cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Experimental Investigation of a Three-Dimensional Boundary Layer Flow in the Vicinity of an Upright Wall Mounted Cylinder (Data Bank Contribution)

The flow of a three-dimensional boudary layer approaching an upright wall mounted circular cylinder has been experimentally investigated by means of instantaneous flow visualization techniques using a laser sheet and time resolved measurements of the wall pressure, the gradients of which are related to the vorticity flux away from the wall. The mean separation point of the oncoming boundary layer is located on the plane of symmetry, 0.76 and 0.82 diameters upstream of the cylinder diameter, of 1.0×10 5 and 2.2×10 5 , respectively
Effects of ethylene on auxin transport.

The effect of ethylene on the uptake, distribution and polar transport of C 14 from indole-3-acetic acid-2-C 14 and naphthalene acetic acid-1-C 14 in tissue sections was studied. Test species were cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum , L.) and cowpea ( Vigna sinensis , Endl.). Generally, incubation of tissue or intact plants with ethylene reduced the degree of polar auxin transport. Ethylene inhibited the movement of both auxins in stem tissue and IAA in petiole tissue of cotton. The effect of ethylene on auxin movement in cow-peas was more complex. Ethylene apparently inhibited transport in younger petiole and stem tissue, but stimulated the process to a small but significant degree in basal petiole segments. Ethylene, in some experiments, reduced C 14 (auxin) uptake. This reduction was consistently smaller than the inhibition of transport. Effects upon transport were observed when uptake was not different. Differences in uptake declined as the period of incubation with auxin was lengthened, but transport was inhibited for up to 23 hours. It is proposed that ethylene may, through its effect on transport, cause localized shortages and surpluses of auxin which in turn contribute to symptoms now associated with the response of sensitive species to ethylene.
What will our ruminants drink

• Historically, drinking water for ruminants has been a relatively inexpensive and abundant resource, but this is changing in both developed and developing countries. • Despite the great amount of attention paid to other essential nutrients by animal scientists and livestock farmers in the last century, water nutrition and water quality have not been adequately examined. Even today, drinking water is seldom considered a potentially limiting factor for the productivity and health of ruminants. Farmers rarely have information about the 2 major initial factors for assessing the adequacy of water nutrition on any farm: how much the animals are drinking and what the quality of that water is. • Although livestock will never rival humans for the world’s supply of potable water, they do use large amounts in some production systems. Nonetheless, ruminants also hold a unique niche in the production of food and other tangibles for humans by their ability to consume fi brous and lower quality feedstuffs (e.g., forages and by-products) not utilizable as food directly by humans and other nonruminants, and to convert these feeds into highquality proteins, vitamins, fats, and energy for humans. This unique capacity of ruminants very much depends on suffi cient quantities of water for maintenance, digestion, absorption, and assimilation. • Should potable drinking water become scare in some areas of the world, domestic ruminants may be forced to consume poorer quality water containing anti-quality factors. If we are to sustain the increasing demand for animal products and improve the standard of living globally, the conservation and recycling of clean drinking water on ruminant farms will be critical. Otherwise, the only alternative may be widespread use of water treatment systems. • Doubtless, ruminant farmers must improve their management by carefully using and conserving the available clean water for their animals. The future viability of ruminant production systems depends on it. Through more effi cient use of water, farmers can maximize animal performance and health while simultaneously optimizing on-farm use (from irrigation for feed crop production through recycling and conservation) to reduce the water footprint of each farm. Introduction
Air pollution and hospital admissions for respiratory disease.

Several recent studies have reported associations between short-term changes in air pollution and respiratory hospital admissions. Most of those studies analyzed locations where there was a high correlation between airborne particles and sulfur dioxide (SO2), and between all air pollutants and temperature. Here, I seek to replicate the previous findings in a location where SO2 concentrations were trivial, and the correlation between both airborne particles and ozone with temperature was considerably lower than in previous studies. I constructed daily counts of admissions to all hospitals in Spokane, WA, for respiratory disease (International Classification of Diseases, 9th revision, codes 460-519) for persons age 65 years and older. I computed average daily concentrations of airborne particles whose diameter is 10 microns or less (PM10) and ozone (O3) from all monitors in each city, and I obtained daily average temperature and humidity from the U.S. weather service. SO2 concentrations in Spokane were so low that monitoring was discontinued. I regressed daily respiratory admission counts on temperature, humidity, day of the week indicators, and air pollution. I used a Poisson regression analysis and removed long wavelength patterns using a nonparametric smooth function of day of study. I dealt with a possible U-shaped dependence of admissions on temperature and/or humidity by using nonparametric smooth functions of weather variables as well. I then examined sensitivity analyses to control for weather. Both PM10 and ozone were associated with increased risk of respiratory hospital admissions [relative risk (RR) = 1.085; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.036-1.136 for a 50-microgram per m3 increase in PM10, and RR = 1.244; 95% CI = 1.002-1.544 for a 50-microgram per m3 increase in peak-hour ozone]. The PM10 association was insensitive to alternative methods of control for weather, including exclusion of extreme temperature days and control for temperature on multiple days. The ozone results were more sensitive to the approach for weather control. The magnitude of the PM10 effect in this location, where SO2 was essentially not present, and where the correlation between PM10 and temperature was close to zero, was similar to that reported in other locations in the eastern United States and Europe, where confounding by weather and SO2 is a more substantial concern.
Cerebral resistance to anoxia in the marine turtle

