cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Direct extension of malignant lesions to the thyroid gland from adjacent organs: report of 17 cases.

ABSTRACT Objective To characterize malignant tumors with direct extension to the thyroid gland from adjacent organs. Methods We retrospectively studied 17 patients with direct extension of malignant tumor to the thyroid from primary lesions in the head and neck who had been examined at Mayo Clinic Rochester between 1985 and 1994. The origin of the primary tumor was identified in all cases. Thyroid involvement was confirmed histologically. Data were analyzed for the frequency and types of malignant lesions, the clinical course, and the follow-up after thyroid involvement. Results All 17 study patients had a diagnosis of a primary malignant tumor before detection of thyroid involvement. Of the 17 patients, 12 had squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the larynx, 2 had SCC of the tongue base, 2 had SCC of the proximal and the cervical esophagus, respectively, and 1 had synovial cell sarcoma of the proximal esophagus. The time between diagnosis of the primary tumor and detection of thyroid invasion in the patients with SCC of the larynx or tongue base ranged from 1 to 196 months (mean, 38). Only 1 of these 14 patients had thyroid gland involvement clinically evident before surgical exploration. Thyroid invasion was diagnosed after surgical intervention. All three patients with esophageal malignant tumors had thyroid involvement clinically. Conclusion SCC of the larynx, tongue base, or proximal esophagus may invade the thyroid gland directly. SCC of the larynx may have the greatest tendency to extend to the thyroid. In patients with SCC, extension of the primary malignant tumor to the thyroid gland should be considered despite lack of clinical evidence. (Endocr Pract. 1999;5:69-71)
Influence of massively parallel e-beam direct-write pixel size on electron proximity correction

Massively E-beam maskless lithography (MEBML2) is one of the potential solutions for 32-nm half-pitch and beyond. In the past, its relatively low throughput restricted EBDW development to mostly mask making, small volume wafer production and prototyping. Recently the production worthy ML2 approaches, >10,000 e-beams writing in parallel, have been proposed by MAPPER, KLA and IMS. These approaches use raster scan in pattern writing. Hence the bitmap is certainly the final data format. The bitmap format used to have huge data volume with fine pixel size to maintain the CD accuracy after electron proximity correction (EPC). Data handling becomes necessary, especially on data transmission rate. The aggregated data transmission rate would be up to 1963 Tera bits per second (bps) for a 10 WPH tool using 1-nm pixel size and 1-bit gray level. It needs 19,630 fibers each transmitting 10 Gbps. The data rate per beam would be >20 Gbps in 10,000-beam MEBML2. Hence data reduction using bigger pixel size to achieve sub-nm EPC accuracy is crucial for reducing the fiber number to the beam number. In this paper, the writing-error-enhanced-factor to quantitatively characterize the impact of CD accuracy by various total blur in resist is reported; and we propose the vernier pattern to verify sub-nm CD accuracy and the in-house dithering raster method to achieve sub-0.2-nm CD accuracy using multiple-nm pixel sizes, which could reduce the need of the aggregated data rate to 11%, 33%, 44% and 79% of 1963 Tbps on 22-nm, 16-nm, 11-nm, 8-nm node respectively.
Point-of-Care and Over-the-counter Qualitative Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG) Devices Remain Susceptible to False-Negative Results Caused by Excess hCG β Core Fragment

To the Editor: Previously, we reported false-negative results generated by the OSOM human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)1 Combo test (Genzyme Diagnostics) (1) and certain lots of the hCG Cardinal Health Combo SP brand rapid test device (SP hCG rapid test; Cardinal Health) (2) owing to increased concentrations of hCG β core fragment (hCGβcf). We refer to this phenomenon as the variant hook effect. In a hospital setting, these false negatives pose a substantial risk of adverse outcomes if pregnant patients are given treatments that can affect the fetus. This observation was reported to the US Food and Drug Administration, but to our knowledge no action has been taken to change these devices. These false negatives also pose considerable risk to women at home, because a negative pregnancy test result may cause delays in prenatal care and continued engagement in behavior that can endanger the fetus. In view of the variable sensitivity of point-of-care (POC) and over-the-counter (OTC) devices to intact and variant forms of hCG as documented in the previously mentioned studies and others (3, 4), we assessed the susceptibility of OTC devices to hCGβcf interference and compared the performance of the most susceptible OTC devices to the 2 …
Diversity efforts, admissions, and national rankings: can we align priorities?

