cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The impact of Chiari malformation on daily activities: A report from the national Conquer Chiari Patient Registry database

Abstract Background Chiari malformation (CM) is characterized by herniation of the cerebellar tonsils into the cervical spine. While ample literature on CM exists for clinical and procedural aspects of the disease, few studies have measured the impact CM has on daily activities. Objective The objective of this study was to measure the impact that CM has on daily living activities. Methods Data was analyzed from 798 CM patients gathered by the national Conquer Chiari Patient Registry database. Results Results indicate CM is associated with negative impact on daily living and physical activities for patients, even those exhibiting mild symptoms. Participants with severe symptoms experience the greatest deficit with regards to daily living such as difficulty walking, driving, housecleaning and food preparation. Conclusions As 96.1% of CM patients report impact in one or more areas of daily living, CM is classified as a disability according to 42 U.S. CODE § 12101 (Americans with Disabilities Act). The degree of self-reported CM symptom severity is strongly related to the frequency and extent of limitations in both physical and daily activities.
Quinidine hemolytic anemia in the absence of thrombocytopenia in a patient with hemoglobin D.

A patient on quinidine therapy was found to have a positive direct Coombs test and low grade hemolytic anemia without thrombocytopenia. The serum and red cell eluates contained an antibody which reacted by indirect Coombs technic against red cells presensitized with quinidine gluconate. The serum also contained weak anti-Sda. The hemolytic anemia, anti-Sda, and positive direct Coombs test disappeared three months after the drug was discontinued. The serologic findings are described. An incidental finding of hemoglobin D is also noted, and its relationship to the hemolysis is considered.
Gamma-ray spectra and level structure of 55Cr from thermal neutron capture in 54Cr

Abstract Gamma-ray measurements have been made of the 54 Cr(n, γ) 55 Cr reaction at the Livermore reactor. Spectra were taken with Ge(Li) Compton-suppression and pair-coincidence spectrometers. A total of 83 observed γ-rays are attributed to capture in 54 Cr, of which 26 are assigned to specific transitions among 10 inferred levels in 55 Cr. The neutron binding energy is determined to be 6246.3 ± 0.4 keV.
Multidepth synthetic aperture processing of ultrasonic data

The characterization of the size, shape, and location of subsurface discontinuities in metals using multidepth synthetic aperture processing of ultrasonic data is considered. A technique is proposed to increase the lateral resolution and signal-to-noise ratio when metals of large thickness are tested. The first technique to achieve multidepth was dynamic focusing. The aperture in the proposed technique is simultaneously focused at several depths by means of a computer program, thus avoiding the fixed hardware required in the dynamic focusing technique. Experimental evidence is presented to indicate the improvement in resolution, due to multidepth processing, over the single-focus technique. >
Immunization against Potential Biological Warfare Agents

The intentional release of biological agents by belligerents or terrorists is a possibility that has recently attracted increased attention. Law enforcement agencies, military planners, public health officials, and clinicians are gaining an increasing awareness of this potential threat. From a military perspective, an important component of the protective pre-exposure armamentarium against this threat is immunization. In addition, certain vaccines are an accepted component of postexposure prophylaxis against potential bioterrorist threat agents. These vaccines might, therefore, be used to respond to a terrorist attack against civilians. We review the development of vaccines against 10 of the most credible biological threats.
The Hundred Flowers Campaign, Version 2.0: The State of Internet Politics in China

As China has experienced 30 years of consecutive annual economic growth, Chinese citizens are now enjoying the technological benefits that other developed countries have already discovered. More than 465 million Chinese now own mobile phones and 420 million regularly access the Internet. While Chinese netizens, or Internet-using citizens, express themselves in ways they never could before, the Chinese Communist Party is struggling to keep up with censorship and sponsorship on the web. This has created another “100 Flowers Campaign,” the program through which the Party opened itself up to criticism during the Cultural Revolution. As a consequence, a small minority of civic-minded netizens have pushed the boundaries of government control with varying consequences. In a fascinating show of tolerance, most people in China who criticize government policies on the Internet are simply left alone. This essay will outline the nature of Internet censorship in China, exploring the CCP’s dilemmas in balancing priorities and the freedoms that the Chinese people have gained.
Rheolytic thrombectomy with Angiojet in thrombus‐containing lesions

