cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
How Did Clive Bell, One of Keynes’s Bloomsbury Artist Friends, Become a Recognized Expert on Keynes's A Treatise on Probability, Given that He Had No Knowledge of Mathematical Logic, Statistics, Probability or Boolean Algebra?

Clive Bell was an artist.There is no possible way that Clive Bell could have understood/advised Keynes about material appearing in his 1921 A Treatise on Probability or have had any understanding of the roles that intuition and perception played in Keynes’s logical theory of probability unless he had been a rated tournament chess player who understood the important role of intuition and perception, a role that could only be grasped by someone who has actually played Over-The-Board (OTB) tournament chess under time constraint (a clock). The belief that Clive Bell’s recollections/memories about his friendship with Keynes encompass a knowledge of Keynes’s logical theory of probability or Keynes’s concept of the role of intuition in decision making under time constraint are simply nonsense. Bell has been cited in work done by C. MIsak in 2020, that is related to her biography on Frank Ramsey, whose subjective theory of probability was regarded by Keynes as a academic exercise that had very limited applicability in the real world of messy, unclear, ambiguous decision making and in tournament chess, although there is a role for Ramsey’s blunt force approach in Correspondence (Postal) Chess. The failure to understand the relevance of the role of the time constraint in decision making is at pandemic levels in the academic fields of history, philosophy, psychology, economics, political science and decision theory. Consider the following claim made by R. Skidelsky, a historian: “Keynes’s people are thinkers, and he equips them with the tools of thought: logic. Ramsey’s people are actors and he equips them with the tools of action: calculating power.” Skidelsky,1992,pp.71-72). Keynes correctly realized that such calculating power is very rarely used in an OTB tournament chess game. It primarily occurs in opening play and/or in a situation where one player has prepared in advance an innovation (new move) that requires his opponent to be able to avoid a forcing line or lose. Keynes’s decision makers are thinkers who analyze the position on the board using their intuition to perceive the fundamental dynamic elements of the position. It is impossible to make any specific calculation. Ramsey’s decision makers are memorizers who are looking to calculate forced lines OTB that usually do not exist. A rare exception is the following game where memorization and calculating power come into play: White:Towne (USCF -1750) Black: Brady (USCF-1850) - August, 2007 (La Palma Chess Club, Calif., USA) 1)e4 g6 2)d4 c5 3)Nf3 cxd4 4)Nxd4 Bg7 5)Nc3 Qa5 6) Bc4? Qc5! 7)Bxf7 + KxBf7 -/+ and White resigned in forty moves, although he could have resigned at move 6.
Demographics, politics, and health factors predict mask wearing during the COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional study.

Wearing a protective face covering can reduce the spread of COVID-19, but Americans’ compliance with wearing a mask is uneven. The purpose of this study is to examine the association between health determinants (Health Behaviors, Clinical Care, Social and Economic Conditions, and the Physical Environment) and mask wearing at the county level. Data were collected from publicly available sources, including the County Health Rankings and the New York Times. The dependent variable was the percent of county residents who reported frequently or always wearing a mask when in public. County demographics and voting patterns served as controls. Two-levels random effects regression models were used to examine the study hypotheses. Results indicate that, after considering the effects of the controls, Health Behaviors were positively associated with mask wearing, the Physical Environment held a negative association, and Clinical Care and Social and Behavioral Factors were unrelated. Results indicate that patterns of healthy behaviors can help predict compliance with public health mandates that can help reduce the spread of COVID-19. From an instutitional theory perspective, the data suggest counties develop collective values and norms around health. Thus, public health officials can seek to alter governance structures and normative behaviors to improve healthy behaviors.
The Significance of Indigenous Field Education: an Analysis of the Social Workers Advancing Through Grounded Education Program

The United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP) is predicated on the inherent sovereign rights that all Indigenous peoples have to their lands, cultural practices, and traditional resources prior to colonization and assimilation. However, Indigenous populations continue to be disproportionately affected by inequitable access to education, workforce development, and physical and mental health care. Opportunities for education and workforce development in the field of social work are essential to strengthening Indigenous communities. Indigenous students must often move outside of their communities to pursue master’s-level social work degrees, decreasing their opportunity to practice skills within these communities during required master’s-level practica. Universities must offer equitable opportunities to Indigenous students wishing to complete practica within Indigenous communities by providing financial support and curricular preparation. In 2014, the Social Workers Advancing through Grounded Education (SAGE) program was created by the Kathryn M. Buder Center for American Indian Studies to provide these opportunities to MSW students, particularly Indigenous students. SAGE consists of recruitment, classroom training, field training, and partnership development. The program has provided financial and educational support to 53 students and created 43 formal partnerships with Indigenous-serving institutions, with nearly 90% of SAGE recipients identifying as Indigenous. This article presents findings that suggest access to practica with Indigenous populations leads to Indigenous social work students feeling more confident about serving Indigenous communities as social work professionals upon graduation. These results add to literature regarding best practices for creating equitable field education programs suited to enhancing social work in Indigenous communities.
Assessing Young Caregivers’ Feelings About Helping: Pilot Test of a New Scale

