cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Managing early succession for biodiversity and long-term productivity of conifer forests in southwestern Oregon

Abstract Early-successional stages have been truncated and altered in many western U.S. forest landscapes by planting conifers, controlling competing vegetation, suppressing fire, and focusing on maintaining late-seral species and undisturbed riparian zones. Declining area of early-successional stages may be reducing resilience and sustainability on landscapes that experience elevated disturbance related to future climate changes. In this study, two post-harvest early-successional treatments were compared to each other and to two mature-forest treatments using 20 years of evidence from replicated 7-ha experimental units in a southwestern Oregon forest dominated by Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii Mirb. Franco). One early- successional treatment (Douglas-fir plantation) planted Douglas-fir and was followed by a brushing to reduce hardwood competition to move quickly to the conifer stem-exclusion stage; the other (Early-seral plantation) favored natural sprouting and regeneration of hardwood shrubs and trees and planted scattered knobcone pines (Pinus attenuata Lemmon) and Douglas-fir. Plant diversity in the Early-seral plantation was 56% (year 2) and 26% (year 6) higher than in the Douglas-fir plantation. Both early-successional treatments far exceeded plant diversity in Unaltered and Thinned mature stands. Fifteen years of growth of shrubs and hardwood trees in the Early-seral plantation was remarkable, resulting in total aboveground biomass increment (18 Mg ha−1 yr−1) double that of the Douglas-fir plantations. Important process effects related to primary productivity were noted: losses of soil organic matter from the B horizon in young Douglas-fir, and, after wildfire, increases in N2-fixing plant cover in Early-seral plantation. The burl-sprouting and deep rooting of many hardwoods also created opportunities for nutrient retention and release from primary minerals as well as deep-profile water supply. Recognizing the importance of intentionally managing for shrubs and hardwood trees is particularly relevant at this site, because stand reconstruction and historical records indicate these species, along with knobcone pine, dominated the site for 40 years before the current mature Douglas-fir forest started gaining dominance. In contrast, the prolific natural regeneration of Douglas-fir after recent harvest and wildfire suggests that what comes back “naturally” in modern times will not allow this history to be repeated.
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis-linked FUS/TLS alters stress granule assembly and dynamics

Background Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)-linked fused in sarcoma/translocated in liposarcoma (FUS/TLS or FUS) is concentrated within cytoplasmic stress granules under conditions of induced stress. Since only the mutants, but not the endogenous wild-type FUS, are associated with stress granules under most of the stress conditions reported to date, the relationship between FUS and stress granules represents a mutant-specific phenotype and thus may be of significance in mutant-induced pathogenesis. While the association of mutant-FUS with stress granules is well established, the effect of the mutant protein on stress granules has not been examined. Here we investigated the effect of mutant-FUS on stress granule formation and dynamics under conditions of oxidative stress.
Isoelectric focusing of a dimerizing solute in rapid chemical equilibrium: Comparison of simulation procedures

The approach to isoelectric focusing equilibrium of a rapidly dimerizing solute was simulated by two different computing procedures: a stationary-grid model developed by Cann and Stimpson and a distorted-grid technique derived from the method of Cox. The results given by the two models were virtually identical at all times during the approach to equilibrium. Of the two procedures, the distorted-grid method has an advantage in computing time, while the stationary-grid model is applicable to a broader range of transport experiments. The effect on the focusing experiment of varying the electric field was examined by distorted-grid simulations. When the field was increased, the equilibrium distribution sharpened somewhat and the peak of the concentration profile shifted toward the isoelectric position of the dimer. The rate of approach to equilibrium was approximately proportional to the field strength.
Late reconstruction of patellar ligament ruptures using Ilizarov external fixation

Chronic patellar ligament ruptures, on which failed reconstruction attempts have been made, cause structural changes in the quadriceps mechanisms with marked fixed proximal migration of the patella. Before reconstruction, the position of the patella must be normalized. When using Ilizarov principles and an Ilizarov external fixator to treat these ruptures, full weightbearing and range of motion can be maintained throughout the pre- and postreconstruction period. This previously unreported technique has been used in 2 patients with chronic patellar ligament ruptures in whom reconstruction attempts had failed. Successful results obtained with this procedure warrant its consideration for this rare but disabling problem.
Interferences in coherent electron emission from diatomic molecules

Recent studies of electron emission from molecular hydrogen by the impact of fast ions have shown the existence of interference effects. The interferences are manifested as oscillations in the velocity (or energy) distributions of the ejected electrons, and are analogous to the interference of light in Young’s two-slit experiment. The frequencies of the oscillatory structures depend strongly on the electron observation angle and to a lesser extent on the collision velocity. Additionally, secondary oscillations with ∼2–3 times higher frequencies attributed to scattering of the primary electron “wave” at the other atomic center are found to be superimposed on the primary oscillations. More recently, electron interference studies have focused on diatomic molecules more complex than H2, including N2 and O2, for which only structures due to secondary interferences are apparently observed. Here, these various results are reviewed, outstanding questions identified, and future directions indicated.
Interfacial debonding and fiber pull-out stresses of fiber-reinforced composites

