cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Integrating Science and Engineering Practices: Outcomes from a Collaborative Professional Development.

The Next Generation Science Standards accentuate engineering design along with scientific inquiry, emphasizing the relationship between scientific investigations and engineering design in solving problems and devising new ideas and technologies. The goal is for students to realize the importance of science and engineering in innovation and in solving many of today’s challenges. The Next Generation Science Standards contends that a working knowledge and practicality of engineering design prepares students for embracing the challenges of the future. To support students in developing these capabilities, teachers are tasked with the responsibility of facilitating science instruction that integrates science and engineering practices. This is a challenge since a majority of them have little to no understanding of engineering applications. An interdisciplinary team, consisting of science education and mechanical engineering faculty and doctoral students from each discipline, and science, mathematics, and career and technical curriculum supervisors, collaborated with middle school science, mathematics, and career and technical education teachers to develop a framework for integrating engineering practices into their curricula. The exploratory nature of the project, and instructional outcomes with their students, supported teachers in developing an understanding and value for science and engineering practices. As a result, they were motivated to critique and revise their practices, aiming to develop and implement instruction that they perceived as beneficial to their students. With the surge in emphasis on preparing K-12 students for the STEM workforce, initiatives devoted to exposing teachers and students to STEM applications have also increased. The findings from this study could be useful for informing these initiatives, since they reveal the learning experiences of the teachers while processing instructional strategies for integrating science and engineering practices into their curriculum. The findings highlight factors that motivated these teachers to reform their instructional practices, as well as their deliberations while endeavoring to assimilate the strategies into their curricular activities.
UAV Detection and Identification

This chapter describes in detail a new method for the detection and identification of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) based on the radio‐frequency (RF) signals and the corresponding RF fingerprints. It also describes a multistage UAV RF signal detection technique in the presence of noise and radio interference. The chapter explains the feature extraction and the RF fingerprinting‐based UAV classification system. The proposed detection system operates in the presence of wireless interference from WiFi and Bluetooth sources. These interference signals are detected using a multistage detector that estimates the bandwidth and modulation features of the detected signals. Once the signal from a UAV controller is detected, it is identified using different machine learning algorithms. The experimental setup together with the results of the detection and classification of UAV RF signals are also described.
Shannon entropy as a metric for conditional gene expression in Neurospora crassa.

Neurospora crassa has been an important model organism for molecular biology and genetics for over 60 years. Neurospora crassa has a complex life cycle, with over 28 distinct cell types and is capable of transcriptional responses to many environmental conditions including nutrient availability, temperature, and light. To quantify variation in N. crassa gene expression, we analyzed public expression data from 97 conditions and calculated the Shannon Entropy value for Neurospora’s approximately 11,000 genes. Entropy values can be used to estimate the variability in expression for a single gene over a range of conditions and be used to classify individual genes as constitutive or condition-specific. Shannon entropy has previously been used measure the degree of tissue specificity of multicellular plant or animal genes. We use this metric here to measure variable gene expression in a microbe and provide this information as a resource for the N. crassa research community. Finally, we demonstrate the utility of this approach by using entropy values to identify genes with constitutive expression across a wide range of conditions and to identify genes that are activated exclusively during sexual development.
Managing Patient Pressure to Prescribe Antibiotics in the Clinic.

Acute respiratory tract infections (ARTIs) are typically viral; however, in the USA, approximately one-third of adults and 52% of children with ARTIs receive an antibiotic, making antibiotic prescribing for ARTIs a major contributor to the problem of inappropriate prescribing. Relying on a synthesis of work across pediatric and adult primary care, this article shows some of the main ways that patients and parents pressure physicians for antibiotics, whether intentionally or unintentionally, and how physicians combat that pressure. All data are from video recordings of community-based clinical encounters allowing us to see what is happening “on the ground.” Strategies that physicians actually use are documented; however, untutored physicians do not rely on these reliably or strategically, leaving substantial room for the deployment of a three-pronged communication strategy that can reduce patient pressure and inappropriate antibiotic prescribing.
Assessing the Socio-Economic Consequences of the Rise of Organic Farming in the European Union

Although organic farming is considered the poster child of rural development in Europe, there is little empirical evidence assessing its success in achieving the ambitious socio-economic objectives of support for small farms and employment generation that it is purported to assist. I present empirical evidence from the growth of organic farming in Europe over the past two decades that questions the highly optimistic claims of policy makers. I show that the rise in a region's share of agricultural land farmed under organic methods is associated with higher average farm size. Additionally organic farms in Europe display larger average sizes and lower rates of labor intensity than their conventional counterparts. Since the agricultural labor intensity in a region (the labor application per hectare) is not positively related with the share of organic area, the efficacy of organic farms to generate employment is set in doubt. I assert that this these developments point to the "conventionalization" of organic farming and present a serious challenge to European policy-making. Finally I suggest that the success of organic farming should be evaluated by the numbers of organic farmers, rather than by area covered, as has been the predominant approach so far.
IGF1R- and ROR1-Specific CAR T Cells as a Potential Therapy for High Risk Sarcomas

