cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The biosynthesis of C14- and H3- labeled insulin.

In recent years, there has been much interest in the biosynthesis of insulin because of its role in diabetes. In addition, the exact amino acid sequence of the two peptide chains is known [1] and, therefore, the insulin molecule has become a model protein for research in synthetic mechanisms. Many techniques for the purification and characterization of insulin have been developed [2,3,4]. In the study of insulin biosynthesis, several investigators have incubated mammalian pancreas slices in the presence of radioactive amino acids in vitro, and then isolated the labeled insulin [3,5,6] This approach is limited because the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans (which manufacture and store insulin) comprise only a small fraction of the total pancreas. During the development of the pancreas in certain teleost fish, however, the islet tissue becomes separated from the exocrine pancreas and it appears in the adult as a macroscopic aggregate of endocrine tissue called the principal islet or Brockmann body. The principal islet contains cells which are functionally and anatomically analogous to the B-cells of mammalian islets; fish insulin is similar to mammalian insulin in structure and in biological activity [7,8]. Our studies on insulin biosynthesis using fish islets were begun in 1959; this report is a summary of these investigations.
Mass media representations of the evidence as a possible deterrent to recommending exercise for the treatment of depression: Lessons five years after the extraordinary case of TREAD-UK

ABSTRACTExercise or physical activity are recommended options within stepped-care treatment models for depression. However, few physicians present these options to patients, in part because of the impression that the supporting evidence is weak or inconsistent. We speculate that the coocurrence of “counter-messaging” and deficient critical appraisal may lead to such impressions. We focus on TREAD-UK (ISRCTN16900744), the largest trial to investigate “whether physical activity can be an effective treatment for depression within primary care”. In media statements, researchers declared that exercise was ineffective in lowering depression. We examined (a) the results of the trial, critiques, and rejoinders, (b) the impact on internet searches, and (c) whether TREAD-UK was critically appraised, as reflected in citing articles. We show that the results of TREAD-UK were misrepresented. The media campaign resulted in a fourfold increase in relevant internet searches. Of articles characterising the results, 57% ad...
Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 2-Application to Peer Group Processes and Future Directions for Research.

As social media use becomes increasingly widespread among adolescents, research in this area has accumulated rapidly. Researchers have shown a growing interest in the impact of social media on adolescents’ peer experiences, including the ways that the social media context shapes a variety of peer relations constructs. This paper represents Part 2 of a two-part theoretical review. In this review, we offer a new model for understanding the transformative role of social media in adolescents’ peer experiences, with the goal of stimulating future empirical work that is grounded in theory. The transformation framework suggests that the features of the social media context transform adolescents’ peer experiences by changing their frequency or immediacy, amplifying demands, altering their qualitative nature, and/or offering new opportunities for compensatory or novel behaviors. In the current paper, we consider the ways that social media may transform peer relations constructs that often occur at the group level. Our review focuses on three key constructs: peer victimization, peer status, and peer influence. We selectively review and highlight existing evidence for the transformation of these domains through social media. In addition, we discuss methodological considerations and key conceptual principles for future work. The current framework offers a new theoretical perspective through which peer relations researchers may consider adolescent social media use.
Study of the Interface in a GaP/Si Heterojunction Solar Cell

We have investigated the GaP/Si heterojunction interface for application in silicon heterojunction solar cells. We performed X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) on thin layers of GaP grown on Si by metal organic chemical vapor deposition and molecular beam epitaxy. The conduction band offset was determined to be 0.9 ± 0.2 eV, which is significantly higher than predicted by Anderson's rule (0.3 eV). XPS also revealed the presence of Ga–Si bonds at the interface that are likely to be the cause of the observed interface dipole. Via cross-sectional Kelvin probe force microscopy ( x -KPFM), we observed a charge transport barrier at the Si/GaP interface which is consistent with the high-conduction band offset determined by XPS and explains the low open-circuit voltage and low fill factor observed in GaP/Si heterojunction solar cells.
Effects of Menthol Flavor Cigarettes or Total Urinary Menthol on Biomarkers of Nicotine and Carcinogenic Exposure and Behavioral Measures.

