cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Young women's representations of sexually transmitted diseases (RoSTD): A psychometric study

Measurement of beliefs about sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) is important to understanding sexual health behaviors. The purpose of this study was to develop and test the psychometric properties of the Representations of STDs (RoSTD) Scale. The RoSTD was developed to measure young women's representations of STDs, and it is intended to be used to measure beliefs about any of the seven most common STDs. Confirmatory factor analysis indicated a four-factor structure for the 40-item RoSTD: Future Perspective, Cause, Psychosocial Consequence, and Identity. Internal consistency for the subscales (measured for each of seven different STDs) ranged from .67 to .93 and 2-week test�retest correlations ranged from .69 to .90. The RoSTD shows evidence of reliability and validity in young women.
Price-Directed Control of Remnant Inventory Systems

Motivated by make-to-order cable manufacturing, we describe a remnant inventory system in which orders arrive for units of raw material that are produced-to-stock. As orders are satisfied, the partially consumed units of material, or remnants, are either scrapped or returned to inventory for future allocation to orders. We present a linear program that minimizes the long-run average scrap rate. Its dual prices exhibit many rational properties, including monotonicity and superadditivity. We use these prices in an integer-programming-based control scheme, which we simulate and compare with an existing control scheme previously used in practice.
Effect of glucose on insulin-like growth factor binding protein-4 proteolysis

The role of hyperglycemia in diabetic changes of the insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) and their binding proteins (IGFBPs) has not been clearly established. We therefore determined whether glucose modulates IGFBP synthesis and stability in vitro. Porcine vascular smooth muscle cells (pSMC) cultured in low glucose (pSMC-L) had 2.1-fold more IGFBP-4 in the conditioned medium compared with pSMC cultured in high glucose (pSMC-H) (P < 0.01). In contrast, IGFBP-2 levels remained constant. Although pSMC-H and pSMC-L cultures expressed similar levels of IGFBP-4 messenger RNA, in vitro protease assays demonstrated an increase in IGFBP-4 proteolysis in pSMC-H conditioned medium compared with pSMC-L conditioned medium (P < 0.01). The protease had properties similar to a previously characterized IGFBP-4 protease. The addition of 20 mM mannitol to pSMC-L cultures did not decrease IGFBP-4 levels, suggesting that the difference in IGFBP-4 proteolysis was not osmotically induced. The change was not due to selection bias, because cultures that were initially isolated from aortic explants in high and low glucose still exhibited the glucose-dependent difference in IGFBP-4 proteolytic activity. The results suggest that high glucose acts on pSMC to induce a change in IGFBP-4 proteolytic activity, which results in increased IGF-I availability to its receptors thereby enhancing the SMC proliferative response.
A new reagent for solid and solution phase synthesis of protected guanidines from amines

A new reagent -- 4-nitro-1-H-pyrazole-1-[N, N′-bis(tert-butoxycarbonyl)]car☐amidine -- has been developed to effect the rapid and efficient synthesis of bis(carbamate)-protected guanidines from primary and secondary amines. The reagent is a more electrophilic, and consequently more reactive, derivative of the literature reagent 1-H-pyrazole-1-[N, N′-bis(tert-butoxycarbonyl)]car☐amidine. The increased reactivity of the new reagent affords it increased yields in solution and the need for fewer equivalents when guanylating resin-bound amines.
Composition Choice and Formulation of Three HMX-Based Research Explosives

The composition and formulation for three research explosives having similarities to military explosives are described. The primary energetic ingredient in each is cyclotetramethylene-tetranitramine (HMX), whose particle size is limited to a range of 125–210 μm to reduce variations in shock reactivity and performance. The binder in each explosive is hydroxy-terminated polybutadiene (HTPB). The first composition contains only these two components. Aluminum with a nominal particle size of 5 μm is incorporated into the second composition. The third composition contains ammonium perchlorate (AP) with a nominal particle size of 200 μm in addition to the aluminum. The explosives are designed with features to allow for comparisons in shock reactivity and performance and to elucidate the roles of HMX, Al, and AP.
Twinning and Detwinning during Cyclic Deformation of Mg Alloy AZ31B

Textured Mg alloys exhibit tension – compression strength asymmetry due to mechanical twinning. The distinction arises as the material deforms primarily by slip in one direction and by twinning in the other. In-situ neutron diffraction during cyclic loading in tension and compression of extruded bar allows study of the effect of twinning on subsequent load reversals. The diffraction data reveal the texture evolution and internal stress development as a function of deformation. De-twinning resulted in complete texture reversal during initial cycles, but eventually “fatigued” resulting in some residual twin component.
Inequalities of Korn and Friedrichs in elasticity and potential theory

Integral inequalities for quadratic functionals arising in plane elasticity and two-dimensional potential theory are discussed and related. Information on the optimal constants (which depend on the domain geometry) is obtained through consideration of associated eigenvalue problems.
Bacterial cytochromes; difference spectra.

