cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Towards autonomous surveillance in real world environments

We present a portable system that is capable of providing autonomous surveillance in real-world environments. We aim to expand the functionality of surveillance systems by combining autonomous object recognition along with depth perception to identify the object and its distance from the camera. Such capability would prove invaluable to autonomous surveillance applications, where persons carrying any forbidden and/or dangerous objects are detected in real-time and appropriate warnings are signaled. We have selected Microsoft Kinect V2 system which includes built-in hardware implementation of algorithms to identify humzans in a complex real-world setting. In addition, the system can simultaneously track 6 people at any time and provide their skeletal joint diagrams for motion tracking. The current work deals with using the skeletal joint diagrams and depth maps to create a focus around the hand area of the people. Our developed algorithm deals with object detection after the segmentation of hands. We use machine learning techniques with establishment of training datasets that include the library of objects that we aim to detect. Finally, the complete signal processing software is implemented within a single board computer.
Effects of a phosphocitrate analogue on osteophyte, subchondral bone advance, and bone marrow lesions in Hartley guinea pigs.

Objectives The objectives of this study were: 1) to examine osteophyte formation, subchondral bone advance, and bone marrow lesions (BMLs) in osteoarthritis (OA)-prone Hartley guinea pigs; and 2) t...
Site-Selective Switching Strategies to Functionalize Polyazines

Many drug fragments and therapeutic compounds contain multiple pyridines and diazines. Developing site-selective reactions where specific C–H bonds can be transformed in polyazine structures would enable rapid access to valuable derivatives. We present a study that addresses this challenge by selectively installing a phosphonium ion as a versatile functional handle. Inherent factors that control site-selectivity are described along with mechanistically driven approaches for site-selective switching, where the C–+PPh3 group can be predictably installed at other positions in the polyazine system. Simple protocols, readily available reagents, and application to complex drug-like molecules make this approach appealing to medicinal chemists.
Millwrights and Engineers, Science, Social Roles, and the Evolution of the Turbine in America

The nineteenth century was a ‘Golden Age’ for mechanical invention, not merely in America, but throughout the Western World. It was also a period of scientific revolution in technology. Clearly, the new scientific technology and the mechanical inventions were related, but the precise nature of the relationship has remained somewhat obscure. The old idea that technology is simply applied science is now being rejected by historians of technology. Technological advances cannot, in general, be explained by prior advances in basic science. This pattern may fit specific cases, particularly the rise of industries based upon electricity and chemistry in the latter half of the nineteenth century, but it is less satisfactory for earlier inventions (1).
Orthotic Management of Idiopathic Scoliosis

Bracing appears to be a valuable tool in managing idiopathic scoliosis. Appropriate patients must be carefully chosen to avoid unnecessary bracing or bracing a curve that clearly needs surgical treatment. A well-managed brace program requires a knowledgeable and caring physician, a skilled orthotist, and a supportive staff to help the family and patient.
Further traps to blood pressure measurement.

To the Editor: Dr. Herbert L. Fred's editorial about accurate blood pressure measurements1 was brilliant, simple, and to the point. It exposed several issues concerning the measurement of blood pressure in the day-to-day clinical setting. Unfortunately, the transformations that many of us have witnessed in the practice of medicine have not always been progressive and efficient, for either the benefit of the patient or the furtherance of our craft. Blood pressures are currently taken—almost universally—by ancillary personnel who have different levels of knowledge and training. Another subjective factor of error is introduced by changes in assigned personnel during a patient's successive visits. One more factor prevents or hampers the taking of blood pressure personally by the doctor or medical provider. In the current era of electronic medical records, providers are so busy fiddling with their computers, tablets, or other devices that their attention is consumed by the extraneous demands of the technology. Lamentably, patients are lucky if the medical provider establishes eye contact with them more than once. This trend will be difficult to change, and it will adversely affect the quality of our clinical work in more ways than one. There is much talk today about “patient-centered” medical care. However, the current trends in medical practice tell otherwise. We are treating laboratory numbers or images, rather than really listening to patients and considering all of their circumstances. Edgardo H. Bianchi, MD St. Mary Clinic, Wilmington, North Carolina
Money talks because people move: Embodied metaphors in economic action

Metaphor plays a major role in the ways people speak and write about money and other economic concepts. One long-standing belief is that most verbal metaphors are cliched or dead, and do not evoke ...
Passive-ZigBee: Enabling ZigBee Communication in IoT Networks with 1000X+ Less Power Consumption