Background: Increasing student body diversity is a priority for national health education and professional organizations and for many medical schools. However, national rankings of medical schools, such as those published by U.S. News & World Report, place a heavy emphasis on grade point average (GPA) and Medical College Admissions Test (MCAT) scores, without considering student body diversity. These rankings affect organizational reputation and admissions outcomes, even though there is considerable controversy surrounding the predictive value of GPA and MCAT scores. Summary: Our aim in this article was to explore the relationship between standard admissions practices, which typically aim to attract students with the highest academic scores, and student body diversity. We examined how changes in GPA and MCAT scores over 5 years correlated with the percentage of enrolled students who are underrepresented in medicine. In a majority of medical schools in the United States from 2005 to 2009, average GPA and M...
Coping with Terms-of-Trade Shocks: Pegs versus Floats

The choice of the exchange-rate regime has always been an area of great controversy and debate. The discussion has once again taken center stage in the developing world. The sequence of currency crises in the 1990's, the success of culTency-board arrangements, the dollarization plan of Ecuador, and the apparent swing toward flexible regimes of many emerging economies has revived interest in this debate. Milton Friedman (1953) argued that one of the most important advantages of flexible regimes over fixed regimes is that they can smooth adjustment to real shocks even in the presence of nominal rigidities. Ever since, this has been one of the least disputed benefits attributed to fully flexible exchange-rate regimes. Subsequent to Friedman, many theories of the international transmission of real shocks have confirmed the original intuition that the shortrun responses to terms-of-trade shocks should be different across exchange-rate regimes. Here I look at a post-Bretton Woods sample of 74 developing countries to test whether flexible regimes can buffer terms-of-trade shocks better than fixed regimes.
Carbenoids. Metal assisted ionization

Abstract Treatment of (S)-(+)-1-chloro-2,2-diphenylcyclopropane with n-butyllithium at −25°C yield, inter alia , (R)-(−)-1- n -butyl-2, 2-diphenylcyclopropane with overall inverted configuration. A metal assisted ionization mechanism is proposed.
Protein Tyrosine Kinase Activation and Protein Kinase C Translocation Are Functional Components of CD40 Signal Transduction in Resting Human B Cells

CD40 is a 47kD glycoprotein expressed on all B cells that plays an important role in B cell development and activation. Previous investigations have focused on signal transduction events in activated B cells and B cell lines, and little information is available regarding CD40 signal transduction in resting, normal B cells. Because CD40 plays a critical role in the regulation and activation of resting B cells, we studied the signaling mechanisms involved in functional responses to CD40 ligation in these cells. Treatment of dense tonsil B cells with either protein tyrosine kinase (PTK) or protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitors, but not with an inhibitor of cyclic nucleotide dependent kinases, resulted in abrogation of CD40-mediated cell adhesion, suggesting a role for both PTK and PKC in CD40-mediated B cell adhesion. Direct evidence for CD40-mediated PTK activation was demonstrated by increased tyrosine phosphorylation as detected by anti-phosphotyrosine Western blots of cell lysates prepared from dense resting...
Amyloidosis in Guinea-pigs immunized with Sperm and Adjuvant

It was found that guinea pigs injected with sperm and adjuvant devel oped amyloidosis which may explain their low fertility. Iinitally 99 virgin female albino guinea pigs about 12 weeks old were kept 3 in a cage. Sperm obtained from males of the same colony was centrifuged resuspended and emulsified with an equal amount of adjuvant to yield a water-in-oid emulsion containing 30 mg of sperm per ml. Adjuvant was 8.5 ml "Bayol" 1.5 ml "Arlacel A" and 5 mg Mycobacterium butyricum. All animals were injected intramuscularly with either 1.2 ml of sperm or with adjuvant alone. Injections were repeated 5 months later. A third injection of 1 ml subcutaneously was made 9 months after the first injection to 21 animals with sperm emulsion and to 10 with adjuvant alone. Of those receiving sperm emulsion 10 were injected a fourth time at 13 months and killed 1 months later. The other animals were killed at 17 months. There were also 18 untreated control animals. Sperm-treated animals showed weight loss at 7 months which increased with time. In some but not all this weight reduction exceeded 50% of original weight. No such change was noted in the other groups. Gross renal fibrosis was found in all of the 11 females injected 3 times with sperm and in the 10 given a fourth such injection. This fibrosis was also present in 3 of the 10 receiving adjuvant only but in none of the 18 control animals. Microscopically the fibrosis suggested scarring secondard to multiple infarction. Glomeruli were generally not affected. Amyloid material was found between the collecting renal tubules in the medulla especially in the papilla. Electron microscopy revealed the fine fibrillary structure of the amyloid. Electron microscopy revealed also in liver pancreas and spleen. These findings in animals injected with sperm and occasionally with only adjuvant suggests that amyloidosis may be responsible for the otherwise unexplained infertility of female animals so immunized.
The purification of peptides which contain methionine residues

Abstract A novel procedure for isolating peptides which contain methionine is described. It relies upon the reversible increase in charge which occurs upon the alkylation of methionine by iodoacetamide. A digest of the protein is reacted with lodo[ 14 C]acetamide under conditions which direct the reaction exclusively to the methionine residues. In this way, methionine-containing peptides are rendered radioactive and gain one positive charge per methionine simultaneously. The digest is then separated on a cation exchange column, the peptides are located by their radioactivity, and they are separately collected. The carboxyamidomethylation is reversed by thiolysis, which eliminates the extra positive charge which each methionine-containing peptide bore, decreasing their charge selectively. A second chromatographic separation, performed on the same cation exchange column, is sufficient to produce the desired peptides in a high state of purity. Equine myoglobin and bovine ribonuclease were used as models to demonstrate the feasibility of this approach. Methionine-containing tryptic peptides were purified from digests of these proteins in yields which were equivalent to those of previously reported separations. The present procedure, however, is applicable to peptide mixtures of far greater complexity than those which were derived from the model compounds and can be applied with the same success to digests of very large proteins containing many methionine residues.
Generalized Encoding and Decoding Operators for Lattice-Based Associative Memories