Abstract Methods have been devised for handling suspensions of intact bacteria so that the difference spectra (difference between the reduced and the oxidized forms) of the cytochromes can be measured using special spectrophotometric techniques. These spectra establish the positions of the cytochrome peaks and also allow some quantitative measurements concerning the bacterial cytochromes. Several kinds of bacteria showed spectra with cytochrome peaks in the same positions as those of yeast and heart muscle. In some bacteria the peak corresponding to cytochrome a was missing; this was usually, but not always, replaced by either cytochrome a 1 or by a mixture of cytochromes a 1 and a 2 . Cytochrome b or b 1 was present in many bacteria, as well as a pigment with a peak at 552 mμ and one with a maximum at 554 mμ. The latter pigment has not been described previously. A number of different combinations of the various cytochromes were observed in the group of bacteria studied. Cytochrome a 2 appears to have very little absorption in the Soret region of the spectrum. Calculations of the relationship of the increase in optical density on reduction to the turbidity show that for spectrophotometric methods, most bacteria are easier to work with than is yeast. The respiration rates of the bacteria, expressed on the basis of dry weight or turbidity, vary considerably. When the respiration is expressed in terms of the cytochromes present, it is found that some of the bacterial systems are considerably more active (have higher turnover numbers) than that of yeast or heart muscle. The cytochrome systems of the two strains of acetobacter have particularly large turnover numbers. Calculations of the ratios of the Soret peaks to the peaks in the visible region of the spectrum show a number of differences among bacteria which seem to contain similar cytochrome components.
Buddha-Relics in the Lives of Southern Asian Polities

Drawing on literary and inscriptional evidence from Sri Lanka and mainland Southeast Asia, this essay examines the place of Buddha-relics — potent traces of a Buddha — in the life cycle of southern Asian political formations. In the formation of new polities and/or new dynasties, relics were drawn into the physical landscape and literary memory of the state, in order to provide protection and to claim desirable lineage and authority. At times of heightened military and political activity, when kingdoms were at risk, the protection and deployment of relics, and their ritual engagement, formed part of the state's central technologies. During periods of victory and restoration, relic festivals and the enhancement of a landscape embedded with relics, were used to display, affirm, and protect the royal court.
To java.net and beyond: teaching networking concepts using the Java networking API

This paper covers the use of Java and its API for developing networking programs in an undergraduate computer networks class. Through the use of TCP and UDP sockets provided in the java.net package, students are able to write several client-server applications such as web and mail servers and a chat room. Additionally, the java.rmi API provides a library for invoking methods on remote objects, similar to remote procedure calls. Remote method invocation (RMI) is used to write a distributed version of the Producer-Consumer problem.
Alcohol Reward Is Increased after Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass in Dietary Obese Rats with Differential Effects following Ghrelin Antagonism

Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) is one of the most successful treatments for severe obesity and associated comorbidities. One potential adverse outcome, however, is increased risk for alcohol use. As such, we tested whether RYGB alters motivation to self-administer alcohol in outbred dietary obese rats, and investigated the involvement of the ghrelin system as a potential underlying mechanism. High fat (60%kcal from fat) diet-induced obese, non-diabetic male Sprague Dawley rats underwent RYGB (n = 9) or sham operation (Sham, n = 9) and were tested 4 months after surgery on a progressive ratio-10 (PR10) schedule of reinforcement operant task for 2, 4, and 8% ethanol. In addition, the effects of the ghrelin-1a-receptor antagonist D-[Lys3]-GHRP-6 (50, 100 nmol/kg, IP) were tested on PR10 responding for 4% ethanol. Compared to Sham, RYGB rats made significantly more active spout responses to earn reward, more consummatory licks on the ethanol spout, and achieved higher breakpoints. Pretreatment with a single peripheral injection of D-[Lys3]-GHRP-6 at either dose was ineffective in altering appetitive or consummatory responses to 4% ethanol in the Sham group. In contrast, RYGB rats demonstrated reduced operant performance to earn alcohol reward on the test day and reduced consummatory responses for two subsequent days following the drug. Sensitivity to threshold doses of D-[LYS3]-GHRP-6 suggests that an augmented ghrelin system may contribute to increased alcohol reward in RYGB. Further research is warranted to confirm applicability of these findings to humans and to explore ghrelin-receptor targets for treatment of alcohol-related disorders in RYGB patients.
Effect of a Three-day Course of Dexamethasone on Reticulocyte Counts in Preterm Infants at Risk for Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia 1406

Effect of a Three-day Course of Dexamethasone on Reticulocyte Counts in Preterm Infants at Risk for Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia 1406
Partial Wetting Phenomena on Nonplanar Surfaces and in Shaped Microchannels