Abstract Stresses required to debond the fiber-matrix interface and to pull out a fiber are analyzed as a function of the embedded fiber length for a fiber-reinforced composite. The role of residual clamping stresses at the interface is considered. During fiber pull-out, Poisson contraction of the fiber in the radial direction reduces the resultant compressive stress at the interface and, hence, the interfacial frictional stress. This leads to a non-linear dependence of both the stress required for complete interfacial debonding and the stress for fiber pull-out on the embedded fiber length. Excellent agreement between present theoretical analyses and existing experimental results is obtained. Compared with the stress required for fiber pushout, where the fiber is subjected to compression in its axial direction, the stress required for fiber pullout is lower owing to Poisson's effect.
Size structure and substitutability in an odonate intraguild predation system

Interactions between different size classes of predator species have the potential to influence survival of prey species in intraguild predation (IGP) systems, but few studies test for these effects. Using a substitutive design in a field setting, I measured the effects of two size classes of IG predators (large and small larvae of the dragonfly Anax junius) on the mortality of IG prey (larvae of the dragonfly Pachydiplax longipennis). I also examined whether combinations of large A. junius and P. longipennis and small A. junius and P. longipennis had substitutable effects on shared prey (larvae of the damselfly Ischnura verticalis). The presence of both size classes of A. junius, when alone and in combination with P. longipennis, significantly increased mortality of I. verticalis. In the presence of P. longipennis, large and small A. junius had similar effects on the mortality of I. verticalis, and effects of size-structured assemblages of A. junius were similar to the effects of each size class alone at the same density. The effects of the two size classes of A. junius on P. longipennis differed, and P. longipennis mortality was lower when exposed to size structured assemblages of A. junius than when exposed to only large A. junius at the same density. Results were similar to those in a laboratory study, although the effect of P. longipennis on I. verticalis was much lower in the field setting. These results demonstrate that interactions between different size classes of IG predators promote the survival of IG prey and highlight the importance of within-species size structure as a characteristic that may promote the coexistence of predators in IGP systems.
Avian reservoirs of the agent of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis

To the Editor: Human granulocytic ehrlichiosis (HGE), first described in 1994 (1), is the second-most common tick-borne disease in the United States; Lyme disease is the most prevalent. Both diseases are transmitted by blacklegged ticks (Ixodes scapularis Say) that are abundant in southern New York state (2). Factors that influence the risk for infection, particularly the role of wildlife in transmitting the etiologic agent, Anaplasma (formerly Ehrlichia) phagocytophilum (3,4), to vector ticks are not well understood. In the absence of transovarial transmission (5,6), acquisition of A. phagocytophilum by its vector must result either from feeding on the blood of reservoir-competent hosts or by cofeeding of uninfected ticks in close proximity to infected ticks (7).
Optical bistability in electrically coupled SOA-BJT devices

A novel optical bistable device based on an electrically coupled semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) and a bipolar juncture transistor (BJT) is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. The measured switching time is about 0.9-1.0 us, mainly limited by the electrical capacitance of the SOA and the parasitic inductance of the electrical connections. However, the effects of parasitic components can be reduced employing current electronic-photonic integration circuits (EPIC). Numerical simulations confirm that for capacitance values in tens of femtofarads switching speed can reach tens of GHz.
Hydroxylammonium nitrate-based liquid propellant combustion-interpretation of strand burner data and the laminar burning velocity

Abstract Measurements have been made of the burning velocity of a hydroxylammonium nitrate-based liquid propellant undergoing combustion in a strand burner. Experiments were conducted at constant pressures of 6.7–34 MPa while the propellant was confined in a strand burner with a 1.8 × 1.0-mm rectangular cross section, a size smaller than that used in previous studies. An electric discharge was used to ignite the propellant, which was then observed by high-speed photography. The overall burning velocity in the strand burner was found to be influenced by hydrodynamic effects, resulting in a decrease in the overall burning velocity with an increase in pressure up to 26 MPa. Above 26 MPa instabilities became less important and the burning velocity was independent of pressure, a trend that has not been noted previously. The laminar burning velocity of the propellant was estimated to be 27.3 ± 0.6 mm/s at pressures of 30–34 MPa. Comparison with other hydroxylammonium nitrate-based liquid propellant burning velocity experiments gives a burning velocity of Su = 9.45 P0.275 (Su in mm/s, P in MPa) for pressures of 1.0–100.0 MPa. Also noted for the first time was the quenching of the gas-phase flame at a pressure of up to 34 MPa in a 1.8 × 1.0-mm burner.
Design Ideas for Markov chain Monte Carlo Software

This article discusses design ideas useful in the development of Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) software. Goals of the design are to facilitate analysis of as many statistical models as possible, and to enable users to experiment with different MCMC algorithms as a research tool. These ideas have been used in YADAS, a system written in the Java language, but are also applicable in other object-oriented languages.
Demonstration of an alternative chain folding in the pyranonapthalene fonsecin

