cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Autoradiographic distribution of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide receptors in rabbit and rat small intestine

Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) is found in the enteric nervous system of all layers of the small intestine. In the gastrointestinal tract, VIP receptors coupled to adenylate cyclase are present on epithelial, smooth muscle and possibly mononuclear cells. This study analyzes the distribution of VIP binding using in vitro autoradiographic techniques. VIP binding was present in high density in the mucosal layer of rabbit duodenum, jejunum and ileum. Low VIP binding was noted over the smooth muscle layers or the lymphoid follicles. Similar results were obtained in rat small intestine. The density of VIP binding was greatest in duodenal mucosa but was present in lower density in jejunal and ileal mucosa. Again, low VIP binding was noted in the smooth muscle layers or lymphoid follicles. Thus, autoradiographic maps of small intestine indicate that VIP receptors are found primarily in the small intestinal mucosa.
Quasi-four-dimensional analysis of dislocation interactions with grain boundaries in 304 stainless steel

Abstract The application of diffraction contrast electron tomography to dynamic experiments involving dislocation interactions with grain boundaries is demonstrated for the first time. Two applications are shown: the first is concerned with post-mortem analysis of dislocation interactions with grain boundaries and illustrates the usefulness of the tomography technique for defect analysis; the second is in conjunction with in situ straining experiments in which the dynamics of dislocation interactions with grain boundaries are observed directly and the resulting structure visualized three-dimensionally. The in situ straining experiments were conducted at room and elevated temperatures to determine the influence, if any, of thermal processes on the slip transfer mechanism. It was found that increasing the temperature lowers the barrier for dislocation absorption and emission from the boundary and increases the complexity of the interactions, but does not change the fundamental mechanisms governing slip transmission. Previous experimentally determined criteria for slip transmission across boundaries were extended to interactions involving partial dislocations, where it was found that the reaction continues to be governed predominately by reduction of the Burgers vector of the residual grain boundary dislocation left after slip transfer.
Adatom-step interactions: Atomistic simulations and elastic models

We derive an analytical expression for the interaction energy between an adatom and a step within the framework of linear elasticity. There are two unknowns in this theory: the strength of the elastic fields associated with the adatoms and the strength of the fields associated with the steps. In order to determine these parameters independently, we perform a series of atomistic simulations of a square lattice of Ni adatoms and a regular array of steps on the nominal (001) Ni surface using embedded-atom method potentials. The results are shown to yield good agreement with elastic theory. Fitting these simulations to the theory allows us to determine the adatom and step strengths. These results are then used to predict the step-adatom interaction energy. Atomistic simulations of a surface with a periodic array of steps interacting with an adatom are performed and compared with the predictions of the elastic theory with no adjustable parameters. A comparison of simulation and theory shows that the step-adatom interactions are dominated by dipole-dipole interactions, but that higher-order terms can also be significant. However, the absolute magnitude of the step-adatom interaction energy show significant errors. We believe that these errors are associated with the neglect of anisotropicmore » effects in the elastic analysis used to extract that adatom dipole strength. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}« less
Circulating immune complexes and glomerulonephritis in a patient with congenital absence of the third component of complement

THE third component of complement (C3) is critically involved in host defense and the maintenance of normal immunologic homeostasis.1 , 2 It is a central component of both the classical and alterna...
Absorption of sustained-release oral amphetamine preparations in the rat

Abstract 1. 1. Disappearance rates of orally administered amphetamine from the stomach and intestine of fasted rats were determined. The rate of disappearance from the gastrointestinal tract is considered to be directly related to the absorption rate. Three forms of amphetamine were used: soluble salt, coated granules of soluble salt, and ion exchange resin complexes. 2. 2. Amphetamine was found in the stomach 15 hours after oral administration of both resin complex and coated granule forms of the drug. 3. 3. Amphetamine was found in the rat stomach as long as 8 hours after oral administration of soluble amphetamine sulfate, suggesting that amphetamine may delay stomach emptying time. 4. 4. The ion exchange resin complex form of amphetamine produced elevated blood levels in the rat and dog for the longest period. 5. 5. Results obtained indicate that in vitro elution data alone are not a reliable basis for prediction of gastrointestinal absorption of amphetamine from “long acting” pharmaceutical preparations.
Chew on this: reducing postoperative ileus with chewing gum.