Surface tension and wettability are important phenomena in many diverse areas of science and technology, such as adhesion, adsorption, lubrication, catalysis, solid−liquid reaction kinetics, and microelectromechanical systems. However, when the solid surface is not perfectly planar, liquid contact with that surface is poorly understood and the subject of considerable misconception. Here, we report that under static or near-static conditions wettability is dependent not only upon the contact angle between the liquid and the solid but also on the geometry of the surface that the liquid contacts. It is shown that the artificial dividing line of 90° between wetting and nonwetting behavior only holds on a planar surface or in a straight channel. The conditions controlling whether filling of an interstice takes place or not are demonstrated to be a function of both the liquid−solid contact angle and the included angle within the interstice. This behavior is both reversible and reproducible. A simple relationshi...
Estimating Irregular Pricing Effects: A Stochastic Spline Regression Approach

Markets respond to prices in complex ways. Multiple factors such as price points, odd pricing, and just-noticeable differences often cause steps and spikes in response. The result is market respons...
MYOPATHY (SKELETAL AND CARDIAC) AND WHISTLING-FACE SYNDROME (WF)

Diagnosis of the Whistling-Face syndrome (WF) usually follows the observation of microstomia and a stigmatic facies associated with ulnar deviation of fingers and joint contractures. Muscle atrophy and myopathy, although reported in WF, receive insufficient emphasis. More recently, cardiomyopathy and malignant hyperthermia have been observed in WF patients. Our clinical studies and review bring support to the conclusion that the spectrum of WF includes; skeletal weakness, hypertrophic cardiomegaly with WPW conduction abnormalities (unresponsive to quinidine), and elevated serum CPK, GOT, and LDH. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with enlarged myofilaments due to abundant amyloid-like material, and skeletal myopathy with scattered fiber atrophy and focal areas of fatty deposition and myelin fibers, are also part of WF. Consequently, individuals with primary hypertrophic cardiomyopathy or a history of malignant hyperthermia should also be assessed for clinical features of WF and vice versa. Because WF presents with clinical variability and is an autosomal dominant disorder of prenatal onset, a family history of any of the features described above may be pertinent in genetic counseling and prenatal assessment of families with WF syndrome.
Theory of mixed backbone scrambling as exemplified by exchange of chlorine and bridging sulfur atoms between dimethylgermanium and dimethylsilicon

Abstract Cyclic and small linear molecules result from the scrambling of chlorine with bridging sulfur atoms between dimethylgermanium and dimethylsilicon moieties. The pertinent equilibria are treated in terms of stochastic graph theory as extended to mixed-backbone molecules. Proton nuclear magnetic resonance of the non-exchangeable methyl groups bonded to silicon and germanium atoms shows that at equilibrium in this system there is a preference for the chlorine atoms to be bonded to the silicon rather than to the germanium in the chain molecules which are in equilibrium with five different cyclic molecules
Error estimates for approximate dynamic systems

Two approaches are investigated for obtaining estimates on the error between approximate and exact solutions of dynamic systems. The first method is primarily useful if the system is nonlinear and of low dimension. The second requires construction of a system of v-functions but is useful for higher dimensional systems, either linear or nonlinear.
Effect of Cytokinins on Erythritol Permeability to Phosphatidylcholine Bilayers

Summary The cytokinins benzyladenine, kinetin, and cis -zeatin all enhance the permeability of lipid bilayers composed of natural (egg) lecithins as well as the synthetic lipids, dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine, and dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine. The enhancement requires bilayers in the liquid crystalline state. Surprisingly, the geometric trans -zeatin isomer is totally ineffective at altering permeability.
Recent advances in Saccharomyces boulardii research

This review summarizes the probiotic mechanisms of action of Saccharomyces boulardii (S. boulardii) against inflammatory and non-inflammatory diarrheal conditions. S. boulardii is distributed in lyophilized form in many countries and used for the prevention of diarrhea in children and adults, including Clostridium difficile (C. difficile) associated infection. The main mechanisms of action of S. boulardii include inhibition of activities of bacterial pathogenic products, trophic effects on the intestinal mucosa, as well as modification of host signaling pathways involved in inflammatory and non-inflammatory intestinal diseases. S. boulardii inhibits production of pro-inflammatory cytokines by inhibiting main regulators of inflammation, including nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAP kinases), ERK1/2 and p38, but stimulates production of anti-inflammatory molecules such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-γ). Moreover, S. boulardii suppresses bacterial infection by inhibiting adhesion and/or overgrowth of bacteria, produces a serine protease that cleaves C. difficile toxin A, and stimulates antibody production against this toxin. Furthermore, S. boulardii may interfere with pathogenesis of Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) by acting on T cells and acts in diarrheal conditions by improving the fecal biostructure in patients with diarrhea. These diverse mechanisms exerted by S. boulardii provide molecular clues for its effectiveness in diarrheal diseases and intestinal inflammatory conditions with an inflammatory component.
Patterns of muscular growth in the African Bovidae

