cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Predicting oral absorption and bioavailability.

Publisher Summary The prediction of oral absorption and bioavailability is an important tool, both in the early phases of drug discovery to select the most promising leads for further optimization and in the later stages to select candidates for clinical development. Progress in predicting oral absorption is based on a much better understanding of the transport processes across membranes. The identification of the key physico-chemical properties, and in addition, the identification of the key transporter proteins and metabolizing enzymes in the gut wall, has led to the development of in vitro and in vivo screens that allow reasonably accurate estimates of oral absorption in man to be made. Predicting bioavailability is more challenging. However, in recent years, very promising progress has been made using a combination of several in vitro measures, as well as the development of in silico tools.
On the Hygrothermal Response of Laminated Composite Systems

The hygroscopic nature of polymeric systems, which find widespread application as matrices in advanced composite materials, requires that dila tations induced by the absorption of moisture be considered m the stress analysis of composite laminates. Considerable attention has recently been focused upon the reduction m both strength and constitutive properties of fiber-reinforced polymeric composites at elevated temperatures when the composite has been subjected to environments which enhance moisture diffusion. This apparent degradation in elevated temperature properties may be magnified even more by residual stresses induced by both the hygroscopic and thermoelastic characteristics of the unidirectional com posite.A unified treatment of the hygrothermal response of the laminated composite plate element is derived. The analysis develops effective mois ture inplane force resultants and bending resultants, which when coupled with mechanical and thermal loadings, yield laminae stresses resulting from the total...
A comprehensive basis for systems engineering theory

Given the recent systems engineering failures, we suggest that an alternative way of thinking and communicating about systems engineering is essential. We provide the language, a bit of ontology, and some key concepts that will hopefully allow us to discuss the most basic issues of systems engineering in a clear, coherent, and effective way. The main premise of our exposition is that at the core of systems engineering is the concept of organization, which we use in two ways: (1) characterizing the structure within an artifact, and (2) referring to a cultural institution within which people work together in a structured manner.
Dose-response relationship of mannitol and intracranial pressure: a metaanalysis

Object Brain edema can increase intracranial pressure (ICP), potentially leading to ischemia, herniation, and death. Edema and elevated ICP are often treated with osmotic agents to remove water from brain tissue. Mannitol is the osmotic diuretic most commonly used in the intensive care unit; however, despite its clinical importance, treatment protocols vary from center to center, and the dose–response relationship is not understood. The goal of this metaanalysis was to aggregate and analyze data from studies in which authors have described the dose–response relationship between mannitol and ICP. Methods The authors identified 18 studies that quantitatively characterized the dose–response relationship of mannitol and ICP. We also examined study designs and mannitol administration protocols. Results Meta-regression found a weak linear relationship between change in ICP (ΔICP) and dose (ΔICP = 6.6 × dose − 1.1; p = 0.27, R2 = 0.05). The lack of statistical significance could reflect the variation in protocol...
Classification congruence among school psychologists and its relationship to type of referral question and professional experience

The current research investigated referral question bias on school psychologists' classification decisions across different types of cases, and whether it interacted with socialization variables associated with time in field. One hundred seventy-five school psychologists in Pennsylvania completed surveys which requested them to classify five case studies on the basis of scores from intelligence, achievement, and behavioral measures. The case studies had been classified similarly by a multidisciplinary team and actuarial technique. The only item that varied across participants was the referral question, which was academic or behavioral. The participants also completed a questionnaire regarding demographic and socialization variables. The results indicated a lack of congruence among school psychologists' classification decisions that was more evident in connection with the nonexceptional cases. This resulted in more false-positive decisions as nonexceptional students were determined to be eligible for special education services. In cases involving nonexceptional subjects, the referral question impacted significantly on classification decision. School psychologists were more likely to classify a nonexceptional case as learning-disabled when presented with a behavioral rather than with an academic referral. Although the interaction between referral question and years of experience was found to be a significant predictor of congruence on these two cases, the strength of these predictions was weak. School psychologists with a behavioral referral question and more years of experience were less likely to render a correct classification. The implications of these findings are discussed.
Modeling of N-i-P Vs. P-i-N InGaN solar cells with ultrathin GaN interlayers for improved performance

P-i-N structure solar cells often provide improved performance over N-i-P devices because acceptors are easier to activate when the p-type layer is close to the surface. However, for strained InGaN solar cells on GaN, the polarization-induced electric field creates a barrier for photocurrent that impedes device performance. In this paper we show that for Ga-face growth, N-i-P structures can provide improved performance because the electric field from the junction is parallel to that formed from polarization induced sheet charges. Thus the fields complement each other to assist in creating photocurrent in N-i-P devices. Additionally we simulate an N-i-P cell using the recently demonstrated insertion of ultra-thin GaN interlayers to achieve thick strained layers with high material quality.
Manchester coding option for SpaceWire: Providing choices for system level design

