cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Strategic voting in the 1984 democratic presidential primaries

Abstract When casting their ballots in primary elections, voters usually vote in a straight-forward manner for the candidate of their preference. But sometimes sophisticated voters vote for a second or third choice who has a better chance of winning in the general election or even cross over to the opposition party to vote for a candidate who will be easier to defeat in the general election. This article assesses the amount and importance of such strategic voting in Democratic presidential primaries in 1984 using discriminate analysis.
Structural system identification of buildings by a wave method based on a layered Timoshenko beam model

A layered Timoshenko beam (TB) model of a high-rise building is presented and applied to system identification of a full-scale building from recorded seismic response. This model is a new development in a wave method for earthquake damage detection and structural health monitoring being developed by the authors’ research group. The method is based on monitoring changes in the wave properties of the structure, such as the velocity of wave propagation vertically through the structure. This model is an improvement over the previously used layered shear beam (SB) model because it accounts for wave dispersion caused by flexural deformation present in addition to shear. It also accounts for the rotatory inertia and the variation of the building properties with height. The case study is a 54-story steel frame building located in downtown Los Angeles. Recorded accelerations during the Northridge earthquake of 1994 are used for system identification of the NS response. The model parameters are identified by matching, in the least squares sense, the model and observed impulse response functions at all levels where motion was recorded. The model is then used to compute the building vertical phase and group velocities. Impulse responses computed by deconvolution of the recorded motions with the roof response are used, which represent the building response to a virtual source at the roof. The better match of transfer-function amplitudes of the fitted TB model than of previously fitted SB model indicates that the layered TB model is a better physical model for this building.
A 40-year-old woman with epigastric pain and an intrahepatic mass

Presentation of Case A 40-year-old woman was admitted to the hospital because of epigastric pain and an intrahepatic mass. She was well until five years earlier, when epigastric pain developed. She...
VLWIR HgCdTe detector current-voltage analysis

This article details current-voltage characteristics for a very long wavelength infrared (VLWIR) Hg1−xCdxTe detector from Raytheon Vision Systems with a cutoff wavelength of 20.0 µm at 28 K. In this article, the VLWIR detector diode currents are modeled as a function of bias and temperature. This in-depth current model includes diffusion, band-to-band tunneling, trap-assisted tunneling (TAT), and shunt currents. The trap density has been extracted from the modeled TAT component of the current and was revealed to be relatively temperature-independent. An attempted incorporation of VLWIR detector susceptibility to stress has also been included through variation of the model parameter associated with the p-n junction electric field strength. This field variation accounts for stress induced piezoelectric fields. The current in this VLWIR detector was found to be diffusion-limited under much of the temperature and bias ranges analyzed. This modeling allows the scrutiny of both the dominant current-limiting mechanism and the magnitudes of the various current components as a function of both bias and temperature, allowing the straightforward determination of the ideal operating conditions for a given detector.
The preparation, germination properties and stability of superdormant spores of Bacillus cereus.

Aims: To determine yields, germination and stability of superdormant Bacillus cereus spores. Methods and Results: Superdormant B. cereus spores were isolated by germination with high concentrations of inosine or l-alanine in 2–5% yield and did not germinate with high concentrations of either of these germinants, but germinated like starting spores with Ca-DPA, dodecylamine, l-alanine plus inosine or concentrated complete medium. Yields of superdormant spores from germinations with low inosine concentrations were higher, and these spores germinated poorly with low inosine, but relatively normally with high inosine. Yields of superdormant spores were also higher when nonheat-activated spores were germinated. Superdormant spores stored at 4°C slowly recovered some germination capacity, but recovery was slowed significantly at −20°C and −80°C. Conclusions: Factors that influence levels of superdormant B. cereus spores and the properties of such spores are similar to those in B. megaterium and B. subtilis, suggesting there are common mechanisms involved in superdormancy of Bacillus spores. Significance: Superdormant spores are a major concern in the food industry, because the presence of such spores precludes decontamination strategies based on triggering spore germination followed by mild killing treatments. Studies of the properties of superdormant spores may suggest ways to eliminate them.
2.3 A crystal structure of tetanus neurotoxin light chain.

TeNT is the causative agent of the neuroparalytic disease tetanus. A key component of TeNT is its light chain, a Zn2+ endopeptidase that targets SNAREs. Recent structural studies of closely related BoNT endopeptidases indicate that substrate-binding exosites remote from a conserved active site are the primary determinants of substrate specificity. Here we report the 2.3 A X-ray crystal structure of TeNT-LC, determined by combined molecular replacement and MAD phasing. As expected, the overall structure of TeNT-LC is similar to the other known CNT light chain structures, including a conserved thermolysin-like core inserted between structurally distinct amino- and carboxy-terminal regions. Differences between TeNT-LC and the other CNT light chains are mainly limited to surface features such as unique electrostatic potential profiles. An analysis of surface residue conservation reveals a pattern of relatively high variability matching the path of substrate binding around BoNT/A, possibly serving to accommoda...
Broadband return-to-zero wavelength conversion and signal regeneration using a monolithically integrated, photocurrent-driven wavelength converter