Abstract Three types of anatomical data (body composition, regional muscle proportions, segmental distribution of body mass) are compared for neonates and physically mature individuals from 4 genera of African Bovidae. The data reveal (1) fundamental differences in the adults which correlate directly with their locomotor patterns, and (2) differences in the newborns which correlate with developmental strategy. “Lying-out” species such as Kirk's dik-dik ( Madoqua kirki ), dorcas gazelle ( Gazella dorcas ) and sable antelope ( Hippotragus niger ) possess only two-thirds of the muscle at birth than they do as adults, whereas a newborn “follower”, such as the brindled gnu ( Connochaetes taurinus ), has proportionally as much muscle (40% of weight) as it has as an adult. This suggestive relationship begs further investigation. In all species muscular growth shifts the center of gravity towards the hip joint, a more optimal biomechanical position.
Hydrogeologic and Geochemical Factors Required for the Development of Carolina Bays Along the Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico Coastal Plain, USA

More than 60 years of intense study and debate have yet to resolve the origin of the Carolina Bays. Carolina Bays are circular to elliptical depressions located along the Gulf of Mexico and Atlantic Coastal Plains. Proposed processes of initiation and development of these karst-like features include meteorite impacts, substrate dissolution, wind, ice, marine waves and currents. Based on field studies throughout the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plains and on review of coastal plain literature, we propose that Carolina Bays initially developed as silica-karst features. During Pleistocene sea-level lowstands, water tables in the Atlantic Coastal Plain were up to 30 m lower than today. Large volumes of surface water collected in local topographic lows and/or areas of enhanced permeability and infiltrated through sandy substrates of the low-relief coastal plain. Localized infiltration of phreatic water induced extensive desilicification of the sandy and clayey substrates, resulting in volume loss and development of karst-like depressions. Particularly relevant to initial bay development was alteration of kaolinite to gibbsite, which can produce a 34-percent loss in clay material volume, and concurrent dissolution of iron oxide. The initial silica-karst depressions along the Atlantic and Gulf coasts were later modified by eolian and, perhaps, ice-push processes, which enhanced their elliptical form. The subsequent Holocene rise in sea level caused ground-water levels in the coastal plain to equilibrate near the present-day land surface. This curtailed geochemical weathering, as well as eolian and ice-related processes. Ground-water saturation partially reversed chemical reactions associated with intensive weathering of clays beneath the bays, masking evidence of the severe leaching that occurred during their initial formation. Silica-karst features, similar to Carolina Bays in their initial stages of development, are common geologic features. Moreover, silica-karst processes are active today in warm temperate, subtropical, and tropical areas in sandy substrates where groundwater levels are well below the ground surface and can cause subsidence or disrupt developing wetlands.
Electromechanical actuation of buckypaper actuator: Material properties and performance relationships

Abstract Carbon nanotubes can be assembled into macroscopic thin film materials called buckypapers. To incorporate buckypaper actuators into engineering systems, it is of high importance to understand their material property-actuation performance relationships in order to model and predict the behavior of these actuators. The electromechanical actuation of macroscopic buckypaper structures and their actuators, including single and multi-walled carbon nanotube buckypapers and aligned single-walled nanotube buckypapers, were analyzed and compared. From the experimental evidence, this Letter discusses the effects of the fundamental material properties, including Young modulus and electrical double layer properties, on actuation performance of the resultant actuators.
Iterated Document Content Classification

We report an improved methodology for training classifiers for document image content extraction, that is, the location and segmentation of regions containing handwriting, machine-printed text, photographs, blank space, etc. Our previous methods classified each individual pixel separately (rather than regions): this avoids the arbitrariness and restrictiveness that result from constraining region shapes (to, e.g., rectangles). However, this policy also allows content classes to vary frequently within small regions, often yielding areas where several content classes are mixed together. This does not reflect the way that real content is organized: typically almost all small local regions are of uniform class. This observation suggested a post-classification methodology which enforces local uniformity without imposing a restricted class of region shapes. We choose features extracted from small local regions (e.g. 4-5 pixels radius) with which we train classifiers that operate on the output of previous classifiers, guided by ground truth. This provides a sequence of post-classifiers, each trained separately on the results of the previous classifier. Experiments on a highly diverse test set of 83 document images show that this method reduces per-pixel classification errors by 23%, and it dramatically increases the occurrence of large contiguous regions of uniform class, thus providing highly usable near-solid 'masks' with which to segment the images into distinct classes. It continues to allow a wide range of complex, non-rectilinear region shapes.
Guidance and Control Techniques for Automated Air Traffic Control

A guidance technique has been developed for flying an aircraft automatically along curved trajectories. The technique consists of a set of algorithms for automatically synthesizing flight profiles, i.e., the horizontal trajectory, the altitude and speed profiles, and a time sequence of commands. The flyability Of the synthesized profile under wind disturbances and initial condition error is verified by closing the loop around the synthesized trajectory and flying it in a computer-simul ated jet aircraft. A control law having longitudinal, lateral and heading deviation from the synthesized profile in the feedback loops is used for the simulated flight. The performance of the system is excellent, errors that are initially zero never exceed 230 ft and large initial errors are reduced rapidly. The system also behaves quite well under wind disturbance. For example, the longitudinal and lateral deviations never exceed 470 ft for a 10-knot error in estimated wind velocity. This paper presents the flight-profile synthesis algorithms, describes the control law, analyzes the overall system performance under initial errors and error in steady wind estimates, and discusses the simulation results.
Protein engineering methods applied to membrane protein targets

