cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Direct Measurement Error Identification and Reporting for Upper Extremity Exposure Assessment

Electrogoniometers currently represent the most feasible way of obtaining direct measurements of wrist and forearm posture and motion in varied work environments. Researchers have shown that a significant amount of error may be present in the recordings from these instruments (Buchholz and Wellman, 1997; Armstrong et al., 1993). This study showed that even with “state of the art” correction methods, wrist flexion/extension and wrist deviation duration measurements may still vary by as much as 100% plus or minus the measured result in the 95% confidence interval. Forearm extreme posture duration intervals were equal to or less than 40% of the calculated values. Wrist flexion/extension and forearm rotation repetition measurements were more accurate, giving confidence intervals plus or minus less than 25% of the resulting values. Wrist deviation repetition confidence intervals were wider, at plus or minus 100% or greater and generally including zero. These results highlight the need to address accuracy when ...
Hemodynamic and Metabolic Effects of Hypothermia and Extracorporeal Circulation in Experimental Myocardial Infarction and Shock

The hemodynamic and metabolic effects of combined extracorporeal circulation and hypothermia induced by veno-arterial shunting were determined in 32 dogs following the production of acute myocardial infarction with shock by plastic sphere coronary embolization. Cardiac output, central aortic pressure, left ventricular work, systemic vascular resistance, left ventricular contractile force, right atrial and left ventricular pressures, arterial pH, CO 2 , potassium, plasma hemoglobin, and hematocrit were determined in dogs brought to the level of ventricular fibrillation or arrest or to profoundly hypothermic levels of 5 to 10 C. esophageal temperature for four to six hours and then rewarmed; in those maintained at 28 to 30 C. esophageal temperature for four to six hours and then rewarmed; and in those remaining normothermic for four to six hours following coronary embolization. The average esophageal temperature at the time of ventricular fibrillation was 19.3 C., and at the time of complete asystole was 12.0 C., figures comparable to results in normal animals. It is concluded that an animal with acute myocardial infarction and shock is not more susceptible to fatal hypothermic arrhythmia than is a normal animal. It was also demonstrated that there was relatively little irreversible deleterious hemodynamic effect after five to six hours of profound or moderate hypothermia combined with low-flow extracorporeal circulation, although the more profoundly cooled animals did demonstrate a metabolic acidosis and less return to precooling levels of cardiac output and aortic pressure following rewarming than did those maintained at 28 to 30 C. Both the profoundly and moderately cooled animals demonstrated, following rewarming, more adequate recovery of cardiac output, aortic pressure, and systemic vascular resistance than did animals which remained normothermic for similar periods after coronary embolization, suggesting that hypothermia affords a "protective" effect in recent myocardial infarction.
Effect of Transplantation Date on the Seasonal Abundance of the Green Peach Aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae) and Two Aphid Predators on Flue-Cured Tobacco

The effects of flue-cured tobacco transplantation date on the seasonal abundance of the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer), a stilt bug, Jalysus wickhami Van Duzee, and the convergent lady beetle, Hippodamia conoergens Guerin-Memeville, were investigated in south-central Virginia during 1979–1981. Tobacco was transplated ca. 10 days apart on three dates from 10 to 29 May 1979 and on five dates from 28 April to 9 June 1980 and 1981. Aphid populations were highest on the first two transplantings (10 and 20 May) in 1979, the first three (29 April, 9 and 19 May) in 1980, and the third and fourth (18 and 28 May) in 1981. Populations were lowest on late-transplanted tobacco. In 1981, tobacco transplanted on the first two dates matured 14 to 29 days earlier and, thereafter, had lower aphid populations than comparable treatments in 1979 and 1980. Populations usually declined on tobacco after topping (removal of terminal floral branch) was initiated. Lady beetle populations were closely related to aphid abundance in 1980, but the relationship was less distinct in 1981. Stilt bug populations peaked in all trans plantings during the first half of August, and they were significantly more abundant in the last two transplantings than the first three during the last half of August and early September. In 1980 and 1981 yields, returns (dollars per hectare), and values (dollars per kilogram) were similar for the first three trans plantings, but all were significantly reduced in the fourth and fifth transplantings during at least 1 year.
Measurement of ischemia by changes in tissue oxygen, carbon dioxide, and pH