Introduction The effects of either menthol flavor cigarettes or total urinary menthol on nicotine dependence, biomarkers of addictive and carcinogenic exposure, and behavioral measures may inform differences and similarities of these two approaches. Methods Stratified recruitment by cigarette (menthol flavor or regular) and race (African American and white) yielded a balanced sample of 136 adult smokers in a 36-hour inpatient protocol. Exposure measures assessed during 24-hour data collection included urinary menthol, total NNAL [4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol], 10 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon metabolites, baseline plasma cotinine, plasma nicotine pre- and post-smoking, exhaled carbon monoxide pre- and post-smoking, and cigarette puff volumes. The latter three were measured at four specified timepoints throughout the day. Results There were no significant differences between menthol flavor and regular cigarette smokers in measures of nicotine dependence, biomarkers of addictive and carcinogenic exposures, or behavioral measures. Significant race × cigarette type interaction effects were found for two biomarkers: plasma nicotine and 3-hydroxyphenanthrene. Total urinary menthol was significantly associated with higher levels of nearly all dependent variables including puff volume, exhaled carbon monoxide, plasma nicotine and cotinine, NNAL, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. The significant effects of total urinary menthol were sustained after adjusting for menthol flavor and regular cigarette type and other covariates (eg, number of cigarettes per day, baseline cotinine, and baseline nicotine). Conclusions Urinary menthol is an independent predictive biomarker for nicotine dependence, addictive and carcinogenic exposure, and behaviors. Implications Comparison of the effects of menthol flavor and total urinary menthol on nicotine dependence, biomarkers of addictive and carcinogenic exposure, and behavioral measures emphasizes the important significant contribution of total urinary menthol concentrations in contrast to no significant associations by dichotomous cigarette type with these biomarkers.
Online Estimation of Coherent Subspaces with Adaptive Sampling

This work investigates adaptive sampling strategies for online subspace estimation from streaming input vectors where the underlying subspace is coherent, i.e., aligned with some subset of the coordinate axes. We adapt the previously proposed Grassmannian rank-one update subspace estimation (GROUSE) algorithm to incorporate an adaptive sampling strategy that substantially improves over uniform random sampling. Our approach is to sample some proportion of the entries based on the leverage scores of the current subspace estimate. Experiments on synthetic data demonstrate that the adaptive measurement scheme greatly improves the convergence rate of GROUSE over uniform random measurements when the underlying subspace is coherent.
Variation of Current-Density as a Function of Electric-Field Intensity in Synthetic Nanoclay-filled Polypropylene

Within the scope of this study variation of current-density with electric-field intensity is studied in polypropylene filled with 0% (plain polypropylene), 2%, 4% and 8% synthetic nano-clay by weight. While recording the rms voltage and current, the power-frequency voltage (60Hz) was raised across each specimen at a speed of 226 V/s. In order to see the reproducibility of the results, 5 samples, with the same nano-clay concentration, were subjected tests under the same conditions. Each specimen under test revealed that the current-density varied non-linearly with the electric-field intensity. Moreover, some degree of saturation was observed at relatively higher electric fields in all the specimens. The saturation of the synthetic-clay loaded nanocomposite started at higher electric fields than the plain polypropylene. Up to a critical electric field intensity the capacitance of the materials was found to be almost constant, but for the electric fields higher than the critical electric field, the material behaves non-linearly leading to a dramatic reduction in capacitance.
A 430-MHz Wirelessly Powered Implantable Pulse Generator With Intensity/Rate Control and Sub-1 μA Quiescent Current Consumption

This work presents a miniaturized μW-level implantable pulse generator (IPG) inductively powered at 430 MHz. Notches are intentionally applied to the incident power, which are replicated to precisely control the timing of the output pulses. Fabricated in a 180-nm CMOS process, the concise circuitry occupies a pad-included footprint of 850 μm × 450 μm and achieves a quiescent current consumption of 950 nA. To reduce the form factor, 401–457 MHz MedRadio-band is utilized to realize the induction link. The finalized assembly achieves one of the smallest dimensions (4.6 mm × 7.0 mm) for near-field IPGs with the Rx coil size of 4.5 mm × 3.6 mm. Codesign of the rectifier and Rx coil accommodates the possible resonant frequency drifts in biological tissues. In the benchtop measurement, a 430-MHz Tx coil is demonstrated to operate the IPG at 4.5 and 4 cm proximities in the air and through water, respectively. An in vivo experiment has been performed, in which the IPG was implanted on the hindlimb muscle belly of an anesthetized rat with the connective tissue and skin sutured. The electrical stimuli induced the isolated ankle flexion at specific strengths and rates, and the experiment complies with the specific absorption rate regulations. This work shows the potential for applications requiring stringent form factors and high sensitivities.
Optical fiber for 1310nm single-mode and 850nm few-mode transmission

In this paper, we present an optical fiber that is single-mode at 1310 nm window and few-mode at 850 nm window with high bandwidth. The fiber is compatible with standard single-mode fiber at 1310 nm, which can meet long reach requirements for hyper-scale data centers. In addition, the fiber can be used for few-mode transmission at 850 nm using single-mode or few-mode VCSELs, providing low-cost solutions for short links. We discuss fiber design considerations and present fiber properties and 25 Gb/s transmission results at 850 nm.
The acoustic sensitivity of vocal tract constrictions: a preliminary report

A basic premise underlying most recent vocal tract modeling is that the area functions at and near vocal tract constrictions are the ones most critical to the acoustic output; it is also the central point of many hypotheses concerning speech production, that speech targets are coded neurophysiologically with respect to acoustically significant area function features. To determine the relationship between constriction parameters and the acoustic output, we performed a number of vocal tract simulations that perturbed the locations and cross-sectional areas of the points of constriction for the three cardinal vowels, [i], [a] and [u]. The vocal tract area functions of the steady state vowels were approximated by first obtaining midsagittal X-rays of a single speaker’s production of the three vowels. These approximations were then used to construct a set of articulatory-derived acoustic continua that represented systematic perturbations of the cross-dimensions and locations of the constrictions for each sound. Empirically derived coefficients were used to convert the measured cross-dimensions to area functions. A third program calculated the transfer function and formants for each sample. Results of the perturbation analysis showed that formants for each of the vowels were relatively sensitive to minimal changes in crosssectional area but relatively insensitive to larger changes in constriction location. Vowel perception, however, was highly resistant to these step changes, suggesting a many-to-one relationship between articulatory/acoustic and perceptual targets.
Introduction to the special section: Qualitative studies of reasoning and participation.