Millions of young people under age 18 assist family members with basic activities of daily living. Current research focuses on how caregiving contributes to the mental/physical health and academic outcomes of young caregivers. However, little is known about how these young people feel about the help they provide and this may be an important factor in understanding the relationship between the provision of care and caregiver outcomes. To promote this effort, this study explored the psychometric properties of a new measure, the Feelings About Helping Scale. High-school aged young caregivers (N = 145) completed an in-class survey on prosocial behavior, including information about providing care to grandparents. The psychometric properties of the Feelings About Helping scale were evaluated using Exploratory Factor Analysis, reliability, and convergent/divergent validity analyses. Results revealed three factors: burden, meaning, and negative physiological responses to helping, explaining 66.26% of the variance. The total scale and its distinct factors exhibited good reliability, and relationships between the factors and psychosocial measures provided evidence of convergent and divergent validity. The discussion focuses on the use of the factors, rather than the total scale, in research designed to explore the psychological and physiological components of young caregivers’ perceptions of the help they provide.
Application of the Hatch-Waxman Act's Safe Harbor Provision Following Momenta

The Federal Circuit’s recent decision in Momenta v. Amphastar highlights the continuing uncertainty regarding the scope of the statutory exemption from patent infringement provided in 35 U.S.C. § 271(e)(1). The statute states that “[i]t shall not be an act of infringement to make, use, offer to sell, or sell within the United States or import into the United States a patented invention . . . solely for uses reasonably related to the development and submission of information under a Federal law which regulates the manufacture, use, or sale of drugs or veterinary biological products.” Since its adoption in 1984 with the passage of the Hatch-Waxman Act, however, the precise meaning of the statute has been the subject of considerable debate, triggering two U.S. Supreme Court decisions and multiple decisions of the Federal Circuit and various U.S. district courts. Judicial interpretations of key terms of § 271(e)(1), based on a textual analysis of the statute, the structure of the Hatch-Waxman Act and the legislative history of the Act, have resulted in conflicting views as to the scope and applicability of the statute. This Article provides a working interpretation of the meaning of the statute, based on currently controlling case law.
Alcohol in the Workplace

ABSTRACT Previous research findings conclude that an alcohol dependent worker is impaired cognitively and physically. The present study was conducted to determine the sensitivity of co-workers to their peers' alcohol related behaviors. This preliminary study suggests that employers should consider expanding the breadth of Employee Assistance Programs to not only provide treatment for alcohol dependent employees, but to provide supportive and educational programs for co-workers who have been affected by a peer's drinking.
An extension of Frank's method for obtaining crustal shear strains from survey data

abstract Frank9s method of obtaining shear strains γ 1 and γ 2 from a repeated observation of the angles of a triangle has been generalized to deal with any collection of angles and an arbitrary number of surveys of each angle. This modification makes it possible to increase the signal-to-noise ratio and thus detect smaller magnitude strain fields. Under the assumption that the strain rate is constant over the space time covered by the survey data, the shear strain components γ 1 and γ 2 are replaced by their rates γ˙ 1 and γ˙ 2 , and a least-squares adjustment of the observations is used in determining most probable values of γ˙ 1 and γ˙ 2 . The nonzero correlation between observations of adjacent angles that have been observed by the method of rounds is taken into consideration in making the adjustment by using the full variance-covariance matrix at each station. Statistical testing of the method indicates that it correctly estimates the dispersion of γ˙ 1 and γ˙ 2 .
Cultural species and their ecosystems

The target article was written for a workshop that I organized with Lin Ostrom titled “Rules as Genotypes in Cultural Evolution”. In my commentary, I describe the background for the workshop and target article in addition to commenting on the article itself. A compelling case can be made for functionally organized human groups as like species that adapt to their local environments. A cultural inheritance mechanism is required for this to happen, which functions analogously to genetic inheritance, although the mechanistic details need not be analogous. Indeed, a diversity of cultural inheritance mechanisms are possible that need not be mechanistically analogous to each other. In addition, most modern human populations consist of a diversity of functionally organized groups, or cultural ecosystems. The distinction between “species” and “ecosystem” is important because the concept of an inheritance system applies primarily to the former. Finally, positive cultural evolution in modern large-scale society must be engineered and an explicitly evolutionary perspective will add value to the enterprise.
Shape of Treponema pallidum

Treponema pallidum was found to be not helical, but a flat wave twisted into one to five different planes per cell.
Ank3 (epithelial ankyrin), a widely distributed new member of the ankyrin gene family and the major ankyrin in kidney, is expressed in alternatively spliced forms, including forms that lack the repeat domain.

