cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Economic Activity on Fixed Networks

A large portion of our economic interactions involves a very small portion of the population. We seem to prefer familiar venues. But the tendency to focus our attention on a few individuals or activities is an attribute that is typically omitted in our characterization of markets. In markets agents seem to interact impersonally and efficiently with countless other faceless agents. This chapter looks into the consequences of including a connection between agents, a tendency to interact with a specific few, in economic decision making. Agents are assumed to occupy the nodes of a network and to interact exclusively with agents to whom they are directly linked. We then study evolution of game strategies and the effectiveness of exchange as the topology of the underlying network is altered. We find that networks matter, that changes in a network's structure can alter the steady-state attributes of an artificial society as well as the dynamics of that system.
Late puerperal hemorrhage due to placental polyp

Abstract The case here reported is unusual in that a dangerous hemorrhage late in the puerperium was due to an adherent placental polyp, and that hysterectomy was necessary to effect a cure.
Model Study of Circular Sheetpile Cells

A series of large scale circular sheetpile cell models was constructed, instrumented and tested. Distribution of stresses and deflections of the sheetpiles for various stages of testing are presented. Interlock forces behind arc connections to the main cells were shown to be smaller than the forces in the front sheetpiles. Behavior of model cells during failure under large lateral load is described and a mechanism for cell fill distortion developed. Overturning resistance of cells is compared with values calculated from previous theoretical models. A modified vertical shear mechanism of failure is proposed. Values of coefficient of lateral earth pressure appropriate for calculation of overturning resistance are presented.
The quantum/classical transition in mediated interactions

Two quantum modes interacting via local couplings to a dissipative bosonic field are investigated theoretically. The model considers two mechanical modes with distinct frequencies coupled optomechanically to the same cavity mode. The dissipative cavity field mediates the interaction between the mechanical modes but also leads to decoherence of the mechanical oscillators. Depending on the ratio between effective interaction strength and dissipation rate, which can be chosen via the pump detuning, the interaction assumes a quantum mechanical or classical character. The distinction between the two regimes is made by the ability of the mediated interaction to correlate the two mechanical modes non-classically. For any cavity decay, there is a regime where the two mechanical modes interact in a non-classical way, which leads us to conclude that optomechanical systems can serve as a model to experimentally study the transition of effective interactions mediated by classical or quantum-mechanical fields.
Radiative corrections to pi l2 decays.

Radiative corrections to ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\pi}}}_{\mathit{l}2}$ (l=e or \ensuremath{\mu}) decays are examined. Higher order electroweak leading logarithms short-distance QCD corrections, and structure dependent effects are incorporated. The results are employed to (1) test e-\ensuremath{\mu} universality in \ensuremath{\Gamma}(\ensuremath{\pi}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}e\ensuremath{\nu}${\mathrm{\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}}}_{\mathit{e}}$(\ensuremath{\gamma}))/\ensuremath{\Gamma}(\ensuremath{\pi}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{\nu}${\mathrm{\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}}}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\mu}}}$(\ensuremath{\gamma})), (2) extract an ${\mathit{f}}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\pi}}}$ which is used to check the Goldberger-Treiman relation and PCAC-anomaly prediction for \ensuremath{\Gamma}(${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\pi}}}^{0}$\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{\gamma}), and (3) determine the tau partial decay rate \ensuremath{\Gamma}(\ensuremath{\tau}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}\ensuremath{\pi}${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\tau}}}$(\ensuremath{\gamma})).
Adipocyte differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells involves augmented expression of a 43-kDa plasma membrane fatty acid-binding protein.

A previously described 43-kDa plasma membrane fatty acid-binding protein (FABPPM) was not observed by immunohistochemical methods in proliferating 3T3-L1 fibroblasts. However, it was detectable in plasma membranes by the second day of confluent growth, prior to accumulation of visible lipid droplets, and was strongly expressed in 8-day differentiated adipocytes. These observations were confirmed by extraction of plasma membrane proteins and subsequent immunoblotting. Kinetics of initial [3H]oleate uptake by both fibroblasts and adipocytes consisted of the sum of a saturable and a non-saturable component. During differentiation the saturable component increased progressively. Vmax increased from 3 to 25 to 110 pmol.s-1.mg cell protein-1 between the fibroblast, the 4-day, and 8 day adipocyte stages; Km was 24 nM in fibroblasts and approximately 55 nM in both 4- and 8-day differentiated adipocytes. By contrast, the rate constant for nonsaturable oleate influx decreased progressively from 0.026 to 0.010 ml.s-1.mg protein-1 between the fibroblast and 8 day adipocyte stages. In 8-day adipocytes saturable oleate uptake was inhibited by up to 55% by antibodies against rat liver FABPPM; these antibodies had no effect on uptake of 2-deoxyglucose or the medium chain fatty acid octanoate. They also had no effect on oleate uptake by fibroblasts. These studies support the hypothesis that FABPPM is a component of a saturable transport mechanism for long chain fatty acids.
Phylogenetic Approaches to Molecular Epidemiology

