cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Analytical techniques for cell fractions

Abstract The ISO-DALT system of two-dimensional electrophoresis allows high-resolution separations of proteins and protein subunits. However, the conventional isoelectric focusing employed in this system does not give satisfactory resolution of the more basic proteins, such as histones. The BASO-DALT system was designed to obtain improved resolution of these basic proteins in the first dimension. In this system, phosphatidyl choline is used as the solubilization agent, and allows resolution of many low molecular weight basic proteins that were not seem with more conventional detergents. Using the BASO-DALT system, Novikoff hepatoma chromosomal proteins have been analyzed, and the five histones identified.
Age-associated changes in rat hepatocytes: Studies of the character of a polypeptide subject to diminished synthesis at an early age

We have previously reported the observation of an age-dependent aberration in synthesis of a 20000 MW polypeptide (P20000) by isolated hepatocytes. Studies of the post-synthetic distribution of P20000 within the hepatocyte establish that the bulk of P20000 synthesized in vitro remains in association with the endoplasmic reticulum, or can be isolated with the microsomes derived therefrom. No evidence was obtained for an accrual with time of P20000 by the nucleus, mito. chondria or cell sap. An accumulation of P20000 in the secreted protein fraction was observed, but the net secretion of P20000 with time was found to be only a minor fraction of that predictable from the extent of labeling of the microsomal complement of P20000. This result is in sharp contrast to simultaneous measurements of the secretion of albumin. Stability of the radioisotope content of P20000 in the presence of cycloheximide precludes turnover or degradation as a basis for these observations. It is concluded that P20000 is a protein of the liver endoplasmic reticulum. Comparison of hepatocytes from male and female animals establishes that synthesis of P20000 is a property of the male animal.
From verb to anaphora

Abstract In the existing literature on grammaticalization there is no mention of the change from verb to anaphora. Such a change is of interest because the usual explanations for grammaticalization through metaphorical extension do not seem to apply in this case. An internal reconstruction of the grammatical system of Mopun and comparative study of Chadic languages indicate that deictic and anaphoric demonstratives in Mopun derive from verbs of movement. The major components of this paper are as follows: hypothesis and evidence that there exist in Mopun two kinds of locative demonstratives: deictic and anaphoric; evidence that the anaphoric demonstrative derives from the old deictic remote demonstrative; evidence that both types of demonstratives derive from verbs, and in particular that the deictic demonstrative derives from the verb ‘to come’ and the anaphoric demonstrative derives ultimately from the verb ‘to go’. I have also considered the possibility that the logophoric pronouns of Mopun derive from the locative anaphora.
The Influence of Noncognitive Factors on the Mini-Mental State Examination in Older Mexican-Americans: Findings from the Hispanic EPESE

Mini-Mental State Examination data from the Hispanic Established Population for the Epidemiologic Study of the Elderly baseline survey, a population-based study of community-dwelling Mexican Americans aged 65 and older, were used to examine the relationship between cognitive impairment, sociodemographics, and health-related characteristics. The rate of cognitive impairment found in this group of older Mexican Americans, using the conventional cut point of 23/24 on the MMSE, was 36.7%. Using a more conservative cut point of 17/18 indicated an overall rate of severe cognitive impairment of 6.7%. Rates of impairment varied significantly with age, education, literacy, marital status, language of interview, and immigrant status and were associated with high and moderate levels of depressive symptoms, and history of stroke. Importantly, although education was strongly related to poor cognitive performance, it was not a significant predictor of severe cognitive impairment. Multivariate analyses further indicated that as a screen for cognitive impairment in older Mexican Americans, the MMSE is strongly influenced by these noncognitive factors. Scores may reflect test bias, secondary to cultural differences or the level of education in this population.
Reducing robotic guidance during robot-assisted gait training improves gait function: A case report on a stroke survivor

Abstract Objective To test the feasibility of patient-cooperative robotic gait training for improving locomotor function of a chronic stroke survivor with severe lower-extremity motor impairments. Design Single-subject crossover design. Setting Performed in a controlled laboratory setting. Participant A 62-year-old man with right temporal lobe ischemic stroke was recruited for this study. The baseline lower-extremity Fugl-Meyer score of the subject was 10 on a scale of 34, which represented severe impairment in the paretic leg. However, the subject had a good ambulation level (community walker with the aid of a stick cane and ankle-foot orthosis) and showed no signs of sensory or cognitive impairments. Interventions The subject underwent 12 sessions (3 times per week for 4wk) of conventional robotic training with the Lokomat, where the robot provided full assistance to leg movements while walking, followed by 12 sessions (3 times per week for 4wk) of patient-cooperative robotic control training, where the robot provided minimal guidance to leg movements during walking. Main Outcome Measures Clinical outcomes were evaluated before the start of the intervention, immediately after 4 weeks of conventional robotic training, and immediately after 4 weeks of cooperative control robotic training. These included: (1) self-selected and fast walking speed, (2) 6-minute walk test, (3) Timed Up & Go test, and (4) lower-extremity Fugl-Meyer score. Results Results showed that clinical outcomes changed minimally after full guidance robotic training, but improved considerably after 4 weeks of reduced guidance robotic training. Conclusions The findings from this case study suggest that cooperative control robotic training is superior to conventional robotic training and is a feasible option to restoring locomotor function in ambulatory stroke survivors with severe motor impairments. A larger trial is needed to verify the efficacy of this advanced robotic control strategy in facilitating gait recovery after stroke.
Cytoskeletal remodeling of the airway smooth muscle cell: a mechanism for adaptation to mechanical forces in the lung