Abstract Using recently reported heteronuclear long-range couplings for naphthalene the CMR spectrum of fonsecin has been assigned. Acetate double-label experiments indicated a biosynthesis from a polyketide chain folding previously unreported for napththalene ring formation.
UV-Vis and Raman Spectral Analysis of Polyaniline/Gold Thin Films as a Function of Applied Potential

Polyaniline and polyaniline/gold films were prepared by potentiodynamic oxidation of aniline in 1 M H2SO4 aqueous solution, and their electrochromic properties were investigated by UV-Vis and Raman spectroscopy. Both tetrachloroaurate and gold nanoparticles were used to deposit gold onto or inside the polyaniline film based on the deposition technique used. Polyaniline films showed multiple color changes (blue to green to yellow) depending on the electrochemical reactions in the potential range −0.2 to 0.8 V vs. Ag/AgCl. The color of polyaniline films changed from transparent green to yellow at the anodic peak around 0.2 V and gradually changed from green to dark blue at potentials higher than 0.5 V. The deterioration of electrochromic properties is caused by hydrolysis of the diimine structure formed by oxidation at 0.8 V. Furthermore, the polyaniline films showed enhanced Raman characteristics (due to SERS) depending on the treatments with gold and the potentials applied to the films to control the oxid...
The use of color in the Thematic Apperception Test.

(1951). The Use of Color in the Thematic Apperception Test. Journal of Projective Techniques: Vol. 15, No. 2, pp. 173-184.
The Kleine-Levin Syndrome

a Departments of Child Psychiatry and Sleep Medicine, kwei-shan, Taoyaung, Taipei 33300, Taiwan b Federation des Pathologies du Sommeil, Hopital Pitie 47-83 Boulevard de l'Hopital, Paris 75013, France c Sleep Disorders Center, Stanford University School of CA 94305–5730, USA * Corresponding author. Federation des Pathologies du de l'Hopital, Paris 75013, France. E-mail address: isabelle.arnulf@psl.aphp.fr (I. Arnulf).
Comparison of Rates of Penetration of Unwashed and Washed Spermatozoa in Cervical Mucus.

SummaryThis study indicates that washing human spermatozoa with Ringer's solution and resuspending the washed spermatozoa in this solution does not impair their ability to penetrate a column of cervical mucus in vitro
Aircraft reverse current cutout

The following circuit is proposed for an aircraft reverse-current differential cutout. It consists of two units outlined by the dotted lines in Figure 1.
Wnt5A promotes an adaptive, senescent-like stress response, while continuing to drive invasion in melanoma cells.

Abstract We have previously shown that Wnt5A drives invasion in melanoma. We have also shown that Wnt5A promotes resistance to therapy designed to target the BRAF(V600E) mutation in melanoma. Here, we show that melanomas characterized by high levels of Wnt5A respond to therapeutic stress by increasing p21 and expressing classical markers of senescence, including positivity for senescence-associated β-galactosidase (SA-β-gal), senescence-associated heterochromatic foci (SAHF), H3K9Me chromatin marks, and PML bodies. We find that despite this, these cells retain their ability to migrate and invade. Further, despite the expression of classic markers of senescence such as SA-β-gal and SAHF, these Wnt5A-high cells are able to colonize the lungs in in vivo tail vein colony-forming assays. This clearly underscores the fact that these markers do not indicate true senescence in these cells, but instead an adaptive stress response that allows the cells to evade therapy and invade. Notably, silencing Wnt5A reduces expression of these markers and decreases invasiveness. The combined data point to Wnt5A as a master regulator of an adaptive stress response in melanoma, which may contribute to therapy resistance.
Mouse Models of Anemia of Cancer

Anemia of cancer (AC) may contribute to cancer-related fatigue and impair quality of life. Improved understanding of the pathogenesis of AC could facilitate better treatment, but animal models to study AC are lacking. We characterized four syngeneic C57BL/6 mouse cancers that cause AC. Mice with two different rapidly-growing metastatic lung cancers developed the characteristic findings of anemia of inflammation (AI), with dramatically different degrees of anemia. Mice with rapidly-growing metastatic melanoma also developed a severe anemia by 14 days, with hematologic and inflammatory parameters similar to AI. Mice with a slow-growing peritoneal ovarian cancer developed an iron-deficiency anemia, likely secondary to chronically impaired nutrition and bleeding into the peritoneal cavity. Of the four models, hepcidin mRNA levels were increased only in the milder lung cancer model. Unlike in our model of systemic inflammation induced by heat-killed Brucella abortus, ablation of hepcidin in the ovarian cancer and the milder lung cancer mouse models did not affect the severity of anemia. Hepcidin-independent mechanisms play an important role in these murine models of AC.
Heme Structure and Orientation in Single Monolayers of Cytochrome c on Polar and Nonpolar Soft Surfaces

