cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
USE OF POLARIZATION SPECTROSCOPY IN STUDIES OF LANTHANIDE COMPLEXES IN SOLUTION

The use of linearly or circularly polarized light in the absorption or excitation bean in spectroscopic studles involving lanthanide ions, and the analysis of emitted light polarization has provided useful information con- cerning molecular structure, and excited state dynamics and energetics. Lin- ear polarization studies may be used to aid in the assignment of crystal field components of electronic transitions, and circular polarization may be em- ployed as a probe of chiral structure and structural changes. Examples of several of the different experimental techniques are presented and discussed.
High-Resolution TEM

We will now rethink what we mean by a TEM, in a way that is more suitable for HRTEM, where the purpose is to maximize the useful detail in the image. (Note the word useful here.) You should think of the microscope as an optical device which transfers information from the specimen to the image. The optics consist of a series of lenses and apertures aligned along the optic (symmetry) axis. What we would like to do is to transfer all the information from the specimen to the image, a process known as mapping. There are two problems to overcome and we can never be completely successful in transferring all the information. As you know from Chapter 6, the lens system is not perfect so the image is distorted and you lose some data (Abbe’s theory). The second problem is that we have to interpret the image using an atomistic model for the material. Ideally, this model will include a full description of the atomic potential and the bonding of the atoms, but we don’t know that either. We will also need to know exactly how many atoms the electron encountered on its way through the specimen. So most of our task will be concerned with finding the best compromise and producing models for the real situation. To conclude our discussion of the theory, we will introduce the language of information theory, which is increasingly used in HRTEM. We close the chapter with a review of the experimental applications of HRTEM to include periodic and nonperiodic materials, mixtures of the two, or just single atoms.
Inflation and accelerated expansion tensor-vector-scalar cosmological solutions

We find exact exponentially expanding and contracting de Sitter solutions of the spatially homogeneous TeVeS cosmological equations of motion in the vacuum TeVeS model and a power law accelerated expanding solution in the presence of an additional ideal fluid with equation of state parameter -5/3<{omega}<-1. A preliminary stability analysis shows that the expanding vacuum solution is stable, while in the ideal fluid case stability depends on model parameter values. These solutions might provide a basis for incorporating early-time inflation or late-time accelerated expansion in TeVeS cosmology.
Collateral Free Lending with Risk-Contingent Credit for Agricultural Development

This paper investigates a viable alternative to traditional credit products through the development of risk-contingent credit for operating loans and farm mortgages and applies the concept to agricultural loans for pulse crops in India. We analyze daily commodity spot prices and design risk contingent structured financial instruments. Risk contingent credit mitigates business and financial risk by reducing debt obligations depending on the embedded commodity options whose payoffs are linked with commodity price fluctuations.
Epistemic Communities Searching for Regional Cooperation

Regional Security Regimes: Israel and Its Neighbors Edited by Efraim Inbar Pacific Cooperation: Building Economic and Security Regimes in the Asia-Pacific Region Edited by Andrew Mack and John Ravenhill
Issues in control of space membrane/inflatable structures

Membrane/inflatable structures for space applications hold great promise. Their reduced launch mass and stowed volume suggests the possibility of large aperture antenna and reflectors for increased resolution, and solar sails and shades that can span great distances. However, their extreme flexibility provides for significant challenge with regard to the control of their deployment and shape. This paper reviews many of the issues involved with the control of membrane/inflatables for space applications, and suggests directions for future research activities.
EUS predictors of long-term survival in esophageal carcinoma.

Background: EUS is the most accurate nonsurgical modality for the staging of esophageal cancer, but the ability of EUS to predict outcomes or prognosis is unclear. Patients were examined who had EUS performed for esophageal cancer staging to determine which endosonographic features predict survival. Method: Data on 203 patients undergoing EUS for esophageal cancer staging were studied retrospectively. Median survival was calculated for each T-stage and N-stage and according to the presence or absence of celiac axis (CAx) lymphadenopathy as determined by EUS. Kaplan-Meier survival curves were generated for each stage and the log-rank test was used to test for significant differences in survival. Multivariate analysis was performed to test for the relative importance in predicting survival of the EUS stages, also considering age, gender, histology, and type of treatment. Results: Significant differences were found in the ability of EUS-determined T-stage (p = 0.0005), N-stage (p < 0.0001), and presence of CAx nodes (p = 0.0049) to predict survival. Multivariate analysis showed N-stage to predict survival. Conclusions: Pretreatment EUS can predict survival in esophageal cancer based on initial T-stage, N-stage, and the presence of CAx nodes. The presence of lymphadenopathy at EUS is an important predictor of survival. EUS should be performed in all patients with esophageal cancer, not only for staging patients before therapy, but also as a valuable method of determining prognosis. (Gastrointest Endosc 2001;53:463-9.)
Numerical investigation of synthetic-jet flowfields