Genes encoding membrane proteins have been estimated to comprise as much as 30% of the human genome. Among these membrane, proteins are a large number of signaling receptors, transporters, ion channels and enzymes that are vital to cellular regulation, metabolism and homeostasis. While many membrane proteins are considered high-priority targets for drug design, there is a dearth of structural and biochemical information on them. This lack of information stems from the inherent insolubility and instability of transmembrane domains, which prevents easy obtainment of high-resolution crystals to specifically study structure‐function relationships. In part, this lack of structures has greatly impeded our understanding in the field of membrane proteins. One method that can be used to enhance our understanding is directed evolution, a molecular biology method that mimics natural selection to engineer proteins that have specific phenotypes. It is a powerful technique that has considerable success with globular proteins, notably the engineering of protein therapeutics. With respect to transmembrane protein targets, this tool may be underutilized. Another powerful tool to investigate membrane protein structure‐function relationships is computational modeling. This review will discuss these protein engineering methods and their tremendous potential in the study of membrane proteins.
Preliminary Evaluation of Biplane Correlation (BCI) Stereographic Imaging for Lung Nodule Detection

A biplane correlation (BCI) imaging system obtains images that can be viewed in stereo, thereby minimizing overlapping structures. This study investigated whether using stereoscopic visualization provides superior lung nodule detection compared to standard postero-anterior (PA) image display. Images were acquired at two oblique views of ±3° as well as at a standard PA position from 60 patients. Images were processed using optimal parameters and displayed on a stereoscopic display. The PA image was viewed in the standard format, while the oblique views were paired to provide a stereoscopic view of the subject. A preliminary observer study was performed with four radiologists who viewed and scored the PA image then viewed and scored the BCI stereoscopic image. The BCI stereoscopic viewing of lung nodules resulted in 71 % sensitivity and 0.31 positive predictive value (PPV) index compared to PA results of 86 % sensitivity and 0.26 PPV index. The sensitivity for lung nodule detection with the BCI stereoscopic system was reduced by 15 %; however, the total number of false positives reported was reduced by 35 % resulting in an improved PPV index of 20 %. The preliminary results indicate observer dependency in terms of relative advantage of either system in the detection of lung nodules, but overall equivalency of the two methods with promising potential for BCI as an adjunct diagnostic technique.
Correlation of Continuous Electroencephalograms With Cerebral Blood Flow Measurements During Carotid Endarterectomy

Over a 16-month period 121 endarterectomies performed under a carefully controlled level of general anesthesia (halothane-nitrous) were monitored by cerebral blood flow (GBF) measurements determined from intraarterially injected 133Xe and by continuous electroencephalograms (EEG). Details concerning our surgical, anesthetic, EEG, and blood flow technique have been previously reported and will not be discussed in detail here (1). This report will be limited to those 25 cases in which the EEG showed major focal changes within 3 min after carotid clamping. An internal shunt was inserted within 2 to 10 min after the development of focal EEG changes, and in all cases the major changes resolved by 3 min after shunting. In a few cases an additional 4 min was required for minor residual asymmetries to resolve.
Asymptotic performance analysis of ESPRIT, higher order ESPRIT, and virtual ESPRIT algorithms

In this paper, we present an asymptotic performance analysis of three subspace-based methods for direction of arrival (DOA) estimation-the ESPRIT algorithm using second order statistics, the higher order ESPRIT algorithm using fourth-order cumulants, and the virtual ESPRIT (VESPA) algorithm using fourth-order cumulants. We examine the least-squares version of these algorithms, derive the expressions for the asymptotic variance of the estimated DOAs, and use specific examples to compare the relative performance of the algorithms. Finally, we present Monte Carlo simulations to validate the theoretical analysis.
Comparison of Two Cardioplegia Solutions Using Thermodilution Cardiac Output in Neonates and Infants

Background Information from clinical studies is limited regarding the optimal method for myocardial protection in immature hearts, and specifically the benefits of different cardioplegia (CP) formulations. We compared two CP techniques by evaluation of the cardiac index using thermodilution catheters. Methods The study cohort includes 102 neonates and infants (aged 2 to 269 days) undergoing biventricular repair surgery. A total of 52 patients were managed with commercially available crystalloid CP ("standard CP") and 50 had a custom mix of crystalloid CP with dilute blood ("custom CP"). Repeated-measures analysis of variance was applied to compare the cardiac index every 3 hours during the 24-hour postoperative period between the two groups and stratified by diagnosis. Adjustment for possible confounders was used to more objectively compare the groups. Results Standard crystalloid CP provided superior myocardial protection in patients who had transposition of great arteries ( p p = 0.01). Cardiac index after cardiopulmonary bypass was lower in patients who had transposition of great arteries and intact ventricular septum compared with the group who had transposition of great arteries and ventricular septal defect; and in both subgroups, the standard CP technique was superior to the custom CP solution. Age at operation was inversely correlated with the cardiac index. Conclusions Younger patients, particularly neonates, have a significantly higher postoperative cardiac index with standard CP than with custom CP. The advantage is not apparent beyond the neonatal period.
Understanding Second Language Process edited by HAN, ZHAOHONG.

