cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Role of Racial Discrimination in the Economic Value of Education Among Urban, Low-Income Latina/o Youth: Ethnic Identity and Gender as Moderators

The present study used resilience theory to explore relationships among perceived racial discrimination, ethnic identity, gender, and economic value of education (EVE) among urban, low-income, Latina/o youth. It was expected that racial discrimination would predict poorer perceptions of the EVE among Latina/o adolescents. Ethnic identity was hypothesized to buffer the negative effect of racial discrimination on Latina/o students’ EVE. The participants in this study were 396 urban, low-income Latina/o high school students from a large, Midwestern city who completed surveys in both 9th- and 10th-grade. Structural equation modeling was used to test the relationships among racial discrimination, ethnic identity, and EVE. Results supported a protective model of resilience. Specifically, ethnic identity served as a protective factor by buffering the negative effect of perceived racial discrimination on EVE for male participants. The present study is the first to examine ethnic identity as a buffer of racial discrimination on EVE among Latina/o high school students. Future directions and implications are discussed.
Decreased lung carcinoma cell functions on select polymer nanometer surface features.

Biomaterial nanotopographies have been proposed as a means to significantly influence cell functions (including osteoblasts, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, chondrocytes, immune cells, and bacteria). In this study, lung epithelial carcinoma cell functions including adhesion (up to 4 h), proliferation (up to 3 days), apoptosis (up to 5 days), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) synthesis (up to 5 days) on poly-lactic-co-glycolic (PLGA) films with various nanotopographies were systematically investigated. Importantly, this study created PLGA films with various nanotopographies (specifically, nano-smooth, 23, 300, and 400 nm hemispherical surface features) but similar surface chemistry in order to focus only on the effect of PLGA topography on cancer cell functions. Simple and effective cast-molding and solvent evaporation methods were used to accomplish this. Atomic force microscopy, electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis, and water contact angle measurements verified similar surface chemistry and energy but varied topographies for all of the PLGA films prepared in this study. Lung epithelial carcinoma cell adhesion, proliferation, and morphology results indicated less cell growth and spreading on nano-smooth and 400 nm surface-featured PLGA compared to any other samples. However, results also demonstrated decreased lung epithelial carcinoma cell VEGF (a key growth factor secreted for the vascularization of tumors) synthesis on the 23 nm surface-featured PLGA compared to the nano-smooth substrates for up to 5 days. In summary, these results provided the first insights into understanding the role that PLGA nanotography may play in mediating lung carcinoma cell functions for a wide range of applications in regenerative medicine. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A:, 2012.
Synthesis and Solvent-Dependent Properties of Ru(acac)2dppz

The first neutral monosubstituted dipyridophenazine complex of ruthenium(II), Ru(acac)2dppz, has been synthesized, and its optical and electrochemical properties have been studied. The energy of the metal-to-ligand charge-transfer transition of the complex in solution is linearly dependent on the solvent's polarity. The complex is insoluble in water and nonemissive at both room temperature and at 77 K.
Statistical analysis of PPTA fiber strengths measured under high strain rate condition

Abstract Single PPTA [poly( p -phenylene terephthalamide)] fiber tensile tests using a Kolsky bar were carried out to investigate the effect of the strain rate on their tensile strengths. Since single fiber tests yield distributions of strengths, a large sample size is needed to get statistically significant results. In this study a new fiber gripping method using direct clamping of a single fiber with PMMA [poly(methyl methacrylate)] plates is introduced to measure fiber strengths under high strain rate test conditions in a high-throughput manner. For comparison purposes, quasi-static tests using the same PMMA plates were also performed. PPTA fiber strengths measured under quasi-static test conditions with 5 mm and 60 mm gauge lengths exhibit length dependency confirmed by statistical analysis. In addition, statistical comparison of PPTA fiber strengths measured under quasi-static and high strain rate test conditions clearly show that this fiber’s strengths are rate-dependent. Furthermore, PPTA fiber strengths obtained by high strain rate tests increase with decreasing fiber diameter, while no such relation appears in quasi-static tests.
Very low-pressure pyrolysis (VLPP) of hydrazine, ethanol, and formic acid on fused silica☆

The heterogeneous decomposition kinetics of N2H4 into N2, NH3, and H2 have been investigated in a heat-treated fused-silica Knudsen cell flow reactor operating at pressures ~10−6−10−3 Torr and temperatures of 600 to 1300 K. At temperatures above 1050 K, decomposition is best described by a rate half-order in N2H4 concentration with an activation energy of 37 kcal mole−1. The H2N2 ratio increases with temperature. NH2 radicals were carefully looked for but not detected, indicating that they constituted < 0.05 of the products even at 1300 K. At lower temperatures a relatively irreproducible reaction produces only N2 and NH3 products with activation energy of ~12 kcal mole−1. The heterogeneous dehydration of C2H5OH and of HCOOH were briefly studied under very low-pressure conditions at temperatures above 1000 K and were found to generally obey half-order kinetics. Results for all high temperature reactions are concordant with a mechanism involving a fast heterolytic adsorption followed by a unimolecular rate-limiting surface process.
Late induction of tachycardia in patients with ventricular fibrillation associated with acute myocardial infarction