BACKGROUND We evaluated the ability of brain tissue oxygen pressure (PO2), carbon dioxide pressure (PCO2), and pH to detect regional ischemia produced by temporary brain artery occlusion, compared with a group without artery occlusion. METHODS Patients undergoing craniotomy for cerebrovascular surgery were recruited for this study. A 0.5-mm-diameter probe was inserted into brain tissue to measure PO2, PCO2, and pH continuously. Group 1 (n = 15) did not receive brain artery occlusion during their surgical procedure. In Group 2, brain artery occlusion was produced for aneurysm clipping (n = 10) or extracerebral to intracerebral artery bypass (n = 3). Mean arterial pressure was maintained above 90 mmHg in both groups. Measurements were made after artery occlusion or sham treatment and compared with baseline. RESULTS Under baseline conditions, tissue PO2, PCO2, and pH were not different between the groups. In Group 2, brain artery occlusion for a median time of 7 minutes (range, 2–48 min) significantly decreased PO2 and pH and increased PCO2 compared with baseline. There were no significant changes in Group 1. During artery occlusion, PO2 decreased below 10 mmHg and/or pH decreased below 7.0 in 8 of 13 patients. CONCLUSIONS Regional brain ischemia can be consistently detected and treated by monitoring tissue metabolism. It will be necessary in the future to identify critical levels and duration of decreases in PO2 and pH that lead to irreversible neuronal injury.
Efficacy and safety of novel anticoagulants compared with established agents

Dabigatran, rivaroxaban, and apixaban are novel oral anticoagulants that offer major advantages over existing agents. The onset of the anticoagulant effect of these agents is rapid. Each agent has a predictable anticoagulant response that eliminates the need for monitoring. Clinical trials have been completed with all three agents in the prevention and treatment of the three leading causes of cardiovascular death: myocardial infarction, stroke, and venous thromboembolism (VTE). Novel agents have shown reduced or similar rates of thrombosis, major bleeding, and adverse events when weighed against either low molecular weight heparin or warfarin. Additional trials are underway and more agents are in development. As a result, novel anticoagulants may impact physician prescribing practices and warrant consideration in patients requiring thrombosis management.
Maude Adams at Stephens college: In her waning years, a philosophy of educational theatre

(1965). Maude Adams at Stephens college: In her waning years, a philosophy of educational theatre. The Speech Teacher: Vol. 14, No. 2, pp. 123-127.
Estimated Skin Dose Look-Up Tables and Their Effect on Dose Awareness in the Fluoroscopy-Guided Imaging Suite

OBJECTIVE. The displayed air kerma during a fluoroscopy-guided procedure often does not represent the entrance skin dose. The purpose of this work is to develop a system-specific air kerma–to–entrance skin dose look-up table (LUT) for immediate reference and to evaluate its clinical utility. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Physicists are often involved in retrospective dosimetry and risk estimates. Conservative dosimetry conversion factors, represented by the total conversion factor, prospectively estimate the maximum potential skin dose from the displayed air kerma. Air kerma–to–skin dose LUTs with corresponding tissue reactions and approximate time-of-onset can be posted for reference. By developing skin dose LUTs, physicians can actively evaluate during the procedure the potential for deterministic skin reactions. System user surveys evaluated the impact of LUTs on dose awareness. RESULTS. The range of the total conversion factor to the displayed air kerma for the nine systems evaluated was 0.8–1.6 for frontal ...
Similarities in Food Cravings and Mood States Between Obese Women and Women Who Smoke Tobacco

The present study assessed food cravings in a cohort of 229 women who differed in smoking history (i.e., never smoker, former smoker, and current smoker) and body weight (i.e., normal weight, overweight, and obese). Each subject completed the Food Craving Inventory (FCI), which measures cravings for sweets, high fats, carbohydrates/starches, and fast-food fats, and the Profile of Mood States (POMS), which measures psychological distress. Smoking and obesity were independently associated with specific food cravings and mood states. Current smokers craved high fats more frequently than former and never smokers. They also craved starches more frequently and felt more depressed and angry than never smokers, but not former smokers. Whereas cravings for starchy foods and some mood states may be characteristic of women who are likely to smoke, more frequent cravings for fat among smokers is related to smoking per se. Similarly, obese women craved high fats more frequently than nonobese women and depression symptoms were intensified with increasing body weights. We hypothesize that the overlapping neuroendocrine alterations associated with obesity and smoking and the remarkable similarities in food cravings and mood states between women who smoke and women who are obese suggest that common biological mechanisms modulate cravings for fat in these women.
Structure-property relationships of BaCeO perovskites for the oxidative dehydrogenation of alkanes

The oxidative dehydrogenation (ODH) reactions for the formation of two important organic feedstocks ethylene and propylene are of great interest because of the potential in capital and energy savings associated with these reactions. Theoretically, ODH can achieve high conversions of the starting materials (ethane and propane) at lower temperatures than conventional dehydrogenation reactions. The important focus in this study of ODH catalysts is the development of a structure-property relationship for catalyst with respect to selectivity, so as to avoid the more thermodynamically favorable combustion reaction. Catalysts for the ODH reaction generally consist of mixed metal oxides. Since for the most selective catalyst lattice oxygen is known to participate in the reaction, catalysts are sought with surface oxygen atoms that are labile enough to perform dehydrogenation, but not so plentiful or weakly bound as to promote complete combustion. Also, catalysts must be able to replenish surface oxygen by transport from the bulk. Perovskite materials are candidates to fulfill these requirements. The authors are studying BaCeO{sub 3} perovskites doped with elements such as Ca, Mg, and Sr. During the ODH of the alkanes at high temperatures, the perovskite structure is not retained and a mixture of carbonates and oxides is formed, as revealed by XRD. While the Ca doped materials showed enhanced total combustion activity below 600 C, they only showed enhanced alkene production at 700 C. Bulk structural and surface changes, as monitored by powder X-ray diffraction, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy are being correlated with activity in order to understand the factors affecting catalyst performance, and to modify catalyst formulations to improve conversion and selectivity.
Determination of coherent strain field in periodic and self-assembled microstructures on crystal surfaces

