cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Implementation of a multilayer model for measurement of thermal conductivity in ion beam irradiated samples using a modulated thermoreflectance approach

Abstract Laser based modulated thermoreflectance (MTR) technique is an attractive method for measuring thermal conductivity in ion irradiated samples. Unlike laser flash analysis, traditionally used for measuring thermal conductivity in nuclear materials, the MTR method is sensitive to damage that is only a few micrometers thick. This allows MTR to detect damage resulting from a few MeV ion beam irradiation. MTR combined with tailored ion beam irradiations offers a promising opportunity for validation of lower-scale thermal conductivity models developed for irradiated materials. In this technique, a harmonically modulated laser pump heats the irradiated sample and a probe beam measures the temperature induced changes in the sample's reflectivity. Interpretation of the measured temperature profiles in ion irradiated samples is complicated by the nonhomogeneous damage profile and the presence of an additional thin metal transducer layer. In this work, we present a detailed analysis of the experimentally measured thermal wave profiles in UO2 samples irradiated with 2.6 MeV H+ ions using different multilayer approximations of the damaged region. The limitation of an infinite damage layer approximation that assumes uniform damage across the thickness of the sample and neglects the undamaged region is discussed. Presented analysis outlines the method for determination of the applicability range for the infinite damage model. Finally, an analysis of the impact of point defects on thermal transport in irradiated samples is presented as an example for implementation of the MTR approach for validation of thermal transport models.
4.2 – Radical Cyclizations and Sequential Radical Reactions

Reactions that form rings are the central steps in the synthesis of cyclic organic compounds, and the development of cyclization reactions that are mild and general has been a recurring theme since the emergence of organic synthesis as a discipline. Although they have been recognized only recently, intramolecular addition reactions of radicals (hereafter called cyclizations) are among the most powerful tools at the disposal of the synthetic chemist. These radical cyclization reactions have all the advantages of their bimolecular counterparts, such as predictability and functional group tolerance; furthermore, because of the entropic advantages, cyclization reactions are of much broader scope.
Novel Agents Targeting Oncogenic Pathways in Lymphoma

With increasing number of new drugs and molecular targets, drug development continues to suffer from a high failure rate. The two major obstacles are unexpected toxicity and lack of antitumor efficacy in unselected patients. To increase response rates of new agents, it will be important to preselect patients based on predictive biomarkers. Furthermore, rather than developing drugs that target specific mutant or overexpressed oncogenic proteins, it is more efficient to group several proteins in “oncogenic pathways” that can be targeted with a variety of small molecules. This brief chapter will cover the most promising agents targeting oncogenic pathways under development for the treatment of lymphoma.
HP NewWave — eine Benutzeroberfläche der 90er Jahre

HP NewWave von Hewlett-Packard ist eine fortschrittliche Anwendungsumgebung, die uber eine einheitliche Schnittstelle den Zugriff auf ein komplettes unternehmensweites Informations- und Rechner-Netzwerk bietet. Die Anwendungsumgebung basiert auf dem Standard Microsoft© Windows 2.0 und ist so konzipiert, das der Benutzer sich voll auf seine eigentlichen Aufgaben konzentrieren kann, anstatt einzelne Anwendungen erlernen zu mussen. HP NewWave ist eine offene Umgebung und bietet Software-Entwicklern eine optimale Moglichkeit, ihren Kunden benutzerfreundliche Losungen zu liefern.
“Blind” Patch-Clamp Recordings from Rodent Hippocampal Slices

Whole-cell patch-clamp recording technique has enabled electrophysiologists to study synaptic transmission and membrane properties of neurons in an isolated preparation as an integral part of synaptic and cellular physiology. Compared with visually guided patch-clamp recording, the “blind” method does not require expensive experimental equipment and is easy to develop. This chapter describes “hands-on” procedures of “blind” patch-clamp recording on rodent hippocampal slices, followed by a discussion of the advantages and potential pitfalls with possible solutions.
Meanings of Masculinity in the United States

During the early and middle 1970’, authors such as Jack Sawyer (who is credited with starting the male liberation movement in 1970), Joseph Pleck (1973), Marc Fasteau (1974), Warren Farrell (1974), Jack Nichols (1974), and Herb Goldberg (1976; 1979), to mention a few, began to write about the male experience in the United States. By this time there was a growing literature about the female experience and distinctions were being made between concepts such as sex, gender identity, and gender. Komarovsky’s popular work on sex roles nearly forty years ago was the forerunner of much of the literature on sex and gender emerging during the 1970s. Yet, until the above authors made their contributions, the full significance of the distinctions being made between beingmale and beingmasculine was not felt by many—not even those who had developed interests in sex-roles, gender and like study areas. Part of the reason for this oversight was the fact that males in the United States were perceived simply to have a power-advantage over females. Most attention was focused on the victimization of women, and little devoted to the disadvantages associated with the male sex role.
Where in the World Is My Librarian? Creating Cross-Campus Collaborations to Seamlessly Connect with Students When Librarians, Students, and Faculty Are in Different Locations.

