cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dichloroacetate toxicokinetics and disruption of tyrosine catabolism in B6C3F1 mice: dose-response relationships and age as a modifying factor

Dichloroacetate (DCA) is a rodent carcinogen commonly found in municipal drinking water supplies. Toxicokinetic studies have established that elimination of DCA is controlled by liver metabolism, which occurs by the cytosolic enzyme glutathione-S-transferase-zeta (GST-zeta). DCA is also a mechanism based inhibitor of GST-zeta, and a loss in GST-zeta enzyme activity occurs following repeated doses or prolonged drinking water exposures. GST-zeta is identical to an enzyme that is part of the tyrosine catabolism pathway known as maleylacetoacetate isomerase (MAAI). In this pathway, GST-zeta plays a critical role in catalyzing the isomerization of maleylacetoacetate to fumarylacetoacetate. Disruption of tyrosine catabolism has been linked to increased cancer risk in humans. We studied the elimination of i.v. doses of DCA to young (10 week) and aged (60 week) mice previously treated with DCA in their drinking water for 2 and 56 weeks, respectively. The diurnal change in blood concentrations of DCA was also monitored in mice exposed to three different drinking water concentrations of DCA (2.0, 0.5 and 0.05 g/l). Additional experiments measured the in vitro metabolism of DCA in liver homogenates prepared from treated mice given various recovery times following treatment. The MAAI activity was also measured in liver cytosol obtained from treated mice. Results indicated young mice were the most sensitive to changes in DCA elimination after drinking water treatment. The in vitro metabolism of DCA was decreased at all treatment rates. Partial restoration ( approximately 65% of controls) of DCA elimination capacity and hepatic GST-zeta activity occurred after 48 h recovery from 14 d 2.0 g/l DCA drinking water treatments. Recovery from treatments could be blocked by interruption of protein synthesis with actinomycin D. MAAI activity was reduced over 80% in liver cytosol from 10-week-old mice. However, MAAI was unaffected in 60-week-old mice. These results indicate that in young mice, inactivation and re-synthesis of GST-zeta is a highly dynamic process and that exogenous factors that deplete or reduce GST-zeta levels will decrease DCA elimination and may increase the carcinogenic potency of DCA. As mice age, the elimination capacity for DCA is less affected by reduced liver metabolism and mice appear to develop some toxicokinetic adaptation(s) to allow elimination of DCA at rates comparable to naive animals. Reduced MAAI activity alone is unlikely to be the carcinogenic mode of action for DCA and may in fact, only be important during the early stages of DCA exposure.
Familial association and frequency of learning disabilities in ADHD sibling pair families

In a sample of 235 families with at least two children with Attention-Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), the frequency and familial association of learning disabilities (LD) were assessed. Familiality was examined both between sibling pairs and between parents and their children. Two methods for defining LD, a discrepancy-based and a low-achievement model, were employed to examine the occurrence of LD in this sample. The specific types of LD examined included Reading Disability (RD), Math Disability (MD), and Writing Disability (WD). The prevalence rates were highest for RD, followed by WD then MD. The two definitions of LD yielded similar prevalence rates but identified different groups of children with vastly different IQ scores. Strong familial association was demonstrated for RD both between sibling pairs and between parents and children, with weaker association for WD. There was evidence of nonrandom mating for LD among parents, but not for ADHD or for ADHD + LD. Despite the high comorbidity of ADHD and LD among parents, the presence of ADHD in the parents did not predict child LD supporting independent familial factors underlying ADHD and LD.
Purine biosynthesis in Staphylococcus aureus.

The auxanographic analysis of 67 purine-dependent mutants and chromatographic analysis of their culture fluids were used to study purine biosynthesis in Staphylococcus aureus. The de novo biosynthesis of IMP from SAICAR, and the conversion of IMP to AMP and GMP were shown to occur via the conventional pathways reported for other organisms. Mutants blocked prior to the formation of SAICAR could not be differentiated by the tests used, and no substantial information on this portion of the pathway was obtained. The auxanographic characteristics of double mutants requiring both histidine and purines provided evidence that the sole route whereby S. aureus can convert AMP to IMP (and hence to GMP) is via those reactions of the histidine biosynthetic pathway leading to the formation of IGP and AICAR. In addition, we were able to mutationally separate AICAR transformylase and inosinocase; this separation has not been accomplished in other microorganisms.
Thermally and chemically induced failure in geomaterials

ABSTRACT Failure conditions in soils occurring during or as a result of heating or by altering their chemical environment appear to be strongly dependent on the history of the application of stress and temperature and or the chemical change. Several cases of such history leading to various modes of failure are identified and interpreted in terms of Thermal and Chemical Cam-Clay models. Particular attention is given to the influence of thermal variability on the coefficient of the critical state, M, or the angle of internal friction. A detailed analysis of the material history offers an explanation of an apparent confusion about whether the soil strength is decreased or increased by temperature. Dependence of failure conditions of clay on the ion concentration in pore water and on its acidity in the context of a landslide trigger mechanism are also discussed.
A randomized trial of iron deficiency testing strategies in hemodialysis patients.

