cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Simulation of nonideal gases and liquid-gas phase transitions by the lattice Boltzmann equation.

We describe in detail a recently proposed lattice-Boltzmann model [X. Shan and H. Chen, Phys. Rev. E 47, 1815 (1993)] for simulating flows with multiple phases and components. In particular, the focus is on the modeling of one-component fluid systems which obey nonideal gas equations of state and can undergo a liquid-gas-type phase transition. The model is shown to be momentum conserving. From the microscopic mechanical stability condition, the densities in bulk liquid and gas phases are obtained as functions of a temperaturelike parameter. Comparisons with the thermodynamic theory of phase transitions show that the lattice-Boltzmann-equation model can be made to correspond exactly to an isothermal process. The density profile in the liquid-gas interface is also obtained as a function of the temperaturelike parameter and is shown to be isotropic. The surface tension, which can be changed independently, is calculated. The analytical conclusions are verified by numerical simulations.
Hemoglobin Induces Binding of Several Extracellular Matrix Proteins to Candida albicans IDENTIFICATION OF A COMMON RECEPTOR FOR FIBRONECTIN, FIBRINOGEN, AND LAMININ

Host infection by the pathogenic fungusCandida albicans is initiated by adhesion and mediated by binding to several host extracellular matrix proteins. Previously, we demonstrated that hemoglobin supplemented into a chemically defined medium significantly and specifically induced fibronectin binding toC. albicans. We now report that hemoglobin also induces binding of laminin, fibrinogen, and type IV collagen but not of thrombospondin-1 or type I collagen. The binding of each protein was inhibited by the respective unlabeled ligand in a concentration-dependent manner. Fibrinogen inhibited the binding of radiolabeled fibronectin, laminin, and fibrinogen with similar IC50 values, suggesting that a single promiscuous receptor recognizes these three proteins. Competitive binding studies indicated that a second class of receptor binds specifically to laminin. Growth of C. albicans in the presence of hemoglobin also increased cell adhesion to immobilized fibronectin, laminin, fibrinogen, and type IV collagen but not to thrombospondin-1 or type I collagen. Exposure to hemoglobin induced increased orde novo expression of several surface proteins on C. albicans. One of these proteins with a molecular weight of 55,000 recognized fibronectin, based on ligand protection and affinity chromatography on immobilized fibronectin. Thus, hemoglobin induces both promiscuous and specific receptors for extracellular matrix proteins and, therefore, may regulate matrix adhesion during dissemination of C. albicans infections.
Methanol masers in Galactic center region supernova remnants

Methanol masers can be used to constrain densities and estimate kinematical distances to supernova remnants (SNRs), important parameters in cosmic ray acceleration models. With the goal of testing those models both for SNRs inside and outside the Galactic center (GC) region, we have used the Very Large Array to search for 36 GHz and 44 GHz methanol lines in Galactic SNRs. We report on the overall results of the maser search, and in particular the results of the GC SNR G1.4–0.1 in which more than 40 masers were found. They may be due to interactions between the SNR and at least two separate molecular clouds. Methanol masers were also detected in W28 and in Sgr A East.
Empirical Characterization of Discretization Error in Gradient-Based Algorithms

Many self-organizing and self-adaptive systems use the biologically inspired "gradient" primitive, in which each device in a network estimates its distance to the closest device designated as a source of the gradient. Distance through the network is often used as a proxy for geometric distance, but the accuracy of this approximation has not previously been quantified well enough to allow predictions of the behavior of gradient-based algorithms. We address this need with an empirical characterization of the discretization error of gradient on random unit disc graphs. This characterization has uncovered two troublesome phenomena: an unsurprising dependence of error on source shape and an unexpected transient that becomes a major source of error at high device densities. Despite these obstacles, we are able to produce a quantitative model of discretization error for planar sources at moderate densities, which we validate by using it to predict error of gradient-based algorithms for finding bisectors and communication channels. Refinement and extension of the gradient discretization error model thus offers the prospect of greatly improving the engineerability of self-organizing systems on spatial networks.
Introducing a new stage for the model of hierarchical complexity: A new stage for reflex conditioning.

The model of hierarchical complexity (mhc) is known to have 16 orders so far. However, applying the model to explain the development of operant conditioning (original order 2) from respondent conditioning (original order 1) in non-human animals has led to the recent discovery of a new stage. Actions that make up respondent conditioning are more hierarchically complex than habituation, sensitization, and other simple actions or behavioral tendencies that were also included in original order 1. Thus, the original order 1 has now been separated into the new automatic order 1 and the new sensory or motor order 2. All the orders above the original order 1 also had their numbers incremented by one. Thus, there are now 17 orders of hierarchical complexity. This paper describes this new sequence of orders at the lowest end of the model.
Developmental Changes in Receptive Vocabulary in Hispanic Bilingual School Children