The extraordinary ability of the turtle to withstand prolonged anoxia was examined in cerebral cortex in situ by recording changes in the reduction/oxidation ratio of cytochrome a,a3 by reflection spectrophotometry. Inspiration of 100% oxygen increased the oxidation of cytochrome a,a3 beyond that of the air breathing control, suggesting that cytochrome a,a3 is not fully oxidized under normoxic conditions in turtle brain. A similar response was seen also in cerebral cortex of the rat. The significance of the cytochrome a,a3 reduction in these intact tissues is discussed. Both severe hypoxia (100% N2) and asphyxia produced increasing levels of reduced cytochrome a,a3 in turtle and rat brains. The rat of change produced by N2 inspiration was greater than that produced by asphyxia in both species. This is interpreted as demonstrating an open pulmonary blood circulation during anoxia. In turtles, levels of reduced cytochrome a,a3 were maintained for over 3 h of continual N2 inspiration. Subsequent inspiration of room air resulted in a full restoration of turtle brain cytochrome a,a3 redox state within 30 sex. In the rat, continued N2 inspiration resulted in a rapid reduction of cytochrome a,a3 to a plateau (3 min) which became irreversible within a short period. An extended tolerance of N2 inspiration found in rats cooled to temperatures approximating that of the turtle was inadequate to account for the wide species of difference. We suggest that special adaptations, not related to the redox state of cytochrome oxidase under normoxic conditions, are responsible for maintaining the functional integrity and the capacity for cytochrome oxidase re-oxidation of turtle brain mitochondria under prolonged anoxia.
The Association of Complete Heart Block and Adams-Stokes Syndrome in Two Cases of Mobitz Type of Block Case Reports

Two cases exhibiting the Mobitz-type of second-degree atrioventricular heart block are reported. This rhythm may be unstable, and progression to complete heart block and Adams-Stokes seizures has been observed.
Confronting the Epidemic of Childhood Obesity

In a recent policy statement emphasizing early identification and prevention strategies, the American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Nutrition refers to an “epidemic” of excessive weight and frank obesity in children.1 Similarly, this rather graphic term can be found in a number of recent articles, commentaries, reports from expert consensus conferences, and pronouncements by public officials. “Epidemic” is usually used to describe the spread of an infectious disease. Although not contagious, childhood obesity is spreading like influenza, and we have no vaccine against it. Its prevalence is increasing worldwide, even in less-developed countries. In the United States, childhood obesity is the most common nutritional disorder (1 in 3 are overweight or close to it), with disproportionately high rates in ethnic minorities. American children are on … Address correspondence to Myron Genel, MD, Department of Pediatrics, Yale University School of Medicine, PO Box 208081, New Haven, CT 06520-8081. E-mail: myron.genel{at}yale.edu
The Kallmann's syndrome variant (KSV) model of the schizophrenias

The KSV model of the schizophrenias proposes that up to 70% of schizophrenics have a pathogenic allele, or abnormal expression, of the KALIG-1 gene which is located at Xp22.3. This gene encodes a nerve-cell adhesion molecule (N-CAM) like protein, and is deleted in 66% of patients with Kallmann's syndrome, anosmia with secondary hypogonadism. Although superficially distinct, the schizophrenias and Kallmann's syndrome show numerous parallel trait defects which occur with a similar sex distribution. These defects are usually more profound in Kallmann's syndrome. Occasionally, Kallmann's patients exhibit additional defects, such as ichthyosis, which are due to the further deletion or translocation of adjacent genes. Since schizophrenics exhibit virtually all known trait defects in Kallmann's except these, it suggests that the aberrant genes are defective, but not deleted in schizophrenia. It also appears that compensatory mechanisms, involving serine proteases, are active in schizophrenia, which largely preserve fertility, but at the expense of an increased vulnerability to develop a psychosis by an episodic disruption of the blood-CSF barrier. Consequently, schizophrenia is rare in Kallmann's patients, while most schizophrenics are capable of reproduction.
Searching for Evidence of Transfer between Drug Facilitators

Abstract Four autoshaping experiments with pigeons examined the transfer of facilitation between drug stimuli. In Experiment 1 the presence and absence of methadone or phencyclidine signaled which of two keylight CSs were followed by grain (US). A different keylight CS was reinforced in the absence of the drugs. The drugs facilitated responding to the CS with which they were trained but did not facilitate responding to the CS reinforced in the presence of the other drug. Thus, transfer of facilitation across drug stimuli was not obtained. In Experiment 2 one of the drug facilitators was replaced by a tone. No evidence of transfer of facilitative function was obtained between the tone and the remaining drug facilitator. In Experiment 3 transfer was again not found using a design similar to that used in Experiment 1 except that the drugs did not simultaneously signal nonreinforcement of a keylight CS. In Experiment 4 the procedures of Experiment 1 were employed except that drug facilitators were replaced by distinct visual stimuli surrounding the response key. Clear evidence of transfer between the visual facilitators was obtained. The lack of transfer of modulatory control by drug stimuli in Experiments 1–3, coupled with its occurrence in Experiment 4 and previous studies, suggests that stimulus control by drugs may differ in important ways from stimulus control by conventional stimuli.
The effect of membrane lipid unsaturation on glycoside transport.