This paper proposes an optional coding scheme for SpaceWire in lieu of the current Data Strobe scheme for three reasons. Firstly, to provide a straightforward method for electrical isolation of the interface; secondly, to provide ability to reduce the mass and bend radius of the SpaceWire cable; and thirdly, to provide a means for a common physical layer over which multiple spacecraft onboard data link protocols could operate for a wide range of data rates. The intent is to accomplish these goals without significant change to existing SpaceWire design investments.
Chronic stress modulates regional cerebral glucose transporter expression in an age-specific and sexually-dimorphic manner

Abstract Facilitative glucose transporters (GLUT) mediate glucose uptake across the blood–brain-barrier into neurons and glia. Deficits in specific cerebral GLUT isoforms are linked to developmental and neurological dysfunction, but less is known about the range of variation in cerebral GLUT expression in normal conditions and the effects of environmental influences on cerebral GLUT expression. Knowing that puberty is a time of increased cerebral plasticity, metabolic demand, and shifts in hormonal balance for males and females, we first assessed gene expression of five GLUT subtypes in four brain regions in male and female adolescent and adult Wistar rats. The data indicated that sex differences in GLUT expression were most profound in the hypothalamus, and the transition from adolescence to adulthood had the most profound effect on GLUT expression in the hippocampus. Next, given the substantial energetic demands during adolescence and prior demonstrations of the adverse effects of adolescent stress, we determined the extent to which chronic stress altered GLUT expression in males and females in both adolescence and adulthood. Chronic stress significantly altered cerebral GLUT expression in males and females throughout both developmental stages but in a sexually dimorphic and brain region-specific manner. Collectively, our data demonstrate that cerebral GLUTs are expressed differentially based on brain region, sex, age, and stress exposure. These results suggest that developmental and environmental factors influence GLUT expression in multiple brain regions. Given the importance of appropriate metabolic balance within the brain, further assessment of the functional implications of life stage and environmentally-induced changes in GLUTs are warranted.
The agitator : an inexpensive device for culturing large numbers of fragile marine invertebrate larvae

The “agitator”, a device designed for culturing lecithotrophic echinoderm larvae, is described. The unit consists of an open system which is easily constructed and is made up of a base which holds the culturing baskets as well as a lid or manifold carrying a tube which transports fresh seawater into each culture, gently stirring it and eliminating any decaying embryos. The device is scalable and water flow can be adjusted for laminar flow or slow dripping. The method has been used to successfully rear large numbers of lecithotrophic larvae of the starfish Solaster stimpsoni. The agitator could be used to culture any fragile planktonic organisms that require an extended rearing time.
REGULATION AND FUNCTION OF MAC-1 IN TRANSEPITHELIAL MIGRATION OF POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES (PMNs) DURING RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUS(RSV)-INFECTION. ▴ 1067

REGULATION AND FUNCTION OF MAC-1 IN TRANSEPITHELIAL MIGRATION OF POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES (PMNs) DURING RESPIRATORY SYNCYTIAL VIRUS(RSV)-INFECTION. ▴ 1067
Child Temperament as a Mediator of Mother‐Toddler Problem Solving*

This paper is concerned with the role of child temperament in regulating adult-child cognitive interaction. Two studies were conducted to investigate whether child temperament as rated by the mother at an earlier time relates to maternal guidance and partner involvement on a joint task at a later time. In Study 1, 26 2.5-year-old children and their mothers participated in joint problem solving followed by a child-only posttest involving related tasks. Children rated as having more difficult temperaments received more cognitive assistance and disapproval from their mothers, as well as greater involvement from them in more challenging aspects of the tasks. Temperament was not related to child involvement during the joint task nor to task performance during the interaction or on the posttest. In Study 2, another group of 26 2.5-year-old children and their mothers participated in joint problem solving using different tasks than in Study 1. Results from Study 2 replicate those of Study 1. Also, children rated as having more difficult temperaments performed more poorly on the individual posttest. Results support the suggestion that child temperament may mediate the cognitive opportunities that arise during parent-child collaboration and are discussed in relation to Vygotsky's notion of the zone of proximal development.
Periplasmic response upon disruption of transmembrane Cu transport in Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Pseudomonas aeruginosa, an opportunistic pathogen, has two transmembrane Cu+ transport ATPases, CopA1 and CopA2. Both proteins export cytoplasmic Cu+ into the periplasm and mutation of either gene leads to attenuation of virulence. CopA1 is required for maintaining cytoplasmic copper levels, while CopA2 provides copper for cytochrome c oxidase assembly. We hypothesized that transported Cu+ ions would be directed to their destination via specific periplasmic partners and disruption of transport should affect the periplasmic copper homeostasis. Supporting this, mutation of either ATPase gene led to large increments in periplasmic cuproprotein levels. Toward identifying the proteins participating in this cellular response the periplasmic metalloproteome was resolved in non-denaturing bidimensional gel electrophoresis, followed by X-ray fluorescence visualization and identification by mass-spectrometry. A single spot containing the electron shuttle protein azurin was responsible for the observed increments in cuproprotein contents. In agreement, lack of either Cu+-ATPase induced an increase in azu transcription. This is associated with an increase in the expression of anr and rpoS oxidative stress response regulators, rather than cueR, a copper sensing regulator. We propose that azurin overexpression and accumulation in the periplasm is part of the cellular response to cytoplasmic oxidative stress in P. aeruginosa.
IDENTIFICATION OF HOST ORIGIN OF PARASITES OF BARK BEETLES (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE) BY FATTY ACID COMPOSITION