We cloned a novel ankyrin, Ank3, from mouse kidney cDNA. The full-length transcript is predicted to encode a 214-kD protein containing an 89 kD, NH2 terminal "repeat" domain; a 65 kD, central "spectrin-binding" domain; and a 56 kD, COOH-terminal "regulatory" domain. The Ank3 gene maps to mouse Chromosome 10, approximately 36 cM from the centromere, a locus distinct from Ank1 and Ank2. Ank3 is the major kidney ankyrin. Multiple transcripts of approximately 7.5, 6.9, 6.3, 5.7, 5.1, and 4.6 kb are highly expressed in kidney where Ank1 and Ank2 mRNAs are barely detectable. The smaller mRNAs ( or = 6.9 kb) RNAs. Alternative splicing of a 588 bp sequence (corresponding to a 21.5-kD acidic amino acid sequence) within the regulatory domain also occurs. Ank3 is much more widely expressed than previously described ankyrins. By Northern hybridization or immunocytochemistry, it is present in most epithelial cells, in neuronal axons, in muscle cells, and in megakaryocytes/platelets, macrophages, and the interstitial cells of Leydig (testis). On immunoblots, an antibody raised to a unique regions of the regulatory domain detects multiple Ank3 isoforms in the kidney (215, 200, 170, 120, 105 kD) and in other tissues. The 215/200 kD and 120/105-kD kidney proteins are close to the sizes predicted for the 7.5/6.9- and 6.3/5.7-kb RNAs (with/without the 588-bp acidic insert). Interestingly, it appears that Ank3 exhibits a polarized distribution only in tissues that express the approximately 7.0-kb isoforms, the only isoforms in the kidney that contain the repeat domain. In tissues where smaller transcripts (< or = 6.3 kb) are expressed. Ank3 is diffusely distributed in some or all cells and may be associated with cytoplasmic structures. We conclude that Ank3 is a broadly distributed epithelial ankyrin and is the major ankyrin in the kidney and other tissues, where it plays an important role in the polarized distribution of many integral membrane proteins.
Children's Stereotype Threat in African-American High School Students: An Initial Investigation

Stereotype threat refers to the risk associated with confirming a negative stereotype based on group membership. We examined this effect in a sample of African-American high school students. Stereotype threat was manipulated by presenting a visual spatial reasoning test as (a) diagnostic of mathematical ability or (b) a culture and gender fair test of mathematical reasoning. Support was found for the general effect, and while tests of the effect of the manipulation on anxiety and perceptions of ability and expectancies for success were statistically inconclusive, the data trended in the predicted direction. Implications related to the high-stakes testing of African-American students are discussed.
The effects of climate charge on land-atmosphere feedbacks in arctic tundra regions.

Abstract Recently reported high-latitude warming has the potential to affect arctic ecosystem structure and function in the short and long term. Arctic ecosystems are known sources of atmospheric CH 4 , and recent CO 2 flux measurements indicate that these ecosystems are now, at least regionally, net sources of atmospheric Co 2 . It appears that over the short term (decades to centuries), arctic ecosystems may represent a positive feedback on global atmospheric CO 2 concentrations and associated greenhouse gas-Induced climate change. In addition, short-term feedbacks may be large enough to affect both local and global surface temperatures. Over the long term, changes in the structure, function and composition of arctic ecosystems may increase C accumulation relatively more than the amount lost, thus restoring the sink status of arctic ecosystems.
Scaffolding Students' Problem-Solving Processes in an Ill-Structured Task Using Question Prompts and Peer Interactions

This study examined the effects of question prompts and peer interactions in scaffolding undergraduate students’ problem-solving processes in an ill-structured task in problem representation, developing solutions, making justifications, and monitoring and evaluating. A quasi-experimental study, supplemented by multiple-case studies, was conducted to investigate both the outcomes and the processes of student problem-solving performance. The quantitative outcomes revealed that question prompts had significantly positive effects on student problem-solving performance but peer interactions did not show significant effects. The qualitative findings, however, did indicate some positive effects of peer interactions in facilitating cognitive thinking and metacognitive skills. The study suggests that the peer interaction process itself must be guided and monitored with various strategies, including question prompts, in order to maximize its benefits.
Power quality disturbance classification utilizing S-transform and binary feature matrix method

This paper presents new features and a novel decision-making system for automated classification of power quality disturbances. The most common types of disturbances including flickers, harmonics, impulses, notches, outages, sags, swells, and switching transients are studied. Disturbances consisting of both sag and harmonic, or both swell and harmonic are also considered. It is assumed that the analyzed waveforms are available in sampled form. The signal processing techniques utilized to extract the distinctive features of the waveforms are Fourier and S-transform. A new method based on binary feature matrix is designed for making a decision regarding the disturbance type. Evaluation studies for verifying the accuracy of the method are presented.
The Amphibian Chytrid Fungus, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, in Fully Aquatic Salamanders from Southeastern North America

Little is known about the impact that the pathogenic amphibian chytrid fungus, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), has on fully aquatic salamander species of the eastern United States. As a first step in determining the impacts of Bd on these species, we aimed to determine the prevalence of Bd in wild populations of fully aquatic salamanders in the genera Amphiuma, Necturus, Pseudobranchus, and Siren. We sampled a total of 98 salamanders, representing nine species from sites in Florida, Mississippi, and Louisiana. Overall, infection prevalence was found to be 0.34, with significant differences among genera but no clear geographic pattern. We also found evidence for seasonal variation, but additional sampling throughout the year is needed to clarify this pattern. The high rate of infection discovered in this study is consistent with studies of other amphibians from the southeastern United States. Coupled with previously published data on life histories and population densities, the results presented here suggest that fully aquatic salamanders may be serving as important vectors of Bd and the interaction between these species and Bd warrants additional research.
The chemistry of sulfur curing. Part II. Kinetics of vulcanization of an EPDM elastomer accelerated by tetramethylthiuram monosulfide and disulfide