There are indications that the recognition and use of qualitative methods in psychology are growing. Yet, qualitative methodologies are still not integrated into many traditionally quantitative publication spaces that are, in principle, open to them. This special section in the Journal of Educational Psychology, a traditionally quantitative publication outlet, features qualitative studies of reasoning and participation. The articles here demonstrate affordances of qualitative methods for understanding a broad range of topics relevant to educational psychology. We hope that this special section sparks a methodological conversation among readers, prospective authors, potential reviewers, and editors around how qualitative research studies can fit into the mission, contribution, and publication practices of traditionally quantitative publication spaces in psychology, such as this one.
Short-term results of modified laparoscopic operation for neonates with Hirschsprung' s disease

Objective To investigate the postoperative intestinal function in newborn with Hirschsprung's disease(HD) treated by laparoscopic operation.Methods From June 2005 to May 2011,134 newborn with HD who underwent modified laparoscopic Soave's procedure were followed up by telephone,mails or home visit for 1 to 6 years.Forty-five patients were examined by anorectal manometry and abdominal and anal examination.The clinical progress and quality of life were recorded.Results Of all the patients,71.9％ (92/128) had normal frequency of stools,80.4％ (103/128) had normal stool consistency,82.0％ (105/128) had no soiling,76.6％ (98/128) had normal urgency period and 68.0％ (87/128) had the ability to control defecation.Although no rectal anal inhibitory reflex was positive in any of the patients postoperatively,the active contraction pressure (47 ± 16.8) cm H2O and early sensory threshold 32～57 ml were higher than those of normal children[(41 ± 13.4)cm H2O、18～38 ml],yet without significance (P＞0.05).The rate of loss of follow-up was 4.5％ (6/134).Conclusions Most of the patients have achieved an improved function of defecation after the modified laparoscopic Soave's procedure in newborn with HD.In this short-term follow-up study,RAIR is not established in all patients postoperatively. Key words: Hirschsprung disease; Laparoscopy; Follow-up study
Tibial Mechanical Axis Is Nonorthogonal to the Floor in Varus Knee Alignment.

Abstract Background Classical models of the knee assume the joint line is parallel to the floor and the tibial mechanical axis (TMA) is orthogonal to the floor. Our study characterizes the angle subtended by the TMA and floor during bipedal stance, called the tibial axis orientation angle (TAOA), and tests the assumption that the TMA should be orthogonal to the floor. Methods We reviewed the nonoperative knee on full-length, standing radiographs in patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty between 2013 and 2017. Radiographic measurements were obtained for hip-knee-ankle axis, medial proximal tibial angle (MPTA), joint line orientation angle, and TAOA and correlated by regression analysis. The cohort was stratified by hip-knee-ankle axis alignment to determine statistical differences in knee angle values. Demographic data were collected to assess associations with knee angles. Results Our cohort included 68 patients, with 56% female and average age of 62.3 years. Varus knees comprised 56% of the cohort, with 7% neutral and 37% valgus. The cohort demonstrated an MPTA of 3.06°, TAOA of 2.67°, and joint line orientation angle of 0.36°. Varus knees had a higher MPTA (4.26°) and TAOA (4.74°) than valgus knees (P Conclusion The angle between the TMA and floor, called TAOA, is not orthogonal in normal knees, contrary to assumptions in classical biomechanics. Knee angles vary significantly between varus and valgus cohorts, and the distinction between these cohorts should be noted when evaluating normal joint line angles.
Wavelength scaling of electron collision time in plasma for strong field laser-matter interactions in solids

Although the dielectric constant of plasma depends on electron collision time as well as wavelength and plasma density, experimental studies on the electron collision time and its effects on laser-matter interactions are lacking. Here, we report an anomalous regime of laser-matter interactions generated by wavelength dependence (1.2–2.3 µm) of the electron collision time in plasma for laser filamentation in solids. Our experiments using time-resolved interferometry reveal that electron collision times are small (<1 femtosecond) and decrease as the driver wavelength increases, which creates a previously-unobserved regime of light defocusing in plasma: longer wavelengths have less plasma defocusing. This anomalous plasma defocusing is counterbalanced by light diffraction which is greater at longer wavelengths, resulting in almost constant plasma densities with wavelength. Our wavelength-scaled study suggests that both the plasma density and electron collision time should be systematically investigated for a better understanding of strong field laser-matter interactions in solids. Understanding self-guiding propagation of laser filaments relies on understanding of the fundamental light-matter interactions, and the optical properties of the plasma. The authors experimentally and theoretically study wavelength scaling of the electron collision time in filament-produced plasma using 1.2-2.3 micrometers and demonstrate an anomalous regime of plasma defocusing in solids.
Evaluating Pedometer Algorithms on Semi-Regular and Unstructured Gaits.