A prospective study was made of 57 asymptomatic patients, 1 to 24 months after acute myocardial infarction, 17 with (Group I) and 40 without (Group II) ventricular fibrillation during the acute event. None of the 57 patients had symptomatic arrhythmias, uncontrolled heart failure or unstable angina. There was no significant difference between the two patient groups in time from acute myocardial infarction, medication used or left ventricular ejection fraction. Repetitive forms of arrhythmia (Lown grade 4) were more prevalent (29 versus 16%, not significant) during 24 hour ambulatory monitoring in patients in Group I (ventricular fibrillation group). Programmed extrastimulation was performed using 1 to 3 twice-threshold, 2 ms decremental extrastimuli delivered during right ventricular drive. Of the 17 patients in Group I, 8 had no induced arrhythmia (≤ 4 extra responses), 4 had nonsustained ventricular tachycardia and 5 bad sustained ventricular tachycardia (degenerating into ventricular fibrillation requiring eleco trical reversion in 4). None of the 40 patients in Group II had induced sustained ventricular tachycardia (p Patients with ventricular fibrillation during acute myocardial infarction may have an increased risk for ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation that may be exposed by programmed electrical stimulation even when not yet clinically manifest.
The Induced Radioactivity of Titanium and Vanadium

A study has been made of the radioactivities induced in titanium and vanadium by irradiation with deuterons, slow and fast neutrons and in titanium with 11 Mev alpha-particles. Bombardment of titanium with deuterons renders it extremely radioactive, the radiations emitted being mainly positrons and hard gamma-rays. An analysis of the decay curve shows the presence of six radioactive isotopes. Of these three have been found to be chemically inseparable from vanadium. Evidence is considered which suggests that the isotopes formed are ${\mathrm{V}}^{48}$ half-life 16.0\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.2 days, ${\mathrm{V}}^{49}$ half-life 33\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1 minutes and ${\mathrm{V}}^{50}$ half-life 3.7\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.2 hours. A short lived activity of half-life 2.8 minutes is probably due to ${\mathrm{Ti}}^{51}$ as the same isotope is formed when titanium is bombarded with slow neutrons. There is evidence of a weak activity with a half-life of 50 hours which is probably due to ${\mathrm{Sc}}^{44}$ formed in the reaction ${\mathrm{Ti}}^{46}+{\mathrm{H}}^{2}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\mathrm{Sc}}^{44}+{\mathrm{He}}^{4}$. ${\mathrm{Sc}}^{46}$ is also formed as evidenced by the presence of an isotope with a half-period of 85\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}5 days and by the energy distribution of the soft negative electrons which accompany the positrons. The energy distribution of the positrons emitted by ${\mathrm{V}}^{48}$ has been studied using a large hydrogen-filled cloud chamber. The upper limit of the spectrum is at 1.0 (5) Mev, in reasonably good agreement with the value 1.1 (5) Mev deduced from absorption measurements in aluminum. The maximum energy of the positrons from ${\mathrm{V}}^{49}$ as determined by absorption measurements in aluminum is approximately 1.9 Mev. ${\mathrm{V}}^{49}$ and ${\mathrm{V}}^{50}$ have also been formed by bombarding titanium with 11 Mev alpha-particles. In addition two new periods of 68\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}4 hours and longer than 180 days have been detected. The isotopes responsible for these activities have not been identified. When bombarded with fast neutrons it seems likely that ${\mathrm{Ca}}^{45}$, ${\mathrm{Sc}}^{48}$ and ${\mathrm{Sc}}^{46}$ are formed from titanium. ${\mathrm{Sc}}^{48}$ is also produced by the transmutation ${\mathrm{V}}^{51}+{n}^{1}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\mathrm{Sc}}^{48}+{\mathrm{He}}^{4}$, its half-life being 41\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}3 hours. In addition, evidence has been obtained for the reaction ${\mathrm{V}}^{51}+{n}^{1}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\mathrm{V}}^{50}+2{n}^{1}$. This reaction can be induced by the fast neutrons from the ${\mathrm{Be}}^{9}$+${\mathrm{H}}^{2}$ reaction, though it is more probable when Li+${\mathrm{H}}^{2}$ neutrons are used ${\mathrm{V}}^{52}$ has been produced in several reactions; its half-life is 3.9\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.1 minutes.
Studies of spherical tori, stellarators and anisotropic pressure with the M3D code

The Multi-level 3D (M3D) project simulates plasmas using multiple levels of physics, geometry and grid models in one code package. The M3D code has been extended to fundamentally non-axisymmetric and small aspect ratio, R/a >~1, configurations. Applications include the non-linear stability of the NSTX spherical torus and of the spherical pinch, as well as the relaxation of stellarator equilibria. The fluid level physics model has been extended to evolve the anisotropic pressures pj|| and pj? for the ion and electron species and has been applied to magnetic island evolution.
Sex In The Therapy Hour

Sexual Feelings In Psychotherapy: Explorations For Therapists and Therapists-In-Training, Kenneth S. Pope, Janet L. Sonne, and Jean Holroyd. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, 1993...
Earth Observation Plan Focuses on User Needs and Measurements

