cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Glucose transport in brain and retina: implications in the management and complications of diabetes.

Neural tissue is entirely dependent on glucose for normal metabolic activity. Since glucose stores in the brain and retina are negligible compared to glucose demand, metabolism in these tissues is dependent upon adequate glucose delivery from the systemic circulation. In the brain, the critical interface for glucose transport is at the brain capillary endothelial cells which comprise the blood-brain barrier (BBB). In the retina, transport occurs across the retinal capillary endothelial cells of the inner blood-retinal barrier (BRB) and the retinal pigment epithelium of the outer BRB. Because glucose transport across these barriers is mediated exclusively by the sodium-independent glucose transporter GLUT1, changes in endothelial glucose transport and GLUT1 abundance in the barriers of the brain and retina may have profound consequences on glucose delivery to these tissues and major implications in the development of two major diabetic complications, namely insulin-induced hypoglycemia and diabetic retinopathy. This review discusses the regulation of brain and retinal glucose transport and glucose transporter expression and considers the role of changes in glucose transporter expression in the development of two of the most devastating complications of long-standing diabetes mellitus and its management.
Local-Wetting-Induced Deformation of Rolled-Up Si/Si-Ge Nanomembranes: A Potential Route for Remote Chemical Sensing

We fabricate curled 3-D objects from semiconductor nanomembranes consisting of single-crystal silicon, which is epitaxially grown on silicon-germanium-on-insulator substrates. The curling is caused by relaxing the strain induced by lattice mismatch between silicon (Si) and germanium (Ge). Depending on the lithographically patterned geometries and their orientation with respect to the crystallographic direction, different shapes of tubes can be realized. Particularly interesting are tubes that are not completely closed, or partially open, whose mechanical response is ultraelastic. We demonstrate that applying acetone on such tubes generates a surface stress imbalance between the Si and Si-Ge layers, resulting in detectable shape changes. This mechanism has potential applications in chemical sensing, where the deformable curled structures act as dynamic-aperture reflector antennas. Our simulation suggests the curvature changes induced in the presence of certain chemical, such as acetone, will lead to distinctive far-field radiation patterns in the terahertz (THz) range.
Publications in PubMed on Ebola and the 2014 outbreak.

In this research note we examine the biomedical publication output about Ebola in 2014. We show that the volume of publications has dramatically increased in the past year. In 2014 there have been over 888 publications with ‘ebola’ or ‘ebolavirus’ in the title, approximately 13 times the volume of publication of 2013. The rise reflects an impressive growth starting in the month of August, concomitant with or following the surge in infections, deaths and coverage in news and social media. Though non-research articles have been the major contributors to this growth, there has been a substantial increase in original research articles too, including many papers of basic science. The United States has been the country with the highest number of research articles, followed by Canada and the United Kingdom. We present a comprehensive set of charts and facts that, by describing the volumes and nature of publications in 2014, show how the scientific community has responded to the Ebola outbreak and how it might respond to future similar global threats and media events. This information will assist scholars and policymakers in their efforts to improve scientific research policies with the goal of maximizing both public health and knowledge advancement.
Applying Psychological Theories to Promote Healthy Lifestyles

Over the past few decades, researchers have been developing and refining psychological theories and models to provide solid behavioral frameworks for evidence-based research. Each year new theories and models are created; however, a select few appear to have withstood the test of time and continue to be frequently utilized in present-day research. The objectives of this review are to highlight these psychological theories and models and describe their application to various public health issues and behaviors. Descriptions and example applications of the following theories and models are described in this review: health belief model, theory of reasoned action/planned behavior, social cognitive theory, transtheoretical model, and socioecological model.
Prostate Biopsy Patterns in the CaPSURE Database: Evolution With Time and Impact on Outcome After Prostatectomy

Purpose: Significant variability exists in the urological community regarding the number of cores that should be taken during prostate biopsy. Using CaPSURE™ we determined trends in prostate biopsy patterns during the last decade and assessed whether changes in biopsy number have had an impact on outcomes after radical prostatectomy.Materials and Methods: In CaPSURE between 1995 and 2004 we identified 6,450 men with newly diagnosed prostate cancer who underwent biopsy with 6 cores or greater. The number of cores removed, number of cores positive for cancer and percent of cores containing cancer were analyzed by year of diagnosis. For 1,757 men who underwent radical prostatectomy these variables were entered into Cox proportional hazards models controlling for preoperative prostate specific antigen, biopsy Gleason sum and clinical stage to predict recurrence-free survival.Results: The mean number of removed cores increased from 6.9 in 1995 to 10.2 in 2004 (p <0.0001). The mean number of positive cores rema...
Roles And Responsibilities In Team Projects