The AngioJet thrombectomy device removes thrombus by creating a negative pressure and causing fragmentation of the thrombus. The objective was to study the safety and efficacy of this thrombectomy device during coronary interventions and to report the results of our experience. We studied 72 patients (mean age, 64.9 ± 12.6 years; 79% males) who had an AngioJet procedure during coronary intervention; 33 (46%) had vein graft intervention. All patients had angiographic thrombus. Most patients presented either with unstable angina (54%) or acute myocardial infarction (32%) within 24 hr. The procedural success was high with AngioJet (93%). TIMI grade 3 flow was achieved in 79% of lesions treated with AngioJet. In-hospital mortality was 1.4%, death/Q-wave myocardial infarction was 4.2%, and the composite endpoint of death and Q-wave myocardial infarction/revascularization was 5.6% for patients undergoing AngioJet. Subgroup analysis of patients with vein graft intervention demonstrated high procedural success in those undergoing AngioJet (91%). At 1-year follow-up of the successful percutaneous interventions with AngioJet, the mortality, death/Q-myocardial infarction, and composite endpoint rates were 10%, 13.3%, and 35.5%, respectively. Long-term event-free survival was worse in vein graft interventions. The incidence of death, death/ myocardial infarction, or composite endpoints at 1 year was 16%, 19%, and 46%, respectively. High procedural success can be achieved with the AngioJet thrombectomy device in lesions containing thrombus. It is effective in both native coronary arteries and vein graft interventions. However, the long-term outcome of patients with vein graft intervention was worse.
Application of molecular encapsulation for toxicology studies comparative toxicity of p chloro alpha alpha alpha trifluorotoluene in alpha cyclodextrin vehicle versus corn oil vehicle in male and female fischer 344 rats and b6c3f1 mice

Abstract The application of α-cyclodextrin (α-CD) as an alternative vehicle for water insoluble and volatile chemicals was investigated in toxicity studies of p -chloro-α,α,α-trifluorotoluene (CTFT). Groups of F344 rats and B6C3F1 mice of each sex were administered CTFT (97% pure) by gavage in either corn oil or α-CD aqueous formulations daily for 14 consecutive days. The dose levels used were 10 (mice only), 50, 400, and 1000 mg/kg for corn oil vehicle and 10, 50, and 400 mg/kg (maximum achievable dose at gavage volume of 5 ml/kg) for α-CD vehicle. With both vehicles CTFT and α 2u -globulin were found to accumulate in the male rat kidney after 14 days of exposure and a dose-related toxic nephropathy was observed at dose of 50 mg/kg or higher. The hepatocellular hypertrophy and cytoplasmic vacuolation of the adrenal cortex which appeared in dosed male and female rats were also found to be independent of vehicle. Clinical pathology findings suggested a mild anemia and cholestasis in rats. With both vehicles no tissue bioaccumulation of CTFT was found in male or female mice. Vehicle-independent hepatocellular hypertrophy and cholestasis were also observed in mice at doses of 400 and 1000 mg/kg. In conclusion, the α-CD vehicle does not affect the toxic responses of CTFT in both sexes of both species. The results of the studies suggest that α-CD may be an appropriate alternative vehicle for toxicity studies.
An Integrated Approach to Three-Dimensional Data Collection at Dinosaur Tracksites in the Rocky Mountain West

Public lands in the Rocky Mountain West are home to an abundance of vertebrate paleontological resources. These fossils typically are found in badlands terrain and at some distance from convenient transportation. These and other factors often make conventional surveying and mapping techniques time-consuming and problematic. Even obtaining quality images, at useful scales with limited distortions, can be difficult. In order to preserve the value of these unique paleontological resources, an integrated approach to close-range photogrammetry and high-accuracy ground-control surveying was developed in northern Wyoming for the documentation of tracks at the Red Gulch Dinosaur Tracksite. At this site, several methods for taking high-resolution, low-distortion photographs of localities were investigated. These methods included using tripods of various heights, remote-controlled airplanes, and an Aerial Camera Blimp System. In addition, the use of a variety of ground-control collection methods, including high acc...
Effects of Photoschedule and Strain Cross on Broiler Performance and Carcass Yield

Abstract The purpose of the present experiment was to examine possible interactions of strain cross and age with photoschedule for broiler performance and carcass yield. Day-old male broiler chicks from strain crosses of either Peterson × Arbor Acres (PA) or Ross × Arbor Acres (RA) were placed in light-controlled chambers (5.6 lx) with either 23 h light (L):1 h dark (D) from 1 to 56 days (Treatment E) or 6L:18D from 1 to 14 days and 1L:3D repeated from 15 to 56 days of age (Treatment BI). There were age by light treatment and age by strain cross interactions for BW; Treatment E had greater BW than Treatment BI from 7 to 42 days, and the PA cross BW was greater than the RA cross BW from 1 to 42 days of age. Cumulative feed efficiency was improved by Treatment BI compared with Treatment E up to 49 days. There were no differences among main effects for mortality, and the incidence of leg problems increased with age. Fillet and tender yields (per lean carcass weight) were higher for Treatment E than BI and opposite responses were seen for drumstick and thigh yields. The RA cross showed higher fillet and tender yields than the PA cross and the opposite relationship was found for drumstick and wing yields.
ACID RAIN IMPACTS ON CALCIUM NUTRITION AND FOREST HEALTH

