cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Keiyo Cattle Raiding, Kechui Mathematics and Science Education: What do They Have in Common?

In the context of globalization, indigenous educational systems of endangered cultures are faced with extinction. Biologists recognize that biodiversity is dependent upon sustaining and promoting knowledge and values of indigenous cultures. Education researchers have a similar responsibility — to promulgate educational diversity before several thousand years of valuable educational knowledge is extirpated. This paper presents the Keiyo of Kenya who have a rich educational system. Its focus is on an indigenous game, Kechui (using calculations to sharpen your mind), based on cattle raiding, and the Keiyos' use of the game for learning mixed strategy-based probabilistic problem solving. Kechui may also have international potential for teaching probabilistic problem solving in contemporary mathematics and science, especially genetics.
Effects of mat morphology on large Sargassum-associated fishes: observations from a remotely operated vehicle (ROV) and free-floating video camcorders

Vagile large juvenile and adult fishes are often under-represented in traditional sampling of Sargassum–associated fishes in the open ocean. We used underwater video recordings from free-floating camcorders and a remotely operated vehicle (ROV) to assess the relative abundance of large mobile fishes under large Sargassum mats (> 10 m diameter), under dispersed clumps of Sargassum (< 1 m diameter), and in open water without Sargassum as a reference. In addition, we conducted dipnet sampling in each Sargassum treatment for a comparison to traditional methods. All samples were obtained in September 1992 along the western wall of the Gulf Stream off Cape Hatteras, North Carolina. A total of 31 fish taxa were identified from both video and dipnet collections. Only 8 taxa were identified in both video and dipnet collections, while 11 taxa were seen only in video and 10 were only found in dipnet collections. Dipnet collections were dominated by juvenile balistids and other small, cryptic fishes, while the video observations were mainly of larger, rapidly-moving carangids. Fish diversity increased with the amount of continuous Sargassum habitat: four taxa were observed when no Sargassum was present, 12 under clumps, and 19 under mats. Our results indicated that mat morphology significantly affects the Sargassum–associated fishes, and that both video and traditional capture methods are complementary and should be used together to accurately census this community.
Loss of sterol metabolic homeostasis triggers inflammasomes — how and why

Proper regulation of sterol biosynthesis is critical for eukaryotic cellular homeostasis. Cholesterol and isoprenoids serve key roles in eukaryotic cells by regulating membrane fluidity and correct localization of proteins. It is becoming increasingly appreciated that dysregulated sterol metabolism engages pathways that lead to inflammation. Of particular importance are inflammasomes, which are multiplatform protein complexes that activate caspase-1 in order to process the pro-inflammatory and pyrogenic cytokines IL-1β and IL-18. In this review, we highlight recent research that links altered sterol biosynthetic pathway activity to inflammasome activation. We discuss how clues from human genetics have led to new insights into how alterations in isoprenoid biosynthesis connect to inflammation. We also discuss new mechanisms that show how macrophage cholesterol buildup can lead to inflammasome activation.
Long-term follow up data on difficult to treat intracranial arteriovenous malformations treated with the CyberKnife

Abstract Introduction The CyberKnife, a frameless, robotic, stereotactic device, has been developed to radiosurgically treat arteriovenous malformations (AVMs). While most AVMs are obliterated within two-to-three years, a subset remain recalcitrant; long-term data on these difficult to treat AVMs are limited in the neurosurgical literature. Materials and methods A retrospective analysis of all patients who underwent CyberKnife treatment for intracranial AVMs at a single U.S. institution between 2002 and 2012, whose AVMs had failed to obliterate within 48 months or longer from the treatment start date, were eligible for inclusion. Results Eleven patients (9 AVMs; 7 males, 2 females) were followed for an average of 85.2 months (range 56.2–119.4). The median lesion size was 3.5 cm (range: 2.8–8.0 cm) and median Spetzler-Martin grade was 3 (range: 2–5). All AVMs were treated with one radiation dose (median prescribed dose was 18.0 Gy; median Dmax: 23.7 Gy). Six (66.7%) were obliterated in a median time of 84 months (range: 52–94 months), while 3 (33.3%) remained active after a median of 90.8 months (range 69.7–119.4). Transient, post-radiosurgery adverse radiation effects occurred in 5 (55.6%) cases. One (11.1%) patient had an acute hemorrhage from the AVM after radiosurgery. Four (44.4%) patients underwent repeat radiosurgery and/or embolization. Three of these lesions eventually obliterated, while 1 did not. Conclusion The median time to obliteration was 84 months. Two-thirds of AVMs which persisted for over 4 years following initial radiosurgery treatment eventually obliterated. Transient post-radiosurgery adverse effects were common; delayed hemorrhages were rare in our case series.
Reinforcement learning with analogue memristor arrays

