cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Graft versus host disease after blood transfusions in a premature infant.

Transfusion-associated graft versus host disease (GVHD) has been reported primarily in adults with immunodeficiency secondary to malignancy and in children with severe combined immune deficiency, Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome or erythroblastosis fetalis after intrauterine transfusion and exchange transfusions.1-8 We have recently seen a premature, but otherwise apparently normal, infant in whom GVHD developed after simple blood transfusion. Engraftment of foreign lymphocytes from one donor was documented by HLA typing and recombinant DNA techniques leading to early treatment of the GVHD in this premature infant and making this case unique. CASE REPORT The patient was a white female, 855 g birthweight, born after 252/7 weeks9 gestation to an O+, human immunodeficiency virus-negative, healthy 20-year-old woman.
O Fetiche Totêmico Da Sexualidade Masculina: Oito Erros Comuns (The Totemic Fetish of Male Sexuality: Eight Common Errors)

The French philosopher Simone de Beauvoir writes in The Second Sex that “biological facts [provide] one of the keys to the understanding of woman.” Yet, she quickly adds, “I deny that they establish for her a fixed and inevitable destiny” (1970 [1949]:29). This revolutionary thesis that detached female bodies from female destinies has been a cornerstone of feminism and women’s studies for several decades, sometimes captured in the aphorism that biology is not destiny. Since The Second Sex, our understanding of the biological facts have become more complex (see, for example, Anne Fausto-Sterling’s Sexing the Body [2000]). Some hallowed truths about bodies have been more difficult to dislodge than others. This chapter examines the notion of men’s sexual destiny, a topic widely taken for granted in the popular imagination yet sadly and oddly seldom examined by feminist and gender studies scholars.
Raptor Oil Company: An Exercise

The exercise, which adapts a famous experiment by experimental psychologist Thomas Gilovich, is designed to show both the ubiquity of analogy or associative thinking more generally and its potential perils. Students are presented with a scenario in which an oil company is deciding which of two investment options it should pursue. The first focuses on a location that involves technically difficult and costly RD the name of the oil company is Fleet in the neutral case, and Raptor (named after one of Enron's many special purpose entities) in the Enron case. Students who are given the Enron problem often unconsciously associate the problem they face with the Enron debacle, which causes them to favor the technically challenging option more than do students who are given the neutral problem.Learning Objective: The exercise is designed to show both the ubiquity of analogy or associative thinking more generally and its potential perils.
Dyeability of polyacrylonitrile

The methods of improving the dyeability of polyacrylonitrile are reviewed and classified, and the copolymerization of acrylonitrile with comonomers which introduce basic dye sites in the polymer chain is considered the most practical method. Comonomers containing the pyridine ring are especially effective in improving dyeability. To lower the basicity effect of the pyridine ring, comonomers based on diazine and triazine rings were synthesized. The basicity of the triazinyl comonomers can be varied greatly by substitution, and it is concluded that high basicity is not required to bind dyes and the ability of the comonomers to form complexes is also important with respect to dyeability. Die Methoden, die geeignet sind, die Anfarbbarkeit von Polyacrylnitril zu verbessern, werden eingeteilt und besprochen. Die Copolymerisation des Acrylnitrils mit Monomeren, die basische Farbstoffgruppen in die Polymerenkette einfuhren, wird als die praktischste Methode der Verbesserung der Farbbarkeit angesehen. Comonomere, die den Pyridin-Ring enthalten, verbessern die Farbbarkeit besonders gut. Um die durch den Pyridin-Ring verursachten basischen Eigenschaften zu verringern, wurden Comonomere mit Diazin-und Triazin-Ringen dargestellt. Die Basizitat der Triazin-Comonomeren kann innerhalb weiter Grenzen durch Substitution geandert werden. Es stellt sich heraus, das stark basische Eigenschaften zur Bindung der Farbstoffe nicht notwendig sind. Die Fahigkeit der Comonomeren zur Komplexbildung spielt fur die Anfarbbarkeit der Polymeren ebenfalls eine wichtige Rolle.
Automated CCD Scanning for near Earth Asteroids

The Spacewatch group at the University of Arizona’s Lunar and Planetary Laboratory was probably the first (1984) to implement CCD-scanning in a major astronomical program. In the past three years, using a Tektronix 2048 x 2048 CCD, the program has discovered ~ 45% of the new Earth approaching asteroids, measured astrometric positions for over 50,000 main belt asteroids, discovered two of the three known Centaurs, and found evidence for an unheralded population of small (~ 10-m) objects in the inner solar system. This success is due to the automated Moving Object Detection Program (MODP) which searches successive scans over the same region for objects showing consistent motion. While visual examination of photographic plates may have a higher efficiency, an automated routine for detecting moving objects does not tire and is repeatable. Our recent work quantifies the efficiency of MODP as a function of the asteroid’s magnitude, rate of motion, and orbital parameters. Other work suggests that the observational detection of faint, trailed, Fast Moving Objects may be improved by incorporating linear darkfield subtraction and flatfielding during scans.
Pseudo-uniform convergence, a nonstandard treatment