AbstractResearch librarians often have a specialty in certain discipline, and many academic libraries thrive on this type of arrangement to support their researchers. But more often, new interdisci...
Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Optimizing Stencil Computations

It is our great pleasure to welcome you to the second Workshop on Optimizing Stencil Computations (WOSC). We are happy to report that the overall quality of this year's submissions was high, and that the resulting papers span a spectrum of issues and ideas for stencil optimization. In addition to the paper submissions, this year we have four invited talks from the perspective of applications that use stencil computations, spanning image processing, scientific computing, and physical simulation. These talks, along with the panel discussion, help bridge the gap between those optimizing stencils and those using them. Above and beyond the formal program, we hope that this year's workshop will further serve as a venue to exchange ideas, to start collaborations, and to bring the various communities working to optimize stencil computations together for interesting discussions and new ideas.
Prevalence of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency in Cameroonian blood donors

Deficiency in G6PD is the most common enzymopathy worldwide. It is frequently found in individuals of African descent in whom it can lead to hemolytic crises triggered by the use of certain antimalarial medications and infection. The prevalence of G6PD deficiency and its contribution to morbidity in West Africa is under-studied. To understand the prevalence of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency in West African blood donors. We evaluated the G6PD status and infectious disease screening tests of 1001 adult male Cameroonian blood donors (mean age 31.7 ± 9.8 years). The prevalence of G6PD deficiency was 7.9%. There was no difference in levels of hemoglobin or ABO subtype between those who were G6PD-normal compared to those that were deficient. Interestingly, G6PD-normal vs. deficient blood donors were less likely to have screened positive for hepatitis C virus (p = 0.02) and rapid plasma reagin (indicative of syphilis, p = 0.03). There was no significant difference in hepatitis B sAg, HIV-1, or HIV-2 reactivity between those with vs. without G6PD sufficiency. These data suggest that G6PD deficiency is common among West African male blood donors and may be associated with specific infectious disease exposure.
Impact of polypropylene prolapse mesh on vaginal smooth muscle in rhesus macaque.

Background The use of polypropylene prolapse mesh to treat pelvic organ prolapse has been limited by mesh-related complications. Gynemesh PS mesh, implanted via sacrocolpopexy in rhesus macaques, had a negative impact on the vagina with thinning of vaginal muscularis and decreased vaginal smooth muscle contractility. The negative effect was attenuated when a bioscaffold derived from urinary bladder extracellular matrix was used as a composite with Gynemesh PS. Objective The objective of the study was to further elucidate the impact of Gynemesh PS polypropylene mesh and MatriStem extracellular matrix bioscaffolds on the vaginal smooth muscle in terms of micromorphology of vaginal smooth muscle (muscle bundles and individual myocytes), innervation, and nerve-mediated contractile function following their implantations in a rhesus macaque model via sacrocolpopexy. Study Design Thirty-two middle-aged rhesus macaques were randomized to undergo either a sham surgery (sham, n = 8), or the implantation of Gynemesh PS alone (n = 8) vs composite mesh comprised of Gynemesh PS plus 2-ply MatriStem (n = 8) vs 6-ply MatriStem alone (n = 8) via sacrocolpopexy. The graft-vagina complexes were harvested 3 months later. Histomorphometrics of smooth muscle bundles and myocytes were performed by immunofluorescent labeling of alpha smooth muscle actin, caveolin-3 (membrane protein), and cell nuclei followed by confocal imaging. The cross-sectional diameters of smooth muscle bundles and individual myocytes were quantified using images randomly taken in at least 5 areas of each section of sample. Contractile proteins alpha smooth muscle actin and smoothelin were quantified by Western immunoblotting. Nerve density was measured by immunohistochemical labeling of a pan-neuron marker, PGP9.5. Nerve-mediated smooth muscle contractility was quantified using electrical field stimulation. One-way analysis of variance and appropriate post hoc tests were used for statistical comparisons. Results Compared with sham, the implantation of Gynemesh PS alone resulted in a disorganized smooth muscle morphology with the number of small muscle bundles (cross-sectional diameter less than 20 μm) increased 67% (P = .004) and the myocyte diameter decreased 22% (P .05), with a 39% increase in the myocyte diameter (P .05). Conclusion The implantation of Gynemesh PS had a negative impact on the structural and functional integrity of vaginal smooth muscle evidenced by atrophic macro- and microscopic muscle morphology, decreased innervation, and impaired contractile property, consistent with a maladaptive remodeling response. The extracellular matrix bioscaffold (MatriStem), when used with Gynemesh PS as a composite (2 ply), attenuated the negative impact of Gynemesh PS; when used alone (6 ply), it induced adaptive remodeling as evidenced by an increased fraction of small smooth muscle bundles with normal contractility.
A New Reconfigurable Bandpass Filter With Adaptive Resonators for Switchable Passband and In-Band Notch