During the 1990s, Ritter introduced a new family of associative memories based on lattice algebra instead of linear algebra. These memories provide unlimited storage capacity, unlike linear-correlation-based models. The canonical lattice-based memories, however, are susceptible to noise in the initial input data. In this brief, we present novel methods of encoding and decoding lattice-based memories using two families of ordered weighted average (OWA) operators. The result is a greater robustness to distortion in the initial input data, and a greater understanding of the effect of the choice of encoding and decoding operators on the behavior of the system, with the tradeoff that the time complexity for encoding is increased.
Refactored M13 Bacteriophage as a Platform for Tumor Cell Imaging and Drug Delivery

M13 bacteriophage is a well-characterized platform for peptide display. The utility of the M13 display platform is derived from the ability to encode phage protein fusions with display peptides at the genomic level. However, the genome of the phage is complicated by overlaps of key genetic elements. These overlaps directly couple the coding sequence of one gene to the coding or regulatory sequence of another, making it difficult to alter one gene without disrupting the other. Specifically, overlap of the end of gene VII and the beginning of gene IX has prevented the functional genomic modification of the N-terminus of p9. By redesigning the M13 genome to physically separate these overlapping genetic elements, a process known as “refactoring,” we enabled independent manipulation of gene VII and gene IX and the construction of the first N-terminal genomic modification of p9 for peptide display. We demonstrate the utility of this refactored genome by developing an M13 bacteriophage-based platform for targete...
Deformation of Porous, Nanostructured Silver at Room Temperature and 150 °C

Porous, nanostructured silver samples were produced using a direct-write method where a nanoparticle aerosol consisting of particles with a mean size of approximately 5 nm were accelerated to speeds of approximately 1000 m/sec and impacted onto a translating substrate [1]. The impacting particles have sufficient energy to stick to the substrate, allowing patterned thick films to be directly written from the aerosol without a mask. Unlike other low temperature processing routes for achieving patterned films, no organics are added that can interfere with postdeposition processing. Typical films are 5- 100 μm thick, up to several centimeters long, and have an as-deposited relative densities as high as 70% of bulk Ag. Compression tests were carried out in steps at room temperature and at 150°C under constant displacement rates. Local strain and densification were measured by optical profilometry between each compression step. The results can be used as a starting point to better understand the mechanisms that govern plasticity, creep, and sintering in nanostructured, porous silver at low processing temperatures.
Changes in the reproductive parameters of female harp seals (Pagophilus groenlandicus) in the Northwest Atlantic

Sjare, B., and Stenson, G. B. 2010. Changes in the reproductive parameters of female harp seals (Pagophilus groenlandicus) in the Northwest Atlantic. - ICES Journal of Marine Science, 67: 304-315.Changes in female harp seal (Pagophilus groenlandicus) reproductive parameters from 1980 to 2004, and long-term trends since the early 1950s, are evaluated. Estimates of the total number of seals in the Northwest Atlantic declined from ∼3.0 million in the 1950s to 1.8 million in the early 1970s, then increased steadily to 5.5 million in 1996, at which relatively stable level it has remained since. Pregnancy rates increased from ∼86% in the 1950s to a high of 98% in the mid-1960s, then declined to ∼65-70% by the early 1990s; the rate then varied between 45 and 70% from 2000 to 2004. Concurrently, the mean age at sexual maturity decreased from 5.8 (s.e = 0.02) years in the mid-1950s to 4.1 (s.e. = 0.02) in the late 1970s, increased to 5.5 (s.e. = 0.03) years by the early 1990s, and peaked at 5.7 (s.e. = 0.01) in 1995. From 2000 to 2004, mean age varied from 4.9 (s.e. = 0.01) to 6.0 (s.e. = 0.01) years. Although the direction of change in each of the parameters was consistent with a density-dependent response, changes in population size explained relatively little of the variability observed, suggesting that other ecological or environmental factors were influential.
New Fusulinids from Lower Permian Turbidites at Conglomerate Mesa, Southeastern Inyo Mountains, East-central California

Abstract Seven previously unrecognized fusulinid species from Lower Permian (Wolfcampian and Leonardian) turbidites near Conglomerate Mesa in east-central California, four of which are named as new species, are here described and figured. The four new species are Schwagerina merriami, S. wildei, Parafusulina mackevetti, and Skinnerella rossi. These fusulinid species have close affinities to similar taxa in Texas and northeastern Nevada, and they are distinct from some other faunas of slightly different age in the Conglomerate Mesa area that are dominated by endemic species and other species with Eastern Klamath Mountains affinities.
Campylobacter jejuni Infections: Update on Emerging Issues and Trends

