cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mindfulness as a Strategy for Coping with Cue-elicited Cravings for Alcohol: An Experimental Examination

Background Mindfulness has been identified as a promising strategy for managing cravings for alcohol and other drugs, but little controlled experimental research has directly studied whether this approach is effective. The current study systematically examined the effects of an acute mindfulness manipulation on craving for alcohol during prolonged exposure to alcohol cues. Methods Heavy drinkers (N = 84, 50% male) underwent a prolonged alcohol cue exposure paradigm in a simulated bar environment and received either a mindfulness-based strategy, a distraction (DST)-based strategy (active control), or no strategy (passive control) to cope with alcohol cravings and discomfort associated with craving. Results No baseline differences were present between conditions. Manipulation checks revealed that participants in the 2 active conditions reported using the recommended strategies. Across groups, the initial exposure to alcohol cues was associated with significant increases in craving, urge distress, and heart rate. Mixed analyses of variance on these indices following the experimental manipulation revealed significant differences based on condition over the course of the bar laboratory protocol. The DST strategy was significantly more effective at acutely reducing craving and urge distress than the other 2 conditions, which did not significantly differ from each other. Conclusions Contrary to our prediction, these findings suggest that an acute DSTstrategy is beneficial for coping with alcohol cravings. The potential importance of protracted mindfulness training to detect significant effects on in vivo craving, additional implications, and methodological considerations are discussed.
Semantical Considerations on Workflows: An Algebra for Intertask Dependencies

Workflows are composite multitransaction activities occurring in heterogeneous environments. They relax the semantic properties of traditional transactions to accommodate the demands of such environments. It is important that workflows be specified declaratively, reasoned about formally, and scheduled automatically. Declarative approaches based on intertask dependencies are prominent in the literature. However, extant approaches often lack a formal semantics, or fail to meet other important criteria. Also, they do not carefully distinguish event types from instances, a distinction that is crucial when the constraint that tasks are loop-free is relaxed. We propose an approach that gives a rigorous formal semantics for dependencies and meets the above conditions. Our approach uses algebraic expressions to represent dependencies and uses symbolic reasoning to take scheduling decisions. It can form the basis of a programming language for workflows.
Multicollinearity and correlation among local regression coefficients in geographically weighted regression

Present methodological research on geographically weighted regression (GWR) focuses primarily on extensions of the basic GWR model, while ignoring well-established diagnostics tests commonly used in standard global regression analysis. This paper investigates multicollinearity issues surrounding the local GWR coefficients at a single location and the overall correlation between GWR coefficients associated with two different exogenous variables. Results indicate that the local regression coefficients are potentially collinear even if the underlying exogenous variables in the data generating process are uncorrelated. Based on these findings, applied GWR research should practice caution in substantively interpreting the spatial patterns of local GWR coefficients. An empirical disease-mapping example is used to motivate the GWR multicollinearity problem. Controlled experiments are performed to systematically explore coefficient dependency issues in GWR. These experiments specify global models that use eigenvectors from a spatial link matrix as exogenous variables.
Transport Enhancement in Acoustically Excited Cavity Flows, Part 1: Nonreactive Flow Diagnostics

Acoustically driven, nonreactive e ow processes in a two-dimensional dump combustor cavity were explored experimentally. Particle image velocimetry in the device was used to quantify the time-dependent, phase-locked velocity e eld in the cavity. Cavity operation during external acoustic excitation and during natural (undriven) operating conditions was explored. Interrogation of this e owe eld showed quantie able increases in inlet core/jet width, enhanced rates of entrainment between jet and recirculation regions, and increased jet rms velocity e uctuations during external forcing at frequencies corresponding to resonant longitudinal modes of the device. No such enhancement was observed during off-resonance external excitation. These results suggest that external acoustic excitation at resonant modes can result in enhanced mass and momentum transport within the cavity e ow, providing a potentially powerful method for active e ow control.
Study the Effects of Padding Materials on the Level of the Load in the Brain

Experiencing a speedy strain or acceleration causes Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) that can be classified into mild, moderate and severe, based on the level of the injury. Motor vehicles crashes; violence related injuries; collisions in sports; and falls are most common causes of TBI. Moreover in the military service TBI can be happened when soldiers are exposed to shock waves due to blasts or because of ballistic impact.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
On a character sum problem of Cohn

Abstract Let f be a complex-valued function on a finite field F such that f (0)=0, f (1)=1, and | f ( x )|=1 for x ≠0. H. Cohn asked if it follows that f is a nontrivial multiplicative character provided that ∑ x ∈ F f ( x ) f(x+h) =−1 for h ≠0. We prove that this is the case for finite fields of prime cardinality under the assumption that the nonzero values of f are roots of unity.
Aquaporin-4 Dynamics and Determinants of Assembly in Orthogonal Arrays Revealed by Single-Molecule Fluorescence Imaging