Polarized x-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) spectroscopy has been performed in fluorescence mode under total external reflection conditions on frozen hydrated single monolayers of yeast cytochrome c (YCC). The protein molecules were vectorially oriented within the monolayer by tethering their naturally occurring and unique surface cysteine residues to the sulfhydryl-endgroups at the surface of a mixed organic self-assembled monolayer, itself covalently attached to an ultrapure silicon wafer. The sulfhydryl-endgroups were isolated by dilution with either methyl- or hydroxyl-endgroups, producing macroscopically nonpolar or uncharged-polar soft surfaces, respectively. Independent information on the heme-plane orientation relative to the monolayer plane was obtained experimentally via optical linear dichroism. The polarized XAFS data have been analyzed both qualitatively and by a global mapping approach limited to systematically altering the various iron-ligand distances within a model for the local atomic environment of the heme prosthetic group, and comparing the theoretically generated XAFS spectra with those obtained experimentally. A similar analysis of unpolarized XAFS data from a frozen solution of YCC was performed using either the heme environment from the NMR solution or the x-ray crystallographic data for YCC as the model structure. All resulting iron-ligand distances were then used in molecular dynamics (MD) computer simulations of YCC in these three systems to investigate the possible effects of anisotropic ligand motions on the fits of the calculated to the experimental XAFS spectra.
Use of 2-diphenylmethylsilylethyl (DPSE) protecting group in oligonucleotide synthesis via phosphoramidite approach

Abstract 2-Diphenylmethylsilylethyl (DPSE) is a new protecting group for the internucleotidic bonds in the synthesis of deoxyribooligonucleotides by the phosphoramidite approach. This group is stable to acidic conditions and can be removed under mild conditions using aqueous ammonium hydroxide.
The end of the end of ideology

(1994). The end of the end of ideology. History of European Ideas: Vol. 19, No. 4-6, pp. 709-713.
Focal Adhesion Kinase (FAK) Regulates Insulin-stimulated Glycogen Synthesis in Hepatocytes

Experimental data support a role for FAK, an important component of the integrin signaling pathway, in insulin action. To test the hypothesis that FAK plays a regulatory role in hepatic insulin action, we overexpressed wild type (WT), a kinase inactive (KR), or a COOH-terminal focal adhesion targeting (FAT) sequence-truncated mutant of FAK in HepG2 hepatoma cells. In control untransfected (NON) and vector (CMV2)- and WT-transfected cells, insulin stimulated an expected 54 ± 13, 37 ± 4, and 47 ± 12 increase in [U-14C]glucose incorporation into glycogen, respectively. This was entirely abolished in the presence of either KR (−1 ± 7%) or FAT mutants (0 ± 8%,n = 5, p
The nature of the effector cell in antibody-dependent, cell-mediated cytolysis (ADCC): the cytotoxic activity of murine tumor cells and peritoneal macrophages.

Abstract The nature of the effector cell in the antibody-dependent, cell-mediated cytolysis of anti-trinitrophenyl coated, TNP-modified chicken erythrocytes was evaluated. P388D, a macrophage-like murine tumor cell line, and adherent cells derived from normal peritoneal cells and from tumor-containing ascites cells were active in mediating cytolysis. In vitro cultured murine tumor cell lines with cell marker characteristics of T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, “null” lymphoid cells, and mast cells lacked effector cell activity. Ascites cells obtained from tumor-bearing animals were active as cytotoxic cells, but that activity was due to “contaminating” adherent cells of host origin rather than to the activity of the tumor cells themselves.
‘I'd grab the S-O-B by his hair and yank him out the window’: The fraternal order of warnings and threats in police–citizen encounters:

In prior research, warnings and threats have been regarded as closely related speech acts, distinguished only by an unobservable state. In this article, I conceptualize warnings and threats as fraternal speech acts because they share the essential genetic trait of their rhetorical parent: force. In this article, I examine the ‘warnings’ that police officers give to motorists during traffic stops, and the threats that police make to citizens and suspects during routine patrol work. I argue that, by virtue of their institutional identity and ideological mandate, there is no interpretive context free of coercion in the context of police–citizen encounters. I locate the difference between warnings and threats – direct and indirect – in the ordinal level of force embedded in the intention of speakers and in the unfavorable consequences suffered by the addressee.
Performance analysis of reservation random access protocols for cellular packet communications

An analysis method for evaluating the performance of a class of RRA (reservation random access) protocols is developed. The method is based on a Markovian model whose stationary solution is obtained via an iterative computational procedure based on matrix decomposition techniques. Subject to a maximum delay constraint, the steady state probability of voice packet dropping is evaluated for three RRA protocol examples and comparisons are made with the performance of an ideal hypothetical multiplexer. Suggestions for the design of integrated voice/data RRA protocols are made. The transient performance of RRA protocols is evaluated. >
Review of advances in understanding impacts of mix composition characteristics on asphalt concrete (AC) mechanics