Pedometers are popular for counting steps as a daily measure of physical activity, however, errors as high as 96% have been reported in previous work. Many reasons for pedometer error have been studied, including walking speed, sensor position on the body and pedometer algorithm, demonstrating some differences in error. However, we hypothesize that the largest source of error may be due to differences in the regularity of gait during different activities. During some activities, gait tends to be regular and the repetitiveness of individual steps makes them easy to identify in an accelerometer signal. During other activities of everyday life, gait is frequently semi-regular or unstructured, which we hypothesize makes it difficult to identify and count individual steps. In this work, we test this hypothesis by evaluating the three most common types of pedometer algorithm on a new data set that varies the regularity of gait. A total of 30 participants were video recorded performing three different activities: walking a path (regular gait), conducting a within-building activity (semi-regular gait), and conducting a within-room activity (unstructured gait). Participants were instrumented with accelerometers on the wrist, hip and ankle. Collectively, 60,805 steps were manually annotated for ground truth using synchronized video. The main contribution of this paper is to evaluate pedometer algorithms when the consistency of gait changes to simulate everyday life activities other than exercise. In our study, we found that semi-regular and unstructured gaits resulted in 5–466% error. This demonstrates the need to evaluate pedometer algorithms on activities that vary the regularity of gait. Our dataset is publicly available with links provided in the introduction and Data Availability Statement.
Not if, but when: Making organizations resilient through gender-diverse corporate boards

U. S. regulators and key stakeholders (e.g., investment banks) continue to pressure organizations to increase female representation on their corporate boards. As such, scholars have taken an intere...
Risk factors for elevations in substance use and consequences during the COVID-19 pandemic among sexual and gender minorities assigned female at birth.

Abstract Background Problematic substance use (SU) has increased substantially during the COVID-19 pandemic. While studies have identified risk factors for problematic SU during the pandemic (e.g., anxiety, depression, using substances to cope), these studies have been predominately cross-sectional, rarely examined changes in SU contexts during the pandemic as potential risk factors, and neglected sexual and gender minorities (SGM) – a health disparity population disproportionately impacted by substance use disorders and the pandemic. Method We utilized two waves of data collected one month apart from a sample of 212 SGM assigned female at birth who used alcohol and/or cannabis (18–25 years old) collected between August 2020-February 2021. We examined associations between potential risk factors (i.e., retrospectively reported changes in anxiety/depression and in using substances in different contexts since before the pandemic): and 1) retrospectively reported changes in alcohol and cannabis consumption; 2) coping motives for use and SU consequences; and 3) subsequent changes in coping motives and consequences. Results An increase in solitary SU was a robust risk factor for concurrent and prospective increases in SU, coping motives, and consequences. Increases in SU with romantic partners were associated with concurrent increases in alcohol/cannabis consumption and consequences. Increases in anxiety and depression were associated with concurrent increases in SU and higher coping motives and consequences. Conclusions Results indicate that solitary SU and increases in SU with romantic partners are robust risk factors for increases in SU and consequences in the context of the pandemic. Further, findings provide support for the self-medication theory of substance use.
Dynamic Longitudinal Stability Equations for the Re-Entry Ballistic Missile

The limitations of the linearized equations predicting the dynamic stability during rapid deceleration of a nonrolling missile are discussed for the usual ballistic missile which has a longitudinal plane of symmetry and is trimmed to fly at a nearly zero angle of attack trajectory. In order to demonstrate that only the first-order terms can be rigorously justified, the ordinary second-order linear differential equation predicting the oscillations in angle of attack is derived by two entirely different approaches. The first method follows the usual procedure of small perturbations in the flight trajectory equations, while the second method utilizes Euler's dynamic equations, for axes that are rigidly fixed in the moving body. I t is found that acceleration increases the damping while deceleration decreases the damping of any stable oscillation. For Eqs. (22) to (24), when a « w/u -> 0 and q = dB/dt • 0,
Design Education and the Quest for National Identity in Late Imperial Russia: The Case of the Stroganov School