It is shown that high-resolution x-ray diffraction analyses on coherent thin-film microstructures on crystal surfaces can reveal a variety of information on interfacial strain fields. Diffraction features that can be observed include diffuse interference fringes, asymmetric grating diffraction patterns, and asymmetric crystal-truncation-rod profiles due to the strain-varying regions in a microstructure. From these diffraction features, both the longitudinal and the transverse strain gradients can be determined, in addition to the average elastic strain-tensor components.
Critical Phases of Oral Primordium Development in Tetrahymena pyriformis GL-C: An Analysis Employing Low Temperature Treatment

SYNOPSIS. The effects of temperatures of 12–18 C on cell division and oral primordium development were investigated in cultures of synchronized Tetrahymena pyriformis GL-C. If exposures to 12 or 15 C were initiated prior to a “transition point,” long delays of cell division were generated. After this transition point, cell division could no longer be substantially delayed by exposure to low temperature. The time of the transition point was somewhat earlier with 15 C than with 12 C treatments. At temperatures higher than 15 C long delays of cell division were not generated regardless of time of treatment. The effects of low temperature on oral morphogenesis were strongly dependent on the stage which was affected. (i) The further development of cells initially in the “anarchic field” stage (stage 1) was immediately blocked at both 12 and 15 C. (ii) Cells initially in the stages of incipient membranelle differentiation (stages 2 and 3) continued to develop at both 12 and 15 C, and formed oral primordia in which all 3 membranelles were clearly differentiated (stage 4). The subsequent progress of these stage 4 primordia depended on the temperature: at 12 C virtually all were resorbed (and cell division was blocked); at 15 C only about 1/3 were resorbed, while the remaining 2/3 completed their development (with the concomitant completion of cell division). (iii) Cells initially in intermediate stages of membranelle differentiation (early stage 4) developed to some extent at 12 C, and then underwent resorpton of oral primordia and blockage of cell division; at 15 C such cells completed their development and division normally. (iv) Cells in which the membranelles and undulating membrane were complete or nearly so (stage 5 and very late stage 4) at the time of the beginning of the cold treatment subsequently finished their development and went thru cell division, even at temperatures as low as 5 C. These results indicate that in addition to a “stabilization point” which occurs shortly before the completion of membranelle development, there is an earlier change in the primordium at the time of the onset of membranelle development, which renders development much less sensitive to direct interference by low temperature.
Nuclear spin relaxation dynamics of 13CO2 sorbed in polyisobutene rubber

Recently we presented the dynamics of 13CO2 molecules sorbed in silicone rubber (PDMS) ascertained from spin relaxation experiments. Results of a similar investigation for 13CO2 sorbed in polyisobutene (PIB) are presented in this report. The spin-lattice and spin-spin relaxation times as well as nuclear Overhauser enhancements (NOE) were determined as a function of temperature and Larmor frequency. The relaxation mechanisms found to be important for 13CO2/PIB system are intermolecular dipole-dipole relaxation and chemical shift anisotropy with a minor contribution from spin rotation relaxation. We have determined the parameters which characterize correlation times for 13CO2 collisional motion, rotational motion, and translational motions in the PIB. The self-diffusion coefficient of 5.15 × 10−8 cm2/s obtained from the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) data is close to the literature value of the mutual diffusion coefficient of CO2 in PIB at 300 K obtained from permeability measurements. In contrast to the case of CO2/PDMS in which a broad distribution (characterized by a fractional exponential correlation function of the Williams-Watts type with α = 0.58) is observed, a sharp distribution with a fractional exponent, α, of 0.99 is found for the CO2/PIB system. Instead of assuming an Arrhenius type temperature dependence, we used a Williams-Landel-Ferry type temperature dependence and found it to be better suited to describe the behavior of this system. PIB is a densely packed “strong” chain polymer which responds gradually to the temperature variation and gas sorption. In contrast PDMS is a relatively loosely packed “fragile” polymer with a propensity to exhibit rapid dynamic responses to the temperature change and gas sorption. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Certain Alkenyldiarylmethanes as Anti-HIV-1 Agents Which Act as Non-Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors

Several novel alkenyldiarylmethane (ADAM) non-nucleoside HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitors were synthesized. The most potent of these proved to be 3',3"-dibromo-4',4"-dimethoxy-5'5"-bis(methoxycarbonyl)-1,1-diphenyl-1-+ ++heptene (8) ADAM 8 inhibited the cytopathic effect of HIV-1 in CEM cell culture with an EC50 value of 7.1 microM and was active against an array of laboratory strains of HIV-1 in CEM-SS and MT-4 cells, but was inactive as an inhibitor of HIV-2. In common with the other known non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, ADAM 8 was an effective inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (IC50 1 microM) with poly(rC).oligo(dG), but not with poly(rA).oligo(dT), as the template/primer. ADAM 8 was inactive against HIV-1 reverse transcriptases containing non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor resistance mutations at residues 101, 106, 108, 139, 181, 188, and 236, while it remained active against enzymes with mutations at residues 74, 98, 100, 103, and at 103/181. An AZT-resistant virus having four mutations in reverse transcriptase was more sensitive to inhibition by ADAM 8 than the wild-type HIV-1. In addition, ADAM 8 displayed synergistic activity with AZT, but lacked synergy with ddI. ADAM 8 or a structurally related analog may therefore be useful as an antiviral agent in combination with AZT or with other NNRTIs that are made ineffective by mutations at residues which do not confer resistance to ADAM 8.
Mutability and delinquency: the relative effects of structural, associational, and attitudinal variables on juvenile delinquency

From its onset the sociological study of delinquency has had the double mandate of public service and the advancement of science. A formulation is offered for carrying this double mandate forward. Latent in theories of delinquency is the practical insight that delinquency causes are unequally mutable to practitioners' efforts. By making the issue of mutability manifest in research, it is argued, findings from research would have more practical import. Data are analyzed so as to illustrate this argument.
Enabling “Self-Service” Data Management: Distributed Product Data Management Architecture

Distributed Product Data Management (DPDM) is a framework which links disparate data sources together to create a hybrid network of resources that can be exchanged in real-time by different organizations. Current product management systems optimize intra-organizational processes by centralizing data management while maintaining distinct original system configurations. DPDM can manage disparate data sources without creating additional resource management databases. In addition, it eases intra-organizational management by normalizing interaction between various tiers. The architecture contains a hybrid server for controlling the application and managing client details. Distributed agents are used to link the system to different client data sources. DPDM provides deployment tools to integrate new clients into the system and programmable modules to extend the architecture programmatically for implementing additional features. Multitiered implementation of the framework enables transparent extraction and exchange of data across the network. A prototype is built using the architecture to demonstrate the flexibility, affordability, extendibility and interoperability of the framework. A distributed architecture is used with project-product oriented data modeling and illustrates various aspects of framework. DPDM being an extendable interface can be deployed in domains that require distributed data exchange. Implementations can be developed in a “self-service” and low cost manner to suit specific organizational requirements.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Psychiatry in Military Society — II

The manner in which this concept emerges and is used, depends on the men who are propounding it. In the discussion in Part I of this article we have noted how the military setting can affect psychiatric concepts and methods: we may now ask what the military environment does to the psychiatrist. To some, of course, it does nothing. They perform their period of military service and resume civilian activities very much as though they had never been in uniform, or stay in the service without shifting orientation a bit. But to other psychiatrists it has been a revealing experience that has influenced their thinking about their profession and its practice. One major shift in their orientation is well stated by Dr. Alan Gregg, "They came to see that the maintenance of morale and discipline demands that the group be defended against the deflection and the selfishness of the individual. This was an extremely significant reversal of the usual solicitudes." (Gregg 1947: 218.)
White matter hyperintensities and their association with suicidality in depressed young adults

Abstract Introduction Researchers and clinicians have increasingly recognized that biological markers may help identify patients who are at risk for suicide. The objective of this retrospective, cross-sectional study was to compare the prevalence and location of white matter hyperintensities (WMH) in young inpatients with major depressive disorder (MDD) with and without histories of suicide attempts. Methods T2-weighted magnetic resonance images (MRI) of 102 young psychiatric inpatients with MDD were rated for the presence of WMH. Medical charts were reviewed to ascertain history of suicide attempt, demographic and clinical variables. Fisher's Exact Tests and logistic regression modeling were used to test the association between WMH and suicidality. Results Bivariate analysis showed that the prevalence of periventricular WMH was significantly higher in subjects with past suicide attempts (Fisher's Exact Test, p =0.02). Logistic regression analyses controlling for age, sex, and several clinical risk factors supported this finding (odds ratio=5.7; 95% confidence interval: 1.6, 21.2). Limitations Due to the retrospective, cross-sectional design of our study, we are unable to determine if the WMH preceded or followed past suicide attempts. The generalizability of our findings is limited since this group of inpatients is more severely ill than the general psychiatric population. Conclusions The increased prevalence of periventricular WMH in young adults with MDD and a history of suicide attempt, compared to similarly depressed adults without such a history, is consistent with our findings in children and youth, and suggests there might be neurobiological in addition to psychosocial risk factors for suicide.
Use of social networking sites in online sex crimes against minors: an examination of national incidence and means of utilization.