We introduce and study the notion of pseudo-uniform convergence which is a weaker variant of quasi-uniform convergence. Applications include the following nonstandard characterization of weak convergence. Let X be an infinite set, B(X) the Banach space of all bounded real-valued functions on X, {fn : n ∈ N} a bounded sequence in B(X), and f ∈ B(X). Then the sequence converges weakly to f if and only if the convergence is pointwise on X and, for each strictly increasing function σ : N → N , each x ∈ ∗X, and each n ∈ ∗N∞, there is an unlimited m ≤ n such that ∗f ∗σ(m)(x) ' ∗f(x). Let fα : X → R (α ∈ Λ) be a net converging pointwise to f : X → R. Recall that the convergence is called quasi-uniform on X if we also have: (A) for each ∈ R and each α ∈ Λ, there are β1 , . . . , βn ≥ α such that for each x ∈ X , min 1≤i≤n |fβi(x) − f(x)| ≤ . The convergence is called almost uniform if every subnet of fα : X → R converges quasi-uniformly to f : X → R. Quasi-uniform and almost uniform convergence have interesting applications in functional analysis for questions of weak topology. See, for example, [D-S] page 268, and the works of G. Sirvint [S], R. G. Bartle [B], and J. W. Brace [Br]. A nonstandard formulation of quasi-uniform convergence may be stated in terms of the following notation: for each α ∈ ∗Λ and each subset K of X, set Kα = {x ∈ ∗K : ∗fα(x) ' ∗f(x)}. Also recall that the members of the set ∗Λ∞ = {μ ∈ ∗Λ : μ ≥ α for all α ∈ Λ} are called unlimited. It is not difficult to prove that Condition (A) above (replacing X with K ) is equivalent to the nonstandard condition: ∗K = ⋃ 1≤i≤ω Kαi for some hyperfinite set of unlimited indices α1, . . . , αω. We replace quasi-uniform convergence with a weaker variant and show that we can still derive results similar to those obtainable from quasi-uniform convergence. 1. Pseudo-uniform convergence This section consists of the definition, nonstandard formulation, and some of the basic properties of pseudo-uniform convergence. Received by the editors October 31, 1995 and, in revised form, September 6, 1996. 1991 Mathematics Subject Classification. Primary 46S20, 03H05. c ©1998 American Mathematical Society
Surface ECG f Wave Analysis of Dofetilide Drug Effect in the Atrium.

Dofetilide Effect on f Waves in AF Introduction The electrocardiogram (ECG) fibrillatory (f) wave characteristics in atrial fibrillation (AF) could provide important information regarding the efficacy of antiarrhythmic drug therapy. Methods and Results To measure the effects of dofetilide on the surface ECG f wave characteristics in patients with persistent AF, baseline and post-drug (2 hours after first dose and after multiple doses) ECGs in 31 patients with persistent AF admitted for dofetilide loading were evaluated. A QRST template subtraction algorithm was used to yield an atrial ECG. Fast Fourier transform analysis was performed to evaluate the maximum organizational index (OI), the dominant frequency (DF) in the lead with max OI, the median DF for all leads, and the vector magnitude f wave amplitude. Dofetilide reduced DF in the lead with the max OI (6.32 ± 0.98 Hz at baseline vs. 4.83 ± 0.63 Hz after final dose, P < 0.0001) and median DF (6.46 ± 0.87 Hz vs. 4.92 ± 0.62 Hz, P < 0.0001). Dofetilide also increased the maximum OI from 0.52 ± 0.11 at baseline to 0.59 ± 0.11 after final dose (P = 0.02). Of the 29 patients with long-term follow-up, the 22 (76%) with recurrent AF on dofetilide had a lower baseline DF in the lead with the max OI (6.01 ± 1.08 vs. 6.89 ± 0.46; P = 0.05). The change in DF after dofetilide did not correlate with the change in QTc interval. Conclusions The standard ECG can be used to assess atrial rate in AF. This may be useful to assess antiarrhythmic drug effects for treatment of AF.
Propagation of Discontinuities in Linear Viscoelasticity

We study the initial value problem in linear viscoelasticity with a step-jump in the initial data when the memory function has a singularity at 0. Such models show interesting intermediate behavior between hyperbolic equations, which propagate singularities, and parabolic equations, which smooth them out. In particular, we find coexistence of finite wave speeds and smoothing of the singularity. The degree of smoothing depends on the nature of the singularity in the viscoelastic memory function. A number of examples are discussed.
Inhibition of the mammalian target of rapamycin blocks epilepsy progression in NS-Pten conditional knockout mice

SUMMARY Purpose: Increased activity of mTOR Complex 1 (mTORC1) has been demonstrated in cortical dysplasia andtuberoussclerosiscomplex,aswellasinanimalmodels of epilepsy. Recent studies in such models revealed that inhibitingmTORC1withrapamycineffectivelysuppressed seizure activity. However, seizures can recur after treatment cessation, and continuous rapamycin exposure can adverselyaffectanimalgrowthandhealth.Here,weevaluated the efficacy of an intermittent rapamycin treatment protocol on epilepsy progression using neuron subset-specific-Pten(NS-Pten)conditionalknockoutmice. Methods: NS-Pten knockouts were treated with a single course of rapamycin during postnatal weeks 4 and 5, or intermittently over a period of 5 months. Epileptiform activity was monitored using video‐electroencephalography (EEG) recordings, and mossy fiber sprouting was evaluated using Timm staining. Survival and body weight were assessed in parallel.
Review article: Bowel preparation for colonoscopy--the importance of adequate hydration.