Of the three major industrial art schools operating in Russia on the eve of the 1917 Revolution, the Imperial Central Stroganov School of Technical Design in Moscow was the oldest, the most innovative, and the most controversial.1 The Stroganov School was the first art institution in Russia to confront the daunting problems of molding consumer taste and of improving manufactured goods aesthetically by providing the Empire's factories, workshops, and schools with well-trained industrial artists. For over half a century, it blazed a trail for other industrial art schools to follow, as its museum facilities, curriculum, publications, exhibitions, workshops, and factory internships all demonstrated a thoughtful and imaginative adaptation of modern Western ideas to local conditions. Above all, the Stroganov was known for championing a distinctively Russian style in manufactured objects, its mission being to wean Russian consumers from what was considered their inordinate love of foreign products while at the same time opening up new markets for Russian goods abroad. None of these goals was at all unique to Russia, of course. That the national economy of any industrializing nation could benefit from the injection of aesthetics and the marks of national distinctiveness into various manufacturing sectors was an accepted fact by the mid-nineteenth century, and the proliferation of industrial art schools throughout Europe, England, and America acknowledged the role that art education was believed capable of playing in economic life. What made the Stroganov School's mission so unusual, and so problematic, was the matrix of social, cultural, and economic factors in which it operated. Allocated a central part in the creation of a new Russian producer and consumer, the Stroganov came face to face with long-standing issues of Russian identity that it was powerless to resolve. In its efforts to forge a stylistic compromise between Russian and European culture (the so-called Stroganov style was essentially a Russian variant of Art Nouveau), the school involuntarily exacerbated the tensions that arose when a traditional agrarian culture confronted the demands of modern industrial society.
Air Traffic Management Research at NASA

The U.S. air transportation system is the most productive in the world, moving far more people and goods than any other. It is also the safest system in the world, thanks in part to its venerable air traffic control system. But as demand for air travel continues to grow, the air traffic control systems aging infrastructure and labor-intensive procedures are impinging on its ability to keep pace with demand. And that impinges on the growth of our economy. Part of NASA's current mission in aeronautics research is to invent new technologies and procedures for ATC that will enable our national airspace system to accommodate the increasing demand for air transportation well into the next generation while still maintaining its excellent record for safety. It is a challenging mission, as efforts to modernize have, for decades, been hamstrung by the inability to assure safety to the satisfaction of system operators, system regulators, and/or the traveling public. In this talk, we'll provide a brief history of air traffic control, focusing on the tension between efficiency and safety assurance, and we'll highlight some new NASA technologies coming down the pike.
Life Cycles and Genetic Continuity

A substantial literature has accumulated on the details of life cycles among many groups of protozoa and the molecular events that accompany differentiation and transformation of cells during developmental phases. A review of some of these processes can be found in specialized treatises (eg, Giese 1973; Grell 1973; Cox 1980; Nanney 1980; Wichtermann 1986; Hiwatashi and Luporini 1986). A concise conceptual perspective on differentiation in protozoa is presented by Trager (1963), who categorizes two main kinds of morphogenetic events: (1) reproduction, and (2) processes of reorganization. The latter include encystment, excystment, sexual processes (separate from reproduction), structural and physiological adaptations exhibited in the course of complex life cycles, and restorative events elicited by environmental stimuli. Some of these processes, such as the formation of oral apparatus in ciliates during binary fission or during regeneration, offer excellent opportunity to study rapid and extensive cellular differentiation under carefully controlled environmental conditions. Reversible and cyclic transformations in protozoan life histories represent remarkably complex, genetically controlled alternations in form and function. Examples include the amoeba to flagellate transformation among amoebo-flagellates (eg, Naegleria), and complex transformations among the various stages in the life cycles of malarial parasites, leishmanias, and trypanosomes. These closely regulated genetic events are not only of intrinsic interest to protozoologists, but may also provide broad insights into mechanisms of genetic control among diverse kinds of eukaryotic cells. Among these highly diverse processes, only some representative examples can be presented within the limited space of this publication. Current knowledge of life cycles and factors regulating stages of reproduction will be discussed for representative species in some of the major phyla.
Hepatic extraction of long- and short-acting narcotics in the isolated perfused rabbit liver.

Hepatic extraction of the long-acting narcotic, methadone, was compared to that of the short-acting narcotics, morphine, diacetylmorphine, and meperidine, using an isolated perfused rabbit liver preparation. Methadone was avidly extracted from portal venous blood (86.1 ± 0.81%) in a single pass through the liver after a bolus injection (1.5 mg) into a nonrecirculating perfusion system. Hepatic extraction of methadone was independent of rate of hepatic blood flow (0.59 to 1.53 ml per g of liver per min) but was altered by increasing the total amount of methadone injected. After a bolus injection of 15.0 and 75.0 mg, the proportions of methadone extracted were reduced to 75 and 56%, respectively. The hepatic extraction of morphine (1.5 mg) was 25%, of diacetylmorphine (1.5 mg) 59%, and of meperidine (1.5 mg) 66% in a single pass, all significantly lower (P
Psychodynamic Models of Personality