Patients with metastatic or recurrent and refractory sarcomas have a dismal prognosis. Therefore, new targeted therapies are urgently needed. This study was designed to evaluate chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells targeting the type I insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF1R) or tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor 1 (ROR1) molecules for their therapeutic potential against sarcomas. Here, we report that IGF1R (15/15) and ROR1 (11/15) were highly expressed in sarcoma cell lines including Ewing sarcoma, osteosarcoma, alveolar or embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma, and fibrosarcoma. IGF1R and ROR1 CAR T cells derived from eight healthy donors using the Sleeping Beauty (SB) transposon system were cytotoxic against sarcoma cells and produced high levels of IFN-γ, TNF-α and IL-13 in an antigen-specific manner. IGF1R and ROR1 CAR T cells generated from three sarcoma patients released significant amounts of IFN-γ in response to sarcoma stimulation. The adoptive transfer of IGF1R and ROR1 CAR T cells derived from a sarcoma patient significantly reduced tumor growth in pre-established, systemically disseminated and localized osteosarcoma xenograft models in NSG mice. Infusion of IGF1R and ROR1 CAR T cells also prolonged animal survival in a localized sarcoma model using NOD/scid mice. Our data indicate that both IGF1R and ROR1 can be effectively targeted by SB modified CAR T cells and that such CAR T cells may be useful in the treatment of high risk sarcoma patients.
Cardiac Source of Embolus

An embolus is an intravascular mass, which usually comprises a thrombus, atheromatous, or cellular matter that has entered the circulation and causes symptoms by lodging in end arteries and interrupting blood flow to the organs. Emboli from the venous system can enter the right side of the heart and cause pulmonary emboli, whereas those originating from the left side of the heart and great arteries can cause infarcts in the brain, kidneys, intestines, and skin. Although small strokes and transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) are often caused by atheromatous debris from the aorta or major cerebral arteries, an embolus large enough to occlude multiple major peripheral or visceral arteries is more likely to originate from the heart. A paradoxical embolus is a systemic infarct in which the source of the embolus is thought to be from the venous system, which has bypassed the pulmonary circulation by means of an intracardiac shunt, and crossed into the arterial circulation.
EXCITED-STATE EQUILIBRATION AND THE FLUORESCENCE-ABSORPTION RATIO

In any complex system at temperature T the absorption cross-section and fluorescent power at a given photon energy are connected by a simple relation if the system is in thermal equilibrium while occupying one particular electronic excited state. Although this situation is impossible in principle because of finite excited-state lifetimes, it is often approximated to the extent that the simple relation, which is expressed as a linear function of energy with slope —1/kBT, holds in a variety of cases. (The usual symbols for Boltzmann's constant and absolute temperature are used.) Observed deviations are of two principal kinds: a slope characteristic of some temperature T* other than ambient, and departures from a single pure straight line. The latter may include seemingly random variations and in some cases multiple regions of straight-line behavior. We have recently introduced an effective temperature T* (E), derived from the actual local slope of the putative straight line at energy E, which turns out to be a very sensitive detector of deviations from the ideal and, we believe, from equilibrium in the excited state. Plots of T* (E) display a variety of features. An anomaly in the T* (E) spectrum of chlorophyll a can be analyzed on this model, indicating a second weakly fluorescent state about 70 meV below the well-known Qy band. The cases of chlorophyll and many others are included in a selective review of applications of the universal relation to fluorescent systems.
Skilled Birth Attendance in Nigeria: A Function of Frequency and Content of Antenatal Care

The utilization rate of maternal services remains low in sub-Saharan Africa and may be contributing to the region’s high maternal mortality rate. This study examines the influence of antenatal care (ANC) on skilled birth attendance (SBA) in Nigeria. The data used were collected from a nationally representative sample of women (aged 15-49) in 2011. The sample is restricted to women who were within two years postpartum (weighted n=9879). Multivariate logistic regression was used to assess the association between ANC (number of visits attended and services received during last pregnancy) and SBA. Despite 70% of the women receiving any ANC, only 49% had SBA during their last childbirth. The number of ANC services received, rather than the number of ANC visits attended, was positively associated with having SBA during last childbirth after controlling for relevant covariates (p<0.05). The focus, therefore, should be on increasing the number of services received during ANC. (Afr J Reprod Health 2015; 19[1]: 25-33).
Human Rights in International Relations

This fourth edition of David P. Forsythe's successful textbook provides an authoritative and timely analysis of the place of human rights in an age of upheaval in international politics. Human rights standards are examined at the global, regional and national levels, with separate chapters on transnational corporations and advocacy groups. Completely updated and revised, the fourth edition takes account of new sources and recent scholarship, as well as recent events, such as the Syrian war, the rise of ISIS, refugee flows, South Sudan crises, and the resurgence of nationalism. A new chapter has been added on the media and human rights, covering both traditional and social media. Examining attempts to protect human rights by various actors, such as the United Nations, the European Union, transnational corporations, and the media, the book stresses that the open-ended fate of universal human rights depends on human agency in this context. Containing further reading suggestions and discussion questions, this textbook is a vital resource for courses on human rights in an international context.
Gliding motility in Myxococcus xanthus: mgl locus, RNA, and predicted protein products.