The overall performance of an asphalt concrete (AC) mixture is dependent on its composition including the properties, proportions and distributions of the ingredients. For existing asphalt mix design methods, however, there is a missing link between the mix composition and the overall properties and performance. To improve the fundamental understanding of AC mixtures, this paper presents a comprehensive review of the advances in understanding the mix composition characteristics and their impact on AC mechanics. This review focused on the links between the mix composition and the overall properties. The review contains a brief background of this study, followed by a discussion of four typical mixture composition characteristics, namely aggregate size, aggregate morphology, asphalt matrix time-dependent properties and anisotropic AC microstructural characteristics. Furthermore, three types of methods were reviewed for understanding the links between the composition characteristics and the AC behaviours: the...
Rohon‐Beard cells in frog development: A study of temporal and spatial changes in a transient cell population

The spatial distribution and temporal disappearance of Rohon-Beard cells in the spinal cords of larval and newly metamorphosed Rana pipiens were studied histologically to provide a basis for further research dealing with this particular cell type. It was found that a maximum number of approximately 250 Rohon-Beard neurons have differentiated within the spinal cord of Rana pipiens by larval stage I. The majority of these cells are located in the cephalic end of the spinal cord, with a large number found near the boundary of the anterior quarter and the second quarter of the spinal cord. Fewer cells are found in the third and fourth quarters. There is a gradual degeneration of these cells during larval life so that by stage XXV, which is the completion of the metamorphic climax, there are no normally appearing Rohn-Beard cells present. Degeneration of the Rohon-Beard cells does not progress cephalocaudally with development, but rather there appears to be a nearly equal proportional loss of Rohon-Beard cells in each quarter of the spinal cord at each of the stages studied. All Rohon-Beard cells present during larval development of Rana pipiens are located in a dorsal position, close to the midline. At all ages and in each quarter of the spinal cord there are no significant bilateral differences in number of these cells.
Sonographic Evaluation of the Child with Lower Abdominal or Pelvic Pain

At many centers, CT has become the primary imaging modality for children who have abdominal pain. CT, however, delivers a substantial radiation dose, which is of particular concern in the pediatric patient. In contrast, sonography does not expose the patient to ionizing radiation. Properly performed, sonography is capable of providing useful diagnostic information in the child who has lower abdominal or pelvic pain. In (tiny children and with many disorders, sonography proves to be the only imaging modality that may be required. In this article, the usefulness of sonography it) evaluating disorders producing lower abdominal or pelvic pain in a child is reviewed.
Measuring acceptable treatment failure rates for community-acquired pneumonia: potential for reducing duration of treatment and antimicrobial resistance.

Objective. This study was designed to establish the rates of treatment failure for community-acquired pneumonia that are acceptable to knowledgeable and experienced physicians, in order to facilitate the interpretation of existing studies and the design of new studies aimed at optimizing the duration of antibiotic therapy. Reducing the duration of antibiotic therapy is one strategy for reducing antibiotic exposure and thereby minimizing the potential for the emergence of antimicrobial resistance. Design. Survey soliciting the acceptable failure rate for treatment given to an adult patient with uncomplicated community-acquired pneumonia treated with standard-of-care therapy in the outpatient setting. Analysis was performed using a modification of established methods of contingent valuation analysis. Participants. Six hundred eighty infectious diseases physicians in North America who were also members of the Emerging Infections Network of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Results. Three hundred seventy-five (55.1%) of 680 physicians responded to the survey. The median acceptable failure rate for treatment was 13.5%. Five hundred ten respondents (75.0%) found a failure rate of 7.3% acceptable, and 170 respondents (25.0%) found a failure rate of 19.8% acceptable. Conclusions. This study identified the failure rates for treatment of community-acquired pneumonia that were acceptable to infectious disease physicians. This range of acceptable treatment failure rates may facilitate the design of studies aimed at optimizing the duration of antimicrobial therapy for community-acquired pneumonia.
Inhibition of Smooth Muscle Proliferation by Urea-Based Alkanoic Acids via Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor α–Dependent Repression of Cyclin D1

Objective—Proliferation of smooth muscle cells is implicated in cardiovascular complications. Previously, a urea-based soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibitor was shown to attenuate smooth muscle cell proliferation. We examined the possibility that urea-based alkanoic acids activate the nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) and the role of PPAR in smooth muscle cell proliferation. Methods and Results—Alkanoic acids transactivated PPAR, induced binding of PPAR to its response element, and significantly induced the expression of PPAR-responsive genes, showing their function as PPAR agonists. Furthermore, the alkanoic acids attenuated platelet-derived growth factor–induced smooth muscle cell proliferation via repression of cyclin D1 expression. Using small interfering RNA to decrease endogenous PPAR expression, it was determined that PPAR was partially involved in the cyclin D1 repression. The antiproliferative effects of alkanoic acids may also be attributed to their inhibitory effects on soluble epoxide hydrolase, because epoxyeicosatrienoic acids alone inhibited smooth muscle cell proliferation. Conclusions—These results show that attenuation of smooth muscle cell proliferation by urea-based alkanoic acids is mediated, in part, by the activation of PPAR. These acids may be useful for designing therapeutics to treat diseases characterized by excessive smooth muscle cell proliferation. (Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2006;26:2462-2468.)
Writing Media History Articles Manuscript Standards and Scholarly Objectives