The present study examined the receptive vocabulary knowledge of mid-socioeconomic-status Hispanic simultaneous bilinguals exposed to English and Spanish (either mostly Spanish or equally English and Spanish) at home since birth. One hundred and two (34 from each grade level) first, third, and sixth graders were tested in both English and Spanish with complementary standardized tests, the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT-R) and the Test de Vocabulario en Imaenes Peabody (TVIP-H). All functioned comparably well on the Spanish receptive vocabulary test, the performance of first and sixth graders being near the mean for the norming sample. In contrast, English receptive vocabulary performance increased with grade level (p<.05), first graders functioning approximately one standard deviation below the mean and sixth graders near the mean. It appears, therefore, that early simultaneous exposure to two languages does not harm receptive vocabulary development in the language of origin, while it lays the groundwork for gradual improvement in the majority language with formal schooling. Furthermore, within a simultaneous learning circumstance, equal exposure to English and Spanish at home was found to be sufficient for the maintenance of Spanish vocabulary skills and superior to exposure to mostly Spanish at home with respect to English vocabulary development. In addition, consistent with Cummins'(1979, 1984) interdependence hypothesis, performance in one language was found to be the best predictor of performance in the other.
Linguists' most dangerous myth: The fallacy of Creole Exceptionalism

“Creole Exceptionalism” is defined as a set of beliefs, widespread among both linguists and nonlinguists, that Creole languages form an exceptional class on phylogenetic and0or typological grounds. It also has nonlinguistic (e.g., sociological) implications, such as the claim that Creole languages are a “handicap” for their speakers, which has undermined the role that Creoles should play in the education and socioeconomic development of monolingual Creolophones. Focusing on Caribbean Creoles, and on Haitian Creole in particular, it is argued that Creole Exceptionalism, as a sociohistorically rooted “regime of truth” (in Foucault’s sense), obstructs scientific and social progress in and about Creole communities. Various types of Creole Exceptionalist beliefs are deconstructed and historicized, and their empirical, theoretical, and sociological flaws surveyed. These flaws have antecedents in early creolists’ theories of Creole genesis, often explicitly couched in Eurocentric and (pre-0quasi-)Darwinian doctrines of human evolution. Despite its historical basis in colonialism and slavery and its scientific and sociological flaws, Creole Exceptionalism is still enshrined in the modern linguistics establishment and its classic literature, a not unexpected state given the social structure of scientific communities and the interaction between ideology and “paradigm-making.” The present Foucauldian approach to Creole Exceptionalism is an instantiation of a well-defined area of the linguistics0ideology interface. The conclusion proposes alternatives more consistent with Creole structures and their development, and more likely to help linguists address some practical problems faced by Creole speakers. (Colonialism, Creole languages, Darwinism, Haitian Creole, history of linguistics, ideology, language evolution)*
A Retinoblastoma Orthologue Is Required for the Sensing of a Chalone in Dictyostelium discoideum

Retinoblastoma-like proteins regulate cell differentiation and inhibit cell proliferation. The Dictyostelium discoideum retinoblastoma orthologue RblA affects the differentiation of cells during multicellular development, but it is unclear whether RblA has a significant effect on Dictyostelium cell proliferation, which is inhibited by the secreted proteins AprA and CfaD. We found that rblA− cells in shaking culture proliferate to a higher density, die faster after reaching stationary density, and, after starvation, have a lower spore viability than wild-type cells, possibly because in shaking culture, rblA− cells have both increased cytokinesis and lower extracellular accumulation of CfaD. However, rblA− cells have abnormally slow proliferation on bacterial lawns. Recombinant AprA inhibits the proliferation of wild-type cells but not that of rblA− cells, whereas CfaD inhibits the proliferation of both wild-type cells and rblA− cells. Similar to aprA− cells, rblA− cells have a normal mass and protein accumulation rate on a per-nucleus basis, indicating that RblA affects cell proliferation but not cell growth. AprA also functions as a chemorepellent, and RblA is required for proper AprA chemorepellent activity despite the fact that RblA does not affect cell speed. Together, our data indicate that an autocrine proliferation-inhibiting factor acts through RblA to regulate cell density in Dictyostelium, suggesting that such factors may signal through retinoblastoma-like proteins to control the sizes of structures such as developing organs or tumors.
Comparative pathogenesis of infection of pigs with hepatitis E viruses recovered from a pig and a human