What roles assure that a student learns from a team project? This paper discusses student roles of (1) ready learner, (2) coachee, (3) contributor, (4) team member, and (5) academic scholar. Students can gain real world experience from a team project with a practitioner “client.” But team projects can be flawed with ambiguous activities and free-riding students. A shift from the role of passive student to the active roles discussed in this paper can improve the team project learning experience. This paper also presents a model that apportions responsibilities to the teacher, students, and clients for team project tasks. Clear responsibilities can prepare students for their active roles in a team project. A well-defined project process can minimize the ambiguity inherent in real-world projects, and help the teacher maintain his or her course workload at a manageable level. The project steps are (1) set learning goals, (2) engage a client, (3) set project objectives, (4) implementation, (5) report results, and (6) assess performance.
Distortion of Olfactory Perception: Diagnosis and Treatment

Clinically, olfaction can fail in any of three ways: (i) decreased sensitivity (hyposmia, anosmia) and two types of distortion (dysosmia); (ii) distorted quality of an odorant stimulation (troposmia); (iii) perceived odor when no odorant is present (phantosmia, hallucination). The distortions are usually much more upsetting to a person's quality of life than a simple loss. An ipsilatersal loss of olfactory sensitivity is often identified in the nostril with any type of olfactory distortion. The pathophysiology of a stimulated distortion (troposmia) is likely a decreased number of functioning olfactory primary neurons so that an incomplete characterization of the odorant is made. In phantosmia, two possible causations include an abnormal signal or inhibition from the primary olfactory neurons or peripheral olfactory or trigeminal signals that "trigger" a central process. The clinician's goal is to carefully define the problem (e.g. taste versus smell, real versus perceived, one versus two nostrils), to perform the appropriate examination and testing and to provide therapy if possible. Treatment includes assurance with no active therapy (because many of these will naturally resolve), topical medications, systemic medications, anesthesia to parts of the nose and, rarely, referral for surgical excision of olfactory neurons. Endoscopic transnasal operations have the advantage of treating phantosmia and sometimes allowing a return of olfactory ability after the operation.
Is the fructose index more relevant with regards to cardiovascular disease than the glycemic index

The glycemic index (G.I.) is a means for categorizing carbohydrates based on their ability to raise blood glucose, subsequently this index has been popularized as a way for selecting foods to reduce the risk for obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. We suggest that the G.I. is better aimed at identifying foods that stimulate insulin secretion rather than foods that stimulate insulin resistance. In this regard, fructose has a low G.I. but may be causally linked with the obesity and cardiovascular disease epidemic. The reported association of high G.I. with cardiovascular disease may be due to the association of sugar intake which contains fructose, but which has a high G.I. due to its glucose content. We propose the use of a fructose index to categorize foods and propose studies to determine the effect of low fructose diets as a means to prevent obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease in the population.
Stress, coping, and immune function in breast cancer

Research has found suggestive links between emotional distress and immune and neuroendocrine measures in cancer patients. Furthermore, several studies have reported that participation in psychological support groups is associated with better health outcomes for cancer patients. However, controversy exists surrounding these findings, and the mechanisms behind such effects are unclear. This article integrates current evidence from several lines of research concerning the relations among coping, psychological adjustment, cortisol and immune function, and disease progression in breast cancer patients. A biopsychosocial model is evaluated in which coping and psychological adjustment are associated with alterations in cortisol levels, immune function, and potential long-term medical outcomes in breast cancer patients. Although strong evidence suggests that coping and psychosocial intervention can improve psychological outcomes for breast cancer patients, potential effects on physiological outcomes remain speculative.
Concentration and medium dependencies in optical limiting of organic dyes

A series of organic dyes in solutions of different concentrations were measured systematically for optical limiting responses toward collimated nanosecond pulsed laser light at 532 nm. The results show that for most of the dyes the optical limiting is solution concentration dependent when measured in optical cuvettes of different path lengths to maintain the same linear transmittance at the laser wavelength. A more concentrated solution in a cuvette of a shorter optical path length has a better optical limiting performance. The optical limiting responses of the dyes in a solid state matrix are significantly weaker than those in the concentrated solution (thus of a comparable optical path length) but similar to those in a very dilute solution. The metallophthalocyanines are noticeable exceptions, exhibiting optical limiting properties that are neither solution concentration dependent nor medium dependent. The results are discussed in terms of the reverse saturable absorption model and a recent modification already available in the literature. In addition, the consistent correlation between the two dependencies in the optical limiting of the same dye may allow the measurement at different solution concentrations to serve as a convenient experimental tool to screen candidate limiters for solid-state devices.
CA 125 concentrations in ovarian ‘chocolate’ cyst fluid can differentiate an endometriotic cyst from a cystic corpus luteum