Abstract Airway smooth muscle is continuously subjected to mechanical forces caused by changes in lung volume during breathing. These mechanical oscillations have profound effects on airway smooth muscle contractility both in vivo and in vitro. Alterations in airway smooth muscle properties in response to mechanical forces may result from adaptive changes in the organization of the actin cytoskeleton. Recent advances suggest that in airway smooth muscle, two cytosolic signaling proteins that associate with focal adhesion complexes, focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and paxillin, are involved in transducing external mechanical signals. FAK and paxillin regulate changes in the organization of the actin cytoskeleton and the activation of contractile proteins. Actin is in a dynamic state in airway smooth muscle and undergoes polymerization and depolymerization during the contraction–relaxation cycle. The organization of the cytoskeletal proteins, vinculin, talin, and α-actinin, which mediate linkages between actin filaments and transmembrane integrins, is also regulated by contractile stimulation in airway smooth muscle. The fluidity of the cytoskeletal structure of the airway smooth muscle cell may be fundamental to its ability to adapt and respond to the mechanical forces imposed on it in the lung during breathing.
Eremophilane sesquiterpenes from capsidiol.

A series of eremophilane sesquiterpene alcohols and hydrocarbons was prepared from the phytoalexin capsidiol (1) for mechanistic studies with epiaristolochene synthase and epiaristolochene dihydroxylase. Among them, 3-deoxycapsidiol (10) was obtained through selective derivatization and reductive cleavage of the equatorial 3α hydroxyl group. Two novel isomers of aristolochene and eremophilene were accessed from the 1- and 3-deoxycapsidiol isomers. 4-Epieremophilene (17) was obtained by conjugate reduction of epiaristolochen-1-one tosylhydrazone with catecholborane followed by sulfinate elimination and diimide rearrangement. Epimerization of epiaristolochen-3-one (27a) at the C4 methyl followed by reductions led to the previously unknown aristolochene isomer, eremophila-9(10),11(12)-diene (30). Optical rotations and characteristic 1H NMR data for the related eremophilenols and dienes are collected in Tables 1 and 2. Finally, bioassays were used to assess the antifungal potencies of capsidiol and its synthe...
Conformationally Sampled Pharmacophore for Peptidic δ Opioid Ligands

Opioids represent the frontline treatment for acute pain, despite their side effects, motivating efforts toward developing novel opioid analgesics. To facilitate these efforts, a novel modeling approach, the conformationally sampled pharmacophore (CSP), has been developed that increases the probability of including the receptor bound form in the model. This method, originally used for developing a nonpeptidic delta opioid efficacy pharmacophore, is extended to peptidic ligands using replica exchange molecular dynamics simulation for conformational sampling. The developed 2D CSP indicates that the spatial relationship of the basic nitrogen and the hydrophobic moiety in the delta opioid ligands differentiates activity. In addition, results indicate that both peptidic and nonpeptidic ligands have the same binding mode with the receptor. Thus, the CSP approach distinguishes both peptidic and nonpeptidic delta opioid agonists and antagonists and is anticipated to be of general utility for the development of pharmacophores for species with multiple rotatable bonds.
Insulin regulates macrophage activation through activin A1

UNLABELLED Strict control of serum glucose with insulin has been associated with a reduction in the development of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome potentially through alterations in macrophage activation. Although the mechanism responsible for this effect remains poorly elucidated, recent work has suggested that this may occur through the PI3K/AKT pathway. As a result, we set out to investigate the role and means of activation of this pathway by insulin on endotoxin-mediated activation of tissue-fixed macrophages. METHODS THP-1 cells were stimulated with endotoxin with or without 24 h of insulin pretreatment. Cellular protein was extracted and analyzed by immunoblot for factors essential to Toll-like receptor 4 signaling. Supernatants were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for TNF-alpha and IL-8 production. In addition, potential effect of the transforming growth factor superfamily was analyzed through selective inhibition of either the transforming growth factor beta or activin A receptors. RESULTS Endotoxin exposure resulted in the activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2, p38 and Jun kinase, the degradation of IkappaB, the activation of nuclear factor kappaB, and the production of TNF-alpha and IL-8. Insulin pretreatment delayed endotoxin-mediated extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2, p38 and Jun kinase, the degradation of IkappaB, the activation of nuclear factor kappaB, and the production of TNF-alpha and IL-8. Insulin alone was associated with an increase in cytoplasmic SH2-containing inositol 5'-phosphatase (SHIP) but a decrease in lipid raft bound SHIP. The changes induced by insulin on SHIP and endotoxin-mediated signaling were reversed by activin A blockade. CONCLUSIONS Insulin results in regulation of macrophage activity in response to endotoxin through the release of activin A and subsequent production of SHIP. This increase in cytoplasmic SHIP results in attenuated endotoxin-mediated intracellular signaling and inflammatory mediator production.
In Vitro Selection of Optimal DNA Substrates for Ligation by a Water-Soluble Carbodiimide