The flowflelds surrounding a synthetic-jet actuating device are investigated numerically by direct simulation. Solutions are obtained to the unsteady compressible Navier-Stokes equations for both the interior of the actuator cavity and for the external jet flowfield. The interior results are generated on an overset deforming zonal mesh system, whereas the jet flowfield is obtained by a high-order compact-difference scheme. Newton-like subiterations are employed to achieve second-order temporal accuracy. Details of the computations are summarized, and the quality of the results is assessed via grid resolution and time-step size studies. Several aspects of the actuator configuration are investigated, including cavity geometry and Reynolds number. Differences between two-dimensional and three-dimensional external unsteady flowfields are elucidated, and comparison is made with experimental data in terms of the mean and fluctuating components of the jet velocity
No Couple Is an Island: A Social Network Perspective on Dyadic Stability

Social networks have a relatively large and multifaceted effect on the stability of intimate relationships, based on proportional hazard analysis involving 290 individuals. Perceptions of approval from a respondent's friends and approval from a partner's family increase relationship stability. On the other hand, perceived approval from a respondent's family, overall encouragement to date, and closeness to a best friend decrease stability in the multivariate model. Perceptions of social approval are better at predicting stability than actual approval. The effects of social networks occur even after controlling for the significant effects of dyadic variables such as the perceived existence of alternatives, closeness to the partner, and arguing. Findings confirm the positive and negative roles of social ties and support the argument that friendships can compete with romantic relationships for companionship.
Generalizations of the Kuznetsov-Tsybakov problem for generating image-like 2D barcodes

Many two-dimensional (2D) barcodes, such as quick response (QR) codes, lack user-friendly appearance. Our goal in this paper is to generate 2D barcodes that “look” like recognizable images or logos. Standard steganographic methods hide a message (payload) in an image usually by modifying bits in a specific way using predetermined pixels of the image. This approach cannot be directly used for very low bit rates commonly used in 1 bit per pixel 2D barcodes. It is possible to produce barcodes in which the grayness of a pixel in an image is interpreted as the probability of assigning a value (black or white) to the corresponding pixel of the encoded message (payload). This can be viewed as statistical constraints enforced on the encoded bit-sequence. Using an information theoretic approach, Kuznetsov and Tsybakov have shown that this can be done for a specific case of constraints almost without any loss of capacity. In this paper, we propose generalizations of this approach with weaker constraints as an application to generating 2D barcodes that resemble images. We describe a coding framework, various types of constraints, a practical approximation and some example 2D barcodes generated from our implementation.
Multiple stable subharmonics for a periodic epidemic model

The S → I → R epidemic model of K. Dietz with annual oscillation in the contact rate is shown to have multiple stable subharmonic solutions of different integral year periods.
Phrenic nerve pacing via intramuscular diaphragm electrodes in tetraplegic subjects.

Context Diaphragm pacing in ventilator-dependent tetraplegic subjects is usually achieved by the placement of phrenic nerve electrodes via thoracotomy. However, this technique may be accomplished less invasively via laparoscopic placement of IM electrodes, at a lower cost and with less risk of injury to the phrenic nerve. Objective To assess the feasibility of laparascopic placement of IM diaphragm electrodes to achieve long-term ventilatory support in ventilator-dependent tetraplegic subjects. Design, setting, and participants Two IM diaphragm electrodes were placed laparoscopically in each hemidiaphragm in five subjects with ventilator-dependent tetraplegia. Studies were performed either on an outpatient basis or with a single overnight hospitalization. Ventilator-dependent tetraplegic subjects were identified in whom bilateral phrenic nerve function was present, as determined by phrenic nerve conduction studies. Following electrode placement, subjects participated in a conditioning program to improve the strength and endurance of the diaphragm over a period of 15 to 25 weeks. The duration of the study was variable depending on the time necessary to determine the maximum duration that individuals could be maintained without mechanical ventilation support. Main outcome measures Magnitude of inspired volume generation and duration of ventilatory support with bilateral diaphragm pacing alone. Results In four of the five subjects studied, initial bilateral diaphragm stimulation resulted in inspired volumes between 430 and 1,060 mL. Reconditioning of the diaphragm over several weeks resulted in substantial increases in inspired volumes to 1,100 to 1,240 mL. These subjects were comfortably maintained without mechanical ventilatory support for prolonged time periods by diaphragm pacing, by full-time ventilatory support in three subjects, and 20 h per day, in the fourth subject. No response to stimulation was observed in one subject, most likely secondary to denervation atrophy. Conclusions Diaphragm pacing in ventilator-dependent tetraplegic subjects can be successfully achieved via laparascopic placement of IM electrodes.
Two- and three-dimensional boundary detection

A goal-directed method of detecting boundaries in two-dimensional and three-dimensional space is presented as well as the motivation of the research. The computer implementation of the algorithm and the results produced by the algorithm are shown.
Acidity and catalytic properties of zirconium phosphite