Abstract The effect of temperature upon the rates of β-galactoside and β-glucoside transport has been studied in an unsaturated fatty acid auxotroph of E. coli K12 grown on oleic acid or linoleic acid supplemented media. Arrhenius plots of the data for both transport systems are biphasic with changes in slope extrapolating to approximately 13° and 7°C for cells grown with oleate and linoleate supplementation respectively. The slopes of the curves are, however, similar for both fatty acids above and below the transition points. These data suggest that the membrane may exist in two physical states, one above and the other below a transition point determined by the composition of the lipid phase.
Trends in the geographic inequality of cardiovascular disease mortality in the United States, 1962-1982.

Abstract Substantial geographic variation of cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality within the U.S. has been recognized for decades. Analyses reported here address the question of whether relative geographic inequality has increased or decreased during the period of rapidly declining CVD mortality 1962–1982. Trends in geographic inequality, as measured by the weighted coefficient of variation of State Economic Area rates, are analyzed for whites and blacks by sex for 10-year age groups 35–44 to 85 and over. The average annual percent change in the coefficient of variation for each demographic group is presented for all cause mortality, all CVD, stroke and ischemic heart disease. In general, geographic inequalities declined in total mortality for all except the youngest age group. This is consistent with reports of a strong convergence of age-adjusted cancer mortality in U.S. counties. By contrast, increasing geographic inequality dominates in the CVD categories, especially for whites in heart disease and stroke. At younger ages, increases in the coefficient of variation for all race-sex groups exceeded 1% per year in stroke and 2% per year in heart disease. These results suggest that factors influencing the percent decline of CVD mortality are not reaching communities of the U.S. equally. Since increases in relative inequality are strongest in the younger age groups, the pattern of inequality may be accentuated as these cohorts move into ages of higher mortality.
Synthesis and structure of a bis-trifluoromethylthiolate complex of nickel

Abstract Reaction of [(dippe)NiI2] (dippe = 1,2-bis(diisopropylphosphino)ethane) with excess [NMe4][SCF3] led to the formation of [(dippe)Ni(SCF3)2] (1) in 92% isolated yield. Complex 1 has been structurally characterized, and the data provides the first experimentally determined bond parameters of a nickel–trifluoromethylthiolate complex. The molecule lies on a two-fold axis, with nickel-phosphorus bonds of 2.1828(4) A and nickel-sulfur bonds of 2.2395(4) A. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations predict that the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) is sulfur-centered and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) is nickel-centered.
Nutrition and Metabolic Support in the 21st Century

New approaches to nutritional support are necessary to test therapies that may potentially enhance outcomes. Such approaches include the move to rely on the enteral route for nutrient delivery, the ability to reduce exogenous calories in our nutritional support systems, the need to utilize nutrients for their pharmacological effects, the ability to use growth factors to enhance nutrient efficacy, and the ability to institute nutritional supplementation before elective operations, thus practicing preventative nutrition. Testing these approaches in the years to come should allow us to identify modalities that will permit us to move away from nutritional therapy as a supportive modality and use it as a primary or secondary method of patient care.
Effects of percentage of reinforcement and number of reinforcements in S+ on discrimination learning in the runway

Williams (1989) reported that discrimination learning and its reversal in the operant chamber are regulated by the number of reinforcements to the S+ alternative independently of reinforcement schedule, a finding Williams called the invariance effect. To determine whether there is an invariance effect in the runway, we trained four groups of rats on a successive brightness discrimination problem and its reversal. The experimental design was a factorial combination of two reinforcement schedules associated with S+ (partial reinforcement, PRF, vs. consistent reinforcement, CRF) and the number of trials per day to S+ (five vs. seven). The design provided one PRF group and one CRF group given the same number of reinforcements to S+. It also provided for a comparison between two PRF groups given different percentages of reinforcement in S+, and for PRF and CRF groups given the same number of trials in S+. PRF impaired both original discrimination learning and reversal learning whether PRF and CRF groups were equated for number of trials or for number of reinforcements, and learning was not affected by the percentage of reinforcement difference between the two PRF groups. Thus, no invariance effect was obtained.
The derivation of the transfer functions of homeostatic systems from experimental response curves.

(1949). The Derivation of the Transfer Functions of Homeostatic Systems from Experimental Response Curves. The Journal of Psychology: Vol. 28, No. 2, pp. 487-493.
Subdivisions of the visual system labeled with the Cat-301 antibody in tree shrews.

