cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Viscosity data for silicate melts

For a number of reasons a knowledge of the viscosity of igneous magmas is of much importance to the petrologist. In the passage of magma through channels in the Earth, in its pouring out as lava upon the surface, in the sinking of crystals and the rise of gases, and in many other processes in which magma participates viscosity is a dominant controlling factor. Obviously little can be done in the way of direct measurement of the viscosity of magmas while these actions are in progress. Estimates have been made of the viscosity of a lava-flow in Hawaii from the rate of its flow down a slope (G. F. Becker, Am. J. Sci. , v. 3, p. 29, 1897; his estimate—60 times the viscosity of water—is only about 1/200th of the viscosity of a basaltic melt measured in the laboratory by Kani), and the play of lava-fountains there and elsewhere has afforded a general idea of the magnitude of the viscosity of basic lavas.
Symplectic Reduction for YANG-MILLS on a Cylinder

An account of the Lagrangian and Hamiltonian dynamics of the pure Yang–Mills system is presented. This framework is applied to the case of (1+1)-dimensional cylindrical spacetime. Hamiltonian dynamics on the space of connections over a circle is often identified with dynamics on the cotangent bundle of the gauge group by means of the holonomy. In support of this procedure we show that the symplectic structure for Hamiltonian dynamics for connections on a circle is identifiable with the natural symplectic structure on the cotangent bundle of the gauge group.
Chemotactic peptide-induced acute colitis in rabbits

Abstract Bacterial chemotactic peptides from the intestinal lumen could potentially induce inflammation if they reached the mucosa. We tested several peptides chemotactic for different inflammatory cells, as well as a nonchemotactic peptide, bradykinin, for their ability to induce colitis in vivo in rabbits. These peptides were also assessed for their ability to stimulate release of the eicosanoids leukotrienes B 4 and C 4 and prostaglandin E 2 from normal rabbit colons perfused ex vivo. Intracolonic administration of n-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (chemotactic for neutrophils); its methyl ester (chemotactic for monocytes), and alanyl-glycyl-seryl-glutamic acid (chemotactic for eosinophils) all produced colitis (assessed grossly and histologically) within 4 days. Bradykinin did not induce colitis although it did release prostaglandin E 2 . n -Formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine methyl ester induced the greatest degree of colitis in vivo and released prostaglandin E 2 and leukotrienes ex vivo. n -Formyl-methionylleucyl-phenylalanine and alanyl-glycyl-seryl-glutamic acid induced comparable degrees of inflammation, but alanyl-glycyl-seryl-glutamic acid produced no eicosanoid release while n -formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine released both prostaglandin E 2 and leukotriene B 4 and leukotriene C 4 products from normal ex vivo perfused colons. Thus alanyl-glycyl-seryl-glutamic acid produces colitis independent of proinflammatory eicosanoids while eicosanoid release could contribute to colitis produced by n -formylmethionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine and n -formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine methyl ester. This experimental model of colitis may reflect one possible etiology of inflammatory bowel disease in humans, when bacterial chemotactic peptides breach mucosal defenses in susceptible individuals.
What Do We Know About Strategies for Involving Citizens in Public Child Welfare: A Review of Recent Literature and Implications for Policy, Practice, and Future Research

Citizens are increasingly being called upon to participate in public child welfare programs. This participation—through such federally mandated programs as Foster Care Review Boards, Court Appointed Special Advocates, and Citizen Review Panels—can potentially promote authentic community involvement or leave angry agencies and panel members in its wake. These disparate outcomes are dependent upon numerous factors both within the child welfare agency and the broader civic domain. This article reviews the current literature on citizen participation in public child welfare with special emphasis on the programs mentioned above. Additionally, strategies are offered for using citizens to support positive change within public child welfare agencies.
Enantioselective Total Synthesis of (S)-Bisoranjidiol, an Axially Chiral Bisanthraquinone

The first enantioselective total synthesis of the bisanthraquinone (S)-bisoranjidiol and an unnatural regioisomer has been accomplished. Key features of the synthesis include the asymmetric oxidative biaryl coupling of a hindered 8-substituted 2-naphthol, selective para-quinone formation, and regioselective tandem Diels-Alder/aromatization reactions.
Improving interstitial transport of macromolecules through reduction in cell volume fraction in tumor tissues.