The White House's new U.S. National Plan for Civil Earth Observations focuses on user needs and measurements while defining a framework for constructing a balanced portfolio of Earth observations and observing systems, officials with the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP) said at a 4 September forum about the plan.
Shear Compliant Hexagonal Cellular Solids With a Shape Memory Alloy

In this study, hexagonal honeycombs with a shape memory alloy (SMA) are explored for super-compliant meso-structural design. A nitianol (NiTi) SMA based shear compliant hexagonal cellular materials are introduced and their elastic properties in shear are investigated. The constitutive relation of SMA and Cellular Materials Theory (CMT) are used to develop analytical constitutive equations of SMA honeycombs under isothermal shear loading. A fixed volume based SMA honeycombs are designed with a target shear modulus, (GA*)12 , of 10MPa and minimum uni-axial moduli (E11* and E22*) of 10MPa. About 27 to 70% of elastic shear strains are obtained with NiTi SMA honeycombs when they are designed with a G12* of 10MPa.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Far-infrared absorption by aluminum small particles

The far-infrared (FIR) absorption of small particles has been studied for a variety of sizes of aluminum small particles. The particle size dependence of the FIR absorption coefficient was obtained. In addition, the FIR absorption coefficients of clustered samples and nonclustered random samples were measured. The small-particle composite samples were characterized with scanning-transmission electron microscope analyses. Our data suggest that individual small particles are responsible for the anomalous FIR absorption. Also, we found a particle size dependence of the FIR absorption coefficient which differs from the predictions made by classical theory. These discrepancies imply that the Drude model may not be an adequate description of FIR dielectric function of small metal particles.
Identification of Waitea circinata as a Pathogen of the Moss Bryum argenteum var. argenteum on a Golf Course Fairway.

Waitea circinata Warcup and Talbot (also referred to as W. circinata var. circinata) is an important fungal pathogen of amenity turfgrasses and is especially problematic on Poa annua in putting gre...
Saguaro Distribution under Nurse Plants in Arizona's Sonoran Desert: Directional and Microclimate Influences*

Abstract The saguaro cactus, an icon of the American southwestern desert, defines the extent of the Sonoran Desert through portions of its range. Saguaros rely upon nurse plants for establishment and survival in the harsh temperature and moisture regime of the desert. Freezing temperatures limit the range of the saguaro to the north in Arizona. However, nurse plants extend the range of saguaros by providing more moderate conditions beneath their canopies. This study focuses on precisely these small, highly localized temperature variations, which, we suggest, are linked to regional-scale patterns of distribution of the species, particularly in marginal, cold-limited locales. We sampled 291 saguaros over thirty populations in Arizona, in the northern portion of their range. Saguaros establish under the south side of their nurse's canopy in the coldest parts of their range more often than expected, while a significant distributional bias is not observed in those in warmer, more moderate plots. To further inv...
Inhibition of phosphodiesterase activity, airway inflammation and hyperresponsiveness by PDE4 inhibitor and glucocorticoid in a murine model of allergic asthma.

Phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) isozyme plays important roles in inflammatory and immunomodulatory cells. In this study, piclamilast, a selective PDE4 inhibitor, was used to investigate the role of PDE4 in respiratory function and inflammation in a murine asthma model. Sensitized mice were challenged with aerosolized ovalbumin for 7 days, piclamilast (1, 3 and 10 mg/kg) and dexamethasone (2 mg/kg) were orally administered once daily during the period of challenge. Twenty-four hours after the last challenge, airway hyperresponsiveness to methacholine was determined by whole-body plethysmography, airway inflammation and mucus secretion by histomorphometry, pulmonary cAMP-PDE activity by HPLC, cytokine levels in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and their mRNA expression in lung by ELISA and RT-PCR, respectively. In control mice, significant induction of cAMP-PDE activity was parallel to the increases of hyperresponsiveness, inflammatory cells, cytokine levels, mRNA expression as well as goblet cell hyperplasia. However, piclamilast dose-dependently and significantly improved airway resistance and dynamic compliance, and the maximal effect was similar to that of dexamethasone. Piclamilast treatment dose-dependently and significantly prevented the increase in inflammatory cell number and goblet cell hyperplasia, as well as production of cytokines, including eotaxin, TNFα and IL-4. Piclamilast exerted a weaker inhibitory effect than dexamethasone on eosinophils and neutrophils, had no effect on lymphocyte accumulation. Moreover, piclamilast inhibited up-regulation of cAMP-PDE activity and cytokine mRNA expression; the maximal inhibition of cAMP-PDE was greater than that exerted by dexamethasone, and was similar to dexamethasone on cytokine mRNA expression. This study suggests that inhibition of PDE4 by piclamilast robustly improves the pulmonary function, airway inflammation and goblet cell hyperplasia in murine allergenic asthma.
AN ANNUAL CYCLE IN THE INTERRENAL TISSUE OF THE ADRENAL GLAND OF THE WHITE-CROWNED SPARROW, ZONOTRICHIA LEUCOPHRYS GAMBELII.