Forest ecosystems throughout the world are exposed to acid rain, a complex solution consisting largely of H+, SO42-, NH4+, and NO3- pollutant ions derived from sulfur and nitrogen oxides. Although the public in the United States may view acid deposition as a localized pollution issue specific to certain regions of North America and northern Europe, recent evidence of acidic deposition throughout much of Asia, including tropical forest regions, has demonstrated that acid deposition is actually a global phenomenon (Abate 1995).
Poor fine‐motor and visuospatial skills predict persistence of pediatric‐onset obsessive‐compulsive disorder into adulthood

Background Half of pediatric-onset OCD cases remit by adulthood. Studies have demonstrated that initial response to pharmacotherapy, age of onset, prominent hoarding symptoms, and the presence of comorbid tic disorders are associated with long-term outcome. Our goal was to examine the association between childhood performance on neuropsychological testing and persistence of OCD into adulthood.
Interactions between amygdala central nucleus and the ventral tegmental area in the acquisition of conditioned cue-directed behavior in rats

Rats orient to and approach localizable visual cues paired with food delivery. Previous studies from this laboratory show that the acquisition and expression of these learned cue-directed responses depend on integrity of a system including the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA), the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) and the dorsolateral striatum (DLS). Other investigators have suggested that cue-directed behaviors may also depend on interaction between CeA and the ventral striatum, perhaps via CeA projections to the ventral tegmental area (VTA). In Experiment 1, we examined the effects of unilateral lesions of CeA and/or VTA on rats' acquisition of conditioned responses to visual cues paired with food. Contrary to the results of previous studies that examined interactions of CeA with either SNc or DLS, rats with contralateral disconnection lesions of CeA and VTA were unimpaired in their acquisition of cue-directed responses. By contrast, rats with lesions of both structures in the same hemisphere failed to learn cue-directed responses, but were normal in their acquisition of conditioned responses directed to the food cup. In Experiment 2, we attempted to characterize the influence of VTA on CeA by examining FOS induction in CeA by a visual cue for food in rats with unilateral lesions of VTA. The results suggested an excitatory influence of VTA on CeA in the presence of food cues. Implications of these results for brain circuits involved in learned orienting and incentive motivation are discussed.
Affect and the analyst

(1983). Affect and the analyst. Psychoanalytic Inquiry: Vol. 3, Values and neutrality in psychoanalysis, pp. 691-703.
Intracellular processing of 125I-epidermal growth factor in rat embryo fibroblasts

The intracellular fate of endocytosed 125I-epidermal growth factor was examined in Rat-1 fibroblasts. Cells were pulse-labeled for 5 min in 125I-EGF and chased for 3 hr with an excess of unlabeled EGF. At various times after application of the cold chase, cells were harvested and processed for isopycnic gradient centrifugation on Percoll gradients. Within the period of the 125I-EGF pulse, about 50% of the 125I activity appeared in an organelle containing peak in the gradients. By 20 min after application of the cold chase, 125I activity in the organelle peak began to decrease, and the decrease continued over the next few hours. The 125I activity which exited from its organelle-associated location appeared to be present in the cytosol and was apparently not confined within organelles. Lysosomotropic amines inhibited the egress of 125I activity from the organelle compartment. The 125I activity from both organelle and nonorganelle compartments reacted as completely as authentic 125I-EGF with anti-EGF antibodies and was similar in size to authentic 125I-EGF. Little or no intracellular low molecular weight 125I-containing compounds were detected, although they accumulated in the culture medium. Analytical isoelectric focusing revealed that the organelle-bound form of endocytosed 125I-EGF was more acidic than authentic 125I-EGF and, upon exiting from the organelle compartment, was processed to an even more acidic form. It was the second macromolecular form of processed 125I-EGF that was ultimately degraded to low molecular weight compounds which were then externalized from the cells.
Arousal Loss Related to Safer Sex and Risk of Pregnancy: Implications for Women’s and Men’s Sexual Health

CONTEXT: Few studies have examined arousal loss associated with safer-sex practices or the perceived risk of unintended pregnancy, let alone its associations with sexual risk practices. METHODS: An Internet survey conducted in 2004–2006 among 2,399 men and 3,210 women asked respondents about arousal loss related to the use of condoms or other safer-sex products and perceived unintended pregnancy risk. Regression analyses gauged associations between arousal profiles, unprotected sex in the last year and lifetime experience of unintended pregnancy. RESULTS: Many respondents reported arousal loss related to the use of safer-sex products (34%) or the risk of unintended pregnancy (46%). Participants who strongly agreed that use of safer-sex products can lessen their arousal were significantly more likely to have had unprotected sex in the last year than were those who strongly disagreed (odds ratios, 1.8 for men and 3.7 for women); those who strongly disagreed that pregnancy risk can lessen their arousal were significantly more likely to have been involved in an unintended pregnancy than were those who strongly agreed (2.0 for men and 1.4 for women). Arousal loss related to safer-sex practices was more strongly associated with unprotected sex among women than among men, whereas arousal loss related to pregnancy risk was more strongly associated with unintended pregnancy among men than among women. CONCLUSIONS: Some men and women are turned off by safer-sex practices or by pregnancy risk. Given arousal profiles' potential contributions to unintended pregnancies and STD transmission, they should be integrated into sexual health behavioral models, research and programming.
Similarities in body size distributions of small-bodied flying vertebrates