The monoclonal antibody Cat-301 was used to stain neurons and neuropil in the visual thalamus and cortex of tree shrews —small, highly visual mammals that are closely related to primates. Previously, this antibody has been found to label neurons associated with the Y-cell stream of processing in cats and the magnocellular or M-cell stream in macaque monkeys. In tree shrews, the antibody selectively labeled layers 1, 2, 4, and 5 of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus, layers that are likely to contain neurons previously classified as Y-cells. Of the two layers that contain W-cells, layer 3 was unlabeled and layer 6 was lightly labeled. In area 17, layer 3c was densely stained, as in cats and macaque monkeys. The external half of layer 5 was also densely stained, in contrast to cats where the internal half of layer 5 is stained and macaques where layer 5 is sparsely stained. Area 18 was characterized by dense, uniform staining of inner layer 3 and outer layer 5, but no pattern of alternating light and dense bands crossed the width of area 18 as in macaques. Dense labeling of these same sublayers occurred in cortical areas TA and TD just lateral to area 18. Area TD may be the homologue of area MT of primates, which also stains densely with Cat-301 in macaques. These results indicate that Cat-301 differentially labels layers and areas in the visual system of tree shrews, and raise intriguing issues of comparison among tree shrews, primates, and cats.
Desorption of nitric acid from boehmite and gibbsite.

Solid-state Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), evolved gas analysis-FTIR (EGA-FTIR), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) have been used to investigate the desorption of nitric acid from boehmite and from gibbsite. Samples containing between 3 and 36% of adsorbed nitric acid by mass were prepared by placing the mineral in a 70% nitric acid solution or by the adsorption of nitric acid vapors in humid air. FTIR established that water-solvated nitrate was the main species adsorbed on the surface of either mineral under these conditions. The water-solvated nitrate vaporized as nitric acid at ∼400 K with an enthalpy of desorption of ∼50 kJ/mol for both surfaces. A second nitric acid desorption occurred at ∼450 K and had an enthalpy of desorption of 85 kJ/mol (95 kJ/mol) for boehmite (gibbsite). This was assigned as desorption of partially solvated aluminum hydroxylated nitrate. Monodentate and bridging nitrate were also observed on the boehmite. These spe...
Z c (3900) as a Four-Quark State

Using the method of QCD sum rules, we derive the correlator πZ for a state consisting of two charm quarks and two light quarks, \(c\bar {d}\bar {c}u\), and carry out a Borel transform to find πZ(MB). From this we find the solution that MB ≃ 3.9 ±. 2 GeV, showing that the Zc(3900) is a tetra-quark state.
A method for density measurements employing an asymmetry of lineshapes in dense plasmas and its implementation in a vacuum spark discharge

Abstract Kudrin and Sholin (Sov. Phys. Doklady 1963;7;1015) pointed out that the nonuniformity of the ion microfield is the leading cause for the asymmetry of hydrogen lineshapes in dense plasmas. They suggested using a relative difference of intensities of the blue and red maxima of the line profile for density measurements. We have developed an enhanced diagnostic method which is more accurate than the one suggested by Kudrin and Sholin, and it is extended from neutral hydrogen to multicharged, hydrogen-like ions, and thus to significantly higher densities. We have implemented the method for a vacuum spark discharge in carbon, which has a pinch diameter estimated from an equal density profile scan to be 100 μm. A carbon spectrum is obtained from the micropinches of a vacuum spark discharged at 12 kV using a grazing incidence flat-field spectrometer. Hydrogen-like and helium-like lines are identified in the spectrum. The intensity ratio of the Lyman α to the helium-like γ line [1s4p→1s2] gives an electron temperature of 90–95 eV. The absence of the helium intercombination line in the carbon plasma indicates that the electron density is greater than 1×10 19 cm −3 . Hydrogen-like lines up to Lyman δ are clearly visible in the spectrum, while Lyman e is located at the borderline with the quasi-continuum and is therefore faint. The diagnostic method that we developed is applied to the Lyman δ line: its profile shows a significant asymmetry, the blue part of the profile being about 16% more intense than the red one. This method yields an electron density of (2.8±1)×10 20 cm −3 . We compared this result with a comparative analysis of the experimental FWHM of the Lyman β and Lyman δ lines. In this way we estimated an electron density of (3.4±0.4)×10 20 cm −3 and a bulk plasma speed of about 1.4×10 7 cm / s . Thus, we demonstrated that our method for density measurements employing an asymmetry of lineshape in dense plasmas yields results consistent with the analysis of the FWHM of the lines in the spectral series. However, it requires obtaining the profile of just one spectral line, which is an obvious advantage.
Mechanism of action of bacterial phytotoxin, syringomycin. Simultaneous measurement of early responses in yeast and maize

Abstract Metabolic events following the addition of the phytotoxin syringomycin were characterized in cell suspensions of the yeast Rhodotorula pilimanae and maize callus cells. The toxin induced K+ efflux, a cessation in the acidification of the suspension medium, and a change in oxygen consumption. In yeast cells, an increased electric field over the plasma membrane was found as measured by enhanced tetraphenylphosphonium (TPP+) uptake. At high concentrations of the toxin, the electric field increase was transient, the medium acidification was reversed, and the respiration rate was lowered. Restriction of the oxygen supply of the cells allowed the separation of two syringomycin-induced TPP+ uptake phases. The first component, observed with a minimal supply of oxygen, was accompanied by a net influx of protons and K+ efflux. The second component was observed with subsequent aeration of the cell suspension and coincided with the reestablishment of medium acidification. We postulate that a transport protein (probably a H+/K+ antiporter) in the plasma membrane is activated allowing an electrogenic K+ efflux down its concentration gradient and a simultaneous H+ influx. In addition, an energy dependent proton flux from the cytoplasm to another cell compartment is postulated to account for the second TPP+ uptake phase.
MOSC domains: ancient, predicted sulfur-carrier domains, present in diverse metal–sulfur cluster biosynthesis proteins including Molybdenum cofactor sulfurases