In a prospective study, the concentrations of CA 125, 17 beta-oestradiol and progesterone were assayed in 52 consecutive ovarian cysts, laparoscopically suspected to be endometriomas. Cysts with dark brown 'chocolate' fluid (n = 42) were excised by CO2-laser endoscopy. Cysts with clear fluid were diagnosed by pathology as follicular cysts (n = 5) or pseudoperitoneal cysts (n = 5). Fluids (n = 53) aspirated during echo-guided puncture for in-vitro fertilization (IVF) were assayed simultaneously. Of the 42 women undergoing a cystectomy, the clinical diagnosis of an endometrioma was confirmed by pathology in only 68%, the other cases being corpora lutea (27%) or follicular cysts (5%). Cyst fluids from corpora lutea had lower CA 125 concentrations ( 2000 pg/ml) and/or high progesterone concentrations (> 100 ng/ml). Endometriotic cysts had either very high CA 125 concentrations (> 10,000 IU/ml) as occurred in 78% or lower CA 125 concentrations (< 1000 IU/ml) together with low 17 beta-oestradiol and/or progesterone concentrations. 'Chocolate' fluid-containing cysts aspirated during IVF had similar concentration profiles of CA 125, 17 beta-oestradiol and progesterone and the diagnoses derived from these concentrations were not contradicted in 19/27 women undergoing a laparoscopy within 4 months. In eight women, however, with high CA 125 concentrations in their cyst fluid, no endometriotic cysts were found at laparoscopy. Only 68% of cysts containing 'chocolate' material were endometriotic cysts and CA 125 could be useful in making this diagnosis. This method is recommended when dark brown fluid is aspirated in IVF.
Climate extremes dominating seasonal and interannual variations in carbon export from the Mississippi River Basin

Knowledge about the annual and seasonal patterns of organic and inorganic carbon (C) exports from the major rivers of the world to the coastal ocean is essential for our understanding and potential management of the global C budget so as to limit anthropogenic modification of global climate. Unfortunately our predictive understanding of what controls the timing, magnitude, and quality of C export is still rudimentary. Here we use a process-based coupled hydrologic/ecosystem biogeochemistry model (the Dynamic Land Ecosystem Model) to examine how climate variability and extreme events, changing land use, and atmospheric chemistry have affected the annual and seasonal patterns of C exports from the Mississippi River basin to the Gulf of Mexico. Our process-based simulations estimate that the average annual exports of dissolved organic C (DOC), particulate organic C (POC), and dissolved inorganic C (DIC) in the 2000s were 2.6 ± 0.4 Tg C yr−1, 3.4 ± 0.3 Tg C yr−1, and 18.8 ± 3.4 Tg C yr−1, respectively. Although land use change was the most important agent of change in C export over the past century, climate variability and extreme events (such as flooding and drought) were primarily responsible for seasonal and interannual variations in C export from the basin. The maximum seasonal export of DIC occurred in summer while for DOC and POC the maximum occurred in winter. Relative to the 10 year average (2001–2010), our modeling analysis indicates that the years of maximal and minimal C export cooccurred with wet and dry years (2008: 32% above average and 2006: 32% below average). Given Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change-predicted changes in climate variability and the severity of rain events and droughts of wet and dry years for the remainder of the 21st century, our modeling results suggest major changes in the riverine link between the terrestrial and oceanic realms, which are likely to have a major impact on C delivery to the coastal ocean.
A “safe and effective” protocol for management of post-thyroidectomy hypocalcemia

Abstract Background This study evaluates the outcomes of a protocol to manage hypocalcemia after thyroidectomy (TTX). Methods A review of prospectively collected data was performed in 130 patients who underwent TTX after the introduction of a specific protocol. These patients were compared with a control group of 195 patients who underwent TTX the year prior when routine calcium supplementation was utilized and no specific protocol was used. Results Of the 120 patients in whom the protocol was followed, 44 (37%) patients were classified as high risk, 15 (13%) intermediate risk, and 61 (51%) low risk. The protocol had a sensitivity of 85% and a negative predictive value of 92% for predicting subsequent hypocalcemia. With the implementation of the protocol, there was significant reduction in temporary hypocalcemia events ( P = .008) and intravenous calcium drip ( P = .49). Also, calcium supplementation was significantly lower in the protocol group ( P ≤ .001). Conclusions This hypocalcemia protocol identifies patients who do not require additional supplementation and additional monitoring. At the same time, it identifies those who will benefit from supplementation after TTX.
The Effect of Sequence Homozygosity on the Frequency of X-Chromosomal Exchange in Drosophila melanogaster Females

The repair of mismatched heteroduplex DNA has been implicated in the normal resolution of meiotic exchange events. Although sequence microheterogeneity over defined intervals of homologous chromosomes has been correlated with local effects on recombination, this correlation has not previously been extended to effects on chromosomal levels of exchange. In order to determine the role of microheterogeneity in normal exchange between homologs, a system was devised for monitoring exchange between isogenic X chromosomes. Lack of microheterogeneity did not significantly alter the frequency of exchange along the isogenic X chromosomes relative to controls or to previously reported values. There were, however, characteristic levels of exchange intrinsic to the cloned X chromosomes in each of the lines tested.
Taurine and Hypotaurine