Specific-pathogen-free pigs were inoculated with one of two hepatitis E viruses (HEV) (one recovered from a pig and the other from a human) to study the relative pathogenesis of the two viruses in swine. Fifty-four pigs were randomly assigned to three groups. Seventeen pigs in group 1 served as uninoculated controls, 18 pigs in group 2 were intravenously inoculated with the swine HEV recovered from a pig in the United States, and 19 pigs in group 3 were intravenously inoculated with the US-2 strain of human HEV recovered from a hepatitis patient in the United States. Two to four pigs from each group were necropsied at 3, 7, 14, 20, 27, or 55 days postinoculation (DPI). Evidence of clinical disease or elevation of liver enzymes or bilirubin was not found in pigs from any of the three groups. Enlarged hepatic and mesenteric lymph nodes were observed in both HEV-inoculated groups. Multifocal lymphoplasmacytic hepatitis was observed in 9 of 17, 15 of 18, and 16 of 19 pigs in groups 1 to 3, respectively. Focal hepatocellular necrosis was observed in 5 of 17, 10 of 18, and 13 of 19 pigs in groups 1 to 3, respectively. Hepatitis lesions were very mild in group 1 pigs, mild to moderate in group 2 pigs, and moderate to severe in group 3 pigs. Hepatic inflammation and hepatocellular necrosis peaked in severity at 20 DPI and were still moderately severe at 55 DPI in the group inoculated with human HEV. Hepatitis lesions were absent or nearly resolved by 55 DPI in the swine-HEV-inoculated pigs. All HEV-inoculated pigs seroconverted to anti-HEV immunoglobulin G. HEV RNA was detected by reverse transcriptase PCR in feces, liver tissue, and bile of pigs in both HEV-inoculated groups from 3 to 27 DPI. Based on evaluation of microscopic lesions, the US-2 strain of human HEV induced more severe and persistent hepatic lesions in pigs than did swine HEV. Pig livers or cells from the livers of HEV-infected pigs may represent a risk for transmission of HEV from pigs to human xenograft recipients. Since HEV was shed in the feces of infected pigs, exposure to feces from infected pigs represents a risk for transmission of HEV, and pigs should be considered a reservoir for HEV.
Verbal-behavioral dissociations in development

Verbal and behavioral measures of children's knowledge are frequently dissociated. These situations represent a largely untapped but important resource for furthering an understanding of human cognition. In this paper, verbal–behavioral dissociations in children are discussed and analyzed, drawing from a wide range of domains. The article explores what might lead to different responses in different modalities, and it is proposed that children's goals may be an important factor. It is concluded that a variety of factors are involved in producing these dissociations, and that a richer picture of development will result from attention to these factors.
Optimal blind transport format detection for UMTS uplink

We describe a CRC-based optimal blind transport format determination algorithm for UMTS uplink.
Changes in Fire Severity across Gradients of Climate, Fire Size, and Topography: A Landscape Ecological Perspective

Fire events contribute to landscape pattern at multiple spatial and temporal scales, and a landscape perspective can provide relevant information for assessing how a changing fire regime will influence pattern-process dynamics. We investigated how the amount and spatial arrangement of high-severity patches varied among 20 fires that occurred in Arizona and New Mexico, USA, across gradients in fire size and climate. The climate gradient was based on the Multivariate El Nino Southern Oscillation Index. In the southwestern US, cool dry conditions are prevalent in La Nina at one extreme, and at the other end, warm wet conditions occur in El Nino. Fires were generally larger in La Nina climates; however, several fires deviated from this trend. Moreover, some spatial properties of severity did not correspond to fire size or to changes in climate. Within the nine largest fires, we analyzed the influence of landscape characteristics defined by topographic discontinuity on spatial patterns of fire severity. Characteristics of topography altered spatial patterns of severity at some places within all the nine fires, and we identified thresholds where small changes in terrain resulted in dramatic effects on severity. From a management perspective, consideration of the spatial configuration of severely burned areas can help qualify judgments based on fire size or severity composition alone by linking pattern to ecological processes of interest. Furthermore, examination of individual fire events could lead to identification of climate contexts in which fires can meet management objectives for sustainable forests.
Predetermined Power Allocation for Opportunistic Beamforming with Limited Feedback

This paper proposes an enhanced opportunistic beamforming scheme with power allocation search algorithms over finite feedback channels for a broadcast channel. Instead of continually varying the power allocation for multiple beams based on instantaneous channel state information (CSI) feedback, the proposed scheme determines power allocation in advance solely based on channel statistics and the number of mobile stations (MSs). This scheme maintains power allocation throughout multiple training and data transmission periods as long as channel statistics and the number of MSs are unchanged. As a result, the proposed scheme reduces the complexity for searching power allocation, and becomes robust over finite feedback channels. Computer simulations show that the proposed power allocation search algorithms efficiently find the near optimal power allocation with low complexity. The simulations also show that, although the proposed scheme predetermines power allocation solely based on channel statistics and the number of MSs, it outperforms the opportunistic beamforming scheme using instantaneous CSI feedback with finite feedback rates.
Use of the vector magnetic potential concept and very high precision computation software to study the electromagnetic fields of accelerated charged particles

When the vector magnetic potential (VMP) concept is combined with high-precision computation, like that available in Mathematica or Derive software, an analysis technique can be developed that also greatly simplifies the study of electric and magnetic fields created by individual accelerated particles. Sometimes this technique yields mathematical results that may not be intuitively obvious. For example, it can be shown that a linearly accelerated charge generates a field which opposes its own acceleration in a manner analogous to Newtonian inertial forces. Conditions for the two to be equal are developed. Further, it can be shown that under certain conditions, a spinning charge could generate a static electric field equal numerically to its own supposed Coulomb field simply because it is spinning Finally, it can be shown that the spinning charge, when linearly accelerated, gives results consistent with restricted relativity concepts. >
Measuring Course Competencies In A School Of Business: The Use Of Standardized Curriculum And Rubrics