The induction periods and maximum cure rates of an EPDM gum rubber were determined by using the Monsanto oscillating disk rheometer and correlated against the initial concentrations of curing ingredients. Sulfur curing systems accelerated by TMTM and TMTD were used. The maximum cure rates of the TMTM-accelerated and the TMTD-accelerated EPDM terpolymer compounds differed significantly only at low sulfur concentrations where the TMTM-accelerated compounds had slower maximum cure rates. Above approximately the 1% concentration level, TMTM and TMTD were found increasingly to retard the maximum cure rates of the EPDM terpolymer compounds as the initial concentrations of the thiuram accelerators were increased. The maximum cure rates of the TMTM-and TMTD-accelerated terpolymer compounds were found to be variable order in initial accelerator concentration, second-order in initial cure site concentration, approximately half-order in initial sulfur concentration above 0.3% sulfur, and of a positive variable order in initial zinc oxide concentration.
Sex-related difference in the release of dopamine into hypophysial portal blood

The concentration of dopamine (DA) in pituitary stalk plasma of cycling female rats during diestrus was approximately 7 times that in stalk plasma of intact male rats, and the rate of DA synthesis in the median eminence of diestrous female rats was 5 times that in the median eminence of intact male rats. DA concentrations in pituitary stalk plasma of castrated adult male rats, orchiectomized as adults or as 1-day-old neonates, did not differ significantly from those of intact adult male rats. However, treatment of male rats with 17β-estradiol benzoate for 3 days resulted in a significant (P > 0.005) increase in the concentration of DA in pituitary stalk plasma. DA concentrations in stalk plasma of adult female rats, ovariectomized as adults or treated with testosterone propionate (50 μg) on day 1 of life, did not differ appreciably from those of diestrous female rats. However, DA concentrations in stalk plasma of adult female rats that had been ovariectomized on day 14 of life were significantly (P > 0.01...
The Accuracy of the Physical Examination, Mammography, and Ultrasonography in the Assessment of Tumor Size and Axillary Lymph Node Metastasis in Breast Cancer Patient

mammography, and sonography for axillary node involvement were 37.5%, 57.7%, and 73.9%, respectively, and with specificity of 98.1%, 86.5%, and 92.9%, respectively, and with positive predictive value of 93.8%, 75.0%, and 85.0%, respectively. Conclusion: Physical examination is the best non-invasive predictor of the real size of palpable primary breast cancer, whereas high resolution duplex ultrasonography is most sensitive assessment method of axillary lymph node status. The specificity of axillary nodal status can be increased by fine-needle biopsy under sonographic guidance and it can be serve as useful adjuncts to sentinel node biopsy. (Journal of Korean Breast Cancer Society 2003;6:87-94)
Overlap partitioning as a tool for predicting molecular rearrangements

A partitioned total diatomic overlap is suggested as a tool for predicting the course of rearrangements in carbonium ions and other reactive intermediates by use of CNDO molecular orbital calculations.
A reliable treatment of singular Emden–Fowler initial value problems and boundary value problems

Abstract In this paper, the variational iteration method (VIM) is used to study the singular Emden–Fowler initial value problems and boundary value problems arising in physics and astrophysics. The VIM overcomes the singularity at the origin. The Lagrange multipliers for all cases of the equations are determined. The work is supported by analyzing few initial value problems and boundary value problems where the convergence of the results is emphasized.
Exogenous Regulation of Oviposition in Chicken

Abstract THE circadian rhythm of oviposition in chickens is well established, but the exogenous stimuli which influence the release of humoral factors involved in egg production are not. This study considers the influence of sound, feeding time, and light on time of egg-laying by chickens. In his review on diurnal rhythms, Aschoff (1963) has defined the “Zeitgebers” as the periodic factors of the environment by which free-running circadian oscillations can be synchronized. Shifting laying hens from 14 hours of light per day to 24 hours continuous light results in eggs being laid at a uniform rate throughout the 24 hours (Warren and Scott, 1936). Shifting the time of lighting alters the time of oviposition, according to Bastian and Zarrow (1955), Lanson and Sturkie (1958), and Biellier and Ostmann (1960). The use of 1-minute periods of intermittent light resulted in eggs being laid near the light period (Wilson and Abplanalp, 1956). A…
Epitaxial growth of (111)-oriented ZrxTi1−xN thin films on c-plane Al2O3 substrates