Abstract Interstitial transport of large molecules and nanoparticles is an important concern in nanomedicine-mediated cancer treatment. To that end, the current study was proposed to improve the transport through enlargement of extracellular space by treating tumors with hypertonic solution of mannitol and cytotoxic agents (e.g., ethacrynic acid [ECA]), which could effectively shrink and kill cells, respectively. In the study, the improvement in interstitial penetration of dextran was investigated ex vivo using rat fibrosarcoma tissues sectioned into 600 μm slices. Experimental data showed that the hypertonic solution was more effective than ECA for improving interstitial penetration of dextran with molecular weights ranging from 4000 to 2,000,000. The extent of improvement depended on the size of dextran molecules and the time when the treatment was applied. Results from the study suggested that increases in both size and connectedness of interstitial pathways were important for improvement of interstitial transport of large molecules and nanoparticles. From the Clinical Editor This study reports on the optimization of interstitial transport both for large molecules and nanoparticles in nanomedicine-mediated cancer treatment. The study demonstrates that hypertonic solutions could efficiently lead to cancer cell shrinkage and more so than the applied cytotoxic agent thereby improving transport of chemotherapeutic entities.
Enhancement of PAN abundance in the Pacific marine air upon contact with selected surfaces

Peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) concentrations in the marine air of the eastern Pacific Ocean were found to increase by a factor of 1–6 (average 3.2 ± 1.4) over their normal values when the ambient air was stored in an all-glass environment for a period of 1–2 min prior to analysis. This 20–170 ppt enhancement in PAN levels appeared to vary diurnally. No strong evidence for latitudinal dependence was found. The phenomenon of surface PAN enhancement in the marine air could not be duplicated with samples of highly polluted city air or with laboratory-generated PAN/air mixtures. The mechanisms by which this additional PAN is generated in marine air are not known, but some speculations are presented. Additional systematic studies are required to identify the cause(s) of this “apparent PAN” formation.
Cellular response to intravitreal injection of endotoxin and xanthine oxidase in rabbits.

In the present study, the ocular inflammatory response to intravitreally injected endotoxin and xanthine oxidase was studied and the cellular response of the anterior and posterior segments was contrasted. There was a clear dose response relationship to both compounds in aqueous humor protein concentration and aqueous and vitreous humor white cell number. Xanthine oxidase and low doses of endotoxin (0.25 and 1.0 ng) produce a mainly mononuclear response in the anterior segment. Higher doses of endotoxin (10 and 100 ng) produced a predominately neutrophilic response. Cellular infiltration into the posterior segment differed qualitatively and quantitatively from the anterior segment in response to the same stimuli. Myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity (a marker for neutrophils) of the iris-ciliary body was increased only in those eyes with a large neutrophilic response and thus is not recommended for use as a definitive index of the ocular inflammatory response, but may be a useful adjunct for such studies.
Adding Value to Force Diagrams: Representing Relative Force Magnitudes

Nearly all physics instructors recognize the instructional value of force diagrams, and this journal has published several collections of exercises to improve student skill in this area.1–4 Yet some instructors worry that too few students perceive the conceptual and problem-solving utility of force diagrams,4–6 and over recent years a rich variety of approaches has been proposed to add value to force diagrams. Suggestions include strategies for identifying candidate forces,6,7 emphasizing the distinction between “contact” and “noncontact” forces,5,8 and the use of computer-based tutorials.9,10 Instructors have suggested a variety of conventions for constructing force diagrams, including approaches to arrow placement and orientation2,11–13 and proposed notations for locating forces or marking action-reaction force pairs.8,11,14,15
Src family kinases are important negative regulators of G-CSF-dependent granulopoiesis

Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) is the principal cytokine regulating granulopoiesis. Truncation mutations of the G-CSF receptor (G-CSFR) are associated with the development of acute myeloid leukemia in patients with severe congenital neutropenia. Although increased proliferative signaling by a representative G-CSFR truncation mutation (termed d715) has been documented, the molecular basis for this hyperproliferative phenotype has not been fully characterized. Given the accumulating evidence implicating Src family kinases in the transduction of cytokine receptor signals, the role of these kinases in the regulation of G-CSF signaling was examined. We show that Hck and Lyn, Src family kinases expressed in myeloid cells, are negative regulators of granulopoiesis that act at distinct stages of granulocytic differentiation. Whereas Hck regulates the G-CSF-induced proliferation of granulocytic precursors, Lyn regulates the production of myeloid progenitors. Interestingly, d715 G-CSFR myeloid progenitors were resistant to the growth-stimulating effect of treatment with a Src kinase inhibitor. Together, these data establish Lyn and Hck as key negative regulators of granulopoiesis and raise the possibility that loss of Src family kinase activation by the d715 G-CSFR may contribute to its hyperproliferative phenotype.
Do risk attitudes differ across domains and respondent types

Objective . To evaluate differences in risk attitude across the domains of health and money for 2 types of respondents, patients and community members. Methods. Two groups of respondents, patients ...
Intelligent space with time sensitive applications

Intelligent space (iSpace) is a relatively new concept to effectively use distributed sensors, actuators, robots, computing processors and information technology over communication networks. iSpace is a large scale mechatronics system by integrating sensors, actuators, and control algorithms in a communication system using knowledge from various engineering disciplines such as automation and control, hardware and software design, image processing, communication and networking. This paper describes a project "Johnny6 plays fetch in iSpace" to prototype an iSpace at North Carolina State University. The description includes hardware, software and networking algorithms used for this project. Different challenges such as time delay issues in the time sensitive application of iSpace is also discussed
Relationship of family functioning to progress in a post-acute rehabilitation programme following traumatic brain injury