Introduction: Dynamic wavelength switching and signal regeneration are critical functions to enhance the performance of next generation networks. Of particular importance is a monolithically integrated device that can perform these functions, including signal reamplification, reshaping, retiming (3R) and wavelength conversion with a small form factor. Such a device has the potential for low packaging costs and low coupling losses between discrete components. Several approaches have been explored for simultaneous wavelength switching and signal regeneration. These include interferometric optical amplifiers, nonlinear fibres, and a variety of electroabsorption modulator (EAM) approaches [1‐3]. However, these approaches generally have high loss between components, high power dissipation, or need optical filtering to separate input and regenerated signals. Recently we have demonstrated a small form factor monolithically integrated PD-WC [4]. The high degree of integration allows for low coupling losses, and the separation of input and output signals enables full wavelength transparency without output signal filtering. In this Letter we present optical wavelength switching and 3R regeneration using the PD-WC. The device employs a tandem modulator clock recovery technique [5] to regenerate the degraded optical signals.
Membrane-Associated RING-CH Proteins Associate with Bap31 and Target CD81 and CD44 to Lysosomes

Membrane-associated RING-CH (MARCH) proteins represent a family of transmembrane ubiquitin ligases modulating intracellular trafficking and turnover of transmembrane protein targets. While homologous proteins encoded by gamma-2 herpesviruses and leporipoxviruses have been studied extensively, limited information is available regarding the physiological targets of cellular MARCH proteins. To identify host cell proteins targeted by the human MARCH-VIII ubiquitin ligase we used stable isotope labeling of amino-acids in cell culture (SILAC) to monitor MARCH-dependent changes in the membrane proteomes of human fibroblasts. Unexpectedly, we observed that MARCH-VIII reduced the surface expression of Bap31, a chaperone that predominantly resides in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). We demonstrate that Bap31 associates with the transmembrane domains of several MARCH proteins and controls intracellular transport of MARCH proteins. In addition, we observed that MARCH-VIII reduced the surface expression of the hyaluronic acid-receptor CD44 and both MARCH-VIII and MARCH-IV sequestered the tetraspanin CD81 in endo-lysosomal vesicles. Moreover, gene knockdown of MARCH-IV increased surface levels of endogenous CD81 suggesting a constitutive involvement of this family of ubiquitin ligases in the turnover of tetraspanins. Our data thus suggest a role of MARCH-VIII and MARCH-IV in the regulated turnover of CD81 and CD44, two ubiquitously expressed, multifunctional proteins.
The influence of internet-retailing factors on price expectations

Internet retailing has significantly changed the character of retail competition. More and more often, ordinary consumers, not just the technologically savvy ones, are making purchases over the Internet. The extent to which e-tailers can build trust will significantly influence the willingness of consumers to make purchases over the Internet. As a result, it is important to better understand the factors that influence consumers' trust in e-tailers. This research models the effects of store name, on-line security guarantee, and money-back guarantee on price expectations and willingness to buy. The results suggest that value-enhancing approaches, like assurances of security encryption and money-back guarantees, are more important for less well-known e-tailers than for their more famous competitors. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Competitive Threshold Collision-Induced Dissociation: Gas-Phase Acidities and Bond Dissociation Energies for a Series of Alcohols

Energy-resolved competitive collision-induced dissociation methods are used to measure the gas-phase acidities of a series of alcohols (methanol, ethanol, 2-propanol, and 2-methyl-2-propanol). The competitive dissociation reactions of fluoride−alcohol, [F-·HOR], alkoxide−water, [RO-·HOH], and alkoxide−methanol [RO-·HOCH3] proton-bound complexes are studied using a guided ion beam tandem mass spectrometer. The reaction cross sections and product branching fractions to the two proton transfer channels are measured as a function of collision energy. The enthalpy difference between the two product channels is found by modeling the reaction cross sections near threshold using RRKM theory to account for the energy-dependent product branching ratio and kinetic shift. From the enthalpy difference, the alcohol gas-phase acidities are determined relative to the well-known values of HF and H2O. The measured gas-phase acidities are ΔacidH298(CH3OH) = 1599 ± 3 kJ/mol, ΔacidH298(CH3CH2OH) = 1586 ± 5 kJ/mol, ΔacidH298((...
The Freter model: A simple model of biofilm formation

A simple, conceptual model of biofilm formation, due to R. Freter et al. (1983), is studied analytically and numerically in both CSTR and PFR. Two steady state regimes are identified, namely, the complete washout of the microbes from the reactor and the successful colonization of both the wall and bulk fluid. One of these is stable for any particular set of parameter values and sharp and explicit conditions are given for the stability of each. The effects of adding an anti-microbial agent to the CSTR are examined.
Self-Disclosure and Asian Students' Abilities to Cope with Social Difficulties in the United States