The article reviews the book "Understanding Second Language Process," edited by Zhaohong Han.
Juvenile growth and survival of heat-shocked triploid hybrid saugeyes, Stizostedion vitreum × S. canadense

This research was funded by the Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Wildlife under Federal Aid in Sport Fish Restoration Project F-69-P-5, Fish Management in Ohio.
cyclosporine and liver transplantation: Will the midazolam test make blood level monitoring obsolete?

Immunosuppression therapy with cyclosporine is often hampered by significant interindividual variability in the metabolic clearance of the drug. It has been suggested that much of the variability in cyclosporine clearance is due to differences in the cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) content in the liver and intestinal mucosa. A study was conducted in liver transplant recipients to characterize hepatic CYP3A4 variability during the first 10 days after surgery. The formation of 1′-hydroxymidazolam (1′-OH MDZ) was followed in the plasma after i.v. midazolam (MDZ) administration to 21 multiple-organ donors and to recipients of 10 of the 21 donor livers. Liver biopsy tissue was obtained from donors and recipients after the in vivo pharmacokinetic test. For liver donors, the plasma 1′-OH MDZ/MDZ concentration ratio 30 min after the i.v. MDZ dose was well correlated with the hepatic CYP3A4 content (r = 0.87, P < .001). Much of the variability in the two parameters was attributed to the administration of enzyme-inducing drugs before organ procurement. The mean hepatic CYP3A4 content and plasma 1′-OH MDZ/MDZ concentration ratio in six inducer-treated donors was 4.7-fold and 2.3-fold higher than the respective mean value for all other donors. The hepatic CYP3A4 content and plasma 1′-OH MDZ/MDZ ratio for liver recipients, studied on postoperative day 10, was negatively correlated with the respective parameter measured in donors on day 0 (r = −0.60 for CYP3A4 and r = −0.79 for 1′-OH MDZ/MDZ; P < .05 and P < .01). The dynamic changes in hepatic CYP3A4 expression during the perioperative period, some of which appear to be due to the effect of enzyme-inducing drugs, help explain the difficulties often encountered in the achievement and maintenance of therapeutic cyclosporine blood levels after liver transplantation.
Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 Deficiency in Whole Body or Bone Marrow–Derived Cells Increases Atherosclerosis in Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor −/− Mice

Objective—The renin-angiotensin system contributes to atherosclerotic lesion formation. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) catabolizes angiotensin II (Ang II) to angiotensin 1–7 (Ang-(1–7)) to ...
Sustained complete remission of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive metastatic breast cancer in the liver during long-term trastuzumab (Herceptin) maintenance therapy in a woman: a case report

This case report and short review discusses how long trastuzumab should be continued in metastatic breast cancer, the safety issues in case of pregnancy and the risk of relapse with trastuzumab cessation. We present the case of a 34-year-old Caucasian woman with human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive metastatic breast cancer in the liver who achieved prolonged complete remission within six months of receiving trastuzumab (Herceptin) in combination with vinorelbine and gemcitabine. The patient remains in complete remission seven years later and continues to receive trastuzumab as maintenance therapy. Trastuzumab-based therapies have greatly improved the survival rates of patients with human epidermal growth factor receptor 2- positive metastatic breast cancer. Despite such improvements, the safety of trastuzumab administration during pregnancy is yet to be defined.
Berkeley, Human Agency and Divine Concurrentism

This paper aims to offer a sympathetic reading of Berkeley’s often maligned account of human agency. The first section briefly revisits three options concerning the relationship between human and divine agency available to theistically minded philosophers in the medieval and early modern eras. The second argues that, of those three views, only the position of concurrentism is consistent with Berkeley’s texts. The third section explores Berkeley’s reasons for adopting concurrentism by highlighting three motivating considerations drawn from his larger philosophical system. Finally, the fourth section attempts to flesh out Berkeley’s understanding of human activity by looking at how we might understand his claim that “we move our legs ourselves” in light of his commitments to idealism and concurrentism.
Identifying Genes for Establishing a Multigenic Test for Hepatocellular Carcinoma Surveillance in Hepatitis C Virus-Positive Cirrhotic Patients

In this study, we used the Affymetrix HG-U133A version 2.0 GeneChips to identify genes capable of distinguishing cirrhotic liver tissues with and without hepatocellular carcinoma by modeling the high-dimensional dataset using an L(1) penalized logistic regression model, with error estimated using N-fold cross-validation. Genes identified by gene expression microarray included those that have important links to cancer development and progression, including VAMP2, DPP4, CALR, CACNA1C, and EGR1. In addition, the selected molecular markers in the multigenic gene expression classifier were subsequently validated using reverse transcriptase-real time PCR, and an independently acquired gene expression microarray dataset was downloaded from Gene Expression Omnibus. The multigenetic classifier derived herein did similarly or better than standard abdominal ultrasonography and serum alpha-fetoprotein, which are currently used for hepatocellular carcinoma surveillance. Because early hepatocellular carcinoma diagnosis increases survival by increasing access to therapeutic options, these molecular markers may prove useful for early diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma, especially if prospectively validated and translated into gene products that can be reproducibly and reliably tested noninvasively.
Resolution trade-off analysis for aperture size and signaling bandwidth of diffraction tomography based on spatial-frequency spectral coverage