We have used in vitro selection to investigate the sequence requirements for efficient template-directed ligation of oligonucleotides at 0°C using a water-soluble carbodiimide as condensing agent. We find that only 2 by at each side of the ligation junction are needed. We also studied chemical ligation of substrate ensembles that we have previously selected as optimal for ligation by RNA ligase or by DNA ligase. As anticipated, we find that substrates selected with DNA ligase ligate efficiently with a chemical ligating agent, and vice versa. Substrates selected using RNA ligase are not ligated by the chemical condensing agent and vice versa. The implications of these results for prebiotic chemistry are discussed.
Topical Silver for Infected Wounds

Abstract Reference/Citation: Vermeulen H, van Hattem JM, Storm-Versloot MN, Ubbink DT. Topical silver for treating infected wounds. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007(1);CD005486. Clinical Question: ...
Vinylsulfonylethyl derivatives of nucleic acid bases and their graft polymers on polyethyleneimine

Vinylsulfonylethyl (VSE) derivatives of the nucleic acid bases adenine, thymine, cytosine, and the nucleosides inosine and uridine have been prepared via a simple Michael reaction with divinyl sulfone. The VSE derivatives were grafted on a polyethyleneimine (PEI) backbone. PEI of different molecular weights (1400, 1800 and 50,000–100,000) were used and also two different molar ratios (1:1 and 1:2) of monomer to PEI were employed. From the 1H-NMR and elemental analysis, it appeared that in almost all instances the grafting was quantitative. In one case, both 1-VSE-thymine and 9-VSE-adenine were grafted on the same PEI backbone. Interactions between some of these polymers were investigated by UV spectroscopy. The expected complementary base pairing was observed only in DMSO–ethylene glycol solvent system but not in DMSO. The adenine polymer showed a one-to-one interaction with the thymine polymer.
Securing critical loads in a PV-based microgrid with a multi-agent system

The objective of this paper is to describe the development of a multi-agent system for the control of a PV-based microgrid. A case study is presented to demonstrate the agents’ abilities to island the PV-based microgrid in the event of an external fault, secure critical loads, and resynchronize the microgrid to the main grid after the fault is cleared. Simulation results indicate that the multi-agent system can isolate and stabilize the PV-based microgrid within half an electrical cycle. During this time interval all non-critical loads are shed according to their priorities while all critical electrical loads are secured. This analysis can serve as a guide for the practical implementation of an agent-based approach for resilient operation of a microgrid that has a solar photovoltaic (PV) system coupled with battery storage.
Precision Photometric Monitoring of Very Low Mass σ Orionis Cluster Members: Variability and Rotation at a Few Myr

We present high-precision photometry on 107 variable low-mass stars and brown dwarfs in the ~3 Myr σ Orionis open cluster. We have carried out I-band photometric monitoring within two fields, encompassing 153 confirmed or candidate members of the low-mass cluster population, from 0.02 to 0.5M_⊙. We are sensitive to brightness changes on timescales from 10 minutes to two weeks with amplitudes as low as 0.004 mag, and find variability on these timescales in nearly 70% of cluster members. We identify both periodic and aperiodic modes of variability, as well as semi-periodic rapid fading events that are not accounted for by the standard explanations of rotational modulation of surface features or accretion. We have incorporated both optical and infrared color data to uncover trends in variability with mass and circumstellar disks. While the data confirm that the lowest-mass objects (M <0.2 M_⊙) rotate more rapidly than the 0.2–0.5 M_⊙ members, they do not support a direct connection between rotation rate and the presence of a disk. Finally, we speculate on the origin of irregular variability in cluster members with no evidence for disks or accretion.
Chronic ingestion of Mn3O4 by young rats: Tissue accumulation, distribution, and depletion

Mn accumulation, distribution, and disappearance were evaluated in selected tissues of preweanling rats dosed daily with particulate Mn 3 O 4 for 12 or 27 d postpartum. Significant findings include a high rate of Mn absorption and localization in tissues, especially the cerebrum, hypothalamus, and pituitary. In these tissues, the return of Mn concentrations to control levels was much slower when Mn dosing was continued beyond 18–20 d postpartum.
Critical point and coexistence curve for a flexible, simple point-charge water model

