cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Functional Coverage Metric for Estimating the Gate-Level Fault Coverage of Functional Tests

When functional tests are used for manufacturing testing, their quality for detecting manufacturing defects needs to be evaluated. Evaluating functional tests using a traditional gate-level fault simulation environment has several disadvantages. To alleviate them, we describe a functional level coverage metric for estimating gate-level fault coverage that has a high degree of correlation to gate-level coverage. We borrow concepts from simulation-based design verification by defining fault detection conditions as coverage objects and monitoring their occurrence, also called their hit counts, during RTL simulation. To reduce the simulation overhead, we abstract gate-level fault detection conditions to the architectural level. The resulting hit counts are converted to an estimated fault coverage using a formula. Experimental results are presented on three datapath modules in a high-performance microprocessor considering two applications: identification of functional tests with high gate-level coverage relative to other tests, and identification of modules or module functions that require additional functional tests.
A Comparison of Law Enforcement and Medical Examiner Reports in a Violent-Death Surveillance System

This study compared information gathered from medical examiner reports to information gathered from law enforcement reports in characterizing incidents of homicide and homicide followed by suicide that were abstracted for a public health violent-death surveillance system. The authors found that law enforcement reports contribute substantively to the surveillance system and often augment or provide additional information to the medical examiner reports. The utility of law enforcement data, particularly the narrative information, must be balanced with the time needed to gather the law enforcement reports and funding limitations. As violent-death surveillance needs grow, linking police and other law enforcement data with medical examiner and other public health data sources will provide a clearer picture of the circumstances relating to homicide and other violent deaths at the state and national level.
Detection of Annotation Errors in Corpora

This paper surveys methods for annotation error detection and correction. Methods can broadly be characterized as to whether they detect inconsistencies with respect to some statistical model based only on the corpus data or whether they detect inconsistencies with respect to a grammatical model, in general, some external information source. Two extended examples are presented, illustrating these different techniques: (1) the variation n-gram method, which searches for inconsistences in annotation for identical strings; and (2) a method of ad hoc rule detection, for syntactic annotation, which compares treebank rules to a grammar to determine which are anomalous. Methods for detecting annotation errors have developed much over the last decade, and thus corpus practitioners can benefit greatly from them, while at the same time NLP researchers can learn more about the nuances of the annotation they use and see how error correction methods intersect with NLP techniques.
Suppression of the population of Lasioderma serricorne in stored tobacco by relocation of warehouses to cooler areas

To suppress populations of cigarette beetles, Lasioderma serricorne , during winter, domestic tobacco warehouses in Japan have been relocated since 2004. Warehouses located in warmer tobacco-cultivated areas were closed, and new ones were constructed in places where the daily mean temperature is below 5oC for over 70 d per year, a value chosen based on lethal low temperature conditions determined under constant laboratory and fluctuating field situations. In 2008, with relocations almost complete, the total number of beetles captured in pheromone traps in all warehouses had decreased by 98% compared to the 2001-2002 levels. Domestic tobacco production and the number of warehouses were reduced by 40% during the time. Keywords : Lasioderma serricorne ; Cigarette beetle; Tobacco warehouse; Low temperature; Winter survival
A novel antenna concept for future solar sails: application of Fresnel antennas

Recent studies have shown that interplanetary missions may be made possible using inflatable solar sails that employ solar-flux power, providing thrust for spacecraft while reducing onboard fuel requirements. These sails require a large surface area (i.e., 100 m in diameter) to capture enough solar flux for spacecraft navigation. In this paper, a novel communication antenna concept is proposed for future solar-sail missions, taking advantage of the large sail surface area via application of Fresnel-zone (FZ) antennas. This study focuses on utilizing a design/analysis methodology using physical optics (PO) and method of moments (MoM) for Fresnel-type antennas applicable to the solar-sail missions. Extensive parametric studies of Fresnel-zone antenna radiation characteristics have been performed, and the analytical methodologies were verified using a series of measurements. Fresnel-zone antenna gain is studied under different antenna configurations. Furthermore, a Fresnel-zone antenna under surface deformation is investigated to characterize Fresnel-zone antenna performance in the reflective mode. In addition, a new bandwidth-enhancement technique is introduced for Fresnel-zone antennas, to accommodate the dual-band operation ( X band uplink and downlink) of the antenna for the deep space network (DSN).
A Simplified Approach to Interactive MOLP

A wide variety of interactive approaches have been proposed to assist decision makers (DMs) in determining preferred solutions to multiple criteria decision making problems. This paper presents a simplified approach to interactive multiple objective linear programming (SIMOLP) which is designed to lessen the information processing requirements on DMs. Specifically the approach attempts to minimize inputs from DMs, limit the number of alternatives considered at any stage of the process, and allow for learning behavior or backtracking. An additional feature of the approach is that it allows DMs to use a familiar decision process of eliminating least preferred solutions.
Right to Know: Its Distinction from the Right to Truth