Background Postoperative ileus (POI), a common postoperative complication, increases length of stay and costs. Although bowel rest and delayed oral intake were once thought to help prevent POI, newer evidence shows that chewing gum can be beneficial. METHODS--LITERATURE SEARCH: The literature was searched for the terms ileus, gum, chewing, and gum chewing for 2006 to 2013. Study selection All prospective randomized controlled trials comparing gum chewing in adults with a control treatment after abdominal surgery (except cesarean section) were included; an outcome measure was required as a dependent variable. Findings Seven primary research studies from around the world were gathered. Results Across all studies, patients in the gum-chewing experimental group both passed flatus and defecated before those in the non-gum-chewing control group. Where length of stay was studied, patients in all but one experimental group were in the hospital for less time. Limitations These included small sample sizes, lack of blinding in all but one study, differences in standards of care among hospitals and countries represented, unspecified types of gum, and variable timing and frequency of gum chewing among studies. Discussion Patients who chewed gum postoperatively had less POI, passed flatus sooner, had an earlier bowel movement and a shorter length of stay, and were more satisfied. Gum chewing is recommended as adjunctive therapy to reduce postoperative POI.
Two-dimensional echocardiographic findings in cardiac trauma

Cardiac contusion is a potentially fatal complication of blunt chest trauma. The diagnosis is obscured because cardiac contusion usually occurs in a setting of multisystem trauma. Furthermore, the electrocardiographic changes are nonspecific. Experience with 2-dimensional echocardiography in evaluating cardiac trauma has not previously been emphasized. This report examines the results of 2-dimensional echocardiographic examinations in 7 patients after significant blunt chest trauma. Generalized right ventricular dilatation was identified in 4 cases; superimposed segmental areas of right ventricular dilatation occurred in 3. Three patients had localized myocardial thinning, and segmental wall motion abnormalities occurred in 2. Additional abnormalities identified included ventricular thrombi (4 right and 1 left ventricular), fibrinous pericardial effusion (1), ruptured tricuspid chordae with flail leaflet (1), and a small aneurysm of the sinus of Valsalva (1). It is concluded that 2-dimensional echocardiography is useful for diagnosing cardiac contusion, for estimating the extent of myocardial damage, and for identifying accompanying cardiac lesions such as thrombi, pericardial effusion, and valvular disruption.
Effective Lagrangian approach to structure of selected nuclei far from stability

The convergence of the effective field theory (EFT) approach of Furnstahl, Serot, and Tang to the nuclear many-body problem is studied by applying it to selected doubly magic nuclei far from stability. An independently developed code, which can incorporate various levels of approximation of the chiral effective Lagrangian, is used to solve the self-consistent relativistic Hartree equations. Results are obtained for ground-state properties such as binding energies, single-particle level structure, and densities of the selected spherical, doubly magic nuclei ${}^{132,100}\mathrm{Sn}$ and ${}^{48,78}\mathrm{Ni}.$ Calculated spectra of neighboring nuclei differing by one particle or one hole show agreement with the most recent experimental data. Predictions for nucleon densities are presented.
Electrode kinetics of oxygen reduction on oxide-free platinum electrodes☆

Abstract The cathodic V log i curves for O2 reduction on oxide-free Pt electrodes were determined in oxygen-saturated purified acid (HClO4, pH 1–3) and alkaline (NaOH, pH 13) solutions. It was found that ∂V/∂ log i = −2·3RT/F, ∂V/∂ log pO2 = −2·3RT/F and ∂V/∂ pH = −100 mV. Coverage of electrodes by oxygen-containing species was determined by superimposing a constant cathodic current over the working electrode. Intermediate values of coverages were found to be nearly linearly dependent on the potential in the Tafel region. The kinetics mechanism of O2 reduction on oxide-free Pt electrode are different from that reported for the oxide-covered electrode. Reaction mechanism are discussed in terms of Langmuir and Temkin adsorption isotherms. It is suggested that under Temkin conditions the rate-determining step in the over-all four-electron process is the first electron transfer.
Influence of Temper Duration and Weight Distance on System Output in the Corn Dry-Milling Process

ABSTRACT Initial uniform distribution of moisture in the corn kernel is transformed into nonuniform distribution through tempering to facilitate easy fractionation of corn components. Proper temper duration is essential for effectiveness of the tempering process: a short temper time is insufficient to cause necessary nonuniformity; a long temper duration may allow moisture to redistribute uniformly. Untempered corn suffers from lack of beneficial swelling stress and therefore produces lower yields of flaking grits, coarse grits, and germ. For tempered corn, the system throughput exponentially decreases with temper duration and then stabilizes; the period of stabilization is dependent on weight distance. Throughput values are lower at longer weight distances. At a temper duration of 0.066 m, throughput was ≈33–50% at 0.053 m weight distance. Tail stock fraction rapidly and nonlinearly decreases with increase in temper duration; the rate of decrease is higher at longer weight distance. The peak values of fl...
Tertiary Volcanic Center, West-Central Nevada