Using computational analysis, a novel superfamily of β-strand-rich domains was identified in the Molybdenum cofactor sulfurase and several other proteins from both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. These MOSC domains contain an absolutely conserved cysteine and occur either as stand-alone forms such as the bacterial YiiM proteins, or fused to other domains such as a NifS-like catalytic domain in Molybdenum cofactor sulfurase. The MOSC domain is predicted to be a sulfur-carrier domain that receives sulfur abstracted by the pyridoxal phosphate-dependent NifS-like enzymes, on its conserved cysteine, and delivers it for the formation of diverse sulfur–metal clusters. The identification of this domain may clarify the mechanism of biogenesis of various metallo-enzymes including Molybdenum cofactor-containing enzymes that are compromised in human type II xanthinuria.
Crown Ethers as Solvent Extraction Reagents: Where do We Stand?

Abstract It is perhaps prophetic that among the first applications of crown ethers was their use as solvent extraction reagents. In 1962 the compound 2, 3, 11, 12-dibenzo-1, 4, 7, 10, 13, 16-hexaoxacycloocta-2, 11-diene, now mercifully called dibenzo-18-crown-6. was identified and was found to form alkali-metal-salt adducts that were soluble in organic solvents. These serendipitously discovered extraction properties of crown ethers were later used to compare the complex-formation properties of metal ions with crown ethers, and it was observed that salts of organophilic anions were more readily transferred to aprotic solvents. Plcrate salts were extensively used in this role. However, those seeking analytical or process applications of the unusual complexing abilities of macrocycles needed the aqueous anion to be one of the more common mineral acid anions such as chloride, nitrate, or sulfate. This problem was circumvented in the late 1970′s when it was discovered that crown ethers mixed with an organophil...
Teaching in a clinical setting.

When I was invited to write a commentary on “The Teaching Alliance,” I was pleased, but at the same time I was reminded of my early psychoanalytic training, when emphasis was placed on “what made a good analyst." There were the familiar edicts of maintaining abstinence, maintaining neutrality, and maintaining anonymity. All of these “instructions” were meant to lay the groundwork for the analytic candidate to become a “good analyst." It was a prescription for learning to become a good analyst. In a similar way this paper seems to provide a prescription for what makes a good teacher. While I agree that teaching, like conducting psychotherapy, requires structure, however, too much structure obviates creativity. Equating the therapeutic alliance (Greenson, 1965; Zetzel, 1956) with the “teaching alliance” is an imaginative way to approach teaching in a clinical setting. Ursano and her colleagues write in their opening paragraphs that good teaching is built on meeting the student learner’s at the point where, when, and how they can learn. This is a creative use of an axiom used in social work clinical training: “Start where the patient is." In other words, many of the authors’ concepts are borrowed from teaching in other clinical disciplines, yet applied in a novel manner and with good intention to their perspective on the good teacher. My comments will focus on elucidating further ideas, such as setting the frame for teaching and witnessing the trainee’s learning struggles with empathy and holding, thus helping the student learner develop self–definition and an identity as a helper (Poland 2000). I will discuss the importance of the teacher being a good listener, but in addition to being able to listen, the teacher also must be able to hear what the trainee is saying. This is especially so when there are obstacles to learning, so that teachers can become learners as well as teachers. “The teacher must talk," as the authors write, but at times silence is important for giving the students a place where they can struggle to learn within a safe and respectful space. I agree with the authors that teaching is an interpersonal endeavor, so particular attention must be paid to the relational component between teacher and student. This will help the trainee move from a position of union with the teacher to a more separate, integrated self with a firm identity as a clinician. The teaching alliance, as the authors indicated, is based on shared beliefs between learner and teacher that they are there for the purpose of teaching the student and learning for both the student and the teacher. As in the therapeutic alliance, a good outcome in the teaching alliance is based partly on the positive relationship between teacher and learner. Psychiatry 70(3) Fall 2007 218
Degradation products and a unique endonuclease in heterogeneous nuclear RNA in sea urchin embryos.