A randomized trial of iron deficiency testing strategies in hemodialysis patients. Background Diagnosis of iron deficiency in hemodialysis patients is limited by the inaccuracy of commonly used tests. Reticulocyte hemoglobin content (CHr) is a test that has shown promise for improved diagnosis in preliminary studies. The purpose of this study was to compare iron management guided by serum ferritin and transferrin saturation to management guided by CHr. Methods A total of 157 hemodialysis patients from three centers were randomized to iron management based on (group 1) serum ferritin and transferrin saturation, or (group 2) CHr. Patients were followed for six months. Treatment with intravenous iron dextran, 100mg for 10 consecutive treatments was initiated if (group 1) serum ferritin Results There was no significant difference between groups in the final mean hematocrit or epoetin dose. The mean weekly dose of iron dextran was 47.7 ± 35.5mg in group 1 compared to 22.9 ± 20.5mg in group 2 ( P = 0.02). The final mean serum ferritin was 399.5 ± 247.6 ng/mL in group 1 compared to 304.7 ± 290.6 ng/mL in group 2 ( P Conclusions CHr is a markedly more stable analyte than serum ferritin or transferrin saturation, and iron management based on CHr results in similar hematocrit and epoetin dosing while significantly reducing IV iron exposure.
Magnetic field effects on the fluorescence of mutant strains of Rhodopseudomonas capsulata

Abstract The magnetic field effects on bacteriochlorophyll fluorescence in six strains of Rhodopseudomonas capsulata were investigated. All strains exhibit an increase in fluorescence upon application of a magnetic field. Large magnetic field effects are shown to arise in mutants which contain the B800–850 complex as the only bacteriochlorophyll-containing protein. These fluorescence increases are observed only with carotenoid excitation and are best described by a carotenoid singlet heterofission mechanism. Variations in the magnitudes of the magnetic field effects for the Rps. capsulata strain arise from energy differences in the excited states of the molecules involved in the process. In order to determine the contribution from reaction centers to the magnetic field effects observed in the mutants which contain all three pigment-protein complexes, reaction centers were isolated from these strains. The reaction center contribution to the magnetic field effect on fluorescence in whole cells was determined to be smaller than the antenna contribution when carotenoid excitation was employed.
Fusion of nasal swellings in the mouse embryo: surface coat and initial contact.

The nasal region of 12-day-old mouse embryos was examined with the electron microscope to determine whether a surface coat and membrane specializations are involved in epithelial fusion between the medial and lateral nasal swellings. Ruthenium red was used to examine the distribution of the surface coat. Prior to contact, a surface coat is always present over the epithelial linings of the nasal swellings in the region of presumptive fusion, and it is often heavier in the fusing than in the non-fusing regions. At the point of initial contact, the coat is present as a thin film between touching superficial cells, suggesting that it may mediate epithelial contact. The initial contact between the cells of the medial and lateral nasal swellings is made by short projections from one superficial cell to the surface of an opposing superficial cell. These points of contact then broaden into larger areas until the entire free membranes of opposing superficial cells meet. The contacting membranes, which are separated by a distance of approximately 6–10 nm and show an increased electron-density, probably provide a firm adhesion between the nasal swellings.
Origin of genes encoding multi-enzymatic proteins in eukaryotes

Abstract In several biosynthetic pathways of eukaryotes, multiple steps are catalyzed by enzymes physically linked as domains of multi-enzymatic proteins. The same steps in prokaryotes are frequently carried out by mono-enzymatic proteins. If genes encoding mono-enzymatic proteins are the precursors to those genes encoding multi-enzymatic proteins, how these genes fused remains an open question. However, the recent discovery of a cleavage-polyadenylation signal within an intron of the GART gene provides clues to this process and might also have more general implications for the origin of genes that contain alternative RNA processing reactions at their 5′ or 3′ ends.
Two sub-carriers multiplexed millimeter wave generation using Mach-Zehnder modulators

In order to generate optical millimeter wave signals, two cascaded Mach-Zehnder modulators (MZMs) are utilized. The first MZM modulates electric signals in the form of single side-band. Optical single side-band (OSSB) approach is a method to overcome the fiber chromatic dispersion effect for long distance communications. Two OSSB channels' frequencies are then upgraded to 60 GHz band in the optical domain. RF power adjustment is critical to decrease unwanted harmonics' interference effect. Simulation model is examined for two 60 GHz sub-bands transmission. The study is done for a single mode fiber with attenuation of 0.1 dB/km, and chromatic dispersion factor of 16 ps/(nm·km). Results are presented and the performance of the suggested approach is discussed.
Effects of changing stomatal width in a red pine forest on soil water content, leaf water potential, bole diameter, and growth.