The Clan Alpine Mountains, Churchill County, Nevada, contain two sequences of Tertiary rhyolite tuffs and flows which are contemporaneous but markedly different in structure and thickness. The sequence in the northern part of the range consists of about 500 m of well-stratified ash-flow sheets of age range 22 to 30 m.y. The southern part of the range contains an assemblage of lava flows, domes, and ash-flow and epiclastic tuff beds which is here subdivided into five mappable units. Radiometric ages are 22 to 30 m.y. Based on gravimetric analysis, the thickness of the southern sequence is at least 3,000 m and perhaps 5,000 m. The contact of the two rhyolite sequences, which is now largely eroded, was probably an abrupt gradation close to the present northern margin of the southern sequence. Structural evidence indicates that the voluminous eruptions of the southern sequence were probably from local sources and were concurrent with faulting such that the rocks were deposited in one or more volcano-tectonic depressions. Recognition of the north wall of at least one caldera within the southern sequence seems clear. Age relations indicate that the vents for the southern sequence were probably the source of at least some of the ash flows of the northern sequence. Similar age and structural relations between different sequences of rhyolite tuffs and flows in the next range east, the Desatoya Mountains, suggest that the volcano-tectonic feature of which the southern sequence is a part extended east of the Clan Alpine Mountains.
(R)- and (S)-Naphthylethylcarbamate-substituted β-cyclo-dextrin bonded stationary phases for the reversed-phase liquid chromatographic separation of enantiomers

(R)- and (S)-naphthylethylcarbamate-β-cyclodextrin bonded phases were originally developed for the normal-phase separation of enantiomers. Although their selectivity resembled that of some of the earlier substituted cellulosic phases, the functionalized cyclodextrin stationary phases were much more stable as they were bonded to the silica support and not adsorbed. Because of their stability, the naphthylethylcarbamate-β-cyclodextrin stationary phase was utilized in reversed-phase separations. It was found that a completely different set of enantiomers was resolved by this column in the reversed-phase mode. This included racemic pesticides such as Dyfonate, Ruelene, Ancymidol and Coumachlor; as well as a variety of pharmacologically active compounds such as Tropicamide, Indapamide, Althiazide, Tolperisone, a sulfonamide from Merck Sharp & Dohme that has been resolved only by indirect methods, and over twenty others. It appears that naphthylethylcarmabate-β-cyclodextrin bonded phase is a highly effective multimodal chiral stationary phase. The concept of a multimodal chiral stationary phase is discussed. The effect of pH and the configuration of the naphthylcarbamate group is considered as well.
An MD/QM Study of the Chorismate Mutase-Catalyzed Claisen Rearrangement Reaction

The reaction path for the rearrangement of chorismate to prephenate, catalyzed by chorismate mutase, has been calculated with ab initio quantum chemistry. The calculation of the reaction path is initiated from two catalytically competent conformations of the enzyme that are selected from an X-ray structure and from a snapshot of a molecular dynamics simulation leveraged from the X-ray structure. The quantum calculations employ effective fragment potentials (EFPs) to model the interaction of the protein active site with the substrate in the quantum Hamiltonian. The ability to leverage the X-ray structure into a range of protein conformations abstracted from molecular dynamics simulations to be further analyzed using ab initio methods is demonstrated. Ab initio optimized enzyme−substrate complexes for the oxabicyclic transition state analogue (TSA) and the product, prephenate, compare well with the X-ray structures. We predict the geometry of the active site complex with the reactant, chorismate, and the tr...
Neutrophils rescue gingival epithelial cells from bacterial-induced apoptosis

In the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory periodontal disease, neutrophils are recognized as a major cellular component from the histopathology of the periodontal lesion around teeth and from clinical cases where absence or dysfunction of neutrophils results in major periodontal destruction. Neutrophils are recruited in vast numbers into the gingival crevice during periodontal inflammation, attracted by microbial plaque chemoattractants and chemokines released following microbial perturbation of gingival epithelial cells. Porphyromonas gingivalis, a major periodontopathogen, triggers a vast array of cellular responses in gingival epithelial cells but also induces apoptosis. We demonstrate here that neutrophils, when combined in a P. gingivalis challenge assay of epithelial cells, prevent epithelial cell apoptosis by phagocytosing P. gingivalis and later undergoing apoptosis themselves. By removing P. gingivalis by phagocytosis, neutrophils also protect the host from the harmful effects of its microbial proteases, which degrade inflammatory cytokines and other host molecules.
Are High-Occupancy Vehicle Lanes Effective? Overview of High-Occupancy Vehicle Facilities Across North America

An overview of the performance of a sample of freeway high-occupancy vehicle (HOV) lanes across North America is presented, to describe how they are performing with respect to their true intent and to identify issues for the long-term viability of HOV lanes. Measures of effectiveness evaluated include person-throughput, HOV lane utilization, and travel time savings. The analysis, which was based on a limited amount of data, showed that of the HOV lane facilities reviewed, the vast majority appear to be operating effectively with respect to the measures assessed. In addition, despite recent media criticism and political questioning of HOV lanes, recent surveys from several parts of the country indicate strong public support for the facilities. A number of critical issues for long-term viability of HOV lanes were identified. In the planning stages, it is critical that any HOV facility recommended will meet the minimum standards for utilization and person-throughput, because ineffective or poorly implemented...
Sharing Aggregate Computation of Multiple Group by Queries over Distributed Data Stream