Primary objective : To investigate the relationship of family functioning to patients' progress in a post-acute TBI rehabilitation programme. Research design : Cohort study investigating predictors of change from admission to follow-up. Methods and procedures : Caregivers of 37 persons with severe TBI consecutively admitted to a residential post-acute rehabilitation facility completed the Family Assessment Device (FAD) within a few weeks of admission. The Disability Rating Scale (DRS) was completed upon admission and ~1 month after discharge. FAD scores were used to predict DRS change scores after controlling for injury severity, admit FAD scores, and time from admission to follow-up. Main outcomes and results : Persons with unhealthy family functioning showed less improvement on DRS total, level of functioning (LOF), and employability (EMP) scores. Conclusions : The results emphasize that family functioning is an important variable to include in future models predicting rehabilitation outcome, and the im...
Avian Diversity and Functional Insectivory on North-Central Florida Farmlands

We studied the potential for native birds to control insect pests on farms. We assessed habitat factors correlated with diversity, distribution, and insect-foraging activity of native birds on farms in north-central Florida and then characterized common bird species that consumed insect biomass in crops as "functional insectivores" (birds most likely to contribute to pest control). Analyses of point-count survey data and foraging observations collected over 2 years on paired organic and conventional farm sites indicated that (1) farms supported most (82-96%) land birds known to breed in the region; (2) bird species richness and abundance varied significantly with matrix habitat and field border type (but not with year or farm management type); (3) the highest bird abundances were associated with mixed crop plantings, field borders, and adjacent matrix composed of forest and hedge; and (4) abundances of 10 species identified as functional insectivores were primarily influenced by crop type (mixed crops attracted significantly more insect foragers into fields than monocrops). We documented birds eating pest insects in crops and did not observe substantive crop damage by birds during growing-season observations. We advocate use of the term functional insectivore to emphasize the potential positive role of avian insectivory on farms during the growing season.
Monocyte/Macrophage Regulation of Vascular Calcification In Vitro

Background— Calcification is a common complication of atherosclerosis and other chronic inflammatory processes that involves infiltration of monocytes and accumulation of macrophages. Methods and Results— To determine whether these cells modulate vascular calcification in vitro, calcifying vascular cells (CVCs), a subpopulation of osteoblast-like cells derived from the artery wall, were cocultured with human peripheral blood monocytes for 5 days. Results showed that alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, a marker of osteoblastic differentiation, was significantly greater in cocultures than in cultures of CVCs or monocytes alone. Both ALP activity and matrix mineralization increased in proportion to the number of monocytes added. Activation of monocyte/macrophages (M/Ms) by oxidized LDL further increased ALP activity in cocultures. However, neither conditioned medium from oxidized-LDL–activated M/Ms or transwell coculture had this effect on CVCs, which suggests a need for cell-to-cell contact. In contrast, c...
Insecticidal potency of novel compounds on multiple insect species of medical and veterinary importance

BACKGROUND: Vector-borne diseases continue to present significant threats to human, animal and plant health. Mosquitoes, houseflies, sand flies and stable flies are well-known vectors of several human and animal pathogens. The toxicity of selected semiochemicals with molecular structures indicative of insecticidal activity was determined against these insect species with the aim of developing novel insecticides toxic to multiple insect species. RESULTS: Three semiochemicals, namely beta-damascone, cyclemone A and melafleur, showed remarkable toxicity to three mosquitoes, Aedes aegypti L., Ae. albopictus (Skuse) and Anopheles quadrimaculatus Say, the housefly, Musca domestica L., the stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans L., and the sand fly, Lutzomyia shannoni (Dyar). The chemicals were equally toxic to several field-collected permethrin-tolerant housefly strains. When formulated as 500 mL L−1 emulsifiable concentrates, the chemicals demonstrated stability and toxicity on filter paper and camouflage military fabrics, with persistence up to 8 days under laboratory conditions. The chemicals were equally effective under field conditions when evaluated on unpainted plywood panels, although a higher dosage was required under field conditions to achieve similar efficacy. CONCLUSION: Laboratory quantification of LC50 values and field efficacy of three semiochemicals as formulated compounds on mosquitoes, houseflies, stable flies and sand flies showed that these semiochemicals could serve as potent insecticides for multiple insect species. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
Single-cell mass cytometry of TCR signaling: Amplification of small initial differences results in low ERK activation in NOD mice