Abstract Purpose To describe the variety of ways social networking sites (SNSs) are used to facilitate the sexual exploitation of youth, as well as identify victim, offender, and case differences between arrests, with and without a SNS nexus. Methods Mail surveys were sent to a nationally representative sample of over 2,500 local, state, and federal law enforcement agencies in the United States. Follow-up detailed telephone interviews were conducted for 1,051 individual cases ending in an arrest for Internet-related sex crimes against minors in 2006. Results In the United States, an estimated 2,322 arrests (unweighted n = 291) for Internet sex crimes against minors involved SNSs in some way, including an estimated 503 arrests (unweighted n = 93) in cases involving identified victims and the use of SNSs by offenders (the majority of arrests involved undercover operations undertaken by police). SNSs were used to initiate sexual relationships, to provide a means of communication between victim and offender, to access information about the victim, to disseminate information or pictures about the victim, and to get in touch with victim's friends. Conclusions A considerable number of arrests for Internet sex crimes against minors have a SNS nexus to them. The findings support previous claims that prevention messages should target youth behaviors rather than specific online locations where these crimes occur. In targeting behaviors, youth can take this knowledge with them online, regardless of whether they are using SNSs, chat rooms, or instant messaging.
Adaptively Weighted Support Vector Regression: Prognostic Application to a Historic Masonry Fort

AbstractPrognostic evaluation involves constructing a prediction model based on available measurements to forecast the health state of an engineering system. One particular prognostic technique, support vector regression, has had successful applications because of its ability to compromise between fitting accuracy and model complexity in training prediction models. In civil engineering applications, compromise between fitting accuracy and model complexity depends primarily on the measured response of the system to loads other than those that are of interest for prognostic evaluation, referred to as extraneous noise in this paper. To achieve accurate prognostic evaluation in the presence of such extraneous noise, this paper presents an approach for optimally weighing fitting accuracy and complexity of a support vector regression model in an iterative manner as new measurements become available. The proposed approach is demonstrated in prognostic evaluation of the structural condition of a historic masonry ...
Trust in Nurses Scale: construct validity and internal reliability evaluation

radwin l.e. & cabral h.j. (2010) Trust in Nurses Scale: construct validity and internal reliability evaluation. Journal of Advanced Nursing66(3), 683–689. Abstract Aim. This paper is a report of the continued psychometric evaluation of the Trust in Nurses Scale. Background. Qualitative analyses indicate that trust in nurses is critically important to adult patients. Instruments that distinctively measure this concept are lacking. A middle-range theory of patient-centred nursing care provided the theoretical basis for the Trust in Nurses Scale. Content validity was assessed by an expert panel and patient interviews. Construct validity and reliability were found acceptable using multi-trait/multi-item analysis techniques. These findings were previously reported. Methods. Construct validity and reliability of the Trust in Nurses Scale was assessed in 2007 using data collected during 2004–2005 from 187 hospitalized patients in a haematology-oncology setting. Trust in nurses (the latent factor) was operationalized by five items (manifest variables) using confirmatory factor analyses. Fit statistics included comparative fit index, Tucker-Lewis Index, root mean square error of approximation and the standardized root mean square residual. Internal consistency reliability was assessed using coefficient alpha. Findings. Both a five-item and a four-item version demonstrate acceptable psychometric properties. The five-item version met three fit statistics criteria. Fifty-nine per cent of the variance was explained. A four-item version met all fit statistics criteria. Sixty-six per cent of the variance was explained. Acceptable internal consistency reliability was found for both versions. Conclusion. Previous psychometric testing of the Trust in Nurses Scale provided evidence of the instrument’s reliability, content validity and construct validity. The presented analyses further support construct validity. Thus, cumulative findings indicate that the instrument measures with a few items the underlying concept of trust.
The Chinese Hukou System at 50

A noted American authority on urbanization in China presents a retrospective analysis of China's hukou (household registration) system on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of its promulgation, reviewing the history of that system from a broad socio-political perspective. More specifically, the paper focuses on revealing trends in the development of the system over time and identifying many of its important ramifications for modern Chinese society, as well as on the impact of hukou on the country's industrialization, urbanization, and social and spatial stratification. The author argues that the hukou system now presents a major obstacle to China's quest to become a modern, first-world nation and global leader. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: O180, O530, P200, R120. 2 figures, 3 tables, 111 references.
Concealed mothball abuse prior to anesthesia: mothballs, inhalants, and their management

Mothballs are one of a number of volatile compounds including model airplane glue, spray paint, nail polish remover, room fresheners, and gasoline that are intentionally inhaled for the purpose of recreational self-intoxication. Their inhalation produces a rapid 'high' characterized by euphoria and generalized intoxication. Chronic abuse can be associated with significant organ impairment, and, in rare cases, cardiac dysrhythmias and deranged end-tidal gas monitoring. Mothballs contain the aromatic compound naphthalene and/or paradichlorobenzene. Prolonged exposure can cause hepatic failure and severe hemolytic anemia. We present a case of a young adult who initially concealed her chronic mothball inhalation. The literature regarding mothball abuse as well as inhalant abuse relevant to anesthesia is reviewed, and suggestions for the diagnosis and peri-operative management are offered.
Dynamic Activity Generation Model Using Competing Hazard Formulation