Spraying a 16 meter tall stand of red pine ( Pinus resinosa Ait.) with 10 −3 m phenylmercuric acetate in early June and again in mid-July resulted in the water use between June 1 and October 25 being reduced by almost 10%. It was demonstrated that this was caused by an increase in the leaf resistance with partial stomatal closure, which reduced absolute water potential in the needles by 1 to 3 bars in the middle of the day. Smaller demands were made upon the reserves of water in the bole of the tree as shown by the smaller bole contraction in the treated trees. Although needle length and dry weight were unaffected by the spray, radial growth was reduced by approximately 32%. The dependence of leaf resistance on light intensity is shown, and its independence from leaf water potential discussed.
Evaluation of sodium l-thyroxine (T4) requirement in replacement therapy of hypothyroidism

Sodium- l -thyroxine (T4) was utilized in the treatment of 15 pediatric patients with hypothyroidism. Adequacy of replacement therapy was confirmed by clinical evaluation in conjunction with determination of serum thyroxine, tri-iodothyronine, and thyrotropin concentrations. Daily dose of thyroxine capable of inducing clinical and biochemical euthyroidism ranged from 2.5 to 5 μg/kg of body weight with a mean of 3.5±0.3 μg in the 4- to 17-year-old age group. Two infants with congenital hypothyroidism diagnosed before 10 days of age thrived normally with 50 μg of thyroxine daily. These observations imply that physiologic requirements of thyroxine are distinctly lower than previously recommended dosages. Further studies to establish more precise therapeutic guidelines are needed.
Study of process data in autothermal reforming of LPG using multivariate data analysis

Abstract Autothermal reforming of LPG was studied in a fixed-bed reactor by varying controlled parameters, such as reforming temperature, steam-to-carbon ratio (S/C), oxygen-to-carbon ratio (O/C) and catalyst. The conditions tested were two nickel-based catalysts, at 680–820 °C, with S/C of 0.30–1.9 and O/C of 0.64–1.4. In addition to controlled variables, it was found vapor composition of LPG withdrawn were not constant at different levels of tank exhaustion. The fuel vapor contained more heavy components and odorant—ethyl mercaptan as the bottle approached empty. Multivariate data analysis method, projections to latent structures (PLS), provided quantitative analysis of the effects of temperature, S/C, O/C, fuel composition and catalyst activity on reformate gas composition. Temperature, S/C and O/C were found to be the most important parameters for fuel conversion and avoiding carbon deposition. Sulfur poisoning by odorant was the main cause of catalyst deactivation. Composition of hydrocarbons in LPG vapor was shown to affect the autothermal reforming process, but the influence was less significant. Under test conditions, reformate gas composition generally approached equilibrium. The kinetically controlled methane reduction was well predicted by a PLS regression model.
Significance of monosulcate pollen abundance in Mesozoic sediments

Monosulcate pollen was produced by at least six plant orders in the Mesozoic. Megafossils of these orders are abundant in many Mesozoic sediments, but dispersed monosulcate pollen grains are commonly less than 10% of total sporomorphs (spores and pollen) in a sample. This paper presents possible explanations for the different relative frequencies of megafossils and pollen grains of monosulcate-producing plants (some of the explanations apply to only a few taxa): fragility of the pollen exines, destruction of the pollen on the plant by insects, poor pollen dispersal because of zoophily and small plant size, and, probably most importantly, overrepresentation of the plants by their generally deciduous leaves. Mesozoic monosulcate pollen was different in several ways from pollen of modern gymnosperms; furthermore, monosulcate-producing plants were not as abundant in the Mesozoic vegetation as has been generally thought.
Aromaticity vs Stoichiometry

The reference species used to evaluate the resonance energy (RE) are optimized so as to make them completely free of any type of resonance, strain, hyperconjugation, differences in the types of bonds and hybridization, etc. This is achieved by introducing a fictive set of energies of the reference species referred to as the "equilibrium" energies. The latter are determined by requiring the energy change of any conceivable reaction involving the reference species to be zero and employing an optimization procedure similar to the least-squares method. It is shown further that the RE defined in terms of "equilibrium" energies of the reference species have the remarkable property of being independent of the stoichiometry of the reactions used to evaluate the RE.
A resource‐based view of interrelationships among organizational groups in the diversified firm

A diversified firm has a number of advantages because it operates in different product or market areas. One of these advantages is based on the potential to develop interrelationships among organizational groups or units in the same firm (intra-organizational linkages). Interrelationships between distinct but related organizational groups represent opportunities for synergy. These opportunities to reduce cost or enhance differentiation through connections between resources are termed tangible and intangible interrelationships. These interactions between activities and skills or know-how of different organizational groups are described as inter-unit interrelationships or internal resource sharing. This paper presents a resource-based view of inter-unit interrelationships in the diversified firm (i.e., intra-organizational linkages). An understanding of resources is central to recognizing how value can be captured when activities and skills or know-how are shared between organizational units. It is important to consider: How resources are utilized; How resources are accumulated; How resources are linked together (bundles of assets). The resources and capabilities that exist as well as those that will be needed in the future must be considered. Strategy and resources must be aligned to achieve synergy (combined effects) and competitive advantage. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Researchers and the Media