Abstract The pressure of simulated water was determined at 130 state points spanning a wide range of densities (15–773 kg m −3 ) and temperatures (473–1073 K) from molecular dynamics simulations using a flexible, simple point-charge water model. These data were fitted to an equation of state, which was then used to determine the coexistence curve using the double tangent construction. The calculated critical temperature and density for this water model were 604.3 K and 269.4 kg m −3 , as compared to 647.1 K and 322 kg m −3 for real water. Properties calculated from molecular simulations using this water model can now be compared with the properties for real water at the same reduced conditions.
The use of livestock-disease scoring by a primary animal-health project in Somaliland

Abstract An informal livestock-disease scoring technique was used to collect information on pastoralists' perceptions of animal-health problems in Somaliland. We conclude that the technique is a useful addition to the Participatory Rural Appraisal ‘toolkit’ and could assist veterinarians to plan primary veterinary programmes in developing countries. The technique could also be used in animal-health information systems for pastoral communities and with modification, might have applications in formal livestock disease surveys.
Fatal drug-induced heat stroke

In the case reported, fatal hyperpyrexia resulted from massive doses of chlorpromazine combined with benztropine mesylate given to a paranoid schizophrenic admitted for increased psychotic symptoms. Phenothiazines disturb the thermoregulatory mechanism and also exert anticholinergic effects peripherally, including sweating. The goal of treatment of drug-induced hyperpyrexia is to reduce oxygen demand and core temperature. Ice water soaked towels, fanning, thermal blanket, or immersion in an ice bath can be used. Oxygenation will help combat further tissue anoxia. Severe acidosis may be present and must be corrected with sodium bicarbonate after arterial pH determination. Vasoconstrictors should be avoided if shock is present.
Simplified Method of Intraoperative Pulmonary Artery Flow-Directed Catheter Insertion During Cardiac Surgery

The importance of accurate perioperative hemodynamic monitoring in cardiac surgery has been emphasized in recent years. We describe a technique for the intraoperative insertion of a flow-directed pulmonary artery catheter. This method is done under direct vision and avoids many of the complications associated with percutaneous insertion techniques.
Room temperature chromium(0)-catalyzed higher-order cycloaddition reactions

Abstract Room temperature thermal and photochemical chromium(0)-catalyzed higher-order cycloaddition processes are described. A novel photoactivated reaction employing a substoichiometric amount of a chromium(0) pre-catalyst has also been demonstrated in a multi-component [6π+2π+2π] cycloaddition. These chromium-mediated cycloaddition reactions can also be conducted in aqueous media.
Radiographic pulmonary congestion in end-stage congestive heart failure

Abstract Chest radiography is considered an accurate technique for evaluating the presence and degree of congestive heart failure1 (CHF). Radiographic evidence of redistribution of pulmonary blood flow and interstitial and alveolar edema is an established indicator of pulmonary artery wedge pressure in both acute and chronic forms of CHF.2 It is believed that the absence of these radiographic findings is inconsistent with severe CHF and, specifically, elevations of pulmonary artery wedge pressure.3–5 Much work describing the utility of chest radiography in the diagnosis and management of patients with CHF was carried out before the advent of potent diuretics and vasodilator agents.6 Currently, many treated patients with end-stage CHF do not have clinical congestion and may die suddenly despite apparent hemodynamic compensation.7,8 This report examines the chest radiographic abnormalities observed in patients with chronic severe CHF and marked elevation of pulmonary artery wedge pressure.
Optimal controllability of impulsive control systems

The problem of optimal controllability of a nonlinear impulsive control system is studied using the method of vector Lyapunov functions and the generalized comparison principle.
Derivation and out-of-sample validation of a modeling system to predict length of surgery.

Abstract Background We performed a retrospective study to compare the precision of a regression model (RM) system with the precision of the standard method of surgical length prediction using historical means (HM). Methods Data were collected on patients who underwent carotid endarterectomy and lower-extremity bypass. Multiple linear regression was used to model the operative time length (OTL). The precision of the RM versus HM in predicting case length then was compared in a validation dataset. Results With respect to carotid endarterectomy, surgeon, surgical experience, and cardiac surgical risk were significant predictors of OTL. For lower-extremity bypass, surgeon, use of prosthetic conduit, and performance of a sequential bypass or hybrid procedure were significant predictors of OTL. The precision of out-of-sample prediction was greater for the RM system compared with HM for both procedures. Conclusions A regression methodology to predict case length appears promising in decreasing uncertainty about surgical case length.
Outcomes in Children After Intestinal Transplant