Abstract Zirconium phosphite has a layered structure similar to zirconium phosphate. The phosphite compounds behave as acid catalysts in alcohol dehydration reactions, but the nature of the acidic sites is unclear. Infrared spectra of zirconium phosphite samples heated in air showed three weak absorption peaks at 3480, 3535 and 3670 cm −1 in the O H stretching region. However, only the 3670 cm −1 peak was affected by methanol adsorption. Temperature programmed ammonia desorption profiles showed that the acid sites of zirconium phosphites are weaker than those of zirconium orthophosphate, but stronger than those observed for zirconium pyrophosphate. Nevertheless, high conversions of ethanol to ethylene were obtained.
A Mouse Model of Conduction System Patterning Abnormalities in Heterotaxy Syndrome

Duplication or absence of parts of the specialized cardiac conduction system in patients with heterotaxy syndrome causes significant clinical disease, but the mechanistic basis by which embryonic disruption of left-right patterning alters conduction system patterning in these patients is not well understood. We sought to determine whether a mouse model of X-linked human heterotaxy recapitulates conduction system abnormalities identified in patients with heterotaxy. Cardiac structure and conduction system patterning were evaluated in Zic3 null embryos from e9.5 to e16.5 using genetic and molecular methods. Severe structural abnormalities involving atrial, ventricular, and conotruncal development were associated with a spectrum of disorganized and ambiguous arrangements throughout the conduction system, including the appearance of duplicated structures. The severity and location of conduction system abnormalities correlated with the severity and location of associated structural heart disease and were identifiable at the earliest stages examined. The Zic3 mouse model provides a novel tool to dissect the mechanistic underpinnings of conduction system patterning and dysfunction and its relationship to cardiovascular malformations, making it a promising model to improve understanding and risk assessment in the clinical arena.
Cerebral syphilitic gummata: a case presentation and analysis of 156 reported cases.

Objective Cerebral syphilitic gummata are rare manifestations of tertiary, meningovascular syphilis. No extensive characterization of these lesions has been published recently, and only a few small reviews containing imaging findings have been published to date. To better characterize cerebral gummata, we present a case seen at Tulane University, followed by an extensive review of the literature. Clinical presentation A 56-year-old man with a history of treated syphilis presented with seizures and confusion. A rapid plasma reagin titer was reactive in serum but Venereal Disease Research Laboratory results were negative in cerebrospinal fluid. Neuroimaging demonstrated an occipital lesion and the patient underwent subtotal resection. The pathological examination demonstrated a syphilitic gumma containing Treponema pallidum visualized by fluorescence immunostaining. Methods An extensive literature search was performed for published case reports of cerebral gummata. Results One hundred fifty-six cases containing 185 lesions were located. Patients presented with signs and symptoms based on location. Lesions are more common in men (64%) and those aged 18 to 39 years. Cerebrospinal fluid syphilis tests were positive in 64%. Lesions are located everywhere but are most common on the convexities (66%). Computed tomography usually reveals a hypodense lesion that enhances. Magnetic resonance imaging usually demonstrates hypointensity on T1, hyperintensity on T2, and enhancement with gadolinium. Most patients are responsive to antiluetic therapy, with the majority demonstrating complete or near-complete imaging and symptom resolution. Conclusion Cerebral gummata are rare lesions. Intravenous penicillin G with imaging follow-up is recommended for most patients. Surgery should be reserved for those unresponsive to antibiotics or those with acutely elevated intracranial pressure.
Optimizing Image Analysis for Subwavelength Fluorescence Microscopy with Palm and Storm

Emerging super-resolution fluorescence microscopy techniques (e.g. PALM and STORM) are of growing significance in biophysical research, enabling high resolution imaging of live cells. Key structures imaged by these techniques include the cytoskeleton, membranes, and mitochondria. Recent theoretical work confirms that the experimentally achievable image acquisition rate and resolution in these techniques is limited by the performance of the rejection algorithm (used to distinguish single-fluorophore images from multi-fluorophore images) as much as by the physical performance of the imaging system. Better rejection algorithms may therefore yield faster and more accurate experiments as well as faster post-processing.We benchmarked the performance of several shape-based rejection algorithms that require no a priori knowledge about the fluorescence efficiency or orientation of the probes, as these parameters are subject to considerable variation. We initially characterized an approach to rejection based on a process of (1) nonlinear curve fitting of the intensity map to an asymmetric Gaussian and (2) subsequent rejection or acceptance of images based on the ellipticity of the fitted function. Ellipticity is used to indicate the presence of multiple activated fluorophores that are separated by less than the wavelength of light and forming overlapping blurs with different centers. We found that the minimum separation for reliable rejection was approximately lambda/3. We then characterized an iterative noise-compensated linear curve-fitting algorithm and found its rejection performance to be nearly identical to the nonlinear approach, but significantly faster. Additionally, we have preliminary performance data for a novel rejection algorithm that employs center of mass estimation on different portions of the bright spot to infer ellipticity. These results are promising steps towards STORM/PALM image processing tools fast enough to enable real-time (rather than post facto) visualization of live cells during experimental manipulations.
Training Interface Design and Task Analytic Methods