SUMMARY Background Patient compliance with screening recommendations for colorectal cancer remains low, despite a 90% survival rate achieved with early detection. Bowel preparation is a major deterrent for patients undergoing screening colonoscopy. More than half of patients taking polyethylene glycol electrolyte lavage solution and sodium phosphate preparations experience adverse events, such as nausea and abdominal pain. Many adverse events may be associated with dehydration, including rare reports of renal toxicity in patients taking sodium phosphate products. Addressing dehydration-related safety issues through patient screening and education may improve acceptance of bowel preparations, promote compliance and increase the likelihood of a successful procedure. Aim To evidence safety issues associated with bowel preparation are generally related to inadequate hydration. Results Dehydration-related complications may be avoided through proper patient screening, for example, renal function and comorbid conditions should be considered when choosing an appropriate bowel preparation. In addition, patient education regarding the importance of maintaining adequate hydration before, during and after bowel preparation may promote compliance with fluid volume recommendations and reduce the risk of dehydration-related adverse events.
Composite scores in comparative effectiveness research: counterbalancing parsimony and dimensionality in patient-reported outcomes.

When planning a comparative effectiveness study comparing disease-modifying treatments, competing demands influence choice of outcomes. Current practice emphasizes parsimony, although understanding multidimensional treatment impact can help to personalize medical decision-making. We discuss both sides of this ‘tug of war’. We discuss the assumptions, advantages and drawbacks of composite scores and multidimensional outcomes. We describe possible solutions to the multiple comparison problem, including conceptual hierarchy distinctions, statistical approaches, ‘real-world’ benchmarks of effectiveness and subgroup analysis. We conclude that comparative effectiveness research should consider multiple outcome dimensions and compare different approaches that fit the individual context of study objectives.
A fish oil diet minimizes hepatic reperfusion injury in the low-flow, reflow liver perfusion model.

Abstract In this study, the effects of fish oil treatment on hepatic reperfusion injury in a low-flow, reflow perfusion model were investigated. Rats were fed powdered diets containing either 5% corn oil or 5% encapsulated fish oil for 13 to 15 days. Average daily food intake in both control and fish oil groups was about 20 g per rat, and weight gain averaged 9 g/rat/d. Livers were perfused at flow rates around 1 mL/g/min for 75 minutes, which caused cells in pericentral regions to become anoxic because of insufficient delivery of oxygen. When normal flow rates (about 4 mL/g/min) were restored for 40 minutes, reperfusion injury occurred. Upon reflow, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release increased from basal levels around 1 to 50 IU/g/h in livers from control rats, whereas fish oil treatment minimized values to 16 IU/g/h. Rates of bile production reached 23 μL/g/h during reperfusion in livers from controls and 38 μL/g/h in the fish oil-treated group. Oxygen uptake was about 110 μmol/g/h during the reperfusion period in livers from both groups. Malondialdehyde (MDA), an end product of lipid peroxidation, was released into the effluent perfusate at rates around 80 nmol/g/h during reperfusion in controls, and values were not affected by fish oil treatment. Portal pressure, an indicator of hepatic microcirculation, increased from basal levels of 3 to 10.5 cm H 2 O during reperfusion in controls, but was only elevated to 8.3 cm H 2 O in the fish oil-treated group. In addition, Trypan Blue distribution time, another indicator of hepatic microcirculation, was reduced significantly by 44% by fish oil treatment. It is concluded that fish oil minimized hepatic reperfusion injury, most likely by reducing the production of vasoconstrictive eicosanoids from arachidonic acid, thereby improving the hepatic microcirculation, which prevents cell death on reperfusion.
Cooling of the Sun's photosphere coincident with increased sunspot activity

IN summer 1975, I began to monitor the spectroscopic temperature of integrated sunlight (‘the Sun viewed as a star’). The first 1.5 yr of observations were taken at a time of minimum activity and the full disk temperature was apparently constant at ±1–2 K. However, 1977 produced a marked increase of activity with the onset of cycle no. 21. In response to this activity the Sun seems to have cooled by ∼ 6 K. To the extent that the Sun is a black body, a 6 K change in temperature corresponds to a ∼0.5% reduction in luminosity. The inverse relation between activity and temperature is a new discovery, and may prove helpful in explaining certain aspects of the Sun–Earth climate relationship.
Gene Expression Profiling in Wild-Type and PPAR-Null Mice Exposed to Perfluorooctane Sulfonate Reveals PPAR-Independent Effects

Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) is a perfluoroalkyl acid (PFAA) and a persistent environmental contaminant found in the tissues of humans and wildlife. Although blood levels of PFOS have begun to decline, health concerns remain because of the long half-life of PFOS in humans. Like other PFAAs, such as, perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), PFOS is an activator of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha (PPAR𝛼) and exhibits hepatocarcinogenic potential in rodents. PFOS is also a developmental toxicant in rodents where, unlike PFOA, its mode of action is independent of PPAR𝛼. Wild-type (WT) and PPAR𝛼-null (Null) mice were dosed with 0, 3, or 10 mg/kg/day PFOS for 7 days. Animals were euthanized, livers weighed, and liver samples collected for histology and preparation of total RNA. Gene profiling was conducted using Affymetrix 430_2 microarrays. In WT mice, PFOS induced changes that were characteristic of PPAR𝛼 transactivation including regulation of genes associated with lipid metabolism, peroxisome biogenesis, proteasome activation, and inflammation. PPAR𝛼-independent changes were indicated in both WT and Null mice by altered expression of genes related to lipid metabolism, inflammation, and xenobiotic metabolism. Such results are similar to studies done with PFOA and are consistent with modest activation of the constitutive androstane receptor (CAR), and possibly PPAR𝛾 and/or PPAR𝛽/𝛿. Unique treatment-related effects were also found in Null mice including altered expression of genes associated with ribosome biogenesis, oxidative phosphorylation, and cholesterol biosynthesis. Of interest was up-regulation of Cyp7a1, a gene which is under the control of various transcription regulators. Hence, in addition to its ability to modestly activate PPAR𝛼, PFOS induces a variety of PPAR𝛼-independent effects as well.
Induction by cells of immune responses to intestinal epithelial cell-associated components (ECAC): Transfer with cultured murine mesenteric and popliteal/axillary lymph node cells

Although systemic and mucosal immune responses to intestinal epithelial self-antigens occur in several human disorders, there is no model system with which to study the physiology and regulation of the underlying cellular events. Therefore, we undertook to induce an immune response to purified epithelial macromolecules in the Lewis rat; characterize in vitro the reactive cells; and then transfer with immunocytes this antiepithelial reactivity to naive syngeneic rats, identifying the fine specificity and site of humoral and cell-mediated immunity induced in the cell recipient. Donor animals sensitized systemically (via footpad) or locally in gut mucosa (via Peyer's patches) to syngeneic or xenogeneic epithelial antigens generated specific immunoglobulin and were found to have T lymphocytes in the draining nodal areas (including the mesenteric nodes) which were (a) antigen-specific, having a [3H]thymidine uptake in the presence of antigen 30-fold the control; (b) generally of the Thelper/inducer subclass (W3/25+) which, upon further culture, developed phenotype surface markers for activation (IL-2R+); (c) able to induce an antigen-specific humoral and cell-mediated responses upon intravenous injection into naive syngeneic hosts; and (d) demonstrable in gut-associated lymphoid tissue (mesenteric lymph nodes) and, to a lesser extent in spleen, of the cell recipient. Further, lymphocytes cloned from reactive mesenteric lymph node cells demonstrated specificity for a gel-purified subfraction of epithelial antigen, designated P1, containing highly conserved organ-specific macromolecules thought to be autoantigenic for gut.
Perceptions and Objects: Hume’s Radical Empiricism

In A Treatise of Human Nature , Hume seems to use the term "object" to refer to different things in different contexts, including impressions, ideas, perceptions, and bodies. Does he ever use the term "external bodies" to refer to things in the extra-mental world? I argue that what Hume means by external bodies when he affirms their existence is not externally existing, material objects that are somehow presented to the mind or presented in impressions. Rather, the bodies that Hume affirms are, at bottom, no different from perceptions, but they can be distinguished from merely internal perceptions like pain or pleasure in terms of their "different relations, connexions, and durations" (T 1.2.6.9; SBN 68). I conclude that in order to be consistent, given the various statements he makes throughout Book One of the Treatise , Hume must reject the philosopher's doctrine of double existence of perceptions and objects and affirm only the existence of perceptions, sometimes conceived as internally existing and mind-dependent and sometimes conceived as existing outside and independent of the mind.
The German inflation and foreign business cycles, 1920–1922☆

Abstract The real fluctuations of the German macroeconomy in the early 1920s differed markedly from those of the other major industrial economies. As the others began a steep depression in 1920, German prices stabilized and the economy grew, led by increased investment in response to the stabilization of the political climate. German income growth increased its trade deficits for about a year and cushioned the onset of the depression abroad. In summer 1921, however, as Germany began paying reparations, inflation restarted and investor confidence ebbed. The German boom strengthened then because exports increased and filled the gap left by lagging investment. As Germany struggled to pay reparations, her export boom worsened the depression of demand in the Allied economies, struggling then to recover from the depression.
Osmoregulation in dolichopodid larvae (Hydrophorus plumbeus) from a saline lake