Abstract On the basis of microanatomic and cytologic observations, there appears to be a distinct annual cycle in the interrenal cortical tissue of the adrenal gland of a migratory subspecies of the white-crowned sparrow, Zonotrichia leucophrys gambelii . Variations in the relative fractional volume of cortical tissue (FCV) in the entire gland and the relative density of sudanophilic material (SI) in the cortical cells correlate with conspicuous annual changes in the microanatomy of the gland. FCV and SI are highest in winter and spring, and lowest in the summer when the cortical cells of the interior of the gland become pycnotic with irregular nuclei, blood sinuses become more conspicuous, and the histologic organization is extensively altered.
New device concepts for low-energy high-density interconnects

Optoelectronics with femtojoule or lower energies and compact custom and self-designing optics may enable the lower energy per operation and higher bandwidth density required for continued scaling of information processing. Novel approaches will be presented.
Coronary stenting with angioscopic guidance

Coronary angioscopy can directly visualize luminal morphology and stent architecture. This new technology may provide insights into the stent mechanism of action and help guide stent procedures. Visualization of the target vessel segment with a 4.5Fr angioscope was attempted before and/or after Palmaz-Schatz coronary stent implantation in 50 patients. The target vessel segment was successfully visualized in 48 patients (96%). In 24 patients, angioscopy was performed both after balloon angioplasty and then again after stenting. In 16 of these 24 patients a dissection was documented by angioscopy after balloon angioplasty, and in each patient the dissection was absent after stenting. Angioscopy influenced the clinical management of 18 (37.5%) patients. Clinical decisions directly influenced by angioscopy included intracoronary thrombolytic therapy for thrombus visualized angioscopically, which had been unsuspected by angiography (n = 7), withholding intracoronary thrombolytic therapy for patients with suspected thrombus not confirmed by angioscopy (n = 4), repeat angioplasty in patients in whom plaque was found to be bulging into the lumen at the stent articulation site (n = 4), additional stents placed when angioscopy revealed significant proximal or distal disease (n = 4), or an unsuspected gap between 2 tandem stents (n = 1). Coronary angioscopy safely visualized stented vessel segments in most patients. Angioscopic observations provided insights into the stent mechanism of action and, in some cases, influenced clinical management.
BEWARE OF NEW GEOGRAPHIES

The effort to make the discipline appear relevant and useful raises the danger of allowing applied geography to become yet another “new” geography. Though we must encourage the development of a viable applied geography, we must simultaneously make much greater use of our existing traditions and literature if we are to thrive in the long run as an academic discipline. Without a heritage, we are vulnerable.
Hyperspectral and multispectral imaging for evaluating food safety and quality

Abstract Spectral imaging technologies have been developed rapidly during the past decade. This paper presents hyperspectral and multispectral imaging technologies in the area of food safety and quality evaluation, with an introduction, demonstration, and summarization of current spectral imaging techniques available to the food industry for practical commercial use. The main topics include methods for acquiring spectral images, components for building spectral imaging systems, methods for calibrating spectral imaging systems, and techniques for analyzing spectral images. The applications for evaluating food and agricultural products are presented to reflect common practices of the spectral imaging techniques. Future development of hyperspectral and multispectral imaging is also discussed.
Library and Information Science Education in the Maghreb

Reviews the historical development of library and information education in the Arab states of the Maghreb (al-Maghreb al-Arabi): Algeria, Libya, Tunisia, and Morocco. Reviews training programmes which existed before formal professional education started, the establishment of library schools, the programmes they offer, and the degrees they award. Also briefly describes the facilities of the library schools, such as technical equipment and library collections. The qualifications of the teaching staff are also mentioned.
Nonleptonic decays of hyperons on the basis of algebra of currents, asymptotic SU(3), regge poles, and dispersion relations☆

Abstract Nonleptonic decay of hyperon has been investigated from a new view-point where, the algebra of currents, asymptotic SU(3) symmetry, Regge poles and dispersion relations are heavily utilized. We avoided the use of the ordinary soft-pion technique as well as the exact validity of the SU(3) symmetry so that we can take into account the mass differences among baryon octet. In this way, it has been found that the dispersion correction ordinarily discarded may really give an equally important or even dominant contribution compared to the result based upon a simple use of the algebra of currents. The final answer is very much similar to the K∗-dominance model of Sakurai for the S-wave decay and it satisfies the Lee-Sugawara triangle as well as S(Σ++) = 0, although we are computing two different contributions, one which is the ordinary term and the other which comes from the dispersion correction. For the P-wave, the situation appears to be far more complicated than ordinarily believed.
Differentiation of cancer cells in two-dimensional and three-dimensional breast cancer models by Raman spectroscopy