Analytic techniques are needed that will guide the design of system interfaces to evoke effective control strategies. This study compared the strategic patterns of system control exhibited by operators during training with three interface designs. Twenty-eight right handed undergraduate students were trained to control a simulated evaporator over a four day period. Reaction time, number of control actions, the amount of equipment damage and system deviation in operating pressure, separator level, and product composition were collected and analyzed. The results show reliable differences between operator control strategies using the interface designs associated with operating pressure, product composition, and separator level.
Group VIA Ca2+-independent phospholipase A2 (iPLA2β) and its role in β-cell programmed cell death

Activation of phospholipases A(2) (PLA(2)s) leads to the generation of biologically active lipid mediators that can affect numerous cellular events. The Group VIA Ca(2+)-independent PLA(2), designated iPLA(2)beta, is active in the absence of Ca(2+), activated by ATP, and inhibited by the bromoenol lactone suicide inhibitor (BEL). Over the past 10-15 years, studies using BEL have demonstrated that iPLA(2)beta participates in various biological processes and the recent availability of mice in which iPLA(2)beta expression levels have been genetically-modified are extending these findings. Work in our laboratory suggests that iPLA(2)beta activates a unique signaling cascade that promotes beta-cell apoptosis. This pathway involves iPLA(2)beta dependent induction of neutral sphingomyelinase, production of ceramide, and activation of the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis. There is a growing body of literature supporting beta-cell apoptosis as a major contributor to the loss of beta-cell mass associated with the onset and progression of Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes mellitus. This underscores a need to gain a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying beta-cell apoptosis so that improved treatments can be developed to prevent or delay the onset and progression of diabetes mellitus. Herein, we offer a general review of Group VIA Ca(2+)-independent PLA(2) (iPLA(2)beta) followed by a more focused discussion of its participation in beta-cell apoptosis. We suggest that iPLA(2)beta-derived products trigger pathways which can lead to beta-cell apoptosis during the development of diabetes.
Relative turnover rates of proteins and peptides of rat liver fatty acid synthetase

Abstract The double label method of Arias et al . (J. Biol. Chem., 244 , 3303, 1969) has been adapted to measure the relative turnover rates of proteins and peptides derived from rat liver fatty acid synthetase from starved and refed animals. Differential rates of turnover were not detected in either proteins from polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, nor in peptides obtained by tryptic digestion.
Laser-induced phonon spectroscopy. Optical generation of ultrasonic waves and investigation of electronic excited-state interactions in solids

Crossed laser pulse excitation generates high amplitude, counterpropagating, ultrasonic waves (acoustic phonons of selected wave vector) via direct coupling between the optical electromagnetic field and the material acoustic field. The technique allows optical generation of ultrasonic waves, conveniently tunable to at least 20 GHz. The coupling mechanism, which does not involve optical absorption, is discussed in detail in terms of electrostriction. The periodic density changes resulting from the acoustic waves cause spectral shifts whose magnitudes reflect the strengths of excited-state intermolecular interactions and excited-state phonon interactions. The first quantitative measurements of spectral shifts by laser-induced phonon spectroscopy (LIPS) are reported. In pentacene in $p$-terphenyl, spectral shifts on the order of 1 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ are measured using laser-induced phonons propagating along the $b$ crystallographic axis. Orientation of the phonon wave vector along various crystalline directions allows investigation of the anisotropic excited-state intermolecular interactions.
Improving discrete mathematics and algorithms curricula with LINK

This paper introduces the LINK system as an educational tool which can be used to visualize and experiment with discrete algorithms. An extended example demonstrates the flexibility of the system in the context of a fundamental graph algorithm: finding the strongly connected components of a directed graph.
Skin Cancer Risk Behaviors Among US Men: The Role of Sexual Orientation

The current study assessed skin cancer risk behaviors by sexual orientation in a nationally representative prospective sample of US men (n = 1767), sampled at ages 16 and 29 years. At age 16 years, sexual minority men were 3.9 times as likely as heterosexual men to indoor tan. Participants did not significantly differ in the use of sunscreen or the frequency of outdoor tanning. Thus, sexual minority men might be an at-risk group for developing skin cancers because of their indoor tanning behaviors.
The transition from blueschist to greenschist facies modeled by the reaction glaucophane + 2 diopside + 2 quartz = tremolite + 2 albite