OBJECTIVE: The survival rates after pediatric intestinal transplant according to underlying disease are unknown. The objective of our study was to describe the population of pediatric patients receiving an intestinal transplant and to evaluate survival according to specific disease condition. PATIENTS: Pediatric patients (≤21 years of age) with intestinal failure meeting criteria for intestinal transplant were included in the study. METHODS: A retrospective review of the United Network for Organ Sharing intestinal transplant database (January 1, 1991, to May 16, 2008), including all pediatric transplant centers participating in the United Network for Organ Sharing, was conducted. The main outcome measures were survival and mortality. RESULTS: Eight hundred fifty-two children received an intestinal transplant (54% male). Median age and weight at the time of transplant were 1 year (interquartile rage: 1–5) and 10.7 kg (interquartile rage: 7.8–21.7). Sixty-nine percent of patients also received a simultaneous liver transplant. The most common diagnoses among patients who received a transplant were gastroschisis (24%), necrotizing enterocolitis (15%), volvulus (14%), other causes of short-gut syndrome (19%), functional bowel syndrome (16%), and Hirschsprung disease (7%). The Kaplan-Meier curves demonstrated variation in patient survival according to diagnosis. Cox regression analysis confirmed a survival difference according to diagnosis (P CONCLUSIONS: Survival after intestinal transplant was associated with the underlying disease state. The explanation for these findings requires additional investigation into the differences in characteristics of the population of children with intestinal failure.
Intracavitary Visceral Radiation: Effect on Gastric Acid Secretion

SummaryAn apparatus has been described permitting intracavitary radiation of hollow viscera accessible to intubation. In preliminary trials the technic has been used to induce achlorhydria in the stomach of dogs. This technic may have additional practical applications for lesions in the rectum, bladder, bronchi and other organs or tracts accessible to intubation.The valuable suggestions of Dr. A. C. Corcoran and Dr. Otto Glasser, and the technical assistance of Dr. C. Ballinger are gratefully acknowledged. Assistance in fabrication of the intragastric bag was provided by the American Anode, Inc., Akron, Ohio.
Factors Influencing Engineering Students' Decisions to Cheat by Type of Assessment

Academic dishonesty (cheating) has been prevalent on college campuses for decades, and the percentage of students reporting cheating varies by college major. This study, based on a survey of 643 undergraduate engineering majors at 11 institutions, used two parallel hierarchical multiple regression analyses to predict the frequency of cheating on exams and the frequency of cheating on homework based on eight blocks of independent variables: demographics, pre-college cheating behavior, co-curricular participation, plus five blocks organized around Ajzen’s Theory of Planned Behavior (moral obligation not to cheat, attitudes about cheating, evaluation of the costs and benefits of cheating, perceived social pressures to cheat or not to cheat, and perceived effectiveness of academic dishonesty policies). The final models significantly predict 36% of the variance in “frequency of cheating on exams” and 14% of the variance in “frequency of cheating on homework”. Students don’t see cheating as a single construct and their decisions to cheat or not to cheat are influenced differently depending on the type of assessment. Secondary findings are that a student’s conviction that cheating is wrong no matter what the circumstances is a strong deterrent to cheating across types of assessment and that a student who agrees that he/she would cheat in order to alleviate stressful situations is more likely to cheat on both exams and homework.
Symmetric versus asymmetric charge neutralization in quantum-dot cellular automata

Quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA), a method for computing through energy relaxation via quantum mechanical effects, promise high speed, very low power, and extremely high density. The first steps in implementing QCA have been taken; a small device has recently been manufactured and is logical switching behavior demonstrated. This paper investigates the behaviors of some proposed QCA primitives: wires, crossings, corners, and logic gates, under two charge neutralization schemes. While these primitives work well under the originally proposed charge neutralization scheme, it is shown that with a more realistic scheme, most of the primitives can fail outright, show a preference for a undesirable logical state, or show a decrease in the energy gap between the ground state and other excited states. Redesigned primitives are presented which may perform as well, or better, under either neutralization scheme.
Some observations on monolayers of carbon-14 labeled stearic acid

Abstract Films of radiostearic acid have been deposited on a variety of solids (Cu, Al, Pt, Cr, mica, glass), both by transfer from water surfaces and by adsorption from cetane and nitromethane solutions. The concentration of stearic acid in these films has been assessed radiometrically, and some observations on removal of the film by benzene rinsing have been made. At high surface pressures (>17 dynes/cm.), stearic acid monolayers on water are transferred to solids at the same concentration which exists on the water. At lower pressure (10 dynes/cm.), lower concentrations are found after transfer. This may be related to the discontinuous structure of the film at this pressure. Adsorption of more than a single monolayer (based on the geometrical area of the surface) occurs with Cu and Al, probably because of soap formation. With inert substrates (Pt, Cr, mica), adsorption leads to only a fraction of a close-packed monolayer in times up to several hours. These results are discussed in terms of mechanisms of film deposition. Their importance in the Wilhelmy method for surface pressure measurement is emphasized.
High assurance computing software technology requirements

An overview of the technology needed to support the development of high-assurance software is given. The discussion is based on extending methods and tools that have been used successfully to construct systems which enforce a confidentiality property. Experience has shown that the use of formal methods, highly structured designs and rigorous testing in combination can result in systems that can enforce confidentiality with a high degree of assurance. This technology aids in the correct implementation of the desired property and provides a means of transferring assurance of its correct operation to parties not directly associated with its development by providing a clear understanding of the requirements and the design of the system. >
Direct modulation of photonic crystal VCSELs