The free fatty acid composition of the southern pine beetle, Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmermann, and associated bark beetles was determined by gas-liquid chromatography. The lipid composition of several species of hymenopterous parasites matched the bark beetle hosts from which they were reared. Lipids from field collected parasites were compared with the lipid composition of possible bark beetle hosts to determine host of origin. Parasites ovipositing on a host were usually found to have a lipid composition matching that host. Approximately 20% of the parasites that were observed attempting to parasitize the southern pine beetle apparently developed on other bark beetle hosts.
Evaluating Claims of Social Connection to International Conflict Casualties

Recent studies examining the political impact of individuals' connections to the victims of international violence find these ties have a powerful effect on people's attitudes and feelings. How reliable, however, are self-reported claims of ties to a conflict's casualties? Using data from 9/11 and the Iraq War, I examine these claims, analyzing: 1) their influence on both public assessments of foreign policy and voting behavior, 2) whether critical demographic and political factors predict the likelihood of individuals reporting a tie to a conflict casualty, 3) the predicted, aggregate likelihood of survey respondents having connections to conflict victims, and 4) the theoretical distinction between actual vs. perceived casualty connections. The results strongly support the use of casualty connection data for understanding individuals' responses to international violence, and encourage future applications of social network approaches to the study of war and politics.
Comparison of Economic Injury Levels for Western Corn Rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) Infesting Silage and Grain Corn

The effect of known densities of western corn rootworms, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte, on yield and monetary losses was compared for corn harvested as silage and as grain. In 1991 and 1992, plots were infested artificially with western corn rootworm eggs at densities ranging from 0 to 1,500 viable eggs per 30.5 cm of row. Level of rootworm feeding did not affect silage quality, as measured by percentage crude protein, acid detergent fiber, neutral detergent fiber, and nonstructural carbohydrates. Western corn rootworm caused greater yield reductions and dollar losses in corn grown for silage than for grain. Economic injury levels (EILs) were calculated for various combinations of crop use, yield potential, and crop value typical of corn production in the Northeast. Assuming an insecticide cost of $39.50 per ha, EILs for silage ranged from 71-127 viable eggs per 30.5 cm of row, corresponding to root ratings ranging from 2.5-2.9. In contrast, EILs were much higher for corn harvested for grain, ranging from 242-537 viable eggs per 30.5 cm of row, corresponding to root ratings ranging from 3.5-4.6.
Multiple primary tumors including bilateral breast cancers in a man with Klinefelter's syndrome

A 50-year-old man with Klinefelter's syndrome developed 6 histologically distinct tumors in sequence; five were considered to be malignant neoplasms. Others have reported an association between this syndrome and the development of neoplasms, especially cancer of the breast. The hormonal and genetic factors characteristic of patients with Klinefelter's syndrome may be important in the genesis of cancer.
Small interfering RNA knocks down the molecular target of alendronate, farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase, in osteoclast and osteoblast cultures

Farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase (FPPS), an enzyme in the mevalonate pathway, is the inhibition target of alendronate, a potent FDA-approved nitrogen-containing bisphosphonate (N-BP) drug, at the molecular level. Alendronate not only inhibits osteoclasts but also has been reported to positively affect osteoblasts. This study assesses the knockdown effects of siRNA targeting FPPS compared with alendronate in both osteoclast and osteoblast cultures. Primary murine bone marrow cell-induced osteoclasts and the preosteoblast MC3T3-E1 cell line were used to assess effects of anti-FPPS siRNA compared with alendronate. Results show that both FPPS mRNA message and protein knockdown in serum-based culture is correlated with reduced osteoclast viability. FPPS siRNA is more potent than 10 μM alendronate, but less potent than 50 μM alendronate on reducing osteoclast viability. Despite FPPS knockdown, no significant changes were observed in osteoblast proliferation. FPPS knockdown promotes osteoblast differentiation significantly but not cell mineral deposition. However, compared with 50 μM alendronate dosing, FPPS siRNA does not exhibit cytotoxic effects on osteoblasts while producing significant effects on ostoblast differentiation. Both siRNA and alendronate at tested concentrations do not have significant effects on cultured osteoblast mineralization. Overall, results indicate that siRNA against FPPS could be useful for selectively inhibiting osteoclast-mediated bone resorption and improving bone mass maintenance by influencing both osteoclasts and osteoblasts in distinct ways.
Thoracoscopically-assisted thoraco-femoral bypass in a canine model