Data streaming systems are becoming essential for monitoring applications such as financial analysis, network intrusion detection and sensor network. These systems often have to process multiple similar but different continuous aggregation queries simultaneously. Since executing each query separately can lead to significant scalability and performance problems, it is vital to share resources by exploiting similarities in the queries. The challenge is to identify overlapping computations that may not be obvious in the queries themselves. In this paper, we reveal new opportunities for sharing work in the context of distributed aggregation queries that vary in their group by predicates. We identify settings in which a large set of m such queries can be answered by executing n< m different queries. The n queries are revealed by analyzing the binary two-dimension array capturing the connection among the queries that they satisfy. We propose a novel algorithmic solution for problem of finding the minimum number of queries in such a distributed-streams setting, in order to optimize the communicate cost across the network. The experiment result show that our approach gives us as much as magnitude performance improvement over the no-share settings.
Association of Phosphodiesterase 4D With Ischemic Stroke: A Population-Based Case-Control Study

Background and Purpose— The Phosphodiesterase 4D (PDE4D) gene was reported recently to be associated with ischemic stroke in an Icelandic population. The association was found predominately with large vessel and cardioembolic stroke. However, 2 recent reports were unable to confirm this association, although a trend toward association with cardioembolic stroke was reported. None of the reports included significant proportions of blacks. We tested for genotype and haplotype association of polymorphisms of the PDE4D gene with ischemic stroke in a population-based, biracial, case-control study. Methods— A total of 357 cases of ischemic stroke and 482 stroke-free controls from the same community were examined. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were chosen based on significant associations reported previously. Linkage disequilibrium (LD), SNP, and haplotype association analysis was performed using PHASE 2.0 and Haploview 3.2. Results— Although several univariate associations were identified, only 1 SNP (r...
Distributed Secret Sharing for Discrete Memoryless Networks

This correspondence studies the distributed secret sharing problem which is a twist of the classical secret sharing problem. In this new problem, each user needs to encode his or her own unique secret message without collaboration with other users and without the use of any common secret materials or cryptographic keys. The goal is to ensure that an adversary without access to all of the encoded messages learns as little as possible about the secret messages, while a legitimate joint decoder with all the encoded messages can decode all of them without cryptographic keys. Furthermore the users do not know the channels that will be compromised ahead of time, and thus must protect all channels. Specifically, we study two related variants of this problem. The first problem deals with source coding and secrecy, while the second problem deals with channel coding and secrecy. From the results of these two problems, we conclude that interference is necessary for unconditional secrecy.
Coronary artery size and dilating capacity in ultradistance runners.

BACKGROUNDIncreases in coronary artery size and dilating capacity have been observed in some animals after endurance training, and at autopsy, active men appear to have enlarged epicardial coronary arteries. This cross-sectional study was designed to test the hypothesis that highly trained endurance runners have larger epicardial coronary arteries and greater dilating capacity than inactive men.METHODS AND RESULTSThe subjects, ages 39-66 years, included 11 male volunteers who had participated in ultradistance running during the past 2 years and 11 physically inactive men who had been referred for arteriography but had no visible coronary artery disease. The internal diameter of the proximal segments of each major epicardial coronary artery was measured before and after nitroglycerin administration using a computer-based quantitative arteriographic analysis system. Measurements also included maximal oxygen uptake, plasma lipoprotein concentrations, body composition, and cardiac mass by echocardiography. Be...
Firing properties of dopamine neurons in freely moving dopamine-deficient mice: Effects of dopamine receptor activation and anesthesia

To examine the regulation of midbrain dopamine neurons, recordings were obtained from single neurons of freely moving, genetically engineered dopamine-deficient (DD) mice. DD mice were tested without dopamine signaling (basal state) and with endogenous dopamine signaling (after L-dopa administration). In the basal state, when dopamine concentration in DD mice is <1% of that in control animals, the firing properties of midbrain dopamine neurons were remarkably similar among genotypes. However, L-dopa treatment, which restores dopamine and feeding and locomotor behavior in DD mice, profoundly inhibited the firing rate and bursting of dopamine neurons in DD mice. In addition, dopamine neurons in DD mice were hypersensitive to the dopamine receptor agonists quinpirole and SKF 81297. Anesthesia markedly reduced the firing rate of dopamine neurons in DD mice but did not significantly decrease the firing rate in control dopamine neurons. These data suggest that restoration of endogenous dopamine signaling activates hypersensitive long-loop feedback pathways that serve to limit dopamine release and underscore the importance of recording from awake animals.
Extended-basis-set rpae calculations of molecular photoionization cross sections: theoretical studies of Vπ-Vσ interaction in molecular nitrogen

Abstract Theoretical studies in the time-dependent Hartree-Fock approximation (RPAE) employing L 2 moment methods are reported of the effects of continuum V π -V σ configuration mixing upon the partial-channel photoionization cross sections in molecular nitrogen.
Demonstration of unidirectional printed structures emulating Magnetic Photonic Crystals