We demonstrate the first application of Raman spectroscopy in diagnosing nonmalignant, premalignant, malignant, and metastatic stages of breast cancer in a three-dimensional (3-D) cell culture model that closely mimics an in vivo environment. Comprehensive study comparing classification in two-dimensional (2-D) and 3-D cell models was performed using statistical methods composed of principal component analysis for exploratory analysis and outlier removal, partial least squares discriminant analysis, and elastic net regularized regression for classification. Our results show that Raman spectroscopy with an appropriate classification tool has excellent resolution to discriminate the four stages of breast cancer progression, with a near 100% accuracy for both 2-D and 3-D cell models. The diversity in chemical groups related to nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids, among other chemicals, were identified by appropriate peaks in the Raman spectra that correspond to the correct classification of the different stages of tumorigenesis model comprising of MCF10A, MCF10AneoT, MCF10CA1h, and MCF10CA1a cell lines. An explicit relationship between wavenumber and the stages of cancer progression was identified by the elastic net variable selection.
Triangulation on a Reconfigurable Mesh with Buses

We develop an 0(1) time algorithm to a triangulate a set of N planar points using an N?N reconfigurable mesh with buses. Our algorithm works on all reconfigurable mesh with buses architectures.
The evolution of drug-resistant malaria

Molecular epidemiological investigations have uncovered the patterns of emergence and global spread of Plasmodium falciparum resistance to chloroquine and sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine. Malaria parasites highly resistant to chloroquine and pyrimethamine spread from Asian origins to Africa, at great cost to human health and life. If artemisinin-resistant falciparum malaria follows the same pattern, renewed efforts to eliminate and eradicate malaria will be gravely threatened. This paper, adapted from a talk given in honour of Professor Malcolm Molyneux in Liverpool in September 2008, reviews the rise and fall of clinically important forms of drug-resistant falciparum malaria and considers how lessons learned from studying the evolution of drug-resistant malaria can be applied to efforts to prevent and deter resistance.
Atherosclerosis and pediatrics

The speculations contained herein represent the author's personal groping in an incompletely charted field of possible pediatric responsibility.
Effect of Antiviral Chemoprophylaxis on Adverse Clinical Outcomes Associated With Cytomegalovirus After Liver Transplantation

OBJECTIVE To assess the association between cytomegalovirus (CMV) serology of donor and recipient and adverse outcomes after liver transplantation in the era of effective antiviral chemoprophylaxis. PATIENTS AND METHODS We performed a retrospective cohort study of 193 consecutive patients undergoing their first liver transplantation between February 1998 and July 2000 with targeted and preemptive ganciclovir chemoprophylaxis. Patients were divided into 4 groups by CMV serology of donor and recipient: donor-/recipient-; donor-/recipient+; donor+/recipient+; and donor+/recipient-. Survival to the end points of retransplantation, death, or survival to 1 year after transplantation (whichever occurred first) was assessed. Rates of bacterial, fungal, and CMV infection and of CMV disease were recorded and compared. RESULTS No significant differences were observed in the rates of retransplantation, death, or survival to 1 year among the 4 groups of patients. Despite significantly higher rates of CMV infection in the donor+ groups, there were no differences in the rates of bacterial or fungal infection or of CMV disease. Rejection occurred least frequently in the donor-/recipient-group. CONCLUSION The adverse effects of CMV on outcomes after liver transplantation have been diminished in the era of effective antiviral chemoprophylaxis.
The role of meteorological satellites in agricultural remote sensing

Abstract A project is underway at the National Environmental Satellite Data and Information Service (NESDIS) to develop products from weather satellite data that are useful for agricultural monitoring. This project is part of a multiagency program, AgRISTARS (Agriculture and Resource Inventory Surveys through Aerospace Remote Sensing), to develop the uses of remote sensing for the U.S. Department of Agriculture. The products being developed at NESDIS include daily estimates of precipitation, insolation, maximum/minimum temperature, vegetation index, and, on a weekly basis, snowcover. This paper is an overview of the NESDIS program and describes the current status of each product.
Control and Stability Analysis of Modular Multilevel Converter Under Low-Frequency Operation

The modular multilevel converter (MMC) is increasingly becoming popular for multi-MW drive systems. One of the main technical challenges associated with the operation of MMC for adjustable-speed drives is the large magnitude of submodule (SM) capacitor voltage ripple under constant-torque low-speed operation. This paper proposes two new control strategies to reduce the magnitude of the SM capacitor voltage ripple in the MMC-based adjustable-speed drive systems under constant-torque low-speed operation. The proposed control strategies are based on injecting a square-wave common-mode voltage at the ac-side and a circulating current within the phase-legs to attenuate the low-frequency components of the SM capacitor voltages. The frequency spectrum of the injected circulating current consists of components in the vicinity of either the common-mode frequency or the common-mode frequency and third harmonic of the common-mode frequency. This paper also provides: i) a theoretical comparison of the proposed control strategies with the existing ones; ii) a controller design methodology to systematically determine the controller gains of the proposed control strategies; and iii) a theoretical proof of stability of the proposed control strategies and their design methodology based on Lyapunov analysis of singularly perturbed nonlinear non-autonomous systems. A set of experimental results for various case studies on a laboratory-scale prototype are provided to support the theoretical proof of stability of the proposed control strategies and their design methodology, and to show the superior performance of the proposed strategies over the existing strategy.
Supervised classification of types of glaciated landscapes using digital elevation data