Mutants of Myxococcus xanthus that had lost the ability to glide were examined to elucidate the mechanism of gliding motility. Nonmotile mutants resulting from a single mutational step were all defective at the same locus, mgl, which implied an important role for the mgl product(s) in gliding. Deletion experiments, transposon insertion mutagenesis, and genetic rescue of mgl mutants mapped the locus to a 1.6-kilobase segment of Myxococcus DNA. Two species of RNA that hybridized with mgl DNA were found both during vegetative growth and during the starvation-induced development of fruiting bodies, which also requires cell movement. The two RNA species, of 1.5 and 1.3 kilobases, had the same 59 to 39 orientation and overlapped extensively. The DNA sequences of mgl+ and of seven mgl mutants were determined. Each mutant differed from mgl+ by a single-base-pair change in the sequence. Two adjacent open reading frames were found in the sequence hybridizing to both species of mgl RNA. Six of the single-base-pair changes, each of which would result in a single-amino-acid change, and an insertion-produced mgl mutation were located in the downstream open reading frame. This open reading frame (of 195 amino acids) is therefore an mgl gene, called mglA. The function of the upstream open reading frame is not known with certainty, although it does contain one of the mgl mutant sites and could be a second mgl gene. Images
Harmonization of clinical trial guidelines for assessing the risk of inhibitor development in hemophilia A treatment.

Summary. At the present time, the most significant complication of hemophilia therapy is the development of neutralizing antibodies (inhibitors) to factor (F) VIII, which adds greatly to the difficulty and expense of preventing and treating bleeding episodes. Both patient-related and therapy-related variables contribute to the development of inhibitors. The multifactorial nature of inhibitor development and the relatively small numbers of patients that participate in clinical trials make it difficult to accurately assess the risk of inhibitor development. Adding to that challenge is the lack of a uniform standard of design for conducting clinical trials to evaluate the safety of FVIII products. This hinders the comparison of products and is an obstacle to the meta-analysis necessary to make statistically valid assessments of inhibitor risk. This article reviews similarities and differences in clinical trial guidelines of European and US regulatory agencies and discusses the need for their harmonization to facilitate the assessment of FVIII products.
Cloud Tree: A Library to Extend Cloud Services for Trees

In this work, we propose a library that enables on a cloud the creation and management of tree data structures from a cloud client. As a proof of concept, we implement a new cloud service Cloud Tree. With Cloud Tree, users are able to organize big data into tree data structures of their choice that are physically stored in a cloud. We use caching, prefetching, and aggregation techniques in the design and implementation of Cloud Tree to enhance performance. We have implemented the services of Binary Search Trees (BST) and Prefix Trees as current members in Cloud Tree and have benchmarked their performance using the Amazon Cloud. The idea and techniques in the design and implementation of a BST and prefix tree is generic and thus can also be used for other types of trees such as B-tree, and other link-based data structures such as linked lists and graphs. Preliminary experimental results show that Cloud Tree is useful and efficient for various big data applications.
Performance characterization of a pilot-scale oxygen enriched-air and steam blown gasification and combustion system

The use of air as biomass gasifying agent yields low heating value product gas and is only suitable for heat and power applications. Steam and oxygen gasification on the other hand can increase gas heating value as well as main gas constituents suitable for production of liquid fuels through synthesis processes. Experiments were carried out to investigate the influence of using oxygen enriched-air and steam mixture as gasifying agents on syngas composition, heating value, fuel-N conversion to ammonia, and NOX emissions during gasification and combustion. The oxygen content in the enriched air was varied from 21% (v/v, atmospheric air) to 45% and 80% on dry basis. On wet basis, the oxygen percentages are equivalent to 30% and 40%. All tests were maintained at fixed bed temperature of 800 °C and steam to biomass ratio (S/B) approximately 0.17. In addition tests were also conducted using three different biomass feedstocks with nitrogen content varying from 0.05 to 1.4 wt%. The NOX emissions from syngas combustion were characterized from different burner operating conditions such as varying heat rates and equivalence ratio. It was shown that oxygen-enriched air and steam gasification favors the increase of combustible gas components such as H2, CO, CH4 and lighter hydrocarbons and improves the lower heating value of syngas up to 28% and 43% for seed corn and wood, respectively. For all tested biomass feedstocks, results showed that ammonia and NOX concentrations increase as the oxygen percentage in air increase. This, in turn, resulted in higher NOX emissions during combustion. Chapter 1 – Introduction 1.1 – The Needs for Green and Renewable Energy. Energy has always been the foundation for growth in population, economics and technologies. Worldwide, fast growing population couple with evermore energy dependent technologies in the modern age indicates that energy consumption demands are expected to rise dramatically. Fossils fuels—natural gas, petroleum, and coal—has made up the majority contribution to the world energy supply system, however, fossil fuel reserves are finite and fast depleting. Moreover, the usage of fossil fuels has led to the increasing emissions that are harmful to both human health and the environment. Therefore to avoid the energy crisis and reduction of the use of fossil fuels, considerable efforts and proactive decisions need to be made with respect to extracting and utilizing renewable energy resources. In order to achieve the two goals, the feasible solutions are: 1) to improve the efficiency of existing fossil fuel conversion processes; 2) the use of renewable resources such as hydropower, geothermal, wind, solar, and biomass. Of the two options, the second option has additional advantages besides solving GHG emissions and petroleum fuels shortage. For example, the development and usage of renewable energy can help the government to develop national energy supply and become less dependence on foreign resources. Furthermore, renewable energy enhances economic development of rural areas.
The Ethnographer as Apprentice: Embodying Sociomusical Knowledge in South India