Abstract In this study I examined the relationships between self-disclosure and the abilities of Asian students (N = 129) to cope with social difficulties in the United States using Wheeless's (1978) General Disclosiveness Scale and the Social Situations Questionnaire (Furnham & Bochner, 1982). Results from Pearson product-moment correlations and stepwise multiple regression analyses showed positive relationships between intent, honesty, and valence of self-disclosure and social difficulties and negative relationships between amount and depth of self-disclosure and social difficulties. A one-way analysis of variance on self-disclosure indicated differences among subjects from different nations.
Isotropic graphite multistage depressed collectors-a progress report

A small, isotropic graphite electrode multistage depressed collector (MDC) was designed, fabricated, and evaluated in conjunction with a 500-W, CW (continuous wave), 4.8-to-9.6-GHz TWT (traveling wave tube). The carbon electrode surfaces were used to improve the TWT overall efficiency by minimizing the secondary electron emission losses in the MDC. The design and fabrication of the brazed graphite MDC assembly are described. The TWT and graphite electrode MDC bakeout and processing (outgassing) characteristics were evaluated and found to be comparable to those for TWTs equipped with copper electrode MDCs. The TWT and MDC performance was optimized for broadband CW operation at saturation. The average RF, overall, and MDC efficiencies were 14.9, 46.4, and 83.6%, respectively, across the octave operating band. A 1500-h CW test showed no gas buildup and excellent stability of the electrode surfaces. >
Surgical management of malignant pelvic tumors: The 1990s

The presentation, clinical investigations, and management options for malignant tumors of the pelvis are discussed. the experience at the Mayo Clinic with various femoropelvic arthrodeses is described, and a review of innovative techniques is presented.
Group A streptococcal bacteremia in intravenous drug abusers

Abstract The clinical and microbiologic features of group A streptococcal bacteremia are described in 40 patients, all of whom were seen between January 1982 and June 1983 and all of whom were intravenous drug abusers. Eleven patients had endocarditis (two with left-sided and nine with right-sided), and 29 patients had bacteremia without endocardial involvement. Twenty-seven of the 29 patients without endocarditis had soft tissue infections, primarily groin abscesses. Constitutional symptoms were more severe in patients with endocarditis. The two patients with left-sided endocarditis died despite antimicrobial therapy; all nine patients with right-sided endocarditis and all 29 patients without endocardftis were cured of their infection. A predominant strain of group A streptococcus was identified by serologic typing, suggesting a common source for these cases.
Molecular Products and Radicals from Pyrolysis of Lignin

Thermal degradation of lignin under two reaction regimes (pyrolysis in N2 and oxidative pyrolysis in 4% O2 in N2) has been investigated in a tubular, isothermal, flow-reactor over the temperature range 200–900 °C at a residence time of 0.2 s. Two experimental protocols were adopted: (1) Partial pyrolysis in which the same lignin sample was continuously pyrolyzed at each temperature and (2) conventional pyrolysis, in which new lignin samples were pyrolyzed at each pyrolysis temperature. The results identified common relationships between the two modes of experiments, as well as some differences. The majority of products from partial pyrolysis peaked between 300 and 500 °C, whereas for conventional pyrolysis reaction products peaked between 400 and 500 °C. The principal products were syringol (2,6-dimethoxy phenol), guaiacol (2-methoxy phenol), phenol, and catechol. Of the classes of compounds analyzed, the phenolic compounds were the most abundant, contributing over 40% of the total compounds detected. Ben...
Varietal differences in potato tuber greening

Greening reactions of 144 potato varieties (16 russet, 29 red, 99 white) were evaluated. Three components of greening (external color, internal color, and depth of color) were measured. In general, depth of greening was less in russetted varieties than in white varieties. Red varieties showed less discoloration for all three components. The three greening components appeared to be independent, and might be inherited separately.
Resident Work Hour Changes in Children’s Hospitals: Impact on Staffing Patterns and Workforce Needs

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Changes to the structure and nature of resident duty hour assignments can create compensatory workforce needs in hospital or outpatient settings to ensure appropriate patient care. The objective of this study was to understand what, if any, adjustments children’s hospitals have made in staffing and assignments of specific duties during the past 2 years as a result of residency duty hour changes, and what changes are anticipated in the upcoming 2 years. METHODS: Mail survey to chief executive officers and chief operating officers of 114 freestanding children’s hospitals or children’s hospitals within a larger hospital. RESULTS: Response rate was 65.4%. Respondents from more than half of hospitals (57%, N = 36) reported increasing the overall full-time equivalent (FTE) of hospitalists in response to the 2011 resident work hour changes. Forty-eight percent ( N = 30) increased the overall FTE of pediatric nurse practitioners (PNPs), and 42% ( N = 27) increased the FTE of neonatal nurse practitioners (NNPs). Most hospitals plan to increase the number of hospitalists (69%, N = 44), PNPs (59%, N = 37), or pediatric attending physicians (56%, N = 35) over the next 2 years. Forty-three percent ( N = 27) of hospitals plan to increase the number of NNPs over the next 2 years, and a quarter plan to increase physician assistants (25%, N = 16) or pediatric house staff (24%, N = 15). CONCLUSIONS: Changes in work hours for pediatric residents appear to have an impact on workforce planning within pediatric hospitals. Decreases in available resident work hours will create an increasing demand, primarily for nonresident physicians, PNPs, and NNPs. * Abbreviations: FTE — : full-time equivalent NNP — : neonatal nurse practitioner PA — : physician assistant PNP — : pediatric nurse practitioner
Religious conversion in a psychotic individual