Within heterogenous IoT sensor networks, users of ZigBee devices expect long-lasting battery usage due to its ultra-low power and duty cycle. In IoT networks, to demonstrate even further ultra-low power consumption, we introduce Passive-ZigBee that demonstrates we can transform an existing productive WiFi signal into a ZigBee packet for a CoTS low-power consumption receiver while consuming 1,440 times lower power compared to traditional ZigBee. Moreover, this low power backscatter radio can bridge between the ZigBee and WiFi devices by relaying data allowing heterogenous radios to communicate with each other. We built a hardware prototype and implement these devices on a commodity ZigBee, WiFi, and an FPGA platform. Our experimental evaluation demonstrates the backscattered WiFi packets can be decoded by CoTS ZigBee receivers over a distance of 55 meters in none-line-of-sight and with human movements. Our Passive-ZigBee can consume only 25μW when transferring sensor data and relay ZigBee and WiFi data compared to traditional ZigBee (36mW). Our FPGA synthesis tool demonstrated the extremely low power consumption.
Innate and Adaptive Immune-Mediated Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration in Parkinson’s Disease

Innate and adaptive immunity affect the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease (PD). In particular, the activation of microglia that feed neuroinflammation and oxidative stress influences the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons along the nigrostriatal axis during disease. Activated microglia that proximate degenerating neurons within the substantia nigra are a hallmark of PD. Other PD hallmarks include neuronal Lewy body inclusions composed primarily of aggregated ubiquitin and neuronal proteins. Under inflammatory conditions, oxidative or nitrative modifications of neuronal proteins, such as ?-synuclein, lead to misfolding and formation of neurotoxic species that accumulate within the neuron. Release of misfolded proteins from injured or dead neurons intensifies neuroinflammation and neuronal injury within the surrounding area. Moreover, once in the peripheral immune compartments, processing and presentation of modified proteins, such as nitrated ?-synuclein by dendritic cells, induce effector T cells to those nitrated epitopes that act as neoantigens. Robust effector T cell immune responses against nitrated or modified self-proteins and migration of those effector T cells to inflammatory sites exacerbate neuroinflammation and dopaminergic neurodegeneration, which lead to accelerated disease progression. The links between T cell immunity and nigrostriatal neurodegeneration are supported by laboratory and animal models as well as human investigations of immune-associated biomarkers in the spinal fluid, peripheral blood, and brain tissue of patients with idiopathic or familial forms of PD. Regulatory T cells modulate both innate and effector T cell-mediated immunity to attenuate neuroinflammation and alleviate neurodegeneration along the nigrostriatal axis. Thus, harnessing proinflammatory and neurotoxic effector immune responses with drugs, vaccination, or immunomodulation affords promising therapeutic strategies either alone as an interdictory therapy or in combination as adjunctive therapy in the context of neuronal replacement. Herein immune-mediated inflammation, oxidative stress, and neurodegeneration as linked to PD pathogenesis are examined as well as the potential benefits of efficacious immune regulatory control over those neurotoxic processes.
Rent-Seeking Platforms

Asset markets often exhibit a tiered trading structure, where dealers make markets for clients, taking into account future opportunities to unwind positions through trades with other dealers. The extent to which dealers successfully unwind is complicated by the fact that individual market-making activities can cause them to become asymmetrically informed, a situation that can be lessened or worsened by post-trade reporting. A rent-seeking platform that sells information on trades has an incentive to maximize this informational asymmetry, thus maximizing the value of the information it sells. This can result in the lowest liquidity provision that is obtainable in equilibrium under any exogenously fixed post-trade information structure.
Anatomic and Thermometric Analysis of Cranial Nerve Palsy after Laser Amygdalohippocampotomy for Mesial Temporal Lobe Epilepsy

BACKGROUND Laser interstitial thermal therapy (LITT) is a minimally invasive therapy for treating medication-resistant mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. Cranial nerve (CN) palsy has been reported as a procedural complication, but the mechanism of this complication is not understood. OBJECTIVE To identify the cause of postoperative CN palsy after LITT. METHODS Four medial temporal lobe epilepsy patients with CN palsy after LITT were identified for comparison with 22 consecutive patients with no palsy. We evaluated individual variation in the distance between CN III and the uncus, and CN IV and the parahippocampal gyrus using preoperative T1- and T2-weighted magnetic resonance (MR) images. Intraoperative MR thermometry was used to estimate temperature changes. RESULTS CN III (n = 2) and CN IV palsies (n = 2) were reported. On preoperative imaging, the majority of identified CN III (54%) and CN IV (43%) were located within 1 to 2 mm of the uncus and parahippocampal gyrus tissue border, respectively. Affected CN III and CN IV were more likely to be found < 1 mm of the tissue border (PCNIII = .03, PCNIV < .01; chi-squared test). Retrospective assessment of thermal profile during ablation showed higher temperature rise along the mesial temporal lobe tissue border in affected CNs than unaffected CNs after controlling for distance (12.9°C vs 5.8°C; P = .03; 2-sample t-test). CONCLUSION CN palsy after LITT likely results from direct heating of the respective CN running at extreme proximity to the mesial temporal lobe. Low-temperature thresholds set at the border of the mesial temporal lobe in patients whose CNs are at close proximity may reduce this risk.
The Performance Art of Student Doctoring.