A reconfigurable bandpass filter (BPF) with adaptive resonators is proposed for a switchable in-band notch. The adaptive resonator has two identical arms in parallel. When tuning the varactors in the two arms in different manner, the adaptive resonator results to different equivalent circuits. The prototype filter discussed here is an intrinsically switchable BPF. Comparing its even-and odd-mode resonances, it shows three different states, i.e. two bandpass and all-stop states. The adaptive resonators are integrated into this prototype filter. The obtained filtering responses are that each state of the prototype filter has a switchable in-band notch. Since both adaptive resonators and the prototype filter are reconfigurable with varactors, both the passband and in-band notch are tunable and switchable. An implemented experimental circuit has soundly verified the proposed technique.
Green tea polyphenols (GTP) cause activation of the GSTP1 gene in prostate cancer LNCaP cells by promoter demethylation

1614 Epigenetic mechanisms through aberrant silencing of critical genes are central to the development and progression of prostate cancer. These epigenetic events are often associated with methylation of cytosine residues in CpG dinucleotides, present as clusters to form CpG islands, in the promoter and 1 st exon of these genes. Silencing of glutathione S-transferase-pi (GSTP1) gene encoding the pi-class GST, a critical enzyme of carcinogen defense, through methylation of deoxycytidine residue in CpG islands in the 5’-regulatory region has been frequently observed in human prostate carcinomas, prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia and prostate cancer cell lines. GSTP1 plays an important role in the conjugation and detoxification of potential carcinogens and early loss of GSTP1 expression could lead to increased susceptibility to carcinogens, promoting mutation and prostate cancer progression. Unlike mutated genes, epigenetically silenced genes are intact and are attractive targets for agents that could reactivate these dormant genes. Reactivation of such genes could be accomplished by DNA methylation inhibitors however; clinical utility of these inhibitors has been limited due to severe side-effects and toxicity. Green tea polyphenols (GTP) has received much attention over the last few years, as a potential cancer chemopreventive and cancer chemotherapeutic agent, possibly because of its wide range of effects on a number of cellular processes and efficacy in many tumor model systems. Extensive laboratory studies have demonstrated that GTP affords protective effects from diverse types of carcinogens and induce phase II enzyme activity that could lead to enhanced detoxification process. We investigated whether GTP can activate silenced GSTP1 gene in human prostate cancer LNCaP cells, which possess hypermethylated GSTP1 CpG island alleles, devoid of GSTP1 mRNA and protein expression. Treatment of LNCaP cells with GTP (1-10 μg/ml) for 3, 7 and 14 days resulted in a dose- and time- dependent reactivation of GSTP1 activity and expression as observed by ELISA, mRNA and protein expression. These results correlated with decrease in DNMT1 mRNA and protein expression. GTP treatment of LNCaP cells resulted in increased demethylation of the GSTP1 promoter observed after bisulfite modification and methylation-specific PCR. Furthermore, GTP treatment resulted in demethylation of CpG islands in GSTP1 promoter as confirmed by methyl-specific PCR and genomic sequencing. Importantly, treatment of LNCaP cells with 10-μg/ml GTP exhibited minimal toxicity compared to the DNMT inhibitor, 5’-deoxy-azacytidine (10 μM) at the clinical recommended dose. Taken together, these results suggest that green tea polyphenols have the potential to repress DNA promoter hypermethylation in CpG islands through DNMT inhibition thereby reactivating the silenced GSTP1 gene in prostate cancer cells.
DNA, History Of

Deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA, was discovered in the nineteenth century, but attracted only limited attention outside organic chemistry until the late 1940s, when evidence in favor of its biological function as the hereditary material began to emerge. Following the discovery of its molecular structure in 1953, it has come to occupy a central position in the life sciences and has become the icon of the molecular approach now common to so many areas of the biomedical sciences. Latterly, extensive researches revealed the existence of complex networks of molecular interactions implicated in the control and expression of the hereditary information, its duplication, and the repair of errors. Detailed sequencing of the DNA of the genes (genomics) has brought into question long-held assumptions about the functions of the major portions of the DNA. The result has been a softening of the hereditarian emphasis associated with DNA as the ‘master molecule’.
Surveying polar materials in the Inorganic Crystal Structure Database to identify emerging structure types

Abstract Here we focus on a search for new families of materials that could contain ferroelectrics via crystallographic database mining. Ferroelectrics are insulating polar materials whose polarization can be switched with the application of an electric field. They already find use in a variety of technologies, but new types of ferroelectrics could operate in extended regimes of temperature and pressure, maintain polarization in thin film form, and have the potential to couple to additional functional properties like magnetism and thermoelectricity. One route to find new example ferroelectrics is to search for materials whose polarization is a consequence of their crystal structure. Here we search for families of polar materials within the Inorganic Crystal Structure Database (ICSD), revisiting a prior survey of polar space groups to better understand how trends in the number and type of polar materials in the ICSD change over time. We classify the polar materials by crystal class, space group, the number of distinct elements, and finally structure types. We compare the data collected in August 2019 to the original survey data to identify a diverse set of emerging polar structure types in the ICSD that warrant further exploration as families that may contain new example ferroelectrics.
Early Modern Europe and Resurging Trade