To the Editor. —I was surprised that Drs Wilkes and Kravitz 1 failed to address the most dangerous negative effect of public dissemination of research. The media process moves published research out of the arena of scientific communication and into the realm of "news." While the published journal article has undergone peer review for scientific value, the intent of scientific communication is to broaden the base of knowledge for others in the same field, giving them an opportunity to replicate and expand on the published findings. Dissemination in the lay press bypasses this second layer of peer scrutiny and moves the newest and flashiest findings into the public domain. When the subject matter is clinical, media exposure provides an imprimatur, suggesting that the stated conclusions should become integrated into clinical practice. This is a strong temptation both for the physician and for the lay person, who now expresses concern about
Latent profile analysis of healthy schizotypy within the extended psychosis phenotype.

Abstract Converging evidence suggests that psychosis exists on a continuum, and that even mentally "healthy" individuals may experience subclinical psychotic experiences. However, little research has examined the subjective and psychological well-being of individuals in the putatively healthy end of the continuum. This study explored the latent profile structure of schizotypy in a non-clinical sample and compared subjective and psychological well-being across schizotypy profiles. Latent profile analysis was conducted on participants' responses ( N =420) to the Oxford-Liverpool Inventory of Feelings and Experiences. Six latent profiles emerged: Low Schizotypy, Average, High Schizotypy, High Unusual Experiences (UE), High Introvertive Anhedonia, and High Introvertive Anhedonia/Cognitive Disorganization. Individuals in the profile characterized by high UE without negative, disorganized or impulsive features tended to endorse similar levels of well-being as the Average and Low Schizotypy profiles. With some exceptions, all three profiles also demonstrated significantly greater subjective and psychological well-being when compared to negative/disorganized schizotypy profiles. The UE profile most closely aligns with previous conceptualizations of "healthy schizotypy." Future research should investigate how individuals in this profile make sense of unusual or ambiguous experiences that may lead to distress in clinical populations.
Correlates and phenomenology of first and third person memories

The present research addressed fundamental questions about the visual perspective of autobiographical memories: Are stable personality characteristics associated with visual perspective? Does visual perspective influence the memory's phenomenological qualities? Participants in Study 1 (N=1684) completed individual-difference measures and indicated the perspective from which they generally retrieve memories. Participants in Study 2 (N=706) retrieved a memory from their natural or manipulated perspective, rated its phenomenology, and completed the same individual-difference measures. Dissociation and anxiety were associated with third person retrieval style; the Big Five personality traits were primarily unrelated to perspective. Compared to third person memories, naturally occurring first person memories were higher on Vividness, Coherence, Accessibility, Sensory Detail, Emotional Intensity, and Time Perspective, and lower on Distancing; manipulating perspective eliminated these differences. Visual perspective is associated with clinically relevant constructs and, although associated with the memory's phenomenology, perspective does not shape it.
Electron-transfer pathway for photoinduced Diels–Alder cycloadditions

Abstract The photoinduced [4 + 2] cycloadditions of anthracene to maleic anhydride and various maleimides yield the Diels–Alder adducts in high (chemical) yields. Analysis of the efficiency of these photoreactions as a function of the dienophile concentration leads to limiting quantum efficiencies of Φ = 0.014 and Φ = 0.16 for maleic anhydride and N -(pentafluorophenyl)maleimide, respectively. Picosecond time-resolved spectroscopy reveals the one-electron transfer from excited (singlet) anthracene to the dienophile acceptor (resulting in the formation of anthracene cation radical and dienophile anion radical) as the critical step prior to cycloaddition. Competition between coupling, back-electron transfer and dissociation of the ion-radical pair which depends on the solvent polarity and the presence of added (inert) salt, limits the quantum yields of adduct formation.
Spanish Language Training for Law Enforcement Officers: Study Aid Use, Motivation, and Need to Use Correlate with Vocabulary Retention

Job-related Spanish courses are available across the country for a variety of professions. Blandino and Rivardo (Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology 21(2):68–82, 2006) assessed the effectiveness of the Officer Safety and Communication Spanish Level I (OSCSLI) (Alentado 1995) course for law enforcement officers, but did not have data beyond 6-months post course and were unable to fully assess potential benefits of study aid use. In a follow-up study, 200 law enforcement officers completed a questionnaire and quiz up to 10 years following course completion. Those who used study aids had higher quiz scores than those who did not. Multiple regression analyses indicated that past need to use Spanish and motivation to learn Spanish were significant predictors of quiz performance, further supporting long term course effectiveness.
Factors impacting on the evolution of military computers