Psychodynamic models of personality have taken many forms, including Freud's topographic and structural models, object relations theory and self-psychology, various neo-analytic frameworks, and an array of contemporary integrative perspectives. Despite their differences, these psychodynamic models share three core assumptions that distinguish them from other theories of personality: (1) primacy of the unconscious; (2) critical importance of early experiences; and (3) psychic causality. This chapter describes the psychodynamic perspective on personality, focusing on how psychoanalytic principles explain personality processes and dynamics, insight and self-awareness, and normal and pathological functioning. Theoretical writings and research findings in each area are reviewed, and current trends in psychodynamic models of personality are discussed. These include rigorous empirical testing of psychoanalytic constructs, the evolving researcher-practitioner relationship within psychoanalysis, the interface of psychoanalysis with cognitive psychology, attachment theory, culture, and health, the continued refinement of empirically validated psychoanalytic treatment procedures, and the opportunities and challenges of neuroscience. Psychodynamic models of personality have evolved considerably since they were first outlined over 100 years ago, and they continue to evolve today in response to accumulating findings within and outside the psychoanalytic tradition. Keywords: psychoanalysis; psychodynamic; psychoanalytic; personality
Regulation of p21WAF1/CIP1 expression by p53-independent pathways.

Abstract The CDK-inhibitor p21WAF1/CIP1 has been implicated as a growth arrest mediator in p53-tumour suppression, cellular senescence and terminal differentiation. Cell type specific differences in p53-independent p21 expression and cell cycle arrest were found following treatment of human tumour cell lines with serum, 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate (TPA), or okadaic acid (OA). TPA induced p21 in ML1, K562 and HL60 leukemia cells, whereas OA induced p21 in SW480 and GM4723 carcinoma cells as well as in leukemic cells. In addition, TPA- and serum- but not OA-induced cell cycle arrest was reversed upon return of p21 to basal levels. To further investigate the mechanisms underlying p53-independent regulation of p21, the transcription inhibitor, Actinomycin D (AMD), was used to block p21 expression. The results showed a complete inhibition of p21 mRNA and protein induction by TPA or adriamycin but little effect on p21 mRNA induced by OA in the presence of AMD. These results suggested that TPA-induced p21 expression requires transcription initiation, while a post-transcriptional mechanism may be involved in OA-induction as well. Transient transfection assays with p21 promoter-luciferase reporters and TPA or OA treatment further confirmed that TPA, and to a lesser extent, OA, initiated transcription of p21. Finally, the protein kinase C inhibitor, staurosporine, was found to interfere with p21 induction and prevent cell cycle arrest following treatment with TPA but not OA, suggesting a requirement for PKC in TPA activation of p21 expression.
Hepatitis C virus acute exacerbation during chemotherapy and radiotherapy for oesophageal carcinoma

Summary Aims We report the first case of an hepatitis C virus positive patient presenting with a solid tumor and developing an exacerbation of his hepatitis C after chemotherapy. Case report A 56-year-old white male, previously infected with hepatitis C virus and treated for epidermoid carcinoma of the oesophagus, developed hepatitis (alamine aminotransferase 2376 U/l and aspartate aminotransferase 2262 U/l) after chemotherapy with cisplatin and vinblastine. Methods Polymerase chain reaction detected hepatitis C virus RNA in the serum during the acute phase, which returned to negative 14 weeks later. Discussion Viral replication was probably increased during immunosuppression induced by chemotherapy. Enhanced cellular immune response in the recovery phase was the most likely cause of the hepatitis. Conclusions More attention should be paid to liver function tests in patients with a previous history of hepatitis C virus infection. Polymerase chain reaction identification of hepatitis C virus RNA can be a very useful tool that permits rapid diagnosis and appropriate management of such cases.
A self-describing file protocol for simulation integration and shared postprocessors

A typical accelerator physics code uses a combination of text output, unformatted output, and special-purpose graphics to present results to the user. Most users must learn multiple graphics and postprocessing systems; many resort to manual extraction of data from text output, creation of customized postprocessing programs, and even modification of the simulation code. This situation slows down research, results in duplication of effort, hampers unforeseen use of simulation output, and makes program upgrades potentially traumatic. This paper discusses the design and use of a self-describing file protocol that addresses these problems. An extensive toolkit of generic postprocessing programs, including sophisticated graphics, is available. This system has been used for most of the data collection for advanced photon source (APS) commissioning, and is incorporated into a number of simulation codes.
New basis function distortion invariant detection filters

New correlation filters for object detection are considered. Detection is the first step in general scene analysis. It requires locating the positions of all objects (regions of interest) in a scene. This involves recognizing objects in multiple classes with object distortion and contrast differences in the presence of clutter. To solve this problem, we use basis function descriptions of objects using new Gabor wavelet (CW) filter functions with new correlation plane optimization functions and employ degrees of freedom (DOFs) to satisfy the optimization functions in a controlled manner. We refer to these as DOF filters and to our specific versions as GW-DOF filters.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Hepatic de novo lipogenesis in stable low-birth-weight infants during exclusive breast milk feedings and during parenteral nutrition.