Summary This article focuses on the social significance and the cultural politics of the body-sensorial knowledge acquired through learning music. It considers music as a means for producing particular kinds of embodied subjects, as a repetitive practice and a mode of discipline that inculcates and hones gendered and classed sensibilities. These ideas are elaborated in reflection on the author's experience of learning South Indian classical (Karnatic) music through apprenticeship, multiple pedagogical encounters, and learning to appreciate music in the company of others.
Climatological Characterization of Three-Dimensional Storm Structure from Operational Radar and Rain Gauge Data

Abstract Three algorithms extract information on precipitation type, structure, and amount from operational radar and rain gauge data. Tests on one month of data from one site show that the algorithms perform accurately and provide products that characterize the essential features of the precipitation climatology. Input to the algorithms are the operationally executed volume scans of a radar and the data from a surrounding rain gauge network. The algorithms separate the radar echoes into convective and stratiform regions, statistically summarize the vertical structure of the radar echoes, and determine precipitation rates and amounts on high spatial resolution. The convective and stratiform regions are separated on the basis of the intensity and sharpness of the peaks of echo intensity. The peaks indicate the centers of the convective region. Precipitation not identified as convective is stratiform. This method avoids the problem of underestimating the stratiform precipitation. The separation criteria are...
The foot of Oreopithecus: an evolutionary assessment

A nearly complete composite foot of Oreopithecus bambolii is described and analyzed both mechanically and comparatively. Unlike the probable primitive anthropoid and catarrhine conditions in which the tarsus was considerably elongated, as in monkeys, for efficient leaping, this region is dramatically foreshortened in the Tuscan catarrhine. The phyletic reduction in the length of the tarsus exceeds that seen in the Miocene sample of Proconsul footbones. Although the foot of Oreopithecus is most similar in its inferred mechanical abilities to living chimps, the details of morphology and subtle but distinct morphological solutions to expedite virtually identical function (mechanics) strongly contradicts the hypothesis that the similarities are homologous to the shared pedal similarities observed in the living apes. The known pedal morphology of parapithecids, monkeys and hominoids is discussed in order to place Oreopithecus in a meaningful phylogenetic and functional perspective. Oreopithecus, with its decidedly advanced catarrhine pedal complex for climbing behavior, shows several modifications, namely: general robusticity of the tarsals and metatarsals; an exceptionally short load arm on the lever system of the calcaneus; strong flexor fibularis; pronounced plantar process on the calcaneal tuber; lack of tight upper ankle joint constraints; mediolateral as opposed to dorsoplantar movements favored by the astragalar head. These form-function attributes of the foot are different from those correlated with habitual pedal hanging in Pongo. The small astragalar head and the relatively undeviated long neck in the Asian ape are in revealing contrast to the conditions in Oreopithecus, although the 1958 skeleton, an adult male, was probably as large as a fully developed female orang, in the 30–35 kg, or heavier, size range.
Utility of Positron Emission Tomography in Radiotherapy Practice with Emphasis on Head and Neck Cancer

Summary Several issues related to functional imaging in treatment planning and response assessment in head and neck cancer exist. In the pre-radiotherapy setting, integrated positron emission tomography (PET)-computed tomography (CT) provides more accurate delineation of disease extent in head and neck cancer than does PET or CT alone, while fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)-PET shows promise in detecting distant metastases and/or primary tumour after a negative work-up. Incorporating FDG-PET data during the radiotherapy planning stage may significantly alter the gross tumour volume as well as identify primary tumour sites. Given sufficient time following radiation therapy (RT), FDG-PET is valuable in identifying residual tumours where CT and/or magnetic resonance imaging are unable to. While FDG-PET and PET-CT show great potential, challenges exist in successfully integrating the data into radiotherapy planning. No integrated system is used throughout the planning and treatment delivery process, leading to difficulty in reconciling imaged data with accurate radiotherapy delivery. This is particularly true when attempting to accurately delineate the tumour boundary. Although the several discussed methods yield good results, target volume definition remains elusive and uncertain. By identifying targets using mathematical thresholding techniques some of this uncertainty is removed.
Mitoxantrone and etoposide in patients with newly diagnosed acute myeloid leukemia with persistent leukemia after a course of therapy with cytarabine and idarubicin.