The authors describe the case of a man who appeared to have psychotic symptoms, including self-injurious behavior, but who understood his own experience as a religious conversion. The symptoms, clinical course, and treatment response are described with reference to the works of Kurt Schneider and William James. Empirical studies of the attitudes of psychiatrists, psychiatric patients, and clergypersons about the relationship between religious belief and psychiatric illness are described, and various theoretical models used to understand this relationship are articulated.
SU-E-T-533: Evaluating Effective Source Position Corrections during Modeling with Pinnacle Version 9.2 Software for Flattening Free (FFF) Small Field Treatments.

Purpose: Advanced treatmentdelivery techniques require more robust treatment planning system (TPS) models for accurate dose planning and computation. As stereotactic body radiation therapy(SBRT) and volumetric‐modulated arc therapy (VMAT) treatments become more prevalent, the ability of the TPS to accurately calculate dosedelivered from small fields becomes of greater importance. An additional level of complexity in photon beam modeling is added with the inclusion of flattening filter free (FFF) treatment beams, due to steep in field dose gradients and non uniform penumbra regions. The purpose of this work is to examine the ability of ADAC/Pinnacle TPS to accurately model and calculate dose from small field FFF treatment beams. Methods:Photon beam data was first modeled using Pinnacle v9.0. Flattened and FFF beam models were generated for 6MV and 10MV energies. Models were fine‐tuned using a 5×5 cm2 field as the standard field in order to place more emphasis on the accuracy of the model for the small fields. An upgrade to Pinnacle v9.2 allowed for comparison between version 9.0 and version 9.2. Results: Accurately modeling small fields using Pinnacle v9.0 proved difficult, particularly in the lower penumbra region. An asymmetry appeared in the small field models for both the flattened and FFF models. The Pinnacle v9.2 upgrade eliminated the small field asymmetries, and allowed for more accurate penumbra region calculations. Preliminary results have shown that Pinnacle v9.2 is capable of developing accurate beam models when an emphasis is placed on the small fields. In addition, patient specific dosimetric information for version 9.0 and version 9.2 was also calculated and examined for prostate, head & neck, and lungtreatments.Conclusions: Pinnacle v9.2 showed improved accuracy in small field FFF dose modeling over version 9.0. Comparison of patient dosimetric information reflected the improvement in the small field modeling.
Bacterioplankton in the marginal ice zone of the Weddell Sea: biomass, production and metabolic activities during austral autumn

Abstract Observations of microbial distributions and metabolic activities were made during early austral autumn, 1986, in the marginal ice zone of the Weddell Sea east of the Antarctic peninsula. Bacterioplankton had distributions and activities similar to those of phytoplankton within the marginal ice zone. Bacterial production averaged 19 ± 10 mg C m−2 d−1 in regions partially covered with ice, and in open waters mean rates were 119 ± 69 mg C m−2 d−1. Pronounced productivity maxima were present seaward of the ice edge. Although biomass and productivity maxima for algae and bacteria were largely superimposed spatially, there was no obvious relationship between these biological features and the density field. Rates of primary production in early autumn, adjacent to a nearly stationary ice edge, were much lower than rates observed in spring when the ice edge was retreating. However, bacterial production rates were comparable during both seasons. During autumn secondary production by bacterioplankton in the upper 100 m often equaled or exceeded primary productivity; integrated bacterial production in open water areas averaged 76% of primary production. Mean bacterial growth rates in ice-covered and open water regions were 0.33 and 0.58 d−1, respectively, or from 5 to 11 times those of phytoplankton. Rates and ratios of macromolecular synthesis by bacterioplankton were comparable with previous temperature and polar studies. Several lines of evidence indicate that this ice edge bloom was dominated by heterotrophic processes.
Long-term results of various treatment options for infected total knee arthroplasty

Of 73 infected total knee arthroplasties treated from 1973 through 1984, the outcome of various management options revealed that solid arthrodesis was obtained in 70%. Fifteen percent of those with a solid fusion had residual pain or even recurrence of infection. Aggressive debridement was successful in eight of ten (80%). Long-term follow-up results show reimplantations were successful in eight of 15 (53%) but were functionally successful in only five of 15 (33%). A treatment plan based on functional considerations follows. For acute infections a very aggressive initial debridement followed by primary closure over an antibiotic-soaked pack is carried out. The prosthesis is left in place if at all possible and if the bone-cement interface has not demonstrated loosening. The knee is debrided every two or three days until negative cultures are obtained. Antibiotic beads are then inserted, with reexploration at three weeks with new cultures. Parenteral antibiotics are given for a three-week period initially. If two successive surgical debridements fail to reveal a positive culture, the knee is closed and rehabilitation is begun. For chronic infections, the recommendations of Wilde and Ruth are followed, employing antibiotic-impregnated beads and spacers with staged debridements similar to the method described above. Finally, an accurate definition of the true value of any of these options is predicated on long-term follow-up studies, since options that seemed promising as an initial procedure have proved disappointing as more experienced and longer follow-up study is obtained.
Performance evaluation of a pediatric viscous impeller pump for Fontan cavopulmonary assist