The objective of this article is to present the trade-off analysis of resolving capability of diffraction tomography between aperture size and illumination signal bandwidth based on the span of spatial spectral coverage. The analysis is conducted on both the transmission and reflection modes, and can be generalized into various data acquisition configurations. In addition, the analysis provides an important link to other tomographic imaging modalities such as the classical X-ray tomography and synthetic aperture radar systems. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Imaging Syst Technol, 19, 1–4, 2009
THE FATE OF RESIDENTIAL INTEGRATION IN AMERICAN CITIES: Evidence from Racially Mixed Neighborhoods, 1970–1980

: Census data from 58 large central cities were used to measure 1970–1980 shifts in the racial composition of 2,259 neighborhoods (census tracts) that were nominally integrated (neither all white nor all black) at the start of the decade. The findings show the patterns and dynamics of racial change to be more complex than expected. One-fourth of all tracts in the sample exhibited relative stability in their black-nonblack proportions. However, the major population losses experienced by these compositionally stable tracts, and the volatile character of mixed neighborhoods generally, preclude too optimistic a conclusion about the future of integration.
Critical Thinking Assessment Across Four Sustainability-Related Experiential Learning Settings

Today’s complex societal problems require both critical thinking and an engaged citizenry. Current practices in higher education, such as service learning, suggest that experiential learning can serve as a vehicle to encourage students to become engaged citizens. However, critical thinking is not necessarily a part of every experiential learning process. This project explored several learning experiences that used mindful instructional design of experiential learning to promote critical thinking outcomes. This project looked at four different learning settings that varied in sustainability topics and extent of experiential learning that suggests applicability to a wide educational audience. Our work identified four effective features of instructional design that supported critical thinking: planning, instruction method, content, and explicit critical thinking outcomes. We found that strong critical thinking outcomes result from experiential learning with appropriately scaffolded critical thinking exercises and processes.
Special Section Guest Editorial:Medical Image Perception: Understanding How Radiologists Understand Images

This PDF file contains the editorial “Special Section Guest Editorial:Medical Image Perception: Understanding How Radiologists Understand Images” for JMI Vol. 3 Issue 01
Separation of oil from a water/oil mixed drop using two nonparallel plates.

In this work, we have developed a simple approach to separate oil from a microliter-scaled water/oil mixture by squeezing the mixture using two nonparallel plates. Three pairs of plates with Teflon, SU-8, and SiO2 coatings, respectively, are used in the tests, and all of these plates are capable of separating the water/oil mixed drops. 95.5% silicone oil and 97.0% light mineral oil have been collected from their corresponding mixtures with water through the pair of Teflon plates. Furthermore, on the basis of pressure difference inside a liquid drop, theoretical models have been developed to interpret the corresponding mechanisms of the separation process, as well as the observed phenomena. To judge whether two immiscible liquids could be separated using the developed approach, a sufficient condition has also been derived, which includes three theoretical relations. The sufficient condition is subsequently validated by experiments. This condition also provides criteria for choosing a good plate coating. Su...
Editor's Viewpoint: Who's on First What's on Second?

(1994). Editor's Viewpoint: Who's on First What's on Second? Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport: Vol. 65, No. 2, pp. iii-iv.
Effect of Chemosterilants Against the Oriental Fruit Fly, Melon Fly, and Mediterranean Fruit Fly

In tests conducted in Hawaii from 1959 to 1964 both sexes of one or more of 3 species of tephritid flies were sterilized without toxic effects by treating food and water with tcpa, metepa, apholate, or tretamine, applying these materials topically to pupae or adults, or exposing adults to deposits of the chemosterilants. Methotrexate, aminopterin, colchicine, and 5-fluorouracil treatments sterilized females only. Tepa, apholate, and tretamine sterilized as effectively and efficiently as ionizing radiation. Tepa showed promise for field applications in combination with attractive protein hydrolyzates. In general, males were sterilized at lower concentrations than females; the melon fly, Dacus cucurbitae Coquillett, was the most susceptible; the oriental fruit fly, D. dorsalis Hendel, intermediate; and the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), the least susceptible to test materials. Treatments were most effective against newly emerged flies, but deposition of hatchable eggs in old gravid fertile females was inhibited within 24–48 hr after treatment.
Combining biophysical methods to analyze the disulfide bond in SH2 domain of C-terminal Src kinase