The most effective regimen for patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) who do not achieve complete remission (CR) after one course of cytarabine and an anthracycline has not been extensively studied. We evaluated restrospectively the efficacy, toxicity, and prognostic factors for the achievement of CR following mitoxantrone and etoposide in 74 patients with newly diagnosed AML who did not respond to one course of therapy with cytarabine and idarubicin. CR was achieved in 39% of patients; 14% died of infectious complications; no grade 3 or 4 hepatic toxicities were observed. Median duration of overall survival was 9.0 months (95% CI 5.8–14.9 months). The median duration of relapse-free survival was 11.0 months (95% CI: 9.0–19.3 months). A lower CR rate was associated with unfavorable risk status at diagnosis and higher percent blasts. Our data suggest that the combination of etoposide and mitoxantrone is an effective second-course therapy in patients with newly diagnosed AML.
Philadelphia on stone: commercial lithography in Philadelphia, 1828–1878

Lithography, a flat-surface (or planographic) printing process, was invented around 1798 in Bavaria by Alois Senefelder (1771–1834). Text and pictures could easily be combined on the same page, and...
Automorphism groups of models of Peano arithmetic

Which groups are isomorphic to automorphism groups of models of Peano Arithmetic? It will be shown here that any group that has half a chance of being isomorphic to the automorphism group of some model of Peano Arithmetic actually is.For any structure , let Aut() be its automorphism group. There are groups which are not isomorphic to any model = (N, +, ·, 0, 1, ≤) of PA. For example, it is clear that Aut(N), being a subgroup of Aut((, <)), must be torsion-free. However, as will be proved in this paper, if (A, <) is a linearly ordered set and G is a subgroup of Aut((A, <)), then there are models of PA such that Aut() ≅ G.If is a structure, then its automorphism group can be considered as a topological group by letting the stabilizers of finite subsets of A be the basic open subgroups. If ′ is an expansion of , then Aut(′) is a closed subgroup of Aut(). Conversely, for any closed subgroup G ≤ Aut() there is an expansion ′ of such that Aut(′) = G. Thus, if is a model of PA, then Aut() is not only a subgroup of Aut((N, <)), but it is even a closed subgroup of Aut((N, ′)).There is a characterization, due to Cohn [2] and to Conrad [3], of those groups G which are isomorphic to closed subgroups of automorphism groups of linearly ordered sets.
Selection for Three Week Body Weight on Normal and Methionine Deficient Diets

Abstract SEVERAL studies have shown that body weight in chickens can be readily increased or decreased by selection (Siegel, 1962; Maloney et al., 1963; Festing and Nordskog, 1967). Also, concurrent with changes in body weight are correlated changes in other traits (Siegel, 1963; Maloney et al., 1963; Ideta and Siegel, 1966; Festing and Nordskog, 1967). This study reports the results of tests made to determine the effect of selection for high and low three-week body weights with normal and methionine deficient diets upon subsequent body weight, egg weight, maturity and egg production. The associations between body weight and other performance traits have been well documented in the above mentioned publications. However, additional points of interest are: (1) does compensatory growth remove or partially remove the observable differences in body weight at three weeks on normal and deficient diets (2) does selection on a methionine deficient diet differ from selection on a . . .
Preparation, properties, and colorimetric determination of diacetylmethylcarbinol.

Abstract Methods for the enzymic and chemical synthesis of substrate amounts of diacetylmethylcarbinol have been outlined. Diacetylmethylcarbinol has been characterized chemically and some of its properties studied. A colorimetric procedure for the quantitative determination of diacetylmethylcarbinol has been described.
Anterior Cruciate Ligament Bracing: Evidence in Providing Stability and Preventing Injury or Graft Re-Rupture

Ligamentous knee injuries are common and costly, both in financial terms and time missed from work and recreational activities. Furthermore, ligamentous injuries appear to predispose patients to future osteoarthritis and other morbidities. Therefore, prevention strategies are important in limiting the potential impact of these injuries. Knee braces are one of the most often prescribed devices in the billion-dollar orthotic industry. Despite widespread use of prophylactic and functional knee braces, the evidence supporting their efficacy in reducing and/or preventing injury remains limited. Knee braces have been shown to be more effective in preventing medial collateral ligament injuries than anterior cruciate ligament injuries in both cadaveric and clinical studies. The use of functional braces after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction has been supported and refuted in both postoperative and long-term studies.
Development of adrenergic and cholinergic receptor cardiovascular regulatory capacity in the Canada goose (Branta canadensis) and domestic goose (Anser anser domesticus)