Aquaporin-4 (AQP4) water channels exist in two predominant isoforms in cell plasma membranes. The long N-terminus 'M1' form exists as dispersed tetramers, while the short N-terminus 'M23' form assembles in large supermolecular structures known as orthogonal arrays of particles (OAPs) that are visible in freeze-fracture electron microscopy. We investigated the determinants and dynamics of AQP4 assembly in OAPs by visualizing fluorescently labeled AQP4 isoforms and mutants in living cell membranes using quantum dot single particle tracking and total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy. In several transfected cell types, including primary astrocyte cultures, AQP4-M1 diffused freely with diffusion coefficient ∼5 x 10-10 cm2/s, covering ∼5 μm in 5 min, while AQP4-M23 was relatively immobile, moving only ∼0.4 μm in 5 min. Biophysical analysis of short-range AQP4-M23 diffusion within OAPs indicated a spring-like confining potential with a restoring force of ∼6.5 pN/μm.Analysis of AQP4 deletion mutants revealed progressive prevention of OAP formation by addition of 3-7 residues at the AQP4-M23 N-terminus, with polyalanines as disruptive as native AQP4 fragments. OAPs disappeared upon downstream deletions of AQP4-M23, which, from analysis of point mutants, involves hydrophobic interactions at residues Val24, Ala25 and Phe26. OAP formation could also be prevented by disrupting secondary structure through the introduction of proline residues at sites downstream from the hydrophobic N-terminus. AQP1, an AQP4 homolog that does not form OAPs, was able to form OAPs upon replacement of its N-terminal domain with that of AQP4-M23. Our results indicate that OAP formation by AQP4-M23 is stabilized by a hydrophobic homo-tetrameric interaction involving a structured N-terminus domain near the cytoplasmic membrane interface. Absence of OAPs in AQP4-M1 results from non-selective blocking of this interaction by seven residues just upstream from Met23.
An analytic model of sound production by raindrops

Observations of the cavity produced by a droplet of rain falling on a plane water surface show that the cavity often takes the form of an inverted cone. In the present paper we discuss a simple analytic expression for the corresponding fluid flow.The main source of rain noise has been found to occur when the flow entrains an air bubble at the vertex of the cone. In this paper we show that the magnitude of the sound produced by the fluid flow in the present model is consistent with observation.
p-Aramid RFP do not induce chromosomal aberrations in a standardized in vitro genotoxicity assay using human lymphocytes.

Genotoxicity evaluations have been proposed as regulatory requirements for establishing German MAK values for inhaled fibrous dusts. The objective of this in vitro assay was to assess the potential for para -aramid (p -aramid) respirable-sized, fiber-shaped particulates (RFP) to induce chromosomal aberrations in cultured human peripheral blood lymphocytes without metabolic activation. The highest concentration tested in this assay was limited by the physical characteristics of p -aramid RFP. The test substance was suspended in fully supplemented RPMI culture medium with 1% Pluronic F68. All dosing was achieved using a dosing volume of 90% (900 µl/ml), and the vehicle control cultures were treated with 900 µl/ml of fully supplemented RPMI culture medium with 1% Pluronic F68. In the chromosomal aberrations assay, the treatments were either 3 or 19 h without metabolic activation. Cultures were harvested 22 h from the initiation of treatment. Replicated cultures of human whole blood lymphocytes were incubated...
12/15-Lipoxygenase Regulates Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 Expression and Monocyte Adhesion to Endothelium Through Activation of RhoA and Nuclear Factor-κB

Background— 12/15-lipoxygenase (12/15-LO) activity leads to the production of the proinflammatory eicosanoids 12- S -hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (12SHETE) and 13- S -hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid. We have previously shown a 3.5-fold increase in endothelial intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 expression in mice overexpressing the 12/15-LO gene. We examined whether 12/15-LO activity regulated endothelial ICAM-1 expression. Methods and Results— Freshly isolated aortic endothelial cells (EC) from 12/15-LO transgenic mice had significantly greater nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activation and ICAM mRNA expression compared with C57BL/6J control. 12/15-LO transgenic EC showed elevated RhoA activity, and inhibition of RhoA using either C3 toxin or the Rho-kinase inhibitor Y-27632 blocked NF-κB activation, ICAM-1 induction, and monocyte adhesion. Furthermore, we show that 12SHETE activates protein kinase Cα, which forms a complex with active RhoA and is required for NF-κB–dependent ICAM expression in response to 12SHETE. Conclusions— The 12/15-LO pathway stimulates ICAM-1 expression through the RhoA/protein kinase Cα-dependent activation of NF-κB. These findings identify a major signaling pathway in EC through which 12/15-LO contributes to vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis.
Soils: A global sink of atmospheric carbon tetrachloride

[1] Analysis of soil gas from the world's major biomes indicates that carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) uptake by soils is a ubiquitous process. The global flux of CCl4 from the atmosphere to soils was estimated to be 27 ± 21 kilotons per year (Kt yr−1), corresponding to a partial atmospheric lifetime of 90 years (yr). The total lifetime of CCl4 in the atmosphere, taking into account the stratospheric, oceanic and soil sinks is estimated to be 20 yr. The recently identified oceanic and soil sinks of atmospheric CCl4 suggest that current emission estimates of CCl4 may be underestimated by ∼60%.
Obesity Hypoventilation Syndrome: A State-of-the-Art Review