Abstract Larvae of the dolichopodid, Hydrophorus plumbeus, from Mono Lake, California, were exposed to salinities ranging from approx 4.5–150 g/l total dissolved solids of lake water (about 100–3400 mOsm = milliosmoles/kg). Over this range, larval haemolymph osmolality was maintained between 400 and 650 mOsm on average, demonstrating the ability to both hyperosmoregulate in dilute medium, and hypoosmoregulate in a concentrated medium. In addition, the concentration of haemolymph sodium ions was regulated between 140–190 mM, accounting for 25–30% of the total osmotic concentration. Larval survial was virtually inimpaired up to a salinity of 200 g/l during a week of acclimation. In 250 g/l, or after 1 week in 150–200 g/l, mortalities increased substantially. This is the first report on the physiology of salinity adaptation in this family, and shows that H. plumbeus is among the most effective osmoregulators of the Diptera. This ability appears to be an important part of the success of this order in colonizing hypersaline waters.
An igneous origin for features of a candidate crater‐lake system in western Memnonia, Mars

The association of channels, inner terraces, and delta-like features with Martian impact craters has previously been interpreted as evidence in favor of the past existence of crater lakes on Mars. However, examination of a candidate crater-lake system in western Memnonia suggests instead that its features may have formed through igneous processes involving the flow and ponding of lava. Accumulations of material in craters and other topographic lows throughout much of the study region have characteristics consistent with those of volcanic deposits, and terraces found along the inner flanks of some of these craters are interpreted as having formed through drainage or subsidence of volcanic materials. Channels previously identified as inlets and outlets of the crater-lake system are interpreted instead as volcanic rilles. These results challenge previous interpretations of terrace and channel features in the study region and suggest that candidate crater lakes located elsewhere should be reexamined.
Vascularized free-tissue transfer in head and neck surgery.

Abstract Microsurgical vascularized free-tissue transfer has had a dramatic impact on the field of head and neck reconstruction. This technique has extended the extirpative limits of resection by facilitating complex reconstruction of head and neck defects in one stage with very high success and minimal patient morbidity. Although its impact on improving cure rates and survival statistics has yet to be determined, it has proven very valuable in the palliation of patients with advanced malignancies. The horizons for future applications are infinite. Neurotization of free-flap transfer may potentially improve the functional outcome for patients. In the future, free flaps may be prefabricated to allow for improved mandibular reconstruction or tracheal reconstruction. These tissue composites may potentially be a vehicle through which adjuvant therapy can be better delivered to the tumor bed. Microsurgical free-tissue transfer will have an expanding role in the treatment of patients with head and neck tumors, and continued refinements in these techniques will open new vistas for the reconstructive surgeons in the future.
Does stereotype threat affect women in academic medicine

In a classic social psychology experiment, male and female undergraduates at a top university, all of whom saw themselves as strong math students, took a test made up of difficult questions from the math section of the Graduate Record Examinations. Half of these students were told that the questions showed gender differences; the other half were told that the questions showed no gender differences. Remarkably, female students performed worse than their male counterparts when the test was described as showing gender differences but performed equally well when the test was described as showing no gender differences.1 This and related studies illustrate the phenomenon now known as stereotype threat, in which individuals who are members of a group characterized by negative stereotypes in a particular domain perform below their actual abilities in that domain when group membership is made salient.2-4 Over 300 experiments have now shown that stereotype threat leads to stress,5 negative mood (i.e. anxiety, frustration, disappointment, and sadness),6,7 increased monitoring of one’s behavior, greater emotional regulation, a reduction in mental capacity, and a decrease in motivation--all of which impair performance.8,9 In other words, under the threat of confirming a group stereotype, talented and competent individuals may become “deskilled” and perform below their abilities.3,4 In addition, stereotype threat may decrease individual motivation and engagement in a particular domain. For example, in one experiment, women under stereotype threat had lower leadership aspirations than women who did not experience that threat.10 Individuals may be conscious of stress and anxiety under these circumstances but often are not aware of its etiology, so are likely to attribute their anxiety to their own deficits rather than to the situation.11 A large achievement gap exists between men and women at the highest levels of leadership in academic medicine.12,13 As recently as 2009, only 19% of full professors, 13% of department chairs, and 13% of deans were women.14 In this article, we consider the contribution of stereotype threat to this achievement gap and suggest strategies for closing it.
A cryptographic programming assignment

This note presents an assignment used in a course focusing on software security designed for CS majors. The assignment asked students to carry out various cryptographic operations using the Java programming language with the Java Cryptographic Architecture providing cryptographic functions. Several aspects of the exercise were challenging to students.
Manslaughter, Markets, and Moral Economy: Violent Disputes over Property Rights in Eighteenth-Century China

List of maps, figures, and tables List of Qing dynasty emperors' reign dates List of weights and measures Acknowledgments Introduction 1. Economic change, social conflict, and property rights 2. 'Population increases daily': economic change during the eighteenth century 3. 'As before each manage their own property': boundary and water-rights disputes 4. 'Crafty and obdurate tenants': redemption, rent defaults, and evictions 5. Temporal and geographic distributions of property-rights disputes in Guangdong 6. Violence north, west, and south: property-rights disputes in Shandong, Sichuan, and Guangdong 7. 'You will be rich but not benevolent': changing concepts of legitimacy and violent disputes 8. Conclusion Appendix Bibliography Index.
Navy Mothers Experiencing and Not Experiencing Deployment: Reasons for Staying in or Leaving the Military

