Compound I and II in the Cytochrome P450 Catalytic Cycle with Nonlinear X-ray Spectroscopy: A Simulation Study

Cytochrome P450 enzymes are an important family of biocatalysts that oxidize chemically inert CH bonds. There are many unresolved questions regarding the catalytic reaction intermediates, in particular P450 Compound I (Cpd-I) and II (Cpd-II). By using simple molecular models, we simulate various X-ray spectroscopy signals, including X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES), resonant inelastic X-ray scattering (RIXS), and stimulated X-ray Raman spectroscopy (SXRS) of the low- and high-spin states of Cpd-I and II. Characteristic peak patterns are presented and connected to the corresponding electronic structures. These X-ray spectroscopy techniques are complementary to more conventional infrared and optical spectroscopy and they help to elucidate the evolving electronic structures of transient species along the reaction path.
In the Eyes of the Beholder: Urban Student Perceptions of Zero Tolerance Policy

Zero tolerance policy was created as a result of the Gun Free Schools Act of 1994. Varied views exist on zero tolerance policy that include its substantive impact, for whom it is intended, and its viability to address the problem of school violence. Parents, politicians, principals, and teachers have stated their views on the issues. However, there is a voice that is conspicuously absent in this dialogue—that is, students for whom the policy was created to protect. Therefore, in an effort to understand the impact of zero tolerance policy, this study examines urban student perceptions regarding their sense of safety in their schools.
Anomalous reflectance of laser-induced retinal lesions

We investigated anomalies in the reflectance change of retinal lesions resulting from laser photocoagulation. These anomalies deviate from the predicted pattern and could cause misleading postoperative assessment of lesion depth and problems with proposed automated lesion control algorithms. We found that for certain irradiation parameters which produce super-threshold lesions, lesions exhibiting annular reflectance patterns are induced in an albumen eye phantom. The correlation between central reflectance and actual lesion depth thus becomes invalid for these anomalous lesions. Evidence of anomalous lesions in vivo was also found. Assumptions regarding retinal lesion formation must consider annular reflectance patterns. These patterns are produced by vaporization in the albumen eye phantom; vaporization may also play a role in anomalous retinal lesions along with the well known effect of minor retinal hemorrhage.
Methods for computing genus distribution using double-rooted graphs

This thesis develops general methods for computing the genus distribution of various types of graph families, using the concept of double-rooted graphs, which are defined to be graphs with two vertices designated as roots (the methods developed in this dissertation are limited to the cases where one of the two roots is restricted to be of valence two). I define partials and productions, and I use these as follows: (i) to compute the genus distribution of a graph obtained through the vertex amalgamation of a double-rooted graph with a single-rooted graph, and to show how these can be used to obtain recurrences for the genus distribution of iteratively growing infinite graph families. (ii) to compute the genus distribution of a graph obtained (a) through the operation of self-vertex-amalgamation on a double-rooted graph, and (b) through the operation of edge-addition on a double-rooted graph, and finally (iii) to develop a method to compute the recurrences for the genus distribution of the graph family generated by the Cartesian product of P3 and Pn.
Yellow Lens Pigment: An Adaptation for Activity in Bright Sunlight

Anterior eye light filters are present in many vertebrates which modify the quality and quantity of sunlight radiant energy that reaches the site of vision, the retina. In this way, nature seems to have provided a means to protect the retina from an overabundance of short wavelength visible and long wavelength UV light which could interfere with vision and cause damage to it. Any additional light of 300 to 400 nm reaching to the eye could upset a delicate balance that would be detrimental to vision.
The organized nature of flow impingement upon a corner