Reinforcement learning algorithms that use deep neural networks are a promising approach for the development of machines that can acquire knowledge and solve problems without human input or supervision. At present, however, these algorithms are implemented in software running on relatively standard complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor digital platforms, where performance will be constrained by the limits of Moore’s law and von Neumann architecture. Here, we report an experimental demonstration of reinforcement learning on a three-layer 1-transistor 1-memristor (1T1R) network using a modified learning algorithm tailored for our hybrid analogue–digital platform. To illustrate the capabilities of our approach in robust in situ training without the need for a model, we performed two classic control problems: the cart–pole and mountain car simulations. We also show that, compared with conventional digital systems in real-world reinforcement learning tasks, our hybrid analogue–digital computing system has the potential to achieve a significant boost in speed and energy efficiency. A reinforcement learning algorithm can be implemented on a hybrid analogue–digital platform based on memristive arrays for parallel and energy-efficient in situ training.
Family Dynamics at Dinner: A Natural Context for Revealing Basic Family Processes

The research presented in this chapter builds on two decades of ethological research about children and adults with special needs (primarily those with developmental disabilities, although linguistically precocious children have been studied as well) in a variety of naturalistic settings, including homes, schools, work settings, and social and recreational environments. This re­ search emphasizes the fact that the collective behavior observed in groups of key individuals is a powerful predictor of an individual’s behavior, both in the observed setting itself and in terms of developmental advances in social and adaptive behavior (e.g., Landesman, 1987; Landesman & Ramey, 1989; Landesman-Dwyer & Berkson, 1984; Landesman-Dwyer & Butterfield, 1983;Landesman-Dwyer, Stein, & Sackett, 1978; Sackett, Landesman-Dwyer, & Morin, 1981). The research presented in this chapter is drawn from an ongoing longitudinal study of a population-based sample of 400 middle-class families with typically developing school-age children. For these families, the construct of risk is defined in terms of family demographic variables and psychological dimensions of the family. The direct observations have been gathered to complement many types of self-reports and direct assessments of children and parents.
The epileptic network and cognition: What functional connectivity is teaching us about the childhood epilepsies.

Our objective was to summarize and evaluate the rapidly expanding body of literature studying functional connectivity in childhood epilepsy. In the self-limited childhood epilepsies, awareness of cognitive comorbidities has been steadily increasing, and recent advances in our understanding of the network effects of these disorders promise insights into the underlying neurobiology. We reviewed publications addressing functional connectivity in children with epilepsy with an emphasis on studies of children with self-limited childhood epilepsies. The majority of studies have been published in the past 10 years and predominantly examine childhood epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes and childhood absence epilepsy. Cognitive network alterations are commonly observed across the childhood epilepsies. Some of these effects appear to be nonspecific to epilepsy syndrome or even to category of neurological disorder. Other patterns, such as changes in the connectivity of cortical language areas in childhood epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes, provide clues to the underlying cognitive deficits seen in affected children. The literature to date is dominated by general observations of connectivity patterns without a priori hypotheses. These data-driven studies build an important foundation for hypothesis generation and are already providing useful insights into the neuropathology of the childhood epilepsies. Future work should emphasize hypothesis-driven approaches and rigorous clinical correlations to better understand how the knowledge of network alterations can be applied to guidance and treatment for the children in our clinics.
Abstract 1572: Inherited truncatingRAD52variant discovered using integrated germline- somatic analysis predicts clinical outcome in patients with lung cancers

Most of the heritability of lung cancer, estimated at 18% in population studies, remains unexplained. We employed a framework for variant interpretation utilizing integrated germline and somatic data.The lung cancer patients(pts) enrolled between 01/2014 and 05/2016 underwent sequencing analysis for 468 genes using MSK IMPACT with pathogenicity assessment performed using ACMG guidelines. Loss of heterozygosity (LOH) in tumor was inferred using the FACETS algorithm. A poorly characterized truncating variant was classified as “potential pathogenic variant” if we observed LOH of the relevant allele in the tumor and the gene was previously reported co-segregating in family studies or significant in genome wide association studies (GWAS). Frequencies of pathogenic germline variants were compared to population frequencies in the genome aggregation database (gnomAD).As per IRB protocol, germline results were anonymized for all cases. 2686 pts consented to tumor-normal sequencing of whom, 80% had lung adenocarcinoma, 10% squamous cell carcinoma and 5% small cell lung cancer diagnosis. We discovered a new truncating RAD52 p.Ser346Ter variant in 89 (3.3%) lung cancer patients; 47(53%) patients had LOH in tumor (23 pts with wild type allele loss and 24 patients with mutant allele loss). Previous lung cancer GWAS had reported common variants at the RAD52 locus as lung cancer susceptibility loci. The identified RAD52 truncating mutation may represent the functional variant within the risk haplotype. Clinico-pathological association with the RAD52 variant suggested that the mutation was more common in patients who had Citation Format: Semanti Mukherjee, Preethi Srinivasan, Chaitanya Bandlamudi, Matthew D. Hellmann, Vignesh Ravichandran, Myvizhi Esai Selvan, Yelena Kemel, Diana Mandelker, Marjorie Zauderer, Michael Walsh, Ahmet Zehir, Maria I Carlo, Karen Cadoo, Steven M Lipkin, Marc Ladanyi, David Solit, Mark Robson, Liying Zhang, David Jones, Charles Rudin, Robert Klein, Zsofia Stadler, Joseph Vijai, Zeynep Gumus, Barry Taylor, Michael Berger, Kenneth Kenneth. Inherited truncating RAD52 variant discovered using integrated germline- somatic analysis predicts clinical outcome in patients with lung cancers [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 1572.
The metabolite, alpha-ketoglutarate inhibits non-alcoholic fatty liver disease progression by targeting lipid metabolism