Abstract Adrenergic control of cardiovascular function is a common component of regulation in embryonic birds studied to date. Our goal was to investigate adrenergic and cholinergic cardiovascular regulation in two goose species, the Canada goose (Branta canadensis) and the related domestic goose (Anser anser domesticus) to determine if these species possess similar regulation during embryonic development. We determined mean arterial pressure (Pm) and heart rate (fH) responses to serial blockade of cholinergic, β-adrenergic and α-adrenergic receptors in B. canadensis and A. domesticus at 70 and 90% of total incubation (28 days). Both species possessed cholinergic and β-adrenergic tone on fH at 70% of incubation that increased in intensity with development. In addition, a constant α-adrenergic tone on Pm was present in both species. Our findings indicate that these geese species possess both cholinergic and adrenergic cardiovascular regulation providing information needed for speculation regarding the commonalities in the ontogeny of these cardiovascular regulatory elements in birds.
Attribution of responsibility for injury and long-term outcome of patients with paralytic spinal cord trauma

Attribution of responsibility for injury and long-term outcome of patients with paralytic spinal cord trauma
What does economic freedom buy

Abstract The debate regarding “positive” versus “negative” freedom is discussed in terms of past theoretical and empirical studies. This is followed by an analysis of the impact of “negative” freedom, using a recently developed index of economic freedom for each of the 50 U.S. states allowing for an analysis of otherwise quite homogenous political entities, an advantage not realizable in previous international comparisons. Using several indicators of social well-being, the analysis suggests that the minimalist government aspects of negative freedom are often perversely related to other conditions of well-being, across states, and by implication among nations. Further, it is argued that such an adverse relationship may well flow from the behavior patterns embodied in and encouraged by a single-minded focus on negative freedom.
High-Temperature Recovery of Tungsten after Neutron Irradiation

The recovery of neutron-irradiation-induced defects in tungsten has been investigated via isochronal resistivity studies after irradiations from 8.5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{17}$ to 1.5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{21}$ $n$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$ (${E}_{n}g1$ MeV). These studies have shown that after irradiation at reactor ambient temperature (\ensuremath{\sim}70\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C), recovery occurs in three principal recovery regions. The first region (stage III) occurs between 100 and 450\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C, the second between 450 and 650\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C, and the third (stage IV) between 650 and 1000\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C. The temperature of maximum recovery of the stage-III region decreased from 360 to 270\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C with increasing fluence. The temperature of the maximum recovery of the second region also appears to decrease slightly with increasing fluence. The temperature of maximum recovery of stage IV is independent of the neutron fluence over the fluence range utilized in this investigation. A residual resistivity, remaining after completion of the isochronal anneals, shows a linear (slope of 1) dependence on the thermal-neutron fluence. This is believed due to the formation of rhenium, as a result of thermal-neutron ($n, \ensuremath{\gamma}$) reactions in tungsten. The shifts of the peak temperatures of the lower-temperature recovery regions are believed to result primarily from the weakening of the lattice by rhenium at low temperatures and high thermal-neutron fluences. The shift of the stage-III recovery region may also contain effects due to interactions between overlapping damage regions. Above about ${10}^{20}$ $n$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$ (${E}_{n}g1$ MeV), a deviation from a linear dependence of the log of the resistivity on the log of the fast neutron fluence supports the approach of saturation.
Occult pelvic lymph node involvement in bladder cancer: implications for definitive radiation.

Purpose To inform radiation treatment planning for clinically staged, node-negative bladder cancer patients by identifying clinical factors associated with the presence and location of occult pathologic pelvic lymph nodes. Methods and Materials The records of patients with clinically staged T1-T4N0 urothelial carcinoma of the bladder undergoing radical cystectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy at a single institution were reviewed. Logistic regression was used to evaluate associations between preoperative clinical variables and occult pathologic pelvic or common iliac lymph nodes. Percentages of patient with involved lymph node regions entirely encompassed within whole bladder (perivesicular nodal region), small pelvic (perivesicular, obturator, internal iliac, and external iliac nodal regions), and extended pelvic clinical target volume (CTV) (small pelvic CTV plus common iliac regions) were calculated. Results Among 315 eligible patients, 81 (26%) were found to have involved pelvic lymph nodes at the time of surgery, with 38 (12%) having involved common iliac lymph nodes. Risk of occult pathologically involved lymph nodes did not vary with clinical T stage. On multivariate analysis, the presence of lymphovascular invasion (LVI) on preoperative biopsy was significantly associated with occult pelvic nodal involvement (odds ratio 3.740, 95% confidence interval 1.865-7.499, P P =.056). The percentages of patients with involved lymph node regions entirely encompassed by whole bladder, small pelvic, and extended pelvic CTVs varied with clinical risk factors, ranging from 85.4%, 95.1%, and 100% in non-muscle-invasive patients to 44.7%, 71.1%, and 94.8% in patients with muscle-invasive disease and biopsy LVI. Conclusions Occult pelvic lymph node rates are substantial for all clinical subgroups, especially patients with LVI on biopsy. Extended coverage of pelvic lymph nodes up to the level of the common iliac nodes may be warranted in subsets of patients.
How the unification theory of explanation escapes asymmetry problems