Tunable dispersion characteristics of periodic electromagnetic structures provide a new direction in RF design [1]. Among them, relevant efforts have focused on Electromagnetic Band Gap (EBG) structures [1], used for high impedance ground planes, FSS, PBG based guiding structures [2]. Artificial or composite periodic media have also been successfully employed to tune small antennas into exceptionally directive radiators [3]. Inclusion of anisotropic and ferrimagnetic materials into periodic dielectric layers (i.e. RBE) were also considered. By engineering dispersion characteristics, significantly slower group velocity modes can be realized [4]-[5]. The ferrite's presence is practically attractive as it supports nonreciprocal mode propagation. Such magnetic layered structures, namely Magnetic Photonic Crystals (MPC), display unidirectional propagation at the frozen mode and Stationary Inflection Points (SIP) [6].
The mass gap for Higgs models on a unit lattice

Abstract An isomorphism is established between eertain compact and noncompact formulations of Abelian gauge theory on a lattice. For weak coupling, the mass gap predicted by the Higgs mechanism is then established.
Gradualness Facilitates Knowledge Refinement

To facilitate knowledge refinement, a system should be designed so that small changes in the knowledge correspond to small changes in the function or performance of the system. Two sets of experiments show the value of small, heuristically guided changes in a weighted rule base. In the first set, the ordering among numbers (reflecting certainties) makes their manipulation more straightforward than the manipulation of relationships. A simple credit assignment and weight adjustment strategy for improving numbers in a weighted, rule-based expert system is presented. In the second set, the rearrangement of predicates benefits from additional knowledge about the ``ordering'' among predicates. A third set of experiments indicates the importance of the proper level of granularity when augmenting a knowledge base. Augmentation of one knowledge base by analogical reasoning from another knowledge base did not work with only binary relationships, but did succeed with ternary relationships. To obtain a small improvement in the knowledge base, a substantial amount of structure had to be treated as a unit.
A general method for channel coding

A procedure is described for constructing minimum delay codes for discrete noiseless channels. The method is based on a simple recursive algorithm for finding a set of coding paths.
Establishing tradeoffs that leverage attention for utility: empirically evaluating information display in notification systems

Designing and evaluating notification systems represents an emerging challenge in the study of human-computer interaction. Users rely on notification systems to present potentially interruptive information in an efficient and effective manner to enable appropriate reaction and comprehension. Little is known about the effects of these systems on ongoing computer tasks. As the research community strives to understand information design suitable for opposing usage goals, few existing efforts lend themselves to extensibility.However, three often conflicting design objectives are interruption to primary tasks, reaction to specific notifications, and comprehension of information over time. Based on these competing parameters, we propose a unifying research theme for the field that defines success in notification systems design as achieving the desirable balance between attention and utility. This paradigm distinguishes notification systems research from traditional HCI by centering on the limitations of the human attention system.In a series of experiments that demonstrate this research approach and investigate use of animated text in secondary displays, we describe two empirical investigations focused on the three critical parameters during a browsing task. The first experiment compares tickering, blasting, and fading text, finding that tickering text is best for supporting deeper comprehension, fading best facilitates reaction, and, compared to the control condition, none of the animated displays are interruptive to the browsing task. The second experiment investigates fading and tickering animation in greater detail with similar tasks--at two different speeds and sizes. Here, we found smaller displays allowed better reaction but were more interruptive, while slower displays provides increased comprehension. Overall, the slow fade appears to be the best secondary display animation type tested. Focusing research and user studies within this field on critical parameters such as interruption, reaction, and comprehension will increase cohesion among design and evaluation efforts for notification systems.
Lipids of contemporary stillingia oil

Contemporary stillingia oil from China is qualitatively similar to the oil described earlier, but it exhibits significant quantitative differences reflecting a degree of autoxidation of the unsaturated fatty acids either before or after crushing of the seeds.
Multiresolution Analysis of Elastic Degradation in Heterogeneous Materials

In this study we examine the stiffness properties of heterogeneous elastic materials and their degradation at different levels of observations. To this end we explore the opportunities and limitations of multiresolution wavelet analysis, where successive Haar transformations lead to a recursive separation of the stiffness properties and the response into coarse- and fine-scale features. In the limit, this recursive process results in a homogenization parameter which is an average measure of stiffness and strain energy capacity at the coarse scale. The basic concept of multiresolution analysis is illustrated with one- and two-dimensional model problems of a two-phase particulate composite representative of the morphology of concrete materials. The computational studies include the microstructural features of concrete in the form of a bi-material system of aggregate particles which are immersed in a hardened cement paste taking due account of the mismatch of the two elastic constituents.
The effect of food availability on byssogenesis by the zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha Pallas)