Phylogenies, diagrams of branching patterns representing the estimated evolutionary histories among organisms or their parts (Crandall, 2001), have become essential tools in the study of the molecular epidemiology of disease agents. While the idea of using phylogenetic approaches to study epidemiology is not new (Harvey et al., 1996; Harvey and Nee, 1994), this book is a testament to the extraordinary information that can be obtained through a phylogenetic analysis of the etiological agents of disease. A prime example of the troubles encountered when the phylogenetic approach is ignored comes from the outbreak of the West Nile Virus in New York City. This virus was responsible for multiple deaths in New York, yet the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) initially misdiagnosed the causative agent as St. Louis encephalitis due to their lack of an appropriate phylogenetic comparison (Enserink, 1999). The study of origins, spread, and diversity of pathogens are clearly evolutionary questions. Only after the serological evidence was coupled with strong phylogenetic evidence was the etiological agent responsible for the encephalitis outbreak in New York correctly identified as the West Nile Virus (Lanciotti et al., 1999). Likewise, other chapters in this book provide extensive examples of the insights obtained through phylogenetic thinking.
How Can Organization Retain IT Personnel? Impact of IT Manager’s Leadership on IT Personnel’s Intention to Stay

Today’s IT personnel must possess business and technology competencies to be effective. As such competent IT personnel are in great demand, it becomes a concern for organizations to develop, manage, and retain them in the long run. This study provides a model of IT managers’ leadership as a critical factor in such dynamics. Empirical analysis with a survey of 217 IT professionals showed that an IT manager’s transformational leadership is positively associated with IT personnel’s intention to stay.
Geochemistry of soils and vegetation of the Holy Cross Mts. between 1994 and 1996

The results of element and sulphur isotope determinations performed on soils from tile Holy Cross Mts. region showed that many elements were elevated primarily due to air pollution. The chemical analyses performed on samples collected in 1996 indicated the raised content of many elements, especially Hg, Pb and S, in topsoil. The most contaminated site was Łysica Mt., the tallest mountain of the region, showing the maximum content of many elements. In addition, the lowest pH values and the highest concentrations of PAHs were recorded here. The geometric mean values of a large number of elements, especially As Cr, Hg, Pb and S, were higher in the Holy Cross Mts. than those in Poland. Scots pine needles from Holy Cross Mountain National Park contained much more Mg than those from the remaining part of the Holy Cross Mts. Compared to the oldest needles, the youngest from the same crop revealed the raised content of Cu. K, Mg, Ni, P and heavy sulphur isotope and the drop of AI, Ba, Ca, Fe, Hg, Mg, Pb, Sr. Ti and Zn. On the other hand, the one-year needles collected in 1994 to 1996 showed the decrease of Cu, K, Mg, Ni, P and S. The needles of all age classes yielded elevated concentrations of B, Mn, P, S, Zn and heavy sulphur isotope; the bark revealed more Al, Ba, Cd, Cr, Fe, Hg, La, Pb, Ti, V, Y and Vb. In turn, the lichen species Hypogymnia physodes (L.) Nyl. was enriched in Fe, Hg, K, Mg, P, S, Ti, Zn and heavy sulphur isotope relative to pine bark. The content of sulphur in pine needles and lichens was generally close to that from Finnish Lapland or rural parts of Scandinavia. Moreover, concentrations of heavy metals in pine needles were similar, whereas those in lichens were higher compared to those in northern and eastern Finland
An African brain drain: Igbo decisions to immigrate to the US

This article outlines the conditions under which a particular group of professional Nigerians has made the decision to immigrate to the United States and how, once abroad, they have established a continuum for immigration from the home area. The paper has been generated from f ieldwork and interviews among Igbo people in the Chicago area, conducted between 1997 and 2000. The article explains the educational, cultural and economic conditions under which Igbo immigration to the US in the late 1970s and early 1980s were undertaken — the time during which members of the immigrant network came to the US. My work here constitutes an effort to define the way that a particular group of immigrants to Chicago came to develop and how they now utilise an immigrant social network. My preliminary question here: how did the Nigerians in my social network make the decision to immigrate to the States? Although there are several factors that affect this decision, for my study, I focus most closely on two interrelated facto...
Social Media under Social Control: Regulating Social Media and the Future of Socialization

The process of socialization for new and future journalists will look dramatically different from the process undergone by previous generations of journalists because of economic realities and changes in the nature of news production. The rise of social media and their role in the establishment of a successful career will also affect the integration of these rising professionals into their employing organizations. These changes in the socialization process will require alterations both in the day-to-day management of these individuals and in the theoretical approaches to studying their work, particularly with regard to the impact of social media on the profession. This article demonstrates a wide range of concerns that media managers and researchers must consider as the journalism profession incorporates these new professionals into its ranks.
Comparing Isotope Effects and Rates for the Methanolic Sodium Methoxide Reactions of 9-R-Fluorene to Those for p-CF3C6H4CHClR (R = CH2Cl, CH2F and CF3)