This piece examines the differences between the right to truth and the right to know by examining the history of the right.
The State of Spatial and Spatio-Temporal Statistical Modeling

The purpose of this chapter is to provide an overview of how statistical analyses have been used for studying ecological processes on landscapes and where the field of statistics is headed in general. Various approaches to the statistical analysis of spatial and spatio-temporal problems are presented and discussed; also, references for several suggested readings, containing further information and examples, are provided at the end of each section.
Systemic injection of AAV9 carrying a periostin promoter targets gene expression to a myofibroblast-like lineage in mouse hearts after reperfused myocardial infarction

Adeno-associated virus (AAV) has been used to direct gene transfer to a variety of tissues, including heart, liver, skeletal muscle, brain, kidney and lung, but it has not previously been shown to effectively target fibroblasts in vivo, including cardiac fibroblasts. We constructed expression cassettes using a modified periostin promoter to drive gene expression in a cardiac myofibroblast-like lineage, with only occasional spillover into cardiomyocyte-like cells. We compared AAV serotypes 6 and 9 and found robust gene expression when the vectors were delivered by systemic injection after myocardial infarction (MI), with little expression in healthy, non-infarcted mice. AAV9 provided expression in a greater number of cells than AAV6, with reporter gene expression visible in the cardiac infarct and border zones from 5 to 62 days post MI, as assessed by luciferase and Cre-activated green fluorescent protein expression. Although common myofibroblast markers were expressed in low abundance, most of the targeted cells expressed myosin IIb, an embryonic form of smooth muscle myosin heavy chain that has previously been associated with myofibroblasts after reperfused MI. This study is the first to demonstrate AAV-mediated expression in a potentially novel myofibroblast-like lineage in mouse hearts post MI and may open new avenues of gene therapy to treat patients surviving MI.
Theologies of the West: A Commentary on Saba Mahmood’s Religious Difference in a Secular Age

Saba Mahmood’s Religious Difference in a Secular Age presents a historical anthropology of secularism, one that works with erudition across a diverse array of materials that include political and r...
Socio-Economic Groups and Income Distribution in Mexico

In almost all Latin American semi-industrialised countries the high rate of economic growth over the past 25 years has been accompanied by an increase in income inequality. To a certain extent this is inevitable because productivity in the so-called modern sectors tends to rise faster than in traditional sectors. On the other hand, effective policies do exist to reduce the inequality of income distribution or at least to keep it from becoming more unequal. If policies of this sort are not adopted and a high degree of income inequality prevails for a long time, some socio-economic groups may benefit disproportionately from economic growth while others are effectively denied a share in its fruits. In the case of Mexico, since 1940, successive governments have provided substantial tax relief for large companies willing to invest and have protected internal markets by raising tariff and non-tariff barriers. This policy has led to a high average profit ratio, amounting to about 20 per cent on invested capital in 1970, and to increasing income inequality. The socio-economic groups that have benefited most from this development are the managers and owners of large enterprises, the owners of capital, organised workers and salaried employees. Using Mexican data this article analyses the probable effect of various policies on the distribution of income between socio-economic groups, on employment and on economic growth. In the first section some figures are provided on the trend of income distribution between 1950 and 1975. A brief explanation is then given of the main characteristics of a linear programming model developed in order to examine various alternative policies. Thirdly, some of the results of the model are presented and in a concluding section their implications are discussed.
Mechanism and stereoselectivity of the stepwise 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions between a thiocarbonyl ylide and electron-deficient dipolarophiles: a computational investigation.

The 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions of a thiocarbonyl ylide to dimethyl 2,3-dicyanofumarate and 2,3-dicyanomaleate have been studied with DFT computations. The first C−C bond is formed via an anti attack to produce a very polar, zwitterionic diradical. The low stereoselectivity of the reaction was found to arise from rotations about single bonds in the intermediates that compete with cyclization. A distortion−interaction energy analysis was performed to compare the stepwise and concerted mechanisms, and to explain why the stepwise mechanism is favored in this unusual case.
Two tandem and independent sub-activation domains in the amino terminus of p53 require the adaptor complex for activity

The ability of p53 to function as a tumor suppressor is linked to its function as a transcriptional activator, since p53 mutants that do not transactivate are unable to suppress tumor cell growth. Previous studies identified an activation domain in the amino terminal 40 residues of the protein, a region that binds to several general transcription factors and to some oncogene products. For example, mdm-2, a cellular oncoprotein, binds to this region and represses p53 transactivation. Here we describe a new activation domain within the amino terminus of p53 that maps between amino acids 40-83, and whose residues trp-53 and phe-54 are critical for function both in yeast and in mammalian cells. In vivo studies in yeast show that the new activation subdomain, unlike the previously described, is mdm-2 independent. Both p53 activation subdomains (1-40 and 40-83) require the yeast adaptor complex ADA2/ADA3/GCN5 for transcriptional activation. Moreover, since activation by p53 requires GCN5's enzymatic histone acetyltransferase domain, p53 may regulate gene expression by influencing chromatin modification.
EV Dynamic LFC Strategy with Variable Participation Factor under RTP