The reaction glaucophane + 2 diopside + 2 quartz = tremolite + 2 albite is proposed to model the transition from the blueschist to greenschist facies. This reaction was investigated experimentally over the range of 1.0–2.1 GPa and 500–800°C using synthetic phases in the chemical system Na2O–CaO–MgO–Al2O3–SiO2–H2O. Reversals of this reaction were possible at 500 and 550°C and growth of the low-pressure assemblage at 600°C; however, at temperatures of 600°C and higher and at pressures above 1.6 GPa omphacite nucleation (at the expense of diopside and albite) became quite strong and prevented attaining clear reversals of this reaction. Compositional changes in the amphiboles were determined by both electron microprobe analyses and correlations between unit-cell dimensions and composition. Glaucophane and particularly tremolite showed clear signs of compositional re-equilibration and merged to a single amphibole of winchite composition by about 754°C. These data were used to model the miscibility gap between glaucophane and tremolite using either the asymmetric multicomponent formulism parameters of W TR,GL of 68 kJ with αTR of 1.0 and αGL of 0.75 or a simple two-site asymmetric thermodynamic mixing expression with Margules parameters W NaCa of 13.4 kJ and W CaNa of 19.3 kJ. Combination of these thermodynamic models of the miscibility gap with extant thermodynamic data for the other phases yields a calculated location of the above reaction, involving pure diopside and albite, that is in good agreement with the observed experimental reversals and amphibole compositions over the range of 0.94–1.93 GPa and 400–754°C. The calculated effect of jadeite solid solution into diopside is to reduce the dP/dT slope from 0.0028 to 0.0021 GPa/°C and decrease the pressure by 0.28 GPa at 754°C. The dP/dT slope of this reaction boundary lies close to a linear geotherm of 13°C/km and is consistent with the slopes of other solid–solid reactions that have been used to model the blueschist-to-greenschist facies transition.
Effect of circumcostal gastropexy on gastric myoelectric and motor activity in dogs

Gastric electrical and contractile activities were assessed in healthy adult dogs on the eighth day after circumcostal gastropexy surgery, using serosal electrodes and strain gauge force transducers. Recordings were analysed to determine gastric slow wave frequency, presence of gastric slow wave dysrhythmias, gastric slow wave propagation velocity, coupling of gastric contractions to slow waves, a gastric motility index based on relative contractile amplitudes, and onset of gastric contractions after a standardised meal. Overall, gastric electrical and contractile activities were relatively unaffected by circumcostal gastropexy.
2.4 Formation of various metal semiconductor junctions by means of ion evaporation

Abstract The paper deals with the result of some preliminary experiments of applying ion-evaporated metal layers to silicon and heat treatment of the samples. Ion evaporation is based on the electron beam evaporation, namely, the ions arising from the 180° deflection type e-gun are accelerated to cause implantation effects during the condensation of the neutral particles. The accelerating voltage is typically 20 kV, the ion current 5–20 mA. Four metals have been chosen for the experiments: Al, Ni, Cu and Mo. The I–V-characteristics of the contacts deposited by ion evaporation were ohmlc. The curves appreciably changed after heat treatment of the samples at 400, 500 and 580°C. The AlSi contacts had very high resistivity after the treatment at 400°C, but then Al alloyed diode type contacts were achieved at 500°C. Ni and Mo formed alloyed type contacts at 580°C, and similar results were obtained in case of Cu. Very interesting results were obtained for Ni and Mo at 500°C, where we obtained I–V-characteristics of the Schottky-diode type, but with the reverse polarity.
Effect of nonuniform CCD pixel sensitivity variations on measurement accuracy

A measurement program designed to investigate the variations in sensitivity of focal plane array son a sub-pixel scale has produced such information for two devices: a two-phase front-illuminated CCD and a three-phase back-illuminated CCD. The effect of a non-uniform pixel response on a aperture photometry has been previously analyzed for a front-illuminated CCD. This paper presents results regarding the photometric errors to be expected for a back-illuminated CCD and astrometric errors for both devices. The uncertainty introduced in both measurements, when using under sampled data, is significant.
Performance and validation of a suborbital FUV spatial heterodyne spectro-polarimeter optimized for wide-field observations of interplanetary hydrogen

The HYdrogen Polarimetric Explorer (HYPE) is a sounding rocket experiment designed to obtained spectro-polarimetric measurements of diffuse ultraviolet astrophysical objects at high resolving power. HYPE consists of a spatial heterodyne spectrometer and a diamond Brewster - LiF half wave polarimeter and is optimized for study of solar scattering from interplanetary hydrogen penetrating the solar system. We report on the calibration and performance of HYPE in preparation for a first flight of the experiment.
Local supersymmetry in superspace

Supersymmetric Yang-Mills and gravitational theories are formulated in terms of connections on superspace. The anticommutator of the spinor components of the connections are constrained. This gives the usual supersymmetric Yang-Mills theory and a formulation of supergravity in terms of a gauge phase factor. Supergauge invariance is used to reduce the phase factor to Wess-Zumino form, leaving the local supersymmetry algebra which agrees with the transformations of Breitenlohner.
Methodological Challenges in the Study of Emotional Socialization