Abstract Automated approaches for identifying different types of glaciated landscapes using digitally processed elevation data were evaluated. We tested the ability of geomorphic measures (e.g. elevation, relative relief, roughness, and slope gradient) derived from digital elevation models (DEMs) to differentiate glaciated landscapes using maximum likelihood classification and artificial neural networks (ANN). The automated methods were trained and validated using an existing Quaternary geology map and a manual interpretation of the contour data portrayed on topographic quadrangles. The need for such methods arises from efforts to classify types of landscapes (e.g. ecoregions) in Michigan. One fundamental control of the landscape structure in Michigan, including soil type and vegetation, is the underlying sedimentary and landform assemblages produced by an array of glacial processes during the waning phase of the Pleistocene. Traditional methods for identifying different landscapes (e.g. ice-contact landscapes, stagnation landscapes) have relied on printed topographic maps and have been very effective, but time consuming. The maps resulting from the four supervised classification trials had between 51% and 61% agreement with the original Quaternary geology map. The output from the maximum likelihood classification had slightly higher agreements than the output from the neural net, which is attributed to the generalization inherent in the Quaternary geology map compared with the nature of the classifier for the neural net. The neural net, however, identifies significant detail and non-linear relationships between classification inputs and output classes. Future work should incorporate a map of soils into the classification.
Reciprocating-Mechanism Driven Heat Loops and Their Applications

This paper introduces a novel heat transfer mechanism that facilitates two-phase heat transfer while eliminating the so-called cavitation problem commonly encountered by a conventional pump. The heat transfer device is coined as the reciprocating-mechanism driven heat loop (RMDHL), which includes a hollow loop having an interior flow passage, an amount of working fluid filled within the loop, and a reciprocating driver. The hollow loop has an evaporator section, a condenser section, and a liquid reservoir. The reciprocating driver is integrated with the liquid reservoir and facilitates a reciprocating flow of the working fluid within the loop, so that liquid is supplied from the condenser section to the evaporator section under a substantially saturated condition and the so-called cavitation problem associated with a conventional pump is avoided. The reciprocating driver could be a solenoid-operated reciprocating driver for electronics cooling applications and a bellows-type reciprocating driver for high-temperature applications. Experimental study has been undertaken for a solenoid-operated heat loop in connection with high heat flux thermal management applications. Experimental results show that the heat loop worked very effectively and a heat flux as high as 300 W/cm2 in the evaporator section could be handled. The applications of the bellows-type reciprocating heat loop for gas turbine nozzle guide vanes and the leading edges of hypersonic vehicles are also illustrated. The new heat transfer device is expected to advance the current two-phase heat transfer device and open up a new frontier for further research and development.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
The Natural History Museum Blaschka collections

The Natural History Museum, London holds 182 Blaschka marine invertebrate models of anemones, nudibranchs, cephalopods, jellyfish, protozoans and corals. The models arrived at the museum in 1866, 1876, 1883 and 1889 and are examples of Blaschka work spanning almost the entire time they made marine invertebrates. The archives at the Natural History Museum and the Rakow Library at the Corning Museum of Glass show details of direct interactions between the Blaschkas and museum staff who ordered models, probably also taxidermy eyes, complained when models arrived broken in 1883 and commissioned models directly. The archives also record interactions with intermediates like Reverend Hudson of Brighton who presented the British Museum with early models and Robert Damon, the Blaschkas' British agent. The models were displayed in the galleries at the museum from 1866 to the 1970s. A future exhibition will include a permanent mounting of several specimens in the main hall of the museum.
Proselytizing surrealism: André Breton and Mexico

(1995). Proselytizing surrealism: Andre Breton and Mexico. Review: Literature and Arts of the Americas: Vol. 28, No. 51, pp. 21-33.
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibition Enhances Collateral Artery Remodeling in Rats With Femoral Artery Occlusion

Evidence from experimental animal studies indicate that ACE inhibition expands collateral blood flow both in ischemic hearts and peripheral limbs. The present study evaluates whether ACE inhibitor induces collateral blood flow expansion and change of angiogenic gene expression profile in collateral arteries during remodeling. Male Sprague-Dawley rats, weighing 350 g were treated with vehicle (control) or quinapril (ACE inhibitor) at either low dose (3.0 mg/kg) or high dose (18 mg/kg) for 1, 3, 7, 14 days (gene expression) or 16 days (blood flow). All rats received bilateral occlusions of the femoral arteries. Collateral blood flow to the hind limb was assessed by 85Sr and 141Ce-labeled microspheres during treadmill running at 15 and 25 m/min speeds. Quinapril reduced plasma ACE activity by 58% and 88% for the low-dose and high-dose groups, respectively (P < 0.001). High-dose quinapril reduced exercising blood pressure (P < 0.05) and increased hind limb conductance. Collateral blood flows to calf muscles were 51 +/- 3.7, 73 +/- 5.0, and 68 +/- 1.9 mL/min per 100 g in control and quinapril low- and high-dose groups, respectively, during high-speed running (P < 0.001). Real-time RT-PCR revealed that ACE inhibition shifted gene expression to a proangiogenic phenotype in the newly developed collateral arteries. Our findings indicate that ACE inhibition could increase collateral-dependent blood flow and collateral vessel remodeling by promoting proangiogenic gene expression in newly developed collateral arteries. Our results support the potential utility of ACE inhibitor as a therapeutic agent in treating peripheral occlusive arterial disease.
Circadian rhythms in monkeys: variability and behavioral correlations.