New business practices and more complicated business organizations that re-shaped the world developed in Renaissance Italy, Great Britain, and the Netherlands. Protestants began emphasizing beliefs and actions conducive to successful business practices. People began to see work and initiative as virtuous. Accumulation of material wealth also gained respectability, as long as businesspeople acquired such accumulation by ethical means. If accumulation was permissible, however, what should the successful, earnest and hard-working business person do with their money? Ostentatious displays of wealth proved vexing. Businessmen found new opportunities, including smuggling, privateering, and investing in new joint-stock companies.
Megahertz-rate shock-wave distortion cancellation via phase conjugate digital in-line holography.

Holography is a powerful tool for three-dimensional imaging. However, in explosive, supersonic, hypersonic, cavitating, or ionizing environments, shock-waves and density gradients impart phase distortions that obscure objects in the field-of-view. Capturing time-resolved information in these environments also requires ultra-high-speed acquisition. To reduce phase distortions and increase imaging rates, we introduce an ultra-high-speed phase conjugate digital in-line holography (PCDIH) technique. In this concept, a coherent beam passes through the shock-wave distortion, reflects off a phase conjugate mirror, and propagates back through the shock-wave, thereby minimizing imaging distortions from phase delays. By implementing the method using a pulse-burst laser setup at up to 5 million-frames-per-second, time-resolved holograms of ultra-fast events are now possible. This technique is applied for holographic imaging through laser-spark plasma-generated shock-waves and to enable three-dimensional tracking of explosively generated hypersonic fragments. Simulations further advance our understanding of physical processes and experiments demonstrate ultra-high-speed PCDIH techniques for capturing dynamics. Shock-waves in explosive, supersonic or ionizing environments impart phase distortions to holographic imaging. Here, the authors report an ultra-high-speed phase conjugate digital in-line holography technique where a laser passes through the shock-wave and is reflected back through the phase distortion, thus correcting phase delays.
Resolving the Differences in the Simulated and Reconstructed Temperature Response to Volcanism

Explosive volcanism imposes impulse-like radiative forcing on the climate system, providing a natural experiment to study the climate response to perturbation. Previous studies have identified disa...
Premature Deaths in Brazil Associated With Long-Term Exposure to PM2.5 From Amazon Fires Between 2016 and 2019.

Amazonian deforestation from slash-and-burn practices is a significant contributor to biomass burning within Brazil. Fires emit carbonaceous aerosols that negatively impact human health by increasing fine particulate matter (PM2.5) exposure. These negative effects on health compound the already detrimental climatological and ecological impacts. Despite high biomass burning emissions in Brazil and the international attention drawn by the relaxation of Amazon protections in 2019, little is known about the health impacts from PM2.5 exposure attributable to these fires. We estimate PM2.5-related premature deaths in Brazil associated with biomass burning, focusing on temporal, interannual, and spatial trends. We find that during the fire season of 2019, 4,966 (2,427, 8,340) premature deaths were attributable to fire emissions making up 10% (5, 17) of all PM2.5-related premature deaths in Brazil. Between the 2019 and 2018 seasons, fire emissions increased by 1.37 Tg (1.00, 2.18) or 115% (60, 201), which was responsible for an increase in health impacts of 2,109 (965, 3,623) premature deaths or 74% (54, 98). Biomass burning emissions throughout Brazil contribute significantly to premature deaths, with the largest burning events occurring in northwestern Brazil. The impact of fires on PM2.5-related premature deaths is highest in heavily populated regions despite their fires being 1 to 2 orders of magnitude smaller than the largest burning events. Results from this study characterize the extent to which elevated PM2.5 exposure levels owing to fires affect public health in Brazil and present an additional, public health-focused, support for increased Amazon protections.
Reductions in social anxiety during treatment predict lower levels of loneliness during follow-up among individuals with social anxiety disorder.