Abstract A systematic study is presented on the effects of process parameters of S-gun configured DC magnetron sputtered ZrN thin films on c-plane Al2O3 substrates. Using a quartz crystal microbalance the deposition rate of ZrN is investigated as a function of Ar and N2 flow rates, target power, chamber pressure and gas injection position in the chamber. Selected growth conditions for ZrN show the interrelation of growth parameters on film orientation and crystallinity. (111) oriented ZrN thin films exhibit X-ray diffraction rocking curve FWHM as low as 0.36°. Additionally, (111) oriented ternary ZrxTi1−xN thin films (0≤x≤1) are also deposited on c-plane Al2O3 substrates. High resolution X-ray diffraction characterization shows that ZrxTi1−xN (x=0, 0.64, 0.80, 0.93, 1) layers exhibit rocking curve FWHM values of 0.0045–0.006° for the (111) reflection, indicating highly crystalline thin films. Atomic force microscopy characterizations show ZrxTi1−xN thin films with a surface roughness between 1.2 nm and 2.9 nm.
WE‐C‐303A‐04: Quantifying the Reproducibility of Heart Position with Respect to Bony Anatomy in Daily Set Up and the Corresponding Delivered Heart Dose in Voluntary Deep Inhalation Breath Hold for Left Breast Cancer Patients Via External Beam Radiotherapy

Purpose: Voluntary deep inhalation breath hold (DIBH) technique help reduce the heart toxicity during radiation treatment of the left breast. We present the results of the first study performed to quantify the reproducibility of heart position and the heartdose in daily setup for voluntary DIBH patients. Method and Materials: Ten left breast patients undergoing treatment with voluntary DIBH were studied. Each patient had two CT scans, one with free breathing and one with voluntary DIBH, to evaluate the dose under these two conditions to the Heart, anterior most point of left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery, and left Lung. At the treatment machine, daily and weekly KV orthogonal images were acquired using onboard imaging for each patient. Mosaiq™ software was used to register the full bony anatomy of thorax (including the spine, ribs, anterior chest wall and heart) with KV images to the planning DRRs. Once the patient is aligned on the treatment machine using bony anatomy registration, the difference between the bony anatomy registration and the heart registration is the daily heart position. These differences were transferred into treatment planning system to obtain the delivered dose.Results: The dosimetric evaluation shows clinically significant reduced dose to heart,lung, and LAD in the DIBH case compared to the free breathing case, as previous studies have shown. The weekly heart position shifts are in the order of few mm. Dosimetric evaluations for these shifts indicate that dose to the heart in the daily treatment with DIBH remains low. Conclusion: The setup and breath hold accuracy and the daily delivered dose to the heart was evaluated for voluntary DIBH breast patients. Results indicate a clear reduction of dose delivered to the heart throughout the treatment when voluntary DIBH technique is employed.
Atlas of individual radiographic features in osteoarthritis, revised

Summary Objective Develop a radiographic atlas of osteoarthritis (OA) to be used as a template and guide for grading radiographs of osteoarthritic lesions of the hand, hip and knee. Method The 1995 atlas was reviewed for the images most useful for clinical trials. Replacement images were selected from the Stanford University Radiology Department Picture Archive and Communications System by reviewing consecutive radiographs obtained from patients. Selected images were downloaded without patient identification information. Images were organized by hand, hip and knee. They were reviewed for findings of OA and images grouped into image files by individual findings and degree of change. Both investigators individually selected the most promising images. Final images were selected by consensus. Original electronic images were then cropped and placed in sequence. Results Individual radiographic features (e.g., osteophytes, joint space narrowing) were recorded for hand (distal interphalangeal joint, proximal interphalangeal joint, trapeziometacarpal joint), hip (acetabular, femoral) and knee (medial compartment, lateral compartment, tibial, femoral); they were also sequenced for normal, 1+, 2+, and 3+ change. Images were made available in print and electronic formats. Conclusion An updated atlas of radiographic images was produced to assist in grading individual radiographic features of the hand, hip and knee for clinicians and for use in clinical trials.
Alternating Effects of Climate Drivers on Altamaha River Discharge to Coastal Georgia, USA

Freshwater delivery is an important factor determining estuarine character and health and may be influenced by large-scale climate oscillations. Variability in freshwater delivery (precipitation and discharge) to the Altamaha River estuary (GA, USA) was examined in relation to indices for several climate signals: the Bermuda High Index (BHI), the Southern Oscillation Index (SOI), the Improved El Nino Modoki Index (IEMI), the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO), the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO), and the Pacific/North American Pattern (PNA). Discharge to this estuary has been linked to key ecosystem properties (e.g., salinity regime, water residence time, nutrient inputs, and marsh processes), so understanding how climate patterns affect precipitation and river discharge will help elucidate how the estuarine ecosystem may respond to climate changes. Precipitation patterns in the Altamaha River watershed were described using empirical orthogonal functions (EOFs) of the combined multidecadal time series of precipitation at 14 stations. The first EOF (67 % of the variance) was spatially uniform, the second EOF (11 %) showed a spatial gradient along the long axis of the watershed (NW–SE), and the third EOF (6 %) showed a NE–SW pattern. We compared the principal components (PCs) associated with these EOFs, monthly standardized anomalies of Altamaha River discharge at the gauge closest to the estuary, and the climate indices. Complex, seasonally alternating patterns emerged. The BHI was correlated with June–January discharge and precipitation PC 1. The SOI was correlated with January–April discharge and precipitation PC 2, and also weakly correlated with PC 1 in November–December. The AMO was correlated with river discharge and precipitation PC 3 mainly in December–February and June. The correlation patterns of precipitation PCs with PDO and PNA were similar to those with SOI, but weaker. There were no consistent relationships with two NAO indices or IEMI. Connections between climate signals and estimates of nutrient loading were consistent with the connections to discharge. The occurrence of tropical storms in the region was strongly related to the BHI but not to the other climate indices, possibly representing the influence of storm tracking more than the rate of storm formation. Comparison with the literature suggests that the patterns found may be typical of southeastern USA estuaries but are likely to be different from those outside the region.
Ellipsoidal bubble diffusion in a turbulent shear layer