Background: Low-birth-weight (LBW) infants have high energy requirements and are dependent on high fat intake to maintain adequate postnatal growth. Fat energy is transported in plasma as triglycerides, which are either derived from the diet or from de novo lipogenesis (DNL). It is our hypothesis that DNL plays an important physiologic role in adapting to exclusive breast milk (EBM) feeding or to parenteral nutrition (PN). Methods: We studied hepatic de novo lipogenesis in 14 LBW (<34-week gestation) appropriate for gestational age and receiving either EBM feedings or full PN support. Stable isotope tracer [2-13C] acetate was administered for 72 hours to achieve an estimated 10% enrichment of daily fat intake. Fatty acids were extracted from plasma for gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analyses. Results: Percent new synthesis of palmitate was 13.1% ± 2.5% in the EBM group and 14.9%± 0.7% in the PN group (NS), stearate was 11.1% ± 2.7% in the EBM group and 10.6% ± 14% in the PN group (NS) and cholestero...
Verification of network security protocols

During recent years there has been considerable interest and growth in computer networks and distributed systems. Computer networks employ encryption for several purposes, including private communication, message authentication and digital signatures. The correctness and security of these applications depend not only on the strength of the cryptographic algorithms but also on the protocols for key management. In this paper, we analyse the behaviour of a ''generic'' key distribution protocol using a model checker based on temporal logic. The protocol typifies several protocols that have been recently proposed to achieve an authenticated communication in a network environment. The protocol is first specified using a state-machine-based language. Then some important properties of the protocol are verified. Such analysis technique is useful in a wide range of applications. In particular, we feel that the model checker helps to bring the automatic verification of finite systems closer to a practical proposition.
Nervous and humoral factors in vesicorenal reflexes.

Abstract There are at least two mechanisms (nervous and humoral) responsible for the vesicorenal reflexes that occur in response to bladder distention. An experimental model was designed in which cross circulation is established between two animals in an attempt to separate and quantitate the role of each mechanism. The effect of bladder distention in one dog on its own kidneys and on the kidneys of the shunted dog was studied under three different circumstances. The results suggest that besides the neurologically mediated impulses there is also a contributing humoral factor, which is most probably the pituitary antidiuretic hormone.
Tenfold improvement of limits on T violation in thallium fluoride.

Test de la symetrie pour renversement du temps par une experience de RMN sur un faisceau supersonique de TlF, en cherchant le deplacement de la resonance lorsqu'un champ electrique externe de 29,5 kV cm −1 est inverse par rapport au spin nucleaire. Amelioration des contraintes sur les valeurs deduites pour les moments dipolaires electriques du proton et de l'electron et sur la violation T pour les interactions fortes et faibles
Conventional nuclear physics solution of the solar neutrino problem

A basic and inherently simple alternative explanation of the solar neutrino problem is proposed based upon conventional nuclear physics. Our results for the tunneling factor, astrophysicalS-factor, and our resolution are compared with rather speculative solutions commonly attempted by accepting the customary ingredients of the standard solar model. We present a more realistic solution of nuclear Coulomb barrier tunneling together with a more precise parametric representation of the astrophysical functionS. We determineS from high-energy (>100 keV)7Be(p, γ)8B experimental cross-section data using the new tunneling factor. This leads to a low-energy fusion cross section that is lower than previous estimates by ∼26–36%, decreasing the anticipated neutrino flux close to experimentally detected values. This may resolve the missing solar neutrino flux problem.
Total Dose and Single Event Testing of a Hardened Point of Load Regulator

We report the results of total dose and single-event effects testing of the ISL70001SRH hardened point of load (POL) voltage regulator and discuss part design, performance and applications. The part is implemented in a submicron BiCMOS process and uses integrated power MOSFET switching transistors.
Differences in cytosol factors in liver and hepatomas revealed by real or apparent effects on the incorporation of [3H] thymidine.

Abstract 1. 1. Cytosol preparations from rat liver and hepatomas were fractionated by precipitation with ethanol. 2. 2. Incubation with cytosol fractions precipitated with 45–70% ethanol had a greater effect on incorporation of [3H]thymidine into macromolecules of hepatoma cells than of hepatocytes. 3. 3. The effects were greater with cytosol fractions from normal or regenerating liver than from liver tumors. 4. 4. Evidence was obtained for both real effects on cellular proliferation and an artifactual influence on the conditions required for DNA extraction.
Interband Cascade Lasers with Wavelengths Spanning 3.2–4.2 μm

We report a detailed experimental investigation of five interband cascade lasers with five active stages each and emitting at wavelengths between 3.2 μm and 4.2 μm at room temperature. Pulsed threshold current densities as low as 394 A/cm2 and voltage efficiencies as high as 76% are obtained at 300 K. The low pulsed threshold power densities (0.9–1.6 kW/cm2 at 300 K) imply that ambient-temperature cw operation should be possible over the entire spectral band once optimized narrow ridges can be fabricated.
Effects of cryopreservation on the viability and fertilizability of unfertilized hamster oocytes.