Abstract Introduction Individuals with social anxiety disorder (SAD) are at elevated risk of loneliness, yet little research has examined loneliness in this population. Cognitive-behavioral group therapy (CBGT) and mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) have demonstrated efficacy in treating SAD, yet research has not examined whether they lead to reductions in loneliness. Methods This sample comprised 108 individuals with SAD who were randomized to CBGT, MBSR, or a waitlist control (WL); WL participants were re-randomized to CBGT or MBSR following WL. Assessments were completed pre- and post-treatment, and 3-, 6-, 9-, and 12-month follow-up assessments. Results Compared to WL, individuals in CBGT and MBSR were less lonely at post-treatment; there was no difference between treatments after treatment or during follow-up. Greater reductions in social anxiety from pre- to post-treatment predicted lower levels of loneliness during follow-up. Greater reductions in loneliness from pre- to post-treatment also predicted lower levels of social anxiety during follow-up. Discussion Individuals who experience reductions in their social anxiety during treatment may also feel less lonely following treatment. Reductions in loneliness also lead to improvements in social anxiety. Future research should continue to examine the relationship between social anxiety and loneliness and how interventions for SAD may help reduce loneliness.
Debt underwriting by commercial bank-affiliated firms and investment banks: More evidence

Abstract We compare underwriting performance by commercial bank-affiliated firms (Section 20s) and traditional investment banks over the period 1995–1998. We find that gross spreads are lower in the case of Section 20 underwritings, but that yield spreads are not. Our sample includes a substantial number of observations following changes in Federal Reserve policies that substantially eased restrictions on Section 20 activities in early 1997. Our findings differ somewhat from results in the literature that focused on periods prior to these policy changes. We find, for example, no evidence that a prior commercial bank lending relationship influences underwriting yields for any type of issue. Our results also fail to confirm earlier evidence that collective Section 20 underwritings produce a favorable competitive effect on gross spreads and yield spreads. We find substantial evidence that both the underwriting mix and the underwriting process are relevant to the behavior of gross spreads and yield spreads over the sample period.
Bikeshare trips in Seoul, South Korea

Abstract The bikeshare program in Seoul, the capital of South Korea, generates more than a million trips per month with more than 1500 bikeshare stations and about 20,000 bikes operating across the city. We examine the spatial patterns of bikeshare usage in Seoul, which is a very densely populated city with a large metro system. We analyze the association between land use, subway stations, employment density, population density, and bikeshare usage with negative binomial conditional autoregressive models that account for spatial correlation. For all the models, results show a positive association of bikeshare usage with the number of subway stations and employment density, with the former having a larger effect. Agricultural and Amusement land uses have negative associations with bikeshare usage in many models. We also examine different types of trips to distinguish differences between “loop trips” (starting and ending at the same station) and purposeful trips between two destinations. The former displays a pattern suggesting “loop trips” are more likely to be recreational trips.
Multifidelity Turbulent Heating Prediction of Hypersonic Inflatable Aerodynamic Decelerators with Surface Scalloping

The objective of this work was to investigate a multifidelity modeling approach to accurately and efficiently predict the turbulent convective heating on hypersonic inflatable aerodynamic decelerat...
Clustering Analysis of Website Usage on Twitter During the COVID-19 Pandemic

In this study we analyzed patterns of external website usage on Twitter during the COVID-19 pandemic. We used a multi-view clustering technique, which is able to incorporate multiple views of the data, to cluster the websites’ URLs based on their usage patterns and tweet text that occurs with the URLs. The results of the multi-view clustering of URLs used during the COVID-19 pandemic, from 29 January to 22 June 2020, revealed three, main clusters of URL usage. These three clusters differed significantly in terms of using information from different politically-biased, fake news, and conspiracy theory websites. Our results suggest that there are political biases in how information, to include misinformation, about the COVID-19 pandemic is used on Twitter.
Building out lifelines for safety, trust, empowerment, and renewal: Development, feasibility, and acceptability of the BOLSTER intervention for patients with gynecologic cancers and their caregivers.

187Background: Peritoneal carcinomatosis (PC) afflicts over half of women with advanced gynecologic (GYN) cancers. Patients with PC often require ostomies, gastric tubes, or catheters to palliate t...
Formalization is just the beginning: Analyzing post-formalization successes and challenges in Peru's small-scale gold mining sector

Abstract In recent years, the formalization of artisanal and small-scale gold mining (ASGM) activities has become a key strategy for governments to better govern and regulate the sector. While scholars have focused on examining the viability of formalization itself, little is known about the outcomes once ASGM operations become formal, or whether formalization efforts are sustainable. Peru has made great strides on simplifying the formalization process and has formalized over 9600 artisanal miners. Drawing on a case study from one of these formalized operations, this research examines postformalization outcomes. Findings from interviews with government officials and members of the ASGM community in one of the most important ASGM regions of Peru, Puno, demonstrate that formalization has yielded mixed results. Formal ASGM operations have improved health and safety practices and labor conditions, and miners believe their environmental awareness has increased. Despite these changes, miners who have become formalized feel even more pursued and scrutinized than they did when they operated informally, and they continue to face challenges obtaining technical support and accessing capital. We argue that although some progress has been made in formalization efforts, the problems and weaknesses within the approach may inadvertently push miners back into informality.We conclude that in order for formalization to be more fruitful for governments and miners, governments working on formalizing ASGM activities would greatly benefit from the creation of a solid postformalization strategy focused on educating and supporting formal ASGM operations.
Disparities in school referrals for agitation and aggression to the emergency department