The effect of varying algal availability on byssal thread production by re-attaching zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) was quantified. The byssal apparatus was severed and mussels allowed to re-attach to a hard substratum for a 21 day period during which they were fed at algal concentrations of 0.0, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0 or 2.0 mg C l21. Byssal thread production was quantified by counting the number of new attachment plaques present each day. Results showed that starved mussels continued to partition organic carbon towards thread production but the resultant byssal mass was compromised, containing fewer threads than those produced by fed mussels. The daily average byssal thread production by mussels fed at 2.0 mg C l21 was greater than that of starved mussels and the final mean dry soft tissue weight higher. At algal C concentrations below maintenance requirements byssal thread production was elevated compared to starved mussels, but there was no concurrent increase in soft tissue. This suggests that below maintenance levels assimilated carbon was solely partitioned towards byssus production and stored reserves may have been utilized. The ratio of organic carbon contained in the byssus to that in the soft tissues remained relatively constant across all feeding levels. This suggests that the carbon content of the byssus is a constant function of that of the soft tissue mass. These results may explain seasonal variation in attachment strength of numerous byssate species and seasonal vertical migrations by D. polymorpha.
Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) in the treatment of hypernasality

Provides a progress report and preliminary data pertaining to a study designed to test the efficacy of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy in reducing hypernasality. The CPAP instrumentation consists of an air pressure generating source and a hose and mask assembly. The mask is placed over the nose of the subject and the increased air pressure is delivered directly to the nasal cavities. Specially constructed speech utterances of the form VNCV (vowel-nasal consonant-consonant-vowel), such as /insi/, are used for drillwork. These nonsense words are designed to lower the velum during the nasal consonant (N) followed by a rigorous elevation of the velum for the following pressure consonant (C).
Urban–Rural Differences in the Effect of a Medicare Health Promotion and Disease Self-Management Program on Physical Function and Health Care Expenditures

Purpose: To evaluate the impact of a multicomponent health promotion and disease self-management intervention on physical function and health care expenditures among Medicare benefi ciaries. To determine if these outcomes vary by urban or rural residence. Design and Methods: We analyzed data from a 22-month randomized controlled trial of a health promotion/disease self-management program that included 766 elderly Medicare benefi ciaries from western New York, West Virginia, and Ohio. Physical function was measured by changes in self-reported dependencies in activities of daily living over the study period. Total health care expenditures were measured by aggregating expenditures from major sources (acute, postacute, and long-term care). We used ordinary least squares models to examine the effects of the intervention on both physical function and cost outcomes during the 22-month period. Results: The results indicated that the intervention reduced physical functional decline by 54% ( p = .03) in the study sample. Stratifi ed analyses showed that the intervention effect was much stronger in the rural sample. Mean total health care expenditures were 11% ($3,100, p = .30) lower in the intervention group. The effects of the intervention on average health care expenditures were similar among urban and rural participants. Implications: The intervention offered a promising strategy for reducing decline in physical function and potentially lowering total health care expenditures for high-risk Medicare benefi ciaries, especially for those in rural areas. Future studies need to investigate whether the fi ndings can be replicated in other types of rural areas through a refi ned intervention and better targeting of the study population.
Grid Adaption and Its Effect on Entrainment in an E–l Model of the Atmospheric Boundary Layer

Abstract A one-dimensional numerical model KOLUM is introduced that demonstrates the use of continuous dynamic grid adaption in modeling the atmospheric boundary layer. The entrainment rates of KOLUM are compared against recent calibrations for smoke clouds and water clouds derived from large-eddy simulations. The simulations performed with KOLUM support the claim that turbulent kinetic energy–diagnostic length scale (E–l) models overpredict entrainment by smoke and water clouds, independent of the use of grid adaption. The benefits of grid adaption are slight. Curiously, the simulations did not confirm spurious entrainment of E–l models in episodes of subsidence.
Sanitary Engineering Education: General Requirements

Symposium on Sanitary Engineering Education. The paper covers the topic of general requirements.
Hooking Behavior Analysis

Installing various hooks into the victim system is an important attacking strategy employed by malware, including spyware, rootkits, stealth backdoors, and others. In order to defeat existing hook detectors, malware writers keep exploring new hooking mechanisms. However, the current malware analysis procedure is painstaking, mostly manual and error-prone. In this chapter, we propose the first systematic approach for automatically identifying hooks and extracting hooking mechanisms. We propose a unified approach, fine-grained impact analysis, to identify malware hooking behaviors. Our approach does not rely on any prior knowledge of hooking mechanisms, and thus can identify novel hooking mechanisms. Moreover, we devise a method using semantics-aware impact dependency analysis to provide a succinct and intuitive graph representation to illustrate hooking mechanisms. We have developed a prototype, HookFinder, and conducted extensive experiments using representative malware samples from various categories. We have demonstrated that HookFinder can correctly identify the hooking behaviors of all samples, and provide accurate insights about their hooking mechanisms.
5 Numbers Women with Diabetes Should Know Before Pregnancy