The Performance Art of Student Doctoring The man had suspected metastatic liver or bile-duct cancer, either of which would almost certainly be terminal, and he looked small and frightened as the me...
Food Industry Donations to Academic Programs: A Cross-Sectional Examination of the Extent of Publicly Available Data

No studies have documented the prevalence of the food industry’s funding of academic programs, which is problematic because such funding can create conflicts of interest in research and clinical practice. We aimed to quantify the publicly available information on the food industry’s donations to academic programs by documenting the amount of donations given over time, categorizing the types of academic programs that receive food industry donations, cataloguing the source of the donation information, and identifying any stated reasons for donations. Researchers cataloged online data from publicly available sources (e.g., official press releases, news articles, tax documents) on the food industry’s donations to academic programs from 2000 to 2016. Companies included 26 food and beverage corporations from the 2016 Fortune 500 list in the United States. Researchers recorded the: (1) monetary value of the donations; (2) years the donations were distributed; (3) the name and type of recipient; (4) source of donation information; and (5) reasons for donations. Adjusting for inflation, we identified $366 million in food industry donations (N = 3274) to academic programs. Universities received 45.2% (n = 1480) of donations but accounted for 67.9% of total dollars given in the sample. Community colleges, schools (i.e., preschool, elementary, middle, and high schools), and academic nonprofits, institutes, foundations, and research hospitals collectively received 54.8% of the donations, but made up less than one-third of the monetary value of donations. Half of the donations (49.0%) did not include a stated reason for the donation. In our sample, donations grew from $3 million in 2000 to $24 million in 2016. Food companies in our sample donated millions of dollars to universities and other academic programs but disclosed little information on the purpose of the donations. Achieving transparency in donation practices may only be possible if federal policies begin to require disclosures or if companies voluntarily disclose information.
Digest: Differentiating Fisherian sexual selection dynamics between haploids and diploids*

Female mate preference for males displaying costly traits is a puzzling phenomenon found in nature. Fisher was the first to propose a formal model describing this paradoxical system of sexual selection. Despite the many models constructed from his theory, much remains unknown about its mechanics, especially in different genetic settings. Through simulations, Veller et al. compared population dynamics between haploids and diploids and found that Fisherian sexual selection acts differently on diploids compared to haploids due to linkage mechanisms.
Lung Metabolomics Profiling of Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia in Fetal Rats

Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) is characterized by the herniation of abdominal contents into the thoracic cavity during the fetal period. This competition for fetal thoracic space results in lung hypoplasia and vascular maldevelopment that can generate severe pulmonary hypertension (PH). The detailed mechanisms of CDH pathogenesis are yet to be understood. Acknowledgment of the lung metabolism during the in-utero CDH development can help to discern the CDH pathophysiology changes. Timed-pregnant dams received nitrofen or vehicle (olive oil) on E9.5 day of gestation. All fetal lungs exposed to nitrofen or vehicle control were harvested at day E21.5 by C-section and processed for metabolomics analysis using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The three groups analyzed were nitrofen-CDH (NCDH), nitrofen-control (NC), and vehicle control (VC). A total of 64 metabolites were quantified and subjected to statistical analysis. The multivariate analysis identified forty-four metabolites that were statistically different between the three groups. The highest Variable importance in projection (VIP) score (>2) metabolites were lactate, glutamate, and adenosine 5′-triphosphate (ATP). Fetal CDH lungs have changes related to oxidative stress, nucleotide synthesis, amino acid metabolism, glycerophospholipid metabolism, and glucose metabolism. This work provides new insights into the molecular mechanisms behind the CDH pathophysiology and can explore potential novel treatment targets for CDH patients.
Screening for vitamin d deficiency in adults: Updated evidence report and systematic review for the US Preventive Services Task Force

Importance Low serum vitamin D levels have been associated with adverse clinical outcomes; identifying and treating deficiency may improve outcomes. Objective To review the evidence about screening for vitamin D deficiency in adults. Data Sources PubMed, EMBASE, the Cochrane Library, and trial registries through March 12, 2020; bibliographies from retrieved articles, outside experts, and surveillance of the literature through November 30, 2020. Study Selection Fair- or good-quality, English-language randomized clinical trials (RCTs) of screening with serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) compared with no screening, or treatment with vitamin D (with or without calcium) compared with placebo or no treatment conducted in nonpregnant adults; nonrandomized controlled intervention studies for harms only. Treatment was limited to studies enrolling or analyzing participants with low serum vitamin D levels. Data Extraction and Synthesis Two reviewers assessed titles/abstracts and full-text articles, extracted data, and assessed study quality; when at least 3 similar studies were available, meta-analyses were conducted. Main Outcomes and Measures Mortality, incident fractures, falls, diabetes, cardiovascular events, cancer, depression, physical functioning, and infection. Results Forty-six studies (N = 16 205) (77 publications) were included. No studies directly evaluated the health benefits or harms of screening. Among community-dwelling populations, treatment was not significantly associated with mortality (pooled absolute risk difference [ARD], 0.3% [95% CI, −0.6% to 1.1%]; 8 RCTs, n = 2006), any fractures (pooled ARD, −0.3% [95% CI, −2.1% to 1.6%]; 6 RCTs, n = 2186), incidence of diabetes (pooled ARD, 0.1% [95% CI, −1.3% to 1.6%]; 5 RCTs, n = 3356), incidence of cardiovascular disease (2 RCTs; hazard ratio, 1.00 [95% CI, 0.74 to 1.35] and 1.09 [95% CI, 0.68 to 1.76]), incidence of cancer (2 RCTs; hazard ratio, 0.97 [95% CI, 0.68 to 1.39] and 1.01 [95% CI, 0.65 to 1.58], or depression (3 RCTs, various measures reported). The pooled ARD for incidence of participants with 1 or more falls was −4.3% (95% CI, −11.6% to 2.9%; 6 RCTs). The evidence was mixed for the effect of treatment on physical functioning (2 RCTs) and limited for the effect on infection (1 RCT). The incidence of adverse events and kidney stones was similar between treatment and control groups. Conclusions and Relevance No studies evaluated the direct benefits or harms of screening for vitamin D deficiency. Among asymptomatic, community-dwelling populations with low vitamin D levels, the evidence suggests that treatment with vitamin D has no effect on mortality or the incidence of fractures, falls, depression, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, cancer, or adverse events. The evidence is inconclusive about the effect of treatment on physical functioning and infection.
Mycobacterium avium Subsp. hominissuis Interactions with Macrophage Killing Mechanisms.