Objective The anatomic and physiologic constraints for pediatric cavopulmonary assist differ markedly from adult Fontan circulations owing to smaller vessel sizes and risk of elevated pulmonary resistance. In this study, hemodynamic and hemolysis performance of a catheter-based viscous impeller pump (VIP) to power the Fontan circulation is assessed at a pediatric scale (∼15 kg) and performance range (0-30 mm Hg). Methods Computer simulation and mock circulation studies were conducted to assess the hydraulic performance, acute hemodynamic response to different levels VIP support, and the potential for vena caval collapse. Computational fluid dynamics simulations were used to estimate VIP hydraulic performance, shear rates, and potential for hemolysis. Hemolysis was quantified in a mock loop with fresh bovine blood. Results A VIP augmented 4-way total cavopulmonary connection flow at pediatric scales and restored systemic pressures and flows to biventricular values, without causing flow obstruction or suction. VIP generated flows up to 4.1 L/min and pressure heads of up to 38 mm Hg at 11,000 rpm. Maximal shear rate was 160 Pa, predicting low hemolysis risk. Observed hemolysis was low with plasma free hemoglobin of 11.4 mg · dL−1 · h−1. Conclusions A VIP will augment Fontan cavopulmonary flow in the proper pressure and flow ranges, with low hemolysis risk under more stringent pediatric scale and physiology compared with adult scale. This technology may be developed to simultaneously reduce systemic venous pressure and improve cardiac output after stage 2 or 3 Fontan repair. It may serve to compress surgical staging, lessening the pathophysiologic burden of repair.
Challenges in sensor development for the electric utility industry

The electric utility industry is reducing operating costs in order to prepare for deregulation. The reduction in operating cost has meant a reduction in manpower. The ability to utilize remaining maintenance staff more effectively and to stay competitive in a deregulated environment has therefore become critical. In recent years, the industry has moved away from routine or periodic maintenance to predictive or condition based maintenance. This requires the assessment of equipment condition by frequent testing and inspection; a requirement that is incompatible with cost reduction. To overcome this dilemma, industry trends are toward condition monitoring, whereby the health of apparatus is monitored continuously. This requires the installation of sensors hr transducers on power equipment and the data taken forwarded to an intelligent device for further processing. These devices then analyze the data and make evaluations based on parameter levels or trends, in an attempt to predict possible deterioration. This continuous monitoring allows the electric utility to schedule maintenance on an as needed basis. The industry has been faced with many challenges in sensor design. The measurement of physical, chemical and electrical parameters under extreme conditions of electric fields, magnetic fields, temperature, corrosion, etc. is extensive. This paper will give an overview of these challenges and the solutions adopted for apparatus such as power transformers, circuit breakers, boilers, cables, batteries, and rotating machinery.
Evaluation of precipitates used in strainer head loss testing: Part II. Precipitates by in situ aluminum alloy corrosion☆

Abstract Vertical loop head loss tests were performed with 6061 and 1100 aluminum (Al) alloy plates immersed in borated solution at pH = 9.3 at room temperature and 60 °C. The results suggest that the potential for corrosion of an Al alloy to result in increased head loss across a glass fiber bed may depend on its microstructure, i.e., the size distribution and number density of intermetallic particles that are present in Al matrix and FeSiAl ternary compounds, as well as its Al release rate. Per unit mass of Al removed from solution, the WCAP-16530 aluminum hydroxide (Al(OH)3) surrogate was more effective in increasing head loss than the Al(OH)3 precipitates formed in situ by corrosion of Al alloy. However, in choosing a representative amount of surrogate for plant specific testing, consideration should be given to the potential for additional head losses due to intermetallic particles and the apparent reduction in the effective solubility of Al(OH)3 when intermetallic particles are present.
Comparison of intrathecal meperidine and lidocaine in endoscopic urological procedures.