Abstract The objective of this research was to document the relative diffusion widths of ellipsoidal air bubbles in water at very low void fraction for a turbulent mixing layer. This was accomplished by recording the transverse concentration distribution of bubbles in an upward-flowing two-stream, turbulent, planar free shear layer of tap water. Ellipsoidal air bubbles with nominal equivalent diameters of 2.5, 3.5 and 4.5 mm were injected directly into the shear layer and illuminated by a scanning laser beam 12–36 cm downstream. For each test condition, three image intensity distributions (based on long-time exposures which resolved individual bubbles in the shear layer) were recorded. From the digitized images, the average Gaussian dispersion widths of the bubble concentration distributions were measured for three bubble sizes, two shear layer speeds, and six streamwise locations. The results demonstrate increased bubble concentration width at larger bubble sizes and at higher flow speeds. The former is primarily attributed to the interaction between turbulent diffusion and the deformation-induced trajectory oscillations (inherent to rising ellipsoidal bubbles) while the latter is attributed to the increased ratio of fluid turbulent velocity fluctuations to bubble terminal velocity.
Evaluation of the bioeffects of prenatal ultrasound exposure in the cynomolgus macaque (Macaca fascicularis): II. Growth and behavior during the first year

The extensive use of ultrasonography for the prenatal assessment of growth and development continues to present questions regarding biological effects. We are currently evaluating a nonhuman primate model (Macaca fascicularis) exposed to ultrasound from gestational day (GD) 21 to 152 +/- 2. Exposures were performed with a commercial real-time sector scanner (ATL, MK 600); animals were scanned five times weekly on GD 21-35 +/- 2, three times weekly on GD 36-60 +/- 2, and once weekly on GD 61-150 +/- 2. The length of exposure was approximately the same as human exposure (GD 21-60 +/- 2 = 10 min/exam and GD 61-150 +/- 2 = 20 min/exam) although the frequency of the examinations was considerably greater. Initial reports indicated differences between control and treated animals including lower birth weight, higher simian Apgar scores, and changes in select hematologic parameters. Follow-up evaluations of growth during the first year included measurements of body weight, hand and foot lengths, humerus and femur lengths, biparietal and occipitofrontal diameters, head circumference, arm circumference, chest circumference, skinfold thickness, and crown-rump length. Results indicated a significant reduction in body weight in treated animals during the first three months, with nonsignificant differences during the following nine months. Hematologic analysis including complete blood counts (CBC) and clinical biochemistry at 6, 9, and 12 months of age were not significantly different. A series of behavioral evaluations including a neurobehavioral test battery (NBT) and tests assessing motor and cognitive skills were included. The NBT revealed increased muscle tone in treated animals at one, two, and four days. In an observation cage (week 1-14) more quiet activities were displayed by treated animals. Group differences in performance of motor and cognitive tasks were observed and may be attributable to agitation and difficulties in adjusting to test environments. There were no group differences observed in discrimination learning. When considering the possible implications to the human population, it is important to consider the amount of exposure these animals received, and the fact that most of the effects observed appeared to be transitory. Although human epidemiological studies have not revealed any significant bioeffects, the "prudent use" of diagnostic ultrasound should still be kept in mind. This is especially significant with the current rise in the use of endovaginal scanning and pulsed Doppler.
Inhibition of MAP kinase kinase (MEK) results in an anti-inflammatory response in vivo.

The MAP kinase pathway has been well-characterized as a cascade of sequential protein phosphorylation events leading to the upregulation of a variety of genes in response to growth factors and mitogens. We are interested in the role of these kinases in inflammation and have thus examined their activity in vivo using TPA-induced ear edema in the mouse as a model of inflammation. We show that the activities of both ERK-1 and ERK-2 are upregulated in this model in response to TPA. Increased levels of ERK phosphorylation are measurable as early as 15 min poststimulation and reach a level 8-fold over controls at 4 h. In contrast, minimal activation of JNK or p38 is observed. Topical treatment of ears with the MEK inhibitor, U0126, prevents ERK phosphorylation and ear swelling in a dose-dependent manner in this model. These results suggest that the MEK/ERK pathway is important during an inflammatory response in vivo.
Inversion of composite material elastic constants from ultrasonic bulk wave phase velocity data using genetic algorithms