Kinetic primary isotope effects and activation parameters associated with the methanolic sodium methoxide-promoted dehydrohalogenation reactions of 9-(chloromethyl)fluorene and 9-(fluoromethyl)fluorene are reported and compared to for p -CF 3 C 6 H 4 CHClCH 2 Cl and p -CF 3 C 6 H 4 CHClCH 2 F. The element effect, k HCl / k HF = 4 at 25 °C, for the fluorenyl compounds is only a tenth of the value, k HCl / k HF = 54, obtained for the benzylic compounds. Also reported are the activation parameters for the methanolic sodium methoxide reactions of 9-(trifluoro)methylfluorene for deuterium exchange and dehydrofluorination, and are compared to those for p -CF 3 C 6 H 4 CHClCF 3 . In both cases the exchange reaction is faster than the elimination; however, in the fluorenyl system there is a large difference between the entropies of activation for exchange, ∆ S ≠ = -14 eu, and elimination, ∆ S ≠ = +10 eu; however, the ∆ S ≠ of 12-13 eu are the same for the benzylic systems. The eliminations for 9-(chloromethyl)fluorene and 9-(fluoromethyl)fluorene are 80 to 1,000 times faster than those for p -CF 3 C 6 H 4 CHClCH 2 X. The reactions of 9-(trifluoromethyl)fluorene are favored over p -CF 3 C 6 H 4 CHClCF 3 by 200,000 for the dehydrofluorination and 1,000 for the exchange at 25 °C; however, due to the large differences in activation entropies, the exchange reaction is favored by 10 7 at -50 °C.
Hartree-Fock calculation of transition rates for atoms with multiple open shells of the same symmetry and the same occupation number

X-ray and Auger transition rates and fluorescence yields have been calculated for the [2p,3p] vacancy states of Ar. The standard Hartree-Fock procedure leads to radial 2p wave functions with a node in the tail region. The calculated transition rates agree well with experiment. A calculation in which special techniques are employed to obtain nodeless 2p wave functions leads to rather poor estimates of the lifetimes, similar to results of earlier Hartree-Fock-Slater calculations. The frozen-core approximation, widely used to calculate Auger rates, yields erroneous results. Reasons for these difficulties are discussed.
Abstract 3073: EphrinA1 inhibits non small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) tumor growth via induction ofmiRNA-122

Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL Introduction: Ephrin-A1 ligand exerts anti-oncogeneic effect in NSCLC tumor cells through activation and down regulation of the EphA2 receptor. Alteration in their expression levels is associated with aggressive tumor growth. The underlying mechanisms for altered expression of Ephrin-A1 and EphA2 receptor are yet to be defined. MicroRNAs (miR) are small non-coding RNAs play a key role in tumorogenesis. MiR-122 directly targets Bcl-w which harbours a putative miR-122 binding site in its 3′-UTR. However, if EphrinA1 induces miR-122 expression in NSCLC is not known. Here we demonstrate a novel mechanism of EphrinA1 mediated miR-122 signalling in the inhibition of NSCLC growth. Methods: NSCLC cell lines (A-549 and H-23) were activated with Ephrin-A1 over time (3 hr, 6hr, 12hr and 24 hr) and miR-122 expression was measured by Real-time PCR and In situ hybridization. Furthermore, in order to understand the underlying mechanisms EphrinA-1 mediated signalling, Bach-1 and Bcl-w protein expression were studied through Western blotting analysis. In addition, Tumor growth and Cell migration studies were performed in Ephrin-A1 activated and premiR-122 transfected NSCLC cells. Results: The data from this study demonstrates that Ephrin-A1 activation of NSCLC enhanced Bach-1 and miR-122 expression over time. When NSCLC transfected with pre-miR-122, we noticed a significant down-regulation of Bcl-w gene and protein expression, suggesting miR-122 specifically targets to anti-apoptotic gene Bcl-w and induced apoptosis in NSCLC. In situ hybridization demonstrated strong signals for miR-122 in EphrinA1 activated NSCLC cells as compared to control cells. Furthermore, knock down of Bach-1 gene expression using siRNA, showed significant down-regulation of miR-122, suggesting Ephrin-A1 mediated signalling is regulated by the transcription factor Bach-1 via miR-122 in NSCLC. In addition, this was confirmed by transfection of NSCLC by premiR-122 that inhibited tumor growth and migration of NSCLC cells. Conclusions: Our study suggests that Ephrin-A1 mediated signalling is regulated by the transcription factor Bach-1 via miR-122 expression. MiR-122 targets the anti-apoptotic gene Bcl-w and triggers apoptosis in NSCLC cells. The present study provides a new insight into the complex regulating pathways of Ephrin-A1/Eph receptor, and also understanding the direct role of miRNA-122 in Ephrin-A1 mediated signalling pathway that may lead to new therapeutic strategies for lung adenocarcinoma. Funding Source: RC1 form Florida Department of Health; VA Merit Review Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3073. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-3073
Fred Berk: The metamorphosis of a European dancer 1939–1949

The Vienna-born Fred Berk (1911-80) is widely known for his work in Jewish dance, particularly in connection with the 92nd Street YM-YWHA in New York, and as co-founder of the dance company for children the Merry-Go-Rounders, and also of the Hebraica Company. However, the years between his flight from Europe following the German annexation of Austria in 1938 and the establishment of the Jewish Dance Division at the 92nd Street YM-YWHA not only show the transformation of the European dancer Fritz Berger into the American Fred Berk, but also reveal something of the experience of a generation of immigrants who helped to transform American dance in the 1930s and 1940s. This article is based on material gathered for an authorized biography of Fred Berk. Most of it comes from conversations with the late Mr. Berk, conducted from 1976 to 1980 in Tel Aviv, New York, and Minneapolis; with his former wife and partner Katya Delakova, in 1980 in New York; and with his partner and friend Claudia Vall Kaufman, in 1978 and 1981 in Los Angeles. All quotations and information not otherwise acknowledged come from these conversations.
Intraventricular therapy of cryptococcal meningitis via a subcutaneous reservoir