Non-tuberculosis mycobacteria (NTM) are ubiquitously found throughout the environment. NTM can cause respiratory infections in individuals with underlying lung conditions when inhaled, or systemic infections when ingested by patients with impaired immune systems. Current therapies can be ineffective at treating NTM respiratory infections, even after a long course or with multidrug treatment regimens. NTM, such as Mycobacterium avium subspecies hominissuis (M. avium), is an opportunistic pathogen that shares environments with ubiquitous free-living amoeba and other environmental hosts, possibly their evolutionary hosts. It is highly likely that interactions between M. avium and free-living amoeba have provided selective pressure on the bacteria to acquire survival mechanisms, which are also used against predation by macrophages. In macrophages, M. avium resides inside phagosomes and has been shown to exit it to infect other cells. M. avium’s adaptation to the hostile intra-phagosomal environment is due to many virulence mechanisms. M. avium is able to switch the phenotype of the macrophage to be anti-inflammatory (M2). Here, we have focused on and discussed the bacterial defense mechanisms associated with the intra-phagosome phase of infection. M. avium possesses a plethora of antioxidant enzymes, including the superoxide dismutases, catalase and alkyl hydroperoxide reductase. When these defenses fail or are overtaken by robust oxidative burst, many other enzymes exist to repair damage incurred on M. avium proteins, including thioredoxin/thioredoxin reductase. Finally, M. avium has several oxidant sensors that induce transcription of antioxidant enzymes, oxidation repair enzymes and biofilm- promoting genes. These expressions induce physiological changes that allow M. avium to survive in the face of leukocyte-generated oxidative stress. We will discuss the strategies used by M. avium to infect human macrophages that evolved during its evolution from free-living amoeba. The more insight we gain about M. avium’s mode of pathogenicity, the more targets we can have to direct new anti-virulence therapies toward.
Chapter 1 Molecular Biology of Membrane Transport Proteins

Publisher Summary New data, coming from the application of molecular genetic techniques to the analysis of membrane proteins, suggest that all the complexities and subtleties of an individual transporter's structure and function, as well as its fine-tuned pattern of expression during development, has been determined by the nucleic acid sequence of its gene. It also suggest that the synthesis, secondary structure, membrane localization, transport selectivity, and energy requirements of the transporter, all, in turn, can be understood from the analysis of a simple ordered arrangement of four nucleotide bases in that small segment of DNA. As these types of studies promise to supply vital information about how, when, and why transport proteins work at the most fundamental of the levels, it seems likely they will continue to play an expanding role in this field. For these data to be understood a fair amount of background material, not traditionally part of physiology, must be assimilated. This chapter describes the investigators of membrane protein function, the necessary concepts, and vocabulary to allow a discussion of what appear to be some fundamental structural properties these transport mechanisms share. The properties of protein structure that relate to a plasma membrane environment have been examined and attempt is made to dissect the membrane protein structures to reveal how the DNA code produces them. The chapter discusses the coding of membrane protein structure—historical perspective, eukaryotic gene structure, membrane insertion, and prediction of protein structure. It provides details on model structures—anion exchanger, glucose transporter, sodium-coupled carriers (Na + /H + antiporter and sodium/glucose cotransporter), ion pumps, and ion channels, such as sodium and calcium channels, potassium channels, and acetylcholine receptor channel.
Gross structure in mismatched channels