According to the problem of system frequency instability caused by large-scale intermittent renewable energy,electrical vehicle( EV) was used as valid demand response( DR) resource to provide ancillary load frequency control(LFC) service for power system. On the basis of the analysis on user's behavior characteristics in ancillary LFC service impacted by electricity price,a dynamic LFC strategy with using variable participation factor was proposed for EVs,which could effectively evaluate the response ability of EVs in system frequency service under RTP( real-time pricing). The simulation results showthat under RTP,the LFC strategy of EV based on variable participation factor can provide dynamic ancillary frequency modulation service for power system with using the charging and discharging characteristics of EV load,and effectively support the dynamic frequency stability of power system.
Relationship Between Quality of Comorbid Condition Care and Costs for Cancer Survivors

Purpose:To estimate the association between cancer survivors’ comorbid condition care quality and costs; to determine whether the association differs between cancer survivors and other patients.Methods:Using the SEER–Medicare-linked database, we identified survivors of breast, prostate, and colorectal cancers who were diagnosed in 2004, enrolled in Medicare fee-for-service for at least 12 months before diagnosis, and survived ≥ 3 years. Quality of care was assessed using nine process indicators for chronic conditions, and a composite indicator representing seven avoidable outcomes. Total costs on the basis of Medicare amount paid were grouped as inpatient and outpatient. We examined the association between care quality and costs for cancer survivors, and compared this association among 2:1 frequency-matched noncancer controls, using comparisons of means and generalized linear regressions.Results:Our sample included 8,661 cancer survivors and 17,332 matched noncancer controls. Receipt of recommended care w...
Marxist Philosophy Theories of Human Being and Building a Well-off Society in an All-round Way

The author thinks that there is a tight conaction between the "1844 Philosophic Economical Manuscraption"of Karl Marx and the "Report of 16~(th) National Congress of the CCP"of Jiang Zeming,that is,always concerning the human.From the perspective of human emancepation,or from the perspective of well-off society building,the start point is,human as essence and the goat of full and free development of human.
Ultra-low ripple inverters for distributed generation applications

This paper investigates a Zero First-order Ripple (ZFR) inverter topology for integration with distributed energy resources. The proposed ZFR topology is free from first order triangular ripples and will demonstrate minimal sinusoidal ripples. Therefore, ZFR inverters can offer low harmonic distortions utilizing small coupled inductors. Additionally, elimination of electrolyte capacitors in ZFR topologies improves the reliability and life expectancy of the overall system. After the introduction of the ZFR topology, the proposed inverter is modeled and the steady state values of state variables are derived. Lastly, experimental results are provided to evaluate the proposed inverter.
Counseling patients with low health literacy

Q: A recent report from the Institute of Medicine indicates that the health literacy of the average American is low and that health care professionals use too much medical jargon when they communicate with patients. I want to provide more effective education and counseling for my patients both
Review: pharmacotherapy improves cognitive symptoms in dementia.

Source Citation Santaguida P, Raina P, Booker L, et al. Pharmacological treatment of dementia. Evid Rep Technol Assess (Summ). 2004;Apr:1-16. 15279402
Sex Education on Television: An Early History of Some Firsts

AbstractIn the context of how television has treated issues relating to human sexuality in the past two decades, this article explores a series of thirty color programs on sexual issues, produced in the mid-1970s. The series represents one of the first attempts to present the broad spectrum of sexology in a frank, but educational, format for television. The philosophies behind the programming are discussed, along with the impact the series had on viewers.
Sudden load as an aetiologic factor in low back pain

Unexpected loads, which often occur in the working environment, can lead to high forces in the spine and, thus, may be a cause of low back injury. This paper discusses the effect of sudden load and release of load on the erector spinae reaction time and amplitude. Muscle responses were mediated by several factors including fatigue, expectation and rehabilitation in chronic LBP patients. The subjects were fatigued by holding a 20% maximum voluntary contraction for 1 min. The effect of a functional restoration program was tested for its efficacy in reducing reaction time and EMG amplitude in chronic low back patients. Reaction time was longer and EMG amplitude lower in patients compared to their matched controls. EMG reaction time and magnitude decreased in patients after a 2-weeks rehabilitation program, including specific training of co-ordination and posture control. The effect of sudden loads can be exacerbated if a worker is fatigued. Chronic low back pain patients have less ability to protect themselves from sudden loads but they can be trained to improve their response by means of an appropriate rehabilitation program.
Extraction of subvoxel resolution trabecular bone architecture from NMR microscopy