Oscillations of impinging flows, which date back to the jet-edge phenomenon (Sondhaus 1854), have been observed for a wide variety of impingement configurations. However, alteration of the structure of the shear layer due to insertion of an impingement edge (or surface) and the mechanics of impingement of vortical structures upon an edge have remained largely uninvestigated. In this study, the impingement of a shear layer upon a cavity edge (or corner) is examined in detail. Water is used as a working fluid and laser anemometry and hydrogen bubble flow visualization are used to characterize the flow dynamics. Reynolds numbers (based on momentum thickness at separation) of 106 and 324 are employed. Without the edge, the shear layer produces the same sort of non-stationary (variable) velocity autocorrelations observed by Dimotakis & Brown (1976). When the edge is inserted, the organization of the flow is dramatically enhanced as evidenced by a decrease in variability of autocorrelations and appearance of well-defined peaks in the corresponding spectra. This enhanced organization is not locally confined to the region of the edge but extends along the entire length of the shear layer, thereby reinforcing the concept of disturbance feedback. Comparison of spectra with and without insertion of the edge reveals a remarkable similarity to those of a non-impinging shear layer with and without application of sound at a discrete frequency (Browand 1966; Miksad 1972); with enhanced organization at the fundamental frequency, simultaneous enhancement occurs also at the sub- and higher-harmonics.
School Sports, Sexual Abuse, and the Utility of School Social Workers

Sport participation is one hallmark of American childhood and adolescence. Approximately 25 million children and adolescents play competitive sports within schools and 30 to 45 million participate in at least one school or community-based athletic program (NYU Child Study Center, 2010). Young people who participate in sports earn higher grades, manage their time better, make quicker decisions, and experience better professional outcomes when compared with their nonathlete peers (Engle & Gurian, 2004). Because of the mentorship, time spent, and attention given, coaches contribute enormously to the development of student-athletes. Primary and secondary school coaches might have an even greater influence over student-athletes because, in many cases, they are also their teachers. The occurrence of sexual abuse among youths, particularly those in junior high and high school participating in school sports, is a phenomenon that has received very little attention from school social workers and other related service personnel. Despite the reality that millions of children and adolescents participate in sports yearly, there is little written within the research literature on the role of related services personnel on how to protect children and adolescents from sexual abuse at the hands of teachers who serve as coaches, sports administrators, and other school-affiliated authority figures. Similarly, despite the reality that teachers, in every state, are mandated reporters, many are uneasy about making accusations against their colleagues. We know little empirically about the challenge of sexual abuse occurring between authority figures and youths in schools, yet local news outlet throughout the nation do report its occurrence and allegations. This prompts the need for greater research, education, and enhanced awareness on the topic. School social workers should be aware of the signs, symptoms, and procedures for reporting sexual abuse between authority figures in school and youths. Language: en
Freight transportation and the potential for invasions of exotic insects in urban and periurban forests of the United States

Freight transportation is an important pathway for the introduction and dissemination of exotic forest insects (EFI). Identifying the final destination of imports is critical in determining the likelihood of EFI establishment. We analyzed the use of regional freight transport information to characterize risk of urban and periurban areas to EFI introductions. Specific objectives were to 1) approximate the final distribution of selected imports among urban areas of the United States, 2) characterize the final distribution of imports in terms of their spatial aggregation and dominant world region of origin, and 3) assess the effect of the final distribution of imports on the level of risk to urban and periurban forests from EFI. Freight pattern analyses were conducted for three categories of imports whose products or packaging materials are associated with EFI: wood products, nonmetallic mineral products, and machinery. The final distribution of wood products was the most evenly distributed of the three selected imports, whereas machinery was most spatially concentrated. We found that the type of import and the world region of origin greatly influence the final distribution of imported products. Risk assessment models were built based on the amount of forestland and imports for each urban area. The model indicated that 84–88% of the imported tonnage went to only 4–6% of the urban areas in the contiguous United States. We concluded that freight movement information is critical for proper risk assessment of EFI. Implications of our findings and future research needs are discussed.
Statistical Determinants of Information Value

The special models in Chapter 5 define problems with particular outcome and or utility functions, assessing and explaining the value of information for all deci­sion problems within that class. Chapters 6 and 7 study the determinants of the value of information in a broader sense than in Chapter 5 by identifying various classes S2 of decision problems D, such that for all D e S2 it can be assured that information value increases or decreases with particular characteristics of D such as environmental riskiness, statistical informativeness, stochastic preference, and initial wealth. Some results hold for very broad classes of decision problems, others hold only for subclasses of DMs such as risk averters, or subclasses of problem structure such as those with utility of outcome functions that are in­creasing and or convex in particular variables. This chapter focuses on the infor­mation structure and the exogenous environment as determinants of information value; Chapter 7 covers the role of the decision maker’s preferences.
Recommended Procedure for System Specification and Design: Automation of a Gas Chromatograph — Mass Spectrometer System