Fredrickson, B. L. (1998). What good are positive emotions? Review of General Psychology, 2, 300-319. Fredrickson, B. L., & Levenson, R. W. (1998). Positive emotions speed recovery from the cardiovascular sequelae of negative emotions. Cognition and Emotion, 12, 191-220. Fredrickson, B. L., Mancuso, R. A., Branigan, C., & Tugade, M. M. (1998). The undoing effect of positive emotions. Manuscript submitted for publication. Fredrickson, B. L., & Roberts, T. (1997). Objectification theory: Toward understanding women's lived experience and mental health risks. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 21, 173-206. Fredrickson, B. L., Roberts, T., Noll, S. M., Quinn, D. M., & Twenge, J. M. (1998). That swimsuit becomes you: Sex differences in self-objectification, restrained eating and math performance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 269-284. Harrison, K., & Cantor, J. (1997). The relationship between media consumption and eating disorders. Journal of Communication, 47, 40-67. Keltner, D., & Harker, L. A. (1998). The forms and functions of the nonverbal signal of shame. In P. Gilbert & B. Andrews (Eds.), Shame, interpersonal behavior, psychopathology, and culture (pp. 78-98). New York: Oxford University Press. Lazarus, R. S. (1991). Emotion and adaptation. New York: Oxford University Press. Lewis, M. (1993). Self-conscious emotions: Embarrassment, pride, shame, and guilt. In M. Lewis & J. M. Haviland (Eds.), Handbook of emotions (pp. 563-573). New York: Guilford. Noll, S. M., & Fredrickson, B. L. (1998). A mediational model linking self-objectification, body shame, and disordered eating. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 22, 623-636. Scheff, T. J. (1988). Shame and conformity: The deference-emotion system. American Sociological Review, 53, 395-406. Tangney, J. P., Miller, R. S., Flicker, L., & Barlow, D. H. (1996). Are shame, guilt, and embarrassment distinct emotions? Journal ot Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 1256-1269.
Summary of the child custody laws for the fifty states

Abstract The essential stipulations in laws relating to custody determination are summarized in Table form. Issues of joint or shared custody, the principle of the best interests of the child, Uniform Child Custody Act, and the acceptance of psychological investigations of the child and his or her family are discussed and summarized.
An initial investigation into incorporating human reports into a road-constrained random set tracker

Road-constrained tracking of multiple targets poses a challenge for standard tracking algorithms due to possible target/road ambiguities. The random set approach accepts the existence of ambiguity and tracks the probability density associated with each target/road hypothesis. Measurements from multiple sensors are used to update these densities via random set analogues of the Bayesian filtering equations. Reports from humans have the potential to complement and augment data provided by sensors. A challenge with incorporating human reports is that the reports' vagueness and ambiguity lead to many possible interpretations. We propose a method for incorporating human reports into a road-constrained random set tracker (RST). Our proposed approach involves mapping a human report into multiple plausible precise measurements. These precise measurements are used to update the global density in a manner similar to the sensor measurement case. We validated our approach using a simulated road network scenario, consisting of multiple sensors and targets and a simple human observer model. The human observer's reports contained coarse information about the number and relative location of the targets within a field of view. These human reports are mapped to multiple groups of plausible measurements consisting of ranges and bearing angles with large errors. The performance of the RST with and without the human reports is compared. A quantitative metric indicates that the inclusion of the human reports increases the belief of the RST in the correct target/road hypothesis.
Adherence to antiepilepsy drug therapy

Adherence to antiepilepsy drug (AED) therapy is critical for effective disease management, yet adherence and persistence rates are low due to several barriers. The definitions of adherence (80% rate of total pills taken, medication possession ratio, and days covered by prescriptions filled) and methods of measurement (patient self-reports, serum drug levels, pill counts, electronic bottle tops, and reviews of pharmacy records) are not without limitations, and their applicability to epilepsy is not clear. The use of simple adherence scales during office visits can provide an overall impression of a patient's adherence and can serve as a basis for practitioner-patient dialog. Efforts to improve adherence should focus on provider and healthcare system determinants versus those focused only on the patient. These interventions include non-judgmental communication, patient education, simplification of the dosage regimen with once-daily therapies, and the use of patient reminders.
Effects of hospital policies based on 1996 group B streptococcal disease consensus guidelines