Rule-based activity scheduling microsimulation models often generate activities for individuals to engage in randomly, on the basis of observed activity rates from survey data. These microsimulation models try to represent more closely the process of activity pattern development. However, the dynamics underlying the activity generation process are often not considered, especially in regard to competition between activities for the limited time resource. This work, then, develops a methodology for generating activities on the basis of the time since the last activity of the same type was generated, by using a hazard-based formulation. In addition, the model explicitly accounts for the competition between activities through the use of a competing hazard framework. The results show that observed activity rates and temporal distributions from survey data can be replicated through simulation of the model in an activity-based scheduling model, the agent-based dynamic activity planning and travel scheduling (ADA...
EDM technology and strategy development for the manufacturing of complex parts in SiSiC

Abstract Silicon carbide (SiC) is an extremely hard and difficult-to-shape engineering ceramic material used extensively in industry because of its superior mechanical properties, wear and corrosion resistance even at elevated temperature. Conventional ceramic processing and structuring techniques such as injection molding and grinding are costly and difficult to obtain flawless complex shaped components. By infiltrating free Si into the SiC, the electrical conductivity of the matrix is largely improved. Thus it can be machined by electrical discharge machining (EDM). In this paper, a die-sinking EDM technology for manufacturing components in a commercial available silicon infiltrated silicon carbide (SiSiC) is developed. The influences of the major operating EDM parameters (discharge current i e , open gap voltage u i , discharge duration t e and pulse interval t o ) of the iso energetic generator on the machining performances like Material Removal Rate (MRR), Tool Wear Ratio (TWR) and surface roughness (Ra) are examined. Relaxation pulses which have lower energy input are also considered to improve the surface quality. Furthermore, the topography and surface integrity of the material after the EDM process are analysed to determine the corresponding material removal mechanism. With the developed machining strategy, a sample piece with designed features such as ribs, a deep cavity and chamfers are manufactured to examine the machining performances.
Energy cost of incubation in the Canary

Abstract 1. 1. At temperatures below the thermoneutral zone (TNZ) canaries Serinus canaria consumed more oxygen when incubating clutches of either 2 or 4 to 5 eggs, than when perched outside the nest. 2. 2. Within the TNZ, oxygen consumption (.VO2) of incubating and perching birds was not significantly different, and averaged 108% of the value predicted from mass. 3. 3. The lower critical temperature (T1c) was 1.5 to 4.5°C higher in incubating birds. 4. 4. At temperatures below the T1c, .VO2 of incubating birds increased by a constant fraction over that of perching birds, averaging about 6% for 2-egg clutches and 19% for 4- or 5-egg clutches.
A Novel Family of Viral Death Effector Domain-containing Molecules That Inhibit Both CD-95- and Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor-1-induced Apoptosis

Molluscum contagiosum virus proteins MC159 and MC160 and the equine herpesvirus 2 protein E8 share substantial homology to the death effector domain present in the adaptor molecule Fas-associated death domain protein (FADD) and the initiating death protease FADD-like interleukin-1beta-converting enzyme (FLICE) (caspase-8). FADD and FLICE participate in generating the death signal from both tumor necrosis factor receptor-1 (TNFR-1) and the CD-95 receptor. The flow of death signals from TNFR-1 occurs through the adaptor molecule tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated death domain protein (TRADD) to FADD to FLICE, whereas for CD-95 the receptor directly communicates with FADD and then FLICE. MC159 and E8 inhibited both TNFR-1- and CD-95-induced apoptosis as well as killing mediated by overexpression of the downstream adaptors TRADD and FADD. Neither viral molecule, however, inhibited FLICE-induced killing, consistent with an inhibitory action upstream of the active death protease. These data suggest the existence of a novel strategy employed by viruses to attenuate host immune killing mechanisms. Given that bovine herpesvirus 4 protein E1.1 and Kaposi's sarcoma associated-herpesvirus protein K13 also possess significant homology to the viral inhibitory molecules MC159, MC160, and E8, it may be that this class of proteins is used ubiquitously by viruses to evade host defense.
CLINICIANS' PERCEPTION OF SELF-PRODUCED VOCAL QUALITY

-5 graduate students in speech pathology recorded sustained vowels and connected speech under normal speaking and hyperfunctional conditions. These productions were judged by these subjects themselves and by a group of 18 listeners on a rating scale, with 1 representing normal voice and 5 severely harsh voice. Subjects were consistent in rating their own and each others' voices less harsh than listeners. Preconceived role orientation may influence students' perception of their own vocal quality.
Inhaled Nitric Oxide