Editors of academic journals make general statements about criteria for accepting submissions, but more specific advice is often needed. What are the standards for history manuscripts in Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, especially now that its documentation style is being changed to American Psychological Association (APA)? The journal’s history articles are useful examples of how to set substantial purposes and present perceptive interpretations. As they contribute to knowledge, such studies can stimulate thought about human experience and possibilities.
Regional water quality

The IAHS symposium Regional Characterization of Water Quality was held May 15–16, sponsored by the International Commission on Water Quality. The seven sessions were on geostatistics and water quality, network design, water quality assessments and indices, lake water quality, effects of agriculture on surface water quality, effects of urban influences on surface water quality, and effects of atmospheric chemistry on surface water quality. Two poster presentations covered topics on an environmental tracer approach and global planning in water quality.
Immunosuppressive medications: How much do they really cost and how can anyone afford them?

Concern over the high expense of immunosuppressive medications is increasing in the transplant community, press, public, and legislature. As the likelihood of long-term survival with a transplanted organ increases, the cost of maintaining the transplant may become prohibitive. Transplant centers are also coming under increased pressure from payers to limit or reduce immunosuppressive costs. To provide a clearer picture of these issues, an understanding of the actual costs of medications is necessary. This article discusses the cost of different regimens and how drug cost may not be the only parameter considered in immunosuppressive decisions. It also discusses how patients' insurance plans work with regard to immunosuppressive protocols, the current status of Medicare in transplantation, and the avenues currently available for patients who need assistance in paying for medications.
Collaborative groups as professional development

Abstract This study explores the ways in which participating in a discussion group of 10 experienced teachers (K-12) and teacher educators helped group members sustain their progressive beliefs about education. The support and collegiality of the group demonstrates how such relationships can enable continuous professional growth. Group members came together in response to Carole Edelsky's challenge to educators to find “communities of colleagues who want to study and support each other and change together”. McCotter, a member of the group herself, studied the group during the 1997–1998 academic year, taping and transcribing monthly meetings, as well as interviewing each member twice. Approaching analysis using feminist and critical principles to construct relevant themes, the study had two important foci. Not only was the specific content of the group's conversation important for growth, but the ways in which members talked with each other helped construct a “sacred space” in which growth was nurtured and promoted.
Rapid prototyping with the OR model

An object-oriented model called the object-relation (OR) model is presented and shown to be powerful for rapid prototyping of object-oriented systems. The OR model is based on relations that replace the implicit interconnections that typically exist in every software system. These relations are defined in class hierarchies and can be used similarly to the way regular objects are used, e.g., inheritance and reuse. An example of a nontrivial data structure, the heap, is presented. >
Low energy availability, not exercise stress, suppresses the diurnal rhythm of leptin in healthy young women

Because the effect of exercise on leptin was not established, we controlled energy intake (I) and exercise energy expenditure (E) to distinguish the independent effects of energy availability (A = ...
American Association of Heart Failure Nurses position paper on educating patients with heart failure.

Heart failure (HF) affects nearly 6 million Americans, a number projected to increase by 46% in the year 2030.1 The diagnosis of HF necessitates that patients and families develop self-care skills and adopt lifestyle changes that facilitate controlling symptoms and slowing the progression of the disorder.2,3 These lifestyle changes include: managing a prescribed medication regimen; recognizing signs and symptoms of worsening HF; making dietary changes and adopting an individually tailored exercise program.2,3 In order to engage in self-care, persons with HF and their support systems need to acquire knowledge and skills specific to the health problem and the various pharmacologic therapies, devices, and nonpharmacologic interventions that are part of overall HF disease management.4 The aim of these efforts is to improve quality of life5 and increase survival. Thus, patient and family education is essential to prepare patients with HF for self-care. The American Nurses Association (ANA) Scope and Standards of Cardiovascular Nursing identifies patient education as a fundamental responsibility of the nurse.6 Since its inception in 2004, The American Association of Heart Failure Nurses (AAHFN) has been a participating organization in the development of all editions of the Cardiovascular Scope and Standards that guide HF nursing practice. Furthermore, multidisciplinary guidelines for the treatment of patients with HF include patient education as a highly recommended non-pharmacologic treatment.7e9 In addition, adherence with national standards that address patient education are required for program accreditation10 and certification.11e13 Heart failure discharge instructions for patients has been defined by The Joint Commission to include six topics: diet, exercise, weight monitoring, worsening symptoms, medications and follow up appointments.10,12 Thus, comprehensive patient education has been solidified as essential to patient care and is a responsibility of nursing.14 Heart failure patient education has had increased awareness and efforts to complete documentation of “discharge instructions”,15 yet such education has been performed using varied methods with uncertain effectiveness.11,12,16,17 Meaningful
Comparison of traditional and disposable bed baths in critically ill patients.