NMR microscopy is currently being used as an investigational tool for the evaluation of micromorphometric parameters of trabecular bone as a possible means to assess its strength. Since, typically, the image voxel size is not significantly smaller than individual trabecular elements, partial volume blurring can be a major complication for accurate tissue classification. Here, a Bayesian segmentation technique is reported that achieves improved subvoxel tissue classification. Each voxel is subdivided either into eight subvoxels twice the original resolution, or up to four subvoxels along the transaxial direction and the subvoxels optimally classified as either bone or marrow. Based on a statistical model for partial volume blurring, the likelihood for the number of marrow subvoxels in each voxel can be computed on the basis of its measured signal. To resolve the ambiguity of the location of the marrow subvoxels, a Gibbs distribution is introduced to model the interaction between the subvoxels. Neighboring subvoxel pairs with the same tissue label are encouraged, and pairs with distinct labels are penalized. The segmentation is achieved by maximizing the a posteriori probability of the label image using the block ICM (iterative conditional mode) algorithm. The potential of the proposed technique is demonstrated in real and synthetic NMR microscopic images. >
Deltoid Electromyography is Reliable During Submaximal Isometric Ramp Contractions

The EMG and load relationship is commonly measured with multiple submaximal isometric contractions. This method is both time consuming and may introduce fatigue. The purpose of this study was to determine if the electromyography (EMG) amplitude from the middle deltoid was reliable during isometric ramp contractions (IRCs) at different angles of elevation and rates of force application. Surface EMG was measured at 3 shoulder elevation angles during IRCs at 4 submaximal levels of maximum voluntary contraction (MVC). Data were reliable in all conditions except during the rate relative to the subjects’ MVC at 90° for 30% and 40% MVC. The main effect for angle on EMG amplitude was found to be significant, p < .01. EMG at 90° was greater than at 60° (p < .017) and at 30° (p < .017). The main effect of force level on EMG amplitude was significant, p < .01 and follow-up contrast demonstrated a significant (p < .001) linear increase of EMG amplitude with force level. We conclude that EMG amplitude from IRCs are re...
Introduction to the Aral Sea and Its Region

This chapter presents key background information on the Aral Sea and its region. The Aral Sea Basin’s geographical setting is discussed, including location, climate, topography, soils, water resources, constituent nations, and basic demographic parameters. Next, the physical characteristics of the Aral Sea (size, depth, hydrochemistry, circulation patterns, temperature characteristics, water balance, etc.) prior to the modern desiccation that began in the 1960s are summarized. This is followed by treatment of level fluctuations of the Aral and their causes prior to the modern drying. The final section is devoted to tracing the most important events in the history of research and exploration of the Aral up to 1960.
Secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC) activates focal adhesion kinase and integrin-linked kinase to induce AKT-dependent glioma survival and invasion

1683 Secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC) is an extracellular matrix glycoprotein overexpressed in malignant gliomas and other solid cancers. In a gene expression study, we recently demonstrated that increased SPARC expression is associated with poor prognosis in older glioblastoma patients. Forced expression of SPARC increases glioma invasion associated with increased matrix metalloproteinase expression. Also, SPARC activates the pro-survival AKT pathway to increase glioma tumor cell survival upon serum withdrawal. To determine potential SPARC signal transducers upstream of AKT, we examined the activation state of kinases that are activated in gliomas and mediate invasion. While several transmembrane growth factor receptor tyrosine kinases are not activated by SPARC, we now demonstrate that SPARC acutely activates both focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and integrin-linked kinase (ILK). SiRNA suppression of either FAK or ILK expression reduces SPARC activation of AKT with a near complete inhibition by combined targeting of FAK and ILK expression. SPARC-mediated activation of FAK and ILK contribute to the biological effects of SPARC as suppression of FAK or ILK expression attenuates the effects of SPARC on both glioma invasion and cellular survival. SPARC induces a novel interaction of ILK and FAK as both exogenous SPARC and genetic expression of SPARC induces a complex of ILK and FAK. SPARC has been linked to tumor progression in several advanced cancers. The identification of a signal transduction pathway mediating the effects of SPARC may provide a marker of tumor dependence on specific signal transduction elements.
Ozonolysis of quinoline and quinoline derivatives in a Corning low flow reactor