Abstract Background Non-alcoholic liver disease is of increased concern and contributing to economic burdens not only in developing countries but in developed countries as well. Identifying the biomarker of early diagnosis and early intervention approaches for non-alcoholic liver disease is unmet and required further investigation. Although the alpha-ketoglutarate (α-KG) is recently proposed to be a potential biomarker in differentiating patients with obesity from those with non-alcoholic liver disease, how α-ketoglutatate is involved in the fatty liver progression is not clear. Methods A high-fat diet (HFD) feeding animal model, liver functional assays, and molecular approaches were adopted to clarify the impact of α-KG in fatty liver progression. Results In the current study, it was found that dietary α-KG would inhibit weight gain in male and female mice fed with a normal chew or HFD. HFD feeding caused fatty liver in male mice, but α-KG treatment could substantially inhibit hepatic steatosis progression. Biochemical studies revealed the possible linkage of α-KG protective functions to lipid metabolism. Further analysis identified the important role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors in beneficial α-KG-mediated effects on fatty liver progression. Conclusions The current study demonstrates the therapeutic potential of α-KG and how it may be used, via dietary supplementation, as a preventive intervention for non-alcoholic liver disease in obese patients.
Identification of interdendritic phases in Ni30Cr weld metal with additions of tantalum and molybdenum using electron diffraction pattern and high-resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy image analysis

Abstract Ta-rich γ/MC eutectic is the predominant interdendritic constituent that forms upon solidification in Ni 30Cr weld metal with Ta and Mo additions. In addition, a very small amount of sigma phase (σ) forms on weld solidification. These terminal solidification constituents were investigated in detail by a combination of various methods in transmission electron microscopy (TEM): selected area electron diffraction (SAED) analysis and associated SAED pattern simulation, high-angle annular dark-field (HAADF) STEM imaging and associated image simulation, as well as energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (STEM-EDS). Ta-rich γ/MC and tetragonal sigma (σ) phase were observed based on acquisition, analysis and simulation of six SAED patterns by specimen tilt into six defined zone axis orientations. The presence of sigma (σ) phase was further validated and its atomic configuration was revealed by high-resolution HAADF-STEM imaging in combination with HAADF-STEM image simulation experiments.
The Influence of Obesity and Associated Fatty Acids on Placental Inflammation.

Abstract Purpose Maternal obesity, affecting nearly 1 in 4 pregnancies, is associated with increased circulating saturated fatty acids, such as palmitate. These fatty acids are implicated in placental inflammation, which may in turn exacerbate both maternal–fetal tolerance and responses to pathogens, such as group B Streptococcus. In this review, we address the question, “How do obesity and associated fatty acids influence placental inflammation?” Methods In this narrative review, we searched PubMed and Google Scholar using combinations of the key words placental inflammation or pregnancy and lipids, fatty acids, obesity, palmitate, or other closely related search terms. We also used references found within these articles that may have been absent from our original search queries. We analyzed methods and key results of these articles to compare and contrast their findings, which were occasionally at odds with each other. Findings Although obesity can be studied as a whole, complex phenomena with in vivo mouse models and human samples from patients with obesity, in vitro modeling often relies on the treatment of cells or tissues with ≥1 fatty acids and occasionally other compounds (eg, glucose and insulin). We found that palmitate, most commonly used in vitro to recreate hallmarks of obesity, induces apoptosis, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, autophagy defects, and inflammasome activation in many placental cell types. We compare this to in vivo models of obesity wherever possible. We found that obesity as a whole may have more complex regulation of these phenomena (apoptosis, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, autophagy defects, and inflammasome activation) compared with in vitro models of fatty acid treatment (primarily palmitate) because of the presence of unsaturated fatty acids (ie, oleate), which may have anti-inflammatory effects. Implications The interaction of unsaturated fatty acids with saturated fatty acids may ameliorate many inflammatory effects of saturated fatty acids alone, which complicates interpretation of in vitro studies that focus on a particular fatty acid in isolation. This complication may explain why certain studies of obesity in vivo have differing outcomes from studies of specific fatty acids in vitro.
Clinical availability of the copper IUD in rural versus urban settings: A simulated patient study