This paper will trace Army experience in ADP for the combat environment, with emphasis on the role of software as a factor in influencing computer organization and design. Early Army activity on militarized computers resulted in the Fieldata family of computers, a modular hierarchy of ADP equipment. Subsequently, software considerations and the evolution of functional requirements resulted in extended use of commercially available computers mounted in vehicles. The balance between central electronic logic and peripheral capability is central to the design of militarized computers, but constraints of size, weight and ruggedness have greatly limited the processing capability of fieldable peripheral equipment. The systems acquisition process also impacts on the available characteristics of militarized computers.
Determination of the Electric-Field-Gradient Tensor at the Arsenic Site in K H 2 As O 4 by Proton Relaxation Measurements

Crossover contact of protons and arsenic in K${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$As${\mathrm{O}}_{4}$ below the ferroelectric transition temperature ${T}_{C}=96$\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K makes a significant contribution to the proton spin-lattice relaxation rate. The decrease in proton relaxation time occurs at those values of the applied magnetic field and crystal orientation at which the proton transition frequency is equal to one of the arsenic transition frequencies. It is found that the observed crossover pattern can be reproduced with considerable precision by a calculation based on a model of the electric-field-gradient tensor at the arsenic site which is suggested by the crystal structure in the ordered state. The comparison with experimental data yields a value of the electric quadrupole coupling constant equal to 34.8 Mc/sec at 77\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. These results are difficult to determine by direct observation of the arsenic resonance because only the \textonehalf{} to -\textonehalf{} transition is observable. The orientation of the principal axes and the value of the asymmetry parameter are described.
BLOOD FLOW SHEAR RATES IN ARTERIOLES OF SPONTANEOUSLY HYPERTENSIVE RATS AT EARLY AND ESTABLISHED STAGES OF HYPERTENSION

Alterations of blood rheological properties can affect blood flow shear rates and therefore alter changes in the interactions between blood and vascular wall components during the development of hypertension. This study was done to evaluate alterations of blood flow shear rates in resistance vessels during the development of genetic hypertension in rats. In the current study, measurements were carried out on spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) during an early (3 weeks of age) and an established stage (12 weeks of age) of hypertension development. Age matched normotensive Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rats were used as controls. Intravital television microscopy was used to quantitate blood flow shear rates in first-(1A), second-(2A) and third-order (3A) arterioles of the cremaster muscle. In the young SHRs mean arterial blood pressure was not different from age matched WKY rats, but there was a significant increase of shear rate values in all observed (1A, 2A, 3A) arterioles of SHRs. However, shear rate values were significantly less in arterioles (1A, 2A, 3A) of SHRs with an established hypertension compared to the 3-week-old SHR group. We conclude that shear rates are elevated in resistance vessels prior to an increase in mean arterial pressure during the development of genetic hypertension. These results suggest that a change in blood rheology may cause a change in peripheral vascular resistance and thus contribute to the pathogenesis of hypertension.
Distribution of polar cod and age-0 fish in the U.S. Beaufort Sea

Little is known about species composition, distribution, and abundance of pelagic fish in the U.S. portion of the Beaufort Sea continental shelf and slope. To inventory the community and describe pelagic fish distributions relative to water characteristics, a systematic survey was conducted in August 2008. Acoustics (38 kHz), midwater trawling, and CTD casts were used to sample water depths from 20 to 500 m. Age-1+ polar cod (Boreogadus saida) was the dominant fish species, with peak densities of 155,000 # ha−1 at bottom depths of 100–350 m. Age-0 fish (polar cod, sculpin (Cottidae family), and eelblenny (Lumpenus sp.)), dominated the pelagic biomass at bottom depths between 20 and 75 m, with peak densities of 160,000 # ha−1, but were also found in surface waters at bottom depths >75 m. Age-1+ polar cod were associated with cold, saline waters likely of Chukchi Sea origin and mirrored published foraging distributions for beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas). Conversely, age-0 fish were found in warm, fresher water, likely of ice melt and/or riverine origin, throughout the study area. This study provides a necessary baseline for the development of Arctic assessment surveys and management plans for polar cod.
Air-generated electron contamination of 4 and 10 MV photon beams: a comparison of theory and experiment

The contribution to the surface dose of contaminant electrons produced in air is studied for the photon beams of the Clinac 4 and Clinac 18 by measuring the change in per cent surface ionisation when a portion of the air path is replaced by helium. Measurements are made both with and without a magnetic field to sweep away electrons produced in the jaws. The measured changes are compared with the predictions of the theory of Nilsson and Brahme and also with the theory of Howarth et al, modified for the photon spectrum.
The impacts of molecular motor traffic jams

Much of a modern person's day is spent trying to get from point A to point B. So, too, in the cell, much time and energy is expended on shuttling organelles, protein complexes, and mRNA, called “cargos,” from point A to point B. We know that vehicle traffic slows down when roads get jammed with high-volume congestion. The traffic analogy begs the question: Do cellular highways get jammed? This is the question being probed by Leduc et al. in PNAS (1).
Central pontine myelinolysis