Interest in minimally invasive procedures for vascular disease has grown tremendously over the past few years. Herein, we report our initial experience with a thoracoscopically-assisted thoraco-femoral bypass in a larger animal model. Included are various approaches to a final recommendation for the technique.
A study of transcoding on cloud environments for video content delivery

Media content distribution poses different challenges when it comes to supplying the variety of existing media formats requested by end-users. The need for an on demand transcoding stage may be justified under specific circumstances but is hampered by the high latency and long processing times. The great power cloud computing offers can be leveraged in a situation like this. This paper analyzes a use case where a Hadoop-based computer cloud is used as an aid in the transcoding of media content. The results point to the suitability of such a resource in a media distribution process requiring low cost streaming, such as the HTTP Live streaming scenario which supports streaming of audio or video to the iPhone, iPad, iPod touch and desktop computers as well as the transfer of video on demand with encryption and authentication.
Integration of Psychosocial Rehabilitation Into Psychiatric Nursing Practice

Psychosocial rehabilitation (PSU) is one of the leading approaches in care of persons with mental illness and is redefining treatment in mental health delivery systems, This approach was initiated by families and consumers who were frustrated with the inadequacies of most mental health systems to provide support and meaningful social and interpersonal experiences for those with severe and persistent mental illness. Now, an interdisciplinary body of knowledge is being developed. Nursing has an opportunity to participate in the development of PSU models. This article describes the principles and concepts of PSR and proposes that nursing begin integrating nursing care into PSR through the use of the Reed process model.
Extension arm facilitated PEGylation of hemoglobin: Correlation of the properties with the extent of PEGylation

Human hemoglobin (Hb) conjugated with six copies of PEG-5K is nonhypertensive. The hexaPEGylated Hb exhibits molecular size homogeneity in spite of the chemical heterogeneity with respect to the sites of conjugation (Manjula et al., 2005). In the present study, Hb conjugated with an average of 4, 6, 8 and 10 copies of PEG-5K chains have been generated using the extension arm facilitated PEGylation protocol. Except for the tetraPEGylated Hb, all the other products exhibit molecular size homogeneity. The molecular, colligative and functional properties of PEG-Hb conjugates have been correlated with the extent of PEGylation. The results imply that six copies of PEG-5K chains are accommodated on Hb without significant crowding on the molecular surface. As more copies of PEG-5K chains are conjugated to form octa and deca PEGylated Hb, the PEG-chains conjugated appear to undergo transition from a mushroom (compact) to a brush-like conformation (extended conformation) with a concomitant decrease in the propensity of the molecule to transition from oxy to deoxy conformation in the presence of allosteric effectors. The viscosity and the colloidal osmotic pressure of Hb increase with the number of the PEG-chains conjugated in an exponential fashion. The composition of the PEGylated Hb generated appears to be controlled by (i) high reactivity of thiol groups of the extension arms on Hb with maleimide-PEG, (ii) increase in the viscosity of the reaction mixture as the level of PEGylation increases and (iii) increased resistance induced by the PEG-shell of PEGylated Hb to accommodate more PEG-chains as the level of PEGylation increases. Potential implications of extent of PEGylation on the oxygen delivery by PEG-Hb conjugate in vivo have been discussed.
N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor and calbindin-containing neurons in the anterior cingulate cortex in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.

Background Glutamatergic modulation of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) interneurons via the NR2A subunit of the N -methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor in the cerebral cortex contributes to the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Previously, we found that, in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACCx), the number of GABA cells that expressed the messenger RNA (mRNA) for the NMDA NR2A subunit was significantly decreased in subjects with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder and that this decrease occurred most prominently in layer 2. In this study, we hypothesized that the subset of GABA interneurons that contained the calcium-binding protein calbindin (CB), by virtue of their preferential localization to layer 2, might be particularly affected. Methods We simultaneously labeled the mRNA for the NMDA NR2A subunit with [ 35 S] and the mRNA for CB with digoxigenin with an immunoperoxidase procedure. Results We found that, in the normal human ACCx, only approximately 10% of all CB-containing cells expressed NR2A mRNA. However, compared with the normal control subjects and subjects with bipolar disorder, the density of CB+/NR2A+ neurons in layer 2 was increased by 41% to 44 % in subjects with schizophrenia, whereas the amount of NR2A mRNA/CB+ neurons was unchanged. Conclusions These observations suggest that, in schizophrenia, a number of CB-containing cells that normally do not express NR2A might become NR2A-expressing or, perhaps not mutually exclusively, the number of CB-expressing cells might be increased and these cells express NR2A. The findings of this study highlight the notion that glutamatergic innervation of subsets of GABA cells might be differentially altered in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.
The temporal finite element method in structural dynamics