Signaling from the T-cell receptor (TCR) conditions T-cell differentiation and activation, requiring exquisite sensitivity and discrimination. Using mass cytometry, a high-dimensional technique that can probe multiple signaling nodes at the single-cell level, we interrogate TCR signaling dynamics in control C57BL/6 and autoimmunity-prone nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice, which show ineffective ERK activation after TCR triggering. By quantitating signals at multiple steps along the signaling cascade and parsing the phosphorylation level of each node as a function of its predecessors, we show that a small impairment in initial pCD3ζ activation resonates farther down the signaling cascade and results in larger defects in activation of the ERK1/2–S6 and IκBα modules. This nonlinear property of TCR signaling networks, which magnifies small initial differences during signal propagation, also applies in cells from B6 mice activated at different levels of intensity. Impairment in pCD3ζ and pSLP76 is not a feedback consequence of a primary deficiency in ERK activation because no proximal signaling defect was observed in Erk2 KO T cells. These defects, which were manifest at all stages of T-cell differentiation from early thymic pre-T cells to memory T cells, may condition the imbalanced immunoregulation and tolerance in NOD T cells. More generally, this amplification of small initial differences in signal intensity may explain how T cells discriminate between closely related ligands and adopt strongly delineated cell fates.
Semantic networks and competition: Election year winners and losers in U.S. televised presidential debates, 1960–2004

Drawing on network theory, this study considers the content of U.S. presidential debates and how candidates' language differentiates them. Semantic network analyses of all U.S. presidential debates (1960–2004) were conducted. Results reveal that regardless of party affiliation, election winners were more central in their semantic networks than losers. Although the study does not argue causation between debating and electoral outcomes, results show a consistent pattern: Candidates who develop coherent, central, semantically structured messages in debates seem to be victorious on election day. An argument is made for employing semantic networks in studying debates and political discourse. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Threats to the Validity of Clinical Trials Employing Enrichment Strategies for Sample Selection

Subject selection and exclusion criteria employed in typical clinical effectiveness trials of investigational new drugs have two fundamental aims: (1) to ensure that patients entering a study are truly suffering from the condition the drug is intended to treat and (2) to maximize the likelihood that the study will detect an effect of the drug if, in fact, one exists. Typical protocol selection criteria not only specify exacting procedures for establishing and documenting the diagnosis of those recruited for a study but also seek to increase, relative to the prevalence in the general population, the proportion of individuals in the sample likely to respond to pharmacological treatment. Because it is ordinarily impossible to learn prior to extensive clinical experience with a new drug which, if any, patient characteristics reliably predict a consistent treatment response, strategies for sample "enrichment" typically operate by excluding patients (for example, those with very advanced and/or complicated illness, those with serious concomitant illness, those at the extremes of age, those with very mild illness, and so forth) in whom a dependable response to treatment seems unlikely on logical and/or generic grounds. Some studies use positive strategies for sample "enrichment." In studies evaluating drugs intended to treat recurrent episodes of psychiatric illnesses, many protocols recommend selective recruitment of patients with a history of meaningful positive responses to antipsychotic treatment during prior episodes. Sample selection procedures of these kinds impose limits on the generalizability of a study's results (i.e., external validity), but the use of nonrandom patient samples is ordinarily held to have no effect on the internal validity of the results. In short, studies employing highly selected patient samples are, despite their limited external validity, regularly accepted as valid sources of evidence bearing on a drug's effectiveness. There are exceptions, however; this paper describes one in which the use of a seemingly innocuous sample enrichment maneuver proved highly damaging to the ultimate credibility of an important multicenter trial. In particular, exposure to an experimental treatment during an open qualification phase may invalidate drug-placebo comparisons made during a later randomized, blinded, controlled phase. Our review of the trial also reveals that the enrichment maneuver employed probably failed to accomplish its intended aims, selecting patients whose improvements on the outcome variable may be as reasonably ascribed to chance as to drug effect. This is all the more surprising because the method of sample enrichment employed has much in common with those long recommended in the clinical trial literature.
Outbreeding, seedling establishment, and maladaptation in natural and reintroduced populations of rare and common Silene douglasii (Caryophyllaceae)

Reintroductions are increasingly used to enhance declining populations, yet comparative data for critical germination and establishment phases are seldom available for both rare and common herbaceous perennials. After introducing a total of >1800 seeds, we compared experimentally manipulated and natural populations of widespread Silene douglasii var. douglasii relative to rare S. douglasii var. oraria, known in only three coastal headlands. Despite equivalent ex situ germination, oraria field plots produced significantly fewer juveniles than douglasii plots indicating that seedling survival limits plant establishment. We also evaluated transplant vs. seed reintroductions as restoration tools, the effect of inbreeding on fitness, and the potential importance of buried seed pools. Germination declined rapidly for seeds over 1-2 years old, and only 2.2% of newly collected seeds of oraria survived as seedlings. Transplant survival over 5 years was greatest for outbred progeny; furthermore, 75% of the new seedlings emerged near outbred progeny from the original reintroduction. Despite similar ovule numbers and pollinator visitation, transplants exhibited 49-179% maladaptation in the formerly grazed site, with significantly lower fruit and seed set than adults in more diverse natural populations. This study experimentally identifies several key factors affecting plant reintroductions, facilitating effective development of large-scale reintroduction strategies for native perennials.
Fuzzy parameter adaptation for error backpropagation algorithm