A photonic crystal pattern fabricated into ion-implanted VCSELs can engineer the spatial overlap between the optical mode and gain cross section for improved high speed operation and reduced relative intensity noise. The ion-implanted aperture should be no more than 3 mum larger than the optical aperture in order to avoid excessive electrical parasitics. 12.5 Gb/s large signal modulation of a single mode implant-confined photonic crystal VCSEL is demonstrated.
Nanoparticle Chemical Composition During New Particle Formation

The nano aerosol mass spectrometer (NAMS) was deployed at a coastal site in Lewes, Delaware, to measure the composition of 21 nm mass normalized (18 nm mobility) diameter nanoparticles during new particle formation (NPF) events. NAMS provides a quantitative measure of the atomic composition of individual nanoparticles. NAMS analysis of ambient particles showed only a small change in particle composition during NPF events in Lewes compared with off-event (before and/or after the event). The N mole fraction increased 15% on-event, whereas the C mole fraction decreased 25%, suggesting an enhanced inorganic component to the aerosol during NPF. The measured changes in atomic composition constrain the possible changes in molecular composition. To explore these constraints, an apportionment algorithm was applied to the atomic composition data. This algorithm partitions the atomic composition into sulfate, nitrate, and ammonium on the basis of the atomic abundance of S, N, and O and into organic matter on the bas...
Commentary: The Art of Forensic Report Writing

As forensic psychiatry has matured into a well-recognized subspecialty, considerable agreement about the format and content of reports has emerged. Griffith et al. now turn their attention to the art of forensic writing. Their description of the forensic report as “performative narrative” may help to refine professional practice so long as the ethics-related pitfalls are identified and avoided.
Primal-dual method for robust spectral estimation of complex valued sequences

A primal-dual method for estimating the spectrum of a complex sequence is provided that minimizes the l p norm of the complex spectrum for 1≪p≪2 via solution of the dual problem in complex space. This provides reduced spectral leakage, enhanced spectral resolution, and robustness to missing data samples when compared to the minimum l 2 norm spectral estimate. The optimization of the dual problem converges quickly in a small number of gradient search steps, providing solutions to large problems in very short time. Examples are provided that demonstrate the narrow, spiky nature of the spectrum, the reduced spectral leakage, and robustness to unevenly sampled data.
Comparative performance assessment of 5kW-Class Solid Oxide Fuel cell engines integrated with single/dual-spool turbochargers

The purpose of this study is to investigate the performance of 5kW-Class Solid Oxide Fuel Cell/Gas Turbine (SOFC/GT) hybrid systems with two typical turbine configurations widely used in the gas turbine industry, namely single-and dual-spool gas turbines. Even though their operations are based on the same physical principles, their performance characteristics and operation parameters vary considerably due to different designs. As the most relevant results of an SOFC/GT performance analysis, the comparison of the load operation regime and the dependence of some crucial variables (such as power, SOFC temperature, and turbine shaft speed) on control variables are presented. The part-load operation and load transition are also analyzed to provide guidelines in developing safe and optimal load transition strategies.
Seer: a graphical retrieval system for reusable Ada software modules

The authors describe Seer, a student's engineering environment for reusable software. It is also a retrieval and evaluation system that is both flexible and unobtrusive, allowing the software engineer to easily explore complex module information webs, comparing them with other webs in a module classification scheme. A prototype of Seer has been constructed around the classification scheme of an existing commercial module library and seeded with a number of information webs associated with modules of that library. The functionality of this prototype is provided primarily by SeeGraph, a network database with flexible graphical interface. >
Response to David Myers

David Myers's critique of my proposed Molinist solution to the so-called soteriological problem of evil miscontrues that solution in several key respects. Once those misinterpretations are rectified, it emerges that his proffered critique of my Molinist solution is really quite unrelated to that solution, but constitutes instead an independent argument against the tenability of a religious epistemology of evidentialism in the context of Christian orthodoxy. I am grateful to David Myers for his interesting and irenic interaction with my proposed Molinist solution to the so-called soteriological problem of evil. I hope to show, however, that he has misunderstood that solution in several key respects and that once those misinterpretations are rectified, it emerges that his proffered critique of my Molinist solution is really quite unrelated to that solution but constitutes instead an independent argument against the tenability of a re ligious epistemology of evidentialism in the context of Christian orthodoxy.
Operational Regimes and Physics Present in Optoelectronic Tweezers

Optoelectronic tweezers (OET) are a powerful light-based technique for the manipulation of micro- and nanoscopic particles. In addition to an optically patterned dielectrophoresis (DEP) force, other light-induced electrokinetic and thermal effects occur in the OET device. In this paper, we present a comprehensive theoretical and experimental investigation of various fluidic, optical, and electrical effects present during OET operation. These effects include DEP, light-induced ac electroosmosis, electrothermal flow, and buoyancy-driven flow. We present finite-element modeling of these effects to establish the dominant mode for a given set of device parameters and bias conditions. These results are confirmed experimentally and present a comprehensive outline of the operational regimes of the OET device.
Technology integration: best practices in higher education