Obesity hyoventilation syndrome (OHS) is defined as the triad of obesity, daytime hypoventilation, and sleep-disordered breathing in the absence of an alternative neuromuscular, mechanical or metabolic explanation for hypoventilation. During the last 3 decades the prevalence of extreme obesity has markedly increased in the United States and other countries. With such a global epidemic of obesity, the prevalence of OHS is bound to increase. Patients with OHS have a lower quality of life, with increased healthcare expenses, and are at higher risk of developing pulmonary hypertension and early mortality, compared to eucapnic patients with sleep-disordered breathing. OHS often remains undiagnosed until late in the course of the disease. Early recognition is important, as these patients have significant morbidity and mortality. Effective treatment can lead to significant improvement in patient outcomes, underscoring the importance of early diagnosis. This review will include disease definition and epidemiology, clinical characteristics of the syndrome, pathophysiology, and morbidity and mortality associated with it. Lastly, treatment modalities will be discussed in detail.
Integrating Organizational Development Skills with Community Organization Practice: The Key to Successful National Health Care Programs:

The article describes the developmental stages of a health care project from the inception as a demonstration project until its establishment as a large scale national program. The skills and competencies required of a project administrator during the demonstration stage are more related to the practice of community organization. However, in expanding a demonstration project to a large scale national program, these administrators are confronted with a multitude of bureaucratic and organizational constraints. The skills and competencies required of a program manager at this stage are best grouped under the field of organizational development. The failure of many large programs can be traced to the lack of organizational development skills among those involved in managing them. The implications for organizational development training within the curriculum of instruction in health education are also discussed.
Therapeutic leukapheresis for hyperleukocytosis in acute myelocytic leukemia

Twenty-two patients with newly diagnosed acute myelocytic leukemia (AML) and white cell counts (WBC) greater than 100,000/microliters received one, two, or three leukaphereses prior to induction chemotherapy with cytosine arabinoside (Ara-C) and daunorubicin (DNR). Fifteen of 22 (68%) achieved a complete remission. Greater than a 30% decrease in initial WBC was found to be an important predictor of response. Fifteen of 17 patients (88%) with greater than 30% reduction of initial WBC achieved remission, while none of 5 patients with less than a 30% reduction responded (P = 0.001).
Weighted least-squares design of recursive allpass filters

A method for the design of allpass filters is described. In this method, an error reflecting the difference between the desired phase response and the phase response of the practical allpass filter is formulated in a quadratic form. The coefficients are obtained by solving a system of linear equations involving the sum of a Toeplitz and an Hankel matrix.
Epidemiology of severe and fatal rattlesnake bites published in the American Association of Poison Control Centers' Annual Reports.

Introduction. No study has focused on the nationwide epidemiology of severe and fatal rattlesnake bites during the last 25 years. We examined rates and temporal trends of severe and fatal rattlesnake bites across the United States. Our hypothesis was that nationwide annual rates of both severe and fatal outcomes from rattlesnake bites have remained unchanged over time. Methods. This study retrospectively analyzed all human rattlesnake bites published in the Annual Reports of the American Association of Poison Control Centers from 1983 through 2007. Annual rates of severe (major) and fatal rattlesnake bites were calculated using the annual number of major outcomes and fatalities as respective numerators and the total annual number of single rattlesnake bites (exposures) as denominators. Negative binomial and Poisson regressions were used to examine trends of severe and fatal rattlesnake bites over time. Results. Annually, from 1985 to 2007, the incidence rate of major outcomes decreased by 2% per year (inc...
Assessing interventions to improve child nutrition: a theory-based impact evaluation of the Bangladesh Integrated Nutrition Project†

The Community-Based Nutrition Component of the Bangladesh Integrated Nutrition Project sought to improve nutritional status through nutritional counselling and supplementary feeding for malnourished children and pregnant women. This paper presents a theory-based impact evaluation of this programme. Both counselling and feeding suffered from problems of inappropriate targeting strategies and a failure to reach intended groups. While counselling has changed women's knowledge it has had less of an impact on behaviour. There is a knowledge-practice gap, which is explained by resource constraints faced by women, including lack of time, which prevent them from putting the advice into practice. The impact of the project on anthropometric outcomes of infants, children and mothers has not been large. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Environmental Obesogens: Organotins and Endocrine Disruption via Nuclear Receptor Signaling