Intraventricular administration of amphotericin B for meningitis due to Cryptococcus neoformans is usually reserved for selected, seriously ill patients with recurrent disease. Between September 1973 and November 1983, 10 of 23 patients treated for cryptococcal meningitis at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center received intraventricular amphotericin B through subcutaneous reservoirs, in addition to systemic therapy. The value of intraventricular amphotericin B was assessed in the 13 patients treated for first episodes of meningitis with systemic amphotericin B and flucytosine. Death during therapy occurred in one of six patients with intraventricular and systemic therapy compared with six of seven patients with systemic therapy alone (p = 0.025). The cerebrospinal fluid was sterilized in six of six patients given systemic and intraventricular therapy compared with three of seven given systemic therapy alone (p = 0.049), and the cerebrospinal fluid cryptococcal antigen titer declined in six of six patients given systemic and intraventricular therapy compared with two of seven given systemic therapy alone (p = 0.016). In the 10 patients who received intraventricular therapy, there were no complications related to reservoir insertion; however, complications related to reservoir use requiring replacement or revision occurred in two patients, and bacterial infection occurred in one but was treated successfully without removal of the reservoir. Although these data are retrospective, they suggest that early therapy with intraventricular amphotericin B in combination with systemic therapy may be beneficial and relatively safe in patients with cryptococcal meningitis and a poor prognosis.
Small-Polaronic Diffusion of Light Interstitials in bcc Metals

The small-polaronic diffusion associated with simple models of light interstitials in bcc metals has been investigated. By transcending the simplifications which are often introduced in studying electronic small-polaron transport, we calculate diffusion coefficients which are reasonably consistent with available data. In particular, an explanation of the ''anamalous'' isotope dependence observed for hydrogen diffusion in bcc metals emerges from these studies.
Induction of tissue swelling by alteration of orientation of tissue sacs.

Abstract 1. 1. Water content of fresh turtle urinary bladder exceeded that of fresh toad bladder by 58 per cent. Water content of fresh turtle colon was intermediate. 2. 2. Incubation of isolated sacs in the everted orientation caused marked fluid accumulation in turtle bladder but no fluid accumulation in toad bladder. Everted turtle colon sacs showed slight fluid accumulation. 3. 3. Oxygen consumption (expressed on dry wt. basis) of tissue from swollen, everted turtle bladder sacs was not significantly different from that of normally oriented sacs. 4. 4. Fluid accumulation in everted turtle bladder sacs took place in solutions gassed with oxygen, air or nitrogen. 5. 5. The site of fluid accumulation in everted turtle bladders was the subepithelial connective tissue space.
Cold storage preservation of pancreatic tissue prior to and after islet preparation in a dog autotransplantation model

Abstract Utilizing an intrasplenic canine islet autotransplant model, the effects of cold storage preservation on pancreatic tissue prior to and after collagenase dispersion were examined. A control series, in which freshly retrieved and prepared tissue was transplanted, yielded a 75% success rate (6/8). In contrast, when the pancreas was stored in modified silica gel filtered plasma (SGF I) for 24 hr, no autotransplant was successful (0/6). However, when the islet tissue was prepared following pancreatectomy and then stored in a mannitol-containing modification of SGF (SGF III), autotransplantation was successful in 83% (5/6) after 24 hr of preservation and in 60% (3/5) after 48 hr of preservation. Similarly, the islet tissue was stored in a hyperkalemic hydroxyethyl starch solution (HES) and this was successful in 20% (1/5) after 24 hr of preservation and in 50% (1/2) after 48 hr of preservation. Cold storage preservation techniques for the pancreas prior to islet isolation need to be refined, but dispersed islet-enriched pancreatic tissue can be successfully maintained at 4°C for up to 48 hr prior to transplantation in dogs using established pancreas preservation solutions.
Electroless Pd and Ag deposition kinetics of the composite Pd and Pd/Ag membranes synthesized from agitated plating baths

Abstract The atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) has been successfully utilized for the measurement of the Pd and Ag ion concentrations in the plating baths and to elucidate the effects of temperature, initial metal ion and reducing agent concentrations and agitation on the electroless plating kinetics of Pd and Ag metals. The initial metal ion concentrations for Pd and Ag were varied over a range of 8.2–24.5 mM and 3.1–12.5 mM, respectively. The plating reactions were conducted in a constant temperature electroless plating bath over a temperature range of 20–60 °C and an initial hydrazine concentration range of 1.8–5.4 mM. It was found that the electroless plating of both Pd and Ag were strongly affected by the external mass transfer in the absence of bath agitation. The external mass transfer limitations for both Pd and Ag deposition have been minimized at or above an agitation rate of 400 rpm, resulting in a maximum conversion of the plating reaction at 60 °C and dramatically shortened plating times with the added advantage of uniform deposition morphology. The derivation of the differential rate laws and the estimation of the reaction orders and the activation energies for the electroless Pd and Ag kinetics were conducted via non-linear regression analysis based on the method of initial rates. For a constant-volume batch reactor, the integrated rate law was solved to calculate the conversion and the reactant concentrations as a function of plating time. The model fits were in good agreement with the experimental data. Furthermore, the bath agitation and the plating conditions used in the kinetics study were adopted for the synthesis of 16–20 μm thick composite Pd/Ag membranes (10–12 wt% Ag) and a pure-Pd membrane with a hydrogen selective dense Pd layer as thin as 4.7 μm. While hydrogen permeance of the Pd/Ag membranes A and B at 450 °C were 28 and 32 m 3 /m 2 -h-atm 0.5 , the H 2 permeance for the 4.7 μm thick pure-Pd membrane at 400 °C was as high as 63 m 3 /m 2 -h-atm 0.5 . The long-term permeance testing of all the membranes synthesized from agitated plating baths resulted in a relatively slow leak growth due primarily to the improved morphology obtained via the bath agitation and modified plating conditions.
Liberalism and the Limits of Justice