Abstract This work introduces a novel temporal finite element methodology (TFEM) for dynamic problems in structural mechanics. The theoretical foundation of the method is Hamilton's law of varying action. In contrast to traditional finite element approaches, where only the spatial domain is interpolated via shape functions, the present method interpolates both spatial and temporal domains. Following a review of the temporal finite element literature, the general theoretical development and formulative aspects of the current methodology are presented. To illustrate the proposed approach, a number of numerical examples are presented involving multiple degree-of-freedom (DOF) structural systems built from simple rod type elements that can exhibit linear, nonlinear elastic, or elasto-plastic (bilinear) material response. The time marching algorithm that results from this approach is conditionally stable with a time step limit comparable to that of other conventional schemes, exhibits no algorithmic damping, and gives good accuracy versus time step solutions. By using this rudimentary element, the fundamentals of the methodology are readily exposed, yet the approach is extendable to different element types such as beams and continual elements.
Outlook: Two views on Robert D. Putnam's “E Pluribus Unum: Diversity and community in the twenty‐first century the 2006 Johan Skytte prize lecture”: Reflections on diversity and social capital: A critique of Robert D. Putnam's “E Pluribus Unum: Diversity and community in the twenty‐first century the 2006 Johan Skytte prize lecture”

(2008). Outlook: Two views on Robert D. Putnam's “E Pluribus Unum: Diversity and community in the twenty‐first century the 2006 Johan Skytte prize lecture”: Reflections on diversity and social capital: A critique of Robert D. Putnam's “E Pluribus Unum: Diversity and community in the twenty‐first century the 2006 Johan Skytte prize lecture”. Housing Policy Debate: Vol. 19, No. 1, pp. 207-217.
A Study of Seven Southeastern Glyph Caves

The ceremonial use of caves by prehistoric Indians in the Southeast was firmly established by the discovery and study of Mud Glyph Cave in Tennessee which contained hundreds of drawings including s...
Instability-induced clustering and segregation in high-shear Couette flows of model granular materials

Abstract Controlling unwanted segregation of components within a particle mixture is a longstanding goal in particle processing technologies. We investigate flow-induced clustering and consequent segregation of cohesionless particulate mixtures flowing rapidly in high-shear Couette geometries, comparing results from particle-dynamic (PD) simulations, kinetic theory and experiments. Using spheres and disks and a simplified plug instability as a surrogate for the variety of coherent flow structures, we find that density, velocity, and granular temperature gradients, and possibly, initiation of vorticity, influence the onset and nature of segregation. For equal density particles, simulations and experiments show that there exists a critical solids fraction at which the direction of segregation is reversed and streamwise diffusivity drops significantly, which appears to correspond to a point where the thermal diffusion flux no longer dominates over other terms. Results compare favorably to those from binary kinetic theories with one exception. We find that the 1D steady-state theoretical solutions do not capture the flux reversal observed in PD simulations of the equal density mixtures. Finally, we illustrate how local density variations can severely affect particle size distribution measurements.
Influence of True/False Tests and First Language on Engineering Students' Test Scores

True/false and open-ended test scores were compared for an undergraduate engineering course. There was good correlation between the scores indicating that the use of true/false test items did not alter ranking of students regardless of whether or not their first language was English. Use of a mix of test item types is recommended since this permits testing over a greater fraction of the course content, encourages students to study, and is an efficient use of instructor time.
Charge trap identification for proton-irradiated p+ channel CCDs

Charge trapping in bulk silicon lattice structures is a source of charge transfer inefficiency (CTI) in CCDs. These traps can be introduced into the lattice by low-energy proton radiation in the space environment, decreasing the performance of the CCD detectors over time. Detailed knowledge of the inherent trap properties, including energy level and cross section, is important for understanding the impact of the defects on charge transfer as a function of operating parameters such as temperature and clocking speeds. This understanding is also important for mitigation of charge transfer inefficiency through annealing, software correction, or improved device fabrication techniques. In this paper, we measure the bulk trap properties created by 12.5 MeV proton irradiation on p+ channel, full-depletion CCDs developed at LBNL. Using the pocket pumping technique, we identify the majority trap populations responsible for CTI in both the parallel and serial transfer processes. We find the dominant parallel transfer trap properties are well described by the silicon lattice divacancy trap, in agreement with other studies. While the properties of the defects responsible for CTI in the serial transfer are more difficult to measure, we conclude that divacancy-oxygen defect centers would be efficient at our serial clocking rate and exhibit properties consistent with our serial pocket pumping data.
Role of the Hydration Force in the Stability of Colloids at High Ionic Strengths