Abstract Objectives Describe the demographic and clinical characteristics of children presenting to the emergency department (ED) for agitation and aggression from school vs other sites. Methods We performed a retrospective cross-sectional study of children 5-18 years old who were evaluated in an urban tertiary care pediatric ED with a chief complaint of agitation or aggression. We examined demographics, disposition, and payments for children presenting from school vs other sites. We conducted multivariable logistic regression to identify predictors of referral site (school vs all other sites, school vs home) and discharge status (home vs higher level of psychiatric care). Results Of the 513 included children, 147 (29%) presented from school. Children were more likely to present from school vs other sites if they were Black (aOR 2.26, 95% CI 1.32, 3.88), Latinx (aOR 2.91, 95% CI 1.42, 5.97), or had special educational needs (aOR 2.55, 95% CI 1.64, 3.97). These associations persisted in the analysis of school vs home referrals. Children presenting from school vs all other sites were more likely to be discharged home (aOR 1.60, 95% CI 1.05, 2.44), although this difference did not persist when comparing school vs only home referral. A total of $154,269 (median $367 per encounter) was paid for school referrals to the ED. Conclusions Children with agitation and aggression referred from school were more likely to be Black, Latinx, or have special educational needs. Future efforts should identify and address root causes of this disparity to decrease ED referrals, reduce healthcare spending, and address inequities.
Preschoolers’ Psychopathology and Temperament Predict Mothers’ Later Mood Disorders

Considerable research exists documenting the relationship between maternal mood disorders, primarily major depressive disorder (MDD), and a variety of negative child outcomes. By contrast, research exploring the reverse pathway whereby child traits are associated with later maternal mood disorders is much more limited. We examined whether young children’s temperament and psychopathology predicted maternal mood disorders approximately 6 years later. Child temperament and symptoms were assessed at age three using semi-structured diagnostic interviews and parent-report inventories. Maternal psychopathology was assessed with semi-structured interviews when children were 3 and 9 years old. Mothers also reported on their marital satisfaction when children were 3 and 6 years old. Child temperamental negative affectivity (NA), depressive symptoms, and externalizing behavior problems significantly predicted maternal mood disorders over and above prior maternal mood, anxiety, and substance disorders. The link between children’s early externalizing symptoms and maternal mood disorders 6 years later was mediated by maternal marital satisfaction 3 years after the initial assessment. These findings suggest that early child temperament and psychopathology contribute to risk for later maternal mood disorders both directly and through their impact on the marital system. Research indicates that effective treatment of maternal depression is associated with positive outcomes for children; however, this study suggests that treating early child problems may mitigate the risk of later maternal psychopathology.
MS: Pathology and Immunology

The etiology of Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is unknown, but is believed to involve three factors (Table 3.1). The first is genetic vulnerability. Associated risk/susceptibility genes, protection genes, and disease severity genes are being identified at an increasing pace. Linked genes are not universal, and vary somewhat based on patient racial, ethnic, and geographic background. The second factor involves as yet unidentified environmental exposures, which probably occur at critical timepoints rather early in life. Both vitamin D deficiency and Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) infection have been implicated as important for development of MS. The final factor is the host immune system, which damages the central nervous system (CNS). MS is clearly an immune-mediated disease. It appears to be heterogeneous, however, with different pathways leading to disease expression [1]. Studies focused on pathology and immunology allow important insights into MS pathogenesis and pathophysiology. This chapter will review what has been learned from neuropathology, and current concepts on major immunologic disease factors.
Ein Konfigurationskonzept für die Anwendungsebene des ISO Referenzmodells für offene (Büro-) Systeme

Im folgenden Beitrag wird ein Konzept vorgestellt, das es erlaubt die in offenen (Buro-) Systemen benutzten Kommunikationsdienste geanderten Anwendungserfordernissen flexibel anzupassen.
The social cost of through traffic: Contribution to the suburban-central city exploitation thesis

Abstract This paper deals with the conflict between local and through traffic when allocating land for transportation at the expense of residential consumption. The model developed in this paper gives the optimal allocation of land between both uses, via Pontryagin's Maximum Principle, and shows the impact of through traffic on the urban structure, on local transportation costs and on the cost of housing supply. The cost functionals are used to measure the total burden to the inner city and a connection is made to the ongoing discussion of the ‘exploitation’ thesis.
Work experiences, job involvement, and quality of work life among information systems personnel

This study assesses the job involvement of 464 professionals and managers in the information systems (IS) field and investigates the role of involvement in influencing the quality of work life. Results show significant variation in the level of job involvement displayed by IS employees and differential patterns of relationships among the work variables for IS personnel with low, moderate, and high levels of job involvement. The findings indicate that involvement serves as a complex moderator role in the pattern of relationships of work experiences, and job characteristics with career expectations and career outcomes. It has both linear and non-linear relationships with sevearl of the study variables. While in some cases, high levels of job involvement tend to enhance the beneficial effects of work experiences on the quality of work life, in others such involvement tends to heighten the negative effects of role stressors. Implications of the findings and directions for future research are discussed.
Specification and estimation of social interaction models with network structures