This paper examines the growing emphasis on measurement of course competencies by individual college students through two course examples, an undergraduate course in managing change and conflict and a graduate course in human resource management. The author explains how standardized curriculum and assignment rubrics are being used to measure student achievement and as a vehicle for ongoing assurance of learning efforts.
Research Blooms on Blooms

Graneli, Edna, and Jefferson T. Turner, editors. 2006. Ecology of harmful algae. Ecological Studies. Volume 189. Springer, New York. xxvi + 413 p. $169.00, ISBN: 978-3-540-32209-2.
Hope in the Lives of Low-Income Students of Color: A Qualitative Study of Experiences in a Work-Based Learning Program:

This study explored the experiences of low-income students of color who participated in a work-based learning (WBL) program while attending a Catholic high school. Historically, research on student...
A Compatibicalvinist Demonstrative-Goods Defense

Some libertarian theists — those who think that God exists and that freedom is incompatible with determinism — argue that many bad things about the world can be reconciled with the existence of an all-knowing, all-powerful, all-good God through a proper appreciation of the value of freedom and the obstacles freedom might pose for God’s desire to create a world without such bad things. For all we know, such thinkers contend, God cannot create a world with free creatures but without evil. God cannot freely foreordain free actions, where such foreordination entails designing creatures and setting, without any prior constraint, the truth values of “counterfactuals of freedom,” i.e., what free creatures would do if placed in certain circumstances. Other thinkers go further and contend that God cannot even foreknow free choices and their results. However, many theists within the Calvinist tradition (and elsewhere) think that human freedom and responsibility are compatible with God’s foreordination of whatsoever comes to pass and his fully sovereign design of his creatures. Because theological foreordination poses virtually all of the same problems for free will and responsibility as does physical determinism, such Calvinists have reason to be compatibilists: compatibicalvinists, for short. I here aim to show how such theists might fill in the gaps left by the removal of a libertarian free will defense from their repertoire. My chief replacement will be demonstrative goods of uncertain size. Evil provides the occasion for new modes of presentation of what God is like, such as his justice, power, and grace. Without begging theologically-controversial questions, we cannot know the size of such demonstrative goods, and so cannot know that they do not justify any particular evil. The problem of evil is thus defanged as a reason to shift theological views away from theism, or away from compatibicalvinism.
Exploring the Origins and Effects of Innovative Behavior - The Behavior of Innovation: A Network Perspective

Innovation is often conceptualized in popular culture as an individual behavior, driven by a spark of creativity that is a special property of an uncommon mind. Paradoxically, geographically bounded clusters of activity in a specific field have been identified as "hotbeds" of innovation, leading to competitive and economic success. At an intermediate, often orthogonal level between the individual and the geographic region lies the social network. While the role of social networks in enabling or constraining the diffusion or adoption of innovation has long been a topic of inquiry, less is understood about social networks and innovation itself. This talk will explore these issues.
Abstract 208: Improved Vasodilatory Function in Ins2Akita Type 1 Diabetic Mice with Daily Intake of Oral L-Arginine in Combination with Salsalate

Endothelial dysfunction due to deficient nitric oxide (NO) generation cause progressive vascular complications in diabetes. Our earlier findings revealed that Inhibitor kappa B kinase beta (IKK-beta) -an upstream regulator of an inflammatory mediator, nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-kB), competitively inhibits endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), the chief source of NO in blood vessels. Therefore, we investigated the influence of an inhibitor of IKK beta, salsalate in augmenting eNOS activity. The co-operative effect of L-arginine supplementation (substrate of eNOS) with salsalate intake in enhancing eNOS activity has been evaluated. Both in vitro cell cultures and diabetic/transgenic animal models were used. Human aortic endothelial cells incubated with 25 mM glucose with or without L-arginine (2mM), the cofactor sepiapterin (100uM) and salsalate(50uM) were examined for NO production. Combined L-arginine and salsalate treatment enhanced NO production, phospho eNOS expression and eNOS-dimer vs monomer ratio. For in vivo assays, diabetic Ins2Akita mice were fed with L-arginine and salsalate for 15 weeks. Aortae of these mice exhibited increased phospho eNOS expression and increased eNOS dimer/monomer ratio. Arterial ring assays showed improved acetylcholine mediated vasodialation. Transgenic-Akita mice that overexpress human eNOS in endothelial cells (Tie-2eNOS-Ins2 Akita) generated in-house showed improved vasodialation. In conclusion, enhancing eNOS activity in diabetic mice either by genetic modification as seen in Tie-2 eNOS-Akita mice or by nutritional approach (supplementation of L-arginine with simultaneous inhibition of IKK beta) restores normal vasodialatory function.
Cartilaginous Exostoses Following Irradiation

Three new cases of post-irradiation osteochondroma in growing bones are presented. Evidence that these lesions are caused by irradiation is drawn from these and earlier reported cases with similar features and from previously reported experiments on animals. While the incidence of malignant change in these tumors is presumably low, recognition of these benign lesions is important in order that their clinical course may be followed.
The intrauterine device: a bacteriologic study of the endometrial cavity.