Abstract Heart rate (HR) and body temperature (BT) data were collected for a total of eighty 24-hour days from 5 infant pigtailed (M. nemestrina) monkeys using totally implantable multichannel biotelemetry systems. Best fit (least squares) cosine functions were fit to each 24-hour block of HR and BT data providing estimates of circadian cosine level, amplitude and phase. Within animal correlations were computed among 6 cosine variables and these correlations were then pooled using Fisher's transformation. The relation between circadian variables and 26 daytime behavioral variables were also assessed. We found relatively large long term day to day changes in circadian HR and BT measures, especially HR level. BT level and HR level were correlated, and BT phase and HR phase covaried. Several measures of activity were found to have significant correlations with HR amplitude, while one measure of the nature of the mother-infant relationship was significantly correlated with HR level. It is hypothesized that variability in HR level may reflect long term alterations in autonomic nervous system balance.
1.12GHz Opto-Acoustic Oscillator

We report on the development of a GHz Opto-Acoustic Oscillator (OAO) using an air gap capacitively actuated silicon optomechanical resonator. An optical sensing technique using optomechanical ring resonators in silicon allows for observation of the mechanical resonances of electrostatically excited resonators up to 3.5GHz. Using amplifiers to compensate for losses, we demonstrate an oscillator operating at 1.12GHz with 8.8dBm output RF power and a phase noise of −85 dBc/Hz at 10 kHz offset.
Isoelectric focusing nonporous silica reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry: a three-dimensional liquid-phase protein separation method as applied to the human erythroleukemia cell-line.

A liquid-phase three-dimensional protein separation method has been developed that is used to separate the cytosolic fraction of a HEL cell lysate via isoelectric focusing (IEF), nonporous silica (NPS) reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) and electrospray ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (ESI-TOFMS), respectively. Several hundred unique protein molecular weights were observed in a pI range from 4.8 to 8.5 and a mass range from 5 to 85 kDa. Proteins were positively identified by analysis of the pI (±0.5 pI units), an intact protein molecular weight (±150 ppm), and peptide mass mapping results. Using the molecular weight (MW) and peptide mapping results of identified proteins it was possible to characterize their posttranslational (PTMs) and/or sequence modifications. PTMs were detected on both forms of cytosolic actin, heat shock 90 β, HINT and α-enolase. Sequence modifications or conflicts were observed for β-and γ-actin, ATP β-synthase and heat shock 90 β. IEF-NPS-RP-HPLC/ESI-TOFMS was used to determine experimental pI, MW and relative hydrophobicity values for each protein detected. This data was used to generate a 2-D pI-MS protein map, where proteins are displayed according to their pI and molecular weight. Protein molecular weight peaks are represented as bands in the 2-D pI-MS image where the gray scale of each band is proportional to the intensity of the protein molecular weight peak. In addition, a third hydrophobicity dimension (%B) was added as the % acetonitrile elution to generate a 3-D pI-MS-%B plot where each protein can be tagged according to three parameters. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Change detection using mean-shift and outlier-distance metrics

Change detection with application to wide-area search seeks to identify where interesting activity has occurred between two images. Since there are many different classes of change, one metric may miss a particular type of change. Therefore, it is potentially beneficial to select metrics with complementary properties. With this idea in mind, a new change detection scheme was created using mean-shift and outlier-distance metrics. Using these metrics in combination should identify and characterize change more completely than either individually. An algorithm using both metrics was developed and tested using registered sets of multispectral imagery.
Response of Endangered Desert Fish Populations to a Constructed Refuge

The U.S. Bureau of Reclamation created a shallow, 110-m channel to provide habitat for two endangered fishes, Cyprinodon elegans (Comanche Springs pupfish) and Gambusia nobilis (Pecos gambusia), at the site of the fishes' former natural habitat. The cienega (marsh) associated with Phantom Lake Spring in Jeff Davis County, Texas, was destroyed by the creation of an irrigation canal system. In 1993, the endangered fishes were stocked into the refuge with individuals from the irrigation canals, and in the case of C. elegans, hatchery stocks. The condition of habitat, status of fish populations, and fish ecology within the refuge were then monitored for two years. The abundance and density of both species increased in accordance with aquatic plant development. Cyprinodon elegans abundance peaked after one year and stabilized at an average density of 14.7/m 2 by the end of our study. Juvenile C. elegans were always rare, which may indicate that the population reached the refuge's carrying capacity and that recruitment is low. Gambusia nobilis was the most abundant fish in the refuge (average density 96/m 2 ), used the entire refuge, and outcompeted nonindigenous G. geiseri. The two Gambusia species used similar habitats but showed almost no dietary overlap. High densities of aquatic plants reduced the amount of open water areas necessary for C. elegans. The refuge will sustain the two endangered fishes at this historic site of endemism while maintaining flow to the irrigation system; however, the refuge is not equivalent to a restored cienega.
Recognition and identification of facial stimuli by schizophrenics and patients with affective disorders