L'A. defend la these selon laquelle la theorie unificationniste de l'explication developpee par P. Kitcher est capable d'eviter les problemes souleves par l'asymetrie des explications. Rejetant le cas de la derivation arriere decrit par E. Barnes, l'A. montre que l'asymetrie se prete a l'explication uni-directionnelle des theories non-causales
Drug-Associated Mitochondrial Toxicity and its Detection

Mitochondrial dysfunction is a fundamental mechanism in the pathogenesis of several significant toxicities in mammals, especially those associated with the liver, skeletal and cardiac muscle, and the central nervous system. These changes can also occur as part of the natural aging process and have been linked to cellular mechanisms in several human disease states including Parkinson's and Alzheimer's, as well as ischemic perfusion injury and the effects of hyperglycemia in diabetes mellitus. Our knowledge of the effects of xenobiotics on mitochondrial function has expanded to the point that chemical structure and properties can guide the pharmaceutical scientist in anticipating mitochondrial toxicity. Recognition that maintenance of the mitochondrial membrane potential is essential for normal mitochondrial function has resulted in the development of predictive cell-based or isolated mitochondrial assay systems for detecting these effects with new chemical entities. The homeostatic role of some uncoupling proteins, differences in mitochondrial sensitivity to toxicity, and the pivotal role of mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT) as the determinant of apoptotic cell death are factors that underlie the adverse effects of some drugs in mammalian systems. In order to preserve mitochondrial integrity in potential target organs during therapeutic regimens, a basic understanding of mitochondrial function and its monitoring in the drug development program are essential. Toward this end, this review focuses on two topics, (1) the specific effects of xenobiotics on mitochondrial structure and function and (2) a summarization of current methods for quantifying these changes in a preclinical toxicology laboratory.
Radioactive seed localization breast biopsy and lumpectomy: Can specimen radiographs be eliminated?

Background: Wire localization (WL) is the current standard for surgical diagnosis of nonpalpable breast lesions. Many disadvantages inherent to WL are solved with radioactive seed localization (RSL). This trial investigated the ability of RSL to reduce the need for specimen radiographs and operating room delays associated with WL. Methods: A total of 134 women were entered onto an institutional review board–approved study. RSL was performed by placing a titanium seed containing .29 to 20 mCi of iodine-125 to within 1 cm of the suggestive breast lesion. The surgeon used a handheld gamma detector to locate and excise the iodine-125 seed and the lesion. Results: Specimen radiographs were eliminated in 98 (79%) of 124 patients. Surgical seed retrieval was 100% in 124 patients. No seed migration occurred after correct radiographical placement. A total of 26 (21%) of 124 patients required a specimen radiograph; 22 (85%) of these 26 were performed for microcalcifications. Conclusions: After surgical removal, RSL can eliminate specimen radiographs when the radiologist accurately places the seed and the pathologist grossly identifies the lesion. If small microcalcifications are noted before surgery, then specimen radiographs may be necessary. RSL reduced requirements for specimen radiographs, decreased OR time, improved incision placement, and improved resections to clear margins.
National Park Service Contingency Planning for Natural and Cultural Resources

ABSTRACT Coastal units of the National Park Service (NPS) continue to receive hazardous material and oil spills from outside sources. The physical and cultural isolation that once insulated National Parks from these concerns is no longer a source of protection from the catastrophic pollution events of the modern world. This paper details the experiences of NPS units with major and minor oils spills in recent years. It also examines the contingency planning needs determined to be most urgent and the most effective methods for meeting those needs.
Specific Study on 1T-TaSe2 in the Context of Commensurate Charge Density Wave

The Charge Density Wave (CDW) in the layered compound 1T-TaSe 2 at low temperatures has a commensurate phase which causes superlattice points to appear in the Brillouin zone of the undistorted phase. The phonon frequency distribution of this system for both the normal and the Commensurate Charge Density Wave (CCDW) phases have been worked out theoretically using the Born-von Karmann formalism. With these results the thermal properties such as specific heat capacity, Debye-Waller factor and thermal conductivity have been worked out and are compared with the available experimental results.
Formation of alkanethiol monolayer on Ge(111).