The purpose of this study was to determine if a small dose of intrathecal meperidine would achieve adequate spinal anaesthesia while minimizing complications and to compare its effectiveness with lidocaine. The spinal anaesthetic effects of five per cent lidocaine 0.5 mg · kg−1 in 7.5 percent glucose (n = 20) or five per cent meperidine 0.5 mg · kg−1 (n = 22) were evaluated in 42 ASA physical status II or III patients. Intrathecal injection of the anaesthetic agent was given with the patient in the sitting position in which he remained for ten minutes before being placed in the lithotomy position. The onset time for sensory blockade was seven minutes in the lidocaine group and ten minutes in the meperidine group. Final sensory levels were identical in both groups. Mean arterial blood pressure decreased significantly in the lidocaine group but not in the meperidine group. Motor block was absent in ten patients in the meperidine group but was present in all the patients in the lidocaine group. Duration of postoperative analgesia was 968 min in the meperidine group and 681 min in the lidocaine group (NS). Complications such as nausea, vomiting, itching, drowsiness and respiratory depression were similar in the two groups. It is concluded that low-dose meperidine, 0.5 mg · kg−1, is effective as a spinal anaestheic agent and has few complications.
People in Libraries as Security Agents

Security in libraries, particularly academic libraries, often depends on personnel who are not trained for that role and indeed cannot be expected to have the expertise it requires. They can get into difficult situations in which the results cannot be controlled or even predicted. The library user can feel threatened by the actions of untrained persons, as in these days users seem resistent to or even annoyed by normal security procedures. A series of examples highlights the problem. The author suggests that there are no pat answers or solutions to these difficulties.
Can We Progress from Solipsistic Science to Frugal Innovation

Energy demand in the twenty-first century will be driven by the needs of three billion people in the emerging world and three billion new inhabitants to our planet. To provide them with a renewable and sustainable energy supply is perhaps the greatest challenge for science in the twenty-first century. The science practiced to meet the energy needs of the twentieth century responded to a society of wealth, and energy systems were designed to be large and centralized. However, the inability of the emerging world to incur large capital costs suggests that a new science must be undertaken, one that does not rely on economy of scale but rather sets as its target highly manufacturable and distributed energy systems that are affordable to the poor. Only in this way can science provide global society with its most direct solution for a sustainable and carbon-neutral energy future.
The circumstellar shell of the post-ABB star HD 56126: the 12C12C/12C13C isotope ratio and12C16O column density

We have made the first detection of circumstellar absorption lines of the 12C13C A 1Πu-X 1∑g+ (Phillips) system 1-0 band and the 12C16O X 1∑+ first-overtone 2-0 band in the spectrum of the post-AGB star HD 56126 (IRAS 07134+1005). All current detections of circumstellar molecular absorption lines toward HD 56126 (12C2, 12C13C, 12C14N, 13C14N, and 12C16O) yield the same heliocentric velocity of VCSE = 77.6 ± 0.4 km s-1. The 12C2, 12C13C, and 12C16O lines give rotational temperatures and integrated column densities of Trot = 328 ± 37 K, log Nint = 15.34 ± 0.10 cm-2, Trot = 256 ± 30 K, log Nint = 13.79 ± 0.12 cm-2, and Trot = 51 ± 37 K, log NInt = 18.12 ± 0.13 cm-2, respectively. The rotational temperatures are lower for molecules with a higher permanent dipole moment. Derived relative column densities ratios are 12C2/12C13C = 36 ± 13 and 12C16O/(12C2 + 12C13C) = 606 ± 230. Combined with data from a previous paper, we find relative column densities of 12C16O/(12C14N + 13C14N) = 475 ± 175 and 12C14N/13C14N = 38 ± 2. Under chemical equilibrium conditions, 12C13C is formed twice as easily as 12C2. The isotopic exchange reaction for 12C2 is too slow to significantly alter the 12C2/12C13C ratio, and the 12C2 to 12C13C ratio is a good measure of half the carbon isotope ratio: 12C/13C = 2 × 12C2/12C13C = 72 ± 26. This is in agreement with our prediction that the isotopic exchange reaction for 12C14N is efficient and our observation in Paper III of 12C14N/13C14N = 38 ± 2. A fit of the C2 excitation model of van Dishoeck & Black to the relative population distribution of C2 yields nc σ/I = 3.3 ± 1.0 × 10-14. At r ≃ 1016 cm, this translates into nc = 1.7 × 107 cm-3 and Ṁ ≃ 2.5 × 10-4 M⊙ yr-1. © 1998. The American Astronomical Society. All rights reserved.
Overrings of primitive factors of quantum sl(2)

Abstract We construct certain completely prime Dixmier algebras which are overrings of primitive factors of quantum sl(2). As in the classical case, these algebras are parametrized by infinitesimal characters corresponding to the half-integers. We also show that all completely prime Dixmier algebras for quantum sl(2) are essentially isomorphic to the algebras we have constructed.
Electrical impedance map (EIM) for margin assessment during robot-assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy (RALP) using a microendoscopic probe