This paper considers the speci…cation and estimation of social interaction models with net- work structures and the presence of endogenous, contextual and correlated eects. With macro group settings, group-speci…c …xed eects are also incorporated in the model. The network structure provides information on the identi…cation of the various interaction eects. We pro- pose a quasi-maximum likelihood approach for the estimation of the model. We derive the asymptotic distribution of the proposed estimator, and provide Monte Carlo evidence on its small sample performance. JEL classi…cation: C13, C21
IL-1β Protects Human Chondrocytes from CD95-Induced Apoptosis

This study addresses the effects of IL-1β on apoptosis induced by agonistic anti-CD95 (Fas) Ab. IL-1β inhibited anti-CD95 Ab-induced apoptosis in all preparations of normal human articular chondrocytes tested. Inhibitors of nitric oxide synthase or cyclooxygenase did not influence the protective effect of IL-1β, indicating that nitric oxide and PGs were not involved in the modulation of CD95-induced apoptosis. However, when the IL-1β-dependent induction of NF-κB was inhibited, the antiapoptotic effect of IL-1β was partially reversed, suggesting that NF-κB-mediated gene activation is part of the protective mechanism. In addition, IL-1β significantly increased the expression of Bcl-2. The protein tyrosine kinase inhibitor herbimycin A completely eliminated the protective effect of IL-1β on CD95-induced apoptosis. These findings suggest that IL-1β modulates the CD95 death cascade in chondrocytes by mechanisms that involve tyrosine phosphorylation events and NF-κB-dependent gene activation.
An improved signal restoration method using frequency domain information

This paper addresses the problem of using frequency domain information for improved signal restoration. Specifically we want to estimate the underlying signal from degraded measurements when we are given (i) the distribution of the frequency components (ii) the bounds on the signal spectrum. We also asume that the energy of the noise is bounded by a known constant. The first problem is formulated as a constrained minimization of the windowed power in the frequency domain where the prior information is injected by the choice of window. The second problem is formulated as finding the feasible region which is the intersection of ellipsoids which are determined from the bounds on the signal spectrum and noise energy. This formulation is computationally very involved and we avoid this difficulty by finding an ellipsoid which will tightly bound the intersection. The geometric center of the resulting ellipsoid provides a good estimate of the underlying signal.
Ultraviolet-Absorbing Compounds in Urine from Patients with Hereditary Disorders of Purine and Pyrimidine Metabolism

A Mark II prototype uv analyzer was used to study urinary uv-absorbing compounds in eight patients with gout, one patient with partial deficiency of adenine phosphoribosyltransferase, three patients with the Lesch— Nyhan syndrome, two patients with hereditary orotic aciduria, and two obligate heterozygotes for orotic aciduria. All eight gouty subjects excreted abnormal amounts of one or more uv-absorbing compounds while on a strictly defined dietary and drug program. These included increased excretion of xanthine, pseudouridine, uracil, or orotidine. The excretion of uv-absorbing compounds in patients with well-defined inborn errors of purine and pyrimidine metabolism was consistent with the findings previously reported. The significance of these abnormalities is discussed and the importance of strictly controlled conditions is emphasized.
Dynamic response of normal and osteoporotic trabecular bone by vibration analysis

Osteoporosis afflicts about 200 million people worldwide; and osteoporotic fractures are in the millions annually in the US alone and cost tens of billions of dollars [1]. Characterization of bone quality in osteoporotic patients is important with respect to monitoring treatment efficacy, though currently quite limited. While some technical hurdles in developing a noninvasive diagnostic tool using low frequency vibration have been overcome, changes in the frequency response signal of bone have not been investigated at the various bone organizational levels. Our principal hypothesis is that the vibrational modes of bone tissue change significantly with the deterioration of bone micro-architecture and that these modes can be captured by noninvasive sensors.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Cohabitation and Marriage in the 1980s

Using cohabitation and marriage histories collected in 1985 from 23-year-old women and men, this study investigates the process of union formation, considering transitions from single life into cohabitation and marriage. The outcomes of cohabitation are also considered-both the dissolution of unions and the transformation of cohabiting unions into marriage. These data indicate that large proportions of men and women experience cohabitation fairly early in the life course. At the same time, many cohabiting unions are dissolved fairly quickly and numerous others are soon transformed into marriages. Thus even though cohabitation will be experienced by many, most people will continue to spend substantially more time in marital unions than in cohabiting unions.
A cross assembler for the Texas Instruments 960E mini computer

This paper will discribe some of the algorithms that were used to write a cross-assembler for the TI960B mini computer. This cross-assembler was written at the University of Southern Mississippi on a Xerox Sigma 9 in XPL.
Productivity, relevance and natural selection