Over the last two decades, the incidence of obesity and associated metabolic syndrome diseases has risen dramatically, becoming a global health crisis. Increased caloric intake and decreased physical activity are believed to represent the root causes of this dramatic rise. However, recent findings highlight the possible involvement of environmental obesogens, xenobiotic chemicals that can disrupt the normal developmental and homeostatic controls over adipogenesis and energy balance. Environmental estrogens, i.e. chemicals with estrogenic potential, have been reported to perturb adipogenic mechanisms using in vitro model systems, but other classes of endocrine-disrupting chemicals are now coming under scrutiny as well. Organotins represent one class of widespread persistent organic pollutants with potent endocrine-disrupting properties in both invertebrates and vertebrates. New data identify tributyltin chloride and triphenyltin chloride as nanomolar agonist ligands for retinoid X receptor (RXR alpha, RXR beta, and RXR gamma) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma, nuclear receptors that play pivotal roles in lipid homeostasis and adipogenesis. The environmental obesogen hypothesis predicts that inappropriate receptor activation by organotins will lead directly to adipocyte differentiation and a predisposition to obesity and/or will sensitize exposed individuals to obesity and related metabolic disorders under the influence of the typical high-calorie, high-fat Western diet. The linking of organotin exposure to adipocyte differentiation and obesity opens an important new area of research into potential environmental influences on human health and disease.
Metabolomics in childhood diabetes

Recent increases in the incidence of both type 1 (T1D) and type 2 diabetes (T2D) in children and adolescents point to the importance of environmental factors in the development of these diseases. Metabolomic analysis explores the integrated response of the organism to environmental changes. Metabolic profiling can identify biomarkers that are predictive of disease incidence and development, potentially providing insight into disease pathogenesis. This review provides an overview of the role of metabolomic analysis in diabetes research and summarizes recent research relating to the development of T1D and T2D in children.
Multipoint temperature control during hyperthermia treatments: theory and simulation

A real-time multipoint feedback temperature control system has been designed and implemented with an ultrasound phased-array applicator for hyperthermia. The control parameters are the total power available from the supply and the dwell times at a sequence of preselected heating patterns. Thermocouple measurements are assumed for temperature feedback. The spatial operator linking available heating patterns to temperature measurements is measured at the outset of the treatment and can be remeasured on line an adaptive implementation. A significant advantage of this approach is that the controller does not require a priori knowledge of either the placement of the thermocouples or the power distribution of the ultrasound heating patterns. Furthermore, the control loop uses a proportional integral (PI) gain in conjunction with a singular value decomposition (SVD) of the spatial transfer operator. This approach is advantageous for robust implementation and is shown to properly balance the power applied to the individual patterns. The controller also deals with saturation in the inputs without integrator windup and, therefore, without temperature overshoot. Here, the authors present the theoretical formulation and representative simulation results of the proposed controller. The control algorithm has been verified experimentally, both in vitro and in vivo. A subsequent paper describing these results and the practical implementation of the controller will follow. >
Modification of High Potential, High Capacity Li2FeP2O7 Cathode Material for Lithium Ion Batteries

Li2FeP2O7 is a newly developed polyanionic cathode material for high performance lithium ion batteries. It is considered very attractive due to its large specific capacity, good thermal and chemical stability, and environmental benignity. However, the application of Li2FeP2O7 is limited by its low ionic and electronic conductivities. To overcome the above problem, a solution-based technique was successfully developed to synthesize Li2FeP2O7 powders with very fine and uniform particle size (< 1 μm), achieving much faster kinetics. The obtained Li2FeP2O7 powders were tested in lithium ion batteries by measurements of cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and galvanostatic charge/discharge cycling. We found that the modified Li2FeP2O7 cathode could maintain a relatively high capacity even at fast discharge rates.
miR-143 Decreases COX-2 mRNA Stability and Expression in Pancreatic Cancer Cells

Abstract Small non-coding RNAs, microRNAs (miRNA), inhibit the translation or accelerate the degradation of message RNA (mRNA) by targeting the 3′-untranslated region (3′-UTR) in regulating growth and survival through gene suppression. Deregulated miRNA expression contributes to disease progression in several cancers types, including pancreatic cancers (PaCa). PaCa tissues and cells exhibit decreased miRNA, elevated cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 and increased prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) resulting in increased cancer growth and metastases. Human PaCa cell lines were used to demonstrate that restoration of miRNA-143 (miR-143) regulates COX-2 and inhibits cell proliferation. miR-143 were detected at fold levels of 0.41 ± 0.06 in AsPC-1, 0.20 ± 0.05 in Capan-2 and 0.10 ± 0.02 in MIA PaCa-2. miR-143 was not detected in BxPC-3, HPAF-II and Panc-1 which correlated with elevated mitogen-activated kinase (MAPK) and MAPK kinase (MEK) activation. Treatment with 10 μM of MEK inhibitor U0126 or PD98059 increased miR-143, respectively, by 187 ± 18 and 152 ± 26-fold in BxPC-3 and 182 ± 7 and 136 ± 9-fold in HPAF-II. miR-143 transfection diminished COX-2 mRNA stability at 60 min by 2.6 ± 0.3-fold in BxPC-3 and 2.5 ± 0.2-fold in HPAF-II. COX-2 expression and cellular proliferation in BxPC-3 and HPAF-II inversely correlated with increasing miR-143. PGE2 levels decreased by 39.3 ± 5.0% in BxPC-3 and 48.0 ± 3.0% in HPAF-II transfected with miR-143. Restoration of miR-143 in PaCa cells suppressed of COX-2, PGE2, cellular proliferation and MEK/MAPK activation, implicating this pathway in regulating miR-143 expression.
Immunohistochemical phenotyping of plasma cells in lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma/Waldenström's macroglobulinemia is comparable to flow cytometric techniques.

Lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma/Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia (LPL/WM) can be difficult to distinguish from primary plasma cell neoplasms in bone marrow biopsies. Plasma cell immunophenotyping by flow cytometry can aid in this distinction as by this technique the plasma cells of LPL/WM express both CD19 and CD45 whereas primary plasma cell neoplasms are CD19 or CD45 negative. As immunophenotyping by flow cytometry has limitations, the comparative ability of immunohistochemistry to determine the plasma cell phenotype in WM/LPL was examined. The results indicate that immunohistochemistry yields results comparable to flow cytometry, and suggests that using both modalities in parallel compensates for the shortcomings of each.
Regulation of mixed-lineage kinase activation in JNK-dependent morphogenesis

Normal cells respond appropriately to various signals, while sustaining proper developmental programs and tissue homeostasis. Inappropriate signal reception, response or attenuation, can upset the normal balance of signaling within cells, leading to dysfunction or tissue malformation. To understand the molecular mechanisms that regulate protein-kinase-based signaling in the context of tissue morphogenesis, we analyzed the domain requirements of Drosophila Slpr, a mixed-lineage kinase (MLK), for Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling. The N-terminal half of Slpr is involved in regulated signaling whereas the C-terminal half promotes cortical protein localization. The SH3 domain negatively regulates Slpr activity consistent with autoinhibition via a conserved proline motif. Also, like many kinases, conserved residues in the activation segment of the catalytic domain regulate Slpr. Threonine 295, in particular, is essential for function. Slpr activation requires dual input from the MAP4K Misshapen (Msn), through its C-terminal regulatory domain, and the GTPase Rac, which both bind to the LZ–CRIB region of Slpr in vitro. Although Rac is sufficient to activate JNK signaling, our results indicate that there are Slpr-independent functions for Rac in dorsal closure. Finally, expression of various Slpr constructs alone or with upstream activators reveals a wide-ranging response at the cell and tissue level.
Postprandial Gastric, Pancreatic, and Biliary Response to Histamine H2-Receptor Antagonists In Active Duodenal Ulcer

Histamine H2-receptor antagonists are potentially useful agents in duodenal ulcer and knowledge of their effect on postprandial digestive events will contribute to their clinical application. We studied the effect of 200- and 300-mg doses of cimetidine, an H2-receptor antagonist, taken with an ordinary meal, on gastric, pancreatic, and biliary function. Both doses significantly reduced acid output and its delivery into the duodenum. Gastric secretory volume and pepsin output were less affected. Acid inhibition was related to blood drug levels and was less than that previously found at night in nocturnal fasting studies. As the stomach emptied the food, the gastric pH rose. The fractional gastric emptying rate, pancreatic enzyme, and bile acid outputs were unaltered. Cimetidine taken orally with meals at these doses is a potent gastric antisecretory agent without affecting other postprandial gastric, pancreatic, or biliary functions.
LONG-DISTANCE MOVEMENTS OF THE DEER MOUSE IN TALLGRASS PRAIRIE

Long-distance movements may play an important role in regulating populations of small mammals. To examine such movements, we livetrapped 1,712 deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus) on 14–28 permanent traplines from autumn 1981 to spring 1990 on the Konza Prairie Biological Station, Kansas. These data were collected under a variety of climatic and biotic conditions that resulted in detection of .100 long-distance movements by deer mice between traplines (moves of 50–1,320 m). Males made more moves than females, but distance moved did not differ by sex. Age did not affect the number or distance of movements. On average, more long-distance moves occurred in spring and summer than in autumn, but distance did not differ by season. Proportion of the population making intertrapline movements was inversely related to abundance of deer mice. Deer mice did not exhibit a fire-positive response in long-distance movement. Our results indicate that deer mice may be more mobile than originally thought. Researchers should incorporate improved methods for detecting longer movements to better understand causes and consequences of these movements.
JAPhA and Elsevier: A new beginning

Beginning with this issue, the Journal of the American Pharmacists Association (JAPhA) is now published by Elsevier. Since its inception, APhA (then called the American Pharmaceutical Association) began to publish the APhA Proceedings, a predecessor to JAPhA. Following a variety of formats and journal names, in 1996 the APhA Board of Trustees committed to the present-day JAPhA, whose able editorial staff included L. Michael Posey as pharmacy editor and then executive editor through mid-2015. I am grateful for his and others’ many contributions over the years of JAPhA’s evolution to its present-day form. But change is inevitable. Sir Winston Churchill is credited with the quote, “There is nothing wrong with change, if it is in the right direction.” I am pleased with this strategic partnership with Elsevier, as it helps position JAPhA well for the future. Most people are unaware that APhA had always self-published JAPhA. Following a thorough comparative
French Colonial Fascism: The Extreme Right in Algeria, 1919–1939 by S. Kalman (review)

Kalman, S. French Colonial Fascism: The Extreme Right in Algeria, 1919–1939. NY: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013. Review by Yoly Zentella.
Myocardial and vascular actions of milrinone.