The error backpropagation (EBP) learning algorithm has been widely used to train the feedforward artificial neural networks (ANN) in many practical applications. Due to slow convergence of this learning scheme, some changes have been reported in the literate in order to overcome this shortcoming. However, almost all of them are not robust enough, since not all the parameters related to the training speed were considered. Therefore, in this paper, a new learning scheme which consists of the standard EBP learning algorithm and fuzzy modeling is proposed. The fuzzy modeling, which is able to dynamically adjust the standard EBP parameters including learning rate, momentum, and steepness of activation function, is employed to speed up the learning speed. The proposed learning scheme is developed and implemented in C language. The simulation results demonstrate that it is able to solve the problem of slow convergence and more suitable than the standard EBP learning algorithm for the practical applications.
EVIDENCE FOR MULTIPARTICLE CORRELATIONS IN HIGH-ENERGY HEAVY ION INTERACTIONS

An exclusive approach is proposed to study azimuthal multiparticle correlations in heavy ion interaction. Strong many-particle correlations are found in relativistic heavy ion reactions measured with the Plastic Ball spectrometer. Energy, mass, and multiplicity dependence of the correlations are examined.
Cellular differentiation in the cyanobacterium Nostoc punctiforme

Nostoc punctiforme is a phenotypically complex, filamentous, nitrogen-fixing cyanobacterium, whose vegetative cells can mature in four developmental directions. The particular developmental direction is determined by environmental signals. The vegetative cell cycle is maintained when nutrients are sufficient. Limitation for combined nitrogen induces the terminal differentiation of heterocysts, cells specialized for nitrogen fixation in an oxic environment. A number of unique regulatory events and genes have been identified and integrated into a working model of heterocyst differentiation. Phosphate limitation induces the transient differentiation of akinetes, spore-like cells resistant to cold and desiccation. A variety of environmental changes, both positive and negative for growth, induce the transient differentiation of hormogonia, motile filaments that function in dispersal. Initiation of the differentiation of heterocysts, akinetes and hormogonia are hypothesized to depart from the vegetative cell cycle, following separate and distinct events. N. punctiforme also forms nitrogen-fixing symbiotic associations; its plant partners influence the differentiation and behavior of hormogonia and heterocysts. N. punctiforme is genetically tractable and its genome sequence is nearly complete. Thus, the regulatory circuits of three cellular differentiation events and symbiotic interactions of N. punctiforme can be experimentally analyzed by functional genomics.
Optimal configuration of receivers in an ultrasonic 3D position estimation system by using genetic algorithms

A novel 3D position estimation system has been developed that uses the difference in the time-of-arrivals (TOA) of an ultrasonic wave from a single transmitter to numerous receivers fixed in 3D space. This is a different approach to traditional systems that use the actual time-of-flights (TOF) from the transmitter to the different receivers and triangulate the position of the transmitter. The new approach makes the system more accurate, makes the transmitter independent of the receivers and does not require the need of calculating the time delay term that is inherent in traditional systems due to delays caused by the electronic circuitry. This paper presents a thorough analysis of receiver configurations in the 2D and 3D system that lead to singularities, i.e. locations of receivers that lead to formulations that can not be solved due to a shortage of information. It provides guidelines of where not to place receivers so as to get a robust system. It further presents a detailed analysis of locations that are optimal, i.e. locations that lead to the most accurate estimation of the transmitter positions. This is accomplished by using genetic algorithms to search for the optimal configurations. The results presented in this paper are not only applicable to ultrasonic systems but all systems that use wave theory, e.g. infrared, laser, etc. This work finds applications in virtual reality cells, robotics, guidance of indoor autonomous vehicles and vibrations.
The Capacity Concept and Induced Investment

According to the principle of acceleration, net induced investment is proportional to the rate of increase in national product. The principle is usually qualified by a statement to the effect that if the economy's production is at a rate lower than some previous peak, the proportionality may not hold. Once, however, capacity is reached, increases in the rate of production will induce investment. This paper derives its relevance from the current attempts to construct a set of dynamic input-output equations which will generate demand for additional stocks of capital facilities on the basis of a set of capital coefficients and measures of capacity for the “industries” of the system. The basic arguments set forth are applicable also to tests for the feasibility of solutions of static input-output systems with respect to existing stocks of capital, but most attention will be directed to the dynamic formulation. Professor Leontief's dynamic input-output equations are of the form: X i represents the rate of output of the ith industry, Y i is the amount of this output taken by the autonomous final demand sector and a ik is the now familiar coefficient of production, the amount of the ith industry's product which the k th industry purchases per unit of output of the k th industry. This much of the equation set is identical to the static input-output system. The dynamic addition is in the b ik capital coefficients, which measure the amount of stock of the ith industry's product held by the k th industry per unit of annual output, and in the values, which are the first derivatives of the annual rates of output of the various industries with respect to time. The capital coefficients are accelerator values for each industry with respect to all other industries. The summated value, is the instantaneous annual rate of induced investment for the economy at any given moment of time.
Multi-objective probabilistically constrained programs with variable risk: Models for multi-portfolio financial optimization