Abstract Objective: To determine whether the 1996 consensus guidelines for prevention of early-onset group B streptococcal disease developed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, ACOG, and the American Academy of Pediatrics are affecting obstetric practice and disease occurrence. Methods: Personnel in hospitals with obstetric services in seven surveillance areas completed surveys about their programs, patient populations, and group B streptococcal disease prevention policies. Survey results were linked to group B streptococcal disease cases identified by active surveillance in 1996 and 1997. An early onset case was defined as a case in which group B streptococci were isolated from a sterile site in the 1st 6 days of life. The number of cases in 1996 and 1997 were compared using a paired t test. Linear regression was used to assess hospital characteristics associated with group B streptococcal disease cases. Results: Of 177 hospitals, 165 (93%) responded, and 96 (58%) of those had group B streptococcal disease prevention policies. Hospitals that established or revised their policies in 1996 had a lower mean number of cases in 1997 than in 1996 (0.58 versus 1.29, P = .006). Linear regression analysis, controlling for number of births, indicated that a hospital’s having more black mothers and location in particular states were associated with more cases of disease. Citing the 1996 ACOG reference as the source for hospital group B streptococcal disease prevention policy was associated with fewer cases of group B streptococcal disease (P = .038). Conclusion: The publication and adoption of the guidelines were associated with decreasing occurrence of group B streptococcal disease. (Obstet Gynecol 2000;95:377–82.)
Lack of modifying effects of 6-mercaptopurine in a medium term bioassay system for liver carcinogenesis using male F344 rats.

Abstract Carcinogenic and modification potential of 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) was studied in a medium-term bioassay system for rat liver carcinogenesis. F344 male rats were initiated with a single dose (200 mg/kg body wt.) of diethylnitrosamine (DEN) i.p. and fed diets containing either 0.005% or 0.02% 6-MP with or without 0.05% phenobarbital (PB) for 6 weeks. Quantitative data revealed that 6-MP did not enhance the appearance of enzymealtered preneoplastic foci and nodules even when administered at the highest dose (0.02%) despite showing an immunosuppressive effect and slight liver cell damage. Neither of the doses of 6-MP exerted any significant influence on the enhancing effect of PB when administered simultaneously in the medium-term-bioassay.
Pregnancy-Related Mortality in the United States, 1991-1997

Abstract Objective To describe trends in pregnancy-related mortality and risk factors for pregnancy-related deaths in the United States for the years 1991 through 1997. Methods In collaboration with the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists and state health departments, the Pregnancy Mortality Surveillance System, part of the Division of Reproductive Health at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, has collected information on all reported pregnancy-related deaths occurring since 1979. Data include those present on death certificates and, when available, matching birth or fetal death certificates. Data are reviewed and coded by clinically experienced epidemiologists. The pregnancy-related mortality ratio was defined as pregnancy-related deaths per 100,000 live births. Results The reported pregnancy-related mortality ratio increased from 10.3 in 1991 to 12.9 in 1997. An increased risk of pregnancy-related death was found for black women, older women, and women with no prenatal care. The leading causes of death were embolism, hemorrhage, and other medical conditions, although the percent of all pregnancy-related deaths caused by hemorrhage declined from 28% in the early 1980s to 18% in the current study period. Conclusion The reported pregnancy-related mortality ratio has increased, probably because of improved identification of pregnancy-related deaths. Black women continue to have an almost four-fold increased risk of pregnancy-related death, the greatest disparity among the maternal and child health indicators. Although review of pregnancy-related deaths by states remains an important public health function, such work must be expanded to identify factors that influence the survival of women with serious pregnancy complications.
Global health research strategies

The application of health systems analysis points to the need to specify theoretically the circumstances under which health disparities exist in the USA as well as in other countries. This paper highlights the importance of developing major themes in global health research and formulating research strategies to investigate the dynamic forces of health status change and human adaptation in small geographical areas. The concepts based on systems theory are used to build a theoretically informed framework to guide ecological research on global health. The use of advanced statistical and dynamic modelling techniques enables researchers to better understand the determinants and consequences of global health and population change. The research foci should be extended beyond the conventional bounds of health disparity studies. Intervention research should be designed and executed to produce new knowledge for improving medical practice and global health.
Proof of concept ‘A Portable Architecture for Qatar’

AbstractThe proof of concept is a research-based analysis by Virginia Commonwealth University in Qatar, Center for Research in Design to evaluate the feasibility of converting surplus ISO shipping containers into housing units for migrant workers in the State of Qatar.The project addresses the need for temporary labor accommodation associated with Qatar's rapid growth and development. The goal for this project is to identify a long-term, economical solution to this social challenge in support of Qatar's National Vision 2030 toward sustainable development.The proof of concept evolved from its initial mandate of evaluating the feasibility of converting shipping containers for migrant worker housing into an enhanced scope of work that demonstrates how the results of our research could be used to develop a unique and innovative concept for ‘A Portable Architecture for Qatar’. This expanded agenda not only addresses the original mandate but also demonstrates the value of a holistic design approach. ‘A Portable...
ADVERTISING DECISION RULES FOR MARKET SHARE MODELS

This paper develops rules for setting advertising budgets when long term effects of advertising and competitive promotional spending are considered in a market share model. In both deterministic and probabilistic cases, a firm's optimal advertising budget is shown to be relatively insensitive to the level of competitive advertising. The key determinant of the advertising level is long run expected profit, and the budgeting rule developed is to spend a constant percentage of long run profit on advertising. Reasons for this result are explored.
Bandwidth effects on children's perception of the inflectional morpheme /s/: acoustical measurements, auditory detection, and clarity rating.