A cytoplasmic component sedimenting at 4S seems to be an intermediate in the degradation of heterogeneous nuclear RNA; a cytoplasmic endo-nuclease which may be involved in this process has been identified.
Structural Composition, Growth Stage, and Cultivar Affects on Kentucky Bluegrass Forage Yield and Nutrient Composition

Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) is an important turf and forage grass, yet there is little information on its forage yield and nutrient composition. This study evaluated the effect of Kentucky bluegrass cultivar (Ascot, Kenblue, Limousine, and Touchdown), growth stage (boot, anthesis, and seed ripening), and structural composition (percentage head, leaf, and stem) on forage yield and nutrient composition. Nutrient composition measurements included dry matter, crude protein (CP), acid detergent fiber (ADF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), lignin, and 48-h in vitro true digestibility (IVTD). Tall cultivars had the greatest yield, and yield tended to be greatest at seed ripening. Structural composition varied among cultivars due to differences in cultivar height and yield. Nutrient composition was not different among cultivars despite differences in structural composition among cultivars and nutrient composition differences among structural components. Leaves were greatest in IVTD (636 g kg -1 ), stems were greatest in NDF (740 g kg -1 ) and ADF (430 g kg -1 ), and lowest in CP (30 g kg -1 ) and IVTD (455 g kg -1 ), and heads were lowest in ADF (269 g kg -1 ) and greatest in lignin (83 g kg -1 ). Nutrient level was greatest at boot and averaged 435 g kg -1 NDF, 197 g kg -1 ADF, 17 g kg -1 lignin, 165 g kg -1 CP, and 766 g kg -1 IVTD. On average between boot and anthesis, CP decreased 0.57% d -1 in 2003 and 0.21% d -1 in 2004, and IVTD declined 0.47% d -1 in 2003 and 0.49% d -1 in 2004. Nutrient level decreased as the stand aged due to an increase in structural carbohydrates and a decrease in IVTD.
E-unitary inverse monoids and the Cayley graph of a group presentation

Abstract Geometric methods have played a fundamental and crucial role in combinatorial group theory almost from the inception of that field. In this paper we initiate a study of the use of some of these methods in inverse semigroup theory. We modify a lemma of I. Simon and show how to construct E -unitary inverse monoids from the free idempotent and commutative category over the Cayley graph of the maximal group image. The construction provides an expansion from the category of X -generated groups to the category of X -generated E -unitary inverse monoids and specializes to a construction of certain relatively free E -unitary inverse monoids. We show more generally that this construction is the left adjoint of the maximal group image functor. Munn's solution to the word problem for the free inverse monoids and several of the results of McAlister and McFadden on the free inverse semigroup with two commuting generators may be obtained fairly easily from the construction. We construct the free product of E -unitary inverse monoids, thus providing an alternate construction to that of Jones.
Amplified nocturnal luteinizing hormone (LH) secretory burst frequency with selective attenuation of pulsatile (but not basal) testosterone secretion in healthy aged men: possible Leydig cell desensitization to endogenous LH signaling--a clinical research center study.

The specific mechanisms underlying the relative hypogonadism of aging remain to be elucidated fully. We used frequent venous sampling (every 2.5 min), sensitive and specific LH and testosterone assays, and deconvolution analysis of the endocrine time series to delineate the differences between healthy young (n = 10, age 21-34 yr) and aged (n = 8, age 62-74 yr) men in the nocturnal secretion of LH and testosterone and their half-lives. We found that elderly men vs. young men had more frequent bursts of LH secretion (1.4 vs. 0.9/h, P = 0.003), less testosterone secreted per testosterone secretory burst (9.2 vs. 17.0 nmol/L, P = 0.021), and less testosterone secreted per hour (10.7 vs. 25.0 nmol/L.h, P = 0.05). As the frequency of nocturnal LH secretory bursts increased, the frequency of testosterone bursts decreased (r = -0.746, P = 0.034). We conclude that healthy aging is associated with diminished nocturnal testosterone production attributable to 1) a decrement in the mass of testosterone released per burst and 2) an inadequate response by the pituitary gland to enhance testosterone production via an accelerated LH secretory pulse frequency. We speculate that this may reflect a partial desensitization of Leydig cells to LH.
Spacecraft Conceptual Design for Returning Entire Near-Earth Asteroids

In situ resource utilization (ISRU) in general, and asteroid mining in particular are ideas that have been around for a long time, and for good reason. It is clear that ultimately human exploration beyond low-Earth orbit will have to utilize the material resources available in space. Historically, the lack of sufficiently capable in-space transportation has been one of the key impediments to the harvesting of near-Earth asteroid resources. With the advent of high-power (or order 40 kW) solar electric propulsion systems, that impediment is being removed. High-power solar electric propulsion (SEP) would be enabling for the exploitation of asteroid resources. The design of a 40-kW end-of-life SEP system is presented that could rendezvous with, capture, and subsequently transport a 1,000-metric-ton near-Earth asteroid back to cislunar space. The conceptual spacecraft design was developed by the Collaborative Modeling for Parametric Assessment of Space Systems (COMPASS) team at the Glenn Research Center in collaboration with the Keck Institute for Space Studies (KISS) team assembled to investigate the feasibility of an asteroid retrieval mission. Returning such an object to cislunar space would enable astronaut crews to inspect, sample, dissect, and ultimately determine how to extract the desired materials from the asteroid. This process could jump-start the entire ISRU industry
FLoc : Dependable Link Access for Legitimate Traffic in Flooding Attacks