A summary is given of recent results of an ongoing program to search for gross structure in the 160+160 system in the region above the Coulomb barrier, in inelastic channels which differ widely in their kinematic conditions from the elastic channel. Various models which explain the gross structure either as shape resonances or as diffractioe L window effects, are severely tested under these conditions. The symmetric 160 system offers a variety of single and double nuclear excitation channels which we have studied over the range of c.m. energies between 25 and 35 MeV. Strong energy correlations are observed between gross structure peaks in a strong well matched channel and several severely mismatched single excitation channels. A diffraction model appears to be unable to account for the correlation. A recent coupled-channel calculation explains the data well and indicates strong effects of the channel coupling on the ion-ion optical potential. A measurement of the double excitation also shows gross structure peaks which are correlated among each other. However, the double excitation peaks appear to be anti-correlated with the single excitations. This surprising result is not yet understood.
Selected aspects of central processing and vocal motor function in stutterers and nonstutterers: P300, laryngeal shift, and vibratory onset

Abstract The present study was designed to evaluate aspects of central processing and simultaneous laryngeal function in stutterers and nonstutterers using a recently developed continous flow model of phonatory reaction time. Simultaneous measurements were made of P300 brain potentials, laryngeal positioning movements prior to vocal fold closure, and onset of vocal fold vibration in 10 stutterers and 10 nonstutterers. The temporal ordering of these three events was evaluated and differences between the two groups examined. No significant differences were found in the vocal motor or P300 responses. Stutterers and nonstutterers appeared to be using a similar temporal patterning. This patterning may indicate an overlap between sensory and motor processing in phonatory reaction time tasks. Use of the present model with its quantifiable components of laryngeal shift, P300, and onset of vocal fold vibration, can yield valuable information regarding temporal aspects of central processing and laryngeal function.
Symptom-directed selective endoscopy: long-term efficacy.

Background Synchronous primary neoplasms have been encountered in some patients with mucosal squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Routine panendoscopy along with various radiological tests have been advocated to identify these potential tumors. In 1993, we originally described symptom-directed, selective endoscopy as an efficient and cost-effective means to evaluate patients to identify synchronous primary neoplasms. Objective To review the ultimate success rate of symptom-directed, selective endoscopy in that initial cohort of patients and the success of the program longitudinally in clinical practice over the intervening 6 years. Patients and Methods The status of the original 100 patients who participated in the selective endoscopy study were reviewed at least 6 months after the original procedure. A statistically significant random sample of 101 subsequent patients who had at least 6 months' follow-up or until their death were reviewed. Results No additional primary, mucosal head and neck, esophageal, or pulmonary cancers were identified in the surviving original cohort of patients suggesting that the selective endoscopy identified all synchronous tumors. Sixteen metachronous primary cancers were identified between 12 and 70 months after the initital evaluation. Eight synchronous primary cancers were identified in the new cohort using symptom-directed evaluation, direct laryngopharyngoscopy, and chest x-ray films. No additional tumors were detected within 6 months. Conclusion Symptom-directed, selective endoscopy seems to be an effective alternative to routine panendoscopy in identifying synchronous primary cancers.
Hacia una literatura de disidencia sexual en México con dos Bildungsromane bisexuales: Púrpura, de Ana García Bergua, y Fruta verde, de Enrique Serna

En este articulo propongo una lectura de las novelas mexicanas Purpura, de Ana Garcia Bergua, y Fruta verde, de Enrique Serna, como representaciones de la bisexualidad que se insertan en, y a la vez rompen con, una tradicion literaria que retrata la homosexualidad masculina. Leo el empleo de la ironia y el performance de genero en los textos como senalamiento de las contradicciones y dificultades sociales que conllevan la orientacion bisexual. El dialogo de las obras con la tradicion de la novela de formacion problematiza la expresion de sexualidades no normativas y plantea una critica de las identidades sexuales basadas en el binarismo hetero / homosexual. Sostengo que estas obras deben ser incluidas en y analizadas dentro de la tradicion literaria mexicana que retrata sexualidades disidentes, entre las cuales la bisexualidad ha sido una identidad marginada.
Practical Electromagnetic Modeling Methods

Electromagnetic modeling plays an important role in the analysis and design of radiofrequency (RF) coils for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) applications. In this article, we discuss several practical methods for modeling RF coils and their interactions with the imaging subject. We first define the mathematical boundary-value problem to be analyzed. Then, we describe the process to build an electromagnetic model for the analysis of loaded RF coils. This is followed by the analytical solution of two simplified problems, whose results allow a quick qualitative understanding of critical issues such as field penetration into a dielectric object versus frequency, achievable signal-to-noise ratio at higher frequencies, B1-field inhomogeneity due to the increased displacement current at higher frequencies, level of the specific absorption rate (SAR) due to the dielectric and conduction losses, various effects of an RF shield, and field penetration depth of a surface coil. For a more accurate quantitative analysis of these issues, we describe three numerical methods, which have been most widely used for the modeling of RF coils loaded with a dielectric object. These are the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method, finite-element method (FEM), and method of moments (MoM). We describe their basic principles at a higher level so that they can be easily understood, their practical use in the modeling of RF coils, and their advantages and limitations. Potential solutions to overcome the major limitations, such as the use of hybrid techniques, are also also discussed. Keywords: electromagnetic modeling; finite difference time domain; finite-element method; method of moments; magnetic resonance imaging; numerical analysis; radiofrequency coil; radiofrequency field
Multicomponent Solute Transport with Moving Precipitation/Dissolution Boundaries