Since flight imposes physical constraints on the attributes of a flying organism, it is expected that the distribution of body sizes within clades of small-bodied flying vertebrates should share a similar pattern that reflects these constraints. We examined patterns in similarities of body mass distributions among five clades of small-bodied endothermic vertebrates (Passeriformes, Apodiformes + Trochiliformes, Chiroptera, Insectivora, Rodentia) to examine the extent to which these distributions are congruent among the clades that fly as opposed to those that do not fly. The body mass distributions of three clades of small-bodied flying vertebrates show significant divergence from the distributions of their sister clades. We examined two alternative hypotheses for similarities among the size frequency distributions of the five clades. The hypothesis of functional symmetry corresponds to patterns of similarity expected if body mass distributions of flying clades are constrained by similar or identical functional limitations. The hypothesis of phylogenetic symmetry corresponds to patterns of similarity expected if body mass distributions reflect phylogenetic relationships among clades. Empirically, the clades with the most similar body mass distributions are the Passeriformes and Chiroptera, a result inconsistent with similarities among distributions being attributable to phylogeny. However, the other clade of flying species (Apodiformes + Trochiliformes) was less similar to either Passeriformes or Chiroptera than was the Insectivora, which is inconsistent with the pattern expected if body size distributions were influenced by constraints of flight. A test for phylogenetic symmetry indicated that the empirical pattern of similarity was statistically inconsistent with this hypothesis, while a test for functional symmetry indicated that the empirical pattern was statistically consistent with this hypothesis, though not perfectly congruent. Hence, we conclude that there is evidence that functional constraints influence similarities in body mass distributions among species of distantly related taxa.
Porto Nacional: entre o lugar como referência cultural e as intervenções no espaço urbano

Resumo: este artigo tem por objetivo contribuir para a discussao atual sobre as praticas de preservacao do espaco urbano, no que tange aos projetos de intervencao pelo poder publico, e a preservacao das referencias culturais a partir da nocao conceitual de lugar. A argumentacao proposta para este artigo sera apresentada em tres partes: de uma reflexao sobre o conceito de lugar como referencia cultural, passaremos a uma breve caracterizacao da relacao entre centro historico e apropriacao para o consumo visual, que aponta para o surgimento de espacos urbanos sem corporeidade e, a seguir, trataremos da importância da insercao do conceito de lugar nos processos de intervencao em centros historicos a partir do estudo no sitio urbano de Porto Nacional, localizado no estado do Tocantins e tombado pelo Iphan. Palavras-chave: Lugar. Referencia cultural. Intervencao no espaco urbano.
Factors Affecting Distribution of the Mound-Building Ant Lasius neoniger (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) and Implications for Management on Golf Course Putting Greens

Lasius neoniger (Emery), a cosmopolitan ant species, can be a serious pest when its mound-building activities occur on golf course putting greens and other closely mowed turfgrass sites. We mapped the distribution of 735 ant mounds on 30 sand-based putting greens of three golf courses. We then examined factors that might explain why >90% of the mounds on such greens were concentrated in a 2-m wide band just inside the perimeter. Root aphids (Homoptera: Aphididae) from which L. neoniger obtains honeydew were largely absent from high-sand root zone mix of greens but present in surrounding turfgrass on natural soil. Main ant nests, with brood, also were absent from sand-based greens but abundant in adjacent roughs. Although more root aphids were found within ant nests than away from nests, their numbers seem too low to be the main factor restricting the ants' distribution to edges of putting greens. In manipulative experiments, ants responded to low cut (scalped) turf and to sand-filled holes by increased mound building. We suggest that most ant mounds on sand-based greens are associated with subnests, used by foraging workers, which are connected to main nests located just outside the collar in natural soil. Encroachment of mounds into greens occurs when the polydomous colonies seasonally expand their foraging territories, accounting for mounds being concentrated around the perimeter. Control actions for L. neoniger on golf courses should focus on the perimeter of sand-based greens.
The Development of a Louisiana French Norm

In traditional research on varieties of French in Louisiana, reference is often made both anecdotally and systematically to deviations from the French of France.2 This perspective is guided by the prescriptive lens of the time. From this view, the norm to follow is generated from France and the governing body from which to adopt language legislation is the French Academy. Any departure or variation from this norm is considered deviant, corrupt, and unpure.
Spinels and other oxides in Mn-rich rocks from the Hutter Mine, Pittsylvania County, Virginia, U.S.A.: Implications for miscibility and solvus relations among jacobsite, galaxite, and magnetite