Seventy-one Navy mothers were interviewed and completed standardized questionnaires before and after a scheduled deployment; 83 Navy mothers assigned to shore duty served as controls. Overall inten...
Performance and implications of semantic indexing in a distributed environment

A research prototype is presented for semantic indexing and retrieval in Information Retrieval. The prototype is motivated by a desire to provide a more efficient and effective information retrieval system compared to the current state of the art. An overview of the Interspace architecture layers is discussed. An object model supporting semantic operations is developed. The model contains a rich set of classes and relationships of the data for the semantic indexing module. The basis of our semantic indexing is done by the creation of concept space. A concept space is an index of a collection that uses document statistics to capture the relationships between concepts. It is useful for boosting text search, by term suggestion of alternative terms semantically related to query terms. Over the years, we have developed generic technology for concept spaces computation on large collections across many subjects. Recent computations on discipline-scale collections have been made on high-end supercomputers. This paper describes our implementation and implications of the computation in a distributed computing environment. Experimental results using different collection sizes and number of processes are presented to show the feasibility of this approach. We also show that laboratory and community collections are already easily computable using a group of PCs in a lab via a message-passing model. We conclude that PC clusters will shortly be able to compute semantic indexes for any real collections.
Clinical utility of synergy testing for multidrug- resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from patients with cystic fibrosis: 'the motion for'

Patients with cystic fibrosis are at risk of developing infections with multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens, particularly Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Thus, there has been widespread interest in using antimicrobial agents in combination to expand the antimicrobial spectrum, prevent the emergence of resistance, reduce toxicity and provide synergistic activity. There are multiple methodologies for synergy testing, but checkerboard dilution assays and multiple combination bactericidal testing have been used most often for cystic fibrosis isolates. To date, synergy testing has been advocated to guide treatment for MDR strains of P. aeruginosa associated with a pulmonary exacerbation for which conventional testing does not reveal susceptibility to two agents from different classes of antibiotic. Synergy testing has also been advocated for isolates from patients failing to respond to therapy for treatment of a pulmonary exacerbation or from patients with substantial drug allergies for whom antibiotic choices are limited.
Regulation of ovine GnRH receptor gene expression by progesterone and oestradiol

The objective of this study was to determine whether progesterone prevents the stimulatory effects of oestradiol on GnRH receptor gene expression. In Expt 1, ewes were treated during the luteal phase (days 10-12 of the oestrous cycle) with either one or five subcutaneous implants containing oestradiol (n = 6 per group). Control ewes received no treatment (n = 6). Anterior pituitary glands were collected 16 h after treatment with oestradiol. Steady-state amounts of GnRH receptor mRNA were similar among all three treatment groups despite increased circulating concentrations of oestradiol in implanted ewes at the time of pituitary collection (4.3 +/- 0.6 and 24.7 +/- 2.6 pg ml-1 in ewes treated with one or five implants, respectively, compared with 0.5 pg ml-1 in controls). Experiment 2 was designed to determine whether progesterone was the ovarian factor preventing the stimulatory effects of oestradiol on expression of the GnRH receptor gene in Expt 1. Twenty-five ewes were ovariectomized on day 6 or day 7 of the oestrous cycle and assigned to one of five treatment groups (n = 5 per group). Control ewes received no further treatment. Endogenous luteal phase concentrations of progesterone were replaced in three groups of ewes at the time of ovariectomy via intravaginal implants. Three days after ovariectomy, one group of progesterone-treated ewes received one oestradiol implant, while another group of progesterone-treated ewes received five oestradiol implants. An additional group was treated with five oestradiol implants only, and anterior pituitary glands were collected from all ewes 16 h later. Compared with untreated ovariectomized ewes, treatment with progesterone alone did not affect amounts of GnRH receptor mRNA. In ewes treated with progesterone and either one or five oestradiol implants, steady-state amounts of GnRH receptor mRNA were increased twofold (P < 0.01). Treatment with oestradiol in the absence of progesterone increased amounts of GnRH receptor mRNA threefold (P < 0.001). These results provide evidence that the stimulatory effects of oestradiol on the expression of the GnRH receptor gene are prevented during the natural luteal phase in ewes. However, progesterone does not appear to act independently to mediate this effect.
Stellar Rotation versus Duplicity in Open Cluster Early-Type Stars

We considered 17 open clusters for which published radial velocities studies have been made to search for spectroscopic binaries among the brighter stars. They have log ages of 6.7 to 8.9, with mostly B stars. Some clusters such as the Pleiades have mostly broad-lined stars, indicating large rotational velocities and few binaries, while clusters such as NGC 6475 have many narrow-lined stars and many binaries. We confirm with this larger sample the previous evidence of an inverse correlation between mean cluster rotational velocity and duplicity. It is not due to measuring errors or to preferred orientations of rotational axes in some clusters. Samples of field stars, such as Am and B2-B5, that have been observed enough to determine their duplicities, also fall on the same correlation. Not only are there large differences in the fractions of binaries, but in the clusters with many binaries, 25% of the stars have orbital periods < 10 days while in the clusters with few binaries, only 4% have periods < 10 days. We wonder why some clusters developed many binaries and other did not. There is marginal evidence that currently the denser clusters have more binaries and with shorter binary periods, but we do not know the initial cluster densities when the binaries were formed.
Job satisfaction of child care workers: A review