Abstract Objective To assess the proportion of Washington state clinics that offer the copper IUD in rural vs urban settings. Study design We employed a simulated patient model to survey clinics in the Human Health Resources and Services Administration 340B database to primarily assess the availability of the copper IUD. Results We successfully surveyed 194/212 (92%) clinics. More urban than rural clinics reported copper IUD availability (76/97 [78%] vs 49/97 [51%]; p Conclusions Rural clinics are less likely than urban clinics to have the copper IUD available. Implications The frequency of unintended pregnancies is high in the United States. We should focus our attention on decreasing barriers to the copper IUD as a long-acting reversible contraceptive, particularly for women living in rural settings.
Modeling interurban mentioning relationships in the U.S. Twitter network using geo-hashtags

Abstract Twitter users mention cities in the context of tourist attractions or events, such as protests or games, thus forming a network between cities from which they tweet and cities that they tweet about. This study tackles the challenge of explaining why users tweet about cities outside of their own by analyzing an underlying network of city mentions on Twitter. It applies graph theory as well as various measures of network connectivity such as indegree, hub score, and authority score to examine the prominence of individual cities in the Twitter landscape and the connection patterns between cities. Closely related to communication ties is the sentiment of tweets about other cities, which can be extracted from the text of tweets that contain geohashtags, i.e., hashtags with names of other cities. The effect of distance between cities on user sentiments towards cities will be explored. Furthermore, Quadratic Assignment Procedure (QAP) network regression will be used to build a general socio-demographic and geographic model that helps to identify which characteristics of city pairs, e.g. separation distance, or similarity in employment data or population, increase or decrease the likelihood of mentions between those cities. Findings show that distance and network size (compactness) are major determinants in communication ties between cities. City popularity, when measured by indegree, follows a power-law distribution, and is closely tied to population, GDP, or visitor numbers. Larger cities reveal a higher percentage of self-mentions than smaller cities, showing the high level of attention these metropolitan areas attract from Twitter users due to the many opportunities, events, and sights offered. Future research in the field of analysis of geotagged tweets can further extend the network regression model with new covariates.
Appetitive and aversive sensory preconditioning in rats is impaired by disruption of the postrhinal cortex.

Abstract Episodic memory involves binding stimuli and/or events together in time and place. Furthermore, memories become more complex when new experiences influence the meaning of stimuli within the original memory. Thus collectively, complex episodic memory formation and maintenance involves processes such as encoding, storage, retrieval, updating and reconsolidation, which can be studied using animal models of higher-order conditioning. In the present study aversive and appetitive sensory preconditioning paradigms were used to test the hypothesis that the postrhinal cortex (POR), which is a component of the hippocampal memory system, is involved in higher-order conditioning. Drawing on the known role of the POR in contextual learning, Experiment 1 employed a four-phase sensory preconditioning task that involved fear learning and context discrimination in rats with or without permanent lesions of the POR. In parallel, to examine POR function during higher-order conditioning in the absence of a particular spatial arrangement, Experiments 2 and 3 used a three-phase sensory preconditioning paradigm involving phasic stimuli. In Experiment 2, bilateral lesions of the POR were made and in Experiment 3, a chemogenetic approach was used to temporarily inactivate POR neurons during each phase of the paradigm. Evidence of successful sensory preconditioning was observed in sham rats which, during the critical context discrimination test, demonstrated higher levels of freezing behavior when re-exposed to the paired versus the unpaired context, whereas POR-lesioned rats did not. Data from the appetitive sensory preconditioning paradigm also confirmed the hypothesis in that during the critical auditory discrimination test, sham rats showed greater food cup responding following presentations of the paired compared to the unpaired auditory stimulus, whereas POR-lesioned rats did not. Lastly, in Experiment 3, when the POR was inactivated only during preconditioning or only during conditioning, discrimination during the critical auditory test was impaired. Thus, regardless of whether stimulus-stimulus associations were formed between static or phasic stimuli or whether revaluation of the paired stimulus occurred through association with an aversive or an appetitive unconditioned stimulus, the effects were the same; POR lesions disrupted the ability to use higher-order conditioned stimuli to guide prospective behavior.
Sensory Neurons Expressing Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide Regulate Adaptive Thermogenesis and Diet-Induced Obesity

Sensory neurons arising from the dorsal root ganglia play a pivotal role in thermoregulation through the detection of cutaneous temperature and transmission of sensory signals to the brain. However, the functional significance of sensory perception in thermogenesis and weight loss has remained elusive. Here, we show that genetic ablation of heat sensing neurons containing Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide (CGRPα) promotes resistance to weight gain upon high fat diet (HFD) feeding and drives a thermogenic program in brown and white adipose tissues. Remarkably, mice lacking CGRPα-expressing sensory neurons feel colder when challenged with cooling stimuli and their brown fat displays increased energy utilization during cold and HFD challenges. As these neurons are peptidergic, we also investigated the role of the CGRPα secreted peptide in this process. Depletion of CGRPα with a monoclonal antibody leads to a lesser weight loss than full neural depletion on HFD and partially recapitulates the increased energy expenditure and brown fat thermogenic profile observed with sensory ablation. Mechanistically, recombinant CGRPα impaired glycolysis and reduced fatty acid oxidation in cultured cells. Collectively, our results suggest that CGRPα-expressing sensory neurons are the first step to regulate adaptive thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue by detecting alterations in environmental temperatures. These neural processes have the dual ability to both influence central regulation of adrenergic stimulation of thermogenesis and to release peptidergic signals inhibiting fuel consumption in adipocytes.
Rodnaya rech’: an introductory course for heritage learners of Russian