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses multicomponent solute transport with moving precipitation/dissolution boundaries. Multicomponent solute transport problems involving precipitation and dissolution chemical reactions are unique among the wide array of problems encountered in which homogeneous and heterogeneous reactions affect the movement of contaminants in groundwater. The imposition of solubility constraints for various reactive mineral solids may result in the formation or disappearance of moving boundaries that mark the transient location of discontinuities in solid-phase concentration, aqueous component flux, and other variables of interest, such as porosity. This distinct characteristic of precipitation/dissolution reaction problems poses particular mathematical difficulties to their accurate solution and requires special treatment. The numerical approaches chosen to solve these types of problems are often suggested directly from the chemical quantities employed as the primary dependent variables (PDVs). Two fixed-mesh finite element approaches have been presented for solving solute transport problems involving precipitation/dissolution reactions. The retention of the simplicity of enthalpy-type (ET) methods is a desirable element in the development of a general multicomponent code for modeling more complex problems involving multiple precipitation/dissolution fronts with aqueous complexation and sorption.
Counter-current chromatography of diaziquone by a horizontal flow-through coil planet centrifuge

Abstract Diaziquone is an active antitumor agent in animals that is unstable in aqueous solution. The chemical hydrolysis products of this antitumor agent have been identified and we have investigated the usefulness of the coil planet centrifuge in separating these products from the parent compound. We were able to separate the reactive diaziquone from the two reaction products using a solvent system containing dichloroethane, methanol, and sodium phosphate buffer. The identities of the products separated on the coil planet centrifuge were confirmed by thin-layer chromatography and mass spectrometry. This technique may be useful in separating metabolites contained in specimens obtained from diaziquone-treated patients.
Magnetic spectrometers: approximate and ideal designs.

A procedure for determining spectrometer parameters on the basis of specified criteria is illustrated by the design of an energy loss spectrometer for The Johns Hopkins University high resolution scanning transmission electron microscope. The design tutorial not only includes general expressions for uniform field magnets but also shows how published first and second order transfer coefficients which are available for both uniform field and field gradient magnets may be applied. Within the context of the sharp cutoff fringe field approximation, expressions are derived which enable one to construct ideal pole contours for comparison with prospective second order designs. Moreover, exact expressions for certain first order transfer coefficients permit one to study the aberrations of a proposed design without the need for high precision ray tracing.
Petrology of Volcán Tequila, Jalisco, Mexico: disequilibrium phenocryst assemblages and evolution of the subvolcanic magma system

Volcan Tequila is an extinct stratovolcano in the western Mexican Volcanic Belt that has erupted lavas ranging from andesite to rhyolite during the last 0.9 Ma. Following an early period of rhyolitic volcanism, the main edifice of the volcano was constructed by central vent eruptions that produced ∼ 25 km3 of pyroxene-andesite. At about 0.2 Ma central activity ceased and numerous flows of hornblende-bearing andesite, dacite, and rhyodacite erupted from vents located around the flanks of the volcano. Bimodal plagioclase phenocryst rim compositions in lavas from both the main edifice and the flanks indicate that magma mixing commonly occurred shortly prior to or during eruption. Compositions of endmember magmas involved in mixing, as constrained by whole-rock major and trace element abundances, phenocryst compositions, and mineral-melt exchange equilibria, are similar to those of some lavas erupted from the central vent and on the flanks of the volcano. Estimated pre-eruptive temperatures for hornblende-bearing lavas (970°–830°C) are systematically lower than for lavas that lack hornblende (1045°–970°C), whereas magmatic H2O contents are systematically higher for hornblende-bearing lavas. In addition to stabilizing hornblende, high magmatic water contents promoted crystallization of calcic plagioclase (An70–82). Frequent injections of magma into the base of the subvolcanic plumbing system followed by eruption of mixed magma probably prevented formation of large volumes of silicic magma, which have caused paroxysmal, caldera-forming eruptions at other stratovolcanoes in western Mexico. The later stages of volcanic activity, represented by the flank lavas, indicate a change from a large magma storage reservoir to numerous small ones that developed along a NW-trending zone parallel to regional fault trends. Sr and Nd isotopic data for lavas from the Tequila region and other volcanoes in western Mexico demonstrate that differentiated calc-alkaline magmas are formed primarily through crystal fractionation of mantle-derived calc-alkaline basalt coupled with assimilation of crustal material.
Coming home to the Arctic cold: Antecedents to Finnish expatriate and spouse repatriation adjustment.