Abstract To examine the effects of cryopreservation on unfertilized oocytes, oocytes were collected from hameters after injection of 25 IU of pregnant mare serum gonadotropin and 50 IU of human chorionic gonadotropin. Oocytes were placed in French straws containing Hepes-buffered Tyrode's medium and 2 mol/L of dimethyl sulfoxide at room temperature (method 1) or at 0° C (method 2). They were cooled to −6° C at a rate of −2° C/min (method 1) or at −0.5° C/min (method 2). The freezing rate was −0.3° C/min to a temperature of −80° C, and then it was plunged to −196° C. After shawing 1 to 21 days later at 8° C/min, 52% (method 1) and 64% (method 2) of the oocytes showed normal morphologic features, 87% (method 1) and 89% (method 2) were viable by trypan blue staining, and 56% (method 1) and 59% (method 2) were viable by fluorescein diacstate staining. Comparable values for freshly collected oocytes were 95%, 100%, and 100%, respectively. Frozen-thawed oocytes were fertilized in vitro at a level of 26% ( 17 66 ) compared with 76% ( 51 67 ) for freshly collected controls. When the penetration rate of human spermatozoa was examined, frozen-thawed oocytes were penetrated at about one third of the fresh controls (14% or 18 129 compared to 42% in method 1 and 22% or 21 95 compared to 58% in method 2). The ability of oocytes to tolerate storage at −196° C could be important in regard to various genotic studies, supply for hamster egg penetration assay, and cryopreservation of human oocytes.
Slingshot-Cofilin activation mediates mitochondrial and synaptic dysfunction via Aβ ligation to β1-integrin conformers.

The accumulation of amyloid-β protein (Aβ) is an early event associated with synaptic and mitochondrial damage in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Recent studies have implicated the filamentous actin (F-actin) severing protein, Cofilin, in synaptic remodeling, mitochondrial dysfunction, and AD pathogenesis. However, whether Cofilin is an essential component of the AD pathogenic process and how Aβ impinges its signals to Cofilin from the neuronal surface are unknown. In this study, we found that Aβ42 oligomers (Aβ42O, amyloid-β protein 1–42 oligomers) bind with high affinity to low or intermediate activation conformers of β1-integrin, resulting in the loss of surface β1-integrin and activation of Cofilin via Slingshot homology-1 (SSH1) activation. Specifically, conditional loss of β1-integrin prevented Aβ42O-induced Cofilin activation, and allosteric modulation or activation of β1-integrin significantly reduced Aβ42O binding to neurons while blocking Aβ42O-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, mitochondrial dysfunction, depletion of F-actin/focal Vinculin, and apoptosis. Cofilin, in turn, was required for Aβ42O-induced loss of cell surface β1-integrin, disruption of F-actin/focal Talin–Vinculin, and depletion of F-actin-associated postsynaptic proteins. SSH1 reduction, which mitigated Cofilin activation, prevented Aβ42O-induced mitochondrial Cofilin translocation and apoptosis, while AD brain mitochondria contained significantly increased activated/oxidized Cofilin. In mechanistic support in vivo, AD mouse model (APP (amyloid precursor protein)/PS1) brains contained increased SSH1/Cofilin and decreased SSH1/14-3-3 complexes, indicative of SSH1–Cofilin activation via release of SSH1 from 14-3-3. Finally, genetic reduction in Cofilin rescued APP/Aβ-induced synaptic protein loss and gliosis in vivo as well as deficits in long-term potentiation (LTP) and contextual memory in APP/PS1 mice. These novel findings therefore implicate the essential involvement of the β1-integrin–SSH1–Cofilin pathway in mitochondrial and synaptic dysfunction in AD.
Positive Behavior Support as a Model for Promoting Educational Inclusion.

Positive behavior support (PBS) has been advanced as a model for effectively managing behavior in school settings and facilitating inclusive education. Numerous systems adaptations and administrative supports, however, are necessary for the successful application of PBS in the schools. This article identifies difficulties in the application of best practices within current school systems, and considers federal and state laws, school system organization, the roles of teachers and administrators, and other factors that are relevant for inclusive education. Issues pertinent to the application of PBS are discussed, and practical steps for achieving progress are recommended.
STUDIES IN COMPARATIVE HÆMATOLOGY.—III. MARSUPIALIA

Except for a few minor differences the morphology of the leucocytes of the marsupials is similar to that of the leucocytes in man. The white-cell counts vary slightly—about 8000 is an average figure. The differential counts, in general, resemble those found in man. The polynuclear counts, for most of the marsupials, are more right-handed than the human polynuclear count. The mean diameter of the red cells in the genus Macropus is 8·6 µ; in the wombat the cells are considerably smaller (7·2 µ), and in the opossum considerably larger (9·2 µ). The remarkable feature in connexion with the erythrocytes is the high haemoglobin content which occurs in the genus Macropus. The red cell counts are distinctly higher than in man (about 8,000,000). The resistance of the red cells to saponin varies considerably, as does the resistance to sodium taurocholate; it is not possible to make any generalisation from the figures obtained. The resistance to hypotonic saline is either the same or a little less than that of the cells of man.