Rodnaya rech’, by Irina Dubinina and Olesya Kisselev, is a much-needed publication for instructors and learners of heritage Russian. It is a comprehensive, reliable, and well-structured textbook th...
Mood Versus Identity: Studying the Influence of Affective States on Mobile Biometrics

Mobile device usage data such as mobile app use and acceleration measurements fluctuate often as individuals carry out their daily tasks. As these data have emerged in recent years as promising biometric identifiers, it is important to understand the many causes of these variations such that these systems can adapt without degradation in performance. In this paper, we seek to understand the impact of changes in a person’s mood on the performance of a mobile biometric system using a publicly available dataset of 27 subjects. We explore the verification and identification tasks, along with mood prediction from smartphone data. We achieved an equal error rate of 3% and a d-prime value of 5.05 for the verification task, wherein experiments showed that verification is minimally influenced by an individual’s mood, although negative arousal slightly degraded performance. We created a multi-class problem to study the identification task, achieving an average 83% F 1-score. Here, we observed that subjects with lower identification accuracy ( 95%) experienced more mood changes compared to the average. Contrasting previous claims, our findings suggest that frequent changes in mood may have little negative impact performance. Finally, positive arousal and negative valence yielded the highest area under the curve (0.67) for mood prediction. This was also the class associated with the highest average genuine and lowest average imposter scores for verification experiments, suggesting a correspondence between recognition and mood prediction tasks that applications such as sensor-enhanced mHealth apps could leverage.
The evolution of econometric software design: A developer's view

In the last 30 years, changes in operating systems, computer hardware, compiler technology and the needs of research in applied econometrics have all influenced econometric software development and the environment of statistical computing. The evolution of various representative software systems, including B34S developed by the author, are used to illustrate differences in software design and the interrelation of a number of factors that influenced these choices. A list of desired econometric software features, software design goals and econometric programming language characteristics are suggested. It is stressed that there is no one “ideal” software system that will work effectively in all situations. System integration of statistical software provides a means by which capability can be leveraged.
Malic dehydrogenase: IX. Primary structure of tryptic peptides from pig heart supernatant enzyme

Abstract Thirty-eight peptides isolated from a tryptic digest of aminoethylated supernatant malate dehydrogenase from pig heart have been analyzed for amino acid content and partial sequence. Some 260 of approximately 360 total amino acid residues have been accounted for in this study including all of the expected histidine and tryptophan residues. The peptide sequences, Asn-Trp-Lys or (Thr, Trp)-Lys may possibly be homologous with similar sequences from other dehydrogenases. Tritium from the co-enzyme was incorporated to a very small extent into one of the tryptophan containing peptides.
Routine Measurement of Dissolved Inorganic 15N in Precipitation and Streamwater

The difficulty of measuring 15N in dilute solutions has limited the potential of ecosystem labeling experiments and model comparisons. By concentrating the N from large (up to 20 L) water samples on ion-exchange resin columns, we obtained enough N for accurate and reproducible 15N measurement using the Teflon tape diffusion method. Analysis of standards demonstrated > 95% recovery of inorganic N from samples, and δ15N values comparable to those obtained using standard distillation methods. The value of the blank at our laboratory was 0.16 μmoles N. Analytical precision was within 2 ‰ δ15N when samples of streamwater from the Bear Brook Watersheds (1800 eq ˙ ha−1 ˙ yr−1 N addition at 192 ‰ δ15N) were kept frozen until analysis. The analytical process is lengthy, but once set up can easily be performed for large numbers of samples.
Extraction method influences the recovery of phytoplankton pigments from natural assemblages

Phytoplankton pigment samples are routinely collected by filtering water and storing filters at −20°C before extraction and fluorometric analyses. Although pigment loss on frozen filters has been demonstrated for phytoplankton cultures, its effect on taxonomically diverse, natural assemblages is unknown. We examined the effect of freezing filters on pigment measurements from weekly field samples collected for 1 y from Narragansett Bay, RI. Over 1000 filters representing the total and 20 µm size class, such as during the winter-spring bloom peak when 62% of Chl a was lost from frozen samples. Freezing filters reduced analytical precision, increasing the coefficient of variation of Chl a measurements from 3.4% using immediate extraction to 13.1% using frozen filter storage. Correction factors created from regression analyses were applied to the year-long frozen storage dataset and brought the annual average Chl a concentration to within 4% of the value determined using the immediate extraction technique. The application of correction factors to the Narragansett Bay Long-Term Monitoring Program from 1999–2007 resulted in an average Chl a concentration that was 94% greater than the historical average.
Superior vena cava syndrome secondary to an angiotropic large cell lymphoma