Positive surgical margins (PSMs) found following prostate cancer surgery are a significant risk factor for post-operative disease recurrence. Noxious adjuvant radiation and chemical-based therapies are typically offered to men with PSMs. Unfortunately, no real-time intraoperative technology is currently available to guide surgeons to regions of suspicion during the initial prostatectomy where immediate surgical excisions could be used to reduce the chance of PSMs. A microendoscopic electrical impedance sensing probe was developed with the intention of providing real-time feedback regarding margin status to surgeons during robot-assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy (RALP) procedures. A radially configured 17-electrode microendoscopic probe was designed, constructed, and initially evaluated through use of gelatin-based phantoms and an ex vivo human prostate specimen. Impedance measurements are recorded at 10 frequencies (10 kHz - 100 kHz) using a high-speed FPGA-based electrical impedance tomography (EIT) system. Tetrapolar impedances are recorded from a number of different electrode configurations strategically chosen to sense tissue in a pre-defined sector underlying the probe face. A circular electrical impedance map (EIM) with several color-coded pie-shaped sectors is created to represent the impedance values of the probed tissue. Gelatin phantom experiments show an obvious distinction in the impedance maps between high and low impedance regions. Similarly, the EIM generated from the ex vivo prostate case shows distinguishing features between cancerous and benign regions. Based on successful development of this probe and these promising initial results, EIMs of additional prostate specimens are being collected to further evaluate this approach for intraoperative surgical margin assessment during RALP procedures.
Hydroponic versus rooted growth of Zostera marina L. (Eelgrass)

Seagrass fragments and seeds are important dispersal mechanisms by which individuals can be transported to new habitats. While dispersal distances of these free-floating stages have been recently investigated in some detail, almost nothing is known about how long fragments or seedlings may remain viable in the water-column. This study reports on the results of an experiment in which both mature and seedling life-history stages of the temperate seagrass, Zostera marina L. were successfully maintained hydroponically over a 1-month-period. It is suggested that a potential application of this hydroponic growth approach could be seedling culture for restoration activities.
A detailed kinetic model of the high-temperature pyrolysis of tetrachloroethene

Abstract Comprehensive product yield determinations from the high-temperature, gas-phase pyrolysis of tetrachloroethene (C 2 Cl 4 ) using two fused-silica tubular flow reactors are reported. The effects of reactor surface area to volume (S/V) ratio were evaluated by conducting detailed product analyses with 0.1-cm i.d. and 1.0-cm i.d. reactors. Under low S/V ratio, initial decomposition was observed at 1123 K with formation of dichloroacetylene (C 2 Cl 2 ) and hexachlorobenzene (C 6 Cl 6 (cy)). Molecular chlorine was also observed as a product at higher temperatures. Under high S/V ratio, C 2 Cl 4 decomposition was initiated at 973 K. Reaction products included Cl 2 , carbon tetrachloride (CCl 4 ), hexachlorobutadiene (C 4 Cl 6 ), and C 6 Cl 6 (cy). Product yields under low S/V ratio indicated that yields of C 6 Cl 6 (cy) were a factor of 4 larger than observed for high S/V ratios. A previously published detailed pyrolysis mechanism for trichloroethene (C 2 HCl 3 ) was incorporated into a C 2 Cl 4 pyrolysis model to provide predictions of the high-temperature reaction behavior of C 2 Cl 4 . The model predictions are in much better agreement with product distributions obtained using the 1 cm i.d. reactor versus the 0.1 cm i.d. reactor. Minor revisions of the C 2 HCl 3 model significantly improved comparisons with the observed C 2 Cl 4 product distributions without compromising previous agreement with C 2 HCl 3 product distributions. Important radical-molecule addition reactions leading to C 6 Cl 6 (cy) are identified using sensitivity analysis and production rate calculations.
Between Private and Public: Recognition, revolution and political renewal

This paper deals with some issues underlying the role of education in the preparation of students for democratic participation. Throughout, I maintain two basic ideas: first, that a political action undertaken to obtain practical ends reflects a set of privately held values whose recognition is therefore essential to any idea of the political; second, that the continued viability of liberal democracy is dependent upon its openness to alteration through its recognition of private values. In order to bring these ideas to light more clearly, I will develop my position in the form of a critique of some contemporary liberal theories of civic education, most notably Amy Gutmann's, as expressed in her influential work Democratic Education. Maintaining Gutmann's requirement of educational relativism, I intend to show how her emphasis on individual deliberation as a goal of education fits within a system of deliberative democracy, and that the two serve to minimize, on the individual level, the ability of individu...
Associative learning potentiates protein kinase C activation in synaptosomes of the rabbit hippocampus

Abstract Using electrophysiological, biochemical, and autoradiographic techniques, changes in protein kinase C (PKC) activity in specific regions of the hippocampus have been previously implicated in classical conditioning of the nictitating membrane response of the rabbit. Here we report that activation of PKC is potentiated 2- to 3-fold in synaptosomes of the hippocampal CA1 and CA2 to -3 regions in rabbits that have undergone classical conditioning of the nictitating membrane response. This potentiation is apparently due to a change in the biochemical properties of PKC within the synaptosomes and is not a result of an increase in total PKC activity. This observation correlates a subcellular biochemical change with classical conditioning of a mammal.
The dependence of seafloor roughness on spreading rate

Bathymetric profiles taken parallel to flowlines across the mid-ocean ridges of the South Atlantic and South Pacific strongly suggest an approximate linear relationship (slope 30–50 m cm−1 yr) between the RMS amplitude roughness of small scale features and spreading rate. This relationship is best demonstrated for spreading half rates <35 mm/yr. The RMS roughness-spreading rate dependence is most clearly defined for that component of the ridge flank relief with spatial wavelengths of less than about 25 km. The RMS roughnesses calculated for constant spreading rate intervals of ∼10 my across a single flowline profile from the South Atlantic show that significant and consistent opposite flank roughness differences are typically associated with asymmetric spreading. This important observation has profound implications regarding the nature of the faulting and volcanic processes acting near the ridge axis to form the small scale asymmetric roughness.
Enhancement of rat liver microsomal oxidases by magnesium and a heat-stable factor from the soluble fraction.