Schizophrenics have been shown to manifest a significant deficit in identifying facial expressions of emotion. The present study sought to determine whether this deficit lay at the level of decoding facial cues of emotion, or whether it is specific to the process of labelling emotional faces. The latter specific deficit would be consistent with the hypothesis of left-hemisphere dysfunction in schizophrenia. Samples of schizophrenics, patients with affective disorders and normal controls were tested on a battery of facial tasks that had previously been shown to be capable of distinguishing between patients with left- and right-hemisphere lesions. The battery was comprised of four tests: facial discrimination, emotion discrimination, emotion labelling, and a multiple choice emotion task. The performance of affective patients fell midway between that of schizophrenics and normals on all the tasks. Schizophrenics performed significantly below normals on all but the facial discrimination task, and below affective patients on the emotion labelling task. There were no other significant group differences in performance. The performance pattern manifested by schizophrenics across the four tasks is not comparable to that shown by patients with unilateral brain damage. These results indicate that previously reported emotion identification deficits in schizophrenia were not solely a function of the labelling requirements of the tasks. Instead it appears that schizophrenics, although capable of deciphering facial cues of identity, are impaired in the ability to extract salient emotional cues from faces.
Ataxia-telangiectasia and Autoimmunity

The ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T) syndrome consists of multiple abnormalities of the neurologic, vascular, endocrinologic and immunologic systems. Any postulate regarding the pathogenesis of the clinical syndrome must explain the multiple system involvment and account for the progressively more wide-spread and severe involvement with time. Some of the features of this syndrome might be explained if an autoimmune process were operative. 17 patients with A-T, ages 4 to 39 years, were studied for laboratory evidence of autoimmune phenomenon. The following investigations were performed: rheumatoid factor, anti-IgA antibodies, anti-deoxy-nuclocoprotein antibodies, anti-thyroglobulin antibodies and fluorescent antibodies directed against the stomach, muscle, adrenal, pituitary, ovary, testis and thymus, 12 of 17 patients demonstrated 1 or more of the above antibodies. One patient was positive for rheumatoid factor, 6 patients without serum IgA had anti-IgA antibodies, 2 had antithyroid antibodies and 2 had anti-muscle, antibodies. Especially striking was the finding of anti-IgA antibodies in 3 patients with normal serum IgA levels. 30 age-matched controls were negative for all the above tests. The fundatmental defect in A-T is probably immunologic. An altered immunologic response could lead to multiple system disease as a direct result of auto-antibody destruction. it is also possible that deficient immunity may permit an infectious agent to cause widespread tissue damage with secondary production of autoantibodies. (Supported by NIH AI-07726 and National Tuberculosis Foundtion.)
MECHANISM OF BACTERIAL PENETRATION THROUGH THE EGGS OF Gallus gallus. 2. Effect of Penetration and Growth on Permeability of Inner Shell Membrane

SUMMARY— The mechanism of penetration of bacteria into the eggs of domestic fowl (Gallus gallus) was investigated by determining the changes in permeability of the inner shell membranes (i.s.m.) to radioactive amino acids and viable Salmonella typhimurium LT2 cells after bacteria had penetrated the i.s.m. It was found that penetration and growth of bacteria in eggs did not cause any significant changes in the permeability of the i.s.m. for up to 8 days of incubation after expos-sure to spoilage. Bacteria, however, were found to penetrate the exterior structures within 36 hr after exposure. These results indicate that the actual penetration of bacteria through the i.s.m. does not permanently alter its permeability.
Factors Associated with Female Chemist Doctoral Career Choice within the Physical Sciences

Research shows that women are entering the field of physics at a faster rate than the field of chemistry through bachelor’s and doctoral degrees. However, STEM studies primarily compare women to men or examine them as a single entity. Therefore, a paucity of research exists that examines what may differentiate women in certain critical and underrepresented fields of STEM education, such as the physical sciences. The focus of this study is to examine differences among women in chemistry in the physical sciences based on background demographics and motivational factors such as academic achievement and experiences ranging from secondary through postsecondary education. This study examines the following research question: On average, do females who select chemistry as compared to physics doctoral programs differ in their reported personal motivations and background factors prior to entering the field? This question is analyzed using variables in a logistic regression from the Project Crossover Survey data set...
Spatial Noise In Staring IR Focal Plane Arrays

Problems with nonuniformity correction algorithms due to nonlinear pixel response and 1/f noise have been shown previously to cause spatial noise which can be significantly greater than temporal noise. The residual spatial noise after correction cannot be reduced with time averaging. Because of spatial noise the sensitivity of staring FPA sensors is often less than predicted on the basis of the temporal noise of the individual elements. A review is given of methods for measuring and analyzing spatial noise (after nonuniformity correction) in staring infrared focal plane arrays. Automated measurement techniques are described briefly, including necessary equipment and data reduction procedures. An example of spatial noise measurements is given using a staring InSb Charge Injection Device(CID) array.