BACKGROUND Angiotropic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) is characterized by the intravascular proliferation of malignant lymphoid cells in small and medium-sized blood vessels. In the current study, the authors report an unusual case in which the initial presentation of the ALCL was that of superior vena cava (SVC) syndrome. METHODS The case is presented, followed by a general review of the literature regarding ALCL. RESULTS Surgical intervention was required for diagnosis in this case. Successful treatment with chemotherapy followed by involved field radiation ensued with a maintained disease remission at 48 months of follow-up. CONCLUSIONS Although usually presenting in small blood vessels, ALCL can present initially with large blood vessel involvement and should be considered in the differential diagnosis of this condition, even in the absence of extravascular lymph node involvement. Aggressive treatment with antineoplastic therapy is warranted and may result in long term recurrence free survival. Cancer 2000;89:2515–20. © 2000 American Cancer Society.
Platelet-derived NO slows thrombus growth on a collagen type III surface

Nitric oxide (NO) is a free radical that plays an important role in modulating platelet adhesion and aggregation. Platelets are a source of vascular NO, but since erythrocytes avidly scavenge NO, the functional significance of platelet-derived NO is not clear. Our purpose was to determine if NO from platelets affects platelet thrombus formation in the presence of anticoagulated whole blood in an in vitro parallel plate flow system. We studied platelet adhesion and aggregation on a collagen type III surface in the presence of physiologically relevant fluid mechanical shear stress. We found that certain receptor mediated agonists (insulin and isoproterenol) caused a concentration dependent reduction in thrombus formation at a shear rate of 1000 s-1. This effect was mediated by NO since it was abolished in the presence of the NO inhibitor L-nitro-arginine-methyl-ester (L-NAME). As expected, at venous levels of shear rate (100 s-1) neither of the agonists had any effect on thrombus formation since platelet adhesion does not depend on activation at these low levels of shear. Interestingly, at a shear rate of 2000 s-1 the addition of L-NAME caused an increase in platelet coverage suggesting that shear, by itself, induces NO production by platelets. This is the first demonstration of shear stress causing platelets to produce an inhibitor of platelet activation. These results demonstrate that the development of a platelet thrombus is regulated in a complex way and that platelets produce functionally significant amounts of NO even in the presence of whole blood.
Unicellular histogenesis of uterine leiomyomas as determined by electrophoresis of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase

The use of electrophoretic types of the X-linked enzyme G-6-PD to study the cellular origin of leiomyomas is reported. Previous studies by Linder and Gartler, suggesting a unicellular origin for leiomyomas, are confirmed and extended. When only a few tumors were present they tended to be of the same G-6-PD type. However, when many tumors were present, tumors of both type A and type B were found in the same uterus. The principles of using a cell marker, such as G-6-PD, to determine the cellular origin of tumors are reviewed. The results of using this technique with other benign as well as malignant tumors are summarized. Limitations in the interpretation of results with this system are noted.
The Binding of 2-(4′-Methylaminophenyl)Benzothiazole to Postmortem Brain Homogenates Is Dominated by the Amyloid Component

2-(4'-methylaminophenyl)benzothiazole (BTA-1) is an uncharged derivative of thioflavin-T that has high affinity for Abeta fibrils and shows very good brain entry and clearance. In this study, we asked whether BTA-1, at concentrations typical of those achieved during positron emission tomography (PET) studies, could specifically bind to amyloid deposits in the complex milieu of human brain or whether amyloid binding was overshadowed by nonspecific binding, found even in brains that did not contain amyloid deposits. We quantitatively assessed [3H]BTA-1 binding to crude homogenates of postmortem brain obtained from nine Alzheimer's disease (AD) subjects, eight controls, and six subjects with non-AD dementia. BTA-1 binding was >10-fold higher in AD brain, and the majority (94%) of the binding was specific (displaceable). High-affinity [3H]BTA-1 was observed only in AD brain gray matter and was not present in control brain gray matter, AD brain white matter, or cerebellum. The K(d) of [3H]BTA-1 for binding to AD brain (5.8 +/- 0.90 nm) was very similar to the K(d) for binding to synthetic Abeta fibrils. In addition, the K(i) of various BTA analogs for inhibition of [3H]BTA-1 binding to AD brain homogenates was very similar to their K(i) for inhibition of [3H]BTA-1 binding to synthetic Abeta fibrils. Nanomolar concentrations of [3H]BTA-1 did not appear to bind to neurofibrillary tangles. Finally, BTA-1 did not appear to bind significantly to common neuroreceptors or transporter sites. These data suggest that the binding of BTA-1 to AD brain is dominated by a specific interaction with Abeta amyloid deposits.
Mapping Type IV Secretion Signals on the Primase Encoded by the Broad-Host-Range Plasmid R1162 (RSF1010)