Pregnancies with diabetes are increasing in the United States 4 . Much has been written for the physician about the importance of medical care before a woman becomes pregnant to achieve the best results for both mom and baby. Physicians refer to the care before pregnancy as preconception counseling. Many countries as well as the US, have guidelines for the care of women with diabetes. These guidelines agree that preconception counseling should be routine for all women with both Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes mellitus 1 , but some studies have found that only 50% of women 1 receive this vital care. We propose a simple way that a woman with diabetes can advocate for a healthy pregnancy by knowing 5 Numbers. These 5 Numbers can make a positive difference in the mother’s health and that of her unborn baby. Although these 5 numbers are not all there is to being ready to become pregnant, knowing these 5 numbers can help start the conversation with her physicians and begin the journey to the very best she can be before a pregnancy.
Macroscopic coupling of deformation and melt migration at continental interiors, with applications to the Colorado Plateau

Within continental interiors far from plate boundaries, we hypothesize that the architecture of the lithosphere will influence dynamic pressure gradients produced as the lithosphere moves relative to the underlying asthenosphere. We investigate how these dynamic pressure gradients affect melt migration by percolative flow within the mantle beneath continental interiors. Our models show that for a lithospheric keel that protrudes into the “mantle wind,” the behavior of the system can be classified into three categories: (1) small-scale convective instabilities modify both the geometry of the lithosphere-asthenophere boundary (LAB) and associated dynamic pressure gradients so that the surface flux of melt is largest above a narrow downwelling at the center of the keel; (2) weak convection does not substantially modify the keel and persistent gradients at the LAB at margins of the keel control dynamic pressure gradients so that surface melt flux is elevated within the keel relative to its surroundings; and (3) when convective instabilities are suppressed due to sufficiently high viscosity in the asthenosphere, asymmetric dynamic pressure gradients due to mantle shear beneath the keel focus melt streamlines toward the upwind flank of the keel and direct melt away from the downwind flank. We interpret surface patterns of Cenozoic magmatism at the Colorado Plateau, particularly the “upwind-downwind” asymmetry relative to the direction of motion of North America over the underlying asthenosphere, in terms of category (3) above. Our models quantitatively assess the viability of spatially variable dynamic pressure gradients as a physical mechanism to explain disparate observations at the Colorado Plateau, such as surface magmatism, heat flow, xenolith data, and seismic structure.
Effects of the Central Lanthanide Ion Crystal Radius on the 15-MCCuII(N)pheHA-5 Structure

Twenty crystal structures of the LnIII[15-MCCuII(N)pheHA-5]3+ complex, where pheHA = phenylalanine hydroxamic acid and where LnIII = YIII and LaIII–TmIII, except PmIII, with the nitrate and/or hydroxide anion are used to assess the effect of the central metal ion on the metallacrown structure. Each LnIII[15-MCCuII(N)pheHA-5]3+ complex is amphiphilic with a hydrophobic side consisting of the phenyl groups of the pheHA ligand and a side without the aromatic residues. Three general structures are observed for the LnIII[15-MCCuII(N)pheHA-5]3+ complexes. In the Type 1 structures, the central metal ion does not bind a nitrate anion on the metallacrown’s hydrophobic face, and two adjacent metallacrowns dimerize through their phenyl groups producing a hydrophobic compartment. In the Type 2 structures, the central metal ion binds a nitrate in a bidentate fashion on the hydrophobic face. There are two distinct types of Type 2 metallacrowns, designated A and B. Type 2A metallacrowns have a water molecule bound to th...
The Effect of Ar + Ion Implantation on the Impact-Abrasive Wear Property of Cu-Polyimide System

A thin Cu film(400 A) was deposited on a smooth polyimide(PI) substrate. Ar+ ion implantation onto the Cu/PI film has been shown to mix Cu and PI and to modify the impact-abrasive wear property. Ar+ ions with energies of 200 keV, and dosage between 1015 to 4×1016 ions/cm2 were used. The surface analyses were carried out with RBS, X-ray and Optical Microscope. The wear properties of the Cu-PI system were determined by a newly constructed Impact-Abrasive Wear Tester. An X-ray diffraction study shows an increase in Cu( 111 )peak with Ar+ ion dosage. The wear property was found to be a function of ion energy, ion dosage, crystallinity of Cu, the amount of mixing of Cu and PI, and the damage of PI substrate due to ion implantation.
A Note on the Occurrence of Two Rotifer-Capturing Phycomycetes

Although many fungi are known to parasitize various animals, the type of parasitism that involves the capturing and killing of actively moving prey of disproportionately large bulk by minute fungi which then consume the victim seems, as far as at present known, to be restricted to a few forms. The two striking examples of this mode of life are Zoophagus insidians Som. and Sommerstorffia spinosa Arn., filamentous aquatic Phycomycetes, which have been described in recent years as capturing members of the Rotiferae. Apparently, these two fungi are somewhat limited in their distribution, Zoophagus having been heretofore reported from seven localities situated in Styria, Bulgaria, Germany, France, Croatia and the Eastern United States, while Sommerstorffia, up to the present writing, has never been reported, as far as could be ascertained, since its discovery in Bulgaria. The writer has had the good fortune during the past year to find and to observe these two interesting fungi and, in view of the fact that their parasitism is of such an unusual type and that references to them in the literature are so few, the presentation of this brief note concerning them seems justifiable. Sommerstorffia spinosa Arn. was observed by the writer in March, 1927, while examining a laboratory culture of Rhizoclonium sp. (?), collected in a small pond in Fresh Pond Parkway, Cambridge, Mass., October 20, 1926, capturing members of the genus Monostyla. The American material, in general, resembled closely the description of Arnaudow (2) and, as we have only this author's account of the organism, it seems desirable to include here some of the main features of the fungus as shown by this material.
Toxicity of Endosulfan and Its Isomers to the Bollworm and Tobacco Budworm