Efficient ozonolysis of quinoline, electron deficient 8-nitroquinoline, and electron rich 6-methoxyquinoline is conducted in a Corning low flow reactor (Corning LFR) with recycling. The conversions of quinoline and 8-nitroquinoline from single-pass experiments were 75.6 and 52.4%, respectively. Upon successive oxidative work-up in a batch reactor, pyridine-2,3-dicarboxylic acid was obtained in 72.7 and 24.7% yields from the ozonolysis products of quinoline and 8-nitroquinoline, respectively. The recycling increased the overall conversions to 95.2 and 76.9%, respectively. For 6-methoxyquinoline, the conversion from the single-pass experiment, 45.2%, was increased to 73.5% with recycling under a higher liquid flow rate and substrate concentration for ozonolysis. Experimental results, conversions, residence time distribution (RTD), and the overall mass transfer coefficient are included in reactor models to determine the rate constants for ozonolysis. Predictions with the rate constants for quinoline, 8-nitroquinoline, and 6-methoxyquinoline show good agreement with the experimental results for different recycle ratios and concentrations of ozone and substrates.
Developing qualitative ecosystem service relationships with the Driver-Pressure-State-Impact-Response framework: A case study on Cape Cod, Massachusetts.

Abstract Understanding the effects of environmental management strategies on society and the environment is critical for evaluating their effectiveness but is often impeded by limited data availability. In this article, we present a method that can help scientists to support environmental managers’ thinking about causal effects on ecosystem services in coupled human and natural systems. Our method aims to model qualitative cause-effect relationships between management strategies and ecosystem services, using information provided by knowledgeable participants, and the tradeoffs between strategies. We select and organize management strategies, environmental variables, and ecosystem services as indicators using the Driver-Pressure-State-Impact-Response framework. We evaluate the relationship between indicators using a decision tree and numerical representations of interaction strength. We use a matrix multiplication procedure to model direct and indirect interaction effects, and we provide guidelines for combining effects. Results include several data tables from which information can be visualized to understand the plausible interaction effects of implementing management strategies on ecosystem services. We illustrate our method with a coastal water quality management case study on Cape Cod, Massachusetts.
Changes in the Epigenetic Landscape of Prostate Cancer

Localized prostate cancer is considered as low risk and is prognosticated to have a high cure rate. However, even within the localized prostate cancers, there is a subgroup of cancers that becomes metastatic. Therefore, we can prevent metastatic progression by identifying early and treating accordingly. Current treatment options offer marginal increase in overall survival. Therefore, more effective treatment options are needed. The aim of this chapter is to equip the reader with knowledge to build upon for future preclinical as well as clinical studies of prostate cancer, offering epigenetic targets as a feasible alternative to many current day options. This chapter discusses the physiology of the prostate, etiology of prostate cancer, and the role of epigenetics in the disease. Additionally, present day treatment options for prostate cancer as well as ongoing trials that incorporate next-generation sequencing techniques are covered.
Case for Lithium Tetramethylpiperidide-Mediated Ortholithiations: Reactivity and Mechanisms.

Rate and mechanistic studies of ortholithiations by lithium 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidide focus on four arenes: 1,4-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzene, 1,3-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzene, 1,3-dimethoxybenzene, and 4,4-dimethyl-2-phenyl-2-oxazoline. Metalations occur via substrate-dependent combinations of monosolvated monomer, disolvated monomer, and tetrasolvated dimer (triple ions). Density functional theory computational studies augment the experimental data. We discuss the challenges presented by shifting dimer–monomer proportions in determining the observable reaction orders and our mathematical treatment of such shifting in reactant structure.
Accuracy of PET versus SPECT for myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI)

2434 Objectives Although conventional SPECT has become the accepted technique for MPI, cardiac PET has begun to gain widespread utilization in the evaluation of coronary artery disease (CAD). The aim of this study is to evaluate the accuracy of PET vs SPECT for MPI when compared to cardiac catheterization (cath) results. Methods The study consisted of 798 patients referred for MPI; 398 PET and 400 SPECT. PET MPI utilized a dipyridamole rest-stress imaging protocol with attenuation correction and Rb-82 using a dedicated PET system. SPECT MPI was conducted using a dual isotope rest-pharmacological stress imaging protocol. Studies were evaluated as normal, abnormal, or equivocal and location of defect was noted. Abnormal cath results were defined as ≥50% lesion of the left main and/or ≥70% lesion in the left anterior descending, left circumflex, or right coronary artery. Cath and previous image results were compared for matching lesions and defects, assessing accuracy of the respective imaging procedure. A total of 174 patients (79 PET, 95 SPECT) were referred for cath. Of them, 106 had CAD (51 PET, 55 SPECT). Results Image and cath results were correlated. Table 1 displays image, cath correlation results, sensitivity and specificity of PET and SPECT MPI. Conclusions Both PET and SPECT MPI are sensitive tests for diagnosing and evaluating the extent of CAD. PET is superior to SPECT because it offers increased image quality and speed, with less radiation exposure. The low specificity noted is likely due to referral bias (normal studies not referred for cath). Results may be limited due to other factors not considered. Further examination is warranted
Biological Damage Resulting from Thermal Pulses