Abstract We consider a class of multi-objective probabilistically constrained programs (MOPCP) with a joint probabilistic constraint and a variable risk level. We consider two cases with only a random right-hand side vector or a multi-row random technology matrix, and propose a Boolean modeling framework to derive new mixed-integer linear programs (MILP) that are either equivalent reformulations or inner approximations of MOPCP, respectively. Via testing randomly generated MOPCP instances, we demonstrate modeling insights pertaining to the most suitable MILP, to the trade-offs between conflicting objectives of cost/revenue and reliability, and to the parameter scalarization determining relative importance of each objective. We then focus on several MOPCP variants of a multi-portfolio financial optimization problem to implement a downside risk measure, which can be used in a centralized or decentralized investment context. We study the impact of modeling parameters on the portfolios, show, via a cross-validation study, robustness of MOPCP, and perform a comparative analysis of the optimal investment decisions.
Highly Conductive Graphene Nanoribbons by Longitudinal Splitting of Carbon Nanotubes Using Potassium Vapor

Here we demonstrate that graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) free of oxidized surfaces can be prepared in large batches and 100% yield by splitting multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) with potassium vapor. If desired, exfoliation is attainable in a subsequent step using chlorosulfonic acid. The low-defect density of these GNRs is indicated by their electrical conductivity, comparable to that of graphene derived from mechanically exfoliated graphite. The possible origins of directionally selective splitting of MWCNTs have been explored using computer modeling, and plausible explanations for the unique role of potassium were found.
Absorption of heparin from the intestine.

Summary and conclusionSodium heparin is partially absorbed from the lumen of a washed duodenal loop in the dog following addition of acid buffer of pH 4.
Influence of addition of water or "nonessential" nitrogen on growth of rats fed low levels of essential L-amino acids.

SummaryMale weanling rats were fed casein or purified amino acid (AA) diets equivalent to 10% protein (N X 6.25) to determine the effect of the addition of 50% water, nonessential amino acids (NEAA) or other N sources on growth. The daily weight gain of rats fed the wet casein diet (6.0 g) or the wet AA diet of Ranhotra and Johnson (5) (5.8 g) was significantly greater than that of rats fed comparable dry diets (5.3 and 4.5 g, respectively). However, the addition of water to a variety of other diets containing different AA mixtures but the same non-nitrogenous ingredients did not significantly improve growth. The carcass fat was significantly higher with the wet AA diets than with the dry AA diets. The data indicate that the response to added water is related to the balance of the AA in the diet. Rats fed the dry casein or AA diet at the 15% protein equivalent level had a significantly faster rate of gain and improved food efficiency over those fed the diets reduced to 10% protein equivalent, even though ...
Idiosyncratic Deals (I-Deals): When Does an I-Deal Turn into an Ordeal for the Organization?

Idiosyncratic deals (i-deals) are special individualized negotiated arrangements in an employee-employer relationship. This theoretical work presents a contingency model to understand how on encoun...
Immunogenicity of a novel DNA vaccine encoding middle hepatitis B surface antigen in rhesus macaques

Objective: To observe the humoral and cellular immune responses of rhesus macaques induced by a novel DNA vaccine encoding middle hepatitis B virus surface antigen(MHBs).Methods: Four rhesus macaques were divided into two groups.Each group received five i.m.doses of pSW3891/MHBs or the vector pSW3891 at 0,8,16,24 and 48 weeks.Anti-HBs in sera was tested by ELISA(enzyme linked immunosorbent assay).HBsAg specific T lymphocyte proliferative response in peripheral blood mononuclear cells(PBMCs) labeled with carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester(CFSE)-PI was analyzed by Flow Cytometry(FCM).Results: The rhesus macaques immunized with pSW3891/MHBs showed strong anti-HBs response(ending point 1 ∶ 6400 and 1 ∶ 12 800),compared with the controls(ending point 1 ∶ 50).The proliferative response of the PBMCs of immunized rhesus macaques(cell division index 18.64 and 14.70) is stronger than the controls(cell division index 1.62 and 2.61).Conclusion: To assess specific T lymphocyte proliferation a flow cytometry assay using PBMCs labeled with CFSE-PI was established.A novel DNA vaccine(pSW3891/MHBs) encoding middle hepatitis B surface antigen can induce significantly humoral and cellular immune responses in rhesus macaques.
Vibration machinery design based on the method of “three-transformation” synthetic design