Bacterial and histologic studies were performed on endometrium obtained by 2 methods in 2 different groups of patients wearing the IUD. The first group consisted of 75 patients schedules to have elective vaginal hysterectomies in association with culporrhaphy for symptomatic uterine and vaginal relaxation. The second group was made up of 253 patients who elected to use the IUD as a contraceptive. Cultures were obtained transfundally after hysterectomy in the first group and transcervically in the second. The incidence of sterile endometrial cultures was significantly greater when the transfundal method was employed. Using this method of obtaining cultures it was found that positive endometrial cultures were obtained from all uteri in which the IUD had been inserted within the previous 24-hour period. The incidence of positive endometrial cultures rapidly diminished at the time after insertion increased so that after 1 month had elapsed since insertion of the IUD all the endometrial cavities examined were sterile . The results of the study confirm the statements of others that the occurrence of clinical infection of the upper genital tract in patients having the IUD with nylon threads protruding into the vagina is usually due to an unrelated cause such as coital infection. Even when the threads passes through contaminated endocervical mucus sterile cultures were obtained from the portion of the threads within the endometrial cavity as well as from the loop itself. (AUTHORS MODIFIED)
Seismicity, tectonism, and surface faulting in the western United States during historic time

Abstract Maps of tectonic flux are presented for the conterminous United States west of longitude 109°W, for periods of time before and after 1932, and for the entire historic period through 1961. The most active continuous seismic zone in this region during historic time extended over 750 km, from a point off the California coast near Ventura to Winnemucca in north-central Nevada. Although this zone is characterized by a discontinuous line of historic surface faulting, it is neither sharply defined by, nor closely related to structures along its path that are generally considered to be the major tectonic elements of the region. The broad areal extent of this, and five other active zones, suggests that the tectonic processes causing earthquakes and surface faulting in the western United States are distributed over broad regions, and are not confined to geologic or physiographic provinces. Seismicity maps for different periods indicate that seismic activity in some areas has shifted with time. Within major seismic zones, gaps in the seismicity pattern are filled in by successive large earthquakes. Recurrence curves support a high level of activity for the Ventura-Winnemucca zone, and they indicate a lower rate of activity for the San Andreas fault zone than for other areas in the region studied. Recurrence curves for the central California area indicate that the rate of activity in a given region may remain practically constant over periods at least as long as a century, whether or not large earthquakes occur in the region during those periods. There appears to be a general correlation between observed shear or slippage, and the seismicity of any given region. Based on these results, it is proposed that, where historic faulting has occurred in areas with little or no historic seismic activity, such faulting is due to the propagation of fractures into the inactive areas from adjoining seismic zones.
Study on Relationship Between Knowledge and Attitudes Towards AIDS Among Three Kinds of People in Zhuzhou

Objective To survey the AIDS-related knowledge and attitudes among three kinds of people in Zhuzhou City,and to provide the scientific evidence for creating a good social environment of AIDS. Methods Through non-probability sampling,an interview and a questionnaire survey were conducted among 519 students,334 female workers and 358 migrant workers.All of the data were recorded and analyzed with SPSS 12.0 software. Results The awareness rates of AIDS-related knowledge among students, female workers and migrant workers were 87.7%,93.4%,and 58.9%,respectively.Among the scores of AIDS-related knowledge of the surveyed individuals,the score of knowledge about AIDS transmission routes was the highest.AIDS-related basic knowledge,transmission routes and non-transmission routes were the influencing factors for attitudes towards AIDS.The sequence of AIDS knowledge which influenced the surveyed individuals' attitudes towards AIDS was ranked as knowledge non-transmission routes,about transmission routes and AIDS-related basic knowledge. Conclusions There are differences on mastering AIDS-related knowledge among students,female workers and migrant workers.It is necessary to strengthen the propaganda and education about AIDS-related basic knowledge and non-transmission routes.To mater the knowledge about non-transmission routes of AIDS is conducive to creating a good social environment of AIDS.
Comparing 3 ventilation modalities by measuring several respiratory parameters using the ProSeal laryngeal mask airway in children

Abstract Study objective To determine quantitative differences in several routinely measured ventilation parameters using a standardized anesthetic technique and 3 different ventilation modalities in pediatric patients with a ProSeal laryngeal mask airway (PLMA). Design Randomized prospective study. Setting Pediatric hospital of a tertiary care academic medical center. Patients Thirty-three, American Society of Anesthesiologists classification 1-2, pediatric patients (12 months to 5 years). Interventions Three different ventilation strategies: spontaneous ventilation (SV), pressure support ventilation (PSV), and pressure-controlled ventilation (PCV) were randomly applied to patients who underwent a standardized mask induction with sevoflurane/oxygen and propofol 3 mg/kg and morphine 0.05 mg/kg administered intravenously followed by PLMA insertion. Patients were maintained on sevoflurane and N 2 O. Measurements We measured the differences in end-tidal CO 2 (Etco 2 ), tidal volume, and respiratory rate over time between SV, PSV, and PCV. These data were recorded at 5-minute intervals. Main results Etco 2 (mm Hg) was significantly higher in the SV vs PSV ( P =.016) and vs PCV ( P P P P P =.005). Conclusions All 3 modes of ventilation using a PLMA were safely used. Our SV group was noted to have a significantly higher Etco 2 when compared with PSV and PCV with a mean Etco 2 over time in excess of 55 mm Hg. PSV and PCV were found to be more appropriate ventilation strategies to more optimally control Etco 2 over time in these patients.
A simple model of multiphoton micromachining in silk hydrogels