With the advent of lasers, ultrasonics, and radiofrequency diathermy, a variety of new sources of energy are being applied to biological systems. All these sources of energy have been shown to be clinically useful for treating at least a few restricted classes of human problems, and at the same time they have introduced a new set of potential hazards. We are therefore interested in being able to describe the reactions between these forms of energy and the biological materials as completely as possible. The biological action caused by all these forms of energy is frequently the result of the heating or temperature rise in the material. This is not to preclude other forms of interactions such as laser-induced photochemical reactions or ultrasonically induced mechanical damage. However, in many cases including infrared laser pulses, the principal mechanism for damage or for inducing the desired biological change is a result of the temperature rise and subsequent biochemical changes.
Loss of glutamate signaling from the thalamus to dorsal striatum impairs motor function and slows the execution of learned behaviors.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is primarily associated with the degeneration of midbrain dopamine neurons, but it is now appreciated that pathological processes like Lewy-body inclusions and cell loss affect several other brain regions, including the central lateral (CL) and centromedian/parafascicular (CM/PF) thalamic regions. These thalamic glutamatergic neurons provide a non-cortical excitatory input to the dorsal striatum, a major projection field of dopamine neurons. To determine how thalamostriatal signaling may contribute to cognitive and motor abnormalities found in PD, we used a viral vector approach to generate mice with loss of thalamostriatal glutamate signaling specifically restricted to the dorsal striatum (CAV2Cre-Slc17a6lox/lox mice). We measured motor function and behaviors corresponding to cognitive domains (visuospatial function, attention, executive function, and working memory) affected in PD. CAV2Cre-Slc17a6lox/lox mice were impaired in motor coordination tasks such as the rotarod and beam-walk tests compared with controls (CAV2Cre-Slc17a6+/+ mice). They did not demonstrate much cognitive impairment in the Morris water maze or a water U-maze, but had slower processing reaction times in those tests and in a two-way active avoidance task. These mice could model an aspect of bradyphrenia, the slowness of thought that is often seen in patients with PD and other neurological disorders.
Biochemical Characterization of the Fungal Plasma Membrane ATPase, An Electrogenic Proton Pump

From a variety of flux and electrophysiological studies, it has become clear that there is a rapid and physiologically important circulation of protons across the fungal plasma membrane (Eddy, 1978; Goffeau and Slayman, 1981). Protons are pumped outwards by a primary ATPase, generating both a pH gradient (up to 3 pH units) and a membrane potential (150 to 250 mV, inside negative), and return inwards by way of H+-dependent cotransport systems for sugars, amino acids, and inorganic ions (Fig. 1). A major goal of research during the past few years has been to establish the molecular structure of the fungal plasma membrane ATPase. In particular, there has been reason to ask whether it belongs to the F0F1 class of mitochondrial, chloroplast, and bacterial ATPases (which are capable of ATP-driven proton translocation, even though they usually function in the opposite direction to synthesize ATP), or whether it is more closely related to the Na+/K+-ATPase, Ca2+-ATPase and H+/K+-ATPase of animal cells (which act physiologically in the “transport” direction to pump cations across their respective membranes).
Introduction to FORTRAN

A FORTRAN program is a series of statements that are instructions to the computer. Each statement is keypunched on a separate card. These cards are called control cards, and, in general, they are used to instruct the compiler how to process the program. Sometime after submitting the deck of cards to the computer, the computer operator would run the program. The compiler first checks each statement in the program for grammatical errors until it reaches the END statement. The END statement indicates to the compiler that the program is completed, that is, no more cards should follow. The END statement should appear as the last statement in any FORTRAN program. After the compiler has checked the FORTRAN program for errors and has found none, it translates the program ultimately into machine language. The computer will then execute the translated program, beginning with the machine language equivalent of the first noncomment card in the program and then executing the machine language equivalent of each successive card until it reaches the STOP statement.
Global Incidence and Epidemiology of the AIDS Pandemic, Distribution of HIV Subtypes, and Epidemiology of Hepatitis C Infection Among HIV-Positive Individuals

By the 1990s, an estimated 1 million people were infected with HIV globally. Since that time, the disease has become one of the greatest global public health challenges of our time, resulting in an estimated 65 million infections and claiming the lives of more than 25 million people (UNAIDS). The proportion of individuals worldwide infected with HIV is just under 1% and has been stable since 2001; however, population growth and longer survival of infected persons have resulted in the continuous rise of the number of people living with HIV. A reduction in the number of annual new HIV infections globally is a positive trend noted in 2007.
Exercise counseling in integrative cancer care: Effects on patient self-reported symptoms and quality of life.