Milrinone exerts potent positive inotropic and direct vasodilator properties in vitro. Several studies have been undertaken to elucidate the relative contributions of each of these actions to the overall haemodynamic effect of milrinone in patients with congestive heart failure, Intracoronary infusion of milrinone to patients with congestive heart failure results in a dose-related increase in left ventricular filling pressure, +dP/dt, indicating a positive inotropic effect due to direct myocardial stimulation. Infusion of milrinone into the brachial artery increases forearm blood flow and decreases forearm vascular resistance, indicating a direct vasodilator action in patients with congestive heart failure. The relative contribution of milrinone's positive inotropic and vasodilator actions has been assessed by two approaches. First, the haemodynamic effects of nitroprusside and milrinone were compared at doses that caused equal reductions in arterial pressure. Under this condition, the improvement in left ventricular pump function caused by milrinone exceeded that caused by nitroprusside, suggesting that a significant portion of milrinone's overall effect could not be attributed merely to vasodilatation. Second, the haemodynamic effects of intracoro-nary and intravenous milrinone administration were compared in the same subjects. Under these conditions, the haemodynamic effect of intracoronary drug infusion accounted for a substantial portion of the improvement in left ventricular pump function. The conclusion from these studies, taken together, is that the overall haemodynamic effect of milrinone is due to significant contributions from both its positive inotropic and its vasodilator actions. Consequently, milrinone differs significantly from pure vasodilators, such as nitroprusside, and relatively pure positive inotropic agents, such as dobutamine.
Images of the countable ordinals

Abstract We study spaces that are continuous images of the usual space [ 0 , ω 1 ) of countable ordinals. We begin by showing that if Y is such a space and is T 3 then Y has a monotonically normal compactification, and is monotonically normal, locally compact and scattered. Examples show that regularity is needed in these results. We investigate when a regular continuous image of the countable ordinals must be compact, paracompact, and metrizable. For example we show that metrizability of such a Y is equivalent to each of the following: Y has a G δ -diagonal, Y is perfect, Y has a point-countable base, Y has a small diagonal in the sense of Husek, and Y has a σ-minimal base. Along the way we obtain an absolute version of the Juhasz–Szentmiklossy theorem for small spaces, proving that if Y is any compact Hausdorff space having | Y | ≤ ℵ 1 and having a small diagonal, then Y is metrizable, and we deduce a recent result of Gruenhage from work of Mrowka, Rajagopalan, and Soundararajan.
Palliative Care and Decision Making at the End of Life

Mr. O is an 82-year-old man living independently with his wife of 57 years. He presented to the surgery clinic with 2–3 months of left lower quadrant pain radiating to his groin, a mild increase in abdominal girth, and a small nontender umbilical hernia. Computerized tomography revealed a 24 × 17 × 7 cm retroperitoneal mass consistent with a liposarcoma, a moderate left-sided pleural effusion and atelectasis of left lower lobe. He described his bowel movements as normal and his pain was well-controlled with Tylenol. He had some early satiety, mild shortness of breath but was ambulating comfortably for 1–2 blocks with a walker. After a long discussion regarding the risks and benefits of surgery, he wished to proceed. His wife was identified as the surrogate decision maker.
Interconnect design for evolutionary, and revolutionary transistor technologies

Interconnects are increasingly contributing to the overall delay at advanced technology nodes. It is becoming increasingly important to study the dynamics between the transistor and interconnect parasitics, and optimize interconnect geometries for every device option to enable optimum performance and power. Prior work has shown that interconnect resistance becomes more important than interconnect capacitance in the FinFET technology era. It is shown that with new transistor innovations like FDSOI, and the TFET technology, the implications on the BEOL design paradigm is contrasting to the prior findings with the FinFET technology. For devices like TFET, which are highly resistive, and have low device capacitance, the circuit delay can be improved by sizing interconnects to have lower capacitance, at the cost of higher resistance.
DAGSENS: directed acyclic graph based direct and adjoint transient sensitivity analysis for event-driven objective functions

We present DAGSENS, a new approach to parametric transient sensitivity analysis of Differential Algebraic Equation systems (DAEs), such as SPICE-level circuits. The key ideas behind DAGSENS are, (1) to represent the entire sequence of computations from DAE parameters to the objective function (whose sensitivity is needed) as a Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG) called the "sensitivity DAG", and (2) to compute the required sensitivites efficiently by using dynamic programming techniques to traverse the DAG. DAGSENS is simple, elegant, and easy-to-understand compared to previous approaches; for example, in DAGSENS, one can switch between direct and adjoint sensitivities simply by reversing the direction of DAG traversal. Also, DAGSENS is more powerful than previous approaches because it works for a more general class of objective functions, including those based on "events" that occur during a transient simulation (e.g., a node voltage crossing a threshold, a phase-locked loop (PLL) achieving lock, a circuit signal reaching its maximum/minimum value, etc.). In this paper, we demonstrate DAGSENS on several electronic and biological applications, including high-speed communication, statistical cell library characterization, and gene expression.
Understanding older adults' medication decision making and behavior: A study on over-the-counter (OTC) anticholinergic medications.