It is shown that the repulsion between colloidal particles or emulsion droplets depends both on the surface charge density and on the surface dipole density, the latter being a result of the presence of ion pairs on the surface. For illustration purposes, one considers the case in which a surfactant, such as sodium dodecyl sulfate, is adsorbed on the surface of droplets or particles. As the concentration of electrolyte (NaCl) increases, the charge on the surface decreases, and the number of ion pairs increases, because of the association−dissociation equilibrium. At relatively low salt concentrations, the repulsion due to the double layer is dominant and decreases as the electrolyte concentration increases. At relatively high electrolyte concentrations, the hydration repulsive force due to the ion pairs present on the surface becomes dominant. Consequently, as the salt concentration increases, the total repulsion decreases and passes through a minimum, after which it increases. If the hydration repulsion ...
Immunobiologic heterotypic activity associated with viral and soluble components of bovine virus diarrhea virus

The V and S antigens of bovine virus diarrhea (BVD) virus were studied by pig inoculation experiments to determine the basis for the bovine virus diarrheahog cholera heterotypic relationship. BVD virus infected tissue cultures were harvested and separated by ultracentrifugation and ultrafiltration. V antigen was prepared by Tween-ether-urea inactivation of virus. S antigen was quantitated in filtration samples and in density gradients by specific complement fixation. Pigs inoculated with crude, concentrated V antigen survived virulent hog cholera (HC) virus exposure. However, V antigen partially purified by ultracentrifugation failed to protect pigs. Neutralizing antibody to BVD, but not to HC, was synthesized in inoculated pigs following HC exposure. S antigen separated by 10 mμ, ultrafiltration and purified by potassium tartrate density gradient ultracentrifugation protected pigs from virulent HC. No BVD or HC antibody was detected at the time of HC virus exposure but HC antibody was produced at an accelerated rate following exposure. It thus appeared that an S antigen less than 10 mμ in size having a density between 1.05 and 1.10 g/ml which was produced during BVD virus replication in cells initiated the potential for a protective response.
Mouse hair keratin cDNA: Implications and sequences

Abstract An efficient method is described for the isolation of mouse hair follicle mRNAs. The RNA contains two peaks of mRNA activity, 11s and 18s. The larger-sized group of mRNAs encodes keratins of 46K, 47K, 58K, 59K, and 63K Mr. cDNAs were prepared using the follicular mRNAs as templates and cloned to produce a library. Initial screening of this library has identified five acidic and six basic mouse hair keratin clones.
Comments on the carbon cluster C60 and on its complexes with alkaline elements

We have analyzed in the Hartree–Fock approximation the carbon cluster C60 with a single-zeta [(9,5)/(2,1)] basis set and a double-zeta [(9,5)/(4,2)] basis set, the latter with and without 3d polarization functions. Estimates of the correlation energy correction were obained either using Becke's density functional theory or the Clementi–Chakravorty's electron–pair density approximation. The cluster's positive ion and singly and doubly charged negative ions have also been studied (doublets for C and C and singlet and triplet for C) and computed both with a doublezeta basis set and defferent geometries or a double-zeta plus polarization basis set. The geometries considered include the one obtained by quantum molecular dynamics using the Car–Parrinello approximation and two additional near this minimum. The computed ionization potential and electron affinity are in reasonable agreement with the experiments considering the basis sets adopted. A lithium, a sodium, or a potassium atom or the corresponding positive ions have been placed at the center of the cluster and have been shown to form stable complexes: C60Li+, C60Li, C60Na+, C60Na, C60K+, and C60K. In addition, preliminary data with a calcium atom are reported. Computations on model cluster C5, C6, and C9 are also reported to show that one needs large basis sets, extended use of polarization functions, and correlation corrections for quantitative results, more accurate than ∼5 kcal/mol per carbon atom, in the total energy, as in this work.
Integrated management of cooling resources in air-cooled data centers

To accommodate the dynamic environment within raised floor data centers, cooling capacity is tuned during operation through zonal control means, e.g., active management of air conditioning resources. However, due to the spatial variance of cooling efficiency and time-varying cooling demand within zones, zonal adjustments alone are not able to maximize the thermal capacity of data centers. Without making local adjustments to the physical structure, such as altering vent tile openings, a data center can suffer significant reduction in thermal capacity and cooling efficiency, and such that facility lifespan. In this paper, we present active cooling technologies using both local and zonal actuators that improve overall cooling efficiency. Experimental evaluation in a data center shows that the integrated controller can adapt to changes to the system under control, significantly improve the controllability of the temperatures and reduce the energy consumption of the cooling facility.
Surgical Correction of Anomalous Left Ventricular Pre-excitation: Wolff-Parkinson-White (Type A)

This report describes two patients with the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome including episodes of supraventricular tachycardia and atrial fibrillation. Both patients had Type A electrocardiograms. Electrophysiological studies demonstrated pre-excitation and evidence that the site of pre-excitation involved the left ventricle. The effective refractory periods of the accessory pathway during atrioventricular conduction were 240 and 220 msec respectively. Epicardial mapping at the time of surgery showed that anomalous excitation began adjacent to the annulus of the mitral valve near a marginal branch of the left circumflex coronary artery. An incision which separated the atrial muscle from the annulus of the mitral valve at the region of anomalous excitation abolished the delta wave. Epicardial maps after surgery showed normal ventricular activation and follow-up studies have shown normal electrocardiograms and no arrhythmias.
Theory of massive and massless Yang-Mills fields