Infection with Campylobacter jejuni is one of the most common causes of gastroenteritis worldwide; it occurs more frequently than do infections caused by Salmonella species, Shigella species, or Escherichia coli O157:H7. In developed countries, the incidence of Campylobacter jejuni infections peaks during infancy and again during early adulthood. Most infections are acquired by the consumption and handling of poultry. A typical case is characterized by diarrhea, fever, and abdominal cramps. Obtaining cultures of the organism from stool samples remains the best way to diagnose this infection. An alarming recent trend is the rapid emergence of antimicrobial agent--resistant Campylobacter strains all over the world. Use of antibiotics in animals used for food has accelerated this trend. It is fortunate that complications of C. jejuni infections are rare, and most patients do not require antibiotics. Guillain-Barre syndrome is now recognized as a post-infectious complication of C. jejuni infection, but its incidence is <1 per 1000 infections. Careful food preparation and cooking practices may prevent some Campylobacter infections.
Strategies for success in parallel simulation applications

Summary form only given. While the PADS community has traditionally focused on, and done a great job with, the technical aspects of developing simulations that run fast and can be connected to other simulations, it has paid little or no attention to the overall strategies required to produce a marketable, useful, and successful parallel simulation. This lack of market focus has led to many fears of the demise of the PADS community, complaints of its lack of general acceptance by the broader simulation community and predictions that it will become merely another venue for simulation interconnection. These fears, complaints, and predictions are unnecessary. There are several examples of successful parallel simulations, in domains as far apart as aviation modeling and wargames. What can we learn from their successes? How can we translate their general acceptance into other parallel simulation domains? Are there market opportunities that we are missing? In short, what is the parallel simulation community lacking, and what does it need to do in order to be more successful? The purpose of the article is to begin a discussion on the answers to these questions (as opposed to definitively answering them). We draw on numerous examples of successful applications, and make some concrete suggestions for furthering the community.
On the informational content of advice: a theoretical and experimental study

This paper examines the market for advice and the underlying perception that advice is useful and informative. We do this by first providing a theoretical examination of the informational content of advice and then by setting up a series of experimental markets where this advice is sold. In these markets we provide bidders with a demographic profile of the "experts" offering advice. The results of our experiment generate several interesting findings. The raw bid data suggest that subjects bid significantly more for data than they do for advice. Second, in the market for advice there appears to be no consensus as to who are the best advisors although on average economists demand the highest mean price and women suffer a discount. In addition, we find that whether a subject suffers from a representativeness bias in the way he or she processes data has an impact on how he or she bids for advice and on his or her willingness to follow it once offered. Finally, we find that on average people impute a low level of informativeness onto advice, consistent with their bidding behavior for data versus advice.
Online population size adjusting using noise and substructural measurements

This paper proposes an online population size adjustment scheme for genetic algorithms. It utilizes linkage-model-building techniques to calculate the parameters used in facet-wise population-sizing models. The methodology is demonstrated using the dependency structure matrix genetic algorithm on boundedly-difficult problems. Empirical results indicate that the proposed method is both efficient and robust. If the initial population size is too large, the proposed scheme decreases the population size and yields significant savings in the number of function evaluations required to obtain high-quality solutions; if the initial population size is too small, the scheme increases the population size and avoids premature convergence.
New job classes for fully automated reticle and sorter dispatch

The function to support automated lot dispatch, transport, performing process and data collection for fully automated fab operation has been enhanced following new 300 mm standards and requirements in Manufacturing Execution System (MES) along with relative components. However, fully automated reticle dispatch and dispatching FOUP to wafer sorter has not been implemented well. This paper introduces new job classes to support automated reticle dispatch and sorter dispatch
Neurotrophic factors, gene therapy, and neural stem cells for spinal cord repair

Several experimental strategies have been employed to minimize tissue damage and to enhance axonal growth and regeneration after spinal cord injury. The transplantation of suitable cell types to provide an axonal growth substrate and the application of growth factors have been shown to augment morphological and sometimes functional recovery. In this review we discuss the use of neural stem cell transplants and neurotrophic factor delivery by gene therapy to improve axonal regeneration in animal models of spinal cord injury.
The path from studying masticatory function to managing TMD and pain: a personal journey.