Abstract Background Older adults purchase and use over-the-counter (OTC) medications with potentially significant adverse effects. Some OTC medications, such as those with anticholinergic effects, are relatively contraindicated for use by older adults due to evidence of impaired cognition and other adverse effects. Objective To inform the design of future OTC medication safety interventions for older adults, this study investigated consumers' decision making and behavior related to OTC medication purchasing and use, with a focus on OTC anticholinergic medications. Methods The study had a cross-sectional design with multiple methods. A total of 84 adults participated in qualitative research interviews (n = 24), in-store shopper observations (n = 39), and laboratory-based simulated OTC shopping tasks (n = 21). Simulated shopping participants also rank-ordered eight factors on their importance for OTC decision making. Results Findings revealed that many participants had concerns about medication adverse effects, generally, but were not aware of age-related risk associated with the use of anticholinergic medications. Analyses produced a map of the workflow of OTC-related behavior and decision making as well as related barriers such as difficulty locating medications or comparing them to an alternative. Participants reported effectiveness, adverse effects or health risks, and price as most important to their OTC medication purchase and use decisions. A persona analysis identified two types of consumers: the habit follower, who frequently purchased OTC medications and considered them safe; and the deliberator, who was more likely to weigh their options and consider alternatives to OTC medications. Conclusion A conceptual model of OTC medication purchase and use is presented. Drawing on study findings and behavioral theories, the model depicts dual processes for OTC medication decision making – habit-based and deliberation-based – as well as the antecedents and consequences of decision making. This model suggests several design directions for consumer-oriented interventions to promote OTC medication safety.
Diagnostic Imaging of Temporal Bone Cancer

This chapter describes the imaging techniques used to evaluate tumors affecting the temporal bone, the imaging features of these tumors, and the appearance of the treatment site. First, a basic description of computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, positron emission tomography/computed tomography, and ultrasonography for the evaluation of lesions involving the temporal bone is provided. Second, the imaging features of tumors involving the ear, preauricular region, and external auditory canal—namely, basal cell and squamous cell carcinomas—are discussed. The imaging features of the more common tumors arising directly from the temporal bone—including osteosarcoma, chondrosarcoma, and giant cell tumor as well as those more common in children—are also discussed. Also described is perineural tumor spread to the fifth and seventh cranial nerves from diseases arising from, invading, or metastasizing to the parotid. Finally, the radiographic characteristics of reconstructive flaps and treatment effects are provided.
Reasoning about Safety during Software Architecture Design.

Architects use a variety of techniques to evaluate designs to determine the degree to which a product produced from the architecture would possess the desired levels of specific quality attributes. Reasoning frameworks are used to guide architecture definition by predicting the extent to which a software architecture satisfies its quality requirements. There has been much research about such direct runtime attributes as performance and modifiability but much less work has been done concerning such indirect attributes as safety. We present a framework for reasoning about safety that is based on the observation that safety hazards sometimes lead to accidents when certain quality requirements of the system are not satisfied. This naturally leads to the use of reasoning frameworks for these other qualities as a means to indirectly reason about safety. We present our technique that utilizes standard safety engineering activities and a risk-based qualitative reasoning approach to make a judgment on the satisfaction of safety requirements by the architecture.
Surface Area and Length of Convolutions of the Cerebral Cortex

The degree of convolution of the cerebral cortex and its surface area are assumed to be related to the evolutionary status of a mammal. In the past very laborious methods have been used to determine this area. Stereology has provided a reliable and efficient means of obtaining the needed information. We are presently studying brains of man, opossums, kangaroos, whales and dolphins.
'Hiding Behind Tradition?' Should U.S. Vessel Traffic Centers Exercise Greater Direction and Control over Vessels in their Area?

In the aftermath of the 2007 Cosco Busan allision and oil spill, some asked whether Coast Guard Vessel Traffic Service operators monitoring the developing incident should have intervened to explicitly warn the vessel or even order it to take avoiding action. The controversy called to mind a speech by a former IMO secretary-general in which he suggested that those resisting greater shore-based control were 'hiding behind tradition.' In its investigation of the Cosco Busan incident, the National Transportation Safety Board urged the Coast Guard to better define its expectations regarding the exercise of VTS control authority and several legislators joined in bills to 'clarify' the VTS authority to direct a vessel to change its course or speed. This article examines existing international materials, federal legislation, regulations and Coast Guard policies on VTS services and concludes that additional legislation is neither necessary nor wise. It also concludes, however, that current VTS regulations and policies should be amended to better conform to international guidance documents and standardized terminology. Additionally, VTS operator and supervisor qualification and training programs should be expanded to ensure competency across the entire continuum of vessel traffic management activities.
Tremor Research Group Essential Tremor Rating Scale (TETRAS): Assessing Impact of Different Item Instructions (P6.062)