Taurine (2-aminoethanesulfonic acid) is the end product of methionine and cysteine metabolism. It is found everywhere in the animal kingdom. In retina of vertebrates, including humans, it is the most abundant free amino acid, and it ranges from 10 to 52µmol/g tissue (1).
Developing an Appropriate Goalball Unit for Secondary Physical Education

Goalball, a sport designed for those with visual impairments, is a competitive and recreational sport enjoyed by athletes around the world. Students with and without visual impairments can experience positive outcomes when teachers appropriately include a goalball unit as part of their inclusive secondary physical education curriculum. This article aims to help teachers identify these outcomes through strategies that encourage student success and appreciation for the sport. A framework to implement a goalball unit is provided along with strategies to target skill, tactical and game-play development.
Mobilizing Structures and Cycles of Protest: Post-Stalinist Contention in Poland, 1954-1959

This article considers the conditions for protest mobilization and the creation of oppositional networks under authoritarianism. Archival data identifying membership in eighteen social action groups provide the basis for social network analysis of the opposition domain. Network development is traced during three phases of anti-Stalinist mobilization. The study finds that the opening of political opportunity in a non-democratic setting stimulates both civic association and contention. It is suggested that future research be conducted to identify the relational contents of ties in order to determine when influence in a network is likely to facilitate or to inhibit collective action.
Hydrodynamic Characterization of Perforated Plate Flow Passages

Plates and screens are components in regenerator stacks whose thermal performance depends on the hydrodynamics of the flow. The present studies supplement transient runs of preceding screen work. Perforated plates with hole diameters on the order of 300 micrometer have been characterized hydrodynamically using gas flow and liquid nitrogen near atmospheric pressure. The data obtained are compared to dimensionless equations based on the Reynolds number containing the “Darcy length” (square root of permeability). The Reynolds number range extends from intermediate to turbulent flow rates (order of magnitude 1 to 100). The flow behavior observed qualitatively is in first order agreement with linear superposition equations, e.g. Reynolds-Forchheimer-Ergun equation. Quantitatively the effective permeability ratio is used which requires a turbulent friction factor which departs from the value 1.75 of the Ergun equation.
Does Disclosure of Illegal Fishing Information Lead to Reduction of Seafood Sales? Measuring the Power of 'Market Instrument' for Compliance Promotion

EU and the US have conducted sanction policy against those countries whose vessels have committed serious illegal fishing activities (IUU activities), by publicly identifying such countries as “IUU fishing nations”. This study evaluates the sanction policy’s impact size on the seafood export value of sanctioned IUU countries and its trend in terms of several angles, hypothesizing that sanction policy will reduce seafood export value from IUU countries through reputational loss in increasingly environmentally aware global markets. This study have revealed that information disclosure sanction does significantly reduce the raw seafood export value from sanctioned countries to the world by approximately 10-20% on average, being controlled with their export value of other foods (e.g. meat, rice, sugar) and time-variant fixed effects. However, the significant impact seems not to surface when looking at each market (EU15, US, other countries) individually. The impact was weaker and less significant on processed products than on raw seafood. These findings offer a new empirical evidence which supports the effectiveness of non-compliance information disclosure as a “market instrument” which could eliminate or reduce the sales of seafood products from non-compliant sources, under some limitations. It is expected that the findings of this study contribute to better informed decisions of global fisheries and environment managers on how to best promote environmental compliance.
Epidemiological analysis of malaria in Chongqing

Objective To investigate the occurrence of malaria and design the prevention and control measures.Methods Descriptive epidemiological method was used in this study to investigate the occurrence of malaria between 1950 and 2011 in the Wanzhou district.Results 66 888 cases of malaria were found in the Wanzhou district..Two major outbreaks were noted between 1950's and 60's,and the incidence rate in 1954 was 1455.14 per 100 000.Through the comprehensive prevention and control measures,the incidence rate was greatly reduced to less than 1 per 100 000.Since 2009,those reported cases of malaria were the imported cases.Conclusions Eliminating the source of infection can effectively control the epidemic of malaria.To achieve the goal of total elimination of malaria,floating population from the malaria endemic areas should be closely monitored.
Flurofamide: a potent inhibitor of bacterial urease with potential clinical utility in the treatment of infection induced urinary stones.

AbstractA novel compound, N-[diaminophosphinyl]-4-fluorobenzamide (given the USAN name flurofamide), has been found to be a potent inhibitor of bacterial urease. The compound, coded EU-4534, is approximately 1000 times more potent than acetohydroxamic acid as an inhibitor of the urease in intact P. mirabilis cells. Flurofamide is excreted in the urine of rats and dogs following oral administration and is effective in retarding stone formation in the urinary tract of rats infected with P. mirabilis. Measurements of urinary recoveries of urease inhibitory activity following administration of flurofamide indicate that efficacy might be achieved in humans at doses under 1mg./kg.
Attitude towards immigrants and security: Effects on destination-loyal tourists