Recent papers by a number of philosophers have been concerned with the question of whether natural selection is a causal process, and if it is, whether the causes of selection are properties of individuals or properties of populations. I shall argue that much confusion in this debate arises because of a failure to distinguish between causal productivity and causal relevance. Causal productivity is a relation that holds between events connected via continuous causal processes, while causal relevance is a relationship that can hold between a variety of different kinds of facts and the events that counterfactually depend upon them. I shall argue that the productive character of natural selection derives from the aggregation of individual processes in which organisms live, reproduce and die. At the same time, a causal explanation of the distribution of traits will necessarily appeal both to causally relevant properties of individuals and to causally relevant properties that exist only at the level of the population.
In-home networking using optical fiber

Increased bandwidth requirements for in-home networks create opportunities for optical fiber interconnects. We outline the requirements for in-home networking and discuss the suitability of various optical fiber types to meet them.
Histological evidence for drug diffusion across the cerebral meninges into the underlying neocortex in rats

Abstract Transmeningeal pharmacotherapy has been proposed to treat neurological disorders with localized pathology, such as intractable focal epilepsy. As a step toward understanding the diffusion and intracortical spread of transmeningeally delivered drugs, the present study used histological methods to determine the extent to which a marker compound, N -methyl- d -aspartate (NMDA), can diffuse into the neocortex through the meninges. Rats were implanted with bilateral parietal cortical epidural cups filled with 50 mM NMDA on the right side and artificial cerebrospinal fluid (ACSF) in the contralateral side. After 24 h, the histological effects of these treatments were evaluated using cresyl violet (Nissl) staining. The epidural NMDA exposure caused neuronal loss that in most animals extended from the pial surface through layer V. The area indicated by this neuronal loss was localized to the neocortical region underlying the epidural cup. These results suggest that NMDA-like, water soluble, small molecules can diffuse through the subdural/subarachnoid space into the underlying neocortex and spread in a limited fashion, close to the meningeal penetration site.
Trimmed and winsorized standard deviations based on a scaled deviation

Trimmed (and winsorized) standard deviations based on a scaled deviation are introduced and studied. The influence functions and limiting distributions are obtained. The performance of the estimators with respect to high breakdown scale estimators is evaluated and compared. Unlike other high breakdown estimators which perform poorly for light-tailed distribution and when points near the centre are contaminated, the resulting trimmed (and winsorized) standard deviations are much more efficient than their predecessors at light-tailed distributions by suitably choosing the cutting parameter and highly efficient for heavy-tailed and skewed distributions. At the same time, they share the best breakdown point robustness of the sample median absolute deviation for any common trimming thresholds. Compared with their predecessors, they can achieve the best efficiency when the contaminating points are presented from areas around the centre. Indeed, the scaled-deviation-trimmed (winsorized) standard deviations behav...
Richard Buttny , Talking problems: Studies of discursive construction

Richard Buttny , Talking problems: Studies of discursive construction . Albany: State University of New York Press, 2004. Pp.ix, 214. Hb $45.00. Richard Buttney's Talking problems: Studies of discursive construction addresses the centrality of ordinary talk as a key site in the construction of human sociality and social reality. He characterizes talk about problems as a linguistic abstraction from actions or events that call for solutions. Such discourses have regular patterns which people routinely deploy as they tell their troubles and seek solutions to problems. How people structure such talk and position themselves and others in it provides insight into how those people identify themselves socially and operate within moral systems. Problems do not exist independently of the ways in which people perceive and evaluate both the problem situation and themselves. People position themselves as good, blameless, likable, and so on through what Buttny calls a “microlevel rhetoric.” Examination of that rhetoric sheds light on the interests at stake, since positioning means casting oneself or another in terms of specific, often moral characterizations (dutiful, realistic, happy, etc.) which are in turn related to one's membership category (social role, ethnic identity, etc.). Buttny thus builds on work in ethnomethodology and conversational analysis to develop a particular set of methods for the analysis of trouble-telling. He focuses, as he puts it, on communicative practices, positionings and constructions: “ How problems get interactionally formed and oriented to , and how interlocutors position themselves in the course of such problem talk ” (p. 9, italics in original). Buttny examines three areas of trouble-telling: teens talking about being young parents, therapy talk among clients and their therapist, and talk among college students about race relations. The book is organized into eight chapters: an introduction (summarized above) and conclusion, and two main sections of three chapters each, the first focusing on talking about problems, the second on reported speech about race.
DEM analysis of the crack propagation in brittle clays under uniaxial compression tests

The discrete element method (DEM) has been used to study how cracks propagate in a continuum material (clay) subjected to a uniaxial compressive stress. The DEM results were compared with those obtained in laboratory samples. The laboratory tests used stiff clay samples with one crack inclined at varying angles with respect to the compressive stress. The DEM and the laboratory results compared very well. Also, the DEM proved to be a very successful approach for the visualization of secondary crack formations and its propagation in the simulated samples. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.