The Hutter Mine locality, Pittsylvania County, Virginia, is a metamorphosed magnetite deposit, with substantial development of subsidiary manganoan marble, that occurs within Latest Precambrian or Early Paleozoic sillimanite-grade pelitic schists. Manganese oxides and spinels at the Hutter Mine include manganosite (MnO) (coexisting with hausmannite and jacobsite) as well as spinels rich in jacobsite (FeMn2O4), magnetite (Fe3O4), and galaxite (MnAl2O4), and a variety of intermediate solid solutions between these three end-members. Several samples contain spinels that exhibit substantial miscibility along the jacobsite-galaxite and jacobsite-magnetite joins. Magnetite-galaxite solid solution is, by comparison, very limited. Coexisting manganoan spinels within the jacobsite-galaxite-magnetite ternary system include jacobsite-rich varieties with galaxite 75. However, the wide range of spinel compositions at the Hutter Mine largely reflects compositional variability in the host rock. In a skarn reaction zone between Fe-rich, quartz-bearing amphibolites and Si-poor, Mn-rich marbles, the galaxite content of spinel drops from 60% to near zero as silica activity increases over a 5 mm interval. In this same reaction zone, magnetite content of spinel increases from about 10 to 95%, but over a narrower interval (about 2 mm). Total variation in spinel composition in this reaction zone is nearly the same as that seen over the entire suite of Hutter Mine samples. Both regional metamorphic geology and thermobarometry on local pelite samples indicates that T max at the Hutter Mine was 550–600 °C. Manganosite formed by the decarbonation of Mn-rich carbonate in the presence of a CO2-poor ( X CO2≤ 0.01) fluid having log a SiO2 < −3.0. Oxygen fugacity in the manganosite-bearing sample was buffered by coexisting manganosite and hausmannite, placing f O2 within the magnetite stability field at peak T . This result is consistent with the occurrence of magnetite as the principal ore at Hutter. The extensive miscibility observed along the jacobsite-galaxite join requires reexamination of miscibility gaps proposed in previous studies. We suggest that the wide compositional gaps found in previous studies reflect a variety of chemical factors of which silica activity is the most critical. In particular, the large range of silica activities observed in Hutter Mine rocks stabilizes spinels with a wide range in galaxite content. The crests of both the jacobsite-galaxite and jacobsite-magnetite two-phase regions appear to occur at relatively low temperatures, probably below 600 °C.
The Relation Between Acidosis and Glucose Tolerance.

In earlier work1 it was shown that phlorhizin glycosuria the glucose tolerance was directly related to the nutritional condition of the animal. Low tolerance was noted in those animals which had been fasted and phlorhizinized for 5 to 6 days while the opposite was found in those dogs which had received large doses of carbohydrate 12 to 15 hours previous to the test, although these animals were still phlorhizinized. These variations were similar to those found in the same dogs in the non-phlorhizinized state after fasting or after feeding large amounts of carbohydrate before carrying out the glucose tolerance test.In each case the increased tolerance is associated with an abolition or a considerable decrease in the ketosis. The present investigation was designed to determine whether the acidosis per se was the cause of the decreased ability to store carbohydrate. Since it is impossible to produce a ketosis and at the same time have a large carbohydrate storage, an acidosis was produced by the injection or ...
Ultrasound attenuation measurements using a reference phantom with sound speed mismatch.

Ultrasonic attenuation may be measured accurately with clinical systems and array transducers by using reference phantom methods (RPM) to account for diffraction and other system dependencies on echo signals. Assumptions with the RPM are that the speeds of sound in the sample (csam) and in the reference medium (cref) are the same and that they match the speed assumed in the system beamformer (cbf). This work assesses the accuracy of attenuation measurements by the RPM when these assumptions are not met. Attenuation was measured for two homogeneous phantoms, one with a speed of sound of 1500m/s and the other with a sound speed of 1580m/s. Both have an attenuation coefficient approximately equal to that of the reference, in which the speed of sound is 1540m/s. Echo signals from the samples and the reference were acquired from a Siemens S2000 scanner with a 9L4 linear array transducer. Separate acquisitions were obtained with cbf at its default value of 1540m/s, and when it was set at values matching the speeds of sound of the phantoms. Simulations were also performed using conditions matching those of the experiment. RPM measured attenuation coefficients exhibited spatially-dependent biases when csam differed from cbf and cref. Mean errors of 19% were seen for simulated data, with the maximum errors in attenuation measurements occurring for regions of interest near the transmit focus. Biases were minimized (mean error with simulated data was 5.6%) using cbf that matched csam, and assuring that power spectra used for attenuation computations in the sample are from precisely the same depth as those from the reference. Setting the transmit focus well beyond the depth range used to compute attenuation values minimized the bias.
Clinical Utility of Genotyping Human Erythrocyte Antigens