Malware-contaminated hosts organized as a “bot network” can target and flood network links (e.g., routers). Yet, none of the countermeasures to link flooding proposed to date have provided dependable link access (i.e., bandwidth guarantees) for legitimate traffic during such attacks. In this paper, we present a router subsystem called FLoc (Flow Localization) that confines attack effects and provides differential bandwidth guarantees at a congested link: (1) packet flows of uncontaminated domains (i.e., Autonomous Systems) receive better bandwidth guarantees than packet flows of contaminated ones, and (2) legitimate flows of contaminated domains are guaranteed substantially higher bandwidth than attack flows. FLoc employs new preferential packet-drop and traffic-aggregation policies that limit “collateral damage” and protect legitimate flows from a wide variety of flooding attacks. We present FLoc’s analytical model for dependable link access, a router design based on it, and illustrate FLoc’s effectiveness using simulations of different flooding strategies and comparisons with other flooding defense schemes.
Prediction of Financial Contingency for Asphalt Resurfacing Projects using Artificial Neural Networks

Historically, actual construction costs have tended to exceed initial cost estimates and budgets. Often this discrepancy is significant enough to cause problems such as depletions of budgets, disputes, and reductions in work quality. Cost contingency is an important element included in the base cost estimate to protect construction participants including owners, contractors, and architects from the risks associated with underestimating project cost estimates and overrunning cost budgets. Typically, project participants have simply calculated contingency as a fixed percentage of project cost in spite of the importance of contingency. The uniform application of this deterministic method to calculate contingency on the basis of project costs only is not appropriate for all construction projects. This paper identifies factors that influence contingency and proposes a new method for predicting the owner’s financial contingency on transportation construction projects using an artificial neural network (ANN)–bas...
Effect of electron concentration on the phase stability of NbCr2-based Laves phase alloys

The phase stability in NbCr2-based transition-metal Laves phases was investigated, using data from binary X–Cr, Nb–X, and ternary Nb–Cr–X phase diagrams. It was shown that when the atomic size ratios are kept identical, the average electron concentration factor, e/a, is the dominating factor in controlling the phase stability of NbCr2-based transition-metal Laves phases. The e/a ratios for different Laves polytypes were determined as follows: with e/a 7.65, the C15 structure is stabilized again. A further increase in the electron concentration factor (e/a>8) leads to the disordering of the alloy.
Murine Cytomegalovirus Capsid Assembly Is Dependent on US22 Family Gene M140 in Infected Macrophages

Macrophages are an important target cell for infection with cytomegalovirus (CMV). A number of viral genes that either are expressed specifically in this cell type or function to optimize CMV replication in this host cell have now been identified. Among these is the murine CMV (MCMV) US22 gene family member M140, a nonessential early gene whose deletion (RVΔ140) leads to significant impairment in virus replication in differentiated macrophages. We have now determined that the defect in replication is at the stage of viral DNA encapsidation. Although the rate of RVΔ140 genome replication and extent of DNA cleavage were comparable to those for revertant virus, deletion of M140 resulted in a significant reduction in the number of viral capsids in the nucleus, and the viral DNA remained sensitive to DNase treatment. These data are indicative of incomplete virion assembly. Steady-state levels of both the major capsid protein (M86) and tegument protein M25 were reduced in the absence of the M140 protein (pM140). This effect may be related to the localization of pM140 to an aggresome-like, microtubule organizing center-associated structure that is known to target misfolded and overexpressed proteins for degradation. It appears, therefore, that pM140 indirectly influences MCMV capsid formation in differentiated macrophages by regulating the stability of viral structural proteins.
A Drought-Planning Methodology for Ranchers in the Great Plains

On the Ground Ranch drought planning is important for identifying management priorities, proactively evaluating management options before a drought occurs, and ultimately reducing the effects of drought on an operation and the grasslands that support it. An engagement activity with ranchers and ranch advisors developed a drought planning methodology to help other ranchers develop their own individual ranch drought plans. Although the ranchers and advisors who participated differed some on specific approaches, they agreed on the benefits of incorporating drought into overall ranch planning well in advance of drought and acknowledged the reality of having to make adjustments as situations arise.
Toward True Contextualism in Family Counseling

True contextualism recognizes the effects of sociocultural, economic, and politicalfactors on each family. When family counselors use a contextual approach, they enhance their abilities to appreciate cultural differences, to recognize the embeddedness of families in their communities, and to develop new models for working with families under stress.
LoPC: modeling contention in parallel algorithms

Parallel algorithm designers need computational models that take first order system costs into account, but are also simple enough to use in practice. This paper introduces the LoPC model, which is inspired by the LogP model but accounts for contention for message processing resources in parallel algorithms on a multiprocessor or network of workstations. LoPC takes the L, o and P parameters directly from the LogP model and uses them to predict the cost of contention, C.This paper defines the LoPC model and derives the general form of the model for parallel applications that communicate via active messages. Model modifications for systems that implement coherent shared memory abstractions are also discussed. We carry out the analysis for two important classes of applications that have irregular communication. In the case of parallel applications with homogeneous all-to-any communication, such as sparse matrix computations, the analysis yields a simple rule of thumb and insight into contention costs. In the case of parallel client-server algorithms, the LoPC analysis provides a simple and accurate calculation of the optimal allocation of nodes between clients and servers. The LoPC estimates for these applications are shown to be accurate when compared against event driven simulation and against a sparse matrix computation on the MIT Alewife multiprocessor.
Application of the titanium‐in‐quartz thermometer to pelitic migmatites from the Adirondack Highlands, New York