Too often the development of laboratory automation systems has proceeded without adequate specifications or design. It is not unusual to find systems which are orders of magnitude too powerful-or, conversely, grossly inadequate-for the automation tasks required. A typical pitfall involves the specification of computer hardware independent of any detailed consideration of the real requirements of the laboratory instrumentation. Presented here will be an outline of recommended approach to laboratory automation design. This approach recognizes three steps in the development of an automation system: user-level specifications of objectives and constraints; preparation of a hardware-independent functional design; and implementation of the design with specific hardware/software components. Thus, the selection of system components is not made until after the functional characteristics of the system are defined. At this point, hardware/ software tradeoffs can take place to achieve an optimum configuration. A specific example will be discussed here to illustrate this approach. The example involves the development of a computer-automated gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer laboratory instrument for nonroutine analytical investigations.
Scattering of Inertial Waves by Smooth Convex Cylinders

A general method of solution of the hyperbolic partial differential equation governing the scattering of inertial waves in a rotating fluid is presented for the case of cylindrical scatterers with smooth convex cross-sections. The specific case of a parabolic cylinder is discussed in some detail.
Acute Nonlymphocytic Leukemia With Basophilic Differentiation

Four cases of acute nonlymphocytic leukemia with primitive basophilic differentiation are presented. In all four cases, study revealed Philadelphia chromosome negativity, and in none were there clinical findings of chronic granulocytic leukemia. In each case, the leukemic blasts contained granules that failed to stain for peroxidase content but stained positively with toluidine blue. The former result could have led to the misclassification of the cases as lymphoid leukemias. Three of the four patients had physical findings that may have been due to circulating histamine excess. The histochemical and clinical features of these cases suggest that certain examples of leukemia with basophilic differentiation represent a distinctive variant of acute nonlymphocytic leukemia.
Abstract 15839: Effect of Serotonin Neuron Depletion on Arterial Blood Pressure Regulation in Young Rats

Infants dying of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) have reduced brainstem serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) where some cases die following episodes of severe bradycardia and hypoxemia. The specific role of central 5-HT in resting arterial blood pressure (BP) and on baroreflex sensitivity during neonatal life has not been studied. In adult animals, systemic depletion of 5-HT increases BP with no effect on heart rate (HR) and reduces the sensitivity of the baroreflex. Other studies have also shown that a loss of central 5-HT beginning in embryogenesis reduces resting BP and HR in adulthood. Based on these reports, we hypothesized that loss of brainstem 5-HT neurons in the neonatal period would reduce baseline BP and HR as well as reduce baroreflex gain. To test this, we utilized 3-week old Sprague Dawley rats treated centrally with 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine (5,7-DHT, n=4; ~120 ug in saline, i.c.v.), a chemical that is toxic to serotonergic neurons. Littermate controls were injected with saline (CTRL, n=5, ~3ul, i.c.v.). We measured BP with a femoral artery catheter. HR was derived from BP. Following a recovery period, we measured resting variables for 15 minutes and then injected phenylephrine (PE; 3mg/kg s.c.) followed by sodium nitroprusside (SNP; 2.5mg/kg s.c.), separated by 15 minutes, to induce pressor or depressor responses, respectively. For both responses, baroreflex gain was calculated as the [[Unable to Display Character: ∆]]HR at the maximum [[Unable to Display Character: ∆]]BP following drug injection. We found that a loss of 5-HT neurons did not alter baseline BP (p>0.05) but did reduce baseline HR when compared to control littermates (p 0.05). Our data indicate that brainstem 5-HT maintains resting HR, and is involved in baroreflex control of HR in response to hypertensive stimuli. Reduced brainstem 5-HT may predispose an infant to SIDS via altered autonomic control of BP and HR. The role of 5-HT in BP regulation during hypoxic conditions remains to be elucidated.
Prediction of Adiabatic Effectiveness of Various Cr atered Film Hole Configurations: Sensitivity Analysis for the Rectangle Shaped Mask