ABSTRACT The plasmid R1162 (RSF1010) encodes a primase essential for its replication. This primase makes up the C-terminal part of MobA, a multifunctional protein with the relaxase as a separate N-terminal domain. The primase is also translated separately as the protein RepB′. Here, we map two signals for type IV secretion onto the recently solved structure of RepB′. One signal is located internally within RepB′ and consists of a long α-helix and an adjacent disordered region rich in arginines. The second signal is made up of the same α-helix and a second, arginine-rich region at the C-terminal end of the protein. Successive arginine-to-alanine substitutions revealed that either signal can be utilized by the type IV secretion complex of the plasmid R751. The internal signal also enables conjugal transfer when linked to the relaxase part of MobA. Both signals are similar to those previously identified for type IV secretion substrates in the Vir system of Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Moreover, the C-terminal arginine-rich segment of RepB′ has been shown to be secreted by Vir. However, with R751, the signals require MobB, an R1162-encoded accessory protein active in conjugal transfer. The results of two-hybrid assays revealed that MobB interacts, via its membrane-associated domain, with the R751 plasmid coupling protein TraG. In addition, MobB interacts with a region of MobA just outside the RepB′ domain. Therefore, MobB is likely an adaptor that is essential for recognition of the primase-associated signals by the R751 secretion machinery. IMPORTANCE For most plasmids, type IV secretion is an intrinsic part of the mechanism for conjugal transfer. Protein relaxases, bound to the 5′ end of the transferring strand, are mobilized into recipient cells by the type IV pathway. In this work, we identify and characterize two signals for secretion in the primase domain of MobA, the relaxase of the IncQ plasmid R1162 (RSF1010). We also show that the adaptor protein MobB is required for engagement of these signals with the R751 coupling protein TraG. These results clarify the location and properties of secretion signals active during the conjugal transfer of plasmid DNA.
Social Properties of Mobile Video

Mobile video is now an everyday possibility with a wide array of commercially available devices, services, and content. These new technologies have created dramatic shifts in the way video-based media can be produced, consumed, and delivered by people beyond the familiar behaviors associated with fixed TV and video technologies. Such technology revolutions change the way users behave and change their expectations in regards to their mobile video experiences. Building upon earlier studies of mobile video, this paper reports on a study using diary techniques and ethnographic interviews to better understand how people are using commercially available mobile video technologies in their everyday lives. Drawing on reported episodes of mobile video behavior, the study identifies the social motivations and values underpinning these behaviors that help characterize mobile video consumption beyond the simplistic notion of viewing video only to kill time. This paper also discusses the significance of user-generated content and the usage of video in social communities through the description of two mobile video technology services that allow users to create and share content. Implications for adoption and design of mobile video technologies and services are discussed as well.
Inferring mixtures of Markov chains

We define the problem of inferring a “mixture of Markov chains” based on observing a stream of interleaved outputs from these chains. We show a sharp characterization of the inference process. The problems we consider also has applications such as gene finding, intrusion detection, etc., and more generally in analyzing interleaved sequences.
Sustaining Wildlife Populations in Productively Managed Forests

Wildlife population status is becoming a key consideration in determining whether wood fiber production from managed forests can be sustained. Concerns for wildlife have become a very important part of public land management in many areas of the world and are being given increased weight on privately owned lands. Jointly maintaining wood fiber production and wildlife populations requires an ability to spatially and temporally design management activities so as to mitigate negative impacts on wildlife habitat. Consequently, research efforts that blend wildlife population persistence modeling with traditional forest management modeling can potentially play a crucial role in maintaining future forest productivity. In this chapter, we synthesize recent and ongoing research combining population reaction-diffusion models with spatial forest management optimization methods for planning the location, timing, and intensity of harvests to simultaneously sustain wildlife and wood fiber production.
Co-ordination of hydraulic transmissions and aircraft A-C generators

IT HAS BEEN demonstrated in the past that hydraulic variable-input-speed constant-output-speed transmissions can fail under certain fault conditions. However, occurrences in flight with class A and class B systems have not been, to the authors' knowledge, a major source of trouble. As shown in this paper, the possibility of drive failure is greatly increased in applications of class C systems. In fact, one such failure has reportedly occurred in flight. Hence it is essential to co-ordinate drive and electric system design to obtain the high electric system reliability required in modern aircraft. This paper presents a co-ordinated design on one system and introduces a general method for analysis which is sufficiently accurate to permit system design without extensive redesign of components after model testing has been completed.
EFFECTS OF LMX ON EMPLOYEE ATTITUDES: THE ROLE OF NEED SATISFACTION AND AUTONOMOUS MOTIVATION.