In this paper, efforts on the reconstruction of material stiffness properties of unidirectional fiber-reinforced composites from obliquely incident ultrasonic bulk wave data, employing an inverse technique based on genetic algorithms, is described. Computer-generated ultrasonic phase velocity data, as a function of the angle of refraction in both symmetry and nonsymmetry through the thickness planes of unidirectional composites were used as the input to the genetic algorithm. A simple genetic algorithm, with optimal parameters chosen from the literature and numerical analysis (reported here), was implemented for the reconstruction. The inversion using this novel technique was found to be extremely promising in the characterization of the material stiffness properties. Stability to noise in the input phase velocity data set was also investigated. Advantages and disadvantages of the genetic reconstruction technique over conventional methods are also discussed.
Photoemission studies of the silicon-gold interface

The early stages of the formation of the Au-Si interface have been studied with photoelectron spectroscopy of the valence-band and core levels. In this study, the Si sample was prepared by cleavage in ultrahigh vacuum and Au was deposited in a controlled manner at room temperature. By slowly increasing the Au coverage on the surface, the silicon surface states were depleted rapidly (by a factor of 2 at an Au coverage of 0.2 monolayers) without any observable change (g0.1 eV) in the Fermi-level pinning position. Furthermore, at low coverages, the binding energies of the Au core levels and the $5d$ peaks in the valence band were similar to those of atomic Au; however, the width of the structure indicated that the Au is strongly interacting with Si. Measurement of the strength of the Au core levels gives evidence for penetration of a fraction of Au into Si. Thus, at low coverages, the Au is probably dispersed in and on the Si, causing the removal of the surface states and production of new states in the band gap. As the Au coverage is increased, the Au $4f$ and Si $2p$ core levels shift in such a way as to suggest the formation of an alloy with variable composition at the Au-Si interface. At the highest Au coverages (above 15 monolayers), a small amount (less than 1 monolayer) of Si was observed on the surface of the deposited Au overlayer. Thermal annealing of a thin Au (50 monolayers of Au) on Si at 500\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C resulted in an increased Si concentration at the surface with the photoelectron spectra resembling those at low coverages (about 1.5 monolayers), thus indicating a high diffusion coefficient of Si through the Au layer. When less than 1 monolayer of ${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ was adsorbed onto the cleaved Si surface prior to the deposition of Au, the intermixing of Au and Si was significantly reduced.
Lingual ischemia following tongue entrapment in a glass bottle

A 10-year-old, previously healthy female presented to the emergency department via emergency medical service transport, with her tongue tightly entrapped inside a glass bottle (9 oz, Yoohoo brand of chocolate drink). The tongue was massively edematous and ecchymotic due to impaired venous return from constriction by the neck of the bottle. After repeated attempts at mechanically reducing the tongue out of the bottle, a professional glazier was contacted, who was able to remove the bottle in the operating room with a steel glass cutter. Needle evacuation of a small hematoma was then performed to decrease the pressure ischemia to the tongue, which began to improve quickly.
Low-temperature properties of rare-earth and actinide iron phosphide compounds MFe4P12 (M = La, Pr, Nd, and Th).

The low-temperature properties of M${\mathrm{Fe}}_{4}$${\mathrm{P}}_{12}$ (M=La, Pr, Nd, and Th) single crystals have been studied by means of electrical-resistivity, magnetization, specific-heat, and magnetoresistivity measurements. Superconductivity among these compounds is known to occur only in ${\mathrm{LaFe}}_{4}$${\mathrm{P}}_{12}$, which has a superconducting transition temperature ${T}_{c}$ of \ensuremath{\sim}4 K. The compounds ${\mathrm{PrFe}}_{4}$${\mathrm{P}}_{12}$ and ${\mathrm{NdFe}}_{4}$${\mathrm{P}}_{12}$ display features that suggest the occurrence of antiferromagnetic ordering below \ensuremath{\sim}6.2 K and ferromagnetic ordering below \ensuremath{\sim}2 K, respectively. Isothermal magnetization curves for ${\mathrm{PrFe}}_{4}$${\mathrm{P}}_{12}$ below 6 K reveal a spin-flop or metamagnetic transition.
Making a religious diagnosis: The use of religious assessment in pastoral care and counseling

This essay discusses the importance of assessing the religious condition of persons in pastoral care and counseling. Undertaking such assessments via the use of explicit theological terms assures a unique role for pastoral counselors in the helping process and provides a model that avoids overdependence on psychology or psychiatry. Utilizing a method proposed by Paul Pruyser, the development of a psychometrically sound interview and inventory is described. These measures, based on eight dimensions of the Christian tradition, have been found to relate positively to mental health and personality strength. The importance of using such assessments of “functional theology” in helping persons grow in spiritual living and effective functioning is described.
Genetic complementation among three panels of mouse hepatitis virus gene 1 mutants.