Traditional serological methods, which have been used for decades to evaluate the human erythrocyte antigen (HEA) composition of recipient and donor specimens, have some serious limitations. Specific reagent antisera are not available for all clinically relevant antigens (eg, V antigen). Reagent antisera are expensive, and serological testing is labor intensive. The results of serological testing are subjective and semiquantitative (eg, microscopic, weak, 1+, 2+, 3+, 4+), and may vary from one technologist to another. Further, in many clinical situations, serological testing may be difficult or impossible.Recent developments in nucleic acid-based testing (molecular diagnostics) have made it possible to genotype HEA in the clinical laboratory. Most allelic variations occur due to single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), which can be detected and from which the phenotypes can be predicted. HEA genotyping offers several technical and clinical advantages compared with serological testing. The Immucor PreciseType HEA Test is the first and currently the only platform for clinical testing approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA), to our knowledge.
Study on the related factors of uterine incision laceration during cesarean section

Objective: To explore the related factors of uterine incision laceration during cesarean section in order to adopt targeting preventive measures. Methods: The data of pregnant women receiving cesarean section in the hospital from June 2012 to June 2013 were surveyed and collected,the pregnant women with uterine incision laceration were designed as injury group,the pregnant women without uterine incision laceration were selected randomly and designed as control group; χ2test and logistic regression analysis were used to analyze the related factors. Results: The related factors of uterine incision laceration included fetal position,position of fetal occiput,open of cervix,and fetal weight; uterine incision laceration was not correlated with surgical history of pelvic cavity,maternal age,location of the presentation,duration time of stages of labor,and anesthetic effect( P 0. 05); the incidence rate of uterine incision laceration in occiput anterior presentation was the lowest,uterine incision laceration easily occurred in macrosomia. Conclusion: In order to reduce the incidence rate of uterine incision laceration,the prenatal fetal weight should be controlled,malposition and position of fetal occiput should be corrected timely, cesarean section should be conducted during the second trimester of pregnancy.
BECCA: Reintegrating AI for Natural World Interaction

Natural world interaction (NWI), the pursuit of arbitrary goals in unstructured physical environments, is an excellent motivating problem for the reintegration of artificial intelligence. It is the problem set that humans struggle to solve. At a minimum it entails perception, learning, planning, and control, and can also involve language and social behavior. An agent's fitness in NWI is achieved by being able to perform a wide variety of tasks, rather than being able to excel at one. In an attempt to address NWI, a brain-emulating cognition and control architecture (BECCA) was developed. It uses a combination of feature creation and model-based reinforcement learning to capture structure in the environment in order to maximize reward. BECCA avoids making common assumptions about its world, such as stationarity, determinism, and the Markov assumption. BECCA has been demonstrated performing a set of tasks which is non-trivially broad, including a vision-based robotics task. Current development activity is focused on applying BECCA to the problem of general Search and Retrieve, a representative natural world interaction task.
Conservation Triage: Debating Which Species to Save and Why

Because of human impacts on the biosphere, so many species are now threatened with extinction that it may not be possible to save them all. Akin to triage in a medical emergency situation, this challenge has brought forth the idea of conservation triage: having to make difficult choices and justifications about which species should be saved and which might not be savable. The goal of the learning activity described in this chapter is to engage students in this debate so they can gain insights into real-world conservation challenges and practice critical thinking and decision making skills in an authentic context. Students conduct preparatory research about endangered species, present their findings in class presentations and debate which species should receive conservation priority through instructor-guided decision-making. After completing the activity, students should be able to (1) describe various factors that affect species endangerment and conservation status; (2) define triage and apply the concept to examining sets of endangered species; (3) discuss the information needed and factors to consider when making conservation triage decisions; (4) articulate personal views about the value of different endangered species; and (5) explain how ethics and personal values relate to the study and practice of conservation biology.
Classification of Indeterminate Melanocytic Lesions by MicroRNA Profiling

Identification of indeterminate melanocytic skin lesions capable of neoplastic progression is suboptimal and may potentially result in unnecessary morbidity from surgery. MicroRNAs (miRs) may be useful in classifying indeterminate Spitz tumors as having high or low risk for malignant behavior. RNA was extracted from paraffin-embedded tissues of benign nevi, benign Spitz tumors, indeterminate Spitz tumors, and Spitzoid melanomas in adults (n = 62) and children (n = 28). The expression profile of 12 miRs in adults (6 miRs in children) was analyzed by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Benign Spitz lesions were characterized by decreased expression of miR-125b and miR-211, and upregulation of miR-22, compared with benign nevi (p 1 and depth of invasion >1 mm, suggesting miR-155 expression is associated with histological characteristics. miR expression profiles can be measured in indeterminate Spitz tumors and correlate with markers of malignant potential.
A five year review of paediatric burns and social deprivation: Is there a link?