The article discusses the mechanisms by which leader-member exchange (LMX) affects the work outcomes of employees. By utilizing self-determination theory (SDT), it is suggested that the effects of ...
Residential demand for fuelwood

This is the first national microbased study of residential demand for wood as fuel. The data are from the US Department of Energy Residential Energy Consumption Survey. The model employs a somewhat unique interaction dummy for price that allows the simultaneity problem to be adjusted for in a 2SLS format and then the interaction term to be calculated and entered in the second stage. Results are compared with elasticity estimates derived from the same data set for the four other main residential fuels. Wood has a price elasticity of –0.421 for main users.
Neurogenesis and neuron regeneration in the olfactory system of mammals. I. Morphological aspects of differentiation and structural organization of the olfactory sensory neurons

The neurogenetic process leading to the formation of primary sensory neurons persists into adult life in the olfactory epithelium of mammals. The morphological stages of maturation and ageing of this exceptional neuron have been described both at light and electron microscopical levels. For descriptive purposes the neural elements have been classified as: (1) basal cells proper, (2) globose basal cells, and (3) neurons. Intermediate stages, however, have been identified. Autoradiographic observations complement the morphological studies and provide a time sequence of the morphological stages leading to the mature neurons. A typical columnar arrangement of the sensory neurons has been described. Furthermore, active and quiescent zones have been recognized in the neuroepithelium. In the active zones the neurogenetic process is vigorous, and the zones are characterized by the presence of immature elements. However, in the quiescent zones there exists a population of mature elements while immature neurons are sparse.
The Development of Face Recognition: Featural or Configurational Processing?

Three experiments were conducted on the development of face recognition. Results of Experiment 1 showed, contrary to previous research, that young children can ignore featural information when it has no discriminative value and attend to the internal attributes of the face. Experiments 2 and 3 were designed to explore developmental differences in the perception of faces, specifically differences in use of configurational and featural information. In Experiment 2, configurations of stimulus faces were manipulated. In Experiment 3, featural information in stimulus faces was manipulated. The results of both experiments point to a lack of developmental differences in face recognition styles, as well as to a tendency of both children and adults to rely on configurational information more than featural information.
Organ Transplantation as a Transformative Experience: Anthropological Insights into the Restructuring of the Self

Transplantation represents in the popular mind the pinnacle of biomedical knowledge and skill. Its feasibility depends upon the management of conflicting cultural values surrounding death and dying, where diverse parties consider bodies and their parts to be personal property, sacred entities, or offerings to the common good. Specifically within the specialized transplant community, viable organs are scarce, socially valuable resources. The ideology that guides transplant professionals, however, is rife with contradictions: close inspection reveals unease over definitions of death and rights to body parts. Ideological disjunction arises from the competing needs to personalize and to objectify organs and bodies. Organ recipients struggle with these contradictory messages as they rebuild their sense of self and self-worth following transplantation. This transformative process is explored by analyzing professional writings and data generated from ethnographic research in the United States. The study ends by examining transformed identity as fictionalized and extended biography.
Correlates of Modus Operandi (Coercion and Force) Among Male Sexually Victimized Adolescent Sexual Abusers: An Exploratory Study

Researchers have noted that there are few empirical investigations on the factors associated with adolescent sexual abusers' modus operandi (MO) (i.e., strategies used to coerce and/or force victim compliance). Understanding MO is critical for effective prevention and treatment. The extant literature has found that certain developmental experiences and contextual factors, such as a history of victimization and family characteristics, may be related to the use of specific MO strategies. New to the literature, this present study also investigated the relationship between substance abuse and MO. Physical neglect and being told by a third person to sexually abuse someone significantly predicted the severity of MO of male incarcerated adolescent sexually victimized sexual offenders (N = 148). Other forms of trauma and substance abuse were not predictors of MO. Research and treatment implications for forensic social workers are discussed.
Phase change in a radiating and convecting medium with variable thermal properties

One-dimensional heat transfer involving solidification of materials with temperature-dependent thermal properties subjected to radiation and convection is studied. In the present analysis, Biot's variational principle is employed. The complicated nonlinear heat transfer problem is reduced to a much simpler initial value problem which is then solved by standard techniques. The numerical results for the time variant solid liquid interface and the temperature history at the heat transfer surface are presented graphically. Nomenclature B = L/cprTj for solidifcation = L/cprTe for melting BQ = H0L i/k,. = Biot number cp = specific heat cpr = a referenced specific heat obtained from a linear curve fitting or a pseudospecific heat at the absolute zero of temperature D = dissipation function F = thermal potential per unit volume h = heat content per unit volume h0 = heat transfer coefficient H = heat flow vector H = local heat flux k = thermal conductivity kr = a referenced conductivity obtained from a hyperbolic curve fitting or a pseudoconductivity at the absolute zero temperature L = latent heat Lj = thickness of slab M = dimensionless heat capacity M— (pc p) I (pcp),. M — coefficient for variable heat capacity defined by Eq. (7a) n = unit vector outward normal to boundary surface N = coefficient for variable conductivity defined by Eq. (7b) N = dimensionless thermal conductivity, N=k/kr Nr = radiation parameter = aFTj 3L j/k r for solidification = oFTe 3Ll/kr for melting