Abstract Temperature-sensitive (ts) mutant viruses have been useful for the study of replication processes in many viral systems. To determine how our panel of MHV-JHM-derived RNA − ts mutants (Robb et al., 1979) is genetically related to other panels of MHV RNA − ts mutants, we tested our mutants for complementation with representatives from two different sets of MHV-A59 ts mutants (Koolen et al., 1983; Schaad et al., 1990). These three ts mutant panels together comprise eight genetically distinct complementation groups. Considerable genetic similarity was observed among the three mutant panels. Only three complementation classes are unique to their particular mutant panel, and genetically equivalent mutants were not observed within the other two mutant panels. There are two overlapping complementation groups between the mutant sets derived from MHV-A59 and four overlapping complementation classes between the MHV-JHM panel and the MHV-A59 panels. Two complementation groups had representative mutants in all three mutant panels. One of these latter complementation classes demonstrated nonreciprocal complementation patterns consistent with intragenic complementation.
The Art of French Business Letter Writing: Our Modern Form of “Préciosité”

French business letter writing is characterized by its convoluted and somewhat antiquated figures of speech. The practice of that exercise can be enhanced through the help of cultural references that can be found especially in 17th century literature and civilization. In its linguistic patterns, for instance, one recognizes a search for balance and harmony combined with baroque and almost “precieux” elements. As a vibrant part of the humanistic curriculum, French for Business offers students the opportunity to discover in its discourse reflections of a rich cultural tradition.
An On-Line Stator Turn Fault Detection Method for Interior PM Synchronous Motor Drives

An on-line stator turn fault detection scheme, which is suitable for detecting turn faults in interior PM synchronous motor (IPMSM) drives, is proposed in this paper. It is investigatted that the asymmetries in the machine parameters caused by turn faults in current-controlled voltage source inverter (CCVSI)-driven applications result in a reduced positive sequence component of the machine terminal voltages; furthermore, the reduction should be reflected in the voltage references because of the control action on the currents. It is also figured out that the variations in the voltage references can be easily observed in the synchronous rotating reference frame. Based on these facts, a stator turn fault detection method that does not require calculation of sequence components and importantly does not require measurements of the machine terminal voltages is proposed and verified through experiments.
Patellar fatigue fractures

Three cases of patellar fatigue fracture are reviewed. Two fractures presented with acute displacement and were initially thought to represent pathological fractures. Histological appearances in one case, and the clinical course in another, subsequently indicated that these were fatigue fractures. A third patient developed a chronic undisplaced fracture and followed the typical clinical course of fatigue fractures at other sites. The importance of recognizing patellar fatigue fractures and of differentiating spontaneously displaced fatigue fractures from pathological fractures is emphasized.
Calcium-induced opacification is dependent upon lens pH.

The intracellular pH of a normal lens is 6.8 in the cortex and remains unchanged during culture in media buffered at pH 7.2. Incubation of rabbit lenses in calcium enriched media, either at 24°C or 37°C, results in lens opacification provided that the lens pH remains slightly acidic. Opacities are prevented in cultured lenses with an alkaline interior (pH 7.1–7.3) despite the accumulation of calcium (1.3 mM). The mechanism by which an intracellular pH shift from 6.8 to 7.1 prevents opacification in the presence of excess calcium is not known, but does not appear to depend upon the total level of bound calcium. This study provides the first data that opacification caused by calcium is associated with lens pH.
Characterization of Arabidopsis 6-Phosphogluconolactonase T-DNA Insertion Mutants Reveals an Essential Role for the Oxidative Section of the Plastidic Pentose Phosphate Pathway in Plant Growth and Development

Arabidopsis PGL1, PGL2, PGL4 and PGL5 are predicted to encode cytosolic isoforms of 6-phosphogluconolactonase (6PGL), whereas PGL3 is predicted to encode a 6PGL that has been shown to localize in both plastids and peroxisomes. Therefore, 6PGL may exist in the cytosol, plastids and peroxisomes. However, the function of 6PGL in these three subcellular locations has not been well defined. Here we show that PGL3 is essential, whereas PGL1, PGL2 and PGL5 are individually dispensable for plant growth and development. Knockdown of PGL3 in the pgl3 mutant leads to a dramatic decrease in plant size, a significant increase in total glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity and a marked decrease in cellular redox potential. Interestingly, the pgl3 plants exhibit constitutive pathogenesis-related gene expression and enhanced resistance to Pseudomonas syringae pv. maculicola ES4326 and Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis Noco2. We found that although pgl3 does not spontaneously accumulate elevated levels of free salicylic acid (SA), the constitutive defense responses in pgl3 plants are almost completely suppressed by the npr1 and sid2/eds16/ics1 mutations, suggesting that the pgl3 mutation activates NPR1- and SID2/EDS16/ICS1-dependent defense responses. We demonstrate that plastidic (not peroxisomal) localization and 6PGL activity of the PGL3 protein are essential for complementing all pgl3 phenotypes, indicating that the oxidative section of the plastidic pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) is required for plant normal growth and development. Thus, pgl3 provides a useful tool not only for defining the role of the PPP in different subcellular compartments, but also for dissecting the SA/NPR1-mediated signaling pathway.