Introducing the Lagrangian multiplier field $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\ensuremath{\chi}}(x)$, a canonical formalism for the Yang-Mills fields ${\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{f}}}_{\ensuremath{\mu}}(x)$ with mass $M\ensuremath{\ge}0$ is proposed within the framework of an indefinite-metric quantum field theory. The formalism for the massive ${\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{f}}}_{\ensuremath{\mu}}$ has a well-defined zero-mass limit, and the reduction of the physical components of ${\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{f}}}_{\ensuremath{\mu}}$ as $M\ensuremath{\rightarrow}0$ is embodied in an elegant way. Using the field equation for $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\ensuremath{\chi}}(x)$ and the path integral, we find that the "extra" factor in the amplitude due to the interaction of $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\ensuremath{\chi}}(x)$ in the intermediate states is ${[\mathrm{det}(1+{(\ensuremath{\square}+{M}^{2})}^{\ensuremath{-}1}g{\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{f}}}_{\ensuremath{\mu}}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{\ensuremath{\partial}}^{\ensuremath{\mu}})]}^{\frac{\ensuremath{-}1}{2}}\ensuremath{\equiv}{{D}_{M}}^{\frac{\ensuremath{-}1}{2}}$ for the massive ${\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{f}}}_{\ensuremath{\mu}}$, and that the extra factor is ${{D}_{M=0}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ for the massless ${\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{f}}}_{\ensuremath{\mu}}$ because of their different degrees of observable freedom. Thus, the resultant rules for the Feynman diagrams for $Mg0$ and $M=0$ are not smoothly connected. The theory is covariant, renormalizable, and unitary after the extra parts are removed from the amplitudes. The problems of unitarization and renormalizability are discussed.
Transformation of Mono- and Multi-Chromatic Water Waves Propagating From a Quasi-Deepwater to a Shallow Water Region

A vertically integrated 3D numerical model that uses the concept of depth average velocity distribution with enhanced dispersion characteristics investigates the propagation and transformation of mono- and multi-chromatic waves from a quasi-deep region to shallow water region. A finite difference method has been employed for the numerical computation that follows ADI (Alternating Direction Implicit) algorithm. The local sea bottom is uneven and turns into a moderately shallow water due to presence of a ridge-like bottom near the coast. The bottom configuration is from a location off Nova Scotia coast in Canada. Detail results and discussions are presented.Copyright © 2009 by National Research Council Canada
Electronic structure of Fe-based amorphous alloys studied using electron-energy-loss spectroscopy

The local atomic electronic structures of Fe-Mo-C-B metallic glasses are investigated using electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS). The fracture behavior of this Fe-based amorphous alloy system undergoes the transition from being ductile to exhibiting brittleness when alloyed with Cr or Er atoms. In addition, the glass-forming ability is also enhanced. This plastic-to-brittle transition is suggested to correlate with the change of local atomic short-range order or bonding configurations. Therefore, the bonding configuration of Fe-Mo-C-B-Er(Cr) amorphous alloys is investigated by studying the electronic structure of Fe and C atoms using electron energy-loss spectroscopy. It is shown that the normalized EELS white line intensities of $\mathrm{Fe}\text{\ensuremath{-}}{L}_{2,3}$ edges decrease slightly with an increasing amount of Er additions, while no noticeable difference is obtained with Cr additions. As for the C $K$ edge, a prominent change of edge shape is observed for both alloy systems, where the first peak corresponding to a $1s\ensuremath{\rightarrow}1{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{*}$ transition increases with increasing Er and Cr additions. Accordingly, it is concluded that changes in the local atomic and electronic structure occur around Fe and C atoms when Er and Cr are introduced into the alloys. Furthermore, it is pointed out that the formation of Er-C and Cr-C carbide like local order inferred from the observed C $K$ edge spectra can provide a plausible explanation for the plastic-to-brittle transition observed in these Fe-based amorphous alloys. In spite of the complexity of electronic and atomic structure in this multicomponent Fe-based metallic glass system, this study could serve as a starting point for providing a qualitative interpretation between electronic structure and plasticity in the Fe-Mo-C-B amorphous alloy system. Complimentary techniques, such as x-ray diffraction and high-resolution transmission electron microscope are also employed, providing a more complete structural characterization.
Enhanced parallel fiber frequency-following after reduction of postsynaptic activity.