227Background: Exercise has shown benefits for cancer prevention and contributes to improved treatment-related outcomes. We reviewed characteristics of cancer patients referred for physical therapist-led exercise counseling at a comprehensive cancer center and its effects on self-reported symptoms and quality of life. Methods: Patients presenting for outpatient exercise counseling from February 2016 to May 2017 completed the Edmonton Symptom Assessment Scale (ESAS; 0-10 scale, 10 most severe) pre/post-encounter and PROMIS10 global health assessment pre-encounter. ESAS individual items and subscales of Physical Distress (PHS), Psychological Distress (PSS), and Global Distress (GDS) were analyzed. We used paired t-tests to compare: (1) ESAS symptoms before and after each encounter and (2) ESAS and PROMIS10 scores at baseline and first follow-up. Results: Of 350 participants, most were female (77.7%), white (66.3%), and had breast (43%) cancer; 31% had at least one follow-up visit with the physical therapist...
Using Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Approach to Understand Academic Advising with International Community College Students

This study focuses on advising international students in a Texas community college. Guided by Bronfenbrenner’s ecological model, I explored how academic advising with international students was shaped by individual backgrounds and environmental influences. I utilized a qualitative research design and analyzed information collected from interviews with 20 academic advisors and 15 international students at the community college. The findings of the study revealed factors in each subsystem of the model that may exert an important impact on international students’ experiences in advising and academic success. The findings can provide a valuable lens for advisors to better understand the challenges of working with international students and unveil forthcoming experiences for prospective international students
The Modernization of Chinese Xiqu with a Case Study of Major Kunqu Productions in Mainland China, 2001–2013

The modernization that the Chinese theatre has been going through since the early twentieth century has been twofold – in both the domain of huaju (spoken drama) and that of xiqu (Chinese indigenous theatre). However, the broad scope of such discussions exceeds the remit of this paper. Therefore, the discussions in this paper are focused on the development of Kunqu – a major xiqu form – to shed light on the study of the modernization of Chinese theatre. This paper reviews the major Kunqu productions in mainland China between 2001 and 2013, analyses their specific characteristics, and examines those characteristics against the general tendency of xiqu modernization in the twentieth century. It considers the contemporary development in the early twenty-first century as well as offers expectations as to future trends in modernization.
Microsimulation in Demographic Research

This article is a revision of the previous edition article by G. Santow, volume 14, pp. 9780–9785, © 2001, Elsevier Ltd.
An Agent-Based Model of Electoral Competition Over Heterogeneous Two-Dimensional Electoral Districts

This paper presents an agent-based model of political competition over multiple heterogeneous electoral districts. Both the positions of district candidates and those of their national parties are endogenously determined and allowed to differ. Candidates are free to choose their position at the district level, but their success in elections also depends on the position of the national party. The ideological space is two-dimensional, thus advancing the results of previous models of electoral competition over multiple districts, which have only analyzed the case of a single policy dimension. In each district, candidates from two national parties compete in plurality elections. Voters' utility depends on both the distance between their ideal position and the position of the candidates, as well as the distance between their ideal position and the position of the candidates' party in congress. After each election, the policy positions of the national parties are determined as the median of the positions of their successful district candidates. If the candidates' vote share increased in the previous election, they make a small move in the same direction they came from; if their vote share decreased, they move in the opposite direction. The results show that neither national parties nor local candidates converge to the same position in the policy space. In the long run, candidates try to balance district preferences against the position of their party. The extent to which they tend to satisfy their district voters at the expense of the national party is positively related to the weight voters place on candidate positions, as opposed to national party positions. Incumbency turnover is higher where voters value the positions of national parties more, and where the districts are more homogenous.
Epidemiology Needs to Inform Suicide Prevention Strategies

Dr. Brent's Master Clinician Review: Saving Holden Caulfield: Suicide Prevention in Children and Adolescents is a timely synthesis of evidence-based approaches to suicide reduction, including prevention strategies and programs, increased access to mental health care, changes in systems of care delivery, and means restriction.1 Although this review appears in what is predominantly a journal for clinicians working in their offices or on hospital units, it is notable that most of the approaches he describes operate at primary or secondary prevention levels. That is, they use population-level strategies to prevent the development of suicide risk (primary prevention), or devise programs to detect and treat individuals before they become dangerously symptomatic (secondary prevention).
Philosophy Without Exceptionlessness

Should the apparent exceptionlessness of science reappear in philosophy—does philosophy too require exceptionless conclusions? The 'dazzling image' from science, when applied to human beings, might suggest an affirmative answer. But a worked example (concerning free will) illustrates how even extant philosophical investigations, once properly understood, can be revealing without importing the assumption of exceptionlessness; and hence how philosophical insights can be sustained, and applied to new cases.
The Chinese Discourse on Good Governance: Content and Implications

Since Xi Jinping came to power in 2012, governance reform and innovation have become a central pillar of China’s grand strategy. Meanwhile, the debate on good governance gained momentum among the C...
Permutation Testing for Dependence in Time Series