Central pontine myelinolysis (CPM), a neurologic disorder caused most frequently by rapid correction of hyponatremia, is characterized by demyelination that affects the central portion of the base of the pons. There are no inflammatory changes, and blood vessels are normal. Clinical features usually reflect damage to the descending motor tracts and include spastic tetraparesis, pseudobulbar paralysis, and the locked-in syndrome. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain, the imaging procedure of choice, shows an area of prolonged T1 and T2 relaxation in the central pons, which may have a characteristic shape. Recovery varies, ranging from no improvement to substantial improvement. To avoid CPM, correction of serum sodium in patients with hyponatremia should not exceed 12 mEq/24 h. We describe a case of CPM in a hyponatremic patient who presented with a cerebellar syndrome with no pyramidal tract involvement and in whom the rate of correction of serum sodium was within the recommended limits.
Modified Trap Designs and Heights for Increased Capture of Japanese Beetle Adults (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)

Several trap designs and trap heights were tested on a golf course for effectiveness of capture of Japanese beetle ( Popillia japonica Newman) adults. A single Trece trap top or four Trece trap tops (each with quarter-strength lures) on 121-liter trash container collection bases caught significantly more beetles than a standard Trece trap or a large vane trap on a 121-liter container. Traps with a single Trece trap top on a 121-liter container also caught significantly more beetles than a standard Trece trap when both types were emptied daily to determine if captured beetles were influencing trap capture. Significantly more beetles were captured by traps with trap collection funnel rims at 13 cm compared with rims at 90 cm above the ground.
Think science!: entertainment education in interactive theaters

In February 2003, the JASON Foundation for Education supportedan interactive show, the Immersion Institutes Exploration: SeaLions, intended to enhance childrens understanding ofscience; it played at three different theaters throughout the US.The production, provided by Immersion Studios Inc., involved about2000 students, mostly from ages 9 to 14. During the two-week event,a random sample of students and their teachers participated in anassessment of the show, including aspects of usability,entertainment experience, and impact on learning. About a monthlater, a follow-up was undertaken to complete the evaluation.Results demonstrate that the show was highly appreciated by boththe participating students and teachers: The usability aspect ofthe show was satisfying; the technology was found to be suitablefor all age groups involved, and the entertainment experience wasclearly intense. Students reported a high learning impact; thisopinion was reinforced by the teachers. The follow-up results,however, did not provide proof of long-lasting recall of factsembedded in the show. But it did provide some surprising evidencethat students gained detailed knowledge about show-related facts,raising the question whether such a show can be used to makestudents become more interested in a topic.
Dynamic bioprocessing and microfluidic transport control with smart magnetic nanoparticles in laminar-flow devices.

In the absence of applied forces, the transport of molecules and particulate reagents across laminar flowstreams in microfluidic devices is dominated by the diffusivities of the transported species. While the differential diffusional properties between smaller and larger diagnostic targets and reagents have been exploited for bioseparation and assay applications, there are limitations to methods that depend on these intrinsic size differences. Here a new strategy is described for exploiting the sharply reversible change in size and magnetophoretic mobility of “smart” magnetic nanoparticles (mNPs) to perform bioseparation and target isolation under continuous flow processing conditions. The isolated 5 nm mNPs do not exhibit significant magnetophoretic velocities, but do exhibit high magnetophoretic velocities when aggregated by the action of a pH-responsive polymer coating. A simple external magnet is used to magnetophorese the aggregated mNPs that have captured a diagnostic target from a lower pH laminar flowstream (pH 7.3) to a second higher pH flowstream (pH 8.4) that induces rapid mNP disaggregation. In this second dis-aggregated state and flowstream, the mNPs continue to flow past the magnet rather than being immobilized at the channel surface near the magnet. This stimuli-responsive reagent system has been shown to transfer 81% of a model protein target from an input flowstream to a second flowstream in a continuous flow H-filter device.
A non-spectral representation of shift semigroups

A non-spectral representation of a continuous shift overL 2(0, ∞) is presented, using an interplay between the semigroup, its associated discrete shift operator and the shifted orthonormal basis generated by the latter.
Microduplication of 4p16.3 Due to an Unbalanced Translocation Resulting in a Mild Phenotype

With the widespread clinical use of comparative genomic hybridization chromosomal microarray technology, several previously unidentified clinically significant submicroscopic chromosome abnormalities have been discovered. Specifically, there have been reports of clinically significant microduplications found in regions of known microdeletion syndromes. In general, these microduplications have distinct features from those described in the corresponding microdeletion syndromes. We present a 5 1 /2-year-old patient with normal growth, borderline normal IQ, borderline hypertelorism, and speech and language delay who was found to have a submicroscopic 2.3Mb terminal duplication involving the two proposed Wolf– Hirschhorn syndrome (WHS) critical regions at chromosome 4p16.3. This duplication was the result of a maternally inherited reciprocal translocation involving the breakpoints 4p16.3 and 17q25.3. Our patient’s features aredistinctfromthosedescribed inWHSandarenotassevereasthosedescribedinpartialtrisomy 4p. There are two other patients in the medical literature with 4p16.3microduplications ofsimilarsizealso involvingtheWHS criticalregions.Ourpatientshowsclinicaloverlapwiththesetwo patients, although overall her features are milder than what has been previously described. Our patient’s features expand the knowledge of the clinical phenotype of a 4p16.3 microduplication and highlight the need for further information about it. � 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
SUNSHINE: a multi-domain sensor network simulator