A liberal society seeks not to impose a single way of life, but to leave its citizens as free as possible to choose their own values and ends. It therefore must govern by principles of justice that do not presuppose any particular vision of the good life. But can any such principles be found? And if not, what are the consequences for justice as a moral and political ideal? These are the questions Michael Sandel takes up in this penetrating critique of contemporary liberalism. Sandel locates modern liberalism in the tradition of Kant, and focuses on its most influential recent expression in the work of John Rawls. In the most important challenge yet to Rawls' theory of justice, Sandel traces the limits of liberalism to the conception of the person that underlies it, and argues for a deeper understanding of community than liberalism allows.
Use of Personal Emergency Response Systems by Older Individuals With Disabilities

This article describes how older persons perceive and use personal emergency response systems (PERSs), including issues related to device design, and report reasons for nonuse of PERSs. Data for this study were collected through a semistructured questionnaire that included fixed and open-ended response questions. Six hundred six participants 60 years and older were surveyed. Descriptive statistics were used to report sample characteristics. The most often-stated reason for using a PERS was related to concerns with falling (40% of responses). Asked how a PERS has been helpful, 75.6% of participants expressed an enhanced feeling of security with their PERS. Lack of perceived need (57.0% of responses), cost (37.0%), and lack of knowledge of the device (23.7%) were the most frequently stated reasons for not using a PERS. This study found that, while PERSs provide benefits for many elders, there appear to be many older persons who could benefit who do not have one. Only 16% of participants in this study, all o...
Multivariate predictive relationship between kinematic and functional activation patterns in a PET study of visuomotor learning.

Imaging studies of visuomotor learning have reported practice-related activation in brain regions mediating sensorimotor functions. However, development and testing of functional motor learning models, based on the relationship between imaging and behavioral measures, is complicated by the multidimensional nature of motoric control. In the present study, multivariate techniques were used to analyze [15O]water PET and kinematic correlates of learning in a visuomotor tracing task. Fourteen subjects traced a geometric form over a series of eight tracing trials, preceded and followed by baseline trials in which they passively viewed the geometric form. Simultaneous evaluation of multiple behavioral measures indicated that performance improvement was most strongly associated with a global performance measure and least strongly associated with measures of fine motor control. Results of three independent analytic techniques (i.e., intertrial correlation matrices, power function modeling, iterative canonical variate analysis) indicated that imaging and behavioral measures were most closely related on early learning trials. Performance improvement was associated with covarying increases in normalized activity among superior parietal, postcentral gyrus, and premotor regions and covarying decreases in normalized activity among cerebellar, inferior parietal, pallidal, and medial occipital regions. These findings suggest that performance improvement may be associated with increased activation in neural systems previously implicated in visually guided reaching and decreased activation in neural systems previously implicated in attentive visuospatial processing.
Advanced Detection of Information in Optical Pulses with Negative Group Velocity

In this Rapid Communication, we experimentally demonstrate that the signal velocity, defined as the earliest time when a signal is detected above the realistic noise floor, may be altered by a region of anomalous dispersion. We encode information in the spatial degree of freedom of an optical pulse so that the imprinted information is not limited by the frequency bandwidth of the region of anomalous dispersion. We then show that the combination of superluminal pulse propagation and realistic detectors with nonideal quantum efficiency leads to a speed-up of the earliest experimentally obtainable arrival time of the transmitted signal even with the overall pulse experiencing unity gain. This speed-up is reliant upon nonideal detectors and losses, as perfect detection efficiency would result in the speed of information being equal to the speed of light in vacuum, regardless of the group velocity of the optical pulses.
Simultaneous Activation of Kras and Inactivation of p53 Induces Soft Tissue Sarcoma and Bladder Urothelial Hyperplasia