Building on repatriation adjustment research for U.S. managers and spouses, this study is one of the first to identify potential cross-cultural differences by assessing these processes theoretically and empirically in a non-U.S. sample. Focusing on Finnish expatriates and spouses, this study examined anticipatory and in-country variables related to work, interaction, and general repatriation adjustment. Specifically, time overseas, time since returning home, role discretion, and role clarity were significant correlates of Finnish repatriates' work adjustment. Time overseas, culture novelty, and social status correlated significantly with repatriates' adjustment to interacting with home country nationals. Time overseas and time back home correlated significantly with repatriate' general adjustment. For Finnish repatriates' spouses, time back home, culture novelty, and housing conditions correlated significantly with adjustment to interacting with home country nationals. For spouses' general adjustment, time overseas, time back home, culture novelty, and housing conditions were significant correlates. Implications of these findings for researchers and practitioners are explored. Coming back home was more difficult than going abroad because I had expected changes when going overseas. During repatriation it was real culture shock! I felt like an alien in my own country. Surprisingly, I was totally unprepared for the long, harsh, cold, dark Arctic winter. My attitudes had changed so much that it was difficult to understand Finnish customs. Old friends had moved, had children, or just vanished. Others were interested in our experiences, but only sort of. Most simply could not understand our overseas experience or just envied our way of life. (Finnish Spouse returning from Australia)
IMPROVING FUNCTIONAL IMAGING TECHNIQUES : THE DREAM OF A SINGLE IMAGE FOR A SINGLE MENTAL EVENT

The attempt to understand the neural underpinnings of cognition began in earnest, almost a century and a half ago, with the discovery that the left cerebral hemisphere of humans was related to language and that different aspects of language appear to depend on different sectors of that same hemisphere. Comparable discoveries followed, but they were few and far between, and it was not until the last decade that cognitive neuroscience, the loose coalition of disciplines interested in these issues, came into its own and began expanding rapidly. The practical and theoretical maturity of both psychology and neurobiology certainly had much to do with supporting this new development, but it is possible that, all things being equal, the spectacular growth of cognitive neuroscience might not have happened without a number of rapidly introduced technological advances in neuroimaging. Less than 10 years after computerized x-ray tomography became available, magnetic resonance imaging was introduced for human studies. Until then a true lesion approach had been hampered by the vagaries or absence of postmortem studies in humans. But now the lesion approach had become feasible in the living neurological patient, and acquired brain lesions could be used as experimental probes to investigate hypotheses about the relationship between large-scale neural systems and cognitive processes (2, 3). The revitalized lesion method became the cornerstone of cognitive neuroscience, but it was easy to recognize that brain lesions have limitations: they are …
A pendulum in a flowing soap film

We consider the dynamics of a pendulum made of a rigid ring attached to an elastic filament immersed in a flowing soap film. The system shows an oscillatory instability whose onset is a function of the flow speed, length of the supporting string, the ring mass, and ring radius. We characterize this system and show that there are different regimes where the frequency is dependent or independent of the pendulum length depending on the relative magnitude of the added-mass. Although the system is an infinite-dimensional, we can explain many of our results in terms of a one degree-of-freedom system corresponding to a forced pendulum. Indeed, using the vorticity measured via particle imaging velocimetry allows us to make the model quantitative, and a comparison with our experimental results shows we can capture the basic phenomenology of this system.
Serial Ejection Times in Patients Requiring Multiple Aortic Valve Replacements

Abstract Serial ejection times were recorded in 8 patients with aortic prostheses who developed complications requiring a second aortic valve replacement. In the 6 who required the second valve for hemodynamic reasons (severe perivalvular leak, prosthesis obstruction) the left ventricular ejection time became prolonged after initially returning toward normal. In 2 patients who required the second valve replacement for late infection without hemodynamic impairment, the ejection time remained within the normal range. Serial recording of left ventricular ejection time after aortic valve replacement appears to be a valuable means of detecting those patients who develop hemodynamically significant prosthesis malfunction.
Absence of the I-10 protein segment mediates restricted dimerization of the cartilage-specific fibronectin isoform.

The cartilage-specific (V + C)− fibronectin isoform does not efficiently heterodimerize with other V-region splice variants of fibronectin. To understand better the structural elements that determine this restricted dimerization profile, a series of truncated fibronectin expression constructs with various internal deletions in the V, III-15, or I-10 segments were constructed and co-transfected into COS-7 cells with either the V+C+ or the (V + C)− isoform. SDS-PAGE and immunoblot analyses of the resulting conditioned media suggest that the I-10 segment must either be present in both monomeric subunits of fibronectin or absent from both subunits for efficient dimerization to occur. Further studies suggest that the I-10 segment specifically, not simply a balanced number of type I repeats at the carboxyl terminus of each monomeric subunit, plays an important role in determining different fibronectin dimerization patterns. Neither I-11 nor I-12 could be substituted for segment I-10 without significantly reducing the formation of heterodimers. Therefore, absence of segment I-10 explains why (V + C)− fibronectin is not found in heterodimeric configurations with other native V-region splice variants in cartilage. The unique dimerization pattern of (V + C)− fibronectin does not prevent matrix formation yet is consistent with this isoform having specialized properties in situ that are important for either the structural organization and biomechanical properties of cartilage or the regulation of a chondrocytic phenotype.
P-technique factor analyses of the Multiple Affect Adjective Check List (MAACL)