The author describes his experiences in the evolution of the fields of oral physiology, temporomandibular disorders, and related pain in the masticatory system.
Novel Mechanisms of Resistance to Endocrine Therapy: Genomic and Nongenomic Considerations

Selective estrogen receptor (ER) modulators have been the most commonly used neoadjuvant therapy for hormone-dependent breast cancer. However, resistance to endocrine therapy, either inherent or acquired during treatment, presents a major challenge in disease management. The causes of resistance to hormone therapy are not well understood and are the subject of active investigation. It is increasingly clear that decreasing sensitivity of ER-positive breast cancer cells to antiestrogens is caused by several factors. Cross talk between ER and growth factor signaling has emerged as a critical factor in endocrine resistance. Here, we present evidence that receptor tyrosine kinase signaling also plays a role in resistance by controlling the subcellular localization of ER signaling components. Localization of ER in either the nuclear or cytoplasmic compartments has functional implications. Recent work suggests that dynein light chain 1, a recently identified substrate of p21-activated kinase 1, modulates ER transactivation functions through a novel ER coactivator function. Likewise, receptor tyrosine kinase signaling can also alter the expression of ER coregulators such as metastasis-associated antigen 1, leading to hormonal independence. Furthermore, proline-, glutamic acid-, leucine-rich protein 1, an ER coactivator involved in both genomic and nongenomic signaling pathways, is activated by epidermal growth factor receptor and plays a prominent role in resistance to tamoxifen. These recent advances suggest new targeted therapeutic approaches that may lead to either reversion or prevention of endocrine resistance in breast tumors.
Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of SERPINA3K in the retina.

Purpose Previous studies by the authors have shown that retinal levels of SERPINA3K, a serine proteinase inhibitor, are decreased in an animal model with diabetic retinopathy (DR). The purpose of this study was to investigate the function of SERPINA3K and its role in DR. Methods For the oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR) model, newborn rats were exposed to 75% O(2) from postnatal day (P) 7 to P12. Cultured retinal cells were treated with CoCl(2) or 2% O(2) to induce hypoxia. CM-H2DCFDA was used to determine the intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) level. Inflammatory factors were measured using Western blot analysis or ELISA. Results Intravitreal injection of SERPINA3K significantly reduced retinal vascular leakage and leukostasis in the OIR model. SERPINA3K also prevented the hypoxia-induced decrease of occludin, a tight junction protein, in the OIR rat retina and in cultured retinal capillary endothelial cells and retinal pigment epithelial cells. Further, SERPINA3K blocked the overexpression of proinflammatory factors, such as VEGF, TNF-alpha, and ICAM-1, in the retina of the OIR model and in cultured retinal cells exposed to hypoxia. VEGF was downregulated by SERPINA3K at the transcriptional level. Knockdown of SERPINA3K by siRNA resulted in the overexpression of VEGF and TNF-alpha in cultured retinal cells. Moreover, SERPINA3K significantly decreased ROS generation and upregulated the expression and activity of manganese superoxide dismutase and glutathione levels, suggesting antioxidant activity. Conclusions SERPINA3K is an endogenous anti-inflammatory factor, and its anti-inflammatory effects may be mediated through antioxidant activity. Decreased retinal levels of SERPINA3K may contribute to retinal inflammation in DR.
A Web-based nomadic computing system

Abstract CoolTown offers a Web model for supporting nomadic users, based on the convergence of Web technology, wireless networks and portable devices. This paper describes how CoolTown ties Web resources to physical objects and places, and how users interact with resources using the information appliances they carry, from laptops to smart watches. Enabling the automatic discovery of URLs from our physical surroundings, and using localized Web servers for directories, we create location-aware but ubiquitous systems. On top of this infrastructure we leverage device connectivity to support communication services.
Understanding life cycle social impacts in manufacturing: A processed-based approach

Abstract Developing sustainable products and processes is growing in importance due to increasing regulation, consumer interest, access to information, and competitive forces. In order to adequately evaluate the sustainability of products and processes, there is a need to consider the impacts from all three pillars of sustainability – society, environment, and economics. There are substantial challenges to identifying and understanding the social impacts associated with manufacturing activities. This paper provides a framework for characterizing the social impacts of manufacturing throughout the life cycle of a product or process. Social impacts occur on various scales in manufacturing, from the level of a unit process to the level of the enterprise. Additionally, manufacturing activities impact consumers, communities, and larger political/spatial realms. This paper identifies key characteristics of social impacts associated with manufacturing that should be considered to more effectively address the social dimension of sustainability for products and processes. Examples involving a typical manufacturing process – welding – are presented to illustrate the utility of the framework.
Tubuloreticular structures within labial salivary glands in sjögren's syndrome

Tubuloreticular structures were found in endothelial cells of biopsies from labial salivary glands of 6 of 20 patients with Sjogren's syndrome, and were absent in 11 control patients. Patients with these structures had evidence of severe disease as manifested by xerostomia, lymphoid infiltrates in the salivary glands, hypergammaglobulinemia, and auto-antibodies. The nature of these inclusions remains controversial.
Efficiency and resolution of germanium detectors as a function of energy and incident geometry

The IEEE Germanium Test Standard (325-1996) is widely used for the specification of HPGe detectors, but only specifies detector performance in limited situations. Modeling programs such as MCNP are being used to predict the response of HPGe detectors in a wide variety of detector-source geometries. The accurate simulation of germanium detectors in response to incident gamma rays relies on knowledge of the performance of the detector in different detector-source geometries. The efficiency and resolution depend on the detector-source geometry. Other investigators have shown that the peak shape and efficiency change with position of the incident gamma ray on the detector. The efficiency as a function of incident pencil beam gamma rays has been measured for several different types of detectors at different energies. Based on these measurements, the dead layer on the sides (cylindrical surface) of the detector was estimated and used in the MCNP program to calculate the efficiency in the same geometry. Using detailed measurements, some agreement between experimental data and calculations was obtained.
Utilising infant growth to predict obesity status at 5 years.