Given observations from a stationary time series, permutation tests allow one to construct exactly level $\alpha$ tests under the null hypothesis of an i.i.d. (or, more generally, exchangeable) distribution. On the other hand, when the null hypothesis of interest is that the underlying process is an uncorrelated sequence, permutation tests are not necessarily level $\alpha$, nor are they approximately level $\alpha$ in large samples. In addition, permutation tests may have large Type 3, or directional, errors, in which a two-sided test rejects the null hypothesis and concludes that the first-order autocorrelation is larger than 0, when in fact it is less than 0. In this paper, under weak assumptions on the mixing coefficients and moments of the sequence, we provide a test procedure for which the asymptotic validity of the permutation test holds, while retaining the exact rejection probability $\alpha$ in finite samples when the observations are independent and identically distributed. A Monte Carlo simulation study, comparing the permutation test to other tests of autocorrelation, is also performed, along with an empirical example of application to financial data.
BDNF secretion from C2C12 cells is enhanced by methionine restriction.

Brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is produced in skeletal muscle as a myokine that plays a role in muscle metabolism. However, how metabolic changes affect skeletal muscle BDNF expression and release remains to be fully understood. Amino acid restrictions such as methionine restriction (MR) are considered as an alternative fasting approach. Here we reported that in C2C12 myotubes, MR enhanced BDNF release, which was measured using ELISA, RT-qPCR, cell immunostaining, and Western blot. Inhibition of protein transport pathway blocked the MR enhanced BDNF release, confirming that MR-induced BDNF release involved classic protein secretory pathway. MR increased l-lactate product in media, suggesting that MR promoted glycolysis. Treatment with 2-deoxy glucose (2-DG) attenuated lactate production as well as BDNF release, suggesting that glycolysis is involved in the enhanced BDNF release induced by MR. Moreover, treatment with l-Lactate, the end-product of glycolysis, enhanced BDNF gene expression and release in control cells in a dose dependent manner, suggesting lactate produced by glycolysis may mediate the enhanced BDNF release by MR. Overall, the results of this study suggest that MR promotes BDNF secretion from C2C12 myotubes at least partially via enhancing glycolysis and lactate production.
Becoming WISE about the Environment: A Novel Approach to an Overnight Summer Science Camp for Young Females

In order to encourage female students to pursue science as a career, an overnight science camp known as the Women in Science Experience (WISE) was developed and implemented at Mount St. Joseph University. The camp was developed for girls who were 14-17 years of age as a residential experience to simulate life on a university campus. This manuscript describes the implementation of the camp, including development of content and organization of the camp schedule. The camp was evaluated by student participants using a survey that contained Likert-style and open response questions, with students reporting overall satisfaction with the camp. The manuscript discusses the student responses to the survey and describes the lessons learned from the entire process of developing and running WISE.
Structural basis of mismatch recognition by a SARS-CoV-2 proofreading enzyme.

Coronavirus 3′-to-5′ exoribonuclease (ExoN), residing in the nonstructural protein (nsp) 10–nsp14 complex, boosts replication fidelity by proofreading RNA synthesis and is critical for the virus li...
A literature review on park-and-rides

American cities have been implementing park-and-rides (PNRs) since the 1930s; however, there has been a recent resurgence of literature examining this type of transit station. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive review of the current literature on PNRs and directions for future research. PNR studies published in the last ten years were reviewed and text mining was applied to extract key themes. Six themes were identified. The two most common areas of research were network equilibrium and optimization (12 of 37 studies) and demand models (8 of 37 studies). This was followed by guidelines and best practices as well as comparative studies (6 of 37 studies each). Parking utilization had the fewest number of recent studies (3 of 37 studies). This review revealed that the majority of PNR studies were conducted in geographic areas with extensive transit services, most studies have focused on rail-based PNRs, and the most widely used method was multinomial logit. Some areas for future research include studying remote PNRs, examining bus-based PNRs, and assessing the impact of emerging modes on PNR utilization. This systematic review could assist planners and transit agencies in further improving sustainable PNR networks in their cities.
Blood and Urine Sampling

Every clinical pathology measurement can be undermined by poor sample collection, and there are many ways that samples can be compromised. A long list of tests can be ruined by red blood cell hemolysis and the presence of bilirubin because of improper blood collection technique. Similarly, a failure to properly fast animals can cause serum to be lipemic, which can interfere with many tests. Blood should be drawn from the same site, and at the same time of day throughout serial samplings. This is essential in rodents since their leukocyte counts fluctuate widely due to circadian effects and sampling site. Cell counts in all species differ depending on the collection site. When an animal is stressed during blood collection, there is a release of corticosteroids, splenic contraction, and the release of additional cells into circulation; and blood chemistries are also affected. Four methods for collecting urine are described along with their strengths and weaknesses. There is no ideal way to preserve urine so the means used are dictated by the evaluations needed.