The primary goal of this study is to explore and identify indicators of best practices in technology integration by the teacher education faculty at The University of Northern Colorado. This is a qualitative study involving seven teacher education faculty members who participated in the University's federally funded grant, Preparing Tomorrow's Teachers to Use Technology (PT3). Interviews with faculty, classroom observations, faculty websites, and content analyses of the PT3 proposals written by each faculty member were used to triangulate the data. This study will benefit faculty members and their preservice student teachers by providing insights into their personal beliefs, philosophy, and practices. The emerging indicators of best practices will help illuminate the impact modeling can have on the preservice teachers. The indicators may also help faculty set a benchmark for their work and evaluate their practices against national and state technology standards.
Is thermophily a transferrable property in bacteria

AbstractBacteria exhibit unique diversity in their ability to grow at different temperatures. Indeed, eubacteria and archaebacteria are the only organisms able to grow above 65d`. The temperature range for a species is generally considered to be a stable character; however, mutants may be isolated mat have a Tmin or Tmin below or above the parent organism. Some bacteria may also be coaxed to grow at different temperatures by training cultures, through an incremental increase or decrease of temperature. Genetic approaches, for example, the transformation of mesophilic Bacillus to thermophily using DNA from closely related thermophiles, has been very controversial. A major problem has been the lack of stability of the high-temperature phenotype upon subculture, which has not allowed extensive genetic and biochemical characterization of the transformants. The mechanism whereby the thermophilic phenotype is carried is unknown, although it is possible that the adapter genes are plasmid encoded. Studies using p...
The Council of Pavia‐Siena and Medieval Conciliarism

The conciliar movement has long enjoyed a special place within the history of Christianity. It has often been seen as a struggle between the medieval papacy and an alternative form of church governance, as well as a precusor to the Reformation. In this paper I will explore the role of the Council of Pavia-Siena (1423-4) in the history of conciliarism. It is this paper's contention that Pavia-Siena is best understood as a crucial link in the development of the conciliarism, serving as a continuation of the mode of church governance enshrined at Constance as well as prefiguring the end of the movement at Basel. A brief introduction sets the background for the council, which is divided into three historical periods. The concluding paragraphs assess the elements of Pavia-Siena which foreshadow the events at Basel.
MeteoAssert: generation and organization of weather assertions from gridded data

MeteoAssert, a system developed at the Forecast System Laboratory, analyzes gridded data sets and produces descriptions which are organized sets of assertions representing the content of weather messages. Each assertion conveys a single weather characteristic with a certain spatial and temporal scope. The assertions in a description are linked by discourse relations that predetermine the structure of the weather message: a natural language text, a piece of graphics, a table, or a mixture of these elements. The descriptions are generated in response to queries representing the information needs of the user. Three models drive the system: territory, time, and parameter. Each model defines the objects in terms by which the descriptions are created. MeteoAssert works as a server to several systems dealing with different applications and preparing various weather displays. >
Signifying Truth: Augustine, Lacan, and a Theory of Language

In this paper, I will show how a retroactive reading of Augustine by Lacan can help us understand more clearly the process of the subject’s accession to language and interhuman relations on the path toward understanding. I will distinguish the Lacanian reading from the reductive Wittgensteinian reading, placing Augustine’s theory on language and learning in a broader context, particularly with regard to the process of subjectivization. Lacan explicitly read Augustine’s scenario of the jealous child in the Confessions, and devoted an early seminar to his theory of language and signification; I propose to take these readings seriously while showing that their psychoanalytic relevance extends further into Augustine’s theory of language and subjectivity than perhaps is normally recognized. Ultimately, though Lacan can help to clarify the stakes in which the linguistic subject is ontologically limited (and in which ‘corporeal’, symbolic reality is truthdeficient), this reading will help to show where Augustine’s theology has specifically informed his theory of language and its subject, and where its revisions must fail (or set out somewhere on their own).
Rubella Antibody Assay by the Immunoperoxidase Technique: Comparison with the Hemagglutination Inhibition Test for Determination of Immune Status

The rubella immune status of 128 young women was determined with two assays for rubella antibody, the immunoperoxidase technique and the hemagglutination inhibition test. Comparison of the results of these techniques showed agreement in 125 cases (110 positive and 15 negative). Positive results were obtained for one woman only by the immunoperoxidase assay and for two women only by the hemagglutination inhibition test; all three of these women had a minimal titer of rubella antibody of 1:16. The sensitivity of the immunoperoxidase test was comparable to that of the hemagglutination inhibition test, and the specificity of the former test was verified. The peroxidase-labeled antibody technique is easier to perform than the hemagglutination inhibition test and is less time-consuming since sera do not require prior treatment and results can be obtained in as little as 90 min.
Left Atrial LGE and Arrhythmia Recurrence Following Pulmonary Vein Isolation for Paroxysmal and Persistent AF.