The development of the Cre recombinase-controlled (Cre/LoxP) technique allows the manipulation of specific tumorigenic genes, temporarily and spatially. Our original intention of this study was to investigate the role of Kras and p53 in the development of urinary bladder cancer. First, to validate the effect of intravesical delivery on Cre recombination (Adeno-Cre), we examined activity and expression of β-galactosidase in the bladder of control ROSA transgenic mice. The results confirmed specific recombination as evidenced by β-galactosidase activity in the bladder urothelium of these mice. Then, we administered the same adenovirus into the bladder of double transgenic KrasLSLG12D/+. p53fl/fl mice. The virus solution was held in place by a distal urethral retention suture for 2 hours. To our surprise, there was a rapid development of a spindle-cell tumor with sarcoma characteristics near the suture site, within the pelvic area but outside the urinary track. Since we did not see any detectable β-galactosidase in the area outside of the bladder in the validating (control) experiment, we interpreted that this sarcoma formation was likely due to transduction by Adeno-Cre in the soft tissue of the suture site. To avoid the loss of skin integrity associated with the retention suture, we transitioned to an alternative technique without suture to retain the Adeno-Cre into the bladder cavity. Interestingly, although multiple Adeno-Cre treatments were applied, only urothelial hyperplasia but not carcinogenesis was observed in the subsequent experiments of up to 6 months. In conclusion, we observed that the simultaneous inactivation of p53 and activation of Kras induces quick formation of spindle-cell sarcoma in the soft tissues adjacent to the bladder but slow formation of urothelial hyperplasia inside the bladder. These results strongly suggest that the effect of oncogene regulation to produce either hyperplasia or carcinogenesis greatly depends on the tissue type.
Recipients of MHC class I disparate lung grafts develop T cell reactivity to donor MHC class I allopeptides in an orthotopic swine model

logical reactivity to donor antigens, followed by vascularized heterotopic heart transplantation to determine if CAV still develops in the tolerant recipient. Procedures: In mice, specific immunological nonreactivity was achieved in recipients by (1) neonatal administration of allogeneic spleen cells from F1 donors between class I mismatched donor and recipient strains, (2) acheivement of mixed chimerism by bone marrow infusion of irradiated adult recipients, (3) use of genetically immunodeficient recipients (RAG1-/or SCID). In swine, reduced reactivity was achieved through the induction of mixed chimerism. After nonreactivity was induced and verified through extended persistence of skin grafts, hearts from donors were heterotopically transplanted into the recipients. Results: Most hearts transplanted into tolerant or immunodeficeint mice developed striking vasculopathy in their coronary arteries (neonatal tolerance: 12 of 15, mixed chimeras: 15 of 23, immunodeficient recipients: 16 of 31). In contrast, isotransplants were virtually free of CAV. Three of the four transplanted swine hearts showed neointimal proliferation characteristic of CAV in 1%-6% of donor coronary arteries. Control hearts transplanted into untreated recipients across similar minor antigen barriers were acutely rejected within 44 days whereas control isografts survived indefinitely without evidence of CAV. Conclusions: Elimination of T and B cell immune responses was not sufficient to prevent the development of CAV. Other immune effectors, perhaps NK cells, could play a role in the development of CAV in this immunodeficient state. Additional results on these alternate effectors will be presented.
Mechanical properties of g -GaN: a first principles study

We investigate the mechanical properties of pro- posed graphene-like hexagonal gallium nitride monolayer (g-GaN) using first-principles calculations based on density- functional theory. Compared to the graphene-like hexagonal boron nitride monolayer (g-BN), g-GaN is softer, with 40 % in-plane stiffness, 50 %, 46 %, and 42 % ultimate strengths in armchair, zigzag, and biaxial strains, respectively. How- ever, g-GaN has a larger Poisson's ratio, 0.43, about 1.9 times that of g-BN. It was found that the g-GaN also sus- tains much smaller strains before rupture. We obtained the second-, third-, fourth-, and fifth-order elastic constants for a rigorous continuum description of the elastic response of g-GaN. The second-order elastic constants, including in- plane stiffness, are predicted to monotonically increase with pressure while the Poisson's ratio monotonically decreases with increasing pressure. The sound velocity of a compres- sional wave has a minima of 10 km/s at an in-plane pres- sure of 1 N/m, while as a shear wave's velocity monotoni- cally increases with pressure. The tunable sound velocities have promising applications in nano waveguides and surface acoustic wave sensors.
Quantification and pharmacological dissection of oxazolone-induced contact sensitivity in the mouse.

Abstract Mouse paw edema as measured by plethysmography was applied to oxazoloneinduced contact sensitivity. Using this methodology, the sensitization period for A/J and C3HeB/FeJ strain mice was determined. The minimal sensitization period was 3 days in both strains. Except at sensitization periods of 10, 14, and 21 days, significant paw swelling was not seen before 24 hr after challenge. Acute inflammation in normal, unsensitized animals was minimal in both strain A/J and strain C3HeB/ FeJ animals. The time of greatest sensitivity to cyclophosphamide was also determined. Drug treatment on Days 1, 2, 3, or 4 revealed significant inhibition; Day 2 gave the greatest amount of inhibition (85.7%). This result was suggested to reflect the peak proliferative activity of the times tested. The results of the treatment of this response with regimens of cytosine arabinoside and 5-fluorouracil, which are known to inhibit humoral immunity and spare cell-mediated immunity, suggested that the oxazolone response does not have a humoral, blocking component and appears to have a cell-mediated component; however, mediation by cytophillic antibody remains a viable possibility.
Vinyl oxirane analog of (3S)-2,3-epoxysqualene: A substrate for oxldosqualene cyclases from yeast and from hog liver