In this paper, we describe the design and implementation of SUNSHINE, a scalable hardware-software simulator for sensornet applications. SUNSHINE captures the performance of network protocols, software and hardware up to cycle-level accuracy. SUNSHINE solves challenging design problems, including data exchanges and time synchronization across different simulation domains and simulation accuracy levels. SUNSHINE also provides hardware specification scheme for simulating flexible and customized hardware designs. An experiment demonstrates that SUNSHINE is an efficient tool for sensornet prototyping.
Using 15N tracers to estimate N2O and N2 emissions from nitrification and denitrification in coastal plain wetlands under contrasting land-uses

Microbial nitrification and denitrification both can emit nitrous oxide (N2O), a major greenhouse gas, and the relative contribution of each pathway depends strongly on soil moisture conditions. We conducted a stable isotope tracer experiment to determine the contribution of nitrification and denitrification to N2O and dinitrogen (N2) fluxes in coastal plain wetlands, and to determine the response of these processes to changing soil moisture. We added 15N-labeled nitrate (NO3−) or ammonium (NH4+) to intact soil cores collected from an agricultural field, a restored wetland, and a preserved forested wetland, and subjected the cores to a drying or wetting hydrologic manipulation. Across all soils and treatments, the combined fluxes of N2O and N2 ranged widely, between 0.23 and 2900 μg N m−2 h−1, and N2O accounted for as little as 0% to as much as 43% of the total gaseous nitrogen (N) fluxes. Fluxes of both gases increased with increasing soil moisture in all soils and tracer treatments, but the relative enhancement of the two gases varied by soil type and N source. The N2O yields [N2O/(N2O + N2)] derived from both nitrification and denitrification were low (1–3%) in five of eight soils in each tracer experiment. Surprisingly, nitrification-derived N2O yields were highest (13–31%) in soils with the highest organic matter and soil moisture (restored wetland under simulated rain and forested wetland under drained and simulated rain), while denitrification-derived N2O yields (12–36%) were highest under simulated rain in the two mineral soils (agricultural field and mineral soils of the restored wetland), and under drained conditions in the forested wetland. These results are consistent with field-measured N2O fluxes in our previous work in these sites. We suggest that nitrification plays an important and underappreciated role in contributing to N2O fluxes from freshwater wetlands with often-saturated, acid-organic soils, while incomplete denitrification is the likely source of N2O following rain events in agricultural soils in southeastern U.S. coastal plain wetlands.
A review of the experimental results on impurity centers in elemental semiconductors obtained by μSR and other techniques

Selected electron paramagnetic resonance studies of defect centers in group IV semiconductors are reviewed. Features of this research which are useful in analyzing the nature of normal and anomalous muonium (Mu and Mu*) in these crystals are pointed out, and a moderately specific model of Mu and Mu* is presented and compared to studies of hydrogen in silicon and germanium.
L-band phased array antennas for mobile satellite communications

The planar phased array, due to its low profile and beam agility, has been proposed as one of the land vehicle antennas for the U.S. Mobile Satellite Experiment (MSAT-X) program. The objective is to develop medium gain satellite tracking antennas (as versus omni low gain antennas) that will alleviate the spacecraft power burden through higher gain, and enable multiple-satellite operation in the same frequency band through narrower beam. In addition, this narrower beam can spatially filter out a significant portion of the undesired multipath component. The major challenges are to seek technologies that will minimize the antenna insertion loss, achieve accurate beam pointing with sufficient inter-satellite isolation, and minimize the antenna production cost.
Analog versus discrete shifts of attention across the visual field

Two discrimination experiments were run to investigate analog versus discrete properties of a shift of visual spatial attention. Central cuing was used in Experiment 1, whereas peripheral cuing was used in Experiment 2. Presentation of a probe stimulus between fixation and the target (Distance 1), opposite fixation from the target (Distance 3), or away from an imaginary line running from the target through fixation (Distance 2) permitted a fine-grained analysis of attention at those loci across target-probe delays. D-prime analyses in both experiments suggest that attention is shifted in a discrete manner between locations. Sensitivity to probes was generally greater when the probe was aligned with the target and fixation, with Distance 3 equal to Distance 1, than when it was away (at Distance 2). Analysis of sensitivity to targets across cue-probe delays suggests that attention was directed to the probe upon its appearance.
Phylogeographic breaks in low-dispersal species: the emergence of concordance across gene trees.