Aim This study determines if an early life growth pattern in healthy infants can predict obesity at age 5. Methods Randomly selected from all healthy children born from 1997 to 2001 in a Midwestern US Health Maintenance Organization; growth patterns from birth to 5 years were described for children who were categorised by obesity classification at 5 years into normal weight (n = 61), overweight (n = 47), obese (n = 41) and morbidly obese (n = 72) cohorts using World Health Organization body mass index (BMI) criteria. A retrospective longitudinal analysis based on weighted least squares was performed on BMI by age (1 week; 2, 4, 6, 9, 12, 15 and 18 months; and 2, 3, 4 and 5 years). Graphs of the longitudinal repeated measures analysis of variance of means allowed identification of the earliest significant divergence of a cohort's average BMI pattern from other cohorts' patterns. Results Distinctions in growth patterns and BMIs were evident before 1-year post-birth. Children who were obese or morbidly obese at 5 years demonstrated a BMI pattern that differed from children who were normal weight at 5 years. Conclusions Identifying obesity development in early life may assist with prevention of later obesity. The results merit future study. An early life BMI growth pattern is clinically important because it permits discrimination of those who do and do not fit a normal weight pattern, guiding individualised interventions in the first year of life while precursors of later health are still forming.
Total maxillary osteoradionecrosis after adjuvant neutron radiotherapy: A clinical report☆☆☆★★★♢♢♢♦

JUNE 1998 617 THE JOURNAL OF PROSTHETIC DENTISTRY Osteoradionecrosis is a relatively infrequent complication found in patients who have received radiation therapy for treatment of head and neck cancer. The effects of cancerocidal irradiation on bone are well described and include osteocyte and osteoblast necrosis, marrow space fibrosis, periosteal fibrosis, and vascular endothelial death with hyalinization and thrombosis.1,2 The pathogenesis of osteoradionecrosis has been described by Marx3 to arise in irradiated bone as a result of the formation of a relatively hypoxic, hypovascular, and hypocellular tissue remnant that has a poor tolerance for metabolic, mechanical, or infectious insult. Bony and soft tissue degeneration, through collagen lysis and cellular death, exceeds the compromised capacity of tissue regeneration through collagen synthesis and cellular replication. Chronic nonhealing wounds may subsequently result from the inadequate supply of energy, oxygen, and structural precursors to the compromised irradiated tissue.3 Factors that may cause or exacerbate osteoradionecrosis in the jaws include higher-dose radiation, bacterial or fungal infection, poor postsurgical wound healing, preradiation and postradiation dental extractions, noncompliant dental hygiene, and prosthetic trauma.4-7 Despite maxillary bone inclusion in the radiation ports of many patients undergoing radiotherapy for oral cavity, sinonasal, and major and minor salivary gland malignancies, the incidence of osteoradionecrosis of the maxilla is reported to be less than 2% in contrast to the 3.6% to 37% range reported for the mandible.7,8 In the past decade, neutron beam radiotherapy has been advocated for both the primary and adjuvant treatment of inoperable or recurrent malignant tumors of the salivary glands, and adenoid cystic carcinomas of the paranasal sinuses, based on the reported higher local control rates, and acceptable reported cutaneous and soft tissue complication rates, in comparison to results of conventional photon radiotherapy.9,10 Adverse hard
Salinity change and cell volume: The response of tissues from the estuarine mussel Geukensia demissa