The Multiple Affect Adjective Check List (MAACL) has been found to have five first-order factors representing Anxiety, Depression, Hostility, Positive Affect, and Sensation Seeking and two second-order factors representing Positive Affect and Sensation Seeking (PASS) and Dysphoria. The present study examines whether these first- and second-order conceptions of affect (based on R-technique factor analysis) can also account for patterns of intraindividual variability in affect (based on P-technique factor analysis) in eight elderly women. Although the hypothesized five-factor model of affect was not testable in all of the present P-technique datasets, the results were consistent with this interindividual model of affect. Moreover, evidence of second-order (PASS and Dysphoria) and third-order (generalized distress) factors was found in one data set. Sufficient convergence in findings between the present P-technique research and prior R-technique research suggests that the MAACL is robust in describing both inter- and intraindividual components of affect in elderly women.
Long-term durability of pubovaginal fascial slings in women who then become pregnant and deliver

Introduction and hypothesis Pubovaginal fascial slings are commonly performed after childbearing is completed. Limited data is available regarding women who become pregnant following a sling procedure.
Cardiovascular risk factors and psychiatric illness

Abstract Psychiatric illness and cardiovascular disease occur together more frequently than expected then by chance alone. Several of the established risk factors for coronary artery disease account for this increased risk of comorbidity. Psychiatric illness appears to increase the risk for hypertension. Smoking rates are higher in patients with psychiatric illness than for populations without psychiatric illness. Elevated serum cholesterol levels often occur in panic and other anxiety disorders. In contrast, there is accumulating evidence that low cholesterol levels are linked to violent death, including suicide. Myocardial infarction represents a major life stressor that can precipitate an episode of major depression. Prolonged depression following myocardial infarction can become an independent risk factor for cardiac mortality. These associations increase the need for psychiatrists to be aware of the risk factors for coronary heart disease and to assist with the assessment and management of these risk factors in patients with mental illness.
Omega oxygenases: nonheme-iron enzymes and P450 cytochromes.

Abstract Enzymes that effect with ease one of the most difficult chemical reactions, hydroxylation of an unfunctionalized alkyl group, are of particular interest because highly reactive intermediates must be produced. A typical example, the hydroxylation of fatty acids in the ω position, is now known to occur widely in nature. The catalysts, which can be called “ω-oxygenases,” also insert molecular oxygen into a variety of other substrates at positions removed from activating functional groups, as in steroids, eicosanoids, and numerous drugs and other xenobiotics. Progress in the characterization of bacterial nonheme-iron enzymes, and plant, bacterial, and mammalian P450 cytochromes that catalyze fatty acid ω-oxidation, and evidence for multiple functional oxidants are summarized.
Effects of betamethasone on phospholipid content, composition and biosynthesis in the fetal rabbit lung.

Abstract Administration of betamethasone (0.2 mg/kg, intramuscularly) to pregnant rabbits had the following effects on the fetal lung at 26–27 days gestation. It increased the amount of phosphatidylcholine in lung lavage by 70% and almost doubled the phosphatidylcholine/sphingomyelin ratio, it increased the rate of incorporation of choline into phosphatidylcholine in fetal lung slices by up to 90%, it increased the activities of pulmonary cholinephosphate cytidylyltransferase and phosphatidate phosphatase by 50% and it reduced the amount of lung glycogen to 60% of the amount in the controls. Betamethasone had no effect on the activities of pulmonary cholinephosphotransferase or lysolecithin: lysolecithin acyltransferase but it sligthly decreased the activity of choline kinase. Betamethasone administration to the doe did not increase the amount of surfactant phospholipid in fetal lung lavage to as great an extent as did direct administration of cortisol to the fetuses. Neither did betamethasone stimulate the activity of pulmonary cholinephosphotransferase. These data suggest that agents other than glucocorticoids mediate the stress-induced acceleration of fetal lung maturation and surfactant production.
An improved scheme for the decay of 86 sec 61Zn

Abstract The levels in 61 Cu populated in the decay of 86 sec 61 Zn have been reinvestigated using a 29 cm 3 Ge(Li) detector in an anti-Compton arrangement which employed a large NaI(Tl) annular detector. From extensive γ-ray energy and intensity measurements as a function of time ten new γ-rays were assigned to 61 Zn decay and levels at 475.0, 970.3, 1311.0, 1394.6, 1660.5, 1904.5, 1932.5, 2088.8, 2204.3, 2358.2, 2472.6, 2684.0, 2793.0, 2840.6, 2857.0, 2933.3, 3019.2, 3092.3 and 3521.1 keV were observed to be populated in the decay of 61 Zn. From log ƒ values determined in this work, from γ-ray intensity information, and from previously reported correlation data from nuclear reactions definite J π assignments have been made for six levels and limits have been placed for another six levels in 61 Cu.
The Quest for Transplantation Tolerance: Have We Finally Sipped from the Cup?

New advances in achieving hematopoietic chimerism may facilitate immunological tolerance to kidney transplants.