High resolution three-dimensional voids can be directly written into transparent silk fibroin hydrogels using ultrashort pulses of near-infrared (NIR) light. Here, we propose a simple finite-element model that can be used to predict the size and shape of individual features under various exposure conditions. We compare predicted and measured feature volumes for a wide range of parameters and use the model to determine optimum conditions for maximum material removal. The simplicity of the model implies that the mechanism of multiphoton induced void creation in silk is due to direct absorption of light energy rather than diffusion of heat or other photoproducts, and confirms that multiphoton absorption of NIR light in silk is purely a 3-photon process.
Moving the Green Economy Forward: Conclusions from Research and Practice

The Nobel Prize winning economist Doug North (2005) has established that major economic leaps forward do not rest on technology alone. They require a sound institutional foundation, but the nature of this institutional foundation and how it works is not well-known. If movement toward a strong institutional foundation is firmly in place, then the chances of breakthroughs occurring in such important areas of the green economy as renewable energy production, storage, and utilization and/or next-generation feedstocks like algae systems or biological or chemical catalysis are likely to be greater. This chapter provides nine conclusions from academic research about what is needed for the green economy to gain momentum. It then turns to a practitioner’s perspective and provides six key challenges that practitioners typically believe must be confronted and overcome.
Protein Kinase C Delta Mediates the Activation of Protein Kinase D In Platelets

Abstract Abstract 2021 Protein kinase D (PKD) is a subfamily of serine/threonine specific family of kinases, comprised of PKD1, PKD2 and PKD3 (PKCm, PKD2 and PKCn in humans). They are part of alternate DAG receptors along with RasGRPs, Munc 13s, chimerins and DAG kinases. Members of the novel class of PKC isoforms such as PKCd, PKCh, and PKCe associate with PKD in smooth muscle cells and COS-7 cells. The mechanism of activation of PKD and the specific PKC isoforms required for its activation are not known to date. This study is aimed at investigating the pathways involved in the activation of PKD in platelets. We show that human as well as murine platelets express PKD. PKD could be activated with PAR4 agonist AYPGKF, PAR1 agonist SFLLRN and GPVI agonist convulxin. AYPGKF and SFLLRN induced PKD phosphorylation as early as 30 sec and convulxin induced PKD phosphorylation at 1 minute. PKD phosphorylation induced by AYPGKF and convulxin were sustained for 5 minutes but phosphorylation induced by SFLLRN was attenuated after 2 minutes of stimulation. AYPGKF-induced PKD phosphorylation was reduced with a calcium chelator, dimethyl BAPTA, indicating that calcium-mediated signals might play a role in activation of PKD. PKD phosphorylation in response to AYPGKF was abolished with a Gq inhibitor, YM-254890, but was not affected by Gi-coupled P2Y12 receptor antagonist ARC-69931MX, indicating that PKD phosphorylation is Gq-, but not Gi- or G 12/13-dependent. PKD phosphorylation was abolished with pan-PKC inhibitors, GF109203X and Ro31-8220, indicating that PKCs are required for PKD activation in platelets. PKD phosphorylation was significantly inhibited with a PKC delta inhibitor, rottlerin, but was not affected by the classical PKC inhibitor, Go6976, suggesting that novel PKC isoforms are important for PKD activation. In addition, 2MeSADP that fails to activate PKCd did not induce phosphorylation of PKD in platelets. Furthermore, phosphorylation of PKD induced by AYPGKF was significantly reduced in PKCd-deficient platelets compared to that of wild type platelets. Hence, we conclude that PKD is a common signaling target downstream of various agonist receptors in platelets, and Gq-mediated signals and novel PKC isoforms, in particular PKCd is required for activation of PKD. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Avini's city: "Shahri Dar Aasemaan".

This thesis examines the documentary Shahri dar Aasemaan (i.e. A City in the Sky) by the late filmmaker Sayyed Morteza Avini's in order to establish its key elements and argue for Avini as an auteur with a unique cinematic style that includes strong personal and ideological ties. Shahri dar Aasemaan, which was Avini's last documentary, covers the initial forty-five-day battle leading to the Iraqi occupation of the Iranian city of Khorramshahr when the Iran-Iraq war broke out in October of 1980. In order to better comprehend Avini as an auteur and his work, this study begins with a brief introduction to Avini's biography and the history of the Iran-Iraq war. The following chapter is a comparison to The War, a documentary in seven episodes by American director Ken Burns in 2007 about the Second World War. The purpose of this comparison is to discuss Shahri dar Aasemaan in the context of another film that has documented a war at length rather than in isolation, a type of analysis that has not yet been conducted either inside or outside of Iranian borders about Avini's films. The focus of the thesis' remaining chapters is on Shahri dar Aasemaan as both artistic and cultural artifact.
Renal Response to a Protein Load in Healthy Young Adults as Determined by Iohexol Infusion Clearance, Cimetidine-Inhibited Creatinine Clearance, and Cystatin C Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate.