• BACKGROUND For bedridden patients unable to perform personal hygiene measures because of acute illness or chronic debilitation, the bed bath, with either the traditional basin or, more recently, disposable baths, has long been a measure for improving hygiene and comfort. • OBJECTIVE To compare the traditional basin bed bath with a prepackaged disposable bed bath in terms of 4 outcomes: time and quality of bath, microbial counts on the skin, nurses’ satisfaction, and costs. • METHODS Forty patients in surgical, medical, or cardiothoracic intensive care units received both types of bath on different days. Baths were observed, timed, and scored for quality. Cultures of the periumbilicus and groin were obtained before and after each bath. At the end of the study, nurses were interviewed about their preferences. • RESULTS Neither total quality scores nor microbial counts differed significantly between the 2 bath types. Significantly fewer products (P < .001) and less time were used, cost was lower, and nurses’ ratings were significantly better with the disposable bath. • CONCLUSION The disposable bath is a desirable form of bathing for patients who are unable to bathe themselves in critical care and long-term care settings, and it may even be preferable to the traditional basin bath. (American Journal of Critical Care. 2004;13:235-241)
Timeliness via speculation for real-time databases

Various concurrency control algorithms differ in the time when conflicts are detected, and in the way they are resolved. Pessimistic (PCC) protocols detect conflicts as soon as they occur and resolve them using blocking. Optimistic (OCC) protocols detect conflicts at transaction commit time and resolve them using rollbacks. For real-time databases, blockages and rollbacks are hazards that increase the likelihood of transactions missing their deadlines. We propose a Speculative Concurrency Control (SCC) technique that minimizes the impact of block ages and rollbacks. SCC relies on added system resources to speculate on potential serialization orders, ensuring that if such serialization orders materialize, the hazards of blockages and roll-back are minimized. We present a number of SCC-based algorithms that differ in the level of speculation they introduce, and the amount of System resources (mainly memory) they require. We show the performance gains (in terms of number of satisfied timing constraints) to be expected when a representative SCC algorithm (SCC-2S) is adopted. >
Use of Tests of Pulmonary Function to Measure Effects of Air Pollutants

This conference is concerned with the measurement of risks. I would like to restrict my comments to the use of tests of pulmonary function to assess the risks associated with air pollutants.
Cervical carcinoma in situ: Difficulties in differential diagnosis

Abstract 1. Existing confusion regarding carcinoma in situ of the cervix and reasons for delay in clarification of the problem are discussed. 2. Our findings among 4,152 cervical biopsy specimens, obtained between 1930 and 1946 and previously reported, are briefly summarized, with particular emphasis on 9 invasive carcinomas with previous biopsy specimens, among which 1 true intraepithelial carcinoma was found. 3. The findings among 4,187 cervical biopsy specimens obtained between 1946 and 1952 are presented, with particular emphasis on 6 cases diagnosed “carcinoma in situ” and followed by repeat cervical biopsies without treatment other than the repeat biopsies, which, to date, showed the lesions to be reversible. 4. The etiology of benign carcinomimetic cervical lesions is discussed and the difficulties of differential diagnosis between them and genuine incipient carcinoma are emphasized. 5. Attention is directed to the extreme atypism of such lesions and the suggestion is made that it is not pathognomonic of incipient carcinoma but represents a nonspecific reaction of normal cells to injurious influences in the environs. 6. The desirability of a policy of watchful waiting in the doubtful case, particularly if the patient is young, and the comparative safety of such a policy are stressed.
Statistical Learning Methods Applied to Process Monitoring: An Overview and Perspective

The increasing availability of high-volume, high-velocity data sets, often containing variables of dfferent data types, brings an increasing need for monitoring tools that are designed to handle these big data sets. While the research on multivariate st..
Does Physician-Assisted Suicide Promote Liberty and Compassion?

Discussions about the permissibility of suicide, assisted suicide and euthanasia raise fundamental questions about people’s rights, duties, and the meaning of life. Although the issues raised in this debate have been remarkably consistent over the centuries, the contemporary debate seems unique in that many defenders assume that physicians must play a central role in authorizing these procedures. This is evident in the very title of the current debate: should physician-assisted suicide be permitted. Yet the justification for physician-assisted suicide can be examined separately from that of assisted suicide, and I restrict my concern to examining two frequently used arguments that physicians and only physicians should have the authority to assist suicide. These arguments are that physician-assisted suicide will first, promote people’s liberty and second, foster compassion. I argue that these arguments fail on empirical grounds and because more effective and less contentious means could achieve the same ends.
Intergenerational Transmission of Tridimensional Cultural Orientations in Chinese American Families: The Role of Bicultural Socialization

It is important to understand the acculturation process of ethnic minority youth: To which cultures do they orient, and how do their cultural orientations develop? The present study tests a tridimensional acculturation model in Chinese American families and examines a potential mechanism through which parental cultural orientations may relate to adolescent cultural orientations. Participants were 350 Chinese American adolescents (M age = 17.04, 58 % female) and their parents in Northern California. Results support the tridimensional acculturation model by demonstrating moderate associations among Chinese American orientation, Chinese orientation, and American orientation; our findings also point to a unique effect of parental Chinese American orientation on parental bicultural socialization beliefs. Most importantly, we identified an indirect pathway from parental to adolescents’ Chinese American orientation through adolescents’ internalization of parental bicultural socialization beliefs.
The self-similarly expanding Eshelby ellipsoidal inclusion: I. Field solution