Objective: To determine if different instructions of TETRAS items impact the score. Background: TETRAS was developed by the Tremor Research Group (TRG) as a reliable, quick and easy tool to assess essential tremor clinically and for research. Several tasks done in multiple tremor assessments, including TETRAS, have multiple possible variations that have never been compared to determine if they impact score differently. Design/Methods: 16 Movement Disorders specialists from the Tremor Research Group scored 12 patients performing features of the TETRAS different ways. Scores of spirals and handwriting were compared when done while watching a video of the writing against only reviewing the still photograph of writing samples 2 months later. Heel-knee-shin task was compared while supine (traditional method) against done while sitting. Both were then compared against postural leg tremor. Postural and wing beating tremor were rated in each arm when the arms were concurrently held up versus when each arm was held up individually. Paired t-test was used for statistical analysis. Results: Scores of spirals and handwriting on still photographs tended to be greater than on video (Means: Photograph=2.3, Video=2.2, p=0.0255) with excellent correlation (r=0.976). Scores of postural and wing tremor were greater when assessed unilaterally rather than bilaterally (Postural means: Unilateral=1.7, Bilateral=1.5, p=0.0561, Wing means: Unilateral=2.0, Bilateral=1.8, p=0.002). Scores of heel-knee-shin done sitting were greater than traditional supine (Means: Sitting=0.46, Supine=0.31, p=0.0143). Scores of postural leg tremor were greater than heel-knee-shin sitting or supine (Means: Postural=0.69, Heel-knee-shin supine=0.31, p=0.002; Means: Postural=0.69, Heel-knee-shin sitting=0.46, p=0.049). Conclusions: Photographs of spirals and handwriting can be used in lieu of videos. Postural and wing tremor should be assessed unilaterally, and heel-knee-shin tremor should be assessed sitting. In TETRAS, lower limb tremor is assessed during posture and heel-knee-shin, but only maximum tremor is scored. If only one tremor is assessed for lower limb, it should be postural tremor. Disclosure: Dr Yeo has nothing to disclose. Dr. Ondo has received personal compensation for consulting, serving on a scientific advisory board, speaking, or other activities with Teva, Lundbeck, UCB, US WorldMeds, Acadia. Dr. Ondo has received research support from dbeck, Tremor Research Group, Dystonia Coalition, Restless Leg Syndrome Foundation, Acorda.
Easy-first Coreference Resolution

We describe an approach to coreference resolution that relies on the intuition that easy decisions should be made early, while harder decisions should be left for later when more information is available. We are inspired by the recent success of the rule-based system of Raghunathan et al. (2010), which relies on the same intuition. Our system, however, automatically learns from training data what constitutes an easy decision. Thus, we can utilize more features, learn more precise weights, and adapt to any dataset for which training data is available. Experiments show that our system outperforms recent state-of-the-art coreference systems including Raghunathan et al.’s system as well as a competitive baseline that uses a pairwise classifier.
Teaching NeuroImages: Congenital variant misdiagnosed as cerebral venous sinus thrombosis: Clinical pitfall.

A 23-year-old woman, with a history of cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST) on warfarin, presented with acute septic hemarthrosis, requiring surgery. A cerebrovascular consultation was placed for anticoagulation recommendations. Brain magnetic resonance venography revealed a hypoplastic right transverse sinus (figure). Anticoagulation was discontinued. Given her history of headache and papilledema, acetazolamide was started due to clinical suspicion of idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH).
Coriolis Effect on Transport Phenomena in Rotating Systems: A Numerical Study

The results of a numerical investigation of the Coriolis effect in flows through rotating-rectangular conduits are presented. The secondary flows that are induced are described from the viewpoint of a vorticity-production mechanism. In the centrifugation of fully-developed flows through rectangular passages, as the rate of rotation increases, the secondary flows induced by the Coriolis effect undergo a number of interesting transitions that have an impact on transport phenomena. The main purposes of this investigation are to describe the Coriolis effect in terms of vorticity transport and to determine the evolution of steady solutions as the relevant parameters describing their dynamics are varied. In this study we found a region of nonunique solutions over a range of Reynolds numbers. We also found that the onset of roll cells is associated with a turning point bifurcation.
Carotid artery displacement and cardiovascular disease risk in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis.

Novel technology permits quantification of common carotid artery (CCA) displacement, which is traditionally ignored. We evaluated associations with CCA displacement and cardiovascular disease (CVD)...
Thermodynamics of the Bladderwort Feeding Strike—Suction Power from Elastic Energy Storage

The carnivorous plant bladderwort exemplifies the use of accumulated elastic energy to power motion: respiration-driven pumps slowly load the walls of its suction traps with elastic energy (∼1 h). During a feeding strike, this energy is released suddenly to accelerate water (∼1 ms). However, due to the traps' small size and concomitant low Reynolds number, a significant fraction of the stored energy may be dissipated as viscous friction. Such losses and the mechanical reversibility of Stokes flow are thought to degrade the feeding success of other suction feeders in this size range, such as larval fish. In contrast, triggered bladderwort traps are generally successful. By mapping the energy budget of a bladderwort feeding strike, we illustrate how this smallest of suction feeders can perform like an adult fish.