Abstract This study was conducted in the midst of a surge of undocumented immigrants into a popular seasonal migrant destination in the U.S. and the subsequent state response of adding security forces. Factors examined include the effects of the role of media in shaping perceptions about security forces, perceptions about security force effectiveness, perceptions of undocumented immigrants and political orientation. The study of 413 respondents found that attitudes toward undocumented immigrants affect felt safety in the region, likelihood of recommending and returning to the region. Perceptions of the effectiveness of the security forces were important in affecting likelihood of recommending the region to others but not return intention. These and other findings contribute significantly to the scant research on both effectiveness of crises management responses and on effects of perceptions of undocumented immigrants on traveler behavior.
The Television Movie Based on Fania Fénelon’s Playing for Time

In this chapter Eischeid details the inception and production of the CBS television film based on Fania Fenelon’s Holocaust memoir Playing for Time. Major figures in its development are discussed, including executive producer Linda Yellen, and famed playwright Arthur Miller, who was engaged to write the screenplay. Additionally, the controversy over the hiring of actress Vanessa Redgrave to play the role of Fania is explored. Fenelon’s subsequent rejection of the film and the way it presented her story is detailed, as is the premiere of the film and the subsequent emotional fall-out for the other survivors who had fought valiantly to prevent its broadcast.
Radiations from Cd 115 , In 115 * , and Hf 181

The characteristic radiations of ${\mathrm{Cd}}^{115}$, $^{*}\mathrm{In}^{115}$, and ${\mathrm{Hf}}^{181}$ have been measured by absorption and coincidence methods. The beta-gamma-coincidence rate of ${\mathrm{Cd}}^{115}$ indicates the presence of an inner beta-ray group at 0.46 Mev. Coincidence measurements show that the 4-hour isomer of indium (115) decays with the emission of a single partially converted gamma-ray. ${\mathrm{Hf}}^{181}$ was found to emit 0.52 Mev beta-rays (aluminum absorption) and 0.17- and 0.47-Mev gamma-rays (lead absorption). Beta-gamma-coincidence data indicate that the beta-ray spectrum of ${\mathrm{Hf}}^{181}$ could be complex. Beta-beta- and gamma-gamma-coincidence data were also obtained.
Robust stabilization of discrete-time piecewise affine systems subject to bounded disturbances

This paper presents robust stabilizability analysis and stabilizing state-feedback controller design for discrete-time piecewise affine systems in the presence of disturbance inputs. The piecewise affine plant leads to an increasing sequence of robust symbolic models by extending existing symbolic models to the case where bounded disturbance inputs, as well as control inputs, affect the state transfer. A numerical example illustrates the developed analysis and design approaches.
Palliative care approaches to neonates with chronic respiratory failure

Neonates with chronic respiratory failure have uncertain prognosis and can face significant treatment burden. As the trajectory of the illness becomes more concerning, consultation with a pediatric palliative service should be considered, especially as therapeutic options shift from standard to "innovative." Benefits include as follows: supporting emotionally conflicted providers and parents, maintaining transparency in determination of goals, and balancing medical progress with each individual patient's and family's best interests.
Functional connectivity disturbances of the ascending reticular activating system in temporal lobe epilepsy

Objective Seizures in temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) disturb brain networks and lead to connectivity disturbances. We previously hypothesised that recurrent seizures in TLE may lead to abnormal connections involving subcortical activating structures including the ascending reticular activating system (ARAS), contributing to neocortical dysfunction and neurocognitive impairments. However, no studies of ARAS connectivity have been previously reported in patients with epilepsy. Methods We used resting-state functional MRI recordings in 27 patients with TLE (67% right sided) and 27 matched controls to examine functional connectivity (partial correlation) between eight brainstem ARAS structures and 105 cortical/subcortical regions. ARAS nuclei included: cuneiform/subcuneiform, dorsal raphe, locus coeruleus, median raphe, parabrachial complex, pontine oralis, pedunculopontine and ventral tegmental area. Connectivity patterns were related to disease and neuropsychological parameters. Results In control subjects, regions showing highest connectivity to ARAS structures included limbic structures, thalamus and certain neocortical areas, which is consistent with prior studies of ARAS projections. Overall, ARAS connectivity was significantly lower in patients with TLE than controls (p Conclusions Recurrent seizures in TLE are associated with disturbances in ARAS connectivity, which are part of the widespread network dysfunction that may be related to neurocognitive problems in this devastating disorder.
Using Georeferenced Large-Scale Aerial Videography as a Surrogate for Ground Validation Data

When mapping forest regions and vegetation from satellite imagery or small-scale photography, it is essential to obtain an adequate sample of geographically distributed, unbiased verification and validation data to both drive the classification and assess the accuracy of the results. Traditionally, this has required on-site visits or “ground truthing” of a randomly selected set of locations distributed across the region to be mapped, an often expensive and time consuming process.
Estimating mechanical properties from spherical indentation using Bayesian approaches