Abstract Aim To establish if there is a correlation between burn incidence and social deprivation in order to formulate a more effective burns prevention strategy. Methods A quantitative retrospective review of International Burn Injury Database (IBID) was carried out over a period from 2006 to 2011 to obtain data for children referred to our burns centre in West Midlands. Social deprivation scores for geographical areas were obtained from Office of National Statistics (ONS). Statistical analysis was carried out using Graphpad Prism. Results 1688 children were reviewed at our burns centre. Statistical analysis using Pearson correlation coefficient showed a slight association between social deprivation and increasing burn incidence r 2 = 0.1268, 95% confidence interval 0.018–0.219, p value We found that appropriate first aid was administered in 67% of cases overall. We did not find a statistically significant link between first aid provision and social deprivation score. Discussion There was only a slight positive correlation between social deprivation and burn incidence. However, there did not seem to be any change in mechanism of burn in the most deprived groups compared to overall pattern, nor was there a significant difference in appropriate first aid provision. Conclusion It would seem that dissemination of burn prevention strategies and first aid advice need to be improved across all geographical areas as this was uniformly lacking and the increased burn incidence in more socially deprived groups, although present, was not statistically significant.
Oxygen Inhibits Nitrite Reduction to Nitric Oxide by the Molybdenum-Dependent mARC-2 Enzyme

The mitochondrial amidoxime reducing component (mARC) enzymes are molybdenum (Mo) -dependent oxidoreductases that function as part of a three-enzyme metabolon with cytochrome b5 (CYB5) and cytochrome b5 reductase (CYB5R). Previous studies in our lab have demonstrated that nitrite reduction to nitric oxide by the mARC-1 metabolon is regulated by oxygen via superoxide. However, the effect of oxygen on mARC-2, the mARC paralog expressed in human vascular tissue, has not been reported. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the effect of oxygen on nitrite reduction to nitric oxide by mARC-2 and determine if superoxide is involved. We used purified recombinant mARC-2, CYB5, and CYBR enzymes and kinetic nitric oxide measurements to measure the effect of anoxia, hypoxia, and normoxia on nitrite reduction. We found that the NADH-dependent CYB5/CYB5R/mARC-2 metabolon is more sensitive to oxygen than the mARC-1 metabolon. However, the role of superoxide is less pronounced. This is in contrast with previous studies on the mARC-1 metabolon. Our data suggests that mARC-2 oxygen inhibition proceeds via a superoxide-independent mechanism, possibly direct and irreversible oxidation of the Mo active site.
Gelatin Thoracic Paravertebral Teaching Model for Placement of a Continuous Infusion Catheter in the Extrathoracic Paravertebral Space.

Objective Our aim was to develop an ultrasound-guided training curriculum for continuous infusion catheter placement in the paravertebral space and to create a gelatin thoracic spine-rib model for use in this training. We sought to create a model that was inexpensive and reusable such that multiple participants could use one model during training. Design The model was prepared by embedding a firm foam thoracic spine replica with bilateral attached ribs into an opaque gelatin mixture. Once solidified, a preselected area was excised on each side, such that the model could be easily refilled with new gelatin blocks for use by each participant. This allowed for multiple participants to use the same model while eliminating confusion with prior tract marks. Setting The Marcia and Eugene Applebaum Simulation Learning Institute, Beaumont Hospital, Royal Oak, MI; a private nonprofit tertiary care hospital associated with the OUWB School of Medicine, Rochester, MI. Participants Fifty-two medical students and general surgery residents underwent a 30-minute didactic session on ultrasound technique for catheter placement followed by practice on the gelatin model. Results The texture and echogenicity of the model were subjectively comparable to those of tissue in vivo and the osseous elements of the spine in the model were clearly identified using ultrasound. The exchangeable catheter placement area provided an efficient and effective method to test accurate performance in catheter placement by multiple users. Participants increased their confidence in the use of ultrasound for this procedure. Conclusions To date, this is the first gelatin thoracic spine-rib model that has been used to teach ultrasound-guided catheter insertion into the paravertebral space, with removable testing areas that can be used by multiple users. This model can provide an inexpensive training tool that can be used in a surgical simulation setting.
Geometry, Particles and Fields. By Bjørn Felsäger

(1983). Geometry, Particles and Fields. By Bjorn Felsager. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 90, No. 4, pp. 292-294.
Solving the Gene Duplication Feasibility Problem in Linear Time

The gene duplication model, which has been pioneered by Goodman et al. nearly 40 years ago, is widely-used for resolving the discordance between the evolutionary history of a gene family (gene tree), and the species tree through which this family has evolved. This discordance is explained by reconciling the gene tree with postulated gene duplications that have occurred while the gene tree has evolved along the edges of the species tree, such that the reconciled tree can be embedded into the species tree. Today, for many gene families lower bounds on the number of gene duplications that have occurred along each edge in the species tree can be derived, for example, from known genome duplications. Here, we augment the gene duplication model by using a species tree for the reconciliation whose edges are decorated with such lower bounds, called a (duplication) scenario. A scenario is feasible for a gene family under consideration if there exists a reconciled gene tree for this family whose embedding into the species tree satisfies the lower bounds of the scenario. Non-feasibility of a credible scenario for a gene family can provide a strong indication that this family might not be well-resolved, and identifying well-resolved gene families is a challenging task in evolutionary biology. Here, we provide a linear time algorithm that decides whether a scenario is not feasible when provided a gene family.
Functional Diseases of the Esophagus