Abstract A vinyl oxirane analog of (3 S )-2,3-oxidosqualene was synthesized as a potential mechanism-based inactivator of oxidosqualene cyclase. Although modest inhibition was observed, the tritiated substrate was efficiently converted to a new product with no detectable label in the enzyme fraction after ion-exchange separation of enzyme and inhibitor. This product was identified as the 4α-vinyl analog of lanosterol and is produced by both fungal and vertebrate oxidosqualene cyclase.
Conservation of gene organization and trans-splicing in the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase-encoding genes of Caenorhabditis briggsae

Abstract The genes encoding body-wall-specific glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase from Caenorhabditis briggsae were sequenced and compared to the homologous genes from Caenorhabditis elegans. The direct tandem organization of these genes, gpd-2 and gpd-3, and the size and location of the two introns m each gene are the same in C. elegans and C. briggsae. Primer-extension studies demonstrated that the two genes in C. briggsae are trans-spliced differentially with the same splice leader (SL) RNAs as are observed in C. elegans. The gpd-2 gene is trans-spliced with SL1 while gpd-3 is trans-spliced with SL2. Significant sequence conservation was observed within the promoter regions of each species and may indicate those regions responsible for body-wall-muscle-specific gene expression and/or differential trans-splicing. Comparisons of the sequences suggest that the tandem repeat of the genes has been subjected to concerted evolution and that C. briggsae and C. elegans diverged much earlier than would be anticipated based on morphological similarities alone. Finally, an open reading frame found several hundred nucleotides upstream from gpd-2, in both species, appears to be homologous to the ATP synthase subunit, ATPase inhibitor protein, from bovine mitochondria.
The saurian malarias of Venezuela: Haemosporidian parasites of gekkonid lizards

Abstract Telford S. P., Jr. 1978. The saurian malarias of Venezuela: haemosporidian parasites of gekkonid lizards. International Journal for Parasitology 8 : 341–353. Five haemosporidian species were found among 185 gekkonid lizards from Estados Portuguesa, Cojedes and Aragua, Venezuela, four of which were new to science. A pigmented Plasmodium species is described from Gonatodes taniae of Estado Aragua. It produces 8–20 merozoites in variably shaped schizonts, and elongate, irregularly margined prematuration gametocytes which contract to form round to broadly elongate mature gametocytes. Phyllodactylus ventralis of Estado Portuguesa is parasitized by two new unpigmented malarial species. One produces 11–35 merozoites in schizonts which are often rounded or elongated, occasionally fan-shaped. Gametocytes are always elongated and usually lie diagonally across one end of the host cell or laterally to the nucleus. The second species forms rounded mature schizonts nearly filled with 14–32 merozoites. The sexual stages are usually round or oval, rarely elongate. Plasmodium aurulentum Telford, 1971 was found in Thecadactylus raplcaudus of Estados Portuguesa and Cojedes. A single Thecadactylus from Cojedes was infected by a haemosporidian species of uncertain generic identity which resembles a parasite found earlier in a Panamanian gecko.
End-of-Life Issues in Elderly Patients With Acute Coronary Syndrome: The Role of the Cardiovascular Nurse

End-of-life care and cardiovascular disease are concepts that do not have the same synergy as end-of-life care and cancer. Cardiovascular care is predominantly perceived by patients and practitioners as a curative discipline. However, with the aging of the population and the prevalence of cardiovascular heart disease, it will continue to be the leading cause of death for adults in the United States. Clinical treatment options and issues surrounding end-of-life care need to be addressed with elderly patients and their families. The purpose of this article is to discuss the role of the cardiovascular nurse in the care of the elderly patient with acute coronary syndrome.
Perseveration augments the effects of cognitive restraint on ad libitum food intake in adults seeking weight loss

As executive function may influence eating behaviors, our aim was to determine whether measures of executive function predict ad libitum food intake in subjects seeking weight loss. 78 obese, healthy individuals (40 female/38 male; age 36 ± 10 y; BMI 37.8 ± 7.2 kg/m(2)) completed the Iowa Gambling Task to evaluate decision making, the Stroop Word Color Task to assess attention, the Wisconsin Card Sorting Task to measure perseveration, and the Three Factor Eating Questionnaire to measure disinhibition and cognitive restraint. Ad libitum energy intake over 3-days was then collected using a validated vending paradigm. When expressed as a percentage of an individual's weight maintaining energy needs (%WMEN), intake correlated positively with perseveration (r=0.24, p=0.03) and negatively with restraint (r=-0.51, p<0.0001). In a regression model of %WMEN (r(2)=0.59, p<0.0001), an interaction between perseveration and restraint was observed (p=0.05). Increased perseveration intensified the effect of restraint such that subjects with both high restraint and perseveration ate the least (median (IQR)=70 (62, 94) %WMEN), while those with low restraint and high perseveration ate the most (130 (102, 153) %WMEN). Subjects with low perseveration and high versus low restraint ate a median of 84 (70, 86) and 112 (98, 133) %WMEN, respectively. The effects of perseveration on food intake are conditional on restraint, and may contribute to extremes of dietary intake in some individuals.
A counter based congestion control (CBC) for ATM networks