Abstract Objectives The aims of this study were to: 1) use a novel method of late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) quantification that uses normalized intensity measures to confirm the association between LGE extent and atrial fibrillation (AF) recurrence following ablation; and 2) examine the presence of interaction and effect modification between LGE and AF persistence. Background Recurrent AF after catheter ablation has been reported to associate with the baseline extent of left atrial LGE on cardiac magnetic resonance. Traditional methods for measurement of intensity lack an objective threshold for quantification and interpatient comparisons of LGE. Methods The cohort included 165 participants (mean age 60.0 ± 10.2 years, 77% men, 57% with persistent AF) who underwent initial AF ablation. The association of baseline LGE extent with AF recurrence was examined using multivariable Cox proportional hazards models. Multiplicative and additive interactions between AF type and LGE extent were examined. Results During 10.2 ± 5.7 months of follow-up, 63 patients (38.2%) experienced AF recurrence. Baseline LGE extent was independently associated with AF recurrence after adjusting for confounders (hazard ratio: 1.5 per 10% increased LGE; p 35% and AF recurrence was greater among patients with persistent AF (hazard ratio: 6.5 [p = 0.001] vs. 3.6 [p = 0.001]); however, there was no evidence for statistical interaction. Conclusions Regardless of AF persistence at baseline, participants with LGE ≤35% have favorable outcomes, whereas those with LGE >35% have a higher rate of AF recurrence in the first year after ablation. These findings suggest a role for: 1) patient selection for AF ablation using LGE extent; and 2) substrate modification in addition to pulmonary vein isolation in patients with LGE extent exceeding 35% of left atrial myocardium.
Repu-Taint Sites and the Limits of Section 230 Immunity

Section 230 of the Communications Decency Act of 1996 immunizes internet service providers from liability for tortious postings by third party users. In light of this broadly interpreted liability shield, this article discusses new online business models that attempt to profit from defamatory postings while hiding behind the law as it stands.
The Anti-Chain Store Movement, Localist Ideology, and the Remnants of the Progressive Constitution, 1920-1940

The rapid expansion of chain stores during the 1920s and 30s, especially the Great Atlantic and Pacific Tea Company (A&P), excited significant popular opposition. Chain store opponents, including Justice Louis Brandeis, argued that the chains were undermining the small, independent retailer and destroying America's small towns, and that the concentration of economic capital in large corporate entities threatened democratic citizenship. These localist and decentralist arguments were taken seriously by state legislatures, many of which adopted anti-chain store tax laws, and by Congress, which adopted amendments to the federal antitrust laws. This Article revives these arguments in order to describe a progressive, localist constitutionalism that has been lost since the late New Deal. The Article also uses the legal history of the anti-chain store movement to gain perspective on current debates about globalization and the anti-big-box store movements of today.
The Orphan Scandal: Christian Missionaries and the Rise of the Muslim Brotherhood

A number of recent books have detailed the complexities of the Christian missionary encounter in the modern Middle East, yet few give adequate attention to the ways that Muslim communities responde...
Molecular Processes Leading to Shear Banding in Well Entangled Polymeric Melts

We have performed hi-fidelity dissipative particle dynamics (DPD) simulations of shear flow of polymeric melts in a broad range of system sizes and two entanglement densities to determine the critical conditions for occurrence of both transient and steady shear banding. Here, we report, for the first time, simulation results that clearly demonstrate the consecutive steps leading to shear banding, that is, the stress overshoot drives locally inhomogeneous chain deformation and thus spatially inhomogeneous chain disentanglement; in turn, the localized jump in the entanglement density along the velocity gradient direction results in a considerable jump in normal stress and viscosity, which ultimately leads to shear banding. Overall, our observations are consistent with prior experimental studies, and an explanation for the stability of steady and transient shear banded flows is postulated based on the well-known interfacial stability mechanism of stratified polymeric fluids.
Demand and Supply: Racial and Ethnic Minority Candidates in White Districts

Do voters in white districts systematically obstruct minority representation? Despite a great deal of public and scholarly attention, this question remains largely unresolved. We demonstrate that the narrow focus on the relationship between white voters and minority representation is inadequate to understand why we do not see more minority-elected officials in the United States. We use a matching technique to investigate three theoretical perspectives of descriptive representation using a unique dataset from the 2012 general elections for state legislative seats in 14 states, the first elections after the 2010 redistricting process. Our findings challenge the venerable notion that minority candidates consistently underperform in white districts, and complicate our understanding of the political expression of bigotry in the voting booth.
Reading Comprehension Interventions for Students With Autism Spectrum Disorders: An Alternating Treatments Comparison

We conducted two separate but related single-case studies using alternating treatment designs to investigate the effects of two single-component reading interventions: question development and anap...