Abstract The solution of a self-similarly (subsonically) dynamically expanding ellipsoidal inclusion with general spatially uniform transformation strain temporally constant is obtained by the use of the Radon transform and the satisfaction of the zero initial conditions and the radiation condition at infinity. It constitutes the self-similar evolution of the inclusion singularity (jump discontinuity at the inclusion boundary) starting from zero dimension. The field solutions for the displacement gradient and particle velocity are presented. Due to the fact that for a self-similarly expanding subsonic motion the hyperbolic system of the partial differential equations of motion becomes elliptic (as proved in Ni and Markenscoff, 2015 ), it is shown here explicitly that the solution for the displacement gradient in the interior domain of the expanding ellipsoid is constant, thus extending the Eshelby property to the self-similarly expanding ellipsoids as pointed out by Burridge and Willis (1969) . Also, the particle velocity is shown to be zero in the interior domain (lacuna) as the waves emitted by the self-similarly expanding inclusion cancel each other due to the symmetries of geometry and motion.
Cleavage of Type I Collagen by Fibroblast Activation Protein-α Enhances Class A Scavenger Receptor Mediated Macrophage Adhesion

Pathophysiological conditions such as fibrosis, inflammation, and tumor progression are associated with modification of the extracellular matrix (ECM). These modifications create ligands that differentially interact with cells to promote responses that drive pathological processes. Within the tumor stroma, fibroblasts are activated and increase the expression of type I collagen. In addition, activated fibroblasts specifically express fibroblast activation protein-α (FAP), a post-prolyl peptidase. Although FAP reportedly cleaves type I collagen and contributes to tumor progression, the specific pathophysiologic role of FAP is not clear. In this study, the possibility that FAP-mediated cleavage of type I collagen modulates macrophage interaction with collagen was examined using macrophage adhesion assays. Our results demonstrate that FAP selectively cleaves type I collagen resulting in increased macrophage adhesion. Increased macrophage adhesion to FAP-cleaved collagen was not affected by inhibiting integrin-mediated interactions, but was abolished in macrophages lacking the class A scavenger receptor (SR-A/CD204). Further, SR-A expressing macrophages localize with activated fibroblasts in breast tumors of MMTV-PyMT mice. Together, these results demonstrate that FAP-cleaved collagen is a substrate for SR-A-dependent macrophage adhesion, and suggest that by modifying the ECM, FAP plays a novel role in mediating communication between activated fibroblasts and macrophages.
A Bibliography of Host Plant Resistance Literature for the Boll Weevil, Anthonomus grandis

A number of publications have been written about the boll weevil due to its significant economic impact on cotton production. Two excellent bibliographies, Dunn (1964) and Mitlin and Mitlin (1968), cover the boll weevil literature from 1843 through 1960, and 1961 through 1965, respectively. Since then many more articles have been published, especially in the area of host plant resistance. Increased emphasis on host plant resistance is due to a natural evolution in pest management, increased funding for this type of research, and the development of the USDA-ARS regional projects: S-59 “Ecology and Management of Heliothis spp. on Cotton, Corn, Soybean and Other Host Plants;” S-102 “An Integrated System for Suppression of the Boll Weevil;” and S-105 “Host Plant Resistance in Cotton to Insects, Mites, Nematodes, and Diseases.” Theseprojects have encouraged cooperative research, and exchange of ideas and data.
Influence of the human endogenous retrovirus-like element HERV-E.PTN on the expression of growth factor pleiotrophin: a critical role of a retroviral Sp1-binding site.

Germ line insertion of a human endogenous retrovirus-like element (HERV-E.PTN) into the growth factor pleiotrophin (PTN) gene generated a phylogenetically new promoter driving the expression of functional HERV-PTN fusion transcripts. Here we show by in situ hybridization, that HERV-PTN fusion transcripts are expressed in malignant trophoblasts (i.e. choriocarcinoma) and in the proliferative and in the invasive trophoblasts of gestational trophoblastic tissue. Additionally, a 1.9 kb fragment of the HERV-derived PTN promoter was analysed which has strong activity when transiently transfected into choriocarcinoma JEG-3 cells in contrast to HeLa cells. Deletion of the retrovirally-derived promoter portion abolished its activity and an enhancer (+443 to +486) was identified in this region. Electrophoretic mobility shift and supershift experiments identified a Sp1 binding site in this enhancer and site specific mutation of this site abolished its activity in choriocarcinoma cells. Sp1 overexpression in Drosophila SL2 cells showed that the enhancer activity is mediated via Sp1 binding in vivo. Furthermore, mutation of the Sp1 binding site reduced the activity of a promoter test fragment in choriocarcinoma cells by 80%. Our result shows that a retroviral Sp1 binding site in the PTN promoter is important for the expression of growth factor pleiotrophin in human choriocarcinoma cells. Oncogene (2000) 19, 3988 - 3998.