Abstract This paper presents and analyzes a new congestion control strategy targeted toward integrated services in high speed ATM networks. The proposed control combines a new transmission control scheme with an existing access control to provide efficient, fair, and congestion-free network control. The transmission control scheme uses counters at each node to regulate the flow of packets from the output packet queues to the outgoing link. The transmission control is designed to be flexible in accomodating various existing and expected applications and to be simple in implementation. The resulting congestion control strategy supports different service rate for each service class according to its individual requirements and meets the GoS of each service class. The strategy is proven to provide bounded end-to-end queueing delay for each individual real-time application and at the same time give a best effort service to loss-sensitive and delay-tolerable data streams. An analytical model is presented to study the system state queueing behavior and the results how that the proposed strategy also has a good average performance.
The effect of temperature on the respiratory and cardiac response of the bluegill sunfish to hypoxia

Abstract 1. 1. Bluegill sunfish were acclimated to 30±1, 25±1 and 13±1°C and then subjected to gradually induced environmental hypoxia. 2. 2. Routine oxygen consumption, ventilation rate and heart rate were measured at varying oxygen concentrations. 3. 3. Fish at 25 and 13°C showed varying degrees of oxygen independence. Those at 30°C exhibit oxygen dependence. 4. 4. During hypoxia, ventilation rate increases in both 13 and 25°C fish but failed to do so at 30°C. Bradycardia occured in all acclimation temperatures. 5. 5. The results indicate that the environmental temperature of the bluegill significantly affects its response to gradual hypoxia.
Analysis of the epibiotic bacteria of lobster (Homarus) eggs and their influence on the loss of eggs from the pleopods

Abstract Epibiotic bacteria on eggs from 66 female lobsters ( Homarus ) were examined to determine if these flora were causally related to loss of eggs from the pleopods. Eggs from five categories of berried female were examined. These included (1) wild born/wild spawned H. americanus , N =11, (2) wild born/lab spawned H. gammarus , N =16, (3) wild born/lab spawned H. americanus , N =18, (4) lab born/lab spawned H. americanus , N =10, and (5) laboratory bred hybrids of H. gammarus × H. americanus crosses, N =11. Four morphological types of bacteria were observed. These are: (1) filamentous bacteria, primarily Leucothrix -like, (2) disc-shaped bacteria resembling Microcyclus , (3) colonial rods, and (4) other rods which attached to surfaces by one end only. Wild born/wild spawned H. americanus eggs had all four types of epibionts. Egg coats had a higher number of total bacteria than stalks, including numberous colonial rods, but fewer filaments and other rods. Samples from laboratory spawned H. americanus contained all four types of bacteria with no distinction noted between egg coat and stalks. H. gammarus eggs had fewer surface bacteria than all other samples; these eggs were consistently occupied by a large number of discs, but were without filaments. Hybrid egg samples resembled H. americanus in both the number (high) and diversity (all four) of epibiotic bacteria on egg coat and stalks. Observations showed that: (1) wild spawned eggs can develop a high bacterial load yet still develop normally and be retained, (2) laboratory spawned eggs may drop off for reasons independent of epibiotic growth, or may be retained even when epibiotic growth is severe, or may drop off as epibiotic bacteria establish themselves on coat/stalk surfaces, (3) H. gammarus eggs have relatively clean egg/stalk surfaces and were retained well, (4) hybrid females have eggs resembling those from lab spawned H. americanus females both in epibiotic composition and proclivity toward drop off.
The Structure of Incentive: Design and Client Roles in Application-Oriented Research:

End user participation in design is widely believed to benefit system development. In 1992, when the U.S. National Research Council advocated broadening research in computer science, it strongly recommended collaborative projects in which the user/ application discipline was an equal partner with computer science. This article exam ines the incentives and costs in user-designer relationships and argues that the costs to users are unexpected and often not assumable and that there are asymmetries inherent in the user-designer relationship that destabilize the collaboration. The article draws on a case study of Sequoia 2000, a multimillion dollar collaboration between computerscien tists and global change researchers.
Numerical simulation of swash zone fluid accelerations

[1] A volume-of-fluid Navier-Stokes solver incorporating a k-ɛ closure model, NumErical Water FLUME (NEWFLUME) (Lin and Xu, 2005) is used to investigate the temporal and spatial structure of accelerations in the swash zone of steep beaches for surging, plunging, and nearly spilling waves. Simulations for idealized swash over planar slopes show that shoreward directed local accelerations exist only for up to 22% of the swash cycle depending on wave type. In general, shoreward directed local accelerations were predicted to occur only near the wave run down limit (Baldock and Holmes, 1997). Similarly, convective accelerations had the largest magnitudes during this time and tended to be either near zero or shoreward directed for the remainder of the swash cycle. This finding is in direct contrast to a modified ballistic theory for swash motion arising as a particular solution to the depth-averaged nonlinear shallow water equations (Peregrine and Williams, 2001) that predicts the convective acceleration maintains the sign of the fluid velocity. Near-bed pressure gradients are found to be poorly correlated to both the depth-averaged and near-bed local acceleration. These numerical findings indicate that local fluid accelerations are not a proxy for pressure gradients in the swash zone for enhanced sediment transporting mechanisms or parameterizations. However, the numerical results require corroboration with highly resolved swash zone data.
The Identity Style Inventory A Revision with a Sixth-Grade Reading Level (ISI-6G)

The Berzonsky (1992b) Identity Style Inventory (ISI) was revised to a sixth-grade reading levelfor use with adolescents and adults with reading limitations. This version of the ISI differs from the...