Objective Renal reserve (RR) measures the increase in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in response to a protein load; lack of RR could indicate subclinical kidney disease but such a test is not routinely used in clinical practice. The purpose of this study was to compare a meat versus liquid protein load in a cystatin C–based (Cys-C) RR test using cimetidine-inhibited creatinine clearance (Cr Cl) and iohexol infusion clearance (Io Cl) for validation. The design was cross-sectional analysis and the setting was a Clinical Research Center. Subjects Participants ( N = 16), mean (standard deviation [SD]) age 22 (2) years, had normal health and blood pressure without proteinuria. Intervention Participants 1 to 8 received a beef burger (1 g/kg protein) and participants 9 to 16 received a ProCel shake (1-1.5 g/kg protein). Main Outcome Measure RR defined as the difference in stimulated versus baseline GFR. Results Baseline GFR (SD) in mL/minute/1.73 m 2 averaged 103.0 (15.6) for Cr Cl, 94.8 (7.9) for Io Cl, and 117.0 (6.0) for Cys-C estimated GFR (eGFR). Mean RR (SD) for the burger group ( N = 8, mL/minute/1.73 m 2 ) was 16.6 (12.3) for Cr Cl ( P = .006); 7.2 (3.7) for Io Cl ( P P = .001). Mean RR for the shake group ( N = 8) was 15.8 (5.8) for Cr Cl ( P P = .008), and 2.4 (2.9) for Cys-C eGFR ( P = .05). Conclusion Protein loading stimulates Io Cl and Cr Cl after a beef or milk-based protein load. The change in Cys-C eGFR is significant but smaller for the shake and burger group, which may be due to the dilutional effect of water loading or the length of Cys-C half-life in the blood.
Multiheterodyne spectroscopy using multi-frequency combs

Near-IR dual frequency combs generated from waveform driven electro-optic phase modulators (EOMs) are used for high resolution studies in low pressure cells and for remote sensing from natural targets (Boulder Flatirons). Arbitrary waveform generators (with up to 20 GHz of bandwidth) enable amplitude (AM), phase (PM) and harmonic (HM) modulation control of dual parallel phase modulators to generate tailored frequency combs for sensing requirements.
Automation and Restructuring: How Industrial Relations Affects Change in the Wisconsin Metal Working Industry

Abstract This paper examines how industrial relations affects changes in work organization in the Wisconsin metal working industry. It will be argued that external environment is forcing change in long-standing custom and practices in industrial relations. The outcome of this will be a more inteIVentionist role for the union in company decision-making. As this was not the case with all firms (a total of 15 firms participated), the paper will document what factors are conducive to positive change, and what are not.
A pilot study of the immunogenicity of a 9-peptide breast cancer vaccine plus poly-ICLC in early stage breast cancer.

Breast cancer remains a leading cause of cancer death worldwide. There is evidence that immunotherapy may play a role in the eradication of residual disease. Peptide vaccines for immunotherapy are capable of durable immune memory, but vaccines alone have shown sparse clinical activity against breast cancer to date. Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists and helper peptides are excellent adjuvants for vaccine immunotherapy and they are examined in this human clinical trial. A vaccine consisting of 9 MHC class I-restricted breast cancer-associated peptides (from MAGE-A1, −A3, and -A10, CEA, NY-ESO-1, and HER2 proteins) was combined with a TLR3 agonist, poly-ICLC, along with a helper peptide derived from tetanus toxoid. The vaccine was administered on days 1, 8, 15, 36, 57, 78. CD8+ T cell responses to the vaccine were assessed by both direct and stimulated interferon gamma ELIspot assays. Twelve patients with breast cancer were treated: five had estrogen receptor positive disease and five were HER2 amplified. There were no dose-limiting toxicities. Toxicities were limited to Grade 1 and Grade 2 and included mild injection site reactions and flu-like symptoms, which occurred in most patients. The most common toxicities were injection site reaction/induration and fatigue, which were experienced by 100% and 92% of participants, respectively. In the stimulated ELIspot assays, peptide-specific CD8+ T cell responses were detected in 4 of 11 evaluable patients. Two patients had borderline immune responses to the vaccine. The two peptides derived from CEA were immunogenic. No difference in immune response was evident between patients receiving endocrine therapy and those not receiving endocrine therapy during the vaccine series. Peptide vaccine administered in the adjuvant breast cancer setting was safe and feasible. The TLR3 adjuvant, poly-ICLC, plus helper peptide mixture provided modest immune stimulation. Further optimization is required for this multi-peptide vaccine/adjuvant combination. (posted 2/15/2012): NCT01532960. Registered 2/8/2012.
Health and Illness from an Islamic Perspective