Abstract Instrumented indentation enables rapid characterization of mechanical behavior in small material volumes. The heterogeneous deformation fields beneath the indenter however make it difficult to infer the intrinsic constitutive properties (e.g., Young's modulus, yield strength). This inverse problem is addressed in the literature using optimization techniques that are generally unable to yield robust values for the properties of interest and cannot quantify property uncertainty. Furthermore, current approaches tend to exhibit very high sensitivity to the error definitions and the optimization techniques employed. In order to overcome these difficulties, we propose an alternate approach that involves two main steps: (i) Development of a Gaussian Process (or kriging) surrogate model using finite element models of spherical indentation, and (ii) inverse solution using a Bayesian framework and Markov Chain Monte Carlo sampling. These approaches are demonstrated using selected case studies.
Visualization requirements for DVE systems

One of the more challenging aspects of Degraded Visual Environment (DVE) solutions development, evaluation and qualification is the subjectivity of output imagery. Current civil and military DVE system specifications do not address visualization requirements; instead identifying what must be seen. Evaluation pilots, without visualization requirements, evaluate system imagery based on their own opinion of what is good enough and often compared to what they see with their natural vision. This leads to tremendous subjectivity that varies from pilot-to-pilot, day-to-day, and program-to-program. The lack of requirements leaves industry without a guiding direction for implementations, leading to increased risk and cost. This is not an oversight, as it is very difficult to identify specific qualitative/quantitative imagery performance objectives. Yet we, the DVE community, need to do better. This paper puts forth the case for establishing visualization requirements and makes a series of recommendations for moving DVE system evaluation from a subjective to a quantitative assessment.
Techniques in the Design and Stability Analysis of Fuzzy Proportional-Integral-Derivative Control Systems and Their Industrial Applications

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews various types of conventional and fuzzy proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controllers, and their new developments in achieving autotuning—adaptive and robust capabilities. The chapter emphasizes two types of PID controllers: fuzzy PID controllers and conventional PID controllers. Both these controllers are not exactly comparable—in fact, it is generally impossible to have exactly the same conditions for a fair comparison of these controllers. As long as the fuzzy PID controllers work for some control problems for some systems that the conventional ones can't work out or don't work out so well, they have their own merits. Comparisons are actually difficult: fuzzy PID controllers have been developed for only five years or so and hence are certainly not as mature as the conventional ones that have a more than fifty-year history. There are still many drawbacks, weak-points, and technical problems inherent with various fuzzy PID-type of controllers, which is the very challenge that calls for further effort and endeavor from the research and engineering communities.
Antibiotics in sediments and run-off waters from feedlots

Over the past 30 years, many different antibiotics have been used on feedlots as feed additives at subtherapeutic levels to. increase rate of growth of animals and to improve feed efficiency. Penicillin and the tetracyclines have gained widespread use as feed additives; however, there is a growing concern about the use of these antibiotics in feeds, and the possibility of these antibiotics giving rise to populations of new strains of bacteria resistant to other antibiotics and/or resistant to subsequent treatment of sick livestock, and the transmittance of such new strains to human beings resulting in untreatable human diseases (Adams 1975, Kiser 1976, Hirsh and Wiger 1978, Solomons 1978, Visek 1978).
Topic...Comments; Double Standards

Suite a la decision du conseil scolaire d'Oakland consistant a reconnaitre l'anglais noir (ou Ebonics) comme langue premiere des etudiants afro-americains ainsi que comme langue distincte de l'anglais americain standard et non comme un mauvais dialecte, l'A. analyse la maniere dont cette politique linguistique educative a ete rapportee dans la presse et denonce les commentaires journalistiques ayant contribue a mal interpreter, a attaquer et a ridiculiser cette resolution
The legal and constitutional framework of the 2011 elections in Nigeria

The electoral topography of the Nigerian postcolonial state reveals that contests for the control of power degenerate more often than not into elite-driven violence that undermines the nation-building and democratic projects. In interrogating the legal and constitutional context and the outcome of the 2011 election in Nigeria this paper draws on Foucault's notion of governmentality, along with the concept of garrison politics, to unpack the central role that techniques, practices and strategies of governmental power play in the domination of the social, economic and political space, to the detriment of the citizenry. I argue that although the 2011 election was regarded as relatively 'free and fair' its aftermath, nevertheless, reveals the way centralisation of power is recurrently deployed through neopatrimonial networks to entrench elite pillage, which undermines the ethos of participatory democracy and constitutionalism. I contend that in order to avert corrosive decline and civic disengagement it is imperative to rethink and urgently reconstitute the institutional logic of the Nigerian state in such a manner that it will enhance the empowerment of the citizenry and the enthronement of a transparent, inclusive, developmentalist and responsive system of governance.
The protein kinase homologue Ste20p is required to link the yeast pheromone response G-protein beta gamma subunits to downstream signalling components.