The goal of this study was to examine developmental effects in auditory perception of word-final /s/ in inflectional morpheme contexts as a function of high-frequency (HF) bandwidth. Such developme...
Optical tomographic imaging of vascular and metabolic reactivity in rheumatoid joints

Our group has recently established that joints affected by Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) can be distinguished from healthy joints through measurements of the scattering coefficient. We showed that a high scattering coefficient in the center of the joint is indicative of a joint with RA. While these results were encouraging, data to date still suffers from low sensitivity and specificity. Possibly higher specificities and sensitivities can be achieved if dynamic measurements of hemodynamic and metabolic processes in the synovium are considered. Using our dual-wavelength imaging system together with previously implemented model-based iterative image reconstruction schemes, we have performed initial dynamic imaging studies involving healthy human volunteers and patients affected by RA. These case studies seem to confirm our hypothesis that differences in the vascular reactivity exist between affected and unaffected joints.
Response of mother and infant squirrel monkeys to separation and disturbance

Abstract Plasma cortisol values were obtained from squirrel monkey mothers and infants after two types of brief separation: infant removed to a nearby cage and infant removed to a different room. Cortisol values were also obtained during basal conditions, and after 30 min exposure to an unfamiliar juvenile conspecific when mothers and infants were allowed to maintain contact. For either separation condition, both mothers and infants exhibited significant cortisol elevations, and overall, infants ‘corticoid values were much greater than mothers’. Behavioral measures were also obtained from mothers, who during both separations tended to show marked behavioral agitation. The partner's presence or absence during separation did not produce differential behavioral or corticoid responses by either mother or infant. However, the presence of the unfamiliar conspecific induced clearly significant cortisol elevations in the infant but only slight elevations in the mother.
The effect of edge conditions on natural convection from a horizontal plate

Abstract Natural convection from a horizontal heated square plate facing downward in air was studied with three different edge conditions: vertical surfaces extending up from the plate edge cooled to ambient temperature, vertical surfaces extending up from the edge kept at the plate temperature and adiabatic horizontal extensions next to the outer edge of the plate. The local heat flux was found by measuring the temperature gradient at the plate surface. The average heat transfer coefficient was found from the local values. The average heat transfer coefficient for the heated edge was seventeen percent greater than the heat transfer coefficient for the cooled edge. The heat transfer coefficient for the horizontal extensions was thirty percent below that for the cooled edge.
Mere odor exposure learning in the rat neonate immediately after birth and 1 day later.

Rat pups are more resistant to retroactive associative interference 3 hr after birth than 24 hr later [Cheslock et al. [2004] Developmental Science, 7, 581–598]. The present experiments tested the effect of age, retention interval and dam presence during the retention interval on odor-induced motor activity subsequent to mere odor exposure. Rats were exposed to an hour of odor immediately after birth or approximately 1 day later and tested after a given retention interval (3 or 27 hr [Exp 1]; 0, 30, 75, or 180 min [Exp. 2]). They spent the retention interval either in the presence or absence of a foster dam (Exp. 1 and 3). After the retention interval, pups were tested in a 4-min activity test including a 2-min baseline period and 2 min of odor exposure. Overall activity was scored during tape-playback. Odor-exposed pups were more active than nonexposed pups during reexposure to the odor during testing, but this was true only for P0 pups. In contrast, P1 pups without prior odor exposure were active during testing and behaviorally quieted in the presence of the odor they were previously exposed to. Though 1 day apart, newborn rats just hours old lack many of the experiences that a 1-day-old has had including nursing, huddling, and being groomed. These experiences are associated with, among other stimuli, a barrage of olfactory cues (e.g., colostrum, saliva, dander, feces, and urine). P0 and P1 pups also differ in their proximity from the birthing experience and associated neurochemical changes. The age-related pattern of responding to odors based on previous odor exposure was discussed in relation to these and other possibilities. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 52: 343–351, 2010.
Regression-based specification tests for the multinomial logit model

Abstract Diagnostic tests for omitted variables or functional misspecification in the multinomial logit (MNL) model can be performed conveniently by testing the significance of auxiliary regressions of residuals on included and excluded variables. In particular, Lagrange Multiplier (LM) and Hausman-McFadden (HM) tests of the Independence from Irrelevant Alternatives (IIA) Property of the MNL model can be carried out by the regression method using suitably defined excluded variables. Using this method, it is straightforward to test jointly against several sources of misspecification, and to diagnose the structure of deviations from the MNL model.