Abstract Aldrin epoxidation and ethylmorphine N-demethylation by rat liver microsomes were increased approximately 2-fold when the microsomal incubates were supplemented with Mg++ or the microsomal supernatant. Enhancement was maximal at an Mg++ concentration of 5 mM and the effect was not diminished in the presence of oxalate, citrate, or fluoride. The Mg++ effect was not due to a stimulation of NADPH generation. The enhancing factor in the soluble fraction was destroyed by extraction with 2-butanol but not with acetone, was heat stable (boiling water bath for 10 min), and could be partially purified by fractionation on a gel filtration column. This factor eluted from the column simultaneously with protein, endogenous Mg++, and endogenous glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenous activity. Although Mg++ and the heat-stable soluble factor possessed some properties in common, there was considerable evidence that the two enhancers acted independently.
Absorption spectroscopy and binding constants for first-row transition metal complexes of a DOPA-containing peptide

A diverse array of biological systems incorporate 3,4-dihydroxyphenlyalanine (DOPA) into proteins and small molecules for cross-linking and material generation. Marine worm eggshells, sea squirt wound plugs, and marine mussel adhesives may all be formed by combining DOPA-containing molecules with high levels of metals. In order to provide model systems for characterizing these biomaterials, we carried out a study on metal binding to a DOPA-containing peptide. Ultraviolet-visible absorption spectra are presented for the AdopaTP peptide binding to Fe3+, V3+, VO2+, Mn3+, Ti4+, Cu2+, Co2+, and Ni2+ in mono, bis, and where applicable, tris coordination modes. Association constants were determined for selected metal ions binding to the peptide. In general, the spectroscopic and binding properties of this DOPA-containing peptide were found to be similar to those of catechol.
Endothermic ion/molecule reactions Part VI. Reaction-induced dissociation of peptides containing basic residues using dimethyl- and trimethylamine

Abstract Protonated peptides containing the basic amino acids histidine, lysine or arginine are reacted at low beam energies in a tandem mass spectrometer with dimethyl- and trimethylamine. Proton transfer reactions are observed at clearly defined thresholds on the ion beam energy scale that are consistent with predicted endothermicites. At similar beam energies abundant sequence fragment ions are also observed that appear to result from alternate dissociation channels for a long-lived collision complex formed in the proton transfer reaction. The observed endothermicity and the selectivity for cleavages in which the charge is retained on basic residues are consistent with protonation of the molecular ion at those residues. Fragmentation induced by reactions with basic amines is referred to as reaction-induced dissociation to distinguish this process from collision-induced dissociations with inert gases.
The impact of heavy metals from environmental tobacco smoke on indoor air quality as determined by Compton suppression neutron activation analysis

The method of instrumental neutron activation analysis (NAA) has been improved for air filter samples in the determination of low level heavy metals in indoor air. By using the techniques of epithermal neutron irradiation in conjunction with Compton suppression, the detection limits of cadmium, arsenic and antimony measurements have been dramatically reduced to 2 ng for Cd, 0.2 ng for As, and 0.03 ng for Sb. The determination of these heavy metals in particulate material generated from cigarette smoking in indoor environments has been conducted. Other elements, Br, Cl, Na, K, Zn were also found at elevated levels.
Thermomechanical behavior of NiTiPdPt high temperature shape memory alloy springs

Transformation strains in high temperature shape memory alloys (HTSMAs) are generally smaller than for conventional NiTi alloys and can be purposefully limited in cases where stability and repeatability at elevated temperatures are desired. Yet such alloys can still be used in actuator applications that require large strokes when used in the form of springs. Thus there is a need to understand the thermomechanical behavior of shape memory alloy spring actuators, particularly those consisting of alternative alloys. In this work, a modular test setup was assembled with the objective of acquiring stroke, stress, temperature, and moment data in real time during joule heating and forced convective cooling of Ni19.5Ti50.5Pd25Pt5 HTSMA springs. The spring actuators were subjected to both monotonic axial loading and thermomechanical cycling. The role of rotational constraints (i.e., by restricting rotation or allowing for free rotation at the ends of the springs) on stroke performance was also assessed. Finally, recognizing that evolution in the material microstructure can result in changes in HTSMA spring geometry, the effect of material microstructural evolution on spring performance was examined. This was done by taking into consideration the changes in geometry that occurred during thermomechanical cycling. This work thus provides insight into designing with HTSMA springs and predicting their thermomechanical performance.