Studies of job satisfaction of child care workers are reviewed using the Work Adjustment Theory as a framework. Pay and benefits, working conditions, relationships on the job, perception of control, advancement, interaction with children seem to be associated with job satisfaction. Research done to date is assessed and suggestions for future research are offered.
A Longitudinal Study of the Impact of Home Vacancy on Robbery and Burglary Rates During the U.S. Housing Crisis, 2005-2009

The growing empirical literature on the effects on crime of the recent housing crisis in the United States provides inconsistent results for a direct effect. Furthermore, no longitudinal studies examine the association between home vacancy and crime during the U.S. housing crisis. To address this question, we used a sample of 126 major metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs) within the United States for the period 2005-2009 and estimated random and fixed effects models. Results indicated that increasing rates of home vacancy during the housing crisis were significantly associated with burglary rates within and between MSAs but had no association with robbery rates after controlling for other important crime covariates. We discuss the theoretical and methodological implications of these findings.
Automated Calibration Of Optical Photomask Linewidth Standards At The National Institute Of Standards And Technology

An automated system has been developed at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), formerly the National Bureau of Standards, for calibrating optical photo-mask linewidth standards. This system, controlled by a desktop computer, locates each feature to be measured in the field of view of the microscope, centers and focuses the image, scans the image, and calculates the optical linewidth from the scan data. The results are checked for errors and the process repeated until every feature on the photomask has been calibrated. If statistical tests are passed, a calibration certificate is printed.© (1989) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Atrial fibrillation: a review of mechanism, etiology, and therapy.

The prevalence of elderly individuals in the populations of developed countries is increasing rapidly, and atrial fibrillation (AF) is quite common in these elderly patients: currently, 11% of the U.S. population is between the ages of 65 and 85 years; 70% of people with AF are between the ages of 65 and 85 years. AF causes symptoms secondary to hemodynamic derangements that are the result of increased ventricular response and loss of atrial booster function. AF can lead to reversible impairment of left ventricular function, cardiac chamber dilatation, clinical heart failure, and thromboembolic events. AF requires treatment in order to prevent these potential complications. Type Ia, Ic, and III antiarrhythmics are capable of converting AF to normal sinus rhythm (NSR). Amiodarone has the greatest efficacy and safety for converting AF and maintaining NSR while digoxin and verapamil are ineffective in restoring NSR. Quinidine, flecainide, disopyramide, and sotalol have also been shown to maintain NSR after conversion of AF. Proarrhythmia is a definite concern with the latter four agents. Alternative therapy for AF includes anticoagulation with warfarin or aspirin for the prevention of thromboembolic events, and a variety of agents to control the ventricular response. All medications used to treat AF carry significant risks in the elderly, whether from proarrhythmia, overdosing because of compliance errors, or hemorrhage secondary to anticoagulation. Treatment of AF must be based on a careful risk-benefit evaluation. The physician must know the capability of the particular patient as well as drug mechanisms and effects in the elderly. The decision to convert patients from AF to NSR or to leave the patient in AF and control the ventricular response represents a complex intellectual challenge. Factors favoring one or the other of these two clinical strategies are discussed. Multicenter clinical trials, for example, the Atrial Fibrillation Follow-up Investigation Rhythm Management (AFFIRM) trial, are currently underway to assess various clinical strategies for maintenance of NSR following conversion from AF. Amiodarone is one of the drugs under investigation.
Guidelines for hospital privileges in vascular surgery

Abstract This is a report by an ad hoc committee to the Joint Council of the Society for Vascular Surgery and the International Society for Cardiovascular Surgery (North American Chapter) concerning guidelines that hospitals may use or modify when judging individual applicants for hospital and operating room privileges in vascular surgery. The committee recognizes that the completion of training and obtaining a board certificate is testimony to the qualification but not necessarily the competence of an individual to practice vascular surgery. This report identifies three categories of applicant for privileges in vascular surgery; the surgeon who just completed training, the surgeon who completed training after 1984, and the surgeon who completed training before 1984. In addition, the committee recognizes the importance of periodic vascular surgery privileges renewal for established surgeons. Several pathways are defined for use by hospital privilege committees to evaluate the competence of an individual to be granted privileges in general vascular surgery. The ad hoc committee also has outlined a program for evaluation of established surgeons for renewing privileges in vascular surgery using a mechanism of case outcome audit. Finally, a review mechanism, potential corrective actions, and an appeals mechanism are also suggested. This report represents optimal criteria that may require modification by individual hospitals to meet local community needs and standards. It is the hope of the ad hoc committee that this report will help hospitals and practicing physicians improve the quality of care and treatment outcome in patients with vascular disease. (J Vasc Surg 1989;10:678–82.)
Depression of steroid-induced sex behavior in the ovariectomized rat by intracranial injection of cycloheximide: preoptic area compared to the ventromedial hypothalamus.