Alkanethiols, CH3(CH2)n-1SH, are shown to react readily with HF-treated Ge(111) surface at room temperature to form a high-quality monolayer. The resulting films are characterized by using contact angle analysis (CAA), atomic force microscopy (AFM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE), and high-resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy (HREELS). The octanethiol and octadecanethiol films on Ge(111) both exhibit 101° and 40° water and hexadecane contact angles, respectively. These values indicate that the thiol surface coverage is relatively high, and that the films possess a high degree of orientational ordering. The angle-resolved XPS analysis supports that thiols are bound to the Ge surface by Ge−S bonds at the monolayer/Ge interface. The film thickness values obtained by XPS and SE agree well with the earlier reported values on alkyl monolayers on Ge(111) prepared by Grignard reaction. On the basis of HREEL spectra taken after thermal annealing steps, the monolayer...
1H-NMR characterization of the human myocardium myoglobin and erythrocyte hemoglobin signais

Abstract The 1 H-NMR signal of deoxy Mb provides a unique opportunity to measure tissue oxygenation in vivo. To utilize the technique for human application, however, requires a specific spectral characterization of both human Mb and erythrocyte Hb. We report that the proximal histidyl-NH signal of human deoxy Mb resonates at 80.3 ppm at 25°C and maintains a 3.9 ppm separation with the corresponding Hb A signal throughout the physioiogical temperature range. In the particular case of the human thenar muscle, the deoxy Mb signal is clearly detectable without any interference from Hb.
The significance of microabscesses in liver transplant biopsies: A clinicopathological study

Parenchymal microabscesses (MA) in liver transplant biopsies are frequently associated with cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection. However, other potential causes of MA have not been fully investigated. We studied additional etiologies for MA via histological evaluation and clinicopathological correlation. Three hundred seventy-two liver transplant biopsies from 97 patients (from 1991 to 1997) were reviewed and stained immunohistochemically for CMV. Numerous histological features were evaluated including size and number of MA, lobular and portal inflammation, and cholestasis. Medical records were reviewed for radiographic, laboratory, and other clinical data from the time of biopsy. The chi2 or Fisher's Exact test and ANOVA with adjusted multiple comparisons were used to determine statistical significance. Sixty-two of 372 biopsies (17%) from 43 patients contained MA. Biopsies were obtained between 4 days and 2.3 years posttransplant (median, 14 days). Nineteen percent of biopsies had CMV infection at the time of biopsy; 27% were associated with other bacterial, viral, or fungal infections; 10% had graft ischemia; 15% had biliary obstruction/cholangitis; 3% had a combination of ischemia and sepsis; and no explanation was found in 26% of biopsies. Numerous MA within a biopsy (>9) correlated with CMV infection (P <.005); no other histological features, including size of MA, correlated with the etiology of MA. Overall, 43 of 97 (44%) liver transplantation patients at our institution had biopsies demonstrating MA at some point in their posttransplantation course. CMV infection appears responsible for only a minority of cases. MA, although nonspecific, are an important histological finding in numerous conditions that may have a significant impact on both graft survival and overall patient morbidity.
Spacetime compactification induced by scalars

It is shown that scalars of a nonlinear sigma model coupled to gravity can trigger spontaneous compactification of spacetime if the scalar manifold has an Einstein metric and the scalar self-coupling constant takes a specific value. The compactified space becomes isomorphic to the scalar manifold and the four-dimensional space has no cosmological term at the classical level.
A CHRNA5 Allele Related to Nicotine Addiction and Schizophrenia

Schizophrenia and nicotine addiction are both highly heritable phenotypes. Because individuals with schizophrenia have a higher rate of smoking than those in the general population, one could hypothesize that genes associated with smoking might be overrepresented in schizophrenia and thus help explain their increased smoking incidence. Although a number of genes have been proposed to explain the increased smoking risk in schizophrenia, none of them have been consistently linked to smoking and schizophrenia, and thus difficult to explain the increased smoking in schizophrenia. A functional smoking-related nicotinic acetylcholine receptor α5 subunit gene (CHRNA5) nonsynonymous single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs16969968 (Asp398Asn) has recently been discovered and replicated. As such, we tested whether this variant contributes to smoking in schizophrenia in a sample of 313 schizophrenia patients and 525 controls. The Asp398Asn risk allele is significantly associated with smoking severity independently in schizophrenia patient smokers (P = 0.001) and control smokers (P = 0.029). Furthermore, the same risk allele is significantly associated with schizophrenia in both Caucasian (P = 0.022) and African-American (P = 0.006) nonsmoker schizophrenia patients compared with control nonsmokers. Intriguingly, this SNP was not significantly associated with smoking status (smokers vs. nonsmokers) in either schizophrenia patients or controls. Therefore, our study identifies a genetic variant that is simultaneously linked to smoking and schizophrenia in the same cohort, but whether this SNP contributes to the increased smoking prevalence in schizophrenia patients requires additional studies.
Senior-to-Senior Mediation Service Project.

Conflicts experienced by elderly persons regarding housing, consumer problems, the quality and availability of health and social services, family problems, and other issues often require mediation. This program demonstrates the important potential of using seniors as volunteer mediators to assist other seniors. It also suggests that training in conflict management skills enhances competence of volunteers in solving their own conflicts.