Although recognized as early as the 17th century, functional disorders of the esophagus attracted only sporadic interest until the mid 20th century. The awareness that esophageal abnormalities are frequently found in patients with noncardiac chest pain has led to a resurgence of interest in esophageal motility disorders (EMDs). Improvement in manometric instrumentation as well as increased frequency of manometric evaluations in patients with noncardiac chest pain have provided more specific characterizations of EMDs. “New” disorders such as high-amplitude peristalsis (nutcracker esophagus) and hypertensive lower esophageal sphincter (LES) have been defined and associated with chest pain syndromes and dysphagia. “Older” disorders such as achalasia and diffuse esophageal spasm have been further characterized and attempts made to correlate the motility disorders with symptomatic complaints of chest pain and dysphagia.
Pre-Estrogen Breast Irradiation for Patients with Carcinoma of the Prostate: A Critical Review

We studied 38 patients with prostatic cancer who received breast irradiation before oral estrogen administration. Our data are combined with those from other institutions to determine the effectiveness of pre-estrogen breast irradiation in minimizing gynecomastia and/or pain. Based on our review the incidence of estrogen-induced breast changes is 70%. Irradiation given before estrogen administration can prevent or minimize these changes in 89.3% of the treated patients. Histologic changes of gynecomastia are reviewed and recommendations for optimum radiation therapy technique are included.
The Economics of Keynes

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews the way by which the Keynesian theory in a growth context serves to remedy the defects observed in the evolution of a consensus on Keynesian economics. The old debate between Keynesian and counter-Keynesians over macroeconomic equilibrium theory was conceded so long as Keynesian forecasting and policy-planning models were ascendant. But the move toward consensus in the 1960s saw leading New Economists, while Keynesian in their short-run contracyclical policy prescriptions, tended to be neoclassical in their growth theory. The majority in the economics profession have been very reluctant to abandon the standard model of the Synthesis. Modern growth theory followed shortly after the General Theory, though growth theory was never successfully linked back to The General Theory. Thus, the economics profession, in attempting to digest The General Theory, took what appeared to be some short cuts to the high road of understanding that turned out, instead, to be stray paths that, in some cases, simply circled back to the pre-Keynesian position. Attempts to integrate growth and cycle theory have all but been abandoned. Thereafter, it might be required that Keynes's short-run theory of shifting equilibrium in a world of persistent growth disequilibrium of a type be defined later as the Keynesian case. This will distinguish the Keynesian context not only from the automatic equilibrium of the neoclassical world but also from the disequilibrium growth context of the nonindustrialized countries. Putting Keynes in his own growth context will not only eliminate the dichotomy between the long run and the short but will also give us a far better explanation of the stylized facts of growth history.
Burkitt lymphoma- a rare but challenging lymphoma

Burkitt lymphoma (BL) is a rare, aggressive subtype of non-Hodgkin lymphoma affecting approximately 1500 patients per year. Three forms of BL exist (sporadic, endemic, immunodeficiency associated) and the endemic form was first discovered as being driven by the Epstein Barr virus in areas of the world where malaria is prevalent. BL has the characteristic t8; 14 cytogenetic translocation that leads to constitutive activation of the MYC gene, which drives BL cell division. Therapy of BL has resulted in cure for many patients but significant toxicity and treatment related complications remains problematic in the approach to BL therapy. Treatment options for relapsed and refractory disease remain limited however novel treatments are being studied to block MYC activation, and cold lead to promising options for patients with relapsed and refractory disease.
Clearing the Fog surrounding Chemobrain.

With the advent of more successful chemotherapies, the number of cancer survivors continues to increase. Unfortunately, many of these patients will exhibit long-term sequelae from their treatments, including serious cognitive deficits that impair daily function. In this issue of Cell, Gibson et al. (2019) demonstrate that chemotherapy-related cognitive impairment is orchestrated by microglia.
Examining Racial Disparities in Juvenile Justice.

Decades of research have focused on understanding and addressing racial disparities that occur at every stage of processing in the juvenile justice system. Leaders in the field have raised concerns about the differential treatment and selection of youth based on race. Taking into consideration Sussman and colleagues9 results regarding the use of manifest injustice in Washington State, we review briefly the legislative changes that have occurred nationally to address the problem of disproportionate minority contact. We also consider data and hypotheses that have increased our understanding of why and how these racial disparities occur.