The Src Homology 2 (SH2) domain is a structurally conserved protein domain that typically binds to a phosphorylated tyrosine in a peptide motif from the target protein. The SH2 domain of C-terminal Src kinase (Csk) contains a single disulfide bond, which is unusual for most SH2 domains. Although the global motion of SH2 domain regulates Csk function, little is known about the relationship between the disulfide bond and binding of the ligand. In this study, we combined X-ray crystallography, solution NMR, and other biophysical methods to reveal the interaction network in Csk. Denaturation studies have shown that disulfide bond contributes significantly to the stability of SH2 domain, and crystal structures of the oxidized and C122S mutant showed minor conformational changes. We further investigated the binding of SH2 domain to a phosphorylated peptide from Csk-binding protein upon reduction and oxidation using both NMR and fluorescence approaches. This work employed NMR, X-ray cryptography, and other biophysical methods to study a disulfide bond in Csk SH2 domain. In addition, this work provides in-depth understanding of the structural dynamics of Csk SH2 domain.
The Suburban Novels

By 1894, when Morgan Forster was fifteen, Rooksnest, the house near Stevenage, Hertfordshire, had become his Arcadia, cherished in memory but unattainable. In 1894, when he began a detailed description of the house in order to fix it firmly in mind, he could not remember the act of first entering the house, but he was clear about his first memory connected with his being in and of Rooksnest: ‘playing with bricks on the drawing room floor’. They had arrived in March 1883 and intended to stay for no more than three years. They left in 1893 because the landlord would not renew their lease, in part because Mrs Forster could not make up her mind about it. In those ten years her son developed his lifelong attachment to the house, its wych-elm and meadow, and the farm beyond.
The threat (or not) of insecticide resistance for malaria control

Malaria burdens have fallen dramatically this century, in large part because around a billion long-lasting insecticide-treated bed nets (LLINs) have been introduced into Africa (1, 2). Hanging over this success is a key question: What if the insecticides stop working? Pyrethroids are the only chemical class currently approved for bed net use and, predictably, pyrethroid resistance is emerging in Anopheles populations (1, 3). How much does this matter? Incredibly, we have little idea. The paper by Viana et al. (4) in PNAS explores one piece of the puzzle. In agriculture, the impact of insecticide resistance is relatively straightforward to anticipate: insects eat crops and insects that survive otherwise effective insecticide exposure continue to eat crops and reduce yield. But in public health, the situation is more nuanced. What matters is not simply whether mosquitoes survive insecticide exposure but, rather, whether insecticide resistance enhances the ability of mosquitoes to acquire and transmit pathogens (vectorial capacity). For example, most mosquitoes do not survive the 10–14 d it typically takes malaria parasites to become infectious. Insecticides work by reducing the number of survivors still further. Whether insecticide resistance negates this reduction depends critically on the lifespan of resistant mosquitoes. If resistance is incomplete—so the mosquitoes nonetheless die younger after repeated insecticide exposure—or if resistance itself is a life-shortening trait because it is metabolically costly, the impact of resistance on disease transmission might be negligible (5). Could it be that LLINs will continue to function in the face of increasing resistance? Although far from definitive, certain field data are consistent with this possibility. Genetic markers for known resistance alleles (such as knockdown resistance, KDR) and insecticidal bioassays (WHO standard cone and tube tests) point to the emergence of insecticide resistance in many malaria endemic areas, but as yet there is little … [↵][1]1To whom correspondence should be addressed. Email: a.read{at}psu.edu. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Inter-Leaflet Dependence in Asymmetric Lipid Membranes

Different lipid compositions are found on the cytosolic and exoplasmic leaflets of eukaryotic plasma membranes. We study the effects of this compositional asymmetry through Molecular Dynamics simulations. In particular, we consider the influence between a phosphatidylcholine-rich exoplasmic leaflet's phase, either liquid ordered or liquid disordered, and a cytosolic leaflet either rich in phosphatidylethanolamine or rich in both phosphatidylserine and cholesterol. Changes to lipid order and lateral pressure are assessed. We examine the flip-flop of cholesterol between leaflets over the course of several microseconds by tracking the net movement of cholesterol due to compositional asymmetry. We consider the time scale for equilibration of cholesterol movement and the relative cholesterol concentrations in each leaflet.
9.9 Suspended Load

Suspended load refers to the sediment that rivers and streams carry in the water column, which does not contact the bed surface for considerable periods of time. The fraction of the total load that is carried as suspended load in a stream is generally much greater than 50%. Sediment in motion as suspended load is one of the major pollutants of water bodies in the US, according to the Environmental Protection Agency. Excess sediment impairs the use of water for industrial and human uses and has also been shown to have detrimental effects on aquatic plants and fish. The sediment that is transported as suspended load may be divided into noncohesive and cohesive fractions. The concentration of the fraction of the suspended load that is present in the bed material, generally with diameters greater than 0.062 mm, is in principle predictable if the size distribution of the bed material and the strength of the flow are known. This is not the case with the finer cohesive fraction of the suspended load, which is generally supply limited and very difficult to predict. This chapter provides an up-to-date summary of the processes responsible for transport of suspended load, and methods to predict and sample suspended load. There are still major gaps in the understanding of the processes and prediction of the transport of suspended sediment.