The response of cell volume to changes in external salinity was assessed in four tissues (gill, mantle, hemolymph cells and ventricle) of the estuarine mussel Geukensia demissa by using one or more of the following three indicators of cell volume response: changes in cell dimensions, cell water space and cell solute content. All three techniques indicated that short-term volume regulation was generally absent from gill tissue. Lateral cell height in gills, measured using differential interference contrast (DIC) microscopy, increased by approximately 20% after an abrupt exposure to reduced salinity (60% artificial sea water, ASW). There was significant variability in the observance of a regulatory volume decrease (RVD) subsequent to the initial swelling; cells remained swollen for 1 h after low-salinity exposure in two-thirds of the trials, while there was a return of cell volume towards control values in the remaining one-third of the trials. Lateral cell height increased linearly when salinity was gradually decreased from 100 to 60% ASW over 135 min. Cell height then returned to control values when the salinity was abruptly returned to 100% ASW, indicating that an RVD was not elicited by a slow change in salinity of the type normally encountered by estuarine mussels. Cumulative cell water space in gills increased by 47% after exposure to 60% ASW and the cells remained swollen for at least 4 h, returning to control values when gills were returned to 100% ASW. Consistent with the overall lack of an RVD, there was only a small decrease (approximately 5%) in cumulative osmolyte content (primarily taurine, betaine and K+) after 4 h in 60% ASW. Decreases in both cell water space and osmolyte content after 3 weeks of acclimation to 60% ASW indicated a long-term RVD of approximately 60%. Individual cells in the mantle epithelium also generally lacked an RVD in response to lowered salinity. Both abrupt and gradual decreases in salinity caused an increase in mantle cell height to a maximum of 25-30%, and cell height returned to the control height when salinity was abruptly returned to 100% ASW. Corresponding with the lack of an RVD in individual mantle cells, there was no change in solute content of the mantle tissue after 4 h of exposure to low salinity. The response of the volume of spherical hemolymph cells to 1 h of abrupt exposure to low salinity, calculated from measured cell diameters, likewise indicated that an RVD is generally lacking in these hemolymph cells. In the ventricle, however, there was a significant decrease in amino acid and betaine content after 4 h of exposure to low salinity, suggesting tissue-specific variability in the cellular response to salinity change. The consistent lack of a short-term RVD in many tissues may serve to avoid large energetic expenditures associated with repeated volume regulation in the face of the frequent, short-term changes in salinity encountered by estuarine mussels.
Corrosion Induced Hydrogen Evolution on High Level Waste Overpack Materials in Synthetic Groundwaters and Chloride Solutions

Hydrogen evolution from anoxic corrosion of cast steel overpacks in high-level waste repositories is an important issue for design if, as has been estimated, the hydrogen is prevented from escaping by diffusion by a low permeability compacted bentonite backfill. Evaluation of the corrosion results showed three basic types of corrosion behaviour: general corrosion with oxide layer formation, unstable corrosion behaviour with pitting or macro-element formation and stable passive behaviour. Cast steel containers under Swiss repository conditions are expected to suffer general corrosion with oxide layer formation. This behaviour gives the highest long term corrosion rates (2–5 μm/a) without local attack, above the 0.03–0.8 μm/a tolerated for hydrogen escape by diffusion but below the 20 μm/a assumed for overpack design.
Optic Neuritis and Optic Atrophy due to Thallium Poisoning Following the Prolonged use of Koremlu Cream

One case is described and the literature reviewed. Read before the Colorado Ophthalmological Society, October 16, 1931, and Colorado Congress of Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology, July 23, 1932.
Next-Generation CFD for Hypersonic and Aerothermal Flows (Invited)

In this paper, we discuss the current status of computational fluid dynamics for hypersonic aerodynamics, supersonic combustion, and aerothermodynamics. These flows are characterized by high temperatures, finite-rate chemical reactions, transition, turbulence, and gas-surface interactions. Large-scale computation is making it possible to resolve a larger range of length and time scales, as well as increase the complexity of the physical models. However, the results of these simulations remain remarkably sensitive to the numerical methods and the quality of the computational grid. Furthermore, many of the models required to represent important physical processes at relevant conditions remain uncertain. For example, turbulence models developed for canonical incompressible flows are used with little to no modification under highly compressible conditions. Turbulent combustion models that were developed for nearly constant pressure and high reaction rates are applied at supersonic conditions where these assumptions are not valid. Thus, next-generation computers will reduce solution times and increase simulation complexity, but investments need to made in the development of more reliable numerical methods and improved physical models for hypersonic and aerothermal flows.
D4 dopamine receptor

The D4 dopamine receptor is activated by the catecholamine dopamine and is a member of the rhodopsin-like 7-transmembrane superfamily of receptors. D4 receptors belong to the D2-like dopamine receptor subfamily, which consists of the D2, D3, and D4 receptors. D4 receptors are found both post- and pre-synaptically in the nervous system and couple to heterotrimeric Gi/o proteins to inhibit adenylate cyclase and/or calcium channels or modulate potassium channels. The D4 receptor, along with the D3 receptor, is less abundant in comparison to the D2 receptor.
The interaction of artemisinin with red cell membranes.

Abstract Artemisinin (qinghaosu) and its derivatives are endoperoxide-containing compounds that are an important new class of antimalarial drugs. Tritiated dihydroartemisinin is taken up and concentrated by isolated red cell membranes but not by intact erythrocytes. More than half of the membrane-associated drug can be released by treatment with phospholipase A2 followed by extraction with ethyl acetate. The remaining drug appears to be bound to the major red cell membrane proteins. There is no association of the drug with either the membrane or cytoplasm of intact red cells. Thus dihydroartemisinin appears to be taken up by isolated membranes, where it associates with proteins but not via intact red cells.
Immigrant arthropod pests