Abstract In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae the G-protein beta gamma subunits have been shown to trigger downstream events of the pheromone response pathway. We have identified a new gene, designated STE20, which encodes a protein kinase homologue with sequence similarity to protein kinase C, which is required to transmit the pheromone signal from G beta gamma to downstream components of the signalling pathway. Overproduction of the kinase suppresses the mating defect of dominant-negative G beta mutations providing genetic evidence for an interaction with G beta, and epistasis experiments show that this kinase functions after or at the same point as G beta gamma, but before any of the other currently identified components of the signalling pathway. This points to a potentially new mechanism of G-protein mediated signal transduction, the activation of a protein kinase through G beta gamma.
Designing Three-Dimensional Architectures for High-Performance Electron Accepting Pseudocapacitors.

By storing energy from electrochemical processes at the electrode surface, pseudocapacitors bridge the performance gap between electrostatic double-layer capacitors and batteries. In this context, molecular design offers the exciting possibility to create tunable and inexpensive organic electroactive materials. Here we describe a porous structure composed of perylene diimide and triptycene subunits and demonstrate its remarkable performance as a pseudocapacitor electrode material. The material exhibits capacitance values as high as 350 F/g at 0.2 A/g as well as excellent stability over 10 000 cycles. Moreover, we can alter the performance of the material, from battery-like (storing more charge at low rates) to capacitor-like (faster charge cycling), by modifying the structure of the pores via flow photocyclization. Organic materials capable of stable electron accepting pseudocapacitor behavior are rare and the capacitance values presented here are among the highest reported. More broadly, this work establ...
Treatment Documentation in Practice-Based Evidence Research for Patients Receiving Physical Therapy Because of Lymphedema

Abstract Objectives To describe development and testing of a physical therapy treatment code documentation taxonomy. Design Clinician survey within a practice-based evidence study framework for patients with lymphedema. Setting Outpatient physical therapy clinics within a large public health care service using a central electronic medical record. Participants Certified lymphedema therapists (CLTs) (N=43). Intervention Treatment coding of 10 treatment vignettes representing real-life clinical scenarios. The CLTs were asked to accurately select 35 activity-intervention combination codes. Main Outcome Measures The CLT score represented percentage of treatment codes accurately selected by each therapist. The code score represented percentage of CLTs who accurately selected each treatment code. Results The mean CLT score was 91%, with 72% of CLTs meeting the 90% criterion. Personal feedback was provided to each CLT. The mean code score was also 91%; with 71% of treatment codes meeting the 90% criterion. We identified 9 low-score codes needing additional education or found to be redundant. These codes were either clarified or removed. Conclusions The proposed treatment code documentation system for lymphedema therapy was found to be clear and accurately used by most CLTs. Specific needs for improvement were identified. Follow-up testing is warranted to ensure ongoing accurate implementation of the treatment documentation system.
Pulmonary Involvement in Sjögren Syndrome.

Sjogren syndrome (SS) is a progressive autoimmune disease characterized by dryness, predominantly of the eyes and mouth, caused by chronic lymphocytic infiltration of the lacrimal and salivary glands. Extraglandular inflammation can lead to systemic manifestations, many of which involve the lungs. Studies in which lung involvement is defined as requiring the presence of respiratory symptoms and either radiograph or pulmonary function test abnormalities quote prevalence estimates of 9% to 22%. The most common lung diseases that occur in relation to SS are airways disease and interstitial lung disease. Evidence-based guidelines to inform treatment recommendations for lung involvement are largely lacking.
Conjugate words and intersections of geodesics in ℍ2

We investigate intersections of geodesic lines in ℍ2 and in an associated tree T, proving the following result. Let M be a punctured hyperbolic torus and let γ be a closed geodesic in M. Any edge o...
An Unconditional Improvement to the Running Time of the Quadratic Frobenius Test

Abstract In a 2006 paper, Damgard and Frandsen designed a faster version of the Quadratic Frobenius Test. This test assumes the Extended Riemann Hypothesis in order to find small nonresidues, which allow construction of quadratic extensions with faster arithmetic. In this paper, I describe a version of the test using small nonresidues, without assuming any unproven hypothesis.
Epidemiology of Injuries Sustained by Civilians and Local Combatants in Contemporary Armed Conflict: An Appeal for a Shared Trauma Registry Among Humanitarian Actors

Conflict-related injuries sustained by civilians and local combatants are poorly described, unlike injuries sustained by US, North Atlantic Treaty Organization, and coalition military personnel. An understanding of injury epidemiology in twenty-first century armed conflict is required to plan humanitarian trauma systems capable of responding to population needs. We conducted a systematic search of databases (e.g., PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, World Health Organization Catalog, Google Scholar) and grey literature repositories to identify records that described conflict-related injuries sustained by civilians and local combatants since 2001. The search returned 3501 records. 49 reports representing conflicts in 18 countries were included in the analysis and described injuries of 58,578 patients. 79.3% of patients were male, and 34.7% were under age 18 years. Blast injury was the predominant mechanism (50.2%), and extremities were the most common anatomic region of injury (33.5%). The heterogeneity and lack of reporting of data elements prevented pooled analysis and limited the generalizability of the results. For example, data elements including measures of injury severity, resource utilization (ventilator support, transfusion, surgery), and outcomes other than mortality (disability, quality of life measures) were presented by fewer than 25% of reports. Data describing the needs of civilians and local combatants injured during conflict are currently inadequate to inform the development of humanitarian trauma systems. To guide system-wide capacity building and quality improvement, we advocate for a humanitarian trauma registry with a minimum set of data elements.
Mainstream and heterodox approaches to water quality valuation: A case for pluralistic water policy analysis