The TitaniQ (Ti-in-quartz) solubility thermometer was applied to migmatitic metapelites from the southern and western Adirondack Highlands, New York, to examine the effect of granulite facies metamorphism on the distribution of Ti in quartz. Both cathodoluminescence imaging and quantitative traverses revealed that individual grains of Adirondack quartz are highly zoned with respect to Ti, and that core-to-rim decreases of Ti are common. Large ranges in calculated temperature were observed within each sample. One sample, not considered to be saturated with respect to TiO2, gave maximum temperatures more than 100 � C lower than previously estimated peak temperatures. Rutile-saturated southern and western Adirondack samples yielded peak estimates of ‡803 ± 11 � C and � 860-870 � C, respectively, which are similar to previous estimates from major phase thermometry. Minimum Ti-in-quartz matrix temperatures from rutile-saturated samples are 630 � C, which is interpreted as the closure temperature for Ti diffusion in quartz in these samples. This study demonstrates that Ti-in- quartz thermometry can yield details of rock evolution if the textural setting and reaction history of the quartz is clear, and can yield near-peak metamorphic temperatures in some cases, if care is taken to test for post-peak diffusional resetting.
The effect of a low radiation CT protocol on accuracy of CT guided implant migration measurement: A cadaver study

The current study compared the impact of low radiation CT protocols on the accuracy, repeatability, and inter- and intra-observer variability of implant migration studies in total hip arthroplasty. Two total hip replacements were performed in two human cadavers and six tantalum beads were inserted into the femur similar to radiostereometric analysis. Six different 28 mm heads (-3 mm, 0 mm, 2.5 mm, 5.0 mm, 7.5 mm, and 10 mm) were added to simulate five reproducible translations (maximum total point migration) of the center of the head. Three CT scans with varying levels of radiation were performed for each head position. The effective dose (mSv) was 3.8 mSv for Protocol A (standard protocol), 0.7 mSv for Protocol B and 1.6 mSv for Protocol C. Implant migration was measured in a 3-D analysis software (Geomagic Studio 7). The accuracy was 0.16 mm for CT Protocol A, 0.13 mm for Protocol B and 0.14 mm for Protocol C; The repeatability was 0.22 mm for CT Protocol A, 0.18 mm for Protocol B and 0.20 mm for Protocol C; ICC for inter observer reliability was 0.89, intra observer reliability was 0.95. The difference in accuracy between standard protocol A and the two low radiation protocols (B, C) was less than 0.05 mm. The accuracy, inter- and intra-observer reliability of all three CT protocols is comparable to radiostereometric analysis. Reducing the CT radiation exposure to numbers similar to an AP Pelvis radiograph (0.7 mSv protocol B) does not affect the accuracy of implant migration measurements.
The Meaning and Measurement of a Sport Event Experience Among Active Sport Tourists

Destinations use sport events to attract participants and spectators, who then hold perceptions of both the sport event and destination. This research aimed to a) understand how active sport tourists perceive the meaning of a sport event experience and b) develop a scale for that meaning. Both aims are studied in a post trip context as evaluative research. Two focus groups were used to understand the meaning of the sport event experience among active sport tourists. Results from the focus groups suggest participants attribute meanings related to organizational, environmental, physical, social, and emotional aspects of the sport event experience. Next, semantic differential items were developed to measure the meaning of a sport event experience in the post trip phase. The items were tested with two different sport event participant samples using surveys. A uni-dimensionsal scale of 11 semantic differential items emerged. These items provide a measure for the evaluative meaning of a sport event experience.
Effect of Des-acyl Ghrelin on Adiposity and Glucose Metabolism

Ghrelin, a gastric peptide hormone, has been reported to regulate GH secretion and energy homeostasis. Here, we examined the effect of des-acyl ghrelin driven from the fatty acid-binding protein-4 (FABP4) promoter on adiposity and glucose metabolism. A high level of expression of des-acyl ghrelin (692 ± 293 fmol/g fat) in adipose tissue was detected in FABP4-ghrelin transgenic mice, but not in wild-type littermates. Circulating des-acyl ghrelin was significantly higher in FABP4-ghrelin transgenic mice (8409 ± 3390 pm) compared with wild-type mice (513 ± 58 pm). No significant change was observed for plasma acylated ghrelin and obestatin. Epididymal and perirenal fat masses decreased 35 ± 9 and 52 ± 9%, respectively, in FABP4-ghrelin transgenic mice. FABP4-ghrelin transgenic mice are resistant to obesity induced by high-fat diet. Brown fat mass was not affected by overexpression of ghrelin in adipose tissue. Glucose tolerance tests showed glucose levels to be significantly lower in FABP4-ghrelin transgenic mice than in controls after glucose administration. Insulin sensitivity testing showed that FABP4-ghrelin transgenic mice had a 28 ± 5% greater hypoglycemic response to insulin. Our study demonstrates that overexpression of ghrelin from the FABP4 promoter impairs the development of white adipose tissues, and alters glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity in mice.