Abstract Sexual receptivity was significantly depressed in the estrogen/progesteroneprimed, Ovariectomized rat after the bilateral injection of 5, 10, or 20 μg of cycloheximide (CHX) into either the preoptic area (POA) or ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) 6 hr before the initiation of the steroid priming. There was no differential response to CHX, an inhibitor of protein synthesis, relative to the locus of the placement of the drug in either the POA or VMH.
Why Another Cancer Journal

Why do we need yet another cancer journal? An excellent question, of course, in light of the profusion of general as well as specialized cancer journals in recent times. An easy answer would simply be to say that this journal will be better than the rest; however a less glib (and probably more accurate) response is simply that there is currently an explosion of new techniques and approaches in the field of cancer biology, and that the new, and sometimes unusual and unorthodox, data so generated demands an open-access and unrestricted forum for its dissemination. This was the impetus for starting the journal which you are now reading. [...]
Photodissociation Regions and H II Regions in NGC 6334

Using the VLA at 8.485 GHz, we have imaged the southern portion of the star-forming ridge of molecular gas in NGC 6334. The diffuse radio source G351.20+0.70, discovered by Moran et al. (1990), is now resolved into a roughly spherical shell of radius ~1' (0.5 pc). The distribution of molecular gas (traced by CO emission), of photodissociated gas (traced by [C II] 158 μm emission), and of ionized gas (traced by radio continuum emission), is precisely that expected for a photodissociation region—the ionized gas lies on the interior of the shell, the photodissociated gas just outside the ionized gas, and the molecular gas just outside the photodissociated gas. We also detected faint radio counterparts to the strong infrared sources NGC 6334 IV IRS 20 and NGC 6334 V. If these objects are zero-age main-sequence stars, they produce far less radio free-free emission than would be expected for the observed infrared flux. Some possible explanations for this discrepancy are the following: (1) the radio free-free emission is optically thick, (2) the stellar ionizing radiation is obscured by dust, (3) the objects are not single OB stars but very compact clusters of later type stars, or (4) the objects are protostars. For both NGC 6334 V and NGC 6334 IV IRS 20, the radio spectrum for the unresolved sources is inconsistent with optically thick free-free emission or dust obscuration from a homogeneous H II region. The radio spectral index for NGC 6334 IV IRS 20 is consistent with the value of 0.6 expected for an optically thick H II region for a star undergoing mass loss, but that of NGC 6334 V is not. Because the IR sources in NGC 6334 V are very compact (0.02 pc), the stellar volume densities for a cluster of later-type stars would be unreasonably large. The objects in NGC 6334 V are probably protostars.
Bioluminescence imaging of wave‐induced turbulence

[1] The ability to measure turbulent processes on small spatial and temporal scales is a long standing problem in physical oceanography. Here we explore a novel means of measuring fluid shear stress using the cell flashing behavior of bioluminescent dinoflagellates. To illustrate this technique, we present estimates of the heterogeneous, time-varying shear stress inside a breaking wave crest. These results have implications for a better understanding of upper ocean wave physics, air-sea gas transfer, and the biology of planktonic near-surface organisms as well as providing a new quantitative fluid visualization tool.
Crystallization of Polymer Brushes with Poly(ethylene oxide) Side Chains

Surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) of methoxypoly(ethylene glycol) methacrylate (MPEGMA) macromonomers from immobilized initiators leads to thin films of comblike polymer brushes. The aqueous ATRP procedure results in essentially constant film growth rates and yields coatings with thicknesses as high as 400 nm. Polymers with side chains consisting of 22−23 ethylene oxide repeating units align to form crystalline materials analogous to their nonbrush analogues. However, polarized optical microscopy shows that the polymer films crystallize as two-dimensional spherulites. Both AFM images and reflectance FT-IR spectra of the films are consistent with crystalline lamellae preferentially oriented normal to the surface for brushes with thicknesses above 100 nm. As the film thickness decreases, the favored orientation shifts to crystalline lamellae parallel to the surface, with the PEO side chains oriented perpendicular to the surface. The lamellae orientations are related to polymer−su...
Chemical consequences of the initial diffusional growth of cloud droplets: a clean marine case

A simple microphysical cloud parcel model and a simple representation of the background marine aerosol are used to predict the concentrations and compositions of droplets of various sizes near cloud base. The aerosol consists of an externally-mixed ammonium bisulfate accumulation mode and a sea-salt coarse particle mode. The difference in diffusional growth rates between the small and large droplets as well as the differences in composition between the two aerosol modes result in substantial differences in solute concentration and composition with size of droplets in the parcel. The chemistry of individual droplets is not, in general, representative of the “bulk” (volume-weighted mean) cloud water sample. These differences, calculated to occur early in the parcel's lifetime, should have important consequences for chemical reactions such as aqueous phase sulfate production. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0889.1989.tb00124.x