Abstract Inhaled nitric oxide (NO) plays an important role in treating persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn (PPHN), which is marked by a pathologic elevation of pulmonary vascular resistance. There is good evidence that the use of inhaled NO reduces the need for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for term babies with severe PPHN of any cause, except in those infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia, for which a benefit has not been shown. Although reducing the need for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation is beneficial in terms of cost and morbidity, inhaled NO has not been shown to decrease mortality in any neonatal population. Inhaled NO has also been shown to improve oxygenation in premature infants, although longer-term benefits have not been consistently demonstrated. This article will review the physiology of NO, its mechanisms of action in PPHN, and examine the evidence that supports its use in term and preterm infants with pulmonary hypertension.
Episodic continental growth models: Afterthoughts and extensions

Abstract Although there are still problems that need to be resolved with episodic models for continental growth, a large number of geochemical and geophysical observations can be explained with these models. The models have in common episodic collapse of subducted slabs through the 660 km seismic discontinuity, mantle convection changing from layered to whole mantle, and each collapse correlates with major episodes of crustal formation. Isotopic age distributions of juvenile continental crust suggest that crustal formation episodes at 2.7, 1.9, and 1.2 Ga may have been very short, each ≤100 My in length. The supercontinent cycle probably operates independently of slab avalanches at the 660 km seismic discontinuity, except for the first supercontinent at 2.7 Ga, which may have formed in response to the first slab avalanche. The production rate of continental crust may increase during slab avalanches in response to increased production rate of oceanic plateaus and of subduction-related crust. Crustal recycling rate may drop significantly below crustal production rate during slab avalanches due to the formation of supercontinents, which trap juvenile crust. If supercontinents are responsible for the preservation of large amounts of juvenile continental crust, then they play an important role in the growth of continental crust with time. During each of three superevents at 2.7, 1.9, and 1.2 Ga, the mantle may have been well mixed, thus losing geochemical evidence for enriched mantle sources.
Experimental study of a reaction-diffusion system in a capillary: complex behavior of a seemingly simple system

We study a reaction-diffusion system within the confines of a thin capillary tube. Xylenol orange and Cr3+ are introduced into a capillary tube from opposite ends and meet in the middle forming a reaction front. Unequal initial concentrations of the reactants causes the center of the reaction front to move in time. Characteristics of the front such as the width of the reaction zone, w, the position of the center of the front, xf, the global reaction rate, R, and the local reaction rate, r(xf,t) are determined by continuously monitoring the product concentration in space vs. time. We observe crossover of the global rate from classical to non-classical behavior and a splitting of the reaction front.
TCP-invariance in K 0 -decay

TCP-invariance inK0 decay can be tested by a relation which depends on no additional assumptions.
Meson-Nucleon Scattering in the Tamm-Dancoff Approximation

An attempt is made to calculate meson-nucleon scattering by using charge-symmetric pseudoscalar meson theory with pseudoscalar coupling and without the use of perturbation theory. The Tamm-Dancoff formalism is used, with all states which are not directly coupled to the one-meson, one-nucleon state omitted. In this approximation an inhomogeneous integral equation in three-dimensional momentum space is derived for $g(\mathrm{p})$, the probability amplitude for relative momentum p between meson and nucleon. This equation is reduced to a separate one-dimensional integral equation for each of the six angular momentum and isotopic spin ($T$) states, ${S}_{\frac{1}{2}}$, ${P}_{\frac{1}{2}}$, and ${P}_{\frac{3}{2}}$ for $T=\frac{1}{2}, \frac{3}{2}$. The phase shifts for these states are given by the value of $g(p)$ on the energy-shell.
Library and university governance: partners in student success

Purpose – This paper's aim is to examine the value of library participation in institutional governance in the implementation of a comprehensive model for student success at a research university.Design/methodology/approach – The paper provides a case study comparing the historical and current governance structure in a high research university, the relationship between a new governance structure and the implementation of a comprehensive student success model and the inclusion of the library in creating, implementing and participating in student success initiatives.Findings – Participation in university shared governance enhances the library's role in contributing to student success, retention, progression and graduation.Originality/value – The paper contributes to the discussion of the value of academic libraries to student success efforts in retention, progression and graduation for university students.
Evidence Supporting Cap and Trade as a Groundwater Policy Option for Reducing Irrigation Consumptive Use