Abstract Immigrant arthropod pests, namely insects and mites, constitute a major economic threat to the preduction of foods, fibre and other renewable natural resources throughout the world. In North America, 1683 immigrant species were recorded by 1983, of which 235 species are important pests and an additional 630 species are pests of lesser importance. The important pest species of foreign origin constitute approximately 40% of the 600 serious arthropod pests which warrant control measures (Sailer, 1983), and they cause as much as 50% of the total economic losses by pest species which are estimated to be more than 10 000 species (Schwartz and Klassen, 1981). The most notorious pests, such as boll weevil (Anthonomus grandis grandis Boheman), European corn borer [Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner)], gypsy moth [Lymantria dispar (Linnaeus)], Japanese beetle (Popillia japonica Newman), and codling moth [Laspeyresia pomonella (Linnaeus)], are immigrants. For the last 50 years, major pest management efforts have been directed to these and other immigrant pests.
Information Technology and Organizational Change: The Role of Context in Moderating Change Enabled by Technology

This study uses data from 140 Information Systems projects implemented in public organizations to analyze the role of organizational context in moderating change enabled by the introduction of computer-based technologies. The analysis supports the notion that neither technology nor managerial action alone can be considered deterministic forces in shaping organizational change and consequently in determining the outcomes of the introduction of IT. The findings provide some evidence to suggest that as managers mature with the use of technology, they will be in a better position to coordinate the human and the technological aspects of organizational change. Additionally, the findings indicate that while managers seek alignment between the organizational mission and the use of computer-based information systems, there is a narrow and limited application of information technology to solve organizational problems.
What is the Cloud

This chapter provides a simplified introduction to cloud computing. This chapter starts by introducing the history of cloud computing and moves on to describe the cloud architecture and operation. This chapter also discusses briefly cloud service models: Infrastructure-as-a-Service, Platform-as-a-Service, and Software-as-a-Service. Clouds are also categorized based on their ownership to private and public clouds. This chapter concludes by explaining the reasons for choosing cloud computing over other technologies by exploring the economic and technological benefits of the cloud.
RNA-seq reveals differential gene expression in the brains of juvenile resident and migratory smolt rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss).

Abstract Many migratory traits are heritable, but there is a paucity of evidence identifying the molecular mechanisms underlying differentiation in alternative migratory tactics, or in linking variation in gene expression to migratory behaviors. To that end, we examined differential gene expression in the brain transcriptome between young steelhead trout that had undergone the smoltification process, and resident rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ) from Sashin Creek, Alaska. Samples were sequenced from two time points: immediately before (at 20 months of age) and during (2 years of age) the presumed peak of smoltification. Smolt and resident individuals came from two genetic crosses, one where both parents were migratory, and another where both parents were residents. A total of 533 (1.9%) genes were differentially expressed between crosses, or between smolt and resident samples. These genes include some candidate migratory genes (such as POMC ), as well as genes with no previous known involvement in the migratory process. Progeny from resident parents showed more upregulated genes than progeny from migrant parents at both time points. Pathway analysis showed enrichment in 227 biological pathways between cross type, and 171 biological pathways were enriched between residents and smolts. Enriched pathways had connections to many biofunctions, and most were only enriched in one contrast. However, pathways connected to phototransduction were enriched between both cross type and migratory tactics in 11 out of 12 contrasts, suggesting there are fundamental differences in how smolts and residents process light in the brain. The genes and pathways described herein constitute an a priori candidate list for future studies of migration in other populations of O. mykiss , and other migratory species.
Narrative Preferences and Administrative Due Process

This Article illustrates, through sociolinguistic analysis, how an adjudicator’s biases against certain narrative styles can influence his or her assessments of credibility, treatment of parties, and decision-making in the administrative law setting. Poverty lawyers have long observed that many claimants in the administrative state continue to face procedural and discursive obstacles. Applying insights from a growing field of inter-disciplinary research, including conversation analysis, linguistics, and cognitive studies, this Article builds upon those observations by more precisely exploring through a case study of an unemployment insurance benefits hearing how structural and narrative biases can work to deny an applicant due process and exacerbate unequal power dynamics.
God’s Awful Majesty Before Our Eyes: Kant’s Moral Justification for Divine Hiddenness

The problem of ‘divine hiddenness’ arises from the lack of an explanation for why an all-loving God would choose not to make his existence evident. I argue that Kant provides a compelling solution to this problem in an often overlooked passage located near the end of the second Critique. Kant’s suggestion is that God’s revealing himself would preclude the development of virtue because we would lose the experience of conflict between self-interest and the moral law. I provide a reconstruction and defence of Kant’s argument, and I explain why it is consistent with his overall position in the second Critique.
Parallel study of 6300 Å airglow emission and ionospheric scintillations

Abstract During periods of enhanced ionospheric scintillations, fluctuations in the intensity of the 6300 A OI airglow line are considerably higher than during periods of low scintillation activity. The power spectrum of the enhanced 6300 A fluctuations exhibits a ƒ −1 dependence in the frequency range 10−4−10−3 Hz; from this we infer a white spectrum for the corresponding fluctuations in F-region plasma density. There is no systematic enhancement in the intensity of the red line during periods of enhanced scintillations. On the basis of our present data, it is not possible to choose between particle precipitation and travelling compressional waves as the cause of the ionospheric irregularities and the associated red line fluctuations.