Utilizing the newly proposed advanced “three-transformation” synthetic designing method (method of dynamics, intellectualization and visualization) a design was carried out upon the vibration machinery. Taking the vibration pile driver and drawer as an example and according to the designing demands and the limitation of actual working conditions, the 3D visualized model of vibration pile driver and drawer was established. Under the environment of fictitious visualization, the analysis, evaluation and modification were carried out on the entire working performance of the vibration pile driver and drawer system, and the real-time supervision upon the operation conditions of vibration pile driver and drawer was conducted, and the intellectualization control on working process was carried out. The result shows that by adopting the “three-transformation” synthetic designing method to carrying out the design on the vibration machinery could conduct dynamic optimization design and analysis, evaluation and modification of performance on the visualized virtual prototype, thus ensured the product possessing a quality characteristics of “inborn superiority” and enhanced the designing overall level of the vibration machinery and the market competitiveness of product.
Neurologic disorders of mineral metabolism and parathyroid disease

Disorders of mineral metabolism may cause neurologic manifestations of the central and peripheral nervous systems. This is because plasma calcium stabilizes excitable membranes in the nerve and muscle tissue, magnesium is predominantly intracellular and is required for activation of many intracellular enzymes, and extracellular magnesium affects synaptic transmission. This chapter reviews abnormalities in electrolytes and minerals which can be associated with several neuromuscular symptoms including neuromuscular irritability, mental status changes, cardiac and smooth muscle changes, etc.
Vibration Testing for Bridge Load Rating

Load rating is the process of determining the safe live-load carrying capacity of a bridge and is thus a major basis in prioritizing maintenance operations and allocation of resources. Traditionally, bridge evaluation standards provide two approaches to load rating, namely the analytical calculations and the empirical static load tests. Analytical load ratings are generally based on simplifying assumptions and may not closely reflect the current physical condition of the bridge. Empirical load tests provide a more realistic picture of live-load capacity of a bridge, but their application has been considerably limited by cost, time, test truck requirement, traffic interruption, and safety. Recently, a new approach named in this paper as “vibration-calibrated model-based load rating” has been investigated by a number of researchers. In this method, a vibration test is performed on the bridge and a refined finite element model is calibrated so as to replicate the observed modal response of the bridge. The calibrated model, which is adjusted to reflect the real in-situ condition and performance of the bridge, will then be used for the purpose of realistic load rating. This paper starts by reviewing the limitations of the current analytical and empirical methods and provides an in-depth explanation of the vibration-based method for load rating. Finally, recent research on this approach is reviewed and a discussion on the advantages, disadvantages and special considerations involved is presented. The areas that require more research and future work are also highlighted.
Do African Americans Direct Science Fiction or Blockbuster Franchise Movies? Race, Genre, and Contemporary Hollywood:

While scholars have long considered the relationship between genre and Black film production, less is known about African American directors’ participation in contemporary Hollywood film genres, es...
Novel Magnetic Resonance Imaging Techniques in Brain Tumors

Magnetic resonance imaging is a powerful, noninvasive imaging technique with exquisite sensitivity to soft tissue composition. Magnetic resonance imaging is primary tool for brain tumor diagnosis, evaluation of drug response assessment, and clinical monitoring of the patient during the course of their disease. The flexibility of magnetic resonance imaging pulse sequence design allows for a variety of image contrasts to be acquired, including information about magnetic resonance-specific tissue characteristics, molecular dynamics, microstructural organization, vascular composition, and biochemical status. The current review highlights recent advancements and novel approaches in MR characterization of brain tumors.
Engagement Capacity and Engaging Team Formation for Reach Maximization of Online Social Media Platforms

The challenges of assessing the "health" of online social media platforms and strategically growing them are recognized by many practitioners and researchers. For those platforms that primarily rely on user-generated content, the reach -- the degree of participation referring to the percentage and involvement of users -- is a key indicator of success. This paper lays a theoretical foundation for measuring engagement as a driver of reach that achieves growth via positive externality effects. The paper takes a game theoretic approach to quantifying engagement, viewing a platform's social capital as a cooperatively created value and finding a fair distribution of this value among the contributors. It introduces engagement capacity, a measure of the ability of users and user groups to engage peers, and formulates the Engaging Team Formation Problem (EngTFP) to identify the sets of users that "make a platform go". We show how engagement capacity can be useful in characterizing forum user behavior and in the reach maximization efforts. We also stress how engagement analysis differs from influence measurement. Computational investigations with Twitter and Health Forum data reveal the properties of engagement capacity and the utility of EngTFP.
Institutional Repositories in Chinese Open Access Development: Status, Progress, and Challenges

Abstract Open Access (OA) movement in China is developing with its own track and speed. Compared to its western counterparts, it moves slowly. However, it keeps growing. More significantly, it provides open and free resources not only to Chinese scholars, but also to those of China studies around the world. The premise is whether we can find them in an easy and effective fashion. This paper will describe the status of the OA movement in China with a focus on institutional repositories (IR) in Chinese universities and research institutes. We will explore different IR service modules and discuss their coverage, strengths, limitation, and most importantly implications to the East Asian Collection in the US.
Benefits of inter-flow bandwidth sharing in broadband wireless infrastructure networks