Thompson, Christopher L., Raymond J. Supalla, Derrel L. Martin, and Brian P. McMullen, 2009. Evidence Supporting Cap and Trade as a Groundwater Policy Option for Reducing Irrigation Consumptive Use. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 45(6):1508-1518. Abstract: In the American West water is becoming an increasingly scarce resource. Obligations to bordering states, endangered species protection, and long-term resource sustainability objectives have created a need for most western states to reduce the consumption of irrigation water. In Nebraska specifically, the Nebraska Department of Natural Resources (NDNR) and local Natural Resource Districts (NRDs) are meeting a large part of this need by using a regulatory approach, commonly called groundwater allocation. The cost of allocation, which occurs in the form of reduced economic returns to irrigation, could be greatly reduced by using an integrated cap and trade approach. Much like environmental cap and trade programs which are used to reduce the cost of limiting environmental pollution, the trading of capped groundwater allocations can reduce the cost of limiting water use. In an analysis of a typical case in the Nebraska Republican Basin, we found that the impact of a water market to trade groundwater allocations depended on the size of the allocation and on the characteristics of the land and irrigation systems involved in the trade. Potential economic benefits from trade ranged from US$0 to US$120 per 1,000 cubic meters traded, from US$25 to US$250 per 1,000 cubic meters of reduction in consumptive use, and from US$16 to US$50 per hectare of irrigated land in the region. The highest benefits occurred at relatively high allocations, which capped withdrawals at 65-75% of the expected unrestricted pumping level. These gains from trade would be split between buyers and sellers based on the negotiated selling price.
The influence of carbon nutrition on Armillaria ostoyae growth and phenolic degradation

Concentrations of 1, 5 and 25 g C L−1 as glucose, fructose and sucrose were added to basal media containing 0 or 1.0 mM catechol orwa-hydroxybenzoic acid. Media were poured in petri dishes and inoculated with one of three isolates of Armillaria ostoyae(Romagn.) Herink. Armillaria ostoyae isolates usually had greater colony size and biomass yield when glucose was the carbon source as compared to fructose or sucrose. When compared to A. ostoyae growth on basal media alone, 1.0 mM catechol and /wvi-hydroxybenzoic acia added to basal media inhibited A. ostoyae growth. In a second experiment, catechol andpara-hydroxybenzoic acid degradation by three A. ostoyae isolates growing on 1, 5 and 25 g C L−1 glucose, fructose or sucrose were measured radiometrically. Carbon source and concentration had no effect on the degradation of pzra-hydroxybenzoic acid or catechol by Armillaria ostoyae. Results of these experiments suggests that A. ostoyae can grow faster when at high carbon concentration but cannot more effectively degrade catechol or para-hydroxybenzoic acid.
Epithelial polarity and cell separation in the neoplastic l(1)dlg-1 mutant of Drosophila.

Abstract Lethal (1) discs-large-1 [l(1)dlg-1] is a non-epithelial overgrowth or neoplastic mutant of Drosophila, which results in tumor-like imaginal discs and enlarged larvae that never pupariate. In an ultrastructural analysis we found that the wing discs develop convoluted monolayers of epithelial cells characterized by well-defined apical-basal polarity and that these layered cells secrete large amounts of basement membrane material. Immuno-EM indicates that Drosophila laminin and collagen are components of this matrix. Late in development clusters or ‘rosettes’ of separated cells lacking cell-cell junctions and apical-basal polarity form. In in vitro culture experiments l(1)dlg-1 wing discs did not respond to a pulse of exogenous ecdysone by secreting cuticle or losing basement membrane as normal discs do. Our observations are consistent with the hypothesis that cell-cell interaction and communication is required for termination of disc cell proliferation, which must occur prior to a cellular response to ecdysone.
The Cost‐Effectiveness of Welfare‐to‐Work Programs: A Meta‐Analysis

This article uses the tools of meta-analysis to assess cost–benefit studies of 50 mandatory welfare-to-work programs that were targeted at Aid for Families with Dependent Children recipients and evaluated by random assignment. The findings suggest that the costs of a typical evaluated welfare-to-work program probably exceeded its benefits from the perspective of the government, but those assigned to the program, and possibly society as a whole, may reap small positive net benefits. However, there are individual programs that are very cost-beneficial. Further analyses of the determinants of the cost-benefits of welfare-to-work programs to government and society as a whole show that some services are cost-neutral, but others entail net costs, which are sometimes substantial. The findings suggest that less successful programs might be made more cost-beneficial by dropping vocational training and basic education as program components, leaving mainly lower cost components, such as mandated job search and sanctions, but also possibly the more costly financial incentives.
Online search for logically-related noninteractive medical literatures: a systematic trial-and-error strategy.

Sur un exemple (la maladie de Raynaud) presentation de la strategie de recherche «exploration/exclusion» qui consiste a decouvrir par iteration de liens logiques des paires de documents qui, a priori, n'ont pas de relations et sont dits «non interactifs» et dont les sujets mis en relation peuvent etre a l'origine de nouvelles connaissances. Une premiere etape d'une telle strategie peut etre une exploration de titres d'articles obtenus a partir de vedettes matiere et sous-vedettes dans un acces par sujet
Optimum and suboptimum CDMA detectors: Near-far resistance under multipath

Near-far resistance is one of the most important performance measures in a multiuser communication system, especially in a CDMA system. The optimum multiuser detector can achieve the optimum near-far resistance. But due to its high computational complexity, the optimum detector is impractical to implement. Cost-effective suboptimum detectors are more practical to implement. In this paper, we derive the near-far resistance of the optimum detector and some linear detectors, and compare them each other. Computer simulations are also performed to compare with the theoretical results.