Computer simulations were used to investigate population conditions under which phylogeographic breaks in gene genealogies can be interpreted with confidence to infer the existence and location of historical barriers to gene flow in continuously distributed, low-dispersal species. We generated collections of haplotypic gene trees under a variety of demographic scenarios and analyzed them with regard to salient genealogical breaks in their spatial patterns. In the first part of the analysis, we estimated the frequency in which the spatial location of the deepest phylogeographic break between successive pairs of populations along a linear habitat coincided with a spatial physical barrier to dispersal. Results confirm previous reports that individual gene trees can show ‘haphazard’ phylogeographic discontinuities even in the absence of historical barriers to gene flow. In the second part of the analysis, we assessed the probability that pairs of gene genealogies from a set of population samples agree upon the location of a geographical barrier. Our findings extend earlier reports by demonstrating that spatially concordant phylogeographic breaks across independent neutral loci normally emerge only in the presence of longstanding historical barriers to gene flow. Genealogical concordance across multiple loci thus becomes a deciding criterion by which to distinguish between stochastic and deterministic causation in accounting for phylogeographic discontinuities in continuously distributed species.
Santa Monica’s Minimum Wage: Assessing the Living Wage Movement’s New Frontier

Local campaigns to create high minimum wages in submetropolitan districts have become a growing part of the living wage movement. In this article, the authors examine the structure and likely effects of an ambitious minimum wage ordinance adopted by the Santa Monica City Council in 2001 but narrowly defeated in a citywide referendum in November 2002. Using a range of data sources, the authors find that the ordinance would have had negative, but surprisingly mixed, effects on local business sectors and highly perverse distributional effects. Apart from their merits as policy, local minimum wage laws raise important, little-studied questions for labor and urban economists.
Estimation of maximum transdermal flux of nonionized xenobiotics from basic physicochemical determinants.

An ability to estimate the maximum flux of a xenobiotic across skin is desirable from the perspective of both drug delivery and toxicology. While there is an abundance of mathematical models describing the estimation of drug permeability coefficients, there are relatively few that focus on the maximum flux. This article reports and evaluates a simple and easy-to-use predictive model for the estimation of maximum transdermal flux of xenobiotics based on three common molecular descriptors: logarithm of octanol–water partition coefficient, molecular weight and melting point. The use of all three can be justified on the theoretical basis oftheir influence on the solute aqueous solubility and the partitioning into the stratum corneum lipid domain. The model explains 81% of the variability in the permeation data set composed of 208 entries and can be used to obtain a quick estimate of maximum transdermal flux when experimental data is not readily available.
Perspectives and Prospects for Whole Cell Catalysis

The ability of intact cells to perform chemical transformations has been periodically harnessed when technological, application, and market drivers have aligned. An example is the discovery of the therapeutic benefits of steroids and the realization that some cells could be used to perform selective oxidations that simplified existing multistep syntheses. The aim of the article is to provide some perspective on whole cell catalysis by first looking back at some approaches and successes such as steroid synthesis. Then, an attempt will be made to assess what productive applications lay ahead as well as the challenges that need to be addressed.
TU‐G‐217A‐03: Validation of Diffusion Spectrum Imaging (DSI)‐Derived Crossing Fiber Angles Using a Novel Phantom and Post‐Processing

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to build diffusion phantoms and employ post‐processing techniques for validating the diffusion spectrum imaging (DSI)‐derived fiber orientation distribution function (ODF) in the crossing regions. Methods: To establish a ground truth, we constructed a phantom with a fixed crossing fiber configuration of 45° and another with 3 crossing fibers at 60°. Phantom construction involved hollow plastic capillaries which were filled with water and wrapped around a plastic plate to form a number of interleaved parallel layers resulting in fibers crossing at the desired angle. We also implemented a technique to de‐convolve the response function of an individual peak from the overall ODF. The technique involves representing a DSI derived ODF with its spherical harmonic coefficients and performing the de‐convolution using the Funk‐ Hecke theorem. Unlike the methodology in which deconvolution is applied to the spherical q‐ball signal by Descoteaux et. al, (2009), our method applies it directly on the ODF derived from DSI.DSI data was acquired on the phantom on a Philips 3.0 T Intera scanner (with SENSE Flex M coil) using spin‐echo echo‐planar imaging (EPI) sequence with b‐value of 6000 and 515 sampling points. Results: Our deconvolution methodology greatly improves the angular resolution of the otherwise un‐resolvable peaks in the ODF. Quantification of a crossing region with 10±10 pixels in the 45° and 60° phantoms resulted in a successful detection with mean ± sd of 44.6°±1.6° and 59.4°±6.8° respectively, while simultaneously sharpening the ODFs in regions containing single fibers. Conclusions: We developed a diffusion phantom with 3 crossing fibers for the first time. Our proposed methodologies significantly improved the angular accuracy of the crossing fibers and are applicable to ODFs obtained from other high angular resolutiondiffusion imaging such as Q ball imaging.