Broadband wireless infrastructure networks are increasingly becoming common in metro areas. To improve spatial bandwidth usage, the nodes in such networks employ directional transmissions over multiple orthogonal channels. In this paper, we study the benefits of sharing channel bandwidth across multiple flows. Every connection is assumed to require a bandwidth that is half of the channel bandwidth. We model the routing and channel assignment problem in two different ways to account for the presence and absence of inter-flow bandwidth sharing. Through simulations, we demonstrate that supporting inter-flow bandwidth sharing through simple time-sharing mechanism results in improved network throughput.
For youth, by youth: a third student-run homeless shelter

AbstractThis past winter, the third student-run homeless shelter in the United States came into being. Two recent Harvard graduates, Sam Greenberg and Sarah Rosenkrantz, who had volunteered at the Harvard Square Homeless Shelter as college students, saw a need within the Boston and Cambridge communities for a homeless shelter serving young adults. Drawing upon the Harvard Square Homeless Shelter’s student-run model, Sam and Sarah worked with Harvard College undergraduates to open Youth-to-Youth (Y2Y) Harvard Square, a homeless shelter exclusively for young adults ages 18–24. This article features an interview with Sam and Sarah about their work to establish Y2Y Harvard Square and the experiences of the college students leading and staffing the shelter.
Outcomes of Catheter Ablation of Idiopathic Outflow Tract Ventricular Arrhythmias With an R Wave Pattern Break in Lead V2: A Distinct Clinical Entity.

Outflow Tract VT With Pattern Break in Lead V2Introduction In outflow tract ventricular arrhythmias (OT-VAs), an abrupt loss of the R wave in lead V2 compared to V1 and V3 (pattern break in V2–PBV2) suggests an origin close to the anterior interventricular sulcus (anatomically opposite to lead V2) and adjacent to proximal coronaries. We studied the outcome of catheter ablation of OT-VAs with a PBV2. Methods and Results Of 130 consecutive patients with idiopathic left bundle block morphology OT-VAs and transition ≤V4, 12 (9%) had PBV2. Outcomes in this group were compared to the remaining 118 patients. Patients with PBV2 were more likely to be younger (41 ± 18 vs. 50 ± 14 years, P = 0.0384) and women (11 [92%] vs. 70 [59%], P = 0.0302). The earliest activation was at the RVOT in seven, left coronary cusp (LCC) in one, anterior interventricular vein (AIV) in two and the epicardium in two. In five (42%) cases (earliest activation in the AIV in two, epicardium in two, and RVOT below the valve level in one), ablation was aborted due to proximity to the left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery. After 36 ± 17 months and 1.3 ± 0.5 procedures, VAs elimination was achieved in 58% of patients with PBV2 compared to 89% of the reference population (P = 0.0125) with effective site in five of seven at the most anterior and leftward RVOT adjacent to the pulmonic valve (PV). Conclusions OT-VAs with PBV2 demonstrate a unique ECG pattern and challenging catheter ablation. Proximity to LAD precludes ablation in about half. Long-term VA suppression could be achieved in only 58% of cases most commonly when the earliest site is at the anterior and leftward RVOT just under the PV.
The study of youth online: a critical review and agenda

ABSTRACTThe increasing and pervasive use of online technologies, especially social media, has inspired scholars to investigate how the Internet influences communication. As young people represent the fastest growing adopters of new online technology, much of this research targets youth activity online. But how is the communication discipline taking up this issue, broadly? Typically left to new media and computer-mediated communication scholars, we argue youth online activity raises new and exciting possibilities for researchers across the communication discipline. In this paper, we present a qualitative content analysis of communication research about youth and the Internet. Our analysis of over 700 journal articles provides a clear picture of past and present trends in communication research of youth online activity. Furthermore, we discuss the top four content themes, including: uses and gratifications, engagement, identity, and the uniqueness of youth experience. Critically, we articulate how such rese...
Bronchodilators added to inhaled corticosteroids

Source Citation Kerstjens HA, Brand PL, Hughes MD, et al. A comparison of bronchodilator therapy with or without inhaled corticosteroid therapy for obstructive airways disease. N Engl J Med. Nov
A study of dispersion-relation-preserving and optimized prefactored compact schemes for wave equations

In the present study, the Dispersion-RelationPreserving (DRP) scheme by Tam and coworkers, and the optimized prefactored compact (OPC) scheme by Ashcroft and Zhang, are assessed. The original schemes are developed in the finite difference framework; in the present effort, their corresponding finite volume versions are developed. Both DRP and OPC schemes, based on either finite difference or finite volume approach, attempt to optimize the coefficients for high resolution of short waves with respect to the computational grid while maintaining pre-determined formal orders of accuracy. Highlighting the principal characteristics of the schemes and utilizing simple linear and nonlinear wave equations with different wavelengths as the test cases, the performance of these approaches is documented. For the linear wave equation, there is no major difference between the DRP and OPC schemes. For the nonlinear wave equations, the finite volume version of both DRP and OPC schemes again perform comparably, and offer substantially better solutions in regions of high gradient or discontinuity.