The Islamic understanding of the human self, its purpose and functions has a great effect on Muslims' understanding of themselves and on Islamic culture. Islamic psychology is a field that examines the Islamic perspective on health and illness and compares it to the Western perspective. The purpose of this paper is to introduce readers to the Islamic understanding of the self, its functions, and purpose, and to contrast it with Western theories about the self. It also aims at understanding Islamic definitions of health and illness and Islamic understanding of treatment.
A Review of the Role of the Pharmacist in Heart Failure Transition of Care

This article reviews current literature on the role of pharmacists in the transition of care (TOC) for patients with heart failure (HF) and the impact of their contributions on therapeutic and economic outcomes. Optimizing the TOC for patients with HF from the hospital to the community/home is crucial for improving outcomes and decreasing high rates of hospital readmissions, which are associated with increased morbidity, mortality, and costs. A multidisciplinary team approach to the management of patients with HF facilitates the transition from the hospital to the ambulatory care setting, allowing for the consideration of medical, pharmacological, and lifestyle variables that impact the care of individual patients. Pharmacist participation on both inpatient and outpatient teams can provide a variety of services that have been shown to reduce hospital readmission rates and benefit patient management and treatment. These include medication reconciliation, patient education, medication dosage titration and adjustment, patient monitoring, development of disease management pathways, promotion of medication adherence, and postdischarge follow-up. In addition, as new pharmacologic treatments for HF become available, pharmacists can raise awareness of optimal drug use by maximizing education related to efficacy (e.g., adherence) and safety (e.g., potential side effects and drug interactions). Improving understanding of HF and its treatment will enable increased pharmacist involvement in the TOC that should lead to improved outcomes and reduced healthcare costs. Funding: Novartis.
Determination of 255 just noticeable color gray level differences for improved color palette

Following research reported by the authors to SPIE (2015) and SID (2017), this paper pursues further psychophysical research to the determination of 255 Just Noticeable Color Differences (JNCDs). Given transmissive (e.g., Active Matrix Liquid Crystal Display (AMLCD)) displays shall continue to create color palette via additive color subpixel gray level; given the number of such gray levels shall continue to be 255 (plus black) for most avionic, vetronic and other commercial applications, the authors anticipate the requirement for a unique set of color gray levels, and to this end propose identifying a statistically reliable set of threshold luminance for transmissive display color channels. Additionally, the authors propose to demonstrate that once individual color primaries are established on a JND basis, any and all combination colors are also unique and distinguishable. Only in this way can 255 gray level transmissive displays be most efficient in delivering their advertised 16.5 million colors and most effective in creating useful results, e.g., color maps, etc. Method of research, to include procedure, equipment, stimuli and test subjects shall be cited. Results of test, to include test subject Fechtner fractions for red, green, and blue, and test subject Fechtner fractions for equivalent color brightness combinations of red, green, and blue, shall be reported.
The Long Shadow of Ferguson: Legitimacy, Legal Cynicism, and Public Perceptions of Police Militarization:

This study examines public perceptions of police militarization, specifically whether individuals believe police are too militarized, and support for practices associated with militarization. Drawi...
Social Memory and State Formation in Early China

In this book, Li Min proposes a new paradigm for the foundation and emergence of the classical tradition in early China, from the late Neolithic through the Zhou period. Using a wide range of historical and archaeological data, he explains the development of ritual authority and particular concepts of kingship over time in relation to social memory. His volume weaves together the major benchmarks in the emergence of the classical tradition, particularly how legacies of prehistoric interregional interactions, state formation, urban florescence and collapse during the late third and the second millenniums BCE laid the critical foundation for the Sandai notion of history among Zhou elite. Moreover, the literary-historical accounts of the legendary Xia Dynasty in early China reveal a cultural construction involving social memories of the past and subsequent political elaborations in various phases of history. This volume enables a new understanding on the long-term processes that enabled a classical civilization in China to take shape.
Fos-Like Immunoreactivity in the Vomeronasal Receptor Neurons of Mice

While testing a number of commercially available antibodies against c-Fos we found one, sc-253, that produced intense immunoreactivity in the vomeronasal organ (VNO) of mice presumed to be unstimulated. This Fos-like immunoreactivity was found only in the receptor neurons occupying the basal half of the VNO epithelium. It was almost exclusively non-nuclear and was absent in other regions of the nose and in the brain. It was continuously expressed in male and female mice even though authentic Fos protein is usually considered to be transiently expressed in response to stimulation. Western blotting of various tissue extracts suggested that this Fos-like protein was VNO specific and associated with a 45kD protein, while authentic Fos protein is generally accepted to be 55-62kD in size. Comparison of the immunoreactivity produced by sc-253 to that elicited by antibodies against related Fos family members Fos B, Fos-related antigen-1 and Fos-related antigen-2, suggested that we might be identifying a novel VNO-specific member of the family. Although naris closure had no observable effect on the expression of Fos-like immunoreactivity, unilateral bulbectomy caused a striking, time-dependent loss.