Cost-benefit analyses have largely failed to demonstrate a positive benefit to cost ratio for programs designed to improve and protect water quality in the United States and European Union. At the ...
A New Scoring System for Prediction of Underlying Vascular Pathology in Patients with Intracerebral Hemorrhage: The Modified Secondary Intracerebral Hemorrhage Score

Background Secondary intracerebral hemorrhage (SICH) score is used to predict risk of intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) associated vascular lesions. However, it has low clinical utility in identifying patients without need for neurovascular imaging. This study aims to develop a modified scoring system to capture patients with low risk of underlying vascular pathology, thereby decreasing need for vascular imaging and its associated morbidity. Methods A retrospective analysis of 994 patients with atraumatic ICH over 8 years was conducted, excluding known underlying pathology, subarachnoid hemorrhage, or lack of vascular imaging. Using a multivariate logistic regression model, independent predictors of vascular pathology were identified and utilized toward developing a modified Secondary Intracerebral Hemorrhage (mSICH) score. Results Of 575 patients identified, 60 (10.4%) had underlying vascular etiology. Statistically significant predictors of vascular pathology included age; female sex; admission systolic blood pressure Conclusions The mSICH score can more accurately predict risk of underlying vascular pathology of ICH and identify patients with lowest risk of vascular pathology. This may minimize the cost and associated risks of invasive cerebrovascular imaging.
A differential homogenization method for estimating the macroscopic response and field statistics of particulate viscoelastic composites

Abstract This work provides an analytical method for determining the time-dependent effective constitutive response of linear viscoelastic composites with particulate microstructures by means of a differential-algebraic system (DAS) of equations. By making use of differential equations instead of difference equations and utilizing, as primary variables, the variances of the field fluctuations instead of the properties of fictitious linear comparison composites, the new formulation is found to be more robust and to alleviate some of the issues associated with earlier incremental approaches. Remarkably, the new formulation can be shown to recover the exact results of the correspondence principle for isotropic incompressible composites subjected to proportional loading, as well as for isotropic compressible composites subjected to purely hydrostatic loading. More generally, the proposed formulation is not exact but still delivers reasonably accurate estimates in most cases. Lastly, a generalization of the DAS formulation is provided for nonlinear viscoelastic composites with incompressible phases and also found to be more robust than earlier approaches.
Implementation of a protocol to increase the academic productivity of cardiothoracic surgery resident physicians.

Abstract Objective Academic productivity during cardiothoracic surgery residency training is an important program metric, but is highly variable due to multiple factors. This study evaluated the influence of implementing a protocol to increase resident physicians' academic productivity in cardiac surgery. Methods A comprehensive protocol for cardiac surgery was implemented at our institution that included active pairing of residents with academically productive faculty, regular research meetings, centralized data storage and analysis with a core team of biostatisticians, a formal peer-review protocol for analytic requests, and project prioritization and feedback. We compared cardiothoracic surgery residents’ academic productivity before implementation (July 2015-June 2017) versus after implementation (July 2017-June 2019). Academic productivity was measured by peer-reviewed articles, abstract presentations (oral or poster) at national cardiothoracic surgery meetings, and textbook chapters. Results Thirty-four resident physicians (from traditional and integrated programs) trained at our institution during the study. A total of 122 peer-reviewed articles were produced over the course of the study: 74 (60.7%) cardiac- and 48 (39.3%) thoracic-focused. The number of cardiac-focused resident-produced articles increased from 10 preimplementation to 64 postimplementation (0.61 vs 2.03 articles per resident; P Conclusions Implementation of a dedicated protocol to facilitate faculty mentoring of resident research and streamline the data access, analysis, and publication process substantially improved cardiothoracic surgery residents’ academic productivity.
Surgical ciliated cyst of the maxilla: Report of two cases with striking radiological features and unusual antecedent surgical histories

Abstract Surgical ciliated cysts of the maxilla arise from respiratory epithelium that lodges in the maxilla after radical maxillary or sinus surgery. They are common in Asia, where they are known as postoperative maxillary cysts, but are rare in Western countries. We present here two cases with striking radiologic features which distinguished them from other maxillary sinus lesions; non-radical antecedent surgery of extractions, possibly associated with maxillary trauma, and surgical and conservative endodontic treatment; and no evidence of recurrence after 14 and 31 years.