The frequency-following capabilities of the parallel fibers (Pf) of the rat cerebellar cortex were studied in the presence and absence of surround synaptic activity. When synaptic potentials were reduced or eliminated by local superfusion of the cerebellum with calcium antagonists or when they were reduced following a stimulation train, the Pfs showed more reliable frequency-following. Enhancement of synaptic activity with 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) application leads to a decrease in the frequency-following capabilities of the Pfs. When calcium antagonists were added to the 4-AP superfusate the synaptic enhancing effect of 4-AP was obliterated, and the Pfs displayed more reliable frequency-following capabilities. In addition, an extracellular slow potential was monitored and described in relation to the amplitude of the parallel fiber volley. We interpret these results to indicate that changes associated with postsynaptic activity of molecular layer neuronal elements may influence the frequency-following properties of presynaptic elements, i.e. the parallel fibers, possibly via an extracellular pathway.
Architectural challenges and solutions for petascale postprocessing

With petascale applications comes petascale data; gleaning knowledge and insight from this large-scale data is widely accepted to be a limiting factor in many fields of scientific endeavor. Large-scale data presents two incredible challenges: scale and complexity. The scale challenge refers to the problem of being able to process tremendous numbers of bytes of data within some time constraint. The complexity challenge is more subtle; petascale data is inherently complex and reducing this data to comprehensible forms is difficult. For the scale challenge, it is often assumed that continued usage of techniques viable at the terascale will provide a recipe for success at the petascale. We argue the opposite: following this path will result in cost prohibitive solutions. Instead, we must pursue 'smarter' techniques, such as in situ and multi-resolution processing, which are well established by a decade's worth of research. The forms of postprocessing are very diverse, but they can be summarized in broad use cases: data exploration, presentation graphics, quantitative analysis, comparative analysis, and visual debugging. Together, these use cases are responsive to the complexity challenge. Moreover, these use cases are responsive to the demands of the user community. Making pretty pictures is just one component of the simulation community's postprocessing needs and all of these needs must be addressed for petascale data. A major focus of this paper is to construct a road map for realizing this broad set of use cases at the petascale, and, further, to do this in the most economical way possible. None of the smart processing techniques we consider are a panacea; none are capable of supporting every use case. However, a software architecture that underpins these processing techniques and that can dynamically select between them will provide an economical way to meet these challenging requirements, and in this paper we discuss such an architecture.
Some methodological questions concerning free-response receiver operating characteristic analysis as a method for assessing image quality in radiology

McLean, Virginia 22102-3481ABSTRACT'This paper raises methodological questions concerning Free-Response Receiver Operating Characteristic(FROC) analysis as used to judge the quality of images in radiology. This paper has three purposes: describingFROC analysis as used in the literature; discussing whether FROC methods achieve their objectives; andidentifying several methodological shortcomings in FROC at the present state of the art that must be solved ifFROC is to be fully useful.1. INTRODUCTIONThe use of ROC analysis (of which FROC is a subset) to evaluate the quality of medical images is steadilyincreasing.1' li, 14, 22 Today, FROC is the principal technique using human observers for testingcompeting medical imaging modalities. FROC analysis seeks to elicit expert radiological opinion concerningthe quality of radiological images in an objective, valid, replicable way. In one of its most importantapplications, FROC analysis is used to determine which of two or more imaging modalities is superior bymeasuring the ability of observers to identify pathologies using each modality. If observers obtain better FROCcurves (see figure 1) with one modality than with others, the imaging modality used to get the better curve (i.e.,nearer the upper left hand corner of figure 1) produces the beuer images.2. SEPARATING THE OBSERVER FROM THE OBSERVED USING FROCFROC seeks to separate the inherent ability of an imaging modality to portray various states of disease andhealth from the balance struck (consciously or otherwise, by radiologists between false positive and false
Effects of diflubenzuron (Dimilin) on survival, molting, and behavior of juvenile fiddler crabs, Uca pugilator.

The effects of repetitive 24-hr weekly exposures to diflubenzuron (Dimilin®) on juvenile fiddler crabs (Uca pugilator) were studied in static seawater systems for 10 weeks. Crabs surviving the 10-week exposure period were maintained in clean seawater until death. Survival, molting, and behavior were monitored daily. The no-effect concentration (NOEC) for molting (time to the first molt), survival (time until death), and behavior (ability to escape from the test container) were 20, 2, and 0.2 μg/L DFB, respectively. The behavioral effect induced by diflubenzuron (DFB) exposures (>2 μg/L) was the most sensitive indicator of DFB activity and potentially may influence the ability of juvenile crabs to avoid predation, construct burrows, or feed adequately to survive in nature.
Distribution-free lack-of-fit tests in balanced mixed models

Here we discuss the problem of fitting a parametric model to the regression function of the fixed effects in a class of balanced mixed effects models. The proposed test is based on the supremum of the Khmaladze transformation of a certain partial sum process of calibrated residuals, and the asymptotic null distribution of this transformed process turns out to be the same as that of a time transformed standard Brownian motion. Moreover, we show that this test is consistent against a large class of fixed alternatives and has non-trivial asymptotic power against a class of nonparametric local alternatives. Simulation studies are conducted to assess the finite sample performance of the proposed test.