Technical endosulfan was more toxic to Heliothis zea (Boddie) than endosulfan isomers I and II or any common endosulfan decomposition product, and it was more toxic to bollworms than to H. virescens (F.). Endosulfan did not persist on cotton leaves.
On the Problems of China's Listed Companies Convertible Bonds Financing

This article put forward the perfecting ways of convertible bonds financing from view of the listed companies financing so that listed companies can be able to use this mode of financing.
THE METABOLISM OF MITOCHONDRIAL PROTEINS. I. DISTRIBUTION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF THE ISOZYMES OF ALANINE AMINOTRANSFERASE IN RAT LIVER.

In 1963, the existence of two isozymes of alanine aminotransferase (Galanine : 2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase, EC 2.6.1.2) was still somewhat in doubt. Hird and Rowsell (2) reported that alanine aminotransferase was present in the particulate fraction as well as in the soluble phase of rat liver homogenates, and they speculated that the activity was of mitochondrial origin. However, in studies of the release of aminotransferases into serum following liver injury, Fleisher and Wakim (3), using electrophoresis, found only a single alanine aminotransferase, although they discerned both isozymes of aspartate aminotransferase. Segal, Beattie, and Hopper (4), in an extensive study of hepatic alanine aminotransferase, detected only a soluble form of the enzyme. Nevertheless, reports of the existence of a mitochondrial enzyme continue to be published. Kafer and Pollak (5) found 20% of the total alanine aminotransferase activity of liver homogenates in the mitochondrial fraction, and Katunuma et al. (6) reported finding 157,. Rowsell, Turner, and Carnie (7) subsequently found only 4 to 57, of the total activity in the particulate fraction. 13ecause of the disparity of these results, we chose to re-examine the question of the mitochondrial isozyme of alanine aminotransferase. Fractional and gradient centrifugation experiments indicated that the enzyme was present in the mitochondrial as well as in the supernatant fraction, albeit in relatively low concentration. An attempt was therefore made to enrich the isozymes and to characterize them chemically. Purification of alanine aminotransferase from a rat liver homogenate was described by Segal et al. (4), and we encountered little difficulty in repeating their experiments with the enzyme found in the supernatant fraction. More recently, Hopper and Segal (8) recorded attempts to study the mitochondrial enzyme from rat liver with results similar to ours. The enzyme is extremely labile under most conditions, and little enrichment has been achieved. The present report describes the solubilization of mitochondrial alanine aminotransferase by treatment with glycerol or hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide and its stabilization by glycerol and related compounds. Estimates of the kinetic parameters have been made with the use of such rela
Multi-complexity measures of heart rate variability and the effect of vasopressor titration: a prospective cohort study of patients with septic shock

Septic shock is a common and often devastating syndrome marked by severe cardiovascular dysfunction commonly managed with vasopressors. Whether markers of heart rate complexity before vasopressor up-titration could be used to predict success of the up-titration is not known. We studied patients with septic shock requiring vasopressor, newly admitted to the intensive care unit. We measured the complexity of heart rate variability (using the ratio of fractal exponents from detrended fluctuation analysis) in the 5 min before all vasopressor up-titrations in the first 24 h of an intensive care unit (ICU) admission. A successful up-titration was defined as one that did not require further up-titration (or decrease in mean arterial pressure) for 60 min. We studied 95 patients with septic shock, with a median APACHE II of 27 (IQR: 20–37). The median number of up-titrations, normalized to 24 h, was 12.2 (IQR: 8–17) with a maximum of 49. Of the up-titrations, the median proportion of successful interventions was 0.28 (IQR: 0.12–0.42). The median of mean arterial pressure (MAP) at the time of a vasopressor up-titration was 66 mmHg; the average infusion rate of norepinephrine at the time of an up-titration was 0.11 mcg/kg/min. The ratio of fractal exponents was not associated with successful up-titration on univariate or multivariate regression. On exploratory secondary analyses, however, the long-term fractal exponent was associated (p = 0.003) with success of up-titration. Independent of heart rate variability, MAP was associated (p < 0.001) with success of vasopressor up-titration, while neither Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) nor Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE II) score was associated with vasopressor titration. Only a third of vasopressor up-titrations were successful among patients with septic shock. MAP and the long-term fractal exponent were associated with success of up-titration. These two, complementary variables may be important to the development of rational vasopressor titration protocols.