Over the past few years, trench film cooling has ta ken a massive leap in the film cooling technology by helping the coolant flow spread out t o cover more down-stream area. This advancement improved the performance of film cooling in terms of effectiveness. However, there are instances in which a trench cannot be emp loyed due to the repairing and refurbishing process of the thermal barrier coating (TBC). In these cases, crater film cooling is used. The effectiveness of crater film cooling is not as adequate as the trench film cooling, but it is a far better method than basic f ilm cooling method as shown in previous study. Crater film cooling method (or so-called mas ked film cooling hole) is a noncontinuous type of traverse slot film cooling. Ther e are several geometrical masks that have been employed in gas turbines, which will be invest igated in a series of studies. However, for the current work, only rectangular masks will be co nsidered. Basic sensitivity analysis will be conducted to find out the optimum combination of geometrical parameters conjugated with the flow conditions that will provide the maxi mum spatially averaged film cooling effectiveness and to determine the uniformity of th e temperature distribution on downstream area of a flat plate. Since the above to pic is the primary purpose of this particular study, a cylindrical coolant pipe will b e employed in this work for simplicity purposes. A numerical model is used to analyze the geometric variation and the results are compared to data from literature.
Additions to Neocuatrecasia (Eupatorieae: Asteraceae)

Neocuatrecasia sandiensis H. Robinson and N. yungasensis H. Robinson from high elevations in Peru and Bolivia and N. tysonii H. Robinson from lower elevations in Bolivia are described as new. A key is furnished to the 12 species of the as yet inadequately collected genus.
Leukapheresis by continuous flow centrifugation (CFC) in patients with chronic myelocytic leukemia (CML).

A closed continuous flow centrifuge (NCI-IBM Blood Cell Separator) was utilized to collect large quantities of leukocytes from donors with chronic myelocytic leukemia. Ninety-eight separate centrifugations of one to six hours duration were performed in 12 patients. Quantities of blood between 2.4-20.3 liters were processed during each centrifugation representing 0.4-3.2 donor blood volumes. An additional five centrifugations were attempted unsuccessfully. Buffy coat cells were collected while plasma and red blood cells were returned to the donor without change in flow or gravitational field. White blood cell yields of up to 75 per cent were obtained while platelet yields were electively varied from 0.1 per cent in donors with thrombocytopenia to 61.0 per cent in donors with thrombocytosis. Red blood cell hemolysis and excessive platelet losses with thrombocytopenia were not observed. One patient developed chills and fever of unknown etiology on two separate occasions, once during and once following CFC Leukocytes collected by this method and transfused into granulocytopenic recipients resulted in granulocyte increments of 2.0 x 103 per mm3 per 1011 granulocytes per m2 of body surface area. The persistence of cells with the Ph1 chromosome in the bone marrow of recipients demonstrated that viable proliferating cells survived the procedure.
Study on Feedwater Control Method in Blow-pipe Commissioning for Ultra-supercritical Boiler

Aiming at accident of main fuel trip caused by traditional boiler feedwater control method in progress of decompression blow-pipe for ultra-supercritical direct current boiler,this paper proposes one feedwater control method which is to start outlet flow of boiler circulating pump for conducting as the control point.By analyzing thermodynamic changes and flow measuring principles of working medium in the water wall and storage water tank during the period of decompression blow-pipe,it considers that the outlet flow is able to reflect water quantity.By theoretical calculation on minimum feedwater flow,it draws a conclusion that it is able to realize good control on feedwater by controlling the outlet flow of boiler water circulating pump not lower than60% normal flow.On the basis of application of this feedwater control method in blow-pipe and main fuel trip in some power plant,it shows that this method is feasible in engineering application.
Distribution and sources of sterols in surface sediments from Bohai Bay and Jiaozhou Bay

The distribution and composition of sterol compounds were determined in 22 surface sediment samples collected from Bohai Bay and Jiaozhou Bay.The 8 detected sterols showed large spatial variations ranging from 0~4.303 μg/g(dry wt) and Bohai Bay had higher total sterol concentrations in the surface sediments(0.287~18.579 μg/g) than that(0.084~10.584 μg/g) in Jiaozhou Bay.Among the 8 sterols,only β-sitosterol was presented in all samples.Sterols such as coprostanol and epicoprostanol which are products of human waste showed high concentrations in the surface sediments of the regions with large sewage inputs,while the distributions of stigmasterol and β-sitosterol appeared to be influenced by terrestrial organic matter from river discharge.Our study suggests that the composition and distribution of sterols in surface sediment provide useful information for environmental contamination monitoring and assessment in the coastal regions.